,int]national ,education ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,volume ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies4 #abmo1 clo?1 uni=m b9d+4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies 0 project$ = ! purpose ( br++ toge!r 9 ord]ly arrangem5t ! be/ writ+s1 new & old1 ^u educational subjects1 & pres5t+ a complete c\rse ( read+ & tra9+ = tea*]s g5]ally4 ,x is edit$ by ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,,ll4,d41 n[ ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 :o has contribut$ = ! diff]5t volumes 9 ! way ( introductions1 analysis1 & comm5t>y4 ,! volumes are ta/efully & sub/antially b\nd 9 uni=m /yle4 ,,volumes ,,n[ ,,ready3 ,vol ,i4--,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,johann ,,k>l ,,fri$ri* ,,ros5kranz1 ,doctor ( ,!ology & ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,konigsb]g4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,,anna ,c4 ,,brackett4 ,second edition1 revis$1 & accompani$ ) ,comm5t>y & complete ,analysis4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,pa9t]1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,languages & ,lit]ature 9 ,roanoke ,college1 ,va4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,e>ly ,,con/itution ,,( ,,univ]sities4 ,,) ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,m$ieval ,,education4 ,by ,s4 ,s4 ,,laurie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,in/itutes & ,hi/ory ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,iv--,,! ,,v5tilation ,,& ,,w>m+ ,,( ,,s*ool ,,build+s4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,b4 ,,morrison1 ,tea*] ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry 9 ,kansas ,city ,high ,s*ool4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol ,v4--,,! ,,education ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,,fri$ri* ,,froebel4 ,translat$ & furni%$ ) ample notes by ,w4 ,n4 ,,hailmann1 ,a4,m41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,s*ools1 ,la ,porte1 ,ind4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,vol ,,vi--,,elem5t>y ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,education4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,,baldw91 au?or ( ,! ,art ( ,s*ool ,managem5t4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,vii4--,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,w4 7,"p ,i ( ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,*ild47 ,by ,w4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,g]man by ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 ,tea*] 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,vol ,,viii4--,,memory3 ,:at x is & h[ to ,improve x4 ,by ,,david ,,kay1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 au?or ( ,education & ,educators1 etc4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,vol ,,ix4--,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4 7,"p ,,ii ( ,,! ,,m9d ,,( ,,! ,,*ild47 ,by ,w4 ,,prey]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,g]man by ,h4 ,w4 ,,br[n1 ,tea*] 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,x4--,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy ,,geography4 ,a ,practical ,exposition ( ,me?ods & ,devices 9 ,tea*+ ,geography :i* apply ! ,pr9ciples & ,plans ( ,ritt] & ,guyot4 ,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,cook ,c\nty 7,ill9ois7 ,normal ,s*ool4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xi4--,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates3 ,its ,hi/ory f ! ,e>lie/ ,settlem5ts4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,boone1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy 9 ,indiana ,univ]sity4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xii4--,,european ,,s*ools2 or1 ,:at ,i ,saw 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l&4 ,by ,l4 ,r4 ,,klemm1 ,ph4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,c9c9nati ,te*nical ,s*ool1 au?or ( ,*ips f a ,tea*]'s ,work%op1 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4--,,practical ,,h9ts ,,= ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,( ,,public ,,s*ools4 ,by ,,george ,,h[l&1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,*icago ,public ,s*ools4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4--,,pe/alozzi3 ,8 ,life & ,"w4 ,by ,,rog] ,,de ,,guimps4 ,au?oriz$ translation f ! second ,fr5* edition1 by ,j4 ,,russell1 ,b4,a41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,) an ,introduction by ,rev4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,quick1 ,m4,a4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xv4--,,s*ool ,,sup]vision4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,pick>d1 ,,ll4,d4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xvi4--,,high] ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,europe4 ,by ,,hel5e ,,lange1 ,b]l94 ,translat$ & accompani$ by comp>ative /ati/ics by ,l4 ,r4 ,,klemm4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xvii4--,,essays ,,on ,,educational ,,re=m]s4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,h]b]t ,,quick1 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,h>r[1 & ,lectur] on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education at ,cambridge2 late ,vic> ( ,l$b]gh4 ,only au?oriz$ edition ( ! "w z rewritt5 9 #ahij4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xviii4--,a ,,text-,,book ,,9 ,,psy*ology4 ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,f\nd ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,psy*ology ,,on ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,metaphysics1 ,,& ,,ma!matics4 ,by ,,johann ,,fri$ri* ,,h]b>t4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,g]man by ,,m>g>et ,k4 ,,smi?1 ,tea*] 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool at ,oswego1 ,new ,york4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xix4--,,psy*ology ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,tea*+4 ,by ,dr4 ,,joseph ,,baldw94 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xx4--,,r\sseau',s ,,emile4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,payne4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,vol4 ,,xxi4--,,e?ical ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,s*ools4 ,by ,,felix ,,adl]4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4--,,engli% ,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,s*ools4 ,by ,,isaac ,,%>pless1 ,,ll4,d4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4--,,education ,,f ,a ,,national ,,/&po9t4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,f\illee4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,circul>1 describ+ ! volumes m 9 detail1 mail$ to any address on reque/4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4 ,,int]national ,,education ,,s]ies ,,! ,,moral ,,in/ruction ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,by ,,felix ,,adl] ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahib ,,copyright1 #ahib1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,appleton ,,press1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,moral education is ev]y:]e ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/ important "p ( all education2 b !re has n be5 ! same agreem5t 9 reg>d to ! be/ means ( secur+ x 9 ! s*ool4 ,?is has be5 due 9 "p to a want ( insight into ! tw(old nature ( ?is sort ( education2 = in/ruction 9 morals includes two ?+s3 ! =mation ( "r ideas & ! =mation ( "r habits4 ,"r ideas are necess>y to guide ! w1 b "r habits are ! product ( ! w itself4 ,x is possible to h "r ideas to "s ext5t )\t ! correspond+ moral habits4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! =mation ( correct habits has be5 e/eem$ by "s to be ! *ief ?+4 ,b unconsci\s habits--m]e use & wont--d n seem to des]ve ! title ( moral 9 its highe/ s5se4 ,! moral act %\ld be a consid]ate "o1 & re/ on ! adoption ( pr9ciples to guide "o's actions4 ,to ^? :o lay /ress on ! practical side & dem& ! =mation ( correct habits1 ! s*ool z x is seems to be a great e?ical in/rum5tality4 ,to ^? :o see 9 !oretical in/ruction ! only true basis ( moral "*1 ! exi/+ s*ool me?ods seem sadly defici5t4 ,! s*ool z x is looks fir/ aft] its discipl9e1 & next aft] its in/ruction4 ,discipl9e conc]ns ! behavior1 & in/ruction conc]ns ! intellectual progress ( ! pupil4 ,t "p ( moral education :i* relates to habits ( good behavior is mu* bett] provid$ = 9 ! s*ool ?an any "p ( intellectual education4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a conflict "h betwe5 old & new ideals4 ,! old-fa%ion$ s*ool reg>d$ ob$i5ce to au?ority ! "o ess5tial2 ! new ideal reg>ds insight into ! reasonabl5ess ( moral comm&s ! *ief end4 ,x is said1 ) tru?1 t a habit ( unreason+ ob$i5ce does n fit "o = ! exig5cies ( mod]n life1 ) its p>tisan appeals to ! individual & its p]petual display ( gr\nds & reasons1 speci\s & o!rwise1 9 ! newspap]s4 ,! unreason+ ob$i5ce to a moral guide 9 s*ool may become 9 aft] life unreason+ ob$i5ce to a demagogue or to a lead] 9 crime4 ,x is n ob$i5ce to ext]nal au?ority t we ne$ s mu* z enlight5$ moral s5se1 & yet !re rema9s & w rema9 mu* good 9 ! old-fa%ion$ habit ( implicit ob$i5ce4 ,! new education aims at build+ up self-control & individual insight4 ,x sub/itutes ! int]nal au?ority ( consci5ce = ! ext]nal au?ority ( ! ma/]4 ,x claims by ?is to educate ! citiz5 fitt$ = ! ex]cise ( suffrage 9 a free gov]nm5t4 ,he w weigh political & social que/ions 9 8 m9d1 & decide = himself4 ,he w be apt to reject ! s*eme ( ! demagogue4 ,:ile ! old-fa%ion$ s*ool-ma/] reli$ on ! rod to su/a9 8 ext]nal au?ority1 he produc$1 x is said1 a reaction aga9/ all au?ority 9 ! m9ds ( /rong-will$ pupils4 ,! new education saves ! /rong-will$ pupil f ?is t5sion aga9/ con/itut$ au?ority1 & makes him law-abid+ f ! beg9n+4 ,x w be admitt$ t ! s*ool "u bo? its =ms--old z well z new--secures 9 ! ma9 ! =mation ( ! c>d9al moral habits4 ,x is oblig$ to insi/ on regul>ity1 punctuality1 sil5ce1 & indu/ry z indisp5sable = ! p]=mance ( its s*ool tasks4 ,a private tutor may p]mit 8 *>ge to neglect all ^! ?+s1 & yet secure "s progress 9 /udies c>ri$ on by fits & />ts1 ) noise & zeal to-day1 foll[$ by indol5ce to-morr[4 ,b a s*ool1 on acc\nt ( its numb]s1 mu/ insi/ on ! semi-me*anical virtues ( regul>ity1 punctuality1 sil5ce1 & indu/ry4 ,al?\gh ^! are semi-me*anical 9 _! nature1 = ) mu* practice !y become unconsci\s habits1 yet !y furni% ! v gr\nd-"w ( all comb9ations ( man ) 8 fell[-m54 ,!y are fundam5tal conditions ( social life4 ,! increase ( city population1 consequ5t on ! gr[? ( productive indu/ry & ! sub/itution ( ma*9es = h& labor1 r5d]s necess>y ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ^! c>d9al virtues ( ! s*ool4 ,ev5 ! managem5t ( ma*9es requires t sort ( al]tness :i* comes f regul>ity & punctuality4 ,! travel on ! railroad1 ! managem5t ( /eam-eng9es1 ! necessities ( conc]t$ action1 require punctuality & rhy?mic action4 ,! s*ool habit ( sil5ce means consid]ate reg>d = ! rights ( fell[-workm54 ,!y mu/ n be int]f]$ )2 _! att5tion mu/ n be di/ract$ f _! sev]al tasks4 ,a rational self-re/ra9t gr[s out ( ?is s*ool habit--rational1 because x re/s on consid]at5ess = ! "w ( o!rs4 ,?is is a great lesson 9 co-op]ation4 ,morals 9 _! ess5ce deal ) ! relation ( man to 8 fell[-m51 & re/ on a consid]at5ess = ! rights ( o!rs4 ,d unto o!rs1 etc41 sums up ! moral code4 ,indu/ry1 likewise1 takes a high rank z a citiz5's virtue4 ,by x man le>ns to re-en=ce ! mom5ts by ! h\rs1 & ! days by ! ye>s4 ,he le>ns h[ ! puny individual c conqu] great ob/acles4 ,! s*ool dem&s ( ! y\? a difficult k9d ( indu/ry4 ,he mu/ ?9k & rememb]1 giv+ close & unremitt+ att5tion to subjects /range & f> (f f 8 daily life4 ,he mu/ d ?is 9 ord] to discov] ev5tually t ^! /range & f>-(f matt]s are connect$ 9 a close mann] to 8 own hi/ory & de/9y4 ,!re is ano!r phase ( ! pupil's indu/ry t has an important be>+ on morals4 ,all 8 intellectual "w 9 ! class has to d ) critical accuracy1 & respect = ! tru?4 ,loose /atem5ts & c>eless logical inf]5ce meet ) sev]e repro(4 ,f9ally1 !re is an en=c$ polit5ess & c\rtesy t[>d tea*]s & fell[-pupils--at lea/ to ! ext5t ( prev5t+ qu>rels4 ,?is is directly tribut>y to ! highe/ ( virtues1 namely1 k9dness & g5]osity4 ,all ^! moral phases m5tion$ h to d ) ! side ( s*ool discipl9e r ?an in/ruction1 & !y d n necess>ily h any be>+ on ! !ory ( morals or on e?ical philosophy1 except 9 ! fact t !y make a v /rong impression on ! m9d ( ! y\?1 & cause him to feel t he is a memb] ( a moral ord]4 ,he le>ns t moral dem&s are f> m /]n ?an ! dem&s ( ! body = food or dr9k or repose4 ,! s*ool ?us does mu* to *ange ! pupil f a natural be+ to a spiritual be+4 ,physical nature becomes subord9at$ to ! int]e/s ( human nature4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! s*ool is s effici5t z a means ( tra9+ 9 moral habits1 x is z yet only a small influ5ce 9 ! realm ( moral !ory4 ,ev5 our colleges & univ]sities1 x mu/ be confess$1 d little 9 ?is respect1 al?\gh !re has be5 ( late an ef=t to increase 9 ! programmes ! am\nt ( "t devot$ to e?ical /udy4 ,! cause ( ?is is ! divorce ( moral !ory f !ology4 ,all 0 easy s long z e?ics 0 directly associat$ ) ! prevail+ religi\s confession4 ,! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 sl[ly progress+ ev]y:]e s9ce ! middle ages1 has at l5g? t\*$ ! "q ( education4 ,! attempt to f9d an indep5d5t basis = e?ics 9 ! sci5ce ( sociology has develop$ conflict+ sy/ems4 ,! college /ud5t is r>ely /r5g!n$ 9 8 fai? 9 moral !ories by 8 !oretic /udy4 ,too (t5 8 fai? is sapp$4 ,^? :o ma/] a spiritual philosophy are /r5g!n$2 ! _m :o drift t[>d a s-call$ sci5tific basis are l$ to weak5 _! moral convictions to ! /&po9t ( fa%ion1 or cu/om1 or utility4 ,mean:ile ! dem& ( ! age to sep>ate ,*ur* f ,/ate becomes m & m exact+4 ,religi\s in/ruction has almo/ entirely ceas$ 9 ! public s*ools1 & x is rapidly disappe>+ f ! programmes ( colleges & prep>atory s*ools1 & few academies are n[ sc5es ( religi\s revival1 z once 0 common4 ,! publi%]s ( ?is s]ies are glad1 !re=e1 to (f] a book s timely & full ( helpful sugge/ions z ?is ( ,mr4 ,adl]4 ,x is hop$ t x may op5 = _m tea*]s a new road to !oretic in/ruction 9 morality1 & at ! same "t re-en=ce ! /udy ( lit]ature 9 our s*ools4 ,w4 ,t4 ,,h>ris4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,july1 #ahib4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! foll[+ lectures 7 deliv]$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,e?ics dur+ its fir/ session 9 #ahia1 at ,plym\?1 ,mass4 ,a few ( ! lectures h be5 cond5s$1 9 ord] to br+ m cle>ly into view ! logical s*eme :i* und]lies ! plan ( in/ruction "h outl9$4 ,! o!rs are publi%$ sub/antially z deliv]$4 ,i am deeply consci\s ( ! difficulties ( ! problem :i* ,i h v5tur$ to approa*1 & realize t any contribution t[>d its solution1 at ! pres5t "t1 mu/ be mo/ imp]fect4 ,i %\ld1 = my "p1 h pref]r$ to wait long] be=e submitt+ my ?\ght to tea*]s & p>5ts4 ,b ,i h be5 p]suad$ t ev5 9 its pres5t %ape x may be ( "s use4 ,i e>ne/ly hope t1 at all ev5ts1 x may s]ve to help on ! ris+ tide ( int]e/ 9 moral education1 & may /imulate to fur!r inquiry4 ,,felix ,,adl]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory ,,lectures4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,problem ( ,unsect>ian ,moral ,in/ruction #c ,,ii4 ,! ,effici5t ,motives ( ,good ,conduct #ag ,,iii4 ,opportunities = ,moral ,tra9+ 9 ! ,daily ,s*ool #bg ,,iv4 ,! ,classification ( ,duties #cg ,v4 ,! ,moral ,outfit ( ,*ildr5 on ent]+ ,s*ool #dg ,,prim>y ,,c\rse4 ,,vi4 ,! ,use ( ,fairy ,tales #fd ,,vii4 ,! ,use ( ,fables #hj ,,viii4 ,supplem5t>y ,rem>ks on ,fables #if ,,ix4 ,select$ ,/ories f ! ,bible #ajf ,x4 ,! ,odyssey & ! ,iliad #adf ,,gramm> ,,c\rse4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,duty4 ,,xi4 ,! ,duty ( acquir+ ,k #afi ,,xii4 ,duties :i* relate to ! ,physical ,life & ! ,feel+s #ahe ,,xiii4 ,duties :i* relate to ,o!rs 7,filial & ,frat]nal ,duties7 #bjb ,,xiv4 ,duties t[>d all ,m5 7,ju/ice & ,*>ity7 #bah ,,xv4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,civic ,duty #bcf ,,xvi4 ,! ,use ( ,prov]bs & ,spee*es #bde ,,xvii4 ,individualization ( ,moral ,tea*+ #bdi ,,app5dix4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,manual ,tra9+ on ,"* #beg ,,introductory ,,lectures4 ,i4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,unsect>ian ,,moral ,,in/ruction4 ,x w be ! aim ( ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures to give 9 outl9e ! subject-matt] ( moral in/ruction = *ildr5 f six to f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ( age1 & to discuss ! me?ods accord+ to :i* ?is k9d ( in/ruction %\ld be imp>t$4 ,at ! outset1 h[ev]1 we are confront$ by :at c]ta9ly is a grave difficulty1 & to _m may appe> an insup]able "o4 ,! op9ion is widely held t morality dep5ds on religi\s sanctions1 & t "r conduct c n be taught--especially n to *ildr5--except x be "u ! au?ority ( "s sort ( religi\s belief4 ,to ^? :o ?9k 9 ?is way ! v phrase1 unsect>ian moral tea*+1 is suspici\s1 z savor+ ( infidelity4 ,& ! attempt to m>k (f a neutral moral zone1 outside ! doma9s ( ! *ur*es1 is apt to be reg>d$ z mask+ a cov]t design on religion itself4 ,! pr9ciple ( unsect>ian moral in/ruction1 h[ev]1 is nei!r irreligi\s nor anti-religi\s4 ,9 fact--z w appe> lat] on--x re/s on purely educational gr\nds1 ) :i* ! religi\s bias ( ! educator has no?+ :atev] to d4 ,b !re are also gr\nds ( exp$i5cy :i*1 at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 compel u1 :e!r we c>e to d s or n1 to face ?is problem ( unsect>ian moral education1 & to ^! let u fir/ give our att5tion4 ,ev5 if we 7 to admit1 = argum5t's sake1 ! correctness ( ! proposition t moral tru?s c only be taught z coroll>ies ( "s =m ( religi\s belief1 ! "q w\ld at once pres5t itself to ! educator1 ,to :i* =m ( religi\s belief %all he give ! pref]5ce8 ,i am speak+ n[ ( ! public s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! s*ools are support$ out ( ! g5]al fund ( taxation to :i* all citiz5s are compell$ to contribute4 ,cle>ly x w\ld be an act ( gross inju/ice to =ce a citiz5 belong+ to "o d5om9ation to pay = in/ill+ ! doctr9es ( "s o!r into ! m9ds ( ! "y--9 o!r words1 to compel him to support & assi/ 9 spread+ religi\s ideas 9 :i* he does n believe4 ,?is w\ld be an outrage on ! fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,b ! act ( inju/ice w\ld become simply mon/r\s if p>5ts 7 to be compell$ to help indoctr9ate _! own *ildr5 ) su* religi\s op9ions z are repugnant to !m4 ,!re is no /ate religion 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! /ate all %ades ( belief & disbelief are on a p>4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry ,ca?olics1 ,episcopalians1 ,presbyt]ians1 ,me?odi/s1 ,bapti/s1 ,jews1 etc4 ,!y are alike citiz5s4 ,!y contribute alike t[>d ! ma9t5ance ( ! public s*ools4 ,) :at %[ ( fairness1 !n1 c\ld ! belief ( any "o ( ^! sects be adopt$ by ! /ate z a basis = ! inculcation ( moral tru?s8 ,! case seems1 on ! face ( x1 a hopeless "o4 ,b ! foll[+ devices h be5 sugge/$ to remove1 or r to circumv5t1 ! difficulty4 ,fir/ ,device4--,let repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s !i/ic *ur*es1 includ+ ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 & ,jews1 meet 9 c\ncil4 ,let !m elim9ate all ^? po9ts 9 respect to :i* !y diff]1 & =mulate a common cre$ conta9+ only ^? articles on :i* !y c agree4 ,su* a cre$ w\ld include1 = in/ance1 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,deity1 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & 9 future rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,^u ?is z a f\ndation let ! edifice ( moral in/ruction be erect$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two obvi\s objections to ?is plan4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is ,dreibund ( ,ca?olicism1 ,prote/antism1 & ,judaism w\ld leave out ( acc\nt ! p>ty ( ! agno/ics1 ^: views may inde$ be errone\s1 or ev5 dete/able1 b ^: rights z citiz5s ought n ! less on t acc\nt to be respect$4 ,nem9em la$e1 hurt no "o1 is a c>d9al rule ( ju/ice1 & %\ld be obs]v$ by ! fri5ds ( religion 9 _! deal+s ) _! oppon5ts z well z ) "o ano!r4 ,! agno/ic p>ty has gr[n to q consid]able dim5sions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b1 if x _h n1 if !re 7 only a s+le p]son :o held su* op9ions1 & he a citiz51 any attempt on ! "p ( ! majority to trample ^u ! rights ( ?is "o p]son w\ld /ill be inexcusable4 ,9 ! sph]e ( political action ! majority rules1 & mu/ rule2 9 matt]s t t\* ! consci5ce ! smalle/ m9ority possesses rights on :i* ev5 an ov]:elm+ majority array$ on ! opposite side c n af=d to trespass4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ notable a*ievem5ts ( ! ,am]ican commonweal?s t !y h s di/9ctly sep>at$ betwe5 ! doma9 ( religion & ( politics1 adopt+ 9 ! "o case ! maxim ( co]cion by majority rule1 9 ! o!r all[+ ! full measure ( individual lib]ty4 ,f ?is /&po9t !re %\ld be no dep>ture4 ,b ! second objection is ev5 m cog5t4 ,x is propos$ to elim9ate ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate ! v>i\s sects1 & to =mulate _! po9ts ( agreem5t into a common cre$4 ,b does x n occur to ^? :o propose ?is plan t ! v life ( a religion is to be f\nd precisely 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* x diff]s f its neighbors1 & t an ab/ract s*eme ( belief1 su* z has be5 sket*$1 w\ld1 9 tru?1 satisfy no "o8 ,?us1 out ( respect = ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,jews1 x is propos$ to omit ! doctr9es ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ & ( ! atonem5t4 ,b w\ld any e>ne/ ,*ri/ian give 8 ass5t1 ev5 provisionally1 to a cre$ f :i* ^? qu9tess5tial doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 left out8 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian ma9ta9s t morality mu/ be bas$ on religion1 does he n mean1 above all1 on ! belief 9 ,*ri/8 ,is x n indisp5sable1 f 8 po9t ( view1 t ! figure ( ! ,savi\r %all /& 9 ! =egr\nd ( moral inculcation & exhortation8 ,aga91 :5 ! ,ca?olic affirms t ! moral tea*+ ( ! "y mu/ be bas$ on religion1 is x to be suppos$ = an in/ant t he w\ld accept z satisfy+ 8 conception ( religion a skeleton cre$ l t above m5tion$1 d5ud$ ( all ^? peculi> dogmas :i* make religion 9 8 eyes beautiful & de>8 ,?is fir/ device1 !re=e1 is to be reject$4 ,x is unju/ to ! agno/ics1 & x w nev] cont5t ! really religi\s p]sons ( any d5om9ation4 ,x c\ld prove acceptable only to !i/s pure & simple1 ^: cre$ is practically limit$ to ! ?ree articles m5tion$2 namely1 ! belief 9 ,deity1 immortality1 & future puni%m5t & rew>d4 ,b ?is class con/itutes a small fraction ( ! community2 & x w\ld be absurd1 "u ! speci\s plea ( reconcil+ ! v>i\s cre$s1 9 effect to impose ! rationali/ic op9ions ( a few on ! :ole community4 ,! second device seems to promise bett] results4 ,x provides t religi\s & moral in/ruction comb9$ %all be giv5 9 ! public s*ools "u ! auspices ( ! sev]al d5om9ations4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! pupils are to be divid$1 = purposes ( moral in/ruction1 into sep>ate classes1 accord+ to _! sect>ian affiliations1 & are to be taught sep>ately by _! own cl]gym5 or by tea*]s act+ "u in/ructions f ! latt]4 ,! high au?ority ( ,g]many is invok$ 9 support ( ?is plan4 ,if ,i am correctly in=m$1 ! presid5t ( "o ( our lead+ univ]sities has rec5tly spok5 9 favor ( x1 & x is likely t an attempt w be made to introduce x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,already 9 "s ( our re=matory s*ools & o!r public in/itutions sep>ate religi\s s]vices are held by ! m9i/]s ( ! v>i\s sects1 & we may expect t an analog\s arrangem5t w be propos$ ) respect to moral tea*+ 9 ! common s*ools4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to pay "s att5tion to ! ,g]man sy/em1 & to expla9 ! reasons :i* h induc$ or compell$ ! ,g]mans to adopt ! compromise j describ$4 ,! *ief po9ts to be not$ are ^!3 ,9 ,g]many1 *ur* & /ate are unit$4 ,! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 = in/ance1 is ! head ( ! ,evangelical ,*ur*4 ,?is con/itutes a vital diff]5ce betwe5 ,am]ica & ,g]many4 ,secondly1 9 ,g]many ! s*ools exi/$ be=e ! /ate took *>ge ( !m4 ,! s*ool sy/em 0 f\nd$ by ! ,*ur*1 & ! problem :i* confront$ ! ,gov]nm5t 0 h[ to conv]t *ur* s*ools into /ate s*ools4 ,an attempt 0 made to d ?is by limit+ ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 all-p[]ful & all-p]vasive1 to c]ta9 bran*es & c]ta9 h\rs ( in/ruction1 !reby secur+ ! supremacy ( ! /ate 9 respect to all o!r bran*es & at all o!r h\rs4 ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ate f\nd$ ! s*ools ab initio4 ,9 ,g]many ! /ate has actually encroa*$ ^u ! ,*ur*1 has ent]$ *ur* s*ools & recon/ruct$ !m 9 its own int]e/4 ,to adopt ! ,g]man sy/em 9 ,am]ica w\ld be to p]mit ! ,*ur* to encroa* ^u ! /ate1 to ent] /ate s*ools & subord9ate !m to sect>ian purposes4 ,! example ( ,g]many c n1 !re=e1 be quot$ z a prec$5t 9 po9t4 ,! sy/em ( compromise 9 ,g]many m>ks an advance 9 ! direction ( increas+ /ate influ5ce4 ,its adoption 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld m>k a retrograde movem5t 9 ! direction ( increas+ *ur* influ5ce4 ,nor c ! sy/em1 :5 consid]$ on its own m]its1 be call$ a happy "o4 ,pr(4 ,gnei/1 9 8 valuable treatise1 ,die ,konfessionelle ,s*ule 7:i* may be read by ^? :o desire to in=m !mselves on ! hi/orical evolution ( ! ,prussian sy/em71 ma9ta9s t sci5tific in/ruction mu/ be unsect>ian1 :ile religi\s in/ruction mu/ be sect>ian4 ,i agree to bo? 8 propositions4 ,b to my m9d x foll[s t1 if religi\s in/ruction mu/ be sect>ian1 x ought n to h a place 9 /ate s*ools1 at lea/ n 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate is complete4 ,moreov]1 ! limitation ( religi\s tea*+ to a few h\rs a week c nev] satisfy ! e>ne/ sect>ian4 ,if he wants religion 9 ! s*ools at all1 !n he w also want t specific k9d ( religi\s influ5ce :i* he favors to p]meate ! :ole s*ool4 ,he w insi/ t hi/ory %all be taught f 8 po9t ( view1 t ! read]s %all brea! ! _s ( 8 fai?1 t ! sci5ce tea*+ %all be made to h>monize ) its doctr9es1 etc4 ,:at a paltry concession1 inde$1 to op5 ! door to ! cl]gyman twice or ?ree times a week1 & to p]mit him to tea* ! cate*ism to ! pupils1 :ile ! re/ ( ! tea*+ is )drawn f 8 control1 & is p]haps in=m$ by a _s ali5 to 86 ,?is k9d ( compromise c nev] he>tily be indors$2 x may be accept$ "u pressure1 b submission to x w always be "u prote/4#a ,! ?ird arrangem5t t has be5 sugge/$ is t ea* sect %all build its own s*ools1 & draw ^u ! fund suppli$ by taxation proportionately to ! numb] ( *ildr5 educat$4 ,b to ?is !re are aga9 two great objections3 ,fir/1 x is ! duty ( ! /ate to see to x t a high educational /&>d %all be ma9ta9$ 9 ! s*ools1 & t ! money sp5t on !m %all be> fruit 9 rais+ ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! community4 ,b ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ proves conclusively t 9 sect>ian s*ools1 especially :]e !re are no rival unsect>ian in/itutions to =ce !m into competition1 ! prepond]ance ( zeal & int]e/ is s m>k$ly on ! side ( religi\s tea*+ t ! secul> bran*es unavoidably suff]4#b ,if x is said t ! /ate may prescribe rules & set up /&>ds ( its own1 to :i* ! sect>ian s*ools %all be held to con=m1 we ask1 ,:o is to secure su* con=mance8 ,! v>i\s sects1 once hav+ ga9$ possession ( ! public funds1 w\ld res5t ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,inspectors :o might be appo9t$ w\ld nev] be all[$ to ex]cise any real control1 & ! rules :i* ! ,/ate might prescribe w\ld rema9 dead lett]4 ,9 ! second place1 "u su* an arrangem5t1 ! highe/ purpose = :i* ! public s*ools exi/ w\ld be defeat$4 ,sect>ian s*ools t5d to sep>ate ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s d5om9ations f "o ano!r1 & to h9d] ! gr[? ( t _s ( national unity :i* x is1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prime duty ( ! public s*ool to create & fo/]4 ,! support ( a sy/em ( public education out ( ! proce$s ( taxation is ju/ifiable 9 ! la/ analysis z a measure dictat$ to ! ,/ate by ! law ( self-pres]vation4 ,! ,/ate ma9ta9s public s*ools 9 ord] to pres]ve itself--i4 e41 its unity4 ,& ?is is especially true 9 a republic4 ,9 a mon>*y ! /rong arm ( ! reign+ dyna/y1 support$ by a rul+ class1 may p]haps suppress discord1 & hold ! antagoni/ic elem5ts among ! p 9 subjection by %e] =ce4 ,9 a republic only ! _s ( unity among ! p !mselves c keep !m a p4 ,& ?is _s is fo/]$ 9 public s*ools1 :]e *ildr5 ( all classes & sects are br\ght into daily1 fri5dly contact1 & :]e toge!r !y are indoctr9at$ into ! hi/ory1 tradition1 & aspirations ( ! nation to :i* !y belong4 ,:at !n8 ,we h se5 t we c n enc\rage1 t we c n p]mit1 ! e/abli%m5t ( sect>ian s*ools at ! public exp5se4 ,we h also se5 t we c n tea* religion 9 ! public s*ools4 ,mu/ we1 !re=e1 ab&on altoge!r ! hope ( tea*+ ! elem5ts ( morals8 ,is n moral education conc$$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important1 if n ! mo/ important1 ( all bran*es ( education8 ,mu/ we =ego ! spl5did opportunities af=d$ by ! daily s*ools = ?is purpose8 ,is !re n a way ( imp>t+ moral in/ruction )\t giv+ j (f5se to any religi\s belief or any religi\s believ]1 or do+ viol5ce to ! rights ( any sect or ( any p>ty :atsoev]8 ,! correct answ] to ?is "q w\ld be ! solution ( ! problem ( unsect>ian moral education4 ,i c m]ely /ate my answ] to-day1 9 ! hope t ! entire c\rse be=e u may sub/antiate x4 ,! answ]1 z ,i conceive x1 is ?is3 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! moral in/ructor 9 ! s*ool to deliv] to 8 pupils ! subject-matt] ( morality1 b n to deal ) ! sanctions ( x2 to give 8 pupils a cle>] und]/&+ ( :at is "r & :at is wrong1 b n to ent] into ! "q :y ! "r %\ld be done & ! wrong avoid$4 ,= example1 let u suppose t ! tea*] is treat+ ( v]acity4 ,he says to ! pupil1 ,?\ %alt n lie4 ,he takes x = grant$ t ! pupil feels ! =ce ( ?is comm&m5t1 & ackn[l$ges t he ought to yield ob$i5ce to x4 ,= my "p1 ,i %\ld suspect ( quibbl+ & di%one/ int5tion any boy or girl :o w\ld ask me1 ,:y ought ,i n to lie8 ,i %\ld hold up be=e su* a *ild ! ,ought 9 all its awful maje/y4 ,! "r to reason ab\t ^! matt]s c n be conc$$ until aft] ! m9d has atta9$ a c]ta9 maturity4 ,& z a matt] ( fact e good *ild agrees ) ! tea*] unhesitat+ly :5 he says1 ,x is wrong to lie4 ,!re is an answ]+ e*o 9 its he>t :i* confirms ! tea*]'s words4 ,b :at1 !n1 is x my bus9ess z a moral tea*] to d8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to deep5 ! impression ( ! wrongfulness ( ly+1 & ! sacr$ness ( tru?1 by ! _s 9 :i* ,i approa* ! subject4 ,my fir/ bus9ess is to convey ! _s ( moral rev]5ce to my pupils4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i ought to quick5 ! pupil's p]ceptions ( :at is "r & wrong1 9 ! case suppos$1 ( :at is tru? & :at is falsehood4 ,accord+ly1 ,i %\ld analyze ! diff]5t species ( lies1 ) a view ( putt+ ! pupils on _! gu>d aga9/ ! _s ( falsehood1 h[ev] x may disguise itself4 ,i %\ld try to make my pupils see t1 :5ev] !y int5tionally convey a false impression1 !y are guilty ( falsehood4 ,i %\ld try to make _! m9ds intellig5t & _! consci5ces s5sitive 9 ! matt] ( tru?-tell+1 s t !y may avoid ^? num]\s ambiguities ( :i* *ildr5 are s fond1 & :i* are practic$ ev5 by adults4 ,i %\ld endeavor to tonic _! moral nature ) respect to tru?fulness4 ,9 ! next place1 ,i %\ld po9t out to !m ! mo/ frequ5t motives :i* lead to ly+1 s t1 by be+ w>n$ aga9/ ! causes1 !y may ! m readily escape ! evil consequ5ces4 ,= example1 c[>dice is "o cause ( ly+4 ,by mak+ ! pupil a%am$ ( c[>dice1 we c (t5 cure him ( ! t5d5cy to falsehood4 ,a r$undant imag9ation is ano!r cause ( ly+1 envy is ano!r cause1 selfi%ness 9 all its =ms is a pr9cipal cause1 etc4 ,i %\ld say to ! moral tea*]3 ,direct ! pupil's att5tion to ! v>i\s dang]\s t5d5cies 9 8 nature1 :i* tempt him into ! ways ( falsehood4 ,fur!rmore1 expla9 to y\r pupils ! consequ5ces ( falsehood3 ! loss ( ! confid5ce ( our fell[-m51 :i* is ! imm$iate & palpable result ( be+ detect$ 9 a lie2 ! injuries inflict$ on o!rs2 ! loos5+ ( ! bonds ( mutual tru/ 9 society at l>ge2 ! loss ( self-respect on ! "p ( ! li>2 ! fatal necessity ( multiply+ lies1 ( inv5t+ new falsehoods to make good ! fir/1 etc4 ,a va/ am\nt ( good1 ,i am p]suad$1 c be done 9 ?is way by /imulat+ ! moral nature1 by enabl+ ! s*ol> to detect ! f9] %ades ( "r & wrong1 help+ him to trace temptation to its s\rce1 & erect+ 9 8 m9d b>ri]s aga9/ evil-do+1 f\nd$ on a realiz+ s5se ( its consequ5ces4 ,9 a simil> if n exactly ! same way1 all ! o!r pr9cipal topics ( practical morality c be h&l$4 ,! consci5ce c be enlight5$1 /r5g!n$1 guid$1 & all ?is c be done )\t once rais+ ! "q :y x is wrong to d :at is =bidd54 ,t x is wrong %\ld r1 z ,i h said1 be assum$4 ,! ultimate gr\nds ( moral obligation ne$ nev] be discuss$ 9 s*ool4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( religion & philosophy to propose !ories1 or to =mulate articles ( belief ) respect to ! ultimate s\rces & sanctions ( duty4 ,religion says we ought to d "r because x is ! w ( ,god1 or = ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,philosophy says we %\ld d "r = utilit>ian or transc5d5tal reasons1 or 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( evolution1 etc4 ,! moral tea*]1 =tunately1 is n call$ ^u to *oose betwe5 ^! v>i\s metaphysical & !ological assev]ations4 ,z an individual he may subscribe to any "o ( !m1 b z a tea*] he is b\nd to rema9 )9 ! safe limits ( 8 own prov9ce4 ,he is n to expla9 :y we %\ld d ! "r1 b to make ! "y p :o are intru/$ to 8 *>ge see m cle>ly :at is "r1 & to in/ill into !m 8 own love ( & respect = ! "r4 ,!re is a body ( moral tru? ^u :i* all good m51 ( :atev] sect or op9ion1 are agre$3 x is ! bus9ess ( ! public s*ools to deliv] to _! pupils ?is common fund ( moral tru?4 ,b ,i mu/ ha/5 to add1 to deliv] x n 9 ! /yle ( ! prea*]1 b accord+ to ! me?ods ( ! p$agogue--i4 e41 9 a sy/ematic way1 ! moral lessons be+ grad$ to suit ! v>y+ ages & capacities ( ! pupils1 & ! illu/rative mat]ial be+ sort$ & arrang$ 9 l mann]4 ,conceive ! mod]n educational me?ods to h be5 appli$ to t /ock ( moral tru?s :i* all good m5 accept1 & y w h ! mat]ial = ! moral lessons :i* are ne$$ 9 a public s*ool4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ! draft ( ! ,volkss*ulgesetz submitt$ to ! ,prussian ,legislature1 & ! excit$ debates to :i* x gave rise1 h suppli$ a /rik+ confirmation ( ! views express$ 9 ! text4 ,no?+ c\ld be m mi/ak5 ?an to propose = imitation else:]e ! ,g]man solution ( ! problem ( moral tea*+ 9 s*ools1 especially at a "t :5 ! ,g]mans !mselves are tak+ great pa9s to make x cle> t !y are z f> z possible f hav+ f\nd a solution4 #b ,dur+ ! reaction>y p]iod :i* foll[$ ! ,revolution ( #ahdh1 ! s*ool regulations ( ,kur-,hess5 provid$ t tw5ty h\rs a week be devot$ 9 ! ,volks*ul5 to religi\s tea*+4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,effici5t ,,motives ,,( ,,good ,,conduct4 ,!re are p]sons 9 :om moral pr9ciple seems to h completely triumph$2 ^: conduct1 s f> z "o c judge1 is det]m9$ solely by moral rules2 b :om1 nev]!less1 we d n :olly admire4 ,we feel in/9ctively t !re is 9 _! virtue a c]ta9 flaw--! abs5ce ( a sav+ grace4 ,!y are too rigor\s1 too mu* ! slaves ( duty4 ,!y lack g5iality4 ,l religion1 morality has its fanatics4 ,?us1 !re is 9 ! temp]ance movem5t a class ( fanatics :o look at e public "q f ! po9t ( view ( temp]ance re=m1 & f t only4 ,!re are also woman's-rights fanatics1 social purity fanatics1 etc4 ,! moral fanatic 9 e case is a p]son ^: att5tion is :olly engross$ by "s "o moral int]e/1 & :o sees ?is out ( its relation to o!r moral int]e/s4 ,! end he has 9 view may be 9 itself highly laudable1 b ! exagg]at$ emphasis put ^u x1 ! "o-sid$ pursuit ( x1 is a mis*iev\s error4 ,obs]ve1 fur!r1 t !re are degrees ( moral fanaticism4 ,! fanatic ( ! fir/ degree1 to :om ,em]son addresses ! words1 ,:at "r h y1 sir1 to y\r "o virtue8 has j be5 describ$4 ,he is a p]son :o exalts "s "o moral rule at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,a fanatic ( a high] ord] is he :o exalts ! :ole body ( moral rules at ! exp5se ( human in/9cts & desires4 ,he is a p]son :o always acts accord+ to rule2 :o introduces moral consid]ations into e detail ( life2 :o rides ! moral hobby2 9 ^: eyes ! inf9ite complexity ( human affairs has only "o aspect1 namely1 ! moral2 :o is nev] satisfi$ unless at e /ep he feels ! /ra9 ( ! bridle ( consci5ce2 :o is incapable ( spontane\s action & ( naive enjoym5t4 ,x is believ$ t !re are n a few p]sons ( ?is description 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & especially 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates--fanatics on ! moral side1 examples ( a "o-sid$ developm5t 9 ! direction ( moral =malism4 ,we mu/ be v c>eful1 :5 insi/+ on ! au?ority ( moral ideas1 le/ we enc\rage 9 ! "y a t5d5cy ( ?is sort4 ,! he>ts ( *ildr5 are v pliable2 x is easily possible to produce on !m too deep an impression3 to give !m at ! outset a fatal twi/1 all ! m s9ce at a c]ta9 age _m "y p are prone to exagg]at$ introspection & self-que/ion+4 ,b x may be ask$3 ,are n moral pr9ciples really clo!d ) supreme au?ority8 ,ought we n1 inde$1 to keep ! /&>d ( righte\sness con/antly be=e our eyes2 9 brief1 is x possible to be too moral8 ,evid5tly we h rea*$ a po9t :]e a di/9ction requires to be drawn4 ,e?ics is a sci5ce ( relations4 ,! ?+s relat$ are human int]e/s1 human ends4 ,! ideal :i* e?ics proposes to itself is ! unity ( ends1 j z ! ideal ( sci5ce is ! unity ( causes4 ,! ends ( ! natural man are ! subject-matt] ) :i* e?ics deals4 ,! ends ( ! natural man are n to be cru%$ or wip$ out1 b to be br\ght into "r relations ) "o ano!r4 ,! ends ( ! natural man are to be respect$ f an e?ical po9t ( view1 s long z !y rema9 )9 _! prop] limits4 ,! moral laws are =mulas express+ relations ( equality or subord9ation1 or sup]ord9ation4 ,! moral virtue ( our acts consi/s 9 ! respect :i* we pay to ! sy/em ( relation%ips ?us prescrib$1 9 ! will+ness ) :i* we co-ord9ate our int]e/s ) ^? ( o!rs1 or subord9ate !m to ^? ( o!rs1 z ! exig5cies ( ! moral situation may require4 ,b ! po9t on :i* x is n[ necess>y to fix our att5tion is t :5 morality has once sanction$ any ( ! ends ( life1 ! natural man may be left to pursue !m )\t int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! morali/4 ,:5 morality has m>k$ out ! b\nd>ies )9 :i* ! giv5 end %all be pursu$1 its "w s f> is done2 except1 inde$1 t we are always to keep an eye ^u ^? b\nd>ies1 & t ! s5se ( _! exi/5ce %\ld p]vade ! :ole atmosph]e ( our lives4#c ,a few illu/rations w make my mean+ cle>4 ,!re is a moral rule :i* says t we %\ld eat to live2 n1 conv]sely1 live to eat4 ,?is means t we %\ld regulate our food 9 su* a way t ! body may become a fit in/rum5t = ! high] purposes ( exi/5ce1 & t ! "t & att5tion be/[$ ^u ! matt] ( eat+ %all n be s great z to div]t u f o!r & m necess>y objects4 ,b1 ^! limits be+ e/abli%$1 x does n foll[ t x is wrong or unspiritual to enjoy a meal4 ,! s5ses1 ev5 ! l[e/ ( !m1 are p]mitt$ to h free play )9 ! b\nds prescrib$4 ,nor1 aga91 %\ld we try rigidly to det]m9e ! *oice ( food accord+ to moral consid]ations4 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to attempt to d s4 ,! *oice ( food )9 a wide range dep5ds entirely on ta/e1 & has no?+ to d ) moral consid]ations 7:e!r1 = in/ance1 we %\ld h squa% or beans = d9n]74 ,^? :o are deeply impress$ ) ! importance ( moral rules are (t5 betray$ into apply+ !m to ! v]ie/ m9utiae ( conduct4 ,did !y rememb] t e?ics is a sci5ce ( relations1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 a sci5ce ( limits1 !y w\ld be sav$ su* p$antry4 ,und\bt$ly !re are moral adiaphora4 ,! fact t su* exi/ has be5 a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ^? :o believe t morality ought to cov] ! :ole ( conduct4 ,! def9ition ( e?ics z a sci5ce ( relations or limits removes ?is /umbl+-block4 ,e?ics /&s at ! fronti]4 ,) :at goes on 9 ! int]ior x does n int]f]e1 except 9 s f> z ! limitations x prescribes are an int]f]5ce4 ,take ano!r illu/ration4 ,e?ics condemns vanity & :atev] m9i/]s to vanity--z1 e4 g41 undue att5tion to dress & adornm5t ( ! p]son--on ! gr\nd t ?is implies an immoral subord9ation ( ! inn] to ! out]1 ( ! high] to ! less] ends4 ,b1 to lay d[n a ca/-iron rule z to h[ mu* "o has a "r to exp5d on dress1 c n be ! (fice ( e?ics1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( conditions & occupations :i* subsi/s among m54 ,& ! attempt to prescribe a s+le fa%ion ( dress1 by sumptu>y laws or o!rwise1 w\ld impair t fre$om ( ta/e :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! morali/ to respect4 ,aga91 e "o kn[s ) :at bitt]ness ! moral rigori/s ( all ages h condemn$ ! impulse :i* attracts ! sexes t[>d "o ano!r1 & h[ (t5 !y h tri$1 ?\gh va9ly1 to cru% x4 ,b "h1 aga91 ! true attitude is indicat$ by ! def9ition ( e?ics z a sci5ce ( limits4 ,! moral law prescribes b\nds )9 :i* ?is emotional =ce %all be free to op]ate1 & claims = x ! holy "n ( love1 s long z x rema9s )9 ! b\nds prescrib$1 &1 be+ )91 rema9s consci\s ( !m4 ,t is :at is meant :5 we speak ( spiritualiz+ ! feel+s4 ,! feel+s are spiritualiz$ :5 !y move )9 c]ta9 limits1 & :5 ! s5se ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! limits p5etrates !m1 & !reby imp>ts to !m a new & nobl] quality4 ,&1 because su* limitation is felt to be satisfy+ & elevat+1 ! sy/em ( correlations :i* we call e?ical1 & :i*1 ab/ractly /at$1 w\ld fail to int]e/1 does by ?is means f9d an entrance into ! human he>t1 & awak5s 9 x ! s5se ( ! sublimity & ! bless$ness ( ! moral comm&s4 ,!re are two defects ( ! moral fanatic :i* c n[ be signaliz$3 ,fir/1 he wrongly believes t :atev] is n ( morality is aga9/ x4 ,he !re=e is tempt$ to fr[n ^u ! natural pleasures2 to bani% !m if he c1 &1 if n1 to admit !m only )9 ! n>r[e/ possible limits z a reluctant concession to ! weakness ( human nature4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! moral fanatic commits ! enormity ( introduc+ ! ta9t ( ! s5se ( s9 into ! mo/ innoc5t enjoym5ts1 & ?us p]v]ts & di/orts ! consci5ce4 ,secondly1 he is always incl9$ to seek a moral reason = t :i* has only a natural "o2 to =get t1 l ! great conqu]ors ( antiquity1 ,morality respects ! laws ( ! sev]al realms :i* x unites into a s+le empire1 & gu>antees to ea* ! unimpair$ ma9t5ance ( its local cu/oms4 ,^! rem>ks are int5d$ to s]ve z a g5]al caution4 ,i f9d t "y p1 :5 !y h become awak5$ on e?ical subjects1 (t5 betray a t5d5cy t[>d moral asceticism4 ,i f9d t tea*]s1 9 ! e>ne/ desire to impress ! laws ( ! moral empire1 are sometimes betray$ into disreg>d+ ! prov9cial laws ( ! s5ses1 ! intellect1 & ! feel+s2 are apt to g too f> 9 apply+ moral prescriptions to ! m9utiae ( conduct2 are apt to leave ! impression t pleasant ?