,,slavery ,,and ,,the ,,constitution4 ,,by ,,william ,i4 ,,bowditch4 ,,boston3 ,,robert ,f4 ,,wallcut1 #ba1 ,,cornhill4 #ahdi4 ,,boston3 ,,printed ,,by ,,john ,,wilson1 ,no4 #ba1 ,school-street4 ,,contents4 ,chapter ,page ,i4 ,,slavery ,,agreeable ,,to ,,god',s ,,providence #a ,,ii4 ,,direct ,,mental ,,instruction ,,of ,,slaves #e ,,iii4 ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,slaves #ad ,,iv4 ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,teachers ,,of ,,the ,,slaves #ai ,v4 ,,direct ,,religious ,,instruction ,,of ,,slaves #bg ,,vi4 ,,indirect ,,instruction4--,,no ,,legal ,,marriage ,,of ,,slaves #ef ,,vii4 ,,soul-,,driving #fh ,,viii4 ,,domestic ,,slave-,,trade #gg ,,ix4 ,,runaway ,,slaves #id ,x4 ,,slaveholding ,,always ,,wrong #ajg ,,xi4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,and ,,its ,,interpretation #aag ,,xii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,common ,,meaning ,,of ,,its ,,terms #abj ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,as ,,its ,,framers ,,intended ,,to ,,make ,,it #abg ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,government #acf ,,xv4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,its ,,final ,,interpreter #adc ,,xvi4 ,,no ,,union ,,with ,,slaveholders #aej ,,note4 ,page #de was struck off before ,i became aware that ,master ,auld now shelters ,douglass's grandmother under his own roof4 ,we are glad of the fact1 and respect ,master ,auld for his change4 ,but the case of ,douglass's grandmother is by no means a solitary instance of cruel treatment4 ,i might easily adduce others equally cruel1 though not told with nearly so much feeling4 ,w4 ,i4 ,b4 ,,slavery ,,and ,,the ,,constitution4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,slavery ,,agreeable ,,to ,,god',s ,,providence6 ,thus did ,jehovah stereotype his approbation of domestic slavery6--,rev4 ,president ,shannon1 of ,bacon ,college1 ,ky4 ,here we see ,god dealing in slaves2 giving them to his own favorite child ,abraham1 a man of superlative worth1 and as a reward for his eminent goodness4--,rev4 ,theodore ,clapp1 of ,new ,orleans4 ,nearly three millions of men1 women1 and children are held in slavery in the ,southern ,states1 not by the ignorant and brutal alone1 but by enlightened ,christian bishops1 ministers1 and church members of all denominations2 whilst men and women of cultivated minds1 refined manners1 and delicate tastes1 indignantly deny that slaveholding is wrong4 ,the ,right ,rev4 ,george ,w4 ,freeman1 ,bishop of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in ,arkansas and ,texas1 whilst a minister at ,raleigh1 ,n4,c4 ,nov4 #bg1 #ahcf1 preached two discourses on the character of slavery and the duties of masters4 ,in these 7,a ,reproof of the ,american ,church1 by the ,bishop of ,oxford2 with an ,introduction1 by an ,american ,churchman2 ,new ,york1 #ahdf1 p4 #f7 he declared that no man1 nor set of men in our day1 unless they can produce a new revelation from ,heaven1 are entitled to pronounce slavery wrong2 and that slavery1 as it exists at the present day1 is agreeable to the order of ,divine ,providence4 ,the ,right ,rev4 ,levi ,s4 ,ives1 ,bishop of the diocese1 was present2 and1 though a northern man1 has in writing published that he listened to them with most unfeigned pleasure6 7,ib4 p4 #g47 ,they were afterwards published with the bishop's note of approbation1 under the title1 ,the ,rights and ,duties of ,slaveholders4 ,they were also printed in ,south ,carolina1 and distributed gratuitously as a tract by the ,society for the ,advancement of ,christianity1--a society composed of clergymen and laymen1 with ,bishop ,bowen at their head4 7,ib4 pp4 #g1 #h47 ,rev4 ,theodore ,clapp1,a the ,unitarian minister of ,new ,orleans1 says 7,slavery1 a ,sermon delivered in the ,first ,congregational ,church in ,new ,orleans1 ,april #ae1 #ahch1 p4 #aa71 ,the same ,god who gave ,abraham sunshine1 air1 rain1 earth1 flocks1 herds1 silver1 and gold1 blessed him with a donative of slaves4 ,ib4 p4 #cc3 ,to succeed1 then1 in putting down every thing like servitude1 you must annihilate the word of ,god4 ,bishop ,hedding1 of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 says 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #ej71 ,the right to hold a slave is founded on this rule1 ',therefore1 all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so unto them4' ,the funds of churches and theological institutions are not unfrequently invested in slaves4 ,sometimes these slaves are hired out at auction1 and from their earnings the salaries of the clergymen and professors are paid6 ,at other times1 they are sold in order to change the investment6 ,thus1 in the ,charleston ,courier1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahce1 there is advertised for sale1 by ,thomas ,n4 ,gadsden1 a prime gang of ten negroes1 accustomed to the culture of cotton and provisions belonging to the ,independent ,church in ,christ ,church parish6 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #gb47 ,no incredible story1 therefore1 was told by the fugitive slave1 who gave as his reason for not receiving the ,lord's ,supper1 ,i could not bear to go forward1 and receive the communion from vessels which were the purchase of my brother's blood4 ,in the memorial of the ,presbytery of ,georgia to the ,presbyteries of the ,southern ,states in #ahdd1 on the religious instruction of the negroes1 it is stated that slaves are connected with our churches2 nay1 more1 they are owned by our church members and by our ministers4--,what is it1 asks the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,albert ,barnes 7,sermon in ,philadelphia in #ahdf1 ,the ,church as it is1 p4 #ha71 that lends the most efficient sanction to slavery in the ,united ,states8 ,what is it that does most to keep the public conscience at ease on the subject8 ,what is it that renders abortive all measures to remove the evil8444 ,it is the fact that the system is countenanced by good men2 that bishops and priests and deacons1 that ministers and elders1 that ,sunday-school teachers and exhorters1 that pious matrons and heiresses1 are the holders of slaves2 and that the ecclesiastical bodies of the land address no language of rebuke or entreaty to their consciences4 ,more evidence to the same point might be adduced1 if thought necessary4 ,this open vindication of the rightfulness of slaveholding is by no means confined to persons residing at the ,south4 ,in the year #ahdg1 the ,rev4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,blagden1 of ,boston1 who delivered the last ,dudleian ,lecture in ,harvard ,university1 defended slavery from the ,bible1 in the pulpit of ,old ,south ,church1 that second cradle of ,liberty6 ,only last winter 7#ahdh71 a gentleman of this ,state1 of high legal attainments1 at present connected with the ,law ,school in ,harvard ,university1 in conversation hesitated not to declare to us his opinion1 that it was not desirable that slavery should cease6 ,and ,dr4 ,taylor1 of ,yale ,college1 at the head of the theological department1 instructs his pupils1 candidates for the ministry1 that1 if ,jesus ,christ were now on earth1 he would1 under certain circumstances1 become a slaveholder6 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #ie47 ,open defenders of slavery are therefore found among the foremost of the leaders in ,church and ,state4 ,and how few of the opponents of the system have a deep1 ineradicable conviction1 that slaveholding is wrong under all circumstances6 ,our object is to create and deepen this conviction4 ,to prove our position1 we shall not rely upon the physical condition of the slaves4 ,notwithstanding the fact is otherwise1 we are willing to suppose that every slave is comfortably housed1 and has sufficient food and clothing4 ,these may give ,ease to the body some1 none to the mind ,from restless thoughts4 ,even if in a comfortable house1 the slave is homeless6 ,no joys cluster around his hearthstone6 ,he has no wife to share his sorrows1 or to partake his joys2 for neither law nor public opinion sanctions the marriage of slaves6 ,the very children whom the slave presses to his heart are not regarded1 either by law or public sentiment1 as his dear children1 but only as part of the stock of the plantation6 ,mother and children may be1 and are1 sold at auction1 and separated from him and from each other for ever6 ,and yet the heart of the slave-mother yearns for her children as much as the heart of the white mother4 ,by giving me a spiritual nature capable of improvement1 ,god has made it my duty to strive to improve myself1--has declared that ,i have a natural right to improve myself1 and that any wanton or unnecessary infringement of this right is a wrong4 ,no man has the right to prevent me1 or the meanest slave1 from earnestly seeking after wisdom2 to prevent me1 or the meanest slave1 from becoming pure in heart2 or to deaden my affections1 or those of the humblest slave that walks4 ,in keeping a slave ignorant or impure1 or in blunting his affections1 even though he is well fed1 clothed1 and housed1 violence is offered to his nature2 his ,god-given rights are infringed2 a wrong is done6 ,slaveholding is wrong under all circumstances1 because it either darkens the minds1 brutalizes the souls1 and deadens the affections of the slaves1 or1 without any necessity1 renders such spiritual death not merely possible1 but almost inevitable4 ,if it is wrong to murder the body1 how much more wrong is it to murder the soul6 ,slaveholding is murder of the soul6 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,direct ,,mental ,,instruction ,,of ,,slaves4 ,it is universally the fact throughout the ,slaveholding ,states1 that either custom or law prohibits them i4e4 the slaves the acquisition of letters4--,report made to ,synod of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia in #ahcc4 ,at a recent annual meeting of the ,american ,colonization ,society1 the ,rev4 ,joel ,parker1 ,d4,d4 of ,philadelphia1 a member of the ,presbyterian ,church1 speaking of the instruction of the colored race1 is reported to have used the following language3--,there seems to me1 in connection with this subject1 a beautiful illustration of what ,hall calls 'a fetch in ,divine ,providence4' ,god had a design in bringing these people to this country in the way he did4 ,we cannot probably comprehend the whole of it2 but this we can see1 he has secured the education of those who1 to all human appearance1 would not and could not have been educated in any other way4 ,there are now in this country more than three hundred thousand ,africans who can read and write1 who could not have done it if it had not been for the slave-trade4 ,there are many in this country and in ,liberia who are capable of preaching the gospel1 editing papers1 and performing all the duties of civil life1 who must have remained in total darkness but for this trade4 ,how came this people by all this knowledge8 ,did anybody go to ,africa and teach them8 ,no6 ,it has been done by slavery4444 ,and now we send them back to ,africa1 with a preparation for doing a great work there1 which we never could have imparted to them in any other way4444 ,in this view of the subject1 we may perceive at least one good which slavery has done to ,africa2 and the question may with propriety be asked1 whether it has not done for ,africa more good than harm4 ,if we may believe this spiritual teacher1 the ,being who made of one blood all the nations of men1 the common ,father of us all1 himself designed the scheme by which millions of men1 women1 and children were torn from their homes and friends1 and all they held dear1 and brought to this country1 through all the horrors of the middle passage1 where a terrible death relieved on an average at least one fifth of the victims from a scarcely less terrible life1--for this end in part1 that1 after two centuries of wrongs1 not even a tithe of their descendants might be returned to the land of their fathers1 to teach the ,africans the religion of their oppressors6 ,a truly touching example of ,god's loving-kindness and tender mercy to all his children6 ,that many slaves have been instructed to the extent stated by ,dr4 ,parker is true2 but they have been educated1 not in consequence1 but in spite1 of slavery4 ,so hostile to mental culture is slavery1 that but a slight examination is needed to satisfy us that it is neither profitable nor safe to educate a slave beyond a certain point4 ,without some education1 a slave would be worse than valueless4 ,far the larger number of them1 as field slaves1 are simply taught to use the hoe1 and other instruments of agriculture4 ,others are brought up as carpenters1 masons1 blacksmiths1 house-servants1 c4 ,frederick ,douglass earned a dollar and a half a day at caulking2 whilst ,william ,craft1 as a cabinet-maker and occasional waiter at an hotel1 supported himself1 and paid his owner twenty dollars a month for the right to use his own muscles4 ,we occasionally meet with such advertisements as the following1 cut from the ,new ,orleans ,picayune1 of ,oct4 #ah1 #ahdf3-- ,,credit ,,sale ,,of ,,valuable ,,negro ,,mechanics1 c4--,by ,beard1 ,calhoun1 and ,co4 auctioneers1 will be sold at auction1 on ,tuesday the #bjth ,october1 at twelve o'clock1 at ,banks's ,arcade1 the following valuable slaves3--,ezekiel1 #be years1 a superior carpenter1 fully guarantied2 ,jacob1 #be years1 a superior carpenter and wheelwright1 fully guarantied2 ,dick1 #ce years1 a superior carpenter and wheelwright1 fully guarantied2 ,charles1 #bh years1 engineer and rough carpenter2 ,charles1 #bb years1 field hand1 fully guarantied1 excepting slightly ruptured2 ,sancho1 #bf years1 good house carpenter1 fully guarantied2 ,maria1 mulattress1 #bh years1 first-rate washer and ironer1 fully guarantied2 ,maria1 negress1 #ac1 child's nurse1 fully guarantied4 ,terms3 ,twelve months' credit for notes drawn and endorsed to the satisfaction of the vendor1 with mortgage on the property1 bearing interest eight per cent per annum1 from date of sale until paid4 ,slaves not to be delivered until the notes are approved of4 ,the servants can be seen on the morning of sale4 ,act of sale before ,d4 ,i4 ,ricardo1 notary public1 at the expense of the purchaser4 ,in the same paper1 ,alexander ,daggett advertises for sale a negro man1 a first-rate blacksmith4 ,in the ,richmond ,whig of ,jan4 #be1 #ahdh1 ,benjamin ,davis advertises for sale a negro man who is a first-rate carpenter by trade2 also a rough blacksmith4 ,in the ,charleston 7,s4,c47 ,mercury1 ,thomas ,w4 ,mordecai1 broker and auctioneer1 under date ,sept4 #a1 #ahdg1 advertises at private sale-- ,an uncommonly prime and likely black man1 about #bb4 ,a prime woman1 a superior washer1 and good cook and farm hand4 ,a very prime axeman and field hand4 ,a superior man-cook4 ,it is not1 however1 necessary to teach a slave-mechanic or field hand1 or even a prime woman1 to read or write1 in order to make him or her a profitable investment4 ,if we suppose ,william ,craft's value as a slave to have been two thousand dollars1 his master received from his investment only twelve per cent clear profit6 ,yet ,william could neither read nor write4 ,he was a valuable working machine4 ,to have him educated farther1 to have taught him to read or write1 would have lessened his market value4 ,to teach a slave these things is to teach him his rights1 and to make him keenly feel his wrongs4 ,mrs4 ,hugh ,auld taught ,frederick ,douglass his letters before slavery had hardened her naturally kind heart4 ,she gave him the inch1 as he says1 and no precaution could prevent his taking the ell4 ,he taught himself to read and write1 and thus describes the effect produced by reading a book called ,the ,columbian ,orator4 ,this book contains one or more of ,sheridan's speeches1 and a dialogue between a master and his slave1 wherein the slave is made to refute all the arguments usually brought forward in support of slavery4 ,the more ,i read1 he says 7,narrative1 p4 #dj71 the more ,i was led to abhor and detest my enslavers4 ,i could regard them in no other light than a band of successful robbers1 who had left their homes1 and gone to ,africa1 and stolen us from our homes1 and in a strange land reduced us to slavery4 ,i loathed them as being the meanest as well as the most wicked of men4 ,as ,i read and contemplated the subject1 behold6 that very discontentment which ,master ,hugh had predicted would follow my learning to read had already come1 to torment and sting my soul to unutterable anguish4 ,as ,i writhed under it1 ,i could at times feel that learning to read had been a curse1 rather than a blessing4 ,it had given me a view of my wretched condition1 without the remedy4 ,it opened my eyes to the horrible pit1 but to no ladder upon which to get out4 ,in moments of agony1 ,i envied my fellow-slaves for their stupidity4 ,i have often wished myself a beast4 ,i preferred the condition of the meanest reptile to my own1--any thing1 no matter what1 to get rid of thinking6 ,it was this everlasting thinking of my condition that tormented me4 ,there was no getting rid of it4 ,as a necessary result of his learning to read1 ,douglass loathed slavery1 and detested his enslavers4 ,if he had never read1 his eyes would never have been fully opened to the extent of his wrongs2 and what is true of him is true of all other slaves4 ,any slave who can read ,sheridan's denunciations of slavery must1 like ,douglass1 loathe his condition1 and detest his oppressors4 ,but a slave who loathes his condition1 and detests his oppressors1 will be refractory and disobedient4 ,a late writer in the ,charleston ,mercury admits this when he remarks 7,william ,jay's ,letter to ,bishop ,ives1 #ahdh1 p4 #ab73-- ,it has been the policy of this ,state not to admit the teaching to the slaves1 either of reading or writing4 ,we all know why this is so4 ,it needed no great scope of argument to satisfy those who framed our laws1 that the expansion of intellect1 the hundred influences which education generates1 would be very inconsistent with habits of obedience1 which was the corner-stone of the institution4 ,such a slave will also try to escape at every fair opportunity2 and1 being able to write passes or forge free papers1 the chances for successful escape are very much increased4 ,the owner's hold upon him becomes daily more and more precarious1 and consequently the slave's value as property daily diminishes4 ,so true is this1 that in ,louisiana a buyer may legally refuse to take a slave1 if he has only absented himself from his master's house twice for several days1 or once for more than a month4 ,the ,civil ,code 7,art4 #bdif1 #beje7 declares that the vice of character1 as it is called1 which is proved by either of these ,acts1 renders the slave absolutely useless1 or renders his use so inconvenient or imperfect that it must be supposed no one would buy a slave who was known to have this vice4 ,every particle of instruction given to a slave beyond what is consistent with his remaining a passive and obedient1 working machine1 is so much money taken from the master's pocket4 ,nobody wants to invest his money in a slave who is refractory or disobedient1 or who runs away at every opportunity1--unless1 indeed1 he buys the stock1 in consequence1 at very much under par6 ,the value of ,douglass as a slave decreased just as fast as his manhood increased2 and ,capt4 ,price now candidly avows1 that he hesitated some time before he invested seven hundred dollars in ,william ,w4 ,brown2 for ,william was a noted runaway6 ,the love of money impels the slaveholders to keep their slaves in ignorance4 ,not only this1 but an educated slave1 who loathes his condition and hates his oppressors1 is an unsafe member of a household or a community4 ,his means for taking a fearful vengeance are ample1 and what consideration shall stay his hands8 ,none but an educated slave can plan or head an insurrection4 ,such are the ones who always do take active part in rebellions4 ,the house-servants constitute everywhere the most educated class4 ,none are more dreaded than they1 for this reason in part1 and partly because of their living under the same roof with their masters4 ,in a pamphlet published in ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 in #ahbb1 p4 #ad1 by ,gen4 ,thomas ,pinckney1 speaking of house-servants1 he remarks3-- ,they are the most dangerous4 ,their intimate acquaintance with all the circumstances relating to the interior of the dwellings1 the confidence reposed in them1 and the information they unavoidably obtain from hearing the conversation and observing the habitual transactions of their owners1 afford them the most ample means for treacherous bloodshed and devastation4 ,the success1 therefore1 of servile conspiracies mainly depends on this class for taking off1 by midnight murder1 their unsuspecting owners2 and the late trials1 by exhibiting so large a portion of this description among the ringleaders of the conspiracy1 afford a melancholy proof of their promptitude to become actors in such scenes4--,william ,jay's ,letter1 c4 p4 #i4 ,the love of life itself1 the desire for the safety of their wives and children1 impels the slaveholders to keep their slaves in ignorance4 ,two of the strongest motives which can be brought to bear upon man1 the love of money and the love of life1 are therefore constantly urging the slaveholder to darken the minds of his slaves4 ,if the former of these motives leads to the commission of so much wrong everywhere1 what will not both motives together accomplish to the injury of the slave8 ,but the slaveholders have not been willing to trust wholly to these motives1 strong though they are4 ,in many of the ,states1 it is a penal offence to teach a slave to read or write2 and1 where laws of this kind do not exist1 custom1 as universal1 powerful1 and remorseless as the law1 accomplishes the same wrong4 ,the following are some of these laws3-- ,the ,revised ,statutes of ,,north ,,carolina1 chap4 #cd1 sec4 #gd 7,revision of ,stat4 #ahcj1 chap4 #f1 ,sec4#a71 provide that ,any free person who shall hereafter teach1 or attempt to teach1 any slave within this ,state to read or write1 the use of figures excepted1 or shall give or sell to such slave or slaves any books or pamphlets1 shall be liable to indictment in any court of record in this ,state having jurisdiction thereof2 and1 upon conviction1 shall1 at the discretion of the court1 if a white man or woman1 be fined not less than one hundred dollars1 nor more than two hundred dollars1 or imprisoned2 and1 if a free person of color1 shall be fined1 imprisoned1 or whipped1 at the discretion of the court1 not exceeding thirty-nine lashes1 nor less than twenty lashes4 ,chap4 #aaa1 sec4 #bg 7,statute1 #ahcj1 chap4 #f1 ,sec4 #b71 provides that1-- ,if any slave shall teach1 or attempt to teach1 any other slave to read or write1 the use of figures excepted1 he or she may be carried before any justice of the peace1 and1 on conviction thereof1 shall be sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes on his or her bare back4 ,in ,,south ,,carolina1 the ,negro ,act 7#agdj1 ,sec4 #de2 #b ,brev4 ,dig4 #bdc71 provides that-- ,all and every person and persons whatsoever who shall hereafter teach1 or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write1 or shall use or employ any slave as a scribe in any manner of writing whatsoever1 hereafter taught to write2 every such person and persons shall1 for every such offence1 forfeit the sum of one hundred pounds current money4 ,in ,,alabama 7,statute1 #ahcb1 chap4 #h1 ,sec4 #aj2 ,clay's ,digest1 p4 #edc1 ,sec4 #bd71-- ,any person or persons who shall attempt to teach any free person of color1 or slave1 to spell1 read1 or write1 shall1 upon conviction thereof by indictment1 be fined in a sum not less than two hundred and fifty dollars1 nor more than five hundred dollars4 ,in ,,georgia 7,penal ,code approved ,dec4 #bc1 #ahcc1 #acth div41 sec4 #ah2 ,prince's ,digest1 p4 #feh2 ,william ,a4 ,hotchkiss's ,codification1 #ahde1 p4 #ggb71-- ,if any person shall teach any slave1 negro1 or free person of color1 to read or write either written or printed characters1 or shall procure1 suffer1 or permit a slave1 negro1 or person of color1 to transact business for him in writing1 such person so offending shall be guilty of a misdemeanor1 and1 on conviction1 shall be punished by fine1 or imprisonment in the common jail of the county1 or both1 at the discretion of the court4 ,in ,,mississippi 7,howard ,hutchinson's ,laws1 p4 #fgc71 ,no slave or free person of color can be employed in the setting of types in any printing office4 ,in ,,missouri1 the ,revised ,statutes 7chap4 #h1 sec4 #aj1 p4 #aag7 provide that1-- ,when an apprentice is a negro or mulatto1 it shall not be the duty of the master to cause such colored apprentice to be taught to read or write1 or a knowledge of arithmetic2 but he shall be allowed1 at the expiration of his term of service1 a sum of money in lieu of education1 to be assessed by the county court4 ,the ,act of #ahdg 7approved ,feb4 #af1 ,sec4 #a7 reads1-- ,no person shall keep or teach any school for the instruction of negroes or mulattoes in reading or writing in this ,state4 ,other similar laws might be produced2 but these suffice to exhibit1 in a clear light1 the opportunities presented for the mental instruction of slaves6 ,in some ,states1 it is unlawful to teach even a ,,free colored person to read or write6 ,that these laws have been almost universally respected and obeyed1 there is no room to doubt4 ,no one has given more attention to this subject than the ,rev4 ,chas4 ,c4 ,jones1 of ,savannah1 ,ga4 ,in #ahdb he published1 at ,savannah1 a work1 containing the result of his researches1 entitled ,the ,religious ,instruction of the ,negroes in the ,united ,states4 ,in this work1 p4 #aae1 he says1 ,the statutes of our respective ,slave ,states forbid all knowledge of letters to the negroes2 and1 where the statutes do not1 custom does4 ,it is impossible to form an estimate of the number of negroes that read4 ,my belief is1 that the proportion would be expressed by ,,an ,,almost ,,inconceivable ,,fraction4 ,the greatest number of readers is found in and about towns and cities1 and among the ,,free negro population some two or three generations removed from servitude4--,as a confirmation of this testimony of ,mr4 ,jones1 we know no greater proof that the degraded class in any community is almost wholly uneducated1 than that a large portion of the privileged class is so4 ,the law of compensation is divine4 ,we cannot degrade or brutalize our fellow-men1 without degrading or brutalizing ourselves4 ,now1 we find that1 in the ,slave ,states1 almost one tenth of the free white population over twenty years of age are unable to read and write6 ,to some persons this may seem a small proportion2 but1 in the ,free ,states1 with all our ignorance1 there are less than one in one hundred and fifty6 and ,horace ,mann1 the best authority on this subject1 says that at least four fifths of these are foreigners1 who ought not to be included in the computation4 ,in ,connecticut1 out of #afc1hdc free persons over twenty years of age1 there are only #ebf who are unable to read and write2 while1 in the model ,slave ,state of ,south ,carolina1 out of only #aaa1ffc free white persons over twenty years of age1 there are #bj1fae who cannot read and write6 ,in ,south ,carolina1 says ,theodore ,parker1 out of each #fbf free whites more than twenty years of age1 there are more than #eh wholly unable to read or write2 out of that number of such persons in ,connecticut1 not quite two6 ,more than the sixth part of the adult freemen of ,south ,carolina are unable to read the vote they deposit in the ballot-box6 ,and ,gov4 ,clarke1 of ,kentucky1 declared in his message to the legislature in #ahcg1 that one third of the adult population of that ,state were unable to write their names6 ,while such is the state of the freemen1 it is impossible that any considerable number of the slaves should become educated4 ,with these facts before us1 it is impossible not to admit the correctness of ,mr4 ,jones's conclusion4 ,only an almost inconceivable fraction of three millions of slaves can read or write6 ,these are taught by their owners1 or with their connivance2 and of them we shall speak hereafter4 ,but1 taken as a mass1 the slaves are truly described by a writer in the ,marysville 7,tennessee7 ,intelligencer as being degraded1 stupid savages4 ,we may add1 not naturally degraded and stupid1 but made and kept so in open violation of their rights as human beings1 for the sake of gain6 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,slaves4 ,their depravity1 their spiritual ignorance and destitution1 are amazingly and awfully great4--,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones's ,catechism2 preface1 p4 #d4 ,when the charge of the intellectual and moral degradation of the slaves is preferred against us1 says ,mr4 ,jones,b 7,religious ,instruction1 p4 #ajg71 we are inclined to put the best face on affairs1 knowing that this is the darkest feature and the most vulnerable point4 ,their notions of the ,supreme ,being 7ib4 p4 #abe72 of the character and offices of ,christ and of the ,holy ,ghost2 of a future state2 and of what constitutes holiness of life1 are indefinite and confused4 ,some brought up in a ,christian land1 and in the vicinity of the house of ,god1 have heard of ,jesus ,christ2 but who he is1 and what he has done for a ruined world1 they cannot tell4 ,the ,mohammedan ,africans remaining of the old stock of importations1 although accustomed to hear the gospel preached1 have been known to accommodate ,christianity to ,mohammedanism4 ',god1' say they1 'is ,allah1 and ,jesus ,christ is ,mohammed3 the religion is the same2 but different countries have different names4' ,true religion they are inclined to place in profession1 in forms and ordinances1 and in excited states of feeling2 and true conversion1 in dreams1 visions1 trances1 