99,/ory ( ! ,a]oplane99                 
,by                           ,c4 ,b4   
,galbrea?1 ,m4 ,a4                      
,,publi%$ ,,jo9tly ,,by                 
,f4 ,a4 ,,ow5 ,,pub4 ,,co41 ,dansville1 
,n4 ,y4                                 
&                       ,,hall          
,mc,c,r,e,a,r,y1 ,*icago1 ,ill4         
,,in/ructor ,,lit]ature ,,s]ies--,no4   
#bec                                    
,,copyright1 #aiae                      
,f4 ,a4 ,,ow5 ,,publi%+ ,,co4           
,/ory ( ! ,a]oplane     ,table (        
,cont5ts       ,! ,ocean ( ,air         
,e>ly ,attempts at ,aviation     ,e>ly  
,fly+ ,ma*9es     ,n9ete5? ,c5tury      
,exp]im5ts     ,claims ( ,maxim & ,ad]  
,langley's ,t&em ,monoplane             
,exp]im5ts ) ,glid]s     ,aviation at ! 
,beg9n+ ( ! ,pres5t ,c5tury     ,! ,kite
     ,! ,plane ,def9$     ,ess5tials ( !
 ,a]oplane     ,! ,wright ,bro!rs & ,_! 
,problem     ,balanc+ ! ,ma*9e     ,at  
,kitty ,hawk     ,! ,fir/ ,flight       
,ma*9e ,balanc$ by ,w>p+ ( ,planes      

,newspap] ,reports ,v]ifi$     ,trial   
,flights at ,=t ,mey]     ,fatal        
,accid5t     ,wilbur ,wright ,w9s ,fame 
9 ,france     ,wright ,bro!rs ,honor$   
,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,requirem5ts    
,successfully ,met     ,rec5t           
,improvem5ts     ,future ( ! ,a]oplane  
99,/ory ( ! ,a]oplane99     ,! ,ocean ( 
,air   ,ar\nd ! dry l& ( ! e>? are !    
oceans ( wat]4 ,we may nev] h se5 !m1 b 
we h k ( !m & _! navigation1 & _! names 
sugge/ v def9ite & concrete objects (   
?\ght4 ,we sometimes d n realize1 h[ev]1
 t we live & move & h our be+ at !      
bottom ( a va/] & deep] ocean t cov]s to
 a dep? ( _m miles ! :ole e>?1 & to !   
surface ( :i* man nor bea/ nor bird has 
ev] asc5d$2 an ocean ) curr5ts &        
:irlpools & waves ( m ?an m\nta9 height2
 an ocean 9 :i* we are z mu* at home z  
are ! f9ny tribes & ! mon/]s ( ! deep 9 
_! wat]y cav]ns4 ,?is is ! ocean ( !    
air4 ,we are ab\t to consid] man's ef=ts
 to rise f ! bottom ( ?is ocean & w+ 8  
flight a little way ?r\gh ! atmosph]e   

above him4 ,8 excursions upw>d are      
limit$1 = he c\ld n live ne> ! surface  
heights ( ?is ocean1 va/ & deep &       
b\ndless4 ,! art & sci5ce ( 8 flight    
?r\gh ! air1 because ( its relation to !
 flight ( birds1 we call aviation4      
7,avis3 ,lat91 a bird47     ,e>ly       
,attempts at ,aviation   ,! birds c fly 
& :y c't ,i8  ,?is qu]y ( ,d>ius        
,gre5's1 9 v>i\s =ms1 has sugge/$ itself
 to man s9ce ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,born ) an
 inspiration to look upw>d & aspire1 !  
navigation ( ! air has appeal$ ) peculi>
 =ce to 8 imag9ation & ?r\gh ! c5turies 
has at diff]5t times l$ bold & adv5tur\s
 spirits to attempt :at ! _w long reg>d$
 z impossible4 ,! heav5s seem$ res]v$ = 
w+$ insects1 birds & angels4 ,audaci\s  
man might n v5ture out ^u ! impalpable  
air4 ,c man fly8 ,aft] m ?an f\r ?\s&   
ye>s x 0 left = man to answ] yes1 to    
rise f ! e>? on w+ & ?rill ! _w ) !     
audacity ( 8 design & ! miracle ( its   
execution4 ,bold ent]prise6 ,fitt+      
a*ievem5t to u%] 9 a new c5tury6 ,a     

seem+ miracle at fir/1 b de/9$ soon to  
excite no m curiosity ?an ! flight (    
bees & birds4 ,! solution ( ! problem ( 
human flight 0 no miracle nor 0 x !     
swift "w ( g5ius accompli%$ at a magic  
ma/] /roke4 ,x 0 ! result ( intellig5ce 
& indu/ry pati5tly appli$ = ye>s till ! 
b>ri]s ( difficulty gave way & man      
v5tur$ out ) assurance on ! highways ( !
 air4  ,j :5 he fir/ attempt$ to fly is 
n kn[n4 ,anci5t ,greek my?ology ab\nds 9
 /ories ( fly+ gods & mortals4 ,kites   
:i* be> "s relation to ! a]oplane 7 toys
 among ! ,*9ese ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,a    
,greek by ! "n ( ,a*ytes is report$ to h
 made a wood5 dove :i* flew "u !        
propell+ p[] ( heat$ air4 ,baldad1 a    
tribal k+ 9 :at is n[ ,engl&1 s         
tradition has x1 attempt$ to fly ov] a  
city b fell & broke a leg4 ,a simil>    
accid5t is said to h happ5$ to a        
,b5$ict9e monk 9 ! elev5? c5tury & to   
o!rs attempt+ l exploits 9 aft] ye>s4 ,a
 fall & a brok5 leg seem to h be5 !     
usual results ( ^! e>ly attempts at     

a]ial flight4  ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury      
/ud5ts & inv5tors gave s]i\s att5tion to
 ! navigation ( ! air & tru/wor?y       
acc\nts ( _! labors come d[n to u4 ,jean
 ,bapti/e ,dante1 a bro!r ( ! great     
,italian poet1 made a numb] ( glid+     
flights f high elevations & :ile giv+ an
 exhibition at a m>riage fea/ 9 ,p]ugia1
 l 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! middle ages1       
alight$ on a ro( & broke a leg4 ,leon>do
 da ,v9ci1 ! great pa9t] & sculptor1 0  
an amateur aviator ( no mean atta9m5t = 
8 day4 ,he inv5t$ a ma*9e :i* ! op]ator 
0 to fly by us+ 8 arms & legs to set w+s
 into flapp+ motion1 l ^? ( birds4 ,?is 
0 call$ an or?opt]1 or orni?opt]1 a "n  
:i* may be prop]ly appli$ to any simil> 
device4 ,ano!r ma*9e inv5t$ by him 0 9 !
 =m ( a horizontal screw n9ety-six feet 
9 diamet]4 ,by ! twi/+ ( ?is ! ma*9e 0  
design$ to fly upw>d4 ,?is 0 call$ a    
helicopt]4 ,da ,v9ci's ?ird inv5tion 9  
?is l9e 0 ! p>a*ute1 ) :i* successful   
desc5ts 7 made f t[]s & o!r elevations4 
,9 ! e>ly half ( ! eighte5? c5tury !    