+s1 j because !y are pleasant1 are !re=e s9ful4 ,b we h n[ to take a fur!r /ep1 :i* w br+ u close to our special subject = to-day1 viz41 ! effici5t motives ( good conduct4 ,! non-moral faculties are n only n anti-moral1 z has be5 %[n1 b1 :5 appeal$ to 9 ! "r way1 !y l5d to ,morality a fri5dly1 an almo/ indisp5sable support4 ,! ae/hetic1 ! intellectual1 & ! emotional faculty h n 9 !mselves a moral quality1 b :5 us$ z auxili>ies !y pave ! way = moral consid]ations pure & simple1 & h 9 ?is s5se an imm5se propa$eutic value4 ,)\t ent]+ 9 ?is place into ! philosophy ( ae/hetics1 x is en\gh to say t ! beautiful1 l ! good1 results f & dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( c]ta9 limits & c]ta9 relations4 ,& x w n seem f>-fet*$ to sugge/ t pupils :o h be5 tra9$ to appreciate mod]ation1 re/ra9t & h>mony ( relations 9 ext]nal objects1 w be pr$ispos$ to apply analog\s measures to matt]s ( conduct1 & t a /&>d ( valuation w ?us be creat$ 9 _! m9ds :i* mu/ prove favorable to "r action4 ,a,esthetics may become a p$agogue unto e?ics4 ,! same p$agogical function may be claim$ = ! intellect4 ,! intellect traces ! connection betwe5 causes & effects4 ,appli$ to conduct1 x %[s ! connection betwe5 acts & _! consequ5ces4 ,x is ! faculty :i* c\nsels prud5ce4 ,"o does n ne$ to accept ! egoi/ic !ory ( morals to conc$e t self-int]e/ is an ally ( morality1 t ,prud5ce & ,virtue travel h& 9 h& a c]ta9 di/ance on ! same road4 ,n1 inde$1 until ! ideal /ate %all h be5 rea*$ w ! dictates ( ! two ev] co9cide entirely2 b to a c]ta9 ext5t ! co9cid5ce already exi/s1 & ! moral tea*] is ju/ifi$ 9 avail+ himself ( x z f> z x goes4 ,to take a v simple case--a *ild h&les a knife :i* x has be5 told n to t\*1 & cuts 8 f+]s4 ,morally speak+1 8 fault is disob$i5ce4 ,he w\ld h be5 equally guilty if he _h escap$ injury4 ,b he w\ld h>dly be s ready to obey ano!r "t1 if he _h be5 less %>ply rem9d$ ( ! usefulness ( ob$i5ce4 ,x is wrong to lie--wrong on purely moral gr\nds1 ) :i* self-int]e/ has no?+ to d4 ,b = all t we c n disp5se ) ! lesson conta9$ 9 ! well-kn[n fable ( ! boy :o cri$1 ,wolf6 ,x is wrong to /eal on purely moral gr\nds4 ,b ev5 a *ild c be made to und]/& t ! ?ief1 z ,em]son puts x1 /eals f himself1 & t1 besides be+ a rogue1 he is defici5t 9 enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,! maxim t hone/y is ! be/ policy is true en\gh s f> z ! facts are conc]n$1 :i* come "u ! obs]vation ( *ildr51 ?\gh "o may "q :e!r x be true absolutely4 ,la/ly1 :5 we come to consid] ! emotional faculty1 we f9d t ! intimate connection betwe5 x & ! moral is s g5]ally conc$$ z to make x q sup]flu\s to expatiate on x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems necess>y to expo/ulate ) ^? :o claim too mu* cr$it = ! feel+s1 :o ascribe to !m a moral value :i* !y by no means possess4 ,?us1 g5tl5ess is n necess>ily a virtue2 x may be a m]e matt] ( temp]am5t4 ,sympa!tic impulses1 p] se1 are n praisewor?y4 ,sympa?y q z (t5 leads u a/ray z aright2 sympa?y1 inde$1 unless tutor$ & regulat$ by moral pr9ciples1 is a dang] aga9/ :i* we ought to be on our gu>d almo/ z mu* z aga9/ selfi%ness4 ,yet1 no "o w d5y t ! feel+s1 :5 rightly tra9$1 are ( ine/imable s]vice z auxili>ies 9 ! task ( moral education4 ,to sum up1 let me say t ! wise tea*] w appeal to ! ta/e1 ! intellig5ce1 & ! feel+s ( 8 pupils2 t he w t\* ^! v>i\s spr+s ( conduct all ! "t1 & get f !m all ! help he c4 ,?us1 :5 speak+ ( cleanl9ess1 he w appeal to ! ae/hetic in/9ct ( ! *ildr51 awak5+ 9 !m a feel+ ( disgu/ at untid9ess4 ,he w appeal to ! prud5tial motive1 by %[+ t want ( cleanl9ess bre$s disease4 ,y d n wi% to be sick8 ,y d n wi% to suff]8 ,!re=e1 x is to y\r int]e/ to be clean4 ,b1 f9ally1 he w t\* a high] motive ?an any ( ^!4 ,if y are unclean1 y cease to respect y\rself4 ,& ! t]m self-respect expresses 9 a cond5s$ =m ! moral motive prop]4 ,x implies ! idea ( moral p]sonality1 :i* x is n necess>y1 nor possible1 at ?is /age to analyze1 b :i* ! pupil w someh[ und]/&1 = 8 consci5ce w respond4 ,9 _m cases ! appeal w be made *iefly to ! sympa!tic feel+s2 = ?r\gh ^! feel+s we become aw>e ( ! pa9s & joys ( o!rs1 & ?us ( ! consequ5ces ( ! b5efits we conf] or ! evil we inflict4 ,! sympa!tic feel+s supply ! in=mation ^u :i* ! w c act4 ,!y tell u t o!rs suff] or are glad4 ,& yet ! /r5g? to labor p]si/5tly = ! relief ( o!rs' suff]+ & ! enhancem5t ( o!rs' joy--t we c d]ive f ! moral impulse alone4 ,! moral motive is ! highe/1 x is really ! only suffici5t motive4 ,pray1 und]/& me well at ?is po9t4 ,i %\ld say to ! *ild3 ,x is wrong to lie4 ,t is suffici5t4 ,x is wrong1 x is =bidd52 y mu/ y\rself ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( my words1 because y despise y\rself :5 y h told a lie4 ,b1 9 ord] to /r5g!n y\r weak resolution1 to confirm y 9 well-do+1 let me %[ y t x is also contr>y to self-int]e/ to lie1 & likewise t x is disgu/+ to be unclean1 & t a wrong done to ano!r causes pa94 ,?us ! ae/hetic1 intellectual1 & emotional faculties are call$ 9 z witnesses to be> te/imony to ! moral tru?s2 !y are invit$ to /& up 9 *orus & say ,am56 to ! moral comm&s4 ,,footnote3 #c ,x mu/ be rememb]$ also t our k ( ! "r e?ical relations is /ill extremely imp]fect1 & t ! duty ( ext5d+ ! k & promot+ ! recognition ( !m is p]haps ! highe/ ( all--to :i*1 on occasion1 e less] end mu/ be sacrific$4 ,,iii4 ,,opportunities ,,= ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,,9 ,,! ,,daily ,,s*ool4 ,! s*ool %\ld be to ! pupil n an intellectual drill-gr\nd1 b a second home2 a place de> at ! "t1 & to be gratefully rememb]$ ev] aft]2 a place 9 :i* 8 :ole nature1 & especially :at is be/ 9 him1 may exp& & gr[4 ,! educational aim %\ld be1 n m]ely to pave ! pupil's way to future success1 n m]ely to make ( 8 m9d a p]fect in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 a k9d ( intellectual loom1 capable ( turn+ out ! mo/ complicat$ intellectual patt]ns4 ,! aim %\ld be1 above all2 to build up manhood1 to develop "*4 ,!re is no s*ool 9 :i* moral influ5ce is want+4 ,! pity is1 t 9 _m s*ools x is incid5tal1 n purpos$4 ,& yet !re are manifold opportunities 9 e s*ool = influ5c+ ! moral life4 ,let u consid] a few ( ^!4 #a4 ,! tea*+ ( sci5ce l5ds itself to ! cultivation ( tru?fulness4 ,tru?fulness may be def9$ z ! correspond5ce betwe5 ?\ght & ^w & fact4 ,:5 ! ?\ght 9 ! m9d fits ! fact1 & ! ^w on ! tongue fits ! ?\ght1 !n ! circuit ( tru? is complete4 ,n[1 ) respect to ! inculcat+ ( tru?fulness1 sci5ce tea*+ has ?is advantage above o!r bran*es1 t ! palpable nature ( ! facts dealt ) makes x possible to note & *eck ! lea/ deviation f ! tru?4 ,! fact is pres5t1 "r be=e ! pupil1 to rebuke him if he /rays f x 9 ?\ght or spee*4 ,& ?is circum/ance may be utiliz$ ev5 9 ! humble beg9n+s ( sci5ce tea*+1 9 ! s-call$ object-lessons4 ,= in/ance1 a bird1 or ! picture ( "o1 is plac$ be=e ! *ild4 ,! tea*] says1 ,obs]ve closely & tell me exactly :at y see--! l5g? ( ! neck1 ! curve ( ! beak1 ! colors ( ! plumage1 etc4 ,! pupil replies4 ,! tea*] objects3 ,y h n obs]v$ accurately4 ,! color is n :at y describe x to be4 ,look aga94 ,! curve ( ! beak does n resemble :at y h j drawn on ! blackbo>d4 ,y mu/ tell me exactly :at y see4 ,y\r words mu/ tally ) ! facts4 ,& ! same sort ( practice may be cont9u$ 9 ! sci5ce-lessons ( ! upp] classes4 ,sci5ti/s are di/+ui%$ f o!r obs]v]s by _! great] accuracy4 ,intellectual hone/y is t moral quality :i* sci5ce is be/ calculat$ to fo/]4 ,all ! great sci5ti/s h be5 haunt$ by a high ideal ( tru?1 & a gleam ( t ideal1 h[ev] fa9t1 may be made to %$ its light ev5 into ! s*ool-room4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is reali/ic tutor+ into v]acity w be ( special use to *ildr5 :o are l$ into ly+ by a too vivid imag9ation4 ,let me add ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 reg>d to indirect means ( promot+ tru?fulness3 ,! tea*] c d a great deal to cultivate respect = ! tru? among 8 pupils by frankly admitt+ an error :5ev] he has fall5 into "o4 ,"s tea*]s try to save _! dignity by gloss+ ov] _! mi/akes4 ,b ev5 "y *ildr5 are %rewd en\gh to e/imate su* trick]y at its wor?2 :ile he :o manfully confesses t he has be5 9 ! wrong1 e>ns ! respect ( 8 class1 & sets !m an invaluable example4 ,x is well also to obs]ve /rict accuracy ev5 9 matt]s :i* ( !mselves are ( no mom5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( a botaniz+ exp$ition1 y beg91 p]haps1 by say+1 ,x 0 half-pa/ t5 :5 we arriv$ at our de/9ation4 ,sudd5ly y /op & correct y\rself4 ,no1 ,i 0 mi/ak52 x c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an t5 o'clock4 ,does ?is /rike y z p$antic8 ,b if y fix ! "t at all1 is x n wor? :ile to fix x ) approximate exactness8 ,true1 x makes no diff]5ce 9 reg>d to :at y are ab\t to relate1 :e!r y arriv$ at half-pa/ t5 or at t54 ,b1 precisely because x makes no diff]5ce1 x %[s ! value :i* y set on accuracy ev5 9 trifles4 ,& by su* little turns ( phrase1 by su* insub/antial influ5ces1 com+ f ! tea*]1 ! pupil's "* is mold$4 #b4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory1 :5 prop]ly conduct$ is ( high moral value4 ,hi/ory sets be=e ! m9d examples ( h]oism1 ( self-sacrifice1 ( love ( c\ntry1 ( devotion to pr9ciples at ! greate/ co/4 ,h[ c su* examples fail to inspire1 to ennoble1 to awak5 emulation8 ,! great & good m5 ( ! pa/1 ! virtu\s & ! wise1 s]ve z models to ! "y1 & (t5 ar\se 9 !m an en?usia/ic admiration1 a passionate disciple%ip4 ,9 ! next place1 ! /udy ( hi/ory may be us$ to ex]cise ! moral judgm5t4 ,! *>act]s :i* hi/ory pres5ts are n all good2 ! *>act]s ev5 ( ! good are by no means faultless4 ,x is 9 ! p[] ( ! tea*] to tra9 ! moral judgm5t & to increase ! moral insight ( 8 pupils by lead+ !m to ent] into ! motives1 & to weigh ! "r & wrong ( ! actions :i* hi/ory reports4 ,he w also f9d _m an occasion to w>n aga9/ be+ dazzl$ by brilliant success to su* a degree z to condone ! moral turpitude by :i* x is (t5 b\ght4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory c ?us be made ! means ( enlight5+ ! consci5ce z well z ( awak5+ g5]\s aspirations--b1 let me ha/5 to add1 only 9 ! h&s ( a tea*] :o is himself morally mature1 & fully imbu$ ) ! responsibilities ( 8 task4 ,la/ly1 ! /udy ( hi/ory among advanc$ pupils may be us$ to confirm ! moral idea ( ! mission ( mank9d1 & to set x 9 its true light4 ,! human race1 z1 f ! moral po9t ( view1 we are b\nd to assume1 exi/s on e>? 9 ord] to attempt ! solution ( a sublime problem--! problem ( ! p]fect civilization1 ! j society1 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b on e page ( hi/ory !re are facts t w>n u t progress t[>d ?is high ideal is ( necessity sl[4 ,:e!r we review ! evolution ( religion1 or ( political in/itutions1 or ( indu/rial society1 we are /ill =c$ to ! same solemn conclusion1 t 9 view ( ! ultimate goal1 a ?\s& ye>s are z a day1 & t :ile we may n relax our ef=ts to atta9 ! ideal1 we mu/ be well cont5t 9 case we are p]mitt$ to advance ! mighty "w ev5 a little4 ,?is conviction is calculat$ to eng5d] 9 u a new _s ( piety & self-abnegation1 :i* yet is consi/5t ) p]fect alacrity 9 dis*>g+ ! duty ( ! h\r4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] result f ! /udy ( hi/ory among "y m5 & "y wom5 ?an if x %\ld h ! effect ( impress+ on !m ?is new piety1 ?is g5u9e hi/oric s5se1 9 :i* ! av]age citiz51 especially ( democratic communities1 is s conspicu\sly defici5t4 ,b ?is is a digression :i* ,i mu/ ask y to p>don4 #c4 ,! moral value ( ! /udy ( lit]ature is z great z x is obvi\s4 ,lit]ature is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* all t "p ( our inn] life f9ds expression :i* defies sci5tific =mulation4 ,9 ! text-books ( sci5ce we possess ! net result ( ! purely intellectual labors ( ! pa/2 9 univ]sal lit]ature we h composite photographs1 z x 71 ( ! typical hopes1 s5tim5ts1 & aspirations ( ! race4 ,lit]ature gives a voice to t )9 u :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 dumb1 & fixity to t :i* w\ld o!rwise be evanesc5t4 ,! be/ lit]ature1 & especially ! be/ poetry1 is a glass 9 :i* we see our be/ selves reflect$4 ,!re is a leg5d :i* tells ( two spirits1 ! "o an angel1 ! o!r a demon1 t accompany e human be+ ?r\gh life1 & walk invisibly at 8 side4 ,! "o repres5ts our bad self1 ! o!r our bett] self4 ,! moral s]vice :i* ! be/ lit]ature r5d]s u is to make ! invisible angel visible4 #d4 ,i c b ca/ a cursory glance at "s ( ! rema9+ bran*es ( in/ruction4 ,manual tra9+ has a moral effect ^u ! pupil1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 at "s l5g? on ano!r occasion4#d ,music1 ap>t f its subtl] influ5ces1 :i* c n be consid]$ "h1 has ! special function ( produc+ 9 ! pupil a feel+ ( on5ess ) o!rs1 or ( social unity4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( *orus s++1 :ile p>ticul> moral s5tim5ts1 l *>ity1 love ( home1 etc41 c be inculcat$ by means ( ! texts4 ,gymna/ic ex]cises likewise h a moral effect 9 promot+ habits ( self-control1 prompt ob$i5ce at ! ^w ( comm&1 etc4 ,inde$1 x is n difficult to %[ ! moral be>+s ( ! ord9>y bran*es ( in/ruction4 ,x w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 be difficult to f9d a s+le "o1 :i*1 :5 rightly view$1 is n surr\nd$ by a moral photosph]e4 ,sci5ce1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 & ! o!r bran*es l5d !mselves 9 v>i\s ways to ! developm5t ( "*4 ,b !re are c]ta9 o!r opportunities :i* e s*ool (f]s1 ap>t f ! tea*+1 & ^! may be utiliz$ to ! same end4 ,! discipl9e ( ! s*ool1 above all1 has an imm5se effect on ! "*4 ,if x is ( ! "r k9d1 a b5eficial effect2 if n1 a mo/ p]nici\s "o4 ,! m]e work+ ( :at may be call$ ! s*ool ma*9]y t5ds to inculcate habits ( ord]1 punctuality1 & ! l4 ,! aggregation ( a l>ge numb] ( s*ol>s 9 ! same build+ & _! int]c\rse ) "o ano!r "u ! eye ( ! tea*]s1 af=d frequ5t opportunities = impress+ lessons ( k9dness1 polit5ess1 mutual helpfulness1 etc4 ,! recitations ( lessons give occasion n only to suppress prompt+1 b to eradicate ! motives :i* lead to x1 & to impress deeply ! duty ( hone/y4 ,! v atmosph]e ( ! class-room %\ld be su* z to enc\rage moral ref9em5t2 x %\ld possess a sunny climate1 s to speak1 9 :i* meanness & vulg>ity c n live4 ,b !re is especially "o av5ue ( influ5ce1 :i* ,i h mu* at he>t to recomm5d4 ,! tea*] %\ld jo9 9 ! games ( 8 pupils4 ,he w ?us at once come to /& on a fri5dly foot+ ) !m1 & w9 _! confid5ce1 )\t 9 ! lea/ d]ogat+ f 8 prop] dignity4 ,& ?us w be remov$ t b>ri] :i* 9 _m s*ools sep>ates pupils & tea*]s to su* a degree t !re actually seem to exi/ side by side two worlds--! _w to :i* ! tea*] has access1 & ! _w f :i* he is %ut out4 ,moreov]1 :ile !y are at play1 ! true "* ( ! pupils reveals itself4 ,at su* times ! sneak1 ! *eat1 ! bully1 ! li>1 %[s 8 true colors1 & ! tea*] has ! be/ opportunity ( /udy+ ^! pa?ological subjects & ( cur+ _! moral defects4 ,=1 :ile play+ ) !m1 z "o conc]n$ 9 ! game1 he has ! "r to insi/ on fair deal+1 to express 8 disgu/ at c[>dice1 to take ! "p ( ! weak aga9/ ! /rong1 & 8 words spok5 on ! playgr\nd w h t5fold ! effect ( any hortatory address :i* he might deliv] f ! plat=m4 ,! greate/ & mo/ successful ( tea*]s h n disda9$ to use ?is device4 ,f9ally1 let me say t ! p]sonality ( ! ma/] or pr9cipal ( ! s*ool is ! *ief factor ( moral influ5ce 9 x4 ,put a great1 s\nd1 :ole-s\l$ nature at ! head ( a s*ool1 & ev]y?+ else may almo/ be tak5 = grant$4 ,9 e s*ool !re exi/s a public op9ion among ! s*ol>s1 by :i* !y are affect$ to a f> great] degree ?an by ! words ( _! sup]iors4 ,! tactful ma/] w direct 8 *ief att5tion to %ap+ & improv+ ?is public op9ion1 :ile at ! same "t int]f]+ z little z possible ) ! fre$om ( 8 pupils4 ,he c accompli% 8 purpose by draw+ close to himself ^? s*ol>s :o make ! public op9ion ( ! s*ool1 & ^! 9 turn he c w9 to f9e & manly views only by ! effect ( 8 p]sonality4 ,! p]sonality ( ! head-ma/] is ev]y?+4 ,x is ! ultimate s\rce ( p[] 9 ! s*ool1 ! c5tral organ :i* s5ds out its life-giv+ curr5ts ?r\gh ! :ole organism4 ,& let me "h add t1 if ,i am 9 favor ( exclud+ direct religi\s tea*+ f our s*ools1 ,i am n 9 favor ( exclud+ religi\s influ5ce4 ,t1 too1 fl[s f ! p]sonality ( ! true ma/]4 ,= if he be rev]5t1 a truly pi\s s\l1 humble 9 8 e/imate ( self1 n valu+ 8 petty s*oolma/]'s au?ority on its own acc\nt1 b us+ x lov+ly z an in/rum5t = high] ends1 he w be sure to communicate ( 8 _s to 8 pupils1 & by t _s w op5 _! he>ts1 bett] ?an by any doctr9al tea*+ he c\ld give1 to ! reception ( ! highe/ spiritual tru?s4 ,by all ^! means--by ! culture ( ! intellect1 ! ta/e1 & ! feel+s1 by 8 daily deal+s ) ! "y1 9 "w & play--! tea*] helps to create 9 !m c]ta9 moral habits4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld n ^! habits suffice8 ,:at ne$ is !re ( specific moral in/ruction8 ,& :at is ! relation ( moral in/ruction to ! habits ?us eng5d]$8 ,! function ( moral in/ruction is to cl9* ! habits4 ,! function ( moral in/ruction is to explicate 9 cle> /atem5ts1 fit to be grasp$ by ! intellect1 ! laws ( duty :i* und]lie ! habits4 ,! value ( su* intellectual /atem5ts is t !y give a rational und]p9n+ to moral practice1 &1 fur!rmore1 t !y p]mit ! moral rules to be appli$ to new cases n h]et(ore br\ght )9 ! scope ( habit4 ,?is ?\ght w be m fully develop$ & expla9$ z we proce$4 ,,footnote3 #d ,9 ! address on ! subject1 repr9t$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,iv4 ,,classification ,,( ,,duties4 ,! topics ( :i* moral in/ruction treats are ! duties ( life4 ,to tea* ! duties1 h[ev]1 we mu/ adopt "s sy/em ( classification4 ,to :i* sy/em %all we give ! pref]5ce8 ,! difficulty :i* we enc\nt]$ at ! outset seems to meet u "h 9 a new guise4 ,= mo/ if n all ( ! sy/ems ( classification commonly propos$ are bas$ ^u "s metaphysical !ory or "s !ological doctr9e4 ,to adopt any "o ( ^! w\ld be tantam\nt to adopt+ ! !ory or !ology on :i* x is f\nd$2 w\ld be equival5t to introduc+ surreptiti\sly a p>ticul> philosophy or cre$ into ! m9ds ( ! pupils2 & ?is w\ld be a pla9 dep>ture f ! unsect>ian pr9ciple to :i* we are pl$g$4 ,?us1 ,plato's f\rfold division ( ! virtues into ! s-call$ c>d9al virtues ( temp]ance1 c\rage1 ju/ice1 wisdom1 is bas$ on 8 psy*ology4 ,ari/otle's division ( ! virtues into dianoetic & :at he calls e?ical virtues is cle>ly dep5d5t on :at may be t]m$ ,ari/otle's intellectualism--i4 e41 ! supreme importance :i* he assigns to ! functions ( ! intellect1 or ,greek3 n\s1 9 ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fect life4 ,kant's division ( duties into complete & incomplete is an outgr[? ( ! ideas develop$ 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason2 ! philosoph] ,h]b>t's fivefold classification reflects 8 metaphysical !ory ( reality2 :ile ! sy/ems ( e?ical classification :i* are to be f\nd 9 !ological h&books betray /ill m cle>ly ! bias ( _! au?ors4 ,we c1 ,i ?9k1 f9d a simple way out ( ?is difficulty by proce$+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,let u take = our guidance ! objects to :i* duty relates1 & disreg>d ! s\rces f :i* x fl[s4 ,x is conc$$ on all h&s t e "o is to himself an object ( duty1 t he has c]ta9 duties to p]=m ) respect to himself1 z1 = in/ance1 ! duty ( intellectual developm5t2 fur!rmore1 t e p]son owes c]ta9 duties to 8 fell[-m5 g5]ally1 9 virtue ( ! fact t !y are human be+s2 aga91 t !re are special duties :i* we owe to p>ticul> p]sons1 su* z p>5ts1 bro!rs1 & si/]s2 f9ally1 t !re are c]ta9 duties1 into :i*1 s to speak1 we are born1 l ! ones la/ m5tion$1 & o!rs :i* we c freely assume or n1 l ! conjugal duties1 b :i*1 once assum$1 become z b9d+ z ! =m]4 ,?us ! v /ructure ( human society sugge/s a s*eme ( classification4 ,& ?is s*eme has ! advantage ( be+ a purely objective "o4 ,x keeps close to ! facts1 x is 9 h>mony ) ! unsect>ian pr9ciple1 & x is p]fectly fair4 ,x leaves ! problem ( fir/ pr9ciples entirely unt\*$4 ,t we h su* duties to p]=m ) respect to self & o!rs1 no "o que/ions4 ,let philosoph]s diff] z to ! ultimate motives ( duty4 ,let !m r$uce ! facts ( consci5ce to any set ( fir/ pr9ciples :i* may suit !m4 ,x is our "p z in/ructors to int]pret ! facts ( consci5ce1 n to seek = !m an ultimate explanation4 ,let me briefly indicate h[ ! diff]5t duties may be made to fall into l9e accord+ to ! plan ( classification :i* has j be5 sugge/$4 ,! :ole field ( duty may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 prov9ces3#e ^? duties :i* relate to ourselves1 ^? :i* we owe to all m51 & ^? :i* arise 9 ! special relations ( ! family1 ! /ate1 etc43 ,i4 ,! ,self-reg>d+ ,duties4 ,^! may aga9 be subdivid$ into duties relat+ to our physical nature1 to ! intellect1 & to ! feel+s4 ,"u ! head ( physical duties belong ! prohibition ( suicide1 & ! duties ( physical culture1 temp]ance1 & *a/ity4 ,intellectual ,duties4--,"u ?is head may be rang$ ! duty ( acquir+ k & ! subsidi>y duties ( ord]1 dilig5ce1 p]sev]ance 9 /udy2 :ile1 = ^? :o are beyond ! s*ool age1 special /ress %\ld be laid on ! duty ( m5tal g5u95ess4 ,?is may be express$ 9 ! words3 ,to ?9e own m5tal self be true4 ,/udy ?9e own m5tal b5t4 ,try to discov] 9 :at direction ?y prop] tal5t lies1 & make ! mo/ ( x4 ,"w ?9e own m9e3 if x be a gold-m9e1 br+ =? gold2 if x be a silv]-m9e1 br+ =? silv]2 if x be an iron-m9e1 br+ =? iron4 ,endeavor to ma/] "s "o bran* ( k ?or\ghly well4 ,x is = !e ! key :i* op5s ! gates ( all k4 ,! ne$ ( g5]al culture is felt by all1 b ! conc5tration ( intellectual ef=ts on special /udies is n inconsi/5t ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 special /udies alone enable u to ga9 a foo?old 9 ! realm ( k4 ,a bran* ( k :i* we h ma/]$1 h[ev] small1 may be comp>$ to a /rong =tress 9 an enemy's c\ntry1 f :i* we c sally =? at w to conqu] ! surr\nd+ t]ritory4 ,k may also be lik5$ to a sph]e4 ,f e po9t ( ! circumf]5ce we c1 by p]si/5t labor1 dig d[n to ! c5t]4 ,he :o has rea*$ ! c5t] comm&s ! sph]e4 ,duties :i* relate to ! ,feel+s4--,! pr9cipal duty "u ?is head may be express$ 9 ! tw(old comm&--control & purify ?y feel+s6 ,! feel+s :i* ne$ to be repress$ are ang]1 fe>1 self-complac5cy4 ,let ! tea*]1 :5 he rea*es ?is po9t1 dwell ^u ! causes & ! consequ5ces ( ang]4 ,let him speak ( c]ta9 helps :i* h be5 f\nd useful = ! suppression ( angry passion4 ,let him di/+ui% ang] f moral indignation4 ,9 deal+ ) fe> let him pursue ! same me?od4 ,let him di/+ui% physical f moral c[>dice1 brute c\rage f moral c\rage1 c\rage f =titude4 ,9 deal+ ) self-complac5cy let him discrim9ate betwe5 vanity & pride1 betwe5 pride & dignity4 ,let him %[ t humility & dignity are consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 yes1 t !y are complem5t>y aspects ( "o & ! same moral quality4 ,n ! lea/ advantage to be reap$ f lessons on duty is ! fix+ 9 ! pupil's m9d ( ! moral vocabul>y4 ,! moral t]ms z a rule are loosely us$1 & ?is c n b lead to confusion 9 _! application4 ,precise def9itions1 bas$ on ?or\gh discussion1 are an excell5t means ( moral tra9+4#f ,,ii4 ,! duties :i* we owe to all m5 are ,ju/ice & ,*>ity3 ,be j is equival5t to--,d n h9d] ! developm5t ( any ( ?y fell[-m54 ,be *>itable is equival5t to--,assi/ ! developm5t ( ?y fell[-m54 ,"u ! head ( *>ity ! tea*] w h occasion to speak n only ( almsgiv+1 ! visitation ( ! sick1 & ! l1 b ( ! ?\s& *>ities ( ! fireside1 ( ! *>ity ( bright looks1 ( :at may be call$ intellectual *>ity1 :i* consi/s 9 op5+ ! eyes ( ! m5tally bl9d1 & ( ! noble/ *>ity ( all1 :i* consi/s 9 com+ to ! aid ( ^? :o are deep 9 ! sl\gh ( moral despond1 9 rais+ ! s9ful & fall54 ,,iii4 ,special social duties3 ,"u ?is head belong ! duties :i* arise 9 ! family3 ! conjugal1 ! p>5tal1 ! filial1 ! frat]nal duties4 ,"u ! head ( duties peculi> to ! v>i\s avocations %\ld be discuss$ ! e?ics ( ! pr(essions1 ! e?ics ( ! relations betwe5 employ]s & labor]s1 etc4 ,! consid]ation ( ! duties ( ! citiz5 op5s up ! :ole t]ritory ( political e?ics4 ,la/ly1 ! purely elective relation%ips ( fri5d%ip & religi\s fell[%ip give rise to c]ta9 f9e & l(ty e?ical conceptions1 ! discussion ( :i* may fitly cr[n ! :ole c\rse4 ,i h ?us m5tion$ "s ( ! ma9 topics ( practical e?ics1 f :i* we are to make our selection = ! moral lessons4 ,b a selective pr9ciple is ne$$4 ,! field be+ spread out be=e u1 ! "q arises1 ,at :at po9t %all we ent] x8 ,:at topics %all we s+le out8 ,x w\ld be manife/ly absurd1 = in/ance1 to treat ( int]national e?ics1 or ( conjugal e?ics1 9 a c\rse int5d$ = *ildr54 ,b especially ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t topics are to foll[ ea* o!r ne$s to be det]m9$4 ,! ord] foll[$ 9 ! above sket* is a purely logical "o1 & ! logical arrangem5t ( a subject1 z e educator kn[s1 is n usually ! "o mo/ suitable = br++ x )9 rea* ( ! und]/&+ ( *ildr54 ,x w\ld n be 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,cle>ly a selective pr9ciple is want$4 ,let me "h int]rupt myself = a mom5t to say t ! problem :i* we are attack+1 s f> f be+ solv$1 has h]et(ore h>dly ev5 be5 /at$4 ,& ?is is due to ! fact t moral in/ruction has be5 ?us f> almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( p]sons ^: *ief int]e/ 0 religi\s1 & :o1 :atev] _! good int5tions might be1 7 h>dly qualifi$ to look at ! subject f ! educator's po9t ( view4 ,! "w ( break+ gr\nd 9 ! matt] ( moral in/ruction has /ill to be done4 ,z to ! selective pr9ciple :i* ,i h 9 view ,i feel a c]ta9 confid5ce 9 its correctness2 b ,i am aw>e t ! applications ( x w d\btless require manifold am5dm5t & correction1 = :i* purpose ,i invoke ! exp]i5ce & hone/ criticism ( my fell[-tea*]s4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 ,i v5ture to ask y\r att5tion to ! foll[+ consid]ations3 ,! life ( e human be+ naturally divides itself into di/9ct p]iods--infancy1 *ildhood1 y\?1 etc4 ,ea* p]iod has a set ( int]e/s & ( correspond+ duties peculi> to itself4 ,! moral tea*+ %\ld be grad$ accord+ to p]iods4 ,! tea*+ appropriate to any p]iod is t :i* be>s ^u ! special duties ( t p]iod4 ,to illu/rate1 ! e?ics ( *ildhood may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! p]sonal duties ( a *ild are *iefly ! obs]vance ( a few simple rules ( heal? & ! curb+ ( its temp]4 ,x owes social duties to p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 & k9sfolk1 to its playmates1 & to s]vants4 ,! *ild is n yet a citiz51 & ! e?ics ( politics1 !re=e1 lie f> beyond its horizon2 x does n yet require to be taught pr(essional e?ics1 & does n ne$ to le>n ev5 ! elem5ts ( intellectual duty1 because its en]gies are /ill absorb$ 9 physical gr[? & play4 ,! duties ( *ildhood c be readily /at$4 ,! peculi> duties ( ! subsequ5t /ages ( developm5t1 = in/ance1 ( middle life & old age1 are complex1 & n s easy to def9e4 ,b ,i believe t ! attempt to describe !m w ?r[ light on _m recondite problems 9 e?ics4 ,my fir/ po9t !re=e is1 t ! moral tea*+ at a giv5 p]iod %\ld be made to fit ! special duties ( t p]iod4 ,secondly--& ?is t\*es ! core ( ! matt]--9 e p]iod ( life !re is "s "o pr$om9ant duty ar\nd :i* all ! o!rs may be gr\p$1 to :i* z a c5t] !y may be ref]r$4 ,?us1 ! p>am\nt duty ( ! "y *ild is to rev]5ce & obey its p>5ts4 ,! relation ( dep5d5ce 9 :i* x /&s naturally prescribes ?is duty1 & all its o!r duties c be d$uc$ f & =tifi$ by ?is "o4 ,! correctness ( its p]sonal habits & ( its behavior t[>d o!rs dep5ds prim>ily on its ob$i5ce to ! p>5tal comm&s4 ,! *ild resi/s ! temptation to d :at is wrong1 *iefly because x respects ! au?ority & desires to w9 ! approbation ( fa!r & "m4 ,second>y motives are n want+1 b rev]5ce = p>5ts is ! pr9cipal "o4 ,?irdly1 9 ea* new p]iod !re em]ges a new p>am\nt e?ical int]e/1 a new c5t] ( duties4 ,b ) ! new sy/em ( duties ?us creat$ ! previ\s e?ical sy/ems are to be br\ght into l9e1 into h>moni\s correlation4 ,& ?is w be all ! m feasible1 because ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ! duties ( any "o p]iod is ! be/ prep>ation = ! true und]/&+ & fulfillm5t ( ^? ( ! next4 ,f ^! /atem5ts ! foll[+ conclusions may be drawn ) respect to ! "q "u discussion--namely1 ! prop] sequ5ce ( ! topics ( duty 9 a c\rse ( moral lessons4 ,! moral lessons be+ giv5 9 s*ool1 mu/ cov] ! duties :i* are peculi> to ! s*ool age4 ,! p>am\nt duty %\ld be plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,n[ ! p>am\nt duty ( *ildr5 betwe5 six & f\rte5 ye>s ( age is to acquire k4 ,h5ce we beg9 ! lessons ) ! subject ( intellectual duty4 ,9 ! next place1 ! duties le>n$ 9 ! previ\s p]iods are to be br\ght into l9e ) ! duties ( ! s*ool age4 ,at ea* new /ep on ! road ( e?ical progress ! moral ideas already acquir$ are to be review$1 confirm$1 & to receive a high] int]pretation4 ,we h already se5 t1 be=e ! *ild ent]s s*ool1 its p]sonal duties are su* z relate to ! physical life & ! feel+s1 & its *ief social duties are ! filial & frat]nal4 ,!re=e1 ! ord] ( topics = ! lessons ?us f> /&s3 ,! duty ( acquir+ k2 ! duties :i* relate to ! physical life2 ! duties :i* relate to ! feel+s2 ! filial duties2 ! frat]nal duties4 ,aga91 a *ild t has le>n$ to respect ! rights ( its bro!rs & si/]s1 & to be lov+ly helpful to !m1 w 9 s*ool take ! "r attitude t[>d its companions4 ,! frat]nal duties are typical ( ! duties :i* we owe to all our companions1 &1 inde$1 to all human be+s4 ,! next topic ( ! lessons1 !re=e1 w be ! duties :i* we owe to all human be+s4 ,f9ally1 life 9 s*ool prep>es = life 9 society & 9 ! /ate1 & s ?is c\rse ( elem5t>y moral lesson w prop]ly close ) ,! elem5ts ( civic duty4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,x may be urg$ by "s t duties t[>d ,god ought to be includ$ 9 su* a s*eme ( moral lessons z we are propos+4 ,i %\ld say1 h[ev]1 t ! discussion ( ^! duties belongs to ! ,sunday-s*ools1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* alongside ! daily s*ools is presuppos$ ?r\gh\t ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures4 #f ,! duties :i* relate to ! moral nature1 z a :ole1 su* = in/ance z ! duty ( self-scrut9y1 may be consid]$ ei!r at ! end ( ! *apt] on self-reg>d+ duties1 or at ! close ( ! :ole c\rse4 ,v4 ,,! ,,moral ,,outfit ,,( ,,*ildr5 ,,on ,,ent]+ ,,s*ool4 ,x is difficult to trace ! beg9n+s ( ! moral life 9 *ildr54 ,! travel] :o attempts to foll[ "s great riv] to its s\rce g5]ally f9ds himself confus$ by ! numb] ( ponds & spr+s :i* are po9t$ out to him ) ! assurance 9 ! case ( ea* t ?is & no o!r is ! real s\rce4 ,9 tru?1 ! riv] is f$ n f "o s\rce b f _m1 & does n atta9 its unity & individuality until x has fl[$ = "s di/ance on its way4 ,9 l mann]1 ! moral life is f$ by _m spr+s1 & does n assume its di/9ctive "* until aft] sev]al ye>s ( human exi/5ce h elaps$4 ,! /udy ( ! developm5t ( consci5ce 9 e>ly *ildhood is a /udy ( orig9s1 & ^! are always obscure4 ,b1 besides1 ! att5tion hi!rto giv5 to ?is subject has be5 entirely inadequate1 & ev5 ! attempts to obs]ve 9 a sy/ematic way ! moral manife/ations ( *ildhood h be5 few4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld endeavor to answ] su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:5 d ! fir/ /irr+s ( ! moral s5se appe> 9 ! *ild8 ,h[ d !y manife/ !mselves8 ,:at are ! emotional & ! intellectual equipm5ts ( ! *ild at diff]5t p]iods1 & h[ d ^! correspond ) its moral outfit8 ,at :at "t does consci5ce ent] on ! sc5e8 ,to :at acts or omissions does ! *ild apply ! t]ms "r & wrong8 ,if obs]vations ( ?is k9d 7 made ) c>e & duly record$1 ! sci5ce ( education w\ld h at its disposal a consid]able quantity ( mat]ial f :i* no d\bt valuable g5]alizations might be d$uc$4 ,e "m especially %\ld keep a di>y 9 :i* to note ! successive phases ( h] *ild's physical1 m5tal1 & moral gr[?2 ) p>ticul> att5tion to ! moral2 s t p>5ts may be enabl$ to make a timely =eca/ ( _! *ildr5s' *>act]s1 to fo/] 9 !m e g]m ( good1 & by prompt precautions to suppress1 or at lea/ re/ra91 :at is bad4 ,i propose 9 ! pres5t lecture to ca/ a glance at ! moral tra9+ :i* ! normal *ild receives be=e x ent]s s*ool1 & ! moral outfit :i* x may be expect$ to br+ ) x at ! "t ( ent]+4 ,=tunately1 x is n necess>y to g v deeply into ! /udy ( developm5t ( consci5ce = ?is purpose4 ,a few ma9 po9ts w suffice = our guidance4 ,fir/ ,po9t4--,! moral tra9+ ( a *ild c be begun 9 its cradle4 ,regul>ity is favorable to morality4 ,regul>ity acts z a *eck on impulse4 ,a *ild %\ld receive its n\ri%m5t at /at$ int]vals2 x %\ld become accu/om$ to sleep at c]ta9 h\rs1 etc4 ,if x prote/s1 z x (t5 does vigor\sly en\gh1 its prote/s %\ld be disreg>d$4 ,aft] a :ile its cries w cease1 x w le>n to submit to ! rule impos$1 & ! tak+ ( pleasure 9 regul>ity & ! s5se ( discom=t :5 ! usual ord] is int]rupt$ become !nce=? a "p ( its m5tal life4 ,i d n ma9ta9 t regul>ity itself is moral1 b t x is favorable to morality because x curbs incl9ation4 ,i d n say t rules are always good1 b t ! life ( impulse is always bad4 ,ev5 :5 we d ! good 9 an impulsive way we are enc\rag+ 9 ourselves a vici\s habit4 ,good conduct consi/s 9 regulat+ our life accord+ to good pr9ciples2 & a will+ness to abide by rules is ! fir/1 ! indisp5sable condition ( moral gr[?4 ,n[1 ! habit ( yield+ to rules may be implant$ 9 a *ild ev5 9 ! cradle4 ,second ,po9t4--,a v "y *ild--"o n old] ?an a ye> & a half--c be taught to obey1 to yield to ! p>5t's w4 ,a *ild a ye> & a half old is capable ( adh]+ to its own w 9 defiance ( ! express$ w ( fa!r or "m4 ,9 ?is case x %\ld be con/ra9$ to yield4 ,we %all nev] succe$ 9 mak+ ( x a moral p]son if x does n realize betimes t !re exi/s a high] law ?an ! law ( its w4 ,& ( ?is high] law1 ?r\gh\t *ildhood1 ! p>5t is1 z x 71 ! embodim5t4 ,:5 ,i say t ob$i5ce c be exact$ ( a *ild ( su* t5d] age1 t a *ild s "y is capable ( delib]ately oppos+ ! w ( ! p>5t1 ,i speak f exp]i5ce4 ,i "k a c]ta9 little lady :o und]took a /ruggle ) h] fa!r precisely 9 ! way describ$4 ,! /ruggle la/$ fully ?irty-five m9utes by ! clock4 ,b :5 x 0 ov]1 ! *ild /ret*$ out h] little arms & put up h] lips to be kiss$1 & = days aft] fairly clung to h] fa!r1 %[+ him h] atta*m5t 9 ! mo/ demon/rative mann]4 ,nor %\ld ?is increase ( affectionat5ess excite surprise--x is ! prop] result ( a conflict ( ?is sort betwe5 fa!r & *ild :5 conduct$ 9 ! "r _s4 ,! *ild is happy to be fre$ f ! sway ( its wayw>d caprice1 to feel t its feeble w has be5 tak5 up into a w l>g] & /rong] ?an its own4 ,?ird ,po9t4--,:at is call$ consci5ce does n usually beg9 to %[ itself until ! *ild is ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,at ?is age ! concept self usually em]ges1 & ! *ild beg9s to use ! p]sonal pron\n ,i4 ,?is is "o ( ^! critical turn+ po9ts 9 human developm5t1 ( :i* !re are sev]al4 ,! beg9n+ ( adolesc5ce m>ks ano!r4 ,i am incl9$ to suspect t !re is "o at or ab\t ?irty-?ree4 ,!re seem to be o!rs lat] on4 ,at any rate ! fir/ turn+ po9t--t :i* occurs at ?ree--is m>k$ unmi/akably4 ,at ?is "t1 z we h j said1 ! *ild beg9s to be di/9ctly self-consci\s2 x says ,i1 & pres5tly y1 he1 & !y4 ,n[1 moral rules =mulate ! relations :i* ought to subsi/ betwe5 "o's self & o!rs1 & to compreh5d ! rules x is cle>ly necess>y to be able to hold ap>t 9 ! m9d & to contra/ ) "o ano!r ! p]sons relat$4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! em]g5ce ( ! concept self mu/ h a decid$ effect on moral developm5t4 ,i feel tempt$ to pause "h a mom5t & to say a ^w 9 pass+ ab\t ! extreme importance ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! concept self4 ,= x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! pron\n ,i means ! same ?+ on ! lips ( e p]son :o uses x4 ,i is a label d5ot+ a mass ( associat$ ideas1 & z ^! ideas are capable ( almo/ endless v>iation1 s ! notion ( selfhood is correspond+ly div]sifi$ 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,9 ! case ( *ildr51 p]haps ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! concept are suppli$ by _! outw>d appe>ance & environm5t4 ,:5 a *ild speaks ( itself1 x ?9ks prim>ily ( its body1 especially its face1 !n ( ! clo!s x usually we>s1 ! h\se x lives 91 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* x habitually walks1 its p>5ts1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 s*ool-ma/]s1 etc4#g ,if we analyze ! mean+ ( ,i 9 ! case ( two *ildr51 ! "o well-born & well br\ght up1 ! o!r )\t ^! advantages1 we %all p]haps f9d su* diff]5ces z ! foll[+3 ,i 9 ! "o case w mean a be+ liv+ 9 a c]ta9 dec5t & com=table h\se1 always we>+ neat clo?+1 surr\nd$ by p>5ts1 bro!rs1 & si/]s :o speak k9dly to "o ano!r & h g5tle mann]s1 etc4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ! con/itu5ts ( ! concept self may be v diff]5t4 ,i 9 ! case ( ! second *ild may mean a creature t lives 9 a d>k1 fil?y hovel & walks e day ?r\gh n>r[ /reets1 reek+ ) g>bage4 ,i may mean ! *ild ( a fa!r :o comes home drunk & /rikes ! "m :5 ! angry fit is ^u him4 ,i /&s = a poor waif t we>s torn clo!s1 & :5 he sits 9 s*ool by ! side ( well-dress$ *ildr5 is look$ at askance & put to %ame4 ,x is obvi\s t ! elem5ts :i* g to make up ! concept self affect ! *ild's moral nature by l[]+ or rais+ its self-e/eem4 ,i rememb] ! case ( "o1 :o z a boy 0 ! laugh+-/ock ( 8 class on acc\nt ( ! old-fa%ion$1 ill-fitt+ clo!s :i* he 0 compell$ to we>1 & :o has confess$ t ev5 late 9 life he c\ld n entirely ov]come ! effect ( ?is e>ly humiliation1 & t he cont9u$ to be pa9fully aw>e 9 himself1 9 consequ5ce1 ( a c]ta9 lack ( ease & self-possession4 ,h5ce we %\ld see to x t ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! concept self are ( ! "r k9d4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! idea ( selfhood /&s (f indep5d5tly f ! elem5ts ( our environm5t4 ,! latt] ent] into1 & :5 !y are bad eat into1 ! v k]nel ( our nature4 ,we h se5 t ! developm5t ( ! intellect z x appe>s 9 ! gr[+ di/9ctness ( self-consci\sness ex]cises an important influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! moral faculty4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r way 9 :i* ?is influ5ce becomes app>5t4 ,! function ( consci5ce fur!r dep5ds on ! p[] ( keep+ alt]native c\rses ( action be=e ! m9d4 ,angels capable only ( ! good1 or fi5ds actuat$ exclusively by malice1 c\ld n be call$ moral creatures4 ,a moral act always presupposes a previ\s *oice betwe5 two possible l9es ( action4 ,& until ! p[] ( hold+ ! judgm5t 9 susp5se1 ( hesitat+ betwe5 alt]native l9es ( conduct1 has be5 acquir$1 consci5ce1 /rictly speak+1 does n manife/ itself4 ,we may say t ! voice ( consci5ce beg9s to be he>d :51 ! p>5t be+ abs5t1 ! *ild hesitates betwe5 a =bidd5 pleasure & ob$i5ce to ! p>5tal comm&4 ,( c\rse1 n e *oice betwe5 alt]native c\rses is a moral act4 ,if any "o hesitates :e!r to rema9 at home or to g = a walk1 :e!r to take a road to ! "r or to ! left1 ! decision is morally indiff]5t4 ,b :5ev] "o ( ! alt]native c\rses is good & ! o!r bad1 consci5ce does come into play4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! "q =cibly pres5ts itself1 ,h[ does x come to pass 9 ! exp]i5ce ( *ildr5 t !y le>n to reg>d c]ta9 l9es ( action z good & o!rs z bad8 ,y w readily answ]1 ,! p>5t *>act]izes c]ta9 acts z good & o!rs z bad1 & ! *ild accepts 8 def9ition2 & ?is is und\bt$ly true4 ,! p>5t's ^w is ! ma9 prop ( ! budd+ consci5ce4 ,b h[ comes ! p>5t's ^w to produce belief8 ,?is is inde$ ! crucial "q t\*+ ! developm5t ( ! moral faculty4 ,mr4 ,ba9 says t ! *ild fe>s ! puni%m5t :i* ! p>5t w inflict 9 case ( disob$i5ce2 t ! ess5tial =m & def9+ quality ( consci5ce f fir/ to la/ is ( ! nature ( dread4 ,he seems to classify ! *ild's consci5ce ) ! crim9al consci5ce1 ! rebel consci5ce :i* mu/ be en]giz$ by ! fe> ( p5alties4 ,b ?is explanation seems v unsatisfactory4 ,e "o1 ( c\rse1 mu/ admit t ! confirmations ( exp]i5ce t5d greatly to /r5g!n ! p>5t's au?ority4 ,! p>5t says1 ,y mu/ be neat4 ,! *ild1 if x does z x is bidd51 f9ds an ae/hetic pleasure 9 its becom+ appe>ance4 ,! p>5t says1 ,y mu/ n /rike y\r little bro!r1 b be k9d to him2 & ! *ild1 on re/ra9+ its ang]1 is gratifi$ by ! lov+ words & looks :i* x receives 9 return4 ,! p>5t says1 ,y mu/ n t\* ! /ove1 or y w be burn$4 ,! disob$i5t *ild is effectually w>n$ by ! pa9 x suff]s to be m ob$i5t 9 future4 ,b all su* confirmations are m]e ext]nal aids to p>5tal au?ority4 ,!y d n expla9 ! feel+ ( rev]5ce ) :i* ev5 a "y *ild1 :5 rightly br\ght up1 is wont to look up to 8 fa!r's face4 ,to expla9 ?is s5tim5t ( rev]5ce1 ,i mu/ ask y to consid] ! foll[+ tra9 ( reason+4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ already t ! p>5t %\ld be to ! *ild ! visible embodim5t ( a high] law4 ,?is high] law %9+ f ! fa!r's c\nt5ance1 mak+ its sublime pres5ce felt 9 ! "m's eye1 wak5s an answ]+ vibration 9 ! *ild's he>t4 ,! *ild feels ! high] pres5ce & b[s to x1 ?\gh x c\ld n1 if x tri$1 analyze or expla9 :at x feels4 ,we %\ld nev] =get t *ildr5 possess ! capacity = moral developm5t f ! outset4 ,x is inde$ ! fa%ion ) "s mod]n writ]s to speak ( ! *ild z if x 7 at fir/ a m]e animal1 & z if reflection & morality 7 me*anically sup]add$ lat] on4 ,b ! :ole future man is already hidd51 n yet decl>$1 b lat5t all ! same 9 ! *ild's he>t4 ,! g]ms ( humanity 9 its totality exi/ 9 ! "y be+4 ,else h[ c\ld x ev] unfold into full-gr[n morality8 ,x w p]haps s]ve to make my mean+ cle>] if ,i call att5tion to analog\s facts relat+ to ! intellectual faculty4 ,! =mula ( causality is a v ab/ract "o1 :i* only a ?or\ghly tra9$ m9d c grasp4 ,b ev5 v "y *ildr5 are con/antly ask+ que/ions z to ! causes ( ?+s4 ,:at makes ! trees gr[8 :at makes ! />s %9e8--i4 e41 :at is ! cause ( ! trees gr[+ & ! />s %9+8 ,! *ild is con/antly pu%+1 or r grop+1 its way back f effects to causes4 ,! *ild's m9d acts "u :at maybe call$ ! causative in/9ct long be=e x c appreh5d ! law ( causation4 ,9 ! same way "y *ildr5 p]fectly foll[ ! process ( syllogi/ic reason+4 ,if a fa!r says1 on leav+ ! h\se = a walk3 ,i c take ) me only a *ild t has be5 good2 n[1 y h n be5 good to-day2 ! *ild )\t any difficulty draws ! conclusion1 ,!re=e ,i c n g out walk+ ) my fa!r to-day4 ,! logical laws are1 z x 71 prefigur$ 9 ! *ild's m9d long be=e1 "u ! *emical action ( exp]i5ce !y come out 9 ! bright colors ( consci\sness4 ,or1 to use ano!r figure1 !y ex]t a pressure on ! *ild ( :i* he himself c give no acc\nt4 ,& 9 l mann] ! moral law--! law :i* prescribes c]ta9 relations betwe5 self & o!rs--is1 s to speak1 prefigur$ 9 ! *ild's m9d1 & :5 x is express$ 9 comm&s utt]$ by ! p>5t1 ! pressure ( ext]nal au?ority is confirm$ by a pressure com+ f )94 ,we c illu/rate ! same idea f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,:5ev] a man ( comm&+ moral g5ius appe>s 9 ! _w & speaks to ! multitude f 8 height1 !y are = ! mom5t lift$ to 8 level & feel ! afflatus ( 8 _s4 ,?is is s because he expresses pot5tialities ( human nature :i* also exi/ 9 !m1 only n unfold$ to ! same degree z 9 him4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t p]sons :o "u ord9>y circum/ances are cont5t to admire :at is ?ird rate & f\r? rate are yet able to appreciate :at is fir/ rate :5 x is pres5t$ to !m--at lea/ to ! ext5t ( recogniz+ t x is fir/ rate4 ,& yet _! lack ( developm5t %[s itself 9 ! fact t pres5tly !y aga9 lose _! hold on ! high] /&>d ( excell5ce1 & are !reaft] cont5t to put up ) :at is inf]ior z if ! glimpses ( bett] ?+s _h nev] be5 op5$ to !m4 ,is x n because1 ?\gh capable ( ris+ to ! high] level1 !y are n capable ( ma9ta9+ !mselves on x unassi/$4 ,n[1 ! case ( ! p>5t ) respect to ! *ild is analog\s4 ,he is on a sup]ior moral plane4 ,! *ild feels t he is1 )\t be+ able to und]/& :y4 ,x feels ! afflatus ( ! high] _s dwell+ 9 ! p>5t1 & out ( ?is feel+ is g5]at$ ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce4 ,& !re is no great] b5efit :i* fa!r or "m c conf] on _! (fspr+ ?an to deep5 ?is s5tim5t4 ,x is by ?is means t !y c mo/ effici5tly promote ! developm5t ( ! *ild's consci5ce1 = out ( ?is rev]5ce w gr[ ev5tually respect = all rightly con/itut$ au?ority1 respect & rev]5ce = law1 human & div9e4 ,! ess5tial =m & def9+ quality ( consci5ce is n1 !re=e1 z ,ba9 has x--fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,9 my op9ion su* fe> is abject & c[>dly4 ,! s5tim5t eng5d]$ by fe> is totally diff]5t f ! "o we are contemplat+1 z ! foll[+ consid]ation w s]ve to %[3 ,a *ild fe>s its fa!r :5 he puni%es x 9 ang]2 & ! m viol5t 8 passion1 ! m does ! *ild fe> him4 ,b1 no matt] h[ /]n ! p5alty may be :i* he has to inflict1 ! *ild rev]es its fa!r 9 proportion z ! traces ( ang] are bani%$ f 8 mi5 & be>+1 9 proportion z ! p>5t %[s by 8 mann] t he acts f a s5se ( duty1 t he has 8 eye fix$ on ! sacr$ measures ( "r & wrong1 t he himself /&s 9 awe ( ! sublime comm&s ( :i* he is1 = ! "t be+1 ! expon5t4 ,to recapitulate briefly ! po9ts :i* we h gone ov]3 regul> habits c be inculcat$ & ob$i5ce c be taught ev5 9 infancy4 ,by ob$i5ce is meant ! yield+ ( a wayw>d & ignorant w to a firm & enlight5$ "o4 ,! *ild betwe5 ?ree & six ye>s ( age le>ns cle>ly to di/+ui% self f o!rs1 & to delib]ate betwe5 alt]native c\rses ( action4 ,x is highly important to control ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! concept self4 ,! desire to *oose ! good is promot$ *iefly by ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce4 ,we are ?us prep>$ to describe 9 a g5]al way ! moral outfit ( ! *ild on ent]+ s*ool4 ,we h1 inde$1 already describ$ x4 ,! moral acquirem5ts ( ! *ild at ! age ( :i* we speak express !mselves 9 habits4 ,! normal *ild1 "u ! influ5ces ( p>5tal example & comm&1 has acquir$ su* habits z t ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 ( temp]ance 9 eat+1 ( respect = ! tru?4 ,hav+ le>n$ to use ! pron\ns ,i & ?