,,briti% ,,manufactur+ ,,indu/ries4     
,,edit$ ,,by ,g4 ,,phillips ,,bevan1    
,f4,g4,s4   ,,pott]y1 ,,by ,l4 ,,arn\x1 
,art ,director & ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,m9ton's 
,factory4  ,,glass ,,& ,,silicates1 ,,by
 ,,pr(essor ,,b>ff1 ,m4,a4  ,,furniture 
,,& ,,woodwork1 ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,poll51   
,m4,a41 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4          
,,second ,,edition4  ,,london3 ,,edw>d  
,,/an=d1 #ee1 ,,*>+ ,,cross4 #ahgg4     
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,pr9t]'s           
inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 punctuation &   
hyph5ation h be5 reta9$4 ,9 ! text      
,mn4,o#b1 ! und]l9e 77 is us$ to        
indicate t ! #b is pr9t$ z subscript4   
,,preface4   ,! object ( ?is s]ies is to
 br+ into "o focus ! lead+ features &   
pres5t position ( ! mo/ important       
indu/ries ( ! k+dom1 s z to enable !    
g5]al read] to compreh5d ! enorm\s      
developm5t t has tak5 place )9 ! la/    
tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4 ,x is evid5t t !   
great increase 9 education ?r\gh\t !    
c\ntry has t5d$ l>gely to fo/] a        
simultane\s int]e/ 9 te*nical k1 z ev9c$

 by ! spread ( ,art & ,sci5ce ,s*ools1  
,trade ,museums1 ,int]national          
,exhibitions1 c42 & ?is fact is borne   
out by a p]usal ( ! daily pap]s1 9 :i* !
 prom95ce giv5 to e improvem5t 9 trade  
or ma*9]y atte/s ! desire ( ! read+     
public to "k m ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,"h1     
h[ev]1 ! difficulty comm5ces1 = ! only  
means ( acquir+ ?is in=mation are f     
h&books to ! v>i\s manufactures 7:i* are
 usually too m9ute 9 detail = g5]al     
in/ruction71 f trade j\rnals & ! reports
 ( sci5tific societies2 & to obta9 &    
sy/ematize ^! scatt]$ details is a lab\r
 & a tax ^u "t & pati5ce :i*            
comp>atively few p]sons c>e to surm\nt4 
,9 ^! volumes all ^! facts are ga!r$    
toge!r & pres5t$ 9 z readable a =m z is 
compatible ) accuracy & a fre$om f      
sup]ficiality2 & ?\gh !y d n lay claim  
to be+ a te*nical guide to ea* indu/ry1 
! names ( ! contributors are a suffici5t
 gu>antee t !y are a reliable & /&>d "w 
( ref]5ce4 ,great /ress is laid on !    
progressive developm5ts ( !             

manufactures1 & ! v>i\s applications to 
!m ( ! collat]al arts & sci5ces2 !      
hi/ory ( ea* is truly giv51 :ile pres5t 
processes & rec5t inv5tions are         
succ9ctly describ$4     ,,briti%        
,,manufactur+ ,,indu/ries4     ,,pott]y4
  ,,by ,l4 ,,arn\x1 ,art ,director &    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,m9ton's ,factory4   ,)\t 
ent]+ into an elaborate diss]tation on !
 antiquity ( ! ,art ( ,pott]y1 :i* w\ld 
be out ( place 9 s %ort an article z    
?is1 ,i w briefly /ate t ! practice (   
mak+ vessels f pla/ic clays1 = hold+    
liquids & provisions1 fir/ result$ f !  
ex]tions made by man to em]ge f 8 prim>y
 condition4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t    
vessels ( clay1 only p>tially bak$1 h   
be5 f\nd1 toge!r ) /one implem5ts       
belong+ to prehi/oric times1 & t ^?     
vessels1 unf9i%$ z !y 71 _h peculi>     
*>act]i/ics4 ,b suppos+ t ?is 0 n s1 x  
mu/ /rike ev]ybody t1 aft] provid+      
himself ) ^? rude in/rum5ts :]e) to     
obta9 8 food & protect 8 life1 man mu/ h
 tak5 advantage ( 8 p[] ( obs]vation to 

notice ! prop]ty ( pla/ic clay to reta9 
wat]1 & to f9d out to :at useful purpose
 x might be br\ght = mak+ vessels bett] 
suit$ to 8 wants1 ?an ! sk9s ( animals  
or pieces ( wood r\ghly holl[$ out4 ,if 
n probable1 x is h[ev] n impossible1 t !
 fir/ man1 tak+ 9 8 h& a lump ( s(t     
clay1 %\ld h tri$ to give x a def9$     
%ape1 9 :i* case ! art ( pott]y w\ld be 
z anci5t z ! human race4 ,x may h be5   
ant]ior to ! use ( fire1 = a s\nd &     
useful pott]y may be made ) clay h>d5$ 9
 ! sun1 z /ill practis$ 9 ,egypt &      
,india4 ,at all ev5ts1 x exi/$ previ\s  
to ! work+ ( ! fir/ metal1 z "o c h>dly 
und]/& h[ bronze c\ld h be5 melt$1 )\t !
 assi/ance ( vessels made ( fir$ clay   
c>efully select$4 ,consequ5tly x is     
admitt$ by ev]ybody1 t ?is is "o ( !    
e>lie/ ( human inv5tions1 & t ! mat]ial 
has prov$ mo/ durable4 ,?is durability1 
secur$ by ! application ( heat1 is a v  
rem>kable ph5om5on2 = :ile _m o!r       
mat]ials1 app>5tly v h>d1 h be5 f\nd    
unable to /& ! atmosph]ic *anges or !   

cont9u\s contact ) a damp soil1 x 0     
suffici5t to submit ?is "o to a v       
mod]ate heat1 to be enabl$ to resi/ ^!  
v>i\s ag5cies = sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s4    
,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! black 
,greek pott]y1 :i*1 :ile possess+ all   
its =m] appe>ance1 c1 h[ev]1 be scrat*$ 
by ! nail or brok5 by a g5tle pressure  
betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x is ?us t we are       
indebt$ to ! art ( pott]y = innum]able  
works ( art1 _m ( :i* h prov$ mo/ useful
 9 elucidat+ hi/orical facts1 & mak+ u  
acqua9t$ ) ! habits1 dresses1 &         
c]emonies ( anci5t peoples4  ,"o c      
und]/& h[ difficult x is to decide :o 7 
! e>lie/ pott]s4 ,x is a "q t           
arch,aologi/s h (t5 tri$ to answ]1 b :i*
 is n likely to be ev] solv$4 ,pott]y 0 
creat$ to meet a special want ( ! human 
race1 & we f9d e>ly pott]y exi/+ 9 almo/
 e "p ( ! _w1 9 unkn[n ,am]ica1 z well z
 9 ,europe or ,asia4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 easi]
 to decide :i* p fir/ excell$ 9 x1 & 9  
?is respect we mu/ give equal cr$it to !
 ,egyptians & ! ,*9ese4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 

sacr$ hi/ory t m ?an #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c4 !
 ,egyptian pott]s 7 celebrat$ = _!      
skill1 & if we c believe ,*9ese         
tradition1 ! manufactur]s 9 ,*9a 7 at   
?is same "t "u ! control ( a sup]9t5d5t 
appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,un=tunately1 we 
h v little in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory (
 ! art 9 ,*9a1 previ\s to ! sixte5?     
c5tury2 & al?\gh we h a notion ( :at !y 
did & h[ !y did x1 x is wis]1 ) our     
imp]fect k1 to ab/a9 f speculat+ z to :5
 ! diff]5t sorts ( ,*9ese w>e 7 produc$4
 ,b z reg>ds ! ,egyptians1 !re is no    
unc]ta9ty2 "s ( _! c]amic relics be> _! 
own inscriptions1 & o!rs h be5 f\nd     
associat$ ) objects or monum5ts ^: dates
 h be5 c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,we may well  
believe 9 _! skill1 :5 we "k t !y 7     
acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ difficult processes =  
mak+ ! bodies & glazes1 & t !y us$ !    
same metallic oxides = col\r+ _!        
ornam5ts t we are n[ us+1 ?\gh (t51 let 
u ackn[l$ge1 ) less success4 ,dur+ a    
p]iod ( at lea/ elev5 hundr$ ye>s1 f !  
eighte5? to ! tw5ty-f\r? dyna/y1 !y     

display$ consid]able +5uity 9 !         
production ( small figures1 jewell]y    
ornam5ts1 & hi]oglyphic tablets1 9 :i*  
sev]al sorts ( pott]y mixtures &        
diff]5tly col\r$ glazes 7 mo/ clev]ly   
associat$4 ,x is f ,egypt t s\nd        
pr9ciples ( pott]y mak+ seem to h spread
 to ! diff]5t nations2 fir/ to !        
,pho5icians1 :o 9 _! turn became fam\s =
 _! k 9 ! art ( vitrify+ m9]al          
sub/ances2 & !n to ! ,assyrians1 :o seem
 to h appli$ pott]y m specially to !    
ornam5tation ( _! build+s4  ,greece1 :o 
%ortly aft] receiv$ h] fir/ notions (   
art f ! two =m] nations1 did n devote h]
 en]gies s mu* to improvem5t ( mat]ial &
 ri*ness ( col\r1 z to ! ref9$ beauty ( 
! %ape & ! excell5ce ( ! pa9t+4  ,9     
pott]y1 ! mat]ial is ( little value1 & x
 is only by ! art display$ 9 %ap+ &     
decorat+ x1 t its price c be increas$4  
,9 ?is respect ! ,greeks prov$ to :at   
enorm\s value x c\ld be rais$1 by mak+ x
 ! gr\ndwork ( _! art1 s9ce sums        
equival5t to sev]al ?\s& p\nds ( our    

money 7 readily paid by ,roman          
patricians = a s+le ,cor9?ian vase4 ,9  
?is1 z 9 ! o!r bran*es ( art1 !         
recogniz$ ta/e ( ! ,greeks w nev] be    
surpass$2 & if at ! pres5t "t little    
att5tion is paid by collectors to _!    
c]amic productions1 x is probably ow+ z 
mu* to ! v]satility ( our ta/es &       
fancies1 z to our inability ( %[+ !     
articles to _! advantage4  ,! ,greeks   
seem to h monopoliz$ ! c]amic production
 ( ^! f9e works = sev5 or eight c5turies
 at ! lea/2 = al?\gh vessels ( ! same   
description 7 l>gely produc$ 9 ,italy1 x
 0 inv>iably by ! ,greeks1 foll[+       
closely ! traditions & mode (           
decorations ( _! own c\ntry4 ,x 0 only  
ab\t a c5tury ,b4,c4 t ! ,romans began  
to create a pott]y on :i* !y impress$ _!
 /amp1 a pott]y really _! own2 ,i mean t
 :i* is s improp]ly call$ ,samian1 & s  
easily kn[n by its r$di% col\r & !      
emboss$ ornam5ts by :i* x is pr(usely   
cov]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5u9e & *>act]i/ic1
 neatly execut$1 & possess+ "s /&+      

qualities :i* did n belong to ! ,greek4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! ref9em5t is defici5t2 ! 
=ms are d]iv$ f ! circle in/ead ( !     
ellipse2 ! pla9 surfaces are replac$ by 
embossm5ts1 & ! pa9t+ is abs5t4 ,= f\r  
c5turies1 ! ,romans seem to h made ?is  
class ( pott]y 9 sev]al ( _! ,european  
settlem5ts1 *iefly 9 ,italy & 9 !       
prov9ces adjo9+ ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! op]ation  
!y seem to h requir$ "s special mat]ial1
 :i* imp>t$ to its bright r$ surface a  
semi-%9+ lu/re or glaze1 & :i* has prov$
 rem>kably durable4 ,aft] ?is1 ! art (  
pott]y exp]i5c$ a "t ( d>kness1 :5 all !
 ref9$ processes seem to h be5 neglect$1
 & primitive vessels1 l ^? produc$ by ! 
,saxons1 ,gauls1 & ,celts1 rank$ among/ 
! be/ examples4 ,! decorations1 if any1 
are rudim5t>y2 n only is ! pa9t+ r$uc$ 9
 a few in/ances to "s l9es or spots made
 ( a diff]5t clay1 b ev5 ! emboss$      
ornam5ts are replac$ by lumps ( clay or 
impress$ l9es 9 a k9d ( geometrical     
disposition4 ,art 0 n q dead1 b x       
sc>cely brea!d4 ,h[ev]1 ^! specim5s are 

n altoge!r un9t]e/+1 = !y 7 ! fir/ ef=ts
 ( our =efa!rs1 & !re is always a c]ta9 
pleasure 9 witness+ ! feeble/ attempts  
made 9 ! rese>* ( art4  ,b ! "t came :5 
pott]y 0 to accompli% ano!r revolution1 
no less rem>kable ?an ! fir/4 ,/rangely 
en\gh1 x 0 aga9 f ! ,ea/1 9 ne>ly ! same
 prov9ce 9 :i* x orig9ally took its     
rise1 t x 0 reviv$1 & x is n unlikely t 
"s fa9t tradition ( ! old processes 0 ! 
s\rce :5ce sprung ! new c]amic era1 :i* 
0 to ext5d to our own "t4  ,! precise   
date ( ?is revival is n positively      
asc]ta9$2 b x 0 probably contempor>y ) !
 e/abli%m5t ( ,islamism among/ ! ,arabs4
 ,! en]gy display$ by ?is p 9 improv+ & 
adapt+ ! diff]5t fabrics to !           
requirem5ts ( _! new religion1 0 no d\bt
 b5eficial to ! art ( pott]y1 & ) _!    
fanaticism & _s ( proselytism1 !y c>ri$ 
_! new ideas to e c\ntry :i* !y conqu]$4
 ,syria became a great indu/rial c5tre1 
& "s ( its t[ns1 su* z ,damascus1 7 soon
 fam\s = ! p]fection ( _! w>es4 ,to rea*
 ,europe1 h[ev]1 ?is new movem5t did n  

take its c\rse ?r\gh ,greece & ,italy1 z
 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 x 0 ?r\gh ,egypt & ! 
,nor? ( ,africa t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eigh?
 c5tury1 x made its way to ,spa91 :]e x 
became firmly e/abli%$4 ,z reg>ds       
pott]y1 n[h]e 7 bett] specim5s produc$  
?an 9 ! t[ns ( ,malaga1 ,gr5ada1        
,cordova1 & o!rs1 go+ nor?w>ds z f> z   
,val5cia & ,tol$o4 ,! newe/ feature ( ! 
,arabian or ,s>ac5ic pott]y 7call$      
,hispano-,moresco w>e1 :5 made 9 ,spa97 
0 ! introduction ( ! oxide ( t9 9 !     
glaze1 to r5d] x opaque4 ,previ\s to ?is
 innovation1 :5 :ite 0 requir$ = a      
design execut$ on a clay :i* did n take 
t col\r 9 fir+1 ^! p>ts _h to be cov]$ )
 a silici\s mixture1 & subsequ5tly coat$
 ov] ) a transp>5t glaze4 ,?is 0 !      
,assyrian & ,p]sian process4 ,to f9d a  
:ite opaque enamel1 :i* c\ld be appli$  
direct on a col\r$ clay & adh]e firmly  
to x1 0 a great discov]y4  ,ev]yone n[  
kn[s h[ successfully ^! p us$ pott]y = !
 ornam5tation ( _! build+s1 & h[ +5i\sly
 !y mix$ transp>5t & opaque enamels to  

obta9 an unprec$5t$ h>mony ( effect4 ,n 
only did !y use ?is t9 enamel 9 p>ts1 b 
also all ov] ! w>e1 mak+ x m or less    
opaque z !y wi%$2 & ?is 0 ! orig9 ( !   
pott]y call$ majolica1 :i*1 accord+ to  
tradition1 0 import$ f ,majorca to      
,italy1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 
& = ! introduction ( :i* cr$it is giv5  
to ,lucca ,della ,robia4 ,t]ra          
9-vitriata 0 ! fir/ "n giv5 by ?is      
sculptor to 8 works1 :5 !y 7 coat$ ) ?is
 opaque mixture4 ,!re 0 at t "t su* an  
e>ne/ desire to f9d suitable mat]ials = 
art decorations1 t ! new enamels soon   
ceas$ to be exclusively appli$ to       
ar*itectural purposes4 ,"u ! b5eficial  
influ5ce ( ! revival ( ta/e = anci5t    
art1 & ! enc\ragem5ts ) :i* x met f !   
pr9ces at t "t rul+ ! ,italian          
,republics1 majolica atta9$ its beauty1 
?\gh its ext]nal appe>ance rem9d$ u b   
little ( its ,spani% or ,ori5tal orig94 
,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?     
c5turies1 ! mo/ fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n
 art1 ! influ5ce ( ! great pa9t]s ( t   

p]iod 0 soon felt by ^? :om we may call 
! arti/s ( pott]y1 = ! "n ( pott]s c\ld 
h>dly d !m ju/ice2 & sev]al ( !m appli$ 
_! tal5ts to ! reproduction1 on t w>e1 (
 _! mo/ celebrat$ pa9t+s4 ,x 0 report$ t
 ,p]ug9o1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 &  
_m o!rs pa9t$ majolica w>e1 probably on 
acc\nt ( _! c>toons be+ (t5 reproduc$2 &
 x is suffici5t to say t su* tal5t$ m5 z
 ,francisco ,xanto da ,rovigo1 ,orazia  
,fontana1 & ,georgio ,&reoli1 devot$ _! 
en]gies to ! improvem5t ( ?is bran* (   
art4 ,mo/ ( ! ,italian t[ns _h _!       
manufactory1 ea* ( !m possess+ a /yle ( 
its own4 ,beg9n+ at ,caffagiolo &       
,d]uta1 !y ext5d$ rapidly to ,gubbio1   
,f]r>a1 & ,rav5na1 to be cont9u$ to     
,ca/eldurante1 ,rim9i1 ,urb9o1 ,flor5ce1
 ,v5ice1 & _m o!r places4  ,aft] !      
sixte5? c5tury1 majolica soon deg5]at$ 9
 appe>ance & quality1 ! produc]s be+ m  
anxi\s to supply ! m>ket1 ?an to devote 
to _! w>e ! c>e & att5tion be/[$ on x by
 _! pr$ecessors4 ,9 increas+ ! quantity 
( t9 9 _! enamel1 to make x look m l    

porcela91 !y impov]i%$ _! col\rs1 & ?is 
alt]ation1 h[ev] prejudicial to         
majolica1 assi/$ greatly 9 ! new        
trans=mation :i* x 0 subsequ5tly to     
und]go4 ,x 0 "u ! "n ( fa,a-ence t x    
cont9u$ to be kn[n1 & ,france & ,holl&  
became ! pr9cipal c5tres ( its          
manufacture4 ,at ,nev]s1 x /ill resembl$
 slightly ! ,italian w>e1 ?\gh at       
,delft1 9 ,holl&1 x 0 pr9cipally made to
 imitate ! blue & :ite w>e ( ! ,*9ese1 9
 :i* attempt ! mak]s 7 (t5 rem>kably    
successful4 ,at ,r\51 ! blue            
ornam5tation 0 reliev$ ) t\*es ( r$1    
gre51 & yell[2 at ,m\/i]s1 ! mono*rome  
designs 7 light & uncommonly elegant2 at
 ,p>is1 ,m>seilles1 & _m o!r places1 !  
fl[] decoration ( ! old ,,savres &      
,dresd5 w>e 0 imitat$ ) a fre$om ( t\* &
 a fre%ness ( col\r :i* is really *>m+4 
,?is pott]y1 :i* 0 a great fav\rite 9 ! 
sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 decl9$    
rapidly soon aft] our pres5t e>!nw>e    
made its appe>ance2 ! *ief inducem5t = !
 *ange1 on ! "p ( ! manufactur]s1 be+ ! 

excessive price ( t91 :i* is ! pr9cipal 
+r$i5t ( enamel4  ,except 9 ! prov9ces  
contigu\s to ,france1 ,g]many 0 nev] a  
produc] ( majolica4 ,x creat$1 h[ev]1 a 
pott]y entirely ( its own1 full (       
orig9ality 9 its g5]al appe>ance1 & :i*1
 by ! peculi>ity ( ! process1 0 really a
 v di/9ct type4 ,i am allud+ to !       
,flemi% & ,g]man /onew>e4 ,!re is a     
tradition1 t ! fir/ pieces 7 made 9     
,holl& at ! v beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4
 ,! pr9cipal c5tre ( its production 01  
h[ev]1 9 ,g]many1 at ,nuremb]g1         
,ratisbon1 ,bayreu?1 ,mansfeld1 & o!r   
places2 b ! be/ 7 made 9 ! neighb\rhood 
( ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 :]e ! clays mo/ fitt$ = 
t class ( pott]y 7 easily to be f\nd4   
,"h we f9d1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,europe1 !    
body ( ! w>e p>tly vitrifi$ by ! high   
temp]ature to :i* x 0 submitt$1 & also !
 rem>kable peculi>ity1 t x 0 glaz$ by ! 
volatilization ( common salt1 ?r[n into 
! ov5 :5 ! temp]ature _h rea*$ its      
climax4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two processes
 _h nev] be5 effect$ be=e1 & x w\ld be  

difficult on t acc\nt to f9d any        
connection betwe5 /onew>e & "s ( !      
,egyptian pott]ies4 ,?is /onew>e v>i$ 9 
col\r3 "s 7 almo/ :ite1 "s br[n1 o!rs ( 
a light grey1 ! la/ be+ ! mo/ valuable  
:5 ! effect 0 increas$ by blue or purple
 gr\nds1 h>moniz+ admirably ) !         
f\ndation col\r ( ! w>e4 ,! %apes are   
g5]ally elaborate1 ) a great _m m\ld+s1 
enri*$ ) emboss$ ornam5ts 9 good ta/e1  
"s ( :i* 7 design$ by no less an arti/  
?an ,t4 ,hopf]4 ,! decl9e ( ?is /onew>e 
began ) ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & f t "t to !
 pres5t1 ?is mat]ial 0 only us$ = w>es (
 ! commone/ k9d4 ,x is only v lately1 t 
x 0 reviv$ successfully by ,messrs4     
,d\lton & ,co41 ( ,lambe?4  ,france1 :i*
 _h n z yet any ideas ab\t ! process =  
imitat+ ! ,italian majolica1 creat$     
t[>ds ! same "t two new sorts ( pott]y1 
"o ( :i* is ! ,palissy w>e1 ! o!r !     
fa,a-ence d',oiron4 ,palissy1 a v       
inquisitive & intellig5t man1 is said to
 h be5 possess$ by a /rong desire to    
reproduce "s ,italian w>e1 :i* he _h !  

opportunity ( see+2 :e!r x 0 a piece (  
majolica or ( graffito1 is n kn[n4 ,left
 to 8 own res\rces--= !re 0 nobody to   
in/ruct him--he succe$$ by p]sev]ance & 
indu/ry 9 f9d+ out ! process = mak+ !   
diff]5t col\r$ glazes t ! ,moors _h us$ 
long be=e him4 ,!re 0 no discov]y 9 ?is1
 b ! tal5t :i* he display$ 9 ! mix+ &   
bl5d+ ( ^! vitre\s col\rs1 comb9$ ) !   
inconte/able orig9ality ( 8             
compositions1 h made ?is w>e v difficult
 to imitate4  ,! "t ( its production 0  
limit$ to ! life ( ,palissy1 = !re is n 
really a s+le good piece :i* c be trac$ 
to 8 successors4 ,9 ! fa,a-ence         
d',oiron1 incorrectly call$ ,h5ri ,deux 
w>e1 we f9d a real cream-col\r$ e>!nw>e 
tak+ prec$5ce ( two hundr$ ye>s ov] our 
own4 ,x 0 made betwe5 ! ye>s #aebd &    
#aefg1 & we h n[ e pro( t ?ree p]sons   
co-op]at$ 9 ?is inv5tion3 ,hel,a7,c7ne  
de ,hange/1 :o _h be5 =m]ly entru/$ by  
,fran,a,sec4ois ,i4 ) ! education ( 8   
son1 aft]w>ds ,h5ry ,,ii42 h] pott] at  
,oiron1 nam$ ,fran,a,sec4ois ,*>p5ti]2 &

 h] secret>y ,jehan ,b]n>t4 ,! *>m+     
pieces result+ f ! comb9ation ( ^! ?ree 
intellects 7 few1 & only int5d$ to be   
(f]$ z pres5ts to ! fri5ds ( ! noble    
lady at c\rt4 ,?is suffici5tly expla9s !
 monograms & devices1 :i* are f\nd      
associat$ ) ! elaborate ornam5ts        
pr(usely spread ov] _! surface4 ,no w>e 
0 ev] made be=e or aft] ?is1 :i* requir$
 m c>e & delicate manipulation1 & ?is   
expla9s :y ! highe/ prices paid 9 our   
g5]ation = an article ( pott]y h be5    
freely giv5 = sev]al ( ^! curiosities4  
,_! pr9cipal feature consi/s 9 inlay+   
diff]5tly col\r$ clays "o into ! o!r1 a 
process n q new1 z x _h be5 ext5sively  
us$ 9 medi,aval times = mak+ encau/ic   
tiles = ! floor+ ( our *ur*es1 b !y 7 s 
m9utely & neatly execut$1 & ! designs s 
well di/ribut$1 t !y are ju/ly consid]$ 
z m>vels ( workman%ip4 ,9 speak+ ( ^!   
fa,a-ences d',oiron1 we c h>dly admire  
suffici5tly ! v>iety 9 ! productions (  
?is p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance2 & if we      
select f\r ( ^! specim5s1 su* z a piece 

( ,fa5za w>e1 "o ( /onew>e1 "o (        
,palissy1 & ano!r ( ,oiron1 !y may      
fairly /& z good illu/rations ( ! +5uity
 ( man4  ,! progress realiz$ 9 ^! times 
seems to h und]gone a sort ( lull1 & if 
we accept ! ,fr5* & ,delft fa,a-ences1  
:i* 7 a trans=mation ( majolica1 we f9d 
t ! greate/ portion ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 
0 n m>k$ by any new discov]y or decid$  
improvem5t4 ,t[>ds its close1 h[ev]1 we 
beg9 to notice 9 ,g]many & ! we/]n      
c\ntries ( ,europe sev]al attempts at   
mak+ a w>e1 possess+ ! ?ree /&>d        
qualities ( :it5ess1 h>dness1 &         
transp>5cy ( ! ,*9ese1 & ^! 7 !         
precursors ( ! great movem5t :i* occupi$
 ! :ole ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,z might be
 expect$1 inquiries made 9 diff]5t      
c\ntries by p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ea* o!r1
 br\ght diff]5t results2 & if !y fail$ 9
 s mu*1 t a porcela9 id5tical to !      
,ori5tal 0 n reproduc$1 all ( !m succe$$
 9 mak+ a :ite w>e ( _! own1 adapt$ to !
 mat]ials :i* !y _h at _! disposal4 ,&  
?us arose 9 ea* c\ntry ! s\rce ( a      

prosp]\s trade4  ,x is only at t p]iod1 
t ,engl& began to take h] position      
among/ ! produc]s ( pott]y1 at lea/ 9 a 
mann] des]v+ ( t "n4 ,up to t "t1 if we 
7 to judge by ! quality ( h] "w1 %e did 
n seem fitt$ = x1 no m ?an = any sort ( 
manufacture :i* requir$ ta/e or a c]ta9 
k ( ! arts ( design4 ,9 fact1 x is easy 
to notice 9 look+ at our collections (  
art manufactures1 t ! ,engli% samples   
are defici5t 9 _m respects2 !y may be   
gaudy )\t h>mony ( col\r1 or elaborate  
)\t ref9em5t1 exhibit+ a c]ta9 am\nt (  
r\ghness 9 execution1 :5 plac$ side by  
side ) ,italian1 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man       
specim5s ( ! same class4 ,x is likely1 )
 c]ta9 exceptions1 t ! ,anglo-,saxon    
race did n feel mu* ! want ( all ^?     
niceties1 & did n make great ex]tion to 
excel 9 ! practice ( ^? arts1 = !       
appreciation ( :i* its m9d 0 n yet      
suffici5tly cultivat$4 ,x has be5       
rem>k$1 t z ! progress ( art 0 con/antly
 f ,ea/ to ,we/1 ! geographical position
 ( ,engl& might acc\nt 9 "s respects =  

h] backw>dness4 ,h[ev]1 l *ildr5 ( sl[  
gr[? ^: und]/&+ does n seem quick or    
acute1 b :o aft]w>ds d]ive ! b5efit ( _!
 res]v$ /r5g?1 ,engl&1 com+ almo/ ! la/ 
9 ! production ( pott]y1 seems z ?\gh %e
 did s = matur+ h] capabilities4 ,9 ?is1
 z 9 ! practice ( o!r arts1 %e is sl[1 &
 h] fir/ /eps are clumsy4 ,exp]im5t+ =  
"s "t1 ) mix$ or indiff]5t success1 %e  
seems to hesitate1 till %e beg9s to feel
 t %e holds ! ?+ 9 h] grasp1 & !n ! day 
soon comes :5 %e tea*es ! _w :at %e c   
make ( x4 ,we c sc>cely give h] cr$it 9 
! prec$+ review = "s ,/af=d%ire pott]y  
made ) ! yell[ or r$ m>l1 ?ickly glaz$ )
 ! gal5a extract$ f ! ,d]by%ire m9es1 ! 
decoration ( ^! pieces be+ effect$ by   
p\r+ ! light clay on ! d>k "o 9 a       
symmetrical mann]4 ,?is pott]y 0 9 use f
 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? d[n to ! ye>    
#agge1 ! date ( ! late/ specim5 t ,i h  
se54 ,"s pieces pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti%     
,museum1 9 ! ,museum ( ,geology1 & 9 ,m4
 ,solon's collection1 are to be notic$ =
 _! qua9tness4  ,up to ! eighte5?       

c5tury1 no o!r clays ?an ^? extract$ f !
 coal measures seem to h be5 us$ 9      
,/af=d%ire2 & ! advantages d]iv$ f an   
abundant supply ( bo? clay & fuel mu/ h 
p[]fully contribut$ to ! settlem5t ( ?is
 indu/ry 9 t c\nty4 ,9 ,%aw's ',hi/ory (
 ! ,/af=d%ire ,pott]ies1' :i* ) ,plot's 
',hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1' are ! only books
 to af=d in=mation on ! !n /ate ( ?is   
trade1 & ^: mo/ int]e/+ extracts h be5  
giv5 by ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e 9 8      
excell5t catalogue ( ! pott]y exhibit$ 9
 ! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 we    
ga!r ?is fact1 t s f> back z #affa1 an  
,act ( ,p>liam5t regulat$ ! dim5sions & 
quality ( e>!n vessels manufactur$ at   
,burslem1 = hold+ ! butt] br\ght to !   
m>kets4  ,t[>ds #afhj1 a radical *ange  
seems to h tak5 place 9 ! way ( mak+ !  
w>e1 by sub/itut+ common salt = ! gal5a 
9 ! glaz+ process4 ,?is new production 0
 call$ cr\* w>e1 & !re is e probability 
t ! sub/itution 0 fir/ made by a p]son  
acqua9t$ ) ! manufacture ( ! ,g]man &   
,flemi% /onew>e1 :i* at a =m] p]iod _h  

be5 tri$ 9 ,engl&4 ,at t "t ,burslem    
possess$ tw5ty-two ov5s1 & ,%aw says1 t 
:5 ^! 7 at "w1 ! vap\rs emanat+ f ! salt
 7 su* z to produce a d5se fog 9 ! t[n4 
,^! ass]tions leave no d\bt z to ! date 
( ! comm5cem5t ( ?is manufacture 9      
,/af=d%ire1 & t ,burslem 0 its fir/     
seat4  ,two ,g]man bro!rs1 ( ! "n (     
,el]s1 :o settl$ ne> ?is t[n 9 #afhh1   
seem to h be5 ! fir/ to try to produce  
pott]y ( a bett] class ?an ! cr\* w>e4  
,_! fir/ attempt result$ 9 ! production 
( a well f9i%$ r$ /onew>e1 :i* probably 
resembl$ ! r$ w>e made 9 ,saxony by     
,bottg] at ! same "t4 ,^? :o h left any 
writt5 in=mation ab\t x1 say t = g5]al  
appe>ance & c>eful execution1 x 0 q     
equal to any simil> article made by !   
,*9ese2 b ,i mu/ confess1 t ! specim5s t
 ,i _h ! opportunity ( see+ are r por\s 
& f> f be+ highly bak$4 ,^! =eign]s paid
 also great att5tion to ! improvem5t ( !
 :ite w>e1 & !y 7 ! fir/ to employ !    
pla/ic clay f ,dorset%ire = ! purpose ( 
:it5+ ! cane m>l ( ! locality4 ,_! w>e 0

 g5]ally light & well-%ap$1 & ?\gh !    
pla/] m\lds 7 :olly unkn[n at ! "t1 & 7 
only introduc$ fifty ye>s lat]1 !       
impressions tak5 f metal m\lds are neat1
 & %[ ! ornam5ts /&+ %>ply out f !      
surface4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) ! peculi>       
appe>ance giv5 to ! surface by !        
sublimation ( ! salt1 & its light col\r1
 are ! pr9cipal feature ( ! ,burslem    
w>e1 :i* cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce till #aghj1  
al?\gh be=e t date m p]fect$ articles _h
 f\nd _! way to ! m>ket4 ,! bro!rs ,el]s
 us$ to make a great secret ( _!        
mixtures1 & left ! di/rict z soon z !   
o!r manufactur]s became acqua9t$ ) !m4  
,a/bury1 :o _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 robb+ !m
 ( _! processes1 0 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t
 among/ ^! pott]s1 & x 0 he :o1 9 #agbj1
 introduc$ ! fl9t1 calc9$ & gr\nd1 =    
:it5+ ! body ( ! w>e1 "o ( ! greate/    
improvem5ts 9 ! mak+ ( e>!nw>e4 ,he     
seems to h be5 a ?\ghtful & p]sev]+ man1
 & x is said t ! idea ( ?is new mat]ial 
0 sugge/$ to him1 by see+ a %oe+ smi?   
calc9+ a fl9t1 = ! purpose ( bl[+ ! du/ 

into ! eyes ( 8 horse1 sudd5ly afflict$ 
) a k9d ( bl9dness4 ,?is is probably    
only a fiction1 z ! idea mu/ h orig9at$ 
f witness+ ! *ange und]gone by fl9t :5  
br\ght to a r$ heat4  ,z ! pott]y trade 
0 tak+ root 9 ! di/rict1 x is no wond] t
 we f9d _m intellig5t manufactur]s do+  
_! be/ to improve x & make x pr(itable4 
,em95t among/ !m 0 ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ^: 
"n z a pott] is nev] likely to p]i%4 ,= 
p>ticul>s conc]n+ 8 private life1 trade1
 & manufacture1 !re are two excell5t    
books1 by ,miss ,metey>d & ,mr4         
,llewellyn ,jewitt1 9 :i* e matt] (     
int]e/ ab\t him has be5 c>efully ent]$4 
,born at ,burslem1 9 #agcj1 ( a family (
 pott]s1 he began by s]v+ 8 appr5tice%ip
 z a ?r[] "u 8 bro!r1 & mu/ h settl$ 9  
bus9ess v e>ly1 z he _h _h already two  
p>tn]s :5 he set up on 8 own acc\nt1 9  
#agei1 be+ !n only tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age4
 ,8 fir/ attempts seem to h be5 direct$ 
to mak+ a gre5 w>e1 t is1 a :ite w>e    
cov]$ ) a glaze ( t col\r1 :i* he       
succe$$ 9 gett+ p>ticul>ly bright2 &    

also to ! tortoise%ell1 :i* _h its      
surface mottl$ ) glazes diff]5tly /a9$1 
& :i*1 by _! bl5d+ :5 !y are fus$ 9 !   
ov51 pres5t "s analogy ) ! works (      
,palissy4  ,"o ( ,w$gwood's decid$      
successes 01 p]fect+ ! :ite cream-col\r 
w>e1 :i* 0 s sup]ior to any?+ done be=e1
 t x comm&$ at once a great sale at home
 & abroad4 ,que5 ,*>lotte admir$ x mu*1 
&1 9 consequ5ce ( h] patronage1 x took !
 "n ( ,que5's w>e1 "u :i* x 0 kn[n = a  
long "t4 ,x is light1 ( a pleas+ col\r1 
elegantly %ap$1 & 9 ! h&s ( arti/s has  
prov$ an admirable mat]ial to pa9t ^u4  
,x w\ld take too long to enum]ate all ! 
improvem5ts :i* ,w$gwood effect$ 9 8    
trade 9 ! second half ( ! la/ c5tury1 b 
,i mu/ m5tion z prom95t among/ 8 works1 
! black ,egyptian & jasp] w>es1 9 mak+  
:i* he _h no assi/ance :atev]1 & :i*    
con/itute two new & p]fect types 9      
pott]y4 ,f ,w$gwood's orig9 & e>ly      
lab\rs1 x is easy to guess t 8          
in/ruction mu/ h be5 limit$2 b he 0 a   
cle>-m9d$ & inquir+ man1 possess+ t sort

 ( intuition by :i* he c\ld easily      
und]/& ?+s1 :i* 9 o!r p w\ld h requir$  
prelim9>y /udies2 besides1 he _h a      
natural ta/e = art & a sy/ematic way (  
go+ ?r\gh 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 sure to br+
 !m to a successful issue4 ,x 0 8 good  
=tune to be assi/$ by two m5 ( sup]ior  
intellig5ce1 viz4 ,flaxman1 ! sculptor1 
:o design$ _m ( 8 %apes1 & modell$ = him
 an almo/ innum]able numb] ( subjects = 
slabs & cameos2 & ,?omas ,b5tley1 a     
di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 ) :om he 0 comm]cially  
connect$1 & ^: k ( art he f\nd ( great  
utility4  ,:5 ,w$gwood di$1 9 #agie1 !  
c]amic manufacture _h ext5sively        
develop$1 & _h ext5d$ f ,burslem to !   
small t[ns 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,f all ?is 
x mu/ appe> t1 al?\gh ,w$gwood 0 ! mo/  
brilliant type among/ ! ,engli% pott]s (
 t p]iod1 ! trade 0 already well        
e/abli%$ :5 he ent]$ ! bus9ess1 & !re 0 
e probability1 t x w\ld become "o ( !   
/aple indu/ries ( ?is c\ntry4 ,to give  
all ! cr$it to him w\ld be an inju/ice  
to sev]al m51 :o1 l ! two ,josiah       

,spodes1 effect$ great improvem5ts1 or  
br\ght into play new & useful mat]ials4 
,:5 ,i speak ( ! *9a manufacture1 x w be
 se5 t1 besides ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s1    
sev]al v clev] m5 at ,b[1 ,*elsea1      
,plym\?1 ,worce/]1 ,d]by1 & o!r places1 
7 at "w to e/abli% ! manufacture ( ! s(t
 & h>d porcela91 prov+ beyond a d\bt1 t 
mo/ en]getic ef=ts 7 be+ made to raise !
 pott]y trade ( ,engl& to ! same level z
 t ( ,france or ,g]many4 ,if we did n !n
 succe$ 9 mak+ s(t *9a l t ( ,,savres1  
or h>d porcela9 z good z ! ,dresd51 we  
soon became ! ma/]s ( ! m>ket z reg>ds  
e>!nw>e--a position t we are n likely to
 lose = _m ye>s to come4 ,among/ !      
circum/ances :i* comb9e to make our     
position p>ticul>ly /rong1 x is en\gh to
 m5tion our indep5d5ce z reg>ds ! supply
 ( ! raw mat]ials1 & ! abundance ( our  
clays & fuel1 ( a bett] quality ?an ^?  
at ! disposal ( our competitors4        
,besides1 ! localization ( ?is          
manufacture 9 ,/af=d%ire has caus$ !    
conc5tration 9 ?is spot ( an intellig5t 

population1 acqua9t$ ) ! traditions1 f  
:i* ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! trade c be    
easily f$4  ,! soil ( ,/af=d%ire        
produces a v>iety ( clays :i* are us$ = 
common w>e2 b ! mo/ important is ! "o   
call$ m>l1 :i* is fire-clay f ! b$s ( ! 
coal measures1 us$ = mak+ ! sagg]s1 or  
clay boxes1 9 :i* ! w>e is plac$ be=e x 
is s5t to ! ov5s4 ,! quantity requir$ = 
?is purpose is v l>ge1 & x 0 ( ! utmo/  
importance t su* mat]ial %\ld be good1  
*eap1 & easily procur$4  ,at pres5t1    
h[ev]1 ! clays necess>y to make *9a or  
e>!nw>e are n f\nd 9 ,/af=d%ire1 b are  
s5t f ! c\nties ( ,dorset1 ,devon1 & !  
,du*y ( ,cornwall1 :]e !y con/itute an  
important bran* ( comm]ce4 ,x is a      
common occurr5ce to he> p1 visit+       
,/af=d%ire = ! fir/ "t1 wond] at !      
app>5tly abnormal fact ( an indu/ry     
settl+ 9 a di/rict :]e none ( !         
requisite mat]ials are to be f\nd4 ,i h 
m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages h[ x happ5$ t !
 trade fir/ settl$ 9 ,burslem2 & a %ort 
explanation w %[ t1 al?\gh m p]fect     

clays f di/ant c\nties _h to be us$1 !re
 0 no ne$ to *ange4  ,= bak+ pott]y1 !  
quantity ( fuel requir$ is comp>atively 
l>ge4 ,:51 indep5d5tly ( ! ov5s & kilns1
 we take into acc\nt :at is absorb$ by !
 /eam-eng9es1 prep>ation ( mat]ials1 &  
w>m+ ( ! %ops1 we f9d t = e ton (       
manufactur$ goods1 at lea/ ?ree tons (  
coals are want$1 & t = decorat$ goods1 x
 w take twice t quantity1 & ev5 m4 ,z ! 
di/ricts f :i* ! clays are s5t h no     
coals1 ! advantage ( pay+ ! c>riage on !
 smalle/ numb] ( tons to be br\ght to ! 
works becomes evid5t4  ,! pott]'s clay  
d]ives its orig9 f sev]al felspa?ic     
rocks1 :i* "u v>i\s influ5ces h be5     
decompos$1 & ! f9e/ portion wa%$ away1  
to be collect$ 9 natural depressions ( !
 soil1 :]e x has =m$ b$s ( v>i\s        
?ickness4 ,*emically speak+1 x is a     
silicate ( alum9a 9 comb9ation ) wat]1 )
 ! addition1 9 small quantities1 (      
diff]5t mat]ials1 su* z pota%1 soda1    
lime1 or iron1 act+ z fluxes on !       
silicate1 :i* o!rwise w\ld give no signs

 ( vitrification4 ,! iron1 :i* may exi/ 
9 diff]5t /ates1 has a col\r+ effect    
injuri\s to ! clay1 :i*1 to be useful1  
mu/ be almo/ free f x4 ,:5 ?is condition
 occurs1 ! excell5ce ( ! clay is det]m9$
 by ! quantity ( alum9a t x conta9s4    
,pure silica1 9 ! =m ( qu>tz1 fl9t1 or  
s&1 is a v easy mat]ial to procure :5   
want$1 b z no geological =mation yields 
alum9a 9 ! pure /ate1 no o!r c be got1  
besides t :i* already exi/s 9 ! clays4  
,x is a common error to say1 t x is !   
silica :i* r5d]s !m refractory4 ,x is   
true t pure silica c /& any am\nt ( heat
 )\t fus+1 b its read9ess to comb9e )   
alkal9e matt]1 & to =m vitre\s comp\nds1
 r5d]s its use objectionable :5 heat$ ) 
metallic oxides4 ,an excess makes ! w>es
 brittle & unable to resi/ sudd5 *anges 
( temp]ature1 :ile alum9a1 on ! contr>y1
 gives ^! qualities1 & ) !m ! pla/icity 
requir$ = ! work+ ( ! w>e4 ,f x ! clays 
d]ive ! prop]ty ( absorb+ & reta9+ a    
l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & su* is its      
aff9ity = x1 t sometimes a r$ heat w    

h>dly suffice to expel x completely4    
,alum9a is a light mat]ial--silica a    
heavy "o2 & a pott] ought to "k         
approximatively 9 te/+ ! d5sity ( a     
sample1 :e!r x is ri* or poor 9 ei!r ( !
 two4 ,! reason :y ! clay deposits are  
ri*] 9 alum9a ?an ! rocks f :i* !y      
orig9at$1 is expla9$ by ! lightness (   
?is elem5t1 :i*1 be+ kept 9 susp5sion 9 
wat] = a long] "t1 0 consequ5tly c>ri$  
f>!r1 leav+ ! silici\s refuse to settle 
on its way4  ,= e>!nw>e or *9a1 !       
,engli% pott]s use only two sorts (     
clays3 ! ball clay1 also call$ blue     
clay1 & ! kaol94 ,= porcela9 ! la/ only 
is us$2 = e>!nw>e1 bo?4 ,! ball clay1   
export$ f ,teignm\? & ,poole1 comes f ! 
l[] t]ti>y clays ( ,devon & ,dorset1 &  
is rem>kably good & pla/ic1 ! quantity (
 iron be+ comp>atively v small4 ,! ball 
clay f ,poole is dug 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 
,w>eham1 by ,mr4 ,pike4 ,x is ( a v     
sup]ior k9d1 & m ?an #gj1jjj tons are   
s5t f t h>b\r alone to ! pott]ies1      
besides small] quantities to ! ,cont95t4

 ,z x possesses a little m alum9a ?an ^?
 f ,teignm\?1 :i* are dug at ,teigngrace
 & ,:iteway1 ne> ,bovey ,hea?field1 !y  
ought to h a little sup]iority ov] ^!1  
al?\gh 9 practice ! diff]5ce is n always
 p]ceptible4  ,kaol9 is ! ,*9ese ^w giv5
 to ! clay f :i* h>d porcela9 is made1  
?\gh "h x is g5]ally call$ ,*9a or      
,corni% clay4 ,?is mat]ial is f\nd 9 "s 
granitic rocks 9 an advanc$ /ate (      
decomposition2 ! felsp>1 _! mo/         
important elem5t1 hav+ "u ext]nal       
influ5ce lo/ ! greate/ portion ( its    
alkali1 & become conv]t$ into a k9d (   
e>?4 ,by agitation 9 a l>ge quantity (  
wat] x dissolves readily2 ! refuse1     
compos$ ( qu>tz1 mica1 s*orl1 &         
undecompos$ felsp>1 s9ks by its own     
weight to ! bottom ( ! tank :]e ! liquid
 mixture is to run2 & ! f9e/ "p1 :i* is 
! kaol91 is c>ri$ f>!r to l>ge          
receptacles1 :]e x accumulates4 ,:5 ^!  
are full1 ! clay is remov$ & dri$ =     
export4 ,9 t /ate x is v :ite1 & al?\gh 
n s pla/ic z ! ball clay1 conta9s a     

little m alum9a & less iron1 :i* acc\nts
 = its resi/+ mu* bett] ! action ( fire4
 ,x is pr9cipally obta9$ at ,/4 ,/eph5s 
& ,/4 ,au/ell1 9 ,cornwall2 ,lee ,moor1 
ne> ,d>tmoor1 9 ,devon1 & a few o!r     
places2 ! :ole ( !m s5d+ to ! pott]ies  
ab\t #acj1jjj tons annually4  ,f ! same 
di/ricts comes ano!r granite1 9 a less  
advanc$ /ate ( decomposition1 call$     
,corni% /one1 :i* is us$ fre% f ! m9e   
)\t fur!r prep>ation4 ,9 x ! felsp>     
reta9s its alkal9e elem5t1 s t x c be   
easily melt$1 & is f\nd a useful & *eap 
flux = ! vitrification ( ! diff]5t      
mixtures4 ,! composition ( ^! rocks     
v>ies consid]ably1 s t x requires       
con/ant exp]im5ts to det]m9e 9 :at      
proportion ! qu>tz & ! fusible p>ts /&  
to ea* o!r4  ,fl9ts are also l>gely us$ 
9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e4 ,!y are f\nd 
abundantly 9 ! *alk di/ricts1 ! br[n    
sort be+ consid]$ ! be/4 ,"u a mod]ate  
r$ heat !y become :ite & opaque1 & may  
be easily cru%$ betwe5 iron roll]s4 ,9 t
 /ate !y are plac$ 9 pans ( wat] & gr\nd

 by l>ge /ones ( *]t1 till !y become    
suffici5tly divid$ to rema9 9 susp5sion 
9 ! liquid )\t s9k+ & h>d5+ at ! bottom 
( ! tanks1 :i*1 by ! way1 are call$     
arks4 ,fl9ts are comp>atively a *eap    
mat]ial1 & _! c>riage to ,/af=d%ire     
repres5ts a l>ge portion ( _! co/4  ,su*
 are ! f\r mat]ials ess5tial = mak+     
e>!nw>e4 ,! respective quantities 9 :i* 
!y are us$ v>y 9 ea* manufactory1 b !   
pr9ciple is always ! same3 ! ball clay  
be+ ! f\ndation1 & fl9t ! :it5+ mat]ial2
 b z an excess ( ?is w\ld make ! body   
difficult to "w1 ,corni% clay assi/s 9  
mak+ x :it] & less liable to break "u a 
heavy weight or sudd5 *anges (          
temp]ature4 ,! ,corni% /one is us$ 9 a  
small quantity z a flux1 to r5d] ! w>e m
 compact & ( a clos] texture4 ,:5 !     
mixture ( ^! mat]ials is complet$1 !    
col\r tak5 by e>!nw>e :5 fir$ w\ld n be 
a p]fect :ite2 ! quantity ( oxide ( iron
 exi/+ 9 ! clays1 h[ev] small1 w\ld be  
/ill suffici5t to imp>t a yell[i% t9t1  
p>ticul>ly aft] ! glaz+ ( ! w>e4 ,?is is

 c\nt]act$ by ! addition ( a small      
quantity ( oxide ( cobalt1 ! p[] ( :i*  
ov] ! iron1 z a /a9+ mat]ial1 is su* z  
to neutralize x completely2 ! result1 9 
fact1 be+ ! same z t obta9$ by wa%]wom51
 :o use blue to ! l95 ) ! object ( mak+ 
x look :ite4  ,f ! mom5t t ! mat]ials   
are extract$1 to ! "t :5 ! goods are    
p]fect$1 ! numb] ( di/9ct op]ations to  
p]=m is s great1 t ,i c only give a     
summ>y description ( ! mo/ important4 ,!
 gr9d+ ( ^? mat]ials :i* are n already 9
 a f9e /ate ( division is "o ( ! mo/    
ess5tial1 = ^u x dep5ds ! s\ndness ( !  
w>e1 & )\t x ! difficulties ( workman%ip
 w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,x mu/ be s  
p]fect1 t :5 ! diff]5t compon5ts are put
 toge!r 9 ! slip /ate1 !y %\ld mix      
readily & =m a homog5e\s comp\nd4 ,!    
gr9d+ = ! use ( pott]s is a trade (     
itself2 b good quality is ( su*         
importance1 t ! manufactur]s :o c af=d x
 pref] hav+ mills ( _! own4 ,9 ^!1 !    
diff]5t mat]ials are gr\nd 9 wat] 9     
sep>ate pans1 till !y c pass freely     

?r\gh f9e silk lawn1 & are aft]w>ds /or$
 9 di/9ct res]voirs1 & ! excess ( wat]  
remov$1 s t a qu>t measure ( ea* %\ld   
weigh a det]m9$ numb] ( ounces4 ,z !    
pott] kn[s be=eh& ! proportion ( solid  
matt] conta9$ 9 ea* liquid measure1 x   
only rema9s = him to c\nt ! numb] (     
qu>ts or gallons :i* mu/ be introduc$   
into ! body ( ! w>e4 ,?is be+ done1 !   
liquid mass mu/ be depriv$ ( its        
sup]abundance ( wat]4 ,till lately x 0 !
 cu/om to effect ?is by runn+ ! slip #aj
 or #ab in*es ?ick ov] ! surface ( long 
kilns1 pav$ ) bricks & provid$ ) flues  
und]nea?4 ,! heat :i* 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ^!1   
assi/$ by ! por\s nature ( ! bricks1 0  
suffici5t to br+ x to ! prop] /ate (    
t\ghness2 b ! kilns c\ld n be fill$ m   
?an once a day1 & requir$ besides a l>ge
 quantity ( fuel1 mu* ( :i* 0 wa/$ 9 !  
=m ( d5se smoke4 ,n[1 ?anks to ! new    
app>atus ( ,messrs4 ,ne$ham & ,kyte1 !  
same result is obta9$ ) great sav+ 9    
space1 "t1 & fuel4  ,! process is       
simple1 & easy to manage4 ,z soon z !   