,sw$i% philosoph]1 ,emanuel ,sw$5borg1  
sket*$ 9 "o ( 8 works a fly+ ma*9e ( !  
or?opt] /yle :i* he knew w\ld n fly b   
:i* he sugge/$ z a />t1 say+ ,x seems   
easi] to talk ( su* a ma*9e ?an to put x
 into actuality1 = x requires great] =ce
 & less weight ?an exi/s 9 ! human body4
  ,9 #agdb ! ,m>quis di ,bacqueville at 
! age ( sixty-two attempt$ to make a    
glid+ flight f ! t[] ( 8 home 9 ,p>is   
across ! riv] ,se9e to ! g>d5s ( !      
,tuil]ies1 />t$ successfully 9 ! pres5ce
 ( a great multitude1 b sudd5ly halt$   
ov] ! riv] & fell into a boat1 pay+ !   
hi/oric p5alty ( a brok5 leg4  ,at ?is  
po9t x may be well to classify ! fly+   
devices ?us f> consid]$4     ,e>ly ,fly+
 ,ma*9es   #a4 ,! or?opt]s1 or z !y are 
less commonly call$1 ! orni?opt]s4 ,! ^w
 or?opt] means /raight w+ & ! ^w        
orni?opt] bird w+4 ,?is class ( ma*9es  
includes ^? design$ to fly by ! flapp+ (
 w+s1 some:at 9 imitation ( birds4  #b4 
,! helicopt]s4 ,! ^w helicopt] means    
spiral w+4 ,fly+ ma*9es ( ?is class are 

design$ to fly by ! rapid horizontal    
rotation ( two spiral propell]s mov+ 9  
opposite directions b s %ap$ t _! comb9$
 effect is to move ! ma*9e upw>d4 ,!y   
are l a pair ( tractor propell]s ( !    
mod]n a]oplane b arrang$ horizontally to
 lift ! ma*9e in/ead ( draw+ x =w>d 9 a 
v]tical position4  #c4 ,! glid]s4 ,z !  
"n sugge/s1 ^! 7 design$ to coa/ or     
glide d[n ! air1 to />t f a high        
elevation & by sail+ ?r\gh ! air 9 an   
oblique direction rea* a l[] elevation  
at "s di/ance f ! />t+ po9t4 ,d[n to !  
latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury only !      
glid]s 7 successfully us$ 9 man flight4 
,9 reality !y c sc>cely be call$ fly+   
ma*9es = !y c\ld n lift _! own weight1  
?\gh late exp]im5ts prove t :5 once 9   
air !y may rise above _! />t+ po9t "u ! 
influ5ce ( a /rong w9d4 ,! glid]1 h[ev]1
 p]=m$ a mo/ important "p 9 ! evolution 
( ! a]oplane4 ,9 coa/+ ! air f hills1 s&
 dunes & t[]s aga9/ /eady w9d curr5ts a 
numb] ( inv5tors ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s   
le>n$ h[ to guide & control ^! glid]s 9 

_! d[nw>d flight--an ess5tial prep>ation
 = ! application ( motive p[] to lift ! 
glid] aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity & ?us make x
 a v]itable fly+ ma*9e or a]oplane4     
,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,exp]im5ts   ,9 ! e>ly 
"p ( ! la/ c5tury an ,engli%man1 ,sir   
,george ,cayley1 made _m exp]im5ts )    
glid]s & tabulat$ ) great c>e ! results 
( 8 inve/igations4 ,he conclud$1 l      
,sw$5borg1 t man has n ! p[] to fly by 8
 own /r5g? ?r\gh any w+-flapp+ device1  
or or?opt]1 b he intimat$ t ) a light] &
 m p[]ful eng9e ?an _h !n be5 inv5t$ a  
plane l ^? us$ 9 8 glid]s1 if slightly  
incl9$ upw>d1 might be made gradually to
 asc5d ?r\gh ! air4 ,! results ( 8      
exp]im5ts he publi%$ 9 #ahaj4 ,!y cle>ly
 =e%ad[$ ! triumph t came almo/ a c5tury
 lat]4  ,9 #ahdd two ,briti% inv5tors1  
,h5son & ,/r+-fell[1 work+ out !        
sugge/ions ( ,cayley1 made an a]oplane  
model equipp$ ) a /eam eng9e :i* is said
 to h made a flight ( =ty y>ds--! fir/  
real upw>d flight ( a heavi] ?an air    
ma*9e on record4 ,?is model 0 a         

monoplane1 t is1 ! lift+ surface 0 a    
s+le plane l ! out/ret*$ w+s ( a bird4  
,tw5ty-two ye>s lat] exp]im5ts 7 made ) 
a biplane1 t is1 an a]oplane ) two lift+
 planes or surfaces1 "o above ! o!r4    
,claims ( ,maxim & ,ad]   ,:ile o!rs _h 
made fly+ models1 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim 9  
,engl& con/ruct$ a multiplane1 driv5 by 
a p[]ful /eam eng9e ov] a track & ris+  
at "o "t1 z he decl>es1 a few in*es f ! 
gr\nd4 ,he claims t 8 0 ! fir/ ma*9e to 
lift man (f ! gr\nd by its own p[]4 ,?is
 te/ 0 made 9 #ahhi4  ,clem5t ,ad]1 a   
,fr5*man1 also claims ?is honor1 say+ t 
he 0 ! fir/ to make a ma*9e t w\ld rise 
& lift a pass5g]4 ,on ,octob] #i1 #ahij1
 8 fri5ds say he made a %ort =w>d flight
 ( #aej feet 9 a monoplane propell$ by a
 =ty horse p[] /eam eng9e4 ,9 #ahig he  
claims to h made a numb] ( secret       
flights1 b a little lat]1 9 a te/ be=e  
(fic]s ( ! ,fr5* army :o _h become      
int]e/$ 9 ! inv5tion1 ! ma*9e turn$ ov] 
& 0 wreck$4 ,! support ( ! army = fur!r 
exp]im5ts 0 )drawn & ,ad] 9 despair     

ab&on$ ! problem ( a]ial navigation :i* 
_h claim$ long ye>s ( /udy & unremitt+  
ef=t4 ,he /opp$ j %ort ( ! goal )       
success almo/ )9 8 grasp4     ,langley's
 ,t&em ,monoplane   ,ab\t ?is "t two    
,am]icans1 ,samuel ,pi]pont ,langley1 ( 
! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ,octave     
,*anute 7 conduct+ along sci5tific l9es 
a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 aviation4 ,on ,may
 #f1 #ahif1 a /eam-propell$ model 0 />t$
 9 a flight ov] ! ,potomac ,riv]4 ,dr4  
,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 ! inv5tor ( !    
telephone1 :o 0 pres5t1 decl>$ t aft] a 
flight ( eighty to "o hundr$ feet !     
ma*9e settl$ d[n s s(tly t x t\*$ ! wat]
 )\t ! lea/ %ock & 0 9 fact imm$iately  
ready = a second trial4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7
 tri$ ) success4  ,langley's fir/ ma*9e 
0 a t&em monoplane1 t is x _h two pairs 
( w+s1 "o imm$iately foll[+ ! o!r4 ,!   
eng9e & ! propell]s 7 betwe5 ! two pairs
 ( w+s4 ,9 lat] models he us$ ! biplane 
con/ruction4  ,f9ally ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
gov]nm5t appropriat$ #ej1jjj to build a 
ma*9e t w\ld c>ry a pass5g]4 ,9         

con/ruct+ ?is1 ,langley equipp$ x ) a   
gasol9e eng9e ( ab\t ?ree horse p[]4 ,! 
ma*9e 0 comp>atively light1 weigh+ all  
told only fifty-eight p\nds4 ,on ,augu/ 
#h1 #aijc1 a public te/ 0 made )\t a    
pilot1 on ! ,potomac ,riv] ne> ,wa%+ton4
 ,spectators & report]s congratulat$ !  
inv5tor on ! success ( ! exp]im5t1 :ile 
he ) mode/ satisfaction said1 ,?is is ! 
fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 s f> z ,i "k1 t a     
successful flight ( a me*anically su/a9$
 fly+ ma*9e has be5 made 9 public4 ,?is 
/atem5t 0 no d\bt true ( ma*9es ( any   
consid]able size1 b z we %all pres5tly  
see1 toy fly+ ma*9es ( ! helicopt] type 
_h long ere ?is be5 exhibit$ to ! wond]+
 gaze ( boys :o 7 ultimately to br+ to a
 practical conclusion man's long l9e (  
ef=t to rise triumphant & %ape 8 c\rse  
?r\gh ! ocean ( air4  ,langley's ma*9e  
_h fl[n )\t a pilot4 ,a little lat] !   
inv5tor ann\nc$ himself ready = ! f9al  
te/4 ,l 8 fir/ model1 8 ma*9e 0 a t&em  
monoplane4 ,its weight ) pilot 0 #hcj   
p\nds & its plane or w+ surface 0 #ajdj 