\1 x also beg9s to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 meum & tuum4 ,! prop]ty s5se beg9s to be develop$4 ,x claims its own seat at table1 its own toys aga9/ ! aggression ( o!rs4 ,x has ga9$ 9 an elem5t>y way ! notion ( rights4 ,?is is a /ock ( acquirem5ts by no means inconsid]able4 ,! next /ep 9 ! progress ( consci5ce mu/ be tak5 9 ! s*ool4 ,until n[ ! *ild has be5 aw>e ( duties relat+ only or pr9cipally to p]sons :om x loves & :o love x4 ,! motive ( love is n[ to become less prom95t4 ,a "p ( t rev]5ce :i* ! *ild has felt = ! p>5ts :om x loves is n[ to be transf]r$ to ! tea*]4 ,a "p ( t respect = ! rights ( equals :i* has be5 impress$ ^u x 9 its int]c\rse ) bro!rs & si/]s1 to :om x is b\nd by ! ties ( blood1 is n[ to be transf]r$ to its s*ool companions1 :o are at fir/ /rang]s to x4 ,?us ! consci5ce ( ! *ild w be exp&$1 ?us x w be prep>$ = int]c\rse ) ! _w4 ,?us x w beg9 to ga9 t high] und]/&+ ( morality1 accord+ to :i* au?ority is to be obey$ simply because x is rightful1 & equals are to be treat$ z equals1 ev5 :5 !y are n & c n be reg>d$ ) affection4 ,i h 9 ! above us$ ! ^w habits advis$ly4 ,! morality ( ! "y *ild assumes ! concrete =m ( habits2 ab/ract pr9ciples are /ill beyond its grasp4 ,habits are acquir$ by imitation & repetition4 ,good examples mu/ be s p]si/5tly pres5t$ & s (t5 copi$ t ! l9e ( moral conduct may become ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,! example ( p>5ts & tea*]s is inde$ specially important 9 ?is respect4 ,b aft] all x is n suffici5t4 ,= ! temptations ( adults diff] 9 _m ways f ^? ( *ildr51 & on ! o!r h& 9 ! lives ( old] p]sons occasions are (t5 want+ = illu/rat+ j ! peculi> virtues ( *ildhood4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is necess>y to set be=e ! *ild ideal examples ( ! virtues ( *ildr5 & ( ! p>ticul> temptations1 aga9/ :i* !y ne$ to be w>n$4 ,( su* examples we f9d a l>ge /ock ready to h& 9 ! lit]ature ( fairy tales1 fables1 & /ories4 ,9 our next lecture !re=e we %all beg9 to consid] ! use ( fairy tales1 fables1 & /ories z means ( creat+ 9 *ildr5 ^? habits :i* are ess5tial to ! safe gu>d+ & unfold+ ( _! moral life4 ,,footnote3 #g ,s important is environm5t 9 support+ self-consci\sness1 t ev5 adults1 :5 sudd5ly transport$ into entirely new surr\nd+s1 (t5 exp]i5ce a mom5t>y d\bt z to _! id5tity4 ,,prim>y ,,c\rse4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,!re has be5 & /ill is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion among educators z to ! value ( fairy tales4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 ! cause ( ! qu>rel is :at logicians call an undi/ribut$ middle--9 o!r words1 t ! p>ties to ! dispute h ea* a diff]5t k9d ( fairy tale 9 m9d4 ,?is species ( lit]ature c be divid$ broadly into two classes--"o consi/+ ( tales :i* ought to be reject$ because !y are really h>mful1 & *ildr5 ought to be protect$ f _! bad influ5ce1 ! o!r ( tales :i* h a mo/ beautiful & elevat+ effect1 & :i* we c n possibly af=d to leave unutiliz$4 ,! *ief p$agogic value !y possess is t !y ex]cise & cultivate ! imag9ation4 ,n[1 ! imag9ation is a mo/ p[]ful auxili>y 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9d & w4 ,! famili> anecdote relat$ ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 :o is said to h ask$ :y ! p did n eat cake :5 %e 0 told t !y 7 9 want ( bread1 indicates a defici5cy ( imag9ation4 ,br\ght up amid ! spl5dor ( c\rts1 surr\nd$ by luxury1 %e c\ld n put h]self 9 ! place ( ^? :o lack ! v necess>ies4 ,mu* ( ! selfi%ness ( ! _w is due n to actual h>d-he>t$ness1 b to a simil> lack ( imag9ative p[]4 ,x is difficult = ! happy to realize ! ne$s ( ! mis]able4 ,did !y realize ^? ne$s1 !y w\ld 9 _m cases be melt$ to pity & r\s$ to help4 ,! faculty ( putt+ "o's self 9 ! place ( o!rs is !re=e ( great1 ?\gh indirect1 s]vice to ! cause ( morality1 & ?is faculty may be cultivat$ by means ( fairy tales4 ,z !y foll[ int5tly ! progress ( ! /ory1 ! "y li/5]s are con/antly call$ ^u to place !mselves 9 ! situations 9 :i* !y h nev] be51 to imag9e trials1 dang]s1 difficulties1 su* z !y h nev] exp]i5c$1 to reproduce 9 !mselves1 = in/ance1 su* feel+s z t ( be+ alone 9 ! wide _w1 ( be+ sep>at$ f fa!r's & "m's love1 ( be+ hungry & )\t bread1 expos$ to enemies )\t protection1 etc4 ,?us _! sympa?y 9 a v>iety ( =ms is ar\s$4 ,9 ! next place1 fairy tales /imulate ! idealiz+ t5d5cy4 ,:at 7 life wor? )\t ideals6 ,h[ c\ld hope or ev5 religion g]m9ate 9 ! human he>t 7 we n able to confront ! disappo9t+ pres5t ) visions :i* repres5t ! fulfillm5t ( our desires4 ,fai?1 says ,paul1 is ! confid5ce ( ?+s hop$ =1 ! c]ta9ty ( ?+s n se54 ,?us fai? itself c n abide unless support$ by a vivid idealism4 ,x is true1 ! ideals ( *ildhood are *ildi%4 ,9 ! /ory call$ ,das ,m>i5k9d we he> ( ! little daught] ( a poor wood-cutt] :o 0 tak5 up bodily into heav54 ,!re %e ate sweetmeats & drank cream e day & wore dresses made ( gold1 & ! angels play$ ) h]4 ,sweetmeats & cream 9 pl5ty & gold5 dresses & de> little angels to play ) may repres5t ! ideals ( a "y *ild1 & ^! are mat]iali/ic en\gh4 ,b ,i hold nev]!less t some?+--nay1 mu*--has be5 ga9$ if a *ild has le>n$ to take ! wi%es out ( its he>t1 z x 71 & to project !m on ! scre5 ( fancy4 ,z x gr[s up to manhood1 ! wi%es w become m spiritual1 & ! ideals1 too1 w become correspond+ly elevat$4 ,9 speak+ ( fairy tales ,i h 9 m9d *iefly ! ,g]man ,ma]*5 ( :i* ! ^w fairy tale is b an inaccurate r5d]+4 ,! ,ma]*5 are m ?an m]e tales ( helpful fairies4 ,!y h1 z is well-kn[n1 a my?ological backgr\nd4 ,!y /ill be> di/9ct traces ( anci5t animism1 & ! my?s :i* c5t] ab\t ! ph5om5a ( ! /orm1 ! battle ( ! sun ) ! cl\ds1 ! /ruggle ( ! fair spr+ god ) ! d>k w9t] demons1 are 9 !m lead+ !mes4 ,b :at orig9ally 0 ! outgr[? ( sup]/ition has n[1 to a great ext5t at lea/1 be5 purifi$ ( its dross & conv]t$ into m]e poetry4 ,! ,ma]*5 come to u f a "t :5 ! _w 0 "y4 ,!y repres5t ! *ildhood ( mank9d1 & x is = ?is reason t !y nev] cease to appeal to *ildr54 ,! ,ma]*5 h a subtile flavor all _! own4 ,!y are p]vad$ by ! poetry ( =e/ life1 are full ( ! s5se ( my/]y & awe1 :i* is apt to ov]come "o on p5etrat+ deep] & deep] into ! woods1 away f human habitations4 ,! ,ma]*5 deal ) ! und]gr\nd life ( nature1 :i* weaves 9 cav]ns & 9 ! he>t ( m\nta9s1 :]e gnomes & dw>fs are at "w ga!r+ hidd5 treasures4 ,& ) ?is und]gr\nd life *ildr5 h a m>vel\s sympa?y4 ,! ,ma]*5 pres5t gl[+ pictures ( %elt]$ firesides1 :]e man f9ds re/ & security f h[l+ w9ds & nipp+ cold4 ,b p]haps _! *ief attraction is due to _! repres5t+ ! *ild z liv+ 9 bro!rly fell[%ip ) nature & all creatures4 ,trees1 fl[]s1 animals wild & tame1 ev5 ! />s1 are repres5t$ z ! comrades ( *ildr54 ,t animals are only human be+s 9 disguise is an axiom 9 ! fairy tales4 ,animals are humaniz$--i4 e41 ! k9%ip betwe5 animal & human life is /ill /rongly felt1 & ?is rem9ds u ( ^? e>ly animi/ic int]pretations ( nature1 :i* subsequ5tly l$ to doctr9es ( metempsy*osis4 ,plants1 too1 are (t5 repres5t$ z inc>nations ( human spirits4 ,?us ! twelve lilies are inhabit$ by ! twelve bro!rs1 & 9 ! /ory ( ,sn[-:ite & ,rose-r$ ! life ( ! two maid5s appe>s to be b\nd up ) ! life ( ! :ite & r$ rosebu%4 ,! k9%ip ( all life :atsoev] is /ill realiz$4 ,?is be+ s1 x is n surpris+ t m5 %\ld und]/& ! language ( animals1 & t ^! %\ld int]f]e to protect ! h]oes & h]o9es ( ! ,ma]*5 f ?reat5$ dang]s4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! fai?ful s]vant ,john1 ! ?ree rav5s fly+ above ! %ip reveal ! secret ( ! r$ horse1 ! sulphur\s %irt1 & ! ?ree drops ( blood1 & ,john1 :o und]/&s _! communications1 is !reby enabl$ to save 8 ma/]'s life4 ,:at1 aga91 c be m beautiful ?an ! way 9 :i* ! tree & ! two :ite doves co-op]ate to secure ! happ9ess ( ! injur$ ,c9d]ella6 ,! tree ra9s d[n ! gold5 dresses ) :i* %e appe>s at ! ball1 & ! doves cont9ue to w>n ! pr9ce z he rides by t he has *os5 ! wrong bride until ,c9d]ella h]self passes1 :5 !y light on h] %\ld]s1 "o on h] "r & ! o!r on h] left1 mak+1 p]haps1 ! lovelie/ picture to be f\nd 9 all fairy lore4 ,! *ild /ill lives 9 unbrok5 communion ) ! :ole ( nature2 ! h>mony betwe5 its own life & ! envelop+ life has n yet be5 di/urb$1 & x is ?is h>mony ( ! human ) ! natural _w t reflects itself 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! ,ma]*51 & makes !m s admirably suit$ to satisfy ! he>t ( *ildhood4 ,b h[ %all we h&le ^! ,ma]*5 & :at me?od %all we employ 9 putt+ !m to acc\nt = our special purpose8 ,i h a few ?\ghts on ?is subject1 :i* ,i %all v5ture to submit 9 ! =m ( c\nsels4 ,my fir/ c\nsel is3 ,tell ! /ory2 d n give x to ! *ild to read4 ,!re is an obvi\s practical reason = ?is4 ,*ildr5 are able to b5efit by he>+ fairy tales be=e !y c read4 ,b t is n ! only reason4 ,x is ! *ildhood ( ! race1 z we h se51 t speaks 9 ! fairy /ory to ! *ild ( to-day4 ,x is ! voice ( an anci5t1 f>-(f pa/ t e*oes f ! lips ( ! /ory-tell]4 ,! words once ^u a "t op5 up a vague retrospect into ! pa/1 & ! *ild gets its fir/ indi/9ct notions ( hi/ory 9 ?is way4 ,! /ories embody ! tradition ( ! *ildhood ( mank9d4 ,!y h on ?is acc\nt an au?ority all _! own1 n inde$ t ( lit]al tru?1 b "o d]iv$ f _! be+ types ( c]ta9 feel+s & long+s :i* belong to *ildhood z su*4 ,! *ild z x li/5s to ! ,ma]*51 looks up ) wide-op5$ eyes to ! face ( ! p]son :o tells ! /ory1 & ?rills responsive z ! t\* ( ! e>li] life ( ! race ?us falls ^u its own4 ,su* an effect1 ( c\rse1 c n be produc$ by cold type4 ,tradition is a liv+ ?+1 & %\ld use ! liv+ voice = its vehicle4 ,my second c\nsel is also ( a practical nature1 & ,i make bold to say q ess5tial to ! successful use ( ! /ories4 ,d n take ! moral plum out ( ! fairy-tale pudd+1 b let ! *ild enjoy x z a :ole4 ,d n make ! /ory tap] t[>d a s+le po9t1 ! moral po9t4 ,y w squeeze all ! juice out ( x if y try4 ,d n subord9ate ! purely fanciful & naturali/ic elem5ts ( ! /ory1 su* z ! love ( my/]y1 ! passion = rov+1 ! s5se ( fell[%ip ) ! animal _w1 9 ord] to fix att5tion solely on ! moral elem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 y w ga9 ! be/ moral effect by proce$+ 9 exactly ! opposite way4 ,treat ! moral elem5t z an incid5t2 emphasize1 x inde$1 b incid5tally4 ,pluck x z a wayside fl[]4 ,h[ (t5 does x happ5 t1 hav+ set out on a j\rney ) a di/9ct object 9 m9d1 some?+ occurs on ! way :i* we _h n =ese51 b :i* 9 ! end leaves ! deepe/ impression on ! m9d4 ,! object :i* we _h 9 view is long =gott51 b ! incid5t :i* happ5$ by ! way is rememb]$ = ye>s aft]4 ,s ! moral result ( ! ,ma]*5 w n be less sure because ga9$ incid5tally4 ,an illu/ration w make pla9 :at ,i mean4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,frog ,k+ we are told t !re 0 once a "y pr9cess :o 0 s beautiful t ev5 ! ,sun1 :i* sees a great _m ?+s1 _h nev] se5 any?+ s beautiful z %e 04 ,a gold5 ball 0 h] favorite play?+4 ,"o day1 z %e sat by a well "u an old l9d5 tree1 %e toss$ ! ball into ! air & x fell into ! well4 ,%e 0 v unhappy1 & cri$ bitt]ly4 ,pres5tly a frog put 8 ugly head out ( ! wat]1 & (f]$ to dive = ! ball1 on condition1 h[ev]1 t %e w\ld promise to take him = h] playmate1 to let him eat (f h] gold5 plate & dr9k out ( h] gold5 cup & sleep 9 h] little sn[-:ite b$4 ,! pr9cess promis$ ev]y?+4 ,b no soon] _h ! frog br\ght h] ! ball ?an %e scamp]$ away1 he$less ( 8 cries4 ,! next day z ! royal family sat at d9n] a knock 0 he>d at ! door4 ,! pr9cess op5$ & beheld ! ugly toad claim+ admittance4 ,%e scream$ ) fright & ha/ily %ut ! door 9 8 face4 ,b :5 ! k+1 h] fa!r1 _h que/ion$ h]1 he said1 ,:at y h promis$1 y mu/ keep2 & %e obey$ h] fa!r1 ?\gh x 0 sorely aga9/ h] incl9ation to d s4 ,t 0 "r1 *ildr51 0 x n8 ,"o mu/ always obey1 ev5 if "o does n l :at "o is told to d4 ,s ! toad 0 br\ght 9 & lift$ to ! table1 & he ate (f ! little gold5 plate & drank out ( ! gold5 cup4 ,& :5 he _h _h en\gh1 he said1 ,i am tir$ n[1 put me into y\r little sn[-:ite b$4 ,& aga9 :5 %e refus$ h] fa!r said3 ,:at y h promis$ y mu/ keep4 ,ugly ?\gh he is1 he help$ y :5 y 7 9 di/ress1 & y mu/ n despise him n[4 ,& ! up%ot ( ! /ory is t ! ugly toad1 hav+ be5 ?r[n aga9/ ! wall1 0 *ang$ into a beautiful pr9ce1 & ( c\rse "s "t aft] ! pr9ce & ! pr9cess 7 m>ri$4 ,! naturali/ic elem5t ( ! /ory is ! *ang+ ( ! pr9ce into a toad & back aga9 f a toad into a pr9ce4 ,*ildr5 are v fond ( disguises4 ,x is "o ( _! greate/ pleasures to imag9e ?+s to be o!r ?an !y are4 ,& "o ( ! *ief attractions ( su* /ories z ! "o we h relat$ is t !y cat] to ! fondness ( ! little folks = ?is sort ( masqu]ad+4 ,! moral elem5ts ( ! /ory are obvi\s4 ,!y %\ld be t\*$ on 9 su* a mann] z n to div]t ! int]e/ f ! ma9 /ory4 ,my ?ird c\nsel is to elim9ate f ! /ories :atev] is m]ely sup]/iti\s1 m]ely a relic ( anci5t animism1 & ( c\rse :atev] is objectionable on moral gr\nds4 ,= in/ance1 su* a /ory z t ( ! idle sp9n]1 ! purport ( :i* seems to be t !re is a special provid5ce wat*+ ov] lazy p4 ,likewise all ^? /ories :i* turn ^u ! success ( trick]y & cunn+4 ,a special "q aris+ "u ?is head1 & "o :i* has be5 ! subject ( mu* vex$ discussion1 is 9 h[ f> we %\ld acqua9t *ildr5 ) ! exi/5ce ( evil 9 ! _w1 & to :at ext5t we c use /ories 9 :i* evil be+s & evil motives are introduc$4 ,my own view is t we %\ld speak 9 ! *ild's he>+ only ( ^? less] =ms ( evil1 physical or moral1 ) :i* x is already acqua9t$1 b exclude all ^? =ms ( evil :i* lie beyond its pres5t exp]i5ce4 ,on ?is gr\nd ,i %\ld reject ! :ole brood ( /ep-"m /ories1 or r1 z ?is might make too wide a swa?1 ,i %\ld take ! lib]ty ( alt]+ /ories 9 :i* ! typical bad /ep-"m occurs1 b :i* are o!rwise valuable4 ,!re is no reason :y *ildr5 %\ld be taught to look on /ep-mo!rs 9 g5]al z evilly dispos$ p]sons4 ,! same applies to /ories 9 :i* unnatural fa!rs are m5tion$4 ,i %\ld also rule out su* /ories z t ( ,! ,wolf & ,! ,sev5 ,little ,goats4 ,! "m goat1 on leav+ ! h\se1 w>ns h] little ones aga9/ ! wolf1 & gives !m two signs by :i* !y c detect him--8 ho>se voice & black paws4 ,! wolf knocks & f9ds himself discov]$4 ,he !reupon swall[s *alk to improve 8 voice & compels ! mill] to :it5 8 paws4 ,!n he knocks aga91 is admitt$1 leaps into ! room1 & dev\rs ! little goats "o by "o4 ,! /ory1 z us$ 9 ! nurs]y1 has a transp>5t purpose4 ,x is int5d$ to w>n little *ildr5 :o are left at home alone aga9/ admitt+ /rang]s4 ,! wolf repres5ts evil be+s 9 g5]al--tramps1 burgl>s1 p :o come to kidnap *ildr51 etc4 ,n[ ,i1 = "o1 %\ld n wi% to implant ?is fe> ( /rang]s into ! m9ds ( ! "y4 ,fe> is demoraliz+4 ,*ildr5 %\ld look ) confid5ce & tru/ ^u all m54 ,!y ne$ n be taught to fe> robb]s & burgl>s4 ,ev5 ! sight ( wild animals ne$ n awak5 dread4 ,*ildr5 naturally admire ! beauty ( ! tig]'s sk91 & ! lion 9 _! eyes is a noble creature1 ( ^: f]ocity !y h no conception4 ,x is "t en\gh = !m lat] on to famili>ize !mselves ) ! fact t evil ( a s9i/] sort exi/s )9 human society & outside ( x4 ,& x w be safe = !m to face ?is fact !n only1 :5 !y c c\ple ) x ! conviction t ! =ces ( "r & ord] 9 ! _w are /rong en\gh to grapple ) ! s9i/] p[]s & hold !m 9 subjection4 ,& n[ let u review a numb] ( ! ,ma]*5 aga9/ :i* none ( ^! objections lie1 :i* are delici\s food = *ildr5's m9ds1 & consid] ! place !y occupy 9 a s*eme ( moral tra9+4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t ea* p]iod ( human life has a set ( duties peculi> to itself4 ,! pr9cipal duties ( *ildhood are3 ,ob$i5ce to p>5ts1 love & k9dness t[>d bro!rs & si/]s1 a prop] reg>d = ! feel+s ( s]vants1 & k9dness t[>d animals4 ,we c classify ! fairy tales :i* we c use "u ^! v>i\s heads4 ,let u beg9 ) ! topic la/ m5tion$4 ,tales illu/rat+ ,k9dness t[>d ,animals4 ,! ,h\se 9 ! ,woods4--,! daught] ( a poor wood-cutt] is lo/ 9 ! woods1 & comes at night to a lonely h\se4 ,an old man is sitt+ )94 ,?ree animals--a c[1 a cock1 & a *ick5--lie on ! he>?4 ,! *ild is made welcome1 & is ask$ to prep>e supp]4 ,%e cooks = ! old man & h]self1 b =gets ! animals4 ,! second daught] likewise goes a/ray 9 ! woods1 comes to ! same h\se1 & acts 9 ! same way4 ,! ?ird daught]1 a sweet1 lov+ *ild1 be=e sitt+ d[n to h] own meal1 br+s 9 hay = ! c[ & b>ley = ! cock & *ick51 & by ?is act ( k9dness to animals breaks ! spell :i* _h be5 ca/ ^u ! h\se4 ,! old man is imm$iately trans=m$ into a pr9ce1 etc4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,dog ,sultan4--,sultan is old1 & ab\t to be %ot by 8 ma/]4 ,! wolf1 see+ 8 c\s9 ! dog 9 su* di/ress1 promises to help him4 ,he arranges t on ! morr[ he w seize a %eep belong+ to ,sultan's ma/]4 ,! dog is to run aft] him1 & he1 ! wolf1 w drop ! %eep & ,sultan %all get ! cr$it ( ! rescue4 ,ev]y?+ passes (f z pre>rang$1 & ,sultan's life is sp>$ by 8 grateful own]4 ,"s "t aft] ! wolf comes pr[l+ ar\nd ! h\se1 &1 rem9d+ 8 fri5d t "o good turn des]ves ano!r1 decl>es t he has n[ come = mutton 9 good e>ne/4 ,b ! dog replies t no?+ c tempt him to betray ! int]e/s ( 8 ma/]4 ,! wolf p]si/s1 b ,sultan gives ! al>m & ! ?ief receives 8 due 9 ! %ape ( a s\nd beat+4 ,! po9t ( special int]e/ 9 ! beautiful /ory ( ,sn[-:ite & ,rose-r$ above ref]r$ to is ! incid5t ( ! be>4 ,"o cold w9t]'s night "s "o knocks at ! door4 ,sn[-:ite & ,rose-r$ g to op51 :5 a huge black be> appe>s at ! entrance & begs = %elt]4 ,he is almo/ froz5 ) ! cold1 he says1 & w\ld l to w>m himself a bit4 ,! two little girls are at fir/ fright5$1 b1 enc\rag$ by _! "m1 !y take he>t & invite ! be> into ! kit*54 ,soon a cordial fri5d%ip spr+s up betwe5 ,bru9 & ! *ildr54 ,!y bru% ! sn[ f 8 fur1 tease1 & c>ess him by turns4 ,aft] ?is ! be> returns e night1 & f9ally turns out to be a beautiful pr9ce4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,que5 ,bee tells ab\t ?ree bro!rs :o w&] ?r\gh ! _w 9 se>* ( adv5tures4 ,"o day !y come to an ant-hill4 ,! two old] bro!rs are ab\t to trample ^u ! ants j = ! fun ( x4 ,b ! y\nge/ pleads ) !m1 say+3 ,let !m live2 _! life is z de> to !m z ours is to u4 ,next !y come to a pond 9 :i* _m ducks are swimm+ ab\t4 ,! two old] bro!rs are det]m9$ to %oot ! ducks j = ! fun ( x4 ,! y\nge/ aga9 pleads z be=e1 ,let !m live1 etc4 ,f9ally1 he saves a bee-hive f de/ruction 9 ! same mann]4 ,?us !y j\rney on until !y come to an en*ant$ ca/le4 ,to break ! spell1 x is necess>y to f9d & ga!r up a ?\s& pe>ls :i* _h fall5 on ! moss-cov]$ gr\nd 9 a c]ta9 wood4 ,five ?\s& ants come to help ! y\nge/ to f9d ! pe>ls4 ,! second task impos$ is to f9d a gold5 key :i* _h be5 ?r[n into a pond ne> ! ca/le4 ,! grateful ducks br+ up ! key f ! bottom4 ,! ?ird task is ! mo/ difficult4 ,9 "o ( ! int]ior *amb]s ( ! ca/le !re are ?ree m>ble images--?ree pr9cesses1 namely1 :o _h be5 turn$ into /one4 ,be=e ! spell took effect !y _h p>tak51 respectively1 ( sug>1 sirup1 & honey4 ,to re/ore !m to life x is necess>y to discov] :i* "o _h eat5 ! honey4 ,! ,que5 ,bee comes 9 ) all h] sw>m & lights on ! lips ( ! y\nge/ & s solves ! problem4 ,! en*antm5t is imm$iately dissolv$4 ,all ^! /ories illu/rate k9dness to animals4 ,among /ories :i* illu/rate ! respect due to ! feel+s ( s]vants may be m5tion$ ! tale ( ,fai?ful ,john1 :o und]/ood ! language ( ! rav5s & sav$ 8 ma/] f ! dang]s ( ! r$ horse1 etc41 a /ory :i* 9 addition impresses ! lesson t we %\ld confide 9 p]sons :o h be5 f\nd tru/wor?y1 ev5 if we d n und]/& _! motives4 ,9 ! popul> tale ( ,c9d]ella ! po9ts especially to be not$ are3 ,! pi\s devotion ( ,c9d]ella to h] "m's memory1 & ! fact t ! poor kit*5 drudge1 und]nea? ! grime & a%es :i* disfigure h]1 possesses qualities :i* raise h] f> above ! pr\d daught]s ( ! h\se4 ,! lesson taught by ?is /ory t we %\ld di/+ui% intr9sic wor? f ! accid5ts ( rank & condition1 is "o :i* c n be impress$ too e>ly or too deeply4 ,"u ! head+ ( bro!rly & si/]ly love belongs ! lovely tale ( ,sn[-:ite4 ,! little dw>fs are to all int5ts & purposes h] bro!rs4 ,!y receive & treat h] z a si/]1 & %e returns _! affection 9 k9d4 ,! /ory ( ! ,twelve ,bro!rs1 :om _! si/] r$eems by sev5 ye>s ( sil5ce at ! p]il ( h] own life1 is ano!r in/ance ( t5d]e/ si/]ly devotion comb9$ ) self-control4 ,?is /ory1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be slightly alt]$4 ,9 place ( ! cruel fa!r 7we mu/ n m5tion cruel fa!rs7 :o has got ready twelve c(f9s = 8 sons1 9 ord] t all ! weal? ( 8 k+dom may desc5d to 8 daught]1 let u sub/itute ! /ew>d ( ! palace1 :o hopes by slay+ ! sons & w9n+ ! h& ( ! daught]1 to become k+ himself4 ,f9ally ! /ory ( ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood illu/rates ! c>d9al virtue ( *ildhood--ob$i5ce to p>5ts4 ,*ildr5 mu/ n loit] on ! way :5 !y are s5t on err&s4 ,& ,rid+ ,hood loit]s1 & h5ce all ! mis*ief :i* foll[s4 ,%e is s5t to br+ w9e & cake to h] gr&mo!r4 ,! example ( su* att5tions z ?is s]ves to quick5 9 *ildr5 ! s5tim5t ( rev]5ce = ! ag$4 ,*ildr5 le>n rev]5ce t[>d _! p>5ts 9 "p by ! rev]5ce :i* ^! display t[>d ! gr&p>5ts4 ,ano!r po9t is t ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood1 to quiet h] consci5ce1 :5 %e /rays f ! /raight pa? deceives h]self z to h] motives4 ,%e says1 ,i w also ga!r a bun* ( wild fl[]s to please gr&mo!r4 ,b h] real purpose is to enjoy ! fre$om ( ! woods1 & ! pro( is t pres5tly %e =gets all ab\t gr&mo!r4 ,!re is "o objection t has sometimes be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is /ory1 viz41 ! "p :i* ! wolf plays 9 x4 ,b ! wolf is n really treat$ z a ho/ile or fe>ful be+4 ,he meets ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood on ! way1 & !y *at confid5tially toge!r4 ,he appe>s r 9 ! light ( a trick/]4 ,b1 x is object$1 t he dev\rs ! gr&mo!r &1 lat] on1 ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood h]self4 ,v true2 b ! curi\s fact is t1 :5 8 belly is cut op51 ! gr&mo!r & ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood come out intact4 ,!y h evid5tly n be5 injur$4 ,*ildr5 h v defective notions ( ! human body1 ) ! exception ( su* ext]nal p>ts z h&s1 feet1 & face4 ,9 an exam9ation rec5tly conduct$ by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,/anley ,hall 9 reg>d to ! cont5ts ( *ildr5s' m9ds at ! "t !y ent] s*ool1 x 0 f\nd t n9ety p] c5t ( ^? que/ion$ _h no idea :]e ! he>t is locat$1 eighty-"o p] c5t did n "k any?+ ab\t ! lungs1 n9ety p] c5t c\ld n tell :]e _! ribs are situat$1 etc4 ,( ! int]nal organs *ildr5 h no idea4 ,h5ce :5 ! /ory says t ! gr&mo!r is swall[$ by ! wolf1 ! impression creat$ is t %e has be5 =c$ d[n into a sort ( d>k hole1 & t h] situation1 :ile r uncom=table1 no d\bt1 is n o!rwise di/ress+4 ,! ideas ( torn & mangl$ fle% are n sugge/$4 ,h5ce ! act ( dev\r+ ar\ses no feel+ ( horror1 & ! /ory ( ,r$ ,rid+ ,hood1 t prime favorite ( all "y *ildr51 may be relat$ )\t any appreh5sion z to its moral effect4 ,!n !re are o!r /ories1 su* z t ( ! man :o w5t abroad to le>n ! art ( %udd]+--an excell5t example ( brav]y2 ! /ory ( ! sev5 ,suabians--a p]siflage ( c[>dice2 ! /ory ( ! ,m>i5k9d :i* conta9s a :olesome lesson aga9/ ob/9acy1 etc4 ,i h n1 ( c\rse1 attempt$ to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 b only to m5tion a few examples suffici5t to %[ along :at l9es ! selection may be made4 ,! e?ical int]e/s peculi> to *ildhood are ! heads "u :i* ! :ole mat]ial c be classifi$4 ,! value ( ! fairy tales is t !y /imulate ! imag9ation2 t !y reflect ! unbrok5 communion ( human life ) ! life univ]sal1 z 9 bea/s1 fi%es1 trees1 fl[]s1 & />s2 & t incid5tally1 b all ! m p[]fully on t acc\nt1 !y quick5 ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,let u avail ourselves freely ( ! treasures :i* are ?us plac$ at our disposal4 ,let u welcome das ,ma]*5 into our prim>y c\rse ( moral tra9+1 t ) its g5tle b&s1 wov5 ( morn+ mi/ & morn+ glory1 x may help to lead our *ildr5 into ! bright realms ( ! ideal4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,fables4 ,! collection ( fables :i* figures "u ! "n ( ,a,esop has to a v rem>kable degree ma9ta9$ its popul>ity among *ildr51 & _m ( its typical *>act]s h be5 adopt$ into curr5t lit]ature1 su* z ! ,dog 9 ! ,mang]1 ! ,wolf 9 ,%eep's ,clo?+1 ,k+ ,log1 & ,k+ ,/ork1 & o!rs4 ,rec5t rese>*es h br\ght to light ! highly int]e/+ fact t ^! fables are ( ,asiatic orig94 ,a collection ( ,indian &1 x is believ$1 ,buddhi/ fables & /ories travel$ at an e>ly p]iod into ,p]sia1 :]e x became kn[n z ! ,pan*a-,tantra4 ,! ,pan*a-,tantra 0 translat$ into ,arabic1 & became ! s\rce ( ! volum9\s ,kalilah-wa-,dimnah lit]ature4 ,! ,arabic tales 9 turn migrat$ into ,europe at ! "t ( ! ,crusades & 7 r5d]$ into ,greek1 ,hebrew1 & ,lat94 ,9 ?is =m !y became accessible to ! nations ( ,europe1 7 ext5sively circulat$1 & a collection ( !m 0 wrongly1 b v naturally1 ascrib$ to a fam\s /ory-tell] ( ! anci5t ,greeks--i4 e41 to ,a,esop4 ,! argum5ts on :i* ?is d$uction is bas$ may be f\nd 9 ,rhys ,davids's introduction to 8 ,engli% translation ( ! ,jataka ,tales4#h ,?is au?or speaks ( ,a,esop's fables z a fir/ moral lesson-book = our *ildr5 9 ! ,we/4 ,we %all h to consid] 9 h[ f> ?is description is correct--t is to say1 9 h[ f> we c use ! fables = moral purposes4 ,! po9t to be kept 9 m9d is _! ,asiatic orig91 z ?is w at once help u to sep>ate ! fables :i* we c use f ^? :i* mu/ be reject$4 ,a discrim9ation ( ?is sort is absolutely necess>y4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t x is a s]i\s mi/ake to place ! :ole collection z x /&s 9 ! h&s ( *ildr54 ,to decide ?is "q we mu/ /udy ! milieu 9 :i* ! fables arose1 ! _s :i* !y brea!1 ! conditions :i* !y reflect4 ,! conditions !y reflect are ^? ( an ,ori5tal despotism4 ,!y depict a /ate ( society 9 :i* ! p are cruelly oppress$ by tyrannical rul]s1 & ! weak are helpless 9 ! h&s ( ! /rong4 ,! _s :i* !y brea! is1 on ! :ole1 "o ( pati5t & r hopeless submission4 ,! effect ^u ! read] z soon z he has caught ?is clew1 ?is ,leitmotiv1 :i* occurs 9 a hundr$ v>iations1 is v sadd5+4 ,i mu/ sub/antiate ?is c>d9al po9t by a some:at detail$ analysis4 ,let u take fir/ ! fable ( ! ,kite & ! ,pigeons4 ,a kite _h be5 sail+ 9 ! air = _m days ne> a pigeon-h\se ) ! int5tion ( seiz+ ! pigeons2 at la/ he _h rec\rse to /ratagem4 ,he express$ 8 deep conc]n at _! unju/ & unreasonable suspicions ( himself1 z if he int5d$ to d !m an injury4 ,he decl>$ t1 on ! contr>y1 he _h no?+ m at he>t ?an ! def5se ( _! anci5t rights & lib]ties1 & end$ by propos+ t !y %\ld accept him z _! protector1 _! k+4 ,! poor1 simple pigeons cons5t$4 ,! kite took ! coronation oa? 9 a v solemn mann]4 ,b mu* "t _h n elaps$ be=e ! good kite decl>$ x to be a "p ( ! k+'s pr]ogative to dev\r a pigeon n[ & !n1 & ! v>i\s memb]s ( 8 family adh]$ to ! same view ( royal privilege4 ,! mis]able pigeons exclaim$3 ,ah1 we des]ve no bett]4 ,:y did we let him 96 ,! fable ( ! ,wolf 9 ,%eep's ,clo?+ conveys ess5tially ! same idea4 ,! fable ( ! ,lion & ! ,de] illu/rates ! exorbitant exactions practic$ by despots4 ,a fat de] 0 divid$ into f\r p>ts4 ,8 maje/y ! lion propos$ t !y be suitably apportion$4 ,! fir/ "p he claim$ = himself on acc\nt ( 8 true h]$it>y desc5t f ! royal family ( ,lion2 ! second he consid]$ prop]ly 8 own because he _h head$ ! hunt2 ! ?ird he took 9 virtue ( 8 pr]ogative2 & f9ally he assum$ a m5ac+ attitude1 & d>$ any "o to dispute 8 "r to ! f\r? "p also4 ,9 ! fable ( ! ,sick ,lion & ! ,fox1 ! fox says3 ,i see ! footpr9ts ( bea/s :o h gone into ! cave1 b ( none t h come out4 ,! fable ( ! ,cat & ! ,mice expresses ! same ?\ght1 namely1 t x is necess>y to be ev] on "o's gu>d aga9/ ! mighty oppressors ev5 :5 _! p[] seems = ! "t to h des]t$ !m4 ,! cat pret5ds to be dead1 hop+ by ?is means to entice ! mice )9 h] rea*4 ,a cunn+ old m\se peeps ov] ! edge ( ! %elf1 & says3 ,aha1 my good fri5d1 are y !re8 ,i w\ld n tru/ myself ) y ?\gh y\r sk9 7 /uff$ ) /raw4 ,! fable ( ,k+ ,log & ,k+ ,/ork %[s :at a poor *oice ! p h 9 ! matt] ( _! k+s4 ,fir/ !y h a fool = _! k+1 a m]e log1 & !y are discont5t$4 ,!n ,/ork asc5ds ! ?rone1 & he dev\rs !m4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] if !y _h put up ) ! fool4 ,! inju/ice ( despotic rul]s is exemplifi$ 9 ! fable ( ! ,kite & ! ,wolf4 ,! kite & ! wolf are seat$ 9 judgm5t4 ,! dog comes be=e !m to sue ! %eep = debt4 ,kite & wolf1 )\t wait+ = ! evid5ce1 give s5t5ce = ! pla9tiff1 :o imm$iately te>s ! poor %eep into pieces & divides ! spoil ) ! judges4 ,! sort ( ?anks :i* ! p get :5 !y are fooli% en\gh to come to ! assi/ance ( _! ma/]s1 is illu/rat$ by ! conduct ( ! wolf t[>d ! crane4 ,! wolf happ5$ to h a bone /ick+ 9 8 ?roat1 &1 h[l+ ) pa91 promis$ a rew>d to any "o :o %\ld relieve him4 ,at la/ ! crane v5tur$ 8 long neck into ! wolf's ?roat & pluck$ out ! bone4 ,b :5 he ask$ = 8 rew>d1 ! wolf gl>$ savagely ^u him1 & said3 ,is x n en\gh t ,i refra9$ f bit+ (f y\r head8 ,h[ dang]\s x is to come at all into close contact ) ! mighty1 is %[n 9 ! fable ( ! ,e>!n & ! ,braz5 ,pot4 ,! braz5 pot (f]s to protect ! e>!n "o z !y float d[n /ream4 ,oh1 replies ! latt]1 keep z f> (f z ev] y c1 if y please2 =1 :e!r ! /ream da%es y aga9/ me or me aga9/ y1 ,i am sure to be ! suff]]4 ,! fables :i* we h consid]$ h = _! !me ! "* ( ! /rong z exhibit$ 9 _! deal+s ) ! weak4 ,a second gr\p is int5d$ to recomm5d a c]ta9 policy to be pursu$ by ! weak 9 self-protection4 ,?is policy consi/s ei!r 9 pacify+ ! /rong by giv+ up to !m volunt>ily :at !y want1 or 9 flight1 or1 if t be impossible1 9 uncompla9+ submission4 ,! fir/ exp$i5t is recomm5d$ 9 ! fable ( ! ,beav]4 ,a beav] :o 0 be+ h>d press$ by a hunt] & knew n h[ to escape1 sudd5ly1 ) a great ef=t1 bit (f ! "p :i* ! hunt] desir$1 &1 ?r[+ x t[>d him1 by ?is means escap$ ) 8 life4 ,! exp$i5t ( flight is recomm5d$ 9 ! fable ( ,reyn>d & ! ,cat4 ,reyn>d & ! cat "o day 7 talk+ politics 9 ! =e/4 ,! fox boa/$ t ?\gh ?+s might turn out nev] s badly1 he _h /ill a ?\s& tricks to play be=e !y %\ld cat* him4 ,! cat said3 ,i h b "o trick1 & if t does n succe$ ,i am undone4 ,pres5tly a pack ( h\nds came ^u !m full cry4 ,! cat ran up a tree & hid h]self among ! top bran*es4 ,! fox1 :o _h n be5 able to get out ( sight1 0 ov]tak5 despite 8 ?\s& tricks & torn to pieces by ! h\nds4 ,! fable ( ! ,oak & ! ,re$ tea*es ! policy ( utt]1 uncompla9+ submission4 ,! oak refuses to b5d1 & is brok54 ,! supple re$ yields to ! bla/1 & is safe4 ,is x n a little a/oni%+ t ?is fable %\ld s (t5 be relat$ to *ildr5 z if x conta9$ a moral :i* !y ought to take to he>t8 ,to make x apply at all1 x is usually twi/$ f its prop] signification & expla9$ z mean+ t "o %\ld n be fool-h>dy1 n attempt to /ruggle aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds4 ,b ?is is n ! true int]pretation4 ,! oak is by nature /rong & firm1 :ile x is ! nature ( ! re$ to b5d to e w9d4 ,! fable spr+s out ( ! exp]i5ce ( a p :o h f\nd resi/ance aga9/ oppression useless4 ,& ?is sort ( tea*+ we c n1 ( c\rse1 wi% to give to our *ildr54 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly pref] t a *ild ( m9e %\ld take ! oak1 & n ! re$1 = 8 patt]n4 ,! same _s is aga9 inculcat$ 9 ! fable ( ! ,wanton ,calf4 ,! wanton calf sne]s at ! poor ox :o all day long be>s ! heavy yoke pati5tly ^u 8 neck4 ,b 9 ! ev5+ x turns out t ! ox is unyok$1 :ile ! calf is but*]$4 ,! *oice seems to lie betwe5 subs]vi5cy & de/ruction4 ,! fable ( ! ,old ,woman & h] ,maids sugge/s ! same conclusion1 ) ! w>n+ add$ t x is useless to rise aga9/ ! ag5ts ( tyranny s long z ! tyrants !mselves c n be ov]?r[n4 ,! cock 9 ! fable repres5ts ! ag5ts ( oppression4 ,! kill+ ( ! cock s]ves only to br+ ! mi/ress h]self on ! sc5e1 & ! lot ( ! s]vants becomes 9 consequ5ce v mu* h>d] ?an x _h be5 be=e4 ,we h n[ consid]$ two gr\ps ( fables3 ^? :i* depict ! "* ( ! mighty1 & ^? :i* treat ( ! prop] policy ( ! weak4 ,! subject ( ! ?ird gr\p is1 ! consolations ( ! weak4 ,^! are1 fir/1 t ev5 tyrannical ma/]s are to a c]ta9 ext5t dep5d5t ^u _! inf]iors1 & c be puni%$ if !y g too f>2 secondly1 t ! mighty occasionally come to grief 9 consequ5ce ( diss5sions among !mselves2 ?irdly1 t =tune is fickle4 ,a lion is caught 9 ! toils1 & w\ld p]i% did n a little m\se come to 8 aid by gnaw+ asund] ! knots & fa/5+s4 ,! be> robs ! bees ( _! honey1 b is puni%$ & r5d]$ almo/ desp]ate by _! /+s4 ,an eagle c>ries (f ! cub ( a fox2 b ! fox1 snat*+ a fire-br&1 ?reat5s to set ! eagle's ne/ on fire1 & ?us =ces him to re/ore h] "y "o4 ,?is is evid5tly a fable ( insurrection4 ,! fable ( ! ,vip] & ! ,file %[s t x is n safe to attack ! wrong p]son--9 o!r words1 t tyrants sometimes come to grief by s+l+ out = p]secution "s "o :o is /rong en\gh to resi/ !m ?\gh !y little suspect x4 ,! fable ( ! f\r bulls %[s ! effect ( diss5sions among ! mighty4 ,f\r bulls _h ent]$ into a close alliance1 & agre$ to keep always ne> "o ano!r4 ,a lion fom5t$ jeal\sies among !m4 ,! bulls grew di/ru/ful ( "o ano!r1 & at la/ p>t$ company4 ,! lion _h n[ obta9$ 8 end1 & seiz$ & dev\r$ !m s+ly4 ,! fickl5ess ( =tune is ! !me ( ! fable ( ! ,horse & ! ,ass4 ,! horse1 ri*ly cap>ison$ & *amp+ 8 foam+ bridle1 insults an ass :o moves along "u a heavy load4 ,soon aft] ! horse is w\nd$1 &1 be+ unfit = milit>y s]vice1 is sold to a c>ri]4 ,! ass n[ taunts ! pr\d animal ) 8 fall5 e/ate4 ,! horse 9 ?is fable is ! type ( _m an ,ea/]n vizi]1 :o has bask$ = a "t 9 ! sun%9e ( a despot's favor only to be sudd5ly & ignom9i\sly degrad$4 ,! ass 9 ! fable repres5ts ! p4 ,!re rema9s a f\r? gr\p ( fables1 :i* satirize c]ta9 mean or ridicul\s types ( *>act]s1 su* z are apt to appe> 9 social conditions ( ! k9d we h describ$4 ,especially d ! fables make a t>get ( ! folly ( ^? :o affect ! mann]s ( ! ari/ocratic class1 or :o try to cr[d 9 :]e !y are n want$1 or :o boa/ ( _! high connections4 ,! frog puffs himself up s t he may seem z l>ge z ! ox1 until he bur/s4 ,! m\se aspires to m>ry ! "y lioness1 & is 9 fact well receiv$2 b ! "y lady inadv]t5tly places h] foot on h] suitor & cru%es him4 ,! jackdaw picks up fea!rs :i* h fall5 f ! peacocks1 /icks !m among 8 own1 & introduces himself into ! assembly ( ^? pr\d birds4 ,!y f9d him out1 /rip him ( 8 plumes1 & ) _! %>p bills puni% him z he des]ves4 ,a fly boa/s t he frequ5ts ! mo/ di/+ui%$ company1 & t he is on famili> t]ms ) ! k+1 ! prie/s1 & ! nobility4 ,_m a "t1 he says1 he has ent]$ ! royal *amb]1 has sat ^u ! alt>1 & has ev5 enjoy$ ! privilege ( kiss+ ! lips ( ! mo/ beautiful maids ( honor4 ,yes1 replies an ant1 b 9 :at capacity are y admitt$ among all ^! great p8 ,"o & all reg>d y z a nuisance1 & ! soon] !y c get rid ( y ! bett] !y are pleas$4 ,mo/ ( ! fables :i* ?us f> h be5 m5tion$ we c n use4 ,! discov]y ( _! ,asiatic orig9 %$s a new1 ke5 light ^u _! mean+4 ,!y brea!1 9 _m cases1 a _s ( fe>1 ( abject subs]vi5cy1 ( hopeless pessimism4 ,c we desire to inoculate ! "y ) ?is _s8 ,! "q may be ask$ :y fables are s popul> ) boys4 ,i %\ld say1 ,because s*ool-boy society reproduces 9 m9iature to a c]ta9 ext5t ! social conditions :i* are reflect$ 9 ! fables4 ,among unreg5]ate s*ool-boys !re (t5 exi/s a k9d ( despotism1 n ! less degrad+ because petty4 ,! /rong are pitt$ aga9/ ! weak--witness ! fagg+ sy/em 9 ! ,engli% s*ools--& _! mutual antagonism produces 9 bo? ! *>act]i/ic vices :i* we h not$ above4 ,! psy*ological /udy ( s*ool-boy society has be5 only begun1 b ev5 :at lies on ! surface w1 ,i ?9k1 be> out ?is rem>k4 ,n[ x has come to be "o ( ! commonplaces ( educational lit]ature1 t ! individual ( to-day mu/ pass ?r\gh ! same /ages ( evolution z ! human race z a :ole4 ,b x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! advance ( civilization dep5ds on two conditions3 fir/1 t ! c\rse ( evolution be accel]at$1 t ! "t all[$ to ! successive /ages be %ort5$2 &1 secondly1 t ! unwor?y & degrad+ elem5ts :i* ent]$ into ! process ( evolution 9 ! pa/1 & at ! "t 7 insep>able f x1 be n[ elim9at$4 ,?us ! fairy-tales :i* correspond to ! my?-mak+ epo* 9 human hi/ory mu/ be purg$ ( ! dross ( sup]/ition :i* /ill adh]es to !m1 & ! fables :i* correspond to ! age ( primitive despotisms mu/ be cleans$ ( ! immoral elem5ts !y /ill embody4 ,! fables :i* are fit = use may be divid$ into two classes3 ^? :i* give illu/rations ( evil1#i ! effect ( :i* on ! "y %\ld be to ar\se disapprobation1 & ^? :i* pres5t types ( virtue4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ones 9 ea* category3 ,an ,in/ance ( ,selfi%ness4 ,! porcup9e hav+ begg$ = hospitality & hav+ be5 invit$ into a ne/ ( snakes1 inconv5i5ces ! inmates & f9ally cr[ds !m out4 ,:5 !y remon/rate1 he says1 ,let ^? quit ! place t d n l x4 ,inju/ice4 ,! fable ( ! ,kite & ! ,wolf1 m5tion$ above4 ,improvid5ce4 ,! fable ( ! ,ant & ! ,gras%opp]2 also ! fable entitl$ ,"o ,swall[ does n make ,summ]1 & ! fable ( ! ,man :o ,kill$ ! ,goose t laid ! ,gold5 ,eggs4 ,+ratitude4 ,! fable ( ! snake :i* bit ! c\ntryman :o _h w>m$ x 9 8 brea/4 ,c[>dice4 ,! fable ( ! ,/ag & ! ,fawn1 & ( ! ,h>es 9 ! ,/orm4 ,vanity4 ,! fables ( ! ,peacock & ! ,crane1 & ( ! ,cr[ :o lo/ 8 ,*eese by li/5+ to ! flatt]y ( ! fox4 ,contemptu\s ,self-confid5ce4 ,! ,h>e & ! ,tortoise4 ,! ,evil ,influ5ce ( ,bad ,company4 ,! ,husb&man & ! ,/ork4 ,cruelty to ,animals4 ,! ,f[l] & ! ,r+dove2 ! ,hawk & ! ,pigeons4 ,gre$9ess4 ,! ,dog & ! ,%ad[4 ,ly+4 ,! fable ( ! boy :o cri$ ,wolf6 ,bragg+4 ,! fable ( ! ,ass 9 ! ,lion's ,sk94 ,deceit4 ,! fable ( ! ,fox )\t a ,tail4 ,dis+5u\sness4 ,! fable ( ! ,s\r ,grapes4 ,a ,discont5t$ ,_s4 ,! fable ( ! ,peacock's ,compla9t4 ,equal ,graces are n giv5 to all4 ,! fable ( ! ,ass :o leap$ into 8 ,ma/]'s ,lap4 ,borr[$ ,plumes4 ,! fable ( ! ,jackdaw & ! ,peacocks1 m5tion$ above4 ,malice4 ,! fable ( ! ,dog 9 ! ,mang]1 :o w\ld n eat1 nei!r let o!rs eat4 ,break+ ,fai?4 ,! fable ( ! ,travel] & ! ,be>4 ,to ,fan ,animosity is ev5 ,worse ?an to ,qu>rel4 ,! fable ( ! ,trumpet]4 ,! value ( ^! fables1 z has be5 said1 consi/s 9 ! reaction :i* !y call =? 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,sometimes ?is reaction f9ds expression 9 ! fable itself2 sometimes ! p>ticul> vice is m]ely depict$ 9 its nak$ness1 & x becomes ! bus9ess ( ! tea*] di/9ctly to evoke ! feel+ ( disapprobation1 & to h x expressly /at$ 9 words4 ,! words t5d to fix ! feel+4 ,(t51 :5 a *ild has committ$ "s fault1 x is useful to ref] by "n to ! fable t fits x4 ,z1 :5 a boy has made room 9 8 seat = ano!r1 & ! o!r cr[ds him out1 ! m]e m5tion ( ! fable ( ! ,porcup9e is a tell+ rebuke2 or ! fable ( ! ,hawk & ! ,pigeons may be call$ to m9d :5 a boy has be5 guilty ( mean excuses4 ,on ! same pr9ciple t angry *ildr5 are sometimes tak5 be=e a mirror to %[ !m h[ ugly !y look4 ,! fable is a k9d ( mirror = ! vices ( ! "y4 ,( ! fables t illu/rate virtu\s conduct1 ,i m5tion t ( ,h]cules & ! ,c>t-driv]1 :i* tea*es self-reliance4 ,h]cules helps ! driv] z soon z ! latt] has put 8 own %\ld]s to ! :eel4 ,also ! fable ( ! ,l>k4 ,s long z ! f>m] dep5ds on 8 neighbors1 or 8 k9sm51 ! l>k is n afraid2 b :5 he proposes to buckle to himself1 %e advises h] "y t x is "t to seek ano!r field4 ,! fable ( ! ,w9d & ! ,sun %[s t k9dness succe$s :]e r\gh treatm5t w\ld fail4 ,! fable ( ! ,bundle ( ,/icks exemplifies ! value ( h>mony4 ,! fable ( ! ,wolf1 :om ! dog tries to induce to ent] civilization1 expresses ! s5tim5t t lean lib]ty is to be pref]r$ to pamp]$ s]vitude4 ,! fable ( ! ,old ,h\nd tea*es reg>d = old s]vants4 ,f9ally1 ! fable ( ! ,horse & ! ,load$ ,ass1 & ( ! ,dove & ! ,ant1 %[ t k9dness pays on selfi% pr9ciples4 ,! horse refuses to %>e ! ass's burd52 ! ass falls dead "u 8 load2 9 consequ5ce1 ! horse has to be> ! :ole ( x4 ,on ! o!r h& ! dove rescues ! ant f dr[n+1 & ! ant 9 turn saves ! dove f ! f[l]'s net4 ,! la/ rem>k ?r[s light on ! po9t ( view f :i* ! fables contemplate good & evil4 ,x is to be not$ t a really moral _s is want+ 9 !m2 ! moral motives are n appeal$ to4 ,! appeal ?r\gh\t is to ! b>e motive ( self-int]e/4 ,d n lie1 because y w be f\nd out1 & w be left 9 ! lur* :5 y dep5d = help on ! confid5ce ( o!rs4 ,d n indulge 9 vanity1 because y w make y\rself ridicul\s4 ,d n try to appe> l a lion :5 y c n support ! "*1 because p w f9d out t y are only an ass4 ,d n act ungratefully1 because y w be ?ru/ out ( doors4 ,ev5 :5 good conduct is inculcat$1 x is on ! gr\nd t x pays4 ,be self-reliant1 because if y help y\rself o!rs w help y4 ,be k9d1 because by g5tle means y c ga9 y\r purpose bett] ?an by h>%ness4 ,agree ) y\r neighbors1 because y c !n1 l ! bundle ( /icks1 resi/ aggression f )\t4 ,t ly+ is wrong on pr9ciple2 t gre$9ess is %ameful1 :e!r y lose y\r *eese or n2 t k9dness is bless$1 ev5 :5 x does n br+ a mat]ial rew>d2 t x is lovely = neighbors to dwell toge!r 9 peace1 is n[h]e indicat$4 ,! beauty & ! hol9ess ( "r conduct lie utt]ly beyond ! horizon ( ! fable4 ,nev]!less1 z we h se5 :5 speak+ ( ! effici5t motives ( conduct1 self-int]e/ z a motive %\ld n be und]rat$1 b %\ld be all[$ ! influ5ce :i* belongs to x z an auxili>y to ! moral motive4 ,x is well1 x is necess>y1 = *ildr5 to le>n t ly+1 besides be+ 9 itself disgraceful1 does also entail p5alties ( a palpable sort2 t vanity & self-conceit1 besides be+ immoral1 are also puni%$ by ! contempt ( "o's fell[s2 t ^? :o are unk9d1 z ! horse 0 to ! ass1 may h to be> ! ass's burd54 ,! *ecks & curbs suppli$ by su* consid]ations z ^! s]ve ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! weak consci5ce ( ! "y1 & are n to be disp5s$ )1 provid$ always !y are treat$ n z sub/itutes = b z auxili>ies to ! moral motives1 prop]ly speak+4 ,z to ! place 9 ! prim>y c\rse :i* ,i h assign$ to ! fables1 ,i h ! foll[+ rem>k to (f]3 ,9 speak+ ( fairy tales1 x 0 /at$ t ! moral elem5t %\ld be t\*$ on incid5tally1 & t x %\ld n be sep>at$ f ! o!r1 ! naturali/ic elem5ts4 ,! p$agogical reason :i* leads me to assign to ! fables ! second place 9 ! c\rse1 is t ea* fable deals exclusively ) "o moral quality1 :i* is ?us isolat$ & held up to be contemplat$4 ,9 ! /ories :i* w occupy ! ?ird place a numb] ( moral qualities are pres5t$ 9 comb9ation4 ,we h1 !re=e1 :at seems to be a logical & progressive ord]--fir/1 fairy tales 9 :i* ! moral is /ill bl5d$ ) o!r elem5ts2 secondly1 a s+le moral quality set (f by itself2 !n1 a comb9ation ( su* qualities4 ,! peculi> value ( ! fables is t !y are in/antane\s photographs1 :i* reproduce1 z x 71 9 a s+le fla% ( light1 "s "o aspect ( human nature1 & :i*1 exclud+ ev]y?+ else1 p]mit ! entire att5tion to be fix$ on t "o4 ,z to ! me?od ( h&l+ !m1 ,i %\ld say to ! tea*]3 ,relate ! fable2 let ! pupil repeat x 9 8 own words1 mak+ sure t ! ess5tial po9ts are /at$ correctly4 ,by means ( que/ions elicit a clean-cut expression ( ! po9t :i* ! fable illu/rates2 !n ask ! pupil to give out ( 8 exp]i5ce o!r in/ances illu/rat+ ! same po9t4 ,?is is precisely ! me?od pursu$ 9 ! s-call$ prim>y object lessons4 ,! *ild1 = in/ance1 hav+ be5 %[n a r$ ball1 is ask$ to /ate ! color ( ! ball1 & !n to "n o!r objects ( ! same color2 or to give ! %ape ( ! ball1 & !n to "n o!r objects hav+ ! same %ape4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! pupil has he>d ! fable ( ! ,fox & ! ,wolf1 & has ga!r$ f x t compassion :5 express$ m]ely 9 words is useless1 & t x mu/ lead to de$s to be really praisewor?y1 x w be easy = him out ( 8 own exp]i5ce to multiply in/ances :i* illu/rate ! same tru?4 ,! se>* = in/ances makes ! po9t ( ! fable cle>]1 :ile ! expression ( ! ?