,the ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record ,volume #a4 ,november1 #ahfd ,,contents ,the ,holy ,see ,and ,the ,liberty ,of ,the ,irish ,church ,at ,the ,beginning ,of ,the ,present ,century4 ,i4 ,from ,mgr4 ,brancadoro to ,father ,concanen1 ,o4,p41 ,agent at ,rome for the ,irish ,bishops4 ,dalla ,propaganda4 #g ,agosto1 #ahja4 ,,ii4 ,from the same to the same4 ,dalla ,propaganda1 #be ,settembre1 #ahje4 ,a ,recent ,protestant ,view ,of ,the ,church ,of ,the ,middle ,ages4 ,the ,mss4 ,remains ,of ,professor ,o',curry ,in ,the ,catholic ,university4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,the ,destiny ,of ,the ,irish ,race4 ,liturgical ,questions4 7,from ,m4 ,bouix's 8,revue des ,sciences ,ecclesiastiques074 ,documents4 ,i4 ,condemnation ,of ,dr4 ,froschammer's ,works4 ,,ii4 ,decree ,of ,the ,congregation ,of ,rites4 ,notices ,of ,books4 ,footnotes ,,the ,,holy ,,see ,,and ,,the ,,liberty ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,church ,,at ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,century4 ,all students of ,irish ,catholic affairs must feel1 at every moment1 that we are at a great loss for a collection of ecclesiastical documents connected with our ,church4 ,the past misfortunes of ,ireland explain the origin of this want4 ,during the persecutions of ,elizabeth1 of ,james the ,first1 and ,cromwell1 our ancient manuscripts1 and the archives of our convents and monasteries1 were ruthlessly destroyed4 ,at a later period1 whilst the penal laws were in full operation1 it was dangerous to preserve official ecclesiastical papers1 lest they should be construed by the bigotry and ignorance of our enemies into proofs of sedition or treason4 ,since liberty began to dawn on our country1 things have undergone a beneficial change1 and recently great efforts have been made to rescue and preserve from destruction every remaining fragment of our ancient history1 and every document calculated to throw light on the annals of our ,church4 ,we are anxious to coperate in this good work1 and we shall feel deeply grateful to our friends if they forward to us any official ecclesiastical papers1 either ancient or modern1 that it may be desirable to preserve4 ,receiving such papers casually1 we cannot insert them in the ,,record in chronological order1 but by aid of an ,index1 to be published at the end of each volume1 the future historian will be able to avail himself of them for his purposes4 ,to-day we insert in our columns two letters never published before1 as far as we can learn1 in their original language4 ,they were addressed1 in the beginning of this century1 by the learned ,archbishop of ,myra1 ,monsignore ,brancadoro1 ,secretary of the ,propaganda1 to a distinguished ,dominican1 ,father ,concanen1 then agent of the ,irish bishops1 who was afterwards promoted to the ,see of ,new ,york1 and who died at ,naples1 in the year #ahjh1 before he could take possession of his diocese4 ,the first letter1 dated the #gth ,august1 #ahja1 refers to certain resolutions adopted by ten ,irish prelates1 in ,january1 #agii1 at a sad period of our history1 when ,ireland was in a state of utter prostration1 and abandoned to the fury of an ,orange faction4 ,in such circumstances1 we are not to be surprised that the ,catholics of ,cork1 ,waterford1 ,wexford1 and many other parts of ,ireland1 in the hope of preserving their lives and property1 should have petitioned to be united to ,england2 or that ,catholic prelates1 anxious to gain protection for their flocks1 should have endeavoured to propitiate those who had the power of the government in their hands1 by taking into consideration the proposals then made--that the state should provide for the maintenance of the clergy1 and that a right should be given to the state to inquire into the loyalty of such ecclesiastics as might be proposed for the various sees of ,ireland4 ,the celebrated ,dr4 ,milner1 treating of the resolutions just referred to1 observes in his ,supplementary ,memoirs1 p4 #aae1 that they had nothing in common with the veto which was afterwards proposed by government in #ahje1 and several times in succeeding years1 and adds1 that the prelates 8stipulated for their own just influence1 and also for the consent of the ,pope in this important business40 ,according to the wise determination of the prelates1 the matters they had agreed to were referred to the judgment of the ,supreme ,head of the ,church4 ,a speedy answer1 however1 could not be obtained4 ,at that time the great ,pontiff1 ,pius the ,sixth1 was a captive in the hands of the ,french ,republicans1 and soon after died a martyr at ,valence in ,france4 ,the ,holy ,see was then vacant for several months1 until1 by the visible interposition of ,providence1 ,italy was freed from her invaders1 and the cardinals were enabled to assemble in conclave to elect a new ,pope4 ,soon after his promotion1 ,pius the ,seventh occupied himself with the affairs of our ,church1 and the secretary of the ,propaganda received instructions to communicate through ,father ,concanen to the ,irish ,prelates the wishes of his ,holiness4 ,the substance of the official note of ,monsignore ,brancadoro is1 #a4 ,that his ,holiness is thankful to the ,british government for the relaxation of the penal laws to which ,catholics had been so long subjected1 and for any other acts of liberality or kindness conferred on them4 #b4 ,that the ,irish prelates1 whilst manifesting their gratitude for the favours they had received1 should prove1 by their conduct1 that it was not through a feeling of self-interest1 or through hopes of temporal advantages1 that they inculcated on their flocks the necessity of obedience to the laws and the conscientious fulfilment of the duties of good citizens2 but that they did so through a spirit of religion1 and in conformity with the dictates of the gospel4 #c4 ,that to prove how sincerely they were animated with those feelings1 the ,irish prelates should refuse the proffered pension1 and continue to act and support themselves as they have done for the past1 thus giving an example of ,christian perfection which would not fail to give general edification4 ,the second letter is also from the secretary of ,propaganda to ,father ,concanen1 and is dated #beth of ,sept41 #ahje1 in which year ,dr4 ,milner had just brought under the notice of the ,holy ,see some new projects of government interference with the ,catholic clergy1 which had lately been introduced into ,parliament by ,sir ,john ,hippisley1 at that time a supporter of ,emancipation1 but who afterwards gave proofs of a great desire to enslave the ,catholic ,church4 ,in the second letter ,monsignore ,brancadoro states the apprehension felt by the ,s4 ,congregation1 lest the moment of the ,catholic triumph should prove the one most dangerous to the purity and stability of the ,catholic religion since the ,reformation2 that it would be no injustice to suspect the ,british ,government of being influenced by designs to that very effect2 that the ,bishops should1 therefore1 as a general principle1 renounce all idea of advancing their own proper interests1 or of securing any temporal advantages1 lest through human frailty they should inadvertently be surprised into any concessions which in course of time might prove injurious to the interests of religion4 ,the ,secretary then goes on to say that the ,s4 ,congregation found serious difficulties1 more or less1 in all the plans which1 as ,dr4 ,milner had reported1 had been proposed by the statesmen of the day in ,england4 ,these plans were3--#a4 ,the pensioning of the clergy4 #b4 ,state interference in the nomination of ,bishops4 #c4 ,the restoration of the ,hierarchy in ,england4 #d4 ,the concession to the ministry of the right to examine the communications which might pass between the ,english and ,irish ,catholics and the ,holy ,see4 ,as to the plan of pensioning the clergy1 ,monsignore ,brancadoro points out the dangers to which its adoption would expose them4 ,if they accept a pension from government1 the offerings of the faithful will be undoubtedly withdrawn1 and the priesthood will be left quite dependent on the caprice of those in power4 ,he recalls to ,father ,concanen's memory1 that in his previous letter of the #gth of ,august1 #ahja1 he had announced to him the ,pope's wish that the ,irish clergy should decline all pensions from the government1 and mentions that the ,irish ,bishops1 in reply1 had stated that they willingly renounced all temporal advantages in order to preserve religion uninjured4 ,the secretary of the ,propaganda next reminds his correspondent that ,pius ,,vi41 in a brief of #bjth ,march1 #agia1 had condemned a decree of the ,national ,assembly of ,france1 by which the clergy of that country were made pensioners of the state2 and he adds that the ,holy ,see had resisted a similar attempt of the ,english government in regard to the clergy of ,corsica1 when that island had fallen into their hands4 ,examining the various vetoistical plans mentioned by ,dr4 ,milner1 ,monsignore ,brancadoro quotes the authority of the great and learned ,pontiff1 ,benedict ,,xiv41 to show how decidedly opposed the ,holy ,see has always been to every project directed to vest ,catholic ecclesiastical appointments in the hands of a ,protestant sovereign4 ,this question is discussed in a brief of that ,pope addressed to the ,bishop of ,breslau on the #aeth of ,may1 #agdh1 and his words are as follows3 8,there is not recorded in the whole history of the ,church a single example in which the appointment of a bishop or abbot was conceded to a sovereign of a different religion04 ,he adds 8that he would not1 and could not1 introduce a practice calculated to scandalize the ,catholic world1 and which1 besides bringing on him a dreadful judgment in another world1 would render his name odious and accursed during life1 and much more so after death04 #b4 ,the learned writer then proceeds to examine the various plans of granting to government certain powers in regard to the nomination of bishops1 and explodes them all as replete with danger to religion1 and well calculated to enslave the ,church4 ,the plans proposed to lessen the ,pope's unwillingness to grant to the sovereign the right of nomination were the following3--,some thought that the nomination should be limited to a certain class of persons who should have been approved of by the episcopal body after an examination and trial4 ,such a body might be the vicars-general1 of whom two should be appointed for each diocese4 ,the government was to be bound to choose the bishops out of this body4 ,this plan was rejected1 first1 because it would really amount to vesting the nomination of bishops in a non-,catholic sovereign2 and secondly1 on account of difficulties created by the circumstances of the time and place4 ,others proposed to give the government the right of excluding from the episcopal charge those obnoxious to itself4 ,monsignore ,brancadoro says of this plan1 that unless this right of exclusion were restricted by limits1 it would be equivalent to a real power of nomination4 ,but even so1 even after due limitation1 it was an absolute novelty in the ,church1 and no one could tell what its consequences might be4 ,besides1 it was uncalled for1 since the experience of so many centuries ought to have convinced the government that the ecclesiastics appointed to govern dioceses were always excellent citizens4 ,besides1 it was the custom of the ,holy ,see not to appoint to a vacant diocese until it had received the recommendation of the metropolitans and the diocesan clergy4 ,this was a safeguard against improper appointments4 #c4 ,with respect to the restoration of the ,hierarchy in ,england1 ,monsignore ,brancadoro blames the motive which induced the ,english nobles to petition for such a change of church government1 namely1 the desire they felt to have bishops less bound to the ,holy ,see4 ,he declares that1 although differing quoad jus1 bishops and vicars-apostolic did not differ in reality1 and that the ,holy ,see was equally well satisfied with the bishops of ,ireland1 and the vicars-apostolic of ,england and ,scotland4 #d4 ,the ,secretary condemns1 as worst of all1 the plan of giving to the ministers the right to examine the communications that pass between the ,holy ,see and the ,british and ,irish ,catholics4 ,such a right has never been allowed1 even to a ,catholic power1 much less should it be allowed to a ,protestant government4 ,the case of ,france was not to the point1 for there the right was limited to provisions of benefices alone4 ,the government has no reason to be afraid3 the ,holy ,see has expressly declared to bishops and vicars-apostolic1 that it does not desire any political information from them4 ,the two official notes we insert will be read in their original language with great interest4 ,they are noble monuments of the zeal of the holy ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,vii41 and of the vigilance with which the ,holy ,see has always endeavoured to uphold the rights and independence of our ancient ,church4 ,undoubtedly the wise instructions given in those letters had no small share in arousing that spirit with which a few years later our clergy and people resisted and defeated all the efforts of ,british statesmen to deprive our ,church of her liberties1 and to reduce her to the degraded condition of the ,protestant establishment4 ,the notes of the secretary of ,propaganda are a fine specimen of ecclesiastical writing1 illustrating the maxim fortiter in re1 suaviter in modo4 ,i4 ,from ,mgr4 ,brancadoro to ,father ,concanen1 ,o4,p41 ,agent at ,rome for the ,irish ,bishops4 ,dalla ,propaganda4 #g ,agosto1 #ahja4 ,informata la ,santit di ,nostro ,signore del nuovo piano ideato de ,governo ,brittannico in supposto vantaggio della ecclesiastica ,gerarchia dei cattolici d',irlanda1 non ha punto esitato a manifestare la pi viva reconoscenza verso la spontanea e generosa liberalit del prelodato ,governo1 cui professer sempre la massima gratitudine1 per l'assistenze1 e favori1 che accorda ai mentovati cattolici de' suoi dominj4 ,tenendo poi la ,santit ,sua per indubitato1 che la sperimentata fedelt di quel ,clero ,cattolico ,romano al legittimo suo ,sovrano derivi interamente dalle massime di nostra ,s4 ,religione1 le quali non possono mai esser soggette a verun cambiamento1 desidera il suddetto ,governo resti assicurato1 che i ,metropolitani1 i ,vescovi e il ,clero tutto della ,irlanda conoscer sempre un tal suo stretto dovere1 e lo adempir esattamente in qualunque incontro4 ,brama per ad un tempo vivissimamente il ,s4 ,padre1 che l'anzidetto ,clero seguitando il plausibile sistema da lui osservato finora si astenga scrupolosamente dall' avere in mira qualunque suo proprio temporale vantaggio1 e che dimostrando sempre con parole1 e con fatti la sincera invariabilit del suo attacamento1 riconoscenza1 e sommissione al ,governo ,brittanico1 gli faccia vieppi conoscere la realt di sua gratitudine alle offerte nuove beneficenze1 dispensandosi dal profittarne1 e dando con ci una luminosa prova di quel costant disinteresse stimato tanto conforme all' ,apostolico zelo dei ministri del ,santuario1 e tanto giovevole1 e decoroso alla stessa cattolico ,religione1 come quello che concilia in singular modo la stima1 e il respetto verso dei sagri ministeri1 e che li rende pi venerabili1 e pi cari ai fedeli commessi alla loro spirituale direzione4 ,tali sono i precisi sentimenti che la ,santit di ,nostro ,signore ha ordinate al ,segretario di ,propaganda di communicare alla ,paternit ,vostra affinch per di ,lei mezzo giungano senza ritardo a notizie degli ottimi ,metropolitani1 e ,vescovi del regno d',irlanda1 nel quale spera fermamente ,sua ,santit1 che come ad onta dei pi gravi pericoli si gi mantenuta in passato1 cosi manterassi pur anco in avvenire affatto illesa da ogni bench menoma macchia la nostra cattolica ,religione4 ,lo scrivente pertanto nell' eseguire i ,pontificj comandi si rassegna nel suo particolare colla pi distinta stima ec4 ,,ii4 ,from the same to the same4 ,dalla ,propaganda1 #be ,settembre1 #ahje4 ,,reverendissimo ,p4 ,,maestro ,,concanen1 ,la lettera del degnissimo ,monsig4 ,milner1 ,vicario ,apostolico del distretto medio d',inghilterra1 diretta a ,v4 ,p41 la cui traduzione ella1 per ordine del ,prefetto stesso1 ha communicata all ,arcivescovo di ,mira1 ,segretario di ,propaganda1 ha fatto entrare la ,sacra ,congregazione nello stesso timore1 che manifesta l' ottimo ,prelato1 che il momento della fortuna dei cattolici nel ,parlamento sia il pi pericoloso alla purit1 e stabilit della nostra santa ,religione1 che sia mai avvenuto dopo la pretesa riforma di quel regno1 e non si farebbe ingiuria al ,governo acattolico1 se si sospettassero appunto queste mire3 ,e perci dovranno i ,vicarj ,apostolici1 ed i ,vescovi di quel dominio abbandonare ogni mira di proprio vantaggio1 ed interesse temporale1 da cui1 indebolito il loro cuore potrebbe facilmente1 senza avvedersene1 essere sorpreso a condiscendere in qualche cosa1 che recher1 col tempo1 del pregiudizio alla ,religione4 ,questo spirito di disinteresse si scorge gi luminosamente in ,monsig4 ,milner dal tenore della sua lettera3 e perci chiede egli saviamento della ,s4 ,c4 delle istruzioni1 colle quali regolarsi nella trattativa1 in cui si trova impegnato4 ,ma la ,s4 ,c4 trova delle difficolt gravi1 pi o meno1 in tutti i progetti1 ch' egli narra1 fatti da quei politici4 ,ed in primo luogo1 riguardo al progetto di assegnarsi stabili pensioni sul pubblico erario ai ,vescovi1 ed al ,clero di quel dominio1 la ,santit di ,n4 ,s4 espresse gi i suoi sentimenti1 per mezzo di un biglietto dell' ,arcivescovo1 che scrive1 diretto a ,v4 ,p1 in data dei #g ,agosto #ahja1 il quale essendo stato da lei comunicato ai metropolitani1 e vescovi d',irlanda1 essi risposero1 che rinunziavano volentieri a qualunque vantaggio temporale1 per conservare illibata la cattolica ,religione4 ,sar dunque opportuno di spedire a ,mons4 ,milner la copia di quel ,biglietto1 che si d qui annessa4 ,e per verit1 accettandosi dal clero le pensioni1 cesseranno immantinente molti fondi di sussistenza1 che ora ritrae dalla piet de fedeli2 resteranno le pensioni per quasi unico mezzo di sostentamento4 ,ora chi non vede a quali gravissime tentazioni non si esporrebbero gli ecclesiastici1 di condiscendere1 in qualche cosa pregiudiziale alla s4 ,religione1 alla volont di un ,governo di religione diversa1 che pu in un punto ridurlo allu mendicit col ritenere le pensioni8 ,per questa1 ed altre ragioni1 essendosi adottata la massima di dare le pensioni al clero dell' ,assemblea ,nazionale di ,francia nella ,costituzione civile del clero1 la ,sa4 ,me4 di ,pio ,,vi4 la riprov nel suo breve dei #bj marzo #agia4 pag4 #fa1 e seg4 ,ed avendo la stessa corte di ,londra1 quando entr in possesso della ,corsica1 fatto il medesimo progetto1 vi si oppose la ,s4 ,sede1 e quella ,real corte desist dall' impegno4 ,riguardo all' influenza1 che si vorrebbe1 del potere civile nella nomina de' vescovi1 cosi varj progetti1 che si sono fatti1 per regolare una tale influenza1 in primo luogo da avvertirsi1 che la nomina assolutamente non potr accordarsi al ,sovrano1 come acattolico4 ,al qual proposito baster riportare i sentimenti di ,benedetto ,,xiv4 ,questo gran ,pontefice in una sua lettera scritta al vescovo di ,breslavia li #ae maggio #agdh1 si espresse ne' seguenti termini4--,non ritrovasi in tutta la storia ,ecclesiastica verun indulto conceduto da ,romani ,pontefici ai ,sovrani di altra comunione1 il nominare a ,vescovadi1 ed ,abbadie--soggiungendo1 che non voleva1 ne poteva introdurre un esempio1 che scandalizzarebbe tutto il mondo cattolico1 e che1 oltre la gravissima pena1 la quale ,iddio gli farebbe scontare nell' altro mondo1 renderebbe il suo nome esoso1 e maledetto in tutto il tempo di sua vita1 e molto pi in quello che avrebbe a decorrere dopo la di lui morte4 ,la stessa difficolt sussisterebbe ugualmente1 