,,s]ial ,,publications ,,( ,,! ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,! emphasis ^u publications z a means ( diffus+ k 0 express$ by ! fir/ ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,9 8 =mal plan = ! ,in/itution1 ,joseph ,h5ry articulat$ a program t includ$ ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,x is propos$ to publi% a s]ies ( reports1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! new discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 & ( ! *anges made f ye> to ye> 9 all bran*es ( k n /rictly pr(essional4 ,?is keynote ( basic rese>* has be5 adh]$ to ov] ! ye>s 9 ! issuance ( ?\s&s ( titles 9 s]ial publications "u ! ,smi?sonian impr9t1 comm5c+ ) ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k 9 #ahdh & cont9u+ ) ! foll[+ active s]ies3 ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,an?ropology ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,a/rophysics ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,botany ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ! ,e>? ,sci5ces ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,paleobiology ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,zoology ,smi?sonian ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,te*nology ,9 ^! s]ies1 ! ,in/itution publi%es orig9al articles & monographs deal+ ) ! rese>* & collections ( its sev]al museums & (fices & ( pr(essional colleagues at o!r in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,^! pap]s report newly acquir$ facts1 synoptic int]pretations ( data1 or orig9al !ory 9 specializ$ fields4 ,ea* publication is di/ribut$ by mail+ li/s to libr>ies1 laboratories1 in/itutes1 & int]e/$ speciali/s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,individual copies may be obta9$ f ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,press z long z /ocks are available4 ,s4 ,,dillon ,,ripley ,secret>y ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,! ,wright ,bro!rs' ,eng9es ,& ,_! ,design ,illu/ration3 ,kitty ,hawk ,fly] ) orig9al ,wright eng9e pois$ on laun*+ rail at ,kill ,devil ,hill1 ne> ,kitty ,hawk1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #bd ,novemb] #aijc1 ! mon? be=e ! ,wrights a*iev$ man's fir/ p[]$ & controll$ flight 9 a heavi]-?an-air craft4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduction ( ! fir/ eng9e1 built by ,pratt ,:itney1 z display$ 9 ,wright ,bro!rs ,national ,memorial at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,eng9e is m\nt$ 9 a reproduction ( ! ,wrights' ,fly] built by ! ,national ,capital ,section ( ! ,in/itute ( ! ,a]onautical ,sci5ces 7n[ ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,a]onautics & ,a/ronautics74 ,eng9e & plane 7 donat$ 9 #aifc to ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,cape ,hatt]as ,national ,sea%ore4 ,,smi?sonian ,,annals ,,( ,,flight 99 ,,numb] #e ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution 99 ,,national ,,air ,,& ,,space ,,museum ,! ,wright ,bro!rs' ,eng9es ,& ,_! ,design ,leon>d ,s4 ,hobbs ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution ,,press ,,city ,,( ,,wa%+ton #aiga ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight ,numb]s #a-d con/itute volume "o ( ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight4 ,subsequ5t numb]s w be> no volume designation1 :i* has be5 dropp$4 ,! foll[+ e>li] numb]s ( ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight are available f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts z indicat$ bel[3 #a4 ,! ,fir/ ,non/op ,coa/-to-,coa/ ,flight & ! ,hi/oric ,t-#b ,airplane1 by ,l\is ,s4 ,casey4 #aifd4 #ij pages1 #dc figures1 app5dix1 bibliography4 ,out ( pr9t4 #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,airplane ,diesel ,eng9e3 ,pack>d ,model ,,dr-#ihj ( #aibh1 by ,rob]t ,b4 ,mey]4 #aifd4 #dh pages1 #cg figures1 app5dix1 bibliography4 ,price #fj;c4 #c4 ,! ,lib]ty ,eng9e #aiah-aidb1 by ,philip ,s4 ,dickey4 #aifh4 #aaj pages1 #bj figures1 app5dix1 bibliography4 ,price #ge;c4 #d4 ,aircraft ,propulsion3 ,a ,review ( ! ,evolution ( ,aircraft ,pi/on ,eng9es1 by ,c4 ,fayette ,taylor4 #aiga viii #acd pages1 #gb figures1 app5dix1 bibliography ( #fja items4 ,price #a4ge4 ,= sale by ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #fj c5ts ,=eword ,9 ?is fif? numb] ( ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight ,leon>d ,s4 ,hobbs analyzes ! orig9al ,wright ,kitty ,hawk ,fly] eng9e f ! po9t ( view ( an a]onautical eng9e] ^: long exp]i5ce 9 ! developm5t ( aircraft eng9es gives him unique insight into ! problems confront+ ^! rem>kable bro!rs & ! +5i\s solutions !y a*iev$4 ,8 review ( ^! a*ievem5ts also includes _! lat] v]tical #d-;& #f-;cyl9d] models design$ & produc$ betwe5 #aijc & #aiae4 ,! c>e] ( ,leon>d ,s4 7,luke7 ,hobbs spans ! ye>s t saw ! matur+ ( ! aircraft pi/on eng9e & !n ! transition f reciprocat+ p[] to ! gas turb9e eng9e4 ,9 #aibj he became a te/ eng9e] 9 ! ,p[] ,plant ,laboratory ( ! ,army ,air ,s]vice at ,mc,cook ,field 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,!re1 & lat] z an eng9e] ) ! ,/romb]g ,motor ,devices ,corporation1 he specializ$ 9 aircraft eng9e c>buretors & develop$ ! basic float-type to ! /age ( utility :]e = ! fir/ "t x provid$ normal op]ation dur+ airplane evolutions1 includ+ inv]t$ flight4 ,jo9+ ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft 9 #aibg z ,rese>* ,eng9e]1 ,hobbs advanc$ to eng9e]+ manag] 9 #aice & 9 #aici took ov] complete direction ( its eng9e]+4 ,he 0 nam$ vice presid5t = eng9e]+ = all ( ,unit$ ,aircraft 9 #aidd1 & 0 elect$ vice *airman ( ,unit$ ,aircraft 9 #aief1 s]v+ 9 t capacity until 8 retirem5t 9 #aieh4 ,he rema9$ a memb] ( ! bo>d ( directors until #aifh4 ,^? ye>s saw ! f9al developm5t ( ,pratt ,:itney's ext5sive l9e ( aircraft pi/on eng9es :i* 7 utiliz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign air =ces 9 l>ge quantities & 7 prom95t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( worldwide air transportation4 ,9 #aifc ,hobbs 0 aw>d$ ! ,colli] ,trophy = hav+ direct$ ! design & developm5t ( ! ,j#eg turbojet1 ! c\ntry's fir/ su* eng9e widely us$ 9 bo? milit>y s]vice & air transportation4 ,he 0 an e>ly fell[ ( ! ,in/itute ( ,a]onautical ,sci5ces 7lat] ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,a]onautics & ,a/ronautics71 s]v$ = _m ye>s on ! ,p[]plant ,committee ( ! ,national ,advisory ,committee = ,a]onautics1 & 0 ! recipi5t ( ! ,presid5tial ,c]tificate ( ,m]it4 ,,frank ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,act+ ,director ,national ,air & ,space ,museum ,m>* #aigj ,cont5ts ,=eword v ,ackn[l$gm5ts ix ,! ,beg9n+s #a ,! ,eng9e ( ! ,fir/ ,flight1 #aijc #i ,! ,eng9es ,) ,:i* ,!y ,ma/]$ ! ,art ( ,fly+ #bi ,! ,f\r-,cyl9d] ,v]tical ,demon/ration ,eng9e & ! ,fir/ ,production ,eng9e #cd ,! ,eight-,cyl9d] ,rac+ ,eng9e #dg ,! ,six-,cyl9d] ,v]tical ,eng9e #di ,m9or ,design ,details & ,p]=mance ( ! ,wright ,eng9es #eg ,app5dix #fb ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,wright ,flight ,eng9es #fb ,! ,wright ,%op ,eng9e #fd ,bibliography #fi ,index #ga ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,z is probably usual ) mo/ notes su* z ?is1 h[ev] %ort1 be=e completion ! au?or becomes indebt$ to s _m p t x is n practical to record all ! ackn[l$gm5ts t %\ld be made4 ,?is ,i regret extremely1 = ,i am mo/ appreciative ( ! assi/ance ( ! _m :o respond$ to my e reque/4 ,! m]e m5tion ( ! ,wright "n automatically op5$ almo/ e door & br\ght =? complete coop]ation4 ,i d n believe t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry !re has be5 ano!r sci5ti/ or eng9e] z admir$ & rev]$ z !y are4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 "n a few :o gave sub/antially ( _! "t & ef=t & )\t ^: help ?is "w w\ld n be z complete z x is4 ,gilm\re ,n4 ,cole1 ,a4 ,l4 ,rockwell1 & ! late ,l4 ,morgan ,port] 7 major contributors1 ! latt] hav+ made ! calculations ( ! %ak+ =ces1 ! volumetric effici5cy1 & ! connect+ rod *>act]i/ics ( ! #aijc eng9e4 ,l\is ,p4 ,*ri/man1 :o 0 responsible = ! ,smi?sonian draw+s ( ?is eng9e & also sup]vis$ ! recon/ruction ( ! #aije ,wright airplane1 suppli$ mu* in=mation1 includ+ a great deal ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly eng9es4 ,opie ,*5[e?1 "o ( ! e>ly /ud5ts ( ! subject1 0 ( mu* assi/ance2 & ,i am indebt$ to ,r4 ,v4 ,k]ley = ! major "p ( ! data on ! ,wrights' %op eng9e4 ,also1 ,i mu/ express my great appreciation to ! _m organizations t coop]at$ s fully1 & to all ! p ( ^! organizations & in/itutions :o gave _! assi/ance s freely4 ,^! include ! foll[+3 ,air ,=ce ,museum1 ,wright-,patt]son ,air ,=ce ,base1 ,ohio ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum1 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,connecticut ,a]onautical ,hi/orical ,association1 ,hebron1 ,connecticut ,fr$rick ,c4 ,craw=d ,museum1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio ,hi/orical ,dep>tm5t1 ,daiml] ,b5z ,a4 ,g41 ,/uttg>t-,unt]tu]kheim1 ,we/ ,g]many ,eng9e]s ,club1 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,deuts*es ,museum1 ,muni*1 ,we/ ,g]many ,educational & ,musical ,arts1 ,inc41 ,dayton1 ,ohio ,h5ry ,=d ,museum1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania ,h[ell ,*5ey ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,man*e/]1 ,connecticut ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,naval ,air ,sy/ems ,comm&1 ,u4,s4 ,navy1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london1 ,engl& ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london1 ,engl& ,9 p>ticul>1 v ext5sive contributions 7 made by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & by ! ,unit$ ,aircraft ,corporation ?r\gh its ,libr>y1 ?r\gh ! ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft ,division's entire ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t & its ,m>ket+ & ,product ,support ,dep>tm5ts1 & ?r\gh ,unit$ ,aircraft ,int]national4 ,! ,beg9n+s ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ! flight eng9es us$ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs is q fasc9at+ & =tunately r well record$4#a ,! individual int]e/$ 9 obta9+ a reasonably complete g5]al /ory quickly is ref]r$ to ?ree ( ! items li/$ 9 ! %ort bibliography on page #fi4 ,! fir/1 ,! ,pap]s ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 is a prim>y s\rce edit$ by ! au?ority on ! ,wright bro!rs1 ,m>v9 ,w4 ,mc,farland ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress2 a compact app5dix to volume #b ( ! ,pap]s conta9s mo/ ( ! ess5tial facts4 ,?is s\rce is supplem5t$ by ! pap] ( ,bak]#b & ! accompany+ comm5ts by ,*5[e?1 pres5t$ at ! ,national ,a]onautics ,meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,automotive ,eng9e]s on #ag ,april #aiej4 ,aside f _! excell5ce z hi/ory1 ^! publications are out/&+ = ! mann] 9 :i* ^? responsible demon/rate _! compet5ce & complete ma/]y ( ! sometimes complex te*nical "p ( ! ,wright /ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,an ext5sive bibliography1 ess5tially z complete at ?is "t z :5 x 0 compil$ 9 ! e>ly #aiejs1 is giv5 on pages #abdj-abdb ( volume #b ( ,! ,pap]s ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 #aiec4 ,footnote #b3 ,max ,p4 ,bak] 0 a te*nical advis] to ! ,wright e/ate & z su* _h complete access to all ( ! mat]ial x conta9$4 ,! consum+ int]e/ ( ! ,wrights1 ( c\rse1 0 9 flight z su*1 & 9 _! ?9k+ ! requir$ p[] unit 0 ( only second>y importance4 ,h[ev]1 reg>dless ( _! feel+ ab\t x1 ! unit 0 an integral "p ( _! objective &1 due to ! prevail+ circum/ances1 !y v e>ly f\nd !mselves 9 ! aircraft eng9e bus9ess despite _! inexp]i5ce4 ,?is bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on v successfully1 aga9/ increas+ly sev]e competition1 until ,orville ,wright )drew f comm]cial activity & dissolv$ ! ,wright ,company4 ,! "t span cov]$ approximately ! twelve ye>s f #aijc to #aiae1 dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s ( :i* !y design$ & built = _! own use sev]al eng9es ( ?ree diff]5t exp]im5tal & demon/ration designs4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod1 !y manufactur$ & sold eng9es comm]cially1 & dur+ ?is "t !y m>ket$ ?ree models1 "o ( :i* 0 basically _! la/ demon/ration design4 ,a special rac+ eng9e 0 also built & fl[n dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,accurate records are n available b altoge!r1 !y produc$ a total ( some?+ probably close to #bjj eng9es ( :i* !y !mselves took a small numb] = _! v>i\s activities1 includ+ _! s*ool & fly+ exhibition "w :i* at "o "t acc\nt$ = a v sub/antial "p ( _! bus9ess4 ,a simil> lack ( in=mation conc]n+ _! competition1 :i* exp&$ rapidly aft] ! ,wright's demon/rations1 makes any comp>isons a difficult task4 ,! ,wrights 7 meticul\s ab\t *eck+ ! actual p]=mance ( _! eng9es b at t "t rat+s g5]ally 7 seldom au!nticat$ & ev5 :5 diff]5t eng9es 7 tri$ 9 ! same airplane ! results usually 7 n measur$ ) any accuracy or record$ ) any p]man5cy4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! competition became effective en\gh to compel ! complete r$esign ( _! eng9e s t x 0 ess5tially a new model4 ,= _! initial exp]im5tation ! ,wrights reg>d$ gravity z n only _! mo/ reliable p[] s\rce b also ! "o mo/ economical & readily available1 h5ce _! conc5tration on glid+4 ,!y _h correctly diagnos$ ! basic problem ( flight to be t ( control1 ! matt] ( ! be/ w+ %apes be+ inh]5tly a simpl] "o :i* !y w\ld ma/] by exp]im5t1 utiliz+ at fir/ gravity & lat] a w9d tunnel4 ,consequ5tly1 ! acquisition ( a p[]plant int5d$ = actual flight 0 consid]ably def]r$4 ,nev]!less1 !y 7 cont9u\sly consid]+ ! p[] requirem5t & its problems4 ,9 8 ,septemb] #aija lecture to ! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 ,wilbur ,wright made two /atem5ts3 ,m5 also "k h[ to build eng9es & screws ( suffici5t lightness & p[] to drive ^! planes at su/a9+ spe$2 & 9 conjunction ) "s figures he quot$ ( ! requir$ p[] & weight3 ,su* an eng9e is entirely practicable4 ,inde$1 work+ motors ( "o-half ?is weight p] horsep[] #i p\nds p] horsep[] h be5 con/ruct$ by sev]al diff]5t build]s4 ,x is q obvi\s t ) _! g5]al k & ! exp]i5ce !y _h acquir$ 9 design+ & build+ a successful %op eng9e = _! own use1 !y _h no cause to d\bt _! ability to supply a suitable p[]plant :5 ! ne$ arose4 ,aft] ! *>act]i/ics ( ! airframe _h be5 settl$1 & ! eng9e requirem5ts del9eat$ 9 r detail$ =m1 !y _h rea*$ ! po9t ( decision on :at !y t]m$ ! motor problem4 ,only "o major elem5t _h *ang$ greatly s9ce _! previ\s consid]ation ( ! matt]2 !y _h arriv$ at ! po9t :]e !y n only ne$$ a flight eng9e1 !y want$ x quickly4 ,no?+ has be5 f\nd t w\ld indicate h[ mu* consid]ation !y _h giv5 to =ms ( p[] = propulsion o!r ?an ! *oice !y _h app>5tly made q e>ly--! int]nal-combu/ion1 f\r-/roke-cycle pi/on eng9e4 ,und\bt$ly1 /eam 0 dismiss$ )\t be+ giv5 mu*1 if any1 ?\ght4 ,on ! face ( x1 ! sy/em 0 q impractical = ! size & k9d ( ma*9e !y plann$2 b x _h be5 *os5 by ,maxim = 8 exp]im5ts1#c & "s ?irty-five or =ty ye>s lat] a s]i\s ef=t to produce an aviation eng9e utiliz+ /eam 0 initiat$ by ,lockhe$4 ,on ! o!r h& int]nal-combu/ion two-/roke-cycle pi/on eng9es _h be5 built & us$ successfully 9 a limit$ way4 ,& s9ce1 at t "t1 x 0 probably n recogniz$ t ! maximum quantity ( heat x is possible to dissipate impos$ an inh]5t limitation on ! p[] output ( ! int]nal-combu/ion eng9e1 ! two-/roke-cycle may h appe>$ to (f] a high] output f a giv5 eng9e size ?an ! f\r-/roke-cycle c\ld produce4 ,c]ta9ly1 x w\ld h seem$ to promise mu* less torque v>iation = ! same output1 some?+ t 0 ( great importance to ! ,wrights4 ,aga9/ ?is1 ! poor scav5g+ effici5cy ( ! two-/roke op]ation1 & mo/ probably its concurr5t poor fuel economy1 7 always evid5t2 &1 moreov]1 at t "t ! majority ( op]at+ eng9es 7 f\r-/roke-cycle4 ,:atev] _! reason+1 !y select$ = _! fir/ p[]$ flight ! exact =m ( prime mov] t cont9u$ to p[] ! airplane until ! adv5t ( ! aircraft gas turb9e m ?an =ty ye>s lat]4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ! #ahijs ! weal?y inv5tor ,sir ,hiram ,/ev5s ,maxim conduct$ an exp]im5t ( consid]able magnitude ) a fly+ ma*9e t utiliz$ a tw9-cyl9d] comp\nd /eam p[]plant4 ,x 0 develop$ to ! flight-te/ /age4 ,! indicat$ solution to _! problem ( obta9+ ! eng9e--& ! eng9e t w\ld seem by all odds mo/ reliable--w\ld h be5 to h a unit produc$ to _! specifications by "o ( ! be/ ( ! exp]i5c$ eng9e build]s1 & to accompli% ?is1 ! mo/ effective me?od w\ld be to use ! equival5t ( a bid proc$ure4 ,?is !y attempt$1 & s5t out a lett] ( inquiry to a fairly l>ge numb] ( manufactur]s4 ,al?