\ght 9 precise language1 on :i* ! tea*] %\ld always insi/1 t5ds to drive x home4 ,x w be our aim 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures to apply ! me?ods ( object tea*+1 n[ g5]ally adopt$ 9 o!r bran*es1 to ! e>lie/ moral in/ruction ( *ildr5--an und]tak+1 ( c\rse1 n )\t difficulties4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories2 or ,jataka ,tales1 translat$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davids4 #i ,i rem>k$ above t fables %\ld be exclud$ if ! moral !y inculcate is bad1 n if !y depict :at is bad4 ,9 ! latt] case !y (t5 may s]ve a useful purpose4 ,,viii4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,fables4 ,ap>t f ! collection :i* figures "u ! "n ( ,a,esop1 !re are o!r fables1 notably ! s-call$ ,jataka tales1 :i* des]ve att5tion4 ,! ,jataka tales conta9 deep tru?s1 & are calculat$ to impress lessons ( great moral beauty4 ,! tale ( ! ,m]*ant ( ,s]i1 :o gave up all t he _h 9 ex*ange = a gold5 di%1 embodies mu* ! same idea z ! p>able ( ! ,priceless ,pe>l1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! tale ( ! ,measures ( ,rice illu/rates ! importance ( a true e/imate ( values4 ,! tale ( ! ,banyan ,de]1 :i* (f]$ its life to save a roe & h] "y1 illu/rates self-sacrifice ( ! noble/ sort4 ,! ,kulavaka-,jataka conta9s ! ?\ght t a =giv+ _s t[>d "o's enemies dis>ms ev5 ! evil-m9d$4 ,! tale ( ! ,p>tridge1 ! ,monkey1 & ! ,elephant tea*es t ! be/ seats belong n to ! nobles or ! prie/s1 to ! ri* or ! le>n$1 n ev5 to ! mo/ pi\s1 b t rev]5ce & s]vice & respect & civility are to be paid accord+ to age1 & = ! ag$ ! be/ seat1 ! be/ wat]1 ! be/ rice1 are to be res]v$4 ,! tale ( ,n&a1 or ! ,buri$ ,gold1 is a rebuke to t base insol5ce :i* vulg> natures (t5 exhibit :5 !y possess a tempor>y advantage4 ,! tale ( ! ,s&y ,road is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! collection4 ,x pictures to u a c>avan w&]+ ?r\gh ! des]t "u ! />light4 ,! guide1 ^: duty x 0 to pilot !m ?r\gh ?is sea ( s&1 has1 x appe>s1 fall5 asleep at 8 po/ f excessive we>9ess1 & at dawn ! travel]s discov] t !y h gone a/ray1 & t f> & wide no wat] is 9 sight :]e) to qu5* _! burn+ ?ir/4 ,at ?is mom5t1 h[ev]1 ! lead] espies a small tuft ( grass on ! face ( ! des]t1 &1 reason+ t wat] mu/ be fl[+ some:]e und]nea?1 inspires 8 exhau/$ foll[]s to new ex]tions4 ,a hole sixty feet deep is dug "u 8 direction1 b at l5g? !y come ^u h>d rock1 & c dig no f>!r4 ,b ev5 !n he does n yield to despair4 ,leap+ d[n1 he applies 8 e> to ! rock4 ,surely1 x is wat] t he he>s gurgl+ und]nea?6 ,"o m ef=t1 he cries1 & we are sav$6 ,b ( all 8 foll[]s "o only _h /r5g? or c\rage en\gh left to obey4 ,?is "o /rikes a heavy bl[1 ! rock is split op51 & lo6 ! liv+ wat] gu%es upw>d 9 a flood4 ,! lesson is t ( p]sev]ance & pres5ce ( m9d 9 desp]ate circum/ances4 ,! tale entitl$ ,hold+ to ! ,tru? n>rates ! sad fate ( a m]*ant :o suff]$ himself to be deceiv$ by a mirage into ! belief t wat] 0 ne>1 & empti$ ! j>s :i* he c>ri$ ) him 9 ord] to rea* ! pleasant l& ! soon]4 ,! ,jataka entitl$ ,on ,true ,div9ity conta9s a v beautiful /ory ab\t ?ree bro!rs1 ! ,sun pr9ce1 ! ,moon pr9ce1 & ! future ,buddha or ,bodisat4 ,! k+1 _! fa!r1 expell$ ! ,moon pr9ce & ! future ,buddha 9 ord] to secure ! succession to ! ,sun pr9ce alone4 ,b ! ,sun pr9ce c\ld n be> to be sep>at$ f 8 bro!rs1 & secretly foll[$ !m into exile4 ,!y j\rney$ toge!r until !y came to a c]ta9 lake4 ,?is lake 0 inhabit$ by an evil _s1 to :om p[] _h be5 giv5 to de/roy all :o ent]$ 8 t]ritory unless !y c\ld r$eem _! lives by answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is truly div9e8 ,s ! ,sun pr9ce 0 ask$ fir/1 & he answ]$1 ,! sun & ! moon & ! gods are div9e4 ,b t n be+ ! correct answ]1 ! evil _s seiz$ & imprison$ him 9 8 cave4 ,!n ! ,moon pr9ce 0 ask$1 & he answ]$1 ,! f>-spread+ sky is call$ div9e4 ,b he1 too1 0 c>ri$ away to ! same place to be de/roy$4 ,!n ! future ,buddha 0 ask$1 & he answ]$3 ,give e>1 !n1 att5tively1 & he> :at div9e nature is2 & he utt]$ ! words-- ,! pure 9 he>t :o fe> to s91 ,! good1 k9dly 9 ^w & de$1 ,^! are ! be+s 9 ! _w ,^: nature %\ld be call$ div9e4 ,& :5 ! evil _s he>d ^! words1 he b[$1 & said3 ,i w give up to y "o ( y\r bro!rs4 ,!n ! future ,buddha said1 ,give me ! life ( my bro!r1 ! ,sun pr9ce1 = x is on 8 acc\nt t we h be5 driv5 away f our home & ?ru/ into exile4 ,! evil _s 0 ov]come by ?is act ( g5]osity1 & said1 ,v]ily1 ,o tea*]1 ?\ n only kn[e/ :at is div9e1 b ha/ act$ div9ely4 ,& he gave him ! life ( bo? 8 bro!rs1 ! ,sun pr9ce z well z ! ,moon pr9ce4 ,i c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( relat+ a few ( ^! tales4 ,!y are1 z e "o mu/ admit1 nobly conceiv$1 l(ty 9 mean+1 & _m a helpful s]mon might be prea*$ f !m z texts4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 n all are fit to be us$ 9 a prim>y c\rse4 ,"s ( !m are1 "s are n4 ,! tea*] w h no difficulty 9 mak+ ! "r selection4 ,to ! =m] class belongs also ,no4 #bh ( ! collection1#aj :i* is excell5tly adapt$ to impress ! lesson ( k9dness to animals4 ,long ago ! ,buddha came to life 9 ! %ape ( a p[]ful bull4 ,8 ma/]1 a ,brahman1 ass]t$ t ?is bull ( 8 c\ld move a hundr$ load$ c>ts rang$ 9 a r[ & b\nd toge!r4 ,be+ *all5g$ to prove 8 ass]tion1 he ba!d ! bull1 gave him sc5t$ rice1 hung a g>l& ( fl[]s ar\nd 8 neck1 & yok$ him to ! fir/ c>t4 ,!n he rais$ 8 :ip & call$ out1 ,gee up1 y brute4 ,drag !m along1 y wret*6 ,! bull said to himself1 ,he calls me wret*2 ,i am no wret*4 ,& keep+ 8 =elegs z firm z /eel1 he /ood p]fectly /ill4 ,!reupon ! ,brahman1 8 ma/]1 0 compell$ to pay a =feit ( a ?\s& pieces ( gold because he _h n made good 8 boa/4 ,aft] a :ile ! bull said to ! ,brahman1 :o seem$ v mu* dispirit$3 ,brahman1 ,i h liv$ a long "t 9 y\r h\se4 ,h ,i ev] brok5 any pots1 or h ,i rubb$ aga9/ ! walls1 or h ,i made ! walks ar\nd ! premises unclean8 ,nev]1 my de>1 said ! ,brahman4 ,!n :y did y call me wret*8 ,b if y w nev] call me wret* aga91 y %all h two ?\s& pieces = ! "o ?\s& y h lo/4 ,! ,brahman1 he>+ ?is1 call$ 8 neighbors toge!r1 set up "o hundr$ load$ c>ts z be=e1 !n seat$ himself on ! pole1 /rok$ ! bull on ! back1 & call$ out1 ,gee up1 my beauty6 ,drag !m along1 my beauty6 ,& ! bull1 ) a mighty ef=t1 dragg$ along ! :ole hundr$ c>ts1 heavily load$ ?\gh !y 74 ,! by/&]s 7 greatly a/oni%$1 & ! ,brahman receiv$ two ?\s& pieces on acc\nt ( ! wond]ful feat p]=m$ by ! bull4 ,! #cj? ,jataka corresponds to ! fable ( ! ,ox & ! ,calf 9 ! ,a,esop collection4 ,! #cc;d1 l ! fable ( ! ,bundle ( ,/icks1 tea*es ! lesson ( unity1 b 9 a =m a little ne>] to ! und]/&+ ( *ildr54 ,long ago1 :5 ,brahmadatta 0 reign+ 9 ,b5>es1 ! future ,buddha came to life z a quail4 ,at t "t !re 0 a f[l] :o us$ to g to ! place :]e ! quails dwelt & imitate _! cry2 & :5 !y _h assembl$1 he w\ld ?r[ 8 net ov] !m4 ,b ! ,buddha said to ! quails3 ,9 future1 z soon z he has ?r[n ! net ov] u1 let ea* ?ru/ 8 head ?r\gh a me% ( ! net1 !n all lift x toge!r1 c>ry x (f to "s bu%1 & escape f und]nea? x4 ,& !y did s & 7 sav$4 ,b "o day a quail trod unaw>es on ! head ( ano!r1 & a disgraceful qu>rel ensu$4 ,! next "t ! f[l] ?rew 8 net ov] !m1 ea* ( ! quails pret5d$ t ! o!rs 7 leav+ him to be> ! greate/ /ra91 & cri$ out1 ,y o!rs beg91 & !n ,i w help4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t no "o began1 & ! net 0 n rais$1 & ! f[l] bagg$ !m all4 ,! #bf? ,jataka en=ces ! tru? t evil communications corrupt good mann]s1 & conta9s m p>ticul>ly a w>n+ aga9/ li/5+ to ! conv]sation ( wick$ p4 ,?us mu* conc]n+ ! ,jataka tales4 ,!re exi/s also a collection ( ,h9du fairy tales & fables1 ga!r$ f oral tradition by ,m4 ,fr]e1 & publi%$ "u ! title ( ,old ,deccan ,days4 ,a few ( ^! are v *>m+1 & well adapt$ = our purpose4 ,= example1 ! fable ( ,k+ ,lion & ! ,sly ,little ,jackals4 ,! /ory is told ) delightful naivete4 ,s+h-,rajah1 ! lion-k+1 is v hungry4 ,he has already dev\r$ all ! jackals ( ! =e/1 & only a "y m>ri$ c\ple1 :o are extremely fond ( ea* o!r1 rema94 ,! little jackal-wife is t]ribly fright5$ :5 %e he>s 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity ! ro> ( ,s+h-,rajah4 ,b ! "y husb& tries to com=t h]1 & to save _! lives he hits on ! foll[+ exp$i5t3 ,he makes h] g ) him /raight to ! cave ( ! t]rible lion4 ,s+h-,rajah no soon] sees !m ?an he exclaims3 ,x is well y h arriv$ at la/4 ,come "h quickly1 s t ,i may eat y4 ,! husb& says3 ,yes1 y\r ,maje/y1 we are entirely ready to d z y bid u1 &1 9 fact1 we %\ld h come long ago1 z 9 duty b\nd1 to satisfy y\r royal appetite1 b !re is ano!r ,s+h-,rajah mighti] ?an y 9 ! =e/1 :o w\ld n let u come4 ,:at6 says ! lion1 ano!r ,s+h-,rajah mighti] ?an ,i6 ,t is impossible4 ,oh6 b x is a fact1 say ! "y c\ple 9 a brea?2 & he is really mu* m t]rible ?an y are4 ,%[ him to me1 !n1 says ,s+h-,rajah1 & ,i w prove to y t :at y say is false--t !re is no "o to be comp>$ ) me 9 might4 ,s ! little jackals ran on toge!r ahead ( ! lion1 until !y rea*$ a deep well4 ,he is 9 !re1 !y said1 po9t+ to ! well4 ,! lion look$ d[n angrily & saw 8 own image1 ! image ( an angry lion gl>+ back at him4 ,he %ook 8 mane2 ! o!r did ! same4 ,s+h-,rajah !reupon1 unable to conta9 himself1 leap$ d[n to fight 8 competitor1 &1 ( c\rse1 0 dr[n$4 ,! fable clo!s 9 *ildlike language ! moral t ang] is bl9d1 & t ! objects :i* excite our ang] are (t5 m]ely ! outw>d reflections ( our own passions4 ,9 ! fable ( ! ,brahman1 ! ,tig]1 & ! ,six ,judges1 we h a lesson aga9/ +ratitude1 & also aga9/ useless de/ruction ( animal life4 ,9 ! fable ( ! ,camel & ! ,jackal1 ! latt] does n appe> 9 ! same favorable light z above4 ,! jackal & ! camel 7 good fri5ds4 ,"o day ! jackal said to 8 companion3 ,i "k ( a field ( sug>-cane on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 & ne> by !re are pl5ty ( crabs & small fi%es4 ,! crabs & fi%es w d = me1 :ile y c make a f9e d9n] (f ! sug>-cane4 ,if !re 7 only a way ( gett+ across6 ,! camel (f]$ to swim across1 tak+ ! jackal on 8 back1 & 9 ?is way !y rea*$ ! opposite bank4 ,! jackal ate gre$ily1 & _h soon f9i%$ 8 meal2 !reupon he began to run up & d[n1 & to ex]cise 8 voice1 scream+ lu/ily4 ,! camel begg$ him to desi/1 b 9 va94 ,pres5tly ! cries ( ! jackal r\s$ ! villag]s4 ,!y came ) /icks & cudgels & cruelly beat ! camel1 & drove him out ( ! field be=e he _h _h "t to eat m ?an a few m\?fuls4 ,:5 ! m5 7 gone at la/1 ! jackal said1 ,let u n[ g home4 ,v well1 said ! camel1 climb on my back4 ,:5 !y 7 midway betwe5 ! two banks1 ! camel said to ! jackal3 ,:y did y make su* a noise & spoil my d9n]1 br++ on ^? cruel m51 :o beat me s t e bone 9 my body a*es8 ,did ,i n beg y to /op8 ,oh1 said ! jackal1 ,i meant no h>m4 ,i 0 only s++ a bit4 ,i always s+ aft] d9n]1 j = amusem5t4 ,!y _h by ?is "t rea*$ ! place :]e ! wat] 0 deepe/4 ,well1 said ! camel1 ,i also l innoc5t amusem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 x is my cu/om to lie on my back aft] d9n] & to /ret* myself a bit4 ,) t he turn$ ov]1 & ! jackal fell into ! /ream4 ,he swall[$ pailfuls ( wat]1 & x 0 only ) ! utmo/ difficulty t he succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! bank4 ,he _h receiv$ a salut>y lesson on ! subject ( inconsid]ate selfi%ness--a fault v common ) *ildr51 :i* su* a /ory z ?is may help to correct4 ,z to ! mod]n fables1 ,i fe> !y w yield u b a scanty h>ve/4 ,! fables ( ,la ,fonta9e1 :]e !y dep>t f ,a,esopian orig9als1 are h>dly suitable = *ildr51 & ^? ( ! ,g]man poet ,gell]t impress me1 on ! :ole1 9 ! same way1 ?\gh a few ( !m may be add$ to our /ock4 ,= in/ance1 ! fable ( ! ,gre5f9* & ! ,night+ale4 ,^! two birds occupy ! same cage be=e ! w9d[ ( ,damon's h\se4 ,pres5tly ! voice ( ! night+ale is he>d1 & !n ceases4 ,! fa!r leads 8 little boy be=e ! cage & asks him :i* ( ! two he believes to h be5 ! sweet musician1 ! brightly color$ gre5f9* or ! outw>dly unattractive night+ale4 ,! *ild imm$iately po9ts to ! =m]1 & is !n in/ruct$ z to 8 error4 ,! lesson1 ( c\rse1 is t f9e clo!s & real wor? d n always g toge!r4 ,! fable ( ! ,bl9d & ! ,lame ,man tea*es ! advantages ( co-op]ation4 ,! ,c>riage ,horse & ! ,c>t ,horse is a fable = ! ri*4 ,possibly ! fable ( ! ,peasant & 8 ,son1 :i* is direct$ aga9/ lies ( exagg]ation1 may also be utiliz$1 ?\gh ,i realize t !re are objections to x4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,buddhi/ ,bir? ,/ories2 or ,jataka ,tales4 ,,ix4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,bible4 ,introduction4--,x w h be5 notic$ t 9 *oos+ our illu/rative mat]ial we h conf9$ ourselves to :at may be call$ classical lit]ature4 ,! ,g]man ,ma]*5 has liv$ 9 ! traditions ( ! ,g]man p = c5turies1 & is z fre% to-day z ,sn[-:ite h]self :5 %e woke f h] trance4 ,! fables1 z has be5 %[n1 h be5 adopt$ into ! language & lit]ature ( ,p]sia1 ( ,arabia1 ( ! nations ( ,europe1 & are /ill f\nd 9 ! h&s ( our own *ildr54 ,let u cont9ue to pursue ! same me?od ( selection4 ,in/ead ( rely+ on juv5ile lit]ature j produc$1 or attempt+ to write moraliz+ /ories specially adapt$ = ! purpose 9 h&1 let u cont9ue1 )\t exclud+ inv5tion altoge!r1 to rely ma9ly on t :i* has /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ( our prim>y c\rse we %all use select$ /ories f ! classical lit]ature ( ! ,hebrews1 & lat] on f t ( ,greece1 p>ticul>ly ! ,odyssey & ! ,iliad4 ,! /ories to :i* ,i ref] possess a p]5nial vitality1 an inde/ructible *>m4 ,i am1 ,i tru/1 no bl9d wor%ip] ( antiquity4 ,! m]e fact t a ?+ has exi/$ = a ?\s& or two ?\s& ye>s is n always pro( t x is wor? pres]v+4 ,b ! fact t aft] hav+ be5 repeat$ = two ?\s& ye>s a /ory /ill possesses a p]fectly fre% attraction = ! *ild ( to-day1 does inde$ prove t !re is 9 x some?+ ( imp]i%able wor?4 ,h[ is ?is unique *>m ( ! classical lit]ature to be expla9$8 ,:at quality exi/s 9 ,hom]1 9 ! ,bible1 enabl+ !m1 despite ! *anges ( ta/e & fa%ion1 to hold _! own8 ,! novels ( ! la/ c5tury are already antiquat$2 few c>e to read !m4 ,! poetry ( ! middle ages is enjoy$ only by ^? :o cultivate a special ta/e = x4 ,hi/orical & sci5tific works h>dly h "t to leave an impression be=e new books appe> to cr[d !m out4 ,b a few great ma/]pieces h surviv$1 & ! tru? & beauty ( ^! ! lapse ( ages1 x seems1 has left unalt]$4 ,mr4 ,jebb rem>ks#aa t ,hom] aims at ! lucid expression ( prim>y motives1 & refra9s f multiply+ individual traits :i* might int]f]e ) _! effect1 & t ?is typical quality 9 ,hom]'s portraiture has be5 "o secret ( its univ]sal impressiv5ess4 ,! ,hom]ic outl9es are 9 ea* case brilliantly di/9ct1 :ile !y leave to ! read] a c]ta9 lib]ty ( private conception1 & he c fill !m 9 s z to satisfy 8 own ideal4 ,we may add t ?is is j z true ( ! ,bible z ( ,hom]4 ,! biblical n>rative1 too1 depicts a few ess5tial traits ( human nature1 & refra9s f multiply+ m9or traits :i* might int]f]e ) ! ma9 effect4 ,! ,bible1 too1 draws its figures 9 outl9e1 & leaves e age free to fill !m 9 s z to satisfy its own ideal4 ,?us ! biblical /ory1 z conceiv$ 9 ! m9d ( ,milton1 reflects ! ,puritan ideal2 ! same /ory1 n>rat$ 9 a mod]n pulpit or ,sunday-s*ool1 w inevitably reflect1 to a great] or less degree1 ! mod]n humanit>ian ideal1 & ?is lib]ty ( int]pretation is "o cause ( ! vitality ( ! ,bible4 ,b x may be ask$ fur!r1 ,h[ did ,hom]1 h[ did ! biblical writ]s1 succe$ 9 produc+ su* univ]sal types1 9 draw+ _! figures s correctly t1 h[ev] ! colors may !nce=? be v>i$1 ! outl9es rema9 =ev] true8 ,he :o %\ld attempt at ! pres5t day to give expression to ! mo/ univ]sal traits ( human nature1 fre$ f ! complex web ( conditions1 dis5gag$ f ! ?\s&-fold m9or traits :i* modify ! univ]sal 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 w\ld f9d x difficult to avoid "o or ! o!r ( two fatal errors4 ,if he keeps 8 eyes fix$ on ! univ]sal1 he is 9 dang] ( produc+ a set ( bloodless ab/ractions1 pale %ad[s ( reality1 :i* w n live = a day1 mu* less = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he tries to keep close to reality he w probably produce m or less accurate copies ( ! types t surr\nd him1 b ! dang] w always be t ! univ]sal w be lo/ amid ! p>ticul>s4 ,by :at quality 9 !mselves or =tunate con/ellation ( circum/ances did ,hom] & ! biblical writ]s succe$ 9 avoid+ bo? ^! errors1 9 creat+ types ( ! utmo/ univ]sality & yet imp>t+ to !m ! brea? ( life1 ! gait & acc5t ( di/9ctive individuality8 ,i imag9e t !y succe$$ because !y liv$ at a "t :5 life 0 mu* less complex ?an x is at pres5t1 :5 ! conv]sation1 ! mann]s1 ! ?\ghts1 ! motives ( m5 7 simple4 ,!y 7 enabl$ to individualize ! univ]sal because ! mo/ univ]sal1 ! simple/ motives1 /ill =m$ ! ma9spr+ 9 ! conduct ( individuals4 ,x 0 n necess>y = !m to ent] into ! b>r5 region ( ab/raction & g5]alization to discov] ! univ]sal4 ,!y pictur$ :at !y actually saw4 ,! univ]sal & ! individual 7 /ill bl5d$ 9 t e>ly dawn ( human hi/ory4 ,we h ?us f> spok5 ( ,hom] & ! ,bible jo9tly4 ,b let u n[ give our p>ticul> att5tion to ! biblical n>rative4 ,! n>rative ( ! ,bible is fairly saturat$ ) ! moral _s2 ! moral issues are ev]y:]e 9 ! =efront4 ,duty1 guilt & its puni%m5t1 ! conflict ( consci5ce ) incl9ation1 are ! lead+ !mes4 ,! ,hebrew p seem to h be5 end[$ ) :at may be call$ a moral g5ius1 & especially did !y emphasize ! filial & frat]nal duties to an ext5t h>dly equal$ else:]e4 ,n[ x is precisely ^! duties t mu/ be impress$ on "y *ildr51 & h5ce ! biblical /ories pres5t u ) ! v mat]ial we require4 ,!y c n1 9 ?is respect1 be replac$2 !re is no o!r lit]ature 9 ! _w t (f]s :at is equal to !m 9 value = ! p>ticul> object we h n[ 9 view4 ,be=e proce$+1 h[ev]1 to discuss ! /ories 9 detail1 let me rem9d y t 9 /udy+ !m a l>g] tax is made on ! att5tion ( *ildr51 & a high] developm5t ( ! moral judgm5t is presuppos$1 ?an 9 ! previ\s p>ts ( our c\rse2 = 9 !m a succession ( acts & _! consequ5ces are pres5t$ to ! s*ol>1 on ea* ( :i* 8 judgm5t is to be ex]cis$4 ,^? :o tea* ! biblical /ories m]ely because x has be5 cu/om>y to reg>d ! ,bible z ! text-book ( morals & religion1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ cle> z to ! place :i* belongs to x 9 a s*eme ( moral education1 w always1 ,i d\bt n1 a*ieve a c]ta9 result4 ,! /ories w nev] entirely fail ( _! b5eficial effect1 b ,i c n help ?9k+ t ?is effect w be greatly height5$ if _! precise p$agogic value is di/9ctly appreh5d$1 & if ! prep>atory /eps h be5 tak5 9 due c\rse4 ,x seems to me t ! moral judgm5t %\ld fir/ be ex]cis$ on a s+le moral quality z exhibit$ 9 a s+le act be=e x is appli$ to a :ole s]ies ( acts2 & h5ce t ! fable %\ld prec$e ! /ory4 ,9 mak+ our selection f ! ri* mat]ial be=e u we ne$ only keep 9 m9d ! pr9ciple already enunciat$ 9 ! introductory lectures--t ! moral tea*+ at any p]iod %\ld relate to ! duties ( t p]iod4 ,adam & ,eve 9 ,p>adise4 ,?is is a wond]ful /ory = *ildr54 ,x des]ves to be plac$ at ! head ( all ! o!rs1 = x inculcates ! c>d9al virtue ( *ildhood--ob$i5ce4 ,x is also a typical /ory ( ! beg9n+1 ! progress1 & ! culm9ation ( temptation4 ,w y p]mit me to relate ! /ory z ,i %\ld tell x to little *ildr58 ,i %all endeavor to keep true to ! outl9es1 & if ,i dep>t f ! receiv$ v]sion 9 o!r respects1 may ,i n plead t lib]ty ( int]pretation to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above4 ,once ^u a "t !re 7 two *ildr51 ,adam & ,eve4 ,adam 0 a f9e & noble-look+ lad4 ,he 0 sl5d] & well built1 & fleet ( foot z a "y de]4 ,eve 0 z beautiful z ! dawn1 ) long gold5 tresses1 & blue eyes1 & *eeks l ! rose4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! lovelie/ g>d5 t y h ev] he>d (4 ,!re 7 tall trees 9 x1 & op5 mead[s :]e ! grass 0 z smoo? z on a lawn1 & cle>1 murmur+ brooks ran ?r\gh ! woods4 ,& !re 7 d5se ?ickets fill$ ) ! p]fume ( fl[]s1 & ! fl[]s grew 9 su* pr(usion1 & !re 7 s _m diff]5t k9ds1 ea* m beautiful ?an ! re/1 t x 0 a p]fect fea/ = ! eyes to look at !m4 ,x 0 s w>m t ! *ildr5 nev] ne$$ to g 9-doors1 b at night !y w\ld j lie d[n at ! foot ( "s great tree & look at ! />s tw9kl+ ?r\gh ! bran*es until !y fell asleep4 ,& :5 x ra9$ !y w\ld f9d %elt] 9 "s beautiful cav]n1 spread+ leaves & moss ^u ! gr\nd = a b$4 ,! g>d5 :]e !y liv$ 0 call$ ,p>adise4 ,& !re 7 ev] s _m animals 9 x--all k9ds ( animals--elephants1 & tig]s1 & leop>ds1 & giraffes1 & camels1 & %eep1 & horses1 & c[s2 b ev5 ! wild animals did !m no h>m4 ,b ! *ildr5 7 n alone 9 t g>d53 _! ,fa!r liv$ ) !m4 ,& e morn+ :5 !y woke up _! fir/ ?\ght 0 to g to him & to look up into 8 mild1 k9d face = a lov+ glance1 & e ev5+ be=e !y w5t to sleep he w\ld b5d ov] !m4 ,& once1 z !y lay "u ! great tree1 look+ at a /> %9+ ?r\gh ! bran*es1 ,adam said to ,eve3 ,our ,fa!r's eye %9es j l t />4 ,"o day _! ,fa!r said to !m3 ,my *ildr51 !re is "o tree 9 ?is beautiful g>d5 ! fruit ( :i* y mu/ n eat1 because x is hurtful to y4 ,y c n und]/& :y1 b y "k t y mu/ obey y\r ,fa!r ev5 :5 y d n und]/&4 ,he loves y & kn[s be/ :at is = y\r good4 ,s !y promis$1 & = a "t rememb]$4 ,b "o day x happ5$ t ,eve 0 pass+ ne> ! tree ( ! fruit ( :i* %e knew %e mu/ n eat1 :5 :at %\ld %e he> b a snake talk+ to h]4 ,%e did n see x1 b %e he>d its voice q di/9ctly4 ,& ?is is :at ! snake said3 ,y poor ,eve6 y mu/ c]ta9ly h a h>d "t4 ,y\r ,fa!r is always =bidd+ y some?+4 ,h[ /]n he is6 ,i am sure t o!r *ildr5 c h all ! fruit !y want4 ,eve 0 fright5$ at fir/4 ,%e knew t h] ,fa!r 0 k9d & good1 & t ! snake 0 tell+ a falsehood4 ,he did n always =bid ?+s4 ,b /ill he _h =bidd5 h] to eat ( ! fruit1 & %e ?\ght t 0 a little h>d2 & %e c\ld n und]/& at all :y he _h done s4 ,!n ! snake spoke aga93 ,li/51 ,eve6 ,he =bade y to eat only ( x4 ,x c d no h>m j to look at x4 ,g up to x4 ,see h[ x gli/5s among ! bran*es6 ,h[ gold5 x looks6 ,& ! snake kept on :isp]+3 ,h[ good x mu/ be to ! ta/e6 ,j take "o bite ( x4 ,nobody sees y4 ,only "o bite2 t c d no h>m4 ,& ,eve glanc$ ar\nd1 & saw t no "o 0 look+1 & pres5tly ) a ha/y movem5t %e seiz$ ! fruit & ate ( x4 ,!n %e said to h]self3 ,adam1 too1 mu/ eat ( x4 ,i c nev] be> to eat x alone4 ,s %e ran ha/ily up to ,adam1 & said3 ,see1 ,i h "s ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 & y1 too1 mu/ eat4 ,& he1 too1 look$ at x & 0 tempt$1 & ate4 ,b t ev5+ !y 7 v mu* afraid4 ,!y knew !y _h done wrong1 & _! consci5ces tr\bl$ !m4 ,s !y hurri$ away into ! wood :]e x 0 deepe/1 & hid !mselves 9 ! bu%es4 ,b soon !y he>d _! ,fa!r call+ to !m2 & x 0 /range1 _! ,fa!r's voice _h nev] s\nd$ s sad be=e4 ,& 9 a few mom5ts he f\nd !m :]e !y 7 hid+4 ,& he said to !m3 ,:y d y hide f me8 ,& !y 7 v mu* confus$1 & /amm]$ =? all sorts ( excuses4 ,b he said3 ,come hi!r1 *ildr54 ,& he look$ into _! eyes1 & said3 ,h y eat5 ( ! fruit ( :i* ,i told y n to eat8 ,& ,adam1 :o 0 ?\ghtless & some:at selfi%1 spoke up1 & said3 ,yes1 b x 0 ,eve :o gave me ( x2 %e l$ me on4 ,& ,eve hung h] head1 & said3 ,x 0 ! snake t made me eat4 ,n[ ! snake1 y "k1 0 no real snake at all2 %e nev] saw x1 %e only he>d its voice4 ,&1 y "k1 :5 we want to d any?+ wick$1 !re is )9 e "o ( u some?+ bad1 t seems to :isp]3 ,j look6 ,m]e look+ w d no h>m2 & !n3 ,j ta/e2 no "o sees y4 ,s ! snake 0 ! bad feel+ 9 ,eve's he>t4 ,& _! ,fa!r took !m by ! h&1 & said3 ,tomorr[1 :5 x is dawn1 y w h to leave ?is place4 ,9 ?is beautiful ,p>adise no "o c /ay :o has once disobey$4 ,y1 ,adam1 mu/ le>n to labor2 &1 y1 ,eve1 to be pati5t & self-d5y+ = o!rs4 ,&1 p]haps1 aft] a long1 long "t1 "s day1 y w come back ) me into ,p>adise aga94 ,x is a free r5d]+1 ,i admit4 ,i h fill$ 9 ! details s z to br+ x d[n to ! level ( *ildr5's m9ds1 b ! outl9es1 ,i ?9k1 are !re4 ,! po9ts ,i h develop$ are all sugge/$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! temptation beg9s :5 ! snake says ) *>act]i/ic exagg]ation3 ,is x true t ( all ! fruit y are =bidd5 to eat8 ,exagg]at+ ! h>d%ips ( ! moral comm& is ! fir/ /ep on ! d[nw>d road4 ,! second /ep is ,eve's approa* to look at ! fruit--& %e saw t x 0 good = food1 & pleasant to ! eyes4 ,! ?ird /ep is ! actual enjoym5t ( :at is =bidd54 ,! f\r? /ep is ! desire = companion%ip 9 guilt1 s *>act]i/ic ( s9--& %e gave also unto h] husb& ) h]1 & he did eat4 ,! next passage describes ! work+ ( consci5ce1 ! fe>1 ! %ame1 ! desire to hide1 & !n comes ! moral v]dict3 ,y are guilty1 bo? ( y4 ,y h lo/ y\r p>adise4 ,try to w9 x back by labor & suff]+4 ,,note4--,i w\ld add to :at has be5 said 9 ! text1 t ! pupils are expect$ to return to ! /udy ( ! ,bible1 to read & re-read ^! /ories1 & to receive a progressively high] int]pretation ( _! mean+ z !y gr[ old]4 ,if 9 ! above ,i h spok5 9 a g5]al way ( a ,fa!r & 8 two *ildr51 x w be easy = ! ,sunday-s*ool tea*] to add lat] on t ! ,fa!r 9 ! /ory 0 ,god4 ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,9 tea*+ ! /ory ( ! two bro!rs ,ca9 & ,abel ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be not$4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t e>?ly prosp]ity & well-be+ dep5d$ on ! favor ( ,god1 or ! gods1 & t ! favor ( ! gods c\ld be secur$ by sacrifice4 ,if any "o br\ght a sacrifice & yet prosp]ity did n set 91 ?is 0 suppos$ to be a sign t 8 sacrifice _h n be5 accept$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to say ( any p]son t 8 sacrifice _h be5 accept$1 0 tantam\nt to say+ t he 0 happy & prosp]\s4 ,apply+ ?is to ! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 we may omit all m5tion ( ! br++ ( ! sacrifices1 :i* pres5ts a great & ne$less difficulty to *ildr5's m9ds1 & simply make ! equival5t /atem5t t ,abel 0 prosp]\s & ,ca9 0 n4 ,aga91 ,ca9 is n repres5t$ z an int5tional murd]]4 ,! true int]pretation ( ! /ory dep5ds on our be>+ ?is 9 m9d4 ,x is errone\s to suppose t a br& 0 fix$ on ,ca9's =ehead4 ,! passage 9 "q1 correctly und]/ood1 means t ,god gave ,ca9 a sign to reassure him t he %\ld n be reg>d$ by m5 z a common murd]]4 ,) ^! prefatory rem>ks ! /ory may be told some:at z foll[s3 ,long ago !re liv$ two bro!rs4 ,! "n ( ! eld] 0 ,ca91 & ( ! y\ng] ,abel4 ,ca9 0 a f>m]4 ,he toil$ 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[1 till+ ! /ubborn gr\nd1 tak+ out /ones1 build+ f5ces4 ,w9t] & summ] he 0 up be=e ! sun1 & yet1 despite all 8 labor1 ?+s did n g well ) him4 ,8 crops (t5 fail$ ?r\gh no fault ( 84 ,he nev] seem$ to h an easy "t4 ,moreov]1 ,ca9 0 ( a pr\d disposition4 ,hone/ he 01 & tru?ful1 b taciturn1 n c>+ mu* to talk to p :om he met1 b r keep+ to himself4 ,abel1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a %eph]d4 ,he l$1 or seem$ to lead1 ! mo/ delightfully easy life4 ,he foll[$ 8 flocks f "o pa/ure to ano!r1 wat*+ !m graze2 & at noon he w\ld (t5 lie d[n 9 ! %ade ( "s leafy tree & play on 8 flute by ! h\r4 ,he 0 a skillful musician1 a bright1 talkative companion1 & univ]sally popul>4 ,he 0 a little selfi% too1 z happy p sometimes are4 ,he lik$ to talk ab\t 8 successes1 &1 9 a p]fectly innoc5t way1 :i* yet /ung ,ca9 to ! quick1 he w\ld rattle on to 8 bro!r ab\t ! increase ( 8 h]ds1 ab\t 8 plans & prospects1 & ! pleasant ?+s t p 7 say+ ( him4 ,ca9 grew jeal\s ( 8 bro!r ,abel4 ,he did n l to confess x to himself1 b yet x 0 a fact4 ,he kept comp>+ 8 own life ( gr9d+ toil ) ! easy1 lazy life ( ! %eph]d--x 0 n q s lazy1 b s x seem$ to ,ca9--8 own pov]ty ) ! o!r's weal?1 8 own lonel9ess ) ,abel's popul>ity4 ,& a fr[n w\ld (t5 ga!r on 8 br[1 & he grew m & m moody & sil5t4 ,he knew t he 0 n 9 ! "r /ate ( m9d4 ,!re 0 a voice )9 him t said3 ,s9 is at ?y door1 b ?\ can/ become ma/] ov] x4 ,s9 is l a wild bea/ cr\*+ outside ! door ( ! he>t4 ,op5 ! door ev] s little1 & x w =ce its way 91 & w h y 9 its p[]4 ,keep ! door %ut1 !re=e2 d n let ! fir/ evil ?\ght ent] into y\r he>t4 ,?us only c y rema9 ma/] ( y\rself4 ,b ,ca9 0 already too f> gone to he$ ! w>n+ voice4 ,"o day he & ,abel 7 walk+ toge!r 9 ! fields4 ,abel1 no d\bt1 0 *att+ 9 8 usual gay & ?\ghtless mann]4 ,! _w 0 full ( sun%9e to him2 & he did n realize 9 ! lea/ :at d>k %ad[s 7 ga!r+ ab\t 8 bro!r's s\l4 ,p]haps ! conv]sation ran some:at z foll[s3 ,he _h j _h an addition to 8 h]d1 ! f9e/ calf "o c\ld imag9e3 w\ld n ,ca9 come to admire x8 ,& !n1 to-morr[ ev5+ he 0 to play = ! danc]s on ! gre51 at ! village fea/3 w\ld n ,ca9 jo9 9 ! m]ry-mak+8 ,:5 ! solit>y1 embitt]$ ,ca9 he>d su* talk z ?is ! angry feel+ 9 8 he>t rose up l a flood4 ,ov]ma/]$ by 8 passion1 ) a few wild1 incoh]5t words ( rage he turn$ ^u 8 bro!r & /ruck him "o fi]ce bl[4 ,ah1 t 0 a relief6 ,! p5t-up feel+ _h f\nd v5t at la/4 ,! bragg>t _h receiv$ ! *a/isem5t he des]v$6 ,& ,ca9 walk$ on2 & = a "t cont9u$ to enjoy 8 satisfaction4 ,he _h j notic$ t ,abel1 :5 /ruck1 _h /agg]$ & fall51 b he did n m9d t4 ,let him lie !re = a :ile2 he w pick himself up pres5tly4 ,he may be lame = a few days1 & 8 milk-:ite face may n be s fair at ! fea/1 b t w be all ! bett] = him4 ,x w tea* him a lesson4 ,nev]!less1 :5 he _h walk$ on = "s di/ance he began to feel uneasy4 ,he look$ ar\nd f "t to "t to see :e!r ,abel 0 foll[+ him1 & ! voice ( consci5ce began to be he>d1 say+1 ,ca91 :]e is ?y bro!r8 ,b he sil5c$ x by say+ to himself1 ,am ,i my bro!r's keep]8 ,is he su* a *ild t he c n take c>e ( himself--t he c n /& a bl[8 ,b he kept look+ back m & m (t51 & :5 he saw no "o com+1 he came at la/ to a dead halt4 ,8 he>t 0 beat+ viol5tly by ?is "t2 ! beads ( p]spiration 7 ga!r$ on 8 br[4 ,he turn$ back to seek 8 miss+ bro!r4 ,!n1 z he did n meet him1 he began to run1 & fa/] & fa/] he ran1 until at la/1 pant+ & out ( brea?1 ) a horrible fe> h\nd+ him on1 he arriv$ at ! place :]e he _h /ruck ! bl[4 ,& !re he saw--a pool ( blood1 & ! wax5 face ( 8 bro!r1 & ! glaz$1 brok5 eyes6 ,& !n he realiz$ :at he _h done4 ,& x is ?is situation :i* ! ,bible has 9 view 9 ! words1 ,behold1 ?y bro!r's blood cries up f ! e>? aga9/ !e4 ,& !n z he survey$ 8 de$ 9 /ony despair1 he said to himself1 ,i am accurs$ f ! face ( ! e>?--,i am unwor?y to live4 ,! e>? has no re/+-place = su* z ,i4 ,b a sign 0 giv5 him to %[ him t 8 life w\ld n be requir$ ( him4 ,he _h n committ$ willful murd]4 ,he _h simply giv5 ! re9s to 8 viol5t passion4 ,he mu/ g into ano!r l&1 :]e no "o knew him1 !re ?r\gh ye>s ( p5ance to try to rega9 8 peace ( s\l4 ,! moral ( ! /ory is3 ,d n h>bor evil ?\ghts 9 ! m9d4 ,if y h once giv5 !m entrance1 ! acts to :i* !y lead are beyond y\r control4 ,ca9's s9 consi/$ 9 n cru%+ ! feel+ ( envy 9 ! beg9n+2 9 comp>+ 8 own lot ) t ( 8 m favor$ bro!r & dwell+ on ?is comp>ison1 until1 9 a fit ( insane passion1 he 0 l$ on to ! unspeakable crime :i*1 inde$1 he _h nev] contemplat$1 to :i* he _h nev] giv5 an inw>d ass5t4 ,! /ory also illu/rates ! va9 subt]fuges ) :i* we /ill seek to smo!r ! consci\sness ( guilt aft] we h done wrong1 until ! "t comes :5 our eyes are op5$ & we are compell$ to face ! consequ5ces ( our de$s & to realize !m 9 all _! be>+s4 ,! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel is ?us a fur!r developm5t ( ! !me already treat$ 9 simpl] fa%ion 9 ! /ory ( ,adam & ,eve1 only t1 :ile 9 ! latt] case ! filial duty ( ob$i5ce to p>5ts is 9 ! =egr\nd1 att5tion is "h direct$ to ! duty :i* a bro!r owes to a bro!r4 ,x is a /rik+ tale1 /rik+ 9 ! vividness ) :i* x conjures up ! circum/ances be=e our m9ds & ! cle>ness ) :i* ! pr9cipal motives are del9eat$2 & x conta9s an awful w>n+ = all "t4 ,! "q "h pres5ts itself1 :e!r we %\ld arrange ! biblical /ories accord+ to subjects--e4 g41 gr\p+ toge!r all ^? :i* treat ( duty to p>5ts1 all ^? :i* deal ) ! relations ( bro!rs to bro!rs1 etc4--or :e!r we %\ld adopt ! *ronological arrangem5t4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,x is expect$ t ! pupils1 z !y gr[ old]1 w und]take a m compreh5sive /udy ( ! ,bible1 & = ?is !y w be bett] prep>$ if !y h be5 kept to ! *ronological ord] f ! outset4 ,ano!r m practical reason is1 t *ildr5 tire ( "o subject if x is kept be=e _! m9ds too long4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to arrange ! /ories 9 gr\ps or cycles1 ea* ( :i* w af=d opportunity to t\* on a v>iety ( moral topics4 ,x w be impossible to cont9ue to relate 9 ext5so ! /ories :i* ,i h select$1 & ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself 9 ! ma9 ) giv+ ! po9ts ( ea* /ory ^u :i* ! tea*] may lay /ress4 ,! ,/ory ( ,noah & 8 ,sons4 ,describe ! beauty ( ! v9e1 & ( ! purple grapes hang+ 9 clu/]s amid ! gre5 leaves4 ,h[ sweet is ?is fruit to ! ta/e6 ,b ! juice ( x has a dang]\s prop]ty4 ,once !re liv$ a man1 ,noah1 :o _h ?ree sons4 ,he plant$ a v9e1 pluck$ ! grapes1 b did n "k ! dang]\s prop]ty ( ! juice4 ,! second son1 on see+ 8 fa!r 9 a /ate ( intoxication1 all[$ 8 s5se ( ! ridicul\s to ov]come 8 feel+ ( rev]5ce4 ,b ! elde/ & ! y\nge/ sons act$ diff]5tly4 ,!y took a g>m5t1 cov]$ _! fa!r ) x1 & av]t$ _! faces s z n to see 8 disgrace4 ,! moral is q important4 ,an intellig5t *ild c n help detect+ a fault n[ & !n ev5 9 ! be/ ( p>5ts4 ,b ! "r c\rse = him to take is to ?r[ ! mantle ov] ! fault1 & to turn away 8 face4 ,he %\ld say to himself3 ,am ,i ! "o to judge my p>5ts--,i :o h be5 ! recipi5t ( s _m b5efits at _! h&s1 & :o see 9 !m s _m virtues1 s mu* sup]ior wisdom8 ,by su* reason+ ! feel+ ( rev]5ce is ev5 deep5$4 ,! mom5t>y sup]iority :i* ! *ild feels s]ves only to br+ out 8 g5]al inf]iority4 ,! ,abraham ,cycle4 ,!re is a :ole s]ies ( /ories belong+ to ?is gr\p1 illu/rat+ 9 turn ! virtues ( bro!rly h>mony1 g5]osity t[>d ! weak1 hospitality t[>d /rang]s1 & mat]nal love4 ,abraham & ,lot are ne> k9sm54 ,_! s]vants qu>rel1 & to avoid /rife ! =m] advises a sep>ation4 ,if ?\ wilt g to ! left1 he says1 ,i w turn to ! "r2 if ?\ pref]re/ ! l& to ! "r1 ,i w take ! left4 ,abraham1 be+ ! old]1 0 entitl$ to ! fir/ *oice1 b he waiv$ 8 claim4 ,lot *ose ! fair] portion1 & ,abraham will+ly ass5t$4 ,let !re be no /rife betwe5 u1 = we be bre?r54 ,! lesson is1 t ! old] & wis] ( two bro!rs or k9sm5 may well yield a "p ( 8 rights = h>mony's sake4 ,abraham's conduct t[>d ! ,k+ ( ,sodom is an in/ance ( g5]osity4 ,! /ory ( ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah may be introduc$ by describ+ ! ,dead ,sea & ! surr\nd+ sc5e ( desolation4 ,! moral lies 9 ! circum/ance t ill treatm5t ( /rang]s br\ght d[n ! doom4 ,hospitality t[>d /rang]s is "o ( ! %9+ virtues ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h]oes4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day /rang]s are /ill despis$ & ridicul$ by ! vulg>1 _! =eign mann]s1 language1 & habits seem+ contemptible2 ! lesson ( hospitality is n yet sup]flu\s4 ,! /ory ( ,hag> & h] ,*ild ,i %\ld reca/ 9 su* a way z to exclude :at 9 x is repell5t1 & reta9 ! t\*+ picture ( mat]nal affection4 ,i %\ld relate x some:at z foll[s3 ,!re 0 once a little lad ^: "n 0 ,i%mael4 ,he _h lo/ 8 fa!r & _h only 8 "m to cl+ to4 ,%e 0 a tall1 beautiful lady1 ) d>k eyes :i* 7 (t5 v sad1 b !y w\ld light up1 & !re 0 always a sweet smile on h] lips :5ev] %e look$ at h] d>l+ boy4 ,i%mael & 8 "m1 ,hag>1 _h nev] be5 sep>at$2 !y 7 all 9 all to ea* o!r4 ,"o day x happ5$ t !y walk$ away f _! home1 :i* 0 ne> ! great1 s&y des]t4 ,i%mael's "m 0 9 deep di/ress1 !re 0 some?+ tr\bl+ h]1 & e n[ & !n a te> w\ld /eal d[n h] *eeks4 ,i%mael 0 sad1 too1 because 8 "m 01 b he did n d>e to ask h] :at x 0 t griev$ h]1 fe>+ to give h] pa94 ,s !y walk$ on & on1 hold+ ea* o!r's h&s 9 sil5ce4 ,b at la/ !y saw t !y _h lo/ _! way2 & !y tri$ fir/ "o direction1 & !n ano!r1 ?9k+ t x w\ld br+ !m back t[>d home1 b !y only got deep] & deep] into ! va/1 lonely des]t4 ,& ! sun burn$ hot & hott] above _! heads1 & little ,i%mael1 :o _h tri$ to keep up l a brave lad1 at la/ became s p>*$ ) ?ir/1 & s fa9t ) want ( food1 & s tir$ ) walk+--= !y _h w&]$ ab\t = _m1 _m h\rs--t he c\ld g on no f>!r4 ,!n 8 "m took him up 9 h] arms & laid him "u a bu%1 :]e !re 0 a little %ade4 ,& !n1 oh !n1 h[ h] poor he>t 0 wrung1 & h[ %e wept to see h] d>l+ 9 su* suff]+1 & h[ %e cri$ = help6 ,!n %e sat d[n on ! gl>+ s& at "s di/ance away1 & turn$ h] face 9 ! direction opposite to :]e ,i%mael 0 ly+2 = %e said1 ,i c n be> to see my boy die4 ,b j z %e _h giv5 up all hope1 sudd5ly %e saw a noble-look+ man1 we>+ ! dress ( ! ,b$\9s1 approa* h]4 ,he _h come f beh9d "o ( ! s& hills1 & x seem$ to h] z if he _h come d[n /raight f ! sky4 ,he ask$ h] :y %e 0 9 su* grief1 & :5 %e told him1 & po9t$ to h] little son1 he said3 ,x is =tunate t y h come to ?is place4 ,!re is a beautiful oasis close by4 ,an oasis1 *ildr51 is a spot ( fruitful gre5 e>? "r 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t1 l an isl& 9 ! ocean4 ,& ! man took ! boy up & c>ri$ him 9 8 arms1 & ,hag> foll[$ aft] him4 ,& pres5tly1 :5 !y came to ! oasis1 !y f\nd a cool1 cle> spr+1 full ( ! mo/ delici\s wat]1 & palm-trees ) ev] s _m dates on !m1 & all ! p :o liv$ !re ga!r$ ar\nd !m4 ,& ! man :o _h be5 s k9d prov$ to be ! *ief4 ,& he took *>ge ( ,i%mael's education1 %[$ him h[ to %oot ) ! b[ & h[ to hunt1 & 0 l a real fa!r to him4 ,& :5 ,i%mael grew up he became a great *ief ( ! ,b$\9s4 ,b he always rema9$ true to 8 "m1 & lov$ h] ) all 8 he>t4 ,i am /rongly 9 favor ( omitt+ ! /ory ( ! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,i d n ?9k we c af=d to tell "y *ildr5 t a fa!r 0 prep>$ to draw ! knife aga9/ 8 own son1 ev5 ?\gh he desi/$ 9 ! end4 ,i %\ld n be will+ to in=m a *ild t s horrible an impulse c\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ ev5 = a mom5t 9 a p>5t's he>t4 ,i reg>d ! /ory1 inde$1 z1 f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable 9 ! ,bible2 x has a deep mean+2 b x is n food fit = *ildr54 ,a great mi/ake has be5 made all along 9 suppos+ t :atev] is true 9 religion mu/ be communicat$ to *ildr52 & t if any?+ be v true & v important we ought to ha/5 to give x to *ildr5 z e>ly z possible2 b !re mu/ be prep>atory tra9+4 ,& ! greate/ tru?s are (t5 ( su* a k9d z only ! mature m9d1 ripe 9 ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 is fitt$ to assimilate4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>m+ idyls ( patri>*al times is ! /ory ( ,rebecca at ! ,well4 ,x illu/rates positively1 z ! /ory ( ,sodom does negatively1 ! duty ( hospitality t[>d /rang]s4 ,dr9k1 "l1 & ,i w give ?y camels dr9k also1 is a pleasant phrase :i* is apt to /ick 9 ! memory4 ,moreov]1 ! /ory %[s ! high place :i* ! tru/$ s]vant occupi$ 9 ! h\sehold ( 8 ma/]1 & (f]s to ! tea*] an opportunity ( dwell+ on ! respect due to fai?ful s]vants4 ,! ,jacob ,cycle4 ,:at treatm5t %all ,jacob receive at our h&s1 he1 ! sly trick/]1 :o *eats 8 bro!r ( 8 bir?right & /eals a fa!r's bless+8 ,yet he is "o ( ! patri>*s1 & is accord$ ! honorable title ( *ampion ( ,god4 ,to hold him up to ! admiration ( ! "y is impossible4 ,to gloss ov] 8 faults & try to expla9 !m away 7 a sorry bus9ess1 & hone/y =bids4 ,! ,bible itself gives u ! "r clew4 ,8 faults are n[h]e disguis$4 ,he is repres5t$ z a p]son :o makes a bad />t 9 life--a v bad />t1 inde$--b :o pays ! p5alty ( 8 wrong-do+4 ,8 is a /ory ( p5it5tial discipl9e4 ,9 tell+ ! /ory1 all ref]5ce to ! duplicity ( ,rebecca %\ld be omitt$1 = ! same reason t malici\s /ep-mo!rs & cruel fa!rs h be5 exclud$ f ! fairy tales4 ,! po9ts to be discuss$ may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,tak+ advantage ( a bro!r 9 di/ress4--,jacob pur*ases ! bir?right = a mess ( pottage4 ,t5d] atta*m5t to a helpless old fa!r4--,esau goes out hunt+ to supply a special delicacy = 8 fa!r's table4 ,?is is a po9t :i* *ildr5 w appreciate4 ,unable to conf] mat]ial b5efits on _! p>5ts1 !y c only %[ _! love by slight att5tions4 ,deceit4--,jacob simulates ! appe>ance ( 8 old] bro!r & /eals ! bless+4 ,9 ?is connection x w be necess>y to say t a special p[] 0 suppos$ to atta* to a fa!r's bless+1 & t ! words once spok5 7 deem$ irrevocable4 ,jacob's p5it5tial discipl9e beg9s4--,! deceiv] is deceiv$1 & made to feel 9 8 own p]son ! pa9 & disappo9tm5t :i* deceit causes4 ,he is repeat$ly *eat$ by 8 ma/] ,laban1 especially 9 ! matt] :i* is ne>e/ to him1 8 love = ,ra*el4 ,! =giv5ess ( injuries4--,esau's magnanim\s conduct t[>d 8 bro!r4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( tale-be>+ & conceit4--,x is a significant fact t ,joseph is n a m]e coxcomb4 ,he is a man ( g5ius1 z 8 lat] c>e] proves1 & ! /irr+s ( 8 g5ius manife/ !mselves 9 8 e>ly dreams ( future greatness4 ,p]sons ( ?is description are n always pleasant companions1 especially 9 _! y\?4 ,!y h n yet accompli%$ any?+ to w>rant di/9ction1 & yet !y feel )9 !mselves ! pres5tim5t ( a de/9y & ( a*ievem5ts above ! ord9>y4 ,_! faults1 _! arrogance1 _! seem+ly prepo/]\s claims1 are n to be excus$1 b nei!r is ! envy !y excite excusable4 ,"o ( ! h>de/ ?+s to le>n is to recognize )\t envy ! sup]iority ( a bro!r4 ,moral c[>dice4--,reub5 is guilty ( moral c[>dice4 ,he 0 an opportuni/1 :o s\ght to accompli% 8 ends by diplomacy4 ,if he1 z ! olde/ bro!r1 _h us$ 8 au?ority & boldly d5\nc$ ! contemplat$ crime1 he might h av]t$ ! long tra9 ( mis]ies t foll[$4 ,/r5g? & dep? ( pat]nal love4--,joseph is no m3 an evil bea/ has dev\r$ him4 ,i w g m\rn+ = my son ,joseph into ! grave4 ,x is a piece ( poetic ju/ice t ,jacob1 :o deceiv$ 8 fa!r 9 ! matt] ( ! bless+ by cov]+ himself ) ! sk9 ( a kid1 is himself deceiv$ by ! blood ( a kid ( ! goats ) :i* ! coat ( ,joseph _h be5 /a9$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! temptation ( ,joseph 9 ! h\se ( ,potiph>1 x is en\gh to say t ! wife conspir$ aga9/ h] husb&1 & endeavor$ to induce ,joseph to betray 8 ma/]4 ,a pretty addition to ! /ory is to be f\nd 9 ! ,talmud1 to ! effect t ,joseph saw 9 imag9ation ! face ( 8 fa!r be=e him 9 ! mom5t ( temptation1 & 0 !reby /r5g!n$ to resi/4 ,! light ( a sup]ior m9d c n be hidd5 ev5 9 a prison4--,joseph w9s ! favor ( 8 fell[-prison]s1 & an opportunity is ?us op5$ to him to ex]cise 8 tal5ts on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,affliction *a/5s4--,! fam9e _h 9 ! mean "t spread to ,pale/9e4 ,! %ad[ ( ! grief = ,joseph /ill lay heavily on ! h\sehold ( ! patri>*4 ,joseph is lo/2 %all ,b5jam91 too1 p]i%8 ,x is pleasant to obs]ve t ! "* ( ! bro!rs 9 ! mean "t has be5 *ang$ = ! bett]4 ,!re is evid5tly a lurk+ s5se ( guilt & a desire to atone = x 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,judah pl$ges himself = ! safety ( ! y\nge/ *ild4 ,& ! same m>k$ *ange is visible 9 ! conduct ( all ! bro!rs on ! j\rney4 ,! /ratagem ( ! cup 0 cunn+ly devis$ to te/ _! feel+s4 ,!y might h escap$ by ?r[+ ! blame on ,b5jam94 ,in/ead ( t1 !y dread no?+ s mu* z t he may h to suff]1 & are will+ to sacrifice ev]y?+ to save him4 ,:5 ?is new _s has become ?or\ghly app>5t1 ! end to :i* ! :ole gr\p ( ,jacob /ories po9t$ all along is rea*$2 ! "w ( moral reg5]ation is complete4 ,jacob himself has be5 purifi$ by affliction1 & ! bro!rs & ,joseph h be5 develop$ by ! same h>d taskma/] into true m54 ,! sc5e ( recognition :i* foll[s1 :5 ! great vice-reg5t ord]s 8 att5dants f ! ap>tm5t & embraces ^? :o once attempt$ 8 life1 ) ! words1 ,i am ,joseph1 y\r bro!r3 does my fa!r /ill live8 is t\*+ 9 ! extreme1 & ! :ole ends happily 9 a blaze ( royal pomp1 l a true ,ea/]n tale4 ,a ^w z to ! me?od :i* %\ld be us$ 9 tea*+ ^! /ories4 ,if ! fairy tale holds ! moral elem5t 9 solution1 if ! fable drills ! pupil 9 di/+ui%+ "o moral trait at a "t1 ! biblical /ories exhibit a comb9ation ( moral qualities1 or1 m precisely1 ! int]action ( moral causes & effects2 & x is important = ! tea*] to give expression to ?is diff]5ce 9 ! mann] 9 :i* he h&les ! /ories4 ,?us1 9 ! fables we h simply "o trait1 l +ratitude1 & its imm$iate consequ5ces4 ,! snake bites ! c\ntryman1 & is ca/ out2 !re ! matt] ends4 ,9 ! /ory ( ,joseph we h1 fir/1 ! p>tiality ( ! fa!r1 :i* produces or enc\rages self-conceit 9 ! son2 ,joseph's conceit produces envy 9 ! bro!rs4 ,?is envy reacts on all conc]n$--on ,joseph1 :o 9 consequ5ce is sold into slav]y2 on ! fa!r1 :o is plung$ into inconsolable grief2 on ! bro!rs1 :o ne>ly become murd]]s4 ,! s]vitude ( ,joseph de/roys 8 conceit & develops 8 nobl] nature4 ,indu/ry1 fidelity1 & sagacity raise him to high p[]4 ,! sight ( ! con/ant affliction ( _! fa!r on acc\nt ( ,joseph's loss mell[s ! he>t ( ! bro!rs1 etc4 ,x is ?is int]weav+ ( moral causes & effects t gives to ! /ories _! peculi> value4 ,!y are true moral pictures2 &1 l ! pictures us$ 9 ord9>y object lessons1 !y s]ve to tra9 ! p[] ( obs]vation4 ,tra9$ obs]vation1 h[ev]1 is ! indisp5sable prelim9>y ( correct moral judgm5t4 ,! ,moses ,cycle4 ,! figures ( ! patri>*s & ! prophets appeal to u ) a fre% int]e/ ! mom5t we reg>d !m z human be+s l ourselves1 :o 7 tempt$ z we are1 :o /ruggl$ z we are b\nd to d1 & :o act$1 h[soev] ! div9e economy might sup]v5e1 on _! own responsibility4 ,look$ at f ?is po9t ( view1 ! figure ( ,moses1 ! ,lib]ator1 approa*es our sympa?ies at ! same "t t he t[]s 9 impos+ proportions above our level4 ,let u briefly review 8 c>e]4 ,l ,arm9ius at a lat] day1 he is educat$ at ! c\rt ( ! enemies ( 8 p4 ,9 dress1 9 mann]s1 9 spee*1 he d\btless resembles ! gr&ees ( ,ph>aoh's c\rt4 ,:5 he approa*es ! well 9 ,midian1 ! daught] ( ,je?ro exclaims1 ,behold1 an ,egyptian is com+6 ,b at he>t he rema9s a ,hebrew1 & is deeply t\*$ by ! cruel suff]+s ( 8 race4 ,8 fir/ public int]v5tion on _! behalf takes place :5 he /rikes d[n & kills a native ov]se] :om he detects 9 ! act ( maltreat+ a ,hebrew slave4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! mann] 9 :i* re=m]s beg94 ,!y direct _! fir/ ef=ts aga9/ ! p>ticul> consequ5ces ( "s great g5]al wrong4 ,lat] on !y p]ceive ! uselessness ( su* a proc$ure & take he>t to attack ! evil at its s\rce4 ,moses flees into ! des]t4 ,! lonely life he leads !re is necess>y to ! developm5t ( 8 ideas4 ,solitude is ess5tial to ! gr[? ( g5ius4 ,! burn+ bu% is ! outw>d symbol ( an inw>d fact4 ,! fire :i* c n be qu5*$ is 9 8 own brea/1 & out ( t inw>d burn+ he he>s m & m di/9ctly ! voice :i* bids him g back & free 8 p4 ,b :5 he consid]s ! means at 8 disposal1 :5 9 fancy he sees 8 p1 a mis]able horde ( slaves1 pitt$ aga9/ ! arm$ ho/s ( ,ph>aoh1 he is ready to despair2 until he he>s ! com=t+ voice1 :i* says1 ,! ,et]nal is ) !e2 ! un*angeable p[] ( "r is on ?y side3 x w prevail6 ,l ,j]emiah1 l ,isaiah1 l all great re=m]s1 ,moses is pr(\ndly imbu$ ) ! s5se ( 8 unfitness = ! task laid ^u him4 ,he pleads t he is heavy ( spee*4 ,he c only /amm] =? ! message ( fre$om4 ,b he is reassur$ by ! ?