f ! ,google ,pr9t project47             
,,work]s ,,p>ty ,,libr>y1 ,vol4 ,i      
,,dictator%ip vs4 ,,democracy           
7,,t]rorism ,,& ,,communism7   ,a ,reply
 to ,k>l ,kautsky by ,,leon ,,trotsky   
,) a ,preface by ,h4 ,n4 ,,brails=d &   
,=eword by ,max ,b$act  ,illu/ration3   
,,work]s ,,p>ty ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,work]s  
,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,unite4   ,publi%$ #aibb  
by ,,work]s ,,p>ty ,,( ,,am]ica #gii    
,broadway1 ,room #dje ,new ,york ,city  
,,cont5ts   ,,=eword                    
,v  ,,preface                           
,,xi  ,,introduction                    
#e  ,,! ,,balance ,,( ,,p[]             
#ab  ,,! ,,dictator%ip ,,( ,,!          
,,prolet>iat          #bj  ,,democracy  
#bh  ,,t]rorism                         
#dh  ,,! ,,p>is ,,commune ,,& ,,soviet  
,,russia          #fi  ,,m>x ,,& 444    
,,kautsky                         #ia   
,,! ,,work+ ,,class ,,& ,,its ,,soviet  
,,policy      #ih  ,,problems ,,( ,,!   
,,organization ,,( ,,labor       #abh   
,,k>l ,,kautsky1 ,,8 ,,s*ool ,,& ,,8    

,,book       #agg  ,,9 ,,place ,,( ,,an 
,,epilogue                     #ahh     
,=eword  ,by ,,max ,,b$act   ,9 a l& :]e
 democracy is s deeply entr5*$ z 9 our  
,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica x may seem      
futile to try to make fri5ds = a        
dictator%ip1 by a close comp>ison ( !   
pr9ciples ( ! two--,dictator%ip v]sus   
,democracy4 ,b !n1 confid+ 9 ! invit+   
ge/ure ( ! ,goddess ( ,lib]ty _m ( our  
fri5ds & fell[ citiz5s h te/$ t sacr$   
pr9ciple ( democracy1 fre$om ( spee*1 a 
little too freely--& l&$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y =
 x4 ,o!rs aga91 rely+ on ! n less sacr$ 
pr9ciple ( democracy1 fre$om ( assembly1
 h come 9 unpleasant contact ) a        
sub/antial /ick ( h>dwood1 wield$ by an 
unwieldily gu>dian ( ! law1 & awoke f ! 
imm$iate effects ( ?is collision 9 "s   
jail4 ,aga9 o!rs1 lean+ a little too    
heavily aga9/ ! democratic pr9ciple (   
fre$om ( press broke d[n t pa/ebo>d     
pill> ( democracy1 & incid5tally into   
prison4  ,look+ at ?is side ( ! bright  
%9+ m$al ( our belov$ democracy x seems 

t !re is n ! slighte/ bit ( diff]5ce    
betwe5 ! democracy ( capitali/ ,am]ica &
 ! dictator%ip ( ,soviet ,russia4 ,b !re
 is a great diff]5ce4 ,! dictator%ip 9  
,russia is bold & upright class rule1   
:i* has z its ultimate object !         
abolition ( all class rule & all        
dictator%ips4 ,our democracy1 on ! o!r  
h&1 is a ,pecksniffian ,dictator%ip1 is 
hypocrisy inc>nate1 promis+ all lib]ty 9
 phrases1 b 9 reality ev5 p5aliz+ free  
?9k+1 consi/5tly work+ only = "o object3
 to p]petuate ! rule ( ! capitali/      
class1 ! capitali/ dictator%ip4         
,dictator%ip v]sus ,democracy is1 !re=e1
 en\gh ( an op5 "q ev5 9 our own c\ntry 
to des]ve "s consid]ation4 ,to give food
 = ?\ght on ?is subject is ! object ( ! 
publication ( ,trotsky's book4  ,?is    
book is an answ] to a book by ,k>l      
,kautsky1 ,t]rorism & ,communism4 ,x is 
polemical 9 "*4 ,polemical writ+s are1 z
 a rule1 only ?or\ghly und]/ood if "o   
reads bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,b ev5 if we    
c\ld n take = grant$ t ! prolet>ian     

read] is fully famili> ) ! "q at issue  
we c\ld n consci5ti\sly advise a work]  
to get ,kautsky's book4 ,x is really    
ask+ our read]s to und]take ! sup]human 
task ( read+ a book :i* 9 ! guise ( a   
sci5tific treatise is f\lly hitt+ him   
bel[ ! belt1 & !n expect him to pay two 
doll>s = x 9 ! b>ga94  ,anyh[1 to read  
,kautsky's book is an ordeal = any      
revolutioni/4 ,kautsky1 9 8 book1 tries 
to prove t ! humanit>ian in/9cts ( !    
masses mu/ defeat any attempt to ov]p[] 
& suppress ! b\rgeoisie by t]rori/      
means4 ,b to read 8 book mu/ kill 9 !   
prolet>ian read] ! la/ remnants ( ^?    
in/9cts on :i* ,kautsky's hope = !      
safety ( ! b\rgeoisie is bas$4 ,!re w\ld
 ev5 n be en\gh ( ^? in/9cts left to    
save ,kautsky f ! utt] contempt ( !     
prolet>ian masses1 a fate he s ri*ly    
des]ves4  ,mr4 ,kautsky 0 once ! =emo/  
expon5t ( ,m>xism4 ,_m ( ^? fight+      
to-day 9 ! front ranks ( ! prolet>ian   
army rev]$ ,kautsky z _! tea*]4 ,b ev5 9
 8 mo/ glori\s days z a ,m>xi/ 8 0 !    

mu/y p$antry ( ! ,g]man pr(essor1 :i* 0 
h>dly ev] p5etrat$ by a live sp>k (     
revolution>y _s4 ,/ill1 ! ,russian      
revolution ( #aije f\nd a fri5d 9 him4  
,t revolution did n commit ! unp>donable
 s9 ( be+ successful4 ,b :5 ! tornado ( 
! fir/ victori\s prolet>ian revolution  
swept ov] ,russia & de/roy$ 9 its fury  
"s ( ! torm5tors & exploit]s ( ! work+  
class--!n ,kautsky's humanit>ianism     
kill$ ! la/ remnant ( revolution>y _s & 
in/9ct 9 him & left only a pitiful wreck
 ( an apologi/ = capitalism1 t 0 once   
,kautsky1 ! ,m>xi/4  ,july1 #aiad4 ,!   
e*oes ( ! %ots fir$ 9 ,s>ajewo ?reat5 to
 set ! _w 9 flames4 ,w x come1 ! seem+  
inevitable8 ,no6--,a ?\s& times no6 ,_h 
n ! =ces ( a future ord]1 _h n !        
,int]national ( ,labor--! ,second       
,int]national--solemnly decl>$ 9 #aijg 9
 ,/uttg>t1 9 #aiaa 9 ,cop5hag5 & 9 #aiab
 9 ,basel3 ,we w fight w> by all means  
at our disposal4 ,let ! exploit]s />t a 
w>4 ,x w beg9 z a w> ( capitali/        
gov]nm5ts aga9/ ea* o!r2 x w end--x mu/ 

end--z a w> ( ! work+ class ( ! _w aga9/
 _w capitalism2 x mu/ end 9 ! prolet>ian
 revolution4 ,we1 ! sociali/s ( ! _w1   
comrades f ,engl& & ,russia1 f ,am]ica &
 ,g]many1 f ,france & ,au/ria2 we       
comrades f all ov] ! _w1 _h solemnly    
promis$ ourselves3 ,w> aga9/ w>6 ,we _h 
promis$ ourselves & our cause to answ] !
 call ( capitalism = a _w w> ) a call on
 ! prolet>iat = a _w revolution4  ,days 
pass$4 ,july disappe>$ 9 ! ocean ( "t4  
,! fir/ days ( ,augu/ br\ght ! boom+ ( !
 cannon to our e>s1 mess5g]s ( ! grim   
reality ( w>4 ,& !n ! news ( ! collapse 
( ! ,second ,int]national2 reports (    
betrayal by ! sociali/s2 betrayal 9     
,london & ,vi5na2 betrayal 9 ,b]l9 &    
,brussels2 betrayal 9 ,p>is2 betrayal   
ev]y:]e4 ,:at w\ld ,kautsky say to ?is  
rank betrayal1 ,kautsky1 ! =emo/        
disciple ( ,m>x1 ,kautsky1 ! =emo/      
!oretician ( ! ,second ,int]national8 ,w
 he at lea/ speak up8 ,he did n speak   
up4 ,comm5t+ on ! betrayal he wrote 9   
,die ,neue ,zeit3 ,die ,kritik d] ,waff5

 hat e+esetzt2 jetzt hat die ,waffe d]  
,kritik zu s*weig54#a ,) ?is "o s5t5ce  
,kautsky replac$ ,m>xism z ! basis ( 8  
sci5ce ) rank & undisguis$ hypocrisy4 ,f
 !n on al?\gh try+ to reta9 ! toga ( a  
,m>xi/ s*ol> on 8 %\ld]s1 ) ?\s&s ( if's
 & :5's & b's he became ! apologi/ = !  
betrayal ( ! ,g]man ,social-,democracy1 
& ! betrayal ( ! ,second ,int]national4 
#a ,! arbitram5t ( arms is on2 n[ !     
weapon (           criticism mu/ re/4   
,x is true t 8 if's & :5's & b's did n  
satisfy ! ,executive ,committee ( !     
,social-,democratic ,p>ty4 ,!y hop$ = a 
victory ( ! imp]ial army & want$ to     
secure a full & unmitigat$ %>e ( ! glory
 ( ,8 ,maje/y's victory4 ,t is :y !y did
 n appreciate ,kautsky's excell5t       
s]vice4 ,s !y help$ ! r5egade to a *eap 
m>tyrdom by remov+ him f ! editor%ip (  
,die ,neue ,zeit4 ,aft] #aiah x may h   
dawn$ ^u ,s*eidemann & ,eb]t h[ mu*     
bett] ,kautsky s]v$ ! capitali/ cause by
 c\*+ 8 betrayal 9 words t did n lose   
him outright all ! confid5ce ( !        

prolet>iat4 ,& ,kautsky himself is n[   
exhau/+ e ef=t to prove to ,noske &     
,s*eidemann h[ cruelly he 0 mi/reat$ &  
h[ well he des]ves to be tak5 back to _!
 bosom4  ,kautsky's book ,t]rorism &    
,communism is dictat$ by hatr$ ( !      
,russian revolution4 ,x is influ5c$ by  
fe> ( a l revolution 9 ,g]many4 ,x is   
writt5 ) te>s = ! c\nt]-revolution>y    
b\rgeoisie & its pseudo-sociali/ h5*m5  
:o h be5 sacrific$ on ! alt> (          
revolution by ! prolet>ian dictator%ip 9
 ,russia4 ,kautsky pref]s to sacrifice !
 revolution & ! revolutioni/s on ! alt> 
( humanit>ianism4 ,! au?or ( ,e?ics & ! 
,mat]iali/ ,conception ( ,hi/ory        
kn[s--mu/ "k--t humanit>ianism "u       
capitalism is capitali/ humanit>ianism4 
,?is humanit>ianism m9ts gold out ( !   
bones1 ! blood1 ! heal? & ! suff]+ ( !  
:ole work+ class :ile x %$s te>s ab\t an
 individual case ( cruelty to "o human  
be+4 ,?is humanit>ianism puni%es murd] )
 dea? & beats to dea? ! pacifi/ :o      
prote/s aga9/ w> z an act ( mass murd]4 

,"u ! cloak ( humanit>ian in/9cts       
,kautsky only hides ! enemy ( !         
prolet>ian revolution4 ,! "q at issue is
 n t]rorism4 ,x is ! dictator%ip2 x is  
revolution itself4 ,if ! ,russian       
prolet>iat 0 ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ ov] p[] x 0 
9 duty b\nd to use all means necess>y to
 keep x4 ,if x is a crime = !m to use   
t]rori/ means !n x 0 a crime to take a  
p[] :i* !y c\ld ma9ta9 only by t]rori/  
means4 ,& t is really ,kautsky's po9t4  
,! crime ( ! ,bol%eviki is t !y took    
p[]4 ,if ,kautsky 7 a m]e s5tim5tali/ & 
yet a revolutioni/ he c\ld %$ te>s ov] !
 unwill+ness ( ! b\rgeoisie to give up  
p[] )\t a /ruggle4 ,b n be+ a           
revolutioni/ he condemns ! prolet>iat = 
hav+ tak5 & ma9ta9$ p[] by ! only means 
possible1 by =ce4 ,kautsky w\ld mu*     
pref] to %$ crocodile te>s ov] t5s (    
?\s&s ( prolet>ian revolutioni/s        
slaught]$ by a successful               
c\nt]-revolution4 ,he scorns ! ,russian 
,communi/s because !y robb$ him ( !     
opportunity to p>ade 8 petit b\rgeois & 

consequ5tly pro-capitali/ humanit>ian   
s5tim5ts 9 a pro-revolution>y cloak4 ,b 
he mu/ p>ade !m at any co/4 ,s he p>ades
 !m )\t disguise z a m\rn] = ! suppress$
 b\rgeoisie 9 ,russia4  ,trotsky's answ]
 to ,kautsky is n only "o side ( a      
controv]sy4 ,x is "o ( ! lit]>y fruits (
 ! revolution itself4 ,x brea!s ! brea? 
( revolution4 ,x conqu]s ! gray s*ola/ic
 !ory ( ! r5egade ) ! irresi/ible weapon
 ( ! revolution>y exp]i5ce ( ! ,russian 
prolet>iat4 ,x refuses to %$ te>s ov] ! 
victims ( ,gallifet & %[s :at alone sav$
 ! ,russian revolution f ! ,russian     
,gallifets1 ! ,kol*aks1 ,wrangels1 etc4 
,trotsky's book is n only an answ] to   
,k>l ,kautsky2 x is an answ] to ! ?\s&s 
( ,kautskys 9 ! sociali/ movem5t ! _w   
ov] :o want ! prolet>iat to dr[n !      
memory ( seas ( prolet>ian blood %$ by  
_! trea*]y 9 an ocean ( te>s %$ = !     
suppress$ b\rgeoisie ( ,russia4         
,trotsky's book is "o ( ! mo/ effective 
weapons 9 ! lit]>y ars5al ( !           
revolution>y prolet>iat 9 its fight     

aga9/ ! social traitors = lead]%ip ( !  
prolet>ian masses4     ,,preface  ,by   
,h4 ,n4 ,,brails=d   ,x has be5 said ( !
 ,bol%eviks t !y are m int]e/+ ?an      
,bol%evism4 ,to ^? :o hold to ! economic
 int]pretation ( hi/ory t may seem a    
h]esy4 ,none ! less1 ,i believe t !     
p]sonality n m]ely ( ! lead]s b also (  
_! p>ty goes f> to expla9 ! mak+ &      
survival ( ! ,russian ,revolution4 ,to u
 9 ! ,we/ !y seem a :olly =eign type4 ,)
 ,sociali/ lead]s & organizations we &  
our fa!rs h be5 famili> = ?ree-qu>t]s ( 
a c5tury4 ,!re has be5 no lack ( tal5t &
 ev5 ( g5ius among !m4 ,! movem5t has   
produc$ its great !ori/ 9 ,m>x1 its     
orator 9 ,jaures1 its p[]ful tacticians 
l ,bebel1 & x has influ5c$ lit]ature 9  
,morris1 ,anatole ,france & ,%aw4 ,x    
br$1 h[ev]1 no consid]able man ( action1
 & x 0 left = ! ,russians to d :at      
g5]ations ( ,we/]n ,sociali/s _h sp5t _!
 lives 9 discuss+4 ,!re 0 9 ?is ,russian
 a*ievem5t an almo/ b>b>ic simplicity & 
directness4 ,"h 7 man :o really believ$ 

! =mulae ( our !ori/s & ! resolutions ( 
our ,congresses4 ,:at _h become = u a   
/]iliz$ & almo/ respectable or?odoxy    
rang to _! e>s z a trumpet call to      
action4 ,! old] g5]ation has f\nd x     
difficult to p>don _! s9c]ity4 ,! re/ ( 
u want to und]/& ! miracle4  ,! real    
audacity ( ! ,bol%eviks lay 9 ?is1 t !y 
made a prolet>ian revolution precisely 9
 t c\ntry :i*1 ( all portions ( !       
civiliz$ _w1 seem$ ! lea/ prep>$ = x by 
its economic developm5t4 ,= an agr>ian  
revolt1 = ! subdivision ( ! soil1 ev5 = 
! ov]?r[ ( ! old gov]n+ class1 ,russia 0
 c]ta9ly ready4 ,b any spontane\s       
revolution1 ) its f\ndations laid 9 !   
masses ( ! peasantry1 w\ld h be5        
individuali/ic & n communi/ic4 ,! d>+ ( 
! ,bol%eviks lay 9 _! belief t ! m9ute  
m9ority ( ! urban work+ class c\ld1 by  
its conc5tration1 its great] intellig5ce
 & its relative capacity = organization1
 dom9ate ! in]t peasant mass1 & give to 
_! outbreak ( l&-hung] ! "* & =m ( a    
con/ructive prolet>ian revolution4 ,!   

bitt] /ruggle among ,russian p>ties :i* 
la/$ f ,m>*1 #aiag1 d[n to ! defeat (   
,wrangel 9 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 0 really an 
int]nec9e competition among !m = !      
lead]%ip ( ! peasants4 ,:i* ( ^! sev]al 
gr\ps c\ld enli/ _! confid5ce1 to !     
ext5t ( induc+ !m n m]ely to fight1 b to
 accept ! discipl9e1 milit>y & civilian1
 necess>y = victory8 ,at ! />t !        
,bol%eviks _h ev]y?+ aga9/ !m4 ,!y are  
ne>ly all t[nsm54 ,!y talk$ 9 t]ms ( a  
=eign & v ,g]man doctr9e4 ,few ( !m1    
save ,l591 grasp$ ! problems ( rural    
life at all4 ,! l&$ class %\ld at lea/ h
 kn[n ! peasant bett]4 ,_! *ief rivals 7
 ! ,social ,revolution>ies1 a p>ty :i* f
 its fir/ beg9n+s _h made a cult ( !    
,russian peasant1 /udi$ him1 idealiz$   
him & c\rt$ him1 :i* ev5 seem$ 9 #aiag  
to h won him4 ,_m circum/ances expla9 ! 
success ( ! ,bol%eviks1 :o prov$ once   
aga9 9 hi/ory ! capacity ( ! t[n1 ev5 :5
 its population is relatively m9ute1 =  
swift & conc5trat$ action4 ,!y also _h !
 luck to deal ) oppon5ts :o committ$ !  

supreme mi/ake ( invok+ =eign aid4 ,b   
none ( ^! advantages w\ld h avail$ )\t  
an imm5se sup]iority ( "*4 ,! ,slav     
temp]am5t1 dreamy1 emotional1           
undiscipl9$1 %[$ itself at its wor/ 9 ! 
incorrigible self-indulg5ce ( ! m       
ari/ocratic ,:ites1 :ile ! intellectuals
 ( ! mod]ate ,sociali/ & ,lib]al gr\ps h
 be5 ru9$ = action by _! exclusively    
lit]>y & ae/hetic education4 ,!         
,bol%eviks may be a less cultivat$ gr\p1
 b1 9 _! und]gr\nd life ( conspiracy1 !y
 _h le>n$ sobriety1 discipl9e1 ob$i5ce1 
& mutual confid5ce4 ,_! rigid dogmatic  
,m>xi/ fai? gives to !m ! p[] ( action  
:i* belongs only to ^? :o believe )\t   
criticism or "q4 ,_! ability to lead    
dep5ds mu* less ?an mo/ ,engli%m5       
suppose1 on _! ru?lessness & _! read9ess
 to practise ! arts ( intimidation &    
suppression4 ,_! *ief asset is _!       
self-confid5ce4 ,9 e em]g5cy !y are     
always sure t !y h ! only workable plan4
 ,!y /& be=e ! re/ ( ,russia z "o man4  
,!y nev] d\bt or despair1 & ev5 :5 !y   

compromise1 !y d x ) an air ( trucul5ce4
 ,_! survival amid invasion1 fam9e1     
blockade1 & economic collapse has be5 f 
fir/ to la/ a triumph ( ! unfl9*+ w & ! 
fanatical fai?4 ,!y h spurr$ a lazy &   
demoraliz$ p to notable feats ( arms &  
to /ill m a/oni%+ feats ( endurance4 ,to
 hypnotize a nation 9 ?is fa%ion is1    
p]haps1 ! mo/ rem>kable feat ( ! human w
 9 mod]n times4  ,?is book is1 s f>1 by 
f> ! mo/ typical expression ( !         
,bol%evik temp]am5t :i* ! revolution has
 produc$4 ,*>act]i/ically x is a        
polemic1 & n a con/ructive essay4 ,its  
self-confid5ce1 its da%1 ev5 its        
insol5ce1 are a true expression ( !     
movem5t4 ,its au?or be>s a _w-fam\s "n4 
,ev]yone c visualize ! p[]ful head1 !   
s+ul>ly h&some features1 ! a?letic      
figure ( ! man4 ,he makes 9 private talk
 an impression ( decision & def9it5ess4 
,he is n rapid or expansive 9 spee*1 =  
ev]y?+ t he says is calculat$ & cle>    
cut4 ,"o has ! s5se t "o is 9 ! pres5ce 
( ab\nd+ yet discipl9$ vitality4 ,!     

backgr\nd is an (fice :i* by its milit>y
 ord] & punctuality rebukes ! habitual  
slov5l9ess ( ,russia4 ,on ! plat=m 8    
mann] 0 mu* quiet] ?an ,i expect$4 ,he  
spoke r sl[ly1 9 a pleasant t5or voice1 
walk+ to & fro across ! /age & *oos+ 8  
words1 obvi\sly anxi\s to express 8     
?\ghts =cibly b also exactly4 ,a fla% ( 
wit & a /rik+ phrase came frequ5tly1 b !
 mann] 0 emphatically n t ( a demagogue4
 ,! man1 inde$1 is a natural ari/ocrat1 
& 8 t5d5cy1 :i* ,l591 ! ari/ocrat by    
bir?1 corrects1 is t[>ds milit>y        
discipl9e & au?oritative regim5tation4  
,!re is no?+ surpris+ to-day 9 ! note ( 
au?ority :i* "o he>s 9 ,trotsky's voice 
& detects 9 8 writ+1 = he is ! *ief ( a 
consid]able army1 :i* owes ev]y?+ to 8  
tal5t = organization4 ,x 0 at           
,bre/-,litovsk t he display$ ! audacity 
:i* is g5ius4 ,up to t mom5t !re 0      
little 9 8 c>e] to di/+ui% him f 8      
comrades ( ! revolution>y "u-_w--a      
univ]sity c\rse cut %ort by prison1 an  
appr5tice%ip to agitation 9 ,russia1 "s 

ye>s ( exile sp5t 9 ,vi5na1 ,p>is1 &    
,new ,york1 ! di/9ction :i* he %>es )   
,t*it*]9 ( sitt+ 9 a ,briti% prison1 a  
ready wit1 a gift ( tr5*ant spee*1 b z  
yet nei!r ! solid a*ievem5t nor ! leg5d 
:i* gives confid5ce4 ,yet ?is obscure   
agitator1 h&icapp$ 9 su* a task by 8    
,jewi% bir?1 fac$ ! diplomati/ & soldi]s
 ( ! ,c5tral ,empires1 flu%$ z !y 7 )   
victory & ! insol5ce ( _! k9d1 =c$ !m   
into public debate1 /agg]$ !m by talk+ (
 fir/ pr9ciples z ?\gh ! defeat &       
impot5ce ( ,russia c\nt$ = no?+1 &      
actually us$ ! negotiations to %\t      
across _! heads 8 summons to _! own     
subjects to revolt4 ,he %[$ 9 ?is       
a/oni%+ p]=mance ! grace & audacity ( a 
matador4 ,?is unique bit ( drama reveal$
 ! p]si/5t belief ( ! ,bol%eviks 9 ! p[]
 ( ! defiant *all5ge1 ! magnetic effect 
( %e] w4 ,s9ce ?is episode 8 s]vices to 
! revolution h be5 m solid b n less     
brilliant4 ,he _h no milit>y k or       
exp]i5ce1 yet he took 9 h& ! almo/      
desp]ate task ( creat+ an army4 ,he has 

(t5 be5 comp>$ to ,c>not4 ,b1 save t bo?
 _h lo/ (fic]s1 !re 0 little 9 common   
betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,russian armies 9 !  
e>ly /ages ( ! two revolutions4 ,! ,fr5*
 army _h n be5 demoraliz$ by defeat1 or 
we>i$ by long inaction1 or sapp$ by     
de/ructive propag&a4 ,trotsky _h to     
create 8 ,r$ ,army f ! f\ndations4 ,he  
impos$ firm discipl9e1 & yet contriv$ to
 pres]ve ! elan ( ! revolution>y _s4    
,hamp]$ by ! inconceivable difficulties 
t arose f ru9$ railways & decay$        
indu/ries1 he none ! less contriv$ to   
make a milit>y ma*9e :i* ov]?rew !      
armies ( ,kol*ak1 ,d5ik9 & ,wrangel1 ) !
 fl[] ( ! old pr(essional (fic]s at _!  
head4 ,z a feat ( organization "u       
inord9ate difficulties1 8 "w ranks z !  
mo/ rem>kable p]=mance ( ! revolution4  
,x is n ! bus9ess ( a preface to        
anticipate ! argum5t ( a book1 /ill less
 to obtrude p]sonal op9ions4 ,kautsky's 
labor$ essay1 to :i* ?is book is !      
brilliant reply1 has be5 translat$ into 
,engli%1 & is widely kn[n4 ,! case aga9/

 ! possibility ( political democracy 9 a
 capitali/ society c\ld h>dly be bett]  
put ?an 9 ^! pages1 & ! polemic aga9/   
purely evolution>y me?ods is =midable4  
,! ,engli% read] ( to-day is aw>e1      
h[ev]1 t ! ,russian revolution has n    
/ood /ill s9ce ,trotsky wrote4 ,we h to 
realize t1 ev5 9 ! view ( ! ,bol%eviks  
!mselves1 ! evolution t[>ds ,communism  
is 9 ,russia only 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,!  
rec5t compromises imply1 at ! be/1 a v  
long p]iod ( transition1 ?r\gh controll$
 capitali/ production1 to ,socialism4   
,exp]i5ce has prov$ t cata/rophic       
revolution & ! seizure ( political p[] d
 n 9 !mselves avail to make a ,sociali/ 
society4 ,! economic developm5t 9 t     
direction has actually be5 ret>d$1 &    
,russia1 "u ! /ress ( civil w>1 has     
retrograd$ into a primitive village     
sy/em ( production & ex*ange4 ,to e     
read]'s m9d ! "q w be pres5t :e!r !     
peculi> temp]am5t ( ! ,bol%eviks has l$ 
!m to ov]-e/imate ! importance (        
political p[]1 to und]e/imate ! in]t    

resi/ance ( ! majority1 & to risk too   
mu* = ! illusion ( dictat+4 ,to t "q    
hi/ory has n yet giv5 ! decisive answ]4 
,! daemonic w t made ! revolution &     
def5d$ x by a*iev+ ! impossible1 may yet
 v9dicate itself aga9/ ! dull tr5d (    
imp]sonal =ces4     ,dictator%ip vs4    
,democracy     ,introduction   ,! orig9 
( ?is book 0 ! le>n$ bro*ure by ,kautsky
 ) ! same "n4 ,my "w 0 begun at ! mo/   
int5se p]iod ( ! /ruggle ) ,d5ik9 &     
,yud5i*1 & m ?an once 0 int]rupt$ by    
ev5ts at ! front4 ,9 ! mo/ difficult    
days1 :5 ! fir/ *apt]s 7 be+ writt51 all
 ! att5tion ( ,soviet ,russia 0         
conc5trat$ on purely milit>y problems4  
,we 7 oblig$ to def5d fir/ ( all ! v    
possibility ( ,sociali/ economic        
recon/ruction4 ,we c\ld busy ourselves  
little ) indu/ry1 fur!r ?an 0 necess>y  
to ma9ta9 ! front4 ,we 7 oblig$ to      
expose ,kautsky's economic sl&]s ma9ly  
by analogy ) 8 political sl&]s4 ,!      
mon/r\s ass]tions ( ,kautsky--to !      
effect t ! ,russian work]s 7 incapable (

 labor discipl9e & economic             
self-control--c\ld1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is   
"w1 ne>ly a ye> ago1 be combatt$ *iefly 
by po9t+ to ! high /ate ( discipl9e &   
h]oism 9 battle ( ! ,russian work]s at !
 front creat$ by ! civil w>4 ,t exp]i5ce
 0 m ?an en\gh to explode ^! b\rgeois   
sl&]s4 ,b n[ a few mon?s h gone by1 & we
 c turn to facts & conclusions drawn    
directly f ! economic life ( ,soviet    
,russia4  ,z soon z ! milit>y pressure  
relax$ aft] ! defeat ( ,kol*ak & ,yud5i*
 & ! infliction ( decisive bl[s on      
,d5ik91 aft] ! conclusion ( peace )     
,e/honia & ! beg9n+ ( negotiations )    
,li?uania & ,pol&1 ! :ole c\ntry turn$  
its m9d to ?+s economic4 ,& ?is "o fact1
 ( a swift & conc5trat$ transf]5ce (    
att5tion & en]gy f "o set ( problems to 
ano!r--v diff]5t1 b requir+ n less      
sacrifice--is incontrov]tible evid5ce ( 
! mighty vigor ( ! ,soviet ord]4 ,9     
spite ( political tortures1 physical    
suff]+s & horrors1 ! labor+ masses are  
inf9itely di/ant f political            

decomposition1 f moral collapse1 or f   
apa?y4 ,?anks to a regime :i*1 ?\gh x   
has inflict$ great h>d%ips ^u !m1 has   
giv5 _! life a purpose & a high goal1 !y
 pres]ve an extraord9>y moral           
/ubbornness & ability unexampl$ 9       
hi/ory1 & conc5trate _! att5tion & w on 
collective problems4 ,to-day1 9 all     
bran*es ( indu/ry1 !re is go+ on an     
en]getic /ruggle = ! e/abli%m5t ( /rict 
labor discipl9e1 & = ! increase ( !     
productivity ( labor4 ,! p>ty           
organizations1 ! trade unions1 ! factory
 & work%op adm9i/rative committees1     
rival "o ano!r 9 ?is respect1 ) !       
undivid$ support ( ! public op9ion ( !  
work+ class z a :ole4 ,factory aft]     
factory will+ly1 by resolution at its   
g5]al meet+1 increases its work+ day4   
,petrograd & ,mosc[ set ! example1 & !  
prov9ces emulate ,petrograd4 ,communi/  
,saturdays & ,sundays--t is to say1     
volunt>y & unpaid "w 9 h\rs appo9t$ =   
re/--spread ev] wid] & wid]1 draw+ into 
_! rea* _m1 _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( work+  

m5 & wom54 ,! indu/ry & productivity (  
labor at ! ,communi/ ,saturdays &       
,sundays1 accord+ to ! report ( exp]ts &
 ! evid5ce ( figures1 is ( a rem>kably  
high /&>d4  ,volunt>y mobilizations =   
labor problems 9 ! p>ty & 9 ! ,"y       
,communi/ ,league are c>ri$ out ) j z   
mu* en?usiasm z hi!rto = milit>y tasks4 
,volunt>ism supplem5ts & gives life to  
univ]sal labor s]vice4 ,! ,committees = 
univ]sal labor s]vice rec5tly set up h  
spread all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! attraction (
 ! population to "w on a mass scale     
7cle>+ sn[ f ! roads1 repair+ railway   
l9es1 cutt+ timb]1 *opp+ & br++ up (    
wood to ! t[ns1 ! simple/ build+        
op]ations1 ! cutt+ ( slate & ( peat7    
become m & m widespread & organiz$ e    
day4 ,! ev]-increas+ employm5t ( milit>y
 =mations on ! labor front w\ld be q    
impossible 9 ! abs5ce ( elevat$         
en?usiasm = labor4  ,true1 we live 9 !  
mid/ ( a v difficult p]iod ( economic   
depression--exhau/$1 pov]ty-/rick51 &   
hungry4 ,b ?is is no argum5t aga9/ !    

,soviet regime4 ,all p]iods ( transition
 h be5 *>act]iz$ by j su* tragic        
features4 ,e class society 7s]f1 feudal1
 capitali/71 hav+ exhau/$ its vitality1 
does n simply leave ! ar5a1 b is        
viol5tly swept (f by an int5se /ruggle1 
:i* imm$iately br+s to its p>ticipants  
ev5 great] privations & suff]+s ?an ^?  
aga9/ :i* !y rose4  ,! transition f     
feudal economy to b\rgeois society--a   
/ep ( gigantic importance f ! po9t (    
view ( progress--gave u a t]rify+ li/ ( 
m>tyrs4 ,h[ev] ! masses ( s]fs suff]$ "u
 feudalism1 h[ev] difficult x has be51 &
 is1 = ! prolet>iat to live "u          
capitalism1 nev] h ! suff]+s ( ! work]s 
rea*$ su* a pit* z at ! epo*s :5 ! old  
feudal ord] 0 be+ viol5tly %att]$1 & 0  
yield+ place to ! new4 ,! ,fr5*         
,revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i*    
atta9$ its titanic dim5sions "u !       
pressure ( ! masses exhau/$ ) suff]+1   
itself deep5$ & r5d]$ m acute _!        
mis=tunes = a prolong$ p]iod & to an    
extraord9>y ext5t4 ,c x be o!rwise8     

,palace revolutions1 :i* end m]ely by   
p]sonal re%uffl+s at ! top1 c take place
 9 a %ort space ( "t1 hav+ practically  
no effect on ! economic life ( ! c\ntry4
 ,q ano!r matt] are revolutions :i* drag
 into _! :irlpool millions ( work]s4    
,:atev] be ! =m ( society1 x re/s on !  
f\ndation ( labor4 ,dragg+ ! mass ( ! p 
away f labor1 draw+ !m = a prolong$     
p]iod into ! /ruggle1 !reby de/roy+ _!  
connection ) production1 ! revolution 9 
all ^! ways /rikes deadly bl[s at       
economic life1 & inevitably l[]s ! /&>d 
:i* x f\nd at its bir?4 ,! m p]fect !   
revolution1 ! great] are ! masses x     
draws 92 & ! long] x is prolong$1 !     
great] is ! de/ruction x a*ieves 9 !    
app>atus ( production1 & ! m t]rible    
inroads does x make ^u public res\rces4 
,f ?is !re foll[s m]ely ! conclusion :i*
 did n require pro(--t a civil w> is    
h>mful to economic life4 ,b to lay ?is  
at ! door ( ! ,soviet economic sy/em is 
l accus+ a new-born human be+ ( !       
bir?-pangs ( ! "m :o br\ght him into !  

_w4 ,! problem is to make a civil w> a  
%ort "o2 & ?is is atta9$ only by        
resolut5ess 9 action4 ,b x is j aga9/   
revolution>y resolut5ess t ,kautsky's   
:ole book is direct$4                   
99       99       99       99       99  
,s9ce ! "t t ! book "u exam9ation       
appe>$1 n only 9 ,russia1 b ?r\gh\t !   
_w--& fir/ ( all 9 ,europe--! greate/   
ev5ts h tak5 place1 or processes ( great
 importance h develop$1 und]m9+ ! la/   
buttresses ( ,kautskianism4  ,9 ,g]many1
 ! civil w> has be5 adopt+ an ev] fi]c] 
"*4 ,! ext]nal /r5g? 9 organization ( ! 
old p>ty & trade union democracy ( !    
work+ class has n only n creat$         
conditions = a m peaceful & humane      
transition to ,socialism--z foll[s f !  
pres5t !ory ( ,kautsky--b1 on ! contr>y1
 has s]v$ z "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons = ! 
long-drawn-out "* ( ! /ruggle1 & its    
con/antly gr[+ f]ocity4 ,! m ,g]man     
,social-,democracy became a cons]vative1
 ret>d+ =ce1 ! m en]gy1 lives1 & blood h
 _h to be sp5t by ! ,g]man prolet>iat1  

devot$ to x1 9 a s]ies ( sy/ematic      
attacks on ! f\ndation ( b\rgeois       
society1 9 ord]1 9 ! process ( ! /ruggle
 itself1 to create an actually          
revolution>y organization1 capable (    
guid+ ! prolet>iat to f9al victory4 ,!  
conspiracy ( ! ,g]man g5]als1 _! fleet+ 
seizure ( p[]1 & ! bloody ev5ts :i*     
foll[$1 h aga9 %[n :at a wor?less &     
wret*$ masqu]ade is s-call$ democracy1  
dur+ ! collapse ( imp]ialism & a civil  
w>4 ,?is democracy t has outliv$ itself 
has n decid$ "o "q1 has n reconcil$ "o  
contradiction1 has n heal$ "o w\nd1 has 
n w>d$ (f ris+s ei!r ( ! ,"r or ( !     
,left2 x is helpless1 wor?less1         
fraudul5t1 & s]ves only to confuse !    
backw>d sections ( ! p1 especially ! l[]
 middle-classes4  ,! hope express$ by   
,kautsky1 9 ! conclusion ( 8 book1 t !  
,we/]n c\ntries1 ! old democracies (    
,france & ,engl&--cr[n$ z !y are )      
victory--w af=d u a picture ( a heal?y1 
normal1 peaceful1 truly ,kautskian      
developm5t ( ,socialism1 is "o ( ! mo/  

pu]ile illusions possible4 ,! s-call$   
,republican democracy ( victori\s       
,france1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 is no?+ b ! 
mo/ reaction>y1 grasp+ gov]nm5t t has   
ev] exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,its int]nal policy is
 built ^u fe>1 gre$1 & viol5ce1 9 j z   
great a measure z its ext]nal policy4   
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* prolet>iat1 misl$ 
m ?an any o!r class has ev] be5 misl$1  
is m & m ent]+ on ! pa? ( direct action4
 ,! repressions :i* ! gov]nm5t ( !      
,republic has hurl$ ^u ! ,g5]al         
,conf$]ation ( ,labor %[ t ev5          
syndicali/ ,kautskianism--i4e41         
hypocritical compromise--has no legal   
place )9 ! framework ( b\rgeois         
democracy4 ,! revolutioniz+ ( ! masses1 
! gr[+ f]ocity ( ! prop]ti$ classes1 & !
 dis9tegration ( int]m$iate gr\ps--?ree 
p>allel processes :i* det]m9e ! "* &    
h]ald ! com+ ( a cruel civil w>--h be5  
go+ on be=e our eyes 9 full bla/ dur+ ! 
la/ few mon?s 9 ,france4  ,9 ,great     
,brita91 ev5ts1 diff]5t 9 =m1 are mov+  
along ! self-same fundam5tal road4 ,9 t 

c\ntry1 ! rul+ class ( :i* is oppress+ &
 plund]+ ! :ole _w m ?an ev] be=e1 !    
=mulae ( democracy h lo/ _! mean+ ev5 z 
weapons ( p>liam5t>y sw9dl+4 ,!         
speciali/ be/ qualifi$ 9 ?is sph]e1     
,lloyd ,george1 appeals n[ n to         
democracy1 b to a union ( ,cons]vative &
 ,lib]al prop]ty hold]s aga9/ ! work+   
class4 ,9 8 argum5ts !re rema9s n a     
trace ( ! vague democracy ( ! ,m>xi/    
,kautsky4 ,lloyd ,george /&s on ! gr\nd 
( class realities1 & = ?is v reason     
speaks 9 ! language ( civil w>4 ,!      
,briti% work+ class1 ) t pond]\s le>n+  
by exp]i5ce :i* is its di/+ui%+ feature1
 is approa*+ t /age ( its /ruggle be=e  
:i* ! mo/ h]oic pages ( ,*>tism w fade1 
j z ! ,p>is ,commune w gr[ pale be=e !  
com+ victori\s revolt ( ! ,fr5*         
prolet>iat4  ,precisely because         
hi/orical ev5ts h1 ) /]n en]gy1 be5     
develop+ 9 ^! la/ mon?s _! revolution>y 
logic1 ! au?or ( ?is pres5t "w asks     
himself3 ,does x /ill require to be     
publi%$8 ,is x /ill necess>y to confute 

,kautsky !oretically8 ,is !re /ill      
!oretical necessity to ju/ify           
revolution>y t]rorism8  ,un=tunately1   
yes4 ,ideology1 by its v ess5ce1 plays 9
 ! ,sociali/ movem5t an enorm\s "p4 ,ev5
 = practical ,engl& ! p]iod has arriv$  
:5 ! work+ class mu/ exhibit an         
ev]-increas+ dem& = a !oretical /atem5t 
( its exp]i5ces & its problems4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 ev5 ! prolet>ian psy*ology      
includes 9 itself a t]rible in]tia (    
cons]vatism--! m t1 9 ! pres5t case1 !re
 is a "q ( no?+ less ?an ! traditional  
ideology ( ! p>ties ( ! ,second         
,int]national :i* fir/ r\s$ !           
prolet>iat1 & rec5tly 7 s p[]ful4 ,aft] 
! collapse ( (ficial social-patriotism  
7,s*eidemann1 ,victor ,adl]1 ,r5audel1  
,v&]velde1 ,h5d]son1 ,plekhanov1 etc471 
int]national ,kautskianism 7! /aff ( !  
,g]man ,indep5d5ts1 ,fri$ri* ,adl]1     
,longuet1 a consid]able section ( !     
,italians1 ! ,briti% ,indep5d5t ,labor  
,p>ty1 ! ,m>tov gr\p1 etc47 has become !
 *ief political factor on :i* ! un/able 

equilibrium ( capitali/ society dep5ds4 
,x may be said t ! w ( ! work+ masses ( 
! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w1 directly        
influ5c$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 is at !    
pres5t mom5t incomp>ably m revolution>y 
?an _! consci\sness1 :i* is /ill dom9at$
 by ! prejudices ( p>liam5t>ism &       
compromise4 ,! /ruggle = ! dictator%ip (
 ! work+ class means1 at ! pres5t mom5t1
 an embitt]$ /ruggle ) ,kautskianism )9 
! work+ class4 ,! lies & prejudices ( ! 
policy ( compromise1 /ill poison+ !     
atmosph]e ev5 9 p>ties t5d+ t[>ds !     
,?ird ,int]national1 mu/ be ?r[n aside4 
,?is book mu/ s]ve ! ends ( an          
irreconcilable /ruggle aga9/ ! c[>dice1 
half-measures1 & hypocrisy (            
,kautskianism 9 all c\ntries4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,p4,s4--,to-day 7,may1 #aibj7 ! cl\ds h 
aga9 ga!r$ ov] ,soviet ,russia4         
,b\rgeois ,pol&1 by its attack on !     
,ukra9e1 has op5$ ! new (f5sive ( _w    
imp]ialism aga9/ ! ,soviet ,republic4 ,!
 gigantic p]ils aga9 gr[+ up be=e !     

revolution1 & ! great sacrifices aga9   
impos$ on ! labor+ masses by ! w>1 are  
once aga9 pu%+ ,russian ,kautskianism on
 to ! pa? ( op5 opposition to ! ,soviet 
,gov]nm5t--i4e41 9 reality1 on to ! pa? 
( assi/ance to ! _w murd]]s ( ,soviet   
,russia4 ,x is ! fate ( ,kautskianism to
 try to help ! prolet>ian revolution :5 
x is 9 satisfactory circum/ances1 & to  
raise all k9ds ( ob/acles 9 its way :5 x
 is p>ticul>ly 9 ne$ ( help4 ,kautsky   
has m ?an once =etold our de/ruction1   
:i* mu/ s]ve z ! be/ pro( ( 81          
,kautsky's1 !oretical rectitude4 ,9 8   
fall1 ?is successor ( ,m>x has rea*$ a  
/age at :i* 8 sole s]i\s political      
programme consi/s 9 speculations on !   
collapse ( ! prolet>ian dictator%ip4    
,he w be once aga9 mi/ak54 ,! de/ruction
 ( b\rgeois ,pol& by ! ,r$ ,army1 guid$ 
by ,communi/ work+ m51 w appe> z a new  
manife/ation ( ! p[] ( ! prolet>ian     
dictator%ip1 & w !reby inflict a cru%+  
bl[ on b\rgeois scepticism              
7,kautskianism7 9 ! work+ class movem5t4

 ,9 spite ( mad confusion ( ext]nal =ms1
 wat*words1 & appe>ances1 hi/ory has    
extremely simplifi$ ! fundam5tal mean+ (
 its own process1 r$uc+ x to a /ruggle (
 imp]ialism aga9/ ,communism4 ,pilsudsky
 is fight+1 n only = ! l&s ( ! ,poli%   
magnates 9 ! ,ukra9e & 9 ,:ite ,russia1 
n only = capitali/ prop]ty & = !        
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b also = p>liam5t>y     
democracy & = evolution>y ,socialism1 = 
! ,second ,int]national1 & = ! "r (     
,kautsky to rema9 a critical hang]-on ( 
! b\rgeoisie4 ,we are fight+ = !        
,communi/ ,int]national1 & = !          
int]national prolet>ian revolution4 ,!  
/akes are great on ei!r side4 ,! /ruggle
 w be ob/9ate & pa9ful4 ,we hope = !    
victory1 = we h e hi/orical "r to x4    
,l4 ,,trotsky4  ,mosc[1 ,may #bi1 #aibj4
     ,dictator%ip vs4 ,democracy  ,a    
,reply to ,k>l ,kautsky  ,by ,,leon     
,,trotsky     #a  ,,! ,,balance ,,(     
,,p[]   ,! argum5t :i* is repeat$ aga9 &
 aga9 9 criticisms ( ! ,soviet sy/em 9  
,russia1 & p>ticul>ly 9 criticisms (    

revolution>y attempts to set up a simil>
 /ructure 9 o!r c\ntries1 is ! argum5t  
bas$ on ! balance ( p[]4 ,! ,soviet     
regime 9 ,russia is utopian--because x  
does n correspond to ! balance ( p[]4   
,backw>d ,russia _c put objects be=e    
itself :i* w\ld be appropriate to       
advanc$ ,g]many4 ,& = ! prolet>iat (    
,g]many x w\ld be madness to take       
political p[] into its own h&s1 z ?is at
 ! pres5t mom5t w\ld di/urb ! balance ( 
p[]4 ,! ,league ( ,nations is imp]fect1 
b /ill corresponds to ! balance ( p[]4  
,! /ruggle = ! ov]?r[ ( imp]iali/       
supremacy is utopian--! balance ( p[]   
only requires a revision ( ! ,v]sailles 
,treaty4 ,:5 ,longuet hobbl$ aft]       
,wilson ?is took place1 n because ( !   
political decomposition ( ,longuet1 b 9 
honor ( ! law ( ! balance ( p[]4 ,!     
,au/rian presid5t1 ,seitz1 & !          
*ancellor1 ,r5n]1 mu/1 9 ! op9ion (     
,fri$ri* ,adl]1 ex]cise _! b\rgeois     
impot5ce at ! c5tral po/s ( ! b\rgeois  
republic1 = o!rwise ! balance ( p[] w\ld

 be infr+$4 ,two ye>s be=e ! _w w>1 ,k>l
 ,r5n]1 !n n a *ancellor1 b a ,m>xi/    
advocate ( opportunism1 expla9$ to me t 
! regime ( ,june #c--t is1 ! union (    
l&lords & capitali/s cr[n$ by !         
mon>*y--mu/ inevitably ma9ta9 itself 9  
,russia dur+ a :ole hi/orical p]iod1 z x
 answ]$ to ! balance ( p[]4  ,:at is ?is
 balance ( p[] aft] all--t sacram5tal   
=mula :i* is to def9e1 direct1 & expla9 
! :ole c\rse ( hi/ory1 :olesale &       
retail8 ,:y exactly is x t ! =mula ( !  
balance ( p[]1 9 ! m\? ( ,kautsky & 8   
pres5t s*ool1 inevitably appe>s z a     
ju/ification ( indecision1 /agnation1   
c[>dice & trea*]y8  ,by ! balance ( p[] 
!y und]/& ev]y?+ y please3 ! level (    
production atta9$1 ! degree (           
diff]5tiation ( classes1 ! numb] (      
organiz$ work]s1 ! total funds at !     
disposal ( ! trade unions1 sometimes !  
results ( ! la/ p>liam5t>y elections1   
frequ5tly ! degree ( read9ess =         
compromise on ! "p ( ! m9i/ry1 or !     
degree ( effront]y ( ! f9ancial olig>*y4

 ,mo/ frequ5tly1 x means t summ>y       
political impression :i* exi/s 9 ! m9d (
 a half-bl9d p$ant1 or a s-call$ reali/ 
politician1 :o1 ?\gh he has absorb$ !   
phraseology ( ,m>xism1 9 reality is     
guid$ by ! mo/ %all[ manoeuvres1        
b\rgeois prejudices1 & p>liam5t>y       
tactics4 ,aft] a :isp]$ conv]sation ) ! 
director ( ! police dep>tm5t1 an        
,au/rian ,social-,democratic politician 
9 ! good1 & n s f> (f1 old times always 
knew exactly :e!r ! balance ( p[]       
p]mitt$ a peaceful /reet demon/ration 9 
,vi5na on ,may ,day4 ,9 ! case ( !      
,eb]ts1 ,s*eidemanns & ,davids1 !       
balance ( p[] 01 n s v long ago1        
calculat$ exactly by ! numb] ( f+]s :i* 
7 ext5d$ to !m at _! meet+ 9 ! ,rei*/ag 
) ,be?mann-,hollweg1 or ) ,lud5dorff    
himself4  ,accord+ to ,fri$ri* ,adl]1 ! 
e/abli%m5t ( a ,soviet dictator%ip 9    
,au/ria w\ld be a fatal infraction ( !  
balance ( p[]2 ! ,ent5te w\ld condemn   
,au/ria to />vation4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1     
,fri$ri* ,adl]1 at ! ,july congress (   

,soviets1 po9t$ to ,hung>y1 :]e at t "t 
! ,hung>ian ,r5n]s _h n yet1 ) ! help ( 
! ,hung>ian ,adl]s1 ov]?r[n !           
dictator%ip ( ! ,soviets4 ,at ! fir/    
glance1 x might really seem t ,fri$ri*  
,adl] 0 "r 9 ! case ( ,hung>y4 ,!       
prolet>ian dictator%ip 0 ov]?r[n !re    
soon aft]w>ds1 & its place 0 fill$ by ! 
m9i/ry ( ! reaction>y ,fri$ri*4 ,b x is 
q ju/ifiable to ask3 ,did ! latt]       
correspond to ! balance ( p[]8 ,at all  
ev5ts1 ,fri$ri* & 8 ,husz> might n ev5  
tempor>ily h seiz$ p[] _h x n be5 = !   
,r\manian army4 ,h5ce1 x is cle> t1 :5  
discuss+ ! fate ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 9 
,hung>y1 x is necess>y to take acc\nt ( 
! balance ( p[]1 at all ev5ts 9 two     
c\ntries--9 ,hung>y itself1 & 9 its     
neighbor1 ,r\mania4 ,b x is n difficult 
to grasp t we _c /op at ?is4 ,if !      
dictator%ip ( ! ,soviets _h be5 set up 9
 ,au/ria be=e ! matur+ ( ! ,hung>ian    
crisis1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,soviet regime 9   
,budape/ w\ld h be5 an inf9itely m      
difficult task4 ,consequ5tly1 we h to   

include ,au/ria also1 toge!r ) !        
trea*]\s policy ( ,fri$ri* ,adl]1 9 t   
balance ( p[] :i* det]m9$ ! tempor>y    
fall ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 9 ,hung>y4   
,fri$ri* ,adl] himself1 h[ev]1 seeks !  
key to ! balance ( p[]1 n 9 ,russia &   
,hung>y1 b 9 ! ,we/1 9 ! c\ntries (     
,clem5ceau & ,lloyd ,george4 ,!y h 9 _! 
h&s bread & coal--& really bread & coal1
 especially 9 our "t1 are j z =emo/     
factors 9 ! me*anism ( ! balance ( p[] z
 cannon 9 ! con/itution ( ,lassalle4    
,br\ght d[n f ! heights1 ,adl]'s idea   
consi/s1 consequ5tly1 9 ?is3 t !        
,au/rian prolet>iat mu/ n seize p[]     
until su* "t1 z x is p]mitt$ to d s by  
,clem5ceau 7or ,mill]&--i4e41 a         
,clem5ceau ( ! second ord]74  ,h[ev]1   
ev5 "h x is p]missible to ask3 ,does !  
policy ( ,clem5ceau himself really      
correspond to ! balance ( p[]8 ,at !    
fir/ glance x may appe> t x corresponds 
well en\gh1 &1 if x _c be prov$1 x is1  
at lea/1 gu>ante$ by ,clem5ceau's       
g5d>mes1 :o break up work+-class meet+s1

 & arre/ & %oot ,communi/s4 ,b "h we _c 
b rememb] t ! t]rori/ measures ( !      
,soviet ,gov]nm5t--t is1 ! same se>*es1 
arre/s1 & executions1 only direct$ aga9/
 ! c\nt]-revolution>ies--are consid]$ by
 "s p z a pro( t ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t    
does n correspond to ! balance ( p[]4 ,9
 va9 w\ld we1 h[ev]1 beg9 to seek 9 our 
"t1 any:]e 9 ! _w1 a regime :i*1 to     
pres]ve itself1 did n h rec\rse to      
measures ( /]n mass repression4 ,?is    
means t ho/ile class =ces1 hav+ brok5   
?r\gh ! framework ( e k9d ( law--includ+
 t ( democracy--are /riv+ to f9d _! new 
balance by means ( a m]ciless /ruggle4  
,:5 ! ,soviet sy/em 0 be+ in/itut$ 9    
,russia1 n only ! capitali/ politicians1
 b also ! ,sociali/ opportuni/s ( all   
c\ntries proclaim$ x an insol5t *all5ge 
to ! balance ( =ces4 ,on ?is score1 !re 
0 no qu>rel betwe5 ,kautsky1 ! ,au/rian 
,c\nt ,cz]n91 & ! ,bulg>ian ,premi]1    
,radoslavov4 ,s9ce t "t1 !              
,au/ro-,hung>ian & ,g]man mon>*ies h    
collaps$1 & ! mo/ p[]ful milit>ism 9 !  

_w has fall5 into du/4 ,! ,soviet regime
 has held out4 ,! victori\s c\ntries ( !
 ,ent5te h mobiliz$ & hurl$ aga9/ x all 
!y c\ld4 ,! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t has /ood  
firm4 ,_h ,kautsky1 ,fri$ri* ,adl]1 &   
,otto ,bau] be5 told t ! sy/em ( !      
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat w\ld hold out
 9 ,russia--fir/ aga9/ ! attack ( ,g]man
 milit>ism1 & !n 9 a ceaseless w> ) !   
milit>ism ( ! ,ent5te c\ntries--! sages 
( ! ,second ,int]national w\ld h        
consid]$ su* a prophecy a laughable     
misund]/&+ ( ! balance ( p[]4  ,!       
balance ( political p[] at any giv5     
mom5t is det]m9$ "u ! influ5ce (        
fundam5tal & second>y factors ( diff]+  
degrees ( effectiv5ess1 & only 9 its mo/
 fundam5tal quality is x det]m9$ by !   
/age ( ! developm5t ( production4 ,!    
social /ructure ( a p is extraord9>ily  
beh9d ! developm5t ( its productive     
=ces4 ,! l[] middle-classes1 &          
p>ticul>ly ! peasantry1 reta9 _! exi/5ce
 long aft] _! economic me?ods h be5 made
 obsolete1 & h be5 condemn$1 by !       

te*nical developm5t ( ! productive p[]s 
( society4 ,! consci\sness ( ! masses1 9
 its turn1 is extraord9>ily beh9d !     
developm5t ( _! social relations1 !     
consci\sness ( ! old ,sociali/ p>ties is
 a :ole epo* beh9d ! /ate ( m9d ( !     
masses1 & ! consci\sness ( ! old        
p>liam5t>y & trade union lead]s1 m      
reaction>y ?an ! consci\sness ( _! p>ty1
 repres5ts a petrifi$ mass :i* hi/ory   
has be5 unable hi!rto ei!r to dige/ or  
reject4 ,9 ! p>liam5t>y epo*1 dur+ !    
p]iod ( /ability ( social relations1 !  
psy*ological factor--)\t great error--0 
! f\ndation ^u :i* all curr5t           
calculations 7 bas$4 ,x 0 consid]$ t    
p>liam5t>y elections reflect$ ! balance 
( p[] ) suffici5t exactness4 ,!         
imp]iali/ w>1 :i* upset all b\rgeois    
society1 display$ ! complete uselessness
 ( ! old crit]ia4 ,! latt] completely   
ignor$ ^? pr(\nd hi/orical factors :i*  
_h gradually be5 accumulat+ 9 ! prec$+  
p]iod1 & h n[1 all at once1 appe>$ on ! 
surface1 & h begun to det]m9e ! c\rse ( 

hi/ory4  ,! political wor%ipp]s ( r\t9e1
 incapable ( survey+ ! hi/orical process
 9 its complexity1 9 its int]nal cla%es 
& contradictions1 imag9$ to !mselves t  
hi/ory 0 prep>+ ! way = ! ,sociali/ ord]
 simultane\sly & sy/ematically on all   
sides1 s t conc5tration ( production & !
 developm5t ( a ,communi/ morality 9 !  
produc] & ! consum] mature simultane\sly
 ) ! electric pl\gh & a p>liam5t>y      
majority4 ,h5ce ! purely me*anical      
attitude t[>ds p>liam5t>ism1 :i*1 9 !   
eyes ( ! majority ( ! /atesm5 ( !       
,second ,int]national1 indicat$ ! degree
 to :i* society 0 prep>$ = ,socialism z 
accurately z ! manomet] indicates !     
pressure ( /eam4 ,yet !re is no?+ m     
s5seless ?an ?is me*aniz$ repres5tation 
( ! developm5t ( social relations4  ,if1
 beg9n+ ) ! productive bases ( society1 
we asc5d ! /ages ( !                    
sup]/ructure--classes1 ! ,/ate1 laws1   
p>ties1 & s on--x may be e/abli%$ t !   
weight ( ea* additional "p ( !          
sup]/ructure is n simply to be add$ to1 

b 9 _m cases to be multipli$ by1 !      
weight ( all ! prec$+ /ages4 ,z a       
result1 ! political consci\sness ( gr\ps
 :i* long imag9$ !mselves to be among ! 
mo/ advanc$1 displays itself1 at a mom5t
 ( *ange1 z a colossal ob/acle 9 ! pa? (
 hi/orical developm5t4 ,to-day x is q   
beyond d\bt t ! p>ties ( ! ,second      
,int]national1 /&+ at ! head ( !        
prolet>iat1 :i* d>$ n1 c\ld n1 & w\ld n 
take p[] into _! h&s at ! mo/ critical  
mom5t ( human hi/ory1 & :i* l$ !        
prolet>iat along ! road ( mutual        
de/ruction 9 ! int]e/s ( imp]ialism1    
prov$ a decisive factor ( !             
c\nt]-revolution4  ,! great =ces (      
production--t %ock factor 9 hi/orical   
developm5t--7 *ok$ 9 ^? obsolete        
in/itutions ( ! sup]/ructure 7private   
prop]ty & ! national ,/ate7 9 :i* !y    
f\nd !mselves lock$ by all prec$+       
developm5t4 ,eng5d]$ by capitalism1 !   
=ces ( production 7 knock+ at all !     
walls ( ! b\rgeois national ,/ate1 dem&+
 _! emancipation by means ( ! ,sociali/ 

organization ( economic life on a _w    
scale4 ,! /agnation ( social gr\p+s1 !  
/agnation ( political =ces1 :i* prov$   
!mselves incapable ( de/roy+ ! old class
 gr\p+s1 ! /agnation1 /upidity & trea*]y
 ( ! direct+ ,sociali/ p>ties1 :i* _h   
assum$ to !mselves 9 reality ! def5se ( 
b\rgeois society--all ^! factors l$ to  
an elem5tal revolt ( ! =ces (           
production1 9 ! %ape ( ! imp]iali/ w>4  
,human te*nical skill1 ! mo/            
revolution>y factor 9 hi/ory1 arose ) ! 
might accumulat$ dur+ scores ( ye>s     
aga9/ ! disgu/+ cons]vatism & crim9al   
/upidity ( ! ,s*eidemanns1 ,kautskies1  
,r5audels1 ,v&]veldes & ,longuets1 &1 by
 means ( its h[itz]s1 ma*9e-guns1       
dreadn\ghts & a]oplanes1 x began a      
furi\s pogrom ( human culture4  ,9 ?is  
way ! cause ( ! mis=tunes at pres5t     
exp]i5c$ by humanity is precisely t !   
developm5t ( ! te*nical comm& ( m5 ov]  
nature has long ago gr[n ripe = !       
socialization ( economic life4 ,!       
prolet>iat has occupi$ a place 9        

production :i* completely gu>antees its 
dictator%ip1 :ile ! mo/ intellig5t =ces 
9 hi/ory--! p>ties & _! lead]s--h be5   
discov]$ to be /ill :olly "u ! yoke ( ! 
old prejudices1 & only fo/]$ a lack (   
fai? among ! masses 9 _! own p[]4 ,9 q  
rec5t ye>s ,kautsky us$ to und]/& ?is4  
,! prolet>iat at ! pres5t "t has gr[n s 
/rong1 wrote ,kautsky 9 8 pamphlet1 ,!  
,pa? to ,p[]1 t x c calmly await ! com+ 
w>4 ,!re c be no m talk ( a premature   
revolution1 n[ t ! prolet>iat has drawn 
f ! pres5t /ructure ( ! ,/ate su* /r5g? 
z c\ld be drawn !refrom1 & n[ t its     
recon/ruction has become a condition ( !
 prolet>iat's fur!r progress4 ,f ! mom5t
 t ! developm5t ( productive =ces1      
outgr[+ ! framework ( ! b\rgeois        
national ,/ate1 drew mank9d into an epo*
 ( crises & convulsions1 ! consci\sness 
( ! masses 0 %ak5 by dread %ocks out ( !
 comp>ative equilibrium ( ! prec$+ epo*4
 ,! r\t9e & /agnation ( its mode ( liv+1
 ! hypnotic sugge/ion ( peaceful        
legality1 _h already ceas$ to dom9ate ! 

prolet>iat4 ,b x _h n yet /epp$1        
consci\sly & c\rage\sly1 on to ! pa? (  
op5 revolution>y /ruggle4 ,x wav]$1     
pass+ ?r\gh ! la/ mom5t ( un/able       
equilibrium4 ,at su* a mom5t (          
psy*ological *ange1 ! "p play$ by !     
summit--! ,/ate1 on ! "o h&1 & !        
revolution>y ,p>ty on ! o!r--acquires a 
colossal importance4 ,a det]m9$ pu% f   
left or "r is suffici5t to move !       
prolet>iat1 = a c]ta9 p]iod1 to "o or ! 
o!r side4 ,we saw ?is 9 #aiad1 :51 "u ! 
unit$ pressure ( imp]iali/ gov]nm5ts &  
,sociali/ patriotic p>ties1 ! work+     
class 0 all at once ?r[n out ( its      
equilibrium & hurl$ on to ! pa? (       
imp]ialism4 ,we h s9ce se5 h[ ! exp]i5ce
 ( ! w>1 ! contra/s betwe5 its results &
 its fir/ objects1 is %ak+ ! masses 9 a 
revolution>y s5se1 mak+ !m m & m capable
 ( an op5 revolt aga9/ capitalism4 ,9   
su* conditions1 ! pres5ce ( a           
revolution>y p>ty1 :i* r5d]s to itself a
 cle> acc\nt ( ! motive =ces ( ! pres5t 
epo*1 & und]/&s ! exceptional role      

among/ !m ( a revolution>y class2 :i*   
kn[s its inexhau/ible1 b unreveal$1     
p[]s2 :i* believes 9 t class & believes 
9 itself2 :i* kn[s ! p[] ( revolution>y 
me?od 9 an epo* ( in/ability ( all      
social relations2 :i* is ready to employ
 t me?od & c>ry x ?r\gh to ! end--!     
pres5ce ( su* a p>ty repres5ts a factor 
( incalculable hi/orical importance4    
,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sociali/ p>ty1      
enjoy+ traditional influ5ce1 :i* does n 
r5d] itself an acc\nt ( :at is go+ on   
ar\nd x1 :i* does n und]/& !            
revolution>y situation1 &1 !re=e1 f9ds  
no key to x1 :i* does n believe 9 ei!r !
 prolet>iat or itself--su* a p>ty 9 our 
"t is ! mo/ mis*iev\s /umbl+ block 9    
hi/ory1 & a s\rce ( confusion &         
inevitable *aos4  ,su* is n[ ! role (   
,kautsky & 8 sympa?iz]s4 ,!y tea* !     
prolet>iat n to believe 9 itself1 b to  
believe its reflection 9 ! crook$ mirror
 ( democracy :i* has be5 %att]$ by !    
jack-boot ( milit>ism into a ?\s&       
fragm5ts4 ,! decisive factor 9 !        

revolution>y policy ( ! work+ class mu/ 
be1 9 _! view1 n ! int]national         
situation1 n ! actual collapse (        
capitalism1 n t social collapse :i* is  
g5]at$ !reby1 n t concrete necessity ( !
 supremacy ( ! work+ class = :i* ! cry  
arises f ! smok+ ru9s ( capitali/       
civilization--n all ?is mu/ det]m9e !   
policy ( ! revolution>y p>ty ( !        
prolet>iat--b t c\nt+ ( votes :i* is    
c>ri$ out by ! capitali/ tell]s (       
p>liam5t>ism4 ,only a few ye>s ago1 we  
repeat1 ,kautsky seem$ to und]/& ! real 
inn] mean+ ( ! problem ( revolution4    
,yes1 ! prolet>iat repres5ts ! sole     
revolution>y class ( ! nation1 wrote    
,kautsky 9 8 pamphlet1 ,! ,pa? to ,p[]4 
,x foll[s t e collapse ( ! capitali/    
ord]1 :e!r x be ( a moral1 f9ancial1 or 
milit>y "*1 implies ! bankruptcy ( all !
 b\rgeois p>ties responsible = x1 &     
signifies t ! sole way out ( ! bl9d     
alley is ! e/abli%m5t ( ! p[] ( !       
prolet>iat4 ,& to-day ! p>ty (          
pro/ration & c[>dice1 ! p>ty ( ,kautsky1

 says to ! work+ class3 ,! "q is n :e!r 
y to-day are ! sole creative =ce 9      
hi/ory2 :e!r y are capable ( ?r[+ aside 
t rul+ b& ( robb]s into :i* ! prop]ti$  
classes h develop$2 ! "q is n :e!r      
anyone else c accompli% ?is task on y\r 
behalf2 ! "q is n :e!r hi/ory all[s y   
any po/ponem5t 7= ! pres5t condition (  
bloody *aos ?reat5s to bury y y\rself1 9
 ! ne> future1 "u ! la/ ru9s (          
capitalism74 ,! problem is = ! rul+     
imp]iali/ b&its to succe$--ye/]day or   
to-day--to deceive1 violate1 & sw9dle   
public op9ion1 by collect+ #ea p] c5t4 (
 ! votes aga9/ y\r #di4 ,p]i% ! _w1 b   
long live ! p>liam5t>y majority6     #b 
,,! ,,dictator%ip ,,( ,,! ,,prolet>iat  
,m>x & ,engels hamm]$ out ! idea ( !    
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 :i* ,engels 
/ubbornly def5d$ 9 #ahia1 %ortly be=e 8 
dea?--! idea t ! political autocracy ( !
 prolet>iat is ! sole =m 9 :i* x c      
realize its control ( ! /ate4  ,t is :at
 ,kautsky wrote ab\t t5 ye>s ago4 ,!    
sole =m ( p[] = ! prolet>iat he consid]$

 to be n a ,sociali/ majority 9 a       
democratic p>liam5t1 b ! political      
autocracy ( ! prolet>iat1 its           
dictator%ip4 ,& x is q cle> t1 if our   
problem is ! abolition ( private prop]ty
 9 ! means ( production1 ! only road to 
its solution lies ?r\gh ! conc5tration (
 ,/ate p[] 9 its entirety 9 ! h&s ( !   
prolet>iat1 & ! sett+ up = !            
transitional p]iod ( an exceptional     
regime--a regime 9 :i* ! rul+ class is  
guid$1 n by g5]al pr9ciples calculat$ = 
a prolong$ p]iod1 b by consid]ations (  
revolution>y policy4  ,! dictator%ip is 
necess>y because x is a case1 n ( p>tial
 *anges1 b ( ! v exi/5ce ( ! b\rgeoisie4
 ,no agreem5t is possible on ?is gr\nd4 
,only =ce c be ! decid+ factor4 ,!      
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat does n       
exclude1 ( c\rse1 ei!r sep>ate          
agreem5ts1 or consid]able concessions1  
especially 9 connection ) ! l[]         
middle-class & ! peasantry4 ,b !        
prolet>iat c only conclude ^! agreem5ts 
aft] hav+ ga9$ possession ( ! app>atus (

 p[]1 & hav+ gu>ante$ to itself !       
possibility ( indep5d5tly decid+ on :i* 
po9ts to yield & on :i* to /& firm1 9 ! 
int]e/s ( ! g5]al ,sociali/ task4       
,kautsky n[ repudiates ! dictator%ip ( !
 prolet>iat at ! v outset1 z ! tyranny (
 ! m9ority ov] ! majority4 ,t is1 he    
disc]ns 9 ! revolution>y regime ( !     
prolet>iat ^? v features by :i* ! hone/ 
,sociali/s ( all c\ntries inv>iably     
describe ! dictator%ip ( ! exploit]s1   
albeit mask$ by ! =ms ( democracy4      
,ab&on+ ! idea ( a revolution>y         
dictator%ip1 ,kautsky trans=ms ! "q ( ! 
conque/ ( p[] by ! prolet>iat into a "q 
( ! conque/ ( a majority ( votes by !   
,social-,democratic ,p>ty 9 "o ( !      
electoral campaigns ( ! future4         
,univ]sal suffrage1 accord+ to ! legal  
fiction ( p>liam5t>ism1 expresses ! w ( 
! citiz5s ( all classes 9 ! nation1 &1  
consequ5tly1 gives a possibility (      
attract+ a majority to ! side (         
,socialism4 ,:ile ! !oretical           
possibility has n be5 realiz$1 !        