ancorch il diritto di nomina fosse limitato tra una classe di persone1 esaminata prima1 e previamente sperimentata1 ed approvata dal corpo dei ,vescovi1 come quello de' ,gran-,vicarj1 da stabilirsene due in ogni ,diocesi1 e ,distretto4 ,ma oltre a questo1 il progetto de' ,gran-,vicarj involve gravissime difficolt per le circostanze locali4 ,perciocch1 lasciando anche stare il pericolo dell' ambizione degli ecclesiastici presso de' ,vescovi1 e ,vicarj ,apostolici per essere dichiarati ,gran-,vicarj1 quando che ora1 scegliendosi i soggetti da promuoversi dal ceto degli operaj1 s' impegnano anche gli ambiziosi a faticare a pr delle anime3 chiaro ancoro1 che in tanta penuria di ecclesiastici1 ch' in tutto cotesto dominio1 se si tolgono due ,gran-,vicarj per ogni ,vicario ,apostolico1 o ,vescovo1 mancheranno affatto gli ecclesiastici per la cura delle anime4 ,il semplice diritto di esclusiva involverebbe minori inconvenienti intrinseci1 purch fosse limitato2 giacch altrimenti1 a forza di escludere si otterrebbe per indiretto una vera nomina4 ,ma questo diritto affatto nuovo2 e l' introdurlo per la prima volta1 non si sa a quali conseguenze potrebbe condurre4 ,ma siccome tutti questi progetti si fanno per assicurare il ,governo1 che non sia promossa persona1 che non gli sia invisa1 dovrebbe bastare l' esperienza di tanti secoli1 ad assicurare il ,governo1 stesso della somma premura1 che ha sempre avuta la ,s4 ,sede1 che i soggetti da lei promossi1 non solo non siano invisi1 ma siano anche graditi del ,governo stesso4 ,eo ,v4 ,p4 pu di fatto proprio attestare della somma industria1 attivit1 e segretezza usatasi1 qualche tempo fa1 della ,s4 ,sede1 per escludere persona1 che sospettava potere riuscire men gradita al ,governo1 bench ape poggiata da forti raccomandazioni1 ed includesse altra persona1 cha sicuramente fosse di sua soddisfazione4 ,oltre di che essendo solitquesta ,s4 ,c4 di attendere per gli promovendi gli attestati1 e le postulazioni1 o le informazioni de' ,metropolitani1 o degli altri ,vicarj ,apostolici1 ed anche del clero della rispettiva ,diocesi1 prima di proporre al ,s4 ,p4 i soggetti1 da questi certamente sapra quali siano quelle persone1 che possano essere poco accette al ,governo1 per escluderle sicuramente4 ,quanto al desiderio de' ,magnati1 di avere vescovi1 in vece di ,vicarj ,apostolici1 in se stesso considerato santissimo1 ed analogo alla costituzione della ,chiessa ,cattolica2 e se n' trattato altre volte in ,inghilterra4 ,dispiace solamente il fine1 per cui si fa un tal progetto1 cio per avere ,prelati meno aderenti alla ,s4 ,sede4 ,ma la ,s4 ,sede nulla avrebba a temere da siffata innovazione1 sull' esempio de' vescovi d' ,irlanda de quali ugualmente contenta che de' ,vicarj ,apostolici d' ,inghilterra1 e di ,scozia4 ,senza che1 la constante esperienza dimostra1 che quantunque in diritto sia diversa la condizione de' ,vicarj ,apostolici de quella de' ,vescovi2 pure in fatti non porta effetti diversi4 ,solo devrebbe rifflettersi alle circostanze de' tempi1 ed agl' incovenienti che potrebbero esercitare il cosi detto ,club ,cisalpino1 per evitarsi al possibile ogni innovazione4 ,pi di tutti sarebbe fatale quel progretto1 che per altro ,monsig4 ,milner dice essere di alcuni pochi1 che ogni communicazione de' cattolici colla ,s4 ,sede debba soggiacere all' esame de' ministri di ,s4 ,m4 ,questo diritto non si mai riconosciuto dalla ,s4 ,sede in alcun principe cattolico3 e l' esempio che si cita1 della ,francia1 era dai concordati limitato alle sole ecclesiastiche proviste4 ,ma quanto sarebbe pi pericoloso in un ,governo acattolico1 con cui non possibile di convenire nelle massime religiose4 ,si spera per altro1 che quei pochi1 che propongono1 un tal progretto1 non troveranno seguito3 e che quel ,governo1 che si vanta di lasciare una piena libert ai suoi sudditi1 non vorra imporre loro una catena negli effari pi delicati1 che riguardano la coscienza1 per gli quali soltanto i cattolici1 communicano colla ,s4 ,sede3 giacch la ,s4 ,c4 nel questionario stampato1 che manda a quei ,vescovi1 e ,vicarj ,apostolici per norma della relazione delle loro chiese1 nel primo articolo si protesta espressamente che non vuole di loro alcuna nuova politica4 ,molto consolante poi1 riuscito alla ,s4 ,congr4 la nuova1 che sia riuscito1 allo stesso ,monsig4 ,milner di ottenere un' assai pi grande libert per gli soldati cattolici nell' esercizio della ,s4 ,religione2 e che abbia ben dispositi gli animi1 per fare riconoscere validi nella legge civile i matrimonj contratti avanti un sacerdote cattolico4 ,v4 ,paternit gliene faccia i pi vivi ringraziamenti1 per parte di questa ,s4 ,c4 ,in fine l' ,arcivescovo1 che scrive1 con piena stima se le rassegna4 ,a ,,recent ,,protestant ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,the history of the ,church in the middle ages has ever forced upon ,protestant minds a difficulty which they have met by many various methods of solution4 ,the middle age exhibits so much of precious side by side with so much of base1 so much of the beauty of holiness in the midst of ungodliness1 so much of what all ,christians admit as truth with what ,protestants call fatal error1 that the character of the whole cannot readily be taken in at first sight from the ,protestant point of view4 ,some there are who dwell so long on the shadows that they close their eyes to the light1 and these declare the medieval ,church to have been a scene of unmitigated evil4 ,to their minds the whole theology of the period is useless1 or worse than useless1 harmful4 ,they connect the middle ages with wickedness as thoroughly as the ,manicheans connected matter with the evil principle4 ,others there are who honestly admit that these ages1 especially their earlier part1 are not ,protestant1 but at the same time contend that neither are they favourable to ,roman doctrine4 ,these believe that facts abundantly prove that in the bosom of the ,church which was then1 the two ,churches were to be found1 which afterwards disengaged themselves from one another at the ,reformation4 ,this is the philosophy of medieval history which1 as we learn from the preface to his collection of ,sacred ,latin ,poetry17#a7 has recommended itself to ,dr4 ,trench1 the present ,protestant ,archbishop of ,dublin4 8,in ,romanism we have the residuum of the middle-age ,church and theology1 the lees1 after all1 or well nigh all the wine was drained away4 ,but in the medieval ,church we have the wine and lees together--the truth and the error1 the false observance and yet at the same time the divine truth which should one day be fatal to it--side by side40 ,for such thinkers the sum of all the history of that period amounts to this3 a long struggle between two ,churches--one a ,church of truth1 the other a ,church of error--a struggle which1 however1 ended happily in the triumph of the ,church of truth by the ,reformation1 in which the truth was purified from its contact with error4 ,it is not without its advantages to know what views the occupant of an ,irish see so distinguished1 is led to take1 of the ,church to which seventy-seven out of every hundred ,irishmen belong1 with all the convictions of their intellects1 and all the love of their hearts4 ,it seems to us that his theory is not likely to satisfy any party2 it goes too far to please some1 and stops short too soon to be agreeable to others4 ,but what strikes us most of all in it is the fatal inconsistency of its parts4 ,of this the very book to which it serves as preface is proof enough4 ,dr4 ,trench's position is this4 ,he tells his ,protestant readers that whereas in the medieval ,church there was a good church1 and an evil1 all the good has found its resting place in ,protestantism1 all the evil in tyrannical ,rome4 ,whatever of good1 of holy1 of pure1 has ever been said or done within the ,church1 ,protestants are the rightful inheritors of it all4 ,from the treasury of the ,church before the ,reformation he proposes to draw1 and to collect in this work what his readers may live on and love1 and what he is confident will prove wholesome nourishment for their souls4 ,he would set before them the feelings of the ,church during these thousand years of her existence1 and would summon from afar1 from remote ages1 8voices in which they may utter and embody the deepest things of their hearts04 ,such1 he assures them1 are the voices of the writers whose poems have found a place in his book4 ,now1 if we are to understand that the two ante-,reformation ,churches stood out quite distinctly1 one from the other1 in open antagonism1 like ,jerusalem and ,babylon1 each having its own position more or less clearly defined1 we should naturally expect to find in ,dr4 ,trench's book the thoughts and words only of the ,reformers before the ,reformation1 of the men1 that is1 who never bent the knee to ,baal1 but ever cherished in their hearts the true doctrine of salvation4 ,if his own theory be worth anything1 he must have recourse for his present purposes1 to that one of the two ,churches which alone has been perpetuated1 victorious after conflict1 in ,protestantism4 ,where else shall he find sympathies that answer to those of ,protestants8 ,but he does not do so4 ,for in the beginning of his preface he tells us that he has not admitted each and all of the works of the authors whose productions he inserts4 ,he tells us that he has carefully excluded from his collection 8all hymns which in any way imply the ,romish doctrine of transubstantiation01 or1 8which involve any creature-worship1 or speak of the ,mother of our ,lord in any other language than that which ,scripture has sanctioned1 and our ,church adopted01 or which 8ask of the suffrages of the ,saints08 ,these certainly are not the doctrines which have been perpetuated in ,protestantism4 ,his own practice1 therefore1 is inconsistent with his theory1 if that theory means to assert the existence of two ,churches in the middle age1 distinctly antagonistic1 one to the other4 ,the only escape from this tangle is to reply1 that ,dr4 ,trench1 although he may find two ,churches in the bosom of the middle-age ,church1 does not1 however1 place between them a separation so sharp as to suppose the ,church of good absolutely without evil1 nor the ,church of evil altogether destitute of good4 ,in each there is good and some mixture of evil3 error relieved by a vein of truth4 ,his favourite authors1 by whose labours he wishes to make his readers profit1 are1 in this last hypothesis1 men who are subject to the influence of both ,churches2 men who belong partly to each in turn1 whose doctrines are a pitiable admixture of truth with falsehood--who1 in one word1 are visited both by 8airs from ,heaven and blasts from ,hell04 ,at times they say what all1 even ,protestants1 may treasure up in their hearts1 to live on and love2 at times1 again1 they are made to utter what all should reject and condemn1 as so many snares for unwary feet4 ,we shall say nothing of the difficulty the mind feels in accepting such a description of the position of these writers1 nor of the task we have to persuade ourselves that those who teach belief in deadly heresies to be essential to salvation1 can be1 at the same time1 the chosen tabernacles wherein the pure spirit of real piety can ever take up its abode4 ,such was not the feeling of the ancient ,church4 ,we ask1 instead1 who are the men upon whose writings ,dr4 ,trench would sit in judgment1 8to sunder between the holy and profane01 to distinguish between the errors and the truth1 to decide what we are 8to take warning from and to shun1 what to live upon and love04 ,with the exception of the two1 ,alard and ,buttmann1 all are men highly honoured by the whole ,catholic world1 and all1 without exception1 are praised for their excelling virtues by ,dr4 ,trench himself4 ,among the twenty-three names we read with reverence those of ,saint ,ambrose1 ,saint ,bonaventure1 ,venerable ,bede1 ,saint ,bernard1 ,saint ,peter ,damian1 ,thomas a-,kempis1 ,peter the ,venerable1 ,jacopone1 and others of great reputation for sanctity and learning4 ,these are the men whose writings ,dr4 ,trench is to parcel out into two portions2 this to be venerated as sacred1 that to be condemned as profane4 ,it needs great faith in the censor1 to accept readily his decision in such a case4 ,what test does he undertake to apply8 what criterion is to influence his choice8 ,why does he cast away the poems which celebrate ,st4 ,peter as ,prince of the ,apostles1 and approve of those that extol ,st4 ,paul8 ,why should he style ,adam of ,st4 ,victor's hymn on the ,blessed ,virgin an exaggeration1 and quote as edifying his ,laus ,s4 ,scripturae8 ,why are ,st4 ,bonaventure's pieces in honour of ,mary visited with censure1 and his lines ,in ,passione ,domini made the theme of praise8 ,dr4 ,trench gives us his reasons very plainly4 8,if our position mean anything01 says he 7page x471 8we are bound to believe that to us1 having the ,word and the ,spirit1 the power has been given to distinguish things which differ4444 ,it is our duty to believe that to us1 that to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks1 will be given that enlightening spirit1 by whose aid it shall be enabled to read aright the past realizations of ,god's divine idea in the wise and historic ,church of successive ages1 and to distinguish the human imperfections1 blemishes1 and errors1 from the divine truth which they obscured and overlaid1 but which they could not destroy1 being1 one day1 rather to be destroyed by it04 ,that is to say1 we1 as ,protestants1 in virtue of our position as such1 are able by the light of the ,holy ,spirit to discern true from false doctrine1 the fruits of the good ,church from the fruits of the evil ,church4 ,this enlightening ,spirit will be given to each generation which humbly and earnestly seeks it4 ,but1 we ask1 what are we to believe concerning the working of the same enlightening ,spirit in the hearts of the holy men whose exquisitely devotional writings ,dr4 ,trench sets before us8 ,were they men of humility and earnestness8 ,if they were not1 ,dr4 ,trench's book appears under false colours1 and is not a book of edification4 ,and if they were1 as they certainly were1 who is ,dr4 ,trench that he should take it on himself to condemn those who enjoyed the very same light which he claims for himself8 ,and why should we not then rather believe that as these holy men had1 on his own showing1 the spirit of ,god1 ,dr4 ,trench1 in condemning their doctrine does in truth condemn what is the doctrine of the ,church of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the theory is therefore as inconsistent as on historical grounds it is false4 ,such as it is1 however1 the conclusions we may draw from it are of great importance4 #a4 ,dr4 ,trench declares that1 both by omitting and by thinning1 he has carefully removed from his selection1 all doctrine implying transubstantiation1 the cultus of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the invocation of saints1 and the veneration of the cross4 ,now1 as the great bulk of the poems he publishes belong to the middle ages1 strictly so called1 it follows1 on ,dr4 ,trench's authority1 that these doctrines of the ,roman ,catholic ,church were held long before the ,reformation1 and that the ,church was already in possession when ,luther came4 #b4 ,since he tells us 7page vi7 that he has counted inadmissible poems which breathe a spirit foreign to that tone of piety which the ,english ,church desires to cherish in her children1 it follows that the spirit of piety in the ,church of old is not the same as that in the present ,church of ,england4 ,now in such cases the presumption is against novelty4 #c4 ,dr4 ,trench 7page vii7 reminds his readers that it is unfair to try the theological language of the middle ages by the greater strictness and accuracy rendered necessary by the struggle1 of the ,reformation4 ,a man who holds a doctrine implicitly and in a confused manner1 is likely to use words which he would correct if the doctrine were put before him in accurate form4 ,this is a sound principle1 and one constantly employed by ,catholic theologians1 when they have to deal with an objection urged by ,protestants from some obscure or equivocal passage of a ,father4 ,it is satisfactory to be able for the future to claim for its use the high authority of ,dr4 ,trench4 #d4 ,a special assistance of the ,holy ,spirit is claimed for all those who humbly and earnestly invoke him4 ,this assistance is to enable those blessed with it to distinguish between error and divine truth4 ,is this happy privilege to be exercised either independently1 without the direction of the ministers of the ,church1 or is it one of the graces peculiar to the pastoral office8 ,in the former case1 every fanatical sectary may judge in matters of religion as securely as if he had the whole world on his side4 ,in the latter case1 it would be interesting to know how much does this privilege differ from the infallibility claimed by the ,catholic ,church4 #e4 ,finally1 the contradictions inherent to the whole theory are most clearly to be seen in the following passage about the noble lines which ,hildebert1 ,archbishop of ,tours1 in the beginning of the twelfth century1 places on the lip of the city of ,rome3 8,i have not inserted these lines01 says ,dr4 ,trench1 8in the body of this collection1 lest ,i might seem to claim for them that entire sympathy which ,i am very far from doing4 ,yet1 believing as we may1 and1 to give any meaning to a large period of ,church history1 we must1 that ,papal ,rome of the middle ages had a work of ,god to accomplish for the taming of a violent and brutal world1 in the midst of which she often lifted up the only voice which was anywhere heard in behalf of righteousness and truth--all of which we may believe1 with the fullest sense that her dominion was an unrighteous usurpation1 however overruled for good to ,christendom1 which could then take no higher blessing--believing this1 we may freely admire these lines1 so nobly telling of that true strength of spiritual power1 which may be perfected in the utmost weakness of all other power4 ,it is the city of ,rome which speaks3 ,dum simulacra mihi1 dum numina vana placerent1 ,militi1 populo1 moenibus alts fui3 ,at simul effigies1 arasque superstitiosas ,dejiciens1 uni sum famulata ,deo2 ,cesserunt arces1 cecidere palatia divum1 ,servivit populis1 degeneravit eques4 ,vix scio quae fuerim3 vix ,romae ,roma recordor2 ,vix sinit occasus vel meminisse mei4 ,gratior haec jactura mihi successibus illis1 ,major sum pauper divite1 stante jacens4 ,plus aquilis vexilla crucis1 plus ,caesare ,petrus1 ,plus cinctis ducibus vulgus inerme dedit4 ,stans domui terras2 infernum diruta pulso2 ,corpora stans1 animas fracta jacensque rego4 ,tunc miserae plebi1 nunc principibus tenebrarum ,impero2 tunc urbes1 nunc mea regna polus4 ,quod ne ,caesaribus videar debere vel armis1 ,et species rerum meque meosque trahat1 ,armorum vis illa perit1 ruit alta ,senats ,gloria1 procumbunt templa1 theatra jacent4 ,rostra vacant1 edicta silent1 sua praemia desunt ,emeritis1 populo jura1 colonus agris4 ,ista jacent1 ne forte meus spem ponat in illis ,civis1 et evacuet spemque bonumque crucis4 ,,the ,,mss4 ,,remains ,,of ,,professor ,o',,curry ,,in ,,the ,,catholic ,,university4 ,,no4 ,,ii4 ,prayer of ,st4 ,aireran the ,wise1 ob44 #ffd4 ,in the first number of the ,,record we published from the manuscripts of the late ,professor ,o',curry the ,prayer of ,st4 ,colga of ,clonmacnoise4 ,we now publish another beautiful devotional piece from the same collection4 ,speaking of ancient ,irish religious works now remaining1 ,o',curry says 7at page #cgh of his great work73 8,the fifth class of these religious remains consists of the prayers1 invocations1 and litanies1 which have came down to us04 ,the ,prayer of ,st4 ,colga1 published in our last number1 is placed by ,o',curry in the second place among these documents1 which he sets