mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,! ,,conduct ,,( ,,m9d ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,joseph ,,ja/r[ ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,,its ,,problems ,,& ,,me?ods ,,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,holl+wor? ,,associate ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,psy*ology1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,! ,,vocational ,,aptitudes ,,( ,,wom5 ,,by ,,leta ,,/ett] ,,holl+wor?1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,cl9ical ,,psy*ologi/1 ,,bellevue ,,hospital1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,london #aibb ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,to ,,?addeus ,l4 ,,bolton ,,fri5d ,,& ,,vocational ,,c\nsellor ,,( ,,y\? 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is our bus9ess to make bo? a sci5ce & an art ( human nature4 ,z 9 ! physical _w we select fir/ ! mat]ial suit$ to our purpose1 !n turn ! iron into /eel & temp] ! /eel = ! knife1 s 9 ! _w ( human action we mu/ le>n to select ! "r man1 to educate him & to fit him = 8 exact task4 ,?is inde$ we try to d 9 all our social in/itutions1 religions1 comm]ce1 sy/ems ( education & gov]nm5t4 ,b we "w by ! rule ( ?umb--bl9d1 deaf & wa/eful4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ an extraord9>y increase 9 our k ( ! mat]ial _w & 9 our p[] to make x subs]vi5t to our ends2 ! tw5tie? c5tury w probably witness a correspond+ increase 9 our k ( human nature & 9 our p[] to use x = our welf>e4--,j4 ,,mcke5 ,,cattell1 ,homo ,sci5tificus ,am]icanus1 ,sci5ce1 ,april #aj1 #aijc4 ,,preface ,?is book has develop$ f ! mat]ial pres5t$ 9 a c\rse on ,psy*ological ,te/s 9 ,vocational ,guidance & ,selection :i* ! writ] 0 invit$ to conduct 9 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! widespread int]e/ 9 vocational psy*ology :i* has gr[n up 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! eag]ness ) :i* ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial & absurd sy/ems ( "* analysis are be+ adopt$ & tri$ out1 & especially ! lack ( ref]5ces1 (f]+ cons]vative evaluation1 to :i* inquir]s may be direct$1 h made x seem advisable to publi% ! mat]ial 9 sy/ematic =m4 ,! book is ess5tially a pres5tation ( ! problems & me?ods ( t bran* ( appli$ psy*ology :i* deals ) individual diff]5ces 9 m5tal con/itution4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance only ^? diff]5ces are consid]$ :i* may seem to be significant 9 det]m9+ ! individual's *oice ( a vocation1 or 9 influ5c+ ! selection ( work]s f among a gr\p ( applicants or c&idates4 ,x is ! writ]'s hope t ! book may be sugge/ive to ! individual :o seeks to "k himself bett]1 helpful to ! /ud5t & p>5t :o may desire to avoid ! wiles ( ! *>latan1 enc\rag+ to ! inve/igator or c\nsellor :o is engag$ 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! solution ( vocational problems1 & useful to ! practical man :o may be ma9ly int]e/$ 9 surr\nd+ himself ) compet5t associates & employees4 ,to all ^? ^: publi%$ works are ref]r$ to 9 ! bibliography1 z well z to _m n !re9 m5tion$1 ! writ] is "u heavy obligations4 ,he is especially indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,g4 ,bons]1 ( ,tea*]s' ,college1 = ! orig9al invitation to =mulate ! mat]ial1 & to ,pr(essor ,joseph ,ja/r[1 editor ( ! ,conduct ( ,m9d s]ies1 = mo/ pati5t & helpful editorial criticism & sugge/ion4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,holl+wor?4 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,= ,text3 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is signifies ! ^w is italics 9 ! text4 ,= ,numb]s & ,equations3 ,p>5!ses h be5 add$ to cl>ify fractions4 ,sup]scripts are designat$ ) a c>et & brackets1 e4g4 #aa4ac is #aa4a to ! ?ird p[]4 ,greek lett]s 9 equations are translat$ to _! ,engli% v]sion4 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$ & footnotes mov$ to ! end ( ! sections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,motives ,,& ,,antec$5ts ,,( ,,vocational ,,psy*ology #a ,,ii4--,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,phr5ological ,,& ,,physiognomic ,,pr9ciples #ba ,,iii4--,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s #eg ,,iv4--,,! ,,psy*ographic ,,me?ods #hj ,v4--,,special ,,vocational ,,te/s ,,& ,,me?ods #aji ,,vi4--,,self-,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,associates #abb ,,vii4--,,exp]im5tal ,,/udy ,,( ,,self-,,analysis1 ,,e/imates ,,( ,,associates ,,& ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,te/s #adc ,,viii4--,,! ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,z ,a ,,vocational ,,te/ #agd ,,ix4--,,! ,,det]m9ants ,,( ,,vocational ,,aptitude #bjh ,x4--,,! ,,vocational ,,aptitudes ,,( ,,wom5 #bbb ,,xi4--,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,vocational ,,analysis #bde ,,xii4--,,conclusion #bff ,,app5dix #bge ,,te/s1 ,,blanks1 ,,/&>ds1 ,,=ms #bhc ,,index #cjc ,,introduction ,9 ! pres5t volume ,pr(essor ,holl+wor? makes a di/9ctive & notable contribution to appli$ psy*ology4 ,! problem is an anci5t "o3 t ( det]m9+ ! qualities ( m5 ) ref]5ce to _! fitness = ! "w ( ! _w4 ,! g5]al problem prec$es ! special "o alike 9 !ory & 9 practice4 ,! e>lie/ solutions 7 9 ! nature ( ambiti\s attempts to read ! e>-m>ks ( m5tal ability 9 outw>d signs2 "u ! inc5tive ( ! gr[? ( sci5ce ^! gave way to su* sy/ems z phr5ology & physiognomy4 ,su* revelations1 decisive if s\nd1 prov$ to be va9 hopes or hopelessly irrelevant4 ,! impressioni/ic v]dicts ga9$ f actual exp]i5ce reflect$ ! cumulative acum5 ( disc]nm5t :i* ev] 0 & rema9s ! issue ( wisdom1 empirical b au!ntic4 ,x furni%es sugge/ive clues to inve/igation & a *eck ^u its results4 ,! problem came to its own :5 ! mod]n sci5ce ( psy*ology gave x its sett+ 9 ! rapid accumulation ( k & te*nique = ! int]pretation ( m5tal qualities4 ,x at once e/abli%$ ! futility ( ambiti\s leads & ! necessity ( c>eful1 pati5t & disc]n+ analysis4 ,! pres5t volume surveys ! field ( atta9$ results & ! me?od ( _! atta9m5t1 9 ?is engag+ rese>*4 ,c5tral 9 int]e/ & promise /&s ! psy*ological te/4 ,9 s f> z psy*ology has laid b>e ! fundam5tal qualities ^u :i* a*ievem5t dep5ds1 its application has develop$ a s]ies ( te/s to det]m9e h[ ! individual comp>es ) ! o!rs or ) ! av]age 9 respect to ?is1 t1 & ! o!r con/itu5t quality4 ,pr(essor ,holl+wor? pres5ts ! results ( su* analysis1 bo? 9 relation to ! v>iety ( human traits & 9 ! grad+ ( individuals by ref]5ce to ! measure ( ! quality :i* ea* possesses4 ,! enum]ation is at be/ provisional1 b 9 its totality _c g f> wrong 9 e/abli%+ ! measure ( a man4 ,x includes ! qualities :i* c h>dly be det]m9$ o!rwise ?an by an impressioni/ic judgm5t1 z well z ^? apprais$ by actual a*ievem5t "u te/4 ,!re results a m5tal scale ( g5]al ability1 adequate to gauge normality & to sugge/ practical /&>ds ( sup]iority or defici5cy4 ,! "q at once arises3 h[ f> are ! qualities desirable = ?is or t vocation ( a g5]al ord]1 & h[ f> are !y specific 9 _! dem&s4 ,9 ?is respect vocations diff] widely4 ,! musical vocation exemplifies a specializ$ pr(ession dep5d+ ^u a pr(ici5cy t is l>gely a d[] ( h]$ity2 yet )9 ?is field ! psy*ological te/ has prov$ its effici5cy by det]m9+ ! /ill m specializ$ facilities t jo9tly compose ! psy*ology ( ! musician4 ,9 fur!r pursuit ( insight ! psy*ological laboratory has und]tak5 to analyze ! qualities ne$$ = ! sev]al specialties ( mod]n vocational life1 by sett+ up te/ c\nt]p>ts ( practical occupations1 by r$uc+ !m to _! und]ly+ facilities1 by te/+ ! correlation ( quality & a*ievem5t1 & by comb9+ ! clues or v]dicts ( sev]al me?ods4 ,conclusions dep5d = _! value ^u logical caution & ! te*nical me?ods :i* h be5 develop$ to meet ^! applications4 ,all ?is is z yet b a program or a limit$ beg9n+ 9 its execution2 b x is a program well f\nd$ 9 pr9ciple & already 9 "p available 9 practice4 ,a gr\p ( collat]al int]e/s supports ! ent]prise & yields valuable results4 ,! int]e/ 9 unusual m5 has l$ to ! psy*ograph or psy*ological analysis ( ! qualities ( great m51 z an individual /udy4 ,m5 fall into types1 by temp]am5t & a*ievem5t1 by h]$ity & c>e]4 ,! type makes def9ite ! l>g] cont\rs ( human diff]5ces & reveals _! specific comb9ation2 ! *>m ( biography is psy*ological z well z hi/orical4 ,! vital import ( h]$ity--practically express$ 9 ! eug5ic movem5t--f9ds recognition 9 ! /udy ( correlation ( traits 9 ^? ne> ( k94 ,evolution leads to pr$iction2 e>ly ta/e1 tal5t1 a*ievem5t1 precocity =e%ad[ ultimate capacity2 we le>n h[ f> ! *ild is fa!r to ! man1 h[ f> we may see ! future 9 ! e>ly expressions & ) :at limitations ! environm5t molds "*4 ,! mo/ valu$ because mo/ au!ntic type ( biography is autobiography4 ,self-analysis is intimate if unreliable1 b by ?is tok5 wor?y ( /udy4 ,pr(essor ,holl+wor?'s contribution to ! measure ( reliance to be plac$ ^u "o's judgm5t ( self 9 comp>ison ) "o's judgm5t ( o!rs & o!rs' judgm5t ( him =ms an int]e/+ orig9al /udy--"o ( _m--incorporat$ 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,( di/9ctive /atus are ! te/s ( ability pres5t$ by life itself & by ! conv5tional in/itutions :i* compose ! social environm5t4 ,! processes ( education1 ! rate ( advance1 ! comp>ative read9ess ) :i* "o or ano!r discipl9e is absorb$ & ma/]$3 ^! are at once prep>ations = life & accr$it$ te/s ( ability4 ,= ^! reasons su* s*ool qualities are subject$ to a special /udy2 & fairly conclusive results indicate to :at measure !y mu/ be supplem5t$1 if n sup]s$$1 by ! design$ psy*ological te/1 to meet ! conditions ( actual selection & employm5t ( m54 ,at ?is po9t ! sev]al me?ods conv]ge2 = ! vocations h a vital int]e/ 9 ! s*ool1 z has ! s*ool 9 vocational application ( its discipl9e & tra9+4 ,! actual comp>ison ( results1 especially by ! me?od ( correlation1 has already e/abli%$ ! degree ( relation--& ev5tually ( coop]ation--to be expect$ ( ! two4 ,9 all ^! ways has pa9/ak+ me?od supplem5t$ & replac$ impressionism1 haphaz>d op9ion be5 support$ or ov]turn$ by accumulation ( fact1 & ! sci5tific approa* to ! /udy ( vocational fitness become firmly e/abli%$4 ,! road f !ory to practice1 if x is to be well built & endur+1 mu/ be laid on c>eful f\ndation4 ,to su* an end ?is volume is a wor?y contribution4 ,no "q ( vocational fitness has be5 m eag]ly discuss$ ?an ! contra/$ fitness ( m5 & wom51 & ! consequ5t basis ( diff]5tiation ( c>e] desirable or necess>y = ! two1 bo? z wage-e>n]s & 9 e o!r relation ( life4 ,a discussion ( ?is problem f ! po9t ( view ( ?is volume is wisely includ$1 & 9 turn a def9ite negative conclusion rea*$4 ,x is %[n t 9 ! ma9 capacities te/$--) sev]al & significant exceptions--m5 & wom51 boys & girls1 are comp>able2 individual diff]5ces outweigh sex diff]5ces4 ,! int]pretation ( ?is result w n be uni=m1 ev5 :5 due all[ance is made = ! range ( te/s responsible = ! conclusion4 ,! biologi/ w cont9ue to insi/ ^u ! significance ( fundam5tal diff]5ces2 ! exp]i5ces ( life re9=ce z !y express ! fact t m5 & wom5 live ) z well z ^u a diff]5t p]spective ( psy*ological equipm5t2 ! psy*ologi/ may sugge/ t ! te/s & comp>isons--bas$ 9 l>ge measure ^u comp>able & d]ivative facilities--naturally br+ =? ! p>allel measure 9 :i* second>y qualities yield simil> issues4 ,x mu/ be not$ h[ l>gely a l>ge %>e ( conv5tional vocations call ^u specializ$ & late v>ieties ( intellectual traits2 = ^! precisely1 m5 & wom5 may h comp>able fitness1 :ile none ! less psy*ologically contra/$ 9 realms clos] to natural function4 ,wom5 h prov$ t !y are z fit to /udy--&1 if y l1 to vote--z are m52 z fit to ent] & succe$ 9 vocations 9 t]ms ( te/$ qualifications4 ,h[ f> ! less measurable & collat]al qualities make !m fit & successful on a diff]5t basis1 & /ill leave !m contra/$ 9 fundam5tal reactions1 is a v diff]5t "q4 ,x is well to und]/& ! be>+ z well z ! range ( ! asc]ta9$ facts ( ! case4 ,! mod]n man & ! mod]n woman live ^u ! upp] ranges ( _! qualities1 & 9 no respect m mom5t\sly ?an 9 respect to ^? qualities ex]cis$ & dem&$ by vocational fitness4 ,9 ! biological s5se !y are all highly specializ$1 ref9$1 d]ivative1 second>y issues ( qualities t _h a limit$ scope 9 ! primitive =m ( life 9 :i* ! race a*iev$ its maturity & e/abli%$ its psy*ology4 ,! problem ( civilization is to tra9 ^! orig9al traits ( man to ! specific *]i%$ purposes ( ! "w ( ! _w4 ,! life ( ! m9d is z highly artificial z ! life ( ! cities2 = su* is ! condition ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,yet ! primitive man survives & ass]ts 8 own2 life is n all vocation4 ,social & indu/rial complexity dom9ates ! expressions ( human psy*ology4 ,to unite a compreh5sion ( _! f\ndations ) skill 9 apply+ _! dem&s is ! bus9ess ( ! appli$ psy*ologi/4 ,! pres5t contribution1 x is hop$1 w prove a helpful aid to ^? :o are /riv+ to und]/& z well z to ^? :o mu/ apply ) :at wisdom !y comm&1 ! available res\rces ( human nature4 ,,joseph ,,ja/r[4 ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,,*apt] ,i ,,motives ,,& ,,antec$5ts ,,( ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,,vocational ,,ef=ts ,,( ,,primitive ,,magic ,among v primitive p we f9d ! recognition already e/abli%$ t ! c\rse ( ! individual's =tune dep5ds on two di/9ct factors3 ext]nal =ces & p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,individuals simil> 9 type exp]i5ce diff]5t =tunes because ( ! diff]5t ext]nal ev5ts t att5d _! respective c>e]s4 ,equally1 individuals ( h[ev] div]se *>act]i/ics suff] ! same =tunes at ! h&s ( "s common or id5tical ext]nal occurr5ce4 ,two combatants ( equal skill & valor are r5d]$ unequal by a defective lance2 two runn]s equally swift are made unequal by a pebble 9 ! pa?2 a vigor\s babe fails to mature prop]ly because ( pe/il5ce1 w>1 or fam9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? old & "y1 weak & /rong1 /upid & cunn+1 are alike r$uc$ to helplessness 9 ! face ( flood1 e>?quake1 & =e/ fire4 ,primitive ?9k+1 9 its attempts to control ! c\rse ( p]sonal =tune1 ?us _h its att5tion direct$ to two gr\ps ( factors1 ea* ( :i* x s\ght to control by su* means z x c\ld at ! mom5t devise4 ,a v e>ly /age ( su* ?9k+ took ! =m ( ! belief t desire c\ld impress itself on ! c\rse ( physical ev5ts & also on ! developm5t ( p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,! expression ( desire1 ei!r ( ! individual imm$iately conc]n$ or ( o!rs m remotely involv$1 0 consequ5tly invok$ & decl>$ 9 m or less emphatic & ov]t =m z a det]m9+ factor 9 p]sonal =tune4 ,9 _m cases ?is expression 0 giv5 "s indirect or symbolic =m1 z 9 ge/ure1 ritual1 tableau1 masqu]ade1 & imitative portrayal4 ,on ! side ( physical factors ?is attempt took ! =m ( crude magic1 adjuration1 sacrifice1 & incantation1 all ( :i* 7 calculat$ to dispose ! physical elem5ts favorably t[>d ! individual conc]n$ 9 ! c]emonials4 ,crude ritual obs]vances & c]emonies1 su* z sacrifice1 mimicry1 & tableau1 7 believ$ to influ5ce 9 "s occult way ! gr[? ( crops1 ! *anges 9 wea!r1 ! heal? ( enemies1 ! movem5ts ( game1 ! supply ( fi%1 etc4 ,a typical fi%+ exp$ition among ! natives ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s aptly illu/rates ?is po9t ( view4 ,! *ief (ficial is n an exp]t boatman nor a fi%]1 b ! m$ic9e man ( ! tribe4 ,he owes 8 au?ority n to 8 k ( ! habits & haunts ( fi%1 b to 8 /ore ( incantations & exorcisms4 ,v>i\s rites are conduct$ be=e emb>k+4 ,! fi%]m5 mu/ leave ! isl& )\t speak+2 & especially1 ! purpose ( ! exp$ition mu/ n be m5tion$ al\d4 ,a luck =mula is pron\nc$ ov] ! boat4 ,sacrifices ( special foods are (f]$1 le/ ! l9es be brok5 by %>ks or tangl$ 9 ! rocks4 ,9 ,mexico1 an elaborate pantomime1 repres5t+ ! h>ve/+ ( crops1 0 /ag$ annually at a religi\s fe/ival4 ,?is 0 believ$ suffici5t to produce ! good crops :i* 7 desir$ = ! next season4 ,special dances 7 p]=m$ by p]sons repres5t+ ! v>i\s vegetables :i* 7 p>ticul>ly covet$4 ,among primitive races 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w "o f9ds magical prop]ties attribut$ to a sort ( toy :i* an?ropologi/s call ! bull ro>]4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( a flat /ick1 atta*$ to ! end ( a cord4 ,:5 :irl$ ar\nd x produces a ro>+ or humm+ s\nd :i* easily rem9ds "o ( ! rumble ( w9d1 ! roll ( ?und]1 or ! di/ant cry ( an animal4 ,9 v>i\s qu>t]s ?is in/rum5t is us$ 9 a c]emonial way4 ,s9ce its s\nd resembles ?und]1 x is us$ z a *>m aga9/ t =m ( physical viol5ce4 ,because ( its resemblance to bo? ?und] & w9d1 x is incorporat$ 9 elaborate ra9-mak+ my/]ies4 ,sometimes x is us$ to drive or call wild or dome/icat$ animals1 & h5ce comes to be us$ z a means ( br++ luck to hunt]s4 ,figures & emblems1 c>v$ on ! slab ( wood1 are suppos$ to specify ! p>ticul> k9d ( luck or =tune :i* ! individual seeks4 ,on ! side ( p]sonal *>act]i/ics ! same endeavor took ! =m ( bless+s1 incantations1 d$ications1 curses1 pray]s & petitions1 ! we>+ ( symbolic *>ms & ! submission ( ! infant or y\? to a v>iety ( pr5atal & *ildhood exp]i5ces & c]emonials4 ,?us x is believ$ t by appropriat+ a dead man's spe> & !reby express+ a desire = 8 skill & valor1 ^! traits ( "* w pass to ! new own]4 ,boys are toss$ into ! air to make !m gr[ tall1 & rubb$ ) cry/als & snake-sk9s to make !m clev] & intrepid m$ic9e m54 ,by scrat*+ lifelike sket*es ( bison1 de]1 & fi% on rocks1 walls1 & weapons1 ! savage hunt] s\ght to acquire o!rwise unatta9able adroitness & success4 ,disease or dea? may be produc$ by op]at+ on ! cutt+s ( a p]son's hair1 ! p>+s ( 8 nails1 or ! rema9s ( 8 food1 :5 ! p]son himself is f> away4 ,by we>+ tig]'s tee? a man may make himself brave & fi]ce4 ,by dr9k+ ! blood ( bulls he may become /alw>t & p[]ful4 ,! ,ojibway ,indian1 9 ord] to hurt 8 enemy & ?us fur!r 8 own int]e/s1 makes a small image ( him & pi]ces x ) a ne$le 9 ! fai? t ! enemy w suff]4 ,9 ord] to t]m9ate ! latt]'s c>e] he burns or buries ! effigy1 utt]+ magic words z he does s4 ,remnants ( ?is primitive magic /ill p]si/ 9 ! psy*ological und]world1 & _m an old-wives' practice & incantation is 9 v>i\s qu>t]s /ill believ$ or pr(ess$ to fur!r ! c\rse ( ! individual's =tune1 or to jeop>dize x1 by r5d]+ natural =ces m b5ign or malignant1 or by ex]t+ "s occult mold+ influ5ce on ! infantile abilities & prop5sities4 ,?us x is n at all uncommon1 ev5 9 ^! days1 = *ildr5 to be d$icat$ at bir? to ! m9i/ry1 ! mission>y field1 ! s]vice ( ! k+1 or to "s p>ticul> cause or propag&a4 ,a woman ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance1 solicit\s = ! future welf>e ( h] babe1 read solid & s]i\s books dur+ ge/ation 9 ord] to balance ! emotional influ5ces due to h] absorption 9 music tea*+ dur+ t p]iod4 ,_m practices ( ! mo/ sup]/iti\s k9d are resort$ to 9 ord] to pr$et]m9e ! sex1 & h5ce ! vocational prospects1 ( *ildr5 yet unborn4 ,reliance on pray] z an effective ag5t 9 *ang+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts or ! disposition & habits ( "s o!r individual is by no means conf9$ to savages4 ,petitions t a neighbor may lose 8 appetite = dr9k1 recov] 8 lo/ eyesight1 or f9d 8 wallet are z curr5t 9 mod]n times z are (ficial days ( pray] = ra94 ,seek+ to influ5ce public op9ion by ! pass+ ( =mal resolutions1 & modify+ "*1 cur+ diseases & prolong+ life ?r\gh abs5t treatm5t1 ! lay+ on ( h&s1 ! contemplation ( relics1 visitation ( %r9es1 & conc]t$ supplication1 are practices :i* f9d high w>rant 9 contempor>y life4 ,! ess5tial idea beh9d all ^! practices seems to be ! simple fai? t no?+ w int]f]e ) ! realization ( desire1 if only t desire is indicat$ by a me?od :i* has (ficial or traditional sanction4 ,! true nature ( cause & effect & ! conception ( natural law are n yet realiz$ on ?is level ( ?\ght4 ,,! ,,practices ,,( ,,m$ieval ,,clairvoyance ,a m advanc$ /age 9 ! developm5t ( su* ?9k+ is indicat$ by ! recognition t bo? ! s]ies ( physical ev5ts & ! individual end[m5t foll[ laws :i* transc5d ! p]sonal desires ( m54 ,nature comes to be recogniz$ z a sy/em ( facts & connections4 ,bo? control & =esight h5ce=? seek to base !mselves on ! utilization ( ^! /able laws & relation%ips4 ,in/ead ( will+ ! individual's =tune to be ?us & s1 !re is an e>ne/ endeavor to seek = signs & clues ( :at t =tune is inevitably de/9$ to be4 ,=tune-mak+ becomes =tune-tell+4 ,! accid5ts & accompanim5ts ( bir?1 ! mom5t>y positions ( ! planets1 ! cal5d> incid5ts1 ! h\r or day ( bir?1 ! local meteorological conditions1 bir?-m>ks1 /igmata1 physiognomic & an?ropometric *>act]i/ics1 ! folds ( ! fle%1 ! l9es ( ! h&1 ! mode ( bir?3 e fact t c p>ticipate 9 a relation ( co9cid5ce ) ! bir? ( ! individual is select$ z a sign ( "s future /ate ( affairs1 desirable or unt[>d1 9 ! =tune ( ! individual1 ( 8 p]sonal1 dome/ic & occupational c>e]4 ,?us1 9 a rec5tly publi%$ guide to "* analysis bas$ on anci5t a/rological pret5sions1 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics are ass]t$ to belong to ^? :o are born 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y3 ,^? born 9 ?is mon? are v intuitive & good judges ( "* & human nature4 ,!y are successes 9 m]cantile int]e/s & ent]prises4 ,x is said t ! be/ wives are born 9 ?is mon?1 be+ always fai?ful & devot$4 ,great s9c]ity & p[] are possible = ^? born 9 ?is mon?4 ,!y rise to great heights & on ! o!r h& are incl9$ to s9k to ! l[e/ dep?s4 ,at times !y are incl9$ to be melan*oly1 a t5d5cy :i* !y may ov]come4 ,mo/ ,febru>y p]sons h good ta/e1 are quick at absorb+ in=mation1 & intuitive4 ,"o ( _! great faults is t !y are incl9$ to be intol]ant & _c make !mselves ?9k f ano!r's po9t ( view4 ,_! mo/ common diseases are ( ! n]v\s & rheumatic ord]s4 ,!y %\ld gu>d _! actions on ! n9? & sixte5? day ( ea* mon?4 ,luck day1 ,saturday4 ,favorite colors1 all %ades ( blue1 p9k1 & ,nile gre54 ,lucky /ones1 sapphire1 opal1 or turquoise4 ,lucky numb]s1 #e & #g4 ,!y w excel 9 music & art1 & %\ld m>ry ) ^? born 9 ,octob]1 ,janu>y1 or ,june4 ,h>dly less common ?an fai? 9 ! horoscope is belief 9 ! detail$ prophecies ( palmi/ry4 ,! foll[+ is a direct reproduction ( p>agraphs f a well-kn[n metropolitan ,am]ican newspap]1 ( ! ye> #aiae 7,a4 ,d471 head$1 ,:at ,y\r ,f+]s ,mean3 ,%ort] palm & long] f+]s1 ^! %[ an aptitude = do+ small ?+s well4 ,_! own]s analyze ev]y?+1 are sup]s5sitive ov] trifles1 (t5 feel+ un9t5tional slights4 ,:5 ^! f+]s are slim1 z well z long] ?an ! palm1 !y give to "o ! quality ( diplomacy4 ,c>d %>ps & gambl]s h ^! long1 slim1 smoo? f+]s4 ,! av]age-l5g? f+]s ) an ord9>y-siz$ palm %[ a well-balanc$ m9d1 ) a ?or\ghly commonplace nature4 ,:5 long f+]s 7) %ort] palm7 are knott$ at ! jo9ts we f9d an extreme love = ! m9or p>ts ( con/ruction1 :e!r x be 9 ! build+ ( a bridge or ! endless tasks p]ta9+ to a kit*54 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 ! case ( ! individual's own acts4 ,e petty move & cap] is tak5 to be significant ( 8 future disposition1 p[]s1 or a*ievem5ts4 ,! fir/ ^w ! *ild utt]s1 ! fir/ object = :i* he rea*es1 ! animal he fir/ imitates1 ! =m ( 8 e>lie/ play activities1 no?+ t c be id5tifi$ & describ$ b comes to possess1 9 someone's m9d1 "s peculi> significance & progno/ic value4 ,homely 9 ! cradle1 lovely at ! table1 is an (t-quot$ maxim among hopeful mo!rs4 ,happy is ! bride t ! sun %9es on1 has d\btless s]v$ to po/pone m ?an "o nuptial c]emony1 & be+ born "u an unlucky /> has equally (t5 af=d$ a c]ta9 consolation = p]sonal awkw>dness4 ,a fa!r ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance believ$ 8 boy de/9$ to foll[ ! c>e] ( a druggi/ or ph>macologi/1 because1 z a *ild1 he 0 s fond ( play+ ) bottles & ( p\r+ wat] f "o into ! o!r4 ,any lack ( submissive devotion to a rubb] doll is calculat$ to fill ! p>5t's he>t ) appreh5sion & dire =ebod+s = ! dome/ic peace ( 8 daught]4 ,w>-babies & infants born on ! high seas are envi$ = _! romantic prospects4 ,illegitimate *ildr5 are expect$ to be idiotic or else to be especially gift$ ) "s poetic =m ( tal5t4 ,belief 9 vocational magic & clairvoyance is cle>ly n entirely conf9$ to m$ieval days4 ,nor is x true t su* in/ances z ^? j cit$ arise only z mat]ial = frivol\s conv]sations or z j\rnali/ic space-fill]s 9 a de>? ( m s]i\s copy4 ,s firmly are ^! sup]/itions e/abli%$ among l>ge classes ( p t special legislation is requir$ to prev5t _! exploitation at ! h&s ( crafty fak]s4 ,! =tune-tell] is f> f be+ a romantic & ve/igial in/itution2 & ! type ( prophecy :i* m$ieval clairvoyance repres5ts cont9ues to provide _m ) a sub/itute = m rigor\s & less excit+ inquiry4 ,,mod]n ,,p]iod ,,( ,,guidance ,,& ,,selection ,h[ev]1 z k develops1 a ?ird /age is rea*$1 9 :i* we may be said to be mov+1 ev5 ?\gh some:at sl[ly1 9 our own sci5tific & educational "w4 ,?is /age is m>k$ by relative inatt5tion to ! s]ies ( physical ev5ts & by special emphasis on ! orig9al nature ( ! individual & on *anges wr\ght 9 t orig9al nature ?r\gh ! exp]i5ces ( s*ool life & o!r =ms ( educational process4 ,! conditions & environm5tal factors ( life h become s pla/ic t individuals c fairly easily f9d cong5ial environm5t & occupational mat]ial ne> at home or f> f x1 if only !y "k = :at environm5t & mat]ial _! natural p[]s are be/ adapt$4 ,mod]n life1 :e!r 9 city or 9 c\ntry1 has become s div]sifi$ & labor s divid$1 t a small community af=ds ! vocational v>iety :i* only a few ye>s ago 0 q unfamili> to x4 ,moreov]1 ! v>i\s av5ues ( communication1 transportation & coop]ation h become s elaborate t work]s 9 "o "p ( a nation c ) little difficulty pr(it by activities & opportunities exi/+ 9 di/ant places4 ,ea* bran* ( indu/ry1 comm]ce & art1 z well z ea* pr(essional & occupational activity1 provides n only = a l>g] numb] ( work]s b = a great] v>iety z well4 ,!re is ?us a t5d5cy = ! individual at an e>ly po9t 9 8 c>e]1 n only to adapt himself to an environm5t already provid$1 b to a c]ta9 degree to select t environm5t = :i* 8 abilities & int]e/s seem be/ to fit him4 ,attempts at controll+ =tune1 z n[ ex]cis$1 are nei!r magical nor clairvoyant4 ,!y take ! rational1 selective =m ( fitt+ ! individual to ! place = :i* 8 natural aptitudes be/ adapt him1 s f> z ^! facts ( adaptability are discov]able1 & s f> z ! environm5t is pla/ic or optional4 ,?is is at lea/ ! description ( ! process 9 democratic conditions ( society4 ,9 c\ntries 9 :i* h]$it>y ari/ocracy & ca/e sy/ems /ill exi/1 ! =tune ( ! individual is det]m9$ to a consid]able ext5t by 8 bir?right1 by ! occupation ( 8 fa!r1 above all by sex--all dom9at$ by tradition4 ,)9 ?is field ( guidance & selection1 activity has develop$ r indep5d5tly 9 two diff]5t directions4 ,!re has be5 on ! "o h& ! notion t all ! individual ne$s = a satisfactory occupational adju/m5t is k ( available opportunities1 & appropriate te*nical tra9+ = ! occupation ( 8 *oice4 ,?is po9t ( view is se5 9 our own c\ntry 9 ! popul>iz+ ( g5]al education4 ,"u ?is conception g5]al education1 in/ead ( be+ ! pr]ogative ( ! rul+ or money$ class1 is urg$ z a common "r1 a social duty & an economic necessity4 ,le>n+ is n limit$ to ^? :o expect to ent] ! !ological1 m$ical1 legal1 or academic pr(essions4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( elem5t>y s*ool-k1 or at lea/ ( s*ool-att5dance1 comes to be requir$ ( e prospective work]4 ,ev5 ! feeble-m9d$ are labor$ ) 9 ! attempt to br+ !m up to _! highe/ possible academic level4 ,boys & girls alike are n only urg$ b compell$ to equip !mselves ) ! k ( ! elem5t>y =mal subjects2 & ! community taxes itself to furni% ! tea*]s1 ! books1 & ! necess>y physical p>aph]nalia4 ,9 ?is e>li] =m ( educational !ory little ef=t is made to give imm$iate applicability to ! subject-matt] ( ! curriculum4 ,classical /udies ) v little relevance to contempor>y life2 dead languages1 ) only a feeble claim to concrete s]viceability2 =mal ex]cises 9 design+ & con/ruct+ useless bric-a-brac2 trivial geographical1 a/ronomical1 anatomical1 & milit>y details3 ^! are ! subject-matt] ( ! g5]al education4 ,back ( _! selection lies ( c\rse ! d\btful conception t ! g5]al p[]s or faculties ( ! /ud5t are !reby cultivat$1 & t ^! may !n be br\ght to be> effectively on any vocational activity :i* may be *os54 ,! subject-matt] is select$1 n because ( its int]e/ or its utility1 b ma9ly because ( its difficulty & its =mal "*4 ,p>5tal compulsion1 vague social t5d5cies & impulses1 petty p]sonal rivalries1 fondness = ! tea*]1 & g5]al cultural aspiration are reli$ on to facilitate ! "w ( adm9i/ration & to provide inc5tive4 ,! life-c>e] motive is b little utiliz$1 & t5ds on ! :ole to be disc\rag$ z sordid & comm]cial4 ,b x is nev]!less believ$ t ! grammatical1 geographical1 hi/orical1 & ari?metical elem5ts w 9 ! long run enable ! pupil n only to enjoy life b to f9d x z well1 or at lea/ to be ( ! greate/ possible s]vice 9 ! "w into :i* he or %e drifts4 ,only 9 ! case ( ^? :o are utt]ly incompet5t to deal ) ! g5]al subject-matt]1 ! feeble-m9d$1 ! bl9d1 & ! deaf1 is ?is =mal education will+ly ab&on$ 9 favor ( "s def9itely s]viceable indu/rial tra9+4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,education ,quickly foll[+ ?is ef=t ( ! public s*ools to guide e boy & a few girls into successful c>e]s ?r\gh g5]al education1 came ! realization t lit]>y1 l+ui/ic1 & ma!matical in=mation alone is inadequate to ?is task4 ,x 0 felt by _m t indu/rial or vocational education1 calculat$ to fit ! individual directly = 8 or h] life occupation1 %\ld be begun at a mu* e>li] age ?an t at :i* ! gr\p *oos+ ! pr(essions ent]$ ^u _! fur!r /udies 9 ! high] te*nical s*ools4 ,x became obvi\s t _m pupils t]m9at$ _! public-s*ool education z soon z !y _h satisfi$ ! m9imal requirem5ts ( ! compulsory education law4 ,^! engag$ at ! e>lie/ possible opportunity 9 "s imm$iately ga9ful occupation4 ,! occupations into :i* !y commonly drift$ 7 su* z call$ = only a slight am\nt ( intellig5ce & promis$ proportionately little by way ( fur!r equipm5t or promotion4 ,!y h come to be call$ bl9d alley occupations1 & ref] to su* "w z t ( err& boys1 elevator & telephone op]ators1 small cl]ks1 dome/ic s]vants1 nursemaids1 mess5g]s1 deliv]y boys1 & team/]s4 ,mean:ile ^? :o _h cont9u$ 9 s*ool & complet$ ! high-s*ool curriculum em]g$ )\t special vocational fitness1 & ev5 )\t any k ( ! vocational possibilities ( _! age & locality4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( vocational & indu/rial education ( special sorts 0 !n supplem5t$ by g5]al in/ruction 9 ! vocational opportunities available4 ,vocational surveys 7 initiat$ = ! purpose ( acquir+ in=mation :i* c\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( pupils & ( ^? 9 *>ge ( _! tra9+4 ,^! surveys made sy/ematic inquiry into ! vocational opportunities af=d$ to "y p by ! indu/ries & ent]prises ( ! vic9ity4 ,! assi/ance ( employ]s 0 s\ght 9 ! ef=t to le>n ! requirem5ts ( ! v>i\s types ( "w2 ! nature ( ! labor involv$2 ! wages2 ! g5]al conditions1 su* z heal?fulness1 dang]1 companion%ip1 & in/ruction2 ! rate ( promotion2 ! prospect ( future advancem5t4 ,su* in=mation has 9 _m cases be5 publi%$ 9 pamphlets & bullet9s & ?us made accessible to tea*]s1 pupils1 & p>5ts4 ,along ) ?is t5d5cy w5t ! attempt to give ! pupil "s fir/-h& k ( & imm$iate exp]i5ce ) ! mat]ials1 implem5ts1 & products ( ! v>i\s indu/ries f among :i* he or %e might be expect$ to *oose aft] leav+ ! s*ool4 ,?is has be5 a difficult /ep to br+ ab\t1 p>tly because ( ! v>i\s te*nical & adm9i/rative difficulties :i* x involv$4 ,occasional ha/y visits to mills1 factories1 /ores1 %ops1 (fices1 laboratories1 & simil> busy places give ! pupil b a sup]ficial notion ( ! actual "w ( ! op]ations !re obs]v$4 ,m ext5d$ & int5sive obs]vation1 on ! o!r h&1 ) p]haps an actual trial at ! "w1 means a correspond+ limitation ( ! range ( in/itutions inspect$4 ,talks by manag]s & =em5 are likely to give only a dramatiz$ view ( ! facts4 ,s*ool indu/ries1 on ! o!r h&1 _c easily be organiz$ & conduct$ 9 a mann] te*nically complete & indu/rially repres5tative4 ,! result has be5 a gr[+ t5d5cy to pu% ! vocational tra9+ fur!r & fur!r back into ! e>li] ye>s ( ! curriculum1 ?us displac+ mu* ( ! purely =mal subject-matt]4 ,) ?is *ange h come v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 /udy-practice me?ods1 9 :i* "p ( ! day or t]m is sp5t at ! g5]al academic "w1 & "p 9 actual s]vice 9 a t5tatively *os5 =m ( indu/rial or comm]cial activity4 ,9 ?is movem5t b little recognition 0 giv5 to ! psy*ological diff]5ces & peculi>ities ( ! individuals conc]n$4 ,k ( p]sonal aptitudes & capacities1 int]e/s1 & satisfactions1 0 m or less tak5 = grant$ 9 ea* case1 or at lea/ left to develop 9 its own way4 ,x 0 assum$ ei!r t any individual c\ld satisfactorily pursue any vocation 9 :i* he might become int]e/$1 or else t indu/rial & vocational in=mation alone 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to enable ! individual to make a suitable *oice4 ,nor 0 !re any d\bt t ! "w :i* ! y\? f\nd int]e/+ & attractive at ! "t 0 ! "w 9 :i* he might f9d a maximum ( ultimate success1 satisfaction1 & s]viceabl5ess4 ,) ! vocational surveys1 ! indu/rial s*ools1 & ! "p-"t practice me?ods ( education we %all n be conc]n$1 9 :at is to foll[4 ,!y repres5t a movem5t ( trem5d\s social & educational significance1 b _! developm5t does n imm$iately conc]n t o!r field ( "w :i* we h designat$ vocational psy*ology4 ,!y proce$ ma9ly by giv+ ! individual a k ( ! ext]nal s]ies ( facts & ev5ts1 ?us replac+ ! era ( =tune-tell+ & clairvoyance1 ) its se>* = signs & om5s1 j z =tune-tell+ _h1 9 its own day1 replac$ ! practices ( crude objective magic4 ,b ! me?ods ( indu/rial & occupational tra9+ h be5 f\nd to solve only "o aspect ( ! vocational problem2 & x is m & m com+ to be realiz$ t a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! aptitudes :i* ! individual br+s to 8 "w is z important z ! k ( ! opportunities :i* ! environm5t af=ds4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ?is book we %all be conc]n$ ) ! v>i\s sy/ematic ef=ts t h be5 made or are n[ be+ made to /udy ! individual himself1 & to judge f a det]m9ation ( 8 m5tal *>act]i/ics ! type ( vocational activity :i* he is be/ fitt$ to und]take ) success4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,se>* ,,= ,,phr5ological ,,& ,,physiognomic ,,pr9ciples ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce ,! primitive magic1 direct$ t[>d ! =mation ( individual "*1 0 displac$ by ! p]sonal clairvoyance :i* attempt$ to diagnose ! individual's m5tal & moral con/itution on ! basis ( 8 own e>ly acts1 expressions1 & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,?is soon gave way to a t5d5cy to ab&on1 = ! mo/ "p1 su* signs z did n relate 9 "s actual or fanci$ way1 to ! individual's bra94 ,?is limitation ( ! field ( significant signs may be relat$ to ! widespread int]e/ 9 human physiology1 hi/orically associat$ ) ! k ( anatomy4 ,! inv5tion ( ! microscope1 ,h>vey's pro( ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! discussion c5t]+ ab\t ! automaton !ory ( ,desc>tes1 & ! rapid developm5t ( surgical te*nique1 br\ght ab\t a mo/ int]e/+ spread ( curiosity conc]n+ ! nature & me*anism ( ! human body4 ,balls & t\rnam5ts gave way to dissections & demon/rations z means ( c\rtly ent]ta9m5t4 ,celebrat$ surgeons exhibit$ _! skill & k1 & lectur$ on ! facts ( physiology & anatomy 9 ! =mal pres5ce ( royalty & society4 ,c\rt pa9t]s execut$ pictures su* z ,! ,anatomy ,lesson1 "s ( !m n[ *]i%$ z fam\s ma/]pieces4 ,especially ke5 became ! int]e/ 9 ! skull & bra9 9 :i*1 z ,desc>tes taught1 might be f\nd ! seat ( ! s\l4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ! r\gh discov]ies 0 t conc]n$ ) ! localization ( special s5sory & motor functions ( ! organism 9 p>ticul> regions ( ! bra94 ,x 0 obs]v$ t irritation ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! surface or cortex ( ! bra91 9 cases :]e a portion ( ! skull _h be5 remov$1 0 foll[$ by movem5t ( p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body1 & t individuals :o _h suff]$ f injury to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! bra9 seem$1 on recov]y1 to be q _! usual selves1 except t c]ta9 special capacities1 z = in/ance ! function ( spee*1 7 int]f]$ ) or q de/roy$4 ,! unit>y s\l1 describ$ by ,desc>tes z probably hav+ its seat 9 ! p9eal gl&1 n[ bade fair to dis9tegrate into v>i\s m9or faculties1 ea* ) its sep>ate bra9 me*anism & its p>ticul> abode 9 "s region ( ! skull4 ,! discov]y ( ^! elem5t>y facts ( bra9 localization 0 at once hit ^u ) zeal by ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! means ( =esight into human =tunes4 ,ignor+ ! fact t ! localiz$ features 7 simply ! control ( o!r p>ts ( ! body1 z eyes1 e>s1 limbs1 spee* organs1 & ! l1 ^! en?usia/s leap$ to ! conclusion t e trait ( "* & e m5tal aptitude1 e virtue & vice1 ability1 int]e/ & capacity1 _h ea* its own %elf or pew 9 ! bra9 area4 ,moreov]1 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ! relative developm5t ( ^! v>i\s *>act]i/ics 0 indicat$ by ! depressions1 projections & proportions ( ! skull bones4 ,"h 0 light inde$ on ! de/9ies ( m51 _! fitnesses & prop5sities1 _! appropriate *oice ( "w & play6 ,! en?usiasm & ardor t w5t into ! elaboration ( ! new clairvoyance ( phr5ology w\ld h meant mo/ valuable increase 9 our k ( bra9 physiology _h x be5 direct$ exclusively t[>d fur!r legitimate inquiry4 ,b ! urg5t desire = control & =esight 0 too great = practice to keep ! sl[ pace ( sci5tific fact4 ,ha/ily ! prophets drew up complicat$ & m9ute maps ( ! surface ( ! cranium & assign$ to ea* recognizable pat* "s faculty :i* /ood = an important m5tal or moral trait4 ,casual exam9ation ( ! skulls ( fri5ds :o *anc$ to possess p>ticul>ly m>k$ traits to an extreme degree 0 9 "s cases reli$ on to give guidance 9 ! assignm5t ( ^! pat*es to ! respective traits4 ,9 "s ( ! s*emes ! human traits conceiv$ 7 s num]\s t ! bilat]al symmetry & functions ( ! bra9 7 ignor$1 & ! two sides ( ! skull 7 assign$ q diff]5t functions4 ,?us arose phr5ology1 "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t fallacies ( vocational analysis4 ,?is movem5t 0 f\nd$ by ,gall & ,spurzheim1 two physicians & anatomi/s1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#a ,) ! cu/om>y naivete ( ! m$ical sci5ce ( _! "t1 !y ov]e/imat$ ! significance ( casual obs]vations & fragm5t>y discov]ies1 & ?us gave impetus to ! exagg]at$ & extravagant claims made by _! en?usia/ic foll[]s4 ,phr5ological societies develop$ s rapidly & s widely t ! movem5t became relatively indep5d5t ( ! sci5tific inve/igations :i* %\ld h s]v$ to qualify & criticize its doctr9es4 ,its propag&a 7 s vigor\s & ! practical ne$s :i* x promis$ to satisfy 7 s insi/5t1 t ev5 today _m p hold t5aci\sly to its dicta4 ,scores ( pr(essionals ?rive on _! lucrative practice ( its dogmas1 & univ]sity graduates smile 9 a guilty way :5 ask$1 ,d y believe 9 phr5ology8 ,! t5aci\s p]si/5ce ( phr5ology1 ! degree to :i* x is resort$ to & paid = by inquir+ & e>ne/ seek]s aft] satisfactory pa?s ?r\gh life1 make x seem wor? :ile to pres5t a brief /atem5t ( ! num]\s errors & flagrant /upidities on :i* ! practice ( phr5ology is bas$4 ,x may also be wor? :ile to sugge/ "s ( ! r int]e/+ subsidi>y reasons = its p]si/5ce z a *]i%$ popul> delusion & ev5 z a topic = curr5t sci5tific discussions & pap]s4 ,,! ,,assumptions ,,& ,,errors ,,( ,,phr5ology ,und]ly+ all ( ! v>i\s phr5ological sy/ems 7 f\r common assumptions :i* briefly /at$1 73 #a4 ,t su* c]ebral localization z exi/s is ( fundam5tal & specific traits ( "* or types ( ability1 su* z secretiv5ess1 circumspection1 love ( babies1 g5]osity1 v5]ation1 con/ructiv5ess1 etc4 #b4 ,t ! m develop$ any "o ( ^! giv5 traits is1 ! l>g] w be ! suppos$ area ( ! bra9 :i* conta9s its suppos$ organ4 #c4 ,t1 s9ce ! skull fits fairly closely to ! bra9 surface1 ! relative developm5t ( a giv5 portion ( ! bra9 w be indicat$ by ! relative prom95ce or size ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! cranium1 s t ! degree ( possession ( ! trait may be judg$ f an exam9ation ( ! ext]ior ( ! skull4 #d4 ,t ! occasional casual obs]vation ( co9cid5ce betwe5 p>ticul>ly m>k$ m5tal qualities & p>ticul> cranial *>act]i/ics is a suffici5t basis = inf]r+ univ]sal & necess>y connection betwe5 ^! two features4 ,ea* ( ^! assumptions involves obvi\s error & misappreh5sion 9 ! light ( :at is n[ kn[n conc]n+ ! nature ( ! human m9d & ! /ructure & functions ( ! bra94 ,9 ord] t ^! fallacies may be cle>ly disclos$ ! f\r ma9 assumptions w be exam9$ indep5d5tly 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we h "h pres5t$ !m4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! only sort ( localization ( functions t has be5 au!ntically e/abli%$ is ! projection1 ^u ! bra9 /ructure1 ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! organism1 & ! localization ( s5sory-motor c5t]s :i* function 9 ! connection ( ^! v>i\s organs4 ,?us x is kn[n t ea* ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( muscles ( ! body has its s-call$ c5t] 9 ! bra94 ,f ?is "p ( ! bra9 to ! muscles conc]n$ run bundles ( motor-n]ve fib]s1 s t activity 9 t p>ticul> "p ( ! bra9 may result 9 ! conduction ( n]v\s impulses to ^! muscles1 & 9 _! consequ5t contraction4 ,?us ! h&1 ! foot1 ! eyes1 ! spee*-organs1 etc41 may be said to be functionally repres5t$1 & 9 ?is s5se localiz$1 9 p>ticul> regions ( ! bra94 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! s5se-organs1 z ! eye1 e>1 etc4 ,ea* incom+ s5sory n]ve tract runs to or ?r\gh "s portion ( ! bra94 ,injury to ?is "p ( ! bra9 results 9 functional incapacity ( ! correspond+ s5se-organ4 ,! cortex1 or out] surface ( ! bra91 may ?us be conceiv$ z a sort ( t]m9al /ation = n]ves f o!r portions ( ! organism1 a sort ( projection-c5t] :i* enables !m all to take "p 9 a functional unity ( action4 ,! functions :i* c be said 9 ?is s5se to be localiz$ 9 ! bra9 are su* s5sory-motor capacities z ! ability to raise ! "r arm1 ! ability to balance ! body :5 /&+ erect ) eyes clos$1 ! ability to see1 ! ability to move ! eyeball1 ! ability to feel pa9 9 a c]ta9 area ( ! sk91 ! ability to articulate words1 to und]/& spok5 or writt5 language1 to call up a visual memory ( a p>ticul> ?+ previ\sly se51 etc4 ,! integrity ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra9 is ess5tial to ! prop] coord9ation ( all ! s5sibilities & responses ( ! individual4 ,traits ( "* & types ( ability1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! *>act]i/ic modes ( reaction ( ! organism z a :ole to ! factors ( its environm5t4 ,?us g5]osity z a human trait does n dep5d on ! massiv5ess ( any set ( muscles1 nor on ! ke5ness ( any s5se-organ1 b ^u ! *>act]i/ic type ( reaction & motivation :i* ! individual z a :ole displays4 ,jeal\sy1 love ( *ildr51 de/ructiv5ess1 etc41 are *>act]i/ic modes ( behavior ( ! :ole organism1 & dep5d ^u reactions :i* ! giv5 situation evokes1 & n ^u "s special organ4 #b4 ,z to ! suppos$ correspond5ce betwe5 size & functional capacity1 no evid5ce has be5 pres5t$ :i* demon/rates t ev5 ! /r5g? ( a muscle or ! ke5ness ( a s5se-organ dep5ds 9 any way on ! absolute size ( ! bra9-area conc]n$ ) x4 ,nor has evid5ce be5 pres5t$ to prove ! exi/5ce1 )9 any giv5 species1 ( correlation betwe5 volume1 %ape1 or weight ( ! bra9-tissues & ev5 ! m g5]al traits ( "* or ability4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* evid5ce we are l$ to believe t functional capacity dep5ds on complexity ( /ructure1 *emical1 molecul>1 & functional1 r ?an on ! factors ( mass or %ape4 ,b ev5 ! nature ( ^! correlations is z yet l>gely unkn[n4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! fai? 9 ! significance ( mass & %ape probably re/s 9 "p on ! app>5t exi/5ce ( su* correlation :5 diff]5t species are r\ghly comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,?us1 among ! high] v]tebrates !re seems to be a relation betwe5 :at we may call ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! species & ! erect c>riage ( ! body4 ,f ! quadrup$s1 ) _! horizontal position1 ?r\gh ! apes1 ) _! semip]p5dicul> mode ( life1 to ! human be+1 ) 8 erect c>riage1 !re is also a progression 9 prom95ce ( ! =ehead1 opposition ( ?umb & f+]1 relatively great] developm5t ( ! c]ebral mass1 & also 9 m5tal capacity4 ,! intellig5t human be+ walks 9 a m erect po/ure ?an does ! /upid ape4 ,b no "o has v5tur$ to ass]t t a relation exi/s betwe5 erectness ( c>riage & m5tal ability :5 human be+s are comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 or :5 apes are comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! physical features ( ! bra91 ! crude relation%ips :i* exi/ empirically1 z betwe5 diff]5t species1 seem to be q slight 9 significance :5 comp>$ ) ! diff]5ces 9 *emical1 molecul> & functional complexity :i* are f\nd among memb]s ( ! same species4 ,attempts to discov] correlations betwe5 m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics & v>i\s bra9 con/ants we may expect to cont9ue = a long "t4 ,:at discov]ies may be 9 /ore = u we d n "k4 ,b ! important po9t 9 ! pres5t connection is t1 = ! purposes ( vocational psy*ology1 ! practices ( phr5ology are bas$ on evid5ce no m relevant to its pret5sions ?an 7 ! pro(s po9t$ to by palmi/ry1 horoscopy1 & pr5atal magic4 ,?r\gh cranial measurem5ts alone x is impossible to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty ! race1 age1 or sex ( an individual1 or ev51 inde$1 :e!r he 0 a prehi/oric savage1 an idiot1 or a gorilla4 #c4 ,z = ! ?ird assumption ( phr5ology1 namely1 t bra9 developm5t is reflect$ 9 ! cranial size or protub]ances1 x %\ld be suffici5t to po9t out t ev5 if ?is 7 s x w\ld be mean+less = our purpose1 s9ce we are compell$ to ab&on ! belief 9 a relation betwe5 mass ( tissue & ev5 ! simple/ s5sory or motor capacity4 ,b su* fur!r dispro( z may be requir$ is readily furni%$ by an actual attempt to remove f _! cranial boxes ! bra9s ( v>i\s animals1 & by not+ t ! %ape & ?ickness ( ! bones gives little indication z to :e!r bra9 tissue1 c]ebrosp9al fluid1 or support+ tissues are to be f\nd und]nea? a giv5 protub]ance or depression4 #d4 ,! f\r? assumption ( phr5ology1 t sp>se & casual obs]vation ( /rik+ cases is suffici5t gr\nd = g5]alization1 we %\ld be able to dismiss at once z utt]ly inadequate & miscalculat$4 ,x is impossible to f9d consi/5t record$ in/ances 9 :i* gr\ps ( individuals1 select$ at r&om1 ) def9itely det]m9$ & measur$ m5tal or moral *>act]i/ics1 h be5 %[n to confirm1 by _! cranial geography1 ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y doctr9es ( t phr5ology :i* /ill (f]s to diagnose ! individual's psy*ic con/itution & to comm5d to 8 future consid]ation ! vocation ( eng9e]+1 publi%+1 or prea*+1 z ! case may be4 ,practic+ phr5ologi/s h repeat$ly be5 invit$ to submit "o bit ( objective evid5ce = _! pret5sions1 or to submit !mselves to te/s "u controll$ conditions4 ,! invitations are refus$1 & ! inquir] is ref]r$ in/ead to ! dogma ( "s =eign & deceas$ au?ority4 ,su* inve/igations z h be5 record$ h result$ 9 negative conclusions1 or 9 contradictory data1 or 9 coeffici5ts ) su* high probable errors z to make ! figures unreliable4 ,,! ,,pseudo-,,sci5ce ,,( ,,physiognomy ,v (t5 practic+ phr5ologi/s & phr5ological vocational exp]ts seek to ju/ify _! op]ations & pret5sions by po9t+ out t !y d n rely solely on ! cranial geography1 b m (t5 on o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! individual's body1 su* z ! concavity or convexity ( 8 pr(ile1 ! %ape ( 8 jaw1 ! texture ( 8 sk91 ! %ape ( 8 h&s1 ! color ( 8 hair & eyes1 ! proportions ( 8 trunk1 etc4 ,contempor>y vocational c\nsellors :o h enjoy$ consid]able vogue & comm]cial repute are especially giv5 to cit+ ^! crit]ia2 sev]al rec5tly publi%$ tables ( ^! clues are available4 ,hi/orically1 ! attempts to =mulate pr9ciples ( physiognomy ant$ate phr5ology by _m c5turies4 ,logically1 h[ev]1 physiognomy foll[s phr5ology1 z a transition f ! =mulation ( /ructure to ! =mulation ( behavior4 ,!re is a v widespread belief t _m m5tal & moral *>act]i/ics betray !mselves 9 special facial items4 ,! %ift+ eye1 l(ty br[1 massive jaw1 ?9 lips1 l>ge e>1 protrud+ or rec$+ *91 dimple1 wr9kle1 tilt$ nose1 ?9 sk91 prom95t ve9s1 & _m o!r *>act]i/ics h come1 9 fiction & 9 table-talk1 to symbolize specific *>act]i/ics4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! %uffl+ gait1 ! erect body1 ! protrud+ paun*1 ! curv$ %\ld]s1 enl>g$ knuckles1 /ubby or elongat$ f+]s1 ! %ort neck1 ! long arm1 & ! mann] & rate ( /ride4 ,x is b a /ep f ^! to ! signs af=d$ by clo?