\ght t a bro!r w be f\nd1 t help]s w arise1 t ! ?\ght :i* he c b>ely =mulate w be translat$ by o!r less] m5 into a =m suitable = ! popul> und]/&+4 ,he returns to ,egypt to f9d t ! greate/ ob/acle 9 8 way is ! le?>gy & unbelief ( ! v p :om he wi%es to help4 ,?is aga9 is a typical feature ( 8 c>e]4 ,! greate/ trials ( ! re=m] are due n to ! op5 enmity ( ! oppressor1 b to ! meanness1 ! di/ru/ & jeal\sy1 ( ^? :om oppression has degrad$4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! miracle ( salvation is wr\ght1 ! weak prevail ov] ! mighty1 ! cause ( ju/ice triumphs aga9/ all app>5t odds to ! contr>y4 ,! slaves rise aga9/ _! ma/]s1 ! fl[] ( ,egyptian *ivalry is de/roy$4 ,ph>aoh rallies 8 army & sets out 9 pursuit4 ,b ! ,hebrews1 "u ,moses's guidance1 h ga9$ ! />t1 & escape into ! wild]ness 9 safety4 ,fre$om is a preci\s opportunity--no m4 ,its value dep5ds on ! use to :i* x is put4 ,& !re=e1 no soon] 0 ! act ( lib]ation accompli%$1 ?an ! great lead] turn$ to ! task ( positive legislation1 ! task ( develop+ a high] moral life among 8 p4 ,b "h a new & ke5] disappo9tm5t await$ him4 ,:5 he desc5d$ f ! m\nt1 ! gl[ ( inspiration /ill ^u 8 face1 ! tablets ( ! law 9 8 h&1 he saw ! p danc+ ab\t ! gold5 calf4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ,mi*el ,angelo1 deeply realiz+ ! human elem5t 9 ! biblical /ory1 has repres5t$ ! =m ( ! lib]ator 9 ! colossal figure :i* 0 de/9$ = ,pope ,julius's tomb4 ,! "r foot is slightly advanc$2 ! long be>d trembles ) ! emotion :i* quiv]s ?r\gh ! :ole frame2 ! eyes fla% indignant wra?2 ! "r h& grasps ! tablets ( ! law2 9 ano!r mom5t1 we see x pla9ly1 he w leap f 8 sitt+ po/ure & %att] ! "w :i* he has made ^u ! rocks4 ,?is trait1 too1 is typical4 ,_m a lead] ( a noble cause has felt1 9 mom5ts ( deep disappo9tm5t1 z if he c\ld %att] ! :ole "w ( 8 life4 ,_m a man1 9 l situation1 has said to himself3 ,! p are will+ en\gh to hail ! message ( ! high] law to-day1 b to-morr[ !y s9k back into _! dull1 degrad$ condition1 z if ! vision f ! m\nt _h nev] be5 report$ to !m4 ,let me1 !n1 leave !m to _! dre>y ways1 to dance ab\t _! gold5 calf4 ,b a bett] & /rong] mood prevail$ 9 ,moses4 ,he asc5d$ once m to ! summit1 & !re pro/rat$ himself 9 utt] self-r5unciation & self-effacem5t4 ,he ask$ no?+ = himself1 only t ! p :om he lov$ might be b5efit$ ev] s little1 be rais$ ev] s sl[ly above _! l[ condition4 ,& aga9 ! que/ion+ _s came ^u him1 & he said1 z _m ano!r has said3 ,! pa?s ( progress are d>k & twi/$2 ! c\rse ( hi/ory seems s (t5 to be 9 ! wrong direction4 ,h[ c ,i be sure t !re is su* a ?+ z et]nal tru?--t ! "r w prevail 9 ! end8 ,& !n !re came to him t gr& revelation1 ! greate/1 z ,i ?9k1 & ! mo/ sublime 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5 ! et]nal voice answ]$ 8 d\bt1 & said3 ,?\ w\ld/ "k my ways1 b can/ n4 ,no liv+ be+ c see my face2 only f ! re>w>d can/ ?\ "k me4 ,z a %ip sails ?r\gh ! wat]s & leaves its wake beh9d1 s ! div9e ,p[] passes ?r\gh ! _w & leaves beh9d ! traces by :i* x c be kn[n4 ,& :at are ^? traces8 ,ju/ice & m]cy4 ,*]i%1 !re=e1 ! div9e elem5t 9 ?9e own nature1 & ?\ wilt see x reflect$ 9 ! _w ab\t !e4 ,w\ld/ ?\ be sure t !re is su* a ?+ z a div9e ,p[]8 be ?yself j & m]ciful4 ,& s ,moses desc5d$ aga9 to 8 p1 & became exce$+ *>itable 9 _s4 ,! ,bible says3 ,! man ,moses 0 exce$+ humble2 !re 0 no "o m humble ?an he on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,he bore ) resignation _! compla9ts1 _! murmur+s1 _! alt]nate c[>dice & foolh>d9ess4 ,he 0 made to feel1 l _m ano!r 9 8 place1 t 8 foes 7 !y ( 8 own h\sehold4 ,he _h an only bro!r & an only si/]4 ,8 bro!r & si/] rose up aga9/ him4 ,8 k9sm51 too1 revolt$ f him4 ,he endur$ all _! weakness1 all _! follies2 he s\ght to lift !m by sl[ degrees to ! height ( 8 own aims4 ,he set ! pa?s ( life & dea? be=e !m1 & told !m t ! div9e ^w c n be f\nd by cross+ ! seas or by se>*+ ! heav5s1 b mu/ be f\nd 9 ! human he>t2 & if m5 f9d x n !re !y w f9d x n[h]e else4 ,& s1 at la/1 8 pilgrimage drew to a close4 ,he _h rea*$ ! conf9es ( ,pale/9e4 ,once m he s\ght ! m\nta9-top1 & !re beheld ! promis$ l& /ret*+ f> away--! l& :i* 8 eyes 7 to see b :i* he 0 nev] to ent]4 ,few great re=m]s1 inde$ few m5 :o h />t$ a great movem5t 9 hi/ory1 & h be5 ! means ( produc+ deep & p]man5t *anges 9 ! ideas & in/itutions ( society1 h liv$ to see ^? *anges consummat$4 ,! c\rse ( evolution is sl[1 & ! re=m] c hope at be/ to see ! promis$ l& f af>--z 9 a dream4 ,happy he if1 l ,moses1 he reta9s ! =ce ( 8 convictions unabat$1 if 8 spiritual sight rema9s undimm$1 if ! spl5did vision :i* att5d$ him 9 ! beg9n+ inspires & consoles him to ! end4 ,! n>rative :i* has ?us be5 sket*$ t\*es on "s ( ! weightie/ problems ( human exi/5ce1 & deals ) motives bo? complex & l(ty4 ,i h ent]$ into ! int]pretation ( ^! motives = ! purpose ( %[+ t !y are too complex & too l(ty to be )9 ! compreh5sion ( *ildr51 & t x is an error1 ?\gh un=tunately a common "o1 to attempt to use ! gr& c>e] ( a re=m] & lib]ator z a text = ! moral edification ( ! v "y4 ,!y are :olly unprep>$ to und]/&1 & t :i* is n und]/ood1 if =c$ on ! att5tion1 awak5s repugnance & disgu/4 ,few ( ^? :o h be5 compell$ to /udy ! life ( ,moses 9 _! *ildhood h ev] succe$$ 9 conqu]+ ?is repugnance1 or h drawn f x1 ev5 9 lat] life1 ! inspiration & in/ruction :i* x might o!rwise h af=d$ !m4 ,= our prim>y c\rse1 h[ev]1 we c extract a few po9ts int]e/+ ev5 to *ildr51 ?us mak+ !m famili> ) ! "n ( ,moses1 & prep>+ ! way = a deep] int]e/ lat] on4 ,! incid5ts ( ! /ory :i* ,i %\ld select are ^!3 ,! *ild ,moses expos$ on ! ,nile2 ! good si/] wat*+ ov] 8 safety2 ! k9d pr9cess adopt+ him z h] son2 ! sympa?y manife/$ by him = 8 enslav$ bre?r5 despite 8 exemption f _! mis=tunes4 ,! kill+ ( ! ,egyptian %\ld be repres5t$ z a crime1 palliat$ b n excus$ by ! cruelty ( ! ov]se]4 ,special /ress may be laid ^u ! *ivalric conduct ( ,moses t[>d ! "y girls at ! well ( ,midian4 ,! tea*] may !n g on to say t ,moses1 hav+ succe$$ 9 free+ 8 p f ! p[] ( ! ,egyptian k+1 became _! *ief1 t _m wise laws are ascrib$ to him1 etc4 ,! /ory ( ! spies1 & ( ! end ( ,moses1 may also be briefly told4 ,! m5tion ( ! laws ( ,moses leads me to (f] a sugge/ion4 ,i h rem>k$ above t *ildr5 %\ld be taught to obs]ve moral pictures be=e any attempt is made to d$uce moral pr9ciples2 b c]ta9 simple rules %\ld be giv5 ev5 to ! v "y--mu/1 inde$1 be giv5 !m = _! guidance4 ,n[1 9 ! legislation ascrib$ to ,moses we f9d a numb] ( rules fit = *ildr51 & a collection ( ^! rules might be made = ! use ( s*ools4 ,!y %\ld be committ$ to memory by ! pupils1 & p]haps occasionally recit$ 9 *orus4 ,i h 9 m9d su* rules z ^!3#ab #a4 ,ye %all n lie4 7,_m p]sons :o pay att5tion only to ! ,decalogue1 & =get ! legislation ( :i* x =ms a "p1 seem n to be aw>e t !re is 9 ! ,p5tateu* ,lev4 xix1 #aa a di/9ct comm&m5t aga9/ ly+47 #b4 ,ye %all n deceive "o ano!r4 #c4 ,ye %all take no bribe4 #d4 ,honor ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 #e4 ,e "o %all rev]5ce 8 "m & 8 fa!r4 7,note t ! fa!r is plac$ fir/ 9 ! "o passage & ! "m fir/ 9 ! o!r1 to indicate ! equal title ( bo? to _! *ildr5's rev]5ce47 #f4 ,?\ %alt n speak disrespectfully ( ^? 9 au?ority4 #g4 ,be=e ! ho>y head ?\ %alt rise & pay honor to ! ag$4 #aj4 ,?\ %alt n spread false reports4 #aa4 ,?\ %alt n g ab\t z a tale-be>] among ?y fell[s4 #ab4 ,?\ %alt n hate ?y neighbor 9 ?y he>t1 b %alt w>n him ( 8 evil-do+4 #ac4 ,?\ %alt n be> a grudge aga9/ any1 b ?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 #h4 ,?\ %alt n speak evil ( ! deaf 7?9k+ t he c n he> !e71 nor put an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! bl9d4 #i4 ,if !re be among y a poor man1 ?\ %alt n h>d5 ?y he>t1 nor %ut ?y h& f ?y poor bro!r1 b ?\ %alt op5 ?y h& wide unto him1 & %alt surely l5d him suffici5t = 8 ne$4 #ad4 ,if ?\ see/ ! prop]ty ( ?9e enemy ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 ?\ %alt d ?y utmo/ to save x4 #ae4 ,if ?\ f9de/ :at is n ?9e own1 & ! own] is n kn[n to !e1 gu>d x c>efully1 t ?\ maye/ re/ore x to its rightful own]4 #af4 ,?\ %alt n d evil because _m o!rs are do+ ! same evil4 ,be>+ grudges1 ly+1 mock+ ^? :o 7l ! deaf & bl9d7 are afflict$ ) p]sonal defects1 appropriat+ :at is f\nd )\t attempt+ to discov] ! own]1 seek+ to excuse wrong on ! plea t _m o!rs are guilty ( x--all ^! are =ms ( moral evil ) :i* *ildr5 are p]fectly famili>1 & aga9/ :i* !y ne$ to be w>n$4 ,x is m ?an /range t su* comm&m5ts z ! six? & eigh? ( ! ,decalogue 7! comm&m5t aga9/ murd] & aga9/ adult]y1 =soo?71 :i* are inapplicable to little *ildr51 %\ld be made s mu* ( 9 prim>y moral in/ruction1 :ile ^? o!r comm&m5ts :i* d come home to !m are (t5 ov]look$4 ,! !ory "h exp\nd$1 t moral tea*+ %\ld keep pace ) ! exp]i5ce & intellig5ce ( ! *ild1 %\ld save u f su* mi/akes4 ,to proce$ ) ! /ories1 ! book ( ,jo%ua (f]s no?+ t we c turn to acc\nt1 nor d ! /ories ( ,jael1 ,deborah1 & ,gideon conta9 moral lessons fit = ! "y4 ,s\r milk is n prop] food = *ildr51 nor d ^? /ories af=d ! prop] moral food 9 :i*1 s to speak1 ! milk ( human k9dness has turn$ s\r4 ,! labors ( ,samson1 ! ,hebrew ,h]cules1 are likewise unfit to be us$ at ?is /age1 at lea/ = ! purpose ( moral in/ruction4 ,! /ory ( ! daught] ( ,jeph?a1 ! ,hebrew ,iphig5ia1 is exquisitely pa!tic1 b x involves ! horrible idea ( human sacrifice1 & !re=e _h bett] be omitt$4 ,! acts & spee*es ( ,samuel m>k an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew religion1 & are ( pr(\nd int]e/ to ! s*ol>4 ,b !re are c]ta9 features1 su* z ! kill+ ( ,agag1 :i* w\ld h to be elim9at$ 9 any case2 !n ! !ological & moral elem5ts are s bl5d$ t x w\ld be difficult if n impossible to sep>ate !m2 & altoge!r ! "* ( ?is mighty anci5t se]1 ?is ,hebrew ,w>wick1 ?is k+-mak] & enemy ( k+s1 is above ! compreh5sion ( prim>y s*ol>s4 ,we %all !re=e omit ! :ole int]v5+ p]iod1 & pass at once f ! ,moses cycle to ,! ,david ,cycle4 ,! fir/ /ory ( ?is gr\p is t ( ,naomi & ,ru?1 ! ance/ress ( ,david4 ,^u ! mat*less beauty ( ?is tale x is unnecess>y to expatiate4 ,i wi% to rem>k1 h[ev]1 9 pass+ t x illu/rates z well z any o!r--bett] p]haps ?an any o!r--! peculi> art ( ! biblical n>rative to :i* we h ref]r$ above4 ,if any "o at ! pres5t day 7 ask$ to decide :e!r a woman plac$ 9 ,ru?'s situation w\ld act rightly 9 leav+ h] home & foll[+ an ag$ "m-9-law to a di/ant c\ntry1 h[ _m pros & cons w\ld he h to weigh be=e he w\ld be able to say yes or no8 ,are h] own p>5ts /ill liv+1 & are !y s situat$ t %e is ju/ifi$ 9 leav+ !m8 ,are !re o!r blood relations :o h a prior claim on h]8 ,has %e rais$ expectations at home :i* %e ought n to disappo9t1 or und]tak5 duties :i* ought n to be set aside 9 def]5ce to a s5tim5t no matt] h[ noble8 ,( all su* side issues & complications ( duty :i* w\ld r5d] a decision l h]s difficult 9 mod]n times1 ! /ory z we h x be=e u is cle>$4 ,all m9or traits are suppress$4 ,x is assum$ t %e has a "r to g if %e pleases1 & ! m9d is left free to dwell1 unimp$$ by any c\nt]-consid]ations1 ^u ! beauty ( h] *oice4 ,?is *oice d]ives its excell5ce f ! fact t x 0 p]fectly free4 ,!re 0 no tie ( consangu9ity betwe5 ,naomi & h]4 ,! two wom5 7 relat$ 9 su* a way t ! bond might ei!r be drawn m tightly or sev]$ )\t blame4 ,orpah1 too1 piti$ h] "m-9-law4 ,%e wept1 b %e return$ to h] home4 ,we c n1 on t acc\nt1 condemn h]4 ,x 0 n h] b\nd5 duty to g4 ,ru?1 on ! o!r h&1 might p]haps h satisfi$ h] m s5sitive consci5ce by accompany+ h] "m-9-law z f> z ,be?lehem1 & !n return+ to ,moab4 ,b %e pref]r$ in/ead exile & ! h>d%ips ( a life among /rang]s4 ,n be+ a daught]1 %e freely took ^u h]self ! duties ( a daught]2 & x is ?is t con/itutes ! s+ul> m]it ( h] action4 ,9 tell+ ! /ory x is be/ to foll[ ! orig9al z closely z possible4 ,entreat me n to leave !e1 nor to desi/ f foll[+ aft] !e1 = :i!r ?\ goe/1 ,i w g2 & :]e ?\ lodge/1 ,i w lodge3 ?y p %all be my p3 :]e ?\ die/ w ,i die & !re w ,i be buri$4 ,:]e 9 univ]sal lit]ature %all we f9d words m eloqu5t ( t5d] devotion ?an ^!8 ,x w be notic$ t ,i h left out ! phrase & ?y ,god %all be my ,god = two reasons4 ,no matt] h[ mu* we may love ano!r p]son1 religi\s convictions ought to be held sacr$4 ,we h no "r to give up our convictions ev5 = affection's sake4 ,moreov]1 ! words correctly und]/ood are really no?+ b an amplification ( :at has prec$$4 ,! language ( ,ru? ref]s ?r\gh\t to ! propos$ *ange ( c\ntry4 ,:i!r ?\ goe/1 ,i w g2 :]e ?\ lodge/1 ,i w lodge3 ?y folk %all be my folk2 :]e ?\ die/1 ,i w die4 ,& ! phrase ,?y ,god %all be my ,god has ! same mean+4 ,! anci5ts believ$ t e c\ntry has its ,god1 & to say ,?y ,god %all be my ,god 0 tantam\nt to say+ ,?y c\ntry %all be my c\ntry4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to omit ^! words4 ,7 we to reta9 !m1 ! impression might be creat$ t ,ru? contemplat$ a *ange ( religion m]ely to please ! ag$ ,naomi1 & su* a /ep f a moral po9t ( view w\ld be unw>rantable4 ,x 0 ?is ,g5tile woman ,ru? :o became ! ance/ress ( ! royal h\se ( ,david4 ,! /ory ( ,david's life is replete ) dramatic int]e/4 ,x may be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( pictures4 ,fir/ picture3 ,david & ,golia?--i4 e41 skill pitt$ aga9/ brute /r5g?1 or ! des]v$ puni%m5t ( a bully4 ,e boy takes com=t 9 ?is /ory4 ,second picture3 ,david & ,jona?an1 _! arms tw9$ ab\t ea* o!r's neck1 a beautiful example ( y\?ful fri5d%ip4 ,especially %\ld ! unselfi%ness ( ,jona?an be not$4 ,he1 ! ,hebrew cr[n pr9ce1 s f> f be+ jeal\s ( 8 rival1 recogniz$ ! sup]ior qualities ( ! latt] & s]v$ him ) ! mo/ g5]\s fidelity4 ,?ird picture3 ,david ! h>p]1 play+ be=e ! gloomy1 moody k+1 :om an evil _s has possess$4 ,x %\ld be not$ h[ difficult is ! task incumb5t ^u ,jona?an ( comb9+ 8 duty to 8 fa!r & 8 affection = 8 fri5d4 ,yet he fails 9 nei!r4 ,f\r? picture3 ,david's loyalty manife/4 ,he has ! mon>* 9 8 p[] 9 ! camp1 9 ! cave1 & proves t !re is no evil int5tion 9 8 m9d4 ,! words ( ,saul are v t\*+1 ,is x ?y voice ,i he>1 my son ,david8 ,fif? picture3 ! battle1 ! tragical end ( ,saul & ,jona?an4 ,! dirge ( ,david floats above ! field3 ,! beauty ( ,israel is sla9 ^u ! high places4 ,h[ are ! mighty fall56 etc4 ,a second s]ies ( pictures n[ beg9s4 ,david is cr[n$ k+1 fir/ by 8 clansm51 !n by ! unit$ tribes4 ,david1 :ile besieg+ ,be?lehem1 is a?ir/ & !re is no wat]4 ,?ree ( 8 soldi]s cut _! way to ! well ne> ! gate1 :i* is gu>d$ by ! enemy1 & br+ back a cup ( wat]4 ,he refuses x1 say+3 ,x is n wat]1 b ! blood ( ! m5 :o h risk$ _! lives = me4 ,omitt+ ! /ory ( ,ba?%eba1 we come next to ! rebellion ( ,absalom4 ,! incid5ts ( ?is rebellion may be depict$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ,absalom 9 8 radiant beauty at ! fea/ ( ! %eep-%e>]4 ,next1 ,absalom at ! gate play+ ! demagogue1 secretly incit+ ! p to revolt4 ,next1 ,david asc5d+ ,m\nt ,olivet weep+1 ! base ,%imei1 go+ along a p>allel ridge1 fl++ /ones at ! k+ & revil+ him4 ,david rem>ks3 ,if my own son seek my life1 h[ %all ,i be angry ) ?is ,b5jamite8 ,next1 ! dea? ( ,absalom 9 ! wood4 ,f9ally1 ,david at ! gate receiv+ ! news ( ,absalom's dea?1 & break+ =? into ! pi]c+ cry3 ,o my son ,absalom1 my son1 my son ,absalom6 w\ld ,god ,i _h di$ = !e6 ,o ,absalom1 my son1 my son6 ,x is ! /ory ( a rebelli\s & undutiful *ild1 & illu/rates by contra/ ! unfa?omable dep? ( a fa!r's love1 ( a love t ye>ns ev5 ov] ! wick$1 ov] ! lo/4 ,! po9ts ( ! /ories includ$ 9 ! ,david cycle are3 skill & c\rage triumphant ov] brute /r5g?1 unselfi% fri5d%ip1 loyalty1 a lead]'s g5]osity t[>d 8 foll[]s1 & p>5tal love4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! words 9 ! lam5t ( ,david = 8 son des]ves to be specially not$4 ,x corresponds to & vividly describes ! rhy?mic movem5ts ( ! emotions excit$ by great sorr[4 ,f ! life ( ,solomon we select only ! judgm5t1 relat$ 9 ,i ,k+s1 iii4 ,we may comp>e ) x a simil> /ory1 %[+1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ v>iations1 9 ! ,jataka tales4 ,) ?is our selections f ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative come to an end4 ,! ideal types are exhau/$1 & ! figures :i* n[ appe> ^u ! sc5e /& be=e u 9 ! dry light ( hi/ory4 ,f ! ,new ,te/am5t we select = ! prim>y c\rse ! /ory ( ! ,good ,sam>itan1 z illu/rative ( true *>ity4 ,select$ passages f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt may also be expla9$ & committ$ to memory4 ,! ,beatitudes1 h[ev]1 & ! p>ables lie outside our pres5t limits1 presuppos+ z !y d a dep? ( spiritual exp]i5ce :i* is lack+ 9 *ildr54 ,,note4--,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! above selections h be5 made ) a view to _! be+ includ$ 9 a c\rse ( unsect>ian moral in/ruction4 ,su* a c\rse mu/ n express ! religi\s t5ets ( any sect or d5om9ation4 ,mu* t has "h be5 omitt$1 h[ev]1 c be taught 9 ! ,sunday s*ools1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* alongside ( ! daily s*ools is1 z ,i h said1 presuppos$ 9 ^! lectures4 ,i h simply tri$ to cull ! moral mean+ ( ! /ories1 leav+1 z ,i believe1 ! way op5 = div]g5t religi\s int]pretations ( ! same /ories4 ,b ,i realize t ! religi\s tea*] may claim ! ,bible :olly = 8 own1 & may n be will+ to %>e ev5 a "p ( its treasure ) ! moral tea*]4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ^! selections f ! ,bible1 = ! pres5t1 at all ev5ts1 w h to be omitt$4 ,!y c1 nev]!less1 be us$ by judici\s p>5ts1 & "s if n all ( ! sugge/ions !y conta9 may prove acceptable to tea*]s ( ,sunday s*ools4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,9 8 ,introduction to ,hom]4 #ab ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( alt]+ ! language "h & !re1 = reasons t w be obvi\s 9 ea* case4 ,x ,,! ,,odyssey ,,& ,,! ,,iliad4 ,z we leave ! field ( biblical lit]ature & turn to ! classic epic ( ,greece1 a new sc5e spreads out be=e u1 new =ms & faces cr[d ar\nd u1 we brea! a diff]5t atmosph]e4 ,! poems ( ,hom] among ! ,greeks occupi$ a place 9 _m respects simil> to t ( ! ,bible among ! ,hebrews4 ,at ,a!ns !re 0 a special ord9ance t ! ,hom]ic poems %\ld be recit$ once e f\r? ye> at ! great ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,on ?is occasion ! rhapsode1 /&+ on an elevat$ plat=m1 array$ 9 ri* robes1 ) a gold5 wrea? ab\t 8 head1 address$ an audi5ce ( _m ?\s&s4 ,! poems 7 made ! subject ( my/ical1 allegorical1 & rationali/ic int]pretation1 precisely z 0 ! case ) ! text ( ! ,bible4 ,z late z ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 ! fir/ book plac$ 9 ! h&s ( *ildr51 ! book f :i* !y le>n$ to read & write1 0 ,hom]4 ,x5ophon 9 ! ,symposium has "o ( ! gue/s say3 ,my fa!r1 anxi\s t ,i %\ld become a good man1 made me le>n all ! poems ( ,hom]1 & n[ ,i c\ld repeat ! :ole ,iliad & ,odyssey by he>t4#ac ,we %all n g q to ! same l5g? z ,x5ophon4 ,we %\ld h>dly ?9k x suffici5t 9 ord] to make a good man ( a boy to place ,hom] 9 8 h&s4 ,b we d believe t ! k ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 introduc$ at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r way1 w contribute to su* a result4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 exam9e m closely 9 :at ! value ( ^! poems consi/s4 ,ulysses is ! h]o ( ! ,odyssey1 ,a*illes ( ! ,iliad4 ,ulysses is pre-em95tly ! type ( res\rceful intellig5ce1 ,a*illes ( valor4 ,9 :at way w ^! types appeal to our pupils8 ,z ! boy develops beyond ! e>ly p]iod ( *ildhood1 !re %[s itself 9 him a _s ( adv5ture4 ,?is has be5 notic$ by all c>eful educators4 ,n[1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( adv5ture & ! _s ( play4 ,play consi/s 9 ! free ex]cise ( our faculties4 ,its *>act]i/ic m>k is ! abs5ce ( tax+ ef=t4 ,! *ild is said to be at play :5 x frolics 9 ! grass1 :5 x leaps or runs a race1 or :5 x imitates ! do+s ( its eld]s4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! ex]tion requir$ 9 c>ry+ on a game becomes appreciable1 ! game is conv]t$ into a task & loses its *>m4 ,! _s ( adv5ture1 on ! contr>y1 is call$ =? by ob/acles2 x delights 9 ! prospect ( difficulties to be ov]come2 x is ! sign ( a fre% & app>5tly b\ndless en]gy1 :i* has n yet be5 taught its limitations by ! r\gh contact ) realities4 ,! _s ( adv5ture beg9s to develop 9 *ildr5 :5 ! home life no long] entirely cont5ts !m1 :5 !y wi% to be fre$ f ! con/ra9t ( dep5d5ce on o!rs1 :5 x seems to !m z if ! :ole _w lay op5 to !m & !y c\ld d>e & d almo/ any?+4 ,x is at ?is "t t *ildr5 love to read tales ( travel1 & especially tales ( ! sea1 ( %ipwreck1 & hair-bread? escapes1 ( mon/]s sla9 by dauntless h]oes1 ( rescue & victory1 no matt] h[ improbable or impossible ! means4 ,n[ success 9 su* adv5tures dep5ds l>gely on c\rage4 ,& x is good = *ildr5 to h examples ev5 ( physical c\rage set be=e !m1 provid$ x be n brutal4 ,! crav5 he>t ought to be despis$4 ,m]e good int5tions ought n to c\nt4 ,unless "o has ! resolute w1 ! fe>less s\l1 t c face difficulties & dang] )\t fl9*+1 he w nev] be able to d a man's "w 9 ! _w4 ,?is lesson %\ld be impr9t$ e>ly4 ,a second pr]equisite ( success is pres5ce ( m9d1 or :at has be5 call$ above res\rceful intellig5ce4 ,& ?is quality is closely alli$ ) ! =m]4 ,pres5ce ( m9d is ! result ( brav]y4 ,! m9d w act ev5 9 p]il\s situations if x be n p>alyz$ by fe>4 ,x is fe> t causes ! :eels ( ?\ght to /op4 ,if "o c only keep (f ! clog ( fe>1 ! m9d w g on revolv+ & (t5 f9d a way ( escape :]e !re seem$ none4 ,be n a c[>d1 be brave & cle>-head$ 9 ! mid/ ( p]il--^! are lessons ! =ce ( :i* is appreciat$ by ! gr[+ pupil4 ,! ,iliad & ,odyssey tea* !m on e page4 ,brav]y & pres5ce ( m9d1 x is true1 are commonly reg>d$ z worldly1 r ?an z1 9 ! /rict s5se1 moral qualities4 ,h[ev] t may be--& ,i1 = "o1 am incl9$ to rank true c\rage & true pres5ce ( m9d among ! highe/ manife/ations ( ! moral nature--^! qualities :5 !y %[ !mselves 9 ! "y soon ex]t a favorable influ5ce on ! :ole "*1 & s]ve especially to trans=m ! attitude ( ! *ild t[>d its p>5ts4 ,hi!rto ! "y *ild has be5 cont5t to be ! m]e recipi5t ( favors2 z soon z ! new consci\sness ( /r5g?1 ! new s5se ( indep5d5ce & manl9ess has develop$1 ! son beg9s to feel t he w\ld l to give to 8 p>5ts z well z to receive f !m2 to be ( use to 8 fa!r1 & to conf] b5efits1 z f> z he is able1 9 ! %ape ( sub/antial s]vices4 ,^! rem>ks w f9d _! application 9 ! analysis ( ! ,odyssey1 :i* we %all pres5tly attempt4 ,! ,odyssey is a tale ( ! sea4 ,ulysses is ! type ( sagacity1 z well z ( brav]y1 8 m9d teems ) inv5tions4 ,9 ! boy ,telema*us we behold a son /ruggl+ to cut loose f 8 "m's lead+-/r+s1 & laudably ambiti\s to be ( use to 8 p>5ts4 ,9 ! ,odyssey we ga9 a di/9ct advance ^u ! moral results obta9$ f ! /udy ( ! biblical /ories4 ,9 ! ,bible x is *iefly ! love ( p>5ts = _! *ildr5 :i* is dwelt ^u1 9 ! ,odyssey ! devotion ( *ildr5 to _! p>5ts2 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 m>ks a lat] /age4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 too1 ! conjugal relation comes into ! =egr\nd4 ,9 ! ,bible1 ! love ( ! husb& = 8 wife is repeat$ly t\*$ ^u4 ,b ! love ( ! wife = ! husb& is n equally emphasiz$1 & ! relations betwe5 ! two d n receive p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! jo9t au?ority ( bo? p>5ts ov] _! *ildr5 is ! pr$om9ant fact1 ! delicate bonds ( feel+ :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! p>5ts !mselves are n 9 view4 ,& ?is aga9 corresponds to ! e>li] /age ( *ildhood4 ,! "y *ild p]ceives ! jo9t love :i* fa!r & "m be> t[>d x1 & feels ! jo9t au?ority :i* !y ex]cise ov] x4 ,b z ! *ild gr[s up1 its eyes are op5$ to p]ceive m cle>ly ! love :i* ! p>5ts be> to "o ano!r1 & its affection = bo? is f$ & ! desire to s]ve !m is /r5g!n$ by ?is new insight4 ,?us x is 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,! ye>n+ ( ,ulysses = 8 wife1 ! fidelity ( ,p5elope dur+ tw5ty ye>s ( sep>ation1 are ! lead+ !me ( ! n>rative1 & ! effect ( ?is love ^u _! son is app>5t ?r\gh\t ! poem4 ,let u n[ consid] ! e?ical elem5ts ( ! ,odyssey 9 "s detail1 arrang+ !m "u sep>ate heads4 #a4 ,conjugal affection4 ,ulysses has be5 = sev5 ye>s a prison] 9 ! cave ( ,calypso4 ,! nymph ( ! gold5 hair (f]s him ! gift ( immortality if he w cons5t to be h] husb&1 b he is pro( aga9/ h] bl&i%m5ts1 & asks = no?+ b to be dismiss$1 s t he may see 8 de> home & hold 8 own true wife once m 9 8 arms4 ,ap>t ^u ! %ore ,he sat & sorr[$4 ,& (t 9 te>s ,& sighs & va9 rep9+s pass$ ! h\rs1 ,gaz+ ) wet eyes on ! b>r5 deep4#ad ,i w\ld rem>k t1 z ! poem is too long to be read ?r\gh entirely1 & z !re are passages 9 x :i* %\ld be omitt$1 x is advisable = ! tea*] to n>rate ! /ory1 quot+1 h[ev]1 su* passages z give po9t to ! n>rative or h a special beauty ( _! own4 ,read ! description ( ,calypso's cave v1 #gc1 ff4 ,p5elope meantime is pati5tly await+ h] husb&'s return4 ,read ! passages :i* describe h] great beauty1 especially t lovely ^w-picture 9 :i* %e is describ$ z /&+ by a tall column 9 ! hall1 a maid on ei!r side1 a veil hid+ h] lu/r\s face1 :ile %e addresses ! suitors4 ,! noble/ pr9ces ( ,i?aca & ! surr\nd+ isles entreat h] h& 9 m>riage1 &1 ?9k+ t ,ulysses w nev] return1 hold high revels 9 8 h\se1 & %amelessly consume 8 weal?4 ,read ! passage ii1 #aaf-afj1 describ+ ,p5elope's device to put (f ! suitors1 & at ! same "t to av]t ! dang] :i* w\ld h ?reat5$ h] son 9 case %e _h op5ly brok5 ) ! *iefs4 ,! love ( ,p5elope is fur!r set vividly be=e u by _m delicate t\*es4 ,e /rang] :o arrives 9 ,i?aca is hospitably ent]ta9$ by ! que51 & load$ ) gifts1 9 ! hope t he may br+ h] "s news ( h] abs5t "l1 & (t5 %e is deceiv$ by wret*es :o speculate on h] cr$ul\s grief4 ,see ! passage xiv1 #aee4 ,dur+ ! day %e is busy ) h] h\sehold c>es1 ov]see+ h] maids1 & seek+ to div]t h] m9d by busy occupation2 b at night ! sil5ce & ! solitude become intol]able1 & %e weeps h] eyes out on h] lonely c\*4 ,h[ ! love ( ,p5elope influ5ces h] boy1 :o 0 a m]e babe :5 8 fa!r left = ,troy1 h[ ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! h\se is *>g$ ) ! s5se ( expectancy ( ! ma/]'s return1 is %[n 9 ! passage ii1 #dci1 :]e ,telema*us says3 ,nurse1 let sweet w9e be drawn into my j>s1 ,! f9e/ next to t :i* ?\ do/ keep1 ,expect+ our unhappy "l1 if yet ,! nobly born ,ulysses %all escape ,! doom ( dea? & come to u aga94 ,! be/ *e]1 ! f9e/ w9e1 ! be/ ( ev]y?+ is kept ready aga9/ ! fa!r's home-com+1 :i* may be look$ = any day1 if haply he has escap$ ! doom ( dea?4 ,!re is "o passage 9 :i* we might suspect t ! poet has int5d$ to %[ ! h>d5+ effect ( grief on ,p5elope's "*1 xv1 #dgi4 ,p5elope does n speak to h] old s]vants any m2 %e passes !m by )\t a ^w1 app>5tly )\t see+ !m4 ,%e does n att5d to _! wants z %e us$ to d1 & !y1 9 turn1 d n d>e to address h]4 ,b we may =give ?is seem+ indiff]5ce inasmu* z x only %[s h[ completely %e is absorb$ by h] sorr[4 ,a companion picture to ! love ( ,ulysses & ,p5elope is to be f\nd 9 ! conjugal relation ( ,alc9\s1 k+ ( ,phaeacia1 & 8 wife ,arete1 z describ$ 9 ! six? book & ! foll[+4 ,?is :ole episode is incomp>ably beautiful4 ,0 !re ev] a m p]fect embodim5t ( girli% grace & mode/y1 c\pl$ ) sweete/ frankness1 ?an ,nausicaa8 ,& :at a s]ies ( lovely pictures is made to pass 9 quick succession be=e our eyes z we read ! /ory6 ,fir/1 ,nausicaa1 mov$ by ! desire to prep>e h] w$d+ g>m5ts aga9/ h] unkn[n lov]'s com+1 n a%am$ to ackn[l$ge ! motive to h] own pure he>t1 b veil+ x discreetly be=e h] "m2 !n ! b& ( maid5s sett+ out ^u _! picnic p>ty1 ,nausicaa hold+ ! re9s2 next ! wa%+ ( ! g>m5ts1 ! ba?1 ! game ( ball1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ,ulysses1 ! flight ( h] companions1 ! brave girl be+ left to keep h] place alone1 ) a c\rage born ( pity = ! /rang]1 & ( virtu\s womanhood4 ,alone ,! daught] ( ,alc9\s kept h] place1 ,= ,pallas gave h] c\rage & =bade ,h] limb to tremble4 ,s %e wait$ !re4 ,:o t has inhal$ ! fragrance ( h] pres5ce f ^! pages c ev] =get ! :ite-arm$ ,nausicaa6 ,!n foll[s ! picture ( ! palace1 a fea/ = ! imag9ation1 ! mo/ magnific5t description1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! :ole poem4 ,= on e side b5ea? ,! l(ty ro( ( t magnanim\s k+ ,a glory %one z ( ! summ] moons4 ,read f l4 #ajj-abh1 book vii4 ,next we witness ! spl5did hospitality pr(f]$ to ! /rang] gue/4 ,= aga9 & aga9 9 ?is poem ! noble s5tim5t is repeat$1 t ! /rang] & ! poor are s5t f ,jove4 ,!n we see ,ulysses engag$ 9 ! games1 outdo+ ! re/1 or /&+ aside & wat*+ ! tw9kle ( ! danc]'s feet4 ,! language1 too1 us$ on ^! occasions is /rik+ly noble1 s c\rte\s & well-*os51 s simple & dignifi$1 convey+ ri* mean+s 9 ! fewe/ possible words4 ,:at c be f9]1 e4 g41 ?an ,nausicaa's f>ewell to ,ulysses8 ,n[1 :5 ! maids ,_h se5 him ba!d1 & _h ano9t$ him ,) oil1 & put 8 sumptu\s mantle on1 ,& tunic1 =? he issu$ f ! ba?1 ,& came to ^? :o sat be=e _! w9e4 ,nausicaa1 goddess-l 9 beauty1 /ood ,beside a pill> ( t noble ro(1 ,&1 look+ on ,ulysses z he pass$1 ,admir$1 & said to him 9 w+$ words-- ',/rang]1 f>ewell1 & 9 ?y native l& ,rememb] ?\ ha/ ow$ ?y life to me4' ,nausicaa1 x is evid5t1 loves ,ulysses2 %e /&s beside a pill>1 a favorite attitude = beautiful wom5 ) ,hom]1 & z ,ulysses passes1 %e addresses to him ^? few words s fraught ) t5d]ness & r5unciation4 ,ulysses's own spee* to ,arete1 too1 is a model ( simplicity & dignity1 possess+1 x seems to me1 some?+ ( ! same quality :i* we admire 9 ! spee*es ( ,o!llo4 ,b ?r\gh\t ?is n>rative1 pre-em95t above all ! o!r figures 9 x is ! figure ( ! que5 h]self1 ( ,arete4 ,su* a daught] z ,nausicaa c\ld only come f su* a "m4 ,to h] ,ulysses is advis$ to address 8 supplication4 ,%e is ! wise matron1 ! peace-mak] :o composes ! angry feuds ( ! m54 ,& %e possesses ! :ole he>t & devotion ( h] husb&4 ,h] ,alc9\s made 8 wife ,& honor$ h] z n[h]e else on e>? ,is any woman honor$ :o be>s *>ge ,ov] a husb&'s h\sehold4 ,f _! he>ts ,h] *ildr5 pay h] rev]5ce1 & ! k+ ,& all ! p1 = !y look on h] ,z if %e 7 a goddess4 ,:5 %e goes ,abroad into ! /reets1 all welcome h] ,) acclamations4 ,nev] does %e fail ,9 wise disc]nm5t1 b decides disputes ,k9dly & ju/ly betwe5 man & man4 ,& if ?\ ga9 h] favor !re is hope ,t ?\ may/ see ?y fri5ds once m4 ,we h !n z illu/rations ( conjugal fidelity3 ! ma9 picture1 ,ulysses & ,p5elope2 ! companion picture1 ,alc9\s & ,arete2 &1 z a foil to set (f bo?1 !re looms up e n[ & !n 9 ! c\rse ( ! poem1 t unhappy pair1 ,agamemnon & ,clytemne/ra1 ! latt]1 ! type ( conjugal infidelity1 f :i* ! s\l ( ,hom] revolts4 ,?is foil is v skillfully us$4 ,at ! v end ( ! poem1 :5 ev]y?+ is ha/5+ t[>d a happy consummation1 ,ulysses hav+ sla9 ! suitors & be+ ab\t to be reunit$ ) 8 wife1 we are introduc$ into ! _w ( %ades1 :]e ! gho/ ( ,agamemnon once m rehe>ses ! /ory ( ,clytemne/ra's trea*]y4 ,at t mom5t ! spirits ( ! suitors come fly+ d[n to ,hades1 & ! happi] de/9y ( ,ulysses is ?us br\ght into cle>] relief by contra/4 ,! next e?ical elem5t ( :i* ,i h to speak is ! filial conduct ( ,telema*us4 ,9 him ! _s ( adv5ture has develop$ into a desire to help 8 fa!r4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! poem he ann\nces t he is n[ a *ild no long]4 ,he beg9s to ass]t au?ority4 ,& yet 9 8 home he cont9ues to be treat$ z a *ild4 ,! suitors laugh at him1 8 own "m c n be> to ?9k t he %\ld g out into ! wide _w alone1 & ! news ( 8 dep>ture is accord+ly conceal$ f h]4 ,v f9e are ! words 9 :i* h] "m's love expresses itself :5 %e discov]s 8 abs5ce3 ,& h] knees fail$ h] & h] he>t ,sank z %e he>d4 ,long "t %e c\ld n speak2 ,h] eyes 7 fill$ ) te>s1 & h] cle> voice ,0 *ok$2 yet1 f9d+ words at l5g?1 %e said3 ',o h]ald6 :]e=e %\ld my son h gone8' 444 ,n[1 my son1 ,my be/ belov$1 goes to sea--a boy ,unus$ to h>d%ip & unskill$ to deal ,) /rang]s4 ,m ,i sorr[ = 8 sake ,?an = 8 fa!r's4 ,i am fill$ ) fe>4 ,%e lies out/ret*$ ^u ! floor ( h] *amb] ov]come ) grief 7iv1 #iaj74 ,telema*us1 h[ev]1 has gone =? 9 se>* ( 8 sire4 ,he f9ds a fri5d 9 ,pisi/ratus1 ! son ( ,ne/or1 & ! two y\?s jo9 company on ! j\rney4 ,!y come to ! c\rt ( ,m5elaus1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,!re1 z ev]y:]e1 ,telema*us he>s m5 speak ( 8 great fa!r 9 t]ms ( ! highe/ admiration & praise1 & ! desire m\nts 9 8 s\l to d de$s wor?y ( su* a p>5t4 ,:at bett] /imulation c we (f] to gr[+ *ildr5 ?an ?is recital ( ,telema*us's developm5t f boyhood into manhood8 ,8 reception at ! c\rt ( ,m5elaus af=ds an opportunity to dwell aga9 ^u ! g5]\s & delicate hospitality ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,fir/1 ! gue/ is receiv$ at ! gates2 !n conduct$ to ! ba? & ano9t$2 !n1 :5 he is seat$ on a silv] or p]*ance a gold5 ?rone1 a h&maid5 advances ) a silv] ew] & a gold5 jug to p\r wat] on 8 h&s2 !n a noble banquet is set out = 8 delectation2 & only !n1 aft] all ^! rites ( hospitality h be5 complet$1 is inquiry made z to 8 "n & 8 err&4 ,! /rang] & ! poor are s5t f ,jove4 ,! /rang] & ! poor 7 welcome 9 ! ,grecian h\se4 ,telema*us returns to ,i?aca1 escapes ! ambu% :i* ! murd]\s suitors _h set = him1 & arrives j 9 "t to help 8 fa!r 9 8 la/ desp]ate /ruggle4 ,x is he1 ,telema*us1 :o conveys ! weapons f ! hall1 he :o p9ions ! trea*]\s ,melan!us & r5d]s him h>mless4 ,he quits himself l a man--discreet1 able to keep 8 c\nsel1 & brave & quick 9 ! mom5t ( decisive action4 ,! ?ird elem5t :i* attracts our att5tion is ! res\rceful intellig5ce ( ,ulysses1 or 8 pres5ce ( m9d amid dang]4 ,?is is exhibit$ on _m occasions2 = in/ance1 9 ! cave ( ,polyphemus2 :]e he saves 8 companions by conceal+ !m 9 ! fleece ( ! giant's flock1 & at ! "t ( ! great %ipwreck1 be=e he rea*es ,phaeacia4 ,8 raft is %att]$1 & he is plung$ into ! sea4 ,he cl+s to "o ( ! fragm5ts ( ! wreck1 b f ?is too is dislodg$4 ,= two days & nights he /ruggles 9 ! black1 /ormy wat]s4 ,at la/ he approa*es ! %ore1 b is ne>ly da%$ to pieces on ! rocks4 ,he swims aga9 out to sea1 until1 f9d+ himself opposite ! m\? ( a riv]1 he /rikes out = ?is & l&s 9 safety4 ,pallas ,a!ne has guid$ him4 ,b ,pallas ,a!ne is only ano!r "n = 8 own c\rage & pres5ce ( m9d4 ,9 ! same connection may be relat$ ! /ory ( ,ulysses's escape f ! ,sir5s & f ! tw9 p]ils ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis4 ,! ,sir5s1 ) _! bewit*+ songs1 seek to lure him & 8 companions to de/ruction4 ,b he /ops ! e>s ( 8 companions ) wax s t !y c n he>1 & causes himself to be b\nd ) /\t cords to ! ma/1 s t1 ?\gh he may he>1 he c n foll[4 ,!re is an obvi\s lesson conta9$ 9 ?is allegory4 ,:5 ab\t to be expos$ to temptation1 if y "k t y are weak1 d n ev5 li/5 to ! s$uctive voices4 ,b no matt] h[ /rong y believe y\rself to be1 at lea/ give su* pl$ges & place y\rself 9 su* conditions t y may be prev5t$ f yield+4 ,f ! mon/] ,*>ybdis1 too1 ,ulysses escapes by extraord9>y pres5ce ( m9d & c\rage4 ,he leaps upw>d to cat* ! fig-tree 9 ! mom5t :5 8 %ip disappe>s b5ea? him 9 ! :irlpool2 !n1 :5 x is ca/ up aga91 lets g 8 hold & is swept out into safe wat]s4 ,! f\r? e?ical elem5t :i* we select f ! poem is ! v5]ation %[n to gr&p>5ts4 ,i h already rem>k$1 9 a =m] lecture1 t if p>5ts wi% to reta9 ! rev]5ce ( _! *ildr5 !y c n d bett] ?an 9 _! turn to %[ !mselves rev]5t t[>d _! own ag$ & enfeebl$ p>5ts4 ,( su* conduct ! ,odyssey (f]s u a numb] ( *oice examples4 ,?us ,a*illes1 meet+ ,ulysses 9 ! realm ( %ades1 says t ! h>de/ "p ( 8 lot is to ?9k ( 8 poor old fa!r1 :o has no "o n[ to def5d him1 & :o1 be+ weak1 is likely to be neglect$ & despis$4 ,if only he1 ! /rong son1 c\ld return to ! light ( day1 h[ he w\ld protect 8 ag$ p>5t & insure him ! respect due to 8 gray hairs6 ,p5elope is advis$ to s5d to ,la]tes1 ,telema*us's gr&fa!r1 to secure 8 aid aga9/ ! suitors4 ,b ) delicate consid]ation %e keeps ! bad news f him1 say+3 ,he has en\gh grief to be> on acc\nt ( ! loss ( 8 son ,ulysses2 let me n add to 8 burd54 ,aga91 h[ beautiful is ! acc\nt ( ! meet+ ( ,la]tes & ,ulysses aft] ! return & triumph ( ! latt]4 ,on ! f>m1 at "s di/ance f ! t[n1 ,ulysses seeks 8 ag$ fa!r4 ,la]tes is busy digg+4 ,he1 a k+1 we>s a peasant's ru/ic g>b & lives a life ( au/]e self-d5ial1 griev+ night & day = 8 abs5t son4 ,:5 ,ulysses m5tions 8 "n1 ,la]tes at fir/ does n believe4 ,!n ! h]o approa*es ! b5t & decrepit old man1 & becomes = ! mom5t a *ild aga94 ,he br+s up recollections ( 8 e>lie/ boyhood2 he rem9ds 8 fa!r ( ! g>d5-pat* :i* he set aside = him long1 long ago2 ( ! trees & v9es :i* he gave him to plant2 & !n ! fa!r realizes t ! mighty man be=e him is inde$ 8 son4 ,! /ructural l9es ( ! ,odyssey are cle>ly m>k$1 & c easily be foll[$4 ,fir/1 we are %[n ! h\se ( ,ulysses b]eft ( its ma/]4 ,! noisy cr[d ( suitors are c>\s+ 9 ! hall2 ! despair+ ,p5elope weaves h] web 9 an upp] *amb]2 ! resolve to d & d>e = 8 fa!r's sake awak5s 9 ,telema*us's he>t4 ,next ,ulysses on ! way home1 dismiss$ by ,calypso1 arrives at ,phaeacia1 f :i* port )\t fur!r misadv5tures he rea*es ,i?aca4 ,! /ay 9 ! palace ( ! ,phaeacian k+ gives an opportunity = a rehe>sal ( ! previ\s suff]+s & adv5tures ( ! h]o4 ,!n foll[ ! prep>ations = ! conflict ) ! suitors2 ! appe>ance ( ,ulysses 9 8 own palace 9 ! guise ( a begg>2 ! insults & bl[s :i* he receives at ! h&s ( 8 rivals & _! m5ials2 ! bloody fight1 etc4 ,9 relat+ ! /ory ,i %\ld foll[ ! c\rse ( ! poem1 lay+ /ress ^u ! e?ical elem5ts enum]at$ above4 ,! fight :i* took place 9 ! palace halls ) clos$ doors %\ld be m]ely m5tion$1 its bloody details omitt$4 ,! hang+ ( ! maid5s1 ! trick ( ,vulcan relat$ 9 a previ\s book1 & o!r m9or episodes1 :i* ! tea*] w di/+ui% )\t difficulty1 %\ld likewise be pass$ ov]4 ,! recognition sc5es are manag$ ) wond]ful skill4 ,! successive recognitions seem to take place inv]sely 9 ! ord] ( previ\s connection & intimacy ) ,ulysses4 ,! son1 :o 0 a m]e babe :5 8 fa!r left & did n "k him at all1 recognizes him fir/4 ,?is1 moreov]1 is necess>y 9 ord] t 8 aid may be secur$ = ! com+ /ruggle4 ,next comes ,argus1 ! dog4 ,:ile ov] ,argus ! black night ( dea? ,came sudd5ly z he _h se5 ,ulysses1 abs5t n[ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,next comes ! nurse ,eurycleia1 :o recognizes him by a sc> inflict$ by ! :ite tusk ( a bo> :om he hunt$ on ,p>nassus's heights2 !n 8 fai?ful foll[]s2 la/ ( all1 & sl[ly & ) difficulty1 ! wife :o _h s ye>n$ = him4 ,h] impetu\s son c\ld n und]/& h] t>d9ess4 ,vehem5tly he *id h]3 ,"m1 unfeel+ "m1 h[ can/ ?\ rema9 alo(1 h[ keep f tak+ at my fa!r's side ?y place to talk ) him & "q him8 ,"m1 ?y he>t is h>d] ?an a /one4 ,b %e only sat opposite to ,ulysses & gaz$ & gaz$ & wond]$4 ,ulysses himself1 at la/1 9 despair at h] imp5etrable sil5ce1 exclaim$1 ,an iron he>t is h]s4 ,b x 0 only t %e c\ld n believe4 ,x seem$ s incr$ible to h] t ! long wait+ %\ld be ov]2 t ! desire ( h] he>t %\ld really be fulfill$2 t ?is man be=e h] %\ld be inde$ ! husb&1 ! long-lo/ husb&1 & n a mock+ dream4 ,b :5 at la/ x dawn$ ^u h]1 :5 he gave h] ! tok5 ( ! my/]y kn[n only to him & to h]1 !n inde$ ! ice ( incr$ulity melt$ f h] he>t1 & h] knees falt]$ & ! te>s /ream$ f h] eyes1 & %e rose & ran to him & flung h] arm ab\t 8 neck & kiss$ 8 br[1 & he1 too1 wept z 9 8 arms he held 8 de>ly lov$ & fai?ful wife4 ,z welcome z ! l& to ^? :o swim ! deep1 toss$ by ! bill[ & ! bla/1 & few are ^? :o f ! ho>y ocean rea* ! %ore1 _! limbs all cre/$ ) ! br9e1 ^! gladly climb ! sea-bea* & are safe--s welcome 0 h] husb& to h] eyes1 nor w\ld h] fair :ite arms release 8 neck4 ,& s ) ! words utt]$ by ! %ade ( ,agamemnon we may fitly close ?is retrospect ( ! poem3 ,son ( ,la]tes1 =tunate & wise1 ,ulysses6 ?\ by feats ( em95t might ,& valor do/ possess ?y wife aga94 ,& nobly m9d$ is ?y blameless que51 ,! daught] ( ,ic>ius1 fai?fully ,rememb]+ him to :om %e gave h] tro? ,:ile yet a virg94 ,nev] %all ! fame ,( 8 great valor p]i%1 & ! gods ,!mselves %all frame1 = ^? :o dwell on e>?1 ,sweet /ra9s 9 praise ( sage ,p5elope4 ,well might ! rhapsodes 9 ! old5 days1 clad 9 embroid]$ robes1 ) gold5 wrea?s ab\t _! br[s1 recite su* v]ses z ^! to ! assembl$ ?\s&s & t5 ?\s&s4 ,well might ! ,hell5ic race treasure ^! records ( filial loyalty1 ( maid5 purity1 ( wifely t5d]ness & fidelity1 ( brav]y1 & ( intellig5ce4 ,& well may we1 too1 desire t ?is gold5 /ream fl[+ d[n to u f anci5t ,greece %all ent] ! curr5t ( our *ildr5's lives to broad5 & enri* !m4 ,i h n space at my comm& to attempt a m9ute analysis ( ! ,iliad1 & %all cont5t myself ) m5tion+ ! ma9 significant po9ts4 ,! ,iliad is full ( ! noises ( w>1 ! hurtl+ ( arr[s1 ! fla%+ ( swords1 ! s\nd+ ( spe>s on metal %ields1 ! groans ( ! dy+1 ^: eyes black d>kness cov]s4 ,! *ief virtues illu/rat$ are valor1 hospitality1 conjugal affection1 respect = ! ag$4 ,i (f] ! foll[+ sugge/ions to ! tea*]4 ,aft] describ+ ! wra? ( ,a*illes1 relate ! meet+ ( ,diom$es & ,glaucus1 _! ho/ile enc\nt]1 & _! magnanim\s embrace on discov]+ t !y are great fri5ds4 ,read ! beautiful passage beg9n+ ) ! words1 ,ev5 z ! g5]ations ( leaves1 su* are ^? likewise ( m54 ,dwell on ! p>t+ ( ,hector & ,&roma*e4 ,note t %e has lo/ h] fa!r1 h] lady "m1 & h] sev5 bro!rs4 ,hector is to h] fa!r1 "m1 bro!r1 & husb&1 all 9 "o4 ,note also ,hector's pray] = 8 son t ! latt] may excel him 9 brav]y4 ,z illu/rative ( fri5d%ip1 tell ! /ory ( ,a*illes's grief = ,patroclus1 h[ he lies prone ^u ! gr\nd1 /rew+ 8 head ) du/2 h[ he foll[s ! body lam5t+2 h[ he decl>es t ?