\gh no copy ( ! lett] is available1 x is r well e/abli%$ t x reque/$ ! price ( an eng9e ( c]ta9 limit$ specifications :i* w\ld satisfy _! flight requirem5ts1 b beyond ?is !re is little 9 ! record4 ,a m ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! und]ly+ fundam5tals1 h[ev]1 discloses _m weaknesses 9 ! simple assumptions t made ! *oice ( an exp]i5c$ build] seem automatic4 ,a maximum requirem5t limit$ to only "o or two units (f]$ little inc5tive to a manufactur] already successfully produc+ 9 8 field1 & ! disadvantage ( ! limit$ quantity 0 only acc5tuat$ by ! basic requirem5t = a te*nical p]=mance 9 excess ( any /&>d ( ! "t4 ,c]ta9ly !re 0 no promise ( any future quantity bus9ess or any o!r sub/antial rew>d4 ,orville ,wright _m times /at$ t !y _h no desire to produce _! own eng9e1 b x is d\btful t !y _h any real fai? 9 ! buy+ proc$ure1 = !y made no attempt to foll[ up _! fir/ inquiries or to exp& ! orig9al li/4 ,:atev] ! reason+1 _! judgm5t ( ! situation is obvi\s2 !y sp5t no "t await+ results f ! lett] b almo/ imm$iately />t$ on ! task ( design+ & build+ ! eng9e !mselves4 ,p]haps ! g5]alities 7 n z gov]n+ z ! two specific factors ^: imm$iate importance 7 det]m9+3 co/ & "t4 ,! ,wrights no d\bt realiz$ t a specially design$1 relatively high p]=mance eng9e 9 v limit$ h&-built quantities w\ld n only be an exp5sive pur*as$ article b w\ld also take consid]able "t to build1 ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances4 ,s ! lack ( response to _! fir/ approa* did n h too mu* to d ) _! ultimate decision to und]take ?is task !mselves4 ,! "q ( ! co/ ( ! ,wrights' p[]plants is mo/ intrigu+1 z is t ( _! entire accompli%m5t4 ,no detail$ figures ( actual eng9e co/s are 9 ! record1 & x is some:at difficult to imag9e j h[ !y manag$ to conduct an op]ation requir+ s mu* ef=t & su* mat]ial res\rces1 giv5 ! income available f _! fairly small bicycle bus9ess4 ,! only evid5ce be>+ on ?is is a /atem5t t ! maximum income f ?is bus9ess av]ag$ #c1jjj a ye>1#d :i* ( c\rse _h to cov] n only ! airplane & eng9e b all p]sonal & o!r exp5ses4 ,yet !y always _h sp>e eng9es & sp>e p>ts available2 !y seem+ly _h no tr\ble acquir+ ne$$ mat]ials & supplies1 bo? simple & complex2 & !y app>5tly nev] 7 h9d]$ at any "t by lack ( ca% or cr$it4 ,! only m5tion ( any conc]n ab\t money is a /atem5t by ,wilbur ,wright 9 a lett] ( #bj ,may #aijh :51 ab\t to sail = ,france = ! fir/ public demon/rations1 he wrote3 ,?is plan w\ld put x to ! t\* quickly & also help w>d (f an approa*+ f9ancial /r+5cy :i* has worri$ me v mu* = sev]al mon?s4 ,x is a rem>kable record 9 ! economical use ( money1 consid]+ all !y _h done up to t "t4 ,! my? t !y _h be5 aid$ by ! e>n+s ( _! si/] ,ka!r9e z a s*ool tea*] 0 demoli%$ long ago4 ,footnote #d3 ,fr$ ,c4 ,kelly1 ,miracle at ,kitty ,hawk1 #aiea4 ,! decision to build ! eng9e !mselves add$ "o m requirem5t1 & possibly to "s ext5t a re/riction1 to ! design4 ,!y und\bt$ly desir$ to ma*9e z mu* ( ! eng9e z possible 9 _! own %op1 & ! v limit$ equipm5t !y _h w\ld affect ! v>iety ( features & con/ructions t c\ld be utiliz$1 al?\gh exp]i5c$ ma*9e %ops ) sophi/icat$ equipm5t 7 available 9 ,dayton & x is obvi\s t ! ,wrights int5d$ to1 & did1 utilize ^! :5 necess>y4 ,! use ( _! own equipm5t1 ( c\rse1 gu>ante$ t ! p>ts !y c\ld h&le !mselves w\ld be m exp$iti\sly produc$4 ,!y comm5c$ "w on ! design & con/ruction %ortly be=e ,*ri/mas 9 #aijb4 ,! subject ( draw+s ( ! eng9e is int]e/+1 n only z hi/ory b also because x pres5ts sev]al my/]ies4 ,taylor#e /at$1 ,we didn't make any draw+s4 ,"o ( u w\ld sket* out ! "p we 7 talk+ ab\t on a piece ( scrap pap] 444 ,obvi\sly some:]e 9 ! op]ation "s dim5sions 7 add$1 = ! design 9 _m places requir$ q accurate ma*9+4 ,orville ,wright's di>y ( #aijd has ! entry1 ,took old eng9e ap>t to get measurem5ts = mak+ new eng9e4 ,f9ally1 no ,wright draw+s ( ! orig9al eng9e h be5 se5 by anyone connect$ ) ! hi/ory or ) ! ,wright e/ate4 ,9 ! e/ate 7 two draw+s 7n[ at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute71 on heavy br[n wrapp+ pap]1 relat+ to "o ( ! two v simil> lat] eng9es built 9 #aijd2 "o is ( a cyl9d] & connect+ rod1 ! o!r is an end view ( ! eng9e4 ,?us ev5 if ! v +5i\s draft+ bo>d n[ 9 ! ,wright ,museum at ,c>illon ,p>k 0 available at ! "t !re is no indication t x 0 us$ to produce :at c\ld prop]ly be call$ draw+s ( ! fir/ eng9e4 ,footnote #e3 ,*>les ,e4 ,taylor 7,*>ley ,taylor to ! _m :o knew him7 0 9 effect ! sup]9t5d5t ( & also ! only employee to "w 9 ! orig9al small ma*9e %op4 ,a mo/ v]satile & effici5t me*anic & ma*9e op]ator1 he made _m p>ts = all ( ! e>ly eng9es1 & 9 ! mann] ( ! exp]im5tal ma*9i/1 work$ ma9ly f sket*es4 ,he also _h *>ge ( ! bicycle %op & its bus9ess 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,wrights4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 two complete sets ( draw+s1 bo? ( :i* purport to repres5t ! #aijc flight eng9e4 ,"o set 0 made 9 ,engl& = ! ,sci5ce ,museum 9 ! two ye>s #aibh & #aici4 ,! #aibh draw+s 7 made on receipt ( ! eng9e1 :i* 0 n disassembl$1 b 9 #aici ! eng9e 0 remov$ f ! airplane1 disassembl$1 ! orig9al #aibh draw+s 7 correct$ & add$ to1 & ! :ole 0 made into "o v complete & usable set4 ,! o!r set 0 prep>$ 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 = ,educational & ,musical ,arts1 ,inc41#f & 0 donat$ to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,?is latt] set 0 />t$ "u ! direction ( ,orville ,wright1 :o di$ %ortly aft] ! "w _h be5 comm5c$4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is is a *>itable ag5cy set up by ! late ,colonel & ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,de$s prim>ily = ! purpose ( build+ & support+ ! ,de$s ,c>illon & ! ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,! two sets ( draw+s1 t is1 ! "o ( ! ,sci5ce ,museum & t made 9 ,dayton = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 _c be reconcil$ 9 ! matt] ( details4 ,h>dly any s+le dim5sion is exactly ! same & ess5tially e "p diff]s 9 "s respect4 ,_m ( ! =ms ( con/ruction diff] & ev5 ! fir+ ord] ( ! two eng9es is n ! same1 s t 9 effect ! draw+s %[ two diff]5t eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 valve side4 7,photo c\rtesy ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london47 ,! prim>y tr\ble is1 ( c\rse1 t ! exact eng9e :i* flew 9 #aijc is no long] 9 exi/5ce1 & s9ce no orig9al draw+s ( x exi/1 !re is consid]able d\bt ab\t its details4 ,! eng9e _h its crankcase brok5 9 an accid5t to ! airframe 7?is 0 caus$ by a /rong w9d gu/ imm$iately foll[+ ! la/ ( ! fir/ s]ies ( flights at ,kitty ,hawk71 & :5 x 0 br\ght back to ,dayton x 0 = "s inexplicable reason completely laid aside1 ev5 ?\gh x presumably conta9$ _m usable p>ts4 ,:5 ! eng9e 0 disassembl$ to obta9 measurem5ts = con/ruct+ ! #aijd eng9es1 aga9 app>5tly no draw+s 7 made4 ,9 ,febru>y #aijf ,orville ,wright wrote t all ! p>ts ( ! eng9e 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce except ! crankcase2 b %ortly aft] ?is ! crank%aft & fly:eel 7 loan$ = exhibition purposes & 7 nev] recov]$4 ,9 #aibf ! eng9e 0 reassembl$ = an exhibition & 9 #aibh x 0 aga9 reassembl$ = %ipm5t to ,engl&4 ,! only p>ts ( ?is p>ticul> eng9e ^: complete hi/ory is def9itely kn[n are ! crank%aft & fly:eel1 :i* 7 tak5 f ! #aijd-aije flight eng9e4 ,?is latt] eng9e1 n[ 9 ! re/or$ #aije airplane 9 ! ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum 9 ,dayton1 does n conta9 a crank%aft1 & 9 its place incorporates a l5g? ( r\nd b> /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 und]side & fly:eel end4 7,photo c\rtesy ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london47 ,9 late #aidg "w on ! ,educational & ,musical ,arts draw+s 0 initiat$ "u ! direction ( ,l\is ,p4 ,*ri/man & c>ri$ ?r\gh to completion by him4 ,*ri/man has /at$ t ,orville ,wright 0 critical ( ! ,sci5ce ,museum draw+s b j :at he ?\ght incorrect is n kn[n4 ,:atev] 8 reasons1 he did enc\rage ,*ri/man to und]take ! major task ( duplication4 ,*ri/man work$ directly ) ,orville ,wright = a p]iod ( six weeks & _h access to all ! records & p>ts ! ,wrights _h pres]v$4 ,! resultant draw+s are also v complete &1 reg>dless ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two prim>y sets1 bo? give a suffici5tly accurate picture ( ! fir/ eng9e = all purposes except t ( exact reproduction 9 e detail4 ,!re exi/s a /ill unsolv$ puzzle 9 connection ) :at seems to be yet ano!r set ( draw+s ( ! fir/ eng9e4 ,9 ,decemb] #aidc1 9 writ+ to ! ,sci5ce ,museum tell+ ( 8 decision to h ! airplane & eng9e br\ght back to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,orville ,wright /at$1 ,i h complete & accurate draw+s ( ! eng9e4 ,i %all be glad to furni% !m if y decide to make a replica4#g ,no trace ( ^! p>ticul> draw+s c be f\nd 9 any ( ! museums1 in/itutions1 or o!r repositories t normally %\ld h acquir$ !m & ! executors ( ,orville ,wright's e/ate h no record or k ( !m4 ,! date ( 8 lett] is f\r ye>s be=e ! ,dayton draw+s 7 comm5c$2 & :5 ,*ri/man 0 work+ on ^! ) ,orville ,wright !y _h copies ( ! ,sci5ce ,museum draw+s1 ) complete k ( _! orig91 yet ,*ri/man has no k ( ! draw+s ref]r$ to 9 ,orville's lett] to ! ,museum4 ,f9ally1 ! evid5ce is q conclusive t !re 7 no reproducible or p]man5t draw+s made at ! "t ! fir/ eng9e 0 con/ruct$1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! recon/ruct$ eng9e itself 0 s5t to ,engl& 9 #aibh & n return$ to ?is c\ntry until #aidh4h ,footnote #g3 ,! ,sci5ce ,museum express$ a desire to h ^! b nev] receiv$ !m4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to !m 9 a lett] to ! ,museum f ! executors ( 8 e/ate dat$ #bj ,febru>y #aidh1 b is seems r obvi\s f ! text t by ?is "t ! draw+s m5tion$ by ,orville ,wright 9 8 #aidc lett] _h become confus$ ) ^? be+ prep>$ by ,*ri/man = ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,! ,sci5ce ,museum did h con/ruct$ f its own draw+s a v f9e replica :i* is completely op]able at ?is "t4 ,footnote #h3 ,!re is a ?ird set ( draw+s prep>$ by ! ,=d ,motor ,company also m>k$ z be+ ( ! #aijc eng9e & ^! are r well di/ribut$ 9 v>i\s museums & in/itutions4 ,:at ?is set is bas$ on has be5 impossible to det]m9e b x is indicat$ f ! exi/5ce ( actual eng9es & p>ts & ! probable date ( _! prep>ation 7no date is giv5 on ! draw+s !mselves7 t !y 7 copi$ f draw+s previ\sly made1 & !re=e add no?+ to !m4 ,! ,orville ,wright-,h5ry ,=d fri5d%ip orig9at$ r late1 consid]+ ,=d's avid int]e/ 9 hi/ory & me*anical ?+s4 ,?is t>d9ess c\ld possibly h be5 ! result ( ,wright coolness--a coolness caus$ by a report1 at ! "t ! validity ( ! ,wright pat5ts 0 be+ s /rongly conte/$1 t ,=d _h advis$ "s ( ^? oppos+ ! ,wrights to p]sev]e & to obta9 ! s]vices ( 8 pat5t c\nsel :o _h be5 successful 9 ov]turn+ ! ,seld5 automobile pat5t4 ,if ?is b>ri] ev] exi/$ x 0 surm\nt$1 & ,=d sp5t mu* ef=t & w5t to consid]able exp5se to collect ! ,wright home & ma*9e %op = 8 ,de>born museum4 ,! %op equipm5t app>5tly _h be5 widely scatt]$ & its retrieval 0 a major task4 ,x is mo/ likely t ! draw+s result$ f someone's ef=t to foll[ out an ord] to produce a set ( ,=d draw+s ( ! orig9al eng9e4 ,a small scale model ( ! #aijc flight eng9e1 con/ruct$ "u ! sup]vision ( ,*>les ,taylor1 is conta9$ 9 ! ,de>born ,museum4 ,! ,eng9e ( ! ,fir/ ,flight1 #aijc ,9 comm5c+ ! design ( ! fir/ eng9e1 ! fir/ important decision arriv$ at 0 t ( ! numb] & size ( ! cyl9d]s to be employ$ & ! =m 9 :i* !y w\ld be comb9$1 al?\gh x is unlikely t ?is pres5t$ any s]i\s problem4 ,9 a simil> situation ,manly1 :5 he 0 work+ on ! eng9e = ! ,langley ,a]odrome1#i 0 some:at p]turb$ because he did n h access to ! mo/ advanc$ te*nical k1 s9ce ! automobile p :o 7 at t "t ! lead]s 9 ! developm5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 t5d$ = competitive reasons to be r secretive ab\t _! late/ advancem5ts & designs4 ,b al?\gh ! /&>d textbooks may n h be5 v helpful to him1 !re 7 available su* volumes z ,w4 ,worby ,beaumont's ,motor ,vehicles & ,motors :i* conta9$ 9 consid]able detail descriptions & illu/rations ( ! be/ ( ! curr5t automobile eng9es4 ,! situations ( ,manly & ! ,wrights diff]$1 h[ev]1 9 t :]eas ! ,wrights' objective 0 c]ta9ly a te*nical p]=mance consid]ably above ! exi/+ av]age1 ,manly's goal 0 t ( some?+ s f> beyond ?is av]age z to h be5 consid]$ by _m impossible4 ,importantly1 ! ,wrights _h _! own exp]i5ce ) _! %op eng9e & a good basic g5]al k ( ! size ( eng9e t w\ld be necess>y to meet _! requirem5ts4 ,footnote #i3 ,*>les ,l4 ,manly 0 engag$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! eng9e = ! ,langley ,a]odrome4 ,see also footnote to ,table on page #fb4 ,eng9e r\ghness 0 ( prim>y conc]n to !m4 ,9 ! #aijb description ( ! eng9e !y s5t to v>i\s manufactur]s1 !y _h /at$3 444 & ! eng9e w\ld be free f vibration4 ,ev5 ?\gh _! requirem5t = a smoo? eng9e 0 mu* m urg5t ?an m]ely to avoid ! effect ( r\ghness on ! airplane frame1 !y 7 fac$1 be=e !y made _! fir/ p[]$ flight1 ) ! basic problem ) :i* ! airplane has _h to cont5d = ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( its pres5t life span3 t is1 x 0 necess>y to utilize an explosion eng9e 9 a /ructure :i*1 because ( weight limitations1 _h to be made ! lighte/ & h5ce fraile/ t c\ld possibly be devis$ & yet s]ve its prim>y purpose4 ,h[ev] great ! difficulty may h appe>$1 9 ! long view1 ! fault 0 c]ta9ly a relatively m9or "o 9 ! ov]all developm5t ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e--t wond]ful inv5tion )\t :i* _! life "w w\ld probably nev] h be5 s completely successful :ile !y liv$1 & :i*1 ev5 aside f its p>tn]%ip ) ! airplane1 has s pr(\ndly affect$ ! nature ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,x seems q obvi\s t to ! ,wrights vibration1 or r\ghness1 0 pr$om9antly if n entirely caus$ by ! explosion =ces1 & !y 7 ei!r n completely aw>e ( ! effects ( ! o!r vibratory =ces or !y *ose to neglect !m4 ,al?\gh crank%aft c\nt]weights _h be5 9 use z f> back z ! middle #ahjjs1 ! ,wrights nev] incorporat$ !m 9 any ( _! eng9es2 & despite ! inh]5t %ak+ =ce 9 ! #d-;inl9e arrangem5t1 !y cont9u$ to use x = _m ye>s4 ,! *oice ( f\r cyl9d]s 0 obvi\sly made 9 ord] to get1 = smoo?ness1 :at 9 t day 0 a lot ( small cyl9d]s2 & ?is 0 s\nd judgm5t4 ,fur!rmore1 al?\gh ! majority ( automobiles at t "t _h eng9es ) few] ?an f\r cyl9d]s1 = ^? t did ! inl9e =m 0 /&>d & well prov51 &1 9 fact1 ,daiml] 0 !n op]at+ eng9es ( ?is g5]al design at p[]s sev]al times ! m9imum ! ,wrights _h det]m9$ necess>y = _! purpose4 ,:at fix$ ! exact cyl9d] size1 t is1 ! squ>e #dx#d-;94 =m1 is n record$1 nor is x obvi\s by supposition4 ,bak] says x 0 = high displacem5t & l[ weight1 b ^! qualities are also greatly affect$ by _m o!r factors4 ,! total displacem5t ( j ov] #bjj cu 94 0 on ! g5]\s side1 giv5 ! horsep[] !y _h det]m9$ 0 necess>y1 b "h aga9 ! ,wrights 7 und\bt$ly mak+ ! cons]vative all[ances aft]w>ds prov5 habitual1 to be ju/ifi$ lat] by greatly increas$ p[] requirem5ts & correspond+ outputs4 ,! ,mean ,effective ,pressure 7,,mep71 bas$ on _! indicat$ goal ( #h hp1 w\ld be a v mode/ #cf psi at ! spe$ ( #hgj rpm at :i* !y fir/ te/$ ! eng9e1 & only #ca psi at ! reasonably cons]vative spe$ ( #ajjj rpm4 ,! #dx#d-;94 dim5sion w\ld provide a cyl9d] l>ge en\gh s t ! eng9e 0 n p5aliz$ 9 ! matt] ( weight & yet small en\gh to ess5tially gu>antee its successful op]ation1 z cyl9d]s ( consid]ably l>g] bore 7 be+ utiliz$ 9 automobiles4 ,t _! orig9al *oice 0 an excell5t "o is r well support$ by ! fact t 9 all ! diff]5t models & sizes ( eng9es !y ev5tually design$ & built1 !y nev] f\nd x necess>y to g to cyl9d]s v mu* l>g] ?an ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 in/all$ 9 ! ,kitty ,hawk airplane1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,sci5ce ,museum4 7,photo c\rtesy ! ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london47 ,a second basic det]m9ation :i* 0 made ei!r concurr5tly or ev5 possibly 9 advance ( t ( ! g5]al =m & size 0 9 ! matt] ( ! type ( cyl9d] cool+ to adopt4 ,bas$ on curr5t practice t _h prov5 practical1 !re 7 ?ree possibilities1 all ( :i* 7 9 use 9 automobiles3 air1 wat]1 or a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,x is an int]e/+ comm5t>y t ,f]n& ,=e/'s#aj propos$ #cb-;cyl9d] aircraft eng9e ( #ahhh 0 to be air-cool$1 t ,santos-,dumont utiliz$ an air-cool$ ,clem5t eng9e 9 8 dirigible flights ( #aijc1 & t ! ,wrights _h *os5 air cool+ = _! %op eng9e4 ,) ! promise ( simplicity & elim9ation ( ! radiator1 wat] & pip+1 x w\ld seem1 (fh&1 t ?is w\ld be ! ,wrights' *oice = _! airplane2 b !y 7 probably gov]n$ by ! fact t n only 0 ! wat]-cool$ type pr$om9ant 9 automobile practice1 b t ! units giv+ ! be/ & highe/ p]=mance 9 g5]al s]vice 7 all wat] cool$4 ,9 _! subsequ5t practice !y nev] dep>t$ f ?is orig9al decision1 al?\gh ,wilbur ,wright's notebook ( #aijd-aijg conta9s an undat$ weight e/imate by detail$ p>ts = an #h-;cyl9d] air-cool$ eng9e4 ,un=tunately1 ! propos$ p[] output is n record$1 s _! conception ( ! relative weight ( ! air-cool$ =m is n disclos$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,f]n& ,=e/1 ,les ,bateaux ,automobiles1 #aijf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important decisions relat+ to ! p[]plant--"o :i* 0 probably made long be=e !y became committ$ to ! design itself--0 a det]m9ation ( ! me?od ( transmission ( p[] to ! propell]1 or propell]s4 ,a l+]+ impression exi/s t ! utilization ( a *a9 drive = ?is purpose 0 a natural inh]itance f _! bicycle backgr\nd4 ,no d\bt ?is exp]i5ce greatly simplifi$ ! task ( adaptation b a m]ely cursory exam9ation %[s t ev5 if !y _h nev] _h any connection ) bicycles1 ! *a9 drive 0 a logical solution1 consid]+ e important elem5t ( ! problem4 ,! va/ majority ( automobiles ( ! "t 7 *a9 driv51 & *a9s & sprockets capable ( h&l+ a wide range ( p[] 7 completely develop$ & available4 ,fur!r1 at t "t !y _h no accurate k ( desirable or limit+ propell] & eng9e spe$s4 ,! *a9 drive (f]$ a v simple & inexp5sive me?od ( provid+ = a completely flexible range ( spe$ ratios4 ,! o!r two possibilities 7 bo? undesirable3 ! fir/1 a simple direct-driv5 s+le propell] connect$ to ! crank%aft1 provid$ ess5tially no flexibility :atsoev] 9 exp]im5tally v>y+ eng9e or propell] spe$ ratios1 x add$ an out-(-balance eng9e torque =ce to ! problem ( airplane control1 &1 f9ally1 x dictat$ t ! pilot w\ld be 9 ! propell] slip/ream or ! airfl[ to x2 ! second1 drive %afts & ge>+ = dual propell]s1 w\ld h be5 v heavy & exp5sive1 & mo/ probably w\ld h requir$ a long-"t developm5t1 ) e exp]im5tal *ange 9 spe$ ratios requir+ a complete *ange 9 ge>s4 ,aga91 _! orig9al *oice 0 s correct t x la/$ !m ?r\gh ess5tially all _! active fly+ ye>s4 ,! v sub/antial advantages ( ! *a9 drive 7 n1 h[ev]1 obta9$ at no co/4 ,torque v>iations 9 ! eng9e w\ld t5d to cause a :ipp+ action 9 ! *a91 s t x 0 vuln]able to r\gh runn+ caus$ by misfir+ cyl9d]s &1 ) ! "r tim+ & magnitude ( normal regul> v>iations1 ! action c\ld result 9 de/ructive =ces 9 ! transmission sy/em4 ,?is 0 ! basic reason = ! ,wrights' great fe> ( eng9e vibration1 :i* conf9$ !m to ! use ( small cyl9d]s & made a fairly heavy fly:eel necess>y on all _! eng9es4 ,:5 !y 7 reque/$ to in/all an ,au/ro-,daiml] eng9e 9 "o ( _! airplanes1 !y design$ a flexible c\pl+ :i* 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! eng9e & ! propell] drive & ?is 0 consid]$ s successful t x 0 appli$ to ! fly:eel ( "s eng9es ( _! la/ model1 ! #f-gj1 :i* _h be5 giv+ tr\ble 9 ?is reg>d4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,grov] ,lo5+1 lett] ( #aj ,april #aifc1 to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,al?