+1 its selection1 c>e1 & mode ( we>+4 ,"h is inde$ a mo/ confus$ mass ( fact & fancy :i* f9ds cr$5ce 9 v>y+ degrees on div]se occasions4 ,seldom has x be5 analyz$ into ! def9ite types ( mat]ial :i* x really conta9s1 & its evaluation is commonly left to ! haphaz>d op9ion ( ea* individual4 ,!re is no d\bt t we all t5d to =m our op9ion ( a /rang]'s probable *>act]i/ics p>tly on ! basis ( ^! physiognomic1 physical1 & s>torial factors4 ,to :at degree c ^! items be =mulat$ s z to af=d reliable crit]ia 9 ! analysis ( p]sonality1 z 9 ! case ( vocational selection & employm5t8 ,we may p]haps be/ answ] ?is "q by not+ ! v>i\s s\rces ( ! belief 9 ! validity ( physiognomic & simil> signs4 #a4 ,x is fir/ ( all true t _m ( ^! m>ks are ! result ( habitual activity1 & 9 s f> z !y orig9ate 9 ! expression ( a trait1 !y may be said to be signs ( x4 ,t ! /udi\s come to be r\nd-%\ld]$1 ! *e]ful to h smoo? c\nt5ances1 ! guilty to h furtive eye-movem5ts1 may well be expect$4 ,b x is q ano!r ?+ to rev]se ! proposition & to take /oop$ %\ld]s z a univ]sal sign ( academic int]e/s1 dimples z a sign ( guilelessness1 & ny/agmus z ! symptom ( a crim9al pa/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 (t5 safe to use ^! traits z reliable signs ( ! e/abli%$ g5]al habits & attitude :i* !y express4 ,we h all done ?is s9ce e>lie/ *ildhood2 yet any attempt to classify =mally ! signs & effects ( habit & con/ant expression w\ld be p$antic4 ,un=tunately = ! purposes ( vocational guidance ( y\?1 ^! expressions require = _! =mation habits ( fairly long /&+1 & ! critical p]iod = psy*ological guidance is likely to be pass$ long be=e ^! settl$ habits h set ! features into _! id5tifiable molds4 ,some:at m hopeful is ! reliance on expressive movem5ts z indicative ( pass+ & transi5t emotional /ates & attitudes4 ,n easily c we conceal f ! a/ute obs]v] ! mom5t>y passion t may be /irr+ u4 ,prolong$ intimate acqua9tance ) an individual's emotional exp]i5ces & expressions may 9 "t reveal to su* an obs]v] ! deep] ly+ & m p]man5t affective tr5ds1 ! moods & s5tim5ts :i* indicate :at we are accu/om$ to call ! temp]am5t ( ! individual4 ,insight into ! nature ( ^! expressive movem5ts is "o ( ! useful ?+s to be d]iv$ f long & pati5t /udy ( human nature1 bo? at fir/ h& & ?r\gh ! classical descriptions ( emotional expression4 ,! m "o obs]ves & ! m individuals he obs]ves1 ! m he is impress$ ) ! f9al v>iety & in=mal complexity ( ^! expressive movem5ts1 & _! dep5d5ce on a va/ detail ( circum/ance1 :i* aga9 =bid rule-(-?umb =mulation4 #b4 ,ano!r app>5t s\rce ( ^! beliefs is 9 analogy4 ,! clammy h&1 ! fi%y eye1 ! bull neck1 ! blott+ pap] voice1 ! as99e e>1 ! will[y figure1 ! fel9e tread1 & scores ( su* phrases indicate t ^! *>act]i/ics rem9d u def9itely ( v>i\s species or objects o!r ?an ! human be+1 & t we expect to f9d back ( !m ! *>act]i/ic traits1 habits1 & in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ^? species4 ,we seldom proce$ s f> z to *eck up our expectations ) facts1 "u controll$ conditions4 #c4 ,! affective value ( ^! analogies & _! incorporation 9 poetry1 song1 & fiction z adequate figures ( spee* lead u to react to ^! traits 9 ways det]m9$ l>gely by ! traditional usage4 ,we are humble be=e ! high-br[1 m]ry 9 ! pres5ce ( ! dimpl$1 cauti\s & prud5t be=e him ( ! %ift+ eye4 ,9 s f> z human reactions are det]m9$ by ! impli$ expectations ( associates & ! dem&s ( imm$iate circum/ances1 we %\ld be surpris$ inde$ if ! high-br[ did n1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 cranium1 evade our (fice-door s5t9el1 ! dimpl$ "o respond to our faceti\s comm5t1 & he ( ! %ift+ eye be =c$ to /eal = a liv+4 #d4 ,ano!r s\rce ( ^! notions is ma9ly responsible = su* ( !m z ref] to def9itely undesirable traits4 ,?is is ! belief1 s well play$ ^u by ! s*ool ( ,lombroso 9 crim9ology1 t _m ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 along ) ! s-call$ physical /igmata1 are indicative ( a deg5]ative or atavi/ic tr5d 9 ! con/itution ( ! individual4 ,among ^! /igmata 7 enum]at$ e conceivable extreme v>iation ( e id5tifiable "p ( ! human anatomy4 ,lombroso 0 incl9$ to believe n only t ! pres5ce ( su* traits 0 a c]ta9 m>k ( crim9al prop5sities1 b ev5 t v>i\s types ( crim9als c\ld be recogniz$ by ! catalog+ ( _! /igmata1 z ?ieves1 murd]]s1 =g]s1 etc4 ,! hi/ory ( ! criticism ( ?is view ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,suffice x to say t we n[ und]/& t ! und]ly+ tru? ( ! matt] is only t ^! /igmata are some:at m frequ5t among ! vici\s1 deg5]ate1 & defective gr\ps ?an !y are among p select$ on ! basis ( _! morality & intellig5ce4 ,! crim9ally incl9$ individual may possess no /igmata1 :ile an ,abraham ,l9coln may possess sev]al ( !m1 & 9 m>k$ degree4 ,to be sure1 :5 an unusual numb] ( /igmata are pres5t$ by an individual1 we feel dispos$ to suspect t ! abnormal condition is n conf9$ to 8 bones & p]iph]al organs alone1 b is probably s deep-seat$ z to involve 8 n]v\s sy/em z well4 ,b on ! basis ( ^! /igmata alone we are q unable to decide :e!r he is an imbecile1 a deg5]ate crim9al1 a p]v]t1 a g5ius1 or only an av]age man1 ) an undue burd5 ( physical infirmity2 /ill less c we diagnose 8 special m5tal or moral qualities4 #e4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( ^! physiognomic beliefs may be disc]n$3 namely1 ! fact t ! features ( a /rang] are v likely to call m or less cle>ly to our memory "s o!r acqua9tance ^: traits we "k1 to our sorr[ p]haps1 & ^: features or mann] or voice or app>el *ance to be v simil> to t ( ! /rang]4 ,at once we are incl9$ to end[ ! /rang] ) ! "* ( ! individual he resembles4 ,we seldom accurately *eck up ^! impressions on ! basis ( subsequ5t discov]y4 ,inde$ we are mu* m likely to evoke ! suspect$ traits by our own attitude & by our treatm5t ( ! /rang]1 & we are eag] to p\nce ^u any act t may be con/ru$ z a confirmation ( our snap judgm5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! impressions w v>y f individual to individual & t any attempt to =mulate !m w\ld expose _! fallaci\sness4 #f4 ,f9ally1 9 ?is analysis ( ! orig9 ( our belief 9 ! signs ( physiognomy1 is ! m]e insi/5ce t z a matt] ( fact !re are def9ite relation%ips discov]able & =mulable betwe5 typical features & typical *>act]i/ics ( p]sonality4 ,beliefs ( ?is dogmatic k9d are mo/ likely to be exploit$ by ! pr(essional c\nsellor1 s9ce !y appe> to ! exam9ee to be unkn[n1 my/]i\s1 esot]ic facts4 ,! foll[+ =mulations1 tak5 f an acc\nt ( ! p]=mance ( "o ( ! mo/ widely adv]tis$ ( pr(essional vocational c\nsellors1 may s]ve z an example ( ?is type ( dogmatic physiognomic doctr9e4 ,! s5sitive1 delicate-m9d$ man usually has a f9e-textur$ sk92 ! co>se-m9d$ man a co>se-textur$ sk94 ,x is an embryological fact t ! sk9 0 & is ! orig9al seat ( all s5sations1 & t sp9al cords & n]ves are b modifi$ & specializ$ 9-turn$ sk94 ,( necessity a man's sk9 indicates ! texture ( 8 bra94 ,texture is a great classifi] ( humanity4 ,! individual ( f9e hair1 f9e-textur$ sk91 delicately *isel$ features1 sl5d]1 graceful body & limbs1 z a g5]al rule1 is ref9$1 loves beauty & grace1 & likes "w ei!r purely m5tal 9 its nature or (f]+ an opportunity to h&le f9e1 delicate mat]ials & tools4 ,on ! o!r h& ! man ) co>se hair1 co>se-textur$ sk91 & l>ge1 /rongly =m$ features incl9es z a g5]al rule to occupations 9 :i* /r5g?1 vigor1 virility1 & ability to live & "w 9 ! mid/ ( h>%1 r\gh & unbeautiful conditions are prime requirem5ts4 ,x is no secret to obs]vant employ]s ( labor t blondes1 z a g5]al rule1 are *angeable1 v>iety lov+1 optimi/ic1 & speculative1 :ile brunettes are consi/5t1 /eady1 dep5dable1 s]i\s1 & cons]vative4 ,x turns out z "o might naturally expect t ! man :o resembles ! greyh\nd 9 =m is quick]1 ke5]1 m responsive1 & less endur+ ?an ! man :o resembles ! bulldog 9 =m4 ,a mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ! portraits ( poets1 educators1 & essayi/s w %[ a m>k$ t5d5cy 9 !m to resemble ! triangle 9 /ructure ( ! head & body--bo? head & body wide above & n>r[] 9 ! l[] portions4 ,an exam9ation ( ! portraits ( a hundr$ great g5]als1 pione]s1 build]s1 eng9e]s1 explor]s1 a?letes1 automobile rac]s1 a]onauts1 & o!rs :o lead a life ( great activity w %[ a g5]al t5d5cy t[>d /ructure on ! l9es ( ! squ>e--squ>e face1 squ>e body1 squ>e h&s4 ,ref]5ce to ! portraits ( great judges1 f9anci]s1 organiz]s1 & comm]cial k+s w %[ a g5]al t5d5cy t[>d /ructure ^u ! l9es ( ! circle--r\nd face1 r\nd$ body & a t5d5cy to r\ndness 9 h&s & limbs4 ,any?+ :i* is h>d 9 consi/5cy has comp>atively great resi/ance & p]si/5ce4 ,t :i* is ela/ic 9 consi/5cy is adaptable & seems to h spr+1 life1 & en]gy )9 x4 ,^! pr9ciples h be5 f\nd to apply to human be+s4 ,! exi/5ce ( q def9ite beliefs 9 ^! relations betwe5 "* & physiognomy is readily %[n by exp]im5ts 9 :i* gr\ps ( t5 p 7 ask$ to arrange tw5ty photographs ( wom5 9 an ord] ( m]it4 ,on diff]5t occasions & by v>y+ gr\ps ( mature college /ud5ts1 ^! photographs 7 arrang$ on ! basis ( sev5 diff]5t traits1 viz43 intellig5ce1 humor1 p]sev]ance1 k9dness1 conceit1 c\rage1 & deceitfulness4 ,diff]5t judges %[ q /rik+ agreem5t 9 _! e/imates ( ! *>act]i/ics sugge/$ by a giv5 photograph4 ,?us1 if ! av]age position assign$ to ea* photograph be tak5 z ! /&>d & ! div]g5ces ( ! t5 judges f ?is /&>d be av]ag$ 9 ! case ( all ! photographs1 ! av]age div]g5ces = ! diff]5t traits are z foll[s#b3 ,intellig5ce #b4hf places ,p]sev]ance #c4cb ,k9dl9ess #c4ee ,conceit #c4eg ,c\rage #c4fi ,humor #c4ij ,deceitfulness #d4ad ,?is means t 9 ! long run a /rang] w place a giv5 individual 9 a gr\p ( tw5ty p]sons n ov] ?ree or f\r positions away f ! place to :i* o!r /rang]s w\ld assign him4 ,! individual's physiognomy1 h[ev] little x may actually reveal ( 8 p]sonality1 nev]!less sugge/s r def9ite *>act]i/ics to ^? :om he meets1 & to t degree det]m9es _! reaction t[>d him1 expectations ( him1 & belief 9 him4 ,! def9it5ess or agreem5t ( ^! impressions seems also to v>y ) ! trait 9 "q2 x is high = intellig5ce & p]sev]ance1 l[ = humor & deceitfulness1 & int]m$iate = k9dl9ess1 conceit1 & c\rage4 ,our own results1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 only z sugge/ive1 r ?an z g5]al1 s9ce !y may easily h be5 det]m9$ p>tly by ! p>ticul> set ( photographs we us$ & by our p>ticul> & div]se sets ( judges4#c ,results ( ?is "*1 & _m simil> ones :i* we are accumulat+1 sugge/1 h[ev]1 an int]e/+ set ( problems4 ,x is psy*ologically z int]e/+ to inquire j :at impressions p actually receive f "o's physiognomy & expression1 z x is to ask :e!r ^! impressions are correct4 ,"o's ultimate vocational accompli%m5t (t5 dep5ds on ! fir/ impression he creates1 ! type ( reception 8 appe>ance invites1 ev5 ?\gh !re may be no necess>y connection :atev] betwe5 appe>ance & m5tal con/itution4 ,vocational success dep5ds n only on ! traits "o really possesses1 b also some:at on ! traits "o is believ$ to possess4 ,x is also int]e/+ to obs]ve t high correlations exi/ betwe5 "s ( ! traits z judg$ m]ely on ! basis ( photographs4 ,let #a4jj be tak5 to indicate complete correspond5ce betwe5 two ord]s ( m]it1 s t ! highe/ 9 ! "o scale is also ! highe/ 9 ! o!r scale1 ! second 9 "o ! second 9 ! o!r1 & s on2 !n -#a4jj w indicate a completely rev]s$ ord]1 ! be/ 9 "o class be+ ! poore/ 9 ! o!r1 etc42 a coeffici5t ( #j w mean only a *ance relation%ip1 i4 e41 none at all4 ,!n f #a4jj ?r\gh #j to -#a4jj we h repres5t$ all possible degrees ( correspond5ce4#d ,^! figures are call$ coeffici5ts ( correlation1 & c easily be comput$ by prop] /ati/ical me?ods4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! coeffici5ts = all comb9ations ( two traits are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,intellig5ce ,humor ,p]sev]ance,k9dl9ess,conceit,c\rage ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,humor 4#dg ,p]sev]ance 4#hh 4#cc ,k9dl9ess 4#gf 4#fe 4#ci ,conceit 4#bh -4#jc 4#jh -4#ef ,c\rage 4#hi 4#dc 4#gi 4#gb -4#be ,deceitfulness -4#aa -4#bh -4#jb -4#fi 4#ff -4#di ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,x w be se5 t ! intellig5t1 humor\s1 p]sev]+1 k9dly1 & c\rage\s c\nt5ances t5d to be ! same ones1 & t ! faces sugge/+ ! opposites or l[ degrees ( ^! traits also t5d to be v mu* ! same ones4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! high positive coeffici5ts betwe5 ^! traits4 ,b conceit & deceitfulness %[ negative or v l[ positive correlation ) all traits except ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! correlation is positive & high 74#ff74 ,o!r int]e/+ relations betwe5 ^! judgm5ts ( "* c be inf]r$ f ! table ( coeffici5ts4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t we are n "h deal+ ) traits z demon/rably pres5t1 b only z judg$ on ! basis ( facial *>act]i/ics & expression4 ,! actual relation betwe5 ! physiognomic details & ! true "* ( ! individual display+ !m is a totally diff]5t matt]4 ,! close correlations betwe5 ! sev]al desirable traits & betwe5 ! sev]al undesirable traits1 z f\nd 9 ?is table ( coeffici5ts1 seem to h a fur!r significance & sugge/ t ! obs]v]s d n judge ea* trait on ! basis ( p>ticul> & specific physiognomic details4 ,!y seem1 r1 to get a g5]al impression ( favorabl5ess or unfavorabl5ess1 & to rank ! photographs on ! basis ( ?is g5]al impression1 no matt] :i* trait is be+ judg$4 ,x is a common practice = employ]s1 sup]9t5d5ts1 ag5cies1 etc41 to reque/ ! applicant = a position to s5d 8 or h] photograph = inspection4 ,! urg5cy ( "s ( ^! reque/s & ! emphasis plac$ on !m seem to indicate t ! photograph is believ$ to be valuable n only = its s]vice 9 reveal+ ! g5]al features b also = "s fur!r & m specific indications :i* x af=ds4 ,v few attempts seem to h be5 made to te/ actually ! value ( judgm5ts ( "* :5 !y are bas$ on photographs r ?an on acqua9tance4 ,exp]im5ts rec5tly conduct$ yield "s int]e/+ prelim9>y data on ?is "q4 ,! "q propos$ 03 ,:at relation exi/s betwe5 ! judgm5ts :i* /rang]s =m1 on ! basis ( an individual's photograph1 & ! judgm5ts :i* acqua9tances make on ! basis ( daily famili>ity & long obs]vation8#e ,all ! memb]s ( a gr\p ( college wom5 7 judg$ by tw5ty-f\r ( _! associates1 = a numb] ( m or less def9ite *>act]i/ics4 ,! tw5ty-five individuals con/itut+ ! gr\p 7 arrang$ 9 an ord] ( m]it = ea* trait1 by ea* ( ! tw5ty-f\r judges4 ,only "o arrangem5t1 = "o trait1 0 made by any "o judge )9 a giv5 week4 ,! judgm5ts 7 ?us di/ribut$ ov] a consid]able int]val s t judgm5ts = "o trait might influ5ce z slightly z possible ! judgm5ts ( lat] traits4 ,all ^! tw5ty-f\r judgm5ts 7 !n av]ag$ = ea* trait1 & ! f9al position ( ea* p]son 9 ea* trait ?us det]m9$ by ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( ! judges4 ,?is measure is !n a comb9$ e/imate on ! basis ( actual conduct & behavior4 ,photographs ( all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p 7 !n secur$1 all ( !m tak5 by ! same photograph]1 9 ! same /yle & size4 ,^! photographs 7 n[ judg$1 by a gr\p ( tw5ty-five m5 & a gr\p ( tw5ty-five wom51 all ( :om 7 totally unacqua9t$ ) ! individuals :o 7 be+ judg$4 ,^! /rang]s arrang$ ! photographs 9 ord] ( m]it = ! v>i\s traits ( "*1 j z ! e>li] gr\p ( judges _h arrang$ ! names ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 ) all ( :om !y 7 acqua9t$4 ,! v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ! photographs 7 !n av]ag$1 yield+ = ea* photograph an av]age position 9 ea* trait4 ,we ?us h ?ree measures ( ! gr\p ( college wom53 7#a7 ! judgm5ts ( _! intimate associates2 7#b7 ! judgm5ts ( tw5ty-five m51 on ! basis ( photographs1 & 7#c7 ! judgm5ts ( tw5ty-five wom51 on ! basis ( photographs4 ,all ( ^! measures may be comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 & correlat$ s z to %[ _! respective am\nts ( correspond5ce4 ,! results are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,judgm5ts by ,associates ,comp>$ ) ! ,judgm5ts ( ! ,photographs ,trait -------------------------------------- ,by #be ,m5 ,by #be ,wom5 ,av]age ---------------------------------------- --------- ,neatness 4#jc 4#jg 4#je ,conceit 4#aj 4#bg 4#ai ,sociability 4#bi 4#bi 4#bi ,humor 4#ba 4#de 4#cc ,likeability 4#cj 4#de 4#ch ,intellig5ce 4#db 4#fa 4#ea ,ref9em5t 4#ej 4#eb 4#ea ,beauty 4#fj 4#di 4#ee ,snobbi%ness 4#eh 4#ec 4#ef ,vulg>ity 4#fa 4#fi 4#fe ------------------------------------ ,av]age 4#cf 4#dc 4#dj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! correspond5ce betwe5 judgm5ts ( acqua9tance & judgm5ts ( photographs is se5 to v>y ) ! trait 9 "q4 ,su* traits z neatness1 conceit1 sociability1 humor1 & likeability1 important z !y are = vocational success or failure1 %[ v l[ correlation4 ,! judgm5ts ( ! photographs tell almo/ no?+ at all ( ! nature ( ! impression :i* ! individual makes on h] acqua9tances1 h] true "*4 ,) ! rema9+ traits--beauty1 intellig5ce1 ref9em5t1 snobbi%ness1 & vulg>ity--! coeffici5ts are consid]ably l>g]1 & sugge/ t ! photographs t5d to be judg$ by ! /rang]s 9 some:at ! same way z ! individuals are judg$ by _! acqua9tances4 ,two po9ts ( special importance %\ld be not$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! fir/ is t ^! correlations are n betwe5 ! judgm5ts ( s+le individuals4 ,x is ! comb9$ or gr\p judgm5t ( tw5ty-five judges :i* is requir$ to yield ^! coeffici5ts :i* ev5 !n av]age only ab\t 4#dj correlation ) ! e/imates ( associates4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! ability ( t5 judges1 *os5 at r&om1 to e/imate ^! *>act]i/ics ?r\gh ! exam9ation ( ! photographs4 ,9 secur+ ?is table ! arrangem5t made by ea* individual judge 0 correlat$ ) ! e/abli%$ ord] z det]m9$ by ! e/imates ( associates1 9 ! case ( ! ?ree traits--intellig5ce1 neatness & sociability4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,individual ,correctness ( ,judges 9 ,e/imat+ ,judge -------------------------------------- ,intellig5ce ,neatness ,sociability ---------------------------------------- ---- ,i 4#ea 4#aa 4#ci ,,ii 4#aa 4#aj 4#jh ,,iii 4#ae 4#bi 4#je ,,iv -4#bg 4#jf 4#di ,v 4#jh 4#bd 4#jh ,,vi 4#dc 4#da 4#bh ,,vii 4#jd 4#aa 4#jb ,,viii 4#ci -4#ji 4#cb ,,ix 4#bb -4#jh 4#jj ,x 4#cj 4#jb 4#ee ---------------------------------------- ---- ,av]age 4#ai 4#aa 4#bb ---------------------------------------- ---- ,^! r&om samples ( individual judicial capacity %[ at once h[ unreliable individual judgm5t is 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! individual judges v>y widely among !mselves & !y also dep>t widely f ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,moreov]1 a judge :o may happ5 to %[ a reasonable degree ( correctness 9 judg+ sociability may be v f> away f correctness 9 judg+ ! o!r traits1 or may1 inde$1 judge 9 q ! rev]se ( ! correct ord]4 ,to h accept$ ! v]dicts ( a s+le judge w\ld n only h be5 manife/ly unfair to ! individual b also haz>d\s to ! employ]4 ,! comb9$ impressions ( tw5ty-five judges is "h requir$ = ! correlations = ev5 half ( ! traits to rea* ov] 4#ch4 ,! second po9t to be not$ is t ev5 "u ^! circum/ances ! coeffici5ts are f> f p]fect1 ev5 = ^? traits 9 :i* !y are ! highe/4 ,only if beauty1 snobbi%ness1 or vulg>ity are ! traits :i* are crucial1 are judgm5ts ( ! photographs reliable en\gh to be wor? consid]+4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! vocations :i* dep5d m>k$ly on ^! *>act]i/ics are exce$+ly few4 ,& ev5 "h1 al?\gh ! reliance on coeffici5ts ( 4#ee might 9 all probability aid ! employ] 9 decreas+ ! p]c5tage ( ! snobbi% or ! vulg> among 8 employees1 grave inju/ice w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be done to ^? _m individuals :o con/itute exceptions & keep ! correlations f be+ p]fect4 ,only :5 correlation coeffici5ts are v high c _! indications be appli$ 9 ! guidance ( individuals 7z di/+ui%$ f ! selection ( gr\ps7 ) safety & ju/ice4 ,dean ,s*neid] reports an attempt to v]ify ! pr9ciples ( a c]ta9 sy/em ( physiognomics by putt+ !m to an actual te/4 ,he writes3 ,a gr\p 9 ! sci5tific managem5t field affirm$ t an exam9ation ( physical *>act]i/ics su* z ! %ape ( ! f+]s & %ape ( ! head1 disclos$ aptitudes & abilities4 ,= example1 a directive1 money-mak+ executive w h a c]ta9 %ap$ head & h&4 ,a numb] ( money-mak+ executives 7 pick$ at r&om & _! physical *>act]i/ics *>t$4 ,we d n f9d t !y con=m at all to any law4 ,also we f\nd m5 :o _h ! physical *>act]i/ics t ought to make !m executives1 b !y 7 any?+ b executives4 ,a numb] ( te/s ( ?is k9d gave negative results4 ,we 7 =c$ to ! conclusion t ?is sy/em 0 n reliable4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves on ?is po9t by insi/+ t ! =mulat$ facts ( physiognomy are s unsupport$1 contradictory1 & extravagant t ! vocational psy*ologi/ _c af=d to trifle ) !m4 ,g5]al impressions on ! basis ( ! totality ( an individual's appe>ance1 be>+1 & behavior we %all always t5d to receive4 ,:e!r "o judges m accurately by an analytic record+ ( ea* detail or by ignor+ ^! 9 favor ( 8 own m or less unanalyz$ total impression has nev] be5 demon/rat$4 ,"u any circum/ances "o is likely to look ab\t = su* details z may l5d support to ! total impression4 ,b x is q unju/ifiable--?\gh p]haps comm]cially exp$i5t--to pret5d t ! judgm5t is really bas$ on ! details select$4 ,! life ( him :o bases 8 expectations ( human conduct on ! physiognomy ( 8 neighbors is b\nd to be full ( delightful z well z fe>ful surprises4 ,i %all nev] =get ! practical lesson 9 ! pr9ciples ( physiognomics ,i le>n$ :5 wat*+ a %ipload ( immigrants pass ! physical & m5tal exam9ations at ,ellis ,isl&4 ,admission to ! new l&1 & to ! !at] ( _! vocational plans1 dep5d$ on ! results ( ^! exam9ations4 ,ellis ,isl& is p]haps ! "o place 9 ! _w :]e pr9ciples ( individual psy*ology are mo/ 9 dem&1 & :]e su* pr9ciples z are reli$ on lead to results ( ! mo/ s]i\s human consequ5ces4 ,i wat*$ ! l9e file pa/ ! prelim9>y gate1 by ! inspectors :o scrut9iz$ !m /ill m c>efully1 & on into ! inn] room :]e ! suspect$ ones 7 submitt$ to m se>*+ exam9ation4 ,"o "y woman /ood out among h] companions z easily ! mo/ comely & attractive ( ! wom54 ,%e 0 ! only "o ( t %ipload :o 0 f9ally c]tifi$ z an imbecile1 & refus$ admission to ! ma9l&4 ,! physiognomic analyses1 !n1 d n m]it s]i\s consid]ation z in/rum5ts ( vocational guidance & selection4 ,! m]e facts ( physical /ructure1 cont\r1 %ape1 texture1 proportion1 color1 etc41 yield no m in=mation conc]n+ capacities & int]e/s ?an did ! incantations ( ! primitive m$ic9e-man or ! absurd *>ts ( ! phr5ologi/s4 ,9 s f> z "* & ability may be det]m9$ by facts ( /ructure1 x is by ! m9ute /ructure ( ! microscopic elem5ts ( ! bra9 & o!r vital tissues1 ab\t :i* we n[ "k exce$+ly little4 ,we %all !re=e dismiss f fur!r consid]ation ! futile attempts to diagnose m5tal con/itution on ! basis ( bodily /ructure1 & turn to ! m reliable & sci5tifically conceiv$ me?ods ( inf]r+ ! individual's m5tal traits f 8 behavior or 8 actual p]=mance :5 te/s are made "u controll$ conditions4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,an int]e/+ review ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( phr5ology & o!r sy/ems ( "* analysis is giv5 by ,joseph ,ja/r[1 9 an article 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aiae4 #b ,to make cle> ! way 9 :i* ^! figures are secur$1 & to %[ concretely :at !y mean1 suppose t ! tw5ty photographs are lett]$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 etc4 ,!y are to be arrang$ 9 an ord] by ea* judge accord+ to 8 judgm5t ( ! intellig5ce ( ! individuals1 ! individuals be+ unkn[n to ! judges4 ,suppose t ! t5 judges place photograph ,a respectively 9 ! foll[+ positions3 #i1 #aa1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #g1 #h1 #g1 #ad4 ,! av]age ( ^! t5 positions is #i1 :i* we !n take z ! /&>d or mo/ probable position ( photograph ,a4 ,only two ( ! judges actually place ,a 9 ! n9? position4 ,! o!r eight judges all v>y m or less f ?is position4 ,we !n f9d h[ mu* ea* judge v>ies f ! av]age ( ! gr\p1 & ! t5 v>iations are respectively #j1 #b1 #d1 #a1 #j1 #c1 #b1 #a1 #b1 #e positions4 ,! av]age ( ^! individual v>iations is #b4j positions4 ,?is figure indicates h[ closely ! t5 judges agree 9 _! e/imates ( photograph ,a1 a small av]age deviation indicat+ close agreem5t4 ,9 ?is way we f9d = ea* ( ! tw5ty photographs its av]age deviation2 & if ! tw5ty figures ?us secur$ are 9 _! turn av]ag$ we secure an approximate measure ( ! disagreem5t ( ! judges :5 e/imat+ ! intellig5ce sugge/$ by ! photographs4 ,simil>ly we may compute av]age deviations = any o!r trait :i* is judg$4 ,^! f9al figures are ! ones :i* are giv5 9 ! table1 ea* ( !m be+ ! av]age ( tw5ty photographs z judg$ by t5 p]sons4 #c ,9 su* exp]im5ts ! actual magnitude ( ! measure ( v>iation becomes l>g] z ! numb] ( judges is r$uc$1 ! numb] ( photographs increas$1 or ! photographs s select$ z to resemble "o ano!r m closely4 #d ,s9ce su* coeffici5ts ( correlation w be frequ5tly us$ ?r\gh\t ! book z measures ( ! am\nt ( correspond5ce or relation%ip betwe5 two ?+s1 x may be well at ?is po9t to indicate briefly h[ !y are comput$4 ,suppose t1 z arrang$ 9 ord] on ! basis ( _! f9al av]ages1 ! photographs /& 9 ! foll[+ positions = ! two traits--c\rage & k9dl9ess4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,photo ,c\rage ,k9dl9ess d d#b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a #b #e #c #i ,:5 ! sev]al values ,b #e #a #d #af "u d#b are add$ _! ,c #aj #ac #c #i sum is #cgf4 ,?is1 multipli$ ,d #a #d #c #i by #f1 accord+ to ! ,e #g #f #a #a =mula1 gives #bbef4 ,! ,f #aa #h #c #i d5om9ator ( ! fraction ,g #ad #aj #d #af is1 s9ce !re are #bj cases1 ,h #bj #ae #e #be #gihj4 ,divid+ #bbef by ,i #af #ab #d #af #gihj gives u 4#bh2 = #gihj is ,j #d #b #b #d #bj times #cii1 :i* 9 turn is ,k #h #ad #f #cf #bjb--a4 ,:5 ?is is subtract$ ,l #c #c #j #j f #a4jj x gives u ,m #ab #bj #h #fd 4#gb1 :i* is ! measure ( ,n #ae #aa #d #af correlation betwe5 ! two ,o #ag #ah #a #a ord]s4 ,s9ce x is v high ,p #i #g #b #d x sugge/s t ! two ,q #f #ag #i #ha traits are judg$ 9 mu* ,r #ac #i #d #af ! same way4 ,s #ah #af #b #d ,t #ai #ai #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a =mula is provid$ by ma!maticians :i* enables u to compute ! degree ( resemblance betwe5 ^! two ord]s4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 sev]al =mulae = su* purposes1 all ( :i* yield sub/antially ! same results4 ,! "o us$ 9 ?is case 0 r #a4jj-7f ,sigma d#b7_/7n7n#b-a774 ,9 ?is =mula r /&s = ! coeffici5t ( correlation = :i* we are work+2 d is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! positions :i* ea* ( ! photographs receives 9 ! two traits2 ,sigma means ! sum ( ^! diff]5ces :5 ea* has be5 squ>$ or multipli$ by itself2 n means ! numb] ( cases1 :i* is 9 ?is case #bj1 s9ce !re are t numb] ( photographs4 ,:5 ^! sub/itutions are made & ! equation solv$1 ! result w be ! measure ( resemblance1 :i* w lie some:]e betwe5 #a4jj & -#a4jj1 z expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,?is calculation is c>ri$ out "h = ! two sample traits1 = ! conv5i5ce ( read]s :o may n be famili> ) /ati/ical me?ods4 #e ,^! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ by ,lucy ,g4 ,cogan1 ,m4 ,a41 to :om ,i am indebt$ = p]mission to use ! results 9 advance ( _! m detail$ publication 9 h] =?com+ pap] on ,judgm5ts ( ,"* on ! ,basis ( ,photographs4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,,orig9 ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,te/s ,b>r5 z phr5ology & physiognomics 7 ( =mulable & useful results1 !y nev]!less s]v$ ! purpose ( direct+ att5tion t[>d ! /udy ( individual diff]5ces 9 m5tal *>act]i/ics z a di/9ct bran* ( inquiry4 ,! next /ep consi/$ 9 ! semi-exp]im5tal plan ( obs]v+ ! individual's behavior "u a v>iety ( uncontroll$ circum/ances or on m c>efully plann$ occasions1 9 ! endeavor to secure m or less exact quantitative expressions ( ! degree to :i* he display$ c]ta9 types ( ability4 ,und]ly+ ! v>i\s abilities & involv$ 9 !m !re 7 assum$ to lie a limit$ numb] ( faculties or p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,ea* individual 0 conceiv$ to possess mu* ! same faculties1 b 9 v>y+ degrees or am\nts or =ms4 ,att5tion1 memory1 app]ception1 reason+1 w1 feel+1 etc41 7 ! fundam5tal faculties2 & diff]5ces 9 "* 7 ?\ght ( z dep5d+ ^u ! v>y+ am\nts & int]relations ( ^! fundam5tal faculties4 ,9 ! endeavor to discov] types ( exp]im5t :i* w\ld measure ^! faculties x 0 f\nd1 9 "t1 t a giv5 faculty did n appe>1 on close exam9ation1 to be z unit>y z x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be4 ,x 0 se5 t to h a good memory = "o k9d ( mat]ial did n at once signify a good memory = e sort ( ?+4 ,det]m9ation 9 "o direction did n imply ! g5]al quality ( resolut5ess4 ,x began to be realiz$ t att5tion1 memory1 discrim9ation1 & ! o!r faculties are v mu* m highly specializ$ ?an ^! g5]al names indicate4 ,! unit>y s\l _h e>ly be5 split up into ! li/ ( faculties or categories1 & n[ ^! 9 turn came ea* to be split up into f9] & f9] aptitudes & t5d5cies1 until1 9 ! radical reaction ( rec5t ye>s1 we f9d ! human m9d describ$ z made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( indep5d5t connections or bonds betwe5 m or less specific /imulus & m or less def9ite response4 ,! old faculties came n[ to be look$ on z descriptive t]ms = c]ta9 r g5]al & ab/ract$ *>act]i/ics ( ^! multitud9\s & detail$ reaction t5d5cies1 r ?an z 9 !mselves ag5ts or p[]s or =ces1 z !y 7 =m]ly conceiv$4 ,dur+ ?is *ange 9 !oretical description & cont9u+ into our pres5t era ( compromise & revision1 me?ods 7 develop$ ( measur+ ! am\nt & quality1 or1 m simply conceiv$1 ! spe$1 /r5g? & regul>ity ( m5tal & motor ability4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! =m ( exp]im5ts on s5sory discrim9ation1 reaction "t & imag]y type1 & comb9$ ) physiological measurem5ts ( motor /r5g?1 rapidity & fatigue1 ^! exp]im5ts develop$1 9 c]ta9 h&s1 into :at are n[ kn[n z m5tal te/s4 ,s9ce ! pr9ciple & me?od ( m5tal & physical te/s is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t /atus ( vocational psy*ology1 & s9ce ! "w ( ! imm$iate future seems de/9$ to develop ma9ly 9 ?is same direction1 we may pr(itably consid] at ?is po9t ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! m5tal te/4 ,we may lat] take up ! g5]al pr9ciple & !ory ( ! te/ z an in/rum5t ( psy*ological analysis & diagnosis1 ) special ref]5ce to ! requirem5ts & implications ( su* te/s z may be ( s]vice 9 vocational psy*ology4 ,we %all !n be 9 position to review ! special vocational te/s t h z yet be5 propos$1 to evaluate _! out/&+ results1 & to po9t to "s ( ! m imm$iate prospects & problems "u consid]ation by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! application ( psy*ological te/s 9 vocational analysis & guidance4 ,we may beg9 ) an acc\nt ( ! fir/ def9ite attempt to explore sy/ematically ! p]sonality ( individuals by ! me?od ( te/s4 ,! ,columbia ,fre%man ,te/s are ( especial int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( vocational psy*ology1 s9ce 9 _! =mulation & plan explicit ?\ght 0 giv5 to ! practical use to :i* ! results ( te/s might be put by ! individuals exam9$1 & by ! /ati/ical /udy ( ! results by /ud5ts ( ! subject4 ,9 #ahid1 "u ! guidance ( ,pr(essor ,cattell1 !re 0 in/itut$ ! plan ( te/+ ! /ud5ts ( ,columbia ,college dur+ _! fir/ & f\r? academic ye>s4 ,a description ( ! te/s employ$ 0 publi%$ by ,cattell & ,f>r& 9 #ahif1 & a /ati/ical /udy ( results 0 publi%$ by ,wissl] 9 #aija4 ,! motive back ( ^! te/s is well express$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph :i* 0 also us$ z mat]ial = a te/ ( logical memory3 ,te/s su* z we are n[ mak+ are ( value bo? = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & = ! in=mation ( ! /ud5t :o is te/$4 ,x is ( importance = sci5ce to le>n h[ p diff] & on :at factors ^! diff]5ces dep5d4 ,if we c dis5tangle ! complex influ5ces ( h]$ity & environm5t we may be able to apply our k to guide human developm5t4 ,!n x is well = ea* ( u to "k 9 :at way he diff]s f o!rs4 ,we may ?us 9 "s cases correct defects & develop aptitudes :i* we might o!rwise neglect4 ,! nature ( ^! ,columbia te/s & ! me?od ( record+ & report+ !m are indicat$ 9 ! =ms :i* 7 pr9t$ & us$ = ?is special purpose4 7,samples ( ^! are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix47 ,!y are giv5 "h n s mu* = ! sake ( ! enum]ation ( ! te/s1 s9ce _m ( ^! are no long] 9 common use1 b because ( _! hi/oric int]e/s = vocational psy*ology & because ( ! g5]al plan outl9$ 9 !m4 ,9 g5]al ?is plan is t ( accumulat+ measurem5ts ( a l>ge numb] ( individuals & ?us %[+ ea* "o h[ he comp>es ) ! normal or av]age1 or :]e he /&s 9 ! g5]al curve ( di/ribution ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,^! te/s 7 appli$ to ! same individuals on _! entrance to & _! graduation f college1 9 ord] to indicate *anges t might h be5 made dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iod4 ,especially int]e/+ also are o!r blanks conta9+ additional data1 su* z age1 heal?1 physical *>act]i/ics1 physiognomic features1 enum]ation ( /igmata1 etc4 ,9 addition to ! te/s & measurem5ts1 ! exam9]1 bo? be=e & aft] ! int]view1 record$ 8 g5]al impression ( ! individual1 9 ! t]ms indicat$ on ! blank =m4 ,we %all h occasion to ref] to ^! judgm5ts ( g5]al impression 9 m detail :5 we come to consid] ! use ( ! int]view & ! te/imonial 9 vocational psy*ology4 ,acc\nt 0 also tak5 ( ! gymnasium records ( ! /ud5t1 z to nationality1 bir?1 p>5tage1 habits1 heal?1 etc4 ,! ,columbia te/s may be ?\ght ( z repres5tative ( sev]al simil> projects develop$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,g]many1 ,france & ,engl& by _m work]s4 ,! names ( ,galton1 ,cattell1 ,kraepel91 ,b9et1 ,h5ri1 & ,ja/r[ /& out conspicu\sly 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( m5tal te/s4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 ?us ! inv5tion1 description & trial ( a great numb] ( miscellane\s te/s1 ) little analysis ( ! te/s !mselves1 ! nature ( ! functions te/$ by !m1 or _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,aside f ! /rictly motor & physical te/s ^? devis$ 7 ma9ly ( s-call$ intellectual "*3 measurem5ts ( spe$ & accuracy ) :i* c]ta9 def9ite tasks c\ld be accompli%$4 ,!y 71 moreov]1 v simple 9 "*1 n necess>ily relat$ to ! "w ( daily life1 ) only a s+le or b a few trials made on ea* individual4 ,te/s ( affective & volitional factors 7 sl[] 9 develop+4 ,little acc\nt 0 tak5 ( int]e/s1 in/9ctive & emotional *>act]i/ics1 attitudes1 adaptation1 me?ods ( attack1 limits ( ability aft] practice1 or _m o!r aspects ( individuality :i* lat] "w has %[n to be important4 ,! next /ep 9 ! developm5t ( te/s consi/$ 9 ! coop]ative ef=t to /&>dize ! nature & me?ods1 ! conditions & mode ( record4 ,_m h&s _h "p 9 ?is process1 until 9 rec5t ye>s1 ?r\gh publication1 comp>ison & discussion ( ! subject1 fairly uni=m pr9ciples ( te*nique1 record1 & treatm5t ( measures h be5 agre$ ^u4 ,?is made possible ! comp>ison ( results secur$ by diff]5t inve/igators1 & facilitat$ ! /ati/ical treatm5t ( ! data1 s t lat] "w might pr(it by :at _h already be5 tri$ or accompli%$ by e>li] work]s4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( ?is sort ( coop]ative "w1 ano!r s]ies ( /udies 0 inaugurat$ to attempt :at has come to be kn[n z te/+ ! te/s4 ,^! /udies proce$$ by exam9+ into ! degree to :i* ! v>i\s te/s correlate ) ea* o!r1 ) o!r indications ( ! individual's ability1 ) age1 sex1 heal?1 education1 s*ool /&+1 special tra9+1 etc4 ,su* que/ions z ! foll[+ w sugge/ ! problems involv$ 9 te/+ ! te/s4 #a4 ,:i* ( ! v>i\s te/s correlate ) ea* o!r8 #b4 ,:at correlation exi/s betwe5 m5tal & motor abilities8 #c4 ,d ! te/s measure fundam5tal qualities or g5]al p[]s ( ! individual1 or specializ$ capacities1 or p]haps ma9ly ! effect ( g5]al or special tra9+8 #d4 ,if !y measure g5]al qualities1 :i* ( ! exi/+ te/s are ! be/ = ?is purpose8 #e4 ,h[ _m trials are ne$$ to af=d a reliable index ( ! individual's ability8 #f4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal incid5tal factors t influ5ce ! result ( te/s8 #g4 ,:i* te/s are mo/ easily influ5c$ or di/urb$ by extrane\s factors8 #h4 ,c te/s ( ! simpl] laboratory type be us$ to indicate ! individual's ability z %[n 9 8 daily "w & play8 #i4 ,h[ simple or complex %\ld ! v>i\s te/s be 9 ord] to give ! be/ results8 #aj4 ,h[ _m te/s1 & :i*1 are requir$ to give a fairly correct picture ( ! individual's psy*ological make-up8 #aa4 ,to :at degree d prelim9>y trials indicate ! f9al capacity ( an individual8 #ab4 ,does ! int]correlation ( te/s *ange 9 any way ) practice1 repetition1 & famili>ity ) ! mat]ial8 #ac4 ,j :at m5tal functions may ! p>ticul> te/s be said to measure8 #ad4 ,h[ important are ^! functions 9 practical1 educational & vocational life8 #ae4 ,by :at am\nts & 9 :at v>i\s ways d individuals diff] among !mselves 9 su* abilities z ! te/s measure8 #af4 ,are !re o!r important aspects ( psy*ological con/itution & equipm5t = :i* !re n[ exi/ no adequate te/s8 ,! inve/igation ( ^! num]\s problems has result$ 9 ! accumulation ( a consid]able lit]ature ( m5tal te/s4 ,_m ( ! e>li] =ms ( te/s 7 ab&on$ because ( _! unsatisfactory or mean+less "*4 ,o!rs h be5 reta9$ & improv$ 9 =m1 & _m new ones are con/antly be+ devis$ & elaborat$1 describ$ & /&>diz$4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$1 ! in/ructions to be giv51 & ! me?ods ( record & int]pretation h be5 pres5t$ 9 v>i\s books & manuals4 ,! te/s h be5 develop$ = m & m complex functions1 & n[ relate n only to relatively simple capacities b to highly elaborate & subtle =ms ( a*ievem5t4 ,z rapidly z is consi/5t ) accuracy1 norms & /&>ds ( p]=mance = diff]5t ages1 s*ool grades1 vocational requirem5ts1 etc41 are be+ accumulat$ & report$4 ,typical *>ts ( age norms 9 select$ te/s are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,z ! te/s h ?us develop$ !y h be5 organiz$ = a v>iety ( special purposes1 su* z = s*ool measurem5t1 educational diagnosis1 cl9ical exam9ation1 laboratory exp]im5t1 & m rec5tly = ! purposes ( vocational guidance & selection4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! to develop sy/ematically1 & also ! ones ) ! mo/ imm$iate vocational application1 are ! grad$ intellig5ce scales1 :i* %all be our next conc]n4 ,,grad$ ,,intellig5ce ,,scales ,,& ,,norms ,an important /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( g5]al te/s is repres5t$ by ! accumulation ( norms & /&>ds ( p]=mance = ! diff]5t select$ te/s1 & ! arrangem5t ( scales ( te/s ) increas+ difficulty1 z fur!r aids 9 fix+ ! individual's /atus4 ,aft] a /&>diz$ & te/$ =m ( te/ has be5 select$1 norms ( p]=mance are accumulat$ by apply+ ! te/ to l>ge numb]s ( p]sons ( ! same g5]al type4 ,! classification may be on ! basis ( age1 s*ool grade1 occupation1 nationality1 etc4 ,9 ?is way x becomes possible to det]m9e = a giv5 individual h[ he comp>es ) o!r memb]s ( 8 gr\p2 :e!r he is above or bel[ ! av]age1 & h[ f>2 :e!r he w\ld belong among ! be/ t51 or ! poore/ t51 or ! ?ird t51 etc41 ( "o hundr$ select$ at r&om4 ,su* norms also reveal to :at degree ! te/$ ability v>ies ) ! o!r factors1 on ! basis ( :i* ! gr\p 0 select$1 z age1 sex1 education1 size1 heal?1 race1 etc4 ,z rapidly z reliable norms are e/abli%$1 x becomes possible to select = ea* age1 s*ool grade1 occupation1 etc41 a set ( te/s :i* ! av]age p]son ( t age1 s*ool+ or call+ %\ld be able to p]=m to a c]ta9 kn[n degree ( pr(ici5cy4 ,failure to accompli% ?is indicates p]=mance l[] ?an t expect$ & 9 s f> z success is dep5d5t solely on m5tal ability1 indicates inf]ior capacity4 ,simil>ly1 ability to d m ?an ! av]age or normal record requires indicates a capacity t is precoci\s1 r>e1 & sup]ior4 ,9 ?is way are d]iv$ /&>d grad$ scales :i* repres5t a decid$ advance 9 ! sci5ce ( psy*ological diagnosis4 ,!re are ?ree r diff]5t =ms 9 :i* attempts h be5 made to secure su* scales4 ,9 "o =m ! scale consi/s ( a s]ies ( /eps1 ea* /ep consi/+ ( diff]5t sorts ( p]=mance2 t is1 diff]5t te/s or tasks are us$4 ,^! tasks are arrang$ 9 gr\ps1 ea* gr\p repres5t+ te/s :i* %\ld be pass$ acceptably by individuals ( ! giv5 age1 s*ool grade1 etc4 ,9 ano!r =m ( scale ! type ( task is ! same ?r\gh\t1 b ! diff]5t po9ts on ! scale are repres5t$ by increas+ly difficult specim5s ( mat]ial4 ,! scale ?us pres5ts grad$ /eps ( difficulty 9 do+ ! same g5]al sort ( ?+4 ,9 ! ?ird =m ! task rema9s precisely ! same ?r\gh\t1 & p]=mance is measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! "t 9 :i* ! task c be complet$ & ! accuracy :i* is display$4 ,sometimes1 9 scales ( ?is type1 al?\gh ! in/ructions are always ! same1 ! te/ is p]=m$ ) v>y+ degrees ( approximation to a qualitative /&>d1 & ! /eps may !n consi/ ( ^! grad$ qualitative a*ievem5ts4 ,z repres5tative ( ! fir/ =m ( scale we may ref] to ! widely us$ ,b9et-,simon scale = ! det]m9ation ( m5tal age4 ,:atev] we mean by intellig5ce1 x is a *>act]i/ic :i* is ess5tial to vocational activity4 ,x is fur!rmore a *>act]i/ic :i* normally t5ds to increase 9 its degree or manife/ation f infancy up to at lea/ t5 or twelve ye>s ( age4 ,beyond t po9t !re are1 to be sure1 /rik+ individual diff]5ces 9 t *>act]i/ic :i* we call intellig5ce1 b beyond ?is po9t x does n seem s dep5d5t on ! physical age ( ! organism4 ,five-ye>-old *ildr5 t5d to be pretty mu* alike 9 intellig5ce4 ,at lea/1 ! *ange f five ye>s to sev5 ye>s is commonly att5d$ by v app>5t gr[? 9 ?is respect1 & a five-ye>-old is m l o!r five-ye>-olds 9 ! ?+s he c d ?an he is l sev5-ye>-olds4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation %[ t ! ages up to t5 or twelve t5d to indicate r def9ite m5tal /atus1 9 ! long run1 al?\gh1 to be sure1 *ildr5 ( a giv5 age v>y consid]ably f "o ano!r4 ,b beyond ?is po9t ! age ( an individual is n by any means an indication ( ! sort or degree ( ability to be expect$ ( him4 ,! fur!r we g beyond ?is po9t1 ! less significant becomes ! m]e /atem5t ( ! individual's age4 ,we may ?us indicate ! m5tal atta9m5t ( a *ild ( less ?an twelve ye>s by /at+ ! av]age age ( *ildr5 :o c d ! ?