,,%ill+ ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,aitk5',s ,,du/-,,c\nt]4 ,r is ! te/-receiv]2 ,p ! air-pump2 ,m ! measur+ app>atus2 ,l ! illum9at+ arrangem5ts2 ,g ! ,gasomet]2 ,a ! pipe ?r\gh :i* ! te/$ air is drawn4 ,,meteorology2 ,,or1 ,,wea!r ,,expla9$4 ,,by ,j4 ,g4 ,m',,ph]son1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,,graduate ,,) ,,fir/-,,class ,,hon\rs1 ,,& ,,= ,,n9e ,,ye>s ,,ext5sion ,,lectur] ,,on ,,meteorology ,,& ,,ma!matical ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,/4 ,,&rews2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,tales ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack1 #cd ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,& ,,ed9burgh4 #aije4 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,! foll[+ ,vols4 are n[ ready or 9 ! ,press3-- ,,balloons1 ,,air%ips1 ,,& ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es4 ,by ,,g]trude ,,bacon4 ,,motors ,,& ,,motor+4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,h>ry ,,spoon]4 ,,radium4 ,by ,dr4 ,,hampson4 ,,telegraphy ,,) ,,& ,,)\t ,,wires4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,:ite4 ,,electric ,,light+4 ,by ,s4 ,f4 ,,walk]1 ,r4,n41 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t4 ,by ,,p]cy ,,a%ley1 ,m4,a4 ,o!rs 9 ,prep>ation ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #i ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,dew #ac ,,iii4 ,,true ,,& ,,false ,,dew #ag ,,iv4 ,,ho>-,,fro/ #bj ,v4 ,,fog #bc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,numb]+ ,,( ,,! ,,du/ #bf ,,vii4 ,,du/ ,,& ,,atmosph]ic ,,ph5om5a #bi ,,viii4 ,a ,,fog-,,c\nt] #ca ,,ix4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,cl\ds #cd ,x4 ,,decay ,,( ,,cl\ds #cg ,,xi4 ,,x ,,always ,,ra9s #dj ,,xii4 ,,haze #dc ,,xiii4 ,,haz+ ,,effects ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,du/ #dg ,,xiv4 ,,?und] ,,cle>s ,,! ,,air #di ,,xv4 ,,disease ,,g]ms ,,9 ,,! ,,air #ec ,,xvi4 ,a ,,*ange ,,( ,,air #ee ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,old ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,moon',s ,,arms #eh ,,xviii4 ,,an ,,autumn ,,aft]gl[ #fb ,,xix4 ,a ,,w9t] ,,=egl[ #fe ,,xx4 ,,! ,,ra9b[ #fh ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis #ga ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,blue ,,sky #gd ,,xxiii4 ,a ,,sanit>y ,,detective #gh ,,xxiv4 ,,fog ,,& ,,smoke #hj ,,xxv4 ,,electrical ,,deposition ,,( ,,smoke #hc ,,xxvi4 ,,radiation ,,f ,,sn[ #hf ,,xxvii4 ,,m\nta9 ,,giants #hh ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,w9d #ib ,,xxix4 ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anti-,,cyclones #ie ,,xxx4 ,,ra9 ,,ph5om5a #ih ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,meteorology ,,( ,,b5 ,,nevis #ajb ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,& ,,influ5za #ajg ,,xxxiii4 ,,climate #aaj ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,*all5g] ,,wea!r ,,reports #aad ,,xxxv4 ,,wea!r-,,=eca/+ #aaf ,,index #abd ,,prefatory ,,note ,i am v mu* indebt$ to ,dr4 ,john ,aitk51 ,f4,r4,s41 = 8 great k9dness 9 c>efully revis+ ! pro( %eets1 & giv+ me mo/ valuable sugge/ions4 ,?is is a suffici5t gu>antee t accuracy has n be5 sacrific$ to popul> explanation4 ,j4 ,g4 ,m',p4 ,,ru?v5 ,,manse1 ,june #aj1 #aije4 ,,meteorology ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,?\gh by famili>ity made commonplace1 ! wea!r is "o ( ! mo/ important topics ( conv]sation1 & has con/ant be>+s ^u ! "w & prospects ( bus9ess-m5 & m5 ( pleasure4 ,! /ate ( ! wea!r is ! password :5 p meet on ! c\ntry road3 we c\ld n d )\t ! humble talisman4 ,a f9e day comes spontane\sly to ! lips1 :atev] be ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 unless x is peculi>ly & /rik+ly repulsive2 !n ,a bitt] day w\ld take ! place ( ! expression4 ,yet ,i h he>d ,t]rible guid )] z (t5 z ,t]rible bad day among c\ntry p4 ,sc>cely a fri5dly lett] is p5n$ )\t a ref]5ce to ! wea!r1 z to :at has be51 is1 or may be4 ,x is a new /imulus to a lagg+ conv]sation at any d9n]-table4 ,all are s dep5d5t on ! wea!r1 especially ^? gett+ up 9 ye>s or ( delicate heal?4 ,i rememb]1 :5 at ,/ra?peff]1 ! great heal?-resort 9 ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 9 #ahhe1 an anxi\s invalid at ,! ,pump ask+ a wea!r-beat51 rheumatic old gamekeep] :at sort ( a day x 0 to be1 consid]+ t x _h be5 wet = "s "t4 ,! keep] crippl$ to ! b>omet] outside ! doorway1 & return$ ) ! matt]-(-fact answ]3 ,%e's faur] doon ta tay nur %e wass up ye/re54 ,! b>omet] _h evid5tly fall5 dur+ ! night4 ,& :at are we to expect8 sadly inquir$ ! invalid4 ,x'll pe ai!r f]ry wat1 or mohr ra9--a poor consolation6 ,mo/ m5 :o are b5t on bus9ess or pleasure1 & all dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry :o h ! in/rum5ts1 make a fir/ call at ! b>omet] 9 ! lobby1 or ! an]oid 9 ! breakfa/-p>l\r1 to see :at %e says4 ,a good rise ( ! black ne$le 7t is1 to ! "r7 above ! yell[ ne$le is a s\rce ( rejoic+1 z x w likely be cle>1 dry1 & h>d wea!r4 ,a slight fall 7t is1 to ! left7 causes anxiety z to com+ ra91 & a big depression =ebodes mu* ra9 or a viol5t /orm ( w9d4 ,9 ei!r case ( fall1 ! %utt]s come ov] ! eyes ( ! obs]v]4 ,next1 ev5 be=e breakfa/1 a move is made to ! self-regi/]+ !rmomet] 7set ! night be=e7 on a /one1 a c\ple ( feet above ! grass4 ,a good read+1 above ! freez+-po9t 9 w9t] & mu* above x 9 summ]1 indicates ! abs5ce ( kill+ rimes1 t are g5]ally foll[$ by ra94 ,a v l[ regi/] acc\nts = ! feel+ ( cold dur+ ! night1 ?\gh ! fires 7 n out2 & pr$icts prec>i\s wea!r4 ,ord9>ily c>eful obs]v]s--z ,i1 :o h be5 9 "o place = m ?an ?irty ye>s--c1 ) ! morn+ indications ( ^! two in/rum5ts1 come pretty sure ( _! progno/ics ( ! day's wea!r4 ,( c\rse1 ! morn+ newspap] is c>efully scann$ z to ! wea!r-=eca/s f ! ,london ,meteorological ,(fice--direction ( w9d2 w>m1 mild1 or cold2 ra9 or fair1 & s on--& 9 g5]al ^! indications are wond]fully accurate = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ?\gh ! ?ree days' progno/ics seem to /ret* a po9t4 ,we are h>dly up to t yet4 ,! l[] animals are v s5sitive z to ! /ate ( approa*+ extremes ( wea!r4 ,?ae sea beass1 ref]r+ to sea-gulls ov] ! inl& leas dur+ pl\gh+1 are ord9>y indicators ( /ormy wea!r4 ,w9d is sure to foll[ viol5t :eel+s ( cr[s4 ,bew>e ( ra9 :5 ! %eep are re/ive1 rubb+ !mselves on tree /umps4 ,b all are famili> ) ,j5n]'s progno/ics ( ra94 ,sci5ce has come to ! aid ( ord9>y wea!r-lore dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 by leaps & b\nds4 ,"t-hon\r$ notions & rev]$ fictions1 ar\nd :i* ! hall[$ associations ( our e>ly tra9+ fondly & firmly cl+1 mu/ n[ yield to ! exact h&l+ ( mod]n sci5ce2 & ) reluctance we h to "p ) !m4 ,yet !re is 9 all a fasc9ation to acc\nt = c]ta9 ord9>y ph5om5a4 ,! man 9 ! /reet1 z well z ! /rong read+ man1 wi%es to "k ! :y & ! h[ ( wea!r-=eca/+4 ,!y are anxi\s to h wea!r-ph5om5a expla9$ 9 a pla91 int]e/+1 b accurate way4 ,! fre%ness ( ! m>vell\s results has an irresi/ible *>m = ! op5 m9d1 ke5 = useful in=mation4 ,! discov]ies (t5 seem s simple t "o wond]s :y !y 7 n made be=e4 ,until ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,meteorology 0 comp>atively f> back z a sci5ce2 & 9 "o important bran* ( x1 no "o has done m to put wea!r-lore on a sci5tific basis ?an ,dr4 ,john ,aitk51 ,f4,r4,s41 :o has v k9dly giv5 me 8 full p]mission to popul>ise :at ,i l ( 8 num]\s & v valuable sci5tific pap]s 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is ,i h done my be/ to c>ry out 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! way ( putt+ x is my only claim4 ,_m sci5tific m5 are decoy$ on 9 ! se>* = tru? ) a spell unkn[n to o!rs3 ! anticipation ( ! results sometimes am\nts to a passion4 ,_m wrong tracks d !y take1 yet !y />t afre%1 j z ! detective has to take sev]al c\rses be=e he hits ^u ! correct sc5t4 ,:5 !y succe$1 !y exp]i5ce a pleasure :i* is indescribable2 to !m fame is m ?an a m]e fanci$ life 9 o!rs' brea?4 ,dr4 ,aitk5's cont9u$ exp]im5ts1 (t5 ( r>e +5uity & brilliancy1 %[ t no tru? is altoge!r b>r52 & ev5 t :i* looks at fir/ sight ! v simple/ & mo/ trivial may turn out fruitful 9 preci\s results4 ,small ?+s mu/ n be ov]look$1 = great discov]ies are sometimes at a man's v door4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 has %[n u ?is 9 _m ( 8 discov]ies :i* h revolutionis$ a bran* ( meteorology4 ,prud5ce1 pati5ce1 obs]v+ p[]1 & p]sev]ance 9 sci5tific rese>* w d mu* to br+ ab\t unexpect$ results1 & n m s 9 any sci5ce ?an 9 acc\nt+ = wea!r-lore on a rational basis1 :i* x is 9 ! p[] ( all my read]s to fur!r4 ,! old ord] *ange?1 giv+ place to new4 ,) kaleidoscopic v>iety ,nature's face *anges to ! t\* ( ! anxi\s & rev]5t obs]v]4 ,& "s ( ^! curi\s wea!r-views w be disclos$ 9 ^! pages1 s z1 9 a brief b readable way1 to expla9 ! wea!r1 & lay a safe basis = probable =eca/+s1 :i* w be ( great b5efit to ! man ( bus9ess z well z ! man ( pleasure4 ,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas4 --,,virgil4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,dew ,! writ] ( ! ,book ( ,job gravely ask$ ! important "q1 ,:o ha? begott5 ! drops ( dew8 ,we repeat ! "q 9 ano!r =m1 ,:5ce comes ! real dew8 ,does x fall f ! heav5s above1 or does x rise f ! e>? b5ea?8 ,until ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 sci5tific m5 held ! op9ion ( ord9>y obs]v]s t dew fell f ! atmosph]e4 ,b !re 0 !n a reaction f ?is !ory1 = ,n>dius def9$ x z an exhalation f ! e>?4 ,( c\rse1 x 0 well kn[n t dew 0 =m$ by ! precipitation ( ! vap\r ( ! air ^u a cold] body4 ,y c see t any day = y\rself by br++ a glass ( v cold wat] into a w>m room2 ! out] surface ( ! glass is dimm$ at once by ! moi/ure f ! air4 ,m4 ,picket 0 puzzl$ :5 he saw t a !rmomet]1 susp5d$ five feet above ! gr\nd1 m>k$ a l[] temp]ature on cle> nights ?an "o susp5d$ at ! height ( sev5ty-five feet2 because x 0 always suppos$ t ! cold ( ev5+ desc5d$ f above4 ,aga9 he 0 puzzl$ :5 he obs]v$ t a buri$ !rmomet] read high] ?an "o on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,until rec5tly ! greate/ au?ority on dew 0 ,dr4 ,wells1 :o c>efully conv]g$ all ! rays ( sci5tific light ^u ! subject4 ,he came to ! conclusion t dew 0 cond5s$ out ( ! air4 ,b ! discov]y ( ! true !ory 0 left to ,dr4 ,john ,aitk51 ,f4,r4,s41 a di/+ui%$ obs]v] & a practical physici/1 ( :om ,scotl& has reason to be pr\d4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago he made ! discov]y1 & x is n[ accept$ by all sci5tific m5 on ! ,cont95t z well z 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:at fir/ caus$ him to d\bt ,dr4 ,wells' !ory1 s univ]sally accept$1 t dew is =m$ ( vap\r exi/+ at ! "t 9 ! air1 & to suppose t dew is mo/ly =m$ ( vap\r ris+ f ! gr\nd1 0 ! result ( "s obs]vations made 9 summ] on ! temp]ature ( ! soil at a small dep? "u ! surface1 & ( ! air ov] x1 aft] sunset & at night4 ,he 0 /ruck ) ! unv>y+ fact t ! gr\nd1 a little bel[ ! surface1 0 w>m] ?an ! air ov] x4 ,by plac+ a !rmomet] among /ems bel[ ! surface1 he f\nd t x regi/]$ #ah deg4 ,fahr4 high] ?an "o on ! surface4 ,s long1 !n1 z ! surface ( ! gr\nd is above ! dew-po9t 7i4e4 ! temp]ature :5 dew beg9s to be =m$71 vap\r mu/ rise f ! gr\nd2 ?is moi/ air w m+le ) ! air :i* x ent]s1 & its moi/ure w be cond5s$ & =m dew1 :5ev] x comes 9 contact ) a surface cool$ bel[ ! dew-po9t4 ,y c v]ify ?is by simple exp]im5ts4 ,take a ?91 %all[1 metal tray1 pa9t$ black1 & place x ov] ! gr\nd aft] sunset4 ,on dewy nights ! inside ( ! tray is dew$1 & ! grass inside is wett] ?an t outside4 ,on "s nights !re is no dew outside ! tray1 & on all nights ! deposit on ! inn] is heavi] ?an t on ! outside4 ,if wool is us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 we are rem9d$ ( "o ( ! =ms ( ! dew+ ( ,gideon's fleece--! fleece 0 b$ew$ :5 all outside 0 dry4 ,y !re=e naturally & rightly come to ! conclusion t f> m vap\r rises out ( ! gr\nd dur+ ! night ?an cond5ses z dew on ! grass1 & t ?is vap\r f ! gr\nd is trapp$ by ! tray4 ,mu* ( ! ris+ vap\r is g5]ally c>ri$ away by ! pass+ w9d1 h[ev] g5tle2 h5ce we h x cond5s$ z dew on ! ro(s ( h\ses1 & o!r places1 :]e y w\ld ?9k t x _h fall5 f above4 ,! vap\r ris+ "u ! tray is n dilut$ by ! mixture ) ! dri] air :i* is occasion$ by ! pass+ w9d2 !re=e1 ?\gh only cool$ to ! same ext5t z ! air outside1 x yields a heavi] deposit ( dew4 ,if y place ! tray on b>e gr\nd1 y w f9d on a dewy night t ! inside ( ! tray is q wet4 ,on a dewy night y w obs]ve t ! "u "p ( ! gravel ( ! road is dripp+ wet :5 ! top is dry4 ,y w f9d1 too1 t ar\nd pieces ( iron & old implem5ts 9 ! field1 !re is a v m>k$ increase ( grass1 ow+ to ! deposit ( moi/ure on ^! articles--moi/ure :i* has be5 cond5s$ by ! cold metal f ! vap\r-*>g$ air1 :i* has ris5 f ! gr\nd on dewy nights4 ,b all d\bt ^u ?is important matt] is remov$ by a mo/ successful exp]im5t ) a f9e balance1 :i* weighs to a qu>t] ( a gra94 ,if vap\r rises f ! gr\nd = any l5g? ( "t dur+ dewy nights1 ! soil :i* gives (f ! vap\r mu/ lose weight4 ,to te/ ?is1 cut f ! lawn a piece ( turf six in*es squ>e & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,place ?is 9 a %all[ pan1 & c>efully note ! weight ( bo? turf & pan ) ! s5sitive balance4 ,to prev5t loss by evaporation1 ! weigh+ %\ld be done 9 an op5 %$4 ,!n place ! pan & turf at sunset 9 ! op5 cut4 ,five h\rs aft]w>ds remove & weigh !m1 & x w be f\nd t ! turf has lo/ a "p ( its weight4 ,! vap\r :i* rose f ! gr\nd dur+ ! =mation ( ! dew acc\nts = ! diff]5ce ( weight4 ,?is weigh+-te/ w also succe$ on b>e gr\nd4 ,:5 deal+ ) ho>-fro/1 :i* is j froz5 dew1 we %all f9d visible evid5ce ( ! ris+ ( dew f ! gr\nd4 ,y "k ! beautiful song1 ,annie ,laurie1 :i* beg9s )-- ,maxwelton's braes are bonnie1 ,:]e e>ly fa's ! dew-- well1 y c no long] say t ! dew falls1 = x rises f ! gr\nd4 ,! song1 h[ev]1 w be sung z sweetly z ev]2 = ! _s ( true poetry defies ! cold lett] ( sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,true ,,& ,,false ,,dew ,ev] s9ce m5 c\ld obs]ve & ?9k1 !y h admir$ ! diamond globules sp>kl+ 9 ! ris+ sun4 ,^! dew-drops 7 consid]$ to be %$ f ! bosom ( ! morn into ! bloom+ fl[]s & ri* grass-leaves4 ,ballant9e's beautiful song ( ,provid5tial c>e tells u t ,ilka blade o' grass keps x's a9 drap o' dew4 ,b1 alas6 we h to bid good-bye to ! appellation dew-drop4 ,:at 0 popul>ly & poetically call$ dew is n dew at all4 ,!n :at is x8 ,on :at we h be5 accu/om$ to call a dewy night1 aft] ! brilliant summ] sun has set1 & ! />s beg9 to peep out ( ! almo/ cl\dless sky1 let u take a look at ! produce ( our vegetable g>d54 ,on ! broccoli are f\nd gli/5+ drops2 b on ! peas1 gr[+ next !m1 we f9d no?+4 ,a clos] exam9ation %[s u t ! moi/ure on ! plants is n arrang$ z w\ld be expect$ f ! ord9>y laws ( radiation & cond5sation4 ,!re is no g5]ally filmy appe>ance ov] ! leaves2 ! moi/ure is collect$ 9 little drops plac$ at %ort di/ances ap>t1 along ! edges ( ! leaves all r\nd4 ,n[ place a light$ lant]n bel[ "o ( ! blades ( ! broccoli1 & a revelation w be made4 ,! brilliant diamond-drops t fr+e ! edge ( ! blade are all plac$ at ! po9ts :]e ! ne>ly col\rless ve9s ( ! blade come to ! out] edge4 ,! drops are n dew at all1 b ! exudation ( ! heal?y plant1 :i* has be5 convey$ up ^! ve9s by /rong root-pressure4 ,! fact is t ! root acts z a k9d ( =ce-pump1 & keeps up a con/ant pressure inside ! tissues ( ! plant4 ,"o ( ! simple/ exp]im5ts sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,aitk5 is to lift a s+le grass-plant1 ) a clod ( moi/ e>? atta*$ to x1 & place x on a plate ) an inv]t$ tumbl] ov] x4 ,9 ab\t an h\r1 drops w beg9 to exude1 & ! tip ( ne>ly e blade w be f\nd to be /udd$ ) a diamond-l drop4 ,next sub/itute wat]-pressure4 ,remove a blade ( broccoli & connect x by means ( an india-rubb] tube ) a head ( wat] ( ab\t =ty in*es4 ,place a glass receiv] ov] x1 s z to *eck evaporation1 & leave x = an h\r4 ,! plant w be f\nd to h excret$ wat] freely1 "s p>ts ( ! leaves be+ q wet1 :ile drops are collect$ at ! places :]e !y appe>$ at night4 ,if ! wat] press$ into ! leaf is col\r$ ) anil9e blue1 ! drops :5 !y fir/ appe> are col\rless2 b be=e !y gr[ to any size1 ! blue appe>s1 %[+ t little wat] 0 held 9 ! ve9s4 ,! :ole leaf soon gets col\r$ ( a f9e deep blue-gre51 l t se5 :5 vegetation is rank2 ?is %[s t ! inject$ liquid has p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! :ole leaf4 ,aga91 ! surfaces ( ! leaves ( ^! drop-exud+ plants nev] seem to be wett$ by ! wat]4 ,x is because ( ! rejection ( wat] by ! leaf-surface t ! exud$ moi/ure f ! ve9s rema9s z a drop4 ,^! obs]vations & exp]im5ts e/abli% ! fact t ! drops :i* fir/ make _! appe>ance on grass on dewy nights are n dew-drops at all1 b ! exud$ wat]y juices ( ! plants4 ,if n[ we look at dead leaves we %all f9d a diff]5ce ( =mation ( ! moi/ure on a dewy night3 ! moi/ure is spread equally ov]1 :]e equally expos$4 ,! moi/ure exud$ by ! heal?y grass is always f\nd at a po9t situat$ ne> ! tip ( ! blade1 =m+ a drop ( "s size2 b ! true dew collects lat] on ev5ly all ov] ! blade4 ,! false dew =ms a l>ge gli/5+ diamond-drop1 :]eas ! true dew coats ! blade ) a f9e pe>ly lu/re4 ,brilliant globules are produc$ by ! vital action ( ! plant1 especially beautiful :5 ! deep-r$ sett+ sun makes !m gli/51 all a-tremble1 ) gold light2 :ile an inf9ite numb] ( m9ute b %9+ opal-l p>ticles ( moi/ure b$ecks ! blade-surfaces1 9 ! =m ( ! g5tle dew-- ,l t :i* kept ! he>t ( ,ed5 gre5 ,be=e ! useful tr\ble ( ! ra94 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ho>-,,fro/ ,all 9 ?is c\ntry are famili> ) ! beauty ( ho>-fro/4 ,! *ildr5 are delight$ ) ! funny figures on ! glass ( ! b$room w9d[ on a cold w9t] morn+4 ,fro/ is a wond]ful arti/2 dur+ ! night he has be5 dipp+ 8 bru% into some?+ l dilut$ s*i/1 & lay+ x gracefully on ! smoo? panes4 ,&1 z y walk ov] ! mead[s1 y obs]ve ! ?9 :ite films ( ice on ! gre5 pa/ure2 & ! cle>1 sl5d] blades seem l cry/al spe>s1 or ! la%es ( light t trim ! />s4 ,y all "k :at ho>-fro/ is1 ?\gh mo/ 9 ! c\ntry give x ! expressive "n ( rime4 ,b y are n all aw>e ( h[ x is =m$4 ,ho>-fro/ is j froz5 dew4 ,9 a le>n$ pap]1 writt5 9 #aghd1 ,pr(essor ,wilson ( ,glasg[ made ?is significant rem>k3 ,?is is a subject :i*1 besides its entire novelty1 seems1 ^u o!r acc\nts1 to h a claim to "s att5tion4 ,he obs]v$1 9 t exceptionally cold w9t]1 t1 :5 %eets ( pap] & plates ( metal 7 laid out1 all began to attract ho>-fro/ z soon z !y _h "t to cool d[n to ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,he 0 /ruck ) ! fact t1 :ile ! !rmomet] indicat$ #cf degrees ( fro/ a few feet above ! gr\nd & #dd degrees ( fro/ at ! surface ( ! sn[1 !re 7 only #h degrees ( fro/ at a po9t #c in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! sn[4 ,if he _h only ?\ght ( plac+ ! !rmomet] on ! grass1 "u ! sn[1 he w\ld h f\nd x to regi/] ! freez+-po9t only4 ,& _h he ins]t$ ! in/rum5t bel[ ! gr\nd1 he w\ld h f\nd x regi/]+ a /ill high] temp]ature4 ,t fact w\ld h sugge/$ to him ! =mation ( ho>-fro/2 t ! wat]-vap\r f ! w>m soil 0 trapp$ by a cold /ratum ( air & froz5 :5 9 ! =m ( dew4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 )\t app>atus1 :i* y c make is 9 connection ) ! =mation ( ho>-fro/1 :5 !re is no sn[ on ! gr\nd1 9 v cold wea!r4 ,if x has be5 a bright1 cle>1 sunny day 9 ,janu>y1 ! effect c be bett] obs]v$4 ,look ov] ! g>d51 grass1 & walks on ! morn+ aft] ! int5se cold ( ! night2 big plane-tree leaves may be f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! place4 ,y see little or no ho>-fro/ on ! upp] surface ( ! leaves4 ,b turn up ! surface next ! e>?1 or ! road1 or ! grass1 & :at d y see8 ,y h only to h&le ! leaf 9 ?is way to be brightly a/oni%$4 ,a ?ick :ite coat+ ( ho>-fro/1 z ?ick z a lay] ( sn[1 is on ! "u surface4 ,if a numb] ( leaves h be5 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r1 !re w be no coat+ ( ho>-fro/ "u ! top leaves2 b :5 y rea* ! l[e/ lay]1 next ! b>e gr\nd1 y w f9d ! ho>-fro/ on ! "u surface ( ! leaves4 ,n[ t is positive pro( t ! ho>-fro/ has n fall5 f ! air1 b has ris5 f ! e>?4 ,! sun's heat on ! previ\s day w>m$ ! e>?4 ,?is heat ! e>? reta9$ till ev5+4 ,z ! air *ill$1 ! wat]-vap\r f ! w>m] e>? rose f its surface1 & 0 arre/$ by ! cold surface ( ! leaves4 ,s cold 0 t surface t x froze ! wat]-vap\r :5 ris+ f ! e>?1 & =m$ ho>-fro/ 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,:5 ?is happ5s lat] on 9 ! season1 "o may be almo/ sure ( hav+ ra9 9 ! =5oon4 ,z ho>-fro/ is j froz5 dew1 ,i c ev5 m surely conv9ce y ( ! =mation ( ho>-fro/ z ris+ f ! gr\nd by obs]vations made by me at my manse 9 ,/ra?more1 9 ,june #ahib4 ,i m5tion ?is p>ticul>ly because !n 0 ! mo/ fav\rable te/+-"t t has ev] occurr$ dur+ meteorological obs]vations4 ,june #i? 0 ! w>me/ ,june day 7) "o exception7 = tw5ty ye>s4 ,! !rmomet] rea*$ #hc deg4 ,fahr4 9 ! %ade4 ,next day 0 ! colde/ ,june day 7) "o exception7 = tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ! !rmomet] 0 z l[ z #ea deg4 9 ! %ade4 ,b dur+ ! night my !rmomet] on ! grass regi/]$ #cb deg4--! freez+ po9t4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! sultry day ,i exam9$ ! soil at #aj o'clock4 ,x 0 damp1 & ! grass r\nd x 0 filmy moi/4 ,! leaves ( ! trees 7 crackl+ dry1 & all above 0 void ( moi/ure4 ,! air became gradually *illy2 & z gradually ! moi/ure rose 9 height on ! %rubs & l[] bran*es ( small trees4 ,! moon %one bright1 & ! />s %[$ _! cle>1 *illy eyes4 ,! soil soon became q wet1 ! l[ grass 0 dripp+ ) moi/ure1 & ! long] grass 0 becom+ dew$4 ,?is gave ! be/ natural evid5ce ( ! ris+ ( ! dew t ,i ev] witness$4 ,b ev]y?