\gh ! dead =get _! dead 9 ,hades1 ev5 !re he w\ld n =get 8 de> comrade4 ,next tell ( ! slay+ ( ,hector1 & h[ ,a*illes honors ! suppliant ,priam & re/ores to him ! body ( 8 son4 ,x is ! memory ( 8 own ag$ fa!r1 :i* ! sight ( ,priam recalls1 t melts ,a*illes's he>t1 & !y weep toge!r1 ea* = 8 own dead4 ,f9ally1 note ! tribute paid to ,hector's delicate *ivalry 9 ! lam5t ( ,hel54#ae ,,footnotes3 #ac ,see ,jebb's ,introduction to ,hom]4 #ad ,! quotations are tak5 f ,bryant's translation ( ! ,odyssey4 #ae ,9 connection ) ! ,hom]ic poems selections f ,greek my?ology may be us$1 su* z ! /ory ( ,h]cules1 ( ,!seus1 ( ,p]seus1 ! /ory ( ! ,argonauts1 & o!rs4 ,^!1 too1 brea! ! _s ( adv5ture & illu/rate ! virtues ( c\rage1 p]sev]ance amid difficulties1 *ivalry1 etc4 ,,gramm> ,,c\rse4 ,,lessons ,,on ,,duty4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,acquir+ ,,k4 ,9 sett+ out on a new pa? x is well to det]m9e be=eh& ! goal we hope to rea*4 ,we are ab\t to beg9 ! discussion ( ! gramm> c\rse1 :i* is int5d$ = *ildr5 betwe5 twelve & fifte5 ye>s ( age1 & accord+ly ask3 ,:at result c we expect to atta98 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 we mu/ cont9ue to grade our tea*+1 to adapt ea* successive /ep to ! capacities ( ! pupils1 to keep pace ) _! m5tal developm5t4 ,! due gradation ( moral tea*+ is all-important4 ,:e!r ! gradations we propose are correct is1 ( c\rse1 a matt] = discussion2 b1 at all ev5ts1 a po9t w be ga9$ if we %all h br\ght home =cibly to tea*]s ! necessity ( a grad$1 ( a progressive sy/em4 ,9 ! prim>y c\rse we h set be=e ! pupils examples ( good & bad conduct1 ) a view to tra9+ _! p[]s ( moral p]ception4 ,we are n[ ready to advance f p]cepts to concepts4 ,we h endeavor$ to cultivate ! faculty ( obs]vation1 we c n[ attempt ! high] task ( g5]alization4 ,9 ! prim>y c\rse we h tri$ to make ! pupils p]ceive moral di/9ctions2 9 ! gramm> c\rse we %all try to make !m reason ab\t moral di/9ctions1 help !m to ga9 notions ( duty1 to arrive at pr9ciples or maxims ( good conduct4 ,! gramm> c\rse1 !re=e1 w consi/ 9 ! ma9 ( lessons on duty4 ,:at has j be5 said1 h[ev]1 requires fur!r explanation to prev5t misappreh5sion4 ,i h rem>k$ t ! pupil is n[ to rea* out t[>d concepts ( duty1 & to e/abli% = himself maxims or pr9ciples ( conduct4 ,b ( :at nature %all ^! maxims be8 ,! philosoph] ,kant has propos$ ! foll[+ maxim3 ,s act t ! maxim und]ly+ ?y action may ju/ify itself to ?y m9d z a univ]sal law ( conduct4 ,accord+ to him1 ! note ( univ]sality is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( all e?ical conduct4 ,! s*ool ( ,b5?am proposes a diff]5t maxim3 ,s act t ! result ( ?y action %all t5d to insure ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,!ologians tell u s to act t our w may h>monize ) ! w ( ,god4 ,b pupils ( ! gramm> grade are n ripe to und]/& su* metaphysical & !ological propositions4 ,&1 moreov]1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 our fir/ lecture1 x w\ld be a grave inju/ice to tea* 9 s*ools support$ by all e?ical fir/ pr9ciples :i* are accept$ only by "s4 ,we are n conc]n$ ) fir/ pr9ciples4 ,we exclude ! discussion ( !m1 be !y philosophical or !ological1 f ! s*ool4 ,b !re are c]ta9 second>y pr9ciples1 c]ta9 m concrete rules ( behavior1 :i* nev]!less possess ! "* ( g5]alizations1 & ^! w suffice = our purpose4 ,& ) respect to ^! !re is really no diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! diff]5t s*ools & sects1 & on !m z a f\ndation we c build4 ,x is our bus9ess to discov] su* second>y pr9ciples1 & 9 our in/ruction to lead ! pupil to ! recognition ( !m4 ,! nature ( ! =mulas ( duty :i* we h 9 m9d--=mulas :i* %all express ! g5]aliz$ moral exp]i5ce ( civiliz$ mank9d1 w appe> m pla9ly if we exam9e ! processes by :i* we arrive at !m4 ,an example w be/ elucidate3 ,suppose t ,i am ask$ to give a lesson on ! duty ( tru?fulness4 ,at ! /age :i* we h n[ rea*$ x w n be en\gh m]ely to emphasize ! g5]al comm&m5t aga9/ ly+4 ,! g5]al comm&m5t leaves 9 ! pupil's m9d a multitude ( d\bts unsolv$4 ,%all ,i always tell ! tru?--t is to say1 ! :ole tru?1 z ,i "k x1 & to ev]ybody8 ,is x nev] "r to )hold ! tru?1 or ev5 to say :at is ! contr>y ( true1 z1 e4 g41 to ! sick or insane4 ,su* que/ions z ^! are con/antly be+ ask$4 ,:at is ne$$ is a rule ( v]acity :i* %all leave ! g5]al pr9ciple ( tru?-speak+ un%ak51 & %all yet cov] all ^! exceptional cases4 ,h[ to arrive at su* a rule8 ,i %\ld g ab\t x 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 & ! me?od "h describ$ is ! "o :i* is int5d$ to be foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( lessons on duty4 ,i %\ld beg9 by pres5t+ a concrete case4 ,a c]ta9 *ild _h brok5 a preci\s vase4 ,:5 ask$ :e!r x _h done s1 x answ]$1 ,no4 ,h[ d y *>act]ize su* a /atem5t8 ,z a falsehood4 ,! active p>ticipation ( ! pupils 9 ! discussion is ess5tial4 ,prop]ly que/ion$1 !y w jo9 9 x he>t & s\l4 ,!re mu/ be con/ant give & take betwe5 tea*] & class4 ,^u ! fulfillm5t ( ?is condition ! value ( ?is sort ( tea*+ entirely dep5ds4 ,! tea*] !n proce$s to analyze ! in/ance above giv51 or any o!r t he may select f ^? :i* ! pupils (f] him4 ,! *ild says no :5 x %\ld h said yes1 or a p]son says black :5 he %\ld h said :ite4 ,9 :at does ! falsehood ( su* /atem5ts consi/8 ,9 ! circum/ance t ! words spok5 d n correspond to ! facts4 ,%all we !n =mulate ! rule ( v]acity z foll[s3 ,make ?y words correspond to ! facts2 & %all we inf] t any "o ^: words d n correspond to ! facts is a li>8 ,b cle>ly ?is is n s4 ,! class is ask$ to give in/ances t5d+ to prove ! insuffici5cy ( ! propos$ =mula4 ,be=e ! days ( ,cop]nicus x 0 g5]ally ass]t$ t ! sun revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,%\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 sett+ d[n ! _m excell5t p]sons :o made su* /atem5ts z li>s8 ,yet _! words did n correspond to ! facts4 ,v true2 b !y did n int5d to deviate f ! facts--!y did n "k bett]4 ,%all we !n *ange ! =mula s z to read3 ,int5d t ?y words %all con=m to ! facts8 ,b ! phrase correspond to ! facts ne$s to be made m explicit4 ,cases occur 9 :i* a /atem5t does correspond to ! facts1 or1 at lea/1 seems to d s1 & yet a contemptible falsehood is impli$4 ,! in/ance ( ! truant boy is 9 po9t :o ent]$ ! s*ool-build+ five m9utes be=e ! close ( ! ex]cises1 & on be+ ask$ at home :e!r he _h be5 at s*ool1 promptly answ]$ ,yes2 & s he _h be5 = five m9utes4 ,b 9 ?is case ! boy suppress$ a "p ( ! facts--&1 moreov]1 ! ess5tial "p--namely1 t he _h be5 abs5t f s*ool = five h\rs & fifty-five m9utes4 ,cases ( m5tal res]vation & ! l fall "u ! same condemnation4 ,! p]son :o took an oa? 9 c\rt1 us+ ! words1 ,z truly z ,i /& on ?is /one1 b :o _h previ\sly fill$ 8 %oes ) e>?1 suppress$ ! ess5tial fact--viz41 t he _h fill$ 8 %oes ) e>?4 ,%all we !n =mulate ! rule 9 ?is wise3 ,int5d to make ?y words correspond to ! ess5tial facts8 ,b ev5 ?is w n entirely satisfy4 ,= !re are cases1 surely1 9 :i* we delib]ately frame our words 9 su* a way t !y %all n correspond to ! ess5tial facts--= in/ance1 if we %\ld meet a murd]] :o %\ld ask u 9 :i* direction 8 int5d$ victim _h fl$1 or 9 ! case ( an insane p]son int5t on suicide1 or ( ! sick 9 extreme dang]1 :om ! communication ( bad news w\ld kill4 ,h[ c we ju/ify su* a proc$ure8 ,we c ju/ify x on ! gr\nd t language z a means ( communication is int5d$ to fur!r ! rational purposes ( human life1 & n conv]sely are ! rational purposes ( life to be sacrific$ to any m]ely =mal pr9ciple ( tru?-tell+4 ,a p]son :o1 l ! murd]]1 is ab\t to use ! fact convey$ to him by my words z a weapon ) :i* to kill a fell[-be+ has no "r to be put 9 possession ( ! fact4 ,an insane p]son1 :o c n use ! tru?ful communications ( o!rs except = irrational ends1 is also outside ! pale ( ^? to :om su* tools c prop]ly be intru/$4 ,& s are ! sick1 :5 s enfeebl$ t ! %ock ( grief w\ld de/roy !m4 ,= ! rational use ( grief is to provoke 9 u a moral reaction1 to r\se 9 u ! /r5g? to be> our heavy burd5s1 &1 9 be>+1 to le>n invaluable moral lessons4 ,b ^? :o are physically too weak to rally f ! fir/ %ock ( grief are unable to secure ?is result1 & !y mu/ !re=e be class$1 = ! "t be+1 z p]sons n 9 a condition to make rational use ( ! facts ( life4 ,x is n f pa9 & suff]+ t we are p]mitt$ to %ield !m4 ,pa9 & suff]+ we mu/ be will+ bo? to endure & also to inflict ^u ^? :om we love be/1 if necess>y4 ,reason c & %\ld triumph ov] pa94 ,b :5 ! reason+ faculty is impair$1 or :5 ! body is too weak to respond to ! call ( reason1 ! obligation ( tru?-tell+ ceases4 ,i am n unaw>e t ?is is a dang]\s doctr9e to tea*4 ,i %\ld always take ! greate/ pa9s to impress ^u my pupils t ! irrational condition1 :i* alone ju/ifies ! )hold+ ( ! tru?1 mu/ be s obvi\s t !re c be no mi/ake ab\t x1 z 9 ! case ( ! murd]] :o1 ) knife 9 h&1 pursues 8 victim1 or ( ! insane1 or ( ! sick1 9 reg>d to :om ! physician positively decl>es t ! %ock ( bad news w\ld endang] life4 ,b ,i d ?9k t we are b\nd to face ^! exceptional cases1 & to discuss !m ) our pupils4 ,= ! latt] "k z well z we t 9 c]ta9 exceptional situations ! be/ m5 d n tell ! tru?1 t 9 su* situations no "o tells ! tru?1 except he be a moral fanatic4 ,& unless ^! exceptional cases are cle>ly m>k$ (f & expla9$ & ju/ifi$1 ! g5]al au?ority ( tru? w be %ak51 or at lea/ ! obligation ( v]acity w become v mu* confus$ 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! confusion :i* does exi/ on ?is subject is l>gely due to a failure to di/+ui% betwe5 inw>d tru?fulness & tru?fulness z reflect$ 9 spee*4 ,! law ( inw>d tru?fulness tol]ates no exceptions4 ,we %\ld always1 & z f> z possible1 be absolutely tru?ful1 9 our ?9k+1 9 our e/imates1 9 our judgm5ts4 ,b language is a m]e vehicle = ! communication ( ?\ghts & facts to o!rs1 & 9 communicat+ ?\ghts & facts we are b\nd to consid] 9 h[ f> o!rs are fit to receive !m4 ,%all we !n =mulate ! rule ( v]acity ?us3 ,int5d to communicate ! ess5tial facts to ^? :o are capable ( mak+ a rational use ( !m4 ,i ?9k t "s su* =mula z ?is might answ]4 ,i am n dispos$ to /ickle = ?is p>ticul> phraseology4 ,b ! =mula z /at$ illu/rates my ?\ght1 & also ! me?od by :i* ! =mulas1 :i* we %all h to tea* 9 ! gramm> c\rse are to be rea*$4 ,x is ! inductive me?od4 ,fir/ a concrete case is pres5t$1 & a rule ( conduct is hypo!tically sugge/$1 :i* fits ?is p>ticul> case4 ,!n o!r cases are adduc$4 ,x is discov]$ t ! rule z x /&s ?us f> does n fit !m4 ,x mu/ !re=e be modifi$1 exp&$4 ,!n1 9 succession1 o!r & m complex cases1 to :i* ! rule may possibly apply are br\ght =w>d1 until e case we c ?9k ( has be5 exam9$2 & :5 ! rule is br\ght into su* %ape t x fits !m all1 we h a g5u9e moral maxim1 a safe rule = practical guidance1 & ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! rule is "o ( ^? second>y pr9ciples 9 respect to :i* m5 ( e sect & s*ool c agree4 ,x ne$s h>dly to be po9t$ out h[ mu* a casui/ical discussion ( ?is sort t5ds to /imulate int]e/ 9 moral problems1 & to quick5 ! moral judgm5t4 ,i c say1 f an exp]i5ce ( ov] a doz5 ye>s1 t pupils betwe5 twelve & fifte5 ye>s ( age are imm5sely int]e/$ 9 su* discussions1 & are capable ( mak+ ! subtile/ di/9ctions4 ,inde$1 ! directness ) :i* !y pron\nce _! v]dict on f9e que/ions ( "r & wrong (t5 has 9 x some?+ almo/ />tl+ to old] p]sons1 ^: contact ) ! _w has reconcil$ !m to a some:at less exact+ /&>d4 ,b "h a caution is necess>y4 ,"s *ildr5 seem to be too fond ( casui/ry4 ,!y take an intellectual pleasure 9 draw+ f9e di/9ctions1 & que/ions ( consci5ce are apt to become to !m m]e matt] ( m5tal gymna/ics4 ,su* a t5d5cy mu/ be /]nly repress$ :5ev] x %[s itself4 ,9 fact1 reason+ ab\t moral pr9ciples is always att5d$ ) a c]ta9 p]il4 ,aft] all1 ! actual morality ( ! _w dep5ds l>gely on ! moral habits :i* mank9d h =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m ages1 & :i* are transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,n[ a habit acts a good deal l an in/9ct4 ,its =ce dep5ds ^u :at has be5 call$ unconsci\s c]ebration4 ,z soon z we /op to reason ab\t our habits1 _! hold on u is weak5$1 we hesitate1 we become unc]ta91 ! int]f]5ce ( ! m9d acts l a brake4 ,x is = ?is reason t ?r\gh\t ! prim>y c\rse1 we h conf9$ ourselves to :at ! ,g]mans call ,ans*auung1 ! close obs]vation ( examples ) a view ( provok+ imitation or repugnance1 & ?us /r5g!n+ ! =ce ( habit4 ,:y1 !n1 introduce analysis n[1 x may be ask$4 ,:y n be cont5t ) /ill fur!r confirm+ ! =ce ( good habits8 ,my answ] is t ! =ce ( habit mu/ be cons]v$ & /ill fur!r /r5g!n$1 b t analysis1 too1 becomes necess>y at ?is /age4 ,& :y8 ,because habits are always specializ$4 ,a p]son gov]n$ by habits falls into a c]ta9 r\t9e1 & moves along easily & safely z long z ! conditions repeat !mselves to :i* 8 habits are adju/$4 ,b :5 confront$ by a totally new set ( conditions1 he is (t5 q lo/ & helpless4 ,j z a p]son :o is solely guid$ by common s5se 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 is apt to be /r&$ :5 compell$ to face circum/ances = :i* 8 previ\s exp]i5ce af=ds no prec$5t4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to extract f ! moral habits ! lat5t rules ( conduct :i* und]lie !m1 & to /ate ^! 9 a g5]al =m :i* ! m9d c grasp & reta91 & :i* x w be able to apply to new conditions z !y arise4 ,to ?is end analysis & ! =mulation ( rules are indisp5sable4 ,b 9 ord]1 at ! same "t1 n to break ! =ce ( habit1 ! tea*] %\ld proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,he %\ld always take ! moral habit = grant$4 ,he %\ld nev] give 8 pupils to und]/& t he & !y are ab\t to exam9e :e!r1 = in/ance1 x is wrong or n wrong to lie4 ,! comm&m5t aga9/ ly+ is assum$1 & its obligation ackn[l$g$ at ! outset4 ,! only object ( ! analysis is to disc]n m exactly :at is meant by ly+1 to def9e ! rule ( v]acity ) great] precision & circumspectness1 s t we may be enabl$ to fulfill ! comm&m5t m p]fectly4 ,x is impli$ 9 :at ,i h said t ! tea*] %\ld n treat ( moral problems z if he 7 deal+ ) problems 9 ari?metic4 ,! be/ ?+ he c d = 8 pupils--bett] ?an any p>ticul> lesson he c tea*--w be to communicate to !m ! _s ( moral e>ne/ness4 ,& ?is _s he c n communicate unless he be full ( x himself4 ,! tea*] %\ld consecrate himself to 8 task2 he %\ld be p5etrat$ by a s5se ( ! l(ty "* ( ! subject :i* he tea*es4 ,ev5 a c]ta9 att5tion to ext]nals is n sup]flu\s4 ,! lessons1 9 ! case ( ! y\ng] *ildr51 may be accompani$ by song2 ! room 9 :i* ! classes meet may be hung ) appropriate pictures1 & especially is x desirable t ! faces ( great & good m5 & wom5 %all look d[n ^u ! pupils f ! walls4 ,! in/ruction %\ld be giv5 by ^w ( m\?2 = ! "r text-books d n yet exi/1 & ev5 ! be/ books mu/ always act z a b> to *eck t fl[ ( moral influ5ce :i* %\ld come f ! tea*] to quick5 ! class4 ,to make sure t ! pupils und]/& :at !y h be5 taught1 !y %\ld be requir$ f "t to "t to reproduce ! subject matt] ( ! lessons 9 _! own language1 & us+ _! own illu/rations1 9 ! =m ( essays4 ,& n[1 aft] ?is g5]al introduction1 let u take up ! lessons on ! duties 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,:at is ! prop] ord]8 ,?is "q1 y w rememb]1 0 discuss$ 9 ! lecture on ! classification ( duties4 ,x 0 !re /at$ t ! life ( man f *ildhood upw>d1 may be divid$ into p]iods1 t ea* p]iod has its special duties1 & t !re is 9 ea* "s "o c5tral duty ar\nd :i* ! o!rs may be gr\p$4 ,dur+ ! s*ool age ! p>am\nt duty ( ! pupil is to /udy4 ,we %all !re=e beg9 ) ! duties :i* are connect$ ) ! pursuit ( k4 ,we %all !n take up ! duties :i* relate to ! physical life & ! feel+s2 next1 ! duties :i* arise 9 ! family2 aft] t ! duties :i* we owe to all m52 & la/ly we w consid] 9 an elem5t>y way ! civic duties4 ,! ,duty ( acquir+ ,k4--,9 />t+ ! discussion ( any p>ticul> set ( duties1 x is advisable1 z has be5 said1 to pres5t "s concrete case1 & biographical or hi/orical examples are p>ticul>ly useful4 ,i h sometimes begun ! lesson on ! duty ( acquir+ k by tell+ ! /ory ( ,clean!s & t ( ,hillel4 ,clean!s1 a poor boy1 0 anxi\s to att5d ! s*ool ( ,z5o4 ,b he 0 compell$ to "w = 8 bread1 & c\ld n sp5d 8 days 9 /udy z he long$ to d4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 s eag] to le>n t he f\nd a way ( do+ 8 "w by night4 ,he help$ a g>d5] to wat] 8 plants1 & also engag$ to gr9d corn on a h&-mill = a c]ta9 woman4 ,n[ ! neighbors1 :o knew t he 0 poor1 & :o nev] saw him g to "w1 7 puzzl$ to ?9k h[ he obta9$ ! means to live4 ,!y suspect$ him ( /eal+1 & he 0 call$ be=e ! ,judge to expla94 ,! ,judge address$ him sev]ely1 & comm&$ him to tell ! tru?4 ,clean!s reque/$ t ! g>d5] & ! woman might be s5t =1 & !y te/ifi$ t he _h be5 9 ! habit ( work+ = !m by night4 ,! ,judge 0 t\*$ by 8 great zeal = k1 acquitt$ him ( ! *>ge1 & (f]$ him a gift ( money4 ,b ,z5o w\ld n p]mit him to take ! gift4 ,clean!s became ! be/ pupil ( ,z5o1 & grew up to be a v wise & le>n$ man1 inde$ "o ( ! mo/ fam\s philosoph]s ( ! ,/oic s*ool4 ,! /ory ( ,hillel runs z foll[s3 ,!re 0 once a poor lad nam$ ,hillel4 ,8 p>5ts 7 dead1 & he _h nei!r relatives nor fri5ds4 ,he 0 anxi\s to g to s*ool1 b1 ?\gh he work$ h>d1 he did n e>n en\gh to pay ! tuition fee exact$ at ! door4 ,s he decid$ to save money by sp5d+ only half 8 e>n+s = food4 ,he ate little1 & t little 0 ( poor quality1 b he 0 p]fectly happy1 because ) :at he laid aside he c\ld n[ pay ! door-keep] & f9d a place inside1 :]e he might li/5 & le>n4 ,?is he did = "s "t1 b "o day he 0 s unlucky z to lose 8 situation4 ,he _h n[ no money left to buy bread1 b he h>dly ?\ght ( t1 s mu* 0 he griev$ at ! ?\ght t he %\ld nev] get back to 8 belov$ s*ool4 ,he begg$ ! door-keep] to let him 91 b ! surly man refus$ to d s4 ,9 8 despair a happy ?\ght occurr$ to him4 ,he _h notic$ a skylight on ! ro(4 ,he climb$ up to ?is1 & to 8 delight f\nd t ?r\gh a crack he c\ld he> all t 0 said inside4 ,s he sat !re & li/5$1 & did n notice t ev5+ 0 com+ on1 & t ! sn[ 0 beg9n+ to fall4 ,next morn+ :5 ! tea*]s & pupils assembl$ z usual1 e "o rem>k$ h[ d>k ! room seem$4 ,! sun too 0 %9+ aga9 by ?is "t q brightly outside4 ,sudd5ly "s "o happ5$ to look up & ) an exclamation ( surprise po9t$ out ! figure ( a boy aga9/ ! skylight4 ,quickly !y all ran outside1 climb$ to ! ro(1 & !re1 cov]$ ) sn[1 q /iff & almo/ dead1 !y f\nd poor ,hillel4 ,!y c>ri$ him indoors1 w>m$ 8 cold limbs1 & work$ h>d to re/ore him to life4 ,he 0 at la/ resuscitat$1 & f ?is "t on 0 all[$ to att5d ! s*ool )\t pay+4 ,lat] he became a great tea*]4 ,he liv$ 9 ,pale/9e at ab\t ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 admir$ = 8 le>n+1 b ev5 m = 8 good de$s & 8 unfail+ k9dness to e "o4 ,! "q is n[ rais$1 ,:y did ,clean!s "w at night in/ead ( seek+ re/1 & :y did ,hillel rema9 outside 9 ! bitt] cold & sn[8 ,! pupils w readily answ]1 ,because !y lov$ k4 ,b :y is k s desirable8 ,) ?is int]rogatory we are fairly laun*$ on ! discussion ( our subject4 ,! po9ts to be develop$ are ^!3 ,fir/1 k is indisp5sable z a means ( mak+ "o's way 9 ! _w4 ,%[ ! helplessness ( ! ignorant4 ,comp>e ! skill$ labor] ) ! unskill$4 ,give in/ances ( m]*ants1 /atesm51 etc41 ^: success 0 due to /eady application & sup]ior k4 ,k is p[] 7namely1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce74 ,secondly1 k is honor4 ,an ignorant p]son is despis$4 ,k w9s u ! e/eem ( our fell[-m54 ,?irdly1 k is joy 9 a tw(old s5se4 ,z ! p]ception ( light to ! eye ( ! body1 s is ! p]ception ( tru? to ! eye ( ! m9d4 ,! m9d exp]i5ces an intr9sic pleasure 9 see+ ?+s 9 _! true relations4 ,fur!rmore1 m5tal gr[? is accompani$ by ! joy ( successful ef=t4 ,?is c be expla9$ ev5 to a boy or girl ( ?irte54 ,h y ev] tri$ h>d to solve a problem 9 algebra8 ,p]haps y h sp5t sev]al h\rs ov] x4 ,x has baffl$ y4 ,at la/1 aft] repeat$ trials1 y see y\r way cle>1 ! solution is )9 y\r grasp4 ,:at a s5se ( satisfaction y exp]i5ce !n4 ,x is ! feel+ ( successful m5tal ef=t t gives y ?is satisfaction4 ,y rejoice 9 hav+ triumph$ ov] difficulties1 & ! great] ! difficulty1 ! m baffl+ & complex ! problems1 ! great] is ! satisfaction 9 solv+ !m4 ,f\r?ly1 k enables u to d good to o!rs4 ,speak ( ! use :i* physicians make ( _! sci5tific tra9+ to alleviate suff]+ & save life4 ,ref] to ! manifold applications ( sci5ce :i* h *ang$ ! face ( mod]n society1 & h contribut$ s l>gely to ! moral progress ( ! _w4 ,po9t out t all true philan?ropy1 e great social re=m1 implies a sup]ior grasp ( ! problems to be solv$1 z well z devotion to ! cause ( humanity4 ,9 accordance ) ! l9e ( argum5t j sket*$ ! rule = ! pursuit ( k may be successively exp&$ z foll[s3 ,seek k t y may succe$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,seek k t y may ga9 ! e/eem ( y\r fell[-m54 ,seek k = ! sake ( ! satisfaction :i* ! atta9m5t ( x w give y4 ,seek k t y may be able to d good to o!rs4 ,^! po9ts suffice = ! pres5t4 ,9 ! advanc$ c\rse we %all return to ! consid]ation ( ! intellectual duties4 ,i w\ld also recomm5d t ! moral tea*]1 n cont5t ) dwell+ on ! uses ( k 9 g5]al1 %\ld g ?r\gh ! li/ ( subjects :i* are commonly taught 9 s*ool1 su* z geography1 hi/ory1 language1 etc41 & expla9 ! value ( ea*4 ,?is is too commonly neglect$4 ,hav+ /ation$ ! duty ( acquir+ k 9 ! c5t]1 connect ) x ! v>i\s less] duties ( s*ool life1 su* z punctual att5dance1 ord]1 dilig5t & consci5ti\s prep>ation ( home lessons1 etc4 ,^! are means to an end1 & %\ld be repres5t$ z su*4 ,he :o desires ! end w desire ! means4 ,get y\r pupils to love k1 & ! practice ( ^! m9or virtues w foll[ ( itself4 ,o!r matt]s might be introduc$ 9 connection ) :at has be5 m5tion$1 b en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! po9t ( view f :i* ! :ole subject ( intellectual duty %\ld1 z ,i ?9k1 be treat$ 9 ! pres5t c\rse4 ,,xii4 ,,duties ,,:i* ,,relate ,,to ,,! ,,physical ,,life4 ,( ! duties :i* relate to ! physical life1 ! pr9cipal "o is t ( self-pres]vation1 & ?is involves ! prohibition ( suicide4 ,:5 "o reflects on ! abject life :i* _m p]sons are =c$ to lead1 on _! pov]ty 9 ! ?+s :i* make exi/5ce desirable & ! lack ( moral /am9a :i* (t5 goes toge!r ) su* conditions1 ! wond] is t ! numb] ( suicides is n mu* great] ?an x actually is4 ,x is true mo/ p cl+ to life in/9ctively1 & h an in/9ctive horror ( dea?4 ,nev]!less1 ! =ce ( in/9ct is by no means a suffici5t det]r5t 9 all cases1 & ! numb] ( suicides is j n[ al>m+ly on ! increase4 ,if we 7 "h consid]+ ! subject ( suicide 9 g5]al we %\ld h to ent] at l>ge into ! causes ( ?is increase2 we %\ld h to exam9e ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! increase ( suicide & ! increase ( divorce1 & inquire into ^? pa?ological conditions ( mod]n society ( :i* bo? are ! symptoms2 b our bus9ess is to consid] ! e?ics ( ! matt]1 n ! causes4 ,! e?ics ( suicide resolves itself into ! "q1 ,is x ju/ifiable "u any circum/ances to take "o's life8 ,y may object t ?is is n a fit subject to discuss ) pupils ( ?irte5 or f\rte54 ,:y n8 ,!y are old en\gh to und]/& ! motives :i* ord9>ily lead to suicide1 & also ! reasons :i* =bid x--especially ! mo/ important reason1 namely1 t we live n m]ely or prim>ily to be happy1 b to help on z f> z we c ! progress ( ?+s1 & !re=e t we are n at lib]ty to ?r[ life away l an empty %ell :5 we h ceas$ to enjoy x4 ,! discussion ( suicide is inde$ ( ! greate/ use because x af=ds an opportunity e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( our lessons on duty to impress ?is c>d9al tru?1 to describe ^u ! moral globe ?is great m]idian f :i* all ! virtues take _! be>+s4 ,h[ev]1 9 accordance ) ! inductive me?od1 we mu/ approa* ?is idea by degrees4 ,! fir/ position ,i %\ld take is t :ile suff]+ is (t5 tempor>y1 suicide is f9al4 ,x is folly to take precipitately a /ep :i* c n be recall$4 ,v (t5 9 mom5ts ( deep depression ! future be=e u seems utt]ly d>k1 & 9 our firmam5t !re appe>s n "o /> ( hope2 b pres5tly f "s :olly unexpect$ qu>t] help comes4 ,=tune once m takes u into h] good graces1 & we are sc>cely able to und]/& our pa/ d[nhe>t$ness 9 view ( ! new happ9ess to :i* we h fall5 heirs4 ,pres]ve ?y life 9 view ( ! bright] *ances :i* ! future may h 9 /ore4 ,?is is a good rule z f> z x goes1 b x does n fit ! m try+ situations4 ,= !re are cases :]e ! fall f ! heights ( happ9ess is z complete z x is sudd51 & ! hope ( recov]+ lo/ gr\nd is really %ut out4 ,take f actual life ! case ( a husb& :o fairly idoliz$ 8 "y wife & lo/ h] by dea? ?ree mon?s aft] m>riage4 ,we may suppose t 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s he w le>n to submit to 8 de/9y4 ,we may ev5 hope t peace w come back to 8 poor he>t1 b we c n imag9e t he w ev] aga9 be happy4 ,ano!r case is t ( a p]son :o has committ$ a great wrong1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are irrep>able1 & ( :i* he mu/ c>ry ! agoniz+ recollection ) him to ! grave4 ,"t may assuage ! pangs ( remorse1 & religion may com=t him1 b happ9ess c nev] be ! portion ( su* z he4 ,/ill ano!r in/ance--less s]i\s1 b ( m frequ5t occurr5ce--is t ( a m]*ant :o has always occupi$ a comm&+ position 9 ! m]cantile community1 & :o1 already advanc$ 9 ye>s1 is sudd5ly compell$ to face bankruptcy4 ,! ?\ght ( ! h>d%ips to :i* 8 family w be expos$1 ( 8 imp5d+ disgrace1 drives him ne>ly to di/raction4 ,! "q is1 w\ld ! m]*ant1 w\ld ^? o!rs1 be ju/ifi$ 9 committ+ suicide8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! m]*ant1 if he has ! /uff ( true manhood 9 him1 w beg9 ov] aga91 at ! bottom ( ! ladd] if ne$ be1 w "w to support 8 family1 h[ev] n>r[ly4 ,x w\ld be ! ranke/ selfi%ness 9 him to leave !m to _! fate4 ,! consci5ce-/rick5 s9n] mu/ be will+ to pay ! p5alty ( 8 crime1 to ! end t he may be purifi$ ev5 sev5 times 9 ! fire ( rep5tance4 ,& ev5 ! lov] :o has lo/ 8 bride w f9d1 if he op5s 8 eyes1 t !re is /ill "w = him to d 9 life4 ,! _w is full ( evils :i* require to be remov$1 full ( burd5s :i* require to be borne4 ,if our own burd5 seems too heavy = u1 !re is a way ( light5+ x4 ,we may add to x ! burd5 ( "s "o else1 & ours w become light]4 ,physically1 ?is w\ld be impossible1 b morally x is true4 ,! rule ( conduct1 !re=e1 ?us f> reads1 ,pres]ve ?y life 9 ord] to p]=m ?y %>e ( ! "w ( ! _w4 ,b ! =mula1 ev5 9 ?is %ape1 is n yet entirely adequate1 = !re are ^? :o c n take "p 9 ! "w ( ! _w1 :o c only suff]--invalids1 e4 g41 :o are p]man5tly incapacitat$1 & ^: infirmities make !m a con/ant drag on ! heal?y lives ( _! fri5ds4 ,:y %\ld n ^! be p]mitt$ to put an end to _! mis]ies8 ,i %\ld say t s long z !re is ! slighte/ hope ( recov]y1 & ev5 :]e ?is hope is want+1 s long z ! physical pa9 is n s int5se or s protract$ z to p>alyze ! m5tal life altoge!r1 !y %\ld hold out4 ,!y are n cut (f f ! true ends ( human exi/5ce4 ,by pati5t endurance1 by ! ex]cise ( a sublime unselfi%ness1 !y may ev5 atta9 on _! sick-b$s a height ( spiritual developm5t :i* w\ld o!rwise be impossible2 &1 9 addition1 !y may become by _! uncompla9+ pati5ce ! sweete/1 g5tle/ help]s ( _! fri5ds1 n useless1 assur$ly1 b %9+ examples ( :at is be/ & noble/ 9 human nature4 ,! rule1 !re=e1 %\ld read3 ,pres]ve ?y life 9 ord] to fulfill ! duties ( life1 :e!r ^? duties consi/ 9 do+ or 9 pati5tly suff]+4 ,z has be5 said long ago1 we are plac$ on gu>d z s5t9els4 ,! s5t9el mu/ n des]t 8 po/4 ,i ?9k x possible to make ! pupil 9 ! gramm> grade und]/& t suicide is selfi%1 t we are b\nd to live1 ev5 ?\gh life has ceas$ to be attractive1 9 ord] t we may p]=m our %>e ( ! _w's "w & help o!rs & gr[ ourselves 9 moral /ature4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 imply any condemnation ( t va/ numb] ( cases 9 :i* suicide is committ$ 9 consequ5ce ( m5tal ab]ration4 ,9 ! advanc$ c\rse we %all h to return to ?is subject1 & %all !re ref] 9 ext5so to ! views ( ! ,/oics4 ,! morality ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s 9 g5]al is s high1 & _! influ5ce ev5 to ?is day s great1 t _! def5se1 or r en?usia/ic praise ( suicide1#af ne$s to be c>efully exam9$4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t we h "h a case 9 :i* metaphysical speculation has _h ! effect ( di/ort+ morality4 ,metaphysics 9 ?is respect resembles religion4 ,on ! "o h& ! influ5ce ( religion on morality has be5 highly b5eficial1 on ! o!r x has be5 hurtful 9 ! extreme--in/ance human sacrifices1 religi\s w>s1 ! ,inquisition1 etc4 ,9 l mann]1 philosophy1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t1 has bo? aid$ morality & injur$ x4 ,i reg>d ! ,/oic declamations on suicide z an in/ance ( ! latt] sort4 ,! ,/oic philosophy 0 pan!i/ic4 ,to live accord+ to ,nature 0 _! pr9cipal maxim1 or1 m precisely1 accord+ to ! reason 9 ,nature4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances a man might f9d x impossible to live up to ! rational /&>d2 he might1 = in/ance1 discov] himself to be morally s weak z to be unable to resi/ temptation1 & 9 t case x w\ld be bett] = him to retire f ! sc5e & to seek %elt] 9 ! ,et]nal ,reason1 j z1 to use _! own simile1 "o :o f\nd ! room 9 :i* he sat fill$ to an intol]able degree ) smoke w\ld n be blam$ = )draw+ f x4 ,x 0 _! pan!ism t l$ !m to favor suicide1 & 9 ?is respect x is my belief t ! mod]n consci5ce1 tra9$ by ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 has ris5 to a high] level ?an !irs4 ,we mod]ns feel x impossible to admit t to ! sane m9d temptation c ev] be s /rong z to be truly irresi/ible4 ,we always c resi/ if we w4 ,we c1 because we ought2 z ,kant has taught u to put x4 ,we always c because we always ought4 ,,note4--,despite ! rigor\s disall[ance ( suicide 9 g5]al pla9ly indicat$ 9 ! above1 ,i %\ld n wi% to be und]/ood z say+ t !re are no circum/ances :atev] 9 :i* ! tak+ ( "o's life is p]missible4 ,9 c]ta9 r>e & exceptional cases ,i believe x to be s4 ,9 ! lecture z deliv]$ ,i attempt$ a brief description ( ^! exceptional cases1 too brief1 x appe>$1 to prev5t mo/ s]i\s misconception4 ,i deem x be/1 !re=e1 to def] ! expression ( my views on ?is delicate matt] until an occasion arrives :5 ,i %all be able to articulate my ?\ght 9 full detail1 su* z w\ld "h be impossible4 ,f ! comm&m5t ,pres]ve ?y life x foll[s n only t we %\ld n lay viol5t h&s ^u ourselves1 b t we %\ld d all 9 our p[] to develop & invigorate ! body1 9 ord] t x may become an effici5t in/rum5t 9 ! s]vice ( our high] aims4 ,! tea*] %\ld in=m himself on ! subject ( ! gymna/ic ideal ( ! ,greeks & consid] 9 h[ f> ?is ideal is applicable to mod]n conditions4 ,9 g5]al1 ! tea*] %\ld explore z fully z possible ! e?ical problems on :i* he t\*es4 ,he %\ld n be m]ely "o lesson ahead ( 8 pupils4 ,really x is necess>y to grasp ! :ole ( a subject be=e we c prop]ly set =? its elem5ts4 ,a v ?or\gh normal tra9+ is indisp5sable to ^? :o w\ld give moral in/ruction to ! "y4 ,! duties ( cleanl9ess & temp]ance fall "u ! same head z ! above4 ,9 speak+ ( cleanl9ess1 !re are ?ree motives--! egoi/ic1 ! ae/hetic1 & ! moral--to :i* we may appeal4 ,be scrupul\sly clean = ! sake ( heal?1 be clean le/ y become an object ( disgu/ to o!rs1 be clean 9 ord] to reta9 y\r self-respect4 ,special emphasis %\ld be laid on secret cleanl9ess4 ,indol5t *ildr5 are sometimes neat 9 ext]nals1 b %ock+ly c>eless 9 :at is conceal$ f view4 ,! motive ( self-respect %[s itself p>ticul>ly 9 secret cleanl9ess4 ,! duty ( temp]ance is support$ by ! same ?ree motives4 ,intemp]ance und]m9es heal?1 ! glutton or ! drunk>d awak5s disgu/1 intemp]ance de/roys self-respect4 ,to /r5g!n ! repugnance ( ! pupils aga9/ intemp]ance 9 eat+1 contra/ ! way 9 :i* wild bea/s eat ) t 9 :i* human be+s p>take ( _! food4 ,! bea/ is absorb$ 9 ! gratification ( its appetite1 eats )\t ! use ( implem5ts1 eats unsocially4 ,! human way ( eat+ is 9 ea* p>ticul> ! opposite4 ,%[ especially t ! act ( eat+ is spiritualiz$ by be+ made subs]vi5t to fri5dly int]c\rse & to ! /r5g!n+ ( ! ties ( dome/ic affection4 ,! family table becomes ! family alt>4 ,call att5tion also to ! effects ( drunk5ness2 po9t out ! injuries :i* ! drunk>d inflicts on wife & *ildr5 by 8 neglect to provide = !m1 by ! outbur/s ( viol5ce to :i* he is subject "u ! influ5ce ( /rong dr9k2 describe 8 physical1 m5tal1 & moral degradation2 lay /ress on ! fact t liquor deprives him ( ! use ( 8 reason4 ,) respect to temp]ance 9 food1 !re are "o or two po9ts to be not$4 ,i say to my pupils if y are p>ticul>ly fond ( a c]ta9 di%1 sweetmeats1 = in/ance1 make x a rule to p>take less ( t ?an if y 7 n s fond ( x4 ,?is is good practice 9 self-re/ra9t4 ,i make out z /rong a case z possible aga9/ ! indulg5ce ( ! c&y habit4 ,"y p are n1 z a rule1 tempt$ to indulge 9 /rong dr9k2 b !y are tempt$ to wa/e _! money & injure _! heal? by an excessive consumption ( sweets4 ,x is well to apply ! lesson ( temp]ance to ! ?+s 9 :i* !y are tempt$4 ,= ! tea*] ! foll[+ note may be add$3 ,( ! s5ses1 "s1 l t ( ta/e1 are m ne>ly alli$ to ! physical "p ( u2 o!rs1 l sight & he>+1 to our rational nature4 ,?is anti!sis ( ! s5ses may be us$ 9 ! int]e/ ( temp]ance4 ,appeal to ! high] s5ses 9 ord] to subdue ! l[]4 ,a b& ( k9d]g>t5 *ildr51 hav+ be5 invit$ on a picnic1 7 giv5 ! *oice betwe5 a second plate ( ice cream1 = :i* _m ( !m 7 clamor+1 & a bun* ( fl[]s = ea*4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 fl[]s to pref] ! latt]4 ,9 ! case ( "y *ildr51 ! =ce ( ! physical appetite may also be weak5$ by appeal+ to _! affection4 ,dur+ ! lat] /age ( adolesc5ce1 :5 ! dang]s :i* arise f ! awak5+ life ( ! s5ses become great & imm95t1 ! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to high intellectual aims1 ! social feel+s %\ld be cultivat$1 & a ta/e = ! pleasures ( ! s5ses ( sight & he>+--namely1 ! pleasures ( music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 etc4--%\ld be c>efully develop$4 ,arti/ic1 intellectual1 & social motives %\ld be br\ght into play jo9tly to meet ! "o great p]il ( ?is p]iod ( life4 ,,duties ,,:i* ,,relate ,,to ,,! ,,feel+s4 ,"u ?is head let me speak fir/ ( fe>4 ,!re is a di/9ction to be drawn betwe5 physical & moral c[>dice4 ,physical c[>dice is a matt] ( temp]am5t or organization4 ,p]haps x c h>dly ev] be entirely ov]come1 b ! exhibition ( x c be prev5t$ by moral c\rage4 ,moral c[>dice1 on ! o!r h&1 is a fault ( "*4 ,9 attempt+ to =mulate ! rule ( conduct1 appeal z be=e to ! egoi/ic motive1 !n to ! social--i4 e41 ! desire = ! good op9ion ( o!rs--& la/ly to ! moral motive1 prop]ly speak+4 ,fe> p>alyzes2 x fasc9ates its victim l ! fabl$ basilisk4 ,no?+ is m common ?an a s5se ( helpless immobility "u ! influ5ce ( fe>4 ,!re is a way ( escape4 ,y might run or leap = y\r life1 b y c n /ir a limb4 ,:at y ne$ to d is to turn away y\r att5tion by a p[]ful ef=t ( ! w f ! object :i* excites fe>4 ,s long z t object is be=e y ! m9d c n act2 ! m9d is practically abs5t4 ,:at y ne$ is pres5ce ( m9d4 ,let ! tea*] adduce "s ( ! _m /rik+ in/ances 9 :i* m5 9 app>5tly desp]ate /raits h be5 sav$ by pres5ce ( m9d4 ,! rule ?us f> w\ld read3 ,be brave & suppress fe>1 because by s do+ y may escape out ( dang]4 ,9 ! next place1 by s do+ y w escape ! reproa*es ( y\r fell[-m51 = c[>dice is univ]sally condemn$ z %ameful4 ,cite f ,sp>tan hi/ory examples %[+ 9 ! /ronge/ light ! feel+ ( scorn & contempt = ! c[>d4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 cases :]e dea? is c]ta91 & :]e !re is no support l t ( public op9ion to su/a9 c\rage4 ,:at %\ld be ! rule ( duty 9 su* cases8 ,take ! case ( a p]son :o has be5 %ipwreck$4 ,he swims ! sea alone1 he is /ill cl++ to a sp>1 b realizes t 9 a few m9utes he mu/ let g1 8 /r5g? be+ well-nigh sp5t4 ,:at %\ld be 8 attitude ( m9d 9 t supreme mom5t4 ,! =ces ( nature are ab\t to ov]:elm him4 ,:at motive c !re be /rong en\gh to support brav]y 9 t mom5t8 ,! rule ( duty = him w\ld be3 ,be brave1 because z a human be+ y are sup]ior to ! =ces ( nature1 because !re is some?+ 9 y--y\r moral self--ov] :i* ! =ces ( nature h no p[]1 because :at happ5s to y 9 y\r private "* is n important1 b x is important t y ass]t ! dignity ( humanity to ! la/ brea?4 ,aft] hav+ discuss$ c\rage1 def9e =titude4 ,po9t out ! importance ( /r5g? ( w4 ,contra/ ! /rong w ) ! feeble1 ) ! wayw>d1 ! irresolute1 & also ! ob/9ate w1 = ob/9acy is (t5 ! sign ( weakness r ?an ( /r5g?4 ,see1 = useful h9ts on ?is subject1 ,ba9's ,! ,emotions & ! ,w4 ,:at happ5s to ?y little self is n important4 ,?is is ! lead+ ?\ght :i* %all also guide u 9 ! discussion ( ,ang]4 ,9 ent]+ on ! subject ( ang] beg9 by describ+ ! effects ( x4 ,quote ! passage f ,s5eca's treatise on ang]1 %[+ h[ x disfigures ! c\nt5ance4 ,po9t out t ang] provokes ang] 9 return1 & is !re=e contr>y to self-int]e/4 ,call to y\r aid ! social motive by %[+ t "u ! influ5ce ( ang] we (t5 ov]%oot ! m>k & inflict injuries on o!rs :i* we _h n int5d$4 ,f9ally1 %[ t indulg5ce 9 ang] is immoral4 ,9 :at s5se is x immoral8 ,ang] is an emotional reaction aga9/ injury4 ,:5 a *ild hurts its foot aga9/ a /one1 x is (t5 s unreasonably angry at ! /one z to /rike x4 ,:5 an adult p]son receives a bl[1 8 fir/ impulse is to return x4 ,?is desire to return injury = injury is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ang]4 ,ano!r m>k is t ang] is proportional to ! injury receiv$1 & n to ! fault impli$4 ,e "o kn[s t a slight fault 9 ano!r may occasion a great injury to ourselves1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a s]i\s fault may only cause u a slight inconv5i5ce4 ,! angry p]son measures 8 res5tm5t by ! injury1 & n by ! fault4 ,ang] is selfi%4 ,x is f$ & pamp]$ by ! delusion t our pleasures & pa9s are ( *ief importance4 ,contra/ ) ang] ! moral feel+ ( indignation4 ,ang] is direct$ aga9/ ! injury receiv$1 indignation solely aga9/ ! wrong done4 ,! immoral feel+ prompts u to hate wrong because x has be5 inflict$ on u4 ,! moral feel+ prompts u to hate wrong because x is wrong4 ,n[1 to ! ext5t t we s9c]ely hate wrong we %all be /irr$ up to dim9i% its p[] ov] o!rs z well z ov] ourselves2 we %all1 = in/ance1 be mov$ to save ! evil do] :o has j injur$ u f ! tyranny ( 8 evil nature2 we %all aspire to become ! moral physicians ( ^? :o h hurt u4 ,& precisely because !y h hurt u1 !y h a unique claim on u4 ,we :o "k bett] ?an o!rs ! ext5t ( _! disease are call$ ^u m ?an o!rs to labor ) a view to _! cure4 ,9 ?is connection ! rule ( return+ good = evil %\ld be expla9$4 ,?is rule does n apply alike 9 all cases1 ?\gh ! _s ( x %\ld always inspire our actions4 ,if a pickpocket %\ld /eal our purse1 x w\ld be folly to h& him a *eck = twice ! am\nt he has j /ol54 ,if a h>d5$ crim9al %\ld draw 8 knife & w\nd u 9 ! back1 x w\ld be absurd to reque/ him k9dly to /ab u 9 ! brea/ also4 ,we %\ld 9 ?is case n be cur+ him1 b simply confirm+ him 9 8 evil do+4 ,! rule is3 ,try to free ! s9n] f ! p[] ( s94 ,9 "s cases ?is is be/ accompli%$ by hold+ 8 h&1 z x 71 & prev5t+ him f c>ry+ out ! int5d$ wrong4 ,9 o!r cases by depriv+ him ( 8 lib]ty = a season1 subject+ him to :olesome discipl9e1 & tea*+ him habits ( indu/ry4 ,only 9 ! case ( ^? :o h already atta9$ a high] moral plane1 & ^: consci5ce is s5sitive1 does ! rule ( return+ good = evil apply lit]ally4 ,if a bro!r has act$ 9 an unbro!rly way t[>d y1 d y on ! next occasion act :olly 9 a bro!rly way t[>d him4 ,y w !reby %[ him h[ he ought to h act$ & awak5 ! bett] nature 9 him4 ,c]ta9 practical rules = ! control ( ang] may be giv5 to ! pupil4 ,suppress ! signs ( ang]2 y w !reby dim9i% its =ce4 ,try to ga9 "t3 ,:5 y are angry1 c\nt t5 be=e y speak2 :5 y are v angry1 c\nt a hundr$4 ,hav+ ga9$ "t1 exam9e rigor\sly into y\r own conduct4 ,ask y\rself :e!r y h n be5 p>tly to blame4 ,if y f9d t y h1 !n1 in/ead ( v5t+ y\r wra? on y\r enemy1 try r to correct ! fault :i* has provok$ ho/ility4 ,b if1 aft] hone/ self-scrut9y1 y are able to acquit y\rself1 !n y c all ! m readily act ! "p ( ! moral physician1 = x is ! innoc5t :o f9d x easie/ to =give4 ,x is also useful to cite examples ( p]sons :o1 l ,socrates1 h exhibit$ great self-control 9 mom5ts ( ang]2 & to quote prov]bs treat+ ( ang]1 to expla9 ^! prov]bs & to cause !m to be committ$ to memory4 ,i advise1 inde$1 t prov]bs be us$ 9 connection ) all ! moral lessons4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be us$ ,i %all speak lat] on4 ,! la/ ( ! pres5t gr\p ( duties :i* we %all discuss relates to ! feel+s ( vanity1 pride1 humility4 ,vanity is a feel+ ( self-complac5cy bas$ on ext]nal advantages4 ,a p]son is va9 ( 8 dress or ( 8 real or suppos$ p]sonal *>ms4 ,! peacock is ! type ( vanity4 ,?\gh ! admiration ( o!rs m9i/]s to vanity1 yet x is possible to be va9 by "o's self--be=e a mirror1 = in/ance4 ,! feel+ ( pride1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds ^u a comp>ison betwe5 self & o!rs4 ,pride implies a s5se ( "o's own sup]iority & ( ! inf]iority ( o!rs4 ,bo? feel+s are anti-moral4 ,!y spr+1 l moral c[>dice & ang]1 f ! false belief t ?is little self ( ours is ( v great importance4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z prop] pride or hone/ pride4 ,! ^w pride us$ 9 ?is connection is a misnom]4 ,vanity is spuri\s self-e/eem bas$ on ext]nal advantages4 ,pride is spuri\s self-e/eem bas$ on comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,g5u9e self-e/eem is bas$ on ! consci\sness ( a di/9ction :i* we %>e ) all humanity--namely1 ! capacity & ! duty ( rational developm5t4 ,?is g5u9e self-e/eem has two aspects--! "o positive1 ! o!r negative4 ,! positive aspect is call$ dignity1 ! negative humility4 ,true dignity & true humility always g toge!r4 ,! s5se ( dignity arises )9 u :5 we rememb] ! aims to :i* z human be+s we are pl$g$2 ! s5se ( humility c n fail to arise :5 we consid] h[ inf9itely 9 practice we all fall bel[ ^? aims4 ,?us :ile pride dep5ds on a comp>ison ( ourselves ) o!rs1 ! g5u9ely moral feel+ is excit$ :5 we consid] our relation to ! common ends ( mank9d4 ,on ! "o h&1 we are inde$ privileg$ to pursue ^? ends1 & are !reby exalt$ above all creat$ ?+s & above ! :ole ( ! natural _w ) all its />s & suns4 ,^u ?is consid]ation is f\nd$ ! s5se ( dignity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we c n b own h[ great is ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ev5 ! be/ ( u f ! goal1 & ?is gives rise to a deep s5se ( humility4 ,! rule ( conduct :i* we are consid]+ is a rule ( prop] self-e/imation4 ,e/imate ?y wor? n by ext]nal advantages nor by ?y pre-em95ce above o!rs1 b by ! degree ( en]gy ) :i* ?\ pursue/ ! moral aims4 ,to m>k (f ! di/9ction betwe5 vanity & pride on ! "o h& & dignity on ! o!r1 ! tea*] may contra/ 9 detail ! lives ( ,alcibiades & ,socrates4 ,9 connection ) ! discussion ( ang] & ( pride1 def9e su* t]ms z hate1 envy1 malice4 ,hatr$ is ang] become *ronic4 ,or we may also say ! /ate ( m9d :i* leads to passionate p>oxysms 9 ! case ( ang] is call$ hate :5 x has turn$ into a settl$ inw>d disposition4 ,9 o!r respects ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( bo? are ! same4 ,envy is ! obv]se ( pride4 ,pride is bas$ on real or fanci$ sup]iority to o!rs4 ,envy is due to real or fanci$ inf]iority4 ,pride is ! vice ( ! /rong1 envy ( ! weak4 ,malice is pleasure 9 ! loss ( o!rs irrespective ( our ga94 ,i h obs]v$ on a previ\s occasion t ! feel+s consid]$ by !mselves h no moral value4 ,nev]!less1 we h n[ repeat$ly spok5 ( moral feel+s4 ,! app>5t contradiction disappe>s if we rememb] t all feel+s ( ! high] ord] presuppose1 & are ! e*o ( complex sy/ems ( ideas4 ,! moral feel+s are ^? 9 :i* moral ideas h _! resonance2 & ^? feel+s are valuable 9 virtue ( ! ideas :i* !y reflect4 ,! feel+ ( moral c\rage dep5ds on ! idea t ! injuries we receive at ! h&s ( =tune are n important1 b t x is important = u to d cr$it to our rational nature4 ,! feel+ ( moral indignation dep5ds on ! idea t ! injuries we receive f our fell[-m5 are n important1 b t x is important t ! "r be done & ! wrong abat$4 ,! feel+s ( moral dignity & humility comb9$ dep5d on ! idea t x does n signify :e!r ! %ad[ we ca/ 9 ! _w ( m5 be long or %ort1 b only t we live 9 ! light ( ! moral aims4 ,,footnote3 #af ,see1 e4 g41 ! fam\s passage 9 ,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 iii1 #ae4 ,,xiii4 ,,duties ,,:i* ,,relate ,,to ,,o!rs4 ,,filial ,,duties4 ,we began our c\rse ( moral in/ruction ) ! self-reg>d+ duties1 & assign$ ! second place to ! duties :i* relate to o!rs4 ,!re is an additional reason besides ! "o already giv5 = keep+ to ?is ord]4 ,if we 7 to beg9 ) ! comm&m5ts or prohibitions :i* relate to o!rs--e4 g41 ! six?1 eigh?1 & n9? comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue--! pupil might easily get ! impression t ^! ?