+s1 "k ! facts1 display ! abilities t he c4 ,?is figure we w use to indicate 8 m5tal age z di/+ui%$ f 8 *ronological or physical or actual age4 ,a record-blank :i* enum]ates ! te/s compris+ ! ,b9et-,simon scale is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,^? :o may be int]e/$ 9 us+ ?is or simil> scales %\ld famili>ize !mselves ) "s ( ! _m books & manuals t h be5 writt5 conc]n+ !m1 ! me?ods ( us+ !m1 _! *>act]i/ic results & _! evaluation4 ,^! scales w be aga9 consid]$ 9 a lat] section1 :5 we discuss ! measures ( g5]al intellig5ce z !y relate to vocational guidance & selection4 ,o!r scales ?an ! ,b9et-,simon s]ies h be5 propos$1 & ?is s]ies has itself und]gone modifications at ! h&s ( lat] inve/igators--*anges calculat$ to r5d] x m reliable & adaptable4 ,mu* "w is n[ be+ done 9 ! attempt to develop scales or sets ( te/s :i* w reveal *>act]i/ic diff]5ces among p ^: m5tality has gone beyond ! po9t :i* ! juv5ile scales rea*4 ,! "w ( ,trabue 9 /&>diz+ ! completion te/ s t individuals may be quantitatively comp>$ on ! basis ( x may s]ve z an example ( ! second =m ( scale4 ,?is p>ticul> te/ consi/s 9 requir+ ! individual to supply mean+ful words or phrases 9 ! blank spaces =m$ by mutilat+ logical text4 ,x is simil> to ! simple ex]cise sometimes f\nd 9 elem5t>y text books ( gramm> & spell+4 ,x seems t ! ability to supply ! miss+ words or phrases quickly 9 su* mutilat$ mat]ial calls = ! ex]cise ( a type ( ability :i* correlates to a high degree ) mo/ o!r measures ( intellig5ce4 ,individual diff]5ces z %[n by s*ool grades1 age1 op9ion ( tea*]s1 e/imates ( associates1 results ( o!r m5tal te/s1 etc41 are readily & ) consid]able reliability reveal$ 9 ! individual's ability to p]=m ?is type ( te/4 ,?is inve/igator has1 aft] mu* prelim9>y labor1 con/ruct$ a =m ( ?is te/ 9 :i* ! mat]ial gradually increases 9 difficulty f beg9n+ to end4 ,effici5cy 9 ! te/ may be measur$ by ! po9t "o c rea* 9 ! text 9 a giv5 "t4 ,?is te/ has be5 /&>diz$1 n on ! basis ( physical age1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,b9et-,simon scale1 b on ! basis ( s*ool grade1 f ! second grade ?r\gh ! high s*ool1 "s f\r or six ye>s beyond ! po9t :]e ! ,b9et-,simon scale ceases to be useful4 ,a copy ( ?is te/ is also giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,^? :o wi% to use x %\ld consult ! orig9al description ( x1 = te*nique1 precautions1 norms1 & int]pretation4 ,a good example ( ! ?ird =m ( scale is to be f\nd 9 ,sylve/]'s /&>dization ( ! =m-bo>d te/4 ,! =m-bo>d is "o ( ! mo/ useful te/s 9 detect+ intellectual defect t is s pron\nc$ z to con/itute ! individual a m5tal defective4 ,out ( a solid base bo>d are cut v>i\s geometrical =ms1 su* z diamonds1 />s1 squ>es1 triangul> blocks1 etc4 ,^! blocks are plac$ alongside ! base f :i* !y h be5 cut4 ,! task is t ( replac+ all ! blocks 9 _! appropriate places1 ) ! greate/ possible spe$4 ,! te/ t5ds to reveal *>act]i/ic defects 9 und]/&+ in/ructions1 p]ceiv+ ! g5]al & specific situations1 pr(it+ by exp]i5ce1 recogniz+ =m & size & o!r space relations1 etc4 ,! individual may "w bl9d-fold$ or may use 8 eyes4 ,9 ! /&>diz$ =m ! sizes1 %apes & positions are uni=mly adopt$ & ! te*nique ( in/ruction & proc$ure is specifi$4 ,"u ^! conditions ! "t requir$ to complete ! task by normal *ildr5 ( ! ages five to f\rte5 ye>s has be5 record$4 ,sylve/] pres5ts a curve bas$ on ! exam9ation ( #a1ecg normal *ildr54 ,! curve %[s ! av]age "t ( p]=mance = ea* age & also indicates ! range ( p]=mance = ea* age4 ,9 ! case ( a giv5 individual x is ?us easy1 by ref]r+ to ! /&>d table ( norms1 to det]m9e :e!r he is up to ! normal record = 8 age1 :e!r he is )9 ! normal range ( v>iation = ?is age1 & h[ defici5t or precoci\s he may be 9 ?is respect4 ,tables ( ?is type are n[ be+ accumulat$ = a great v>iety ( s+le /&>d te/s4 ,9 addition to scales ( ?is type1 :i* proce$ by sett+ = ! individual a grad$ s]ies ( tasks & det]m9+ 8 success 9 _! accompli%m5t1 !re is a fur!r type ( grad$ scale :i* is n[ repres5t$ by sev]al /&>d specim5s4 ,?is is ! type ( scale :i* is design$ to af=d an in/rum5t = ! measurem5t ( su* products z ! actual "w ( ! individual incid5tally yields4 ,?orndike's ,scale = ! ,measurem5t ( ,h&writ+ is ! model on :i* _m ( ! lat] scales ( ?is type h be5 bas$4 ,9 ?is scale actual specim5s ( h&writ+ are arrang$ 9 a graduat$ s]ies 9 su* a way t ! /eps f specim5 to specim5 are equally appreciable or noticeable1 & 9 ?is s5se uni=m4 ,:5 su* a scale ext5ds f an actual z]o po9t1 x is possible to measure ! quality ( h&writ+ 9 q ! same way z t 9 :i* "o measures ! height ( an individual or ! l5g? ( a table4 ,! quantitative measure consi/s 9 ! /atem5t ( ! numb] ( /ages :i* int]v5e betwe5 t quality ( product repres5t$ by ! specim5 & ! z]o po9t ( ! scale4 ,! position assign$ to ! specim5 be+ measur$ is det]m9$ by mov+ ! specim5 along ! grad$ s]ies ( /&>ds until a po9t is rea*$ :]e ! specim5 seems1 on ! basis ( direct inspection1 to belong4 ,su* scales h be5 =mulat$ = v>i\s special =ms ( s*ool "w1 su* z h&writ+1 draw+1 ari?metic1 lit]>y composition1 me*anical con/ruction1 etc4 ,by su* means x is possible n only to measure ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! work]1 b also 8 actual ability 9 creat+ a def9ite type ( product4 ,!re seems to be no limit to ! possibilities ( scales ( ?is =m1 & _! value 9 det]m9+ ! m def9ite & p>ticul> capacities1 :e!r f ! po9t ( view ( orig9al end[m5t or f ! po9t ( view ( ! effects ( tra9+1 is obvi\s4 ,^! v>i\s scales = measur+ g5]al intellig5ce h be5 us$ *iefly = ! purposes ( educational diagnosis1 9 det]m9+ ! degree ( backw>dness ( *ildr5 9 ! grades1 _! ne$ = special educational att5tion1 or ! hopelessness ( fur!r p$agogical ef=t ) !m4 ,b x is obvi\s at once t te/s ( ?is type are ( great use to an employ] 9 elim9at+1 f among ! c&idates = "w1 ^? :o are hopelessly m5tally defective1 feeble-m9d$1 & irresponsible4 ,!re are _m sorts ( "w 9 :i* ! employm5t ( feeble-m9d$ p]sons1 unrecognizable z su* by _! physical traits or by a casual inspection1 n only entails loss & annoyance b may con/itute a positive dang] & con/ant m5ace to ^? :o rely on ! defective individual4 ,su* "w z t ( deliv]y boys1 mess5g]s1 dome/ic s]vants1 nurses1 elevator op]ators1 driv]s1 motorm51 etc41 may be cit$ z in/ances ( "w into :i* ! feeble-m9d$ easily slip1 unless !re is "s /&>diz$ means ( recogniz+ !m4 ,! importance ( detect+ ^! incompet5ts & keep+ !m f "w 9 :i* _! irresponsibility means economic wa/e & p]sonal & social dang] is ( di/9ct vocational int]e/4 ,/udies ( cases br\ght to ! ,cle>+ ,h\se = ,m5tal ,defectives 9 ,new ,york ,city %[ t ( ! fir/ two hundr$ & eighty-"o feeble-m9d$ wom5 ( *ild-be>+ age1 ab\t two-?irds _h be5 engag$ 9 "s =m ( economic labor 9 :i* _! incompet5ce 0 di/9ctly dang]\s to ^? associat$ ) !m4 ,! foll[+ table %[s h[ ^! two hundr$ & eighty-"o feeble-m9d$ wom5 _h be5 employ$3 ,liv+ at home & assi/+ at simple tasks #id ,dome/ic s]vice 7families1 b>s1 hotels1 etc47 #fg ,engag$ 9 factory op]ations #ba ,liv+ 9 in/itutions1 re=matories1 asylums #bj ,pro/itutes #cj ,laundresses #e ,work+ 9 /ores1 cl]k+1 err&s1 etc4 #e ,nursemaids #i ,odd jobs #f ,m>ri$ & keep+ h\se #aa ,h\sework1 ) relatives #ac ,! inve/igators orig9ally report+ ^! data write z foll[s3 ,^! defective wom5 _h borne eighty-n9e illegitimate *ildr51 :i* 7 ackn[l$g$ & c\ld be some:at def9itely locat$1 & sixte5 wom5 7 illegitimately pregnant at ! "t ( _! exam9ation at ! ,cle>+ ,h\se4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ! two hundr$ & eighty-"o _h m>ri$ & ^! _h borne =ty-six legitimate *ildr54 ,! av]age m5tal age ( ! illegitimate mo!rs 0 n9e ye>s4 ,! employm5t ( feeble-m9d$ wom5 z dome/ics1 factory op]atives1 laundresses1 cl]ks1 & nursemaids con/itutes n only a nuisance to ! g5]al public1 b a real s\rce ( ineffici5cy & dang] to ! community4 ,grad$ scales = ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce w h amply repaid ! labor devot$ to _! =mulation if !y aid u 9 ! prop] segregation & vocational sup]vision ( ! m5tally defective4 ,! feeble-m9d$ boy is m likely to be obs]v$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 because ( ! m /rictly competitive types ( "w into :i* boys cu/om>ily g1 b x is f> f realiz$ h[ mu* loss ( prop]ty1 life1 & g5]al happ9ess is entail$ ^u ! community by ! indiscrim9ate employm5t ( unte/$ boys & m5 z float+ employees4 ,b ! vocational value ( ! grad$ intellig5ce scales & norms is n limit$ to ! "w ( detect+ & elim9at+ ! feeble-m9d$4 ,_m ( ! te/s z n[ /&>diz$ yield measures ( intellig5ce1 capacity & compreh5sion rang+ f> above ! level :i* con/itutes ! bord]l9e ( m5tal defect4 ,"s ( !m rea* some:at high] ?an ! av]age intellig5ce & capacity ( ! college fre%man4 ,x is ?us possible1 ?r\gh ! use ( ! grad$ scales1 to measure 9 quantitative t]ms ! g5]al intellig5ce z well z v>i\s m special capacities ( applicants & c&idates = positions = :i* g5]al intellig5ce is ! *ief requisite4 ,su* te/s are n[ us$ 9 _m places 9 ! selection ( cl]ical work]s1 telephone op]ators1 /5ograph]s1 waitresses1 motorm51 salesm51 (fice help1 inspectors1 wat*m51 soldi]s1 & special types ( factory work]s4 ,?us ,trabue reports a /udy 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,scott te/$ ?irty effici5cy exp]ts employ$ by a l>ge indu/rial conc]n 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,t5 psy*ological te/s 7 us$1 includ+ a completion te/4 ,! m5 7 also judg$ on ! basis ( _! relative abilities by ! memb]s ( ! firm4 ,! comb9$ te/s correlat$ ) ! comb9$ judgm5ts1 giv+ ! v high coeffici5t ( 4#hg4 ,! completion te/ alone yield$ a coeffici5t ( 4#fd4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( vocational selection we may expect ! pr9ciple ( ! grad$ intellig5ce scale to become increas+ly valuable z m & m norms are e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ def9ite contribution ( vocational psy*ology is ?us n s mu* t[>d ! guidance ( ! individual work] z = ! guidance ( ! employ] :o may be requir$ to select f a numb] ( applicants ^? ^: g5]al intellectual equipm5t is mo/ adequate4 ,b we %all lat] h occasion to po9t out a fur!r contribution :i* ?is makes possible1 9 s f> z x may enable u to classify ! op]ations involv$ 9 v>i\s types ( "w & to align ^! op]ations & tasks along ! g5]al intellig5ce scale4 ,su* alignm5t w enable u to specify ! approximate degree ( g5]al intellig5ce :i* a giv5 position dem&s1 & ?us1 9 ! case ( ! simpl] tasks1 af=d a means ( vocational guidance z well z vocational selection4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,psy*ographic ,,me?ods ,,! ,,individual ,,psy*ograph ,ano!r application ( m5tal te/s has a v direct int]e/ = vocational psy*ology4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! psy*ograph1 z x is commonly call$4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man psy*ologi/s especially h be5 active 9 advocat+ ! practice ( submitt+ to c>eful & detail$ exp]im5tal exam9ation ! physical & m5tal *>act]i/ics ( m5 :o h a*iev$ m>k$ success 9 _! *os5 vocations4 ,by ! application ( ?is cl9ical me?od to m5 ( sup]ior atta9m5t x is hop$ t light may be ?r[n on ! psy*ological f\ndations ( _! g5ius &1 9 g5]al1 on ! relation betwe5 m5tal traits1 z %[n 9 ! results ( psy*ological te/s1 & actual success 9 life's "w4 ,?is psy*ographic me?od repres5ts ! e>lie/ me?odical attempt to diff]5tiate ! v>i\s vocations f "o ano!r on ! basis ( special aptitudes & *>act]i/ics1 z di/+ui%$ f ! factor ( g5]al intellig5ce4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,t\l\se has already publi%$ reports ( su* exam9ations or psy*ographs 9 ! cases ( ,zola1 ,dal\1 & ,h5ri ,po9c>e4 ,x is ! int5tion ( ?is inve/igator to cont9ue ?is l9e ( "w1 utiliz+ f "t to "t su* ref9em5ts ( te*nique z may be available4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! psy*ographic me?od1 an acc\nt ( ! /udy ( ! em95t ma!matician1 ,po9c>e1 may be giv5 9 "s detail4 ,! inve/igation ( ,po9c>e took acc\nt ( su* special topics z h]$ity1 developm5t1 physical condition1 s5sory acuity1 v>i\s k9ds ( memory1 att5tion1 imag]y1 reaction "t1 association ( ideas1 language & h&writ+1 "*1 habits & op9ions4 ,al?\gh ! te/s foll[$ a te*nique :i* ! inve/igator recogniz$ to h be5 q imp]fect & fragm5t>y1 !y are said to h yield$ results q suffici5t to *>act]ize ! intellectual type ( ! man4 ,! acc\nt ( ! te/s is foll[$ by a syn!sis 9 :i* is attempt$ a g5]al picture ( ,po9c>e's type & an int]pretation ( ! conditions ( inv5tion & speculative g5ius4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( h]$ity1 developm5t & g5]al vital *>act]i/ics ,po9c>e 0 f\nd to resemble mo/ 8 "m & gr&mo!r1 :o1 ) collat]al relatives1 are said to h %[n special aptitude 9 ma!matical calculation4 ,sev]al male memb]s ( ! family h _h successful c>e]s 9 neurology1 law1 meteorology1 politics & ma!matics4 ,po9c>e's developm5t 0 n precoci\s1 al?\gh he 0 bright & %[$1 :5 q "y1 ma!matical ability ( an unusual ord]4 ,8 hi/ory1 up ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 at :i* "t he 0 elect$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 0 n unlike t ( _m o!r ma!maticians ^: fre$om f ! necessity ( exp]im5t all[s !m to make rapid progress4 ,he 0 at "o "t tr\bl$ ) rheumatism1 & 9 8 *ildhood suff]$ f an attack ( diph!ria1 foll[$ by p>alysis4 ,?is attack is said to h pr(\ndly modifi$ 8 n]v\s sy/em1 p]haps provid+ ! neuropa?ic basis = traits %[n lat] 9 life1 su* z awkw>dness1 re/lessness1 flighty att5tion1 di/ractibility & g5]al s5sori-motor defici5cy4 ,a physical exam9ation :i* dealt ma9ly ) an?ropometric measurem5ts1 /r5g? te/s1 & ) an inquiry into habits ( eat+1 sleep+1 & ! use ( n>cotics1 reveal$ no?+ v unusual4 ,po9c>e _h head measurem5ts some:at l>g] ?an ! av]age4 ,he 0 tr\bl$ ) indige/ion1 also ) insomnia4 ,he did n use tobacco1 & indulg$ only sp>+ly 9 w9e & c(fee4 ,he 0 able to "w = b f\r h\rs a day1 9 two-h\r p]iods1 & ! t5d5cy to automatisms & ! p]sev]ance ( psy*ic activity compell$ him to cease "w = "s "t be=e retir+4 ,he dislik$ muscul> ex]cise except = ! automatic processes involv$ 9 walk+4 ,8 abs5t-m9d$ness 0 a matt] ( common comm5t among 8 associates4 ,! exam9ation ( 8 s5sory & motor capacity %[$ ,po9c>e to h be5 r feeble f a s5sory po9t ( view4 ,he>+ 0 defective = l[ tones1 b auditory ori5tation & localization 7 fair4 ,he 0 %ortsight$1 b _h no a/igmatism2 te/s ( ! field ( vision %[$ no abnormality4 ,muscul> weakness ( ! eyes 0 pres5t1 :i* l$ to accommodation spasms4 ,8 g5]al bodily movem5ts 7 *>act]iz$ by unc]ta9ty1 irregul>ity1 awkw>dness & hesitancy1 & 8 muscul> reflexes 7 prom95t4 ,! great] numb] ( ! te/s _h to d ) m /rictly m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,po9c>e _h no visual images or memories1 except 9 ! transition /ate betwe5 wak+ & sleep+1 :5 he _h frequ5t visual halluc9ations ( rem>kable di/9ctness4 ,9 8 wak+ life he reli$ *iefly on motor images & t5d5cies1 ?9k+ ( geometrical =ms 9 t]ms ( optical or manual movem5ts4 ,he _h no visual s*emes1 b repres5t$ "t1 9 8 ?9k+1 by a rotation ( ! eyes on _! axes4 ,9 8 y\? he _h pron\nc$ color$ he>+1 :i* 0 evok$ n by ! =m b by ! s\nd ( lett]s & words4 ,he _h no o!r syne/hesias4 ,te/s ( recognition memory = l5g? ( l9es1 reproduction ( draw+s se5 once1 etc41 are said to h %[n exceptional memory capacity4 ,! memories 7 held ) ! aid ( motor imag]y1 & ! reproduction 0 (t5 n f ! image b on ! basis ( an analysis ( ! mat]ial :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to him4 ,he _h a memory span = digits ( ab\t elev51 z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y record ( ab\t eight4 ,9 ! case ( lett]s he _h an auditory memory span ( n9e1 & a visual span ( sev54 ,me*anical memory did n seem to be p>ticul>ly good1 & mu* emphasis is laid on ,po9c>e's t5d5cy to use memory devices :5 rememb]+ ?is non-logical mat]ial2 he employ$ analysis & incid5tal s*emes :5ev] possible4 ,he _h a rem>kable facility 9 m5tal calculation1 :i* is said n to be ! rule ) ma!maticians4 ,9 te/s ( logical memory he 0 sup]ior to bo? ,zola & ,dal\1 & "h aga9 8 memory 0 f\nd to be analytical & artificial r ?an me*anical4 ,all mat]ial 0 arrang$ 9 a coh]5t s*eme or sy/em1 & x 0 ?is sy/em1 r ?an ! mat]ial1 t 0 rememb]$4 ,a s]ies ( cancellation & reaction-"t te/s %[$ t ! simple s5sory reactions 7 sl[] & m regul> ?an ^? ( ! av]age p]son1 b ! motor reactions 7 mu* quick]4 ,?is accords ) previ\s indications z to ,po9c>e's g5]al motor type4 ,! mo/ significant ?+ ab\t ! reactions is said to be ! w&]+ & un/able att5tion :i* !y disclos$4 ,x 0 difficult to keep ,po9c>e's m9d on ! te/s1 because 8 att5tion con/antly w&]$ to ! app>atus4 ,9 receiv+ in/ructions = su* exp]im5ts he did n seem to compreh5d :at 0 be+ said1 b appe>$ di/ract$ & un9t]e/$4 ,?is is ! same impression he is said to h giv5 to ^? :om he met 9 8 daily relations4 ,he 0 re/less1 c\ld n rema9 9 "o position or /ay by "o task1 _h no pati5ce & ab&on$ 8 "w :5ev] x seem$ to require any volunt>y ef=t4 ,te/s ( rev]ie associations & ( free pair$ associates %[$ abs5ce ( volunt>y att5tion & pr$om9ance ( purely v]bal association t5d5cies4 ,b9et's cig>ette description te/ 0 us$1 & ,po9c>e 0 f\nd to belong to ,b9et's fir/ type ( obs]v] 7simple description1 ) no evid5ce ( reflection or judgm5t1 no display ( erudition1 no expression ( fancy or s5tim5t74 ,8 description 0 rem>kably lucid & cle>4 ,po9c>e spoke correctly1 nev] le>n$ 8 addresses by he>t1 & made few corrections ei!r 9 writ+ or 9 speak+4 ,indications ( 8 temp]am5t & type are said to be sugge/$ by 8 h&writ+4 ,po9c>e's op9ions on v>i\s topics are giv51 & sev]al peculi> habits ( daily life are record$1 *iefly = ! sake ( emphasiz+ 8 con/ant air ( di/raction1 8 impati5ce & re/lessness4 ,he lov$ music2 sket*$ a little2 did n sleep s\ndly2 & (t5 began to "w on a problem only to ab&on x 9 ! fai? t x w\ld 9 "s way solve itself unconsci\sly or t ! "r idea w\ld come spontane\sly on "s lat] occasion4 ,he (t5 began a memoir )\t hav+ any conclusion 9 m9d4 ,he (t5 wrote =mulae automatically = ! sake ( ! *ance associations :i* !y might br+4 ,^! te/s ( ,po9c>e %[$ him to pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ,zola1 ! noveli/4 ,zola's type 0 f\nd to be *>act]iz$ by prom95t volunt>y intellectual activity1 cle>ly consci\s & int5se1 conc5trat$ ef=t1 ) no t5d5cy to p]sev]ation ( ideas aft] cessation ( "w4 ,8 ?\ght1 z disclos$ by ! te/s1 0 logical1 me?odical1 & seem$ preem95tly fitt$ = ! "w ( ma!matical d$uction4 ,8 me?od ( "w 0 q ! opposite ( t ( ,po9c>e1 :o1 :5 he met ) a difficulty or ) a po9t requir+ volunt>y ef=t1 ab&on$ 8 "w or proce$$ to ano!r "p ( x :i* w\ld develop m spontane\sly4 ,! surpris+ ?+ 0 t a me?odical1 logical & p]si/5t work]1 su* z ,zola1 %\ld h become ! pr9ce ( romance t he 04 ,"o might h expect$ t ! m5tal processes ( ,po9c>e1 :i* 7 %[n to be flighty1 uncontroll$1 spontane\s1 un/able & spasmodic1 w\ld h p>ticul>ly fitt$ him = ! activity ( ! romanc]4 ,in/ead1 !y f\nd _! outlet 9 sev]e ma!matical & philosophical creation4 ,po9c>e's g5ius is ?us said to be incapable ( explanation on ! basis ( 8 s5sori-motor equipm5t1 8 imag9ation & memory1 & ! spe$ or control ( 8 psy*ic activity4 ,if 8 case is tak5 z typical1 x sugge/s ! q unexpect$ result t t5d5cy to di/raction1 automatisms1 oscillat+ att5tion1 re/lessness1 uncontroll$ association & reliance on *ance syn!ses & spontane\s ideas are significant = ! type ( g5ius requir$ 9 ma!matics & philosophical speculation4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ,po9c>e's case !y seem to h con/itut$ a def9ite me?od ( rese>*4 ,! *ief value ( ?is exam9ation ( ,po9c>e does n lie 9 ! p>ticul> results :i* x yield$1 b 9 its initiation ( su* attempts to /udy 9 a m or less intimate & int5sive way ! psy*ological processes & type ( individuals ( m>k$ a*ievem5t 9 special l9es ( "w4 ,= ! purposes ( vocational psy*ology x w\ld be valuable to "k ! ways 9 :i* su* admitt$ly sup]ior individuals z ^? n[ be+ /udi$ by ,dr4 ,t\l\se1 diff]+ z !y d 9 _! types ( a*ievem5t1 w\ld react to ! simple & complex te/s n[ employ$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce & special aptitudes4 ,x is true t ^! psy*ographic me?ods d n yet yield results :i* are suffici5t to in=m u :y ! p>ticul> individuals exam9$ 7 s mu* m successful 9 _! "w ?an 7 o!rs :o seem to h be5 equally favor$ & equally dilig5t4 ,nor h !y yet reveal$ 9 any adequate way ! nature or degree ( ! qualifications requisite = success 9 ! vocations f :i* ! repres5tative m5 h be5 select$4 ,nev]!less ! individual psy*ograph con/itutes a sugge/ive me?od ( rese>* = ! vocational psy*ology ( ! future4 ,x repres5ts ! int5sive developm5t ( ! old] type ( biography1 bas$ on direct obs]vational data r ?an on he>say1 conjecture & anecdote4 ,x is on "s v>iation ( ?is me?od t we mu/ l>gely rely 9 our ef=ts to le>n to :at degree vocational success dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( demon/rable p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 r ?an on ! accid5ts ( "t1 place & circum/ance4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! fir/ attempts to give psy*ographic acc\nts ( ! p]sonality ( individuals ( g5ius %\ld be m or less fragm5t>y1 incomplete & exp]im5tal4 ,?is has be5 due p>tly to ! rapidity ) :i* our k ( m5tal te/s has develop$1 & p>tly to ! v complex & subtle types ( a*ievem5t t[>d :i* ^! e>ly psy*ographic me?ods h be5 direct$4 ,v>i\s inve/igations are n[ "u way 9 :i* ^! same me?ods are be+ us$ 9 ! int5sive exam9ation ( individuals :o h engag$ 9 simpl] & m common =ms ( activity1 ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,9 "s ( ^! rese>*es1 = example1 m5 :o h made _! life "w ! m>ket+ ( a specific type ( commodity ?r\gh direct & p]sonal salesman%ip are be+ submitt$ to int5sive psy*ological exam9ations4 ,! problem is to discov] :e!r !re is a m or less specific & recognizable type ( p]sonality :i* *>act]izes ! successful salesman & diff]5tiates him f ! m$iocre salesman & ! utt] failure4 ,direct$ t[>d ^! m famili> & m easily accessible occupations1 ! individual psy*ograph con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ =ms ( vocational psy*ology4 ,closely relat$ to x1 ?\gh suffici5tly di/9ct 9 aim & me?od to m]it sep>ate pres5tation1 is ! me?od ( ! vocational psy*ograph1 9 :i* ! "w1 r ?an ! work]1 is made ! object ( analysis4 ,,! ,,vocational ,,psy*ograph ,closely relat$ to ! me?od ( int5sive exam9ation describ$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 & pr(itable 9 a some:at diff]5t direction1 is ! type ( psy*ograph repres5t$ 9 ,pr(essor ,sea%ore's reports on ,! ,measurem5t ( a ,s+]4 ,?is may be call$ ! vocational psy*ograph z contra/$ ) ! psy*ograph ( ! individual ( g5ius4 ,x proce$s by discov]+ fir/ ! necess>y abilities & capacities :i* a giv5 sort ( p]=mance dem&s4 ,9 ! case ( s++1 r m ?an 9 almo/ any o!r vocation1 c]ta9 def9ite & fairly id5tifiable abilities are q obvi\sly requir$1 & ! degree to :i* !y mu/ be pres5t = def9ite atta9m5ts is r m easily discov]able4 ,?us1 ,sea%ore writes3 ,musical p[] is g5]ally admitt$ to embrace c]ta9 well-recogniz$ & fairly concrete capacities4 ,9 our commonplace judgm5ts ab\t ourselves & o!rs we say3 ',i h no e> = music4' ',i _c tell a *ord f a discord4' ',i _c keep "t4' ',i h no s5se ( rhy?m4' ',i _c tell a two-/ep f a waltz4' ',i _c rememb] music4' ',i _c image s\nds4' ',i am n mov$ by music4' ',i d n enjoy music4' ,or1 if speak+ ( someone :o has musical ability1 we say3 ',he has a deep1 ri* voice4' ',he nev] =gets an air4' ',he lives 9 song4' ,su* judgm5ts h ref]5ce to g5]ally admitt$ specific factors involv$ 9 musical capacity by virtue ( a musical organization4 ,correspond+ to ^! judgm5ts ( native capacity we h judgm5ts ab\t musical education1 ab\t musical environm5t1 ab\t special influ5ces & /imuli = ! developm5t ( musical tal5t1 & ab\t te*nique & success 9 ! r5dition ( music4 ,:5 judgm5ts ( ?is k9d are bas$ ^u measurem5ts1 classifi$ & adequately int]pret$1 !y may con/itute a measure ( ! individual z a s+]4 ,! measure ( a s+] %\ld consi/ ( a relatively small numb] ( repres5tative measurem5ts ^u specific capacities & a*ievem5ts4 ,^! measurem5ts mu/ be set 9 a full survey by sy/ematic obs]vation & o!r v]ifi$ in=mation be>+ ^u ! v>iation ( ! individual z a s+]4 ,! classification ( ! measurem5ts mu/ be bas$ ^u 7#a7 ! attributes ( s\nd :i* con/itute ! objective aspect ( music1 & 7#b7 ^u fundam5tal & ess5tial processes 9 ! s+]'s appreciation & expression ( music4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! objective s\nd1 we mu/ take into acc\nt pit* 7) its complexes ( timbre & h>mony71 int5sity1 & duration4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( m5tal processes we may gr\p ! te/s "u ! heads1 s5sory1 motor1 associational1 & affective1 ea* ( ^! furni%+ natural subdivisions4 ,! writ] !n pres5ts an arrangem5t ( ^! propos$ measurem5ts 9 a program1 :i* is also recomm5d$ z ! outl9e = a sy/ematic description ( ! individual 9 8 capacity z a s+]4 ,! s5sory gr\p ( te/s includes five te/s "u pit*1 two "u int5sity1 & "o "u "t discrim9ation4 ,! motor gr\p includes sev5 te/s "u pit*1 two "u int5sity1 & f\r "u "t4 ,! associational gr\p includes two te/s "u imag]y1 ?ree "u memory1 & f\r "u ideation4 ,! affective gr\p conta9s ?ree te/s "u musical appeal1 & "o ea* "u reaction to musical effect & p[] ( int]pretation 9 s++4 ,a copy ( ?is program ( te/s is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,9 a *apt] ( 8 ,psy*ology 9 ,daily ,life1#f ,sea%ore describes ^! special te/s4 ,he indicates _! significance & sugge/s approximate norms = ^? cases = :i* !y are at pres5t available4 ,= ! accumulation ( _m ( ^! norms1 & = ! conduct ( ! te/s1 special & elaborate app>atus & me?ods are requir$4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! work]s 9 ,sea%ore's laboratory h busi$ !mselves ) ! problems conc]n$ 9 ! measurem5t & accumulation ( norms = pit* discrim9ation1 vividness ( tone imag]y1 span ( tone memory1 consonance & dissonance1 rhy?mic action1 int5sity discrim9ation1 volunt>y control ( ! pit* ( ! voice1 & ! s++ ( int]vals4 ,ref]5ce to norms ?us acquir$ %[s1 = example1 t 9 ! case ( discrim9ation 9 volunt>y control ( ! pit* ( ! voice a record ( 4#i vd4 means t ?is ability is )9 ?ree p] c5t ( ! be/ record = individuals "u simil> conditions1 & t ^? :o h su* control are ?or\ghly qualifi$ to r5d] a high class ( music 9 ?is respect2 :ile a record ( #i vd4 falls )9 eight p] c5t ( ! poore/ ability measur$1 & is *>act]i/ic ( an individual :o _c s+2 :]eas #c vd4 repres5ts ! av]age ability ( an untra9$ individual4 ,aga91 9 ano!r connection1 & ) ref]5ce ?is "t to ! discrim9ation ( tones :5 he>d1 ! same inve/igator has sugge/$ t "o :o c discrim9ate a diff]5ce1 f a giv5 /&>d pit*1 ( #c vd4 or less may become a musician2 "o ^: ?re%old falls betwe5 #c & #h vd4 %\ld h a pla9 musical education2 "o ^: discrim9ation is s poor t #i to #ag vd4 is ! measure %\ld h a pla9 musical education only if special incl9ation = "s k9d ( music is %[n2 :ile a measure ( #ah vd4 or above indicates t ! individual %\ld h no?+ to d ) music4 ,^! sugge/ions 7 propos$ = individuals ( equal age1 advancem5t & g5]al ability4 ,t is to say1 !re are b ?ree p]sons 9 a hundr$ :o1 hav+ j sung ! tone :i* is produc$ by a tun+ =k vibrat+ two hundr$ & fifty-six times p] second1 c !n volunt>ily & accurately *ange ! pit* ( ! voice to repres5t ! tone ( a =k vibrat+ #bef4i times p] second1 a *ange ( 4#i ( a vibration4 ,b fifty p]sons ( ! hundr$ c produce volunt>ily a *ange ( ?ree vibrations1 & n9ety-two ( ! hundr$ c produce ! v l>ge *ange ( n9e vibrations4 ,sea%ore1 ( c\rse1 po9ts out t 9 addition to ^! v>i\s measurem5ts1 !re mu/ be o!r measurem5ts1 /ati/ical data1 biographical in=mation1 & free obs]vations conc]n+ musical tra9+1 traits ( temp]am5t & attitude1 spontane\s t5d5cies 9 ! pursuit ( music1 g5]al education & non-musical accompli%m5ts1 social circum/ances & physique1 & t all ^! 9 _! unity mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! light ( exp]t k & exp]t te*nical insight be=e !y c be said to give an adequate e/imate ( ! p>ticul> individual's v>i\s capacities & qualifications z a s+]4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! use ( psy*ological te/s 9 connection ) musical ability %\ld famili>ize !mselves ) ! _m orig9al reports f ,sea%ore's laboratory4 ,! me?ods !re be+ foll[$ may well s]ve z models = future analyses ( vocational dem&s & individual te/s4 ,if ! highly specializ$ "w ( s++ calls = su* complex analysis & = su* v>i$ measurem5ts1 te*nical skill1 & ardu\s collection ( norms & /&>ds1 "o realizes ! utt] folly ( su* vocational c\nsel z t :i* vaguely recomm5ds ! c&idate to be a musician1 be a writ]1 etc4 ,inde$1 we may n[ beg9 to see t x is only :5 ea* p>ticul> aspect ( ea* p>ticul> call+ is ?or\ghly analyz$ into its elem5t>y requirem5ts1 :5 reliable te/s = ! detection & measurem5t ( ^! abilities are available1 & adequate norms & /&>ds accumulat$ 9 ea* case1 only !n c ! me?od ( ! vocational psy*ograph come to h practical application 9 vocational analysis & guidance4 ,h[ f>1 we may n[ ask1 has su* analysis be5 able1 z a matt] ( fact1 to proce$ ) ! repres5tative types ( "w8 ,s f> z record$ ent]prise is conc]n$ !re h be5 ?ree diff]5t ways ( attempt+ su* analyses4 ,"o ( ^! me?ods is t us$ by ! v>i\s vocational bureaus 9 endeavor+ to le>n :at type ( individual is mo/ 9 dem& 9 ! diff]5t occupations4 ,futile z ^! endeavors h be51 x is nev]!less well to h !m be=e u = our future ref]5ce & guidance4 ,9 ! ma9 ! que/ionnaire me?od has be5 us$ 9 ?is connection2 employ]s h be5 ask$ to /ate1 9 mu* _! own way1 ! necess>y or desirable m5tal & moral qualifications ( ^? :o might expect to succe$ 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( "w4 ,^! replies h be5 collat$ & attempts made to secure cl9ical pictures ( ! type ( individuals4 ,^! me?ods result 9 su* *>act]izations z ! foll[+4 ,! words specify+ ! vocation itself are omitt$1 & ! read] is invit$ to guess :i* ( ! l>ge numb] ( possible call+s is be+ describ$4 ,! girl :o ent]s ---- %\ld be able to use good language1 & %\ld dress neatly & appropriately 9 ord] to impress p agreeably4 ,%e %\ld be able to write a legible h&1 make cle> figures1 & spell correctly2 a practical k ( ari?metic1 especially fractions1 is v important4 ,prime requisites = success are int]e/ & en?usiasm & a k ( human nature4 ,! born ---- takes a vital int]e/ 9 h] ----1 9 h] ----1 & 9 h] ----4 ,%e /udies h] ----1 le>ns some?+ ( _! ----1 kn[s :at _! good po9ts are1 & is able to ---- ab\t !m intellig5tly & tru?fully4 ,%e is a good judge ( p1 & %e has ! s9c]ity & ! tact :i* enable h] to help a ---- s to ---- z to g away satisfi$ & come to h] aga94 ,su* a ---- is al]t1 en]getic1 & gives /rongly ! impression t %e is 9 h] place to ---- & !re=e nev] displays an indiff]5t mann] t[>d anyone :o may ask h] s]vice4 ,loyal to h] "w1 %e is always c\rte\s1 = loss ( temp] means loss ( ---- ----4 ,n[1 if "o b ins]t suitable words :]e ! omissions occur1 ! p>agraph rema9s equally applicable & illum9at+ :5 appli$ to any ( ! foll[+ occupations1 div]se z !y seem to be3 h\sekeep]1 waitress1 /5ograph]1 mill9]1 tea*]1 "m1 doctor1 nurse1 ca%i]1 sales-woman1 insurance ag5t1 bookkeep]1 cl9ical psy*ologi/1 private secret>y4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph is equally illum9at+3 ,if a girl wi%es to succe$ 9 ---- %e mu/ be possess$ ) intellig5ce ,h[ mu*81 good judgm5t & common s5se4 ,%e mu/ h good eyesight1 good he>+ & a good memory4 ,%e mu/ h good p]ception & be able to conc5trate h] att5tion completely on any matt] 9 h&4 ,9 addition to ^! %e mu/ be neat 9 execut+ ---- "w & accurate to ! la/ degree4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t %e h a good education4 ,x w\ld require sev]al trials to guess ( :at p>ticul> occupation ?is is a psy*ographic picture4 ,x is cle> at once t ?is me?od yields little in=mation ( ! k9d we are "h consid]+1 beyond ! catalog+ ( ! g5]al /]l+ virtues ( mank9d4 ,! peculi> & di/9ctive m5tal functions presumably involv$ 9 ! v>i\s types ( "w are j ! ones t no "o n an exp]t 9 psy*ological analysis c\ld be expect$ adequately to portray4 ,! s-call$ special qualifications1 su* z hone/y1 pati5ce1 att5tion1 neatness1 p]sev]ance1 etc41 d n repres5t elem5t>y psy*ological categories4 ,moreov]1 !y are qualifications ) :i* no legitimate sph]e ( human activity c af=d to disp5se4 ,9 ! long run !y are *>act]i/ics :i* correlate to a high degree or1 inde$1 p]haps help to make up & con/itute :at we call g5]al intellig5ce4 ,9 no case is !re any specification ( ! precise am\nt ( ^! v>i\s traits t may be ne$$4 ,s9ce ! days ( ! faculty psy*ology we h ceas$ to ?9k ( att5tion1 memory1 w1 etc41 z homog5e\s p[]s :i* play 9 a g5]al sort ( way on all sorts ( mat]ial4 ,we usually f9d t :5 an individual is inatt5tive to "o set ( facts ?is is l>gely due to 8 be+ att5tively preoccupi$ ) "s o!r set4 ,/ill fur!r1 no te/s h be5 propos$ :i* satisfactorily measure su* traits z hone/y1 p]sev]ance1 promptness4 ,nor is x c]ta9ly kn[n to :at degree su* traits are fix$ *>act]i/ics ( individuals & to :at degree !y repres5t pres5t habits & t5d5cies modifiable 9 _m ways if ! circum/ances call = su* *ange4 ,turn+ f ! employ] himself1 & 8 description ( ! ideal work]1 we may inquire :at happ5s :5 ! pr(essional psy*ologi/ und]takes ?is analysis8 ,! only case 9 :i* an exp]t psy*ologi/ has attempt$ ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,mu5/]b]g's rec5t book on ,vocation & ,le>n+4 ,x is !re po9t$ out t e act & exp]i5ce has its ?reefold aspect1 ! aspect ( kn[+1 t ( feel+1 & t ( do+4 ,correspond+ to ^! ?ree aspects1 !re are to be po9t$ out 9 ! case ( ea* occupation ! requir$ in=mation1 ! necess>y te*nical skill1 & ! special guid+ p]sonal int]e/s & social satisfactions4 ,9 ord] to cl>ify our k ( ! special ne$s ( ! v>i\s vocations1 & presumably to aid 9 ! guidance ( individuals 9 _! vocational *oices1 elev5 diff]5t repres5tative vocations are analyz$ on ?is ?reefold basis4 ,two or ?ree ( ! analyses may be giv5 "h z an indication ( ! results arriv$ at by ?is me?od at ! h&s ( ! av[$ appli$ psy*ologi/4 ,! specification ( ! p>ticul> te*nical k we ne$ n include = our purpose1 s9ce ?is consi/s ( in=mation suppli$ ?r\gh "s =m ( education4 ,! outl9e on ! foll[+ page br+s toge!r ! requisite abilities & ! impli$ motives & int]e/s1 z /at$ = ! occupations ( dome/ic work]1 ar*itect1 physician1 & j\rnali/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,occupation ,dome/ic ,work] ,ar*itect ,physician ,j\rnali/ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,abilities ,joyful "w ,e/hetic s5se,social deal+,sociability ,requir$ ,en]gy ,imag9ation ,en]gy ,en]gy ,pati5ce ,indu/ry ,discretion ,memory ,tea*+ ,draw+ ,tact ,accuracy ,economy ,model+ ,judgm5t ,judgm5t ,physique ,specification ,obs]vation ,employm5t ( m5 ,h\sekeep+ ,ar*itecture ,dissection ,typewrit+ ,sew+ ,eng9e]+ ,microscopical ,quick ,cook+ ,heat+ ,obs]vation ,expression ,nurs+ ,v5tilat+ ,psy*o!rapy ,=ceful ,h\se furni%+,con/ruction ,cl9ical /yle ,activity ,surgical ,te*nique ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,impli$ ,morality ,honor ,honor ,honor ,p]sonal ,beauty ,beauty ,tru? ,tru? ,motives ,position ,position ,position ,influ5ce & ,social,support ,fees ,fees ,sal>y ,int]e/s ,home ,life ,com=t ,influ5ce ,progress ,family ,welf>e ,progress ,com=t ( ,h\s+ ,welf>e ( ,politics ,community ,community ,education ,family ,com=t ,heal? ,in=mation ,prev5tion ( ,ent]ta9- ,disease m5t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,x is obvi\s t su* analysis is inadequate = our purpose4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! v>i\s vocations are said to be actuat$ by mu* ! same motives1 ! lead+ satisfactions be+ honor1 tru?1 position1 beauty1 progress1 fees or sal>y1 & welf>e4 ,^! enum]ations1 ( c\rse1 help u 9 no way to di/+ui% betwe5 ! p>ticul> satisfactions or int]e/s involv$ 9 ! diff]5t types ( "w4 ,q ! same ?+ is true ( ! abilities requir$4 ,mo/ ( !m call = en]gy1 indu/ry1 judgm5t & ability to deal ) p4 ,! same might be said ( prize-fight+1 plumb+ & p$dl+4 ,& d n ! j\rnali/ & ! h\sekeep] require tact z well z ! physician8 ,is x true t ! ar*itect alone1 ( ! f\r examples "h giv51 has use = imag9ation & an e/hetic s5se1 t ! dome/ic alone ne$s physical developm5t & joyfulness8 ,accuracy is p]haps m necess>y to success 9 ar*itecture ?an to ! pursuit ( j\rnalism1 :ile judgm5t1 discretion & obs]vation w\ld seem to be ( occasional value ev5 to ! h\sekeep] & ! ar*itect4 ,9 %ort1 ?is type ( analysis1 :i*1 :e!r accept$ s]i\sly or n1 repres5ts ! late/ ^w f a di/+ui%$ psy*ologi/ on ! diff]5ces among ! occupations1 gives u no m assi/ance t[>d ! basis ( a vocational psy*ograph ?an did ! catalogs ( /]l+ virtues provid$ by ! employ]s 9 _! replies to ! que/ionnaires4 ,v>i\s o!r types ( analysis h be5 propos$1 z well z diff]5t crit]ia1 on ! basis ( :i* ! occupations might be ?r[n "u "s =m ( psy*ological classification4 ,?us x has be5 po9t$ out t ! traditional di/9ctions on ! basis ( mat]ials h&l$ or type ( product produc$1 give little indication ( ! type ( activity involv$ or ( ! *>act]i/ics necess>y = success4 ,z ,s*neid] has rem>k$3 ,if a boy 7 successful 9 wood-%op "w1 he 0 told he w\ld make a good c>p5t]2 h[ev]1 wood-turn+ 9 a %op & outdoor c>p5try are dissimil> types1 :ile wood-turn+ 9 a %op & metal-turn+ 9 a %op are simil> types4 ,s*neid] has = _m ye>s consid]$ ! problems involv$ 9 adju/+ human be+s to cong5ial types ( "w1 & pref]s to classify bo? m5 & jobs on ! basis ( c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics :i* ref] m p>ticul>ly to int]e/s1 habits1 pref]5ces & simil> temp]am5tal factors ?an to ! te*nical psy*ological me*anisms employ$ 9 ! "w4 ,he writes3 ,e individual has c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics & e type ( "w requires c]ta9 broad *>act]i/ics4 ,! problem1 !n1 is to /ate ! broad *>act]i/ics1 to devise a rational me?od to discov] ^! *>act]i/ics 7or tal5ts7 9 individuals1 to classify ! types ( jobs by ! tal5ts !y require & to guide ! y\? ) c]ta9 tal5ts into ! type ( job :i* requires ^? tal5ts4 ,?is is a big problem1 b "o possible ( measurable solution1 or1 at wor/1 possible ( a solution immeasurably sup]ior to our pres5t haphaz>d me?ods4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at ,s*neid] means by broad *>act]i/ics1 take 8 di/9ction betwe5 ! settl$ & ! rov+ types4 ,!re is a type ( man :o wants to get on ! same c> e morn+1 get (f at ! same corn]1 g to ! same %op1 r+ up at ! same clock1 /[ 8 lun* 9 ! same lock]1 g to ! same ma*9e & d ! same class ( "w1 day aft] day4 ,ano!r type ( man w\ld g crazy "u ?is r\t9e2 he wants to move ab\t1 meet new p1 see & d new ?+s4 ,! fir/ is settl$2 ! second is rov+4 ,! fir/ might make a good man = a %op manufactur+ a /&>d product2 ! second might make a good railroad man or a good outdoor c>p5t]4 ,or1 aga91 consid] 8 di/9ction on ! basis ( scope4 ,!n !re are two types--"o ( :i* likes to fuss ) an intricate bit ( me*anism1 :ile ! o!r wants ! task ( big dim5sions--! wat*mak]1 ! engrav]1 ! inlay]1 ! pa9t] ( m9iatures1 on ! "o h&2 ! bridge build]1 ! /eel-mill work]1 ! tra9 dispat*]1 ! circus man on ! o!r4 ,"o has small scope1 ! o!r l>ge scope4 ,bas+ 8 analyses ma9ly on ! ent]prises ( manufacture1 con/ruction & transportation1 & recogniz+ t o!r broad *>act]i/ics w\ld probably be li/$ if diff]5t types ( occupation 7 also consid]$1 ,s*neid] gives a li/ ( sixte5 classifications :i* may be appli$ ei!r to ! individual or to ! type ( "w4 ,^! are z foll[s3 a--,physical /r5g?2 physical weakness4 b--,m5tal2 manual4 c--,settl$2 rov+4 d--,indoor2 outdoor4 e--,directive2 dep5d5t4 f--,orig9al 7creative72 imitative4 g--,small scope2 l>ge scope4 h--,adaptable2 self-c5t]$4 i--,delib]ate2 impulsive4 j--,music s5se4 k--,color s5se4 l--,manual accuracy2 manual inaccuracy4 m--,m5tal accuracy 7logic72 m5tal inaccuracy4 n--,conc5tration 7m5tal focus72 diffusion4 o--,rapid m5tal coord9ation2 sl[ m5tal coord9ation4 p--,dynamic2 /atic4 ,x mu/ be said t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s types ( "w "h enum]at$ are pretty mu* ! features :i* h 9 ! pa/ guid$ su* individuals z really *ose _! vocation r ?an f\nd x wait+ = !m1 made a r&om selection1 or seiz$ ! fir/ available opportunity4 ,! pair$ adjectives probably af=d tru] descriptions ( v>i\s types ( "w ?an !y d ( types ( individuals4 ,mo/ individuals ( "o's acqua9tance "o w\ld h to gr\p nei!r "u ! "o nor ! o!r extreme1 b 9 an av]age gr\p :i* w\ld %[ ea* ( ! oppos$ t5d5cies "u special circum/ances or w\ld %[ no p>ticul>ly m>k$ degree ( ei!r t5d5cy4 ,obs]vation ( su* individuals = long p]iods ( "t & "u a v>iety ( circum/ances w\ld be requir$ be=e ^! classifications c\ld be made out by a /rang] or by a pr(essional c\nsellor4 ,ev5 !n su* a classification c\ld h>dly be said to be psy*ological 9 any te*nical s5se ( ! ^w1 & x is n v probable t psy*ological tra9+ or exp]i5ce w\ld facilitate or r5d] m reliable su* classification4 ,! "q ( to :at degree ! individual's judgm5t ( 8 own *>act]i/ics may be reli$ on 9 su* an analysis we mu/ def] until a lat] section :]e t is tak5 up z ! ma9 subject ( discussion4 ,! reliable vocational psy*ograph1 :i* proce$s by means ( a c>eful prelim9>y analysis ( ! qualities requir$ 9 ! giv5 "w1 & uses specially adapt$ te/s ) reliable norms = _! evaluation1 is n yet available = any s+le occupation4 ,! prelim9>y analyses s f> made1 :e!r by employ]1 psy*ologi/1 or eng9e]1 give u little guidance1 & until su* guidance is =?com+ ! special adaptation ( te/s & ! accumulation ( norms & /&>ds _c make mu* practical progress4 ,! inadequacy ( ! analyses already (f]$ %\ld n disc\rage fur!r ef=t 9 ?is direction4 ,! alignm5t ( ! simple indu/rial processes along ! g5]al intellig5ce scale has already be5 begun4 ,! description ( ! m complex tasks 9 t]ms ( id5tifiable m5tal *>act]i/ics is a mu* m difficult task1 b ?is v difficulty is at once a sign ( ! importance ( ! problem4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,conduct ( ,m9d ,s]ies1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,specializ$ ,,vocational ,,te/s ,,& ,,me?ods ,! abs5ce ( complete vocational psy*ographs has n ret>d$ ! se>* = te/s :i*1 ?\gh m or less fragm5t>y1 may h vocational significance4 ,9 fact1 !re are "s tw5ty types ( "w = :i* te/s h already be5 propos$1 recomm5d$1 & m or less t5tatively tri$ out4 ,a brief acc\nt ( ^!1 ) ref]5ces to ! m complete lit]ature1 w be giv5 "h1 & "s attempt made to evaluate ! te/s !mselves4 ,sub/itutes = ! vocational psy*ograph1 9 ! way ( p>tial & sugge/ive te/s1 h be5 propos$ 9 f\r diff]5t =ms4 ,s9ce ! "w ( ! imm$iate future w probably develop along ^! same l9es1 ^! f\r =ms w be indicat$ "h1 & typical illu/rations cit$ 9 ea* case4 ,a4 ,!re is fir/ :at may be call$ ! me?od ( ! vocational m9iature4 ,"h ! entire "w1 or "s select$ & important "p ( x1 is reproduc$ on a small scale by us+ toy app>atus or 9 "s su* way duplicat+ ! actual situation :i* ! work] faces :5 engag$ at 8 task4 ,?us ,mc,comas1 9 te/+ telephone op]ators1 con/ruct$ a m9iature swit*bo>d & put ! op]ators ?r\gh actual calls & responses1 mean:ile measur+ _! spe$ & accuracy by means ( *ronometric atta*m5ts4 ,/]n & o!rs recomm5d te/s ( ! fidelity ( report ( a witness 9 c\rt by lett+ him obs]ve "s rehe>s$ sc5e1 "s motion picture repres5tation ( a s]ies ( ev5ts1 or "s pictorial portrayal ( a sc5e or episode1 & exam9+ into ! fai?fulness ) :i* he c describe :at he !re saw4 ,b4 ,closely relat$ to ?is me?od ( m9iature p]=mance is t ( tak+ an actual piece ( ! "w to be p]=m$ & sampl+ ! c&idate's ability by 8 success 9 ?is trial4 ,?us1 9 connection ) ! recomm5dation ( cl]ks & assi/ants f among ! boys 9 comm]cial high s*ools x is common to te/ _! ability f "t to "t ?r\gh\t _! c\rse by assign+ !m small pieces ( "w simil> to t :i* !y might lat] be requir$ to p]=m 9 bus9ess (fices & %ops4 ,f9d+ addresses & numb]s 9 a telephone directory1 c>ry+ out involv$ v]bal in/ructions & directions f memory1 comput+ calculations1 recomm5d+ action on ! basis ( _! figures1 mak+ out a trial balance1 a trial *emical analysis1 etc41 are common =ms ( ?is type ( te/4 ,9 c]ta9 cases su* specim5s ( "w h be5 devis$ 9 or tak5 into ! psy*ological laboratory & ! work] wat*$ m closely & measur$ m exactly4 ,?is has be5 done1 = in/ance1 by ,?orndike 9 ! case ( cl]ical work]s & salesm51 by ,paynt] 9 ! case ( judges ( trade-m>k infr+em5ts1 by ,scott 9 ! case ( salesm51 & by o!rs 9 ! case ( te/s = h&writ+ exp]ts4 ,c4 ,a ?ird me?od has be5 t ( analogy4 ,"s te/ is devis$ :i* be>s real or suppos$ resemblance to ! sort ( situation met by ! work] 9 ! giv5 occupational activity4 ,! mat]ial is new1 b ! attitude & endeavor ( ! work] seem to be mu* ! same4 ,!re is inde$ usually a tacit or express$ belief t ! same simple or complex m5tal processes or psy*ological functions are involv$ 9 ! two cases1 al?\gh ! precise nature ( ?is function has seldom be5 cle>ly /at$4 ,?us girls employ$ 9 sort+ /eel ball-be>+s1 & also typesett]s1 h be5 select$ on ! basis ( _! spe$ ( reaction to a s\nd /imulus4 ,mu5/]b]g has sugge/$ t m>9e (fic]s :o c quickly p]ceive a situation & *oose an appropriate mode ( reaction to x may be select$ by lett+ c&idates sort into _! appropriate piles a deck ( c>ds be>+ diff]5t comb9ations ( lett]s4 ,! same inve/igator has describ$ a te/ = motorm5 :i*1 :ile be+ nei!r a m9iature ( _! requir$ "w nor yet a sample ( x1 is said to produce 9 !m mu* ! same m5tal attitude4 ,9 ano!r case telephone op]ators 7 te/$ = spe$ 9 cancel+ c]ta9 lett]s f a newspap] page1 9 ! belief t ?is "w involv$ an ability t 0 also requir$ at ! swit*bo>d1 al?