+ 0 fav\rable = ! obs]vation--! cold air incumb5t on ! ris+1 w>m1 moi/ vap\r f ! soil fix+ ! dew-po9t1 :5 ! project+ blades seiz$ ! moi/ure gre$ily & =m$ dew4 ,_h ! temp]ature be5 a little bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 ho>-fro/ w\ld h be5 beautifully =m$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,fog ,to _m no?+ is m tr\blesome ?an a d5se fog 9 a l>ge t[n4 ,x p>alyses traffic1 x is dang]\s to p$e/rians1 x enc\rages !ft1 x *okes ! a/hmatic1 & *ills ! weak-lung$4 ,9 ! c\ntry x is disagreeable en\gh2 b nev] s int5sely raw & d5se z 9 ! city4 ,on ! sea1 too1 ! fog is disagreeable & fraught ) dang]4 ,! fog-horn is he>d1 9 its deep1 sombre note1 f ! ligh?\se t[]1 :5 ! /rong artificial light is almo/ useless4 ,b a peculi> s5se ( /agnation possesses ! dwell] ( ! l>ge t[n1 :5 envelop$ 9 a d5se fog4 ,sometimes dur+ ! day1 ?r\gh a ?9n] portion1 ! sun w be dimly se5 9 copp] hue1 l ! moon "u an eclipse4 ,! smoke-impregnat$ mass assumes a peculi> pea-s\p col\r4 ,n[1 :at is ?is fog8 ,h[ is x =m$8 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t fogs are dep5d5t ^u du/ = _! =mation4 ,)\t du/ !re c\ld be no fogs1 !re w\ld be only dew on ! grass & road4 ,in/ead ( ! du/-impregnat$ air t irritates ! h\sekeep]1 !re w\ld be ! con/ant dripp+ ( moi/ure on ! walls1 :i* w\ld annoy h] m4 ,ocul> demon/ration c te/ify to ?is4 ,if two clos$ glass receiv]s be plac$ beside ea* o!r1 ! "o conta9+ ord9>y air1 & ! o!r filt]$ air 7i4e4 air depriv$ ( its du/ by be+ driv5 ?r\gh cotton wool71 & if jets ( /eam be successively introduc$ into ^!1 a /range effect is notic$4 ,9 ! vessel conta9+ common air ! /eam w be se5 ris+ 9 a d5se cl\d2 !n a beautiful :ite foggy cl\d w be =m$1 s d5se t x _c be se5 ?r\gh4 ,b 9 ! vessel conta9+ ! filt]$ air1 ! /eam is n se5 at all2 !re is n ! slighte/ appe>ance ( cl\d9ess4 ,9 ! "o case1 :]e !re 0 ! ord9>y atmosph]ic du/1 fog at once appe>$2 9 ! o!r case1 :]e !re 0 no du/ 9 susp5sion1 ! air rema9$ cle> & de/itute ( fog4 ,invisible du/1 !n1 is necess>y 9 ! air = ! =mation ( fogs4 ,! reason ( ?is is t a free-surface mu/ exi/ = ! cond5sation ( ! vap\r-p>ticles4 ,! f9e p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! air act z free-surfaces1 on :i* ! fog is =m$4 ,:]e !re is abundance ( du/ 9 ! air & little wat]-vap\r pres5t1 !re is an ov]-proportion ( du/-p>ticles2 & ! fog-p>ticles are1 9 consequ5ce1 closely pack$1 b light 9 =m & small 9 size1 & take ! light] appe>ance ( fog4 ,accord+ly1 if ! du/ is increas$ 9 ! air1 !re is a proportionate increase ( fog4 ,e fog-p>ticle1 !n1 has embosom$ 9 x an invisible du/-p>ticle4 ,b :5ce comes ! du/8 ,f _m s\rces4 ,x is organic & inorganic4 ,s v f9e is ! inorganic du/ 9 ! atmosph]e t1 if ! two-?\s&? "p ( a gra9 ( f9e iron be heat$1 & ! du/ be driv5 (f & c>ri$ into a glass receiv] ( filt]$ air1 ! introduction ( a jet ( /eam into t receiv] w\ld at once occasion an appreciable cl\d9ess4 ,?is is :y fogs are s preval5t 9 l>ge t[ns4 ,next ! m9ute br9e-p>ticles1 driv5 into ! air z fog =ms above ! ocean surface1 are ! burnt sulphur-p>ticles emanat+ f ! *imneys 9 t[ns4 ,! brilliant flame1 z well z ! smoky flame1 is a fog-produc]4 ,if gas is burnt 9 filt]$ air1 int5se fog is produc$ :5 wat]-vap\r is introduc$4 ,products ( combu/ion f a cle> fire & f a smoky "o produce equal fogg+4 ,! fogs t d5sely fill our l>ge t[ns are g5]ally less be>able ?an ^? t veil ! hills & ov]hang ! riv]s4 ,x is ! sulphur1 h[ev]1 f ! consum$ coals1 :i* is ! active produc] ( ! fogs ( a l>ge t[n4 ,! burnt sulphur cond5ses 9 ! air to v f9e p>ticles1 & ! quantity ( burnt sulphur is enorm\s4 ,no less ?an sev5 & a half millions ( tons ( coals are consum$ 9 ,london4 ,n[1 ! av]age am\nt ( sulphur 9 ,engli% coal is "o & a qu>t] p] c5t4 ,t w\ld give no less ?an #ic1gej tons ( sulphur burn$ e ye> 9 ,london fires4 ,n[1 if we reckon t on an av]age twice ! quantity ( coals is consum$ !re on a w9t] day t is consum$ on a summ] day1 no less ?an #cdg tons ( ! products ( combu/ion 79 extremely f9e p>ticles7 are driv5 into ! sup]9cumb5t air ( ,london e w9t] day4 ,?is is an enorm\s quantity1 q suffici5t to acc\nt = ! d5sity ( ! fogs 9 t city4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,numb]+ ,,( ,,! ,,du/ ,if ! %utt]s be all b clos$ 9 a room1 :5 ! sun is %9+ 91 myriads ( float+ p>ticles c be se5 gli/5+ 9 ! /ream ( light4 ,_! numb] seems inexhau/ible4 ,accord+ to ,milton1 ! follies ( life are-- ,?ick & numb]less1 ,z ! gay motes t p ! sunbeams4 ,c ^!1 !n1 be c\nt$8 ,yes1 ,dr4 ,aitk5 has numb]$ ! du/ ( ! air4 ,i %all nev] =get my rapt a/oni%m5t ! day ,i fir/ numb]$ ! du/ 9 ! lecture-room ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ) 8 in/rum5t & "u 8 direction4 ,?is wond]fully +5i\s in/rum5t 0 devis$ on ?is pr9ciple1 t e fog-p>ticle has entomb$ 9 x an invisible du/-p>ticle4 ,a def9ite small quantity ( common air is dilut$ ) a fix$ l>ge quantity ( du/less air 7i4e4 air t has be5 filt]$ ?r\gh cotton-wool74 ,! mixture is all[$ to be saturat$ ) wat]-vap\r4 ,!n ! few p>ticles ( du/ seize ! moi/ure1 become visible 9 f9e drops1 fall on a divid$ plate1 & are !re c\nt$ by means ( a magnify+ glass4 ,t is ! secret6 ,i %all n[ give y a g5]al idea ( ! app>atus4 ,into a common glass flask ( c>afe %ape1 & flat-bottom$1 ( #cj cubic in*es capacity1 are pass$ two small tubes1 at ! end ( "o ( :i* is atta*$ a small squ>e silv] table1 #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,a little wat] hav+ be5 ins]t$1 ! flask is inv]t$1 & ! table is plac$ exactly #a in* f ! inv]t$ bottom1 s t ! cont5ts ( air "r above ! table are #a cubic in*4 ,?is obs]v+ table is divid$ into #ajj equal squ>es1 & is highly poli%$1 ) ! burni%+ all 9 "o direction1 s t dur+ ! obs]vations x appe>s d>k1 :5 ! f9e mi/-p>ticles gli/5 opal-l ) ! reflect$ light 9 ord] t !y may be m easily c\nt$4 ,! tube to :i* ! silv] table is atta*$ is connect$ ) two /op-cocks1 "o ( :i* c admit a small measur$ portion ( ! air to be exam9$4 ,! o!r tube 9 ! flask is connect$ ) an air-pump ( #aj cubic in*es capacity4 ,ov] ! flask is plac$ a cov]+1 col\r$ black 9 ! inside4 ,9 ! top ( ?is cov] is ins]t$ a p[]ful magnify+ glass1 ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticles on ! silv] table c be easily c\nt$4 ,a little to ! side ( ?is magnifi] is an op5+ 9 ! cov]1 ?r\gh :i* light is conc5trat$ on ! table4 ,to p]=m ! exp]im5t1 ! air 9 ! flask is exhau/$ by ! air-pump4 ,! flask is !n fill$ ) filt]$ air4 ,"o-t5? ( a cubic in* ( ! air to be exam9$ is !n introduc$ into ! flask1 & mix$ ) ! #cj cubic in*es ( du/less air4 ,aft] "o /roke ( ! air-pump1 ?is mix$ air is made to occupy an additional space ( #aj cubic in*es2 & ?is r>efy+ ( ! air s *ills x t cond5sation ( ! wat]-vap\r takes place on ! du/-p>ticles4 ,! obs]v]1 look+ ?r\gh ! magnify+-glass ^u ! silv] table1 sees ! mi/-p>ticles fall l an opal %[] on ! table4 ,he c\nts ! numb] on a s+le squ>e 9 two or ?ree places1 /rik+ an av]age 9 8 m9d4 ,suppose ! av]age numb] ^u a s+le squ>e 7 five1 !n on ! :ole table !re w\ld be #ejj2 & ^! #ejj p>ticles ( du/ are ^? :i* float$ invisibly 9 ! cubic in* ( mix$ air "r above ! table4 ,b1 z !re are #dj cubic in*es ( mix$ air 9 ! flask & b>rel1 ! numb] ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! :ole is #bj1jjj4 ,t is1 !re are #bj1jjj du/-p>ticles 9 ! same quantity ( common air 7"o-t5? ( a cubic in*7 :i* 0 introduc$ = exam9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 a cubic in* ( ! air conta9$ #bjj1jjj du/-p>ticles--ne>ly a qu>t] ( a million4 ,! day ,i us$ ! in/rum5t we c\nt$ #d1jjj1jjj ( du/-p>ticles 9 a cubic in* ( ! air outside ( ! room1 due to ! quantity ( smoke f ! pass+ tra9s4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 has c\nt$ 9 #a cubic in* ( air imm$iately above a ,buns5 flame ! fabul\s numb] ( #dhi1jjj1jjj ( du/-p>ticles4 ,a small in/rum5t has be5 con/ruct$ :i* c br+ ab\t results suffici5tly accurate = ord9>y purposes4 ,x is s con/ruct$ t1 :5 ! diff]5t p>ts are unscrew$1 !y fit into a case #d-a_/b in*es by #b-a_/b by #a-a_/d deep--ab\t ! size ( an ord9>y cig>-case4 ,aft] kn[+ ?is1 we are apt to wond] :y our lungs d n get clogg$ up ) ! enorm\s numb] ( du/-p>ticles4 ,9 ord9>y brea?+1 #cj cubic in*es ( air pass 9 & out at e brea?1 & adults brea! ab\t fifte5 times e m9ute4 ,b ! w>m lung-surface repels ! cold] du/-p>ticles1 & ! cont9u\s evaporation ( moi/ure f ! surface ( ! air-tubes prev5ts ! du/ f alight+ or cl++ to ! surface at all4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,du/ ,,& ,,atmosph]ic ,,ph5om5a ,dr4 ,aitk5 has devot$ a va/ am\nt ( att5tion to ! enum]ation ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! air1 on ! ,cont95t z well z 9 ,scotl&1 to det]m9e ! effects ( _! v>iation 9 numb]4 ,on 8 fir/ visit to ,hy]es1 9 #ahij1 he c\nt$ ) ! in/rum5t #ab1jjj du/-p>ticles 9 a cubic in* ( ! air3 :]eas 9 ! foll[+ ye> he c\nt$ #bej1jjj4 ,he obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :]e !re 0 lea/ du/1 ! air 0 v cle>2 :]eas ) ! maximum ( du/1 !re 0 a v ?ick haze4 ,at ,m5tone1 ! correspond+ numb] 0 #ac1jjj1 :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ f ! m\nta9s2 b increas$ to #dcj1jjj1 :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ f ! popul\s t[n4 ,on 8 fir/ visit to ! ,rigi ,kulm1 9 ,switz]l&1 ! air 0 rem>kably cle> & brilliant1 & ! correspond+ numb] nev] exce$$ #cc1jjj2 b1 on 8 second visit1 he c\nt$ no less ?an #aff1jjj4 ,?is 0 acc\nt$ = by a ?ick haze1 :i* r5d]$ ! l[] ,alps sc>cely visible4 ,! upp] limit ( ! haze 0 well def9$2 & ?\gh ! sky 0 cl\dless1 ! sun look$ l a h>ve/ moon1 & requir$ no eagle's eye to keep fix$ on x4 ,next day !re 0 a viol5t ?und]-/orm4 ,at #f ,p4,m4 ! /orm comm5c$1 & #fj1jjj du/-p>ticles to ! cubic in* ( air 7 regi/]$2 b 9 ! middle ( ! /orm he c\nt$ only #ac1jjj4 ,!re 0 a heavy fall ( hail at ?is "t1 & he acc\nts = ! dim9ution ( du/-p>ticles by ! d[n-ru% ( pur] upp] air1 :i* displac$ ! contam9at$ l[] air4 ,at ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne !re 0 an exceptional dim9ution ( ! numb] 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r1 viz4 f #aga1jjj to #bh1jjj 9 a cubic in*4 ,on look+ ab\t1 he f\nd t ! direction ( ! w9d _h *ang$1 br++ d[n ! pur] upp] air to ! place ( obs]vation4 ,! b5d+ d[nw>ds ( ! trees by ! /rong w9d %[$ t x 0 com+ f ! upp] air4 ,return+ to ,scotl&1 he cont9u$ 8 obs]vations at ,b5 ,nevis & at ,k+airlo*1 opposite ,app91 ,mr4 ,rank9 us+ ! in/rum5t at ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,^! obs]vations %[$ 9 g5]al t on ! m\nta9 s\!rly1 s\?-ea/]ly1 & ea/]ly w9ds 7 m impregnat$ ) du/-p>ticles1 sometimes conta9+ #acc1jjj p] cubic in*4 ,nor!rly w9ds br\ght pure air4 ,! obs]vations at sea-level %[$ a c]ta9 p>allelism to ^? on ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,) a nor?-we/]ly w9d ! du/-p>ticles rea*$ ! l[ numb] ( #cjj p] cubic in*1 ! l[e/ record$ at any l[-level /ation4 ,! g5]al d$uctions :i* he made f 8 num]\s obs]vations dur+ ^! two ye>s are t 7#a7 air com+ f inhabit$ di/ricts is always impure2 7#b7 du/ is c>ri$ by ! w9d to enorm\s di/ances2 7#c7 du/ rises to ! tops ( m\nta9s dur+ ! day2 7#d7 ) mu* du/ !re is mu* haze2 7#e7 high humidity causes great ?ickness ( ! atmosph]e1 if accompani$ by a great am\nt ( du/1 :]eas !re is no evid5ce t humidity alone has any effect 9 produc+ ?ickness2 7#f7 & !re is g5]ally a high am\nt ( du/ ) high temp]ature1 & a l[ am\nt ( du/ ) l[ temp]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,fog-,,c\nt] ,next to ! enum]ation ( ! du/-p>ticles 9 ! atmosph]e is ! m>vell\s accuracy ( c\nt+ ! numb] ( p>ticles 9 a fog4 ,! same +5i\s inv5tor has con/ruct$ a fog-c\nt] = ! purpose2 & ! numb] ( fog-p>ticles 9 a cubic in* c be asc]ta9$4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a glass micromet] divid$ into squ>es ( a kn[n size1 & a /rong microscope = obs]v+ ! drops on ! /age4 ,! space betwe5 ! micromet] & ! microscope is op51 s t ! air passes freely ov] ! /age2 & ! drops t fall on its surface are easily se54 ,^! drops are v small2 _m ( !m :5 spread on ! glass are no m ?an ! five-hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 obs]v+ ^! drops1 ! att5tion requires to be conf9$ to a limit$ area ( ! /age1 z _m ( ! drops rapidly evaporate1 "s almo/ z soon z !y t\* ! glass1 :il/ ! l>ge ones rema9 a few seconds4 ,9 "o set ( ,dr4 ,aitk5's obs]vations1 9 ,febru>y #ahia1 ! fog 0 s ?ick t objects beyond a hundr$ y>ds 7 q invisible4 ,! numb] ( drops fall+ p] second v>i$ greatly f "t to "t4 ,! greate/ numb] 0 #cbc drops p] squ>e in* 9 "o second4 ,! high numb] nev] la/$ = long1 & 9 ! int]vals ! numb] fell z l[ z #cb1 or to "o-t5?4 ,if we knew ! size ( ^! drops1 we might be able to calculate ! velocity ( _! fall1 & f t obta9 ! numb] 9 a cubic in*4 ,an +5i\s addition is put to ! in/rum5t 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ?is directly4 ,x is con/ruct$ s z to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( p>ticles t fall f a kn[n height4 ,"u a l[-p[] microscope1 & conc5tric ) x1 is m\nt$ a tube #b in*es long & #a-a_/b in* 9 diamet]1 ) a bottom & a cov]1 :i* are fix$ to an axis p>allel ) ! axis ( ! tube1 s t1 by turn+ a h&le1 ^! c be slid sideways1 clos+ or op5+ ! tube at bo? ends :5 requir$4 ,9 ! top is a small op5+1 correspond+ to ! l5s ( ! microscope1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottom is plac$ ! obs]v+-/age illum9$ by a spot-mirror4 ,! h&le is turn$1 & ! ends are op5 to admit ! foggy air4 ,! h&le is quickly rev]s$1 & ! ends are clos$1 enabl+ ! obs]v] to c\nt on ! /age all ! fog-p>ticles 9 ! two in*es ( air ov] x4 ,! numb] ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! air :i* become c5tres ( cond5sation dep5ds on ! rate at :i* ! cond5sation is tak+ place4 ,! mo/ rec5t obs]vations %[ t quick cond5sation causes a l>ge numb] ( p>ticles to become active1 :]eas sl[ cond5sation causes a small numb]4 ,aft] ! cond5sation has ceas$1 a process ( diff]5tiation takes place1 ! l>g] p>ticles robb+ ! small] ones ( _! moi/ure1 ow+ to ! vap\r-pressure at ! surface ( ! drops ( l>ge curvature be+ less ?an at ! surface ( drops ( small] curvature4 ,by ?is process ! p>ticles 9 a cl\d are r$uc$ 9 numb]2 ! rema9+ ones1 becom+ l>g]1 fall quick]4 ,! cl\d ?us becomes ?9n] = a "t4 ,a /rong w9d1 sudd5ly aris+1 w cause ! cl\d-p>ticles to be rapidly =m$3 ^! w be v num]\s1 b v small--s small t !y are j visible ) great c>e "u a /rong magnify+ l5s us$ 9 ! in/rum5t4 ,b 9 sl[ly =m$ cl\ds ! p>ticles are l>g]1 & !re=e m easily visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,?\gh ! p>ticles 9 a fog are slightly f9]1 ! numb] is ab\t ! same z 9 a cl\d--t is1 g5]ally4 ,z cl\ds v>y 9 d5sity1 ! numb] ( p>ticles v>ies4 ,sometimes 9 a cl\d "o _c see f>!r ?an #cj y>ds2 :]eas 9 a few m9utes x cle>s up a little1 s t we c see #ajj y>ds4 ,( c\rse1 ! d5s] ! cl\d ! great] ! numb] ( wat]-p>ticles fall+ on ! calculat+-/age ( ! in/rum5t4 ,v heavy falls ( cl\d-p>ticles seldom la/ m ?an a few seconds1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #cbe on ! squ>e in* p] second1 ! maximum rea*+ to #abij4 ,?is is ab\t f\r times ! numb] c\nt$ 9 a fog4 ,yet ! p>ticles are s v small t !y evaporate in/antly :5 !y rea* a slight increase ( temp]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,=mation ,,( ,,cl\ds ,9 our ord9>y atmosph]e !re c be no cl\ds )\t du/4 ,a du/-p>ticle is ! nucleus t at a c]ta9 humidity becomes ! c5tre ( cond5sation ( ! wat]-vap\r s z to =m a cl\d-p>ticle2 & a collection ( ^! =ms a cl\d4 ,?is cond5sation ( vap\r r\nd a numb] ( du/-p>ticles 9 visible =m gives rise to a va/ v>iety ( cl\d-%apes4 ,!re are two di/9ct ways 9 :i* ! =mation ( cl\ds g5]ally takes place4 ,ei!r a lay] ( air is cool$ 9 a body bel[ ! dew-po9t2 or a mass ( w>m & moi/ air rises into a mass :i* is cold & dry4 ,! fir/ =ms a cl\d1 call$1 f be+ a lay]1 /ratus2 ! second =ms a cl\d1 call$1 f its heap appe>ance1 cumulus4 ,! fir/ is widely ext5d$ & horizontal1 av]ag+ #ahjj feet 9 height2 ! second is convex or conical1 l ! head ( a %eaf1 increas+ upw>d f a level base1 av]ag+ f #dejj feet to #fjjj feet 9 height4 ,!re are endless comb9ations ( ^! two2 b at ! height ( #bg1jjj feet1 :]e ! cl\d-p>ticles are froz51 ! /ructure ( ! cl\d is f9]1 l m>es' tails1 receiv+ ! "n cirrus4 ,:5 ! cirrus & cumulus are comb9$1 9 well-def9$ r\ndi% masses1 :at is famili>ly describ$ z a mack]el sky is beautifully pres5t$4 ,! d>k mass ( cl\d1 call$ nimbus1 is ! ?reat5+ ra9-cl\d1 ab\t #dejj feet 9 height4 ,at ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,conf]5ce at ,muni*1 9 #ahib1 twelve v>ieties ( cl\ds 7 classifi$1 b ^? nam$ above are ! pr9cipal4 ,9 a beautiful sunset "o c sometimes notice two or ?ree di/ances ( cl\ds1 ! sun %$d+ its gold light on ! full front ( "o set1 & only fr++ ) vivid light ! ne>] range4 ,al?\gh no man has wr\ght s h>d z ,dr4 ,aitk5 to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t cl\ds are ma9ly due to ! exi/5ce ( du/-p>ticles :i* attract moi/ure on c]ta9 conditions1 yet ev5 tw5ty ye>s ago he said t x 0 probable t sun%9e might cause ! =mation ( nuclei & all[ cl\dy cond5sation to take place :]e !re 0 no du/4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! sun gives rise to a great increase 9 ! numb] ( nuclei4 ,accord+ly1 he has c>efully te/$ a few ( ! ord9>y con/itu5ts & impurities 9 our atmosph]e to see if sun%9e act$ on !m 9 su* a way z to make !m probable =m]s ( cl\d-p>ticles4 ,he te/$ v>i\s gases1 ) m or less success4 ,he f\nd t ord9>y air1 aft] be+ depriv$ ( its du/-p>ticles & expos$ to sun%9e1 does n %[ any cl\dy cond5sation on expansion2 b1 :5 c]ta9 gases are 9 ! du/less air1 a v diff]5t result is obta9$4 ,he fir/ us$ ammonia1 putt+ "o drop into six cubic in*es ( wat] 9 a flask1 & sunn+ ?is = "o m9ute2 ! result 0 a consid]able quantity ( cond5sation1 ev5 ) su* a weak solution4 ,:5 ! flask 0 expos$ = five m9utes1 ! cond5sation by ! action ( ! sun%9e 0 made m d5se4 ,hydrog5 p]oxide 0 te/$ 9 ! same way1 & x 0 f\nd to be a p[]ful g5]ator ( nuclei4 ,curi\s is x t sulphur\s acid is puzzl+ to ! exp]im5tali/ = cl\d =mation4 ,x gives rise to cond5sation 9 ! d>k2 b sun%9e v conclusively increases ! cond5sation4 ,*lor9e causes cond5sation to take place )\t sup]saturation2 sulphurett$ hydrog5 7:i* "o always associates ) ! smell ( rott5 eggs7 gives d5se cond5sation aft] be+ expos$ to sun%9e4 ,?\gh ! mo/ ( ^! nuclei1 due to ! action ( sun%9e 9 ! gases1 rema9 active = cl\dy cond5sation = a comp>atively %ort space ( "t--fifte5 m9utes to half-an-h\r--yet ! exp]im5ts %[ t x is possible = ! cl\dy cond5sation to take place 9 c]ta9 circum/ances 9 ! abs5ce ( du/4 ,?is seems p>adoxical 9 ! light ( ! =m] beautiful exp]im5ts2 b1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 du/ is ne$$ = ! =mation ( cl\ds4 ,h[ev]1 suppos+ !re is any "p ( ! upp] air free f du/1 x is n[ f\nd possible1 :5 any ( ^! gases exp]im5t$ on be pres5t1 = ! sun to conv]t !m into nuclei ( cond5sation1 & p]mit ( cl\ds be+ =m$ 9 du/less air1 miles above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! l[] atmosph]e !re are always pl5ty ( du/-p>ticles to =m cl\dy cond5sation1 :e!r ! sun %9es or n4 ,^! are produc$ by ! wa/e f ! millions ( meteors t daily fall into ! air4 ,b 9 ! high] atmosph]e1 cl\ds c be =m$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays on c]ta9 gases4 ,?is is a great boon to u on ! e>?2 = x assures u ( cl\ds be+ ev] exi/+ to def5d u f ! sun's extra-p[]ful rays1 ev5 :5 our atmosph]e is fairly cle>4 ,?is is surely ( "s meteorological importance4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,decay ,,( ,,cl\ds ,f ! e>lie/ ages cl\ds h attract$ ! att5tion ( obs]v]s4 ,v>i$ are _! =ms & col\rs1 yet 9 our atmosph]e !re is "o law 9 _! =mation4 ,cl\d-p>ticles are =m$ by ! cond5sation ( wat]-vap\r on ! du/-p>ticles invisibly float+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 up to ?