down in chronological order4 8,the first piece of this class 7adopting the chronological order7 is the prayer of ,st4 ,aireran the ,wise 7often called ,aileran1 ,eleran1 and ,airenan71 who was a classical professor in the great school of ,clonard1 and died of the plague in the year #ffd4 ,st4 ,aireran's prayer or litany is addressed1 respectively1 to ,god the ,father1 to ,god the ,son1 and to ,god the ,holy ,spirit1 invoking them for mercy by various titles indicative of their power1 glory1 and attributes4 ,the prayer consists of five invocations to the ,father1 eighteen invocations to the ,son1 and five to the ,holy ,spirit2 and commences in ,latin thus3 #8,o ,deus ,pater1 ,omnipotens ,deus1 exerci misericordiam nobis'4 ,this is followed by the same ,invocation in the ,gaedhlic2 and the petitions to the end are continued in the same language4 ,the invocation of the ,son begins thus3 #8,have mercy on us1 ,o ,almighty ,god6 ,o ,jesus ,christ6 ,o ,son ,of the living ,god6 ,o ,son1 born twice6 ,o only born of ,god the ,father'4 ,the petition to the ,holy ,spirit begins3 #8,have mercy on us1 ,o ,almighty ,god6 ,o ,holy ,spirit6 ,o ,spirit the noblest of all spirits6' 7,see original in ,,appendix1 ,no4 ,,cxx47 8,when ,i first discovered this prayer in the ,leabhar ,buidhe ,lecain 7or ,yellow ,book of ,lecain71 in the library of ,trinity ,college1 many years ago1 ,i had no means of ascertaining or fixing its date2 but in my subsequent readings in the same library1 for my collection of ancient glossaries1 ,i met the word ,oirchis set down with explanation and illustration1 as follows3 8 #8,oirchis1 id est1 ,mercy2 as it is said in the prayers of ,arinan the ,wise'3--,have mercy on us1 ,o ,god the ,father ,almighty60 ,see original in ,,appendix1 ,no4 ,,cxxi4 8,i think it is unnecessary to say more on the identity of the author of this prayer with the distinguished ,aireran of ,clonard4 ,nor is this the only specimen of his devout works that has come down to us4 ,fleming1 in his ,collecta ,sacra1 has published a fragment of a ,latin tract discovered in the ancient monastery of ,st4 ,gall in ,switzerland1 which is entitled #8,the ,mystical ,interpretation of the ,ancestry of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ'4 ,a perfect copy of this curious tract1 and one of high antiquity1 has1 ,i believe1 been lately discovered on the continent4 8,there was another ,airenan1 also called #8the wise'1 who was abbot of ,tamhlacht ,tallaght in the latter part of the ninth century2 but he has not been distinguished as an author1 as far as we know04 ,it seems to us that there are three things specially worthy of our consideration in this beautiful prayer4 ,in the first place1 we find in it an explicit and most clear declaration of the ,catholic ,faith regarding the ,blessed ,trinity1 especially the distinction of three persons1 and the ,divinity of each of these ,divine ,persons4 8,o ,god the ,father ,almighty1 ,o ,god of ,hosts1 help us6 ,help us1 ,o ,almighty ,god6 ,o ,jesus ,christ6 ,help us1 ,o ,almighty ,god1 ,o ,holy ,spirit60 ,we are in the next place struck by the extraordinary familiarity with the ,holy ,scripture which the writer evinces4 ,there is scarcely one of the epithets which is not found in the sacred pages1 almost in the precise words used by him1 beginning with the first words1 addressed to the ,eternal ,father1 8,o ,god of ,hosts01 the ,deus ,sabaoth of the ,prophets1 and going on to the last invocation of the ,holy ,ghost1 8,spirit of love01 which comprises in itself the two inspired phrases3 8,spiritus est ,deus01 and 8,deus ,charitas est04 ,we may also remark the coincidence between ,saint ,aireran and the liturgical prayers of the ,church1 especially in the invocations of the ,holy ,ghost found in the office of ,whitsuntide and in the administration of the ,sacrament of ,confirmation1 8,tu septiformis munere3 ,digitus ,paternae dexterae04 8,o ,finger of ,god6 ,o ,spirit of ,seven ,forms04 ,in fine1 we find our ,irish saint applying to the ,son of ,god the vision of the ,prophet ,ezechiel regarding the four mysterious animals3 8,o true ,man6 ,o ,lion6 ,o young ,ox6 ,o ,eagle60 ,the prophecy is commonly interpreted of the ,four ,evangelists4 ,saint ,augustine and ,saint ,jerome are quoted as authorities for this interpretation4 ,but it is worthy of remark1 that ,saint ,gregory the ,great1 whilst giving the same interpretation1 applies the mysterious vision also to ,god the ,son47#b7 ,and ,saint ,aireran1 by adopting this opinion1 seems to afford us another proof of the great familiarity of our ,irish scholars with the writings of the great ,pontiff and ,father of the ,church4 ,and this familiarity is rendered still more remarkable1 and serves to give another proof of the constant communication between ,rome and ,ireland1 from the close proximity of the times of our ,saint and of ,saint ,gregory4 ,o ,deus ,pater omnipotens ,deus exerce tuam misericordiam nobis6 ,o ,god the ,father ,almighty6 ,o ,god of ,hosts1 help us4 ,o illustrious ,god6 ,o ,lord of the world6 ,o ,creator of all creatures1 help us4 ,o indescribable ,god6 ,o ,creator of all creatures1 help us4 ,o invisible ,god6 ,o incorporeal ,god6 ,o unseen ,god6 ,o unimaginable ,god6 ,o patient ,god6 ,o uncorrupted ,god6 ,o unchangeable ,god6 ,o eternal ,god6 ,o perfect ,god6 ,o merciful ,god6 ,o admirable ,god6 ,o ,golden ,goodness6 ,o ,heavenly ,father1 who art in ,heaven1 help us4 ,help us1 ,o ,almighty ,god6 ,o ,jesus ,christ6 ,o ,son of the living ,god6 ,o ,son twice born6 ,o only begotten of the ,father6 ,o first-born of ,mary the ,virgin6 ,o ,son of ,david6 ,o ,son of ,abraham1 beginning of all things6 ,o ,end of the ,world6 ,o ,word of ,god6 ,o ,jewel of the ,heavenly ,kingdom6 ,o ,life of all 7things76 ,o ,eternal ,truth6 ,o ,image1 ,o ,likeness1 ,o ,form of ,god the ,father6 ,o ,arm of ,god6 ,o ,hand of ,god6 ,o ,strength of ,god6 ,o right 7hand7 of ,god6 ,o true ,wisdom6 ,o true ,light1 which enlightens all men6 ,o ,light-giver6 ,o ,sun of ,righteousness6 ,o ,star of the ,morning6 ,o ,lustre of the ,divinity6 ,o ,sheen of the ,eternal ,light6 ,o ,fountain of immortal ,life6 ,o ,pacificator between ,god and ,man6 ,o ,foretold of the ,church6 ,o ,faithful ,shepherd of the flock6 ,o ,hope of the ,faithful6 ,o ,angel of the ,great ,council6 ,o ,true ,prophet6 ,o ,true ,apostle6 ,o ,true ,preacher6 ,o ,master6 ,o ,friend of ,souls 7,spiritual ,director76 ,o ,thou of the shining hair6 ,o ,immortal ,food6 ,o ,tree of ,life6 ,o ,righteous of ,heaven6 ,o ,wand from the ,stem of ,moses6 ,o ,king of ,israel6 ,o ,saviour6 ,o ,door of ,life6 ,o ,splendid ,flower of the ,plain6 ,o ,corner-stone6 ,o ,heavenly ,zion6 ,o ,foundation of the ,faith6 ,o ,spotless ,lamb6 ,o ,diadem6 ,o ,gentle ,sheep6 ,o ,redeemer of mankind6 ,o true ,god6 ,o ,true ,man6 ,o ,lion6 ,o young ,ox6 ,o ,eagle6 ,o ,crucified ,christ6 ,o ,judge of the ,judgment ,day6 help us4 ,help us1 ,o ,almighty ,god6 ,o ,holy ,spirit6 ,o ,spirit more noble than all ,spirits6 ,o ,finger of ,god6 ,o ,guardian of the ,christians6 ,o ,protector of the ,distressed6 ,o ,co-partner of the ,true ,wisdom6 ,o ,author of the ,holy ,scripture6 ,o ,spirit of ,righteousness6 ,o ,spirit of ,seven ,forms6 ,o ,spirit of the ,intellect6 ,o ,spirit of the ,counsel6 ,o ,spirit of ,fortitude6 ,o ,spirit of ,knowledge6 ,o ,spirit of ,love6 help us4 ,,the ,,destiny ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,race47#c7 ,that ,god knows and governs all things--that whatever happens is either done or permitted by him1 and that he proposes to himself wise and beneficent ends in all he does or permits--are truths which lie at the foundation of all religion4 ,the wicked may refuse to obey his commands1 but they cannot withdraw themselves from the reach of his power4 ,while their wickedness is entirely their own1 ,god makes them1 however unwilling or unconscious1 instruments to work out his ends4 ,it is thus that individuals and nations have each a peculiar destiny4 ,not that there is a blind fate1 such as ,pagans imagined2 but that an all-seeing and all-governing ,god proposes to himself certain objects1 which he is determined to attain1 despite the perversity of man4 ,to learn the purposes of ,god in the development of human events1 to trace his hand in the complicated movements of society1 to see him overruling and directing all to his own great ends1 is one of the most sublime objects to which the study of history can be applied4 ,frequently1 indeed1 we may be unable fully to comprehend the designs of his providence in the moral1 as in the physical world4 ,fancy1 or pride1 may easily have a great part in suggesting our theories4 ,but1 if we confine ourselves to certain facts and undoubted principles1 we can often trace the design in both orders1 and admire in it the wisdom1 the power1 the goodness--all the attributes of ,god4 ,nay1 all these shine more brightly in the moral than in the physical order4 ,the history of his chosen people is an example of this4 ,we find empires rising and falling1 at one time to punish1 at another time to try1 at another to deliver his people4 ,the good and the wicked1 the weak and the strong1 become in turn his instruments4 ,the whole history of that people is but a record of the acts of his overruling providence1 directing all things to the accomplishment of the designs which he had announced4 ,this is1 indeed1 so evident in this case that it may not be considered a fair instance to prove my general position4 ,for it is admitted that ,god's providence over the ,jewish race was quite extraordinary4 ,still1 it proves that ,god does so intervene in human affairs1 and it illustrates many of the principles that must be kept in view in these investigations4 ,it shows1 for example1 that many1 unconscious of the fact--nay1 with quite another object in view1 acting perhaps from avarice1 hatred1 or ambition1 are yet instruments in the hand of ,god for the accomplishment of his wise purposes4 ,it shows how things1 and persons1 considered as of little or of no value1 according to human views1 may1 in reality1 be the pivots on which the destinies of vast empires turn1 connected1 as they may be1 with the accomplishment of purposes which weigh more in the scales of ,heaven than the mere temporal condition of all the empires of the ,earth4 ,it is in this view that many ,christian writers assert that the ,roman empire obtained universal sway1 that civilized nations being thus brought closely together1 an easier way might be prepared for the spread of the ,gospel4 ,the generals and statesmen of ,rome had no doubt a very low idea of the poor fishermen of ,galilee1 and of the tentmaker of ,tharsus4 ,it may be safely presumed that they did not even allow their names to divert their thoughts1 for a moment1 from the grand projects of conquest and government by which they were engrossed4 ,yet1 in the designs of ,god1 it was1 most probably1 to prepare a way for the work of those fishermen1 and of that tentmaker1 and their associates1 that wisdom had been vouchsafed to their counsels and victory to their arms4 ,the endless invasions of the ,roman empire by northern tribes is another instance of whole races being used by ,god for his own purposes1 without their having any idea of the work in which they were employed4 ,they came to punish those who had revelled in the blood of the saints1 and to supply fresh material for the great work of the ,church of ,god4 ,towards the close of the fifteenth century1 an ,italian sailor1 led by some astronomical observations and some half understood1 or rather misunderstood1 tales of ancient travellers1 to believe that there must be another continent far away beyond the western waters1 wandered from court to court1 in ,europe1 in search of means to fit up an expedition to discover it1 and he finally succeeded in making known a new world4 ,it requires little faith in divine ,providence to believe that it was ,god who was impelling him thus to open a new outlet for the energies of the ancient world1 which were then about being developed on a gigantic scale1 and1 still more1 to prepare a field for a more extensive spread of the ,gospel1 in which the ,church might repair the losses she was about to sustain in the religious convulsions impending in ,europe4 ,numberless similar instances might be quoted4 ,these designs of ,god are sometimes manifest1 sometimes hidden2 sometimes they are far-reaching1 sometimes limited4 ,ignorance and pride may mistake or pervert them4 ,but they always prevail2 they are always worthy of their ,author2 and let me add1 that the salvation of men being the object most highly prized by ,god1 it is not only rightfully considered the most noble1 but it is that to which his other works may be justly accounted subordinate4 ,it is under the light of these principles that ,i undertake an investigation of the purposes of ,god regarding the ,irish race4 ,these purposes seem to me no longer matter of speculation2 they may be pronounced manifest2 for they are written in unmistakable characters in the development of events4 ,the history of ,ireland is1 in many respects1 peculiar4 ,few nations received the faith so readily1 and no other preserved it amidst similar struggles4 ,st4 ,patrick first announced the ,gospel to the assembled states of the realm at ,tara4 ,he received permission to preach it1 unmolested1 throughout the length and breadth of the land4 ,by his indomitable zeal and heroic virtue1 he succeeded in winning over the natives so effectually1 that at his death few pagans remained in ,ireland4 ,not a drop of blood was shed when ,christianity was first announced4 ,heroism was displayed only by the exalted virtues of the ,apostle and of the neophytes4 ,nowhere else did the ,gospel take root so quickly and so firmly1 and produce fruits so immediate and so abundant4 ,catholic ,ireland soon became the home of the saints and sages of the ,christian world4 ,to many of the nations of the continent her apostles went forth1 charged with the embassy of eternal truth4 ,in every realm of ,europe her children established sanctuaries of piety and learning2 and to her own hospitable shores the natives of other lands flocked to receive education1 and even support1 from her gratuitous bounty4 ,homes of virtue dotted her hills and valleys2 and thus were laid deep the roots of that strong attachment to the faith1 which1 later1 was to be exposed to trials the most severe4 ,we thus find ,god preparing ,ireland for a future1 then hidden to all but ,himself4 ,for the day of trial came at last4 ,she was reposing in peace1 under the shadow of the ,gospel1 when the barbaric invasion1 that swept before it every vestige of learning and religion in many parts of ,europe1 reached her shores4 ,ireland was the only country that rolled back its wave4 ,but she did this at the cost of her life's blood4 ,for two centuries the ,dane trampled her sons under foot4 ,his cruelties yet re-echo in the national traditions4 ,but the ,irish race at last arose in its might1 and drove the barbarian from its shores4 ,the churches of the country had been pillaged1 its monasteries plundered1 its institutions of learning destroyed--everything that the sword could smite1 or fire consume1 had perished2 but the ,irish race came out of the ordeal preserving its own integrity1 and the jewel which it prized above all else--its glorious faith4 ,not long after this deliverance1 and before ,ireland had succeeded in obliterating the traces of ,danish cruelty1 another invader set his foot on her shores4 ,availing himself of the discords naturally arising from the disorganized state of society1 he succeeded in gaining a foothold4 ,by fanning these discords1 he kept possession and gained strength4 ,the rule of the ,saxon became thus almost as severe a calamity as had been the oppression of the ,dane4 ,to the hatred1 which is generally greater in the oppressor than in the oppressed1 were added1 in time1 religious fanaticism and the desire of plunder1 which became its associate and assumed its garb4 ,the mere ,irishman1 who was hated under any circumstances on account of his race1 was now hunted in his own country as if he were a wild beast4 ,the property of the ,catholic people was confiscated1 and most stringent laws were enacted to prevent its renewed acquisitions4 ,priests1 wherever found1 were put to death1 and the severest penalties were inflicted on those who would harbour any that escaped detection4 ,extermination by fire and sword was ordered in so many words1 and was attempted4 ,when this failed1 a system of penal laws was established1 which were in full force until lately1 and which a ,protestant writer of deservedly high repute 7,burke7 calls a 8machine of wise and elaborate contrivance1 and as well fitted for the oppression1 impoverishment1 and degradation of a people1 and the debasement in them of human nature itself1 as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man04 ,upon the partial abandonment of this form of oppression1 a system of proselytism was adopted1 and is yet in full vigour 7for it has become an institution1 and the best supported institution in ,ireland71 which1 by bribes to the high and the low1 appeals to every base instinct to draw men away from the faith4 ,yet neither confiscation of property1 nor famine1 nor disgrace1 nor death in its most hideous forms1 could make ,ireland waver in that faith which our forefathers received from ,st4 ,patrick4 ,there were1 of course1 from time to time1 and there are1 a few exceptions4 ,did not these occur1 the ,irish must have been more than men4 ,but1 as a general rule1 the places that could not be procured or retained1 except by apostacy1 were resigned4 ,the rich allowed their property to be torn from them1 and they willingly became poor2 the poor bore hunger and all other consequences of wretched poverty2 and though every ,earthly good was arrayed temptingly before them1 they scorned to purchase comfort at the price of apostacy4 ,during the four years from #ahdf to #ahej1 nearly two millions either perished from hunger or its attendant pestilence1 or were forced to leave their native land to escape both4 ,in the midst of the dead and the dying1 proselytisers showed themselves everywhere1 well provided with food and money1 and ,bibles1 and every one of the sufferers felt1 and was made to feel1 that all his sufferings might have been spared had he been willing to barter his faith for bread4 ,yet the masses could bear hunger and face pestilence1 or fly from their native land2 but they would not eat the bread of apostacy4 ,they died1 or they fled2 but they clung to their faith4 ,in vain1 ,i think1 will history be searched for another example of such vast numbers1 generation after generation1 calmly1 silently facing an unhonoured death1 without any support on earth but the approving voice of conscience4 ,this fidelity can be predicated with truth of the whole ,irish race1 notwithstanding the numbers of those in ,ireland who are not ,catholics4 ,for these1 besides being a minority of the inhabitants1 are but an exotic1 planted in ,ireland by the sword4 ,they were imported1 being already1 and because they were1 of another faith1 for the purpose of supplanting that of the inhabitants4 ,many of them adopted the faith of the old race1 so that the names that indicate their origin are not a certain test of their religion4 ,but so steadily has the old stock adhered to its faith1 that an ,irish 8,o01 or 8,mac01 or any other old ,celtic name1 is almost sure to designate a ,catholic4 ,indeed1 such names are usually called 8,catholic names04 ,whenever an exception is found1 it is so rare an occurrence that the party is considered a renegade from his race as well as from his religion4 ,it would1 however1 be not only unfounded to flatter ourselves that this stability in the faith is the result of anything peculiar in the ,irish nature1 but it would be1 ,i may say1 a blasphemy to assert it4 ,god alone can preserve any one in the paths of truth and