+s are =bidd5 solely because !y involve injuries to o!rs1 b t 9 cases :]e ! injury is inconsid]able1 or n app>5t1 ! transgression ( moral comm&m5ts is m or less excusable4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o seem unable to und]/& t x is really s9ful to defraud ! cu/om-h\se or to neglect pay+ "o's f>e 9 a horse-c>4 ,& :y8 ,because ! injury inflict$ seems s insignificant4 ,n[1 x is ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to impress ^u ! pupil t e action :i* involves a violation ( duty to o!rs at ! same "t produces a *ange 9 ! moral quality ( ! ag5t1 t he suff]s z well z ! "o :om he wrongs4 ,! subjective & objective sides ( transgression c n 9 po9t ( pr9ciple & ought n 9 actual consci\sness to be sep>at$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we beg9 by en=c+ su* duties z temp]ance ! pupil w at once feel t ! violation ( ! law *anges 8 inw>d condition1 degrades him 9 8 own eyes1 l[]s him 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,! true /&po9t f :i* all moral transgression %\ld be reg>d$ w ?us be ga9$ at ! outset1 & x w be comp>atively easy to ma9ta9 ! same po9t ( view :5 we come to speak ( ! social duties4 ,to />t discussion on ! subject ( ! filial duties1 relate ! /ory ( ,a,eneas c>ry+ 8 ag$ fa!r1 ,an*ises1 out ( burn+ ,troy2 also ! /ory ( ,cleobis & ,bito 7,h]odotus1 i1 #ca74 ,recall ! devotion ( ,telema*us to ,ulysses4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,le> & 8 daught]s1 contra/+ ! conduct ( ,regan & ,gon]il ) t ( ,cordelia4 ,an excell5t /ory to tell1 especially to "y *ildr51 is t ( ,dama4 ,a,eneas & ,telema*us illu/rate ! filial _s z express$ 9 s]vices r5d]$ to p>5ts1 b opportunity to be ( real s]vice to p>5ts is n (t5 (f]$ to ! v "y4 ,! /ory ( ,dama exhibits ! filial _s z display$ 9 acts ( delicacy & consid]ation1 & su* acts are )9 ! p[] ( all *ildr54 ,! /ory is locat$ 9 ,pale/9e1 & is suppos$ to h occurr$ at ! "t :5 ! temple at ,j]usalem 0 /ill /&+4 ,dama 0 a deal] 9 jewels1 not$ = possess+ ! r>e/ & ri*e/ collection any:]e to be f\nd4 ,x happ5$ t x became necess>y to replace a numb] ( ! preci\s /ones on ! brea/plate ( ! high prie/1 & a deputation 0 s5t f ,j]usalem to wait on ,dama & to select f 8 /ock :at 0 ne$$4 ,dama receiv$ 8 di/+ui%$ visitors ) becom+ c\rtesy1 & on le>n+ _! mission spread out be=e !m a l>ge numb] ( beautiful /ones4 ,b none ( ^! 7 satisfactory4 ,! /ones mu/ ne$s be ( extraord9>y size & brilliancy4 ,none b su* might be us$4 ,:5 ,dama 0 in=m$ ( ?is he reflect$ a mom5t1 !n said t 9 a room occupi$ by 8 old fa!r !re 0 a cab9et 9 :i* he kept 8 mo/ preci\s gems1 & t among !m he 0 sure he c\ld f9d :at 8 visitors want$4 ,he bade !m delay a few mom5ts1 :ile he made ! necess>y se>*4 ,b pres5tly he return$ )\t ! jewels4 ,he express$ ! greate/ regret1 b decl>$ t x 0 impossible to oblige !m4 ,!y 7 a/oni%$1 &1 believ+ x to be a m]e trad]'s trick1 (f]$ him an imm5se price = ! /ones4 ,he answ]$ t he 0 extremely sorry to miss s pr(itable a transaction1 b t x 0 inde$ beyond 8 p[] to oblige !m n[--if !y w\ld return 9 an h\r or two he c\ld probably suit !m4 ,!y decl>$ t _! bus9ess admitt$ ( no delay2 t ! brea/plate mu/ be repair$ at once1 s t ! prie/ might n be prev5t$ f dis*>g+ 8 (fice4 ,& s he all[$ !m to dep>t4 ,x appe>s t :5 ,dama op5$ ! door ( ! room he saw 8 old fa!r asleep on ! c\*4 ,he tri$ to ent] noiselessly1 b ! door creak$ on its h+es1 & ! old man />t$ 9 8 sleep4 ,dama *eck$ himself1 & turn$ back4 ,he said1 ,i w =ego ! ga9 :i* !y (f] me1 b ,i w n di/urb ! slumb]s ( my fa!r4 ,! sleep ( ! old fa!r 0 sacr$ to ,dama4 ,*ildr5 are (t5 ?\ghtless 9 break+ noisily into a room :]e fa!r or "m is re/+4 ,su* a /ory t5ds to in/ill ! lesson ( consid]ation & ( rev]5ce4 ,rev]5ce is ! key-note ( filial duty4 ,y w rememb] t ,goe!1 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 9 ^? *apt]s 9 :i* he sket*es 8 p$agogical ideal1 bases ! entire religi\s & moral education ( ! "y on a ?reefold rev]5ce4 ,he applies ! foll[+ symbolism3 ,! pupils ( ! ideal p$agogical in/itution are requir$ to take1 on diff]5t occasions1 ?ree diff]5t attitudes4 ,n[ !y fold _! arms on _! brea/1 & look ) op5 c\nt5ance upw>d2 aga9 !y fold _! arms on _! backs1 & _! bright glances are direct$ t[>d ! e>?2 & aga9 !y /& 9 a r[1 & _! faces are turn$ to ! "r1 ea* "o look+ at 8 neighbor4 ,^! ?ree attitudes are int5d$ to symbolize rev]5ce t[>d :at is above u1 t[>d :at is b5ea? u1 & t[>d our equals4 ,^! ?ree orig9ate & culm9ate 9 ! true self-rev]5ce4 ,9 speak+ ( filial duty1 we are conc]n$ ) rev]5ce t[>d :at is above u4 ,! p>5t is ! physical1 m5tal1 & moral sup]ior ( ! *ild4 ,x is 8 duty to assi/ ! *ild's physical1 m5tal1 & moral gr[?2 to lift x by degrees out ( its position ( inf]iority1 s t x may atta9 ! fullness ( its p[]s1 & help to c>ry on ! mission ( mank9d :5 ! old] g5]ation %all h retir$ f ! sc5e4 ,! duty ( ! sup]ior t[>d ! inf]ior is to help him to rise above ! plane ( inf]iority4 ,! receptive & appreciative attitude ( "o :o is ?us help$ is call$ rev]5ce4 ,b we mu/ approa* ! nature ( p>5tal duty m closely1 & ! foll[+ reflections may put u 9 ! way3 ,no man c atta9 ! intellectual aims ( life )\t assi/ance4 ,a sci5ti/ inhabit+ a des]t isl& & limit$ to 8 own m5tal res\rces c\ld make little headway4 ,! sci5ti/ ( to-day utilizes ! accumulat$ labors ( all ! g5]ations ( sci5ti/s t h prec$$ him1 & dep5ds = ! value ( 8 results on ! co-op]ation & ! sift+ criticism ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,& z no "o c get mu* k )\t ! help ( o!rs1 s no "o is ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ k = 8 own private pleasure1 or 9 seek+ ! k9d ( k t happ5s to pique 8 vanity4 ,= in/ance1 x is a violation ( intellectual duty to sp5d "o's "t 9 acquir+ out-(-! way erudition :i* is useful only = display4 ,! pursuit ( k is a public n a private end4 ,e s*ol> & man ( sci5ce is b\nd to enl>ge z f> z he c ! common /ock ( tru?1 to add to ! sci5tific possessions ( ! human race4 ,b 9 ord] to d ?is he mu/ "q himself closely1 t he may discov] 9 :at direction 8 special tal5t lies1 & may apply himself s$ul\sly to ! cultivation ( t4 ,= x is by specializ+ 8 ef=ts t he c be/ s]ve ! g5]al int]e/s ( tru?4 ,! same holds good ) respect to ! pursuit ( social ends--e4 g41 ! correction ( social abuses & ! promotion ( social ju/ice4 ,! re=m] ( to-day /&s on ! %\ld]s ( all ! re=m]s ( ! pa/1 & w\ld h little prospect ( success 9 any ef=ts he may make )\t ! co-op]ation & criticism ( num]\s co-work]s4 ,nor1 aga91 is x "r = him to take up any & e project ( re=m t may happ5 to /rike 8 fancy4 ,he ought r to consid] :at p>ticul> measures "u exi/+ circum/ances are mo/ likely to advance ! cause ( progress1 & 9 :at capacity he is specially fitt$ to promote su* measures4 ,ju/ice & tru? are public1 n private ends4 ,! highe/ aim ( life = ea* "o is to (f] t contribution :i* he1 z an individual1 is peculi>ly fitt$ to make t[>d ! atta9m5t ( ! public ends ( mank9d4 ,! individual :5 liv+ only = himself1 absorb$ 9 8 private pleasures & pa9s1 is a creature ( little wor?2 & 8 exi/5ce is ( little m acc\nt 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s ?an t ( ! summ] insects1 :o h _! day & p]i%4 ,b ! individual become ! organ ( humanity acquires a la/+ wor?1 & 8 individuality possesses an inviolable sanctity4 ,! sacr$ness ( individuality 9 ! s5se j indicat$ is a lead+ idea ( e?ics--p]haps x w\ld n be too mu* to say1 ! lead+ idea4 ,& n[ we c /ate m exactly ! nature ( p>5tal duty4 ,x is ! duty ( ! p>5t1 rememb]+ t he is ! gu>dian ( ! p]man5t welf>e ( 8 *ild1 to respect1 to protect1 to develop its individuality--above all1 to discov] its individual b5t2 = t is (t5 lat5t1 & requires to be p]si/5tly se>*$ out4 ,x is ! duty & ! privilege ( ! p>5t to put ! *ild1 z x 71 9 possession ( its own s\l4 ,& ^u ?is relation%ip filial rev]5ce is f\nd$1 & f x ! pr9cipal filial duties may be d$uc$4 ,because ! *ild does n "k :at is be/ = x1 9 view ( its de/9y1 z describ$ above1 x is b\nd to obey4 ,ob$i5ce is ! fir/ ( ! filial duties4 ,secondly1 ! *ild is b\nd to %[ gratitude = ! b5efits receiv$ at ! h&s ( its p>5ts4 ,! tea*] %\ld discuss ) 8 pupils ! pr9cipal b5efits conf]r$ by p>5ts4 ,! p>5ts supply ! *ild ) food1 %elt]1 & raim5t2 !y nurse x 9 sickness1 (t5 sacrific+ sleep1 com=t1 & heal? = its sake4 ,!y toil 9 ord] t x may want no?+2 !y give x1 9 _! fond affection1 ! sweet season+ ( all _! o!r gifts4 ,x is well to br+ ^! facts di/9ctly be=e ! pupil's m9d4 ,! tea*] c d x ) a bett] grace ?an ! p>5t himself4 ,! tea*] c /r5g!n & deep5 ! home feel+1 & x is 8 (fice to d s4 ,! pupil %\ld g home f 8 moral lesson 9 s*ool & look ^u 8 p>5ts ) a new realization ( all t he owes !m1 ) a new & deep] t5d]ness4 ,b ! duty ( gratitude %\ld be bas$1 above all1 ^u ! greate/ gift :i* ! *ild obta9s f 8 p>5ts1 ! help :i* x receives t[>d atta9+ ! moral aim ( its exi/5ce4 ,i d n include ! comm&m5t ,love ?y p>5ts among ! rules ( filial duty1 = ,i d n ?9k t love c be comm&$4 ,love foll[s ( itself if ! "r attitude ( rev]5ce1 ob$i5ce1 gratitude be obs]v$4 ,love is ! s5se ( union ) ano!r4 ,& ! peculi>ity ( filial love1 :]eby x is di/+ui%$ f o!r k9ds ( love1 is t x spr+s f union ) p]sons on :om we utt]ly dep5d1 ) moral sup]iors1 to :om we owe ! fo/]+ ( our spiritual z well z ( our physical exi/5ce4 ,b h[ %all ! s5tim5t ( filial gratitude express itself8 ,gratitude is usually display$ by a return ( ! k9dness receiv$4 ,b ! k9dness :i* we receive f p>5ts is su* t we c nev] repay x4 ,x is ( ! nature ( a debt :i* we c nev] hope fully to cancel4 ,we c d ?is mu*--:5 our p>5ts gr[ old1 we c c>e = !m1 & smoo? ! la/ /eps t lead to ! grave4 ,& :5 we ourselves h gr[n to manhood & womanhood1 & h 9 turn become p>5ts1 we c be/[ ^u our own (fspr+ ! same /udi\s & intellig5t c>e :i* our p>5ts1 accord+ to ! light !y _h1 be/[$ on u1 & ?us ideally repay !m by do+ = o!rs :at !y did = u4 ,b ?is is a po9t :i* conc]ns only adults4 ,z = "y *ildr51 !y c %[ _! gratitude 9 "p by slight s]vices1 delicacies ( behavior1 ! *ief value ( :i* consi/s 9 ! s5tim5t t inspires !m1 b pr9cipally by a will+ acceptance ( p>5tal guidance1 & by e>ne/ ef=ts 9 ! direction ( _! own intellectual & moral improvem5t4 ,!re is no love s unselfi% z p>5tal love4 ,!re is no?+ :i* true p>5ts h m at he>t ?an ! highe/ welf>e ( _! *ildr54 ,!re is no way 9 :i* a *ild c please fa!r & "m bett] ?an by do+ t :i* is = its own highe/ good4 ,! *ild's progress 9 k & 9 moral excell5ce are to e p>5t ! mo/ acceptable tok5s ( filial gratitude4 ,& ?is leads me to an important po9t1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ea* p]iod ( life has its di/9ct set ( duties2 fur!rmore1 t 9 ea* p]iod !re is "o p>am\nt duty1 ar\nd :i* ! o!rs may be gr\p$2 &1 la/ly1 t at ea* successive /age x is important to rea* backw>d & to br+ ! e?ical sy/em ( ! prec$+ p]iod into h>mony ) ! new sy/em4 ,( ?is la/ po9t we are n[ 9 a position to give a simple illu/ration4 ,! p>am\nt duty ( ! s*ool p]iod is to acquire k2 ! p>am\nt duty ( ! previ\s p]iod is to rev]5ce p>5ts4 ,b1 z has j be5 %[n1 rev]5ce t[>d p>5ts at ?is /age is be/ exhibit$ by consci5ti\s /udy1 & ?us ! two sy/ems are m]g$ into "o4#ag ,,! ,,frat]nal ,,duties4 ,?us mu* conc]n+ ! filial relations4 ,we pass on to speak ( ! frat]nal duties2 ! duties ( bro!rs to bro!rs & si/]s to si/]s2 ( bro!rs to si/]s & conv]sely2 ( old] to y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s & conv]sely4 ,! frat]nal duties are f\nd$ ^u ! respect :i* equals owe to equals4 ,! bro!rly relation is ( imm5se p$agogic value1 inasmu* z x educates u = ! fulfillm5t lat] on ( our duties t[>d all equals1 be !y k9sm5 or n4 ,z betwe5 bro!rs1 ! respect ( ea* = ! rights ( ! o!r is made comp>atively easy by natural incl9ation4 ,! tie ( blood1 close & con/ant association 9 ! same h\se1 common exp]i5ce ( dome/ic pleasures & sorr[s--all ?is t5ds to l9k ! he>ts ( ! bro!rs toge!r1 & ?us ! fir/ lessons 9 "o ( ! h>de/ duties are giv5 by ,love1 ! g5tle/ ( s*ool-ma/]s4 ,b ! ^w equality mu/ n be misconceiv$4 ,equality is n to be tak5 9 its ma!matical s5se4 ,"o bro!r is gift$ & may ev5tually rise to weal? & fame1 ano!r is ,nature's /ep-*ild2 "o si/] is beautiful1 ano!r ! opposite4 ,if ! idea ( equality be press$ to a lit]al mean+1 x is sure to give rise to ugly feel+s 9 ! he>ts ( ! less =tunate4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we def9e equality 9 ! moral s5se8 ,a sup]ior1 z we h se51 r5d]s s]vices :i* ! inf]ior c n adequately return4 ,equals are ^? :o are s f> on ! same level z to be capable ( r5d]+ mutual s]vices1 alike 9 importance1 ?\gh n necess>ily ! same 9 k9d4 ,equals are correlative to "o ano!r4 ,! s]vices ( ea* are complem5t>y to ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! idea ( mutual s]vice1 !re=e1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! relation ( bro!rs1 & ! rule ( duty may be =mulat$ simply1 ,s]ve "o ano!r4 ,f ?is foll[ all ! m9or comm&s & prohibitions :i* are usually impress$ ^u *ildr51#ah & also ! f> l(ti] c\nsels :i* apply only to adults4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! rule ( mutual s]vice1 :5 c>ri$ to its highe/ applications1 presupposes ! pr9ciple ( individual diff]5tiation1 to :i* we h already atta*$ s mu* weight4 ,?is pr9ciple is fundam5tal to frat]nal z well z to pat]nal & filial duty4 ,= precisely to ! ext5t t bro!rs are di/9ctly individualiz$ c !y supplem5t ea* o!r & correlate _! mutual s]vices4 ,"o c n inde$ ov]look ! pat5t fact t bro!rs :o are unlike 9 nature frequ5tly repel ea* o!r1 & t 9 su* cases ! v clos5ess ( ! relation (t5 becomes a s\rce ( extreme irritation1 & ev5 ( positive agony4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no sur] sign ( moral rip5ess ?an ! ability to ent] into1 to und]/&1 to appreciate a nature totally unlike "o's own1 & ?us to "s ext5t to appropriate its excell5ces4 ,! v fact1 !re=e1 t we at fir/ feel ourselves repell$ %\ld be tak5 z a h9t t ?is natural repulsion is to be ov]come4 ,= e type ( "* ne$s its opposite to correct x4 ,! ideali/1 = in/ance1 ne$s ! reali/1 if he w\ld keep 8 balance4 ,& our uncong5ial bro!rs1 precisely because !y are at fir/ uncong5ial1 if we w b rememb] t !y are1 aft] all1 our bro!rs1 & t x is our duty to come into h>moni\s relations ) !m1 c be/ help u to ?is f9e self-conque/1 ?is true enri*m5t & enl>gem5t ( our moral be+4 ,a ^w may be add$ z a caution to p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,! way to create bro!rly feel+ among ! "y is to treat !m imp>tially1 to love !m ) an equal love4 ,^? :o love & are belov$ by ! same p]son are /rongly induc$ to love "o ano!r4 ,9 ! next place1 :5 disputes arise1 z is p]haps unavoidable1 ! p>5t or tea*] %\ld1 z a rule1 ent] pati5tly into ! cause & n cut (f inquiry because ! :ole matt] seems trivial4 ,! subject matt] ( ! dispute may be insignificant en\gh1 b ! satisfaction ( ! s5se ( ju/ice ( ! "y is ( ! greate/ significance4 ,:5 ! s5se ( ju/ice is outrag$1 be ! cause nev] s trivial1 a feel+ ( di/ru/ aga9/ ! p>5t is g5]at$1 & ( incipi5t hatr$ aga9/ ! bro!r :o may h provok$ ! unju/ decision4 ,i h yet to speak ( ! duties ( old] to y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s4 ,if x is difficult to s]ve two ma/]s1 x is h>dly pleasant to be ask$ to s]ve half a doz54 ,! y\nge/ *ildr5 9 a l>ge family are (t5 plac$ 9 ?is position4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! au?ority ( ! p>5ts1 :i* mu/ be respect$2 !n1 9 addition1 ea* ( ! gr[n-up sons & daught]s is apt to try to ex]cise a little au?ority on 8 or h] own acc\nt4 ,! y\ng] ones naturally res5t ?is petty despotism1 & disob$i5ce & angry recrim9ations are ! unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,x is (t5 necess>y t eld] sons & daught]s %\ld h p>tial *>ge ( ! y\ng]4 ,!y c 9 all cases make _! au?ority acceptable by repres5t+ x z delegat$1 by hav+ x und]/ood t !y reg>d !mselves m]ely z sub/itutes 9 ! p>5ts' place4 ,!re mu/ be unity ( influ5ce 9 ! home1 or else ! moral developm5t ( ! "y w be sadly int]f]$ )4 ,!re mu/ be only a s+le c5t] ( au?ority1 repres5t$ by ! p>5ts1 & all m9or ex]cise ( au?ority %\ld be ref]r$ back to t c5t]4 ,fa!r & "m wi% me to help y2 ,fa!r & "m w be pleas$ if y d s & s2 let me try to %[ y h[--if ! me?od ( managem5t impli$ 9 su* words z ^! be adopt$1 ! y\ng] *ildr5 w look ^u ! eld] z _! fri5ds & be glad to accept advice & direction4 ,la/ly1 a ^w ab\t ! relation betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s1 & conv]sely4 ,?is relation%ip is qualifi$ by ! diff]5ce ( sex4 ,a c]ta9 *ivalry *>act]izes ! attitude ( ! bro!r t[>d ! si/]1 a c]ta9 mo!rl9ess t ( ! si/] t[>d ! bro!r4 ,! relation may be & (t5 is a v beautiful "o4 ,! peculi> moral responsibility connect$ ) x is t ! si/] is usually ! fir/ woman :om ! bro!r kn[s at all intimately & z an equal1 & t 8 notions ( womanhood are l>gely influ5c$ by ! traits :i* he sees 9 h]1 :ile ! bro!r is usually ! fir/ man :om ! si/] kn[s z a companion1 & h] ideas ( m5 are color$ by :at %e sees 9 him4 ,to illu/rate ! frat]nal relation ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( recall+ ! /ories f ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* be> ^u ?is subject4 ,i h also giv5 an acc\nt ( ! life ( ! bro!rs ,jacob & ,william ,grimm4 ,!re 0 only a ye>'s diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,jacob ,grimm1 9 ! eulogy on ,william1 :i* he deliv]$ be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 says3 ,dur+ ! sl[ly creep+ ye>s ( our s*ool life we slept 9 ! same b$ & occupi$ ! same room4 ,!re we sat at "o & ! same table /udy+ our lessons4 ,lat] on !re 7 two tables & two b$s 9 ! same room2 & lat] /ill1 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( our rip] manhood1 we /ill cont9u$ to occupy two adjo9+ rooms1 always "u ! same ro(4 ,all _! prop]ty1 & ev5 _! books1 !y held 9 common2 :at belong$ to ! "o belong$ to ! o!r4 ,!y visit$ ! univ]sity toge!r 9 ! same ye>2 !y bo? took up1 9 def]5ce to _! "m's wi%1 ! same /udy1 t ( ! law1 :i* !y alike hat$1 & !n !y turn$ 9 common to ! /udy ( philology1 9 :i* bo? delight$ & bo? a*iev$ su* great di/9ction4 ,!y publi%$ _! fir/ important works 9 ! same ye>2 & z !y slept toge!r 9 ! same b$ :5 !y 7 *ildr51 s n[ !y sleep side by side 9 ! grave4 ,i ref] to ! /ory ( ,le> & 8 daught]s to %[ t ! common love = ! p>5ts is necess>y to su/a9 ! love ( bro!rs & si/]s t[>d "o ano!r4 ,le> _h e/rang$ ! affection ( ,gon]il & ,regan ?r\gh 8 p>tiality = ,cordelia4 ,! two wom51 :o _h no love = _! fa!r1 hat$ ea* o!r2 & ,gon]il1 :o 0 ! fir/ to ca/ him out1 poison$ h] si/]4 ,to illu/rate ! relations ( bro!rs to si/]s1 ,i give an acc\nt ( ! beautiful lives ( ,*>les & ,m>y ,lamb4 ,to %[ ! r$eem+ p[] ( womanhood z repres5t$ 9 a si/]1 ,i expla9 to old] pupils ! /ory :i* und]lies ,goe!'s drama ( ,iphig5ia4 ,ore/es is sick2 & :at is 8 malady8 ,8 s\l has be5 poison$ by remorse4 ,believ+ himself to be ! executive arm ( ju/ice1 he committ$ a great crime1 & n[ he is torn by ! pangs ( consci5ce1 & 8 m9d is =ev] dwell+ on t sc5e 9 :i* he 0 a fatal actor4 ,& h[ does ,iphig5ia heal him8 ,%e heals him by ! cle> tru?fulness ( h] nature1 :i* ! play is design$ to br+ out4 ,) ! light ( g5u9e womanhood :i* emanates f h] %e illum9ates anew 8 d>k5$ pa?4 ,by ! =ce ( ! good :i* he le>ns to recognize 9 h] he is l$ to a new tru/ 9 ! r$eem+ p[] ( ! good 9 himself1 & ?us to />t out afre% 9 a life ( c\rage1 hope1 & active ef=t4 ,! tea*] %\ld analyze & cause to be committ$ to memory ! v>i\s beautiful prov]bs :i* be> ^u ! subject ( frat]nal duty4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,x may also be po9t$ out to ! pupil t a "p ( ! task ( intellectual & moral tra9+1 :i* orig9ally belongs entirely to ! p>5ts1 has by !m be5 intru/$ to ! tea*]s1 & t some?+ ( ! rev]5ce :i* belongs to ! =m] is n[ due to ! latt]4 #ah ,d n qu>rel ov] y\r respective rights2 r be m eag] to secure ! rights ( y\r bro!r ?an y\r own4 ,d n triumph 9 y\r bro!r's disgrace or taunt him ) 8 fail+s1 b r seek to build up 8 self-respect4 ,help "o ano!r 9 y\r tasks1 etc4 ,,xiv4 ,,duties ,,t[>d ,,all ,,m54 ,,ju/ice ,,& ,,*>ity4 ,,ju/ice4--,! subject ( ju/ice is a difficult "o to treat4 ,ju/ice 9 ! legal s5se is to be di/+ui%$ f ju/ice 9 ! moral s5se4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ! latt]4 ,h[ mu* ( x c we hope to include 9 su* a c\rse ( in/ruction z ?is8 ,we c1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 ! ess5tial pr9ciple & give a few ( its mo/ important applications4 ,:at is ?is pr9ciple8 ,human society is an organism1 & ! p]fection ( x dep5ds ^u ! degree to :i* ! p>ts relat$ are diff]5tiat$4 ,unity ( organization is ! end1 diff]5tiation is ! means4 ,! s]v+ ( univ]sal ends is ! aim1 ! emphasiz+ ( individuality ! means4 ,! pr9ciple :i* und]lies ! laws ( ju/ice ,i take to be respect = individuality ( o!rs4 ,& ?is may be express$ 9 ! rule1 ,respect ! individuality ( e human be+4 ,x might1 inde$1 appe> at fir/ sight z if ju/ice _h to d only ) ^? po9ts 9 :i* all m5 are alike1 & took no notice ( ! diff]5ces t subsi/ betwe5 !m4 ,?us ju/ice enjo9s respect = ! life ( o!rs2 & 9 reg>d to ?is all m5 are exactly on a p>1 all m5 are equally entitl$ to live4 ,b ju/ice also comm&s u to respect ! convictions ( o!rs1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may be f our own4 ,& x is b a f9] s5se ( ju/ice :i* keeps u f intrud+ on ! privacy ( o!rs1 :i* leads u to %[ a prop] consid]ation = ! ways & idiosyncrasies ( o!rs1 & 9 g5]al to refra9 f encroa*+ on ! p]sonality ( o!rs4 ,! pr9ciple ( ju/ice may also be express$ 9 ! rule1 ,d n int]f]e ) ! individual developm5t ( any "o4 ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,ju/ice4-- #a4 ,d n kill4 ,by tak+ away ! life ( a human be+ we %\ld ( c\rse cut (f all *ance ( t p]son's fur!r developm5t4 ,?is requires no comm5t4 ,b c]ta9 casui/ical que/ions arise 9 connection ) ?is comm&4 ,is x "r to kill ano!r 9 self-def5se8 ,! difficulty involv$ might be put 9 ?is way3 ,a burgl> breaks into y\r h\se by night & ?reat5s to kill y4 ,y h a weapon at h& & c save y\rself by kill+ him4 ,n[ x is evid5t t "o ( two lives mu/ be tak54 ,b w\ld x n be m moral on y\r "p to say3 ,i1 at lea/1 w n break ! comm&m5t4 ,i w\ld r be kill$ ?an kill8 ,?is "q s]ves to %[ to :at absurdities a purely =mal pr9ciple 9 e?ics c lead1 z we h already se5 9 ! discussion ( tru?fulness4 ,! problem ( ! duel & t ( ! tak+ ( ! life ( o!rs 9 w> also belong "u ?is head1 b w be res]v$ = ! advanc$ c\rse4 #b4 ,respect ! p]sonal lib]ty ( o!rs4 ,slav]y1 "u :atev] =m1 is an outrage on ju/ice4 ,! slave is degrad$ to be ! m]e in/rum5t ( 8 ma/]'s pr(it or pleasure4 ,let ! tea*] po9t out 9 :at p>ticul>s ! slave is wrong$1 & %[ ! evil effects ( ! in/itution ( slav]y on ! "* ( ! ma/] z well z ( ! slave4 ,"q--,is x "r to speak ( wage-slav]y1 = in/ance1 9 cases :]e ! h\rs ( labor are s prolong$ z to leave no "t = high] int]e/s1 or :]e ! relations ( ! labor] to 8 employ] are su* z to impair 8 moral indep5d5ce8 #c4 ,respect ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,unless we are c>eful we may at ?is po9t commit a grave wrong4 ,^u :at moral consid]ations %all ! "r ( prop]ty be bas$8 ,! s*ool1 especially ! moral lessons :i* are imp>t$ 9 x1 %\ld c]ta9ly n be plac$ 9 ! s]vice ( ve/$ int]e/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ool %\ld n fill ! pupils' m9ds ) economic !ories1 :i* !y are incapable ( und]/&+1 & ( :i* ! tru?1 ! ju/ice1 ! feasibility are /ill hotly disput$4 ,we are !re=e tak+ a v responsible /ep 9 introduc+ ! idea ( prop]ty at all into our moral lessons4 ,& yet x is too great & important to be ignor$4 ,"s writ]s h advanc$ ! !ory t ! "r 9 "q re/s on labor1 & !y reg>d x z a self-evid5t proposition1 "o :i*1 !re=e1 might safely be taught to ! "y1 t e p]son is entitl$ to ! products ( 8 labor4 ,jules ,simon says 7see ,paul ,janet1 ,elem5ts ( ,morals1 ,engli% translation1 p4 #ff73 ,?is e>? 0 wor? no?+ & produc$ no?+4 ,i dug ! soil1 ,i br\ght f a di/ance f]tiliz+ e>?2 x is n[ f]tile4 ,?is f]tility is my "w2 by f]tiliz+ x1 ,i made x m9e4 ,am]ican writ]s h eloqu5t passages to ! same effect4 ,b ?is proposition c]ta9ly does n appe> to me self-evid5t1 nor ev5 true4 ,*iefly = ! reason t my labor & my skill are n orig9al1 b d]ivative factors 9 production4 ,!y are v l>gely ! result ( ! labor & ! skill ( g5]ations t h prec$$ me1 t h built up 9 me ?is bra91 ?is skill1 ?is p[] ( application4 ,! products ( my labor w\ld inde$ belong to me if my labor 7 really m9e1 if x 7 n to an incalculable ext5t ! consequ5t ( social antec$5ts1 9 reg>d to :i* ,i c n claim ! lea/ m]it4 ,! attempt to f\nd ! rew>ds ( labor ^u ! m]it ( ! labor] seems to me a p]fectly hopeless "o4 ,let me add t x is "o ?+ to say t he :o w n "w %all n eat1 & a v diff]5t ?+ to say t he :o works %all enjoy :at he has produc$4 ,! =m] /atem5t m]ely signifies t he :o w n contribute 8 %>e t[>d su/a9+ & improv+ human society is n entitl$ to any "p 9 ! advantages ( ! social ord]1 ?\gh ! *>ity ( 8 fell[-m5 may grant him1 "u c]ta9 conditions & 9 ! hope ( *ang+ 8 disposition1 :at he is n entitl$ to z ( "r4 ,b ! "q :at ! %>e ( ! labor] ought to be is "o t c n be settl$ 9 ! r\gh-&-ready mann] above sugge/$1 & ! consid]ations involv$ are1 9 tru?1 f> too num]\s & complex to be introduc$ at ?is /age4 ,! :ole "q w be reop5$ lat] on4 ,= ! pres5t x mu/ suffice to /ate c]ta9 purely moral consid]ations on :i* ! "r ( prop]ty may be made to re/4 ,! foll[+ are ! ideas :i* ,i %\ld seek to develop3 ,prop]ty is ju/ifi$ by its uses4 ,its uses are to support ! exi/5ce & promote ! m5tal & moral gr[? ( man4 ,! physical life itself dep5ds on prop]ty4 ,ev5 9 a communi/ic /ate ! food any "o eats mu/ be 8 prop]ty 9 ! s5se t e "o else is deb>r$ f us+ x4 ,! moral life ( m5 dep5ds on prop]ty4 ,! moral life is root$ 9 ! in/itution ( ! family1 & ! family c\ld n exi/ )\t a sep>ate domicile ( its own & ! means ( provid+ = its dep5d5t memb]s4 ,! indep5d5ce & ! gr[? ( ! intellect dep5d on prop]ty4 ,9 %ort1 prop]ty is an indisp5sable adjunct ( p]sonality4 ,?is ,i take to be its moral basis4 ,:at ,i "h indicate1 h[ev]1 is an ideal "r :i* ! exi/+ /ate ( society by no means reflects4 ,by :at me?ods we may be/ approa* ?is ideal1 :e!r by ma9ta9+ & improv+ ! sy/em ( private prop]ty 9 l& or by /ate own]%ip1 :e!r by capitali/ic or sociali/ic production1 etc41 are que/ions ( means1 n ( ends1 & raise problems 9 social sci5ce ) :i* "h we h n to deal4 ,"q--,if ! pres5t social arrangem5ts are n morally satisfactory1 if e4 g41 c]ta9 p]sons possess prop]ty to :i* on moral gr\nds !y are n entitl$1 %\ld n ! comm&m5t aga9/ /eal+ be susp5d$ s f> z !y are conc]n$8 ,! pres5t sy/em ( rights1 imp]fect z x is1 is ! result ( social evolution1 & d5otes ! high-wat] m>k ( ! av]age e?ical consci\sness ( ! _w up to date4 ,respect = ! exi/+ sy/em ( rights1 h[ev]1 imp]fect z x is1 is ! prime condition ( obta9+ a bett] sy/em4 #d4 ,respect ! m5tal lib]ty ( o!rs4 ,^u ?is rule ( ju/ice is f\nd$ ! "r to fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 & :at is call$ ! fre$om ( consci5ce4 ,po9t out ! limitations ( ^! v>i\s rights :i* foll[ f ! fact ( _! univ]sality4 #e4 ,respect ! reputation ( y\r fell[-m54 ,refra9 f backbit+ & sl&]4 ,bridle y\r tongue4 ,?is und\bt$ly is a rule ( ju/ice4 ,:o /eals my purse /eals tra%1 etc4 ,! respect ( our fell[-m5 is 9 itself a s\rce ( happ9ess & a moral prop1 &1 besides1 ! greate/ help 9 a*iev+ ! legitimate purposes ( life4 ,he :o has ! confid5ce ( o!rs has w+s to be> him along4 ,he :o is suspect$ = any reason1 true or false1 /rikes aga9/ invisible b>ri]s at e /ep4 ,no?+ is s s5sitive z "*--a m]e brea? may t>ni% x4 ,x is !re=e ! grave/ k9d ( injury to our neighbors to dissem9ate damag+ rumors1 to ?r[ out d>k h9ts & sugge/ions ) respect to !m1 to impugn _! motives4 ,b is x n a duty to d5\nce evil & evil-do]s & to put ! innoc5t on _! gu>d aga9/ wolves 9 %eep's clo?+8 ,yes1 if we are sure t our own motives are p]fectly dis9t]e/$1 t we are n 9 ! lea/ prompt$ by p]sonal spite or prejudice4 ,= if we dislike a p]son1 z e "o kn[s1 we c n judge him fairly1 we are prone to attribute to him all mann] ( evil qualities & evil int5ts :i* exi/ only 9 our own jaundic$ imag9ation4 ,v (t5 a p]son aga9/ :om we _h at fir/ conceiv$ a di/9ct dislike proves on ne>] acqua9tance to be "o :om we c e/eem & ev5 love4 ,we %\ld be w>n$ by su* exp]i5ces to hold our judgm5ts 9 susp5se1 & n to all[ injuri\s words to pass ! lips4 ,! va/ moral importance ( be+ able to hold "o's tongue1 ! gold5 res\rces ( sil5ce1 %\ld be emphasiz$ by ! tea*]4 ,a s]ies ( lessons on good mann]s may be introduc$ at ?is po9t4 ,! c]emonies ( social int]c\rse1 ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ref9$ p %[ _! def]5ce = ea* o!r1 ! rule n to obtrude self 9 conv]sation1 & ! l1 are s _m illu/rations ( ! respect :i* we owe to ! p]sonality ( our fell[-m54 ,good mann]s are ! ae/hetic c\nt]p>t ( good morals1 & ! connection betwe5 ! two c easily be made pla94 #f4 ,speak ! tru?4 ,inw>d tru?fulness is a self-reg>d+ duty2 social tru?fulness is a =m ( ju/ice4 ,words repres5t facts4 ,! words we speak to our neighbor are us$ by him z build+-/ones 9 ! ar*itecture ( 8 daily conduct4 ,we h no "r to defeat ! purposes ( 8 life1 to weak5 ! dwell+ he is erect+1 by supply+ him ) wor?less build+ mat]ial4 ,^u exactly ! same gr\nd is bas$ ! duty ( keep+ "o's promises1 viz41 t our fell[-m5 build on our promises4 ,promises made 9 a legal =m are call$ contracts & c be en=c$4 ,promises n made 9 legal =m are equally b9d+ f a moral po9t ( view4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t conditional promises are cancel$ :5 ! /ipulat$ conditions d n occur1 &1 fur!rmore1 t !re are c]ta9 tacit conditions impli$ 9 all promises :atsoev]4 ,a p]son :o has promis$ to visit a fri5d on a c]ta9 day & dies 9 ! int]val is n suppos$ to h brok5 8 promise2 nor if any "o makes a simil> promise & a heavy sn[/orm %\ld block ! roads or if he %\ld be conf9$ to 8 b$ by sickness is he likely to be accus$ ( break+ 8 promise4 ,! physical possibility ( fulfill+ !m is a tacit condition 9 all promises4 ,x is also a tacit condition 9 all promises t x %all be morally possible or consi/5t ) morality to keep !m4 ,a "y man :o has promis$ to jo9 a gang ( burgl>s 9 an attack on a bank & :o rep5ts at ! la/ mom5t is morally ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ to keep 8 pl$ge4 ,8 crime consi/$ 9 hav+ made ! promise 9 ! fir/ place1 n 9 refus+ to fulfill x at ! la/ mom5t4 ,a p]son1 h[ev]1 :o promises to pay usuri\s int]e/ on a loan ( money & :o !n takes advantage ( ! laws aga9/ usury to escape paym5t is a d\ble-dy$ rogue1 = 8 int5tion is to *eat1 & he uses ! cloak ( virtue z a scre5 9 ord] to *eat ) impunity4 ,let ! tea*] discuss ! casui/ical "q :e!r x is "r to keep a promise made to robb]s--e4 g41 if we %\ld fall into ! h&s ( brig&s1 & !y %\ld make x a condition ( our release t we %all n betray _! hid+-place4 ,ju/ice is bas$ on positive respect = ! individuality ( o!rs1 b its comm&s may all be express$ 9 ! negative =m3 ,d n kill1 d n infr+e ! lib]ty1 ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 d n sl&]1 d n lie1 etc4 ,x is (t5 held1 h[ev]1 t !re is a positive z well z a negative side to ju/ice1 & ! two sides are respectively express$ 9 ! =mulas3 ,nem9em la$e & suum cuique--,hurt no "o & give e "o 8 due4 ,( positive or di/ributive ju/ice we meet ) su* examples z ! foll[+3 ,9 aw>d+ a prize ! jury is b\nd 9 ju/ice to give ! aw>d 9 favor ( ! mo/ des]v+ competitor4 ,! head ( a dep>tm5t 9 fill+ a vacancy is b\nd 9 ju/ice to avoid favoritism1 to promote t "o ( 8 subord9ates :o des]ves promotion1 etc4 ,b x seems to me t ?is di/9ction is unimportant4 ,give to ea* "o 8 due is tantam\nt to ,d n deprive any "o ( :at is due him4 ,if ! prize or ! place belongs to ,a we %\ld1 by )hold+ x f him1 invade ! rights ( ,a z mu* z if we took money out ( 8 purse4 ,! comm&s are negative1 b ! virtue impli$ is positive en\gh1 because x dep5ds on positive respect = human nature4 ,d n infr+e ^u ! sacr$ t]ritory ( ano!r's p]sonality is ! rule ( ju/ice 9 all cases4 ,,*>ity4--,h[ %all we di/+ui% *>ity f ju/ice8 ,x is said t e "o is ju/ifi$ 9 claim+ f o!rs :at belongs to him z a matt] ( "r1 b t no "o c exact *>ity4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( *>ity is suppos$ to be t x is freely giv54 ,b if ,i happ5 to be ri* & c af=d to supply ! ne$ ( ano!r am ,i n morally b\nd to d s1 & has n my indig5t neighbor a real claim ^u me8 ,aga91 x has be5 said t ! t]m ju/ice is appli$ to claims :i* are capable ( be+ =mulat$ 9 g5]al rules & impos$ alike on all m5 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r1 :ile 9 ! case ( *>ity bo? ! measure & ! object ( x are to be freely det]m9$ by ea* "o4 ,we are free1 accord+ to ?is view1 to decide :e!r a claim ^u u exi/s or n2 b1 ! claim once hav+ be5 admitt$1 x is z b9d+ ^u u z any ( ! dem&s ( ju/ice4 ,b1 :ile ?is is true1 ,i hold t nev]!less !re exi/s a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! virtues ( ju/ice & *>ity4 ,we owe ju/ice to our equals1 *>ity to our inf]iors4 ,! ^w inf]ior is to be und]/ood 9 a c>efully limit$ s5se4 ,an employ] owes 8 workm51 z a matt] ( ju/ice1 ! wages he has agre$ to pay4 ,?\gh !y may be socially 8 inf]iors1 9 reg>d to ?is transaction !y are 8 equals4 ,!y h agre$ to r5d] him c]ta9 s]vices & he has agre$ to return !m an equival5t4 ,ju/ice says ,d n h9d] ! developm5t ( o!rs2 ,*>ity says ,assi/ ! developm5t ( o!rs4 ,! application ( ! rule ( *>ity w make its mean+ cle>4 #a4 ,ju/ice says d n de/roy life2 ,*>ity says save life4 ,rescue f ! flames ! inmates ( a burn+ h\se2 leap into ! waves to save a dr[n+ fell[-creature4 ,su* p]sons are dep5d5t on y\r help4 ,!y are !re=e ) respect to y 9 an inf]ior position4 ,discuss ) ! class ! limitations ( ?is duty4 ,i am n b\nd to jump into ! wat]1 = in/ance1 :5 ,i see a p]son dr[n+ unless ,i c swim4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld be culpable foolh>d9ess 9 me to d s4 ,discuss ! foll[+ casui/ical case3 ,a *ild is ly+ on ! railroad track & a locomotive is rapidly approa*+4 ,am ,i b\nd to make ! attempt to draw x away f ! track8 ,does x make any diff]5ce :e!r ,i am s+le or ! fa!r ( a family & h o!rs dep5d5t on me8 ,9 g5]al1 ! attempt to save %\ld n be made unless !re is a di/9ct *ance ( succe$+ )\t ! sacrifice ( "o's own life2 b we are ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ great risks1 & c\rage & self-reliance are ev9c$ 9 ! degree ( risk we are will+ to take4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! delib]ate sacrifice ( "o life = ano!r is 9 ! highe/ degree praisewor?y :51 namely1 ! life to be sav$ is reg>d$ z f> m preci\s ?an our own4 ,in/ance ! soldi] :o int]cepts ! ?ru/ :i* is aim$ at ! life ( 8 g5]al4 ,in/ance ! p>5t :o 9 ! ,john/[n flood 0 se5 to pu% 8 *ild to a place ( safety & 0 !n swept away by ! curr5t4 #b4 ,assi/ ! ne$y4 ,?is may be done by giv+ bread to ! hungry1 clo?+ to ! nak$1 %elt] to ! homeless1 by c>+ = ! sick1 advanc+ loans to ^? :o are /ruggl+ t[>d self-support1 etc4 ,! rule ( *>ity is bas$ on respect = ! p]sonality ( o!rs4 ,we are requir$ to assi/ ^? :o are too weak to hold _! own1 ) a view ( putt+ !m on _! feet aga94 ,! aim ( all *>ity %\ld be to make ^? :o are dep5d5t on x indep5d5t ( x4 ,f ?is po9t ( view all m]e almsgiv+1 all t s-call$ *>ity :i* only s]ves to make ! dep5d5t classes m dep5d5t1 /&s condemn$4 ,b ! true te/ ( *>ity1 ^u :i* ! greate/ /ress %\ld be laid1 is to be f\nd 9 ! way x reacts ^u ! *>itable !mselves4 ,"r relations1 :atev] _! nature1 are always mutually b5eficial4 ,does ! de$ ( *>ity react b5eficially on ! do]8 is ! te/ "q to be ask$ 9 e in/ance4 ,take ! case ( a p]son :o gives l>ge sums to ! poor 9 ! hope ( see+ 8 "n favorably m5tion$ 9 ! newspap]s4 ,! motive 9 ?is case is vanity1 & ! effect ( ?is spuri\s sort ( *>ity is to increase ! vanity ( ! donor4 ,! reaction ^u him1 !re=e1 is morally h>mful4 ,aga91 take ! case ( a p]son :o gives caprici\sly1 at ! bidd+ ( impulse1 )\t consid]+ :e!r 8 gifts are likely to be ( la/+ b5efit to ! recipi5ts4 ,he is confirm$ 9 8 habit ( yield+ to impulse1 & ! reaction is likewise morally injuri\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! retroactive effects ( true *>ity are mo/ b5eficial4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a reaction w take place 9 ! direction ( great] simplicity 9 our own lives4 ,a p]son c n be s]i\sly & deeply int]e/$ 9 ! condition ( ! poor1 c n truly realize ! h>d%ips :i* !y suff]1 )\t be+ mov$ to cut (f sup]flu\s exp5diture4 ,secondly1 true *>ity w tea* u to ent] into ! problems ( o!rs1 (t5 s unlike our own2 to put ourselves 9 _! places2 to consid] h[ we %\ld act 9 _! circum/ances2 to fight _! battles = !m2 & by ?is means our moral exp]i5ce w be enl>g$1 & f be+ "o1 we become1 z x 71 _m m54 ,true *>ity w also draw clos] ! bond ( fell[%ip betwe5 ! poor & u1 = we %all (t5 discov] virtues 9 !m :i* we d n possess ourselves2 & sometimes1 at lea/1 we %all h occasion to look up ) a k9d ( awe to ^? :om we are aid+4 ,9 connection ) ! discussion ( *>ity1 let ! tea*] relate ! biographies ( ,john ,h[>d1 ,si/] ,dora1 ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 ,elizabe? ,fry1 & o!rs1 :o h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! devotion to ! suff]+4 #c4 ,*e] up ! sad4 ,expla9 t a bright smile may (t5 h ! value ( an act ( *>ity4 ,9 g5]al1 emphasize ! duty ( suppress+ irritability1 ill humor1 & mood9ess1 & ( contribut+ to ! sun%9e ( our h\seholds4#ai #d4 ,console ! b]eav$4 ,! afflict$ are = ! mom5t weak & dep5d5t2 x is ! (fice ( lov+ *>ity to make !m indep5d5t4 ,"h ! same tra9 ( reason+ is applicable z above 9 ! case ( ! poor4 ,x s]ves no useful purpose m]ely to sit d[n by ! side ( ! sorr[ful & to weep ) !m4 ,!y d ne$ sympa?y1 b !y also ne$1 at lea/ aft] ! fir/ p>oxysms ( grief h subsid$1 to be r\s$4 ,! true cure = suff]+ is action4 ,^? :o suff] ne$ to be n]v$ to action2 !y ne$ to be %[n1 above all1 ! new duties :i* _! situation entails4 ,he :o c po9t out to !m ! way ( duty1 & c give !m ( 8 own /r5g? to walk 9 t way1 is _! be/ fri5d--he is ! true consol]4 #e4 ,i h yet to speak ( m5tal *>ity & ( moral *>ity4 ,m5tal *>ity is practic$ by ! wise tea*]1 :o puts 8 pupils on ! road to k1 :o helps !m to discov] _! true vocation1 & :o1 :5 !y are involv$ 9 d\bt & difficulty1 succe$s 9 giv+ !m ! clew by :i* !y c f9d an exit into m5tal cle>ness & light4 #f4 ,moral *>ity is practic$ by ^? :o b5d d[n to ! s9ful & ! fall51 & awak5 9 !m a new hope & tru/ 9 ! good & 9 !mselves4 ,! *>ity :i* effects moral reg5]ation is p]haps ! highe/ type ( all1 & ( ?is ,i "k no m fitt+ nor m sublime example ?an ! deal+ ( ,jesus ) ! outca/s ( society4 ,,note4--,)\t attempt+ to =e/all fur!r philosophical analysis1 we may p]haps assume1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 z a provisional pr9ciple ( d$uction 9 e?ics1 ! pr9ciple ( organization4 ,! individual is an organ ( humanity4 ,x is 8 duty to dis*>ge1 z p]fectly z possible1 8 special functions2 h5ce ! ne$ ( insi/+ on respect = individuality ?r\gh\t4 ,ev5 ! self-reg>d+ duties w\ld h no mean+ 7 n ! complex :ole 9 view1 9 ! economy ( :i* ea* memb] is requir$ to p]=m 8 "p4 ,z 9 e organism1 s 9 ?is1 ea* sep>ate organ s]ves1 & is s]v$ 9 turn by all ! o!rs1 & c atta9 its highe/ developm5t only ?r\gh ?is con/ant int]action4 ,to complete ! ?\ght1 x w\ld be necess>y to add t c]ta9 organs are m closely connect$ ?an o!rs1 & =m less] organisms )9 & subs]vi5t to ! :ole4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely ?r[n out z a sugge/ion address$ to ! /ud5t ( e?ics4 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,gratitude4--,^u ?is subject mu* might be said1 did n ! fact t ! "t at our comm& is ne>ly exhau/$ w>n u to use ev5 great] brevity ?an h]et(ore 9 deal+ ) ! topics t rema94 ,to br+ out ! "r relations betwe5 b5efactor & b5efici>y1 let ! tea*] put ! "q1 ,:y is x wrong to ca/ up ! b5efits we h conf]r$ to ! "o :o has receiv$ !m8 ,& :y1 on ! o!r h&1 is x s base 9 ! latt] to %[ himself ungrateful4 ,! reason is to be f\nd 9 ! respect due to ! p]sonality ( o!rs1 to :i* we h s (t5 allud$4 ,kant says t e human be+ is to be treat$ z an end 9 himself1 & n m]ely z a means or a tool4 ,9 effect1 ! p]son :o ignores b5efits says to 8 b5efactor3 ,y are my tool4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to recognize y\r s]vices1 because y are n an indep5d5t p]son to be respect$1 b a creature to be made use ( at pleasure4 ,+ratitude is a slur on ! moral p]sonality ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o ca/s up b5efits practically says y h =feit$ y\r indep5d5ce ?r\gh ! favors y h accept$4 ,i h made y\r p]sonality tribut>y to m9e4 ,an excell5t rule is t ( ,s5eca4 ,! b5efactor %\ld imm$iately =get :at he has giv52 ! b5efici>y %\ld always rememb] :at he has receiv$4 ,true gratitude is bas$ on ! s5se ( our moral fell[%ip ) o!rs4 ,! gifts receiv$ & return$ are m]e tok5s ( ?is noble relation%ip 7z all gifts %\ld be74 ,y h j giv5 to me4 ,i w pres5tly give to y twice z mu* aga91 or half z mu*1 x matt]s n :i*1 :5 occasion arises4 ,we w fur!r ea* o!r's aims z be/ we c1 = ! ends ( ea* are sacr$ to ! o!r4 ,,duties ,,to ,,s]vants4--,hav+ spok5 ( ! duties :i* we owe to all m51 ,i may "h ref] to c]ta9 special duties1 su* z ! duties t[>d s]vants4 ,^! may also be introduc$ 9 connection ) ! duties ( ! family1 aft] ! filial & frat]nal duties h be5 consid]$4 ,i h space only to m5tion ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,s]vants are labor]s4 ,! same respect is due to !m z to all o!r labor]s4 #b4 ,!y are n only labor]s1 b 9 a special s5se help]s4 ,!y are memb]s ( ! h\sehold 9 a subord9ate capacity1 & 9 _m cases id5tify !mselves closely ) ! int]e/s ( ! family4 ,!y are1 z x 71 lay bro!rs & lay si/]s ( ! family4 ,f ^! consid]ations may be d$uc$ ! duties :i* we owe t[>d s]vants4 ,,duties ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,animals4--,i c n admit t we h duties t[>d animals4 ,we c n v well speak ( duties t[>d creatures on :i* we 9 "p subsi/2 b !re are duties ) respect to animals4 ,man is a rational be+1 & z su* takes a natural delight 9 t ord]ly arrangem5t & int]dep5d5ce ( p>ts :i* are ! visible c\nt]p>t ( ! rational pr9ciple 9 8 own nature4 ,we ought n to /ep on or he$lessly cru% "u our feet ev5 a s+le fl[]4 ,mu* less %\ld we ru?lessly de/roy ! m p]fect organism :i* we see 9 animals4 ,add to ?is t animals are s5ti5t creatures1 & t ! useless infliction ( pa9 t5ds to develop cruelty 9 u4 ,z a practical means ( fo/]+ k9dness t[>d animals1 ,i sugge/ ! foll[+3 ,get y\r pupils int]e/$ 9 ! habits ( animals4 ,famili>ity 9 ?is case w bre$ sympa?y4 ,speak ( ! build+ in/9cts ( bees2 ( ! curi\s /ructures rais$ by ^? wond]ful eng9e]s1 ! beav]s4 ,give prom95ce to ! love = _! "y by :i* ! brute creation is br\ght into clos] connection ) ! human family4 ,m5tion especially ! fidelity :i* "s animals %[ t[>d man 7! sav+ ( human lives by ,/4 ,b]n>d dogs1 etc471 & ! uses :i* we d]ive f ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! animal creation4 ,z to ! fact t we use animals = our su/5ance1 ! highe/ po9t ( view to take1 ,i ?9k1 is ?is1 t man is1 s to speak1 ! crucible 9 :i* all ! utilities ( nature are ref9$ to high] spiritual uses4 ,man puts ! :ole ( nature "u contribution to s]ve 8 purposes4 ,he takes trees f ! =e/ 9 ord] to build 8 h\se1 & to fa%ion ! table at :i* he takes 8 meals2 he br+s up metal f ! dep?s ( ! e>? & conv]ts x into tools2 he takes clay & =ms x into vessels4 ,he also is p]mitt$ to pluck fl[]s :]e) to g>ni% 8 fea/s1 & to make !m ! tok5s ( 8 love2 & 9 ! same mann] he may actually absorb ! life ( ! l[] animals1 9 ord] to trans=m & transfigure x1 z x 71 into t high] life :i* is possible only 9 human society4 ,b x foll[s t he is a m]e p>asite & an int]lop] 9 nature1 unless he actually leads ! truly human life4 ,,footnote3 #ai ,= ! tea*] ,i add po9t #d4 ,! duties m5tion$ "u #e & #f may be practic$ 9 a simple way by ! "y 9 ! =m ( aid+ _! backw>d s*oolmates1 & obs]v+ ! "r attitude t[>d ^? ( _! companions :o are 9 disgrace4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,civic ,,duty4 ,x %\ld be ! aim ( ! s*ool n only to connect ! sy/em ( s*ool duties ) ! duties ( ! previ\s p]iod1 b also to prep>e ! pupils morally = ! p]iod :i* foll[s4 ,! s*ool is ! int]m$iate l9k betwe5 life 9 ! family & life 9 society & ! /ate4 ,! c\rse ( moral in/ruction1 !re=e1 culm9ates = ! pres5t 9 ! *apt] on civic duties4 ,ne$less to say t at ?is /age ! subject c be consid]$ 9 its elem5ts only4 ,! claims ( ! /ate ^u ! moral atta*m5t ( ! citiz5 c h>dly be pres5t$ too w>mly4 ,life 9 ! /ate z well z 9 ! family is indisp5sable to ! full developm5t ( "*4 ,man1 9 8 progress f *ildhood to old age1 passes successively ?r\gh ev]-wid5+ circles ( duty1 & new moral horizons op5 ^u him z he gr[s out ( "o into ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! circles1 &1 9 respect to moral opportunities1 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ glori\s1 is ! /ate4 ,x may be said t ! :ole /ate exi/s ideally 9 e true citiz51 or1 :at am\nts to ! same1 t ! true citiz5 embraces ! int]e/s ( ! /ate1 z if !y 7 8 own1 & acts f ! po9t ( view ( ! total body politic4 ,increas$ bread? ( view & elevation ( purpose are ! moral b5efits :i* accrue to e "o :o ev5 hone/ly attempts to be a citiz5 9 ?is s5se4 ,mu* att5tion is paid 9 "s s*ools to ! ma*9]y ( our gov]nm5t4 ,! pupils are expect$ to le>n ! exact functions ( mayors1 city c\ncils1 & legislative bodies1 ! provisions relative to ! election ( ! ,presid5t1 etc4 ,b :ile ^! ?