\s&s--& ev5 millions--9 ! cubic in* ( air4 ,b obs]v]s h n direct$ _! att5tion s mu* to ! decay ( cl\ds--9 fact1 ! subject is q new4 ,& yet h[ sugge/ive is ! subject6 ,! process ( decay 9 cl\ds takes place 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a c>eful obs]v] may witness ! gradual wa/+ away & dilution into ?9 air ( ev5 great /ret*es ( cl\d1 :5 circum/ances are fav\rable4 ,9 ,may #ahif my att5tion 0 p>ticul>ly drawn to ?is at my manse 9 ,/ra?more4 ,9 ! middle ( t exceptionally sultry mon?1 ,i 0 arre/$ by a rem>kable trans=mation sc5e4 ,x 0 ! hotte/ ,may = sev5ty-two ye>s1 & ! drie/ = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! :ole p>*$ e>? 0 ?ir/+ = ra94 ,all ! morn+ my eyes 7 turn$ to ! cl\ds 9 ! hope t ! mu*-desir$ %[] %\ld fall4 ,till t5 o'clock ! sun 0 n se51 & !re 0 no blue 9 ! sky4 ,nor 0 !re any haze or fog4 ,b sudd5ly ! sun %one ?r\gh a ?9n] portion ( ! envelop+ cl\ds1 &1 to ! nor?1 ! sky began to op54 ,z if by "s magic spell !re 01 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 m blue to be se5 ?an cl\ds4 ,at ! same "t1 ne> ! horizon1 a haze 0 =m+1 gradually becom+ d5s] z "t wore on4 ,9 an h\r ! :ole cl\ds 7 gone1 & ! glori\s orb ( day dispell$ ! moi/ure to its ?9-air =m4 ,?is 0 a po9t$ & rapid illu/ration ( ! decay f cl\d-=m to haze1 & !n to ! pure vap\ry sky4 ,x 0 an in/ance ( ! rev]se process4 ,z ! sun cle>$ ?r\gh1 ! temp]ature 9 ! cl\d-l& rose & evaporation took place on ! surface ( ! cl\d-p>ticles1 until by an untraceable1 b /ill a gradual process ?r\gh fog1 ! haze 0 =m$4 ,ev5 !n ! heat 0 too great = a def9ite haze1 & ! wat]-vap\r return$ to ! air1 leav+ ! du/-p>ticles 9 invisible susp5sion4 ,b cl\ds decay 9 ano!r way4 ,?is ,i w illu/rate 9 ! next *apt] on ,x always ra9s4 ,:at /rikes a close obs]v] is ! diff]5ce ( /ructure 9 cl\ds :i* are 9 ! process ( =mation & ^? :i* are 9 ! process ( decay4 ,9 ! =m] ! wat]-p>ticles are mu* small] & f> m num]\s ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,:ile ! p>ticles 9 cl\ds 9 decay are l>ge en\gh to be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 :5 !y fall on a prop]ly light$ measur+ table1 !y are s small 9 cl\ds 9 rapid =mation t ! p>ticles _c be se5 )\t ! aid ( a /rong magnify+ glass4 ,obs]v]s h assum$ t ! :ole explanation ( ! fanta/ic %apes tak5 by cl\ds is f\nd$ on ! process ( =mation2 b ,dr4 ,aitk5 has po9t$ out t ripple-m>k$ cl\ds1 = in/ance1 h be5 cl\ds ( decay4 ,:5 :at is call$ a cirro-/ratus cl\d--mack]el-l aga9/ ! blue sky--is c>efully obs]v$ 9 f9e wea!r1 x w be f\nd t x frequ5tly *anges ! ripple-m>k$ cirrus 9 ! process ( decay to vani%+4 ,:]e ! cl\d is ?9 en\gh to be brok5 ?r\gh by ! cle> air t is drawn 9 betwe5 ! eddies1 ! ripple m>k+s get ne>] & ne>] ! c5tre1 z ! cl\d decays4 ,&1 at la/1 :5 ne>ly dissolv$1 ^! m>k+s are ext5d$ q across ! cl\d4 ,:e!r1 !n1 we consid] ! cases ( cl\ds gradually melt+ away back into _! orig9al /ate ( blue wat]-vap\r1 or ! con/ant f9e ra9+ f cl\ds & re-=mation by evaporation1 or ! trans=mation ( su* cl\ds z ! cirro-/ratus into ! ripple-m>k$ cirrus1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t 9 cl\ds !re is n always developm5t1 b sometimes deg5]ation2 n always =mation1 b sometimes decay4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,x ,,always ,,ra9s ,all are famili> ) ! answ] giv5 by ! native ( ,skye to ! irate t\ri/ on t isl&1 :o1 = ! six? day dr5*$1 ask$ ! "q3 ,does x always ra9 "h8 ,na6 answ]$ ! workman1 )\t at all und]/&+ ! joke2 feiles x snaas 7sometimes x sn[s74 ,yet1 /range to say1 ! t\ri/'s "q has be5 answ]$ 9 ! affirmative 9 e place :]e a cl\d is ov]head1 visible or invisible4 ,:5ev] a cl\d is =m$1 x beg9s to ra92 & ! drops %[] d[n 9 imm5se numb]s1 ?\gh mo/ m9ute 9 size--! playful fancies ( ! mighty sky4 ,no d\bt x is only 9 c]ta9 circum/ances t ^! drops are attract$ toge!r s z to =m l>ge drops1 :i* fall to ! e>? 9 g5ial %[]s to refre% ! ?ir/y soil1 or 9 a t]rible deluge to cause great de/ruction4 ,b :5 ! temp]ature & pressure are n suitable = ! =mation ( :at we commonly "k z ! ra91 ! f9e drops fall into ! air "u ! cl\d1 :]e !y imm$iately evaporate f _! du/ free-surfaces1 if ! air is dry & w>m4 ,?is is1 9 o!r words1 ! decay ( cl\ds4 ,x is a curi\s fact t objects 9 a fog may n be wett$1 :5 ! numb] ( wat]-p>ticles is great4 ,x seems t ^! wat]-p>ticles all evaporate s quickly t ev5 "o's h& or face is n s5sible ( be+ wett$4 ,! p>ticles are m9utely small2 & !y may evaporate ev5 be=e rea*+ ! w>m sk91 by reason ( ! heat$ air ov] ! sk94 ,!re is a peculi>ly w>m s5sation 9 ! c5tre ( a cumulus cl\d1 especially :5 x is n d5se4 ,a gl[ ( heat seems to radiate f all po9ts4 ,yet ! face & h&s are q dry1 & expos$ objects are n wett$2 b x is really always ra9+4 ,t is a curi\s discov]y4 ,x is radiant heat t is ! cause ( ! rem>kable result4 ,! rays ( ! sun1 :i* /rike ! upp] "p ( ! cl\d1 n only heat t surface b also p5etrate ! cl\d & fall on ! surface ( bodies )91 g5]at+ heat !re4 ,^! heat$ surfaces aga9 radiate heat into ! air atta*$ to !m4 ,?is w>m air receives ! f9e ra9drops 9 ! cl\d1 & dissolves ! moi/ure f ! du/-p>ticles be=e ! moi/ure c rea* ! surfaces expos$4 ,t a va/ am\nt ( radiant heat ru%es ?r\gh a cl\d is cle>ly %[n by expos+ a !rmomet] ) black bulb 9 vacuo4 ,on "s occasions1 a !rmomet] w\ld indicate f #dj deg4 to #ej deg4 above ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ?us prov+ ! surface to be q dry4 ,^! obs]vations h be5 corroborat$ on ,m\nt ,pilatus1 ne> ,luc]ne--#ajjj feet high] & m isolat$ ?an ! ,rigi4 ,! summit 0 q envelop$ 9 cl\d1 &1 ?\gh "o might naturally conclude t ! air 0 d5se ) moi/ure1 yet ! wood5 seats1 walls1 & all expos$ surfaces 7 q dry4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 ! !rmomet]s hung up got wet rapidly1 & ! p9s driv5 into ! wood5 po/ to support !m rapidly became moi/4 ,a !rmomet] ly+ on a wood5 seat /ood at #fj deg41 :ile "o hung up read only #dh deg4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 caus$ by radiant heat4 ,x is well kn[n t1 :5 bodies are expos$ to radiant heat1 !y are heat$ 9 proportion to _! size2 ! small]1 !n1 may be moi/1 :5 ! l>g] are dry by radiation4 ,! effect ( ! sun's p5etrat+ heat ?r\gh ! cl\d is to heat expos$ objects above ! temp]ature ( ! air2 & if ! objects are ( any size !y are consid]ably heat$1 & reta9 _! heat m1 :ile at ! same "t ar\nd !m is a lay] ( w>m air :i* is q suffici5t to =ce ! wat]-vap\r to leave ! du/-p>ticles 9 ! f9e ra94 ,h5ce seats1 walls1 po/s1 c41 are q dry1 ?\gh !y are 9 ! middle ( a cl\d4 ,!y are l>ge en\gh to ?r[ (f ! moi/ure by ! reta9$ heat1 or by ! l>ge am\nt ( surr\nd+ heat2 :]eas1 small bodies1 :i* are n heat$ to ! same degree & _c !re=e reta9 _! heat s easily1 h n heat-p[] suffici5t to )/& ! moi/ure1 & !y become wett$4 ,h5ce1 by ! radiant heat1 ! l>ge expos$ objects are dry 9 ! cl\d2 :]eas small objects are damp1 &1 9 "s cases1 dripp+ ) wet4 ,! fact is1 !n1 t :5ev] a cl\d ov]hangs1 ra9 is fall+1 ?\gh x may n rea* ! e>? on acc\nt ( ! dryness ( ! /ratum ( air bel[ ! cl\d1 & ! heat ( ! air ov] ! e>?4 ,s t on a summ] day1 ) ! gold-fr+$1 fleecy cl\ds sail+ ov]head1 x is really ra9+2 b ! drops1 be+ v small1 evaporate long be=e rea*+ ! e>?4 ,z ,ariel s+s at ! end ( ,! ,tempe/ ( ,%akespe>e1 ,! ra91 x ra9e? e day4 ,x ra9s1 b mu* ( ! melt+ ( ! cl\ds is reproduc$ by a wond]ful circul>ity--! moi/ure evaporat+1 seiz+ o!r du/-p>ticles1 =m+ cl\d-p>ticles1 fall+ aga91 & s on ad inf9itum1 dur+ ! exi/+ circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,haze ,:at is haze8 ,! diction>y says1 a fog4 ,well1 haze is n a fog4 ,9 a fog1 ! du/-p>ticles 9 ! air h be5 fully clo!d ) wat]-vap\r2 9 a haze1 ! process ( cond5sation has be5 arre/$4 ,cl\dy cond5sation is *ang$ to haze by ! r$uction ( its humidity4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 inv5t$ a simple app>atus = te/+ ! cond5s+ p[] ( du/1 & obs]v+ if wat]-vap\r cond5s$ on ! deposit$ du/ 9 unsaturat$ air4 ,! du/ f ! air has fir/ to be collect$4 ,?is is done by plac+ a glass plate v]tically1 & 9 close contact ) "o ( ! panes ( glass 9 ! w9d[1 by means ( a little india-rubb] solution4 ,! plate be+ ?us r5d]$ cold] ?an ! air 9 ! room1 ! du/ is deposit$ on x4 ,con/ruct a rectangul> box1 ) a squ>e bottom1 #a-a_/b in*es a side & #c_/d in* deep1 & op5 at ! top4 ,cov] ! top edge ( ! box ) a ?ickness ( india-rubb]4 ,place ! du/y plate--a squ>e glass mirror1 #d in*es a side--on ! top ( ! india-rubb]1 & hold x d[n by spr+ cat*es1 s z to make ! box wat]-tight4 ,! box has be5 provid$ ) two pipes1 "o = tak+ 9 wat] & ! o!r = tak+ away ! ov]fl[1 ) ! bulb ( a !rmomet] 9 ! c5tre4 ,clean ! du/ c>efully (f "o half ( ! mirror1 s t "o half ( ! glass cov]+ ! box is clean & ! o!r half du/y4 ,p\r cold wat] ?r\gh ! pipe into ! box1 s z to l[] ! temp]ature ( ! mirror1 & c>efully obs]ve :5 cond5sation beg9s on ! clean "p & on ! du/y "p1 tak+ a note ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature4 ,! cond5sation ( ! wat]-vap\r w appe> on ! du/-p>ticles be=e com+ d[n to ! natural dew-po9t temp]ature ( ! clean glass4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two temp]atures indicates ! temp]ature above ! dew-po9t at :i* ! du/ has cond5s$ ! wat]-vap\r4 ,magnesia du/ has small aff9ity = wat]-vap\r2 accord+ly1 x cond5ses at almo/ exactly ! same temp]ature z ! glass4 ,b gunp[d] has great cond5s+ p[]4 ,all h notic$ t ! smoke f explod$ gunp[d] is f> m d5se 9 damp ?an 9 dry wea!r4 ,9 ! exp]im5t x w be f\nd t ! du/ f gunp[d] smoke beg9s to %[ signs ( cond5s+ ! vap\r at a temp]ature ( #i deg4 ,fahr4 above ! dew-po9t4 ,9 ! case ( sodium du/1 ! vap\r is cond5s$ f ! air at a temp]ature ( #cj deg4 above ! dew-po9t4 ,du/ collect$ 9 a smok+-room %[s a decid$ly great] cond5s+ p[] ?an t f ! out] air4 ,we c n[ und]/& :y ! glass 9 picture frames & o!r places sometimes appe>s damp :5 ! air is n saturat$4 ,:5 9 w9t] ! w9d[s are n (t5 clean$1 a damp deposit may be frequ5tly se5 on ! glass4 ,any "o c try ! exp]im5t4 ,clean "o half ( a du/y pane ( glass 9 cold wea!r1 & ! clean "p w rema9 undew$ & cle>1 :ile ! du/y "p is damp to ! eye & greasy to ! t\*4 ,^! obs]vations indicate t moi/ure is deposit$ on ! du/-p>ticles f air1 :i* is n saturat$1 & t ! cond5sation takes place :ile ! air is comp>atively dry1 be=e ! temp]ature is l[]$ to ! dew-po9t4 ,!re is1 !n1 no def9ite dem>cation betwe5 :at seems to u cle> air & ?ick haze4 ,! cle>e/ air has "s haze1 &1 z ! humidity increases1 ! ?ickness ( ! air increases4 ,9 all haze ! temp]ature is above ! dew-po9t4 ,! du/-p>ticles h only cond5s$ a v small am\nt ( ! moi/ure s z to =m haze1 be=e ! full] cond5sation takes place at ! dew-po9t4 ,at ! ,italian lakes1 on _m occasions :5 ! air is damp & /ill1 e /age ( cond5sation may be obs]v$ 9 close proximity1 n sep>at$ by a h>d & fa/ l9e1 b :5 no "o c\ld det]m9e :]e ! cle> air end$ & ! cl\d began4 ,sometimes 9 ! sky ov]head a gradual *ange c be obs]v$ f p]fect cle>ness to ?ick air1 & !n ! cl\d4 ,a ?ick haze may be occasion$ by an increas$ numb] ( du/-p>ticles ) little moi/ure1 or ( a dim9i%$ numb] ( du/-p>ticles ) mu* moi/ure1 above ! po9t ( saturation4 ,! haze is cle>$ by ?is temp]ature ris+1 s z to all[ ! moi/ure to evaporate f ! du/-p>ticles4 ,:5ev] ! air is dry & hazy1 mu* du/ is f\nd 9 x2 z ! du/ decreases ! haze also decreases4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,aitk51 at ,k+airlo*1 9 "o ( ! cle>e/ di/ricts ( ,argyle%ire1 on a cle> ,july aft]noon1 c\nt$ #djjj du/-p>ticles 9 a cubic in* ( ! air2 :]eas1 two days be=e1 9 ?ick haze1 he c\nt$ no few] ?an #fd1jjj 9 ! cubic in*4 ,at ,dumfries ! numb] c\nt$ on a v hazy day 9 ,octob] increas$ tw5ty-fold ov] ! numb] c\nt$ ! day be=e1 :5 x 0 cle>4 ,all "k t ?ick haze is usual 9 v sultry wea!r4 ,! wavy1 w-o'-!-wisp ripples ne> ! horizon indicate its pres5ce v pla9ly4 ,dur+ ! int5se heat !re is g5]ally mu* du/ 9 ! atmosph]e2 ?is du/1 by ! high temp]ature1 attracts moi/ure f ! app>5tly dry air1 ?\gh above ! saturation po9t4 ,9 all circum/ances1 !n1 ! haze c be acc\nt$ = by ! cond5s+ p[] ( ! du/-p>ticles 9 ! atmosph]e1 at a high] temp]ature ?an t requir$ = ! =mation ( fogs1 or mi/s1 or ra94 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,haz+ ,,effects ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,du/ ,! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e is v mu* de/roy$ by ! impurities communicat$ to x :ile pass+ ov] ! inhabit$ areas ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 devot$ eighte5 mon?s to comp>e ! am\nt ( du/y impurities 9 diff]5t masses ( air1 or ( diff]5t airs br\ght 9 by w9ds f diff]5t directions4 ,he took ,falkirk = 8 c5tre ( obs]vations4 ,?is t[n lies a little to ! nor? ( a l9e drawn betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[1 & is ne>ly midway betwe5 !m4 ,if we draw a l9e due we/ f x1 & ano!r due nor?1 we f9d t1 9 ! nor?-we/ quadrant s enclos$1 ! population ( t "p ( ,scotl& is extremely ?91 ! c\ntry ov] t area be+ *iefly m\nta9\s4 ,9 all o!r directions1 ! conditions are q diff]5t4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ quadrant are ! fairly well-populat$ areas ( ,ab]de5%ire1 ,=f>%ire1 & ! ?ickly populat$ c\nty ( ,fife4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ quadrant are situat$ ,ed9burgh & ! well-populat$ di/ricts ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,scotl&4 ,& 9 ! s\?-we/ quadrant are ,glasg[ & ! l>ge manufactur+ t[ns :i* surr\nd x4 ,! w9ds f ?ree ( ^! quadrants br+ air pollut$ 9 its passage ov] populat$ areas1 :]eas ! w9ds f ! nor?-we/ come comp>atively pure4 ,! g5]al plan ( e/imat+ ! am\nt ( haze is to note ! mo/ di/ant hill t c be se5 ?r\gh ! haze4 ,! di/ance 9 miles ( ! f>!/ away hill visible is !n call$ ! limit ( visibility ( ! air at ! "t4 ,= ! obs]vations made at ,falkirk1 only ?ree hills are available1 "o ab\t f\r miles di/ant1 ! ,o*ils ab\t fifte5 miles di/ant1 & ,b5 ,l$i ab\t tw5ty-five miles di/ant--all 9 ! nor?-we/ quadrant4 ,:5 ! air is ?ick1 only ! ne> hill c be se52 !n ! ,o*ils become visible z ! air cle>s2 & at la/ ,b5 ,l$i is se51 :5 ! haze becomes /ill less4 ,aft] ,b5 ,l$i is visible1 x !n becomes necess>y to e/imate ! am\nt ( haze on x1 9 ord] to get ! limit ( visibility ( ! air at ! "t4 ,?us1 if ,b5 ,l$i be half-haz$1 !n ! limit ( visibility w be fifty miles4 ,9 ?is way all ! e/imates ( haze h be5 r$uc$ to "o scale = comp>ison4 ,z ! result ( all ! obs]vations x 0 f\nd t1 z ! dryness ( ! air increases1 ! limit ( visibility also increases4 ,a v m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! air 0 f\nd ) w9ds f ! diff]5t directions4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ quadrant ! w9ds made ! air v cle>1 :]eas w9ds f all o!r directions made ! air v mu* haz$4 ,! w9ds 9 ! o!r ?ree areas are ne>ly t5 times m haz$ ?an ^? f ! nor?-we/ quadrant4 ,t is v /rik+4 ,! conclusion come to is t ! air f d5sely inhabit$ di/ricts is s pollut$ t x is fully n9e times m haz$ ?an ! air t comes f ! ?9ly inhabit$ di/ricts2 9 o!r words1 ! atmosph]e at ,falkirk is ab\t t5 times ?ick] :5 ! w9d is ea/ or s\? ?an x w\ld be if !re 7 no fires & no inhabitants4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! limit v>ies consid]ably = ! same w9d at ! same humidity4 ,?is is :at might h be5 expect$1 because f ! obs]vations made by ! du/-c\nt] ! numb] ( p>ticles v>i$ greatly 9 w9ds f ! same directions1 b at diff]5t times4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! rise & fall ( ! w9d1 *anges 9 ! /ate ( trade1 season ( ! ye>1 & o!r causes4 ,dur+ a /rike1 ! de>? ( coal w make a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! air ( l>ge t[ns4 ,) a nor? w9d1 ! extreme limits ( visibility are #abj to #bjj miles2 & ) a nor?-we/ w9d1 f #gj to #bej miles4 ,an ea/ w9d has z limits #d to #ej miles1 & a s\?-ea/ w9d #b to #fj miles4 ,"o int]e/+ fact to be notic$1 aft] wad+ ?r\gh ^! tables1 is ?is--t1 z a g5]al result1 ! transp>5cy ( ! air increases ab\t #c4g times = any increase 9 dryness f #b deg4 to #h deg4 ( wet-bulb depression4 ,t is1 ! cle>ness ( ! air is inv]sely proportional to ! relative humidity2 or1 put ano!r way1 if ! air is f\r times dri] x is ab\t f\r times cle>]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,?und] ,,cle>s ,,! ,,air ,! phrase ?und] cle>s ! air is famili> to all4 ,x conta9s a v vital tru?1 yet ev5 sci5tific m5 did n "k its full mean+ until j ! o!r day4 ,x came by exp]i5ce to p :o _h be5 = ages obs]v+ ! wea!r2 & x is "o ( ! mo/ po9t$ ( ! wea!r-lore expressions4 ,folks got to "k1 by a sort ( rule-(-?umb1 tru?s :i* sci5tifically !y 7 unable to le>n4 ,& ?is is "o4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 we %\ld respect a little m :at is call$ folk-lore1 or ord9>y p's say+s4 ,exp]i5ce has taught m5 _m wond]ful ?+s4 ,9 old5 times !y 7 ke5] natural obs]v]s4 ,!y _h few books1 b !y _h pl5ty ( "t4 ,!y /udi$ ! habits ( animals & moods ( nature1 & !y came wond]fully ne> to rea*+ ! full tru?1 ?\gh !y c\ld n give a reason = x4 ,! awe-inspir+ 9 nature has especially rivet$ ! att5tion ( man4 ,& no appe>ance 9 nature jo9s m p[]fully ! elem5ts ( gr&eur & awe ?an a heavy ?und]-/orm4 ,:51 sudd5ly1 f ! brea/ ( a d>k ?und]-cl\d a brilliant fla% ( light d>ts zigzag to ! e>?1 foll[$ by a l\d crackl+ noise :i* s(t5s 9 ! di/ance into weak] volumes ( s\nd1 t]ror seizes ! birds ( ! air & ! cattle 9 ! field4 ,! man :o is born to rule ! /orm rejoices 9 ! p[]ful display2 b k+s h trembl$ at ! sight4 ,byron ?us pictures a /orm 9 ! ,alps3-- ,f> along ,f peak to peak1 ! rattl+ crags among ,leaps ! live ?und]6 ,n f "o lone cl\d1 ,b e m\nta9 n[ ha? f\nd a tongue1 ,& ,jura answ]s1 ?r\gh h] mi/y %r\d1 ,back to ! joy\s ,alps1 :o call to h] al\d6 ,frankl9 f\nd t lightn+ is j a k9d ( electricity4 ,no "o c tell h[ x is produc$2 yet a fla% has be5 photograph$4 ,:5 ! fla% is f "o cl\d to ano!r !re is %eet-lightn+1 :i* is beautiful b n dang]\s2 b1 :5 ! electricity passes f a cl\d to ! e>? 9 a =k$ =m1 x is v dang]\s inde$4 ,! fla% is in/antane\s1 b ! s\nd ( ! ?und] takes "s "t to travel4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! s\nd takes five seconds or six beats ( ! pulse to ! mile4 ,all are n[ taught at s*ool t x is ! oxyg5 9 ! air :i* is necess>y to keep u 9 life4 ,if mice are put into a glass j> ( pure oxyg5 gas1 !y w at once dance ) exhil>at+ joy4 ,x occurr$ to ,sir ,b5jam9 ,ri*>dson1 "s "t ago1 t x w\ld be int]e/+ to cont9ue "s exp]im5ts ) animals & oxyg54 ,he put a numb] ( mice into a j> ( pure oxyg5 = a "t2 !y brea!d 9 ! gas1 & brea!d out wat]-vap\r & c>bonic acid4 ,aft] ! mice _h cont9u$ ?is = "s "t1 he remov$ !m by an arrangem5t4 ,by *emical means he remov$ ! wat]-vap\r & c>bonic acid f ! mix$ air 9 ! vessel4 ,:5 a bl[n-out tap] 0 ins]t$1 x at once bur/ into flame1 %[+ t ! rema9+ gas 0 oxyg54 ,aga91 ! mice 7 put into ?is vessel to brea! away4 ,b1 /range to say1 ! animals soon became dr[sy2 ! sm>tness ( ! oxyg5 0 gone4 ,at la/ !y di$2 !re 0 no?+ 9 ! gas to keep !m 9 life2 yet1 by ! ord9>y *emical te/s1 x 0 /ill oxyg54 ,x _h repeat$ly pass$ ?r\gh ! lungs ( ! mice1 & dur+ ?is passage !re _h be5 an action 9 ! air-cells :i* absorb$ ! life-giv+ elem5t ( ! gas4 ,x is oxyg51 s f> z *emi/ry is conc]n$1 b x has no life-giv+ p[]4 ,x has be5 devitalis$4 ,b ! />tl+ discov]y /ill rema9s4 ,sir ,b5jam9 _h previ\sly fitt$ up ! vessel ) two %ort wires1 opposite ea* o!r 9 ! sides--"p outside & "p inside4 ,two wires are fa/5$ to ! outside knobs4 ,^! wires are atta*$ to an electric ma*9e1 & a fla% ( electricity is made to pass betwe5 ! inn] po9ts ( ! vessel4 ,! wires are aga9 remov$2 no?