,sociali/ m9ority mu/ submit to !       
b\rgeois majority4 ,?is feti%ism ( !    
p>liam5t>y majority repres5ts a brutal  
repudiation1 n only ( ! dictator%ip ( ! 
prolet>iat1 b ( ,m>xism & ( ! revolution
 altoge!r4 ,if1 9 pr9ciple1 we are to   
subord9ate ,sociali/ policy to !        
p>liam5t>y my/]y ( majority & m9ority1 x
 foll[s t1 9 c\ntries :]e =mal democracy
 prevails1 !re is no place at all = !   
revolution>y /ruggle4 ,if ! majority    
elect$ on ! basis ( univ]sal suffrage 9 
,switz]l& pass draconian legislation    
aga9/ /rik]s1 or if ! executive elect$  
by ! w ( a =mal majority 9 ,nor!rn      
,am]ica %oots work]s1 h ! ,swiss &      
,am]ican work]s ! "r ( prote/ by        
organiz+ a g5]al /rike8 ,obvi\sly1 no4  
,! political /rike is a =m (            
extra-p>liam5t>y pressure on ! national 
w1 z x has express$ itself ?r\gh        
univ]sal suffrage4 ,true1 ,kautsky      
himself1 app>5tly1 is a%am$ to g z f> z 
! logic ( 8 new position dem&s4 ,b\nd by
 "s sort ( remnant ( ! pa/1 he is oblig$

 to ackn[l$ge ! possibility ( correct+  
univ]sal suffrage by action4 ,p>liam5t>y
 elections1 at all ev5ts 9 pr9ciple1    
nev] took ! place1 9 ! eyes ( !         
,social-,democrats1 ( ! real class      
/ruggle1 ( its conflicts1 repulses1     
attacks1 revolts2 !y 7 consid]$ m]ely z 
a contributory fact 9 ?is /ruggle1 play+
 a great] "p at "o p]iod1 a small] at   
ano!r1 & no "p at all 9 ! p]iod (       
dictator%ip4  ,9 #ahia1 t is1 n long    
be=e 8 dea?1 ,engels1 z we j he>d1      
ob/9ately def5d$ ! dictator%ip ( !      
prolet>iat z ! only possible =m ( its   
control ( ! ,/ate4 ,kautsky himself m   
?an once repeat$ ?is def9ition4 ,h5ce1  
by ! way1 we c see :at an unwor?y =g]y  
is ,kautsky's pres5t attempt to ?r[ back
 ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat at u z a  
purely ,russian inv5tion4  ,:o aims at !
 end _c reject ! means4 ,! /ruggle mu/  
be c>ri$ on ) su* int5sity z actually to
 gu>antee ! supremacy ( ! prolet>iat4   
,if ! ,sociali/ revolution requires a   
dictator%ip--! sole =m 9 :i* !          

prolet>iat c a*ieve control ( ! ,/ate--x
 foll[s t ! dictator%ip mu/ be gu>ante$ 
at all co/4  ,to write a pamphlet ab\t  
dictator%ip "o ne$s an ink-pot & a pile 
( pap]1 & possibly1 9 addition1 a c]ta9 
numb] ( ideas 9 "o's head4 ,b 9 ord] to 
e/abli% & consolidate ! dictator%ip1 "o 
has to prev5t ! b\rgeoisie f und]m9+ !  
,/ate p[] ( ! prolet>iat4 ,kautsky      
app>5tly ?9ks t ?is c be a*iev$ by      
te>ful pamphlets4 ,b 8 own exp]i5ce     
ought to h %[n him t x is n suffici5t to
 h lo/ all influ5ce ) ! prolet>iat1 to  
acquire influ5ce ) ! b\rgeoisie4  ,x is 
only possible to safegu>d ! supremacy ( 
! work+ class by =c+ ! b\rgeoisie       
accu/om$ to rule1 to realize t x is too 
dang]\s an und]tak+ = x to revolt aga9/ 
! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 to und]m9e
 x by conspiracies1 sabotage1           
insurrections1 or ! call+ 9 ( =eign     
troops4 ,! b\rgeoisie1 hurl$ f p[]1 mu/ 
be =c$ to obey4 ,9 :at way8 ,! prie/s   
us$ to t]rify ! p ) future p5alties4 ,we
 h no su* res\rces at our disposal4 ,b  

ev5 ! prie/s' hell nev] /ood alone1 b 0 
always bracket$ ) ! mat]ial fire ( !    
,holy ,inquisition1 & ) ! scorpions ( ! 
democratic ,/ate4 ,is x possible t      
,kautsky is lean+ to ! idea t !         
b\rgeoisie c be held d[n ) ! help ( !   
categorical imp]ative1 :i* 9 8 la/      
writ+s plays ! "p ( ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,we1 
on our "p1 c only promise him our       
mat]ial assi/ance if he decides to equip
 a ,kantian-humanit>ian mission to !    
realms ( ,d5ik9 & ,kol*ak4 ,at all      
ev5ts1 !re he w\ld h ! possibility (    
conv9c+ himself t ! c\nt]-revolution>ies
 are n naturally devoid ( "*1 & t1 ?anks
 to _! six ye>s' exi/5ce 9 ! fire &     
smoke ( w>1 _! "* has manag$ to become  
?or\ghly h>d5$4 ,e ,:ite ,gu>d has long 
ago acquir$ ! simple tru? t x is easi]  
to hang a ,communi/ to ! bran* ( a tree 
?an to conv]t him ) a book ( ,kautsky's4
 ,^! g5tlem5 h no sup]/iti\s fe>1 ei!r (
 ! pr9ciples ( democracy or ( ! flames (
 hell--! m s because ! prie/s ( ! *ur* &
 ( (ficial le>n+ act 9 collusion ) !m1 &

 p\r _! comb9$ ?und]s exclusively on !  
heads ( ! ,bol%eviks4 ,! ,russian ,:ite 
,gu>ds resemble ! ,g]man & all o!r ,:ite
 ,gu>ds 9 ?is respect--t !y _c be       
conv9c$ or %am$1 b only t]roriz$ or     
cru%$4  ,! man :o repudiates t]rorism 9 
pr9ciple--i4e41 repudiates measures (   
suppression & intimidation t[>ds det]m9$
 & arm$ c\nt]-revolution1 mu/ reject all
 idea ( ! political supremacy ( ! work+ 
class & its revolution>y dictator%ip4 ,!
 man :o repudiates ! dictator%ip ( !    
prolet>iat repudiates ! ,sociali/       
revolution1 & digs ! grave ( ,socialism4
                   99       99       99 
99       99  ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,kautsky  
has no !ory ( ! social revolution4 ,e "t
 he tries to g5]alize 8 sl&]s aga9/ !   
revolution & ! dictator%ip ( !          
prolet>iat1 he produces m]ely a re*auffe
 ( ! prejudices ( ,jauresism &          
,b]n/e9ism4  ,! revolution ( #aghi1     
writes ,kautsky1 itself put an end to ! 
mo/ important causes :i* gave x its h>% 
& viol5t "*1 & prep>$ ! way = mild] =ms 

( ! future revolution4 7,page #adj47b   
,let u admit ?is1 ?\gh to d s we h to   
=get ! ,june days ( #ahdh & ! horrors ( 
! suppression ( ! ,commune4 ,let u admit
 t ! great revolution ( ! eighte5?      
c5tury1 :i* by measures ( m]ciless t]ror
 de/roy$ ! rule ( absolutism1 (         
feudalism1 & ( cl]icalism1 really prep>$
 ! way = m peaceful & mild] solutions ( 
social problems4 ,b1 ev5 if we admit ?is
 purely lib]al /&po9t1 ev5 "h our accus]
 w prove to be completely 9 ! wrong2 = !
 ,russian ,revolution1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! 
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 began ) j t 
"w :i* 0 done 9 ,france at ! end ( !    
eighte5? c5tury4 ,our =efa!rs1 9        
c5turies gone by1 did n take ! tr\ble to
 prep>e ! democratic way--by means (    
revolution>y t]rorism--= mild] mann]s 9 
our revolution4 ,! e?ical m&>91         
,kautsky1 ought to take ^! circum/ances 
into acc\nt1 & accuse our =efa!rs1 n u4 
#b ,translator's ,note--,= conv5i5ce    
sake1 ! ref]5ces           ?r\gh\t h be5
 alt]$ to fall 9 ! ,engli%              

translation ( ,kautsky's book4 ,mr4     
,k]ridge's translation1           h[ev]1
 has n be5 adh]$ to4  ,kautsky1 h[ev]1  
seems to make a little concession 9 ?is 
direction4 ,true1 he says1 no man (     
insight c\ld d\bt t a milit>y mon>*y l !
 ,g]man1 ! ,au/rian1 or ! ,russian c\ld 
be ov]?r[n only by viol5t me?ods4 ,b 9  
?is connection !re 0 always less ?\ght  
7among/ :om871 ( ! bloody use ( arms1 & 
m ( ! work+ class weapon peculi> to !   
prolet>iat--! mass /rike4 ,& t a        
consid]able portion ( ! prolet>iat1 aft]
 seiz+ p[]1 w\ld aga9--z at ! end ( !   
eighte5? c5tury--give v5t to its rage & 
rev5ge 9 blood%$ c\ld n be expect$4 ,?is
 w\ld h meant a complete negation ( all 
progress4 7,page #adg47  ,z we see1 ! w>
 & a s]ies ( revolutions 7 requir$ to   
enable u to get a prop] view ( :at 0 go+
 on 9 reality 9 ! heads ( "s ( our mo/  
le>n$ !oreticians4 ,x turns out t       
,kautsky did n ?9k t a ,roman(f or a    
,hoh5zoll]n c\ld be put away by means ( 
conv]sations2 b at ! same "t he s]i\sly 

imag9$ t a milit>y mon>*y c\ld be       
ov]?r[n by a g5]al /rike--i4e41 by a    
peaceful demon/ration ( fold$ arms4 ,9  
spite ( ! ,russian revolution1 & ! _w   
discussion ( ?is "q1 ,kautsky1 x turns  
out1 reta9s ! an>*o-re=mi/ view ( !     
g5]al /rike4 ,we might po9t out to him  
t1 9 ! pages ( its own j\rnal1 ! ,neue  
,zeit1 x 0 expla9$ twelve ye>s ago t !  
g5]al /rike is only a mobilization ( !  
prolet>iat & its sett+ up aga9/ its     
enemy1 ! ,/ate2 b t ! /rike 9 itself _c 
produce ! solution ( ! problem1 because 
x exhau/s ! =ces ( ! prolet>iat soon]   
?an ^? ( its enemies1 & ?is1 soon] or   
lat]1 =ces ! work]s to return to !      
factories4 ,! g5]al /rike acquires a    
decisive importance only z a prelim9>y  
to a conflict betwe5 ! prolet>iat & !   
arm$ =ces ( ! opposition--i4e41 to ! op5
 revolution>y ris+ ( ! work]s4 ,only by 
break+ ! w ( ! armies ?r[n aga9/ x c !  
revolution>y class solve ! problem (    
p[]--! root problem ( e revolution4 ,!  
g5]al /rike produces ! mobilization (   

bo? sides1 & gives ! fir/ s]i\s e/imate 
( ! p[]s ( resi/ance ( !                
c\nt]-revolution4 ,b only 9 ! fur!r     
/ages ( ! /ruggle1 aft] ! transition to 
! pa? ( arm$ insurrection1 c t bloody   
price be fix$ :i* ! revolution>y class  
has to pay = p[]4 ,b t x w h to pay )   
blood1 t1 9 ! /ruggle = ! conque/ ( p[] 
& = its consolidation1 ! prolet>iat w h 
n only to be kill$1 b also to kill--(   
?is no s]i\s revolution>y ev] _h any    
d\bt4 ,to ann\nce t ! exi/5ce ( a       
det]m9$ life-&-dea? /ruggle betwe5 !    
prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie is a complete 
negation ( all progress1 means simply t 
! heads ( "s ( our mo/ rev]5d           
!oreticians take ! =m ( a cam]a-obscura1
 9 :i* objects are repres5t$ upside d[n4
  ,b1 ev5 :5 appli$ to m advanc$ &      
cultur$ c\ntries ) e/abli%$ democratic  
traditions1 !re is absolutely no pro( ( 
! ju/ice ( ,kautsky's hi/orical argum5t4
 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! argum5t itself is 
n new4 ,once ^u a "t ! ,revisioni/s gave
 x a "* m bas$ on pr9ciple4 ,!y /rove to

 prove t ! gr[? ( prolet>ian            
organizations "u democratic conditions  
gu>ante$ ! gradual &                    
imp]ceptible--re=mi/ &                  
evolution>y--transition to ,sociali/    
society--)\t g5]al /rikes & ris+s1 )\t !
 dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat4  ,kautsky1 
at t culm9at+ p]iod ( 8 activity1 %[$ t1
 9 spite ( ! =ms ( democracy1 ! class   
contradictions ( capitali/ society grew 
deep]1 & t ?is process mu/ inevitably   
lead to a revolution & ! conque/ ( p[]  
by ! prolet>iat4  ,no "o1 ( c\rse1      
attempt$ to reckon up be=eh& ! numb] (  
victims t w be call$ = by ! revolution>y
 insurrection ( ! prolet>iat1 & by !    
regime ( its dictator%ip4 ,b x 0 cle> to
 all t ! numb] ( victims w v>y ) ! /r5g?
 ( resi/ance ( ! prop]ti$ classes4 ,if  
,kautsky desires to say 9 8 book t a    
democratic upbr++ has n weak5$ ! class  
egoism ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ?is c be admitt$ 
)\t fur!r p>ley4  ,if he wi%es to add t 
! imp]iali/ w>1 :i* broke out & cont9u$ 
= f\r ye>s1 9 spite ( democracy1 br\ght 

ab\t a degradation ( morals & accu/om$  
m5 to viol5t me?ods & action1 &         
completely /ripp$ ! b\rgeoisie ( ! la/  
ve/ige ( awkw>dness 9 ord]+ ! de/ruction
 ( masses ( humanity--"h also he w be   
"r4  ,all ?is is true on ! face ( x4 ,b 
"o has to /ruggle 9 real conditions4 ,! 
cont5d+ =ces are n prolet>ian & b\rgeois
 manik9s produc$ 9 ! retort (           
,wagn]-,kautsky1 b a real prolet>iat    
aga9/ a real b\rgeoisie1 z !y h em]g$ f 
! la/ imp]iali/ slaught]4  ,9 ?is fact (
 m]ciless civil w> t is spread+ ov] !   
:ole _w1 ,kautsky sees only ! result ( a
 fatal lapse f ! exp]i5c$ tactics ( !   
,second ,int]national4  ,9 reality1 s9ce
 ! "t1 he writes1 t ,m>xism has dom9at$ 
! ,sociali/ movem5t1 ! latt]1 up to ! _w
 w>1 01 9 spite ( its great activities1 
pres]v$ f great defeats4 ,& ! idea (    
insur+ victory by means ( t]rori/       
dom9ation _h completely disappe>$ f its 
ranks4  ,mu* 0 contribut$ 9 ?is         
connection by ! fact t1 at ! "t :5      
,m>xism 0 ! dom9at+ ,sociali/ tea*+1    

democracy ?rew out firm roots 9 ,we/]n  
,europe1 & began !re to *ange f an end (
 ! /ruggle to a tru/wor?y basis (       
political life4 7,page #ade47  ,9 ?is   
=mula ( progress !re is n "o atom (     
,m>xism4 ,! real process ( ! /ruggle (  
classes & _! mat]ial conflicts has be5  
lo/ 9 ,m>xi/ propag&a1 :i*1 ?anks to !  
conditions ( democracy1 gu>antees1      
=soo?1 a pa9less transition to a new &  
wis] ord]4 ,?is is ! mo/ vulg>          
lib]alism1 a belat$ piece ( rationalism 
9 ! _s ( ! eighte5? c5tury--) ! diff]5ce
 t ! ideas ( ,condorcet are replac$ by a
 vulg>isation ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o4  
,all hi/ory resolves itself into an     
endless %eet ( pr9t$ pap]1 & ! c5tre (  
?is humane process proves to be !       
well-worn writ+ table ( ,kautsky4  ,we  
are giv5 z an example ! work+-class     
movem5t 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,second           
,int]national1 :i*1 go+ =w>d "u ! bann] 
( ,m>xism1 nev] su/a9$ great defeats    
:5ev] x delib]ately *all5g$ !m4 ,b did n
 ! :ole work+-class movem5t1 !          

prolet>iat ( ! :ole _w1 & ) x ! :ole (  
human culture1 su/a9 an incalculable    
defeat 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 :5 hi/ory ca/ up
 ! acc\nts ( all ! =ces & possibilities 
( ! ,sociali/ p>ties1 among/ :om1 we are
 told1 ! guid+ role belong$ to ,m>xism1 
on ! firm foot+ ( democracy8 ,^? p>ties 
prov$ bankrupt4 ,^? features ( _!       
previ\s "w :i* ,kautsky n[ wi%es to r5d]
 p]man5t--self-adaptation1 repudiation (
 illegal activity1 repudiation ( ! op5  
fight1 hopes plac$ 9 democracy z ! road 
to a pa9less revolution--all ^! fell    
into du/4 ,9 _! fe> ( defeat1 hold+ back
 ! masses f op5 conflict1 dissolv+ !    
g5]al /rike discussions1 ! p>ties ( !   
,second ,int]national 7 prep>+ _! own   
t]rify+ defeat2 = !y 7 n able to move "o
 f+] to av]t ! greate/ cata/rophe 9 _w  
hi/ory1 ! f\r ye>s' imp]iali/ slaught]1 
:i* =e%ad[$ ! viol5t "* ( ! civil w>4   
,truly1 "o has to put a wadd$ night-cap 
n only ov] "o's eyes1 b ov] "o's nose & 
e>s1 to be able to-day1 aft] ! +lori\s  
collapse ( ! ,second ,int]national1 aft]

 ! disgraceful bankruptcy ( its lead+   
p>ty--! ,g]man ,social-,democracy--aft] 
! bloody lunacy ( ! _w slaught] & !     
gigantic sweep ( ! civil w>1 to set up 9
 contra/ to u1 ! pr(undity1 ! loyalty1 !
 peacefulness & ! sobriety ( ! ,second  
,int]national1 ! h]itage ( :i* we are   
/ill liquidat+4     #c  ,,democracy     
,,ei!r ,,democracy1 ,,or ,,civil ,,w>   
,kautsky has a cle> & solit>y pa? to    
salvation3 democracy4 ,all t is necess>y
 is t e "o %\ld ackn[l$ge x & b9d       
himself to support x4 ,! ,"r ,sociali/s 
mu/ r5\nce ! sangu9>y slaught] ) :i* !y 
h be5 c>ry+ out ! w ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,!  
b\rgeoisie itself mu/ ab&on ! idea ( us+
 its ,noskes & ,lieut5ant ,vogels to    
def5d its privileges to ! la/ brea?4    
,f9ally1 ! prolet>iat mu/ once & = all  
reject ! idea ( ov]?r[+ ! b\rgeoisie by 
means o!r ?an ^? laid d[n 9 !           
,con/itution4 ,if ! conditions enum]at$ 
are obs]v$1 ! social revolution w       
pa9lessly melt into democracy4 ,9 ord]  
to succe$ x is suffici5t1 z we see1 =   

our /ormy hi/ory to draw a nightcap ov] 
its head1 & take a p9* ( wisdom out (   
,kautsky's snuffbox4  ,!re exi/ only two
 possibilities1 says our sage1 ei!r     
democracy1 or civil w>4 7,page #bbj47   
,yet1 9 ,g]many1 :]e ! =mal elem5ts (   
democracy are pres5t be=e our eyes1 !   
civil w> does n cease = a mom5t4        
,unque/ionably1 agrees ,kautsky1 "u !   
pres5t ,national ,assembly ,g]many _c   
arrive at a heal?y condition4 ,b t      
process ( recov]y w n be assi/$1 b      
h9d]$1 if we trans=m ! /ruggle aga9/ !  
pres5t ,assembly into a /ruggle aga9/ ! 
democratic fran*ise4 7,page #bcj47 ,z if
 ! "q 9 ,g]many really did r$uce itself 
to "o ( electoral =ms & n to "o ( ! real
 possession ( p[]6  ,! pres5t ,national 
,assembly1 z ,kautsky admits1 _c br+ !  
c\ntry to a heal?y condition4 ,!re=e let
 u beg9 ! game aga9 at ! beg9n+4 ,b w ! 
p>tn]s agree8 ,x is d\btful4 ,if ! rubb]
 is n favorable to u1 obvi\sly x is s to
 !m4 ,! ,national ,assembly :i* is      
incapable ( br++ ! c\ntry to a heal?y   

condition1 is q capable1 ?r\gh ! m$iocre
 dictator%ip ( ,noske1 ( prep>+ ! way = 
! dictator%ip ( ,lud5dorff4 ,s x 0 ) !  
,con/itu5t ,assembly :i* prep>$ ! way = 
,kol*ak4 ,! hi/orical mission ( ,kautsky
 consi/s precisely 9 hav+ wait$ = !     
revolution to write 8 7n  #a?7 book1 :i*
 %\ld expla9 ! collapse ( ! revolution  
by all ! previ\s c\rse ( hi/ory1 f ! ape
 to ,noske1 & f ,noske to ,lud5dorff4 ,!
 problem be=e ! revolution>y p>ty is a  
difficult "o3 its problem is to =esee ! 
p]il 9 good "t1 & to =e/all x by action4
 ,& = ?is !re is no o!r way at pres5t   
?an to te> ! p[] out ( ! h&s ( its real 
possessors1 ! agr>ian & capitali/       
magnates1 :o are only tempor>ily hid+   
beh9d ,messrs4 ,eb]t & ,noske4 ,?us1 f !
 pres5t ,national ,assembly1 ! pa?      
divides into two3 ei!r ! dictator%ip ( !
 imp]iali/ clique1 or ! dictator%ip ( ! 
prolet>iat4 ,on nei!r side does ! pa?   
lead to democracy4 ,kautsky does n see  
?is4 ,he expla9s at great l5g? t        
democracy is ( great importance = its   

political developm5t & its education 9  
organization ( ! masses1 & t ?r\gh x !  
prolet>iat c come to complete           
emancipation4 ,"o might imag9e t1 s9ce !
 day on :i* ! ,erfurt ,programme 0      
writt51 no?+ wor?y ( notice _h ev]      
happ5$ 9 ! _w6  ,yet mean:ile1 =        
decades1 ! prolet>iat ( ,france1        
,g]many1 & ! o!r mo/ important c\ntries 
has be5 /ruggl+ & develop+1 mak+ ! wide/
 possible use ( ! in/itutions (         
democracy1 & build+ up on t basis p[]ful
 political organizations4 ,?is pa? ( !  
education ( ! prolet>iat ?r\gh democracy
 to ,socialism prov$1 h[ev]1 to be      
int]rupt$ by an ev5t ( no inconsid]able 
importance--! _w imp]iali/ w>4 ,! class 
/ate at ! mom5t :51 ?anks to its        
ma*9ations1 ! w> broke out succe$$ 9    
enli/+ ! assi/ance ( ! guid+            
organizations ( ,social-,democracy to   
deceive ! prolet>iat & draw x into !    
:irlpool4 ,s t1 tak5 z !y /&1 ! me?ods (
 democracy1 9 spite ( ! inconte/able    
b5efits :i* !y af=d at a c]ta9 p]iod1   

display$ an extremely limit$ p[] (      
action2 ) ! result t two g5]ations ( !  
prolet>iat1 educat$ "u conditions (     
democracy1 by no means gu>ante$ !       
necess>y political prep>ation = judg+   
accurately an ev5t l ! _w imp]iali/ w>4 
,t exp]i5ce gives u no reasons = affirm+
 t1 if ! w> _h brok5 out t5 or fifte5   
ye>s lat]1 ! prolet>iat w\ld h be5 m    
prep>$ = x4 ,! b\rgeois democratic /ate 
n only creates m favorable conditions = 
! political education ( ! work]s1 z     
comp>$ ) absolutism1 b also sets a limit
 to t developm5t 9 ! %ape ( b\rgeois    
legality1 :i* skilfully accumulates &   
builds on ! upp] /rata ( ! prolet>iat   
opportuni/ habits & law-abid+           
prejudices4 ,! s*ool ( democracy prov$ q
 insuffici5t to r\se ! ,g]man prolet>iat
 to revolution :5 ! cata/rophe ( ! w> 0 
at h&4 ,! b>b>\s s*ool ( ! w>1          
social-imp]iali/ ambitions1 colossal    
milit>y victories1 & unp>allel$ defeats 
7 requir$4 ,aft] ^! ev5ts1 :i* made a   
c]ta9 am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! univ]se1 &   

ev5 9 ! ,erfurt ,programme1 to come out 
) common-places z to mean+ ( democratic 
p>liam5t>ism = ! education ( !          
prolet>iat signifies a fall into        
political *ildhood4 ,?is is j ! mis=tune
 :i* has ov]tak5 ,kautsky4  ,pr(\nd     
disbelief 9 ! political /ruggle ( !     
prolet>iat1 he writes1 & 9 its          
p>ticipation 9 politics1 0 ! *>act]i/ic 
( ,pr\dhonism4 ,to-day !re arises a     
simil> 7667 view1 & x is recomm5d$ to u 
z ! new gospel ( ,sociali/ ?\ght1 z !   
result ( an exp]i5ce :i* ,m>x did n1 &  
c\ld n1 "k4 ,9 reality1 x is only a     
v>iation ( an idea :i* half a c5tury ago
 ,m>x 0 fight+1 & :i* he 9 ! end        
defeat$4 7,page #gi47  ,bol%evism proves
 to be w>m$-up ,pr\dhonism6 ,f a purely 
!oretical po9t ( view1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/
 braz5 rem>ks 9 ! pamphlet4  ,!         
,pr\dhoni/s repudiat$ democracy = ! same
 reason t !y repudiat$ ! political      
/ruggle g5]ally4 ,!y /ood = ! economic  
organization ( ! work]s )\t ! int]f]5ce 
( ! ,/ate1 )\t revolution>y outbreaks--=

 self-help ( ! work]s on ! basis (      
production = pr(it4 ,z f> z !y 7 driv5  
by ! c\rse ( ev5ts on to ! pa? ( !      
political /ruggle1 !y1 z l[]            
middle-class !oreticians1 pref]r$       
democracy1 n only to plutocracy1 b to   
revolution>y dictator%ip4 ,:at ?\ghts h 
!y 9 common ) u8 ,:ile we repudiate     
democracy 9 ! "n ( ! conc5trat$ p[] ( ! 
prolet>iat1 ! ,pr\dhoni/s1 on ! o!r h&1 
7 prep>$ to make _! peace ) democracy1  
dilut$ by a f$]al basis1 9 ord] to avoid
 ! revolution>y monopoly ( p[] by !     
prolet>iat4 ,) m f\ndation ,kautsky     
might h comp>$ u ) ! oppon5ts ( !       
,pr\dhoni/s1 ! ,blanqui/s1 :o und]/ood !
 mean+ ( a revolution>y gov]nm5t1 b did 
n sup]/iti\sly make ! "q ( seiz+ x dep5d
 on ! =mal signs ( democracy4 ,b 9 ord] 
to put ! comp>ison ( ! ,communi/s ) !   
,blanqui/s on a reasonable foot+1 x w\ld
 h to be add$ t1 9 ! ,work]s' &         
,soldi]s' ,c\ncils1 we _h at our        
disposal su* an organization =          
revolution z ! ,blanqui/s c\ld n ev5    

dream (2 9 our p>ty we _h1 & h1 an      
invaluable organization ( political     
lead]%ip ) a p]fect$ programme ( !      
social revolution4 ,f9ally1 we _h1 & h1 
a p[]ful app>atus ( economic            
trans=mation 9 our trade unions1 :i* /& 
z a :ole "u ! bann] ( ,communism1 &     
support ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t4 ,"u su*    
conditions1 to talk ( ! r5aissance (    
,pr\dhoni/ prejudices 9 ! %ape (        
,bol%evism c only take place :5 "o has  
lo/ all traces ( !oretical hone/y &     
hi/orical und]/&+4   ,,! ,,imp]iali/    
,,trans=mation ,,( ,,democracy  ,x is n 
= no?+ t ! ^w democracy has a d\ble     
mean+ 9 ! political vocabul>y4 ,on ! "o 
h&1 x means a /ate sy/em f\nd$ on       
univ]sal suffrage & ! o!r attributes (  
=mal popul> gov]nm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by !
 ^w democracy is und]/ood ! mass ( ! p  
itself1 9 s f> z x leads a political    
exi/5ce4 ,9 ! second s5se1 z 9 ! fir/1 !
 mean+ ( democracy rises above class    
di/9ctions4 ,?is peculi>ity ( t]m9ology 
has its pr(\nd political significance4  

,democracy z a political sy/em is ! m   
p]fect & un%akable ! great] is ! "p     
play$ 9 ! life ( ! c\ntry by !          
int]m$iate & less diff]5tiat$ mass ( !  
population--! l[] middle-class ( ! t[n &
 ! c\ntry4 ,democracy a*iev$ its highe/ 
expression 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 9         
,switz]l& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor?     
,am]ica4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ocean !     
democratic organization ( p[] 9 a f$]al 
republic 0 bas$ on ! agr>ian democracy (
 ! f>m]s4 ,9 ! small ,helvetian         
,republic1 ! l[] middle-classes ( ! t[ns
 & ! ri* peasantry con/itut$ ! basis ( !
 cons]vative democracy ( ! unit$        
cantons4  ,born ( ! /ruggle ( ! ,?ird   
,e/ate aga9/ ! p[]s ( feudalism1 !      
democratic ,/ate v soon becomes ! weapon
 ( def5ce aga9/ ! class antagonisms     
g5]at$ )9 b\rgeois society4 ,b\rgeois   
society succe$s 9 ?is ! m1 ! wid] b5ea? 
x is ! lay] ( ! l[] middle-class1 !     
great] is ! importance ( ! latt] 9 !    
economic life ( ! c\ntry1 & ! less      
advanc$1 consequ5tly1 is ! developm5t ( 

class antagonism4 ,h[ev]1 ! int]m$iate  
classes become ev] m & m helplessly     
beh9d hi/orical developm5t1 &1 !reby1   
become ev] m & m incapable ( speak+ 9 ! 
"n ( ! nation4 ,true1 ! l[] middle-class
 doctr9aires 7,b]n/e9 & ,company7 us$ to
 demon/rate ) satisfaction t !          
disappe>ance ( ! middle-classes 0 n tak+
 place ) t swiftness t 0 expect$ by !   
,m>xian s*ool4 ,&1 9 reality1 "o might  
agree t1 num]ically1 ! middle-class     
elem5ts 9 ! t[n1 & especially 9 !       
c\ntry1 /ill ma9ta9 an extremely prom95t
 position4 ,b ! *ief mean+ ( evolution  
has %[n itself 9 ! decl9e 9 importance  
on ! "p ( ! middle-classes f ! po9t (   
view ( production3 ! am\nt ( values :i* 
?is class br+s to ! g5]al income ( !    
nation has fall5 incomp>ably m rapidly  
?an ! num]ical /r5g? ( ! middle-classes4
 ,correspond+ly1 falls _! social1       
political1 & cultural importance4       
,hi/orical developm5t has be5 rely+ m & 
m1 n on ^! cons]vative elem5ts inh]it$ f
 ! pa/1 b on ! pol> classes (           

society--i4e41 ! capitali/ b\rgeoisie & 
! prolet>iat4  ,! m ! middle-classes lo/
 _! social importance1 ! less !y prov$  
capable ( play+ ! "p ( an au?oritative  
arbitral judge 9 ! hi/orical conflict   
betwe5 capital & labor4 ,yet ! v        
consid]able num]ical proportion ( ! t[n 
middle-classes1 & /ill m ( ! peasantry1 
cont9ues to f9d direct expression 9 !   
electoral /ati/ics ( p>liam5t>ism4 ,!   
=mal equality ( all citiz5s z electors  
!reby only gives m op5 indication ( !   
incapacity ( democratic p>liam5t>ism to 
settle ! root que/ions ( hi/orical      
evolution4 ,an equal vote = !           
prolet>iat1 ! peasant1 & ! manag] ( a   
tru/ =mally plac$ ! peasant 9 ! position
 ( a m$iator betwe5 ! two antagoni/s2 b1
 9 reality1 ! peasantry1 socially &     
culturally backw>d & politically        
helpless1 has 9 all c\ntries always     
provid$ support = ! mo/ reaction>y1     
filibu/]+1 & m]c5>y p>ties :i*1 9 ! long
 run1 always support$ capital aga9/     
labor4  ,absolutely contr>y to all !    

prophecies ( ,b]n/e91 ,somb>t1          
,tugan-,b>anovsky1 & o!rs1 ! cont9u$    
exi/5ce ( ! middle classes has n s(t5$1 
b has r5d]$ to ! la/ degree acute1 !    
revolution>y crisis ( b\rgeois society4 
,if ! prolet>ianization ( ! l[]         
middle-classes & ! peasantry _h be5     
proce$+ 9 a *emically purifi$ =m1 !     
peaceful conque/ ( p[] by ! prolet>iat  
?r\gh ! democratic p>liam5t>y app>atus  
w\ld h be5 mu* m probable ?an we c      
imag9e at pres5t4 ,j ! fact t 0 seiz$ ^u
 by ! p>tisans ( ! l[] middle-class--its
 longevity--has prov$ fatal ev5 = !     
ext]nal =ms ( political democracy1 n[ t 
capitalism has und]m9$ its ess5tial     
f\ndations4 ,occupy+ 9 p>liam5t>y       
politics a place :i* x has lo/ 9        
production1 ! middle-class has f9ally   
compromis$ p>liam5t>ism1 & has trans=m$ 
x into an in/itution ( confus$ *att] &  
legislative ob/ruction4 ,f ?is fact     
alone1 !re grew up be=e ! prolet>iat !  
problem ( seiz+ ! app>atus ( /ate p[] z 
su*1 indep5d5tly ( ! middle-class1 & ev5

 aga9/ x--n aga9/ its int]e/s1 b aga9/  
its /upidity & its policy1 impossible to
 foll[ 9 its helpless contortions4      
,imp]ialism1 wrote ,m>x ( ! ,empire (   
,napoleon ,,iii1 is ! mo/ pro/itut$1 &1 
at ! same "t1 p]fect$ =m ( ! /ate :i* ! 
b\rgeoisie1 hav+ atta9$ its fulle/      
developm5t1 trans=ms into a weapon = !  
enslavem5t ( labor by capital4 ,?is     
def9ition has a wid] significance ?an = 
! ,fr5* ,empire alone1 & includes !     
late/ =m ( imp]ialism1 born ( ! _w      
conflict betwe5 ! national capitalisms (
 ! great p[]s4 ,9 ! economic sph]e1     
imp]ialism pre-suppos$ ! f9al collapse (
 ! rule ( ! middle-class2 9 ! political 
sph]e1 x signifi$ ! complete de/ruction 
( democracy by means ( an int]nal       
molecul> trans=mation1 & a univ]sal     
subord9ation ( all democracy's res\rces 
to its own ends4 ,seiz+ ^u all c\ntries1
 indep5d5tly ( _! previ\s political     
hi/ory1 imp]ialism %[$ t all political  
prejudices 7 =eign to x1 & t x 0 equally
 ready & capable ( mak+ use1 aft] _!    

trans=mation & subjection1 ( ! mon>*y ( 
,ni*olas ,roman(f or ,wilhelm           
,hoh5zoll]n1 ( ! presid5tial autocracy (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ( ! 
helplessness ( a few hundr$ *ocolate    
legislators 9 ! ,fr5* p>liam5t4 ,! la/  
great slaught]--! bloody font 9 :i* !   
b\rgeois _w attempt$ to be              
re-baptis$--pres5t$ to u a picture1     
unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 ( ! mobilization ( 
all /ate =ms1 sy/ems ( gov]nm5t1        
political t5d5cies1 religi\s1 & s*ools (
 philosophy1 9 ! s]vice ( imp]ialism4   
,ev5 _m ( ^? p$ants :o slept ?r\gh !    
prep>atory p]iod ( imp]iali/ developm5t 
dur+ ! la/ decades1 & cont9u$ to ma9ta9 
a traditional attitude t[>ds ideas (    
democracy & univ]sal suffrage1 began to 
feel dur+ ! w> t _! accu/om$ ideas _h   
become fraught ) "s new mean+4          
,absolutism1 p>liam5t>y mon>*y1         
democracy--9 ! pres5ce ( imp]ialism 7&1 
consequ5tly1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! revolution 
ris+ to take its place71 all ! /ate =ms 
( b\rgeois supremacy1 f ,russian ,ts>ism

 to ,nor? ,am]ican quasi-democratic     
f$]alism1 h be5 giv5 equal rights1 b\nd 
up 9 su* comb9ations z to supplem5t "o  
ano!r 9 an indivisible :ole4 ,imp]ialism
 succe$$ by means ( all ! res\rces x _h 
at its disposal1 includ+ p>liam5t>ism1  
irrespective ( ! electoral ari?metic (  
vot+1 to subord9ate = its own purposes  
at ! critical mom5t ! l[] middle-classes
 ( ! t[ns & c\ntry & ev5 ! upp] lay]s ( 
! prolet>iat4 ,! national idea1 "u !    
wat*word ( :i* ! ,?ird ,e/ate rose to   
p[]1 f\nd 9 ! imp]iali/ w> its rebir? 9 
! wat*word ( national def5ce4 ,)        
unexpect$ cle>ness1 national ideology   
flam$ up = ! la/ "t at ! exp5se ( class 
ideology4 ,! collapse ( imp]iali/       
illusions1 n only among/ ! vanqui%$1    
b--aft] a c]ta9 delay--among/ !         
victori\s also1 f9ally laid l[ :at 0    
once national democracy1 &1 ) x1 its ma9
 weapon1 ! democratic p>liam5t4 ,!      
flabb9ess1 rott5ness1 & helplessness ( !
 middle-classes & _! p>ties ev]y:]e     
became evid5t ) t]rify+ cle>ness4 ,9 all

 c\ntries ! "q ( ! control ( ! ,/ate    
assum$ fir/-class importance z a "q ( an
 op5 measur+ ( =ces betwe5 ! capitali/  
clique1 op5ly or secretly supreme &     
dispos+ ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( mobiliz$ &  
h>d5$ (fic]s1 devoid ( all scruple1 & ! 
revolt+1 revolution>y prolet>iat2 :ile !
 int]m$iate classes 7 liv+ 9 a /ate (   
t]ror1 confusion1 & pro/ration4 ,"u su* 
conditions1 :at pitiful nons5se are     
spee*es ab\t ! peaceful conque/ ( p[] by
 ! prolet>iat by means ( democratic     
p>liam5t>ism6  ,! s*eme ( ! political   
situation on a _w scale is q cle>4 ,!   
b\rgeoisie1 :i* has br\ght ! nations1   
exhau/$ & ble$+ to dea?1 to ! br9k (    
de/ruction--p>ticul>ly ! victori\s      
b\rgeoisie--has display$ its complete   
inability to br+ !m out ( _! t]rible    
situation1 &1 !reby1 its incompatibility
 ) ! future developm5t ( humanity4 ,all 
! int]m$iate political gr\ps1 includ+ "h
 fir/ & =emo/ ! social-patriotic p>ties1
 are rott+ alive4 ,! prolet>iat !y h    
deceiv$ is turn+ aga9/ !m m & m e day1 &

 is becom+ /r5g!n$ 9 its revolution>y   
convictions z ! only p[] t c save !     
peoples f savag]y & de/ruction4 ,h[ev]1 
hi/ory has n at all secur$1 j at ?is    
mom5t1 a =mal p>liam5t>y majority on !  
side ( ! p>ty ( ! social revolution4 ,9 
o!r words1 hi/ory has n trans=m$ !      
nation into a debat+ society solemnly   
vot+ ! transition to ! social revolution
 by a majority ( votes4 ,on ! contr>y1 !
 viol5t revolution has become a         
necessity precisely because ! imm95t    
requirem5ts ( hi/ory are helpless to f9d
 a road ?r\gh ! app>atus ( p>liam5t>y   
democracy4 ,! capitali/ b\rgeois        
calculates3 :ile ,i h 9 my h&s l&s1     
factories1 work%ops1 banks2 :ile ,i     
possess newspap]s1 univ]sities1 s*ools2 
:ile--& ?is mo/ important ( all--,i     
reta9 control ( ! army3 ! app>atus (    
democracy1 h[ev] y recon/ruct x1 w rema9
 ob$i5t to my w4 ,i subord9ate to my    
int]e/s spiritually ! /upid1            
cons]vative1 *>act]less l[]             
middle-class1 j z x is subject$ to me   

mat]ially4 ,i oppress1 & w oppress1 its 
imag9ation by ! gigantic scale ( my     
build+s1 my transactions1 my plans1 & my
 crimes4 ,= mom5ts :5 x is dissatisfi$ &
 murmurs1 ,i h creat$ scores (          
safety-valves & lightn+-conductors4 ,at 
! "r mom5t ,i w br+ into exi/5ce        
opposition p>ties1 :i* w disappe>       
to-morr[1 b :i* to-day accompli% _!     
mission by af=d+ ! possibility ( ! l[]  
middle-class express+ _! indignation )\t
 hurt !refrom = capitalism4 ,i %all hold
 ! masses ( ! p1 "u cov] ( compulsory   
g5]al education1 on ! v]ge ( complete   
ignorance1 giv+ !m no opportunity ( ris+
 above ! level :i* my exp]ts 9 spiritual
 slav]y consid] safe4 ,i w corrupt1     
deceive1 & t]rorize ! m privileg$ or ! m
 backw>d ( ! prolet>iat itself4 ,by     
means ( ^! measures1 ,i %all n all[ !   
vangu>d ( ! work+ class to ga9 ! e> ( ! 
majority ( ! work+ class1 :ile !        
necess>y weapons ( ma/]y & t]rorism     
rema9 9 my h&s4  ,to ?is ! revolution>y 
prolet>ian replies3 ,consequ5tly1 ! fir/

 condition ( salvation is to te> !      
weapons ( dom9ation out ( ! h&s ( !     
b\rgeoisie4 ,x is hopeless to ?9k ( a   
peaceful arrival to p[] :ile !          
b\rgeoisie reta9s 9 its h&s all !       
app>atus ( p[]4 ,?ree times ov] hopeless
 is ! idea ( com+ to p[] by ! pa? :i* ! 
b\rgeoisie itself indicates &1 at ! same
 "t1 b>ricades--! pa? ( p>liam5t>y      
democracy4 ,!re is only "o way3 to seize
 p[]1 tak+ away f ! b\rgeoisie ! mat]ial
 app>atus ( gov]nm5t4 ,indep5d5tly ( !  
sup]ficial balance ( =ces 9 p>liam5t1 ,i
 %all take ov] = social adm9i/ration !  
*ief =ces & res\rces ( production4 ,i   
%all free ! m9d ( ! l[] middle-class f  
_! capitali/ hypnosis4 ,i %all %[ !m 9  
practice :at is ! mean+ ( ,sociali/     
production4 ,!n ev5 ! mo/ backw>d1 ! mo/
 ignorant1 or mo/ t]roriz$ sections ( ! 
nation w support me1 & will+ly &        
intellig5tly w jo9 9 ! "w ( social      
con/ruction4  ,:5 ! ,russian ,soviet    
,gov]nm5t dissolv$ ! ,con/itu5t         
,assembly1 t fact seem$ to ! lead+      

,social-,democrats ( ,we/]n ,europe1 if 
n ! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ! _w1 at all ev5ts 
a rude & arbitr>y break ) all ! previ\s 
developm5ts ( ,socialism4 ,9 reality1 x 
0 only ! inevitable outcome ( ! new     
position result+ f imp]ialism & ! w>4   
,if ,russian ,communism 0 ! fir/ to ent]
 ! pa? ( ca/+ up !oretical & practical  
acc\nts1 ?is 0 due to ! same hi/orical  
reasons :i* =c$ ! ,russian prolet>iat to
 be ! fir/ to ent] ! pa? ( ! /ruggle =  
p[]4  ,all t has happ5$ s9ce !n 9       
,europe be>s witness to ! fact t we drew
 ! "r conclusion4 ,to imag9e t democracy
 c be re/or$ 9 its g5]al purity means t 
"o is liv+ 9 a pitiful1 reaction>y      
utopia4   ,,! ,,metaphysics ,,(         
,,democracy  ,feel+ ! hi/orical gr\nd   
%ak+ "u 8 feet on ! "q ( democracy1     
,kautsky crosses to ! gr\nd (           
metaphysics4 ,in/ead ( inquir+ into :at 
is1 he delib]ates ab\t :at ought to be4 
,! pr9ciples ( democracy--! sov]eignty (
 ! p1 univ]sal & equal suffrage1 p]sonal
 lib]ties--appe>1 z pres5t$ to him1 9 a 

halo ( moral duty4 ,!y are turn$ f _!   
hi/orical mean+ & pres5t$ z unalt]able &
 sacr$ ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,?is metaphysical
 fall f grace is n accid5tal4 ,x is     
in/ructive t ! late ,plekhanov1 a       
m]ciless enemy ( ,kantism at ! be/ p]iod
 ( 8 activity1 attempt$ at ! end ( 8    
life1 :5 ! wave ( patriotism _h wa%$ ov]
 him1 to clut* at ! /raw ( ! categorical
 imp]ative4  ,t real democracy ) :i* !  
,g]man p is n[ mak+ practical           
acqua9tance ,kautsky confronts ) a k9d (
 ideal democracy1 z he w\ld confront a  
common ph5om5on ) ! ?+-9-itself4        
,kautsky indicates ) c]titude n "o      
c\ntry 9 :i* democracy is really capable
 ( gu>antee+ a pa9less transition to    
,socialism4 ,b he does "k1 & firmly1 t  
su* democracy ought to exi/4 ,! pres5t  
,g]man ,national ,assembly1 t organ (   
helplessness1 reaction>y malice1 &      
degrad$ solicitations1 is confront$ by  
,kautsky ) a diff]5t1 real1 true        
,national ,assembly1 :i* possesses all  
virtues--except+ ! small virtue (       

reality4  ,! doctr9e ( =mal democracy is
 n sci5tific ,socialism1 b ! !ory (     
s-call$ natural law4 ,! ess5ce ( ! latt]
 consi/s 9 ! recognition ( et]nal &     
un*ang+ /&>ds ( law1 :i* among diff]5t  
peoples & at diff]5t p]iods f9d a       
diff]5t1 m or less limit$ & di/ort$     
expression4 ,! natural law ( ! late/    
hi/ory--i4e41 z x em]g$ f ! middle      
ages--includ$ fir/ ( all a prote/ aga9/ 
class privileges1 ! abuse ( despotic    
legislation1 & ! o!r artificial products
 ( feudal positive law4 ,! !oreticians (
 !1 z yet1 weak ,?ird ,e/ate express$   
its class int]e/s 9 a few ideal /&>ds1  
:i* lat] on develop$ into ! tea*+ (     
democracy1 acquir+ at ! same "t an      
individuali/ "*4 ,! individual is       
absolute2 all p]sons h ! "r ( express+  
_! ?\ghts 9 spee* & pr9t2 e man mu/     
enjoy equal electoral rights4 ,z a      
battle cry aga9/ feudalism1 ! dem& =    
democracy _h a progressive "*4 ,z "t w5t
 on1 h[ev]1 ! metaphysics ( natural law 
7! !ory ( =mal democracy7 began to %[   

its reaction>y side--! e/abli%m5t ( an  
ideal /&>d to control ! real dem&s ( !  
labor+ masses & ! revolution>y p>ties4  
,if we look back to ! hi/orical sequ5ce 
( _w concepts1 ! !ory ( natural law w   
prove to be a p>aphrase ( ,*ri/ian      
spiritualism fre$ f its crude my/icism4 
,! ,gospels proclaim$ to ! slave t he _h
 j ! same s\l z ! slave-own]1 & 9 ?is   
way e/abli%$ ! equality ( all m5 be=e ! 
heav5ly tribunal4 ,9 reality1 ! slave   
rema9$ a slave1 & ob$i5ce became = him a
 religi\s duty4 ,9 ! tea*+ (            
,*ri/ianity1 ! slave f\nd an expression 
= 8 own ignorant prote/ aga9/ 8 degrad$ 
condition4 ,side by side ) ! prote/ 0   
also ! consolation4 ,*ri/ianity told    
him3--,y h an immortal s\l1 al?\gh y    
resemble a pack-horse4 ,"h s\nd$ ! note 
( indignation4 ,b ! same ,*ri/ianity    
said3--,al?\gh y are l a pack-horse1 yet
 y\r immortal s\l has 9 /ore = x an     
et]nal rew>d4 ,"h is ! voice (          
consolation4 ,^! two notes 7 f\nd 9     
hi/orical ,*ri/ianity 9 diff]5t         

proportions at diff]5t p]iods & among/  
diff]5t classes4 ,b z a :ole1           
,*ri/ianity1 l all o!r religions1 became
 a me?od ( dead5+ ! consci\sness ( !    
oppress$ masses4  ,natural law1 :i*     
develop$ into ! !ory ( democracy1 said  
to ! work]3 all m5 are equal be=e ! law1
 indep5d5tly ( _! orig91 _! prop]ty1 &  
_! position2 e man has an equal "r 9    
det]m9+ ! fate ( ! p4 ,?is ideal        
crit]ion revolutioniz$ ! consci\sness ( 
! masses 9 s f> z x 0 a condemnation (  
absolutism1 ari/ocratic privileges1 & ! 
prop]ty qualification4 ,b ! long] x w5t 
on1 ! m x s5t ! consci\sness to sleep1  
legaliz+ pov]ty1 slav]y & degradation3 =
 h[ c\ld "o revolt aga9/ slav]y :5 e man
 has an equal "r 9 det]m9+ ! fate ( !   
nation8  ,ro?s*ild1 :o has co9$ ! blood 
& te>s ( ! _w into ! gold napoleons ( 8 
income1 has "o vote at ! p>liam5t>y     
elections4 ,! ignorant till] ( ! soil :o
 _c sign 8 "n1 sleeps all 8 life )\t    
tak+ 8 clo!s (f1 & w&]s ?r\gh society l 
an und]gr\nd mole1 plays 8 "p1 h[ev]1 z 

a tru/ee ( ! nation's sov]eignty1 & is  
equal to ,ro?s*ild 9 ! c\rts & at !     
elections4 ,9 ! real conditions ( life1 
9 ! economic process1 9 social          
relations1 9 _! way ( life1 p became m &
 m unequal2 dazzl+ luxury 0 accumulat$  
at "o pole1 pov]ty & hopelessness at !  
o!r4 ,b 9 ! sph]e ( ! legal edifice ( ! 
,/ate1 ^! gl>+ contradictions disappe>$1
 & !re p5etrat$ ?i!r only unsub/antial  
legal %ad[s4 ,! l&lord1 ! labor]1 !     
capitali/1 ! prolet>ian1 ! m9i/]1 !     
bootblack--all are equal z citiz5s & z  
legislators4 ,! my/ic equality (        
,*ri/ianity has tak5 "o /ep d[n f !     
heav5s 9 ! %ape ( ! natural1 legal      
equality ( democracy4 ,b x has n yet    
rea*$ e>?1 :]e lie ! economic f\ndations
 ( society4 ,= ! ignorant day-labor]1 :o
 all 8 life rema9s a bea/ ( burd5 9 !   
s]vice ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ! ideal "r to    
influ5ce ! fate ( ! nations by means ( !
 p>liam5t>y elections rema9$ little m   
real ?an ! palace :i* he 0 promis$ 9 !  
k+dom ( heav54  ,9 ! practical int]e/s (

 ! developm5t ( ! work+ class1 !        
,sociali/ ,p>ty took its /& at a c]ta9  
p]iod on ! pa? ( p>liam5t>ism4 ,b ?is   
did n mean 9 ! slighte/ t x accept$ 9   
pr9ciple ! metaphysical !ory (          
democracy1 bas$ on extra-hi/orical1     
sup]-class rights4 ,! prolet>ian        
doctr9es exam9$ democracy z ! in/rum5t (
 b\rgeois society entirely adapt$ to !  
problems & requirem5ts ( ! rul+ classes2
 b z b\rgeois society liv$ by ! labor ( 
! prolet>iat & c\ld n d5y x !           
legalization ( a c]ta9 "p ( its class   
/ruggle )\t de/roy+ itself1 ?is gave !  
,sociali/ ,p>ty ! possibility ( utiliz+1
 at a c]ta9 p]iod1 & )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! 
me*anism ( democracy1 )\t tak+ an oa? to
 d s z an un%akable pr9ciple4  ,! root  
problem ( ! p>ty1 at all p]iods ( its   
/ruggle1 0 to create ! conditions =     
real1 economic1 liv+ equality = mank9d z
 memb]s ( a unit$ human commonweal?4 ,x 
0 j = ?is reason t ! !oreticians ( !    
prolet>iat _h to expose ! metaphysics ( 
democracy z a philosophic mask =        

political my/ification4  ,! democratic  
p>ty at ! p]iod ( its revolution>y      
en?usiasm1 :5 expos+ ! enslav+ & /upefy+
 lie ( *ur* dogma1 prea*$ to !          
masses3--,y are lull$ to sleep by       
promises ( et]nal bliss at ! end ( y\r  
life1 :ile "h y h no rights & y are b\nd
 ) ! *a9s ( tyranny4 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty1
 a few decades lat]1 said to ! same     
masses ) no less "r3--,y are lull$ to   
sleep ) ! fiction ( civic equality &    
political rights1 b y are depriv$ ( !   
possibility ( realiz+ ^? rights4        
,conditional & %ad[y legal equality has 
be5 trans=m$ into ! convicts' *a9 ) :i* 
ea* ( y is fa/5$ to ! *>iot (           
capitalism4  ,9 ! "n ( its fundam5tal   
task1 ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty mobiliz$ !      
masses on ! p>liam5t>y gr\nd z well z on
 o!rs2 b n[h]e & at no "t did any p>ty  
b9d itself to br+ ! masses to ,socialism
 only ?r\gh ! gates ( democracy4 ,9     
adapt+ ourselves to ! p>liam5t>y regime1
 we /opp$ at a !oretical exposure (     
democracy1 because we 7 /ill too weak to

 ov]come x 9 practice4 ,b ! pa? (       
,sociali/ ideas :i* is visible ?r\gh all
 deviations1 & ev5 betrayals1 =e%ad[s no
 o!r outcome b ?is3 to ?r[ democracy    
aside & replace x by ! me*anism ( !     
prolet>iat1 at ! mom5t :5 ! latt] is    
/rong en\gh to c>ry out su* a task4  ,we
 %all br+ "o piece ( evid5ce1 albeit a  
suffici5tly /rik+ "o4 ,p>liam5t>ism1    
wrote ,paul ,laf>gue 9 ! ,russian       
review1 ,sozialdemokrat1 9 #ahhh1 is a  
sy/em ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! p acquires !   
illusion t x is controll+ ! =ces ( !    
c\ntry itself1 :51 9 reality1 ! actual  
p[] is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( !           
b\rgeoisie--& n ev5 ( ! :ole b\rgeoisie1
 b only ( c]ta9 sections ( t class4 ,9 !
 fir/ p]iod ( its supremacy ! b\rgeoisie
 does n und]/&1 or1 m correctly1 does n 
feel1 ! necessity = mak+ ! p believe 9 !
 illusion ( self-gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce x 0 t  
all ! p>liam5t>y c\ntries ( ,europe     
began ) a limit$ fran*ise4 ,ev]y:]e ! "r
 ( influ5c+ ! policy ( ! c\ntry by means
 ( ! election ( deputies belong$ at fir/

 only to m or less l>ge prop]ty hold]s1 
& 0 only gradually ext5d$ to less       
sub/antial citiz5s1 until f9ally 9 "s   
c\ntries x became f a privilege !       
univ]sal "r ( all & sundry4  ,9 b\rgeois
 society1 ! m consid]able becomes !     
am\nt ( social weal?1 ! small] becomes !
 numb] ( individuals by :om x is        
appropriat$4 ,! same takes place ) p[]3 
9 proportion z ! mass ( citiz5s :o      
possess political rights increases1 & ! 
numb] ( elect$ rul]s increases1 ! actual
 p[] is conc5trat$ & becomes ! monopoly 
( a small] & small] gr\p ( individuals4 
,su* is ! secret ( ! majority4  ,= !    
,m>xi/1 ,laf>gue1 p>liam5t>ism rema9s z 
long z ! supremacy ( ! b\rgeoisie       
rema9s4 ,on ! day1 writes ,laf>gue1 :5 !
 prolet>iat ( ,europe & ,am]ica seizes !
 ,/ate1 x w h to organize a revolution>y
 gov]nm5t1 & gov]n society z a          
dictator%ip1 until ! b\rgeoisie has     
disappe>$ z a class4  ,kautsky 9 8 "t   
knew ?is ,m>xi/ e/imate ( p>liam5t>ism1 
& m ?an once repeat$ x himself1 al?\gh )

 no su* ,gallic %>pness & lucidity4 ,!  
!oretical apo/asy ( ,kautsky lies j 9   
?is po9t3 hav+ recogniz$ ! pr9ciple (   
democracy z absolute & et]nal1 he has   
/epp$ back f mat]iali/ dialectics to    
natural law4 ,t :i* 0 expos$ by ,m>xism 
z ! pass+ me*anism ( ! b\rgeoisie1 & 0  
subject$ only to tempor>y utilization ) 
! object ( prep>+ ! prolet>ian          
revolution1 has be5 newly sanctifi$ by  
,kautsky z ! supreme pr9ciple /&+ above 
classes1 & unconditionally subord9at+ to
 itself ! me?ods ( ! prolet>ian /ruggle4
 ,! c\nt]-revolution>y deg5]ation (     
p>liam5t>ism f9ds its mo/ p]fect        
expression 9 ! deification ( democracy  
by ! decay+ !oreticians ( ! ,second     
,int]national4   ,,! ,,con/itu5t        
,,assembly  ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! atta9m5t 
( a majority 9 a democratic p>liam5t by 
! p>ty ( ! prolet>iat is n an absolute  
impossibility4 ,b su* a fact1 ev5 if x 7
 realiz$1 w\ld n introduce any new      
pr9ciple into ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,!       
int]m$iate elem5ts ( ! intellig5tsia1 "u

 ! influ5ce ( ! p>liam5t>y victory ( !  
prolet>iat1 might possibly display less 
resi/ance to ! new regime4 ,b !         
fundam5tal resi/ance ( ! b\rgeoisie w\ld
 be decid$ by su* facts z ! attitude ( !
 army1 ! degree to :i* ! work]s 7 arm$1 
! situation 9 ! neighbor+ /ates3 & !    
civil w> w\ld develop "u ! pressure ( ^!
 mo/ real circum/ances1 & n by ! mobile 
ari?metic ( p>liam5t>ism4  ,our p>ty has
 nev] refus$ to lead ! way = prolet>ian 
dictator%ip ?r\gh ! gates ( democracy1  
hav+ cle>ly summ$ up 9 its m9d c]ta9    
agitational & political advantages ( su*
 a legaliz$ transition to ! new regime4 
,h5ce1 our attempt to call ! ,con/itu5t 
,assembly4 ,! ,russian peasant1 only j  
awak5$ by ! revolution to political     
life1 f\nd himself face to face ) half a
 doz5 p>ties1 ea* ( :i* app>5tly _h made
 up its m9d to confuse 8 m9d4 ,!        
,con/itu5t ,assembly plac$ itself across
 ! pa? ( ! revolution>y movem5t1 & 0    
swept aside4  ,! opportuni/ majority 9 !
 ,con/itu5t ,assembly repres5t$ only !  

political reflection ( ! m5tal confusion
 & indecision :i* reign$ amid/ !        
middle-classes 9 ! t[n & c\ntry & amid/ 
! m backw>d elem5ts ( ! prolet>iat4 ,if 
we take ! viewpo9t ( isolat$ hi/orical  
possibilities1 "o might say t x w\ld h  
be5 m pa9less if ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 
_h work$ = a ye> or two1 _h f9ally      
discr$it$ ! ,sociali/-,revolution>ies & 
! ,m5%eviks by _! connection ) !        
,cadets1 & _h !reby l$ to ! =mal        
majority ( ! ,bol%eviks1 %[+ ! masses t 
9 reality only two =ces exi/$3 !        
revolution>y prolet>iat1 l$ by !        
,communi/s1 & ! c\nt]-revolution>y      
democracy1 head$ by ! g5]als & !        
admirals4 ,b ! po9t is t ! pulse ( !    
int]nal relations ( ! revolution 0 beat+
 n at all 9 "t ) ! pulse ( ! developm5t 
( its ext]nal relations4 ,if our p>ty _h
 ?r[n all responsibility on to !        
objective =mula ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts !     
developm5t ( milit>y op]ations might h  
=e/all$ u4 ,g]man imp]ialism might h    
seiz$ ,petrograd1 ! evacuation ( :i* !  