squ>e feet4 ,x 0 fifty-two feet long &  
its ar*$ w+s measur$ =ty-eight feet f   
tip to tip4 ,! gasol9e motor ) :i* x 0  
equipp$ develop$ fifty-two horse p[] & )
 all accessories weigh$ ab\t #bej p\nds4
  ,at ,widewat]1 ,virg9ia1 ,septemb] #g1
 #aijc1 ! ma*9e 0 te/$4 ,on a b>ge x 0  
c>ri$ out into ! ,potomac ,riv]1 )      
,*>les ,m4 ,manley1 ,pr(essor ,langley's
 assi/ant1 :o 0 to pilot x 9 its fir/   
flight4 ,! mom5t = ! supreme te/ arriv$4
 ,a me*anical device on ! b>ge %ot !    
ma*9e & pilot into ! air4 ,to !         
disappo9tm5t & dismay ( ! spectators1 ! 
ma*9e plung$ front d[nw>d into ! wat]4  
,x 0 rescu$ ) ! "y pilot unh>m$4 ,ano!r 
attempt 0 made to laun* x 9 ! air ) a   
simil> result1 except t ?is "t x dropp$ 
into ! wat] re> end d[nw>d4 ,! gov]nm5t 
gave ! project no fur!r enc\ragem5t1 & !
 qu]y ascrib$ to ,d>ius ,gre5 rema9$    
unansw]$4 ,pr(essor ,langley di$ a few  
ye>s aft]w>d1 8 life %ort5$1 x is       
believ$1 ?r\gh ! blight+ ( ! hope t he  
_h long ent]ta9$ to be ! fir/           

successfully to navigate ! air4         
,exp]im5ts ) ,glid]s   ,?r\gh ! latt] "p
 ( ! la/ c5tury exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on )  
glid]s4 ,among ^? :o a*iev$ mu* success 
9 ?is field 0 ! ,g]man1 ,otto ,lili5?al1
 ! fly+ man1 :o made rem>kable glides 9 
! e>ly n9eties4 ,he w\ld run along !    
cre/ ( a hill1 jump f a precipit\s      
declivity & sail on ! w+s ( 8 glid] ov] 
! valley bel[1 guid+ 8 c\rse up & d[n & 
f side to side ) a rudd] atta*$ to !    
ma*9e4 ,x 0 8 idea t ! problem (        
aviation 0 to be solv$ by p]fect+ !     
glid] s t x c\ld be controll$ 9 its     
d[nw>d flight & !n add+ a propell+ p[] t
 w\ld su/a9 x & lift x ?r\gh ! air4     
,aft] ! dea? ( ,lili5?al by accid5t 9   
#ahif1 o!rs cont9u$ exp]im5ts along     
simil> l9es ) ! same purpose 9 view4    
,among ^! 7 ,octave ,*anute & ,a4 ,m4   
,h]r+4 ,!y tri$ at fir/ a monoplane     
glid] & aft]w>d "o ( five planes4 ,?is  
numb] !y r$uc$ to two4 ,! rudd] 0 made (
 movable horizontal & v]tical blades4 ,x
 0 f\nd t ! glid] ) two planes1 !       

biplane1 0 mo/ satisfactory4  ,h]r+ made
 = ?is a compress$ air eng9e & claim$ t 
) ?is he accompli%$ a flight (          
sev5ty-?ree feet4 ,!re is "s d\bt1      
h[ev]1 z to ?is claim & "s "q z to :e!r 
x 0 an upw>d flight or a d[nw>d glide4  
,aviation at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,pres5t      
,c5tury   ,z briefly outl9$ "h1 su* 0 ! 
/atus ( aviation at ! beg9n+ ( ! new    
c5tury4 ,mu* progress _h be5 made &     
sub/antial vantage gr\nd _h be5 ga9$1 b 
! problem /ill await$ practical         
solution4 ,at ?is po9t x may be well to 
consid] "s ( ! features ( ! problem & ! 
devices ?us f> evolv$ by long ye>s (    
inve/igation & exp]im5t4     ,! ,kite   
,"o ( ! simple/ =ms ( ! a]oplane is !   
common kite4 ,?is takes v>i\s =ms4 ,x is
 usually made ( a framework ( ?ree light
 /rips ( wood cross+ a little above !   
c5t] & secur$ at ! out] ends by simil>  
/rips1 or /rong cord tautly drawn & mak+
 :5 cov]$ ) pap] a six-sid$ figure4 ,f !
 corn]s ( ! framework cords are drawn to
 a common po9t ne> ! c5t] & !re firmly  

unit$4 ,at ?is po9t ( union is atta*$ ! 
tw9e :i* is held 9 ! h& ( ! kite fly]4  
,f ! base ( ! kite is susp5d$ a /r+ )   
light horizontal pap] rolls1 ea* ab\t ! 
size ( a lead p5cil1 ti$ at int]vals ( a
 few in*es1 & =m+ ! tail :i* /eadies !  
kite 9 air4 ,! pap] surface ( ! kite is 
! plane on :i* ! pressure ( ! air curr5t
 & ! p[] appli$ to ! /r+ is to lift !   
kite upw>d4 ,z ?is simple =m ( ! kite   
has b "o plane1 x may be consid]$ a     
monoplane4 ,! box kite pres5ts two su*  
surfaces jo9$ toge!r at ! sides by !    
ends ( ! box1 & may !re=e be call$ a    
biplane4  ,:5 ! boy flies 8 kite he fir/
 det]m9es ! direction ( ! w9d & runs 9 t
 direction4 ,9 o!r words he flies 8 kite
 aga9/ ! w9d4 ,! pressure ( ! mov+      
curr5t aga9/ ! "u surface keeps ! kite  
al(t4 ,:5 ! boy runs aga9/ ! w9d1 mov+ !
 kite =w>d ) him1 ?is pressure is       
increas$ & ! kite t5ds to rise high] &  
high]4 ,if in/ead ( ! long /r+ & ! boy  
!re c\ld be plac$ ) ! kite itself a v   
light motor t w\ld give to x ! same =w>d

 impulse1 ! kite w\ld float ?r\gh ! air 
)\t boy or /r+ & we w\ld h a small      
a]oplane fly+ ma*9e--a monoplane4 ,if   
!re 7 two kites1 ) p>allel surfaces a   
few in*es ap>t1 unit$ ) light framework 
s t ! air w\ld pass betwe5 !m1 we %\ld h
 a biplane4 ,= _m ye>s ! great problem 9
 aviation 0 to get an eng9e ( suffici5t 
lightness & p[] to propel monoplanes1   
biplanes & multiplanes at an upw>d angle
 ?r\gh ! air4     ,! ,plane ,def9$   ,x 
may n be out ( place "h to consid] :at  
,con/itutes a plane1 z t t]m is us$ 9   
aviation4 ,x is t "p ( ! a]oplane1 !    
pressure ( ! air ^u ! surface ( :i*1    
lifts & su/a9s ! a]oplane al(t4 ,! plane
 may take a v>iety ( =ms2 x may be curv$
 or its p>ts may meet 9 an angle2 x may 
be uni=m & unbrok5 9 %ape or divid$ into
 p>ts4 ,! two w+s ( a bird w\ld         
con/itute a monoplane1 :5 !y are 9 a    
horizontal position = so>+1 or :5 ! tips
 are uplift$ & !y =m an angle l a broad 
,v1 call$ a dih$ral angle4 ,if !        
a]oplane has two su* planes1 "o back ( !

 o!r1 x is /ill call$ a monoplane1 or1 m
 def9itely1 a t&em monoplane2 b if "o ( 
! planes is above ! o!r x is call$ a    
biplane4 ,a simil> arrangem5t ( ?ree    
planes1 "o above ! o!r1 c\ld be call$ a 
triplane & "o ( sev]al planes a         
multiplane4     ,ess5tials ( ! ,a]oplane
   ,! planes1 z already describ$ are1 ( 
c\rse1 a necess>y "p ( ! a]oplane4  ,!  
propell] supplies motive p[] to !       
a]oplane4 ,?is moves 9 a circle mu* l ! 
blades ( ! electric fan or ! propell] ( 
a motor boat or mod]n /]n %ip4 ,by driv+
 ! air backw>d x propels ! a]oplane     
=w>d4 ,:ile ! blades ( ! propell] are ( 
consid]able l5g? !y are usually         
inconspicu\s 9 photographs1 & z "o :o   
has nev] se5 an a]oplane looks at a     
photograph he naturally asks1 ,:at moves
 x ?r\gh ! air8 ,! propell] is driv5 by 
! eng9e4  ,! eng9e is usually ( !       
gasol9e type :i* develops high p[] )    
light weight1 frequ5tly "o horse p[] = e
 ?ree p\nds ( weight & 9 r>e in/ances z 
high z "o horse p[] = e p\nd ( weight4  