+ /range is se5 9 ! vessel4 ,b1 :5 liv+ mice are put into ! vessel1 !y dance z joyfully z if pure oxyg5 7 9 x4 ,! oxyg5 9 :i* ! fir/ mice di$ has n[ be5 q refre%$ by ! electricity4 ,! bad air has be5 cle>$ & made life-support+ by ! electric dis*>ge4 ,x has be5 aga9 vitalis$4 ,n[1 to apply ?is3 be=e a ?und]-/orm1 ev]y?+ has be5 s /ill = days t ! oxyg5 9 ! air has be5 to "s ext5t robb$ ( its life-su/a9+ p[]4 ,! air feels close1 a feel+ ( dr[s9ess comes ov] all4 ,b1 aft] ! air has be5 pi]c$ by sev]al fla%es ( lightn+1 ! life-=ce 9 ! air is re/or$4 ,y\r spirits revive2 y feel re/or$2 y\r brea?+ is f> fre]2 y\r dr[s9ess is gone4 ,!n !re is a bur/ ( heav5ly music f ! exhil>at$ birds4 ,?us a ?und]-/orm cle>s ! air4 ,aft] ! passage ( lightn+ ?r\gh ! air ozone is produc$--! gas t is produc$ aft] a fla% ( electricity4 ,x is a k9d ( oxyg51 ) f9e excit+ effects on ! body4 ,if1 !n1 ! life-su/a9+ p[] ( oxyg5 dep5ds on a trace ( ozone1 & ?is is be+ made by lightn+'s "w1 h[ pleas$ %\ld we be at ! occasional ?und]-/orm6 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,disease-,,g]ms ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,! gay motes t dance 9 ! sunbeams are n all h>mless4 ,all are annoy+ to ! tidy h\sekeep]2 b "s are dang]\s4 ,!re are liv+ p>ticles t float 9 ! air z ! mess5g]s ( disease & dea?4 ,"s1 fall+ on fre% w\nds1 f9d !re a suitable fe$+-place2 &1 if n de/roy$1 g5]ate ! deadly influ5ce4 ,o!rs are drawn 9 ) ! brea?2 &1 unless ! lungs c )/& !m1 !y seize hold & spread "s sickness or disease4 ,f /agnant pools1 common sew]s1 & fil?y rooms1 disease-g]ms are con/antly contam9at+ ! air4 ,yet ^! c be c\nt$4 ,! simple/ me?od is t ( ,pr(essor ,frankl&4 ,x dep5ds on ?is pr9ciple3 a c]ta9 quantity ( air is drawn ?r\gh "s cotton-wool2 ?is wool seizes ! organisms z ! air passes ?r\gh2 ^! organisms are aft]w>ds all[$ to fe$ ^u a suitable nutritive m$ium until !y rea* maturity2 !y are !n c\nt$ easily4 ,ab\t an in* f ea* end ( a glass tube 7#e in*es long & #a in* bore71 ! glass is press$ 9 dur+ ! process ( bl[+4 ,"s cotton-wool is squeez$ 9 to =m a plug at ! f>!r con/rict$ "p ( ! glass4 ,! important plug is n[ ins]t$ at ! same op5 end1 b is n all[$ to g beyond ! con/rict$ "p at its end4 ,a piece ( long lead tub+ is atta*$ to ! =m] end by an india-rubb] tube4 ,! o!r end ( ! lead tub+ is connect$ ) an exhau/+ syr+e4 ,sixty /rokes ( ! #ah cubic in*es syr+e w draw #ajhj cubic in*es ( ! air to be exam9$ ?r\gh ! plugs1 ! fir/ reta9+ ! organisms4 ,! impregnat$ plug is !n put into a flask conta9+ 9 solution "s gelat9e-peptone4 ,! flask is made to revolve horizontally until an almo/ p]fectly ev5 film ( gelat9e & ! organisms f ! brok5-up plug cov] its inn] surface4 ,! flask is all[$ to rema9 = an h\r 9 a cool place1 & is !n plac$ "u a bell-j>1 at a temp]ature ( #gj deg4 ,fahr4 ,!re x rema9s1 to all[ ! g]ms to incubate1 = f\r or five days4 ,! surface ( ! flask hav+ be5 previ\sly divid$ into equal p>ts by ink l9es1 ! c\nt+ is n[ comm5c$4 ,if ! av]age be tak5 = ea* segm5t1 ! numb] ( ! :ole is easily asc]ta9$4 ,a simple ari?metical calculation !n det]m9es ! numb] ( organisms 9 a cubic foot1 s9ce ! numb] is kn[n = ! #ajhj cubic in*es4 ,t is ! process = det]m9+ ! numb] ( liv+ organisms 9 a fix$ quantity ( air4 ,no less ?an ?irty colonies ( organisms 7 c\nt$ 9 a cubic foot ( air tak5 f ! ,gold5 ,gall]y ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,london1 & #adj f ! air ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,an ord9>y man w\ld brea! !re ?irty-six micro-organisms e m9ute4 ,electricity has a p[]ful effect 9 de/roy+ ^! organisms4 ,ozone is g5]at$ 9 ! air by lightn+1 & x is detrim5tal to !m4 ,9 f9e ozon$ ,highl& air sc>cely a disease-g]m c be detect$4 ,op5 sea air conta9s ab\t "o g]m 9 two cubic feet4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 9 ,p>is ! av]age 9 summ] is ab\t #adj p] cubic foot ( air1 b 9 b$rooms ! numb] is d\ble4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day ! numb] ( g]ms is highe/ ab\t #f ,a4,m41 & l[e/ ab\t mid-day4 ,ra9drops c>ry ! g]ms to ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce ! advantage ( a ?und] pl\t 9 a sanit>y way4 ,a cubic foot ( ra9 has be5 f\nd to conta9 #eejj organic du/-g]ms1 besides #g1jjj1jjj1jjj ( inorganic du/-p>ticles4 ,9 a dirty t[n ! ra9 w br+ d[n 9 a ye>1 ^u a squ>e foot ( surface1 no less ?an #c1jjj1jjj ( bact]ia1 _m ( !m be+ disease-be>+ & dea?-be>+4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t sci5tific m5 are us+ e endeav\r to protect ! human frame1 z well z ! frame ( ! l[] animals1 f ! baneful inroads ( ^! float+ nuclei ( disease & dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,a ,,*ange ,,( ,,air ,= weakness ( body & fatigue ( m9d a v common & ess5tially s]viceable recomm5dation is a *ange ( air4 ,( c\rse1 ! *ange ( sc5e f coa/ to c\ntry1 or f t[n to hillside1 may help mu* ! depress$ 9 body or m9d2 & ?is is v comm5dable4 ,b1 /range to say1 !re is a heal+ virtue 9 brea?+ diff]5t air4 ,at fir/ "o is apt to ?9k t air is ! same all ov]1 z he ?9ks wat] is--especially outside smoky t[ns2 b bo? h v>i$ qualities 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,y h only to be assur$ t 9 a cubic in* ( b$room air 9 ! d5s] p>ts ( a l>ge t[n !re are ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj ( du/-p>ticles1 & 9 ! op5 air ( a hea!ry m\nta9-side !re are only "s hundr$s1 to see t !re is some?+ aft] all on ! face ( x 9 ! old wives' saw4 ,n t ! du/-p>ticles are all injuri\s2 = mo/ ( !m are inorganic1 & _m ( ! organic p>ticles are q :olesome2 yet !re is a *ange wr\ght1 (t5 v m>k$1 9 go+ f "o place to ano!r = diff]5t air4 ,ev5 9 ! c\ntry1 especially 9 summ]-"t1 "o di/9ctly notices ! great diff]5ce 9 ! air ( l[l& & highl& localities4 ,! t5 miles *ange f ,/ra?more to ,gl5isla %[s a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! air4 ,bel[1 x is close1 weak5+1 en]vat+2 above1 x is exhil>at+1 invigorat+1 & /rong4 ,s p mu/ h a *ange--at lea/ ^? :o c af=d x--= heal? mu/ be se5 to fir/ ( all1 if "o has means to d s4 ,oh6 ! bless+ ( good heal?6 ,h[ _m :o enjoy x nev] ?9k ( ! mis]y ( its loss6 ,9 fact1 heal? is ! s\l t animates all enjoym5ts ( life2 = )\t x ^? w\ld soon be ta/eless4 ,a man />ves at ! be/-spread table1 & is poor 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ treasures )\t heal?4 ,9 ^! days half ( our diseases come f ! neglect ( ! body 9 ! ov]work ( ! bra94 ,! we> & te> ( lab\r & intellect g on )\t pause or self-pity4 ,m5 may live z long z _! =efa!rs1 b !y suff] m f a ?\s& artificial anxieties & c>es4 ,! m5 ( old fatigu$ only ! muscles1 we exhau/ ! f9] /r5g? ( ! n]ves4 ,ev5 m s n[1 !n1 d we require a *ange ( air to soo! our ov]wr\ght n]v\s sy/em4 ,& :5 t magic p[]1 conceal$ f mortal view1 works su* wond]s on ! heal?1 surely x is "o's duty to save up & h x1 :5 x is )9 "o's means4 ,= is n heal? ! greate/ ( all possessions8 ,:at a ri* col\r clo!s ! c\nt5ance ( ! "y aft] a mon?'s out+ 9 ! hill c\ntry6 ,h[ f9e & pure has ! blood become6 ,all /agnant hum\rs1 accumulat$ 9 w9t] t[n life1 h be5 dispell$ by ! ozone-bright5+ *>m4 ,! we>y look+ (fice or %op man is n[ transfigur$ into a sprightly y\? once m1 ready ) /rongly recup]at$ p[] = ano!r w9t]'s lab\rs4 ,! pale wife1 :o has be5 /ifl$ = mon?s 9 close-air$ rooms1 has n[ a heal?y flu% on h] becom+ c\nt5ance t speaks ( gladly re/or$ heal?4 ,& all ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t by a *ange ( air6 ,= a ?or\gh *ange to a t[n man1 he %\ld make = ! ,highl&s4 ,!re he is nev] tir$ ( walk+1 = ! air :i* he brea!s is full ( ozone4 ,?is revivify+ elem5t 9 ! air is produc$ by ! lightn+-bur/s f hill to hill4 ,!re is 9 ! ,highl&s a cont9ual ru% ( electricity1 :e!r se5 or n4 ,h5ce ! air is v pure1 free f organic g]ms1 int5sely exhil>at+ & buoyant4 ,sportsm5 are liv+ly aw>e ( ! recup]ative p[] ( ! ,highl& air4 ,p]haps ^! city m5 d n b5efit s mu* by ! easy walk+ ex]cise on ! gr\se moors z 9 brea?+ ! spl5didly delight-inspir+ air4 ,:at a *ange "o feels !re 9 a v few h\rs6 ,a *ange ( air is an old wives' adage4 ,b mu* ( ! wea!r-lore ( our =efa!rs 0 bas$ on real sci5tific pr9ciples only n[ com+ to light4 ,nature is ev] true1 b x requires pati5ce to unravel h] secrets4 ,we !re=e advocate an occasional *ange ( air to improve ! heal?-- ,! *iefe/ good1 ,be/['d by ,heav51 b seldom und]/ood4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,old ,,moon ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,moon',s ,,arms ,aft] ! sun's broad beams h tir$ ! sight1 ! moon ) m sob] light *>ms u to descry h] beauty1 z %e %9es sublimely 9 h] virg9 mode/y4 ,!re is always a mo/ fasc9at+ fre%ness 9 ! fir/ sight ( ! new moon4 ,! sup]/ition ( c5turies adds to ?is *>m4 ,:y boys & girls l to turn ov] a co9 9 _! pocket at ?is sight "o _c tell3 yet x is done4 ,no "y lady likes to look at ! new moon ?r\gh a pane ( glass4 ,& f>m]s are always confid5t ( a *ange ( wea!r ) a new moon3 at lea/ 9 bad wea!r !y e>ne/ly hope = x4 ,b1 bani%+ all sup]/ition1 we welcome ! pale silv] sickle 9 ! heav5s1 once m appe>+ f ! bosom ( ! azure4 ,& no language c equal ^! beautiful words ( ! y\?ful ,%elley3-- ,l ! "y moon1 ,:5 on ! sunlit limits ( ! night ,h] :ite %ell trembles amid crimson air1 ,& :ile ! sleep+ tempe/ ga!rs might1 ,do?1 z ! h]ald ( 8 com+1 be> ,! gho/ ( its dead "m1 ^: dim =m ,b5ds 9 d>k e!r f h] infant's *air4 ,t is a m *>m+ way ( putt+ ! ord9>y expression1 ! old moon 9 ! new moon's arms4 ,we are regul>ly accu/om$ to ! moon%9e1 b only occasionally is ! e>?%9e on ! moon s regulat$ t ! %ad[$ "p is visible4 ,?is is n se5 at ! appe>ance ( e new moon4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! positions ( ! sun & moon1 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! abs5ce ( heavy cl\ds4 ,i nev] 9 my life saw ! ph5om5on s m>vell\sly beautiful z on ,may #g?1 #ahid1 at my manse 9 ,/ra?more4 ,i took p>ticul> note ( x1 z "s exce$+ly curi\s ?+s 7 connect$ ) x4 ,at n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 ! new moon issu$ f "s cl\ds 9 ! we/]n heav5s1 ! sun hav+ set1 ab\t an h\r be=e4 ,! cresc5t 0 ?9 & silv]y1 & ! outl9e ( ! %ad[$ "p 0 j visible4 ,! sky ne> ! horizon 0 cle> & gre5i%-hu$4 ,z ! night advanc$ ! moon desc5d$1 & at t5 o'clock %e 0 approa*+ a purple /ratum ( cl\ds t /ret*$ ov] ! hills1 :ile ! position ( ! sun 0 only kn[n a little to ! ea/1 by ! back-?r[n light ^u ! dim sky4 ,?r\gh ! moi/ure-lad5 air ! sun's rays1 reflect$ by ! moon1 ?rew a gold5 /ream f ! cresc5t moon1 = ! silv]y %ell became m gold5-hu$4 ,! horns ( ! moon n[ seem$ to project1 & ! %ad[$ "p became m di/9ct1 ?\gh ! circle appe>$ small]4 ,by means ( a field-glass ,i notic$ t ?is 0 extra light$1 ) po9ts "h & !re q gold5-t+$4 ,! d>k] spots %[$ ! deep cav]ns2 ! bright] po9ts br\ght into relief ! m\nta9 peaks4 ,:y 0 ! surface bright] ?an usual8 ,i _c g into detail ab\t ! phases ( ! moon2 b1 9 a ^w1 ,i may say t1 :ile ! sun c illum9ate ! side ( ! moon turn$ t[>ds x1 x is unable to ?r[ any light on ! %ad[1 see+ t !re is no atmosph]e ar\nd ! moon to refract ! light4 ,if we1 9 imag9ation1 look$ f ! moon ^u ! e>?1 we %\ld see ! same phases z are n[ notic$ 9 ! moon2 & :5 x is j be=e new moon on ! e>?1 ! e>? w appe> fully illum9at$ f ! moon4 ,we w\ld also obs]ve 7f ! moon7 t ! brightness ( ! illum9at$ "p ( ! e>? w\ld v>y f "t to "t1 accord+ to ! *anges 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,m light w\ld be reflect$ to ! moon f ! cl\ds 9 our atmosph]e ?an f ! b>e e>? or cl\dless sea1 s9ce cl\ds reflect m light ?an ei!r l& or sea4 ,accord+ly1 we arrive at ?is curi\s fact--t ! extra brightness ( ! d>k body ( ! moon is ma9ly det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( cl\d 9 our atmosph]e4 ,accord+ly1 ,i conclud$ t !re mu/ be cl\ds to ! we/1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n see !m1 :i* reflect$ rays ( light & fa9tly illum9at$ ! %ad[$ "p ( ! moon4 ,x _h become mu* cold]1 & ,i conclud$ t dur+ ! night ! cl\d-p>ticles1 if driv5 ne> by ! w9d1 w\ld cond5se into ra94 ,&1 assur$ly1 next morn+ ,i 0 gratifi$ to f9d t ra9 _h fall5 9 l>ge quantities1 sub/antiat+ ! !ory4 ,!re is mu* pleasure 9 v]ify+ su* an int]e/+ problem4 ,! d>k body ( ! moon be+ m ?an usually visible is "o ( our well-kn[n & olde/ indications ( com+ bad wea!r4 ,& at once came to my memory ! l9es ( ,sir ,patrick ,sp5s1 z he =ebod$ ra9 = 8 cross+ ! ,nor? ,sea3-- ,i saw ! new moon late ye/re5 ,wi' ! auld moon 9 h] arm2 ,& if we gang to sea1 ma/]1 ,i fe> we'll come to h>m4 ,?is lun> indication1 !n1 has a s\nd physical basis1 %[+ t ne> ! obs]v] !re are va/ areas ( cl\ds1 :i* are reflect+ light ^u ! moon at ! "t1 be=e !y cond5se into ra9 by ! *ill+ ( ! air4 ,accord+ to ! old ,greek poet1 ,aratus3 ,if ! new moon is ruddy1 & y c trace ! %ad[ ( ! complete circle1 a /orm is approa*+4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,an ,,autumn ,,aft]gl[ ,a brilliant aft]gl[ is welcom$ = its surpass+ beauty & a precursor ( f9e fix$ wea!r4 ,a glori\s sunset has always _h a *>m = ! lov] ( nature's beauties4 ,! z5i? spreads its canopy ( sapphire1 & n a brea? creeps ?r\gh ! rosy air4 ,a magnific5t array ( cl\ds ( numb]less %apes come sm>tly into view4 ,"s1 f> (f1 are voyag+ _! sun-bright pa?s 9 silv]y folds2 o!rs float 9 gold5 gr\ps4 ,"s masses are embroid]$ ) burn+ crimson2 o!rs are l isl&s all lovely 9 an em]ald sea4 ,ov] ! gl[+ sky are spl5did col\r+s4 ,! flood ( rosy light looks z if a great conflagration 7 bel[ ! horizon4 ,i rememb] witness+ an especially brilliant sunset la/ autumn on ! high-road betwe5 ,kirriemuir & ,blairg[rie4 ,! sett+ sun %one ^u ! back ( c]ta9 long trail+ cl\ds :i* 7 mu* ne>] me ?an a range beh9d4 ,! fr+es ( ! front range 7 brilliantly gold51 :ile ! face ( ^? beh9d 0 sp>kl+ly bright4 ,!n ! sun disappe>$ ov] ! we/]n hills1 & 8 place 0 full ( spokes ( liv+ light4 ,look+ ea/w>d1 ,i obs]v$ on ! horizon ! base ( ! nor!rn l9e ( a beautiful ra9b[--! %eph]d's delight = f9e wea!r4 ,soon 9 ! we/ ! light fad$2 b !re came out ( ! ea/ a lovely flu%1 & ! g5]al sky 0 pres5tly flamboyant ) aft]gl[4 ,! front set ( cl\ds 0 d>k] except on ! edges1 ! r$ be+ on ! cl\ds beh9d2 & ! horizon 9 ! ea/ 0 p>ticul>ly ri* ) d>k r$ hues4 ,gradually ! ea/]n gl[ rose & r$d5$ all ! cl\ds1 b ! front cl\ds 7 /ill grey4 ,! effect 0 v f9e 9 contra/4 ,! fleecy cl\ds ov]head became transp>5tly light r$1 z !y /ret*$ ov] to rea* ! silv]-/reak$ we/4 ,! new moon 0 j appe>+ upright aga9/ a slightly less bright op5+ 9 ! sky1 betok5+ ! firm h>dness ( autumn4 ,soon ! col\r+ melt$ away1 & ! peaceful reign ( ! lat] twilight possess$ ! l&4 ,n[ :y t brilliancy ( ! ea/1 :5 ! we/ 0 col\rless8 ,mo/ ( all y note ! imm5se v>iety & weal? ( r$s4 ,^! are due to du/ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,we are ! m conv9c$ ( ?is by ! v rem>kable & beautiful sunsets :i* occurr$ aft] ! trem5d\s eruption at ,krakatoa1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,sunda1 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,!re 0 !n eject$ an enorm\s quantity ( f9e du/1 :i* spread ov] ! :ole _w's atmosph]e4 ,s long z t va/ am\nt ( du/ rema9$ 9 ! air did ! sunsets & aft]gl[s display an exceptional weal? ( col\r+4 ,all obs]v]s 7 /ruck ) ! vividly brilliant r$ col\rs 9 all %ades & t9ts4 ,! m9ute p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! atmosph]e arre/ ! sun's rays & scatt] !m 9 all directions2 !y are s small1 h[ev]1 t !y _c reflect & scatt] all2 _! p[] is limit$ to ! scatt]+ ( ! rays at ! blue end ( ! spectrum1 :ile ! r$ rays pass on un>re/$4 ,! display ( ! col\rs ( ! blue end are f\nd 9 numb]less %ades1 f ! full deep blue 9 ! z5i? to ! gre5i%-blue ne> ! horizon4 ,if !re 7 no f9e du/-p>ticles 9 ! upp] /rata1 ! sunset effect w\ld be :it]2 if !re 7 no l>ge du/-p>ticles1 !re w\ld be no col\r+ at all4 ,if !re 7 no du/-p>ticles 9 ! air at all1 ! light w\ld simply pass ?r\gh into space )\t reveal+ itself1 & ! mom5t ! sun disappe>$ !re w\ld be total d>kness4 ,! v exi/5ce ( our twilight dep5ds on ! du/ 9 ! air2 & its l5g? dep5ds on ! am\nt & ext5sion upw>ds ( ! du/-p>ticles4 ,b h[ h ! p>ticles be5 increas$ 9 size 9 ! ea/8 ,because1 z ! sun 0 s9k+1 b be=e its rays fail$ to illum9e ! heav5s1 ! temp]ature ( ! air began to fall4 ,?is cool+ made ! du/-p>ticles seize ! wat]-vap\r to =m haze-p>ticles ( a l>g] size4 ,! p>ticles 9 ! ea/ fir/ lose ! sun's heat1 & fir/ become cool2 & ! rays ( light are !n be/ sift$1 produc+ a m di/9ct & d>k] r$4 ,z ! sun dipp$ l[]1 ! p>ticles ov]head became a turn l>g]1 & !reby bett] reflect$ ! r$ rays4 ,accord+ly1 ! roseate b&s 9 ! ea/ spread ov] to ! z5i?1 & pass$ ov] to ! we/1 produc+ 9 a few m9utes a univ]sal trans=mation gl[4 ,to produce ! full effect (t5 witness$1 !re mu/ be1 besides ! ord9>y du/-p>ticles1 small cry/als float+ 9 ! air1 :i* increase ! reflection f _! surfaces & enhance ! gl[ effects4 ,9 autumn1 aft] sunset1 ! wat]-cov]$ du/-p>ticles become froz5 & ! r$ light /reams ) r>e brilliancy1 caus+ all r$di% & col\r$ objects to gl[ ) a r>e brightness4 ,!n ! air gl[s ) a /range light z ( ! nor!rn dawn4 ,f all ?is x is cle> t1 ?\gh ! col\r+ ( sunset is produc$ by ! direct rays ( ! sun1 ! aft]gl[ is produc$ by reflection1 or1 r1 radiation f ! illum9at$ p>ticles ne> ! horizon4 ,! effect 9 autumn is a /ream ( r$ light1 ( v>i$ tones1 & r>e brilliancy 9 all qu>t]s1 unse5 dur+ ! w>m] summ]4 ,we h to witness ! sunsets at ,balla*uli% to be assur$ t ,wall] ,paton really imitat$ nature 9 ! *>act]i/ic bronze t9ts ( 8 ri*ly pa9t$ l&scapes4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,a ,,w9t] ,,=egl[ ,little att5tion has be5 paid to =egl[s comp>$ ) aft]gl[s1 ei!r ) reg>d to _! natural beauty or _! wea!r =eca/+4 ,b ei!r ! ord9>y r$-cl\d surr\nd+s at sunrise1 or ! we/]n =egl[ at r>] int]vals1 betok5s to ! wea!r-prophet wet & gloomy wea!r4 ,! f>m] & ! sailor d n l ! sight1 !y dep5d s mu* on fav\rable wea!r conditions4 ,( c\rse1 sunrise to ! ae/hetic obs]v] has always its *>ms4 ,! p[]ful k+ ( day rejoices z a bridegroom com+ out ( 8 *amb] z he /eps ^u ! e>? ov] ! dewy m\nta9 tops1 ba?+ all 9 light1 & spread+ gladness & deep joy be=e him4 ,! less5+ cl\d1 ! k9dl+ azure1 & ! m\nta9's br[ illum9$ ) gold5 /reaks1 m>k 8 approa*2 he is encompass$ ) bright beams1 z he ?r[s 8 unutt]able love ^u ! cl\ds1 ! beaute\s robes ( heav54 ,aslant ! dew-bright e>? & col\r$ air he looks 9 b\ndless maje/y abroad1 t\*+ ! gre5 leaves all a-tremble ) gold light4 ,b glori\s1 & educat+1 & inspir+ z is ! sunrise 9 itself 9 _m cases1 !re is occasionally some?+ v rem>kable t is connect$ ) x4 ,r>e is x1 b h[ *>m+ :5 witness$1 ?\gh till v rec5tly x 0 all b unexpla9$4 ,?is is ! =egl[4 ,x is 9 no respect s spl5did z ! aft]gl[ succe$+ sunset2 b1 because ( its comp>ative r>ity1 its beauty is enhanc$4 ,i rememb] a =egl[ mo/ vividly :i* 0 se5 at my manse1 9 ,/ra?more1 9 ,janu>y #ahic4 ,my b$room w9d[ look$ due we/2 ,i slept ) ! bl9d up4 ,on t morn+ ,i 0 /ruck1 j aft] ! d>kness 0 fad+ away1 ) a slight col\r+ all along ! we/]n horizon4 ,! skeleton bran*es ( ! trees /ood out /rongly aga9/ x4 ,! col\r+ gradually increas$1 & ! roseate hue /ret*$ high]4 ,! old well-kn[n faces t ,i us$ to conjure up out ( ! ?9 bl5d$ b\ghs became m life-l1 z ! *eeks flu%$4 ,!re 0 r>e w>m? on a w9t] morn+ to *e] a half-despair+ s\l1 tir$ out ) ! long h\rs ( oil read+1 & pi]c$ to ! he>t by ! nev]-ceas+ rimes2 yet ,i c\ld n und]/& x4 ,i w5t to ! room opposite to wat* ! sunrise1 = ,i _h obs]v$ 9 ! di>y t ! appe>ance ( ! sun w\ld n be = a few m9utes4 ,!re 7 /reaks ( light 9 ! ea/ above ! horizon1 b no col\r 0 visible4 ,t hectic flu%--slight1 yet well m>k$--:i* 0 deep5+ 9 ! we/]n heav5s1 _h no c\nt]p>t 9 ! ea/1 except ! col\rless light :i* m>k$ ! w9try sun's ne> approa*4 ,z soon z ! sun's rays %ot up into ! ea/]n cl\ds1 & 8 orb appe>$ above ! horizon1 ! we/]n sky pal$1 ! col\r left x1 z if a%am$ ( its assum$ glory4 ,a =egl[ l t ,i h v r>ely se51 & its exi/5ce 0 a puzzle to me till ,i /udi$ ,dr4 ,aitk5's explanation ( ! aft]gl[s aft] sunset4 ,i _h nev] come across any description ( a =egl[2 &1 ( c\rse1 across no explanation ( ! curi\s ph5om5on4 ,! we/]n heav5s 7 col\r$ ) fairly bright roseate hues1 :ile ! ea/]n horizon 0 only silv]y bright be=e ! sun rose2 :]eas1 aft] ! sun appe>$ & col\r$ ! ea/]n hills & cl\ds1 ! we/]n sky resum$ its lead5 grey & col\rless appe>ance4 ,:y 0 t8 ,:at is ! explanation8 ,i h n space en\gh to repeat ! explanation giv5 already 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! glori\s ph5om5on ( ! aft]gl[4 ,b ! explanation is simil>4 ,be=e sunrise1 ! rays ( ! sun are reflect$ by du/-p>ticles 9 ! z5i? to ! we/]n cl\ds4 ,! col\r+ is int5sifi$ by ! froz5 wat]-vap\r on ^! p>ticles 9 ! we/4 ,"o ?