virtue2 how much more must we attribute to ,him the fidelity of a whole race1 under the trying circumstances here enumerated8 ,such grace may have been given1 as many believe1 in reward of the readiness and the fulness with which our ancestors first received the faith of the ,gospel1 and it is hoped that ,god will to the end grant the same grace of fidelity to their descendants4 ,our great ,apostle is said to have asked this favour from ,god for the nation which so readily responded to his call4 ,let us unite our prayers with his1 and1 like ,solomon1 ask for our race not riches1 nor power1 but true wisdom1 which is1 above all and before all1 allegiance to the true faith4 ,this was the prayer1 no doubt1 which the millions of our martyred ancestors poured out4 ,they themselves sacrificed property and liberty2 they gave up everything that man could take away1 that they might preserve this precious jewel4 ,they believed that in doing this they were following the dictates of true wisdom1 and1 in their fondest love for their remotest posterity1 they wished and prayed that similar wisdom might be displayed by them4 ,may their prayer be heard to the end4 ,this prayer has been heard1 or at least this grace has been granted1 up to the present4 ,when the sons of ,ireland on this day return in thought to the homes of their fathers1 they may indeed look back upon a land inferior to many in the elements of material greatness4 ,they may behold her castles and rich domains in the possession of the stranger4 ,they may view the masses of their race with scarcely a foothold in the land of their fathers1 liable to be ejected from the farm1 and driven out on the public highways1 and from the highways into the crowded town1 and from the hovels of the crowded town into the poorhouse1 and even at the poorhouse denied the right of admission4 ,but amidst all the miseries of those who yet dwell in the old land--in spite of the wiles of unscrupulous governments1 and heartless and tyrannical landlords1 and hypocritical proselytizers--in spite of open violence and covert bribes1 their undying attachment to the faith remains unaltered1 unshaken--a monument of national virtue more honourable than any which wealth or power could erect1 or flattery devise4 ,but all this is a grace1 a great grace of ,god4 ,it reveals a purpose of ,heaven more bountiful in regard to this people than if he had raised them to the highest place in material power amongst the nations of the ,earth4 ,temporal prosperity1 in its various forms1 though a favour from ,god1 is not his most precious blessing4 ,he himself selected the way of the ,cross4 ,in abjection and suffering he came into the world2 he lived in it despised and persecuted1 he died amidst excruciating torments4 ,to those whom he loved in a special manner1 he says1 8,can you drink the chalice which ,i am to drink1 and be baptized with the baptism with which ,i shall be baptized80 and when they reply1 they can1 the promise that this shall be fulfilled1 his leading them to follow him in the way of the ,cross1 his calling them to suffer for righteousness1 is the best pledge of his greatest love4 ,this grace he has given to ,ireland4 ,her children have received and accepted the call2 they have reaped the reward4 ,indeed1 ,i have found the opinion entertained by many clergymen of extensive experience1 that there is not probably a people on this ,earth of whom more1 in proportion to their number1 leave this world with well grounded hopes of a happy eternity4 ,they do not1 it is true1 display a boastful assurance that they are about to ascend at once into ,heaven4 ,but vast masses serve ,god with humble fidelity in life1 and1 at death1 acknowledging and sorry for their sins1 doing all they can to comply with his requirements1 they throw themselves1 with resignation to his will1 into the arms of his mercy4 ,were nothing else apparent in the purposes of ,god1 we might stop here4 ,we would find a great and worthy object for all that ,ireland has suffered1 and cause to thank the ,almighty ,ruler for having given her the grace to suffer in union with and for the sake of his ,son4 ,but ,god's graces are often given for ulterior purposes2 and it may be asked whether the extraordinary preservation of this nation's faith has not another object in his wise and merciful counsels4 ,it appears to me that this is now clear in the case of ,ireland4 ,but1 to understand it properly1 we must reflect more closely on her connection with ,england1 and on the condition of this latter country4 ,in the sixteenth century ,england abandoned the faith to which she had adhered for a thousand years4 ,her apostacy1 though consummated by degrees1 may be said to have become at last complete4 ,the blood of her best sons flowed at ,tyburn4 ,the priests that were not of the number were banished1 or forced to seek safety in hiding places4 ,the same price was put on the head of a priest as on that of a wolf4 ,the property of ,catholics was confiscated1 their children were taken from them1 and educated in the religion of the establishment4 ,these and analogous measures produced their effect at last4 ,were it not for these things1 a great part of that nation1 if not a majority1 would be ,catholic to-day4 ,though they desired no share in the plunder of the ,church1 and had no fancy for the new theories of the ,reformers1 they were weak enough to yield to a pressure1 under which compromise first1 and then apostacy1 afforded the only means of escaping confiscation and the loss of every social advantage1 frequently the only means of escaping death4 ,the old faith stamped1 indeed1 its mark on the institutions of the kingdom in a manner that could not be blotted out4 ,it left its memorials everywhere throughout the land4 ,the noble universities1 the gorgeous cathedrals1 and the splendid ruins scattered over the surface of the country1 are witnesses of its departed power2 but it is itself effectually blotted out from the hearts of the people4 ,though the most noble kings and princes of the land had delighted in honouring ,catholicity1 though ,england had sent her apostles and her saints into many a clime1 though her hills and valleys had re-echoed for centuries with the sweet songs of ,catholic devotion1 her people now know nothing more hateful than the faith under the auspices of which their fathers were civilized4 ,they nickname it 8,popery01 and the name expresses that which is to them most hateful4 ,yet this ,england1 this ,catholic-hating ,england1 has become one of the greatest nations of the ,earth in the material order4 ,her fleets are mirrored in every sea2 her banner floats on every continent4 ,it has been truly said that the sound of her drums1 calling her soldiers from slumber1 goes before and greets the rising sun in its circuit around the globe4 ,but what is most remarkable1 and certainly not without some great purpose in the order of divine ,providence1 ,england has become in our day the great hive from which colonies go out to people islands and continents in distant parts of the world2 lands which were before vast wastes1 tenanted only by the wild beast1 or by the savage scarcely less ferocious4 ,indeed1 she is the only nation in our day that seems to have received such a mission4 ,and is it then to an apostate nation exclusively that ,god has given the mission to fill up these wastes8 ,is it a corrupted faith only which is to be borne to these savage nations1 and to be planted in those vast regions1 which ,god has made known to civilized man in these latter days8 ,were this the case1 we might tremble1 though we should adore it as one of the inscrutable judgments of ,god1 dealing with nations in his great wrath4 ,but is such the fact8 ,it would indeed be the fact were it not for faithful ,ireland4 ,but1 united as ,england is with ,ireland1 the result is quite otherwise4 ,the very ambition and desire for gain which impel ,england to extend her power and plant her colonies in the most distant countries of the globe1 become the instruments for carrying also the undying faith of ,ireland to the regions which ,england has conquered4 ,saul went to seek ,samuel1 thinking only of finding his father's asses4 ,god was sending him to be anointed king over his people4 ,england sends her ships all over the world1 thinking only of markets for the produce of her forges and her looms4 ,god is sending her that she may spread everywhere the faith of the ,irish people4 ,under the 8,union ,jack01 on which the crosses of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew are blended1 but so blended as to prevent any ,christian symbol being recognized 7a fit emblem of the effect of the union of jarring sects1 each professing to proclaim ,christianity1 but between them only obscuring and obstructing it7--the ,irishman1 too1 is borne to the distant colony4 ,he goes1 probably1 before the mast or in the forecastle1 but he bears with him the true faith2 and when he lands he hastens to raise its symbol4 ,this may be at first over a rude chapel4 ,but it is a signal to other way-farers1 and they gather under its shade to offer up the sacred mysteries4 ,as soon as his means permit1 even before he can build a good dwelling for himself1 he takes care that the house of ,god be1 in every possible degree1 worthy of its sacred character4 ,and so the ,church creeps on and grows1 and regions that sat in darkness are now blessed by the offering of the ,adorable ,sacrifice and the announcement of the true faith4 ,the ,irishman1 generally speaking1 did not leave home through ambition1 or for conquest4 ,he departed with sorrow from the shade of that hawthorn around which the dearest memories of childhood clustered4 ,he would have remained content with the humble lot of his father had he been allowed to dwell there in peace4 ,but the bailiff came1 and1 to make wider pastures for sheep and bullocks1 his humble cottage was levelled1 and he himself sent to wander through the world in search of a home4 ,but in his wanderings he carries his faith with him1 and he becomes the means of spreading everywhere the true ,church of ,god4 ,it is thus that the tempest1 which seems but to destroy the flower1 catches up its seeds and scatters them far and near1 and these seeds produce other flowers as beautiful as that from which they were torn1 so that some fair spot of the prairie1 when despoiled of its loveliness1 but affords the means of covering the vast expanse with new and variegated beauties4 ,it is thus that the famine1 and the pestilence1 and the inhuman evictions of ,irish landlords1 have spread the faith of ,christ far and near1 and planted it in new colonies1 which1 when they shall have grown out of their tutelage1 will look back to the departed power of ,england and the undying faith of ,ireland as1 in the hands of ,providence1 the combined causes of their greatness and their orthodoxy4 ,macaulay's traveller from ,new ,zealand1 who will1 on some future day1 8from a broken arch of ,london ,bridge1 take a sketch of the ruins of ,st4 ,paul's01 may be some ,irish 8,o'0 or 8,mac0 on a pilgrimage to the ,eternal ,city1 who passes that way--having first landed on the shores from which his ancestors were driven by the 8crowbar brigade01 and visited with reverence the hallowed graves under whose humble sod lie the bones of his martyred forefathers4 ,it is thus that the ,catholic faith is being planted in the ,british colonies of ,north ,america2 it is thus it is carried to ,india1 and to ,australia1 and to the islands of the ,south ,sea4 ,thus are laid the foundations of flourishing churches1 which promise1 at no distant day1 to renew1 and even to surpass1 the work done by ,ireland in the palmiest days of faith1 when her sons planted the ,cross1 and caused ,christ to be adored1 as he wished to be adored1 in the most distant regions of the earth4 ,the magnitude of this work is not to be measured even by the importance of these transplanted churches at the present moment4 ,the countries to which ,i have alluded are but in their infancy4 ,we can see on this continent the rapid strides of such infant colonies4 ,within three quarters of a century this country has advanced in population from three to over thirty millions1 and in most other elements of greatness in still grander proportions4 ,if it continue to increase1 as it has done regularly from the beginning1 at the end of this century1 or soon after1 it will have a population of over one hundred millions--that is1 as great as is now the population of ,france1 and ,spain1 and ,italy1 and ,great ,britain combined4 ,if this be expected in this country in forty years1 what will the case be in one or two hundred1 in this and so many others similarly situated8 ,australia starts with all the advantages of this country1 and some peculiar to itself1 and is following it with giant strides4 ,it may overtake it before long1 if not outstrip it4 ,but the position of ,catholicity there is very different from what it was at the commencement1 or even at an advanced period1 in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,catholics in ,australia occupy a position of practical social equality with others4 ,they will grow with the growth and strengthen with the strength of their adopted country1 and have their fair share in its importance4 ,england herself1 from which the ,catholic name was thought to have been almost blotted out1 has been deeply affected by this exodus of ,irish ,catholics4 ,in her cities1 and towns1 and hamlets1 the ,cross has been raised from the dust4 ,at the side of the ancient monuments which remind ,england of her apostacy1 humble spires rise in every part of the land1 and tell that nation that the faith which they thought destroyed still lives1 and is ready to admit them again to its wonted blessings4 ,they stand there1 and betoken the unity and stability of that faith of which they are the symbols--of that faith which reclaimed the fathers of that people from barbarism1 and continued to be the faith of the land for a thousand years1 and is yet a faith1 and the only faith1 in which men of every tongue and every clime are united4 ,the ,english people see its unity and stability1 while they are forced to witness the ever shifting and clashing forms of the religion that was substituted for it4 ,for1 in the name of the one ,christ and the one ,bible1 altar is everywhere erected against altar1 pulpit thunders against pulpit1 the teaching of to-day is contradicted in the same pulpit on the morrow2 yet each one proclaims his own device as the plain teaching of ,scripture4 ,this confronting of unity with confusion1 of steady adherence to truth with the ever varying shifts of error1 of the mild but bright glory of an everlasting ,church with the frivolities of the proudest inventions of men1 is a grace1 and a great grace1 which ,god grants4 ,it is a grace for the use of which that people will give strict account4 ,and oh6 may that use be1 that they will make it fructify to their salvation4 ,for while we appreciate the blessings granted to ourselves1 we have no other feeling in their regard than a wish that they1 too1 may share in these blessings1 and be like unto us in everything 8except these chains04 ,but whether well used or abused1 whether unto 8the ruin0 or 8salvation0 of many in that country1 this grace is given chiefly through the ,irish emigration4 ,i am not unaware of1 nor do ,i undervalue1 the importance of the faithful remnant that has in ,england steadfastly continued in the faith once delivered to the saints1 nor of the accession made to their numbers by the conversion of so many noble souls1 to whom ,god gave light and strength to overcome the many difficulties that would have fain prevented their following that light4 ,but of both we might not inaptly ask1 8,what are these amongst so many80 ,they are like those few tints that gild the skies here and there1 when the sun's light has all but departed2 or like those stars that pierce at night the cumbered heavens--bright1 indeed1 and beautiful--but only showing forth more clearly the dark outlines of the heavy and murky clouds that shroud the horizon4 ,they make us feel only more sensibly1 and keep fresh in our memory1 the loss of the sun that has set4 ,it is the ,irish emigration that has chiefly supplied the multitudes who flock around ,english altars1 that has made churches and schools spring up1 that has finally called for the restoration of a numerous hierarchy2 and1 as if to mark this fact1 and point out the great part that ,ireland had in restoring ,catholic life to ,england1 ,god has so arranged it that the first head and brightest ornament of that new hierarchy should be the son of ,irish emigrants2 for such is the great and illustrious ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,and even in these ,united ,states1 let people say what they please1 has not the ,irish race held the first place in planting the cross throughout the length and breadth of the land8 ,in this1 and wherever else ,i speak of the ,irish race1 ,i do not1 of course1 confine myself to those born in ,ireland4 ,the work which a race is called to do is to be done by those who now live1 and by their children and their children's children1 wherever they happen to be born4 ,indeed1 it would be a contradiction in terms to consider the father and son1 wherever born1 as belonging to different races4 ,be it for weal or for woe1 be it unto honour or unto shame1 the fathers cannot disown the children nor the children the fathers4 ,if it depended on feeling or wishes1 ,i1 for one1 would be very glad to dissolve connection with any one who insists that he owes nothing to the race that gave him a father or a mother4 ,i would readily leave such a one to his proud claim of owning no paternity but the land on which he vegetates1 and ,i only regret that he will scarcely bring to it much credit or advantage4 ,he who is unwilling to acknowledge the father that begot him1 or the mother that gave him suck1 is not a prize worth contending for4 ,but whatever we or he may wish1 whatever be the results to us or to him1 he is flesh of our flesh and bone of our bone4 ,what ,god has united1 neither he nor we can put asunder4 ,it is not that we should form separate classes or castes1 or that we claim other rights or privileges1 or have other duties than those of other races2 but the one to which each man belongs has been fixed by the ,almighty ,provider in the very act of giving him being1 and he who would fain conceal1 or disown1 or be ashamed of his race--that is1 of the order of ,providence to which he owes his existence--could succeed in nothing else but in proving himself unworthy the esteem of men of any race4 ,i know and gratefully acknowledge the important services rendered to ,catholicity in the ,united ,states by persons of other races4 ,there was1 first of all1 the ,maryland colony1 with whose noble history that of few1 if any1 of the other colonies can compare4 ,by their justice and humanity in treating with the native tribes1 by similar justice and fair dealing with other colonists1 of every religion and every race1 by their domestic virtues and patriotic course1 the men of that colony deserved and received a high place in the esteem of their countrymen and of the world4 ,but their number is small1 too small--indeed4 ,would that they were more4 ,were they all put together they would not form one average diocese of the forty-six now existing in this country4 ,god has sent us many illustrious men from ,france1 and ,belgium1 and ,italy1 who have occupied the foremost ranks in the ministry1 whose heroic virtues and zealous works are even now as beacon lights to all who labour for ,god's glory4 ,but as to the people from these countries1 they are not many more than those from the ,maryland stock4 ,germany has sent many of her hardy sons to labour with the steadfastness of their countrymen in building up the walls of the sanctuary4 ,these are1 indeed1 a most important element1 and are destined to become more and