\gh !re direct$ to diff]5t mat]ial4 ,mc,comas has describ$ a dot-/rik+ te/ = measur+ accuracy ( aim or motor coord9ation1 :i* =ms an ess5tial factor 9 manipulat+ a swit*bo>d4 ,d4 ,f9ally !re are cases 9 :i* te/s hav+ vocational significance h be5 s\ght by purely haphaz>d & empirical ways4 ,?us ,l\gh1 hav+ devis$ a =m ( sub/itution te/ 9 :i* c]ta9 *>act]s _h always to be replac$ by c]ta9 o!rs1 accord+ to a prescrib$ key1 !n proce$$ to apply x to gr\ps ( comm]cial /ud5ts4 ,spe$ ( improvem5t 0 *os5 z ! ?+ ( int]e/ 9 respect to ! te/4 ,measures ( ?is capacity1 z %[n by repeat$ trials ) ! same te/ day aft] day1 7 !n comp>$ ) measures ( ability 9 diff]5t types ( "w 9 :i* ! /ud5ts 7 engag$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! te/ records agre$ v closely ) ! abilities 9 typewrit+1 fairly closely ) abilities 9 bus9ess correspond5ce & /5ography1 :]eas !re 0 n su* def9ite relation f\nd betwe5 ! te/ records & ability 9 le>n+ ! ,g]man language or 9 ma!matics4 ,! te/ is consequ5tly recomm5d$ z a useful means ( detect+ typewrit+ & /5ographic ability4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ! te/ is a m9iature ( ! "w ( su* call+1 nor t x is a fair sample ( su* "w1 nor ev5 t x involves precisely ! same m5tal functions t come into play 9 su* "w4 ,! te/ records & ability 9 ! p>ticul> type ( "w %[ high positive correlation1 :i* means t an individual :o is good or m$ium or poor 9 ! "o is1 z a m]e matt] ( fact1 also f\nd to be good1 m$ium or poor 9 ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 )\t fur!r analysis1 ! "o may be us$ z ! sign ( ! o!r4 ,ano!r good illu/ration ( ! use ( ?is me?od is ! /udy ( ,lahy1 :o put good1 av]age & poor typewrit]s ?r\gh a great numb] ( te/s ( diff]5t sorts4 ,he f\nd t ! only te/s correlat+ closely ) ability 9 ! practical "w 7 ^? = memory span1 tactile & muscul> s5sibility1 su/a9$ att5tion1 & equality ( /r5g? 9 ! two h&s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p]fect example ( ?is purely empirical proc$ure is ! inve/igation :i* has n[ be5 conduct$ = sev]al ye>s by ,mrs4 ,woolley & h] co-work]s 9 ,c9c9nati4 ,*ildr5 :o leave ! grades to ent] directly into "s sort ( indu/rial occupation are exam9$ by a miscellane\s assortm5t ( simple m5tal te/s4 ,^! records are pres]v$1 & ! subsequ5t successes or failures ( ! pupils 9 ! v>i\s sorts ( "w und]tak5 by !m 9 lat] life are z c>efully record$ z is possible4 ,x is hop$ t :5 a suffici5t am\nt ( mat]ial ( ?is nature has be5 accumulat$ ! two sets ( data may be comp>$ & in=mation !reby secur$ conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ability 9 ! te/s & ! types & degrees ( indu/rial fitness4 ,at pres5t only ! te/ records h be5 publi%$4 ,9 a rec5t inve/igation an attempt 0 made to discov]1 by ?is empirical me?od1 a set ( m5tal te/s :i* w\ld aid 9 ! selection ( effici5t work]s 9 a specific field4 ,?irty work]s :o 7 already employ$ "u fairly comp>able conditions ( "w 7 tak5 z subjects 9 a prelim9>y se>* = te/s ( value4 ,^! ?irty p 7 ea* put ?r\gh a s]ies ( association te/s1 ( ! famili> laboratory =m1 nam+ opposites1 nam+ colors & =ms1 complet+ mutilat$ passages1 foll[+ h>d directions1 giv+ responses be>+ specifi$ relations to /imulus words1 cancellation & numb] *eck+1 etc4 ,:ile ^! te/s 7 9 progress1 dur+ a p]iod ( sev]al days1 ! ?irty work]s 7 rat$ by ?ree sup]visors :o 7 famili> ) _! "w at ! actual task1 & :o _h = "s "t be5 obs]v+ _! p]=mance ) a view to mak+ subsequ5t judgm5ts4 ,ea* sup]visor arrang$ ! ?irty work]s 9 an ord] ( m]it1 accord+ to 8 or h] impression ( _! relative effici5cy4 ,! judgm5ts ( ^! ?ree sup]visors 7 !n av]ag$ & ea* work] assign$ a f9al position on ! basis ( ^! av]ages4 ,?is 0 believ$ to be z accurate a measure ( actual ability z c\ld be secur$ "u ! complex conditions ( "w4 ,! results ( ^! rat+s 7 !n comp>$ ) ! results ( ! m5tal te/s4 ,"s ( ! te/s 7 f\nd n to correlate ) ! rat+s = actual work+ effici5cy4 ,?ree te/s %[$ def9ite & positive correlations1 z foll[s3 ,color-,nam+ 7?irty-sev5 p] c5t71 ,h>d ,directions 7=ty p] c5t71 ,completion 7?irty-?ree p] c5t74 ,:5 results f ^! ?ree te/s 7 comb9$1 ! records correlat$ ) ! rat+s by a coeffici5t ( fifty-five p] c5t4 ,^! ?ree te/s 7 !n accept$ z hav+ value 9 ! selection ( good op]ators1 & se>* 0 cont9u$ = fur!r te/s :i* might also yield positive correlations4 ,?is inve/igation is aga9 an illu/ration ( ! purely empirical me?od4 ,^! f\r proc$ures 9 ! se>* = useful vocational te/s1 9 ! abs5ce ( complete vocational psy*ographs1 are q g5]ally recogniz$ to be b t5tative exp$i5ts ( an explorative "*4 ,individual work]s h n always cle>ly recogniz$ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 _! "w1 b h proce$$ z be/ !y c\ld "u ! special circum/ances4 ,ea* me?od has its own defects & advantages4 ,! m9iature model has ! advantage ( concret5ess & app>5t relevance1 b1 z ,mu5/]b]g po9ts out1 a r$uc$ copy ( an ext]nal app>atus may ar\se ideas1 feel+s & volitions :i* h little 9 common ) ! processes ( actual life4 ,?is writ] is incl9$ to believe1 on ! basis ( 8 exp]im5ts s f>1 t exp]im5ts ) small models ( ! actual indu/rial me*anism are h>dly appropriate = inve/igations 9 ! field ( economic psy*ology4 ,! ess5tial po9t = ! psy*ological exp]im5t is n ! ext]nal simil>ity ( ! app>atus1 b exclusively ! inn] simil>ity ( ! m5tal attitude4 ,! m ! ext]nal me*anism ) :i* or on :i* ! action is c>ri$ out becomes s*ematiz$1 ! m ! action itself w appe> 9 its true "*4 ,! second me?od we h describ$1 viz41 t ( us+ z ! te/ a real sample ( ! "w done1 has c]ta9 v obvi\s advantages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! vocational te/ ( ?is type to be at all significant1 ei!r ! sort ( "w involv$ 9 ! occupation mu/ be fairly uni=m & homog5e\s 9 all its diff]5t circum/ances 7z 9 ! case ( typewrit+ at dictation1 or 9 ! "w ( fil+ cl]ks1 acc\ntants1 etc471 or else !re mu/ be includ$ a l>ge numb] ( samples repres5t+ all ! v>i\s unrelat$ sorts ( "w4 ,moreov]1 9 nei!r case is ! te/ 9 any peculi> s5se psy*ological4 ,su* te/s c\ld p]haps be be/ conduct$ by ! employ] himself4 ,9 fact1 employm5t on trial1 :i* is a common me?od ( select+ op]atives & assi/ants1 is a "t-honor$ =m ( ?is te/1 :i* is n necess>ily improv$ ei!r by call+ x psy*ological or by putt+ x 9 *>ge ( a g5]al exp]t or by remov+ x to ! laboratory4 ,! ?ird =m ( proc$ure is full ( all sorts ( difficulties & s\rces ( error1 _m ( :i* are1 at ! pres5t /age ( our k1 irrem$iable4 ,9 select+ a new te/ :i* w involve ! same m5tal attitude & call = ! ex]cise ( ! same psy*ological functions z are ne$$ 9 ! "w itself1 we are h&icapp$ by ! unreliability ( ! introspection ( ! exam9ee & also by our inadequate ability to recognize1 id5tify & classify psy*ological functions ev5 :5 we are confid5t t ^! are pres5t4 ,! /atem5t ( motorm5 t ! manipulation ( a crank 9 connection ) a /rip ( *eck]$ pap] makes !m feel q z !y d :5 guid+ _! c>s ?r\gh a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e is f> f a gu>anty t ! m5tal function :i* !y 7 go+ ?r\gh _h ! greate/ possible simil>ity ) _! exp]i5ce on ! front plat=m ( ! electric c>4 ,x is mu* m conceivable t ! m5tal attitude ref]r$ to 0 m]ely ! vague feel+ t ,some?+ is happ5+ n[1 ,?is keeps me busy1 or ,:at a nuisance ?is ?+ is4 ,& ev5 if we knew ! m5tal functions involv$1 z w\ld be dem&$ by ! vocational psy*ograph me?od1 we are /ill a long way f ! "t :5 we c exhibit ev5 a s+le psy*ological te/ & /ate j :at function or functions its p]=mance does or does n1 may or may n1 involve4 ,inde$ we d n ev5 "k :at ! v>i\s di/9ct m5tal functions are1 or :e!r1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are su* di/9ct functions4 ,aft] all1 ! miscellane\s1 r&om1 & purely empirical me?od ( ,l\gh1 ,lahy & ,woolley seems to be ! mo/ promis+ exp]im5tal proc$ure = ! imm$iate pres5t1 & p]haps = "s "t to come4 ,?is me?od is1 to be sure1 b a r\gh1 provisional & unanalyz$ exp$i5t4 ,x calls = long & pati5t coop]ative labor4 ,x does n at once af=d u ! sy/ematic sci5tific insight :i* we may wi% we possess$4 ,b x w at lea/ save u f ! delusion t we already possess su* insight1 & x %\ld s]ve to *eck ! f]v5t & semi-religi\s zeal t leads u to mi/ake prophecy = s]vice4 ,analysis & classification ( ! results :i* ?is me?od yields are possible :5 ! results are accumulat$ 9 adequate measure4 ,x is ess5tial t int]e/ 9 ?is em95tly practical use ( ! psy*ological laboratory be su/a9$ among ^? :o are responsible = ! fur!r promotion ( its me?ods & problems4 ,b x is undesirable t public expectation %\ld be /r5u\sly direct$ t[>d ! laboratory until x has done m ?an ! outl9+ ( a s]ies ( problems & ! initiation ( prelim9>y ef=ts t[>d _! solution4 ,^! specializ$ vocational me?ods1 ! m9iature1 ! sampl+1 ! analogy1 & ! empirical proc$ure1 con/itute f\r def9ite & promis+ in/rum5ts ( rese>*4 ,!y h yield$ results ( su* demon/rable practical value1 9 ! selection ( special types ( work]s & 9 ! detection ( p>ticul> aptitudes & abilities1 t ! application ( select$ m5tal te/s has already come to play an important role 9 ! placem5t & tra9+ dep>tm5ts ( a consid]able numb] ( indu/rial & comm]cial conc]ns4 ,:ile ! m sl[ly develop+ individual & vocational psy*ographs are be+ p]fect$1 ^! specializ$ vocational te/s w n only s]ve ! purposes ( tempor>y assi/ance & exp$i5ce1 b ! results d]iv$ f _! intellig5t use & _! fur!r pati5t elaboration w contribute mat]ially t[>d ! e/abli%m5t ( m complete & sy/ematic te*nique4#g ,,footnotes3 #g ,9 ! ,app5dix is giv5 a li/ ( ref]5ces to books & articles :i* describe num]\s te/s wor? try+ out by ! empirical me?od4 ,in/ructions %\ld be c>efully foll[$ s t results may be comp>able ) ^? secur$ by o!r work]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,self-,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,associates ,,! ,,self-,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,we h n[ review$ ! vocational ef=ts ( primitive magic1 m$ieval clairvoyance1 phr5ology1 physiognomics1 indu/rial education1 ! vocational survey1 ! individual psy*ograph ( g5ius1 ! vocational psy*ograph1 ! grad$ scales ( intellig5ce te/s1 & ! f\r propos$ types ( specializ$ vocational te/s4 ,we h yet to consid] ?ree fur!r me?ods available = ! purposes ( vocational psy*ology1 t ( self-analysis1 & t ( ! cons5sus ( op9ion ( "o's associates1 & t ( inf]r+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! individual f 8 a*ievem5t 9 ! "w ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m reliable ways ( det]m9+ ! capacities1 int]e/s & vocational aptitudes ( individuals 9 ! pa/1 & :5ev] !re 0 any "q ( selection1 fitness1 or *oice1 f\r vague me?ods h (t5 be5 foll[$4 7#a7 ,ei!r ! individual und]took ! fir/ available type ( employm5t1 tri$ x out1 & !n p]sev]$ 9 x or ab&on$ x = a trial at "s o!r type ( "w until a suitable occupation 0 f\nd2 or 7#b7 he cont9u$ at ! orig9al "w & made ! mo/ ( ! results & ( ! ensu+ satisfactions or dissatisfactions2 or 7#c7 he felt m or less cle>ly drawn to "s p>ticul> occupation because ( a ke5 int]e/ 9 x or because he believ$ himself to be p>ticul>ly likely to succe$ 9 x because ( 8 own analysis ( 8 aptitudes & *>act]i/ics2 or 7#d7 he consult$ fri5ds & associates1 ask+ !m to advise him on ! basis ( _! impression ( 8 individuality & p[]s4 ,! unsatisfactor9ess1 wa/e & mis]y ( ! fir/ two ( ^! me?ods are l>gely responsible = ! developm5t ( a consci\s attempt at ! vocational guidance ( y\?4 ,p]haps if m use 7 made ( ! two rema9+ me?ods we %\ld nev] h be5 mov$ to initiate ! labori\s "w call$ = by ! psy*ographic & ! te/ me?ods4 ,n en\gh critical att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! me?ods ( self-analysis & to ! validity ( ! judgm5ts pass$ on u by our associates4 ,! difficulty enc\nt]$ :5 "o seeks = in=mation on su* que/ions z ! foll[+ indicates ! desirability ( fur!r & clos] /udy ( ^! matt]s4 #a4 ,9 ! individual's analysis ( 8 own p]sonality1 are =mal guidance & me?od ne$$1 is special t]m9ology useful1 & ! record$ exp]i5ce ( o!rs an aid8 #b4 ,if s1 :at sort ( guide or s*eme or sy/em may su* self-analysis pr(itably foll[8 #c4 ,h su* guides to ! introspective analysis ( ! self be5 =mulat$1 & by :om1 :]e1 & :58 #d4 ,h[ reliable & consi/5t are an individual's judgm5ts ( 8 own *>act]i/ics1 int]e/s1 & aptitudes8 ,has "o any con/ant t5d5cy to ov]e/imate or und]e/imate himself8 #e4 ,d ! degree ( reliability & consi/5cy1 & ?is con/ant error v>y 9 any way ) ! individual1 ) ! circum/ances1 & ) ! p>ticul> trait t is be+ e/imat$8 #f4 ,h[ is ! individual's judgm5t ( himself likely to comp>e ) ! impression ( him :i* 8 associates =m8 ,to :at degree does ?is v>y ) ! individual1 ! trait1 & ! associates8 #g4 ,:at relation exi/s betwe5 ! individual's op9ion ( himself & ! results ( objective measurem5ts ( him1 su* z ^? af=d$ by psy*ological te/s8 ,h[ d ! results ( te/s comp>e ) ! judgm5ts ( associates8 #h4 ,are individuals :o !mselves possess a giv5 trait 9 high degree bett] judges ( t trait 9 !mselves or 9 o!rs ?an are ^? :o possess ! trait 9 less degree8 #i4 ,:at int]correlations exi/ betwe5 ! e/imates ( self & o!rs1 :5 diff]5t traits are comp>$8 #aj4 ,9 ! case ( p 9 s*ool1 :at relations exi/ betwe5 ! self-e/imate1 ! e/imate ( o!rs1 & ! results ( te/s1 on ! "o h&1 & s*ool /&+1 academic success1 & extra-academic activities8 ,:at relation betwe5 ^! factors & successfulness 9 lat] life8 ,on ! fir/ ?ree ( ^! que/ions ,i %all indicate 9 foll[+ sections su* mat]ial z is available1 po9t+ out :]e ! m valuable & detail$ in=mation may be f\nd4 ,on ! rema9+ sev5 que/ions record$ in=mation is mu* r>]4 ,"h ,i %all summ>ize ! available mat]ial & %all also pres5t t5tative answ]s bas$ on an orig9al inve/igation :i* 0 conduct$ = ! express purpose ( call+ m def9ite att5tion to ! problems1 z well z to sugge/ fruitful me?ods1 & at lea/ make a beg9n+ 9 ! accumulation ( facts conc]n+ ^! v int]e/+ features ( human nature4 ,!re is p]haps no pro( requir$ t complete & sy/ematic self-analysis is m desirable ?an r&om & undirect$ introspections1 :atev] value may be atta*$ to ! results ( su* analysis4 ,:atev] be ! purpose ( self analysis1 x w be ! m useful & sugge/ive ! m completely x compasses ! total range ( capacities & incl9ations4 ,comp>ison ( diff]5t analyses by diff]5t individuals %\ld result 9 a syn!sis ( traits1 an acceptable t]m9ology & a mode ( /atem5t bett] calculat$ to ?r[ light on individual equipm5t ?an is secur$ by ! me?ods ( casual & unguid$ rum9ation4 ,s f> z possible su* analyses %\ld proce$ 9 t]ms ( id5tifiable1 comp>able & measurable *>act]i/ics r ?an by ! vague categories ( conv]sation & lit]>y description4 ,su* categories1 traits & t]m9ology %\ld be us$ z w be/ enable ! individual n only to /ate 8 own reactions 9 figures ( spee*1 b also to comp>e himself ) 8 imm$iate associates & ) *>act]s less directly kn[n4 ,"o ( ! fir/ attempts to draw up a li/ ( fundam5tal qualities z an aid 9 ! inv5tory ( a giv5 individual's p>ticul> nature 0 made by ,pr(essor ,cattell 9 an article conc]n+ ! *>act]i/ics ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,tw5ty-f\r traits are enum]at$1 z foll[s3 ,physical ,heal? ,reasonabl5ess ,m5tal ,balance ,cle>ness ,intellect ,indep5d5ce ,emotions ,coop]ativ5ess ,w ,unselfi%ness ,quickness ,k9dl9ess ,int5sity ,*e]fulness ,bread? ,ref9em5t ,en]gy ,integrity ,judgm5t ,c\rage ,orig9ality ,effici5cy ,p]sev]ance ,lead]%ip ,( ?is li/ ,?orndike has writt53 ,^! elem5ts ( manhood or compon5ts 9 m5tal /ructure hail f a mixture ( psy*ological !ory & g5]al reflection on human behavior4 ,x is regrettable t ! li/ has n be5 publi%$ m widely & us$ 9 a v>iety ( connections4 ,x seems probable t ^! significant n\ns may 9 _m cases be p>allel$ by natural units ( m5tal organization-atoms 9 ! human comp\nd4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ also1 z at lea/ a provisional pr9ciple ( organization1 ! in/9cts or orig9al t5d5cies ( man z a species1 x be+ my op9ion t "s ( ! t]ms ( ! above li/ ref] to r complex concat5ations ( traits 9 man's nature :i* h only ! artificial unity ( produc+ "s def9$ result 9 human life4 ,p>tridge1 9 8 ,outl9e ( ,individual ,/udy1 gives an acc\nt ( me?ods :]eby ! tea*] may assi/ ! "y *ild 9 discov]+ 8 or h] p>ticul> physical & m5tal con/itution4 ,! book conta9s a brief outl9e = su* /udy & enum]ates _m pages ( words descriptive ( human nature4 ,! ma9 aspects ( ! m5tal life ( *ildr5 are tak5 up 9 successive *apt]s & discuss$ 9 a g5]al way1 ) sugge/ions 9 ! way ( te/s1 problems1 que/ions1 po9ts ( obs]vation1 etc4 ,! ,family ,hi/ory ,book 7,bullet9 ,no4 #g7 ( ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice conta9s a s*eme1 arrang$ by ,drs4 ,ho* & ,amsd51 = ! exam9ation ( ! p]sonality ( p]sons suspect$ ( m5tal abnormality4 ,?is s*eme is fur!r elaborat$ by ,wells 9 an outl9e to be ref]r$ to at a lat] po9t 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! ,trait ,book 7,bullet9 ,no4 #f7 ( ?is same (fice !re is to be f\nd a long li/ ( traits descriptive ( human be+s1 includ+ physical & physiological z well z n]v\s & m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,^! traits are classifi$ = conv5i5t ref]5ce & record accord+ to a decimal key4 ,! pamphlet also conta9s classifi$ li/s ( diseases1 crimes1 & occupations4 ,v>i\s o!r bullet9s issu$ by ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice w also be f\nd bo? int]e/+ & sugge/ive to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( self-analysis1 h]$ity & individual diff]5ces4 ,!y conta9 no?+1 h[ev]1 ( imm$iate vocational applicability4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wells has made a comp>ative /udy & syn!sis ( ! s*emes propos$ by ,cattell1 ,ho* & ,amsd51 ,heymans & ,wi]sma1 & ,dav5port1 supplem5t+ ^! at c]ta9 po9ts & sugge/+ a me?od ( giv+ m or less quantitative =m to ! *>act]izations4 ,x is obvi\s t an outl9e ( ?is sort c be us$ 9 express+ ! p]sonality ( ano!r individual z well z = ! purposes ( self-analysis4 ,su* an outl9e is ( value n only = g5]al k or = vocational /udy b also 9 ! exam9ation into que/ions ( m5tal heal?1 pa?ological t5d5cies & tr5ds1 pr$ispositions lead+ to or favor+ m5tal in/ability1 etc4 ,wells describes f\rte5 phases or aspects ( human p]sonality1 & "u ea* phase pres5ts guid+ que/ions1 sugge/ive clues1 & sub-features4 ,especially conv5i5t & helpful is ! me?od ( giv+ an approximate quantitative /atem5t :i* facilitates comp>ison & summation4 ,suitable m>ks assign$ to ! sev]al diff]5t *>act]i/ics "u ea* ( ! f\rte5 ma9 head+s 7!re are 9 all ab\t n9ety-five subtraits7 s]ve to indicate m>k$1 di/9ct or d\btful pres5ce1 or m>k$1 di/9ct or d\btful defici5cy or av]sion4 ,! ma9 head+s giv5 by ,wells are z foll[s3 #a4 ,intellectual ,processes 7#e subtopics7 #b4 ,output ( ,en]gy 7#d subtopics7 #c4 ,self ,ass]tion 7#g subtopics7 #d4 ,adaptability 7#e subtopics7 #e4 ,g5]al ,habits ( ,"w 7#e subtopics7 #f4 ,moral ,sph]e 7#f subtopics7 #g4 ,recreative ,activities 7#af subtopics7 #h4 ,g5]al ,ca/ ( ,mood 7#c subtopics7 #i4 ,attitude ,t[>d ,self 7#d subtopics7 #aj4 ,attitude ,t[>d ,o!rs 7#g subtopics7 #aa4 ,reactions to ,attitude ,t[>d ,self & ,o!rs 7#ab subtopics7 #ab4 ,position ,t[>ds ,reality 7#e subtopics7 #ac4 ,sexual ,sph]e 7#i subtopics7 #ad4 ,balanc+ ,factors 7#f subtopics7 ,! complete outl9e1 accompani$ by mu* sugge/ive discussion & comm5t on ! con/itution1 developm5t & types ( human p]sonality1 is publi%$ 9 ! issue ( ! ,psy*ological ,review = ,july1 #aiad4 ,x %\ld be c>efully read by all int]e/$ 9 ?is type ( individual analysis4 ,"o ( ! mo/ c>efully plann$1 easily available & concretely s]viceable outl9es = self-analysis is t rec5tly =mulat$ & publi%$ by ,y]kes & ,la,rue "u ! title ,outl9e ( a ,/udy ( ! ,self 7,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiad74 ,! au?ors ( ?is outl9e h f\nd t a /udy ( ance/ry1 developm5t & pres5t con/itution is an extremely pr(itable task4 ,!y pres5t ?is guide z an aid to su* sy/ematic & ?or\gh /udy4 ,! purpose ( su* /udy is ?reefold3 7#a7 to help ! individual und]/& himself or h]self2 7#b7 to help ! individual und]/& & sympa?ize ) o!rs2 7#c7 to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( h]$ity1 environm5tal influ5ces1 eug5ics & eu!nics4 ,! ,outl9e is put toge!r on ! looseleaf sy/em1 ) blank pages = records & replies4 ,"u ! head+ ,ance/ral ,hi/ory ( ! ,self are giv5 ! ,record ( ,family ,traits ( ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice1 & _m supplem5t>y que/ions conc]n+ physical1 m5tal1 moral & social traits ( ne> relatives1 ) sugge/ions z to _! classification & evaluation4 ,"u ,developm5t or ,gr[? ( ! ,self & ,! ,self ( ,today ! pr5atal1 infantile1 *ildhood & adolesc5t p]iods & ! pres5t "t are ea* provid$ ) que/ions conc]n+ *>act]i/ics1 influ5ces1 gr[?1 temp]am5t1 incl9ations1 habits1 capacities & social relations4 ,"u ,! ,significance ( ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,self are giv5 que/ions conc]n+ vocational dem&s1 equipm5t1 & ambitions2 m>ital prop5sities & fitness2 responsibilities & prep>ation = p>5?ood2 & ! ,index to ! ,g]m ,plasm ( ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice is consid]$4 ,a f9al section invites reflection on ,! ,duties ( ! ,self z a ,memb] ( ,social ,gr\ps 9 ! light ( physical & m5tal con/itution1 moral & religi\s t5d5cies1 vocational abilities1 & m>ital & p>5tal relations & duties4 ,su* attempts to pres5t sugge/ive outl9es = self-analysis or = ! inv5tory ( ! traits ( o!rs are bo? comm5dable & timely4 ,t !y are b beg9n+s 9 ! "r direction _! au?ors commonly recognize4 ,_! support+ idea is n t employ]s1 tea*]s or physicians %\ld take ! individual's replies to ^! que/ions z embody+ in=mation :i* ! individual did n previ\sly "k ab\t himself4 ,! individual1 9 attempt+ to express & analyze 8 incl9ations & reactions1 may f9d !m cl>ifi$ & ord]$ 9 ! process4 ,he is likely to discov] at a v e>ly po9t 9 8 record h[ little he is really able to say ab\t himself ) assurance4 ,if ?is %\ld induce a humility :i* w\ld lead him to m c>eful self-scrut9y1 su* value z ?is subjective /ock-tak+ may h w surely t5d to be enhanc$4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,associates ,no less important ?an ! correct evaluation ( ! individual's self-analysis is ! problem ( evaluat+ ! judgm5ts :i* 8 acqua9tances pass on 8 m5tal con/itution & qualifications4 ,n only does ! y\? (t5 det]m9e 8 *oice ( a vocation by rely+ on ! advice ( 8 associates1 tea*]s1 & fri5ds1 b 8 success 9 secur+ an opportunity to und]take any k9d ( "w :atsoev] (t5 dep5ds on ! oral or writt5 e/imate ( "s o!r p]son ( :om inquiry is made4 ,selection on ! basis ( ! te/imonial & ! recomm5dation has come to be a traditional vocational /ep4 ,! problem ( judgm5t ( "* is "o :i* is cont9ually confront+ p ( all classes & /ations4 ,9 _m in/ances ! correct e/imate ( a p]son's "* is ( vital importance4 ,! success ( (fic]s ( adm9i/ration f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! s*ool sup]9t5d5t ( a small village dep5ds (t5 on _! ability to *oose = _! subord9ates p]sons ( ! prop] "*4 ,9 ev]yday life "o's happy *oice ( fri5ds1 "o's ability to sell goods1 to p]suade p to accept a new po9t ( view or doctr9e1 to get on h>moni\sly ) p 9 g5]al 9 all ! v>i\s occupations ( life1 dep5d ^u "o's ability to e/imate ! p[]s1 capacities1 & *>act]i/ics ( p4 ,to ^? :o h to make p]sonal recomm5dations or to make use ( ^? made by o!rs1 ?is "q ( judgm5t ( "* is a grave "o4 ,is x possible = "o to judge at all fairly ! "* ( ano!r8#h ,we are conc]n$ "h n ) inf]5ce f physiognomic features & an?ropometric measurem5ts1 b ) impressions bas$ on ! obs]v$ conduct1 expression & a*ievem5t ( ! individual :o is 9 "q1 8 or h] *>act]i/ic behavior1 attitudes1 activities1 reactions1 & accompli%m5ts4 ,:5 ! individual be+ judg$ is a total /rang] & ! judgm5t is imm$iate1 e/imates ( "* are ( c\rse m]ely ( ! type discuss$ 9 prec$+ sections on phr5ology & physiognomy4 ,pr(essor ,cattell once reque/$ twelve acqua9tances ( five sci5tific m5 to grade ^! five m5 9 ! v>i\s traits ( "* to :i* we h ref]r$ on page #abg4 ,! grades assign$ 7 to repres5t ! position ( ! individual 9 8 gr\p4 ,?us a grade ( tw5ty-five p] c5t w\ld mean t ! individual belong$ 9 ! l[e/ "o-qu>t] ( ! total gr\p ( sci5tific m5 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! trait s m>k$1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! gr\p be+ sup]ior to him 9 ?is trait4 ,a grade ( "o hundr$ p] c5t w\ld mean t ! individual s grad$ w\ld belong among ! highe/ "o p] c5t ( all ! sci5tific m5 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! trait s m>k$4 ,:5 ^! records 7 compil$ x 0 se5 t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 traits1 su* z en]gy1 p]sev]ance1 effici5cy1 ! twelve judges diff]$ mu* less among !mselves ?an :5 judg+ o!r traits1 su* z *e]fulness1 k9dl9ess1 unselfi%ness4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! traits on :i* ! judges agre$ closely repres5t ! individual's reactions to objective ?+s1 :]eas ! traits on :i* !y disagre$ mo/ repres5t ! individual's reactions t[>d o!r p4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 sev]al reasons = ?is result4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! reactions ( an individual to objects1 z display$ 9 8 daily "w1 are matt]s ( common k & are likely to leave objective & ev5 measurable evid5ce su* z weal?1 books1 build+s1 etc4 ,reactions to o!r individuals are m likely to v>y ) ! occasion & ) ! companion1 & are also likely to be delib]ately controll$1 inhibit$ or assum$1 9 ! int]e/ ( m objective & remote ends4 ,?is w\ld mean t :]eas 9 ! fir/ case all ! judges 7 deal+ ) mu* ! same mat]ial1 9 ! =m ( actual products ( ! traits 9 "q1 9 ! second case !y 7 m or less likely to h 9 m9d r diff]5t reactions or occasions ( a m /rictly p]sonal "*4 ,! problem ( ! validity ( judgm5ts ( ! v>i\s traits 0 consid]$ 9 a m detail$ way by ,norswor?y1 f ^: acc\nt ( h] inquiry we h already quot$4 ,%e *ose ! traits enum]at$ by ,cattell1 & p]=m$ sev]al exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! reliability ( judgm5ts ( ?is sort4 ,?us %e _h five intimate acqua9tances indep5d5tly grade a six? p]son = h] possession ( ^! tw5ty-f\r traits1 on two diff]5t occasions sev]al weeks ap>t4 ,two ?+s 7 cle>ly %[n4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! individual judges1 9 _! second trials1 did n div]ge f> f _! fir/ rat+s4 ,9 ! second place ! d\ble judgm5ts ( ! five diff]5t judges did n div]ge f> f ea* o!r4 ,^! two facts prove t ! rat+s d /& = "s actual quantitative value & are n subject to m]e *ance4 ,! validity ( ! judgm5ts1 9 ! s5se ( _! correspond5ce ) ! actual "* ( ,x is !n only a matt] ( ! imp>tiality ( ! gr\p ( judges4 ,simil> results 7 f\nd 9 ! judgm5ts ( n9e memb]s ( a college society by five ( _! comrades1 & 9 ! judgm5ts ( a tea*] by two hundr$ college /ud5ts4 ,x 0 app>5t also t judges diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! g5]al accuracy ( _! grad+s4 ,"s ( !m agree closely ) ! cons5sus ( op9ion1 :ile o!rs dep>t1 9 v>y+ degrees1 f ! av]age or correct e/imate4 ,x 0 also se5 t1 9 e/imat+ c]ta9 individuals1 judges ) presumably equal acqua9tance ) ^? be+ judg$ agre$ closely ) "o ano!r4 ,o!r p]sons _h produc$ q diff]5t impressions on ! diff]5t judges & ?is 0 reveal$ 9 ! great] div]g5ce ( ! grades assign$ to su* p]sons4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,cattell's results1 figures are pres5t$ %[+ ! degree ( div]g5ce among ! judges 9 e/imat+ ! diff]5t traits4 ,9 ! table on page #aci ^! figures are giv51 z %[n 9 ! records ( five judges 9 "o ( ,norswor?y's exp]im5ts1 & ! records ( ! twelve judges 9 ,cattell's inve/igation4 ,! av]age v>iability or degree ( div]g5ce = all ! tw5ty-f\r traits is tak5 z ! /&>d & ea* trait comp>$ ) ?is /&>d4 ,a v>iability ( "o hundr$ ?us indicates ! av]age am\nt ( disagreem5t4 ,figures small] ?an "o hundr$ indicate t ! agreem5t 0 clos] ?an av]age1 & figures l>g] ?an "o hundr$ indicate t "h ! judges disagre$ by m ?an ! av]age am\nt4 ,naturally1 !re is n p]fect agreem5t 9 ^! two cases1 s9ce ! "o set ( data is f a gr\p ( girls judg+ "o ano!r on ! basis ( _! acqua9tance z social comrades & fell[ /ud5ts1 :ile ! o!r set is f sci5tific m5 judg+ "o ano!r on ! basis ( less con/ant association & l>gely on acqua9tance 9 lectur+1 rese>*1 tea*+ & ! writ+ ( articles & books4 ,moreov]1 results f gr\ps ( only five judges 9 ! "o case & only twelve 9 ! o!r are subject to consid]able v>iable error4 ,9 spite ( ^! facts1 int]e/+ sugge/ions are af=d$ by ! comp>ison4 ,,table #a ,,v>iability ,,9 ,,judg+ ,,diff]5t ,,traits ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,relative ,div]g5ce ( ,diff]5t ,judges ,trait ---------------------------------------- --- ,cattell1 ,norswor?y1 ,av]age ( ,bo? #ab ,judges #e ,judges ,exp]im5ts ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,effici5cy #ge4j #ib4d #hc4g 7,close ,orig9ality #ie4b #gg4b #hf4b ,agreem5t7 ,quickness #ij4j #hh4j #hi4j ,intellect #ie4b #ib4j #ic4f ,p]sev]ance #ge4j #aja4j #hh4a ,judgm5t #ajj4j #gh4g #hi4d 7,fair ,w #he4a #ih4a #ia4h ,agreem5t7 ,bread? #ajj4j #ib4d #if4b ,lead]%ip #ij4j #ajb4i #if4e ,cle>ness #ajd4i #ge4g #ij4c ,m5tal ,balance #aaj4b #ha4h #if4j ,int5sity #he4a #aac4g #ii4d ,reasonabl5ess #aae4j #hf4d #ajj4g 7,slight ,indep5d5ce #ajd4i #ih4e #aja4g ,agreem5t7 ,ref9em5t #ij4j #aaf4e #ajc4e ,physical ,heal? #aae4j #ib4d #ajc4g ,emotions #abj4j #ia4j #aje4e ,en]gy #ge4j #aji4j #ia4j ,c\rage #ajj4j #aai4e #aji4h ,unselfi%ness #aae4j #ajf4j #aaj4e ,integrity #ajd4i #acj4a #aag4e 7,little ,coop]ativ5ess #abe4j #aac4e #aai4c ,agreem5t7 ,*e]fulness #acj4j #aab4j #aba4j ,k9dl9ess #abj4j #abe4g #abb4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,x is to be not$ t c]ta9 traits %[ small div]g5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,?us intellect1 quickness1 orig9ality & effici5cy h l[ measures ( v>iability1 bo? = ! sorority memb]s & = ! m5 ( sci5ce4 ,! av]age p]c5tages ( ^! f\r traits are1 9 ! ord] nam$1 #ic4f1 #hi4j1 #hf4b1 & #hc4g4 ,^!1 x is to be obs]v$1 are ! traits :i* are likely to yield objective products4 ,! m p]sonal1 social & moral traits1 h[ev]1 su* z coop]ativ5ess1 unselfi%ness1 k9dl9ess1 *e]fulness1 & integrity1 %[ l>ge div]g5ce ( ! individual judgm5t ) bo? gr\ps4 ,! av]age measures ( v>iability = ^! traits1 9 ! ord] nam$1 are #aai4c1 #aaj4e1 #abb4i1 #aba4j1 & #aag4e4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( traits :i*1 :ile %[+ only ab\t av]age v>iability ) "o gr\p1 %[ close agreem5t 9 ! o!r3 su* z w1 judgm5t1 p]sev]ance1 lead]%ip & bread?4 ,^!1 x is cle>1 are m ne>ly l ! objective ?an !y are l ! p]sonal traits4 ,!n !re are sev]al traits :i*1 :ile %[+ only av]age v>iability ) "o gr\p1 %[ l>ge div]g5ces 9 ! o!r1 su* z c\rage & indep5d5ce4 ,^! w\ld seem to be m ne>ly l ! m /rictly p]sonal traits4 ,norswor?y po9ts out t ! traits ab\t :i* inquiries are commonly made 9 recomm5dation blanks s5t out by tea*]s' ag5cies1 employm5t bureaus1 & employ]s1 t5d to be ^? on :i*1 accord+ to h] results1 individual op9ion is lea/ reliable4 ,traits su* z orig9ality1 judgm5t1 cle>ness & quickness1 on :i* judgm5ts are mo/ unanim\s & consi/5t1 are usually omitt$ f ^! blanks4 ,?is indicates ! desirability ( a m c>eful exam9ation into ! g5]al validity ( ?is type ( judgm5t4 ,"h1 !n1 z 9 all ! o!r topics t we h _h occasion to discuss1 we f9d t our pres5t k is f> f adequate to meet ! dem&s ( practical life4 ,available results are t5tative only1 b !y are s sugge/ive z to af=d a s]ies ( int]e/+ problems = fur!r inve/igation4 ,! validity ( judgm5ts ( associates v>ies ) ! judge1 ) ! trait 9 "q1 & ) ! p]son :o is be+ e/imat$4 ,b x does n v>y at r&om2 x v>ies 9 :at seem to be fairly def9ite1 common1 & det]m9able ways4 ,t we d n "k m ab\t ! precise nature ( ^! v>iations means m]ely t few p]sons h tak5 ! tr\ble to inquire into ! matt]4 ,! use ( oral & writt5 recomm5dations1 te/imonials1 *>act]s1 & lett]s ( introduction %\ld be bas$ on a c>eful /udy ( ^! mat]ials4 ,especially %\ld we "k m ?an we n[ d conc]n+ ! reliability ( judgm5t 9 ! case ( ! diff]5t traits1 ! likelihood t ! v]dict ( a s+le judge w agree ) ! cons5sus ( op9ion1 ! relation ( ^! judgm5ts to ! individual's self-e/imate1 & ! accordance ( bo? ^! ) ! results ( objective p]=mance4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] "s ( ^! que/ions w be fur!r consid]$4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,norswor?y1 ,! ,validity ( ,judgm5ts ( ,"*1 9 ,essays 9 ,honor ( ,william ,james1 p4 #eec4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,exp]im5tal ,,/udy ,,( ,,self-,,analysis1 ,,e/imates ,,( ,,associates ,,& ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,te/s ,z we h already rem>k$1 x w\ld be ( sci5tific int]e/ & ( practical value 9 vocational psy*ology if we knew some?+ m or less precise conc]n+ ! reliability ( ! individual's self-analysis4 ,x w\ld be ( equal int]e/ & value to "k 9 :at ways ! results ( su* introspection comp>e ) ! judgm5ts ( fri5ds & ! results ( actual measurem5t4 ,by way ( initiat+ inve/igations ( ^! & relat$ que/ions ! foll[+ exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! results to be report$ are s sugge/ive z to make v desirable a cont9uation & ext5sion ( rese>*es ( ?is k9d4 ,f a li/ ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty /ud5ts 9 _! ?ird college ye> ea* memb] ( ! gr\p 0 ask$ to indicate by m>k+1 z #c1 #b1 #a1 or #j1 ! degree ( h] acqua9tance ) ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,f ! total li/ a gr\p ( tw5ty-five 7 select$1 all ( :om 7 acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r4 ,at int]vals v>y+ f two weeks to a mon? ea* individual 0 giv5 tw5ty-five slips ( pap] be>+ ! names ( ^! acqua9tances & includ+ ! individual's own "n4 ,%e 0 ask$ to arrange ! memb]s ( ! gr\p 9 ord] ( m]it1 on ea* occasion1 accord+ to _! degree ( possession ( "s "o trait1 su* z neatness1 humor1 intellig5ce1 conceit1 etc4 ,?us 9 ! case ( neatness1 = example1 ! tw5ty-five p]sons 7 to be plac$ 9 a s]ies ) ! neate/ at "o end1 ! mo/ slov5ly at ! o!r end1 & all ! o!rs arrang$ 9 _! appropriate int]m$iate positions1 z bas$ on ! judge's p]sonal op9ion ( !m4 ,! judge 0 to include h] own "n 9 ! s]ies1 plac+ h]self :]e %e believ$ h]self to belong 9 relation to h] tw5ty-f\r acqua9tances4 ,! record 0 !n h&$ 91 9 an app>5tly anonym\s way1 b1 unkn[n to ! individuals1 accurate record 0 kept1 id5tify+ ea* arrangem5t4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] t ! judges might be enc\rag$ to ! greate/ degree ( frankness bo? 9 judg+ _! acqua9tances & 9 record+ _! self-e/imates4 ,! diff]5t arrangem5ts 7 sep>at$ by consid]able int]vals ( "t1 s t ! judgm5ts ( ! v>i\s traits %\ld be influ5c$ z little z possible by ! memory ( :]e ! diff]5t individuals 9 ! li/ _h be5 plac$ = o!r traits on previ\s occasions4 ,9 addition to ?is "p ( ! exp]im5t1 ea* p]son 0 put ?r\gh a s]ies ( sev5 psy*ological te/s1 all ( :i* _h be5 r g5]ally f\nd to give results :i* reveal$1 to a v high degree ( correctness1 ! g5]al intellig5ce ( p :5 ?is 0 det]m9$ 9 o!r ways1 z by m5tal age1 s*ool grade1 academic m>ks1 op9ions ( tea*]s1 judgm5ts ( fri5ds1 etc4 ,! p>ticul> te/s us$ 7 ! ,grad$ ,completion ,te/1 describ$ 9 a previ\s section1 & six s-call$ ,association ,te/s1 recomm5d$ by ! ,committee on ,/&>dization ( ,te/s ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,!y are usually kn[n z ,directions ,te/1 ,opposites ,te/1 ,supraord9ate ,concept ,te/1 ,:ole-,"p ,te/1 ,action-,ag5t ,te/1 & ,mix$ ,relations ,te/4 ,copies ( ! =ms us$ 9 ^! te/s are giv5 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,all ( ^! te/s involve ! dem& = ! quick & accurate p]ception ( & reaction to ! relations ( ?+s or ideas to ea* o!r4 ,ev]y?+ indicates t ?is ability is mo/ important & det]m9+ 9 ! composition ( t *>act]i/ic :i* we vaguely call g5]al intellig5ce1 especially if we are deal+ ) p ) s*ool exp]i5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 ! academic m>ks ( s*ol>%ip assign$ to ^! tw5ty-five /ud5ts by _! in/ructors 9 diff]5t college bran*es dur+ ?ree t]ms ( college "w 7 secur$ f ! (ficial records4 ,judgm5ts ( ! degree to :i* ! diff]5t /ud5ts _h be5 prom95t 9 extra-academic activities dur+ _! college c>e] 7 made by (fic]s ( ! college :o _h kn[n !m dur+ ?is "t4 ,photographs ( ! tw5ty-five p]sons1 ( ! same g5]al /yle & size1 7 secur$ also1 z well z *>act]i/ic specim5s ( _! h&writ+4 ,?is exp]im5t hav+ be5 complet$1 a simil> inve/igation 0 und]tak5 ) tw5ty-five memb]s ( ! s5ior class4 ,! same me?od ( proc$ure 0 foll[$ z 9 ! fir/ case1 ! same traits judg$1 ! same te/s adm9i/]$1 etc4 ,?is second inve/igation ?us af=ds a *eck on ! results ( ! fir/ /udy4 ,:5 ! results f ! two inve/igations are av]ag$ we h figures ( consid]able reliability1 & fairly accurate data on num]\s int]e/+ que/ions4 ,probably nev] be=e h su* div]se ways be5 employ$ 9 attempt+ to get int5sive measurem5ts ( ! individuality4 ,! mat]ial enables u to ?r[ prelim9>y & sugge/ive light on _m ( ! que/ions we h already rais$4 ,x %\ld ( c\rse be fully recogniz$ t ! results ( ?is little inve/igation _c be g5]aliz$ into f9al conclusions :i* w be true 9 o!r cases1 )\t fur!r v]ification ( !m4 ,! results %[ only :at happ5$ 9 ?is case1 & only to t degree d !y sugge/ :at we may expect to be g5]ally true4 ,_m simil> /udies mu/ be made1 "u all sorts ( conditions & by a v>iety ( me?ods1 be=e we %all h ! f9al answ]s to our que/ions4 ,b ! results are no less valuable because ( _! lack ( f9ality4 ,t5tative z !y may be1 !y nev]!less %[ :at happ5$ 9 ! only record$ attempt to f9d answ]s to ! que/ions we h be5 consid]+4 ,if ! read] w n[ turn back to page #abd he w note h[ num]\s1 important1 & complex ^! que/ions are1 & h[ little is at pres5t kn[n ab\t !m4 ,turn+ n[ to our exp]im5t1 x w be obs]v$ t only 9 ! case ( intellig5ce d we h :at purport to be objective measures ( a trait1 viz41 ! results ( ! psy*ological te/s & ! academic records4 ,b we h1 9 ! av]age ( ! judgm5ts ( ! tw5ty-five individuals1 9 ! case ( ?is & also ( ! v>i\s o!r traits1 :at con/itutes z valid a measurem5t z x is possible to secure "u ! circum/ances4 ,neatness1 conceit1 humor1 beauty1 etc41 are n to be conceiv$ z sub/ances ( :i* ! diff]5t individuals possess diff]5t am\nts4 ,^! traits are ma9ly ways ( behav+ or ways ( impress+ our neighbors4 ,no bett] measure ( !m exi/s ?an ! actual /atem5t ( :at ?is impression is4 ,j z ! value ( a commodity dep5ds entirely on :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 p c be p]suad$ to pay = x1 s ! beauty1 conceit1 neatness1 etc41 ( an individual are ma9ly con/itut$ by ! k9d ( impression ! individual makes on ^? ab\t him4 ,at lea/ we may be sure t only to ! degree t su* traits actually manife/ !mselves & ?us det]m9e ! reactions ( o!rs t[>d ! individual conc]n$1 only to t degree d ! traits h vocational significance4 ,lovabl5ess is j ! degree to :i* p actually h affection = u2 em95ce is j ! degree to :i* ! individual becomes approv+ly kn[n2 & k9dl9ess & b5evol5ce are pres5t to j ! degree t p are actually gratifi$ & com=t$ by our conduct4 ,let u turn at once to ! actual results ( our exp]im5ts4 ,x w p]haps be be/ to ask specific que/ions ab\t !m & 9 ! case ( ea* "q pres5t ! data & draw su* conclusions z ! figures w>rant4 ,9 ! figures :i* foll[ ,i h av]ag$ toge!r ! results f ! two inve/igations1 s t our conclusions or sugge/ions may h ! highe/ possible validity4 ,9 "s o!r connection x w\ld be int]e/+ to comp>e ! two sets ( data1 & to attempt to expla9 c]ta9 diff]5ces :i* are to be f\nd betwe5 !m4 ,b 9 ! pres5t in/ance x is our *ief conc]n to exhibit ! me?od ( proc$ure & to indicate ! type ( in=mation :i* may be secur$ f su* inve/igations4 ,_m m su* /udies mu/ be made be=e ! results c be said to apply to human nature at l>ge1 or be=e ! t5d5cies discov]$ c legitimately be expect$ to be pres5t 9 ! case ( any p>ticul> individual4 ,i4 ,h[ d ! self-e/imates ( ^! fifty p]sons agree ) ! judgm5ts pass$ on !m by _! acqua9tances8 ,! foll[+ table gives1 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! n9e traits /udi$1 ! av]age deviation ( ! self-e/imates ( ! v>i\s individuals f ! m$ian position assign$ !m by _! tw5ty-f\r associates1 & also ! av]age deviation#i among ^! tw5ty-f\r associates 9 _! judgm5ts ( ea* individual4 ,! figure giv5 is 9 t]ms ( ! numb] ( positions 9 ! total scale ( tw5ty-five possible positions4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( neatness1 ! figures mean t1 :]eas ea* individual1 9 ! long run1 displaces h]self by #e4h positions f h] true or m$ian position1 ! tw5ty-f\r associates deviate on ! av]age by only #d4e places 9 _! judgm5ts ( ano!r p]son4 ,t is to say1 ! individual's error 9 judg+ h]self is some:at great] ?an ! av]age error ( h] fri5ds 9 _! judgm5ts ( h]4 ,! individual does n judge h]self z accurately z %e is judg$ by h] fri5ds4 ,,table #b ,,error ,,( ,,self-,,e/imates ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,error ,,( ,,judgm5ts ,,( #bd ,,associates ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,a4 ,d4 ( ,assoc4 ,a4 ,e4 ( ,self-,e/4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,neatness #d4e #e4h ,intellig5ce #c4g #f4j ,humor #d4e #g4c ,conceit #d4a #e4g ,beauty #c4h #f4j ,vulg>ity #c4e #f4a ,snobbi%ness #d4h #e4a ,ref9em5t #e4i #g4b ,sociability #d4g #e4d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,9 all cases ! individual places h]self f>!r f h] true position ?an d h] fri5ds on ! av]age4 ,! av]age ( all ! deviations ( associates is #d4d places2 t ( all ! individual self-e/imates is #f4a places4 ,t is to say1 9 g5]al ! error ( self-e/imation t5ds to be half aga9 z great z ! av]age error ( ! judgm5ts ( associates4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! /ud5ts d n judge !mselves z accurately z _! fri5ds judge !m1 if ! av]age position assign$ ! individual by ! gr\p ( tw5ty-f\r associates may be tak5 z a fair measure ( ! individual's true /atus 9 ! gr\p4 ,,ii4 ,is !re any con/ant t5d5cy t[>d ov]e/imation or und]e/imation1 9 ! case ( ! individual's self-e/imates1 & if s1 h[ does ?is t5d5cy v>y ) ! trait 9 "q8 ,x may be said 9 answ] to ?is "q1 fir/1 t 9 ! case ( none ( ! traits d all ! individuals consi/5tly ei!r ov]rate or und]rate !mselves4 ,b if ! self-displacem5ts be av]ag$ algebraically1 c]ta9 v def9ite t5d5cies t[>d con/ant errors are reveal$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! con/ant error 9 ! case ( ea* trait4 ,9 ! case ( undesirable traits 7conceit1 vulg>ity & snobbi%ness7 ?is con/ant error is t[>d und]e/imation4 ,on ! av]age1 ^! individuals rank !mselves z less conceit$1 less vulg> & less snobbi% ?an !y really are1 z judg$ by ! comb9$ op9ion ( _! associates4 ,9 ! case ( all ! rema9+ traits 7! desirable ones7 ! g5]al t5d5cy is t[>d ov]e/imation4 ,! am\nt or degree ( ?is ov]e/imation v>ies consid]ably f trait to trait4 ,x is greate/ 9 ! cases ( ref9em5t & humor1 9 :i* traits !re are con/ant errors ( #f4c & #e4b places4 ,9 ! cases ( neatness1 intellig5ce1 & sociability ! ov]e/imation is only ab\t half z l>ge z 9 ^! two traits1 :ile 9 ! case ( beauty !re is really no con/ant error4 ,,table #c ,%[+ ,con/ant ,t5d5cies ,t[>d ,ov]e/imation 77 & ,und]e/imation 7-7 ( ,self ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,numb] ,numb] ,trait ,con/ant ,error,ov]e/imat+,und]e/imat+ ,!mselves ,!mselves ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ref9em5t #f4c #dj #aj ,humor #e4b #ci #aa ,intellig5ce #c4j #cd #af ,sociability #b4b #cd #af ,neatness #a4h #be #be ,beauty #j4b #be #be ,conceit -#a4g #bd #bf ,snobbi%ness -#b4j #ah #cb ,vulg>ity -#d4b #ag #cc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ano!r way ( express+ ^! con/ant t5d5cies is to give 9 ea* case ! numb] ( p 9 ! gr\p ( fifty obs]v]s :o t5d 9 ea* direction4 ,^! figures are giv5 9 ! la/ two columns ( ! above table4 ,x is cle> at once t 9 ! case ( ! fir/ f\r traits ! t5d5cy is pr$om9antly 9 ! direction ( ov]e/imation2 9 ! next ?ree traits ! two t5d5cies are ev5ly balanc$1 :ile 9 ! la/ two ! g5]al t5d5cy is /rongly t[>d und]e/imation4 ,x is ( c\rse difficult to say1 9 ?is connection1 j h[ accurately ! figures giv5 portray ! real self-e/imation ( ! diff]5t individuals1 & to :at degree !y indicate m]ely :at ! individual w d ) h] own "n 9 ! case ( su* an exp]im5t4 ,natural mode/y might easily lead "o to place h] own "n l[] 9 ! scale = a giv5 trait ?an %e really believ$ h]self to belong4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 we might !n inf] t ! figures we h pres5t$1 al?