voices1--all bearing a perfect or striking resemblance to some form or type which has been handed down for generations1 or which has been originated in the wild fancy of some religious teacher among them4 ,page #abf3 ,sometimes principles of conduct are adopted by church members at so much variance with the gospel that the 'grace of ,god is turned into lasciviousness4' ,for example1 that which would be an abominable sin1 committed by a church member with a worldly person1 becomes no sin at all if committed with another church member4 ,the brethren must 'bear one another's burdens1 and so fulfil the law of ,christ4'444 ,to know the extent of their ignorance1 even where they have been accustomed to the sound of the gospel in white churches1 a man should make investigation for himself3 the result will frequently surprise and fill him with grief4 ,they scarcely feel shame for their ignorance on the subject of religion1 although they may have had abundant opportunity of becoming wiser4 ,ignorance they seem to feel is their lot2 and that feeling is intimately associated with another1 every way congenial to the natural man1 namely1 a feeling of irresponsibility3 ignorance is a cloak and excuse for crime4 ,page #abg3 ,he who carries the gospel to them encounters depravity1 intrenched in ignorance1 both real and pretended4 ,he beholds the ,scripture fulfilled1 ',having the understanding darkened1 being alienated from the life of ,god through the ignorance that is in them1 because of the hardness of their hearts1' ,eph4 iv4 #ag-ai4 ,he discovers deism 7671 scepticism 76671 universalism 76667444 ',they are wise to do evil2 but to do good they have no knowledge4' ,intimately connected with their ignorance is their superstition4 ,they believe in second sight1 in apparitions1 charms1 witchcraft1 and in a kind of irresistible ,satanic influence4 ,the superstitions brought from ,africa have not been wholly laid aside 7p4 #abh74 ,ignorance and superstition render them easy dupes to their teachers1 doctors1 prophets1 conjurers2 to artful1 designing men4 ,when fairly committed to such leaders1 they may be brought to the commission of almost any crime4 ,facts in their history prove this4 ,on certain occasions1 they have been made to believe1 that1 while they carried about their persons some charm with which they had been furnished1 they were invulnerable4,c ,they have1 on certain other occasions1 been made to believe that they were under a protection that rendered them invincible4444 ,they have been known to be so perfectly and fearfully under the influence of some leader or conjurer or minister1 that they have not dared to disobey him in the least particular2 nor to disclose their own intended or perpetrated crimes1 in view of inevitable death itself2 notwithstanding all other influences brought to bear upon them4 ,the discipline of colored members is involved1 tedious1 vexatious1 and disgusting 7p4 #aca74 ,excommunications and suspensions are of perpetual occurrence1 for crimes shocking in character1 and of themselves sufficient to show the general state of morals2 such1 for example1 as adultery1 fornication1 theft1 lying1 drunkenness1 quarrelling1 and fighting4 ,the first three are their most common vices4 ,page #ace3 ,they are1 proverbially1 thieves4 ,they bear this character in ,africa2 they have borne it in all countries whither they have been carried2 it has been the character of slaves in all ages1 whatever their nation or color4 ,they steal from each other1 from their masters1 from anybody4444 ,their veracity is nominal4 ,page #acf3 ,the number1 the variety1 and ingenuity of falsehoods that can be told by them in a few brief moments1 is most astonishing4444 ,servants1 however1 who will neither steal nor lie1 may be found1 and in no inconsiderable numbers4 ,other similar extracts1 and touching other vices1 might be given2 but these seem amply sufficient to justify the general conclusion to which ,mr4 ,jones arrives1 p4 #aec1 that they are1 intellectually and morally1 a degraded people1 the most so of any in the ,united ,states2 and while1 from their universal 787 profession of the ,christian system1 and their attendance upon its ordinances of worship1 and the absence of all fixed forms of idolatry1 they cannot strictly be termed heathen1 yet may they with propriety be termed the heathen of our land4 ,in a sermon preached by him in ,georgia1 and published at ,savannah in #ahca1 he calls them a nation of heathen in our very midst 7,jay's ,letter1 p4 #aa74 ,abundant confirmation of this conclusion exists4 ,the ,hon4 ,chas4 ,c4 ,pinckney1 in his ,address before the ,agricultural ,society of ,south ,carolina 7,charleston1 #ahbi1 second edit4 pp4 #aj-ab2 ,jones's ,relig4 ,inst4 p4 #ada71 says1 ,there needs no stronger illustration of the doctrine of human depravity than the state of morals on plantations in general4 ,who would credit it1 asks the ,committee of the ,synod of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia in #ahcc1 that1 in these years of revival and benevolent effort1 in this ,christian republic1 there are over two millions of human beings in the condition of heathen1 and in some respects in a worse condition8 ,from long-continued and close observation1 we believe that their moral and religious condition is such that they may justly be considered the heathen of this ,christian country4 ,the ,executive ,committee of the ,kentucky ,union for the ,moral and ,religious ,improvement of the ,colored ,race1 in their ,circular to the ,ministers of the ,gospel in ,kentucky1 #ahcd 7,jones's ,relig4 ,inst4 p4 #adc71 say1 ,we desire not to represent that condition worse than it is4 ,doubtless1 the light that shines around them1 more or less illuminates their minds1 and moralizes their characters4 ,we hope and believe1 that some of them1 though poor in this world's goods1 will be found rich in spiritual possessions in the day when the ,king of ,zion shall make up his jewels4 ,we know that many of them are included in the visible church1 and frequently exhibit great zeal2 but it is to be feared1 that it is often a zeal without knowledge2 and of the majority it must be confessed1 that the light shineth in darkness1 and the darkness comprehendeth it not4 ,after making all reasonable allowances1 our colored population can be considered1 at the most1 but semi-heathen4 ,in view of these statements1 we cannot but be forced to the conclusion1 that the slaves1 as a body1 are in an extremely degraded moral and religious condition4 ,that they are naturally thus1 even ,mr4 ,jones denies 7,relig4 ,instruction1 p4 #abd74 ,he says1 ,as to moral and religious character1 the negroes are naturally what other men are4 ,that they are so much more degraded than others must1 then1 be owing to their education or their social condition4 ,the inference1 therefore1 is unavoidable that they have been thus degraded by others4 ,the wrong rests upon those who have denied them the means of education1 and who have kept them in slavery1--upon those who have thus degraded their minds and souls1 in order that their bodies might remain in slavery6 ,in violation of the slave's dearest rights1 all the highest1 noblest1 and purest instincts of his nature have been destroyed1 in order to advance the pecuniary interests of the man who gains his fortune from the blood of souls6 ,are those slaves who enjoy moral and religious instruction any better off8 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,moral ,,and ,,religious ,,teachers ,,of ,,the ,,slaves4 ,q4 ,when you hear the minister preach1 are you not to listen to him as the minister of ,god2 ,god's messenger to your soul8 ,a4 ,yes4--,jones's ,catechism1 p4 #adj4 ,by the providence and word of ,god1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,religious ,instruction1 pp4 #afe1 #aff71 are we under obligations to impart the gospel to our servants4444 ,we cannot disregard this obligation 444 without forfeiting our humanity1 our gratitude1 our consistency1 and our claim to the spirit of ,christianity itself4 ,our humanity4444 ,the ,lord ,jesus has furnished us with the most beautiful and striking illustrations of this virtue3--',what man shall there be among you1 that shall have one sheep2 and1 if it fall into a pit1 will he not lay hold on it1 and lift it out8' ',doth not each one of you loose his ox or his ass from the stall1 and lead him away to watering8 ,and ought not this woman1 being a daughter of ,abraham1 whom ,satan hath bound1 lo1 these eighteen years1 be loosed from this bond8'444 ,apply the reasoning3 ',how much1 then1 is a man better than a sheep or an ox8' ,when our servants are sick and diseased1 we do not suffer them to want3 we physic and nurse them 7874 ,but are not their souls more precious than their bodies8 ,much more1 then1 should we lift our servants from the pit of ignorance1 moral pollution and death1 into which they have fallen4 ,much more should we strive to loose them 7bound for so many years67 from the bonds of sin and ,satan1 and lead away their famishing souls to the water of life4 ,our gratitude4 ,they nurse us in infancy1 contribute to our pleasures and pastimes in youth1 and furnish us with the means of education4 ,they constitute our wealth1 and yield us all the comforts and conveniences of life4 ,they may1 in a degree1 adopt towards us the language of ,jacob to ,laban1 ',thus ,i was3 in the day the drought consumed me1 and the frost by night1 and my sleep departed from mine eyes4' ,they watch around our languishing beds in sickness1 share in our misfortunes1 weep over us when we die1 prepare us for the burial1 and carry us to the house appointed for all the living4 ,the obligations1 the sacrifice1 and service are not to be all on one side1 in the relation of master and servant4 ,if we have been made partakers of their carnal things1 our duty is also to minister unto them in spiritual things1,d ,rom4 xv4 #bg4 #a ,cor4 ix4 #aa4 ,and shall we consider it a great thing to fulfil this duty8 ,the kindest and the most grateful return which we can make them is to put them in possession of the richest gift of ,god to men1 the gospel of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,how far has the existence or utterance of such sentiments as these resulted in securing to the slaves a sound moral and religious instruction8 ,what kind of teachers and what kind of instruction are thought to be consistent with proper feelings of gratitude and humanity on the part of masters8 ,we have just seen the deep moral degradation of the very great majority of the slaves4 ,still there are at the present time1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7p4 #ajj71 tens of thousands connected by a credible profession to the church of ,christ1 and the gospel is reaching them to a greater extent and in greater purity and power than ever before4 ,by whom is the gospel thus preached to them in purity and power8 ,who is it that ministers unto them in spiritual things1 and leads away their famishing souls to the water of life8 ,those who would keep the ,bible from their fellow-creatures are the enemies of ,god and man4 ,the ,bible belongs of right to every man4 ,it is the property of the world4 ,thus speaks the ,protestant defender of slavery1 ,charles ,c4 ,jones 7,catechism1 p4 #hj74 ,but to prevent a slave from reading the ,bible is not by any means to keep the ,bible from him6 ,in what a ,catholic spirit he thus exhorts the slaves6 7,catechism1 p4 #gi7 ,what benefit will this precious book be to us1 unless we diligently study it1 and embrace opportunities of receiving instruction from it1 such as are afforded us in the house of ,god1 in the sabbath-school1 and in the ,bible-class8 ',search the ,scriptures' is the ,redeemer's command4,e ,we cannot1 he says 7,religions ,instruction1 p4 #afg71 cry out against the ,papists for withholding the ,scriptures from the common people1 and keeping them in ignorance of the way of life2 for our inconsistency is as great as theirs1 if we withhold the ,bible from our servants1 and keep them in ignorance of its saving truths1 which we certainly do while we will not provide ways and means of having it read and explained to them6 ,so readily1 at the bidding of slavery1 will ,protestants surrender the most distinctive feature of ,protestantism6 ,it is obvious1 that1 if any religious instruction is to be imparted to slaves1 it must be given them by others4 ,but it is in the power of the owner to forbid all such instruction4 ,the whole arrangement of the religious instruction of the negroes1 as to teachers1 times1 places1 matter and manner1 is in our own power1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7ib4 p4 #ih74 ,the ,presbytery of ,georgia1 in the memorial before alluded to1 says-- ,the law of the land makes and can make no provision for their religious instruction4 ,that instruction is committed to owners1 as the instruction of children is to parents2 and they can give or withhold it at pleasure4 ,we owners and ministers are 'the almoners of divine mercy to them1' and1 if we do not open the door of salvation1 they may grope their way into a miserable eternity2 for they have no power of any kind to originate and establish and carry forward church organizations and associations for their own benefit4 ,they are entirely dependent upon us for the gospel of salvation4 ,we may1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,religious ,instruction1 p4 #aeh71 according to the power lodged in our hands1 forbid religious meetings and religious instruction on our own plantations2 we may forbid our servants going to church at all1 or only to such churches as we may select for them2 we may literally shut up the kingdom of heaven against men1 and suffer not them that are entering to go in6 ,wherever an owner is willing to permit such instruction1 it must still be carried on wholly by oral communications4 ,this immense mass of immortal beings1 says ,mr4 ,jones1 is thrown for religious instruction upon oral communications entirely 7ib4 p4 #aeg74 ,that any oral instruction of the adult or aged slaves is worth but little he evidently admits1 because he says 7ib4 p4 #bbi71 ,if a people are to be instructed orally1 let the instruction be communicated to them in early life2 and the great hope of permanently benefiting the negroes is laid in sabbath-schools1 in which children and youth may be trained up in the knowledge of the ,lord4 ,our minds are so constituted1 that1 unless our powers of memory have been strengthened by constant or frequent use in youth1 we cannot in after-life either receive or retain much benefit from oral instruction4 ,and if this is true of the freeman1 how much more is it true of the slave6 ,consequently1 the only method of instructing the slaves1 which law or custom or both do not forbid1 is the very last1--the poorest method for their real good which can be devised6 ,there are colored preachers at the ,south1 and some of them1 says ,mr4 ,jones1 are able to read 7ib4 p4 #age74 ,the following anecdote1 illustrative of their capacity to impart knowledge1 is told by ,charles ,lyell4 ,when in ,louisville1 ,ky4 he attended a ,methodist ,church4 ,the preacher was a full black1 spoke good ,english1 and quoted ,scripture well4 ,it appeared1 says ,prof4 ,lyell1 from his explanation of ',whose superscription is this8' that he supposed the piece of money to be a dollar note1 to which ,caesar had put his signature4 ,some1 probably most of them1 are slaves4 ,we have now before us the advertisement of a runaway slave who claimed to be a ,methodist preacher6 ,the ,alabama ,baptist ,association bought one of its missionaries1 named ,caesar1 in #ahbh1 and owned him till the time of his death6 ,he lived to be #gf years old4 ,a writer in the ,georgia ,christian ,index begins an obituary notice of him thus1 ,a good colored man has fallen in ,israel2 and ends by saying1 ,the writer can truly say that his labors have been much blest4 ,mr4 ,jones gives the names of several other slave preachers4 ,still1 however1 they are discountenanced4 ,the ,revised ,statutes of ,,north ,,carolina 7chap4 #aaa1 sec4 #cd2 ,revision of ,statute1 #ahca1 chap4 #d1 sec4 #a7 provide that-- ,it shall not be lawful1 under any pretence1 for any slave or free person of color to preach or exhort in public1 or in any manner to officiate as a preacher or teacher in any prayer-meeting or other association for worship where slaves of different families are collected together2 and if any free person of color shall be thereof duly convicted1 on indictment1 before any court having jurisdiction thereof1 he shall for each offence receive not exceeding thirty-nine lashes on his bare back2 and when any slave shall be guilty of a violation of this section1 he shall1 on conviction before a single magistrate1 receive not exceeding thirty-nine lashes on his bare back4 ,in ,,alabama 7,stat4 #ahcb1 chap4 #h1 sec4 #bd2 ,clay's ,digest1 #ede1 sec4 #ce71-- ,if any slave or free person of color shall preach to1 exhort1 or harangue any slave or slaves or free persons of color1 unless in the presence of five respectable 767 slaveholders1 any such slave or free person of color so offending shall1 on conviction before any justice of the peace1 receive1 by order of said justice of the peace1 thirty-nine lashes for the first offence1 and fifty lashes for every offence thereafter2 and any person may arrest any such slave or free person of color1 and take him before a justice of the peace for trial1--,provided that the negroes so haranguing or preaching shall be licensed thereto by some regular body of professing ,christians immediately in the neighborhood1 and to whose society or church such negro shall properly belong4 ,in ,,georgia1 the ,act approved ,dec4 #bc1 #ahcc1 sec4 #e 7,prince's ,digest1 #hjh2 ,hotchkiss's ,codification1 #hdj1 #hda71 provides that-- ,no person of color1 whether free or slave1 shall be allowed to preach to1 exhort1 or join in any religious exercise with1 any persons of color1 either free or slave1 there being more than seven persons of color present1 c4 ,in ,,mississippi1 the law declares 7,how4 and ,hutch4 #agh7 that-- ,it shall not be lawful for any slave1 free negro or mulatto to exercise the functions of a minister of the gospel under the penalty of thirty-nine lashes1--,provided that it shall be lawful for any master or owner to permit his slave to preach upon his own premises1 but not to permit any other slaves but his own to assemble there on such occasion4 ,in ,,missouri1 the ,act approved ,feb4 #af1 #ahdg1 sec4 #b1 provides that-- ,no meeting or assemblage of negroes or mulattoes for the purpose of religious worship or preaching shall be held or permitted1 where the services are performed or conducted by negroes or mulattoes1 unless some sheriff1 constable1 marshal1 police officer1 or justice of the peace shall be present during all the time of such meeting or assemblage1 in order to prevent all seditious speeches and disorderly and unlawful conduct of every kind4 ,negro preachers are discouraged1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,religious ,instruction1 p4 #aeg71 if not suppressed1 on the ground of incompetency1 and liability to abuse their office and influence to the injury of the morals of the people1 and the infringement of the laws and peace of the country4 ,i would not go all the lengths of many on this point2 for1 from my own observation1 negro preachers may be employed and confided in1 and so regulated as to do their own color great good1 and community no harm4 ,ib4 p4 #bgd3 ,the appointment of colored preachers and watchmen by the white churches1 and under their particular supervision1 in many districts of country1 has been attended with happy effects2 and such auxiliaries1 properly managed1 may be of great advantage4 ,doubtless1 when thus properly managed1 they are of great advantage6 ,i shall never forget1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7ib4 p4 #bae71 the remark of a venerable colored preacher1 made with reference to the ,southampton tragedy 7i4e4 ,nat4 ,turner's insurrection in ,southampton1 ,va4 in #ahcb74 ,with his eyes filled with tears1 and his whole manner indicating the deepest emotion1 said he1 ',sir1 it is the gospel that we1 ignorant and wicked people1 need4767 ,if you will give us the gospel1 it will do more for the obedience of servants and the peace of community than all your guards and guns and bayonets4' ,this same ,christian minister1 on receiving a packet of inflammatory pamphlets through the post-office1 and discovering their character and intention1 immediately called upon the mayor of the city1 and delivered them into his hands4 ,who can estimate the value in community of one such man acting under the influence of the gospel of peace8 ,not only are negro preachers thus discountenanced1 unless they are the abject tools of the slaveholders1 but only a certain class of white teachers are allowed4 ,the following extract is taken from the ,georgia ,christian ,index3-- ,,preachers ,,for ,,the ,,slaves4--,we think the instruction of the blacks in the ,south should be committed wholly to white men2 and they should be ,southern men1 in whom the masters have confidence4 ,if the preacher is himself a slaveholder1 as are ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,law1 they will command the greater confidence1 and have access to the larger number of plantations4 ,the field of labor among the negroes in the ,south1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,religious ,instruction1 p4 #aif71 is one1 in many respects1 of no ordinary difficulty2 and it is the dictate as well of benevolence as of prudence to inquire into the character and qualifications of those who enter it4 ,they should be ,southern men2 men entitled to that appellation2 either those who have been born and reared in the ,south1 or those who have identified themselves with the ,south1 and are familiarly acquainted with the structure of society2 in a word1 men having their interests in the ,south4 ,such men would possess the confidence of the community2 for they would not act1 in their official connection with the negroes1 in such a manner as to breed disturbances1 which would inevitably jeopard their own lives1 and tend to the utter prostration of their families and interests4 ,ib4 p4 #bce3 ,the missionaries should be ,southern men1 or men 444 identified in views1 feelings1 and interests with the ,south1 and who possess the confidence of society4 ,we should 7ib4 p4 #aig7 know who their teachers are1 and what and when and where they are taught4 ,the object of these laws and precautions evidently is wholly to exclude1 as religious teachers of the slaves1 all persons except slaveholders1 or those who are fully identified with or subject to them4 ,only slaveholders and their tools can be ,god's messengers to the souls of the slaves6 ,the moral and religious teaching of the slaves is exclusively vested in that class of men whose interest it is to uphold and strengthen slavery6 ,a slaveholder must have the strongest inducement to make his teaching of such a quality as directly to increase the market value of his hearers2 and yet the slaves are receiving from the hallowed lips of their owners the gospel of love and human brotherhood in greater purity and power than ever before6 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,direct ,,religious ,,instruction ,,of ,,slaves4 ,hath ,he not brought you out of a land of darkness and ignorance1 where your forefathers knew nothing of him1 to a country where you may come to the knowledge of the only true ,god1 and learn a sure way to heaven8--,right ,rev4 ,bishop ,meade's ,instruction to ,slaves4 ,the religious instruction of your people will promote your own interests for time and eternity4--,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones's ,teaching to ,slaveholders 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #bge74 ,we might safely presume1 that religions owners would instruct their slaves in such doctrines as they deemed essential to the salvation of their own souls1 and that such instruction would not materially vary from that given elsewhere on the same points4 ,but abundant proof exists4 ,the ,right ,rev4 ,levi ,s4 ,ives has published ,a ,catechism to be taught orally to those who cannot read2 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 ,in the preface1 he says it was the result of a winter's visit to a large ,southern plantation1 and was adapted by him1 in a course of actual experiment1 to the capacity of colored children1 from four to twelve years of age4 ,there are twenty lessons in this little book4 ,he teaches1 among other things1 about the fall1 original sin1 the atonement1 the trinity1 and the sacraments4 ,elsewhere 7,spirit of ,missions1 ,nov4 #ahdb7 he has expressed the conviction1 that1 if the planters of ,north ,carolina would adopt it1 and see to its faithful inculcation1 the next generation of blacks in that ,state1 at a very small expense1 would sufficiently understand the truth as it is in ,jesus1 without knowing a letter of the alphabet4 ,dr4 ,jones's ,catechism is really1 what it professes to be1 a ,catechism of ,scripture doctrine1 as well as practice1 and contains a very much more elaborate exposition than ,bishop ,ives's book4 ,altogether1 it must be a much more serviceable book to owners and ministers4 ,we shall therefore chiefly content ourselves with showing what the slaves are taught it is their duty to do1 and to refrain from doing1 and what motives to duty are urged upon them4 ,as ministers or missionaries to the negroes1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #bgj71 in the discharge of our official duty1 and in our intercourse with the negroes1 we should have nothing to do with their civil condition4 ,we are appointed of ,god to preach 'the unsearchable riches of ,christ' to our perishing fellow-men4 ,we are to meditate upon the duties and responsibilities of our office1 and to give ourselves wholly to it4 ,ib4 pp4 #aic1 #aid3 ,we separate entirely their religious and their civil condition1 and contend that the one may be attended to without interfering with the other4 ,our principle is that laid down by the holy and just one1 ',render unto ,caesar the things which are ,caesar's1 and unto ,god the things that are ,god's4' ,and ,christ and his apostles are our example4 ,did they deem it proper and consistent with the good order of society to preach the gospel to servants8 ,they did4 ,in discharge of this duty1 did they interfere with their civil condition8 ,they did not4 ,they expressed no opinion whatever on the subject1 if we except that which appears in one of the ,epistles to the ,corinthian ,church 7#ast ,epist4 chap4 vii4 ver4 #ai-bc74 ,there the ,apostle ,paul considers a state of freedom preferable to one of servitude1 and advises slaves1 if they can lawfully obtain their freedom1 to do it2 but not otherwise4 ,he does not treat the question as one of very great moment1 in comparison to the benefits of the gospel4 ',art thou called being a servant1 care not for it2 but if thou mayest be made free1 use it rather2 for he that is called in the ,lord1 being a servant1 is the ,lord's freeman1' c4 ,may we not follow in the footsteps of our ,saviour and his apostles1 and that with perfect safety too8 ,yea1 and without proceeding as far as did the ,apostle ,paul8767 ,we maintain that in judicious religious instruction there will be no necessary interference with their civil condition4 ,the religious teacher must step out of his way for the purpose4 ,the ,presbytery of ,georgia declares in its memorial1 that1 if the church will undertake the religious instruction of the slaves1-- ,the minds of ministers and members will be drawn off from abstract questions of a civil and a political nature1 with which1 as ,christians engaged in evangelizing the world1 we have little to do2 and they will be presented with a way whereby they may practically gratify all their benevolent sympathies for the negroes1 in the best manner possible4 ,our attention1 as a church1 will be turned to the great question before us1 and indeed before all other denominations1 and which should take precedence of all other questions touching the negroes1 ,shall this people be saved or lost8 ,the ,new ,testament1 says the ,rev4 ,theodore ,clapp 7,sermon1 pp4 #be1 #bf1 and these are his present sentiments71 decides in the plainest terms that ,christians are bound to acquiesce in and support those laws and regulations concerning slavery which are enacted by the respective civil governments under which they live4 ,the legislature must determine who shall be kept in bondage1 and what shall be their condition and privileges4 ,the pulpit must not interfere in this important and delicate matter4444 ,let him 7the clergyman7 at all times preach unconditional submission to civil laws and institutions4 ,at the outset1 therefore1 the religious teachers of the slaves disclaim all desire or intention to interfere with the condition of servitude4 ,their appropriate and only work1 they say1 is the saving of souls6,f ,that their brother's soul is brutalized and deadened1 in consequence of slavery1 is to them no reason why they should interfere with slavery2 for slavery is a civil condition1 which ,god1 in his mysterious providence1 has allowed to exist6 ,but1 though it is thus improper to interfere with the civil condition of the slaves1 that religious teacher 7as we shall shortly see7 does not step out of his way1 but merely does his duty1 who preaches to them that submission to their civil condition1 and faithful service for their masters1 is demanded of them by ,god6 ,they cannot interfere to injure the institution of slavery2 but very materially to strengthen it falls within their legitimate province6 ,to condemn slavery would be to condemn the providence of ,god2 but in strengthening slavery1 they are preaching the unsearchable riches of ,christ to their perishing fellow-men6 ,the ,right ,rev4 ,william ,meade1 ,bishop of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church for the