more important every day4 ,they may yet exercise a greater influence on the destiny of the ,church in this country than the ,irish race4 ,but so far1 ,i think1 no one will claim that they can be compared with it in numbers1 or as to the results hitherto obtained4 ,of the converts in this country we may say the same thing as of those in ,england4 ,giving all1 therefore1 what belongs to them--for there is not1 nor should there be here1 any room for jealousy--,i think it will be admitted that it is above all others to the sons of ,ireland and to their children that the spread of ,catholicity is due in this land4 ,no matter who ministered at the altar 7though there1 too1 the sons of ,ireland have had their share71 in the body of the church you will find that1 in the majority of places1 they constitute the bulk1 and in many the whole of the congregation4 ,their hard earned dollars were foremost in supplying means to buy the lot and raise the building from which the ,catholic faith is announced4 ,the priest1 no matter what his own nationality1 was nowhere more confident of finding help and support than among the ,irish emigrants or their children4 ,wherever a railway1 or a canal1 or a hive of industry invited their sturdy labour1 the cross soon sprang up to bear witness to their generosity and their faith4 ,even the old ,maryland colony1 though consisting chiefly of ,english ,catholics1 seeking here a freedom of conscience denied them at home1 had its ,irish element1 and that not the least noble in deeds nor the least conspicuous in virtue4 ,when at the period of the ,revolution the noblest men of this land stood together1 shoulder to shoulder1 and issued that ,declaration of ,independence to which they pledged their lives1 their fortunes1 and their sacred honours1 it was a ,catholic of the ,irish race who affixed his signature for ,maryland4 ,in doing this he pledged an honour as pure1 and a life as precious as any of the rest1 but he staked a fortune equal to1 if not greater than1 that of all the others put together4 ,when he signed his name1 one standing by said1 8,there go some millions04 ,another remarked1 8,there are many ,carrolls2 he will not be known04 ,he overheard the remark1 and to avoid all misconception1 wrote down in full1 8,charles ,carroll1 of ,carrollton04 ,yet this noble scion of the ,irish race1 for so many years the pride and the ornament of his native state1 while fulfilling all the duties of an illustrious citizen1 was not ashamed of the race from which he sprang4 ,instead of selecting amongst ,french villes or ,english parks or towns a name for his princely estate1 he stamped on it a title with the good old ,celtic ring4 ,he called it after a property of one of his ,irish ancestors1 ,doughoregan ,manor1 thereby telling his posterity and his countrymen that if they feel any pride in his name1 they must associate him with a race which so many affect to despise4 ,let all the sons1 and the sons of the sons1 of ,ireland be1 like him1 faithful to their duties as citizens1 ready to sacrifice their all for their country1 whether that all be little1 or as great as was his vast wealth2 just and respectful and charitable to men of all races and creeds1 not anxious either to conceal or obtrude their own1 but rather to live worthy of both2 determined1 in a word1 faithfully to discharge all their civil and ,christian duties1 let them be earnest in elevating the one by greater fidelity to the other4 ,acting thus1 they will imitate ,charles ,carroll1 of ,carrollton1 and fulfil all ,i would wish them to do out of fidelity to their country1 their religion1 and their race4 ,it was also one of the ,maryland stock1 but of this same ,irish race--another ,carroll--who was chosen the first bishop1 and the founder of the hierarchy1 of the young ,american ,church2 as if ,providence here too wished to indicate from which race the chief strength of ,catholicity was to be derived in this land4 ,would it be overstraining matters to say1 that a hint of this was also given by ,providence in the ,irish name of the future metropolitan see of the ,united ,states--the first in time1 and always to be the first in dignity8 ,the word ,baltimore is an ,irish word1 and1 through the founder of the colony1 was derived from an ,irish hamlet1 which from the extreme south-west coast of ,ireland1 is looking1 as it were1 over the waters of the ,atlantic to this continent for the full realization of its name4 ,the word1 in the ,irish language1 means 8the town of the great house01 and it was beyond the ,atlantic that ,baltimore1 in becoming the chief see of a great church1 has truly become 8the town of the great house01 for the church1 or house at the head of which it stands1 extends probably over a wider surface than any other church or churches amongst which any one bishop holds pre-eminence1 excepting only the church governed by the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 to whom is committed the care of all the sheep and lambs of ,god's fold1 that is1 the whole of ,christ's ,church4 ,in names1 which ,god has given1 or permitted to be given1 he has frequently foreshadowed the destinies of individuals and races4 ,would it be superstitious to suppose that in the ,irish name of this ,american ecclesiastical metropolis--the only important city in this country that has an ,irish name--,providence pointed1 on the one hand1 to its future position in the ,christian hierarchy1 and on the other to the character of the chief portion of the family of that house or church8 ,but1 be this as it may1 it was a scion of the ,irish race who was the founder of the new ,american hierarchy4 ,for some time he held the crozier alone4 ,the whole country was his diocese4 ,but he did not depart until he saw suffragans around him forming a regular hierarchy1 that was destined to multiply and1 mainly on ,irish shoulders1 carry1 everywhere1 the ark that would spread blessings throughout the land4 ,the work that has thus been commenced is no doubt destined to prosper4 ,it is not without a motive that in this country the lines are drawn1 and the foundations laid by ,providence for a noble church4 ,its beginnings 7for we may say it is yet in its infancy7 bear many of the marks of the process by which the work was effected1 ,it is destined to grow1 and may it grow1 particularly in the mild beauty of ,christian virtue1 and win1 by love1 the homage of all the children of the land1 that all may receive through it the graces of ,heaven1 and even their ,earthly prosperity be consolidated and become the means of their acquiring higher blessings4 ,but whatever be said of the ,united ,states1 the ,irish race is certainly almost alone in the work of diffusing ,catholicity in the various other countries in which the ,english language is spoken4 ,the sufferings of ,ireland were1 therefore1 the means1 and evidently intended by ,god as the means to preserve her in the faith1 to give her its rewards in a high degree2 and this preservation of her faith was as evidently intended to make her and her sons instruments in spreading that faith throughout the ,english-speaking world4 ,this is1 therefore1 what ,i claim to be1 in the counsels of ,god1 the ,,destiny ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,race4 ,did we endeavour to draw this conclusion by far-fetched arguments1 we might fear the delusions of fancy1 but ,i think it is plainly written in the facts to which ,i have alluded1 when looked at with faith in an overruling ,providence4 ,the diffusion of the true faith enters too closely1 and is too primary a thing in the designs of ,god1 to suppose it for a moment to be the work of accident4 ,it is his work first of all4 ,where it exists it exists because he so willed it4 ,the instruments that effected it must be those which he has chosen and placed to the work with this very view4 ,when1 therefore1 the results obtained1 and those we see in the certain future1 and the means by which they are obtained1 are a matter of intuition1 rather than of reasoning1 the conclusion drawn seems to me to have all the force of demonstration1 and in no way liable to be considered the product of fancy or of national pride4 ,this interpretation of the facts of history will1 by some1 be considered a complicated theory1 and therefore unworthy of ,god4 ,but the simplicity of ,god's operations by no means excludes multiplicity and combination of agents in themselves most inadequate or discordant4 ,our inclination to exclude these1 though we imagine the very contrary1 is the result of the consciousness of our own weakness1 which we would fain attribute to ,god4 ,we may1 indeed1 be overwhelmed1 or at least embarrassed1 by many instruments2 and therefore we think it wise to avoid their use4 ,but1 it is as easy for ,god to use and direct many as few1 or to produce results by his own immediate action4 ,nay1 though sometimes he performs wonderful works in a moment1 he is more often pleased to act through numerous and far-reaching instruments1 which1 at times1 seem even to work in opposition to his designs1 and by overruling and directing them1 to prove that he is ,ruler and ,master over all things in action1 as well as the ,author of their being4 ,by one word he made the ,earth produce 8every green herb0 and 8every fruit-tree yielding fruit according to its kind02 but he is now pleased to make the fertility of the earth1 and the various ingredients of the air1 and the heat and light of the sun1 labour through a whole season to produce the flower1 that for a few days wastes its fragrance on the meadow4 ,at one time he sends his angel to strike down in one night myriads of the enemies of his people2 at another he is pleased 8to hiss for the fly1 that is in the uttermost parts of the rivers of ,egypt1 and for the bee that is in the land of ,assyria0 7,is41 vii4 #ah71 that they may come and be the instruments of his vengeance4 ,at one time he rains down bread from ,heaven to feed a whole multitude2 at another1 he sends his angel to take the prophet by the hair of his head from ,judea1 even unto ,babylon1 that he may supply food to his servant4 ,it is not for us to prescribe ways to ,providence1 but to study ,his design in the events which we witness1 and to bow down and adore his ,power1 his ,wisdom1 and his ,goodness4 ,to give power to an apostate and persecuting nation1 and the grace of fidelity to another2 to use and even to create the material resources of the first as the instrument of his design over the latter1 may appear a circuitous course1 but it is only another instance of that unity of purpose and multiplicity1 variety and apparent incongruity of means1 which we witness in almost all his works4 ,when the people of ,god were carried away into captivity1 8the priests took the fire from the altar1 and hid it in a valley where there was a pit without water04 ,there 8they kept it safe01 while the ,gentile hosts reigned triumphant in the land4 ,but 8when many years had passed01 and the people returned1 they sought the fire1 but found only 8thick water04 ,this they sprinkled on the new sacrifices that were prepared1 and 8when the sun shone out1 which before was in a cloud1 there was a great fire kindled so that all wondered04 7,,ii4 ,mach41 i4 #ai1 #bb74 ,an analogous phenomenon1 methinks1 has been presented in ,ireland4 ,that combination of frenzy and irreligion1 which men have called 8,the ,reformation01 swept before it almost every vestige of faith from many of the northern countries of ,europe1 and seemed in a special manner to have enveloped in darkness the islands of the ,west4 ,men were like 8raging waves of the sea1 foaming out their own confusion01 boasting of liberty and light1 but treating the faithful with savage cruelty1 and showing their own inability to hold fast any positive principles which they proclaimed as truth4 ,the ancient faith of these islands1 overwhelmed in the waters of tribulation1 seemed hidden in the hearts of the ,irish people1 saddened by persecution and sufferings of every kind4 ,but the day has come for pouring forth this water on nations4 ,by their sufferings1 the ,irish race1 driven into many lands1 mingles with the progeny of its oppressors4 ,the sun of ,god's grace1 which seems under a cloud1 is now shining forth1 and a great fire is enkindled and is spreading its light and its heat far and near4 ,the ,church of ,god is everywhere showing itself again in its pristine beauty4 ,english-speaking nations that were the ramparts of heresy1 are beginning again to fall into the ranks of ,catholic unity1 and1 as happened once before1 the light of faith that took refuge in the most distant island of the ,west1 is1 from that sacred spot1 sending forth its beams and gladdening the ,church by giving her whole people as her children4 ,so far we are led1 ,i may say1 by the mere logic of facts4 ,were we to indulge in speculation1 but in a speculation quite in conformity with the beneficent designs of ,god1 we might expect still more from these effects of the steadfastness of ,ireland4 ,notwithstanding all the faults of ,england1 the ,catholic heart throughout the world has never lost its interest in that land1 once so faithful4 ,other nations1 once as ,catholic1 have been lost1 and they are almost forgotten4 ,the land where the ,saviour ,himself lived is1 indeed1 remembered on account of the sacred spots which he trod2 but no hopes are entertained for the conversion of its people4 ,the ,churches planted by the ,apostles have been destroyed4 ,we cherish the memory of the holy confessors and martyrs who adorned them2 but despair of their return to the truth is the only feeling in their regard that we can discover in the ,catholic world4 ,but in one way or another the ,catholic heart seems never to have despaired of the return of ,england4 ,opinions and expectations which are1 probably1 nothing more than an expression of the intensity of this feeling1 are everywhere to be met4 ,they exist among the learned and the high1 as well as amongst the humble children of the ,church1 and are found to be cherished in different lands4 ,england1 with her long catalogue of saints1 seems to be considered1 not as an outcast1 on whom the sentence of spiritual death has been executed1 but rather as the prodigal1 who in a moment of thoughtlessness demanded1 what he called his own share1 and wandered from his father's house4 ,the father is looking out1 expecting every day to see the wayward one return1 and is ever ready to kill the fatted calf1 and to call on his friends and neighbours to rejoice and be merry1 for 8he that was dead is come to life again1 and he that was lost is found04 ,but1 alas6 there is much reason to fear that such joy is not to be expected4 ,we know of no instance of a whole nation once fully and deliberately apostatising from the faith ever again returning4 ,the grace of faith1 if lost by individuals by formal apostacy1 is seldom recovered4 ,it has never yet been recovered by any nation that once enjoyed its full light1 and deliberately abandoned it4 ,it is not for us1 to be sure1 to place bounds to the mercies of ,god4 ,who knows but that in these latter ages ,god may do a work which he never did before8 and1 now that the ,church has encircled the globe1 and announced the ,gospel to every nation under the sun1 ,god may send her back on another mission more glorious than the first1 showing forth his power in giving new life to fallen nations as he did before in converting those who knew not his name4 ,his first work might be compared to that which he performed when he took the clay and breathed into it the breath of life2 this1 to his raising up the dead already mouldering in the tomb4 ,but he has done both in the physical1 and he may do both in the moral order4 ,without having recourse1 however1 to this extraordinary dispensation1 the hope of which would be unwarranted by anything we have yet seen1 may not the hopes to which ,i have alluded1 and which could scarcely have existed without some influence of the divine ,spouse of the ,church1 be realized in the conversion of the children1 rather than in that of the mother8 ,may not the expectations of the ,catholic world be realized by a return of ,english-speaking brethren in the various colonies which the mother country has planted8 ,may they not receive the graces which the latter has cast away1 and thus more than compensate the ,church for the loss of that one island8 ,such results would be no anomaly in the experience of the ,church4 ,several nations first learned ,christianity under a heterodox form1 and some of the most ,catholic to-day are their descendants4 ,their errors were not their own faults1 as nations1 and ,god had pity upon them4 ,we may say the same thing of this1 and of several other countries1 where great and independent peoples will be found one day as they now are here4 ,this nation has never apostatised from ,catholic truth1 simply because it never possessed it as a nation4 ,at its birth it was already entangled in the meshes of heterodoxy1 and it found the ,catholic ,church in its midst1 with few adherents4 ,yet1 at its very birth1 it struck off the shackles by which she was bound4 ,several circumstances1 it is true1 aided this course of justice4 ,but1 who will say that these existed otherwise than by ,god's ,providence1 and for the nation's benefit1 as well as for ours8 ,this course of justice1 moreover1 was adopted cordially and fully by the founders of the country's independence1 and that at a time when the ,church was so treated by few even of those nations on whom she had the best claims4 ,bigots1 it is true1 were not wanting1 then1 or since4 ,but it is a great fact1 that this nation1 as a nation and as a ,government1 has always1 since its birth1 treated ,god's ,church with justice4 ,a cup of cold water1 given in the name of ,christ1 shall not be without its reward4 ,do we exaggerate in hoping that this mode of proceeding towards his ,church shall have its reward from her ,heavenly ,spouse--that it will plead for this nation with the ,divine ,mercy1 as the alms of ,cornelius obtained for him the knowledge of ,gospel truth and a share in its blessings8 ,the grace of faith1 with these blessings1 is the greatest which ,god gives to man1 nor is it the less valuable because it is not now appreciated or is even spurned4 ,it is ,god's grace that gives a hunger for divine things1 as it is by ,him that the hungry are filled4 ,yes1 ,i do not only desire1 and send up the prayer1 but ,i candidly avow the hope1 that the light of faith is yet destined to shine brightly here1 even amongst those who now look on it with contempt or hostility4 ,in this ,i am strengthened by the desire for a knowledge of truth1 which1 notwithstanding the bigotry of many1 is so widely spread4 ,i am strengthened by the growth of the ,church itself1 which bears the marks of a higher purpose on the part of ,god than the mere preservation of those who came ,catholics to our shores4 ,i am strengthened by the very losses which the ,church sustains in the falling away of many of her children4 ,for surely ,god did not permit them to be driven hither by persecution that they might perish4 ,he sent them forth to battle1 in doing which1 though many may be lost1 he will grant victory to his own cause4 ,i am strengthened by the very dangers by which we are surrounded2 nor would my hope be shaken even if storms should impend4 ,for it is according to the ways of ,god to reach his ends amidst contradictions4 ,let it not be said that the humble condition or the faults of many of the children of the ,church1 forbid such a hope as this4 ,god's ways are not as our ways4 ,it is not by the great or by the mighty that his truth is propagated4 ,flesh might otherwise glory in ,his sight1 and men might say that1 by their wisdom and their efforts was ,his kingdom established4 ,so far from this being an objection1 when other things inspire hope1 the hope is strengthened by the humble form in which the ,church presents itself4 ,our hope of its diffusion