,k]5sky ,gov]nm5t _h already begun4 ,!  
fall ( ,petrograd w\ld at t "t h meant a
 dea?-bl[ to ! prolet>iat1 = all ! be/  
=ces ( ! revolution 7 conc5trat$ !re1 9 
! ,baltic ,fleet & 9 ! ,r$ capital4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,our p>ty may be accus$1 !re=e1 n ( go+ 
aga9/ ! c\rse ( hi/orical developm5t1 b 
( hav+ tak5 at a /ride sev]al political 
/eps4 ,x /epp$ ov] ! heads ( ! ,m5%eviks
 & ! ,sociali/-,revolution>ies1 9 ord] n
 to all[ ,g]man imp]ialism to /ep across
 ! head ( ! ,russian prolet>iat &       
conclude peace ) ! ,ent5te on ! back ( !
 revolution be=e x 0 able to spread its 
w+s ov] ! :ole _w4  ,f ! above x w n be 
difficult to d$uce ! answ]s to ! two    
que/ions ) :i* ,kautsky pe/]$ u4        
,fir/ly3 ,:y did we summon ! ,con/itu5t 
,assembly :5 we _h 9 view ! dictator%ip 
( ! prolet>iat8 ,secondly3 ,if ! fir/   
,con/itu5t ,assembly :i* we summon$     
prov$ backw>d & n 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/s (
 ! revolution1 :y did we reject ! idea (
 a new ,assembly8 ,! ?\ght at ! back (  

,kautsky's m9d is t we repudiat$        
democracy1 n on ! gr\nd ( pr9ciple1 b   
only because x prov$ aga9/ u4 ,9 ord] to
 seize ?is ins9uation by its long e>s1  
let u e/abli% ! facts4  ,! wat*word1    
,all p[] to ! ,soviets1 0 put =w>d by   
our ,p>ty at ! v beg9n+ ( !             
revolution--i4e41 long be=e1 n m]ely !  
decree z to ! dissolution ( ! ,con/itu5t
 ,assembly1 b ! decree z to its         
convocation4 ,true1 we did n set up !   
,soviets 9 opposition to ! future       
,con/itu5t ,assembly1 ! summon+ ( :i* 0 
con/antly po/pon$ by ! ,gov]nm5t (      
,k]5sky1 & consequ5tly became m & m     
problematical4 ,b 9 any case1 we did n  
consid] ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 aft] !  
mann] ( ! democrats1 z ! future ma/] ( !
 ,russian l&1 :o w\ld come & settle     
ev]y?+4 ,we expla9$ to ! masses t !     
,soviets1 ! revolution>y organizations (
 ! labor+ masses !mselves1 c & mu/      
become ! true ma/]s4 ,if we did n =mally
 repudiate ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly       
be=eh&1 x 0 only because x /ood 9       

contra/1 n to ! p[] ( ! ,soviets1 b to !
 p[] ( ,k]5sky himself1 :o1 9 8 turn1 0 
only a scre5 = ! b\rgeoisie4 ,at ! same 
"t we did decide be=eh& t1 if1 9 !      
,con/itu5t ,assembly1 ! majority prov$ 9
 our favor1 t body mu/ dissolve itself &
 h& ov] ! p[] to ! ,soviets--z lat] on !
 ,petrograd ,t[n ,c\ncil did1 elect$ z x
 0 on ! basis ( ! mo/ democratic        
electoral fran*ise4 ,9 my book on !     
,octob] ,revolution1 ,i tri$ to expla9 !
 reasons :i* made ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly
 ! out-(-date reflection ( an epo* ?r\gh
 :i* ! revolution _h already pass$4 ,z  
we saw ! organization ( revolution>y p[]
 only 9 ! ,soviets1 & at ! mom5t ( !    
summon+ ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly !      
,soviets 7 already ! de facto p[]1 ! "q 
0 inevitably decid$ = u 9 ! s5se ( !    
viol5t dissolution ( ! ,con/itu5t       
,assembly1 s9ce x w\ld n dissolve itself
 9 favor ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,soviets4  ,b
 :y1 asks ,kautsky1 did y n summon a new
 ,con/itu5t ,assembly8  ,because we saw 
no ne$ = x4 ,if ! fir/ ,con/itu5t       

,assembly c\ld /ill play a fleet+       
progressive "p1 conf]r+ a sanction ^u ! 
,soviet regime 9 its fir/ days1 conv9c+ 
= ! middle-class elem5ts1 n[1 aft] two  
ye>s ( victori\s prolet>ian dictator%ip 
& ! complete collapse ( all democratic  
attempts 9 ,sib]ia1 on ! %ores ( ! ,:ite
 ,sea1 9 ! ,ukra9e1 & 9 ! ,caucasus1 !  
p[] ( ! ,soviets truly does n ne$ !     
bless+ ( ! fad$ au?ority ( ! ,con/itu5t 
,assembly4 ,are we n "r 9 t case to     
conclude1 asks ,kautsky 9 ! tone (      
,lloyd ,george1 t ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t   
rules by ! w ( ! m9ority1 s9ce x avoids 
te/+ its supremacy by univ]sal suffrage8
 ,"h is a bl[ t misses its m>k4  ,if !  
p>liam5t>y regime1 ev5 9 ! p]iod (      
peaceful1 /able developm5t1 0 a r crude 
me?od ( discov]+ ! op9ion ( ! c\ntry1 & 
9 ! epo* ( revolution>y /orm completely 
lo/ its capacity to foll[ ! c\rse ( !   
/ruggle & ! developm5t ( revolution>y   
consci\sness1 ! ,soviet regime1 :i* is m
 closely1 /raightly1 hone/ly b\nd up ) !
 toil+ majority ( ! p1 does a*ieve      

mean+1 n 9 /atically reflect+ a         
majority1 b 9 dynamically creat+ x4     
,hav+ tak5 its /& on ! pa? (            
revolution>y dictator%ip1 ! work+ class 
( ,russia has !reby decl>$ t x builds   
its policy 9 ! p]iod ( transition1 n on 
! %ad[y art ( rivalry ) *ameleon-hu$    
p>ties 9 ! *ase = peasant votes1 b on ! 
actual attraction ( ! peasant masses1   
side by side ) ! prolet>iat1 into ! "w (
 rul+ ! c\ntry 9 ! real int]e/s ( !     
labor+ masses4 ,su* democracy goes a    
little deep] d[n ?an p>liam5t>ism4      
,to-day1 :5 ! ma9 problem--! "q ( life &
 dea?--( ! revolution consi/s 9 !       
milit>y repulse ( ! v>i\s attacks ( !   
,:ite ,gu>d b&s1 does ,kautsky imag9e t 
any =m ( p>liam5t>y majority is capable 
( gu>antee+ a m en]getic1 devot$1 &     
successful organization ( revolution>y  
def5ce8 ,! conditions ( ! /ruggle are s 
def9$1 9 a revolution>y c\ntry ?rottl$  
by ! crim9al r+ ( ! blockade1 t all !   
middle-class gr\ps are confront$ only ) 
! alt]native ( ,d5ik9 or ! ,soviet      

,gov]nm5t4 ,:at fur!r pro( is ne$$ :5   
ev5 p>ties1 :i* /& = compromise 9       
pr9ciple1 l ! ,m5%eviks & !             
,sociali/-,revolution>ies1 h split along
 t v l9e8  ,:5 sugge/+ to u ! election (
 a ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 does ,kautsky  
propose ! /opp+ ( ! civil w> = ! purpose
 ( ! elections8 ,by ^: decision8 ,if he 
int5ds = ?is purpose to br+ into motion 
! au?ority ( ! ,second ,int]national1 we
 ha/5 to in=m him t t in/itution enjoys 
9 ,d5ik9's camp only a little m au?ority
 ?an x does 9 ours4 ,b to ! ext5t t !   
civil w> betwe5 ! ,work]s' & ,peasants' 
,army & ! imp]iali/ b&s is /ill go+ on1 
! elections mu/ ( necessity be limit$ to
 ,soviet t]ritory4 ,does ,kautsky desire
 to insi/ t we %\ld all[ ! p>ties :i*   
support ,d5ik9 to come out into ! op58  
,empty & contemptible *att]6 ,!re is n  
"o gov]nm5t1 at any "t & "u any         
conditions1 :i* w\ld all[ its enemies to
 mobilize ho/ile =ces 9 ! re> ( its     
armies4  ,a n unimportant place 9 !     
discussion ( ! "q is occupi$ by ! fact t

 ! fl[] ( ! labor+ population is at     
pres5t on active s]vice4 ,! =emo/ work]s
 & ! mo/ class-consci\s peasants1 :o    
take ! fir/ place at all elections1 z 9 
all important political activities1     
direct+ ! public op9ion ( ! work]s1 are 
at pres5t fight+ & dy+ z comm&]s1       
commiss>s1 or rank & file 9 ! ,r$ ,army4
 ,if ! mo/ democratic gov]nm5ts 9 !     
b\rgeois /ates1 ^: regime is f\nd$ on   
p>liam5t>ism1 consid] x impossible to   
c>ry on elections to p>liam5t 9 w>time1 
x is all ! m s5seless to dem& su*       
elections dur+ ! w> ( ! ,soviet         
,republic1 ! regime ( :i* is n = "o     
mom5t f\nd$ on p>liam5t>ism4 ,x is q    
suffici5t t ! revolution>y gov]nm5t (   
,russia1 9 ! mo/ difficult mon?s &      
times1 nev] /ood 9 ! way ( p]iodic      
re-elections ( its own elective         
in/itutions--! local & c5tral ,soviets4 
,f9ally1 z a la/ argum5t--! la/ & !     
lea/--we h to pres5t to ! notice (      
,kautsky t ev5 ! ,russian ,kautskians1 !
 ,m5%eviks l ,m>tov & ,dan1 d n consid] 

x possible to put =w>d at ! pres5t mom5t
 a dem& = a ,con/itu5t ,assembly1       
po/pon+ x to bett] times 9 ! future4 ,w 
!re be any ne$ ( x !n8 ,( ?is "o may be 
p]mitt$ to d\bt4 ,:5 ! civil w> is ov]1 
! dictator%ip ( ! work+ class w disclose
 all its creative en]gy1 & w1 9         
practice1 %[ ! mo/ backw>d masses :at x 
c give !m4 ,by means ( a sy/ematically  
appli$ univ]sal labor s]vice1 & a       
c5traliz$ organization ( di/ribution1 ! 
:ole population ( ! c\ntry w be drawn   
into ! g5]al ,soviet sy/em ( economic   
arrangem5t & self-gov]nm5t4 ,! ,soviets 
!mselves1 at pres5t ! organs ( gov]nm5t1
 w gradually melt into purely economic  
organizations4 ,"u su* conditions x is  
d\btful :e!r any "o w ?9k ( erect+1 ov] 
! real fabric ( ,sociali/ society1 an   
ar*aic cr[n 9 ! %ape ( ! ,con/itu5t     
,assembly1 :i* w\ld only h to regi/] !  
fact t ev]y?+ necess>y has already be5  
con/itut$ be=e x & )\t x4#c             
#c ,9 ord] to *>m u 9 favor ( a         
,con/itu5t ,assembly           ,kautsky 

br+s =w>d an argum5t bas$ on ! rate (   
ex*ange to ! assi/ance ( 8 argum5t1 bas$
 on !           categorical imp]ative4  
,russia requires1 he writes1 !          
help ( =eign capital1 b ?is help w n    
come to !           ,soviet ,republic if
 ! latt] does n summon a ,con/itu5t     
,assembly1 & does n give fre$om ( !     
,press2 n           because ! capitali/s
 are democratic ideali/s--to ,ts>ism    
!y gave )\t any hesitation _m           
milli>ds--b because           !y h no   
bus9ess fai? 9 a revolution>y gov]nm5t4 
7,page #bah47            ,!re are scraps
 ( tru? 9 ?is rubbi%4 ,! ,/ock          
,ex*ange did really support ! gov]nm5t (
 ,kol*ak :5           x reli$ = support 
on ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,f its       
exp]i5ce ( ,kol*ak ! ,/ock ,ex*ange     
became confirm$ 9           its         
conviction t ! me*anism ( b\rgeois      
democracy c           be utiliz$ 9      
capitali/ int]e/s1 & !n ?r[n aside      
l a worn-out pair ( puttees4 ,x is q    
possible t           ! ,/ock ,ex*ange   

w\ld aga9 give a p>liam5t>y loan on     
! gu>antee ( a ,con/itu5t ,assembly1    
believ+1 on !           basis ( its =m] 
exp]i5ce1 t su* a body w\ld prove       
only an int]m$iate /ep to capitali/     
dictator%ip4 ,we d           n propose  
to buy ! bus9ess fai? ( ! ,/ock         
,ex*ange at su* a price1 & decid$ly     
pref] ! fai?           :i* is ar\s$ 9 ! 
reali/ ,/ock ,ex*ange by ! weapon       
( ! ,r$ ,army4     #d  ,,t]rorism   ,!  
*ief !me ( ,kautsky's book is t]rorism4 
,! view t t]rorism is ( ! ess5ce (      
revolution ,kautsky proclaims to be a   
widespread delusion4 ,x is untrue t he  
:o desires revolution mu/ put up )      
t]rorism4 ,z f> z he1 ,kautsky1 is      
conc]n$1 he is1 g5]ally speak+1 =       
revolution1 b decid$ly aga9/ t]rorism4  
,f !re1 h[ev]1 complications beg94  ,!  
revolution br+s u1 ,kautsky compla9s1 a 
bloody t]rorism c>ri$ out by ,sociali/  
gov]nm5ts4 ,! ,bol%eviks 9 ,russia fir/ 
/epp$ on to ?is pa?1 & 71 consequ5tly1  
/]nly condemn$ by all ,sociali/s :o _h n

 adopt$ ! ,bol%evik po9t ( view1 includ+
 ! ,sociali/s ( ! ,g]man ,majority4 ,b z
 soon z ! latt] f\nd !mselves ?reat5$ 9 
_! supremacy1 !y _h rec\rse to ! me?ods 
( ! same t]rori/ regime :i* !y attack$ 9
 ! ,ea/4 7,page #i47 ,x w\ld seem t f   
?is foll[s ! conclusion t t]rorism is   
mu* m pr(\ndly b\nd up ) ! nature (     
revolution ?an c]ta9 sages ?9k4 ,b      
,kautsky makes an absolutely opposite   
conclusion4 ,! gigantic developm5t (    
,:ite & ,r$ t]rorism 9 all ! la/        
revolutions--! ,russian1 ! ,g]man1 !    
,au/rian1 & ! ,hung>ian--is evid5ce to  
him t ^! revolutions turn$ aside f _!   
true pa? & turn$ out to be n !          
revolution !y ought to h be5 accord+ to 
! !oretical visions ( ,kautsky4 ,)\t go+
 into ! "q :e!r t]rorism z su* is       
imman5t to ! revolution z su*1 let u    
consid] a few ( ! revolutions z !y pass 
be=e u 9 ! liv+ hi/ory ( mank9d4  ,let u
 fir/ reg>d ! religi\s ,re=mation1 :i*  
prov$ ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,middle ,ages & 
mod]n hi/ory3 ! deep] 7 ! int]e/s ( !   

masses t x involv$1 ! wid] 0 its sweep1 
! m fi]cely did ! civil w> develop "u ! 
religi\s bann]1 & ! m m]ciless did !    
t]ror become on ! o!r side4  ,9 !       
sev5te5? c5tury ,engl& c>ri$ out two    
revolutions4 ,! fir/1 :i* br\ght =?     
great social upheavals & w>s1 br\ght    
among/ o!r ?+s ! execution ( ,k+ ,*>les 
,i1 :ile ! second end$ happily ) !      
accession ( a new dyna/y4 ,! ,briti%    
b\rgeoisie & its hi/orians ma9ta9 q     
diff]5t attitudes to ^! two revolutions3
 ! fir/ is = !m a ris+ ( ! mob--! ,great
 ,rebellion2 ! second has be5 h&$ d[n "u
 ! title ( ! ,glori\s ,revolution4 ,!   
reason = ?is diff]5ce 9 e/imates 0      
expla9$ by ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 ,augu/9    
,?i]ry4 ,9 ! fir/ ,engli% revolution1 9 
! ,great ,rebellion1 ! active =ce 0 ! p2
 :ile 9 ! second x 0 almo/ sil5t4 ,h5ce1
 x foll[s t1 9 surr\nd+s ( class slav]y1
 x is difficult to tea* ! oppress$      
masses good mann]s4 ,:5 provok$ to fury 
!y use clubs1 /ones1 fire1 & ! rope4 ,! 
c\rt hi/orians ( ! exploit]s are (f5d$  

at ?is4 ,b ! great ev5t 9 mod]n b\rgeois
 hi/ory is1 none ! less1 n ! ,glori\s   
,revolution1 b ! ,great ,rebellion4  ,! 
greate/ ev5t 9 mod]n hi/ory aft] !      
,re=mation & ! ,great ,rebellion1 & f>  
surpass+ its two pr$ecessors 9          
significance1 0 ! great ,fr5*           
,revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to ?is
 classical revolution !re 0 a           
correspond+ classical t]rorism4 ,kautsky
 is ready to =give ! t]rorism ( !       
,jacob9s1 ackn[l$g+ t !y _h no o!r way (
 sav+ ! republic4 ,b by ?is ju/ification
 aft] ! ev5t no "o is ei!r help$ or     
h9d]$4 ,! ,kautskies ( ! end ( !        
eighte5? c5tury 7! lead]s ( ! ,fr5*     
,girondi/s7 saw 9 ! ,jacob9s !          
p]sonification ( evil4 ,"h is a         
comp>ison1 suffici5tly in/ructive 9 its 
banality1 betwe5 ! ,jacob9s & !         
,girondi/s f ! p5 ( "o ( ! b\rgeois     
,fr5* hi/orians3 ,bo? "o side & ! o!r   
desir$ ! republic4 ,b ! ,girondi/s      
desir$ a free1 legal1 & m]ciful         
republic4 ,! ,montagn>ds desir$ a       

despotic & t]rori/ republic4 ,bo? /ood =
 ! supreme p[] ( ! p2 b ! ,girondi/     
ju/ly und]/ood all by ! p1 :ile !       
,montagn>ds consid]$ only ! work+ class 
to be ! p4 ,t 0 :y only to su* p]sons1 9
 ! op9ion ( ! ,montagn>ds1 did !        
supremacy belong4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 !  
noble *ampions ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 
& ! blood?ir/y ag5ts ( ! revolution>y   
dictator%ip is "h outl9$ fairly cle>ly1 
al?\gh 9 ! political t]ms ( ! epo*4  ,! 
iron dictator%ip ( ! ,jacob9s 0 evok$ by
 ! mon/r\sly difficult position (       
revolution>y ,france4 ,"h is :at !      
b\rgeois hi/orian says ( ?is p]iod3     
,=eign troops _h ent]$ ,fr5* t]ritory f 
f\r sides4 ,9 ! nor?1 ! ,briti% & !     
,au/rians1 9 ,alsace1 ! ,prussians1 9   
,dauph9e & up to ,lyons1 ! ,pi$montese1 
9 ,r\ssillon ! ,spani>ds4 ,& ?is at a   
"t1 :5 civil w> 0 rag+ at f\r diff]5t   
po9ts3 9 ,norm&y1 9 ! ,v5dee1 at ,lyons1
 & at ,t\lon4 7,page #agf74 ,to ?is we  
mu/ add int]nal enemies 9 ! =m ( num]\s 
secret support]s ( ! old regime1 ready  

by all me?ods to assi/ ! enemy4  ,!     
sev]ity ( ! prolet>ian dictator%ip 9    
,russia1 let u po9t out "h1 0 condition$
 by no less difficult circum/ances4 ,!re
 0 "o cont9u\s front1 on ! nor? & s\?1 9
 ! ea/ & we/4 ,besides ! ,russian ,:ite 
,gu>d armies ( ,kol*ak1 ,d5ik9 & o!rs1  
!re are attack+ ,soviet ,russia1        
simultane\sly or 9 turn3 ,g]mans1       
,au/rians1 ,cze*o-,slovaks1 ,s]bs1      
,poles1 ,ukra9ians1 ,r\manians1 ,fr5*1  
,briti%1 ,am]icans1 ,japanese1 ,f9ns1   
,e/honians1 ,li?uanians4444 ,9 a c\ntry 
?rottl$ by a blockade & /rangl$ by      
hung]1 !re are conspiracies1 ris+s1     
t]rori/ acts1 & de/ruction ( roads &    
bridges4  ,! gov]nm5t :i* _h tak5 on    
itself ! /ruggle ) c\ntless ext]nal &   
int]nal enemies _h nei!r money1 nor     
suffici5t troops1 nor any?+ except      
b\ndless en]gy1 en?usia/ic support on ! 
"p ( ! revolution>y elem5ts ( ! c\ntry1 
& ! gigantic c\rage to take all measures
 necess>y = ! safety ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]  
arbitr>y & sev]e !y 74 ,9 su* words did 

once ^u a "t ,plekhanov describe !      
gov]nm5t ( !--,jacob9s4                 
7,sozial-demokrat1 a qu>t]ly review (   
lit]ature & politics4 ,book ,i1         
,febru>y1 #ahij1 ,london4 ,! article on 
,! ,c5t5>y ( ! ,great ,revolution1 pages
 #f-g74  ,let u n[ turn to ! revolution 
:i* took place 9 ! second half ( !      
n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! c\ntry (            
democracy--9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor?    
,am]ica4 ,al?\gh ! "q 0 n ! abolition ( 
prop]ty altoge!r1 b only ( ! abolition (
 prop]ty 9 negroes1 nev]!less1 !        
in/itutions ( democracy prov$ absolutely
 p[]less to decide ! argum5t 9 a        
peaceful way4 ,! s\!rn /ates1 defeat$ at
 ! presid5tial elections 9 #ahfj1 decid$
 by all possible means to rega9 !       
influ5ce !y _h hi!rto ex]t$ 9 ! "q (    
slave-own+2 & utt]+1 z 0 "r1 ! prop]    
s\nd+ words ab\t fre$om & indep5d5ce1   
rose 9 a slave-own]s' insurrection4     
,h5ce inevitably foll[$ all ! lat]      
consequ5ces ( civil w>4 ,at ! v beg9n+ (
 ! /ruggle1 ! milit>y gov]nm5t 9        

,baltimore imprison$ 9 ,=t ,mac,henry a 
few citiz5s1 sympa?iz]s ) ! slave-hold+ 
,s\?1 9 spite ( ,habeas ,corpus4 ,! "q (
 ! lawfulness or ! unlawfulness ( su*   
action became ! object ( fi]ce disputes 
betwe5 s-call$ high au?orities4 ,! judge
 ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 decid$ t !         
,presid5t _h nei!r ! "r to arre/ !      
op]ation ( ,habeas ,corpus nor to give  
pl5ipot5ti>y p[]s to t end to ! milit>y 
au?orities4 ,su*1 9 all probability1 is 
! correct ,con/itutional solution ( !   
"q1 says "o ( ! fir/ hi/orians ( !      
,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,b ! /ate ( affairs
 0 to su* a degree critical1 & !        
necessity ( tak+ decisive measures aga9/
 ! population ( ,baltimore s great1 t n 
only ! ,gov]nm5t b ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 also support$ ! mo/ en]getic           
measures4#d            #d 7,! ,hi/ory ( 
! ,am]ican ,w>1 by ,flet*]1             
,lieut4-,colonel 9 ! ,scots ,gu>ds1 ,/4 
,pet]sburg1 #ahfg1           page #ie47 
,"s goods t ! rebelli\s ,s\? requir$ 7  
secretly suppli$ by ! m]*ants ( ! ,nor?4

 ,naturally1 ! ,nor!rn]s _h no o!r c\rse
 b to introduce me?ods ( repression4 ,on
 ,augu/ #f1 #ahfa1 ! ,presid5t confirm$ 
a resolution ( ,congress z to !         
confiscation ( prop]ty us$ =            
insurrection>y purposes4 ,! p1 9 ! %ape 
( ! mo/ democratic elem5ts1 7 9 favor ( 
extreme measures4 ,! ,republican ,p>ty  
_h a decid$ majority 9 ! ,nor?1 & p]sons
 suspect$ ( secessionism1 i4e41 (       
sympa?iz+ ) ! rebelli\s ,s\!rn /ates1 7 
subject$ to viol5ce4 ,9 "s nor!rn t[ns1 
& ev5 9 ! /ates ( ,new ,engl&1 fam\s =  
_! ord]1 ! p frequ5tly bur/ into !      
(fices ( newspap]s :i* support$ !       
revolt+ slave-own]s & sma%$ _! pr9t+    
presses4 ,x occasionally happ5$ t       
reaction>y publi%]s 7 sme>$ ) t>1       
decorat$ ) fea!rs1 & c>ri$ 9 su* array  
?r\gh ! public squ>es until !y swore an 
oa? ( loyalty to ! ,union4 ,! p]sonality
 ( a plant] sme>$ 9 t> bore little      
resemblance to ! end-9-itself2 s t !    
categorical imp]ative ( ,kautsky suff]$ 
9 ! civil w> ( ! /ates a consid]able    

bl[4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! gov]nm5t1 on   
its "p1 ! hi/orian tells u1 adopt$      
repressive measures ( v>i\s k9ds aga9/  
publications hold+ views oppos$ to its  
own3 & 9 a %ort "t ! hi!rto free        
,am]ican press 0 r$uc$ to a condition   
sc>cely sup]ior to t prevail+ 9 !       
autocratic ,european ,/ates4 ,! same    
fate ov]took ! fre$om ( spee*4 ,9 ?is   
way1 ,lieut4-,colonel ,flet*] cont9ues1 
! ,am]ican p at ?is "t d5i$ itself !    
great] "p ( its fre$om4 ,x %\ld be      
obs]v$1 he moralizes1 t ! majority ( ! p
 0 to su* an ext5t occupi$ ) ! w>1 & to 
su* a degree imbu$ ) ! read9ess = any   
k9d ( sacrifice to atta9 its end1 t x n 
only did n regret its vani%$ lib]ties1 b
 sc>cely ev5 notic$ _! disappe>ance4#e  
#e ,flet*]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,w>1  
pages #afb-afd4  ,inf9itely m ru?lessly 
did ! blood?ir/y slave-own]s ( ! ,s\?   
employ _! uncontrollable hordes4 ,:]ev] 
!re 0 a majority 9 favor ( slav]y1      
writes ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is1 public op9ion   
behav$ despotically to ! m9ority4 ,all  

:o express$ pity = ! national bann] 444 
7 =c$ to be sil5t4 ,b soon ?is itself   
became insuffici5t2 z 9 all revolutions1
 ! indiff]5t 7 =c$ to express _! loyalty
 to ! new ord] ( ?+s4444 ,^? :o did n   
agree to ?is 7 giv5 up z a sacrifice to 
! hatr$ & viol5ce ( ! mass ( ! p4444 ,9 
ea* c5tre ( gr[+ civilization           
7,s\?-,we/]n /ates7 vigilance committees
 7 =m$1 compos$ ( all ^? :o _h be5      
di/+ui%$ by _! extreme views 9 !        
electoral /ruggle4444 ,a tav]n 0 ! usual
 place ( _! sessions1 & a noisy orgy 0  
m+l$ ) a contemptible p>ody ( public =ms
 ( ju/ice4 ,a few madm5 sitt+ ar\nd a   
desk on :i* g9 & :isky fl[$ judg$ _!    
pres5t & abs5t fell[ citiz5s4 ,! accus$1
 ev5 be=e hav+ be5 que/ion$1 c\ld see ! 
rope be+ prep>$4 ,he :o did n appe> at !
 c\rt le>n$ 8 s5t5ce :5 fall+ "u !      
bullets ( ! execution] conceal$ 9 !     
=e/4444 ,?is picture is extremely       
rem9isc5t ( ! sc5es :i* day by day took 
place 9 ! camps ( ,d5ik91 ,kol*ak1      
,yud5i*1 & ! o!r h]oes (                

,anglo-,franco-,am]ican democracy4  ,we 
%all see lat] h[ ! "q ( t]rorism /ood 9 
reg>d to ! ,p>is ,commune ( #ahga4 ,9   
any case1 ! attempts ( ,kautsky to      
contra/ ! ,commune ) u are false at _! v
 root1 & only br+ ! au?or to a juggl+ ) 
words ( ! mo/ petty "*4  ,! in/itution (
 ho/ages app>5tly mu/ be recogniz$ z    
imman5t 9 ! t]rorism ( ! civil w>4      
,kautsky is aga9/ t]rorism & aga9/ !    
in/itution ( ho/ages1 b 9 favor ( !     
,p>is ,commune4 7,n4,b4--,! ,commune    
exi/$ fifty ye>s ago47 ,yet ! ,commune  
took ho/ages4 ,a difficulty arises4 ,b  
:at does ! art ( exegesis exi/ =8  ,!   
decree ( ! ,commune conc]n+ ho/ages & _!
 execution 9 reply to ! atrocities ( !  
,v]saillese arose1 accord+ to ! pr(\nd  
explanation ( ,kautsky1 f a /riv+ to    
pres]ve human life1 n to de/roy x4 ,a   
m>vell\s discov]y6 ,x only requires to  
be develop$4 ,x c\ld1 & mu/1 be expla9$ 
t 9 ! civil w> we de/roy$ ,:ite ,gu>ds 9
 ord] t !y %\ld n de/roy ! work]s4      
,consequ5tly1 our problem is n !        

de/ruction ( human life1 b its          
pres]vation4 ,b z we h to /ruggle = !   
pres]vation ( human life ) arms 9 our   
h&s1 x leads to ! de/ruction ( human    
life--a puzzle ! dialectical secret (   
:i* 0 expla9$ by old ,hegel1 )\t reckon+
 o!r /ill m anci5t sages4  ,! ,commune  
c\ld ma9ta9 itself & consolidate its    
position only by a det]m9$ /ruggle ) !  
,v]saillese4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 _h a
 l>ge numb] ( ag5ts 9 ,p>is4 ,fight+ ) !
 ag5ts ( ,?i]s1 ! ,commune c\ld n ab/a9 
f de/roy+ ! ,v]saillese at ! front & 9 !
 re>4 ,if its rule _h cross$ ! b\nds (  
,p>is1 9 ! prov9ces x w\ld h f\nd--dur+ 
! process ( ! civil w> ) ! ,army ( !    
,national ,assembly--/ill m det]m9$ foes
 9 ! mid/ ( ! peaceful population4 ,!   
,commune :5 fight+ ! royali/s c\ld n    
all[ fre$om ( spee* to royali/ ag5ts 9 !
 re>4  ,kautsky1 9 spite ( all ! happ5+s
 9 ! _w to-day1 completely fails to     
realize :at w> is 9 g5]al1 & ! civil w> 
9 p>ticul>4 ,he does n und]/& t e1 or   
ne>ly e1 sympa?iz] ) ,?i]s 9 ,p>is 0 n  

m]ely an oppon5t ( ! ,commun>ds 9 ideas1
 b an ag5t & spy ( ,?i]s1 a f]oci\s     
enemy ready to %oot "o 9 ! back4 ,!     
enemy mu/ be made h>mless1 & 9 w>time   
?is means t he mu/ be de/roy$4  ,!      
problem ( revolution1 z ( w>1 consi/s 9 
break+ ! w ( ! foe1 =c+ him to          
capitulate & to accept ! conditions ( ! 
conqu]or4 ,! w1 ( c\rse1 is a fact ( !  
physical _w1 b 9 contradi/9ction to a   
meet+1 a dispute1 or a congress1 !      
revolution c>ries out its object by     
means ( ! employm5t ( mat]ial           
res\rces--?\gh to a less degree ?an w>4 
,! b\rgeoisie itself conqu]$ p[] by     
means ( revolts1 & consolidat$ x by !   
civil w>4 ,9 ! peaceful p]iod1 x reta9s 
p[] by means ( a sy/em ( repression4 ,z 
long z class society1 f\nd$ on ! mo/    
deep-root$ antagonisms1 cont9ues to     
exi/1 repression rema9s a necess>y means
 ( break+ ! w ( ! oppos+ side4  ,ev5 if1
 9 "o c\ntry or ano!r1 ! dictator%ip ( !
 prolet>iat grew up )9 ! ext]nal        
framework ( democracy1 ?is w\ld by no   

means av]t ! civil w>4 ,! "q z to :o is 
to rule ! c\ntry1 i4e41 ( ! life or dea?
 ( ! b\rgeoisie1 w be decid$ on ei!r    
side1 n by ref]5ces to ! p>agraphs ( !  
con/itution1 b by ! employm5t ( all =ms 
( viol5ce4 ,h[ev] deeply ,kautsky goes  
into ! "q ( ! food ( ! an?ropopi!cus    
7see page #abb et seq4 ( 8 book7 & o!r  
imm$iate & remote conditions :i* det]m9e
 ! cause ( human cruelty1 he w f9d 9    
hi/ory no o!r way ( break+ ! class w ( !
 enemy except ! sy/ematic & en]getic use
 ( viol5ce4  ,! degree ( f]ocity ( !    
/ruggle dep5ds on a s]ies ( int]nal &   
int]national circum/ances4 ,! m f]oci\s 
& dang]\s is ! resi/ance ( ! class enemy
 :o h be5 ov]?r[n1 ! m inevitably does !
 sy/em ( repression take ! =m ( a sy/em 
( t]ror4  ,b "h ,kautsky unexpect$ly    
takes up a new position 9 8 /ruggle )   
,soviet t]rorism4 ,he simply waves aside
 all ref]5ce to ! f]ocity ( !           
c\nt]-revolution>y opposition ( !       
,russian b\rgeoisie4  ,su* f]ocity1 he  
says1 c\ld n be notic$ 9 ,novemb]1      

#aiag1 9 ,petrograd & ,mosc[1 & /ill    
less m rec5tly 9 ,budape/4 7,page #adi47
 ,) su* a happy =mulation ( ! "q1       
revolution>y t]rorism m]ely proves to be
 a product ( ! blood-?ir/9ess ( !       
,bol%eviks1 :o simultane\sly ab&on$ !   
traditions ( ! veget>ian an?ropopi!cus &
 ! moral lessons ( ,kautsky4  ,! fir/   
conque/ ( p[] by ! ,soviets at ! beg9n+ 
( ,novemb]1 #aiag 7new /yle71 0 actually
 accompli%$ ) insignificant sacrifices4 
,! ,russian b\rgeoisie f\nd itself to   
su* a degree e/rang$ f ! masses ( ! p1 s
 int]nally helpless1 s compromis$ by !  
c\rse & ! result ( ! w>1 s demoraliz$ by
 ! regime ( ,k]5sky1 t x sc>cely d>$ %[ 
any resi/ance4 ,9 ,petrograd ! p[] (    
,k]5sky 0 ov]?r[n almo/ )\t a fight4 ,9 
,mosc[ its resi/ance 0 dragg$ out1 ma9ly
 ow+ to ! indecisive "* ( our own       
actions4 ,9 ! majority ( ! prov9cial    
t[ns1 p[] 0 transf]r$ to ! ,soviet on ! 
m]e receipt ( a telegram f ,petrograd or
 ,mosc[4 ,if ! matt] _h end$ !re1 !re   
w\ld h be5 no ^w ( ! ,r$ ,t]ror4 ,b 9   

,novemb]1 #aiag1 !re 0 already evid5ce (
 ! beg9n+ ( ! resi/ance ( ! prop]ti$    
classes4 ,true1 !re 0 requir$ !         
int]v5tion ( ! imp]iali/ gov]nm5ts ( !  
,we/ 9 ord] to give ! ,russian          
c\nt]-revolution fai? 9 itself1 & to add
 ev]-increas+ p[] to its resi/ance4 ,?is
 c be %[n f facts1 bo? important &      
insignificant1 day by day dur+ ! :ole   
epo* ( ! ,soviet revolution4  ,k]5sky's 
,/aff felt no support =?com+ f ! mass ( 
! soldi]y1 & 0 incl9$ to recognize !    
,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 :i* _h begun         
negotiations = an armi/ice ) ! ,g]mans4 
,b !re foll[$ ! prote/ ( ! milit>y      
missions ( ! ,ent5te1 foll[$ by op5     
?reats4 ,! ,/aff 0 fright5$2 incit$ by  
,alli$ (fic]s1 x ent]$ ! pa? (          
opposition4 ,?is l$ to arm$ conflict &  
to ! murd] ( ! *ief ( ! field /aff1     
,g5]al ,dukhon91 by a gr\p (            
revolution>y sailors4  ,9 ,petrograd1 ! 
(ficial ag5ts ( ! ,ent5te1 especially ! 
,fr5* ,milit>y ,mission1 h& 9 h& ) !    
,s4,r4s & ! ,m5%eviks1 op5ly organiz$ ! 

opposition1 mobiliz+1 arm+1 incit+ aga9/
 u ! cadets1 & ! b\rgeois y\? g5]ally1 f
 ! second day ( ! ,soviet revolution4 ,!
 ris+ ( ! junk]s on ,novemb] #aj br\ght 
ab\t a hundr$ times m victims ?an !     
revolution ( ,novemb] #g4 ,! campaign ( 
! adv5tur]s ,k]5sky & ,krasnov aga9/    
,petrograd1 organiz$ at ! same "t by !  
,ent5te1 naturally introduc$ into !     
/ruggle ! fir/ elem5ts ( savag]y4       
,nev]!less1 ,g5]al ,krasnov 0 set free  
on 8 ^w ( honor4 ,! ,y>oslav ris+ 79 !  
summ] ( #aiah7 :i* involv$ s _m victims1
 0 organiz$ by ,sav9kov on ! in/ructions
 ( ! ,fr5* ,embassy1 & ) its res\rces4  
,ar*angel 0 captur$ accord+ to ! plans (
 ,briti% naval ag5ts1 ) ! help ( ,briti%
 w>%ips & a]oplanes4 ,! beg9n+ ( !      
empire ( ,kol*ak1 ! nom9ee ( ! ,am]ican 
,/ock ,ex*ange1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! =eign
 ,cze*o-,slovak ,corps ma9ta9$ by !     
res\rces ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 ,kal$9 &  
,krasnov 7lib]at$ by u71 ! fir/ lead]s (
 ! c\nt]-revolution on ! ,don1 c\ld     
enjoy p>tial success only ?anks to ! op5

 milit>y & f9ancial aid ( ,g]many4 ,9 ! 
,ukra9e ! ,soviet p[] 0 ov]?r[n 9 !     
beg9n+ ( #aiah by ,g]man milit>ism4 ,!  
,volunte] ,army ( ,d5ik9 0 creat$ ) !   
f9ancial & te*nical help ( ,great       
,brita9 & ,france4 ,only 9 ! hope (     
,briti% int]v5tion & ( ,briti% milit>y  
support 0 ,yud5i*'s army creat$4 ,!     
politicians1 ! diplomats1 & ! j\rnali/s 
( ! ,ent5te h = two ye>s on end be5     
debat+ ) complete frankness ! "q ( :e!r 
! f9anc+ ( ! civil w> 9 ,russia is a    
suffici5tly pr(itable ent]prise4 ,9 su* 
circum/ances1 "o ne$s truly a braz5     
=ehead to seek ! reason = ! sangu9>y "* 
( ! civil w> 9 ,russia 9 ! malevol5ce ( 
! ,bol%eviks1 & n 9 ! int]national      
situation4  ,! ,russian prolet>iat 0 !  
fir/ to ent] ! pa? ( ! social           
revolution1 & ! ,russian b\rgeoisie1    
politically helpless1 0 embold5$ to     
/ruggle aga9/ its political & economic  
expropriation only because x saw its    
eld] si/] 9 all c\ntries /ill 9 p[]1 &  
/ill ma9ta9+ economic1 political1 &1 to 

a c]ta9 ext5t1 milit>y supremacy4  ,if  
our ,novemb] revolution _h tak5 place a 
few mon?s1 or ev5 a few weeks1 aft] !   
e/abli%m5t ( ! rule ( ! prolet>iat 9    
,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 !re c be no 
d\bt t our revolution w\ld h be5 ! mo/  
peaceful1 ! mo/ bloodless ( all possible
 revolutions on ?is s9ful e>?4 ,b ?is   
hi/orical sequ5ce--! mo/ natural at !   
fir/ glance1 &1 9 any case1 ! mo/       
b5eficial = ! ,russian work+ class--f\nd
 itself infr+$--n ?r\gh our fault1 b    
?r\gh ! w ( ev5ts4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! la/1 
! ,russian prolet>iat prov$ to be !     
fir/4 ,x 0 j ?is circum/ance1 aft] !    
fir/ p]iod ( confusion1 t imp>t$        
desp]ation to ! "* ( ! resi/ance ( !    
classes :i* _h rul$ 9 ,russia previ\sly1
 & =c$ ! ,russian prolet>iat1 9 a mom5t 
( ! greate/ p]il1 =eign attacks1 &      
int]nal plots & insurrections1 to h     
rec\rse to sev]e measures ( ,/ate t]ror4
 ,no "o w n[ say t ^? measures prov$    
futile4 ,b1 p]haps1 we are expect$ to   
consid] !m intol]able8  ,! work+ class1 

:i* seiz$ p[] 9 battle1 _h z its object 
& its duty to e/abli% t p[] un%akeably1 
to gu>antee its own supremacy beyond "q1
 to de/roy its enemies' hank]+ = a new  
revolution1 & !reby to make sure ( c>ry+
 out ,sociali/ re=ms4 ,o!rwise !re w\ld 
be no po9t 9 seiz+ p[]4  ,! revolution  
logically does n dem& t]rorism1 j z     
logically x does n dem& an arm$         
insurrection4 ,:at a pr(\nd commonplace6
 ,b ! revolution does require ( !       
revolution>y class t x %\ld atta9 its   
end by all me?ods at its disposal--if   
necess>y1 by an arm$ ris+3 if requir$1  
by t]rorism4 ,a revolution>y class :i*  
has conqu]$ p[] ) arms 9 its h&s is b\nd
 to1 & w1 suppress1 rifle 9 h&1 all     
attempts to te> ! p[] out ( its h&s4    
,:]e x has aga9/ x a ho/ile army1 x w   
oppose to x its own army4 ,:]e x is     
confront$ ) arm$ conspiracy1 attempt at 
murd]1 or ris+1 x w hurl at ! heads (   
its enemies an unsp>+ p5alty4 ,p]haps   
,kautsky has inv5t$ o!r me?ods8 ,or does
 he r$uce ! :ole "q to ! degree (       

repression1 & recomm5d 9 all            
circum/ances imprisonm5t in/ead (       
execution8  ,! "q ( ! =m ( repression1  
or ( its degree1 ( c\rse1 is n "o (     
pr9ciple4 ,x is a "q ( exp$i5cy4 ,9 a   
revolution>y p]iod1 ! p>ty :i* has be5  
?r[n f p[]1 :i* does n reconcile itself 
) ! /ability ( ! rul+ class1 & :i*      
proves ?is by its desp]ate /ruggle aga9/
 ! latt]1 _c be t]roriz$ by ! ?reat (   
imprisonm5t1 z x does n believe 9 its   
duration4 ,x is j ?is simple b decisive 
fact t expla9s ! widespread rec\rse to  
%oot+ 9 a civil w>4  ,or1 p]haps1       
,kautsky wi%es to say t execution is n  
exp$i5t1 t classes _c be c[$4 ,?is is   
untrue4 ,t]ror is helpless--& !n only 9 
! long run--if x is employ$ by reaction 
aga9/ a hi/orically ris+ class4 ,b t]ror
 c be v effici5t aga9/ a reaction>y     
class :i* does n want to leave ! sc5e ( 
op]ations4 ,intimidation is a p[]ful    
weapon ( policy1 bo? int]nationally &   
int]nally4 ,w>1 l revolution1 is f\nd$  
^u intimidation4 ,a victori\s w>1       

g5]ally speak+1 de/roys only an         
insignificant "p ( ! conqu]$ army1      
intimidat+ ! rema9d] & break+ _! w4 ,!  
revolution works 9 ! same way3 x kills  
individuals1 & intimidates ?\s&s4 ,9 ?is
 s5se1 ! ,r$ ,t]ror is n di/+ui%able f !
 arm$ insurrection1 ! direct cont9uation
 ( :i* x repres5ts4 ,! ,/ate t]ror ( a  
revolution>y class c be condemn$ morally
 only by a man :o1 z a pr9ciple1 rejects
 79 words7 e =m ( viol5ce               
:atsoev]--consequ5tly1 e w> & e ris+4 ,=
 ?is "o has to be m]ely & simply a      
hypocritical ,quak]4  ,b1 9 t case1 9   
:at d y\r tactics diff] f ! tactics (   
,ts>ism8 we are ask$1 by ! high prie/s (
 ,lib]alism & ,kautskianism4  ,y d n    
und]/& ?is1 holy m58 ,we %all expla9 to 
y4 ,! t]ror ( ,ts>ism 0 direct$ aga9/ ! 
prolet>iat4 ,! g5d>m]ie ( ,ts>ism       
?rottl$ ! work]s :o 7 fight+ = !        
,sociali/ ord]4 ,our ,extraord9>y       
,commissions %oot l&lords1 capitali/s1 &
 g5]als :o are /riv+ to re/ore !        
capitali/ ord]4 ,d y grasp ?is 444      

di/9ction8 ,yes8 ,= u ,communi/s x is q 
suffici5t4   ,,fre$om ,,( ,,! ,,press   
,"o po9t p>ticul>ly worries ,kautsky1 ! 
au?or ( a great _m books & articles--!  
fre$om ( ! ,press4 ,is x p]missible to  
suppress newspap]s8  ,dur+ w> all       
in/itutions & organs ( ! ,/ate & (      
public op9ion become1 directly or       
indirectly1 weapons ( w>f>e4 ,?is is    
p>ticul>ly true ( ! ,press4 ,no gov]nm5t
 c>ry+ on a s]i\s w> w all[ publications
 to exi/ on its t]ritory :i*1 op5ly or  
indirectly1 support ! enemy4 ,/ill m s 9
 a civil w>4 ,! nature ( ! latt] is su* 
t ea* ( ! /ruggl+ sides has 9 ! re> (   
its armies consid]able circles ( !      
population on ! side ( ! enemy4 ,9 w>1  
:]e bo? success & failure are repaid by 
dea?1 ho/ile ag5ts :o p5etrate into !   
re> are subject to execution4 ,?is is   
inhumane1 b no "o ev] consid]$ w> a     
s*ool ( humanity--/ill less civil w>4 ,c
 x be s]i\sly dem&$ t1 dur+ a civil w> )
 ! ,:ite ,gu>ds ( ,d5ik91 ! publications
 ( p>ties support+ ,d5ik9 %\ld come out 

unh9d]$ 9 ,mosc[ & ,petrograd8 ,to      
propose ?is 9 ! "n ( ! fre$om ( ! ,press
 is j ! same z1 9 ! "n ( op5 deal+1 to  
dem& ! publication ( milit>y secrets4 ,a
 besieg$ city1 wrote a ,commun>d1 ,ar?ur
 ,arn\ld ( ,p>is1 _c p]mit )9 its mid/ t
 hopes = its fall %\ld op5ly be         
express$1 t ! fight]s def5d+ x %\ld be  
incit$ to treason1 t ! movem5ts ( its   
troops %\ld be communicat$ to ! enemy4  
,su* 0 ! position ( ,p>is "u ! ,commune4
 ,su* is ! position ( ! ,soviet         
,republic dur+ ! two ye>s ( its exi/5ce4
  ,let u1 h[ev]1 li/5 to :at ,kautsky   
has to say 9 ?is connection4  ,!        
ju/ification ( ?is sy/em 7i4e41         
repressions 9 connection ) ! ,press7 is 
r$uc$ to ! naive idea t an absolute tru?
 767 exi/s1 & t only ! ,communi/s       
possess x 7674 ,simil>ly1 cont9ues      
,kautsky1 x r$uces itself to ano!r po9t 
( view1 t all writ]s are by nature li>s 
767 & t only ,communi/s are fanatics =  
tru? 7674 ,9 reality1 li>s & fanatics = 
:at !y consid] tru? are to be f\nd 9 all

 camps4 ,& s on1 & s on1 & s on4 7,page 
#agf47  ,9 ?is way1 9 ,kautsky's eyes1 !
 revolution1 9 its mo/ acute phase1 :5 x
 is a "q ( ! life & dea? ( classes1     
cont9ues z hi!rto to be a lit]>y        
discussion ) ! object ( e/abli%+ 444 !  
tru?4 ,:at pr(undity6444 ,our tru?1 (   
c\rse1 is n absolute4 ,b z 9 its "n we  
are1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 %$d+ our blood1 
we h nei!r cause nor possibility to c>ry
 on a lit]>y discussion z to !          
relativity ( tru? ) ^? :o criticize u ) 
! help ( all =ms ( arms4 ,simil>ly1 our 
problem is n to puni% li>s & to enc\rage
 j m5 among/ j\rnali/s ( all %ades (    
op9ion1 b to ?rottle ! class lie ( !    
b\rgeoisie & to a*ieve ! class tru? ( ! 
prolet>iat1 irrespective ( ! fact t 9   
bo? camps !re are fanatics & li>s4  ,!  
,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 ,kautsky ?und]s1 has 
de/roy$ ! sole rem$y t might militate   
aga9/ corruption3 ! fre$om ( ! ,press4  
,control by means ( unlimit$ fre$om ( ! 
,press alone c\ld h re/ra9$ ^? b&its &  
adv5tur]s :o w inevitably cl+ l lee*es  

to e unlimit$1 uncontroll$ p[]4 7,page  
#ahh47 ,& s on4  ,! ,press z a tru/y    
weapon ( ! /ruggle ) corruption6 ,?is   
lib]al recipe s\nds p>ticul>ly pitiful  
:5 "o rememb]s ! two c\ntries ) !       
greate/ fre$om ( ! ,press--,nor? ,am]ica
 & ,france--:i*1 at ! same "t1 are      
c\ntries ( ! mo/ highly develop$ /age ( 
capitali/ corruption4  ,fe$+ on ! old   
sc&al ( ! political ante-rooms ( !      
,russian revolution1 ,kautsky imag9es t 
)\t ,cadet & ,m5%evik fre$om ! ,soviet  
app>atus is honey-comb$ ) b&its &       
adv5tur]s4 ,su* 0 ! voice ( ! ,m5%eviks 
a ye> or eighte5 mon?s ago4 ,n[ ev5 !y w
 n d>e to repeat ?is4 ,) ! help (       
,soviet control & p>ty selection1 !     
,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! int5se atmosph]e 
( ! /ruggle1 has dealt ) ! b&its &      
adv5tur]s :o appe>$ on ! surface at !   
mom5t ( ! revolution incomp>ably bett]  
?an any gov]nm5t :atsoev]1 at any "t    
:atsoev]4  ,we are fight+4 ,we are      
fight+ a life-&-dea? /ruggle4 ,! ,press 
is a weapon n ( an ab/ract society1 b ( 

two irreconcilable1 arm$ & cont5d+      
sides4 ,we are de/roy+ ! ,press ( !     
c\nt]-revolution1 j z we de/roy$ its    
=tifi$ positions1 its /ores1 its        
communications1 & its intellig5ce sy/em4
 ,are we depriv+ ourselves ( ,cadet &   
,m5%evik criticisms ( ! corruption ( !  
work+ class8 ,9 return we are           
victori\sly de/roy+ ! v f\ndations (    
capitali/ corruption4  ,b ,kautsky goes 
fur!r to develop 8 !me4 ,he compla9s t  
we suppress ! newspap]s ( ! ,s4,r4s & ! 
,m5%eviks1 & ev5--su* ?+s h be5         
kn[n--arre/ _! lead]s4 ,are we n deal+  
"h ) %ades ( op9ion 9 ! prolet>ian or ! 
,sociali/ movem5t8 ,! s*ola/ic p$ant    
does n see facts beyond 8 accu/om$      
words4 ,! ,m5%eviks & ,s4,r4s = him are 
simply t5d5cies 9 ,socialism1 :]eas1 9 !
 c\rse ( ! revolution1 !y h be5 trans=m$
 into an organization :i* works 9 active
 co-op]ation ) ! c\nt]-revolution &     
c>ries on aga9/ u an op5 w>4 ,! army (  
,kol*ak 0 organiz$ by ,sociali/         
,revolution>ies 7h[ t "n sav\rs to-day (

 ! *>latan671 & 0 support$ by ,m5%eviks4
 ,bo? c>ri$ on--& c>ry on--aga9/ u1 = a 
ye> & a half1 a w> on ! ,nor!rn front4  
,! ,m5%eviks :o rule ! ,caucasus1 =m]ly 
! allies ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 & to-day !      
allies ( ,lloyd ,george1 arre/$ & %ot   
,bol%eviks h& 9 h& ) ,g]man & ,briti%   
(fic]s4 ,! ,m5%eviks & ,s4,r4s ( !      
,kuban ,rada organiz$ ! army ( ,d5ik94  
,! ,e/honian ,m5%eviks :o p>ticipate 9  
_! gov]nm5t 7 directly conc]n$ 9 ! la/  
advance ( ,yud5i* aga9/ ,petrograd4 ,su*
 are ^! t5d5cies 9 ! ,sociali/ movem5t4 
,kautsky consid]s t "o c be 9 a /ate (  
op5 & civil w> ) ! ,m5%eviks & ,s4,r4s1 
:o1 ) ! help ( ! troops !y !mselves h   
organiz$ = ,yud5i*1 ,kol*ak & ,d5ik91   
are fight+ = _! %ade ( op9ions 9        
,socialism1 & at ! same "t to all[ ^?   
innoc5t %ades ( op9ion fre$om ( ! ,press
 9 our re>4 ,if ! dispute ) ! ,s4,r4s & 
! ,m5%eviks c\ld be settl$ by means (   
p]suasion & vot+--t is1 if !re 7 n beh9d
 _! backs ! ,russian & =eign            
imp]iali/s--!re w\ld be no civil w>4    

,kautsky1 ( c\rse1 is ready to          
condemn--an extra drop ( ink--!         
blockade1 & ! ,ent5te support ( ,d5ik91 
& ! ,:ite ,t]ror4 ,b 9 8 high           
imp>tiality he _c refuse ! latt] c]ta9  
ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,! ,:ite ,t]ror1 
y see1 does n infr+e _! own pr9ciples1  
:ile ! ,bol%eviks1 mak+ use ( ! ,r$     
,t]ror1 betray ! pr9ciple ( ! sacr$ness 
( human life :i* !y !mselves proclaim$4 
7,page #baj47  ,:at is ! mean+ ( !      
pr9ciple ( ! sacr$ness ( human life 9   
practice1 & 9 :at does x diff] f !      
comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 ,kautsky does
 n expla94 ,:5 a murd]] raises 8 knife  
ov] a *ild1 may "o kill ! murd]] to save
 ! *ild8 ,w n !reby ! pr9ciple ( !      
sacr$ness ( human life be infr+$8 ,may  
"o kill ! murd]] to save oneself8 ,is an
 insurrection ( oppress$ slaves aga9/ _!
 ma/]s p]missible8 ,is x p]missible to  
pur*ase "o's fre$om at ! co/ ( ! life ( 
"o's jail]s8 ,if human life 9 g5]al is  
sacr$ & inviolable1 we mu/ d5y ourselves
 n only ! use ( t]ror1 n only w>1 b also

 revolution itself4 ,kautsky simply does
 n realize ! c\nt]-revolution>y mean+ ( 
! pr9ciple :i* he attempts to =ce ^u u4 
,else:]e we %all see t ,kautsky accuses 
u ( conclud+ ! ,bre/-,litovsk peace3 9 8
 op9ion we ought to h cont9u$ w>4 ,b :at
 !n becomes ( ! sacr$ness ( human life8 
,does life cease to be sacr$ :5 x is a  
"q ( p talk+ ano!r language1 or does    
,kautsky consid] t mass murd]s organiz$ 
on pr9ciples ( /rategy & tactics are n  
murd]s at all8 ,truly x is difficult to 
put =w>d 9 our age a pr9ciple m         
hypocritical & m /upid4 ,z long z human 
labor-p[]1 &1 consequ5tly1 life itself1 
rema9 articles ( sale & pur*ase1 (      
exploitation & robb]y1 ! pr9ciple ( !   
sacr$ness ( human life rema9s a %ameful 
lie1 utt]$ ) ! object ( keep+ ! oppress$
 slaves 9 _! *a9s4  ,we us$ to fight    
aga9/ ! dea? p5alty introduc$ by        
,k]5sky1 because t p5alty 0 inflict$ by 
! c\rts-m>tial ( ! old army on soldi]s  
:o refus$ to cont9ue ! imp]iali/ w>4 ,we
 tore ?is weapon out ( ! h&s ( ! old    

c\rts-m>tial1 de/roy$ ! c\rts-m>tial    
!mselves1 & demobiliz$ ! old army :i* _h
 br\ght !m =?4 ,de/roy+ 9 ! ,r$ ,army1 &
 g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1              
c\nt]-revolution>y conspirators :o /rive
 by means ( insurrections1 murd]s1 &    
disorganization1 to re/ore ! old regime1
 we are act+ 9 accordance ) ! iron laws 
( a w> 9 :i* we desire to gu>antee our  
victory4  ,if x is a "q ( seek+ =mal    
contradictions1 !n obvi\sly we mu/ d s  
on ! side ( ! ,:ite ,t]ror1 :i* is !    
weapon ( classes :i* consid] !mselves   
,*ri/ian1 patronize ideali/ philosophy1 
& are firmly conv9c$ t ! individuality  
7_! own7 is an end-9-itself4 ,z = u1 we 
7 nev] conc]n$ ) ! ,kantian-prie/ly &   
veget>ian-,quak] prattle ab\t !         
sacr$ness ( human life4 ,we 7           
revolution>ies 9 opposition1 & h rema9$ 
revolution>ies 9 p[]4 ,to make !        
individual sacr$ we mu/ de/roy ! social 
ord] :i* crucifies him4 ,& ?is problem c
 only be solv$ by blood & iron4  ,!re is
 ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,:ite ,t]ror & 

! ,r$1 :i* ,kautsky to-day ignores1 b   
:i* 9 ! eyes ( a ,m>xi/ is ( decisive   
significance4 ,! ,:ite ,t]ror is !      
weapon ( ! hi/orically reaction>y class4
 ,:5 we expos$ ! futility ( !           
repressions ( ! b\rgeois ,/ate aga9/ !  
prolet>iat1 we nev] d5i$ t by arre/s &  
executions ! rul+ class1 "u c]ta9       
conditions1 might tempor>ily ret>d !    
developm5t ( ! social revolution4 ,b we 
7 conv9c$ t !y w\ld n be able to br+ x  
to a halt4 ,we reli$ on ! fact t !      
prolet>iat is ! hi/orically ris+ class1 
& t b\rgeois society c\ld n develop )\t 
increas+ ! =ces ( ! prolet>iat4 ,!      
b\rgeoisie to-day is a fall+ class4 ,x n
 only no long] plays an ess5tial "p 9   
production1 b by its imp]iali/ me?ods ( 
appropriation is de/roy+ ! economic     
/ructure ( ! _w & human culture g5]ally4
 ,nev]!less1 ! hi/orical p]si/5ce ( !   
b\rgeoisie is colossal4 ,x holds to p[]1
 & does n wi% to ab&on x4 ,!reby x      
?reat5s to drag aft] x into ! abyss !   
:ole ( society4 ,we are =c$ to te> x (f1

 to *op x away4 ,! ,r$ ,t]ror is a      
weapon utiliz$ aga9/ a class1 doom$ to  
de/ruction1 :i* does n wi% to p]i%4 ,if 
! ,:ite ,t]ror c only ret>d ! hi/orical 
rise ( ! prolet>iat1 ! ,r$ ,t]ror ha/5s 
! de/ruction ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,?is       
ha/5+--a pure "q ( accel]ation--is at   
c]ta9 p]iods ( decisive importance4 ,)\t
 ! ,r$ ,t]ror1 ! ,russian b\rgeoisie1   
toge!r ) ! _w b\rgeoisie1 w\ld ?rottle u
 long be=e ! com+ ( ! revolution 9      
,europe4 ,"o mu/ be bl9d n to see ?is1  
or a sw9dl] to d5y x4  ,! man :o        
recognizes ! revolution>y hi/oric       
importance ( ! v fact ( ! exi/5ce ( !   
,soviet sy/em mu/ also sanction ! ,r$   
,t]ror4 ,kautsky1 :o1 dur+ ! la/ two    
ye>s1 has cov]$ m\nta9s ( pap] )        
polemics aga9/ ,communism & ,t]rorism1  
is oblig$1 at ! end ( 8 pamphlet1 to    
recognize ! facts1 & unexpect$ly to     
admit t ! ,russian ,soviet ,gov]nm5t is 
to-day ! mo/ important factor 9 ! _w    
revolution4 ,h[ev] "o reg>ds ! ,bol%evik
 me?ods1 he writes1 ! fact t a          

prolet>ian gov]nm5t 9 a l>ge c\ntry has 
n only rea*$ p[]1 b has reta9$ x = two  
ye>s up to ! pres5t "t1 amid/ great     
difficulties1 extraord9>ily increases ! 
s5se ( p[] among/ ! prolet>iat ( all    
c\ntries4 ,= ! actual revolution !      
,bol%eviks h !reby accompli%$ a great   
"w--grosses gelei/et4 7,page #bcc47     
,?is ann\ncem5t /uns u z a completely   
unexpect$ recognition ( hi/orical tru? f
 a qu>t] :5ce we _h long s9ce ceas$ to  
await x4 ,! ,bol%eviks h accompli%$ a   
great hi/orical task by exi/+ = two ye>s
 aga9/ ! unit$ capitali/ _w4 ,b !       
,bol%eviks held out n only by ideas1 b  
by ! sword4 ,kautsky's admission is an  
involunt>y sanction+ ( ! me?ods ( ! ,r$ 
,t]ror1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ effective  
condemnation ( 8 own critical           
concoction4   ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,!    
,,w>  ,kautsky sees "o ( ! reasons = !  
extremely bloody "* ( ! revolution 9 !  
w> & 9 its h>d5+ influ5ce on mann]s4 ,q 
und5iable4 ,t influ5ce1 ) all !         
consequ5ces t foll[ f x1 might h be5    

=ese5 e>li]--approximately 9 ! p]iod :5 
,kautsky 0 n c]ta9 :e!r "o ought to vote
 = ! w> cr$its or aga9/ !m4  ,imp]ialism
 has viol5tly torn society out ( its    
condition ( un/able equilibrium1 he     
wrote five ye>s ago 9 our ,g]man        
book--,! ,w> & ! ,int]national4 ,x has  
bl[n up ! sluices ) :i*                 
,social-,democracy held back ! curr5t ( 
! revolution>y en]gy ( ! prolet>iat1 &  
has direct$ t curr5t into its own       
*annels4 ,?is mon/r\s hi/orical         
exp]im5t1 :i* at "o bl[ has brok5 ! back
 ( ! ,sociali/ ,int]national1 repres5ts 
a deadly dang] = b\rgeoisie society     
itself4 ,! hamm] has be5 tak5 f ! h& ( !
 work]1 & has be5 replac$ by ! sword4 ,!
 work]1 b\nd h& & foot by ! me*anism (  
capitali/ society1 has sudd5ly bur/ out 
( its mid/1 & is le>n+ to put ! aims ( !
 community high] ?an 8 own dome/ic      
happ9ess & ?an life itself4  ,) ?is     
weapon1 :i* he himself has =g$1 9 8 h&1 
! work] is plac$ 9 a position 9 :i* !   
political de/9y ( ! ,/ate dep5ds        

directly on him4 ,^? :o 9 =m] times     
oppress$ & despis$ him n[ flatt] & c>ess
 him4 ,at ! same "t he is ent]+ into    
intimate relations ) ^? same guns :i*1  
accord+ to ,lassalle1 con/itute ! mo/   
important integral "p ( ! con/itution4  
,he crosses ! b\nd>ies ( /ates1         
p>ticipates 9 viol5t requisitions1 & "u 
8 bl[s t[ns pass f h& to h&4 ,*anges    
take place su* z ! la/ g5]ation did n   
dream (4  ,if ! mo/ advanc$ work]s 7    
aw>e t =ce 0 ! "m ( law1 _! political   
?\ght /ill rema9$ saturat$ ) ! _s (     
opportunism & self-adaptation to        
b\rgeois legality4 ,to-day ! work] has  
le>n$ 9 practice to despise t legality1 
& viol5tly to de/roy x4 ,! /atic mom5ts 
9 8 psy*ology are giv+ place to !       
dynamic4 ,heavy guns are knock+ into 8  
head ! idea t1 9 cases :]e x is         
impossible to avoid an ob/acle1 !re     
rema9s ! possibility ( de/roy+ x4 ,ne>ly
 ! :ole adult male population is pass+  
?r\gh ?is s*ool ( w>1 t]rible 9 its     
social realism1 :i* is br++ =? a new    

type ( humanity4  ,ov] all ! crit]ia (  
b\rgeois society--its law1 its morality1
 its religion--is n[ rais$ ! fi/ ( iron 
necessity4 ',necessity kn[s no law' 0 ! 
decl>ation ( ! ,g]man ,*ancellor 7,augu/
 #d1 #aiad74 ,mon>*s come out into !    
m>ket-place to accuse "o ano!r ( ly+ 9 !
 language ( fi%wives2 gov]nm5ts break   
promises !y h solemnly made1 :ile !     
national *ur* b9ds its ,"l ,god l a     
convict to ! national cannon4 ,is x n   
obvi\s t ^! circum/ances mu/ create     
important alt]ations 9 ! psy*ology ( !  
work+ class1 radically cur+ x ( t       
hypnosis ( legality :i* 0 creat$ by !   
p]iod ( political /agnation8 ,! prop]ti$
 classes w soon1 to _! sorr[1 h to be   
conv9c$ ( ?is4 ,! prolet>iat1 aft] pass+
 ?r\gh ! s*ool ( w>1 at ! fir/ s]i\s    
ob/acle )9 its own c\ntry w feel !      
necessity ( speak+ ) ! language ( =ce4  
',necessity kn[s no law1' he w ?r[ 9 !  
face ( ^? :o attempt to /op him by laws 
( b\rgeois legality4 ,& ! t]rible       
economic necessity :i* w arise dur+ !   

c\rse ( ?is w>1 & p>ticul>ly at its end1
 w drive ! masses to spurn v _m laws4   
7,page #ef-eg47  ,all ?is is und5iable4 
,b to :at is said above "o mu/ add t !  
w> has ex]cis$ no less influ5ce on !    
psy*ology ( ! rul+ classes4 ,z ! masses 
become m insi/5t 9 _! dem&s1 s !        
b\rgeoisie has become m unyield+4  ,9   
times ( peace1 ! capitali/s us$ to      
gu>antee _! int]e/s by means ( !        
peaceful robb]y ( hir$ labor4 ,dur+ ! w>
 !y s]v$ ^? same int]e/s by means ( !   
de/ruction ( c\ntless human lives4 ,?is 
has imp>t$ to _! consci\sness z a ma/]  
class a new ,napoleonic trait4 ,!       
capitali/s dur+ ! w> became accu/om$ to 
s5d to _! dea? millions (               
slaves--fell[-c\ntrym5 & colonials--= ! 
sake ( coal1 railway1 & o!r pr(its4     
,dur+ ! w> !re em]g$ f ! ranks ( !      
b\rgeoisie--l>ge1 middle1 &             
small--hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( (fic]s1        
pr(essional fight]s1 m5 ^: "* has       
receiv$ ! h>d5+ ( battle1 & has become  
fre$ f all ext]nal re/ra9ts3 qualifi$   

soldi]s1 ready & able to def5d !        
privileg$ position ( ! b\rgeoisie :i*   
produc$ !m ) a f]ocity :i*1 9 its way1  
bord]s on h]oism4  ,! revolution w\ld   
probably be m humane if ! prolet>iat _h 
! possibility ( buy+ (f all ?is b&1 z   
,m>x once put x4 ,b capitalism dur+ ! w>
 has impos$ ^u ! toil]s too great a load
 ( debt1 & has too deeply und]m9$ !     
f\ndations ( production1 = u to be able 
s]i\sly to contemplate a ransom 9 return
 = :i* ! b\rgeoisie w\ld sil5tly make   
its peace ) ! revolution4 ,! masses h   
lo/ too mu* blood1 h suff]$ too mu*1 h  
become too savage1 to accept a decision 
:i* economically w\ld be beyond _!      
capacity4  ,to ?is !re mu/ be add$ o!r  
circum/ances work+ 9 ! same direction4  
,! b\rgeoisie ( ! conqu]$ c\ntries has  
be5 embitt]$ by defeat1 ! responsibility
 = :i* x is incl9$ to ?r[ on ! rank &   
file--on ! work]s & peasants :o prov$   
incapable ( c>ry+ on ! great national w>
 to a victori\s conclusion4 ,f ?is po9t 
( view1 "o f9ds v in/ructive ^?         