,^! p[]ful little eng9es are m>vels (   
me*anism & !y h _h mu* to d 9 ! rapid   
mod]n progress ( a]onautics4  ,! rudd]1 
z its "n indicates1 guides ! a]oplane 9 
its flight4 ,x consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( small  
horizontal & v]tical planes "u ! control
 ( ! pilot4 ,^! may be 9 ! front ( !    
ma*9e1 b !y are usually plac$ 9 ! re>4  
,by skillful manipulation ( ^! !        
a]oplane c be guid$ upw>d1 d[nw>d1 to "r
 or left at w4 ,x is also guid$ &       
controll$ z we %all see1 by ! w>p+ or   
curv+ ( ! w+s or planes4     ,! ,wright 
,bro!rs & ,_! ,problem   ,! dawn ( !    
tw5tie? c5tury 0 to immortalize new     
names 9 ! annals ( aviation4 ,9 ! city (
 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 two bro!rs 9 a mode/   
way 7 conduct+ a bicycle repair %op4 ,f 
y\? !y _h be5 insep>able 9 _! aims & "w4
 ,!y 7 ! sons ( ,bi%op ,milton ,wright (
 ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 ,*ur*4 ,!y _h ea* a   
high s*ool education b _h n att5d$      
college4 ,9 #ahgh1 :5 !y 7 boys ( sev5 &
 elev5 ye>s respectively1 _! fa!r br\ght
 !m "o ev5+ a little fly+ toy1 a small  

helicopt]1 ! motive p[] ( :i* 0 furni%$ 
by a rubb] b& w\nd ar\nd ! %afts ( two  
propell]s s z to drive !m1 :5 w\nd up & 
releas$1 9 opposite directions4 ,! toy 0
 made ( light mat]ial to resemble a     
bird4 ,:5 ! fa!r releas$ x 9 ! pres5ce (
 ! wond]+ boys1 to _! a/oni%m5t x flew  
upw>d 9 ! room1 rose to ! ceil+ & aft]  
flutt]+ !re = a little :ile fell to !   
floor4 ,!y did n conc]n !mselves mu*    
ab\t ! "n ( ! toy1 b prop]ly call$ x :at
 to _! m9ds x mo/ closely resembl$--!   
bat4 ,!y aft]w>d made o!r toys l x &    
discov]$ t z !y 7 increas$ 9 size !y    
flew less successfully4 ,!y e>ly        
develop$ a fondness = kite fly+ & 9 ?is 
7 reg>d$ z exp]ts4 ,:5 !y grew to       
manhood1 h[ev]1 !y ab&on$ ^! boyi%      
sports & devot$ !mselves indu/ri\sly to 
_! ma*9e & repair %op4 ,! bat & ! kite  
became memories1 b ! memories ( y\? h   
p[] to %ape ! ?\ghts ( manhood1 & ?is   
e>ly obs]vation & exp]i5ce ) a]ial toys 
gave to ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright an   
int]e/ 9 ! attempts at aviation t 7     

*ronicl$ 9 ! press f "t to "t ?r\gh !   
decade imm$iately prec$+ ?is new c5tury4
  ,9 ! ye> #ahif ,orville1 ! y\ng] ( !  
two bro!rs1 0 convalesc+ f a s]i\s      
attack ( typhoid fev]4 ,wilbur1 :o _h   
be5 c>efully att5d+ him1 0 "o day read+ 
al\d an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,otto         
,lili5?al1 ! ,g]man aviator1 :o 0 kill$ 
:ile exp]im5t+ ) 8 glid]4 ,! details ( !
 tragic accid5t1 toge!r ) an acc\nt (   
:at he _h accompli%$ by ye>s (          
inve/igation & exp]im5t1 int]e/$ !      
bro!rs1 :o resolv$ z soon z possible to 
apply !mselves to ! con/ruction ( a     
glid] 9 :i* flights c\ld be made )      
comp>ative safety4 ,! en?usiasm (       
,orville ov] ! project ran s high t x   
almo/ caus$ a return ( ! fev]4 ,z soon z
 he _h fully recov]$1 ! two bro!rs      
return$ to _! bicycle %op & appli$      
!mselves ) increas+ zeal to ! /udy (    
a]onautics1 & aft] a "t began !         
con/ruction ( a glid]4  ,! ,wright      
bro!rs 7 peculi>ly well equipp$ = ! "w  
^u :i* !y _h ent]$4 ,!y 7 m5 ( unflagg+ 

indu/ry1 ab/emi\s habits1 few words & ! 
happy faculty ( keep+ _! own c\nsel4    
,wilbur 0 unusually retic5t4 ,x is said 
( him t he spoke only :5 he _h some?+ to
 say & !n 9 a mann] s+ul>ly brief &     
direct4 ,he _h an unlimit$ capacity =   
h>d "w1 n]ves ( /eel & ! k9d ( d>+ t    
makes ! aviator face dea? ) pleasure e  
m9ute ( ! "t he is 9 ! air4 ,orville1   
:ile mu* l 8 bro!r1 is m talkative &    
approa*able4 ,bo? 7 mode/ & unassum+ :5 
!y began _! "w & cont9u$ s :5 ! _w      
applaud$ _! a*ievem5ts4  ,9 ! /udy ( !  
problem ^u ! solution ( :i* !y v5tur$1  
!y _h ( c\rse ! advantage ( all t _h ?us
 f> be5 a*iev$ by ^? :o _h prec$$ !m 9  
?is field ( inve/igation & exp]im5t4    
,pr(essor ,langley _h already p]fect$ 8 
fir/ monoplane to su* an ext5t t %ort   
flights 7 successfully made ) a light   
/eam-propell$ model4 ,he 0 cont9u+ 8    
exp]im5ts & ! ,wright bro!rs read )     
avidity ! results ( 8 "w4 ,e scrap (    
in=mation t !y c\ld ga!r f o!rs :o _h   
essay$ ! solution ( ! problem 0 n[      

collect$ & made ! subject ( critical    
/udy4 ,at fir/ tak+ up a]onautics m]ely 
z a sport1 !y soon aft]w>d ) ze/ began  
its m s]i\s pursuit4 ,we reluctantly    
ent]$ ^u ! sci5tific side ( x4 !y said1 
b we soon f\nd ! "w s fasc9at+ t we 7   
drawn into x deep] & deep]4  ,9 _! ef=ts
 to con/ruct a practical fly+ ma*9e !y  
adopt$ ! plan ( ,lili5?al & ,*anute4 ,!y
 s\ght to con/ruct a ma*9e :i* !y c\ld  
control & 9 :i* !y c\ld make glides )   
safety4 ,?is !y built 9 ! =m ( a biplane
 glid] & ) x !y exp]im5t$ indu/ri\sly = 
ye>s4 ,! successful con/ruction ( !     
ma*9e requir$ a high degree ( skill4 ,! 
l5g? & wid? ( ! planes1 _! di/ance ap>t1
 ! mat]ials to be us$1 ! %ape1 size &   
position ( ! rudd] & num]\s o!r details 
7 to be work$ out only by pati5t /udy & 
frequ5t te/s4 ,!y 7 n[ 9 ! field (      
orig9al exp]im5t & soon f\nd t !y _h to 
reject z useless _m !ories t _h be5     
c>efully elaborat$ by s*ol>ly writ]s4   
,! bro!rs soon le>n$ t a long n>r[ plane
 9 a position ne>ly horizontal1 mov$ 9 a

 direction at "r angles to "o ( its     
lat]al edges & incl9$ or tipp$ slightly 
upw>d w\ld develop great] lift+ p[] ?an 
a squ>e or circul> plane4 ,?is discov]y 
0 n inde$ orig9al ) !m1 b _! exp]im5ts  
confirm$ ! conclusions ( _! pr$ecessors4
  ,! surface %ape ( ! plane is an       
important consid]ation4 ,x has be5 f\nd 
t a slight upw>d ar* f b5ea?1 mak+ ! "u 
surface concave1 gives ! be/ results4 ,!
 concavity %\ld rea* its maximum ab\t   
"o-?ird ( ! di/ance f ! front or ent]+  
edge to ! re> edge ( ! plane & %\ld be !
 same :e!r "o or m planes are us$4 ,9   
flight ! =w>d or ent]+ edges ( ! planes 
are tipp$ slightly upw>d to give ! ma*9e
 lift+ p[] = ! same reason t ! top ( a  
kite is giv5 an angle ( elevation s t ! 
air w lift x z x is drawn =w>d by ! /r+4
     ,balanc+ ! ,ma*9e   ,! balanc+ ( a 
ma*9e 9 mid-air is "o ( ! mo/ difficult 
problems 9 aviation4 ,9 ! balloon ?is is
 easily accompli%$ because ! pr9cipal   
weight1 ! basket ) ! pass5g]1 is bel[ ! 
gas-fill$ sph]e or comp>tm5t1 & !       