+ ,i c>efully not$4 ,ere mid-day1 sn[ began to fall1 & = "s days a sev]e sn[-/orm kept u indoors4 ,!n1 at any rate1 ! =egl[ betok5$ a com+ /orm4 ,x 01 l a ra9b[ 9 a summ] morn+1 a decid$ w>n+ ( ! approa*+ wet wea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,ra9b[ ,! poet ,wordswor? raptur\sly exclaim$-- ,my he>t leaps up :5 ,i behold ,a ra9b[ 9 ! sky4 ,& old & "y h always be5 en*ant$ ) ! beautiful ph5om5on4 ,h[ glori\s is ! p>ti-col\r$ girdle :i*1 on an ,april morn+ or ,septemb] ev5+1 is ca/ o'er m\nta91 t[]1 & t[n1 or ev5 mirror$ 9 ! ocean's dep?s6 ,no col\rs are s vividly bright z :5 ?is triumphal ar* bespans a d>k nimbus3 !n x unfolds !m 9 due prismatic proportion1 runn+ f ! r$ to :]e ! violet fades into ! sky4 ,a pla9 description ( ! =mation ( ! ra9b[ is n v easily giv51 b a %ort sket* may be useful4 ,beautiful z is ! e!real b[1 born ( ! %[] & col\r'd by ! sun1 yet ! m>vell\s effect is m exquisitely int5sifi$ 9 its gorge\s display :5 ! h& ( sci5ce po9ts out ! pa? 9 :i* ! sun's rays1 f above ! we/]n horizon1 fall on ! wat]y cl\d1 indicat+ f9e wea!r--! %eph]d's delight4 ,"o law ( reflection is t1 :5 a ray ( light falls on a plane or sph]ical surface1 x goes (f at ! same angle to ! surface z x fell4 ,"o law ( refraction is t1 :5 a ray ( light passes ?r\gh "o m$ium & ent]s a d5s] m$ium 7z f air to wat]71 x is b5t back a little4 ,by refraction y see ! sun's rays long aft] ! sun has set2 :5 ! sun is j bel[ ! horizon1 an obs]v]1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 w see x rais$ by an am\nt :i* is g5]ally equal to its app>5t diamet]4 ,! rays ( diff]5t col\rs are b5t back 7:5 pass+ ?r\gh ! wat]7 at diff]5t rates1 "s slightly1 o!rs m1 f ! r$ to ! violet end4 ,! ra9b[1 !n1 is produc$ by refraction & reflection ( ! sev]al col\r$ rays ( sunlight 9 ! drops ( wat] :i* make up fall+ ra94 ,! sun is beh9d ! obs]v]1 & its rays fall 9 a p>allel direction ^u ! drops ( ra9 be=e him4 ,9 ea* drop ! light is disp]sively refract$1 & !n reflect$ f ! f>!r face ( ! drop2 x travels back ?r\gh ! drop1 & comes out ) disp]s+ col\rs4 ,accord+ to ! height ( ! sun1 or ! slope ( its rays1 a high] or l[] ra9b[ w be =m$4 ,&1 /range1 no two p c see ! v same b[2 9 fact ! ra9b[1 z se5 by ! "o eye1 is n =m$ by ! same wat]-drops z ! ra9b[ se5 by ! o!r eye4 ,:5 ! prim>y b[ is se5 9 mo/ vivid col\rs on a d>k cl\d1 a second ar*1 l>g] & fa9t]1 is (t5 se54 ,b ! ord] ( ! col\rs is q rev]s$4 ,at a great] elevation1 ! sun's ray ent]s ! l[] side ( a drop ( ra9-wat]1 is refract$1 reflect$ twice1 & !n refract$ aga9 be=e be+ s5t out to ! obs]v]'s eye4 ,t is :y ! col\rs are rev]s$4 ,a "o-col\r$ ra9b[ is a curi\s & r>e ph5om5on4 ,x is a /range p>adox1 = ! v idea ( a ra9b[ br+s up ! sev5 col\rs--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,yet ,dr4 ,aitk5 tells u ( a ra9b[ ) "o col\r :i* he obs]v$ on ,*ri/mas ,day1 9 #ahhh4 ,he 0 tak+ 8 walk on ! high gr\nd s\? ( ,falkirk4 ,9 ! ea/ he obs]v$ a /range pill>-l cl\d1 lit up ) ! light ( ! sett+ sun4 ,!n ! r$ pill> ext5d$1 curv$ ov]1 & =m$ a p]fect ar* across ! nor?-ea/]n sky4 ,:5 fully develop$1 ?is ra9b[ 0 ! mo/ extraord9>y "o :i* he _h ev] se54 ,!re 0 no col\r 9 x b r$4 ,x consi/$ simply ( a r$ ar*1 & ev5 ! r$ _h a sam5ess ab\t x4 ,outside ! ra9b[ !re 0 "p ( a second>y b[4 ,! ,o*il ,hills 7 nor? ( 8 po9t ( obs]vation4 ,^! hills 7 cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! sett+ sun 0 gl[+ ) rosy light4 ,nev] _h he se5 su* a dep? ( col\r z 0 on !m on ?is occasion4 ,x 0 a deep1 furnacy r$4 ,! sun's light 0 %orn ( all ! rays ( %ort-wave l5g? on its passage ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & only ! r$ rays rea*$ ! e>?4 ,! reason :y ! ,o*ils gl[$ ) s deep a r$ 0 ow+ to _! be+ ov]hung by a d5se curta9 ( cl\ds1 :i* scre5$ (f ! light ( ! sky4 ,! illum9ation 0 ?us pr9cipally t ( ! direct s(t] light ( ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,aurora ,,borealis ,he mu/ be a v c>eless obs]v] :o has n be5 /ruck ) ! appe>ance ( ! /ream]s :i* occasionally light up ! nor!rn heav5s1 & :i* f>m]s consid] to be indicators ( /rong w9d or brok5 wea!r4 ,! "t 0 :5 ! ph5om5on 0 consid]$ to be sup]natural & port5t\s1 z ! *ronicl]s ( spectral battles1 :5 fi]ce1 fi]y w>riors f\ght ^u ! cl\ds1 9 ranks & squadrons1 & "r =m ( w>4 ,& ev5 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,brita91 ! blood-col\r$ aurora1 ( ,octob] #bd?1 #ahgj1 0 consid]$ to be ! reflection ( an enorm\s ,prussian bonfire1 f$ by ! beleagu]$ ,fr5* capital4 ,9 joyful _s1 ! ,%etl&]s call ! beautiful natural ph5om5on1 ,m]ry ,danc]s4 ,burns associat$ _! evanesc5ce ) ! transitor9ess ( s5su\s gratification3--!y flit ere y c po9t _! place4 ,& ,t5nyson spoke ( 8 c\s9's face lit up ) ! col\r & light ( love1 z ,i h se5 ! rosy r$ flu%+ 9 ! nor!rn night4 ,yet ?is ph5om5on is to a great ext5t "u ! control ( cosmical laws4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ( our day has be5 to dis5tangle ! irregul> webwork ( aurorae1 & br+ !m "u a law ( p]iodicity1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! fluctuations ( ! sun's photosph]e & ! v>iations on ! e>?'s magnetism1 & :i* h su* an important influ5ce ^u ! fluctuations ( ! wea!r4 ,! "n ,aurora ,borealis 0 giv5 to x by ,gass5di 9 #afba4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! old almanacs describ$ x z ! ,great ,amaz+ ,light 9 ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! ,l[l&s ( ,scotl&1 ! "n x long w5t by1 ( ,"l ,d]w5twat]'s ,lights1 0 giv5 because x sudd5ly appe>$ on ! night be=e ! execution ( ! rebel "l4 ,9 ,ceylon aurorae 7 call$ ,buddha ,lights4 ,! fir/ symptom ( an aurora borealis is commonly a l[ ar* ( pale1 gre5i%-yell[ light1 plac$ at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian4 ,sometimes rays cov] ! :ole sky1 frequ5tly %[+ tremul\s motion f end to end2 & sometimes !y appe> to hang f ! sky l ! fr+es ( a mantle4 ,!y are among ! mo/ caprici\s ( natural ph5om5a1 s full ( individualities & vag>ies4 ,to ! glitt] ( rapid movem5t !y add ! *>m ( vivid col\r+4 ,x is /rongly ass]t$ t aurorae are prec$$ by ! same g5]al ph5om5a z ?und]-/orms4 ,?is 0 borne out by ,piazzi ,smi? 7late ,a/ronom]-,royal = ,scotl&71 :o obs]v$ t _! mon?ly frequ5cy v>ies inv]sely ) t ( ?und]-/orms--bo? be+ safety-valves = ! dis*>ge ( surplus electricity4 ,c>eful obs]v]s h1 moreov]1 notic$ a rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ! display ( aurorae & ! maxima ( ! sun's spots & ( ! e>?'s magnetic di/urbances4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! light ( ! aurora is caus$ by cl\ds ( meteoric du/1 compos$ ( iron1 :i* is ignit$ by friction ) ! atmosph]e4 ,b !re is ?is difficulty 9 ! way1 %oot+ />s are m frequ5t 9 ! morn+1 :ile ! rev]se is ! case ) ! aurora4 ,! highe/ au?orities h conclud$1 pretty uni=mly1 t aurorae are electric dis*>ges ?r\gh highly r>efi$ air1 tak+ place 9 a magnetic field1 & "u ! sway ( ! e>?'s magnetic induction4 ,!y are n inappropriately call$ ,pol> lightn+s1 = :5 electricity misses ! "o *annel x mu/ trav]se ! o!r4 ,! natives ( ! ,arctic regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica pret5d to =etell w9d by ! rapidity ( ! motions ( ! /ream]s4 ,:5 !y spread ov] ! :ole sky1 9 a uni=m %eet ( light1 f9e wea!r ensues4 ,fitzroy believ$ t aurorae 9 nor!rn latitudes indicat$ & accompani$ /ormy wea!r at a di/ance4 ,! same idea is /ill curr5t among _m f>m]s & fi%]m5 9 ,scotl&4 ,is !re any audible accompanim5t to ! brilliant spectacle8 ,! natives ( "s p>ts1 ) subtle he>+-p[]1 speak ( ! :izz+ s\nd :i* is (t5 he>d dur+ auroral displays4 ,burns tells ( _! hiss+1 e]ie d91 z e*oes ( ! f>-(f songs ( ! ,valkyries4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ incid5t :i* corroborates ?is op9ion occurr$ dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,roli]1 a practis$ a]onaut1 left ,p>is 9 a balloon1 on 8 mission ( city def5ce1 & f\rte5 h\rs aft]w>ds l&$ 9 ,norway4 ,he _h rea*$ ! height ( two & a half miles4 ,:5 desc5d+1 he pass$ ?r\gh a peculi> cl\d ( sulphur\s od\r1 :i* emitt$ fla%$ light & a slight scrat*+ or ru/l+ noise4 ,on l&+1 he witness$ a spl5did aurora borealis4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 h pass$ ?r\gh a cl\d 9 :i* an electrical dis*>ge ( an auroral nature 0 proce$+1 accompani$ ) an audible s\nd4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no improbability ( su* s\nds be+ occasionally he>d1 s9ce a some:at simil> ph5om5on accompanies ! bru% dis*>ge ( ! electric ma*9]y1 to :i* ! aurora be>s consid]able resemblance4 ,?\gh no fix$ conclusions are yet e/abli%$ ab\t ! causes ( ! brilliant auroral display1 yet1 z ! results ( labori\s obs]vations1 we are assur$ t ! /abl] c5tre ( our sol> sy/em holds 9 its p[]ful sway ! sev]al planets at _! respective di/ances1 supply+ !m all ) _! seasonable light & heat1 vibrat+ sympa!tic *ords 9 all1 & ev5 controll+ "u c]ta9--?\gh to u /ill unkn[n--laws ! electric /ream]s t flit1 app>5tly lawlessly1 9 ! di/ant e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,blue ,,sky ,if we look at ! sky ov]head1 :5 cl\dless 9 ! sun%9e1 we wond] :at gives ! air su* a deep-blue col\r4 ,we are n look+1 z *ildr5 seem to d1 into vacancy1 away into ! f> unkn[n4 ,& ev51 if t 7 ! case1 w\ld n ! space be q col\rless8 ,:at1 !n1 produces ! blu5ess8 ,"s ( ! v f9e du/-p>ticles1 ev5 :5 clo!d ) an exce$+ly ?9 coat+ ( wat]-vap\r1 are c>ri$ v high2 &1 look+ ?r\gh a va/ accumulation ( ^!1 we f9d ! effect ( a deep-blue col\r4 ,:y s8 ,because ^! p>ticles are s small t !y c only reflect ! rays ( ! blue end ( ! spectrum2 & ! high] we asc5d1 ! small] are ! p>ticles & ! deep] is ! blue4 ,b x is also because wat]1 ev5 9 its v f9e/ & pure/ =m1 is blue 9 col\r4 ,= long ?is 0 disput$4 ,ev5 ,sir ,rob]t ,*ri/ison conclud$1 aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t+ on ,highl& /reams1 t wat] 0 col\rless4 ,( c\rse1 he admitt$ t ! wat] 9 ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans has frequ5t pat*es ( r$1 br[n1 or :ite col\r1 f ! myriads ( animalcules susp5d$ 9 ! wat]4 ,ehr5b]g f\nd t x 0 vegetable matt] :i* gave to ! ,r$ ,sea its *>act]i/ic "n4 ,b ^!1 & simil> wat]s1 are n pure4 ,x is to ,dr4 ,aitk5 t ! f9al discov]y ( ! real col\r ( wat] is due4 ,:5 on a visit to sev]al t[ns on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 he set ab\t mak+ "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 :i* ! read] w foll[ ) pleasure4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t col\r transmitt$ ?r\gh diff]5t bodies diff]s consid]ably f col\r reflect$ by !m4 ,9 8 fir/ exp]im5t he took a long empty metal tube1 op5 at "o end1 & clos$ at ! o!r end by a cle>-glass plate4 ,?is 0 let d[n v]tically into ! wat]1 ne> to a fix$ object1 :i* appe>$ ( mo/ beautiful deep & delicate blue at a dep? ( #bj feet4 ,sci5tific m5 "k t1 if ! col\r ( wat] is due to ! light reflect$ by extremely small p>ticles ( matt] susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 !n ! object look$ at ?r\gh x w\ld h be5 illum9at$ ) yell[ 7! complem5t>y col\r ( blue74 ,a black5$ tube 0 !n fill$ ) wat] 7:i* _h a cle>-glass plate fix$ to ! bottom71 & :ite1 r$1 yell[1 & purple objects 7 sunk 9 ! wat]1 & ^! col\rs 7 f\nd to *ange 9 ! same way z if !y 7 look$ at ?r\gh a piece ( pale-blue glass4 ,! :ite object appe>$ blue1 ! r$ d>k5$ v rapidly z x sank1 & soon lo/ its col\r2 at ! dep? ( sev5 feet a v brilliant r$ 0 s d>k5$ z to appe> d>k brick-r$4 ,! yell[ object *ang$ to gre51 & ! purple to d>k blue4 ,b1 /ill fur!r to satisfy himself t wat] is really blue 9 itself1 ev5 )\t any p>ticles susp5d$ 9 x1 he te/$ ! col\r ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,he fill$ a d>k5$ tube ) ?is wat] 7cle>-glass plates be+ at ! ends ( ! tube71 & look$ ?r\gh x at a :ite surface4 ,! effect 0 ! same z be=e1 ! col\r 0 blue1 almo/ exactly ( ! same hue z a solution ( ,prussian blue4 ,?is is corroborat$ by ! fact t1 ! pur] ! wat] is 9 nature1 ! blu] is ! t9t :5 a l>ge quantity is look$ ?r\gh4 ,"s ,highl& lo*s h cry/al wat]s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y blue4 ,( c\rse1 "s cl+ to ! old idea t ?is is acc\nt$ = by ! reflect$ blue ( ! cle> heav5s above4 ,no d\bt1 if ! sky be deep blue1 !n ?is blue light1 :5 reflect$ by ! surface ( ! wat]1 w enri* & deep5 ! hue4 ,b ! wat] itself is really blue4 ,at ! same "t1 ! du/-p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! wat] h a great effect 9 mak+ ! wat] appe> m beautiful1 brilliant1 & v>i$ 9 its col\r+2 because little or no light is reflect$ by ! int]ior ( a mass ( wat] itself4 ,if a d>k metal vessel be fill$ ) a weak solution ( ,prussian blue1 ! liquid w appe> q d>k & void ( col\r4 ,b ?r[ 9 "s f9e :ite p[d]1 & ! liquid w at once become ( a brilliant blue col\r4 ,?is acc\nts = ! *ange ( dep? & brilliancy ( col\r 9 ! sev]al %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,:51 !n1 y look at ! face ( a deep-blue lake on a summ] ev5+--! heav5s all agl[ ) ! unrivall$ display ( col\r f ! z5i?1 /ret*+ 9 light] hues ( glory to ! horizon--?\gh to y ! calm wat] appe>s l a lake ( molt5 metal gl[+ ) sky-reflect$ light1 s p[]ful & brilliant z entirely to ov]p[] ! light :i* is int]nally reflect$1 yet blue is ! normal col\r ( ! wat]3 blu5ess is its inh]5t hue4 ,look+ upw>ds1 we obs]ve ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( blue 9 ! sky f ! horizon to ! z5i?4 ,all pa9t]s 9 wat]-col\rs "k t4 ,newton ?\ght t ! col\r ( ! sky 0 produc$ 9 ! same way z ! col\rs 9 ?9 plates1 ! ord] ( succession ( ! col\rs gradually increas+ 9 int5sity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,a ,,sanit>y ,,detective ,! impure /ate ( ! air 9 ! rooms ( a h\se c n[ be det]m9$ by means ( col\r alone4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 has inv5t$ a v simple in/rum5t = t purpose2 & ?is ought to be ( great s]vice to sanit>y (fic]s4 ,x is call$ ! koniscope--or du/-detective4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( an air-pump & a metal tube ) glass ends4 ,ne> "o end ( ! te/-tube is a passage by :i* x communicates ) ! air-pump1 & ne> ! o!r end is atta*$ a /op-cock = admitt+ ! air to be te/$4 ,x is n ne>ly s accurate z ! du/-c\nt]2 b x is *eap]1 m easily wr\ght1 & m h&y = quick "w4 ,all ! grades ( blue1 f :at is sc>cely visible to deep1 d>k blue1 may be atta*$ alongside ! tube on pieces ( col\r$ glass2 & opposite ^! col\rs are ! numb]s ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! cubic in* ( ! simil> air1 z det]m9$ by ! du/-c\nt]4 ,:ile ! numb] ( p>ticles 0 c\nt$ by means ( ! du/-c\nt]1 ! dep? ( blue giv5 by ! koniscope 0 not$2 & ! piece ( glass ( t exact dep? ( blue atta*$4 ,a metal tube 0 fitt$ up v]tically 9 ! room1 9 su* a way t x c\ld be rais$ to any desir$ height into ! impure air ne> ! ceil+1 s t supplies ( air ( diff]5t degrees ( impurity might be obta9$4 ,to produce ! impurity1 ! gas 0 lit & kept burn+ dur+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,! air 0 drawn d[n ?r\gh ! pipe by means ( ! air-pump ( ! koniscope1 & x pass$ ?r\gh ! measur+ app>atus ( ! du/-c\nt] on its way to ! koniscope4 ,x may be rem>k$ t1 by a /roke ( ! air-pump1 ! air )9 ! te/-tube is r>efi$ & ! du/-p>ticles seize ! moi/ure 9 ! sup]-saturat$ air to =m fog-p>ticles2 ?r\gh ?is fog ! col\r is obs]v$1 & ! %ade ( col\r det]m9es ! numb] ( du/-p>ticles 9 ! air4 ,^! col\rs are nam$ j visible1 v pale blue1 pale blue1 f9e blue1 deep blue1 & v deep blue4 ,:5 mak+ a sanit>y inspection1 ! pure air %\ld be exam9$ fir/1 & ! col\r correspond+ to t %\ld be consid]$ z ! normal heal? col\r4 ,any increase f ! dep? w\ld indicate t ! air 0 be+ gradually contam9at$2 & ! am\nt ( increase 9 ! dep? ( col\r w\ld indicate ! am\nt ( increase ( pollution4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at ?is in/rum5t c detect1 a room ( #bd by #ag by #ac feet 0 select$4 ,! air 0 exam9$ be=e ! gas 0 light$1 & ! col\r 9 ! te/-tube 0 v fa9t1 indicat+ a cle> atmosph]e4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! room ?is 0 f\nd ! same4 ,a small tube 0 atta*$ to ! te/-tube1 op5 at ! o!r end1 = tak+ air f diff]5t p>ts ( ! room4 ,?ree jets ( gas 7 !n lit 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 & obs]vations at once begun ) ! koniscope4 ,)9 ?irty-five seconds ( /rik+ ! mat* to light ! gas1 ! products ( combu/ion _h ext5d$ ne> ! ceil+ to ! end ( ! room2 ?is 0 indicat$ by ! col\r 9 ! koniscope sudd5ly becom+ a deep blue4 ,9 f\r m9utes ! deep-blue-produc+ air 0 got at a di/ance ( two feet f ! ceil+4 ,9 t5 m9utes !re 0 /rong evid5ce ( ! pollution all ?r\gh ! room4 ,9 half-an-h\r ! impurity at n9e feet f ! floor 0 v great1 ! col\r be+ an int5sely deep blue4 ,! wide range ( ! indications ( ! in/rum5t1 f pure cle>ness to ne>ly black blue1 makes ! e/imate ( ! impurity v easily tak5 ) x2 &1 z !re are few p>ts to get out ( ord]1 x is hop$ x may come into g5]al use = sanit>y "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,fog ,,& ,,smoke ,j two hundr$ & =ty ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,john ,evelyn1 ,f4,r4,s41 a well-kn[n writ] on meteorology1 s5t a curi\s tract to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 :i* 0 ord]$ to be pr9t$ by 8 ,maje/y4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,fumifugium1 & dealt ) ! great smoke nuisance 9 ,london4 ,i f9d f ! !sis t he _h a v hazy idea ( ! connection betwe5 fog & smoke2 & no wond]1 = x is only lately t ! connection has be5 fully expla9$4 ,we "k t )\t du/-p>ticles !re c be no fog1 & t smoke supplies a va/ am\nt ( su* p>ticles4 ,!re=e1 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! atmosph]e1 ! m smoke ! m fog4 ,9 ,mr4 ,evelyn's day ! fog1 :i* he call$ presumptu\s smoake1 0 at times s d5se t m5 c\ld h>dly disc]n ea* o!r = ! cl[d4 ,8 ,maje/y's only si/] _h compla9$ ( ! damage done to h] lungs by ! contam9ation1 & ,mr4 ,evelyn 0 disgu/$ at ! apa?y ( ! p to d any?+ to rem$y ! nuisance4 ,he deplor$ t t glori\s & anci5t city ( ,london %\ld wrap h] /ately head 9 cl[ds ( smoake1 s full ( /9k & d>knesse4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t a me?od ( *>r+ coal s z to dive/ x ( its smoke1 :ile leav+ x s]viceable = _m purposes1 %\ld be made ! object ( a v /rict inquiry4 ,& he 0 "r4 ,= x is n[ kn[n t fog 9 a t[n is int5sifi$ by mu* smoke4 ,9 a city l ,london or ,glasg[1 :]e a great riv]1 f$ by w>m /reams ( wat] f gigantic works1 passes ?r\gh its c5tre1 fogs c nev] be entirely oblit]at$1 = ! du/-p>ticles 9 ! air 7(t5 f\r millions & upw>ds 9 ! cubic in*7 w seize ) t]rible avidity ! w>m vap\r ris+ f ! riv]4 ,t is ! ma9 reason :y fogs _c !re be put d[n4 ,smoke is be+ consum$ to a great ext5t2 yet we f9d p>ticles ( sulphur rema9+1 :i* seize ! w>m vap\r & =m fogs d5se en\gh to *eck all traffic4 ,! wor/ =m ( city fogs seems to be produc$ :5 ! air1 aft] fir/ fl[+ sl[ly 9 "o direction1 !n turns on its tracks & fl[s back ov] ! city1 br++ ) x a black pall1 ! accumulat$ products ( previ\s days1 to :i* gets add$ ! smoke & o!r impurities produc$ at ! "t4 ,:at irritat$ ,mr4 ,evelyn 0 t1 outside ( ,london1 ! air 0 cle> :5 pass5g]s c\ld n walk 9 safety )9 ! city4 ,s vex$ 0 he ab\t ! contam9ation1 t he made x ! occasion ( all ! ca?>s1 ph?isicks1 c\ghs1 & consumption 9 ! city4 ,he appeal$ to common s5se to te/ify t ^? :o repair to ,london soon take "s s]i\s illness4 ,i "k a man1 he said1 :o came up to ,london & took a great cold1 :i* he c\ld nev] aft]w>ds claw (f aga94 ,mr4 ,evelyn propos$ t1 by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! nuisance be remov$2 enjo9+ t all brew]ies1 dye-works1 soap & salt boil]s1 lime-burn]s1 & ! l1 be remov$ five or six miles di/ant f ,london bel[ ! riv] ,?ames4 ,t w\ld h mat]ially help$ 8 cause4 ,b !re is m difficulty 9 ! purification ?an he anticipat$4 ,yet !re 0 pluck 9 ! old man po9t+ out ! kill+ contam9ation & sugge/+ a possible rem$y4 ,he _h ! fond idea t !reby a c]ta9 *>m1 or innoc5t magick1 w\ld make a trans=mation sc5e l ,arabia1 :i* is !re=e /yl'd ! ,happy1 attract+ all ) its gums & preci\s spices4 ,9 pur] air fogs w\ld be less d5se1 brea?