f9al mixture is sift$1 ! slip is direct$
 to a well1 :5ce x is rais$ by an       
hydraulic pump & s5t to ! presses1 :i*  
are compos$ ( a v>iable numb] ( l>ge    
wood5 frames4 ,^! are closely ribb$ on  
bo? faces1 &1 :5 plac$ side by side 9 a 
v]tical position1 !y leave 9 ! middle an
 int]val ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9  
?ickness4 ,ea* ( ^! holl[ comp>tm5ts is 
l9$ ) a %eet ( /rong cotton /uff1 fold$ 
9 su* a way z to =m a bag1 9 ! middle ( 
:i* a small metal fitt+ passes ?r\gh !  
upp] "p ( ! frames1 & =ms ! spr+ by :i* 
! slip c be admitt$ into ! int]ior4 ,:5 
! bags are ti$ toge!r1 ! slip is admitt$
 into _! int]ior & submitt$ to su*      
pressure f ! pump1 t ! wat] filt]s ?r\gh
 ! int]/ices ( ! /uff1 & escapes by !   
small int]vals left betwe5 ! ribs ( !   
frames4 ,aft] all[+ a suffici5t "t = !  
action ( ! pump1 ! presses are dism\nt$1
 & ! solid clay is f\nd 9 ! middle ( !  
bags1 ready = use 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4  
,! processes = %ap+ ! diff]5t articles  
are _m4 ,= ! m exp$iti\s prep>ation ( ! 

w>es1 x 0 necess>y t ea* workman %\ld   
devote ! :ole ( 8 "t to a special bran* 
( 8 art4 ,= ?is reason we h sev]al      
classes ( pott]s1 call$ accord+ to _!   
avocation3 ?r[]s1 turn]s1 h&l]s1 holl[ &
 flat w>e press]s1 figure & ornam5t     
mak]s1 tile mak]s1 modell]s1 m\ld &     
sagg] mak]s1 besides ^? :o are employ$ 9
 ! decoration ( ! goods4 ,( all ^! v>i\s
 bran*es1 ! mo/ attractive = ^? :o are  
witness+ x = ! fir/ "t1 is ! ?r[+2 & x  
is a s\rce ( amazem5t = !m to see h[    
quickly1 9 ! h&s ( ! pott]1 ! same lump 
( clay c be trans=m$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 
,! pott]'s :eel is ( great antiquity4 ,9
 "s ,egyptian hi]oglyphics f ! tombs (  
,b5i-,hassan1 kn[n to h be5 made dur+ ! 
twelf? dyna/y1 ! diff]5t occupations ( !
 pott] are pa9t$ ) great di/9ctness4 ,9 
"o ( ^!1 two pott]s are us+ ! :eel =    
mak+ _! vessels--imply+ t ?is           
contrivance has be5 9 use = some?+ l f\r
 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! =ms & proportions ( !    
:eels may be v>i$ )\t alt]+ ! pr9ciple4 
,a sp9dle1 f9i%$ at its l[] end 9 ! =m (

 a po9t$ pivot1 is plac$ on a h>d       
sub/ance on :i* x c easily revolve4 ,!  
upp] end is furni%$ ) a wood5 head or   
small plat=m1 on :i* ! lump ( clay is to
 be plac$1 & betwe5 ?is head & pivot is 
fix$ an horizontal wood5 disc ( l>ge    
diamet]1 :i* acts z a fly-:eel & keeps !
 sp9dle 9 motion = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,!
 motion may be giv5 by ! h&1 ! foot1 or 
me*anical p[]1 :i* causes ! sp9dle to   
revolve ) great velocity4 ,a good ?r[]  
requires a great deal ( practice1 z he  
is expect$ to ?r[ sev]al hundr$ pieces a
 day1 al?\gh ! art is f> f be+ :at x 0 9
 ! old5 times4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! new    
plan ( press+ all l>ge pieces 9 pla/]   
m\lds1 ! ?r[] has b small or mod]ate    
size pieces to "w1 & ^! he f9i%es only 9
 ! inside1 leav+ ! outside to be done by
 ! turn]1 :5 ! pieces are 9 a m advanc$ 
/ate ( dryness4 ,?is division ( "w1     
br\ght ab\t by ! exig5cies ( ! trade1 is
 v mu* to be regrett$1 = ! old ?r[] 0   
really an arti/1 :o c\ld impress 8 feel+
 on ! "w :i* 0 entru/$ to him f beg9n+  

to end4 ,he has n n[ ! same opportunity 
( %[+ 8 skill1 & _c take 9 8 "w ! pride 
& int]e/ :i* he w\ld h felt1 if         
circum/ances _h n be5 alt]$4 ,! same may
 be said ( ! turn]1 :o f9i%es ! outside 
on a la! l t us$ = turn+ wood4 ,! ?r[]  
prep>es ! pieces ( a ?ick] bulk ?an is  
requir$1 & x is ! turn]'s bus9ess to br+
 !m to a prop] ?ickness1 by remov+ !    
excess ( mat]ial & giv+ to ! ext]ior a  
smoo? & highly f9i%$ surface4 ,if !     
h&les are ornam5t$1 !y are press$ 9     
pla/] m\lds2 if pla91 !y are squeez$ f a
 brass cyl9d]1 fill$ ) clay1 ) a small  
ap]ture at ! bottom1 f :i* x escapes "u 
! pressure 9 long ribbons4 ,^! are plac$
 side by side on a bo>d1 cut across at !
 requir$ l5g?1 & b5t 9 ! =m ( h&les :5  
!y get suffici5tly h>d4 ,!y are aft]w>ds
 fitt$1 & made to adh]e to ! pieces by  
means ( a little wat] or slip dropp$ f !
 po9t ( a bru%4  ,flat pieces1 su* z    
plates1 di%es1 sauc]s1 & ! l1 are made 9
 pla/] m\lds1 on :i* a bat ( s(t clay is
 tightly compress$ by a h& tool1 call$ a

 poli%]4 ,! process is v exp$iti\s1     
al?\gh ! press] is oblig$ to repeat !   
op]ation1 to give m pressure & f9i%4 ,= 
?is k9d ( w>e1 ! pott]'s :eel call$ a   
jigg]1 is simplifi$ s f>1 t ! iron      
sp9dle re/+ on its po9t & fix$ to a b5*1
 is provid$ only ) a r\nd pla/] head on 
:i* ! m\lds are plac$4 ,! press] keeps  
?is 9 motion ) 8 left h&1 :il/ ) ! "r he
 guides ! poli%]4  ,9 ^? manufactories  
:i* h adopt$ ! late/ improvem5ts1 !     
jigg]s are work$ by /eam p[]1 & ! /oves 
9 :i* ! pieces are s5t to dry are heat$ 
by /eam pipes4 ,^! are con/ruct$ on a   
new pr9ciple1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( %elves
 :i* revolve r\nd a c5tral sp9dle1 s t  
by a g5tle pu% ( ! h&1 ea* section is   
successively br\ght 9 front ( ! door1   
giv+ ! opportunity ( remov+ or putt+ 9 !
 m\lds4 ,?is simple contrivance does    
away ) ! necessity = ! assi/ant boy     
ent]+ ! /ove1 & feel+ ! bad effects ( ! 
heat4  ,:5 ! pieces are n exactly r\nd1 
& _c be ?r[n or press$ on jigg]s1 x is !
 cu/om to h !m made 9 pla/] m\lds1 :i* h

 be5 ca/ on models prep>$ = ! purpose4  
,z long z ! clay keeps s(t1 x takes !   
%ape ( any h>d sub/ance aga9/ :i* x is  
press$1 & = t reason1 pla/]1 :i* has !  
prop]ty ( absorb+ moi/ure readily1 is   
pref]r$4 ,! use ( pla/] = m\lds is      
comp>atively rec5t1 & al?\gh its        
prop]ties 7 kn[n 9 e>ly times1 !re is no
 evid5ce t x 0 ev] employ$ = t object4  
,greeks1 ,etruscans1 & ,romans1 _h _!   
m\lds made ( fir$ clay2 ! ,*9ese1 9 raw 
clay ?or\ghly dri$4 ,9 ,/af=d%ire1 be=e 
! use ( pla/]1 !y 7 made ( fir$ clay or 
metal2 b pla/] is m economical ?an any (
 ^!1 al?\gh m\lds made ( ?is mat]ial d n
 la/ long1 & require con/ant r5ew+4  ,! 
mak+ ( m\lds1 well adapt$ = press+ !    
v>i\s %apes1 is a v important "p ( !    
pott]'s bus9ess4 ,!y mu/ all[ ( a c]ta9 
am\nt ( contraction1 &1 at ! same "t1   
mu/ easily dislocate )\t pull+ away any 
"p ( ! piece1 :i* is /ill suffici5tly   
s(t to be di/ort$ by c>eless h&l+4 ,"s  
pieces w require m\lds made 9 "o or two 
p>ts2 o!rs1 a l>ge quantity ( !m1 !     

v>i\s fragm5ts be+ 9 t case press$      
sep>ately1 & c>efully put toge!r        
aft]w>ds4 ,! press+ is done 9 ?is way3 !
 pott] beg9s to flatt5 a lump ( clay 9 !
 =m ( a bat1 & transf]s x to ! inside ( 
! m\ld2 !n1 by ! repeat$ bl[s ( a sponge
 9 8 "r h&1 he compels ! s(t mat]ial to 
take ! exact =m ( ! m\ld1 &1 ( c\rse1 ( 
any ornam5tation :i* may be on its inn] 
surface4 ,a good press] ought to be     
sy/ematic 9 8 "w1 & n to apply m        
pressure to "o "p ?an to ano!r1 o!rwise 
! diff]5t portions ( ! pieces w\ld n    
contract alike1 & w\ld be liable to %[  
an irregul> surface1 or ev5 crack 9 !   
dry+ or fir+ processes4  ,= sev]al      
reasons1 !re are pieces :i* _c be       
press$3 !y may be requir$ v ?91 or _!   
%ape is su*1 t ! pott] _c rea* all !    
p>ts to take ! impression conv5i5tly4 ,9
 ?is case he mu/ adopt ! foll[+ plan4 ,!
 m\ld is ti$ up1 & fill$ ) liquid clay  
?r\gh an op5+ left 9 ! top4 ,! pla/]    
rapidly absorbs ! wat]1 & a deposit (   
solid clay adh]es to ! surface4 ,?is    

soon increases 9 ?ickness2 & :5 ! pott] 
?9ks x is suffici5t1 he p\rs out ! slip 
:i* is 9 excess4 ,! piece soon h>d5s1 & 
:5 x beg9s to contract1 x is !n "t to   
remove x f ! m\ld4 ,?is process has !   
advantage ( giv+ a uni=m ?ickness1 & z  
!re is no o!r pressure ?an t caus$ by ! 
absorption ( ! pla/] surface1 !re is a  
bett] *ance = ! piece to contract       
equally1 & on ?is acc\nt ?is me?od      
7call$ ca/+7 is pref]r$ = articles :i*  
require a neat execution4 ,9 "s cases x 
is *eap] ?an ord9>y press+2 b ! drawback
 is1 ! excessive contraction or         
dim9ution ( bulk to :i* ! w>e ?us made  
is subject$4 ,an irregul> contraction is
 ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! defects att5d+ !     
c]amic manufacture1 & x is wor? expla9+ 
! causes1 ( :i* !re are ?ree4 ,i h      
already m5tion$ t natural clays1 :i* h  
rema9$ 9 a damp soil = ages1 conta9     
mat]ials 9 a hydr\s /ate1 i4e4 comb9$ ) 
wat]1 :i* sometimes increases _! bulk   
consid]ably4 ,^! are un/able comp\nds1 &
 may be de/roy$ by ?or\ghly dry+ !m4 ,"s

 o!r mat]ials us$ 9 pott]y may be       
artificially comb9$ ) wat]1 z w\ld be ! 
case1 if gr\nd 9 x = an unnecess>y l5g? 
( "t4 ,! second reason is1 !            
int]position ( ! uncomb9$ wat] betwe5 ! 
solid p>ticles ( ! clay1 & z ?is _c be  
work$ )\t x1 ?is cause ( %r9k+ _c be    
avoid$4 ,x w be easily und]/ood1 t :5 ! 
wat] 9 ! mixture evaporates1 ! solid    
p>ticles1 "u atmosph]ic pressure1 w move
 to take its place1 & ?is effect w      
cont9ue z long z !y f9d en\gh moi/ure to
 assi/ 9 _! free motion4 ,! consequ5ce  
is1 t ! mass %r9ks m & m1 till !        
contraction is /opp$ by ! inability ( ! 
p>ticles to move f>!r2 & ?is happ5s be=e
 ! pieces are completely dry4 ,f t /ate 
to complete dryness1 ! evaporation ( !  
rema9+ wat] w leave small holes1 :i* w  
make ! texture ( ! w>e por\s1 & prone to
 absorb any liquid ) :i* x may come 9   
contact4  ,! %r9kage 9 ! raw /ate !n is 
me*anical1 & di/9ct f t :i* takes place 
9 ! ov5 "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,"u ?is   
ag5cy ! p>ticles ent] into comb9ation1 &

 if ! process is c>ri$ f> en\gh1 ! w>e  
may become p>tially vitrifi$ & acquire a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( transp>5cy4 ,! m p]fect !
 vitrification1 ! clos] w be ! contact (
 ! p>ticles1 & consequ5tly ! great] !   
dim9ution ( bulk4 ,f ^! causes1 ! total 
contraction may v>y f "o-sixte5? to     
"o-fif? ( ! orig9al model4 ,! lea/ w    
belong to w>e press$ ) /iff clay g5tly  
fir$2 ! greate/1 to t ca/ ) liquid slip 
& br\ght to ! vitrifi$ /ate4 ,9 ^! la/1 
! %r9kage is great] 9 height ?an 9 wid?1
 a fact expla9$ by ! weight ( ! upp]    
portions act+ v]tically to assi/ ! clos]
 contact ( ! p>ticles 9 ! "u-/ructure1  
:5 ! same opposes _! free action 9 an   
horizontal direction4 ,9 mak+ ! models1 
c>e %\ld be tak5 to br+ ! contraction to
 a common c5tre1 or if !re are sev]al1  
to /r5g!n suffici5tly ! connect+ p>ts4  
,aft] ! dry+ ( ! w>e1 ! next op]ation   
consi/s 9 plac+ x 9 sagg]s1 :i*1 z ,i h 
said1 are made ( common fire-clay1 & ( a
 =m & size to suit ! diff]5t articles   
:i* !y are int5d$ to hold4 ,a c]ta9     

?ickness ( fl9t or s& is plac$ at _!    
bottom = ! purpose ( giv+ !m a firm b$1 
& z x is ! int]e/ ( ! manufactur] to    
make ! same fir+ answ] = ! greate/      
quantity ( goods1 c>e is tak5 to fill ! 
sagg]s z f> z is safe4 ,! plac+ ( ! w>e 
is done at ! outside ( ! ov5s1 & :5 ^!  
are to be fill$1 ! sagg]s are quickly   
arrang$ "o ov] ! o!r 9 columns1 call$   
bungs1 ea* sagg] =m+ ! cov] = ! "o      
imm$iately und]nea?4 ,a small roll ( s(t
 clay plac$ betwe5 makes !m /& bett]1 & 
at ! same "t prev5ts ! a%es c>ri$ by !  
draught f f9d+ _! way into ! int]ior1 & 
damag+ ! cont5ts4  ,9 anci5t times1 !   
ov5s1 int5d$ to hold few pieces1 7 v    
small2 b z ! pott]s became m exp]i5c$1 !
 sizes 7 gradually increas$1 & n[-a-days
 "s ( !m are n less ?an #ai feet 9      
diamet]4 ,! quality ( fuel _h1 ( c\rse1 
a great deal to d ) _! mode (           
con/ruction4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t coals are    
ackn[l$g$ to conta9 m heat1 & to be     
*eap] ?an wood1 ! ov5s are g5]ally built
 9 a cyl9drical =m1 ) sev]al m\?s or    

fe$]s dispos$ at equal di/ances on !    
out] circumf]5ce1 ! upp] "p be+ cov]$ by
 a semi-sph]ical dome or vault1 to keep 
! heat inside & rev]b]ate x d[nw>ds4    
,?is con/ruction is v simple1 ! only    
complication be+ 9 ! arrangem5t ( flues 
"u ! bottom ( ! ov51 s z to ?r[ into t  
"p a portion ( ! heat1 :i* o!rwise w\ld 
be liable to accumulate t[>ds ! top4  ,!
 fir+ mu/ be conduct$ v sl[ly at fir/1  
to prev5t a too sudd5 evaporation ( !   
damp1 :i* w\ld cause ! splitt+ ( !      
goods4 ,?is be+ done1 ! heat is rais$   
gradually1 c>e be+ tak5 to fe$ ! m\?s ) 
fuel z quickly z x is consum$4 ,x       
requires an exp]i5c$ fireman1 to see t  
"o "p ( ! ov5 does n get 9 advance ( !  
o!r4 ,he manages ?is by ?r[+ 9 a c]ta9  
quantity ( air ?r\gh small op5+s 9 !    
brick-"w1 :i* are %ut or left op5       
accord+ to circum/ances4 ,:atev] may be 
! con/ruction ( ! ov51 ! quantity ( air 
mix$ ) ! gas produc$ by ! combu/ion (   
fuel causes ! atmosph]e to be r$uctive (
 oxidiz+2 :i* means t ! diff]5t mat]ials

 submitt$ to ! heat w\ld1 9 consequ5ce (
 an abundance ( c>bon1 h a t5d5cy to be 
depriv$ ( _! oxyg5 & return to a        
metallic /ate1 or t by fir+ 9 pres5ce ( 
an excess ( air or c>bonic acid1 !y w\ld
 be kept 9 a high /ate ( oxidation4 ,x  
is =tunate t all classes ( ,engli%      
pott]y1 )\t exception1 require1 or are n
 injur$ by1 an oxidiz+ fire1 :i* is !   
mo/ economical way ( fir+1 s9ce by x all
 ! gases are completely burnt inside !  
ov5 )\t any wa/e ( fuel4 ,by a bett]    
application ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,messrs4    
,m9ton h introduc$ a new ov51 9 :i* !   
fuel is s completely utiliz$1 t x       
requires only "o half ( ! usual quantity
 ( coals1 besides do+ away ) ! d5se     
smoke1 :i* is ! annoyance ( ! di/rict4  
,by ! fir/ fire to :i* x is expos$1 !   
w>e is conv]t$ into :at is t]m$1 f !    
,fr5*1 biscuit--an incorrect "n1 z x    
seems to imply t x has already be5 fir$ 
twice1 :51 9 fact1 x has be5 only fir$  
once4 ,"s classes ( pott]y d n require m
 ?an a s+le fir+1 z1 = in/ance1 ! common

 t]ra cotta & /onew>e4 ,h[ev]1 = all our
 ,engli% w>e x is necess>y to h two     
fires1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,fir/1 !     
necessity = gett+ a d5s] texture ( ! w>e
 by submitt+ x to a /rong heat1 le/ !   
glazes :i* are to be melt$ on _!        
surface1 & :i* !reby become v d5se & mo/
 contractible1 %\ld n agree ) ! m op5   
texture ( ! body1 & %\ld crack or craze 
:5 expos$ to *anges ( temp]ature4       
,secondly1 t = coat+ ! w>e ) ! glaze1 x 
is necess>y to dip ! article 9 ! vitre\s
 mixture f9ely gr\nd1 & kept 9 susp5sion
 9 wat]2 consequ5tly1 if x 7 9 ! raw    
/ate :5 ?is 0 done1 ! adhesion ( !      
p>ticles w\ld be s small1 t !y w\ld     
readily dissolve 9 ! liquid4 ,x is      
cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to expose ! goods fir/  
to a h>d fire1 :i*1 accord+ to ! size ( 
! ov5s & ! quality ( ! w>e1 may la/ f   
=ty to fifty h\rs4  ,f ! biscuit ov51 ! 
goods1 if !y are to be left :ite1 may be
 s5t to be glaz$2 b if !y are to be     
decorat$ ) a pr9t$ patt]n1 !y mu/ be    
=w>d$ to ! pr9t+ dep>tm5t4 ,pr9t+ on    

pott]y is comp>atively a mod]n inv5tion1
 its *ief advantage be+ ! *eap rate (   
production4 ,up to ! la/ c5tury1 ! goods
 7 always pa9t$ by h&3 a sl[1 b x mu/ be
 confess$1 a m arti/ic process1 z ! "w  
execut$ 9 ?is way1 ev5 ( an inf]ior k9d1
 w exhibit a fre$om ( t\* & facility (  
execution1 :i* w make x attractive &    
pref]able to ! =mality ( a pr9t$ patt]n1
 h[ev] ri* or complicat$ x may be4 ,?is 
sup]iority is suffici5tly illu/rat$ by  
comp>+ mono*rome patt]ns ( ,italian     
majolica1 ,delft1 & ,*9ese1 ) ! mod]n   
pr9t$ w>e ( ! same col\r4  ,public ta/e 
has s wond]fully improv$ lately1 t1 = my
 "p1 ,i h no d\bt t we %all soon h a    
special class ( arti/s tra9$ to execute1
 by h&1 *eap & simple decorations = ^?  
pur*as]s :o are n satisfi$ ) pr9t$      
decoration4  ,to :at ext5t !            
introduction ( pr9t+ on pott]y has h9d]$
 ! progress ( art education 9           
,/af=d%ire1 is a "q on :i* p may ent]ta9
 diff]5t op9ions2 b we might ask1 :at   
am\nt ( arti/ic "w we might n d1 if at !

 pres5t "t we _h "s hundr$s ( artisans  
tra9$ f _! e>ly ye>s to t /yle ( pa9t+8 
,h[ev] t may be1 ! process ( transf]r+  
pr9t$ patt]ns to biscuit w>e 0 consid]$ 
a great /ep1 & "o :i* contribut$ l>gely 
to ! ext5sion ( ! e>!nw>e trade4        
,liv]pool & ,worce/] claim ! priority = 
?is inv5tion1 t[>ds ! ye> #ageb4 ,x is a
 fact t %ortly aft] t date1 ,/af=d%ire  
pott]s us$ to s5d _! w>es to ,messrs4   
,sadl] & ,guy-,gre51 ( ,liv]pool1 to be 
pr9t$2 & !re is also e reason to believe
 t ab\t ! same "t x 0 introduc$ at !    
,worce/] works1 !n "u ! managem5t ( ,dr4
 ,wall1 by an engrav] nam$ ,hancock4  ,!
 process ( pr9t+ on pott]y does n diff] 
v mat]ially f t us$ = transf]r+ to pap] 
a design f an ord9>y copp]-plate4 ,!re  
are1 h[ev]1 ^! diff]5ces1 t a metallic  
col\r is us$ in/ead ( lampblack1 & t a  
f9e tissue pap] is specially made = t   
purpose4 ,:5 t pap]1 ) ! patt]n pr9t$ ^u
 x1 is laid on ! w>e1 face d[nw>ds1 !   
col\rs adh]e /rongly to ! biscuit1 :i*1 
be+ por\s & alum9\s1 has a great aff9ity

 = ! oil ) :i* !y h be5 mix$4 ,aft]     
rubb+ ! back ( ! pr9t ) a roll (        
flannel1 to secure ! adhesion ( e       
portion ( ! patt]n1 ! biscuit piece is  
plung$ 9 wat]1 & ! pap] comes (f q      
freely1 ! :ole ( ! col\r /ick+ fa/ to ! 
w>e4  ,previ\s to glaz+1 ! pr9t$ w>e mu/
 be br\ght to a r$ heat1 = ! sole object
 ( burn+ ! oil mix$ ) ! col\r4 ,?is is  
done 9 kilns1 call$ h>d5+-on kilns4  ,! 
col\rs 9 use = pr9t+ "u ! glaze are n   
_m2 z few only ( ! prep>ations made )   
metallic oxides c1 :5 br\ght to a r$    
heat1 /& ! action ( ! glazes "u :i* !y  
are laid4 ,mo/ ( !m 9 ?is case w be     
dissolv$ & consid]ably weak5$1 if !y d n
 ev5 completely disappe>4 ,cobalt1 & !  
prep>ations made f *romates1 are ! mo/  
resi/+1 &1 :5 well prep>$1 ! glaze 9    
melt+ ov] !m w br+ out ! col\r )        
increas$ beauty4  ,! necessity = cov]+ !
 biscuit ) glaze to /op ! absorption (  
liquids or greasy sub/ances1 :i* w\ld   
f9d _! way into its int]ior & w\ld /a9  
x1 is s obvi\s1 t ,i d n ?9k x necess>y 

to dwell on ! importance ( ?is op]ation4
 ,i h /at$ already t x 0 us$ by !       
,egyptians & ,assyrians1 :o knew mo/ ( !
 sal9e mixtures by :i* :ite & col\r$    
glazes c\ld be obta9$2 b ^!1 :i* = !    
greate/ "p 7 alkal9e silicates1 c\ld n h
 resi/$ ! action ( "t z !y h done1 if a 
c]ta9 am\nt ( silicate ( lead _h n made 
!m p]man5t4 ,!y f\nd ?is mat]ial 9 !    
sulphide ( lead1 :i* by ! silica x      
conta9s1 or t :i* x meets on ! body ( ! 
w>e1 gives a glaze1 :i* /&s exposure to 
damp bett] ?an any o!r4 ,t ?is m9]al 0  
us$ 9 remote antiquity1 pro(s are       
num]\s4 ,i recollect1 among/ o!rs1 "s   
small %alti1 or sepul*ral figures1 made 
9 ,egypt m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ( :i* 
! r$ p>ts1 su* z ! faces & h&s1 h be5   
glaz$ 9 ?is way4 ,my op9ion is1 t x 0   
us$ by ! ,greeks1 9 connection ) ! black
 oxide ( iron1 to produce ! black col\r 
us$ 9 ! decoration ( _! vases1 & x might
 "s day prove t x 0 an indisp5sable     
mat]ial 9 ! prep>ation ( ! r$ sme>1 :i* 
is ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,samian w>e4

 ,at all ev5ts x is ) ?is s+le mat]ial1 
/a9$ ) metallic oxides1 t ! ,arabs glaz$
 _! ri*-look+ pott]y1 & ! same 0 us$    
aft]w>ds = our encau/ic tiles & our     
common pott]y1 f ! "t ( ,elizabe? d[n to
 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,lately1      
h[ev]1 ! sci5ce ( mak+ glazes has       
consid]ably improv$1 & a v>iety ( new   
sub/ances h be5 introduc$4 ,to prep>e a 
glaze is "o ( ! mo/ delicate op]ations  
possible1 & failures are att5d$ ) mo/   
s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! conditions to be  
fulfill$ are _m4 ,x mu/ n be too fusible
 nor too h>d1 ei!r ( :i* conditions w\ld
 make x dull or apt to craze2 & x mu/ be
 transp>5t1 o!rwise ! col\rs und]nea?   
w\ld n be cle>4 ,x may happ5 t a glaze  
:i* app>5tly seems good :5 x comes out f
 ! ov51 w craze :5 a few mon?s1 or      
p]haps ye>s1 h elaps$4 ,g5]ally1 ! less 
alum9a t !re is 9 ! biscuit1 ! easi] is 
! adaptation ( ! glaze1 & ?is acc\nts = 
! s(t porcela9s be+ easi] to manage 9   
?is respect ?an ord9>y e>!nw>es4  ,!    
mat]ials us$ = ! f\ndation ( glazes are 

9 pr9ciple ! same z ^? = ! body1 viz4   
silica1 9 ! =m ( fl9t1 or s& & felsp>1  
pure or mix$ ) o!r compon5ts 9 !        
granitic rocks1 call$ ,corni% /one4 ,^! 
are ! h>d mat]ials to be vitrifi$ by !  
fluxes1 :i* are c>bonate or oxide (     
lead1 boracic acid or borax1 pota% or   
soda1 c>bonate ( lime or b>ytes4 ,!re is
 no def9ite receipt = mix+1 & !y may be 
comb9$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,e manufactur]
 has receipts ( 8 own1 & ,i mu/ say t "s
 make _! glazes a great deal bett] ?an  
o!rs4 ,!y are r exp5sive1 *iefly ow+ to 
! increas$ price ( borax1 a mat]ial (   
comp>atively mod]n use1 :i*1 be+ apt to 
promote ! brilliancy ( ! w>es & ! beauty
 ( ! v>i\s col\rs1 is n[ ext5sively us$4
 ,:5 ! compon5ts ( ! glazes are n       
soluble 9 wat]1 x may be suffici5t to h 
!m f9ely gr\nd 9 wat]4 ,b if any soluble
 salt1 su* z borax1 nitre1 or soda1 is  
employ$1 x is necess>y to r5d] !m       
insoluble1 by vitrify+ !m toge!r ) o!r  
sub/ances4 ,?is may be effect$ 9        
crucibles1 or1 /ill bett]1 9 rev]b]atory

 furnaces1 :]e a l>ge quantity may be   
melt$ m conv5i5tly4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 !   
mass is well liquefi$ by ! int5sity ( ! 
heat1 x is run into cold wat]1 :i*1     
cool+ x sudd5ly1 causes x to break into 
small fragm5ts4 ,?is is call$ a fritt2 &
 :5 x is s5t to ! mill1 any o!r         
insoluble mat]ial may be add$ to x if   
necess>y4 ,to lay a ?9 coat ( glaze on !
 surface ( e>!nw>e1 is a mo/ exp$iti\s  
process4 ,advantage is tak5 ( ! por\s   
nature ( ! biscuit1 :i*1 be+ dipp$ 9 !  
liquid slip1 rapidly absorbs ! wat]1    
:ile ! solid p>ticles ( ! glaze1 :i*1   
h[ev] f9e1 c\ld n foll[ ! wat] to its   
int]ior1 are f\nd coat+ ! surface4 ,z ! 
pieces are remov$ f ?is ba? be=e ! pores
 ( ! clay are saturat$ ) wat]1 !y are   
se5 to dry almo/ directly4  ,aft] ?is1 !
 la/ op]ation consi/s 9 fir+ ! pieces a 
second "t1 to give !m t neat & f9i%$    
look :i* belongs to glaz$ sub/ances4 ,! 
sagg]s1 ov5s1 & ! mode ( conduct+ ! fire
 d n diff] 9 ?is case f ^? us$ = mak+   
biscuit4 ,! ov5s are1 h[ev]1 small]1 & !

 sagg]s _c be pack$ s closely ) !       
diff]5t articles1 z e piece has to be   
isolat$1 o!rwise ! glaze 9 melt+ w\ld   
cause !m to /ick toge!r4 ,to provide    
aga9/ ?is1 small implem5ts made ( clay  
cut 9 diff]5t =ms are us$1 &1 n to      
disfigure ! w>e1 are contriv$ 9 su* a   
way t ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 !m & !   
pieces %\ld be z small z possible4 ,?is 
second fir+ does n take m ?an fifte5 or 
eighte5 h\rs1 & ?is completes ! s]ies ( 
op]ations1 by :i* ord9>y e>!nw>e sold 9 
! :ite or pr9t$ /ate may be produc$4 ,! 
read] mu/ und]/& t ! majority ( ^!      
processes are also applicable to !      
manufacture ( *9a1 or any o!r glaz$     
pott]y1 ) "s modifications :i* ,i %all  
take ! opportunity ( notic+1 :5 speak+ (
 ^! v>ieties4  ,pott]y may be decorat$ 9
 a great numb] ( ways1 & ! op]ations are
 s v>i$ t ,i _c describe !m all         
intelligibly1 %\ld ,i attempt to d s 9  
my limit$ space4 ,i %all consequ5tly    
speak only ( ! pa9t+s execut$ on !      
surface4 ,?is necessitates ! use (      

col\rs specially prep>$ & made f two    
di/9ct mat]ials2 ! bases & ! fluxes4 ,! 
bases are g5]ally metallic oxides or    
highly oxidiz$ comp\nds2 ! fluxes are   
vitre\s sub/ances1 simil> to ! glazes1 b
 s(t]1 ^: function is1 to fix ! col\rs  
p]man5tly on ! w>e4 ,:5 bo?1 aft] be+   
intimately gr\nd toge!r1 are fir$ at a  
mod]ate heat on ! article1 ! fluxes w   
cause ! col\r ( ! bases to look m       
vigor\s & bright]1 ! effect be+ r simil>
 to t ( an oil or transp>5t v>ni% on    
ord9>y body col\r4 ,= ?is object1 !y mu/
 h v little *emical action1 & be        
suffici5tly s(t to act 9 a mod]ate      
quantity4 ,if1 by c>elessness or        
accid5t1 ! temp]ature is rais$ to a     
degree high] ?an ! "o exactly requir$1  
new comp\nds are =m$1 & ! alt]ation ( ! 
col\r is ! consequ5ce4 ,!re are "s      
in/ances 9 :i* no fluxes are requir$2   
?is is ! case1 :5 ! w>e has be5 coat$ ) 
a glaze suffici5tly fusible to all[ !   
bases to s9k 9 x1 z soon z x beg9s to   
s(t5 "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,by ?is      

process m =ce & effect are obta9$4 ,x   
is1 h[ev]1 seldom us$1 = ?is reason1 t f
 ! c>e & att5tion :i* x requires 9 !    
sup]9t5d5ce ( ! fir+1 ! manufactur] w\ld
 run great] risks1 &1 be+ unable to use 
l>ge ov5s1 w\ld n turn out ! same       
quantity ( w>e4 ,altoge!r x is a v      
exp5sive process4  ,mod]n *emi/ry has   
plac$ at ! disposal ( col\r mak]s new   
comp\nds :i* h made ! prep>ation (      
fluxes comp>atively easy4 ,at ! pres5t  
"t two classes are requir$3 ^? 9 :i* !  
oxides ( lead pr$om9ate1 & ^? *iefly    
made ) borax1 :i* on acc\nt ( its great 
purity is us$ 9 almo/ e flux1 & is (    
great s]vice = ^? col\rs :i*1 l ! p9ks &
 purples1 w\ld suff] f ! pres5ce ( lead4
  ,! prep>ation ( pa9t+ col\rs is a     
little m complicat$1 & ea* requires a   
diff]5t treatm5t4 ,! numb] ( ^? f\nd 9 !
 trade is r l>ge1 & ea* arti/ has 8     
fav\rite mak]4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 any o!r k9d (
 pa9t+1 beg9n]s are apt to ?9k t !y w be
 assi/$ by ! use ( a great v>iety (     
t9ts1 :5 !y w le>n by m exp]i5ce1 t a v 

limit$ numb] is suffici5t4 ,i _c        
und]take to give any receipts = ^? :o   
might wi% to prep>e ^! !mselves2 ,i only
 m5tion ! "n ( ! sub/ances necess>y to  
secure ea* ( ! ess5tial col\rs4  ,:ite  
is n a col\r1 b :5 want$ on a col\r$    
body1 x is procur$ by an enamel prep>$ )
 ! oxide ( t94 ,light yell[ requires !  
oxides ( lead & antimony4 ,orange w     
require ! same1 ) an addition (         
deutoxide ( iron4 ,! hydrate ( p]oxide (
 ! same metal w give a gold5 buff4 ,!   
sub*romate ( lead gives a v bright r$1 b
 x is v unsafe & mixes badly2 ! r$s made
 by calc9+ ! common sulphate ( iron are 
pref]r$4 ,f ?is1 accord+ to ! degree (  
fire1 all %ades ( r$ may be got1 f an   
orange r$ to a deep purple br[n4 ,!     
p9ks1 purples1 & crimsons are made f !  
precipitate ( cassius2 ?is is obta9$ by 
p\r+ a weak solution ( t9 9 ! *loride ( 
gold4 ,! d>k blue is a triple silicate (
 cobalt1 :i*1 by ! admixture ( ! :ite   
oxide ( z9c1 may be conv]t$ into a      
bright] blue4 ,! gre5 oxide ( *rome is !

 base ( all gre5s1 ! t9t ( :i* is       
modifi$ by cobalt = ! blue gre5s1 &     
antimony = ! yell[ gre5s4 ,! *romate (  
iron1 a m9]al com+ 9 l>ge quantities f  
,s\? ,am]ica1 is ! base ( all br[ns4 ,! 
black may be got f ! mixture ( v>i\s    
oxides1 b ! be/ is t made f ! oxide (   
iridium4 ,besides ! above1 !re is ano!r 
class ( col\rs 9 :i* ! oxides are       
?or\ghly comb9$ ) ! fluxes1 su* z !     
gre5s made f copp] & ! transp>5t blues1 
:i* are gr\nd col\rs1 & mu/ be classifi$
 ) ! glazes4 ,:5 pa9t+ col\rs are fir$ )
 _! respective fluxes1 !y are v p]man5t1
 & w n only resi/ ord9>y atmosph]ic     
influ5ces1 b also ! action ( e gas or   
m9]al acid 7! fluoric except$74 ,?is    
seems an advantage 9 fav\r ( pa9t+ on   
pott]y1 & "o :i* ought to give !m an    
additional value2 9 reality1 h[ev]1     
arti/ic m]it ranks above all o!r        
consid]ations1 & unless ! "w is orig9al1
 connoisseurs 9 pott]y w h>dly take ?is 
into acc\nt4  ,sev]al oils possess+ dry+
 prop]ties1 su* z ^? ( lav5d]1 anise$1  

or turp5t9e1 are mix$ ) ! col\rs1 :i*1 f
 ! fact ( conta9+ vitre\s sub/ances1    
w\ld "w badly2 ev5 ) _! assi/ance1 x    
requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( skill to ma/] !
 process4 ,we mu/ n make too mu*1 h[ev]1
 ( ?is difficulty1 g5]ally exagg]at$ by 
! ignorance ( appr5tices 9 :at          
con/itutes ! v pr9ciples ( _! pr(ession4
 ,:5 p>5ts1 9 p]fect ignorance ( !      
abilities ( _! son1 h decid$1 aft] putt+
 _! heads toge!r1 t he %all be a pa9t]1 
sometimes = no o!r consid]ation ?an t !y
 c get him admission into a porcela9    
manufactory1 or t ?is is ! ne>e/ to _!  
home1 ! boy has n ! lea/ notion ( :at is
 be=e him1 & h>dly kn[s t he w h to le>n
 t v difficult ?+1 draw+4 ,no wond] !n1 
if 8 defici5cy 9 ?is w n all[ him to    
produce1 we w n say good1 b saleable    
pa9t+s1 unless he has sp5t a doz5 ye>s  
on 8 trial4 ,on ! contr>y1 to "o well   
prep>$ by ! /udy ( art--"o :o1 be=e he  
sets to 8 "w1 has a cle> conception ( ! 
effect :i* he wi%es to produce--!       
process w n /& 9 ! way1 & he w ma/] x 9 

! c\rse ( a few weeks4  ,to induce      
tal5t$ m5 to devote _! "t to !          
decoration ( pott]y1 is p]haps ! greate/
 difficulty met ) by our lead+          
manufactur]s4 ,z long z ! mak+ ( ! w>e  
only 0 conc]n$1 !y _h to call = !       
assi/ance ( practical m51 su* z pott]s1 
*emi/s1 or eng9e]s1 ! numb] ( :om is    
=tunately great 9 ,engl&1 & ^: s]vices c
 be secur$ by money4 ,! same ?+ is n s  
easy 9 ! matt] ( art4 ,up to a rec5t    
date1 pa9t+ on pott]y 0 n consid]$ z !  
high road to =tune1 & arti/s pref]r$ to 
try _! *ance 9 oil or wat]-col\r pa9t+1 
fully aw>e t !y w\ld h to fight aga9/ an
 army ( competitors1 & to be satisfi$ ) 
v small incomes1 unless1 by _!1 !n      
problematic1 g5ius1 !y c\ld cut _! way  
to ! front4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! rage 7!re is
 no o!r ^w = x7 = well decorat$ pott]y  
has spread 9 almo/ e class ( society1 ! 
prices paid = good "w are m remun]ative1
 & arti/s l ,solon1 ,mussill1 &         
,coleman1 c make arti/ic pott]y _!      
special bus9ess4  ,royal ,academicians l

 ,poynt] & ,m>ks h ?\ght x n b5ea? !m to
 prep>e c>toons = ,m9ton1 & x is        
probable t o!rs w\ld foll[ 9 ! same pa? 
if1 ) ! assi/ance ( our *ief pott]s1 !y 
c\ld be initiat$ into "s ( ! my/]ies ( !
 craft4 ,no d\bt !y w\ld f9d ! /udy     
attractive1 & !re is no fe> t1 hav+ once
 begun1 !y w\ld n keep fai?fully to x4  
,= myself1 ,i "k ( no su* example4  ,9  
addition to ! pa9t+ col\rs1 !re are a   
few metals :i* are us$ to enri* pott]y2 
un=tunately1 ! numb] ( ^? :i* c und]go  
exposure to a r$ heat )\t oxidiz+ is v  
limit$4 ,!re are only ?ree1 viz4 gold1  
silv]1 & plat9um1 :i* c /& x1 &1 among  
^!1 silv] is ( little use1 on acc\nt (  
its pron5ess to t>ni% "u ! action (     
sulphur\s gases4 ,gold1 on ! contr>y1   
af=ds to ! decorator "o ( 8 greate/     
res\rces4 ,we _c say :5 ! ,*9ese began  
to use x2 we only "k t 9 ,europe x 0    
?\ght a great discov]y1 :51 9 ! sixte5? 
c5tury1 x 0 us$ 9 ! ,italian majolica4  
,f t "t to ! introduction ( h>d & s(t   
porcela9 9 ,europe1 x 0 r>ely & sp>+ly  

us$2 & x 0 at ,meyss51 soon foll[$ by ! 
o!r cont95tal & ,engli% manufactories1 t
 !y began to use x ext5sively4 ,at !    
pres5t "t1 its annual consumption by our
 ,/af=d%ire pott]s alone repres5ts a v  
l>ge sum ( money4 ,!re are sev]al ways (
 prep>+ gold = pott]y purposes2 ! olde/ 
consi/s 9 gr9d+ gold leaves on a slab1  
add+ to x gum wat]1 honey1 or any o!r   
mucilag9\s liquid4 ,?is labori\s process
 surpasses all o!rs2 x has a v arti/ic  
effect :5 us$ ?91 9 ! ,*9ese fa%ion1 &1 
:5 laid ?ick1 z we f9d x 9 ! ,old       
,,savres w>e1 x answ]s beautifully =    
*as+2 ! only drawback is ! exp5se4 ,!   
mo/ usual way is to h x amalgamat$ )    
m]cury1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd 9 turp5t9e2 x  
has !n ! appe>ance ( a blacki% sub/ance1
 :i* w rega9 its col\r1 z soon z !      
m]cury is volatiliz$ by ! application ( 
a g5tle heat4 ,:5 x comes out ( ! kiln1 
! gold is dull1 & requires to be burni%$
 ) agate & blood/one tools1 to be 9     
possession ( all its brightness4  ,!re  
is ano!r decorat$ pott]y1 call$ lu/re   

w>e1 n[ out ( fa%ion1 b mo/ successfully
 execut$ at "o "t by ! ,moors1 !        
,p]sians1 & ! ,italians on _! respective
 majolicas2 ! glaze ( ?is w>e be+ m     
fav\rable ?an any o!r = ! display ( !   
process4 ,x simply consi/$ 9 pa9t+ ov] !
 fir$ w>e ) ! protoxide ( "s metal1 su* 
z t ( copp]1 tak+ c>e t f ! mom5t ! kiln
 began to get to ! r$ heat1 a con/ant   
supply ( ?ick smoke %\ld be kept up4 ,! 
p>tial r$uction ( ! metal :i* adh]es to 
! surface has a v pleas+ effect1 z may  
be notic$ 9 ! l>ge ,hispano-,moresco    
di%es1 consid]$ ! f9e/ specim5s ( ?is   
class4 ,^? produc$ 9 ,italy by ,georgio 
,&reoli fet*1 h[ev]1 a high] price1 on  
acc\nt ( ! r$ness ( _! col\r2 ! process 
is fully describ$ 9 ! celebrat$         
manuscript ( ,piccolo ,passo1 n[ 9 !    
libr>y ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4       
,lessore1 ! ,fr5* pa9t]1 lately dead1 & 
,m4 de ,morgan1 9 ,london1 h succe$$ 9  
produc+ v fair specim5s ( t k9d4 ,"s (  
our ,/af=d%ire pott]s c make ano!r lu/re
 by mix+ *loride ( gold ) lav5d] oil1   

sulphur1 res91 & o!r c>burat$ +r$i5ts1 &
 lay+ ?is mixture v ?9ly on ! surface ( 
! glaz$ w>e2 ! iridesc5t p9ki% col\r :i*
 x takes :5 x is fir$ 9 an ord9>y kiln  
is r peculi>4 ,?is has no connection ) !
 old process1 & is only us$ = ! commone/
 k9d ( goods4  ,! kilns 9 use = fir+ !  
pa9t$ or gilt w>e1 are call$ muffles or 
enamell+ kilns2 !y are 9 ! =m ( a ,d1   
laid on its /raight side1 & ( a l5g?    
proportionate to ! size & numb] ( pieces
 :i* !y are to hold4 ,! fireplaces are  
arrang$ on "o ( ! sides1 & ! flues      
contriv$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ! flame %\ld  
travel r\nd ! :ole ( ! out] surface1    
great c>e be+ tak5 t x %\ld n h access  
to ! int]ior ?r\gh any cracks or jo9ts  
:i* might exi/ 9 ! brick-"w4 ,= ord9>y  
goods "o fir+ may suffice2 = ^? highly  
decorat$1 z _m z five or six may be     
necess>y4  ,let me n[ say a few words   
respect+ ! v>i\s w>es produc$ by our    
,engli% pott]s4  ,! fir/ e>!nw>e made   
aft] ! "t ( ,w$gwood & ,josiah ,spode 0 
f> f be+ s good z t made at pres5t1 &   

sev]al attempts 7 made to br+ out a     
pott]y :i* %\ld be int]m$iate betwe5    
e>!nw>e & porcela94 ,! mo/ successful 0 
t made by ,mr4 ,mason1 ( ,f5ton1 :o1 9  
#ahac1 took out a pat5t = an iron/one   
*9a1 ! body ( :i* 0 flux$ by ! scori,a (
 iron/one & ! ord9>y ,corni% /one4 ,b   
ev5tually ?is la/ 0 f\nd suffici5t = t  
purpose4 ,! "n ( iron/one rema9$ to t   
class ( pott]y :i* is /rong & resi/ive4 
,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 e>!nw>e has s mu*      
improv$1 t iron/one has gone out (      
fa%ion2 ! ne>e/ to x is ! w>e call$ :ite
 granite1 made = ! ,am]ican m>ket1 :i*  
is ri*ly glaz$1 & made ?ick to compete )
 ! ,fr5* h>d porcela91 :i* is also      
export$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! same     
class ( cu/om]s4 ,ab\t fifty            
manufactories are specially engag$ 9    
produc+ ?is w>e2 & ^? 9 ! occupation (  
,messrs4 ,meak91 ,%aw1 ,bi%op & ,p[ell1 
& ,g4 ,jones1 may be consid]$ ! l>ge/4  
,! be/ e>!nw>e is made = ! home m>ket1  
"s ( :i* is s p]fect t1 if x 7 n opaque1
 x might be mi/ak5 = porcela94 ,:5 x is 

ri*ly decorat$ & gilt1 l t made by      
,messrs4 ,m9ton1 ,w$gwood1 ,furnival1   
,copel&1 ,br[n-,we/head1 ,br[nfields1 & 
sev]al o!r lead]s ( ! trade1 v high     
prices are obta9$ = x4  ,"s ( ^! mak]s d
 n devote all _! att5tion to e>!nw>e1 b 
produce o!r classes ( pott]y4 ,among/ ! 
sorts :i* are mo/ connect$ ) e>!nw>e are
 majolica1 ,palissy1 ,p]sian w>e1 &     
floor+ & wall tiles4 ,i h giv5 ! "n (   
majolica to t class ( ornam5t1 ^:       
surface is cov]$ ) opaque enamels ( a   
great v>iety ( col\rs4 ,x is only       
connect$ ) ! ,italian or ,moori% 9 ?is  
respect1 t ! opacity ( ! enamels is     
produc$ by ! oxide ( t92 b z we h n 9   
,engl& ! calc>e\s clay = mak+ ! real    
article1 we h be5 oblig$ to adapt1 z    
well z we c\ld1 ! old processes to !    
mat]ials at our disposal4  ,at pres5t1  
,engli% majolica is v popul>1 & )\t a   
rival = g>d5 decoration1 z x /&s        
exposure to ! wea!r bett] ?an ord9>y    
e>!nw>e1 besides ! impossibility ( !    
latt] receiv+ ! opaque enamels )\t craz+

 or *ipp+4  ,majolica 0 produc$ = ! fir/
 "t by ,messrs4 ,m9ton1 9 #ahej1 & !y h 
be5 = _m ye>s ! only produc]s ( ?is     
article4 ,x is only five or six ye>s ago
 t ,messrs4 ,maw1 ( ,broseley1 9        
,%rop%ire 7& v lately ! ,worce/]        
manufactory71 h made a pott]y ( ! same  
k9d4 ,! "n ( majolica is n[ appli$      
indiscrim9ately to all fancy articles ( 
col\r$ pott]y4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is decorat$
 by means ( col\r$ glazes1 if ^! are    
transp>5t1 x ought to be call$ ,palissy 
w>e1 f ! "n ( ! great arti/ :o us$ ^! = 
8 beautiful works4 ,messrs4 ,w$gwood1   
,george ,jones1 & a few o!r mak]s ( less
 importance1 are reproduc+ x m or less  
successfully4 ,to ,messrs4 ,m9ton1      
h[ev]1 we owe ! revival ( ! w>e1 :i*1 9 
connection ) _! majolica1 creat$ su* a  
s5sation 9 ! ,fr5* ,int]national        
,exhibition ( #ahee2 & cr$it mu/ be giv5
 to ^? g5tlem51 = be+ on t occasion !   
promot]s ( t dem& = arti/ic pott]y1 :i* 
has s l>gely develop$ ( late4 ,x is to  
satisfy ?is crav+ = novelties1 t !y h   

und]tak5 ! imitation ( ! fa,a-ence      
d',oiron1 bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,h5ri    
,deux w>e1 a r>e & co/ly "o1 :i* c only 
be produc$ 9 small quantities2 & also _!
 mo/ rec5t improvem5t1 ! reproduction ( 
! ,p]sian w>es4  ,9 ! old ,p]sian pott]y
 we f9d a real e>!nw>e tak+ a prec$5ce (
 sev]al c5turies ov] our own4 ,!re is   
little d\bt t x c be connect$ ) ! e>ly  
,arabian1 ,assyrian1 & ,egyptian1 by !  
similitude ( ! processes common to all4 
,i h no room to expla9 h[ x is t1 be+ an
 e>!nw>e1 x is s mu* ri*] 9 col\r ?an ! 
mod]n w>e made on ?is side ( ,europe4 ,i
 c only m5tion t ! body ( ! ,p]sian w>e 
may be conv]t$ into a transp>5t porcela9
 by fir+ x h>d1 :i* %[s t ! s&y clays f 
:i* ^! are made are suffici5tly sal9e to
 become vitre\s4 ,to ?is !y owe !       
prop]ty ( receiv+1 )\t craz+1 glazes ( !
 s(te/ k9d1 & consequ5tly ( exhibit+ ^? 
col\rs :i* c only /& at a l[ temp]ature1
 su* z ! ,p]sian r$1 ! turquoise1 & t   
purple or violet :i* makes s valuable ! 
specim5s on :i* x is laid4 ,if we _h 9  

,engl& s&y clays l ^? :i* ab\nd 9       
,p]sia1 ! reproduction ( ,p]sian w>e    
w\ld h be5 an easy und]tak+2 b 9 try+ to
 recon/itute x by syn!sis1 !re 7 sev]al 
ob/acles4 ,)9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1   
,messrs4 ,m9ton h sold a great _m       
specim5s ( ! w>e1 "s ( !m ( v l>ge size4
 ,!y may be recogniz$ by ! dep? ( !     
turquoise1 :i* is sometimes z ri* z     
,,savres pieces ( ! be/ p]iod4 ,_! only 
competitors = ?is class ( pott]y are !  
manufactories ( ,worce/] & ( ,messrs4   
,maw & ,co4  ,i _c leave e>!nw>e )\t    
m5tion+ ! pla9 & encau/ic tiles1        
articles ( comp>atively rec5t           
manufacture 9 ,engl&1 b ^: consumption  
is increas+ s fa/1 t x may be expect$ 9 
"t to af=d a mo/ valuable comp5sation1  
%\ld circum/ances re/rict ! production (
 "s o!r bran* ( ! trade4 ,!re is no ne$ 
to dwell on ! advantages (f]$ by ! use (
 tiles4 ,!y are clean1 invaluable 9 a   
sanit>y po9t ( view1 free f fur!r       
det]ioration & exp5se = ma9t5ance1 &    
susceptible ( a v>iety ( treatm5t :i*   

makes !m admirably fitt$ = decorative   
purposes4 ,to ! ,ea/]n nations we owe ! 
idea ( us+ ornam5tal tiles1 & x is      
likely t x is f ! num]\s build+s exi/+ 9
 ,we/]n ,asia & ! nor? ( ,africa1 at !  
"t ( ! ,crusades1 t our =efa!rs took !  
notion ( introduc+ 9 ,europe ! encau/ic 
tiles2 _! c]amic k be+ too limit$ to    
und]take ! mak+ ( pa9t$ or enamell$     
tiles1 an ess5tially ,s>ac5ic & ,moori% 
production1 ^: specim5s ne>e/ to u are  
^? to be se5 9 ! ,alhambra1 or 9 !      
,alcaz> at ,seville4 ,an inspection ( ^?
 made aft]w>ds 9 ,spa91 9 ! "t ( ,*>les 
,v41 or 9 ,italy = ! ,vatican1 & "s ( ! 
palaces 9 ,g5oa1 w\ld prove t !y 7 made 
exactly 9 ! same way4 ,f ! contra/      
betwe5 ! opaque & transp>5t enamels1 ^! 
tiles h a v =cible & h>moni\s effect1 n 
to be met 9 o!rs 7! ,p]sian except$1    
?\gh ^!1 exclusively decorat$ on a cool 
scale ( col\rs1 _c answ] s well !       
requirem5ts ( mod]n ar*itecture74 ,!    
majolica & ,delft tiles1 *iefly ! la/1 h
 be5 almo/ exclusively us$ dur+ !       

sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & x is    
only )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 t we began to   
make !m 9 e>!nw>e4 ,) ! revival ( ?is   
manufacture1 & ( almo/ any o!r sort (   
tiles1 ! "n ( ,h]b]t ,m9ton is closely  
associat$4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 "t1 & ) !        
assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,da9try        
,holl9s1 t ?is great und]tak+ 0 c>ri$   
out ) su* success1 t h>dly a new *ur* or
 public build+ is erect$ :]e ^! tiles   
are n introduc$4 ,! mak+ ( pla9 tiles is
 new & peculi>4 ,!y are made f dry clay 
r$uc$ to du/1 :i*1 be+ submitt$ 9       
metallic m\lds to a pressure ( sev]al   
hundr$ p\nds to ! in*1 becomes s        
compact1 t fur!r contraction is almo/   
suppress$1 & !y c be h&l$ )\t risk (    
break+4 ,encau/ic tiles are made f      
pla/ic clay1 9 :i* ! diff]5t portions ( 
! design are sunk bel[ ! surface1 s z to
 =m recesses1 9 :i* slips ( diff]5t     
col\rs are p\r$ accord+ to a set patt]n4
 ,:5 ^! become z h>d z ! body ( ! tiles1
 ! surface is made smoo? & level ) a    
/eel scrap]1 :i* removes all ! sup]flu\s

 mat]ial1 till ! col\rs are %[n /&+     
neatly side by side ) ! greate/         
precision4 ,x is a pretty process &     
int]e/+ to witness4 ,besides ! floor+   
tiles1 !re are _m o!r sorts made = l9+  
walls & fireplaces1 v>y+ consid]ably 9  
/yle & mat]ial4 ,!re are two v ext5sive 
& p]fect$ tile works at ,/oke1 viz4 ^?  
belong+ to ,mr4 ,holl9s & ! ,campbell   
,brick & ,tile ,company1 9 bo? ( :i* all
 sorts ( floor+ & wall tiles are made4  
,9 ! second1 rec5tly built1 ,mr4 ,col9  
,m9ton ,campbell1 ! proprietor1 has     
introduc$ new arrangem5ts & contrivances
 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t2 all op]ations be+  
p]=m$ on ! gr\nd floor1 & 9 su* mann] t 
! goods %all travel ! %orte/ possible   
di/ance f ! mom5t !y are begun to t ( _!
 completion4 ,he has be5 ! fir/ to use  
,maw's pat5t /eam presses = pla9 tiles1 
ea* ( :i* c make twelve ?\s& tiles      
weekly1 requir+ only ! assi/ance ( a    
s+le p]son1 to remove ! tiles z !y come 
out f ! m\ld4 ,x is by ! intellig5t use 
( ^! me*anical processes1 t we may      

expect a r$uction 9 ! price ( su* a     
useful article4 ,! firm ( ,m9tons /ill  
cont9ue to make _! pla9 :ite pr9t$ &    
arti/ic tiles1 along ) _! pat5t process 
= pa9t+ on mosaics4 ,! ,broseley ,works1
 9 ,%rop%ire1 belong+ to ,messrs4 ,maw &
 ,co41 h also a great "n1 & c>ry on an  
ext5sive bus9ess 9 tile mak+4 ,next are 
^? ( ,messrs4 ,edge & ,malk91 (         
,burslem4 ,messrs4 ,simpson1 ( ,london1 
are well kn[n = _! wall decorations 9   
tiles pa9t$ by h&1 & ,messrs4 ,copel&1 (
 ,/oke1 = _! pa9t$ slabs4  ,! v>i\s     
porcela9 biscuits kn[n "u ! "n ( ,p>ian 
or /atu>y biscuits1 are specially us$ = 
/atuettes1 bu/s1 & o!r articles = :i* x 
is desirable to get ! appe>ance ( :ite  
m>ble4 ,?is is a k9d ( h>d porcela9 made
 f a mixture ( kaol9 & felsp>1 9 :i* !  
degree ( h>dness or fusibility is       
regulat$ by ! proportion ( "o mat]ial   
t[>ds ! o!r4 ,( c\rse1 simil> biscuits  
may be made by m complicat$ receipts1 b 
! pr9ciple is always ! same1 viz4 ! tak+
 advantage ( ! fusibility ( felsp> or   

,corni% /one1 to secure ! requir$ am\nt 
( transp>5cy4 ,! light be+ all[$ to     
p5etrate to "s dep? bel[ ! surface1     
imp>ts to ^! biscuits a s(tness :i* is  
want+ 9 ! simil> productions ( ,,savres1
 ,g]many1 & ,d5m>k4  ,9 notic+ !        
blui%-:ite col\r ( ! =eign article z    
comp>$ ) ! cream t9t ( our own1 ,i mu/  
expla9 t ?is diff]5ce lies 9 ! managem5t
 ( ! fire1 s9ce 9 none ( !m is /a9 or   
col\r introduc$ to procure any su*      
result4 ,z my read]s mu/ n[ und]/&1 !re 
is 9 all clays1 pure z !y may be1 a     
c]ta9 am\nt ( oxide ( iron1 :i*1 dur+ ! 
fir+ process1 =ms silicate ( protoxide  
or p]oxide1 accord+ to ! *emical        
composition ( ! atmosph]e ( ! ov5 9 :i* 
!y /&4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 to make h>d      
porcela9 successfully1 ! fire mu/ be    
r$uctive2 :ile "h1 on ! contr>y1 x is   
oxidiz+2 & x is to ! =mation ( a small  
quantity ( silicate ( p]oxide ( iron    
dissem9at$ 9 ! mass1 t ! creamy col\r ( 
our ,p>ian is due4 ,s9ce ?is new mat]ial
 0 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,copel& &      

,messrs4 ,m9ton1 ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s  
ago1 a l>ge quantity ( figures1 bu/s1 & 
gr\ps h be5 sold1 & ! tal5t ( our mo/   
em95t sculptors has be5 put to          
contribution to get models adapt$ = ?is 
k9d ( w>e4 ,p>ian is g5]ally ca/1 :i*   
acc\nts = ! great contraction x und]goes
 :5 fir$1 & mu* c>e is requir$ = propp+ 
or support+ ! v>i\s articles1 z neglect 
or miscalculation 9 ?is respect w\ld    
inevitably ru9 !m4 ,o!rwise1 z ?is      
biscuit is made f few mat]ials & takes b
 "o s+le fir+1 ! simplicity ( !         
manufacture has induc$ _m small mak]s to
 und]take x--a fact t we %\ld regret1 if
 we 7 to take a purely arti/ic view (   
?is subject4 ,p>ian1 :i* 0 orig9ally    
sold 9 biscuit /ate1 has s9ce be5 glaz$1
 = ! purpose ( mak+ pieces ( decoration4
 ,! manufactory at ,worce/]1 sev]al ye>s
 ago1 made a great _m col\r$ & gilt     
ornam5ts 9 ! ,c9que-c5to /yle1 to :i* x 
has lately add$ a highly arti/ic        
imitation ( ! ,japanese lacqu]$ ivories1
 = :i* great cr$it is due to ! pres5t   

director1 ,mr4 ,b9ns4  ,! ,belleek      
manufactory1 9 ,irel&1 has obta9$ a "n =
 coat+ its glaz$ ,p>ian ) an iridesc5t  
lu/re1 9 imitation ( a simil> article   
inv5t$ by a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,bian*on4  ,= 
ri*ly decorat$ ornam5ts1 ! body ( !     
,p>ian has be5 /a9$ ) success 9 _m ri*  
col\rs by ,messrs4 ,m9ton1 _! la/       
production 9 ?is class be+ a ,p>ian     
comb9+ ! r$ col\r ( ! t]ra cotta1 ) !   
advantages ( a vitrifi$ porcela94 ,_!   
mo/ arti/ic w>e is1 h[ev]1 _! p,acte sur
 p,acte1 9 ! production ( :i* !y h be5  
assi/$ by ,m4 ,solon1 an em95t arti/1 :o
 left ! ,,savres works to e/abli% ?is   
bran* ( f9e art 9 _! manufactory4 ,to   
c>ry on ?is process1 advantage is tak5 (
 ! transp>5cy ( ! ,p>ian body ) :i* !   
figures or ornam5ts introduc$ 9 !       
composition are pa9t$1 or r modell$4 ,z 
!y are laid on a gr\nd ( a d>k col\r1 ! 
s(tness ( ! %ades 9 ! ?9n] p>ts gives to
 ! f9i%$ pieces a p>ticul>ly beautiful  
cameo appe>ance4 ,! effect may be comp>$
 to t ( ! ,limoges enamels1 :5 conf9$ to

 ! :ite col\r4 ,?is process has a c]ta9 
connection ) t ( ,w$gwood = mak+ 8 jasp]
 w>e2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 !      
jasp]1 ! figures & ornam5ts are tak5 f  
clay m\lds1 & may be repeat$ to any     
ext5t1 ! tal5t ( ! artisan consi/+ 9    
press+ neatly & transf]r+ on ! vases !  
v>i\s fragm5ts ( decoration1 )\t de/roy+
 ! %>pness ( ! impression1 :ile 9 !     
p,acte sur p,acte orig9al works c only  
be produc$ by ! arti/1 :o mu/ comb9e !  
qualifications ( design] & modell]4 ,:at
 ,i say "h is n 9 disp>agem5t ( jasp]1  
:i*1 consid]+ ! "t ( its introduction1 0
 f> 9 advance ( any?+ t c\ld be expect$4
 ,9 its production ! ,w$gwoods nev] _h a
 rival1 & ! models ( ! celebrat$ ,josiah
 ,w$gwood are /ill work$ at _!          
manufactory at ,etruria1 ) ! same       
success4 ,! sulphate & c>bonate ( b>ytes
 7 ! fluxes orig9ally us$ to vitrify !  
body ( ! jasp] w>e1 & on ?is acc\nt x   
ought to be classifi$ ) ! /onew>e4      
,p>ian1 :i* may be made f purely        
granitic mat]ials1 has a ne>] connection

 ) porcela94  ,!re are ?ree diff]5t     
sorts ( porcela93 #a4 ,! ,*9ese &       
,japanese1 ) :i* may be assimilat$ !    
,g]man & ,fr5*1 all ( !m made ( kaol9 & 
felsp>1 sometimes ) an addition ( qu>tz4
 ,! pr9cipal seat ( ?is manufacture is  
n[ 9 ,france1 ) ,limoges = its c5tre4   
#b4 ,! s(t porcela91 ( :i* ! mo/ p]fect 
type is ! old ,,savres1 includes ^? (   
,*elsea1 ,b[1 ,worce/]1 & ,d]by4 ,9 all 
^! ! transp>5cy1 :i* is ! di/9ctive     
feature ( porcela91 is secur$ by !      
introduction ( fritt1 a mixture ( s& &  
alkal9e mat]ials ?or\ghly vitrifi$1     
gr\nd & made workable by an addition (  
pla/ic clay4 ,! calc>e\s m>l us$ at     
,,savres gave to ! ,fr5* works a        
sup]iority ov] ! ,engli%1 :o c\ld only  
use ! clays f our s\!rn c\nties4 ,!     
manufacture ( ! s(t porcela91 on acc\nt 
( its difficulties1 is almo/ ab&on$4 #c4
 ,! ,engli% porcela91 ! body ( :i* is   
made1 l ! h>d1 f kaol9 & ,corni% /one1 b
 diff]+ f x by ! addition ( a l>ge      
proportion ( calc9$ bones4 ,?is k9d is  

exclusively ,engli%4 ,= ! h>d porcela91 
! glaze is made f felsp> conta9+ a      
v>iable quantity ( qu>tz1 or1 z 9       
,g]many1 f qu>tz vitrifi$ by an addition
 ( gypsum1 ! melt+ ( :i* 9 bo? cases    
requires a v high temp]ature4 ,= ! glaz+
 ( ! two o!r classes ( porcela91 a s(t1 
vitre\s mixture conta9+ silicate ( lead 
& borates is us$1 ! temp]ature necess>y 
to melt ^! be+ mu* inf]ior to t requir$ 
= fir+ ! biscuit4  ,! mo/ anci5t        
porcela9 is1 z ev]yone kn[s1 ! ,*9ese1  
:i*1 rely+ on ! few au?orities t h      
writt5 on ?is subject1 may h be5 9      
exi/5ce = two ?\s& ye>s1 & is said to h 
rea*$ its greate/ p]fection t[>ds !     
elev5? c5tury ( our era4 ,! ,portuguese 
h ! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to introduce
 x 9 ,europe1 9 #aebj2 b x is n         
improbable t1 be=e !y d\bl$ ! ,cape (   
,good ,hope1 "s specim5s 7 br\ght to    
,europe ?r\gh ,india & ,p]sia4 ,?is may 
be inf]r$ f ! m5tion by anci5t hi/orians
 ( "s extraord9>y :ite vessels1 :i* c\ld
 h>dly correspond to any o!r k9d ( w>e4 

,! ,portuguese & ! ,dut*1 :o 7 ! fir/ to
 explore ! ,*9ese seas1 seem to h d]iv$ 
a good trade f ! importation ( !        
porcela9 into ,europe1 &1 s9ce !n1 !    
reproduction ( t ref9$ pott]y 0 !       
ambition ( _m al*emi/s1 :o pursu$ _!    
exp]im5ts 9 t direction ) an eag]ness   
almo/ equal to t wa/$ 9 ! se>* = !      
philosoph]'s /one4 ,= a long "t1 9      
consequ5ce ( ! imp]fection ( _! *emical 
k1 _! ef=ts end$ 9 failure4 ,! only     
successful attempt 0 t ( ,francis ,,ii41
 "o ( ! ,m$icis1 :o produc$ a few pieces
 ( s(t porcela9 recognizable by _! m>k1 
repres5t+ ! dome ( ,flor5ce4  ,at ! dea?
 ( ?is pr9ce1 8 secret 0 lo/1 & x 0 a   
long "t aft]w>ds1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? 
c5tury1 t ,john ,dwight1 a pott]1 (     
,fulham1 9 ,middlesex1 took a pat5t =   
:at is curi\sly report$ by ,dr4 ,plot z 
! my/]y ( transp>5t e>!nw>e commonly    
kn[ne by ! "n ( porcela9e & ,p]sian w>e4
 ,made f ,engli% mat]ials1 x is probable
 t ?is 0 no?+ bett] ?an a k9d ( :ite    
/onew>e1 possess+ little ( ^? qualities 

:i* w\ld entitle x to ! "n ( porcela94  
,next to t 9 date w\ld be ! s(t porcela9
 made at ! manufactory ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 :i* 
0 said to produce1 9 #afih1 pieces ( w>e
 consid]$ v good imitations ( !         
,ori5tal4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* s(t  
porcela91 :i* 0 c>ri$ on aft]w>ds ) v>i$
 success at ,*antilly1 ,v9c5nes1 & o!r  
places1 till x 0 def9itely settl$1 9    
#agef1 by ,k+ ,l\is ,,xv4 9 ! royal     
e/abli%m5t ( ,,savres4 ,at a correspond+
 p]iod1 on ?is side ( ! ,*annel1 ! ef=ts
 ( our pott]s 7 v>i$ & num]\s4 ,if we   
are to believe ,dr4 ,m>tyn ,li/]1 a     
manufactory ( porcela9 exi/$ at ,*elsea 
z f> back z #afih1 a fact :i* w\ld      
e/abli% = ,engl& a claim equal to t (   
,france = ! discov]y ( ! s(t porcela94  
,?is is n altoge!r improbable1 consid]+ 
t !re 0 a glass manufactory 9 t locality
 be=e t1 & t _m p _h a notion t porcela9
 0 no?+ else ?an a glass h>d5$ & made   
opaque4 ,! manag]s ( ^! glass-works may 
h exp]im5t$ on t supposition1 & !       
conjecture is /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 t p\nd$

 glass 0 always us$ at ,*elsea to give !
 desir$ transp>5cy4 ,good specim5s are  
n1 h[ev]1 record$ be=e #agde1 & x is    
probable t _m ( ! improvem5ts at ,*elsea
 7 realiz$ by ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s1 :o1  
two ye>s lat]1 w5t !re to apply _!      
indu/ry4 ,! priority 9 mak+ practically 
good w>e belongs to ! works e/abli%$ 9  
#agcj at ,/rat=d-le-,b[1 f :i* ! ,b[    
porcela9 took its "n4 ,x 0 n p]fect$    
!re1 h[ev]1 be=e #agdd1 :5 a *9a1 s(t]  
?an t made at ,*elsea1 & ne>] to t made 
at ,v9c5nes1 0 manufactur$ by a pott]   
nam$ ,frye1 orig9ally a pa9t]1 :o seems 
to h be5 ! promot] & manag] ( ^! works1 
:i* at "o "t did n employ less ?an ?ree 
hundr$ p4  ,b[ 0 celebrat$ = its        
/atuettes1 & x is said t sev]al ( !m 7  
modell$ by ,bacon1 ! sculptor4 ,!       
successes ( ,b[ & ,*elsea 7 great b (   
%ort duration1 = bo? _h ceas$ to exi/ 9 
#agge1 :5 _! ut5sils & m\lds 7 sold to  
,mr4 ,william ,dwesbury1 & c>ri$ to     
,d]by1 :]e ?is ent]pris+ g5tleman _h    
/>t$ a manufactory z f> back z #agea4   

,?ree g5]ations ( ,dwesbury cont9u$ "h !
 traditions ( ,*elsea1 aft] :i* "t !    
works became ! prop]ty ( ,rob]t ,bloor1 
! la/ own] ( repute4 ,i am happy to say 
t aft] ceas+ to exi/ = a great _m ye>s1 
?is celebrat$ manufactory is go+ to be  
reviv$ "u ! lead]%ip ( ,mr4 ,e4         
,phillips1 =m]ly "o ( ! directors ( !   
,worce/] works4 ,9 t same ye> 7#agfa71 a
 man--:o = 8 inquir+ turn ( m9d &       
arti/ic k seems to h a great lik5ess to 
,josiah ,w$gwood--,johu ,wall1 a doctor 
& a *emi/1 began also to make porcela9  
at ,worce/]2 & if ,mr4 ,b9ns' ass]tions 
are correct z reg>ds ! prep>ation ( !   
fritt us$ 9 x1 he mu/ h _h "s k ( !     
,v9c5nes receipts4 ,! ,worce/] works h  
n[ be5 celebrat$ = m ?an a c5tury1 & )  
!m mu/ be associat$ ! names ( ! v>i\s   
own]s1 ,flight1 ,b>r1 & ,*amb]la94 ,at  
,caughley1 9 ,%rop%ire1 a manufactory ( 
s(t porcela9 0 9 exi/5ce 9 #agef1 & x 0 
employ$ at "o "t by ! proprietors ( !   
,worce/] works to assi/ 9 mak+ w>e1 :i* 
0 s5t back to !m to be decorat$4 ,!     

,caughley works 7 b\ght by ,john ,rose1 
a pupil ( ,turn]1 ! fir/ director1 &    
transf]r$ to ,coalport1 ) :i* ! works ( 
,nantg>w1 9 ,s\? ,wales1 7 also         
amalgamat$4 ,^! works h be5 9 ! family (
 ,john ,rose until lately1 :5 !y came   
into ! possession ( ,m4 ,pew1 ! pres5t  
own]4 ,= s(tness & resi/ance ( body1    
brightness ( glaze1 & cle>ness ( col\r1 
! ,coalport w>e is held 9 great e/eem by
 ^? :o "k any?+ ab\t *9a4 ,at ,sw9ton1 9
 ,york%ire1 s(t porcela9 0 manufactur$  
on ! prop]ty ( ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham4   
,manufactories also exi/$ at o!r places1
 s t ! read] may "h rem>k1 t all        
ex]tions to e/abli% ! manufacture ( *9a 
7 made outside ,/af=d%ire2 & if he has  
notic$ ! dates1 he w also p]ceive t all 
^! works 7 f\nd$1 :5 ,w$gwood 0 too "y  
to r5d] any assi/ance4 ,?is we mu/ say 9
 ju/ice to ,dr4 ,wall1 ,frye1 ,dwesbury1
 & ,cookwor?y--^: "n mu/ n be =gott5 z !
 discov]] ( ! ,corni% clay1 :i* s       
greatly promot$ ! c]amic trade ( ?is    
c\ntry4 ,william ,cookwor?y 0 a *emi/ & 

druggi/1 at ,plym\?1 a memb] ( !        
,society ( ,fri5ds1 & a man ( great     
respectability4 ,hav+ _h ! opportunity (
 see+ "s kaol9 & felsp> f ,virg9ia1 t an
 ,am]ican fri5d _h %[n to him z ! v     
mat]ial f :i* ! ,*9ese porcela9 0 made1 
he recogniz$1 sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1 !   
same 9 ,cornwall1 & sett+ resolutely to 
"w1 he began to make 8 fir/ trials at   
,/4 ,/eph5s1 on ! prop]ty ( ,"l         
,camel=d1 & aft]w>ds at ,plym\?1 :]e he 
rema9$ till #aggd1 :5 ,*ampion1 a m]*ant
 ( ,bri/ol1 b\ght 8 pat5t1 & remov$ !   
works to ! latt] place4 ,i mu/ "h expla9
 t ,cookwor?y's ideas ( ! mak+ (        
porcela9 7 correct1 inasmu* z he wi%$ to
 closely imitate ! ,*9ese2 consequ5tly  
he _h to "w on diff]5t pr9ciples f ^? !n
 9 fav\r at ,*elsea & o!r places4 ,he   
want$ to produce a porcela9 )\t fritt & 
) a felspa?ic glaze1 &1 9 succe$+ 9 8   
attempt1 ?is en]getic man is entitl$ to 
a great deal ( cr$it1 :5 we consid] t1  
al?\gh ! processes discov]$ by ,bottg]1 
9 #agaj1 at ,meyss51 = mak+ h>d         

porcela91 7 also put 9 practice at      
,vi5na1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ,b]l91 !y 7   
kept v secret1 & x is mo/ probable t he 
_h no in=mation :atev] f ^? qu>t]s4 ,x  
w\ld be to rob ,cookwor?y to admit t !  
h>d porcela9 pieces1 kn[n by ! "n (     
,l[e/(t1 7 made 9 t locality4 ,i am     
inde$ sorry to diff] 9 ?is f an em95t   
critic1 :o has tak5 great tr\ble to     
collect docum5ts 9 support ( ?is op9ion2
 b ^? :o are 9 fav\r ( x "k v little    
ab\t ! difficulties att5d+ !            
organization ( su* manufacture1 & !     
quality ( ! mat]ials t x requires4      
,besides ! abs5ce ( any in=mation       
respect+ ! place :5ce ^! mat]ials 7     
tak51 ! va/ quantity ( pieces :i* are   
met ) is su*1 t x precludes ! idea t !y 
h be5 made 9 ! prec9cts ( su* a small   
e/abli%m5t4 ,!y h e feature ( ,*9ese    
porcela91 & ( "o made 9 l>ge quantities4
 ,x is mo/ probable t1 aft] mak+1 or    
try+ to make1 s(t porcela9 = a "t1 !    
proprietors ( ! ,l[e/(t works f\nd x m  
pr(itable to pa9t & decorate ! =eign    

article1 :i* !y c\ld easily get f ,holl&
 9 ! :ite /ate4  ,mo/ pieces (          
,cookwor?y manufacture 7 copi$ f !      
,*9ese1 & are /ill well kn[n by ! "n (  
,plym\? porcela94 ,at ,bri/ol1 ,*ampion 
us$ ! same clay to produce a s(t] k9d ( 
w>e1 & 8 mat]ials began to be employ$ at
 ,b[ & o!r places4 ,! ,/af=d%ire pott]s 
soon became anxi\s to take advantage ( !
 discov]y1 & 9 #aggg a company 0 =m$ by 
,jacob ,w>burton to obta9 a lic5ce = _! 
use4 ,?is 0 grant$ by ,*ampion1 b ) ?is 
s+ul> re/riction--t1 al?\gh !y 7 all[$  
to use a c]ta9 quantity ( *9a clay & *9a
 /one1 !y 7 n to make porcela94 ,?is    
re/riction1 h[ev]1 did n la/ long1 &    
,*ampion himself came = a %ort "t to    
,%elton to sup]9t5d "s works4 ,among/ ! 
names ( ,w>burton's associates1 we      
notice "s well kn[n 9 ,/af=d%ire1 su* z 
,s4 ,holl9s1 ( ,%elton2 ,antony ,keel+1 
( ,tun/all2 ,turn]1 ( ,lane ,end1 & a   
few o!rs4 ,to ^! g5tlem5 we mu/ give    
cr$it = ! e>lie/ attempts to introduce !
 manufacture ( *9a into ! ,pott]ies4    

,h[ev]1 _! porcela9 0 inf]ior to t made 
at ,worce/] & ,d]by1 & x is d\btful :e!r
 !y w\ld h p]si/$1 if ! matt] _h n be5  
settl$ by ,josiah ,spode1 ! second ( t  
"n1 :o1 by add+ calc9$ bones to ! body (
 ! w>e1 made a new k9d ( porcela91      
di/9ct f ! h>d or ! s(t previ\sly made4 
,on t acc\nt ,spode des]ves to be       
consid]$ z ! creator ( ! ,engli%        
porcela94 ,!re is ?is peculi>ity 9 ! use
 ( bones1 t ! phosphate ( lime :i* ent]s
 into _! composition is n decompos$ by !
 silicates ) :i* x is mix$1 &1 z x is   
infusible1 its admixture 9 ! body all[s 
! w>e to /& )\t injury ! temp]ature at  
:i* ! felsp> is vitrifi$4 ,?is h>d5+ ( !
 bones does n exclude a c]ta9 am\nt (   
transp>5cy1 & !y possess1 besides1 a v  
great advantage 9 prev5t+ ! oxides (    
iron :i* exi/ 9 ! clays1 produc+ t      
br[ni% or imp]fect transp>5cy1          
noticeable 9 ! old ,d]by or ,worce/]    
w>e4 ,i h already said t ! adaptation ( 
! glaze = ea* k9d ( pott]y is "o ( !    
greate/ difficulties t ! mak] has to    

ov]come2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 !re 0 v     
little1 & ! glaz+ ( ,engli% porcela9 may
 be consid]$ z exceptionally easy4 ,mo/ 
( ! glazes :i* _h be5 us$ = ! s(t       
porcela9 c\ld be adapt$ to ?is "o1 a    
prop]ty :i* 0 ( great s]vice :5 ! pieces
 _h to be decorat$4 ,i h already        
expla9$1 t :5 pa9t+s execut$ on !       
surface ( ! w>e are submitt$ to a       
mod]ate r$ heat1 if ! glaze is s(t en\gh
 to und]go an incipi5t fusion1 ! vitre\s
 col\rs ) :i* !y are execut$ w s9k into 
x & atta91 by _! incorporation1 an am\nt
 ( gloss9ess & brilliancy :i* _c be got 
on ! surface ( h>d glazes4 ,?is is      
p>ticul>ly illu/rat$ by ! old ,,savres  
w>e1 :i* possesses ?is quality 9 !      
highe/ degree4 ,engli% porcela91        
well-made1 has almo/ all ! advantages ( 
! old s(t1 & its mak+ is n att5d$ ) !   
difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 work+ a body    
made f fritt$ sub/ances4 ,= regul> use1 
x is n mu* inf]ior to ! h>d porcela94   
,:5 ?is la/ began to be made on !       
,cont95t1 p 7 s mu* prejudic$ 9 its     

fav\r1 on acc\nt ( ! capability ( its   
glaze to resi/ ! scrat*+ ( ! knife1 t   
?is 0 ?\ght to m ?an comp5sate = its    
inability to comb9e ) ! col\rs4 ,!      
advantage 01 9 fact1 m app>5t ?an real1 
= :5 h>d porcela9 has be5 long 9 use1 x 
becomes z badly scrat*$ z ! ,engli%4 ,"s
 p "q :e!r x w\ld n be desirable to     
revive 9 ,engl& ! manufacture ( ! h>d4  
,!re are _m reasons aga9/ ?is1 !        
pr9cipal be+1 t 9 case we succe$$1 we   
%\ld h to compete ) ! ,fr5* & ,g]mans1  
:o get _! lab\r *eap]1 & h a long       
exp]i5ce ( processes altoge!r diff]5t f 
ours2 & by ! *ange we %\ld lose !       
advantage ( our traditions1 & dep5d1 at 
lea/ = a "t1 on =eign lab\r to give a   
new tra9+ to our workm54 ,out ( ! trade1
 few p seem to "k t ! price ( h>d       
porcela9 is g5]ally l[] ?an t giv5 = !  
,engli%2 &1 if ! exp]im5t 7 made1 x w\ld
 be soon f\nd t ) great] risks we %\ld  
produce an article ( less value1 &      
consequ5tly less remun]ative4 ,x is true
 t ! exports ( our be/ *9a are v small1 

on acc\nt ( its price2 b ) ! improvem5t 
go+ on 9 ! public ta/e1 x is likely to  
increase1 & !re are signs t ev5tually   
our ri*e/ articles may f9d pur*as]s on !
 o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4  ,9 ,europe1   
:]e ! value ( ! v>i\s c]amic productions
 has be5 m inve/igat$ ?an 9 ! o!r p>ts (
 ! _w1 !re is h>dly an amateur :o does n
 recognize ! sup]iority ( a s(t porcela9
 = decorat$ articles1 & if ! ,engli% *9a
 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 z s(t z ! old    
,,savres1 x is c]ta9ly ne>] to x ?an any
 o!r porcela94 ,?is sup]iority is prov$ 
by ! te/ t ! v>i\s porcela9s are und]go+
 at ! pres5t "t1 & :i* is r decisive4   
,we und]/& by ?is1 ! mann] 9 :i* !y h   
/ood ! dang]\s competition aris+ f !    
introduction ( arti/ic fai5ces or pa9t$ 
majolica4 ,:ile1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !  
,fr5* manufactur]s h se5 ! production ( 
ornam5tal articles 9 h>d porcela9       
collapse to an incr$ible ext5t1 !       
quantity ( ^? made 9 ,engl& = simil>    
purposes is fa/ increas+4  ,messrs4     
,copel&1 ^: fa!r1 ! late ald]man1 0 = "s

 "t 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,spode1 occupy1 9      
,/oke-^u-,tr5t1 ! same e/abli%m5t 9 :i* 
t great pott] c>ri$ out 8 improvem5ts4  
,s9ce !n1 ^! mak]s h kept _! rank among 
! pr9cipal lead]s ( ! trade1 & ma9ta9 _!
 reputation = ! excell5ce ( _!          
decoration & ! beauty ( _! gild+4 ,x 0 s
 f> =tunate = ,/oke t1 al?\gh "o ( !    
smalle/ t[ns 9 ! ,pott]ies1 x became !  
seat ( ! mo/ important manufactories (  
*9a4 ,x 0 9 #aghh t ,?omas ,m9ton1 :o _h
 be5 br\ght up z an engrav] at !        
,caughley works1 9 ,%rop%ire1 & :o 9 t  
capacity _h be5 sev]al ye>s 9 !         
employm5t ( ,spode1 f\nd$ 9 t t[n !     
e/abli%m5t :i* subsequ5tly became !     
prop]ty ( 8 son1 ,h]b]t ,m9ton4 ,! fa!r 
does n seem to h possess$ ^! qualities  
:i*1 z pott]1 %\ld entitle him to a     
special notice2 b ! same _c be said ( ! 
son1 :o soon aft] 8 fa!r's dea? began to
 "w 9 e>ne/ to raise 8 manufactory to   
its pres5t degree ( em95ce4 ,! unceas+  
activity ( 8 m9d 9 c>ry+ out improvem5ts
 9 all ! bran*es ( 8 trade1 may be      

atte/$ by "o :o = _m ye>s _h ! hon\r (  
work+ ) him4 ,on e matt] connect$ ) art 
8 ideas 7 s\nd1 & 8 natural tact r>ely  
fail$ 9 f9d+ out t :i* 0 mo/ suit$ to ! 
ta/e ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,8 reputation1 z ! mo/
 advanc$ pott] ( 8 "t1 is s well        
e/abli%$1 t ,i am n a/oni%$ to f9d o!rs 
claim+ a %>e 9 x1 ass]t+ t x 0 at _!    
sugge/ion1 or ) _! assi/ance1 t he left 
! old pa? to op5 ! way to progress4     
,sugge/ions & advices are always freely 
giv5 to a man ( sociable disposition z 0
 ,h]b]t ,m9ton1 b he us$ 8 own judgm5t &
 discretion to te/ _! practicability4 ,9
 apply+ high] class ( art to 8          
productions1 he _h only to foll[ 8 own  
incl9ations1 guid$ by t c>e & prud5ce   
:i* are insep>able f good adm9i/ration4 
,he knew h[ to select 8 assi/ants1 & 0  
p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 8 p>tn]s1 8 two    
nephews3 ,mi*ael ,holl9s1 :o1 s9ce he   
left ! firm ( ,m9ton1 is ! own] ( a l>ge
 tile manufactory at ,/oke2 & ,col9     
,m9ton ,campbell1 8 pupil & heir1 :o1   
aft] tak+ an active "p 9 all 8 lab\rs1  

has s successfully foll[$ ! example set 
by 8 uncle1 t ,m9ton's manufactory is n[
 ! l>ge/ 9 exi/5ce1 & turns out !       
greate/ v>iety ( w>e4 ,) ,m9ton &       
,copel& mu/ be associat$ ! names (      
,messrs4 ,br[n-,we/head1 ( ,cauld5      
,place2 & outside ,/af=d%ire1 !         
,coalport works & ! ,royal manufactory  
at ,worce/]4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal produc]s
 ( ri*ly decorat$ *9a1 = :i* ! dem& has 
greatly increas$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,!
 greate/ bulk ( t w>e is1 h[ev]1 made at
 ,longton1 "o ( ! pott]y t[ns :i* has a 
reputation = ! *eapness ( its goods2 b (
 late a decid$ t5d5cy to improve _!     
quality & prices mu/ be notic$ among !  
g5]ality ( its manufactur]s4 ,sev]al (  
!m1 l ,messrs4 ,a9sley1 ,moore1 ,b>l[1 &
 o!rs1 are try+ to raise _! goods to !  
same level z ^? ( ,/oke4 ,!re are ab\t  
?irty-five firms 9 ! ,pott]ies mak+ *9a1
 mo/ ( !m = ! home trade1 & ov] five    
times t numb] mak+ e>!nw>e4 ,^! two     
hundr$ & ?irty manufactories are spread 
ov] an area ( t5 squ>e miles1 compris+ !

 t[ns ( ,hanley1 ,burslem1 ,tun/all1    
,longton1 ,f5ton1 ,%elton1 &            
,/oke-^u-,tr5t1 f :i* ! electoral bor\gh
 takes its "n4 ,^!1 :i* 9 a few ye>s are
 likely to be amalgamat$ 9 a s+le t[n1  
=m ! di/rict call$ ! ,pott]ies1 conta9+ 
already a population ( #agj1jjj         
inhabitants engag$ 9 ! c]amic & iron    
trade4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t s9ce !       
f\ndation ( ,burslem1 ! "m t[n ( !      
,pott]ies1 ! population ( ! di/rict has 
d\bl$ e tw5ty-five ye>s1 & x is easy to 
=esee ! "t :5 ,/oke-^u-,tr5t w rank 9   
importance ) our l>ge/ comm]cial cities4
  ,! export ( porcela9 is n l>ge2 b t ( 
e>!nw>e rea*es "o & a half million (    
p\nds4 ,?is does n appe> l>ge comp>$ ) !
 enorm\s am\nt export$ by ! iron or !   
cotton trades1 b x is satisfactory1 if  
tak5 9 comb9ation ) ! quantity absorb$  
by ! home trade1 :i* repres5ts q z mu*4 
,our colonial trade ) ,au/ralia1 ,india1
 & ,briti% ,am]ica is decid$ly on !     
increase1 & ! same may be said z reg>ds 
,s\? ,am]ica4 ,on ! contr>y1 our        

transactions ) ! ,cont95t ( ,europe h a 
t5d5cy to decrease1 & to fluctuate 9 !  
case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a v important   
m>ket1 :i*1 9 "t ( prosp]ity1 w\ld take 
z mu* z #hjj1jjjl4 ( granite w>e4  ,to  
meet ! competition ( ,france & ,g]many1 
on "o side1 & ! ,am]icans on ! o!r1     
great *anges h tak5 place 9 ! managem5t 
( our works4 ,sev]al processes h be5    
improv$ or simplifi$1 & l>ge            
manufactories h be5 built on bett]      
pr9ciples4 ,^! /eps 7 n tak5 too soon2 =
 if competition sc>cely exi/$ = our     
goods tw5ty ye>s ago1 t /ate ( ?+s has  
be5 mu* alt]$1 & x w require a great    
deal ( application & en]gy on our "p1 if
 we int5d to ma9ta9 our position z !    
l>ge/ & be/ produc]s ( pott]y 9 ! _w4   
,x is a fact t ,am]ica1 :i* _h n a s+le 
manufactory wor? ! "n at ! "t ( ! ,new  
,york ,exhibition1 produces n[1 ) !     
assi/ance ( ,briti% workm51 granite w>e 
( tol]ably good quality2 & ,i h be5 told
 by an eye-witness1 t no less ?an sev5ty
 ov5s are n[ at "w at ,tr5ton1 9 ,new   

,j]sey4 ,! clays & coals us$ by ^!      
pott]s are good1 & if ! sal>ies are     
high] ?an !y are 9 ,engl&1 !y f9d a     
comp5sation 9 ! heavy duties :i*1 s9ce !
 w> ( ,secession1 are levi$ on our w>es4
  ,our comm]cial int]c\rse ) ,france has
 n mu* alt]$1 & ! quantity ( our goods  
s5t across ! ,*annel may be consid]$    
small comp>$ ) ! importance ( ?is m>ket4
 ,! ,fr5* are ! l>ge/ produc]s ( h>d    
porcela91 & !y make _! common e>!nw>e q 
z *eap1 if n *eap]1 ?an ours4 ,h[ev]1 if
 !y are /rong at home1 !y h nev] affect$
 our trade abroad1 except 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 :]e !y s5d _! porcela9 9        
competition ) ,engli% granite4  ,at !   
pres5t "t1 ! rivalry f :i* we h suff]$  
mo/ 9 ,g]many1 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 & z f>
 z ,italy1 comes f a gr\p ( e/abli%m5ts 
situat$ 9 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces & t         
neighb\rhood3 at ,s>reguem9es1          
,s>rel\is1 ,vaudrevange1 ,mettla*1      
,mae/ri*t1 & a few o!r places4 ,built 9 
! c5tre ( a popul\s di/rict1 :]e lab\r  
is /ill v *eap1 _! intellig5t & weal?y  

proprietors %>e 9 ea* o!r's bus9ess1 &  
consequ5tly h no inducem5t = l[]+ _!    
prices4 ,!y seem to h giv5 a consid]able
 portion ( _! "t to ! /udy ( ! v>i\s    
processes1 & !y h s f> succe$$1 t !y are
 a great deal m indep5d5t ) reg>d to _! 
m5 ?an we are4 ,possess+ ^! advantages1 
we _c wond]1 if we h n be5 able to keep 
our hold on ^? m>kets :i* 7 ! ne>e/ to  
!m4 ,besides1 x is pla91 t ! important  
rise :i* has tak5 place 9 ! price (     
wages & fuel1 & ! consequ5t increase 9 !
 price ( our w>es1 has act$ z an        
enc\ragem5t to =eign production2 &      
p]haps x may be good policy1 9 future1  
to resi/ any fur!r opportunity :i* might
 (f] to increase ! price ( our goods4 ,x
 w\ld1 h[ev]1 be s+ul> if1 9 ! c\rse (  
"t1 ,engl& did n d]ive "s b5efit f ?is  
competition2 %e is us$ to close conte/1 
&1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 h] position is an   
enviable "o4 ,our home trade is         
excell5t2 & if ! am\nt ( our exports    
does n progress s fa/ z we c\ld desire1 
we "k t we h 9 our comm]cial fleet m    

facilities t any o!r nation = s5d+ our  
goods to ^? num]\s c\ntries :]e ! trade 
( pott]y is h>dly e/abli%$1 & we rely on
 our hone/ & /raight=w>d way ( deal+1 = 
secur+ new cu/om]s = ,engli%            
manufacture4     ,,glass ,,&            
,,silicates4  ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,fr$k4   
,s4 ,,b>ff1 ,m4,a4   ,! v brilliant &   
useful sub/ance1 :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is
 article1 is said to h be5 discov]$ by !
 ,pho5icians4 ,! /ory goes t "s         
,pho5ician m]*ants1 :ile cook+ _! food  
on ! s&s ne> ! sea%ore1 notic$ t ! a%es 
( ! plant1 ) :i* !y made _! fire1 caus$ 
"s ( ! s& to melt & =m a vitre\s        
sub/ance2 b :e!r ?is tale be true or n1 
x is well kn[n t = a long "t ^! p made  
glass f ! mat]ials :i* 7 abundant on _! 
sea & riv] coa/s4  ,glass1 h[ev]1 0     
produc$ long be=e ?is by ! ,egyptians = 
! beads & ornam5ts us$ 9 adorn+ _!      
mummies1 & _m specim5s ( ^! are 9 !     
,briti% ,museum4 ,x is c]ta9 also t !y  
well knew h[ to make c]ta9 sub/ances    
imp>t col\r to glass = ! manufacture (  

mo/ ( ^! beads4 ,! ,romans made ri*     
goblets ( ruby glass1 "s ( :i* are to be
 se5 9 collections 9 ?is c\ntry1 z well 
z urns to receive ! a%es ( _! dead1 f\r 
( :i*1 ( a gre5 col\r1 are also 9 !     
,briti% ,museum4 ,! manufacture ( ^!    
vessels proves t ?is nation 0 well      
skill$ 9 ! arts ( bl[+ & modell+ glass2 
& _! designs1 :i* we are n[ reproduc+1  
%[ t !y 7 at lea/ n inf]ior 9 arti/ic   
skill to ^? :o h =m$ _! ta/e 9 ?is      
highly civiliz$ age4 ,we h no record (  
glass be+ us$ = glaz+ purposes 9 anci5t 
times4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e introduc$ x into
 ?is c\ntry ab\t #fgd ,a4,d41 & employ$ 
x 9 ! adornm5t ( *ur* w9d[s4 ,ord9>y    
w9d[ glass 0 made at ! works 9 ,crut*$  
,fri>s 9 #aeeg1 & plate glass at ! l>ge 
works ( ! ,rav5head ,plate ,glass       
,company1 ne> ,/4 ,hel5's 9 ,lanca%ire4 
,ab\t #aggf1 fl9t glass vessels 7 bl[n  
at ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,savoy ,h\se2 & !   
second ,duke ( ,buck+ham br\ght ov]     
,v5etian arti/s1 at t "t ! mo/ skill$1  
to make glass = mirrors1 c>riage w9d[s1 

& o!r useful purposes4 ,_! work%op 0 9  
,lambe?1 & ! date ( _! arrival 9 ?is    
c\ntry 0 #afgc4 ,! ,fr5* 7 be=e u 9 !   
art ( ca/+ glass plates2 & 9 #afhh1     
,/ew>t comm5c$ ?is bran* ( manufacture1 
:i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! v fam\s works
 ( ,/4 ,goba94 ,engl& has n[ l>ge plate 
glass factories 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !      
c\ntry1 & ^! toge!r yield z _! weekly   
production at lea/ #adj1jjj sup]ficial  
feet ( ! be/ poli%$ plate1 or sev5 & a  
qu>t] millions ( feet ye>ly4 ,! value ( 
plate glass made 9 ,engl& annually1     
includ+ ! r\gh k9ds us$ = glaz+ ro(s1   
c41 is e/imat$ at #a1jjj1jjjl4 ,france  
/ill /&s v high1 & h] plates are        
extremely p]fect 9 manufacture4 ,/4     
,m>ie d',oignies1 9 ,belgium1 also s5ds 
a consid]able quantity ( plate glass    
into ! m>ket4 ,?is bran* ( manufacture  
has n yet ext5d$ to ,am]ica1 :i* !re=e  
is a l>ge cu/om] ( ,europe4 ,=m]ly1     
glass mak+ 0 v heavily tax$ 9 ?is       
c\ntry1 & 9 #ahab an additional duty 0  
plac$ on ! manufacture ( ! raw mat]ial1 

:i* s greatly depress$ x1 t ! income :i*
 ! ,/ate receiv$ fell f #cbh1jjjl4 to   
#ahc1jjjl4 p] annum4 ,moreov]1 l>ge     
quantities ( =eign glass 7 import$1 &   
?is too h9d]$ ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry  
among/ u4 ,on ! repeal ( ! duty1 h[ev]1 
! trade began to increase1 & has n[     
rea*$ v l>ge dim5sions4  ,glass appe>s  
to be a mixture ( silicates1 ! nature & 
*emical composition ( :i* w be expla9$ 9
 a lat] "p ( ?is article4  ,! mat]ials  
us$ are pr9cipally s&1 ) an alkal9e     
sub/ance1 ei!r a salt ( soda or pota% & 
lime1 ?\gh 9 "s k9ds ( glass1 oxide (   
lead takes ! place ( lime4 ,o!r mat]ials
 are g5]ally employ$ to correct         
impurities :i* may occur 9 ! s&1 & :i*1 
if pres5t1 always imp>t an objectionable
 col\r to ! glass4  ,!re are two k9ds ( 
glass 9 ord9>y use3 common w9d[ glass1  
:i* may be divid$ into %eet1 cr[n1 &    
plate2 & fl9t glass1 :i* is us$ =       
decant]s1 w9e-glasses1 & tumbl]s2 &1 9  
"s special =ms1 = ornam5tal /ones 9     
imitation ( jewels1 & also = l5ses (    

telescopes & microscopes4 ,! mat]ials = 
mak+ ^! diff]5t k9ds v>y some:at1 al?\gh
 ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts are ! same1 viz4 
s& ) "s salt ( soda or pota%4  ,!       
sci5tific "n = s&1 or m prop]ly = its   
pr9cipal con/itu5t1 is silica4 ,?is     
comp\nd silica1 or oxide ( silicon1 also
 call$ silicic acid1 possesses prop]ties
 simil> to ^? :i* belong to o!r acids1  
namely1 x is able1 :5 br\ght into       
contact ) bodies ( an opposite "* "u    
suitable conditions1 to unite ) !m & to 
=m salts4 ,ev]ybody kn[s1 t if t>t>ic   
acid be add$ to c>bonate ( soda1 an     
eff]vesc5ce takes place2 c>bonic acid   
passes (f 9 ! gase\s /ate1 & ! residue  
is compos$ ( a portion ( ! t>t>ic acid1 
:i* unites ) ! soda1 a d\ble            
decomposition tak+ place4 ,if silicic   
acid be mix$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 & if !  
mixture be heat$ to a high temp]ature1 t
 is1 to a :ite heat1 = "s l5g? ( "t1 !  
same k9d ( action occurs3 c>bonic acid  
goes (f1 ! silica or silicic acid unit+ 
) ! soda2 & inasmu* z ! soda salt 0     

orig9ally call$ c>bonate ( soda1 aft]   
?is action1 9 :i* c>bonic acid is       
replac$ by silicic acid1 x is call$     
silicate ( soda4 ,silicic acid at !     
ord9>y temp]ature ( ! air & 9 ! dry     
/ate1 has no action :atev] ^u c>bonate (
 soda1 b :5 heat$ suffici5tly1 ! action 
becomes vigor\s4 ,a v int]e/+ exp]im5t  
may be p]=m$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is fact 9 
! foll[+ mann]3 if a mixture ( c>bonate 
( soda & c>bonate ( pota% be heat$ 9 an 
ord9>y fire-clay crucible1 & if1 :5 !   
mixture is melt$1 "s p]fectly dry s& be 
p\r$ into x1 eff]vesc5ce w take place1  
ow+ to ! expulsion ( c>bonic acid f !   
c>bonate ( soda & pota% by means ( !    
silicic acid4 ,if ! op]ation be p]=m$ 9 
su* a vessel t ! c>bonic acid c be      
collect$1 its pres5ce is readily        
indicat$ by ! usual te/s4 ,?is exp]im5t 
c be easily made by anyone :o has ord9>y
 *emical app>atus at 8 comm&4 ,if !     
mixture ( c>bonate ( pota% & c>bonate ( 
soda be melt$ 9 a small plat9um         
crucible2 & if1 :5 melt$1 x be remov$   

quickly :ile v hot into a tall          
beak]-glass1 & s& be !n p\r$ into x1 !  
escap+ c>bonic acid w1 on acc\nt ( its  
be+ heavi] ?an air1 be reta9$ 9 ! glass1
 & its pres5ce c be recogniz$ by its    
turn+ lime-wat] milky 7:i* is1 9 fact1 a
 solution ( lime 9 wat]71 ow+ to !      
=mation ( c>bonate ( lime produc$ by !  
c>bonic acid evolv$ unit+ ) ! lime      
dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,a mixture ( c>bonate
 ( soda & c>bonate ( pota% is "h us$1   
because ei!r ( ^! salts requires a v    
high temp]ature to melt x2 b :5 ! two   
are heat$ toge!r1 ! fusibility ( bo? is 
increas$4 ,:5 s& is heat$ ) oxide ( lead
 7common li?>ge7 !y unite1 =m+ a comp\nd
 simil> to t produc$ by ! silica unit+ )
 ! soda1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,9
 ! fir/ case1 a soda glass is =m$2 9 !  
second1 a lead glass is ! result4 ,if ^!
 two glasses be mix$ toge!r & melt$ 9 a 
crucible1 & if ! proportions 9 :i* !y   
are mix$ be prop]ly adju/$1 & ! mat]ials
 us$ be pure1 a col\rless & transp>5t   
glass w be =m$1 simil> 9 appe>ance to t 