\gh flat1 angl$1 & v]tical eng9es _h all be5 op]at$ successfully1 ! be/ & mo/ mod]n automotive eng9es ( ! "t 7 v]tical1 s _! *oice ( a horizontal position 0 probably dictat$ ei!r by consid]ations ( drag or _! desire to provide a sizable m\nt+ base = ! eng9e1 or bo?4 ,!re is no record ( _! ev] hav+ inve/igat$ ! matt] ( ! drag ( ! eng9e1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) ! w+4 ,! m]it ( a v]tical v]sus a horizontal position ( ! eng9e 0 n analog\s to t ( ! pilot1 :i* !y _h /udi$1 & :]e ! prone position und\bt$ly r$uc$ ! resi/ance4 ,hav+ decid$ on ! g5]al makeup ( _! eng9e1 ! next major decision 0 t ( j :at =m ! pr9cipal p>ts %\ld take1 ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ ! cyl9d]s & crankcase4 ,ev5 at ?is fairly e>ly date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e v>i\s successful arrangem5ts & comb9ations 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,individual cyl9d] con/ruction 0 by f> ! mo/ us$1 q probably due to its case ( manufacture & adaptability to *ange4 ,s9ce #d-;cyl9d] eng9es 7 j com+ into g5]al use 7a few production eng9es ( ?is type _h be5 utiliz$ z e>ly z #ahih71 !re 7 few examples ( en-bloc or "o-piece con/ruction4 ,! orig9al ,g]man ,daiml] ,company und\bt$ly 0 at ?is "t ! lead] 9 ! developm5t ( high-output int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 & 9 #aijb1 z an example ( :at 0 possible1 _h plac$ 9 s]vice "o t possibly approximat$ #dj hp1 :i* 0 an ,,mep ( #gj psi4 7,almo/ )\t exception1 quot$ p[] figures ( ?is p]iod 7 n demon/rat$ quantities b 7 bas$ on a =mula1 ( :i* ! only two factors 7 displacem5t & rpm47 ,! cyl9d]s ( ?is ,daiml] eng9e 7 ca/ iron1 ! cyl9d] b>rel1 head1 & wat] jacket be+ ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,! upp] "p ( ! b>rel & ! cyl9d] head 7 jacket$1 b1 surpris+ly1 ! bottom #fj p]c5t ( ! b>rel _h no cool+4 ,! cyl9d]s 7 ca/ 9 pairs & bolt$ to a two-piece alum9um case split at ! l9e ( ! crank%aft4 ,ignition 0 make-&-break & ! inlet valves 7 me*anically actuat$4 ,displacem5t 0 #dac cu 94 & ! rpm 0 #ajej4 ,al?\gh a few examples ( integral crankcase & wat] jacket comb9ations 7 9 use1 ! ,wrights 7 be+ some:at radical :5 !y decid$ to incorporate all f\r cyl9d]s 9 ! "o-piece con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly s9ce !y also propos$ to include ! entire crankcase & n j "o "p ( x4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ important decision t !y 7 requir$ to make on all ! v>i\s con/ruction details1 & probably ! "o giv5 ! mo/ /udy & inve/igation4 ,_m factors 7 involv$1 b fundam5tally ev]y?+ w5t back to _! ?ree basic requirem5ts3 suitability1 "t1 & co/4 ,!re 0 no obvi\s reason :y ! con/ruction w\ld n "w1 & x elim9at$ a v l>ge numb] ( individual p>ts & ! requir$ "t = procur+1 ma*9+1 & jo9+ !m4 ,probably "o v /rong argum5t 0 ! advanc$ /ate ( ! ca/+ art1 "o ( ! olde/ ( ! me*anical arts 9 exi/5ce & "o ! ,wrights us$ 9 _m places1 ev5 ?\gh o!r processes 7 available4 ,:at no d\bt weigh$ heavily 0 t ,dayton _h "s fir/-class f\ndries4 ,! ca/+1 ?\gh intricate & n ma*9able 9 _! own %op1 c\ld be easily h&l$ 9 "o t 0 well outfitt$4 ,! patt]n 0 fairly complex b app>5tly n en\gh to delay ! project or cause excessive co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 left side & re> views1 ) dim5sions4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ,h[ell ,*5ey ,te*nical ,s*ool47 ,,left ,,side ,,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,re> ,,view ,! selection ( alum9um = ! mat]ial 0 an integral "p ( ! basic design decision4 ,despite ! excell5ce & accuracy ( ! ca/+s t c\ld be obta9$1 !re 0 nev]!less a m9imum dim5sion beyond :i* wall ?ickness c\ld n be r$uc$2 & ! use ( ei!r "o ( ! two o!r prov5 mat]ials1 ca/ iron or bronze1 w\ld h made ! body1 z !y call$ x1 prohibitively heavy4 ,! use ( alum9um 0 n entirely novel at ?is "t1 z x _h be5 utiliz$ 9 _m automobile eng9e p>ts1 p>ticul>ly crankcases2 b its incorporation 9 ?is r uncommon comb9ation repres5t$ a bold /ep4 ,!re 0 no *oice 9 ! matt] ( ! alloy to be us$1 ! only prov5 "o available 0 an #h p]c5t copp] #ib p]c5t alum9um comb9ation4 ,by means ( ! prop] webs1 brackets & bosses1 ! crankcase w\ld also c>ry ! crank%aft1 ! rock] arms & be>+s1 & ! intake manifold4 ,! op5 section ( ! case at ! top 0 cov]$ ) a screw-fa/5$ ?9 %eet ( cold-roll$ /eel4 ,! ma9 be>+ bosses 7 split at a #de deg4 angle = ease ( assembly4 ,! eng9e support & fa/5+ 7 provid$ by f\r feet1 or lugs1 ca/ integral on ! bottom corn]s ( ! case1 & by accompany+ bolts 7,figure #b74 ,al?\gh ! crankcase cont9u$ to be pretty mu* ! body ( ! int]nal combu/ion aircraft eng9e ?r\gh\t its life1 ! ,wrights manag$ to incorporate 9 ?is orig9al "p a major portion ( ! ov]all eng9e1 & c]ta9ly f> m ?an _h ev] previ\sly be5 includ$4 ,! design ( ! cyl9d] b>rel pres5t$ fairly simple problems involv+ n mu* m ?an ^? ( keep+ ! sections z ?9 z possible & devis+ means ( fa/5+ x & ( keep+ ! wat] jacket tight4 ,!y sav$ consid]able weight by mak+ ! b>rel q %ort1 s t 9 op]ation a l>ge "p ( ! pi/on ext5d$ bel[ ! bottom ( x2 b ?is c\ld be accept$1 z !re 7 no r+s bel[ ! pi/on p9 7,figure #f74 ,! b>rel mat]ial1 a good grade ( ca/ iron1 0 an almo/ automatic *oice4 ,9 connection ) ^! seem+ly pr$et]m9$ decisions1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t _! goal 0 an eng9e :i* w\ld "w )\t long-"t developm5t1 & t1 ) no previ\s exp]i5ce 9 lightweight con/ruction to guide !m !y 7 nev]!less compell$ to meet a weight limit1 s t ! ?ickness ( e wall & flange & ! l5g? ( e ?read 0 important4 ,) ! sep>ate cyl9d] b>rel !y 7 n[ almo/ committ$ to a ?ree-piece cyl9d]4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible to comb9e ! b>rel & head 9 a "o-piece ca/+ & !n devise a me?od ( atta*m5t1 b ?is w\ld h be5 m complex & c]ta9ly heavi]4 ,= h\s+ ! valves1 :at 0 9 effect a sep>ate cyl9drical1 or tubul>1 box 0 decid$ ^u4 ,?is w\ld lie across ! top ( ! cyl9d] prop] at "r angles to ! cyl9d] axis1 & ! two valves w\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! two ends ( ?is box4 ,! cyl9d] b>rel w\ld be br\ght 9 at its head end to =m a portion ( ! cyl9d] head & !n ext5d$ along its axis 9 ! =m ( a fairly l>ge boss1 a mat+ boss be+ provid$ on "o side ( ! valve box4 ,! cyl9d] b>rel w\ld !n be ?read$ into ! valve box & ! :ole tight5$ or fa/5$ to ! crankcase by means ( two sets ( ?reads1 "o at ea* end ( ! b>rel prop]4 ,?is meant t ?ree jo9ts _h to be made tight ) only two sets ( ?reads4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by accurate ma*9+ & possibly ev5 h& fitt+ 9 comb9ation ) a r ?ick gasket at ! head end1 "o flat ( :i* bore aga9/ two diff]5t surfaces4 ,?is c be se5 9 ,figure #f1 :]e ! circul> flange on ! valve box contacts bo? ! crankcase & ! cyl9d] b>rel4 ,altoge!r x 0 a simple1 light1 & +5i\s solution to a r complex problem4 ,at ?is po9t ! "q arises3 ,:y 0 ! eng9e lay\t su* t ! exhau/ took place close to ! op]ator's e>s8 ,x w\ld h be5 possible1 />t+ ) ! orig9al design1 to turn ! eng9e ar\nd s t ! exhau/ 0 on ! o!r side4 ,?is w\ld h little effect on ! location ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 & ! two ma9 drive *a9s w\ld !n h be5 ( m equal l5g?4 ,h[ev]1 ( ! _m factors involv$1 probably "o ( ! pr9cipal consid]ations 9 arriv+ at _! f9al decision 0 ! location ( ! sp>k-advance control1 :i* 0 9 effect ! only control !y _h ( eng9e output1 except = complete %ut(f4 ,9 _! design ?is 0 imm$iately adjac5t to ! op]ator2 ) a turn$-ar\nd eng9e1 an ext5sion control me*anism ( "s sort w\ld h be5 requir$4 ,! noise ( ! exhau/ app>5tly became ( "s conc]n to !m1 z ,orville's di>y 9 e>ly #aijd conta9s an entry ) a sket* label$ ,design = ,muffl] = ,eng9e1 b !re is no fur!r comm5t4 ,! problem ( keep+ jo9ts tight1 & = t matt] ! entire con/ruction itself1 7 bo? greatly simplifi$ by _! decision to wat]-jacket only a "p ( ! cyl9d] head prop]1 & ! valve box n at all4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly ! correct decision = _! imm$iate purpose1 z aga9 !y 7 effect+ sav+s 9 "t1 co/1 complexity1 & weight4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! record1 h[ev]1 to %[ :y !y cont9u$ ?is practice long aft] !y _h advanc$ to mu* great] p[] outputs & long] flight times4 ,_! own /atem5ts %[ t !y 7 well aw>e ( ! effect ( ! v hot cyl9d] head on p[] output & !y mu/ also h realiz$ its influ5ce on exhau/-valve temp]ature4 ,! cyl9d] assembly 0 made some:at m complicat$ by _! desire to oil ! pi/on & cyl9d] by means ( holes ne> ! crank%aft end 9 :at 01 ) ! eng9e 9 ! horizontal position1 ! upp] side ( ! cyl9d] b>rel4 ,?is complication 0 no d\bt tak5 c>e ( by n drill+ ! holes until a tight assembly _h be5 made by screw+ ! b>rel into place1 & by m>k+ ! desir$ location on ! b>rel4 ,s9ce ?is position 0 det]m9$ by a metal-to-metal jam fit ( ! crankcase & cyl9d] b>rel flange1 ! b>rel w\ld reassemble ) ! holes 9 v ne>ly ! same relative position aft] disassembly4 ,) ! valve box1 or h\s+1 cyl9drical1 ! task ( lock+ & fa/5+ ! intake & exhau/ valve guides & seats 9 place 0 easy4 ,! guide 0 made integral ) & 9 ! c5t] ( "o end ( a circul> cage1 ! o!r end ( :i* conta9$ ! valve seat 7see ,figure #e74 ,f\r sections 7 cut out ( ! circul> wall ( ! cage s t 9 effect ! seat & guide 7 jo9$ by f\r n>r[ legs1 ! spaces betwe5 :i* provid$ passages = ! fl[ ( ! cyl9d] gases4 ,^! cages 7 !n dropp$ into ! ends ( ! valve boxes until !y came up aga9/ ma*9$ %\ld]s & 7 held 9 place by int]nal r+ nuts screw$ into ! valve box4 ,! intake manifold or passage 0 plac$ ov] ! intake valves s t ! intake *>ge fl[$ directly into & ?r\gh ! valve cage ar\nd ! op5 valve & into ! cyl9d]4 ,! exhau/ gas1 aft] fl[+ ?r\gh ! passages 9 ! valve cage1 0 dis*>g$ directly to ! atmosph]e ?r\gh a s]ies ( holes ma*9$ 9 "o side ( ! valve box4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 assembly4 7,phantom cutaway by ,j4 ,h4 ,cl>k1 ) key1 c\rtesy ,a]oplane47 ,,key #a & #b4 ,be>+ caps 9 "o piece ) plate #c4 #c4 ,plat$ screw$ ov] hole #d 9 crankcase end4 #d4 ,key-%ap$ hole z hole #e 9 int]m$iate ribs4 #f4 ,int]-be>+s cap 7:ite-metal l9$7 & screw$ to int]-rib halves #g4 #h4 ,spla%-drip fe$ to be>+s4 #i4 ,return to pump f ea* comp>tm5t ( crankcase base 7sump7 via gall]y #aj & pipe to pump #aa und]nea? jacket4 #ab4 ,oil fe$ f pump via rubb] tube #ac4 #ac4 ,drip fe$s to cyl9d]s & pi/ons4 #ad4 ,ge> drive to pump4 #ae4 ,big-end nuts1 lock-/rip1 & %ims4 #af4 ,gudgeon-p9 lock4 #ag4 ,pi/on-r+ reta9] pegs4 #ah4 ,cyl9d] l9] screw+ into jacket4 #ai4 ,op5-end$ c admits air4 #bj4 ,fuel supply4 #ba4 7,hot7 side ( wat] jacket makes surface c>burett]4 #bb4 ,sp>k+ plug 7compris+ positive electrode #bc & sp>k-produc+ make-&-break #bd74 #be4 ,lev] atta*$ to lev] #bf via be>+ #bg screw$ into *amb] neck #bh4 #bf4 ,lev]s ) ma9spr+ #bi & int]-spr+ #cj1 & rock$ by cam #ca4 #ca4 ,cam ) ano!r alongside 7= adjac5t cyl9d]74 #cb4 ,positive busb> fe$ to all f\r cyl9d]s4 #cc4 ,assembly reta9+-r+s4 #cd4 ,seal+ disc4 #ce4 ,exhau/ outlet ports4 #cf4 ,cam%aft "r along on und]side ( jacket & also driv+ oil pump #aa via #ad4 #cg4 ,spr+-load$ slid+ p9ion drives make-&-break %aft #ch ?r\gh peg 9 incl9$ slot #ci4 #dj4 ,cam to pu% p9ion #cg along & s alt] its angul> relation ) %aft #ch 7to v>y tim+74 #da4 ,exhau/-valve cams be> on roll]s #db m\nt$ 9 end ( rock]-arms #dc4 #dd4 ,g5]ator float+ coils4 #de4 ,friction-drive (f fly:eel4 #df4 ,sight-fe$ lubricator 7on /ation>y sleeve74 #dg4 ,h>dwood *a9 t5sion]4 ,! intake & exhau/ valves 7 id5tical & ( two-piece con/ruction1 ) ! /ems screw$ tightly into & ?r\gh ! heads & ! protrud+ ends !n pe5$ ov]4 ,?is con/ruction 0 n novel1 hav+ _h mu* usage beh9d x1 & x cont9u$ = a long "t 9 bo? automobile & aircraft practice4 ,"o-piece ca/ & =g$ valves 7 available b "h aga9 x 0 a *oice ( ! quick1 *eap1 & prov5 answ]4 ,! entire valve sy/em1 includ+ guides & seats1 0 ( ca/ iron1 a favorite mat]ial ( ! ,wrights1 except = ! valve /ems1 :i* 71 at diff]5t times1 ( v>i\s c>bon /eels4 ,ord9>y cold-roll$ app>5tly 0 us$ 9 ^? ( ! orig9al eng9e1 b 9 lat] eng9es ?is 0 *ang$ to a high-c>bon /eel4 ,! pi/on design pres5t$ no difficulty4 ,9 "s measure ?is 0 due to ! rem>kable simil>ity t seems to h exi/$ among all ! diff]5t eng9es ( ! "t 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is p>ticul> "p1 =1 al?\gh !re 7 "s major v>iations1 x 01 9 fact1 almo/ z if "s /&>d _h be5 adopt$4 ,pi/ons all 7 ( ca/ iron & comp>atively q long 7x 0 a numb] ( ye>s be=e !y evolv$ into ! %ort ones ( mod]n practice72 !y 7 almo/ inv>iably equipp$ ) ?ree wide pi/on r+s betwe5 ! pi/on p9 & ! head2 &1 al?\gh !re 7 9 exi/5ce a few pi/ons ) f\r r+s1 no oil wip] or o!r r+ seems to h be5 plac$ bel[ ! pi/on p94 ,! ,wrights' pi/on 0 typical ( ! "t1 ) ! r+s p9n$ 9 ! grooves to prev5t turn+ & ! pi/on p9 lock$ 9 ! pi/on ) a setscrew4 ,9 design+ ?is fir/ eng9e !y 71 h[ev]1 app>5tly some:at unsure ab\t ?is latt] feature1 z !y provid$ ! rod ) a split little end & a clamp+ bolt 7see ,figure #f71 s t ! p9 c\ld be held 9 ! rod if desir$2 b no examples ( ?is use h be5 enc\nt]$4 ,! ,wrights' selection ( an automatic or suction-op]at$ inlet valve 0 entirely logical4 ,me*anically op]at$ inlet valves 7 9 use & _! hi/ory w5t back _m ye>s1 b ! great majority ( ! eng9es ( t "t /ill _h ! automatic type1 & ) ?is con/ruction "o complete set ( valve-op]at+ me*anisms 0 elim9at$4 ,!y 7 well aw>e ( ! loss ( volumetric effici5cy inh]5t 9 ?is valve1 & app>5tly w5t to "s pa9s to obta9 f x ! be/ p]=mance possible4 ,speak+ ( ! fir/ eng9e1 ,orville ,wright wrote1 ,s9ce putt+ 9 heavi] spr+s to actuate ! valves on our eng9e we h increas$ its p[] to ne>ly #af hp & at ! same "t r$uc$ ! am\nt ( gasol9e consum$ p] h\r to ab\t "o-half ( :at x 04#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,assum+ a ri* mixture1 consumption ( all ! air1 & an airbrake !rmal effici5cy ( #bd4ej = ! orig9al eng9e1 ! approximate volumetric effici5cy ( ! cyl9d] is calculat$ to h be5 j "u #dj4 ,:y !y cont9u$ ) ?is =m on _! lat] eng9es is a "q a little m difficult to answ]1 z !y 7 !n seek+ m & m p[] & 7 build+ l>g] eng9es4 ,! advantages ( simplicity & a r$uc$ numb] ( p>ts /ill exi/$1 b !re also 0 a sizable p[] increase to be _h :i* possibly w\ld h m ?an balanc$ (f ! increas$ co/ & weight4 ,!y did n utilize me*anical op]ation until aft] a major r$esign ( _! la/ eng9e model4 ,v possibly ! answ] lies 9 ! ph5om5on ( fuel detonation4 ,?is 0 only beg9n+ to be und]/ood 9 ! late #aibjs1 & x is q evid5t f _! writ+s t !y _h little k ( :at made a good fuel 9 ?is respect4 ,x is fairly c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y did "k ( ! exi/5ce ( cyl9d] knock1 or detonation1 & p>ticul>ly t ! compression ratio _h a major effect on x4 ,! ratios !y utiliz$ on _! diff]5t eng9es v>i$ consid]ably1 rang+ f :at1 = t "t1 0 m$ium to :at 0 relatively high4 ,! orig9al flight eng9e _h a compression ratio ( #d4d3a4 ,! la/ ( _! s]vice eng9es _h a compression ratio ab\t tw5ty p]c5t "u t ( ! previ\s s]ies--a cle> indication t !y consid]$ t !y _h previ\sly gone too high4 ,q possibly !y conclud$ t increas+ ! am\nt ( ! cyl9d] *>ge seem$ to br+ on detonation1 & t ! complication ( ! me*anical inlet valve 0 !re=e n w>rant$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc1 cross section4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london47 ,! cam%aft = ! exhau/ valves 7#aja1 ,figure #f71 0 *a9 driv5 f ! crank%aft & 0 c>ri$ along ! bottom ( ! crankcase 9 ?ree babbit-l9$ be>+s 9 be>+ boxes or lugs ca/ integral ) ! case4 ,bo? ! driv+ *a9 & ! sprockets 7 /&>d bicycle p>ts1 & a numb] ( bicycle ?read /&>ds & o!r items ( bicycle practice 7 incorporat$ 9 sev]al places 9 ! eng9e1 eas+ _! con/ruction task4 ,! %aft itself1 ( mild c>bon /eel1 0 holl[ & on ea* side ( an end be>+ sweat$-on wa%]s provid$ %\ld]s to locate x longitud9ally4 ,its location adjac5t to ! valves1 ) ! cam op]at+ directly on ! rock] arm1 elim9at$ pu% rods & att5dant p>ts1 a major economy4 ,! cams 7 ma*9$ z sep>ate p>ts & !n sweat$ onto ! %aft4 ,_! %ape %[s ! pr9cipal conc]n 9 ! design to h be5 obta9+ maximum valve capacity--t is1 a q rapid op5+ ) a long dwell4 ,?is app>5t desire to get rid ( ! exhau/ gas quickly is manife/$ aga9 9 ! alacrity ) :i* !y adopt$ a pi/on-controll$ exhau/ port imm$iately !y _h really ma/]$ flight & 7 contemplat+ m p[]ful & m durable eng9es4 ,?is maximum-capacity !ory ( valve op]ation1 ) its neglect ( accel]ation =ces & seat+ velocities1 may well h be5 at lea/ p>tially if n l>gely ! cause ( _! exhau/-valve tr\bles & ! seem+ly disproportionate am\nt ( developm5t !y devot$ to ?is "p1 z report$ by ,*5[e?1 al?\gh x is also true t ! exhau/ valve cont9u$ to pres5t a problem 9 ! aircraft pi/on eng9e = a great _m ye>s aft]1 ev5 ) ! mo/ sci5tific ( cam designs4 ,! rock] arm 7#ajb1 ,figure #f7 is probably ! be/ example ( a small "p :i* met all ( _! _m specific requirem5ts ) an extreme ( simplicity4 ,x consi/$ ( two id5tical side pieces1 or walls1 ( %eet /eel %ap$ to ! desir$ side cont\r ( ! assembly1 9 :i* 7 drill$ ?ree holes1 "o 9 ea* end1 to c>ry ! roll] axles1 & ! ?ird 9 ! approximate middle = ! rock] axle %aft prop]4 ,?is consi/$ ( a piece ( solid rod position$ by cott] p9s 9 ea* end outside ! side walls 7see ,figure #e74 ,! assembly 0 made by rivet+ ov] ! ends ( ! roll] axles s t ! walls 7 held tightly aga9/ ! %\ld]s on ! axles1 ?us provid+ ! correct cle>ance = ! roll]s4 ,! con/ruction 0 s light & s]viceable t x 0 ess5tially c>ri$ ov] to ! la/ eng9e ! ,wrights ev] built4 ,! basic intake manifold 7see ,figure #e7 consi/$ ( a v l[ flat box ( %eet /eel :i* ran across ! tops ( ! valve boxes & 0 directly connect$ to ! top ( ea* ( !m s t ! cages1 & ?us ! valves1 7 op5 to ! int]ior ( ! manifold4 ,?