+ w\ld be easi]1 bus9ess w\ld be liveli]1 life w\ld be happi]4 ,few1 ,i suppose1 h laid _! h&s on ?is curi\s ,lat9 !sis1 or its qua9t translation1 direct+ ! ,k+'s att5tion to ! fogs t 7 ru9+ ,london4 ,s9ce t "t ! city has increas$1 f little m ?an a village1 to be ! dwell+-place ( six millions ( human be+s1 yet too little improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! removal ( ?is fog nuisance4 ,k+ ,edw>d's drive ?r\gh ,london w\ld be ev5 m dang]\s on a muggy1 fro/y day ?an 0 ,*>les ,,ii4's1 :5 sci5ce 0 little kn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,electrical ,,deposition ,,( ,,smoke ,a good deal ( sci5tific "w is be+ done 9 ! way ( cle>+ away fog & smoke2 & ?is1 ?r\gh "t1 may h "s practical results 9 remov+ a great s\rce ( annoyance1 illness1 & dang] 9 l>ge t[ns4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge & ,dr4 ,aitk5 h be5 ?r[+ light ^u ! deposition ( smoke 9 ! air by means ( electricity4 ,if an electric dis*>ge be pass$ ?r\gh a j> conta9+ ! smoke f burnt magnesium wire1 tobacco1 br[n pap]1 & o!r sub/ances1 ! du/ w be deposit$ s z to make ! air cle>4 ,bru% dis*>ge1 or any?+ t electrifies ! air itself1 is ! mo/ exp$iti\s4 ,if wat] be =c$ upw>ds ?r\gh a v]tical tube 7) a nozzle "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet]71 x w fall to ! gr\nd 9 a f9e ra92 b1 if a piece ( rubb$ 7electrifi$7 seal+-wax be held a y>d di/ant f ! place :]e ! jet breaks into drops1 !y at once fall 9 l>ge spots z 9 a ?und]-%[]4 ,if pap] be put on ! gr\nd dur+ ! exp]im5t1 ! s\nd ( patt]+ w be obs]v$ to be q diff]5t4 ,if a kite be fl[n into a cl\d1 & made to give (f electricity = "s "t1 t cl\d w beg9 to cond5se into ra94 ,exp]im5ts ) ,"l ,kelv9's record] %[ t v>iations 9 ! electrical /ate ( ! atmosph]e prec$e a *ange ( wea!r4 ,!n1 ) a v l>ge voltaic batt]y1 a trem5d\s quantity ( electricity c\ld be p\r$ into ! atmosph]e1 & its electrical condition c\ld be c]ta9ly di/urb$4 ,if ?is c\ld be made practically available1 h[ useful x w\ld be to f>m]s :5 ! crops 7 suff]+ f excessive dr\ght6 ,x might be m p[]fully available ?an ! imag9$ cond5sation ( a cl\d into ra9 by ! rev]b]ation caus$ by ! fir+ ( a range ( cannon4 ,b :at is ! practical b5efit ( ?is in=mation8 ,if electricity deposits smoke1 x might be made available 9 _m ways4 ,! fumes f *emical works might be cond5s$2 & ! air 9 l>ge cities1 o!rwise pollut$1 might be purifi$ & r5d]$ innocu\s4 ,! smoke ( *imneys 9 manufactur+ works might be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! atmosph]e at all4 ,9 fl\r-mills & coal-m9es ! f9e du/ is dang]\sly explosive4 ,9 lead1 copp]1 & ars5ic works1 x is bo? poison\s & valuable4 ,lead smelt]s lab\r "u ?is difficulty ( cond5s+ ! fume :i* escapes along ) ! smoke f r$-lead smelt+ furnaces2 & x 0 consid]$ t an electrical process ( cond5sation might be made s]viceable = ! purpose4 ,at ,bagillt1 ! me?od us$ = collect+ or cond5s+ ! lead fume is a l>ge flue two miles long2 mu* is reta9$ 9 ?is flue1 b /ill a visible cl\d ( :ite-lead fume cont9ually escapes f ! top ( ! *imney4 ,!re is a difficulty 9 ! way ( deposit+ fumes 9 ! flue by means ( a suffici5t dis*>ge ( electricity1 viz4 ! viol5t draught :i* is liable to exi/ !re1 & :i* w\ld me*anically bl[ away any deposit$ du/4 ,b ,dr4 ,aitk5 sugge/s t reg5]ators might be us$ along ) ! electricity4 ,! w>m fumes might be tak5 to a cold depositor1 :]e 7by ! ord9>y law ( cold surfaces attract+ w>m du/-p>ticles7 ! impurities w\ld be remov$1 &1 :5 purifi$1 ! air w\ld aga9 be tak5 ?r\gh a hot reg5]ator be=e be+ s5t up ! *imney4 ,by a succession ( ^! *amb]s1 ) ! assi/ance ( electric curr5ts1 ! air1 impregnat$ ) ! mo/ delet]i\s p>ticles1 or valuable du/1 c\ld be r5d]$ innocu\s4 ,! sewage ( our t[ns mu/ be clean$ ( its delet]i\s p>ts be=e be+ run into ! /reams :i* give dr9k to ! l[] animals1 because an ,act ( ,p>liam5t en=ces ! process4 ,:y1 !n1 ought we n to h simil> compulsion = mak+ ! smoke f *emical & o!r noxi\s works q h>mless be=e be+ ?r[n into ! air :i* conta9s ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! life ( human be+s8 ,!re seems to be a good field be=e electricians to cat* ! smoke on ! w+ & deposit its du/ on a l>ge scale4 ,?is seems to be a matt] beyond our rea* at pres5t1 except 9 ! sci5ti/'s laboratory2 b c]ta9ly x is a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,radiation ,,f ,,sn[ ,"o night a mo/ int]e/+ pap] by ,dr4 ,aitk51 on ,radiation f ,sn[1 0 read by ,pr(essor ,tait to ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,i rememb] t ,dr4 ,alex4 ,bu*an--! greate/ meteorologi/ liv+--spoke aft]w>ds 9 ! v highe/ t]ms ( ! subject-matt] ( ! pap]4 ,?is 0 corroborat$ by ,"l ,kelv91 ,"l ,mac,laren1 & ,pr(essor ,*ry/al4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 _h be5 te/+ ! radiat+ p[]s ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,sn[ 9 ! %ade on a bright day at noon is #g deg4 ,fahr4 cold] ?an ! air t floats ^u x1 :]eas a black surface at ! same is only #d deg4 cold]4 ,?is diff]5ce dim9i%es z ! sun gets l[]2 & at night bo? radiate almo/ equally well4 ,i select1 among ! c>eful & num]\s obs]vations1 ! notes on ,janu>y #ai1 #ahhf2 = ,i took note ( ! cold ( t day 9 my di>y4 ,x 0 ! colde/ day ( ! :ole ( t w9t]4 ,! b>omet] 0 #bh4h in*es1 & ! !rmomet] #d deg4--t is1 #bh deg4 ( fro/4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,bu*an1 t ,janu>y _h only two equal 9 av]age cold = fifty ye>s4 ,on ,janu>y #ai1 at #aj ,a4,m41 :5 ! air 0 at #bj deg4 & ! sky cle>1 a black surface regi/]$ #af deg4 & ! upp] lay] ( sn[ #ab deg41 %[+ a diff]5ce ( #d deg4 :5 bo? surfaces 7 cold] ?an ! sup]9cumb5t air4 ,x is curi\s to note t1 on ,febru>y #e ( ! same ye>1 at ! same h\r1 :5 ! sky 0 ov]ca/1 ! air 0 at #bc deg41 ! black surface regi/]$ #bi deg41 & ! sn[ #be deg41 %[+ aga9 ! diff]5ce ( #d deg42 b1 9 ?is case1 bo? surfaces 7 w>m] ?an ! air4 ,9 bo? cases ! radiation at night 0 equal4 ,?is small absorb+ p[] ( sn[ = heat reflect$ & radiat$ f ! sky dur+ ! day mu/ h a mo/ important effect on ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! temp]ature ( l&s :5 cov]$ ) sn[ mu/ be mu* l[] ?an :5 free f x4 ,&1 :5 once a c\ntry has become cov]$ ) sn[1 !re w be a t5d5cy t[>ds glacial conditions4 ,b1 besides be+ a bad absorb] ( heat f ! sky1 sn[ is also a v poor conductor ( heat4 ,on t v cold night 7,janu>y #ah71 :5 !re 0 a dep? ( #e-a_/b in*es ( sn[ on ! gr\nd1 & ! night cle>1 ) /rong radiation1 ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! sn[ 0 #c deg4 ,fahr41 & a m9imum !rmomet] on ! sn[ %[$ t x _h be5 d[n to z]o "s "t be=e4 ,a !rmomet]1 plung$ into ! sn[ d[n to ! grass1 gave ! mo/ rem>kable regi/] ( #cb deg4 ,?r\gh ! dep? ( #e-a_/b in*es ( sn[ !re 0 a diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( #bi deg4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by remov+ ! sn[1 & f9d+ t ! grass 0 unfroz54 ,z ! gr\nd 0 froz5 :5 ! sn[ fell1 x w\ld appe> t ! e>?'s heat sl[ly ?aw$ x "u ! protection ( ! sn[4 ,! protection af=d$ by ! bad-conduct+ p[] ( sn[ is ( great importance 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,h[ vegetation w\ld suff]1 7 x expos$ to a l[ temp]ature1 unprotect$ by ! sn[-mantle6 ,s t1 ?\gh ! cont9u$ sn[ cools ! air = animals t c look aft] _! own heat+1 x keeps w>m ! soil2 & vegetation prosp]s "u ! g5ial cov]+4 ,! f9e ri* look ( ! "y :eat-blades1 aft] a cont9u$ sn[ has melt$1 mu/ /rike ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,in/ead ( ! half-black5$ tips & semi-sickly blades1 :i* we see 9 a field ( "y :eat aft] a consid]able c\rse ( dry fro/ )\t sn[1 we h a ri*1 heal?y gre5 :i* %[s ! vital en]gy at "w 9 ! plants4 ,or ev5 9 ! t[n g>d5s1 aft] a cont9u$ sn[ has be5 melt$ away by a s(t1 we/]n breeze1 we are /ruck ) ! :ite1 peep+ buds ( ! sn[drop & ! f9ely spr++ grass 9 ! sw>d4 ,yet ! sn[-cov]+ gives durability to cold wea!r4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ by ,dr4 ,woeik(1 ! di/+ui%$ ,russian meteorologi/4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! spr+ mon?s ( ,russia & ,sib]ia are int5sely cold4 ,! plants1 !n1 :i* 9 w9t] are unable by locomotion to keep !mselves 9 heal?1 are protect$ by ! sn[-mantle :i* *ills ! air = animals t c keep !mselves 9 heat by ex]cise4 ,:at a gr& comp5sat+ p[] is "h6 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,m\nta9 ,,giants ,"s my/]i\s physical ph5om5a c be cle>ly expla9$ by ! aid ( sci5ce4 ,! m\nta9 giants t at times haunt ! lonely valleys1 & /rike ) fe> ! sup]/iti\s dwell]s !re1 are only ! enl>g$ %ad[s ( liv+ human be+s ca/ ^u a d5se mi/4 ,! two mo/ />tl+ ( ^! e]ie ph5om5a are ! spectres ( ,adam's ,peak & ! ,brock54 ,! ph5om5a sometimes to be obs]v$ at ,adam's ,peak1 9 ,ceylon1 are v rem>kable4 ,_m travell]s h giv5 vivid acc\nts ( ^!4 ,on "o occasion ! ,hon4 ,ralph ,ab]cromby1 9 8 praisewor?y en?usiasm = meteorological rese>*1 w5t !re ) two sci5tific fri5ds to witness ! /range appe>ance4 ,! conical peak1 a mile & a half high1 ov]looks a gorge we/ ( x4 ,:51 !n1 ! nor?-ea/ monsoon bl[s ! morn+ mi/ up ! valley1 light wrea?s ( cond5s$ vap\r pass to ! "r ( ! ,peak1 & cat* ! %ad[s at sunrise4 ,?is p>ty rea*$ ! summit e>ly "o morn+ 9 ,febru>y4 ,! =egl[ began to bright5 ! "u-surface ( ! /ratus-cl\d ) orange1 & pat*es ( :ite mi/ fill$ ! holl[s4 ,soon ! sun peep$ ?r\gh a *9k 9 ! cl\ds1 & !y saw ! po9t$ %ad[ ( ! ,peak ly+ on ! mi/y l&4 ,!n a prismatic circle1 ) ! r$ inside1 =m$ r\nd ! %ad[4 ,! meteorologi/ wav$ 8 arms ab\t1 & imm$iately he f\nd giant %ad[y arms mov+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ra9b[4 ,soon !y saw a bright] & %>p] %ad[ ( ! ,peak1 encircl$ by a d\ble b[1 & _! own spectral arms m cle>ly visible4 ,! %ad[1 ! d\ble b[1 & ! giant =ms1 comb9$ to make ?is ph5om5on ! mo/ m>k$ 9 ! :ole _w4 ,! "q has be5 frequ5tly ask$3 ,:y are su* a]ial effects n m widely obs]v$8 ,!re are n _m m\nta9s ( ?is height & ( a conical %ape2 & /ill few] c !re be :]e a /eady w9d1 = mon?s toge!r1 bl[s up a valley s z to project ! ris+ morn+ mi/ at a suitable height & di/ance on ! we/]n side1 to cat* ! %ad[ ( ! peak at sunrise4 ,! mo/ fam\s place 9 ,europe = witness+ ! awe-inspir+ ph5om5on is ! ,brock51 9 ,g]many--#cgdj feet 9 height4 ,! only great disappo9tm5t !re is t ! conditions r>ely comb9e at sunrise or sunset to h ! spectre successful4 ,9 ,july #ahib1 my daught] & ,i 7 sp5d+ "s weeks at ,h>zburg1 &1 ( c\rse1 we _h to visit ! ,brock5 & take /ock ( ! _w-kn[n ph5om5on4 ,at mid-day1 ! air at ! flat summit 0 cold1 cle>1 & h>d4 ,! b\ld]s are ( enorm\s size2 & ne> ! ,noah's ,ark ,hotel & ,obs]vatory _m are pil$ up 9 a mass1 on :i* ! obs]v]s /& at ! appo9t$ "t = hav+ _! %ad[s project$ on ! mi/y air 9 ! valleys4 ,at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! sky 0 brilliantly cle> on ! summit ( ! ,brock52 b ! w9d 0 ris+ f ! sun's direction1 & ! mi/ 0 fill+ up ! wide-spread ea/]n valley4 ,we /ood on ! spectre b\ld]s1 & our %ad[s 7 ?r[n on ! grass1 j z at home4 ,h[ev]1 !y fell ^u l>ge pat*es ( :ite hea!r1 :i* !re is v pl5tiful4 ,at six o'clock ! sun 0 /ill %9+ beautifully1 & we anxi\sly wait$ = ! "t :5 x w\ld be l[ en\gh to raise our %ad[s to ! mi/y wall4 ,an h\r aft]w>ds1 a hundr$ visitors 7 out1 & _m ( u 7 on ! spectre /ones4 ,!re 0 great excitem5t 9 anticipation ( ! weird appe>ances1 :i* _h attract$ u f su* a di/ance4 ,b1 almo/ at ! mom5t ( success1 ! sun desc5d$ beh9d a belt ( purple cl\d1 & all we saw 0 "p ( a ra9b[ on ! mi/y holl[4 ,= ! sun nev] appe>$ aga94 ,?is 0 int5sely sadd5+1 see+ t1 b = t /ratum ( cl\d above ! horizon1 ! ph5om5on w\ld h be5 graphically display$4 ,! cold became sudd5ly int5se1 & we _h to sleep ) a freez+ mi/ envelop+ ! hotel4 ,9 va9 did we wait = ! wak5+ call1 to tell u ( sunrise2 = ! sun c\ld n pi]ce ! mi/1 & we _h to return home disappo9t$4 ,sometimes ! ra9b[ col\rs assume ! %apes ( crosses in/ead ( circles4 ,occasionally a bright halo w be se5 above ! %ad[-head ( ! obs]v]1 conc5tric ra9b[s enclos+ all4 ,9 "s record$ cases ! gr& effect mu/ h be5 simply glori\s4 ,sci5tific obs]vation has done mu* to dispel ! sup]/ition :i* has clung s t5aci\sly to ! ,highl& m9d4 ,! lonely gr&eur ( ! weird m\nta9 giants has be5 cle>ly expla9$ z p]fectly natural1 yet ! awe-/rik+ feel+ _c be entirely driv5 (f4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,w9d ,once 0 ! rem>k po9t$ly made3 ,! w9d bl[e? :]e x li/e?4 ,& t is ne>ly true /ill4 ,! lead+ w9ds are "u ! calculation ( ! meteorologi/1 b ! o!rs w n be b\nd by laws4 ,yet !re are in/rum5ts = measur+ ! velocity & =ce ( ! w9d1 aft] x is on2 b :5ce x comes is a diff]5t matt]4 ,a g5tle air moves at ! rate ( #g miles an h\r2 a hurricane f #hj to #aej miles1 press+ ) #ej lbs4 on ! squ>e foot expos$ to its fury4 ,"s ( ! gu/s ( ! ,tay ,bridge /orm1 9 #ahgi1 _h a velocity ( #aej miles an h\r1 ) a pressure ( #hj to #ij lbs4 to ! squ>e foot4 ,be=e /eam]s supplant$ s _m sail+ vessels1 seam5 requir$ to be always on ! al]t z to ! direction & /r5g? ( ! w9d1 & ! likelihood ( any sudd5 *ange2 & !y *ronicl$ twelve diff]5t /r5g?s f fa9t air to a /orm4 ,9 g5]al1 ! w9d may be consid]$ to be ! result ( a *ange ( pressure & temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e at ! same level4 ,! air ( a w>m] region1 be+ light]1 asc5ds1 & gives place to a curr5t ( w9d f a cold] region4 ,^! two curr5ts--! high] & ! l[]--w cont9ue to bl[ until !re is equilibrium4 ,! trade w9ds are regul> & con/ant4 ,^! 7 mu* foll[$ 9 ! days ( old4 ,a va/ am\nt ( air 9 ! tropics gets heat$ & asc5ds1 be+ light]1 & travels to ! cold] nor?4 ,a /rong curr5t ru%es 9 f ! nor? to take its place4 ,b ! e>? rotates r\nd its axis f we/ to ea/1 & ! comb9$ motions make two slant w9d directions1 :i* are call$ ! trade w9ds1 because !y 7 s important 9 trade navigation4 ,among ! p]iodical w9ds are ! l& & sea breezes4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! l& on ! sea coa/ is w>m] ?an ! sea2 accord+ly1 ! air ov] ! l& becomes heat$ & asc5ds1 ! f9e cool breeze f ! sea tak+ its place4 ,t[>ds ev5+ !re is ! equilibrium ( temp]ature :i* produces a tempor>y calm4 ,soon ! e>? *ills1 & ! sea is c\nt]balanc+ly w>m--z sea-wat] is /eadi] z to temp]ature ?an is l&--! air ov] ! sea becomes w>m]1 & asc5ds1 ! curr5t f ! l& ru%+ 9 to take its place4 ,h5ce dur+ ! night ! w9d is rev]s$1 until 9 ! morn+ aga9 ! equilibrium is re/or$ & !re is a calm1 s f> z ^! are conc]n$4 ,^! are !re=e call$ ! l& & sea breezes4 ,( c\rse1 x is )9 ! tropics t ^! breezes are mo/ m>k$4 ,by ! assi/ance ( o!r w9ds1 a hurricane w !re occasionally de/roy t[ns & br+ ab\t mu* damage & loss ( life2 b bett] t hundr$s %\ld p]i% by a hurricane ?an ?\s&s by ! pe/il5ce :i*1 b = ! /orm1 w\ld h done its dire "w4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! diff]5ces ( pressure are m m>k$ ?an ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 9 ! surr\nd+ regions ! /r5g? ( ! w9d !reby occasion$ is f> /rong] ?an ! l& & sea breezes4 ,! v>iable w9ds are m conflict+4 ,^! dep5d on purely local causes = a "t1 su* z ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 cov]$ ) vegetation or b>e2 ! physical configuration ( ! surface1 level or m\nta9\s2 ! vic9ity ( ! sea or lakes1 & ! passage ( /orms4 ,among ^! w9ds are ! simoom & sirocco4 ,! ea/ w9ds1 :i* "o does n c>e ab\t 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s dur+ ! spr+ "t1 are occasion$ by ! p[]ful nor!rn curr5t :i* ru%es s\? f ! nor!rn regions 9 ,europe4 ,dr4 ,bu*an po9ts out a v common mi/ake among ev5 intellig5t obs]v]s :o %udd] at ! h>d ea/ w9ds4 ,x is g5]ally held t ^! w9ds are damp4 ,!y are unheal?y1 b !y are dry4 ,x is q true t _m ea/]ly w9ds are peculi>ly moi/2 all t prec$e /orms are s f> damp & ra9y2 & x is ow+ to ?is circum/ance t1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ! ea/ w9ds are se>*+ & c>ry mo/ ( ! annual ra9fall !re4 ,b all ( ^! moi/ ea/]ly w9ds1 h[ev]1 soon turn to "s we/]ly po9t4 ,! real ea/ w9d1 s mu* fe>$ by invalids1 does n turn to ! we/2 x is exce$+ dry4 ,curi\s is x t bra9 diseases1 z well z consumption1 rea* _! height 9 ,brita9 :ile ea/ w9ds prevail4 ,once 9 ,ed9burgh1 dur+ ! e>ly spr+1 ,i _h rheumatic fev]1 & dur+ my convalesc5ce my m$ical advis]1 ,dr4 ,m5zies1 w\ld n let me h a %ort drive until ! w9d *ang$ to ! we/4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i anxi\sly wat*$ 9 ! morn+ 0 ! flag on ! ,ca/le2 & = ne>ly two mon?s x always wav$ f ! ea/4 ,h[ he>t-depress+6 ,creatures are we 9 ! h&s ( nature's mess5g]s4 ,we s mu* dep5d ^u ! wea!r = our happ9ess4 ,joyful are we :5 ! honey-lad5 zephyr waves ! long grass 9 ,june1 or :5 ,! g5tle w9d1 a sweet & passionate woo]1 ,kisses ! blu%+ leaf4 ,comp>$ ) ?is1 h[ t]rible is ,%akespe>e's allusion to ! appall+ aspects ( ! /orm3-- ,i h se5 tempe/s1 :5 ! scold+ w9ds ,h riv$ ! knotty oaks2 & ,i h se5 ,! ambiti\s ocean swell1 & rage & foam1 ,to be exalt$ ) ! ?reat'n+ cl\ds2 ,b nev] till to-night1 nev] till n[1 ,did ,i g ?r\gh a tempe/ dropp+ fire4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anti-,,cyclones ,! criticism ( ! wea!r 9 ! meteorological column ( our daily newspap]s inv>iably speaks ( cyclones4 ,x is1 !re=e1 advisable to give z pla9 an explanation ( ^! z possible4 ,cyclones are /orm-w9ds4 ,_! nature has to be c>efully /udi$ by meteorologi/s1 :o are indu/ri\sly at "w to asc]ta9 "s sci5tific basis = ! atmosph]ic movem5ts4 ,:at is ! cause ( ! spiral movem5t 9 /orm-w9ds8 ,9 _! c5tre ! depression ( ! b>omet] is l[e/1 because ! atmosph]e !re is lighte/4 ,z ! walls ( ! spiral are approa*$1 ! b>omet] rises4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 has +5i\sly hit ^u an exp]im5t to illu/rate a spiral 9 air4 ,all t is necess>y is a good fire1 a free-go+ *imney1 & a wet clo?4 ,! clo? is hung up 9 front ( ! fire1 & pretty ne> x1 s t /eam rises readily f its surface2 &1 :5 !re are no air-curr5ts 9 ! room1 ! /eam w rise v]tically1 keep+ close to ! clo?4 ,b if ! room has a w9d[ 9 ! wall1 at "r angles to ! fireplace1 s z to cause ! air com+ f x to make a cross-curr5t pa/ ! fire1 !n a cyclone w be =m$1 & ! vap\r f ! clo? w be se5 circl+ r\nd4 ,:5 ! cyclone is well =m$1 all ! vap\r is collect$ into ! c5tre ( ! cyclone1 & =ms a :ite pill> ext5d+ f ! clo? to ! *imney4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t no cyclone c =m )\t "s tang5tial motion 9 ! air ent]+ ! area ( l[-pressure4 ,n[ to illu/rate ! spiral approa*4 ,fill ) wat] a cyl9drical glass vessel1 say #ae in*es 9 diamet] & #f in*es deep4 ,h an orifice ) a plug a little f ! c5tre ( ! bottom4 ,remove ! plug1 ! wat] runs out1 pass+ r\nd ! vessel 9 a vortex =m4 ,b1 z ! passage betwe5 ! orifice 7or c5tre ( ! cyclone7 & ! tempor>y division is n>r[] ?an 9 any o!r place1 ! wat] has to pass ?is "p mu* m quickly ?an at any o!r place4 ,& ?is curi\s result is obs]v$3 ! top ( ! cyclone no long] rema9s ov] ! orifice1 b travels 9 ! direction ( ! wat] :i* is mov+ mo/ spe$ily4 ,simil> to ?is is ! cyclone 9 ! atmosph]e2 its c5tre also moves 9 ! direction ( ! quicke/ fl[+ w9d t ent]s x4 ,dr4 ,aitk5 is ( op9ion t1 9 =eca/+ /orms1 too little att5tion has be5 paid to ! anti-cyclones4 ,!y d m ?an simply foll[ & fill up ! depression made by ! cyclones4 ,!y initiate & keep up _! own circulation1 & collect ! mat]ials ) :i* ! cyclones produce _! effect4 ,nei!r c\ld "w effici5tly )\t ! o!r4 ,suppose a l>ge area on ! e>? ov] :i* ! air is /ill 9 bright sun%9e4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ! air gets heat$ & *>g$ ) vap\r1 columns ( air w\ld beg9 to asc5d 9 a disord]ly fa%ion4 ,b suppose an anti-cyclone is bl[+ at "o side ( ?is area4 ,:5 ! upp] air desc5ds to ! e>?1 x spreads outw>ds 9 all directions2 b ! e>?'s rotation int]f]es & *anges ! radial into a spiral motion4 ,! anti-cyclonic w9ds w prev5t ! =mation ( local cyclones1 & drive all ! moi/1 hot air to its circumf]5ce1 j above ! e>?4 ,! anti-cyclone =ces its air tang5tially into ! cyclone1 & gives x its direction & velocity ( rotation1 also ! direction & rate ( travel ( ! c5tre ( depression4 ,! e>?'s rotation is ! orig9al s\rce ( ! rotatory movem5ts1 b bo? int5sify ! initial motion4 ,accord+ly1 ! cyclone mu/ travel 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ w9ds bl[+ into x1 j z ! vortex 9 ! vessel ) ! ecc5tric orifice travell$ 9 ! direction ( ! quicke/ mov+ wat]4 ,?is is v]ifi$ by a /udy ( ! synoptic *>ts ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice4 ,! sun's heat has always be5 look$ ^u z ! ma9 s\rce ( ! en]gy ( our w9ds1 b "s acc\nt mu/ also be tak5 ( ! effects ( cold4 ,x is well kn[n t ! mean pressure ov] ,cont95tal areas is high dur+ w9t] & l[ dur+ summ]4 ,z ! sun's rays dur+ summ] give rise to ! cyclonic conditions1 s ! cool+ ( ! e>? dur+ w9t] gives rise to anti-cyclonic conditions4 ,x is f\nd dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,cont95t t z ! temp]ature falls ! pressure rises1 produc+ anti-cyclones ov] ! cold area2 :]eas1 :5 ! temp]ature beg9s to rise1 ! pressure falls1 & cyclones are attract$ to ! w>m+ area4 ,small natural cyclones are (t5 se5 on du/y roads1 ! :irl+ column hav+ a core ( du/y air1 & ! c5tre ( ! vortex travell+ along ! road1 toss+ up ! du/ 9 a v disagreeable way to p$e/rians4 ,sometimes su* a cyclone w toss up dry leaves to a height ( f\r or five feet4 ,!y are v common2 b x is only :5 du/1 leaves1 or o!r light mat]ial is pres5t t !y are visible to ! eye4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,ra9 ,,ph5om5a ,! s(t ra9 on a g5ial ev5+1 or ! heavy ?und]-%[]s on a broil+ day1 are too well kn[n to be writt5 ab\t4 ,sometimes ra9 is e>ne/ly wi%$ =1 at o!r times x is dread$1 accord+ to ! season1 se$-"t or h>ve/4 ,"s ye>s1 l #ahbf1 are v defici5t 9 ra9fall1 :5 ! corn is /unt$ & ev]y?