:i* is employ$ 9 ! manufacture (        
decant]s & tumbl]s4 ,! same k9d ( glass 
may be produc$ by mix+ all ! mat]ials 9 
due proportions & heat+ !m toge!r4 ,if1 
in/ead ( oxide ( lead1 lime be mix$ )   
c>bonate ( soda & s&1 & ! mixture be    
heat$ to a high temp]ature1 a glass w be
 =m$1 9 _m respects simil> to t ( :i*   
oxide ( lead is a con/itu5t1 b diff]+ f 
x 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s4 ,fir/ ( 
all1 ! lead glass is highly lu/r\s1 &   
has a great p[] ( refract+ light1 s t1  
:5 x is cut1 x pres5ts a brilliant      
appe>ance1 & by refraction readily      
produces ! prismatic col\rs4 ,?is       
prop]ty does n belong to ! glass conta9+
 lime1 to any?+ l ! same ext5t4 ,lead   
glass1 too1 is mu* heavi] ?an lime      
glass1 & is !re=e unsuit$ to _m ( !     
purposes = :i* ! latt] is g5]ally us$1 !
 pr9cipal ( :i* is = ! glaz+ ( w9d[s4   
,if1 in/ead ( oxide ( lead1 :i* is a    
*emical comp\nd ( lead & oxyg5 gas1 or  
lime1 :i* likewise is "o ( ! metal      
calcium ) oxyg51 c>bonate ( lead or (   

lime be us$1 ! silicic acid w expel !   
c>bonic acid f ^! sub/ances at a high   
temp]ature1 j z x does ! c>bonic acid f 
! c>bonate ( soda & c>bonate ( pota%4 ,x
 is necess>y1 = a prop] und]/&+ ( !     
sci5tific "p ( our subject1 t ?is fact  
%\ld be borne 9 m9d1 & t ! acid         
prop]ties ( silica %\ld be ?or\ghly     
recogniz$4 ,=m]ly1 c>bonate ( soda 0 us$
 9 ! manufacture ( ord9>y w9d[ glass1 b 
n[ x is f\nd m economical to employ     
sulphate ( soda1 :i* is a mu* e>li]     
product 9 ! manufacture ( soda f common 
salt ?an ! c>bonate1 & is !re=e less    
exp5sive4 ,c>bonic acid is :at *emi/s   
call a weak acid1 by :i* is meant1 t its
 comp\nds are n s firm & /able1 z ^? :i*
 are =m$ by o!r acids ) ! same          
sub/ances4 ,sulphuric acid is a /rong & 
p[]ful acid1 unit+ v readily ) ! oxides 
( c]ta9 metals to =m v /able comp\nds4  
,b al?\gh ?is acid is *emically s p[]ful
 9 its comp\nds1 yet at a high          
temp]ature x is expell$ by silicic acid1
 %[+ t ?is sub/ance1 s in]t 9 its       

natural /ate & at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( 
! air1 becomes exce$+ly active 9 expell+
 o!r acids & 9 =m+ comp\nds1 :5 put "u  
fav\rable conditions4  ,if a mixture (  
common s& & c>bonate ( soda1 ! c>bonate 
( soda be+ 9 excess1 be heat$1 a glass w
 be obta9$ :i* is sl[ly soluble 9 cold1 
readily soluble 9 hot wat]4 ,to ^!      
comp\nds ! "n ( silicate is giv51 s t we
 speak ( ! soda comp\nd z silicate (    
soda1 ( ! lead comp\nd z silicate (     
lead1 & ! lime comp\nd z silicate (     
lime4 ,silicate ( soda & silicate (     
pota%1 :5 ! alkali1 t is to say1 ! soda 
or pota%1 is 9 excess1 are bo? soluble4 
,if a solution ( "o ( ^! silicates be   
tak51 & if c>bonic acid be pass$ sl[ly  
?r\gh x1 aft] a "t a gelat9\s1 :ite1    
floccul5t sub/ance w be =m$ 9 ! liquid1 
& ev5tually precipitat$4 ,?is :ite      
floccul5t sub/ance is silicic acid      
comb9$ ) ! elem5ts ( wat]1 & is !re=e   
call$ by *emi/s hydrate ( silica4 ,n[   
?is hydrate ( silica is soluble 9 wat] &
 9 hydro*loric acid2 & ! me?od by :i* x 

c be br\ght into solution 9 wat] w be   
expla9$1 :5 treat+ fully ( :at are call$
 soluble silicates & _! applications4   
,soluble silicates are m5tion$ "h1 9    
ord] t a m p]fect und]/&+ ( ! nature (  
silici\s comp\nds may be obta9$1 by ^?  
:o d n possess a sci5tific k ( *emi/ry4 
,! silicic acid 9 ! silicate ( soda is  
precipitat$ or sep>at$ out by c>bonic   
acid1 & h5ce x appe>s1 t an action1     
exactly ! rev]se ( t :i* takes place at 
a high temp]ature1 occurs1 :5 ! silicic 
acid is remov$ f ^? conditions 9 :i* x  
has be5 se5 to be 7*emically7 s active4 
,suppose t to a solution ( silicate (   
soda or ( pota% a soluble salt ( calcium
 be add$--! *loride1 = example1 :i* is a
 comp\nd ( ! metal calcium ) *lor9e--a  
d\ble decomposition w take place2 !     
calcium w unite ) oxyg5 9 ! silicate (  
soda1 =m+ lime2 & ?is w aga9 unite ) !  
silicic acid1 =m+ silicate ( lime2 :ile 
! *lor9e w unite ) ! sodium1 =m+ *loride
 ( sodium1 or common salt4  ,"h !n1     
silicate ( lime is obta9$ by a process v

 diff]5t f t :i* has already be5        
describ$1 namely1 by ! heat+ ( lime )   
silica at a high temp]ature4 ,! body =m$
 9 ! latt] case is *emically ! same z t 
produc$ 9 ! =m]1 !re be+ pres5t ! same  
weight ( calcium1 ! same weight ( oxyg51
 & ! same weight ( silicic acid 9 ea*4  
,aga91 if to a solution ( silicate (    
soda1 "o conta9+ a soluble lead salt1   
su* z ! nitrate1 be add$1 ! silicic acid
 w unite ) ! oxide ( lead 9 ! nitrate ( 
lead1 & ! acid con/itu5t ( t body w     
unite ) ! oxide ( sodium or soda1 =m+   
nitrate ( soda4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 f  
^! rem>ks1 t 9 :atev] way ! sub/ances be
 made to unite1 ! effects produc$ z     
reg>ds *emical composition are ! same4  
,if "s ( ! silicate ( lime or silicate (
 lead made by precipitation be dri$ &   
heat$ to a high temp]ature 9 a crucible1
 x w melt or fuse1 & =m a vitre\s       
sub/ance4 ,9 ^! la/ cases1 z 9 _m o!rs  
:i* w h to be allud$ to1 ! silicates =m$
 are n soluble 9 wat]1 al?\gh silicate (
 lime may be p>tially dissolv$ :5 heat$ 

9 wat] "u extreme pressure1 by :i* !    
temp]ature is consid]ably increas$1 &   
ev5 slightly 9 cold wat]4  ,to ensure ! 
production ( def9ite silicates by !     
ag5cy ( heat1 ! mat]ials mu/ be mix$    
toge!r 9 prop] comb9+ proportions2 = if 
m ( ! metallic oxide is introduc$ ?an c 
comb9e *emically ) ! s&1 x w be melt$ 9 
! mass1 b ! excess w n =m a def9ite     
comp\nd2 :]eas by precipitation1 !      
silicates =m$ always h1 :5 ?or\ghly     
wa%$1 a def9ite composition4 ,?is       
subject w be aga9 ref]r$ to1 :5 !       
manufacture ( comm]cial glass is        
describ$4  ,x has be5 notic$ t ! glass  
f\nd 9 ! w9d[s ( old *ur*es & 9 o!r     
places :]e x has be5 expos$ to !        
prolong$ action ( ! air & ( moi/ure1 has
 gradually become r\gh on its surface1 &
 has lo/ to a consid]able ext5t its     
transp>5cy4 ,?is1 :i* w\ld be a defect 9
 glass = ! glaz+ ( ord9>y w9d[s1 :]e    
transp>5cy is desir$1 is rightly reg>d$ 
z a beauty 9 glass :i* is to be us$ = ! 
ornam5tation ( w9d[s4 ,_m reasons h be5 

(f]$ 9 explanation ( ?is app>5tly       
peculi> prop]ty ( anci5t glass2 & t :i* 
appe>s to be correct is1 t glass is a   
me*anical mixture ( diff]5t silicates1  
"s ( :i* may be soluble 9 wat]1 & o!rs  
insoluble4 ,! old w9d[ glass1 ^:        
manufacture w be m fully describ$       
by-&-by1 0 made 9 a less p]fect mann]   
?an mod]n appliances enable glass       
manufactur]s n[ to produce ! same       
article1 s t ! silicates compos+ ! old  
glass 7 n z intimately mix$ z ^? us$ 9  
mod]n glass4 ,by ! sl[ action ( air &   
moi/ure1 portions ( ! soluble silicates 
h be5 dissolv$ out1 & h5ce we frequ5tly 
f9d a sort ( honeycomb appe>ance on !   
surface ( anci5t glass1 z well z a ?9   
film1 :i*1 by refraction ( light1 causes
 an opalesc5ce :5 view$ by reflect$     
light4 ,ef=ts h ( late be5 made to      
produce a simil> effect by employ+      
diff]5t me?ods 9 ! process (            
manufacture1 b )\t complete success4 ,! 
fact1 h[ev]1 t su* *anges h tak5 place 9
 ?is less p]fectly fus$ glass1 t5ds to  

%[1 t if "o silicate c be dissolv$ out1 
!re _c be *emical union betwe5 all !    
silicates4 ,if a piece ( mod]n w9d[     
glass be heat$ 9 wat] "u pressure 9 a   
clos$ vessel1 x w pres5t some:at !      
appe>ance ( anci5t glass1 = a           
consid]able quantity ( soluble silicate 
w be dissolv$ out f x4 ,! object 9      
dwell+ on ?is matt] "h1 is to induce    
mak]s to att5d m to ! *emical           
composition ( _! glass1 =1 d\btless1 mu*
 m satisfactory results w\ld be obta9$  
bo? z to ! quality ( ! mat]ial & ! co/ (
 its production1 if ?or\ghly sci5tific  
inve/igations 7 conduct$ by a compet5t  
*emi/4   ,,manufacture ,,( ,,glass4  ,! 
fir/ object 9 glass mak+ is to obta9    
suitable mat]ials4 ,! s& :i* is employ$ 
= w9d[ glass diff]s f t :i* is requir$ =
 fl9t glass1 9 t ! latt] %\ld be z pure 
z possible4 ,! mak] c correct !         
impurities 9 ! w9d[ glass s&1 provid$ !y
 be n pres5t 9 too great quantities2 b x
 is f> m difficult1 9 ! case ( fl9t     
glass1 to *emically c\nt]act ! influ5ce 

( ^? sub/ances :i* might impair its t9t4
 ,s t ! manufactur] w\ld r pay l>ge     
prices = 8 s&1 ?an tru/ to exp$i5ts :i* 
9 _! application might fail1 & ?us cause
 a great] loss4  ,"o ( ! pr9cipal & mo/ 
tr\blesome impurities met ) 9 s&1 is    
iron 9 ! =m ( oxide4 ,!re are two oxides
 ( iron3 "o1 ! protoxide1 :i* imp>ts a  
gre5 col\r to glass2 & ! o!r ! p]oxide1 
^: /a9+ prop]ty is yell[4 ,a v small    
quantity ( ! =m] w give an appreciably  
gre5 t9t1 :]eas x requires a l>ge       
quantity ( ! p]oxide to produce ev5 a   
delicate yell[4 ,9 all glass mak+1 x is 
f\nd necess>y to use some?+ :i* w       
c\nt]act ! col\r+ prop]ties ( ^! two    
oxides4 ,! mat]ial employ$ 0 black oxide
 ( manganese4 ,?is is /ill us$ 9 c]ta9  
glass-works1 b f its injuri\s action on 
! fire-clay pots1 ars5i\s acid or common
 :ite ars5ic is employ$ to effect ! same
 object4 ,! *emical action 9 ! two cases
 is diff]5t3 ! black oxide ( manganese  
is :at is t]m$ an oxidiz+ ag5t1 & gives 
up1 at a high temp]ature1 a portion (   

its oxyg5 to ! protoxide ( iron1 !reby  
conv]t+ x into ! p]oxide4 ,x ?us becomes
 comp>atively h>mless1 by conv]t+ a     
quantity ( t oxide1 :i* gives a gre5    
col\r1 into ! o!r oxide1 :i* has little 
or no p[] ( col\r+1 except x be pres5t 9
 l>ge quantities4 ,! difficulty 9 us+   
black oxide ( manganese is1 ! exact     
proportion+ ( x to ! quantity ( iron    
pres5t 9 ! s&1 a quantity :i* _c be     
easily det]m9$4 ,if ! black oxide (     
manganese be us$ 9 excess1 "s ( ! oxide 
( manganese rema9s unr$uc$1 &1 :5 ?is is
 ! case1 x gives a purple col\r to      
glass4 ,if us$ 9 exact proportions1 x is
 r$uc$ to an oxide :i* does n imp>t     
col\r to glass4 ,?is may be se5 9 _m ( !
 old plate glass w9d[s :i* 7 employ$ =  
glaz+ purposes "s sixty or sev5ty ye>s  
ago1 ! col\r ( ! panes be+ g5]ally      
purple4  ,s9ce ?is article 0 writt51 ,i 
h be5 consult$ by a glass firm ( em95ce1
 z to ! use ( pure black oxide (        
manganese 9 ! manufacture ( fl9t glass1 
in/ead ( t ord9>ily suppli$ 9 comm]ce4  

,! black oxide ( manganese usually sold 
conta9s _m o!r con/itu5ts besides black 
oxide ( manganese2 among/ ^! are iron1  
copp]1 cobalt1 & alum9a4  ,! iron1 z w  
be se5 f :at has be=e be5 /at$1 is a    
decid$ly objectionable +r$i5t to use    
along ) ! manganese4  ,copp] & cobalt   
bo? /a9 glass1 ! =m] ( a blui%-gre5     
col\r1 :ile ! latt] makes x blue2 & a   
small quantity ( ! latt] has great /a9+ 
p[]4 ,i h ?\ght x advisable to give     
analyses ( ! black oxides ( manganese1 &
 !y are z foll[s3  ,b9oxide ( manganese 
7,molecule1 ,mn4,o#b71 is f\nd native z 
pyrolusite or polyanite4 ,app5d$ are two
 analyses ( pyrolusite conta9+          
sesquioxide ( iron4    ,r$ oxide (      
,manganese  #hg;,a4#j  #gb;,a4#e        
,oxyg5                  #aa;,a4#f       
#i;,a4#h   ,sesquioxide ( ,iron         
#a;,a4#c   #d;,a4#b   ,alum9a           
#j;,a4#c   ,b>yta                       
#a;,a4#b   ,lime                        
#j;,a4#c   ,silica                      
#j;,a4#h   #a;,a4#d   ,wat]             

#e;,a4#h   #a;,a4#f                     
-----  ----                             
#ajh;,a4#c  #ii;,a4#e  ,! native b9oxide
 (t5 conta9s bo? copp] & cobalt 9       
addition to iron2 frequ5tly to ! am\nt (
 z mu* z #a p] c5t4 ( copp] & ab\t      
,a4#ed p] c5t4 ( cobalt4  ,wad1 a native
 b9oxide ( manganese1 sometimes conta9s 
#ed;,a4#cd p] c5t4 ( iron1 :ile ne>ly   
all ! manganese ores conta9 m or less   
alum9a1 v>y+ f ,a4#e p] c5t4 to z mu* z 
#bj p] c5t4  ,f ! composition ( ord9>y  
comm]cial black oxide ( manganese1 z %[n
 by ^! analyses1 x is evid5t t x is     
bett] to use ! pure article1 & ?is has  
be5 f\nd to be ! case by ! firm :o h    
adopt$ x 9 lieu ( comm]cial black oxide 
( manganese4 ,i !re=e /rongly recomm5d  
all glass mak]s to try & exp]im5t ) x1 =
 ! results obta9$ w l>gely c\nt]balance 
! extra co/ ( ! pure mat]ial2 & ,i also 
mu* d\bt :e!r ! same injuri\s effects w 
be produc$ on ! pots1 z is ! case :]e   
comm]cial manganese is employ$4         
,ars5i\s acid also acts z an oxidiz+    

ag5t1 9 t x gives up its oxyg5 to !     
protoxide ( iron1 conv]t+ x into !      
p]oxide2 b ! ars5ic itself1 :i* has lo/ 
its oxyg51 is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 
& be+ volatile1 does n rema9 ) ! glass1 
b passes (f by ! flues ( ! furnace4 ,if 
too mu* ars5ic is us$1 x sometimes r5d]s
 ! glass milky or cl\dy4  ,be=e describ+
 9 detail ! me?od ( mix+ & f\nd+ glass1 
x w be necess>y to m5tion ! composition 
( ! vessels 9 :i* ! glass is made4 ,!y  
are call$ glass-pots1 & diff] 9 %ape    
accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( glass to be 
made 9 !m4 ,glass-pots are made (       
fire-clay 7g5]ally ! be/ ,/\rbridge71   
:i* is a silicate ( alum9a1 & "h great  
c>e is tak5 to select t :i* conta9s lea/
 lime or iron4 ,x is gr\nd1 !n moi/5$ & 
well knead$ toge!r1 & left to rip51 :ile
 a c]ta9 quantity ( old glass-pot is    
gr\nd f9e & mix$ ) ! fre% fire-clay4    
,masses ab\t ! size ( two h&s are knead$
 sep>ately1 ! object be+ to exclude all 
air bubbles1 & to obta9 a p]fectly      
homog5e\s lump4 ,! bottom ( ! glass-pot 

is !n laid1 ! masses ( fire-clay be+    
press$ 9 ) ! greate/ c>e1 s z to avoid  
all cracks or places :]e air might ent] 
dur+ ! sl[ process ( dry+4  ,! mod]n    
%ape is r\nd2 ?\gh =m]ly c]ta9          
glass-pots1 call$ cuvettes1 us$ 9 !     
purify+ ( plate glass1 7 squ>e4 ,pots   
us$ 9 ! manufacture ( common cr[n & %eet
 w9d[ glass1 g5]ally speak+1 are l>g] at
 ! top ?an at ! bottom2 b :atev] may be 
! %ape ( ! pot1 ! me?od ( its build+ is 
! same4 ,! sides are c>efully made (    
fire-clay1 ea* piece be+ laid on by     
itself & knead$ l ! bottom ( ! pot1 s t 
x is sl[ly built up until x rea*es !    
desir$ height4 ,x is !n dri$ v          
gradually1 & ! process is f9i%$ 9       
artificially w>m$ *amb]s4 ,be=e putt+ x 
9 its place 9 ! glass-furnace1 x is     
all[$ to rema9 = "s "t 9 :at is call$ a 
pot-ar*1 t is1 an ar*way built (        
fire-clay bricks1 along ! side ( :i* is 
a fireplace1 by means ( :i* ! ar* is    
br\ght up to a r$ heat2 & aft] x has be5
 heat$ suffici5tly1 is remov$ :ile      

r$-hot & put into ! furnace4 ,glass-pots
 are nev] all[$ to cool1 & ) c>e !y may 
la/ = sev]al mon?s4 ,f ?is description (
 _! manufacture1 x w be cle> t x is     
att5d$ ) consid]able co/1 v>y+ f #el4 to
 #ajl4  ,!re are ?ree diff]5t k9ds (    
ord9>y pots = cr[n1 plate1 & fl9t glass2
 & ( ^! ! la/ is decid$ly ! mo/         
exp5sive1 z its top is cov]$ ov]1 &     
pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a dome ) an op5+ 9
 front1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ials c be       
introduc$ :5 ! pot is *>g$1 & f :i*1 :5 
made1 ! glass may be drawn1 9 ord] to be
 bl[n into %ape by ! workman4 ,9        
glass-furnaces ! pots are sometimes     
arrang$ 9 a circle1 ) _! m\?s op5+ into 
! glass-h\se2 b n[ a diff]5t con/ruction
 is sometimes employ$1 s9ce o!r me?ods (
 heat+ ! furnaces h be5 introduc$4 ,x is
 h>dly )9 ! scope ( ?is article to ent] 
into a description ( glass-furnaces2    
suffice x to /ate1 t !y %\ld be ( su* a 
con/ruction z to yield ! greate/ am\nt (
 well-regulat$ heat = ! smalle/         
consumption ( fuel1 & ?is object seems  

to be be/ effect$ by ! adoption ( ,mr4  
,siem5s' excell5t pr9ciple ( heat+      
furnaces4 ,= "s ye>s 8 process has be5 9
 use at ! ,?ames ,plate ,glass          
,company's ,works1 :]e ! sav+ ( fuel has
 be5 v consid]able1 & ! glass greatly   
improv$1 ow+ to ! fact t impurities f ! 
fuel employ$ _c possibly f9d su* easy   
entrance into ! glass-pot4 ,9 any case1 
! con/ruction ( ! furnace is su*1 z to  
be be/ adapt$ to ! conv5i5ce ( ! workm51
 accord+ to ! k9ds ( glass :i* !y h to  
make4 ,diff]5tly arrang$ furnaces are   
us$ = bottles f ^? employ$ = cr[n & %eet
 glass4  ,x has lately come to my k t   
fl9t glass1 t is to say1 ! glass us$ =  
tumbl]s1 decant]s1 & su* l1 is          
occasionally injur$ by ! appe>ance 9 x (
 little opaque :ite spots4 ,"s portions 
( glass ( ?is "* h be5 analyz$ by me1 :5
 ,i f\nd t ^! :ite spots 7 ow+ to !     
pres5ce ( a glass conta9+ alum9a4 ,n[   
alum9a raises ! melt+ po9t ( any glass (
 :i* x is a con/itu5t4 ,s1 !n1 ^! :ite  
spots 7 due to ! pres5ce 9 ! fl9t glass1

 :i* 0 p]fectly cle>1 ( a mu* less      
fusible glass :i* 0 only p>tly made :5 !
 fl9t glass 0 ready = work+4 ,on        
inve/igat+ ! matt]1 x 0 f\nd t ! alum9a 
came f ! glass-pots1 = :5 by my advice !
 faulty pot 0 )drawn f ! furnace &      
c>efully exam9$1 al?\gh x _h be5 9 "w   
only six weeks1 ! bottom 0 honey-comb$  
to a v consid]able ext5t1 %[+ t portions
 ( ! pot _h be5 dissolv$2 & inasmu* z ! 
fire-clay1 ( :i* ! pots are made1       
conta9s a l>ge quantity ( alum9a1 x 0 n 
difficult to trace ! s\rce ( ^! :ite    
spots :i* _h r5d]$ useless mu* v        
valuable glass4 ,on inquiry x 0 f\nd t !
 pots _h be5 made entirely ( new clay1 &
 on ref]5ce to ! book ( work+s1 :i* 0   
kept 9 ! glass-h\se1 x 0 also f\nd t =  
"s "t1 ! glass-pots us$ 9 t e/abli%m5t  
_h be5 made ( new clay1 & t on a previ\s
 occasion a simil> calamity _h be=e     
happ5$4  ,9 ! records kept :]e pots 7   
made1 z has already be5 describ$1 ) a   
portion ( old pot z well z new clay1 no 
:ite spots _h ev] appe>$ 9 ! glass4 ,x  

is !re=e manife/1 t x is mu* saf] to use
 a portion ( old pot ?an to tru/ to pots
 made entirely ( new clay4  ,hav+       
consid]$ briefly ! manufacture (        
glass-pots1 ,i %all proce$ to ! treatm5t
 ( ! mat]ials to be employ$4 ,9 mak+    
common w9d[ glass1 ord9>y s&1 :i* does n
 conta9 any v l>ge quantity ( iron1 may 
be us$1 ! alkali employ$ be+ sulphate ( 
soda1 :ile ! purify+ mat]ial is ei!r    
ars5ic or black oxide ( manganese4 ,a   
small quantity ( an?racite coal is add$ 
to ! mixture1 9 ord] to assi/ 9 !       
r$uction ( ! sulphate ( soda1 toge!r )  
"s lime4 ,! mat]ials are c>efully mix$ &
 plac$ 9 ! furnace1 :]e !y are heat$ =  
"s "t1 a process :i* is call$ fritt+4   
,its object is to p]fectly dry !        
mat]ials1 s z to expel c>bonic acid gas1
 :i* w\ld o!rwise cause swell+ 9 !      
glass2 b no comb9ation mu/ take place1  
to all[ ( silicates be+ =m$1 o!rwise !  
alkali w\ld melt fir/ & attack !        
sub/ance ( ! glass-pots1 & "p ( x w\ld  
be volatiliz$ & lo/4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is

 complet$1 ! fritt is put into ! hot    
glass-pot1 & submitt$ to ! action ( !   
heat ( ! furnace1 until ! glass is made1
 or f\nd$1 z x is te*nically t]m$4 ,9 ! 
case ( %eet & cr[n glass1 ?is process   
la/s f sixte5 to sev5te5 h\rs1 = x w be 
rememb]$ t ! top ( ! pot is op5 to !    
furnace1 s t ! flames pass ov] ! surface
 ( its cont5ts4 ,9 ?is way ! mat]ials   
get heat$ m rapidly ?an :5 a cov]$      
glass-pot is us$4  ,m4 ,gehl5 gives z a 
good mixture = w9d[ glass3    ,s&       
#ajj p>ts4   ,dry sulphate ( soda   #ej 
,quicklime              #bj      ,c>bon1
 z *>coal     #d     ,diff]5t mak]s h   
diff]5t mixtures4 ,?is by ,m4 ,gehl5 is 
giv5 z ab\t ! proportions ( ! sev]al    
con/itu5ts employ$4  ,! *>g+ ( ! pots is
 conduct$ 9 ?is mann]3 !y are fill$ )   
lumps ( fritt1 & ! heat ( ! furnace is  
rais$ z rapidly z possible1 until1 9    
ab\t eight or n9e h\rs ! fritt has run  
d[n or melt$ into glass4 ,m fritt is !n 
add$1 :i* also melts1 & f "t to "t ?is  
is repeat$1 till ! pot conta9s a        

suffici5t quantity4 ,aft] ab\t sixte5   
h\rs ! :ole has become conv]t$ into     
glass1 & ! surface ( ! molt5 mass is    
cov]$ ) liquid salt & sulphate ( soda4  
,?is scum is call$ glass-gall or s&iv]1 
& is c>efully remov$ ) iron ladles4 ,"s 
brok5 glass1 or cullet1 is n[ ?r[n into 
! glass-pot1 a little at a "t1 ! object 
be+ to cause any salt :i* may rema9 9 ! 
pot to rise to ! surface1 :i* is !n     
remov$1 & s ! glass is 9 ?is mann]      
purifi$1 aft] x has be5 fur!r heat$ = "s
 h\rs1 to expel gases4  ,:5 ! glass is  
made1 & its temp]ature s r$uc$ t x is 9 
a d\ghy or pa/y /ate1 x is !n work$ (f  
by ! bl[]s into ei!r %eets or tables1 z 
is desir$4 ,! bl[+ ( %eet & cr[n glass  
is a "w ( consid]able difficulty &      
lab\r1 & "o :i* _c be successfully      
p]=m$1 except by a workman :o has be5   
br\ght up f boyhood 9 a glass-h\se4 ,a  
quantity ( ! s(t glass is collect$ or   
ga!r$ on ! end ( a bl[pipe1 & ! workman 
!n bl[s into x1 & di/5ds x into a       
globul> =m4 ,n[ x is necess>y1 9 mak+   

%eet glass1 t t globul> =m %\ld be      
elongat$2 ! workman !re=e holds 8       
bl[pipe1 :i* is ab\t five feet long1 9 a
 v]tical direction1 & ! s(t5$ globe     
becomes pe>-%ap$4 ,by dext]\sly sw++ !  
bl[pipe f side to side1 :i* he does :ile
 /&+ on a plank plac$ ov] a sort ( pit1 
& by caus+ x to rise on ei!r side1 he   
conv]ts ! pe>-%ape into a true cyl9d]1  
hav+ r\nd$ ends4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] has assum$
 ! exact %ape desir$1 he places 8 ?umb  
on ! end ( ! bl[pipe1 & holds ! opposite
 end ( ! cyl9d] 9 ! m\? ( ! furnace4 ,! 
glass s(t5s at ! heat$ end1 & ! exp&+   
air causes x to bur/ ! op5+4 ,x is !n   
%ap$ ) a suitable tool1 s t x is ( !    
diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! latt] is      
cool$1 a piece ( hot glass is appli$ to 
its %\ld] ) a pontee1 & is drawn out    
into a ?read ar\nd x4 ,?is makes ! glass
 hot4 ,! ?read ( glass is remov$1 a cold
 in/rum5t is appli$ rapidly1 & ! %\ld] (
 ! bl[+ is cut (f4 ,! glass is next     
deta*$ f ! bl[pipe1 & its ends remov$1 &
 x is !n anneal$ = a %ort "t1 & cut d[n 

l5g?ways int]nally by a diamond4 ,x is  
aft]w>ds plac$1 ) ! long cut upp]mo/1 9 
:at is call$ a flatt5+ kiln1 t is1 9 a  
sort ( ov5 or furnace heat$ to a high   
temp]ature & hav+ a p]fectly smoo? /one 
floor2 aft] a %ort exposure ! glass     
s(t5s1 & a workman1 ) suitable wood5    
tools1 op5s x out :]e x 0 cut by !      
diamond1 & causes x to lie flat ^u !    
/one4 ,x is !n rubb$ by a wood5 tool1 & 
9 ?is way is flatt5$1 remov$ f ! flatt5+
 /one kiln1 & plac$ 9 a hot *amb]1 9 :i*
 x is all[$ to cool sl[ly1 = ! purpose (
 anneal+4  ,%eet glass1 =m]ly call$     
broad glass1 0 orig9ally made on !      
,cont95t2 b its manufacture1 fir/       
e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! introduction 
( =eign workm51 has ext5d$ to v l>ge    
dim5sions1 & ! quality ( ,engli% %eet is
 n[ q equal1 if n sup]ior1 to any?+ t is
 produc$ abroad4 ,! advantage :i* x     
possesses ov] cr[n glass is1 t mu* l>g] 
%eets c be made1 & ?is is v easily      
notic$ if we exam9e ! l>g] dim5sions (  
common w9d[ panes comp>$ ) ^? :i* 7     

=m]ly made4 ,ev5 n[ ! workm5 employ$ 9  
?is class ( manufacture are g5]ally     
,belgians4 ,a %eet glass bl[] mu/ be v  
/rong1 & h great skill 9 h&l+ 8 bl[pipe1
 = ! cyl9d]s :i* he bl[s are frequ5tly  
sixty in*es long1 & _! weight is v      
consid]able4 ,glass %ades are bl[n by   
%eet bl[]s4 ,^! sometimes are v l>ge1 & 
require great skill4 ,:5 _! %ape is to  
be t ( a cyl9d] ) a dome top1 !y are    
made z 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bl[+ a cyl9d] 
( %eet glass1 b in/ead ( "o end be+ bur/
 z describ$1 !y are simply deta*$ f !   
bl[pipe4 ,:5 !y h to be oval or squ>e at
 _! bases1 !y are bl[n into wood5 m\lds 
( ! requir$ =m1 :i* h _! insides *>r$4  
,! ga!r$ mass ( glass is plac$ inside   
su* a m\ld1 & is !n bl[n into until x   
t\*es ! sides4 ,?is is an op]ation      
requir+ great /r5g? & delicacy2 /r5g? to
 bl[ ) suffici5t =ce to br+ ! s(t5$     
glass to t\* ! m\ld 9 all its p>ts1 &   
delicacy to prev5t ! pressure f be+ s   
great z to cause ! outside ( ! glass    
%ade to receive m>ks on its surface f ! 

m\ld4  ,! %ap+ ( ! molt5 glass into     
tables ( cr[n is diff]5t 9 detail4 ,!   
globul> mass =m$ by ! fir/ bl[+s is held
 by a workman v]tically ov] 8 head4 ,an 
assi/ant ga!rs a small quantity ( s(t   
glass f ! furnace on ! end ( a po9t$    
iron rod1 & causes x to adh]e to !      
flatt5$ surface1 at a po9t opposite to t
 to :i* ! bl[pipe is atta*$4 ,! glass   
ne> ! bl[pipe1 :ile hot1 is t\*$ ) a    
cold in/rum5t1 & imm$iately cracks ar\nd
 its neck1 deta*+ ! bl[pipe f ! mass4 ,!
 po9tel is tak5 by ! bl[]1 & ! op5+ =m$ 
by ! removal ( ! bl[pipe is plac$       
opposite to :at is call$ a fla%+        
furnace1 t is1 a furnace ) a l>ge       
circul> op5+ 9 its front1 & :i* is heat$
 to su* an int5se degree1 t x is        
impossible = a p]son unaccu/om$ to x to 
approa* )9 sev]al feet ( ! furnace-m\?4 
,! workman g5]ally we>s a %ield or scre5
 to protect ! upp] "p ( 8 body & face4  
,! glass becomes s(t5$ by ! heat1 & !   
workman gives 8 po9tel a rot>y motion1  
some:at simil> to t :i* a h\semaid gives

 to a mop :5 %e trundles x2 & z ! glass 
s(t5s1 ! op5+ gets l>g] & l>g]1 until at
 la/ ! s(t5$ mass in/antane\sly fla%es  
out into a circul> %eet1 an op]ation :i*
 produces a v />tl+ effect ^u ! eyes (  
anyone behold+ x = ! fir/ "t4 ,! circul>
 cr[n table ?us made is deta*$ f !      
po9tel1 & ! mass ( glass :i* caus$ x to 
adh]e =ms :at is kn[n by ! "n ( ! bull's
 eye4 ,! table ?us made is1 l ! %eet1   
plac$ 9 an anneal+ furnace1 & !re left =
 a prop] l5g? ( "t4  ,! manufacture (   
plate glass is altoge!r diff]5t f t (   
cr[n & %eet4 ,fir/ ( all1 mu* great] c>e
 is tak5 9 ! selection ( ! mat]ials1 !  
s& us$ be+ ( a pur] k9d ?an t employ$ 9 
! manufacture ( common w9d[ glass2 !    
alkali is ( a bett] quality2 & m caution
 is tak5 9 all ! manipulative processes 
prior to ! melt+ ( ! mixture4 ,ars5i\s  
acid is m frequ5tly us$ ?an manganese = 
! correction ( ! iron impurity4 ,x has  
be5 notic$ t 9 ! plate glass-pots1 !re  
are grooves plac$ ar\nd _! sides1 & ^!  
are int5d$ to receive metal clasp]s1 by 

means ( :i* ! pot c be remov$ bodily f !
 furnace4 ,9 =m] times ! glass 0 made 9 
l>ge pots1 & !n ladl$ out into small]   
ones1 ( a squ>e =m call$ cuvettes1 & 9  
^! x 0 left expos$ to ! heat ( ! furnace
 = a l5g? ( "t1 9 ord] t x might be     
ref9$1 by ! ris+ ( impurities to !      
surface & by ! escape ( air bubbles4 ,! 
use ( ^! cuvettes is n[ discont9u$1 & ! 
pot 9 :i* ! glass is f\nd$ is remov$ f !
 furnace & its cont5ts p\r$ ^u ! tables 
on :i* ! plate is =m$1 by ! action (    
roll]s4 ,a plate glass table is made (  
iron2 its surface is smoo? & ( ! size   
requir$ to make a l>ge plate1 & x is    
plac$ ^u :eels & run ^u a tramway f "o  
"p ( ! glass-h\se to ano!r1 s z to be   
opposite to ! m\? ( ! furnace f :i* !   
glass-pot has to be remov$4 ,along !    
sides ( ?is table1 tak5 l5g?ways1       
moveable /rips ( iron are plac$1 ris+   
above x to a suffici5t height to secure 
! desir$ ?ickness = ! glass plate1 & on 
^! /rips runs a roll]1 s adapt$ t x c be
 made to pass pretty readily f "o end ( 

! table to ! o!r4 ,! cont5ts ( !        
glass-pot1 :5 plac$ ov] ! table by means
 ( a crane & tilt$ up1 fall out some:at 
z a lump ( d\gh w\ld fall f a knead+    
tr\gh if x 7 inv]t$1 = x mu/ be borne 9 
m9d t ! glass 9 ?is process is n 9 a v  
fluid /ate4 ,! roll] is made to pass    
rapidly ov] ! s(t5$ glass1 & 9 ?is way  
spreads x ov] ! table1 until x comes 9  
contact ) ! /rips plac$ along ! edge1   
:i* s]ve z gauges = det]m9+ ! ?ickness (
 ! plate4 ,aft] ! plate is =m$1 x       
imm$iately sets1 & is remov$ :ile hot   
into an anneal+ furnace1 :i* is always s
 plac$ t ! glass c be transf]r$ to x f !
 table ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,9 ?is  
furnace sev]al plates ( fre%-made glass 
are deposit$1 & are all[$ to cool       
extremely sl[ly1 9 ord] t ! glass may be
 prop]ly anneal$4 ,:5 ?is process is    
complet$1 ! plates are remov$1 ! edges  
are trimm$ (f ) a diamond1 & "o plate1  
b$d$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 is plac$ ^u a flat
 /one receptacle2 ano!r plate1 also     
coat$ on "o ( its sides ) pla/] ( ,p>is1

 is made to adh]e to a piece ( ma*9]y   
plac$ directly above ! o!r plate1 & is s
 situat$1 ) respect to ?is latt]1 t !   
two surfaces are p]fectly p>allel "o to 
! o!r4  ,x %\ld be "h m5tion$1 t ! side 
( ! plate :i* t\*es ! table is always   
r\gh1 & has no poli%1 :ile t ov] :i* !  
roll] is pass$ is slightly undulat+1 &  
has a bright poli% simil> to t ( a %eet 
( bl[n glass1 & :i* is te*nically kn[n z
 fire poli%4 ,! ma*9e to :i* ! upp]     
plate is atta*$ is s arrang$ t1 :5 set 9
 motion1 x causes x to move 9 j ! same  
direction t a plate w\ld d if mov$ by ! 
human arm2 ?is is !re=e call$ an elb[   
motion4 ,boys /& by ! sides ( ! two     
plates1 & ?r[ f9e s& & wat] on ! l[] "o1
 s t ! oppos$ surfaces mutually gr9d "o 
ano!r1 & :5 ?is process is complet$ on  
"o side1 !y are rev]s$1 & ! same        
op]ation is p]=m$ on ! o!r side4 ,!     
plates h n[ ! appe>ance ( gr\nd glass1 &
 ! surfaces are fur!r gr\nd by f9e em]y 
p[d]1 :i* causes !m to be mu* smoo!r & m
 ready = ! f9al poli%+4 ,=m]ly ?is 0    

entirely done by h&1 wom5 g5]ally be+ ! 
op]ators1 & oxide ( iron1 call$ crocus1 
mix$ ) wat]1 ! mat]ial employ$ = poli%+4
 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a m rapid & p]fect me?od is
 adopt$ by ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,a table is  
prep>$ :i* moves f side to side1 giv+ to
 ! plate a lat]al motion2 & above is a  
beam1 9 :i* holes are drill$ at         
int]vals1 ?r\gh :i* %ort iron rods1     
ne>ly an in* 9 diamet]1 pass4 ,on ^! are
 padd$ iron buff]s1 cov]$ on _! "u      
surface ) lea!r2 :ile1 press+ d[n ^!    
rods1 & !re=e ! buff]s1 are spr+s1 :i*  
act ) consid]able =ce1 b :i* are able to
 yield to pressure caus$ by any         
inequality ov] :i* ! buff]s may pass4 ,!
 glass plate is fix$ ^u ?is table1 & its
 upp] surface is expos$ to ! action ( ! 
buff]s1 :ile oxide ( iron1 9 a v f9e    
/ate ( division & mix$ ) wat]1 is all[$ 
to come ^u its surface4 ,! glass        
travell+ f side to side is rubb$ by !   
buff]s 9 a lat]al direction1 & has also 
a longitud9al motion1 s t e portion ( x 
is rubb$ equally4 ,if any inequalities  

occur on ! glass1 ! spr+s :i* press d[n 
! buff]s give way & all[ !m to rise ov] 
x1 & ?is process is cont9u$ = "s "t1    
until at la/ ! plate receives ! poli% s 
*>act]i/ic ( plate glass4 ,x is !n      
remov$ f ! table & exam9$ by skill$     
p]sons1 & :atev] defects c be remov$ by 
h&1 are rem$i$4  ,ano!r k9d ( plate     
glass1 call$ pat5t roll$ plate1 is made 
by ladl+ out f a pot molt5 glass 9 !    
prop] /ate ( consi/5ce4 ,! ladle is     
br\ght ov] a small glass table1 & a     
simil> op]ation is p]=m$ to t already   
describ$4 ,?is pat5t roll$ plate is     
sometimes made ) grooves on "o ( its    
surfaces1 or ) patt]ns 9 imitation (    
diamond qu>ry glaz+1 &1 9 fact1 ) any   
designs1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( !          
manufactur]4 ,^! designs are all engrav$
 ^u ! table1 & communicate _! patt]ns to
 ! s(t glass2 b ! smoo? surface ( su*   
glass :i* comes 9 contact ) ! roll] is  
slightly undulat+1 ?\gh poli%$4 ,?is    
me?od ( glass mak+ 0 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by 
,mr4 ,h>tley1 ! not$ manufactur]1 (     

,sund]l&4  ,a light] k9d ( plate glass1 
:i* is pr9cipally us$ = glaz+ ! bett]   
class ( pictures & engrav+s1 & call$    
pat5t plate1 is simply %eet glass poli%$
 aft] ! mann] ( plate glass4 ,cr[n      
glass1 :i* only admits ( be+ cut into   
small squ>es1 is also us$ = picture     
glaz+1 b is m c>efully prep>$1 & is     
call$ by ! "n ( flatt$ cr[n4  ,look+    
,glasses4--,plate glass is employ$ =    
mak+ look+ glasses1 & two processes are 
n[ 9 use = silv]+ !m1 ! fir/ ( :i*      
consi/s 9 apply+ a %eet ( t9foil        
saturat$ ) quicksilv] to "o side ( !    
glass4 ,! op]ation is conduct$ z foll[s3
 on a p]fectly smoo? table a %eet ( /\t 
t9foil is laid1 & on x is p\r$          
quicksilv]1 :i* is di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] !
 surface ) a h>e's foot4 ,:5 ! :ole %eet
 is amalgamat$ ) ! quicksilv]1 m ( t    
sub/ance is p\r$ ov] x1 until x fl[s q  
freely4 ,! glass plate to be silv]$1    
hav+ be5 made p]fectly clean1 is float$ 
^u ! surface ( ! quicksilv]1 an op]ation
 requir+ c>e1 & is !n cov]$ all ov] )   

weights1 by :i* means ! excess (        
quicksilv] is press$ out1 & ! glass     
comes 9 contact ) ! amalgamat$ %eet (   
t9foil1 to :i* x adh]es entirely4 ,?is  
anci5t me?od ( silv]+ glass has "s      
advantages ov] ! "o next to be describ$4
 ,! col\r ( ! plate is1 accord+ to      
arti/ic ta/e1 bett]1 & ) c>e ! plate w n
 lose its brilliancy = ye>s4 ,i h 9 my  
possession "s old glasses1 ! silv]+ (   
:i* is v beautiful1 except :]e x has    
suff]$ f me*anical injuries4 ,silv] c be
 precipitat$ f a solution ( nitrate (   
silv] 9 sev]al ways1 & 9 "s ( ^!        
specim5s 0 l a bright film4 ,if a cry/al
 ( nitrate ( silv] be put into a        
te/-tube ) "s bit>trate ( lime1 & !     
mixture be r5d]$ ammoniacal & g5tly w>m$
 7x be+ kept 9 motion dur+ ! exp]im5t71 
its sides w be cov]$ ) a v brilliant    
deposit ( metallic silv]4 ,oil ( cloves 
& grape sug> h also ! p[] ( r$uc+       
metallic silv] f ammoniacal solutions ( 
! nitrate1 :5 g5tly w>m$2 b ! mixtures  
mu/ n be made too hot4 ,9 silv]+ plates 

( glass1 !y are fir/ well clean$1 !n    
plac$ 9 a p]fectly level position1 & !  
silv]+ liquid is p\r$ ov] ! surface1 !  
room 9 :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$ be+ kept 
suffici5tly w>m to assi/ ! deposition4  
,:5 en\gh silv] has be5 deposit$ on !   
glass1 ! liquid is p\r$ (f & ! plate    
dri$1 :ile ! silv] film is protect$ by  
be+ coat$ ) a suitable h>d v>ni%4 ,!    
composition ( ! mixtures us$ by diff]5t 
p]sons is g5]ally kept secret1 ?\gh !   
*emical pr9ciple ( ! r$uction ( ! silv] 
salt is ! same4 ,glasses silv]$ by ?is  
process sometimes lose _! brilliancy1 by
 becom+ cov]$ on _! silv]$ side ) small 
spots4 ,x is h[ev] /at$ t ?is results   
ei!r f a bad sy/em ( deposition1 or f ! 
film ( silv] n be+ suffici5tly ?ick &   
solid4  ,fl9t ,glass1 al?\gh call$ by   
?is "n1 is n made f fl9t1 b f ! be/ s&1 
( pure & dazzl+ :it5ess1 obta9$ f ,alum 
,bay1 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & f           
,fonta9ebleau1 9 ,france4 ,! co/ p] ton 
is f #al4 to #al4 #aes41 :]eas ! price (
 ! s& us$ = mak+ plate glass is ab\t    

"o-eigh? ( t am\nt4 ,! alkali employ$ is
 g5]ally extremely good c>bonate (      
pota%1 :]eas soda is us$ 9 ! manufacture
 ( ! o!r k9ds ( glass :i* h be5         
describ$4 ,! addition ( a small quantity
 ( black oxide ( manganese is sometimes 
necess>y to correct ! slight t9t imp>t$ 
by iron1 :i* seems to be always pres5t 9
 m9ute quantities1 ev5 9 ! pure/ samples
 ( s&4 ,oxide ( lead 9 ! =m ( r$ lead1 9
 ?is sort ( glass1 takes ! place ( lime4
 ,! advantages d]iv$ f us+ ! oxide are1 
t x makes ! mixture m fusible1 & also   
imp>ts t p>ticul> brilliancy & lu/re s  
peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( well-made fl9t   
glass4 ,9 diff]5t works1 v>i\s mixtures 
are made = ! composition ( ! glass2 b to
 give an idea ( ! proportions 9 :i* !   
mat]ials are mix$1 x w be well to quote 
! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,pay51 :o says t ( !    
f9e/ cry/al fl9t glass1 ! foll[+ is !   
composition3 s&1 #c2 r$ lead #b to      
#b-a_/d2 c>bonate ( pota%1 #a-a_/b to   
#a-b_/c4 ,a little nitre or saltpetre is
 us$ z an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,! glass-pots   

employ$ 9 ?is bran* ( ! manufacture are 
cov]$1 s t ! flames ( ! furnace d n come
 9 contact ) ! mat]ials1 ! object 9 ?us 
isolat+ !m f direct contact ) ! flame   
be+ to prev5t ! entrance ( impurities1  
by :i* ! col\r might be injur$4 ,on     
acc\nt ( ! pots be+ cov]$1 ! mat]ials   
take a mu* long] "t to get hot1 &       
require q d\ble ! "t 9 f\nd+ t %eet or  
plate glass does2 ! pres5ce ( oxide (   
lead mat]ially assi/+ ! rapidity ( !    
fusion4 ,:5 fl9t glass is ready = work+1
 ! "t requir$ to "w (f a pot ( x is mu* 
long] ?an t :i* is requir$ = a pot (    
cr[n or %eet2 & x is a matt] (          
consid]able importance1 t ! furnace-man 
%\ld s manage 8 fires z to keep ! glass 
9 a prop] work+ condition1 t is1 he %\ld
 n let x get too cold 7!re=e too solid7 
nor too fluid4 ,fl9t glass is work$ (f  
by ! bl[] into w9e-glasses1 tumbl]s1    
decant]s1 & o!r suitable vessels4 ,let u
 take a w9e-glass z an illu/ration ( !  
me?od ( work+4 ,a small quantity ( glass
 is ga!r$ on ! bl[pipe1 :i* is mu*      

small] ?an t us$ 9 mak+ %eet1 & is bl[n 
into a bulb1 :i* may be slightly        
elongat$ or globul>1 ! =ms be+ giv5 to x
 by ! motion :i* ! workman imp>ts to 8  
bl[pipe :ile he is bl[+1 or aft] he has 
bl[n1 into ! mass4 ,9 ! case ( a        
w9e-glass1 an assi/ant boy ga!rs a small
 quantity ( glass on ! end ( a small    
po9tel1 or solid iron rod4 ,?is is plac$
 on ! side ( ! globe opposite t :i* is 9
 connection ) ! bl[pipe1 :i* is !n      
deta*$ by t\*+ ! glass ne>e/ x ) a piece
 ( iron1 wett$ ) cold wat]3 ?is causes a
 crack1 & a g5tle tap causes sep>ation4 
,! workman !n m\lds ! op5+ made by      
deta*+ ! bl[pipe1 9 ord] to d :i*1 he   
has to apply ! glass (t5 to ! m\? ( !   
furnace1 to s(t5 x4 ,he !n op5s out !   
globe into ! %ape ( a cup ) a pair (    
small iron tongs1 ) legs uni=m 9 %ape1  
slightly tap]+ & smoo?1 & he uses a     
peculi> k9d ( scissors = trimm+ ! edges4
 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! glass are m\ld$ ) !    
tongs1 accuracy ( size be+ obta9$ by    
means ( measur+ compasses & a scale4 ,! 

workman sits dur+ ?is op]ation 9 a seat 
) arms1 lay+ ! pontee on !m1 & turn+ x1 
s z to make x move backw>ds & =w>ds ) 8 
left h&1 :ile ) ! tongs 9 8 "r he gives 
! glass ! desir$ =m4  ,be=e pass+ on to 
a description ( ! manufacture &         
composition ( col\r$ glasses1 x is      
necess>y t ,i %\ld make a few rem>ks on 
! difficulties "u :i* our ,engli% glass 
mak]s lab\r1 ow+ to n pay+ suffici5t    
att5tion to ! sci5tific treatm5t ( _!   
mixtures4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t     
glass is compos$ ( a mixture (          
silicates1 :i* are def9ite *emical      
comp\nds4 ,"s are mu* m d5se ?an o!rs1 &
 are !re=e liable to s9k1 s t ! glass   
tak5 f "o "p ( ! pot w be v diff]5t 9   
composition f t tak5 f ano!r "p2 besides
 ?is1 x is f\nd on exam9ation1 t o!r    
portions ( ! mat]ials employ$ are pres5t
 9 su* proportions1 t !y _c possibly    
exi/ 9 ! =m ( true silicates4 ,m4       
,dumas1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* *emi/1 ass]ts1 
& ) tru?1 t glass ought to be a true    
*emical comp\nd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n    

seem to be ! op9ion "h2 & suffici5t     
att5tion is n paid by ,engli%           
manufactur]s to mix+ _! mat]ials1 s z to
 =m def9ite silicates1 ! result be+ t   
glass is produc$ ) a /riat$ effect4 ,?is
 is easy to be se5 9 ! common k9ds1 z 9 
bottle glass2 b ow+ to ! m c>eful &     
prolong$ fusion ( ! f9] v>ieties1 su* z 
plate glass1 ?is defect is to a         
consid]able ext5t rem$i$1 ?\gh n        
altoge!r ov]come4 ,9 ! ,fr5* manufacture
 ( plate glass1 m att5tion has be5 paid 
to ! *emical composition ( ! v>i\s      
silicates :i* ent] into x4 ,at ,/4      
,goba91 a plate glass1 is produc$ :i*1  
on analysis1 is f\nd to conta9 def9ite  
silicates1 & )\t any excess ( mat]ial   
:i* does n ent] into *emical comb9ation2
 & ! consequ5ce is1 t ?is glass is m    
p]fect & homog5e\s ?an t made 9 ?is     
c\ntry4 ,no d\bt ?is sup]ior quality is 
ow+ to ! fact1 t ! fam\s *emi/1         
,gay-,lussac1 devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to      
assi/+ 9 ! manufacture c>ri$ on at ^!   
works4 ,we _c ov]-e/imate ! importance (

 a sci5tific sup]9t5d5ce1 n only (      
glass-works1 b ( all o!r manufactures 9 
:i* *emical reactions take place2 =     
al?\gh exp]i5ce may lead a cauti\s      
obs]v] to produce sub/ances ( ne>ly     
correct composition1 yet ! assi/ance ( a
 sci5tific obs]v] is ( ! greate/        
importance1 because1 :at "u o!r         
circum/ances mu/ be simply empirical1 is
 "u 8 guidance c>ri$ on accord+ to      
def9ite & fix$ laws4  ,m5tion has       
already be5 made ( h[1 9 ! case ( mix+  
c>bonates ( soda & pota%1 ! "o assi/s ! 
fusibility ( ! o!r1 & ?is is m          
p>ticul>ly true 9 ! mixture ( silicates 
9 ! composition ( ! ord9>y glass4       
,silicates ( soda & pota% are sep>ately 
mu* m infusible ?an a mixture ( ! two1 &
 ! addition ( o!r silicates to !m r5d]s 
!m m fusible /ill2 silicate ( lead1 z   
has already be5 m5tion$1 caus+ ! glass  
into ^: composition x ent]s to fuse at a
 mu* l[] temp]ature ?an x w\ld d if t   
silicate 7 abs5t4 ,aga91 if ! silicate (
 lead be pres5t 9 too l>ge proportions1 