\gh qualitatively sugge/ive1 7 n quantitatively reliable4 ,!y w\ld1 9 o!r words1 express small] degrees ( ov]e/imation & und]e/imation ?an 7 really pres5t 9 ! consci\sness ( our obs]v]s4 ,"h1 z 9 all ! results ( ?is inve/igation1 ! figures are giv5 only z indicat+ :at individuals actually d :5 ask$ to rank !mselves among _! associates4 ,our conclusion on ?is po9t is t !y t5d to ov]e/imate or to und]e/imate !mselves1 accord+ to ! desirabl5ess or undesirabl5ess ( ! trait 9 "q4 ,individual diff]5ces 9 ^! t5d5cies are ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,?us1 9 neatness1 individuals ,s & ,h /& ab\t equally high 7,s be+ n9? & ,h be+ ?irte5?71 b ,s und]e/imates h]self by ?irte5 places1 :ile ,h ov]e/imates h]self by t5 places4 ,9 a ?ird exp]im5t ( ?is same k9d ano!r gr\p ( tw5ty-five college s5iors1 9 ! same s*ool & dur+ ! prec$+ ye>1 _h judg$ ea* o!r1 includ+ !mselves1 = ! traits1 effici5cy1 en]gy1 k9dl9ess & orig9ality4 ,! data f ?is exp]im5t are n giv5 "h 9 full1 s9ce ! me?od 0 precisely t ( ! two inve/igations we h j describ$1 & s9ce all ( ! results mu/ be held z only sugge/ive ( :at may be expect$ to happ5 9 ! long run4 ,^! s5iors also %[$ a g5]al t5d5cy to rate !mselves some:at high] ?an !y 7 rat$ by _! associates4 ,! am\nt ( ov]e/imation v>i$ ) ! trait1 all ! traits 9 ?is case be+ ( ! desirable sort4 ,s9ce ! conditions ( ?is ?ird exp]im5t 7 q ! same z ^? ( ! inve/igation j describ$ 9 great] detail1 except t a diff]5t gr\p ( individuals 7 conc]n$1 x is p]haps fair to treat ! results z comp>able1 & to include ! measures ( con/ant error along ) ! prec$+ records4 ,! results f all ! gr\ps are includ$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s ! con/ant t5d5cy 9 ! case ( ?irte5 traits4 ,,table #d ,,con/ant ,,t5d5cies ,,( ,,self-,,e/imation ,,9 ,,?irte5 ,,traits ---------------------------------------- ------- ,trait ,con/ant ,trait ,con/ant ,error ,error ---------------------------------------- --- ,ref9em5t #f4c ,neatness #a4h ,humor #e4b ,orig9ality #a4b ,k9dl9ess #d4j ,beauty #j4b ,en]gy #c4h ,conceit -#a4g ,intellig5ce #c4j ,snobbi%ness -#b4j ,sociability #b4b ,vulg>ity -#d4b ,effici5cy #b4a ---------------------------------------- ------- ,data f c]ta9 o!r inve/igations also tell u some?+ ab\t ^! t5d5cies 9 judg+ ourselves & o!rs4 ,?us1 9 an inve/igation by ! writ]1#aj a numb] ( p]sons 7 set to "w at ! cont9u\s p]=mance ( a s]ies ( m5tal & physical te/s4 ,aft] ea* trial ! p]=m] 0 requir$ to judge :e!r he _h done bett] or worse ?an usual on ?is occasion4 ,9 ea* case ano!r p]son 0 requir$ to wat* ! p]=m]1 & to judge1 9 ! capacity ( witness1 :e!r ! p]=mance _h be5 bett] or worse ?an usual = ! individual :o 0 do+ ! "w4 ,! data %[$ t al?\gh an obs]v] is no m s5sitive to ga9 9 effici5cy ?an he is to loss1 he is pr$ispos$ to judge bo? himself & ano!r p]=m] :om he is wat*+ z hav+ done bett] ?an usual r ?an worse ?an usual4 ,! consequ5ce is t small] degrees ( sup]iority t5d to be judg$ z bett] ) high] degrees ( confid5ce1 & t a c]ta9 slight degree ( inf]iority t5ds to be incorrectly judg$ z bett]4 ,we seem pr$ispos$ to judge bett] r ?an worse1 & 9 ?is exp]im5t ! obs]v]s 71 fur!rmore1 pr$ispos$ 9 favor ( ! o!r p]son1 some:at m ?an 9 favor ( !mselves4 ,!y 7 dis9cl9$ to judge any trial z worse ?an usual1 & ?is dis9cl9ation 0 /rong] :5 judg+ z witness ?an :5 judg+ z p]=m]4 ,?is results 9 a comb9ation ( altruism & optimism :i*1 if f\nd to be a common occurr5ce1 w\ld seem to h int]e/+ implications4 ,fur!r inve/igation w p]haps %[ t ^! attitudes are condition$1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 by a v>iety ( factors1 su* z competition1 education1 motive1 age or sex ( p]=m] & witness1 & p]haps by individual diff]5ces ( a temp]am5tal sort4 ,:5 ,cattell _h sci5tific m5 arrange _! colleagues & !mselves on ! basis ( sci5tific m]it1 he f\nd no con/ant t5d5cy ei!r to ov]e/imate or to und]e/imate oneself4 ,he rem>ks1 conc]n+ ?is result3 ,x ?us appe>s t !re is no con/ant error 9 judg+ ourselves--we are ab\t z likely to ov]e/imate z to und]e/imate ourselves1 & we c judge ourselves slightly m accurately ?an we are likely to be judg$ by "o ( our colleagues4 ,we c only "k ourselves f ! reflect$ op9ion ( o!rs1 b x seems t we are able to e/imate ^! m correctly ?an c ^? :o are less int]e/$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 wide individual diff]5ces2 sev]al obs]v]s ov]e/imate !mselves decid$ly1 :ile o!rs und]e/imate !mselves to an equal degree4#aa ,s9ce ^! individual diff]5ces1 9 all ! inve/igations t h be5 report$1 are s conspicu\s1 we may next inquire :e!r ! individual :o possesses a giv5 trait 9 high degree is a bett] or worse judge ( t trait 9 himself & 9 o!rs1 ?an is a p]son 9 :om ! trait itself is less m>k$4 ,,iii4 ,is "o :o possesses a giv5 trait 9 high degree a bett] or worse judge ( t trait ?an is an individual 9 :om ! trait is less conspicu\s8 ,on ! basis ( ! comb9$ judgm5ts ( ! gr\p we h secur$ a f9al position = ea* individual1 :i* indicates h] mo/ probable /&+ 9 ! v>i\s traits4 ,s9ce ea* individual judg$ all ! o!rs ( ! gr\p1 we c1 by correlat+#ab ! judgm5ts ( ea* individual ) ! comb9$ judgm5ts ( ! gr\p1 secure a coeffici5t ( correlation :i* w indicate ! judicial capacity ( ! giv5 individual4 ,?is figure w be a measure ( ! correctness or repres5tative "* ( h] judgm5ts ( h] fri5ds4 ,if ! figure is l[1 x w mean t h] own judgm5ts d n agree closely ) ! comb9$ or true judgm5ts4 ,if ! figure is high x w indicate t !re is close correspond5ce1 & t ! individual's judgm5ts ( h] fri5ds agree closely ) ! comb9$ judgm5t4 ,hav+ secur$ ^! measures ( judicial capacity1 & hav+ also measures ( ! degree to :i* ea* individual possesses ! v>i\s traits1 we may by correlat+ ^! two measures det]m9e :e!r or n any relation exi/s betwe5 possession ( ! trait & ability to judge o!rs ) respect to t trait4 ,9 ! same way we may det]m9e ! relation betwe5 possession ( ! trait & ability to judge oneself 9 t trait4 ,! table on page #afj gives ^! coeffici5ts ( correlation 9 ! case ( all ! traits4 ,9 ! cases ( neatness1 intellig5ce1 humor1 ref9em5t & sociability ! coeffici5ts are all positive & fairly high4 ,?us 9 ! case ( humor ! coeffici5ts ( 4#ei & 4#hg indicate t t individual :om o!rs consid] humor\s t5ds to be ! mo/ correct or repres5tative ( ! gr\p 9 h] judgm5ts ( ! humor ( h]self & ( o!rs4 ,! coeffici5ts ( 4#di & 4#ei 9 ! case ( intellig5ce indicate t t individual :o impresses o!rs z be+ intellig5t is a good judge ( intellig5ce bo? 9 h]self & 9 o!rs4 ,! same is to be said ( neatness1 ref9em5t & sociability4 ,9 ! case ( beauty ! coeffici5ts1 al?\gh positive1 are v l[ & h5ce n v reliable4 ,!y seem to indicate t 9 ?is case !re is no relation ( any sort betwe5 ! possession ( ! trait & ! ability to judge x4 ,,table #e ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,possession ,,( ,a ,,trait ,,& ,,ability ,,to ,,judge ,,self ,,& ,,o!rs ,,9 ,,t ,,trait 7,all coeffici5ts are positive unless o!rwise indicat$7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,judgm5t,judgm5t ,judgm5t,judgm5t ,trait ( ( ,trait ( ( ,o!rs ,self ,o!rs ,self ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,neatness 4#bb 4#de ,vulg>ity -4#bd -4#cg ,intellig5ce 4#di 4#ei ,snobbi%ness 4#cc -4#bg ,humor 4#ei 4#hg ,conceit 4#ai -4#bb ,beauty 4#bc 4#ae ,ref9em5t 4#ch 4#hc ,sociability 4#dh 4#dg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ! cases ( ! def9itely undesirable traits1 vulg>ity1 snobbi%ness & conceit1 ! coeffici5ts t5d to be negative1 & al?\gh none ( !m is v high1 !y sugge/ t ! possession ( ^! traits to a giv5 degree t5ds to disqualify ! individual to t degree z a judge ( ^? traits1 :e!r 9 h]self or 9 o!rs4 ,^! results also confirm ! results 9 ! case ( c]ta9 ( ! desirable traits1 s9ce vulg>ity & snobbi%ness1 ) l[ or negative coeffici5ts1 are1 grammatically at lea/1 ! opposites ( ref9em5t & sociability1 :i* h high & positive coeffici5ts4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 our results sugge/ t1 9 ! case ( desirable traits1 ability to judge a quality accompanies possession ( t quality1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! undesirable traits ! rev]se ( ?is is ! case4 ,,iv4 ,:at relation exi/s betwe5 ^! e/imat$ traits & ! m objective measurem5ts ( ! individuals conc]n$8 ,on ! basis ( ! m5tal te/s we h secur$ measures :i* may be comp>$ ) ^! e/imat$ traits4 ,! same comp>ison may be made 9 ! case ( ! academic records receiv$ by ! individuals 9 _! college c\rses4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! correlation ( all ! e/imat$ traits ) ^! two objective measurem5ts4 ,,table #f ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,e/imat$ ,,traits ,,& 7,a7 ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,m5tal ,,te/s2 7,b7 ,,! ,,academic ,,records ,,( ,,ea* ,,individual ,,9 ,,college ,,subjects 7,all coeffici5ts are positive unless o!rwise indicat$7 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,correlation ,correlation ,trait ) ,m5tal) ,academic ,av]age ,te/s ,record ---------------------------------------- ----- ,intellig5ce 4#fb 4#eb 4#eg ,humor 4#ee 4#ae 4#ce ,ref9em5t 4#cd 4#cd 4#cd ,snobbi%ness 4#ec 4#ac 4#cc ,neatness 4#cf 4#bd 4#cj ,conceit 4#ed 4#jc 4#bh ,beauty 4#dj 4#jf 4#bc ,sociability 4#be -4#jg 4#ji ,vulg>ity 4#bi -4#ca -4#ja ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 ! case ( ! m5tal te/s all ! coeffici5ts are positive & fairly high 9 mo/ cases4 ,! correlation is highe/ ( all ) e/imat$ intellig5ce1 :atev] t may mean4 ,z we h us$ ! t]m x p]haps means ! impression ( g5]al capacity :i* an individual makes on h] associates4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ! m5tal te/s1 :i* c be adm9i/]$ 9 a few m9utes1 give u s close a measure ( :at ?is impression w be2 a measure1 x %\ld be not$1 :i* is high] ?an t af=d$ by ! academic records1 9 spite ( ! fact t ^! academic records _h be5 f t]m to t]m ann\nc$ 9 a public way & might h be5 expect$ to contribute t[>d ! g5]al impression on ! basis ( :i* ! judgm5ts ( intellig5ce 7 pass$4 ,! high correlation betwe5 te/s & e/imates sugge/s t ! abilities display$ 9 ^! te/s correspond v closely to ^? *>act]i/ics on :i* our associates base _! e/imates ( our intellig5ce4 ,?is is an enc\rag+ result = ^? int]e/$ 9 ! vocational use ( m5tal te/s4 ,b x is equally int]e/+ t ! results ( ! m5tal te/ correlate to s high a degree ) ! e/imates ( v>i\s o!r traits1 notably humor1 snobbi%ness1 conceit1 beauty1 neatness & ref9em5t4 ,?is result sugge/s ei!r or bo? ( two int]pretations4 ,x may be1 on ! "o h&1 t ^! *>act]i/ics are only p>tial compon5ts ( t m g5]al trait1 intellig5ce 7) :i* ! correlation ( ! te/s is /ill high]71 at lea/ s f> z ! e/imates ( our associates are conc]n$4 ,?is w\ld mean t a s5se ( humor1 a t5d5cy t[>d self-e/eem1 physical attractiv5ess & a g5tle mann] dispose "o's associates to ?9k favorably ( h] g5]al m5tal end[m5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! result may mean t an individual :o has suffici5t di/9ction to /& out prom95tly 9 any ( ! e/imat$ traits "h consid]$ is possess$ ( a n]v\s sy/em :i* enables h] to accompli% ! "w ( ^! m5tal te/s ) correspond+ effici5cy4 ,su* a *>act]i/ic z g5]al /&-out-i%ness may p]haps be a trait :i* calls = recognition1 n only 9 daily life b also 9 ! n>r[] categories ( psy*ological classification4 ,9 ! case ( ! academic records ?is g5]al t5d5cy t[>d positive correlation is n pres5t4 ,! only high correlation is ) e/imat$ intellig5ce4 ,x is impossible to say h[ f> ?is high coeffici5t is due to g5]al k ( academic atta9m5ts on ! "p ( ! individuals compos+ ! gr\ps4 ,ref9em5t & neatness are ! only o!r traits :i* %[ any claim at all = correlation ) academic records4 ,! positive direction ( ^! coeffici5ts may af=d "s consolation to ^? :o put _! fai? 9 ! vocational significance ( academic records ( college /ud5ts1 b _! l[ values con/itute a some:at less enc\rag+ comm5t>y4 ,v4 ,h[ d ! v>i\s measures ( intellig5ce comp>e ) "o ano!r1 & :at is ! reliability ( ^! v>i\s measures8 ,frequ5t /udies h be5 made ( ! relation betwe5 tea*]s' e/imates ( ! g5]al intellig5ce ( pupils & _! intellig5ce z %[n by _! p]=mance 9 psy*ological te/s4 ,! tea*]'s e/imate is p]haps v likely to be bas$ on t sort ( intellig5ce :i* %[s itself 9 academic p]=mance only1 s9ce 9 _m cases ! acqua9tance is limit$ to contact 9 class room & laboratory4 ,9 our own case we h tea*]s' e/imates only 9 ! =m ( ! actual class records4 ,^! are1 !n1 n e/imates ( g5]al intellig5ce 9 ! /rict s5se1 b are condition$ presumably = ! mo/ "p by ! /ud5t's p]=mance 9 ! class room4 ,! academic m>ks 7 report$ accord+ to a lett] sy/em1 9 :i* ,a means v good1 ,b means good1 ,c means fair1 ,d means poor & ,f means fail$4 ,hav+ secur$ ^! m>ks = all ! /ud5ts 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,logic1 ,psy*ology1 ,economics & ,hi/ory1 we av]ag$ ! m>ks = ea* /ud5t1 by giv+ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d & ,f values ( #ij1 #hj1 #gj1 #fj & #ej4 ,?is gave u f9al av]ages = all ! /ud5ts1 on ! basis ( :i* av]ages !y 7 arrang$ 9 ord] ( m]it1 ! two gr\ps be+ sep>ately treat$4 ,we h n[ ! ?ree foll[+ measures ( intellig5ce3 a4 ,! results ( ! psy*ological te/s4 b4 ,! op9ion ( fell[ /ud5ts4 c4 ,! academic records4 ,! correlations betwe5 ^! v>i\s measures are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tabulation3 ,,table #g ,,%[+ ,,! ,,correlations ,,betwe5 ,,v>i\s ,,measures ,,( ,,intellig5ce ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #be #be ,juniors,s5iors ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,correlation ( psy*ological te/s ) e/imat$ ,intellig5ce 4#gj 4#ec ,correlation ( psy*ological te/s ) ,academic ,records 4#db 4#eg ,correlation ( ,academic ,records ) e/imat$ ,intellig5ce 4#bb 4#cg ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! mo/ /rik+ result "h is ! r l[ correlation ( ! academic records ) ! o!r measures ( intellig5ce4 ,! psy*ological te/s agree closely ) ! results ( ! e/imates by associates4 ,! correlation ( ! te/s ) ! records is consid]ably l[]1 :ile ! correlation ( records ) e/imates is exce$+ly l[4 ,! full significance ( ^! results w ( c\rse dep5d on ! attitude "o takes t[>d ! v>i\s measures4 ,"o :o has fai? 9 ! value ( academic records mu/ ( c\rse reject ! e/imates ( associates & be v sceptical ( ! value ( ! m5tal te/s4 ,b vocationally ! e/imates ( associates mu/ always h value1 s9ce ^! det]m9e or indicate ! reactions ( o!rs t[>d a giv5 individual1 & vocational success w dep5d to a consid]able degree on ^! reactions4 ,! ultimate value ( ! m5tal te/s is /ill to be det]m9$2 9 fact1 x 0 p>tly 9 ord] to aid 9 _! evaluation t ^! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$4 ,inasmu* z ! te/s & ! e/imates agree closely1 ! te/s & ! records less closely1 :ile ! records d n correlate to any m>k$ degree ) ei!r ( ! two o!r measures1 ! significance ( ! academic m>ks1 or _! reliability 9 ?is in/ance1 mu/ be s]i\sly call$ into "q4 ,,table #h ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,judicial ,,capacity ,,& 7,a7 ,,ability ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,te/s2 7,b7 ,,academic ,,records ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,correlation ( ,judicial,correlation ( ,judicial ,trait ,capacity & ,ability ,capacity & ,academic 9 ,m5tal ,te/s ,records ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,neatness 4#je 4#ji ,intellig5ce 4#ee 4#bf ,humor 4#dh -4#jb ,conceit 4#bj 4#ji ,beauty 4#ae 4#ad ,vulg>ity 4#ah 4#ad ,snobbi%ness 4#bj -4#jb ,ref9em5t 4#ae 4#be ,sociability 4#bf 4#jc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,vi4 ,does ! ability to judge ! traits ( o!rs 7judicial capacity7 /& 9 any relation to pr(ici5cy 9 m5tal te/s or to success 9 college "w8 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! correlation ( judicial capacity 9 ! case ( ea* trait ) /&+ 9 ! te/s & ) academic records4 ,9 ! case ( academic records !re is se5 to be absolutely no correlation ) judicial capacity1 9 any ( ! traits e/imat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! m5tal te/s1 only two ( ! traits yield high coeffici5ts4 ,9 intellig5ce & 9 humor !re is fairly high correlation 74#ee & 4#dh74 ,! sugge/ion "h is t ^? :o d well 9 ! m5tal te/s are good judges ( ! intellig5ce & ! humor ( _! fri5ds1 b t 9 ! case ( ! o!r traits !re is no necess>y or probable relation4 ,"q ,,vii4 ,is ! individual :o is a good judge ( o!rs also "o ^: self-e/imates h high reliability8 ,if ! individuals are plac$ 9 an ord] ( m]it ) respect to _! judicial capacity 9 e/imat+ ! *>act]i/ics ( _! fri5ds1 & plac$ also 9 ano!r ord] ( m]it on ! basis ( ! accuracy ( _! self-e/imates1 :at relation w be f\nd betwe5 ! two arrangem5ts8 ,! foll[+ table gives ! coeffici5ts ( correlation :5 su* arrangem5ts are comp>$ 9 ! case ( ea* ( ! traits4 ,,table #i ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,ability ,,to ,,judge ,,o!rs ,,& ,,ability ,,to ,,judge ,,oneself ---------------------------------------- -- ,correlation betwe5 ,judicial ,trait ,capacity & ,accuracy ( ! ,individual's ,self-,e/imates ---------------------------------------- - ,ref9em5t 4#ed ,humor 4#ec ,beauty 4#dg ,sociability 4#df ,intellig5ce 4#dd ,conceit 4#bf ,neatness 4#bb ,vulg>ity 4#bb ,snobbi%ness 4#ae ---------------------------------------- -- ,all ! coeffici5ts are positive1 _! m$ian value be+ 4#dd4 ,9 ! long run x is true t %e :o kn[s h]self be/ is ! be/ judge ( o!rs4 ,! degree to :i* ?is is true1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! trait 9 "q4 ,) ! undesirable traits ( snobbi%ness1 conceit & vulg>ity1 ! coeffici5ts are s l[ z to be q unreliable & p]haps repres5t only *ance4 ,! same is true ( neatness4 ,b 9 ! cases ( ref9em5t1 humor1 beauty1 sociability & intellig5ce ! coeffici5ts are fairly high4 ,,viii4 ,:at correlations are f\nd among v>i\s traits ( "*1 z ^! are e/imat$ by associates8 ,= example1 is an individual :o is judg$ intellig5t also likely to be judg$ to be humor\s1 or ref9$1 or snobbi%1 etc48 ,if !re are su* correlations betwe5 e/imat$ traits1 :at is _! direction & am\nt8 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! av]age correlations 7f ! two gr\ps7 9 ! case ( all ! traits3 ,,table #aj ,,%[+ ,,! ,,int]correlation ,,or ,,e/imat$ ,,traits7#a7 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,neat4,intel4,hum4,con4,beau4,vulg4,snob 4,ref94,socia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,neatness -- 4#ci 4#bi 4#ea 4#ej 4#ji 4#eg 4#cb 4#aj ,intellig5ce 4#ci -- 4#ei 4#dd 4#cd 4#jf 4#dc 4#di 4#be ,humor 4#bi 4#ei -- 4#cb 4#ej 4#dj 4#ej 4#bc 4#ee ,conceit 4#ea 4#dd 4#cb -- 4#ea 4#bd 4#ge 4#cc 4#jg ,beauty 4#ej 4#cd 4#ej 4#ea -- -4#ji 4#da 4#ef 4#cb ,vulg>ity 4#ji 4#jf 4#dj 4#bd-4ji -- 4#dj -4#cg 4#ah ,snobbi%ness 4#eg 4#dc 4#ej 4#ge 4#da 4#dj -- 4#bj -4#ab ,ref9em5t 4#cb 4#di 4#bc 4#cc 4#ef -4#cg 4#bj -- 4#cd ,sociability 4#aj 4#be 4#ee 4#jg 4#cb 4#ah -4#ab 4#cd -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,note #a3 ,! upp] p>ts ( ?is table & ! "o foll[+ repeat ! figures giv5 9 ! l[] p>ts1 = great] conv5i5ce 9 mak+ comp>isons & 9 pres5t+ av]ages4 ,int]e/+ z ^! coeffici5ts are to "o :o has ! passion = correlation1 x is peculi>ly difficult to /ate precisely :at !y mean4 ,neatness correlates1 9 v>y+ degrees1 ) all ! traits except vulg>ity & sociability2 intellig5ce ) all except vulg>ity & p]haps sociability2 humor ) all except neatness1 conceit & ref9em5t1 :]e ! coeffici5ts are l[2 conceit correlates especially closely ) neatness1 beauty & snobbi%ness2 beauty ) neatness1 humor1 conceit & ref9em5t2 vulg>ity correlates positively ) only humor & snobbi%ness1 & negatively ) ref9em5t2 ref9em5t1 ) ev]y?+ except humor1 snobbi%ness & vulg>ity2 snobbi%ness ) all b ref9em5t & sociability2 :ile sociability correlates ) no?+ except humor4 ,h[ f> ^! figures measure def9ite relations betwe5 diff]5t & specific traits1 h[ f> !y measure ! degree to :i* "o's impressions ( v>i\s traits conspire to make up "o's notion ( o!r *>act]i/ics1 or h[ f> !y measure only ! degree ( confusion t exi/s z to ! precise mean+ ( ! v>i\s words1 x is exce$+ly difficult to say4 ,,ix4 ,:at degree ( correlation exi/s among ! academic records 9 ! v>i\s college subjects8 ,is ! individual :o /&s high 9 c]ta9 subjects likely to /& ei!r high or l[ 9 o!r subjects or 9 all subjects8 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! int]correlations betwe5 eight subjects z calculat$ by ! r r\gh mode ( grad+ & av]ag+ previ\sly describ$4 ,s9ce ! correlations are by ! me?od ( relative position1 ! fallacy ( treat+ ! v>i\s grades z susceptible ( quantitative treatm5t is ( v slight importance4 ,,table #aa ,,%[+ ,,! ,,int]correlations ,,among ,,grades ,,9 ,,eight ,,college ,,subjects1 ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,records ,,( ,,! #ej ,,/ud5ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,psy*4,log4,hi/4,econ4,eng4,g]m4,*em4,ma ?4,avge4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,psy*ology -- 4#fj 4#cf 4#eb 4#dh 4#di 4#cc 4#ed 4#dg ,logic 4#fj -- 4#dh 4#eg 4#dg 4#da 4#be 4#eg 4#dh ,hi/ory 4#cf 4#ed -- 4#dd 4#fb 4#df 4#eb 4#fa 4#ea ,economics 4#eb 4#eg 4#dd -- 4#ea 4#dc 4#de 4#ga 4#eb ,engli% 4#dh 4#dg 4#fb 4#ea -- 4#be 4#bf 4#df 4#dd ,g]man 4#di 4#da 4#df 4#dc 4#be -- 4#ci 4#ch 4#dj ,*emi/ry 4#cc 4#be 4#eb 4#de 4#bf 4#ci -- 4#eg 4#dj ,ma!matics 4#ed 4#eg 4#fa 4#ga 4#df 4#ch 4#eg -- 4#ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! correlations betwe5 ! v>i\s college subjects are all positive1 & argue aga9/ ! commonly express$ belief 9 r close specialization ( abilities2 ! /ud5t :o does well 9 "o ( ^! subjects t5ds to d well 9 all ( !m4 ,z has be5 frequ5tly /at$ 9 ?is discussion1 ! data & conclusions "h pres5t$ are by no means to be tak5 z f9al answ]s ev5 to ! specific que/ions ask$4 ,"o _c argue f :at ^! gr\ps ( /ud5ts d "u ! special conditions ( ?is inve/igation to :at !y or o!rs w d 9 o!r circum/ances or 9 g5]al4 ,! results are pres5t$ ma9ly by way ( sugge/+ ! type ( inve/igation :i* mu/ be c>ri$ mu* fur!r be=e we are 9 position to evaluate prop]ly ! self-analysis ( an individual or ! judgm5ts ( associates z pres5t$ 9 te/imonials1 int]views1 or o!r indications bas$ on g5]al acqua9tance4 ,9 ! case ( ! psy*ological te/s1 a long program ( selection1 /&>dization1 & accumulation ( norms is laid out = ^? int]e/$ 9 ! fur!r advance ( vocational psy*ology4 ,s also f ! po9t ( view ( introspective analysis1 consultation1 advice ( fri5ds1 ! me?ods ( int]view1 te/imonial1 etc41 !re is an equally invit+ ?\gh ardu\s program :i* mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh be=e ev5 ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples ( evaluation & selection are kn[n4 ,x %\ld also be insi/$ t ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ?is or t int]view]1 advis]1 tea*] or exp]t is by no means a suffici5t basis = g5]al practice4 ,magic1 clairvoyance1 phr5ology1 physiognomics1 7 all f\nd$ on ! trea*]\s basis ( p]sonal obs]vation & occasional /rik+ co9cid5ce4 ,vocational psy*ology w be safe f prophets & *>latans only :5 x is made to re/ on a /able /ructure ( consi/5t & v]ifiable exp]im5tal data4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,see footnote on p4 #db = an explanation ( ! computation & mean+ ( su* measures ( deviation or error4 #aj ,exp]im5tal ,/udies 9 ,judgm5t1 ,ar*ives ( ,psy*ology1 ,no4 #bi1 #aiac1 #aai pp4 #aa ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,sci5ce4 ,second edition1 p4 #edb4 #ab ,see p4 #de = explanation ( ! mean+ & te*nique ( correlation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,z ,a ,,vocational ,,te/ ,) c]ta9 qualifications ! "w ( ! s*ool curriculum may be said to con/itute an elaborate m5tal te/4 ,"o important function ( ! curriculum is t ( select+ & id5tify+ individuals :o possess a c]ta9 type ( m5tal al]tness or pati5ce4 ,ano!r function is t ( supply+ ! individual ) c]ta9 implem5ts1 facts & ideas1 c]ta9 subject matt]1 :i* may or may n be ( direct value 9 8 lat] life b :i* is at lea/ 9 ?is way p]petuat$ & pres]v$4 ,a ?ird function is t ( af=d+ opportunity = ! ex]cise ( su* specific or g5]al abilities z ! curriculum may call into play4 ,all ?ree ( ^! functions h m or less direct vocational relevance4 ,9 ! h&s ( indu/rial & te*nical int]e/s1 subject matt] becomes m & m prom95t z ! important item4 ,z ?is happ5s ! old] idea ( discipl9e & ex]cise becomes subord9ate or implicit4 ,b1 :atev] be ! und]ly+ educational philosophy1 ! selective value ( ! curriculum is an inescapable fact4 ,! public s*ool sy/em1 by its processes ( grad+1 promotion & c]tification1 t5ds always to m>k (f z a di/9ct gr\p ^? individuals :o c & w meet its dem&s4 ,x also attempts to diff]5tiate ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p f "o ano!r on ! basis ( _! ability or _! incl9ation4 ,! high s*ools1 colleges1 pr(essional & te*nical c\rses cont9ue ?is process ( elim9ation1 id5tification & selection4 ,accord+ to ! /ud5t's ability & incl9ation to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! curriculum1 he or %e is dropp$1 grad$1 ret>d$1 promot$ or pass$ ) honors4 ,ext5d+1 z x commonly does1 ov] _m ye>s ( ! individual's life1 conduct$ by a consid]able numb] & v>iety ( exam9]s1 & pres5t$ 9 a div]sity ( =ms & me?ods1 s*ool "w con/itutes a type ( m5tal te/ :i* is unequal$ 9 its complet5ess4 ,x is highly important = vocational psy*ology to asc]ta9 ! degree ( correlation betwe5 ! individual's record 9 ! curriculum te/ & 8 success or fitness 9 lat] life4 ,to :at degree is ! individual's academic record progno/ic ( 8 indu/rial1 dome/ic & pr(essional future8 ,z def9ite z ?is "q is & z easy ( solution z x may seem1 x is only v rec5tly t reliable data1 z di/+ui%$ f unsupport$ op9ions1 h begun to be accumulat$4 ,! problem is complicat$ by ! difficulty ( secur+ satisfactory measures ( success 9 lat] life1 & by ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 foll[+ up ! c>e]s ( ^? individuals ^: e>ly records are kn[n4 ,%all success be measur$ by ! ob/acles ov]come1 ! income e>n$1 ! sacrifices made1 ! social usefulness accompli%$1 ! am\nt ( local & contempor>y publicity receiv$1 ! public recognition accord$1 ! scope ( activities attempt$1 or ! hi/orical em95ce m]it$8 ,& if m ?an "o ( ^! elem5ts are to be consid]$1 h[ are !y to be treat$ comm5surately8 ,c]ta9ly success may be a*iev$ 9 any or sev]al or all ( ^! & o!r =ms4 ,= ! pres5t our in=mation is limit$ to a few /udies 9 :i* "o or o!r ( ^! aspects has be5 treat$ sep>ately4 ,z "w 9 ?is field progresses we may be bett] able to sum up all ! p>tial results into a /atem5t ( ! g5]al t5d5cies4 ,= our pres5t purpose x may be be/ to br+ toge!r f v>i\s s\rces ! data be>+ on c]ta9 specific que/ions :i* h be5 prop\nd$4 ,at lea/ ?ree ( ^! que/ions are di/9ctly relevant to ! "w ( vocational psy*ology4 ,i4 ,) respect to s*ool "w itself1 :at relation exi/s betwe5 ! e>ly success 9 elem5t>y subjects & ! lat] success 9 h&l+ m advanc$ subject matt]8 ,?is "q is important to all ^? :o may be conc]n$ 9 advis+ individuals conc]n+ ! desirability & probable pr(it ( cont9u+ _! s*ool exp]i5ce1 & ( ent]+ occupations 9 :i* s*ola/ic abilities may be requisite4 ,kelley has rec5tly report$ a c>eful /udy ( ! relation betwe5 ! m>ks 9 ! f\r?1 fif?1 six? & sev5? grades & ! m>ks receiv$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( high s*ool "w4 ,! results1 9 ! case ( fifty-n9e pupils foll[$ ?r\gh ! six ye>s1 7 z foll[s3 ,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,m>ks ,,9 ,,! ,,grades ,,& ,,m>ks ,,9 ,,fir/ ,,high ,,s*ool ,,ye> #g? grade 4#gb #f? grade 4#gc #e? grade 4#ec #d? grade 4#fb ,8 /udy fur!r seeks to %[ ! relative weight to be attribut$ to ! "w ( ea* grade1 by apply+ a =mula kn[n 9 /ati/ics z a regression equation4 ,he says1 ,! net conclusion :i* may be drawn f ^! coeffici5ts ( correlation is t x is possible to e/imate a p]son's g5]al ability 9 ! fir/ ye> ,h4 ,s4 class f ! m>ks he has receiv$ 9 ! la/ f\r ye>s ( elem5t>y s*ool ) accuracy repres5t$ by a coeffici5t ( correlation ( 4#ghi1 & t individual idiosyncrasies may be e/imat$1 9 ! case ( ma!matics & ,engli%1 ) an accuracy repres5t$ by a coeffici5t ( correlation ( 4#eae4444 ,inde$1 x seems t an e/imate ( a pupil's ability to c>ry high s*ool "w :5 ! pupil is 9 ! f\r? grade may be ne>ly z accurate z a judgm5t giv5 :5 ! pupil is 9 ! sev5? grade4 ,miles f9ds t ! correlation betwe5 ! av]age elem5t>y s*ool grade & ! high s*ool grade is 4#ga4 ,de>born also f9ds t high s*ool effici5cy is closely correlat$ ) success 9 univ]sity "w4 ,he /udi$ v>i\s gr\ps ( high s*ool /ud5ts1 ! gr\ps conta9+ f n9ety-two to f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-two /ud5ts ea*4 ,^! 7 gr\p$ into qu>tiles on ! basis ( high s*ool /&+1 & comp>$ ) simil> classifications on ! basis ( univ]sity "w4 ,de>born summ>izes 8 results 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,we may say !n1 on ! basis ( ! results secur$ 9 ?is gr\p 7#dgb pupils7 :i* is suffici5tly l>ge to be repres5tative1 t if a pupil has /ood 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( a l>ge class ?r\gh high s*ool ! *ances are f\r out ( five t he w n fall bel[ ! fir/ half ( 8 class 9 ! univ]sity4444 ,! *ances are b ab\t "o 9 five t ! /ud5t :o has done poorly 9 high s*ool--:o has be5 9 ! l[e/ qu>t] ( 8 class--w rise above ! m$ian or av]age ( ! fre%man class at ! univ]sity1 & ! *ances t he w prove a sup]ior /ud5t at ! univ]sity are v slim inde$4444 ,! ,pe>son coeffici5t ( correlation ( ! /&+s 9 ! high s*ools & 9 ! fre%man ye>1 = ?is gr\p ( #dgb pupils1 is 4#hj4444 ,a little ov] #hj p] c5t ( ^? :o 7 f\nd 9 ! l[e/ or ! highe/ qu>t] ( ! gr\p 9 high s*ool are f\nd 9 _! respective halves ( ! gr\p ?r\gh\t ! univ]sity4444 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! /ud5ts :o ent] ! univ]sity f ^! high s*ools w ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! univ]sity approximately ! same rank :i* !y held 9 high s*ool4 ,l[ell's inve/igation1 :i* is discuss$ 9 lat] p>agraphs1 also be>s directly on ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 college entrance records1 college grades1 & lat] "w 9 pr(essional s*ools4 ,a r diff]5t me?od ( proc$ure 0 adopt$ by ,van ,d5burg1 :o /udi$ ! relation betwe5 ! fir/-t]m m>ks ( high s*ool pupils 9 ,new ,york ,city & ! l5g? ( "t ! pupils cont9u$ 9 s*ool "w4 ,! foll[+ table gives a g5]al idea ( 8 results3 ,,table #ab ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,fir/-,,t]m ,,m>ks ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,& ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,"t ,,pupils ,,rema9 ,,9 ,,s*ool 7,,van ,,d5burg7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p]c5tage ,leav+ ,s*ool 9 ,v>i\s ,ye>s ,aft] ,entrance into ! ,high ,s*ool ,fir/-,t]m ---------------------------------------- -------- ,m>k ,left ,left 9 #bnd1 #crd1 or ,dur+ ,fir/ #d? ,ye>s1 or ,fail$ ,graduat$ ,ye> to ,graduate 9 #d? ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,bel[ #ej #fa #ci #j #ej to #ei #di #df #e #fj to #fi #ci #eh #c #gj to #gi #bj #fb #ah #hj to #hi #ag #df #cg #ij to #ajj #f #dj #ed ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,?orndike1 9 ref]r+ to ! significance ( su* results1 says3 ,t5 times z _m ( ^? m>k$ bel[ #ej leave 9 ! fir/ ye> z ( ^? m>k$ #ij or above4 ,( #aae pupils m>k$ bel[ #ej n "o rema9$ to graduate 9 f\r ye>s4 ,z ! m>ks rise ! p]c5tage leav+ 9 ! e>ly ye>s /eadily falls & ! p]c5tage graduat+ rises4 ,su* prophecies444 c\ld easily be work$ out = any community4 ,!y %[ t 9 ! important matt] ( ! l5g? ( /ay 9 s*ool a pupil's c>e] is f> f be+ a matt] ( unpr$ictable =tuity4444 ,x w n be long be=e we w rememb] ) amusem5t ! "t :5 education wait$ = ! exp5sive te/s ( actual trial to tell h[ well a boy or girl w\ld succe$ ) a giv5 trade1 ) ! "w ( college & pr(essional s*ool1 or ) ! g5]al task ( lead+ a dec5t1 law-abid+1 humane life4 ,prompt$ by ,de>born's /udy ( ! relation betwe5 "w 9 high s*ool & "w 9 ! univ]sity1 ,smi? made a some:at m int5sive /udy ( a gr\p ( /ud5ts 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,de>born _h inve/igat$ ! academic c>e]s ( pupils f eight l>ge & f\r small high s*ools 9 ,wiscons91 & conclud$ t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! /ud5ts ent]+ ! univ]sity f ^! high s*ools w\ld ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! univ]sity approximately ! same rank z !y _h held 9 high s*ool4 ,:5 ! gr\ps 7 divid$ into upp] & l[] halves1 ab\t sev5ty p] c5t ( ^? 9 ! upp] high s*ool section 7 f\nd 9 ! upp] half ( ! univ]sity section2 ab\t ! same numb] ( ^? 9 ! l[] high s*ool half 7 f\nd 9 ! l[] univ]sity half4 ,smi?'s data %[$ almo/ precisely ! same figures z ^? ( ,de>born4 ,f ! ,lib]al ,arts class ( #aiaj 7"o hundr$ & sixty /ud5ts7 ^? 7 *os5 ^: records 7 complete 9 bo? high s*ool & univ]sity4 ,?is gave a total ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty /ud5ts4 ,on ! basis ( _! /&+1 z bas$ on ! grades assign$ 9 all subjects /udi$1 !y 7 rank$ 9 ord] = ea* ye> ( high s*ool & univ]sity4 ,!y 7 !n sep>at$ into qu9tiles on ! basis ( ^! rank+s1 & _! /&+ 9 ^! v>i\s qu9tiles obs]v$ f ye> to ye>4 ,:5 ! /ud5ts1 on ! basis ( _! g5]al high s*ool av]age 7= ! f\r ye>s71 are di/ribut$ ?r\gh _! respective qu9tiles 9 ! univ]sity 7g5]al av]age aga97 ! results are z %[n 9 ! table on page #ahc4 ,,table #ac ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,records ,,& ,,univ]sity ,,records 7,,smi?74 ,see ,text = ,explanation ---------------------------------------- -------- ,univ]sity ,av]age ,h4 ,s4 ,av]age--------------------------------- - #a/ #bnd #crd #d? #e? ,qu9t4,qu9t4,qu9t4,qu9t4,qu9t4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a/ ,qu9tile #ed #ag #ag #d #h #bnd ,qu9tile #be #bi #ag #ac #af #crd ,qu9tile #ag #be #bj #ba #ag #d? ,qu9tile #j #be #be #cc #ag #e? ,qu9tile #d #d #ba #bi #db ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 consid]+ ?is table x is app>5t t if ! high s*ool /ud5ts 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s univ]sity qu9tiles on a purely *ance basis1 & )\t any ref]5ce to _! high s*ool records1 !re w\ld t5d to be tw5ty p] c5t ( ea* high s*ool qu9tile 9 ea* ( ! univ]sity qu9tiles4 ,any p]c5tage high] ?an ?is tw5ty p] c5t ?us indicates "s significant relation betwe5 ! two sets ( grades4 ,on ! :ole !re is a close relation indicat$4 ,! t5d5cy is cle> = ^? 9 a giv5 high s*ool qu9tile to be f\nd 9 or ne> ! same qu9tile 9 _! univ]sity "w4 ,! relation is p>ticul>ly close 9 ! highe/ & l[e/ qu9tiles4 ,9 ! int]m$iate qu9tiles !re is m or less %ift+ ab\t4 ,9 ! same way x is possible to classify all /ud5ts 9 qu9tiles dur+ _! fir/ high s*ool ye>1 & !n to trace _! c>e]s ?r\gh ! foll[+ ?ree ye>s ( high s*ool & f\r ye>s ( college4 ,! foll[+ tabulation %[s ! results :5 ?is 0 done4 ,! figures %[ ! p]c5tage ( ea* qu9tile 9 fir/ ye> high s*ool :o 7 f\nd 9 ! same qu9tile 9 ! v>i\s lat] ye>s4 ,,table #ad ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,records ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,high ,,s*ool ,,ye>1 ,,& ,,records ,,9 ,,subsequ5t ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,& ,,college 7,,smi?7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,high ,s*ool ,univ]sity ,qu9tiles------------------------------- --------------- #a #b #c #d #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------------- --------- ,fir/ #ajj #gj #fg #fg #eb #cf #dc #be ,second #ajj #ed #cc #bi #ce #cc #bb #h ,?ird #ajj #da #cg #ba #ce #bj #bb #ba ,f\r? #ajj #bi #be #ba #dh #bh #ag #be ,fif? #ajj #ej #ei #ej #de #cb #ci #ch ---------------------------------------- ,av]ages #ajj #di #dd #ch #dc #cj #bi #bc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"h aga91 if ! subsequ5t di/ributions 7 on a *ance basis ) respect to ! fir/ ye> high s*ool grades1 !re w\ld t5d to be b tw5ty p] c5t 9 ea* ( ! v>i\s qu9tiles4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! p]c5tages nev] fall s l[ z tw5ty p] c5t1 al?\gh 9 ! s5ior college ye> !y approa* v close to ?is figure4 ,x is to be not$ t *anges s small z f "o qu9tile to ! imm$iately adjac5t "o are n tak5 into acc\nt 9 ?is table4 ,! figures %[ only ^? :o 7 9 precisely ! same qu9tile all ! way ?r\gh4 ,! indication is !n t a /ud5t's p]=mance 9 ! fir/ high s*ool ye> is v significant ( :at 8 p]=mance w be ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! high s*ool c\rse1 & also ( significance ) respect to :at he w d 9 8 univ]sity "w4 ,! significance ( ! e>ly "w1 z has appe>$ 9 o!r /udies also1 becomes less & less ! f>!r ?r\gh ! c\rse "o goes1 s t 9 ! s5ior ye> 9 college !re is approximately a *ance di/ribution ) ref]5ce to ! "w ( ! fir/ ye> high s*ool4 ,smi? also pres5ts 8 results 9 ! =m ( coeffici5ts ( correlation betwe5 v>i\s rank+s4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! pres5t connection3 ,,table #ae ,,correlations 7,,smi?7 ,h4 ,s4 ,av]age & ,univ4 ,fre%man ,av]age 4#dh ,h4 ,s4 ,av]age & ,univ4 ,sophomore ,av]age 4#ci ,h4 ,s4 ,av]age & ,univ4 ,junior ,av]age 4#dg ,h4 ,s4 ,av]age & ,univ4 ,s5ior ,av]age 4#bh #a/ & #bnd ,ye> ,high ,s*ool 4#gg #a/ & #crd ,ye> ,high ,s*ool 4#fg #a/ & #d? ,ye> ,high ,s*ool 4#ff ,univ]sity ,fre%man & ,sophomore 4#gc ,univ]sity ,fre%man & ,junior 4#fa ,univ]sity ,fre%man & ,s5ior 4#de ,^! figures ( c\rse indicate ! same facts z ^? d]iv$ f ! previ\s me?ods ( express+ ! data4 ,! high s*ool 7,h4 ,s47 av]age correlates ?r\gh\t ) ! college rank+1 ! correspond5ce becom+ less app>5t 9 ! lat] college ye>s4 ,simil>ly1 ! good /ud5ts 9 ! fir/ high s*ool ye> are ! good ones all ?r\gh ! high s*ool c\rse1 & ! able college fre%m5 are able z sophomores1 juniors & s5iors4 ,b bo? 9 high s*ool & 9 college ! significance ( e>ly /&+ becomes less & less z ! ye>s progress4 ,a4 ,l4 ,jones#ac comp>$ college entrance exam9ations ) "w done lat] 9 ! college c\rse1 9 ! fre%man & sophomore ye>s4 ,two hundr$ m5 f ! ent]+ classes ( #aijg1 #aiaa & #aiab1 9 ,columbia ,college1 7 select$ = /udy4 ,^! m5 7 arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps1 fifty 9 ea* gr\p1 on ! basis ( 7a7 _! m>ks 9 entrance exam9ations1 7b7 _! college m>ks 9 ! fir/ & second college ye>s4 ,gr\p ,i conta9s ! be/ fifty individuals1 ,gr\p ,,ii ! fifty next be/1 etc4 ,! foll[+ compil$ table %[s :]e ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p 9 entrance exam9ations /ood 9 _! college "w3 ,,table #af ,,%[+ ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,entrance ,,records ,,& ,,college ,,/&+ 7,,jones7 ,see ,text = ,explanation ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,on ,basis ( ,fre%man ,rank+ ,on ,basis ( ,entrance------------------------------- -------- ,exam9ations ,gr\p ,i ,gr\p ,,ii,gr\p ,,iii ,gr\p ,,iv ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gr\p ,i 7#ej m57 #cj #ac #e #b ,gr\p ,,ii 7#ej m57 #af #ag #ab #e ,gr\p ,,iii 7#ej m57 #c #ac #af #ah ,gr\p ,,iv 7#ej m57 #a #g #ag #be ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,on ,basis ( ,entrance ,exam9ations ,on ,basis ( ,sophomore ,rank+ ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gr\p ,i 7#ac m57 #g #d #b #j ,gr\p ,,ii 7#ac m57 #d #e #b #b ,gr\p ,,iii 7#ac m57 #b #d #c #d ,gr\p ,,iv 7#ad m57 #j #j #f #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x appe>s f ?is table t !re is a fairly well-m>k$ t5d5cy = ! m5 to rema9 9 ! gr\p 9 :i* !y />t4 ,at lea/ ! l>g] numb] ( m5 are f\nd 9 college 9 ab\t ! same gr\p 9 :i* !y occurr$ on ! basis ( entrance exam9ations4 ,jones writes1 ,x is evid5t f an exam9ation ( ^!444 data t entrance exam9ations1 aside f o!r important uses claim$ = !m by _! advocates1 may fitly be tak5 z an important indication ( ! future c>e] ( ! c&idate = admission4 ,!y %\ld ( c\rse be supplem5t$1 & s %\ld any o!r means ( det]m9+ prep>ation = college4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! "q tell u t !re is a high degree ( correlation betwe5 intellectual qualities & o!rs4 ,a good te/ ( intellectual fitness is1 !re=e1 9 "s degree a te/ ( o!r qualities also4 ,entrance exam9ations h _! imp]fections b !re c be no d\bt t !y may s]ve z a solid f\ndation on :i* to build4 ,?orndike1 on ! o!r h&1 9 /udy+ ! relation betwe5 entrance m>ks & lat] college /&+ 7,columbia ,college classes ent]+ 9 #aija1 #aijb & #aijc71 f9ds results :i* lead him to say1 ,! important facts conc]n+ ! relation%ip ( success 9 entrance exam9ations to success 9 college "w444 prove t we _c e/imate ! latt] f ! =m] ) en\gh accuracy to make ! entrance exam9ations wor? tak+ or to prev5t gross & intol]able inju/ice be+ done to _m individuals4444 ,! records ( elev5 entrance exam9ations give a less accurate prophecy ( :at a /ud5t w d 9 ! latt] half ( 8 college c\rse ?an does ! college record ( 8 bro!r6 ,! correlation betwe5 bro!rs 9 intellectual ability is approximately 4#dj1 b t betwe5 /&+ 9 entrance exam9ations & /&+ 9 college ( ! same p]son is only 4#dg = junior ye> 7#acj cases7 & 4#be = s5ior ye> 7#ef cases74444 ,f _m facts su* z ^!444 x is c]ta9 t ! traditional entrance exam9ations1 ev5 :5 z fully safegu>d$ z 9 ! case ( ^? giv5 by ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d1 d n prev5t incompet5ce f gett+ into college2 d n prev5t /ud5ts ( excell5t promise f be+ disc\rag$ or b>r$ out altoge!r2 d n measure fitness = college well en\gh to e>n ! respect ( /ud5ts or tea*]s2 & d intol]able inju/ice to individuals4 ,! app>5t /rik+ contradiction betwe5 ^! two reports is n1 h[ev]1 s s]i\s :5 x is not$ t ! records ( ,jones 7 tak5 f fre%man & sophomore ye>s1 :ile ,?orndike's1 z "h quot$1 7 tak5 f junior & s5ior ye>s4 ,?orndike has also pres5t$1 9 ano!r connection1 comp>isons ( entrance exam9ations ) ! "w ( fre%man & sophomore ye>s1 & 9 ^! cases 8 correlations are consid]ably high]1 m ne>ly approximat+ ! results ( ,jones4 ,! correlations1 = ! f\r college ye>s1 7 z foll[s3 fre%man ye>1 4#fb2 sophomore ye>1 4#ej2 junior ye>1 4#dg2 s5ior ye>1 4#be4 ,app>5tly ! only safe conclusion at pres5t is t ! entrance exam9ations are fairly useful 9 pr$ict+ ! e>ly college "w1 _! progno/ic value becom+ less & less z ! int]val betwe5 ! two measures is increas$4 ,?is result is ( c\rse to be expect$4 ,9 ano!r section ( ?is book occasion is tak5 to %[ t prelim9>y trials are ( little value 9 indicat+ ! relative abilities ( individuals :5 !y h rea*$ or approximat$ _! limit ( practice4 ,,ii4 ,are ! s*ool subjects 9 :i* "o is mo/ int]e/$ 9 any way an indication ( ! int]e/s & values ( lat] life8 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 are ! facts conc]n+ ! p]man5ce ( int]e/s & ! relation betwe5 int]e/ & ability8 ,^! que/ions are ( imm$iate int]e/ to p>5ts1 tea*]s & vocational c\nsellors4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ turn to ! "w ( ,?orndike = almo/ ! only available in=mation1 & ev5 ?is is only prelim9>y & t5tative1 ! results be+ subject to v>i\s s\rces ( error4 ,?is inve/igator /udi$ ! int]e/s & abilities 9 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 music1 draw+ & manual "w4 ,! orig9al records are ! judgm5ts ( "o hundr$ individuals conc]n+ ! ord] ( _! own int]e/s & abilities 9 ^! subjects at ea* ( ?ree p]iods 9 _! s*ool c>e]1 elem5t>y s*ool1 high s*ool & college4 ,^! v>i\s judgm5ts hav+ be5 made z consci5ti\sly z possible1 correlations 7 det]m9$ betwe5 int]e/s at diff]5t times1 int]e/s & abilities1 etc4 ,individual relative int]e/s at diff]5t times1 accord+ to ^! records1 d n v>y accord+ to m]e caprice4 ,a correlation ( 4#fj or 4#gj seems to be approximately ! true degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! relative degree ( an int]e/ 9 a *ild ( f t5 to f\rte5 & ! same p]son at tw5ty-"o4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ability 9 elem5t>y ye>s & ability 9 college is f\nd to be 4#fe4 ,! correlation betwe5 int]e/ 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( elem5t>y s*ool & capacity 9 ! college p]iod is comput$ to be ab\t 4#fj4 ,?is w\ld mean t ! e>ly int]e/ w\ld s]ve z a useful indicator ( adult capacity4 ,! correlation betwe5 an individual's ord] ( subjects = int]e/ & 8 ord] = ability is "o ( ! close/ ( any t are kn[n 7ab\t 4#ij74 ,a p]son's relative int]e/s are an extraord9>ily accurate symptom ( 8 relative capacities4 ,9 conclud+ 8 report ,?orndike writes1 ,int]e/s are %[n to be n only p]man5t b also symptomatic1 to a v great ext5t1 ( pres5t & future capacity or ability4 ,ei!r because "o likes :at he c d well1 or because "o gives zeal & ef=t to :at he likes1 or because int]e/ & ability are bo? symptoms ( "s fundam5tal feature ( ! individual's orig9al nature1 or because ( ! comb9$ action ( all ?ree ( ^! factors1 int]e/ & ability are b\nd v close toge!r4 ,! bond is s close t ei!r may be us$ z a symptom = ! o!r almo/ z well z = itself4 ,! importance ( ^! facts = ! :ole field ( practice ) respect to e>ly diagnosis1 vocational guidance1 ! "w ( social secret>ies1 deans1 advis]s1 & o!rs :o direct /ud5ts' *oices ( s*ools1 /udies1 & c>e]s is obvi\s4 ,!y %\ld be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 su* practice until !y are v]ifi$ or modifi$ by data obta9$ by a bett] me?od2 & su* data %\ld soon be collect$4 ,! bett] me?od is1 ( c\rse1 to get ! measurem5ts ( relative int]e/ & ( relative ability1 n f memory1 b at ! "t1 & n f individuals' reports alone1 b by objective te/s4 ,,iii4 ,is !re any relation betwe5 g5]al or p>ticul> academic aptitude or incl9ation & g5]al or p>ticul> pr(ici5cy 9 ! lat] dome/ic1 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 pr(essional or civic activities8 ,?is "q is ( importance n only to ! individual & 8 guide b also to employ]s1 ag5cies & society at l>ge4 ,an int]e/+ & significant /udy be>+ on ?is "q has be5 report$ by ,ni*olson1 :o inve/igat$ ! relation betwe5 academic success & prom95ce 9 lat] life4 ,! m5 graduat+ f ,wesleyan ,univ]sity dur+ ! ye>s #ahcc to #ahii1 #a1ffg 9 numb]1 7 arrang$ 9 ?ree gr\ps4 ,9 ! fir/ gr\p 7 ! #adj honor m51 :o 7 val$ictorians or salutatorians ( _! classes4 ,9 ! second gr\p 7 plac$ all ! m5 elect$ to ,phi ,beta ,kappa1 on ! basis ( high s*ol>%ip4 ,( ^! !re 7 #dfa4 ,9 ! ?ird gr\p 7 plac$ ! rema9+ #a1bjf m54 ,x 0 !n det]m9$ h[ _m ( ^! m5 7 f\nd 9 ! curr5t edition ( ,:o's ,:o1 or 7 judg$1 by faculty or fell[ /ud5ts1 z hav+ be5 or ab\t to be ( suffici5t di/9ction to be includ$ 9 su* a directory4 ,! results are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tabulation4 ,,table #ag ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,college ,,honors ,,& ,,inclusion ,,9 ,:o's ,:o 7,,ni*olson7 ,see ,text = ,explanation ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #fdc ,/ud5ts1 ( ! ,p] ,c5t ,judg$ by ,faculty to ye>s #ahcc-ahei be ( ,:o's ,:o ,rank ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,honor ,m5 7#ec7 #ej ,p4,b4,k4 ,m5 7#afg7 #cb ,rema9d] 7#dgf7 #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fjd ,/ud5ts ( ! ,p] ,c5t ,f\nd 9 #aiad-ae ,ye>s #ahfj-ahhi ,edition ( ,:o's ,:o ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,honor ,m5 7#ei7 #dh ,p4,b4,k4 ,m5 7#ahe7 #ca ,rema9d] 7#dai7 #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #dbj ,/ud5ts ( ! ,p] ,c5t 9 ,:o's ,:o or ,judg$ by ,ye>s #ahij-ahii ,classmates z ab\t to be ,!re4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,honor ,m5 7#bh7 #ej ,p4,b4,k4 ,m5 7#aji7 #cj ,rema9d] 7#caa7 #aa ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total ( #affg ,p] ,c5t ) ,di/9ction ,entitl+ ,/ud5ts to ,inclusion 9 ,:o's ,:o4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,honor ,m5 7#adj7 #ej ,p4,b4,k4 ,m5 7#dfa7 #ca ,rema9d] 7#abjf7 #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ref]r+ to ^! results1 ,ni*olson rem>ks1 ,f ?is /udy ( ! c>e]s ( sixte5 hundr$ & sixty-sev5 graduates1 liv+ & dead1 :]e ?ree diff]5t me?ods are employ$ 9 det]m9+ di/9ction 9 aft] life1 x appe>s t ! results are fairly con/ant1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t1 = ?is college at lea/1 ! *ances ( di/9ction = a high honor graduate1 "o ( ! two or ?ree lead+ s*ol>s ( ! class1 are j ev52 t "o out ( ?ree ( ^? elect$ to ,phi ,beta ,kappa is likely to a*ieve pron\nc$ success 9 life2 & t ea* ( ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! class has less ?an "o *ance 9 t5 to become fam\s4 ,9 o!r words1 r\ghly speak+1 ! qu>t] 7or ! fif?7 ( ! class elect$ to ,phi ,beta ,kappa are likely to supply j z _m di/+ui%$ m5 z are ! rema9+ ?ree-qu>t]s 7n[ f\r-fif?s7 ( ! class4 ,! /udy ( ,ni*olson includes only t type ( success :i* w\ld be likely to lead to inclusion 9 ,:o's ,:o1 viz41 ! m /rictly lit]>y1 pr(essional1 political1 & academic success4 ,! comm]cial1 indu/rial & bus9ess c>e]s are n s likely to lead to inclusion 9 ?is directory1 & yet success 9 !m is no less def9ite ?an 9 ! pr(essional "w4 ,x is r difficult to det]m9e ! degree to :i* success 9 ^! fields is det]m9$ by ability alone1 & to :at degree x is a function ( *ance1 inh]itance1 social *>m1 pre/ige1 & geographical & economic circum/ance4 ,nev]!less x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r su* measure ( success z c be secur$ correlates 9 any way ) success 9 ! "w ( s*ool ye>s4 ,9 an unpubli%$ /udy ( ! graduates ( ,pratt ,in/itute1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,rice has comp>$ ! grades a*iev$ by /ud5ts 9 ! c\rses 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ) ! sal>ies ! m5 7 receiv+ sev]al ye>s aft] graduation4 ,!re 7 9 all six classes ( m51 numb]+ ab\t =ty ea*--?ree classes f ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & ?ree f ,electrical ,eng9e]+1 = ! ye>s ( #aijg1 #aijh1 #aiji4 ,! sal>y reports 7 ask$ = 9 #aiac1 f\r to six ye>s aft] graduation4 ,! m5 7 rank$ accord+ to ! grades !y receiv$ 9 ! eight diff]5t subjects includ$ 9 ! curriculum1 ! grades be+ #aj1 #i1 #h1 & #g1 correspond+ to ! ord9>y grade sy/em ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,!y 7 !n rank$ accord+ to ! sal>y report$ at ! "t ( ! inve/igation4 ,results = ea* class 7 treat$ sep>ately s t ! "t elaps+ s9ce graduation 0 n a factor 9 ! results4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results :5 ^! two rank+s 7 correlat$ by two /ati/ical me?ods ( comput+ correlation4 ,9 e case ! correlation betwe5 grades & sal>y is positive1 al?