+s ought to be kn[n1 !y relate1 aft] all1 only to ! ext]nals ( gov]nm5t2 & x is f> m important to famili>ize ! pupils ) ! animat+ _s ( political in/itutions1 ) ! great ideas :i* und]lie ! /ate4 ,!re are especially ?ree political ideas to :i* ,i %\ld give prom95ce2 ^! are1 ! idea ( ! supremacy ( ! law2 ! true idea ( puni%m5t2 & ! idea ( nationality4 ,aft] we h in/ill$ ^! ideas1 x w be "t en\gh to dwell ) great] p>ticul>ity on ! ma*9]y by :i* x is s\ght to c>ry !m into effect4 ,:at me?od %all we use = in/ill+ ^! ideas8 ,! same :i* mod]n p$agogy applies 9 e bran* ( in/ruction4 ,! rule is1 ,proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 9 introduc+ a new notion1 connect x ) "s analog\s notion already 9 ! pupil's possession4 ,! s*ool (f]s excell5t opportunities = develop+ ! two ideas ( law & puni%m5t4 ,9 e s*ool !re exi/s a body ( rules & regulations1 or s*ool laws4 ,x %\ld be made pla9 to ! s*ol>s t ^! laws are enact$ = _! own good4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! s*ool %\ld be made to re/ z f> z possible on ! cons5t & co-op]ation ( ! gov]n$4 ,t s*ool :i* does n secure on ! "p ( ! s*ol>s a will+ acceptance ( ! sy/em ( re/ra9ts :i* is necess>y = ! good ( ! :ole1 is a failure4 ,9 su* an in/itution ! law-abid+ _s c nev] be fo/]$4 ,! play-gr\nd1 too1 af=ds a prelim9>y tra9+ = future citiz5%ip4 ,on ! play-gr\nd ! s*ol>s le>n to select & to obey _! own lead]s1 to ma9ta9 ! rules ( ! game1 & to put d[n any infraction ( !m1 :e!r 9 ! %ape ( viol5ce or fraud4 ,!y also le>n to def] to ! w ( ! majority--a mo/ important lesson1 especially 9 democratic communities--& to be> defeat good-humor$ly4#bj ,! true idea ( puni%m5t %\ld be br\ght home to ! s*ol>s ?r\gh ! discipl9e ( ! s*ool4 ,! ends ( puni%m5t are ! protection ( ! community & ! re=mation ( ! (f5d]4 ,n[h]e bett] ?an 9 ! little commonweal? ( ! s*ool c ^! moral aspects ( puni%m5t be impress$2 n[h]e bett] c ! f\ndation be laid = ! *anges :i* are s urg5tly ne$$ 9 ! deal+s ( ! /ate ) ! crim9al class4 ,ev]y?+1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! tea*]4 ,8 reputation = /rict ju/ice1 ! moral e>ne/ness he displays 9 deal+ ) (f5ses1 8 read9ess to =be> & =give ^u ! lea/ sign ( g5u9e rep5tance--^! are ! means by :i* he c in/ill "r notions z to :at discipl9e %\ld be4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t1 :5 a p>ticul>ly s]i\s case ( transgression occurs1 ! tea*] c sometimes produce a pr(\nd moral effect on ! class by submitt+ ! case to !m z a jury & ask+ = _! v]dict4 ,! idea ( nationality ,i reg>d z fundam5tal 9 political e?ics4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z national "*1 national g5ius1 or national individuality4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,greeks1 we ?9k ( !m z pre-em95t = _! a*ievem5ts 9 art & philosophy2 ( ! ,hebrews1 z ! p ( ! ,bible2 ( ! ,romans1 z ! f\nd]s ( jurisprud5ce1 etc4 ,& on turn+ to ! mod]n nations we f9d t ! tal5ts ( ! ,engli%1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 etc41 are no less div]sifi$4 ,morally speak+1 x is ! mission ( ea* nation 9 correlation ) o!rs to contribute to ! univ]sal "w ( civilization its own peculi> gifts4 ,! /ate may be reg>d$ z t organization ( ! public life :i* is design$ to develop ! national individuality2 to fo/] ! national g5ius 9 :atev] direction x may seek to express itself1 :e!r 9 indu/ry1 art1 lit]ature1 or sci5ce2 to cl>ify its aims1 & to raise x to ! highe/ pit* ( b5efic5t p[]4 ,d\btless ?is idea1 z /at$1 is too ab/ract to be grasp$ by ! "y2 b x c be br\ght d[n to _! level 9 a tangible way4 ,= ! national g5ius expresses itself 9 ! national hi/ory1 & m especially is x incorporat$ 9 ^? great lead]s1 :o arise at critical p]iods to guide ! national developm5t into new *annels4 ,x is at ?is po9t t we realize anew ! important support :i* ! tea*+ ( hi/ory may give to ! moral tea*+4#ba ,?us ! political hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if ,i may be p]mitt$ to use t z an illu/ration ( my ?\ght1 may be divid$ into ?ree great p]iods4 ,! /ruggle ) nature occupi$ ! e>lie/ p]iod--t ( colonization2 9 ?is p]iod we see ! ,am]ican man engag$ 9 subdu+ a cont95t4 ,! /ruggle = political fre$om fills ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution4 ,! /ruggle = a univ]sal moral idea l5ds gr&eur to our civil w>4 ,! /ory ( ^! ?ree great /ruggles %\ld be relat$ ) su* cle>ness t ! idea :i* dom9at$ ea* may /& out 9 relief1 & ) su* f]vor t ! pupils may conceive a m ard5t love = _! c\ntry :i*1 at ! same "t t x holds out immeasurable prospects = ! future1 already possesses su* glori\s traditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 always a great dang] t patriotism may deg5]ate into ,*auv9ism4 ,aga9/ ?is1 univ]sal hi/ory1 :5 taught 9 ! "r _s1 is ! be/ antidote4 ,a k ( univ]sal hi/ory is an admirable *eck on spuri\s patriotism4 ,9 tea*+ x1 x is especially desirable t ! contribution :i* ea* nation has made to ! progress ( ! _w be not$ & emphasiz$4 ,let ! tea*] speak ( ! e>ly developm5t ( ! lit]ature & ( ! inv5tive _s ( ! despis$ ,*9ese2 ( ! high civilization :i* once fl\ri%$ on ! banks ( ! ,nile2 ( ! immortal debt we owe to ,greece & ,rome & ,judea4 ,let ! "y be made acqua9t$ ) ! important s]vices :i* ,irel& r5d]$ to ,european culture 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! middle ages4 ,let !m le>n1 h[ev] briefly1 ( ! "p :i* ,france play$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( feudalism1 ( ! weal? ( ,g]man sci5ce & lit]ature & philosophy2 let !m "k h[ mu* mank9d owes to ! ,p>liam5ts ( ,engl&1 & to ! /\t he>t & /rong s5se :i* made p>liam5ts possible4 ,x is n by und]rat+ o!rs1 b by duly e/imat+ & appreciat+ _! a*ievem5ts1 t we %all f9d ourselves *all5g$ to br+ =? :at is be/ 9 ourselves4 ,!re is /ill ano!r reason :y1 especially 9 ,am]ican s*ools1 ! tea*+ ( univ]sal hi/ory %\ld receive f> great] att5tion ?an hi!rto has be5 accord$ to x4 ,! ,am]ican p are imbu$ ) ! belief t !y h a problem to solve = all mank9d4 ,!y h set out to demon/rate 9 ! face ( d\bt & adv]se criticism ! possibility ( popul> self-gov]nm5t4 ,!y h ?us consecrat$ _! national life to a sublime humanit>ian idea4 ,& ! s5se ( ?is consecration1 e*o+ 9 ! utt]ances ( _m ( _! lead+ /atesm51 has m or less p]meat$ ! :ole p4 ,b ! mission ?us assum$1 l ! burd5 on ! %\ld]s ( ,*ri/ophorus1 is becom+ heavi] at e /ep4 ,! be/ citiz5s recognize t ! problem ( popul> self-gov]nm5t1 s f> f be+ solv$1 is b beg9n+ to disclose itself 9 all its va/ complexity1 & !y realize m ?an ev] h[ necess>y x is to get e possible help f ! example & exp]i5ce ( old] nations4 ,! political lessons ( ! pa/ c n inde$ be ma/]$ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,b a prelim9>y int]e/ 9 ,european hi/ory may be creat$1 :i* w pave ! way = pr(itable /udy lat] on4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,am]ican p h ext5d$ a mo/ lib]al invitation to memb]s ( o!r nationalities 7) few re/rictions1 & ^! ( rec5t orig97 to come & jo9 9 work+ out ! de/9ies ( ! new cont95t4 ,n only is an asylum grant$ to ! oppress$--?is 7 ! less] boon--b ! gates ( citiz5%ip h be5 op5$ wide to ! new-com]s4 ,:at does ?is mean1 if n t ! =eign]s :o come1 unless inde$ !y belong to ! weak & dep5d5t classes1 are want$2 & want$ n only 9 _! capacity z work]s to aid 9 develop+ ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 b z citiz5s1 to help 9 p]fect+ :at is /ill imp]fect1 to assi/ 9 build+ up 9 "t1 on ,am]ican soil1 ! true republic4 ,9 return = ?is privilege ! citiz5s ( =eign bir? owe x to _! adopt$ c\ntry to place ! be/ ( _! racial gifts at its s]vice4 ,mu* t ! citiz5s ( =eign bir? br+ ) !m1 inde$1 w h to be elim9at$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( _! traits w probably ent] z con/itu5t elem5ts into ! national "*4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon race has n[ ! lead1 & w d\btless keep x4 ,b 9 ! melt+-pot ( ! ,am]ican commonweal?s ! elem5ts ( _m div]se nationalities are be+ mix$ anew1 & a new nationality di/9ctively ,am]ican is likely to be ! f9al outcome ( ! process4 ,?us bo? ! humanit>ian ideal & ! actual make-up ( ! p betray a cosmopolitan t5d5cy1 & x is ?is t5d5cy :i*1 m p]haps ?an any?+ else1 gives to ,am]ican political life its *>act]i/ic physiognomy4 ,if ?is be s1 if ! =eign elem5ts are s num]\s & likely to be s influ5tial1 x is surely important t ! =eign races1 _! "* & _! hi/ory1 be /udi$ & und]/ood4 ,besides expla9+ ! political ideas1 ,i %\ld briefly describe ! actual functions ( gov]nm5t4 ,gov]nm5t protects ! life & prop]ty ( its citiz5s aga9/ =eign aggression & viol5ce at home4 ,gov]nm5t ma9ta9s ! b9d+ =ce ( contracts4 ,gov]nm5t res]ves to itself ! co9age ( money1 c>ries ! mails1 supports public education1 etc4 ,9 a ^w1 gov]nm5t assumes ^? functions :i* c be dis*>g$ m satisfactorily or m economically by ! jo9t action ( ! community ?an if left to private individuals or corporations4 ,b gov]nm5t also und]takes ! duty ( protect+ ! weak] classes aga9/ oppression by ! /rong]1 z is %[n by factory legislation 9 ! int]e/ ( wom5 & m9ors4 ,h[ f> ?is function may pr(itably be ext5d$ is op5 to discussion2 b t x has be5 assum$ 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries is a fact :i* %\ld be not$4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,vide ,dole1 ,! ,am]ican ,citiz54 #ba ,see rem>ks on ?is subject 9 ! ?ird lecture4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,prov]bs ,,& ,,spee*es4 ,= ! use ( my classes ,i h made a collection ( prov]bs f ! ,bible1 f ,buddha's ,dhammapada1 f ! ,en*eiridion ( ,epictetus1 ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/1 & o!r anci5t & mod]n s\rces4 ,"s ( ^! belong to ! advanc$ c\rse1 o!rs c be us$ 9 ! gramm> c\rse4 ,i h "t to m5tion only a few1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! me?od ( us+ !m4 ,! habit ( committ+ prov]bs or gold5 say+s to memory )\t a previ\s analysis ( _! mean+ s]ves no good purpose :atev]4 ,prov]bs are ! cond5s$ expression ( ! moral exp]i5ce ( g5]ations4 ,! tea*] %\ld se>* out ! exp]i5ces to :i* ! prov]bs ref]4 ,prov]bs may be comp>$ to ^? delicate ,ea/]n fabrics :i* c be fold$ up into ! smalle/ compass1 b :i*1 :5 unfold$1 are se5 to cov] a l>ge space4 ,! tea*] %\ld explore ! t]ritory cov]$ by ! prov]b4 ,take1 = example1 su* a say+ z ?is1 ,bless$ be he :o has ! good eye4 ,:at is ! good eye8 ,! eye t sees ! good 9 o!rs4 ,is x easy to see ! good 9 o!rs8 ,yes1 if we are fond ( !m2 b if we are n1 we are likely to see only ! evil4 ,b suppose !re is no good to be se51 at lea/ n on ! surface2 :y1 !n ! good eye is t :i* sees ! good b5ea? ! surface1 :i*1 l ! div9+-rod1 %[s :]e 9 human "* gold lies buri$1 & helps u to p5etrate to x4 ,b ev5 ?is does n exhau/ ! mean+ ( ! prov]b4 ,! good eye is t :i*1 z x 71 sees ! good into o!rs1 s5ds its good influ5ce into !m1 makes !m good by believ+ !m to be s4 ,! good eye is a creative eye4 ,or take ! prov]b1 ,a falsehood is l pebbles 9 ! m\?4 ,:y n say a falsehood is l a pebble8 ,no1 "o falsehood is l _m pebbles4 ,= e falsehood t5ds to multiply itself1 & ea* sep>ate falsehood is l a pebble--n l bread1 :i* we c assimilate1 b l a /one1 a =eign body1 ali5 to our nature4 ,moreov]1 ! prov]b says1 ,a falsehood is l pebbles 9 ! m\?2 :i* means t ^! /ony falsehoods w *oke u1 *oke ! bett] life 9 u1 unless we ca/ !m out4 ,aga91 take su* say+s z ^! f ! ,dhammapada3 ,z ra9 breaks ?r\gh an ill-?at*$ h\se1 passion w break ?r\gh an unreflect+ m9d4 ,expla9 :at k9d ( reflection is ne$$ to keep (f passion4 ,he :o is well subdu$ may subdue o!rs4 ,%[ :at k9d ( self-control is meant1 & 9 :at s5se o!rs are to be subdu$4 ,he :o holds back ang] l a roll+ *>iot1 him ,i call a real driv]2 o!r p are b hold+ ! re9s4 ,let a man ov]come ang] by love2 let him ov]come evil by good2 let him ov]come ! gre$y by lib]ality1 ! li> by tru?4 ,describe ! sort ( brake by means ( :i* ! roll+ *>iot ( ang] may be *eck$ 9 mid-c\rse1 & ! efficacy ( goodness 9 ov]com+ evil4 ,f ! ,en*eiridion x occurs to me to m5tion ! say+1 ,ev]y?+ has two h&les3 ! "o by :i* x c be borne1 ! o!r by :i* x c n be borne4 ,epictetus himself gives an illu/ration3 ,if y\r bro!r acts unju/ly t[>d y1 d n lay hold ( ! act by t h&le :]e9 he acts unju/ly1 = t is ! h&le by :i* x c n be borne2 b lay hold ( ! o!r1 t he is y\r bro!r1 & y w lay hold ( ! ?+ by t h&le by :i* x c be borne4 ,!re are also _m o!r illu/rations ( ?is noble maxim4 ,disappo9tm5t has two h&les1 ! "o by :i* x c be borne1 ! o!r by :i* x c n4 ,affliction has two h&les4 ,illu/rate pr(usely2 se>* out ! mean+ 9 detail4 ,!re is a m9e ( practical wisdom 9 ^! say+s4 ,!re exi/ prov]bs relat+ to all ! v>i\s duties :i* h be5 discuss$ 9 our c\rse2 prov]bs relat+ to ! pursuit ( k2 _m & beautiful prov]bs on ! filial & frat]nal duties1 on c\rage1 on humility1 on ! importance ( keep+ promises1 on k9dness to animals1 on ! moral end ( civil society4 ,prov]bs %\ld be classifi$ "u _! prop] heads & us$ z occasion (f]s4 ,p]mit me1 h[ev]1 to add "o ^w ( caution4 ,x is a mi/ake to tea* too _m prov]bs at a "t1 to ov]load ! pupil's m9d ) !m4 ,! prov]bs select$ %\ld be brief1 pi?y1 & pr(\ndly significant4 ,b !re %\ld n be too _m at a "t4 ,x is bett] to return to ! same prov]b (t51 & to p5etrate deep] into its mean+ e "t4 ,! value ( ! prov]bs is t !y s]ve z pegs 9 ! memory1 to :i* long *a9s ( moral reflection c be atta*$4 ,!y are guide-po/s po9t+ ) _! %ort arms to ! road ( duty2 !y are voices ( mank9d utt]+ impressive w>n+s1 & giv+ cle> direction 9 mom5ts :5 ! prompt+s ( self-int]e/ or ! mi/s ( passion w\ld be likely to lead u a/ray4 ,x may also be well to select a numb] ( spee*es :i* embody high moral s5tim5ts1 l "s ( ! spee*es ( ,isaiah1 ! spee* ( ,socrates be=e 8 judges1 & o!rs1 &1 aft] hav+ expla9$ _! mean+1 to cause !m to be recit$ by ! pupils4 ,j z ! deliv]y ( patriotic spee*es is f\nd useful = inculcat+ patriotic s5tim5ts1 s su* spee*es z ^! w t5d to quick5 ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,he :o repeats ! spee* ( ano!r = ! "t be+ puts on ! "* ( ! o!r4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* are utt]$ by ! lips live = ! mom5t 9 ! he>t1 & leave _! m>k !re4 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,individualization ,,( ,,moral ,,tea*+4 ,?is subject is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x really requires ext5d$ & c>eful treatm5t1 b a few h9ts mu/ suffice4 ,! tea*] %\ld rememb] t he is educat+ n boys & girls 9 g5]al1 b p>ticul> boys & girls1 ea* ( :om has p>ticul> faults ne$+ to be correct$ & actual or pot5tial virtues to be develop$ & enc\rag$4 ,!re=e a consci5ti\s /udy ( ! "* ( ! pupils is necess>y4 ,?is con/itutes an additional reason :y moral in/ruction %\ld be giv5 9 a daily s*ool r ?an 9 a ,sunday s*ool1 ! opportunities = ! /udy ( "* be+ va/ly bett] 9 ! =m] ?an !y c possibly be 9 ! latt]4 ,! tea*] :o gives ! moral lessons1 9 und]tak+ ?is /udy1 %\ld solicit ! co-op]ation ( all ! o!r tea*]s ( ! s*ool4 ,he %\ld reque/ f "t to "t f ea* ( 8 fell[-tea*]s reports /at+ ! good & bad traits obs]v$ 9 ea* pupil1 or r ! facts on :i* ! v>i\s tea*]s base _! e/imates ( ! good & bad qualities ( ! s*ol>s2 = ! op9ions ( tea*]s are sometimes unreliable1 are sometimes discolor$ by prejudice1 :ile facts tell _! own /ory4 ,^! facts %\ld be collat$ by ! moral tea*]1 &1 ) !m z a basis1 he may endeavor to "w out a k9d ( *>t ( ! "* ( ea* ( 8 pupils4 ,x goes )\t say+1 t he %\ld also seek ! co-op]ation ( ! p>5ts1 = ! purpose ( discov]+ :at *>act]i/ic traits ! pupil displays at home2 & if ! reputation :i* a pupil be>s among 8 companions1 c be asc]ta9$ )\t undue pry+1 ?is1 too1 w be f\nd ( use 9 =m+ an e/imate ( 8 disposition4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s ! special temptations ( 8 pupils w h _m opportunities1 9 ! c\rse ( ! moral lessons1 to give !m p]t95t w>n+s & advice1 )\t seem+ to address !m 9 p>ticul> or expos+ _! faults to ! class4 ,he w also be able to ex]cise a helpful surveillance ov] _! conduct 9 s*ool1 & to become 9 private _! fri5d & c\nselor4 ,moreov]1 ! mat]ial ?us collect$ w 9 "t prove s]viceable 9 help+ u to a m exact k ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( human "*--a k :i* w\ld give to ! art ( e?ical tra9+ some?+ l a sci5tific basis4#bb ,,footnote3 #bb ,see "s rem>ks on types ( "* 9 my lecture on ! ,puni%m5t ( ,*ildr54 ,,recapitulation4 ,let u n[ briefly review ! gr\nd we h gone ov] 9 ! pres5t c\rse4 ,9 ! five introductory lectures we discuss$ ! problem ( unsect>ian moral tea*+1 ! effici5t motives ( good conduct1 ! opportunities ( moral influ5ce 9 s*ools1 ! classification ( duties1 & ! moral /atus ( ! *ild on ent]+ s*ool4 ,9 mapp+ out ! prim>y c\rse we assum$ z a />t+-po9t ! idea t ! *ild rapidly passes ?r\gh ! same /ages ( evolution ?r\gh :i* ! human race has pass$1 & h5ce we endeavor$ to select our mat]ial = successive epo*s 9 ! *ild's life f ! lit]ature ( ! correspond+ epo*s 9 ! life ( ! race4 ,9 reg>d to ! me?od ( in/ruction1 we obs]v$ t 9 ! fairy tales ! moral elem5t %\ld be t\*$ on incid5tally2 t 9 tea*+ ! fables isolat$ moral qualities %\ld be pres5t$ 9 su* a way t ! pupil may always !reaft] be able to recognize !m2 :ile ! /ories display a numb] ( moral qualities 9 comb9ation & h ! value ( moral pictures4 ,9 ! prim>y c\rse ! object has be5 to tra9 ! moral p]ceptions2 9 ! gramm> c\rse1 to "w out moral concepts & to =mulate rules ( conduct4 ,! me?od ( gett+ at ^! rules may aga9 be describ$ z foll[s3 ,beg9 ) "s concrete case1 sugge/ a rule :i* app>5tly fits t case or really fits x1 adduce o!r cases :i* ! rule does n fit1 *ange ! rule1 modify x z (t5 z necess>y1 until x has be5 br\ght into su* %ape t x w fit e case y c ?9k (4 ,9 plann+ ! lessons on duty :i* make up ! subject matt] ( ! gramm> c\rse1 we took ! gr\nd t ea* p]iod ( life has its specific duties1 t 9 ea* p]iod !re is "o p>am\nt duty ar\nd :i* ! o!rs may be gr\p$1 & t ea* new sy/em ( duties %\ld embrace & absorb ! prec$+ "o4 ,x rema9s = me to add t ! illu/rations :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! gramm> c\rse are int5d$ m]ely to s]ve z specim5s1 & by no means to exclude ! use ( diff]5t illu/rative matt] :i* ! tea*] may f9d m suitable4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i desire to express ! hope t x may be possible1 )\t too mu* difficulty1 to elim9ate :atev] subjective conceptions may be f\nd to h crept into ^! lessons1 & t1 due d$uction hav+ be5 made1 !re may rema9 a sub/ratum ( objective tru? :i* all c accept4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! lectures are n int5d$ to take ! place ( a text-book1 b to s]ve z a guide to ! tea*] 9 prep>+ 8 lessons4 ,i hope h]eaft] to cont9ue ! "w :i* has ?us be5 begun4 ,9 ! advanc$ c\rse1 :i* is to foll[ ! pres5t "o1 we %all h to reconsid] f a high] po9t ( view _m ( ! subjects already treat$1 & 9 addition to take up su* topics z ! e?ics ( ! pr(essions1 ! e?ics ( fri5d%ip1 conjugal e?ics1 etc41 :i* h "h be5 omitt$4 ,i %all also attempt to indicate ! l9es = a sy/ematic /udy ( biographies1 & to lay out a c\rse ( select$ read+s f ! be/ e?ical lit]ature ( anci5t & mod]n times4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,on ,,"*4#bc ,manual tra9+ has rec5tly be5 sugge/$ z "o ( ! means ( combat+ ! crim9al t5d5cy 9 ! "y1 & ?is sugge/ion is be+ receiv$ ) increas+ favor4 ,b until n[ ! !ory ( manual tra9+ has h>dly begun to be work$ out4 ,! confid5ce :i* is express$ 9 x is bas$1 = ! mo/ "p1 on unclassifi$ exp]i5ce4 ,b exp]i5ce )\t !ory is altoge!r insuffici5t4 ,!ory1 x is true1 )\t exp]i5ce is )\t feet to /&4 ,b exp]i5ce )\t ! guid+ & direct+ help ( !ory is )\t eyes to see4 ,i %all n[ (f]1 9 a some:at t5tative way1 a few rem>ks int5d$ to be a contribution to ! philosophy ( manual tra9+ z appli$ to ! re=mation ( del9qu5t *ildr54 ,i %all conf9e myself1 h[ev]1 to "o type ( crim9ality 9 *ildr5--a n uncommon type--t ( moral det]ioration aris+ f weakness ( ! w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u di/+ui% betwe5 feel+1 desir+1 & will+4 ,a p]son :o is )\t food feels hung]4 ,a p]son :o1 be+ hungry1 calls up 9 8 m9d images ( food1 w exp]i5ce a desire4 ,a p]son :o adopts means to obta9 food p]=ms an act ( ! w4 ,a ,russian prison] 9 ,sib]ia :o suff]s f ! re/ra9ts ( conf9em5t is 9 a /ate ( feel+4 ,! same p]son1 :5 he recalls images ( home & fri5ds1 is 9 a /ate ( desire2 b :5 he sets ab\t adopt+ ! means to effect 8 escape1 conc]ts signals ) 8 fell[-prison]s1 und]m9es ! walls ( 8 dungeon1 etc41 he is p]=m+ acts ( ! w4 ,p]mit me to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! fact t ! w is *>act]iz$ at its bir? by ! intellectual factor :i* ent]s into x2 = ! calculation ( means to ends is an intellectual process1 & e consci\s act ( volition involves su* a process4 ,if ! w is ?us *>act]iz$ at its bir?1 we c at once anticipate ! conclusion t any w w be /rong 9 proportion z ! intellectual factor 9 x pr$om9ates4 ,x 0 said by "o ( ! speak]s t an ounce ( affection is bett] ?an a ton ( intellect4 ,give me a prop] mixture ( ! two4 ,give me at lea/ an ounce ( intellect toge!r ) an ounce ( affection4 ,!re is great dang] le/ we exagg]ate ! importance ( ! emotions = morality4 ,! op9ion is widely ent]ta9$ t good feel+1 k9d feel+1 lov+ feel+1 is ! :ole ( morality1 or1 at lea/1 ! ess5tial factor 9 x4 ,b ?is op9ion is surely errone\s4 ,! w may be comp>$ to ! p[] :i* propels a %ip ?r\gh ! waves4 ,feel+ is ! rudd]4 ,! intellect is ! helmsman4 ,let me give illu/rations to br+ into view ! *>act]i/ics ( a /rong & ( a weak w4 ,great inv5tors1 great /atesm51 great re=m]s1 illu/rate /r5g? ( w4 ,we note 9 !m especially t5acity ( purpose & a m>vel\s faculty = adju/+ & readju/+ means to ends4 ,p]sons :o are sway$ by ! s5sual appetites illu/rate weakness ( w4 ,we note 9 !m vacillation ( purpose1 & ! p[] ( adju/+ means to ends only 9 its rudim5t>y =m4 ,! ideas ( virtue are complex4 ,no "o c illu/rate virtue on a high plane unless he is capable ( hold+ 9 m9d long tra9s & complex gr\ps ( ideas4 ,! l[e/ vices1 on ! o!r h&1 are di/+ui%$ by ! circum/ance t ! ends to :i* !y look are simple1 & ! means employ$ (t5 ( ! crude/ k9d4 ,?us1 suppose t a p]son ( weak w is hungry4 ,he kn[s t gold w buy food4 ,he adopts ! readie/ way to get gold4 ,incapable ( t long & complex me?od ( atta9+ 8 end1 :i* is exhibit$1 = in/ance1 by ! f>m] :o breaks ! soil1 plants ! corn1 wat*es 8 crops1 & sy/ematizes 8 labors f ! ye>'s beg9n+ to its end1 he takes ! %orte/ road t[>d ! possession ( gold--he /ret*es =? 8 h& & takes x :]e he f9ds x4 ,! man ( weak w1 :o has a grudge aga9/ 8 rival1 is n capable ( putt+ =? a su/a9$ & complex s]ies ( ef=ts t[>d obta9+ satisfaction1 = in/ance1 by labor+ ardu\sly to out/rip 8 rival4 ,he is1 fur!rmore1 incapable ( ^? l>g] consid]ations1 ^? complex gr\ps ( ideas relat+ to society & its p]man5t int]e/s1 :i* *eck ! angry passions 9 ! educat$4 ,he gives free & imm$iate re9 to ! passion z x rises4 ,he takes ! readie/ means ( gett+ satisfaction3 he draws ! knife & kills4 ,! man ( weak w1 :o burns ) s5sual desire1 assaults ! object ( 8 desire4 ,! virtues dep5d 9 no small degree on ! p[] ( s]ial & complex ?9k+4 ,^? vices :i* are due to weakness ( w are *>act]iz$ by ! crud5ess ( ! aim & ! crud5ess ( ! means4 ,to /r5g!n ! w1 !re=e1 x is necess>y to give to ! p]son ( weak w ! p[] to ?9k connect$ly1 & especially to rea* an end by long & complex tra9s ( means4 ,let u pause "h = a mom5t to elucidate ?is po9t by briefly consid]+ a type ( crim9ality :i* is famili> to all gu>dians ( del9qu5t *ildr54 ,?is type is m>k$ by a gr\p ( sali5t traits1 :i* may be r\ghly describ$ z foll[s3 ,m5tal incoh]5cy is ! fir/4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! *ild are1 z x 71 slipp]y1 t5d+ to glide pa/ "o ano!r )\t mutual atta*m5ts4 ,a second trait is indol5ce4 ,a ?ird1 defici5cy 9 ! s5se ( %ame2 to :i* may be add$ t ! sev]e/ puni%m5ts fail to act z det]r5ts4 ,m5tal incoh]5cy is ! lead+ trait1 & supplies ! key = ! und]/&+ ( ! o!rs4 ,lack ( connect$ness betwe5 ideas is ! radical defect4 ,ea* idea1 z x rises1 becomes an impulse1 & takes effect to ! full limit ( its sugge/ions4 ,a k9d ?\ght rises 9 ! m9d ( su* a *ild1 & issues 9 a demon/rative impulse ( affection4 ,%ortly aft]1 a cruel ?\ght may rise 9 ! m9d ( ! same *ild2 & ! cruel ?\ght w1 9 l mann]1 take effect 9 a cruel act4 ,*ildr5 answ]+ to ?is type are alt]nately k9d1 affectionate1 & cruel4 ,! *ild's indol5ce is due to ! same cause--lack ( connect$ness betwe5 ideas4 ,x is incapable ( su/a9$ ef=t1 because e task implies ! ability to pass f "o idea to relat$ ideas4 ,! *ild is defici5t 9 %ame1 because ! s5se ( %ame dep5ds on a vivid realization ( ! idea ( self4 ,! idea ( self1 h[ev]1 is a complex idea1 :i* is n di/9ctly & cle>ly pres5t to su* a *ild4 ,la/ly1 ! mo/ sev]e puni%m5ts fail to act z det]r5ts = ! same reason4 ,! two impressions left 9 ! m9d1 ,i did a wrong1 ,i suff]$ a pa91 lie ap>t4 ,! memory ( "o does n excite ! recollection ( ! o!r4 ,! ?\ght ( ! wrong does n lift p]man5tly into consci\sness ! ?\ght ( ! pa9 :i* foll[$4 ,! puni%m5t1 z we say1 is quickly =gott54 ,if1 !re=e1 we wi% to rem$y a deep-seat$ defect ( ?is k9d1 if we wi% to cure a weak w1 9 su* & all simil> cases we mu/ seek to e/abli% a clos] connection betwe5 ! *ild's ideas4 ,! "q may n[ be ask$1 ,:y %\ld we n utilize to ?is end ! ord9>y /udies ( ! s*ool curriculum--hi/ory1 geography1 ari?metic1 etc48 ,all ( ^! bran*es ex]cise & develop ! faculty ( s]ial & complex ?9k+4 ,any sum 9 multiplication gives a tra9+ ( ?is k9d4 ,let ! task be to multiply a multiplic& ( f\r figures by a multipli] ( ?ree4 ,fir/ ! *ild mu/ multiply e figure 9 ! multiplic& by ! units ( ! multipli] & write d[n ! result2 !n by ! t5s1 & !n by ! hundr$s1 & comb9e ^! results4 ,"h is a lesson 9 comb9ation1 9 s]ial1 &1 = a "y *ild1 some:at complex ?9k+4 ,let ! task be to b\nd ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! *ild mu/ see ! m5tal picture ( ! ,/ate 9 its relation to o!r ,/ates & p>ts ( ,/ates1 to lakes & riv]s & m\nta9s--a complex gr\p ( ideas4 ,or1 let x be requir$ to give a brief acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,"h is a :ole s]ies ( ev5ts1 ea* dep5d+ on ! prec$+ ones4 ,:y1 !n1 may we n cont5t ourselves ) utiliz+ ! ord9>y /udies ( ! s*ool curriculum8 ,!re are two reasons4 ,fir/1 because hi/ory1 geography1 & ari?metic are n1 z a rule1 int]e/+ to "y *ildr51 especially n to "y *ildr5 ( ! class ) :i* we are n[ deal+4 ,^! li/less m9ds are n easily r\s$ to an int]e/ 9 ab/ractions4 ,secondly1 x is a notori\s fact t intellectual culture1 pure & simple1 is q consi/5t ) weakness ( ! w4 ,a p]son may h v high intellectual atta9m5ts1 & yet be morally defici5t4 ,i ne$ h>dly w>n my reflective he>]s t1 :5 emphasiz+ ! importance = ! w ( intellectual culture1 ,i _h 9 m9d ! intellectual process z appli$ to acts4 ,to cultivate ! intellect 9 its own sph]e ( contemplation & ab/raction1 ap>t f action1 may leave ! w precisely z feeble z x 0 be=e4 ,& n[1 all t has be5 said ?us f> conv]ges ^u ! po9t t has be5 9 view f ! beg9n+--! importance ( manual tra9+ z an elem5t 9 discipl9+ ! w4 ,manual tra9+ fulfills ! conditions ,i h j allud$ to4 ,x is int]e/+ to ! "y1 z hi/ory1 geography1 & ari?metic (t5 are n4 ,precisely ^? pupils :o take ! lea/ int]e/ or %[ ! lea/ aptitude = lit]>y /udy are (t5 ! mo/ pr(ici5t 9 ! work%op & ! model+-room4 ,nature has n left ^! neglect$ *ildr5 )\t beautiful comp5sations4 ,if !y are defici5t 9 intellectual p[]1 !y are all ! m capable ( be+ develop$ on _! active side4 ,?us1 manual tra9+ fulfills ! "o ess5tial condition--x is int]e/+4 ,x also fulfills ! second4 ,by manual tra9+ we cultivate ! intellect 9 close connection ) action4 ,manual tra9+ consi/s ( a s]ies ( actions :i* are controll$ by ! m9d1 & :i* react on x4 ,let ! task assign$ be1 = in/ance1 ! mak+ ( a wood5 box4 ,! fir/ po9t to be ga9$ is to attract ! att5tion ( ! pupil to ! task4 ,a wood5 box is int]e/+ to a *ild1 h5ce ?is fir/ po9t w be ga9$4 ,le?>gy is ov]come1 att5tion is ar\s$4 ,next1 x is important to keep ! att5tion fix$ on ! task3 ?us only c t5acity ( purpose be cultivat$4 ,manual tra9+ enables u to keep ! att5tion ( ! *ild fix$ ^u ! object ( /udy1 because ! latt] is concrete4 ,fur!rmore1 ! v>iety ( occupations :i* ent] into ! mak+ ( ! box con/antly refre%es ?is int]e/ aft] x has once be5 />t$4 ,! wood mu/ be saw$ to l9e4 ,! bo>ds mu/ be c>efully plan$ & smoo!d4 ,! jo9ts mu/ be accurately work$ out & fitt$4 ,! lid mu/ be atta*$ ) h+es4 ,! box mu/ be pa9t$ or v>ni%$4 ,"h is a sequ5ce ( means lead+ to an end1 a s]ies ( op]ations all po9t+ to a f9al object to be ga9$1 to be creat$4 ,aga91 ea* ( ^! means becomes 9 turn & = ! "t be+ a second>y end2 & ! pupil ?us le>ns1 9 an elem5t>y way1 ! lesson ( subord9at+ m9or ends to a major end4 ,&1 :5 f9ally ! task is done1 :5 ! box /&s be=e ! boy's eyes a complete :ole1 a s]viceable ?+1 sightly to ! eyes1 well adapt$ to its uses1 ) :at a gl[ ( triumph does he contemplate 8 "w6 ,! pleasure ( a*ievem5t n[ comes 9 to cr[n 8 labor2 & ?is s5se ( a*ievem5t1 9 connection ) ! "w done1 leaves 9 8 m9d a pleasant aft]-ta/e1 :i* w /imulate him to simil> "w 9 ! future4 ,! *ild t has once acquir$1 9 connection ) ! mak+ ( a box1 ! habits j describ$1 has begun to ma/] ! secret ( a /rong w1 & w be able to apply ! same habits 9 o!r directions & on o!r occasions4 ,or let ! task be an arti/ic "o4 ,& let me "h say t manual tra9+ is incomplete unless x cov]s art tra9+4 ,_m o!rwise excell5t & int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 manual tra9+ fail to give satisfaction because !y d n include ?is elem5t4 ,! useful mu/ fl[] into ! beautiful1 to be 9 ! highe/ s5se useful4 ,nor is x necess>y to rem9d ^? :o h giv5 att5tion to ! subject ( education h[ important is ! influ5ce ( ! beautiful is 9 ref9+ ! s5tim5ts & elevat+ ! nature ( ! "y4 ,let ! task1 !n1 be to model a leaf1 a vase1 a h&1 a head4 ,"h aga9 we behold ! same advantages z 9 ! mak+ ( ! box4 ,! object is concrete1 & !re=e suitable = m9ds incapable ( grasp+ ab/ractions4 ,! object c be con/antly kept be=e ! pupil's eyes4 ,!re is gradual approximation t[>d complet5ess1 & at la/ t gl[ ( triumph6 ,:at *ild is n happy if he has produc$ some?+ tangible1 some?+ t is ! outgr[? ( 8 own activity1 especially if x be some?+ :i* is *>m+ to e behold]8 ,& n[ let me briefly summ>ize c]ta9 conclusions to :i* reflection has l$ me 9 reg>d to ! subject ( manual tra9+ 9 re=matory in/itutions4 ,manual tra9+ %\ld be introduc$ into e re=matory4 ,9 ,new ,york city we h te/$ a sy/em ( "w-%op lessons = *ildr5 betwe5 six & f\rte54 ,!re is1 ,i am p]suad$1 no reason :y manual tra9+ %\ld n be appli$ to ! y\nge/ *ildr5 9 re=matories4 ,manual tra9+ %\ld always include art tra9+4 ,! labor ( ! *ildr5 ( re=matories %\ld nev] be let to contractors4 ,i he>tily agree ) :at 0 said on t subject ?is morn+4 ,! pupils ( re=matories %\ld nev] make heads ( p9s or ! n9etie? fraction ( a %oe4 ,let !re be no ma*9e "w4 ,let ! pupils turn out complete articles1 = only ?us c ! full intellectual & moral b5efits ( manual tra9+ be reap$4 ,agriculture1 :]ev] ! opportunities are favorable1 (f]s1 on ! :ole1 ! same advantages z manual tra9+1 & %\ld be employ$ if possible1 9 connection ) x4 ,i h ?us f> attempt$ to %[ h[ ! w c be made /rong4 ,b a /rong w is n necess>ily a good w4 ,x is true1 !re are influ5ces 9 manual tra9+1 z x has be5 describ$1 :i* are favorable to a virtu\s disposition4 ,squ>5ess 9 ?+s is n )\t relation to squ>5ess 9 action & 9 ?9k+4 ,a *ild t has le>n$ to be exact--t is1 tru?ful--9 8 "w w be pr$ispos$ to be scrupul\s & tru?ful 9 8 spee*1 9 8 ?\ght1 9 8 acts4 ,! ref9+ & elevat+ influ5ce ( arti/ic "w ,i h already m5tion$4 ,b1 along ) & ov] & above all ^! influ5ces1 ,i ne$ h>dly say to y t1 9 ! rem>ks :i* ,i h (f]$ ?is ev5+1 ,i h all along tak5 = grant$ ! cont9u$ application ( ^? tri$ & excell5t me?ods :i* prevail 9 our be/ re=matories4 ,i h tak5 = grant$ t isolation f society1 :i* %uts out temptation2 t r\t9e ( in/itutional life1 :i* induces regul>ity ( habit2 t /rict surveillance ( ! :ole body ( inmates & ( e individual1 :i* prev5ts excesses ( ! passions1 & !re=e />ves !m into disuse4 ,i h tak5 = grant$ ! cultivation ( ! emotions1 ! importance ( :i* ,i am ! la/ to und]value4 ,i h tak5 = grant$ ! influ5ce ( good example1 good lit]ature1 good music1 poetry1 & religion4 ,all ,i h int5d$ to urge is t betwe5 good feel+ & ! realization ( good feel+ !re exi/s1 9 p]sons ^: w-p[] is weak1 a hiatus1 & t manual tra9+ is admirably adapt$ to fill t hiatus4 ,!re is ano!r advantage to be not$ 9 connection ) manual tra9+--namely1 t x develops ! prop]ty s5se4 ,:at1 aft] all1 ap>t f artificial social conv5tion1 is ! f\ndation ( ! "r ( prop]ty8 ,on :at basis does x re/8 ,i h a propriet>y "r 9 my own ?\ghts4 ,i h a "r to foll[ my ta/es 9 ! adornm5t ( my p]son & my h\se4 ,i h a "r to ! :ole sph]e ( my individuality1 my selfhood2 & ,i h a "r 9 ?+s s f> z ,i use !m to express my p]sonality4 ,! *ild t has made a wood5 box has put a "p ( himself into ! mak+ ( t box--8 ?\ght1 8 pati5ce1 8 skill1 8 toil--& !re=e ! *ild feels t t box is 9 a c]ta9 s5se 8 own4 ,& z only ^? :o h ! s5se ( own]%ip are likely to respect ! "r ( own]%ip 9 o!rs1 we may by manual tra9+ cultivate ! prop]ty s5se ( ! *ild2 & ?is1 9 ! case ( ! del9qu5t *ild1 x w be admitt$1 is no small advantage4 ,i h conf9$ myself till n[ to speak+ ( ! importance ( manual tra9+ 9 its influ5ce on ! "* ( del9qu5t *ildr54 ,i wi% to add a few words t\*+ ! influ5ce ( manual tra9+ on "* 9 g5]al1 & its importance = *ildr5 ( all classes ( society4 ,i ne$ n "h speak ( ! value ( manual tra9+ to ! artisan class4 ,t has be5 amply demon/rat$ ( late by ! _m te*nical & art s*ools :i* ! lead+ manufactur+ nations ( ,europe h e/abli%$ & are e/abli%+4 ,i ne$ n speak ( ! value ( manual tra9+ to ! future surgeon1 d5ti/1 sci5ti/1 & to all ^? :o require deftness ( h& 9 ! pursuit ( _! vocations4 ,b ,i d wi% to speak ( ! value ( manual tra9+ to ! future lawy] & cl]gyman1 & to all ^? :o w p]haps nev] be call$ ^u to labor ) _! h&s4 ,precisely because !y w n labor ) _! h&s is manual tra9+ s important = !m--9 ! int]e/ ( an all-r\nd culture--9 ord] t !y may n be entirely crippl$ on "o side ( _! nature4 ,! ,greek leg5d says t ! giant ,antaeus 0 inv9cible s long z 8 feet 7 plant$ on ! solid e>?4 ,we ne$ to h a c>e t our civilization %all rema9 plant$ on ! solid e>?4 ,!re is dang] le/ x may be develop$ too mu* into ! air--t we may become too mu* sep>at$ f ^? primal s\rces ( /r5g? f :i* mank9d has always drawn its vitality4 ,! ,engli% nobility h delib]ately adopt$ hunt+ z _! favorite pa/ime4 ,!y foll[ z a matt] ( physical ex]cise1 9 ord] to keep up _! physical /r5g?1 a pursuit :i* ! savage man foll[$ f necessity4 ,! introduction ( a?letics 9 colleges is a move 9 ! same direction4 ,b x is n suffici5t to ma9ta9 our physical /r5g?1 our brute /r5g?1 ! /r5g? ( limb & muscle4 ,we mu/ also pres]ve t spiritualiz$ /r5g? :i* we call skill--! tool-us+ faculty1 ! p[] ( impress+ on matt] ! /amp ( m9d4 ,& ! m ma*9]y takes ! place ( human labor1 ! m necess>y w x be to resort to manual tra9+ z a means ( keep+ up skill1 precisely z we h resort$ to a?letics z a means ( keep+ up /r5g?4 ,!re is "o ^w m ,i h to say 9 clos+4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 z ! rec5t memories ( ,gettysburg recall to u1 we f\ght to keep ?is p a unit$ nation4 ,!n 0 ,/ate array$ aga9/ ,/ate4 ,to-day class is beg9n+ to be array$ aga9/ class4 ,! dang] is n yet imm95t1 b x is suffici5tly great to give u ?\ght4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! dang]1 ,i ?9k1 lies 9 ?is1 t ! two classes ( society h become s widely sep>at$ by diff]5ce ( int]e/s & pursuits t !y no long] fully und]/& "o ano!r1 & misund]/&+ is ! fruitful s\rce ( hatr$ & diss5sion4 ,?is mu/ n cont9ue4 ,! manual labor] mu/ h "t & opportunity = intellectual improvem5t4 ,! intellectual classes1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ le>n manual labor2 & ?is !y c be/ d 9 e>ly y\?1 9 ! s*ool1 be=e ! diff]5tiation ( pursuits has yet begun4 ,our common s*ools are rightly s nam$4 ,! ju/ification ( _! support by ! ,/ate is n1 ,i ?9k1 z is sometimes argu$1 t ! ,/ate %\ld give a suffici5t education to ea* vot] to enable him at lea/ to read ! ballot :i* he deposits4 ,?is is b a poor equipm5t = citiz5%ip at be/4 ,! ju/ification = ! exi/5ce ( our common s*ools lies r 9 ! bond ( common feel+ :i* !y create betwe5 ! diff]5t classes ( society4 ,& x is ?is bond ( common feel+ wov5 9 *ildhood t has kept & mu/ keep u a unit$ p4 ,let manual tra9+1 !re=e1 be introduc$ into ! common s*ools2 let ! son ( ! ri* man le>n1 side by side ) ! son ( ! poor man1 to labor ) 8 h&s2 let him ?us practically le>n to respect labor2 let him le>n to und]/& :at ! dignity ( manual labor really means1 & ! two classes ( society1 unit$ at ! root1 w nev] !reaft] entirely gr[ asund]4 ,a %ort "t ago ,i sp5t an aft]noon ) a poet ^: fame is famili> to all4 ,!re 0 pres5t 9 ! company a g5tleman ( l>ge means1 :o1 9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 descant$ ^u ! m]its ( ! protective sy/em1 & spoke 9 gl[+ t]ms ( ! gr[? ( ! indu/ries ( 8 ,/ate & ( ! imm5se weal? :i* is be+ accumulat$ 9 its l>ge cities4 ,! ag$ poet turn$ to him1 & said3 ,t is all v well4 ,i l y\r indu/ries & y\r factories & y\r weal?2 b1 tell me1 d !y turn out m5 d[n y\r way8 ,t is ! "q :i* we are b\nd to consid]4 ,is ?is civilization ( ours turn+ out m5--manly m5 & womanly wom58 ,n[1 x is a *e]+ & enc\rag+ ?\ght t te*nical labor1 :i* is ! s\rce ( our mat]ial aggr&izem5t1 may also become1 :5 employ$ 9 ! education ( ! "y1 ! means ( enl>g+ _! manhood1 quick5+ _! intellect1 & /r5g!n+ _! "*4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnote3 #bc ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,national ,conf]5ce ( ,*>ities & ,correction1 at ,buffalo1 ,july1 #ahhh4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,miscellane\s ,,works ,,( ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,education3 ,intellectual1 ,moral1 & ,physical4 #abmo4 ,pap]1 #ej c5ts2 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,cont5ts3 ,:at ,k is ( mo/ ,wor?8--,intellectual ,education4--,moral ,education4--,physical ,education4 ,,social ,,/atics4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,new & revis$ edition1 includ+ ,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate1 a s]ies ( essays on political t5d5cies h]et(ore publi%$ sep>ately4 #abmo4 #dbj pages4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,hav+ be5 mu* annoy$ by ! p]si/5t quotation f ! old edition ( ,social ,/atics1 9 ! face ( repeat$ w>n+s1 ( views :i* he _h ab&on$1 & by ! misquotation ( o!rs :i* he /ill holds1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] "s t5 ye>s ago /opp$ ! sale ( ! book 9 ,engl& & prohibit$ its translation4 ,b ! rapid spread ( communi/ic !ories gave new life to ^! misrepres5tations2 h5ce ,mr4 ,sp5c] decid$ to delay no long] a /atem5t ( 8 mature op9ions on ! rights ( individuals & ! duty ( ! /ate4 ,,cont5ts3 ,happ9ess z an ,imm$iate ,aim4--,unguid$ ,exp$i5cy4--,! ,moral-,s5se ,doctr9e4--,:at is ,morality8--,! ,evanesc5ce 8 ,dim9ution ( ,evil4--,greate/ ,happ9ess mu/ be s\ght indirectly4--,d]ivation ( a ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4--,second>y ,d]ivation ( a ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4--,fir/ ,pr9ciple4--,application ( ?is ,fir/ ,pr9ciple4--,! ,"r ( ,prop]ty4--,socialism4--,! ,"r ( ,prop]ty 9 ,ideas4--,! ,rights ( ,wom54--,! ,rights ( ,*ildr54--,political ,rights4--,! ,con/itution ( ! ,/ate4--,! ,duty ( ! ,/ate4--,! ,limit ( ,/ate-,duty4--,! ,regulation ( ,comm]ce4--,religi\s ,e/abli%m5ts4--,poor-,laws4--,national ,education4--,gov]nm5t ,colonization4--,sanit>y ,sup]vision4--,curr5cy ,po/al ,arrangem5ts1 etc4--,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,! ,new ,toryism4--,! ,com+ ,slav]y4--,! ,s9s ( ,legislators4--,! ,great ,political ,sup]/ition4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology4 ,! fif? volume 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,cont5ts3 ,our ,ne$ ( x--,is !re a ,social ,sci5ce8--,nature ( ! ,social ,sci5ce4--,difficulties ( ! ,social ,sci5ce4--,objective ,difficulties4--,subjective ,difficulties1 ,intellectual4--,subjective ,difficulties1 ,emotional4--,! ,educational ,bias--,! ,bias ( ,patriotism4--,! ,class-,bias4--,! ,political ,bias4--,! ,!ological ,bias4--,discipl9e4--,prep>ation 9 ,biology4--,prep>ation 9 ,psy*ology4--,conclusion4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4 ,?is "w m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory-writ+ ( ?is c\ntry4--,/4 ,l\is ,po/-,dispat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,colonial ,,c\rt-,,h\se4 ,,philadelphia1 #agjg4 ,,! ,,h\sehold ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,,= ,,"y ,,am]icans4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,eggle/on4 ,ri*ly illu/rat$ ) #cej ,draw+s1 #ge ,maps1 etc4 ,squ>e #hvo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,,f ,,! ,,preface4 ,! pres5t "w is meant1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = ! "y--n alone = boys & girls1 b = "y m5 & wom5 :o h yet to make !mselves famili> ) ! m important features ( _! c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,by a book = ! "y is meant "o 9 :i* ! au?or /udies to make 8 /atem5ts cle> & explicit1 9 :i* curi\s & picturesque details are ins]t$1 & 9 :i* ! writ] does n neglect su* anecdotes z l5d ! *>m ( a human & p]sonal int]e/ to ! broad] facts ( ! nation's /ory4 ,t hi/ory is (t5 tiresome to ! "y is n s mu* ! fault ( hi/ory z ( a false me?od ( writ+ by :i* "o contrives to relate ev5ts )\t sympa?y or imag9ation1 )\t n>rative connection or animation4 ,! attempt to ma/] vague & g5]al records ( kiln-dri$ facts is c]ta9 to beget 9 ! ord9>y read] a repulsion f ! /udy ( hi/ory--"o ( ! mo/ important ( all /udies = its wid5+ influ5ce on g5]al culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,indian',s ,,trap4 ,fills a decid$ gap :i* has exi/$ = ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s 9 ,am]ican hi/orical lit]ature4 ,! "w is admirably plann$ & execut$1 & w at once take its place z a /&>d record ( ! life1 gr[?1 & developm5t ( ! nation4 ,x is pr(usely & beautifully illu/rat$4--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,! book 9 its new dress makes a mu* f9] appe>ance ?an be=e1 & w be welcom$ by old] read]s z gladly z its pr$ecessor 0 greet$ by girls & boys4 ,! lavi% use ! publi%]s h made ( color$ plates1 woodcuts1 & photographic reproductions1 gives an unwont$ piquancy to ! pr9t$ page1 cat*+ ! eye z surely z ! text engages ! m9d4--,new ,york ,critic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,putnam4 ,! au?or writes hi/ory z a /ory4 ,x c nev] be less ?an t4 ,! book w enli/ ! int]e/ ( "y p1 enlight5 _! und]/&+1 & by ! gl[ ( its /atem5ts fix ! great ev5ts ( ! c\ntry firmly 9 ! m9d4--,san ,francisco ,bullet94 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #a1 #c1 #e ,bond ,/reet4