& if great c>e be n tak5 9 ! manufacture
 ( lead glass1 ! silicate ( lead1 f its 
great] d5sity1 w s9k l[] among ! molt5  
silicates1 & w !re=e cause a l>g]       
proportion ( lead to be 9 ! glass at !  
bottom ( ! pot ?an !re is at ! top4 ,we 
(t5 notice 9 tumbl]s & decant]s ( !     
*eap] k9d1 t !re are v di/9ct stri,a    
runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole sub/ance 9 "s        
p>ticul> portion ( ! glass4 ,n[ ?is is  
ow+ to ! great] d5sity ( ! lead         
silicate1 :i* s9ks l[] d[n 9 ! collect$ 
mass ( glass1 & !re=e imp>ts to x ?is   
peculi> effect4 ,:5 a pot ( fl9t glass  
is work$ (f1 t :i* rema9s at ! bottom   
usually conta9s m lead ?an t :i* is     
work$ (f 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! day4  ,col\r$ 
,glasses4--,x has be5 be=e %[n t silica 
unites ) metallic oxides2 9 fact1 glass 
is no?+ b a comp\nd br\ght ab\t by !    
union4 ,) c]ta9 metallic oxides1 silica 
=ms col\r$ silicates or glasses2 & ^!1  
:5 fus$ ) col\rless glasses1 imp>t to !m
 ! col\r ( ! silicate4 ,oxide ( iron    
col\rs glass ei!r gre5 or yell[1 accord+

 to ! nature ( ! oxide2 ! silicate ( !  
protoxide ( iron be+ gre51 & t ( !      
p]oxide1 yell[ ( a slightly br[ni% t9t4 
,copp] =ms two oxides1 ! suboxide & !   
protoxide2 ! suboxide col\rs glass r$1  
:ile ! protoxide r5d]s x gre54 ,black   
oxide ( manganese col\rs glass purple2 b
 if l>ge quantities be us$1 x makes x   
p]fectly black4 ,sesquioxide ( *romium  
imp>ts a beautiful gre5 col\r to glass1 
:ile oxide ( uranium produces an        
opalesc5t effect ( yell[ ) a t+e ( gre54
 ,?is latt]1 by ! way1 has ! p[] ( r$uc+
 ! ultra-violet rays ( ! spectrum to    
lum9\s rays1 &1 :5 held 9 ! rays ( a    
spectrum obta9$ by ! electric light1    
produces an extremely beautiful effect1 
:i* is call$ fluoresc5ce4 ,a small      
quantity ( ! oxide ( gold t9ts glass    
p9k1 b ! col\r becomes extremely ri* &  
ruby-l1 :5 a l>g] quantity ( ! oxide is 
employ$4 ,oxide ( cobalt 9 v small      
quantities yields1 ) silicic acid1 an   
int5sely blue silicate4 ,?is sub/ance1  
c>efully prep>$ 9 a special mann] &     

gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 =ms ! well kn[n    
wat]-col\r pigm5t call$ smalt4 ,oxide ( 
silv] /a9s glass f a delicate lemon t9t 
to a deep orange1 9 proportion to !     
quantity ( ! oxide employ$4  ,) !       
exception ( ! la/-nam$ col\r+ mat]ial1 !
 above m5tion$ are mix$ toge!r ) !      
sub/ances :i* =m ! glass1 & are melt$ 9 
! usual way 9 glass-pots1 except t !y   
are treat$ ) consid]ably m c>e1 9 ord] t
 _! t9ts may be true4 ,oxide ( silv]1   
h[ev]1 is nev] mix$ ) ! mat]ials ( :i* !
 glass is made1 b is appli$ to ! surface
 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 a solution ( nitrate 
( silv] mix$ ) "s sub/ance1 su*1 =      
in/ance1 z *alk1 may be pa9t$ ^u ! p>ts 
( ! glass :i* x is desir$ to /a91 & ^!  
are heat$ to a dull r$ heat1 9 :at is   
call$ a muffle4 ,:]ev] ! oxide ( silv]1 
:i* is r$uc$ f ! nitrate by heat1 comes 
9 contact ) ! glass1 ! latt] is /a9$ m  
or less int5sely1 accord+ to ! quantity 
( silv] pres5t4 ,pure metallic silv] may
 be melt$ ) metallic antimony1 & ! mass 
gr\nd to a f9e p[d] 9 wat]4 ,?is p[d]1  

aft] be+ mix$ ) "s ,v5etian r$ & gum    
wat]1 is appli$ to ! surface ( ! glass1 
:i* is1 :5 dry1 heat$ to a dull r$ heat 
9 a muffle1 produc+ ! yell[ /a91 :i* c  
be se5 aft] ! ,v5etian r$ & ! excess (  
silv] h be5 scrap$ (f4 ,! reason :y     
silv]1 or oxide ( silv]1 is n mix$ ) !  
glass mat]ials & fus$ ) !m1 is because x
 does n readily unite ) oxyg51 &1 :5 x  
has done s1 x loses its oxyg5 aga9 at a 
high temp]ature1 & becomes r$uc$ to !   
metallic /ate2 & inasmu* z metals h no  
effect :atev] 9 /a9+ silicates1 glass   
made 9 ?is way w\ld n h ! yell[ col\r   
:i* x has1 :5 ! silv] is heat$ ^u its   
surface to a mu* l[] temp]ature 9 a     
muffle2 = ! temp]ature to :i* !         
con/itu5ts ( ! glass mu/ be heat$1 s z  
to cause !m to burn x 91 w\ld be s high1
 t ! oxide ( silv] fir/ =m$ at a l[]    
temp]ature w\ld be r$uc$ to ! regul9e or
 metallic /ate4 ,gold also1 l silv]1    
does n unite ) oxyg5 readily1 or rema9 9
 union ) x at high temp]ature2 !re=e    
great c>e is requir$ 9 ! prep>ation (   

glass to be col\r$ by oxide ( gold2 ! =m
 9 :i* x is us$ be+ g5]ally t ( ! purple
 ( ,cassius1 made by precipitat+ a salt 
( t9 ) a salt ( gold4 ,?is sub/ance is  
mix$ ) ! glass to be col\r$1 & heat$ 9 a
 suitable glass-pot4 ,portions ( x are  
ga!r$ & all[$ to cool1 ^! be+ g5]ally ( 
a yell[i%1 br[ni%1 & sometimes r$di%    
t9t1 ?\gh !y h n 9 any case ! same      
beautiful r$ col\r :i* !y produce :5    
appli$1 z w be imm$iately describ$1 to !
 surface ( :ite glass4 ,a c]ta9 quantity
 ( :ite glass is ga!r$ f ! glass-pot 9 !
 s(t /ate ) "o ( ^! pieces ( gold glass2
 ! :ole mass is heat$ until bo? become  
s(t1 & is !n bl[n & =m$ into %eet1 :i*1 
on exam9ation1 w be f\nd to consi/ ma9ly
 ( :ite glass1 ) its surface ?9ly cov]$ 
) ! glass /a9$ ) oxide ( gold1 :ile !   
beautiful ruby col\r1 :i* ! gold imp>ts 
to ! glass1 appe>s pure & di/9ct4 ,if   
su* glass z ?is be heat$ to too high a  
temp]ature1 z :5 x is us$ 9 !           
manufacture ( /a9$ glass w9d[s1 ! ruby  
col\r is 9 "p1 & sometimes altoge!r1    

de/roy$1 = ! oxide ( gold loses its     
oxyg51 & metallic gold is left beh9d1   
:i* does n yield a col\r to ! silicate4 
,i h 9 my possession a piece ( ,fr5*    
glass ( a pale sapphire t9t1 :i*1 :5    
heat$ 9 ! oxidiz+ flame ( ! bl[pipe1    
assumes a brilliant & int5se ruby col\r1
 %[+ t 9 ! fir/ condition1 ! gold is n 9
 a /ate ( oxidation suffici5t to imp>t  
col\r to ! glass4  ,:5 ! suboxide (     
copp] is mix$ & fus$ ) ! glass :i* x is 
int5d$ to col\r1 ! result is an opaque  
sub/ance1 almo/ l r$ bottle-seal+-wax1  
:i* is treat$ 9 a mann] exactly simil>  
to ! gold glass2 viz4 x is coat$ ) :ite 
glass1 & bl[n & %ap$ into %eets1 :i* owe
 _! int5se ruby col\r to a ?9 film ( !  
col\r$ glass closely adh]+ to ! mass ( !
 :ite ^u :i* x is plac$4 ,glass made 9  
?is way is call$ coat$1 & sometimes     
fla%$ glass1 & is extremely useful =    
ornam5tal purposes1 = by ! action ^u !  
col\r$ surface ( hydr(luoric acid1 !    
ruby coat+ c be eat5 away1 & ! :ite     
glass b5ea? left entire4 ,if !          

backgr\nds ( ! patt]ns be pa9t$ ^u !    
ruby side ) a mat]ial l ,brunswick      
black1 :i* is able to resi/ ! action (  
hydr(luoric acid1 & if ! plate ( glass1 
on its ruby side1 be expos$ to ! action 
( ! vap\r ( ?is acid1 or to ! action ( !
 acid 9 solution 9 wat]1 9 a %ort space 
( "t ! patt]n w be eat5 away2 & if !    
,brunswick black coat+ be remov$ )      
turp5t9e1 a %eet ( ruby glass w be      
obta9$ ) a :ite patt]n et*$ ^u x4  ,ow+ 
to ! p[]ful col\r+ prop]ties :i* oxide (
 cobalt ex]ts1 a v deep-col\r$ blue     
glass c be made1 :i* c be treat$ l ! r$ 
copp] glass1 & may be made to coat &    
cov] 9 ! same way ! surface ( plates (  
:ite glass4 ,purple glass1 col\r$ )     
oxide ( manganese1 & gre5 glass are also
 sometimes us$ z coat+ mat]ials = :ite  
glass1 b o!r col\rs are nev] employ$ 9  
?is way4  ,x is manife/ t if diff]5t    
metallic oxides be us$ ) ! same glass1  
mix$ t9ts w be produc$1 s t by m+l+     
small quantities ( oxide ( cobalt &     
protoxide ( copp]1 a blue glass hav+ a  

gre5i% hue may be obta9$4 ,! revival (  
glass pa9t+ has caus$ manufactur]s to   
turn _! att5tion to ^! mixtures1 9 ord] 
to produce t9ts resembl+ ^? ( anci5t    
/a9$ glass4 ,messrs4 ,p[ell & ,son1 (   
,:itefri>s1 7 ! fir/ to p]=m exp]im5ts  
on ^! mixtures1 & aft] mu* labori\s     
att5tion & pati5ce _! ef=ts h be5 cr[n$ 
) great success1 = !y h be5 enabl$ to   
produce glass z beautiful 9 t9t & 9     
texture z ! be/ specim5s ( anci5t       
manufacture4 ,_! example has be5 foll[$ 
by o!rs1 su* z ,messrs4 ,h>tley (       
,sund]l&1 & ,messrs4 ,*ance & ,co4 (    
,birm+ham4  ,:ile treat+ ( ! effect     
produc$ by diff]5t metallic oxides ^u   
col\r1 x may be well to m5tion t !      
opaque glasses us$ = su* purposes1 z !  
enamell+ ( wat*-faces1 are made by mix+ 
) ! mat]ials a c]ta9 quantity ( ars5i\s 
acid 7or :ite ars5ic71 9 mu* l>g]       
quantities ?an :5 x is employ$ simply to
 correct ! t9t imp>t$ to glass by ! iron
 impurities 9 ! s&4 ,oxide ( t9 also    
r5d]s glass :ite & opaque1 & a c]ta9    

quantity ( bone a% w produce a simil>   
effect1 ?\gh n 9 s satisfactory a mann]4
  ,glass pa9t+ fir/ became g5]al 9 ?is  
c\ntry at ! "t :5 ! ,e>ly ,engli% /yle (
 ar*itecture prevail$1 & "s ( ! be/     
specim5s 7 execut$ dur+ t p]iod4 ,by !  
be/ specim5s is n meant1 t ! figures    
pa9t$ ^u ^? w9d[s 7 arti/ically z       
correct z simil> works ( a lat] date1 b 
t !y 7 design$ & execut$ 9 accordance ) 
^? pr9ciples1 :i* %\ld always gov]n !   
adaptation ( a sub/ance l glass to      
ornam5tal purposes4 ,! e>li] medi,aval  
arti/s dep5d$ = effect m ^u ! boldness (
 _! outl9e1 ?an ^u ! int5sity ( _! %ad+ 
or ! delicacy ( _! manipulation4 ,! =m (
 a ?irte5?-c5tury figure is m]ely       
indicat$ by a few bold & well drawn     
outl9es1 ! features be+ =m$ by l9es1 !  
pupils ( ! eyes by simple well-%ap$     
masses ( opaque pigm5t2 & su* a treatm5t
 z ?is 0 q suffici5t to convey :at 01 to
 ! obs]v]1 m or less a symbolical1 ?an a
 tru?ful repres5tation ( ! ,scripture   
hi/ory :i* !y 7 int5d$ to illu/rate4 ,^!

 arti/s rememb]$ t w9d[s are op5+s 9 a  
build+1 ?r\gh :i* light has to pass1 &  
!y did n1 !re=e1 l _m ( ! lat]          
imitators1 r5d] !m opaque by masses (   
int5se %ad[1 :i* p]fectly obscure !     
col\r ( ! glass ^u :i* ! picture is     
pa9t$1 & r5d] ! passage ( light ?r\gh x 
simply impossible4 ,! ?irte5?-c5tury    
glass pa9t]s1 too1 9 ! treatm5t ( _!    
%ad[s1 bore ?is great pr9ciple 9 m9d1 & 
in/ead ( daub+ & /ippl+ !m on1 usually  
indicat$ !m ) a ?9 wa% ( enamel col\r1  
int5sifi$ 9 p>ts by l9es cross+ "o      
ano!r1 & !re=e call$ cross-hat*+1 ?r\gh 
! int]/ices ( :i* ! light1 al?\gh       
subdu$1 0 able1 9 a measure1 to pass4   
,b z ! object ( ?is article is n to     
discuss ! m]its ( ! v>i\s /yles ( glass 
pa9t+1 h[ev] mu* ,i might desire to     
enl>ge ^u x1 ,i pass on to a description
 ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! manufacture (   
/a9$ glass w9d[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 aft] 
a design has be5 drawn1 9 :i* ! effect (
 ! w9d[ z a :ole c be c>efully consid]$1
 c>toons ( ! figures & ornam5t are made 

( ! exact size ( ! int5d$ pa9t+4 ,& "h x
 %\ld be not$1 t all ! l9es %\ld be     
extremely cle>1 precise1 & well drawn1  
because x is f ^! t ! workman1 :o is n  
usually himself an arti/1 has to convey 
on ! glass ! feel+ ( ! arti/4 ,! c>toon1
 :5 complet$1 is laid d[n 9 pieces =    
conv5i5ce-sake on a table1 & fa/5$ )    
small nails4 ,! glass-cutt] !n selects !
 v>i\s col\r$ glasses :i* are requir$ to
 be ins]t$ 9 _! prop] places1 s z to    
c>ry out ! design ( ! arti/4 ,= in/ance1
 a piece ( :ite or yell[-t9t$ glass is  
cut to ! %ape ( ! face4 ,if ! figure be 
a small "o1 ! hair also is includ$ 9    
?is2 & probably 9 ! figure ( a sa9t1 !  
nimbus :i* surr\nds ! head may be       
includ$2 :ile 9 l>g] figures1 p>ticul>ly
 9 ! e>lie/ /yles1 ! face 0 ( glass ( "o
 t9t1 ! hair ( ano!r1 & ! nimbus ( "o or
 m t9ts1 diff]5t f ei!r ( ^!4           
,sometimes1 9 ! lat] /yles1 ! hair1 aft]
 ! face 0 pa9t$ & burnt 91 0 /a9$ ) !   
silv] /a9 already describ$1 s t :5 !    
glass 0 clean$1 x 0 ( a yell[ col\r4    

,h[ev]1 n to enl>ge m ^u ^! po9ts1 :i*  
really belong m to ! arti/ic ?an to !   
indu/rial "p ( w9d[ pa9t+1 let u proce$ 
to ! consid]ation ( manipulative        
details4 ,! outl9es ( ! figures &       
ornam5t are pa9t$ ) a sub/ance call$    
trac+ br[n1 made by mix+ ) a flux "s    
oxide ( iron1 heat+ !m toge!r 9 a       
crucible & gr9d+ ! product to a f9e     
p[d]1 :i* is mix$ ) c]ta9 vehicles      
adapt$ to ! p>ticul> use to :i* x is to 
be appli$4 ,diff]5t fluxes are employ$  
by diff]5t glass pa9t]s2 "s conta9      
borax1 because su* fluxes fuse m easily1
 & !re=e cause ! glass :i* is pa9t$ to  
be expos$ = a less "t1 & to a l[]       
temp]ature1 ?an :5 less fusible fluxes  
are us$4  ,x is always satisfactory to  
an au?or1 to feel t 8 articles h be5 (  
"s use to ^? :om he hop$ to b5efit4     
,s9ce ?is article 0 writt5 a lett]      
appe>$ 9 "o ( ! ar*itectural j\rnals1   
compla9+ t ! glass furni%$ by           
manufactur]s to glass pa9t]s 0 ( inf]ior
 composition to t :i* 0 us$ by !        

manufactur]s ( anci5t /a9$ glass w9d[s4 
,9 fact1 x 0 ass]t$ t mod]n glass 0 n   
made ) due c>e1 & t to ?is 0 ow+ !      
un=tunate disappe>ance ( "s ( ! pa9t+ & 
trac+ ( mod]n /a9$ glass w9d[s2 b t ?is 
is n ! case1 is manife/ to all :o und]/&
 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,! real reason  
:y ! col\r+ matt] ) :i* glass pa9t]s    
outl9e & %ade _! designs1 has 9 _m      
in/ances gradually come (f f ! surface (
 ! glass1 is1 because ! fluxes us$ =    
mak+ x adh]e to ! glass are ( su* a     
composition1 t !y !mselves h by ! action
 ( "t become dis9tegrat$4  ,"s "t ago1 a
 p]son engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! enamel
 plates us$ = railway lamps1 on :i* are 
writt5 ! names ( ! /ations1 call$ ^u me1
 & told me1 t ! enamel :i* he employ$ _h
 become d>k1 spotty1 & 9 _m cases _h    
peel$ (f f ! glass4 ,! reason ( ?is is  
id5tical ) t :i* occurs 9 /a9$ glass    
w9d[s1 viz4 t ! fluxes t he us$ 7 n     
suitable = ! purpose1 consid]+ t !y _h  
to )/& ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,f an        
analysis made ( ^! fluxes 7n ( ^? la/   

allud$ to1 b ( ^? :i* h be5 employ$ 9   
/a9$ glass w9d[s71 x appe>s t l>ge      
quantities ( borax h be5 introduc$2 &1  
:]ev] ?is is ! case1 no reliance :atev] 
c be plac$ on ! p]man5cy ( pictures     
pa9t$ ) su* fluxes4 ,i h app5d$ a few   
receipts = fluxes1 :i* c be us$ ) safety
 by any glass pa9t] :o w take ! tr\ble  
to try !m4 ,b ,i mu/ /rongly advise t   
all ^? :o are connect$ ) ! mak+ ( fluxes
 9 any glass pa9t+ e/abli%m5t1 %\ld ma/]
 suffici5t *emical k to enable !m to    
asc]ta9 ! behavi\r ( ! mat]ials1 )      
respect to "o ano!r1 z well z ( ! nature
 ( ! glass ^u :i* !y are employ$2 = v   
mu* inde$ dep5ds ^u a correct k ( ! "* (
 ! glass z to :e!r x be h>d or s(t1 :at 
x conta9s1 & ( ! temp]ature at :i* !    
glass becomes suffici5tly s(t to =m a   
firm & endur+ union ) ! col\rs flux$ ^u 
x4    ,,receipts ,,= ,,fluxes4    #a4   
,fl9t glass 7p[d]$7      #aj p>ts4      
mod]ately   ,:ite ,ars5ic               
#a          h>d4   ,nitre               
#a           #b4   ,r$ ,lead            

#a          s(t4   ,fl9t glass 7p[d]$7  
#c           #c4   ,fl9t glass          
#f      ,r$ ,lead                     #h
        7,mix$ ) f\r p>ts ( ! fir/ flux1
 s(t47  ,! use ( v s(t fluxes is att5d$ 
) ?is inconv5i5ce1 t ! boracic acid     
conta9$ 9 !m is g5]ally act$ ^u by      
moi/ure & becomes hydrat$1 & 9 ?is      
condition (t5 causes ! pa9t+ to peel    
away4 ,h>d] fluxes1 al?\gh !y h !       
disadvantage ( necessitat+ ! glass to be
 submitt$ to a mu* high] temp]ature = a 
long] "t 9 ! kiln or muffle1 are ! be/1 
&1 ) judici\s managem5t1 c be us$ )\t   
any injuri\s consequ5ces to ! "w on :i* 
!y are employ$4 ,lead fluxes1 conta9+   
oxide ( lead1 are suffici5tly fusible = 
all ord9>y purposes1 & are n liable to !
 same objection z fluxes conta9+ borax4 
,suppose1 !n1 x is desir$ to pa9t !     
outl9es ( a face1 ! glass is cut to !   
%ape ( ! face 9 ! c>toon2 x is !n laid  
^u x1 & ! pa9t]1 see+ ! l9es ?r\gh !    
glass1 is able to trace !m ) 8 br[n pa9t
 ^u its surface4 ,he g5]ally uses gum   

wat] z 8 vehicle1 & puts on ! %ad+ also 
) ! same mixture1 ?\gh sometimes x is   
f\nd necess>y to use a sub/ance :i* is n
 affect$ by moi/ure1 z = in/ance1       
t>-oil4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! %ort space
 ( ?is article1 to indicate ^? occasions
 on :i* "o %\ld be us$ 9 place ( ! o!r2 
a k ( ?is c only be obta9$ by consult+  
au?orities 9 :i* details are m m9utely  
giv51 or by wat*+ ! op]ations ( ! glass 
pa9t] 9 8 work%op4 ,:5 ! face is f9i%$1 
x is remov$1 & ano!r portion ( ! figure1
 say a piece ( ! drap]y1 is proce$$ ) 9 
exactly ! same way2 & s1 by a repetition
 ( ?is process 9 all p>ts ( ! figure1 x 
is complet$1 & looks v mu* l a puzzle1 !
 p>ts be+ put toge!r on ! c>toon be=e ! 
"w is f9i%$1 9 ord] to see t ! :ole is  
h>moni\sly treat$4 ,9 %ad+ ! face1 h&s1 
& ^? p>ts ( ! drap]y :i* require x1 a   
glass easel is us$1 on :i* ! figure is  
put toge!r1 & ! p>ts made to adh]e by   
wax1 s t ! arti/ is able1 :ile pa9t+1 to
 =m an idea by transmitt$ light ( !     
effect :i* w be produc$ :5 ! w9d[ is    

f9i%$4 ,! ornam5t is pa9t$ 9 a simil>   
mann]1 b usually n ) ! same c>e 9 !     
details ( its execution4  ,:5 all !     
glass is pa9t$1 x is fir$ 9 a muffle1 ^u
 ! prop] con/ruction ( :i* a great deal 
dep5ds4 ,x is usually made ( iron1 &    
%\ld n be m ?an #ae in*es f its bottom  
to ! top1 ?\gh its wid? may v>y4 ,x is  
nev] well to h muffles = fir+ glass =   
pa9t$ w9d[s l>g] ?an ab\t #b feet wide1 
by #b feet #f in*es deep4 ,! top ( !    
muffle is usually slightly ar*$ f side  
to side1 & x is plac$ 9 ! furnace on a  
tol]ably ?ick /one floor1 s t ! bottom  
may n get too hot4 ,! fire1 :i* is      
light$ bel[1 is all[$ to play up its    
sides & ov] its top1 ! flue be+ s built 
z to draw ! flames 9 t direction1 = a   
top heat is ! be/ heat = fir+ glass     
regul>ly4 ,! muffle is arrang$ ) ridges 
9 its sides1 pass+ f front to back      
p>allel to "o ano!r on "o side1 &       
exactly opposite to correspond+ ridges  
p>allel to "o ano!r on ! opposite side4 
,^! metal ridges are int5d$ to receive  

iron plates1 & !re is g5]ally ab\t an   
in* or r less betwe5 ! top ( "o plate & 
! bottom ( ano!r1 :5 ! muffle is        
p]fectly fill$4 ,! plates are cov]$ ov] 
) p]fectly dry p[d]$ *alk or :it+1 & !  
pieces ( glass are laid ^u !m ) _! pa9t$
 sides upp]mo/4 ,:5 ! plates are *>g$1  
!y are put into a muffle ) an iron door1
 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a hole1 & a conical 
tube ) ! base atta*$ r\nd x4 ,x is l>g] 
?an ! op5+ at ! o!r end1 :i* projects "s
 #f or #g in*es f ! surface ( !         
muffle-door at "r angles to x4 ,a second
 door is !n plac$ at a %ort di/ance f ! 
fir/1 ! tube pass+ ?r\gh a hole made = !
 purpose 9 x4 ,! orifice is usually     
/opp$ by a piece ( fire-clay1 :i* c be  
remov$ at pleasure4 ,! use ( ! tube is1 
to enable ! manag] ( ! kiln to look into
 ! muffle1 f "t to "t1 to see t ! glass 
does n get too mu* heat$4 ,:5 ! fir+ is 
complet$1 ! fire is rak$ out & ! muffle 
is all[$ to cool v sl[ly1 & by ?is      
process ! glass becomes anneal$4  ,:5 x 
is desir$ to apply to any portion ( :ite

 glass "s yell[ silv] /a91 ?is c be done
 ei!r 9 ! fir/ fir+1 by float+ x on to !
 places to be /a9$1 & all[+ x to run 9 a
 sort ( /ream f ! bru%1 s t x w ev5ly   
cov] ! surface & cause ! heavi] portions
 ( ! /a91 namely1 ! mix$ metallic silv] 
& antimony1 to s9k regul>ly to ! bottom1
 & come fairly 9 contact ) ! glass4 ,n v
 long ago1 x 0 m5tion$ to me by a glass 
pa9t] ( note1 t ! workm5 mu* pref] us+ !
 old /a9 made ) silv] & antimony1 to t  
:i* is produc$ by us+ nitrate ( silv]4  
,?is really is a mi/ake on _! "p1 =1 :5 
prop]ly manag$ 7& ! k ( h[ to manage ?is
 /a9 c be acquir$ ) v little tr\ble71 ! 
nitrate ( silv] /a9 is by f> ! be/1 &   
produces mu* bett] t9ts1 ) less *ance ( 
:at ! m5 call sulphur+ :5 ! glass is    
fir$4 ,?is sulphur+ is simply ! result (
 opacity1 obta9$ by heat+ ! glass to too
 high a temp]ature4 ,if ! /a9+ is to be 
p]=m$ 9 ! same fir+ z t by :i* ! pa9t+  
is to be fix$1 x is q cle> t ! outl9es (
 ! "p to be /a9$ mu/ be pa9t$ 91 )      
t>-oil1 or ) "s su* sub/ance :i* is n   

affect$ by ! moi/ure ( ! /a94 ,h[ev]1 9 
g5]al1 ! /a9+ op]ation is p]=m$ aft] !  
fir/ fir+1 t is to say1 ^? pieces (     
glass to :i* ! silv] is to be appli$ are
 /a9$ 9 ! me?od above describ$ aft] !   
fir/ fir+1 & are !n fir$ aga91 because !
 heat requir$ to produce a good /a9 f   
silv] is ( a some:at diff]5t "* f t :i* 
is requir$ simply to fuse ! flux t b9ds 
! pigm5t to ! glass4 ,a long] & less    
int5se heat1 te*nically call$ a soak+1  
is ! be/ = produc+ an ev5 & pure yell[  
t9t4 ,if ! temp]ature be all[$ to rise  
too high1 ! oxide ( silv]1 :i* alone c  
/a9 ! glass1 gets r$uc$ :olly or 9 "p1 &
 :5 ?is happ5s to only a slight ext5t1 x
 de/roys ! transp>5cy ( ! /a92 & :5 x   
happ5s to a great ext5t1 x de/roys its  
col\r altoge!r1 mak+ ! glass opaque4  ,x
 is a matt] ( a/oni%m5t to me t glass   
pa9t]s d n use a ruby /a91 :i*1 ) a     
little practice1 c be manag$ q z        
successfully z ! yell[ silv] "o4 ,x is  
true t x w\ld be impossible to fire !   
ruby & ! silv] /a9s toge!r1 & x w\ld n  

be at all conv5i5t to fire ! ruby /a9 at
 ! fir/ fir+ ( ! pa9t$ glass4 ,! me?od (
 /a9+ ruby is z foll[s3 gr9d up c>efully
 "s black oxide ( copp]1 mix x ) wat]   
7or ) a small quantity ( gum add$71     
float x on ! p>ts to be col\r$1 place x 
9 a kiln & heat x4 ,black oxide ( copp]1
 :5 mix$ ) glass & melt$ 9 a glass-pot1 
makes ! glass gre52 suboxide ( copp]1   
:i* conta9s less oxyg5 ?an ! black      
oxide1 :5 treat$ 9 ! same way1 makes x  
r$4 ,n[1 if x c be r$uc$ to ! l[] oxide 
( copp]1 :ile ! black oxide ( copp] on !
 surface ( ! glass is heat$1 x w !n     
col\r ! glass r$4 ,! be/ way ( r$uc+ !  
black oxide1 is to connect ! muffle ) a 
gas-supply pipe1 & all[ coal gas to pass
 dur+ ! :ole "t t ! heat+ process goes  
on4 ,! action ( ! gas1 :i* conta9s      
hydrog5 & c>bon1 is to take away oxyg5 f
 ! black oxide ( copp]1 :5 x is at a    
high temp]ature2 &1 z soon z suffici5t  
is tak5 away by ! hydrog5 to r$uce !    
black oxide to ! /ate ( suboxide1 x /a9s
 ! glass r$4 ,x does n matt] if ! r$uc+ 

action be cont9u$ long]1 s t ! oxide (  
copp] be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate2 = at 
t temp]ature1 ! /a9 produc$ by ! r$     
oxide ( copp] is n remov$ by ! cont9u$  
action ( hydrog5 gas4 ,! employm5t ( ?is
 process w\ld c]ta9ly enable arti/s :o  
pa9t 9 ! lat] /yles ( glass pa9t+1 to v 
mu* enri* _! drap]ies1 & to produce1 m  
easily1 effects :i* n[ c only be obta9$ 
by a complicat$ sy/em ( lead-"w4  ,:5 ! 
pieces ( glass :i* h be5 fir$ are       
p]fectly cold1 ! next process is to     
unite !m altoge!r by peculi>ly %ap$     
/rips ( lead1 :i* are ( v>i\s k9ds1     
accord+ to ! "* ( ! subject requir$4 ,! 
lead has a ?ick "p or core1 & at "r     
angles to ! top & bottom ( ?is are ?9   
plates call$ ! leaves4 ,! core is mill$ 
) little ridges runn+ at "r angles to   
!m1 s z to enable ! workman to b5d !    
lead ab\t ) facility4 ,! edges ( ! piece
 ( glass to be lead$ are plac$ betwe5 ! 
leaves & re/+ ^u ! core1 & ! lead is ?us
 arrang$ all r\nd ! glass1 & is !n laid 
9 its prop] situation ^u ano!r c>toon1  

prep>$ f ! "o f :i* ! figure 0 pa9t$1 & 
indicat+ simply1 by l9es1 :]e ! lead-"w 
is to come4 ,! fir/ piece is fix$ by    
means ( nails tempor>ily plac$ ?r\gh !  
lead4 ,^? pieces :i* t\* x 9 ! design   
are put 9 _! prop] positions1 s t ! edge
 t\*+ ! next piece w be und]nea? !      
opposite leaves to ^? :i* conf9e ! fir/4
 ,?is op]ation is repeat$1 till all !   
p>ts ( ! design are surr\nd$ by lead1 & 
by x unit$ to "o ano!r2 ! jo9ts be+     
secur$ by sold]1 g5]ally appli$ by gas4 
,no?+ n[ rema9s b to fill 9 ! int]/ices 
betwe5 ! lead & ! glass1 s z to make !  
w9d[ firm1 solid1 & wat]-tight2 & ?is is
 done by rubb+ into !m ) a scrubb+ bru% 
a cem5t1 usually made ( :ite lead1 oil1 
& pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,?is composition v>ies 
9 diff]5t /a9$ glass works1 nor is x    
mat]ial1 provid$ t ! sub/ance h>d5s1    
does n crack1 & is wat]pro(4  ,f ?is    
description x w be se51 t ! v>i\s col\rs
 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! w9d[ are put 9 z  
pieces1 & t no col\rs1 prop]ly s call$1 
are appli$ by ! bru% to ! surface4 ,!re 

are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t9ts ( ! trac+ br[n1  
:i* c be obta9$ by ! addition ( black   
oxide ( manganese1 or by a diff]5t me?od
 ( prep>ation ( ! oxide ( iron1 to give 
x its body4 ,sulphate ( iron1 :5 heat$1 
loses its sulphuric acid1 & ! oxide1 :i*
 01 z sulphate1 9 ! /ate ( protoxide1   
becomes1 by heat+1 ! r$ or p]oxide (    
iron2 its t9t1 :5 made 9 ?is way1 be+   
g5]ally light] ?an ! t9t ( t =m ( oxide 
:i* is employ$ z ord9>y trac+ br[n4 ,x  
is sometimes call$ fle% t9t1 ?\gh ?is is
 decid$ly an objectionable "n = x4  ,x  
has be5 sugge/$ to me1 t ,i %\ld give "s
 receipts = ! manufacture ( ! enamel    
col\rs us$ 9 medi,aval glass pa9t+2 ,i h
 !re=e add$ a few :i* are easily prep>$4
 ,o!rs ( a m complicat$ nature _h mu*   
bett] be obta9$ f ! mak]s ( ! enamel us$
 9 porcela9 pa9t+4 ,& "h aga91 let me   
rem>k1 t 9 ord]+ fluxes f ^!            
manufactur]s1 x %\ld be /at$ especially 
t a flux is requir$ :i* does n conta9   
borax1 nor %\ld ! pa9t]s 9 any          
e/abli%m5t be all[$ to use ^! s(t]      

fluxes1 :i* !y are almo/ c]ta9 to d1    
unless =bidd52 = ?\gh !y are easi] to "w
 )1 !y w infallibly lead to calamit\s   
results4    ,,yell[4    ,oxide ( t9     
#b p>ts4   ,oxide ( antimony            
#b      ,r$ ,lead                       
#af       ,,orange4    ,r$ ,lead        
#ab      ,oxide ( antimony              
#d      ,p]sulphate ( iron              
#a      ,fl9t p[d]                      
#c       ,,br[n4    ,black oxide (      
manganese              #b;,a4#be        
,fl9t slate 7p[d]$7                     
#d;,a4#j     ,r$ lead                   
#h;,a4#e      ,,br[n ,,r$4    ,crocus   
7oxide ( iron7                 #c       
,gre5 sulphate ( iron 7calc9$7      #a  
mix$ ) six p>ts ( ^! ,no4 #b4    ,,light
 ,,r$ ,,= ,,fle% ,,t9ts4    ,c>bonate ( 
lead                      #a;,a4#e      
,p]sulphate ( iron 7calc9$7         #a  
,fl9t glass                             
#c     ,! use ( enamels--t is1 sub/ances
 :i* imp>t v>i\s col\rs to ! glass1 :5  
plac$ on its surface by _! fusion--is n 

admissible 9 w9d[s :i* pret5d to belong 
to any ( ! e>li] /yles ( glass pa9t+2   
?\gh enamel pa9t+ is us$ = ! decoration 
( h\ses1 & sometimes1 z ,i consid] v    
improp]ly1 = ! decoration ( *ur* w9d[s4 
,"o %eet ( glass1 col\rless & transp>5t1
 or x may h its surface gr\nd1 is       
usually employ$4 ,a subject is pa9t$ on 
x ) enamel col\rs1 mu* z subjects are   
pa9t$ ^u porcela94 ,:5 ! "w is complet$1
 ! glass plate is fir$1 & ?us ! col\rs  
become semi-transp>5t1 & p]fectly adh]5t
 to ! plate2 b !y are n cle> & bright1 &
 transp>5t1 z are ! col\rs ( glass :i*  
is col\r$ 9 ! pot1 & !re=e h n ! same   
brilliancy1 nor d !y all[ ( ! same bold 
& effective treatm5t4  ,x is mu* to be  
desir$ t amateurs :o c draw1 & :o h a   
feel+ = ?is p>ticul> /yle ( art1 %\ld   
devote a portion ( _! "t to its         
execution4 ,!y w f9d x to be extremely  
agreeable & pleasant1 & ! few           
difficulties :i* !y meet ) 9 _! fir/    
attempts w be readily ov]come by        
p]sev]ance1 or by apply+ = assi/ance &  

advice to g5tlem5 engag$ 9 ! pursuit (  
?is int]e/+ pr(ession4  ,m\ld$ & ,cut   
,glass4--,fl9t glass is n[ v commonly   
bl[n 9 m\lds1 & ?is art has be5 br\ght  
to su* p]fection t m\ld$ decant]s &     
tumbl]s h an appe>ance v simil> to t (  
cut glass4 ,! m\lds are always made (   
metal1 & s con/ruct$1 t !y op5 out into 
two or m pieces1 :i* are g5]ally h+$ to 
! bottom ( ! m\ld4 ,! workman places x  
on ! gr\nd1 & fixes x by /&+ on         
projections f its side4 ,he !n ga!rs a  
suitable quantity ( glass on ! end ( 8  
bl[pipe1 :i* he places 9 ! m\ld1 & !    
side ( ! glass t\*+ x w ?us h impress$  
^u x :atev] =m is engrav$ on x4 ,aft] ! 
glass has become h>d1 ! m\ld is op5$1 & 
! glass vessel is remov$ & anneal$4  ,:5
 x is desir$ to cut a design on !       
outside ( a tumbl] or w9e-glass1 !      
vessel is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 bl[n ( a   
?ick] sub/ance ?an if x is to be left   
uncut4 ,! necess>y %apes1 :i* are       
usually 9 facets1 are cut ^u x by !     
action ( s& & wat]1 a la! ( a v simple  

con/ruction be+ us$ to give a rot>y     
motion to cutt+ discs1 made ( /one &    
kept cont9ually moi/ by wat] dripp+ on  
!m1 s t :5 ! glass is press$ aga9/ !m1 !
 requir$ portion ( its surface is worn  
away4 ,! usual diamet] ( ^! /ones is    
ab\t #aj in*es4 ,aft] ! r\gh] /one has  
be5 us$1 a f9] k9d ( s&/one disc is     
employ$1 or a disc ( slate1 ^u :i* s& & 
wat] are all[$ to drop1 & ! already     
r\ghly cut surface is1 by _! action1    
p>tly poli%$4 ,copp] discs ) flatt5$    
circumf]5ce are us$ = poli%+ ! glass1 & 
= ?is purpose1 em]y mix$ ) oil1 is      
appli$ to ! edges ( _! circumf]5ce4     
,gr\nd ,glass is made by rubb+ ! surface
 ( glass ) s& & wat]1 j z 9 ! fir/      
op]ation ( plate glass poli%+4 ,b a v   
+5i\s me?od is n[ g5]ally adopt$ = gr9d+
 glass1 by plac+ x 9 a cradle1 s t x c  
sw+ f side to side2 s& & wat] are plac$ 
^u ! glass1 & x gr9ds itself1 s to      
speak1 by ?is op]ation4  ,anneal+ &     
,devitrification4--,z ! ^w anneal+ has  
be5 (t5 us$ 9 ?is article1 x w be well  

to expla9 :at is its action4 ,if a piece
 ( molt5 glass be dropp$ into wat]1 x w 
assume an oblong %ape1 ! l[] end ( :i* w
 be r\nd1 :ile ! o!r w tap] (f into a   
f9e po9t4 ,^! drops1 :i* h receiv$ ! "n 
( ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops1 look l pieces (
 ord9>y glass1 & if ! small end ( "o (  
!m be brok5 (f1 a sort ( explosion takes
 place1 & ! :ole mass flies into a ?\s& 
m9ute pieces1 "s ( :i* w be f\nd to h   
be5 driv5 to a consid]able di/ance4 ,"h 
!n x appe>s1 t :5 ! sk91 :i* is p]fect &
 entire 9 ! ,rup]t drop1 is brok51 !    
bond :i* held toge!r ! con/itu5t        
p>ticles is brok5 also1 & s !y are act$ 
on by a repell5t =ce1 & fly away f "o   
ano!r4 ,if hot wat] be p\r$ into a ?ick 
common tumbl]1 x v g5]ally cracks x3 b  
if ! tumbl] be ?9 & ( bett] manufacture1
 x w be> almo/ boil+ wat] )\t crack+4 ,9
 ! fir/ case x has be5 badly anneal$2 & 
besides ?is1 glass be+ a bad conductor (
 heat1 f its ?ickness1 ! heat imp>t$ by 
! hot wat] exp&s ! inn] surface1 :ile ! 
out] coat+1 n be+ w>m$1 does n exp&1 &1 

reta9+ its orig9al =m1 is bur/4 ,if1    
h[ev]1 a tumbl] be ?ick & prop]ly       
anneal$1 !re is n s mu* dang] ( its     
break+1 :5 a portion ( x is expos$ to a 
consid]able rise ( temp]ature4 ,9 ! case
 ( ! ,rup]t drops1 !y are n anneal$ at  
all1 & s !re is no cohesive bond betwe5 
! p>ticles1 su* z !re w\ld be if !y 7   
prop]ly anneal$1 t is1 if1 in/ead ( be+ 
cool$ sudd5ly f ! molt5 /ate1 !y 7 all[$
 to cool 9 a heat$ *amb] v sl[ly4 ,aft] 
glass has be5 heat$1 ! p>ticles ( :i* x 
is compos$ take a long "t to re>range   
!mselves1 s t 9 ! manufacture (         
!rmomet]s1 x is necess>y1 aft] seal+ up 
! bulb & tube :i* conta9 ! m]cury1 to   
all[ !m to rema9 = a long "t2 o!rwise ! 
pressure ( ! air on ! outside ( ! bulb1 
n be+ support$ by any air on ! inside1  
causes ! p>ticles ( glass to become m   
compact1 & ?us r5d]s ! capacity ( !     
!rmomet] bulb & tube small] ?an x 01 :5 
! !rmomet] 0 fir/ seal$4 ,x seems t !   
process ( anneal+ glass gives "t = !    
p>ticles to arrange !mselves 9 su* a    

way1 t :5 ! glass is cold1 x w n be s   
liable to fracture f sudd5 *anges (     
temp]ature4  ,consid]able curiosity has 
be5 excit$ ( late by a new inv5tion1 :i*
 has result$ f ! inve/igations ( a      
,fr5*man4 ,we h be5 told t tumbl]s &    
w9e-glasses1 & o!r glass ut5sils1 c\ld  
be s treat$ t !y w\ld nev] break2 &     
exp]im5ts p]=m$ ^u _m samples ( ^!      
glasses l$ "o to suppose1 t ! object _h 
be5 atta9$4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev]1 t "s
 :o h _h exp]i5ce ( :at is t]m$ t\gh5$  
glass "k1 t 9 _m cases v unc]ta9 results
 are obta9$ 9 ! resi/+ p[] ( ! glass to 
! action ( a viol5t bl[4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1  
ent]+ into "s rese>*es :i* ,i h made on 
! subject1 x w be well to /ate :at is ! 
nature ( ! *ange :i* ! t\gh5+ process   
produces 9 ! glass1 & ?is seems to be a 
fit place = ?is consid]ation1 z ! me?od 
( mak+1 & ! behavi\r1 ( ,pr9ce ,rup]t's 
drops1 h j be5 discuss$4  ,! physical   
prop]ties ( ^! ,rup]t's drops h be5     
exam9$ ) great c>e by ,m4 ,victor de    
,luynes1 & ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts h be5

 communicat$ to ! ,soci,a7,c7t,a7,c7 de 
,sec\rs des ,amis des ,sci5ces4 ,= !    
purposes ( ?is article1 _m ( 8 exp]im5ts
 h be5 repeat$1 confirm+ 9 g5]al 8      
obs]vations1 & o!rs h also be5 in/itut$4
 ,! t\ghness & h>dness ( ^! drops are   
rem>kable2 ! ?ick pe>-%ap$ portion w be>
 a %>p /roke ) a hamm] )\t break+2 nor c
 x be scrat*$ ) a diamond4 ,to break !  
tap]+ ?read or tail1 z x may be         
conv5i5tly call$1 requires consid]able  
=ce4 ,to f9d out :at weight 0 requir$ to
 d ?is1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 p]=m$1 !  
results ( :i* are giv5 9 ! table foll[+4
 ,! tail ( a drop 0 plac$ ov] a small   
hole bor$ 9 ! top ( a table2 a hook 0 !n
 adju/$ r\nd a "p ( ! tail :i* measur$  
#ai on a ,birm+ham wire gauge2 bel[ !   
table & atta*$ to ?is hook1 a scale-pan 
0 hung4 ,?is pan 0 !n c>efully load$1   
all %ock be+ avoid$1 until ! ?read 0    
ruptur$ & ! weight requir$ to effect ?is
 0 !n not$3    ,:ite ,glass ,rup]t's    
,drops4    ,gauge4              ,/ra94  
#ai            #af     lb4  #j oz4      

#ai            #ae-a_/b     #j       #ai
            #af         #j       #ai    
7poor7      #i-a_/d     #j      ,gre5   
,glass4    ,gauge4               ,/ra94 
#ai            #ah-c_/d     #j       #ai
 7poor7      #i         #j       #ai    
#bh         #f       #af                
#bf-a_/d     #j    ,x w be obs]v$ t !   
drops made f gre5 bottle glass )/ood a  
great] /ra9 ?an ^? made f cr[n glass2 ! 
latt]1 9 fact1 did n break ?r\gh\t _!   
mass1 b left a portion ( ! bulb unbrok51
 %[+ "s fault 9 ! temp]+4 ,x 0 )        
difficulty t ! workm5 c\ld be induc$ to 
make drops out ( ?is k9d ( glass1 z !y  
knew by exp]i5ce t !y usually fail$ to  
break p]fectly1 & !y /at$ t x 0 q       
impossible to make !m ) lead glass4 ,to 
asc]ta9 :at =ce 0 requir$ to fracture a 
?read ( l dim5sions t _h n be5 temp]$1  
"o ( ! drops 0 heat$ to r$ness1 &       
anneal$ by all[+ x to cool v gradually4 
,:5 subject$ to ! same trial1 x 0       
fractur$ by a weight ( #ab ozs41 & !    
drop did n break into small fragm5ts1 b 

behav$ exactly l ord9>y glass1 ?us %[+ t
 ! glass _h be5 untemp]$ by ! heat+     
process4 ,a piece ( glass rod1 drawn out
 into a ?read 9 a gas flame1 :5 subject$
 to ! same conditions1 bore a /ra9 ( #aj
 oz4 ,a sew+-ne$le ( ! same ?ickness 0  
brok5 by a weight ( #c lb4 #ad oz41 ?us 
%[+ t ! tail ( ! ,rup]t's drop 0 v mu*  
t\gh] ?an temp]$ /eel4 ,by susp5d+ a    
,rup]t's drop 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ! 
tail to dip into hydr(luoric acid1 x is 
f\nd1 t :5 ! surface or sk9 is eat5 away
 to a c]ta9 dep?1 rupture takes place   
exactly 9 ! same mann] z :5 ! tail is   
brok54 ,9 :atev] way fractur$1 !        
p>ticles1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 %[ 
a cry/all9e /ructure1 & d n at all      
resemble pieces ( ord9>y glass2 :5 rubb$
 betwe5 ! palms ( ! h&s1 !y d n cut1 nor
 scrat*1 nor p5etrate ! cuticle4 ,if a  
drop be enclos$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is s z to  
leave a portion ( ! tail expos$1 x may  
!n be brok5 & all ! p>ticles w rema9 9  
situ4 ,on remov+ ! pla/]1 x w be f\nd t 
! drop has be5 brok5 up into ?\s&s (    

m9ute ne$le-%ap$ p>ticles arrang$ 9     
cones1 ! apices be+ 9 ! direction ( !   
tail4 ,x w\ld appe> !n f ^! exp]im5ts1 &
 f obs]vations ) pol>iz$ light1 t !     
glass 9 ! int]ior ( a ,rup]t's drop     
exi/s "u enorm\s t5sion1 & t x is only  
prev5t$ f bur/+ into fragm5ts by ! out] 
sk92 on its be+ brok5 9 any "p1 ! bond  
:i* holds toge!r ! con/itu5t p>ticles is
 brok5 also1 & s1 be+ act$ ^u by a      
repell5t =ce1 !y fly away f "o ano!r4   
,!re is ano!r k9d ( toy resembl+ 9 "s   
respects ! ,rup]t's drop1 kn[n z !      
,bologna bottle or philosoph]'s flask4  
,x has ! =m ( a soda-wat] bottle ) !    
neck cut (f1 ! bottom be+ r\nd$ (f & v  
mu* ?ick] ?an ! walls4 ,^! flasks are   
sometimes =m$ accid5tally 9 glass-works 
by ! workman1 :o1 9 ord] to exam9e !    
quality ( ! glass1 takes out a portion f
 ! pot on ! end ( 8 bl[pipe1 & bl[s a   
small quantity ( air into ! mass1       
manipulat+ x 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:il/ /ill
 at a v high temp]ature1 x is deta*$ f !
 bl[pipe1 & is probably all[$ to fall on

 ! gr\nd 9 a place :]e !re is a curr5t (
 cold air1 ! ext]ior ?us becom+ sudd5ly 
*ill$4 ,:5 cold1 ^! flasks w be> v r\gh 
h&l+1 & w )/& ! bl[ ( a hamm] on !      
outside1 x be+ almo/ impossible to break
 !m by /rik+ ! bottom2 ! int]ior w also 
be> ! bl[ ( a lead5 bullet fall+ into x 
f a consid]able height1 b if a few gra9s
 ( s& be all[$ to fall into x1 or if !  
inside sk9 be slightly scrat*$1 ! mass  
splits into fragm5ts 9 ! same mann] z a 
,rup]t's drop4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! curi\s
 ph5om5a leads u to ! subject ( t\gh5$  
glass1 z x has be5 t]m$4 ,! inv5tion (  
r5d]+ articles ( glass less fragile1 :i*
 has giv5 rise to s mu* public att5tion 
dur+ ! la/ ye>1 is due to ,m4 ,alfr$ de 
la ,ba/ie1 a ,fr5* eng9e]4 ,8 process   
consi/s 9 heat+ ! glass to be t\gh5$ to 
a temp]ature close ^u its s(t5+ po9t1 & 
!n plung+ x into a ba? ( oil1 or into a 
mixture ( oleag9\s sub/ances kept at a  
mu* l[] temp]ature4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is 
successfully p]=m$1 ! glass acquires    
prop]ties v simil> to ^? ( ,rup]t's     

drops2 x becomes mu* less fragile ?an   
ord9>y glass1 b :5 suffici5t =ce is     
employ$ to fracture x1 ! :ole flies into
 small pieces4 ,x _c be cut ) a diamond1
 b is imm$iately dis9tegrat$ :5 ! out]  
sk9 is scrat*$ to a c]ta9 dep?4  ,x is  
to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 p>ticul> cases 
x is possible bo? to saw & pi]ce !      
t\gh5$ glass4 ,m4 de ,luynes reports1 t 
:5 a squ>e ( ,/4 ,goba9 plate glass t _h
 be5 submitt$ to ! process ( temp]+ 0   
exam9$ by pol>iz$ light1 x %[$ !        
appe>ance ( a black cross1 ! arms ( :i* 
7 p>allel to ! sides ( ! squ>e4 ,! glass
 0 saw$ 9 two1 along ! l9e ( ! /em ( !  
cross1 )\t caus+ fracture4 ,on exam9+ ! 
divid$ glass ) pol>iz$ light1 black b&s 
& fr+es ( col\r 7 obs]v$1 :i*1 by _!    
position1 prov$ t ! molecul> condition (
 ! glass _h *ang$2 on plac+ "o half ( ! 
divid$ glass on ! o!r half1 ! fr+es &   
black b&s disappe>$--on fold+ "o half on
 to ! o!r1 ! black b&s pres5t$ !        
appe>ance t w\ld h be5 produc$ by glass 
( d\ble ! ?ickness4 ,^! facts %[1 t !   

molecul> =ces on ! glass 7 arrang$      
symmetrically 9 ref]5ce to ! l9e ( p>t+3
 & we may conclude t t\gh5$ glass be+ 9 
a /ate ( t5sion1 simil> to t ( ! ,rup]t 
drop1 may be divid$ or pi]c$1 provid$ t 
! molecules ( ! pieces produc$ are able 
to re>range !mselves into a /able       
equilibrium4 ,pol>iz$ light %[s !       
directions on :i* ! division c be made )
 safety4  ,m4 de ,luynes1 9 8           
communication ref]r$ to above1 gives an 
acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts p]=m$ on plates ( 
glass ( ! same quality1 temp]$ by ?is   
process1 & untemp]$2 "o or two examples 
w suffice4 ,a temp]$ plate measur+      
ab\t#a #f-a_/b in*es by #e in*es1 &     
#b_/aj in* ?ick1 0 plac$ betwe5 two     
wood5 frames1 & a weight ( ov] #c-a_/b  
ounces 7#ajj grammes#b7 0 all[$ to drop 
^u x f a height ( m ?an #ac feet 7#d    
m,atres#c7 )\t break+ x4 ,x only broke1 
:5 d\ble ! weight 0 employ$ f ! same    
height4 ,a piece ( ord9>y glass "u !    
same conditions broke1 ) ! weight (     
#c-a_/b oz4 dropp$ ^u x f a height #af  

in*es 7#j;,a4#dj m,atre74 ,plates (     
t\gh5$ glass 7 all[$ to fall on ! floor 
f a height1 or 7 ?r[n to a di/ance1 )\t 
break+4 ,a rectangul> piece ( ord9>y    
w9d[ glass1 ab\t #a_/aj in* 9 ?ickness1 
0 b5t into ! =m ( a bridge1 & !n        
subject$ to ! temp]+ process2 plac$ ^u !
 gr\nd2 x bore ! weight ( a man easily  
)\t break+4 ,a commission1 in/itut$ by !
 ,fr5* naval au?orities1 to inquire into
 ?is process ( ,m4 de la ,ba/ie1 has    
report$ at "s l5g? on ! subject4 ,!     
foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) a view
 ( asc]ta9+ ! comp>ative p[] ( resi/ance
 ( temp]$ & ord9>y glass4 ,! plates     
exp]im5t$ ^u 7 plac$ loosely 9 wood5    
frames con/ruct$ = ! purpose4           
#a ,^! numb]s are approximate           
translations ( ! numb]s         giv5 9 !
 communication3 no object c\ld be ga9$ 9
         giv+ complex fractions4        
#b #a ounce avoirdupois weighs          
#bh;,a4#cdi grammes4          #c #a     
m,atre equals #ci;,a4#cg ,engli% in*es4 
,rectangul> plates ab\t #ba in*es       