\gh ! coeffici5ts are all small4 ,?is means t 9 ! long run !re is a g5]al t5d5cy = ! good sal>ies to g to ! m5 ^: grades 7 high1 b t !re are _m exceptions to ! rule4 ,c]ta9ly 9 no class is ! opposite t5d5cy %[n1 = ! good sal>ies to g to ! poor /ud5ts4 ,x is probable t ! correlations f\nd "h are z l[ z !y are p>tly because 9 ?is te*nical s*ool !re is no special ef=t made to enc\rage high grades = _! own sake1 ! emphasis be+ r on gett+ a good av]age rat+4 ,,table #ah ,,%[+ ,,! ,,correlation ,,betwe5 ,,s*ool ,,/&+ ,,& ,,sal>ies ,,e>n$ ,,9 ,,lat] ,,life 7,,rice7 ,see ,text = ,explanation ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,correlation by ,correlation by ,class & ,ye> ,cases ,pe>son ,me?od1 ,p] ,c5t ( ,unlike & ,p4,e4 ,signs1 & ,p4,e4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,me*anical '#jg #ce 4#cf 4#jh 4#bb 4#ji ,me*anical '#jh #da 4#be 4#ji 4#cd 4#jh ,me*anical '#ji #ci 4#ba 4#ji 4#jf 4#aj ,electrical '#jg #bf 4#af 4#ac 4#be 4#ab ,electrical '#jh #cf 4#df 4#jh 4#ea 4#jh ,electrical '#ji #da 4#af 4#aj 4#bh 4#ji ,av]ages 4#bfg 4#bgg ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,j :at ^! degrees ( correlation mean is made some:at m app>5t if we treat ! data 9 ano!r way4 ,if in/ead ( comput+ coeffici5ts ( correlation we divide ea* class ( m5 into f\r qu>tiles1 & det]m9e ! av]age sal>ies ( ! m5 9 ^! qu>tiles1 we get v def9ite results4 ,! upp] qu>tile or gr\p w n[ conta9 t f\r? ( ! class ^: grades 7 highe/4 ,! second1 ?ird & f\r? qu>tiles w 9 turn repres5t decreas+ degrees ( academic pr(ici5cy4 ,if ! av]age sal>ies are ! same = all qu>tiles1 ?is w mean t !re is no relation betwe5 sal>y & s*ool grades4 ,b if ! sal>y v>ies ) ! grades1 ?is w be a significant result4 ,! actual data are z foll[s3 ,,table #ai ,,rice',s ,,data ,,pres5t$ ,,9 ,a ,,revis$ ,,=m ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,av]age ,sal>ies ( ! ,class & ,ye>,cases------------------------------ -------- #a/ #bnd #crd #d? ,qu>tile,qu>tile,qu>tile,qu>tile ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,me*anical '#jg #ce #ahjj #afge #acfb #achg ,me*anical '#jh #da #adej #aeab #aeab #abge ,me*anical '#ji #ci #acge #abfb #acac #aacg ,electrical '#jg #bf #agej #afge #afge #adab ,electrical '#jh #cf #badg #adcg #abfb #abfb ,electrical '#ji #da #adfb #abab #achg #abjj ,av]ages #affd #adfb #adah #abgi ,p]c5tages #ajj #hg #he #gf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,if ! sep>ate classes be n[ consid]$ ! results are se5 to be m or less irregul>1 al?\gh ! g5]al t5d5cy is app>5t4 ,if ! av]age results f all six classes are consid]$ ! results are m reliable z well z m uni=m4 ,! av]age sal>y v>ies 9 ! same way z d ! grades4 ,if ! av]age sal>y ( ! m5 ( ! fir/ qu>tile 7#a1ffd7 be tak5 z a basis ( comp>ison & consid]$ "o hundr$ p] c5t1 !n ! sal>ies ( ! m5 9 ! second1 ?ird & f\r? qu>tiles are respectively only eighty-sev51 eighty-five & sev5ty-six p] c5t ( ?is am\nt4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 ! sal>y ( ! m5 9 ! l[] or poore/ qu>t] ( ! class1 f ! po9t ( view ( s*ool grades1 w be only ?ree-f\r?s ! sal>y ( ! m5 9 ! upp] or be/ qu>t]4 ,! two middle qu>tiles w diff] b little f ea* o!r1 al?\gh ! second has ! advantage1 by two p] c5t1 or #dd1 ov] ! ?ird qu>t]4 ,if ! class be divid$ into a bett] & a poor] half1 !n ! av]age sal>y ( ! m5 9 ! upp] half is se5 to be #a1efc1 :ile t ( ! m5 9 ! l[] half is only #a1cdh4 ,! m5 9 ! upp] half e>n #bae m 9 a ye> ?an ! m5 9 ! l[] half4 ,?is way ( express+ ! results is bo? cle>] & m concrete ?an ! m]e /atem5t ( ! coeffici5t ( correlation4 ,int]e/+ data on all ?ree ( ^! prec$+ que/ions are to be f\nd 9 ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,l[ell's /udy ( ! academic c>e]s ( /ud5ts 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 ,law ,s*ool & ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,?is inve/igation includ$ an exam9ation into ! college entrance exam9ations1 ! records atta9$ dur+ ! college c\rse1 ! subjects elect$ 9 ?is c\rse1 & ! subsequ5t a*ievem5t ( ! m5 9 ! pr(essional s*ools ( law & m$ic9e4 ,! /ati/ics cov] ! cases ( all m5 :o took ! degree ( ,a4 ,b4 at ,h>v>d & !n graduat$ f ! two pr(essional s*ools connect$ ) ,h>v>d4 ,only m5 :o _h tak5 at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( college "w 9 resid5ce 7 includ$4 ,! records = ! ,law ,s*ool cov] ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahia to #aiaj4 ,^? = ! ,m$ical ,s*ool cov] ! sixte5 ye>s f #ahie =w>d4 ,! college gives degrees indicat+ f\r grades ( di/9ction on ! basis ( s*ol>%ip4 ,^! are indicat$ z pla91 cum laude1 magna cum laude & summa cum laude4 ,! two pr(essional s*ools grant degrees ) two grades ( di/9ction1 viz41 pla9 & cum laude4 ,l[ell assumes t ! grade atta9$ on ! college entrance exam9ations indicates ) a c]ta9 degree ( correctness ! natural s*ol>ly abilities ( ! /ud5t4 ,! c\rse ( /udies elect$ dur+ college reflects r\ghly ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! /ud5t at t "t4 ,! college records indicate 8 ability 9 ! pursuit ( ^? /udies1 includ+ "u ability su* ?+s z p]si/5ce1 pati5ce1 fidelity1 zeal1 z well z native intellig5ce4 ,! records 9 ! pr(essional s*ools are tak5 z indicat+ q approximately ! /ud5t's real ability to a*ieve success 9 ! p>ticul> pr(essional "w ( ! te*nical sort4 ,all /ud5ts are consequ5tly classifi$ accord+ to ^! v>i\s factors4 ,! entrance exam9ations are divid$ into cle> & condition$4 ,! college degrees & ! pr(essional degrees are classifi$ on ! basis ( ! degree ( di/9ction aw>d$4 ,all /ud5ts are also classifi$ on ! basis ( _! election ( ! f\r possible college c\rses3 7a7 lit]ature & languages2 7b7 natural sci5ces2 7c7 hi/ory & political sci5ce2 7d7 philosophy & ma!matics4 ,! relations betwe5 ^! v>i\s classifications are !n pres5t$1 & analyz$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?us x is %[n t !re is v little or no relation betwe5 ! college c\rse elect$ & ! probability ( a*iev+ a degree cum laude 9 ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,! figures are summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table #bj ,,%[+ ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,c\rse ,,elect$ ,,9 ,,college ,,& ,,honors ,,receiv$ ,,9 ,,subsequ5t ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,pr(essional ,,s*ools 7,,l[ell7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,degree 9 ,law ,degree 9 ,m$ical ,s*ool ,s*ool ,c\rse ,pursu$ ----------------------------------- ,pla9,cum ,laude,pla9,cum ,laude ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,lit4 & ,lang4 #hja #ahj 7#ah4d7 #ade #aff 7#ec4d7 ,nat4 ,sci5ce #ai #c 7#ac4f7 #ge #ha 7#ea4i7 ,hi/4 & ,pol4 ,sci4 #fbg #abi 7#ag4a7 #cj #bj 7#dd4d7 ,phil4 & ,ma? #h #aa 7#eg4i7 #f #g 7#ec4h7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! figures sugge/ t z a prep>ation = ! /udy ( law or m$ic9e x makes comp>atively little diff]5ce :at subject is ma9ly pursu$ 9 college4 ,t is to say1 college int]e/s 9 natural sci5ces1 z indicat$ by ! election ( t c\rse1 does n indicate special aptitude = ! "w ( m$ic9e2 nor does ! election ( c\rses 9 hi/ory & political sci5ce indicate a necess>y sup]iority 9 ! m or less relat$ "w ( law4 ,l[ell %[s t only dur+ ! fir/ ye> or s ( ! m$ical s*ool d ^? :o h already specializ$ 9 natural sci5ces h any advantage ov] ^? m$ical /ud5ts :o h specializ$ 9 o!r subjects4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! m5's records 9 college & _! a*ievem5t 9 ! pr(essional s*ools8 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! numb] ( college m5 ( ea* degree ( di/9ction :o 7 aw>d$ cum laude 9 ! pr(essional s*ools3 ,,table #ba ,,%[+ ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,college ,,honors ,,& ,,honors ,,9 ,,! ,,pr(essional ,,s*ools 7,,l[ell7 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,record 9 ,college ,numb] ,aw>d$ ,cum ,laude 9 ,law ---------------------------------------- ------ #fji ,pla9 ,degree #dj #f4f #cje ,cum ,laude #fh #bb4c #bjj ,magna ,cum ,laude #hj #dj4j #cc ,summa ,cum ,laude #bj #fj4j ---------------------------------------- ------ ,record 9 ,college ,numb] ,aw>d$ ,cum ,laude 9 ,m$ic9e ---------------------------------------- ------ #bci ,pla9 #hf #cf4j #he ,cum ,laude #fe #gf4e #ci ,magna ,cum ,laude #cd #hg4b #b ,summa ,cum ,laude #b #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------- ,x is app>5t at once t !re is a close relation betwe5 ! college records & ! records 9 ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,bo? 9 law & 9 m$ic9e ^? :o are aw>d$ honors t5d l>gely to be ^? :o 7 aw>d$ honors 9 college4 ,& ! high] ! college honors1 ! great] ! p]c5tage ( m5 receiv+ honors 9 ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,we may n[ ask h[ f> back 9 ! academic c>e]s ( ^! m5 x is possible to pr$ict _! probable a*ievem5t 9 ! pr(essional s*ools4 ,h ^? :o are aw>d$ ! pr(essional honors already di/+ui%$ !mselves f _! fell[s at ! "t ( _! entrance into college8 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ! results pres5t$ by ,l[ell 9 mu* m detail w help answ] ?is "q3 ,,table #bb ,,%[+ ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,v>i\s ,,academic ,,records 7,,l[ell7 ,m5 ,graduat+ f ! ,law ,s*ool & ,receiv+ ,cum ,laude 9 ,law ,p] c5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ent]$ college cle> #bf4d ,ent]$ college condition$ #i4j ,graduat$ f college ) di/9ction #ca4b ,graduat$ f college )\t di/9ction #f4e ,entrance cle> & college di/9ction #cg4i ,entrance condition$ & college ) di/9ction #ah4a ,entrance cle> & college )\t di/9ction #aa4a ,entrance condition$ & college )\t di/9ction #b4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,m5 ,graduat+ f ! ,m$ical ,s*ool & ,receiv+ ,cum ,laude 9 ,m$ic9e ,p] c5t ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ent]$ college cle> #ei4a ,ent]$ college condition$ #dc4j ,graduat$ f college ) di/9ction #hj4a ,graduat$ f college )\t di/9ction #cf4j ,entrance cle> & college di/9ction #gh4a ,entrance condition$ & college di/9ction #hd4f ,entrance cle> & college )\t di/9ction #db4d ,entrance condition$ & college )\t di/9ction #ca4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"h ! result is cle>ly sugge/$ t e>ly m]it 9 academic "w means success 9 ! pr(essional s*ools1 :e!r "o consid]s entrance exam9ations or college records4 ,& ! mo/ probable gr\p = pr(essional honors is made up ( ^? m5 :o comb9$ bo? entrance & college di/9ction4 ,?is is especially /rik+ 9 ! case ( ! law s*ool4 ,9 ! case ( ! m$ical s*ool ! diff]5ces are n q s great1 al?\gh ! g5]al t5d5cy is q ! same4 ,?is is said to be due to ! l[] /&>d requir$ = m$ical honors dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,l[ell concludes3 ,! m5 :o are de/9$ to take ! highe/ rank 9 ! law & m$ical s*ools are m>k$ly bett] s*ol>s1 bo? 9 ! prep>atory s*ools & 9 college1 ?an _! fell[s4 ,9 intellectual p[]1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 ! boy is fa!r to ! man4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 all ^! /udies po9t 9 a consi/5t direction2 ^? :o are de/9$ to a*ieve di/9ction & success beg9 to d s at an e>ly age4 ,:e!r measur$ by a*ievem5t 9 academic c\rses1 honors 9 pr(essional & te*nical c\rses1 sal>y e>n$ aft] graduation1 or inclusion among li/s & directories ( em95t m51 success 9 lat] life is sugge/$ by success 9 ! e>ly "w ( ! s*ool curriculum4 ,9 spite ( frequ5t comm5ts to ! contr>y1 ! s*ool curriculum w\ld seem to con/itute a useful te/ 9 progno/icat+ at lea/ ! mo/ probable quality ( ! individual's lat] "w4 ,b our orig9al ?ree que/ions are at pres5t answ]$ ) v unequal reliability4 ,) respect to ! relation betwe5 e>ly success or failure 9 elem5t>y s*ool subjects & success or failure 9 h&l+ m advanc$ subject matt]1 ! evid5ce is cle> & def9ite4 ,on ! "q z to ! p]man5ce ( int]e/s & ! relation betwe5 int]e/ & ability1 ! evid5ce is f> f adequate = vocational purposes4 ,:ile ! conclusion sugge/$ is positive 9 ,?orndike's /udy1 ! inve/igator recognizes t ! results require confirmation or refutation at ! h&s ( m reliable & v]ifiable in=mation4 ,x has appe>$ fairly c]ta9 t int]e/1 z reflect$ 9 *oice ( college subjects1 be>s no relation to ability to und]take ! "w ( at lea/ two def9ite bran*es ( pr(essional tra9+4 ,on ! ?ird "q1 conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 g5]al or p>ticul> academic aptitude or incl9ation & g5]al or p>ticul> pr(ici5cy 9 lat] dome/ic1 indu/rial1 comm]cial1 pr(essional or civic activities1 ! data1 al?\gh consi/5t1 are f> f complete4 ,"h1 !n1 z 9 s _m o!r aspects ( vocational psy*ology1 we f9d an invit+ field ( rese>* & an abundance ( int]e/+ problems4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,educational ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aiad4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,det]m9ants ,,( ,,vocational ,,aptitude ,)\t attempt+ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t detail$ occupations1 ei!r on ! basis ( mat]ials dealt )1 ! social or individual purposes realiz$1 or ! special qualifications dem&$1 we c /ill divide vocations broadly into five g5]al types1 dep5d+ on ! degree to :i* !y are likely to call = complete & normal psy*ological equipm5t4 ,su* a classification is ( little s]vice 9 ! concrete guidance ( individuals1 s9ce ! g5]al types include "w ( ! mo/ div]se sorts2 b x may be useful 9 sugge/+ ! v>i\s types ( qualities t are ( vital importance 9 det]m9+ aptitude = any "w at all1 & may 9 ?is way aid 9 outl9+ ! "w ( fur!r inve/igation4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are _m useful & remun]ative types ( labor :i* c be p]=m$ by a dome/icat$ animal or an imbecile1 :5 work+ "u con/ant or close sup]vision4 ,haul+ loads1 m[+ grass1 fell+ timb]1 saw+ wood1 digg+ holes1 break+ /one1 weav+ doormats1 & ! simple types ( "w commonly p]=m$ 9 in/itutions = ! m5tally defici5t are in/ances4 ,! detection ( individuals ?us poorly equipp$1 _! congregation & segregation "u sup]vision1 & _! useful employm5t1 are at once psy*ologically easy & economically desirable1 z has already be5 indicat$ 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #b4 ,some:at m abundant & div]sifi$ are ^? =ms ( employm5t = ! unspecializ$ m5tal compet5t4 ,?is requires only a suffici5t degree ( intellig5ce to enable ! individual to escape classification z a m5tal incompet5t4 ,"o :o is capable ( e>n+ a liv+ "u favorable circum/ances1 9 ! abs5ce ( aggressive competition & )\t close sup]vision1 c f9d 8 or h] level 9 ! bl9d alley occupations4 ,^! (f] no prospects ( promotion to positions ( responsibility & skill1 & by def9ition1 ?is gr\p ( individuals af=d suitable work]s = ^! occupations4 ,!y fill ! gap betwe5 ! feeble-m9d$ & t degree ( intellig5ce :i* ! mo/ mod]ately end[$ av]age individual typifies4 ,r\gh cl]k+ & att5d+1 simple p]sonal & dome/ic s]vice1 deliv]+ goods ( small value1 laundry "w ( ! me*anical sort1 sup]vis$ manual & agricultural labor1 wait+ on dome/icat$ animals1 /&>diz$ & me*anical factory op]ations1 wrapp+1 clean+1 poli%+1 petty %op-keep+1 runn+ err&s & freight elevators1 /reet clean+1 janitorial assi/ance1 etc41 are =ms ( "w ab\t equally difficult & satisfy+4 ,!y d n involve ! acquisition ( special skill or te*nical k & !y are capable ( p]=mance1 9 ! ma91 by almo/ any physically able p]son above ! /atus ( feeble-m9d$ness4 ,we may expect t 9 ! v ne> future !re w be provid$ /&>diz$ scales = ! det]m9ation ( g5]al intellig5ce ( ?is degree4 ,ev5 n[ x is fairly easy to select f a gr\p ( *ildr5 ^? :o1 :ile n positively m5tally defective1 are nev]!less sl[ ( compreh5sion1 /upid1 unable to acquire new k & skill ) facility1 & p]haps dis9cl9$ or unable to =m ! moral & social habits ( hone/y1 cleanl9ess1 promptness1 tru?fulness & economy4 ,s9ce ^! c fill ! bl9d alley occupations ) fair satisfaction !y %\ld be guid$ into ! fir/ available positions ( ?is k9d4 ,?orndike has advocat$ a s]ies ( te/s1 exp]i5ce ) :i* leads him to say3 ,suppose t ! g5]al intellectual ability ( ! dulle/ m5 :o are able to support & look aft] !mselves 7m5 :o ?\gh temp]ate & /rong e>n say #djj a ye> 9 good times 9 ,new ,york ,city7 be repres5t$ by a & t ( ,ari/otle or ,goe! by ab1 ! diff]5ce1 b1 be+ #ajj4 ,!n ! am\nt ( su* ability assign$ by ! te/s alone w\ld n1 on ! av]age1 v>y f ! individual's true am\nt by m ?an #e2 & w\ld n v>y !refrom by m ?an #ad 9 "o case out ( a hundr$4 ,! #e & #ad are v cauti\s e/imates1 #d & #aa be+ probably ne>] :at su* an exp]im5t w\ld 9 fact reveal4 ,he fur!r rem>ks1 ,!re is excell5t reason to believe t x is lit]ally true t ! result ( two h\rs' te/s prop]ly *os5 f ^? already te/$ gives a bett] diagnosis ( an educat$ adult's g5]al intellectual ability ?an ! result ( ! judgm5ts ( two tea*]s or fri5ds :o h obs]v$ him 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life ea* = a ?\s& h\rs4#ad ,int]e/+ applications ( te/s ( ?is g5]al "* h be5 report$ by ,scott4 ,work]s ( v>i\s k9ds1 su* z salesm5 & cl]ks1 7 grad$ by _! employ]s or sup]visors on ! basis ( _! actual ability at _! task4 ,x 0 possible 9 "s cases to get v accurate objective measures ( ability to sell goods1 etc41 by keep+ records ( a*ievem5t ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,^! objective measures h be5 comp>$ ) ! results ( psy*ological te/s adm9i/]$ at ! "t ! m5 7 employ$4 ,positive correlations rang+ 9 sev]al in/ances z high z 4#hj to 4#ij 7 secur$4 ,?is means t ability 9 ! p]=mance ( ! p>ticul> m5tal te/s us$ 0 a v reliable sign ( ability 9 ! field4 ,v>i\s in/ances simil> to ^! h already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] #e4 #c4 ,if1 z seems q likely1 x be ultimately demon/rat$ t !re are "s *>act]i/ics1 aptitudes & capacities t dep5d directly on cong5ital end[m5t1 special n]v\s & s5sory *>act]i/ics ( a valuable k9d1 we may m>k (f ano!r gr\p ( occupations = :i* p>ticul> individuals are well adapt$1 ?\gh n exclusively s1 by orig9al nature4 ,among ! traits :i* h be5 said to occur 9 "s su* direct h]$it>y way1 or z ! result ( unexpla9$ mutation or deviation f type1 are3 ma!matical aptitude1 ability 9 draw+1 musical composition1 s++1 poetic reaction1 milit>y /rategy1 *ess play+4 ,mat]nity1 z a vocation1 is ( c\rse /rictly sex limit$4 ,pit* discrim9ation seems to dep5d on /ructural factors :i* are n susceptible ( improvem5t by practice4 ,! same may be said ( v>i\s =ms ( pr(essional a?letic a*ievem5t4 ,color bl9dness seems to be an in/ance ( ! conspicu\s abs5ce ( su* a unit *>act]i/ic4 ,poets1 x is said1 are born1 n made4 ,_m ( ^! app>5t unit *>act]i/ics are s relatively indep5d5t t !y (t5 occur 9 q surpris+ degree 9 individuals :o are o!rwise imbecilic4 ,ma!matical1 musical1 graphic & decorative aptitudes1 me*anical memory1 & c]ta9 types ( manual dext]ity & me*anical cunn+ are frequ5tly exhibit$ by ! idiot savant4 ,by ! idiot savant is meant an individual :o is 9 mo/ respects m5tally defective1 :o p]haps _c dress himself1 _c adequately le>n to speak or write1 b :o possesses "s p>ticul> ability to a surpris+ degree4 ,su* individuals may be able to p]=m on v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 to compose music1 to sket* designs & objects 9 an imitative mann]1 to rememb] long li/s ( disconnect$ names or numb]s1 to weave acceptably su* articles z rugs & sc>fs1 or to con/ruct complicat$ me*anical objects su* z furniture1 pumps1 & sail+ vessels4 ,cases ( r>e possession ( unit *>act]s con/itute ! g5ius ( ord9>y conv]sation4 ,^! seem to pres5t no problem = vocational psy*ology4 ,_! m>k$ unusualness r5d]s !m suffici5tly obvi\s1 ev5 to ! individual :o does n sy/ematically analyze himself4 ,su* a prodigy requires a g5]\s fri5d & an opportunity r ?an a vocational exp]t4 #d4 ,!re rema9 two fur!r types ( "w1 9 :i* vocational psy*ology really f9ds its true task4 ,!re are on ! "o h& a l>ge numb] ( occupations t require nei!r unusual intellig5ce1 special aptitude1 nor te*nical tra9+1 su* z ^? ( ! small tradesm51 responsible cl]ks1 collectors1 wat*m51 ag5ts1 solicitors1 motorm51 conductors1 soldi]s1 ca%i]s1 cooks1 nursemaids1 etc4 ,above all1 ^! types ( "w require ! moral & social virtues1 su* z hone/y1 c\rtesy1 tru?fulness1 pati5ce1 promptness1 cleanl9ess1 etc4 ,_! lack ( ne$ ( special te*nical k is indicat$ by ! appr5tice%ip me?od by :i* mo/ ( !m are commonly begun4 ,also1 ! abs5ce ( simple & direct te/s ( ! pres5ce ( ^! moral & social virtues & habits requires t = a long "t to come ?is me?od ( trial1 comb9$ ) ! judgm5ts ( associates 9 ! =m ( te/imonial1 p]sonal recomm5dation1 etc41 mu/ be cont9u$4 ,if psy*ology1 9 ! imm$iate or remote future1 %all ev] discov] or inv5t exp$i5t te/s = ! measurem5ts ( ^! moral *>act]i/ics1 x w h done a "w t is at pres5t equal$ only by ! =mation ( ! v>i\s grad$ scales = measur+ m /rictly intellectual capacities4 ,at pres5t no su* te/s are v\*$ = by ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic ( prophets4 #e4 ,f9ally1 & closely relat$ to ^! occupations call+ ma9ly = moral habits & social reactions1 come ! bulk ( ! _w's occupations1 ^? adequately p]=m$ by & con/itut+ ! p]man5t task ( ! man or woman ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,by av]age intellig5ce we d n ( c\rse imply any uni=m or /&>diz$ homog5e\s equipm5t4 ,we mean ^? v>y+ degrees ( intellectual pr(ici5cy1 educative docility1 social coop]ativ5ess & in/9ctive adequacy :i* fill ! major section ( ! curve ( di/ribution1 t betwe5 ! feeble-m9d$ & obvi\sly /upid1 on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! g5ius1 ) special & di/+ui%$ traits or capacities4 ,9 ^! occupations ! degree ( intellig5ce is by no means ! sole det]m9ant ( ei!r successful or satisfactory p]=mance4 ,temp]am5tal *>act]i/ics1 su* z ^? enum]at$ by ,s*neid] & by ,?orndike1 ! local & w&]+ incl9ations1 active & s$5t>y dispositions1 t5d5cies to competitiv5ess1 imitation1 sugge/ibility1 sympa?y1 curiosity1 & ! entire s]ies ( in/9ctive prop5sities1 dom9ant orig9al or acquir$ types ( satisfaction & annoyance1 attitud9al1 volitional & emotional diff]5ces1 & ! moral & social traits1 su* z p]si/5ce1 frankness1 piety1 loyalty1 zeal1 all ^! may be expect$ to comb9e 9 v>y+ relations ( comp5sation & re5=cem5t1 sub/itution & facilitation4 ,:at "o lacks 9 quickness x is (t5 possible to make up 9 p]si/5ce2 :at ano!r lacks 9 ambition & competitiv5ess he may supply 9 ! =m ( loyalty & zeal2 relative intellectual inf]iority is (t5 & easily balanc$ by ! display ( social *>m2 p]si/5t1 well-direct$ & en?usia/ic ef=t or ev5 a good vocabul>y may enable "o to compete successfully ) ! exceptional g5ius :o does n display ^! inc5tives or advantages4 ,9 ! proposals to direct individuals into _! prop] life c>e]s1 ! advocates h q commonly fail$ to make suffici5t all[ance = ! ov]:elm+ importance ( inc5tive1 motive1 attitude & purpose1 & ! l>ge role !y play 9 det]m9+ ! possible a*ievem5ts ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is well en\gh to te/ ! memory span1 att5tion type1 & reaction "t ( an applicant = a job z motorman on a /reet c>4 ,x is /ill m important to le>n ! /r5g? ( 8 in/9ctive competitive reactions1 to measure ! degree ( 8 belief 9 hell or 9 socialism1 or ! firmness ( 8 int5tion to effect ! high] education ( 8 *ildr54 ,by m important ,i mean bett] calculat$ to reveal 8 fitness = ! "w4 ,i w\ld r tru/ my life & limb to a motorman ^: feeble memory span is re5=c$ by a loyal devotion to ! com=t ( 8 gr&mo!r ?an to a mnemonic prodigy ^: *ief actuat+ motive 9 life is to be a good fell[4 ,^! comm5ts %\ld n be con/ru$ z an und]e/imation ( ! usefulness ( ! simple intellectual te/ z a prelim9>y precaution 9 engag+ employees or 9 detect+ extreme dep>tures f ! mode or av]age4 ,! use ( su* te/s 9 discov]+ su* dep>tures & v>iants z idiocy1 imbecility & g5]al /upidity has be5 amply ju/ifi$ by exp]i5ce ) !m4 ,b we are prim>ily conc]n$ "h ) ! det]m9ation ( individual diff]5ces & qualifications )9 ! l>ge middle range ( ! curve ( di/ribution4 ,my conviction is t1 9 ! case ( ! av]age individual1 we mu/ ei!r3 #a4 ,demon/rate t ^! important non-rational det]m9ants ( vocational aptitude & satisfaction correlate v1 v closely ) m /rictly intellectual capacity2 #b4 ,po/pone ! entire "w ( vocational guidance 9 ^! cases1 on ! basis ( psy*ological exam9ation1 until t di/ant day :5 ^! *>act]i/ics c be approa*$ by means ( scales & norms2 or #c4 ,o!rwise guidance mu/ re/1 z x n[ l>gely does 9 democratic communities1 on ! broad k ( opportunity af=d$ by indu/rial & pre-vocational tra9+1 ! enc\ragem5t ( ?or\gh & sy/ematic self-scrut9y1 & ! me?od ( repeat$ trials4 ,! fir/ ( ^! alt]natives has sc>cely be5 attempt$2 ! second w probably n occur 9 our imm$iate g5]ation2 ! ?ird we h _h always ) u4 ,x is important to note t ! employm5ts "h ref]r$ to are n bl9d alley occupations4 ,!y all (f] possibilities ( promotion & advancem5t :i* 9 ! ma9 are s op5 to competition t ! individual inevitably t5ds to rea* t level ( responsibility1 indep5d5ce1 opportunity & remun]ation :i* 8 total equipm5t m]its4 ,x is also important t promotion or advancem5t by no means implies ! cont9u$ use ( ! p>ticul> traits :i* di/+ui%$ ! individual f 8 fell[s on ! l[] levels ( a*ievem5t4 ,?us ! boy :o ent]s bus9ess z a responsible cl]k may (t5 move on ?r\gh ! "w ( sales managem5t1 buy+1 g5]al promotion1 sup]9t5d5cy1 & ultimate p>tn]%ip4 ,! capable artisan or me*anic may proce$ f ! "w ( g5]al help] to t ( special exp]t workman1 =eman1 sup]9t5d5t1 inspector1 contractor1 & commission] ( public works or po/ma/] g5]al4 ,m>k$ boyhood prop5sities = wood-"w indicate nei!r t ! lad is capable ( mov+ ?r\gh ^! v div]se /eps ( promotion1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 t he mu/ =ev] rema9 a j\rneyman or an exp]t workman4 ,progress 9 ^! vocations does n !n imply1 9 fact almo/ nev] does imply1 m]ely increas+ ! quantity or quality ( ! "w at :i* "o />ts4 ,! promotion ( a tea*] is (t5 f tea*+ & discipl9+ classes satisfactorily1 to cl]ical assi/ance 9 ! pr9cipal's (fice1 ! pr9cipal%ip1 g5]al s*ool sup]9t5d5ce1 adm9i/rative c\nsell+ & public lectur+1 or ! college or national presid5cy4 ,! case ( ! tea*] ( biology :o becomes ! pr9cipal ( a comm]cial high s*ool is n at all unprec$5t$4 ,= occupations ( ?is "* & = ?is ma9 gr\p ( av]age individuals x is inde$ hopeless to seek = vocational psy*ographs4 ,x is "h if any:]e t ! g5]al pr9ciple holds t "o :o does any?+ well c\ld h done almo/ any?+ else well if he _h c>$ to try4 ,b ! degree to :i* "o c>es is n measur$ by reaction "t or cancellation te/s4 ,! "q ( ! degree to :i* ability ( "o sort implies ability ( o!r sorts is "o ( ! sev]al matt]s to be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,?is fivefold division ( ! vocations is bas$ on ! degree to :i* ! tasks involv$ require complete & normal psy*ological equipm5t4 ,! =ego+ consid]ation ( ^! five ma9 occupational gr\ps may be said to con/itute a brief summ>y ( ! pres5t out/&+ results ( vocational psy*ology4 ,! m5tally incompet5t c easily be discov]$ at an e>ly age by ! use ( ! grad$ intellig5ce scales4 ,_! subsequ5t direction into =ms ( useful "w appropriate to _! degree ( defect is n a psy*ological ent]prise1 b1 r1 a civic obligation & indu/rial economy4 ,! app>5tly small gr\p ( individuals :o are by orig9al nature fitt$ = ! pursuit ( "w involv+ special or unit *>act]s w1 :e!r o!rwise incompet5t or g5]ally capable1 commonly demon/rate _! unique abilities )\t ! application ( psy*ological te*nique4 ,! mu* l>g] gr\p ( unspecializ$ work]s1 requir+ r high] degrees ( m5tal compet5ce1 may be *os5 )\t difficulty ) ! aid ( ! /&>d m5tal scales & norms1 _! academic records1 & ! judgm5ts ( _! associates4 ,^! may be guid$ into su* tasks z involve ma9ly a mod]ate degree ( intellectual capacity & make no notable dem& = ! ex]cise ( ! social & moral virtues4 ,! vocational psy*ology ( ! future w f9d its *ief problems 9 deal+ ) ! num]\s & p]man5t tasks requir+ work]s :o1 9 addition to _! v>y+ degrees ( /rictly intellectual pr(ici5cy1 possess p>ticul> or complete in/9ctive1 emotional & volitional equipm5t1 & :o are am5able to ^? social & educational ag5cies :i* seek to impress ^u !m ! moral virtues ( _! community & age4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,! s]ies ( te/s propos$1 & an especially cle> discussion ( ! problems1 me?ods & *>act]i/ic results ( ^! te/s1 is to be f\nd 9 ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiac1 pp4 #acc-adb1 9 ,?orndike's article on ,educational ,diagnosis4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,vocational ,,aptitudes ,,( ,,wom5 ,by ,,leta ,,/ett] ,,holl+wor?1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,bellevue ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,city ,x is cu/om>y = au?ors1 9 discuss+ vocational problems1 to assume t ! vocational future ( girls is det]m9$ 9 advance by ! fact ( sex4 ,n infrequ5tly ! lack ( provision = dome/ic tra9+ 9 our high s*ools & colleges is indicat$ at l5g?1 & sugge/ions = e/abli%+ ! dome/ic arts & sci5ces on a firm] basis 9 ! educational sy/em are advanc$4 ,"s p>agraphs may be devot$ to a discussion ( ! /ati/ics :i* %[ t ?\s&s ( girls g f s*ool into indu/ry1 & to an inquiry z to :at tra9+ is be/ fitt$ to assi/ !m 9 e>n+ a liv+ = ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 graduation & matrimony4 ,) ?is ! discussion ( vocational problems ends1 s f> z girls are conc]n$1 & ! rema9+ space is giv5 ov] to m adequate consid]ation ( ! vocational aptitudes & guidance ( boys4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to inquire :e!r !re are any innate & ess5tial sex diff]5ces 9 ta/es & abilities1 :i* w\ld af=d a sci5tific basis = ! app>5tly arbitr>y & traditional assumption t ! vocational future ( all girls mu/ naturally fall 9 ! dome/ic sph]e1 & consequ5tly pres5ts no problem1 :ile ! future ( boys is entirely problematical1 & may lie 9 any "o ( a score ( diff]5t call+s1 accord+ to p]sonal fitness4 ,we %all try to det]m9e :e!r ! pres5t expectation t all wom5 w foll[ ! same vocation1 i4 e41 h\sekeep+1 is f\nd$ on any fact or facts ( human intellect1 or :e!r x arises m]ely f ideas ( traditional exp$i5cy connect$ ) ! c>e ( ! "y1 & :e!r x leads to a wa/e ( en]gy & ( intellectual tal5ts4 ,! discussion w take ! =m ( five g5]al que/ions1 toge!r ) ! answ]s :i* are to be made to ea* 9 ! light ( exp]im5tal psy*ology3 7#a7 ,are !re innate sex diff]5ces 9 av]age intellig5ce8 7#b7 ,is ei!r sex m v>iable ?an ! o!r 9 m5tal traits8 7#c7 ,are !re any special causes ( intellectual ineffici5cy affect+ "o sex b n ! o!r8 7#d7 ,are !re any sex diff]5ces 9 affective or in/9ctive equipm5t :i* w\ld naturally lead to vocational diff]5tiation ( ! sexes8 7#e7 ,:at explanation is to be giv5 ( ! traditional division ( labor betwe5 ! sexes8 ,x w be necess>y at ! outset to draw a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! lit]ature ( op9ion & ! lit]ature ( fact4 ,! lit]ature ( op9ion includes all writt5 /atem5ts1 made by sci5tific m5 & o!rs1 n bas$ on exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,! lit]ature ( op9ion on ! subject ( sex diff]5ces 9 m5tal traits is volum9\s4 ,x appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,nietzs*e1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,mill1 ,moebius1 & o!rs4 ,by ! lit]ature ( fact is meant ^? writt5 /atem5ts bas$ on exp]im5tal data1 :i* h be5 obta9$ "u c>efully controll$ conditions1 & :i* may be v]ifi$ by anyone compet5t to und]/& & criticize !m4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all seek ! answ]s to ! prop\nd$ que/ions 9 ! lit]ature ( fact alone1 neglect+ z irrelevant to ! discussion ! entire lit]ature ( op9ion4 ,s9ce ! discussion is limit$ to ! lit]ature ( fact1 x w ( necessity ref] only to lit]ature ( a comp>atively rec5t date4 ,until ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago !re _h be5 practically no attempt to collect precise data on ! subject ( sex diff]5ces 9 m5tal abilities4 ,be=e exp]im5tal data 7 s\ght ! hypo!sis 0 accept$ t human females are1 by orig9al nature1 diff]5t f & inf]ior to human males1 intellectually4 ,! factor ( sex det]m9$ ev]y?+2 ! way to discov] :e!r a giv5 individual 0 capable ( any giv5 intellectual task 0 n to let ! individual und]take ! task & to judge by ! result1 b to indicate ! sex ( ! p]son 9 "q4 ,co9cid5t ) ! int5se controv]sy :i* rose 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ov] ! high] education ( wom51 a numb] ( /ati/ical /udies 7 c>ri$ on by ! que/ionnaire me?od4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by exp]im5tal /udies1 & at ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury sev]al exp]im5ts 7 be+ made to inve/igate ! matt] ( sex diff]5ces 9 intellect4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ! idea began to ga9 headway t :atev] diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 ! sexes z we f9d !m 9 ! _w may be due to tra9+ & n to orig9al nature2 & x began to be po9t$ out t ?is aspect ( ! matt] complicates ev5 exp]im5tal inve/igation 9 ways difficult to control4 ,we may speak "h ( ! exp]im5ts on bra9 weight :i* 7 publi%$ & mu* discuss$ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago4 ,romanes1 among o!rs1 insi/$ t ! male bra9 01 on ! av]age1 sev]al grams heavi] ?an ! female bra91 & = a "t x 0 suppos$ t ! fact ( innate female inf]iority _h be5 ?us satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 lat] demon/rat$ t relative to total body weight ! female bra9 is z heavy z ! male bra94 ,x 0 also f\nd t no positive correlation c be e/abli%$ betwe5 bra9 weight & intellect4 ,9 #aijf ,hel5 ,brad=d ,?ompson publi%$ h] diss]tation1 f ,*icago ,univ]sity1 entitl$ ,! ,m5tal ,traits ( ,sex4 ,?is volume gives a summ>y ( ! scatt]$ bits ( exp]im5tal "w done previ\s to t "t1 & pres5ts h] num]\s exp]im5ts on a gr\p ( m5 & a gr\p ( wom5 at ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,! result ( h] te/s 9 v>i\s m5tal traits is t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 7 9 no case z great z ! individual diff]5ces )9 ei!r sex4 ,m5 diff]$ f ea* o!r 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7z did wom5 also1 among !mselves71 z mu* z m5 diff]$ f wom54 ,9 only two ( ! _m traits te/$ 0 a reliable diff]5ce f\nd betwe5 ! c5tral t5d5cies ( ! sexes4 ,9 spe$ ( volunt>y movem5t 7tapp+7 m5 7 quick] ?an wom51 & 9 memory wom5 7 sup]ior to m54 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! result indicat$ equality ( m5tal ability betwe5 ! sexes4#ae ,x w be en\gh = ! pres5t purposes to say t aft] ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( collect+ data by sci5tific exp]im5t1 ! hypo!sis t !re is any innate sex diff]5ce 9 av]age intellectual ability has be5 ab&on$ by all psy*ologi/s :o base _! /atem5ts on sci5tific evid5ce4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike1 9 ! mo/ rec5t edition ( ,educational ,psy*ology 7#aiad71 writes z foll[s1 9 summ+ up ! exp]im5tal "w on sex diff]5ces 9 av]age intellectual ability3 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ^! diff]5ces is _! small am\nt4 ,! individual diff]5ces )9 ei!r sex s enorm\sly outweigh any diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes t = all practical purposes any su* diff]5ce may be disreg>d$4444 ,z is well kn[n ! exp]im5ts ( ! pa/ g5]ation 9 educat+ wom5 h %[n _! equal compet5ce 9 s*ool "w ( elem5t>y1 second>y & collegiate grade4444 ,! psy*ologi/'s measurem5ts lead to ! conclusion t ?is equality ( a*ievem5t comes f an equality ( natural gifts1 n f an ov]/ra9+ ( ! less] tal5ts ( wom54 ,?us our fir/ "q1 ,are !re innate sex diff]5ces 9 av]age intellig5ce1 :i* w\ld call = diff]5tiation ( vocations on ! gr\nd ( sex8 may be ?us answ]$3 ,s f> z ! lit]ature ( fact tells u1 we "k ( no consid]able sex diff]5ces 9 av]age m5tal ability4 ,! evid5ce ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 7& on ?is po9t !re is n[ a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce available7 %[s t by ! te/ ( av]ages ! sexes h equal ability to p]=m m5tal tasks4 ,our second "q1 ,is !re a sex diff]5ce 9 v>iability 9 m5tal traits :i* w\ld call = a diff]5tiation ( vocation on ! gr\nd ( sex8 has n be5 s long1 nor s ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by exp]im5tali/s z has ! fir/ "q4 ,:at we are try+ to discov] "h is :e!r1 :5 te/$ 9 any giv5 m5tal trait1 a gr\p ( boys w diff] m f "o ano!r ?an w a gr\p ( girls 7simil>ly select$ & equal 9 numb]7 diff] f "o ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 are ! memb]s ( "o sex v mu* alike 9 ta/es1 int]e/s & abilities1 :ile ! memb]s ( ! o!r sex diff] ov] a wide range ( ta/es1 int]e/s & abilities8 ,obvi\sly ?is might be ! case1 ?\gh ! two gr\ps yield$ an av]age exactly ! same 9 su* traits4 ,! answ] to ?is second "q w be ( decid$ significance = vocational guidance4 ,= example1 if x 7 %[n by exp]im5tal data t human females are1 by orig9al nature1 r closely alike1 :]eas human males diff] f "o ano!r by wide extremes1 we %\ld h sci5tific gr\nds = conclud+ t social ju/ice & social economy are well s]v$ by ! pres5t policy ( guid+ all females into a s+le occupation1 :ile males are enc\rag$ to ent] ! greate/ possible v>iety ( call+s4 ,! fir/ discussion ( ! comp>ative v>iability ( ! sexes 0 broa*$ ab\t a c5tury ago by an anatomi/1 ,meckel4 ,x is v int]e/+ 7z well z amus+71 9 view ( subsequ5t ideas ab\t v>iability1 to note :at ,meckel said4 ,he ?\ght ! human female to be m v>iable ?an ! human male1 & he op9$ t1 s9ce woman is ! inf]ior animal & v>iability is a sign ( inf]iority1 ! conclusion 0 ju/ifi$6 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ,d>w9 put a diff]5t face ^u v>iability1 %[+ x to be an advantage & a *>act]i/ic af=d+ ! greate/ hope = progress1 ! great] v>iability ( ! male began to be affirm$ ev]y:]e 9 ! lit]ature ( op9ion4 ,k>l ,pe>son alone took issue ) ?is view1 :i* 0 curr5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & is /ill widely cr$it$1 & po9t$ out t !re exi/$ z yet no lit]ature ( fact reg>d+ comp>ative v>iability 7?\gh m5 ( sci5ce _h n on ?is acc\nt re/ra9$ !mselves f utt]+ ! mo/ positive /atem5ts conc]n+ x74 ,pe>son !reupon actually ga!r$ & comput$ hundr$s ( measurem5ts ( human be+s1 & pres5t$ 8 results 9 #ahig1 9 a compreh5sive article entitl$ ,v>iation 9 ,man & ,woman4 ,he cle>ly demon/rat$ t !re is1 9 fact1 no indication ( great] male v>iability1 :5 actual anatomical measurem5ts ( adult human be+s are treat$ ) ma!matical insight4 ,imm$iately ,havelock ,ellis1 ^: op9ions 7 *iefly affect$ by ,pe>son's article1 repli$ t :5 adults are made ! subject ( inve/igation1 no in=mation is ga9$ reg>d+ ! matt] ( inh]5t or orig9al diff]5ces 9 v>iability4 ,s9ce bir?1 life & dea?1 on acc\nt ( social cu/oms1 etc41 affect ! sexes unequally1 no "o c say1 9 ! case ( adults1 h[ mu* may be due to environm5t & h[ mu* to orig9al nature4 ,if ,ellis _h ?\ght ( ?is criticism be=e he wrote 8 own book1 ,man & ,woman1 8 *apt] on ,! ,v>iational ,t5d5cy ( ,m5 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 publi%$4 ,h[ev]1 8 criticism ( ,pe>son's mat]ial is no less j because he fail$ to apply x 9 8 own case4 ,x is true t measurem5ts ( adults d n tell u :at might be ! case ) infants1 :o h n yet be5 subject$ to ! =mative & selective influ5ces ( environm5t & tra9+4 ,yet ,pe>son's article rema9$ practically ! only lit]ature ( fact reg>d+ ! comp>ative anatomical v>iability ( ! sexes until ! ye> #aiad4 ,9 #aiad ,montague & ,holl+wor? publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology an article sett+ =? 9 full ! measurem5ts ( two ?\s& new-born infants1 "o ?\s& ( ea* sex4 ,! /ati/ical result %[s no diff]5ce :atev] 9 v>iability betwe5 ! sexes4 ,x may seem irrelevant to dwell ^u anatomical data1 :5 ! purpose ( ?is *apt] is to deal ) m5tal aptitudes4 ,! p]t95ce ( ! data cit$1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! fact t if any sex diff]5ce 9 physical v>iability c\ld be e/abli%$1 ?is w\ld sugge/ 7?\gh x w\ld n prove7 ! exi/5ce ( a sex diff]5ce 9 m5tal v>iability also4 ,no exp]im5tal /udies h ev] be5 made = ! express purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !re exi/ sex diff]5ces 9 m5tal v>iability4 ,su* scatt]$ data z we possess h come incid5tally f /udies made ) "s o!r *ief purpose 9 view4 ,su* data 7 collect$ & summ>iz$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology = ,janu>y1 #aiad4 ,!re 0 at t "t v little evid5ce t c\ld be cit$ on ?is subject1 b su* z !re 0 gave no gr\nd = ma9ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( any sex diff]5ce 9 v>iability4 ,s9ce #aiad ,trabue's exp]im5ts1 ) completion te/s1 p]=m$ on ab\t #a1cjj s*ool *ildr51 h be5 publi%$2 ! ,c\rtis ari?metic te/s on sev]al ?