is better founded when we see it borne to our shores by humble labourers1 than if it had come recommended exclusively by proud philosophers1 cunning statesmen1 or by men loaded with wealth4 ,what we hope for this nation1 we may hope with greater reason for the other nations yet reposing in their infancy1 or growing in giant proportions under ,british rule4 ,i say1 with greater reason1 because in most of these the foundations of ,catholicity are laid even more deeply than they are here4 ,while it would be a great thing for ,god's honour and glory1 there is nothing to forbid the hope that these may one day be united in the true fold of the everlasting ,church4 ,the blood of ,ireland and of ,england will mingle in their veins2 and1 while they will look back with shame on the apostacy of the sixteenth century1 as a disgraceful chapter in the history of their forefathers1 they will glory in the recollections of the saints and the heroes of religion who1 for a thousand years1 adorned both their mother countries4 ,with feelings analogous to those with which we look back to the tyrants of the first centuries and their victims1 they will set off the martyr heroes of one portion of their ancestors to the apostacy of the other1 and the apostasy itself will be1 in their history1 but an episode proving how far human nature may stray1 while their own conversion will be a standing monument of the power of the cross4 ,if these hopes be realized1 the ,irish race and its sufferings will have been the instruments in the hands of ,god by which the grand result will be accomplished2 but whether they be realized or not1 the main point which ,i have endeavoured to dwell upon seems to me to be established beyond doubt--that is1 that this race has been preserved by ,god in the true faith in an extraordinary manner1 for the purpose of spreading that faith throughout the ,english-speaking nations which now exist1 or which are coming into being4 ,as ,ireland owes the preservation of her faith to her being destined as the leaven of that mass1 it is but assigning to ,god a purpose worthy of ,his goodness to say1 that ,england owes her power to her mission to spread that leaven throughout so many vast regions4 ,it will not1 ,i presume1 be considered rash to say that ,god1 permitting her to acquire power1 proposed to himself some higher object than that other nations should have cheap cotton or woollen fabrics1 or that they should learn how to travel forty instead of four or ten miles an hour4 ,in his goodness he designed that power for some purpose worthy of ,heaven2 and this purpose may be accomplished whether ,england herself will it or not1 or even though she desire the very contrary4 ,i have said before1 that most learned and grave writers consider the ,roman power to have been intended1 in the counsels of ,god1 to prepare a way for the diffusion of the ,gospel4 ,the rulers of ,rome despised the ,gospel and its heralds4 ,still ,rome most probably owed to them her greatness1 and but for this mission1 she might have remained what she was in the beginning--an obscure village1 a place of refuge for the thieves of the surrounding country4 ,england may despise the ,irish ,catholic4 ,like ,rome1 she may look upon the professors of ,catholicity as the great plague-spot of her system4 ,yet1 in the designs of ,god1 she most probably is indebted for her power to the part she is made to act in the diffusion of their faith4 ,it is certain1 at least1 that the highest use of that power she has yet been allowed to make1 is the carrying of frieze-coated ,papists to distant shores1 and the clearing of the forests where they are propagating1 and are yet to propagate more extensively1 the true faith4 ,if a higher design in her behalf exist in the arrangements of ,providence1 it is yet to be made known4 ,but for this she might have remained1 as the poet described her1 8a naked fisher0 on her rock1 and when she shall have ended her usefulness as an instrument for accomplishing this object1 she may return 8to her hook01 still musing1 perhaps1 her senseless 8,no ,popery01 while the churches which she has unwillingly assisted to plant1 will be growing up in beauty and praising ,god in one harmonious voice with the other children of his family throughout the world4 ,the value and importance of this great mission cannot be overrated4 ,it is awful to think what would have been the condition of the ,english-speaking races1 in a religious point of view1 if ,ireland had shared in the ,english apostacy4 ,scarcely a ,catholic voice would be heard amongst those seventy or eighty millions now using that language1 who occupy so large a portion of the ,earth1 and in another century1 according to the ratio of their growth1 may become two or four hundred millions1 or even more4 ,the very remnant that has continued faithful in ,england might have followed in the wake of their predecessors1 had not the influence of ,ireland caused the sword of persecution to be sheathed1 and civil intolerance to cease at last1 and thus the temptation to be removed which had proved fatal to so many4 ,in that vast empire1 or the empires that may rise out of its fragments--for1 in more than one place are foundations of empires laid which would grow with giant growth1 even though the power of the mother country were paralysed to-morrow--the holy sacrifice would not be offered up1 and thus the prophecy not fulfilled1 which foretold that a clean oblation would be offered from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof4 ,that union of the ,christian family for which the ,saviour prayed before he suffered1 and which he left as a mark by which men would know his followers1 would not be exhibited to the world4 ,christianity would be confounded with the products of these latter ages of so-called 8light01 and be thought1 like the appliances of steam and the contrivances of machinery1 to owe its power to the genius of the ,anglo-,saxon race1 instead of deriving it from ,him who died on ,calvary4 ,for their ,christianity1 by its very name1 would proclaim that the work of ,christ had failed1 until the press and the 8march of light0 had come to its aid4 ,religion1 in a word1 instead of being a divine institution1 would appear and be amongst them but a brilliant work or invention of man1 and1 therefore1 in the supernatural order1 but a brilliant delusion1 not an institution which the mercy of ,god transplanted from ,heaven1 and made to stand1 and to grow1 and to bless1 and produce fruit1 in every age and in every form of society4 ,but1 in preserving the faith of the ,irish race1 ,god has provided a leaven of truth for these masses4 ,by the side of systems of religion which men have devised1 stands the everlasting ,church--that ,church which1 as ,macaulay remarked1 is the only connecting link between the civilization of the ancient and modern worlds--the ,church which taught the name of ,christ to every nation that knows him1 even to those who afterwards fell from the fullness of truth--the ,church which ,augustine brought to ,england1 and ,patrick to ,ireland--the ,church that raised the dignity of the poor1 and humbled the pride of the high1 placing all on the level of the ,gospel--the ,church that claims no new inventions1 but is itself an invention of ,god1 infinitely surpassing all inventions of man1 holding out nothing to the nineteenth1 which it did not present to the first1 to the tenth1 and to every other century1 but presenting to all the faith and institutions of ,god1 able to save all1 to elevate all1 to bring all into one fold1 that all may be united in one happiness in ,heaven4 ,is not this great result worth all the sufferings which ,ireland has endured8 ,the ways of ,god appear often circuitous4 ,but in their circuitous course they are everywhere fraught with blessings4 ,the children of ,ireland suffered2 yet1 even in their sufferings they were blessed4 ,he himself pronounced 8blessed those who suffer persecution for justice's sake02 for in their trials they redeemed their own souls4 ,but they were doubly blessed1 because they were preserving the ark of ,god1 and carrying it through the waters of tribulation to bless more amply unborn and numerous generations4 ,the ways of ,god are circuitous1 and though1 like the course of the planets1 they sometimes seem to us to retrograde1 they are always onward4 ,the sufferings of ,ireland at a time seemed without a purpose1 or even the very contrary to what we might have expected for so faithful a people4 ,but1 who knows what might have been the result1 if justice and humanity had marked the course of the ,english nation towards ,ireland8 ,who knows but the temptation to the latter to be drawn into apostacy would have been too powerful8 ,had ,apostate ,england dealt generously or justly with ,catholic ,ireland1 who knows if1 in the alliances that would have been formed1 she would have been equally steadfast in her faith8 ,and though for a long time confiscations1 and plunder1 and persecution1 and slaughter1 and even now1 harsh treatment condemning her sons to famine and banishment1 have been the effects of the ,english connection2 if these have been the means of creating a barrier that prevented the spread of heresy amongst her sons1 has too great a price been paid for the 8pearl0 that has been bought8 ,when1 particularly1 the cross borne by the children of ,ireland shall have been erected in the ,western and ,southern ,hemispheres1 and flourishing ,churches in ,catholic unity established under its shade1 where1 but for the fidelity of our fathers1 heterodoxy alone would have had sway1 shall we not say that little indeed were their sufferings compared to the value of such an ,apostolate of ,empires8 ,what is any ,earthly mission compared to this8 ,what is even the spreading of civilization with its highest privileges1 compared to the spreading of the saving institutions of the ,gospel8 ,even in this world virtue is a thing infinitely superior to mere physical power4 ,the man who does ,god's will1 whose soul is adorned with grace1 is an object of complacency with his ,maker1 and enjoys his esteem infinitely more1 than he who can control the hidden powers of nature1 and make them subservient to his will1 but does not make his own will conform to the great law that should govern it--subjection to the will of ,god4 ,when ,earth1 and all that is of ,earth1 shall have passed away1 the proudest human achievements will be seen to have been as nothing1 while those who shall have caused ,god's name to be glorified1 shall shine as bright stars 8unto perpetual eternities04 ,this mission1 however1 has its duties as well as its dignity4 ,what will it avail us to be the sons of martyred sires who sacrificed all for ,god1 if we barter the faith for which they died1 for some paltry bauble1 or fail to transmit it to those under our charge8 ,will not the constancy and sufferings of our fathers be a reproach to us before ,god and man8 ,will they not pronounce judgment upon us if1 while we honour their heroic deeds1 we ourselves display nothing but pusillanimity8 ,and even though we preserve our faith1 will not this be rather to our shame1 if we do not endeavour to practise the virtues which it teaches8 ,when the salt has lost its savour1 it is good for nothing any more but to be cast out1 and to be trodden on by men4 ,the higher the vocation of ,god1 the lower will be the degradation of those who fail to correspond4 ,they will be despised1 and justly despised1 by ,god and by men4 ,we can see in the fate of other nations the consequences of infidelity to a noble mission4 ,spain and ,portugal were once great powers4 ,they achieved great things at home and abroad4 ,the sails of their commerce whitened every sea4 ,the most distant lands acknowledged their might4 ,they1 too1 were missionary nations4 ,they carried the faith to the ,east and to the ,west1 and in both hemispheres planted the cross on continents and islands where ,christ was before unknown4 ,god may be said to have given them power for this purpose4 ,it was mainly through their agency that the missionary work1 which repaired the losses of the ,church in ,europe1 was carried on for two hundred years4 ,but the rulers of these countries listened to wicked counsels4 ,on one and the same dark day did ,spain1 on another did ,portugal1 command the most strenuous heralds of the cross to be seized and bound in chains4 ,the galleons that were wont to bear over the deep the treasures of ,asia and ,america1 and pour them into the laps of the mother countries1 or to carry their commands and the means of enforcing them to the most distant lands1 were now spreading their sails over every ocean and sea1 in the inglorious work of conveying to home prisons1 or into exile1 the truest missionaries of the cross4 ,on that day these nations renounced their noble mission1 and the power that was given to enable them to carry it out soon departed4 ,the immediate agencies producing their downfall1 as well as those that gave rise to their power1 may1 indeed1 be seen in operation before the existence of the causes to which ,i have attributed them1 but not before these were known to ,god4 ,now1 he frequently prepares1 by a long process1 the instruments both of his rewards and his punishments1 and holds them ready to be conferred on the virtuous1 or poured forth on the head of the criminal1 long before the fidelity of the one be tested1 or the guilt of the other be consummated4 ,spain and ,portugal thus fell1 if you will1 by immediate agencies long in operation1 but by agencies over which ,god ruled1 and which ,he directed according to his own wise counsels4 ,they fell1 and in their humbled condition1 mocked by the remains of ancient greatness1 they teach all the important lesson1 that the greater the high calling given by ,god1 the greater the punishment of those who prove untrue4 ,were we also to prove faithless to the mission which ,god has assigned us1 we know not what punishment may await us1 even in this world4 ,the trials through which our race has passed1 and is passing1 may seem severe2 but1 they are trials permitted by a loving father4 ,may we never deserve that he should scourge us in his great anger4 ,we might then find1 like the ,jewish people1 that to suffer for righteousness' sake from the hands of men1 is sweet1 compared to the gall and wormwood mixed in the cup of those who fall into the hands of an avenging ,god4 ,on this day1 when the ,church calls on us to commemorate the heroic virtues and the glorious deeds of our great ,apostle1 ,i would fain say to every son of ,ireland--to every one in whose veins ,irish blood flows1 no matter where he himself was born3 ,let us live worthy of our ancestry1 of an ancestry which is the same for all1 and is a noble one1 noble in that which is the noblest thing man can rejoice in--virtue and fidelity to ,god4 ,we ourselves are called in a special manner to do honour to our faith by spreading it amongst nations that are destined to occupy the highest position in the social scale4 ,let us be faithful to our calling4 ,let us show ourselves worthy sons of the martyred dead4 ,let us make sure1 like them1 whatever else we fail in1 not to fail in transmitting the faith to those entrusted to our charge1 never exposing it to danger for any advantage1 much less for the trifling things that may be gained here by want of fidelity4 ,transmit1 carefully1 the faith1 first of all1 but with faith spare no effort that you yourselves1 and those committed to your care1 grow also in every other virtue4 ,nay1 endeavour so to live that all men may learn to love the faith which is the spring of your actions1 and thus glorify and love that ,god who is the 8,author and ,finisher0 of that ,faith4 ,,liturgical ,,questions4 7,,from ,m4 ,,bouix',s 8,,revue ,,des ,,sciences ,,ecclesiastiques074 #a4 ,is it lawful or obligatory to insert1 at the letter ,n1 in the collect ,a cunctis1 the name of the patron of the locality 7if there be one7 when the titular of the church is the ,blessed ,virgin or a mystery of our ,saviour8 #b4 ,is it right to place on the corner of the altar the finger-towel1 which in some churches is fastened to the altar-cloth1 from which it hangs suspended8 #c4 ,is there any obligation to ring the bell at the ,sanctus and at the ,elevation1 even when there is no one at ,mass8 #d4 ,is it lawful for a priest to use a cincture of the kind generally used by bishops8 #a4 ,the name of the titular of the church in which the ,mass is said is that which ought to be inserted at the letter ,n in the collect ,a cunctis4 ,in the application of this general rule various cases may occur2 the title may be a mystery of our ,lord or of our ,blessed ,lady2 or it may be a saint already named in the collect--for example1 ,saint ,peter or ,saint ,paul2 or ,mass may be said in an oratory which has no titular saint4 ,the following are the rules to be observed in such cases3 #ao4 ,that it is the name of the titular saint which is to be inserted at the letter ,n is clear from the following decrees3 #a ,,decree4 ,question4 8,in missali romano praecipitur1 ut post nomina ,apostolorum ,petri et ,pauli1 in oratione ,a cunctis1 etc41 dicatur nomen patroni praecipui illius ecclesiae1 seu diocesis4 ,in ,hispania est praecipuus illius regni patronus ,b4 ,jacobus apostolus et ex concessione ,apostolica in ecclesia dioecesi ,guadicensi est patronus specialis ,s4 ,torquatus1 ,b4 ,jacobi apostoli discipulus1 et ejusdem ecclesiae et civitatis primus episcopus4 ,quaeritur3 ,an in praedicta oratione ,a cunctis debeat dici nomen ,b4 ,jacobi apostoli1 an ,b4 ,torquati80 ,answer4 8,in oratione ,a cunctis post nomina sanctorum apostolorum ,petri et ,pauli1 nomen ,torquati tanquam ,ecclesiae cathedralis ,guadicensis ,patroni dumtaxat ponendum esse04 7,decree of #bb ,january1 #afgh1 ,no4 #bhef1 q4 #h47 #b ,,decree4 ,questions4 8444 #ae4 ,s4 ,jacobus est patronus universalis regnorum ,hispaniae1 sancti vero martyres ,stemeterius et ,caledonius fratres sunt patroni particulares ecclesiae cathedralis1 et totius dioecesis ,santanderiensis rite electi1 et novissime approbati a ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,quaeritur igitur3 ,quis ex his patronis debeat nominari 444 in oratione ,a cunctis1 quando in missis haec oratio dicitur in ecclesia matrice et in caeteris dioecesis8 #af4 ,in casu1 quo ob dignitatis praestantiam nominari debeat ,s4 ,jacobus1 quaeritur an 444 exprimi etiam possint nomina ,,ss4 ,stemeterii et ,caledonii in praedicta oratione 4441 praecipue in ecclesia matrice ubi sacra eorum capita 444 venerantur8 ,et si negative1 supplicatur pro gratia ad promovendum cultum qui ipsos decet in ecclesia cathedrali ac tota dioecesi ratione sui specialissimi patronatus04 ,answer4 8,ad #ae4 ,in qualibet ecclesia nominandum esse patronum seu titularem proprium ejusdem ecclesiae4 ,ad #af4 ,provisum in praecedenti04 7,decree of #bc ,january1 #agic1 ,no4 #dddh1 q4 #ae and #af47 #c ,,decree4 ,question4 8,an patronus nominandus in oratione ,a cunctis intelligi debeat patronus principalis loci80 ,answer4 8,nominandus titularis ,ecclesiae04 7,decree of #ab ,november1 #ahca1 ,no4 #dffi1 q4 #ca47 #bo4 ,if the titular of the church has been already named in the collect ,a cunctis1 no name is to be inserted at the letter ,n4 ,the same holds if the ,mass happens to be that of the same saint4 ,this rule depends on the following decision3 8,quis nominandus sit ad litteram ,n4 si patronus vel titularis jam nominatus sit in illa oratione1 aut de eo celebrata sit missa80 ,answer4 8,si jam fuerit nominatus omittenda nova nominatio04 7,ibid47 #co4 ,if the oratory in which the ,mass is said have no titular saint1 the name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted4 ,this rule is proved from a decree of #abth ,december1 #ahdj1 ,no4 #dhig1 ,no4 #b3 8,sacerdos celebrans in oratorio publico vel privato quod non habet sanctum patronum vel titularem1 an debeat in oratione ,a cunctis ad litteram ,n4 nominare sanctum patronum vel titularem