diocese of ,virginia1 who has also devoted a great deal of attention to the religious instruction of slaves1 a few years since collected and published a volume of sermons and tracts1 designed to aid the almoners of ,divine ,mercy in their work of salvation4 ,the grand motive to duty is thus presented to the slaves1 pp4 #id1 #ie 7,slavery and the ,slaveholder's ,religion as opposed to ,christianity1 by ,samuel ,brooke1 p4 #bi1 c473-- ,besides1 when people die1 we know but of two places they have to go to1 and that is heaven or hell2 so that whoever misses the one must go to the other4 ,now1 heaven is a place of great happiness1 which ,god hath prepared for all that are good2 where they shall enjoy rest from their labors1 and a blessedness which shall never have an end4 ,and hell is a place of great torment and misery1 where all wicked people will be shut up with the devil and other evil spirits1 and be punished for ever because they will not serve ,god4 ,if1 therefore1 we would have our souls saved by ,christ2 if we would escape hell and obtain heaven1 we must set about doing what he requires of us1 that is1 to serve ,god4 ,your own poor circumstances in this life ought to put you particularly upon this1 and taking care of your souls2 for you cannot have the pleasures and enjoyments of this life like rich free people1 who have estates and money to lay out as they think fit4 ,if others will run the hazard of their souls1 they have a chance of getting wealth and power1 of heaping up riches1 and enjoying all the ease1 luxury1 and pleasure their hearts should long after4 ,but you can have none of these things2 so that1 if you sell your souls for the sake of what poor matters you can get in this world1 you have made a very foolish bargain indeed4 ,almighty ,god hath been pleased to make you slaves here1 and to give you nothing but labor and poverty in this world1 which you are obliged to submit to1 as it is his will that it should be so4 ,and think within yourselves what a terrible thing it would be1 after all your labors and sufferings in this life1 to be turned into hell in the next life2 and1 after wearing out your bodies in service here1 to go into a far worse slavery when this is over1 and your poor souls be delivered over into the possession of the devil1 to become his slaves for ever in hell1 without any hope of ever getting free from it4 ,if1 therefore1 you would be ,god's freemen in heaven1 you must strive to be good and serve him here on earth4 ,your bodies1 you know1 are not your own3 they are at the disposal of those you belong to2 but your precious souls are still your own1 which nothing can take from you1 if it be not your own fault4 ,consider well1 then1 that1 if you lose your souls by leading idle1 wicked lives here1 you have got nothing by it in this world1 and you have lost your all in the next4 ,for your idleness and wickedness is generally found it1 and your bodies suffer for it here2 and1 what is far worse1 if you do not repent and amend1 your unhappy souls will suffer for it hereafter4 ,the ,rev4 ,alexander ,glennie1 ,rector of ,all-,saints ,parish1 ,waccamaw1 ,s4,c4 has for several years been in the habit of preaching expressly for slaves4 ,in #ahdd1 he published in ,charleston a selection of these sermons1 under the title of ,sermons preached on ,plantations to ,congregations of ,negroes4 ,this book,g contains twenty-six sermons2 and in twenty-two of them there is either a more or less extended account or a reference to eternal misery in hell as a motive to duty4 ,he thus describes the day of judgment 7,serm4 #ae1 ,matt4 xxv4 #ca1 p4 #ij73-- ,when all people shall be gathered before him1 'he shall separate them one from another1 as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats2 and he shall set the sheep on his right hand1 but the goats on the left4' ,that1 my brethren1 will be an awful time1 when this separation shall be going on2 when the holy angels1 at the command of the great ,judge1 shall be gathering together all the obedient followers of ,christ1 and be setting them on the right hand side of the judgment-seat1 and shall place all the remainder on the left4 ,remember that each of you must be present2 remember that the great ,judge can make no mistake2 and that you shall be placed on one side or on the other1 according as in this world you have believed in and obeyed him or not4 ,how full of joy and thanksgiving will you be1 if you shall find yourselves placed on the right hand6 but how full of misery and despair1 if the left shall be appointed as your portion6444 ,but what shall he say to the wicked on the left hand8 ,to them he shall say1 ',depart from me1 ye cursed1 into everlasting fire1 prepared for the devil and his angels4' ,he will tell them to depart3 they did not while here seek him by repentance and faith2 they did not obey him2 and he will drive them from him4 ,he will call them cursed4 ,page #db 7,sermon #g1 ,rom4 vi4 #bh73 ,the death1 which is the wages of sin1 is this everlasting fire1 prepared for the devil and his angels4 ,it is a fire which shall last for ever2 and the devil and his angels1 and all people who will not love and serve ,god1 shall there be punished for ever4 ,the ,bible says1 ',the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever3' the fire is not quenched2 it never goes out3 'their worm dieth not3' their punishment is spoken of as a worm1 always feeding upon them1 but never consuming them3 it never can stop4 ,mr4 ,jones orally catechizes,h the slaves in the same manner3-- ,page #hc3 ,q4 ,are there two places only spoken of in the ,bible to which the souls of men go after death8--,a4 ,only two4 ,q4 ,which are they8--,a4 ,heaven and hell4 ,pp4 #ia1 #ib3 ,q4 ,after the ,judgment is over1 into what place do the righteous go8--,a4 ,into heaven4 ,q4 ,what kind of a place is heaven8--,a4 ,a most glorious and happy place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,q4 ,shall the righteous in heaven have any more hunger or thirst1 or nakedness or heat or cold8 ,shall they any more have sin or sorrow1 or crying or pain or death8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,repeat1 ',and ,god shall wipe away all tears from their eyes4'--,a4 ',and ,god shall wipe away all tears from their eyes1 and there shall be no more death1 neither sorrow nor crying2 neither shall there be any more pain2 for the former things are passed away4' ,q4 ,will heaven be their everlasting home8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,and shall the righteous grow in knowledge and holiness and happiness for ever and ever8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,to what place should we wish and strive to go1 more than to all other places8--,a4 ,heaven4 ,pp4 #ic1 #id3 ,q4 ,into what place are the wicked to be cast8--,a4 ,into hell4 ,q4 ,repeat1 ',the wicked shall be turned4'--,a4 ',the wicked shall be turned into hell1 and all the nations that forget ,god4' ,q4 ,what kind of a place is hell8--,a4 ,a place of dreadful torments4 ,q4 ,what does it burn with8--,a4 ,everlasting fire4 ,q4 ,who are cast into hell besides wicked men8--,a4 ,the devil and his angels4 ,q4 ,what will the torments of hell make the wicked do8--,a4 ,weep and wail1 and gnash their teeth4 ,q4 ,what did the rich man beg for when he was tormented in the flame8--,a4 ,a drop of water to cool his tongue4 ,q4 ,will the wicked have any good thing in hell8 the least comfort8 the least relief from torment8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,will they ever come out of hell8--,a4 ,no3 never4 ,q4 ,can any go from heaven to hell1 or from hell to heaven8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,what is fixed between heaven and hell8--,a4 ,a great gulf4 ,q4 ,what is the punishment of the wicked in hell called8--,a4 ,everlasting punishment4 ,q4 ,will this punishment make them better8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,repeat1 ',it is a fearful thing4'--,a4 ',it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living ,god4' ,q4 ,what is ,god said to be to the wicked8--,a4 ,a consuming fire4 ,q4 ,what place should we strive to escape from above all others8--,a4 ,hell4 ,the slaves are taught that they must do what ,god requires of them1 if they would escape never-ending torments in hell4 ,how strict an account of their stewardship does ,god require at their hands6 ,he1 they are taught1 has made them slaves1 and has given them nothing but labor and poverty for their lot in this life4 ,will he require much1 where he has given little8 ,bishop ,meade continues 7,brooke's ,slavery1 pp4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb73-- ,having thus shown you the chief duties you owe to your great ,master in heaven1 ,i now come to lay before you the duties you owe to your masters and mistresses here upon earth2 and for this you have one general rule that you ought always to carry in your minds1 and that is1 to do all service for them as if you did it for ,god himself4 ,poor creatures6 you little consider1 when you are idle and neglectful of your masters' business1 when you steal and waste and hurt any of their substance1 when you are saucy and impudent1 when you are telling them lies and deceiving them2 or when you prove stubborn and sullen1 and will not do the work you are set about without stripes and vexation2 you do not consider1 ,i say1 that what faults you are guilty of towards your masters and mistresses are faults done against ,god himself1 who hath set your masters and mistresses over you in his own stead1 and expects that you will do for them just as you would do for him4 ,and1 pray1 do not think that ,i want to deceive you1 when ,i tell you that your masters and mistresses are ,god's overseers2 and that1 if you are faulty towards them1 ,god himself will punish you severely for it in the next world1 unless you repent of it1 and strive to make amends by your faithfulness and diligence for the time to come2 for ,god himself hath declared the same4 ,now1 from this general rule1--namely1 that you are to do all service for your masters and mistresses as if you did it for ,god himself1--there arise several other rules of duty towards your masters and mistresses1 which ,i shall endeavor to lay out in order before you4 ,and1 in the first place1 you are to be obedient and subject to your masters in all things4444 ,and ,christian ministers are commanded to 'exhort servants to be obedient unto their own masters1 and to please them well in all things1 not answering them again1 or gain-saying4' ,you see how strictly ,god requires this of you1 that whatever your masters and mistresses order you to do1 you must set about it immediately1 and faithfully perform it1 without any disputing or grumbling1 and take care to please them well in all things4 ,and for your encouragement he tells you1 that he will reward you for it in heaven2 because1 while you are honestly and faithfully doing your master's business here1 you are serving your ,lord and ,master in heaven4 ,you see also that you are not to take any exceptions to the behavior of your masters and mistresses1 and that you are to be subject and obedient1 not only to such as are good and gentle and mild towards you1 but also to such as may be froward1 peevish1 and hard4 ,for you are not at liberty to choose your own masters2 but into whatever hands ,god hath been pleased to put you1 you must do your duty1 and ,god will reward you for it4 #b4 ,you are not to be eye-servants4 ,now1 eye-servants are such as will work hard1 and seem mighty diligent1 while they think anybody is taking notice of them2 but1 when their masters' and mistresses' backs are turned1 they are idle1 and neglect their business4 ,i am afraid there are a great many such eye-servants among you1 and that you do not consider how great a sin it is to be so1 and how severely ,god will punish you for it4 ,you may easily deceive your owners1 and make them have an opinion of you that you do not deserve1 and get the praise of men by it2 but remember that you cannot deceive ,almighty ,god1 who sees your wickedness and deceit1 and will punish you accordingly4 ,for the rule is1 that you must obey your masters in all things1 and do the work they set you about with fear and trembling1 in singleness of heart1 as unto ,christ2 not with eye-service1 as men-pleasers1 but as the servants of ,christ1 doing the will of ,god from the heart2 with good-will doing service as to the ,lord1 and not as to men4 ,if1 then1 you would but say within yourselves1 ',my master hath set me about this work1 and his back is turned1 so that ,i may loiter and idle if ,i please1 for he does not see me2 but there is my great ,master in heaven1 whose overseer my other master is1,i and his eyes are always upon me and taking notice of me1 and ,i cannot get anywhere out of his sight1 nor be idle without his knowing it2 and what will become of me1 if ,i lose his good-will and make him angry with me8'--if1 ,i say1 you would once get the way of thinking and saying thus upon all occasions1 you then would do what ,god commands you1 and serve your masters with singleness of heart1 that is1 with honesty and sincerity1 and do the work you are set about with fear and trembling1 not for fear of your masters and mistresses upon earth1 for you may easily cheat them1 and make them believe you are doing their business when you do not1 but with fear and trembling1 lest ,god your heavenly ,master1 whom you cannot deceive1 should call you to account1 and punish you in the next world for your deceitfulness and eye-service in this4 #c4 ,you are to be faithful and honest to your masters and mistresses1 not purloining or wasting their goods or substance1 but showing all good fidelity in all things4444 ,do not your masters1 under ,god1 provide for you8 ,and how shall they be able to do this1 to feed and to clothe you1 unless you take honest care of every thing that belongs to them8 ,remember that ,god requires this of you2 and1 if you are not afraid of suffering for it here1 you cannot escape the vengeance of ,almighty ,god1 who will judge between you and your masters1 and make you pay severely in the next world for all the injustice you do them here4 ,and though you could manage so cunningly as to escape the eyes and hands of man1 yet think what a dreadful thing it is to fall into the hands of the living ,god1 who is able to cast both soul and body into hell6 #d4 ,you are to serve your masters with cheerfulness1 reverence1 and humility4 ,you are to do your masters' service with good-will1 doing it as the will of ,god from the heart1 without any sauciness or answering again4 ,how many of you do things quite otherwise1 and1 instead of going about your work with a good will and a good heart1 dispute and grumble1 give saucy answers1 and behave in a surly manner6 ,there is something so becoming and engaging in a modest1 cheerful1 good-natured behavior1 that a little work done in that manner seems better done and gives far more satisfaction than a great deal more that must be done with fretting1 vexation1 and the lash always held over you4 ,it also gains the good-will and love of those you belong to1 and makes your own life pass with more ease and pleasure4 ,besides1 you are to consider that this grumbling and ill-will does not affect your masters and mistresses only4 ,they have ways and means in their hands of forcing you to do your work1 whether you are willing or not4 ,but your murmuring and grumbling is against ,god1 who hath placed you in that service1 who will punish you severely in the next world for despising his commands4 ,if the slave who wastes his master's goods and substance will not be able to escape the vengeance of ,almighty ,god1 what will become of the master who impoverishes and darkens the mind of his brother-man8 ,who commits the greater injustice1--the man who robs another of his mind1 or the man who robs another of his money8 ,mr4 ,glennie is equally explicit in his teaching4 ,his fourth ,sermon is on the text1 ,eph4 vi4 #g1 ,with good-will doing service1 as to the ,lord1 and not to men1 pp4 #ba1 #bb3-- ,in this part of the word of ,god1 servants are taught with what mind they ought to do their service4 ,they are told to do what is required of them 'with good-will2' and to do it1 'as to the ,lord1 and not to men4' ,what a blessed book the ,bible is1 my brethren6 ,it speaks comfort to all people in every station of life2 it shows how every one must live here so as to please our heavenly ,father4 ,he1 the ,father of mercies and the ,god of all comfort1 has in his word forgotten none of the children of men4 ,all may learn from that holy book how their souls may be saved through the merits of the death of ,christ4 ,and1 in addition to this1 every one1 in whatever condition he may be1 will find in that holy book what his peculiar duties are4 ,thus1 ministers are taught in the ,bible how they ought to preach the gospel1 and how they ought to live1 so as to glorify their ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,the rich are taught in the ,bible how they must do good with their riches2 and the poor1 how they must be contented with the portion that ,god has given them2 and both rich and poor are taught how to lay up treasure in heaven4 ,parents are told in the ,bible how they must bring up their children in the nurture and admonition of the ,lord2 and children1 how they must obey their parents4 ,masters are taught in the ,bible how they must rule their servants1 and servants how they must obey their masters4 ,truly1 this holy word of ,god is a blessed gift indeed2 and how greatly blessed shall we all be1 if we diligently seek the help of the ,holy ,spirit1 that we may be 'doers of the word1 and not hearers only'6 ,i will now read to you the whole of this passage out of ,god's holy word1 which is written especially for your instruction3--',servants1 be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh1 with fear and trembling1 in singleness of your heart1 as unto ,christ2 not with eye-service as men-pleasers1 but as the servants of ,christ1 doing the will of ,god from the heart3 with good-will doing service1 as to the ,lord1 and not to men2 knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth1 the same shall he receive of the ,lord1 whether he be bond or free4' ,this passage from the ,bible shows to you what ,god requires from you as servants2 and there are many other passages which teach the same things4 ,you should try and remember these parts of the ,bible1 that you may be able 'to do your duty in that state of life unto which it has pleased ,god to call you4' ,for1 although a bad servant may not wish to know what ,god requires of him1 yet a ,christian servant will desire to know this1 and to do his will in every thing4 ,how easy it must be for those who cannot read to learn from the holy book what ,god requires of them6 ,mr4 ,glennie assures his hearers1 that not one of them will be able to say1 in the day of judgment1 ,i had no way of hearing and learning about my ,god and ,saviour6 7p4 #acg74 ,may they not all listen to such words of comfort as fall from his lips8 ,and how full of comfort to their souls must that book be which tells them that ,god intended to make them slaves1 and that they must be faithful and obedient to their oppressors1 if they wish to avoid endless punishment in hell6 ,pp4 #bb1 #bc3 ,our heavenly ,father commands that you1 who are servants1 should 'be obedient to your masters according to the flesh2' that is1 to your earthly master1 the master that you serve here while in the body4 ,here is a very plain command3 ',servants1 be obedient2' be obedient to your masters4 ,a bad servant will not try and obey this command4 ,a worldly-minded servant1 who is not living in the fear of ,god1 will neglect this command4 ,but you1 who call yourselves children of ,god1 will do his will1 and be obedient to your earthly master4 ,you can every day give proof that you wish to serve ,god1 by your ready1 your cheerful obedience4 ,you are here directed to be obedient to your master 'with fear and trembling2' that is1 you ought to feel as anxious to discharge your duty faithfully as to feel afraid of giving offence by any conduct that looks like disobedience2 for1 by disobedience1 you not only offend your earthly master1 but you sin against ,god2 and of this every ,christian servant will be afraid4 ,a bad servant will be afraid only of the punishment which he will receive1 if his disobedience should be found out4 ,but a ,christian servant must look up always to his heavenly ,master4 ,therefore1 if you love ,god1 whose children you were made at your baptism1 you will do every day all that you have to do1 with fear and trembling2 that is1 in the fear of ,god2 knowing that he would be angry with you1 if you neglected your duty4 ,if you love the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who shed his blood for you1 you will do your daily work with fear and trembling1 lest1 by any act of disobedience1 you bring reproach on him whose name you bear4 ,if you desire that the ,holy ,spirit should abide in your hearts1 you will not willingly be disobedient1 being afraid that this ,comforter and ,sanctifier would forsake you1 if you paid so little attention to the plain word of ,god4 ,how full of comfort must the ,bible be to the slaveholder6 ,how gratifying to him the reconciliation between ,god and mammon6 ,how interesting to a reverend father must be the reflection1 that1 just in the proportion as he serves his ,god1 by imparting to his hearers gospel truth1 he is serving mammon1 and putting money in the purses of his employers1 by making his hearers more valuable as slaves6 ,page #bc3 ,you are here commanded to be obedient1 'in singleness of your heart1 as unto ,christ3' that is1 do not be double-minded1 professing to be one thing1 but really being another2 but1 in your duty to your master1 have a single heart2 an honest1 upright1 and true heart1 as unto ,christ2 knowing that he sees your heart1 and will not be pleased with double-dealing4 ,page #bd3 ,this part of the ,bible goes on speaking of the same matter in different words2 it gives 'line upon line and precept upon precept2' because it is what all of us ought to keep in mind1 that we must engage in our several duties with a desire to please ,god1 and with a fear of sinning against him4 ,it says1 'not with eye-service as men-pleasers1 but as the servants of ,christ1 doing the will of ,god from the heart4' ,do not attend to your work1 only when your earthly master's eye is upon you2 but remember that the eye of your heavenly ,master is always upon you4 ,do your work as serving ,christ1 look upon your daily tasks as the will of ,god1 and do them from the heart1 with a hearty desire to please ,god4 ,a bad servant is an eye-servant1 doing the work required of him so long as his master's eye is upon him3 he has no regard to ,christ our ,saviour2 and1 instead of the will of ,god1 he thinks only of his own will1 and the desires of his own evil heart4 ,but you1 who profess to be the servants of ,jesus ,christ1 will1 if you are indeed his1 do all your duty faithfully1 whether the eye of man is upon you or not2 you will feel that such is the will of ,god2 and you will daily watch and pray1 that1 by the help of the ,holy ,spirit1 you may 'do the will of ,god from the heart4' ,the word of ,god goes on teaching you the same thing4 ,it says1 'with good-will doing service as to the ,lord1 and not to men4' ,a bad servant will very often do his service with a very bad will2 he will try many ways to deceive his master1 and will do as little for him as he can4 ,you1 however1 who call yourselves the servants of ,christ1 will1 if you indeed belong to him1 aim at doing your service 'with good-will2' you will pray that your will may be subject to the will of ,god1 so that you may 'do service' cheerfully1 'as to the ,lord1 and not to men4' ,we candidly confess1 that we have not sufficient faith to believe that the ,rev4 ,rector of ,all-,saints ,parish would1 if he were a slave1 be a good servant1 and do service as unto the ,lord4 ,we do verily believe1 that both he and ,bishop ,meade would follow the desires of man's unregenerate and evil heart1 and do their utmost to escape from this unwelcome service of ,christ4 ,but what a curious subject for reflection1 that the saving of negro souls and of negro overseers in ,all-,saints ,parish must keep pace one with another6 ,the ,rector concludes his ,sermon with these important suggestions3-- ,page #be3 ,this passage of ,scripture ends by telling you to remember that the day of judgment is coming1 when every one1 in every condition of life1 shall receive according to what he has done in the body4 ,it says1 ',knowing that whatsoever good thing any man doeth1 the same shall he receive of the ,lord1 whether he be bond or free4' ,we are here told1 that in the day of judgment1 the inquiry will be1 ,what have we done in this world8 how did we live in this world8 ,it matters not1 we see1 in what condition we have been here2 it matters not whether we be bond-servants or freemen2 it matters not whether we be among the high and the rich1 or among the low and the poor1 we shall in that day receive according as we now live4 ,if we now live as obedient followers of our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 we shall1 through him who loved us1 inherit everlasting life4 ,but if we are not true believers in him1 if we are disobedient to his word1 we can inherit only everlasting misery4 ,with regard to you1 the disobedient servants amongst you1 the unfaithful1 the deceitful1 the ungodly servants1 unless they repent and turn from the service of the devil to the service of ,god1 shall surely 'be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the ,lord1 and from the glory of his power4' ,whilst the obedient servants amongst you1 the faithful1 the true1 the godly servants1 who are living 'as the servants of ,christ1' 'doing service as to the ,lord1 and not to men1' shall1 if they continue steadfast unto the end1 be blessed for ever4 ,we read in the ,bible1 that ,god is no respecter of persons2 that he hath made of one blood all the nations of men2 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself2 and that all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them4 ,would not the slaves be led to neglect of duty and insubordination by hearing such sentences8 ,this effect1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7speaking in reference to these sentences1 ,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #aig71 might result from imperfect and injudicious religious instruction4444 ,but who will say that neglect of duty and insubordination are the legitimate effects of the gospel1 purely and sincerely imparted to servants8 ,how judicious is the instruction given by ,bishop ,hedding6 ,how purely and sincerely does ,bishop ,meade thus continue imparting the gospel6 p4 #aaf 7,brooke's ,slavery1 c4 pp4 #cb1 #cc73-- ',all things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you1 do ye even so unto them2' that is1 do by all mankind just as you would desire they should do by you1 if you were in their place and they in yours4 ,now1 to suit this rule to your particular circumstances1 suppose you were masters and mistresses1 and had servants under you1 would you not desire that your servants should do their business faithfully and honestly1 as well when your back was turned as while you were looking over them8 ,would you not expect1 that they should take notice of what you said to them8 that they should behave themselves with respect towards you and yours1 and be as careful of every thing belonging to you as you would be yourselves8 ,you are servants3 do1 therefore1 as you would wish to be done by1 and you will be both good servants to your masters and good servants to ,god1 who requires this of you1 and will reward you well for it1 if you do it for the sake of conscience1 in obedience to his commands4 ,from the same command of ,christ1 ,mr4 ,jones instructs the slaves that they must not steal any of their own earnings1 and must inform their masters when any of their fellow-slaves intend to steal6 7,catechism1 pp4 #aad-aaf47 ,he never for an instant imagines 7to use the words of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,jonathan ,edwards in #agia71 that to hold any man in slavery is to be every day guilty of robbing him of his liberty1 or of man-stealing 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #h74 ,how solemnly would ,bishop ,freeman declare to the slaves1 that thieves can never enter the kingdom of ,god1 without thinking of the law of ,north ,carolina1 which provides that no slave shall be permitted1 on any pretence whatever1 to raise any horses1 cattle1 hogs1 or sheep 7,rev4 ,stat4 chap4 #aaa1 ,sec4 #be71 without the same being liable to be seized and sold1 and the proceeds distributed1 one half towards the support of the poor of the county1 and the other half to the informer6 7,ib4 chap4 #hi1 ,sec4 #bd47 ,a friend once said that she was always grieved at receiving any expression of gratitude4 ,she was grieved to think that the mere performance of duty was so uncommon as to call forth gratitude4 ,in a somewhat similar manner1 we feel more distinctly than ever how great is the degradation of the slaves1 when such arguments as these can be addressed to them by intelligent men1 with the expectation of producing conviction6 ,how degraded must that slave be who does not feel or who cannot expose these wicked perversions of a beautiful command1 and who cannot ask1 in indignant tones1 of these truly reverend fathers in ,god1 ,if you were the slave1 would you consider yourself bound to work for your master faithfully8 ,verily1 ,we owners and ministers are the almoners of ,divine mercy to the suffering slave6 ,mr4 ,glennie declares1 that ,god requires them patiently to submit to all the wrongs of slavery1 as being afflictions sent by him for the good of their souls6-- ,page #ade3 ,is it strange that any person who is loved by our ,lord should endure sickness or pain or sorrow of