balloon t5ds to "r itself aft] any      
di/urbance by ! w9d1 mu* l a plummet :5 
sway$ out ( its position4  ,pr(essor    
,langley1 ,lili5?al & o!rs _h s\ght to  
take advantage ( ?is t5d5cy 9 !         
con/ruction ( _! ma*9es by plac+ or ar*+
 ! w+s above ! pilot or heavi] portion (
 ! me*anism4 ,aft] a slight di/urbance 9
 mid-air ! ma*9e w\ld !n t5d to "r or   
balance itself & assume its =m]         
position4 ,! practical difficulty ( ?is 
arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 arose f ! fact t :5  
once set to sway+ ! glid]s ?us con/ruct$
 cont9u$ to sway l ! p5dulum ( a clock4 
,! ,wright bro!rs set !mselves ! task ( 
f9d+ "s o!r me?od ( prev5t+ ! biplane f 
dipp+ d[nw>d or upw>d at ei!r side ) !  
%ift+ ( air curr5ts4 ,! fir/ device to  
give /ead9ess ( motion 0 a small movable
 horizontal plane1 support$ p>allel ) & 
9 front ( ! two ma9 planes1 & by means (
 a lev]1 "u control ( ! pilot4     ,at  
,kitty ,hawk   ,hav+ aft] mu* /udy      
complet$ _! glid]1 ! ,wright bro!rs     
s\ght a suitable place = _! fir/ te/s4  

,by correspond5ce ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,wea!r ,bureau !y le>n$ t at ,kitty     
,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! w9ds are /rong] 
& m con/ant ?an at any o!r po9t 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is treeless wa/e ( s&  
dunes along ! solit>y %ore ne> ! village
 af=d$ ! privacy :]e !y might c>ry on _!
 "w unmole/$4 ,"h 9 ,octob]1 #aijj1 !y  
sp5t _! vacation te/+ _! biplane glid]4 
,!y s\ght to fly x 9 ! face ( ! w9d l a 
kite4 ,?is !y succe$$ 9 do+ b x w\ld n  
support ! weight ( a man4 ,!y !n        
exp]im5t$ ) x1 us+ light ropes f bel[ to
 "w ! lev]s & guide x ?r\gh ! air4 ,x 0 
suffici5tly responsive to enc\rage !m & 
!y w5t back home to make at _! leisure a
 numb] ( improvem5ts4  ,! ye> foll[+ !y 
return$ to ! same place ) a l>g] ma*9e  
consid]ably improv$1 b x /ill fail$ to  
lift ! op]ator4 ,octave ,*anute1 (      
,*icago1 ) :om !y _h be5 9              
correspond5ce1 came to witness _! te/s &
 exam9e _! glid]4 ,!y n[ decid$ to ab&on
 mu* ( ! sci5tific data :i* !y _h       
collect$ f ! writ+s ( o!rs & proce$$ 9 !

 light ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,!y coa/$ d[n 
! air f ! tops ( s& dunes & te/$ )      
satisfaction _! devices = guid+ _! air  
craft4 ,9 #aijb1 ) additional           
improvem5ts1 !y made almo/ "o ?\s& glid+
 flights1 "s ( :i* c>ri$ !m a little ov]
 six hundr$ feet1 m ?an twice ! di/ance 
atta9$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,all ?is "t _!    
object _h be5 to control ! ma*9e :ile 9 
air4 ,only aft] ?is 0 accompli%$ did !y 
propose to add motive p[] to keep x     
above ! e>?4 ,!y wisely reason$ t x w\ld
 be useless to apply ?is p[] to a ma*9e 
t c\ld n be direct$ & controll$4     ,! 
,fir/ ,flight   ,! ,wrights _h n[ rea*$ 
a po9t :]e !y felt t !y 7 ready to apply
 motive p[]1 rise l a bird f ! e>? &    
direct _! c\rse ?r\gh ! air4 ,a new     
ma*9e 0 built ) two planes1 ea* six feet
 six in*es wide & measur+ =ty feet f tip
 to tip4 ,! planes 7 arrang$ "o directly
 above ! o!r ) an int]v5+ space ( six   
feet4 ,an elevat+ rudd] ( two horizontal
 planes t5 feet 9 front ( ! ma*9e1 & a  
rudd] ( two v]tical planes ab\t six feet

 long & "o foot ap>t 9 ! re> ( ! ma*9e 7
 "u control by lev]s close to ! h&s ( ! 
pilot1 :o1 pro/rate on ! l[] l>ge plane1
 direct$ ! c\rse up or d[n1 to ! "r or  
left at w4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable features (
 all 7 ! gasol9e eng9e t 0 to give      
motive p[] & ! propell]s by :i* t p[] 0 
to move ! ma*9e 9 its flight ?r\gh !    
air4 ,! me*anism1 ! result ( pati5t /udy
 & ardu\s labor1 _h be5 p]fect$ 9 !     
little %op at ,dayton & _h be5 br\ght to
 ! b>r5 s& coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a = its   
fir/ practical te/4 ,! eng9e1 :i*       
develop$ sixte5 horse p[]1 0 connect$ by
 *a9s ) ! two propell]s1 ea* eight feet 
9 diamet] at ! re> ( ! biplane4 ,! total
 weight 0 #gej p\nds4  ,to give ! ma*9e 
a />t x 0 driv5 rapidly along an iron   
rail by a cable atta*$ to a weight ( "o 
ton susp5d$ at ! top ( a d]rick4 ,:5    
ev]y?+ 0 at la/ 9 read9ess1 ! eng9e 0   
/>t$1 ! propell]s 7 set 9 rapid motion1 
! weight at ! top ( ! d]rick 0 releas$1 
! biplane 0 driv5 rapidly =w>d1 & lo6   
be>+ a man1 x skimm$ ov] ! s& dunes6 ,x 

cont9u$ only elev5 seconds b l&$ )\t    
injury to pilot or ma*9e4 ,a small      
beg9n+ inde$1 b x prov$ ! practicability
 ( man flight & u%]$ 9 ! era ( aviation4
 ,a few days e>li] 9 ! same mon? on !   
banks ( ! ,potomac a cr[d ( witnesses   
saw ) ke5 disappo9tm5t ! failure (      
,pr(essor ,langley's fly+ ma*9e1 & z !y 
turn$ away said m5tally & n a few ( !m  
audibly1 ,impracticable6 ,x c't be done4
 ,on ! s& ne> ,kitty ,hawk1 9 ! pres5ce 
only ( ! inv5tors & five o!rs1 life     
sav]s & fi%]m5 f ,kill ,devil ,hill     
,/ation ne> by1 =tune rew>d$ two bro!rs 
unkn[n to ! _w & !y a*iev$ :at _h long  
be5 reg>d$ z impracticable & impossible4
 ,pr(essor ,langley work$ long &        
pati5tly on 8 models & 0 v prop]ly giv5 
#ej1jjj by ! gov]nm5t to aid 9 an       
ent]prise t 0 to give man dom9ion ( !   
air4 ,! ,wright bro!rs ) ! same fai? &  
unflagg+ zeal work$ secretly 9 _! little
 %op at ,dayton )\t f9ancial assi/ance &
 out ( _! small e>n+s conduct$ exp]im5ts
 on ! ,c>ol9a coa/1 do+ _! own cook+ to 