\s&s ( s*ool *ildr5 9 ,new ,york h be5 made public2 ,t]man has te/$ #a1jjj unselect$ *ildr5 by ! ,b9et-,simon te/s2 & ,pyle has und]tak5 8 /udy 9 ! measurem5t ( s*ool *ildr54 ,! evid5ce f ^! ext5sive exp]im5ts is 9 all cases t !re is no sex diff]5ce 9 m5tal v>iability1 z ?us measur$4 ,x is necess>y also = ! read] to be> 9 m9d t !re is z yet mu* controv]sy among ^? be/ equipp$ to und]/& ! problems ( v>iation1 z to ! prop] me?ods ( measur+ comp>ative v>iability4 ,! ma!matical consid]ations involv$ ne$ n be rehe>s$ "h4 ,b until x has be5 def9itely det]m9$ j h[ comp>ative v>iability c be sci5tifically measur$1 x w\ld seem premature to make any f9al /atem5t z to sex diff]5ces 9 ?is respect4 ,we c !re=e answ] our second "q ?us3 ,!re is little or no agreem5t among ^? be/ qualifi$ to speak1 z to :at con/itutes ! sci5tific me?od ( measur+ comp>ative v>iability4 ,b accord+ to ! me?ods n[ deem$ ! mo/ reliable1 & accord+ to ^? /udies :]e9 presumably correct me?ods ( measurem5t h be5 employ$1 !re is no reason to suppose t !re is any sex diff]5ce 9 v>iability1 s f> z ! num]\s traits te/$ are conc]n$4 ,!re has nev] be5 an exp]im5tal /udy made 9 :i* ! sampl+ f bo? sexes 0 l>ge1 r&om1 equal1 & f gr\ps ( equal homog5eity socially & racially1 t %[$ any reliable sex diff]5ce 9 v>iability4 ,if we adh]e to ! lit]ature ( fact1 we mu/ conclude t1 s f> z we "k1 human females diff] f ea* o!r z mu* z d human males 9 abilities & aptitudes4 ,we n[ come to ! inquiry z to :e!r !re are any special causes ( intellectual ineffici5cy :i* affect "o sex b n ! o!r4 ,"u ?is topic we may consid] ! p]iodic function1 :i* *>act]izes girls & wom51 b :i* does n *>act]ize boys & m54 ,?is p]iodic function has always be5 ! object ( sup]/ition & taboo1 & is su* ev5 among ! civiliz$ peoples ( today4 ,! lit]ature ( op9ion is replete ) ref]5ces to x z a s\rce ( intellectual weakness & irresponsibility4 ,we may let ,fr$]ick ,h>rison speak = a l>ge gr\p ( writ]s on ?is po9t3 ,suppos+ all o!r =ces equal1 x is j ! p]c5tage ( p]iodical unfitness :i* makes ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ! work+ capacity ( ! sexes4 ,x is ow+ to a v natural %r9k+ f h>d facts1 & a some:at misplac$ conv5tionality t ?is fundam5tal po9t has be5 kept out ( sight4 ,! lit]ature ( op9ion ab\nds 9 diff]5t notions1 inconsi/5cies1 & contradictory in/ances 9 ! matt] ( ! p]iodic function1 & its alleg$ enorm\s influ5ce on ! intellectual & vocational life ( wom54 ,mu* ( ! opposition to ! education ( wom5 0 bas$ on x1 & x has ev5 be5 exploit$ z a good reason :y political fre$om %\ld be d5i$ to wom54 ,x is positively /at$ t wom5 are on ?is acc\nt unfitt$ to pursue pr(essional & comm]cial life2 yet x is n propos$ t cooks1 scrub wom51 mo!rs1 nursemaids1 h\sekeep]s or danc]s %\ld be p]iodically reliev$ f _! labors & responsibilities4 ,!re is almo/ no lit]ature ( fact conc]n+ ! p]iodic function z relat$ to ! m5tal abilities ( wom54 ,no ef=t _h ev] be5 made to subject ?is matt] to /udy by in/rum5ts & me?ods ( precision until v rec5tly4 ,psy*ologi/s1 :ile (t5 /at+ ! influ5ce ( p]iodicity on m5tal life to be fundam5tal & *>act]i/ic1 entirely neglect$ to consid] x :5 p]=m+ exp]im5ts on wom5 subjects4 ,9 #aiji ,voitsecovsky1 at ,petrograd1 p]=m$ an exp]im5t on six wom5 by means ( in/rum5ts ( precision4 ,he ?\ght he f\nd a positive result & t !re 0 %[n to be an actual influ5ce ( p]iodicity on c]ta9 m5tal functions4 ,8 conclusions are1 h[ev]1 l>gely invalidat$ by ! fact t all 8 subjects knew ! purpose ( ! exp]im5t1 & by ! fact t he neglect$ to use1 z a control1 human be+s n subject to ! ph5om5on 9 "q4 ,he also neglect$ to pres5t 8 data 9 full1 s t ! reliability ( 8 conclusions might be calculat$4 ,two /udies ( ?is ph5om5on appe>$ 9 #aiad4 ,! fir/ 0 a /udy by ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,arnold1 z to ! effect ( s*ool "w on ! p]iodic function1 & ?is is report$ 9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,physical ,education ,review4 ,?is inve/igator suspect$1 f 8 exp]i5ce z a physician & tea*]1 t mu* ( ! incapacity claim$ 0 fictiti\s1 & he det]m9$1 z an exp]im5t1 to in/itute a regime :]eby no /ud5t "u 8 sup]vision w\ld be excus$ p]iodically f m5tal or physical duties1 except 9 cases :]e "s pa?ological condition exi/$4 ,9 summ+ up ! data he says3 ,s f> our results %[ all improvem5t 9 ! heal? ( /ud5ts4 ,! second /udy1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aiad1 0 by ! pres5t writ]4 ,%e made a prolong$ & c>eful exp]im5tal /udy ( tw5ty-?ree wom5 7us+ z a control ! records ( m5 subjects71 & fail$ to demon/rate any influ5ce ( p]iodicity on ^? m5tal abilities :i* %e te/$4 ,^! includ$ spe$ & accuracy ( p]ception1 controll$ association1 /ead9ess1 spe$ ( volunt>y movem5t1 fatigability1 & rate ( le>n+4 ,a great am\nt ( sci5tific "w rema9s to be done be=e any f9al answ] ( any k9d c be giv5 to ! "q1 ,does functional p]iodicity ex]cise a fundam5tal & *>act]i/ic influ5ce on ! intellectual abilities ( wom58 ,we mu/ answ] our ?ird "q 9 ?is way3 ,!re is v little exp]im5tal evid5ce on :i* to base a reply1 b ! few data :i* we d possess %[ no influ5ce1 ei!r detrim5tal or b5eficial4 ,our f\r? inquiry is ?is3 ,are !re any innate sex diff]5ces 9 affective or in/9ctive equipm5t t w\ld naturally lead to a vocational diff]5tiation ( ! sexes8 ,"h we mu/ ackn[l$ge ourselves to be entirely )\t a lit]ature ( fact4 ,! lit]ature ( op9ion is v ext5sive on ! subject1 & x w\ld be an int]e/+ & no d\bt an in/ructive task to collect & summ>ize ! v>i\s & conflict+ op9ions ( m5 z to ! affective & in/9ctive diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes4 ,m5 & wom5 z we see !m 9 ! _w d diff] 9 affective behavior1 b no "o c say :e!r ^! diff]5ces 9 behavior are orig9al or acquir$4 ,!re are diff]5t conv5tional /&>ds ( emotional behavior = m5 & = wom51 b no "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t su* /&>ds arose f inh]5t affective diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes4 ,! v v>iety t *>act]izes ! /atem5ts on ?is subject con/itutes pro( ( ! ignorance ( mank9d 9 reg>d to x4 ,s9ce exact data are entirely lack+1 ! discussion ( ?is la/ "q ne$ n deta9 u4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 glance at "o in/9ct :i* has repeat$ly be5 /at$ to *>act]ize wom51 & to con/itute 9 itself a natural ju/ification = diff]5tiat+ ! sexes vocationally4 ,?is is ! mat]nal in/9ct4 ,s9ce ! p]iod ( helpless infancy is v prolong$ 9 ! human animal1 & s9ce ! c>e ( infants is an exact+ & on]\s labor1 x w\ld be natural = ^? :o are n biologically atta*$ to infants1 to use all means at _! disposal to fa/5 ! :ole burd5 ( infant-t5d+ ^u ^? :o are orig9ally s atta*$4 ,we %\ld expect ?is to happ51 & x does happ54 ,!re has be5 a cont9u\s social ef=t to e/abli% z a norm ! woman ^: vocational proclivities are completely & naturally satisfi$ by *ild-be>+ & *ild-re>+4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all data1 x w\ld seem mo/ reasonable to suppose t if x 7 possible to obta9 a quantitative measurem5t ( mat]nal in/9ct1 we %\ld f9d ?is trait di/ribut$ among wom5 j z we h f\nd all o!r traits di/ribut$1 :i* h yield$ to quantitative measurem5t4 ,x is mo/ reasonable to assume t we %\ld obta9 a curve ( di/ribution1 v>y+ f an extreme :]e individuals h a z]o or negative int]e/ 9 ! c>e ( infants1 ?r\gh a mode :]e !re is a mod]ate am\nt ( impulse to t5d infants1 to a second extreme :]e ! only vocational int]e/ lies 9 su* activity4 ,! be>+ & re>+ ( *ildr5 is 9 _m respects analog\s to ! "w ( soldi]s4 ,x is necess>y to national exi/5ce1 x means great sacrifice ( p]sonal advantage1 & x involves suff]+ & dang]1 &1 9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( cases1 ! actual loss ( life4 ,?us1 z 9 ! case ( soldi]s1 e ef=t is & mu/ be made to e/abli% z a norm ! extreme end ( ! di/ribution curve1 :]e !re is an all-consum+ int]e/ 9 patriotism1 9 ! "o case1 & 9 mo!rhood 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all sci5tific data1 we %\ld1 !re=e1 gu>d aga9/ accept+ z an e/abli%$ fact ab\t human nature a doctr9e t we might expect to f9d 9 use z a means ( social control4 ,x is also fitt+ to raise ! "q z to j :at is meant by ! t]m1 mat]nal in/9ct4 ,does x mean desire = (fspr+ :i* are z yet non-exi/5t8 ,does x mean only ! t5d5cy to c>e = helpless (fspr+ aft] !y are actually 9 exi/5ce8 ,does x mean an int]e/ 9 *ildr5 z su*1 reg>dless ( _! orig98 ,or does x consi/ 9 a m+l+ ( all ^! elem5ts8 ,above all1 does x involve1 z an ess5tial elem5t1 an int]e/ 9 wait+ p]sonally ^u infants8 ,"o c]ta9ly ga9s ! impression f a p]usal ( ! ext5sive lit]ature ( op9ion t to mo/ p]sons ! t]m is q unanalyz$1 & t x calls = analysis4 ,we h n[ consid]$ f\r ( our inquiries 9 ! light ( exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,we h discov]$ t a great am\nt ( "w rema9s to be done be=e we c answ] mo/ ( !m conclusively1 & t to "o "q1 at lea/1 no answ] at all c be giv5 f ! lit]ature ( fact4 ,we c only say t1 s f>1 sci5tific exp]im5t has reveal$ no sex diff]5ces 9 ! orig9al nature ( intellect t w\ld imply a necess>y diff]5tiation ( vocations on ! gr\nd ( sex4 ,!re exi/ no sci5tific data to %[ 7#a7 diff]5ces 9 av]age intellect2 7#b7 diff]5ces 9 m5tal v>iability2 7#c7 special causes ( intellectual ineffici5cy affect+ "o sex b n ! o!r2 7#d7 diff]5ces 9 affective or in/9ctive equipm5t1 imply+ a natural division ( labor4 ,! division ( labor betwe5 ! sexes1 :i* has exi/$ ?r\gh hi/oric times & /ill p]si/s1 orig9at$1 s f> z we "k1 9 physiological1 n 9 psy*ological diff]5ces4 ,! mom5t\s physiological fact t wom5 be> & n\ri% infants & m5 d n1 is ! great prim>y sex diff]5ce on :i* our economic & vocational organization has be5 built up4 ,x might be suppos$ t natural selection w\ld h evolv$ an intellectual 7or un9tellectual7 type 9 wom51 :i* c\ld f9d its complete natural satisfaction 9 ! vocation ( *ild-be>+ & *ild-re>+4 ,b su* a selection c\ld take place only if m5tal traits 7 sex-limit$ 9 inh]itance1 or exi/$ z second>y sex *>act]i/ics4 ,no m5tal trait has ev] be5 prov$ to be sex-limit$ 9 inh]itance1 or to exi/ z a second>y sex "*4 ,s f> z we "k1 daught]s inh]it m5tal traits f fa!rs z well z f mo!rs1 & sons inh]it !m f mo!rs z well z f fa!rs4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! law ( natural selection c nev] become op]ative to solve ! vocational problems ( wom54 ,! fact t wom5 h n 9 ! pa/ equal$ m5 9 philosophy1 sci5ce1 art1 inv5tion & managem5t is frequ5tly adduc$ z evid5ce ( _! innate unfitness = pursuits o!r ?an ! dome/ic4 ,f su* evid5ce1 h[ev]1 we glean 9 reality no in=mation :atev] ab\t ! vocational aptitudes ( wom54 ,we %\ld n expect any notable a*ievem5t by wom5 9 ! fields m5tion$ above1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,wom5 mu/ be> & n\ri% infants1 & m5 _c4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation & ! p]iod ( infancy are v protract$ 9 ! human species1 toge!r cov]+1 = ea* infant re>$1 ab\t six ye>s4 ,until v rec5tly no sci5tific me?ods ( controll+ procreation h be5 g5]ally kn[n or utiliz$4 ,?us wom5 h borne great numb]s ( infants1 all _! y\? & maturity be+ consum$ by be>+ & re>+ "y4 ,! small m9ority ( wom5 ^: lives happ5$ n to be s consum$ w\ld be v unlikely to make any contributions 9 extra-dome/ic vocational a*ievem5t = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all wom5 7 expect$ to mate & ?us to procreate & re> (fspr+1 & no provision 0 made by society = _! tra9+ 9 l9es o!r ?an ^? !y w\ld be expect$ to use4 ,9 ! second place1 ^? wom5 :o did n meet ! common fate fail$ to d s = "s special reason1 su* z ill heal?1 m5tal disease1 or ! necessity ( c>+ = decrepit relatives4 ,! v causes ( _! celibacy w\ld op]ate also aga9/ any vocational a*ievem5t on _! "p4 ,9 ! irrational trial & error me?od by :i* our human in/itutions h be5 develop$1 ! logical expectation w\ld be t ! great physiological sex diff]5ce 9 reproductive function w\ld probably influ5ce vocational activities j z x has done4 ,we f9d 9 ! traditional division ( labor betwe5 ! sexes exactly :at we %\ld expect to f9d1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 an id5tity ( intellectual abilities & int]e/s4 ,x seems bo? psy*ologically & socially desirable t ! "o inconte/able condition+ factor 9 ! vocational diff]5tiation ( m5 & wom5 be rais$ cle>ly to consci\sness1 r ?an subm]g$1 z 9 ! pa/1 by an elaborate sy/em ( def5se me*anisms & traditional devices ( social control4 ,x w\ld be go+ afield f ! imm$iate purpose ( ?is *apt] to (f] con/ructive sugge/ions = su* *anges 9 economic & dome/ic managem5t z might be necess>y to ov]come ?is condition+ factor1 & ?us to give free vocational opportunity to bo? sexes alike4 ,to effect ^! *anges 9 su* a way t ! maximum social bett]m5t may be a*iev$ !reby w be a task n simple b complex4 ,x w call = ! be/ ?\ght & ! mo/ enlight5$ ef=t ( :i* we are capable1 & w be accompli%$ only ) ! pass+ ( ye>s & decades4 ,! ess5tial ?+ at pres5t is to "k :e!r any basis = future action may n[ be f\nd 9 ! e/abli%$ facts ( human nature4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5tific k x w\ld be z dogmatic 7& !re=e z undesirable7 to /ate t significant sex diff]5ces 9 intellect d n exi/1 z to /ate t su* diff]5ces d exi/4 ,all we c say is t up to ! pres5t "t exp]im5tal psy*ology has disclos$ no sex diff]5ces 9 m5tal traits :i* w\ld imply a division ( labor on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,! social ga9 w\ld be v great if ! public c\ld be br\ght to recognize intellig5tly t to _m ( ! que/ions reg>d+ ! vocational aptitudes ( wom5 no def9ite answ]s c at pres5t be giv51 because ! necess>y data = ! =mulation ( answ]s h nev] be5 collect$4 ,s f> z is at pres5t kn[n1 wom5 are z compet5t intellectually z m5 are1 to und]take any & all human vocations4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,!re 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,octob] 7#aiad7 issue ( ! ,psy*ological ,bullet9 a summ>y ( all important exp]im5tal "w done on sex diff]5ces 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,any read] wi%+ to take up ! evid5ce greatly 9 detail w d well to consult all ( ! ref]5ces !re giv54 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,vocational ,,analysis ,! m g5]al que/ions ( ! !ory ( te/s1 _! selection1 evaluation1 & te*nique ( application & record1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,! read] unfamili> ) ^! matt]s w f9d !m fully treat$ 9 ! v>i\s /&>d manuals ( te/s1 & 9 num]\s special articles & monographs ref]r$ to 9 ! bibliography4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 p>ticul> aspects ( ! !ory & use ( m5tal te/s :i* h special importance = vocational psy*ology4 ,^! are3 #a4 ,! "q ( ! degree to :i* pr(ici5cy 9 "o respect or ability or te/ implies pr(ici5cy 9 o!rs4 #b4 ,! degree to :i* ^! int]correlations are reveal$ by prelim9>y trials & modifi$ by cont9u$ practice4 #c4 ,! "q ( ! significance ( prelim9>y trials 9 reveal+ ! relative abilities ( individuals z ^! w\ld be %[n aft] all ! individuals _h acquir$ _! maximum skill or practice level ( pr(ici5cy2 t is1 ! relation betwe5 mom5t>y capacity & ultimate a*ievem5t4 ,attempts to int]correlate m5tal or motor abilities z measur$ by laboratory te/s h usually produc$ m or less irregul> results4 ,"s ( ! coeffici5ts h be5 positive1 "s negative1 b 9 only a few cases h _m ( !m be5 l>ge :5 ! individuals te/$ h be5 *os5 at r&om or ) no delib]ate int5tion ( measur+ only ! extremes ( ! curve ( di/ribution4 ,?us 9 a rec5t report ( ! correlations ( abilities among sev]al hundr$ adult individuals x is rem>k$ t a c]ta9 te/ = logical memory is "o ( ! v be/ te/s1 p>tly because ( its high correlation ) o!r te/s 7an av]age correlation ( 4#bi74 ,two reasons are l>gely responsible = ^! l[ coeffici5ts4 ,! fir/ is ! fact t ! measures correlat$ h usually be5 initial trials1 or at mo/ av]ages ( a v few trials4 ,?is means great individual v>iability & consid]able consequ5t unreliability ( ! data4 ,a m important factor1 p]haps1 is ! fact t ^! prelim9>y trials d n necess>ily repres5t ! f9al capacities ( ! individuals4 ,!y are det]m9$ by a ho/ ( incid5tal or accid5tal influ5ces & reveal only mom5t>y ability1 n ultimate capacity4 ,!re is e reason = expect+ to f9d positive correlation ( desirable traits1 & we may well expect to f9d ?is increas+ly true ! m our measures te/ ! f9al limits ( capacity 9 ! v>i\s te/s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only real correction = unreliable measures is to be made by cont9u+ ! te/ until ! individual has rea*$ ! limit ( practice 9 x4 ,only occasional attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! influ5ce ( practice on ! correlation ( abilities1 & ^? t h be5 report$ h be5 bas$ on s few practice trials t no review ( !m ne$ be giv54 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all pres5t ! results ( an exp]im5t 9 :i* a gr\p ( obs]v]s 7 repeat$ly te/$ until 9 ea* te/ a practice limit 0 approximat$1 a limit :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 "o hundr$ fur!r trials fail$ to improve4 ,! results h a real int]e/ = vocational psy*ology4 ,! exp]im5t consi/$ 9 putt+ ea* ( ?irte5 individuals ?r\gh #bje repetitions ( sev5 diff]5t m5tal te/s4 ,! trials 7 controll$ z ?or\ghly z possible ) respect to su* factors z int]im occupation1 ex]cise1 food1 rotation ( te/s1 temp]ature1 illum9ation1 & inc5tive & int]e/4 ,! subjects1 f\r wom5 & n9e m51 rang+ f eighte5 to ?irty-n9e ye>s 9 age1 7 mature1 zeal\s1 & fai?ful4 ,competition 0 /imulat$ by ! aw>d ( desirable prizes1 & ea* work] receiv$ a daily wage4 ,records 7 ann\nc$ to ! subjects only aft] ea* ?irty-five trials4 ,s f> z previ\s practice 9 ^! p>ticul> te/s is conc]n$1 all ! subjects 7 naive4 ,five trials 7 made daily1 ^! trials be+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! day at ab\t two-h\r int]vals4 ,! te/s !mselves occupi$ ab\t =ty m9utes at ea* sitt+4 ,! te/s us$ 7 ! foll[+ famili> laboratory =ms3 #a4 ,add+4 ,add+ sev5te5 m5tally to ea* ( fifty two-place numb]s & recit+ al\d ! correct answ]4 ,ord] ( numb]s r&om at ea* trial4 ,record ) /op wat*1 "t requir$ = p]fect score4 #b4 ,nam+ ,opposites4 ,correctly nam+ opposites ( ea* ( fifty adjectives :i* occurr$ ea* "t 9 r&om ord]4 ,record1 "t requir$ = a p]fect score4 #c4 ,color ,nam+4 ,! ,columbia laboratory =m ( ?is te/1 ) t5 repetitions ( ea* ( twelve colors4 ,position ( c>d *ang$ at ea* trial4 ,record1 "t requir$ = p]fect score4 #d4 ,discrim9ation ,reaction4 ,discrim9at+ betwe5 r$ & blue1 & react+ correctly ) appropriate h&4 ,record1 av]age "t1 9 sigma1 & numb] ( false reactions4 #e4 ,cancellation4 ,cross+ out digits f ! ,woodwor?-,wells =m ( ?is te/4 ,record1 "t requir$ = #ge correct cancellations ( equally difficult digits4 #f4 ,coord9ation4 ,! famili> ?ree-hole te/1 = accuracy ( aim4 ,record1 "t requir$ = "o hundr$ correct /rokes4 #g4 ,tapp+4 ,execut+ f\r hundr$ taps at maximal spe$1 ) h& /ylus1 "r h&1 elb[ support4 ,record1 "t requir$4 ,ea* te/ has be5 correlat$#af ) all ! rema9+ te/s at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! curve ( practice4 ,correlations 7 made at ea* ( ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,prelim9>y trial designat$ #a/ trial #b4 ,m$ian ( fir/ #e trials designat$ #e? trial #c4 ,m$ian ( trials #bj to #be designat$ #be? trial #d4 ,m$ian ( trials #ge to #hj designat$ #hj? trial #e4 ,m$ian ( trials #bjj to #bje designat$ #bje? trial ,at ea* ( ^! po9ts ! ?irte5 individuals 7 arrang$ 9 an ord] ( relative ability = ea* ( ! te/s1 & ^! ord]s 7 correlat$ ) ea* o!r4 ,table #bc gives1 = ea* te/1 at ea* po9t1 ! av]age correlation ) all ! o!r te/s1 & also ! gr& av]age correlations ( all te/s4 ,,table #bc ,,%[+ ,,! ,,av]age ,,correlation ,,( ,,ea* ,,te/ ,,) ,,all ,,o!rs1 ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,! ,,curve ,,( ,,practice ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,trial,add+,opposites ,color,discrim-,coordi-,tapp+ ,f9al ,nam+ ination nation ,av]age ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a 4#ai 4#aj 4#ae -4#jg -4#ae 4#ag 4#jfe #e 4#da 4#bf 4#ae 4#ce 4#ba 4#cb 4#bhj #be 4#ej 4#ce 4#dc 4#bg 4#jc 4#ce 4#cbj #hj 4#ee 4#dc 4#ec 4#ca 4#ah 4#cd 4#cij #bje 4#dh 4#fb 4#fa 4#ce 4#cd 4#eb 4#dij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,except 9 ! case ( discrim9ation ! effect ( practice is to increase to a m>k$ degree ! int]correlations ( ! v>i\s te/s4 ,add+ increases /eadily up to ! eightie? trial4 ,opposites & color nam+ ga9 ev5 m /eadily to ! v end ( ! exp]im5t1 ! increase 9 ! coeffici5ts be+ f\r to six fold4 ,tapp+ increases m sl[ly b no less c]ta9ly4 ,9 coord9ation ! increase is v irregul>1 b ! coeffici5ts %[1 on ! :ole1 a *ange f -4#ae at ! fir/ trial to 4#cd at ! f9i%4 ,only 9 ! case ( discrim9ation is !re failure to increase aft] ! fif? trial4 ,9 no case1 aft] ! prelim9>y trial1 is !re a negative coeffici5t among ! av]age correlations1 & inde$ 9 only "o case is !re a coeffici5t small] ?an 4#ae4 ,! f9al av]ages %[ /eady increase f 4#jfe at ! prelim9>y to 4#bh at ! fif?1 4#cb at ! tw5ty-fif?1 4#ci at ! eightie?1 & 4#di at ! two-hundr$-&-fif? trials4 ,) practice1 !n1 ! av]age correlations ( all te/s become positive1 & ! coeffici5ts become great] ! long] ! practice is cont9u$4 ,9 produc+ ?is increase 9 ! int]correlation ( specific abilities ?r\gh ! m$ium ( practice1 at lea/ ?ree diff]5t factors probably coop]ate4 ,^! factors h n an equal significance = vocational psy*ology & its int]e/s 9 te/s4 ,"o ( ! lea/ important ( ^! factors is ! v>iability ( individual p]=mance4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ea* individual is m v>iable ?an at lat] po9ts 9 ! curve4 ,?is mom5t>y v>iability ne$ n be suppos$ to affect all ! te/s 9 ! same way nor all individuals 9 ! same direction4 ,?is fact may !n t5d some:at to r$uce ! correlation ( ! prelim9>y trials & may 9 "s cases mat]ially affect ! fir/ five or t5 trials4 ,beyond ! tw5ty-fif? trial ! v>iability 9 ^! te/s is mu* r$uc$1 & p>ticul>ly s 9 ! measures "h us$1 :i* are 9 all cases1 aft] ! prelim9>y trial1 ! m$ians ( five successive trials4 ,ano!r factor t des]ves m5tion is ! possibility ( *ange 9 ! "* ( ! te/s !mselves1 ?r\gh practice ) !m4 ,x is q probable1 = example1 t ! opposites te/ comes1 aft] _m repetitions1 to resemble m & m t type ( process or function involv$ 9 color-nam+4 ,! responses become m & m intimately associat$ ) ! /imulus words1 ! sugge/$ responses to ea* ^w become m & m limit$ 9 numb] & 9 mo/ cases r$uc$ to a s+le ^w = ea* /imulus4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is true ( color-nam+ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,z ! ord] ( ! /imulus words is *ang$ at ea* trial1 ! te/ may come to involve m & m ! simple task ( giv+ m]ely ! quicke/ possible association ( ! "r response1 & ! ov]com+ ( inhibitions & int]f]5ces ( a m or less g5]al sort1 ) less & less emphasis on ! elem5t ( selection4 ,mu* ! same may also be true ( ! addition te/4 ,x is 9 ^! ?ree te/s t ! increase 9 correlation is mo/ m>k$1 & ! actual coeffici5ts highe/ at ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 ,c>eful analysis ( :at takes place z "o improves 9 ^! simple te/s w\ld no d\bt yield int]e/+ mat]ial4 ,b ^! two factors--decrease 9 v>iability & *ange 9 ! "* ( ! te/s--seem to be f> f suffici5t to acc\nt = ! results4 ,! tapp+ te/ rema9s mu* ! same type ( process ?r\gh\t1 ! only app>5t modifications consi/+ ( slight *anges 9 me?od & p]haps "s gradual *anges 9 ! muscles4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no reason = suspect+ t tapp+ & opposites or tapp+ & discrim9ation become1 z te/s1 m alike because ( frequ5t repetition4 ,b ! increase 9 correlation is cle> 9 bo? ^! cases4 ,aga91 x is well e/abli%$ t ! discrim9ation reaction1 9 ! =m "h us$1 also t5ds to become reflex ?r\gh practice1 ! consci\s discrim9ation com+ only aft] ! correct reaction is made4 ,^! exp]im5ts call$ = betwe5 #c1jge & #d1ajj s+le discrim9ation reactions on ! "p ( ea* obs]v]1 :i* w\ld af=d ample "t = su* a *ange to %[ itself4 ,m]e *ange 9 ! "* ( ! te/ w\ld !n lead u to expect color-nam+1 opposites1 & add+ to come m & m to resemble discrim9ation reaction4 ,b !y d n1 if ! coeffici5ts may be tak5 z evid5ce4 ,! coeffici5ts ( ^! te/s ) discrim9ation %[ no t5d5cy to increase1 ev5 by ! end ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! assumption ( increas+ simil>ity 9 ! "* ( ^! pairs ( te/s w\ld seem gratuit\s4 ,moreov]1 if !re 7 su* increase 9 simil>ity1 & ?is be also suppos$ to acc\nt = ! high] correlation ( color-nam+ & opposites ) add+1 coord9ation & add+ %\ld %[ ! same increase 9 correlation4 ,j ! rev]se is actually ! case1 ! correlation ( coord9ation & add+ decreas+ consi/5tly4 ,"s fur!r factor mu/ !n be responsible = ! g5]al increase 9 correlation1 aside f decrease 9 v>iability 7:i* affects only ! fir/ few trials7 & progressive qualitative approximation ( ! te/s 7:i* is se5 to be inadequate74 ,! doctr9e ( g5]al ability or g5]al intellig5ce at once sugge/s itself 9 ?is connection4 ,if !re is su* a ?+ z g5]al ability or g5]al intellig5ce1 we %\ld expect all sampl+s ( t ability to correlate m & m z ! measures came to be tru] samples4 ,we might inde$ expect to f9d evid5ces ( ?is g5]al ability only :5 measur+ ! ultimate capacity ( ! individuals conc]n$4 ,! mom5t>y ability reveal$ 9 initial trials1 or ev5 9 ! fir/ half-doz5 trials1 9 a giv5 set ( te/s might well be expect$ to %[ only l[ degrees ( correlation4 ,^! trials w\ld n be measures ( ultimate capacity1 b w\ld be l>gely det]m9$ by previ\s practice1 *ance v>iability1 mom5t>y attitude & initial me?od ( attack4 ,!y w\ld1 9 %ort1 be sampl+s only ( mom5t>y ability1 n ( f9al capacity4 ,or if ! assumption ( a common factor be reject$1 ! pres5t evid5ce t5ds /rongly to support our e>li] conclusion conc]n+ ! positive correlation betwe5 desirable m5tal functions4 ,"s =m ( ! doctr9e ( g5]al ability1 at any rate1 seems to be support$4 ,b ! conclusion seems to call = ! qualification t g5]al ability %all h ref]5ce to f9al capacity r ?an to mom5t>y p]=mance1 if ! correlations are to be high4 ,if ea* individual be giv5 ! opportunity to atta9 8 limit ( effici5cy1 8 highe/ level ( p]=mance1 !n1 :5 ^! f9al limits are rea*$1 individuals :o excel _! fell[s 9 "o type ( "w w also t5d to excel 9 o!r types ( "w4 ,! !ory & practice ( te/s has 9 ! pa/ be5 too cont5t to re/ its claims on ! meag] results ( a few prelim9>y sampl+s ( an individual's ability4 ,! fact t1 ev5 :5 a great v>iety ( su* sampl+s ( a giv5 individual are aggregat$ & balanc$ (f aga9/ "o ano!r1 few results ( real diagno/ic value are a*iev$ %\ld be suffici5t w>n+ aga9/ ?is t5d5cy4 ,my conviction is t = ?is purpose we %all f9d x necess>y to det]m9e ! individual's limit ( practice 9 ! v>i\s te/s be=e we %all secure diagno/ic results :i* w be v]ifi$ by ! individual's subsequ5t a*ievem5t 9 daily life4 ,we %\ld "k mu* m ?an we n[ "k conc]n+ ! t5d5cy & mean+ ( su* correlations z %[ close relation betwe5 initial p]=mance & ultimate capacity4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true if we wi% to ext5d ! me?od ( te/s beyond educational diagnosis & to use !m z a means ( vocational guidance or ( indu/rial selection4 ,= educational diagnosis we wi% prim>ily to "k :at k9d ( practice ! individual mo/ ne$s4 ,= vocational & indu/rial purposes we ne$ r to "k :at limits ! individual c ev5tually rea*1 9 giv5 k9ds ( p]=mance1 z ! result ( practice1 & to :at degree 8 pres5t equipm5t ( inc5tive r5d]s probable ! actual a*ievem5t ( ?is limit4 ,on ! "q ( ! significance ( prelim9>y trials & ! effects ( practice on ! relative /&+ ( individuals 9 _! gr\p1 !re are important facts to be consid]$4 ,9 ! direct application ( m5tal te/s x has too (t5 be5 assum$ t ! actual p]=mance ( an individual1 9 "o or a doz5 trials at a giv5 task1 is 9 "s way or o!r significant ( t individual's f9al capacity 9 su* "w4 ,x is true t sev]al inve/igators h /udi$ ! effects ( practice on individual diff]5ces4 ,^! work]s 7 int]e/$ above all 9 que/ions z to relative rate ( improvem5t1 or am\nt or p]man5ce ( ga94 ,su* /udies h produc$ sugge/ive results1 al?\gh !y h be5 bas$1 = ! mo/ "p1 on records ( only a few subjects or on relatively few practice trials4 ,to :at degree are individual diff]5ces aft] a giv5 numb] ( trials indicative ( ! f9al maximum capacity ( ! individuals conc]n$8 ,at :at v>i\s rates d ! det]m9+ factors ent] into ! practice curves ( a gr\p ( work]s8 ,:at mann] & am\nt ( displacem5t 9 _! relative ord] ( ability are ?us produc$8 ,at :at po9t or po9ts 9 ! curves d ! individuals assume _! f9al ord] ( relative capacity aft] tra9+8 ,h[ d ! replies to ^! que/ions v>y ) ! "* ( ! task8 ,9 ! case ( ! exp]im5ts already describ$1 record has be5 "h tak5 ( ! foll[+ po9ts 9 ! curves ( practice3 ,prelim9>y trial call$ initial trial ,m$ian ( trials #a to #e call$ #e? trial ,m$ian ( trials #bj to #be call$ #be? trial ,m$ian ( trials #df to #ej call$ #ej? trial ,m$ian ( trials #gf to #hj call$ #hj? trial ,m$ian ( trials #abf to #acj call$ #acj? trial ,m$ian ( trials #aga to #age call$ #age? trial ,at ea* ( ^! po9ts ! ?irte5 subjects 7 arrang$ 9 ord] ( relative ability = ! te/ at ! giv5 /age ( practice4 ,ea* ( ^! ord]s1 or cross sections1 ( ! gr\p ( practice curves 0 !n correlat$ ) ! f9al ord] ( position z %[n 9 trials "o hundr$ & sev5ty to "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five4 ,table #bd gives ! coeffici5ts ( correlation d]iv$ 9 ?is way4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ?is table w prove in/ructive4 ,,table #bd ,,%[+ ,,! ,,correlation ,,( ,,ultimate ,,capacity ,,) ,,capacity ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,! ,,curve ,,( ,,le>n+ 7,see ,text = ,explanation7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,f9al ,! ,te/ ,prelim- #e? #be? #ej? #hj? #acj?,trial in>y ,trial,trial,trial,trial ,trial#age? ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,add+ 4#ae 4#ai 4#hg 4#hg 4#ig 4#if #a4jj ,opposites -4#jh 4#fb 4#di 4#hc 4#id 4#ih #a4jj ,color ,nam+ 4#fh 4#hi 4#hf 4#ia 4#ig 4#ig #a4jj ,discrim9ation 4#fh 4#fb 4#fj 4#ej 4#ej 4#gi #a4jj ,cancellation 4#fg 4#fh 4#hh 4#fi 4#ic 7#a4jj7 -- ,coord9ation 4#eb 4#gi 4#gg 4#ij 4#ie 7#a4jj7 -- ,tapp+ 4#bc 4#dh 4#fc 4#fh 4#fi 4#hi #a4jj -------------------------------------- ,av]ages 4#da 4#fa 4#gc 4#gg 4#he 4#ib #a4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x is at once evid5t t ! prelim9>y trial is by no means always a measure ( ! f9al relative capacities ( ! individuals te/$4 ,! av]age ( all sev5 coeffici5ts increases f 4#da at ! prelim9>y trial to 4#ib at ! "o hundr$ & ?irtie? trial4 ,z ! trials proce$ !n1 ! relative positions ( ! ?irte5 individuals become m & m def9itely fix$1 b 9 ! beg9n+ ! indication is obscure4 ,! rate ( ?is process1 h[ev]1 v>ies ) ! te/1 & to a consid]able degree4 ,add+ %[s *anges 9 position :i* effect a correlation ( 4#hg only aft] ! tw5ty-fif? trial4 ,beyond ?is po9t !re is little *ange1 ! eightie? & "o hundr$ & ?irtie? trials correlat+ equally well1 & practically p]fectly1 ) ! f9al ord]4 ,aft] tw5ty-five trials1 !n1 ! f9al capacities ( ! individuals 9 ! add+ te/ may be said to be indicat$ fairly accurately4 ,opposites1 9 ! fiftie? trial1 yields a coeffici5t equal to t ( addition 9 ! tw5ty-fif? trial1 & by ! eightie? trial ! correlation may be said to be complete4 ,only aft] fifty trials1 !n1 c ! te/ be said to yield comp>ative measures :i* reflect ! individual's f9al capacity 9 ?is =m ( controll$ association4 ,9 ! case ( tapp+ x is only at ! "o hundr$ & ?irtie? trial t ! correlation ) f9al position exce$s 4#fi4 ,^! results may be easily compreh5d$ by ?9k+ ( ea* te/ 7z = in/ance ! tapp+ te/7 z a prolong$ race1 consi/+ ( a l>ge numb] ( heats 7#bje sep>ate trials74 ,all individuals beg9 ) a runn+ />t1 _! respective initial spe$s dep5d+ on ! mom5tum !y h acquir$ ?r\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( previ\s practice1 & on su* mom5t>y ability & zeal z !y possess at ! "t4 ,b z ! succe$+ heats or trials occur "s individuals :o 7 orig9ally 9 ! lead beg9 to lose gr\nd 9 relation to o!rs :o1 ?\gh initially sl[]1 are n[ spe$+ up & ov]tak+ ! lead]s4 ,/ill o!rs may reta9 _! orig9al relative positions to ! end ( ! race4 ,9 ! table ( coeffici5ts1 a correlation ( #a4jj indicates t at t po9t ! ultimate relative positions ( ! conte/ants h at la/ become e/abli%$4 ,! ne>] ! figure approa*es z]o ! m unc]ta9 are ! relative positions at ! p>ticul> trial4 ,to t]m9ate ! race at a po9t :]e ! correlation is l[ & to rew>d ! conte/ants accord+ to ! position !y _h rea*$ at t po9t w\ld be manife/ly unfair to ^? :o 7 /ill spe$+ up & p>tial to ^? :o 7 los+ gr\nd4 ,color-nam+1 discrim9ation1 cancellation1 & coord9ation %[ up to mu* great] advantage4 ,ev5 ! prelim9>y trials 9 ^! te/s %[ fairly high correlations ) ! f9al ord]s4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! %[ little *ange z practice proce$s4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] two te/s1 al?\gh ! initial correlations are fairly high1 !re is nev]!less consid]able increase z ! trials proce$4 ,! mean+ ( ^! results seems to be t be=e "o attempts to int]pret individual diff]5ces z disclos$ by p]=mance 9 su* a s]ies ( simple te/s1 he %\ld h cle>ly 9 m9d ! di/9ction betwe5 tempor>y pr(ici5cy & ultimate capacity4 ,if he is int]e/$1 = example1 9 det]m9+ ! vocational prospects ( a y\?1 or ! relative m]its ( c&idates or culprits1 x is important t he realize t relative abilities 9 _m ( ^! laboratory te/s may be *ang$ q beyond recognition by cont9u$ "w4 ,x is highly desirable to "k m ?an we n[ "k conc]n+ ! degree to :i* initial & int]m$iate trials 9 ^! te/s reflect f9al capacity4 ,9 ! pa/ ! "q seems h>dly to h be5 ask$4 ,individual diff]5ces 9 e>ly trials1 9 "s te/s1 are fairly significant ( ! work+ level to :i* ! p]=m] may be br\ght lat]4 ,9 o!r te/s ?is is n ! case4 ,on ! significance ( ^! e>ly trials may dep5d1 9 _m cases1 ! vocational value ( ! p>ticul> te/4 ,*anges 9 ! nature ( ! te/s1 v>iations ( me?ods ( attack1 & specific improvem5t 9 ! directness1 indep5d5ce & rapidity ( ! special n]v\s connections conc]n$--^! ?ree factors w\ld all decl>e !mselves 9 ! =m ( *anges 9 ability4 ,a useful piece ( "w 9 ! case ( all te/s w be ! analysis ( ! nature ( ! *anges result+ f practice4 ,b 9 any case ! pres5ce ( ^! *anges 9 correlation %[s t we are n1 9 e>ly trials1 measur+ ! same t5d5cy or capacity 9 all p]=m]s4 ,! concrete tasks ( daily life d\btless %[ j su* qualitative *anges1 dur+ practice1 z we may suppose to be pres5t 9 "s ( ^! te/s4 ,j z x is ultimate capacity 9 daily life t is1 ) a giv5 set ( inc5tives1 mo/ important1 s 9 ! laboratory ! measurem5t ( ability aft] practice ought to be m emphasiz$ ?an x is at pres5t4 ,if x is true t ) practice all te/s correlate ) "o ano!r1 s t an individual :o is good 9 "o type ( "w is also1 :5 8 practice level has be5 rea*$1 good 9 o!r types ( "w1 ! task ( vocational psy*ology is at once enorm\sly simplifi$4 ,9 place ( fur!r se>* = special occupational te/s adapt$ 9 "s peculi> way to p>ticul> types ( "w1 our task is r t ( ext5d+ ! g5]al intellig5ce scales until !y repres5t high] & high] degrees ( g5]al ability4 ,x is q probable t fur!r advance 9 ?is direction w come1 n f ! elaboration or inv5tion ( m te/s1 b by ! selection ( a v few te/s1 & ! exam9ation ( ! f9al limits ( practice ) respect to !m4 ,! problem w !n be ! selection ( sets ( te/s 9 :i* initial p]=mance %[s high correlation ) ultimate capacity 9 ! te/s !mselves1 or else ! labori\s & undramatic1 b p]haps pref]able1 alt]native ( cont9u+ e te/ until ! practice limit is rea*$ by ! individual4 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be well to le>n m ab\t ! nature & range ( ^! limits ?an we "k at pres5t4 ,9 s f> z p>ticul> tasks are actually f\nd to call = highly specializ$ aptitudes1 = ! detection ( :i* te/s are s\ght1 !re w be ! fur!r problem ( correlat+ ^! v>i\s te/s ) ! p>ticul> aptnesses or fitnesses t[>d ! detection ( :i* diagnosis is direct$4 ,!re w also be ! problem ( ! alignm5t ( ! v>i\s types ( "w along ! g5]al intellig5ce scales1 z rapidly z ^! are ext5d$ & elaborat$4 ,9 s f> z ?is me?od is foll[$1 ! task ( select+ f c&idates ^? be/ fitt$ = ! accompli%m5t ( special types ( "w w be easily h&l$4 ,vocational selection w readily f9d me?ods suit$ to its purposes4 ,b vocational guidance1 z di/+ui%$ f vocational selection1 mu/ = "s "t to come dep5d l>gely on ! det]m9ation ( int]e/s1 inc5tives1 satisfactions1 emotional values & pref]5ces1 & ! discov]y & direction ( ^! ?r\gh g5]al *annels ( in=mation & ?r\gh ! me?ods ( indu/rial & pre-vocational education4 ,?is is a h>d & an ardu\s program4 ,x calls = /r5u\s "w on ! "p ( inve/igators1 pati5ce & fai?fulness on ! "p ( obs]v]s1 & wide coop]ation ( inve/igators ) ea* o!r4 ,f ! imm$iately practical po9t ( view x also (f]s an invit+ opportunity to ^? f\ndations & individuals :o are int]e/$ 9 support+ ! fur!r developm5t ( ! arts ( social control ov] human nature4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,= explanation ( ! te*nique & mean+ ( correlation see ! footnote on p4 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,conclusion ,! lead+ problems ( vocational psy*ology we h se5 to be ?ree 9 numb]3 ,fir/1 h[ may ! individual a*ieve ! mo/ adequate k ( 8 own peculi> m5tal & in/9ctive con/itution1 8 equipm5t ( capacities1 t5d5cies1 int]e/s & aptitudes1 & ! ways 9 :i* he comp>es1 9 ^! respects1 ) 8 fell[s8 ,second1 h[ may ! individual acquire in=mation conc]n+ ! g5]al or special traits requir$ = successful p>ticipation 9 ! v>i\s vocations1 9 ord] to select a l9e ( activity = :i* he is con/itutionally adapt$8 ,?ird1 h[ may ! employ] det]m9e ! relative desirability1 fitness & promise ( ^? :o may (f] !mselves z 8 associates & assi/ants1 or = m9or positions 9 8 employ8 ,obvi\sly1 if vocational psy*ology 7 9 its maturity1 r ?an 9 its infancy1 ^! v>i\s que/ions w\ld resolve !mselves into a s+le problem4 ,! traits requir$ 9 ! v>i\s types ( "w w\ld be fully kn[n & specifi$1 s t bo? ! *oice ( ! individual & ! selection by ! employ] w\ld proce$ directly1 once ! individual's *>act]i/ics 7 kn[n4 ,f ?is goal we are v f>1 b by no means hopelessly1 remov$4 ,z we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 ! l9e ( attack is be+ advanc$ v unev5ly at its v>i\s po9ts4 ,x is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( any new bran* ( sci5ce t x does n advance symmetrically & at a uni=m rate1 b moves ahead1 n[ 9 ?is direction1 n[ 9 t1 s t ! l9e ( complete developm5t is "s di/ance beh9d ! outpo/s ( exploration4 ,s 9 ! case ( vocational psy*ology we may draw a r\gh l9e :i* %all repres5t ! ma9 region ( advance1 & may indicate ! v>i\s po9ts :]e ! l9e lags beh9d or goes conspicu\sly =w>d4 ,! ma9 l9e ( advance has left f> beh9d x ! magical ritual ( primitive ?\ght1 ! m$ieval se>* = significant om5s & clairvoyant signs1 ! pseudo-sci5tific fai? 9 ! /ructural *>act]i/ics elaborat$ 9 physiognomy & phr5ology1 & has tak5 its /& firmly at ! po9t :]e emphasis is laid on ! objective /udy ( ! individual's behavior4 ,educationally ?is position %[s itself 9 ! ab&onm5t ( ! purely discipl9>y ideal ( ab/ract tra9+1 & ! sub/itution ( tra9+ 9 specific =ms ( conduct1 ex]cise1 & occupation1 accompani$ by concrete exp]i5ce ) indu/rial opportunities1 rew>ds1 & satisfactions4 ,f ! m /rictly psy*ological po9t ( view ! position %[s itself 9 ! exp]im5tal application ( m5tal te/s4 ,9 ! measurem5t ( ! m /rictly intellectual capacities1 ! l9e has %[n a v decid$ advance s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! available intellig5ce scales make possible ! diagnosis ( intellectual defect1 normality or precocity 9 units ( consid]able reliability1 9 ! case ( pre-adolesc5ts4 ,?is /ep 9 itself is suffici5t to put educational1 indu/rial & social ent]prise deeply 9 debt to ! new sci5ce ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,b ?is by no means con/itutes ! only po9t ( m>k$ advance4 ,?anks to ! elaboration ( m complex & m div]sifi$ te/s1 & ! gradual accumulation ( norms1 x is n[ possible to make m5tal measurem5ts 9 ! case ( individuals consid]ably beyond ! age ( adolesc5ce4 ,by means ( su* me?ods1 degrees ( s5sitivity1 dext]ity1 accuracy1 spe$1 compreh5sion1 docility1 discrim9ation1 +5uity1 in=mation1 obs]vation1 & num]\s o!r g5]al aspects ( m5tal al]tness may be recogniz$4 ,comp>ison ( su* measures1 9 ! case ( adult work]s ) actual success 9 ! field ( _! activity1 t5ds con/antly to %[ high degrees ( positive correlation4 ,! fact t ! correlations are n p]fect raises num]\s problems1 ! solution ( :i* is n[ be+ attempt$4 ,! evid5ce n[ at h& sugge/s t ! incomplete correlation comes1 9 "p at lea/1 f ! fact t "s ( ! te/s ( mom5t>y a*ievem5t d n fully repres5t ! ultimate capacities ( ! individuals measur$4 ,at ?is po9t ! l9e is relatively sl[ 9 advanc+4 ,! ob/acles enc\nt]$ consi/ p>tly 9 our incomplete in=mation conc]n+ :i* ( ! te/s at once reveal f9al capacity & :i* d n4 ,?is in=mation mu/ necess>ily come sl[ly because ( ! difficulties involv$ 9 secur+ ! coop]ation ( subjects :o w submit to ! prolong$ s]ies ( measurem5ts :i* su* inve/igations involve4 ,su* data z are available1 :ile inadequate to con/itute pro(1 sugge/ v /rongly t ^? te/s :i* are n[ 9 mo/ common use correlate closely ) ea* o!r :5 ! limit ( practice is rea*$ 9 all ( !m4 ,if subsequ5t "w confirms ?is sugge/ion1 ! det]m9ation ( ! factor ( g5]al intellig5ce may proce$ on ei!r ( two bases4 ,ei!r we may use a v few trials ( te/s 9 :i* su* trials may be f\nd to indicate ultimate capacity1 or we may use a small numb] ( te/s1 b cont9ue ! measures until ! limits ( practice are rea*$4 ,b !re is probably ano!r factor 9 "p responsible = ! incomplet5ess ( ! correlations betwe5 te/ records & direct measures ( vocational success4 ,?is is ! fact t *>act]i/ics o!r ?an g5]al intellig5ce play a conspicu\s "p 9 daily life4 ,! int]e/s1 ! inc5tives1 ! emotions1 & ! equipm5t ( in/9ct & habit1 :i* %[ !mselves 9 su* traits z curiosity1 competition1 hone/y1 loyalty1 promptness1 pati5ce1 ! play impulse1 etc41 d n c\nt = no?