7#j;,a4#ebe m47 by #aj in*es 7#j;,a4#bdh
 m47 & #a_/f in* 7#j;,a4#jjd m47 ?ick4  
,! frame ) ! glass ins]t$ 0 laid on !   
gr\nd1 & 9 ! middle ( ! plate a weight (
 m ?an #aj lbs4 7#e kilogrammes#d7 0    
plac$1 & ^u x z a base1 o!r weights 7   
plac$1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid all %ock4  
#d #a kilogramme  #b;,a4#b lbs4         
avoirdupois4  #a;,a ,ord9>y glass1 broke
 ) a weight ( ab\t #gj lb4 7#ce kilos47 
hav+ resi/$ weights ( f #cj to #ej lb4  
#b;,a ,t\gh5$ glass resi/$ fracture     
until a weight ( m ?an #eaj lb4 7#bee   
kilos47 _h be5 add$1 & !n 0 n brok54 ,! 
exp]im5t 0 n c>ri$ to its limit = want (
 weights4  ,rectangul> plates1 ab\t #ac 
in*es 7#j;,a4#cbe m47 by #aj in*es      
7#j;,a4#bdh m47 & #a_/e in* 7#j;,a4#jje 
m47 ?ick4  ,^! plates 7 all[$ to fall   
flat on to a floor ( wood or ?r[n to a  
di/ance & all[$ to fall4  #a;,a ,ord9>y 
glass all[$ to fall flat f a height (   
#a-b_/aj in* 7#j;,a4#jc m47 0 brok5 at !
 fir/ trial4  #b;,a ,t\gh5$ glass4 ,?r[n
 to a height #f feet #f in*es 7#b       

m,atres7 & to a di/ance ( #ac feet 7#d  
m,atres7 0 also brok5 at ! fir/ trial4  
,! piece1 h[ev]1 :i* _h su/a9$ ! weight 
( #eaj lb4 did n break till ! f\r?      
trial4  ,rectangul> plates1 ab\t #aj    
in*es 7#j;,a4#bde m47 by #f in*es       
7#j;,a4#aeg m47 & #a_/d in* 7#j;,a4#jjg 
m47 ?ick4  ,^! plates 7 subject$ to !   
same k9d ( te/s z ! =ego+4 ,aft] rais+  
!m to a giv5 height !y 7 all[$ to fall  
flat ^u a wood5 floor4  #a;,a ,ord9>y   
glass rais$ to a height ( #bj in*es     
7#j;,a4#ej m47 0 brok5 on fall+4  #b;,a 
,t\gh5$ glass resi/$ successive falls ( 
f #bj in*es 7#j;,a4#ej m471 #cb in*es   
7#j;,a4#hj m471 #e feet 7#a;,a4#ej m471 
& #e feet #g in*es 7#a;,a4#gj m471 b 0  
brok5 :5 dropp$ f a height ( #f feet #f 
in*es 7#b;,a4#j m474  ,rectangul> plates
 ab\t #aj in*es 7#j;,a4#bde m47 by #f   
in*es 7#j;,a4#aeg m47 & #a_/e in*       
7#j;,a4#jjf m47 ?ick4  ,plac$ 9 !       
frames1 !y 7 held 9 position 9 ! rabbets
 by la?s nail$ to ! sides s z to prev5t 
any play4 ,! frames 7 rais$ to diff]5t  

heights & all[$ to fall 9 su* a mann] z 
to cause z mu* vibration z possible4    
#a;,a ,ord9>y glass 0 brok5 ) a fall (  
ab\t #b feet 7#j;,a4#fj m474  #b;,a     
,t\gh5$ glass resi/$ falls f heights (  
#c feet #c in*es 7#a m,atre71 #f feet #f
 in*es 7#b m,atres71 #h feet 7#b;,a4#ej 
m471 #i feet #i in*es 7#c m,atres71 &   
#ad feet #f in*es 7#d;,a4#ej m474 ,x 0  
only brok5 by a fall ( #ai feet #f in*es
 7#f m,atres74  ,rectangul> plates #f   
in*es 7#j;,a4#aeh m47 by #d-c_/d in*es  
7#j;,a4#abj m47 & #a_/e in* 7#j;,a4#jjf 
m47 ?ick4  ,^! plates 7 plac$ 9 ! frame 
on ! gr\nd1 z has be5 previ\sly expla9$4
 ,kn[n weights fall+ f kn[n heights 7   
made to /rike ! plates exactly 9 !      
c5tre4 ,! weights consi/$ ( bronze      
sph]es1 "o weigh+ #c-a_/b oz4 7#ajj     
grammes7 & ano!r ( twice t weight4  #a/4
 ,ord9>y glass resi/$ ! weight ( #c-a_/b
 oz41 fall+ f heights ( #h in*es        
7#j;,a4#bj m471 #ab in*es 7#j;,a4#cj    
m471 #af in*es 7#j;,a4#dj m471 b 0 brok5
 by a fall ( #bj in*es 7#j;,a4#ej m474  

#bnd4 ,t\gh5$ glass resi/$ ! bl[ ( !    
#c-a_/b oz4 weight fall+ f heights ( #bj
 in*es 7#j;,a4#ej m471 #dj in*es 7#a    
m,atre71 #fj in*es 7#a;,a4#ej m471 & #f 
feet #f in*es 7#b m,atres74 ,! #g oz4   
weight 7#bjj grammes7 be+ sub/itut$1 !  
plate 0 brok5 by x1 fall+ f a height (  
#fj in*es 7#a;,a4#ej m474  ,rectangul>  
plates1 #f in*es 7#j;,a4#aeh m47 by     
#d-c_/d in*es 7#j;,a4#abj m47 & #a_/f   
in* 7#j;,a4#jjd m47 ?ick4  ,! same      
conditions 7 ma9ta9$ z 9 ! previ\s      
trial4  #a/4 ,ord9>y glass4 ,! #c-a_/b  
oz4 weight 0 all[$ to fall f heights (  
#a foot 7#j;,a4#cj71 & #af in*es        
7#j;,a4#dj m74 ,x 0 brok5 by ! second   
bl[4  #bnd4 ,t\gh5$ glass4 ,?is resi/$ !
 #g oz4 weight fall+ f heights ( #b feet
 #d in*es 7#j;,a4#gj m471 & #b feet #h  
in*es 7#j;,a4#hj m471 b broke :5 !      
weight fell f #ci in*es 7#a m,atre74  ,x
 appe>s !n f ^! exp]im5ts1 t t\gh5$     
glass w resi/ a bl[ five times z great z
 ord9>y glass1 & w be> sev5 times z     
great a weight4  ,i h n[ detail$ mo/ ( !

 useful exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made by     
compet5t obs]v]s ^u t\gh5$ glass1 z well
 z "s :i* h be5 conduct$ 9 my own       
laboratory4 ,! result ( my own p]sonal  
inve/igations ,i w n[ lay be=e ! read]4 
,i 0 consult$ "s "t ago by a g5tleman   
int]e/$ 9 ! introduction ( t\gh5$ glass 
into ?is c\ntry1 z to :e!r ?is k9d w\ld 
become unt\gh5$ 9 "t4 ,i feel no        
hesitation 9 /at+ t :5 ! process has be5
 p]fectly done1 ! glass w rema9 9 ! same
 /ate = any l5g? ( "t1 provid$ x be n   
treat$ 9 any way :i* is calculat$ to    
rupture ! ext]nal h>d bond t holds      
toge!r ! inn] p>ticles ( ! glass4 ,i    
feel q sure1 t no fe> ( ?is k9d ne$     
int]f]e ) ! b5efits1 :atev] !y may be1  
:i* are to be d]iv$ f submitt+ glass    
articles to ! t\gh5+ process4  ,a tumbl]
 :i* _h be5 t\gh5$ 9 ,monsieur de la    
,ba/ie's works1 01 9 my pres5ce1 ?r[n ^u
 ! gr\nd1 yet x did n break4 ,x 0 a l>ge
 soda wat] glass4 ,i kept x = "s "t1 &  
aft] consid]+ ! matt] c>efully1 ,i felt1
 t if x 7 ?r[n d[n 9 su* a way t ! :ole 

( its side1 f base to rim1 came 9       
contact ) ! gr\nd at once1 & x !n /ood  
?is te/1 x w\ld prove t ! :ole ( ! glass
 0 9 ! condition ( ! ,rup]t's ,drops1 & 
w\ld !re=e be> ! concussion )\t         
fracture4 ,i held ! glass & let x fall1 
s t x actually rea*$ ! h>d floor on its 
side4 ,x imm$iately broke all to pieces4
 ,n[ on ! fir/ occasion :5 ?is glass 0  
?r[n d[n1 x 0 toss$ some:at upw>ds into 
! air1 & ! bottom be+ heavi] rea*$ !    
gr\nd fir/1 & x did n break4 ,i h also  
se5 9 glass-h\ses1 :]e ! temp]+ process 
is c>ri$ on1 tumbl]s ?r[n d[n 9 a simil>
 mann]1 & ,i notic$1 t :5ev] !y fell ^u 
_! bottoms1 !y 7 un9jur$1 z also 9 cases
 :]e !y fell ^u _! rims 9 su* a mann]1 t
 ! curve ( ! rim act$ z an ar*1 z 9 !   
old trick ( turn+ a w9e-glass (f ! table
 s z n to break2 b 9 o!r cases :]e !    
tumbl]s fell flat ^u _! sides1 fracture 
foll[$4 ,i c>efully ga!r$ toge!r !      
pieces ( ! l>ge tumbl] :i* ,i broke     
myself 9 ?is mann]1 & exam9$ !m1 & f\nd 
t ! solid bottom 0 brok5 9 ! same mann] 

z ! ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops break1 viz41  
into a l>ge numb] ( small pieces1 hav+ 9
 all respects simil> prop]ties4 ,! glass
 = an in* or two above ! bottom broke   
into small pieces1 b l>g] ?an ^? into   
:i* ! bottom itself broke1 & ! upp]     
portion ( ! tumbl] 0 fractur$ j z an    
ord9>y tumbl] w\ld be4 ,on c>eful       
exam9ation1 microscopic & o!rwise1 !    
small pieces 7 f\nd to h ! "* ( ,pr9ce  
,rup]t's1 :]eas ! l>g] f ! upp] "p ( !  
glass _h none ( ^! *>act]i/ics 9 !      
slighte/ degree4  ,^! obs]vations l$ me 
to p]=m an exp]im5t4 ,a t\gh5$ tumbl] 0 
fill$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 :i* 0 all[$ to   
set4 ,its outside 0 !n encas$ 9 pla/] ( 
,p>is1 & :5 ! :ole 0 h>d5$1 a pair (    
p9c]s 7 appli$ to a portion ( ! tumbl]'s
 rim1 & ) a viol5t wr5* ! tumbl] 0      
brok54 ,a r sm>t %ock 0 communicat$ to !
 arm ( ! op]ator1 v mu* resembl+1 z he  
said1 ! %ock ( an electrify+ ma*9e4 ,on 
remov+ ! pla/] ( ,p>is1 x 0 f\nd t !    
:ole ( ! tumbl] 0 fractur$1 &1 z w be   
se5 by ! accompany+ illu/ration1 9 a    

mann] simil> to t :i* has already be5   
describ$4  ,f ?is & o!r simil>          
exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 l$ to ! conclusion t    
none ( ! t\gh5$ articles :i* h cavities 
9 !m1 h ?or\ghly und]gone ! t\gh5+      
process4  ,hav+ be5 reque/$ to att5d a  
s]ies ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ by a glass      
manufactur] 9 ,london1 :i* consi/$ 9 !  
manufacture ( a numb] ( t\gh5$ glass    
tumbl]s1 ,i notic$ c]ta9 facts :i* l$ me
 to =m conclusions z to h[ x 0 t !      
tumbl]s1 ! fracture ( :i* ,i already    
expla9$1 break 9 ?is peculi> mann]4 ,i w
 fir/ describe ! way 9 :i* ^! tumbl]s 7 
made & t\gh5$4 ,by ! side ( ! glass bl[]
 !re /ood a metal vessel1 ab\t ?ree feet
 six in*es high1 &1 p]haps1 f two to two
 feet six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is 0 fill$ 
) melt$ fat or oil ( "s k9d at a        
temp]ature ( ab\t #hj;,a deg4 ,fahr4    
,inside ?is vessel1 :i* 0 op5 at ! top1 
!re 0 a wire cage1 ) a trap door at !   
bottom ab\t "o foot 9 diamet]1 & ( ab\t 
! same dep?4 ,! glass bl[]1 aft] f9i%+ 8
 tumbl] on ! pontil1 held ! pontil 9 a  

horizontal position ov] ?is metal       
vessel1 /ruck x a sm>t tap1 & ! glass   
tumbl$ (f into ! wire cage4 ,! glass 0  
at a v high temp]ature4 ,9 almo/ e      
in/ance ! glass fell into ! melt$ fat1 z
 a glass ?r[n 9 a simil> mann] w fall   
into wat]4 ,x sank gradually bottom     
d[nw>ds1 & ! liquid guggl$ into x z x   
sank4 ,"h1 !n1 x is cle> t e portion ( !
 hot tumbl] did n come 9 contact ) ! oil
 at ! same mom5t1 9 fact !re 0 an       
appreciable lapse ( "t be=e ! tumbl]    
disappe>$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! liquid4   
,n[ !re mu/ be a limit z to ! temp]ature
 ( ! article to be temp]$ & ( ! liquid  
by :i* x is to be temp]$1 t is to say1  
if at a c]ta9 temp]ature glass c be     
temp]$ by be+ plung$ into ! liquid ( a  
c]ta9 temp]ature1 if ^! temp]atures are 
v>i$ simil> results w n foll[4 ,! upp]  
portions ( ! glass com+ 9 contact ) !   
temp]+ liquid at a l[] temp]ature1 z !y 
mu/ h done1 7 n prop]ly temp]$1 & ?is ,i
 h cle>ly prov$ by ! facts ,i h already 
/at$4 ,f ^! rem>ks x seems tol]ably cle>

 t1 until "s me?od is devis$ ( br++ all 
! p>ts ( ! heat$ glass 9 contact ) !    
cool+ liquid simultane\sly1 ! temp]+ ( !
 article _c be p]fect ?r\gh\t its :ole  
surface4 ,z ,i desire1 & v s9c]ely1 t ^!
 processes %\ld be br\ght to p]fection s
 z to r5d] !m useful1 ,i will+ly give   
?is result ( some:at l5g!n$             
inve/igations to ^? :om x may           
comm]cially conc]n1 & ,i hope t !y w    
f9d1 on inve/igat+ ! matt]1 t my        
obs]vations h be5 tol]ably correct1 & t 
!y w be able to devise a me?od :i* w    
rem$y 9 _m cases manife/ imp]fections ( 
_! pres5t sy/em4 ,all ! accid5ts :i* h  
happ5$ to temp]$ glass1 :i* h be5       
record$ 9 ! newspap]s1 c be acc\nt$ = on
 ! pr9ciple :i* ,i h j endeav\r$ to     
expla91 = !re mu/ be in/ability1 :]e !  
bond+ mat]ial ( ! int]nal p>ticles ( !  
glass is 9 diff]5t /ates ( h>dness2 s t 
!re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ a gas
 globe c\ld break app>5tly spontane\sly1
 = a portion ( x :i* 0 n fairly t\gh5$  
might be expos$ to a some:at sudd5 rise 

( temp]ature1 produc$1 x may be1 f a    
draught bl[+ ! flame ^u t p>ticul> spot4
 ,articles su* z sauc]s1 made ( glass1  
:i*1 be+ flat1 or ne>ly s1 c be plung$  
into ! temp]+ liquid ) great rapidity1  
are usually temp]$ all ov]1 & ^!1 :5    
t\gh5$1 c be ?r[n ab\t & all[$ to fall  
on h>d floors ) impunity1 ?us prov+ !   
facts :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to e/abli%4 ,i 
hope to be able to cont9ue my           
inve/igations1 & %\ld !y be wor? any?+1 
w give ! results ( !m to ! public4 ,be=e
 quitt+ ?is subject1 ,i %all make a few 
rem>ks ^u ! process = t\gh5+ glass1 :i* 
is said to h be5 pur*as$ by ! ,prussian 
,gov]nm5t4  ,?is process is describ$ z  
consi/+ 9 ! application ( sup]heat$ /eam
 to ! glass1 br\ght up to a temp]ature  
ne> to its melt+ po9t4 ,hav+ facilities 
= mak+ exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ,i h _h !m  
tri$ ) great c>e1 b 9 no case h ,i met )
 a satisfactory result4 ,?is probably is
 ow+ to ! fact1 t ,i did n comply       
/rictly ) ! condition ( ! exp]im5ts     
p]=m$ by ! ,g]man *emi/ :o is said to h 

made ! inv5tion1 nor d ,i see f analogy 
h[ ?is process is likely to effect a    
*ange 9 ! glass simil> to t aris+ f ,m4 
de la ,ba/ie's dipp+ process4  ,if      
glass1 in/ead ( be+ tak5 f ! anneal+    
kiln at ! prop] "t1 be left expos$ 9 !  
hot "p ( x1 at a temp]ature j bel[ t at 
:i* x s(t5s1 x w be f\nd to become      
gradually opaque on its surface4 ,"s    
exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ _m ye>s ago by        
,,ra7,c7aumur1 :o expos$ pieces ( glass1
 pack$ 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 to a r$ heat1   
:i* became gradually opaque1 & lo/      
altoge!r ! "* ( glass1 ! texture ( _!   
mat]ial becom+ cry/all9e1 & also effect$
 by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,glass   
treat$ 9 ?is way 0 call$ ,,ra7,c7aumur's
 porcela94 ,all glasses d n und]go ?is  
*ange ) equal rapidity1 & "s d n        
exp]i5ce x at all2 b ! common] k9ds1 su*
 z bottle glass1 are ! be/ to exp]im5t  
^u1 = ! m alum9a t x conta9s--& x is    
kn[n t bottle glass conta9s a           
consid]able quantity--! m readily does x
 und]go ?is *ange1 :i* is call$         

devitrification4 ,9 :at x consi/s1 is n 
at pres5t well und]/ood1 b x (f]s a     
field = inve/igation1 :i* may produce   
results ( v consid]able b5efit to       
manufactur]s ( glass4  ,soluble         
,silicates4--,an article on glass 9 a   
mod]n sci5tific "w l ! pres5t w\ld n be 
complete )\t a notice ( ! manufacture ( 
soluble glass & ! uses to :i* x has be5 
& may be appli$4 ,x has already be5     
m5tion$ t :5 silica or s& is fus$ ) an  
excess ( alkali1 ! result+ glass is     
soluble 9 wat]4  ,soluble glass is made 
on a l>ge scale 9 ?ree diff]5t ways4    
,fir/ ( all1 if fl9ts1 t is1 black      
fl9ts1 :i* are f\nd 9 *alk1 be heat$ to 
a :ite heat1 !y lose _! black col\r & _!
 h>dness1 & are easily cru%$ to small   
pieces2 & if fl9t 9 ?is condition be    
plac$ 9 a wire cage & put into a jacket$
 iron dige/]1 t is1 an iron dige/] :i*  
has an inn] & an out] sk91 ) a free     
space betwe5 ! two1 s t /eam may be =c$ 
into x f a boil] "u pressure2 & if !    
dige/] be screw$ d[n tightly ) an iron  

cov]1 & /eam !n be all[$ to pass into ! 
space betwe5 ! two1 ! temp]ature c be   
rais$ at pleasure1 accord+ to ! pressure
 "u :i* ! /eam is introduc$4 ,if ! valve
 ( ! boil] be load$ ) a #fj-lb4 weight1 
! temp]ature ( ! wat] w>m$ by ! /eam w  
rise consid]ably high] ?an t ( ord9>y   
boil+ wat]2 & if ?is wat] be saturat$ ) 
cau/ic soda1 x w dissolve ! fl9ts sl[ly1
 =m+ silicate ( soda1 t is to say1 !    
silicic acid ( ! fl9t w unite directly )
 ! soda ( ! solution1 & silicate ( soda 
w ?us be obta9$4 ,= c]ta9 applications1 
! silicate s =m$ is n suffici5tly pure1 
because ! soda us$ (t5 conta9s a c]ta9  
am\nt ( sulphate1 :i* w rema9 ) x 9 !   
solution ( silicate t is drawn (f f !   
dige/]4 ,?is sulphate is v objectionable
 = c]ta9 applications ( silicates1      
because x cry/allizes out1 & s de/roys !
 sub/ance1 :i* ! silicate is int5d$ to  
pres]ve4  ,ano!r & a mu* bett] me?od is 
to heat toge!r ! silica 9 ! =m ( s& )   
alkali1 ei!r pota% or soda1 9 a         
rev]b]atory furnace1 & z ! glass becomes

 =m$1 to rake x out into wat]1 & !n     
gradually to dissolve x by boil+ 9      
suitable vessels4 ,"h ! sulphate1 if x  
exi/$ 9 ! alkali1 is decompos$ by !     
silicic acid1 & ! sulphuric acid passes 
(f ?r\gh ! flues ( ! rev]b]atory        
furnace4  ,!re is also a v +5i\s way (  
mak+ silicate ( soda1 discov]$ by ,mr4  
,gossage1 & p]=m$ z foll[s3 common salt 
is heat$ to a high temp]ature &         
volatiliz$1 & 9 ?is condition is br\ght 
into contact ) /eam also at a high      
temp]ature1 :5 a d\ble decomposition    
takes place4 ,/eam is compos$ ( oxyg5 & 
hydrog52 common salt1 ( sodium & *lor9e4
 ,! *lor9e ( ! common salt unites ) !   
hydrog5 ( ! /eam1 & ! oxyg5 ( ! /eam ) !
 sodium1 s t hydro*loric acid & oxide ( 
sodium are =m$4 ,n[1 if ^! two sub/ances
 at ?is high temp]ature 7 all[$ to cool 
toge!r1 ! action w\ld be rev]s$1 & !    
re-=mation ( /eam & *loride ( sodium    
w\ld be ! result2 b 9 ! /rong *amb] l9$ 
) fire-clay1 9 :i* ^! vap\rs are br\ght 
into contact1 silica is plac$ 9 ! =m (  

s& made up into masses1 & :5 ! oxide (  
sodium is =m$1 x unites ) ! s& to make  
silicate ( soda1 & ?us is remov$ f !    
action ( ! hydro*loric acid1 n entirely1
 b suffici5tly to produce a l>ge yield (
 silicate ( soda4  ,! prop]ties (       
silicate ( soda1 z appli$ to ! arts1 are
 some:at diff]5t f ^? ( silicate (      
pota%1 s t "o _c always be sub/itut$ = !
 o!r4 ,bo? ^! sub/ances are1 :5 9       
solution & conc5trat$1 ?ick & viscid1 & 
h ! prop]ty ( caus+ pap]1 wood1 c41 to  
adh]e :5 appli$ z a gum or glue1 & h5ce 
h be5 call$ m9]al glue4 ,9 a dilute /ate
 !y c be us$ = coat+ /one1 brick1 or    
cem5t1 & h ! p[] ( r5d]+ !m = a "t      
wat]pro(1 or ne>ly s1 & ( prev5t+ !     
action ( atmosph]ic influ5ces1 :i* too  
(t5 produce ! decay ( "s ( ! s(t] /ones 
us$ = build+ z well z = cem5t4 ,x has   
already be5 /at$1 t :5 c>bonic acid is  
pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( silicate (     
soda1 silica w be precipitat$4 ,n[1     
inasmu* z !re is c>bonic acid 9         
atmosph]ic air1 :5 ^! solutions are     

appli$ to ! surfaces ( a build+1 !y w be
 act$ ^u sl[ly by ! acid1 & silica w be 
precipitat$ 9 ! pores ( ! mat]ial to :i*
 ! silicates are appli$4 ,b ?is op]ation
 is extremely sl[1 &1 be=e x c be       
?or\ghly complet$1 ! silicates1 be+     
soluble1 w get 9 "p dissolv$ out by ra9 
& moi/ure1 & x is !re=e advisable to use
 ) !m "s mat]ial :i* w1 by a d\ble      
decomposition1 =m a silicate insoluble 9
 wat]4 ,! silicate1 h[ev]1 :i* is =m$1  
%\ld h cohesion among/ its p>ticles1 s t
 x w n only adh]e to ! /one itself1 b   
its own p>ticles w adh]e to "o ano!r :5 
x gets dry4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 tri$ to 
cause ?is insoluble sub/ance to be =m$  
^u ! surface ( /ones1 s z to fill up its
 pores & to make a protect+ cov] = x2 b 
mo/ ( !m h signally fail$1 because ! new
 silicate produc$ by d\ble decomposition
 has n _h ! necess>y coh]5ce among/ its 
p>ticles4 ,if a solution ( *loride (    
calcium be add$ to "o ( silicate ( soda1
 a silicate ( calcium w be precipitat$1 
& x 0 !re=e ?\ght1 t by apply+ to a /one

 successive wa%es ( silicate ( soda &   
*loride ( calcium1 an insoluble silicate
 ( calcium w\ld be produc$ 9 ! pores &  
on its surface4 ,x is true t su* a      
silicate is precipitat$1 & t1 if !      
silicate employ$ be 9 excess ( ! *loride
 ( calcium1 ! p>ticles w be glu$ toge!r 
by ! adhesive p[]s ( ?is silicate :5 x  
dries2 b !n ! action ( moi/ure ^u x is  
to cause x to run d[n ! surface ( !     
build+1 & set free ! p>ticles ( silicate
 ( calcium :i* x held 9 comb9ation4 ,o!r
 processes ( ! same k9d h be5 tri$1 & ) 
simil> results2 "o great difficulty 9 ! 
way ( ! success ( ?is me?od ( apply+    
silicates be+ t1 f ! peculi> colloidal  
or gluey nature ( ! silicate1 x does n  
p5etrate to any consid]able dep? into ! 
/one1 &1 if laid on fir/1 prev5ts !     
p5etration1 z f> ev5 z x has itself     
gone1 ( ! solution ( *loride ( calcium4 
,if ! *loride ( calcium be us$ be=e !   
silicate1 x w p5etrate f>!r ?an !       
solution ( silicate is able to rea*1 s t
 x is impossible to obta91 ev5 suppos+ !

 sub/ance to be us$ 9 equival5t         
proportions1 a complete decomposition ( 
! "o by ! o!r4  ,! great object to be   
atta9$ 9 ! pres]vation ( /one by any    
silici\s process1 is to use "o solution 
possess+ ! sub/ances :i*1 :5 ! wat] has 
evaporat$1 w =m a p]fectly coh]5t mass =
 ! protection ( ! /one surface4 ,! dep? 
( p5etration1 if x is suffici5t to      
protect ! outside ( ! /one f !          
dis9tegrat+ action ( ! atmosph]e1 ne$ n 
be c>ri$ mu* m ?an "o-sixte5? ( an in*  
bel[ ! surface1 = :5 old /ones :i* h    
long be5 9 positions 9 build+s1 & :i* h 
n decay$ at all1 are exam9$1 x w be f\nd
 t !y are cov]$ ) an extremely ?9 film (
 a h>d sub/ance1 n ?ick] ?an a %eet (   
writ+ pap]1 :i* has = ages protect$ &   
pres]v$ !m f decay4 ,?is film is produc$
 by a det]m9ation f ! inside to !       
outside ( ! /one ( a silici\s wat]1 :i* 
exi/$ 9 x 9 ! qu>ry1 & :i*1 :5 ! /one 0 
plac$ 9 ! build+1 gradually came to !   
surface1 ! wat] evaporat+ & leav+ beh9d 
x a ?9 film ( silica1 or ( a            

nitrate--mo/ likely ! latt]4  ,if alum9a
 be fus$ ) pota%1 alum9ate ( pota%1     
soluble 9 wat]1 is made2 if1 h[ev] !    
solution is too conc5trat$1 a c]ta9     
quantity ( ! alum9a w be precipitat$2 b 
if x be dilute1 ! :ole ( ! alum9a w     
rema9 9 solution4 ,:5 alum9ate ( pota% (
 specific gravity #a;,a4#ab is mix$ ) a 
solution ( silicate ( pota% ( specific  
gravity #a;,a4#b1 no precipitate or     
gelat9ization w take place = "s h\rs2 ! 
m dilute ! solution1 ! long] w x rema9  
)\t gelat9ization1 & ( c\rse ! ?9n] x w 
be1 & ! great] p[] ( p5etration x w h :5
 appli$ to a por\s surface4 ,:5         
solutions ( alum9ate ( pota% & (        
silicate ( pota% ( great] d5sity are    
mix$ toge!r1 a jelly-l sub/ance is almo/
 imm$iately =m$1 & sometimes ev5 ! :ole 
mass gelat9izes4 ,if ?is jelly be all[$ 
to dry sl[ly1 x w contract1 & at la/ a  
sub/ance w be left beh9d suffici5tly h>d
 to m>k glass1 ?\gh ! "t = ?is h>d5+ may
 be f "o to two ye>s2 & on exam9ation x 
is f\nd t ?is sub/ance has v ne>ly !    

same *emical composition z felsp>1 & is 
p]fectly insoluble 9 ord9>y m9]al acids4
 ,n[1 suppose a dilute solution ( ?is   
mixture to be appli$ to ! surface (     
/one1 ! silicate & alum9ate ( pota% w   
gradually h>d5 & fill up ! int]/ices ( !
 /one2 & z bo? ! sub/ances ent]+ into   
comb9ation are conta9$ 9 ! same         
solution1 !y w bo? p5etrate to ! same   
dep?4 ,inasmu* z ! artificial felsp> is 
n act$ ^u by de/ructive ag5ts :i* w\ld  
dis9tegrate ! /one1 x becomes a bond+   
mat]ial = its loos5$ p>ticles1 & at !   
same "t gives a case-h>d5+ to ! /one1   
:i* no d\bt w z effectually protect x   
aga9/ atmosph]ic influ5ces z 9 ! case ( 
! h>d5+ ( ! natural "o4 ,we h a tol]able
 gu>antee t ?is w be s1 if we consid] ! 
numb] ( endur+ m9]als into ! composition
 ( :i* silica1 alum9a1 & pota% ent]1 &  
also ( ! almo/ imp]i%able "* ( granite1 
:i* is s l>gely compos$ ( felsp>4 ,_m   
exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ on an exhau/ive   
scale ) ^! mat]ials1 & 9 e case x has   
be5 f\nd t !y h answ]$ ! expectation (  

^? :o h ?us te/$ !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1      
necess>y to /ate1 t 9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1
 great c>e mu/ be us$ to employ ! mix$  
sub/ance 9 solution be=e gelat9ization  
has set 91 = if ?is has occurr$1 ev5 to 
! slighte/ ext5t1 a surface coat+ is =m$
 on ! /one1 :i*1 n hav+ =m$ a bond ) x1 
easily rubs (f4  ,ano!r application (   
soluble silicates 9 ?is or o!r =ms is to
 r5d] walls ( build+s :i* are por\s1    
wat]pro(4 ,a col\rless1 transp>5t       
mat]ial :i* c effect ?is object is      
d\btless desirable1 z any?+ l an opaque 
wa%1 if appli$ to brick-"w1 w\ld de/roy 
! col\r ( ! bricks1 & !re=e ! "* ( !    
build+ con/ruct$ ) !m4 ,!               
silico-alum9ate ( pota% may be us$ = ?is
 purpose1 z above direct$2 & ev5        
silicate ( pota% alone1 provid$ x be 9  
suffici5t quantities1 w answ] well1 if f
 ye> to ye>1 = two or ?ree ye>s1 !      
application be r5ew$1 s z to fill 9     
spaces1 :]ev] ! silicate may h be5 9 "p 
dissolv$ out4 ,:5 ! silicate ( pota%    
alone is us$1 ! action ( ! c>bonic acid 

( ! air 9 precipitat+ ! silica is dep5d$
 on1 & :ile ?is action is go+ on1       
portions ( ! silicate n act$ on w be    
dissolv$ out4  ,_m ye>s ago1 an ef=t 0  
made 9 ,g]many to revive ! anci5t art ( 
fresco pa9t+1 & ) v consid]able success4
 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t our climate is n   
suit$ to ! p]man5ce ( ?is me?od (       
decoration1 nor inde$ is any climate    
absolutely suitable1 because 9 fresco   
pa9t+1 ! surface only ( ! lime is col\r$
 ) pigm5ts laid on1 s t any influ5ce :i*
 w\ld de/roy ! lime surface w\ld cause !
 removal ( ! pigm5ts2 & f ! por\s nature
 ( ! surface ( ! "w aft] x is complet$1 
absorption ( moi/ure w f "t to "t take  
place1 caus+ ! adhesion ( dirt & o!r    
=eign sub/ances :i* may fall ^u x1 & :i*
 x is almo/ impossible to remove )\t    
detrim5t to ! picture4 ,dr4 ,fu*s1 (    
,muni*1 discov]$ a me?od ( pa9t+ )      
soluble silicates1 :i* has be5 tri$ )   
consid]able success 9 ,b]l9 by ! late   
,pr(essor ,kaulba*4 ,on a prop]ly prep>$
 gr\nd1 ! pa9t+ 0 execut$ 9 col\rs mix$ 

) wat]1 :i*1 :5 dry & ! pa9t+ f9i%$1 7  
fix$ to ! wall by ! application (       
soluble silicates4 ,= ! pres]vation ( ! 
"w1 ,dr4 ,fu*s ma9ly reli$ ^u ! action (
 atmosph]ic c>bonic acid4 ,n[1 :5       
c>bonic acid acts ^u silicate ( soda or 
silicate ( pota%1 we h already se5 t !  
silicic acid is precipitat$ 9 ! hydrat$ 
=m1 & t ! c>bonic acid has unit$ ) !    
soda or pota% to =m c>bonate ( soda or  
c>bonate ( pota%4 ,^! sub/ances be+ left
 9 ! pa9t+ & p5etrat+ to a c]ta9 dep?   
b5ea? its surface1 mu/ f9d _! way out1 &
 9 almo/ e in/ance h done s 9 ! =m ( an 
effloresc5t sub/ance1 :i* has caus$ !   
picture to h ! appe>ance ( be+ mildew$  
ov] its surface4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1     
sulphates occur 9 ! gr\nd1 & !n         
sulphates ( soda & ( pota% h be5 =m$1   
injuri\s to ! p]man5ce ( ! surface ( !  
picture1 because !y cry/allize & =ce (f 
portions ( ! lime & s& ( :i* ! surface  
is compos$4 ,! effect ( ! effloresc5ce (
 ! c>bonates on ! surface ( a silici\s  
pa9t+ may be se5 9 ! fam\s picture ( !  

meet+ ( ,well+ton & ,blu*]1 9 ! ,h\se ( 
,lords1 pa9t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,maclise1  
,r4,a4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! solution ( alum9ate
 & silicate ( pota% is us$ ) ! pigm5ts  
on a prop]ly prep>$ gr\nd1 !re is no fe>
 ( ?is effloresc5ce tak+ place1 & pa9t+s
 execut$ ) x h /ood = _m ye>s1 )\t giv+ 
any signs :atev] ( decay4  ,to ^?       
int]e/$ 9 ?is subject1 x is desirable t 
!y %\ld p]=m a s]ies ( exp]im5ts        
!mselves1 & asc]ta9 ! be/ me?ods (      
practically apply+ ?is vehicle 9 !      
execution ( l>ge mural pa9t+s4 ,!y w f9d
 t1 al?\gh at fir/ !y may meet ) "s     
difficulties1 yet aft] a :ile ^!        
difficulties w vani%1 & !y w h a mat]ial
 to "w )1 :i* w meet all _! requirem5ts4
  ,9 an article s brief z ! pres5t1 x is
 impossible to ent] fully into all !    
details ( ! manipulation ( ?is p>ticul> 
process ( pa9t+2 x is1 h[ev]1 mo/       
desirable to give a %ort acc\nt ( !     
me?od ( prep>+ ! gr\nd & ( apply+ !     
col\rs1 leav+ ! re/ to be le>n$ f       
practical exp]i5ce4  ,angul> fre%-wat]  

riv] s&1 well wa%$1 %\ld be mix$ )      
suffici5t lime to cause x to adh]e to ! 
wall on :i* x is plac$1 & ?is 9 all     
cases %\ld be fre%ly pla/]$ 9 ! ord9>y  
way4 ,no pla/] ( ,p>is 7:i* is sulphate 
( lime7 %\ld be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( !  
gr\ndwork4 ,! coat+ ( f9e s& & lime is  
laid on to a dep? ( ab\t an eigh? ( an  
in*1 & :5 dry1 an application ( dilute  
silicate ( pota% %\ld be made1 9 ord] to
 bond toge!r ! p>ticles ( s& :i*1 ow+ to
 ! employm5t ( s small a quantity (     
lime1 c be readily bru%$ (f4 ,z soon z  
^! p>ticles are well fix$ toge!r & d n  
come (f :5 ! h& is pass$ ov] ! surface (
 ! wall1 ! gr\nd is 9 a fit /ate = !    
comm5cem5t ( ! pa9t+4 ,! col\r %\ld be  
us$ ) z9c :ite1 & n ) lead :ite1 &1 (   
c\rse1 !y mu/ be 9 ! /ate ( f9e p[d]1 & 
n gr\nd up ) oil or any su* mat]ial4 ,! 
arti/ c use 8 mixture ( silicate (      
alum9a & alum9ate ( pota% ( ! /r5g?     
already describ$2 he may1 :5 desirable1 
dilute x to a c]ta9 ext5t ) wat]1 b he  
%\ld n d s too mu*4 ,he c !n pa9t ) x j 

z he w\ld ) wat] 9 wat]-col\r pa9t+2 &  
if he f9ds t any portion ( 8 col\rs1    
aft] !y are dry1 are n suffici5tly fix$ 
^u ! wall1 he c !n ) a bru% pass ov] !m 
a coat+ ( ! cle> liquid1 us$ a little   
/rong]4 ,:5 ! :ole "w is f9i%$1 x w     
p]haps be desirable to give x "o or two 
coats ( a v dilute solution ( silicate (
 alum9a & alum9ate ( pota%4 ,aft] a "t1 
ow+ to ! contraction 9 dry+ ( ?is       
mat]ial1 x w\ld be advisable--say1 aft] 
! lapse ( two or ?ree mon?s--to aga9    
apply a coat ( x some:at /rong]2 & aga91
 if aft] a ye>1 or m ?an a ye>1 x %\ld  
appe> t any portions ( ! surface 7      
becom+ loose1 ano!r application ( ! mix$
 silicate ( alum9a & alum9ate ( pota% to
 ^! loos5$ p>ts alone w be desirable4   
,?is repetition may appe> to "s to be an
 objection to ! process1 b x is n s1    
h[ev]2 = 9 ! =mation ( ^? natural       
sub/ances1 su* z fl9ts1 :i* we f9d s    
h>d1 no d\bt a v great lapse ( "t       
occurr$ 9 ! induration ( ! gelat9\s     
silica :i* =m$ !m4 ,nei!r d we object f 

"t to "t1 at int]vals ( ye>s to r5ew !  
coats ( v>ni% on oil pa9t+s1 9 ord] to  
pres]ve !m or to br+ out afre% !        
brilliancy ( _! col\rs4  ,! soluble     
silicates are frequ5tly us$ z bond+     
mat]ials 9 ! manufacture ( artificial   
/one & cem5t1 v good results hav+ be5   
atta9$4 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 to _!      
employm5t = ^! purposes is ! exp5se ( ! 
mat]ial ( :i* !y =m a con/itu5t "p1 & x 
seems almo/ impossible ev] to br+ x into
 competition ) dress$ natural /one4 ,b =
 ornam5tal purposes1 f ! pla/ic nature (
 ! sub/ance :5 9 ! wet /ate1 x c be     
press$ into m\lds1 & :]ev] pla/] m\ld+s 
are admissible1 no d\bt ?is mat]ial w\ld
 be useful = c]ta9 k9ds ( ornam5tation4 
,"s ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,ransome1 ( ,ipswi*1 
aft] hav+ made 8 artificial /one ) s& & 
silicate ( soda1 heat$ x 9 ov5s1 s z to 
produce a h>d & semi-vitrifi$ mass4 ,a  
*ur*1 ! m\ld+s ( :i* are made ( ?is     
/one1 may be se5 at ! bottom (          
,p5tonville ,hill1 ,london2 & c]ta9ly z 
to durability1 !re is no d\bt t !       

sub/ance has answ]$ v well4 ,b f        
difficulties 9 manipulation & o!r       
reasons1 t g5tleman gave up ?is me?od ( 
mak+ artificial /one1 & is n[ work+     
ano!r process :i* yields f> bett]       
results4 ,silicate ( soda is mix$ ) s&  
7g5]ally ,ayles=d s&71 & aft] ! mixture 
is m\ld$ & dri$1 x is expos$ to ! action
 9 vacuo ( *loride ( calcium 9 solution4
 ,:e!r ! :ole mass is plac$ 9 a vacuum  
*amb] & !n *>g$ ) *loride ( calcium2 or 
:e!r a vacuum is =m$ on ! "u side ( !   
sub/ance1 & ! *loride ( calcium solution
 caus$ by suction to filt] ?r\gh x1 is  
unc]ta94 ,h[ev]1 :atev] be !            
manipulative processes1 ! result is !   
same1 & appe>s to be extremely          
satisfactory4  ,soluble silicates       
produce v rem>kable results :5 mix$ )   
c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,if silicate ( soda or 
pota% be mix$ ) :ite lead1 9 a v %ort "t
 x sets into a h>d sub/ance1 j z does   
pla/] ( ,p>is :5 mix$ ) wat]4 ,if p[d]$ 
pumice-/one or s&1 9 ! proportion (     
eight p>ts to "o ( c>bonate ( lead1 be  

mix$ toge!r ) soluble silicate1 a v h>d 
& coh]5t mass is obta9$1 & !re seems no 
reason :y a mixture ( ?is k9d1 9 :i*    
pumice-/one is us$1 %\ld n be employ$ = 
! purpose to :i* pumice-/one is usually 
appli$4 ,x w\ld h ! advantage ( be+     
easily m\ld$ into =ms1 s z to suit      
m\ld+s1 :i* might by x be mu* m         
accurately & exp$iti\sly smoo!d d[n 7z 9
 ! case especially ( picture-frame      
m\ld+s71 ?an !y c be by ! ord9>y        
pumice-/one4  ,ano!r v important        
application ( soluble silicates is !    
r5d]+ ( wood incombu/ible4 ,_m exp]im5ts
 h be5 p]=m$ :i* %[ t :5 wood is        
?or\ghly impregnat$ to a dep? ( a qu>t] 
( an in* or m ) silicate ( soda1 x w n  
flame1 b w only *>4 ,n[1 suppos+ t !    
con/ructive timb]s ( a h\se 7 work$1 &  
!n plac$ 9 suitable vessels & saturat$ )
 silicate ( soda1 !y w\ld !n be r5d]$   
practically firepro(1 or at lea/ x w\ld 
take a v prolong$ exposure to heat to   
cause !m to sm\ld] away1 :ile at no     
p]iod ( ?is "t w\ld !y bur/ into flame4 

,f ! peculi>ly gluey nature ( ^! soluble
 silicates1 !y d n p5etrate readily into
 por\s sub/ances2 x has !re=e be5       
sugge/$ t ! impregnation ( ! wood %\ld  
take place 9 vacuum *amb]s1 j 9 ! mann] 
t ! creosot+ process = pres]v+ railway  
sleep]s is at pres5t p]=m$4 ,x is mo/   
c]ta9ly advisable t ! wood %\ld be work$
 be=e be+ expos$ to ! silicat+ process1 
= t w\ld r5d] x s h>d1 t x w\ld         
consid]ably increase ! co/ ( lab\r 9    
cutt+ & plan+ x4  ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is
 article1 x 0 /at$ t silicic acid1 or   
silica1 c\ld be made soluble 9 wat]4 ,"s
 v int]e/+ exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ by ! late  
,dr4 ,graham1 ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 :i* gave  
rise to ! discov]y ( ! process (        
dialysis4 ,if "s silicate ( soda be mix$
 ) wat]1 s t n m ?an #e p] c5t4 ( silica
 be 9 ! solution 7r less is bett]71 & if
 "s hydro*loric acid be !n add$ 9       
suffici5t quantity to make ! liquid     
di/9ctly acid1 & ! mixture be plac$ 9 a 
dialyz+ app>atus1 ! *loride ( sodium =m$
 by ! union ( ! *lor9e ( ! hydro*loric  

acid ) ! sodium ( ! silicate ( soda w   
pass out ?r\gh ?is dialyz+ membrane1    
leav+ hydrat$ silica beh9d1 :i* w rema9 
9 solution 9 ! wat] ) :i* ! silicate 0  
mix$4 ,! dialyz+ app>atus is con/ruct$ 9
 ! foll[+ mann]2 a sort ( tamb\r9e r+ is
 made ) gutta p]*a1 9 place ( wood1 f #h
 to #aj in*es or ev5 m 9 diamet]1 !     
dep?1 be+ ab\t #b in*es4 ,ano!r r+ (    
gutta p]*a1 ( ab\t an in* deep or ev5   
less1 is made s z to fit tightly outside
 ! tamb\r9e2 a piece ( vegetable p>*m5t 
is !n moi/5$ & plac$ ov] ! tamb\r9e1 & !
 ?9n] r+ is press$ ov] x1 s z to secure 
x tightly4 ,?is is ! dialyz+ vessel1 & x
 is into ?is t ! mixture ( silicate &   
hydro*loric acid mu/ be put4 ,! solution
 %\ld n be m ?an an in* deep 9 ! dialyz+
 vessel1 :i* is !n made to float ^u     
di/ill$ wat] 9 a l>g] vessel ( suitable 
size4 ,! di/ill$ wat] %\ld be *ang$ e   
day1 until no precipitate c be obta9$ 9 
x ) nitrate ( silv]1 & :5 ?is po9t is   
arriv$ at1 all ! *loride ( sodium w h   
pass$ ?r\gh ! vegetable p>*m5t into !   

l>g] vessel ( wat]1 & no?+ b silicic    
hydrate w rema9 beh9d 9 solution4 ,if   
?is liquid be all[$ to /& = "s "t1 x w  
gelat9ize1 & lat] on ! jelly w contract1
 becom+ extremely h>d1 s t lumps ( x1 :5
 brok51 w 9 _! fracture resemble t (    
fl9t4 ,no d\bt1 at "s future p]iod1 "s  
"o w discov] a me?od ( r5d]+ ?is        
condition ( silica useful 9 ! arts4     
,soluble silicates are v useful z       
det]g5ts4 ,a small quantity ( silicate (
 soda mix$ ) h>d wat] r5d]s x valuable =
 wa%+ purposes4 ,silicate ( soda is also
 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! *eap] k9ds (   
soap4 ,we c h>dly speak ( x z an        
adult]ation1 because x r5d]s ! soap )   
:i* x is comb9$ mu* m p[]ful 9 its      
cleans+ action4 ,i sugge/ to ^? int]e/$ 
9 ! application ( sci5ce to ! arts1 t   
?is subject w no d\bt well repay        
exp]im5tal inve/igations4  ,x is mu* to 
be wi%$ t ^? engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( art & 
manufacture1 & :o h "s k ( *emi/ry1 w\ld
 turn _! att5tion to gett+ a bett] & m  
p]fect me?od ( mak+ col\r$ pot-metal    

glass4 ,i h be5 engag$ = "s "t1 & /ill  
am engag$1 9 exp]im5ts to effect ?is    
object4 ,b inasmu* z my engagem5ts are v
 num]\s1 & ,i _c give ! prop] "t to x ,i
 desire1 ,i !re=e take ! lib]ty (       
sugge/+ to o!rs ! ways 9 :i* ,i am      
work+1 t !y may be able to arrive at    
good results m spe$ily probably ?an ,i  
%all be able to d4 ,if sulphate ( copp] 
be mix$ ) silicate ( pota%1 silicate (  
copp] w be precipitat$4 ,n[1 if ?is be  
c>efully wa%$ & dri$1 x w be a silicate 
( a def9ite composition1 & ,i propose to
 use su* silicates z ^! ) ord9>y glass  
mixtures1 9 ord] to imp>t ! p>ticul>    
col\r :i* ! oxide employ$ has be5       
already describ$ z giv+ to ! glass4     
,silicate ( manganese is prep>$ 9 a     
simil> way to ! silicate ( copp]2       
silicate ( cobalt1 & o!r silicates1 c be
 us$ z /a9+ mat]ials = col\r+ glass4 ,^!
 mix$ 9 due proportion w\ld give t9ts1 &
 w\ld1 ,i d n feel ! slighte/ d\bt1     
produce col\rs ) mu* great] c]ta9ty ?an 
!y are n[ produc$1 & t9ts hi!rto unkn[n 

c\ld be made to ! great b5efit ( !      
glass-pa9t]4     ,,furniture ,,&        
,,woodwork4  ,,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,poll51      
,m4,a41 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4   ,i     
propose 9 ! foll[+ pages to give "s     
acc\nt ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 mak+          
furniture1 & ( ! arts appli$ to its     
decoration4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages ( society1 
:5 m5 mov$ ab\t 9 tribes1 !y _h 9 _!    
t5ts ( camels' hair simple necess>ies1  
su* z _! wants requir$4 ,be=e p 7 ga!r$ 
into di/9ct nations1 or cities built )  
walls & gates1 !re 7 /ill c]ta9 human   
wants t mu/ ne$s be suppli$2 & ! objects
 t 7 ne$$ to enable mank9d to live )    
conv5i5ce & dec5cy 7 f\nd 9 _!          
furniture4 ,to ?is v day we may see     
,arab tribes w&]+ ov] sunny des]ts1     
seek+ pa/urage1 s[+ "h & !re an acre (  
:eat or b>ley1 or ga!r+ dates4 ,_!      
camels & drom$>ies are _! waggons1 _!   
horses are _! fri5ds1 _! families & ^? (
 o!rs t make up _! tribe are _! only    
nationality4 ,yet !y furni% 9 "s sort ! 
tempor>y homes :i* !y %ift f "o spr+ (  

wat] to ano!r1 z ! pat*es ( grass or    
gra9 gr[ up & rip54 ,_! *ief wants are1 
a clo? /ra9$ ov] ?ree /aves to make a   
h\se1 mats or c>pets to lie on1 a few   
b[ls to cook 91 saddles ( wood1 & a few 
baskets or *e/s1 made ( light /icks     
fa/5$ toge!r4  ,9 lat] p]iods ( hi/ory &
 9 m conv5tional /ates ( society1 we    
%all f9d ?is primitive type ( furni%+   
c>ri$ out ) gr[+ spl5d\r4 ,9 ! ,we/ & 9 
! ,ea/1 9 anci5t & medi,aval times1     
great rul]s1 ?\gh con/antly 9 ! saddle1 
h be5 foll[$ by enorm\s tra9s ( camp    
foll[]s1 by :om co/ly furniture1 hang+s1
 vessels ( plate1 & o!r luxuries1 h be5 
c>ri$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! lead]s & w>riors
 ( mov+ ho/s2 & ( c\rse ?is spl5d\r 0 ! 
measure ( ! /ate & magnific5ce kept at  
home4 ,! weal? or feudal /ate1 %[n 9 !  
furniture ( old ca/les & palaces1 ext5d$
 n only to halls & rooms1 b to dresses1 
& arm\r1 weapons1 ! furniture ( horses1 
t5ts1 & o!r objects t c\ld be c>ri$ on  
di/ant exp$itions4  ,anci5t nations h   
be5 z well1 & m spl5didly1 if less      

conv5i5tly1 provid$ ) furniture = _!    
h\ses ?an mod]n ones4 ,x happ5s t !re   
are di/9ct records ( _m k9ds1 %[+ :at   
weal? & elaborate decoration "s ( !     
olde/ races1 su* z ! ,assyrians1 !      
,egyptians1 ! ,p]sians1 & ! ,greeks1    
be/[$ on _! ?rones1 b$s1 *airs1 &       
*>iots4 ,b$s ( silv] & gold are m5tion$ 
9 ,e/h] i41 & ! curta9s ( ! b$ (        
,hol(]nes 7 cov]$ ) a canopy ( purple & 
gold1 ) em]alds & preci\s /ones 7,judi? 
x4 #ai2 ,e/h] i474 ,mod]n pr9ces 9      
,india cont9ue to devote _! jewels &    
gold to simil> uses4 ,x mu/ be borne 9  
m9d also1 t ?is k9d ( spl5d\r is an     
inve/m5t ( prop]ty 9 times & c\ntries 9 
:i* banks1 insurance (fices1 gov]nm5t   
funds1 & o!r organiz$ means ( inve/+    
money are unkn[n4  ,silv]1 if n gold1   
has be5 us$ occasionally1 n only 9 !    
,ea/1 b 9 ,europe1 = seats1 tables1 ev5 
! frames ( pictures & mirrors4 ,! royal 
ap>tm5ts 9 ,:itehall 7 completely m\nt$ 
) hamm]$ & filagree silv] furniture 9 ! 
sev5te5? c5tury4 ,c>lyle records (      