any kind8 ,no3 this is what the whole ,bible teaches4 ,we read in one place1 ',whom the ,lord loveth he chasteneth1 and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth4' ,and in another place1 ',as many as ,i love1 ,i rebuke and chasten4' ,the ,bible also tells us the reason of this1 which is1 that the children of ,god may be taught to repent more of their sins1 and to be more submissive and obedient to ,god2 444 that they may think less about this world1 and may be more diligent in getting ready for heaven4 ,for these good reasons1 ,god chastises his people2 and whenever you become sick1 or are visited with sorrows1 you should try and look up to ,god as chastising you for your sins1 and should pray much to him for his ,spirit1 that you may be patient like our ,saviour1 when he suffered for our sins1 that you may improve by his chastening1 and grow more like him in holiness4--,pp4 #abh1 #abi3 ,whenever1 therefore1 the sorrows of this life are pressing you sore1 think of this saying of our ,saviour1 ',every branch which beareth fruit1 he purgeth it1 that it may bring forth more fruit4' ,if you are indeed followers of ,jesus1 it will at such times comfort you to think that a ,father's hand is upon you1 chastising you1--in love chastising you to make you partakers of his holiness4 ,mr4 ,glennie also frequently represents ,christ as having appeared on earth as a servant1 in order still more to reconcile his hearers to their lot 7pp4 #b1 #c1 #hi74 ,nay1 so anxious does he seem to be to induce his hearers to believe that ,christ really endured the wrongs of a slave1 that he sometimes goes beyond the ,bible record4 ,thus1 in describing ,christ's sufferings before ,pilate1 he says 7p4 #i71 ,they spit in his face1 and beat him with their hands2 they scourged him1 making long furrows in his back with the whip4444 ,how grievous were the sufferings of our dear ,lord6 ,but he is not content with telling them they must patiently endure their wrongs3 he also declares to them1 that1 unless they love those who wrong them1 they are going along the broad road that leads to hell6 ,he says 7pp4 #aae1 #aaf73-- ,that we may all understand how the case stands with us1 whether we are in the broad road leading to destruction1 or in the narrow road leading to heaven1 let us see what our ,lord says about his sheep1 and the mark by which they are known4--,page #aag3 ,our ,lord says1 ',by this shall all men know that ye are my disciples1 if ye have love one to another4' ,do ye hear his voice in this8 ,are you trying to love your neighbor as yourselves8 ,are you trying to do to others as you would have them do to you8 ,do you1 for ,jesus ,christ's sake1 love your enemies8 ,do you bless them that curse you1 do good to them that hate you1 and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you8 ,in this way1 again1 you may try yourselves1 and see whether you are the sheep of ,jesus ,christ4--,page #ic3 ,if1 in the great day1 you would be placed on the right hand1 you must1 from love to ,jesus1 be kind to one another1 and be ready to help any one as much as you can4444 ,in your daily work1 you should try and keep the ,lord before you1 and do it as to him1 and not to man4444 ,when any one offends you1 you should1 from love to ,jesus1 forgive him and pray for him4 ,bishop ,meade is equally explicit1 pp4 #aca1 #acb 7,brooke's ,slavery1 c4 pp4 #cc1 #cd74 ,senator ,dickinson regrets that he was not born in a ,slave ,state1 so congenial is slavery to his soul6 ,but the bishop1 if he believes in his own argument1 must be sorrowful that he is not himself a slave1 so easy does he say is the slave's road to heaven6-- ,take care that you do not fret or murmur1 grumble or repine at your condition2 for this will not only make your life uneasy1 but will greatly offend ,almighty ,god4 ,consider that it is not yourselves1 it is not the people that you belong to1 it is not the men that have brought you to it1 but it is the will of ,god1 who hath1 by his providence made you servants1 because1 no doubt1 he knew that condition would be best for you in this world1 and help you the better towards heaven1 if you would but do your duty in it4 ,so that any discontent at your not being free or rich or great1 as you see some others1 is quarrelling with your heavenly ,master1 and finding fault with ,god himself1 who hath made you what you are1 and hath promised you as large a share in the kingdom of heaven as the greatest man alive1 if you will but behave yourself aright1 and do the business he hath set you about in this world honestly and cheerfully4 ,riches and power have proved the ruin of many an unhappy soul1 by drawing away the heart and affections from ,god1 and fixing them on mean and sinful enjoyments2 so that1 when ,god1 who knows our hearts better than we know them ourselves1 sees that they would be hurtful to us1 and therefore keeps them from us1 it is the greatest mercy and kindness he could show us4 ,you may perhaps fancy1 that1 if you had riches and freedom1 you could do your duty to ,god and man with greater pleasure than you can now4 ,but1 pray1 consider that1 if you can but save your souls through the mercy of ,god1 you will have spent your time to the best of purposes in this world2 and he that at last can get to heaven has performed a noble journey1 let the road be ever so rugged and difficult4 ,besides1 you really have a great advantage over most white people1 who have not only the care of their daily labor upon their hands1 but the care of looking forward and providing necessaries for to-morrow and next day1 and of clothing and bringing up their children1 and of getting food and raiment for as many of you as belong to their families1 which often puts them to great difficulties1 and distracts their minds so as to break their rest1 and take off their thoughts from the affairs of another world4 ,whereas you are quite eased from all these cares1 and have nothing but your daily labor to look after1 and1 when that is done1 take your needful rest4 ,neither is it necessary for you to think of laying up any thing against old age1 as white people are obliged to do2 for the laws of the country have provided1 that you shall not be turned off when you are past labor1 but shall be maintained1 while you live1 by those you belong to1 whether you are able to work or not4,j ,and these are great and real advantages1 for which1 if you consider things rightly1 you cannot but thank ,almighty ,god1 who hath so wisely provided for your well-being here and your eternal happiness hereafter4 ,god has made some men slaves1 in order the better to help them towards heaven6 ,how admirably has the plan of the ,all-wise succeeded6 ,the slaves are a nation of heathen in our very midst1 daily and hourly 7if we may believe their religious teachers7 descending to everlasting perdition4 ,from our very souls we are sick of the expression1 the providence of ,god1 as thus cantingly used6 ,wherever a great wrong is committed by man1 there the wrong is made part of ,god's mysterious providence6 ,are the poor oppressed1--it is a part of ,god's providence6 ,are bloody wars carried on for man's selfish ends1--they are part of ,god's providence6 ,nothing is too wicked1 nothing too infamously mean1 for that ,being to do whose essence is love1 whose law is just4 ,we denounce the ,african slave-trader as a fiend1 and1 with appropriate religious ceremonies1 hang him by the neck until he is dead1 so deep is our detestation of a pirate2 and yet1 at the same time1 we thank ,god1 that1 in his infinite wisdom1 he has devised and executed the plan of negro-slavery1 as the true way of ,christianizing and elevating ,africa6 ,the slave-owner is said to have it in his power to shut up the kingdom of heaven against his slaves1 and the power is said to have been exercised2 and ,mr4 ,jones seems to think that the race1 taken as a whole1 are thus shut out4 ,and yet the slaves are called upon by right reverend bishops to fall on their knees1 and devoutly thank ,god that he has made them slaves1 in order the better to help them towards heaven6 ,truly wonderful is it1 that 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #aec7 they are living in manifold and gross sins2 their iniquities are aggravated and great before the ,lord1 and not the least of them is their neglect and contempt of the spiritual mercies and privileges within their reach6 ,we conclude our extracts from ,bishop ,meade's book with the following 7,brooke's ,slavery1 pp4 #cd1 #ce73-- ,there is only one circumstance which may appear grievous1 that ,i shall now take notice of1 and that is correction4 ,now1 when correction is given you1 you either deserve it1 or you do not deserve it4 ,but whether you really deserve it or not1 it is your duty1 and ,almighty ,god requires that you bear it patiently4 ,you may perhaps think that this is hard doctrine2 but1 if you consider it right1 you must needs think otherwise of it4 ,suppose1 then1 that you deserve correction1 you cannot but say that it is just and right you should meet with it4 ,suppose you do not1 or at least you do not deserve so much1 or so severe a correction1 for the fault you have committed1 you perhaps have escaped a great many more1 and are at last paid for all4 ,or suppose you are quite innocent of what is laid to your charge1 and suffer wrongfully in that particular thing1 is it not possible you may have done some other bad thing which was never discovered1 and that ,almighty ,god who saw you doing it would not let you escape without punishment one time or another8 ,and ought you not1 in such a case1 to give glory to him1 and be thankful that he would rather punish you in this life for your wickedness than destroy your souls for it in the next life8 ,but1 suppose even this was not the case 7a case hardly to be imagined71 and that you have by no means1 known or unknown1 deserved the correction you suffered1 there is this great comfort in it1 that1 if you bear it patiently1 and leave your cause in the hands of ,god1 he will reward you for it in heaven1 and the punishment you suffer unjustly here shall turn to your exceeding great glory hereafter4 ,douglass's aunt ,hester disobeyed ,god's commands1 when she paid no heed to the orders of ,capt4 ,anthony1--,god's overseer4 ,accordingly1 says ,douglass 7,narrative1 p4 #g71 who was an eye-witness of the transaction1 the latter took her into the kitchen1 and stripped her from neck to waist1 leaving her neck1 shoulders1 and back entirely naked4 ,after crossing her hands1 he tied them with a strong rope1 and led her to a stool under a large hook in the joist1 put in for the purpose4 ,he made her get upon the stool1 and tied her hands to the hook4 ,she now stood fair for his infernal purpose4 ,her arms were stretched up at their full length1 so that she stood upon the ends of her toes4 ,he then said to her1--',now1 you d----d b----h6 ,i'll learn you how to disobey my orders6' ,and1 after rolling up his sleeves1 he commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin2 and soon the warm1 red blood 7amid heart-ending shrieks from her1 and horrid oaths from him7 came dripping to the floor4,k ,poor1 ignorant1 degraded aunt ,hester6 ,she little thought that ,god had ordered her not to visit her companion2 and that1 instead of shrieking1 she ought rather to be giving glory to ,him who was punishing her in this world1 in order to save her soul in the next6 ,bishop ,ives thus instructs the slave-children under his charge,l 7,catechism73-- ,page #bg3 ,q4 ,you said that at your baptism you were made inheritors of the kingdom of heaven2 but will you get eternal life in heaven1 if you do not strive to go there8--,a4 ,no2 but ,i shall be sent down to hell4 ,q4 ,how are you to strive or try to go to heaven8--,a4 ,i must have nothing to do with the devil and his works2 which ,i gave up at my baptism4 ,q4 ,in what way are you to shun the devil and his works8--,a4 ,by keeping within me no bad thoughts2 by speaking no bad words2 and by doing no bad things4 ,q4 ,what do you mean by keeping within you no bad thoughts8--,a4 ,i mean that ,i must not hate anybody1 nor wish to hurt anybody1 nor wish to do any wrong4 ,page #cj3 ,q4 ,what do you mean by doing no bad things1 such things as the devil tempts you to do8--,a4 ,i mean that ,i must not hurt anybody2 must not disobey my parents1 nor disobey my master1 nor disobey ,god4 ,q4 ,but can you not disobey your parents and your master without their knowing it8--,a4 ,yes2 but ,god knows it2 for ,god always sees me4 ,q4 ,what else must you do to get to heaven8--,a4 ,i must believe all that ,god has told me about the way to get there4 ,pp4 #ce1 #cf3 ,q4 ,how are you to show that you love your neighbor as yourself8--,a4 ,i am to show it by always doing my duty to my neighbor1 as ,god has commanded me4 ,q4 ,who is your neighbor8--,a4 ,everybody who lives with me and around me1 and has the control over me4 ,q4 ,can you name some persons8--,a4 ,my playfellows1 my master and mistress1 and my parents4444 ,q4 ,how are you to show your love to your master and mistress and your parents8--,a4 ,i am never to lie to them1 to steal from them1 nor speak bad words about them1 but always to do as they bid me4 ,page #dg3 ,q4 ,how do others sin against you8--,a4 ,by cursing me1 telling lies about me1 or striking me4 ,q4 ,what must you do to those who thus sin against you8--,a4 ,i must forgive them4 ,q4 ,what if you do not forgive them8--,a4 ,then ,god will not forgive me4 ,q4 ,why8--,a4 ,because ,i pray to him to forgive me1 just as ,i forgive others4 ,page #dh3 ,q4 ,how are you to forgive others1 when they trespass against you8--,a4 ,i am not to hurt them1 because they hurt me2 but ,i must pray for them1 and try to do them good4 ,q4 ,what if you do to them just as they do to you8--,a4 ,then ,god will not forgive my sins1 but will punish me4 ,page #dc3 ,q4 ,what do you pray for1 when you say in the ,lord's prayer1 ',thy will be done'8--,a4 ,i pray that my will and everybody's will may submit to ,god's will4 ,q4 ,where does ,god make his will known to us8--,a4 ,in his word and in his acts4 ,page #dd3 ,q4 ,what are ,god's acts by which he makes his will known to us8--,a4 ,every thing that happens to us is ,god's act4 ,q4 ,how are you to submit to ,god's will as made known in his acts8--,a4 ,when ,god sends trouble or sickness or death1 ,i am to feel that ,god does right4 ,mr4 ,jones thus catechizes the slaves 7,catechism1 pp4 #abi-aca73-- ,q4 ,what command has ,god given to servants concerning obedience to their masters8--,a4 ',servants1 obey in all things your masters according to the flesh1 not with eye-service as men-pleasers1 but in singleness of heart1 fearing ,god4' ,q4 ,what does ,god mean by masters according to the flesh8--,a4 ,masters in this world4 ,q4 ,what are servants to count their masters worthy of8--,a4 ',all honor4' ,q4 ,how are they to do the service of their masters8--,a4 ',with good will1 doing service as unto the ,lord1 and not unto men4' ,q4 ,how are they to try to please their masters8--,a4 ',please them well in all things1 not answering again4' ,q4 ,is a servant who is an eye-servant to his earthly master an eye-servant to his heavenly ,master8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,is it right in a servant1 when commanded to do any thing1 to be sullen and slow1 and answer his master again8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,if the servant professes to be a ,christian1 ought he not to be as a ,christian servant1 an example to all other servants of love and obedience to his master8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,and1 should his master be a ,christian also1 ought he not on that account specially to love and obey him8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,but suppose the master is hard to please1 and threatens and punishes more than he ought1 what is the servant to do8--,a4 ,do his best to please him4 ,q4 ,when the servant suffers wrongfully at the hands of his master1 and1 to please ,god1 takes it patiently1 will ,god reward him for it8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,is it right for the servant to run away1 or is it right to harbor a runaway8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,what did the ,apostle ,paul to ,onesimus1 who was a runaway8 ,did he harbor him1 or send him back to his master8--,a4 ,he sent him back to his master with a letter4 ,q4 ,is it any praise to a servant to be punished for his faults1 or ought he to think hard of it8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,are servants at liberty to tell lies1 and deceive their masters8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,are they at liberty to steal from their masters8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,what ought they to show in their whole character and conduct8--,a4 ',all good fidelity1 that they may adorn the doctrine of ,god our ,saviour in all things4' ,q4 ,if servants will faithfully do their duty and serve ,god in their stations as servants1 will they be respected of men1 and blessed and honored of ,god as well as others8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,will servants have to account to ,god for the manner in which they serve their masters on earth8--,a4 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,jones thus expounds the tenth commandment 7,catechism1 pp4 #aah-abj73-- ,q4 ,how does ,god require me to love my neighbor8--,a4 ,as myself4 ,q4 ,ought ,i not therefore to be glad when ,i see him have and enjoy every good thing8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,but suppose ,i am not glad1 and desire the very things he has1 and begrudge his having them1 what do ,i8--,a4 ,i covet4 ,q4 ,is it not my duty to be contented with such things as ,i have1 without coveting what my neighbor has8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,what did the ,apostle ,paul say he had learned8--,a4 ',i have learned1 in whatsoever state ,i am1 therewith to be content4' ,q4 ,repeat1 ',godliness with contentment4'--,a4 ',godliness with contentment is great gain2 for we brought nothing into this world1 and it is certain we can carry nothing out2 and1 having food and raiment1 let us be therewith content4' ,q4 ,from whom cometh down every good gift and every perfect gift8--,a4 ,from ,god4 ,q4 ,who is exalted as head above all1 and giveth riches and honor and greatness and strength1 and also casteth down and maketh poor whom he pleaseth8--,a4 ,god4 ,q4 ,if ,i work and am industrious1 and walk uprightly with ,god1 will he suffer me to want any good thing8--,a4 ,no4 99 99 99 99 99 ,q4 ,does this commandment forbid the very thought itself of evil against our neighbor8--,a4 ,yes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are to be contented with our own condition and circumstances1 as appointed unto us by our infinitely wise and gracious ,father in heaven4 ,thus discourseth that eminent son of ,massachusetts1 the ,rev4 ,theodore ,clapp1 after seventeen years' experience of the blessedness of slavery 7,sermon1 p4 #ff73-- ,let all ,christian teachers show our servants the importance of being submissive1 obedient1 industrious1 honest1 and faithful to the interests of their masters4 ,let their minds be filled with sweet anticipations of rest eternal beyond the grave4 ,let them be trained to direct their views to that fascinating and glorious futurity1 where the sins1 sorrows1 and troubles of earth will be contemplated under the aspect of means indispensable to our everlasting progress in knowledge1 virtue1 and happiness4 ,i would say to every slave in the ,united ,states1 ,you should realize that a wise1 kind1 and merciful ,providence has appointed for you your condition in life2 and1 all things considered1 you could not be more eligibly situated4 ,the burden of your care1 toils1 and responsibilities is much lighter than that which ,god has imposed on your master4 ,the most enlightened philanthropists1 with unlimited resources1 could not place you in a situation more favorable to your present and everlasting welfare than that which you now occupy4 ,you have your troubles4 ,so have all4 ,remember how evanescent are the pleasures and joys of human life4 ,judicious religious instruction1 therefore1 makes the slaves faithful1 diligent1 and honest1 and very materially promotes discipline2 and it produces these results much more perfectly than any other motive which can be used4 ,the cowskin and the paddle are doubtless serviceable2 but that ,south ,carolina planter told the truth who said to ,dr4 ,brisbane 7,brooke's ,slavery1 p4 #ce71 that religion was worth more to him with his slaves than four wagon-loads of cowskins6 ,a judiciously awakened conscience1 an earnest wish on the part of the slave to do what he believes to be the will of ,god1 in order to escape never-ending torments in hell1 constitute a much more forcible and constant incitement and restraint than that of fear4 ,when we reflect that ignorance and superstition render them easy dupes to their teachers1 and that the more ignorant and superstitious they are1 the more easily they may be duped1 it is evident that this religious restraint is easily created1 and daily increases in strength4 ,how infinitely more powerful1 then1 is such a motive than the fear of bodily suffering6 ,it is equally easy and vastly more efficacious to ply judicious religious instruction than to ply the cowskin or the paddle6 ,it is evident also1 that the religious instruction of slaves increases their market-value1 and greatly promotes the safety of the community4 ,experience teaches us1 says the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,gibson1 the great value of those servants who are truly religious1 compared with those who have no sense of religion 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #bb74 ,no persons feel this more sensibly than the slaveholders4 ,even men of the world1 says the ,presbytery of ,georgia1 throw wide the door of access to their negroes4 ,the fourth of a series of resolutions reported to the ,synod of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia in #ahcc reads1 ,we deem religious instruction to master and servant every way conducive to our interests for this world and for that which is to come 7ib4 p4 #gd74 ,with the proceedings of a convention held in ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 in #ahde1 to consider the subject of the religious instruction of slaves1 were published letters from several persons1 describing the effect actually produced by such instruction4 ,one person writes1 ,the deeper the piety of the slave1 the more valuable is he in every sense of the word4 ,another says1 ,a regard to self-interest should lead every planter to give his people religious instruction4 ,on such large plantations1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #bci71 as a mere matter of gain1 a religious instructor should be employed4 ,by religious instruction 7ib4 p4 #bjh71 the pecuniary interests of masters will be advanced as a necessary consequence4--,page #bjd3 ,is it not conceded1 that a truly pious servant gives less trouble1 and is more profitable1 than one who is not8 ,is there one master in a thousand who does not desire such servants8 ,is it not true1 that the most pious servants exert the happiest influence in promoting honesty and good order on plantations and in communities8--,page #baj3 ,the religious instruction of the slaves will contribute to safety4 ',the thing that hath been1 it is that which may be2' and although1 as a slaveholding country1 we are so situated that1 so far as man can see1 the hope of success on the part of our laboring class1 in any attempt at revolution1 is forlorn2 yet no enemy 7if there be an enemy7 should be despised1 however weak1 and no danger unprovided for1 however apparently remote4444 ,it is1 then1 but a prudent foresight1 a dictate of benevolence and of wisdom1 to originate1 and set in operation1 means that may act as a check upon1 if not a perfect preventive1 of evil4 ,i am a firm believer in the efficacy of sound religious instruction as a means to the end desired4 ,ib4 p4 #bab3 ,besides the general and special influences of the gospel now adverted to1 safety will be connected with the very dispensation of it4444 ,the presence of white instructors1 settled ministers1 or missionaries1 in their private as well as public religious assemblies1 and free intercourse with the people and with their influential men and leaders1 exert a restraining influence upon any spirit of insubordination that may exist1 and at the same time give opportunities for its detection4 ,the negroes are as capable of strong personal attachments to their religious instructors as are any other people1 and of their own will are inclined to make confidential communications6 ,such is the quality of the religious instruction imparted to slaves2 such is the way in which their famishing souls are led away to the water of life6 ,to escape everlasting torments in hell1 a slave must submit to remain in slavery6 ,he must neither murmur nor repine at his lot1 but rather give thanks to ,god for his loving-kindness and tender mercy in removing from his path so many temptations to sin6 ,he must obey his master in all things1 and do the work assigned to him faithfully and diligently1 in singleness of heart1 as unto ,christ6 ,he must act honestly1 and never waste any of the comforts and conveniences of life which he procures for his master4 ,no accumulation of injuries or deprivations can excuse him for running away2 but he is bound to endure all his wrongs with cheerfulness and patience1 and1 leaving his cause in the hands of ,god1 look to ,heaven alone for his reward6 ,who is there that does not feel irresistibly impelled1 with ,bishop ,ives1 to cease wailing over the imaginary suffering of the slaves1 and to unite with him in the heart-felt exclamation1 ',how happy are the people that are in such a case6 yea1 blessed are the people who have the ,lord for their ,god'8 7,bishop ,ives's ,address to the ,convention in his ,diocese2 ,jay's ,letter1 p4 #c74 ,who cannot say to the slaves1 with ,mr4 ,glennie 7p4 #eh71 ,your advantages are indeed great3 444 oh6 make full use of your privileges1 and show that you thank ,god by serving him8 ,to teach untruths is a greater wrong to a man's soul than merely to keep him in ignorance4 ,how much more pitifully wicked is it1 then1 to teach such untruths only or mainly as must advance the pecuniary interest of the oppressor6 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,indirect ,,instruction4--,,no ,,legal ,,marriage ,,of ,,slaves4 ,marriage unites all which ennobles and beautifies life4--,de ,wette4 ,negro marriages are neither recognized nor protected by law4--,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones4 ,besides the direct instruction thus imparted to slaves1 there is an indirect instruction much more powerful and effective in securing their degradation4 ,marriage1 says ,de ,wette1 is genuine only when single and permanent4 ,it is then also the first and most important institution of human existence2 the foundation of all civilization and culture2 the root of church and state4 ,it is the most intimate covenant of heart formed among mankind2 and thousands are first made aware by it that they have within them a nobler impulse and a nobler want than to labor1 to acquire1 and to enjoy4 ,it is the union of manly strength with feminine gentleness2 the tempering of masculine rudeness by female delicacy2 and1 for innumerable persons1 the only relation in which they feel the true sentiments of humanity4 ,it gives scope for every human virtue1 since each of these is developed from the love and confidence which here predominate4 ,it unites all which ennobles and beautifies life1--sympathy1 kindness of will and deed1 gratitude1 devotion1 and every delicate1 intimate feeling4 ,as the only asylum for true education1 it is the first and last sanctuary of human culture4 ,as husband and wife1 through each other1 become conscious of complete humanity1 of every humane feeling and every humane virtue2 so children1 at their first awakening in the fond covenant of love between parents1 both of whom are tenderly concerned for the same object1 find an image of complete humanity1 leagued in free love4 ,the spirit of love1 which prevails between them1 acts with creative power upon the young mind1 and awakens every germ of goodness within it4 ,this invisible1 uncalculated1 and incalculable influence of parental life acts more upon the child than all the efforts of education by means of instruction1 precept1 and exhortation4 ,how true and yet how faint a picture of the vast influence for good of the institution of marriage6 ,but if marriage thus unites all which it ennobles and beautifies life2 if1 as a means of education1 its influence is uncalculated and incalculable1 what must be the moral degradation of that people to whom marriage is denied8 ,must not the degradation also be uncalculated and incalculable8 ,and yet such is the condition of the slaves6 ,not content with depriving them of all the higher and holier enjoyments of marriage1 by degrading and darkening their souls1 the slaveholders deny to their slaves even that slight alleviation to their misery which would result from their marriage-relations being protected4 ,it is obviously true1 that 7,jones's ,catechism1 p4 #aab7 all the comfort and happiness of the marriage-state1 and all the good flowing from it1 to families and the world at large1 depend upon its sacredness and purity4 ,without these there can be no marriage4 ,no less true is it1 that the institution 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #acb7 depends1 for its perpetuity1 sacredness1 and value1 largely upon the protection given to it by the law of the land4 ,but the law gives no protection whatever to the marriage of slaves6 ,slaves cannot marry1 says the ,civil ,code of ,louisiana 7,art4 #ahb71 without the consent of their masters2 and their marriages do not produce any of the civil effects which result from such contract4 ,with the consent of their masters1 slaves may marry1 and their moral power to agree to such a contract or connection as that of marriage cannot be doubted2 but1 whilst in a state of slavery1 it cannot produce any civil effect1 because slaves are deprived of all civil rights 7#f ,martin's ,rep4 #eej47 ,as the ,state1 says a writer in the ,carolina ,baptist1 constitutionally and legally is ignorant of the marriage of slaves1 it is equally ignorant of its dissolution4 ,it leaves this whole matter where it ought to be1 that is1 untouched1 and with the owners themselves4 ,if there be an abuse of this power1 the remedy is not with the ,state1 but social1 religious1 and ecclesiastical 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #gg74 ,negro marriages1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7,rel4 ,inst4 pp4 #acb1 #acc71 are neither recognized nor protected by law4 ,the negroes receive no instruction on the nature1 sacredness1 and perpetuity of the institution3 at any rate1 they are far from being duly impressed with these things4 ,they are not required to be married in any particular form1 nor by any particular persons4 ,their ceremonies are performed by their own watchmen or teachers1 by some white minister1 or1 as it frequently happens1 not at all4444 ,there is no special disgrace nor punishment visited upon those who criminally violate their marriage vows1,m except what may be inflicted by owners1 or1 if the parties be members1 by the church in the way of suspension and excommunication4--,page #aai3 ,the relation is liable to disruption in a variety of forms1 for some of which there is no remedy4--,page #acc3 ,families are1 and may be1 divided for improper conduct on the part of either husband or wife1 or by necessity1 as in cases of the death of owners1 division of estates1 debt1 sale1 or removals2 for they are subject to all the changes and vicissitudes of property4 ,such divisions are1 however1 carefully guarded against and prevented1 as far as possible1 by owners1 on the score of interest1 as well as of religion and humanity4 ,hence1 as may well be imagined1 the marriage-relation loses much of the sacredness and perpetuity of its character4 ,it is a contract of convenience1 profit1 or pleasure1 that may be entered into and dissolved at the will of the parties1 and that without heinous sin4 ,what a pitiful and wicked mockery it is thus to expound to slaves the seventh commandment6 7,jones's ,catechism1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa73 ,q4 ,should persons be married in a public or in a private way8--,a4 ,in a public way4 ,q4 ,and by whom should the ceremony be performed8--,a4 ,by a minister or some other lawful person4 ,q4 ,is ,god really present to witness the marriage8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,how near of kin may a man marry8--,a4 ,his first cousin4 ,q4 ,after marriage1 can husband and wife separate whenever they please8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,has any person whatever power to separate them if he pleases8--,a4 ,no4 ,q4 ,what saith our ,saviour1 ',what1 therefore1 ,god hath joined'8 ,a4 ',what1 therefore1 ,god hath joined together1 let not man put asunder4' ,q4 ,can husband and wife ever separate8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,in how many ways8--,a4 ,in two only4 ,q4 ,what is the first8--,a4 ,when either of them commits adultery4 ,q4 ,what is the second8--,a4 ,when either of them dies4 ,q4 ,after one dies1 may the other lawfully marry again8--,a4 ,yes4 ,page #aab3 ,q4 ,how will ,god punish those who break this commandment in the world to come8--,a4 ,in everlasting fire4 ,how sacred is the marriage of slaves6 ,they cannot even go through the form1 without the consent of their owners4 ,and if the owner of two bodies consents to the performance of the ceremony by a minister or some other lawful person1 and ,god himself is really present to witness the marriage1 the law1 notwithstanding1 declares the so-called marriage to be as complete a nullity as the union of any other kind of live-stock6 ,it declares that those whom ,god hath joined may be put asunder1 whenever the owner pleases2 as if1 wishing to raise money to pay his debts1 he finds it more convenient to sell the wife at auction to pledging his bank-stock2 or if1 wishing to remove1 he thinks it will be better economy to take his stock with him than sell out1 perhaps at a sacrifice1 and buy again an inferior article6 ,in order to be able to live with his wife at all1 ,henry ,brown was obliged to hire her of her owner for fifty dollars a year2 and1 when her master became short of funds1 he sold the wife and three children1 before ,brown's very face1 to a ,methodist minister1--one of those holy men who are called of ,god and solemnly set apart to preach to all men the gospel of love6 ,so sacred is the marriage of slaves6 ,there is no such thing as a sacred marriage among slaves4 ,marriage1 with them1 at its best estate1 is but concubinage4 ,the relation must be entered into when and as the owner orders6 ,it is changed whenever1 in his good pleasure1 he wills that it shall change6 ,it ends when he wills that it shall end6 ,wherein is the union among the human stock1 on the ,southern plantations1 regarded as more sacred and lasting than the union among the brute stock8 ,in both cases1 the law considers the union as a merely animal relation1 for an animal purpose1--the increase1 perhaps the improvement1 of the breed6 ,so sacred is the marriage of slaves6 ,the following advertisements1 and hundreds of similar ones might be cited1 throw light on the subject3-- ,from the ,richmond ,enquirer1 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahch3 ,,stop ,,the ,,runaway666--#be ,reward4 ,ran away from the ,eagle ,tavern1 a negro fellow1 named ,nat4 ,he is no doubt attempting to follow his wife1 who was lately sold to a speculator1 named ,redmond4 ,the above reward will be paid by ,mrs4 ,lucy ,m4 ,downman1 of ,sussex county1 ,va4 ,from the ,richmond 7,va47 ,compiler1 ,sept4 #h1 #ahcg3 ,,ran ,,away ,,from ,,the ,,subscriber--,,ben4 ,he ran off without any known cause1 and ,i suppose he is aiming to go to his wife1 who was carried from the neighborhood last winter4 ,,john ,,hunt4 ,from the ,lexington 7,ky47 ,intelligencer1 ,july #g1 #ahch3 #afj ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscribers1 living in this city1 on ,saturday1 #afth inst4 a negro man1 named ,dick1 about #cg years of age4 ,it is highly probable said boy will make for ,new ,orleans1 as he has a wife living in that city1 and he has been heard to say frequently that he was determined to go to ,new ,orleans4 ,,drake ,,thompson4 ,lexington1 ,june #ag1 #ahch4 #ej ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscriber1 his negro man1 ,pauladore1 commonly called ,paul4 ,i understand ,gen4 ,r4 ,y4 ,hayne has purchased his wife and children from ,h4 ,l4 ,pinckney1 ,esq4 and has them now on his plantation at ,goosecreek1 where1 no doubt1 the fellow is frequently lurking4 ,t4 ,,davis4 ,the wife has been sold to the speculator in human flesh6 ,the sacred relation has been for ever sundered by ,god's overseer6 ,the husband has been orally taught to say1--,thou shalt not commit adultery1 and to consider such to be a divine command4 ,but he is strong and healthy1 and his master orders him to live with another woman4 ,what is he to do8 ,if he obeys1 he commits adultery1 and disobeys ,god's commands4 ,truly a difficult matter to settle6 ,what ardent prayers will the church send up to heaven1 that their brother may have strength given to him to enable him to save his soul alive6 ,what earnest entreaties6 ,how solemnly will the church remonstrate with its member against the commission of so great a sin6 ,and1 when prayers1 entreaties1 remonstrances1 have all been tried and have failed1 how sternly will the church proceed to the last extremity1--excommunication6 ,if the man who marries his deceased wife's sister must be cut off from membership in the ,saviour's body as impure1,n how much more must that man be cut off who is faithless during his wife's lifetime8 ,how admirably does the ,savannah ,river ,baptist ,association harmonize the worship of ,god and mammon1 and reconcile obedience to the commands of the master with obedience to ,god6 ,this ,association1 in reply to the question 7,brooke's ,slavery1 p4 #ch71-- ,whether1 in a case of involuntary separation1 of such a character as to preclude all prospect of future intercourse1 the parties ought to be allowed to marry again1 ,answer-- ,that such separation among persons situated as our slaves are1 is civilly a separation by death2 and they believe1 that1 in the sight of ,god1 it would be so viewed4 ,to forbid second marriages in such cases would be to expose the parties1 not only to stronger hardships and strong temptation1 but to church-censure for acting in obedience to their masters1 who cannot be expected to acquiesce in a regulation at variance with justice to the slaves1 and to the spirit of that command which regulates marriage among ,christians4 ,the slaves are not free agents2 and a dissolution by death is not more entirely without their consent1 and beyond their control1 than by such separation4 ,a similar decision was made by the ,shiloh ,baptist ,association in ,virginia4 ,this question was presented for solution 7,the ,church as it is1 pp4 #gf1 #gg71-- ,is a servant1 whose husband or wife has been sold by his or her master into a distant country1 to be permitted to marry again8 ,the query was referred to a committee1 who made the following report2 which1 after discussion1 was adopted3-- ,that1 in view of the circumstances in which servants in this country are placed1 the committee are unanimous in the opinion1 that it is better to permit servants thus circumstanced to take another husband or wife4 ,convenient truth6 ,a different rule would lessen the productiveness of the master's stock6 ,can any man who owns the body of his sister be expected to acquiesce in a regulation which would deprive his property of half its value6 ,but1 suppose the master wishes to sell the female slave for purposes of licentiousness1 or suppose the master is himself impure1 is this agreeable to the order of ,divine ,providence8 ,does any one say that either law or public opinion protects the female slave from the brutality of her master8 ,the great frequency of outrages of this kind is demonstrated by the tens of thousands of slaves1 more or less white1 who are found at the ,south4 ,it was a ,southerner who said1 that the best blood of ,virginia flowed in the veins of her slaves6 ,from the ,richmond 7,va47 ,whig3 #ajj ,,reward will be given for the apprehension of my negro787 ,edmund ,kenney4 ,he has straight hair1 and complexion so nearly white1 that it is believed a stranger would suppose there was no ,african blood in him4 ,he was with my boy ,dick a short time since in ,norfolk1 and offered him for sale1 and was apprehended1 but escaped under pretence of being a white man6 ,january #f1 #ahcf4 ,,anderson ,,bowles4 ,from the ,republican ,banner and ,nashville ,whig of ,july #ad1 #ahdi3 #bjj ,,reward--,ran away from the subscriber1 on the #bc;d of ,june last1 a bright mulatto woman1 named ,julia1 about #be years of age4 ,she is of common size1 nearly white1 and very likely4 ,she is a good seamstress1 and can read a little4 ,she may attempt to pass for white1--dresses fine4 ,she took with her ,anna1 her child1 #h or #i years old1 and considerably darker than her mother4444 ,she once belonged to a ,mr4 ,helm1 of ,columbia1 ,tennessee4 ,i will give a reward of #ej for said negro and child1 if delivered to me or confined in any jail in this ,state1 so ,i can get them2 #ajj1 if caught in any other ,slave ,state1 and confined in a jail so that ,i can get them2 and #bjj1 if caught in any ,free ,state1 and put in any good jail in ,kentucky or ,tennessee1 so ,i can get them4 ,nashville1 ,july #i1 #ahdi4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,johnson4 ,the following three advertisements are taken from ,alabama papers3 ,,ran ,,away ,,from ,,the ,,subscriber1 working on the plantation of ,col4 ,h4 ,tinker1 a bright mulatto boy1 named ,alfred4 ,alfred is about #ah years old1 pretty well grown1 has blue eyes1 light flaxen hair1 skin disposed to freckle4 ,he will try to pass as free-born4 ,green ,county1 ,ala4 ,s4 ,g4 ,,stewart4 #ajj ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscriber1 a bright mulatto man-slave1 named ,sam4 ,light sandy hair1 blue eyes1 ruddy complexion1--is so white as very easily to pass for a free white man4 ,,edwin ,,peck4 ,mobile1 ,april #bb1 #ahcg4 ,,ran ,,away1 on the #aeth of ,may1 from me1 a negro woman1 named ,fanny4 ,said woman is #bj years old2 is rather tall2 can read and write1 and so forge passes for herself4 ,carried away with her a pair of ear-rings1--a ,bible with a red cover2 is very pious4 ,she prays a great deal1 and was1 as supposed1 contented and happy4 ,she is as white as most white women1 with straight light hair1 and blue eyes1 and can pass herself for a white woman4 ,i will give #ejj for her apprehension and delivery to me4 ,she is very intelligent4 ,,john ,,balch4 ,tuscaloosa1 ,may #bi1 #ahde4 ,from the ,newbern 7,n4,c47 ,spectator3 #ej ,,reward will be given for the apprehension and delivery to me of the following slaves1--,samuel and ,judy1 his wife1 with their four children1 belonging to the estate of ,sacker ,dubberly1 deceased4 ,i will give #aj for the apprehension of ,william ,dubberly1 a slave belonging to the estate4 ,william is about #ai years old1 quite white1 and would not readily be taken for a slave4 ,march #ac1 #ahcg4 ,,john ,j4 ,,lane4 ,the next two advertisements we cut from the ,new ,orleans ,picayune of ,sept4 #b1 #ahdf3 #be ,,reward4--,ran away from the plantation of ,madame ,fergus ,duplantier1 on or about the #bgth of ,june1 #ahdf1 a bright mulatto1 named ,ned1 very stout built1 about #e feet #aa inches high1 speaks ,english and ,french1 about #ce years old1 waddles in his walk4 ,he may try to pass himself for a white man1 as he is of a very clear color1 and has sandy hair4 ,the above reward will be paid to whoever will bring him to ,madame ,duplantier's plantation1 ,manchac1 or lodge him in some jail where he can be conveniently obtained4 #bjj ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscriber1 last ,november1 a white negro man1 about #ce years old1 height about #e feet #h or #aj inches1 blue eyes1 has a yellow woolly head1 very fair skin1 7particularly under his clothes74444 ,said negro man was raised in ,columbia1 ,s4,c4 and is well known by the name of ,dick ,frazier4444 ,he was lately known to be working on the railroad in ,alabama1 near ,moore's ,turn ,out1 and passed as a white man1 by the name of ,jesse ,teams4 ,i will give the above reward for his delivery in any jail1 so that ,i can get him2 and ,i will give #ejj for sufficient proof to convict1 in open court1 any man who carried him away4 ,barnwell ,court ,house1 ,s4,c4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,allen4 ,p4,s4 ,said man has a good-shaped foot and leg1 and his foot is very small and hollow4 ,in the ,new ,orleans ,bee of ,june #bb1 #ahca1 ,p4 ,bahi advertises as a runaway ,maria1 with a clear1 white complexion4 ,ellen ,craft is as white as our own sisters4 ,wm4 ,w4 ,brown 7,narrative1 p4 #cd71 describing a gang of slaves who were under his charge1 and destined to supply the ,new ,orleans market1 thus speaks of one who attracted the attention of the passengers and the crew3-- ,it was a beautiful girl1 apparently about twenty yeas of age1 perfectly white1 with straight1 light hair1 and blue eyes4 ,but it was not the whiteness of her skin that created such a sensation among those who gazed upon her3 it was her almost unparalleled beauty4 ,she had been on the boat but a short time before the attention of all the passengers1 including the ladies1 had been called to her2 and the common topic of conversation was about the beautiful slave-girl4 ,a friend1 a resident for some time in ,new ,orleans1 describes to us a very beautiful slave he saw there1 who had light curling hair1 blue eyes1 and almost a blonde complexion4 ,after having been kept as a mistress by her owner1 he finally sold her to pay his debts6 ,no isolated case is exhibited by ,wm4 ,w4 ,brown when he relates the history of poor ,cynthia6 ,is any sickly sentimentalist shocked at these recitals8 ,be of stout heart6 ,do not ,christian bishops1 and hundreds of other reverend fathers1--the messengers of ,god's everlasting truth to our souls1--assure us that slavery1 ,,as ,,it ,,exists1 is right2 and that1 consequently1 the fundamental maxim of slavery1 the child follows the condition of the mother1 is right also6 ,why1 then1 should not the children of slave-women by white fathers be rightfully slaves8 ,of what consequence1 then1 is the pollution of the soul of the mother1 compared with the fact of her increased value as a commodity8 ,how utterly insignificant is the fact that a father holds his own children in slavery1 compared with the advantages notoriously derived from such an improvement in the slave-stock8 ,in sober1 literal truth1 the brother owns the body of his sister1 and the sister that of her brother1--so sacred is the marriage-state of slaves6 ,if the father wishes to repair the wrong he has done1 the law forbids his teaching his own child to read or write6 ,if he is poor1 too poor to pay his debts1 a creditor may seize his child in its very cradle1 and sell it at auction to pay the debt6 ,it ought not to be otherwise6 ,is it not agreeable to the order of ,divine ,providence1 that a child should be sold to pay his father's debts8 ,how fitting it is for ,mr4 ,jones and ,bishop ,freeman to teach such a vendible commodity to say1 ,thou shalt honor thy father and thy mother6 ,does any reader still doubt whether an owner thus has uncontrolled authority over the body of his female slave8 ,let him read the following extract from an opinion of the ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,north ,carolina1--the ,old ,north ,state1 whence ,bishop ,ives has long since ceased to weep over the imaginary sufferings of the slaves6 ,to avoid a chastisement1 a female slave ran off1 and1 on her refusal to stop when called1 was shot at and wounded4 ,judge ,ruffin1 in delivering the opinion of the court 7,state vs4 ,mann1 #b ,dev4 ,rep4 #bfc71 says3-- ,the inquiry here is1 whether a cruel and unreasonable battery on a slave by the hirer is indictable8444 ,in criminal proceedings1 and1 indeed1 in reference to all other persons but the general owner1 the hirer and possessor of a slave1 in relation to both rights and duties1 is1 for the time being1 the owner4444 ,with slavery it is far otherwise4 ,the end is the profit of the master1 his security1 and the public peace4 ,the subject is one doomed in his own person1 and in his posterity1 to live without knowledge1 and without capacity to make any thing his own1 and to toil that others may reap the fruits4 ,what moral considerations shall be addressed to such a being to convince him what it is impossible but that the most stupid must feel and know can never be true1 that he is thus to labor upon a principle of natural duty1 or for the sake of his own personal happiness8 ,such services can only be expected from one who has no will of his own1 who surrenders his will in explicit obedience to that of another4 ,such obedience is the consequence only of uncontrolled authority over the body4 ,there is nothing else which can operate to produce the effect4 ,the power of the master must be absolute to render the submission of the slave perfect4 ,i most freely confess my sense of the harshness of this proposition4 ,i feel it as deeply as any man can4 ,and1 as a principle of moral right1 every person in his retirement must repudiate it4 ,but1 in the actual condition of things1 it must be so4 ,there is no remedy4 ,this discipline belongs to slavery4,o ,judge ,ruffin had not enjoyed the benefit of the instruction imparted some years later by ,bishops ,ives and ,freeman4 ,if he had1 he would not thus have followed the dictate of a desperately wicked heart1 and have repudiated the discipline of slavery as morally wrong6 ,the ,rev4 ,robert ,j4 ,breckenridge1 of the ,presbyterian ,church1 himself a slaveholder1 was a delegate to the ,state ,emancipation ,convention recently held in ,kentucky4 ,in a speech made by him before the ,convention1 he is reported to have said 7,louisville ,examiner71 that-- ,the system of slavery denies to a whole class of human beings the sacredness of marriage and of home1 compelling them to live in a state of concubinage2 for1 in the eye of the law1 no colored slave-man is the husband of any wife in particular1 nor any slave-woman the wife of any husband in particular2 no slave-man is the father of any children in particular1 and no slave-child is the child of any parent in particular4 ,who will venture even to conceive1 much less compute1 the deep degradation caused by the denial of marriage to the slaves8 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,soul-,,driving4 ,a negro speculator1 or a soul-driver as they are generally called among slaves4--,wm4 ,w4 ,brown's ,narrative1 p4 #ci4 ,if we would most effectually degrade a man1 we need only trample on the highest and holiest of all his rights1--his right to himself2 we have only to make him the subject of barter and sale1 a thing for speculators to make money on1 for jockeys to deceive about1 and for buyers to depreciate4 ,and yet how few act as if they admitted this truth1 or even faintly realized the enormity of this wrong6 ,slaves1 as subjects of property1 are continually spoken of and treated as horses and cows1 and other live-stock6 ,tens of thousands of advertisements might be adduced to prove this4 ,we have room only for a very few proofs4 ,the ,civil ,code of ,louisiana provides3-- ,art4 #bejj4 ,the latent defects of slaves and animals are divided into two classes1--vices of body and vices of character4 ,art4 #beja4 ,the vices of body are distinguished into absolute and relative4444 ,art4 #bejb4 ,the absolute vices of slaves are leprosy1 madness1 and epilepsy4 ,art #bejc4 ,the absolute vices of horses and mules are short wind1 glanders1 and founder4 ,in the ,national ,intelligencer of ,may #b1 #ahdc1 the administrators of ,alexius ,boarman advertise for sale twelve or thirteen likely young negroes1 among whom are two carpenters2 four head of horses1 two yoke of oxen1 several head of cows1 all the sheep and hogs belonging to said deceased4 ,the same paper of ,december #b1 #ahdc1 contains the following3-- ,,public ,,sale ,,of ,,very ,,valuable ,,negroes ,,and ,,stock4--,the subscriber will offer at public sale at his residence1 near ,bladensburg1 ,prince ,george's ,county1 ,maryland1 on ,wednesday1 the #bjth of ,december next1 if fair1 if not1 the next fair day thereafter1 forty-five or fifty very valuable young negroes1 consisting of men and women1 boys1 girls1 and children4 ,at the same time and place1 he will offer his entire stock of blood horses1 together with some farm stock4 ,the terms of sale will be a credit of nine and eighteen months2 the purchaser giving bond with approved security1 bearing interest from the day of sale4 ,sale to commence at #aj o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,samuel ,,sprigg4 ,the ,marlborough ,gazette will copy till day of sale4 ,in the same paper of ,january #be1 #ahdc1 directly under an advertisement for sale of a girl about #ah years of age1 who is honest1 industrious1 and a good cook1 fine washer and ironer1 and a good seamstress1 we find the notice of a ,blooded colt at auction4--,a thorough bred colt1 two years old the coming spring1 got by ,farmer1 dam by ,lafayette6 ,d4 ,h4 ,candler1 the sheriff of ,montgomery ,county1 ,md4 in an advertisement now before us1 states that he has seized on execution1 and will sell for cash only at the ,court ,house door in ,rockville1 one stallion1 ,red ,buck1 and one negro boy1 ,john6,p ,to bring the case nearer home3--in the ,new ,england ,weekly ,journal of ,august #bg1 #agcc1 printed in ,boston1 we find the following advertisement3-- ,,several ,,likely ,,young ,,negroes1 best ,barbadoes sugars1 very good ,bohea tea1 bag ,hollands1 fine cambric muslins1 and sundry other merchandise1 to be sold by ,hugh ,hall1 ,esq4,q ,in the ,boston ,gazette of ,october #ba1 #agcd3-- ,,to ,,be ,,sold ,,by ----1 ,several likely young negroes1 lately imported1--as men1 women1 boys4 ,also choice raisins of the sun1 gunpowder1 ,newcastle glass1 in crates and boxes4 ,not only are slaves thus placed on the same level with other property1 but they are treated in the same manner4 ,as our horse-jockeys not infrequently color their horses1 or put on false tails1 for the sake of enhancing their value1 so similar arts are practised by the slave-jockeys of the ,south6 ,wm4 ,w4 ,brown thus describes a part of his duties1 whilst hired to the slave-trader ,walker 7,narrative1 pp4 #db1 #dc73 ,in the course of eight or nine weeks1 ,mr4 ,walker had his cargo of human flesh made up4 ,there was in this lot a number of old men and women1 some of them with gray locks4 ,we left ,st4 ,louis in the steamboat ,carlton1 ,captain ,swan1 bound for ,new ,orleans4 ,on our way down1 and before we reached ,rodney1 the place where we made our first stop1 ,i had to prepare the old slaves for market4 ,i was ordered to have the old men's whiskers shaved off1 and the gray hairs plucked out1 where they were not too numerous1 in which case he had a preparation of blacking to color it1 and with a blacking-brush we would put it on4 ,this was new business to me1 and was performed in a room where the passengers could not see us4 ,these slaves were also taught how old they were by ,mr4 ,walker2 and1 after going through the blacking process1 they looked ten or fifteen years younger2 and ,i am sure that some of those who purchased slaves of ,mr4 ,walker were dreadfully cheated1 especially in the ages of the slaves which they bought4--,pp4 #de1 #df3 ,the next day we proceeded to ,new ,orleans1 and put the gang in the same negro-pen which we occupied before4 ,in a short time the planters came flocking to the pen to purchase slaves4 ,before the slaves were exhibited for sale1 they were dressed and driven out into the yard4 ,some were set to dancing1 some to jumping1 some to singing1 and some to playing cards4 ,this was done to make them appear cheerful and happy4 ,my business was to see that they were placed in those situations before the arrival of the purchasers1 and ,i have often set them to dancing when their cheeks were wet with tears4 ,can such treatment result in any thing but brutalizing every noble faculty8 ,if advertisements of stallions and boys1 blood-horses and men and women1 blooded colts and young slave-girls1 are considered so very similar as to be placed in the same paragraph1 or alongside each other1 how great a difference can there be in the treatment by the public of the two kinds of stock8 ,is the auction-block a scene for cultivating the affections of a poor slave-girl8 ,are the coarse and unfeeling jests there perpetrated calculated to increase her purity1 or strengthen her moral sensibilities8 ,treat a man as you would have him to be1 is a good maxim4 ,respect him1 and he will respect himself4 ,continually disregard his holiest and best purposes1 and in time he will do the same4 ,what but pecuniary profit does the speculator in horses look to8 ,what other object has the speculator in men1 women1 and children1 in view8 ,whatever mammon bids the slave-trader do1 will be done4 ,how much more than this1 or will any thing more than this1 be done8 ,will such a person consider as of any consequence the broken hearts of husbands and wives1 of parents and children1 who are torn by this terrible trade from all they hold dear in life1 so long as their bodies are sound1 strong1 and healthy2 so long as the investment retains its market-value8 ,of what consequence is deep1 heart-felt agony to a speculator8 ,is he whose idol is gold to be turned from his purpose merely by the foolish wailing of a woman whose heart-strings are breaking8 ,do the cries of children made orphans1 and of parents made childless1 by his acts1 move the heart of that man who makes his living by buying parents and children1 husbands and wives1 at the lowest prices1 and by selling them1 singly or in lots to suit1 to whomsoever will give the highest price8 ,the following is a well-known extract front an ,address 7p4 #ab7 published by the ,presbyterian ,synod of ,kentucky to the churches under their care1 in #ahce3-- ,brothers and sisters1 parents and children1 husbands and wives1 are torn asunder1 and permitted to see each other no more4 ,these acts are daily occurring in the midst of us4 ,the shrieks and the agony often witnessed on such occasions proclaim1 with a trumpet-tongue1 the iniquity of our system4 ,there is not a neighborhood where these heart-rending scenes are not displayed4 ,there is not a village or road that does not behold the sad procession of manacled outcasts1 whose mournful countenances tell that they are exiled by force from all that their hearts hold dear4 ,in the ,new ,orleans ,bulletin1 we find the following ,slavery as it is1 p4 #afh73-- ,,negroes ,,for ,,sale4--,a negro woman1 #bd years of age1 and has two children1 one eight1 and the other three years4 ,said negroes will be sold separately or together1 as desired4 ,the woman is a good seamstress4 ,she will be sold low for cash1 or exchanged for groceries4 ,for terms apply to ,,mayhew1 ,,bliss1 ,,co4 #a1 ,front ,levee4 ,a similar advertisement will be found in the ,new ,england ,weekly ,journal 7,boston71 ,april #i1 #agcc2 printers1 ,s4 ,kneeland and ,t4 ,green3-- ,a ,,very ,,likely ,,negro ,,woman1 that has a child of about six weeks old1 to be sold1 either with or without the child4 ,inquire of the printers hereof4 ,the following was a standing advertisement1 a few years since1 in the ,charleston 7,s4 ,c47 papers3-- ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,twenty ,,negroes ,,for ,,sale4--,the subscriber has just arrived from ,petersburg1 ,virginia1 with one hundred and twenty likely young negroes1 of both sexes and every description1 which he offers for sale on the most reasonable terms4 ,the lot now on hand consists of plough-boys2 several likely and well-qualified house-servants1 of both sexes2 several women with children2 small girls1 suitable for nurses2 and several small boys1 without their mothers4 ,planters and traders are earnestly requested to give the subscriber a call previously to making purchases elsewhere1 as he is enabled1 and will sell as cheap or cheaper than can be sold by any other person in the trade4 ,hamburg1 ,s4,c4 ,sept4 #bh1 #ahch4 ,,benjamin ,,davis4 ,this is taken from the ,jackson 7,tenn47 ,telegraph1 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahch3-- ,,committed ,,to ,,the ,,jail ,,of ,,madison ,,county1 a negro woman1 who calls her name ,fanny1 and says she belongs to ,wm4 ,miller1 of ,mobile4 ,she formerly belonged to ,john ,givins1 of this county1 who now owns several of her children4 ,,david ,,shropshire1 ,jailer4 ,how strong was that poor mother's love6 ,she had toiled all the way from ,mobile to the county where her children lived1 and the laws of a ,christian country consigned her to the jail6 ,perhaps1 in her loneliness1 she remembered some oral instruction like this 7,jones's ,catechism1 pp4 #abe1abf73 ,q4 ,should mothers and fathers very tenderly love their children8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,and1 as they receive their children from the ,lord1 is it not their duty and privilege to present them unto the ,lord in his own appointed ordinance1 and to train them up for his church and service8--,a4 ,yes4444 ,q4 ,what should they teach them to do every night and morning8--,a4 ,pray to ,god4 ,q4 ,what book should parents early make their children acquainted with1 and out of which diligently instruct them8--,a4 ,the ,holy ,bible4 ,q4 ,is it the duty of parents to pray with and for their children continually8--,a4 ,yes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,q4 ,is it their duty to warn their children of bad company1 and keep them out of it8--,a4 ,yes4 ,poor slave-mother6 very tenderly indeed did you love your children4 ,but1 in your agony1 you forgot that it was wicked to run away1--even for the sake of teaching them to pray night and morning6 ,how thankful1 then1 ought you to be to ,god1 that1 in his great mercy1 he was willing to punish your transgression in this world1 instead of the next6 ,we never so deeply feel the brutalizing effects of slavery as when we reflect upon its peculiarly degrading influences upon woman4 ,on some accounts1 we would gladly pass over this point in silence2 but so atrocious a wrong should rest upon the heart of every one4 ,it is an established maxim of trade1 that the supply eventually equals the demand4 ,if the trade happens to be in men and women2 in one way or another1 men and women will be supplied to meet the demand4 ,there is a great demand for slaves in the ,southern and ,south-western ,states1 because slave-labor is very profitable there4 ,the domestic cannot compete with the ,south-western demand for slaves1 says a writer in the leading ,democratic paper of ,virginia 7,richmond ,enquirer1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahdf74 ,the slaves in the ,south and ,west do not increase fast enough to supply the demand4 ,the foreign slave-trade is piracy4 ,the only resource1 therefore1 which is left to those ,states is a domestic slave-trade with the ,northern ,slave ,states2 where1 to meet the demand1 they resort to breeding slaves6 ,woman is degraded into a breeder6 ,mr4 ,gholson1 of ,virginia1 in his speech in the legislature of that ,state1 ,jan4 #ah1 #ahcb 7see ,richmond ,whig71 says3-- ,it has always 7perhaps erroneously7 been considered by steady and old-fashioned people1 that the owner of land had a reasonable right to its annual profits2 the owner of orchards1 to their annual fruits2 the owner of brood mares1 to their product2 and the owner of female slaves1 to their increase4 ,we have not the fine-spun intelligence nor legal acumen to discover the technical distinctions drawn by gentlemen4 ,the legal maxim of ',partus sequitur ventrem' is coeval with the existence of the rights of property itself1 and is founded in wisdom and justice4 ,it is on the justice and inviolability of this maxim that the master foregoes the service of the female slave2 has her nursed and attended during the period of her gestation1 and raises the helpless and infant offspring4 ,the value of the property justifies the expense2 and ,i do not hesitate to say1 that in its increase consists much of our wealth4 ,hon4 ,thomas ,m4 ,randolph1 of ,virginia1 formerly governor of that ,state1 in his speech before the legislature in #ahcb1 said3-- ,it is a practice1 and an increasing practice1 in parts of ,virginia1 to rear slaves for market4 ,how can an honorable mind1 a patriot1 and a lover of his country1 bear to see this ancient dominion converted into one grand menagerie1 where men are to be reared for market1 like oxen for the shambles6 ,president ,dew1 of ,william and ,mary's ,college1 speaking of the annual exportation of slaves from ,virginia1 says3-- ,a full equivalent being thus left in the place of the slave1 this emigration becomes an advantage to the ,state1 and does not check the black population as much as at first view we might imagine2 because it furnishes every inducement to the master to attend to the negroes1 to encourage breeding1 and to cause the greatest number possible to be raised1 c4 ,virginia is1 in fact1 a negro-raising ,state for other ,states4 ,henry ,clay1 in his speech before the ,colonization ,society in #ahbi1 says3-- ,it is believed that nowhere in the farming portion of the ,united ,states would slave-labor be generally employed1 if the proprietor were not tempted to raise slaves by the high price of the ,southern market1 which keeps it up in his own4 ,it is a melancholy fact1 says the same writer in the ,richmond 7,va47 ,enquirer1 ,nov4 #ac1 #ahdf1 that negroes have become the only reliable staple of the tobacco-growing sections of ,virginia1 the only reliable means of liquidating debts foreign and domestic4 ,the following advertisement is taken from the ,charleston 7,s4,c47 ,mercury 7,slavery as it is1 p4 #age73-- ,,negroes ,,for ,,sale4--,a girl1 about twenty years of age 7raised in ,virginia71 and her two female children1 one four and the other two years old2 is remarkable strong and healthy1 never having had a day's sickness1 with the exception of the small-pox1 in her life4 ,the children are fine and healthy4 ,she is very prolific in her generating qualities1 and affords a rare opportunity to any person who wishes to raise a family of strong and healthy servants for their own use4 ,any person wishing to purchase will please leave their address at the ,mercury office4 ,does any reader exclaim there must be some mistake2 it is impossible that such a notice could be inserted in the leading political paper of ,south ,carolina8 ,will he feel any more convinced by reading this1 taken from the ,boston ,evening ,post of ,september #aj1 #agdd8-- ,,to ,,be ,,sold1--,a likely negro wench1 about #be years of age1 that can do all sorts of household work1 especially cookery2 is very hearty and strong2 has proved her faculty at propagation1 and is very fluent in the ,english language4 ,inquire of the printer4 ,slavery is said to have existed in a mild form in ,massachusetts6 ,and yet we find in our own history parallels to some of the most brutal atrocities which can be perpetrated on any human being4 ,so essentially the same is the character and effect of slavery1 wherever it exists6 ,does any one1 and who does not1 feel deep disgust at these recitals8 ,let us rather feel disgusted at the system which leads to such atrocities6 ,let not our indignation rest upon the story of the wrong1 but upon the wrong itself and its perpetrators4 ,does any one say these are solitary instances of atrocity8 ,doubtless such advertisements are rare1 but not unique4 ,others of the same kind1 and still more atrocious1 might be adduced4 ,but which constitutes the greater atrocity1--to use men and women as stallions and brood mares1 or to speak or print the damning deed8 ,if the latter shows hardened feeling1 what does the former prove8 ,if these advertisements were the only ones of the kind which could be cited1 still they tell a story of brutal outrage1 which is happening in this ,christian land1 every day1 hour1 and minute1 to tens of thousands of human beings6 ,other advertisements1 showing the brutality of the examinations to which women are frequently subjected1 might be cited4 ,but for these we must refer the reader to other anti-slavery documents2 for enough of the disgusting details has been exhibited to establish our position4 ,to obtain any thing like an adequate conception of the brutalizing influence upon the slaves of this trading in their bodies and the bodies of their children1 we must first see to what an extent it is carried4 ,we shall confine our attention chiefly to those who make a business of the matter1 to gentlemen dealing in slaves2 leaving almost wholly unnoticed the vast number of instances of buying and selling slaves between private individuals1 chaffering between neighbors1 for their private ends6 ,not that this latter kind of slave-trade is any less degrading in its effects1 but only because proofs in relation to the other are more accessible1 and are amply sufficient for our purpose4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,domestic ,,slave-,,trade4 ,the traffic in slaves is irreconcilable with the principles of justice and humanity4--,treaty of ,ghent4 ,no description of ours can give any adequate idea of the extent of this terrible trade4 ,it is as regular a branch of business as any other that can be named4 ,the city of ,washington licenses persons to traffic in slaves for profit6 ,the trade is carried on between ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,kentucky1--or the slave-raising ,states1--and ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 and the other slave-consuming ,states4 ,depots1 or private jails1 are erected at convenient places4 ,in the ,american ,beacon 7published at ,norfolk1 ,va471 ,jan4 #bd1 #ahdh1 appear the two following advertisements3-- ,,negro ,,repository4--,the undersigned has1 at a very considerable expense1 erected1 and fitted up in a style of comfort and convenience1 a commodious two-story building on ,union-street1 second door east of ,church-street1 for the safe keeping and accommodation of negroes1 both male and female 7the apartments being entirely separate71 which are brought to this market for sale4 ,this building is admirably adapted to the object proposed1 having airy and pleasant rooms1 and every convenience which could be desired1 besides large yards1 walled in high1 a capacious cistern1 c4 which1 whilst they secure the comfort of the negro1 likewise guarantee the most ample security for his safe keeping4 ,in addition to boarding negroes for sale1 the undersigned proposes keeping on hand from time to time1 for sale1 such negroes as may be in demand in this market1 embracing every description of house and field-hands1 male and female1 young and old1 that may be called for1 and upon terms entirely accommodating4 ,besides the boarding and the selling of negroes1 he will also make exchanges1 giving or receiving such boot as the difference in age1 character1 qualifications1 and appearance may notify4 ,the highest cash market prices paid for negroes of both sexes at all times4 ,,wm4 ,w4 ,,hall4 ,,cash ,,for ,,negroes4--,i will pay the highest cash for likely young negroes of both sexes1 from #aj to #cj years of age4 ,all those that have such to dispose of would do well to give me a call before selling4 ,i will also attend to shipping of negroes to any of the ,southern ports1 free of charge1 when left with me2 as ,i have a private jail for the safe keeping of servants4 ,for further information1 inquire at my office at ,union ,hotel1 ,union-street1 or through the post-office4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,apperson4 ,the following is taken from a ,new ,orleans paper3-- ,,slave ,,depot4--,j4 ,buddy4--,slave-yard and boarding-house1 #aei1 ,gravier-street1 second door from ,carondelet4 ,house-servants and field-hands for sale at all times4 ,slaves will be received on board or sold on favorable terms4 ,the building is a large three-story brick house1 and very commodious as a slave depot4 ,particular attention will be paid to the health and cleanliness of all slaves placed in this yard4 ,from the ,missouri ,republican1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,july #ac1 #ahdi3-- ,,removal4--,blakey ,mc,afee have removed to ,no4 #ic1 ,olive-street1 six doors west of their old stand4 ,they are prepared at all times to pay the highest prices for negroes4 ,they have also a good secure yard1 with a strong jail attached1 and are prepared to board negroes sent to this market for sale4 ,persons having negroes for sale will please call and see us4 ,those wishing to purchase can find what they want at our yard4 ,,blakey ,,mcafee1 ,no4 #ic1 ,olive-street4 ,hon4 ,horace ,mann has described to us the slave-pen in the city of ,washington2 and another member of ,congress informs us1 that the ,united ,states jail in the ,district of ,columbia is frequently used for the purpose of storing human beings for sale6 ,thus1 in the ,national ,intelligencer 7,dec4 #ai1 #ahdd71 we find the following notice3-- ,,for ,,sale1--,a likely young negro1 in the jail of ,washington4 ,he is a most excellent teamster1 and well acquainted with the care of horses4 ,persons wishing to purchase will apply to ,mr4 ,ball1 at the jail1 where the boy may be seen1 and further information given4 ,the activity of this trade may be inferred from these advertisements1 which constitute but a small portion of what might be produced4 ,in the ,national ,intelligencer1 ,march #bh1 #ahcf1 three slave-traders in the ,district of ,columbia advertise for twelve hundred negroes1 and a fourth offers to buy any number6 ,here is one of the advertisements3-- ,,cash ,,for ,,five ,,hundred ,,negroes1 including both sexes1 from ten to twenty-five years of age4--,persons having likely servants to dispose of will find it their interest to give us a call1 as we will give higher prices in cash than any other purchaser who is now or may hereafter come into the market4 ,,franklin ,,amfield1 ,alexandria4 ,in a later number of the same paper are the following3-- ,,cash ,,for ,,negroes4--,i will give cash and liberal prices for any number of young and likely negroes1 from eight to forty years of age4 ,persons having negroes to dispose of will find it to their advantage to give me a call at my residence1 on the corner of ,seventh-street and ,maryland ,avenue1 and opposite ,mr4 ,williams's private jail4 ,,william ,h4 ,,richards4 ,,cash ,,for ,,negroes4--,the subscriber wishes to purchase a number of negroes for the ,louisiana and ,mississippi market4 ,himself or an agent at all times can be found at his jail1 on ,seventh-street4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,williams4 ,in a later number1 ,june #bd1 #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,richards is not so eager3-- ,,cash ,,for ,,negroes4--,the subscriber wishes to purchase twenty or thirty negroes1 and will pay the highest market price4 ,persons having negroes to sell will find it to their interest to give him a call before they sell4 ,i can be always found at my residence1 corner of ,seventh-street and ,maryland ,avenue4 ,all communications through the post-office will be promptly attended to4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,richards4 ,in a still later number1 ,july #bb1 #ahdc1 appears this3-- ,,cash6 ,,cash6--,the subscriber wishes to purchase any number of negroes for the ,southern markets4 ,the subscriber will at all times give the highest market price in cash for likely negroes1 mechanics and house servants included4 ,himself or agent can at all times be seen at the corner of ,seventh-street and ,maryland ,avenue4 ,all communications will receive prompt attention4 ,,thomas ,,williams4 ,the following are samples of some of the advertisements of ,maryland traders4 ,the original of all of these advertisements will be found at the ,anti-,slavery office1 ,boston4 ,we begin with one of ,hope ,h4 ,slatter3-- ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,having returned from ,new ,orleans1 ,i will now pay the highest cash prices for all likely negroes that are slaves for life and good titles4 ,all communications will be promptly attended to4 ,,hope ,h4 ,,slatter1 ,pratt-street4 ,n4,b4 ,on the #gth day of ,june1 #ahdd1 ,jonathan ,m4 ,wilson 7my former agent71 by mutual consent1 withdrew from my employment1 and is no longer my agent4 ,,hope ,h4 ,,slatter4 ,baltimore1 ,july #bi4 ,,cash ,,for ,,five ,,hundred ,,negroes1 at the old establishment of ,slatter's1 ,no4 #bdd1 ,pratt-street1 ,baltimore1 between ,sharp and ,howard-streets1 where the highest prices are paid1--which is well known4 ,we have large accommodations for negroes1 and always buying4 ,being regular shippers to ,new ,orleans1 persons should bring their property where no commissions are paid1 as the owners lose it4 ,all communications attended to promptly by addressing ,h4 ,f4 ,,slatter4 ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,i have removed from my former residence1 ,west ,pratt-street1 to my new establishment on ,camden-street1 immediately in the rear of the railroad depot1 where ,i am permanently located4 ,persons bringing negroes by the cars will find it very convenient1 as it is only a few yards from where the passengers get out4 ,those having negroes for sale will find it to their advantage to call and see me1 as ,i am at all times paying the highest prices in cash4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,donovan1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,o4 ,c4 ,s4 ,y4 ,harris1 of ,upper ,marlboro'1 wish to purchase any number of negroes1 for which they will give the highest market price in cash4 ,they will be in ,port ,tobacco once in every week4 ,any communications left in their absence with ,mr4 ,lyne ,shackelford will be promptly attended to4 ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,the highest market prices will be given for negroes at all times4 ,persons having negroes for sale will please call at my office1 ,no4 #bf1 ,conway-street1 between ,charles and ,hanover4 ,communications promptly attended to4 ,also negroes will be received and kept at twenty-five cents per day4 ,b4 ,m4 ,,campbell4 ,april #g1 #ahdf4 ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,persons wishing to sell their negroes will find it to their advantage to give me a call before selling elsewhere4 ,i have all the facilities that the trade will admit of in the ,new ,orleans and other markets4 ,such being the case1 ,i can give as much as any one else1 which ,i am determined to do4 ,any communication addressed to me1 either in ,baltimore or ,port ,tobacco1 will be attended to immediately4 ,,john ,g4 ,,campbell1 ,jan4 #a1 #ahdg4 ,agent for ,b4 ,m4 ,campbell4 ,,take ,,notice4--,persons wishing to dispose of their servants would do well to give me a call before they sell to the traders4 ,by paying a small commission to an agent1 they can get from #ge to #ajj more2 as ,i receive monthly from ,new ,orleans1 ,savannah1 ,georgia1 and ,charleston1 ,s4,c4 the full market prices for slaves4 ,,scott',s ,intelligence ,office1 ,no4 #aj1 ,exchange ,place4 ,the following is taken from the ,wilmington 7,va47 ,journal of ,sept4 #c1 #ahdg3-- ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,i wish to purchase a large number of negroes1 of both sexes1 from the age of #ad to #cj1 for which ,i will pay the highest cash market price4 ,as ,i intend making a long stay in ,wilmington for that purpose1 persons from the country would find it to their advantage to bring such slave-property to town as they have to dispose of4 ,also wanted some good carpenters1 blacksmiths1 coopers1 and bricklayers4--,apply to me1 at the ,carolina ,hotel4 ,,ansley ,,davis1 of ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,wilmington1 ,may #g1 #ahdg4 ,the following is extracted from an advertisement of ,lewis ,a4 ,collier1 a trader in ,richmond1 ,va43-- ,,notice4--,this is to inform my former acquaintances and the public generally1 that ,i yet continue in the slave-trade1 at ,richmond1 ,virginia1 and will at all times buy and give a fair market price for young negroes4 ,persons in this ,state1 ,maryland1 or ,north ,carolina1 wishing to sell lots of negroes1 are particularly requested to forward their wishes to me at this place4 ,persons wishing to purchase lots of negroes are requested to give me a call1 as ,i keep constantly on hand at this place a great many for sale2 and have at this time the use of one hundred young negroes1 consisting of boys1 young men1 and girls4 ,i will sell at all times at a small advance on cost1 to suit purchasers4 ,i have comfortable rooms1 with a jail attached1 for the reception of the negroes2 and persons coming to this place to sell slaves can be accommodated1 and every attention necessary will be given to have them well attended to2 and1 when it may be desired1 the reception of the company of gentlemen dealing in slaves will conveniently and attentively be received4 ,my situation is very healthy1 and suitable for the business4 ,,lewis ,a4 ,,collier4 ,the ,st4 ,louis ,daily ,union of ,august #bf1 #ahdg1 contains the following3-- ,,one ,,hundred ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,the subscriber wishes to purchase one hundred negroes1 of both sexes1 for which ,i will pay the highest price1 in cash4 ,i can be found at all times at ,no4 #ajd1 ,locust-street1 by ,gerard's stable4 ,,wm4 ,,johnson4 ,,negroes ,,wanted4--,for two hundred negroes1 the highest prices will be paid by ,b4 ,w4 ,,powell1 ,city ,hotel1 or #ea1 ,front-street4 ,the ,daily ,reveille 7,st4 ,louis71 of the same date1 contains the following3-- ,,wanted to purchase1 thirty or forty young negroes1 by ,,curle ,,goddin1 #gi1 ,olive-street4 ,the following is taken from the ,st4 ,louis ,republican3 ,,negroes ,,wanted ,,and ,,boarded4--,the highest cash price paid for young likely negroes1 at #ajd1 ,locust-street1 between ,third and ,fourth1 adjoining ,gerard's stables4 ,n4,b4 ,our house will be well secured1 and afford the advantages of a jail surrounded by walls1 and a basement cell in it4 ,,white ,,tooly4 ,the following two are found in the ,evening ,mercury of ,jan4 #ad1 #ahdh1 published in ,new ,orleans3-- ,,slaves ,,wanted4--,wanted to purchase1 slaves of every description1 at the ,new ,orleans depot1 ,no4 #aef1 ,common-street1 for which liberal prices will be paid4 ,slaves will also be sold on commission1 and purchasers are invited to call and see a well-selected lot of slaves offered at low prices4 ,,elihu ,,creswell4 ,,slaves ,,wanted4--,e4 ,creswell1 ,no4 #afc1 ,gravier-street1 will pay the most liberal price for slaves of all descriptions2 and those who have slaves for sale will do well to give him a call before selling to others4 ,he will also exchange slaves1 sell slaves on commission2 and those who wish to purchase will do well to give him a call before buying elsewhere1 as he keeps on hand a good selection of slaves1 sold under full guarantee1 and good reference for titles given4 ,the foregoing advertisements give us some faint idea of the demand for slaves4 ,those which follow are of slaves for sale4 ,we cannot commence more appropriately than with these1 taken from the ,new ,orleans ,picayune3-- ,,slaves ,,for ,,sale4--,hope ,h4 ,slatter1 who has retired from the trade1 has sold to me his establishment in ,baltimore1 and leased for a number of years his old stand at the corner of ,esplanade and ,moreau-streets1 at which place ,i shall keep up a large and general assortment of slaves for sale1 imported direct from ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,,walter ,l4 ,,campbell1 ,successor to ,hope ,h4 ,slatter4 ,,negroes1 ,,negroes4--,just received1 and for sale at ,no4 #g1 ,moreau-street1 ,third ,municipality1 a large and likely lot of negroes1 consisting of field-hands1 house-servants1 and mechanics4 ,will be receiving new lots regularly from ,virginia during the season4 ,,wm4 ,f4 ,,talbott4 ,the same paper of ,oct4 #ah1 #ahdf1 contains the following two3-- ,,slaves ,,for ,,sale1 ,no4 #afe1 ,gravier-street4--,the subscriber has always on hand a number of slaves1 consisting of house-servants1 field-hands1 and mechanics1 which will be sold low1 for cash or negotiable paper4 ,persons desirous of purchasing will find it to their interest to call and examine4 ,the subscriber will also receive and sell on consignment any negro that may be entrusted to his care4 ,he would also respectfully notify persons engaged in the slave-trade1 that he is prepared to board them and their slaves on the most reasonable terms4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,merritt4 ,reference3 ,j4 ,barelli1 ,c4 ,j4 ,mansoni4 ,,negroes ,,for ,,sale4--,we1 the subscribers1 have for sale1 at our establishment1 ,no4 #aei1 ,gravier-street 7block in the rear of ,st4 ,charles ,exchange71 a large lot of valuable slaves1 suitable for plantation1 house-servants1 c4 c4 ,persons desirous of purchasing will find it to their interest to call and examine4 ,we will also receive and sell on consignment any negroes that may be entrusted to us4 ,we would also respectfully notify owners of negroes1 and persons engaged in the slave-trade1 that we are prepared to board negroes1 and furnish traders with rooms1 c4 ,our house is roomy1 airy1 and dry4 ,terms reasonable4 ,,john ,,buddy4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,merritt4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,bolton1 whose name is appended to the next advertisement1 is from ,tennessee3-- ,,negroes ,,for ,,sale4--,i have again returned to this market1 with eighteen or twenty likely negroes4 ,i have located on the corner of ,main and ,adams-streets4 ,i have plough-boys1 men1 women1 and girls1 and some very fancy ones4 ,i intend to keep a constant supply through the season1 and will not be undersold by any in market4 ,my motto is1 'the swift penny2 the slow shilling' ,i never get4 ,i will also pay the highest cash price for young negroes4 ,november #ba1 #ahdf4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,bolton4 ,to what uses these very fancy girls are put may be inferred from the following advertisement1,r taken from the ,norfolk ,herald3-- ,,notice4--,for sale1 a colored girl1 of very superior qualifications1 who is now in ,mr4 ,hall's jail in ,norfolk4 ,she is what speculators call a fancy girl2 a bright mulatto1 fine figure1 straight1 black hair1 and very black eyes2 remarkably neat and cleanly in her dress and person4 ,i venture to say1 that there is not a better seamstress1 cutter and fitter of ladies' and children's dresses in ,norfolk1 or elsewhere1 or a more fanciful netter of bead bags1 money-purses1 c4 ,any lady or gentleman in ,norfolk or ,portsmouth1 who may wish to purchase a girl of this description 7whom ,i consider the most valuable in ,virginia71 may take her and try her a month or more at my risk1 and1 if she does not suit and answer the description here given1 may return her to ,mr4 ,hill4 ,the cause of offence for which ,i intend1 though reluctantly1 to sell her1 is1 that she has been recently induced by the persuasions of some colored persons to make her escape with them to the ,north1 in which she failed1 and is now for sale4--,apply to the subscriber1 in ,suffolk1 or to ,james ,murdaugh1 ,esq4 or to ,c4 ,c4 ,robinson1 of ,portsmouth1 for further information4 ,,joseph ,,holladay4 ,tennessee can also claim the honor of having such careful traders as ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,curtis3-- ,,one ,,hundred ,a ,,no4 #a ,,negroes4--,i have on hand one hundred negroes1 men1 women1 boys1 and girls1 at my depot1 in ,gaine's brick building1 immediately back of ,howard's ,row1 between the ,gayoso and ,herron ,house4 ,i have judicious men purchasing in ,north ,carolina1 ,kentucky1 and ,middle ,tennessee1 and will keep constantly on hand a large number4 ,persons wishing to purchase will do well not to trade1 without first calling to see my stock4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,curtis4 ,memphis1 ,november #bj1 #ahdf4 ,the ,spirit of ,liberty contains the following3-- ,,southern ,,planters1 wishing to purchase negroes1 would do well to give me a call before they make their purchases1 as it would be greatly to their advantage4 ,negroes purchased and sold on reasonable commission4 ,apply at ,,scott',s ,intelligence ,office1 ,no4 #aj1 ,exchange ,place4 ,in the ,daily ,richmond ,enquirer1 ,sept #a1 #ahdg1 we find this3-- ,,negroes ,,at ,,auction4--,on ,monday1 the #fth of ,september 7,albemarle ,court day71 at ,charlottesville1 there will be sold at public auction about sixty valuable negroes1 of every description4 ,august #ca4 ,in the same paper1 ,jan4 #be1 #ahdh1 we find this3-- ,,twenty ,,negroes4--,will be sold ,friday1 #bhth inst4 at #aj o'clock1 twenty likely young negroes1 viz4 ten able-bodied men1 three boys1 four women1 and three girls4 ,will be added to the above sale1 a negro-man1 #dj years of age1 who is a first-rate carpenter by trade1 also a rough blacksmith4 ,,benj4 ,,davis1 ,auctioneer1 ,no4 #c1 ,wall-street4 ,the following is taken from the ,alabama ,argus1 published at ,dayton1 ,ala43-- ,,for ,,sale ,,sixty ,,negroes4--,by order of the ,hon4 the ,orphans' ,court of ,marengo ,county1 the undersigned1 administrator of the estate of ,moses ,w4 ,alexander1 deceased1 will1 on ,monday1 the #eth of ,february1 #ahdi1 at the plantation of said ,moses ,w4 ,alexander1 deceased1 in the ,cane ,brake1 one mile south of ,col4 ,pickens's mills1 offer at public sale1 to the highest bidder1 a lot1 numbering sixty1 of the likeliest and best negroes ever sold in the ,south4 ,they are all family negroes1--not bought up by speculators from every ,state in the ,south1 but raised by different men1 in families from five to twenty each4 ,among this stock of negroes are some able-bodied1 stout1 and valuable negro-men1 and several likely young boys1 from #aj to #ah years of age2 also some likely negro-women1 girls1 and children4 ,among the same1 ,a ,no4 #a cotton-pickers2 a good weaver2 and also one negro1 who is a very good carpenter and blacksmith4--,terms of sale1 twelve months' credit1 with approved security4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,alexander1 ,administrator4 ,january #e4 ,the following advertisement is before us 7,spirit of ,liberty73-- ,,valuable ,,slaves ,,at ,,auction4--,i will sell on ,saturday1 the #adth inst4 in front of the ,market-house1 one woman and her child4 ,the woman is about #bd years old2 and the child1 a girl1 about #e years of age4 ,the woman accustomed to house-business1 also to the farm4 ,the negroes are very likely1 and warranted sound4 ,they will be sold on a credit of sixty days for negotiable paper satisfactorily endorsed4 ,nov4 #e4 ,,charles ,,phelps1 ,auctioneer4 ,the following is taken from a paper published at ,opelousas 7,la473-- ,,auction ,,sale4--,the undersigned will offer for sale1 through the ministry of a public auctioneer1 on her plantation1 near ,carancro1 in the parish of ,st4 ,landry1 on ,monday the #eth day of ,february next1 and the following days1 one hundred choice slaves1 of both sexes and different ages1 among which is a good blacksmith and several other mechanics4 ,these slaves will be sold separately1 and under full and satisfactory guarantee of titles4--#h ox-carts1 #fi work-oxen1 #bj mules1 #bj work-horses1 #a1ejj barrels of corn1 #ab1ejj cypress pickets4 ,conditions of ,sale4--,the slaves will be sold on a credit of one and two years from the day of sale2 purchasers giving sufficient security to the satisfaction of the vendor1 and the slaves remaining specially mortgaged until final payment of principal and the interest which may accrue thereon1 at the rate of eight per cent per annum from time due until final payment4 ,the conditions of the sale of the movable property will be made known on the day of sale4 ,,widow ,,hypolite ,,cretien4 ,opelousas1 ,january #c;d1 #ahdi4 ,literally speaking1 tens of thousands of such advertisements as these might be adduced4 ,you can hardly open a ,southern paper without finding several4 ,part of the trade is carried on by water4 ,this part of the trade is regulated by ,act of ,congress 7,act ,march #b1 #ahjg1 sect4 #h-aj71 and slavers sail apparently with commendable regularity4 ,the following notice is taken from the ,national ,intelligencer a few years since3-- ,,alexandria ,,and ,,new ,,orleans ,,packets4--,brig ,tribune1 ,samuel ,c4 ,bush1 master1 will sail as above on the #ast ,january2 brig ,isaac ,franklin1 ,william ,smith1 master1 on the #aeth ,january2 brig ,uncas1 ,nathaniel ,boush1 master1 on the #ast ,february4 ,they will continue to leave this port on the #ast and #aeth of each month1 throughout the shipping season4 ,servants that are intended to be shipped will at any time be received for safe keeping at twenty-five cents a day4 ,,john ,,amfield1 ,alexandria4 ,the two following advertisements are taken from the ,american ,beacon of ,january #bd1 #ahdh1 published at ,norfolk1 ,virginia4 ,they are advertisements of the same person1 who1 as we have just seen1 offers to attend to shipping of negroes to any of the ,southern ports3-- ,,for ,,new ,,orleans4--,virginia and ,louisiana ,line ,packets4 ,the fast-sailing packet barque ,bachelor1 ,page1 master1 will sail for the above port from the #bjth to the #bgth inst4 ,for freight1 cabin or steerage passage1 for which she has good accommodations1 apply to ,g4 ,w4 ,,apperson4 ,,for ,,new ,,orleans4--,virginia and ,louisiana ,line ,packets will commence their regular trips to the above port the #bjth ,september1 and continue monthly throughout the season4 ,they consist of the following vessels1 to wit1 barque ,parthian1 ,capt4 ,g4 ,w4 ,allen2 barque ,bachelor1 ,capt4 ,hiram ,horton2 barque ,phoenix1 ,capt4 ,nathaniel ,boush4 ,the above vessels are all of the first class1 and commanded by long and experienced commanders4--,for further information1 apply to ,g4 ,w4 ,,apperson4 ,this ,capt4 ,nath4 ,boush is probably the same man who figures in ,mr4 ,amfield's advertisement4 ,but ,southern traders by no means have a monopoly of this coastwise slave-trade4 ,the barque ,parthenon1 ,mellish1 master1 cleared from the port of ,new ,york1 ,october #aj1 #ahdf1 for ,richmond1 ,virginia1 avowedly to load with slaves for the port of ,new ,orleans4 ,how business-like is the following letter from a ,north ,carolina slave-trader to his consignee in ,new ,orleans6 7,a ,reproof of the ,american ,church1 p4 #bb73-- ,,halifax1 ,n4,c4 ,november #af1 #ahci4 ,dear ,sir1--,i have shipped in the brig ,addison1 prices as below3--,no4 #a1 ,caroline ,ennis1 #fej2 #b1 ,silvy ,holland1 #fbe2 #c1 ,silvy ,booth1 #dhg4ej2 #d1 ,maria ,pollock1 #dge2 #e1 ,emeline ,pollock1 #dge2 #f1 ,delia ,averit1 #dge4 ,the two girls that cost #fej and #fbe were bought before ,i shipped my first4 ,i have a great many negroes offered to me2 but ,i will not pay the prices they ask1 for ,i know they will come down4 ,i have no opposition in market4 ,i will wait until ,i hear from you before ,i buy1 and then ,i can judge what ,i must pay4 ,goodwin will send you the bill of lading for my negroes1 as he shipped them with his own4 ,write often1 as the times are critical1 and it depends on the prices you get to govern me in buying4 ,yours1 c4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,barnes4 ,mr4 ,theophilus ,freeman1 ,new ,orleans4 ,the number of slaves thus bought and sold can never be known with perfect accuracy4 ,hon4 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey1 in his excellent ,papers on the ,slave ,power 7p4 #hc71 estimates the number annually sold from the more northerly ,slave ,states at not less than forty thousand6 ,we think his estimate within the truth4 ,in the course of a single year1 #ahce-f1 no less than forty thousand slaves are said to have been sold out of ,virginia alone6 7,niles's ,reg4 ,oct4 #h1 #ahcf47 ,the ,new ,york ,journal of ,commerce of ,oct4 #ab1 #ahce1 contained a letter from a ,virginian1 whom the editor calls a very good and sensible man1 asserting that twenty thousand slaves had been driven to the ,south from ,virginia during that year1 of which nearly one fourth was then remaining4 ,but #ahce and #ahcf were years of great speculation4 ,in #ahcg the consequent severe pressure in the money market was attributed by a committee of the citizens of ,mobile 7,ala47 in part to over-trading in slaves4 ,their report states1 that purchases by ,alabama of that species of property from other ,states since #ahcc have amounted to about ten million dollars annually4 ,the slaves increase in about the same ratio in all of the ,slave ,states4 ,if the warmer latitudes of the extreme ,south are more congenial to them1 and favor their increase more than the climate of ,virginia1 this effect is1 at least1 fully balanced by the great amount and unhealthy character of much of the labor on the sugar1 rice1 and cotton plantations1 and by the great extent to which slave-breeding is carried in the more northern ,states4 ,the following table exhibits the rates of increase of the slaves1 every ten years1 from #agij to #ahdj3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #agij-ahjj #ahjj-ahaj #ahaj-ahbj #ahbj-ahcj #ahcj-ahdj ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bg #cc #bi #cj #bh ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,accordingly1 for the fifty years ending in #ahdj1 the slaves increased on an average a little over twenty-eight per cent every ten years4 ,we adopt this as a fair statement of what should be their decennial natural increase in all the ,states2 and1 by natural increase1 we mean increase from births4 ,the following tables explain themselves3-- ,,slave-,,exporting ,,states4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,number which ought ,decrease ,annual ,name of ,state4 ,slaves ,slaves to have been every tendecrease4 in #ahcj4 in #ahdj4;in each ,state years4 in #ahdj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,delaware #c1bib #b1fje #d1bad #a1fai #afb ,maryland #ajb1bid #hi1gcg #acj1icf #da1aii #d1abj ,dis4 of ,columbia #f1aai #d1fid #g1hcc #c1aci #cac ,virginia #dfi1geg #ddh1ihg #fja1bhi #aeb1cjb #ae1bcj ,north ,carolina #bce1fja #bde1hag #cja1efi #ee1geb #e1ege ,south ,carolina #cae1dja #cbg1jch #djc1gac #gf1fge #g1ffh ,kentucky #afe1bac #ahb1beh #baa1dgc #bi1bae #b1ibb ,tennessee #fha1ijd #hbi1baj #hgb1hcg #dc1fbg #d1cfc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #bacj1cdf #djc1ebh #dj1cec ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,slave-,,importing ,,states4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,number which ought ,extra ,extra ,name of ,state4 ,slaves ,slaves to have been decennial annual in #ahcj4 in #ahdj4;in each ,stateincrease4increase4 in #ahdj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,georgia #bag1eca #bhj1idd #bgh1ddj #b1ejd #bej ,florida #ae1eja #be1gag #ai1hda #e1hgf #ehg ,alabama #aag1edi #bec1ecb #aej1dfb #ajc1jgj #aj1cjg ,mississippi #fe1fei #aie1baa #hd1jdc #aaa1afh #aa1aag ,louisiana #aji1ehh #afh1deb #adj1bgc #bh1agi #b1hah ,arkansas #d1egf #ai1ice #e1heg #ad1jgh #a1djh ,missouri #be1jha #eh1bdj #cb1ajd #bf1acf #b1fad ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #bia1jaa #bi1aja ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,the census of #ahdj1 therefore1 exhibits an annual unnatural decrease of over forty thousand of the slave-population in the exporting ,states4 ,but this census1 at least so far as statistics touching slaves and free colored persons are concerned1 is notoriously and grossly incorrect4 ,either it or the tables prepared from it in the ,state ,department have been dishonestly prepared1 or very much garbled1 apparently with the intent to prove that slavery was better calculated to secure the health of the negro race than a state of freedom4 ,what figures will tell in favor of slavery8--not1 what figures will tell the truth8--seems to have been the principle on which the last census was taken4 ,such being the case1 we feel confident that the census makes the slaves in the exporting ,states decrease as little as possible4 ,in #ahcj1 ,virginia had #dfi1geg slaves4 ,in #ahdj she ought to have had this number1 and their natural increase for ten years1 #ace1ecb4 ,instead of this1 all the natural increase is gone1 and #bj1ggj besides6 ,all will see that such a statement would tell too strongly against slavery to be admitted into a census got up under such slave-supporting auspices1 unless the statement was really within the truth4 ,we believe1 therefore1 that the census of #ahej1 if truly taken1 will exhibit a much larger annual unnatural decrease of the slave-population in the exporting ,states4 ,this decrease1 whatever it may really be1 has not been owing to manumissions4 ,it has not been caused by slaves running away4 ,for the effects of both these causes1 the surplus over #dj1jjj would be a liberal allowance4 ,this unnatural decrease must1 then1 be caused by the slave-trade1 and the migration of planters with their slaves4 ,the fact is beyond all question1 that every year forty thousand men1 women1 and children are torn from their homes and friends1 and driven to the ,south and ,west4 ,so truly did the ,rev4 ,theodore ,clapp speak 7,sermon1 p4 #df71 when he declared1 ,slaves possess the inappreciable benefits which grow out of the endearing ties of friendship1 kindred1 sympathy1 and the whole class of domestic affections4 ,parents and children1 husbands and wives 7it is true71 are sometimes separated by being involved in those calamities which sweep away the possessions and prosperity of the master4 ,but1 take it all in all1 they are as free and undisturbed in the enjoyment of their domestic relations1 as the white inhabitants of the ,northern ,states6 ,forty thousand fathers1 mothers1 brothers1 sisters1 and children are every year carried from the places of their birth1 like so many cattle1 although the terrible fact is well known that at least one fourth of them must die in the process of acclimation6,s ,so very tender is man of man1 when he holds his brother in slavery1 and makes merchandise of his sister6 ,so eager is the soul-driver to coin his brother's blood into dollars6 ,so ready are those whom ,god has appointed masters to sacrifice the lives of one fourth of those committed to their charge1 in order greatly to advance the market value of the survivors6 ,we have no data from which to infer the number of planters who go ,south with their slaves4 ,but1 allowing that five hundred thus remove1 and that on an average they have ten slaves each 7proper estimates we believe71 we have left thirty-five thousand as the number of human beings who are every year sold to the speculators in human flesh6 ,now1 ,mr4 ,barnes's lot of his fellow-creatures averaged in value over five hundred dollars apiece2 and those were times when1 from his account1 the market was glutted1 and the prices accordingly low4 ,young and likely negroes are more easily acclimated1 and are better able to work1 than others4 ,consequently1 they are the ones most sought after by judicious traders4 ,we should consider five hundred dollars for a young1 healthy negro1 warranted sound1 as really a low price4 ,but1 if we suppose the slaves annually exported to be worth less than any of ,mr4 ,barnes's lot1--considering them as worth only #dej apiece1--we have1 as the sums of money every year invested in the trade in slaves1 the very moderate sum of fifteen millions seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars6 ,this is exclusive of the cost of all the private jails1 of transportation by sea and land1 food1 wages of drivers1 c42 which cannot but very largely increase this sum4 ,this sum1 #ae1gej1jjj1 would1 in less than three years1 double the number of miles of railroad which were in operation in all the ,southern ,states in #ahdf 7,parker's ,letter on ,slavery1 p4 #eb74 ,it would1 in only two years1 more than double in length all the railroads which were then in operation in all the ,slave ,states1 except ,maryland4 ,it costs every year five millions more to carry on the domestic slave-trade than it does to fit out and victual all the whale-ships of the ,united ,states6 7,american ,almanac1 #ahdc1 p4 #agh47 ,over one fifth of the entire value of the cotton1 sugar1 rice1 and tobacco raised in the fifteen ,slave ,states in #ahci1 and over one third of the value of articles manufactured in the ,south1 was invested in slaves6 ,nearly twice as many slaves are carried ,south and ,west every year as there are men in all the ,slave ,states engaged in the learned professions6--so terribly prominent is this trade in men and women6 ,who will venture to conceive1 much less express1 the deep degradation which must be caused by a trade of such fearful character and magnitude2--degradation not only to the immediate sufferers1 but to all those who may be subjected to it8 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,runaway ,,slaves4 ,it is contrary also to the will of ,god for servants either to run away1 or harbor a runaway--,rev4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones's ,teaching to ,slaves4 ,the treatment which runaway slaves receive cannot but greatly degrade them4 ,pious as well as worldly masters consider that their slaves have no more right to run away than their horses or mules4 ,the ,christian slaveholder orally teaches his slaves1 that1 by taking this step1 they sin in the sight of ,god2 for has not ,paul most emphatically condemned the practice8 ,so careful is he of the souls of those whom ,god has committed to his charge6 ,we frequently find advertisements similar to this1 cut from the ,american ,beacon 7,norfolk1 ,va471 ,jan4 #bd1 #ahdh3-- #ej ,,reward4--,stop ,ruffin and ,wyatt4--,these men left my house on ,saturday night1 ,january #ae1 #ahdh1 without any provocation4 ,they have uniformly maintained a good character for honesty1 industry1 and sobriety1--were obedient and trustworthy servants1 and no severity nor threats had been offered towards them2 and ,i very much fear they have left for some ,northern ,state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,these slaves were originally owned in ,surry1 and possibly may be in the vicinity of their relatives4 ,,george ,n4 ,,hatch4 ,gaysville1 ,p4,o4 ,prince ,george ,county1 ,va4 ,good ,mr4 ,bryant ,johnson is very much more indignant4 ,in the ,macon 7,georgia7 ,telegraph1 ,may #bh1 is the following3-- ,about the first of ,march last1 the negro-man1 ,ransom1 left me without the least provocation whatever4 ,i will give a reward of #bj for said negro if taken1 dead or alive2 and1 if killed in any attempt1 an advance of #e will be paid4 ,,bryant ,,johnson4 ,crawford ,county1 ,georgia4 ,in the extremity of his wrath1 he cannot think of the least provocation whatever which he has given his slave4 ,but we confess we are much more touched by friend ,hatch's advertisement4 ,simple-minded creature6 ,he evidently speaks more in sorrow and astonishment than in anger4 ,doubtless he had uniformly fed1 clothed1 and housed his servants well1 and had never been severe with or threatened them4 ,how could they desire to leave him8 ,they have run away without any provocation6 ,so unnatural1 almost impossible1 in the eyes of masters1 is any spark of manliness in a slave6 ,they cannot conceive it possible for a manly love of liberty to provoke a favored negro to run away4 ,still1 however1 even favored servants are continually escaping from their happy state2 and1 by the methods adopted to retake them1 they are most efficiently taught that they have no more rights than has a favored hound or a valued horse4 ,their manliness is crushed1 until at last they really feel themselves to be little else than items of profit or loss to their owners4 ,the old slave who1 at the point of death1 was asked whether he was not sorry to die1 and who replied1 ,oh6 no3 the loss is massa's1 had very faithfully improved the instruction imparted to his class4 ,if our horse is stolen from his stable1 or our cow strays from her pasture1 we advertise them as strayed or stolen4 ,if a slave runs away1 his master advertises him1 and offers a reward for his capture4 ,if he is found1 the lucky finder deposits him in jail for safe keeping1 to await a favorable opportunity of sending him back to his master1--of course1 like ,onesimus1 as a brother beloved4 ,the jailer gets his legal fees1 the finder gets his reward1 the master gets his slave1 and the slave most generally receives some moderate correction from the cowskin or the paddle4 ,if he will not listen to the teaching of ,god's messengers to his soul1 who are continually repeating to him 7,jones's ,rel4 ,inst4 #ahh7 a servant who knows his master's duty1 and will not do it1 must be made to do it1 how can he complain of his treatment8 ,so anxious are they at the ,south that every poor ,african should have a good1 kind master to attend to the wants of his soul1 and support him in old age1 that1 if a stray negro is taken up running at large without an apparent owner1 and for any cause he cannot legally prove his freedom1 even though he does really own himself1 he is nevertheless advertised1 and sold at auction to the highest bidder1 to pay the expenses occasioned by his own capture and detention4 ,how happy must be the people that are in such a case6 ,yea1 blessed is his condition whose body is fed and whipped1 whose soul is saved and darkened1 by his brother man6 ,the ,revised ,statutes of ,,north ,,carolina1 chap4 #aaa1 sec4 #aa1 provides that1-- ,if any negro who shall be taken up as a runaway1 and brought before any justice of the peace1 will not declare the name of his or her owner1 such justice shall in such case1 and he is hereby required1 by a warrant under his hand1 to commit the said negro-slave to the jail of the county wherein he or she shall be taken up2 and the sheriff or undersheriff of the county into whose custody the said runaway shall be committed1 shall forthwith cause notice in writing of such commitment to be set up on the ,court-house door of the said county1 and there continued during the space of two months2 in which notice a full description of the said runaway and his clothing shall be particularly set down4--,when the owner is supposed to be a resident in another ,state1 the jailer is obliged by sec4 #ae1 by the first opportunity after such commitment1 to send a description of such negro or runaway1 together with the account of the time of commitment1 and the county where such runaway is committed1 to the press1 to be advertised in the ,state ,gazette4--,sec4 #af provides1 that1 whenever any negro-slave shall be taken up in this ,state as a runaway1 and confined in any jail for the space of twelve months1 and the apprehension and confinement of said slave have been advertised in the ,state ,gazette at least six months1 and the owner does not apply to prove property in said time1 then it shall be lawful for the court of pleas and quarter sessions of the county in which said runaway is confined1 to command their sheriff to expose said negro-slave to public sale for ready money1 giving three months' notice in some public newspaper in this ,state1 at the ,court-house door1 and at two other public places in the said county1 of the time and place of sale1 and of the circumstances under which the said slave is to be sold4--,sect4 #ag gives the sheriff two and a half per centum on the amount of sale4--,sect4 #ah declares that the bill of sale of the sheriff shall vest in the purchaser an absolute right to the said slave4 ,the residue of the amount of sales1 after deducting commissions and prison charges1 is directed to be paid to the county trustee for the use of the county4 ,similar laws1 authorizing the sale into slavery of negroes taken up as runaway slaves1 who cannot from any cause prove their freedom1 are found in ,virginia1 ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,missouri1 ,arkansas1 and ,louisiana4 ,a similar law has always existed in the ,district of ,columbia1 originally enacted1 and since supported1 by ,northern freemen4 ,our law1 however1 differs from the others in offering to the marshal a high bribe to induce him to sell free negroes1 by providing that the proceeds of the persons sold may remain in his own pocket1 unless after the sale the master shall be discovered1 and shall claim the balance4 ,throughout all the ,slave ,states1 the law presumes every free negro to be a slave1 until he can legally prove his freedom4 ,consequently1 every free negro1 out of his own neighborhood1 is presumed to be1 and treated as1 a runaway slave1 until he can establish his freedom4 ,under laws of this kind1 many free negroes are taken2 and1 if from want of money or friends1 or distance from home1 or any other cause1 they cannot prove their freedom1 as no owner can come forward and claim property and pay charges1 they must necessarily be sold into slavery for life6 ,very recently1 in the columns of the ,washington ,union1 appeared the following notices3-- ,,notice4--,was committed to the jail of ,washington ,county1 ,d4,c4 on the #eth ,july1 #ahdf1 as a runaway1 a negro-man1 who calls himself ,john ,crew4 ,he is black1 about #e feet #f-a_/b inches high1 and about #dc years of age4 ,he says he is free1 and was born in ,hanover ,county1 ,virginia1 and was set free by ,mrs4 ,allen1 formerly ,mrs4 ,watson1 of said county2 and that he lived with ,jude ,muir1 in ,richmond1 ,virginia2 and that he obtained his free papers in ,richmond in #ahbc1 when a ,mr4 ,henning was clerk of the court4 ,he has had right leg broken1 which has left a large scar on it4 ,he has a scar on the right side of his neck1 which he says he has received since he left ,richmond4 ,the owner or owners of the above-described negro-man are hereby required to come forward1 prove him1 and take him away1 or he will be sold for his prison and other expenses1 as the law directs4 ,,robt4 ,,ball1 ,jailer for ,aug4 #ae4 ,a4 ,,hunter1 ,marshal4 ,,notice4--,was committed to the jail of ,washington ,county1 ,d4,c4 on the #bc;d of ,july1 #ahdg1 as a runaway1 a negro-woman1 who calls herself ,ann ,e4 ,hodges4 ,she is nearly black1 about #e feet #e-a_/d inches high1 and about #bb years of age4 ,had on1 when committed1 a slate-colored ,merino dress and a brown calico sun-bonnet4 ,she says she is free1 and served her time out with a ,mr4 ,benjamin ,daltry1 of ,southampton1 ,va42 and that ,messrs4 ,griffin ,bishop1 of the same place1 know her to be free4 ,she has two scars on the left leg1 near the knee1 from the bite of a dog1 one on her left wrist1 and one on the point of her breast-bone1 occasioned by a burn4 ,the owner or owners of the above-described negro-woman are hereby required to come forward1 prove her1 and take her away1 or she will be sold for her prison and other expenses1 as the law directs4 ,,robt4 ,,ball1 ,jailer1 for ,aug4 #bc4 ,a4 ,,hunter1 ,marshal4 ,here is another instance1 which happened several years since3-- ,,notice4--,was committed to the jail of ,washington ,county1 ,district of ,columbia1 as a runaway1 a negro-woman1 by the name of ,polly ,leiper1 and her infant child1 ,william4444 ,says she was set free by ,john ,campbell1 of ,richmond1 ,va4 in #ahah or #ahai4 ,the owner of the above-described woman and child1 if any1 are requested to come and prove them1 and take them away1 or they will be sold for their jail fees and other expenses1 as the law directs4 ,,tench ,,ringgold1 ,marshal4 ,may #bi1 #ahbg4 ,many other similar ones might be cited from papers published in the ,district4 ,the following is taken from the ,mobile 7,ala47 ,register of ,july #ba1 #ahcg3-- ,,will ,,be ,,sold ,,cheap ,,for ,,cash1 in front of the ,court-house of ,mobile ,county1 on the #bb;d day of ,july next1 one mulatto-man1 named ,henry ,hale1 who says he is free4 ,his owner or owners1 if any1 having failed to demand him1 he is to be sold according to the statute in such case made and provided1 to pay jail fees4 ,,william ,,magee1 ,shff4 ,m4,c4 ,here are two from the ,vicksburg 7,miss47 ,register4 ,the first is the notice of the committal of a negro4 ,the second is the advertisement for his sale3-- ,,sheriff',s ,,sale4--,committed to the jail of ,warren ,county1 as a runaway1 on the #bc;d inst4 a negro-man1 who calls himself ,john ,j4 ,robinson2 says that he is free2 says that he kept a baker's shop in ,columbus1 ,miss4 and that he peddled through the ,chickasaw nation to ,pontotoc1 and came to ,memphis1 where he sold his horse1 took water1 and came to this place4 ,the owner of said boy is requested to come forward1 prove property1 pay charges1 and take him away1 or he will be dealt with as the law directs4 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahce4 ,,wm4 ,,everett1 ,jailer4 ,notice is hereby given1 that the above-described boy1 who calls himself ,john ,j4 ,robinson1 having been confined in the jail of ,warren ,county as a runaway for six months1 and having been regularly advertised during this period1 ,i shall proceed to sell said negro-boy at public auction to the highest bidder for cash1 at the door of the ,court-house in ,vicksburg1 on ,monday1 #ast of ,august1 #ahcf1 in pursuance of the statute in such case made and provided4 ,vicksburg1 ,july #b1 #ahcf4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,morris1 ,sheriff4 ,slavery1 as it exists1 is not wrong1 according to ,bishops ,ives and ,freeman2 and yet1 in the diocese of the former1 in the ,fayetteville 7,n4,c47 ,observer1 ,june #bg1 #ahch1 this advertisement appears3-- ,,taken ,,and ,,committed ,,to ,,jail1 a negro-girl1 named ,nancy1 who is supposed to belong to ,spencer ,p4 ,wright1 of the ,state of ,georgia4 ,she is about #cj years of age1 and is a lunatic4 ,the owner is requested to come forward1 prove property1 pay charges1 and take her away1 or she will be sold to pay her jail fees4 ,,frederick ,,home1 ,jailer4 ,and suppose this supposition is incorrect1 and that this poor woman does not belong to ,mr4 ,wright1 but on the contrary that she is free1 how then will stand the case8 ,a poor free woman1 a lunatic1 one who accordingly cannot by any possibility prove her freedom1 being arrested as a runaway1 may be sold as a slave for life1 in virtue of the laws of the ,christian ,state of ,north ,carolina6 ,and no one is entitled to pronounce such act to be wrong1 unless he can produce a new revelation from ,heaven6 ,if a slave has performed a great service to the ,state or his master1 as a reward he is set free2 and1 if the freeman1 availing himself of his privileges1 goes out of his own neighborhood1 the law1 with the sanction of right reverend fathers in ,god1 consigns him to the auction block6 ,but the runaway slave is not always to be taken easily4 ,strenuous liberty is often preferred to slavish ease4 ,to meet such cases1 ample provision is made1 no less degrading to the slave4 ,if any one here at the ,north should advertise that he was ready to pursue1 with dogs trained for the purpose1 runaway apprentices1 or prisoners who had escaped from jail1 we should all shudder at the cold-bloodedness of the proposition4 ,have we not1 in the ,old ,bay ,state1 just solemnly enacted that not even the most hardened convicts in our ,state ,prison shall be whipped8 ,how1 then1 can we so far forget our common manhood as to pursue our brother with bloodhounds8 ,the slave1 unlike the prisoner1 has committed no crime4 ,unlike the apprentice1 he has never consented1 either by himself or his parents1 to be a slave4 ,he is held in slavery against his