explanations1 unp>allel$ = _! effront]y1
 :i* ,lud5dorff gave to ! ,commission ( 
! ,national ,assembly4 ,! b&s (         
,lud5dorff are burn+ ) ! desire to take 
rev5ge = _! humiliation abroad on !     
blood ( _! own prolet>iat4 ,z = !       
b\rgeoisie ( ! victori\s c\ntries1 x has
 become inflat$ ) arrogance1 & is m ?an 
ev] ready to def5d its social position )
 ! help ( ! be/ial me?ods :i* gu>ante$  
its victory4 ,we h se5 t ! b\rgeoisie is
 incapable ( organiz+ ! division ( !    
booty among/ its own ranks )\t w> &     
de/ruction4 ,c x1 )\t a fight1 ab&on its
 booty altoge!r8 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! la/    
five ye>s leaves no d\bt :atsoev] on ?is
 score3 if ev5 previ\sly x 0 absolutely 
utopian to expect t ! expropriation ( ! 
prop]ti$ classes--?anks to              
democracy--w\ld take place imp]ceptibly 
& pa9lessly1 )\t insurrections1 arm$    
conflicts1 attempts at c\nt]-revolution1
 & sev]e repression1 ! /ate ( affairs we
 h inh]it$ f ! imp]iali/ w> pr$et]m9es1 
d\bly & trebly1 ! t5se "* ( ! civil w> &

 ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat4     #e   
,,! ,,p>is ,,commune ,,& ,,soviet       
,,russia  ,! %ort episode ( ! fir/      
revolution c>ri$ out by ! prolet>iat = !
 prolet>iat end$ 9 ! triumph ( its      
enemy4 ,?is episode--f ,m>* #ah to ,may 
#bh--la/$ sev5ty-two days4--,! ,p>is    
,commune ( ,m>* #ah1 #ahga1 ,p4 ,l4     
,lavrov1 ,petrograd4 ',kolos' ,publi%+  
,h\se1 #aiai1 pp4 #afj4   ,,!           
,,immaturity ,,( ,,! ,,sociali/ ,,p>ties
 ,,9 ,,! ,,commune4  ,! ,p>is ,commune (
 #ahga 0 ! fir/1 z yet weak1 hi/oric    
attempt ( ! work+ class to impose its   
supremacy4 ,we *]i%$ ! memory ( !       
,commune 9 spite ( ! extremely limit$ "*
 ( its exp]i5ce1 ! immaturity ( its     
p>ticipants1 ! confusion ( its          
programme1 ! lack ( unity among/ its    
lead]s1 ! indecision ( _! plans1 !      
hopeless panic ( its executive organs1 &
 ! t]rify+ defeat fatally precipitat$ by
 all ^!4 ,we *]i% 9 ! ,commune1 9 !     
words ( ,lavrov1 ! fir/1 ?\gh /ill pale1
 dawn ( ! prolet>ian republic4 ,q       

o!rwise ) ,kautsky4 ,devot+ a           
consid]able "p ( 8 book to a crudely    
t5d5ci\s contra/ betwe5 ! ,commune & !  
,soviet p[]1 he sees ! ma9 advantages ( 
! ,commune 9 features t we f9d are its  
mis=tune & its fault4  ,kautsky         
labori\sly proves t ! ,p>is ,commune (  
#ahga 0 n artificially prep>$1 b em]g$  
unexpect$ly1 tak+ ! revolution>ies by   
surprise--9 contra/ to ! ,novemb]       
revolution1 :i* 0 c>efully prep>$ by our
 p>ty4 ,?is is inconte/able4 ,n d>+     
cle>ly to =mulate 8 pr(\ndly reaction>y 
ideas1 ,kautsky does n say outright :e!r
 ! ,p>is revolution>ies ( #ahga des]ve  
praise = n hav+ =ese5 ! prolet>ian      
insurrection1 & = n hav+ =ese5 !        
inevitable & consci\sly gone to meet x4 
,h[ev]1 all ,kautsky's picture 0 built  
up 9 su* a way z to produce 9 ! read] j 
?is idea3 ! ,commun>ds 7 simply ov]tak5 
by mis=tune 7! ,bav>ian phili/9e1       
,vollm>1 once express$ 8 regret t !     
,commun>ds _h n gone to b$ in/ead ( tak+
 p[] into _! h&s71 &1 !re=e1 des]ve     

pity4 ,! ,bol%eviks consci\sly w5t to   
meet mis=tune 7! conque/ ( p[]71 &1     
!re=e1 !re is no =giv5ess = !m ei!r 9   
?is or ! future _w4 ,su* a =mulation ( !
 "q may seem incr$ible 9 its int]nal    
inconsi/5cy4 ,none ! less1 x foll[s q   
inevitably f ! position ( ! ,kautskian  
,indep5d5ts1 :o draw _! heads into _!   
%\ld]s 9 ord] to see & =esee no?+2 &1 if
 !y d move =w>d1 x is only aft] hav+    
receiv$ a prelim9>y /\t bl[ 9 ! re>4    
,to humiliate ,p>is1 writes ,kautsky1 n 
to give x self-gov]nm5t1 to deprive x ( 
its position z capital1 to dis>m x 9    
ord] aft]w>ds to attempt ) great]       
confid5ce a mon>*i/ c\p d'etat--su* 0 ! 
mo/ important task ( ! ,national        
,assembly & ! *ief ( ! executive p[] x  
elect$1 ,?i]s4 ,out ( ?is situation     
arose ! conflict :i* l$ to ! ,p>is      
insurrection4  ,x is cle> h[ diff]5t f  
?is 0 ! "* ( ! c\p d'etat c>ri$ out by !
 ,bol%eviks1 :i* drew its /r5g? f !     
ye>n+ = peace2 :i* _h ! peasantry beh9d 
x2 :i* _h 9 ! ,national ,assembly aga9/ 

x1 n mon>*i/s1 b ,s4,r4s & ,m5%evik     
,social-,democrats4  ,! ,bol%eviks came 
to p[] by means ( a well-prep>$ c\p     
d'etat2 :i* at "o bl[ h&$ ov] to !m !   
:ole ma*9]y ( ! ,/ate--imm$iately       
utiliz$ 9 ! mo/ en]getic & m]ciless     
mann] = ! purpose ( suppress+ _!        
oppon5ts1 among/ !m _! prolet>ian       
oppon5ts4  ,no "o1 on ! o!r h&1 0 m     
surpris$ by ! insurrection ( ! ,commune 
?an ! revolution>ies !mselves1 & = a    
consid]able numb] among/ !m ! conflict 0
 9 ! highe/ degree undesirable4 7,page  
#ef47  ,9 ord] m cle>ly to realize !    
actual s5se ( :at ,kautsky has writt5 "h
 ( ! ,commun>ds1 let u br+ =w>d ! foll[+
 evid5ce4  ,on ,m>* #a1 #ahga1 writes   
,lavrov1 9 8 v in/ructive book on !     
,commune1 six mon?s aft] ! fall ( !     
,empire1 & a few days be=e ! explosion (
 ! ,commune1 ! guid+ p]sonalities 9 !   
,p>is ,int]national /ill _h no def9ite  
political programme4 7,pages #fd-fe47   
,aft] ,m>* #ah1 writes ! same au?or1    
,p>is 0 9 ! h&s ( ! prolet>iat1 b its   

lead]s1 ov]:elm$ by _! unexpect$ p[]1   
did n take ! mo/ elem5t>y measures4     
7,page #ga47  ',y\r "p is too big = y to
 play1 & y\r sole aim is to get rid (   
responsibility1' said "o memb] ( !      
,c5tral ,committee ( ! ,national ,gu>d4 
,9 ?is 0 a great deal ( tru?1 writes !  
,commun>d & hi/orian ( ! ,commune1      
,lissag>ay4 ,b at ! mom5t ( action      
itself ! abs5ce ( prelim9>y organization
 & prep>ation is v (t5 a reason :y p>ts 
are assign$ to m5 :i* are too big = !m  
to play4 7,brussels1 #ahgf2 page #ajf47 
,f ?is "o c already see 7lat] on x w    
become /ill m obvi\s7 t ! abs5ce ( a    
direct /ruggle = p[] on ! "p ( ! ,p>is  
,sociali/s 0 expla9$ by _! !oretical    
%apelessness & political helplessness1 &
 n at all by high] consid]ations (      
tactics4  ,we h no d\bt t ,kautsky's own
 loyalty to ! traditions ( ! ,commune w 
be express$ ma9ly 9 t extraord9>y       
surprise ) :i* he w greet ! prolet>ian  
revolution 9 ,g]many z a conflict 9 !   
highe/ degree undesirable4 ,we d\bt1    

h[ev]1 :e!r ?is w be ascrib$ by po/]ity 
to 8 cr$it4 ,9 reality1 "o mu/ describe 
8 hi/orical analogy z a comb9ation (    
confusion1 omission1 & fraudul5t        
sugge/ion4  ,! int5tions :i* 7 ent]ta9$ 
by ,?i]s t[>ds ,p>is 7 ent]ta9$ by      
,miliukov1 :o 0 op5ly support$ by       
,ts]etelli & ,*]nov1 t[>ds ,petrograd4  
,all ( !m1 f ,kornilov to ,potressov1   
affirm$ day aft] day t ,petrograd _h    
ali5at$ itself f ! c\ntry1 _h no?+ 9    
common ) x1 0 completely corrupt$1 & 0  
attempt+ to impose its w ^u ! community4
 ,to ov]?r[ & humiliate ,petrograd 0 !  
fir/ task ( ,miliukov & 8 assi/ants4 ,& 
?is took place at a p]iod :5 ,petrograd 
0 ! true c5tre ( ! revolution1 :i* _h n 
yet be5 able to consolidate its position
 9 ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! =m] presid5t ( !
 ,duma1 ,rodzianko1 op5ly talk$ ab\t h&+
 ov] ,petrograd to ! ,g]mans = educative
 purposes1 z ,riga _h be5 h&$ ov]4      
,rodzianko only call$ by its "n :at     
,miliukov 0 try+ to c>ry out1 & :at     
,k]5sky assi/$ by 8 :ole policy4        

,miliukov1 l ,?i]s1 wi%$ to dis>m !     
prolet>iat4 ,m ?an t1 ?anks to ,k]5sky1 
,*]nov1 & ,ts]etelli1 ! ,petrograd      
prolet>iat 0 to a consid]able ext5t     
dis>m$ 9 ,july1 #aiag4 ,x 0 p>tially    
re-arm$ dur+ ,kornilov's m>* on         
,petrograd 9 ,augu/4 ,& ?is new arm+ 0 a
 s]i\s elem5t 9 ! prep>ation ( !        
,novemb] insurrection4 ,9 ?is way1 x is 
j ! po9ts 9 :i* ,kautsky contra/s our   
,novemb] revolution to ! ,m>* revolt ( !
 ,p>is work]s t1 to a v l>ge ext5t1     
co9cide4  ,9 :at1 h[ev]1 lies ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 !m8 ,fir/ ( all1 9 ! fact t     
,?i]s' crim9al plans succe$$3 ,p>is 0   
?rottl$ by him1 & t5s ( ?\s&s ( work]s 7
 de/roy$4 ,miliukov1 on ! o!r h&1 _h a  
complete fiasco3 ,petrograd rema9$ an   
impregnable =tress ( ! prolet>iat1 & !  
lead] ( ! b\rgeoisie w5t to ! ,ukra9e to
 petition t ! ,kais]'s troops %\ld      
occupy ,russia4 ,= ?is diff]5ce we 7 to 
a consid]able ext5t responsible--& we   
are ready to be> ! responsibility4 ,!re 
is a capital diff]5ce also 9 ! fact--t  

?is told m ?an once 9 ! fur!r c\rse (   
ev5ts--t1 :ile ! ,commun>ds began ma9ly 
) consid]ations ( patriotism1 we 7      
inv>iably guid$ by ! po9t ( view ( !    
int]national revolution4 ,! defeat ( !  
,commune l$ to ! practical collapse ( ! 
,fir/ ,int]national4 ,! victory ( !     
,soviet p[] has l$ to ! creation ( !    
,?ird ,int]national4  ,b ,m>x--on ! eve 
( ! insurrection--advis$ ! ,commun>ds n 
to revolt1 b to create an organization6 
,"o might und]/& ,kautsky if he adduc$  
?is evid5ce 9 ord] to %[ t ,m>x _h      
insuffici5tly gaug$ ! acut5ess ( !      
situation 9 ,p>is4 ,b ,kautsky attempts 
to exploit ,m>x's advice z a pro( ( 8   
condemnation ( insurrection 9 g5]al4 ,l 
all ! m&>9s ( ,g]man ,social-,democracy1
 ,kautsky sees 9 organization fir/ &    
=emo/ a me?od ( h9d]+ revolution>y      
action4  ,b limit+ ourselves to ! "q (  
organization z su*1 we mu/ n =get t !   
,novemb] revolution 0 prec$$ by n9e     
mon?s ( ,k]5sky's ,gov]nm5t1 dur+ :i*   
our p>ty1 n )\t success1 devot$ itself n

 only to agitation1 b also to           
organization4 ,! ,novemb] revolution    
took place aft] we _h a*iev$ a cru%+    
majority 9 ! ,work]s' & ,soldi]s'       
,c\ncils ( ,petrograd1 ,mosc[1 & all !  
indu/rial c5tres 9 ! c\ntry1 & _h       
trans=m$ ! ,soviets into p[]ful         
organizations direct$ by our p>ty4 ,!   
,commun>ds did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,f9ally1 we
 _h beh9d u ! h]oic ,commune ( ,p>is1 f 
! defeat ( :i* we _h drawn ! d$uction t 
revolution>ies mu/ =esee ev5ts & prep>e 
= !m4 ,= ?is also we are to blame4      
,kautsky requires 8 ext5sive comp>ison (
 ! ,commune & ,soviet ,russia only 9    
ord] to sl&] & humiliate a liv+ &       
victori\s dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat 9 !
 int]e/s ( an attempt$ dictator%ip1 9 ! 
already fairly di/ant pa/4  ,kautsky    
quotes ) extreme satisfaction ! /atem5t 
( ! ,c5tral ,committee ( ! ,national    
,gu>d on ,m>* #ai 9 connection ) ! murd]
 ( ! two g5]als by ! soldi]y4 ,we say   
indignantly3 ! bloody fil? ) ! help (   
:i* x is hop$ to /a9 our honor is a     

pitiful sl&]4 ,we nev] organiz$ murd]1 &
 nev] did ! ,national ,gu>d take "p 9 ! 
execution ( crime4  ,naturally1 !       
,c5tral ,committee _h no cause to assume
 responsibility = murd]s ) :i* x _h no  
conc]n4 ,b ! s5tim5tal1 pa!tic tone ( ! 
/atem5t v cle>ly *>act]ises ! political 
timor\sness ( ^! m5 9 ! face ( b\rgeois 
public op9ion4 ,nor is ?is surpris+4 ,! 
repres5tatives ( ! ,national ,gu>d 7 m5 
9 mo/ cases ) a v mode/ revolution>y    
pa/4 ,n "o well-kn[n "n1 writes         
,lissag>ay4 ,!y 7 petty b\rgeois        
%op-keep]s1 /rang]s to all b limit$     
circles1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 /rang]s hi!rto 
to politics4 7,page #gj47  ,! mode/ &1  
to "s ext5t1 fe>ful s5se ( t]rible      
hi/orical responsibility1 & ! desire to 
get rid ( x z soon z possible1 writes   
,lavrov ( !m1 is evid5t 9 all !         
proclamations ( ?is ,c5tral ,committee1 
into ! h&s ( :i* ! de/9y ( ,p>is _h     
fall54 7,page #gg47  ,aft] br++ =w>d1 to
 our confusion1 ! declamation conc]n+   
blood%$1 ,kautsky lat] on foll[s ,m>x & 

,engels 9 criticiz+ ! indecision ( !    
,commune4 ,if ! ,p>isians 7i4e41 !      
,commun>ds7 _h p]si/5tly foll[$ up !    
tracts ( ,?i]s1 !y w\ld1 p]haps1 h      
manag$ to seize ! gov]nm5t4 ,! troops   
fall+ back f ,p>is w\ld n h %[n ! lea/  
resi/ance 444 b !y let ,?i]s g )\t      
h9drance4 ,!y all[$ him to lead away 8  
troops & reorganize !m at ,v]sailles1 to
 inspire a new _s 91 & /r5g!n1 !m4      
7,page #di47  ,kautsky _c und]/& t x 0 !
 same m51 & = ! v same reasons1 :o      
publi%$ ! /atem5t ( ,m>* #ai quot$      
above1 :o all[$ ,?i]s to leave ,p>is )  
impunity & ga!r 8 =ces4 ,if ! ,commun>ds
 _h conqu]$ ) ! help ( res\rces ( a     
purely moral "*1 _! /atem5t w\ld h      
acquir$ great weight4 ,b ?is did n take 
place4 ,9 reality1 _! s5tim5tal         
human5ess 0 simply ! obv]se ( _!        
revolution>y passivity4 ,! m5 :o1 by ! w
 ( fate1 _h receiv$ p[] 9 ,p>is1 c\ld n 
und]/& ! necessity ( imm$iately utiliz+ 
t p[] to ! end1 ( hurl+ !mselves aft]   
,?i]s1 &1 be=e he recov]$ 8 grasp ( !   

situation1 ( cru%+ him1 ( conc5trat+ !  
troops 9 _! h&s1 ( c>ry+ out ! necess>y 
we$+-out ( ! (fic] class1 ( seiz+ !     
prov9ces4 ,su* m51 ( c\rse1 7 n incl9$  
to sev]e measures ) c\nt]-revolution>y  
elem5ts4 ,! "o 0 closely b\nd up ) !    
o!r4 ,?i]s c\ld n be foll[$ up )\t      
arre/+ ,?i]s' ag5ts 9 ,p>is & %oot+     
conspirators & spies4 ,:5 "o consid]$ ! 
execution ( c\nt]-revolution>y g5]als z 
an indelible crime1 "o c\ld n develop   
en]gy 9 foll[+ up troops :o 7 "u !      
direction ( c\nt]-revolution>y g5]als4  
,9 ! revolution 9 ! highe/ degree (     
en]gy is ! highe/ degree ( humanity4 ,j 
! m51 ,lavrov ju/ly rem>ks1 :o hold     
human life & human blood de> mu/ /rive  
to organize ! possibility = a swift &   
decisive victory1 & !n to act ) !       
greate/ swiftness & en]gy1 9 ord] to    
cru% ! enemy4 ,= only 9 ?is way c we    
a*ieve ! m9imum ( inevitable sacrifice &
 ! m9imum ( blood%$4 7,page #bbe47  ,!  
/atem5t ( ,m>* #ai w1 h[ev]1 be consid]$
 ) m ju/ice if we exam9e x1 n z an      

unconditional confession ( fai?1 b z !  
expression ( transi5t moods ! day aft]  
an unexpect$ & bloodless victory4 ,be+  
an absolute /rang] to ! und]/&+ ( !     
dynamics ( revolution1 & ! int]nal      
limitations ( its swiftly-develop+      
moods1 ,kautsky ?9ks 9 lifeless s*emes1 
& di/orts ! p]spective ( ev5ts by       
arbitr>ily select$ analogies4 ,he does n
 und]/& t s(t-he>t$ indecision is       
g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ! masses 9 ! fir/  
p]iod ( ! revolution4 ,! work]s pursue !
 (f5sive only "u ! pressure ( iron      
necessity1 j z !y h rec\rse to ! ,r$    
,t]ror only "u ! ?reat ( de/ruction by !
 ,:ite ,gu>ds4 ,t :i* ,kautsky repres5ts
 z ! result ( ! peculi>ly elevat$ moral 
feel+ ( ! ,p>isian prolet>iat 9 #ahga   
is1 9 reality1 m]ely a *>act]i/ic ( !   
fir/ /age ( ! civil w>4 ,a simil>       
ph5om5on c\ld h be5 witness$ 9 our case4
  ,9 ,petrograd we conqu]$ p[] 9        
,novemb]1 #aiag1 almo/ )\t blood%$1 &   
ev5 )\t arre/s4 ,! m9i/]s ( ,k]5sky's   
,gov]nm5t 7 set free v soon aft] !      

revolution4 ,m1 ! ,cossack ,g5]al1      
,krasnov1 :o _h advanc$ on ,petrograd   
toge!r ) ,k]5sky aft] ! p[] _h pass$ to 
! ,soviet1 & :o _h be5 made prison] by u
 at ,gat*9a1 0 set free on 8 ^w ( honor 
! next day4 ,?is 0 g5]osity q 9 ! _s ( !
 fir/ measures ( ! ,commune4 ,b x 0 a   
mi/ake4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,g5]al ,krasnov1 aft]
 fight+ aga9/ u = ab\t a ye> 9 ! ,s\?1 &
 de/roy+ _m ?\s&s ( ,communi/s1 aga9    
advanc$ on ,petrograd1 ?is "t 9 ! ranks 
( ,yud5i*'s army4 ,! prolet>ian         
revolution assum$ a m sev]e "* only aft]
 ! ris+ ( ! junk]s 9 ,petrograd1 &      
p>ticul>ly aft] ! ris+ ( !              
,cze*o-,slovaks on ! ,volga organiz$ by 
! ,cadets1 ! ,s4,r4s1 & ! ,m5%eviks1    
aft] _! mass executions ( ,communi/s1 ! 
attempt on ,l59's life1 ! murd] (       
,uritsky1 etc41 etc4  ,! same t5d5cies1 
only 9 an embryonic =m1 we see 9 !      
hi/ory ( ! ,commune4  ,driv5 by ! logic 
( ! /ruggle1 x took its /& 9 pr9ciple on
 ! pa? ( intimidation4 ,! creation ( !  
,committee ( ,public ,safety 0 dictat$1 

9 ! case ( _m ( its support]s1 by ! idea
 ( ! ,r$ ,t]ror4 ,! ,committee 0 appo9t$
 to cut (f ! heads ( traitors 7,j\rnal  
,(ficiel ,no4 #abc71 to av5ge trea*]y   
7,no4 #abd74 ,"u ! head ( intimidatory  
decrees we mu/ class ! ord] to seize !  
prop]ty ( ,?i]s & ( 8 m9i/]s1 to de/roy 
,?i]s' h\se1 to de/roy ! ,v5dome column1
 & especially ! decree on ho/ages4 ,= e 
captur$ ,commun>d or sympa?iz] ) !      
,commune %ot by ! ,v]saillese1 ?ree     
ho/ages 7 to be %ot4 ,! activity ( !    
,prefecture ( ,p>is controll$ by ,ra\l  
,rigault _h a purely t]rori/ic1 ?\gh n  
always a useful1 purpose4  ,! effect (  
all ^! measures ( intimidation 0 p>alyz$
 by ! helpless opportunism ( ! guid+    
elem5ts 9 ! ,commune1 by _! /riv+ to    
reconcile ! b\rgeoisie ) ! fait accompli
 by ! help ( pitiful phrases1 by _!     
vacillations betwe5 ! fiction (         
democracy & ! reality ( dictator%ip4 ,! 
late ,lavrov expresses ! latt] idea     
spl5didly 9 8 book on ! ,commune4  ,!   
,p>is ( ! ri* b\rgeois & ! poor         

prolet>ians1 z a political community (  
diff]5t classes1 dem&$1 9 ! "n ( lib]al 
pr9ciples1 complete fre$om ( spee*1 (   
assembly1 ( criticism ( ! gov]nm5t1 etc4
 ,! ,p>is :i* _h accompli%$ ! revolution
 9 ! int]e/s ( ! prolet>iat1 & _h be=e x
 ! task ( realiz+ ?is revolution 9 !    
%ape ( in/itutions1 ,p>is1 z ! community
 ( ! emancipat$ work+-class prolet>iat1 
dem&$ revolution>y--i4e41 dictatorial1  
measures aga9/ ! enemies ( ! new ord]4  
7,pages #adc-add47  ,if ! ,p>is ,commune
 _h n fall51 b _h cont9u$ to exi/ 9 !   
mid/ ( a ceaseless /ruggle1 !re c be no 
d\bt t x w\ld h be5 oblig$ to h rec\rse 
to m & m sev]e measures = ! suppression 
( ! c\nt]-revolution4 ,true1 ,kautsky   
w\ld n !n h _h ! possibility ( contra/+ 
! humane ,commun>ds ) ! inhumane        
,bol%eviks4 ,b 9 return1 probably1      
,?i]s1 w\ld n h _h ! possibility (      
inflict+ 8 mon/r\s bloodlett+ ^u !      
prolet>iat ( ,p>is4 ,hi/ory1 possibly1  
w\ld n h be5 ! los]4   ,,!              
,,irresponsible ,,c5tral ,,committee ,,&

 ,,! ,,democratic ,,commune  ,on ,m>*   
#ai1 ,kautsky in=ms u1 9 ! ,c5tral      
,committee ( ! ,national ,gu>d1 "s dem&$
 a m>* on ,v]sailles1 o!rs an appeal to 
! electors1 & a ?ird p>ty ! adoption    
fir/ ( all ( revolution>y measures2 z if
 e "o ( ^! /eps1 he proce$s v le>n$ly to
 in=m u1 7 n equally necess>y1 & z if "o
 exclud$ ! o!r4 7,page #gb47 ,fur!r on1 
,kautsky1 9 connection ) ^! disputes 9 !
 ,commune1 pres5ts u ) v>i\s w>m$-up    
platitudes z to ! mutual relations (    
re=m & revolution4 ,9 reality1 ! foll[+ 
0 ! situation4 ,if x 7 decid$ to m>* on 
,v]sailles1 & to d ?is )\t los+ an h\r x
 0 necess>y imm$iately to reorganize !  
,national ,gu>d1 to place at its head ! 
be/ fight+ elem5ts ( ! ,p>is prolet>iat1
 & !reby tempor>ily to weak5 ,p>is f !  
revolution>y po9t ( view4 ,b to organize
 elections 9 ,p>is1 :ile at ! same "t   
s5d+ out ( its walls ! fl[] ( ! work+   
class1 w\ld h be5 s5seless f ! po9t (   
view ( ! revolution>y p>ty4             
,!oretically1 a m>* on ,v]sailles &     

elections to ! ,commune1 ( c\rse1 did n 
exclude ea* o!r 9 ! slighte/ degree1 b 9
 practice !y did exclude ea* o!r3 = !   
success ( ! elections1 x 0 necess>y to  
po/pone ! attack2 = ! attack to succe$1 
! elections mu/ be put (f4 ,f9ally1     
lead+ ! prolet>iat out to ! field &     
!reby tempor>ily weak5+ ,p>is1 x 0      
ess5tial to obta9 "s gu>antee aga9/ !   
possibility ( c\nt]-revolution>y        
attempts 9 ! capital2 = ,?i]s w\ld n h  
hesitat$ at any measures to raise a :ite
 revolt 9 ! re> ( ! ,commun>ds4 ,x 0    
ess5tial to e/abli% a m milit>y--i4e41 a
 m /r+5t regime 9 ! capital4 ,!y _h to  
fight1 writes ,lavrov1 aga9/ _m int]nal 
foes ) :om ,p>is 0 full1 :o only ye/]day
 _h be5 riot+ ar\nd ! ,ex*ange & !      
,v5dome ,squ>e1 :o _h _! repres5tatives 
9 ! adm9i/ration & 9 ! ,national ,gu>d1 
:o possess$ _! press1 & _! meet+s1 :o   
almo/ op5ly ma9ta9$ contact ) !         
,v]saillese1 & :o became m det]m9$ & m  
audaci\s at e piece ( c>elessness1 at e 
*eck ( ! ,commune4 7,page #hg47  ,x 0   

necess>y1 side by side ) ?is1 to c>ry   
out revolution>y measures ( a f9ancial &
 g5]ally ( an economic "*3 fir/ & =emo/1
 = ! equipm5t ( ! revolution>y army4    
,all ^! mo/ necess>y measures (         
revolution>y dictator%ip c\ld )         
difficulty be reconcil$ ) an ext5sive   
electoral campaign4 ,b ,kautsky has n ! 
lea/ idea ( :at a revolution is 9       
practice4 ,he ?9ks t !oretically to     
reconcile is ! same z practically to    
accompli%4  ,! ,c5tral ,committee       
appo9t$ ,m>* #bb z ! day ( elections = !
 ,commune2 b1 n sure ( itself1 fright5$ 
at its own illegality1 /riv+ to act 9   
unison ) m legal in/itutions1 ent]$ into
 ridicul\s & endless negotiations ) a q 
helpless assembly ( mayors & deputies ( 
,p>is1 %[+ its read9ess to divide p[] ) 
!m if only an agreem5t c\ld be arriv$   
at4 ,mean:ile preci\s "t 0 slipp+ by4   
,m>x1 on :om ,kautsky1 ?r\gh old habit1 
tries to rely1 did n "u any circum/ances
 propose t1 at "o & ! same "t1 !        
,commune %\ld be elect$ & ! work]s %\ld 

be l$ out into ! field = ! w>4 ,9 8     
lett] to ,kugelmann1 ,m>x wrote1 on     
,april #ab1 #ahga1 t ! ,c5tral          
,committee ( ! ,national ,gu>d _h too   
soon giv5 up its p[] 9 favor ( !        
,commune4 ,kautsky1 9 8 own words1 does 
n und]/& ?is op9ion ( ,m>x4 ,x is q     
simple4 ,m>x at any rate und]/ood t !   
problem 0 n "o ( *as+ legality1 b (     
inflict+ a fatal bl[ ^u ! enemy4 ,if !  
,c5tral ,committee _h consi/$ ( real    
revolution>ies1 says ,lavrov1 & rightly1
 x ought to h act$ diff]5tly4 ,x w\ld h 
be5 q un=givable = x to h giv5 ! enemy  
t5 days' respite be=e ! election &      
assembly ( ! ,commune1 :ile ! lead]s ( !
 prolet>iat refus$ to c>ry out _! duty &
 did n recognize t !y _h ! "r imm$iately
 to lead ! prolet>iat4 ,z x 01 ! feeble 
immaturity ( ! popul> p>ties creat$ a   
,committee :i* consid]$ ^? t5 days (    
inaction incumb5t ^u x4 7,page #gh47  ,!
 ye>n+ ( ! ,c5tral ,committee to h& ov] 
p[] z soon z possible to a legal        
,gov]nm5t 0 dictat$1 n s mu* by !       

sup]/itions ( =m] democracy1 ( :i*1 by !
 way1 !re 0 no lack1 z by fe> (         
responsibility4 ,"u ! plea t x 0 a      
tempor>y in/itution1 ! ,c5tral          
,committee avoid$ ! tak+ ( ! mo/        
necess>y & absolutely press+ measures1 9
 spite ( ! fact t all ! mat]ial app>atus
 ( p[] 0 c5tr$ 9 its h&s4 ,b ! ,commune 
itself did n take ov] political p[] 9   
full f ! ,c5tral ,committee1 & ! latt]  
cont9u$ to int]f]e 9 all bus9ess q      
unc]emoni\sly4 ,?is creat$ a dual       
,gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 extremely dang]\s1     
p>ticul>ly "u milit>y conditions4  ,on  
,may #c ! ,c5tral ,committee s5t        
deputies to ! ,commune dem&+ t ! ,m9i/ry
 = ,w> %\ld be plac$ "u its control4    
,aga9 !re arose1 z ,lissag>ay writes1 ! 
"q z to :e!r ! ,c5tral ,committee %\ld  
be dissolv$1 or arre/$1 or entru/$ ) !  
adm9i/ration ( ! ,m9i/ry = ,w>4  ,"h 0 a
 "q1 n ( ! pr9ciples ( democracy1 b ( ! 
abs5ce1 9 ! case ( bo? p>ties1 ( a cle> 
programme ( action1 & ( ! read9ess1 bo? 
( ! irresponsible revolution>y          

organizations 9 ! %ape ( ! ,c5tral      
,committee & ( ! democratic organization
 ( ! ,commune1 to %ift ! responsibility 
on to ! o!r's %\ld]s1 :ile at ! same "t 
n entirely r5\nc+ p[]4  ,^! 7 political 
relations :i* x might seem no "o c\ld   
call wor?y ( imitation4  ,b ! ,c5tral   
,committee1 ,kautsky consoles himself1  
nev] attempt$ to infr+e ! pr9ciple 9    
virtue ( :i* ! supreme p[] mu/ belong to
 ! delegates elect$ by univ]sal         
suffrage4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,p>is        
,commune 0 ! direct anti!sis ( ! ,soviet
 ,republic4 7,page #gd47 ,!re 0 no unity
 ( gov]nm5t1 !re 0 no revolution>y      
decision1 !re exi/$ a division ( p[]1 &1
 z a result1 !re came swift & t]rible   
de/ruction4 ,b to c\nt]-balance ?is--is 
x n com=t+8--!re 0 no infr+em5t ( !     
pr9ciple ( democracy4   ,,! ,,democratic
 ,,commune ,,& ,,! ,,revolution>y       
,,dictator%ip  ,comrade ,l59 has already
 po9t$ out to ,kautsky t attempts to    
depict ! ,commune z ! expression ( =mal 
democracy con/itute a piece ( absolute  

!oretical sw9dl+4 ,! ,commune1 9 its    
tradition & 9 ! conception ( its lead+  
political p>ty--! ,blanqui/s--0 !       
expression ( ! dictator%ip ( !          
revolution>y city ov] ! c\ntry4 ,s x 0 9
 ! great ,fr5* ,revolution2 s x w\ld h  
be5 9 ! revolution ( #ahga if ! ,commune
 _h n fall5 9 ! fir/ days4 ,! fact t 9  
,p>is itself a ,gov]nm5t 0 elect$ on !  
basis ( univ]sal suffrage does n exclude
 a mu* m significant fact--namely1 t ( !
 milit>y op]ations c>ri$ on by !        
,commune1 "o city1 aga9/ peasant        
,france1 t is ! :ole c\ntry4 ,to satisfy
 ! great democrat1 ,kautsky1 !          
revolution>ies ( ! ,commune ought1 z a  
prelim9>y1 to h consult$1 by means (    
univ]sal suffrage1 ! :ole population (  
,france z to :e!r x p]mitt$ !m to c>ry  
on a w> ) ,?i]s' b&s4  ,f9ally1 9 ,p>is 
itself ! elections took place aft] !    
b\rgeoisie1 or at lea/ its mo/ active   
elem5ts1 _h fl$1 & aft] ,?i]s' troops _h
 be5 evacuat$4 ,! b\rgeoisie t rema9$ 9 
,p>is1 9 spite ( all its impud5ce1 0    

/ill afraid ( ! revolution>y battalions1
 & ! elections took place "u ! auspices 
( t fe>1 :i* 0 ! =]unn] ( :at 9 ! future
 w\ld h be5 inevitable--namely1 ( ! ,r$ 
,t]ror4 ,b to console oneself ) ! ?\ght 
t ! ,c5tral ,committee ( ! ,national    
,gu>d1 "u ! dictator%ip (               
:i*--un=tunately a v feeble & =mali/    
dictator%ip--! elections to ! ,commune 7
 held1 did n infr+e ! pr9ciple (        
univ]sal suffrage1 is truly to bru% ) ! 
%ad[ ( a broom4  ,amus+ himself by b>r5 
analogies1 ,kautsky b5efits by !        
circum/ance t 8 read] is n acqua9t$ ) ! 
facts4 ,9 ,petrograd1 9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1
 we also elect$ a ,commune 7,t[n        
,c\ncil7 on ! basis ( ! mo/ democratic  
vot+1 )\t limitations = ! b\rgeoisie4   
,^! elections1 be+ boycott$ by !        
b\rgeoisie p>ties1 gave u a cru%+       
majority4 ,! democratically elect$      
,c\ncil volunt>ily submitt$ to !        
,petrograd ,soviet--i4e41 plac$ ! fact (
 ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat high] ?an 
! pr9ciple ( univ]sal suffrage1 &1 aft] 

a %ort "t1 dissolv$ itself altoge!r by  
its own act1 9 favor ( "o ( ! sections (
 ! ,petrograd ,soviet4 ,?us ! ,petrograd
 ,soviet--t true fa!r ( ! ,soviet       
regime--has ^u itself ! seal ( a =mal   
democratic b5$iction 9 no way less ?an !
 ,p>is ,commune4#f            #f ,x is n
 )\t int]e/ to obs]ve t 9 !             
,communal elections ( #ahga 9 ,p>is !re 
p>ticipat$           #bcj1jjj electors4 
,at ! ,t[n elections ( ,novemb]1 #aiag1 
9 ,petrograd1 9 spite ( ! boycott ( !   
election on !           "p ( all p>ties 
except ourselves & ! ,left ,social      
,revolution>ies1 :o _h no influ5ce 9 !  
capital1 !re           p>ticipat$       
#cij1jjj electors4 ,9 ,p>is1 9 #ahga1 ! 
population numb]$ two millions4 ,9      
,petrograd1 9 ,novemb]1           #aiag1
 !re 7 n m ?an two millions4 ,x mu/ be  
notic$ t our electoral sy/em 0 inf9itely
 m           democratic4 ,! ,c5tral     
,committee ( ! ,national ,gu>d          
c>ri$ out ! elections on ! basis ( !    
electoral law           ( ! empire4  ,at

 ! elections ( ,m>* #bf1 eighty memb]s 7
 elect$ to ! ,commune4 ,( ^!1 fifte5 7  
memb]s ( ! gov]nm5t p>ty 7,?i]s71 & six 
7 b\rgeois radicals :o 7 9 opposition to
 ! ,gov]nm5t1 b condemn$ ! ris+ 7( !    
,p>is work]s74  ,! ,soviet ,republic1   
,kautsky tea*es u1 w\ld nev] h all[$ su*
 c\nt]-revolution>y elem5ts to /& z     
c&idates1 let alone be elect$4 ,!       
,commune1 on ! o!r h&1 out ( respect =  
democracy1 did n place ! lea/ ob/acle 9 
! way ( ! election ( its b\rgeois       
oppon5ts4 7,page #gd47  ,we h already   
se5 above t "h ,kautsky completely      
misses ! m>k4 ,fir/ ( all1 at a simil>  
/age ( developm5t ( ! ,russian          
,revolution1 !re did n take place       
democratic elections to ! ,petrograd    
,commune1 9 :i* ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t     
plac$ no ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! b\rgeois   
p>ties2 & if ! ,cadets1 ! ,s4,r4s & !   
,m5%eviks1 :o _h _! press :i* 0 op5ly   
call+ = ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 
boycott$ ! elections1 x 0 only because  
at t "t !y /ill hop$ soon to make an end

 ( u ) ! help ( arm$ =ce4 ,secondly1 no 
democracy express+ all classes 0        
actually to be f\nd 9 ! ,p>is ,commune4 
,! b\rgeois deputies--,cons]vatives1    
,lib]als1 ,gambetti/s--f\nd no place 9  
x4  ,ne>ly all ^! individuals1 says     
,lavrov1 ei!r imm$iately or v soon1 left
 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,commune4 ,!y might h be5
 repres5tatives ( ,p>is z a free city "u
 ! rule ( ! b\rgeoisie1 b 7 q out (     
place 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,commune1 :i*1    
willy-nilly1 consi/5tly or inconsi/5tly1
 completely or incompletely1 did        
repres5t ! revolution ( ! prolet>iat1 & 
an attempt1 feeble ?\gh x might be1 (   
build+ up =ms ( society correspond+ to t
 revolution4 7,pages #aaa-aab47 ,if !   
,petrograd b\rgeoisie _h n boycott$ !   
municipal elections1 its repres5tatives 
w\ld h ent]$ ! ,petrograd ,c\ncil4 ,!y  
w\ld h rema9$ !re up to ! fir/ ,social  
,revolution>y & ,cadet ris+1 aft] :i*--)
 ! p]mission or )\t ! p]mission (       
,kautsky--!y w\ld probably h be5 arre/$ 
if !y did n leave ! ,c\ncil 9 good "t1 z

 at a c]ta9 mom5t did ! b\rgeois memb]s 
( ! ,p>is ,commune4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts    
w\ld h rema9$ ! same3 only on _! surface
 w\ld c]ta9 episodes h work$ out        
diff]5tly4  ,9 support+ ! democracy ( ! 
,commune1 & at ! same "t accus+ x ( an  
insuffici5tly decisive note 9 its       
attitude to ,v]sailles1 ,kautsky does n 
und]/& t ! ,communal elections1 c>ri$   
out ) ! ambigu\s help ( ! lawful mayors 
& deputies1 reflect$ ! hope ( a peaceful
 agreem5t ) ,v]sailles4 ,?is is ! :ole  
po9t4 ,! lead]s 7 anxi\s = a compromise1
 n = a /ruggle4 ,! masses _h n yet      
outliv$ _! illusions4 ,undes]v$         
revolution>y reputations _h n yet _h "t 
to be expos$4 ,ev]y?+ tak5 toge!r 0     
call$ democracy4  ,we mu/ rise above our
 enemies by moral =ce4444 prea*$        
,v]morel4 ,we mu/ n infr+e lib]ty &     
individual life4444 ,/riv+ to avoid     
fratricidal w>1 ,v]morel call$ ^u !     
lib]al b\rgeoisie1 :om hi!rto he _h s   
m]cilessly expos$1 to set up a lawful   
,gov]nm5t1 recogniz$ & respect$ by !    

:ole population ( ,p>is4 ,! ,j\rnal     
,(ficiel1 publi%$ "u ! editor%ip ( !    
,int]nationali/ ,longuet1 wrote3 ,! sad 
misund]/&+1 :i* 9 ! ,june days 7#ahdh7  
arm$ two classes ( society aga9/ ea*    
o!r1 _c be r5ew$4444 ,class antagonism  
has ceas$ to exi/4444 7,m>* #cj47 ,&1   
fur!r3 ,n[ all conflicts w be appeas$1  
because all are inspir$ ) a feel+ (     
solid>ity1 because nev] yet 0 !re s     
little social hatr$ & social antagonism4
 7,april #c47  ,at ! session ( !        
,commune ( ,april #be1 ,j\rde1 & n )\t  
f\ndation1 congratulat$ himself on !    
fact t ! ,commune _h nev] yet infr+$ !  
pr9ciple ( private prop]ty4 ,by ?is     
means !y hop$ to w9 ov] b\rgeois public 
op9ion & f9d ! pa? to compromise4  ,su* 
a doctr9e1 says ,lavrov1 & rightly1 did 
n 9 ! lea/ dis>m ! enemies ( !          
prolet>iat1 :o und]/ood excell5tly ) :at
 its success ?reat5$ !m1 & only sapp$ ! 
prolet>ian en]gy &1 z x 71 delib]ately  
bl9d$ x 9 ! face ( its irreconcilable   
enemies4 7,page #acg47 ,b ?is enfeebl+  

doctr9e 0 inextricably b\nd up ) !      
fiction ( democracy4 ,! =m ( mock       
legality x 0 t all[$ !m to ?9k t !      
problem w\ld be solv$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,z 
f> z ! mass ( ! population is conc]n$1  
writes ,ar?ur ,arn\ld1 a memb] ( !      
,commune1 x 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t ju/ifi$ 9
 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce (1 at ! v lea/1 a 
hidd5 agreem5t ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,unable to
 attract ! b\rgeoisie1 ! compromis]s1 z 
always1 deceiv$ ! prolet>iat4  ,! cle>e/
 evid5ce ( all t1 9 ! conditions ( !    
inevitable & already beg9n+ civil w>1   
democratic p>liam5t>ism express$ only ! 
compromis+ helplessness ( ! lead+ gr\ps1
 0 ! s5seless proc$ure ( ! supplem5t>y  
elections to ! ,commune ( ,april #f4 ,at
 ?is mom5t1 x 0 no long] a "q ( vot+1   
writes ,ar?ur ,arn\ld4 ,! situation _h  
become s tragic t !re 0 n ei!r ! "t or !
 calmness necess>y = ! correct function+
 ( ! elections4444 ,all p]sons devot$ to
 ! ,commune 7 on ! =tifications1 9 !    
=ts1 9 ! =emo/ deta*m5ts4444 ,! p       
attribut$ no importance :atev] to ^!    

supplem5t>y elections4 ,! elections 7 9 
reality m]ely p>liam5t>ism4 ,:at 0      
requir$ 0 n to c\nt vot]s1 b to h       
soldi]s3 n to discov] :e!r we _h lo/ or 
ga9$ 9 ! ,commune ( ,p>is1 b to def5d   
,p>is f ! ,v]saillese4 ,f ^! words      
,kautsky might h obs]v$ :y 9 practice x 
is n s simple to comb9e class w> )      
int]class democracy4  ,! ,commune is n a
 ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 wrote 9 8 book1  
,milli]e1 "o ( ! be/ bra9s ( ! ,commune4
 ,x is a milit>y ,c\ncil4 ,x mu/ h "o   
aim1 victory2 "o weapon1 =ce2 "o law1 ! 
law ( social salvation4  ,!y c\ld nev]  
und]/&1 ,lissag>ay accuses ! lead]s1 t !
 ,commune 0 a b>ricade1 & n an          
adm9i/ration4  ,!y began to und]/& x 9 !
 end1 :5 x 0 too late4 ,kautsky has n   
und]/ood x to ?is day4 ,!re is no reason
 to believe t he w ev] und]/& x4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,! ,commune 0 ! liv+ negation ( =mal    
democracy1 = 9 its developm5t x signifi$
 ! dictator%ip ( work+ class ,p>is ov] !
 peasant c\ntry4 ,x is ?is fact t       

dom9ates all ! re/4 ,h[ev] mu* !        
political doctr9aires1 9 ! mid/ ( !     
,commune itself1 clung to ! appe>ances (
 democratic legality1 e action ( !      
,commune1 ?\gh insuffici5t = victory1 0 
suffici5t to reveal its illegal nature4 
,! ,commune--t is to say1 ! ,p>is ,city 
,c\ncil--repeal$ ! national law conc]n+ 
conscription4 ,x call$ its (ficial organ
 ,! ,(ficial ,j\rnal ( ! ,fr5*          
,republic4 ,?\gh cauti\sly1 x /ill laid 
h&s on ! ,/ate ,bank4 ,x proclaim$ !    
sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & aboli%$ !  
,*ur* ,budgets4 ,x ent]$ into relations 
) v>i\s embassies4 ,& s on1 & s on4 ,x  
did all ?is 9 virtue ( ! revolution>y   
dictator%ip4 ,b ,clem5ceau1 "y democrat 
z he 0 !n1 w\ld n recognize t virtue4   
,at a conf]5ce ) ! ,c5tral ,committee1  
,clem5ceau said3 ,! ris+ _h an unlawful 
beg9n+4444 ,soon ! ,committee w become  
ridicul\s1 & its decrees w be despis$4  
,besides1 ,p>is has n ! "r to rise aga9/
 ,france1 & mu/ unconditionally accept !
 au?ority ( ! ,assembly4  ,! problem ( !

 ,commune 0 to dissolve ! ,national     
,assembly4 ,un=tunately x did n succe$ 9
 do+ s4 ,to-day ,kautsky seeks to       
discov] = its crim9al int5tions "s      
mitigat+ circum/ances4  ,he po9ts out t 
! ,commun>ds _h z _! oppon5ts 9 !       
,national ,assembly ! mon>*i/s1 :ile we 
9 ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly _h aga9/ u 444 
,sociali/s1 9 ! p]sons ( ! ,s4,r4s1 & ! 
,m5%eviks4 ,a complete m5tal eclipse6   
,kautsky talks ab\t ! ,m5%eviks & !     
,s4,r4s1 b =gets our sole s]i\s foe--!  
,cadets4 ,x 0 !y :o repres5t$ our       
,russian ,?i]s p>ty--i4e41 a bloc (     
prop]ty own]s 9 ! "n ( prop]ty3 &       
,pr(essor ,miliukov did 8 utmo/ to      
imitate ! little great man4 ,v soon     
inde$--long be=e ! ,octob]              
,revolution--,miliukov began to seek 8  
,gallifet 9 ! g5]als ,kornilov1         
,alexeiev1 !n ,kal$91 ,krasnov1 9 turn4 
,& aft] ,kol*ak _h ?r[n aside all       
political p>ties1 & _h dissolv$ !       
,con/itu5t ,assembly1 ! ,cadet ,p>ty1 ! 
sole s]i\s b\rgeois p>ty1 9 its ess5ce  

mon>*i/ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 n only did n     
refuse to support him1 b on ! contr>y   
devot$ m sympa?y to him ?an be=e4  ,!   
,m5%eviks & ! ,s4,r4s play$ no indep5d5t
 role among/ u--j l ,kautsky's p>ty dur+
 ! revolution>y ev5ts 9 ,g]many4 ,!y    
bas$ _! :ole policy ^u a coalition ) !  
,cadets1 & !reby put ! ,cadets 9 a      
position to dictate q irrespective ( !  
balance ( political =ces4 ,!            
,sociali/-,revolution>y & ,m5%evik      
,p>ties 7 only an int]m$i>y app>atus = !
 purpose ( collect+1 at meet+s &        
elections1 ! political confid5ce ( !    
masses awak5$ by ! revolution1 & = h&+ x
 ov] = disposal by ! c\nt]-revolution>y 
imp]iali/ p>ty ( ! ,cadets--indep5d5tly 
( ! issue ( ! elections4  ,! purely     
vassal-l dep5d5ce ( ! ,s4,r4s & ,m5%evik
 majority on ! ,cadet m9ority itself    
repres5t$ a v ?9ly-veil$ insult to !    
idea ( democracy4 ,b ?is is n all4  ,9  
all di/ricts ( ! c\ntry :]e ! regime (  
democracy liv$ too long1 x inevitably   
end$ 9 an op5 c\p d'etat ( !            

c\nt]-revolution4 ,s x 0 9 ! ,ukra9e1   
:]e ! democratic ,rada1 hav+ sold !     
,soviet ,gov]nm5t to ,g]man imp]ialism1 
f\nd itself ov]?r[n by ! mon>*i/        
,skoropadsky4 ,s x 0 9 ! ,kuban1 :]e !  
democratic ,rada f\nd itself "u ! heel (
 ,d5ik94 ,s x 0--& ?is 0 ! mo/ important
 exp]im5t ( our democracy--9 ,sib]ia1   
:]e ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 ) ! =mal    
supremacy ( ! ,s4,r4s & ! ,m5%eviks1 9 !
 abs5ce ( ! ,bol%eviks1 & ! de facto    
guidance ( ! ,cadets1 l$ 9 ! end to !   
dictator%ip ( ! ,ts>i/ ,admiral ,kol*ak4
 ,s x 01 f9ally1 9 ! nor?1 :]e !        
,con/itu5t ,assembly gov]nm5t ( !       
,sociali/-,revolution>y ,*aikovsky      
became m]ely a t9sel decoration = ! rule
 ( c\nt]-revolution>y g5]als1 ,russian &
 ,briti%4 ,s x 01 or is1 9 all ! small  
,bord] ,/ates--9 ,f9l&1 ,e/honia1       
,latvia1 ,li?uania1 ,pol&1 ,georgia1    
,arm5ia--:]e1 "u ! =mal bann] (         
democracy1 !re is be+ consolidat$ !     
supremacy ( ! l&lords1 ! capitali/s1 & !
 =eign milit>i/s4   ,,! ,,p>is ,,work]  

,,( #ahga ,,& ,,! ,,petrograd           
,,prolet>ian ,,( #aiag  ,"o ( ! mo/     
co>se1 unf\nd$1 & politically           
disgraceful comp>isons :i* ,kautsky     
makes betwe5 ! ,commune & ,soviet       
,russia is t\*+ ! "* ( ! ,p>is work] 9  
#ahga & ! ,russian prolet>ian (         
#aiag-ai4 ,! fir/ ,kautsky depicts z a  
revolution>y en?usia/ capable ( a high  
measure ( self-sacrifice2 ! second1 z an
 egoi/ & a c[>d1 an irresponsible       
an>*i/4  ,! ,p>isian work] has beh9d him
 too def9ite a pa/ to ne$ revolution>y  
recomm5dations--or protection f !       
praises ( ! pres5t ,kautsky4 ,none !    
less1 ! ,petrograd prolet>ian has n1 &  
_c h1 any reason = avoid+ a comp>ison ) 
8 h]oic eld] bro!r4 ,! cont9u\s ?ree    
ye>s' /ruggle ( ! ,petrograd            
work]s--fir/ = ! conque/ ( p[]1 & !n =  
its ma9t5ance & consolidation--repres5ts
 an exceptional /ory ( collective h]oism
 & self-sacrifice1 amid/ unprec$5t$     
tortures 9 ! %ape ( hung]1 cold1 &      
con/ant p]ils4  ,kautsky1 z we c discov]

 9 ano!r connection1 takes = contra/ ) !
 fl[] ( ! ,commun>ds ! mo/ s9i/] elem5ts
 ( ! ,russian prolet>iat4 ,9 ?is respect
 also he is 9 no way diff]5t f !        
b\rgeois sycophants1 to :om dead        
,commun>ds always appe> inf9itely m     
attractive ?an ! liv+4  ,! ,petrograd   
prolet>iat seiz$ p[] f\r & a half       
decades aft] ! ,p>isian4 ,?is p]iod has 
told enorm\sly 9 our favor4 ,! petty    
b\rgeois craft "* ( old & p>tly ( new   
,p>is is q =eign to ,petrograd1 ! c5tre 
( ! mo/ conc5trat$ indu/ry 9 ! _w4 ,!   
latt] circum/ances has extremely        
facilitat$ our tasks ( agitation &      
organization1 z well z ! sett+ up ( !   
,soviet sy/em4  ,our prolet>iat did n h 
ev5 a fa9t measure ( ! ri* revolution>y 
traditions ( ! ,fr5* prolet>iat4 ,b1    
in/ead1 !re 0 /ill v fre% 9 ! memory ( !
 old] g5]ation ( our work]s1 at ! beg9n+
 ( ! pres5t revolution1 ! great exp]im5t
 ( #aije1 its failure1 & ! duty (       
v5geance x _h h&$ d[n4  ,! ,russian     
work]s _h n1 l ! ,fr5*1 pass$ ?r\gh a   

long s*ool ( democracy & p>liam5t>ism1  
:i* at a c]ta9 epo* repres5t$ an        
important factor 9 ! political education
 ( ! prolet>iat4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !     
,russian work+ class _h n _h se>$ into  
its s\l ! bitt]ness ( dissolution & !   
poison ( scepticism1 :i* up to a c]ta91 
&--let u hope--n v di/ant mom5t1 /ill   
re/ra9 ! revolution>y w ( ! ,fr5*       
prolet>iat4  ,! ,p>is ,commune suff]$ a 
milit>y defeat be=e economic problems _h
 aris5 be=e x 9 _! full magnitude4 ,9   
spite ( ! spl5did fight+ qualities ( !  
,p>is work]s1 ! milit>y fate ( !        
,commune 0 at once det]m9$ z hopeless4  
,indecision & compromise-mong]+ above   
br\ght ab\t collapse bel[4  ,! pay ( !  
,national ,gu>d 0 issu$ on ! basis ( !  
exi/5ce ( #afb1jjj rank & file & #f1ejj 
(fic]s2 ! numb] ( ^? :o actually w5t    
into battle1 especially aft] !          
unsuccessful sortie ( ,april #c1 v>i$   
betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ?\s&4  ,^! facts d 
n 9 ! lea/ compromise ! ,p>is work]s1 & 
d n give u ! "r to consid] !m c[>ds &   

des]t]s--al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re 0 no lack 
( des]tion4 ,= a fight+ army !re mu/ be1
 fir/ ( all1 a c5traliz$ & accurate     
app>atus ( adm9i/ration4 ,( ?is !       
,commune _h n ev5 a trace4  ,! ,w>      
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,commune1 01 9 !          
expression ( "o writ]1 z x 7 a d>k room1
 9 :i* all collid$4 ,! (fice ( ! ,m9i/ry
 0 fill$ ) (fic]s & ord9>y ,gu>ds1 :o   
dem&$ milit>y supplies & food1 &        
compla9$ t !y 7 n reliev$4 ,!y 7 s5t to 
! g>rison4444  ,"o battalion rema9$ 9 ! 
tr5*es = #bj & #cj days1 :ile o!rs 7    
con/antly 9 res]ve4444 ,?is c>elessness 
soon kill$ any discipl9e4 ,c\rage\s m5  
soon det]m9$ to rely only on !mselves2  
o!rs avoid$ s]vice4 ,9 ! same way did   
(fic]s behave4 ,"o w\ld leave 8 po/ to g
 to ! help ( a neighbor :o 0 "u fire2   
o!rs w5t away to ! city4444 7,lavrov1   
page #ajj47  ,su* a regime c\ld n rema9 
unpuni%$2 ! ,commune 0 dr[n$ 9 blood4 ,b
 9 ?is connection ,kautsky has a m>vel\s
 solution4  ,! wag+ ( w>1 he says1      
sagely %ak+ 8 head1 is1 aft] all1 n a   

/rong side ( ! prolet>iat4 7,page #gf47 
,?is aphorism1 wor?y ( ,pangloss1 is    
fully on a level ) ! o!r great rem>k (  
,kautsky1 namely1 t ! ,int]national is n
 a suitable weapon to use 9 w>time1 be+ 
9 its ess5ce an in/rum5t ( peace4  ,9 ^!
 two aphorisms1 9 reality1 may be f\nd !
 pres5t ,kautsky1 complete1 9 8         
entirety--i4e41 j a little ov] a r\nd   
z]o4  ,! wag+ ( w>1 d y see1 is on !    
:ole1 n a /rong side ( ! prolet>iat1 ! m
 t ! ,int]national itself 0 n creat$ =  
w>time4 ,kautsky's %ip 0 built = lakes &
 quiet h>bors1 n at all = ! op5 sea1 & n
 = a p]iod ( /orms4 ,if t %ip has sprung
 a leak1 & has begun to fill1 & is n[   
com=tably go+ to ! bottom1 we mu/ ?r[   
all ! blame ^u ! /orm1 ! unnecess>y mass
 ( wat]1 ! extraord9>y size ( ! waves1 &
 a s]ies ( o!r un=ese5 circum/ances =   
:i* ,kautsky did n build 8 m>vel\s      
in/rum5t4  ,! int]national prolet>iat   
put be=e itself z its problem ! conque/ 
( p[]4 ,indep5d5tly ( :e!r civil w>1    
g5]ally1 belongs to ! inevitable        

attributes ( revolution1 g5]ally1 ?is   
fact rema9s unque/ion$--t ! advance ( ! 
prolet>iat1 at any rate 9 ,russia1      
,g]many1 & p>ts ( =m] ,au/ro-,hung>y1   
took ! =m ( an int5se civil w> n only on
 int]nal b also on ext]nal fronts4 ,if !
 wag+ ( w> is n ! /rong side ( !        
prolet>iat1 :ile ! work]s' ,int]national
 is suit$ only = peaceful epo*s1 !n we  
may z well erect a cross ov] !          
revolution & ov] ,socialism2 = ! wag+ ( 
w> is a fairly /rong side ( ! capitali/ 
,/ate1 :i* )\t a w> w n admit ! work]s  
to supremacy4 ,9 t case !re rema9s only 
to proclaim ! s-call$ ,sociali/         
democracy to be m]ely ! accompany+      
feature ( capitali/ society & b\rgeois  
p>liam5t>ism--i4e41 op5ly to sanction   
:at ! ,eb]ts1 ,s*neid]manns1 ,r5audels1 
c>ry out 9 practice & :at ,kautsky /ill1
 x seems1 prote/s aga9/ 9 words4  ,!    
wag+ ( w> 0 n a /rong side ( ! ,commune4
 ,q s2 t 0 :y x 0 cru%$4 ,& h[          
m]cilessly cru%$6  ,we h to recall !    
proscriptions ( ,sulla1 ,antony1 &      

,octavius1 wrote 9 8 "t ! v mod]ate     
lib]al1 ,fiaux1 to meet su* massacres 9 
! hi/ory ( civiliz$ nations4 ,! religi\s
 w>s "u ! la/ ,valois1 ! night ( ,/4    
,b>?olomew1 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror 71 9      
comp>ison ) x1 *ild's play4 ,9 ! la/    
week ( ,may alone1 9 ,p>is1 #ag1jjj     
corpses ( ! insurg5t ,f$]als 7 pick$ up 
444 ! kill+ 0 /ill go+ on ab\t ,june    
#ae4  ,! wag+ ( w>1 aft] all1 is n !    
/rong side ( ! prolet>iat4  ,x is n     
true6 ,! ,russian work]s h %[n t !y are 
capable ( wield+ ! in/rum5t ( w> z well4
 ,we see "h a gigantic /ep =w>d 9       
comp>ison ) ! ,commune4 ,x is n a       
r5unciation ( ! ,commune--= ! traditions
 ( ! ,commune consi/ n at all 9 its     
helplessness--b ! cont9uation ( its "w4 
,! ,commune 0 weak4 ,to complete its "w 
we h become /rong4 ,! ,commune 0 cru%$4 
,we are inflict+ bl[ aft] bl[ ^u !      
execution]s ( ! ,commune4 ,we are tak+  
v5geance = ! ,commune1 & we %all av5ge  
x4                   99       99        
99       99       99  ,out ( #afg1jjj   

,national ,gu>ds :o receiv$ pay1 only   
tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& w5t into battle4 ,^!
 figures s]ve z int]e/+ mat]ial =       
conclusions z to ! role ( =mal democracy
 9 a revolution>y epo*4 ,! vote ( !     
,p>is ,commune 0 decid$1 n at !         
elections1 b 9 ! battles ) ! troops (   
,?i]s4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 ?\s&     
,national ,gu>ds repres5t$ ! great mass 
( ! electorate4 ,b 9 reality1 9 !       
battles1 ! fate ( ! ,commune 0 decid$ by
 tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& p]sons2 ! mo/      
devot$ fight+ m9ority4 ,?is m9ority did 
n /& alone3 x simply express$1 9 a m    
c\rage\s & self-sacrific+ mann]1 ! w ( !
 majority4 ,b none ! less x 0 a m9ority4
 ,! o!rs :o hid at ! critical mom5t 7 n 
ho/ile to ! ,commune2 on ! contr>y1 !y  
actively or passively support$ x1 b !y 7
 less politically consci\s1 less        
decisive4 ,on ! ar5a ( political        
democracy1 _! l[] level ( political     
consci\sness af=d$ ! possibility ( _!   
be+ deceiv$ by adv5tur]s1 sw9dl]s1      
middle-class *eats1 & hone/ dull>ds :o  

really deceiv$ !mselves4 ,b1 at ! mom5t 
( op5 class w>1 !y1 to a great] or less]
 degree1 foll[$ ! self-sacrific+        
m9ority4 ,x 0 ?is t f\nd its expression 
9 ! organization ( ! ,national ,gu>d4   
,if ! exi/5ce ( ! ,commune _h be5       
prolong$1 ?is relation%ip betwe5 !      
advance gu>d & ! mass ( ! prolet>iat    
w\ld h gr[n m & m firm4  ,! organization
 :i* w\ld h be5 =m$ & consolidat$ 9 !   
process ( ! op5 /ruggle1 z !            
organization ( ! labor+ masses1 w\ld h  
become ! organization ( _!              
dictator%ip--! ,c\ncil ( ,deputies ( !  
arm$ prolet>iat4     #f  ,,m>x ,,& 444  
,,kautsky4   ,kautsky l(tily sweeps     
aside ,m>x's views on t]ror1 express$ by
 him 9 ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung--z at 
t "t1 d y see1 ,m>x 0 /ill v "y1 &      
consequ5tly 8 views _h n yet _h "t to   
arrive at t condition ( complete        
enfeeblem5t :i* is s cle>ly to be obs]v$
 9 ! case ( c]ta9 !oreticians 9 ! sev5? 
decade ( _! life4 ,z a contra/ to ! gre5
 ,m>x ( #ahdh-di 7! au?or ( ! ,communi/ 

,manife/o67 ,kautsky quotes ! mature    
,m>x ( ! epo* ( ! ,p>is ,commune--& !   
latt]1 "u ! p5 ( ,kautsky1 loses 8 great
 lion's mane1 & appe>s be=e u z an      
extremely respectable reason]1 b[+ be=e 
! holy places ( democracy1 declaim+ on !
 sacr$ness ( human life1 & fill$ ) all  
due rev]5ce = ! political *>ms (        
,s*neid]mann1 ,v&]velde1 & p>ticul>ly ( 
8 own physical gr&son1 ,jean ,longuet4  
,9 a ^w1 ,m>x1 in/ruct$ by ! exp]i5ce ( 
life1 proves to be a well-behav$        
,kautskian4  ,f ! dea?less ,civil ,w> 9 
,france1 ! pages ( :i* h be5 fill$ ) a  
new & int5se life 9 our own epo*1       
,kautsky has quot$ only ^? l9es 9 :i* ! 
mighty !oretician ( ! social revolution 
contra/$ ! g5]osity ( ! ,commun>ds ) !  
b\rgeois f]ocity ( ! ,v]saillese4       
,kautsky has deva/at$ ^! l9es & made !m 
commonplace4 ,m>x1 z ! prea*] ( deta*$  
humanity1 z ! apo/le ( g5]al love (     
mank9d6 ,j z if we 7 talk+ ab\t ,buddha 
or ,leo ,tol/oy4444 ,x is m ?an natural 
t1 aga9/ ! int]national campaign :i*    

repres5t$ ! ,commun>ds z s\t5eurs & !   
wom5 ( ! ,commune z pro/itutes1 aga9/ ! 
vile sl&]s :i* attribut$ to ! conqu]$   
fight]s f]oci\s features drawn f !      
deg5]ate imag9ation ( ! victori\s       
b\rgeoisie1 ,m>x %\ld emphasize &       
und]l9e ^? features ( t5d]ness &        
nobility :i* n infrequ5tly 7 m]ely !    
rev]se side ( indecision4 ,m>x 0 ,m>x4  
,he 0 nei!r an empty p$ant1 nor1 all !  
m1 ! legal def5d] ( ! revolution3 he    
comb9$ a sci5tific analysis ( ! ,commune
 ) its revolution>y apology4 ,he n only 
expla9$ & criticis$--he def5d$ &        
/ruggl$4 ,b1 emphasiz+ ! mildness ( !   
,commune :i* fail$1 ,m>x left no d\bt   
possible conc]n+ ! measures :i* !       
,commune ought to h tak5 9 ord] n to    
fail4  ,! au?or ( ! ,civil ,w> accuses !
 ,c5tral ,committee--i4e41 ! !n ,c\ncil 
( ,national ,gu>ds' ,deputies1 ( hav+   
too soon giv5 up its place to ! elective
 ,commune4 ,kautsky does n und]/& !     
reason = su* a reproa*4 ,?is consci5ti\s
 non-und]/&+ is "o ( ! symptoms (       