,fr$]ick ! ,great1 t silv] ornam5ts 7   
kept 9 8 palace1 & turn$ to acc\nt "u ! 
exig5cies ( w>4 ,b ( furniture g5]ally1 
wood is ! readie/ & mo/ prop] mat]ial4  
,x is h&y1 easily work$1 light to c>ry  
ab\t1 & may be manufactur$ ) or )\t     
decorations ( c>v$ "w1 or ( any o!r k9d4
 ,h5ce1 9 giv+ an acc\nt1 :e!r hi/orical
 or me*anical1 ( furniture1 ,i class x  
"u ! m g5]al head ( woodwork4 ,any o!r  
mat]ials1 ei!r = ! fram+ or ornam5tation
 ( furniture1 are exceptional4 ,! rem>ks
 n[ to be submitt$ to ! read] w ref] to 
wood t is manufactur$1 ?\gh ,i %all n   
ent] on ! int]e/+ subject ( wood        
/ructure1 :i* has be5 appli$ to su*     
noble & elaborate uses1 & ( :i* su*     
spl5did monum5ts ( _m p]iods /ill rema9 
= u to /udy4  ,mo/ ( ! me?ods us$ =     
decorat+ woodwork made up into furniture
 are /ill 9 regul> use1 & ! processes ( 
putt+ x toge!r are ! same z !y h always 
be54 ,! read] may satisfy himself on ?is
 po9t any day by a walk 9 ! ,egyptian   
rooms & 9 ! ,n9eveh gall]ies ( ! ,briti%

 ,museum4 ,9 bo? ^! sections ( t        
wond]ful collection1 !re are rema9s (   
woodwork & ( furniture1 made ( wood ?ree
 or f\r ?\s& ye>s old1 su* z /ools1     
*airs1 tables1 head-re/s or pill[s1     
workm5's b5*es ( ,egyptian manufacture1 
fragm5ts less complete ( ,n9eveh make t 
h be5 portions ( v>i\s ut5sils1 &       
preci\s articles ( sculptur$ & inlaid   
ivory t h be5 ins]t$ into ?rones &      
*>iots4 ,^! pieces ( furniture h be5    
mortis$ toge!r1 or jo9$ by d[els1       
dovetail$ at ! angles1 glu$1 nail$1 or1 
9 %ort1 made up by ! use ( sev]al ( ^!  
me?ods ( junction at ! same "t4 ,& no   
great *anges h be5 introduc$ 9 ! v>i\s  
ways ( ornam5t+ furniture4 ,! ,egyptian 
woodwork 0 pa9t$ 9 temp]a1 & c>efully   
v>ni%$ ) res9\s gums4 ,x 0 inlaid )     
ebony & o!r woods1 c>v$1 gilt &1 p]haps1
 sp>+ly decorat$ ) metal ornam5ts4 ,!   
,greeks inlaid *e/s & tables ) c>v$     
ivory & gold1 sometimes reliev$ ) col\r4
 ,! ,romans1 :o made mu* furniture (    
bronze1 ca/1 inlaid1 damasc5$ & gilt1   

made mu* m 9 wood1 :i* !y /a9$1 poli%$1 
c>v$1 & inlaid4 ,medi,aval furniture 0  
put toge!r ) mortises1 t5ons & glue1 & 0
 gilt & pa9t$2 ! pa9t+ & gild+ be+ laid 
on a gr\nd prep>$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 & tool$
 & ornam5t$ 9 ! same way t bookb9d]s    
ornam5t lea!r4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 a      
beautiful manufacture 0 c>ri$ on 9 v>i\s
 p>ts ( ,italy2 a sort ( mosaic 9 v h>d 
/one1 su* z agate1 lapis lazuli1 & o!r  
preci\s mat]ials4 ,! ,italians also us$ 
^! beautiful /ones inlaid 9 ebony4 ,b ! 
furniture mo/ valu$ 9 mod]n times has   
be5 t :i* owes its "n to ,b\lle1 a ,fr5*
 arti/ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & !         
m>quetry1 or wood mosaic surface        
decoration1 :i* rea*$ s high a /&>d (   
excell5ce dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( !     
eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france4  ,! =m] ( ^! 
two classes ( manufacture made1 if n    
orig9at$1 by ,b\lle 7& ,i am incl9$ to  
?9k t he 0 n ! fir/ mak]71 0 a m>quetry1
 or surface decoration1 n compos$ (     
v>i\s woods1 b ( tortoise%ell & brass1 )
 ! occasional introduction ( o!r metal1 

& ) metal enamell$ 9 blue & o!r col\rs4 
,! mat]ials pr9cipally 9 use1 h[ev]1 9  
,b\lle m>quetry are tortoise%ell &      
brass4 ,9 ! old] "w1 viz4 t ( ! sev5te5?
 c5tury1 ! tortoise%ell is d>k1 & left 9
 its natural hue4 ,9 lat] ,b\lle1 call$ 
new ,b\lle1 ! tortoise%ell is r$d5$ by  
col\r1 or by gild+ laid "u x4 ,!re is   
mu* grace & v>iety 9 ! delicate         
arabesque designs 9 :i* "o mat]ial is   
inlaid 9 ! o!r4 ,p>ts ( ! surfaces are  
sometimes diap]$1 z a contra/ to ! free 
l9es & curves ( o!r p>ts4 ,! inlaid     
surface ( ,b\lle "w is fram$ 9 by       
bord]s1 cornices1 or h&les ( brass or   
gilt bronze1 giv+ a massive ar*itectural
 "* to ! :ole4  ,?us if we look back to 
! hi/ory ( furniture1 n only w e k9d (  
spl5did mat]ial be f\nd devot$ to !     
manufacture or decoration ( x1 b ! be/  
art too ( _m diff]5t p]iods t money c\ld
 comm&4 ,x is 9 ! late times (          
antiquity1 & s9ce ! p]iod ( !           
,r5aissance 9 mod]n times1 t works ( art
 h be5 kept on %elves or ga!r$ into     

gall]ies4 ,_m works ( great ma/]s1 su* z
 ! *e/ ( ,cypselus1 & ! *airs ( ! great 
/atues ( ivory & gold1 7 prep>$ =       
celebrat$ %r9es & temples 9 ! cities (  
,greece4 ,x 0 b ! excessive weal? (     
great patricians 9 ,rome & ,con/ant9ople
 t l$ to _! becom+ collectors1 :e!r (   
sculpture1 pa9t+1 or sumptu\s silv]     
plate4 ,! *ief object ( ri* & accompli%$
 m5 9 mo/ ages ( luxury & ref9em5t has  
be51 to make ! h\se1 its walls1 ceil+s1 
floors1 & necess>y or useful furniture1 
co/ly & beautiful4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! days 
( ,donatello1 ,raphael1 ,cell9i1 &      
,holbe94 ,*e/s & trays 7 pa9t$1 toge!r )
 gems1 dies1 broo*es2 table plate 0     
modell$ & *isell$2 :ile *airs ( wr\ght  
/eel1 or tables1 cab9ets1 & o!r pieces (
 ri* furniture1 7 ei!r design$ or c>ri$ 
into execution by ^! ma/]s ) _! pupils &
 foll[]s4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z1 e4g41 9 t (
 ! fam\s ,pom]anian cab9et1 9 ! ,kun/   
,kamm] 9 ,b]l91 a long li/ has be5      
pres]v$ ( arti/s & craftsm5 ( note 9 _! 
day1 :o comb9$ to produce monum5tal     

examples ( actual room furniture4  ,x _c
 be d5i$ t ?\gh great pa9s are tak5 &   
mu* exp5se is incurr$ 9 mod]n furni%+1 !
 habits ( ! day lead r to ! se>* = com=t
 ?an = grace or beauty2 & conv5i5ce r   
?an intr9sic value or arti/ic excell5ce4
 ,nev]!less1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( dec5cy &   
spl5d\r is indisp5sable 9 bo? receiv+ & 
sleep+ rooms2 & ?\gh a h\se really well1
 t is beautifully1 furni%$ is ( r>e     
occurr5ce1 ?is is n = want ( s]i\s      
ef=ts1 nor altoge!r to be laid to !     
acc\nt ( unwill+ness to sp5d money = su*
 a purpose4 ,:e!r ! art ( furni%+ or !  
desire to h :at p require = use 9 _!    
h\ses m becom+ & beautiful1 be a ris+   
influ5ce or n1 x is c]ta9 t ! fancy or  
ornam5tal furniture trade is ( l>ge &   
increas+ importance1 correspond+ to !   
increas$ size & co/ ( mod]n ,london &   
c\ntry h\ses1 comp>$ ) ^? built dur+ !  
reigns ( ,william ,,iii4 & ,george ,,iv4
 ,e tradesman :o has ! pret5sion to     
repair *imney-pots1 to :itewa%1 or pa9t 
h\se-fronts1 ceil+s1 or (fices1 writes  

up ! ^w decorator1 on 8 %op-front4   ,,!
 ,,qualities ,,requir$ ,,9 ,,furniture4 
,we may consid] furniture "u two broad  
divisions1 t :i* is made to be h&l$ &   
mov$ ab\t1 & t :i* is = use b n meant to
 be h&l$ or mov$4 ,we may add a ?ird    
division 9 ! actual fixtures ( ! h\se1  
made by ! jo9] & meant to be ornam5tal  
fitt+s or completions to ! build]'s &   
c>p5t]'s "w4  ,"u ! fir/ head w be      
includ$ light tables1 *airs1 c\*es1 &   
o!r movable objects2 "u ! second1       
cab9ets1 book-%elves1 frames1 mirrors1 &
 s on2 "u ! ?ird head come floor+1      
panell+1 w9d[ %utt]s1 door-frames1      
/air-rails1 c4   #a4 ,,*airs1 ,,tables1 
,,etc4  ,! ess5tial po9ts 9 a well-made 
*air are com=t1 lightness1 & /r5g?4 ,(  
c\rse1 z m5 & wom5 are pretty mu* ( !   
same proportion all ov] ! _w1 *airs1 (  
:i* ! seat is ab\t ! height ( ! l[]     
process ( ! human knee-jo9ts1 mu/ be ( !
 same height1 or b slightly v>i$1 9 e   
c\ntry4 ,f ! habit t s _m p]sons h (    
?r[+ _! :ole weight back &1 z we are    

told1 9 "s c\ntries1 ( balanc+ _! p]sons
 on ! back legs ( _! *airs & incl9+ _!  
legs 9 ! direction ( ! *imneypiece1 !re 
is (t5 an imm5se /ra9 on ! back jo9ts ( 
*airs4 ,:e!r we lean back or sw+ on !m1 
! junction ( ! seats ( *airs ) ! backs  
is always subject to sev]e trials2 & on 
no article ( furniture 9 common use is  
su* good jo9]y requir$4 ,x is wor? :ile 
to look at ! old wall pa9t+s ( !        
,egyptians1 z !y are giv5 9 ,rossell9i &
 ! great ,fr5* book ( ! ',description de
 l',egypte1' to see :at capital         
workman%ip ^? mo/ anci5t c>p5t]s be/[$  
on _! *airs4 ,^? ( ! be/ & olde/ p]iods 
are )\t connect+ b>s to ! legs be=e or  
beh9d1 all ! /r5g? ( ! con/ruction be+  
c5tr$ 9 ! excell5ce ( ! jo9ts ( ! seat )
 ! back & legs2 & 9 mod]n work%ops1 !   
highe/ skill is appli$ to ensure /r5g? 9
 ^! po9ts ( junction4 ,if ! wood is     
?or\ghly dry1 ! mortises & t5ons fitt+  
p]fectly1 & ! glue good1 ! diff]5t p>ts 
are s w$d$ toge!r t ! :ole /ructure     
becomes "o piece1 z if nature _h made a 

vegetable gr[? 9 t fa%ion1 all ! fibres 
( :i* h cont9u\s & p]fect contact ) ea* 
o!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a defici5cy 9   
any ( ^! conditions1 ^! jo9ts fail4 ,if 
! wood %r9ks1 or ! t5ons d n fit !      
mortises all ?r\gh1 or ! glue is        
defici5t1 ^! v>i\s portions spe$ily come
 to pieces4 ,s(as1 c\*es1 & /uff$ *airs 
are s mu* m massive 9 con/ruction t !re 
ne$ be no risk ( su* a k9d (            
dis9tegration4  ,! memb]s ( :i* a *air  
is made up may be ei!r turn$ 9 ! la!1 or
 left massive en\gh to all[ ( c>v+ on ! 
legs1 backs1 or r\nd ! framework ( !    
seat4 ,turn$ "w c be lightly inlaid )   
ivory1 z t ( anci5t ,egypt1 pa9t$1 gilt1
 or m\nt$ 7lightly also7 ) metal4  ,!   
subjects ( ! c>v+ may be ei!r figures ( 
m51 horses1 lions1 or ! heads & legs (  
su* animals1 acan?us leaves1 &          
arabesques4 ,_m ( ^! ornam5ts h be5 us$ 
f anci5t times1 & reviv$ at v>i\s       
hi/orical p]iods4 ,= mod]n rooms !      
lighte/ con/ruction is mo/ 9 place1 &   
!re=e c>v+ %\ld be compact 9 composition

 & delicate 9 execution1 )\t prom95ces  
or und]cutt+ t w\ld int]f]e ) com=t or  
be liable to breakage4  ,a c]ta9        
ar*itectural "* is giv5 to *airs by     
cutt+ flut+s d[n ! legs1 or by borr[+   
o!r slight details f ar*itecture4 ,!    
uphol/]y ( *airs w always be _! mo/     
noticeable decoration1 & ?is applies    
/ill m to l\ng+ *airs & c\*es ( all     
%apes & sizes1 z ! framework ( !m is s  
mu* less obs]vable 9 proportion to _!   
uphol/]$ surfaces4  ,tables1 lamp/&s1   
c41 be+ g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 meant to
 be mov$ ab\t1 require z light a        
con/ruction z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,!   
surface ( all b small tables is beyond !
 dim5sions ( a s+le plank ( wood4 ,!    
out] & inn] portions ( a log or plank   
are ( diff]5t f95ess ( gra91 conta9 v>y+
 proportions ( sap1 & %r9k 9 diff]5t    
degrees4 ,s+le planks ( wood1 !re=e1 c  
only be exceptionally us$ = table tops4 
,g5]ally1 !y are made up ( portions (   
planks select$ ) great c>e1 groov$ on ! 
edges1 ) a tongue or slice ( wood cut ! 

cross way ( ! gra91 unit+ ! planks ab\t 
! middle ( _! ?ickness2 ! edges are !n  
firmly glu$ toge!r4 ,if ! surface is to 
be ( wood :i* c be procur$ 9 l>ge pieces
 ( /raight or cont9u\s gra91 su* z      
mahogany1 ! wood is solid ?r\gh\t2 if ( 
"s r>e wood or r>e figur$ gra9+1 su* z !
 roots or w5s ( oak1 ?is ornam5tal      
surface is laid on 9 ?9 slices ) glue & 
heavy pressure4 ,?is is kn[n z v5e]+4 ,!
 surface is sometimes inlaid ) ivory1   
metal1 "m-(-pe>l1 slices ( agate & o!r  
sub/ances1 z 9 ! ,b\lle or m>quetry "w  
already allud$ to4  ,! frame ( ! table  
is ei!r a deep rail n f> )9 ! edge1 or a
 ?ick pill> or leg or sev]al legs       
collect$1 mortis$ into a broad exp&+    
foot & support+ a spread+ framework     
above1 to :i* ! top itself c be fa/5$1 &
 /ret*+ f> en\gh all r\nd 9 ! direction 
( ! edges to give a firm support4  ,!   
decoration ( ! top c only be sup]ficial 
if ! table is = use1 & any decoration by
 c>v+1 pi]c+1 & s on1 mu/ be conf9$ to !
 framework & ! supports4 ,^! p>ts c be1 

& h be5 at all times decorat$ z !       
framework ( *airs1 & by v mu* ! same    
k9ds ( ornam5t4  ,to tables ( m mod]n   
p]iods1 little gall]ies ( pi]c$ "w or ( 
t9y balu/rades are sometimes add$4 ,!y  
belong to ! age ( porcela9 collectors1  
hoops1 broad coat-skirts1 & tea-p>ties1 
& are int5d$ to save delicate w>es f be+
 swept to ! gr\nd4 ,side tables1 & su* z
 are made to support heavy objects1 c be
 treat$ ) m massive frame "w & supports1
 & ! c>v+ & decorations w be bold] &    
l>g] accord+ly4   #b4 ,,cab9ets1 ,,etc4 
,i w proce$ to ! second division (      
furniture1 cab9ets1 bookcases1 & o!r /&+
 objects1 :i* are m or less immovable4  
,b %elves & *9a trays mu/ be plac$ 9    
secure p>ts ( ! room1 if !y are n       
actually fa/5$ to ! wall4 ,! =m] mu/ be 
/rong to support ! great weights laid ^u
 !m1 & ! supports or framework1 :i* is  
all t w\ld be se51 may be c>v$ or       
decorat$ ) surface or appli$ metal      
ornam5t4 ,on a l>ge scale1 fitt+s ( ?is 
k9d belong r to ar*itectural woodwork4  

,*9a hold]s1 :e!r plac$ on ! gr\nd or   
fix$ aga9/ a wall1 are prop]ly treat$ ) 
%elves qua9tly %ap$ on pla9 & light1    
pi]c$ gall]ies or gilt decorations      
correspond+ ) ! app>5t lightness (      
pieces ( porcela94 ,! wood & lac "w     
cab9ets ( ! ,*9ese2 & ! complicat$1 b n 
ungraceful1 gilt mirror frames & fl\ri%+
 acan?us "w ( ! ,italians1 ,fr5*1 &     
,g]mans1 ( ! la/ c5tury1 seem specially 
suit$ = %[+ (f ?is gay & fragile        
mat]ial4 ,! collector prop] w probably  
place 8 treasures "u glass1 & ) little  
reg>d to ! framework ( 8 cases4 ,"h *9a 
& *9a /&s are treat$ only z decorations4
  ,z to cab9ets1 !y are ! mo/ preci\s1  
if n ! mo/ useful ( all pieces (        
furniture4 ,!y h g5]ally be5 int5d$ to  
hold family treasures1 are n requir$ to 
be mov$1 & h !re=e be5 ! ri*e/ & mo/    
decorat$ objects 9 ! room4 ,cab9ets are 
! legitimate desc5dants ( ! *e/s ( =m]  
days conta9+ bridal outfits & tr9kets1  
or plate1 jewell]y1 & o!r valuables4 ,!y
 7 c>ri$ f t[n to c\ntry1 f grange to   

ca/le4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?       
c5tury1 ! p]sonal habits ( great m5     
became less nomad1 & _! *e/s 7 no long] 
liable to be pack$ & mov$ away4 ,^!     
receptacles 7 m\nt$ on /&s at :i* height
 ! lids c\ld n be lift$1 & doors 7      
sub/itut$4 ,draw]s took ! place ( %elves
 or comp>tm5ts1 & e sort ( +5uity 0     
appli$ to make ^! pieces ( furniture    
qua9t & spl5did inside & out4  ,z to    
%ape1 x is contr>y to _! purpose (      
conv5i5ce & int]ior capacity1 to make   
cab9ets1 cupbo>ds1 or o!r receptacles1 )
 %[y & spread+ ar*itectural details1 su*
 z cornices1 ar*itraves1 columns1       
p$im5ts1 & ! l4 ,all ^! p>ts1 :i* are   
labori\s & co/ly 9 con/ruction1 are s _m
 additions to its size1 & make no m room
 inside to comp5sate = ?is exp5diture4  
,cab9ets %\ld1 9 propriety1 be z big &  
conv5i5t inside z _! size w\ld lead u to
 expect4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _m f9e        
examples made 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5?    
c5turies 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 
,france or else:]e1 h be5 g5]ally int5d$

 = rooms l>g]1 high]1 & ) few] pieces ( 
furniture 9 !m ?an ^? ( our mod]n h\ses1
 n to speak ( ! massiv5ess ( fireplaces 
& fitt+s ) :i* !y 7 9 "*4 ,x is _! age1 
& ! connection1 :i* we _c help trac+1 ) 
old h\ses & bygone g5]ations :i* give   
ar*itectural cab9ets an int]e/ n[4  ,9  
con/ruction1 ! skill ( ! cab9et mak] w  
be %[n 9 ! neat & conv5i5t arrangem5t ( 
draw]s ( v>i\s dep?s & sizes1 %elves or 
repositories1 s contriv$ z to turn !    
entire int]nal space to acc\nt4 ,! mo/  
curi\s contrivances are (t5 f\nd 9 old  
,g]man1 ,engli%1 & ,fr5* cab9ets1       
bureaux1 secr,a7,c7taires1 & o!r        
v>ieties ( ?is k9d ( furniture4         
,p$im5ts1 capitals ( columns1 & o!r p>ts
 ( ar*itectural fronts are made to op51 
& secret draw]s /[$ away ) an +5uity    
almo/ humor\s4 ,x is ^u ! fronts & /&s t
 ! skill ( great ma/]s ( ! craft has be5
 be/[$4 ,! l>ge w>drobes1 or armoires1 (
 ,b\lle are examples ( great inv5tive & 
design+ p[]1 z well z ! m>quetry (      
,ries5] & ,david1 & ! *isell$ metal-"w (

 ,b]a91 ,gouthi,are1 & t ( _m ,engli%   
arti/s4  ,z 9 pa/ times1 & s 9 our own1 
x is on cab9ets t ! real triumphs ( !   
cab9et mak]'s art are display$4   #c4   
,,fix$ ,,woodwork4  ,?irdly1 ! jo9]'s & 
cab9et mak]'s art plays an important "p 
9 ! fix$ furniture ( ! h\se1 & !        
woodwork1 su* z floor+1 doors &         
door-frames1 panell+1 *imneypieces1 ) ! 
complem5t>y decorations ( hang+s1 :e!r  
tape/ry1 silk1 or ! m humble mat]ial (  
pap]4  ,9 ?is la/ division ( furniture !
 "w is t ( jo9]y4 ,!re is no great dem& 
= con/ructive /r5g?1 z ! "w is fix$ to  
walls2 b z doors & %utt]s are swung to &
 fro cont9ually1 & subject to j>s &     
/ra9s1 _! /iles & rails1 upright &      
cross-fram+ memb]s1 z well z ! panell+ t
 fills !m1 require well-season$ timb] & 
! mo/ accurate workman%ip3 )\t ^!       
conditions ! jo9ts op51 ! panels %r9k f 
! grooves 9 :i* ! edges are held1 &     
split1 :ile ! frame itself1 if (        
unseason$ mat]ial1 'buckles' or twi/s1 s
 t ! door or %utt] w no long] %ut flat 9

 its frame4  ,panell+ & fireplaces are1 
h[ev]1 opportunities = ! display ( c>v+1
 inlay+1 & gild+4 ,! read] has se5 c>v$ 
room panell+1 probably1 9 _m old h\ses4 
,9 "s ( ! municipal 'palaces' 9 ,fl&]s1 
e4g4 9 ,bruges1 & 9 ! old rooms ( !     
,l\vre 9 ,p>is1 c>v$ panell+ ( ! utmo/  
grace & p]fection1 "s ( x 9 gr\ps (     
life-siz$ portrait figures1 may be /udi$
 by ! t\ri/4  ,( "w s ri* & co/ly z ?is 
wood sculpture1 x is p]haps hopeless to 
speak ) ref]5ce to our mod]n h\ses1 & 9 
connection ) ! manufacture ( furniture 9
 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/ on any l>ge or     
g5]al scale ( application4 ,/ill z su*  
"w1 conf9$ to ! composition ( fireplaces
 or sidebo>d backs1 is /ill sculptur$ by
 ,italian & ,fr5* c>v]s1 & has be5 s5t  
to ,univ]sal ,exhibitions ( rec5t ye>s1 
x mu/ be consid]$ a possible ef=t = our 
great employ]s ( skill$ lab\r4  ,!      
panell+ ( wall surfaces w be divid$ into
 l>g] or small] reticulations or        
framework1 ) "s ref]5ce to ! size ( !   
room1 t is to say1 t v l>ge & l(ty rooms

 w n be> ! small] subdivision ( space & 
delicate m\ld+ l9es :i* are s g5]al 9   
panell+ ( medi,aval or v e>ly ,tudor    
h\ses1 & :i* are 9 keep+ on walls (     
mod]ate size4 ,any inlay+ or v>iety (   
woods %\ld be us$ on walls ) great      
discretion4  ,s f>1 !n1 on ! g5]al      
consid]ation ( ! "w1 :i* x is ! bus9ess 
( ! furniture mak] to produce4 ,9 !ory1 
x is 8 object to satisfy daily wants &  
necessities 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t1 useful1 & 
agreeable way4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5      
rud5ess & ref9em5t 9 daily habits       
consi/s 9 putt+ fir/ ord] & propriety1  
!n comel9ess & *e]fulness into our homes
 & habits4 ,!re is s mu* to be borne &  
to be done m]ely t we may live1 s _m    
contradictions to natural incl9ation    
meet u on all sides1 t we look = repose1
 & "s mod]ate satisfaction to ! natural 
desire ( ! eye1 9 t :i* meets x1 & mu/  
meet x1 s con/antly4 ,?is satisfaction  
is beauty1 or "s measure ( x1 or :at we 
h gr[n to take = beauty4 ,z ! eye is m  
ex]cis$1 ! m9d m in=m$1 & becomes a     

bett] monitor or corrective to ! eye1 s 
we get less satisfi$ ) mu* t passes =   
beauty1 & s1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d x out 9
 objects 9 :i* x is commonly or (t5     
pass$ ov]4   ,,manufacture4  ,a return  
prep>$ by ! ,commission]s = ! ,p>is     
,exhibition1 9 #ahfg1 gave ! foll[+ z ! 
numb] ( manufactur]s engag$ 9 ,london 9 
! sev]al bran*es ( ! fancy furniture    
trade4    ,cab9et mak]s                 
#hab   ,uphol/]]s                       
#dhf   ,c>v]s & gild]s                  
#cdb   ,fr5* poli%]s                    
#adb   ,cab9et c>v]s1 inlay]s1 & l9]s   
#ajh   ,b$/ead-mak]s                    
#dc   ,*air1 s(a1 & /ool-mak]s          
#beb  ,wood & cab9et w>es 7 export$ 79  
#ahfe7 to ! value ( #bhi1hhgl41 &       
import$ to ! value ( #abh1ibel4#e       
#e ,cat4 ,brit4 ,section ,exhibition1   
#ahfg1 ,introduction1 p4 #fa4  ,! highe/
 ef=ts ( ! trade are conc5trat$ 9 a few 
l>ge e/abli%m5ts 9 ,london & ! great    
cities1 :i* h _! own cab9et mak]s1      
c>v]s1 uphol/]]s1 c41 on _! premises4 ,9

 "s in/ances1 "o piece ( furniture may  
pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( sev]al bran*es ( !   
manufacture4 ,i may *oose a few names ( 
mak]s :o pres5t$ _! works 9 ,p>is 9     
#ahfg 9 alphabetical ord]1 e4g4 ,messrs4
 ,coll9son & ,locke1 ,crace1 ,dy] &     
,watts1 ,gill[1 ,h]r+1 ,holl&1 ,h[>d1   
,hunt]1 ,+l$ew1 ,jackson & ,graham1     
,morant1 ,trollope1 ,w]!im]1 ,wright &  
,mansfield4 ,! l>g] ( ^! e/abli%m5ts are
 suppli$ ) /eam ma*9]y1 & all ! "w t c  
possibly be execut$ by me*anical ag5cy  
is prep>$ by ^! eng9es1 leav+ only ! mo/
 co/ly op]ations to be execut$ by h&4   
,x is ! prov9ce ( ! c>p5t] to put toge!r
 simple woodwork2 t :i* is an actual "p 
( ar*itecture1 su* z boxes1 *e/s1 b5*es1
 seats1 %elves1 & s =? z require only   
good mat]ial & neatness ( h& 9          
execution4 ,! jo9] & cab9et mak] include
 ?is am\nt ( skill z a f\ndation = _!   
accompli%m5ts1 z a sculptor c block out 
a /atue & a pa9t] gr9d 8 col\rs1 "w1    
h[ev]1 :i* 9 ord9>y practice is h&$ ov] 
to assi/ants or appr5tices4  ,be=e      

discuss+ ! mat]ials & ! me?ods (        
execution n[ 9 use1 x w\ld be well to   
notice a great *ange :i* has tak5 place 
bo? 9 ! /atus ( ! workman1 ! division ( 
lab\r1 & ! me*anical appliances n[ at 8 
comm&4  ,d[n to rec5t times1 jo9]y &    
cab9et mak+ 7 9 ! h&s ( a numb] ( ma/]s 
9 ! trade1 f> great] 9 comp>ison to !   
pressure ( ! dem& on ! "p ( buy]s ?an is
 ! case at pres5t4 ,we h a l>g] society 
( buy]s1 a great] dem& = ! execution (  
l>ge ord]s at a rapid rate1 ?an 0 ! case
 9 =m] g5]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! trade 
is ga!r$ up into few] ma/] h&s4 ,! ma/]s
 !n employ$ a less am\nt ( lab\r4 ,!y   
took 9 appr5tices1 _m ( :om rema9$ =    
ye>s ) !m z assi/ants1 & ! e/abli%m5t 0 
m ( a family4 ,x foll[$1 t all memb]s ( 
?is small] society work$ toge!r & took  
"p 9 ! p>ticul> sets ( *airs1 ! tables1 
cab9ets1 & s =?1 turn$ out f _! own     
h\se4 ,!y 71 moreov]1 animat$ 9 a clos] 
& tru] degree by ! _s1 & adopt$ ! ideas1
 ( a ma/] :o work$ ) or ov]look$ &      
advis$ !m con/antly1 ?an c\ld be ! case 

9 our great mod]n e/abli%m5ts4 ,aga91   
?\gh1 z ,i h already said1 ! old        
op]ations by :i* bo>ds1 b>s1 & o!r      
memb]s ( wood con/ruction are jo9$      
toge!r1 h n sub/antially v>i$ s9ce !    
days ( ,egyptians & ,romans1 ! me?ods ( 
execution h und]gone a great *ange1 ow+ 
to ! introduction ( ma*9]y4 ,! skill &  
tra9+ ( ! h& ( ! workman mu/ necess>ily 
und]go a *ange z well1 :e!r = ! bett] or
 ! worse4 ,! workman is reliev$ f !     
necessity ( atta9+ an absolute accuracy 
9 mu* ( ! ord9>y b ess5tial "w ( jo9ts1 
mortises & o!r op]ations :i* c be       
produc$ ) an uni=m exactness by         
me*anical means4  ,! fact1 also1 t      
diff]5t eng9es or la!s c produce at a   
prodigi\s rate c]ta9 sep>ate p>ts ( _m  
pieces ( furniture1 has made skill$     
me*anics less univ]sal all r\nd m5 ?an  
!y 74 ,if ?is comb9ation ( qualities is 
to be met ) 9 prov9cial t[ns or         
villages1 !re1 )\t d\bt1 ! /&>d (       
excell5ce is a l[] "o4  ,mat]ials &     
,execution4--,! woods us$ = mak+        

furniture besides p9es & deals1 are bir*
 & bee* 7us$ = /uff$ *air-frames1 c\*es1
 c47 walnut1 lett] wood1 ,spani% &      
,honduras mahogany1 sycamore1 lime1 pe>1
 *]ry ( sev]al k9ds1 & maple2 a%1       
,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & ,hung>ian2 oak1    
,engli%1 =eign1 & poll>d1 ) pieces cut f
 w5s & sweet c$>4 ,turn]s use also      
plane1 laburnum1 yew1 holly1 & box4 ,m  
preci\s woods are also us$ 9 furniture3 
rose-wood1 sat9-wood1 ebony1 &          
s&al-wood4 ,o!r r>e woods are us$ 9     
inlay+ & m>quetry4  ,"s ( ^! mat]ials1  
mahogany & walnut1 :i* are mu* 9 use1   
are import$ 9 va/ logs1 ! =m] sometimes 
?ree feet squ>e2 :5 ( v f9e gra9 suit$  
to v5e]s1 wor? #ajjjl4 or m1 p] log4  ,!
 woods are /ack$ 9 y>ds1 or1 9 ,london1 
:]e ! space _c o!rwise be _h1 on plat=ms
 re/+ on ! walls ( ! work%ops1 & fully  
expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,woods are dri$ aft] 
a ye>1 or two ye>s1 accord+ to ! size ( 
! log & nature ( ! wood4 ,oak is        
sometimes kept = eight or m ye>s4 ,:5   
sawn into ! scantl+s requir$1 x is fur!r

 dri$ by plac+ ! logs & planks 9 rooms  
heat$ by ! wa/e /eam f ! eng9e4 ,an     
,am]ican pat5t$ me?od ( dry+ is to place
 a coil ( pipes1 ?r\gh :i* exce$+ly cold
 wat] is pass$ 9 ! dry+ room1 :i*       
cond5ses & c>ries (f ! vap\rs f ! wood  
expos$ to ?is heat4 ,"s firms h tri$ ?is
 me?od1 b1 ,i believe1 )\t mu* success4 
,logs are cut up by ! eng9e ) ?ree or m 
p]p5dicul> saws at once1 ! tee? be+ set 
to ! "r & left alt]nately1 to op5 a     
passage = ! blades4 ,m valuable woods1  
e4g4 mahogany1 are cut into ?9 plank by 
an horizontal saw4 ,9 ?is case ! tee?   
are n b5t1 b a lab\r] op5s ! passage = !
 blade by lift+ ! plank ) a w$ge4 ,z    
little wa/e ( ! mat]ial z possible is   
?us secur$4  ,fur!r cutt+ up ( ! mat]ial
 is done by means ( circul> saws4 ,"p ( 
! saw rises ?r\gh a metal table4 ,a     
moveable b> is firmly screw$ at "o1 two1
 or m in*es f ! blade1 & ! wood is pu%$ 
by ! workman aga9/ ! saw1 keep+ "o      
surface aga9/ ! fix$ b>1 s z to secure a
 /raight cut ( ! ?ickness requir$4 ,mo/ 

mod]n plan+ is done by a revolv+ cutt]1 
br\ght to be> ^u ! wood1 :i* is drawn "u
 x on an iron table1 ) m or less        
pressure1 accord+ to ! quantity to be   
tak5 (f ! surface4 ,messrs4 ,h[>d h     
contriv$ a tube ) a bla/ d[n x1 :i*     
c>ries ! %av+s at once to ! furnace1    
o!rwise ! du/ made by ! fly+ p>ticles ( 
wood w\ld be un5durable4  ,m\ld+s =     
panell+1 cornices1 skirt+s1 c41 are cut 
by revolv+ cutt]s or *isels1 fil$ to any
 desir$ %ape & case-h>d5$4 ,!y are set 9
 a p]p5dicul> axle & cut horizontally1 !
 wood be+ firmly press$ aga9/ ! tool4 ,!
 workman c ge> ! cutt] or rev]se !      
action1 s z to make a neat f9i% to 8 "w4
  ,=m]ly all su* "w 0 done ) a plane1   
cut to ! requir$ figure1 & ! f9i%+s (   
l9es ( m\ld+ _h to be c>v$ ) ! h&4      
,mortis+ is done by a revolv+ bor+ tool1
 aga9/ :i* ! wood to be mortis$ is mov$ 
by a gradual action1 f side to side1 &  
backw>ds & =w>ds1 till ! exact dep? &   
wid? are bor$ out2 t5ons fitt+ ^!       
cavities are cut 9 ano!r la!1 also by   

me*anical action4  ,turn+ la!s4--,! legs
 ( *airs & tables are made 9 la!s1 !    
g5]al outl9e be+ obta9$ by turn+ 9 !    
simple =m4 ,portions ( ! legs are       
sometimes squ>$1 & ! squ>e faces mu/ be 
ev5ly graduat$4 ,^! p>ts are cut z      
foll[s3 ! la! & ! leg 9 x are kept at   
re/1 & a revolv+ tool--9 fact1 a small  
la! ) a p]p5dicul> cutt] 9 x1 connect$  
by a lea!r b& ) a sp9dle ov]head--set 9 
motion by ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! workman      
passes ?is cutt] c>efully d[n ! f\r     
surfaces ( ! portions to be squ>$1 cutt+
 to a giv5 dep? all d[n1 b nev] los+ !  
angle outl9es orig9ally f\nd by ! fir/  
turn+4 ,:5 flut+s h to be cut d[n !     
legs1 :e!r !y are r\nd or squ>e1 ?is is 
done by us+ a revolv+ cutt] set )       
horizontal action1 :i* passes c>efully  
along at "o level1 & is ge>$ by ! jo9] s
 z to graduate ! wid? ( ea* flut+1 z x  
desc5ds1 if ! dim9i%+ size ( ! support  
or leg requires x4  ,b>s ( *airs1 edges 
( %elves1 ! /ret*]s 7or connect+ b>s7 "u
 "s k9ds ( tables1 are cut into c>v$ or 

o!r %apes by an endless b& saw revolv+  
on two roll]s4 ,! workman passes 8 wood 
along an iron table aga9/ ! saw1 ge>+ ! 
=m] accord+ to ! patt]n drawn on !      
surface4  ,fretwork is done ) a /ill f9]
 hair or wat*-spr+ saw1 ( :i* "o end c  
be deta*$ f ! hold] & pass$ ?r\gh a     
small hole 9 ! piece ( wood :]e ! pi]c+ 
is to be cut out by ! saw4 ,?is c\ld n  
be done by an endless saw1 :i* c only be
 us$ to %ape out edges4 ,! be/ saws (   
?is description are made by ,p]91 9     
,p>is4  ,wat*-spr+ saws /ra9$ 9 frames h
 long be5 9 use4 ,9 ! /eam-eng9e x is ! 
wood only t is mov$1 & z x re/s on a    
/eady table1 x gives ! workman a great  
advantage1 & %\ld enable him to %ape out
 8 design ) a delicacy only atta9able ) 
great] difficulty by ! old me?od4  ,!   
process ( mitre+ pieces ( m\ld+1 :]e !y 
meet at an angle at a corn]1 is done by 
ma*9]y 9 "s h\ses4 ,9 ! works ( ,messrs4
 ,jackson & ,graham1 ?is is done by     
sett+ ! pieces 9 a metal ,t squ>e4 ,!y  
are c>efully cut by h&1 & z ea* piece is

 set 9 a frame ge>$ to ! angle requir$1 
& "u ! h& ( an exp]i5c$ workman1 no     
inaccuracies are likely to occur4 ,9    
cab9et-mak+ & jo9]y ( all k9ds1 ! numb] 
( angles r\nd :i* m\ld+s h to pass is v 
great1 z anyone w see :o is at ! pa9s to
 notice ! con/ruction ( furniture ( !   
mo/ ord9>y k9d4 ,any />+ or op5+ ( an   
oblique jo9t is de/ructive ( ! effect ( 
su* workman%ip1 z x is ( ! /r5g? ( !    
jo9t :i* is glu$ toge!r1 & requires     
absolute contact ( ! p>ts to be jo9$4   
,mu* "w1 su* z *air rails1 table legs1  
balu/]s = little gall]ies or on a l>ge  
scale1 is turn$ & cut 9 ! /eam la! by   
h&1 us+ /eam p[] only to turn x4        
,jo9]y4--,! pieces ( wood ?us prep>$ are
 made up 9 _m diff]5t comb9ations4 ,?is 
is ! "w ( ! jo9]4 ,9 ! jo9]s' %op (     
,messrs4 ,jackson & ,graham1 = in/ance1 
sev]al b5*es 7 %[n to me occupi$ by     
l5g?s ( wall-panell+ 9 ebony1 "s ( ! "w 
be+ int5d$ to cov] ! wall ( a /aircase2 
x 0 !re=e fram$ 9 slop+ l9es4 ,ea* panel
 0 a rhomboid1 & none ( ! sides or      

m\ld+s 7 at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,!    
m\ld+s _h sev]al f9e /r+s1 ovaloes1 c41 
all specially design$ by ! ar*itect ( ! 
h\se--z ! fitt+s ( well-furni%$ h\ses   
%\ld be4 ,= ^!1 special cutt]s _h be5   
made & fitt$ to ! /eam-m\ld+ ma*9e4 ,to 
%[ ! back ( ! panell+1 ! workm5 turn$ x 
ov]4 ,in/ead ( ea* panel be+ held 9 a   
groove provid$ 9 ! /iles & rails1 a     
rebate only has be5 cut 9 ! frame1 & !  
panel fits into x f ! back 7z ! /ret*] (
 a picture fits into a picture-frame71  
:ile iron buttons screw$ into ! frame   
pieces hold ! panels firmly 9 _! places4
 ,! object ( ?is is to all[ = !         
contraction ( ! wood ) ! alt]ations (   
temp]ature4 ,) "s woods1 h[ev] well     
season$1 ?is provision is requisite1 & x
 is ! m necess>y1 :5 m ?an "o mat]ial is
 employ$4 ,9 us+ ebony ov] l>ge         
surfaces1 x is f\nd t ! l5g?s requir$ = 
! cont9u\s rails _c be procur$ free f   
knots or faults2 & p>ticul> k9ds ( wood 
7pe> & o!r mat]ial7 are /a9$ & prep>$1  
to supplem5t ! ebony 9 ^! in/ances4  ,! 

jo9]s put toge!r panell+1 *airs1 c\*es1 
frames ( tables1 %elves1 cupbo>ds1 & o!r
 complex pieces ( furniture4            
,uphol/]y4--,*airs & s(as requir$ to be 
/uff$ are !n h&$ ov] to ! uphol/]]1 & ! 
seats & backs are /uff$ ) curl$         
horsehair1 c>efully arrang$ s z n to we>
 into holes4 ,a ,fr5* edge is giv5 to "s
 /uff$ seats by br++ ! edges ( sev]al   
ridges ( horsehair toge!r1 s incl9$     
t[>ds ! upp] edge1 t ea* roll receives  
support f ! o!rs1 :i* react on !        
pressure ?us br\ght ^u !m1 l spr+s4 ,"o 
w\ld suppose t ^! edges 7 ma9ta9$ by    
:alebone1 l ! /ocks 9 :i* a pa/         
/iff-neck$ g5]ation suff]$ s mu*4 ,:]e  
ribbon scrolls1 t9y bun*es ( fl[]s1 c41 
are c>v$ on ! frames & top rails ( *airs
 & s(a-frames1 if ^! are to be poli%$   
only1 ! poli%+ is done be=e ! uphol/]y4 
,if p>ts are to be gilt1 or ! :ole gilt1
 ^! op]ations are po/pon$ till !        
uphol/]y is complet$4 ,s also :5        
panell+1 sidebo>ds1 bookcases1 c41 are  
to be made up1 ! m\ld$ l9es :i* c only  

be conv5i5tly h&-poli%$ :ile 9 l5g?s1   
are treat$ ?us be=e mak+ up2 & !re rema9
 only flat panels & surfaces1 t c be    
ev5ly rubb$ = ! f9al poli%+4 ,9 uphol/]$
 furniture1 ! cov]+s w\ld be greas$ &   
/a9$1 if poli%+ 7 done ov] or 9         
connection ) !m2 b 9 ! case ( gilt "w1 x
 mu/ be left 9 mo/ cases to ! la/1 = fe>
 ( dimm+ or rubb+ ! gold dur+ !         
processes ( sew+1 nail+1 /uff+1 c4  ,i  
may rem>k "h1 t ?\gh arm-*airs1         
fauteuils1 c41 are made 9 great ,london 
e/abli%m5ts1 ! manufacture ( light *airs
 on a l>ge scale is a special bran* ( ! 
trade1 & mo/ly c>ri$ on at ,high        
,wycombe1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* t[n !re
 are ext5sive woods ( bee*1 & :]e l& &  
wat] c>riage is at h& to convey ^!      
productions to ,london & else:]e4       
,cab9et-mak+4--,x is by no means easy to
 lay d[n ! exact te*nical b\nd>y betwe5 
:at ,i h be5 describ+ z jo9]y1 & :at ,i 
am n[ ab\t to call cab9et-mak+4 ,!y are 
consid]$1 h[ev]1 z di/9ct bran*es or r1 
p]haps1 diff]5t op]ations ( ! trade2 & 9

 su* e/abli%m5ts z we are discuss+1 !   
cab9et mak]s & jo9]s h _! own sep>ate   
work%ops & b5*es1 & correspond+ sep>ate 
repositories = /or+ & dry+ _! woods4 ,e 
k9d ( "w is requir$ 9 mak+ co/ly        
cab9ets1 bookcases1 sidebo>ds1 commodes1
 or by :atev] "n we *oose to call !     
beautiful *e/s1 cupbo>ds1 & o!r arti/ic 
receptacles1 tables1 consoles1 brackets1
 c41 t g to complete ! requirem5ts ( our
 mod]n reception rooms4  ,!y are seldom 
made ) ! qua9t or elaborate int]ior     
fitt+s1 su* z h be5 allud$ to 9 old] "w1
 b e res\rce is br\ght to be> on !      
ext]nal decoration4 ,"h we come to !    
arts br\ght to be> on ! ornam5tation (  
furniture4  ,let u beg9 ) c>v+4         
,sculpture is ! highe/ or mo/ beautiful 
k9d ( decoration t c be appli$ to       
furniture4 ,x c only be execut$ by a    
tra9$ arti/4 ,to g no f>!r back "h ?an !
 ,italian & ,fr5* ,r5aissance furniture1
 g5]ally made ( walnut-wood1 x is !     
spirit$ & graceful sculpture t makes its
 fir/ great attraction4 ,! ,italian c>v+

 ( ?is k9d is ! mo/ graceful2 :ile t (  
,france by ,ba*eli] & o!rs1 & mu* t 0   
execut$ 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 be+1 if less
 graceful1 always spirit$ & ?or\ghly    
decorative4 ,z a g5]al rule1 sculpture s
 appli$ is conv5tional 9 design &       
treatm5t1 t is1 we r>ely see x1 7except1
 p]haps1 occasionally 9 little ivory    
/atuettes1 & 9 bas-reliefs17 /rictly    
imitative ( nature1 l p]fect ,greek     
sculpture4 ,b nei!r %\ld we f9d /rict   
/udies f nature on ,greek furniture1 if 
we _h x1 except ) ! same limitations4 ,!
 furniture made by ,greco-,roman arti/s1
 & discov]$ at ,pompeii1#f be>s witness 
to ?is ass]tion1 su* z a head1 a bu/1 ! 
claws ( animals1 sculptur$ on furniture 
g5]ally end+ 9 scrolls or leafwork4 ,if 
a human figure is complete1 x be>s no   
real proportion to objects r\nd x1 & s  
on4          #f ,see also ,q4 de ,qu9cy1
 ,le ,jupit] ,olympi54  ,excell5t wood  
sculpture us$ to be execut$ 9 ,engl&1 f 
! days ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbon to ^? ( ,adam & 
! ,*ipp5dales1 suit$ to ! furniture !n 9

 fa%ion4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld say t our       
furniture mak]s ( to-day c\ld easily1 or
 did g5]ally1 comm& su* tal5ts4 ,+5i\sly
 c>v$ repres5tations ( animals & game on
 sidebo>ds we sometimes see1 b game     
'dead' 9 e s5se4 ,if1 inde$1 ,messrs4   
,crace1 ,h[>d1 ,jackson & ,graham1 & o!r
 firms c\ld p]suade ! ,royal            
,academicians to model = !m1 ^? arti/s  
w\ld h to give "s mat]ial am\nt ( "t to 
! /udy ( h[ !y c\ld s effectually modify
 _! skill z to suit ! requirem5ts &     
opportunities ( a piece ( furniture1 ^! 
be+ q peculi>4 ,! ,fr5* are easily our  
ma/]s 9 ?is respect1 b ev5 !y sacrifice 
good qualities prop] to ?is k9d (       
sculpture1 9 a morbid se>* aft] !       
s(tness ( nature4  ,a curi\s piece (    
me*anism has be5 inv5t$1 & is 9 use 9   
mo/ l>ge ,london furniture work%ops1 =  
c>v+ by /eam4 ,besides bor+ out & cutt+ 
away sup]flu\s mat]ial1 !re is an eng9e 
= mak+ me*anical sculpture 9 bas-relief1
 or ! r\nd4 ,! wood is fix$ on a metal  
table1 :i* is mov$ to & fro & up & d[n1 

s z to come 9 contact ) a revolv+ cutt] 
held above x4 ,! wood is !n %ap$ & cut1 
accord+ z x is elevat$ or mov$4 ,!re are
 ?ree or f\r cutt]s1 & "o piece ( wood  
may be plac$ "u ea*4 ,"u ! middle cutt]1
 replac$ by a dummy tool t does n really
 cut1 ! workman places 8 ca/ or model1 &
 makes ! dummy cutt] pass ov] e         
undulation ( its surface4 ,! two or ?ree
 cutt]s on ei!r side cut ! correspond+  
blocks exactly to ! same dep?s &        
undulations z are foll[$ by ! blunt     
tool4 ,x is a copy+ ma*9e4 ,t su*       
copies1 ?\gh !y may pass mu/]1 w ev] h !
 *>m ( orig9al c>v+1 ! read] %all n be  
ask$ to believe4  ,c]ta9 elaborate      
me?ods ( decorat+ & f9i%+ woodwork mu/  
n[ be describ$1 viz4 ^? kn[n z inlay+ & 
m>quetry4 ,^! two processes are di/9ct1 
b m>quetry furniture has (t5 portions   
decorat$ ) inlay+1 z also c>v$ ornam5ts 
& decorations ( beat51 ca/1 or *isell$  
metal-"w4 ,?is la/ addition is n g5]ally
 ( ! same importance 9 our mod]n ,engli%
 woodwork t x 0 a c5tury ago1 & ,i w    

describe ! =m] me?ods fir/4  ,inlay+    
means ! ins]tion ( pieces ( m co/ly     
wood1 /one1 small discs1 or c>v$ pieces 
( ivory1 into a less valuable mat]ial4  
,! process is z old z any manufacture 9 
wood work+ ( :i* we possess records4    
,beautiful plates or blocks ( ivory c be
 se5 9 ! ,assyrian gall]y ( ! ,briti%   
museum1 f\nd at ,n9eveh by ,mr4 ,lay>d4 
,!y are deeply cut ) lotus & o!r leaf   
decorations1 figures & hi]oglyphics1 &  
mo/ ( !m h an ,egyptian "*4 ,! ivory    
figures1 too1 h be5 inlaid & fill$ up ) 
vitrifi$ mat]ial4 ,rema9s ( ^!          
decorations are /ill disc]nible1 & !    
?ickness ( _m ( ^! pieces ( ivory %[s t 
!y h be5 sunk bodily into woodwork ( a  
solid "*4  ,no su* "w z ?is c be po9t$  
out 9 our ,london work%ops1 b patt]ns & 
arabesques1 bo? ( wood & ivory1 are     
occasionally let into solid b$s ( wood s
 deeply1 z to be actually mortis$ into !
 ma9 body ( ! /ructure4 ,?is is done bo?
 by our own mak]s & by ! ,fr5* cab9et   
mak]1 ,h5ri ,f\rd9ois1 a prize piece (  

^: make 0 b\ght = ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton       
museum4 ,x is n uncommon to ins]t pieces
 ( lapis lazuli1 blood/one1 & preci\s   
m>bles into c5tres ( c>v$ woodwork1 & ,i
 may call att5tion to ! use ( plates1   
m$allions & cameos ( ,w$gwood1 or       
,,savres w>e1 :i* 7 frequ5tly inlaid by 
,*ipp5dale1 & by ! great ,fr5* furniture
 mak]s1 or ,a7,c7b,a7,c7ni/es1 ( ! la/  
c5tury4 ,^! are us$ 9 ! mod]n sat9-wood 
furniture ( ,messrs4 ,wright &          
,mansfield1 & ,i h lately se5 a co>s]   
mat]ial us$1 viz4 bas-reliefs 9 /onew>e1
 imitations ( ! gris de ,fl&res1 by     
,messrs4 ,d\lton4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 may be
 said to be r panels set 9 frames1 ?an  
pieces let into cavities 9 wood4  ,v5e]+
 & ,m>quetry4--,an effective me?od (    
ornam5t+ woodwork by ! application to ! 
surface ( o!r woods is :at is kn[n z    
v5e]+ & m>quetry4 ,! surface is 9 bo?   
cases cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( o!r woods1    
fa/5$ on ) glue & by /rong pressure4 ,"s
 ( ! panell+1 table tops1 & o!r jo9]'s  
"w already describ$1 is clo!d ) a ?9    

slice ( m valuable wood4 ,?is is call$  
v5e]+4 ,woods su* z ebony1 tuya1        
sat9-wood1 palm1 h>e-wood1 & a numb] m1 
are only to be _h 9 small scantl+s1 logs
 a few feet long1 & six or sev5 in*es   
wide4 ,o!r woods1 ( :i* ! gra9 is mo/   
beautifully m>k$1 are cut f roots1 w5s1 
& o!r excresc5ces ( ! trees1 to :i* !y  
belong1 & are only f\nd occasionally1 & 
9 lumps ( no great size4 ,! contortions 
( ! gra91 :i* make !m s valuable &      
beautiful1 are ow+ to peculi> conditions
 ( gr[?4 ,9 all ^! cases an in* plank ( 
wood has to be cut into v ?9 slices1    
twelve be+ cut ) a saw1 or f eighte5 to 
tw5ty-two if x is cut ) a knife1 z 9 t  
case no mat]ial is wa/$ by ! op5+ made  
by a saw4 ,^! slices are laid on !      
surface ( well-season$ wood1 & 9 !      
work%ops ( our great manufactur]s w be  
se5 a metal table or b$1 prep>$         
expressly = ! process ( v5e]+4  ,suppos+
 ! object to be v5e]$ to be a l>ge      
surface--a numb] ( panels1 or ! top ( a 
table ( ebony1 = in/ance--! sub/ance ( !