ecclesiae parochialis intra cujus limites sita sunt oratoria1 vel sanctum patronum ecclesiae cui adscriptus est1 vel potius omnem ulteriorem nominationem omittere80 ,answer4 8,patronum civitatis1 vel loci nominandum esse04 #do4 ,if the titular of the church be a mystery of the life of our ,lord1 or of our ,lady1 authors differ in opinion whether the name of the patron of the locality is to be inserted at the letter ,n1 or whether no addition should be made4 ,m4 de ,conny is for the latter opinion1 and his authority is a safe guide for us4 ,the second rule we have laid down is sufficient to show that no name is to be inserted in cases where the title of the church is a mystery of the ,blessed ,virgin1 seeing that the august ,mother of ,god is always named in the body of the prayer4 ,the words of the conclusion are enough perhaps to excuse from the obligation of naming the patron of the locality in cases where the church is dedicated to a mystery of the life of our ,lord4 #b4 ,the usage here alluded to is not only not becoming1 but it is also contrary to the ,rubric of the ,missal4 7part i41 tit4 xx473 8,ab eadem parte epistolae 444 ampullae vitreae vini et aquae1 cum pelvicula et manutergio mundo in fenestella1 seu in parva mensa ad haec praeparata4 ,super altare nihil omnino ponatur1 quod ad ,missae sacrificium vel ipsius altaris ornatum non pertineat04 #c4 ,the sole reason for ringing a bell at ,mass is to give a signal to the faithful4 8,ad excitandos circumstantes01 says ,gavantus 7t4 i4 part i41 tit4 ,,xx41 l4 c471 8ad laetitiam exprimendam et ad cultum sanctissimi ,sacramenti adhibetur campanula04 ,other writers coincide with this opinion4 ,it seems but natural1 therefore1 not to ring the bell when there are no assistants present1 and when there is no need of any signal4 ,besides1 it is clearly the teaching of authors1 and even of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites1 that whenever a signal is not required1 the bell is not to be rung4 ,thus1 the following decision forbids the bell to be rung during the celebration of the divine office in the choir1 at least in certain circumstances3 8,exposito in ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ecclesiam collegiatam civitatis ,senarum habere chorum adeo subjectum oculis populi1 et tali loco positum1 ut canonici dicto choro pro divinis celebrandis1 et praecipue ,missae cantatae assistentibus1 omnino altaria ejusdem coliegiatae pernecesse inspiciantur1 et exposito quoque tempore1 quo canonici choro ut supra assistunt1 consuevisse in dictis altaribus celebrari ,missas privatas et sine scandalo prohiberi non posse3 ideo supplicatum fuit pro declaratione3 an ipsi canonici in elevationibus quae fiunt in ,missis privatis1 genuflectere teneantur80 ,answer4 8,non esse genuflectendum1 ne sacra1 quibus assistunt1 per actum privatum interrumpantur1 sed ad evitandum scandalum1 quod in populo et adstantibus causari possit ob non genuflectionem esse omittendam pulsationem campanulae in elevatione ,sanctissimi1 in dictis ,missis privatis40 7,decret of #e ,march #affg1 ,no4 #bcig47 ,nor1 as a general rule1 is the bell rung when the ,blessed ,sacrament is exposed1 for then it is unnecessary to summon the faithful to adore the ,eucharist4 8,during the private ,masses01 says the ,instructio ,clementina1 8that are celebrated during the exposition1 the bell is not to be rung04 ,cavalieri1 commenting on this passage1 says3 8,ex rubricarum praescripto 444 interdicuntur04 ,he is of opinion that this rule of the ,instructio regards only low ,masses1 but ,gardellini holds that it refers also to ,high ,masses3 8,non erat1 cur instructio etiam ,missas solemnes commemoraret1 pro quibus ,rubrica1 non jubet1 ut in privatis1 eadem pulsari ad finem prefationis1 et ad elevationem ,sacramenti4 ,romae saltem in majoribus ecclesiis obtinet mos etiam non pulsandi1 praeterquam in ,missis solemnibus pro defunctis3 gravis organorum sonitus supplet vices tintinnabuli1 et populi adstantis excitat attentionem04 ,from all this it is clear that the bell is not to be rung whenever there is no signal to be given4 ,this is certainly the case when there is no one to assist at ,mass4 #d4 ,the cincture for the use of a priest does not differ from that for the use of a bishop4 ,it may be made either of linen thread or silk1 but it is better that it should be of linen4 ,it may be either white or of the colour of the vestments4 ,these rules are drawn from two decrees of the ,sacred ,congregation3 #a ,,decree4 ,question4 8,an sacerdotes in sacrificio ,missae uti possint cingulo serico80 ,answer4 8,congruentius uti cingulo lineo04 7#bb ,jan4 #agja1 ,no4 #cege1 q4 #g47 #b ,,decree4 ,question4 8,an cingulum1 tertium indumentum sacerdotale1 possit esse colons paramentorum2 an necessario debeat esse album80 ,answer4 8,posse uti cingulo colore paramentorum0--7#h ,jun4 #agji1 ,no4 #chji1 q4 #d47 ,,documents4 ,i4 ,condemnation ,of ,dr4 ,froschammer's ,works4 ,venerabili ,fratri ,gregorio ,archiepiscopo ,monacensi ,et ,frisingensi ,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix4 ,venerabilis ,frater1 ,salutem et ,apostolicam ,benedictionem4 ,gravissimas inter acerbitates1 quibus undique premimur1 in hac tanta temporum perturbatione et iniquitate vehementer dolemus1 cum noscamus1 in variis ,germaniae regionibus reperiri nonnullos catholicos etiam viros1 qui sacram theologiam ac philosophiam tradentes minime dubitant quamdam inauditam adhuc in ,ecclesia docendi scribendique libertatem inducere1 novasque et omnino improbandas opiniones palam publiceque profiteri1 et in vulgus disseminare4 ,hinc non levi moerore affecti fuimus1 ,venerabilis ,frater ubi tristissimus ad ,nos venit nuntius1 presbyterum ,jacobum ,frohschammer in ista ,monacensi ,academia philosophiae doctorem hujusmodi docendi scribendique licentiam proe ceteris adhibere1 eumque suis operibus in lucem editis perniciosissimos tueri errores4 ,nulla igitur interposita mora1 ,nostrae ,congregationi libris notandis praepositae mandavimus1 ut praecipua volumina1 quae ejusdem presbyteri ,frohschammer nomine circumferuntur1 cum maxima diligentia sedalo perpenderet1 et omnia ad ,nos referret4 ,quae volumina germanice scripta titulum habent--,introductio in ,philosophiam--,de ,libertate scientiae--,athenaeum--quorum primum anno #aheh1 alterum anno #ahfa1 tertium vero vertente hoc anno #ahfb istis ,monacensibus typis in lucem est editum4 ,itaque eadem ,congregatio ,nostris mandatis diligenter obsequens summo studio accuratissimum examen instituit1 omnibusque sem el iterumque serio ac mature ex more discussis et perpensis judicavit1 auctorem in pluribus non recte sentire1 ejusque doctrinam a veritate catholica aberrare4 ,atque id ex duplici praesertim parte1 et primo quidem propterea quad auctor tales humanae rationi tribuat vires1 quae rationi ipsi minime competunt1 secundo vero1 quod eam omnia opinandi1 et quidquid semper audendi libertatem eidem rationi concedat1 ut ipsius ,ecclesiae jura1 officium1 et auctoritas de media omnino tollantur4 ,namque auctor imprimis edocet1 philosophiam1 si recta ejus habeatur notio1 posse non solum percipere et intelligere ea christina dogmata1 quae naturalis ratio cum fide habet communia 7tamquam commune scilicet perceptionis objectum7 verum etiam ea1 quae christianam religionem fidemque maxime et proprie efficiunt1 ipsumque scilicet supernaturalem hominis finem1 et ea omnia1 quae ad ipsum spectant1 atque sacratissimum ,dominicae ,incarnationis mysterium ad humanae rationis et philosophiae provinciam pertinere1 rationemque1 dato hoc objecto suis propriis principiis scienter ad ea posse pervenire4 ,etsi vero aliquam inter haec et illa dogmata distinctionem auctor inducat1 et haec ultima minori jure rationi attribuat1 tamen clare aperteque docet1 etiam haec contineri inter illa1 quae veram propriamque scientiae seu philosophiae materiam constituunt4 ,quocirca ex ejusdem auctoris sententia concludi omnino possit ac debeat1 rationem in abditissimis etiam divinae ,sapientiae ac ,bonitatis1 immo etiam et liberae ejus voluntatis mysteriis1 licet posito revelationis objecto posse ex seipsa1 non jam ex divinae auctoritatis principio sed ex naturalibus suis principiis et viribus ad scientiam seu certitudinem pervenire4 ,quae auctoris doctrina quam falsa sit et erronea nemo est1 qui christianae doctrinae rudimentis vel leviter imbutus non illico videat1 planeque sentiat4 ,namque si isti philosophiae cultores vera ac sola rationis et philosophiae disciplinae tuerentur principia et jura1 debitis certe laudibus essent prosequendi4 ,siquidem vera ac sana philosophia nobilissimum suum locum habet1 cum ejusdem philosophiae sit1 veritatem diligenter inquirere1 humanamque rationem licet primi hominis culpa obtenebratam1 nullo tamen modo extinctam recte ac sedulo excolere1 illustrare1 ejusque cognitionis objectum1 ac permultas veritates percipere1 bene intellegere1 promovere1 earumque plurimas1 uti ,dei existentiam1 naturam1 attributa1 quae etiam fides credenda proponit1 per argumenta ex suis principiis petita demonstrare1 vindicare1 defendere1 atque hoc modo viam munire ad haec dogmata fide rectius tenenda1 et ad illa etiam reconditiora dogmata1 quae sola fide percipi primum possunt1 ut illa aliquo modo a ratione intelligantur4 ,haec quidem agere1 atque in his versari debet severa et pulcherrima verae philosophiae scientia4 ,ad quae praestanda si viri docti in ,germaniae ,academiis enitantur pro singulari inclytae illius nationis ad severiores gravioresque disciplinas excolendas propensione1 eorum studium a ,nobis comprobatur et commendatur1 cum in sacrarum rerum utilitatem profectumque convertant1 quae illi ad suos usus invenerint4 ,at vero in hoc gravissimo sane negotio tolerare numquam possumus1 ut omnia emere permisceantur1 utque ratio illas etiam res1 quae ad fidem pertinent1 occupet atque perturbet1 cum certissimi1 omnibusque notissimi sint fines1 ultra quos ratio numquam suo jure est progressa1 vel progredi potest4 ,atque ad hujusmodi dogmata ea omnia maxime et apertissime spectant1 quae supernaturalem hominis elevationem1 ac supernaturale ejus cum ,deo commercium respiciunt atque ad hunc finem revelata noscuntur4 ,et sane cum haec dogmata sint supra naturam1 idcirco naturali ratione1 ac naturalibus principiis attingi non possunt4 ,numquam siquidem ratio suis naturalibus principiis ad hujusmodi dogmata scienter tractanda effici potest idonea4 ,quod si haec isti temere asseverare audeant sciant1 se certe non a quorumlibet doctorum opinione1 sed a communi1 et numquam immutata ,ecclesiae doctrina recedere4 ,ex divinis enim ,litteris1 et sanctorum ,patrum traditione constat4 ,dei quidem existentiam1 multasque alias veritates1 ab iis etiam qui fidem nondum susceperunt1 naturali rationis lumine cognosci1 sed illa reconditiora dogmata ,deum solum manifestasse dum notum facere voluit1 mysterium1 quod absconditum fuit a saeculis et generationibus7#d7 et ita quidem1 ut postquam multifariam multisque modis olim locutus esset patribus in prophetis novissime ,nobis locutus est in ,filio1 per quem fecit et saecula7#e7 444 ,deum enim nemo vidit umquam4 ,unigenitus ,filius1 qui est in sinu ,paris ipse ennarravit47#f7 ,quapropter ,apostolus1 qui gentes ,deum per ea1 quae facta sunt cognovisse testatur1 disserens de gratia et veritate7#g7 quae per ,jesum ,christum facta est1 loquimur1 iniquit1 ,dei sapientiam in mysterio1 quae abscondita est 444 quam nemo principum hujus saeculi cognovit 444 ,nobis autem revelavit ,deus per ,spiritum ,suum 444 ,spiritus enim omnia scrutatur1 etiam profunda ,dei4 ,quis enim hominum scit quae sunt hominis1 nisi ,spiritus hominis1 qui in ipso est8 ,ita et quae ,dei sunt nemo cognovit1 nisi ,spiritus ,dei47#h7 ,hisce aliisque fere innumeris divinis eloquiis inhaerentes ,,ss4 ,patres in ,ecclesiae doctrina tradenda continenter distinguere curarunt rerum divinarum notionem1 quae naturalis intelligentiae vi omnibus est communis ab illarum rerum notitia1 quae per ,spiritum ,sanctum fide suscipitur1 et constanter docuerunt1 per hanc ea nobis in ,christo revelari mysteria1 quae non solam humanam philosophiam1 verum etiam ,angelicam naturalem intelligentiam transcendunt1 quaeque etiamsi divina revelatione innotuerint1 et ipsa fide fuerint suscepta1 tamen sacro ad hue ipsius fidei velo tecta et obscura caligine obvoluta permanent1 quamdiu in hac mortali vita peregrinamur a ,domino47#i7 ,ex his omnibus patet alienam omnino esse a catholicae ,ecclesiae doctrina sententiam1 qua idem ,frohschammer asserere non dubitat1 omnia indiscriminatim christianae religionis dogmata esse objectum naturalis scientiae1 seu philosophiae1 et humanam rationem historice tantum excultam1 modo haec dogmata ipsi rationi tanquam objectum proposita fuerint1 posse ex suis naturalibus viribus et principio ad veram de omnibus etiam reconditioribus dogmatibus scientiam pervenire4 ,nunc vero in memoratis ejusdem auctoris scriptis alia domanitur sententia1 quae catholicae ,ecciesiae doctrinae1 ac sensui plane adversatur4 ,etenim eam philosophiae tribuit libertatem1 quae non scientiae libertas1 sed omnio reprobanda et intoleranda philosophiae licentia sit appellanda4 ,quadam enim distinctione inter philosophum et philosophiam facta1 tribuit philosopho jus et officium se submittendi auctoritati1 quam veram ipse probaverit1 sed utrumque philosophiae ita denegat1 ut nulla doctrinae revelatae ratione habita asserat1 ipsam nunquam debere ac posse ,auctoritati se submittere4 ,quod esset toet crandum et forte admittendum1 si haec dicerentur de jure tantum1 quod habit philosophia suis principiis1 seu methodo1 ac suis conclusionibus1 uti1 sicut et aliae scientiae1 ac si ejus libertas consisteret in hoc suo jure utendo1 ita ut nihil in sea dmitteret1 quod non fuerit ab ipsa suis conditionibus acquisitum1 aut fuerit ipsi alienum4 ,sed haec justa philosophiae libertas suos limites noscere et experiri debet4 ,nunquam enim non solum philosopho1 verum etiam philosophiae licebit1 aut aliquid contrarium dicere iis1 quae divina revelatio1 et ,ecclesia docet1 aut aliquid ex eisdem in dubium vocare propterea quod non intelligit1 aut judicium non suscipere1 quod ,ecclesiae auctoritas de aliqua philosophiae conclusione1 quae hujusque libera erat1 proferre constituit4 ,accedit etiam1 ut idem auctor philosophiae libertatem1 seu potius effrenatam licentiam tam acriter1 tam temere propugnet1 ut minime vereatur asserere1 ,ecclesiam non solum non debere in philosophiam unquam animadvertere1 verum etiam debere ipsius philosophiae tolerare erores1 eique relinquere1 ut ipsa se corrigat1 ex quo evenit1 ut philosophi hanc philosophiae libertatem necessario participent1 atque ita etiam ipsi ab omni lege solvantur4 ,ecquis non videt quam vehementer sit rejicienda1 reprobanda1 et omnini damnanda hujusmodi ,frohschammer sententia atque doctrina8 ,etenim ,ecclesia ex divina sua institutione et divinae fidei depositum integrum inviolatumque diligentissime custodire1 et animarum saluti summo studio debet continenter advigilare1 ac summa cura ea omnia amovere et eliminare1 quae vel fidei adversari1 vel animarum salutem quovis modo in discrimen adducere possunt4 ,quocirca ,ecclesia ex potestate sibi a divino suo ,auctore commissa non solum jus1 sed officium praesertim habet non tolerandi1 sed pro scribendi ac damnandi omnes erores1 si ita fedei integritas1 et animarum salus postulaverint1 et omni philosopho1 qui ,ecclesiae filius esse velit1 ac etiam philosophiae officium incumbit nihil unquam dicere contra ea1 quae ,ecclesia docet1 et ea retractare1 de quibus eos ,ecclesia monuerit4 ,sententiam autem1 quae contrarium edocet omnino erroneam1 et ipsi fidei4 ,ecclesiae ejusque auctoritati vel maxime injuriosam esse edicimus et declaramus4 ,quibus omnibus accurate perpensis1 de eorumdrm ,,vv4 ,,ff4 ,,nn4 ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,cardinalium ,congregationis libris notandis praepositae consilio1 ac motu proprio1 et certa scientia matura deliberatione ,nostra1 deque ,apostolicae ,nostrae potestatis plenitudine praedictos librus presbyteri ,frohschammer tamquam continentes propositiones et doctrinas respective falsas1 erroneas1 ,ecclesiae1 ejusque actoritati ac juribus injuriosas reprobamus1 damnamus1 ac pro reprobatis et damnatis ab omnibus haberi volumus1 atque eidem ,congregationi mandamus1 ut eosdem libros in indicem prohibitorum librorum referat4 ,dum vero haec ,tibi significamus1 ,venerabilis ,frater1 non possumus non exprimere magnum animi ,nostri ,dolorem cum videamus hunc filium eorumdem librorum auctorem1 qui ceteroquin de ,ecclesia benemereri potuisset1 infelici quodam cordis impete misere abreptum in vias abire1 quae ad salutem non ducunt1 ac magis magisque a recto tramite aberrare4 ,cum enim alius ejus liber de animarum origine prius fuisset damnatus non solum se minime submisit1 verum etiam non extimuit1 eumdem errorem in his etiam libridenuo docere1 et ,nostram ,indicis ,congregationem contumeliis cumen lare1 ac multa alia contra ,ecclesiae agendi rationem temere mendaciterque pronuntiare4 ,quae omnia talia sunt1 ut iis merito atque optimo jure indignare potuissemus4 ,sed nolumus adhuc paternae ,nostrae charitatis viscera erga illum deponere1 et idcirco ,te ,venerabilis ,frater1 excitamus1 ut velis eidem manifestare cor ,nostrum paternum1 et acerbiseimum dolorem1 cujus ipse est causa1 ac simul ipsum saluberrimis monitis hortari et monere1 ut ,nostram1 quae communis est omnium ,patris vocem audiat1 ac resipiscat1 quemadmodum catholicae ,ecclesiae filium decet1 et ita nos omnes laetitia afficiat1 ac tandem ipse felixiter experiatur quam jucundum sit1 non vana quadam et perniciosa libertate gaudere1 sed ,domini1 adhaerere1 cugus jugum suave est1 et onus leve1 cujus eloquo casta1 igne examinata1 cujus judicia vera1 justificata in semetipsa1 et cujus universae viae misericordia et veritas4 ,denique hac etiam occasione libentissime utimur1 ut iterum testemur et confirmemus praecipuam ,nostram in ,te benevolentiam4 ,cujus quoque pignus esse volumus ,apostolicam ,benedictionem1 quam intimo cordis affectu ,tibi ipsi1 ,venerabilis ,frater1 et gregi ,tuae curae commisso paremanter impertimus4 ,datum ,romaae apud ,s4 ,petrum die #aa ,decembris anno #ahfb1 ,pontificatus ,nostri anno decimo septimo4 ,pius ,,pp4 ,,ix4 ,,ii4 ,decree ,of ,the ,congregation ,of ,rites4 ,the ,roman ritual1 speaking of the ,blessed ,eucharist1 prescribes as follows3 8,lampades coram eo plures vel saltem una diu notucque colluceat04 ,these lamps are to be fed with olive oil1 which the ,church has adopted for mystic reasons in so many of her sacred rites4 ,but in many countries the difficulty of procuring olive oil is considerable1 and the expense greater than small churches can bear4 ,several prelates of ,france1 moved by these reasons1 asked permission to burn in the lamps before the ,blessed ,sacrament oils other than from olives4 ,the following is the answer3 ,decretum3 ,plurium ,dioeceseum4 ,nonnulli ,reverendissimi ,galliarum ,antistites serio perpendentes in multis suarum ,dioeceseum ,ecclesiis difficile admodum et nonnisi magnis sumptibus comparari posse oleum olivarum ad nutriendam diu noctuque saltem unam lampadam ante ,sanctissimum ,eucharistiae ,sacramentum1 ab ,apostolica ,sede declarari petierunt utrum in casu1 attentis difficultatibus et ,ecclesiarum paupertate1 oleo1 olivarum substitue possint alea olea quae ex vegetalibus habentur1 ipso non excluso petroleo4 ,sacra porro ,rituum ,congregatio1 etsi semper sollicita ut etiam in hac parte quod usque ab ,ecclesiae primordiis circa usum olei ex olivis inductum est1 ob mysticas significationes retineatur2 attamen silentio praeterire minime censuit rationes ab iisdem ,episcopis prolatas2 ac proinde exquisito prius ,voto alterius ex ,apostolicarum ,coeremoniarum ,magistris1 subscriptus ,cardinalis ,praefectus ejusdem ,sacrae ,congregationis rem omnem proposuit in ,ordinariis ,commitiis ad ,vaticanum hodierna die habitis4 ,eminentissimi autem et ,reverendissimi ,patres ,sacris tuendis ,ritibus praepositi1 omnibus accurate