light5 exp5ses1 & solv$ ! problem t _h  
?w>t$ ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! _w4 ,no      
cr[ds1 appreciat+ ! significance ( !    
ev5t 7 pres5t to applaud1 nor did !     
bro!rs exult ov] ! a*ievem5t4 ,x 0 inde$
 only :at !y _h confid5tly expect$4  ,on
 ! day ( _! initial success two o!r     
nights ( slightly long] duration 7 made4
 ,! f\r? flight cont9u$ fifty-n9e       
seconds1 almo/ a m9ute1 & ext5d$ ov] a  
di/ance ( #hec feet4 ,! ma*9e 0 !n c>ri$
 back to camp4 ,9 an ungu>d$ mom5t x 0  
caught by a gu/ ( w9d1 roll$ viol5tly   
ov] ! gr\nd & 0 p>tially wreck$4 ,b :at 
matt]$ ! loss8 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory (
 ! _w a ma*9e c>ry+ a man _h rais$      
itself by its own p[] into ! air 9 free 
flight1 _h sail$ =w>d on a level c\rse  
)\t r$uction ( spe$ & _h l&$ )\t be+    
wreck$4     ,ma*9e ,balanc$ by ,w>p+ (  
,planes   ,! ,wrights f\nd "o ( !       
greate/ difficulties to be ov]come 0 !  
balanc+ ( _! ma*9e4 ,?is 0 only         
measurably & unsatisfactorily accompli%$
 by ! horizontal rudd]4 ,!y began to    

/udy ! flight ( so>+ birds = a solution 
( ! difficulty4 ,!y f\nd t ! hawk1 !    
eagle & ! gull ma9ta9$ a horizontal     
position by a slight1 almo/ imp]ceptible
 upw>d or d[nw>d b5d+ ( ! extreme tips (
 _! w+s4 ,!y !n began exp]im5ts )       
slightly flexible planes t c\ld be b5t  
or w>p$ at w by ! pilot4 ,?is 0 "o ( _! 
mo/ important & orig9al contributions to
 ! problem ( aviation1 & x gave ! pilot 
9 a m>k$ degree control ( 8 ma*9e4 ,!   
sci5tific ar*+ ( ! planes to give !m !  
maximum lift+ effect 0 also ! result (  
_! inve/igations4  ,!y n[ remov$ ! field
 ( exp]im5t to ,h(fman ,prairie ne>     
,dayton :]e at fir/ !y met ) indiff]5t  
success4 ,!y invit$ fri5ds & report]s f 
_! home city to witness a flight1 b !   
ma*9e act$ badly 9 ! pres5ce ( company4 
,:ile ! spectators 7 n favorably        
impress$ ! inv5tors 7 9 no wise         
disc\rag$4 ,_! p]sev]ance 0 lat] rew>d$ 
9 #aijd by a flight ( ?ree miles 9 five 
m9utes & tw5ty-sev5 seconds4 ,! ye>     
foll[+ a flight ( #bd4bj miles 0 made 9 

?irty-eight m9utes1 ?irte5 seconds1 at  
heights ( sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ feet4
 ,^! attract$ small att5tion4 ,!        
inv5tors fully satisfi$ ) _! success &  
work+ indu/ri\sly to p]fect _! ma*9e 7  
also safegu>d+ ! results ( _! labors by 
c>efully pat5t+ e device t help$ !m to !
 goal ( practical aviation4 ,:ile       
,europe 0 applaud+ ! a*ievem5ts ( !     
intrepid & weal?y ,brazilian1           
,santos-,dumont1 :o made public flights 
ne> ,p>is1 ! _w 0 practically unaw>e ( !
 great] a*ievem5ts ( ! ,wright bro!rs a 
ye> e>li]4 ,newspap] acc\nts ( _!       
flights 7 receiv$ ) a degree (          
incr$ulity1 b ! indiff]5ce ( ! public 0 
favorable to ! mode/ bro!rs :o )        
tireless en]gy & sl5d] means triumph$   
ov] difficulty aft] difficulty z !y mov$
 t[>d ! l>g] success t !y ard5tly desir$
 & ! fame t !y s\ght n4     ,newspap]   
,reports ,v]ifi$   ,9 #aijg ! ,unit$    
,/ates ,gov]nm5t ask$ = bids = a fly+   
ma*9e t w\ld c>ry two m51 rema9 9 ! air 
an h\r & make a cross-c\ntry flight (   

=ty miles an h\r4 ,! ,wright bro!rs     
ent]$ into a contract to build su* a    
ma*9e4 ,?is fact & rumors ( _! success t
 rea*$ ! l>ge cities f "t to "t l$ a    
p>ty ( newspap] report]s to organize    
!mselves into a spy+ p>ty to trace !    
,wrights to _! secret retreat & v]ify ! 
claims made 9 _! behalf or publi% !     
deception to ! public4 ,aft] a long &   
t$i\s j\rney f ,norfolk !y f9ally sight$
 ! rude hut ( ^! birdm54 ,!y !n secret$ 
!mselves until !y 7 rew>d$ ) evid5ce t !
 reports 7 true & promptly ann\nc$ to ! 
_w t ^! quiet m5 _h actually solv$ !    
problem ( a]ial flight4     ,trial      
,flights at ,=t ,mey]   ,9 #aijh        
,orville ,wright began trial flights at 
,=t ,mey] prelim9>y to ! te/s requir$ by
 ! gov]nm5t contracts4 ,a record flight 
0 made 9 ,june4 ,! morn+ 0 /ill &       
beautiful2 ! leaves hung motionless on !
 great plane trees ( ,wa%+ton z ,orville
 ,wright & ,augu/ ,po/1 ,secret>y ( !   
,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica left ! city ab\t   
six o'clock & proce$$ by way (          

,georget[n to ,=t ,mey] :]e trial       
flights 7 to be made ) ! biplane4 ,x 0  
tak5 f its %$ & plac$ on ! />t+ rail4 ,!
 weights 7 lift$ into position1 ! eng9e 
/>t$1 ! propell]s set 9 rapid motion &  
all 0 9 read9ess = />t+4 ,only a few    
p]sons 7 9 sight1 includ+ a squad (     
soldi]s :o 7 clean+ ! guns ( a field    
batt]y4 ,mr4 ,wright took 8 place on !  
ma*9e4 ,at a signal ! weights 7 releas$1
 x 0 drawn =w>d1 & ris+ gracefully at ! 
end ( ! rail gradually asc5d$ 9 a       
circuit\s c\rse upw>d4 ,mr4 ,po/ kept "t
 & m>k$ circuits on ! back ( an         
envelope4 ,r\nd & r\nd w5t ! ma*9e1 ris+
 high] & high]4 ,aft] a little !        
spectators realiz$ t a record flight 0 9
 progress4 ,t5--tw5ty m9utes pass$4     
,high] & high] circl$ ! a]oplane4 ,n[ x 
has be5 al(t on w+ = half an h\r6 ,!    
spectators /& rigid & look upw>d4 ,mr4  
,taylor1 *ief me*anic1 9 almo/ brea?less
 int]e/ exclaims1 ,don't make a motion4 
,if y d he'll come d[n4  ,9 ! city1 ^w  
_h rea*$ ! newspap] report]s t ,mr4     

,wright _h gone out = a flight4 ,does he
 int5d to fly today8 came ! "q ov] !    
telephone4 ,yes1 he is 9 ! air n[ & has 
be5 fly+ = m ?an half an h\r1 0 ! answ]4
  ,!n came ! ru% = full] details & !    
results ( ! record-mak+ trial 7 fla%$   
ov] ! c\ntry & cabl$ "u ! seas to di/ant
 l&s4 ,s5ators1 congressm51 dep>tm5tal  
(ficials & repres5tatives ( e walk (    
life 9 ! national capital 7 a little    
lat] on _! way to witness ano!r         
exhibition ( ! wond]ful fly+ ma*9e4 ,mr4
 ,wright 9 ! aft]noon made ano!r _w's   
record1 rema9+ 9 ! air an h\r & sev5    
m9utes4 ,9 ! ev5+ ) ,lieut5ant ,lahm at 
8 side he p]=m$ )\t accid5t ! greate/   
two-man flight ev] made4 ,^! a*ievem5ts 
aw$ & ?rill$ ! great ?rong ( spectators 
:o greet$ ! triumphant conclusion ( ea* 
) tumultu\s *e]s4 ,! problem ( !        
c5turies _h be5 solv$4 ,! impossible _h 
be5 accompli%$6 ,! dream ( ! vision>ies 
_h become a reality6     ,fatal ,accid5t
   ,on ! #ag? ( ,septemb] occurr$ a sad 
accid5t t br\ght to a close = ! ye> !   