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side t[>d ! eng9e ! manifold 0 connect$ to a flat induction *amb] 7#ba1 ,figure #e7 :i* s]v$ to vaporize ! fuel & mix x ) ! incom+ air4 ,?is *amb] 0 =m$ by screw-fa/5+ a piece ( %eet /eel to v]tical ribs ca/ integral ) ! crankcase1 ! crankcase wall itself ?us =m+ ! bottom ( ! *amb]4 ,a bead$ %eet-/eel cyl9d] resembl+ a c 7#gc1 ,figure #f7 b op5 at bo? ends 0 fa/5$ upright to ! top ( ?is *amb]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ else1 ?is c c\ld be call$ ! c>buretor1 z a fuel supply l9e ent]$ ! cyl9d] ne> ! top & dis*>g$ ! fuel into ! incom+ air /ream1 bo? ! fuel & air !n go+ directly into ! mix+ *amb]4 ,! c 0 atta*$ ne> "o corn] ( ! *amb]1 & v]tical baffles1 also ca/ integral ) ! case1 7 s locat$ t ! incom+ mixture 0 =c$ to circulate ov] ! entire area ( expos$ crankcase inside ! *amb] be=e x rea*$ ! outlet to ! manifold prop]1 ! hot surface vaporiz+ t "p ( ! fuel /ill liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--;,fir/ flight eng9e1 #aijc3 cyl9d]1 valve box1 & ge> me*anism2 bel[1 miscellane\s p>ts4 7,photos c\rtesy ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london1 & ,l\is ,p4 ,*ri/man47 ,fuel 0 gravity f$ to ! c ?r\gh copp] & rubb] tub+ f a tank fa/5$ to a /rut1 sev]al feet above ! eng9e4 ,( ! two valves plac$ 9 ! fuel l9e1 "o 0 a simple on-(f %ut(f cock & ! o!r a type ^: op5+ c\ld be regulat$4 ,! latt] 0 adju/$ to supply ! correct am\nt ( fuel "u ! desir$ flight op]at+ condition2 ! %ut(f cock 0 us$ = />t+ & /opp+4 ,! rate ( fuel supply to ! eng9e w\ld decrease z ! level 9 ! fuel tank dropp$1 b z ! head be+ utiliz$ 0 a matt] ( sev]al feet & ! height ( ! supply tank a matt] ( in*es1 ! fuel-air ratio 0 /ill ma9ta9$ well )9 ! range t w\ld ignite & burn prop]ly 9 ! contemplat$ "o-p[] condition ( _! flight op]ation4 ,?is arrangem5t is "o ( ! be/ ( ! _m illu/rations ( h[ by ! use ( =esight & +5uity ! ,wrights met ! *all5ge ( a complex requirem5t ) a simple device1 = :ile c>buretors 7 n 9 ! p]fect$ /age lat] atta9$1 q good ones t w\ld bo? control p[] output & supply a fairly con/ant fuel-air mixture ov] a range ( op]at+ conditions 7 available1 b !y 7 complex1 heavy1 & exp5sive4 ,! arrangem5t1 moreov]1 secur$ at no co/ a good vaporiz]1 or mod]n hot spot4 ,9 _! subsequ5t eng9es !y took ! control ( ! fuel met]+ away f ! regulat+ valve & gravity tank comb9ation & sub/itut$ an eng9e-driv5 fuel pump :i* provid$ a fuel supply be>+ a fairly close relation%ip to eng9e spe$4 ,! reasons beh9d selection ( ! type ( ignition us$1 & ! consid]ations ent]+ into ! decision1 are op5 to speculation1 z are ^? conc]n+ _m o!r elem5ts t ev5tually made up ! eng9e4 ,bo? ! high-t5sion sp>k plug & l[-t5sion make-&-break sy/ems _h be5 9 wide use = _m ye>s1 ) ! latt] con/itut+ ! majority 9 #aijb4 ,bo? 7 s]viceable & !re=e acceptable1 & bo? requir$ a magneto4 ,! art ( ! sp>k plug 0 9 a s5se esot]ic 7to a c]ta9 ext5t x s rema9s to ?is day71 b ! sp>k-plug sy/em did involve a mu* simpl] comb9ation ( p>ts3 9 addition to ! plug & magneto !re w\ld be ne$$ only a tim]1 or di/ributor1 toge!r ) coils & po9ts1 or "s sub/itute arrangem5t4 ,! make-&-break sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 requir$ = ea* cyl9d] :at 0 physically ! equival5t ( a sp>k plug1 t is1 a mov+ arm & contact po9t inside ! cyl9d]1 a spr+-load$ snap me*anism to break ! contact outside ! cyl9d]1 & a cam%aft & cams to actuate ! break] me*anism at ! prop] "t4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! ,wrights appli$ x1 ! sy/em requir$ dry cells & a coil = />t+1 al?\gh ^! did n accompany ! eng9e 9 flight4 ,& f9ally !re 0 ! problem ( keep+ tight ! jo9t :]e ! oscillat+ %aft requir$ to op]ate ! mov+ po9t 9 ! sp>k plug ent]$ ! cyl9d]4 ,?is is "o ( ! few occasions1 if n ! only "o1 :5 ! ,wrights *ose ! m complex solution 9 connection ) a major "p--9 ?is p>ticul> case1 "o ) f> m bits & pieces4 ,h[ev]1 x did c>ry ) x "s q major advantages4 ,! common sp>k plug1 always subject to f\l+ or failure to function because ( a decreas$ gap1 0 n v reliable ov] a l5g?y p]iod1 & 0 und\bt$ly mu* m s 9 ^? days :5 control ( ! am\nt ( oil inside ! cyl9d] 0 n at all exact4 ,make-&-break po9ts1 on ! o!r h&1 7 unaffect$ by excess oil 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,because ( ?is resi/ance to f\l+1 ! sy/em 0 p>ticul>ly suitable = use ) ! compression-release me?od ( p[] control :i* !y lat] utiliz$1 al?\gh !y probably c\ld n h be5 look+ t f> ahead at ! "t !y *ose x4 ,high-t5sion curr5t has always1 & rightfully s1 be5 ?\ght ( z a tr\blemak] 9 s]vice2 9 ,beaumont's #aijj edition ( ,motor ,vehicles & ,motors1 :i* seems to h be5 te*nically ! be/ volume ( its "t1 ! editor pr$ict$ t l[-t5sion make-&-break ignition w\ld ultimately sup]s$e all o!r me?ods4 ,& f9ally1 ! l>ge numb] ( small p>ts requir$ = ! make-&-break sy/em c\ld all be made 9 ! ,wright ,bro!rs' %op or easily procur$1 & 9 ! end ?is 0 probably ! factor1 plus reliability1 t det]m9$ ! decision :i*1 all ?+s consid]$1 0 ! correct "o4 ,!re 0 no?+ exceptional ab\t ! exact =m ! ,wrights devis$4 ,x display$ ! usual ref9$ simplicity 7! cams 7 made ( a s+le small piece ( /rip /eel b5t to %ape & clamp$ to ! ignition cam%aft ) a simple self-lock+ screw71 & lightness4 ,! ignition cam%aft 7#ch1 ,figure #e71 a piece ( small-diamet] b> /ock1 0 locat$ on ! same side z ! exhau/ valve cam%aft1 approximately midway betwe5 x & ! valve boxes1 & 0 op]at$ by ! exhau/ cam%aft ?r\gh spur ge>+4 ,t ! ,wrights 7 ?9k+ ( some?+ beyond m]e hops or %ort flights is %[n by ! fact t ! ignition po9ts 7 plat9um-fac$1 :]eas ev5 s(t iron w\ld h be5 satisfactory = ! duration ( all _! fly+ = _m ye>s4 ,! control ( ! sp>k tim+ 0 effect$ by advanc+ or ret>d+ ! ignition cam%aft 9 relation to ! exhau/ valve cam%aft4 ,! spur ge> 7#cg1 ,figure #e7 driv+ ! ignition cam%aft _h its hub on "o side ext5d$ out to provide :at 0 9 effect a sleeve ar\nd ! cam%aft integral ) ! ge>4 ,! ge> & integral sleeve 7 slidable on ! %aft & ! sleeve at "o place 7#ci1 ,figure #e7 0 completely slott$ ?r\gh to ! %aft at an angle ( #de deg4 to ! longitud9al axis ( ! %aft4 ,! %aft 0 driv5 by a p9 tightly fitt$ 9 x & ext5d+ into ! slot4 ,! =e-&-aft position ( ! sleeve on ! %aft 0 det]m9$ by a lev]-op]at$ cam 7#dj1 ,figure #e7 on "o side & a spr+ on ! o!r4 ,! movem5t ( ! sleeve along ! %aft w\ld cause ! %aft to rotate 9 relation to x because ( ! angle ( ! slot1 ?us provid+ ! desir$ v>iation 9 tim+ ( ! sp>k4 ,! magneto 0 a pur*as$ item driv5 by means ( a friction :eel contact+ ! fly:eel1 & sev]al diff]5t makes 7 us$ lat]1 b ! orig9al is indicat$ to h be5 a ,mill]-,knoblock 7see ,figure #e74 ,! connect+ rod is ano!r example ( h[1 seem+ly )\t tr\ble1 !y 7 able to meet ! basic requirem5ts !y _h set = !mselves4 ,x consi/$ ( a piece ( seamless /eel tub+ ) ea* end fa/5$ into a phosphor-bronze ca/+1 ^! ca/+s compris+ ! big & little ends1 drill$ ?r\gh to make ! be>+s 7,see ,figures #e & #f74 ,x 0 /rong1 /iff & light4#ac ,=g$ rods 7 9 r wide use at ! "t & at lea/ "o exi/+ eng9e ev5 _h a =g$ ,i-beam section design t 0 tap]$ d[n f big to little end4 ,! ,wrights' rod 0 obta9$ 9 little m "t ?an x took to make ! simple patt]ns = ! two ends4 ,! weight 0 easily controll$1 no be>+ l9]s 7 necess>y1 & a v m9imum ( ma*9+ 0 requir$4 ,conc]n+ ! big-end mat]ial1 !re exi/s a contradiction 9 ! records3 ,bak]1 ^: data are g5]ally mo/ accurate1 /ates t ^! 7 babbit$1 b ?is mu/ be 9 error1 z ! exi/+ eng9e has /raight bronze ca/+s )\t babbit+1 & !re is no record1 or draw+1 or o!r indication ( ! be>+s hav+ be5 o!rwise4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a r ?or\gh /ress analysis ( ! rod %[s x to comp>e v favorably ) mod]n practice4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an indicator c>d = ! #aijc eng9e1 if a maximum gas pressure ( five times ! ,,mep is assum$1 ! yield-t5sion factor ( safety is measurably high] ?an t ( two designs ( pi/on eng9es /ill 9 wide s]vice1 & ! column factor ( safety only slightly less4 ,! %e> /resses 9 ! braz$ & ?read$ jo9ts are s l[ z to be negligible4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( assembl+ ! rod 7 us$4 ,at "o "t ! tube ends 7 screw$ into ! bronze ca/+s & p9n$1 & at ano!r ! ends 7 p9n$ & sold]$4 ,!re is an indication t at "o "t sold]+ & ?reads 7 us$ 9 comb9ation4 ,"o ( ! _m conflicts betwe5 ! two prim>y sets ( draw+s exi/s at ?is po9t4 ,! ,smi?sonian draw+s %[ ! use at ea* end ( adapt]s betwe5 ! rod & end ca/+s1 ! adapt]s be+ fir/ screw$ into ! ca/+s & p9n$ & !n braz$ to ! inside ( ! tube4 ,! ,sci5ce ,museum draw+s %[ ! tube section ?read$ & screw$ into ! ca/+s4 ,! direct screw assembly me?od call$ = accurate ma*9+ & h& fitt+ 9 ord] to make ! ends ( ! tub+ jam aga9/ ! bottom ( ! ?read$ holes 9 ! ca/+s1 & at ! same "t h ! end be>+s prop]ly l9$ up4 ,! weakness ( ! basic design pat5tly lies 9 ! jo9ts4 ,x is an attempt to utilize :at 0 probably 9 ! beg9n+ a comb9ation five-piece assembly & lat] ?ree1 9 a v highly /ress$ "p :]e ! load 0 rev]s+4 ,x gave !m consid]able tr\ble f "t to "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9es1 & 0 ab&on$ = a =g$ ,i-beam section type 9 _! la/ eng9e model2 b x 0 nev]!less ! ideal solution = _! fir/ eng9e4 ,! crank%aft 0 made f a solid block ( relatively high c>bon /eel :i*1 aside f its bulk & ! major am\nt ( ma*9+ requir$1 pres5t$ no special problems4 ,x 0 heat-treat$ to a ma*9able h>dness be=e be+ work$ on1 b 0 n fur!r temp]$4 ,! design 0 an or?odox /raight p9 & *eek comb9ation &1 z previ\sly not$1 !re 7 no c\nt]weights to complicate ! ma*9+ or assembly4 ,a sizable be>+ 0 provid$ on ea* side ( ea* crank ( ! %aft1 :i* help$ r$uce ! /iffness requirem5t4 ,_! only s]i\s design consid]ation 0 to ma9ta9 ! desir$ /r5g? & /ill keep )9 weight limitations4 ,a fundam5tal t e pr(essional design] kn[s is t x is ) ?is p>ticul> sort ( "p t weight gets out ( control2 ev5 an additional #a_/af 941 if add$ 9 a few places1 c balloon ! weight4 ,) _! usual =esight & plann+1 ! ,wrights c>efully *eck$ & record$ ! weight ( ea* "p z x 0 f9i%$1 b ev5 ?is does n q expla9 h[ ^! two individuals1 inexp]i5c$ 9 multicyl9d] eng9es--mu* less 9 extra-light con/ruction--c\ld1 9 two mon?s1 br+ ?r\gh an eng9e :i* 0 bo? op]able & some:at light] ?an _! specification4 ,9 "o matt] x w\ld seem t !y 7 q =tunate4 ,! records are n complete1 b ) "o exception !re is no indication ( any *ronic or ev5 occasional crank%aft failure4 ,?is w\ld seem to %[ t x app>5tly nev] happ5$ t any ( _! designs came out su* t ! frequ5cy ( a vibrat+ =ce ( any magnitude occurr$ at ! natural frequ5cy ( ! %aft4 ,mu* lat]1 :5 ?is type ( vibration became und]/ood1 x 0 f\nd virtually impossible1 ) p[] outputs ( any magnitude1 to design an undamp5$ %aft1 )9 ! space & weight limitations exi/+ 9 an ord9>y eng9e1 /rong en\gh to )/& ! /ress g5]at$ :5 ! frequ5cy ( ! impos$ vibration approximat$ ! natural frequ5cy ( ! %aft4 ,! vibratory =ces 7 mo/ly relatively small 9 _! eng9es1 s t =c$ vibration probably 0 n enc\nt]$1 & ! op]at+ spe$ range ( ! eng9es 0 s limit$ t ! natural frequ5cy always fell outside ?is range4 ,! fly:eel 0 ab\t ! lea/ complex ( any ( _! eng9e p>ts & requir$ little /udi$ consid]ation1 al?\gh !y did h to balance its weight aga9/ ! magnitude ( ! explosion =ces :i* w\ld rea* ! p[] transmission *a9s1 ) _! complete lack ( rigidity1 a problem ab\t :i* !y 7 p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,! fly:eel 0 made ( ca/ iron & 0 bo? key$ to & %runk on ! %aft4 ,"s d\bt /ill exi/s ab\t ! exact me?od ( lubricat+ ! fir/ eng9e4 ,! unit pres5tly 9 ! airplane has a ge>-type oil pump driv5 by ! crank%aft ?r\gh a worm ge> & cross %aft1 & ! ,app5dix to ! ,pap]s /ates t x 0 lubricat$ by a small pump2 nev]!less ,bak] says1 aft] c>eful rese>*1 t despite ?is evid5ce1 x 0 n4 ,also1 ! draw+s prep>$ by ,*ri/man 7!y 7 comm5c$ "u ! sup]vision ( ,orville ,wright7 d n %[ ! oil pump4 ,9 ,m>* #aije ,wilbur ,wright wrote to ,*anute1 ,h[ev] we h add$ oil+ & fe$+ devices to ! eng9e 4442 b ?is c\ld possibly h ref]r$ to some?+ o!r ?an an oil pump4 ,b ev5 if a pump 0 n includ$ orig9ally1 its pres5ce 9 ! pres5t eng9e is easily expla9$4 ,breakage ( ! crankcase ca/+ caus$ ! retirem5t ( ?is eng9e1 :i* 0 n rebuilt until mu* lat]1 & ! patt]n = ?is "p _h no d\bt long s9ce be5 alt]$ to incorporate a pump4 ,x 0 !re=e easi] 9 rebuild+ to include ?an to omit ! pump1 ev5 ?\gh ?is requir$ ! addition ( a cross %aft & worm ge> comb9ation4 ,on lat] eng9es1 :5 ! pump 0 us$1 oil 0 c>ri$ to a small pipe1 runn+ along ! inside ( ! case1 :i* _h f\r small drill holes s locat$ z to ?r[ ! oil 9 a jet on ! high]1 ?ru/-load$ side ( ea* cyl9d]4 ,! rods _h a %>p scupp] on ! outside ( ! big end s plac$ z also to ?r[ ! oil on ?is same ?ru/ face4 ,"s scupp]s 7 drill$ ?r\gh to c>ry oil to ! rod be>+ & "s 7 n4 ,! fir/ eng9e 0 f9i%$ & assembl$ 9 ,febru>y #aijc & giv5 its fir/ op]at+ te/ on #bb ,febru>y4 ,! ,wrights 7 q pleas$ ) its op]ation1 & p>ticul>ly ) its smoo?ness4 ,_! fa!r1 ,bi%op ,wright1 0 ! record] ( _! satisfaction ov] its initial p]=mance1 b :at he not$ 0 probably ! aft]gl[ ( ! ineffable feel+ ( deep satisfaction t is ! rew>d t comes to e mak] ( a new eng9e :5 x fir/ comes to life & !n ?robs4 ,!y obta9$ #ac hp orig9ally3 lat] figures w5t z high z almo/ #af1 b z diff]5t eng9e spe$s 7 utiliz$ x is r difficult to settle on any s+le p[] figure4 ,! mo/ reali/ic is probably t giv5 9 ! ,pap]s z hav+ be5 atta9$ lat]1 aft] an accurate *eck _h be5 made ( ! p[] requir$ to turn a set ( propell]s at a giv5 rpm4 ,?is came out at approximately #ab hp1 ! design goal hav+ be5 #h4 ,foll[+ exactly ! proc$ure t exi/s to ?is day1 ! eng9e w5t ?r\gh an ext5d$ developm5t p]iod1 & x 0 ! end ( ,septemb] #aijc be=e x 0 tak51 ) ! airplane1 to ,kitty ,hawk :]e ! hi/oric flights1 :i* h _h su* a pr(\nd effect on ! lives ( all m51 7 made on #ag ,decemb] #aijc4 ,! ,eng9es ,) ,:i* ,!y ,ma/]$ ,! ,art ( ,fly+ ,two m eng9es ( ?is fir/ g5]al design 7 built b !y diff]$ some:at f ea* o!r z well z f ! orig9al4 ,toge!r ) a ?ird #h-;cyl9d] eng9e ^! 7 begun "r aft] ! fir/ ( ! ye> 9 #aijd1 %ortly aft] ! ,wrights' return f ,kitty ,hawk4 ,9 plann+ ! #h-;cyl9d] eng9e !y 7 aga9 only be+ =eh&$1 b consid]ably s1 9 provid+ m p[] = increas$ airplane p]=mance beyond t :i* might possibly be obta9$ f ! #d-;cyl9d] units4 ,progress ) ! #d-;cyl9d] eng9es 0 su* t !y fairly quickly conclud$ t ! #h-;cyl9d] size w\ld n be necess>y1 & x 0 ab&on$ be=e completion4 ,exactly h[ f> x 0 c>ri$ is n kn[n4 ,! record conta9s only a s+le note cov]+ ! f9al scrapp+ ( ! p>ts t _h be5 complet$2 & app>5tly !re 7 no draw+s1 s t ev5 its int5d$ appe>ance is n kn[n ) any exactness4 ,x 0 probably a #ij deg4 ,v-type us+ _! orig9al basic cyl9d] con/ruction4 ,! *anges c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! two #d-;cyl9d] eng9es 7 n major4 ,! wat]-cool$ area ( ! cyl9d] b>rel 0 increas$ by ne>ly t5 p]c5t b ! head rema9$ only p>tially cool$4 ,9 h9dsight1 ?is consi/5t avoidance ( complete cyl9d]-head cool+ pres5ts ! "o mo/ inexplicable ( ! m important design decisions !y made1 z x does n appe> logical4 ,9 ! orig9al eng9e1 :]e ! factors ( "t & simplicity 7 ( p>am\nt importance1 ?is made s5se1 b n[ !y 7 contemplat+ consid]ably increas$ p[] requirem5ts1 kn[+ ! effect ( temp]ature on bo? ! cyl9d] & ! weight ( cyl9d] *>ge1 & kn[+ t valve failure 0 "o ( _! mo/ tr\blesome s]vice problems4 ,nor does x seem t !y c\ld h be5 avoid+ complete cyl9d] cool+ ?r\gh fe> ( ! slightly increas$ complexity or ! difficulty ( keep+ ! wat] connections & jo9ts tight1 = !y _h fac$ a mu* m sev]e problem 9 _! fir/ eng9e1 :]e _! basic design requir$ t ?ree jo9ts be kept tight ) only two sets ( ?reads1 & _h r easily ma/]$ x2 s !re mu/ h be5 "s mu* m major b n easily disc]nible factor :i* gov]n$1 = !y /ill cont9u$ to use ! poorly cool$ head1 ev5 c>ry+ x ov] to _! next eng9e s]ies4 ,v probably !y did n "k ! effect on detonation ( a high-temp]ature fuel-*>ge4 ,"o ( ! new eng9es 0 int5d$ = use 9 _! future exp]im5tal fly+ & has become kn[n z ,no4 #b4 ,x _h a bore ( #d-a_/h 941 incorporat$ an oil pump1 & at "s "t %ortly aft] its con/ruction a fuel pump 0 add$4 ,! fuel pump 0 und\bt$ly int5d$ to provide a met]+ sy/em responsive to eng9e spe$ & possibly also to elim9ate ! small inh]5t v>iation 9 fl[ ( ! orig9al gravity sy/em4 ,?is eng9e incorporat$ a cyl9d] compression release device n on ! orig9al4 ,! exact reason or reasons = ! application ( ! compression release h n be5 det]m9$1 al?\gh ! record %[s x to h be5 utiliz$ = sev]al diff]5t purposes "u diff]5t op]at+ conditions4 ,:atev] ! motivation = its initial application1 x 0 app>5tly useful1 z x 0 reta9$ 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 subsequ5t eng9e models up to ! la/ #f-;cyl9d] design4 ,ess5tially x 0 a manually controll$ me*anism :]eby all ! exhau/ valves c\ld be held op5 z long z desir$1 ?us prev5t+ any normal *>ge intake or compression 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,its "o c]ta9 & common use 0 to facilitate />t+1 ! op5 exhau/ valves eas+ ! task ( turn+ ! eng9e ov] by h& & mak+ prim+ easy4 ,9 flight1 its op]ation _h ! effect ( completely %utt+ (f ! p[]4 ,! propell]s w\ld !n w9dmill & keep ! eng9e revolv+4 ,"o advantage /at$ = ?is me?od ( op]ation 0 t :5 p[] 0 requir$ & ! control releas$1 ! eng9e w\ld be at fairly high spe$1 s t full p[] 0 deliv]$ imm$iately fuel rea*$ ! eng9e4 ,x is also report$ to h be5 us$ bo? 9 mak+ normal l&+s & 9 em]g5cies1 :5 an in/ant p[] %utd[n 0 desir$4 ,al?