 table may be ,honduras mahogany4 ,!    
wood has be5 c>efully season$1 & ! top  
groov$1 tongu$1 & firmly glu$ up to !   
requir$ =m4 ,! ebony surface is also    
c>efully fitt$ toge!r & glu$ on pap]1 ! 
surface be+ left r\gh1 s t ! glue may h 
a firm hold on ! fibre ( ! gra94 ,a     
correspond+ r\ghness is produc$ on !    
upp] surface ( ! mahogany1 :i* is !n    
laid on ! metal b$4 ,glue1 p]fectly     
fluid & hot1 is n[ rapidly bru%$ ov] !  
entire surface1 & ! ?9 v5e] top is laid 
^u x1 & firmly press$ d[n by sev]al     
workm51 :o !n c>efully g ov] ! :ole )   
hamm]s hav+ broad1 flat heads2 ! object 
( ?is be+ to flatt5 any app>5t          
?icknesses ( glue or bubbles ( air :i*  
w\ld int]f]e ) ! p]fect contact ( ! two 
surfaces ( wood4 ,! :ole is !n plac$ "u 
a caul or frame t t\*es x all ov]1 & a  
numb] ( /rong b>s are screw$ d[n till ! 
great] "p ( ! glue has be5 press$ out4  
,! complete union ( ! surfaces ( ! woods
 is effect$ n s mu* by ! quantity ( glue
 z by ! absolute exclusion ( ! air1 &   

?is c only be done by pressure4 ,! :ole 
metal b$ or frame 9 :i* ! v5e]+ is p]=m$
 is heat$ by /eam1 or by gas-burn]s1 :]e
 /eam _c be appli$4 ,! wood is left =   
tw5ty-f\r or ?irty h\rs1 till ! glue has
 be5 completely set & h>d5$4 ,! caul or 
frame is !n remov$1 ! pap] us$ to keep !
 ?9 v5e] toge!r be=e glu+ is scrap$ (f1 
& ! "w ( f9i%+ & ,fr5* poli%+ takes     
place4 ,fr5* poli%1 or c>eful wax poli%1
 has ! effect ( keep+ out air & damp1   
:i* latt] might s(t5 ! glue &           
dis9tegrate ! surface v5e]4 ,x is to be 
obs]v$1 t su* wood z ! f9e/ ,fr5* or    
,italian walnut is (t5 v5e]$ on         
mahogany1 = x la/s bett] 9 ?is condition
 ?an if x 0 solid2 l>ge surfaces &      
?icknesses ( walnut be+ difficult to    
procure )\t faults4 ,walnut v5e]s are   
appli$ 9 great] ?icknesses ?an ebony2 & 
if ! surfaces to :i* !y are appli$ are  
curv$1 cauls1 or %ap$ pieces ( wood made
 to fit !m1 are screw$ d[n & held by    
num]\s wood5 vices1 z 9 ! me?od already 
describ$4  ,m>quetry is ! application ( 

v5e] made ( diff]5t woods1 ivory1 c41   
compos$ l a mosaic or pa9t+ execut$ 9   
col\r$ woods4 ,?is k9d ( decoration is (
 anci5t use1 0 mu* 9 vogue dur+ !       
,r5aissance ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?       
c5turies1 & 0 c>ri$ to a great pit* (   
p]fection 9 ,france dur+ ! sev5te5? &   
eighte5?4 ,x is /ill practis$1 & !      
process may be se5 9 full activity 9 !  
work%ops ( our mod]n furniture mak]s4 ,9
 cutt+ out ! =ms requir$ = m>quetry     
decoration1 "o1 two1 or m ?icknesses (  
?9 wood are gumm$ or pa/$ toge!r1       
accord+ to ! patt]n requir$4 ,9 _m f9e  
pieces ( m>quetry !re are1 z 9 ! case ( 
a cab9et or table1 portions ( ! surface 
entirely occupi$ by quiet reticulat$    
patt]ns4 ,z 9 ^! cases ! same patt]n (t5
 recurs1 sev]al ?icknesses ( wood c be  
laid toge!r1 & are !n firmly fix$ 9 a   
vice1 hav+ pa/$ ov] !m a piece ( pap] on
 :i* ! patt]n is drawn4 ,a small hole is
 bor$ :]e x w n int]f]e ) ! design1 & ! 
end ( a ?9 wat*-spr+ saw is pass$ ?r\gh1
 & !n re-atta*$ to ! frame t /ra9s x out

 9 work+ ord]4 ,) ?is 9 8 h&1 ! workman 
c>efully traces ! outl9es ( 8 draw+1 :i*
 ! t5uity ( ! saw-blade all[s ! tool to 
foll[ into e curve & angle4 ,!          
?icknesses are !n sep>at$ ) ! blade ( a 
knife1 & ! slices become alt]nately     
patt]n & gr\nd1 s t a set ( patt]ns & a 
set ( matrices ( ea* wood are ready =   
use1 & c be appli$ ei!r on diff]5t p>ts 
( ! same1 or on two sep>ate pieces (    
furniture4 ,if a fl[] or o!r ornam5t is 
requir$ :i* w n be repeat$1 two         
?icknesses only w be cut toge!r4 ,x is  
necess>y t ! same action ( ! saw %\ld   
cut out ! patt]n & ! gr\nd 9 ! two woods
 requir$1 s t !y may fit exactly4  ,:5  
all ! portions ( ! design are cut out1  
!y are pa/$ on pap]1 & c be fitt$ toge!r
 l mosaic4 ,a little sawdu/ f ! woods   
us$1 & a v small quantity ( glue1 jo9 ! 
edges & fill up ! f9e op5+s made by !   
saw2 & 9 ?is way ! :ole surface ( !     
m>quetry is laid d[n on pap]4 ,9 ! case 
( fl[]s1 heads1 ar*itectural or o!r     
designs1 "s slight additions1 ei!r (    

l9es to indicate /alks1 leaf-fibre1 or !
 features ( ! face1 are made ) a grav]1 
& /a9$2 or gradations ( a br[n col\r are
 giv51 9 ! case ( :ite or light-t9t$    
wood1 by p>tial burn+4 ,x 0 =m]ly !     
cu/om to burn ) a hot iron1 b a m       
delicate t9t is giv5 by us+ hot s&1 &   
?is is ! be/ me?od ( t9t+ bee*1 lime1   
holly1 box1 maple1 or o!r woods :i* are 
ne>ly :ite4 ,!re rema9s no?+ b to r\gh !
 surface ( ! furniture1 & to lay d[n !  
m>quetry on x1 precisely z 9 ! case (   
pla9 v5e]+4 ,:5 ! glue is dry & h>d1 !  
pressure is tak5 (f1 ! pap] :i* is on ! 
out] surface is scrap$ away1 & ! :ole   
rubb$ d[n to a f9e surface & ,fr5*      
poli%$4 ,! mo/ beautiful "w ( ?is       
description 0 made 9 ,france by ,ries5] 
& ,david1 dur+ ! reigns ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & 
,l\is ,,xvi4 ,besides graceful &        
delicate design1 :i* ^! arti/s 7= su* !y
 77 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 ! beauty ( _! "w 
owes mu* to _! *>m+ feel+ = col\r4 ,bo? 
us$ light woods1 su* z maple1 holly1    
box1 lime1 c41 & laid br[n woods1 su* z 

laburnum & walnut1 on ?is light gr\nd4  
,sometimes ar*itectural compositions 9 !
 mann] ( ,pann9i1 a fav\rite ,roman     
pa9t] ( ! day1 7 design$ ov] ! doors or 
flaps ( secr,a7,c7taires & cab9ets1 or  
bu/s1 m$allions1 baskets ( roses1 c4 ,! 
*>m ( ! "w is ! grace & repose ) :i* ^! 
simple decorations are laid on4 ,comp>e 
"s ( ! "w ( ,ries5] & ,david1 on !      
cab9et doors 9 ! collection ( ,sir      
,ri*>d ,wallace1 ) ! gl>+ contra/s1 !   
gaudy1 (t5 discordant col\r+1 & ! cr[d$ 
compositions ( mod]n m>quetry1 at lea/ (
 mo/ ( x4 ,!re is a t5d]ness ( treatm5t1
 a grace & h>mony ( col\r & arrangem5t  
?r\gh\t ! =m]1 :i* is :olly want+1 & :i*
 no lapse ( "t w add to ! latt]4 ,?\gh  
^! criticisms are n meant to be appli$  
to ! products ( ! lead+ h\ses n[ "u     
review1 ! read] :o has tak5 an obs]vant 
/roll among/ ! furniture ( ,sir ,ri*>d  
,wallace1 at ,be?nal ,gre51 w f9d       
abundant contra/s z he walks along !    
/reets ( ,london4  ,9 ord] to illu/rate 
my rem>ks on ! processes ( col\r+ woods 

by burn+ or et*+1 ,i may po9t to a l>ge 
writ+ bureau1 or secr,a7,c7taire1       
belong+ to ,sir ,ri*>d ,wallace1 made by
 ,ries5]1 9 #agfi 7& sign$71 =          
,/anislaus1 k+ ( ,pol&4 ,x is decorat$  
p>tly ) reticulat$ patt]n "w1 p>tly ) ! 
royal ciph] 9 m$allions1 & ) o!r        
m$allions conta9+ emblematic figures1   
su* z a c>ri] pigeon1 a cock1 ! emblem (
 vigilance1 or ! head ( a girl plac+ h] 
f+] on h] lips1 an emblem ( sil5ce4 ,all
 ^! m$allion figures are broadly drawn1 
! v slighte/ & mo/ delicate t9t only be+
 add$ to repres5t %ad+1 :ile ! draw+ is 
a s+le l9e lightly p5cill$4  ,! mat]ials
 us$ 9 ! be/ m>quetry are lime1 holly1  
box1 maple1 bee*1 popl>1 = :ite2 pe>1   
laburnum1 palm 7cut across ! gra971     
lignum vit,a1 walnut1 teak1             
p>tridge-wood1 = br[n2 wood call$ 9 !   
trade fu/ic1 sat9-wood1 = yell[2 tulip1 
purple-wood1 amboyna1 mahogany1 ?uya1   
log-wood1 cam-wood1 & v>ieties ( ^!     
woods1 = r$2 ebony = black1 or /a9$     
wood4 ,gre5s & blues are also /a9$ )    

metallic dyes4 ,! f9e/ ( ! old "w may be
 call$ /udies 9 br[n & :ite1 & ! r$     
woods are us$ sp>+ly2 ! dy$ woods /ill m
 s1 nor c !y be said ev] to be really   
effective4  ,z an example ( great       
me*anical skill 9 a mod]n piece ( v     
difficult execution1 ,i might call      
att5tion to ,messrs4 ,jackson &         
,graham's elaborate cab9et ( m>quetry1 9
 patt]ns ( ,ori5tal "*1 aft] designs by 
! late ,mr4 ,ow5 ,jones 7s5t to ! ,vi5na
 ,exhibition by ,messrs4 ,jackson &     
,graham74 ,x _h an ar*itectural front1 )
 deta*$ columns & gr\ps ( ar*itectural  
m\ld+s1 "s ( !m put toge!r ) ! l9es (   
m\ld+ 9 woods ( contra/$ hue1 an elem5t 
( ornam5tation t took f ! unity &       
complet5ess ( cap or corona m\ld+s4 ,!  
little columns ( an in* & a half diamet]
 7 entirely cov]$ ) reticulat$ patt]n 9 
diff]5t woods4 ,z ! %afts 7 tap]+1 s !  
reticulat$ patt]ns _h to be graduat$ 9  
size f top to bottom4 ,?is 0 a feat (   
mo/ difficult execution1 nor 0 x ! only 
difficulty 9 ?is portion ( ! design4 ,! 

m>quetry 9 ! in/ance ( ^! columns _h to 
be wrapp$ r\nd ea* circul> %aft2 & ea*  
edge1 !re=e1 ( e portion ( patt]n &     
gr\ndwork _h to be sawn out ) bevell$   
edges1 s t :5 roll$1 ! inn] edges might 
meet & ! out] edges rema9 9 contact1 :i*
 w\ld n be s1 7 !y n bevell$3 ! contr>y 
w\ld happ5 9 t case1 & ! out] edges w\ld
 />t 9 sund]4 ,^! columns 7 two feet &  
"s in*es high1 & ! little reticulations 
( patt]n recurr$ _m doz5s ( times4 ,!   
conditions ( :i* ,i speak _h to be      
c>efully obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ea*4 ,!      
patt]n1 too1 0 graduat$1 z above /at$1 s
 t !y _h to be sawn out by sep>ate      
cutt+s--a mo/ labori\s & co/ly op]ation4
  ,we miss 9 ! great ,engli% h\ses "o ( 
! mo/ co/ly & beautiful elem5ts 9 !     
adornm5t ( furniture1 & t is1 ! f9e     
m\ld$ & *isell$ bronze "w1 always gilt1 
:i* ent]s s l>gely into ! decoration (  
f9e old ,fr5* m>quetry4 ,! ,engli%      
furniture mak]s ( a c5tury ago 7 n s    
beh9dh&1 & old c>riages _h door-h&les1 &
 furniture _h m\nts ( gilt bronze4      

,probably ! ,fr5* 7 always sup]ior to u 
9 ?is k9d ( skill4 ,!y /ill produce good
 "w ( ?is class1 ca/ & aft]w>ds clean$ &
 tool$ ) ! *isel1 b x is n equal to ! "w
 ( ! same description by ,gouthi,are1 & 
! fam\s ciseleurs ( ,p>is 9 ! la/       
c5tury4  ,i mu/ n pass ov] 9 sil5ce a   
beautiful k9d ( furniture :i* 0 9 fa%ion
 a c5tury s9ce1 & has be5 reviv$ by     
,messrs4 ,wright & ,mansfield1 & o!r    
firms1 viz4 sat9-wood furniture4 ,9 ! "t
 ( ,*ipp5dale1 ,%]aton1 ,lock1 & o!r    
great cab9et mak]s1 contempor>ies ( !   
,fr5* arti/s ,ries5]1 ,gouthi,are1 &    
,david1 sat9-wood 0 import$ f ,india4 ,x
 0 made up by v5e]+1 & 0 decorat$ )     
m$allions1 "s ( m>quetry1 "s ( ,w$gwood 
w>e1 aft] ! model ( ! ,fr5* inlay+ (    
,,savres porcela9 plaques1 & 9 "s       
in/ances pa9t$ ) m9iature sc5es l !     
,v]nis ,m>t91 call$ aft] a ,fr5*        
decorator ( ! "n ( ,m>t94 ,old examples 
( sat9-wood furniture1 su* z tables1    
bookcases1 *e/s ( draw]s1 c41 are n     
uncommon1 decorat$ 9 "o or m ( ^!       

me?ods4 ,cipriani & ,angelica ,kauffmann
 7 employ$ among/ _m o!rs 9 pa9t+ cameo 
m$allions1 bu/s1 ,cupids & s =? =       
sat9-wood furniture4 ,messrs4 ,wright & 
,mansfield h execut$ mu* ( ?is "w1 & s5t
 a cab9et ( l>ge size to ! ,p>is        
,exhibition ( #ahfg1 decorat$ )         
m$allions1 swags1 ribbons1 c41 p>tly 9  
m>quetry ( col\r$ woods1 p>tly 9 plates 
( ,w$gwood w>e4 ,! piece is fur!r set (f
 by c>v$ & gilt portions1 n1 h[ev]1     
suffici5tly attractive to add greatly to
 ! effect ( ! :ole cab9et1 :i* is gay1  
*e]ful1 ( beautiful hue1 & excell5t     
workman%ip4 ,x is 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton     
,museum4  ,allusion has be5 made to !   
furniture ( ,b\lle4 ,x began to be made 
some:]e ab\t #affj1 & 0 p]haps ! e>lie/ 
/>t tak5 9 ! m mod]n manufacture (      
sumptu\s furniture4 ,i h already call$ x
 a great advance & improvem5t1 r ?an an 
absolutely new inv5tion1 = pieces are   
f\nd ( a date too e>ly to h be5 ! actual
 "w ( ,b\lle4 ,:5 ! tortoise%ell is d>k 
& ri* 9 hue1 ! brass ( a good gold5     

yell[1 & ! designs c>efully drawn1      
,b\lle "w seems to equal 9 spl5d\r1 ?\gh
 n 9 preci\sness1 ! gold & silv]        
furniture ( ! anci5ts1 & ! inlaid "w (  
agates1 cry/als1 ame?y/s1 c41 ) m\nts ( 
ivory & silv] made 9 ,flor5ce 9 !       
sixte5? c5tury4  ,b\lle "w is made      
occasionally by ,fr5* & o!r =eign h\ses1
 & by ,w]!im] ( ,bond /reet1 b x is     
co/ly1 & ! ri* reliev$ portions1 su* z !
 h+e & lock m\nts1 ! sali5t m$allions1  
masks1 c41 set 9 c5tral po9ts ( !       
composition1 are ei!r copies or         
imitations ( old "w4 ,!y lack !         
fre%ness1 vig\r1 & _s ( ! old ,fr5*     
metallurgy4  ,a spuri\s k9d ( ,b\lle is 
made ) a composition 9 place ( !        
tortoise%ell4  ,p>quet floors are made  
by ,messrs4 ,h[>d z foll[s3 ,slices (   
oak1 v>i$ sometimes ) mahogany1 walnut1 
& imitation ebony1 are laid out & put   
toge!r on a bo>d4 ,if r+s1 circles or   
o!r figures are introduc$1 ^! portions1 
patt]ns1 & cavities z well z angul>     
pieces are cut 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! ?ickness ( 

^! pieces is a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,!y are  
!n laid on ?ree ?icknesses ( p9e1 ! gra9
 ( ea* ?ickness be+ laid crosswise to ! 
"o bel[1 s z to keep ! wood above f w>p+
 & op5+4 ,^! are glu$ toge!r1 & kept =  
tw5ty-f\r h\rs "u an hydraulic press4 ,x
 is1 9 fact1 co>se m>quetry1 & ! :ole is
 laid d[n ov] a r\gh deal floor4        
,messrs4 ,h[>d also glue up _! qu>t] in*
 h>dwoods )\t a p9e back+1 & lay !m d[n 
) glue & f9e brads on old deal floors1 a
 less exp5sive me?od1 & :i* c be adopt$ 
)\t rais+ ! level ( an old floor4  ,x is
 rem>kable t ,engli% cab9et mak]s %\ld s
 r>ely make ^! floors1 or ar*itects lay 
!m d[n 9 rooms ( mod]n h\ses4 ,! ,fr5*1 
,g]mans ( all /ates1 ,swiss1 ,belgians1 
9 %ort mo/ cont95tal nations h ^!       
floors1 & ,swiss & ,belgian floor+ is   
import$ into ,engl&4 ,t ( ! ,belgian    
jo9]s is 9 l>ge pieces f\r feet or s    
squ>e1 ( season$ wood1 mod]ate 9 price1 
& easily laid d[n4  ,9 ?is c\ntry1 our  
co/ly mod]n h\ses are b>ely provid$ ) a 
bord] ( a foot or s r\nd ! edges ( !    

reception rooms4 ,ev5 t is b an         
exceptional practice4 ,yet oak floor+ is
 n a co/ly addition to important rooms1 
:ile ! habit ( keep+ floors always cov]$
 ) ,brussels c>pet tack$ d[n is n !     
cleane/ imag9able4  ,ano!r application (
 v5e]$ wood practis$ by ,messrs4 ,h[>d  
is call$ by !m wood tape/ry4 ,v ?9      
slices are arrang$ geometrically 9 l>ge 
patt]ns1 & fa/5$ ) glue on /aircase &   
passage walls1 or made into dado panell+
 to ! room1 9 ?is case capp$ by m\ld+s4 
,an +5i\s me?od ( inlay+ ?9 v5e]s on    
flat surfaces ( wood by ma*9]y has be5  
pat5t$ by ! same firm4 ,v5e]s or slices 
( wood ab\t ! ?ickness ( co>se br[n pap]
 are glu$ on a bo>d1 e4g4 a table top4  
,a design pun*$ out 9 z9c1 ( a ?ickness 
some:at great] ?an t ( ! v5e]1 is laid  
ov] x1 & ! bo>d is !n plac$ "u a heavy  
roll]4 ,! z9c is =c$ into ! surface ( ! 
bo>d by ! roll] to ab\t ! ?ickness ( !  
v5e]4 ,a plane cleans (f ! re/ ( ! v5e]1
 leav+ ! portion only t answ]s to ! z9c 
patt]n1 ?us =c$ into ! surface ( ! bo>d4

 ,if soak$1 ! gra9 ( ! wood w\ld pu% up 
! ?9 v5e]1 no d\bt1 b ?is is no great]  
risk ?an t to :i* all m>quetry is       
expos$4  ,nei!r ( ^! inv5tions h z yet  
be5 c>ri$ beyond ! simple/ disposition (
 arrangem5t4 ,:at c be done 9 ei!r me?od
 rema9s to be %[n4  ,all ! woodwork     
pass$ "u review ?us f> 9 jo9]y &        
cab9et-"w1 is ( h>d woods4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 
( our mod]n furniture is ( a less       
valuable description1 & is made ( p9e1  
,am]ican bir*1 ,hung>ian & o!r a%4      
,pit*-p9e1 an exce$+ly h>d wood1        
difficult to dry1 & ) a disagreeable    
prop5sity to crack if n v well season$1 
is also us$1 & a beautiful mat]ial x is4
 ,"s small quantity ( b$room furniture 9
 bee*1 oak1 & a% is made 9 ! work%ops t 
,i h be5 describ+4 ,z a g5]al rule1     
h[ev]1 ?is manufacture ( s(t woods is a 
sep>ate bran* ( ! trade4 ,to see s(t    
wood1 su* z p9e1 made up into admirable 
b$room furniture1 & ,fr5* poli%$ till ! 
gra9 ( x %[s mu* ( ! delicacy &         
agreeabl5ess ( sat9-wood1 we %\ld pay a 

visit to ! works ( ,messrs4 ,dy] &      
,watts1 9 ,isl+ton1 & to o!r h\ses t    
occupy _! "t exclusively 9 "w ( ?is k9d4
 ,x is clean1 *e]ful1 &1 by comp>ison1  
*eap2 is ornam5t$ 79 ! works ( ,messrs4 
,dy] & ,watts7 ) neat l9es ( r$1 grey1 &
 black1 "s ( ! l9es imitative ( inlaid  
wood4 ,x is popul>1 & if we proce$ f !  
work%ops ( ,messrs4 ,graham1 ,holl&1 &  
o!rs1 to _! %[rooms & w>eh\ses1 we %all 
f9d ?is deal furniture = sale1 ?\gh !y d
 n pr(ess to make any ( x4 ,less co/ly  
p9e-wood furniture is pa9t$ gre51 or    
:ite1 or 9 imitation ( o!r woods4  ,!   
surface ( woodwork1 if ! woods are      
valuable1 is f9i%$ by ,fr5* poli%+4 ,a  
solution ( %ell-lac is put on a roll$   
wooll5 rubb]1 :i* is !n cov]$ ) a l95   
rag1 on :i* ! poli%] puts a drop ( l9se$
 oil4 ,he rubs ?is solution ev5ly ov] ! 
entire surface ( ! wood z x passes ?r\gh
 ! fibre ( ! l951 smoo? action be+      
secur$ by ! oil4 ,x is laid on 9        
successive f9e coats till a glossy      
surface is obta9$ :i* is air &          

wat]-pro(4 ,= f9e "w ! surface %\ld n be
 s glossy z to look l japan "w4 ,fr5*   
poli%+ pres]ves woods liable to split1  
su* z oak1 f ! too rapid action ( ! air4
  ,gra9+ is an imitation ( oak or o!r   
woods4 ,a light col\r1 *rome yell[1 &   
:ite1 is fir/ laid on1 & glaz$ ov] )    
br[n4 ,:ile /ill wet1 ! br[n is comb$ ) 
ela/ic squ>e tee!d combs to give !      
appe>ance ( gra9+4 ,l>g] ve9s are wip$  
out by ! ?umb & a piece ( rag4 ,all     
sorts ( woods are ?us imitat$1 & ! "w :5
 dry is v>ni%$ ov]4 ,indep5d5tly ( any  
skill or deceptiv5ess1 ?is brok5 pa9t$  
surface looks effective & la/s long4  ,(
 ! propriety ( su* a decoration !re are 
_m d\bts1 = ! discussion ( :i* !re is n 
space "h4 ,m>ble gra9+ has long be5     
repres5t$ 9 ,italy1 e4g4 9 ! loggia (   
,raphael 9 ! ,vatican4 ,b 9 t p>ticul>  
in/ance1 ! pa9t+ is a repres5tation1 n  
an imitation4 ,wood gra9+ is p]=m$ 9 all
 c\ntries1 & su* imitations seem to h   
be5 practis$ by ! anci5ts4  ,mr4 ,norman
 ,%aw is n[ exhibit+ 9 ,exhibition road 

examples ( woods ) f9e gra9 /a9$ gre51  
r$1 & o!r col\rs1 & ,fr5* poli%$1 ! gra9
 %[+ z if ! woods 7 naturally ( ^? hues4
  ,= inexhau/ible res\rce 9 t9t+1       
poli%+1 & decorat+ wood surfaces1 we    
%all h to le>n f ! ,japanese1 f :om     
probably ! fam\s ,v]nis ,m>t9 0 fir/    
borr[$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,mu* imitation   
lac-japann+ 0 execut$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ 
! latt] ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,?is "w is /ill
 made 9 ,birm+ham4 ,pieces ( "m-o'-pe>l 
are glu$ on wood & ! int]v5+ surface1   
cov]$ ) lac v>ni% :i* is rubb$ smoo?1   
coat aft] coat1 ) pumice & wat]1 till ! 
surface ( ! inlaid pe>l %ell is rea*$1 &
 ! :ole gr\nd to a glassy poli%4        
,,london ,,factories4  ,! numb] ( h&s   
employ$ 9 l>ge cab9et-mak+ & furni%+    
e/abli%m5ts is v consid]able4 ,n only   
are ! work%ops well provid$ ) jo9]s1    
cab9et mak]s1 & turn]s1 b also )        
uphol/]]s1 cutt]s-out & workwom51 /uff+1
 tack+ on or sew+ on ! cov]s ( *airs1   
s(as1 c4 ,inde$1 x is no uncommon       
occurr5ce = ! entire furniture ( royal  

palaces & ya*ts to be ord]$ f "o ( ^!   
firms by ! c\rts ( =eign pot5tates 9 e  
corn] ( ! _w4 ,*airs1 tables1 sidebo>ds1
 c41 7 made lately at ,messrs4 ,holl&'s 
= a /eam ya*t ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria2    
:ile ,messrs4 ,jackson & ,graham h be5  
furni%+ ! palace ( ! ,kh$ive at ,gr&    
,cairo4  ,to execute1 ) c]ta9ty &       
promptitude1 ord]s su* z ^!1 bo?        
premises1 plant 7su* z wood & ma*9]y71 &
 ! comm& ( fir/-rate h&s1 mu/ be        
abundant4 ,pa9t]s1 gild]s1 c>p5t]s1     
pap]]s1 & a miscellane\s assi/ant /aff  
are requir$ to pione] ! way = ! m co/ly 
"w1 or to make all good beh9d x4 ,! firm
 ( ,jackson & ,graham1 = in/ance1       
employs f #fjj to #ajjj h&s1 accord+ to 
! "t ( ! ye> or ! pressure ( ord]s2 &   
pays out close ^u #bjjjl4 p] week z     
wages1 :5 all ^! h&s are 9 full "w2 & to
 highly skill$ craftsm5 7indep5d5tly (  
design]s71 occupi$ on ! production ( !  
mo/ co/ly k9d ( furniture1 #fjl4 to     
#bcjl4 p] week4 ,! ,h[>ds employ f #aej 
to #bjj h&s on cab9et mak+ & jo9]y      

alone4 ,x is ! v>iety & compreh5siv5ess 
( ^! op]ations1 t is s pr(itable z a    
speculation4 ,su* a bus9ess requires1 x 
ne$ h>dly be said1 a l>ge capital1 & mu/
 be liable to fluctuations4   ,,! ,,pa/ 
,,& ,,! ,,future4  ,a few words mu/ be  
giv5 to a retrospect ( ! /ate ( ?is     
bran* ( ! national indu/ry1 & to its    
prospects4 ,if we look back tw5ty-five  
ye>s to ! furniture exhibit$ 9 ,london 9
 #ahea1 ! improvem5t ( ! pres5t "t seems
 incr$ible4  ,we may take t ,exhibition1
 ! fir/ ( ^! mod]n displays ( all sorts 
( products ( lab\r1 z a po9t ( dep>ture 
= our review4  ,9 #ahea1 ! ,commission]s
 direct$ t a complete report %\ld be    
drawn up on ! subject ( ! decorative    
treatm5t ( manufactures ( all k9ds1     
includ+ ! p>ticul> class ( objects "u   
discussion4 ,! au?or ( ?is report calls 
att5tion to :at %\ld be ! fir/          
consid]ation1 9 ! con/ruction ( objects 
= daily & p]sonal use4 ,f ! cont9ual    
pres5ce ( ^! ?+s1 defects ov]look$ at   
fir/1 or disreg>d$ = "s %[y excell5ce1  

gr[ into great grievances1 :51 hav+     
become an (f5ce1 ! annoyance daily      
increases4 ,"h at lea/ utility %\ld be !
 fir/ object1 & z simplicity r>ely      
(f5ds1 t ornam5t :i* is ! mo/ simple 9  
/yle w be ! mo/ likely to give la/+     
satisfaction4#g ,yet on exam9+ !        
furniture on ! ,engli% side1 ! report]  
c\ld n b notice1 h[ r>ely ?is v obvi\s  
consid]ation _h be5 att5d$ to4 ,!       
ornam5t ( su* works on ! ,engli% side   
consi/s l>gely ( imitative c>v+4        
,ornam5ts consi/+ ( fl[]s1 g>l&s (      
massive size & absolute relief1 7 appli$
 indiscrim9ately to b$/eads1 sidebo>ds1 
bookcases1 pi]-glasses1 c41 )\t any     
pr9ciple ( selection or accommodation4  
,! laws ( ornam5t 7 z completely set    
aside z ^? ( use & conv5i5ce4 ,_m ( ^!  
works1 in/ead ( be+ useful1 w\ld require
 a rail to keep (f ! h\sehold4          
#g ,supplem5t>y ,report1 *ap4 xxx4  ,^! 
/rictures 7 f> f be+ applicable to !    
entire ,briti% ,exhibition ( ?is class (
 "w4 ,"o or two notable exceptions may  

be quot$1 su* z a bookcase c>v$ 9 oak1  
exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,crace1 b\ght by !     
,commission]s & add$ to ! ,k5s+ton      
collections4 ,?is & a few o!r works are 
p>ticul>ly to be comm5d$ = _! s\nd      
con/ructive treatm5t1 & = ! v judici\s  
mann] 9 :i* ornam5t is made subs]vi5t to
 x4 ,! metal-"w is also excell5t1 & !   
brass fitt+s ( ! panels ( ! bookcase    
des]ve to be /udi$1 bo? = ! mann] 9 :i* 
!y h be5 put toge!r & = _! graceful     
l9es4  ,f\r ye>s lat]1 9 #ahee1 9 !     
,p>is ,exhibition1 our furniture &      
woodwork _h made a /ride =w>d1 :i* 0    
/ill m m>k$ 9 ! ,london ,exhibition (   
#ahfb4 ,by t "t1 our lead+ h\ses _h     
appreciat$ ! necessity ( obta9+ tal5t$  
design]s & =em51 & 9 _m in/ances !y _h  
employ$ ! fir/ ar*itects ( ! day to give
 !m draw+s4 ,! result 0 a great         
progress4 ,:ile ! ,fr5*1 inde$1 cont9u$ 
to produce v f9e pieces1 "s on ! be/    
models1 or r aft] ! pr9ciples ( ! be/   
p]iods ( ! ,r5aissance1 our own cab9et  
mak]s _h run f> on 9 ! same direction & 

9 _m o!rs1 = ! medi,aval feel+ _h /ill a
 /rong hold on ! ta/e ( ,engli%         
ar*itects & _! patrons4  ,! greate/     
*ange1 h[ev]1 0 t :i* ! ,p>is exhibition
 ( #ahfg br\ght to light4 ,fifte5 full  
ye>s _h pass$1 s9ce public att5tion _h  
be5 call$ to any c>eful comp>ison betwe5
 ! /ate ( our furniture & ! decorations 
( ! int]iors ( our h\ses1 ) ^? ( o!r    
c\ntries1 & ! advance 0 incalculably    
great] on ! "p ( ?is c\ntry ?an on t ( !
 o!r compet+ nations4  ,x is wor?       
rem>k+1 t 9 ?ree great comp>ative       
,exhibitions1 & p>ticul>ly 9 t ( #ahfg1 
national ta/es & peculi>ities seem$ to h
 be5 s completely p>$ away1 t x became  
difficult to keep ! productions ( !     
,nor? & ,we/ ( ,europe f ^? ( ! ,s\? or 
! ,ea/1 di/9ct 9 "o's m9d4 ,ea* nation  
foll[$ ! fa%ion ( ! works t _h obta9$ ! 
be/ prizes at =m] ,exhibitions4  ,= !   
pres5t1 ,fr5* ,r5aissance designs 9     
woodwork1 & ! produce ( ! looms ( ,lyons
 9 hang+s1 s]ve to give ! key to ! s*ool
 ( dome/ic & indu/rial art 9 ?is c\ntry4

 ,if we look at ! ri*e/ & mo/ co/ly     
productions t h be5 exhibit$1 & c>ri$ (f
 prizes at ! ,int]national ,exhibitions 
( late ye>s 7& we h no o!r /&>d ( easy  
comp>ison71 x w be f\nd t ,fr5* cab9ets1
 tables1 & *airs h s]v$ z models to !   
successful competitors4 ,inde$1 ! mo/   
successful ( su* pieces ( furniture are 
actually design$ by ,fr5* arti/s 9 "s ( 
our lead+ firms4 ,!re is a decid$       
,engli% type 9 ! sat9-wood furniture (  
,messrs4 ,wright & ,mansfield1 & !re is 
"s inv5tion1 ?\gh n always happy1 ab\t  
our design]s ( medi,aval furniture4 ,^! 
productions are1 h[ev]1 too apt to be   
heavy & ecclesia/ical1 to foll[ r !     
types ( /one con/ructions1 & ! tea*+s ( 
! admirable plates ( ,viollet-le-duc1   
?an ! light] "w1 inaugurat$1 n )\t p[] &
 success1 by ,pug94 ,!re is a company ( 
arti/s1 ,morris & ,co41 :o h comb9$     
pa9t+ & woodwork1 & produc$ excell5t    
results2 b !y h _h few foll[]s1 or r few
 successful foll[]s4 ,i _c b m5tion )   
hon\rable comm5dation ! ,royal ,s*ool ( 

,art ne$lework1 z a subsidi>y bran* (   
furniture art4  ,s f> z to ! pa/4 ,)    
reg>d to ! future "s few rem>ks may n be
 out ( place3 on ! excell5ce (          
workman%ip1 ! propriety ( design1 & !   
beauty ( decoration4  ,! alt]$          
conditions ( a trade su* z t ( ! cab9et 
mak]1 :i* comb9es ! useful ) !          
agreeable1 comely1 & beautiful1 9 its   
productions1 h be5 allud$ to already4   
,?is *ange mu/ s]i\sly affect !         
accompli%m5ts ( ! workman4 ,in/ead (    
work+ "u & ) 8 ma/]1 he is become "o ( a
 regim5t ( (ficials4 ,he _c id5tify     
himself ) ! entire "w ( :i* he only     
executes memb]s int]*angeable ) o!r     
memb]s1 all me*anically alike4 ,aga91   
mortises1 t5ons1 dovetails1 & jo9]y (   
all sorts1 no long] dem& f h&-"w !      
accuracy1 neatness1 & p]fection ( =m]   
days4 ,^! op]ations are done = him4     
,occasionally he supplem5ts ! "w ( !    
eng9e4 ,l a play] :o only plays music   
occasionally1 we _c expect him to reta9 
all ! f95ess ( 8 h& 9 p]fection4  ,is ! 

mod]n workman1 !n1 ! equal ( ^? ( sixty 
ye>s s9ce1 ^: productions /& s well to  
?is day1 because ( ?is p]fection (      
manual dext]ity8 ,x w be difficult to   
ma9ta9 t he is1 b x w\ld be mo/ unju/ to
 d5y ei!r t ! be/ workman%ip c be turn$ 
out1 or t x is turn$ out1 ( our great   
e/abli%m5ts4 ,?is is ! "w ( ! mo/ *oice 
& accompli%$ h&s4 ,9 small] ,london     
h\ses1 & 9 ! furniture :i* we f9d 9 !   
trade g5]ally1 ! workman%ip is inf]ior1 
relatively1 to t ( ! =m] p]iod4  ,!     
introduction ( ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 is a fact1
 & its effects on manual skill mu/ be   
accept$ z a necessity4 ,nor mu/ we pass 
ov] ! fur!r fact1 t if ! mod]n jo9] is n
 ! equal ( ! j\rneym5 ( ,*ipp5dale1 he c
 d m4 ,he has p[]s at comm&1 & c c>ry   
into execution quantities1 beyond ! rea*
 ( half-a-doz51 p]haps a score ( 8      
pr$ecessors4 ,! consum] ought to reap   
advantages f ?is latt] fact :i* he has  
fail$ hi!rto to get1 z %all be expla9$  
pres5tly4  ,?is br+s me to !            
consid]ation ( ! proprieties ( design1 &

 ! beauty ( decoration ( our pres5t     
furniture4 ,if workman%ip is affect$ by 
alt]$ conditions ( ! manufacture1 s also
 is design1 t union ( effective &       
suitable decoration ) ! requir$         
conv5i5ce ( ea* piece ( furniture1 :i*  
may be call$ /yle4  ,! arti/1 z reg>ds 8
 productions or /yle1 is fa%ion$ p>tly  
by :at he ?9ks & loves1 p>tly by 8      
mat]ials & 8 tools4 ,) "s mat]ials he c 
d little1 = want ( tools & appliances4  
,z reg>ds mat]ial1 wood rema9s :at x    
always has be51 b ! /eam-eng9e supplies 
an absolutely new set ( tools4 ,:at has 
be5 done ) !m8 ,! impress$ m>quetry has 
be5 m5tion$1 b z yet no?+ really new has
 be5 done by ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,?9 v5e]s  
:i* might be cut out ) scissors1 z if "o
 7 cutt+ pap] 9 inexhau/ible fulness &  
v>iety1 are re/rict$1 9 ?is impress$    
m>quetry1 to su* z c be copi$ 9 ! co>se 
mat]ial1 z9c1 :i* has to be pun*$ or    
sawn out = ! manufacture4 ,!n aga9 we h 
! c>v+ or copy+ ma*9e4 ,at pres5t no?+ m
 is done ) x ?an to copy1 & to copy     

some:at clumsily1 9 duplicate or 9 l>ge 
numb]s1 t :i* has fir/ be5 c>v$ or      
modell$ by h&4 ,x w\ld be premature to  
decide1 t ) s p[]ful a tool 9 8 h&1 an  
accompli%$ arti/ tra9$ to use x1 c\ld n 
produce real & rapid sculpture4 ,b no   
su* arti/ has yet /epp$ on ! /age1 & x c
 only be an arti/ :o c put ! matt] to a 
pro(4  ,9 foll[+ ! /yle & ornam5tation (
 =m] p]iods1 our new ma*9]y is 9 no s5se
 a help to u4 ,! man :o cuts out 8      
mat]ial = a ,%]aton *air felt :at he 0  
go+ to c>ve ^u1 *ose 8 pieces1 arrang$ !
 gra91 & ! sp>e mat]ial j z he w\ld     
require x1 ) c>eful ref]5ce to ! use ( 8
 c>v+ tools f fir/ to la/4 ,! pace1 too1
 requir$ 9 execut+ ord]s 0 !n m         
delib]ate2 co/ly & elaborate plant &    
ma*9]y n be+ requir$1 prov9cial workm5 (
 admirable skill 7 to be f\nd 9 _m t[ns4
 ,!re is no royal process by :i* we c   
put a log ( wood into "o end ( an eng9e1
 & f9d a *air1 a table1 or a cab9et at !
 o!r4 ,:at /eam ma*9]y does = u is to   
p]=m ) c]ta9ty1 & ) imm5se rapidity1 !  

simple op]ations ( saw+1 plan+1 bor+1 & 
turn+4 ,x is by turn]y t ornam5tation is
 done 9 ! eng9e4 ,any l5g? ( m\ld$ edges
 c be soon turn$ out1 any am\nt ( ! p>ts
 ( panell+1 ( turn$ rails1 & ( ornam5ts 
turn$ on flat surfaces press$ on ! cutt+
 tool1 toge!r ) ! pi]c+ ( fretwork &    
curv$ & %ap$ edges to bo>ds4 ,! saw be+ 
a fixture 9 ?is in/ance1 is an          
advantage1 b ma*9e turn]y is n ri* 9    
res\rces4 ,! tool itself is fil$        
labori\sly to ! m\ld requir$1 & ! wood  
m]ely press$ aga9/ x4 ,:5 ! wood        
revolves 7z 9 ! old la!71 ! turn]1 ) !  
simple edge ( 8 *isel or 8 g\ge1 0 !    
ma/] ( an endless v>iety ( ornam5t      
limit$ only by 8 fancy or skill ( h&4   
,x is nev]!less 9 ! turn]y & !          
fret-cutt+ ma*9]y1 t a furniture arti/  
mu/ f9d ! elem5ts ( a /yle4 ,! man (    
g5ius1 ! poet & mak]1 :o c ?r[ himself  
into ^! elem5ts1 w d wond]s ) !m4 ,! la!
 is z old z hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! sixte5?1    
sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies1 turn$    
wood furniture 0 made 9 consid]able     

quantities 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 ,italy1 & 9 !
 ,indian possessions ( ! ,portuguese4   
,all ! furniture ( ,arabs1 ,moors1 &    
,turks spr+s f ! la! & ! m\ld+ plane2 ! 
tables & /ools1 ! +5i\s reticulation (  
,cair5e geometrical panell+1 ! scre5s ( 
woodwork s effective 9 ! que5 ( ,arab   
cities & 9 ,damascus are d]iv$ f ^!     
humble s\rces4  ,to surface ornam5t (   
m>quetry1 occasional c>v$ ins]tions c be
 add$4 ,b light1 neat1 & elegant        
woodwork1 panell+1 bookcases1 cab9ets1  
dress]s1 *airs1 & tables1 c be turn$ out
 )\t ^! additions1 & ! v>iety might be  
endless4  ,c>v$ acan?us foliage1 bulg+  
legs & surfaces1 arti/ic c>v+ &         
m>quetry1 & *isell$ metal-m\nt+s mu/ be 
! "w ( tra9$ sculptors4 ,! eng9e gives  
!m no real help4 ,to design1 t is inv5t 
7n to copy71 c>v+ & m>quetry t w be>    
comp>ison ) ! products ( ,ries5]1 & ( ! 
s*ool ( ,gibbons1 is n to be done by    
comm& ( appliances or skilful workman%ip
 only4 ,! arti/ :o is ?or\ghly at home 9
 designs ( ?is k9d1 is ! pupil or       

desc5dant ( ma/]s ^: traditions are well
 e/abli%$3      ,=tes creantur =tibus4  
,b neat furniture1 unornam5t$ by h&-"w1 
ought to be turn$ out ( ! eng9e-room1 ! 
p]fection ( lightness1 conv5i5ce1 &     
/r5g?4 ,& "h ! buy] w look = ! advantage
 ( *eapness4 ,we d n f9d t our l>ge     
mak]s supply well-made ma*9e furniture  
*eap4 ,z a broad rule1 prices seem to be
 calculat$ on :at a man w\ld d1 & "w    
done 9 ! ma*9e is pric$1 z if a man _h  
made x by h&4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 five or   
six m5's "w is done 9 ! same "t1 & ! co/
 ( wages *>g$ on articles s made1 w     
leave a disproportion$ pr(it1 not)/&+ ! 
exp5se ( sett+ up & ma9ta9+ ! /eam      
plant4  ,decorative furniture c nev] be 
_h at a *eap rate4  ,a ^w1 9 conclusion1
 z to ! arts :i* are necess>ily press$  
into ! s]vice ( furniture1 & _!         
prospects ( ! future4  ,^! sumptu>y arts
 h be5 spok5 ( 9 ^! pages z a revival 9 
furniture & /yle1 z dead4 ,! disord]s t 
culm9at$ 9 ! ,fr5* revolution cut (f our
 pres5t ,european ?\ghts1 or at lea/ our

 mann]s & cu/oms1 f ! pa/4  ,we are n[  
try+ to revivify pa/ traditions4 ,!     
furniture mak]s h made extraord9>y      
ex]tions 9 ?is direction4 ,h[ w x be 9 !
 com+ ye>s8  ,"s critics are ( op9ion t 
art manufacture is a delusion1 & t1 if  
our academicians 7 equal to ! anci5t    
,greeks1 we %\ld n f9d t ri* buy]s w\ld 
c>e ab\t ! %apes ( _! *airs 7if         
com=table71 ! col\rs ( _! walls1 & s    
=?--a s+ul> delusion4 ,if ,phidias1     
,mi*ael ,angelo1 & ,raphael exhibit$ at 
,burl+ton ,h\se1 _! pupils & foll[]s    
w\ld ov]fl[ ) good "w 9 v>i\s degrees ( 
elaboration4 ,we %\ld f9d x 9 our       
*ur*es1 h\ses1 seats1 c>riages1 & ! re/4
 ,?is is :at did happ5 :5 ! great arti/s
 7 fl\ri%+4 ,ugl9ess & vulg>ity 7 n     
endurable any:]e4 ,m5tor express$       
himself 9 dr9k+ cups1 ,cell9i 9 broo*es1
 ,holbe9 9 dagg]s1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 a  
c&le/ick1 ,raphael culm9at$ 9 a *ur*    
bann]4 ,! art t f9ds its utt]ances on   
knobs1 or h&les1 or draw] fronts1 is    
re/rict$ c]ta9ly1 because ! object is ( 

awkw>d %ape or surface1 is to be h&l$ & 
us$1 & is only a "p ( some?+ l>g]4      
,nev]!less ! /reet ( tripods 9 ,a!ns1 ! 
front ( ! biga 9 ! ,vatican1 7 occasions
 on :i* good sculptors did ! be/ t ^?   
occasions all[$ (4 ,f\r f9e silv]       
images1 repres5t+ f\r great prov9cial   
capitals1 9 ! ,blacas ,collection 7n[ to
 be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 7 p]haps !
 ends ( ! poles ( a ,s$an *air4         
,objects ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh fragm5t>y1 or  
slightly work$ out1 or comb9$ 9 "s      
grotesque b graceful fa%ion1 ) a piece (
 leaf or /alk1 are ! easy results ( long
 ye>s ( m5tal & manual tra9+4  ,!       
workman arti/1 !re=e1 ?\gh 8 productions
 may n be ?\ght suitable = ! ,academy   
walls1 is a *ild ( ! same s*ool1 z t :i*
 br+s =? su* port5ts z ,phidias1        
,praxiteles1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 &         
,leon>do1 n to speak ( our ,royal       
,academicians4  ,arti/s :o are          
speciali/s1 l ,giovanni da ,ud9e1 w     
cont9ue to d special ?+s only1 b ^?     
admirably4 ,:]e ! arts fl\ri%1 !re w be 

a l>ge s*ool t includes half a nation1  
arti/s ( all ranges ( education1        
ref9em5t1 & k4 ,"s w sculpture figures =
 ! temple1 o!rs w be ( ! rank ( workm54 
,vas>i has giv5 full details ( !        
sumptu\s furniture :i* 0 execut$ by !   
sixte5? c5tury ,academicians ( ,flor5ce4
  ,h[ are we to procure su* tea*+s8 ,?is
 0 ! "q :i* ,colb]t put to himself 9 !  
reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,he resolv$ x1 by  
gett+ ma/]s & tea*]s ( e k9d ( sumptu>y 
art f ,italy4 ,! result has be5 to give 
! ,fr5* nation a lead 9 ?is k9d (       
indu/ry1 t holds good ev5 amid/ ! ru9 ( 
old traditions1 at ?is day4  ,! ,k5s+ton
 s*ools1 & ^? on ! same patt]n ?r\gh\t !
 c\ntry1 are ef=ts made by ! ,gov]nm5t  
to meet ! wants ( our manufactur]s4 ,!y 
are inela/ic1 & x is too soon to judge (
 ! "w !y are likely to d h]eaft]4 ,!    
only great error 9 su* education w\ld be
 to tra9 s*ol>s to be ornam5tali/s1 i4e4
 to tea* !m conv5tional art4  ,art is   
conv5tional 9 connection ) ar*itecture &
 furniture1 because 9 mo/ in/ances ?is  

is all t w\ld be prop] or look well4 ,a 
good modell]1 draughtsman1 or c>v]1 w\ld
 become conv5tional j z occasion        
requir$1 b ) no ab/ract desire = ugl9ess
 or ! grotesque4 ,t arti/s %\ld be      
g5]ally well educat$ & good s*ol>s1 & t 
! pr(ession %\ld possess k & ref9em5t1  
is ( m importance ?an mo/ p suppose4    
,?is k9d ( ref9em5t lay at ! root ( !   
univ]sality ( accompli%m5ts ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury arti/s4  ,la/ly1 x is n en\gh t !
 pr(ession only %\ld be educat$1 s z to 
supply ! manufactur] ) designs4 ,x is ! 
ri* t mu/ be taught z well4 ,we are     
nei!r ,italians nor ,fr5*m51 &1 inde$1  
speak+ g5]ally1 we h n s mu* s5se (     
beauty & propriety 9 art z ^? races h1  
ev5 ) su* deg5]acy z prevails b too     
widely ov] ! ,*annel4  ,x is en\gh to   
look at mod]n ,london1 to li/5 to !     
disputes ( committees ( managem5t or    
selection = a public monum5t1 a /reet1  
or a gall]y1 & to take a glance at _!   
*oice1 to see :at we are 9 ^! respects4 
,b ,engli%m5 are n want+ 9 g5ius1 & 9 ! 

matt] ( :i* ^! pages treat1 !y h play$  
_! "p well 9 ! pa/4  ,:5 buy]s "k :at is
 ugly1 !y w n tol]ate x ab\t _! h\ses2 !
 eag]ness to possess some?+ new or      
orig9al w give place to a j judgm5t (   
:at is good1 :e!r new or old4 ,mo/      
p]iods ( good sumptu>y art owe _!       
designs to a few old types con/antly    
reproduc$ "u new & agreeable v>ieties1 t
 are n radical *anges4 ,to "k good f bad
 9 ^! matt]s1 is ! result n ( a natural 
in/9ct altoge!r1 b ( su* a s5se in/ruct$
 by /udy1 exp]i5ce1 & reflection4 ,nor1 
on ! o!r h&1 does su* an in/9ct         
accompany great intellectual acquirem5ts
 naturally1 & z a matt] ( "r4 ,a man may
 possess a va/ am\nt ( le>n+1           
/atesman%ip1 or pr(essional k1 & be no  
judge ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 m>quetry      
furniture1 or blue porcela94 ,nor1 ?\gh 
he kn[s some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ^! objects1 
w he necess>ily admire & l ! be/ or mo/ 
beautiful examples4 ,x is ?is s5se ( :at
 is becom+1 t has to be le>n$1 ?\gh x is
 occasionally a natural gift4 ,:5 :ole  

nations h become us$ to good dome/ic    
art1 public op9ion w be s\nd1 & w       
p]petuate itself z reg>ds ?is subject   
matt]1 till "s great national convulsion
 r$uces sumptu\s liv+1 & ref9$ social   
mann]s & habits1 to ru94   ,,london3    
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,edw>d ,,/an=d1 #ee1 ,,*>+
 ,,cross1 ,s4,w4