prelim9>y te/s t _h be5 c>ri$ on ?us f> 
) m>k$ success4 ,:5 ,orville ,wright &  
,lieut5ant ,selfridge 7 fly+ at a height
 ( ab\t sev5ty-five feet1 "o ( !        
propell]s /ruck a /ray wire :i* coil$   
ar\nd & broke ! blade4 ,?is precipitat$ 
! ma*9e e>?w>d & fatally injur$         
,lieut5ant ,selfridge :o di$ ?ree h\rs  
aft]w>d4 ,orville n>r[ly escap$ ! same  
fate ) a numb] ( brok5 bones4 ,aviation 
at ?is "t 0 att5d$ ) great dang]s & !   
d>+ spirits :o v5tur$ al(t on ! w+s ( ! 
w9d 7 9 con/ant p]il ( _! lives4        
,wilbur ,wright ,w9s ,fame 9 ,france    
,mean:ile ,wilbur ,wright :o _h gone to 
,france 0 mak+ a s]ies ( record flights4
 ,e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ ne> ,le ,mans  
he flew fifty-two miles & 0 9 ! air "o  
h\r & ?irty-"o m9utes4 ,a few days lat] 
he broke ! previ\s record = altitude1   
atta9+ an elevation ( #chj feet4 ,on !  
#ca/ day ( ,decemb] he won #bj1jjj      
francs = ! longe/ flight ( ! ye>4 ,8    
mode/ be>+1 simple habits & wond]ful    
a*ievem5ts call$ =? great praise f !    

impressionable ,fr5*4 ,:5 he took up 8  
qu>t]s at ,le ,mans he arrang$ to prep>e
 8 own meals z he _h previ\sly done on !
 coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 b ! ,fr5* w\ld n 
he> to ?is & furni%$ him a cook4 ,9     
speak+ ( ?is incid5t aft]w>d ,wilbur    
,wright said 9 a jocul> way3 ,n kn[+    
en\gh ,fr5* to dismiss him or f9d out :o
 s5t him1 ,i p]mitt$ him to rema94  ,9  
,janu>y1 #aiji1 ,orville ,wright1 :o _h 
recov]$ f 8 injuries1 jo9$ 8 bro!r at   
,pau1 ,france4 ,"h !y gave _m exhibition
 flights t 7 witness$ by ! great        
sci5ti/s & ! nobility ( ,europe4 ,"h _! 
feats 7 witness$ by ! ,k+ ( ,engl& & !  
,k+ ( ,spa9 :o p]sonally ext5d$ he>ty   
congratulations4 ,wilbur took 8 ma*9e to
 ,rome :]e ,k+ ,emanuel att5d$ 8        
exhibition flights4 ,lat] ! two bro!rs 7
 ! gue/s1 9 ,london1 ( ! ,a]onautical   
,society ( ,great ,brita9 & receiv$ its 
gold m$al4 ,_! be>+ & a*ievem5ts abroad 
gave !m _w-wide fame4     ,wright       
,bro!rs ,honor$   ,arriv+ 9 ,wa%+ton    
,june #aj?1 !y receiv$ a m$al at ! h&s (

 ,presid5t ,taft f ! ,a]o ,club (       
,am]ica4 ,cont9u+ _! j\rney homew>d1 !y 
7 met at ,x5ia1 ,ohio1 by a delegation f
 ,dayton4 ,!y at once began to inquire  
ab\t _! fell[ t[nsm54  ,look "h1        
,wilbur1 said "o ( ! committee1 y'll see
 all ^? folks at ! /ation 9 a few       
mom5ts4  ,:y1 :o is at ! /ation8 ask$   
,wright4  ,oh1 tw5ty-five or ?irty ( !  
boys 0 ! reply4  ,z !y ent]$ _! home    
city !y saw ! /reets ?rong$ ) p4  ,i see
 ! tw5ty-five or ?irty1 rem>k$ ,mr4     
,wright1 b ,i ?\ght y folks knew bett]  
?an ?is4  ,lat] !y 7 honor$ 9 _! home   
city ) a two-day celebration1 at !      
climax ( :i* m$als 7 pres5t$ to !m f    
,congress1 f ! ,/ate ( ,ohio & f ! city 
( ,dayton4 ,_! fame 0 _w-wide & at la/  
_! own city _h discov]$ !m & welcom$ !m 
) en?usia/ic pride4     ,unit$ ,/ates   
,gov]nm5t ,requirem5ts ,successfully    
,met   ,soon aft]w>d !y return$ to ,=t  
,mey] to cont9ue _! "w prep>atory to !  
f9al te/s4 ,!y _h ent]$ into a contract 
) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t :i* 0 to pay

 #be1jjj = a ma*9e :i* w\ld c>ry two m5 
"o h\r 9 a circuit\s c\rse & p]=m a     
cross-c\ntry flight ( t5 miles at ! rate
 ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,on ! day ( ! f9al 
te/s ! p ( ,wa%+ton came =? 9 great]    
cr[ds ?an ev] be=e4 ,(ficialdom1 includ+
 repres5tatives ( =eign embassies1 army 
(fic]s1 newspap] correspond5ts &        
civilians1 7 pres5t to witness ! crucial
 te/4 ,among ! spectators 0 ,miss       
,ka!r9e ,wright1 ! s*ol>ly si/] ( ! two 
bro!rs1 :o _h foll[$ ) deep & sympa!tic 
int]e/ e /ep 9 ! progress ( h] bro!rs up
 to ?is h\r4  ,at a signal1 ,orville    
,wright1 ) ,lieut5ant ,lahm aga9 at 8   
side />t$ on 8 "t-te/ flight4 ,upw>d 9  
spiral c\rse !y rose4 ,at l5g? ! h\r    
limit 0 pass$ & a mighty *e] f !        
multitude ann\nc$ ! result4 ,/ill !     
ma*9e ) its two pass5g]s rema9$ al(t4   
,n9e m9utes m pass$4 ,! _w's record made
 by ,wilbur ,wright 0 brok54  ,wilbur1  
:o 0 pres5t1 ann\nc$ ! result by wav+ a 
h&k]*ief & call+ al\d1 ,give him a *e]1 
boys4 ,soon aft] ?is ! ma*9e g5tly      

desc5d$1 hav+ be5 9 ! air an h\r1 twelve
 m9utes & =ty seconds1 ! longe/ two     
pass5g] flight t _h be5 made to t date4 
,orville ,wright 0 soon ov]:elm$ )      
congratulations4 ,com+ =w>d ,presid5t   
,taft said3  ,i am glad to congratulate 
y on y\r a*ievem5t4 ,y came d[n z       
gracefully & z mu* l a bird z y w5t up4 
,i hope y\r pass5g] behav$ himself & did
 n talk to ! motorman4 ,x 0 a wond]ful  
p]=mance4 ,i w\ld n h miss$ x4  ,!      
,presid5t !n %ook h&s ) ,wilbur1 say+1  
,y\r bro!r has brok5 y\r record4  ,yes1 
repli$ ,wilbur1 ) a smile1 b x's all 9 !
 family4  ,on ,augu/ #cj came ! spe$    
trial ov] a c\rse f ,ft4 ,mey] to       
,alex&ria five miles di/ant4 ,?is at t  
"t 0 consid]$ ! mo/ difficult te/ ( all4
 ,! c\rse 0 ov] a brok5 & unev5 c\ntry1 
valleys1 rav9es1 hills1 =e/s & op5      
fields alt]nat+4 ,lieut5ant ,b5jam9 ,d4 
,f\lois 0 *os5 to accompany ,orville    
,wright on ?is p]il\s trip4 ,! ma*9e    
arose & circl$ betwe5 ! two flags t m>k$
 ! />t+ l9e1 & amid *e]s ( ! spectators 