\gh x is n cle> :e!r ! fuel %ut(f cock 0 int5d$ to be manipulat$ :5 ! compression release 0 us$ = any ( ^! reasons1 ov] ! _m ye>s ( its availability1 und\bt$ly at "o "t or ano!r e conceivable comb9ation ( op]at+ conditions ( ! v>i\s elem5ts 0 tri$4 ,because ( ! pump+ p[] requir$ ) at lea/ "o valve op5 dur+ e /roke1 ! w9dmill+ spe$ ( ! eng9e 0 probably less ?an ) any o!r me?od ( completely /opp+ p[] output1 b :e!r ?is diff]5ce 0 l>ge en\gh to be noticeable1 or 0 ev5 consid]$1 is d\btful4 ,s9ce a simple ignition swit* 0 all t 0 requir$ to /op ! p[] output1 reg>dless ( :e!r a fuel-control valve or a sp>k-advance control 0 us$1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! prim>y function ( ! compression release 0 to facilitate />t+1 & any o!r useful result 0 some?+ obta9$ at no co/4 ,! compression release 0 lat] g5]ally ab&on$1 & until ! adv5t ( ! me*anical />t] dur+ ! #aibjs1 />t+ an eng9e by pull+ ! propell] ?r\gh c\ld be a difficult task4 ,) ! ,wrights' demon/rat$ belief t frugality 0 a fir/ pr9ciple ( design1 x is h>dly conceivable t !y w\ld h accept$ = any o!r reason ! complication ( ! compression-release me*anism if a simple ignition swit* w\ld h suffic$4 ,! compression-release me*anism 0 kept relatively simple1 consid]+ :at x 0 requir$ to accompli%4 ,a small non-revolv+ %aft 0 locat$ directly "u ! rock] arm roll]s t actuat$ ! exhau/ valves4 ,f\r slidable /ops 7 plac$ on ?is %aft1 ea* 9 ! prop] location1 s t at "o extreme ( _! travel !y w\ld be directly und]nea? ! rock] roll] & at ! o!r extreme completely 9 ! cle>4 ,!y 7 position$ along ! %aft by a spr+ =c+ !m 9 "o direction aga9/ a %\ld] integral ) ! %aft1 & ! %aft 0 slidable 9 its be>+s1 its position be+ det]m9$ by a manually controll$ lev]4 ,:5 ! lev] 0 mov$ 9 "o direction ! spr+ pressure !n impos$ on ! /ops w\ld cause ea* ( !m to move "u ! correspond+ rock] roll] z ! exhau/ valve op5$1 ?us hold+ ! exhau/ valve 9 ! op5 position4 ,:5 ! %aft 0 mov$ 9 ! o!r direction ! coll> on ! %aft w\ld me*anically move ! /op f und]nea? ! roll]1 all[+ ! valve to return to normal op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,developm5t eng9e ,no4 #c1 #aijd-aijf1 %[+ auxili>y exhau/ port1 sep>ate "o-piece wat]-jacket block4 7,photo by au?or47 ,if ! #aijc eng9e is ! mo/ significant ( all t ! ,wrights built & flew1 !n c]ta9ly ! ,no4 #b unit 0 ! mo/ useful1 = x 0 _! sole p[] s\rce dur+ all _! fly+ ( #aijd & #aije &1 z !y affirm$1 x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t !y p]fect$ ! art1 progress+ f a %ort /raightaway flight ( #ei seconds to a flight controllable 9 all directions ) ! duration limit$ only by ! fuel supply4 ,x is to be greatly regrett$ t no complete log or record 0 kept ( ?is eng9e4 ,! ,wrights aga9 exhibit$ _! eng9e]+ ma/]y ( a novel basic situation :51 />t+ out to make flight a practical ?+1 !y provid$ eng9e ,no4 #c to be us$ = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,9 s do+ !y initiat$ a sy/em :i* cont9ues to be fundam5tal 9 ! art ( provid+ s]viceable aircraft eng9es to ?is day--"o t is exp5sive & "t consum+1 b = :i* no sub/itute has yet be5 f\nd4 ,_! two objectives 73 improvem5t 9 p]=mance & improvem5t 9 reliability1 & ! eng9e 0 op]at$ r cont9u\sly f e>ly #aijd until well into #aijf4 ,un=tunately1 aga91 no complete record exi/s ( ! _m *anges made & ! ideas te/$1 al?\gh occasional notes are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! di>ies & notebooks4 ,9 its pres5t =m--x is on exhibition at ! ,eng9e]s ,club 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio--! ,no4 #c eng9e embodies "o feature :i* became /&>d con/ruction on all ! ,wright #d-;cyl9d] models4 ,?is 0 ! addition ( a numb] ( holes 9 a l9e "p way ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d] b>rel s t !y 7 uncov]$ by ! pi/on at ! end ( its /roke t[>d ! %aft1 ?us becom+ exhau/ ports 7see ,figure #i74 ,?is arrangem5t1 al?\gh n entirely novel1 0 j beg9n+ to come into use1 & 9 its orig9al =m ! ports exhau/$ into a sep>ate *amb]1 :i* 9 turn 0 evacuat$ by means ( a me*anically op]at$ valve1 s t two exhau/ valves 7 ne$$ p] cyl9d]4 ,elim9ation ( ?is *amb] & ! valve arrangem5t is typical ( ! ,wrights' simplify+ proc$ure1 & x w\ld seem t !y 7 among ! v fir/ to use ?is =m4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,rank9 ,k5n$y1 ,fly+ ,ma*9es--,practice & ,design1 #aiji4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ! s*eme 0 to r$uce1 by ?is e>ly release & consequ5t pressure & temp]ature drop1 ! temp]ature ( ! exhau/ gases pass+ ! exhau/ valve1 ?is valve be+ "o ( _! ma9 s\rces ( me*anical tr\ble4 ,x is probable t ) ! automatic intake valves be+ us$ !re 0 also a slight effect 9 ! direction ( increas+ ! inlet *>ge1 al?\gh ) ! small area ( ! ports & ! %ort "t ( op5+1 ! am\nt ( ?is 0 c]ta9ly m9or4 ,) ! orig9al "o-piece crankcase & cyl9d] jacket con/ruction1 ! incorporation ( ?is auxili>y port+ 0 n easy1 b ?is difficulty 0 ov]come 9 ! developm5t eng9e by mak+ diff]5t ca/+s = ! crankcase itself & = ! cyl9d] jacket & sep>at+ !m by sev]al in*es1 s t room 0 provid$ betwe5 ! two = ! ports4 ,?is eng9e demon/rat$ ! mo/ p[] ( any ( ! flat #ds1 ev5tually rea*+ an output ( approximately #be hp1 :i* 0 ev5 some:at m ?an t develop$ by ! slightly l>g] #d-a_/h-;94-bore flight eng9e1 ) :i* #ba hp 0 n exce$$4 ,indicative ( ! developm5t t _h tak5 place1 ! p]=mance ( ! ,no4 #c eng9e 0 twice ! utiliz$ output ( ! orig9al eng9e ( ! same size1 an increase t 0 accompli%$ 9 a p]iod ( less ?an ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,wrights 7 only twice *>g$ ) hav+ plagi>iz$ o!rs' "w1 a some:at unusual record 9 view ( _! successes1 & bo? times app>5tly entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,a /atem5t 0 publi%$ t ! #aijc flight eng9e 0 a rework$ ,pope ,tol$o automobile unit1 & x 0 repeat$ 9 an ,engli% lecture on ! ,wright bro!rs4 ,?is 0 adequately refut$ by ,mc,farland b additionally1 x mu/ be not$1 !re 0 no ,pope ,tol$o company or c> :5 ! ,wright eng9e 0 built4 ,?is company1 an outgr[? ( ano!r :i* _h previ\sly manufactur$ "o-& two-cyl9d] automobiles1 0 =m$1 or re=m$1 & a ,pope lic5se arrangem5t ent]$ into dur+ ! ye> #aijc4 ,! o!r incid5t 0 connect$ ) ,:itehead's activities & designs4 ,:itehead 0 an e>ly exp]im5t] 9 fly+1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,wrights1 ^: r extraord9>y claims ( successful flight 7 publi%$ 9 ! #aija-aijc p]iod b receiv$ little att5tion until v mu* lat]4 ,8 fir/ eng9es 7 design$ by a clev] eng9e]1 ,anton ,pruckn]1 :o left at ! end ( #aija1 aft] :i* ,:itehead himself became solely responsible = !m4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! ,wrights visit$ ! ,:itehead plant 9 ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 & t ,wilbur rema9$ = sev]al days1 sp5d+ 8 "t 9 _! ma*9e %op4 ,?is 0 n only categorically d5i$ by ,orville ,wright :5 he he>d ( x b x is q obvi\s t ! #aijc or any o!r ( ! ,wright eng9e designs be>s little resemblance to ,pruckn]'s "w4 ,9 fact1 its pr9cipal design features are j ! opposite ( ,pruckn]'s1 :o utiliz$ v]tical cyl9d]s1 ! #b-/roke cycle1 & air-cool+1 :i* ,:itehead at "s po9t *ang$ to wat]-cool+4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,consid]able d\bt surr\nds ,:itehead's actual flight accompli%m5ts1 b ,pruckn]'s eng9es 7 c]ta9ly us$1 z sev]al 7 sold to e>ly pione]s1 includ+ ,*>les ,wittemann4 ,x is probable t ! specific p[] output 0 n v great1 = ! air-cool$ art ( ?is "t 0 n v advanc$ & ,pruckn] _h a r poor f9 design4 ,b ! *ange to wat] cool+ elim9at$ ?is tr\ble1 & ! eng9es 7 mo/ simple1 %\ld h be5 relatively q light1 & ) en\gh developm5t c\ld probably h be5 made into suffici5tly satisfactory fly+ units = t p]iod4 ,! ,f\r-,cyl9d] ,v]tical ,demon/ration ,eng9e & ! ,fir/ ,production ,eng9e ,9 #aijf1 :ile /ill do+ g5]al developm5t "w on ! flat exp]im5tal eng9e1 ! ,wrights />t$ two new eng9es1 & = ! fir/ "t ! bro!rs engag$ 9 sep>ate ef=ts4 ,"o 0 a modification ( ! old ones by ,wilbur & ! o!r1 an entirely new patt]n by ,orville4 ,!re is no record ( any ( ! features ( ,wilbur's project or :at 0 done 9 connection ) x4 ,two mon?s aft] ! exp]im5tal op]ation ( ! two designs began1 an entry 9 ,wilbur's di>y gives "s weight & p]=mance figures = ! #d x #d rebuilt horizontal1 & s9ce ,orville's design 0 v]tical ! data cle>ly ref] to ,wilbur's2 b s9ce ! output is giv5 only 9 te/-fan rpm x does n s]ve to indicate :at _h be5 accompli%$ & !re is no fur!r m5tion ( x4 ,orville's design became ! mo/ us$ ( any model !y produc$4 ,x saw !m ?r\gh ! ye>s f #aijf to #aiaa or #aiab1 :i* includ$ ! crucial ,european & ,unit$ ,/ates ,army demon/rations1 & m eng9es ( ?is model 7 manufactur$ ?an any ( _! o!rs includ+ _! lat] #f-;cyl9d]4 ,al?\gh its ance/ry is traceable to ! orig9al #aijc eng9e1 ! design =m1 p>ticul>ly ! ext]nal configuration1 0 consid]ably alt]$4 ,along ) _m individual p>ts x reta9$ ! basic conception ( f\r m$ium-size cyl9d]s position$ 9 l9e & driv+ ! propell]s ?r\gh two sprocket :eels4 ,f ! g5]al t5or ( ! record x w\ld seem1 despite !re be+ no specific indication1 t f ?is "t on ,orville s]v$ z ! lead] 9 eng9e design1 al?\gh ?is occurr$ ) no effect :atsoev] on _! f9ely balanc$1 exactly equal p>tn]%ip :i* endur$ until ,wilbur's dea? 9 #aiab4 ,! fir/ major *ange f ! #aijc design1 putt+ ! eng9e 9 an upright in/ead ( flat position1 0 probably done prim>ily to provide = a m9imum v>iation 9 ! location ( ! c5t] ( gravity ) & )\t a pass5g]4 ,:e!r or n x _h any influ5ce1 ! v]tical cyl9d] arrangem5t 0 becom+ pr$om9ant 9 automobile p[]plants by ?is "t1 & ! ,wright eng9es n[ began to resemble ?is prevail+ =m ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e--a basic =m t1 9 a wide v>iety ( uses1 0 to endure = a long "t4 ,ov] ! ye>s1 ! ,wrights seem to h made _m *anges 9 ! eng9e3 ! bore 0 v>i$ at diff]5t times1 rod assembly me?ods 7 alt]$1 & rod ends 7 *ang$ f bronze to /eel4 ,*5[e? /ates t on lat] eng9es an oil-control r+ 0 add$ on ! bottom ( ! pi/on1 necessitat+ a consid]able increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d] b>rel4 ,?is arrangem5t c\ld n h be5 consid]$ successful1 z x app>5tly 0 appli$ to only a limit$ numb] ( units & 0 n c>ri$ ov] to ! lat] #f-;cyl9d] eng9e model4 ,!re 0 mu* exp]im5tation ) cam %apes & mo/ probably v>iations ( ^! got into production4 ,) ! crankcase1 !y did n g all ! way to ! mod]n two-piece =m b in/ead reta9$ ! "o-piece con/ruction4 ,assembly 0 effect$ ?r\gh ! ends & a deta*able plate 0 provid$ on "o side = access to ! int]ior4 ,x is cle> t !y reg>d$ ?is ability to get at ! int]ior ( ! case )\t major disassembly z a valuable *>act]i/ic1 & lat] featur$ x 9 _! sales lit]ature4 ,!y 7 app>5tly will+ to accept ! resultant weak5+ ( ! case & cont9u$ ! con/ruction ?r\gh _! la/ eng9e model4 ,! integrally ca/ cyl9d] wat] jackets 7 ab&on$ & ! top ( ! crankcase 0 ma*9$ flat to provide a m\nt+ deck = individual cyl9d]s4 ,! use ( alum9um alloy 0 cont9u$1 & ! int]ior ( ! case 0 provid$ ) /r5g!n+ webs ( consid]able ?ickness1 toge!r ) support+ ribs4 ,! cam %aft 0 support$ directly 9 ! case4 ,! individual cyl9d] design 0 ( extreme simplicity1 a s+le iron ca/+ embody+ ev]y?+ except ! wat] jacket4 ,! valves seat$ directly on ! ca/-iron cyl9d] head & ! guides & ports 7 all conta9$ 9 an integral boss on top ( ! head4 ,! exhau/ valve location on ! side ( ! eng9e opposite ! pilot 0 a decid$ advantage ov] t ( ! #aijc design1 :]e ! exhau/ 0 t[>d ! pilot4 ,a f\r-corn]$ flange ne> ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] provid$ = fa/5+ x to ! crankcase1 & a ?read$ hole 9 ! top ( ! head receiv$ a v]tical eyebolt :i* s]v$ z ! rock]-arm support4 ,! cyl9d] 0 ma*9$ all ov]2 two flanges1 "o at ! bottom & ! o!r ab\t two-?irds ( ! way d[n provid$ ! surfaces aga9/ :i* ! wat] jacket 0 %runk4 ,! jacket 0 an alum9um ca/+ incorporat+ ! necess>y bosses & d\ble %runk on ! b>rel2 t is1 ! jacket itself 0 %runk on ! cyl9d]-b>rel flanges & !n /eel r+s 7 %runk on ! ends ( ! jacket ov] ! flanges4 ,! jacket ?ickness 0 r$uc$ by ma*9+ at ! ends1 mak+ a semigroove into :i* ! /eel %r9k r+s fitt$4 ,^! r+s insur$ ! ma9t5ance ( a tight jo9t despite ! t5d5cy ( ! alum9um jacket to exp& away f ! ca/-iron b>rel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--d-;,cyl9d] v]tical eng9e3 a1 magneto side2 b1 valve port side ) intake manifold remov$2 c1 fly:eel end ( eng9e at ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum1 ,dayton1 ,ohio2 d1 magneto side ) crankcase cov] remov$4 7,photos3 a1 ,smi?sonian ,a-#cggc2 b1 d1 ,pratt ,:itney ,d-#aejjc1 #aejjg2 c1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,rockwell47 ,:y ! "o-piece crankcase & cyl9d] jacket comb9ation ( ! #aijc eng9e 0 ab&on$ = ! individual cyl9d] con/ruction c only be surmis$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight 0 probably slight1 z ! inh]5t weight advantage ( ! orig9al crankcase ca/+ 0 l>gely (fset by ! relatively heavy valve boxes1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! total am\nt ( ma*9+ requir$1 because ( ! sep>ate valve boxes1 cages1 & atta*+ p>ts1 also 0 probably slight4 ,al?\gh ! crankcase _h %[n itself to be /ructurally weak1 ?is c\ld h be5 c>$ = by prop] /r5g!n+4 ,! #aijc design did h "s fundam5tal disadvantages3 x requir$ a fairly complex patt]n & exp5sive ca/+1 plus "s difficult ma*9+1 "p ( :i* _h to be v accurate 9 ord] to ma9ta9 bo? gas & wat] jo9ts tight2 & ! failure ( any "o cyl9d] t affect$ ! jacket meant a complete crankcase replacem5t4 ,x seems probable t a *ange 0 initially made m&atory by _! int5tion to utilize ! port$ exhau/ feature1 ! value ( :i* !y _h prov$ 9 ! exp]im5tal eng9e4 ,! sep>ate "o-piece wat] jacket con/ruction !y _h arriv$ at 9 ?is eng9e 0 available1 b once ! decision to *ange 0 made1 ! individual cyl9d] ) its %runk-on jacket _h mu* to comm5d x--simplicity1 co/1 ease ( manufacture & assembly & atta*m5t1 & s]viceability4 ,! advantages ( ! auxili>y1 or port$1 exhau/ 7 n obta9$ )\t co/1 h[ev]1 z ! wat] jacket ar\nd ! b>rel c\ld n v easily be ext5d$ bel[ ! ports4 ,?us1 ev5 ?\gh ! wat] 0 c>ri$ z high z possible on ! upp] end1 a l>ge portion ( ! b>rel 0 left uncool$1 & ! lack ( cool+ at ! l[] end1 9 conjunction ) ! uncool$ portion ( ! head1 meant t only approximately half ! entire cyl9d] surface 0 cool$ directly4 ,! pi/on 0 g5]ally ! same z 9 ! #aijc eng9e1 except t six radial ribs 7 add$ on ! "u side ( ! head1 tap]+ f maximum ?ickness at ! c5t] to no?+ ne> ! wall4 ,!y 7 probably incorporat$ z an add$ pa? = heat to fl[ f ! c5t] ( ! pi/on t[>d ! outside1 z _! %ape 0 n ! be/ use ( mat]ial = /r5g?4 ,! pi/on p9 0 lock$ 9 ! pi/on by ! usual set screw1 b "h no provision 0 made = ! alt]nate practice ( clamp+ ! rod on ! p94 ,?is pi/on-p9 setscrew con/ruction _h become a /&>d arrangem5t 9 automobile practice4 ,! pi/on r+s 7 ! normal wide design ( t "t1 ) :at w\ld n[ be consid]$ a l[ unit pressure4 ,q e>ly 9 ! life ( ?is eng9e model ! practice 0 initiat$ ( incorporat+ %all[ grooves 9 ! surface ( ! m highly load$ ?ru/ face ( ! pi/on bel[ ! pi/on p9 to provide additional lubrication4 ,?is developm5t app>5tly proce$$ haphaz>dly4 ,figure #aj;c %[s ?ree ( ! pi/ons f an eng9e ( l[ s]ial numb]--! fir/ ( ?is model to be deliv]$ to ! ,u4,s4 ,navy--& x w be not$ t "o has no grooves1 ano!r has "o1 & ! o!r has ?ree4 ,! ev5tual /&>diz$ arrangem5t provid$ ?ree ( ^! grooves1 approximately #a_/af 94 wide1 ext5d+ halfway ar\nd ! pi/on1 &1 al?\gh ! dep? 0 only a few ?\s&?s ( an in*1 ! am\nt ( oil c>ri$ 9 !m 0 app>5tly suffici5t to assi/ 9 ! lubrication ( ! face1 z !y 7 us$ 9 bo? ! #d-;& #f-;cyl9d] eng9es4 ,ea* cyl9d] 0 fa/5$ to ! crankcase by f\r nuts on /uds driv5 into ! alum9um case4 ,valves & rock] arms 7 simil> to ^? ( ! e>ly eng9es1 ! automatic inlet valve be+ reta9$4 ,! cont9u$ use ( ! two-piece valve is n notable1 ev5 ?\gh "o-piece =g+s 7 available & 9 use at ?is "t2 ! automobile cont9u$ = _m ye>s to use ?is con/ruction4 ,! cam%aft 0 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! eng9e1 inside ! crankcase1 & ! rock] arms 7 actuat$ by pu%rods :i* 7 op]at$ by h+$ cam foll[]s4 ,! pu%rod 0 fa/5$ 9 ! rock] by a p91 ab\t :i* x op]at$1 ?r\gh its upp] end & 0 position$ ne> ! bottom by a guide 9 ! crankcase deck4 ,! l[] end ( ! rod bore directly on ! flat upp] surface ( ! cam foll[]1 & valve cle>ance adju/m5t 0 obta9$ by gr9d+ ?is end4 ,! cam%aft & magneto 7 driv5 by ! crank%aft ?r\gh a ?ree-memb] tra9 ( spur ge>s 7see ,figures #i1 #aj & #aa74 ,! built-up con/ruction ( ! connect+ rod 0 c>ri$ ov] f ! fir/ eng9e1 & 9 ! beg9n+ app>5tly ! same mat]ials 7 us$1 except t ! big end 0 babbit$4 ,lat] ! rod ends 7 *ang$ f bronze to /eel4 ,! big end incorporat$ a small po9t$ scupp] on "o side = lubrication1 z ) ! orig9al1 & ?is 0 sometimes drill$ to fe$ a groove :i* c>ri$ oil to ! rod be>+1 b :]e ! drill+ 0 omitt$1 ! only function ! scupp] !n c\ld p]=m 01 z 9 ! orig9al eng9e1 to ?r[ a small am\nt ( oil on ! cyl9d] wall4 ,! crank%aft & fly:eel 7 simil> 9 design to ^? on ! #aijc eng9e1 except t ! %>p corn]s at ! top & bottom ( ! crank *eeks 7 ma*9$ (f to save weight 7see ,figure #aj;f74 ,an oil pump & a fuel pump 7 m\nt$ side by side 9 bosses ca/ on ! valve side ( ! crankcase2 !y 7 driv5 f ! cam%aft by worm ge>s & small %afts cross+ ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--d-;,cyl9d] v]tical eng9e3 a1 cyl9d] assembly ) valve me*anism p>ts2 b1 cyl9d] disassembl$1 & p>ts2 c1 pi/ons & connect+ rods2 d1 bottom side ( pi/on2 e1 crank%aft1 fly:eel & crankcase end closure2 f1 crankcase1 ) compression release p>ts4 7,pratt ,:itney photos ,d-#adiif1 #aejja1 #adiih1 #adiid1 #adiii1 #adihi1 respectively47 ,! cam%aft con/ruction 0 consid]ably alt]$ f ! #aijc design4 ,al?\gh ! reason is n entirely cle>1 "o indication sugge/s t breakage or di/ortion ( ! %aft may h be5 enc\nt]$3 :]eas 9 ! #aijc eng9e !re _h be5 no relation%ip betwe5 ! location ( ! cams & ! cam%aft be>+s1 9 ?is eng9e ! exhau/ valves 7 c>efully position$ s t all cams 7 locat$ v close to ! support+ be>+s 9 ! crankcase4 ,also1 ! cam%aft 0 solid1 al?