,kautsky's m5tal decl9e 9 connection )  
que/ions ( ! revolution g5]ally4 ,! fir/
 place1 accord+ to ,m>x1 ought to h be5 
fill$ by a purely fight+ organ1 a c5tre 
( ! insurrection & ( milit>y op]ations  
aga9/ ,v]sailles1 & n ! organiz$        
self-gov]nm5t ( ! labor democracy4 ,= ! 
latt] ! turn w\ld come lat]4  ,m>x      
accuses ! ,commune ( n hav+ at once     
begun an attack aga9/ ! ,v]sailles1 & ( 
hav+ ent]$ ^u ! def5sive1 :i* always    
appe>s m humane1 & gives m possibilities
 ( appeal+ to moral law & ! sacr$ness ( 
human life1 b 9 conditions ( civil w>   
nev] leads to victory4 ,m>x1 on ! o!r   
h&1 fir/ & =emo/ want$ a revolution>y   
victory4 ,n[h]e1 by "o ^w1 does he put  
=w>d ! pr9ciple ( democracy z some?+ /&+
 above ! class /ruggle4 ,on ! contr>y1 )
 ! conc5trat$ contempt ( ! revolution>y 
& ! ,communi/1 ,m>x--n ! "y editor ( !  
,rh9e ,pap]1 b ! mature au?or (         
,capital3 our g5u9e ,m>x ) ! mighty     
leon9e mane1 n z yet fall5 "u ! h&s ( ! 
hairdress]s ( ! ,kautsky s*ool--) :at   

conc5trat$ contempt he speaks ab\t !    
artificial atmosph]e ( p>liam5t>ism 9   
:i* physical & spiritual dw>fs l ,?i]s  
seem giants6 ,! ,civil ,w>1 aft] ! b>r5 
& p$antic pamphlet ( ,kautsky1 acts l a 
/orm t cle>s ! air4  ,9 spite (         
,kautsky's sl&]s1 ,m>x _h no?+ 9 common 
) ! view ( democracy z ! la/1 absolute1 
supreme product ( hi/ory4 ,! developm5t 
( b\rgeois society itself1 out ( :i*    
contempor>y democracy grew up1 9 no way 
repres5ts t process ( gradual           
democratization :i* figur$ be=e ! w> 9 !
 dreams ( ! greate/ ,sociali/ illusioni/
 ( democracy--,jean ,jaures--& n[ 9 ^? (
 ! mo/ le>n$ ( p$ants1 ,k>l ,kautsky4 ,9
 ! empire ( ,napoleon ,,iii1 ,m>x sees !
 only possible =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! epo* 9 
:i* ! b\rgeoisie has already lo/ !      
possibility ( gov]n+ ! p1 :ile ! work+  
class has n yet acquir$ x4 ,9 ?is way1 n
 democracy1 b ,bonap>tism1 appe>s 9     
,m>x's eyes z ! f9al =m ( b\rgeois p[]4 
,le>n$ m5 may say t ,m>x 0 mi/ak51 z !  
,bonap>ti/ empire gave way = half a     

c5tury to ! ,democratic ,republic4 ,b   
,m>x 0 n mi/ak54 ,9 ess5ce he 0 "r4 ,!  
,?ird ,republic has be5 ! p]iod ( !     
complete decay ( democracy4 ,bonap>tism 
has f\nd 9 ! ,/ock ,ex*ange ,republic ( 
,po9c>e-,clem5ceau1 a m f9i%$ expression
 ?an 9 ! ,second ,empire4 ,true1 ! ,?ird
 ,republic 0 n cr[n$ by ! imp]ial       
diadem2 b 9 return !re loom$ ov] x !    
%ad[ ( ! ,russian ,ts>4  ,9 8 e/imate ( 
! ,commune1 ,m>x c>efully avoids us+ !  
worn curr5cy ( democratic t]m9ology4 ,! 
,commune 01 he writes1 n a p>liam5t1 b a
 work+ in/itution1 & unit$ 9 itself bo? 
executive & legislative p[]4 ,9 ! fir/  
place1 ,m>x puts =w>d1 n ! p>ticul>     
democratic =m ( ! ,commune1 b its class 
ess5ce4 ,! ,commune1 z is kn[n1 aboli%$ 
! regul> army & ! police1 & decre$ !    
confiscation ( ,*ur* prop]ty4 ,x did ?is
 9 ! "r ( ! revolution>y dictator%ip (  
,p>is1 )\t ! p]mission ( ! g5]al        
democracy ( ! ,/ate1 :i* at t mom5t     
=mally _h f\nd a mu* m lawful expression
 9 ! ,national ,assembly ( ,?i]s4 ,b a  

revolution is n decid$ by votes4 ,!     
,national ,assembly1 says ,m>x1 0 no?+ m
 nor less ?an "o ( ! episodes ( t       
revolution1 ! true embodim5t ( :i* 01   
nev]!less1 arm$ ,p>is4 ,h[ f> ?is is f  
=mal democracy6  ,x only requir$ t !    
,communal ord] ( ?+s1 says ,m>x1 %\ld be
 set up 9 ,p>is & 9 ! second>y c5tres1 &
 ! old c5tral gov]nm5t w\ld 9 ! prov9ces
 also h yield$ to ! self-gov]nm5t ( !   
produc]s4 ,m>x1 consequ5tly1 sees !     
problem ( revolution>y ,p>is1 n 9       
appeal+ f its victory to ! frail w ( !  
,con/itu5t ,assembly1 b 9 cov]+ ! :ole (
 ,france ) a c5traliz$ organization (   
,communes1 built up n on ! ext]nal      
pr9ciples ( democracy b on ! g5u9e      
self-gov]nm5t ( ! produc]s4  ,kautsky   
has cit$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! ,soviet   
,con/itution ! indirectness ( elections1
 :i* contradicts ! fix$ laws ( b\rgeois 
democracy4 ,m>x *>act]izes ! propos$    
/ructure ( labor ,france 9 ! foll[+     
words3--,! managem5t ( ! g5]al affairs (
 ! village communes ( e di/rict 0 to    

devolve on ! ,assembly ( pl5ipot5ti>y   
delegates meet+ 9 ! *ief t[n ( !        
di/rict2 :ile ! di/rict assemblies 7 9  
turn to s5d delegates to ! ,national    
,assembly sitt+ 9 ,p>is4  ,m>x1 z we c  
see1 0 n 9 ! lea/ degree di/urb$ by ! _m
 degrees ( indirect election1 9 s f> z x
 0 a "q ( ! ,/ate organization ( !      
prolet>iat itself4 ,9 ! framework (     
b\rgeois democracy1 indirectness (      
election confuses ! dem>cation l9e (    
p>ties & classes2 b 9 ! self-gov]nm5t ( 
! produc]s--i4e41 9 ! class prolet>ian  
,/ate1 indirectness ( election is a "q n
 ( politics1 b ( ! te*nical requirem5ts 
( self-gov]nm5t1 & )9 c]ta9 limits may  
pres5t ! same advantages z 9 ! realm (  
trade union organization4  ,! ,phili/9es
 ( democracy are indignant at !         
inequality 9 repres5tation ( ! work]s & 
peasants :i*1 9 ! ,soviet ,con/itution1 
reflects ! diff]5ce 9 ! revolution>y    
roles ( ! t[n & ! c\ntry4 ,m>x writes3  
,! ,commune desir$ to br+ ! rural       
produc]s "u ! intellectual lead]%ip ( ! 

c5tral t[ns ( _! di/ricts1 & !re to     
secure to !m1 9 ! workm5 ( ! t[ns1 !    
natural gu>dians ( _! int]e/s4 ,! "q 0 n
 "o ( mak+ ! peasant equal to ! work] on
 pap]1 b ( spiritually rais+ ! peasant  
to ! level ( ! work]4 ,all que/ions ( ! 
prolet>ian ,/ate ,m>x decides accord+ to
 ! revolution>y dynamics ( liv+ =ces1 & 
n accord+ to ! play ( %ad[s ^u !        
m>ket-place scre5 ( p>liam5t>ism4  ,9   
ord] to rea* ! la/ conf9es ( m5tal      
collapse1 ,kautsky d5ies ! univ]sal     
au?ority ( ! ,work]s' ,c\ncils on !     
gr\nd t !re is no legal b\nd>y betwe5 ! 
prolet>iat & ! b\rgeoisie4 ,9 !         
indet]m9ate nature ( ! social divisions 
,kautsky sees ! s\rce ( ! arbitr>y      
au?ority ( ! ,soviet dictator%ip4 ,m>x  
sees directly ! contr>y4 ,! ,commune 0  
an extremely ela/ic =m ( ! ,/ate1 :ile  
all =m] =ms ( gov]nm5t _h suff]$ f      
n>r[ness4 ,its secret consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9
 its v ess5ce x 0 ! gov]nm5t ( ! work+  
class1 ! result ( ! /ruggle betwe5 !    
class ( produc]s & ! class (            

appropriators1 ! political =m1 long     
s\ght1 "u :i* !re c\ld be accompli%$ !  
economic emancipation ( labor4 ,! secret
 ( ! ,commune consi/$ 9 ! fact t by its 
v ess5ce x 0 a gov]nm5t ( ! work+ class4
 ,?is secret1 expla9$ by ,m>x1 has      
rema9$1 = ,kautsky1 ev5 to ?is day1 a   
my/]y seal$ ) sev5 seals4  ,! ,ph>isees 
( democracy speak ) indignation ( !     
repressive measures ( ! ,soviet         
,gov]nm5t1 ( ! clos+ ( newspap]s1 (     
arre/s & %oot+4 ,m>x replies to ! vile  
abuse ( ! lackeys ( ! ,press & to !     
reproa*es ( ! well-int5tion$ b\rgeois   
doctr9>ies1 9 connection ) ! repressive 
measures ( ! ,commune 9 ! foll[+        
words3--,n satisfi$ ) _! op5 wag+ ( a   
mo/ blood?ir/y w> aga9/ ,p>is1 !        
,v]saillese /rove secretly to ga9 an    
entry by corruption & conspiracy4 ,c\ld 
! ,commune at su* a "t )\t %amefully    
betray+ its tru/1 h obs]v$ ! cu/om>y =ms
 ( lib]alism1 j z if pr(\nd peace reign$
 ar\nd x8 ,_h ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,commune   
be5 ak9 9 _s to t ( ,?i]s1 !re w\ld h   

be5 no m occasion to suppress newspap]s 
( ! p>ty ( ord] 9 ,p>is ?an !re 0 to    
suppress newspap]s ( ! ,commune at      
,v]sailles4 ,9 ?is way1 :at ,kautsky    
dem&s 9 ! "n ( ! sacr$ f\ndations (     
democracy ,m>x br&s z a %ameful betrayal
 ( tru/4  ,conc]n+ ! de/ruction ( :i* ! 
,commune is accus$1 & ( :i* n[ ! ,soviet
 ,gov]nm5t is accus$1 ,m>x speaks z ( an
 inevitable & comp>atively insignificant
 episode 9 ! titanic /ruggle ( !        
new-born ord] ) ! old 9 its collapse4   
,de/ruction & cruelty are inevitable 9  
any w>4 ,only sycophants c consid] !m a 
crime 9 ! w> ( ! slaves aga9/ _!        
oppressors1 ! only j w> 9 hi/ory4       
7,m>x47 ,yet our dread accus] ,kautsky1 
9 8 :ole book1 does n brea! a ^w ( !    
fact t we are 9 a condition ( p]petual  
revolution>y self-def5ce1 t we are wag+ 
an int5sive w> aga9/ ! oppressors ( !   
_w1 ! only j w> 9 hi/ory4  ,kautsky yet 
aga9 te>s 8 hair because ! ,soviet      
,gov]nm5t1 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 has made  
use ( ! sev]e me?od ( tak+ ho/ages4 ,he 

once aga9 br+s =w>d po9tless & di%one/  
comp>isons betwe5 ! fi]ce ,soviet       
,gov]nm5t & ! humane ,commune4 ,cle> &  
def9ite 9 ?is connection s\nds ! op9ion 
( ,m>x4 ,:5 ,?i]s1 f ! v beg9n+ ( !     
conflict1 _h en=c$ ! humane practice (  
%oot+ d[n captur$ ,commun>ds1 !         
,commune1 to protect ! lives ( ^?       
prison]s1 _h no?+ left = x b to resort  
to ! ,prussian cu/om ( tak+ ho/ages4 ,! 
lives ( ! ho/ages _h be5 =feit$ ov] &   
ov] aga9 by ! cont9u$ %oot+ ( ! prison]s
 on ! "p ( ! ,v]saillese4 ,h[ c\ld _!   
lives be sp>$ any long] aft] ! blood-ba?
 ) :i* ,mac,mahon's ,pretorians         
celebrat$ _! entry into ,p>is8 ,h[      
o!rwise we %all ask toge!r ) ,m>x1 c "o 
act 9 conditions ( civil w>1 :5 !       
c\nt]-revolution1 occupy+ a consid]able 
portion ( ! national t]ritory1 seizes   
:]ev] x c ! un>m$ work]s1 _! wives1 _!  
mo!rs1 & %oots or hangs !m3 h[ o!rwise c
 "o act ?an to seize z ho/ages ! belov$ 
or ! tru/$ ( ! b\rgeoisie1 ?us plac+ !  
:ole b\rgeois class "u ! ,damocles'     

sword ( mutual responsibility8  ,x w\ld 
n be difficult to %[1 day by day ?r\gh !
 hi/ory ( ! civil w>1 t all ! sev]e     
measures ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 7 =c$ ^u 
x z measures ( revolution>y self-def5se4
 ,we %all n "h ent] into details4 ,b1 to
 give ?\gh x be b a p>tial crit]ion =   
valu+ ! conditions ( ! /ruggle1 let u   
rem9d ! read] t1 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,:ite  
,gu>ds1 9 company ) _! ,anglo-,fr5*     
allies1 %oot e ,communi/ )\t exception  
:o falls into _! h&s1 ! ,r$ ,army sp>es 
all prison]s )\t exception1 includ+ ev5 
(fic]s ( high rank4  ,fully grasp+ its  
hi/orical task1 fill$ ) ! h]oic decision
 to rema9 equal to t task1 ,m>x wrote1 !
 work+ class may reply ) a smile ( calm 
contempt to ! vile abuse ( ! lackeys ( !
 ,press & to ! le>n$ patronage (        
well-int5tion$ b\rgeois doctr9aires1 :o 
utt] _! ignorant /]eotyp$ common-places1
 _! *>act]i/ic nons5se1 ) ! pr(\nd tone 
( oracles ( sci5tific immaculat5ess4    
,if ! well-int5tion$ b\rgeois           
doctr9aires sometimes appe> 9 ! guise ( 

retir$ !oreticians ( ! ,second          
,int]national1 ?is 9 no way deprives _! 
*>act]i/ic nons5se ( ! "r ( rema9+      
nons5se4     #g  ,,! ,,work+ ,,class ,,&
 ,,its ,,soviet ,,policy   ,,! ,,russian
 ,,prolet>iat  ,! initiative 9 ! social 
revolution prov$1 by ! =ce ( ev5ts1 to  
be impos$1 n ^u ! old prolet>iat (      
,we/]n ,europe1 ) its mighty economic & 
political organization1 ) its pond]\s   
traditions ( p>liam5t>ism & trade       
unionism1 b ^u ! "y work+-class ( a     
backw>d c\ntry4 ,hi/ory1 z always1 mov$ 
along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,!        
revolution>y epo* bur/ ^u u ?r\gh ! lea/
 b>ricad$ door4 ,^? extraord9>y1 truly  
sup]human1 difficulties :i* 7 ?us flung 
^u ! ,russian prolet>iat h prep>$1      
ha/5$1 & to a consid]able ext5t assi/$ !
 revolution>y "w ( ! ,we/ ,european     
prolet>iat :i* /ill lies be=e u4        
,in/ead ( exam9+ ! ,russian ,revolution 
9 ! light ( ! revolution>y epo* t has   
arriv$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 ,kautsky discusses 
! !me ( :e!r or no ! ,russian prolet>iat

 has tak5 p[] into its h&s too soon4  ,=
 ,socialism1 he expla9s1 !re is necess>y
 a high developm5t ( ! p1 a high morale 
among/ ! masses1 /rongly-develop$ social
 in/9cts1 s5tim5ts ( solid>ity1 etc4    
,su* a =m ( morale1 ,kautsky fur!r in=ms
 u1 0 v highly develop$ among/ !        
prolet>iat ( ! ,p>is ,commune4 ,x is    
abs5t among/ ! masses :i* at ! pres5t "t
 set ! tone among/ ! ,bol%evik          
prolet>iat4 7,page #agg47  ,= ,kautsky's
 purpose1 x is n suffici5t to fl+ mud at
 ! ,bol%eviks z a political p>ty be=e ! 
eyes ( 8 read]s4 ,kn[+ t ,bol%evism has 
become amalgamat$ ) ! ,russian          
prolet>iat1 ,kautsky makes an attempt to
 fl+ mud at ! ,russian prolet>iat z a   
:ole1 repres5t+ x z an ignorant1 gre$y  
mass1 )\t any ideals1 :i* is guid$ only 
by ! in/9cts & impulses ( ! mom5t4      
,?r\gh\t 8 booklet ,kautsky returns _m  
times to ! "q ( ! intellectual & moral  
level ( ! ,russian work]s1 & e "t only  
to deep5 8 *>act]ization ( !m z         
ignorant1 /upid & b>b>\s4 ,to br+ ab\t !

 mo/ /rik+ contra/s1 ,kautsky adduces ! 
example ( h[ a work%op committee 9 "o ( 
! w> indu/ries dur+ ! ,commune decid$ ^u
 compulsory night duty 9 ! works = "o   
work] s t x might be possible to        
di/ribute repair$ arms by night4 ,z "u  
pres5t circum/ances x is absolutely     
necess>y to be extremely economical ) ! 
res\rces ( ! ,commune1 ! regulation     
read1 ! night duty w be r5d]$ )\t       
paym5t4444 ,truly1 ,kautsky concludes1  
^! work+ m5 did n reg>d ! p]iod ( _!    
dictator%ip z an opportune mom5t = !    
satisfaction ( _! p]sonal int]e/s4      
7,page #ij47 ,q o!rwise is ! case ) !   
,russian work+ class4 ,t class has no   
intellig5ce1 no /ability1 no ideals1 no 
/eadfa/ness1 no read9ess =              
self-sacrifice1 & s on4 ,x is j z little
 capable ( *oos+ suitable pl5ipot5ti>y  
lead]s = itself1 ,kautsky je]s1 z       
,mun*aus5 0 able to drag himself f !    
swamp by means ( 8 own hair4 ,?is       
comp>ison ( ! ,russian prolet>iat ) !   
impo/or ,mun*aus5 dragg+ himself f !    

swamp is a /rik+ example ( ! braz5 tone 
9 :i* ,kautsky speaks ( ! ,russian work+
 class4  ,he br+s extracts f v>i\s      
spee*es & articles ( ours 9 :i*         
undesirable ph5om5a among/ ! work+ class
 are %[n up1 & attempts to repres5t     
matt]s 9 su* a way z if ! life ( !      
,russian prolet>iat betwe5              
#aiag-bj--;i4e41 9 ! greate/ (          
revolution>y epo*s--is fully describ$ by
 passivity1 ignorance1 & egotism4       
,kautsky1 =soo?1 does n "k1 has nev]    
he>d1 _c guess1 may n imag9e1 t dur+ !  
civil w> ! ,russian prolet>iat _h m ?an 
"o occasion ( freely giv+ its lab\r1 &  
ev5 ( e/abli%+ unpaid gu>d duties--n (  
"o work] = ! space ( "o night1 b ( t5s (
 ?\s&s ( work]s = ! space ( a long s]ies
 ( di/urb$ nights4 ,9 ! days & weeks (  
,yud5i*'s advance on ,petrograd1 "o     
telephonogram ( ! ,soviet 0 suffici5t to
 ensure t _m ?\s&s ( work]s %\ld spr+ to
 _! po/s 9 all ! factories1 9 all ! w>ds
 ( ! city4 ,& ?is n 9 ! fir/ days ( !   
,petrograd ,commune1 b aft] a two ye>s' 

/ruggle 9 cold & hung]4  ,two or ?ree   
times a ye> our p>ty mobilizes a high   
proportion ( its numb]s = ! front4      
,scatt]$ ov] a di/ance ( #h1jjj v]/s1 !y
 die & tea* o!rs to die4 ,& :51 9 hungry
 & cold ,mosc[1 :i* has giv5 ! fl[] (   
its work]s to ! front1 a ,p>ty ,week is 
proclaim$1 !re p\r into our ranks f !   
prolet>ian masses1 9 ! space ( sev5     
days1 #ae1jjj p]sons4 ,& at :at mom5t8  
,at ! mom5t :5 ! dang] ( ! de/ruction ( 
! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t _h rea*$ its mo/    
acute po9t4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,orel _h be5 
tak51 & ,d5ik9 0 approa*+ ,tula &       
,mosc[1 :5 ,yud5i* 0 ?reat5+ ,petrograd4
 ,at t mo/ pa9ful mom5t1 ! ,mosc[       
prolet>iat1 9 ! c\rse ( a week1 gave to 
! ranks ( our p>ty #ae1jjj m51 :o only  
wait$ a new mobilization = ! front4 ,& x
 c be said ) c]ta9ty t nev] yet1 ) !    
exception ( ! week ( ! ,novemb] ris+ 9  
#aiag1 0 ! ,mosc[ prolet>iat s s+le-m9d$
 9 its revolution>y en?usiasm1 & 9 its  
read9ess = devot$ /ruggle1 z 9 ^? mo/   
difficult days ( p]il & self-sacrifice4 

,:5 our p>ty proclaim$ ! wat*word (     
,subbotniks & ,voskresniks 7,communi/   
,saturdays & ,sundays71 ! revolution>y  
idealism ( ! prolet>iat f\nd = itself a 
/rik+ expression 9 ! %ape ( volunt>y    
labor4 ,at fir/ t5s & hundr$s1 lat]     
?\s&s1 & n[ t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s (     
work]s e week give up sev]al h\rs ( _!  
labor )\t rew>d1 = ! sake ( ! economic  
recon/ruction ( ! c\ntry4 ,& ?is is done
 by half-/>v$ p1 9 torn boots1 9 dirty  
l95--because ! c\ntry has nei!r boots   
nor soap4 ,su*1 9 reality1 is t         
,bol%evik prolet>iat to :om ,kautsky    
recomm5ds a c\rse ( self-sacrifice4 ,!  
facts ( ! situation1 & _! relative      
importance1 w appe> /ill m vividly be=e 
u if we recall t all ! egoi/1 b\rgeois1 
co>sely selfi% elem5ts ( !              
prolet>iat--all ^? :o avoid s]vice at ! 
front & 9 ! ,subbotniks1 :o engage 9    
speculation & 9 weeks ( />vation incite 
! work]s to /rikes--all ( !m vote at !  
,soviet elections = ! ,m5%eviks2 t is1 =
 ! ,russian ,kautskies4  ,kautsky quotes

 our words to ! effect t1 ev5 be=e !    
,novemb] ,revolution1 we cle>ly realiz$ 
! defects 9 education ( ! ,russian      
prolet>iat1 b1 recogniz+ ! inevitability
 ( ! transf]5ce ( p[] to ! work+ class1 
we consid]$ ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 hop+ t  
dur+ ! /ruggle itself1 dur+ its         
exp]i5ce1 & ) ! ev]-increas+ support ( !
 prolet>iat ( o!r c\ntries1 we %\ld deal
 adequately ) our difficulties1 & be    
able to gu>antee ! transition ( ,russia 
to ! ,sociali/ ord]4 ,9 ?is connection1 
,kautsky asks3 ,w\ld ,trotsky und]take  
to get on a locomotive & set x go+1 9 ! 
conviction t he w\ld dur+ ! j\rney h "t 
to le>n & to arrange ev]y?+8 ,"o mu/    
prelim9>ily h acquir$ ! qualities       
necess>y to drive a locomotive be=e     
decid+ to set x go+4 ,simil>ly !        
prolet>iat ought be=eh& to h acquir$ ^? 
necess>y qualities :i* make x capable ( 
adm9i/]+ indu/ry1 once x _h to take x   
ov]4 7,page #agc47  ,?is in/ructive     
comp>ison w\ld h done honor to any      
village cl]gyman4 ,none ! less1 x is    

/upid4 ,) inf9itely m f\ndation "o c\ld 
say3 ,w ,kautsky d>e to m\nt a horse    
be=e he has le>n$ to sit firmly 9 !     
saddle1 & to guide ! animal 9 all its   
/eps8 ,we h f\ndations = believ+ t      
,kautsky w\ld n make up 8 m9d to su* a  
dang]\s purely ,bol%evik exp]im5t4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 we fe> t1 ?r\gh n risk+ to m\nt
 ! horse1 ,kautsky w\ld h consid]able   
difficulty 9 le>n+ ! secrets ( rid+ on  
horse-back4 ,= ! fundam5tal ,bol%evik   
prejudice is precisely ?is3 t "o le>ns  
to ride on horse-back only :5 sitt+ on !
 horse4  ,conc]n+ ! driv+ ( !           
locomotive1 ?is pr9ciple is at fir/     
sight n s evid5t2 b none ! less x is    
!re4 ,no "o yet has le>n$ to drive a    
locomotive sitt+ 9 8 /udy4 ,"o has to   
get up on to ! eng9e1 to take "o's /& 9 
! t5d]1 to take into "o's h&s !         
regulator1 & to turn x4 ,true1 ! eng9e  
all[s tra9+ manoeuvres only "u !        
guidance ( an old driv]4 ,! horse all[s 
( in/ructions 9 ! rid+ s*ool only "u !  
guidance ( exp]i5c$ tra9]s4 ,b 9 ! sph]e

 ( ,/ate adm9i/ration su* artificial    
conditions _c be creat$4 ,! b\rgeoisie  
does n build = ! prolet>iat academies ( 
,/ate adm9i/ration1 & does n place at   
its disposal1 = prelim9>y practice1 !   
helm ( ! ,/ate4 ,& besides1 ! work]s &  
peasants le>n ev5 to ride on horse-back 
n 9 ! rid+ s*ool1 & )\t ! assi/ance (   
tra9]s4  ,to ?is we mu/ add ano!r       
consid]ation1 p]haps ! mo/ important4   
,no "o gives ! prolet>iat ! opportunity 
( *oos+ :e!r x w or w n m\nt ! horse1   
:e!r x w take p[] imm$iately or po/pone 
! mom5t4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! work+   
class is b\nd to take p[]1 "u ! ?reat ( 
political self-annihilation = a :ole    
hi/orical p]iod4  ,once hav+ tak5 p[]1 x
 is impossible to accept "o set (       
consequ5ces at w & refuse to accept     
o!rs4 ,if ! capitali/ b\rgeoisie        
consci\sly & malignantly trans=ms !     
disorganization ( production into a     
me?od ( political /ruggle1 ) ! object ( 
re/or+ p[] to itself1 ! prolet>iat is   
oblig$ to resort to ,socialization1     

indep5d5tly ( :e!r ?is is b5eficial or  
o!rwise at ! giv5 mom5t4  ,&1 once hav+ 
tak5 ov] production1 ! prolet>iat is    
oblig$1 "u ! pressure ( iron necessity1 
to le>n by its own exp]i5ce a mo/       
difficult art--t ( organiz+ ,sociali/   
economy4 ,hav+ m\nt$ ! saddle1 ! rid] is
 oblig$ to guide ! horse--on ! p]il (   
break+ 8 neck4                   99     
99       99       99       99  ,to give 
8 high-s\l$ support]s1 male & female1 a 
complete picture ( ! moral level ( !    
,russian prolet>iat1 ,kautsky adduces1  
on page #agb ( 8 book1 ! foll[+ m&ate1  
issu$1 x is alleg$1 by ! ,murzilovka    
,soviet3 ,! ,soviet h]eby emp[]s        
,comrade ,gregory ,s>eiev1 9 accordance 
) 8 *oice & in/ructions1 to requisition 
& lead to ! b>racks1 = ! use ( !        
,artill]y ,division /ation$ 9           
,murzilovka1 ,briansk ,c\nty1 sixty wom5
 & girls f ! b\rgeois & speculat+ class1
 ,septemb] #af1 #aiah4 7,:at are !      
,bol%evi/s do+8 ,publi%$ by ,dr4 ,na?4  
,w9t*-,malejeff4 ,lausanne1 #aiai4 ,page

 #aj47  ,)\t hav+ ! lea/ d\bt ( ! =g$ "*
 ( ?is docum5t & ! ly+ nature ( ! :ole  
communication1 ,i gave in/ructions1     
h[ev]1 t c>eful inquiry %\ld be made1 9 
ord] to discov] :at facts & episodes lay
 at ! root ( ?is inv5tion4 ,a c>efully  
c>ri$ out inve/igation %[$ ! foll[+3--  
7#a7 ,9 ! ,briansk ,c\nty !re is        
absolutely no village by ! "n (         
,murzilovka4 ,!re is no su* village 9 ! 
neighbor+ c\nties ei!r4 ,! mo/ simil> 9 
"n is ! village ( ,muraviovka1 ,briansk 
,c\nty2 b no artill]y division has ev]  
be5 /ation$ !re1 & altoge!r no?+ ev]    
took place :i* might be 9 any way       
connect$ ) ! above docum5t4  7#b7 ,!    
inve/igation 0 also c>ri$ on along ! l9e
 ( ! artill]y units4 ,absolutely n[h]e 7
 we able to discov] ev5 an indirect     
allusion to a fact simil> to t adduc$ by
 ,kautsky f ! words ( 8 inspir]4  7#c7  
,f9ally ! inve/igation dealt ) ! "q (   
:e!r !re _h be5 any rumors ( ?is k9d on 
! spot4 ,"h1 too1 absolutely no?+ 0     
discov]$2 & no wond]4 ,! v cont5ts ( !  

=g]y are 9 too brutal a contra/ ) !     
morals & public op9ion ( ! =emo/ work]s 
& peasants :o direct ! "w ( ! ,soviets1 
ev5 9 ! mo/ backw>d regions4  ,9 ?is    
way1 ! docum5t mu/ be describ$ z a      
pitiful =g]y1 :i* might be circulat$    
only by ! mo/ malignant sycophants 9 !  
mo/ yell[ ( ! gutt] press4  ,:ile !     
inve/igation describ$ above 0 go+ on1   
,comrade ,z9ovieff %[$ me a numb] ( a   
,sw$i% pap] 7,sv5ska ,dagbladet7 (      
,novemb] #i1 #aiai1 9 :i* 0 pr9t$ !     
facsimile ( a m&ate runn+ z foll[s3--   
,m&ate4 ,! be>] ( ?is1 ,comrade         
,k>aseiev1 has ! "r ( socializ+ 9 ! t[n 
( ,ekat]9od> 7oblit]at$7 girls ag$ f #af
 to #cf at 8 pleasure4--,,glavkom       
,,iva%*eff4  ,?is docum5t is ev5 m /upid
 & impud5t ?an t quot$ by ,kautsky4 ,!  
t[n ( ,ekat]9od>--! c5tre ( ! ,kuban--01
 z is well kn[n1 = only a v %ort "t 9 ! 
h&s ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t4 ,app>5tly !  
au?or ( ! =g]y1 n v well up 9 8         
revolution>y *ronology1 rubb$ out ! date
 on ?is docum5t1 le/ by "s *ance x %\ld 

appe> t ,glavkom ,iva%*eff socializ$ !  
,ekat]9od> wom5 dur+ ! reign ( ,d5ik9's 
milit>ism !re4 ,t ! docum5t might lead  
into error ! ?ick-witt$ ,sw$i% b\rgeois 
is n at all amaz+4 ,b = ! ,russian read]
 x is only too cle> t ! docum5t is n    
m]ely a =g]y1 b drawn up by a =eign]1   
diction>y 9 h&4 ,x is extremely curi\s t
 ! names ( bo? ! socializ]s ( wom51     
,gregory ,s>eiev & ,k>aseiev s\nd       
absolutely non-,russia4 ,! end+ eiev 9  
,russian names is f\nd r>ely1 & only 9  
def9ite comb9ations4 ,b ! accus] ( !    
,bol%eviks himself1 ! au?or ( ! ,engli% 
pamphlet on :om ,kautsky bases 8        
evid5ce1 has a "n t does actually end 9 
eiev4 ,x seems obvi\s t ?is             
,anglo-,bulg>ian police ag5t1 sitt+ 9   
,lausanne1 creates socializ]s ( wom51 9 
! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 aft] 8 own lik5ess
 & image4  ,kautsky1 at any rate1 has   
orig9al inspir]s & assi/ants6           
,,soviets1 ,,trade ,,unions1 ,,& ,,!    
,,p>ty  ,! ,soviets1 z a =m ( !         
organization ( ! work+ class1 repres5ts 

= ,kautsky1 9 relation to ! p>ty &      
pr(essional organizations ( m develop$  
c\ntries1 n a high] =m ( organization1 b
 fir/ & =emo/ a sub/itute 7,notbehelf71 
aris+ out ( ! abs5ce ( political        
organizations4 7,page #fh47  ,let u     
grant t ?is is true 9 connection )      
,russia4 ,b !n1 :y h ,soviets sprung up 
9 ,g]many8 ,ought "o n absolutely to    
repudiate !m 9 ! ,eb]t ,republic8 ,we   
note1 h[ev]1 t ,hilf]d+1 ! ne>e/        
sympa?iz] ( ,kautsky1 proposes to       
include ! ,soviets 9 ! ,con/itution4    
,kautsky is sil5t4  ,! e/imate (        
,soviets z a primitive organization is  
true to ! ext5t t ! op5 revolution>y    
/ruggle is m primitive ?an p>liam5t>ism4
 ,b ! artificial complexity ( ! latt]   
embraces only ! upp] /rata1             
insignificant 9 _! size4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
revolution is only possible :]e ! masses
 h _! vital int]e/s at /ake4 ,! ,novemb]
 ,revolution rais$ on to _! feet su*    
deep lay]s z ! pre-revolution>y         
,social-,democracy c\ld n ev5 dream (4  

,h[ev] wide 7 ! organizations ( ! p>ty &
 ! trade unions 9 ,g]many1 ! revolution 
imm$iately prov$ incomp>ably wid] ?an   
!y4 ,! revolution>y masses f\nd _!      
direct repres5tation 9 ! mo/ simple &   
g5]ally compreh5sive delegate           
organization--9 ! ,soviet4 ,"o may admit
 t ! ,c\ncil ( ,deputies falls beh9d bo?
 ! p>ty & ! trade union 9 ! s5se ( !    
cle>ness ( its programme1 or ! exactness
 ( its organization4 ,b x is f> & away 9
 front ( ! p>ty & ! trade unions 9 !    
size ( ! masses drawn by x into !       
organiz$ /ruggle2 & ?is sup]iority 9    
quality gives ! ,soviet und5iable       
revolution>y prepond]ance4  ,! ,soviet  
embraces work]s ( all und]tak+s1 ( all  
pr(essions1 ( all /ages ( cultural      
developm5t1 all /ages ( political       
consci\sness--& !reby objectively is =c$
 to =mulate ! g5]al int]e/s ( !         
prolet>iat4  ,! ,communi/ ,manife/o     
view$ ! problem ( ! ,communi/ j 9 ?is   
s5se--namely1 ! =mulat+ ( ! g5]al       
hi/orical int]e/s ( ! work+ class z a   

:ole4  ,! ,communi/s are only di/+ui%$ f
 o!r prolet>ian p>ties1 9 ! words ( !   
,manife/o1 by ?is3 t 9 ! diff]5t        
national /ruggles ( ! prolet>iat !y po9t
 out1 & br+ to ! =e1 ! common int]e/s ( 
! prolet>iat1 indep5d5tly ( nationality2
 & aga9 t1 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( evolution
 ?r\gh :i* ! /ruggle betwe5 ! prolet>iat
 & b\rgeoisie passes1 !y con/antly      
repres5t ! int]e/s ( ! movem5t tak5 z a 
:ole4  ,9 ! =m ( ! all-embrac+ class    
organization ( ! ,soviets1 ! movem5t    
takes itself z a :ole4 ,h5ce x is cle>  
:y ! ,communi/s c\ld & _h to become !   
guid+ p>ty 9 ! ,soviets4 ,b h5ce also is
 se5 all ! n>r[ness ( ! e/imate (       
,soviets z sub/itutes = ! p>ty          
7,kautsky71 & all ! /upidity ( ! attempt
 to include ! ,soviets1 9 ! =m ( an     
auxili>y lev]1 9 ! me*anism ( b\rgeois  
democracy4 7,hilf]d+47  ,! ,soviets are 
! organization ( ! prolet>ian           
revolution1 & h purpose ei!r z an organ 
( ! /ruggle = p[] or z ! app>atus ( p[] 
( ! work+ class4  ,unable to grasp !    

revolution>y role ( ! ,soviets1 ,kautsky
 sees _! root defects 9 t :i* con/itutes
 _! greate/ m]it4 ,! dem>cation ( !     
b\rgeois f ! work]1 he writes1 c nev] be
 actually drawn4 ,!re w always be some?+
 arbitr>y 9 su* dem>cation1 :i* fact    
trans=ms ! ,soviet idea into a          
p>ticul>ly suitable f\ndation =         
dictatorial & arbitr>y rule1 b r5d]s x  
unfitt$ = ! creation ( a cle>1          
sy/ematically built-up con/itution4     
7,page #agj47  ,class dictator%ip1      
accord+ to ,kautsky1 _c create = itself 
in/itutions answ]+ to its nature1       
because !re d n exi/ l9es ( dem>cation  
betwe5 ! classes4 ,b 9 t case1 :at      
happ5s to ! class /ruggle altoge!r8     
,surely x 0 j1 9 ! exi/5ce ( num]\s     
transitional /ages betwe5 ! b\rgeoisie &
 ! prolet>iat1 t ! l[] middle-class     
!oreticians always f\nd _! pr9cipal     
argum5t aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( ! class      
/ruggle8 ,= ,kautsky1 h[ev]1 d\bts z to 
pr9ciple beg9 j at ! po9t :]e !         
prolet>iat1 hav+ ov]come ! %apelessness 

& un/ead9ess ( ! int]m$iate class1 hav+ 
br\ght "o "p ( !m ov] to its side & ?r[n
 ! rema9d] into ! camp ( ! b\rgeoisie1  
has actually organiz$ its dictator%ip 9 
! ,soviet ,con/itution4  ,! v reason :y 
! ,soviets an absolutely irreplaceable  
app>atus 9 ! prolet>ian ,/ate is t _!   
framework is ela/ic & yield+1 ) ! result
 t n only social b political *anges 9 ! 
relation%ip ( classes & sections c      
imm$iately f9d _! expression 9 ! ,soviet
 app>atus4 ,beg9n+ ) ! l>ge/ factories &
 works1 ! ,soviets !n draw into _!      
organization ! work]s ( private work%ops
 & %op-assi/ants1 proce$ to ent] !      
village1 organize ! peasants aga9/ !    
l&[n]s1 & f9ally ! l[] & middle-class   
sections ( ! peasantry aga9/ ! ri*e/4   
,! ,labor ,/ate collects num]\s /affs ( 
employees1 to a consid]able ext5t f !   
ranks ( ! b\rgeoisie & ! b\rgeois       
educat$ classes4 ,to ! ext5t t !y become
 discipl9$ "u ! ,soviet regime1 !y f9d  
repres5tation 9 ! ,soviet sy/em4        
,exp&+--& at c]ta9 mom5ts contract+--9  

h>mony ) ! expansion & contraction ( !  
social positions conqu]$ by !           
prolet>iat1 ! ,soviet sy/em rema9s !    
,/ate app>atus ( ! social revolution1 9 
its int]nal dynamics1 its ebbs & fl[s1  
its mi/akes & successes4 ,) ! f9al      
triumph ( ! social revolution1 ! ,soviet
 sy/em w exp& & include ! :ole          
population1 9 ord] !reby to lose !      
*>act]i/ics ( a =m ( ,/ate1 & melt away 
into a mighty sy/em ( produc+ & consum+ 
co-op]ation4  ,if ! p>ty & ! trade      
unions 7 organizations ( prep>ation = ! 
revolution1 ! ,soviets are ! weapon ( ! 
revolution itself4 ,aft] its victory1 ! 
,soviets become ! organs ( p[]4 ,! role 
( ! p>ty & ! unions1 )\t decreas+ is    
nev]!less ess5tially alt]$4  ,9 ! h&s ( 
! p>ty is conc5trat$ ! g5]al control4 ,x
 does n imm$iately adm9i/]1 s9ce its    
app>atus is n adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,b x
 has ! f9al ^w 9 all fundam5tal         
que/ions4 ,fur!r1 our practice has l$ to
 ! result t1 9 all moot que/ions1       
g5]ally--conflicts betwe5 dep>tm5ts &   

p]sonal conflicts )9 dep>tm5ts--! la/ ^w
 belongs to ! ,c5tral ,committee ( !    
p>ty4 ,?is af=ds extreme economy ( "t & 
en]gy1 & 9 ! mo/ difficult & complicat$ 
circum/ances gives a gu>antee = !       
necess>y unity ( action4 ,su* a regime  
is possible only 9 ! pres5ce ( !        
unque/ion$ au?ority ( ! p>ty1 & !       
faultlessness ( its discipl9e4 ,happily 
= ! revolution1 our p>ty does possess 9 
an equal measure bo? ( ^! qualities4    
,:e!r 9 o!r c\ntries :i* h n receiv$ f  
_! pa/ a /rong revolution>y             
organization1 ) a great h>d5+ 9         
conflict1 !re w be creat$ j z           
au?oritative a ,communi/ ,p>ty by ! "t (
 ! prolet>ian revolution1 x is difficult
 to =etell2 b x is q obvi\s t on ?is "q1
 to a v l>ge ext5t1 dep5ds ! progress ( 
! ,sociali/ revolution 9 ea* c\ntry4  ,!
 exclusive role ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty "u !
 conditions ( a victori\s prolet>ian    
revolution is q compreh5sible4 ,! "q is 
( ! dictator%ip ( a class4 ,9 !         
composition ( t class !re ent] v>i\s    

elem5ts1 het]og5e\s moods1 diff]5t      
levels ( developm5t4 ,yet ! dictator%ip 
pre-supposes unity ( w1 unity (         
direction1 unity ( action4 ,by :at o!r  
pa? !n c x be atta9$8 ,! revolution>y   
supremacy ( ! prolet>iat pre-supposes )9
 ! prolet>iat itself ! political        
supremacy ( a p>ty1 ) a cle> programme (
 action & a faultless int]nal discipl9e4
  ,! policy ( coalitions contradicts    
int]nally ! regime ( ! revolution>y     
dictator%ip4 ,we h 9 view1 n coalitions 
) b\rgeois p>ties1 ( :i* ( c\rse !re c  
be no talk1 b a coalition ( ,communi/s )
 o!r ,sociali/ organizations1 repres5t+ 
diff]5t /ages ( backw>dness & prejudice 
( ! labor+ masses4  ,! revolution       
swiftly reveals all t is un/able1 we>s  
out all t is artificial2 !              
contradictions gloss$ ov] 9 a coalition 
are swiftly reveal$ "u ! pressure (     
revolution>y ev5ts4 ,we h _h an example 
( ?is 9 ,hung>y1 :]e ! dictator%ip ( !  
prolet>iat assum$ ! political =m ( !    
coalition ( ! ,communi/s ) disguis$     

,opportuni/s4 ,! coalition soon broke   
up4 ,! ,communi/ ,p>ty paid heavily = ! 
revolution>y in/ability & ! political   
trea*]y ( its companions4 ,x is q obvi\s
 t = ! ,hung>ian ,communi/s x w\ld h be5
 m pr(itable to h come to p[] lat]1 aft]
 hav+ af=d$ to ! ,left ,opportuni/s !   
possibility ( compromis+ !mselves once &
 = all4 ,x is q ano!r "q z to h[ f> ?is 
0 possible4 ,9 any case1 a coalition ) !
 ,opportuni/s1 only tempor>ily hid+ !   
relative weakness ( ! ,hung>ian         
,communi/s1 at ! same "t prev5t$ !m f   
gr[+ /rong] at ! exp5se ( !             
,opportuni/s2 & br\ght !m to disa/]4  ,!
 same idea is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by !
 example ( ! ,russian revolution4 ,!    
coalition ( ! ,bol%eviks ) ! ,left      
,sociali/ ,revolutioni/s1 :i* la/$ =    
sev]al mon?s1 end$ ) a bloody conflict4 
,true1 ! reckon+ = ! coalition _h to be 
paid1 n s mu* by u ,communi/s z by our  
disloyal companions4 ,app>5tly1 su* a   
coalition1 9 :i* we 7 ! /rong] side &1  
!re=e1 7 n tak+ too _m risks 9 !        

attempt1 at "o def9ite /age 9 hi/ory1 to
 make use ( ! extreme ,left-w+ ( !      
b\rgeois democracy1 tactically mu/ be   
completely ju/ifi$4 ,b1 none ! less1 !  
,left ,s4,r4 episode q cle>ly %[s t !   
regime ( compromises1 agreem5ts1 mutual 
concessions--= t is ! mean+ ( ! regime (
 coalition--_c la/ long 9 an epo* 9 :i* 
situations alt] ) extreme rapidity1 & 9 
:i* supreme unity 9 po9t ( view is      
necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] possible unity (
 action4  ,we h m ?an once be5 accus$ ( 
hav+ sub/itut$ = ! dictator%ip ( !      
,soviets ! dictator%ip ( our p>ty4 ,yet 
x c be said ) complete ju/ice t !       
dictator%ip ( ! ,soviets became possible
 only by means ( ! dictator%ip ( ! p>ty4
 ,x is ?anks to ! cl>ity ( its !oretical
 vision & its /rong revolution>y        
organization t ! p>ty has af=d$ to !    
,soviets ! possibility ( becom+ trans=m$
 f %apeless p>liam5ts ( labor into !    
app>atus ( ! supremacy ( labor4 ,9 ?is  
sub/itution ( ! p[] ( ! p>ty = ! p[] ( !
 work+ class !re is no?+ accid5tal1 & 9 

reality !re is no sub/itution at all4 ,!
 ,communi/s express ! fundam5tal int]e/s
 ( ! work+ class4 ,x is q natural t1 9 !
 p]iod 9 :i* hi/ory br+s up ^? int]e/s1 
9 all _! magnitude1 on to ! ord] ( !    
day1 ! ,communi/s h become ! recogniz$  
repres5tatives ( ! work+ class z a :ole4
  ,b :]e is y\r gu>antee1 c]ta9 wise m5 
ask u1 t x is j y\r p>ty t expresses !  
int]e/s ( hi/orical developm5t8 ,de/roy+
 or driv+ und]gr\nd ! o!r p>ties1 y h   
!reby prev5t$ _! political competition )
 y1 & consequ5tly y h depriv$ y\rselves 
( ! possibility ( te/+ y\r l9e ( action4
  ,?is idea is dictat$ by a purely      
lib]al conception ( ! c\rse ( !         
revolution4 ,9 a p]iod 9 :i* all        
antagonisms assume an op5 "*1 & !       
political /ruggle swiftly passes into a 
civil w>1 ! rul+ p>ty has suffici5t     
mat]ial /&>d by :i* to te/ its l9e (    
action1 )\t ! possible circulation (    
,m5%evik pap]s4 ,noske cru%es !         
,communi/s1 b !y gr[4 ,we h suppress$ ! 
,m5%eviks & ! ,s4,r4s--& !y h disappe>$4

 ,?is crit]ion is suffici5t = u4 ,at all
 ev5ts1 our problem is n at e giv5 mom5t
 /ati/ically to measure ! gr\p+ (       
t5d5cies2 b to r5d] victory = our t5d5cy
 secure4 ,= t t5d5cy is ! t5d5cy ( !    
revolution>y dictator%ip2 & 9 ! c\rse ( 
! latt]1 9 its int]nal friction1 we mu/ 
f9d a suffici5t crit]ion =              
self-exam9ation4  ,! cont9u\s indep5d5ce
 ( ! trade union movem5t1 9 ! p]iod ( ! 
prolet>ian revolution1 is j z mu* an    
impossibility z ! policy ( coalition4 ,!
 trade unions become ! mo/ important    
economic organs ( ! prolet>iat 9 p[]4   
,!reby !y fall "u ! lead]%ip ( !        
,communi/ ,p>ty4 ,n only que/ions (     
pr9ciple 9 ! trade union movem5t1 b     
s]i\s conflicts ( organization )9 x1 are
 decid$ by ! ,c5tral ,committee ( our   
p>ty4  ,! ,kautskians attack ! ,soviet  
,gov]nm5t z ! dictator%ip ( a section ( 
! work+ class4 ,if only1 !y say1 !      
dictator%ip 0 c>ri$ out by ! :ole class6
 ,x is n easy to und]/& :at actually !y 
imag9e :5 !y say ?is4 ,! dictator%ip ( !

 prolet>iat1 9 its v ess5ce1 signifies !
 imm$iate supremacy ( ! revolution>y    
vangu>d1 :i* relies ^u ! heavy masses1  
&1 :]e necess>y1 obliges ! backw>d tail 
to dress by ! head4 ,?is ref]s also to !
 trade unions4 ,aft] ! conque/ ( p[] by 
! prolet>iat1 !y acquire a compulsory   
"*4 ,!y mu/ include all indu/rial       
work]s4 ,! p>ty1 on ! o!r h&1 z be=e1   
includes 9 its ranks only ! mo/         
class-consci\s & devot$2 & only 9 a     
process ( c>eful selection does x wid5  
its ranks4 ,h5ce foll[s ! guid+ role ( !
 ,communi/ m9ority 9 ! trade unions1 :i*
 answ]s to ! supremacy ( ! ,communi/    
,p>ty 9 ! ,soviets1 & repres5ts !       
political expression ( ! dictator%ip ( !
 prolet>iat4  ,! trade unions become !  
direct organiz]s ( social production4   
,!y express n only ! int]e/s ( !        
indu/rial work]s1 b ! int]e/s ( indu/ry 
itself4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 ! old       
curr5ts 9 trade unionism m ?an once     
rais$ _! head1 urg+ ! unions to haggle )
 ! ,soviet ,/ate1 lay d[n conditions =  

x1 & dem& f x gu>antees4 ,! fur!r we g1 
h[ev]1 ! m d ! unions recognize t !y are
 organs ( production ( ! ,soviet ,/ate1 
& assume responsibility = its =tunes--n 
oppos+ !mselves to x1 b id5tify+        
!mselves ) x4 ,! unions become !        
organiz]s ( labor discipl9e4 ,!y dem& f 
! work]s int5sive labor "u ! mo/        
difficult conditions1 to ! ext5t t !    
,labor ,/ate is n yet able to alt] ^?   
conditions4  ,! unions become ! app>atus
 ( revolution>y repression aga9/        
undiscipl9$1 an>*ical1 p>asitic elem5ts 
9 ! work+ class4 ,f ! old policy ( trade
 unionism1 :i* at a c]ta9 /age is       
insep>able f ! indu/rial movem5t )9 !   
framework ( capitali/ society1 ! unions 
pass along ! :ole l9e on to ! new pa? ( 
! policy ( revolution>y ,communism4     
,,! ,,peasant ,,policy  ,! ,bol%eviks   
hop$1 ,kautsky ?und]s1 to ov]come !     
sub/antial peasants 9 ! villages by     
grant+ political rights exclusively to !
 poore/ peasants4 ,!y !n aga9 grant$    
repres5tation to ! sub/antial peasantry4

 7,page #baf47  ,kautsky enum]ates !    
ext]nal contradictions ( our peasant    
policy1 n dream+ to inquire into its    
g5]al direction1 & into ! int]nal       
contradictions visible 9 ! economic &   
political situation ( ! c\ntry4  ,9 !   
,russian peasantry z x ent]$ ! ,soviet  
ord] !re 7 ?ree elem5ts3 ! poor1 liv+ to
 a consid]able ext5t by ! sale ( _!     
labor-p[]1 & =c$ to buy additional food 
= _! requirem5ts2 ! middle peasants1 ^: 
requirem5ts 7 cov]$ by ! products ( _!  
f>ms1 & :o 7 able to a limit$ ext5t to  
sell _! surplus2 & ! upp] lay]--i4e41 ! 
ri* peasants1 ! vulture 7kulak7 class1  
:i* sy/ematically b\ght labor-p[] & sold
 _! agricultural produce on a l>ge      
scale4 ,x is q unnecess>y to po9t out t 
^! gr\ps are n di/+ui%$ by def9ite      
symptoms or by homog5e\sness ?r\gh\t !  
c\ntry4  ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 & g5]ally    
speak+1 ! peasant poor repres5t$ !      
natural & und5iable allies ( ! t[n      
prolet>iat1 :il/ ! vulture class        
repres5t$ its j z und5iable &           

irreconcilable enemies4 ,! mo/          
hesitation 0 pr9cipally to be obs]v$    
among/ ! wide/1 ! middle section ( !    
peasantry4  ,_h n ! c\ntry be5 s        
exhau/$1 & if ! prolet>iat _h _h !      
possibility ( (f]+ to ! peasant masses !
 necess>y quantity ( commodities &      
cultural requirem5ts1 ! adaptation ( !  
toil+ majority ( ! peasantry to ! new   
regime w\ld h tak5 place mu* less       
pa9fully4 ,b ! economic disord] ( !     
c\ntry1 :i* 0 n ! result ( our l& or    
food policy1 b 0 g5]at$ by ! causes :i* 
prec$$ ! appe>ance ( t policy1 robb$ !  
t[n = a prolong$ p]iod ( any possibility
 ( giv+ ! village ! products ( ! textile
 & metal-work+ indu/ries1 import$ goods1
 & s on4 ,at ! same "t1 indu/ry c\ld n  
entirely cease draw+ f ! village all1   
albeit ! smalle/ quantity1 ( its food   
res\rces4 ,! prolet>iat dem&$ ( !       
peasantry ! grant+ ( food cr$its1       
economic subsidies 9 respect ( values   
:i* x is only n[ ab\t to create4 ,!     
symbol ( ^? future values 0 ! cr$it     

symbol1 n[ f9ally depriv$ ( all value4  
,b ! peasant mass is n v capable (      
hi/orical deta*m5t4 ,b\nd up ) ! ,soviet
 ,gov]nm5t by ! abolition ( l&lordism1 &
 see+ 9 x a gu>antee aga9/ ! re/oration 
( ,ts>ism1 ! peasantry at ! same "t n   
infrequ5tly opposes ! collection ( corn1
 consid]+ x a bad b>ga9 s long z x does 
n itself receive pr9t$ calico1 nails1 & 
k]os9e4  ,! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t naturally 
/rove to impose ! *ief weight ( ! food  
tax ^u ! upp] /rata ( ! village4 ,b1 9 !
 un=m$ social conditions ( ! village1 ! 
influ5tial peasantry1 accu/om$ to lead !
 middle peasants 9 its tra91 f\nd scores
 ( me?ods ( pass+ on ! food tax f itself
 to ! wide masses ( ! peasantry1 !reby  
plac+ !m 9 a position ( ho/ility &      
opposition to ! ,soviet p[]4 ,x 0       
necess>y to awak5 9 ! l[] ranks ( !     
peasantry suspicion & ho/ility t[>ds !  
speculat+ upp] /rata4 ,?is purpose 0    
s]v$ by ! ,committees ( ,pov]ty4 ,!y 7  
built up ( ! rank & file1 ( elem5ts :o 9
 ! la/ epo* 7 oppress$1 driv5 into a d>k

 corn]1 depriv$ ( _! rights4 ,( c\rse1 9
 _! mid/ !re turn$ out to be a c]ta9    
numb] ( semi-p>asitic elem5ts4 ,?is s]v$
 z ! *ief text = ! demagogues among/ !  
populi/ ,sociali/s1 ^: spee*es f\nd a   
grateful e*o 9 ! he>ts ( ! village      
vultures4 ,b ! m]e fact ( ! transf]5ce (
 p[] to ! village poor _h an            
immeasurable revolution>y significance4 
,= ! guidance ( ! village               
semi-prolet>ians1 !re 7 despat*$ f !    
t[ns p>ties f among/ ! =emo/ work]s1 :o 
accompli%$ invaluable "w 9 ! villages4  
,! ,committees ( ,pov]ty became %ock    
battalions aga9/ ! vulture class4       
,enjoy+ ! support ( ! ,/ate1 !y !reby   
oblig$ ! middle section ( ! peasantry to
 *oose1 n only betwe5 ! ,soviet p[] & ! 
p[] ( ! l&lords1 b betwe5 ! dictator%ip 
( ! prolet>iat & ! semi-prolet>ian      
elem5ts ( ! village on ! "o h&1 & ! yoke
 ( ! ri* speculators on ! o!r4 ,by a    
s]ies ( lessons1 "s ( :i* 7 v sev]e1 !  
middle peasantry 0 oblig$ to become     
conv9c$ t ! ,soviet regime1 :i* _h driv5

 away ! l&lords & bailiffs1 9 its turn  
imposes new duties ^u ! peasantry1 &    
dem&s sacrifices f !m4 ,! political     
education ( t5s ( millions ( ! middle   
peasantry did n take place z easily &   
smoo?ly z 9 ! s*ool-room1 & x did n give
 imm$iate & unque/ionable results4 ,!re 
7 ris+s ( ! middle peasants1 unit+ ) !  
speculators1 & always 9 su* cases fall+ 
"u ! lead]%ip ( ,:ite ,gu>d l&lords2 !re
 7 abuses committ$ by local ag5ts ( !   
,soviet ,gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly by ^? ( ! 
,committees ( ,pov]ty4 ,b ! fundam5tal  
political end 0 atta9$4 ,! p[]ful class 
( ri* peasantry1 if x 0 n f9ally        
annihilat$1 prov$ to be %ak5 to its     
f\ndations1 ) its self-reliance und]m9$4
 ,! middle peasantry1 rema9+ politically
 %apeless1 j z x is economically        
%apeless1 began to le>n to f9d its      
repres5tative 9 ! =emo/ work]1 z be=e x 
f\nd x 9 ! noisy village speculator4    
,once ?is fundam5tal result 0 a*iev$1 ! 
,committees ( ,pov]ty1 z tempor>y       
in/itutions1 z a %>p w$ge driv5 into !  

village masses1 _h to yield _! place to 
! ,soviets1 9 :i* ! village poor are    
repres5t$ side by side ) ! middle       
peasantry4  ,! ,committees ( ,pov]ty    
exi/$ ab\t six mon?s1 f ,june to        
,decemb]1 #aiah4 ,9 _! in/itution1 z 9  
_! abolition1 ,kautsky sees no?+ b !    
wav]+s ( ,soviet policy4 ,yet at ! same 
"t he himself has n ev5 a suspicion (   
any practical lessons to be drawn4 ,&   
aft] all1 h[ %\ld he ?9k ( !m8 ,exp]i5ce
 su* z we are acquir+ 9 ?is respect kn[s
 no prec$5t2 & que/ions & problems su* z
 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t is n[ solv+ 9      
practice h no solution 9 books4 ,:at    
,kautsky calls contradictions 9 policy  
are1 9 reality1 ! active manoeuvr+ ( !  
prolet>iat 9 ! spongy1 undivid$1 peasant
 mass4 ,! sail+ %ip has to manoeuvre    
be=e ! w9d2 yet no "o w see             
contradictions 9 ! manoeuvres :i* f9ally
 br+ ! %ip to h>bor4  ,9 que/ions z to  
agricultural communes & ,soviet f>ms1   
!re c\ld also be f\nd n a few           
contradictions1 9 :i*1 side by side )   

individual mi/akes1 !re are express$    
v>i\s /ages ( ! revolution4 ,:at        
quantity ( l& %all ! ,soviet ,/ate leave
 = itself 9 ! ,ukra9e1 & :at quantity   
%all x h& ov] to ! peasants2 :at policy 
%all x lay d[n = ! agricultural         
communes2 9 :at =m %all x give !m       
support1 s z n to make !m ! nurs]y =    
p>asitism2 9 :at =m is control to be    
organiz$ ov] !m--all ^! are absolutely  
new problems ( ,sociali/ economic       
con/ruction1 :i* h be5 settl$ be=eh&    
nei!r !oretically nor practically1 & 9 !
 settl+ ( :i* ! g5]al pr9ciples ( our   
programme h ev5 yet to f9d _! actual    
application & _! te/+ 9 practice1 by    
means ( inevitable tempor>y deviations  
to "r or left4  ,b ev5 ! v fact t !     
,russian prolet>iat has f\nd support 9 !
 peasantry ,kautsky turns aga9/ u4 ,?is 
has introduc$ into ! ,soviet regime an  
economically reaction>y elem5t :i* 0    
sp>$ 767 ! ,p>is ,commune1 z its        
dictator%ip did n rely on peasant       
,soviets4  ,z if 9 reality we c\ld      

accept ! h]itage ( ! feudal & b\rgeois  
ord] ) ! possibility ( exclud+ f x at w 
an economically reaction>y elem5t6 ,nor 
is ?is all4 ,hav+ poison$ ! ,soviet     
regime by its reaction>y elem5t1 !      
peasantry has depriv$ u ( its support4  
,to-day x hates ! ,bol%eviks4 ,all ?is  
,kautsky kn[s v c]ta9ly f ! radios (    
,clem5ceau & ! squibs ( ! ,m5%eviks4  ,9
 reality1 :at is true is t wide masses (
 ! peasantry are suff]+ f ! abs5ce ( !  
ess5tial products ( indu/ry4 ,b x is j z
 true t e o!r regime--& !re 7 n a few ( 
!m1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,russia1 dur+ ! la/  
?ree ye>s--prov$ inf9itely m oppressive 
= ! %\ld]s ( ! peasantry4 ,nei!r        
mon>*ical nor democratic gov]nm5ts 7    
able to increase _! /ores ( manufactur$ 
goods4 ,bo? ( !m f\nd !mselves 9 ne$ ( !
 peasant's corn & ! peasant's horses4   
,to c>ry out _! policy1 ! b\rgeois      
gov]nm5ts--includ+ ! ,kautskian-,m5%evik
 v>iety--made use ( a purely            
bureaucratic app>atus1 :i* reckons ) !  
requirem5ts ( ! peasant's f>m to an     

inf9itely less degree ?an ! ,soviet     
app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( work]s &        
peasants4 ,z a result1 ! middle peasant1
 9 spite ( 8 wav]+s1 8 dissatisfaction1 
& ev5 8 ris+s1 ultimately always comes  
to ! conclusion t1 h[ev] difficult x is 
= him at pres5t "u ! ,bol%eviks1 "u e   
o!r regime x w\ld be inf9itely m        
difficult = him4 ,x is q true t !       
,commune 0 sp>$ peasant support4 ,b 9   
return ! ,commune 0 n sp>$ annihilation 
by ! peasant armies ( ,?i]s6 ,:]eas our 
army1 f\r-fif?s ( :om are peasants1 is  
fight+ ) en?usiasm & ) success = !      
,soviet ,republic4 ,& ?is "o fact1      
controv]t+ ,kautsky & ^? inspir+ him1   
gives ! be/ possible v]dict on ! peasant
 policy ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t4   ,,!    
,,soviet ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,! ,,exp]ts  ,!
 ,bol%eviks at fir/ ?\ght !y c\ld manage
 )\t ! intellig5tsia1 )\t ! exp]ts1     
,kautsky n>rates to u4 7,page #aia47 ,b 
!n1 becom+ conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( !    
intellig5tsia1 !y ab&on$ _! sev]e       
repressions1 & attempt$ to attract !m to

 "w by all sorts ( measures1 incid5tally
 by giv+ !m extremely high sal>ies4 ,9  
?is way1 ,kautsky says ironically1 !    
true pa?1 ! true me?od ( attract+ exp]ts
 consi/s 9 fir/ ( all giv+ !m a ?or\gh  
good hid+4 7 ,page #aib47 ,q s4 ,) all  
due respect to all phili/9es1 !         
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat does j consi/
 9 giv+ a hid+ to ! classes t 7         
previ\sly supreme1 be=e =c+ !m to       
recognize ! new ord] & to submit to x4  
,! pr(essional intellig5tsia1 br\ght up 
) a prejudice ab\t ! omnipot5ce ( !     
b\rgeoisie1 long w\ld n1 c\ld n1 & did n
 believe t ! work+ class is really      
capable ( gov]n+ ! c\ntry2 t x seiz$ p[]
 n by accid5t2 & t ! dictator%ip ( !    
prolet>iat is an insurm\ntable fact4    
,consequ5tly1 ! b\rgeois intellig5tsia  
treat$ its duties to ! ,labor ,/ate     
extremely lightly1 ev5 :5 x ent]$ its   
s]vice2 & x consid]$ t to receive money 
f ,wilson1 ,clem5ceau or ,mirba* =      
anti-,soviet agitation1 or to h& ov]    
milit>y secrets & te*nical res\rces to  