/>t$ on its flight t[>d ! two captive   
balloons t m>k$ ! limit ( ! c\rse4      
,small] & small] x grew 9 ! di/ance z x 
0 sway$ slightly out ( its pa? by ! w9d4
 ,x at l5g? turn$ ! goal on ! hill at   
,alex&ria4 ,on ! return x 0 borne d[nw>d
 until x disappe>$4 ,w\ld x rise aga9 or
 w\ld x be swept d[n by a trea*]\s      
curr5t & wreck$ 9 ! valley8 ,aft] a     
mom5t's susp5se x aga9 appe>$ 9 cle>]   
outl9e ov] ! treetops4 ,ne>] & ne>] x   
came until 9 ! mid/ ( wav+ h&k]*iefs &  
?und]\s *e]s1 x s(tly alight$ ne> its   
/>t+ place4 ,! d>+ aviator 0 he>tily    
congratulat$ aga9 by ! ,presid5t & o!r  
em95t m5 :o ?rong$ ab\t him4 ,8 si/]    
told him t ! glad news _h already be5   
telegraph$ to 8 ag$ fa!r 9 ,dayton4 ,!  
ma*9e _h successfully met all           
requirem5ts & _h made 9 ! cross-c\ntry  
flight #db4f miles an h\r1 entitl+ !    
bro!rs 9 addition to ! #be1jjj to a     
bonus ( #e1jjj1 mak+ 9 all #cj1jjj4     
,wond]ful z 0 ?is record at ! "t1       
succe$+ flights ) improv$ ma*9es n[ make

 x seem trivial & commonplace4  ,lat] 9 
! ye> #aiji ,orville ,wright w5t back to
 ,europe :]e he a*iev$ di/9ction 9 a    
numb] ( nights :ile ,wilbur rema9$ at   
home to p>ticipate 9 ! ,hudson-,fulton  
celebration & ?rill 8 c\ntrym5 by       
encircl+ 9 a flight ! /atue ( lib]ty &  
return+ to 8 />t+ po9t on ,gov]nor's    
,isl&4  ,x is n necess>y to foll[ fur!r 
! a]onautic a*ievem5ts ( ! ,wright      
bro!rs4 ,:ile !y 7 ! fir/ to con/ruct a 
successful a]oplane1 inv5tors 9 ,am]ica 
& abroad quickly foll[$ !m & ma*9es (   
v>i\s =ms & con/ruction b bas$ on ! same
 pr9ciple 7 soon mak+ record flights 9  
_m l&s4 ,! simultane\s developm5t ( !   
a]oplane 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe is 
expla9$ by ! fact t ! progress ( !      
exp]im5ts ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs 0 promptly
 report$ & eag]ly not$ on ! o!r side ( !
 ,atlantic4 ,octave ,*anute imm$iately  
aft] 8 visit to ,kitty ,hawk made a trip
 abroad & gave a detail$ acc\nt ( :at ! 
,wright bro!rs _h accompli%$4 ,?is      
acc\nt ) draw+s 0 publi%$ & ,european   

inv5tors _h ?is in=mation on :i* to "w4 
,9 #aiji ,l\is ,bl]iot1 a ,fr5* aviator1
 :o _h sprung into prom95ce ! prec$+    
ye>1 cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel 9 8       
beautiful birdlike monoplane4 ,9 #aiaj  
,george ,*auz1 fly+ upw>d #g1jjj feet1  
cross$ ! ,alps amid ! trea*]\s & froz5  
w9ds ( ! sn[-capp$ peaks only to meet a 
tragic dea? z he ne>$ ! goal 9 sunny    
,italy4 ,equally d>+ & dang]\s 0 ! trip 
( ! brilliant ,am]ican aviator ,gl5n    
,curtis 9 8 biplane f ,albany to ,new   
,york ,city1 foll[$ a few days lat] by !
 notable a*ievem5t ( ,*>les ,k4         
,hamilton :o 9 a ma*9e ( ! same make    
flew f ,new ,york ,city to ,philadelphia
 at ! av]age spe$ ( fifty & "o-half     
miles an h\r4 ,aviation meets & record  
break+ flights 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe n[
 foll[$ 9 su* rapid succession t ! long 
li/ w\ld only we>y ! read]4 ,9 ?is rapid
 & spectacul> progress t gave man       
dom9ion ov] ! air & ! p[] to surpass !  
eagle's flight x is int]e/+ to note h[  
well ! ,wrights kept 9 ! =efront ( ! era

 t !y u%]$ 94 ,frequ5t *anges h greatly 
improv$ ! effici5cy ( _! ma*9e4 ,9 #aiaj
 x made ! greate/ altitude flight1 rea*+
 a height ( #aa1dgf feet4 ,9 #aiaa ,c4  
,p4 ,rodg]s1 9 successive /ages1 flew 9 
"o ( _! biplanes f ,new ,york ,city to  
,long ,bran*1 ,cali=nia1 a di/ance (    
#d1jbi miles1 ! longe/ flight ev] made4 
,rec5t ,improvem5ts   ,improvem5ts are  
/ill 9 rapid progress4 ,! hydroa]oplane 
has be5 inv5t$4 ,?is is a slightly      
modifi$ a]oplane ) equipm5t t w keep x  
afloat on ! wat] f :i* x may rise & fly 
at ! w ( ! pilot4 ,aviators h develop$  
high skill 9 ! control ( _! ma*9es 9    
mid-air4 ,!y h at high spe$ describ$    
intricate figures1 su/a9$ !mselves 9    
inv]t$ positions & p]=m$ ! dang]\s &    
?rill+ feat ( loop+ ! loop 9 _! swift   
d[nw>d flight4 ,!y h asc5d$ high 9 air1 
rea*+ an altitude ( ov] #bj1jjj feet1 & 
increas$ _! spe$ rate to #abf miles an  
h\r4 ,swift] ?an flight ( bird &        
outspe$+ ! w+$ tempe/1 man has cleft !  
highways ( ! air4 ,a long l9e ( fatal   

accid5ts has m>k$ 8 progress1 b )       
reckless & audaci\s c\rage he has kept 8
 c\rse until he has add$ ! upp] deep to 
! realm ( 8 dom9ion4     ,future ( !    
,a]oplane   ,future a*ievem5ts 9 ?is new
 field are ( c\rse matt]s ( speculation4
 ,man has fl[n across ! ,alps1 ! ,rocky 
,m\nta9s1 ! ,engli% ,*annel1 ! ,/raits (
 ,florida & ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,ev5 n[
 !re is report$ a contemplat$ air%ip = !
 cross+ ( ! ,atlantic4  ,?us f> ! *ief  
use ( ! a]oplane has be5 = sport &      
armam5t4 ,! lead+ nations ( ! _w h      
equipp$ _! armies ) fly+ ma*9es f :i* x 
w be possible at a safe height to spy   
out ! position ( ! enemy1 c>ry messages 
across besieg+ l9es & drop de/ructive   
explosives 9 ! mid/ ( ho/ile            
=tifications4 ,:at effect ?is w h on !  
future ( w> c only be conjectur$4 ,"s h 
pr$ict$ t :5 fur!r p]fect$ x w br+ to an
 end ?is era ( va/ armam5ts & def5ses by
 mak+ !m useless4 ,if x does ?is1 x may 
inde$ be hail$ z ! b5efic5t inv5tion (  
?is new c5tury1 = x w h realiz$ ! vision

 ( ! poet ,t5nyson :o cr[n$ ) 8 immortal
 v]se ! c5tury t is gone3      ,= ,i    
dipt into ! future1 f> z human eye c\ld 
see1     ,saw ! ,vision ( ! _w1 & all ! 
wond] t w\ld be2      ,saw ! heav5s fill
 ) comm]ce1 argosies ( magic sails1     
,pilots ( ! purple twilight1 dropp+ d[n 
) co/ly bales2      ,he>d ! heav5s fill 
) %\t+1 & !re ra9$ a     gha/ly dew     
,f ! nations' airy navies grappl+ 9 !   
c5tral blue2      ,f> along ! _w-wide   
:isp] ( ! s\? w9d ru%+     w>m1     ,) !
 /&>ds ( ! peoples plung+ ?r\gh !       
?und]-/orm2      ,till ! w>-drum ?robb$ 
no long]1 & ! battle-flags 7     furl$  
,9 ! ,p>liam5t ( man1 ! ,f$]ation ( !   
_w4