+ 9 vocational activity4 ,moreov]1 x is q likely t1 9 addition to ! common fund ( intellig5ce1 ea* individual possesses 9 8 or h] own degree1 c]ta9 m specializ$ capacities & aptitudes1 = ! complete measurem5t ( :i* ! available te/s are inadequate4 ,! grad$ product scales1 h[ev]1 repres5t a def9ite /ep t[>d ! measurem5t ( _m ( ^! specific capacities4 ,ano!r difficulty enc\nt]$ at ?is po9t is ! fact t su* direct measures ( vocational success z h be5 utiliz$ 9 ^! comp>isons are 9 !mselves subject to v l>ge error4 ,only 9 rec5t ye>s1 & z a result ( ! emphasis ( ! human factor 9 indu/ry1 has x come to be ! common practice to secure adequate records ( ! "w ( ! individual z contra/$ ) ! "w ( ! gang4 ,ev5 today su* records are available 9 accurate =m = only ! simpl] op]ations1 9 :i* /&>diz$ conditions ( "w c be ma9ta9$4 ,! relative success ( salesm51 = example1 is n fairly measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! am\nts ( _! sales1 ! numb] ( prospects int]view$1 or ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! assign$ tasks are accompli%$1 unless ! local trade conditions ( ! respective t]ritories are fully tak5 into acc\nt4 ,inasmu* z su* errors ( measurem5t t5d to r$uce ! app>5t correlation betwe5 ! traits measur$1 x is extremely probable t ! psy*ological te/s are ev5 m significant ?an _! pres5t results indicate4 ,ref9em5t ( ! te/s mu/ be accompani$ by m accurate & precise measurem5t ( ! actual work+ effici5cy ( individuals 9 ! indu/rial field1 if ! results ( ! "o are ev] to repres5t ! am\nt ( ! o!r4 ,9 ?is z 9 _m o!r respects1 ! developm5t ( vocational te/s dep5ds z mu* ^u ! active & intellig5t coop]ation ( indu/rial conc]ns z x does ^u ! en?usiasm & dilig5ce ( ! psy*ological inve/igators4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! employ]1 ! incomplet5ess ( ! correlation betwe5 te/s & direct measures is ( little conc]n4 ,ev5 a v small positive correlation af=ds him a degree ( guidance 9 ! selection ( 8 work]s t 0 f> f =?com+ "u ! haphaz>d me?ods ( employm5t t h be5 traditional4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( ! individual :o is seek+ guidance1 or :o is accept$ or reject$ on ! basis ( 8 p]=mance 9 psy*ological te/s1 any correlation :i* is imp]fect may lead to occasional inju/ice & misdirection4 ,! diagnosis ( ! in/9ctive & attitud9al *>act]i/ics & ! recognition ( ! m specializ$ aptitudes con/itute two po9ts at :i* ! l9e ( advance is relatively sl[4 ,x is at ^! po9ts t ! psy*ographic me?ods f9d _! task4 ,z we h already se5 9 detail1 ! me?ods ( ! individual & ! vocational psy*ograph are /ill 9 ! /age ( empirical proc$ure4 ,9 ?is /age ( _! developm5t ne>ly any ef=t to amplify or apply !m is c]ta9 to contribute results ( positive value4 ,! rec5t /udies t h contribut$ mo/ notably t[>d ! fur!r developm5t ( ! psy*ographic te*nique h be5 9 ! =m ( ! specializ$ vocational te/s & me?ods4 ,su* /udies1 9 addition to yield+ results ( imm$iate applicability 9 ! description & analysis ( ! special tasks at :i* !y are direct$1 also con/itute positive progress t[>ds ! m elaborate psy*ographic pictures ( individuals & ( tasks4 ,mean:ile gr\ps ( fur!r problems h be5 def9itely organiz$1 & prelim9>y /eps tak5 t[>d _! solution4 ,! =mulation ( sy/ematic guides to self-analysis & introspection & ! /udy ( ! reliability to be plac$ 9 ! individual's e/imates ( 8 own *>act]i/ics are mak+ def9ite & int]e/+ progress4 ,! exam9ation ( ! "t-honor$ recomm5dation & ! e/imates ( associates & fri5ds1 & ! inve/igation ( ! accuracy ( su* judgm5ts z are bas$ on ^! te/imonials1 on lett]s ( application1 on ! s*ool records1 etc41 h already ?r[n long-desir$ illum9ation on sev]al aspects ( vocational psy*ology4 ,! ef=t to base ! vocational endeavors ( wom5 on ! data ( exact inquiry1 r ?an on ! ma9t5ance ( primitive taboos & dome/ic & lit]>y traditions1 has play$ its own valuable "p 9 "o ( ! mo/ vital economic adju/m5ts ( our age4 ,! v fact t a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! problems & me?ods ( vocational psy*ology is possible signifies an enorm\s advance beyond ! v rec5t /age 9 :i* all vocations 7 my/]ies1 all *oices a s]i\s =m ( gambl+1 & all employm5t confess$ly a matt] ( impressioni/ic prejudice4 ,to ^? :o become famili> n only ) ! program ( ?is new bran* ( appli$ sci5ce1 b z well ) ! out/&+ def9ite & positive contributions :i* t program has already yield$1 ! words ( a con/ructive pione] 9 ?is bran* ( sci5tific inquiry seem to be already becom+ a /atem5t ( fact1 r ?an ! m]e expression ( a hope4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ an extraord9>y increase 9 our k ( ! mat]ial _w1 & 9 our p[] to make x subs]vi5t to our ends2 ! tw5tie? c5tury w probably witness a correspond+ increase 9 our k ( human nature1 & 9 our p[] to use x = our welf>e4 ,,app5dix ,,classifi$ ,,bibliography ,,= ,,vocational ,,psy*ology #a4 ,,motives ,,( ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,bloomfield1 ,m43 ,! ,vocational ,guidance ( ,y\? ---- ,read+s 9 ,vocational ,guidance ,davis1 ,j4 ,b43 ,moral & ,vocational ,guidance ,holl+wor?1 ,h4 ,l43 ,vocational ,psy*ology ,mu5/]b]g1 ,h43 ,psy*ology & ,indu/rial ,effici5cy ,p>sons1 ,f43 ,*oos+ a ,vocation ,puff]1 ,j4 ,a43 ,vocational ,guidance ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,educational ,diagnosis1 ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bd #aiac #b4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,education ,bons]1 ,f4 ,g43 ,fundam5tal ,values 9 ,indu/rial ,education ,bons] & ,russell3 ,indu/rial ,education ,hanus1 ,p43 ,beg9n+s 9 ,indu/rial ,education ,right] & ,leon>d3 ,educational ,surveys & ,vocational ,guidance ,weeks1 ,r4 ,m43 ,! ,p's ,s*ool2 a ,/udy 9 ,vocational ,tra9+ #c4 ,,pseudo-,,psy*ological ,,me?ods ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! hi/orical features ( vocational psy*ology w f9d innum]able books & monographs on magic1 clairvoyance1 a/rology1 *iromancy1 palmi/ry1 phr5ology1 physiognomics1 "*-analysis1 etc4 ,all ( ^! h only hi/orical int]e/4 ,see also an int]e/+ survey ( ! developm5t & motives ( ^! sy/ems1 by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,ja/r[1 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aiae #d4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,cattell & ,f>r&3 ,physical & ,m5tal ,measurem5ts ( ! ,/ud5ts ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,nov41 #ahif ,/]n1 ,w43 ,die ,diff]5tielle ,psy*ologie ---- ,! ,psy*ological ,me?ods ( ,te/+ ,intellig5ce ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,iii ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,m43 ,manual ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s ,:itley1 ,m4 ,t43 ,te/s = ,individual ,diff]5ces ,wissl]1 ,c43 ,correlation ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s1 ,psy*ological ,review ,monograph ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #af1 #aija #e4 ,,grad$ ,,intellig5ce ,,te/s ,,& ,,product ,,scales ,b9et & ,simon3 ,a ,me?od ( ,measur+ ! ,developm5t ( ,intellig5ce ( ,"y ,*ildr5 ,hillegas1 ,m4 ,b43 ,scale = ,measurem5t ( ,quality 9 ,engli% ,composition by ,"y ,p1 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,sept41 #aiab ,pyle1 ,w4 ,h43 ,! ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 ,sylve/]1 ,r4 ,h43 ,! ,=m ,bo>d1 ,psy*ological ,review ,monograph ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fe1 #aiac ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,h&writ+1 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,m>*1 #aiaj ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,measurem5t ( ,a*ievem5t 9 ,draw+1 ,tea*]s ,college ,record1 ,nov41 #aiac ,trabue1 ,m4 ,r43 ,a ,grad$ ,s]ies ( ,completion ,te/s1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,april #aj1 #aiae ----,completion-te/ ,language ,scales4 ,contribution to ,education1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,no4 #gg1 #aiaf ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,m43 ,manual ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s ,y]kes & ,bridges3 ,po9t ,scale = ,measurem5t ( ,intellig5ce #f4 ,,! ,,individual ,,psy*ograph ,holl+wor?1 ,h4 ,l43 ,review ( ,t\l\se1 ,psy*ological ,bullet91 ,nov41 #aiab ,/]n1 ,w43 ,die ,diff]5tielle ,psy*ologie ,t\l\se1 ,e43 ,h5ri ,po9c>e #g4 ,,! ,,vocational ,,psy*ograph ,mu5/]b]g1 ,h43 ,vocation & ,le>n+ ,p>sons1 ,f43 ,*oos+ a ,vocation ,s*neid]1 ,h43 ,select+ ,"y ,m5 = ,p>ticul> ,jobs1 ,bullet9 #g1 ,national ,association ( ,corporation ,s*ools ,sea%ore1 ,c4 ,e43 ,! ,measurem5t ( a ,s+]1 ,sci5ce1 ,feb4 #i1 #aiab ,sea%ore1 ,c4 ,e43 ,psy*ology 9 ,daily ,life ,trade ,educational ,league ,bullet9s1 ,bo/on #h4 ,,specializ$ ,,vocational ,,te/s ,,& ,,me?ods ,ayres1 ,l43 ,psy*ological ,te/s 9 ,vocational ,guidance1 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,april1 #aiac ,holl+wor?1 ,h4 ,l43 ,specializ$ ,vocational ,te/s & ,me?ods1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,june #bf1 #aiae ,lahy1 ,j4 ,m43 ,les conditions psy*ophysiologiques de l'aptitude au travail dactylographique1 ,j\rnal de ,physiology1 #aiac ,l\gh1 ,w4 ,h43 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology & ,vocational ,guidance1 ,proce$+s ,second ,conf]5ce on ,vocational ,education ,mc,comas1 ,h4 ,c43 ,"s ,te/s = ,effici5cy ( ,telephone ,op]ators1 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods ,mu5/]b]g1 ,h43 ,psy*ology & ,indu/rial ,effici5cy ---- ,bus9ess ,psy*ology ,scott1 ,w4 ,d43 ,! ,sci5tific ,selection ( ,salesm51 ,adv]tis+ & ,sell+1 ,octob]1 #aiae ,taylor1 ,f4 ,a43 ,sci5tific ,managem5t ,woolley & ,fis*]3 ,m5tal & ,physical ,measurem5ts ( ,work+ ,*ildr51 ,psy*ological ,review ,mon?ly ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #gg #i4 ,,self-,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,cattell1 ,j4 ,mc,k43 ,homo ,sci5tificus ,am]icanus1 ,sci5ce1 ,,xvii ,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b43 ,! ,trait ,book1 ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice ,p>tridge1 ,s4 ,e43 ,an ,outl9e = ,individual ,/udy ,p>sons1 ,f43 ,*oos+ a ,vocation ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,! ,orig9al ,nature ( ,man ---- ,pr(essor ,cattell's ,relation to ! ,/udy ( ,individual ,diff]5ces4 ,9 ,psy*ological ,rese>*es ( ,j4 ,mc,keen ,cattell1 ,ar*ives ( ,psy*ology1 #cj ,wells1 ,f4 ,l43 ,! ,sy/ematic ,obs]vation ( ! ,p]sonality1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,july1 #aiad ,y]kes & ,la,rue3 ,outl9e = a ,/udy ( ! ,self #aj4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,associates ,cattell1 ,j4 ,mc,k43 ,homo ,sci5tificus ,am]icanus1 ,sci5ce1 ,,xvii ,cogan1 ,lucy ,g41 ,conkl91 ,agnes ,m41 & ,holl+wor?1 ,h4 ,l43 ,self-,analysis1 ,e/imates ( ,associates1 & ,psy*ological ,te/s1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aiae ,norswor?y1 ,n43 ,on ! ,validity ( ,judgm5ts ( ,"*1 ,essays 9 ,honor ( ,william ,james ,simpson1 ,b4 ,r43 ,reliability ( ,e/imates ( ,g5]al ,intellig5ce1 ) ,applications to ,appo9tm5ts to ,positions1 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,april1 #aiae #aa4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,curriculum ,,z ,a ,,vocational ,,te/ ,de>born1 ,w4 ,f43 ,! ,relative ,/&+ ( ,pupils 9 ! ,high ,s*ool & 9 ! ,univ]sity1 ,bull4 #cab1 ,univ4 ( ,wiscons91 #aiji ,jones1 ,a4 ,l43 ,! ,value ( ,college ,entrance ,exam9ations1 ,educational ,review1 ,sept41 #aiad ,kelley1 ,t4 ,l43 ,educational ,guidance ,l[ell1 ,a4 ,l43 ,college ,/udies & ! ,pr(essional ,s*ool1 ,h>v>d ,graduates' ,magaz9e1 ,dec41 #aiaj2 ,educational ,review1 ,oct41 #aiaa ,miles1 ,w4 ,r43 ,comp>ison ( ,elem5t>y & ,high ,s*ool ,grades1 ,i[a ,/udies 9 ,education1 ,i1 #a ,ni*olson1 ,f4 ,w43 ,success 9 ,college & 9 ,aft] ,life1 ,s*ool & ,society1 ,aug4 #ad1 #aiae ,smi?1 ,f4 ,o43 ,a ,rational ,basis = ,det]m9+ ,fitness = ,college ,entrance1 ,univ]sity ( ,i[a ,/udies 9 ,education1 ,n4 ,s41 #ea1 ,dec41 #aiab ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,educational ,diagnosis1 ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiac ---- ,! ,future ( ! ,college ,entrance ,exam9ation ,bo>d1 ,educational ,review1 ,may1 #aijf4 ,also ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #bc1 p4 #bhi ---- ,! ,p]man5ce ( ,int]e/s & ,_! ,relation to ,abilities1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,nov41 #aiab #ab4 ,,! ,,det]m9ants ,,( ,,vocational ,,aptitude1 ,,& ,,! ,,vocational ,,aptitudes ,,( ,,wom5 ,ca/le1 ,cora ,sutton3 ,a ,/ati/ical ,/udy ( ,em95t ,wom51 ,ar*ives ( ,psy*ology1 ,no4 #bg1 ,augu/1 #aiac ,holl+wor?1 ,leta ,s43 ,an ,economic ,/udy ( ,feeble-m9d$ ,wom51 ,m$ical ,record1 ,june #f1 #aiad ---- ,functional ,p]iodicity1 ,tea*]s ,college ,/udies1 ,no4 #fi1 #aiad ---- ,v>iability z ,relat$ to ,sex ,diff]5ces 9 ,a*ievem5t1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,jan41 #aiad ,ja/r[1 ,j43 ,"* & ,temp]am5t ,montague1 ,hel51 & ,holl+wor?1 ,l4 ,s43 ,! ,comp>ative ,v>iability ( ! ,sexes at ,bir?1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,oct41 #aiad ,mu5/]b]g1 ,h43 ,vocation & ,le>n+ ---- ,psy*ology & ,indu/rial ,effici5cy ,pe>son1 ,k43 ,v>iation 9 ,man & ,woman1 9 ,*ances ( ,dea?1 #ahig ,s*neid]1 ,h43 ,select+ ,"y ,m5 = ,p>ticul> ,jobs1 ,bullet9 #g1 ,national ,association ( ,corporation ,s*ools ---- ,! ,problem ( ,select+ ! ,"r ,job1 ,national ,association ( ,corporation ,s*ools1 ,bullet9 ,june #i1 #aiae ,?ompson1 ,hel5 ,b43 ,! ,m5tal ,traits ( ,sex ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,iii1 #aiad ,wells1 ,f4 ,l43 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,m5tal ,te/s1 ,sci5ce1 ,aug4 #bb1 #aiac ,woolley1 ,hel53 ,sex ,diff]5ces 9 ,m5tal ,traits1 ,psy*ological ,bullet91 ,oct41 #aiad #ac4 ,,!ory ,,& ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,z ,,appli$ ,,9 ,,vocational ,,analysis ,br[n1 ,w43 ,habit ,int]f]5ce1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publication 9 ,psy*ology1 ,i1 #d ,holl+wor?1 ,h4 ,l43 ,correlation ( ,abilities z ,affect$ by ,practice1 ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,jan41 #aiab ---- ,individual ,diff]5ces ,be=e1 ,dur+ & ,aft] ,practice1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,jan41 #aiad ,/]n1 ,w43 ,die ,diff]5tielle ,psy*ologie ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l43 ,educational ,diagnosis1 ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiac ---- ,m5tal & ,social ,measurem5ts ,wells1 ,f4 ,l43 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,m5tal ,te/s1 ,sci5ce1 ,aug4 #bb1 #aiac ,wells1 ,f4 ,l43 ,sy/ematic ,obs]vation ( ! ,p]sonality1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,july1 #aiad ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,m43 ,manual ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s ,:itley1 ,m4 ,t43 ,te/s = ,individual ,diff]5ces ,,te/s1 ,,blanks1 ,,/&>ds1 ,,=ms ,,e>ly ,,columbia ,,te/s ,,laboratory ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,physical ,,& ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,on ! back ( ?is %eet w be f\nd ! record ( ! /ud5t to :om x is s5t1 toge!r ) ! results obta9$ ) ab\t #bej college fre%m54 ,! individual /ud5t may ?us see h[ c]ta9 ( 8 physical & m5tal traits comp>e ) ^? ( o!r /ud5ts4 ,"s ( ! records are giv5 9 p]c5tages3 ,?us1 9 ! case ( eyesight1 if ! /ud5t has a record ( #dd cm4 or "u he is among ! ?ird or f\r? hav+ ! wor/ eyesight & %\ld consult an oculi/4 ,o!rs ( ! records are giv5 9 av]ages1 & ! /ud5t c readily see :e!r he is above or bel[ ! av]age4 ,aft] ! av]age is giv5 a numb] 9 p>5!sis :i* is ! probable error4 ,if ! record ( an individual dep>ts f ! av]age by less ?an ?is quantity he belongs to ! half ( ! /ud5ts :o are m$ium or normal4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! reaction-"t1 if a /ud5t has a "t m ?an #j4jai sec4 bel[ #j4aei sec4 he is among ! qu>t] ( ! /ud5ts :o are ! quicke/4 ,9 sev]al ( ! te/s1 especially s5sation-areas1 =ce ( movem5t1 p]ception ( pit*1 ( size & ( "t1 & memory = size1 ! numb] ( trials is n suffici5t to e/abli% c]ta9ly ! place ( ! /ud5t among ! o!rs4 ,te/s su* z ^! are ( importance = sci5ce4 ,!y tea* u ! normal type ( individual & ! normal v>iation f ?is type4 ,!y %[ u h[ diff]5t classes 9 ! community diff]1 & on :at conditions ( h]$ity1 education1 etc41 ^! diff]5ces dep5d4 ,!y %[ u h[ physical & m5tal traits are int]relat$1 h[ !y alt] ) gr[?1 & on :at conditions developm5t dep5ds4 ,! te/s %\ld be ( int]e/ to ! individual z !y %[ h[ he comp>es ) 8 fell[s1 indicat+ defects & special aptitudes1 & if repeat$ lat] 9 ! college c\rse or 9 aft] life ! comp>ison may prove ( great value4 ,?is record %\ld be comp>$ ) ! measurem5ts tak5 9 ! gymnasium4 ,,e>ly ,,columbia ,,te/s ,record ( ,toge!r ) ! av]ages & p]c5tages ( ab\t #bej /ud5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,head3 l5g?1 #ai4d cm4 7#j4dc7 bread?1 #ae4c cm4 7#j4ch7 ,vision3 ,"r eye1 #gb cm4 & ov]1 #ae2 #fa to #eb cm41 #eb2 #dd cm4 & "u1 #cc ,vision3 ,left eye1 #gb cm4 & ov]1 #af2 #fa to #eb cm41 #fj2 #dd cm41 & "u1 #bd ,color vision3 ,normal1 #id4e2 defective1 #d2 bl9d1 #a4e ,pref]5ce = color3 ,blue1 #db2 r$1 #bb2 violet1 #ai2 yell[1 #b2 gre51 #g2 :ite1 #c12 none1 #e ,he>+3 ,"r e>1 abnormal1 #c ,left e>1 abnormal1 #b ,p]ception ( pit*3 ,error less ?an #a_/aj tone1 #aj2 #a_/aj to "o tone1 #ec2 m ?an "o tone1 #cg ,s5sation areas3 ,correct #d or #e times1 #fc2 #c1 #b1 #a or #j times1 #cg ,=ce ( movem5t3 ,error1 #a4dd cm4 7#j4ea7 ,s5sitiv5ess to ,pa93 ,"r h&1 #e4i kg4 7#b4d7 ,left #e4f kg4 7#b4b7 ,/r5g?3 ,"r h&1 #cf4c kg4 7#d4i7 ,left #cc4e kg4 7#d4g7 ,fatigue3 ,"w done #bhd4c kg ,am\nt ( fatigue1 #fe 7#bg7 ,reaction-"t3 #j4aei sec4 7#j4jai7 ,m>k+ #ajj lett]s3 #ajj sec4 7#ab7 ,nam+ #ajj colors3 #he sec4 7#ad7 ,mak+ #ajj movem5ts3 #cd sec4 7#d7 #ajj accurate movem5ts3 "t1 #di sec4 7#dg7 av4 error1 #j4h mm4 7#j4c7 ,p]ception ( size3 ,error1 #b4d mm4 7#b4j7 ,p]ception ( "t3 ,memory3 ,num]als1 he>d1 #g4f 7#j4d7 se51 #f4i 7#j4e7 logical1 #dd4e 7#aa7 retrospective1 error1 #d4e mm4 7#b4f7 ,association "t1 #ee4d sec4 7#bb4i7 ,association ( opposites ,imag]y3 ,visualization1 di/9ct1 #hc ,auditory1 di/9ct1 #bc ,,norms ,,& ,,/&>ds ,! foll[+ tables illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( norms & /&>ds = m5tal & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ^! cases v>i\s traits or measures ( p]=mance h be5 record$ on l>ge numb]s ( *ildr5 at ea* age f six ye>s to eighte5 ye>s4 ,! figures "u a giv5 age column indicate :at %\ld be expect$ f ! av]age or normal p]son ( t age1 9 ! trait 9 "q4 ,if ! individual is precisely at age 9 all ! traits measur$1 all 8 records w fall 9 ! v]tical column "u ! figure indicat+ age4 ,deviation above or bel[ ! av]age w be indicat$ by position above or bel[ ?is column4 ,= description ( ! te/s & in/ructions = _! adm9i/ration ! read] %\ld consult ! ref]5ces giv5 on pages #bge-bhb4 ,,psy*ophysical ,,norms ,physical ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,ye> ,trait ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,height 7cm7 ,boys #aaa #aaf #aba #abf #aca #ace #adj #adf #aeb #aeh #afd #afh #aga ,girls #aaj #aae #abj #abe #acj #ace #ada #adh #aed #aeg #aeh #aei #aei ,weight 7kg7 ,boys #bj #bb #bd #bf #bi #ca #cd #ch #dc #dh #ec #eg #fa ,girls #ai #ba #bc #be #bh #ca #cd #ci #dd #dh #ea #eb #ec ,skull ,l4 7mm7 ,boys #agg #agi #ahj #aha #ahb #ahc #ahc #ahd #ahg #ahh #aia #aia #aib ,girls #agb #agd #age #agf #agg #ahj #ahj #aha #ahc #ahd #ahd #ahe #ahf ,skull ,w 7mm7 ,boys #adb #adb #adc #add #add #ade #ade #adg #adg #adh #adi #aej #aea ,girls #aci #adj #adj #ada #adb #adb #adc #add #ade #adf #adf #adf #adg ,vital ,capacity 7cc7 ,boys #ajbcaafhacafadfiafjcagcbahhcbajhbciebfi gcabjcdhccfee ,girls #iejajfaaafeabhfadjiaebfaffdahbgbjadbafh bbffbcaibcdc ,tapp+ 7,"r ,h&7 7#cj sec47 ,b 444 444 #adg #aea #afa #afi #agj #ahd #ahd #aia #aif #aif #aig ,g 444 444 #adf #adi #aeg #afi #afi #agh #aha #aha #ahd #ahh #aic ,grip 7kg7 ,"r1 ,boys #i #aa #ab #ad #ag #ai #ba #bd #bh #cc #ci #de #di ,girls #h #aj #aa #ac #ae #ag #ai #bb #be #bg #bi #cj #cj ,pa9 ,lim5 7kg7 ,boys #a4c #a4d #a4g #a4g #a4g #b4j #b4j #b4a #b4a #b4d #b4g #b4h #b4i ,girls #a4b #j4i #a4b #a4d #a4e #a4f #a4e #a4g #a4h #a4h #a4i #a4i #a4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,m5tal ,te/s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,ye> ,trait ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,s*ool ,grade #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,=m ,bo>d 7sec47 #bg #bc #ba #ai #ag #ae #ad #ac #ab #ab ,knox ,cube 7l9es7 #d #e #e #e #f #f #f #f #g #g #h ,memory1 ,span 4 ,aud4 ,dig4 #d #e #e #e #f #f #f #f #f #f #f #g #g ,memory1 ,concrete ,words #ca #cb #cf #cg #ch #ci #db #db #dc #dc #ej ,ab/ract ,words #bb #be #bi #ca #cb #cd #cg #cg #dj #dj #dj ,pictures #e4c #f4a #f4j #g4c #g4e #g4e #h4d #i4baj4j ,logical ,memory 7,items ( #fg7 ,boys #bd #bi #cj #cc #ce #cg #cf #cg #cd #ce #cg ,girls #bi #ca #cd #cf #ch #ci #ci #ci #cg #cg #ch ,visual ,range1 "u special conditions 444 444 #d 444 444 #ac 444 444 #ah 444 444 #bg ,cancellation 7,a7 7,9 #b m9utes7 #ah #ba #be #cc #ce #da #da ,size-,weight ,sugge/ion 7gr7 #db #de #dh #ej #dd #dj #dj #ch #ce #ce #cd #bg ,association1 ,p]c5t ,common #ee #fb #fh #ge #gc #hb #hd #ha #hd #gi #hf ,^w ,build+ 7#e m947 a-e-i-r-l-p #g #h #i #aa #ab #ad #ad #af #af #ag #ah ,sub/itution #ab #ae #ag #ah #ba #bc #bd #bf #bf #bg #bh ,words 9 #cm94 #bc #bi #ca #ce #ce #cf #cf #dj #da #db #dh ,"p-,:ole 7#a m947 #e #f #g #i #aj #aa #ab #ad #af #af #ai ,opposites 7#a m947 #h #h #i #aa #ac #ae #af #ag #ai #ai #bc ,fable ,int]pretation #ch #de #ec #ee #gj #gc ,vocabul>y1 ,p] c5t ( #ahjjj #ab #ad #ah #bc #bf #cj #cf #db #ed #gb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,spell+ ,ability ,special ,scales1 ,ayres1 ,buck+ham4 ,ari?metic ,ability ,special ,norms1 ,c\rtis1 ,woody1 ,/>*4 ,language ,ability ,special ,grad$ ,scales1 ,trabue4 ,composition ,ability ,special ,scale1 ,hillegas4 ,h&writ+ ,ability ,special ,scales1 ,?orndike1 ,ayres1 ,/>*4 ,g5]al ,m5tal ,age ,/&>diz$ ,intellig5ce ,scales1 ,b9et1 ,y]kes1 etc4 ,,grad$ ,,scales ,a ,,r\ghly ,,grad$ ,,te/ ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,:o ,,are ,,less ,,?an ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,old ,normal ,c\rse ( ,developm5t 7,aft] ,prey]1 ,*ur*1 ,pet]son & ,paton7 #a/ ,week--,s5sitive to light1 reaction to t\*1 evid5ces ( audition1 s5sibility to ta/e4 #bnd ,week--,notices c&le1 facial reaction sugge/+ pleasure4 #crd ,week--,te>s4 #d? ,week--,smiles & v[el s\nds4 #a/ ,mon?--,ta/e1 smell1 t\*1 sight1 he>+4 ,sleeps two h\rs at a "t1 #af hrs4 out ( #bd4 #bnd ,mon?--,occasional /rabismus1 recognizes human voice1 turns head t[>d s\nd1 pleas$ ) music & ) human faces4 ,laughs at tickl+4 ,clasps ) f\r f+]s by #h? week4 ,fir/ consonants4 #crd ,mon?--,cries ) joy at sight ( "m or fa!r4 ,eyelids n completely rais$ :5 *ild looks up4 ,kn[s s\nd ( wat* at #i? week4 ,li/5s ) att5tion4 #d? ,mon?--,eye movem5ts p]fect4 ,sees objects move t[>d eye4 ,joy at see+ itself 9 mirror4 ,opposes ?umb4 ,head held up p]man5tly4 ,sits up ) support to back4 ,beg9s to imitate4 #e? ,mon?--,discrim9ates /rang]s4 ,pleasures ( crumpl+ & te>+ pap]s1 pull+ hair1 or r++ bell4 ,sleeps #aj or #aa hrs4 )\t food4 ,consonants l & k4 ,seizes & c>ries objects to m\?4 #f? & #g? ,mon?--,raises self to sitt+ po/ure4 ,laughs4 ,raises & drops arms :5 pleasure is great4 ,tee? beg9 to appe>4 ,a/oni%m5t %[n by op5 m\? & eyes4 ,turns head z sign ( refusal4 #h? & #i? ,mon?s--,/&s on feet )\t support4 ,claps h&s = joy4 ,has fe> ( dogs4 ,turns ov] :5 laid face d[n4 ,turns head to light :5 ask$ :]e x is4 ,que/ions und]/ood be=e *ild c speak4 ,voice m modulat$4 #aj?1 #aa?1 #ab? ,mon?s--,fir/ attempts at walk+4 ,sitt+ has become a habit4 ,/&s )\t support4 ,:isp]+ beg9s4 ,pu%es *air4 ,obeys comm&1 ,give ! h&4 #ac?1 #ad?1 #ae? ,mon?s--,says ,papa & ,mama4 ,raises itself by *air4 ,imitates c\gh+1 & sw++ ( arms4 ,walks )\t support4 ,und]/&s t5 words4 #af?1 #ag?1 #ah?1 #ai? ,mon?s--,sleeps #aj hrs4 at a "t4 ,associates words ) objects & movem5ts4 ,bl[s horn1 /rikes ) h& or foot1 wat]s fl[]s1 tries to wa% h&s1 to comb & bru% hair1 to execute ! o!r imitative movem5ts4 #bj? to #bd? ,mon?s--,m>ks ) p5cil & pap]4 ,executes ord]s ) surpris+ accuracy4 #be? to #cj? ,mon?s--,di/+ui%es colors4 ,makes s5t5ces ( sev]al words4 ,beg9s to climb & jump & to ask que/ions4 #cj? to #dj? ,mon?s--,goes up /airs )\t help4 ,clauses =m$4 ,words di/9ctly spok54 ,influ5ce ( dialect appe>s4 ,mu* que/ion+4 ,beyond #dj? ,mon?--,see ,b9et-,simon & o!r te/s & norms4 ,,trabue ,,language ,,scale ,c7#a7 ,write only "o ^w on ea* blank ,sev5 m9utes "t all[$ ,"n #a4 ,! sky ---- blue4 #b4 ,m5 ---- old] ?an boys4 #c4 ,good boys ---- k9d ---- _! si/]s4 #d4 ,! girl fell & ---- h] head4 #e4 ,! ---- rises ---- ! morn+ & ---- at night4 #f4 ,! boy :o ---- h>d ---- d well4 #g4 ,m5 ---- m ---- to d heavy "w ---- wom54 #h4 ,! sun is s ---- t "o c n ---- ---- ---- directly ---- caus+ great discom=t to ! eyes4 #i4 ,! k ( ---- ---- use fire is ---- ( ---- important ?+s kn[n by ---- b unkn[n ---- animals4 #aj4 ,"o ought to ---- great c>e to ---- ! "r ---- ( ----1 = "o :o ---- bad habits ---- x ---- to get away f !m4 ,note #a3 ,?is scale is int5d$ = ! measurem5t ( *ildr54 ,! /eps f s5t5ce to s5t5ce are ( approximately equal difficulty4 ,,trabue ,,language ,,scale ,k7#b7 ,write only "o ^w on ea* blank ,five m9utes "t all[$ ,"n #a4 ,! boy w ---- 8 h& if ---- plays ) fire4 #b4 ,hot wea!r comes 9 ! ---- & ---- wea!r ---- ! w9t]4 #c4 ,! poor little ---- has ---- no?+ to ----2 he is hungry4 #d4 ,v few p ---- h[ to sp5d "t & ---- to ! be/ advantage4 #e4 ,"o ---- n1 z a ----1 ---- att5tion ---- un9t]e/+ ?+s4 #f4 ,to eat ---- "o is ---- is a ---- pleasure4 #g4 ---- !y ---- u ---- n1 nature's ---- are ---- & un*angeable4 ,note #b3 ,?is scale is int5d$ = ! measurem5t ( "y p & adults4 ,! /eps betwe5 ! s5t5ces are ( approximately equal difficulty4 ,,record ,,blank ,,= ,,"n ,,born ,,admitt$ ,,iii #a ,po9ts to nose1 eyes1 m\?4 #b ,repeats ,x ra9s4 ,i am hungry4 #c ,repeats #g #b4 #d ,sees 9 ,picture #a4 #e4 #b4 #f4 #c4 #g4 #d4 #h4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,iv #a ,kn[s sex1 boy or girl4 7girl or boy47 #b ,recognizes key1 knife1 p5ny4 #c ,repeats #g #d #h4 #d ,comp>es l9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,v #a ,comp>es #c & #ab grams4 #f & #ae grams4 #b ,copies squ>e4 7,draw on back ( ?is %eet47 #c ,repeats1 ,8 "n is ,john4 ,he is a v good boy4 #d ,c\nts f\r p5nies4 #e ,pati5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,vi #a ,morn+ or aft]noon4 7aft]noon or morn+47 #b ,def9es =k horse table mama *air #c ,puts key on *air2 %uts door2 br+s box4 #d ,%[s ,r ,h&4 ,l4 ,e>4 #e ,*ooses pretti]8 #a #b4 #d #c4 #e #f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,vii #a ,c\nts #ac p5nies4 #b ,describes ,pictures4 7,see ,,iii #d47 #c ,sees picture lacks eyes1 nose1 m\?1 arms4 #d ,c copy diamond4 7ov]47 #e ,recognises r$1 blue1 gre51 yell[4 7,"t #f47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,viii #a ,comp>es 7,"t #bj7 ,butt]fly ,wood ,pap] ,fly ,glass ,clo? #b ,c\nts backw>d #bj-a4 7,"t #bj47 #c ,repeats days4 ,m4 ,t4 ,w4 ,t4 ,f4 ,s4 ,s4 7,"t #aj47 #d ,c\nts /amps4 #aaabbb4 7,"t #aj47 #e ,repeats #d #g #c #i #e4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ix #a ,makes *ange #bj;c-#d;c4 #b ,def9itions4 7,see ,,vi #b47 #c ,kn[s date4 #d ,mon?s4 ,j4 ,f4 ,m4 ,a4 ,m4 ,j4 ,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,o4 ,n4 ,d4 7,"t #ae47 #e ,arranges weights4 7#b correct47 7#a m94 ea*47 #a4 #b4 #c4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x #a ,money #a;c4 #e;c4 #aj;c4 #be;c4 #ej;c4 #a4 #b4 #e4 #aj4 #b ,draws design f memory4 7%[ #aj seconds47 #c ,repeats #h #e #d #g #b #f4 #b #g #d #f #h #a4 #i #d #a #g #c #h4 #d ,compreh5ds4 7#a/ ,s]ies "t #bj7 7#bnd ,s]ies "t #bj7 7#b out ( #c7 7#c out ( #e7 a4 7,miss$ tra947 a4 7,late to ,s*ool47 b4 7,/ruck by playmate1 etc47 b4 7,important affair47 c4 7,brok5 some?+47 c4 7,=give easi]47 d4 7,ask$ op9ion47 e4 7,actions vs4 words47 #e ,s5t5ce3 ,new ,york1 ,money1 ,riv]4 7,"t #a'47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,xi #a ,sees absurdity4 7#c out ( #e47 7,"t #b'47 a4 ,un=tunate pa9t]4 d4 ,r4 ,r4 accid5t4 b4 ,?ree bro!rs4 e4 ,suicide4 c4 ,lock$ 9 room4 #b ,s5t5ce3 ,new ,york1 ,money1 ,riv]4 7,see ,x #e47 #c ,give sixty words 9 ?ree m9utes4 7,record on back47 #d ,rhymes 7,"t #a' ea*47 7#c rhymes ) ea* ^w47 day mill spr+ #e ,puts dissect$ s5t5ces toge!r4 7,"t #a' ea*47 a4 b4 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,xii #b ,repeats #b #i #f #d #c #g #e4 #i #b #h #e #a #f #d4 #a #c #i #e #h #d #g4 ,def9es ,*>ity ,ju/ice ,goodness4 #c ,repeats1 ,i saw 9 ! /reet a pretty little dog4 ,he _h curly br[n hair1 %ort legs & a long tail4 #d ,resi/s sugge/ion 7,l9es74 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 #e ,problems3 7a7 ,hang+ f limb4 7b7 ,neighbor's visitors4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,xv #a ,int]prets picture4 #b ,*ange clock h&s4 #f4bj #b4ef #c ,code4 ,,come ,,quickly4 #d ,opposites4 #a good #c quick #e big #g :ite #i happy #b outside #d tall #f l\d #h light #aj false ,,adult #a ,cutt+ pap]4 #b ,rev]s$ triangle4 #c ,gives diff]5ces ( ab/ract words4 #d ,diff]5ce betwe5 presid5t ( a republic & a k+4 #e ,gives s5se ( a selection read4 ,,sugge/ions ,,t[>d ,a ,,vocational ,,psy*ograph ,li/ ( ,measurem5ts on a ,s+] 7,prep>$ by ,c4 ,e4 ,sea%ore1 ,univ]sity ( ,i[a7 ,i--,,s5sory ,a--,,pit* #a--;,discrim9ation at a1 #dce vd4 #b--,survey ( regi/] ( discrim9ation4 #c--,tonal range1 7a7 ,upp]1 7b7 ,l[]4 #d--,timbre--discrim9ation4 #e--;,consonance & ,dissonance4 ,b--,,int5sity #a--,s5sibility #b--;,discrim9ation ,c--,,"t discrim9ation = %ort int]vals ,,ii--,,motor ,a--,,pit* #a--,/rik+ a note #b--,v>y+ a tone #c--,s++ int]vals #d--,su/a9+ a tone #e--,regi/]s #f--,timbre a--purity b--ri*ness c--mell[ness d--cle>ness e--flexibility #g--,pla/icity2 curves ( le>n+ ,b--,,int5sity #a--,natural /r5g? & volume ( ! voice4 #b--,volunt>y control4 ,c--,,"t #a--,motor ability #b--,transition & attack #c--,s++ 9 "t #d--,s++ 9 rhy?m ,,iii--,,associational ,a--,,imag]y #a--,type #b--,role ( auditory & motor imag]y ,b--,,memory #a--,memory span #b--,ret5tion #c--,r$9tegration ,c--,,ideation #a--;,association type & musical cont5t #b--,musical grasp #c--;,creative imag9ation #d--,pla/icity3 curves ( le>n+ ,,iv--,,affective ,a--,,likes ,,& ,,dislikes1--"* ( musical appeal #a--,pit*1 timbre & h>mony #b--;,int5sity & volume #c--,"t & rhy?m ,b--,,reaction ,,to ,,musical ,,effect ,c--,,p[] ,,( ,,int]pretation ,,9 ,,s++ ,v--,,supplem5t>y ,,data1--biographical in=mation1 musical tra9+1 temp]am5t & attitude1 spontane\s t5d5cies 9 pursuit ( music1 g5]al education & non-musical accompli%m5ts1 social circum/ances1 physique4 ,,?orndike',s ,,propos$ ,,te/s ,,= ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,adults 7,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #bd1 #aiac7 ,s]ies to consi/ ( eight te/s1 f\r trials ( ea* be+ giv54 #a4 ,supply+ words to make s5se 9 mutilat$ passages1 ! f\r trials be+ ( f\r grades ( difficulty4 7,see ,trabue's ,completion ,te/ = sample ( ?is mat]ial47 #b4 ,giv+ ! opposites ( words1 ea* trial compris+ tw5ty words1 ! f\r trials be+ ( f\r grades ( difficulty4 7,see ,woodwor?-,wells3 ,opposites ,te/s = sample47 #c4 ,memoriz+ a giv5 ^w 9 connection ) a giv5 =m1 s z to be able to give ! =m] :5 ! latt] is pres5t$1 !re be+ #aj pairs 9 ea* trial4 7,see special blanks47 #d4 ,select+ f #ej =ms a gr\p ( #be ( ^! :i* h be5 previ\sly se5 & exam9$ = a m9ute or two4 7,see special blanks47 #e4 ,m>k+ ! necess>ily false /atem5ts 9 mix$ s]ies ( false & true /atem5ts1 ! f\r trials be+ ( f\r grades ( difficulty4 7,see special blanks47 #f4 ,addition4 7,see ,woodwor?-,wells3 ,addition ,te/s47 #g4 ,directions ,te/s4 7,see ,woodwor?-,wells3 ,h>d ,directions47 #h4 ,select+ valid f invalid reasons = a giv5 fact1 ! f\r te/s be+ ( f\r grades ( difficulty4 7,see special blank47 ,,miscellane\s ,,empirical ,,te/s ,! foll[+ samples1 *os5 f ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,/&>dization ( ,te/s ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association 7see ,woodwor? & ,wells3 ,association ,te/s71 are giv5 z illu/rations ( te/s :i* h be5 c>efully prep>$ & /&>diz$ z to cont5t & proc$ure & :i* are sl[ly be+ correlat$ ) v>i\s types ( occupational activity4 ,foll[+ ,in/ructions ,te/ ,) y\r p5cil make a dot ov] any "o ( ^! lett]s1 ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j1 & a comma aft] ! longe/ ( ^! ?ree words3 ,,boy ,,"m ,,girl4 ,!n1 if ,*ri/mas comes 9 ,m>*1 make a cross "r "h ----1 b if n1 pass along to ! next "q1 & tell :]e ! sun rises ----4 ,if y believe t ,edison discov]$ ,am]ica1 cross out :at y j wrote1 b if x 0 someone else1 put 9 a numb] to complete ?is s5t5ce3 ,a horse has ---- feet4 ,write yes1 no matt] :e!r ,*9a is 9 ,africa or n ----2 & !n give a wrong answ] to ?is "q3 ,h[ _m days are !re 9 ! week8 ----4 ,write any lett] except ,g j aft] ?is comma1 & !n write ,no if two times five are t5 ----4 ,n[1 if ,tuesday comes aft] ,monday1 make two crosses "h ----2 b if n1 make a circle "h ---- or else a squ>e "h ----4 ,be sure to make ?ree crosses betwe5 ^! two names ( boys3 ,,george ---- ,,h5ry4 ,notice ^! two numb]s3 #c1 #e4 ,if iron is heavi] ?an wat]1 write ! l>g] numb] ----1 b if iron is light] write ! small] numb] ----4 ,n[ %[ by a cross :5 ! nights are long]3 9 summ]8 ----2 9 w9t]8 ----4 ,give ! correct answ] to ?is "q3 ,does wat] run uphill8 ----1 & repeat y\r answ] "h ----4 ,d no?+ "h 7#e #g 7 unless y skipp$ ! prec$+ "q2 b write ! fir/ lett] ( y\r fir/ "n & ! la/ lett] ( y\r la/ "n at ! end ( ?is l9e3 ,nam+ ,opposites ,v]b-,object ,te/ ,9 ! case ( ea* ^w1 "n ,9 ! case ( ea* v]b1 supply ! ^w hav+ ! ,,opposite an appropriate ,,object1 z3 ,,mean+1 z3 tall--%ort bake--bread long nor? s+ read s(t s\r build te> :ite out we> ?r[ f> weak %oot pa9t up good scold mail smoo? aft] w9 light e>ly above answ] sail dead sick weave sp9 hot sl[ w9k lock asleep l>ge m5d wa% lo/ ri* pump bake wet d>k le>n spill high front op5 kiss dirty love eat poli% ea/ tall climb sweep day op5 l5d fill yes summ] smoke %>p5 wrong new s+e write empty come dig *ew top male sift drive ,mix$ ,relations ,give a f\r? ^w :i* %all h ! same relation to ! ?ird ^w t ! second has to ! fir/1 z3 ,box--,squ>e 33 ,orange--,r\nd ,ea/--,we/ 33 ,ov]--,"u ,man--,woman 33 ,boy--,girl ,eye--see 33 ,e>-- ,good--bad 33 ,long-- ,monday--,tuesday 33 ,april-- ,eagle--bird 33 ,%>k-- ,d--did 33 ,see-- ,eat--bread 33 ,dr9k-- ,bird--s+s 33 ,dog-- ,fruit--orange 33 ,vegetable-- ,h\r--m9ute 33 ,m9ute-- ,sit--*air 33 ,sleep-- ,/raw--hat 33 ,lea!r-- ,d\ble--two 33 ,triple-- ,cl\d--ra9 33 ,sun-- ,engl&--,london 33 ,france-- ,hamm]--tool 33 ,diction>y-- ,*ew--tee? 33 ,smell-- ,uncle--aunt 33 ,bro!r-- ,p5--write 33 ,knife-- ,dog--puppy 33 ,cat-- ,wat]--wet 33 ,fire-- ,little--less 33 ,mu*-- ,he--him 33 ,%e-- ,wa%--face 33 ,sweep-- ,boat--wat] 33 ,tra9-- ,h\se--room 33 ,book-- ,crawl--snake 33 ,swim-- ,sky--blue 33 ,grass-- ,horse--colt 33 ,c[-- ,swim--wat] 33 ,fly-- ,nose--face 33 ,toe-- ,once--"o 33 ,twice-- ,bad--worse 33 ,good-- ,cat--fur 33 ,bird-- ,hungry--food 33 ,?ir/y-- ,pan--t9 33 ,table-- ,hat--head 33 ,glove-- ,buy--sell 33 ,come-- ,%ip--capta9 33 ,army-- ,oy/]--%ell 33 ,banana-- ,man--woman 33 ,boy-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cancellation ,te/ ,cancel ! specifi$ digit :5ev] x occurs4 ,!re are five occurr5ces ( ea* ( ! digits 9 ea* ( ! horizontal l9es4 #eafhdibcgjabgejdhficdahijbefcgagefjhibd cghfijdcabe #ghjeacdbfibdjigfaechcbjdaegifhdhabfgcij ecgijhfebad #ceighdfajbeahbcgdifjheicbdajgficdebjhfa gicafgehdjb #bgcifejhadigcfaejbhdjdgheifbacjicaefdhg bdbcefgijha #dbecjagihfchfjiaedgbicfgdhjabefdicabjge hfabgdijech #idgjchefbafjichbgadeghajifdcebebgidafch jajdhbcgief #jihbefagdchcedfibjagfjbacgiehdbahdiegjc fjiebahfgdc #ajdfbgiechjfbhdcigeabgdefjchiacejghdbaf iefhaibdcgj #hfadibcjegdeagbhfcjiaiefhcbgdjhfbjgcedi abdgcejahfi #fcbagjhdiegidaejchbfefcbgahdjigjfhciaeb dhejdcabfig #gifbacdjehdbeaichfjgijdhagbcfefbhcjeadi geidhjgabcf #ifhajecgdbaidecgjbfhjdgbchfeiaijcfhbgae dgejcbidafh #jgcdbiahfeifabdhgjecaihcjfedgbaegicdhbf jhceigbfdja #cdgfhabeijfcjgeidhabdheigcabjfgajbifdec hcdgafebhij #feigcbhdjajhcfadigbebecdfijahgedagbhcij fabfehcjgdi #hcejidgbafhegjbacidfebajhdgfcibgdeaijfh cfhigajcebd #ahjigfecbdbghdfeacijcabfiehgdjdhbjeafcg idahjeficgb #bjdhegfacigafijbedcifgjadbciehjfidgcbha ebjafdhgiec #dabefhjigcejicgfbahdhfigeadjbchceafgijd bifbdcaejhg #ebacdjifhgcdbihjfegagcfebjihadcifhdjegb ajgcbidhfae ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,sub/itution ,,te/ ,write 9 ea* figure ! numb] assign$ x 9 ! key l9e4 ,symbol3 /> #a ,symbol3 ,circle #b ,symbol3 squ>e #c ,symbol3 cross #d ,symbol3 triangle #e circle /> squ>e cross triangle /> circle squ>e triangle cross squ>e cross /> triangle cross circle /> triangle squ>e circle /> circle squ>e /> squ>e cross triangle circle cross /> cross squ>e triangle circle cross squ>e /> squ>e circle triangle squ>e /> cross triangle /> triangle circle /> triangle squ>e cross circle triangle /> circle squ>e /> triangle cross circle triangle cross circle cross squ>e /> cross circle squ>e triangle circle triangle cross squ>e /> triangle circle /> triangle squ>e /> cross squ>e circle triangle /> squ>e cross circle /> triangle squ>e circle /> circle cross triangle squ>e /> cross ,,s\rces ,,= ,,te/s ,^? :o desire to make use ( m5tal te/s = vocational purposes1 or 9 vocational inve/igations1 w f9d sugge/ive mat]ial1 sets ( te/s1 in/ructions1 norms1 & simil> useful directions 9 ! foll[+ places4 ,! li/ is by no means exhau/ive b conta9s ^? ref]5ces :i* 9 ! au?or's exp]i5ce h be5 mo/ useful4 ,pyle1 ,w4 ,h43 ,! ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,! au?or describes num]\s te/s ( a simple type1 & gives age norms = ea*4 ,reports ( ,committee on ,te/s ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,^! appe> f "t to "t 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review ,monograph ,s]ies1 & conta9 acc\nts1 in/ructions & frequ5tly norms1 = c>efully plann$ & /&>diz$ te/s4 ,woodwor? & ,wells3 ,association ,te/s4 ,?is is "o ( ! reports m5tion$ above1 & conta9s an especially sugge/ive gr\p ( te/s :i* %\ld h widespread use because ( _! /&>d "*4 ,woolley1 ,rusk & ,fi%]3 ,psy*ological ,norms ( ,work+ ,*ildr54 ,?is is a monograph 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review ,s]ies & gives an acc\nt ( ! te/s 9 use 9 ,c9c9nati1 ) tables ( norms = ?irte5- & f\rte5-ye>-olds4 ,simpson1 ,b4 ,r43 ,correlations ( ,m5tal ,abilities1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,contributions to ,education1 ,no4 #ec4 ,! ,app5dix conta9s descriptions ( ! te/s us$2 _m ( !m are wor? try+ out4 ,:ipple1 ,g4 ,m43 ,manual ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s4 ,by f> ! mo/ useful & complete comp5dium ( te/s1 norms1 & bibliography available4 ,conta9s also *apt]s on me?ods ( us+ te/s & ! /ati/ical me?ods ( scor+ & evaluation4 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,contributions4 ,^! monographs appe> at irregul> int]vals & frequ5tly conta9 reports ( ! con/ruction & use ( m5tal te/s z in/rum5ts ( educational & vocational measurem5t4 ,sev]al ( !m 9 p>ticul> are conc]n$ ) scales & /&>ds = ! measurem5t ( s*ool abilities4 ,num]\s te/s may also be secur$ 9 ! =m ( pr9t$ blanks1 f ! ,publication ,bureau ( ,tea*]s ,college4 ,?orndike ,te/s3 ,num]\s =ms ( m5tal te/s devis$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike & 8 associates may be secur$ ?r\gh ! ,tea*]s ,college ,bureau ( ,publications1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,/oelt+ & ,co41 #cjdg ,c>roll ,ave41 ,*icago1 manufactur]s ( sci5tific app>atus & mat]ials1 supply mat]ial & =ms = _m ( ! te/s describ$ 9 ! above ref]5ces4 ,! ,morn+side ,press1 #cjjj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city1 supplies mat]ials1 in/ructions1 record blanks1 & tables ( norms = a l>ge numb] ( psy*ological te/s1 especially ^? int5d$ = vocational1 educational & cl9ical application1 & = use 9 ! class room & laboratory4 ,,index ,,( ,,au?ors ,,amsd51 #abh ,,arnold1 #bcf ,,b9et1 #fb1 #gj1 #gb1 #hf ,,cattell1 #fj1 #fb1 #abf1 #abi1 #ace1 #acf1 #ach1 #aeg ,,cogan1 #dh ,,c\rtis1 #bcb ,,d>w91 #bbi ,,dav5port1 #abi ,,de>born1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahb ,,desc>tes1 #ba ,,ellis1 #bcj ,,f>r&1 #fj ,,gall1 #bd ,,galton1 #fb ,,h>rison1 #bcd ,,h>vey1 #ba ,,h5ri1 #fb ,,huymans1 #abi ,,ho*1 #abh ,,holl+wor?1 #bca ,,ja/r[1 #bd1 #fb ,,jones1 #ahf1 #ahi ,,kelley1 #agg ,,kraepel91 #fb ,,lahy1 #aac1 #aai ,,l>ue1 #aca ,,lombroso1 #cg ,,l\gh1 #aab1 #aai ,,l[ell1 #agi1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bje ,,mccomas1 #aaj1 #aab ,,meckel1 #bbi ,,miles1 #agh ,,mill1 #bbd ,m,oe,b,i,u,s1 #bbd ,,montague1 #bca ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g1 #ajj1 #aaa1 #aaf ,,ni*olson1 #aic1 #aie ,,nietzs*e1 #bbd ,,norswor?y1 #acd1 #acf1 #ach1 #ada ,,p>tridge1 #abh ,,paynt]1 #aaa ,,pe>son1 #bcj ,,pyle1 #bcb ,,rice1 #aie ,,romanes1 #bbf ,,s*neid]1 #ec1 #ajc1 #baf ,,s*op5hau]1 #bbd ,,sea%ore1 #ij1 #ic1 #ie1 #if ,,simon1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb ,,smi?1 #ahb1 #ahe ,,spurzheim1 #bd ,,sylve/]1 #gb ,,t]man1 #bcb ,,?ompson1 #bbf ,,?orndike1 #gd1 #aaa1 #abg1 #ahj1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjf1 #baj1 #baf1 #bbg ,,t\l\se1 #ha1 #hh ,,trabue1 #ga1 #gh1 #bcb ,,voitsecovsky1 #bce ,,v&5b]g1 #agi ,,wells1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj ,,wi]sma1 #abi ,,woolley1 #aad1 #aai ,,y]kes1 #aca ,,index ,,( ,,subjects ,advancem5t 9 indu/ry1 #bai ,analysis1 ( belief 9 physiognomic signs1 #cb ff4 ( "*1 #di1 #aba ff41 #acc ff41 #adc ff4 ( educational *anges1 #aa ( effects ( practice1 #cde ff4 ( individuals1 #ah1 #aba ff41 #adc ff41 #bde ff4 ( mat]nal in/9ct1 #bch ( m$ieval clairvoyance1 #g ( m5tal te/s1 #fd1 #bde ff4 ( occupations1 #gh1 #hj1 #ib1 #if ff41 #aji ff41 #bjh ff4 ( phr5ology1 #bf ff4 ( primitive ?9k+1 #b ( s*ool curriculum1 #agd ,antec$5ts ( vocational psy*ology1 #a ref]5ces1 #bge ,aptitudes1 ( ! av]age individual1 #bae ( ! feeble-m9d$1 #bjh ( ! m5tally inf]ior1 #baj ( ! specially gift$1 #bab ( wom51 #bbb ff4 ,attitud9al factors1 #ae1 #fc1 #fe1 #ajd1 #adi ff41 #aij ff41 #baj1 #bad ff41 #bcg1 #bgj ,behavior1 judgm5t (1 #acd /udy (1 #eg ,bibliographies1 #bge-bha ,b9et te/s1 nature (1 #fi record blank =1 #bij ,bra91 functions (1 #bb1 #bg measurem5ts (1 #cj size (1 #bi ,"* analysis1 #h ,clairvoyance1 #g ff4 ,correlation1 =mula =1 #de mean+ (1 #dd ( ability to judge self & ability to judge o!rs1 #afh ( elem5t>y s*ool /&+ & lat] academic a*ievem5t1 #agg ff4 ( e/imat$ traits & objective measures1 #afa ff4 ( initial & f9al trials1 #bdf ff4 ( judicial capacity & possession ( traits1 #aeh1 #afg ( m5tal te/s & vocational ability1 #aac1 #aaf1 #bab ( m5tal traits1 #df1 #ej1 #eb1 #afa1 #afd1 #afi1 #aga ( s*ool /&+ & success 9 lat] life1 #aib ff4 ,curriculum1 z a vocational te/1 #agd ff4 bibliography on1 #bgi ,det]m9ants1 bibliography on1 #bhj ( vocational aptitude1 #bjh ff4 ,division ( labor betwe5 ! sexes1 #bbc1 #bdj1 #bdb ,education1 indu/rial1 #ae popul>ization (1 #ac !ory (1 #ad ,employm5t bureaus1 #dg1 #ada ,exp]im5ts1 on abilities & int]e/s1 #aij on bra91 #bb1 #bbf on college /ud5ts1 #fj1 #acg on effects ( practice1 #bde ff4 on em95t m51 #ha1 #hg1 #ace1 #ach on functional p]iodicity1 #bcf on judgm5ts ( "*1 #ace-agc on m5tal defectives1 #gf on m5tal measurem5t1 #fg1 #gd on m5tal te/s1 #ei1 #fd on musicians1 #id on photographs1 #da1 #dh on physiognomies1 #ec on select+ employees by psy*ological me?ods1 #gh1 #aaj-aba1 #baa on self-analysis1 #aad ff41 #aef on sex diff]5ces1 #bbf ff4 ,=m bo>d1 #gb ,=tune tell+1 #g ,g5]al intellig5ce1 #fi1 #bee ff4 ,individual diff]5ces1 #ah z affect$ by practice1 #bde ff4 9 vocational aptitudes1 #bjh ff41 #bbb ff4 ,intellig5ce scales1 bibliography on1 #bgf nature (1 #fg types (1 #fi vocational use (1 #ge ff4 ,judgm5t1 ( associates1 #dh1 #gi1 #aba ff41 #acc ff41 #adc ff4 ( "*1 #acc ff41 #aci ff41 #adc ff4 ( photographs1 #da1 #dg1 #dh ( sci5tific m51 #ace ( self1 #abb1 #abd-acc1 #adc ff4 ( /ud5ts1 #acg1 #adc ff4 ( tea*]s1 #acf ,localization ( functions1 #bb1 #bg ,magic1 examples (1 #c ff4 vocational ef=ts (1 #a ff4 ,mat]nal in/9ct1 analysis (1 #bch ,m5tal age1 #gj ,m5tal defectives1 detection (1 #ge education (1 #ad 9 indu/ry1 #ge1 #bac m5ace (1 #gg vocational aptitudes (1 #bjh1 #bac ,motives ( vocational psy*ology1 #a bibliography on1 #bge ,norms ( p]=mance1 #fa1 #ff ff41 #gc1 #gi1 #ia1 #id1 #bhe-bic bibliography on1 #bgf ,occupations1 analysis (1 #ib1 #if ff41 #ajb1 #ajc1 #bjh ff4 bl9d alley1 #af1 #baj1 #bah ,p]iodicity effect (1 on m5tal & motor ability1 #bcd ff4 ,photographs1 exp]im5ts )1 #da1 #dh judgm5ts (1 #da1 #dg1 #dh vocational use (1 #dh1 #eb ,phr5ology1 assumptions (1 #bf errors (1 #bg-cb orig9 (1 #bc practice (1 #be ,physiognomies1 analysis (1 #cd dogmas (1 #ci exp]im5ts 91 #da1 #di1 #ec practice (1 #cb vocational futility (1 #ed ,practice1 effect (1 on individual diff]5ces1 #beg ff4 limits (1 #bef on correlation ( abilities1 #bdg ,primitive ?9k+1 examples (1 #c /ages (1 #b ff4 vocational ef=ts (1 #b ,product scales1 bibliography on1 #bgf nature & use (1 #gd ,psy*ograph1 bibliography on1 #bgg nature (1 #hj1 #hh ( individuals1 #hj ( a ma!matician1 #ha ff4 ( a noveli/1 #hf ( occupation1 #ij1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajb ( a s+]1 #ib vocational use (1 #if1 #ii1 #ajg ,psy*ological te/s1 bibliography on1 #bgf me?od (1 #fa ( adults1 #baj1 #bdh ( *ildr51 #fi1 #aad ( cl]ical work]s1 #aaj1 #aaa ,psy*ological te/s1 ( college /ud5ts1 #fj1 #ade ( effici5cy exp]ts1 #gh ( factory op]ators1 #aaa1 #aae ( judges1 #aaa ( m>9e (fic]s1 #aab ( motorm51 #aab ( musical ability1 #id ( ,po9c>e1 #ha ff4 ( a s+]1 #ib ( /5ograph]s1 #aac ( salesm51 #aaa ( telephone op]ators1 #aaj1 #aab ( typesett]s1 #aaa ( typewrit]s1 #aac1 #aad ( ,zola1 #hf orig9 & hi/ory (1 #eg ff4 samples (1 #bhd-cjj scales (1 #fg ff4 /&>dization (1 #fc1 #fg s\rces (1 & in/ructions =1 #cjj-cjb te/s (1 #fd !ory (1 #bde ff4 vocational use (1 #fj1 #ff1 #ge1 #gh1 #hj ff41 #ij1 #aji-aba1 #baj1 #bah1 #bfa ,scales1 bibliography on1 #bgf = measur+ intellig5ce1 #fg = measur+ special a*ievem5t1 #gd ff4 samples (1 #bhe-bic use (1 #ge ,s*ool records1 z indicative ( int]e/s1 #aij ff4 z relat$ to lat] academic a*ievem5t1 #agg ff4 ,s*ool records1 z relat$ to success 9 lat] life1 #aib ff4 bibliography on1 #bgi correlation (1 ) te/s1 #afe int]correlation (1 #agb vocational significance (1 #agd ff4 ,selection1 ( an occupation1 #ab ff41 #ajb1 #ajd1 #abc ( employees1 #ec1 #ge1 #gh1 #ii1 #aaj-aac1 #aae1 #acc1 #baj1 #baa1 #bai1 #bdj ,self-analysis1 bibliography on1 #bgh me?od (1 #abb problems (1 #abd reliability (1 #adi ff4 sy/ematic guides to1 #abe-acc ,sex diff]5ces1 bibliography on1 #bhj 9 av]age intellig5ce1 #bbe ff4 9 in/9ctive equipm5t1 #bcg 9 physiological function1 #bdb 9 special h&icaps1 #bcd 9 v>iability1 #bbh ff4 9 vocational opportunity1 #bdj ff4 ,te/imonials1 #adb1 #agc ,te/s4 ,see ,psy*ological te/s ,!ory1 bibliography on1 #bha ( m5tal te/s1 #bde ,v>iation1 9 ability1 #bbh ff4 9 judgm5t1 #dc1 #ea1 #acd1 #acf1 #ach ff4 ,v>iation1 measures (1 #db ( individual p]=mance1 #bea ( self-e/imates1 #adi ff4 ,vocational aptitudes1 bibliography on1 #bhj det]m9ants (1 #bjh ff4 ( wom51 #bbb ff4 ,vocational guidance1 #aa ,vocational me?ods1 bibliography on1 #bgh specializ$ =ms1 #aji ff4 analogy1 #aaa1 #aah correlations1 #aab ff4 m9iature1 #aji1 #aaf samples1 #aaj1 #aag ,vocational psy*ology1 bibliography on1 #bge ff4 motives & antec$5ts (1 #a ff4 pres5t /atus (1 #bfg ff4 problems (1 #bff ff4 progress (1 #bgd ,vocational surveys1 #ag ,vocational tra9+1 #af ,wom51 bibliography1 #bhj biological h&icap (1 #bdb ff4 future (1 #bdd 9 indu/ry1 #bbb in/9ctive equipm5t (1 #bcg ff4 m5tal abilities (1 #bbh special disabilities (1 #bcd ff4 v>iability (1 #bbh ff4 vocational aptitudes (1 #bbc ff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,h>ry ,l4 ,,holl+wor? ,,judg+ ,,human ,,"* ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,functional ,,neuroses ,,adv]tis+ ,,& ,,sell+ ,pr9ciples ( ,appeal & ,response ,,vocational ,,psy*ology ,,appli$ ,,psy*ology 7,) ,a4 ,t4 ,p(f5b]g]1 ,jr47 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,publi%]s ,new ,york