perpensis ac diligentissime examinatis1 rescribendum censuerunt3 ,generatim utendum esse oleo olevarum3 ubi vero haberi nequeatt remittendum prudentiae ,episcoporum ut lampades nutriantur ex aliis oleis quantum fieri possit vegetabilibus die #i ,julii #ahfd4 ,facta postmodum de praemissis ,sanctissimo ,domino ,nostro ,pio ,papae ,,ix4 per infrascriptum ,secretarium fideli relatione1 ,sanctitas ,sua sententiam ,sacrae ,congregationis ratam habuit et confirmavit4 ,die #ad iisdem mense et anno4 ,c4 ,,episcopus ,,portuen4 ,,et ,s4 ,,rufinae ,,card4 ,,patrizi ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,praef4 ,,loco ,signi ,d4 ,bartolini ,s4 ,r4 ,c4 ,secretarius4 ,,notices ,,of ,,books4 ,i4 ,martyrologium ,dungallense1 seu ,calendarium ,sanctorum ,hiberniae4 ,collegit et digessit ,fr4 ,michael ,o',clery1 ,ord4 ,fr4 ,min4 ,strictioris ,observantiae4 ,permissu et facultate ,superiorum4 #afcj4 ,the ,martyrology of ,donegal3 a ,calendar of the ,saints of ,ireland1 translated from the original ,irish by the late ,john ,o',donovan1 ,,ll4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,professor of ,celtic ,literature in the ,queen's ,college1 ,belfast4 ,edited1 with the ,irish text1 by ,james ,henthorn ,todd1 ,d4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,senior ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin2 and by ,william ,reeves1 ,d4,d41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,vicar of ,lusk1 etc4 ,dublin3 printed for the ,archaeological ,society4 ,thom1 #ahfd1 lv4-#eff pp4 ,the ,martyrology of ,donegal was completed on the #aith of ,april1 #afcj1 in the ,franciscan convent of ,donegal4 ,the compilers were ,brother ,michael ,o',clery1 a lay brother of that convent1 with three associates who with him are so well known by the name of 8,the ,four ,masters04 ,colgan 7,acta ,sanctorum ,hiberniae1 tom4 #a1 p4 #e a47 thus speaks of it3 8,martyrologium quod ,dungallense vocamus1 nostris diebus ex diversis tum ,martyrologiis1 tum annalibus patriis collectum est1 partim oper ,authorum qui ,annales communes1 de quibus infra1 compilarunt in ,conventu ,dungallensi2 partim opera ,patrum ejusdem ,conventus qui sanctos1 qui extra patriam vixerunt et de quibus hystorici exteri scripserunt1 addiderant04 ,the ,donegal copy of #afcj was a more complete transcript of a first copy1 made by ,michael ,o',clery in the preceding year at ,douay4 ,both copies are now extant in the ,burgundian ,library at ,brussels1 but circumstances have not permitted ,dr4 ,todd to get the first copy also transcribed4 ,both copies are autographs of ,michael ,o',clery4 ,the first to discover the mine of ,irish ,,mss4 in ,brussels was ,mr4 ,l4 ,waldron1 ,m4,p41 who1 in #ahdd1 at the request of ,professor ,o',curry1 examined the library there4 ,by the influence of ,lord ,clarendon1 then lord-lieutenant of ,ireland1 with the government1 ,dr4 ,todd procured from the ,belgian government1 in #ahdh1 the loan of several ,,mss4 of the greatest importance1 with the permission to have them transcribed4 ,one of these was the autograph ,,ms4 of the ,martyrology of ,donegal1 prepared for the press by the author1 with the approbations of his ecclesiastical superiors4 ,a copy of it was executed by the late ,professor ,o',curry with the skill and beauty of his unequalled penmanship2 and this copy was collated with the original1 whilst it was still in ,dr4 ,todd's possession4 ,from ,o',curry's copy ,dr4 ,reeves made another for his own use1 and from this he made a third transcript for the printers1 and the translator1 ,dr4 ,o',donovan4 ,this translation was the last labour of ,dr4 ,o',donovan's life4 ,the contents of the volume are distributed as follows3 ,an introduction 7ix4-xxiv47 by ,dr4 ,todd is followed by an appendix 7xxiv4-xlix47 containing 8a number of memoranda1 references to authorities1 and miscellaneous notes1 which have been written by the author1 and others1 through whose hands the ,,ms4 has passed1 on the fly-leaves at the beginning and end of each volume04 ,many of them are of great interest4 ,then come the ,testimonia et ,approbationes 7xlix4-lv47 of ,flann ,mac ,egan1 ,conner ,mc,brody1 ,dr4 ,malachy ,o',cadhla1 ,archbishop of ,tuam2 ,dr4 ,boetius ,mac ,egan1 ,bishop of ,elphin2 ,dr4 ,thomas ,fleming1 ,archbishop of ,dublin2 and ,dr4 ,roth ,mac ,geoghegan1 ,bishop of ,kildare4 ,the ,martyrology proper follows 7#a-cea7 with the ,irish text on one page and ,dr4 ,o',donovan's translation on the other4 ,the notes appended are but few1 and serve merely to explain obscurities in the text1 to settle the reading1 or to correct some obvious mistake4 ,for almost all the notes we are indebted to ,dr4 ,todd himself4 ,a table of the ,martyrology1 compiled by the author1 and translated by ,dr4 ,todd1 occupies from page #ced to page #dgi1 and is followed by three indexes1 compiled by ,dr4 ,reeves1 one of persons 7#dhe-ebh71 another of places 7#ebi-eec71 and a third of matters 7#edd-eff74 ,these indexes1 says ,dr4 ,todd1 8possess a topographical and historical interest quite independent of their connection with the present work1 and are in themselves a most important practical help to the study of ,irish history04 ,what is the value of this work8 ,what position does it occupy among ,irish ,ecclesiastical documents8 ,it cannot be regarded as an original authority4 8,it is confessedly a compilation1 and of comparatively recent date1 having been completed1 as we have seen1 in the early part of the seventeenth century4 ,but it is a compilation made by a scholar peculiarly well fitted for the task1 who had access to all the original documents then extant in the ,irish language1 the matter of which he has transferred either in whole or in part into the present work1 quoting in almost every instance the sources from which he drew his information0 7,introd41 p4 xiii474 ,the bare enumeration of these sources will serve to show the value of the book4 ,i4 ,the ,metrical ,calendar1 or ,festilogium of ,aengus ,ceile ,de1 commonly called the ,felire of ,aengus4 ,its author was a monk of ,tallaght1 near ,dublin1 in the days when ,saint ,maolruain was abbot1 about the beginning of the ninth century4 ,dr4 ,kelly of ,maynooth has published a translation of a portion of this ,metrical ,calendar in his ,calendar of ,irish ,saints4 ,,ii4 ,the ,martyrology of ,tallaght4 ,this is a transcript of a very ancient martyrology containing the names of the saints and martyrs of the entire ,church1 with the ,irish saints added under each day4 ,it was composed at the close of the ninth or very early in the tenth century4 ,the ,brussels ,,ms4 is an abstract of the ancient copy at ,saint ,isidore's at ,rome1 but it contains the ,irish saints alone1 omitting altogether the general martyrology4 ,it was from a transcript of the ,belgian ,,ms4 that ,dr4 ,kelly published in #aheg the calendar alluded to above4 ,,iii4 ,the ,calendar of ,cashel1 which is not now known to exist4 ,according to ,colgan1 its author flourished about the year #ajcj4 ,,iv4 ,the ,martyrology of ,maolmuire 7or ,marianus7 ,o',gorman1 written in ,irish verse1 in the times of ,gelasius1 ,archbishop of ,armagh1 about #aafg4 ,its author was abbot of ,knock1 near ,louth1 and the work is taken from the ,felire of ,tallaght1 and is not confined to ,irish saints4 ,v4 ,the ,book of ,hymns1 a portion of which has already been published by the ,irish ,archaeological and ,celtic ,society1 and of which a second portion is in the press1 under the care of ,dr4 ,todd4 ,,vi4 ,poems1 such as the ,poem of ,st4 ,cuimin of ,condeire 7,connor71 of the middle of the seventh century1 published by ,dr4 ,kelly1 with a translation by ,professor ,o',curry2 the ,naoimhseanchus1 attributed by ,colgan to ,selbach of the tenth century2 the ,poem of ,st4 ,moling of ,ferns 7,a4,d4 #fge-fie71 and several minor poems4 ,,vii4 ,several of the great collections or ,bibliothecae1 of which he names expressly the ,book of ,lecan1 the ,leabhar na ,huidre1 and the ,book of ,lismore4 ,,viii4 ,the lives of saints in ,irish and ,latin4 ,of these he quotes no less than thirty-one4 ,from this list it will be seen that almost all the literature of the early ,irish ,church has helped to enrich the pages of the ,martyrology of ,donegal4 ,and since norma orandi legem statuit credendi1 we could scarcely find a nobler monument of the faith and practice of our forefathers4 ,the ,church that places on her list of saints1 bishops1 and priests1 and abbots1 and consecrated virgins1 and hermits1 possesses in that very calendar a mark deep and broad enough to distinguish her from all the sects that belong to modern ,protestantism4 ,,ii4 ,lectures on ,modern ,history1 delivered at the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland4 ,by ,professor ,j4 ,b4 ,,robertson2 cr4 #hvo1 p4p4 xvi41 #ebh4 ,dublin3 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly1 #ahfd4 ,the lectures included in this volume were delivered in the ,catholic ,university of ,ireland1 on various occasions1 in the years #ahfj to #ahfd1 and their purport has been well expressed in the author's own words4 ,speaking in reference to all his literary labours1 8,i devoted01 says ,professor ,robertson1 8my feeble powers to the defence of ,god and ,his holy ,church against unbelief and misbelief2 and of social order and liberty1 against the principles of revolution1 which are but impiety in a political form04 ,in these words we have the key-note of the entire work4 ,the 8,history of ,spain in the ,eighteenth ,century0 forms the subject of two lectures4 ,to these is added a supplement of more than fifty pages1 in which the late ,mr4 ,buckle's 8,essay on ,spain01 contained in his 8,history of ,civilization01 is severely but most deservedly criticised1 and1 we may add1 is refuted by solid and convincing arguments4 ,in four lectures our author discusses the 8life1 writings1 and times of ,m4 de ,chateaubriand01 involving1 much of the internal history of ,france1 especially as regards literature and religion under the first ,napoleon and the succeeding governments down to the ,revolution in #ahdh4 ,these lectures are full of interest4 ,but what must be considered as by far the most important portion of this volume is that in which ,professor ,robertson treats of the 8,secret ,societies of ,modern ,times04 ,in two lectures he traces the origin and progress of the ,freemasons1 the ,illuminati1 the ,jacobins1 the ,carbonari1 and the ,socialists2 and in an appendix adds a 8brief exposition of the principal heads of ,papal legislation on ,secret ,societies04 ,such are the contents of the work4 ,the style is agreeable and clear1 the diction felicitous1 and above all1 the sentiments just1 equally characterised by extensive information1 political sagacity1 and a profound reverence for divine faith4 ,the professor has happily avoided both the tedious exhaustiveness of the ,german1 and the brilliant flippancy which so often charms us in the ,french4 ,nor has he been unmindful of the more laborious students who would not shrink from the toil of research after further information4 ,for these he has provided such an array of authorities1 on each of his subjects1 as must greatly facilitate the progress of those who would engage in diligent historical investigation4 ,we know not where else there could be had so intelligible an account of the secret societies which have been so active in all the political convulsions of ,europe1 from #aghi to the present time4 ,we need not advert to the part which secret societies have had in producing the present deplorable state of ,italy4 ,to the readers of the ,civilt ,cattolica such reference would be unnecessary4 ,to those who have not the advantage of regularly reading that most instructive periodical we would recommend ,professor ,robertson's lectures1 as containing1 in a moderate sized volume1 a most perspicuous summary of what is requisite to be known concerning those dark conspiracies and their objects4 ,if it were only for this1 the volume would be a most welcome addition to our historical library4 ,the book has been brought out with the utmost elegance of paper1 type1 and printing4 ,,iii4 ,la ,roma ,sotterrana ,cristiana descritta ed illustrata dal ,cav4 ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi4 ,publicata per ordine della ,santit di ,n4 ,s4 ,papa ,pio ,,ix4 ,chromolithografia ,ponteficia ,roma1 #ahfd4 vol4 #a4 ,christian ,subterranean ,rome1 described and illustrated by ,cav4 ,g4 ,b4 de ,rossi4 ,published by order of ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 vol4 #a4 ,in #ahfa ,cavalier de ,rossi published the first volume of his ,inscriptiones ,christianae ,urbis ,romae seculo ,,vii4 antiquiores4 ,on to-day we announce the appearance of the first volume of his long expected work on ,subterranean ,rome4 ,in the introduction the author passes in review all that has been done to explore the ,catacombs1 from the fourteenth century to our day4 ,pomponius ,laetus1 ,pauvinius1 ,ciacconius1 and especially ,bosio and ,bottari1 claim his attention in turn4 ,after a sketch of the results of the labours undertaken in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries1 ,cav4 de ,rossi shows what yet remains to be done1 and what part of this he himself proposes to accomplish4 ,the second part of the volume is entitled 8,remarks on ancient ,christian ,cemeteries in general1 and on those of ,rome in particular03 the whole is divided into three parts4 ,part ,i4 on the ,christian ,cemeteries in general1 treats of their antiquity1 their divisions into subterranean and non-subterranean1 and the respective marks of each class4 ,the author here proves that even in the third century1 when ,christianity was persecuted to the death1 the ,christian ,cemeteries had a legal existence recognized by the ,emperors4 ,part ,,ii4 is devoted to the documents which illustrate the history and topography of the ,catacombs1 and embraces contemporary documents1 historical and liturgical treatises later than the fourth century1 lives of ,pontiffs1 etc4 ,part ,,iii4 contains a general history of the ,roman ,cemeteries1 arranged in four periods3 beginning respectively1 with the apostolic times2 the third century2 the peace of ,constantine 7#cab72 and the fifth century1 ,a4,d4 #daj4 ,in the second century the catacombs were of slow growth2 in the third1 their extent became most remarkable2 after ,constantine1 they began to be abandoned as places of sepulture2 with the fifth century set in their decay1 leading to the removal of the relics of the saints to the churches within the walls1 whither the sacrilegious hands of ,goths and ,lombards1 who periodically pillaged the ,campagna1 could not reach2 finally1 after the ninth century1 they were almost forgotten4 ,part ,,iv4 contains the analytical description of the ,christian ,cemeteries4 ,the ,cemetery of ,callixtus1 the most ancient and most celebrated of all1 is described at length4 ,,iv4 ,vetera ,monumenta ,hibernorum et ,scotorum ,historiam ,illustrantia2 quae ex ,vaticani1 ,neapolis1 ac ,florentiae ,tabularis depromsit1 et ,ordine chronologico disposuit ,augustinus ,theiner1 ,presbyter ,cong4 ,oratorii1 ,tabulariorum ,vaticanorum ,praefectus1 etc4 ,folio1 ,romae1 ,typis ,vaticanis1 #ahfd4 ,one ,volume folio1 pages #fbd4 ,the notice of the ,see of ,ardagh in the sixteenth century1 printed in our opening number1 has probably prepared our readers to estimate the value of the important series of documents upon which it is founded4 ,we purposed to urge strongly upon the clergy of ,ireland the duty of supporting generously the distinguished scholar1 who in his love of ,ireland has undertaken the costly and laborious work of publishing all the manuscript materials of ,irish history which are preserved in the archives of the ,vatican1 and has already given in the opening volume an earnest of their extent1 as well as of their historical value4 ,we are happy1 however1 to find that what we had desired and intended1 has already been put in a practical form1 and that an effort has been made to forward among the friends of ,irish history the sale of this most interesting collection4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 we believe1 advance more effectually the object which we have at heart1 than by transferring to our pages the following notice1 which has been printed for private circulation3-- 8,monsignor ,theiner's ,collection from the ,secret ,archives of the ,vatican1 of ,naples1 and of ,florence1 is unquestionably the most important contribution to the history of the ,church in these countries since the great historical movement of the seventeenth century4 ,it comprises upwards of a thousand original documents1 ,pontifical ,bulls1 ,briefs1 and ,letters1 ,consistorial ,acts1 ,inquisitions1 ,reports1 etc41 ranging from the pontificate of ,honorius ,,iii41 #abaf1 to that of ,paul ,,iii41 #aedg4 8,these papers1 in the main1 relate to the history of ,ireland and of ,scotland1 especially of the former country4 ,there is hardly a diocese in ,ireland of which they do not contain some notice1 and in many cases1 as1 for instance1 that of ,ardagh1 already noticed by the learned editor of the ,essays of the lamented ,dr4 ,matthew ,kelly1 but traced in detail in the ,irish ,ecclesiastical ,record1 ,no4 ,i41 pp4 #ac-ag1 they serve to fill up important breaks in the existing records1 and to correct grave and vital errors in the received histories4 8,but1 in addition to the ,irish and ,scotch documents1 the volume contains many of wider and more general interest2 among which it will be enough to specify a single series--nearly a hundred unpublished letters of ,henry ,,viii41 relating chiefly to the negociations regarding the divorce1 which they present in a light almost completely new4 8,this volume is printed entirely at the expense of the distinguished editor4 ,it is meant as an experiment2 and1 should the sale1 for which he must mainly rely upon the countries chiefly interested1 suffice to cover the bare cost of publication1 it is his intention to continue the series from the archives of the ,vatican1 down through the still more interesting1 and1 for ,irish history1 more obscure1 as well as more important1 period of ,edward ,,vi41 ,mary1 ,elizabeth1 and ,james ,i4 8,mgr4 ,theiner has requested his friend1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,russell1 ,president of ,st4 ,patrick's ,college1 ,maynooth1 to receive and transmit to ,rome any orders far the volume with which he may be favoured40 ,,footnotes #a ,sacred ,latin ,poetry1 selected and arranged by ,r4 ,c4 ,trench1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,dublin1 etc4 ,macmillan and ,co41 ,london and ,cambridge4 #ahfd4 #b 8,nihil obstat si etiam in his omnibus et ,ipse 7,redemptor noster7 signetur4 ,ipse enim ,unigenitus ,dei ,filius veraciter factus est homo3 ipse in sacrificio nostrae redemptionis dignatus est mori ut vitulus3 ipse per virtutem suae fortitudinis surrexit ut leo4444 ,ipse etiam post resurrectionem suam ascendnes ad coelos1 in superioribus est elevatus ut aquila4 ,totum ergo simul nobis est1 qui et nascendo homo1 et moriendo vitulus1 et resurgendo leo1 et ad coelos ascendendo aquila factus est0--,s4 ,greg4 ,magn41 ,hom4 iv4 in ,ezech4 #c ,the ,destiny of the ,irish ,race3 a lecture delivered at ,philadelphia on the #agth of ,march1 #ahfd1 by ,rev4 ,m4 ,o',connor1 ,s4 ,j4 ,in order to give to our readers the beautiful lecture of the ex-,bishop of ,pittsburgh1 we have increased the number of pages in this month's ,,record4--,,ed4 ,i4 ,e4 ,r4 #d ,col4 #a4 v4 #bf4 #a4 #e ,hebr4 #a1 v4 #a1 #b4 #f ,joan4 #a1 v4 #ah4 #g ,joan #a1 v4 #ag4 #h #a ,corint4 v4 #b1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa4 #i ,s4 ,joan4 ,chrys4 hom4 #g4 in #a4 ,corinth4 ,s4 ,ambros4 de fide ad ,grat4 ,s4 ,leo de ,nativ4 ,dom4 ,serm4 #i4 ,s4 ,cyril4 ,alex4 contr4 ,nestor4 lib4 #c4 in ,joan1 #a1 #i4 ,s4 ,joan1 ,dam4 de fide orat4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b1 in #a1 #b1 in #a ,cor4 c4 #b1 ,s4 ,hier4 in ,galat4 ,,iii1 #b4