,:ite ,gu>ds & =eign imp]iali/s1 is a q 
natural & obvi\s c\rse "u ! regime ( !  
prolet>iat4 ,x became necess>y to %[ x 9
 practice1 & to %[ x sev]ely1 t !       
prolet>iat _h n seiz$ p[] 9 ord] to all[
 su* jokes to be play$ (f at its exp5se4
  ,9 ! sev]e p5alties adopt$ 9 ! case ( 
! intellig5tsia1 our b\rgeois ideali/   
sees ! consequ5ce ( a policy :i* /rove  
to attract ! educat$ classes1 n by means
 ( p]suasion1 b by means ( kicks f be=e 
& beh9d4 7,page #aic47 ,9 ?is way1      
,kautsky s]i\sly imag9es t x is possible
 to attract ! b\rgeois intellig5tsia to 
! "w ( ,sociali/ con/ruction by means ( 
m]e p]suasion--& ?is 9 conditions :51 9 
all o!r c\ntries1 !re is /ill supreme ! 
b\rgeoisie :i* hesitates at no me?ods ( 
t]rify+1 flatt]+1 or buy+ ov] ! ,russian
 intellig5tsia & mak+ x a weapon = !    
trans=mation ( ,russia into a colony (  
slaves4  ,in/ead ( analyz+ ! c\rse ( !  
/ruggle1 ,kautsky1 :5 deal+ ) !         
intellig5tsia1 gives once aga9 m]ely    
academical recipes4 ,x is absolutely    

false t our p>ty _h ! idea ( manag+ )\t 
! intellig5tsia1 n realiz+ to ! full its
 importance = ! economic & cultural "w t
 lay be=e u4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,:5 !       
/ruggle = ! conque/ & consolidation (   
p[] 0 9 full bla/1 & ! majority ( !     
intellig5tsia 0 play+ ! "p ( a %ock     
battalion ( ! b\rgeoisie1 fight+ aga9/ u
 op5ly or sabotag+ our in/itutions1 !   
,soviet p[] f\ght m]cilessly ) ! exp]ts1
 precisely because x knew _! enorm\s    
importance f ! po9t ( view (            
organization s long z !y d n attempt to 
c>ry on an indep5d5t democratic policy &
 execute ! ord]s ( "o ( ! fundam5tal    
classes ( society4 ,only aft] !         
opposition ( ! intellig5tsia _h be5     
brok5 by a sev]e /ruggle did !          
possibility op5 be=e u ( enli/+ !       
assi/ance ( ! exp]ts4 ,we imm$iately    
ent]$ t pa?4 ,x prov$ n z simple z x    
might h seem$ at fir/4 ,! relations :i* 
exi/$ "u capitali/ conditions betwe5 !  
work+ man & ! director1 ! cl]k & !      
manag]1 ! soldi] & ! (fic]1 left beh9d a

 v deep class di/ru/ ( ! exp]ts2 & t    
di/ru/ _h become /ill m acute dur+ !    
fir/ p]iod ( ! civil w>1 :5 !           
intellig5tsia did its utmo/ to break !  
labor revolution by hung] & cold4 ,x 0 n
 easy to outlive ?is frame ( m9d1 & to  
pass f ! fir/ viol5t antagonism to      
peaceful collaboration4 ,! labor+ masses
 _h gradually to become accu/om$ to see 
9 ! eng9e]1 ! agricultural exp]t1 !     
(fic]1 n ! oppressor ( ye/]day b !      
useful work] ( to-day--a necess>y exp]t1
 entirely "u ! ord]s ( ! ,work]s' &     
,peasants' ,gov]nm5t4  ,we h already    
said t ,kautsky is wrong :5 he          
attributes to ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t !     
desire to replace exp]ts by prolet>ians4
 ,b t su* a desire 0 b\nd to spr+ up 9  
wide circles ( ! prolet>iat _c be d5i$4 
,a "y class :i* _h prov$ to its own     
satisfaction t x 0 capable ( ov]com+ !  
greate/ ob/acles 9 its pa?1 :i* _h torn 
to pieces ! veil ( my/]y :i* _h hi!rto  
surr\nd$ ! p[] ( ! prop]ti$ classes1 :i*
 _h realiz$ t all good ?+s on ! e>? 7 n 

! direct gift ( heav5--t a revolution>y 
class 0 naturally incl9$1 9 ! p]son ( ! 
less mature ( its elem5ts1 at fir/ to   
ov]-e/imate its capacity = solv+ ea* & e
 problem1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! aid (   
exp]ts educat$ by ! b\rgeoisie4  ,x 0 n 
m]ely ye/]day t we began ! /ruggle ) su*
 t5d5cies1 9 s f> z !y assum$ a def9ite 
"*4 ,to-day1 :5 ! p[] ( ! ,soviets has  
be5 set on a firm foot+1 we said at !   
,mosc[ ,city ,conf]5ce on ,m>* #bh1     
#aiah1 ! /ruggle ) sabotage mu/ express 
itself 9 ! =m ( trans=m+ ! saboteurs (  
ye/]day into ! s]vants1 executive       
(ficials1 te*nical guides1 ( ! new      
regime1 :]ev] x requires !m4 ,if we d n 
grapple ) ?is1 if we d n attract all !  
=ces necess>y to u & enli/ !m 9 !       
,soviet s]vice1 our /ruggle ( ye/]day ) 
sabotage w\ld !reby be condemn$ z an    
absolutely va9 & fruitless /ruggle4  ,j 
z 9 dead ma*9es1 s into ^? te*nical     
exp]ts1 eng9e]s1 doctors1 tea*]s1 =m]   
(fic]s1 !re is sunk a c]ta9 portion (   
our national capital1 :i* we are oblig$ 

to exploit & utilize if we want to solve
 ! root problems /&+ be=e u4            
,democratization does n at all consi/--z
 e ,m>xi/ le>ns 9 8 ,a ,b ,c--9 aboli%+ 
! mean+ ( skill$ =ces1 ! mean+ ( p]sons 
possess+ special k1 & 9 replac+ !m      
ev]y:]e & any:]e by elective bo>ds4     
,elective bo>ds1 consi/+ ( ! be/        
repres5tatives ( ! work+ class1 b n     
equipp$ ) ! necess>y te*nical k1 _c     
replace "o exp]t :o has pass$ ?r\gh !   
te*nical s*ool1 & :o kn[s h[ to c>ry out
 ! giv5 te*nical "w4 ,t flood-tide ( !  
collegiate pr9ciple :i* is at pres5t to 
be obs]v$ 9 all sph]es is ! q natural   
reaction ( a "y1 revolution>y1 only     
ye/]day oppress$ class1 :i* is ?r[+ out 
! "o-man pr9ciple ( its rul]s (         
ye/]day--! l&lords & ! g5]als--& ev]y:]e
 is appo9t+ its elect$ repres5tatives4  
,?is1 ,i say1 is q a natural &1 9 its   
orig91 q a heal?y revolution>y reaction2
 b x is n ! la/ ^w 9 ! economic         
con/ructive "w ( ! proletat>ian         
prolet>ian class4  ,! next /ep mu/      

consi/ 9 ! self-limitation ( !          
collegiate pr9ciple1 9 a heal?y &       
necess>y act ( self-limitation by !     
work+ class1 :i* kn[s :]e ! decisive ^w 
c be spok5 by ! elect$ repres5tatives ( 
! work]s !mselves1 & :]e x is necess>y  
to give way to a te*nical speciali/1 :o 
is equipp$ ) c]ta9 k1 on :om a great    
measure ( responsibility mu/ be laid1 & 
:o mu/ be kept "u c>eful political      
control4 ,b x is necess>y to all[ !     
exp]t fre$om to act1 fre$om to create2  
because no exp]t1 be he ev] s little    
gift$ or capable1 c "w 9 8 dep>tm5t :5  
subord9ate 9 8 own te*nical "w to a bo>d
 ( m5 :o d n "k t dep>tm5t4 ,political1 
collegiate & ,soviet control ev]y:]e &  
any:]e2 b = ! executive functions1 we   
mu/ appo9t te*nical exp]ts1 put !m 9    
responsible positions1 & impose         
responsibility ^u !m4  ,^? :o fe> ?is   
are q unconsci\sly adopt+ an attitude ( 
pr(\nd int]nal di/ru/ t[>ds ! ,soviet   
regime4 ,^? :o ?9k t ! enli/+ ( !       
saboteurs ( ye/]day 9 ! adm9i/ration (  

te*nically exp]t po/s ?reat5s ! v       
f\ndations ( ! ,soviet regime1 d n      
realize t x is n ?r\gh ! "w ( "s eng9e] 
or ( "s g5]al ( ye/]day t ! ,soviet     
regime may /umble--9 ! political1 9 !   
revolution>y1 9 ! milit>y s5se1 !       
,soviet regime is unconqu]able4 ,b x may
 /umble ?r\gh its own incapacity to     
grapple ) ! problems ( creative         
organization4 ,! ,soviet regime is b\nd 
to draw f ! old in/itutions all t 0     
vital & valuable 9 !m1 & h>ness x on to 
! new "w4 ,if1 comrades1 we d n         
accompli% ?is1 we %all n deal           
successfully ) our pr9cipal problems2 = 
x w\ld be absolutely impossible = u to  
br+ =? f our masses1 9 ! %orte/ possible
 "t1 all ! necess>y exp]ts1 & ?r[ aside 
all t 0 accumulat$ 9 ! pa/4  ,z a matt] 
( fact1 x w\ld be j ! same z if we said 
t all ! ma*9es :i* hi!rto _h s]v$ to    
exploit ! work]s 7 n[ to be ?r[n aside4 
,x w\ld be madness4 ,! enli/+ (         
sci5tific exp]ts is = u j z ess5tial z !
 adm9i/ration ( ! res\rces ( production 

& transport1 & all ! weal? ( ! c\ntry   
g5]ally4 ,we mu/1 & 9 addition we mu/   
imm$iately1 br+ "u our control all !    
te*nical exp]ts we possess1 & introduce 
9 practice = !m ! pr9ciple ( compulsory 
labor2 at ! same "t leav+ !m a wide m>g9
 ( activity1 & ma9ta9+ ov] !m c>eful    
political control4#g            #g      
,labor1 ,discipl9e1 & ,ord] w save !    
,sociali/           ,soviet ,republic   
7,mosc[1 #aiah74 ,kautsky kn[s ?is      
pamphlet1           z he quotes f x     
sev]al times4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n       
prev5t him pass+ ov] ! passage quot$    
above1 :i*           makes cle> !       
attitude ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t to !     
intellig5tsia4  ,! "q ( exp]ts 0        
p>ticul>ly acute1 f ! v beg9n+1 9 ! ,w> 
,dep>tm5t4 ,"h1 "u ! pressure ( iron    
necessity1 x 0 solv$ fir/4  ,9 ! sph]e (
 adm9i/ration ( indu/ry & transport1 !  
necess>y =ms ( organization are v f> f  
be+ atta9$1 ev5 to ?is day4 ,we mu/ seek
 ! reason 9 ! fact t dur+ ! fir/ two    
ye>s we 7 oblig$ to sacrifice ! int]e/s 

( indu/ry & transport to ! requirem5ts (
 milit>y def5ce4 ,! extremely *angeable 
c\rse ( ! civil w>1 9 its turn1 ?rew    
ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! e/abli%m5t ( regul>
 relations ) ! exp]ts4 ,qualifi$        
te*nicians ( indu/ry & transport1       
doctors1 tea*]s1 pr(essors1 ei!r w5t    
away ) ! retreat+ armies ( ,kol*ak &    
,d5ik91 or 7 compulsorily evacuat$ by   
!m4  ,only n[1 :5 ! civil w> is approa*+
 its conclusion1 is ! intellig5tsia 9   
its mass mak+ its peace ) ! ,soviet     
,gov]nm5t1 or b[+ be=e x4 ,economic     
problems h acquir$ fir/-class           
importance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important among/
 !m is ! problem ( ! sci5tific          
organization ( production4 ,be=e !      
exp]ts !re op5s a b\ndless field (      
activity4 ,!y are be+ accord$ !         
indep5d5ce necess>y = creative "w4 ,!   
g5]al control ( indu/ry on a national   
scale is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p>ty ( 
! prolet>iat4   ,,! ,,int]nal ,,policy  
,,( ,,! ,,soviet ,,gov]nm5t  ,!         
,bol%eviks1 ,kautsky m$iates1 acquir$ ! 

=ce necess>y = ! seizure ( political p[]
 ?r\gh ! fact t1 among/ ! political     
p>ties 9 ,russia1 !y 7 ! mo/ en]getic 9 
_! dem&s = peace--peace at any price1 a 
sep>ate peace--)\t int]e/+ !mselves z to
 ! influ5ce ?is w\ld h on ! g5]al       
int]national situation1 z to :e!r ?is   
w\ld assi/ ! victory & _w dom9ation ( ! 
,g]man milit>y mon>*y1 "u ! protection (
 :i* !y rema9$ = a long "t1 j l ,indian 
or ,iri% rebels or ,italian an>*i/s4    
7,page #ec47  ,( ! reasons = our        
victory1 ,kautsky kn[s only ! "o t we   
/ood = peace4 ,he does n expla9 !       
,soviet ,gov]nm5t has cont9u$ to exi/ n[
 t x has aga9 mobiliz$ a mo/ important  
proportion ( ! soldi]s ( ! imp]ial army1
 9 ord] = two ye>s successfully to      
combat its political enemies4  ,!       
wat*word ( peace und\bt$ly play$ an     
enorm\s "p 9 our /ruggle2 b precisely   
because x 0 direct$ aga9/ ! imp]iali/   
w>4 ,! idea ( peace 0 support$ mo/      
/rongly ( all1 n by ! tir$ soldi]s1 b by
 ! =emo/ work]s1 = :om x _h ! import1 n 

= a re/1 b ( a pitiless /ruggle aga9/ ! 
exploit]s4 ,x 0 ^? same work]s :o1 "u ! 
wat*word ( peace1 lat] laid d[n _! lives
 on ! ,soviet fronts4  ,! affirmation t 
we dem&$ peace )\t reckon+ on ! effect x
 w\ld h on ! int]national situation is a
 belat$ e*o ( ,cadet & ,m5%evik sl&]s4  
,! comp>ison ( u ) ! ,g]manophile       
nationali/s ( ,india & ,irel& seeks its 
ju/ification 9 ! fact t ,g]man          
imp]ialism did actually attempt to make 
use ( u z x did ! ,indians & ! ,iri%4 ,b
 ! *auv9i/s ( ,france sp>$ no ef=ts to  
make use ( ,liebkne*t & ,luxemburg--ev5 
( ,kautsky & ,b]n/e9--9 _! own int]e/s4 
,! :ole "q is1 did we all[ ourselves to 
be utiliz$8 ,did we1 by our conduct1    
give ! ,european work]s ev5 ! %ad[ ( a  
gr\nd to place u 9 ! same category z    
,g]man imp]ialism8 ,x is suffici5t to   
rememb] ! c\rse ( ! ,bre/ negotiations1 
_! breakd[n1 & ! ,g]man advance (       
,febru>y1 #aiah1 to reveal all !        
cynicism ( ,kautsky's accusation4 ,9    
reality1 !re 0 no peace = a s+le day    

betwe5 ourselves & ,g]man imp]ialism4   
,on ! ,ukra9ian & ,caucasian fronts1 we1
 9 ! measure ( our !n extremely feeble  
en]gies1 cont9u$ to wage w> )\t op5ly   
call+ x su*4 ,we 7 too weak to organize 
w> along ! :ole ,russo-,g]man front4 ,we
 ma9ta9$ p]si/5tly ! fiction ( peace1   
utiliz+ ! fact t ! *ief ,g]man =ces 7   
drawn away to ! we/4 ,if ,g]man         
imp]ialism did prove suffici5tly p[]ful1
 9 #aiag-ah1 to impose ^u u ! ,bre/     
,peace1 aft] all our ef=ts to te> t     
noose f our necks1 "o ( ! pr9cipal      
reasons 0 ! disgraceful behavior ( !    
,g]man ,social-,democratic ,p>ty1 ( :i* 
,kautsky rema9$ an integral & ess5tial  
"p4 ,! ,bre/ ,peace 0 pre-det]m9$ on    
,augu/ #d1 #aiad4 ,at t mom5t1 ,kautsky 
n only did n decl>e w> aga9/ ,g]man     
milit>ism1 z he lat] dem&$ f ! ,soviet  
,gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 9 #aiah /ill p[]less f 
a milit>y po9t ( view2 ,kautsky actually
 propos$ vot+ = ! ,w> ,cr$its1 "u c]ta9 
conditions2 & g5]ally behav$ 9 su* a way
 t = mon?s x 0 impossible to discov]    

:e!r he /ood = ! ,w> or aga9/ x4 ,& ?is 
political c[>d1 :o at ! decisive mom5t  
gave up ! pr9cipal positions (          
,socialism1 d>es to accuse u ( hav+ f\nd
 ourselves oblig$1 at a c]ta9 mom5t1 to 
retreat--n 9 pr9ciple1 b mat]ially4 ,&  
:y8 ,because we 7 betray$ by ! ,g]man   
,social-,democracy1 corrupt$ by         
,kautskianism--i4e41 by political       
pro/itution disguis$ by !ories4  ,we did
 conc]n ourselves ) ! int]national      
situation6 ,9 reality1 we _h a mu* m    
pr(\nd crit]ion by :i* to judge !       
int]national situation2 & x did n       
deceive u4 ,already be=e ! ,febru>y     
,revolution ! ,russian ,army no long]   
exi/$ z a fight+ =ce4 ,its f9al collapse
 0 pre-det]m9$4 ,if ! ,febru>y          
,revolution _h n tak5 place1 ,ts>ism    
w\ld h come to an agreem5t ) ! ,g]man   
mon>*y4 ,b ! ,febru>y ,revolution :i*   
prev5t$ t f9ally de/roy$ ! army built on
 a mon>*i/ basis1 precisely because x 0 
a revolution4 ,a mon? soon] or lat] !   
army 0 b\nd to fall to pieces4 ,!       

milit>y policy ( ,k]5sky 0 ! policy ( an
 o/ri*4 ,he clos$ 8 eyes to !           
decomposition ( ! army1 talk$ s\nd+     
phrases1 & utt]$ v]bal ?reats aga9/     
,g]man imp]ialism4  ,9 su* conditions1  
we _h only "o way out3 to take our /& on
 ! plat=m ( peace1 z ! inevitable       
conclusion f ! milit>y p[]lessness ( !  
revolution1 & to trans=m t wat*word into
 ! weapon ( revolution>y influ5ce on all
 ! peoples ( ,europe4 ,t is1 in/ead (1  
toge!r ) ,k]5sky1 peacefully await+ !   
f9al milit>y cata/rophe--:i* might bury 
! revolution 9 its ru9s--we propos$ to  
take possession ( ! wat*word ( peace &  
to lead aft] x ! prolet>iat ( ,europe--&
 fir/ & =emo/ ! work]s ( ,au/ro-,g]many4
 ,x 0 9 ! light ( ?is view t we c>ri$ on
 our peace negotiations ) ! ,c5tral     
,empires1 & x 0 9 ! light ( ?is t we    
drew up our ,notes to ! gov]nm5ts ( !   
,ent5te4 ,we drew out ! negotiations z  
long z we c\ld1 9 ord] to give !        
,european work+ masses ! possibility (  
realiz+ ! mean+ ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t & 

its policy4 ,! ,janu>y /rike ( #aiah 9  
,g]many & ,au/ria %[$ t our ef=ts _h n  
be5 9 va94 ,t /rike 0 ! fir/ s]i\s      
premonition ( ! ,g]man ,revolution4 ,!  
,g]man ,imp]iali/s und]/ood !n t x 0 j  
we :o repres5t$ = !m a deadly dang]4    
,?is is v /rik+ly %[n 9 ,lud5dorff's    
book4 ,true1 !y c\ld n risk any long]   
com+ out aga9/ u 9 an op5 crusade4 ,b   
:]ev] !y c\ld fight aga9/ u secretly    
deceiv+ ! ,g]man work]s ) ! help ( !    
,g]man ,social-,democracy1 !y did s2 9 !
 ,ukra9e1 on ! ,don1 9 ! ,caucasus4 ,9  
,c5tral ,russia1 9 ,mosc[1 ,c\nt ,mirba*
 f ! v fir/ day ( 8 arrival /ood z !    
c5tre ( c\nt]-revolution>y plots aga9/ !
 ,soviet ,gov]nm5t--j z ,comrade ,y(fe 9
 ,b]l9 0 9 ! close/ possible t\* ) !    
revolution4 ,! ,extreme ,left gr\p ( !  
,g]man revolution>y movem5t1 ! p>ty (   
,k>l ,liebkne*t & ,rosa ,luxemburg1 all 
! "t w5t h& 9 h& ) u4 ,! ,g]man         
revolution at once took on ! =m (       
,soviets1 & ! ,g]man prolet>iat1 9 spite
 ( ! ,bre/ ,peace1 did n = a mom5t      

ent]ta9 any d\bts z to :e!r we 7 )      
,liebkne*t or ,lud5dorff4 ,9 8 evid5ce  
be=e ! ,rei*/ag ,commission 9 ,novemb]1 
#aiai1 ,lud5dorff expla9$ h[ ! ,high    
,comm& dem&$ ! creation ( an in/itution 
) ! object ( disclos+ ! connection (    
revolution>y t5d5cies 9 ,g]many )       
,russia4 ,y(fe arriv$ 9 ,b]l91 & 9 v>i\s
 t[ns !re 7 set up ,russian consulates4 
,?is _h ! mo/ pa9ful consequ5ces 9 !    
army & navy4 ,kautsky1 h[ev]1 has !     
audacity to write t if matt]s did come  
to a ,g]man revolution1 truly x is n !  
,bol%eviks :o are responsible = x4      
7,page #afb47  ,ev5 if we _h _h !       
possibility 9 #aiag-ah1 by means (      
revolution>y ab/5tion1 ( support+ ! old 
,imp]ial ,army in/ead ( ha/5+ its       
de/ruction1 we %\ld h m]ely be5 assi/+ !
 ,ent5te1 & w\ld h cov]$ up by our aid  
its brig&s' peace ) ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & 
all ! c\ntries ( ! _w g5]ally4 ,) su* a 
policy we %\ld at ! decisive mom5t h    
prov$ absolutely dis>m$ 9 ! face ( !    
,ent5te--/ill m dis>m$ ?an ,g]many is   

to-day4 ,:]eas1 ?anks to ! ,novemb]     
,revolution & ! ,bre/ ,peace we are     
to-day ! only c\ntry :i* opposes !      
,ent5te rifle 9 h&4 ,by our int]national
 policy1 we n only did n assi/ !        
,hoh5zoll]n to assume a position ( _w   
dom9ation2 on ! contr>y1 by our ,novemb]
 ,revolution we did m ?an anyone else to
 prep>e 8 ov]?r[4 ,at ! same "t1 we ga9$
 a milit>y brea?+-space1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*
 we creat$ a l>ge & /rong army1 ! fir/  
army ( ! prolet>iat 9 hi/ory1 ) :i*     
to-day n all ! unlea%$ h\nds ( ! ,ent5te
 c cope4  ,! mo/ critical mom5t 9 our   
int]national situation arose 9 ! autumn 
( #aiah1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,g]man   
armies4 ,9 ! place ( two mighty camps1 m
 or less neutraliz+ ea* o!r1 !re /ood   
be=e u ! victori\s ,ent5te1 at ! summit 
( its _w p[]1 & !re lay brok5 ,g]many1  
^: ,junk] blackgu>ds w\ld h consid]$ x a
 happ9ess & an honor to spr+ at ! ?roat 
( ! ,russian prolet>iat = a bone f !    
kit*5 ( ,clem5ceau4 ,we propos$ peace to
 ! ,ent5te1 & 7 aga9 ready--= we 7      

oblig$--to sign ! mo/ pa9ful conditions4
 ,b ,clem5ceau1 9 ^: imp]iali/ rapacity 
!re h rema9$ 9 _! full =ce all !        
*>act]i/ics ( l[]-middle-class          
?ick-head$ness1 refus$ ! ,junk]s _!     
bone1 & at ! same "t decid$ at all co/s 
to decorate ! ,invalides ) ! scalps ( ! 
lead]s ( ! ,soviet ,republic4 ,by ?is   
policy ,clem5ceau did u n a small       
s]vice4 ,we def5d$ ourselves            
successfully1 & held out4  ,:at1 !n1 0 !
 guid+ pr9ciple ( our ext]nal policy1   
once ! fir/ mon?s ( exi/5ce ( ! ,soviet 
,gov]nm5t _h made cle> ! consid]able    
vitality z yet ( ! capitali/ gov]nm5ts (
 ,europe8 ,j t :i* ,kautsky accepts     
to-day uncompreh5d+ly z an accid5tal    
result--to hold out6  ,we realiz$ too   
cle>ly t ! v fact ( ! exi/5ce ( !       
,soviet ,gov]nm5t is an ev5t ( ! greate/
 revolution>y importance2 & ?is         
realization dictat$ to u our concessions
 & our tempor>y retirem5ts--n 9 pr9ciple
 b 9 practical conclusions f a sob]     
e/imate ( our own =ces4 ,we retreat$ l  

an army :i* gives up to ! enemy a t[n1 &
 ev5 a =tress1 9 ord]1 hav+ retreat$1 to
 conc5trate its =ces n only = def5ce b =
 an advance4 ,we retreat$ l /rik]s      
among/ :om to-day en]gies & res\rces h  
be5 exhau/$1 b :o1 cl5*+ _! tee?1 are   
prep>+ = a new /ruggle4 ,if we 7 n fill$
 ) an unconqu]able belief 9 ! _w        
significance ( ! ,soviet dictator%ip1 we
 %\ld n h accept$ ! mo/ pa9ful          
sacrifices at ,bre/-,litovsk4 ,if our   
fai? _h prov$ to be contradict$ by !    
actual c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! ,bre/ ,peace    
w\ld h gone d[n to hi/ory z ! futile    
capitulation ( a doom$ regime4 ,t is h[ 
! situation 0 judg$ !n1 n only by !     
,kuehlmanns1 b also by ! ,kautskies (   
all c\ntries4 ,b we prov$ "r 9 our      
e/imate1 z ( our weakness !n1 s ( our   
/r5g? 9 ! future4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,eb]t  
,republic1 ) its univ]sal suffrage1 its 
p>liam5t>y sw9dl+1 its fre$om ( !       
,press1 & its murd] ( labor lead]s1 is  
m]ely a necess>y l9k 9 ! hi/orical *a9 (
 slav]y & sc\ndrelism4 ,! exi/5ce ( !   

,soviet ,gov]nm5t is a fact (           
immeasurable revolution>y significance4 
,x 0 necess>y to reta9 x1 utiliz+ !     
conflict ( ! capitali/ nations1 ! z yet 
unf9i%$ imp]iali/ w>1 ! self-confid5t   
effront]y ( ! ,hoh5zoll]n b&s1 !        
?ick-witt$ness ( ! _w-b\rgeoisie z f> z 
! fundam5tal que/ions ( ! revolution 7  
conc]n$1 ! antagonism ( ,am]ica &       
,europe1 ! complication ( relations )9 !
 ,ent5te4 ,we _h to lead our yet unf9i%$
 ,soviet %ip ov] ! /ormy waves1 amid    
rocks & reefs1 complet+ its build+ &    
armam5t en r\te4  ,kautsky has !        
audacity to repeat ! accusation t we did
 n1 at ! beg9n+ ( #aiah1 hurl ourselves 
un>m$ aga9/ our mighty foe4 ,_h we done 
?is we w\ld h be5 cru%$4#h ,! fir/ great
 attempt ( ! prolet>iat to seize p[]    
w\ld h suff]$ defeat4 ,! revolution>y w+
 ( ! ,european prolet>iat w\ld h be5    
dealt ! sev]e/ possible bl[4 ,! ,ent5te 
w\ld h made peace ) ! ,hoh5zoll]n ov] ! 
corpse ( ! ,russian ,revolution1 & ! _w 
capitali/ reaction w\ld h receiv$ a     

respite = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,:5 ,kautsky  
says t1 conclud+ ! ,bre/ ,peace1 we did 
n ?9k ( its influ5ce on ! fate ( !      
,g]man ,revolution1 he is utt]+ a       
disgraceful sl&]4 ,we consid]$ ! "q f   
all sides1 & our sole crit]ion 0 !      
int]e/s ( ! int]national revolution4    
#h ,! ,vi5na ,arbeit]zeitung opposes1 z 
is fitt+1 !           wise ,russian     
,communi/s to ! fooli% ,au/rians4 ,did n
           ,trotsky1 ! pap] writes1 ) a 
cle> view &           und]/&+ (         
possibilities1 sign ! ,bre/-,litovsk    
peace           ( viol5ce1 not)/&+ t x  
s]v$ = !           consolidation (      
,g]man imp]ialism8 ,! ,bre/ ,peace 0    
j z h>% & %ameful z is ! ,v]sailles     
,peace4 ,b           does ?is mean t    
,trotsky _h to be ra% en\gh to          
cont9ue ! w> aga9/ ,g]many8 ,w\ld n !   
fate ( !           ,russian ,revolution 
long ago h be5 seal$8 ,trotsky b[$      
be=e ! unalt]able necessity ( sign+ !   
%ameful           treaty 9 anticipation 
( ! ,g]man revolution4 ,! honor         

( hav+ =ese5 all ! consequ5ces ( ! ,bre/
 ,peace           belongs to ,l594 ,b   
?is1 ( c\rse1 alt]s no?+ 9 !            
argum5t ( ! organ ( ! ,vi5nese          
,kautskians4  ,we came to ! conclusion t
 ^? int]e/s dem&$ t ! only ,soviet      
,gov]nm5t 9 ! _w %\ld be pres]v$4 ,& we 
prov$ "r4 ,:]eas ,kautsky await$ our    
fall1 if n ) impati5ce1 at lea/ )       
c]ta9ty2 & on ?is expect$ fall built up 
8 :ole int]national policy4  ,! m9utes (
 ! session ( ! ,coalition ,gov]nm5t (   
,novemb] #ai1 #aiah1 publi%$ by ! ,bau] 
,m9i/ry1 run3--,fir/1 a cont9uation ( ! 
discussion z to ! relations ( ,g]many & 
! ,soviet ,republic4 ,haase advises a   
policy ( procra/9ation4 ,kautsky agrees 
) ,haase3 decision mu/ be po/pon$4 ,!   
,soviet ,gov]nm5t w n la/ long4 ,x w    
inevitably fall 9 ! c\rse ( a few       
weeks4444  ,9 ?is way1 at ! "t :5 !     
situation ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 0 really
 extremely difficult--= ! de/ruction (  
,g]man milit>ism _h giv5 ! ,ent5te1 x   
seem$1 ! full possibility ( f9i%+ ) u 9 

! c\rse ( a few weeks--at t mom5t       
,kautsky n only does n ha/5 to our aid1 
& ev5 does n m]ely wa% 8 h&s ( ! :ole   
affair2 he p>ticipates 9 active trea*]y 
aga9/ revolution>y ,russia4 ,to aid     
,s*eidemann 9 8 role ( wat*-dog ( !     
b\rgeoisie1 in/ead ( ! programme role   
assign$ to him ( its grave-digg]1       
,kautsky himself ha/5s to become !      
grave-digg] ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t4 ,b ! 
,soviet ,gov]nm5t is alive4 ,x w outlive
 all its grave-digg]s4     #h           
,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,organization ,,(   
,,labor   ,,! ,,soviet ,,gov]nm5t ,,&   
,,indu/ry  ,if1 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( !      
,soviet revolution1 ! pr9cipal          
accusation ( ! b\rgeois _w 0 direct$    
aga9/ our savag]y & blood-?ir/9ess1     
lat]1 :5 t argum5t1 f frequ5t use1 _h   
become blunt$1 & _h lo/ its =ce1 we 7   
made responsible *iefly = ! economic    
disorganization ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 h>mony ) 
8 pres5t mission1 ,kautsky me?odically  
translates into ! language (            
pseudo-,m>xism all ! b\rgeois *>ges     

aga9/ ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t ( de/roy+ !   
indu/rial life ( ,russia4 ,! ,bol%eviks 
began socialization )\t a plan4 ,!y     
socializ$ :at 0 n ready = socialization4
 ,! ,russian work+ class1 altoge!r1 is n
 yet prep>$ = ! adm9i/ration ( indu/ry2 
& s on1 & s on4  ,repeat+ & comb9+ ^!   
accusations1 ,kautsky1 ) dull ob/9acy1  
hides ! real cause = our economic       
disorganization3 ! imp]iali/ slaught]1 !
 civil w>1 & ! blockade4  ,soviet       
,russia1 f ! fir/ mon?s ( its exi/5ce1  
f\nd itself depriv$ ( coal1 oil1 metal1 
& cotton4 ,fir/ ! ,au/ro-,g]man & !n !  
,ent5te imp]ialisms1 ) ! assi/ance ( !  
,russian ,:ite ,gu>ds1 tore away f      
,soviet ,russia ! ,donetz coal &        
metal-work+ region1 ! oil di/ricts ( !  
,caucasus1 ,turke/an ) its cotton1 ,ural
 ) its ri*e/ deposits ( metals1 ,sib]ia 
) its bread & meat4 ,! ,donetz area _h  
usually suppli$ our indu/ry ) #id p]    
c5t4 ( its coal & #gd p] c5t4 ( its     
crude ore4 ,! ,ural suppli$ ! rema9+ #bj
 p] c5t4 ( ! ore & #d p] c5t4 ( ! coal4 

,bo? ^! regions1 dur+ ! civil w>1 7 cut 
(f f u4 ,we 7 depriv$ ( half a milli>d  
poods ( coal import$ f abroad4          
,simultane\sly1 we 7 left )\t oil3 !    
oilfields1 "o & all1 pass$ into ! h&s ( 
our enemies4 ,"o ne$s to h a truly braz5
 =ehead to speak1 9 face ( ^! facts1 ( !
 de/ructive influ5ce ( premature1       
b>b>\s1 etc41 socialization4 ,an indu/ry
 :i* is completely depriv$ ( fuel & raw 
mat]ials--:e!r t indu/ry belongs to a   
capitali/ tru/ or to ! ,labor ,/ate1    
:e!r its factories be socializ$ or      
n--its *imneys w n smoke 9 ei!r case )\t
 coal or oil4 ,some?+ might be le>n$    
ab\t ?is1 say1 9 ,au/ria2 & = t matt] 9 
,g]many itself4 ,a weav+ factory        
adm9i/]$ accord+ to ! be/ ,kautskian    
me?ods--if we admit t any?+ at all c be 
adm9i/]$ by ,kautskian me?ods1 except   
"o's own ink/&--w n produce pr9ts if x  
is n suppli$ ) cotton4 ,& we 7          
simultane\sly depriv$ bo? ( ,turke/an & 
,am]ican cotton4 ,9 addition1 z has be5 
po9t$ out1 we _h no fuel4  ,( c\rse1 !  

blockade & ! civil w> came z ! result ( 
! prolet>ian revolution 9 ,russia4 ,b x 
does n at all foll[ f ?is t ! t]rible   
deva/ation caus$ by !                   
,anglo-,am]ican-,fr5* blockade & ! robb]
 campaigns ( ,kol*ak & ,d5ik9 h to be   
put d[n to ! discr$it ( ! ,soviet me?ods
 ( economic organization4  ,! imp]iali/ 
w> t prec$$ ! revolution1 ) its         
all-dev\r+ mat]ial & te*nical dem&s1    
impos$ a mu* great] /ra9 on our "y      
indu/ry ?an on ! indu/ry ( m p[]ful     
capitali/ c\ntries4 ,our transport      
suff]$ p>ticul>ly sev]ely4 ,!           
exploitation ( ! railways increas$      
consid]ably2 ! we> & te> correspond+ly2 
:ile repairs 7 r$uc$ to a /rict m9imum4 
,! inevitable h\r ( ,nemesis 0 br\ght   
ne>] by ! fuel crisis4 ,our almo/       
simultane\s loss ( ! ,donetz coal1 =eign
 coal1 & ! oil ( ! ,caucasus1 oblig$ u 9
 ! sph]e ( transport to h rec\rse to    
wood4 ,&1 z ! supplies ( wood fuel 7 n 9
 ! lea/ calculat$ ) a view to ?is1 we _h
 to /oke our boil]s ) rec5tly /or$ raw  

wood1 :i* has an extremely de/ructive   
effect on ! me*anism ( locomotives t are
 already worn out4 ,we see1 9           
consequ5ce1 t ! *ief reasons = !        
collapse ( transport prec$$ ,novemb]1   
#aiag4 ,b ev5 ^? reasons :i* are        
directly or indirectly b\nd up ) !      
,novemb] ,revolution fall "u ! head+ (  
political consequ5ces ( ! revolution2 & 
9 no circum/ances d !y affect ,sociali/ 
economic me?ods4  ,! influ5ce (         
political di/urbances 9 ! economic sph]e
 0 n limit$ only to que/ions ( transport
 & fuel4 ,if _w indu/ry1 dur+ ! la/     
decade1 0 m & m becom+ a s+le organism1 
! m directly does ?is apply to national 
indu/ry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w> & !         
revolution 7 me*anically break+ up &    
te>+ asund] ,russian indu/ry 9 e        
direction4 ,! indu/rial ru9 ( ,pol&1 !  
,baltic fr+e1 & lat] ( ,petrograd1 began
 "u ,ts>ism & cont9u$ "u ,k]5sky1       
embrac+ ev] new & new] regions4 ,endless
 evacuations simultane\s ) ! de/ruction 
( indu/ry1 ( necessity meant !          

de/ruction ( transport also4 ,dur+ !    
civil w>1 ) its *ang+ fronts1           
evacuations assum$ a m fev]i% &         
consequ5tly a /ill m de/ructive "*4 ,ea*
 side tempor>ily or p]man5tly evacuat$  
?is or t indu/rial c5tre1 & took all    
possible /eps to ensure t ! mo/         
important indu/rial ent]prises c\ld n be
 utiliz$ by ! enemy3 all valuable ma*9es
 7 c>ri$ (f1 or at any rate _! mo/      
delicate p>ts1 toge!r ) ! te*nical & be/
 work]s4 ,! evacuation 0 foll[$ by a    
re-evacuation1 :i* n infrequ5tly        
complet$ ! de/ruction bo? ( ! prop]ty   
transf]r$ & ( ! railways4 ,"s mo/       
important indu/rial areas--especially 9 
! ,ukra9e & 9 ! ,urals--*ang$ h&s sev]al
 times4  ,to ?is x mu/ be add$ t1 at !  
"t :5 ! de/ruction ( te*nical equipm5t 0
 be+ accompli%$ on an unprec$5t$ scale1 
! supply ( ma*9es f abroad1 :i* hi!rto  
play$ a decisive "p 9 our indu/ry1 _h   
completely ceas$4  ,b n only did ! dead 
elem5ts ( production--build+s1 ma*9es1  
rails1 fuel1 & raw mat]ial--suff]       

t]rible losses "u ! comb9$ bl[s ( ! w> &
 ! revolution4 ,n less1 if n m1 did !   
*ief factor ( indu/ry1 its liv+ creative
 =ce--! prolet>iat--suff]4 ,! prolet>iat
 0 consolidat+ ! ,novemb] revolution1   
build+ & def5d+ ! app>atus ( ,soviet    
p[]1 & c>ry+ on a ceaseless /ruggle ) ! 
,:ite ,gu>ds4 ,! skill$ work]s are1 z a 
rule1 at ! same "t ! mo/ advanc$4 ,!    
civil w> tore away _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( !   
be/ work]s = a long "t f productive     
labor1 swall[+ up _m ?\s&s ( !m = ev]4  
,! ,sociali/ revolution plac$ ! *ief    
burd5 ( its sacrifices ^u ! prolet>ian  
vangu>d1 & consequ5tly on indu/ry4  ,all
 ! att5tion ( ! ,soviet ,/ate has be5   
direct$1 = ! two & a half ye>s ( its    
exi/5ce1 to ! problem ( milit>y def5ce4 
,! be/ =ces & its pr9cipal res\rces 7   
giv5 to ! front4  ,9 any case1 ! class  
/ruggle inflicts bl[s ^u indu/ry4 ,t    
accusation1 long be=e ,kautsky1 0       
levell$ at x by all ! philosoph]s ( !   
social h>mony4 ,dur+ simple economic    
/rikes ! work]s consume1 & d n produce4 

,/ill m p[]ful1 !re=e1 are ! bl[s       
inflict$ ^u economic life by ! class    
/ruggle 9 its sev]e/ =m--9 ! =m ( arm$  
conflicts4 ,b x is q cle> t ! civil w>  
_c be classifi$ "u ! head+ ( ,sociali/  
economic me?ods4  ,! reasons enum]at$   
above are m ?an suffici5t to expla9 !   
difficult economic situation ( ,soviet  
,russia4 ,!re is no fuel1 !re is no     
metal1 !re is no cotton1 transport is   
de/roy$1 te*nical equipm5t is 9 disord]1
 liv+ labor-p[] is scatt]$ ov] ! face ( 
! c\ntry1 & a high p]c5tage ( x has be5 
lo/ to ! front--is !re any ne$ to seek  
supplem5t>y reasons 9 ! economic        
,utopianism ( ! ,bol%eviks 9 ord] to    
expla9 ! fall ( our indu/ry8 ,on !      
contr>y1 ea* ( ! reasons quot$ alone is 
suffici5t to evoke ! "q3 h[ is x        
possible at all t1 "u su* conditions1   
factories & work%ops %\ld cont9ue to    
function8  ,& yet !y d cont9ue          
pr9cipally 9 ! %ape ( w> indu/ry1 :i* is
 at pres5t liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,! 
,soviet ,gov]nm5t 0 oblig$ to re-create 

x1 j l ! army1 out ( fragm5ts4 ,w>      
indu/ry1 set up aga9 "u ^! conditions ( 
unprec$5t$ difficulty1 has fulfill$ & is
 fulfill+ its duty3 ! ,r$ ,army is      
clo!d1 %od1 equipp$ ) its rifle1 its    
ma*9e gun1 its cannon1 its bullet1 its  
%ell1 its a]oplane1 & all else t x      
requires4  ,z soon z ! dawn ( peace made
 its appe>ance--aft] ! de/ruction (     
,kol*ak1 ,yud5i*1 & ,d5ik9--we plac$    
be=e ourselves ! problem ( economic     
organization 9 ! fulle/ possible way4 ,&
 already1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r mon?s 
( int5sive "w 9 ?is sph]e1 x has become 
cle> beyond all possibility ( d\bt t1   
?anks to its mo/ intimate connection ) !
 popul> masses1 ! ela/icity ( its       
app>atus1 & its own revolution>y        
initiative1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t disposes
 ( su* res\rces & me?ods = economic     
recon/ruction z no o!r gov]nm5t ev] _h  
or has to-day4  ,true1 be=e u !re arose 
q new que/ions & new difficulties 9 !   
sph]e ( ! organization ( labor4         
,sociali/ !ory _h no answ]s to ^!       

que/ions1 & c\ld n h !m4 ,we _h to f9d !
 solution 9 practice1 & te/ x 9         
practice4 ,kautskianism is a :ole epo*  
beh9d ! gigantic economic problems be+  
solv$ at pres5t by ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t4 
,9 ! =m ( ,m5%evism1 x con/antly ?r[s   
ob/acles 9 our way1 oppos+ ! practical  
measures ( our economic recon/ruction by
 b\rgeois prejudices &                  
bureaucratic-intellectual scepticism4   
,to introduce ! read] to ! v ess5ce ( ! 
que/ions ( ! organization ( labor1 z !y 
/& at pres5t be=e u1 we quote bel[ !    
report ( ! au?or ( ?is book at ! ,?ird  
,all-,russian ,congress ( ,trade        
,unions4 ,) ! object ( ! fulle/ possible
 elucidation ( ! "q1 ! text ( ! spee* is
 supplem5t$ by consid]able extracts f ! 
au?or's reports at ! ,all-,russian      
,congress ( ,economic ,c\ncils & at !   
,n9? ,congress ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty4     
,,report ,,on ,,! ,,organization ,,(    
,,labor  ,comrades1 ! int]nal civil w>  
is com+ to an end4 ,on ! we/]n front1 ! 
situation rema9s undecid$4 ,x is        

possible t ! ,poli% b\rgeoisie w hurl a 
*all5ge at its fate4444 ,b ev5 9 ?is    
case--we d n seek x--! w> w n dem& ( u t
 all-dev\r+ conc5tration ( =ces :i* !   
simultane\s /ruggle on f\r fronts impos$
 ^u u4 ,! frightful pressure ( ! w> is  
becom+ weak]4 ,economic requirem5ts &   
problems are m & m com+ to ! =e4 ,hi/ory
 is br++ u1 along ! :ole l9e1 to our    
fundam5tal problem--! organization (    
labor on new social f\ndations4 ,!      
organization ( labor is 9 its ess5ce !  
organization ( ! new society3 e         
hi/orical =m ( society is 9 its         
f\ndation a =m ( organization ( labor4  
,:ile e previ\s =m ( society 0 an       
organization ( labor 9 ! int]e/s ( a    
m9ority1 :i* organiz$ its ,/ate app>atus
 = ! oppression ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( 
! work]s1 we are mak+ ! fir/ attempt 9  
_w hi/ory to organize labor 9 ! int]e/s 
( ! labor+ majority itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1
 does n exclude ! elem5t ( compulsion 9 
all its =ms1 bo? ! mo/ g5tle & !        
extremely sev]e4 ,! elem5t ( ,/ate      

compulsion n only does n disappe> f !   
hi/orical ar5a1 b on ! contr>y w /ill   
play1 = a consid]able p]iod1 an         
extremely prom95t "p4  ,z a g5]al rule1 
man /rives to avoid labor4 ,love = "w is
 n at all an inborn *>act]i/ic3 x is    
creat$ by economic pressure & social    
education4 ,"o may ev5 say t man is a   
fairly lazy animal4 ,x is on ?is        
quality1 9 reality1 t is f\nd$ to a     
consid]able ext5t all human progress2   
because if man did n /rive to exp5d 8   
en]gy economically1 did n seek to       
receive ! l>ge/ possible quantity (     
products 9 return = a small quantity (  
en]gy1 !re w\ld h be5 no te*nical       
developm5t or social culture4 ,x w\ld   
appe>1 !n1 f ?is po9t ( view t human    
laz9ess is a progressive =ce1 ,old      
,antonio ,labriola1 ! ,italian ,m>xi/1  
ev5 us$ to picture ! man ( ! future z a 
happy & lazy g5ius4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1   
draw ! conclusion f ?is t ! p>ty & !    
trade unions mu/ propagate ?is quality 9
 _! agitation z a moral duty4 ,no1 no6  

,we h suffici5t ( x z x is4 ,! problem  
be=e ! social organization is j to br+  
laz9ess )9 a def9ite framework1 to      
discipl9e x1 & to pull mank9d toge!r ) !
 help ( me?ods & measures inv5t$ by     
mank9d itself4   ,,compulsory ,,labor   
,,s]vice  ,! key to economic            
organization is labor-p[]1 skill$1      
elem5t>ily tra9$1 semi-tra9$1 untra9$1  
or unskill$4 ,to "w out me?ods = its    
accurate regi/ration1 mobilization1     
di/ribution1 productive application1    
means practically to solve ! problem (  
economic con/ruction4 ,?is is a problem 
= a :ole epo*--a gigantic problem4 ,its 
difficulty is int5sifi$ by ! fact t we h
 to recon/ruct labor on ,sociali/       
f\ndations 9 conditions ( hi!rto unkn[n 
pov]ty & t]rify+ mis]y4  ,! m our ma*9e 
equipm5t is worn out1 ! m disord]$ our  
railways gr[1 ! less hope !re is = u (  
receiv+ ma*9es to any significant ext5t 
f abroad 9 ! ne> future1 ! great] is !  
importance acquir$ by ! "q ( liv+       
labor-p[]4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t 

!re is pl5ty ( x4 ,b h[ are we to get at
 x8 ,h[ are we to apply x8 ,h[ are we   
productively to organize x8 ,ev5 ) !    
clean+ ( sn[ drifts f ! railway tracks1 
we 7 br\ght face to face ) v big        
difficulties4 ,x 0 absolutely impossible
 to meet ^? difficulties by means ( buy+
 labor-p[] on ! m>ket1 ) ! pres5t       
insignificant pur*as+ p[] ( money1 & 9 !
 mo/ complete abs5ce ( manufactur$      
products4 ,our fuel requirem5ts _c be   
satisfi$1 ev5 p>tially1 )\t a mass      
application1 on a scale hi!rto unkn[n1 (
 labor-p[] to "w on wood1 fuel1 peat1 & 
combu/ible slate4 ,! civil w> has play$ 
havoc ) our railways1 our bridges1 our  
build+s1 our /ations4 ,we require at    
once t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( h&s to     
re/ore ord] to all ?is4 ,= production on
 a l>ge scale 9 our timb]1 peat1 & o!r  
ent]prises1 we require h\s+ = our       
work]s1 if !y be only tempor>y huts4    
,h5ce1 aga91 ! necessity ( devot+ a     
consid]able am\nt ( labor-p[] to build+ 
"w4 ,_m work]s are requir$ to organize  

riv] navigation2 & s on1 & s =?4444     
,capitali/ indu/ry utilizes auxili>y    
labor-p[] on a l>ge scale1 9 ! %ape (   
peasants employ$ on indu/ry = only "p ( 
! ye>4 ,! village1 ?rottl$ by ! grip (  
l&lessness1 always ?rew a c]ta9 surplus 
( labor-p[] on to ! m>ket4 ,! ,/ate     
oblig$ x to d ?is by its dem& = taxes4  
,! m>ket (f]$ ! peasant manufactur$     
goods4 ,to-day1 we h none ( ?is4 ,!     
village has acquir$ m l&2 !re is n      
suffici5t agricultural ma*9]y2 work]s   
are requir$ = ! l&2 indu/ry c at pres5t 
give practically no?+ to ! village2 & ! 
m>ket no long] has an attractive        
influ5ce on labor-p[]4  ,yet labor-p[]  
is requir$--requir$ m ?an at any "t     
be=e4 ,n only ! work]1 b ! peasant also1
 mu/ give to ! ,soviet ,/ate 8 en]gy1 9 
ord] to ensure t labor+ ,russia1 & ) x !
 labor+ masses1 %\ld n be cru%$4 ,! only
 way to attract ! labor-p[] necess>y =  
our economic problems is to introduce   
compulsory labor s]vice4  ,! v pr9ciple 
( compulsory labor s]vice is = !        

,communi/ q unque/ionable4 ,he :o works 
n1 nei!r %all he eat4 ,& z all mu/ eat1 
all are oblig$ to "w4 ,compulsory labor 
s]vice is sket*$ 9 our ,con/itution & 9 
our ,labor ,code4 ,b hi!rto x has always
 rema9$ a m]e pr9ciple4 ,its application
 has always _h an accid5tal1 imp>tial1  
episodic "*4 ,only n[1 :5 along ! :ole  
l9e we h rea*$ ! "q ( ! economic rebir? 
( ! c\ntry1 h problems ( compulsory     
labor s]vice aris5 be=e u 9 ! mo/       
concrete way possible4 ,! only solution 
( economic difficulties t is correct f !
 po9t ( view bo? ( pr9ciple & ( practice
 is to treat ! population ( ! :ole      
c\ntry z ! res]voir ( ! necess>y        
labor-p[]--an almo/ inexhau/ible        
res]voir--& to introduce /rict ord] into
 ! "w ( its regi/ration1 mobilization1 &
 utilization4  ,h[ are we practically to
 beg9 ! utilization ( labor-p[] on !    
basis ( compulsory milit>y s]vice8      
,hi!rto only ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t has _h any 
exp]i5ce 9 ! sph]e ( ! regi/ration1     
mobilization1 =mation1 & transf]5ce f "o

 place to ano!r ( l>ge masses4 ,^!      
te*nical me?ods & pr9ciples 7 inh]it$ by
 our ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 to a consid]able    
ext5t1 f ! pa/4  ,9 ! economic sph]e !re
 is no su* h]itage2 s9ce 9 t sph]e !re  
exi/$ ! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty1 &   
labor-p[] ent]$ ea* factory sep>ately f 
! m>ket4 ,x is consequ5tly natural t we 
%\ld be oblig$1 at any rate dur+ ! fir/ 
p]iod1 to make use ( ! app>atus ( ! ,w> 
,dep>tm5t on a l>ge scale = labor       
mobilizations4  ,we h set up special    
organizations = ! application ( !       
pr9ciple ( compulsory labor s]vice 9 !  
c5tre & 9 ! di/ricts3 9 ! prov9ces1 !   
c\nties1 & ! rural di/ricts1 we h       
already compulsory labor committees at  
"w4 ,!y rely = ! mo/ "p on ! c5tral &   
local organs ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,our    
economic c5tres--! ,supreme ,economic   
,c\ncil1 ! ,p's ,commiss>iat =          
,agriculture1 ! ,p's ,commiss>iat =     
,ways & ,communications1 ! ,p's         
,commiss>iat = ,food--"w out e/imates ( 
! labor-p[] !y require4 ,! ,*ief        

,committee = ,compulsory ,labor ,s]vice 
receives ^! e/imates1 co-ord9ates !m1   
br+s !m into agreem5t ) ! local res\rces
 ( labor-p[]1 gives correspond+         
directions to its local organs1 & ?r\gh 
!m c>ries out labor mobilizations4 ,)9 !
 b\nd>ies ( regions1 prov9ces1 &        
c\nties1 ! local bodies c>ry out ?is "w 
indep5d5tly1 ) ! object ( satisfy+ local
 economic requirem5ts4  ,all ?is        
organization is at pres5t only 9 !      
embryo /age4 ,x is /ill v imp]fect4 ,b !
 c\rse we h adopt$ is unque/ionably ! "r
 "o4  ,if ! organization ( ! new society
 c be r$uc$ fundam5tally to !           
reorganization ( labor1 ! organization (
 labor signifies 9 its turn ! correct   
introduction ( g5]al labor s]vice4 ,?is 
problem is 9 no way met by measures ( a 
purely dep>tm5tal & adm9i/rative "*4 ,x 
t\*es ! v f\ndations ( economic life & !
 social /ructure4 ,x f9ds itself 9      
conflict ) ! mo/ p[]ful psy*ological    
habits & prejudices4 ,! introduction (  
compulsory labor s]vice pre-supposes1 on

 ! "o h&1 a colossal "w ( education1 &1 
on ! o!r1 ! greate/ possible c>e 9 !    
practical me?od adopt$4  ,! utilization 
( labor-p[] mu/ be to ! la/ degree      
economical4 ,9 our labor mobilizations  
we h to reckon ) ! economic & social    
conditions ( e region1 & ) ! requirem5ts
 ( ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! local      
population--i4e41 ( agriculture4 ,we h1 
if possible1 to make use ( ! previ\s    
auxili>y occupations & "p-"t indu/ries (
 ! local population4 ,we h to see t !   
transf]5ce ( mobiliz$ labor-p[] %\ld    
take place ov] ! %orte/ possible        
di/ances--i4e41 to ! ne>e/ sectors ( !  
labor front4 ,we mu/ see t ! numb] (    
work]s mobiliz$ correspond to ! bread? (
 our economic problem4 ,we mu/ see t !  
work]s mobiliz$ be suppli$ 9 good "t ) !
 necess>y implem5ts ( production1 & )   
food4 ,we mu/ see t at _! head be plac$ 
exp]i5c$ & bus9ess-l in/ructors4 ,we mu/
 see t ! work]s mobiliz$ become conv9c$ 
on ! spot t _! labor-p[] is be+ made use
 ( cauti\sly & economically & is n be+  

exp5d$ haphaz>d4 ,:]ev] x is possible1  
direct mobilization mu/ be replac$ by ! 
labor task--i4e41 by ! imposition on !  
rural di/rict ( an obligation to supply1
 = example1 9 su* a "t su* a numb] (    
cubic sazh5s ( wood1 or to br+ up by    
c>t+ to su* a /ation s _m poods (       
ca/-iron1 etc4 ,9 ?is sph]e1 x is       
ess5tial to /udy exp]i5ce z x           
accumulates ) p>ticul> c>e1 to all[ a   
great measure ( ela/icity to ! economic 
app>atus1 to %[ m att5tion to local     
int]e/s & social peculi>ities (         
tradition4 ,9 a ^w1 we h to complete1   
ameliorate1 p]fect1 ! sy/em1 me?ods1 &  
organs = ! mobilization ( labor-p[]4 ,b 
at ! same "t x is necess>y once = all to
 make cle> to ourselves t ! pr9ciple    
itself ( compulsory labor s]vice has j s
 radically & p]man5tly replac$ !        
pr9ciple ( free hir+ z ! socialization (
 ! means ( production has replac$       
capitali/ prop]ty4   ,,! ,,milit>ization
 ,,( ,,labor  ,! introduction (         
compulsory labor s]vice is un?9kable )\t

 ! application1 to a great] or less     
degree1 ( ! me?ods ( milit>ization (    
labor4 ,?is t]m at once br+s u into !   
region ( ! greate/ possible sup]/itions 
& outcries f ! opposition4  ,to und]/&  
:at milit>ization ( labor 9 ! ,work]s'  
,/ate means1 & :at its me?ods are1 "o   
has to make cle> to oneself 9 :at way ! 
army itself 0 milit>iz$--=1 z we all "k1
 9 its fir/ days ! army did n at all    
possess ! necess>y milit>y qualities4   
,dur+ ^! two ye>s we mobiliz$ = ! ,r$   
,army ne>ly z _m soldi]s z !re are      
memb]s 9 our trade unions4 ,b ! memb]s (
 ! trade unions are work]s1 :ile 9 !    
army ! work]s con/itute ab\t #ae p]     
c5t41 ! rema9d] be+ a peasant mass4 ,&1 
none ! less1 we c h no d\bt t ! true    
build] & milit>iz] ( ! ,r$ ,army has be5
 ! =emo/ work]1 pu%$ =w>d by ! p>ty & ! 
trade union organization4 ,:5ev] !      
situation at ! front 0 difficult1 :5ev] 
! rec5tly-mobiliz$ peasant mass did n   
display suffici5t /ability1 we turn$ on 
! "o h& to ! ,c5tral ,committee ( !     