\gh x w\ld seem t ! orig9al holl[ %aft con/ruction c\ld h provid$ equal /iffness ) less weight4 ,! f9al decision 0 possibly det]m9$ by ! practicality t !re exi/$ no /&>d tub+ ev5 approximat+ ! size & wall ?ickness desir$4 ,!re /ill 0 no c>buretor1 a ge> pump met]+ ! fuel 9 ! same mann] z on ! #aijd-aije eng9e4 ,basically1 ! intake *>ge 0 f$ to ! cyl9d]s by a r\nd gall]y manifold runn+ alongside ! eng9e4 ,?is 0 split int]nally by a baffle ext5d+ almo/ f end to end1 s t ! fuel mixture ent]+ ! manifold on "o side ( ! baffle 0 compell$ to travel to ! two ends be=e x c\ld return to ! inside cyl9d]1 ?is feature be+ a copy ( _! #aijc g5]al intake arrangem5t4 ,app>5tly v>i\s %apes & positions ( entrance pipes ) :i* to spray ! fuel into ! manifold 7 us$2 & ! injection arrangem5t seems also to h be5 v>i$ at diff]5t times4 ,! fuel pump 0 n necess>ily always us$1 z ! eng9e 9 "s ( ! illu/rations did n incorporate "o1 ! fuel app>5tly be+ f$ by gravity1 z on ! orig9al eng9e4 ,*5[e? describes an arrangem5t 9 :i* exhau/ heat 0 appli$ to ! inlet manifold to assi/ ! fuel vaporization process1 b x is believ$ t ?is 0 "o ( ! _m *anges made 9 ! eng9e dur+ its lifetime & n necess>ily a /&>d feature4 ,a wat] circulation pump 0 provid$1 driv5 directly by ! crank%aft ?r\gh a two-arm univ]sal jo9t int5d$ to c>e = any misalignm5t betwe5 ! %aft & ! pump4 ,! wat] 0 pip$ to a horizontal manifold runn+ along ! cyl9d]s j bel[ ! intake manifold1 & a simil> manifold on ! o!r side ( ! eng9e collect$ x = deliv]y to ! radiator4 ,x is a little difficult to und]/& :y x 0 n introduc$ at ! bottom ( ! wat] jackets4 ,! crankcase 0 a relatively /rong & well proportion$ /ructure ) ?ree heavy /r5g!n+ ribs runn+ f side to side1 its only weakness be+ ! "o op5 side4 ,a %eet-iron sump 0 fa/5$ to ! bottom by screws & x w\ld appe> f its design1 me?od ( atta*m5t1 & location ( ! eng9e m\nt+ pads t ?is 0 add$ "s "t aft] ! crankcase _h be5 design$2 b if s x 0 app>5tly retr(itt$1 z eng9es ) q l[ s]ial numb]s h ?is "p4 ,! ignition 0 by high-t5sion magneto & sp>k plug & ?is decision to *ange f ! make-&-break sy/em 0 und\bt$ly ! correct "o1 j z adoption ( ! o!r =m orig9ally 0 logical "u ! circum/ances t exi/$ !n4 ,! high-t5sion sy/em 0 simpl] & _h n[ collect$ m s]vice exp]i5ce4 ,! magneto 0 driv5 ?r\gh ! cam%aft ge>1 & a %elf1 or bracket1 ca/ z an integral "p ( ! case1 0 provid$ = m\nt+ x4 ,! sp>k advance control 0 9 ! magneto &1 s9ce sp>k tim+ 0 ! only means ( regulat+ ! eng9e p[] & spe$1 a wide range ( adju/m5t 0 provid$4 ,! eng9e _h ! controllable compression release :i* _h be5 add$ to ! ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c flat eng9es1 al?\gh me*anically x 0 consid]ably alt]$ f ! orig9al design4 ,in/ead ( ! movable /op op]at+ directly on ! rock] roll] to hold ! exhau/ valve op51 x 0 locat$ und]nea? a coll> on ! pu%rod4 ,?is /op 0 h+$ to ! crankcase & actuat$ by a small rod runn+ along & support$ by ! crankcase deck4 ,longitud9al movem5t ( ?is rod 9 "o direction w\ld1 by spr+ pressure on ea* /op1 pu% !m und]nea? ! coll>s z ! exhau/ valves 7 successively op5$4 ,a rev]se movem5t ( ! rod w\ld release !m 7see ,figure #aj;f74 ,:y !y reta9$ ! me?od ( manually op]at+ ! compression release1 :i* 0 ! same z _h be5 us$ 9 ! #aijd-aije eng9e1 is n q cle>4 ,t is1 ! me*anism 0 put into op]ation by pull+ a wire runn+ f ! pilot to a lev] actuat+ ! cam :i* mov$ ! control rod4 ,:5 normal valve op]ation 0 subsequ5tly desir$1 ! pilot 0 compell$ to rea* ) 8 h& & op]ate ! lev] manually1 :]eas a second wire or pu%-pull me*anism w\ld h obviat$ ! necessity = bo? ! awkw>d manual op]ation ( ! lev] & ! ge> gu>d :i* 0 add$ to protect ! pilot's h&1 ! lev] be+ locat$ close to ! cam%aft ge>4 ,! #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9e 0 a consid]able improvem5t ov] ! previ\s designs4 ,!y _h obta9$ a p[] increase ( ab\t #dj p]c5t1 ) a weight decrease ( #aj p]c5t1 & n[ _h an eng9e ^: design 0 almo/ /&>d =m = good int]nal combu/ion eng9es = ye>s to come4 ,9 fact1 _h !y split ! crankcase at ! crank%aft c5t] l9e & op]at$ ! inlet valves me*anically1 !y w\ld h _h :at c\ld be t]m$ a truly mod]n design4 ,!y ne$$ m cyl9d] cool+1 bo? b>rel & head1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]1 & an op5$-up induction sy/em = maximum p[] output1 b ?is 0 n :at !y 7 yet /riv+ =4 ,!y _h directly /at$ t !y 7 mu* m int]e/$ 9 reliability ?an light weight4 ,?is eng9e model 0 ! only "o ( ! ,wright designs to be lic5s$ & produc$ abroad1 be+ manufactur$ 9 ,g]many by ! ,neue ,automobil-,gesells*aft & by ,b>iqu& et ,m>re 9 ,france4 ,! latt] 0 mu* m prom95t & _! eng9es 7 us$ 9 sev]al e>ly ,european airplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--d-;,cyl9d] v]tical eng9e assembly1 ,b>iqu& et ,m>re v]sion4 7,draw+ c\rtesy ,bri/ol ,siddeley ,eng9es1 ,ltd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wright ,,bro!rs ,,a]o ,,eng9e ,! ,fr5* manufactur]1 )\t alt]+ ! basic design1 made a numb] ( *anges ( detail :i* seem to h greatly annoy$ ,wilbur ,wright1 al?\gh "s ( !m c\ld probably be li/$ z improvem5ts1 bas$ on sev]al features ( lat] /&>d design4 ,"o consi/$ ( an alt]ation 9 ! position ( ! fuel & oil pumps1 ! latt] be+ l[]$ to ! level ( ! sump4 ,! crankcase 0 drill$ to provide =c$-fe$ lubrication to ! connect+ rod big end & crank%aft ma9 be>+s4 ,/r5g!n+ ribs 7 add$ to ! pi/ons runn+ f ! upp] side ( ! p9 bosses to ! pi/on wall1 & ! crankcase /uds hold+ d[n ! cyl9d]s 7 replac$ ) bolts hav+ _! heads inside ! case4 ,! h+$ cam foll[] 0 omitt$ & ! pu%rod bore directly on ! cam ?r\gh a roll] 9 its end4 ,! magneto 0 mov$ t[>d ! re> ( ! eng9e a consid]able di/ance & an ignition tim+ control device 0 introduc$ betwe5 x & its driv+ ge>4 ,in/ead ( ! magneto be+ m\nt$ directly on ! special bracket integral ) ! crankcase1 a wood5 bo>d runn+ f front to re> ( ! eng9e 0 us$ & ?is 0 fa/5$ to ! two eng9e support pads1 ! magneto bracket be+ omitt$ entirely4 ,despite 8 criticism ( ! ,fr5* motor & ! quality ( its manufacture1 ,wilbur 0 compell$ to in/all "o 9 8 own exhibition airplane dur+ 8 e>ly ,fr5* demon/rations at ,le ,mans aft] rod failure _h brok5 8 sp>e crankcase1 & mu* ( 8 subsequ5t demon/ration fly+ 0 made ) ! ,fr5* product4 ,! ,eight-,cyl9d] ,rac+ ,eng9e ,by #aiji regul> & special air meets & races 7 be+ held & v>i\s competitions = trophies conduct$4 ,among ^! ! ,gordon ,b5nett ,cup ,race = _m ye>s 0 consid]$ a major ev5t4 ,= ! #aiaj competition x 0 decid$ to ent] a ,wright ma*9e &1 s9ce ?is 0 a race ) spe$ ! sole objective1 ! available #d-;cyl9d] eng9e1 ev5 9 a v]sion pu%$ to its maximum output1 0 deem$ too small4 ,!y built = x a special #h-;cyl9d] unit 9 a #ij deg4,v =m4 ,!y 7 ?us resort+ to "o ( _! #aijd concepts--modify+ & enl>g+ a v]sion kn[n & prov$ 9 use--z ! prop] me?od ( mo/ quickly increas+ output4 ,un=tunately aga91 !re are ess5tially no detail$ draw+s available1 s t ! design _c be /udi$4#af ,footnote #af3 ,a draw+ ( ! cam%aft is held by ,! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,only "o eng9e is hi/orically record$ z hav+ be5 built1 al?\gh 9 view ( ! ,wrights' record ( =esight & prep>ation x is almo/ c]ta9 t at lea/ "o sp>e unit1 assembl$ or 9 p>ts1 0 provid$4 ,9 any case1 ! airplane--x 0 call$ ! ,baby ,gr& ,rac]--& eng9e 7 wreck$ j be=e ! race1 & no physical p>ts 7 reta9$1 s t ! sole descriptions come f ext]nal photographs1 memory1 & he>say4 ,mc,farland ?9ks t possibly ,orville ,wright1 p>ticul>ly1 0 some:at discomfit$ ov] ! accid5t t elim9at$ ! ma*9e1 z he _h previ\sly fl[n x q successfully at a spe$ sub/antially high] ?an t ( ! ultimate w9n]1 & he want$ to get x out ( sight & m9d z quickly z possible4 ,! ,air ,=ce ,museum at ,wright ,field1 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 has an incomplete set ( draw+s ( a #ij deg4,v1 #h-;cyl9d] ,wright eng9e1 b x is q obvi\s f ! basic design & individual features1 z well z f at lea/ "o date on ! draw+s1 t ?is conception is ( a consid]ably lat] v9tage ?an t ( ! ,baby ,gr& ,rac]4 ,! rac+ eng9e 0 9 ess5ce a comb9ation ( two ( ! /&>d #ds on a r$esign$ crankcase utiliz+ z _m ( ! #d-;cyl9d] eng9e p>ts z possible4 ,! rods 7 report$ to h be5 plac$ side by side1 & ! regul> #d-;cyl9d] crank%aft1 ) alt]ations to accommodate ! rods1 0 utiliz$4 ,a s+le cam op]at$ all ! exhau/ valves4 ,x 0 compact & light1 its only fundam5tal disadvantage be+ ! inh]5t unbalance ( ! #ij deg4,v-#h4 ,! arrangem5t provid$ a mu* high] p[]$ unit 9 ! *eape/ & quicke/ mann]1 & "o t c\ld be expect$ to op]ate satisfactorily ) ! lea/ developm5t4 ,! ,six-,cyl9d] ,v]tical ,eng9es ,%ortly aft] ! con/ruction ( ! #h-;cyl9d] eng9e ! ,wrights 7 aga9 fac$ ) ! ev]-recurr5t problem ( provid+ a high] p[]$ /&>d production eng9e = _! airplanes1 :i* 7 n[ be+ produc$ 9 "s numb]s4 ,by ?is "t1 #aiaa1 !re _h be5 a relatively trem5d\s gr[? 9 bo? fly+ & automotive use ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e & z a result _m k9ds & sizes _h be5 produc$ & utiliz$1 s t num]\s *oices 7 pres5t$ to !m4 ,b if !y 7 bo? to make use ( _! pa/ exp]i5ce & reta9 ! simplicity !y _h always /riv5 =1 ! m practical possibilities n>r[$ d[n to ?ree3 !y c\ld increase ! cyl9d] size 9 ! #d-;cyl9d] comb9ation1 or !y c\ld g ei!r to #f or #h cyl9d]s 9 ! approximate size !y _h previ\sly us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,orig9al #f-;cyl9d] eng9e3 a1 pu%-rod side2 b1 valve-port side2 c1 crankcase ) sump remov$4 7,photos3 ,smi?sonian ,a-#cggc;,a1 #deeih2 ,pratt ,:itney ,d-#aejae1 respectively47 ,! #d-;94 cyl9d] 9 comb9ation ) a #e-;94 /roke w\ld provide 9 f\r cyl9d]s ab\t ! displacem5t !y want$4 ,/rokes ( #f 94 7 n uncommon & cyl9d]s ( #f-;94 bore _h be5 v successfully utiliz$ 9 high-output automobile rac+ eng9es _m ye>s be=e ?is1 s !re 0 seem+ly no reason to d\bt t ! #e-;94 cyl9d] c\ld be made to op]ate satisfactorily1 b x is n difficult to imag9e ! ,wrights' ?\ghts conc]n+ ! r\ghness ( an eng9e ) cyl9d]s ( ?is diamet]4 ,! "q ( ! grade ( available fuel may possibly h ent]$ into _! decision to "s ext5t1 b x seems f> m likely t r\ghness1 _! p]5nial conc]n1 0 ! pr$om9ant reason = n /ay+ ) ! m simple #d-;cyl9d] =m 7z we h se51 r\ghness to !m meant ! effect ( ! cyl9d] explosion =ces74 ,actually1 ( c\rse1 !y nev] w5t l>g] ?an a #d-c_/h-;94 cyl9d] bore1 & lat] aircraft eng9e exp]i5ce w\ld seem g5]ally to confirm _! judgm5t1 = ) ! pi/on eng9e x has always be5 mu* m difficult to make ! l>g] bores op]ate satisfactorily at any giv5 specific output4 ,:ile ! #ij deg4,v1 #h-;cyl9d] arrangem5t w\ld h enabl$ !m to utilize a great numb] ( ! #d-;cyl9d]-eng9e p>ts1 x w\ld h giv5 !m a some:at l>g] eng9e ?an 0 _! app>5t desire1 unless !y r$uc$ ! cyl9d] size4 ,& :ile !y _h _h "s limit$ exp]i5ce 9 build+ & op]at+ ?is k9d ( eng9e1 & twice _h *os5 x :5 seek+ m p[]1 bo? ( ^! *oices 7 greatly influ5c$ by ! desire to obta9 quickly an eng9e ( high] p[]4 ,x is also possible t some?+ 9 _! exp]i5ce ) ! ,v-#h mov$ !m away f x2 ! unbalanc$ %ak+ =ce inh]5t 9 ! arrangem5t may well h become evid5t to !m4 ,:at probably also help$ !m to _! f9al conclusion 0 ! fundam5tal consid]ation t ! ,v-#h provid$ two extra cyl9d]s :i* 7 n really ne$$4 ,! ev5tual selection ( ! #f-;cyl9d] 0 a slight compromise4 ,9 ord] to get ! desir$ output ! cyl9d] displacem5t 0 increas$1 b ?is 0 done by l5g!n+ ! /roke--! fir/ "t ?is _h be5 alt]$ s9ce ! orig9al design4 ,! increase 7f #d to #d-a_/b 947 0 only #a_/b 941 & ! bore1 ! m important influ5ce on fuel p]=mance1 0 kept ! same4 ,ov]all1 ! *oice 0 q logical4 ,!y 7 utiliz+ ! 9-l9e con/ruction ^u :i* almo/ all ( _! n[ consid]able exp]i5ce _h be5 bas$1 & ! sizes ( & requirem5ts = p>ts also con=m$ to ?is exp]i5ce4 ,!y c\ld1 9 fact1 use _m ( ! same p>ts4 ,! natural balance ( ! #f-;cyl9d] arrangem5t gave !m a v smoo? eng9e1 & _h !y /iff5$ ! %aft & c\nt]-weight$ ! cranks1 !y w\ld h produc$ ! smoo!/ eng9e t c\ld h be5 built at t "t4 ,9 ! lit]ature are two ref]5ces to a ,wright #f-;cyl9d] eng9e con/ruct$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]s ( ! v]tical #d4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 ,angle's ,airplane ,eng9e ,encyclop$ia1 publi%$ 9 #aiba1 & ! o!r is 9 ,a]osph]e #aici1 publi%$ 9 #aidj4 ,! word+ ( ! latt] is ess5tially id5tical ) t ( ! =m]2 x seems a reasonable conclusion t x is a copy4 ,al?\gh x is possible t su* an eng9e 0 built at "s "t1 j z ! #h-;cyl9d] rac+ eng9e 0 cobbl$ up out ( p>ts f ! #d-;cyl9d] v]tical1 no o!r record1 no eng9es1 & no illu/rations h be5 f\nd4 ,x is ?us q c]ta9 t no significant quantity 0 ev] manufactur$ or utiliz$4 ,! crankcase 0 consid]ably *ang$ f t ( ! v]tical #d1 & 0 n[ 9 two pieces1 ) ! split on ! crank%aft c5t] l9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! %aft 0 n support$ by ! l[] half ( ! case1 z ev5tually became /&>d practice1 b by be>+ caps bolt$ to ! ends ( ! upp] case &1 9 betwe51 to heavy ribs runn+ across ! upp] case betwe5 ! cyl9d]s4 ,! l[] half ( ! case ?us receiv$ none ( ! dynamic or explosion loads1 &1 s]v+ only to support ! eng9e & to provide = its m\nt+1 0 lightly ribb$4 ,9 x 7 incorporat$ integral-boss /&pipe oil dra9s :i* dis*>g$ into a bolt$-on sump4 ,! upp] half ( ! case 0 aga9 left op5 on "o side1 giv+ ! desir$ access to ! int]ior1 &1 additionally1 ! design 0 alt]$ to provide a me?od ( cam%aft assembly t 0 mu* simpl] ?an t ( ! v]tical #d 7see p4 #db74 ,! cyl9d] 0 also greatly alt]$ f t ( ! v]tical #d4 ,x 0 made 9 ?ree p>ts1 a piece ( seamless /eel tub+ be+ %runk on a ca/-iron b>rel to =m ! wat] jacket1 ) a ca/-iron cyl9d] head %runk on ! upp] end ( ! b>rel4 ,?is con/ruction compell$ ! use ( long /uds runn+ f ! cyl9d] head to ! case = fa/5+ d[n ! cyl9d] 7see ,figures #ab;a-c74 ,= ! fir/ "t ! cyl9d] heads 7 wat]-cool$1 cor$ passages be+ provid$1 & m b>rel surface 0 jacket$ ?an previ\sly1 al?\gh a consid]able area at ! bottom 0 /ill left uncool$1 obvi\sly by direct int5t1 z ! port$ exhau/ arrangem5t 0 no long] employ$4 ,also = ! fir/ "t "o-piece =g$ valves 7 us$1 b j :5 ^! 7 incorporat$ is n c]ta9 &1 surpris+ly1 !y 7 appli$ to ! inlet only1 ! exhau/ valve be+ cont9u$ 9 ! previ\s two-piece screw$ & rivet$ con/ruction4 ,! reason+ beh9d ?is is n evid5t4 ,if a satisfactory two-piece exhau/ valve _h f9ally be5 develop$ x w\ld be logical to c>ry x ov] to ! new design2 b exhau/ valves normally be+ mu* m tr\blesome1 x w\ld seem t a good exhau/ valve w\ld make an ev5 bett] inlet valve &1 9 ! quantities utiliz$1 ! two-piece design %\ld h be5 mu* *eap]4 ,9 ! orig9al #f-;cyl9d] eng9e ! inlet valves op]at$ automatically z 9 all previ\s models1 b at ! "t ( a lat] ext5sive r$esign 7#aiac7 ?is 0 *ang$ to me*anical actuation1 & ! succe$+ eng9es incorporat$ ?is feature4 ,all ! valve-actuat+ me*anism 0 simil> to t ( ! v]tical #d1 & ! eng9e _h ! usual compression-release me*anism1 ! detail design be+ c>ri$ ov] directly f ! #d-;cyl9d]4 ,design ( ! pi/on foll[$ _! previ\s practice1 ) wide r+s above ! p9 & %all[ grooves bel[ ! p9 on ! ?ru/ face1 & ) ! p9 fa/5$ 9 ! pi/on by a set screw4 ,! pi/on _h f\r ribs und]nea? ! head 7see ,figure #ac;b7 radiat+ f ! c5t] & ) ! two ov] ! p9 bosses incorporat+ /r5g!n+ webs runn+ d[n & jo9+ ! bosses4 ,! pi/on l5g? 0 r$uc$ by #a 941 ?us giv+ a mu* less clumsy appe>ance &1 ) o!r m9or alt]ations1 a weight sav+ ( #dj p]c5t 7see ,figures #ac;b & c74 ,! rods 7 = ! fir/ "t made ( ,i-section =g+s1 a major dep>ture1 ma*9$ on ! sides & h& f9i%$ at ! ends1 ) a babbit l9+ 9 ! big end1 ! pi/on p9 be>+ rema9+ /eel on /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--,orig9al #f-;cyl9d] eng9e3 a1 cyl9d] assembly & valve p>ts2 b1 bottom side ( pi/on2 c1 pi/on1 pi/on p9 & connect+ rod2 d1 valve me*anism2 e1 crank%aft & fly:eel4 7,pratt ,:itney photos ,d-#aejab1 #aejag1 #aejac1 #aejah1 respectively47 ,at lea/ two diff]5t g5]al c>buretion & induction sy/ems 7 utiliz$1 possibly ?ree4 ,"o1 & mo/ probably ! orig9al1 consi/$ ( a duplicate ( ! injection pump ( ! #d-;cyl9d] fitt$ to a manifold :i* ran ! l5g? ( ! eng9e1 ) ?ree take(fs1 ea* ( :i* !n split into two1 "o = ea* cyl9d]4 ,( ?is arrangem5t !y tri$ at lea/ two v>iations involv+ *anges 9 ! location & me?od ( inject+ ! fuel into ! manifold2 & !re seems to h be5 an int]m$iate manifold arrangem5t1 us+ fuel-pump injection at ! middle ( ! /raight side1 or gall]y1 manifold1 :i* 0 f$ additional air at bo? ends ?r\gh %ort auxili>y inlet pipes4 ,?is w\ld indicate t ) ! orig9al arrangem5t1 ! end cyl9d]s 7 receiv+ too ri* a mixture1 :5 ! fuel 9 ! manifold 0 n prop]ly vaporiz$4 ,al?\gh ! exhau/ 0 on ! same side ( ! eng9e z ! inlet sy/em1 no attempt 0 made to heat ! incom+ *>ge at any po9t 9 its travel4 ,an entirely diff]5t sy/em adopt$ at ! "t ( ! complete r$esign 9 #aiac consi/$ ( two float-fe$ ,z5i? c>buretors ea* fe$+ a conv5tional ?ree-outlet manifold4 ,?is c>buretor 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! pla9-tube type1 t is1 ) ! airfl[ ?r\gh a /raight v5turi )\t any spr+-load$ or auxili>y air valves1 & 0 ! simple/ t c\ld be devis$4 ,:5 prop]ly fitt$ to ! eng9e1 x gave a q good approximation ( ! correct fuel & air mixture ratio ov] ! spe$-load runn+ range1 al?\gh x is consid]ably m ?an d\btful t ?is 0 ma9ta9$ at altitude1 z is /at$ 9 "o ( ! be/ descriptions ( ! eng9e publi%$ at ! "t ! c>buretors 7 appli$4 ,! compression ratio ( ?is eng9e 0 l[]$ by almo/ #bj p]c5t f t ( ! v]tical #d4 ,?is1 9 comb9ation ) ! l[ bore-to-/roke ratio1 ! unheat$ *>ge1 & ! lat] me*anically op]at$ inlet valve1 indicates t ! ,wrights 7 n[ attempt+ = ! fir/ "t to secure f an eng9e some?+ approa*+ ! maximum output ( :i* x 0 capable4 ,z ! eng9e orig9ally came out1 x cont9u$ to utilize only "o sp>k plug 9 ea* cyl9d]4 ,! high-t5sion magneto _h a wide range ( sp>k advance adju/m5t1 :i* aga9 provid$ ! only control ( ! eng9e :5 equipp$ ) ! orig9al fuel pump injection4 ,! location ( ! valves & pu%rods 0 simil> to t 9 ! #d1 s t ! cams 7 imm$iately adjac5t to ! cam%aft be>+s1 :i* 7 c>ri$ 9 ! crankcase ends & 9 ! heavy webs4 ,! cam%aft 0 ge>-driv5 & ! cam %ape 0 simil> to t ( ! la/ #ds1 ) a q rapid op5+ & clos+ & a long dwell1 leav+ ! valve op5+ accel]ations & seat+ velocities /ill q high4 ,! crank%aft 0 a cont9uation ( _! basic design ( r light con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! webs4 ,! *eeks 7 ev5 ?9n] 7by #a_/d 947 ?an ^? ( ! #d al?