+ is be+ burnt up2 o!r ye>s1 l #aijc1 !re is an ov]-supply1 caus+ great damage to agriculture4 ,! ye> #aijc w long be rememb]$ = its cont9u\s ra9fall2 x is ! record ye>2 no ye> comes ne> x = ! total ra9fall all ov] ! k+dom4 ,ra9 is caus$ by any?+ t l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! air bel[ ! dew-po9t1 b especially by w9ds4 ,:5 a w9d has bl[n ov] a consid]able area ( ocean on to ! l&1 !re is a likelihood ( ra94 ,:5 ?is w9d is c>ri$ on to high] latitudes1 or cold] p>ts1 !re is a c]ta9ty ( ra94 ,( c\rse1 9 ! latt] case ! ra9 w fall heavi] on ! w9d side ?an on ! lee side4 ,= %ort p]iods1 ! heavie/ falls or pl\ts ( ra9 are dur+ ?und]-/orms4 ,:5 ! ra9drops fall ?r\gh a broad1 cold /ratum ( air1 !y are froz5 into hail1 ! p>ticles ( :i* sometimes rea* a l>ge size1 l /ones4 ,( c\rse1 wat]-sp\ts n[ & aga9 are ( t]rible viol5ce4 ,"o ( ! heavie/ ra9falls yet record$ 9 ,great ,brita9 0 ab\t #b-a_/d in*es 9 =ty m9utes at ,l$na?ie1 ,=f>%ire1 9 #ahhg4 ,n[ #a in* deep ( ra9 means #ajj tons on an imp]ial acre2 s ! am\nt ( wat] fall+ on a field dur+ t %ort "t is simply />tl+4 ,! heavie/ fall = "o day 0 at ,b5 ,nevis ,obs]vatory1 be+ fully #g-a_/d in*es 9 #ahij4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w ?is is f> exce$$4 ,9 "o day at ,br[nsville1 ,texas1 ne>ly #ac in*es fell 9 #ahhf4 ,on ! ,khasi hills1 ,india1 #cj in*es on ea* ( five successive days 7 regi/]$4 ,at ,gibralt>1 #cc in*es 7 record$ 9 tw5ty-six h\rs4 ,! heavie/ ra9falls ( ! globe are occasion$ by ! w9ds t h swept ov] ! mo/ ext5sive ocean-areas 9 ! tropics4 ,on ! summ] w9ds ! ra9fall ( ,india ma9ly dep5ds2 :5 ?is fails1 !re is mo/ di/ress+ dr\ght4 ,res]voirs are be+ erect$ to meet em]g5cies4 ,f ,dr4 ,bu*an's /ati/ics x is f\nd t ! annual ra9fall at ,mahabale%w> is #bfc in*es2 at ,s&[ay #bad2 & at ,*]ra-pungi #dgb in*es1 ! l>ge/ kn[n ra9fall any:]e on ! globe4 ,ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& m ?an #hj in*es fall annually1 :ile 9 "s ( ! be/ agricultural di/ricts !re x does n exce$ #cj in*es4 ,( all meteorological ph5om5a1 ra9fall is ! mo/ v>iable & unc]ta94 ,symons gives z t5tative results f tw5ty ye>s' obs]vations 9 ,london--7#a7 ,9 w9t]1 ! nights are wett] ?an ! days2 7#b7 9 spr+ & autumn1 !re is n mu* diff]5ce2 7#c7 9 summ]1 ne>ly half z mu* aga9 by day z by night4 ,! we>isom5ess ( /ati/ics may be "h reliev$ by a %ort consid]ation ( ! spla% ( a drop ( ra94 ,wat*+ ! drop-spla%es on a ra9y day 9 ! outskirts ( ! city1 :5 unable to get out1 ,i br\ght to my recollection ! m>vell\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,m4 ,wor?+ton 9 connection ) ^! ph5om5a4 ,( c\rse1 ,i c\ld n see to prop] advantage ! =mation ( ! spla%es1 z ! heavy ra9drops fell into ^! t9y lakes on ! quiet road4 ,!re is n ! effect ( ! huge ?und]-drops 9 a /ream or pool4 ,! build+ up ( ! bubbles is n "h p]fect1 = ! domes fail to close1 nor are ! em]g5t columns visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,x is a pity2 = ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son once wrote ( !m 9 8 delightful ,inl& ,voyage1 :5 he cano$ 9 ! ,belgian canals1 z ?r[n up by ! ra9 into an inf9ity ( little cry/al f\nta9s4 ,beautiful is ?is effect if "o is "u %elt]1 e dome seem+ q diff]5t 9 cont\r & individuality f all ! re/4 ,b t]rible is x :5 out fi%+ on ,lo* ,e>n1 ev5 ) ! good-hum\r$ old ,admiral1 :5 ! heavy ?und]-drops spla% up ! cry/al wat]1 & "o gets soak$ to ! sk91 sportsman-l despis+ an umbrella4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a sci5tific int]e/ ab\t ! spla% ( a drop4 ,! ph5om5on c be be/ se5 indoors by lett+ a drop ( ink fall ^u ! surface ( pure wat] 9 a tumbl]1 :i* /&s on :ite pap]4 ,x is an exquisitely regulat$ ph5om5on1 :i* v ideally illu/rates "s ( ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( fluids4 ,:5 a drop ( milk is let fall ^u wat] col\r$ ) anil9e dye1 ! c5tre column ( ! spla% is ne>ly cyl9drical1 & breaks up into drops be=e or dur+ its subsequ5t desc5t into ! liquid4 ,z x disappe>s bel[ ! surface1 ! outw>d & d[nw>d fl[ causes a holl[ to be aga9 =m$1 up ! sides ( :i* a r+ ( milk is c>ri$2 :ile ! rema9d] desc5ds to be torn a second "t into a beautiful vortex r+4 ,?is %ell or dome is a *>act]i/ic ( all spla%es made by l>ge drops fall+ f a consid]able height1 & is extremely pretty4 ,sometimes ! dome closes p]man5tly ov] ! imprison$ air1 & =ms a l>ge bubble float+ ^u ! wat]4 ,! mo/ successful exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh by means ( in/antane\s photography1 ) ! aid ( a ,leyd5-j> sp>k1 ^: duration 0 less ?an ! t5-million? ( a second4 ,b ! simple exp]im5ts1 )\t ! use ( ! app>atus1 w :ile away a few h\rs on a ra9y aft]noon1 :5 condemn$ to ! p5ance ( keep+ )9 doors4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,meteorology ,,( ,,b5 ,,nevis ,sev]al l>ge & v important volumes ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh are devot$ to /ati/ics connect$ ) ! meteorology ( ,b5 ,nevis4 ,mo/ ( ! ab/racts h be5 arrang$ by ,dr4 ,bu*an2 :ile ,messrs4 ,bu*anan1 ,omond1 & ,rank9e h tak5 a fair %>e ( ! "w4 ,?is ,obs]vatory1 z ,mr4 ,bu*anan rem>ks1 is unique1 = x is e/abli%$ 9 ! cl\ds2 & ! obs]vations made 9 x furni% a record ( ! meteorology ( ! cl\ds4 ,x is #ddjf feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & z !re is a correspond+ ,obs]vatory at ,=t ,william1 at ! base ( ! m\nta91 x is peculi>ly well fitt$ = important obs]vations & wea!r =eca/+4 ,! m\nta91 too1 is on ! we/ sea-coa/ ( ,scotl&1 expos$ imm$iately to ! w9ds f ! ,atlantic1 cat*+ !m at fir/ h&4 ,x is lam5table to ?9k t1 :5 ! importance ( ! obs]vations made at ! two ,obs]vatories 0 becom+ _w kn[n1 funds c\ld n be got to c>ry !m on4 ,b5 ,nevis is ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 be/ fitt$ = meteorological obs]vations2 yet ^! h be5 /opp$ = want ( money4 ,dr4 ,bu*an's valuable pap]s 7 publi%$ be=e any "o dream$ ( ! /oppage ( ! "w1 :i* _h su* an important be>+ on m5 engag$ 9 bus9ess or tak5 up ) op5-air sport4 ,f ^! ,i %all sift out a few facts t ev5 mute1 +lori\s meteorologi/s may be int]e/$ 9 kn[+4 ,= a consid]able "t ! importance ( ! /udy ( ! *anges ( ! wea!r has come gradually to be recognis$1 & an additional impetus 0 giv5 to ! prosecution ( ?is bran* ( meteorology :5 x 0 se5 t ! subject _h intimate relations to ! practical "q ( wea!r =eca/s1 includ+ /orm w>n+s4 ,wea!r maps1 %[+ ! /ate ( ! wea!r ov] an ext5sive "p ( ! surface ( ! globe1 began to be con/ruct$2 b ^! 7 only indicators f places at ! level ( ! sea4 ,! s+ul> advantages ( a high-level obs]vatory occurr$ to ,mr4 ,milne ,home 9 #ahgg2 & ,b5 ,nevis 0 consid]$ to be 9 e respect ! mo/ suitable 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,meteorological ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london (f]$ 9 #ahhj1 unsolicit$1 ,l#ajj annually to ! ,scotti% ,meteorological ,society1 to aid 9 ! support ( an ,obs]vatory1 ! only /ipulation be+ t ! ,c\ncil be suppli$ ) copies ( ! obs]vations4 ,f ,june to ,octob]1 9 #ahha1 ,mr4 ,wragge made daily obs]vations at ! top ( ! ,b52 & simultane\s obs]vations 7 made1 by ,mrs4 ,wragge1 at ,=t ,william4 ,a second s]ies1 on a mu* m ext5d$ scale1 0 made 9 ! foll[+ summ]4 ,funds 7 secur$ to build an ,obs]vatory2 &1 9 ,novemb] #ahhc1 ! regul> "w comm5c$1 consi/+ ( h\rly obs]vations by night z well z by day4 ,until a %ort "t ago1 ^! 7 c>ri$ on un9t]rupt$ly4 ,telegraphic communications ( ea* day's obs]vations 7 s5t to ! morn+ newspap]s2 & n[ we are disappo9t$ at n see+ !m = comp>ison4 ,! :ole ( ! obs]vations ( temp]ature & humidity 7 ( necessity eye-obs]vations4 ,= self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s 7 comp>atively useless :5 ! w9d 0 sometimes bl[+ at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r4 ,saturation 0 s complete 9 ! atmosph]e t ev]y?+ expos$ to x 0 dripp+ wet4 ,e object expos$ to ! outside fro/s ( w9t] soon became ?ickly incru/$ ) ice4 ,sn[drifts block$ up expos$ in/rum5ts4 ,accord+ly1 ! obs]v]s _h to use _! own eyes1 (t5 at great risks4 ,! in/rum5ts 9 ! ,b5 ,nevis ,obs]vatory1 & 9 ! ,obs]v+ ,/ation at ,=t ,william1 7 ( ! be/ description4 ,bo? /ations 7 9 positions :]e ! effects ( sol> & t]re/rial radiation 7 m9imis$4 ,no o!r pair ( meteorological /ations any:]e 9 ! _w are s fav\rably situat$ z ^! two /ations1 = supply+ ! necess>y obs]vations = inve/igat+ ! v]tical *anges ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is to be e>ne/ly hop$1 !re=e1 t funds w be secur$ to resume ! valuable "w4 ,! rate ( ! decrease ( temp]ature ) height !re is #a deg4 ,fahr4 = e #bge feet ( asc5t1 on ! mean ( ! ye>4 ,! rate is mo/ rapid 9 ,april & ,may1 :5 x is #a deg4 = ea* #bdg feet2 & lea/ rapid 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 :5 x is #a deg4 = #cjg feet4 ,?is rate agrees closely ) ! results ( ! mo/ c>efully conduct$ balloon asc5ts4 ,! dep>tures f ! normal diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 b m especially ! inv]sions ( temp]ature1 & ! extraord9>ily rapid rates ( dim9ution ) height1 are intimately connect$ ) ! cyclones & anti-cyclones ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe2 & =m data1 z valuable z !y are unique1 9 =eca/+ /orms4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! climate ( ,b5 ,nevis is ! repeat$ occurr5ce ( excessive dr\ghts4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! summ] & e>ly autumn ( #ahhe1 l[ humidities & dew-po9ts frequ5tly occurr$4 ,correspond+ notes 7 obs]v$ at sea-level4 ,dur+ nights :5 temp]ature falls ?r\gh ! effects ( t]re/rial radiation1 ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry suff] mo/ f fro/s ov] :i* v dry /ates ( ! air pass or re/2 :]eas1 ^? di/ricts1 ov] :i* a m humid atmosph]e hangs1 w escape4 ,on ! night ( ,augu/ #ca ( t ye>1 ! potato crop on ,speyside 0 totally de/roy$ by ! fro/2 :]eas at ,dalnaspidal1 9 ! di/rict imm$iately adjo9+1 potatoes 7 sc>cely--if at all--black5$4 ,! mean annual pressure at ,b5 ,nevis 0 #be4c in*es1 & at ,=t ,william #bi4h1 ! diff]5ce be+ #d-a_/b in*es = ! #ddjj feet4 ,= ! :ole ye>1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean colde/ h\r1 #e ,a4,m41 & ! w>me/ h\r1 #b ,p4,m41 is #b deg4 ,= ! five mon?s1 f ,octob] to ,febru>y1 ! mean daily range ( temp]ature v>i$ only f ,o4#f to #a4e4 ,?is is ! "t ( ! ye> :5 /orms are mo/ frequ5t2 & ?is small range 9 ! diurnal m>* ( ! temp]ature is an important feature 9 ! climatology ( ,b5 ,nevis2 = x pres5ts1 9 ne>ly _! simple =m1 ! great *anges ( temp]ature accompany+ /orms & o!r wea!r *anges1 :i* x is s ess5tial to "k 9 =eca/+ wea!r4 ,! daily maximum velocity ( ! w9d occurs dur+ ! night1 ! daily diff]5ces be+ greate/ 9 summ] & lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,a blaz+ sun 9 ! summ] daily p\rs its rays on ! atmosph]e1 & a ?ick envelope ( cl\d has app>5tly b little influ5ce on ! effect ( ! sun's rays4 ,?und]-/orms are ess5tially autumn & w9t] ph5om5a1 be+ r>e 9 summ]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,bu*anan1 ! wea!r on ,b5 ,nevis is *>act]is$ by great preval5ce ( fog or mi/4 ,9 cont9u\sly cle> wea!r x practically nev] ra9s on ! m\nta9 at all4 ,9 cont9u\sly foggy wea!r1 on ! o!r h&1 ! av]age daily ra9fall is #a in*4 ,!re is a l>ge & cont9u\s excess ( pressure 9 cle> wea!r ov] t ( foggy wea!r4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> is #c-a_/b degrees high] 9 cle> ?an 9 foggy wea!r4 ,9 ,june ! excess is #aj degrees4 ,! nocturnal heat+ 9 ! w9t] is v cle>ly obs]v$4 ,?is has be5 notic$ be=e 9 balloons z well z on m\nta9s4 ,! fog & mi/ 9 w9t] are mu* d5s] ?an 9 summ]4 ,:e!r wet or dry1 ! fog :i* *>act]ises ! climate ( ! m\nta9 is no?+ b cl\d "u ano!r "n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,wea!r ,,& ,,influ5za ,"s rem>kable facts h be5 d$uc$ by ! late ,dr4 ,l4 ,gillespie1 ,m$ical ,regi/r>1 f ! records ( ! ,royal ,infirm>y ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he consid]$ t x might lead to int]e/+ results if ! admissions into ! m$ical w>ds 7 contra/$ ) ! v>y+ /ates ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! repeat$ attacks ( influ5za made him pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r on t disease4 ,! meteorological facts tak5 comprise ! weekly type ( wea!r1 i4e4 cyclonic or anti-cyclonic1 ! extremes ( temp]ature = ! di/rict = ea* week1 & ! mean weekly ra9fall = ! same di/rict4 ,m use is made ( ! extremes ?an ( ! mean1 = rapid *anges ( temp]ature h a great] influ5ce on disease ?an ! actual mean4 ,! p]iod :i* he took up comprises ! sev5 ye>s #ahhh-ahie4 ,!re 0 a ye>ly av]age ( admissions ( #cich2 s t he _h a good field = obs]vation4 ,six di/9ct epidemics ( influ5za1 v>y+ 9 int5sity1 occurr$ dur+ t p]iod2 yet !re _h be5 only tw5ty-?ree attacks betwe5 #aeaj & #ahij4 ,accord+ly1 ^! six epidemics mu/ h _h a great influ5ce on ! incid5ce ( disease 9 ! same p]iod1 kn[+ ! vigor\s action ( ! poison on ! respiratory1 ! circulatory1 & ! n]v\s sy/ems4 ,! epidemics ( influ5za record$ 9 ?is c\ntry h usually occurr$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! fir/ epidemic1 :i* began on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #ahhi & cont9u$ = n9e weeks1 0 prec$$ by six weeks ( cyclonic wea!r1 :i* 0 n1 h[ev]1 accompani$ by a heavy ra9fall4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( ! disease1 ! type cont9u$ to be almo/ exclusively cyclonic1 ) a heavy ra9fall1 a high temp]ature1 & a great defici5cy ( sun%9e4 ,! f\r weeks imm$iately foll[+ 7 also *iefly cyclonic1 b ) a small] ra9fall4 ,! summ] epidemic ( #ahia foll[$ a f9e w9t] & spr+1 dur+ :i* anti-cyclonic conditions 7 l>gely preval5t4 ,b ! epidemic 0 imm$iately prec$$ by wet wea!r & a l[ b>omet]4 ,x took place 9 dry wea!r1 & 0 foll[$ by wet1 cyclonic wea!r 9 turn4 ,! great w9t] epidemic ( #ahia foll[$ an extremely wet & brok5 autumn4 ,simultane\sly ) ! e/abli%m5t ( an anti-cyclone1 ) ea/ w9d1 practically no ra91 & a l[]+ temp]ature1 ! influ5za comm5c$4 ,great extremes 9 ! temp]ature foll[$1 ! adv5t ( w>m] wea!r & m equable days witness+ ! disappe>ance ( ! disease4 ,! f\r? epidemic 0 prec$$ by a wet p]iod1 u%]$ 9 by dry wea!r1 accompani$ by great heat2 & its close occurr$ 9 slightly wett] wea!r1 b "u anti-cyclonic conditions4 ,! fif? outbreak began aft] a %ort anti-cyclone _h become e/abli%$ ov] our isl&s1 cont9u$ dur+ a long spell ( cyclonic wea!r ) a consid]able ra9fall1 b 0 dr[n$ out by heavy ra9s4 ,! la/ appe>ance ( ! mod]n plague1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,gillespie's pap] treats1 comm5c$ aft] cold & wet wea!r1 cont9u$ 9 v cold b dri] wea!r1 & subsid$ 9 w>m? ) a mod]ate ra9fall4 ,! conditions ( ^! six epidemics 7 v v>iable 9 "s respects1 & regul> 9 o!rs4 ,! mo/ con/ant condition 0 ! decreas$ ra9fall at ! "t1 :5 ! disease 0 becom+ epidemic4 ,anti-cyclonic wea!r prevail$ at ! "t4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,gillespie1 ! tables seem to sugge/ t a type ( wea!r1 :i* is liable to cause cat>rhs & o!r affections ( ! respiratory tract1 prec$es ! attacks ( influ5za2 b t ! occurr5ce ( influ5za 9 epidemic =m does n appe> to take place until ano!r & dri] type has be5 e/abli%$4 ,z ! wea!r *anges1 ! affect$ pati5ts increase ) a ru%4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! suppos$ rapid spread ( influ5za on ! e/abli%m5t ( anti-cyclonic conditions may be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! air 9 ! cyclonic vortex1 drawn *iefly f ! atmosph]e ov] ! ocean1 is moi/1 & conta9s none ( ! contagion2 ! air ( ! anti-cyclone1 d]iv$ f ! high] /rata1 & ?us f di/ant cyclones1 desc5d+1 bl[s g5tly ov] ! l& to ! ne>e/ cyclone1 &1 be+ dri]1 is m able to c>ry susp5d$ p>ticles ) x4 ,he consid]s t temp]ature has no?+ to d ) ! problem1 except 9 s f> z ! diff]5t types ( wea!r may modify x4 ,! ,infirm>y records po9t to ! occurr5ce ( simil> ph5om5a1 record$ on previ\s occasions4 ,accord+ly1 if su* meteorological conditions are n indisp5sable to ! spread ( influ5za 9 epidemic =m1 !y at lea/ af=d fav\rable facilities = x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,climate ,"o is n f> up 9 ye>s1 9 ,scotl& at any rate1 )\t practically realis+ :at climate means4 ,he may n be able to put x 9 words1 b ea/]ly ha>s1 *ill+ rimes1 drizzl+ mi/s1 dagg+ fogs1 & sodd5+ ra9s speak eloqu5tly to him ( ! mean+ ( climate4 ,climate is an expression = ! conditions ( a di/rict ) reg>d to temp]ature1 & its influ5ce on ! heal? ( animals & plants4 ,! sun is ! great s\rce ( heat1 & :5 its rays are ne>ly p]p5dicul>--z at ! ,tropics--! heat is great] on ! e>? ?an :5 ! slant$ rays are gradually cool$ 9 _! passage4 ,z "o passes to a high] level1 he feels ! air cold]1 until he rea*es ! fluctuat+ sn[-l9e t m>ks p]petual sn[4 ,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e also dep5ds ^u ! radiation f ! e>?4 ,heat is q diff]5tly radiat$ f a long /ret* ( s&1 a d5se =e/1 & a wide bread? ( wat]4 ,/range is x t a newly pl\gh$ field absorbs & radiates m heat ?an an op5 lea4 ,! equable temp]ature ( ! sea-wat] has an influ5ce on coa/ t[ns4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream1 f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 heats ! ocean on to ! we/ coa/ ( ,brita91 & mell[s ! climate !re4 ,! ra9fall ( a di/rict has a tell+ effect on ! climate4 ,boggy l& produces a delet]i\s climate1 if n mal>ia4 ,ov] ! _w1 g5]ally1 ! prevail+ w9ds are gr& regulators ( ! climate 9 ! di/9ctive di/ricts4 ,a wood$ valley--l ! greate/ 9 ,brita91 ,/ra?more--has a heal?-invigorat+ p[]3 :at a calamity x is1 !n1 t s _m ext5sive woods1 de/roy$ by ! awful hurricane twelve ye>s ago1 are n replant$6 ,"s p c /& ) impunity any climate2 _! lea!r lungs _c be t\*$ by extremes ( temp]ature2 b ord9>y mortals are m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! goddess climate4 ,h5ce heal?-resorts are munific5tly got up1 & spl5didly patronis$ by p ( means4 ,! poor1 =tunately1 h be5 successful 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 by innate h>d9ess1 o!rwise !y w\ld h _h a bad *ance )\t ready ca% = pur*as+ heal?4 ,x may look ludicr\s at fir/ sight1 b x seems none ! less true1 t ! v>iation ( ! spots on ! sun h some?