,communi/ ,p>ty1 & on ! o!r to !        
,all-,russian ,c\ncil ( ,trade ,unions4 
,f bo? ^! s\rces ! =emo/ work]s 7 s5t to
 ! front1 & !re built ! ,r$ ,army aft]  
_! own lik5ess & image--educat+1 h>d5+1 
& milit>iz+ ! peasant mass4  ,?is fact  
mu/ be kept 9 m9d to-day ) all possible 
cle>ness because x ?r[s ! be/ possible  
light on ! mean+ ( milit>ization 9 !    
work]s' & peasants' ,/ate4 ,!           
milit>ization ( labor has m ?an once be5
 put =w>d z a wat*word & realiz$ 9      
sep>ate bran*es ( economic life 9 !     
b\rgeois c\ntries1 bo? 9 ! ,we/ & 9     
,russia "u ,ts>ism4 ,b our milit>ization
 is di/+ui%$ f ^? exp]im5ts by its aims 
& me?ods1 j z mu* z ! class-consci\s    
prolet>iat organiz$ = emancipation is   
di/+ui%$ f ! class-consci\s b\rgeoisie  
organiz$ = exploitation4  ,f !          
confusion1 semi-unconsci\s &            
semi-delib]ate1 ( two diff]5t hi/orical 
=ms ( milit>ization--! prolet>ian or    
,sociali/ & ! b\rgeois--!re spr+ !      
great] "p ( ! prejudices1 mi/akes1      

prote/s1 & outcries on ?is subject4 ,x  
is on su* a confusion ( mean+s t ! :ole 
position ( ! ,m5%eviks1 our ,russian    
,kautskies1 is f\nd$1 z x 0 express$ 9  
_! !oretical resolution mov$ at ! pres5t
 ,congress ( ,trade ,unions4  ,!        
,m5%eviks attack$ n only ! milit>ization
 ( labor1 b g5]al labor s]vice also4 ,!y
 reject ^! me?ods z compulsory4 ,!y     
prea* t g5]al labor s]vice means a l[   
productivity ( labor1 :ile milit>ization
 means s5seless scatt]+ ( labor-p[]4    
,compulsory labor always is unproductive
 labor1--su* is ! exact phrase 9 !      
,m5%evik resolution4 ,?is affirmation   
br+s u "r up to ! v ess5ce ( ! "q4 ,=1 z
 we see1 ! "q is n at all :e!r x is wise
 or unwise to proclaim ?is or t factory 
milit>iz$1 or :e!r x is helpful or      
o!rwise to give ! milit>y revolution>y  
tribunal p[]s to puni% corrupt work]s :o
 /eal mat]ials & in/rum5ts1 s preci\s to
 u1 or :o sabotage _! "w4 ,no1 !        
,m5%eviks h gone mu* fur!r into ! "q4   
,affirm+ t compulsory labor is always   

unproductive1 !y !reby attempt to cut ! 
gr\nd f "u ! feet ( our economic        
recon/ruction 9 ! pres5t transitional   
epo*4 ,= x is beyond "q t to /ep f      
b\rgeois an>*y to ,sociali/ economy )\t 
a revolution>y dictator%ip1 & )\t       
compulsory =ms ( economic organization1 
is impossible4  ,9 ! fir/ p>agraph ( !  
,m5%evik resolution we are told t we are
 liv+ 9 ! p]iod ( transition f !        
capitali/ me?od ( production to !       
,sociali/4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,&1 fir/ 
( all1 :5ce does ?is come8 ,s9ce :at "t 
has ?is be5 admitt$ by our ,kautskians8 
,!y accus$ u--& ?is =m$ ! f\ndation (   
our diff]5ces--( ,sociali/ ,utopianism2 
!y decl>$--& ?is con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( _!
 political tea*+--t !re c be no talk    
ab\t ! transition to ,socialism 9 our   
epo*1 & t our revolution is a b\rgeois  
revolution1 & t we ,communi/s are only  
de/roy+ capitali/ economy1 & t we are n 
lead+ ! c\ntry =w>d b are ?r[+ x back4  
,?is 0 ! root diff]5ce--! mo/ pr(\nd1 ! 
mo/ irreconcilable--f :i* all ! o!rs    

foll[$4 ,n[ ! ,m5%eviks tell u          
incid5tally1 9 ! introductory p>agraph (
 _! resolution1 z some?+ t does n       
require pro(1 t we are 9 ! p]iod (      
transition f capitalism to ,socialism4  
,& ?is q unexpect$ admission1 :i*1 "o   
might ?9k1 is extremely l a complete    
capitulation1 is made ! m lightly &     
c>elessly t1 z ! :ole resolution %[s1 x 
imposes no revolution>y obligations on !
 ,m5%eviks4 ,!y rema9 entirely captive  
to ! b\rgeois ideology4 ,aft] recogniz+ 
t we are on ! road to ,socialism1 !     
,m5%eviks ) all ! great] f]ocity attack 
^? me?ods )\t :i*1 9 ! h>% & difficult  
conditions ( ! pres5t day1 ! transition 
to ,socialism _c be accompli%$4         
,compulsory labor1 we are told1 is      
always unproductive4 ,we ask :at does   
compulsory labor mean "h1 t is1 to :at  
k9d ( labor is x oppos$8 ,obvi\sly1 to  
free labor4 ,:at are we to und]/&1 9 t  
case1 by free labor8 ,t phrase 0 =mulat$
 by ! progressive philosoph]s ( !       
b\rgeoisie1 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ unfree1   

i4e41 aga9/ ! s]f labor ( peasants1 &   
aga9/ ! /&>diz$ & regulat$ labor ( !    
craft guilds4 ,free labor meant labor   
:i* might be freely b\ght 9 ! m>ket2    
fre$om 0 r$uc$ to a legal fiction1 on ! 
basis ( freely-hir$ slav]y4 ,we "k ( no 
o!r =m ( free labor 9 hi/ory4 ,let ! v  
few repres5tatives ( ! ,m5%eviks at ?is 
,congress expla9 to u :at !y mean by    
free1 non-compulsory labor1 if n ! m>ket
 ( labor-p[]4  ,hi/ory has kn[n slave   
labor4 ,hi/ory has kn[n s]f labor4      
,hi/ory has kn[n ! regulat$ labor ( !   
m$iaeval craft guilds4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w !re
 n[ prevails hir$ labor1 :i* ! yell[    
j\rnali/s ( all c\ntries oppose1 z !    
highe/ possible =m ( lib]ty1 to ,soviet 
slav]y4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 oppose        
capitali/ slav]y by socially-regulat$   
labor on ! basis ( an economic plan1    
obligatory = ! :ole p & consequ5tly     
compulsory = ea* work] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,)\t 
?is we _c ev5 dream ( a transition to   
,socialism4 ,! elem5t ( mat]ial1        
physical1 compulsion may be great] or   

less2 t dep5ds on _m conditions--on !   
degree ( weal? or pov]ty ( ! c\ntry1 on 
! h]itage ( ! pa/1 on ! g5]al level (   
culture1 on ! condition ( transport1 on 
! adm9i/rative app>atus1 etc41 etc4 ,b  
obligation1 &1 consequ5tly1 compulsion1 
are ess5tial conditions 9 ord] to b9d   
d[n ! b\rgeois an>*y1 to secure         
socialization ( ! means ( production &  
labor1 & to recon/ruct economic life on 
! basis ( a s+le plan4  ,= ! ,lib]al1   
fre$om 9 ! long run means ! m>ket4 ,c or
 _c ! capitali/ buy labor-p[] at a      
mod]ate price--t is = him ! sole measure
 ( ! fre$om ( labor4 ,t measure is      
false1 n only 9 relation to ! future b  
also 9 connection ) ! pa/4  ,x w\ld be  
absurd to imag9e t1 dur+ ! "t (         
bondage-"r1 "w 0 c>ri$ entirely "u !    
/ick ( physical compulsion1 z if an     
ov]se] /ood ) a :ip beh9d ! back ( e    
peasant4 ,m$iaeval =ms ( economic life  
grew up out ( def9ite conditions (      
production1 & creat$ def9ite =ms (      
social life1 ) :i* ! peasant grew       

accu/om$1 & :i* he at c]ta9 p]iods      
consid]$ j1 or at any rate unalt]able4  
,:5ev] he1 "u ! influ5ce ( a *ange 9    
mat]ial conditions1 display$ ho/ility1 !
 ,/ate desc5d$ ^u him ) its mat]ial =ce1
 !reby display+ ! compulsory "* ( !     
organization ( labor4  ,! f\ndations ( !
 milit>ization ( labor are ^? =ms (     
,/ate compulsion )\t :i* ! replacem5t ( 
capitali/ economy by ! ,sociali/ w = ev]
 rema9 an empty s\nd4 ,:y d we speak (  
milit>ization8 ,( c\rse1 ?is is only an 
analogy--b an analogy v ri* 9 cont5t4   
,no social organization except ! army   
has ev] consid]$ itself ju/ifi$ 9       
subord9at+ citiz5s to itself 9 su* a    
measure1 & to control !m by its w on all
 sides to su* a degree1 z ! ,/ate ( !   
prolet>ian dictator%ip consid]s itself  
ju/ifi$ 9 do+1 & does4 ,only ! army--j  
because 9 its way x us$ to decide       
que/ions ( ! life or dea? ( nations1    
,/ates1 & rul+ classes--0 end[$ ) p[]s (
 dem&+ f ea* & all complete submission  
to its problems1 aims1 regulations1 &   

ord]s4 ,& x a*iev$ ?is to ! great]      
degree1 ! m ! problems ( milit>y        
organization co9cid$ ) ! requirem5ts (  
social developm5t4  ,! "q ( ! life or   
dea? ( ,soviet ,russia is at pres5t be+ 
settl$ on ! labor front2 our economic1 &
 toge!r ) !m our pr(essional &          
productive organizations1 h ! "r to dem&
 f _! memb]s all t devotion1 discipl9e1 
& executive ?or\ghness1 :i* hi!rto only 
! army requir$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !        
relation ( ! capitali/ to ! work]1 is n 
at all f\nd$ m]ely on ! free contract1 b
 includes ! v p[]ful elem5ts ( ,/ate    
regulation & mat]ial compulsion4  ,!    
competition ( capitali/ ) capitali/     
imp>t$ a c]ta9 v limit$ reality to !    
fiction ( fre$om ( labor2 b ?is         
competition1 r$uc$ to a m9imum by tru/s 
& syndicates1 we h f9ally elim9at$ by   
de/roy+ private prop]ty 9 ! means (     
production4 ,! transition to ,socialism1
 v]bally ackn[l$g$ by ! ,m5%eviks1 means
 ! transition f an>*ical di/ribution (  
labor-p[]--by means ( ! game ( buy+ &   

sell+1 ! movem5t ( m>ket prices &       
wages--to sy/ematic di/ribution ( !     
work]s by ! economic organizations ( !  
c\nty1 ! prov9ce1 & ! :ole c\ntry4 ,su* 
a =m ( plann$ di/ribution pre-supposes !
 subord9ation ( ^? di/ribut$ to !       
economic plan ( ! ,/ate4 ,& ?is is !    
ess5ce ( compulsory labor s]vice1 :i*   
inevitably ent]s into ! programme ( !   
,sociali/ organization ( labor1 z its   
fundam5tal elem5t4  ,if organiz$        
economic life is un?9kable )\t          
compulsory labor s]vice1 ! latt] is n to
 be realiz$ )\t ! abolition ( fiction ( 
! fre$om ( labor1 & )\t ! sub/itution = 
x ( ! obligatory pr9ciple1 :i* is       
supplem5t$ by real compulsion4  ,t free 
labor is m productive ?an compulsory    
labor is q true :5 x ref]s to ! p]iod ( 
transition f feudal society to b\rgeois 
society4 ,b "o ne$s to be a ,lib]al     
or--at ! pres5t day--a ,kautskian1 to   
make t tru? p]man5t1 & to transf] its   
application to ! p]iod ( transition f ! 
b\rgeois to ! ,sociali/ ord]4 ,if x 7   

true t compulsory labor is unproductive 
always & "u e condition1 z ! ,m5%evik   
resolution says1 all our con/ructive "w 
w\ld be doom$ to failure4 ,= we c h no  
way to ,socialism except by !           
au?oritative regulation ( ! economic    
=ces & res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 & !         
c5traliz$ di/ribution ( labor-p[] 9     
h>mony ) ! g5]al ,/ate plan4 ,! ,labor  
,/ate consid]s itself emp[]$ to s5d e   
work] to ! place :]e 8 "w is necess>y4  
,& n "o s]i\s ,sociali/ w beg9 to d5y to
 ! ,labor ,/ate ! "r to lay its h& ^u ! 
work] :o refuses to execute 8 labor     
duty4 ,b ! :ole po9t is t ! ,m5%evik pa?
 ( transition to ,socialism is a milky  
way1 )\t ! bread monopoly1 )\t !        
abolition ( ! m>ket1 )\t ! revolution>y 
dictator%ip1 & )\t ! milit>ization (    
labor4  ,)\t g5]al labor s]vice1 )\t !  
"r to ord] & dem& fulfilm5t ( ord]s1 !  
trade unions w be trans=m$ into a m]e =m
 )\t a reality2 = ! "y ,sociali/ ,/ate  
requires trade unions1 n = a /ruggle =  
bett] conditions ( labor--t is ! task ( 

! social & ,/ate organizations z a      
:ole--b to organize ! work+ class = !   
ends ( production1 to educate1          
discipl9e1 di/ribute1 gr\p1 reta9 c]ta9 
categories & c]ta9 work]s at _! po/s =  
fix$ p]iods--9 a ^w1 h& 9 h& ) ! ,/ate  
to ex]cise _! au?ority 9 ord] to lead ! 
work]s into ! framework ( a s+le        
economic plan4 ,to def5d1 "u su*        
conditions1 ! fre$om ( labor means to   
def5d fruitless1 helpless1 absolutely   
unregulat$ se>*es = bett] conditions1   
unsy/ematic1 *aotic *anges f factory to 
factory1 9 a hungry c\ntry1 9 conditions
 ( t]rible disorganization ( ! transport
 & food app>atus4444 ,:at except !      
complete collapse ( ! work+-class &     
complete economic an>*y c\ld be ! result
 ( ! /upid attempt to reconcile b\rgeois
 fre$om ( labor ) prolet>ian            
socialization ( ! means ( production8   
,consequ5tly1 comrades1 milit>ization ( 
labor1 9 ! root s5se indicat$ by me1 is 
n ! inv5tion ( individual politicians or
 an inv5tion ( our ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 b     

repres5ts ! inevitable me?od (          
organization & discipl9+ ( labor-p[]    
dur+ ! p]iod ( transition f capitalism  
to ,socialism4 ,& if ! compulsory       
di/ribution ( labor-p[]1 its brief or   
prolong$ ret5tion at p>ticul> indu/ries 
& factories1 its regulation )9 !        
framework ( ! g5]al ,/ate economic      
plan--if ^! =ms ( compulsion lead always
 & ev]y:]e1 z ! ,m5%evik resolution     
/ates1 to ! l[]+ ( productivity1 !n y c 
erect a monum5t ov] ! grave (           
,socialism4 ,= we _c build ,socialism on
 decreas$ production4 ,e social         
organization is 9 its f\ndation an      
organization ( labor1 & if our new      
organization ( labor leads to a l[]+ (  
its productivity1 x !reby mo/ fatally   
leads to ! de/ruction ( ! ,sociali/     
society we are build+1 :i*ev] way we    
twi/ & turn1 :atev] measures ( salvation
 we inv5t4  ,t is :y ,i /at$ at ! v     
beg9n+ t ! ,m5%evik argum5t aga9/       
milit>ization leads u to ! root "q (    
g5]al labor s]vice & its influ5ce on !  

productivity ( labor4 ,x is true t      
compulsory labor is always unproductive8
 ,we h to reply t t is ! mo/ pitiful &  
wor?less ,lib]al prejudice4 ,! :ole "q  
is3 :o applies ! pr9ciple ( compulsion1 
ov] :om1 & = :at purpose8 ,:at ,/ate1   
:at class1 9 :at conditions1 by :at     
me?ods8 ,ev5 ! s]f organization 0 9     
c]ta9 conditions a /ep =w>d1 & l$ to !  
increase 9 ! productivity ( labor4      
,production has gr[n extremely "u       
capitalism1 t is1 9 ! epo* ( ! free buy+
 & sell+ ( labor-p[] on ! m>ket4 ,b free
 labor1 toge!r ) ! :ole ( capitalism1   
ent]$ ! /age ( imp]ialism & blew itself 
up 9 ! imp]iali/ w>4 ,! :ole economic   
life ( ! _w ent]$ a p]iod ( bloody      
an>*y1 mon/r\s p]turbations1 !          
impov]i%m5t1 dy+ out1 & de/ruction (    
masses ( ! p4 ,c we1 "u su* conditions1 
talk ab\t ! productivity ( free labor1  
:5 ! fruits ( t labor are de/roy$ t5    
times m quickly ?an !y are creat$8 ,!   
imp]iali/ic w>1 & t :i* foll[$ x1       
display$ ! impossibility ( society exi/+

 any long] on ! f\ndation ( free labor4 
,or p]haps someone possesses ! secret ( 
h[ to sep>ate free labor f ! delirium   
trem5s ( imp]ialism1 t is1 ( turn+ back 
! clock ( social developm5t half a      
c5tury or a c5tury8  ,if x 7 to turn out
 t ! plann$1 & consequ5tly compulsory1  
organization ( labor :i* is aris+ to    
replace imp]ialism l$ to ! l[]+ (       
economic life1 x w\ld mean ! de/ruction 
( all our culture1 & a retrograde       
movem5t ( humanity back to b>b>ism &    
savag]y4  ,happily1 n only = ,soviet    
,russia b = ! :ole ( humanity1 !        
philosophy ( ! l[ productivity (        
compulsory labor--ev]y:]e & "u all      
conditions--is only a belat$ e*o (      
anci5t ,lib]al melodies4 ,! productivity
 ( labor is ! total productive mean+ ( !
 mo/ complex comb9ation ( social        
conditions1 & is n 9 ! lea/ measur$ or  
pre-det]m9$ by ! legal =m ( labor4  ,!  
:ole ( human hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( !     
organization & education ( collective   
man = labor1 ) ! object ( atta9+ a high]

 level ( productivity4 ,man1 z ,i h     
already p]mitt$ myself to po9t out1 is  
lazy2 t is1 he in/9ctively /rives to    
receive ! l>ge/ possible quantity (     
products = ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( 
en]gy4 ,)\t su* a /riv+1 !re w\ld h be5 
no economic developm5t4 ,! gr[? (       
civilization is measur$ by !            
productivity ( human labor1 & ea* new =m
 ( social relations mu/ pass ?r\gh a te/
 on su* l9es4  ,free1 t is1 freely-hir$ 
labor1 did n appe> all at once ^u ! _w1 
) all ! attributes ( productivity4 ,x   
acquir$ a high level ( productivity only
 gradually1 z a result ( a prolong$     
application ( me?ods ( labor            
organization & labor education4 ,into t 
education !re ent]$ ! mo/ v>y+ me?ods & 
practices1 :i* 9 addition *ang$ f "o    
epo* to ano!r4 ,fir/ ( all ! b\rgeoisie 
drove ! peasant f ! village to ! high   
road ) its club1 hav+ prelim9>ily robb$ 
him ( 8 l&1 & :5 he w\ld n "w 9 !       
factory x br&$ 8 =ehead ) r$-hot irons1 
hung him1 s5t him to ! gall[s2 & 9 !    

long run x taught ! tramp :o _h be5 %ak5
 out ( 8 village to /& at ! la! 9 !     
factory4 ,at ?is /age1 z we see1 free   
labor is little diff]5t z yet f convict 
labor1 bo? 9 its mat]ial conditions & 9 
its legal aspect4  ,at diff]5t times !  
b\rgeoisie comb9$ ! r$-hot irons (      
repression 9 diff]5t proportions )      
me?ods ( moral influ5ce1 &1 fir/ ( all1 
! tea*+ ( ! prie/4 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5?  
c5tury1 x re=m$ ! old religion (        
,ca?olicism1 :i* def5d$ ! feudal ord]1 &
 adapt$ = itself a new religion 9 ! =m (
 ! ,re=mation1 :i* comb9$ ! free s\l )  
free trade & free labor4 ,x f\nd =      
itself new prie/s1 :o became ! spiritual
 %op-assi/ants1 pi\s c\nt]-jump]s ( !   
b\rgeoisie4 ,! s*ool1 ! press1 !        
m>ket-place1 & p>liam5t 7 adapt$ by !   
b\rgeoisie = ! moral fa%ion+ ( !        
work+-class4 ,diff]5t =ms (             
wages--day-wages1 piece wages1 contract 
& collective b>ga9+--all ^! are m]ely   
*ang+ me?ods 9 ! h&s ( ! b\rgeoisie = ! 
labor mobilization ( ! prolet>iat4 ,to  

?is !re are add$ all sorts ( =ms =      
enc\rag+ labor & excit+ ambition4       
,f9ally1 ! b\rgeoisie le>n$ h[ to ga9   
possession ev5 ( ! trade unions--i4e41 !
 organizations ( ! work+ class itself2 &
 x made use ( !m on a l>ge scale1       
p>ticul>ly 9 ,great ,brita91 to         
discipl9e ! work]s4 ,x dome/icat$ !     
lead]s1 & ) _! help inoculat$ ! work]s )
 ! fiction ( ! necessity = peaceful     
organic labor1 = a faultless attitude to
 _! duties1 & = a /rict execution ( !   
laws ( ! b\rgeois ,/ate4 ,! cr[n ( all  
?is "w is ,taylorism1 9 :i* ! elem5ts ( 
! sci5tific organization ( ! process (  
production are comb9$ ) ! mo/ conc5trat$
 me?ods ( ! sy/em ( sweat+4  ,f all t   
has be5 said above1 x is cle> t !       
productivity ( freely-hir$ labor is n   
some?+ t appe>$ all at once1 p]fect$1   
pres5t$ by hi/ory on a salv]4 ,no1 x 0 !
 result ( a long & /ubborn policy (     
repression1 education1 organization1 &  
enc\ragem5t1 appli$ by ! b\rgeoisie 9   
its relations ) ! work+ class4 ,/ep by  

/ep x le>n$ to squeeze out ( ! work]s   
ev] m & m ( ! products ( labor2 & "o ( !
 mo/ p[]ful weapons 9 its h& turn$ out  
to be ! proclamation ( free hir+ z !    
sole free1 normal1 heal?y1 productive1 &
 sav+ =m ( labor4  ,a legal =m ( labor  
:i* w\ld ( its own virtue gu>antee its  
productivity has n be5 kn[n 9 hi/ory1 & 
_c be kn[n4 ,! legal sup]/ructure (     
labor corresponds to ! relations &      
curr5t ideas ( ! epo*4 ,! productivity (
 labor is develop$1 on ! basis ( !      
developm5t ( te*nical =ces1 by labor    
education1 by ! gradual adaptation ( !  
work]s to ! *ang$ me?ods ( production & 
! new =m ( social relations4  ,!        
creation ( ,sociali/ society means !    
organization ( ! work]s on new          
f\ndations1 _! adaptation to ^?         
f\ndations1 & _! labor re-education1 ) !
 "o un*ang+ end ( ! increase 9 !        
productivity ( labor4 ,! work+ class1 "u
 ! lead]%ip ( its vangu>d1 mu/ itself   
re-educate itself on ! f\ndations (     
,socialism4 ,:oev] has n und]/ood ?is is

 ignorant ( ! ,a ,b ,c ( ,sociali/      
con/ruction4  ,:at me?ods h we1 !n1 = ! 
re-education ( ! work]s8 ,inf9itely wid]
 ?an ! b\rgeoisie has--&1 9 addition1   
hone/1 direct1 op5 me?ods1 infect$ nei!r
 by hypocrisy nor by lies4 ,! b\rgeoisie
 _h to h rec\rse to deception1 repres5t+
 its labor z free1 :5 9 reality x 0 n   
m]ely socially-impos$1 b actually slave 
labor4 ,= x 0 ! labor ( ! majority 9 !  
int]e/s ( ! m9ority4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1  
organize labor 9 ! int]e/s ( ! work]s   
!mselves1 & !re=e we c h no motives =   
hid+ or mask+ ! socially compulsory "* (
 our labor organization4 ,we ne$ ! fairy
 /ories nei!r ( ! prie/s1 nor ( !       
,lib]als1 nor ( ! ,kautskians4 ,we say  
directly & op5ly to ! masses t !y c     
save1 rebuild1 & br+ to a fl\ri%+       
condition a ,sociali/ c\ntry only by    
means ( h>d "w1 unque/ion+ discipl9e &  
exactness 9 execution on ! "p ( e work]4
  ,! *ief ( our res\rces is moral       
influ5ce--propag&a n only 9 ^w b 9 de$4 
,g5]al labor s]vice has an obligatory   

"*2 b ?is does n mean at all t x        
repres5ts viol5ce done to ! work+ class4
 ,if compulsory labor came up aga9/ !   
opposition ( ! majority ( ! work]s x    
w\ld turn out a brok5 re$1 & ) x ! :ole 
( ! ,soviet ord]4 ,! milit>ization (    
labor1 :5 ! work]s are oppos$ to x1 is !
 ,/ate slav]y ( ,arak*eyev4 ,!          
milit>ization ( labor by ! w ( ! work]s 
!mselves is ! ,sociali/ dictator%ip4 ,t 
compulsory labor s]vice & !             
milit>ization ( labor d n =ce ! w ( !   
work]s1 z free labor us$ to d1 is be/   
%[n by ! fl\ri%+1 unprec$5t$ 9 ! hi/ory 
( humanity1 ( labor volunt>ism 9 ! =m ( 
,subbotniks 7,communi/ ,saturdays74 ,su*
 a ph5om5on !re nev] 0 be=e1 any:]e or  
at any "t4 ,by _! own volunt>y labor1   
freely giv5--once a week & (t5]--!      
work]s cle>ly demon/rate n only _!      
read9ess to be> ! yoke ( compulsory     
labor b _! eag]ness to give ! ,/ate     
besides t a c]ta9 quantity ( additional 
labor4 ,! ,subbotniks are n only a      
spl5did demon/ration ( ,communi/        

solid>ity1 b also ! be/ possible        
gu>antee = ! successful introduction (  
g5]al labor s]vice4 ,su* truly ,communi/
 t5d5cies mu/ be %[n up 9 _! true light1
 ext5d$1 & develop$ ) ! help ( propag&a4
  ,! *ief spiritual weapon ( !          
b\rgeoisie is religion2 ours is ! op5   
explanation to ! masses ( ! exact       
position ( ?+s1 ! ext5sion ( sci5tific &
 te*nical k1 & ! initiation ( ! masses  
into ! g5]al economic plan ( ! ,/ate1 on
 ! basis ( :i* !re mu/ be br\ght to be> 
all ! labor-p[] at ! disposal ( !       
,soviet regime4  ,political economy     
provid$ u ) ! pr9cipal sub/ance ( our   
agitation 9 ! p]iod we h j left3 !      
capitali/ social ord] 0 a riddle1 & we  
expla9$ t riddle to ! masses4 ,to-day1  
social riddles are expla9$ to ! masses  
by ! v me*anism ( ! ,soviet ord]1 :i*   
draws ! masses into all bran*es (       
adm9i/ration4 ,political economy w m & m
 pass into ! realms ( hi/ory4 ,!re move 
=w>d into ! =egr\nd ! sci5ces :i* /udy  
nature & ! me?ods ( subord9at+ x to man4

  ,! trade unions mu/ organize sci5tific
 & te*nical educational "w on ! wide/   
possible scale1 s t e work] 9 8 own     
bran* ( indu/ry %\ld f9d ! impulses =   
!oretical "w ( ! bra91 :ile ! latt] %\ld
 aga9 return him to labor1 p]fect+ x &  
mak+ him m productive4 ,! press z a :ole
 mu/ fall into l9e ) ! economic problems
 ( ! c\ntry--n 9 t s5se alone 9 :i* ?is 
is be+ done at pres5t--i4e41 n 9 ! s5se 
( a m]e g5]al agitation 9 favor ( a     
revival ( labor--b 9 ! s5se ( !         
discussion & ! weigh+ ( concrete        
economic problems & plans1 ways & means 
( _! solution1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 !
 te/+ & criticism ( results already     
a*iev$4 ,! newspap]s mu/ f day to day   
foll[ ! production ( ! mo/ important    
factories & o!r ent]prises1 regi/]+ _!  
successes & failures enc\rag+ "s &      
pillory+ o!rs4444  ,russian capitalism1 
9 consequ5ce ( its lat5ess1 its lack (  
indep5d5ce1 & its result+ p>asitic      
features1 has _h mu* less "t ?an        
,european capitalism te*nically to      

educate ! labor+ masses1 to tra9 &      
discipl9e !m = production4 ,t problem is
 n[ 9 its entirety impos$ ^u ! indu/rial
 organizations ( ! prolet>iat4 ,a good  
eng9e]1 a good me*anic1 & a good c>p5t]1
 mu/ h 9 ! ,soviet ,republic ! same     
publicity & fame z hi!rto 0 enjoy$ by   
prom95t agitators1 revolution>y fight]s1
 &1 9 ! mo/ rec5t p]iod1 ! mo/ c\rage\s 
& capable comm&]s & commiss>ies4 ,great]
 & less] lead]s ( te*nical developm5t   
mu/ occupy ! c5tral position 9 ! public 
eye4 ,bad work]s mu/ be made a%am$ ( do+
 _! "w badly4  ,we /ill reta91 & = a    
long "t w reta91 ! sy/em ( wages4 ,!    
fur!r we g1 ! m w its importance become 
simply to gu>antee to all memb]s (      
society all ! necess>ies ( life2 & !reby
 x w cease to be a sy/em ( wages4 ,b at 
pres5t we are n suffici5tly ri* = ?is4  
,our ma9 problem is to raise ! quantity 
( products turn$ out1 & to ?is problem  
all ! rema9d] mu/ be subord9at$4 ,9 !   
pres5t difficult p]iod ! sy/em ( wages  
is = u1 fir/ & =emo/1 n a me?od =       

gu>antee+ ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( any       
sep>ate work]1 b a me?od ( e/imat+ :at t
 individual work] br+s by 8 labor to !  
,labor ,republic4  ,consequ5tly1 wages1 
9 ! =m bo? ( money & ( goods1 mu/ be    
br\ght into ! close/ possible t\* ) !   
productivity ( individual labor4 ,"u    
capitalism1 ! sy/em ( piece-"w & (      
grad+1 ! application ( ! ,taylor sy/em1 
etc41 h z _! object to increase !       
exploitation ( ! work]s by ! squeez+-out
 ( surplus value4 ,"u ,sociali/         
production1 piece-"w1 bonuses1 etc41 h z
 _! problem to increase ! volume (      
social product1 & consequ5tly to raise !
 g5]al well-be+4 ,^? work]s :o d m = !  
g5]al int]e/ ?an o!rs receive ! "r to a 
great] quantity ( ! social product ?an !
 lazy1 ! c>eless1 & ! disorganiz]s4     
,f9ally1 :5 x rew>ds "s1 ! ,labor ,/ate 
_c b puni% o!rs--^? :o are cle>ly infr++
 labor solid>ity1 und]m9+ ! common "w1 &
 s]i\sly impair+ ! ,sociali/ r5aissance 
( ! c\ntry4 ,repression = ! atta9m5t (  
economic ends is a necess>y weapon ( !  

,sociali/ dictator%ip4  ,all ! measures 
enum]at$ above--& toge!r ) !m a numb] ( 
o!rs--mu/ assi/ ! developm5t ( rivalry 9
 ! sph]e ( production4 ,)\t ?is we %all 
nev] rise above ! av]age1 :i* is a v    
unsatisfactory level4 ,at ! bottom (    
rivalry lies ! vital in/9ct--! /ruggle =
 exi/5ce--:i* 9 ! b\rgeois ord] assumes 
! "* ( competition4 ,rivalry w n        
disappe> ev5 9 ! develop$ ,sociali/     
society2 b ) ! gr[+ gu>antee ( !        
necess>y requirem5ts ( life rivalry w   
acquire an ev] less selfi% & purely     
ideali/ "*4 ,x w express itself 9 a     
/riv+ to p]=m ! greate/ possible s]vice 
= "o's village1 c\nty1 t[n1 or ! :ole ( 
society1 & to receive 9 return r5[n1    
gratitude1 sympa?y1 or1 f9ally1 j       
int]nal satisfaction f ! consci\sness ( 
"w well done4 ,b 9 ! difficult p]iod (  
transition1 9 conditions ( ! extreme    
%ortage ( mat]ial goods1 & ! z yet      
insuffici5tly develop$ /ate ( social    
solid>ity1 rivalry mu/ inevitably be to 
a great] or less degree b\nd up ) a     

/riv+ to gu>antee = oneself "o's own    
requirem5ts4  ,?is1 comrades1 is ! sum (
 res\rces at ! disposal ( ! ,labor ,/ate
 9 ord] to raise ! productivity ( labor4
 ,z we see1 !re is no ready-made        
solution "h4 ,we %all f9d x writt5 9 no 
book4 ,= !re c\ld n be su* a book4 ,we  
are n[ only beg9n+1 toge!r ) y1 to write
 t book 9 ! sweat & ! blood ( ! work]s4 
,we say3 work+ m5 & wom51 y h cross$ to 
! pa? ( regulat$ labor4 ,only along t   
road w y build ! ,sociali/ society4     
,be=e y !re lies a problem :i* no "o w  
settle = y3 ! problem ( increas+        
production on new social f\ndations4    
,unless y solve t problem1 y w p]i%4 ,if
 y solve x1 y w raise humanity by a :ole
 head4   ,,labor ,,armies  ,! "q ( !    
application ( armies to labor purposes1 
:i* has acquir$ among/ u an enorm\s     
importance f ! po9t ( view ( pr9ciple1 0
 approa*$ by u by ! pa? ( practice1 n at
 all on ! f\ndations ( !oretical        
consid]ation4 ,on c]ta9 bord]s ( ,soviet
 ,russia1 circum/ances _h aris5 :i* _h  

left consid]able milit>y =ces free = an 
indef9ite p]iod4 ,to transf] !m to o!r  
active fronts1 especially 9 ! w9t]1 0   
difficult 9 consequ5ce ( ! disord] (    
railway transport4 ,su*1 = example1     
prov$ ! position ( ! ,?ird ,army1       
di/ribut$ ov] ! prov9ces ( ! ,ural & !  
,ural area4 ,! lead+ work]s ( t army1   
und]/&+ t z yet x c\ld n be demobiliz$1 
!mselves rais$ ! "q ( its transf]5ce to 
labor "w4 ,!y s5t to ! c5tre a m or less
 work$-out draft decree = a labor army4 
,! problem 0 novel & difficult4 ,w\ld ! 
,r$ soldi]s "w8 ,w\ld _! "w be          
suffici5tly productive8 ,w\ld x pay =   
itself8 ,9 ?is connection !re 7 d\bts   
ev5 9 our own ranks4 ,ne$less to say1 ! 
,m5%eviks /ruck up a *orus ( opposition4
 ,! same ,abramovi*1 at ! ,congress (   
,economic ,c\ncils call$ 9 ,janu>y or ! 
beg9n+ ( ,febru>y--t is to say1 :5 !    
:ole affair 0 /ill 9 draft /age--=etold 
t we %\ld suff] an inevitable failure1 =
 ! :ole und]tak+ 0 s5seless1 an         
,arak*eyev ,utopia1 etc41 etc4 ,we      

consid]$ ! matt] o!rwise4 ,( c\rse !    
difficulties 7 great1 b !y 7 n          
di/+ui%able 9 pr9ciple f _m o!r         
difficulties ( ,soviet con/ructive "w4  
,let u consid] 9 fact :at 0 ! organism (
 ! ,?ird ,army4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 "o     
rifle division & "o cavalry division--a 
total ( fifte5 regim5ts--&1 9 addition1 
special units4 ,! rema9+ milit>y        
=mations _h already be5 trans=m$ to o!r 
armies & fronts4 ,b ! app>atus ( milit>y
 adm9i/ration _h rema9$ unt\*$ z yet1 & 
we consid]$ x probable t 9 ! spr+ we    
%\ld h to transf] x along ! ,volga to ! 
,caucasus front1 aga9/ ,d5ik91 if by t  
"t he 7 n f9ally brok54 ,on ! :ole1 9 ! 
,?ird ,army !re rema9$ ab\t #abj1jjj ,r$
 soldi]s 9 adm9i/rative po/s1           
in/itutions1 milit>y units1 hospitals1  
etc4 ,9 ?is g5]al mass1 ma9ly peasant 9 
its composition1 !re 7 reckon$ ab\t     
#af1jjj ,communi/s & memb]s ( !         
organization ( sympa?iz]s--to a         
consid]able ext5t work]s ( ! ,ural4 ,9  
?is way1 9 its composition & /ructure1 !

 ,?ird ,army repres5t$ a peasant mass   
b\nd toge!r into a milit>y organization 
"u ! lead]%ip ( ! =emo/ work]s4 ,9 !    
army !re work$ a consid]able numb] (    
milit>y speciali/s1 :o c>ri$ out        
important milit>y functions :ile rema9+ 
"u ! g5]al control ( ! ,communi/s4 ,if  
we consid] ! ,?ird ,army f ?is g5]al    
po9t ( view1 we %all see t x repres5ts 9
 m9iature ! :ole ( ,soviet ,russia4     
,:e!r we take ! ,r$ ,army z a :ole1 or !
 organization ( ! ,soviet regime 9 !    
c\nty1 prov9ce1 or ! :ole ,republic1    
includ+ ! economic organs1 we %all f9d  
ev]y:]e ! same s*eme ( organization3    
millions ( peasants drawn into new =ms (
 political1 economic1 & social life by !
 organiz$ work]s1 :o occupy a controll+ 
position 9 all sph]es ( ,soviet         
con/ruction4 ,to po/s requir+ special k1
 we s5d exp]ts ( ! b\rgeois s*ool4 ,!y  
are giv5 ! necess>y indep5d5ce1 b       
control ov] _! "w rema9s 9 ! h&s ( !    
work+ class1 9 ! p]son ( its ,communi/  
,p>ty4 ,! introduction ( g5]al labor    

s]vice is aga9 only conceivable = u z ! 
mobilization ( ma9ly peasant labor-p[]  
"u ! guidance ( ! mo/ advanc$ work]s4 ,9
 ?is way !re 7 n1 & c\ld n1 be any      
ob/acles 9 pr9ciple 9 ! way (           
application ( ! army to labor4 ,9 o!r   
words1 ! opposition 9 pr9ciple to labor 
armies1 on ! "p ( ^? same ,m5%eviks1 0 9
 reality opposition to compulsory labor 
g5]ally1 & consequ5tly aga9/ g5]al labor
 s]vice & aga9/ ,soviet me?ods (        
economic recon/ruction z a :ole4 ,?is   
opposition did n tr\ble u a great deal4 
,naturally1 ! milit>y app>atus z su* is 
n adapt$ directly to ! process ( labor4 
,b we _h no illusions ab\t t4 ,control  
_h to rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! appropriate     
economic organs2 ! army suppli$ !       
necess>y labor-p[] 9 ! =m ( organiz$1   
compact units1 suitable 9 ! mass = !    
execution ( ! simple/ homog5e\s types ( 
"w3 ! free+ ( roads f sn[1 ! /orage (   
fuel1 build+ "w1 organization ( c>tage1 
etc41 etc4  ,to-day we h already _h     
consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! "w ( ! labor   

application ( ! army1 & c give n m]ely a
 prelim9>y or hypo!tical e/imate4 ,:at  
are ! conclusions to be drawn f t       
exp]i5ce8 ,! ,m5%eviks h ha/5$ to draw  
!m4 ,! same ,abramovi*1 aga91 ann\nc$ at
 ! ,m9]s' ,congress t we _h become      
bankrupt1 t ! labor armies repres5t     
p>asitic =mations1 9 :i* !re are #ajj   
(ficials = e t5 work]s4 ,is ?is true8   
,no4 ,?is is ! irresponsible & malignant
 criticism ( m5 :o /& on "o side1 d n "k
 ! facts1 collect only fragm5ts &       
rubbi%1 & are conc]n$ 9 any way & e way 
ei!r to decl>e our bankruptcy or to     
prophecy x4 ,9 reality1 ! labor armies h
 n only n gone bankrupt1 b1 on !        
contr>y1 h _h important successes1 h    
display$ _! fidelity1 are develop+ & are
 becom+ /rong] & /rong]4 ,j ^? prophets 
h gone bankrupt :o =etold t no?+ w\ld   
come ( ! :ole plan1 t nobody w\ld beg9  
to "w1 & t ! ,r$ soldi]s w\ld n g to !  
labor front b w\ld simply scatt] to _!  
homes4  ,^! criticisms 7 dictat$ by a   
phili/9e scepticism1 lack ( fai? 9 !    

masses1 lack ( fai? 9 bold initiative1 &
 organization4 ,b did we n he> exactly !
 same criticism1 at bottom1 :5 we _h    
rec\rse to ext5sive mobilizations =     
milit>y problems8 ,!n too we 7 fright5$1
 we 7 t]rifi$ by /ories ( mass des]tion1
 :i* 0 absolutely inevitable1 x 0       
alleg$1 aft] ! imp]iali/ w>4 ,naturally1
 des]tion !re 01 b consid]$ by ! te/ (  
exp]i5ce x prov$ n at all on su* a mass 
scale z 0 =etold2 x did n de/roy ! army2
 ! bond ( morale &                      
organization--,communi/ volunt>ism &    
,/ate compulsion comb9$--all[$ u to c>ry
 out mobilizations ( millions to c>ry   
?r\gh num]\s =mations & r$i/ributions1 &
 to solve ! mo/ difficult milit>y       
problems4 ,9 ! long run1 ! army 0       
victori\s4 ,9 relation to labor         
problems1 on ! f\ndation ( our milit>y  
exp]i5ce1 we await$ ! same results2 & we
 7 n mi/ak54 ,! ,r$ soldi]s did n scatt]
 :5 !y 7 trans=m$ f milit>y to labor    
s]vice1 z ! sceptics prophesi$4 ,?anks  
to our spl5didly-organiz$ agitation1 !  

transf]5ce itself took place amid/ great
 en?usiasm4 ,true1 a c]ta9 portion ( !  
soldi]s tri$ to leave ! army1 b ?is     
always happ5s :5 a l>ge milit>y =mation 
is transf]r$ f "o front to ano!r1 or is 
s5t f ! re> to ! front--9 g5]al :5 x is 
%ak5 up--& :5 pot5tial des]tion becomes 
active4 ,b imm$iately ! political       
sections1 ! press1 ! organs ( /ruggle ) 
des]tion1 etc41 ent]$ into _! rights2 & 
to-day ! p]c5tage ( des]t]s f our labor 
armies is 9 no way high] ?an 9 our      
armies on active s]vice4  ,! /atem5t t !
 armies1 9 view ( _! int]nal /ructure1 c
 produce only a small p]c5tage ( work]s1
 is true only to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,z f> z 
! ,?ird ,army is conc]n$1 ,i h already  
po9t$ out t x reta9$ its complete       
app>atus ( adm9i/ration side by side )  
an extremely insignificant numb] (      
milit>y units4 ,:ile we--ow+ to milit>y 
& n economic consid]ations--reta9$      
unt\*$ ! /aff ( ! army & its            
adm9i/rative app>atus1 ! p]c5tage (     
work]s produc$ by ! army 0 actually     

extremely l[4 ,f ! g5]al numb] (        
#abj1jjj ,r$ soldi]s1 #ba prov$ to be   
employ$ 9 adm9i/rative & economic "w2   
#af 7 engag$ 9 daily detail "w 7gu>ds1  
etc47 9 connection ) ! l>ge numb] ( army
 in/itutions & /ores2 ! numb] ( sick1   
ma9ly typhus cases1 toge!r ) !          
m$ico-sanit>y p]sonnel1 0 ab\t #ac2 ab\t
 #be 7 n available = v>i\s reasons      
7deta*m5t1 leave1 abs5ce )\t leave1     
etc474 ,9 ?is way1 ! total p]sonnel     
available = "w con/itutes no m ?an #bc2 
?is is ! maximum ( :at c be drawn =     
labor f ! giv5 army4 ,actually1 at fir/1
 !re work$ only ab\t #ad1 ma9ly drawn f 
! two divisions1 rifle & cavalry1 :i*   
/ill rema9$ ) ! army4  ,b z soon z x 0  
cle> t ,d5ik9 _h be5 cru%$1 & t we %\ld 
n h to s5d ! ,?ird ,army d[n ! ,volga 9 
! spr+ to assi/ ! =ces on ! ,caucasus   
front1 we imm$iately ent]$ ^u ! disb&+ (
 ! clumsy army app>atus & a m regul>    
adaptation ( ! army in/itutions to      
problems ( labor4 ,al?\gh ?is "w is n   
yet complete1 x has already _h "t to    

give "s v significant results4 ,at !    
pres5t mom5t 7,m>*1 #aibj71 ! =m] ,?ird 
,army gives ab\t #ch ( its total        
composition z work]s4 ,z = ! milit>y    
units ( ! ,ural milit>y area work+ side 
by side ) x1 !y already provide #di ( _!
 numb] z work]s4 ,?is result is n s bad1
 if we comp>e x ) ! am\nt ( "w done 9   
factories & work%ops1 among/ :i* 9 !    
case ( _m q rec5tly1 9 ! case ( "s ev5  
to-day1 abs5ce f "w = legal & illegal   
reasons rea*$ #ej & ov]4#i ,to ?is "o   
mu/ add t work]s 9 factories & work%ops 
are n infrequ5tly assi/$ by ! adult     
memb]s ( _! family1 :ile ! ,r$ soldi]s h
 no auxili>y =ce b !mselves4            
#i ,s9ce t "t ?is p]c5tage has be5      
consid]ably           l[]$ 7,june1      
#aibj74  ,if we take ! case ( !         
#ai-ye>-olds1 :o h be5 mobiliz$ 9 !     
,ural ) ! help ( ! milit>y              
app>atus--pr9cipally = wood fuel "w--we 
%all f9d t1 out ( _! g5]al numb] ( ov]  
#cj1jjj1 ov] #ge att5d "w4 ,?is is      
already a v great /ep =w>d4 ,x %[s t1   

us+ ! milit>y app>atus = mobilization & 
=mation1 we c introduce su* alt]ations 9
 ! con/ruction ( purely labor units z   
gu>antee an enorm\s increase 9 !        
p]c5tage ( ^? :o p>ticipate directly 9 !
 mat]ial process ( production4  ,f9ally1
 9 connection ) ! productivity ( milit>y
 labor1 we c also n[ judge on ! basis ( 
exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! fir/ days1 !          
productivity ( labor 9 ! pr9cipal       
dep>tm5ts ( "w1 9 spite ( ! great moral 
en?usiasm1 0 9 reality v l[1 & might    
seem completely disc\rag+ :5 "o reads ! 
fir/ labor communiques4 ,?us1 = !       
prep>ation ( a cubic sazh5 ( wood1 at   
fir/1 "o _h to reckon ?irte5 to fifte5  
labor days2 :]eas ! /&>d--true1 r>ely   
atta9$ at ! pres5t day--is reckon$ at   
?ree days4 ,"o mu/ add1 9 addition1 t   
arti/es 9 ?is sph]e are capable1 "u     
favorable conditions1 ( produc+ "o cubic
 sazh5 p] day p] man4 ,:at happ5$ 9     
reality8 ,! milit>y units 7 qu>t]$ f> f 
! =e/ to be fell$4 ,9 _m cases x 0      
necess>y to m>* to & f "w #f to #h v]/s1

 :i* swall[$ up a consid]able portion ( 
! work+ day4 ,!re 7 n suffici5t axes &  
saws on ! spot4 ,_m ,r$ soldi]s1 born 9 
! pla9s1 did n "k ! =e/s1 _h nev] fell$ 
trees1 _h nev] *opp$ or saw$ !m up4 ,!  
prov9cial & c\nty ,timb] ,committees 7 v
 f> f kn[+ at fir/ h[ to use ! milit>y  
units1 h[ to direct !m :]e !y 7 requir$1
 h[ to equip !m z !y %\ld be equipp$4 ,x
 is n wond]ful t all ?is _h z its result
 an extremely l[ level ( productivity4  
,b aft] ! mo/ cry+ defects 9            
organization 7 elim9at$1 results 7      
a*iev$ t 7 mu* m satisfactory4 ,?us1    
accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t data1 9 t same   
,fir/ ,labor ,army1 f\r & a half work+  
days are n[ devot$ to "o sazh5 ( wood1  
:i* is n s f> f ! pres5t /&>d4 ,:at is  
mo/ com=t+1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t !        
productivity ( labor sy/ematically      
increases1 9 ! measure ( ! improvem5t ( 
its conditions4  ,:ile z to :at c be    
a*iev$ 9 ?is respect1 we h a brief b v  
ri* exp]i5ce 9 ! ,mosc[ ,eng9e]         
,regim5t4 ,! ,*ief ,bo>d ( ,milit>y     

,eng9e]s1 :i* controll$ ?is exp]im5t1   
began ) fix+ ! /&>d ( production z ?ree 
work+ days = a cubic sazh5 ( wood4 ,?is 
/&>d soon prov$ to be surpass$4 ,9      
,janu>y !re 7 sp5t on a cubic sazh5 (   
wood two & "o-?ird work+ days2 9        
,febru>y1 #b4a2 9 ,m>*1 #a4e2 :i*       
repres5ts an exclusively high level (   
productivity4 ,?is result 0 a*iev$ by   
moral influ5ce1 by ! exact regi/ration (
 ! individual "w ( ea* man1 by ! awak5+ 
( labor pride1 by ! di/ribution (       
bonuses to ! work]s :o produc$ m ?an !  
av]age result--or1 to speak 9 ! language
 ( ! trade unions1 by a slid+ scale     
adaptable to all individual *anges 9 !  
productivity ( labor4 ,?is exp]im5t1    
c>ri$ out almo/ "u laboratory           
conditions1 cle>ly indicates ! pa? along
 :i* we h to g 9 future4  ,at pres5t we 
h function+ a s]ies ( labor armies--!   
,fir/1 ! ,petrograd1 ! ,ukra9ian1 !     
,caucasian1 ! ,s\? ,volga1 ! ,res]ve4 ,!
 latt]1 z is kn[n1 assi/$ consid]ably to
 raise ! traffic capacity ( !           

,kazan-,ekat]9burg ,railway2 &1 :]ev] ! 
exp]im5t ( ! adaptation ( milit>y units 
= labor problems 0 c>ri$ out ) any      
intellig5ce at all1 ! results %[$ t ?is 
me?od is unque/ionably live & correct4  
,! prejudice conc]n+ ! inevitably       
p>asitic nature ( milit>y               
organization--"u ea* & e                
condition--proves to be %att]$4 ,!      
,soviet ,army reproduces )9 itself !    
t5d5cies ( ! ,soviet social ord]4 ,we   
mu/ n ?9k 9 ! petrify+ t]ms ( ! la/     
epo*3 milit>ism1 milit>y organization1 !
 unproductiv5ess ( compulsory labor4 ,we
 mu/ approa* ! ph5om5a ( ! new epo* )\t 
any prejudices1 & ) eyes wide op52 & we 
mu/ rememb] t ,saturday exi/s = man1 & n
 vice v]sa2 t all =ms ( organization1   
includ+ ! milit>y1 are only weapons 9 ! 
h&s ( ! work+ class 9 p[]1 :i* has bo? !
 "r & ! possibility ( adapt+1 alt]+1    
refa%ion+1 ^? weapons1 until x has      
a*iev$ ! requisite result4   ,,! ,,s+le 
,,economic ,,plan  ,! wide/ possible    
application ( ! pr9ciple ( g5]al labor  

s]vice1 toge!r ) measures = !           
milit>ization ( labor1 c play a decisive
 "p only 9 case !y are appli$ on ! basis
 ( a s+le economic plan cov]+ ! :ole    
c\ntry & all bran*es ( productive       
activity4 ,?is plan mu/ be drawn up = a 
numb] ( ye>s1 = ! :ole epo* t lies be=e 
u4 ,x is naturally brok5 up into sep>ate
 p]iods or /ages1 correspond+ to !      
inevitable /ages 9 ! economic rebir? ( !
 c\ntry4 ,we %all h to beg9 ) ! mo/     
simple & at ! same "t mo/ fundam5tal    
problems4  ,we h fir/ ( all to af=d !   
work+ class ! v possibility ( liv+--?\gh
 x be 9 ! mo/ difficult conditions--&   
!reby to pres]ve our indu/rial c5tres & 
save ! t[ns4 ,?is is ! po9t ( dep>ture4 
,if we d n wi% to melt ! t[n into       
agriculture1 & trans=m ! :ole c\ntry    
into a peasant ,/ate1 we mu/ support our
 transport1 ev5 at ! m9imum level1 &    
secure bread = ! t[ns1 fuel & raw       
mat]ials = indu/ry1 fodd] = ! cattle4   
,)\t ?is we %all n make "o /ep =w>d4    
,consequ5tly1 ! fir/ "p ( ! plan        

comprises ! improvem5t ( transport1 or1 
9 any case1 ! prev5tion ( its fur!r     
det]ioration & ! prep>ation ( ! mo/     
necess>y supplies ( food1 raw mat]ials1 
& fuel4 ,! :ole ( ! next p]iod w be 9   
its entirety fill$ ) ! conc5tration &   
/ra9+ ( labor-p[] to solve ^! root      
problems2 & only 9 ?is way %all we lay !
 f\ndations = all t is to come4 ,x 0 su*
 a problem1 incid5tally1 t we put be=e  
our labor armies4 ,:e!r ! fir/ or !     
foll[+ p]iods w be measur$ by mon?s or  
by ye>s1 x is fruitless at pres5t to    
guess4 ,?is dep5ds on _m reasons1 beg9n+
 ) ! int]national situation & end+ ) !  
degree ( s+le-m9d$ness & /eadfa/ness ( !
 work+ class4  ,! second p]iod is !     
p]iod ( ma*9e-build+ 9 ! int]e/s (      
transport & ! /orage ( raw mat]ial &    
fuel4 ,"h ! core is 9 ! locomotive4  ,at
 ! pres5t "t ! repair+ ( locomotives is 
c>ri$ on 9 too haphaz>d a fa%ion1       
swall[+ up en]gies & res\rces beyond all
 measure4 ,we mu/ reorganize ! repair+ (
 our roll+-/ock1 on ! basis ( ! mass    

production ( sp>e p>ts4 ,to-day1 :5 !   
:ole network ( ! railways & ! factories 
is 9 ! h&s ( "o ma/]1 ! ,labor ,/ate1 we
 c & mu/ fix s+le types ( locomotives & 
trucks = ! :ole c\ntry1 /&>dize _!      
con/itu5t p>ts1 draw all ! necess>y     
factories into ! "w ( ! mass production 
( sp>e p>ts1 r$uce repair+ to ! simple  
replac+ ( worn-out p>ts by new1 & !reby 
make x possible to build new locomotives
 on a mass scale out ( sp>e p>ts4  ,n[ t
 ! s\rces ( fuel & raw mat]ial are aga9 
op5 to u1 we mu/ conc5trate our         
exclusive att5tion on ! build+ (        
locomotives4  ,! ?ird p]iod w be "o (   
ma*9e-build+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! production 
( articles ( prim>y necessity4  ,f9ally1
 ! f\r? p]iod1 repos+ on ! conque/s ( ! 
fir/ ?ree1 w all[ u to beg9 ! production
 ( articles ( p]sonal or second>y       
significance on ! wide/ possible scale4 
,?is plan has great significance1 n only
 z a g5]al guide = ! practical "w ( our 
economic organs1 b also z a l9e along   
:i* propag&a among/ ! labor+ masses 9   

connection ) our economic problems is to
 proce$4 ,our labor mobilization w n    
ent] into real life1 w n take root1 if  
we d n excite ! liv+ int]e/ ( all t is  
hone/1 class-consci\s1 & inspir$ 9 !    
work+ class4 ,we mu/ expla9 to ! masses 
! :ole tru? z to our situation & z to   
our views = ! future2 we mu/ tell !m    
op5ly t our economic plan1 ) ! maximum (
 ex]tion on ! "p ( ! work]s1 w nei!r    
to-morr[ nor ! day aft] give u a l& fl[+
 ) milk & honey3 = dur+ ! fir/ p]iod our
 *ief "w w consi/ 9 prep>+ ! conditions 
= ! production ( ! means ( production4  
,only aft] we h secur$1 ?\gh on !       
smalle/ possible scale1 ! possibility ( 
rebuild+ ! means ( transport &          
production1 %all we pass on to !        
production ( articles = g5]al           
consumption4 ,9 ?is way ! fruit ( _!    
labor1 :i* is ! direct object ( !       
work]s1 9 ! %ape ( articles = p]sonal   
consumption1 w arrive only 9 ! la/1 !   
f\r?1 /age ( our economic plan2 & only  
!n %all we h a s]i\s improvem5t 9 our   

life4 ,! masses1 :o = a prolong$ p]iod w
 /ill be> all ! weight ( labor & (      
privation1 mu/ realize to ! full !      
inevitable int]nal logic ( ?is economic 
plan if !y are to prove capable ( c>ry+ 
x out4  ,! sequ5ce ( ! f\r economic     
p]iods outl9$ above mu/ n be und]/ood   
too absolutely4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1       
propose to br+ completely to a /&/ill   
our textile indu/ry3 we c\ld n d ?is =  
milit>y consid]ations alone4 ,b 9 ord] t
 our att5tion & our =ces %\ld n be      
di/ract$ "u ! pressure ( requirem5ts &  
ne$s cry+ to u f all qu>t]s1 x is       
ess5tial to make use ( ! economic plan z
 ! fundam5tal crit]ion1 & sep>ate !     
important & ! fundam5tal f ! auxili>y & 
second>y4 ,ne$less to say1 "u no        
circum/ances are we /riv+ = a n>r[      
national ,communism3 ! rais+ ( !        
blockade1 & ! ,european revolution all !
 m1 w\ld introduce ! mo/ radical        
alt]ations 9 our economic plan1 cutt+   
d[n ! /ages ( its developm5t & br++ !m  
toge!r4 ,b we d n "k :5 ^! ev5ts w take 

place2 & we mu/ act 9 su* a way t we c  
hold out & become /rong] "u ! mo/       
unfavorable circum/ances--t is to say1 9
 face ( ! sl[e/ conceivable developm5t (
 ! ,european & ! _w revolution4 ,9 case 
we are able actually to e/abli% trad+   
relations ) ! capitali/ c\ntries1 we    
%all aga9 be guid$ by ! economic plan   
sket*$ above4 ,we %all ex*ange "p ( our 
raw mat]ial = locomotives or = necess>y 
ma*9es1 b "u no circum/ances = clo?+1   
boots1 or colonial products3 our fir/   
item is n articles ( consumption1 b !   
implem5ts ( transport & production4  ,we
 %\ld be %ort-sight$ sceptics1 & ! mo/  
typical b\rgeois curmudgeons1 if we     
imag9$ t ! rebir? ( our economic life w 
take ! =m ( a gradual transition f !    
pres5t economic collapse to ! conditions
 t prec$$ t collapse1 i4e41 t we %all   
reasc5d ! same /eps by :i* we desc5d$1 &
 only aft] a c]ta91 q prolong$1 p]iod w 
be able to raise our ,sociali/ economy  
to ! level at :i* x /ood on ! eve ( !   
imp]iali/ w>4 ,su* a conception w\ld n  

only be n consol+1 b absolutely         
incorrect4 ,economic collapse1 :i*      
de/roy$ & broke up 9 its pa? an         
incalculable quantity ( values1 also    
de/roy$ a great deal t 0 poor & rott51 t
 0 absolutely s5seless2 & !reby x cle>$ 
! pa? = a new me?od ( recon/ruction1    
correspond+ to t te*nical equipm5t :i*  
_w economy n[ possesses4  ,if ,russian  
capitalism develop$ n f /age to /age1 b 
leap+ ov] a s]ies ( /ages1 & in/itut$   
,am]ican factories 9 ! mid/ ( primitive 
/eppes1 ! m is su* a =c$ m>* possible = 
,sociali/ economy4 ,aft] we h conqu]$   
our t]rible mis]y1 h accumulat$ small   
supplies ( raw mat]ial & food1 & h      
improv$ our transport1 we %all be able  
to leap ov] a :ole s]ies ( int]m$iate   
/ages1 b5efit+ by ! fact t we are n b\nd
 by ! *a9s ( private prop]ty1 & t !re=e 
we are able to subord9ate all und]tak+s 
& all ! elem5ts ( economic life to a    
s+le ,/ate plan4  ,?us1 = example1 we   
%all und\bt$ly be able to ent] ! p]iod (
 electrification1 9 all ! *ief bran*es (

 indu/ry & 9 ! sph]e ( p]sonal          
consumption1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! age (    
/eam4 ,! programme ( electrification is 
already drawn up 9 a s]ies ( logically  
consequ5t /ages1 correspond+ to !       
fundam5tal /ages ( ! g5]al economic     
plan4  ,a new w> may sl[ d[n !          
realization ( our economic int5tions2   
our en]gy & p]si/5ce c & mu/ ha/5 !     
process ( our economic rebir?4 ,b1      
:atev] be ! rate at :i* economic ev5ts  
unfold !mselves 9 ! future1 x is cle> t 
at ! f\ndation ( all our "w--labor      
mobilization1 milit>ization ( labor1    
,subbotniks1 & o!r =ms ( ,communi/ labor
 volunt>ism--!re mu/ lie ! s+le economic
 plan4 ,& ! p]iod t is ^u u requires f u
 ! complete conc5tration ( all our      
en]gies on ! fir/ elem5t>y problems3    
food1 fuel1 raw mat]ial1 transport4 ,n  
to all[ our att5tion to be di/ract$1 n  
to dissipate our =ces1 n to wa/e our    
en]gies4 ,su* is ! sole road to         
salvation4   ,,collegiate ,,& ,,"o-,,man
 ,,managem5t  ,! ,m5%eviks attempt to   

dwell on yet ano!r "q :i* seems         
favorable to _! desire once aga9 to ally
 !mselves ) ! work+ class4 ,?is is ! "q 
( ! me?od ( adm9i/ration ( indu/rial    
ent]prises--! "q ( ! collegiate 7bo>d7  
or ! "o-man pr9ciple4 ,we are told t !  
transf]5ce ( factories to s+le directors
 in/ead ( to a bo>d is a crime aga9/ !  
work+ class & ! ,sociali/ revolution4 ,x
 is rem>kable t ! mo/ zeal\s def5d]s ( !
 ,sociali/ revolution aga9/ ! pr9ciple (
 "o-man managem5t are ^? same ,m5%eviks 
:o q rec5tly /ill consid]$ t ! idea ( a 
,sociali/ revolution 0 an insult to     
hi/ory & a crime aga9/ ! work+ class4   
,! fir/ :o mu/ plead guilty 9 ! face ( !
 ,sociali/ revolution is our ,p>ty      
,congress1 :i* express$ itself 9 favor (
 ! pr9ciple ( "o-man managem5t 9 !      
adm9i/ration ( indu/ry1 & above all 9 ! 
l[e/ grades1 9 ! factories & plants4 ,x 
w\ld be ! greate/ possible mi/ake1      
h[ev]1 to consid] ?is decision z a bl[  
to ! indep5d5ce ( ! work+ class4 ,!     
indep5d5ce ( ! work]s is det]m9$ &      

measur$ n by :e!r ?ree work]s or "o are 
plac$ at ! head ( a factory1 b by       
factors & ph5om5a ( a su* m pr(\nd "*--!
 con/ruction ( ! economic organs ) !    
active assi/ance ( ! trade unions2 !    
build+ up ( all ,soviet organs by means 
( ! ,soviet congresses1 repres5t+ t5s ( 
millions ( work]s2 ! attraction into !  
"w ( adm9i/ration1 or control (         
adm9i/ration1 ( ^? :o are adm9i/]$4 ,x  
is 9 su* ?+s t ! indep5d5ce ( ! work+   
class c be express$4 ,& if ! work+      
class1 on ! f\ndation ( its exi/5ce1    
comes ?r\gh its congresses1 ,soviet p>ty
 & trade union1 to ! conclusion t x is  
bett] to place "o p]son at ! head ( a   
factory1 & n a bo>d1 x is mak+ a        
decision dictat$ by ! indep5d5ce ( !    
work+ class4 ,x may be correct or       
incorrect f ! po9t ( view ( ! te*nique (
 adm9i/ration1 b x is n impos$ ^u !     
prolet>iat1 x is dictat$ by its own w & 
pleasure4 ,x w\ld consequ5tly be a mo/  
cry+ error to confuse ! "q z to !       
supremacy ( ! prolet>iat ) ! "q ( bo>ds 

( work]s at ! head ( factories4 ,!      
dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat is express$ 9
 ! abolition ( private prop]ty 9 ! means
 ( production1 9 ! supremacy ov] ! :ole 
,soviet me*anism ( ! collective w ( !   
work]s1 & n at all 9 ! =m 9 :i*         
individual economic ent]prises are      
adm9i/]$4  ,"h x is necess>y to reply to
 ano!r accusation direct$ aga9/ !       
def5d]s ( ! "o-man pr9ciple4 ,our       
oppon5ts say3 ,?is is ! attempt ( !     
,soviet milit>i/s to transf] _! exp]i5ce
 9 ! milit>y sph]e to ! sph]e (         
economics4 ,possibly 9 ! army ! "o-man  
pr9ciple is satisfactory1 b x does n    
suit economical "w4 ,su* a criticism is 
incorrect 9 e way4 ,x is untrue t 9 !   
army we began ) ! "o-man pr9ciple3 ev5  
n[ we are f> f hav+ completely adopt$ x4
 ,x is also untrue t 9 def5ce ( "o-man  
=ms ( adm9i/ration ( our economic       
ent]prises ) ! attraction ( exp]ts1 we  
took our /& only on ! f\ndation ( our   
milit>y exp]i5ce4 ,9 reality1 9 ?is "q  
we took our /&1 & cont9ue to d s on     

purely ,m>xi/ views ( ! revolution>y    
problems & creative duties ( !          
prolet>iat :5 x has tak5 p[] into its   
own h&s4 ,! necessity ( mak+ use (      
te*nical k & me?ods accumulat$ 9 ! pa/1 
! necessity ( attract+ exp]ts & ( mak+  
use ( !m on a wide scale1 9 su* a way t 
our te*nique %\ld g n backw>ds b        
=w>ds--all ?is 0 und]/ood & recogniz$ by
 u1 n only f ! v beg9n+ ( ! revolution1 
b ev5 long be=e ,octob]4 ,i consid] t if
 ! civil w> _h n plund]$ our economic   
organs ( all t 0 /ronge/1 mo/ indep5d5t1
 mo/ end[$ ) initiative1 we %\ld        
und\bt$ly h ent]$ ! pa? ( "o-man        
managem5t 9 ! sph]e ( economic          
adm9i/ration mu* soon]1 & mu* less      
pa9fully4  ,"s comrades look on !       
app>atus ( indu/rial adm9i/ration fir/ &
 =emo/ z on a s*ool4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1  
absolutely errone\s4 ,! task (          
adm9i/ration is to adm9i/]4 ,if a man   
desires & is able to le>n adm9i/ration1 
let him g to s*ool1 to ! special c\rses 
( in/ruction3 let him g z an assi/ant1  

wat*+ & acquir+ exp]i5ce3 b a man :o is 
appo9t$ to control a factory is n go+ to
 s*ool1 b to a responsible po/ (        
economic adm9i/ration4 ,&1 ev5 if we    
look at ?is "q 9 ! limit$1 & !re=e      
incorrect light ( a s*ool1 ,i w say t :5
 ! "o-man pr9ciple prevails ! s*ool is  
t5 times bett]3 because j z y _c replace
 "o good work] by ?ree immature work]s1 
simil>ly1 hav+ plac$ a bo>d ( ?ree      
immature work]s 9 a responsible po/1 y  
deprive !m ( ! possibility ( realiz+ _! 
own defects4 ,ea* looks to ! o!rs :5    
decisions are be+ made1 & blames ! o!rs 
:5 success is n =?com+4  ,t ?is is n a  
"q ( pr9ciple = ! oppon5ts ( ! "o-man   
pr9ciple is %[n be/ ( all by _! n dem&+ 
! collegiate pr9ciple = ! actual        
work%ops1 jobs1 & pits4 ,!y ev5 say )   
indignation t only a madman c dem& t a  
bo>d ( ?ree or five %\ld manage a       
work%op4 ,!re mu/ be "o manag]1 & "o    
only4 ,:y8 ,if collegiate adm9i/ration  
is a s*ool1 :y d we n require an        
elem5t>y s*ool8 ,:y %\ld we n introduce 

bo>ds into ! work%ops8 ,&1 if !         
collegiate pr9ciple is n a sacr$ gospel 
= ! work%ops1 :y is x compulsory = !    
factories8  ,abramovi* said "h t1 z we h
 few exp]ts--?anks to ! ,bol%eviks1 he  
repeats aft] ,kautsky--we %all replace  
!m by bo>ds ( work]s4 ,t is nons5se4 ,no
 bo>d ( p]sons :o d n "k ! giv5 bus9ess 
c replace "o man :o kn[s x4 ,a bo>d (   
lawy]s w n replace "o swit*man4 ,a bo>d 
( pati5ts w n replace ! doctor4 ,! v    
idea is incorrect4 ,a bo>d 9 itself does
 n give k to ! ignorant4 ,x c only hide 
! ignorance ( ! ignorant4 ,if a p]son is
 appo9t$ to a responsible adm9i/rative  
po/1 he is "u ! wat*1 n only ( o!rs b ( 
himself1 & sees cle>ly :at he kn[s & :at
 he does n "k4 ,b !re is no?+ worse ?an 
a bo>d ( ignorant1 badly-prep>$ work]s  
appo9t$ to a purely practical po/1 dem&+
 exp]t k4 ,! memb]s ( ! bo>d are 9 a    
/ate ( p]petual panic & mutual          
dissatisfaction1 & by _! helplessness   
introduce hesitation & *aos into all _! 
"w4 ,! work+ class is v deeply int]e/$ 9

 rais+ its capacity = adm9i/ration1 t   
is1 9 be+ educat$2 b ?is is atta9$ 9 !  
sph]e ( indu/ry by ! p]iodical report ( 
! adm9i/rative body ( a factory be=e !  
:ole factory1 & ! discussion ( !        
economic plan = ! ye> or = ! curr5t     
mon?4 ,all ! work]s :o display s]i\s    
int]e/ 9 ! "w ( indu/rial organization  
are regi/]$ by ! directors ( ! und]tak+1
 or by special commissions2 are tak5    
?r\gh appropriate c\rses closely b\nd up
 ) ! practical "w ( ! factory itself2 & 
are !n appo9t$1 fir/ to less            
responsible1 & !n to m responsible po/s4
 ,9 su* a way we %all embrace _m ?\s&s1 
&1 9 ! future1 t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,b ! "q (   
?rees & fives int]e/s1 n ! labor+       
masses1 b ! m backw>d1 weak]1 less fitt$
 = indep5d5t "w1 section ( ! ,soviet    
labor bureaucracy4 ,! =emo/1 intellig5t1
 det]m9$ adm9i/rator naturally /rives to
 take ! factory into 8 h&s z a :ole1 &  
to %[ bo? to himself & to o!rs t he c   
c>ry out 8 "w4 ,:ile if t adm9i/rator is
 a weakl+1 :o does n /& v /eadily on 8  

feet1 he attempts to associate ano!r )  
himself1 = 9 ! company ( ano!r 8 own    
weakness w be unnotic$4 ,9 su* a        
collegiate pr9ciple !re is a v dang]\s  
f\ndation--! ext9ction ( p]sonal        
responsibility4 ,if a work] is capable b
 n exp]i5c$1 he naturally requires a    
guide3 "u 8 control he w le>n1 &        
to-morr[ we %all appo9t him ! =eman ( a 
little factory4 ,t is ! way by :i* he w 
g =w>d4 ,9 an accid5tal bo>d1 9 :i* !   
/r5g? & ! weakness ( ea* are n cle>1 !  
feel+ ( responsibility inevitably       
disappe>s4  ,our resolution speaks ( a  
sy/ematic approa* to ! "o-man           
pr9ciple--naturally1 n by "o /roke ( !  
p54 ,v>iants & comb9ations are possible 
"h4 ,:]e ! work] c manage alone1 let u  
put him 9 *>ge ( ! factory & give him an
 exp]t z an assi/ant4 ,:]e !re is a good
 exp]t1 let u put him 9 *>ge & give him 
z assi/ants two or ?ree ( ! work]s4     
,f9ally1 :]e a bo>d has 9 practice %[n  
its capacity = "w1 let u pres]ve x4 ,?is
 is ! sole s]i\s attitude to take up1 & 

only 9 su* a way %all we rea* ! correct 
organization ( production4  ,!re is     
ano!r consid]ation ( a social &         
educational "* :i* seems to me mo/      
important4 ,our guid+ lay] ( ! work+    
class is too ?94 ,t lay] :i* knew       
und]gr\nd "w1 :i* long c>ri$ on !       
revolution>y /ruggle1 :i* 0 abroad1 :i* 
read mu* 9 prisons & 9 exile1 :i* _h    
political exp]i5ce & a broad outlook1 is
 ! mo/ preci\s section ( ! work+ class4 
,!n !re is a y\ng] g5]ation :i* has     
consci\sly be5 mak+ ! revolution1 beg9n+
 ) #aiag4 ,?is is a v valuable section (
 ! work+ class4 ,:]ev] we ca/ our       
eye--on ,soviet con/ruction1 on ! trade 
unions1 on ! front ( ! civil w>--ev]y:]e
 we f9d ! pr9cipal "p be+ play$ by ?is  
upp] lay] ( ! prolet>iat4 ,! *ief "w ( !
 ,soviet ,gov]nm5t dur+ ^! two & a half 
ye>s consi/$ 9 manoeuvr+ & ?r[+ ! =emo/ 
section ( ! work]s f "o front to ano!r4 
,! deep] lay]s ( ! work+ class1 :i*     
em]g$ f ! peasant mass1 are             
revolution>ily incl9$1 b are /ill too   

poor 9 initiative4 ,! disease ( our     
,russian peasant is ! h]d in/9ct1 !     
abs5ce ( p]sonality3 9 o!r words1 ! same
 quality t us$ to be extoll$ by our     
reaction>y ,populi/s1 & t ,leo ,tol/oy  
extoll$ 9 ! "* ( ,platon ,k>atayev3 !   
peasant melt+ into 8 village community1 
subject+ himself to ! l&4 ,x is q cle> t
 ,sociali/ economy is f\nd$ n on ,platon
 ,k>atayev1 b on ! ?9k+ work] end[$ )   
initiative4 ,t p]sonal initiative x is  
necess>y to develop 9 ! work]4 ,!       
p]sonal basis "u ! b\rgeoisie meant     
selfi% individualism & competition4 ,!  
p]sonal basis "u ! work+ class is 9     
contradiction nei!r to solid>ity nor to 
bro!rly co-op]ation4 ,sociali/ solid>ity
 c rely nei!r on abs5ce ( p]sonality nor
 on ! h]d in/9ct4 ,& x is j abs5ce (    
p]sonality t is frequ5tly hidd5 beh9d ! 
collegiate pr9ciple4  ,9 ! work+ class  
!re are _m =ces1 gifts1 & tal5ts4 ,!y   
mu/ be br\ght out & display$ 9 rivalry4 
,! "o-man pr9ciple 9 ! adm9i/rative &   
te*nical sph]e assi/s ?is4 ,t is :y x is

 high] & m fruitful ?an ! collegiate    
pr9ciple4   ,,conclusion ,,( ,,!        
,,report  ,comrades1 ! argum5ts ( !     
,m5%evik orators1 p>ticul>ly (          
,abramovi*1 reflect fir/ ( all _!       
complete deta*m5t f life & its problems4
 ,an obs]v] /&s on ! bank ( a riv] :i*  
he has to swim ov]1 & delib]ates on !   
qualities ( ! wat] & on ! /r5g? ( !     
curr5t4 ,he has to swim ov]3 t is 8     
task6 ,b our ,kautskian /&s fir/ on "o  
foot & !n on ! o!r4 ,we d n d5y1 he     
says1 ! necessity ( swimm+ ov]1 b at !  
same "t1 z reali/s1 we see ! dang]--& n 
only "o1 b sev]al3 ! curr5t is swift1   
!re are subm]g$ /ones1 p are tir$1 etc41
 etc4 ,b :5 !y tell y t we d5y ! v      
necessity ( swimm+ ov]1 t is n true--no1
 n "u any circum/ances4 ,tw5ty-?ree ye>s
 ago we did n d5y ! necessity ( swimm+  
ov]4444  ,& on ?is is built all1 f      
beg9n+ to end4 ,fir/1 say ! ,m5%eviks1  
we d n d5y1 & nev] did d5y1 ! necessity 
( self-def5ce3 consequ5tly we d n       
repudiate ! army4 ,secondly1 we d n     

repudiate 9 pr9ciple g5]al labor s]vice4
 ,b1 aft] all1 :]e is !re anyone 9 ! _w1
 ) ! exception ( small religi\s sects1  
:o d5ies self-def5ce 9 pr9ciple6        
,nev]!less1 ! matt] does n move "o /ep  
=w>d z a result ( y\r ab/ract admission4
 ,:5 x came to a real /ruggle1 & to !   
creation ( a real army aga9/ ! real     
enemies ( ! work+ class1 :at did y d !n8
 ,y oppos$1 y sabotag$--:ile n repudiat+
 self-def5ce 9 pr9ciple4 ,y said & wrote
 9 y\r pap]s3 ,d[n ) ! civil w>6 at ! "t
 :5 we 7 surr\nd$ by ,:ite ,gu>ds1 & !  
knife 0 at our ?roat4 ,n[ y1 approv+ our
 victori\s self-def5ce aft] ! ev5t1     
transf] y\r critical gaze to new        
problems1 & attempt to tea* u4 ,9 g5]al1
 we d n repudiate ! pr9ciple ( g5]al    
labor s]vice1 y say1 b 444 )\t legal    
compulsion4 ,yet 9 ^! v words !re is a  
mon/r\s int]nal contradiction6 ,! idea (
 obligatory s]vice itself includes !    
elem5t ( compulsion4 ,a man is oblig$1  
he is b\nd to d some?+4 ,if he does n d 
x1 obvi\sly he w suff] compulsion1 a    

p5alty4 ,"h we approa* ! "q ( :at       
p5alty4 ,abramovi* says3 ,economic      
pressure1 yes2 b n legal compulsion4    
,comrade ,holtzman1 ! repres5tative ( ! 
,metal ,work]s' ,union1 excell5tly      
demon/rat$ all ! s*ola/icism ( ?is idea4
 ,ev5 "u ! capitalism1 t is to say "u ! 
regime ( free labor1 economic pressure  
is insep>able f legal compulsion4 ,/ill 
m s n[4  ,9 my report ,i attempt$ to    
expla9 t ! adaptation ( ! work]s on new 
social f\ndations to new =ms ( labor1 & 
! atta9m5t ( a high] level (            
productivity ( labor1 are possible only 
by means ( ! simultane\s application (  
v>i\s me?ods--economic int]e/1 legal    
compulsion1 ! influ5ce ( an int]nally   
co-ord9at$ economic organization1 ! p[] 
( repression1 &1 fir/ & la/1 moral      
influ5ce1 agitation1 propag&a1 & ! g5]al
 rais+ ( ! cultural level4  ,only by !  
comb9ation ( all ^! me?ods c we atta9 a 
high level ( ,sociali/ economy4  ,if ev5
 "u capitalism economic int]e/ is       
inevitably comb9$ ) legal compulsion1   

beh9d :i* /&s ! mat]ial =ce ( ! ,/ate1 9
 ! ,soviet ,/ate--t is1 ! ,/ate (       
transition to ,socialism--we c draw no  
wat]-tight comp>tm5t at all betwe5      
economic & legal compulsion4 ,all our   
mo/ important indu/ries are 9 ! h&s ( ! 
,/ate4 ,:5 we say to ! turn] ,ivanov1 ,y
 are b\nd at once to "w at ! ,sormovo   
factory2 if y refuse1 y w n receive y\r 
ration1 :at are we to call x8 ,economic 
pressure or legal compulsion8 ,he _c g  
to ano!r factory1 = all factories are 9 
! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 :i* w n all[ su* a     
*ange4 ,consequ5tly1 economic pressure  
melts "h into ! pressure ( ,/ate        
compulsion4 ,abramovi* app>5tly w\ld l  
u1 z regulators ( ! di/ribution (       
labor-p[]1 to make use only ( su* means 
z ! rais+ ( wages1 bonuses1 etc41 9 ord]
 to attract ! necess>y work]s to our mo/
 important factories4 ,app>5tly t       
comprises all 8 ?\ghts on ! subject4 ,b 
if we put ! "q 9 ?is way1 e s]i\s work] 
9 ! trade union movem5t w und]/& x is   
pure utopia4 ,we _c hope = a free influx