\gh ! wid? 0 increas$ by #a_/h 94 7see ,figure #ac;e74 ,= ! fir/ "t !y w5t to a =g+1 ! r\gh cont\r type ( ! "t1 & utiliz$ a *rome-nickel alloy /eel4 ,lubrication 0 by means ( ! usual ge> pump1 & ! pi/on & rod be>+s cont9u$ to be spla%-f$4 ,! rod big-end be>+ c>ri$ a small %>p undrill$ boss at ! po9t :]e1 on ! o!r eng9es1 _h be5 locat$ scupp]s ^: purpose 0 app>5tly /ill to ?r[ lubricat+ oil on ! cyl9d] wall c>ry+ ! m highly load$ side ( ! pi/on4 ,! rod big-end be>+ 0 lubricat$ by a hole on ! top ( ! big-end boss cat*+ "s ( ! crankcase spla%1 :i* 0 !n c>ri$ to ! be>+ by a groove4 ,:5 ! #f-;cyl9d] eng9e 0 completely r$esign$ 9 #aiac ?is l$ to ! introduction 9 late fall ( t ye> ( a new model call$ ! #f-fj1 ! #fj designat+ ! rat+ 9 horsep[]4 ,!re is little 9 ! ,wright records to %[ :y su* a radical revision 0 ?\ght necess>y1 b ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! p]iod gives a r cle> indication4 ,! competition _h caught up to ! ,wrights 9 p[]plants4 ,o!r eng9es 7 be+ in/all$ 9 ,wright airplanes1 & ,navy log books %[ ^! o!r eng9es be+ us$ int]*angeably ) ^? ( ! ,wrights4 ,mo/ ( ! descriptions ( ! new model publi%$ at ! "t x 0 introduc$ conc5trate on ! addition ( ! two c>buretors & ! me*anical op]ation ( ! inlet valves1 b ^! 7 only two ( _m major *anges4 ,! cyl9d] 0 completely revis$1 ! intake be+ mov$ to ! cam%aft side ( ! eng9e f its position adjac5t to ! exhau/1 s t ! two ports 7 n[ on opposite sides ( ! cyl9d]4 ,by prop] position+ ( ! rock]-arm supports & *oice ( _! l5g? & angles1 all valves 7 made op]able f a s+le cam%aft4 ,! %runk-on /eel wat] jacket cyl9d] 0 reta9$1 b ! wat] connections 7 reposition$ s t ! wat] ent]$ at ! bottom & came out at ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,ov] ! life ( ! #f-;cyl9d] eng9e sev]al diff]5t valve types 7 us$ b ! publi%$ specifications = ! model #f-fj call$ = ca/ iron heads--! old two-piece con/ruction4 ,! pi/on p9s 7 case h>d5$ & gr\nd & ! crank%aft p9s & j\rnals 7 heat treat$ & gr\nd4 ,! fuel & oil pumps 7 remov$ f ! side ( ! crankcase & a diff]5t ignition sy/em 0 appli$1 al?\gh /ill ( ! high-t5sion sp>k-plug type :i* by ?is "t _h become g5]al practice on all s-call$ high-spe$ int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,a second ?read$ sp>k-plug hole 0 provid$ 9 ! cyl9d] head & despite its m common use = o!r purposes1 x is evid5t t ! int5tion 0 to provide two-plug ignition4 ,x is d\btful t at ! specific output ( ?is eng9e any p[] diff]5ce w\ld be f\nd betwe5 "o-& two-plug op]ation1 s t ! objective 0 cle>ly to provide a res]ve unit 9 case ( plug failure4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 also us$ = ! in/allation ( a prim+ cock = />t+ & because ( ! preval5ce ( s+le-wire ignition sy/ems on exi/+ & illu/rat$ eng9es1 x seems to h be5 us$ mo/ly 9 ?is mann]1 ev5 ?\gh dual-ignition sy/ems lat] became an unv>y+ /&>d = aircraft eng9es4 ,view$ ext]nally1 ! only "p ( ! eng9e t appe>s ! same z ! orig9al #f is ! small l[] portion ( ! crankcase2 b :at is m visually /rik+ is ! beauty ( ! new l9es & extreme cleanness ( ! ext]ior design 7see ,figures #ad & #ae74 ,_m ( _! individual p>ts _h %[n ! beauty ( ! sp>se design ( pure utility b x 0 n[ 9 evid5ce 9 ! :ole4 ,despite ! prov5 practical value ( _! o!r models1 ?is is ! only "o t c be call$ a good-look+ eng9e1 in/antly appeal+ to ! ae/hetic s5se1 ev5 ?\gh ! v]tical #d is n an ugly eng9e4 ,! appe>ance ( _! f9al ef=t1 9 a field !y 7 orig9ally reluctant to ent] & conc]n+ :i* !y always deprecat$ ! results ( _! own "w1 0 a ?+ ( :i* a te*nically tra9$ pr(essional eng9e design] c\ld be pr\d4 ,! #f-fj 0 cont9u$ 9 production & developm5t until x became ! #f-gj1 & indications are t x ev5tually approa*$ an output ( #hj horsep[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--f-;,cyl9d] #f-fj & #f-gj eng9e1 "r re> intake side4 7,pratt ,:itney photo47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--f-;,cyl9d] #f-gj eng9e1 incorporat+ flexible fly:eel drive1 exhau/ side4 7,smi?sonian photo ,a-#edcha47 ,m9or ,design ,details & ,p]=mance ( ! ,wright ,eng9es ,9 ! ,wright bro!rs' v>i\s models 7 _m m9or design items :i* altoge!r requir$ a great deal ( consid]ation1 b :i* did n mat]ially affect ov]all eng9e p]=mance4 ,! results g5]ally c\ld all be class$ z good practice2 h[ev]1 "o ( ^! utiliz$ 9 ! #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9e 0 r unor?odox & consi/$ ( (fsett+ ! cyl9d]s ) relation to ! crank%aft4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :i* c be se5 9 ! draw+ 7,figure #aa7 0 app>5tly an attempt to r$uce ! maximum side load on ! pi/on dur+ ! p[] /roke1 b s9ce ! peak gas load+ usually occurs at ab\t #aj to #ae p]c5t ( ! p[] /roke1 ?is probably did n h mu* effect1 & x 0 n c>ri$ ov] to ! #f-;cyl9d] design4 ,all eng9e be>+s 7 ( ! pla9 sleeve type &1 except = ! bronze & /eel be>+s 9 ! connect+ rod1 7 ( babbit4 ,! advantages ( babbit = be>+s 7 discov]$ v e>ly 9 ! developm5t ( ! me*anical arts1 & app>5tly ! ,wrights nev] enc\nt]$ a be>+ load+ suffici5tly high to cause a /ructural breakd[n 9 ?is relatively weak mat]ial4 ,valve op5+s %[ no v>iation ?r\gh ! successive production eng9es1 al?\gh ! ,wrights mo/ probably exp]im5t$ ) diff]5t am\nts4 ,! #aijc eng9e & ! v]tical #d-;& #f-;cyl9d] all _h lifts ( #e_/af 941 b ! valve-seat angles v>i$ some:at2 ! records %[ includ$ angles ( #aaj deg4 to #ij deg4--n a l>ge diff]5ce4 ,! valve-op]at+ me*anism 0 ! same f ! fir/ v]tical #d onw>d4 ,! high side ?ru/ caus$ by ! cam %ape requir$ = ! v rapid valve op5+ !y *ose 01 no d\bt1 ! reason = ! use ( ! h+$ cam foll[]1 & s9ce ! same g5]al cam design 0 us$ 9 _! la/ eng9e1 ! #f-;cyl9d]1 ! same me?od ( op]ation :i* _h app>5tly prov$ v s]viceable 0 cont9u$4 ,h[ satisfactory 0 ! consid]ably simpl] sub/itute us$ 9 ! ,b>iqu& et ,m>re v]sion ( ! #d-;cyl9d] eng9e is n kn[n4 ,possibly x 0 "o ( ! alt]ations 9 ! ,wrights' design t ,wilbur ,wright object$ to1 al?\gh 9 pr9ciple x m closely con=ms to ! lat] fairly /&>d comb9ation valve tappet & roll] con/ruction3 ,! available draw+s d indicate1 h[ev]1 t ! cam ( ! ,b>iqu& et ,m>re eng9e 0 also alt]$ to give a consid]ably less abrupt valve op5+ ?an ! ,wright design1 s t !re 0 less side ?ru/4 ,= ! ,wright #f-;cyl9d] eng9e _! #d-;cyl9d] cam 0 slightly alt]$ to provide a r\nd+ (f ne> ! top ( ! lobe1 ?us provid+ "s r$uction 9 ! velocity be=e maximum op5+ 0 rea*$4 ,all _! cam designs indicate a some:at great] fe> ( ! effect ( seat+ velocities ?an ( op5+ accel]ations4 ,s9ce ! range ( cyl9d] diamet]s utiliz$ did n v>y greatly1 ! valve sizes 7 correspond+ly fairly uni=m4 ,! diamet] ( ! valves = ! orig9al #d-;94-bore cyl9d] 0 #b 941 :ile t = ! #d-c_/h-;94 bore us$ 9 ! #f-;cyl9d] eng9e 0 actually slightly small]1 #a-g_/h 94 ,possibly ! ,wrights clung too long to ! automatic inlet valve1 al?\gh x did s]ve !m well2 b possibly1 z has be5 previ\sly not$1 !re 7 valid reasons = cont9u+ its use despite ! inh]5tly l[ volumetric effici5cy ?is entail$4 ,! inh]5t weakness 9 ! jo9ts ( ! ?ree-piece connect+ rod has be5 po9t$ out1 b aside f ?is1 ! design 0 excell5t1 = all ! mat]ials & manufactur+ me?ods requir$ 7 readily available1 & /ructurally x 0 v s\nd4 ,tubul> rods 7 /ill 9 use 9 aircraft eng9es 9 ! #aibjs4 ,! ,wrights _h a surpris+ly ?or\gh grasp ( ! metallurgy ( ! "t1 & _! *oice ( mat]ials c\ld h>dly h be5 improv$ ^u4 ,g5]ally !y reli$ ^u ! m simple & commonly us$ metals ev5 ?\gh m sophi/icat$ & te*nically bett] alloys & comb9ations 7 available4#ag ,case h>d5+ 0 9 widespread use 9 ?is p]iod b _! only utilization ( x 0 9 "s p>ts ( ! drive *a9s pur*as$ completely assembl$ & 9 ! pi/on p9s ( _! la/ eng9e4 ,! treatm5t ( ! crank%afts ( all _! eng9es except ! f9al #f-;cyl9d] 0 typical ( _! uncomplicat$ proc$ure3 ! p>ticul> mat]ial 0 *os5 on ! basis ( _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce ) x1 h>d5+ 0 a v simple process1 & ! exp$i5t ( c>ry+ ?is to a po9t j bel[ ! non-ma*9able range gave !m be>+ surfaces t 7 suffici5tly h>d1 yet at ! same "t x elim9at$ ! possibility--pres5t 9 a heat-treat+ op]ation--( w>p+ ! f9i%$ piece4 ,footnote #ag3 ,bak] /ates t ! fir/ crank%aft 0 made f a slab ( armor plate & if ?is is correct ! alloy 0 a r complex "o ( approximately 4#cj-4ce c>bon1 4#cj-4hj manganese1 4#aj silicon1 4#jd phosphorus1 4#jb sulphur1 #c4be-c4ej nickel1 #j4jj-a4ij *romium2 h[ev]1 all ! re/ ( ! evid5ce1 includ+ ,orville ,wright's /atem5t to ,dr4 ,g\gh1 w\ld seem to %[ t x 0 made ( :at 0 call$ tool /eel 7approximately #a4j c>bon74 ,9 ! entire #aijc eng9e only five basic mat]ials--except+ ^? 9 ! pur*as$ magneto & ! plat9um fac+ on ! ignition-sy/em fir+ po9ts--7 us$3 /eel1 ca/ iron1 alum9um1 phosphor bronze1 & babbit4 ,! /eels 7 all pla9 c>bon types ) ! exception ( ! %eet manifold1 :i* conta9$ manganese1 & no d\bt ?is 0 us$ because ! %eet available came 9 a /&>d alloy ( ! "t4 ,ov]all1 ! ,wright eng9es p]=m$ well1 & 9 e case met or exce$$ ! exi/+ requirem5ts4 ,ev5 ?\gh aircraft eng9es !n 7 simpl] ?an !y became lat] & ! design-developm5t "t mu* %ort]1 _! p]=mance /&s z rem>kable4 ,z a result1 ! ,wrights nev] lack$ = a suitable p[]plant despite ! rapid gr[? 9 airplane size & p]=mance1 & ! cont9ual dem& = increas$ p[] & endurance4 ,few s]vice records dat+ f be=e #aiaa1 :5 ! milit>y s]vices />t$ keep+ log books1 h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ^? = ! p]iod t[>d ! end ( _! active era h be5 pres]v$1 b = t mom5t\s p]iod spann+ ! fir/ few ye>s :5 ! ,wrights _h ! only eng9es 9 actual cont9u\s flight op]ation1 !re seems to be ess5tially no?+--p]haps because !re 7 no /&>d developm5t me?ods or r\t9es to foll[1 no requirem5ts to be met ) respect to pre-flight demon/rations or ! keep+ ( s]vice records4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aijd1 h[ev]1 & cont9u+ z long z !y 7 actively 9 bus9ess1 !y app>5tly _h 9 progress "w on "o or m developm5tal or exp]im5tal eng9es4 ,?is policy1 9 comb9ation ) ! basic simplicity ( design ( ^! eng9es1 acc\nt$ 9 l>ge measure = _! ability to conduct bo? demon/rations & r\t9e fly+ ess5tially :5ev] !y *ose4 ,"t betwe5 eng9e ov]hauls obvi\sly v>i$4 ,9 mid #aijf an eng9e 0 rebuilt aft] runn+ ab\t #ab h\rs4 ,?is is comp>atively q a good p]=mance1 p>ticul>ly :5 x is rememb]$ t ess5tially all ! runn+ 0 at full p[] output4 ,x 0 consid]ably aft] #aibj be=e ! ,lib]ty eng9e 0 r$esign$ & develop$ to ! /age :]e x 0 capable ( op]at+ #ajj h\rs betwe5 ov]hauls1 ev5 ?\gh x 0 be+ us$ at cruis+1 or less ?an full1 p[] = mo/ ( ?is "t4 ,! ,wrights ( c\rse met ) tr\bles & failures1 b x is difficult1 f ! limit$ in=mation available1 to evaluate ^! & judge _! relative sev]ity4 ,lubrication seems to h be5 a r con/ant problem1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly ye>s4 ,al?\gh "s be>+ lubrication tr\bles 7 enc\nt]$ f "t to "t1 ?is 0 n ( major proportions1 & !y nev] _h to resort to =ce-fe$ lubrication ( ! ma9 or rod big-end be>+s4 ,! pi/on & cyl9d]-b>rel be>+ surfaces seem to h giv5 !m ! mo/ tr\ble by f>1 & exam9ation ( almo/ any us$ e>ly ,wright eng9e w usually %[ "o or m pi/ons ) evid5ce ( scuff+ 9 v>y+ degrees1 & ?is is also app>5t 9 ! photographs 9 ! record4 ,?is is a little difficult to und]/& inasmu* z mo/ ( ! "t !y _h ! v favorable op]at+ condition ( ca/ iron on ca/ iron4 ,_m ref]5ces to pi/on seizure or incipi5t seizure1 indicat$ by a loss ( p[]1 occur1 & ?is tr\ble may h be5 aggravat$ by ! v small pi/on cle>ances utiliz$4 ,:y ^! small cle>ances 7 cont9u$ is also n readily expla9able1 except t ) no comb9ation ( true oil-scrap] r+s1 :i* 0 ! basic reason :y ! f9al =m ( aviation pi/on eng9e 0 able to rea* its unbelievably l[ oil consumptions1 _! l>ge & r weak compression r+s 7 probably n do+ an adequate job ( oil control1 & !y 7 attempt+ to ov]come ?is ) a q tight pi/on fit4#ah ,9 any ev5t1 !y did enc\nt] scuff+ or seiz+ pi/ons & cyl9d] ov]-oil+ at ! same "t4 ,z late z #d ,may #aijh 9 ! ,wright ,pap]s !re appe>s ! notation3 ,! only important *ange has be5 9 ! oil+4 ,! eng9e n[ fe$s entirely by spla%4444 ,footnote #ah3 ,_! int5d$ pi/on r+ t5sion is n kn[n4 ,measurem5ts ( samples f ! #d-;& #f-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9es v>y greatly1 rang+ f less ?an #a_/b lb p] sq 94 to almo/ #a-a_/d lb4 ,! validity ( ^! data is v que/ionable z !y apply to p>ts ) unkn[n l5g? ( s]vice & am\nt ( we>4 ,x seems q c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ev5 :5 new ! unit t5sion figure ) _! wide r+s 0 only a small fraction ( t ( ! mod]n aircraft pi/on eng9e4 ,_! tr\bles t5d$ to conc5trate 9 ! cyl9d]-pi/on comb9ation1 z has be5 true ( almo/ all pi/on eng9es4 ,ref]5ces to brok5 cyl9d]s are frequ5t4 ,^! 7 q obvi\sly cyl9d] b>rels1 z replacem5t 0 common1 & ?is aga9 is n readily expla9able4 ,! mat]ial itself1 accord+ to ,orville ,wright1 _h a v high t5sile /r5g?1 & 9 ! #aijc eng9e m ?an ample mat]ial 0 provid$1 z ! b>rel all ! way d[n to well bel[ ! atta*m5t to ! case 0 #g_/cb 94 ?ick4 ,! exact location ( ! po9t ( failure 0 nev] record$1 b 9 its design are _m squ>e corn]s s]v+ z po9ts ( /ress conc5tration4 ,also1 ( c\rse1 no me?od 0 !n available = det]m9+ a faulty ca/+1 except by visual obs]vation ( imp]fections on ! surface1 & ?is 0 probably ! m common cause4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 t ! eng9e f9ally assembl$ 9 #aibh = in/allation 9 ! #aijc airplane s5t to ,engl& has a crack$ cyl9d] b>rel1 ! crack orig9at+ at a %>p corn] 9 ! slot provid$ at ! bottom ( ! b>rel = screw+ x 9 place4 ,valve failures 7 also a cont9u+ problem1 & ,*5[e? reports t a l>ge proportion ( ! op]at+ "t ( ! #aijd-aijf developm5t eng9e 0 conc5trat$ on attempts to rem$y ?is tr\ble4 ,none ( _! cams1 includ+ ^? ( ! #f-;cyl9d] eng9e1 evid5ce any attempt to effect a major r$uction 9 seat+ velocities4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy log books ( #aiab & #aiac record _m in/ances ( inlet valves brok5 at ! weld1 indicat+ t "s ( ! e>li] #f-;cyl9d] eng9es 7 fitt$ ) valves ( weld$ con/ruction4 ,= ! eng9e] p>ticul>ly1 ! fasc9ation ( ! ,wrights' eng9e /ory lies 9 its del9eation ( ! ess5tially p]fect eng9e]+ a*ievem5t by ! classic def9ition ( eng9e]+--to utilize ! available art & sci5ce to accompli% ! desir$ end ) a m9imum exp5diture ( "t1 en]gy1 & mat]ial4 ,light weight & op]ability 7 ! guid+ consid]ations2 ^! c\ld be obta9$ only ?r\gh con/ant /riv+ = ! utmo/ simplicity4 ,always mode/1 ! ,wrights seem to h be5 ev5 m s 9 connection ) _! eng9e accompli%m5ts4 ,al?\gh ! analogy is some:at inexact1 ! situation is rem9isc5t ( ! truism (t5 he>d 9 ! aircraft propulsion bus9ess--few p "k ! "n ( ,paul ,rev]e's horse4 ,yet1 z ,mc,farland has po9t$ out1 ,! eng9e 0 9 fact f> f _! meane/ a*ievem5t4 ,) h>dly any exp]i5ce 9 ?is field & only a meag]ly equipp$ ma*9e %op1 !y design$ & assembl$ an int]nal combu/ion eng9e t exce$$ ! specifications !y _h laid d[n z necess>y = flight & _h x op]at+ 9 a p]iod ( ab\t two mon?s elaps$ "t4 ,! basic =m !y evolv$ dur+ ?is unequall$ p]=mance c>ri$ !m ?r\gh two ye>s ( su* successful evolution>y flight developm5t t _! fly+ progress$ f a hop to ma/]y ( ! art4 ,& ! ov]all record ( _! p[]plants %[s !m to h be5 rem>kably reliable 9 view ( ! /ate ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e at t "t4 ,app5dix ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,wright ,flight ,eng9es ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #aijc #aijd-aije #aijh-aiaa #aiaa-aiae ,fir/ flight ,exp]im5tal ,demon/rations s]vice eng9ea flights & s]vice ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,cyl4_/,=m #d_/;flat #d_/;flat #d_/v]tical #f_/v]tical ,bore & /roke 7947 #dx#d #d-a_/hx#d #d-c_/hx#d #d-c_/hx#d-a_/b ,displacem5t 7cu4 947 #bja #bad #bdj #djf ,horsep[] #h4be-af #ae-ba #bh-db #ej-ge ,,rpm #fgj-abjj #ajgj-acfj #acbe-aejj #adjj-aefj ,,mep #di-ec #eb-eg #gj-hg #gj-id ,weight 7lb7 #adj-ahj #afj-agj #afj-ahj #bfe-cjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,footnote a3 ,concurr5tly ) ! ,wrights' fir/ eng9e "w1 ,manly 0 develop+ ! eng9e = ! ,langley ,a]odrome1 & a comp>ison ( ! ,wrights' eng9e developm5t ) t ( ,manly is imm$iately sugge/$1 b no mean+ful comp>ison ( ! two ef=ts c be drawn4 ,beyond ! objective ( produc+ a p[] unit to accompli% human flight & ! fact t all ?ree individuals 7 sup]b me*anics1 ! two ef=ts _h no?+ 9 common4 ,! ,wrights' goal 0 an op]able & reasonably lightweight unit to be obta9$ quickly & *eaply4 ,manly's task 0 to obta9 :at 0 = ! "t an inord9ately light eng9e &1 al?\gh ! orig9ally specifi$ p[] 0 consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! ,wrights1 x 0 /ill reasonable ev5 ?\gh ,manly himself app>5tly increas$ x on ! assumption t ,langley w\ld ne$ m p[] ?an he ?\ght4 ,! co/ & "t requir$ 7 v mu* great] ?an ! ,wrights exp5d$4 ,he end$ up ) an eng9e ( extraord9>y p]=mance = its "t1 conta9+ _m features utiliz$ 9 mu* lat] important s]vice eng9es4 ,8 weight p] horsep[] 0 n improv$ ^u = _m ye>s4 ,! ,wrights' eng9e prov$ its practicability 9 actual s]vice4 ,! ,manly eng9e nev] _h ?is opportunity b its successful gr\nd te/s indicat$ an equal pot5tial 9 ?is respect4 ,a description ( ! ,langley-,manly eng9e & ! hi/ory ( its developm5t is conta9$ 9 ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight numb] #f1 ,langley's ,a]o ,eng9e ( #aijc1 by ,rob]t ,b4 ,mey] 7xi#aic pages1 #dd figures2 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,press1 #aiga7 ,x is n possible to /ate ! exact quantities ( ea* eng9e t ! ,wrights produc$ up to ! "t t _! factory ceas$ op]ation 9 #aiae4 ,*5[e? gives an e/imate1 bas$ on ! recollection ( _! te/ =eman1 ( #ajj v]tical #ds & #ej #fs4 ,my e/imate 7see page #b7 places ! total ( all eng9es at close to #bjj4 ,orig9al ,wright-built eng9es ( all f\r ( ^! basic designs are 9 exi/5ce1 al?