+ to d ) climate1 ev5 to ! produce ( ! fields4 ,on close exam9ation1 ) a prop] in/rum5t1 ! disc ( ! sun is f\nd to be "h & !re /udd$ ) d>k spots4 ,^! v>y 9 size & position day aft] day4 ,!y always make _! fir/ appe>ance on ! same side ( ! sun1 !y travel across x 9 ab\t f\rte5 days1 & !n !y disappe> on ! o!r side4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( spots visible f "t to "t2 inde$1 !re is :at is call$ ! m9imum p]iod1 :5 none are se5 = weeks toge!r1 & a maximum p]iod1 :5 m are se5 ?an at any o!r "t4 ,! int]val betwe5 two maximum p]iods ( sun-spots is ab\t elev5 ye>s4 ,?is is a v important fact1 :i* has wond]ful co9cid5ces 9 ! v>i$ economy ( nature4 ,kir*h(f has %[n1 by means ( ! spectroscope1 t ! temp]ature ( a sun-spot mu/ be l[] ?an t ( ! rema9d] ( ! sol> surface4 ,z we mu/ get less heat f ! sun :5 x is cov]$ ) spots ?an :5 !re are none1 x may be consid]$ a v>iable />1 ) a p]iod ( elev5 ye>s4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t & ,locky] h %[n t ?is p]iod is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! action ( ! planets on ! photosph]e4 ,z we h already m5tion$1 ! v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le h a p]iod ( ! same l5g?1 its greate/ v>iations occurr+ :5 !re are mo/ sun-spots4 ,aurorae1 & ! curr5ts ( electricity :i* trav]se ! e>?'s surface1 foll[ ! same law4 ,?is rem>kable co9cid5ce set m5 a-?9k+4 ,c ! v>y+ condition ( ! sun ex]t any influ5ces ^u t]re/rial affairs8 ,is x connect$ ) ! v>iation ( ra9fall1 ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! frequ5cy ( /orms8 ,has ! regul> p]iodicity ( elev5 ye>s 9 ! sun-spots no effect ^u climate & agricultural produce8 ,mr4 ,f4 ,*amb]s1 ( ,bombay1 has tak5 great tr\ble to /rike1 z f> z possible1 a connection betwe5 ! recurr+ elev5 ye>s ( sun-spots & ! v>iation ( gra9 prices4 ,he arrang$ ! ye>s f #aghc to #ahhb 9 n9e gr\ps ( elev5 ye>s2 &1 f an exam9ation ( 8 tables1 we f9d t !re is a decid$ t5d5cy = high prices to recur at m or less regul> int]vals ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1 & a simil> t5d5cy = l[ prices4 ,an occasional slight diff]5ce c be acc\nt$ = by "s abnormal cause1 z w> or fam9e4 ,amid all ! app>5tly irregul> fluctuations ( ! ye>ly prices1 !re is 9 e "o ( ! t5 prov9ces ( ,india a p]iodical rise & fall ( prices once e elev5 ye>s1 correspond+ to ! regul> v>iation :i* takes place 9 ! numb] ( sun-spots dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,if x 7 possible to obta9 /ati/ics to %[ ! actual out-turn ( ! crops ea* ye>1 ! elev5 ye>ly v>iations calculat$ !refrom might reasonably correspond ) ! sun-spot v>iations ev5 m closely ?an d ! price v>iations4 ,?is is a rem>kable co9cid5ce1 if no?+ m4 ,:at if x 7 yet possible to pr$ict ! v>iations ( prices 9 ! com+ sun-spot cycle8 ,su* a p[] w\ld be ( imm5se s]vice4 ,by its aid x c\ld be pr$ict$ t1 z ! pres5t p]iod ( l[ prices has foll[$ ! la/ maximum ( sun-spots1 :i* 0 9 ! ye> #aijd1 x w n la/ mu* long]1 b t prices mu/ gradually keep ris+ = ! next five ye>s4 ,c\ld sci5ce really pr$ict ?is1 x w\ld be /udi$ by _m & bless$ by m4 ,yet ! /range co9cid5ce ( a c5tury's obs]vations r5d]s ! conclusions n only possible1 b to "s ext5t probable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,*all5g] ,,wea!r ,,reports ,! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 comm5c$ by ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 & aft] 8 dea? cont9u$ by ,sir ,john ,murray1 ) an able /aff ( assi/ants = ! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 0 "o ( ! spl5did exceptions to ! ord9>y ,briti% ,gov]nm5t /+9ess 9 ! fur!rance ( sci5ce4 ,! results ( ! ,exp$ition 7 pr9t$ 9 a great numb] ( v h&some volumes at ! exp5se ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,& ! valuable d$uctions f ! ,*all5g]'s ,wea!r ,reports by ,dr4 ,alex4 ,bu*an1 9 8 ,atmosph]ic ,circulation1 h ?r[n consid]able light ^u oceanic wea!r ph5om5a4 ,= "s ( 8 matur$ op9ions on ^!1 ,i am "h mu* indebt$ to him4 ,humboldt1 9 #ahag1 publi%$ a treatise on ,iso!rmal ,l9es1 :i* initiat$ a fre% l9e = ! /udy ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a4 ,an iso!rm is an imag9>y l9e on ! e>?'s surface1 pass+ ?r\gh places hav+ a correspond+ temp]ature ei!r ?r\gh\t ! ye> or at any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,an isob> is an imag9>y l9e on ! e>?'s surface1 connect+ places at :i* ! mean height ( ! b>omet] at sea-level is ! same4 ,to isob>s1 z well z to iso!rms1 ,dr4 ,bu*an has devot$ consid]able att5tion4 ,9 #ahfh1 he publi%$ an important s]ies ( *>ts conta9+ ^!1 ) arr[s = prevail+ w9ds ov] ! e>? = ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,9 ?is way :at are call$ synoptic *>ts 7 e/abli%$4 ,9 ! ,*all5g] ,report are %[n ! v>i\s movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 ) _! correspond+ causes4 ,x is ?us obs]v$ t ! prevail+ w9ds are produc$ by ! inequality ( ! mass ( air at diff]5t places4 ,! air fl[s f a region ( high] to a region ( l[] pressure1 i4e4 f :]e !re is an excessive mass ( air to fill up "s defici5cy4 ,& ?is is ! great pr9ciple on :i* ! sci5ce ( meteorology re/s1 n only z to w9ds1 b z to wea!r *anges4 ,( ! sun's rays :i* rea* ! e>?1 ^? t fall on ! l& are absorb$ by ! surface lay] ( ab\t #d feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b ^? t fall on ! surface ( ! ocean p5etrate1 z %[n by ! obs]vations ( ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 to a dep? ( ab\t #ejj feet4 ,h5ce1 9 deep wat]s ! temp]ature ( ! surface is only p>tially heat$ by ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,9 mid-ocean ! temp]ature ( ! surface sc>cely diff]s #a deg4 ,fahr4 dur+ ! :ole day1 :ile ! daily v>iation ( ! surface lay] ( l& is sometimes #ej deg4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air ov] ! ocean is ab\t ?ree times great] ?an t ( ! surface ( ! op5 sea ov] :i* x lies2 b1 ne> l&1 ?is increases to five times4 ,! ela/ic =ce ( vap\r is se5 9 its simple/ =m on ! op5 sea1 z disclos$ by ^! ,reports4 ,x is l[e/ at #d ,a4,m4 & highe/ at #b ,p4,m4 ,! relative humidity is j ! rev]se4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is highe/1 ! saturation ( ! air is l[e/1 & vice v]sa4 ,s on l& :5 ! air1 by radiation ( heat f ! e>?1 is cool$ bel[ ! dew-po9t1 dew is produc$1 &1 at ! freez+-po9t1 ho>-fro/4 ,! ,*all5g] ,reports1 too1 %[ t ! =ce ( ! w9ds on ! op5 sea is subject to no di/9ct & uni=m daily v>iation1 b t on ne>+ l& ! =ce ( ! w9d gives a curve z di/9ctly m>k$ z ! ord9>y curve ( temp]ature4 ,t =ce is l[e/ f #b to #d ,a4,m41 & highe/ f #b to #d ,p4,m4 ,ea* ( ! five great oceans gives ! same result4 ,at ,b5 ,nevis1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! =ces are j rev]s$ 9 /r5g?4 ,x is also %[n by ! ,*all5g] obs]vations t on ! op5 sea ! greate/ numb] ( ?und]-/orms occur f #aj ,p4,m4 to #h ,a4,m4 ,&1 f ?is1 ,dr4 ,bu*an concludes t ov] ! ocean t]re/rial radiation is m p[]ful ?an sol> radiation 9 caus+ ^? v]tical di/urbances 9 ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e :i* give rise to ! ?und]-/orm4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,wea!r-,,=eca/+ ,to =etell ) any degree ( c]ta9ty ! /ate ( ! wea!r = tw5ty-f\r h\rs is ( imm5se advantage to bus9ess m51 t\ri/s1 fi%]m51 & _m o!rs4 ,! wea!r is ev]ybody's bus9ess4 ,& ! probabilities ( accurate =eca/s are s improv+ t all are m or less giv+ att5tion to ! morn+ meteorological reports4 ,wea!r-=eca/+ dep5ds on ! pr9ciple f va/ exp]i5ce t1 if "o ev5t happ5s1 a second is likely to foll[4 ,accord+ to ! ext5t & accuracy ( ! data1 w be ! /r5g? ( ! probability ( correct =eca/s4 ,& ! great end ( popul> meteorology is to demon/rate ?is4 ,we h giv5 "s explanations ( ! wea!r 9 "s respects unique2 & a c>eful consid]ation ( ^! explanations w ! m conv9ce ! read] ( ! importance ( ! subject4 ,no d\bt ! *anges ( ! wea!r are extremely complex1 at times baffl+2 & ! wond] is t =eca/s come s ne> ! tru?4 ,= in/ance1 ! ye> #aijc almo/ defi$ ! ord9>y rules ( wea!r1 = x broke ! record = ra9fall4 ,&1 la/ ye>1 s repulsive & unseasonable 0 ! spr+1 t !re seem$ to be a virtual )drawal ( ! season4 ,i wrote on x z ,! ,recession ( ,spr+4 ,speak ab\t ,borr[+ ,days6 ,we _h ! equ9octial gales ( ,m>* ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,on v few days _h we cle> %9+ to *e] u aft] ra91 = ! bitt] cold dri$ up any g5ial moi/ure4 ,an old f>m] rem>k$ t ,we're gaun ow] faur ,nor?4 ,no "o c\ld acc\nt = ! backw>dness ( ! season4 ,unless = ! *e]+ songs ( ! grove-*>m]s1 "o w\ld h =gott5 ! "t ( ! ye>4 ,9 ,m>* ( ?is ye>1 at ,/ra?more1 ! b>omet] fell f #cj4e in*es 7! highe/ = ye>s7 to #bh4fe 9 five days )\t unfav\rable wea!r foll[+4 ,x aga9 rose to #cj4je1 !n fell to #bh4de1 foll[$ by a rise to #bh4g )\t any peculi> *ange4 ,b 9 two days x fell to #bh4d 7! l[e/ = ye>s71 foll[$ by a deluge ( ra9 & a p]fect hurricane = sev]al h\rs1 :ile ! temp]ature 0 =tunately mild4 ,x 0 only evid5t at ! end t ?is univ]sal /orm _h be5 brew+ "s days be=e4 ,all are famili> ) ! ord9>y progno/ics ( good & bad wea!r4 ,a bro* r\nd ! moon1 9 h] tr\bl$ heav51 indicates a /orm ( ra9 or w9d4 ,:5 ! d>k crimson sun 9 ! ev5+ ?r[s a brilliant bronz$ light on ! gables & dead leaves1 we are sure t !re is an int5se radiation f ! e>? to =m dew1 or ev5 ho>-fro/4 ,accord+ to ! meteorological folk-lore1 ! wea!r ( ! summ] season is indicat$ by ! foliation ( ! oak & a% trees4 ,if ! oak comes fir/ into leaf1 ! summ] w be hot & dry1 if ! a% has ! prec$5ce x w be wet & cold4 ,look+ ov] ! obs]vations ( ! budd+ ( ^! two trees = half a c5tury1 ,i f9d t ! wea!r-lore adage has be5 pretty correct4 ,! a% 0 out be=e ! oak a full mon? 9 ! ye>s #ahaf1 '#ag1 '#ba1 '#bc1 '#bh1 '#bi1 '#cj1 '#ch1 '#dj1 '#de1 '#ej1 & '#ei2 & ! summ] & autumn 9 ^! ye>s 7 unfav\rable4 ,aga91 ! oak 0 out be=e ! a% sev]al weeks 9 ! ye>s #ahah1 '#ai1 '#bj1 '#bb1 '#bd1 '#be1 '#bf1 '#bg1 '#cc1 '#cd1 '#ce1 '#cf1 '#cg1 '#db1 '#df1 '#ed1 '#fh1 & '#fi2 ! summ]s dur+ ^! ye>s 7 dry & w>m1 & ! h>ve/s 7 abundant4 ,"o c nev] ?9k ( ?is wea!r progno/ic f nature )\t recall+ ! ,swall[ ,song ( ,t5nyson's ,pr9cess3-- ,:y l+]e? %e to clo! h] he>t ) love1 ,delay+1 z ! t5d] a% delays ,to clo! h]self1 :5 all ! woods are gre58 ,on a muggy morn+ a sudd5 cle>ness 9 ! s\? dr[ns ! pl\ghman4 ,& yet en\gh blue 9 ! sky tae mak' a pair o' breeks *e]s "o ) ! assurance ( com+ dry & sunny wea!r4 ,! l[ fly+ ( ! swall[s betok5s ra91 z well z any unseasonable danc+ ( midges 9 ! ev5+4 ,sore corns on ! feet1 & rheumatism 9 ! jo9ts1 are direful precursors4 ,! leaves are all a-tremble be=e ! approa* ( ?und]4 ,b ?r\gh\t ?is volume ,i h giv5 _m illu/rations4 ,b "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ important practical problems ( meteorology is to asc]ta9 ! c\rse :i* /orms foll[1 & ! causes by :i* t c\rse is det]m9$1 s t a =eca/ may !reby be made1 n only ( ! c]ta9 approa* ( a /orm1 b ! p>ticul> direction & =ce ( ! /orm4 ,! me?od ( conduct+ ?is l>ge inquiry mo/ effectively 0 devis$ by ! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,le ,v]ri]--! great aspirant1 ) our own ,c\* ,adams1 = ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,he began to c>ry ?is out 9 #aheh by ! daily publication ( wea!r data1 foll[$ by a syn*ron\s wea!r map1 :i* %[$ graphically = ! morn+ ( ! day ( publication ! atmosph]ic pressure & ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d1 toge!r ) tables ( temp]ature1 ra9fall1 cl\d1 & sea di/urbances f a l>ge numb] ( places 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is f simil> maps t =eca/s ( /orms are /ill fram$1 & suitable w>n+s issu$2 & a mass ( in=mation is be+ collect$ by telegraph f sixty /ations 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 c41 ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r at eight o'clock e morn+1 & analys$ & arrang$ at ! ,meteorological ,(fice 9 ,london = ! ev5+'s =eca/s ov] ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a ju/] k is be+ n[ acquir$ ( ^? great atmosph]ic movem5ts1 & o!r *anges1 :i* =m ! gr\ndwork ( wea!r-=eca/+4 ,! ,meteorological ,(fice1 ,we/m9/] 7entirely di/9ct f ! ,royal ,meteorological ,society71 is adm9i/]$ by a ,c\ncil 7,*airman1 ,sir ,r4 ,/ra*ey2 ,scotti% memb]1 ,dr4 ,bu*an71 select$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,x employs a /aff ( ov] =ty4 ,! *ief dep>tm5ts relate to3 7#a7 ,ocean ,meteorology1 includ+ ! collection1 tabulation1 & discussion ( meteorological data f ,briti% %ips1 ! prep>ation ( ocean wea!r *>ts1 & ! issue ( meteorological in/rum5ts to ! ,royal ,navy & ,m]cantile ,m>9e2 7#b7 ,wea!r ,telegraphy1 includ+ ! reception ( telegrams ?rice a day f select$ /ations = ! prep>ation ( ! daily reports & wea!r =eca/s4 ,repres5tatives ( newspap]s1 c41 receive copies ( ! #aa ,a4,m4 =eca/ bas$ on ! #h ,a4,m4 obs]vations2 & also ( ! #h4cj ,p4,m4 =eca/s bas$ on ! obs]vations receiv$ e>li] 9 ! day4 ,9 summ] & autumn h>ve/ =eca/s are issu$ by telegraph to individuals :o w defray ! co/4 ,! ,(fice also collects climatological data f a numb] ( volunt>y & "s subsidis$ /ations4 ,! fir/ ord] /ations include ,val5tia1 ,falm\?1 ,kew1 & ,ab]de54 ,^! h self-record+ in/rum5ts ( high precision1 giv+ a cont9u\s record ( ! meteorological elem5ts4 ,a ,gov]nm5t ,commission :i* sat la/ ye>1 "u ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,sir ,h]b]t ,maxwell1 ,b>t41 h issu$ a ,report1 recomm5d+ a numb] ( *anges 9 ! managem5t & con/itution ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice2 & consid]able modifications are n unlikely to take place 9 ! ne> future4 ,9 8 evid5ce be=e t ,commission1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,c\ncil ackn[l$g$ t ! great function ( meteorologi/s is ! collection ( facts2 b ! int]pretation ( ^? collect$ facts1 9 a sci5tific mann]1 is /ill 9 a v immature condition4 ,dr4 ,bu*an1 9 8 evid5ce1 confess$ t =eca/+ by ! ,c\ncil is purely by rule ( ?umb4 ,x is n possible to lay d[n h>d & fa/ rules = =eca/+4 ,) reg>d to ! /orm-w>n+ telegrams1 z a rule1 ! e>lie/ tru/wor?y indication ( ! approa* ( a dang]\s /orm to ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles prec$es ! /orm by only a few h\rs4 ,delays are !re=e v s]i\s4 ,x is admitt$ by ! be/ ,briti% meteorologi/s t ! obs]vations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are bett] conduct$1 al?\gh ! be/ in/rum5ts 9 ! _w are set & regi/]$ at ,kew1 9 ,engl&4 ,! "w ( wea!r =eca/s & /orm w>n+s is c>ri$ on ) ! highe/ degree ( promptitude & effici5cy at ! ,wa%+ton ,c5tral ,(fice4 ,?is is because ! "w ( pr$ictions has be5 hi!rto ! *ief "w ( ! ,(fice3 ! entire "t ( ! obs]v]s1 on ^: telegraphic reports ! =eca/s are bas$1 is controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau2 & ! "r ( prec$5ce 9 ! use ( wires is ma9ta9$4 ,pr(essor ,brueckn]1 ( ,b]ne1 has devot$ a lifetime to ! comp>atively new treatm5t ( climatic oscillations1 bas$ ^u obs]vations made at #cba po9ts on ! e>?'s surface1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,europe1 #aih2 ,asia1 #ci2 ,n4 ,am]ica1 #ej2 ,c54 & ,s4 ,am]ica1 #af2 ,au/ralia1 #ab2 ,africa1 #f4 ,"o ( 8 conclusions is t an av]age "t ( ab\t ?irty-five ye>s is f\nd to int]v5e betwe5 "o p]iod ( excess or defici5cy ( w>m? & ! next1 accompani$ by ! opposite relative condition ( moi/ure4 ,all are famili> ) ! hoi/+ ( cone-w>n+ z indication ( a com+ /orm4 ,?is "w is exce$+ly important1 especially = ^? connect$ ) ! sea by bus9ess or pleasure4 ,on ! kn[n approa* ( a cyclone ( dang]\s int5sity1 special messages are s5t f ! ,london ,meteorological ,(fice1 w>n+ ! coa/s likely to be affect$4 ,:5 ! cone is hoi/$ ) its apex d[nw>ds1 x means t /rong s\? or s\?-we/ w9ds are to be look$ =4 ,:5 ! cone is hoi/$ ) its apex upw>ds1 x indicates t /rong w9ds f ! nor? or nor?-ea/ are expect$4 ,( c\rse !y are m]ely useful precautions2 b !y are univ]sally att5d$ to by p on ! sea-coa/4 ,?\gh "o may h reasonable d\bts ab\t ! use t c be made ( wea!r =eca/s = ?ree days1 su* z are n[ regul>ly issu$1 on acc\nt ( ! f9ical1 coy1 spasmodic int]ludes on %ort notice1 yet !re is a wond]ful c]ta9ty 9 ! daily progno/ics ( ! direction & /r5g? ( ! w9d1 ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ! likelihood ( ra9y or fair wea!r1 dep5d5t on ! broad uni=mity ( nature4 ,?is is v s]viceable = p :o h n[ to live at high pressure 9 bus9ess1 9 ! en?rall+ days ( ke5 competition4 ,& x is a great boon to ^? :o are 9 se>* ( heal? by travell+1 or :o1 9 innoc5t pleasure1 desire to live z mu* z possible 9 ! op5 air4 ,v little cr$it is giv5 to ! gas ( ! isolat$ wea!r prophet2 b ^? :o h confid5ce 9 ! usual wea!r =eca/s f ! ,meteorological ,(fice are satisfi$ 9 _! belief2 & ^? :o1 9 self-confid5ce1 ignore all wea!r progno/ics1 are /ill weak en\gh to read !m & act up to !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 practical meteorology1 9 ! sci5tific explanation ( popul> wea!r-lore1 & 9 ! /udy ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 :i* s p[]fully influ5ce u1 = gladness or discom=t1 we may1 z ) o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 ev5 all our days1 *e]fully g on 9 ! noiseless t5or ( our way1 ,n\ri%+ a y\? sublime1 ,) ! fairy tales ( sci5ce & ! long results ( "t4 ,,index ,ab]cromby1 spectre on ,adam's ,peak1 #hi ,adam's ,peak1 spectre1 #hi ,aft]gl[ describ$1 #fb2 du/-p>ticles to =m1 #fd ,air1 *ange (1 #ee2 cle>ness & dryness1 #di2 devitalis$1 #eb2 disease-g]ms 91 #ec2 ?und]-cl\ds1 #di ,aitk51 ,dr41 aft]gl[s1 #fg2 anti-cyclones1 #ig2 col\r ( wat]1 #ge2 cond5s+ p[] ( du/1 #b2 decay ( cl\ds1 #ci2 dew-=mation1 #ad2 du/ & atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 #bi2 electrical deposition ( smoke1 #hc2 false dew1 #ah2 fog-c\nt]1 #hb2 =egl[s1 #fg2 =mation ( cl\ds1 #ce2 haze1 #dd2 haz+ effects ( atmosph]ic du/1 #dg2 ,k+airlo* exp]im5ts1 #cj2 "o-col\r$ ra9b[1 #gj2 radiation f sn[1 #hf2 reg5]ators1 #he2 sanit>y detective1 #gh ,ammonia & cl\d =mation1 #cf ,annie ,laurie1 #ag ,anti-cyclones1 =eca/+ by1 #ig2 =mation1 #ig2 cause ( influ5za1 #aji ,aratus1 =eca/+ by moon1 #fa ,ariel's song1 #db ,aurora ,borealis1 #ga2 =ebod+s1 #ga-gc2 "n by ,gass5di1 #gb2 o!r names1 #gb2 safety valve ( electricity1 #gb2 sun's spots1 #gb2 sun control1 #gd2 symptoms1 #gb ,bagillt1 cond5s+ lead fumes1 #hd ,balla*uli%1 sunsets1 #fd ,ballant9e's song1 #ag ,b>omet]1 indications1 #aj ,b5 ,nevis1 du/-p>ticles1 #cj2 in/rum5ts1 #ajd2 meteorology1 #ajb2 obs]vations1 #aje2 ra9fall1 #ajc2 regret at /oppage ( ,obs]vatory1 #ajc ,blairg[rie1 p]sonal description ( aft]gl[1 #fb ,blue sky1 #gd2 cause (1 #ge1 #gg ,borr[+ days1 #aag ,brock51 spectre1 #hi2 p]sonal description1 #ij2 ,noah's ,ark1 #ij ,brueckn]1 climatic oscillations1 #abb ,bu*an1 ,dr41 ,aitk5's radiation f sn[1 #hf2 ,b5 ,nevis1 pap]s on1 #ajc2 ,*all5g] ,reports1 #aad2 cold ( #ahhf1 #hf2 ea/ w9ds1 #id2 isob>s1 #aae2 ra9fall /ati/ics1 #ajj2 on =eca/+1 #aba ,bu*anan1 ,b5 ,nevis ,obs]vatory1 #ajb2 great preval5ce ( fog1 #ajf ,buddha's ,lights1 ( ,ceylon1 #gb ,burns1 allusions to aurora1 #ga1 #gc ,byron1 /orm 9 ,alps1 #ej ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 #aad2 temp]ature1 #aae2 ?und]-/orms1 #aaf2 w9ds1 #aaf ,*amb]s on sun-spots & gra9 prices1 #aac ,*ange ( air1 #ee2 ,/ra?more to ,gl5isla1 #ef ,*>les ,,ii41 fog & smoke1 #hj ,*lor9e & cl\d =mation1 #cf ,*ri/ison & col\r ( wat]1 #ge ,*ry/al on ,aitk5's radiation f sn[1 #hf ,cirro-/ratus cl\d1 mack]el-l1 #ci ,climate1 ,*all5g] notes1 #aae2 cone-w>n+s1 #abj2 ,gulf ,/ream1 #aaa2 oscillations1 #abj2 ra9fall1 #aaa2 sun-spots on1 #aab2 wood$ c\ntry on1 #aaa ,cl\ds1 decay (1 #cg2 di/ances (1 #ce2 dry1 #db2 ev5 )\t du/1 #cf2 =mation (1 #cd2 height (1 #cd2 numb]+ ( cl\d-p>ticles1 #cd2 sun%9e on cl\d =mation1 #ce2 v>ieties (1 #ce ,cone-w>n+s1 #aba ,cont95tal w9ds1 #ih ,cyclones1 #ie2 =mation (1 #if1 #ih2 small natural1 #ih ,decay ( cl\ds1 #cg2 9 ?9 ra91 #da2 process1 #ch2 ripple m>k+s1 #ci ,dew1 evid5ce ( ris+1 #bb2 exp]im5ts1 #ae1 #af2 false dew1 #ag2 =mation (1 #ac ,disease-g]ms 9 air1 #ec2 causes1 #ec2 deposit$ by ra91 #ee ,diseases1 & ea/ w9d1 #id2 p]sonal notes1 #ie ,dumfries1 du/ 9 air at1 #df ,du/1 cond5s+ p[]1 #dc2 f meteors1 #cg2 g5]ally necess>y = cl\d =mation1 #bf2 haz+ effects1 #dg2 numb]+1 #bf2 in/rum5ts = numb]+1 #bg2 produces aft]gl[s1 #fd2 produces =egl[s1 #fg2 quantity 9 ,buns5 flame1 #bh2 at ,b5 ,nevis1 #cj2 ,hy]es1 ,m5tone1 ,rigi ,kulm1 #bi2 ,luc]ne1 ,k+airlo*1 #cj2 :5 n necess>y1 #cf ,du/ enum]ation1 d$uctions on1 #ca ,e>n1 ,lo*1 spla% ( drop at1 #aja ,e>?%9e1 #ei ,ehr5b]g1 on col\r ( wat]1 #ge ,evelyn1 fumifugium1 #hj2 rem$y = smoke1 #hb ,falkirk1 ,dr4 ,aitk5's exp]im5ts on haze1 #dg ,false dew1 #ai ,fitzroy on aurora z a =ebod]1 #gc ,fog1 c\nt]1 #ca2 dry1 #da2 =mation1 #bd2 m 9 t[ns1 #be2 & smoke1 #hj ,folk-lore1 #ej ,=egl[1 describ$1 #ff2 h[ produc$1 #fg ,=t ,william ,obs]vatory1 #ajb ,frankl&1 disease-g]ms1 #ec ,frankl91 lightn+1 #ea ,gass5di1 nam$ aurora1 #gb ,gillespie1 ,dr41 on wea!r & influ5za1 #ajg ,glasg[1 fog1 #ha ,glass1 appe>+ damp1 #dd ,gl5isla1 ozon$ air1 #ef ,gra9 crops & sun-spots1 #aab2 ,*amb]s' tables1 #aac ,great amaz+ light 9 ! nor?1 #gb ,gulf ,/ream1 effects on climate1 #aaa ,gunp[d]1 great cond5s+ p[]1 #dd ,haze1 :at is1 #dc2 h[ produc$1 #dd2 9 cle>e/ air1 #de2 /ages ( cond5sation1 #df2 9 sultry wea!r1 #df2 dryness ( air & visibility1 #dh ,heal? 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