 ( labor-p[] f ! m>ket1 = to a*ieve ?is 
! ,/ate w\ld ne$ to h 9 its h&s         
suffici5tly ext5sive res]ves (          
manoeuvre1 9 ! =m ( food1 h\s+1 &       
transport1 i4e41 precisely ^? conditions
 :i* we h yet only to create4 ,)\t      
sy/ematically-organiz$ transf]5ce (     
labor-p[] on a mass scale1 accord+ to ! 
dem&s ( ! economic organization1 we %all
 a*ieve no?+4 ,"h ! mom5t ( compulsion  
arises be=e u 9 all its =ce ( economic  
necessity4 ,i read y a telegram f       
,ekat]9burg deal+ ) ! "w ( ! ,fir/      
,labor ,army4 ,x says t !re h pass$     
?r\gh ! ,ural ,committee = ,labor       
,s]vice ov] #d1jjj work]s4 ,:5ce h !y   
appe>$8 ,ma9ly f ! =m] ,?ird ,army4 ,!y 
7 n all[$ to g to _! homes1 b 7 s5t :]e 
!y 7 requir$4 ,f ! army !y 7 h&$ ov] to 
! ,committee = ,labor ,s]vice1 :i*      
di/ribut$ !m accord+ to _! categories & 
s5t !m to ! factories4 ,?is1 f ! ,lib]al
 po9t ( view1 is viol5ce to ! fre$om ( !
 individual4 ,yet an ov]:elm+ majority (
 ! work]s w5t will+ly to ! labor front1 

z hi!rto to ! milit>y1 realiz+ t !      
common int]e/ dem&$ ?is4 ,"p w5t aga9/  
_! w4 ,^! 7 compell$4  ,naturally1 x is 
q cle> t ! ,/ate mu/1 by means ( ! bonus
 sy/em1 give ! bett] work]s bett]       
conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,b ?is n only does
 n exclude1 b on ! contr>y pre-supposes1
 t ! ,/ate & ! trade unions--)\t :i* !  
,soviet ,/ate w n build up              
indu/ry--acquire new rights ( "s k9d ov]
 ! work]4 ,! work] does n m]ely b>ga9 ) 
! ,soviet ,/ate3 no1 he is subord9at$ to
 ! ,soviet ,/ate1 "u its ord]s 9 e      
direction--= x is 8 ,/ate4  ,if1        
,abramovi* says1 we 7 simply told t x is
 a "q ( indu/rial discipl9e1 !re w\ld be
 no?+ to qu>rel ab\t2 b :y introduce    
milit>ization8 ,( c\rse1 to a           
consid]able ext5t1 ! "q is "o ( !       
discipl9e ( ! trade unions2 b ( ! new   
discipl9e ( new1 ,productional1 trade   
unions4 ,we live 9 a ,soviet c\ntry1 :]e
 ! work+ class is 9 p[]--a fact :i* our 
,kautskians d n und]/&4 ,:5 ! ,m5%evik  
,rubtzov said t !re rema9$ only !       

fragm5t ( ! trade union movem5t 9 my    
report1 !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( tru? 9 x4 
,( ! trade unions1 z he und]/&s !m--t is
 to say1 trade unions ( ! old craft     
type--!re 9 reality has rema9$ v little2
 b ! indu/rial productional organization
 ( ! work+ class1 9 ! conditions (      
,soviet ,russia1 has ! v greate/ tasks  
be=e x4 ,:at tasks8 ,( c\rse1 n ! tasks 
involv$ 9 a /ruggle ) ! ,/ate1 9 ! "n ( 
! int]e/s ( labor2 b tasks involv$ 9 !  
con/ruction1 side by side ) ! ,/ate1 (  
,sociali/ economy4 ,su* a =m ( union is 
9 pr9ciple a new organization1 :i* is   
di/9ct1 n only f ! trade unions1 b also 
f ! revolution>y indu/rial unions 9     
b\rgeois society1 j z ! supremacy ( !   
prolet>iat is di/9ct f ! supremacy ( !  
b\rgeoisie4 ,! productional union ( !   
rul+ work+ class no long] has !         
problems1 ! me?ods1 ! discipl9e1 ( !    
union = /ruggle ( an oppress$ class4    
,all our work]s are oblig$ to ent] !    
unions4 ,! ,m5%eviks are aga9/ ?is4 ,?is
 is q compreh5sible1 because 9 reality  

!y are aga9/ ! dictator%ip ( !          
prolet>iat4 ,x is to ?is1 9 ! long run1 
t ! :ole "q is r$uc$4 ,! ,kautskians are
 aga9/ ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 &  
are !reby aga9/ all its consequ5ces4    
,bo? economic & political compulsion are
 only =ms ( ! expression ( ! dictator%ip
 ( ! work+ class 9 two closely connect$ 
regions4 ,true1 ,abramovi* demon/rat$ to
 u mo/ le>n$ly t "u ,socialism !re w be 
no compulsion1 t ! pr9ciple ( compulsion
 contradicts ,socialism1 t "u ,socialism
 we %all be mov$ by ! feel+ ( duty1 !   
habit ( work+1 ! attractiv5ess ( labor1 
etc41 etc4 ,?is is unque/ionable4 ,only 
?is unque/ionable tru? mu/ be a little  
ext5d$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 "u ,socialism   
!re w n exi/ ! app>atus ( compulsion    
itself1 namely1 ! ,/ate3 = x w h melt$  
away entirely into a produc+ & consum+  
commune4 ,none ! less1 ! road to        
,socialism lies ?r\gh a p]iod ( ! highe/
 possible int5sification ( ! pr9ciple ( 
! ,/ate4 ,& y & ,i are j pass+ ?r\gh t  
p]iod4 ,j z a lamp1 be=e go+ out1 %oots 

up 9 a brilliant flame1 s ! ,/ate1 be=e 
disappe>+1 assumes ! =m ( ! dictator%ip 
( ! prolet>iat1 i4e41 ! mo/ ru?less =m (
 ,/ate1 :i* embraces ! life ( ! citiz5s 
au?oritatively 9 e direction4 ,n[ j t   
insignificant little fact--t hi/orical  
/ep ( ! ,/ate dictator%ip--,abramovi*1 &
 9 8 p]son ! :ole ( ,m5%evism1 did n    
notice2 & consequ5tly1 he has fall5 ov] 
x4  ,no organization except ! army has  
ev] controll$ man ) su* sev]e compulsion
 z does ! ,/ate organization ( ! work+  
class 9 ! mo/ difficult p]iod (         
transition4 ,x is j = ?is reason t we   
speak ( ! milit>ization ( labor4 ,! fate
 ( ! ,m5%eviks is to drag along at !    
tail ( ev5ts1 & to recognize ^? p>ts ( !
 revolution>y programme :i* h already _h
 "t to lose all practical significance4 
,to-day ! ,m5%eviks1 albeit )           
res]vations1 d n d5y ! lawfulness ( /]n 
measures ) ! ,:ite ,gu>ds & ) des]t]s f 
! ,r$ ,army3 !y h be5 =c$ to recognize  
?is aft] _! own lam5table exp]im5ts )   
democracy4 ,!y h to all appe>ances      

und]/ood--v late 9 ! day--t1 :5 "o is   
face to face ) ! c\nt]-revolution>y b&s1
 "o _c live by phrases ab\t ! great tru?
 t "u ,socialism we %all ne$ no ,r$     
,t]ror4 ,b 9 ! economic sph]e1 !        
,m5%eviks /ill attempt to ref] u to our 
sons1 & p>ticul>ly to our gr&sons4 ,none
 ! less1 we h to rebuild our economic   
life to-day1 )\t wait+1 "u circum/ances 
( a v pa9ful h]itage f b\rgeois society 
& a yet unf9i%$ civil w>4  ,m5%evism1 l 
all ,kautskianism g5]ally1 is dr[n$ 9   
democratic analogies & ,sociali/        
ab/ractions4 ,aga9 & aga9 x has be5 %[n 
t = x !re d n exi/ ! problems ( !       
transitional p]iod1 i4e41 ( ! prolet>ian
 revolution4 ,h5ce ! lifelessness ( its 
criticism1 its advice1 its plans1 & its 
recipes4 ,! "q is n :at is go+ to happ5 
9 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s' "t--at t date1 ( 
c\rse1 ?+s w be mu* bett]--b ( h[ to-day
 to /ruggle out ( our ru9s1 h[          
imm$iately to di/ribute labor-p[]1 h[   
to-day to raise ! productivity ( labor1 
& h[1 9 p>ticul>1 to act 9 ! case ( ^?  

#d1jjj skill$ work]s :om we comb$ out ( 
! army 9 ! ,ural4 ,to dismiss !m to !   
f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 say+ seek = bett]   
conditions :]e y c f9d !m1 comrades8    
,no1 we c\ld n act 9 ?is way4 ,we put !m
 into milit>y e*elons1 & di/ribut$ !m   
among/ ! factories & ! works4  ,:]e91   
!n1 does y\r ,socialism1 ,abramovi*     
cries1 diff] f ,egyptian slav]y8 ,x 0 j 
by simil> me?ods t ! ,ph>aohs built !   
pyramids1 =c+ ! masses to labor4 ,truly 
an inimitable analogy = a ,sociali/6    
,once aga9 ! little insignificant fact  
has be5 =gott5--! class nature ( !      
gov]nm5t6 ,abramovi* sees no diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! ,egyptian regime & our own4 ,he
 has =gott5 t 9 ,egypt !re 7 ,ph>aohs1  
!re 7 slave-own]s & slaves4 ,x 0 n !    
,egyptian peasants :o decid$ ?r\gh _!   
,soviets to build ! pyramids2 !re exi/$ 
a social ord] bas$ ^u hi]>*ial ca/e2 & !
 work]s 7 oblig$ to toil by a class t 0 
ho/ile to !m4 ,our compulsion is appli$ 
by a work]s' & peasants' gov]nm5t1 9 !  
"n ( ! int]e/s ( ! labor+ masses4 ,t is 

:at ,abramovi* has n obs]v$4 ,we le>n 9 
! s*ool ( ,socialism t all social       
evolution is f\nd$ on classes & _!      
/ruggle1 & all ! c\rse ( human life is  
det]m9$ by ! fact ( :at class /&s at !  
head ( affairs1 & 9 ! "n ( :at ca/e is  
apply+ its policy4 ,t is :at ,abramovi* 
has n grasp$4 ,p]haps he is well        
acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ,socialism
 is = him a book seal$ ) sev5 seals4    
,go+ along ! pa? ( %all[ ,lib]al        
analogies1 :i* d n reckon ) ! class     
nature ( ! ,/ate1 ,abramovi* might 7& 9 
! pa/ ! ,m5%eviks did m ?an once7       
id5tify ! ,r$ & ! ,:ite ,armies4 ,bo? "h
 & !re w5t on mobilizations1 pr9cipally 
( ! peasant masses4 ,bo? "h & !re !     
elem5t ( compulsion has its place4 ,bo? 
"h & !re !re 7 n a few (fic]s :o _h     
pass$ ?r\gh "o & ! same s*ool ( ,ts>ism4
 ,! same rifles1 ! same c>tridges 9 bo? 
camps4 ,:]e is ! diff]5ce8 ,!re is a    
diff]5ce1 g5tlem51 & x is def9$ by a    
fundam5tal te/3 :o is 9 p[]8 ,! work+   
class or ! l&lord class1 ,ph>aohs or    

peasants1 ,:ite ,gu>ds or ! ,petrograd  
prolet>iat8 ,!re is a diff]5ce1 &       
evid5ce on ! subject is furni%$ by !    
fate ( ,yud5i*1 ,kol*ak1 & ,d5ik94 ,our 
peasants 7 mobiliz$ by ! work]s2 9      
,kol*ak's camp1 by ! ,:ite ,gu>d (fic]  
class4 ,our army has pull$ itself       
toge!r1 & has gr[n /rong2 ! ,:ite ,army 
has fall5 asund] 9 du/4 ,yes1 !re is a  
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,soviet regime & !    
regime ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,& x is n 9 va9 t !
 ,petrograd prolet>ians began _!        
revolution by %oot+ ! ,ph>aohs on !     
/eeples ( ,petrograd4#aj            #aj 
,?is 0 ! "n giv5 to ! imp]ial police1   
:om           ! ,m9i/] = ,home ,affairs1
 ,protopop(f1 di/ribut$ at           !  
end ( ,febru>y1 #aiag1 ov] ! ro(s (     
h\ses & 9           ! belfries4  ,"o ( !
 ,m5%evik orators attempt$ incid5tally  
to repres5t me z a def5d] ( milit>ism 9 
g5]al4 ,accord+ to 8 in=mation1 x       
appe>s1 d y see1 t ,i am def5d+ no?+ m  
or less ?an ,g]man milit>ism4 ,i prov$1 
y mu/ und]/&1 t ! ,g]man ,n4,c4,o4 0 a  

m>vel ( nature1 & all t he does is above
 criticism4 ,:at did ,i say 9 reality8  
,only t milit>ism1 9 :i* all ! features 
( social evolution f9d _! mo/ f9i%$1    
%>p1 & cle> expression1 c\ld be exam9$ f
 two po9ts ( view4 ,fir/ f ! political  
or ,sociali/--& "h x dep5ds entirely on 
! "q ( :at class is 9 p[]2 & secondly1 f
 ! po9t ( view ( organization1 z a sy/em
 ( ! /rict di/ribution ( duties1 exact  
mutual relations1 unque/ion+            
responsibility1 & h>% insi/5ce on       
execution4 ,! b\rgeois army is !        
app>atus ( savage oppression &          
repression ( ! work]s2 ! ,sociali/ army 
is a weapon = ! lib]ation & def5ce ( !  
work]s4 ,b ! unque/ion+ subord9ation ( !
 p>ts to ! :ole is a *>act]i/ic common  
to e army4 ,a sev]e int]nal regime is   
insep>able f ! milit>y organization4 ,9 
w> e piece ( slackness1 e lack (        
?or\ghness1 & ev5 a simple mi/ake1 n    
infrequ5tly br+ 9 _! tra9 ! mo/ heavy   
sacrifices4 ,h5ce ! /riv+ ( ! milit>y   
organization to br+ cle>ness1           

def9it5ess1 exactness ( relations &     
responsibilities1 to ! highe/ degree (  
developm5t4 ,milit>y qualities 9 ?is    
connection are valu$ 9 e sph]e4 ,x 0 9  
?is s5se t ,i said t e class pref]s to h
 9 its s]vice ^? ( its memb]s :o1 o!r   
?+s be+ equal1 h pass$ ?r\gh ! milit>y  
s*ool4 ,! ,g]man peasant1 = example1 :o 
has pass$ out ( ! b>racks 9 ! capacity (
 an ,n4,c4,o4 0 = ! ,g]man mon>*y1 &    
rema9s = ! ,eb]t ,republic1 mu* de>] & m
 valuable ?an ! same peasant :o has n   
pass$ ?r\gh milit>y tra9+4 ,! app>atus (
 ! ,g]man railways 0 spl5didly organiz$1
 ?anks to a consid]able degree to !     
employm5t ( ,n4,c4,o4's & (fic]s 9      
adm9i/rative po/s 9 ! transport         
dep>tm5t4 ,9 ?is s5se we also h some?+  
to le>n f milit>ism4 ,comrade           
,tsip]ovi*1 "o ( our =emo/ trade union  
lead]s1 admitt$ "h t ! trade union work]
 :o has pass$ ?r\gh milit>y tra9+--:o   
has1 = example1 occupi$ ! responsible   
po/ ( regim5tal commiss>y = a ye>--does 
n become worse f ! po9t ( view ( trade  

union "w z a result4 ,he is return$ to !
 union ! same prolet>ian f head to foot1
 = he 0 fight+ = ! prolet>iat2 b he has 
return$ a vet]an--h>d5$1 m indep5d5t1 m 
decisive--= he has be5 9 v responsible  
positions4 ,he _h occasions to control  
sev]al ?\s&s ( ,r$ soldi]s ( diff]5t    
degrees ( class-consci\sness--mo/ ( !m  
peasants4 ,toge!r ) !m he has liv$ ?r\gh
 victories & rev]ses1 he has advanc$ &  
retreat$4 ,!re 7 cases ( trea*]y on ! "p
 ( ! comm& p]sonnel1 ( peasant ris+s1 ( 
panic--b he rema9$ at 8 po/1 he held    
toge!r ! less class-consci\s mass1      
direct$ x1 inspir$ x ) 8 example1 puni%$
 traitors & c[>ds4 ,?is exp]i5ce is a   
great & valuable exp]i5ce4 ,& :5 a =m]  
regim5tal commiss>y returns to 8 trade  
union1 he becomes n a bad organiz]4  ,on
 ! "q ( ! collegiate pr9ciple1 !        
argum5ts ( ,abramovi* are j z lifeless z
 on all o!r que/ions--! argum5ts ( a    
deta*$ obs]v] /&+ on ! bank ( a riv]4   
,abramovi* expla9$ to u t a good bo>d is
 bett] ?an a bad manag]1 t into a good  

bo>d !re mu/ ent] a good exp]t4 ,all ?is
 is spl5did--only :y d n ! ,m5%eviks (f]
 u sev]al hundr$ bo>ds8 ,i ?9k t !      
,supreme ,economic ,c\ncil w f9d        
suffici5t use = !m4 ,b we--n obs]v]s1 b 
work]s--mu/ build f ! mat]ial at our    
disposal4 ,we h speciali/s1 we h exp]ts1
 ( :om1 %all we say1 "o-?ird are        
consci5ti\s & educat$1 ano!r ?ird only  
half-consci5ti\s & half-educat$1 & ! la/
 ?ird are no use at all4 ,9 ! work+     
class !re are _m tal5t$1 devot$1 &      
en]getic p4 ,"s--un=tunately few--h     
already ! necess>y k & exp]i5ce4 ,"s h  
"* & capacity1 b h n k or exp]i5ce4     
,o!rs h nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,out ( ?is  
mat]ial we h to create our factory & o!r
 adm9i/rative bodies2 & "h we _c be     
satisfi$ ) g5]al phrases4 ,fir/ ( all1  
we mu/ select all ! work]s :o h already 
9 exp]i5ce %[n t !y c direct ent]prises1
 & give su* m5 ! possibility ( /&+ on _!
 own feet4 ,su* m5 !mselves ask = "o-man
 managem5t1 because ! "w ( controll+ a  
factory is n a s*ool = ! backw>d4 ,a    

work] :o kn[s 8 bus9ess ?or\ghly desires
 to control4 ,if he has decid$ & ord]$1 
8 decision mu/ be accompli%$4 ,he may be
 replac$--t is ano!r matt]2 b :ile he is
 ! ma/]--! ,soviet1 prolet>ian ma/]--he 
controls ! und]tak+ entirely &          
completely4 ,if he has to be includ$ 9 a
 bo>d ( weak] m51 :o int]f]e 9 !        
adm9i/ration1 no?+ w come ( x4 ,su* a   
work+-class adm9i/rator mu/ be giv5 an  
exp]t assi/ant1 "o or two accord+ to !  
ent]prise4 ,if !re is no suitable       
work+-class adm9i/rator1 b !re is a     
consci5ti\s & tra9$ exp]t1 we %all put  
him at ! head ( an ent]prise1 & atta* to
 him two or ?ree prom95t work]s 9 !     
capacity ( assi/ants1 9 su* a way t e   
decision ( ! exp]t %\ld be kn[n to !    
assi/ants1 b t !y %\ld n h ! "r to      
rev]se t decision4 ,!y w1 /ep by /ep1   
foll[ ! speciali/ 9 8 "w1 w le>n some?+1
 & 9 six mon?s or a ye> w ?us be able to
 occupy indep5d5t po/s4  ,abramovi*     
quot$ f my own spee* ! example ( !      
hairdress] :o has comm&$ a division & an

 army4 ,true6 ,b :at1 h[ev]1 ,abramovi* 
does n "k is t1 if our ,communi/        
comrades h begun to comm& regim5ts1     
divisions1 & armies1 x is because       
previ\sly !y 7 commiss>ies atta*$ to    
exp]t comm&]s4 ,! responsibility fell on
 ! exp]t1 :o knew t1 if he made a       
mi/ake1 he w\ld be> ! full brunt1 & w\ld
 n be able to say t he 0 only an advis] 
or a memb] ( ! bo>d4 ,to-day 9 our army 
! majority ( ! po/s ( comm&1 p>ticul>ly 
9 ! l[]--i4e41 politically ! mo/        
important--grades1 are fill$ by work]s &
 =emo/ peasants4 ,b ) :at did we beg98  
,we put (fic]s 9 ! po/s ( comm&1 &      
atta*$ to !m work]s z commiss>ies2 & !y 
le>n$1 & le>n$ ) success1 & le>n$ to    
beat ! enemy4  ,comrades1 we /& face to 
face ) a v difficult p]iod1 p]haps ! mo/
 difficult ( all4 ,to difficult p]iods 9
 ! life ( peoples & classes !re         
correspond h>% measures4 ,! fur!r we g !
 easi] ?+s w become1 ! fre] e citiz5 w  
feel1 ! m imp]ceptible w become !       
compell+ =ce ( ! prolet>ian ,/ate4      

,p]haps we %all !n ev5 all[ ! ,m5%eviks 
to h pap]s1 if only ! ,m5%eviks rema9 9 
exi/5ce until t "t4 ,b to-day we are    
liv+ 9 ! p]iod ( dictator%ip1 political 
& economic4 ,& ! ,m5%eviks cont9ue to   
und]m9e t dictator%ip4 ,:5 we are fight+
 on ! civil front1 pres]v+ ! revolution 
f its enemies1 & ! ,m5%evik pap] writes3
 ,d[n ) ! civil w>1 we _c p]mit ?is4 ,a 
dictator%ip is a dictator%ip1 & w> is   
w>4 ,& n[ t we h cross$ to ! pa? ( !    
greate/ conc5tration ( =ces on ! field (
 ! economic rebir? ( ! c\ntry1 !        
,russian ,kautskies1 ! ,m5%eviks1 rema9 
true to _! c\nt]-revolution>y call+4 ,_!
 voice1 z hi!rto1 s\nds z ! voice ( d\bt
 & decomposition1 ( disorganization &   
und]m9+1 ( di/ru/ & collapse4  ,is x n  
mon/r\s & grotesque t1 at ?is ,congress1
 at :i* #a1ejj repres5tatives ( !       
,russian work+ class are pres5t1 :]e !  
,m5%eviks con/itute less ?an #e1 & !    
,communi/s ab\t #ij1 ,abramovi* %\ld say
 to u3 ,d n be attract$ by me?ods :i*   
result 9 a little b& tak+ ! place ( ! p4

 ,all ?r\gh ! p1 says ! repres5tative ( 
! ,m5%eviks1 no gu>dians ( ! labor+     
masses6 ,all ?r\gh ! labor+ masses1     
?r\gh _! indep5d5t activity6 ,&1 fur!r1 
,x is impossible to conv9ce a class by  
argum5ts4 ,yet look at ?is v hall3 "h is
 t class6 ,! work+ class is "h be=e y1 &
 ) u2 & x is j y1 an insignificant b& ( 
,m5%eviks1 :o are attempt+ to conv9ce x 
by b\rgeois argum5ts6 ,x is y :o wi% to 
be ! gu>dians ( t class4 ,& yet x has   
its own high degree ( indep5d5ce1 & t   
indep5d5ce1 x has display$1 incid5tally1
 9 hav+ ov]?r[n y & gone =w>d along its 
own pa?6     #i  ,,k>l ,,kautsky1 ,,8   
,,s*ool ,,& ,,8 ,,book4   ,!            
,au/ro-,m>xian s*ool 7,bau]1 ,r5n]1     
,hilf]d+1 ,max ,adl]1 ,fri$ri* ,adl]7 9 
! pa/ m ?an once 0 contra/$ ) ! s*ool ( 
,kautsky1 z veil$ opportunism might be  
contra/$ ) true ,m>xism4 ,?is has prov$ 
to be a pure hi/orical misund]/&+1 :i*  
deceiv$ "s = a long "t1 "s = a less]    
p]iod1 b :i* 9 ! end 0 reveal$ ) all    
possible cle>ness4 ,kautsky is ! f\nd] &

 ! mo/ p]fect repres5tative ( ! ,au/rian
 =g]y ( ,m>xism4 ,:ile ! real tea*+ (   
,m>x is ! !oretical =mula ( action1 (   
attack1 ( ! developm5t ( revolution>y   
en]gy1 & ( ! c>ry+ ( ! class bl[ to its 
logical conclusion1 ! ,au/rian s*ool 0  
trans=m$ into an academy ( passivity &  
evasiv5ess1 because ( a vulg> hi/orical 
& cons]vative s*ool1 & r$uc$ its "w to  
expla9+ & ju/ify+1 n guid+ & ov]?r[+4 ,x
 l[]$ itself to ! position ( a h&-maid  
to ! curr5t dem&s ( p>liam5t>ism &      
opportunism1 replac$ dialectic by sw9dl+
 sophi/ries1 &1 9 ! end1 9 spite ( its  
great play ) ritual revolution>y        
phraseology1 became trans=m$ into ! mo/ 
secure buttress ( ! capitali/ ,/ate1    
toge!r ) ! alt> & ?rone t rose above x4 
,if ! latt] 0 engulf$ 9 ! abyss1 no     
blame = ?is c be laid ^u !              
,au/ro-,m>xian s*ool4  ,:at *>act]izes  
,au/ro-,m>xism is repulsion & fe> 9 !   
face ( revolution>y action4 ,!          
,au/ro-,m>xi/ is capable ( display+ a   
p]fect gulf ( pr(undity 9 ! explanation 

( ye/]day1 & consid]able d>+ 9 prophesy+
 conc]n+ to-morr[--b = to-day he nev]   
has a great ?\ght or capacity = great   
action4 ,to-day = him always disappe>s  
be=e ! wave ( little opportuni/ worries1
 :i* lat] are expla9$ z ! mo/ inevitable
 l9k betwe5 ! pa/ & ! future4  ,!       
,au/ro-,m>xi/ is inexhau/ible :5 x is a 
"q ( discov]+ reasons to prev5t         
initiative & r5d] difficult revolution>y
 action4 ,au/ro-,m>xism is a le>n$ &    
boa/ful !ory ( passivity & capitulation4
 ,naturally1 x is n by accid5t t x 0 j 9
 ,au/ria1 9 t ,babylon torn by fruitless
 national antagonisms1 9 t ,/ate :i*    
repres5t$ ! p]sonifi$ impossibility to  
exi/ & develop1 t !re arose & 0         
consolidat$ ! pseudo-,m>xian philosophy 
( ! impossibility ( revolution>y action4
  ,! =emo/ ,au/rian ,m>xi/s repres5t1   
ea* 9 8 own way1 a c]ta9 individuality4 
,on v>i\s que/ions !y m ?an once did n  
see eye to eye4 ,!y ev5 _h political    
diff]5ces4 ,b 9 g5]al !y are f+]s ( !   
same h&4  ,k>l ,r5n] is ! mo/ pomp\s1   

solid1 & conceit$ repres5tative ( ?is   
type4 ,! gift ( lit]>y imitation1 or1 m 
simply1 ( /yli/ =g]y1 is grant$ to him  
to an exceptional ext5t4 ,8 ,may ,day   
article repres5t$ a *>m+ comb9ation ( ! 
mo/ revolution>y words4 ,&1 z bo? words 
& _! comb9ations live1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 
) _! own indep5d5t life1 ,r5n]'s        
articles awak5$ 9 ! he>ts ( _m work]s a 
revolution>y fire :i* _! au?or app>5tly 
nev] knew4 ,! t9sel ( ,au/ro-,vi5nese   
culture1 ! *ase ( ! ext]nal1 ( title (  
rank1 0 m *>act]i/ic ( ,r5n] ?an ( 8 o!r
 colleagues4 ,9 ess5ce he always rema9$ 
m]ely an imp]ial & royal (fic]1 :o      
comm&$ ,m>xi/ phraseology to p]fection4 
,! trans=mation ( ! au?or ( ! jubilee   
article on ,k>l ,m>x1 fam\s = its       
revolution>y pa?os1 into a              
comic-op]a-,*ancellor1 :o expresses 8   
feel+s ( respect & ?anks to ! ,sc&9avian
 mon>*s1 is 9 reality "o ( ! mo/        
in/ructive p>adoxes ( hi/ory4  ,otto    
,bau] is m le>n$ & prosaic1 m s]i\s & m 
bor+1 ?an ,r5n]4 ,he _c be d5i$ !       

capacity to read books1 collect facts1 &
 draw conclusions adapt$ to ! tasks     
impos$ ^u him by practical politics1 :i*
 9 turn are guid$ by o!rs4 ,bau] has no 
political w4 ,8 *ief art is to reply to 
all acute practical que/ions by         
commonplaces4 ,8 political ?\ght always 
lives a p>allel life to 8 w--x is       
depriv$ ( all c\rage4 ,8 words are      
always m]ely ! sci5tific compilation ( !
 tal5t$ /ud5t ( a ,univ]sity sem9>4 ,!  
mo/ disgraceful actions ( ,au/rian      
opportunism1 ! meane/ s]vility be=e !   
p[] ( ! possess+ classes on ! "p ( !    
,au/ro-,g]man ,social-,democracy1 f\nd 9
 ,bau] _! grave elucidator1 :o sometimes
 express$ himself ) dignity aga9/ ! =m1 
b always agre$ 9 ! ess5ce4 ,if x ev]    
occurr$ to ,bau] to display any?+ l     
temp]am5t & political en]gy1 x 0        
exclusively 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ !         
revolution>y w+--9 ! accumulation (     
argum5ts1 facts1 quotations1 aga9/      
revolution>y action4 ,8 highe/ p]iod 0 t
 7aft] #aijg7 9 :i*1 be+ z yet too "y to

 be a deputy1 he play$ ! "p ( secret>y (
 ! ,social-,democratic gr\p1 suppli$ x )
 mat]ials1 figures1 sub/itutes = ideas1 
in/ruct$ x1 drew up memor&a1 & appe>$   
almo/ to be ! inspir] ( great actions1  
:5 9 reality he 0 only supply+          
sub/itutes1 & adult]at$ sub/itutes1 = ! 
p>liam5t>y opportuni/s4  ,max ,adl]     
repres5ts a fairly +5u\s v>iety ( !     
,au/ro-,m>xian type4 ,he is a lyric     
poet1 a philosoph]1 a my/ic--a          
philosophical lyric poet ( passivity1 z 
,r5n] is its publici/ & legal exp]t1 z  
,hilf]d+ is its economi/1 z ,bau] is its
 sociologi/4 ,max ,adl] is cramp$ 9 a _w
 ( ?ree dim5sions1 al?\gh he _h f\nd a v
 com=table place = himself ) ! framework
 ( ,vi5nese b\rgeois ,socialism & !     
,hapsburg ,/ate4 ,! comb9ation ( ! petty
 bus9ess activity ( an attorney & (     
political humiliation1 toge!r ) b>r5    
philosophical ef=ts & ! *eap t9sel fl[]s
 ( idealism1 h imbu$ t v>iety :i* ,max  
,adl] repres5t$ ) a sick5+ & repulsive  
quality4  ,rudolf ,hilf]d+1 a ,vi5nese l

 ! re/1 ent]$ ! ,g]man                  
,social-,democratic ,p>ty almo/ z a     
mut9e]1 b z a mut9e] ( ! ,au/rian /amp1 
i4e41 always ready to capitulate )\t a  
fight4 ,hilf]d+ took ! ext]nal mobility 
& bu/le ( ! ,au/rian policy :i* br\ght  
him up = revolution>y initiative2 & = a 
r\nd doz5 ( mon?s he dem&$--true1 9 !   
mo/ mod]ate t]ms--a m intellig5t policy 
on ! "p ( ! lead]s ( ! ,g]man           
,social-,democracy4 ,b ! ,au/ro-,vi5nese
 bu/le swiftly disappe>$ f 8 own nature4
 ,he soon became subject$ to ! me*anical
 rhy?m ( ,b]l9 & ! automatic spiritual  
life ( ! ,g]man ,social-,democracy4 ,he 
devot$ 8 intellectual en]gy to ! purely 
!oretical sph]e1 :]e he did n say a     
great deal1 true--no ,au/ro-,m>xi/ has  
ev] said a great deal 9 any sph]e--b 9  
:i* he did1 at any rate1 write a s]i\s  
book4 ,) ?is book on 8 back1 l a port] )
 a heavy load1 he ent]$ ! revolution>y  
epo*4 ,b ! mo/ sci5tific book _c replace
 ! abs5ce ( w1 ( initiative1 (          
revolution>y in/9ct & political         

decision1 )\t :i* action is             
inconceivable4 ,a doctor by tra9+1      
,hilf]d+ is incl9$ to sobriety1 &1 9    
spite ( 8 !oretical education1 he       
repres5ts ! mo/ primitive type (        
empirici/ 9 que/ions ( policy4 ,! *ief  
problem ( to-day is = him n to leave !  
l9es laid d[n = him by ye/]day1 & to f9d
 = ?is cons]vative & b\rgeois apa?y a   
sci5tific1 economic explanation4        
,fri$ri* ,adl] is ! mo/ balanc$         
repres5tative ( ! ,au/ro-,m>xian type4  
,he has inh]it$ f 8 fa!r ! latt]'s      
political temp]am5t4 ,9 ! petty exhau/+ 
/ruggle ) ! disord] ( ,au/rian          
conditions1 ,fri$ri* ,adl] all[$ 8      
ironical scepticism f9ally to de/roy !  
revolution>y f\ndations ( 8 _w outlook4 
,! temp]am5t inh]it$ f 8 fa!r m ?an once
 drove him into opposition to ! s*ool   
creat$ by 8 fa!r4 ,at c]ta9 mom5ts      
,fri$ri* ,adl] might seem ! v           
revolution>y negation ( ! ,au/rian      
s*ool4 ,9 reality1 he 0 & rema9s its    
necess>y cop+-/one4 ,8 explosive        

revolutionism =e%ad[$ acute attacks (   
despair amid/ ,au/rian opportunism1 :i* 
f "t to "t became t]rifi$ at its own    
insignificance4  ,fri$ri* ,adl] is a    
sceptic f head to foot3 he does n       
believe 9 ! masses1 or 9 _! capacity =  
action4 ,at ! "t :5 ,k>l ,liebkne*t1 9 !
 h\r ( supreme triumph ( ,g]man         
milit>ism1 w5t out to ! ,potsdam]platz  
to call ! oppress$ masses to ! op5      
/ruggle1 ,fri$ri* ,adl] w5t into a      
b\rgeois re/aurant to assass9ate !re !  
,au/rian ,premi]4 ,by 8 solit>y %ot1    
,fri$ri* ,adl] va9ly attempt$ to put an 
end to 8 own scepticism4 ,aft] t        
hy/]ical /ra91 he fell into /ill m      
complete pro/ration4  ,! black-&-yell[  
crew ( social-patriotism 7,au/]litz1    
,leitn]1 etc47 hurl$ at ,adl] ! t]rori/ 
all ! abuse ( :i* ! c[>dly s5tim5ts 7   
capable4  ,b :5 ! acute p]iod 0 pass$1 &
 ! prodigal son return$ f 8 convict     
prison into 8 fa!r's h\se ) ! halo ( a  
m>tyr1 he prov$ to be d\bly & trebly    
valuable 9 t =m = ! ,au/rian            

,social-,democracy4 ,! gold5 halo ( !   
t]rori/ 0 trans=m$ by ! exp]i5c$        
c\nt]feit]s ( ! p>ty into ! s\nd+ co9 ( 
! demagogue4 ,fri$ri* ,adl] became a    
tru/$ surety = ! ,au/]litzes & ,r5n]s 9 
face ( ! masses4 ,happily1 ! ,au/rian   
work]s are com+ less & less to di/+ui% !
 s5tim5tal lyrical pro/ration ( ,fri$ri*
 ,adl] f ! pomp\s %all[ness ( ,r5n]1 !  
erudite impot5ce ( ,max ,adl]1 or !     
analytical self-satisfaction ( ,otto    
,bau]4  ,! c[>dice 9 ?\ght ( !          
!oreticians ( ! ,au/ro-,m>xian s*ool has
 completely & :olly be5 reveal$ :5 fac$ 
) ! great problems ( a revolution>y     
epo*4 ,9 8 immortal attempt to include !
 ,soviet sy/em 9 ! ,eb]t-,noske         
,con/itution1 ,hilf]d+ gave voice n only
 to 8 own _s b to ! _s ( ! :ole         
,au/ro-,m>xian s*ool1 :i*1 ) ! approa* (
 ! revolution>y epo*1 made an attempt to
 become exactly z mu* m ,left ?an       
,kautsky z be=e ! revolution x 0 m ,"r4 
,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,max ,adl]'s view ( 
! ,soviet sy/em is extremely in/ructive4

  ,! ,vi5nese eclectic philosoph] admits
 ! significance ( ! ,soviets4 ,8 c\rage 
goes s f> t he adopts !m4 ,he ev5       
proclaims !m ! app>atus ( ! ,social     
,revolution4 ,max ,adl]1 ( c\rse1 is = a
 social revolution4 ,b n = a /ormy1     
b>ricad$1 t]rori/1 bloody revolution1 b 
= a sane1 economically balanc$1 legally 
canoniz$1 & philosophically approv$     
revolution4  ,max ,adl] is n ev5 t]rifi$
 by ! fact t ! ,soviets infr+e !        
pr9ciple ( ! con/itutional sep>ation (  
p[]s 79 ! ,au/rian ,social-,democracy   
!re are _m fools :o see 9 su* an        
infr+em5t a great defect ( ! ,soviet    
,sy/em674 ,on ! contr>y1 ,max ,adl]1 !  
trade union lawy] & legal advis] ( !    
social revolution1 sees 9 ! conc5tration
 ( p[]s ev5 an advantage1 :i* all[s !   
direct expression ( ! prolet>ian w4 ,max
 ,adl] is 9 favor ( ! direct expression 
( ! prolet>ian w2 b only n by means ( ! 
direct seizure ( p[] ?r\gh ! ,soviets4  
,he proposes a m solid me?od4 ,9 ea*    
t[n1 bor\gh1 & w>d1 ! ,work]s' ,c\ncils 

mu/ control ! police & o!r (ficials1    
impos+ ^u !m ! prolet>ian w4 ,:at1      
h[ev]1 w be ! con/itutional position ( !
 ,soviets 9 ! republic ( ,zeiz1 ,r5n] & 
company8 ,to ?is our philosoph] replies3
 ,! ,work]s' ,c\ncils 9 ! long run w    
receive z mu* con/itutional p[] z !y    
acquire by means ( _! own activity4     
7,arbeit]zeitung1 ,no4 #agi1 ,july #a1  
#aiai47  ,! prolet>ian ,soviets mu/     
gradually gr[ up into ! political p[] ( 
! prolet>iat1 j z previ\sly1 9 ! !ories 
( re=mism1 all ! prolet>ian             
organizations _h to gr[ up into         
,socialism2 :i* consummation1 h[ev]1 0 a
 little h9d]$ by ! un=ese5 misund]/&+s1 
la/+ f\r ye>s1 betwe5 ! ,c5tral ,p[]s & 
! ,ent5te--& all t foll[$4 ,x 0 f\nd    
necess>y to reject ! economical         
programme ( a gradual developm5t into   
,socialism )\t a social revolution4 ,b1 
z a rew>d1 !re op5$ ! p]spective ( !    
gradual developm5t ( ! ,soviets into !  
social revolution1 )\t an arm$ ris+ & a 
seizure ( p[]4  ,9 ord] t ! ,soviets    

%\ld n s9k entirely "u ! burd5 ( bor\gh 
& w>d problems1 our d>+ legal advis]    
proposes ! propag&a ( social-democratic 
ideas6 ,political p[] rema9s z be=e 9 ! 
h&s ( ! b\rgeoisie & its assi/ants4 ,b 9
 ! w>ds & ! bor\ghs ! ,soviets control !
 policem5 & _! assi/ants4 ,&1 to console
 ! work+ class & at ! same "t to        
c5tralize its ?\ght & w1 ,max ,adl] on  
,sunday aft]noons w read lectures on !  
con/itutional position ( ! ,soviets1 z 9
 ! pa/ he read lectures on !            
con/itutional position ( ! trade unions4
  ,9 ?is way1 ,max ,adl] promises1 !    
con/itutional regulation ( ! position ( 
! ,work]s ,c\ncils1 & _! p[] &          
importance1 w\ld be gu>ante$ along !    
:ole l9e ( public & social life2 &--)\t 
! dictator%ip ( ! ,soviets--! ,soviet   
sy/em w\ld acquire z l>ge an influ5ce z 
x c\ld possibly h ev5 9 a ,soviet       
republic4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld n h to  
pay = t influ5ce by political /orms &   
economic de/ruction 7idem74 ,z we see1 9
 addition to all 8 o!r qualities1 ,max  

,adl] rema9s /ill 9 agreem5t ) !        
,au/rian tradition3 to make a revolution
 )\t qu>rell+ ) 8 ,excell5cy ! ,public  
,prosecutor4                   99       
99       99       99       99  ,! f\nd] 
( ?is s*ool1 & its highe/ au?ority1 is  
,kautsky4 ,c>efully protect+1 p>ticul>ly
 aft] ! ,dresd5 p>ty congress & ! fir/  
,russian ,revolution1 8 reputation z !  
keep] ( ! %r9e ( ,m>xi/ or?odoxy1       
,kautsky f "t to "t w\ld %ake 8 head 9  
disapproval ( ! m compromis+ outbur/s ( 
8 ,au/rian s*ool4 ,&1 foll[+ ! example (
 ! late ,victor ,adl]1 ,bau]1 ,r5n]1    
,hilf]d+--altoge!r & ea*                
sep>ately--consid]$ ,kautsky too        
p$antic1 too in]t1 b a v rev]5d & a v   
useful fa!r & tea*] ( ! *ur* ( quietism4
  ,kautsky began to cause s]i\s mi/ru/ 9
 8 own s*ool dur+ ! p]iod ( 8           
revolution>y culm9ation1 at ! "t ( !    
fir/ ,russian ,revolution1 :5 he        
recogniz$ z necess>y ! seizure ( p[] by 
! ,russian ,social-,democracy1 &        
attempt$ to inoculate ! ,g]man work+    

class ) 8 !oretical conclusions f !     
exp]i5ce ( ! g5]al /rike 9 ,russia4 ,!  
collapse ( ! fir/ ,russian ,revolution  
at once broke (f ,kautsky's evolution   
along ! pa? ( radicalism4 ,! m pla9ly 0 
! "q ( mass action 9 ,g]many itself put 
=w>d by ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! m evasive    
became ,kautsky's attitude4 ,he m>k$ "t1
 retreat$1 lo/ 8 confid5ce2 & ! p$antic 
& s*ola/ic features ( 8 ?\ght m & m     
became app>5t4 ,! imp]iali/ w>1 :i*     
kill$ e =m ( vagu5ess & br\ght mank9d   
face to face ) ! mo/ fundam5tal         
que/ions1 expos$ all ! political        
bankruptcy ( ,kautsky4 ,he imm$iately   
became confus$ beyond all hope (        
extrication1 9 ! mo/ simple "q ( vot+ ! 
,w> ,cr$its4 ,all 8 writ+s aft] t p]iod 
repres5t v>iations ( "o & ! same !me3 ,i
 & my muddle4 ,! ,russian ,revolution   
f9ally slew ,kautsky4 ,by all 8 previ\s 
developm5t he 0 plac$ 9 a ho/ile        
attitude t[>ds ! ,novemb] victory ( !   
prolet>iat4 ,?is unavoidably ?rew him   
into ! camp ( ! c\nt]-revolution4 ,he   

lo/ ! la/ traces ( hi/orical in/9ct4 ,8 
fur!r writ+s h become m & m l ! yell[   
lit]ature ( ! b\rgeois m>ket4           
,kautsky's book1 exam9$ by u1 be>s 9 its
 ext]nal *>act]i/ics all ! attributes ( 
a s-call$ objective sci5tific /udy4 ,to 
exam9e ! ext5t ( ! ,r$ ,t]ror1 ,kautsky 
acts ) all ! circum/antial me?od peculi>
 to him4 ,he beg9s ) ! /udy ( ! social  
conditions :i* prep>$ ! great ,fr5*     
,revolution1 & also ! physiological &   
social conditions :i* assi/$ !          
developm5t ( cruelty & humanity ?r\gh\t 
! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,9 a book      
devot$ to ,bol%evism1 9 :i* ! :ole "q is
 exam9$ 9 #bcd pages1 ,kautsky describes
 9 detail on :at our mo/ remote human   
ance/or f$1 & haz>ds ! guess t1 :ile    
liv+ ma9ly on vegetable products1 he    
dev\r$ also insects & possibly a few    
birds4 7,see page #abb47 ,9 a ^w1 !re 0 
no?+ to lead u to expect t f su* an     
entirely respectable ance/or--"o        
obvi\sly incl9$ to veget>ianism--!re    
%\ld spr+ su* desc5dants z ! ,bol%eviks4

 ,t is ! solid sci5tific basis on :i*   
,kautsky builds ! "q6444  ,b1 z is n    
infrequ5t ) productions ( ?is nature1   
!re is hidd5 beh9d ! academic & s*ola/ic
 cloak a malignant political pamphlet4  
,?is book is "o ( ! mo/ ly+ &           
consci5celess ( its k9d4 ,is x n        
incr$ible1 at fir/ glance1 t ,kautsky   
%\ld ga!r up ! mo/ contemptible /ories  
ab\t ! ,bol%eviks f ! ri* table (       
,havas1 ,reut] & ,wolff1 !reby display+ 
f "u 8 le>n$ night-cap ! e>s ( !        
sycophant8 ,yet ^! disreputable details 
are only mosaic decorations on !        
fundam5tal backgr\nd ( solid1 sci5tific 
ly+ ab\t ! ,soviet ,republic & its guid+
 p>ty4  ,kautsky depicts 9 ! mo/ s9i/]  
colors our savag]y t[>ds ! b\rgeoisie1  
:i* display$ no t5d5cy to resi/4        
,kautsky attacks our ru?lessness 9      
connection ) ! ,sociali/ ,revolution>ies
 & ! ,m5%eviks1 :o repres5t %ades (     
,socialism4   ,,kautsky ,,depicts ,,!   
,,soviet ,,economy ,,z ,,! ,,*aos ,,(   
,,collapse  ,kautsky repres5ts ! ,soviet

 work]s1 & ! ,russian work+ class z a   
:ole1 z a conglom]ation ( egoi/s1       
loaf]s1 & c[>ds4  ,he does n say "o ^w  
ab\t ! conduct ( ! ,russian b\rgeoisie1 
unprec$5t$ 9 hi/ory = ! magnitude ( its 
sc\ndrelism2 ab\t its national trea*]y2 
ab\t ! surr5d] ( ,riga to ! ,g]mans1 )  
educational aims2 ab\t ! prep>ations = a
 simil> surr5d] ( ,petrograd2 ab\t its  
appeals to =eign                        
armies--,cze*o-,slovakian1 ,g]man1      
,r\manian1 ,briti%1 ,japanese1 ,fr5*1   
,arab & ,negro--aga9/ ! ,russian work]s 
& peasants2 ab\t its conspiracies &     
assass9ations1 paid = by ,ent5te money2 
ab\t its utilization ( ! blockade1 n    
only to />ve our *ildr5 to dea?1 b      
sy/ematically1 tirelessly1 p]si/5tly to 
spread ov] ! :ole _w an unhe>d-( web (  
lies & sl&]4  ,he does n say "o ^w ab\t 
! mo/ disgraceful misrepres5tations ( & 
viol5ce to our p>ty on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! ,s4,r4s & ,m5%eviks be=e ! ,novemb]
 ,revolution2 ab\t ! crim9al p]secution 
( sev]al ?\s& responsible work]s ( !    

p>ty on ! *>ge ( espionage 9 favor (    
,hoh5zoll]n ,g]many2 ab\t ! p>ticipation
 ( ! ,m5%eviks & ,s4,r4s 9 all ! plots (
 ! b\rgeoisie2 ab\t _! collaboration ) !
 imp]ial g5]als & admirals1 ,kol*ak1    
,d5ik9 & ,yud5i*2 ab\t ! t]rori/ acts   
c>ri$ out by ! ,s4,r4s at ! ord] ( !    
,ent5te2 ab\t ! ris+s organiz$ by !     
,s4,r4s ) ! money ( ! =eign missions 9  
our army1 :i* 0 p\r+ out its blood 9 !  
/ruggle aga9/ ! mon>*ical b&s (         
imp]ialism4  ,kautsky does n say "o ^w  
ab\t ! fact t we n only repeat$ m ?an   
once1 b prov$ 9 reality our read9ess to 
give peace to ! c\ntry1 ev5 at ! co/ (  
sacrifices & concessions1 & t1 9 spite (
 ?is1 we 7 oblig$ to c>ry on an int5sive
 /ruggle on all fronts to def5d ! v     
exi/5ce ( our c\ntry1 & to prev5t its   
trans=mation into a colony (            
,anglo-,fr5* imp]ialism4  ,kautsky does 
n say "o ^w ab\t ! fact t 9 ?is h]oic   
/ruggle1 9 :i* we are def5d+ ! future ( 
_w ,socialism1 ! ,russian prolet>iat is 
oblig$ to exp5d its pr9cipal en]gies1   

its be/ & mo/ valuable =ces1 tak+ !m    
away f economic & cultural              
recon/ruction4  ,9 all 8 book1 ,kautsky 
does n ev5 m5tion ! fact t fir/ ( all   
,g]man milit>ism1 ) ! help ( its        
,s*eidemanns & ! apa?y ( its ,kautskies1
 & !n ! milit>ism ( ! ,ent5te c\ntries )
 ! help ( its ,r5audels & ! apa?y ( its 
,longuets1 surr\nd$ u ) an iron         
blockade2 seiz$ all our ports2 cut u (f 
f ! :ole ( ! _w2 occupi$1 ) ! help (    
hir$ ,:ite b&s1 enorm\s t]ritories1 ri* 
9 raw mat]ials2 & sep>at$ u = a long    
p]iod f ! ,baku oil1 ! ,donetz coal1 !  
,don & ,sib]ian corn1 ! ,turke/an       
cotton4  ,kautsky does n say "o ^w ab\t 
! fact t 9 ^! conditions1 unprec$5t$ =  
_! difficulty1 ! ,russian work+ class = 
ne>ly ?ree ye>s has be5 c>ry+ on a h]oic
 /ruggle aga9/ its enemies on a front ( 
#h1jjj v]/s2 t ! ,russian work+ class   
le>n$ h[ to ex*ange its hamm] = ! sword1
 & creat$ a mighty army2 t = ?is army x 
mobiliz$ its exhau/$ indu/ry &1 9 spite 
( ! ru9 ( ! c\ntry1 :i* ! execution]s ( 

! :ole _w _h condemn$ to blockade &     
civil w>1 = ?ree ye>s ) its own =ces &  
res\rces x has be5 clo?+1 fe$+1 arm+1   
transport+ an army ( millions--an army  
:i* has le>n$ h[ to conqu]4  ,ab\t all  
^! conditions ,kautsky is sil5t1 9 a    
book devot$ to ,russian ,communism4 ,& 8
 sil5ce is ! fundam5tal1 capital1       
pr9cipal lie--true1 a passive lie1 b m  
crim9al & m repulsive ?an ! active lie (
 all ! sc\ndrels ( ! int]national       
b\rgeois ,press tak5 toge!r4  ,sl&]+ !  
policy ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty1 ,kautsky    
says n[h]e :at he himself wants & :at he
 proposes4 ,! ,bol%eviks 7 n alone 9 !  
ar5a ( ! ,russian ,revolution4 ,we saw &
 see 9 x--n[ 9 p[]1 n[ 9                
opposition--,s4,r4s 7n less ?an five    
gr\ps & t5d5cies71 ,m5%eviks 7n less ?an
 ?ree t5d5cies71 ,plekhanovi/s1         
,maximali/s1 ,an>*i/s4444 ,absolutely   
all ! %ades ( ,socialism 7to speak 9    
,kautsky's language7 tri$ _! h&1 & %[$  
:at !y w\ld & :at !y c\ld4 ,!re are s _m
 ( ^! %ades t x is difficult n[ to pass 

! blade ( a knife betwe5 !m4 ,! v orig9 
( ^! %ades is n accid5tal3 !y repres5t1 
s to speak1 diff]5t degrees 9 !         
adaptation ( ! pre-revolution>y         
,sociali/ p>ties & gr\ps to ! conditions
 ( ! great] revolution>y epo*4 ,x w\ld  
seem t ,kautsky _h a suffici5tly        
complete political keybo>d be=e him to  
be able to /rike ! note :i* w\ld give a 
true ,m>xian key to ! ,russian          
,revolution4 ,b ,kautsky is sil5t4 ,he  
repudiates ! ,bol%evik melody t is      
unpleasant to 8 e>1 b does n seek ano!r4
 ,! solution is simple3 ! old musician  
refuses altoge!r to play on ! in/rum5t (
 ! revolution4     #aj  ,,9 ,,place ,,( 
,,an ,,epilogue   ,?is book appe>s at ! 
mom5t ( ! ,second ,congress ( !         
,communi/ ,int]national4 ,! revolution>y
 movem5t ( ! prolet>iat has made1 dur+ !
 mon?s t h pass$ s9ce ! ,fir/ ,congress1
 a great /ep =w>d4 ,! positions ( !     
(ficial1 op5 social-patriots h ev]y:]e  
be5 und]m9$4 ,! ideas ( ,communism      
acquire an ev] wid] ext5sion4 ,(ficial  

dogmatiz$ ,kautskianism has be5         
gradually compromis$4 ,kautsky himself1 
)9 t ,indep5d5t ,p>ty :i* he creat$1    
repres5ts to-day a n v au?oritative & a 
fairly ridicul\s figure4  ,none ! less1 
! intellectual /ruggle 9 ! ranks ( !    
int]national work+ class is only n[     
blaz+ up z x %\ld4 ,if1 z we j said1    
dogmatiz$ ,kautskianism is brea?+ its   
la/ days1 & ! lead]s ( ! int]m$iate     
,sociali/ p>ties are ha/5+ to r5\nce x1 
/ill ,kautskianism z a b\rgeois         
attitude1 z a tradition ( passivity1 z  
political c[>dice1 /ill plays an enorm\s
 "p 9 ! upp] ranks ( ! work+-class      
organizations ( ! _w1 9 no way exclud+  
p>ties t5d+ to ! ,?ird ,int]national1 & 
ev5 =mally adh]+ to x4  ,! ,indep5d5t   
,p>ty 9 ,g]many1 :i* has writt5 on its  
bann] ! wat*word ( ! dictator%ip ( !    
prolet>iat1 tol]ates 9 its ranks !      
,kautsky gr\p1 all ! ef=ts ( :i* are    
devot$ !oretically to compromise &      
misrepres5t ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat
 9 ! %ape ( its liv+ expression--!      

,soviet regime4 ,9 conditions ( civil   
w>1 su* a =m ( co-habitation is         
conceivable only & to su* an ext5t z f> 
& z long z ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat 
repres5ts = ! lead]s ( ! ,indep5d5t     
,social-,democracy a noble aspiration1 a
 vague prote/ aga9/ ! op5 & disgraceful 
trea*]y ( ,noske1 ,eb]t1 ,s*eidemann &  
o!rs1 &--la/ b n lea/--a weapon (       
electoral & p>liam5t>y demagogy4  ,!    
vitality ( vague ,kautskianism is mo/   
cle>ly se5 9 ! example ( ! ,fr5*        
,longueti/s4 ,jean ,longuet himself has 
mo/ s9c]ely conv9c$ himself1 & has =    
long be5 attempt+ to conv9ce o!rs1 t he 
is m>*+ 9 /ep ) u1 & t only ,clem5ceau's
 c5sor%ip & ! calumnies ( our ,fr5*     
fri5ds ,loriot1 ,monatte1 ,rosm]1 & o!rs
 h9d] our comrad%ip 9 arms4 ,yet is x   
suffici5t to make oneself acqua9t$ ) any
 p>liam5t>y spee* ( ,longuet's to       
realize t ! gulf sep>at+ him f u at !   
pres5t mom5t is possibly /ill wid] ?an  
at ! fir/ p]iod ( ! imp]iali/ w>8 ,!    
revolution>y problems n[ aris+ be=e !   

int]national prolet>iat h become m      
s]i\s1 m imm$iate1 m gigantic1 m direct1
 m def9ite1 ?an five or six ye>s ago2 & 
! politically reaction>y "* ( !         
,longueti/s1 ! p>liam5t>y repres5tatives
 ( et]nal passivity1 has become m       
impressive ?an ev] be=e1 9 spite ( !    
fact t =mally !y h return$ to ! fold (  
p>liam5t>y opposition4  ,! ,italian     
,p>ty1 :i* is )9 ! ,?ird ,int]national1 
is n at all free f ,kautskianism4 ,z f> 
z ! lead]s are conc]n$1 a v consid]able 
"p ( !m be> _! int]nationali/ honors    
only z a duty & z an imposition f bel[4 
,9 #aiad-aiae1 ! ,italian ,sociali/     
,p>ty f\nd x inf9itely m easy ?an did ! 
o!r ,european p>ties to ma9ta9 an       
attitude ( opposition to ! w>1 bo?      
because ,italy ent]$ ! w> n9e mon?s lat]
 ?an o!r c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly because 
! int]national position ( ,italy creat$ 
9 x ev5 a p[]ful b\rgeois gr\p          
7,giolittians 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w7 :i*
 rema9$ to ! v la/ mom5t ho/ile to      
,italian int]v5tion 9 ! w>4  ,^!        

conditions all[$ ! ,italian ,sociali/   
,p>ty1 )\t ! fe> ( a v pr(\nd int]nal   
crisis to refuse w> cr$its to !         
,gov]nm5t1 & g5]ally to rema9 outside ! 
int]v5tioni/ block4 ,b by ?is v fact !  
process ( int]nal cleans+ ( ! p>ty prov$
 to be unque/ionably delay$4 ,al?\gh an 
integral "p ( ! ,?ird ,int]national1 !  
,italian ,sociali/ ,p>ty to ?is v day c 
put up ) ,turati & 8 support]s 9 its    
ranks4 ,?is v p[]ful gr\p--un=tunately  
we f9d x difficult to def9e to any ext5t
 ( accuracy its num]ical significance 9 
! p>liam5t>y gr\p1 9 ! press1 9 ! p>ty1 
& 9 ! trade union                       
organizations--repres5ts a less p$antic1
 n s demagogic1 m declamatory & lyrical1
 b none ! less malignant opportunism--a 
=m ( romantic ,kautskianism4  ,a passive
 attitude to ! ,kautskian1 ,longueti/1  
,turati/ gr\ps is usually cloak$ by !   
argum5t t ! "t = revolution>y activity 9
 ! respective c\ntries has n yet arriv$4
 ,b su* a =mulation ( ! "q is absolutely
 false4 ,nobody dem&s f ,sociali/s /riv+

 = ,communism t !y %\ld appo9t a        
revolution>y outbreak = a def9ite week  
or mon? 9 ! ne> future4 ,:at ! ,?ird    
,int]national dem&s ( its support]s is a
 recognition1 n 9 words b 9 de$s1 t     
civiliz$ humanity has ent]$ a           
revolution>y epo*2 t all ! capitali/    
c\ntries are spe$+ t[>ds colossal       
di/urbances & an op5 class w>2 & t !    
task ( ! revolution>y repres5tatives ( !
 prolet>iat is to prep>e = t inevitable 
& approa*+ w> ! necess>y spiritual      
armory & buttress ( organization4 ,!    
int]nationali/s :o consid] x possible at
 ! pres5t "t to collaborate ) ,kautsky1 
,longuet & ,turati1 to appe> side by    
side ) !m be=e ! work+ masses1 by t v   
act r5\nce 9 practice ! "w ( prep>+ 9   
ideas & organization = ! revolution>y   
ris+ ( ! prolet>iat1 indep5d5tly ( :e!r 
x comes a mon? or a ye> soon] or lat]4  
,9 ord] t ! op5 ris+ ( ! prolet>ian     
masses %\ld n fritt] itself away 9      
belat$ se>*es = pa?s & lead]%ip1 we mu/ 
see to x to-day t wide circles ( !      

prolet>iat %\ld ev5 n[ le>n to grasp all
 ! imm5sity ( ! tasks be=e !m1 & ( _!   
irreconcilability ) all v>iations (     
,kautskianism & opportunism4  ,a truly  
revolution>y1 i4e41 a ,communi/ w+1 mu/ 
set itself up 9 opposition1 9 face ( !  
masses1 to all ! indecisive1 half-he>t$ 
gr\ps ( doctr9aires1 advocates1 &       
panegyri/s ( passivity1 /r5g!n+ its     
positions fir/ ( all spiritually & !n 9 
! sph]e ( organization--op51 half-op51 &
 purely conspirative4 ,! mom5t ( =mal   
split ) ! op5 & disguis$ ,kautskians1 or
 ! mom5t ( _! expulsion f ! ranks ( !   
work+-class p>ty1 is1 ( c\rse1 to be    
det]m9$ by consid]ations ( usefulness f 
! po9t ( view ( circum/ances2 b all !   
policy ( real ,communi/s mu/ turn 9 t   
direction4  ,t is :y x seems to me t ?is
 book is /ill n out ( date--to my great 
regret1 if n z an au?or1 at any rate z a
 ,communi/4  ,june #ag1 #aibj4