\gh !y are r widely scatt]$4 ,! ,smi?sonian's ,national ,air & ,space ,museum has examples ( !m all1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! unique fir/-flight eng9e4 ,_! condition v>ies1 b _m are op]able1 or c\ld easily be made s4 ,among ! be/ are ! fir/-flight eng9e & ! la/ v]tical #f1 at ! ,smi?sonian1 ! fir/ v]tical #f1 at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air ,=ce ,museum1 & ! v]tical #d1 at ! ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum4 ,! ,wrights 7 con/antly exp]im5t+ & alt]+1 & ?is 9 connection ) ! lack ( complete records makes x almo/ impossible to /ate ) any c]ta9ty specific p]=mances ( individual eng9es at giv5 times4 ,weights sometimes includ$ accessories & at o!rs did n4 ,(t5 !y 7 ( ! complete p[]plant unit1 includ+ radiator & wat] & fuel1 ) no cl>ification4 ,9 ! table1 p]=mance is giv5 9 ranges :i* are ?\ght to be ! mo/ repres5tative ( ^? actually utiliz$4 ,occasionally p]=mances 7 atta9$ ev5 beyond ! ranges giv54 ,= example1 ! #dx#d-;94 flat developm5t eng9e ev5tually demon/rat$ #be hp at an ,,mep ( approximately #fe psi4 ,"o important figure--! horsep[] actually utiliz$ dur+ ! fir/ flight--is q accurately kn[n4 ,9 #aijd ! #aijd-aije flight eng9e1 aft] hav+ be5 calibrat$ by _! prony-brake te/-fan me?od1 0 us$ to turn ! #aijc flight propell]s1 & ,orville ,wright calculat$ ?is p[] to be #ab4je bhp by comp>+ ! calibrat$ eng9e results ) ^? obta9$ ) ! flight eng9e at ,kitty ,hawk :5 te/$ "u simil> conditions4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! te/s 7 conduct$ 9 /ill air ) ! eng9e /ation>y1 ?is did n exactly repres5t ! flight condition4 ,no d\bt ! rotational spe$ ( ! eng9e & propell]s increas$ some:at ) ! =w>d velocity ( ! airplane s t unless ! p[]-rpm curve ( ! eng9e 0 flat1 ! actual horsep[] utiliz$ 0 probably a small am\nt great] ?an ,orville's figures4 ,! l[e/ p[] figure %[n = ?is eng9e is t ( its fir/ op]ation4 ,no fuel consumption figures are giv51 prim>ily because no compreh5sive data h be5 f\nd4 ,?is is mo/ probably because 9 ! e>ly flight ye>s1 :5 ! ,wrights 7 s meticul\sly measur+ & record+ te*nical in=mation on ! important factors affect+ _! "w1 ! flights 7 ( su* %ort duration t fuel economy 0 ( v m9or importance4 ,aft] success _h be5 a*iev$1 !y ceas$ to keep detail$ records on v mu* except _! fir/ int]e/--! fly+ ma*9e itself--& :5 ! "t ( long] flights arriv$1 ! fuel consumption t result$ f _! be/ eng9e design ef=ts 0 simply accept$4 ,! range obta9$ became mo/ly a matt] ( a]odynamic design & weight c>ri$4 ,orville ,wright quotes an e>ly figure ( brake !rmal effici5cy = ! #aijc eng9e t gives a specific fuel consumption ( 4#ehj lb ( fuel p] bhp_/hr bas$ on an e/imate ( ! heat+ value ( ! fuel !y _h4 ,?is seems l[1 consid]+ ! compression ratio & probable leakage pa/ _! r weak pi/on r+s1 b x is possible4 ,9 an undat$ entry1 presumably 9 #aije1 ,orville ,wright's notebook cov]$ fuel consumption 9 t]ms ( miles ( flight2 "o ( ! /at$ assumptions 9 ! entry is1 ,"o horsep[] consumes 4#fj p\nds p] horsep[] h\r--/ill q good = ! exi/+ conditions4 ,publi%$ figures = ! #f-fj eng9e c5t]$ ar\nd 4#fg lb_/hp hr = comb9$ fuel & oil consumption4 ,! ,wright ,%op ,eng9e ,despite ! fact t ! ,wright %op eng9e 0 n a flight unit1 x is int]e/+ bo? because x 0 a well design$ /ation>y p[]plant ) sev]al exce$+ly +5i\s features1 & because its complete success 0 d\btless a major factor 9 ! ,wrights' decision to design & build _! own fir/ flight eng9e4 ,put 9 s]vice 9 _! small %op 9 ! fall ( #aija1 x 0 utiliz$ 9 ! con/ruction ( eng9e & airframe p>ts dur+ ! vital ye>s f #aijb ?r\gh #aijh &1 9 addition1 x provid$ ! sole means ( det]m9+ ! p[] output ( all ( _! e>ly flight eng9es4 ,by means ( a prony brake1 its p[] output 0 c>efully measur$ & f ?is ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ = x to turn c]ta9 fans or te/ clubs 0 det]m9$4 ,^! 7 !n fitt$ to ! flight eng9es & ! p[] develop$ calculat$ f ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9es "u te/ w\ld turn ! calibrat$ clubs4 ,al?\gh a some:at complex me?od ( us+ p[] p] explosion ( ! %op eng9e 0 made necess>y by ! basic gov]nor control ( ! eng9e1 ! f9al figures calculat$ by means ( ! propell] cube law seem to h be5 surpris+ly accurate4#ai ,re/or$ "u ! p]sonal direction ( ,*>les ,taylor1 x is 9 ! ,h5ry ,=d ,museum 9 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan1 toge!r ) ! %op ma*9]y x op]at$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,! ,pap]s ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 volume #b1 ,app5dix4 ,! eng9e 0 a s+le cyl9d]1 #d-/roke-cycle hot-tube ignition type4 ,! cyl9d]1 ( ca/ iron q f9ely & completely f9n$ = its day1 0 air-cool$1 or r1 air-radiat$1 z !re 0 no =c$ circulation ( air ov] x1 ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! eng9e simply soak+ up ! dissipat$ heat4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 possibly a desirable adjunct 9 w9t]1 inside ! small %op 9 ,dayton1 ! temp]ature !re 9 summ] mu/ h be5 q high at times4 ,! op]at+ fuel 0 city illum9at+ gas1 :i* 0 also utiliz$ to heat1 by means ( a burn]1 ! ignition tube4 ,?is "p 0 ( copp]1 ) "o completely clos$ end position$ directly 9 ! burn] flame2 ! o!r end 0 op5 & connect$ ! int]ior ( ! tube to ! combu/ion *amb]4 ,! inlet valve 0 ( ! usual automatic type :ile ! exhau/ valve 0 me*anically op]at$4 ,! fuel gas fl[ 0 controll$ by a sep>ate valve me*anically connect$ to ! inlet valve s t ! op5+ ( ! inlet valve also op5$ ! gas valve1 & gas & air 7 c>ri$ into ! cyl9d] toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,%op eng9e1 #aija1 %[+ gov]nor & exhau/ valve cam4 7,photo c\rtesy ,r4 ,v4 ,k]ley47 ,! eng9e 0 ( normal /ation>y p[]plant design1 hav+ a heavy base & two heavy fly:eels1 "o on ea* side ( ! crank4 ,^! 7 necess>y to ensure reasonably uni=m rotational spe$1 z1 9 addition to hav+ only "o cyl9d]1 ! gov]n+ 0 ( ! hit-&-miss type4 ,x _h a #fx#g-;94 bore & /roke & w\ld develop slightly ov] #c hp at :at 0 app>5tly its normal op]at+ spe$ ( #ddg rpm1 :i* gives an ,,mep ( #bg psi4 ,! eng9e is notewor?y n only = its v successful op]ation b also because x incorporat$ two q +5i\s features4 ,"o 0 ! spe$-gov]n+ me*anism4 ,z 9 ! usual hit-&-miss op]ation1 ! eng9e spe$ 0 ma9ta9$ at a con/ant value1 ! output !n be+ det]m9$ by ! numb] ( p[] /rokes necess>y to accompli% ?is4 ,! gov]nor prop] 0 a cyl9drical weight free to slide along its axis on a %aft fa/5$ longitud9ally to a spoke ( "o ( ! fly:eels4 ,a spr+ =c$ x t[>d ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 :ile c5trifugal =ce pull$ x t[>d ! rim aga9/ ! spr+ pressure4 ,aft] ea* op5+ ( ! valve ! exhau/-valve actuat+ lev] 0 automatically lock$ 9 ! valve-op5 position by a spr+-load$ pawl1 or cat*4 ,! lev] _h atta*$ to x a small side ext5sion1 or b>1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly =c$1 w\ld release ! cat* & free ! actuat+ lev]4 ,?is b> 0 s position$ z to be contact$ by ! gov]nor weight :5 ! eng9e spe$ 0 ( ! desir$ value or l[]1 ?us ma9ta9+ regul> valve op]ation2 b an excessive spe$ w\ld move ! gov]nor weight t[>d ! rim & ! exhau/ valve w\ld !n be held 9 ! op5 position dur+ ! inlet /roke1 s no cyl9d] *>ge w\ld be +e/$4 ,s9ce ! ignition 0 n me*anically tim$1 ! fir+ ( ! *>ge 0 dep5d5t only on ! compression ( ! inlet *>ge 9 ! cyl9d]1 s x made no diff]5ce :e!r ! gov]nor caus$ ! eng9e to cease fir+ = an odd or ev5 numb] ( revolutions1 ev5 ?\gh ! eng9e 0 op]at+ on a #d-/roke cycle at all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--,%op eng9e1 #aija1 %[+ op]ation ( exhau/ valve cam4 7,pratt ,:itney draw+47 ,! exhau/ valve op]at+ cam 0 ev5 m +5i\s4 ,to obta9 op]ation on a #d-/roke cycle & /ill avoid ! addition ( a half-spe$ cam%aft1 a cam travel+ at crank%aft spe$ 0 made to op]ate ! exhau/ valve e o!r revolution 7see ,figure #ag74 ,x consi/$ ( a v slim qu>t]-moon outl9e fa/5$ to a disc on ! crank%aft by a s+le be>+ bolt ?r\gh its middle :i* s]v$ z ! pivot ab\t :i* x mov$4 ,j en\gh cle>ance 0 provid$ betwe5 ! inside ( ! qu>t]-moon & ! crank%aft to all[ ! passage ( ! cam-foll[] roll]4 ,! qu>t]-moon1 /atically balanc$ & free to move ab\t its pivot1 basically _h two positions4 ,9 "o ! lead+ edge 0 t\*+ ! %aft 7,figure #ag;b71 s t :5 ! cam came to ! cam foll[]1 ! foll[] 0 =c$ to g ov] ! top ( ! cam1 ?us op5+ ! exhau/ valve4 ,:5 ! cam pivot po9t _h pass$ ! roll]1 ! pressure ( ! exhau/ valve spr+ =c$ ! foll[+ edge ( ! cam into contact ) ! %aft & ?is movem5t1 :i* sep>at$ ! lead+ edge ( ! cam f ! %aft1 provid$ suffici5t space betwe5 x & ! %aft = ! roll] to ent] 7,figure #ag;c74 ,?us1 :5 ! lead+ edge ( ! cam next rea*$ ! roll]1 ! roll]1 be+ held aga9/ ! crank%aft by ! valve spr+ pressure 7,figure #ag;d71 ent]$ ! space betwe5 ! cam & ! %aft & !re 0 no actuation ( ! valve4 ,9 exit+ f ! space1 x rais$ ! trail+ edge ( ! cam1 =c+ ! lead+ edge aga9/ ! %aft 7,figure #ag;a7 s t at ! next meet+ a normal valve op5+ w\ld take place4 ,! cam 0 ma9ta9$ by friction alone 9 ! position 9 :i* x 0 set by ! roll]1 b s9ce ! am\nt ( ?is c\ld be adju/$ to any value1 x c\ld be easily ma9ta9$ suffici5t to (fset ! small c5trifugal =ce t5d+ to put ! cam 9 a neutral position4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,! ,wrights app>5tly nev] appli$ = an eng9e pat5t ( any k9d4 ,?is no d\bt grew out ( _! attitude ( reg>d+ ! eng9e z an accessory & deprecat+ _! "w 9 ?is field4 ,a reasonably complete pat5t se>* indicates t ?is p>ticul> cam device has nev] be5 pat5t$1 al?\gh a mu* m complex arrangem5t accompli%+ ! same purpose 0 pat5t$ 9 #aijj1 & a pat5t application on a cam-actuat+ me*anism sub/antially id5tical to t ( ! ,wrights & int5d$ = use 9 a golf practice app>atus is p5d+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,bibliography ,,angle1 ,,gl5n ,d4 ,wright4 ,pages #eba-ebc 9 ,airplane ,eng9e ,encyclop$ia1 an ,alphabetically ,arrang$ ,compilation ( ,all ,available ,data on ! ,_w's ,airplane ,eng9es4 ,dayton1 ,ohio3 ,! ,ott]be9 ,press1 #aiba4 ,,bak]1 ,,max ,p4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs z ,a]onautical ,eng9e]s4 ,annual ,report ( 444 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 444 = ! ,ye> ,end$ ,june #cj1 #aiej1 pages #bji-bbc1 #d figures1 #i plates4 ,,beaum\nt1 ,,william ,,worby4 ,motor ,vehicles & ,motors3 ,_! ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,work+ by ,/eam1 ,oil1 & ,electricity4 #b volumes4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott1 #aija-aijb4 ,,*5[e?1 ,,opie4 ,p[] ,plants ,built by ! ,wright ,bro!rs4 ,s4,a4,e4 ,qu>t]ly ,transactions 7,janu>y #aiea71 #e3ad-ag4 ,,=e/1 ,,f]n&4 ,les ,bateaux automobiles4 ,p>is3 ,h4 ,dunod et ,e4 ,p9at1 ,editeurs1 #aijf4 ,,g\gh1 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mat]ials ( ,aircraft ,con/ruction4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,a]onautical ,society 7,novemb] #aich71 #db3ibb-ajcb4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,kelly1 ,,fr$ ,c4 ,miracle at ,kitty ,hawk2 ! ,lett]s ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright4 ,new ,york3 ,f>r>1 ,/raus & ,"y1 #aiea4 ---------- ,! ,wright ,bro!rs1 a ,biography ,au?oriz$ by ,orville ,wright4 ,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt1 ,brace ,co41 #aidc4 ,,k5n$y1 ,,rank94 ,fly+ ,ma*9es3 ,practice & ,design4 ,_! ,pr9ciples1 ,con/ruction & ,work+4 #aeh pages4 ,london3 ,te*nical ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd41 #aiji4 ,,lawrance1 ,,*>les ,l4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,a]oplane ,eng9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pages #dji-dbi 9 ,int]national ,civil ,a]onautics ,conf]5ce1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #ab-ad ,decemb] #aibh1 ,pap]s ,submitt$ by ! ,delegates = ,consid]ation by ! ,conf]5ce4 ,wa%+ton3 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aibh4 ,,mcf>l&1 ,,m>v9 ,w4 ,! ,pap]s ( ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright4 #b volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,mc,graw ,hill ,book ,co41 #aiec4 ,,r5/rom1 ,,ar?ur ,g4 ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright3 ,a ,bibliography ,commemorat+ ! ,hundr$? ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,bir? ( ,wilbur ,wright1 ,april #af1 #ahfg4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,! ,libr>y ( ,congress ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aifh4 ,conta9s #bjee entries4 ,! #f-;,cyl9d] #fj-;,horsep[] ,wright ,motor4 ,a]onautics 7,novemb] #aiac71 #ac7e73agg-agi4 ,wright ,bro!rs4 ,pages #hbi-hcj 9 ,a]osph]e #aici1 ,includ+ ,_w's ,aircraft ,eng9es1 ) ,aircraft ,directory1 ,gl5n ,d4 ,angle1 editor4 ,new ,york3 ,aircraft ,publi%]s1 #aidj4 ,index ,angle1 ,gl5n ,d41 #ea ,baby ,gr& ,rac]1 #dg ,bak]1 ,max ,p4 #a1 #aj1 #bf1 #bh ,b>iqu& et ,m>re1 #dc1 #dd-de1 #eg-eh ,beaum\nt1 ,william ,worby1 #i1 #be ,bri/ol ,siddeley ,eng9es1 ,ltd41 #dd-de ,c>illon ,p>k ,museum1 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ix1 #en1 #g1 #cg ,*anute1 ,octave1 #bh ,*5[e?1 ,opie1 ix1 #bb1 #ce1 #db1 #fc ,*ri/man1 ,l\is ,p41 ix1 #g1 #h1 #bh ,cole1 ,gilm\re ,n41 ix ,cl>ke1 ,j4 ,h41 #ah ,daiml]-,b5z ,a4 ,g41 ix1 #aj1 #ac ,eng9e]s ,club1 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ix1 #cb ,=d1 ,h5ry1 #h ,=d1 ,h5ry1 ,museum1 ,de>born1 ,mi*igan1 #h1 #fd ,=e/1 ,f]n&1 #aa ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,p5nsylvania1 ix1 #dg ,g\gh1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,j41 #ehn ,h[ell ,*5ey ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,man*e/]1 ,connecticut1 x1 #ad1 #ae ,kelly1 ,fr$ ,c1 #dn ,k]ley1 ,r4 ,v41 ix1 #fe ,kitty ,hawk ,fly]1 ii1 #c ,langley ,samuel ,p4 ,a]odrome1 #i1 #fb ,lo5+1 ,grov] ,c1 #acn ,manly1 ,*>les ,l41 #i1 #fb ,maxim1 ,sir ,hiram ,/ev5s1 #c ,mc,farland1 ,m>v9 ,w41 #a1 #cc1 #dg1 #fa ,mill]-,knoblock ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,indiana1 #bf ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,cape ,hatt]as ,national ,sea%ore1 ii1 ix ,neue ,automobil-,gesells*aft1 #dc ,port]1 ,l4 ,morgan1 ix ,pratt ,:itney ,aircraft ,corp41 v1 x1 #cg1 #dj-da1 #di1 #eb1 #ec1 #fg ,pruckn]1 ,anton1 #cc ,rockwell1 ,a4 ,l41 ix1 #cg ,santos-,dumont1 ,alb]to1 #aa ,sci5ce ,museum1 ,london1 x1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 #ba1 #bc1 #bf ,taylor1 ,*>les ,e41 #e1 #fd ,unit$ ,aircraft ,corp41 v1 x ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #b ,:itehead1 ,gu/ave1 #cc ,wittemann1 ,*>les1 #ccn ,wright1 ,bi%op ,milton 7fa!r71 #bh ,wright1 ,ka!r9e 7si/]71 #d ,z5i? c>buretor1 #eb 99,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aiga--cig-gfd ,publication 9 ,smi?sonian ,annals ( ,flight ,manuscript = s]ial publications are accept$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,press1 subject to sub/antive review1 only ?r\gh dep>tm5ts ( ! v>i\s ,smi?sonian museums4 ,non-,smi?sonian au?ors %\ld address inquiries to ! appropriate dep>tm5t4 ,if submission is invit$1 ! foll[+ =mat requirem5ts ( ! ,press w gov]n ! prep>ation ( copy4 ,copy mu/ be typewritt51 d\ble-spac$1 on "o side ( /&>d :ite bond pap]1 ) #a-a_/b top & left m>g9s1 submitt$ 9 ribbon copy ) a c>bon or duplicate1 & accompani$ by ! orig9al artwork4 ,duplicate copies ( all mat]ial1 includ+ illu/rations1 %\ld be reta9$ by ! au?or4 ,!re may be sev]al p>agraphs to a page1 b ea* page %\ld beg9 ) a new p>agraph4 ,numb] all pages consecutively1 includ+ title page1 ab/ract1 text1 lit]ature cit$1 leg5ds1 & tables4 ,a manuscript %\ld consi/ ( at lea/ ?irty pages1 includ+ typescript & illu/rations4 ,! title %\ld be complete & cle> = easy index+ by ab/ract+ s]vices4 ,include an ab/ract z an introductory "p ( ! text1 foll[$ by an id5tification ( ! au?or t includes 8 pr(essional mail+ address4 ,a table ( cont5ts is optional4 ,an index1 if requir$1 may be suppli$ by ! au?or :5 he returns page pro(4 ,head+s are to be us$ discrim9ately & mu/ be typ$ ) extra space above & bel[4 ,= matt]s ( g5]al /yle 7includ+ bibliography & footnotes or notes7 foll[ ,a ,manual ( ,/yle1 #ab? edition1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press1 #aifi4 ,= m detail$ treatm5t on footnotes & bibliography see ,citation ,/yle ,manual prep>$ = ,,mht publications 7,octob] #aifc74 ,use ! mod]n ord] ( cit+ dates3 #bi ,febru>y #aigb4 ,simple tabulations 9 ! text 7e4g41 columns ( data7 may c>ry head+s or n1 b !y %\ld n conta9 rules4 ,=mal tables mu/ be submitt$ z pages sep>ate f ! text1 & ea* table1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 %\ld be pa/$ up z a s+le %eet ( copy4 ,use ! metric sy/em in/ead ( 7or 9 addition to7 ! ,engli% sy/em4 ,illu/rations 7l9e draw+s1 maps1 photographs1 %ad$ draw+s7 c be int]mix$ ?r\gh\t ! pr9t$ text4 ,!y mu/ be cle>ly numb]$ 9 sequ5ce1 z !y are to appe> 9 ! text4 ,!y w be t]m$ ,figures & %\ld be numb]$ consecutively2 if a gr\p ( figures is treat$ z a s+le figure1 h[ev]1 ! individual compon5ts %\ld be indicat$ by l[]case italic lett]s on ! illu/ration1 9 ! leg5d1 & 9 text ref]5ces3 ,figure #i;b4 ,type 7d\ble spac$7 all leg5ds on a page or pages sep>ate f ! text & n atta*$ to ! artwork4 ,9 ! bibliography spell out book1 j\rnal1 & article titles1 us+ initial caps ) all words except m9or t]ms su* z &1 (1 !4 7,= capitalization ( =eign language titles1 foll[ ! national practice ( ! language47 ,und]score 7= italics7 book & j\rnal titles4 ,use ! p>5!ses-colon sy/em3 #aj7b73e-i = volume1 numb]1 & page citations4 ,notes & footnotes1 accompany+ a manuscript1 are to be typ$ consecutively1 d\ble-spac$1 & on %eets sep>ate f ! text4 ,9 typ+ ! notes ! numb] %\ld be typ$ on ! l9e & foll[$ by a p]iod4 ,! footnote numb] %\ld be typ$ slightly above ! l9e & %\ld foll[ any punctuation m>k except a da%4 ,= free copies ( 8 own pap]1 a ,smi?sonian au?or %\ld indicate 8 requirem5ts on ,=m #cf 7submitt$ to ! ,press ) ! manuscript74 ,a non-,smi?sonian au?or w receive fifty free copies2 ord] =ms = quantities above ?is am\nt ) in/ructions = paym5t w be suppli$ :5 page pro( is =w>d$4