will1 and not as the punishment for any crime2 and yet1 if he ventures to take his freedom1 to assert the highest and holiest of all his rights1 he is liable to be hunted with dogs and maimed with shot6 ,in this so-called ,christian country1 which is spending its millions in regenerating the heathen1 whole communities exist which tolerate such a fiendish occupation as a slave-hunter6 ,communities do we say8 ,has not the nation elevated to its highest post of honor the individual who first suggested to our government the idea of importing bloodhounds from ,cuba1 with which to track the ,seminole ,indians1 and the fugitive slaves whom they protected1 and with whom they had intermarried8 ,how proudly did the star-spangled banner wave its folds over the gallant men and hounds that pursued and finally conquered the panting fugitives6 ,in the ,madison ,journal1 published at ,richmond1 ,la4 ,nov4 #bf1 #ahdg1 appears the following3-- ,,notice4--,the subscriber1 living on ,carroway ,lake1 on ,hoe's ,bayou1 in ,carroll ,parish1 sixteen miles on the road leading from ,bayou ,mason to ,lake ,providence1 is ready with a pack of dogs to hunt runaway negroes at any time4 ,these dogs are well trained1 and are known throughout the parish4 ,letters addressed to me at ,providence will secure immediate attention4 ,my terms are #e per day for hunting the trails1 whether the negro is caught or not4 ,where a twelve hours' trail is shown1 and the negro not taken1 no charge is made4 ,for taking a negro1 #be1 and no charge made for hunting4 ,,james ,w4 ,,hall4 ,in the ,sumpter ,county ,whig 7,alabama7 of ,nov4 #f1 #ahde1 the following is found3-- ,,negro ,,dogs4--,the undersigned1 having bought the entire pack of negro dogs 7of the ,hay ,allen stock71 he now proposes to catch runaway negroes4 ,his charges will be #c a day for hunting1 and #ae for catching a runaway4 ,he resides three and one half miles north of ,livingston1 near the lower ,jones' ,bluff road4 ,nov4 #f1 #ahde4 ,,william ,,gambrel4 ,william ,w4 ,brown was hunted by ,major ,benjamin ,o',fallon1 who kept for his professional purposes five or six bloodhounds 7,narrative1 p4 #bb74 ,last year1 #ahdh1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,ervin1 a native of ,fairfield ,district1 ,south ,carolina1 a slave-hunter by profession1 was murdered by some runaway slaves4 ,owners sometimes vary the monotony of a plantation life by a private hunt on their own account4 ,but1 unless they have considerable practice1 they make a bungling piece of work of it4 ,the true object1 both of dogs and men1 is the capture of the negro1 not his death4 ,gen4 ,taylor did not wish to worry the ,seminoles4 ,we might cite many notices like the following1 cut from the ,raleigh 7,n4,c47 ,register1 ,aug4 #bj1 #ahch3-- ,on ,saturday night1 ,mr4 ,george ,holmes1 of this county1 and some of his friends were in pursuit of a runaway slave 7the property of ,mr4 ,holmes71 and fell in with him in attempting to make his escape4 ,mr4 ,h4 discharged a gun at his legs1 for the purpose of disabling him2 but1 unfortunately1 the slave stumbled1 and the shot struck him near the small of the back1 of which wound he died in a short time4 ,the slave continued to run some distance after he was shot1 until overtaken by one of the party4 ,we are satisfied from all that we can learn1 that ,mr4 ,h4 had no intention of inflicting a mortal wound4 ,the hunter1 in the following instance1 was more skilful or lucky4 ,the advertisement is found in the ,richmond ,whig and ,public ,advertiser1 ,jan4 #be1 #ahdh3-- #ej ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscribers1 on ,sunday1 the #hth instant1 a negro-man1 named ,george4 ,the said slave is about #ba years of age1 black1 about #e feet #f inches high1 weighs about #aej pounds1 has good teeth1 and a round and likely face4 ,he was purchased at ,r4 ,h4 ,dickinson ,bro4's auction-room1 on the #bb;d of ,march1 last1 from ,messrs4 ,millner ,keen1 of ,pittsylvania ,court-house4 ,he was purchased by them 7,m4 ,k47 in ,rickingham1 ,n4,c42 and he will in all probability make for that place1 as he ran off last ,april1 and was taken upon his way there1 at ,amelia ,court-house4 ,the person that took him on that occasion shot him with small shot on the legs1 and the shot-marks are very perceptible on the hind part or the calves of his legs4 ,we will give #ej for the apprehension and delivery of said boy to ,r4 ,h4 ,dickinson ,bro4 in ,richmond1 ,va4 if taken up after this date2 and1 if taken up previous to this date1 we will pay #be for his delivery here1 and the expense of bringing him to this place from where he may be taken up4 ,,kelly1 ,,hundley1 ,,co4 ,richmond1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahdg4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jones would probably instruct ,george1 that he was shot because he disobeyed ,god's commands in running away1 and especially because he robbed ,god of his own in breaking the ,sabbath6 ,but how judicious was the man who took him up on that occasion6 ,he only shot him with small shot in the legs6 ,in the ,macon 7,ga47 ,telegraph1 ,nov4 #bg1 #ahch1 we find the following account of a runaway's den1 and of the good luck of a ,mr4 ,adams1 in running down one of them with his excellent dogs3-- ,a runaway's den was discovered on ,sunday1 near the ,washington ,spring1 in a little patch of woods1 where it had been for several months so artfully concealed under ground1 that it was detected only by accident1 though in sight of two or three houses1 and near the road and fields where there has been constant daily passing4 ,the entrance was concealed by a pile of pine straw1 representing a hog-bed1 which being removed1 discovered a trap-door and steps that led to a room about six feet square1 comfortably ceiled with plank1 containing a small fireplace1 the flue of which was ingeniously conducted above ground and concealed by the straw4 ,the inmates took the alarm1 and made their escape2 but ,mr4 ,adams and his excellent dogs being put upon the trail1 soon run down and secured one of them1 which proved to be a negro-fellow who had been out about a year4 ,he stated that the other occupant was a woman1 who had been a runaway a still longer time4 ,in the den was found a quantity of meal1 bacon1 corn1 potatoes1 c4 and various cooking utensils and wearing apparel4 ,the ,lord of the sabbath seems to favor the masters2 for ,mr4 ,adams's hunt occurred on ,sunday6 ,many other instances might be given4 ,we adduce only this4 ,the ,st4 ,francisville 7,la47 ,chronicle of ,feb4 #a1 #ahci1 gives the following account of a negro-hunt in that parish3-- ,two or three days since1 a gentleman of this parish1 in hunting runaway negroes1 came upon a camp of them in the swamp on ,cat ,island4 ,he succeeded in arresting two of them2 but the third made fight1 and1 upon being shot in the shoulder1 fled to a sluice1 where the dogs succeeded in drowning him before assistance could arrive4 ,does any one say these atrocities must be confined to the extreme ,south1 and that law or public opinion in ,north ,carolina would forbid them8 ,how far otherwise is the fact6 ,the ,revised ,statutes of ,north ,carolina1 chap4 #aaa1 sec4 #bb1 provide as follows3-- ,whereas1 many times slaves run away and lie out1 hid and lurking in swamps1 woods1 and other obscure places1 killing cattle and hogs1 and committing other injuries to the inhabitants of this ,state2 in all such cases1 upon intelligence of any slave or slaves lying out as aforesaid1 any two justices of the peace for the county wherein such slave or slaves is or are supposed to lurk or do mischief1 shall1 and they are hereby empowered and required to issue proclamation against such slave or slaves 7reciting his or their names1 and the name or names of the owner or owners1 if known71 thereby requiring him or them1 and every of them1 forthwith to surrender him or themselves2 and also to empower and require the sheriff of the said county to take such power with him as he shall think fit and necessary for going in search and pursuit of1 and effectually apprehending1 such outlying slave or slaves2 which proclamation shall be published at the door of the ,court-house1 and at such other places as said justices shall direct4,t ,and if any slave or slaves against whom proclamation hath been thus issued stay out1 and do not immediately return home1 it shall be lawful for any person or persons whatsoever to kill and destroy such slave or slaves by such ways and means as he shall think fit1 without accusation or impeachment of any crime for the same4 ,this is truly a ,christian law6 ,a written proclamation to men1 of whom not one in ten thousand can read a letter of it6--and yet1 after publication of it at the door of the ,court-house1 and at such other places 7if any7 as the justices may direct1 if the slaves do not immediatelyy return1 it is lawful for any person to kill and destroy them by such ways or means as he shall think fit4 ,and may not bloodhounds be the most expeditious and fit8 ,is this law a dead letter8 ,only fifteen days before ,bishop ,freeman's sermon was delivered1 and ,bishop ,ives enjoyed most unfeigned pleasure at the thought that slavery existed as it did in ,north ,carolina1 the following proclamation and advertisement appeared in the ,newbern 7,n4,c47 ,spectator3-- ,,state ,,of ,,north ,,carolina1 ,,lenoir ,,county4--,whereas complaint hath been this day made to us1 two of the justices of the peace for the said county1 by ,william ,d4 ,cobb1 of ,jones county1 that two negro-slaves belonging to him1 named ,ben 7commonly known by the name of ,ben ,fox7 and ,rigdon1 have absented themselves from their said master's service1 and are lurking about in the counties of ,lenoir and ,jones1 committing acts of felony2 these are1 in the name of the ,state1 to command the said slaves forthwith to surrender themselves1 and turn home to their said master4 ,and we do hereby also require the sheriff of said county of ,lenoir to make diligent search and pursuit after the above-mentioned slaves4444 ,and we do hereby1 by virtue of an ,act of ,assembly of this ,state concerning servants and slaves1 intimate and declare1 if the said slaves do not surrender themselves and return home to their master immediately after the publication of these presents1 that any person may kill or destroy said slaves by such means as he or they think fit1 without accusation or impeachment of any crime or offence for so doing1 or without incurring any penalty or forfeiture thereby4 ,given under our hands and seals1 this #abth of ,november1 #ahch4 ,b4 ,,coleman1 ,j4,p4 ,seal4 ,,jas4 ,,jones1 ,j4,p4 ,seal4 #bjj ,,reward4--,ran away from the subscriber1 about three years ago1 a certain negro-man1 named ,ben1 commonly known by the name of ,ben ,fox1 also one other negro1 by the name of ,rigdon1 who ran away on the #hth of this month4 ,i will give the reward of #ajj for each of the above negroes1 to be delivered to me1 or confined in the jail of ,lenoir or ,jones ,county1 or for the killing of them1 so that ,i can see them4 ,nov4 #ab1 #ahch4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,cobb4 ,in what has preceded1 we have endeavored to give a faint but true picture of slaveholding as it most generally exists4 ,though we have purposely left unmentioned many wrongs1 we have abundantly supported our conclusion4 ,if1 as we have seen1 every slave1 as a man1 has a natural1 ,god-given right to be left free to seek after wisdom1 to strive to become pure in heart1 to cherish his affections1 it is a great wrong deliberately and carefully to close against him all the avenues to knowledge1 to refuse him even the rudiments imparted to the child that clings to our knees1 to refuse him all moral and religious instruction1 or give him such only as is calculated to make him contented with his lot1 and more profitable to his oppressors4 ,it is a great wrong--who can conceive a greater8--to deny to a whole race the sacredness of marriage1 the blessings of home1 the joys of brother and sister1 of father and mother1 and all the refining1 ennobling influences of these relations4 ,it is a great wrong1 none can conceive a greater1 than to trade in the bodies of men1 to higgle in the market-place about the price of our brother1 to traffic in our sister's flesh and bones as merchandise4 ,slaveholding1 as it most generally exists1 darkens the mind1 deadens the soul1 and brutalizes the affections1 of its victims4 ,it is carefully planned and deliberately executed murder of the soul4 ,no human heart exists1 unwarped by self-interest1 that does not respond to the poor slave's call for help4 ,we need no new revelation from ,heaven1 we need no book to tell us1 that it would be wrong for any one to darken our minds1 to deaden our souls1 to brutalize our affections4 ,no more do we need1 a new revelation from ,heaven to convince us1 that all men are brethren2 that the slave who toils on the ,louisiana plantation is no less our neighbor than the friend whom we have known and loved from boyhood2 and that we should love the slaves as ourselves1 not with that barren love which consists in saving their souls by imparting to them a still more barren creed1 but that love which never wearies1 and which sacrifices its own for another's good4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,slaveholding ,,always ,,wrong4 ,no seeming of logic can ever convince the ,american people1 that thousands of our slaveholding brethren are not excellent1 humane1 and even ,christian men1 fearing ,god1 and keeping his commandments4--,rev4 ,dr4 ,joel ,parker4 ,it remains for us to consider the special cases in which slaveholding is thought by many to be right4 ,all slaveholders are not actors in the cruel system which we have just described4 ,there are in the ,southern ,states1 we are ready to believe1 thousands who disregard the laws1 who treat their slaves as humanely as is possible1 who cultivate to a considerable extent their mental and moral faculties1 and who would unite with us in condemning the barbarities we have been considering4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,richard ,fuller1 of ,beaufort1 ,s4,c4 thus describes the condition of his slaves 7,domestic ,slavery considered as a ,scriptural ,institution1 c4 p4 #bbb2 #ahde73 ,in a familiar correspondence like this1 ,i may be pardoned for saying1 that1 during twelve years1 ,i have devoted the salary given me1 whenever at my disposal1 to the spiritual instruction of the slaves1 and am now doing so4 ,with reference to my own servants1 their condition is as good as ,i can make it4 ,they are placed under a contract1 which no instrument in writing could make more sacred4 ,by this contract1 they1 on their part1 perform not one half the work done by free laborers2 and ,i1 on my part1 am bound to employ a missionary to teach and catechize them and their children2 to provide them a home and clothes and provisions and fuel1 and land to plant for themselves2 to pay all medical bills2 to guaranty to them all the profits of their skill and labor in their own time2 to protect them as a guardian1 and to administer to the wants of their children1 and of those that are sick and infirm and aged4 ,such is their state2 nor have ,i any idea that they would consent to be removed4 ,this picture may be deepened as we please4 ,dr4 ,fuller1 and every slaveholder who is like him1 may clothe1 feed1 and house his slaves as he does himself2 he may watch over their mental and moral condition with as much real solicitude as he does that of a child2 he may love them almost with a father's love2 and yet1 notwithstanding all alleviations1 it is wrong for him to hold slaves4 ,slaveholding is always wrong4 ,it should be constantly borne in mind1 that no man can be obliged either to become or continue a slaveholder4 ,no man can make me a slaveholder or a landholder without or against my consent4 ,indeed1 no gift to me of slaves or land is perfect1 until ,i have accepted it4 ,no man need accept an inheritance of slaves1 or be a slaveholder any longer than he pleases to be4 ,where the law of his ,state permits1 he may emancipate his slaves4 ,if manumission is actually or virtually forbidden1 he may take his slaves into a ,free ,state2 and1 by such act alone1 they become freemen4 ,with full power1 therefore1 at any moment to dissolve the relation1 ,dr4 ,fuller voluntarily continues to hold slaves4 ,all slaveholding is unnecessary1 and none is involuntary on the part of the owner4 ,it should also be borne in mind1 that a slave1 under all circumstances1 whether he be caressed or scourged1 loved or hated1 overworked or underworked1 instructed or debased1 is the property of his master1 and1 as such1 is subject to all the legal incidents of property4 ,dr4 ,fuller's slaves are as much ,dr4 ,fuller's property as his horse1 his watch1 the coat on his back1 or the books on the shelves of his library2 and1 as property1 their happy1 elevated condition necessarily depends upon the accidents of ,dr4 ,fuller's life1 health1 and wealth4 ,when these fail1 their condition will unquestionably be either very materially affected for the worse1 or altogether changed4 ,and1 first1 if his wealth should fail from unforeseen calamities2 so that from affluence1 it may be1 he should be reduced to real want1 and be unable to pay the just claims of his creditors2 the latter may satisfy their claims by a sale of his slaves4 ,nothing but payment of the debts could prevent such a catastrophe4 ,equally with his horses and theological library1,u his slaves would legally constitute a fund out of which his creditors might satisfy their claims4 ,husband and wife1 parent and child1 the prattling infant and the old man of seventy winters1 might legally be placed upon the auction-block1 and sold to the highest bidder1 singly or in lots to suit1 as might seem most calculated to advance the interest of the creditors4 ,dr4 ,fuller's prayers and tears would avail nothing4 ,his kind and humane treatment1 continued through so many years1 would then increase the market-value of his slaves2 and that is all4 ,nothing that he could do would be able to save them from the auction-block4 ,and what1 under such circumstances1 would become of their mental1 moral1 or even their physical condition8 ,there would not be one chance in a thousand that all their new masters would be like ,dr4 ,fuller1 or that they would escape the lot of most other slaves1--a state of hopeless degradation6 ,does any one say1 that1 though the law would favor such a sale by creditors1 public opinion would not tolerate it8 ,we will not stop to consider how far the law may be regarded as an index of public opinion4 ,we simply ask1 ,if ,christian churches may sell slaves at auction1 what may not private individuals do consistently with public opinion8 ,we have already given the advertisement for sale by ,thomas ,n4 ,gadsden1 a brother1 we believe1 of ,bishop ,gadsden1 of ,south ,carolina 7,slavery as it is1 p4 #agd71 of a prime gang of negroes belonging to the ,independent ,church in ,christ ,church ,parish2 and we will adduce only one other similar instance4 ,few1 if any1 theological bodies at the ,south seem to have devoted more time1 attention1 and money to elevating the moral character of the slaves than the ,synod of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia2 and yet the ,board of ,directors of its ,theological ,seminary do not scruple to invest the funds of the institution in slaves1 or to sell them by auction in order to obtain repayment of a loan4 ,the ,savannah 7,ga47 ,republican of ,march #c1 #ahde1 contains an advertisement1 of which the following is an extract3-- ,,will ,,be ,,sold1 on the first ,tuesday in ,march1 in front of the ,court-house1 in the city of ,darien1 ,georgia1 between the legal hours of sale1 the following negro-slaves1 i4e4 ,charles1 ,peggy1 ,antonett1 ,davy1 ,september1 ,maria1 ,jenny1 and ,isaac1 levied on as the property of ,henry ,t4 ,hall1 to satisfy a mortgage1 fi4 fa41 issued out of the ,m',intosh ,superior ,court in favor of the ,board of ,directors of the ,theological ,seminary of the ,synod of ,south ,carolina and ,georgia1 against said ,henry ,t4 ,hall4--,conditions cash4 ,c4 ,o',,neal1 ,deputy-sheriff1 ,m4,c4 ,suppose ,dr4 ,fuller should become insane1 or otherwise unfit to manage his own affairs4 ,such cases often occur4 ,then the control of the slaves would pass with his other property into other hands4 ,what would insure their continued mental and moral well-being8 ,the law would not1--public opinion would not6 ,every thing would depend on the character of the legal guardian or trustee2 and even this could afford no adequate protection4 ,the law permits an owner to do many things which it would not suffer a guardian or a trustee to do4 ,the legal guardian of ,dr4 ,fuller's estate would hardly be allowed to suffer his slaves to perform not one half the work done by free laborers4 ,the guardian's rule of conduct would be the law1 and the common mode of treatment in the community4 ,if he overstepped this line1 and any pecuniary loss should be the consequence1 the loss would fall on him personally4 ,how many guardians or trustees would be willing to run any risk of a criminal prosecution or a fine or imprisonment1 in order to insure the happy condition of anther's man property8 ,not one in ten thousand6 ,and yet1 unless his guardian was willing to do this1--unless he was willing to brave the law1 and act contrary to the general customs of society1 ,dr4 ,fuller's slaves would very soon lapse into the same degraded condition in which the slaves about them commonly live4 ,nothing would be more likely than to find ,dr4 ,fuller's guardian advertising in the following manner3-- ,,negroes ,,to ,,hire4--,on ,wednesday1 the #bfth inst4 ,i will hire to the highest bidder the negroes belonging to ,charles and ,robert ,innes4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,williams1 ,guardian4 ,,negro ,,hirings4--,will be offered for hire1 at ,capt4 ,long's ,hotel1 a number of slaves1 men1 women1 boys1 and girls1 belonging to the orphans of ,george ,ash1 deceased4 ,,richard ,w4 ,,barton1 ,guardian4 ,the law forbids teaching slaves to read and write4 ,dr4 ,fuller may disregard the law1 and give his slaves careful instruction1 supplying them with plenty of books1 and allowing them time to read in4 ,the law denies marriage to the slaves1 and pays no heed to their family ties4 ,dr4 ,fuller may consecrate with the utmost care the marriage of his slaves1 and sacredly protect their family relations4 ,the law declares slaves to be1 under all circumstances1 saleable articles4 ,dr4 ,fuller may think that he treats them as men1 and shudder at the thought of selling them4 ,thus may he do in his lifetime2 but it is appointed unto all men to die2 and what1 in the event of his death1 will become of his slaves8 ,he may possibly leave a will1 bequeathing them1 upon the condition that his kind and humane treatment shall be continued1 that they shall be taught to read and write1 that their marriages and family relations shall be sacredly respected1 and that they shall never be subject to be sold2 that is1 on the condition that his legatees shall break the law1 as he has done4 ,the only result will be1 that the law will declare all such conditions to be utterly void2 and the legatees will own the slaves1 entirely freed from all such conditions4 ,the legatees will be under no other restraints than those imposed by the law1 public opinion1 and their own conscience4 ,the latter restraint only may possibly avail the slaves2 and their happy condition may be continued1 if all the legatees are1 like ,dr4 ,fuller1 law-defying1 humane1 kind-hearted1 and above want6 ,but how unlikely is it that such will be the case6 ,how much more unlikely is it that such a state of things will continue6 ,and yet1 unless such a state of things exists1 and continues to exist1 ,dr4 ,fuller's slaves must inevitably become as degraded as the great mass of their fellows4 ,if he should die intestate1 then his slaves1 as part of his estate1 would have to be duly administered on and distributed among the heirs-at-law4 ,the administrator1 a mere trustee1 could not1 as we have seen1 safely continue ,dr4 ,fuller's plan of management2 nor can it be supposed that any administrator would follow it4 ,if it became necessary or expedient in order to pay debts1 husbands would be separated from wives1 parents from children1 and brothers from sisters4 ,the widow 7if any7 would be entitled to a life-estate in one-third of the slaves1 which one-third would be assigned to her in severalty1 even though this might involve a separation of families2 for the common law of the ,slave ,states makes the same profession as the common law of ,england1 that it favors three things1--life1 liberty1 and dower6 ,the remaining slaves1 and the reversion of those assigned to the widow1 would belong to the heirs1 and would have to be equally divided between them1 not divided by families1 or even per capita1 but so that each heir should have an equally valuable slave-investment1 or an equal share in the property of the deceased4 ,if the heirs should be numerous1 or the slaves few1 so that an equal division of them could not be thus made1 they would have to be sold1 and their proceeds equally divided4 ,such sales must be common4 ,the following is taken from the ,georgia ,journal3-- ,,to ,,be ,,sold1--,one negro-girl1 about #ah months old1 belonging to the estate of ,william ,chambers1 deceased4 ,sold for the purpose of distribution4 ,,jethro ,,dean1 ,executors4 ,,samuel ,,beall1 ,how often are heirs needy6 ,how very seldom are they actuated by the same spirit or governed by the same views as their ancestor6 ,some of them might be under age1 and legally incapable of acting for themselves2 and yet here1 as in the other case1 unless the widow and heirs-at-law should be all of full age1 ready to break the law of the ,state1 and humane1 kind-hearted1 and above want1 like ,dr4 ,fuller1 his slaves could not escape the common degradation of their fellows4 ,how extremely improbable is it that such would be the situation of the widow and all the heirs6 ,how much more improbable is it that such a state of things would continue6 ,how much more likely is it that we should find some of the heirs disliking an investment in slaves1 or wishing to be disembarrassed of their care1 or desirous to reduce their stock of negroes1 and accordingly selling their portion of ,dr4 ,fuller's slaves at auction6 ,in the ,charleston 7,s4,c47 ,mercury of ,sept4 #a1 #ahdg1 we find the following3-- ,,for ,,sale1--,a young and healthy negro-woman1 about #bd years of age1 with her two children1 a boy between #e and #f years1 and an infant1 #f months old4 ,sold for no fault but to change the property4 ,apply at this office4 ,this is from the ,new ,orleans ,commercial ,bulletin of ,august #bg1 #ahdg3-- ,,desirable ,,virginia ,,house-,,servant4--,by ,beard1 ,calhoun1 ,co4 ,saturday1 #bhth inst4 at #ab o'clock1 will be sold at auction1 at ,banks's ,arcade1 the ,griffe servant1 ,lucy1 #ai years2 a trusty house-girl1 of fine character1 washer1 ironer1 and ,american cook1 and sews remarkably well4 ,sold for no fault1 as her owner is leaving the city4 ,fully guarantied against the vices and maladies prescribed by law4--,terms cash4 ,act of sale before ,j4 ,r4 ,beard1 notary public1 at the expense of purchaser4 ,the ,national ,intelligencer of ,august #a1 #ahdh1 contains the following3-- ,,valuable ,,servant ,,at ,,private ,,sale4--,we have for sale a valuable servant-girl1 aged about #ag years4 ,she is an excellent house-servant4 ,sold for no fault2 the owner about removing to the country4 ,,ed4 ,c4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,dyer1 ,auctioneers and ,commission ,merchants4 ,the same paper of ,january #bj1 #ahdd1 contains the following3-- ,,for ,,sale1--,two likely mulatto women2 one middle-aged1 an excellent cook1 washer1 and ironer1 and a good seamstress2 the other young1 and a good seamstress and house-servant2 and both capable of doing any work required in a family4 ,they are sold on account of the owner not having sufficient employment4--,apply to ,mr4 ,henry ,trunnel1 ,georgetown4 ,in the same paper1 ,nov4 #b1 #ahdd1 we find this3-- ,a ,,negro-,,boy ,,for ,,sale ,,or ,,hire4--,a boy1 #af years old1 well-grown and active1 is for sale1 but not to a trader4 ,he has been employed in attending to horses1 driving a carriage1 working in a garden1 c4 and will be sold only because the owner has too many servants4 ,he may be had on trial4--,apply at ,j4 ,b4 ,holmead's ,auction ,rooms4 ,the boy is not to be sold to a trader2 but there can be no security that the purchaser will not thus sell him4 ,the ,spirit of ,liberty contains a notice1 from ,scott's ,intelligence ,office1 of the sale of three negro girls1 aged #aj1 #ai1 and #af years respectively1 and a boy #ad years old4 ,the notice states1 ,all the above servants are sold for no faults1 and are just from the country1 consigned to me for sale by their owners1 who recommend them very highly2 they wish to reduce their stock of negroes is the cause of their being in the market for sale4 ,perhaps some one or more of ,dr4 ,fuller's heirs may be indebted4 ,what1 in such case1 will prevent a creditor from levying on an undivided share of ,dr4 ,fuller's happy slaves8 ,perhaps the debtor may wish to convey his property to trustees for the benefit of his creditors4 ,we take the following advertisement from the ,national ,anti-,slavery ,standard1 ,april #ae1 #ahdg3-- ,,trustee',s ,,sale4--,plantation and negroes in ,washington ,county1 ,mississippi2 and ,yazoo city town lot and buildings4 ,on ,monday1 the first of ,february1 #ahdg1 ,i will proceed to sell1 by virtue of a certain deed of trust1 executed #ajth ,may1 #ahde1 by ,thomas ,j4 ,reed1 to me1 as trustee1 and duly recorded in the proper county1 and at the special instance and request of the creditors named in said deed1 at public sale1 to the highest bidder1 for cash1 on the premises1 the following described lands1 situated1 lying1 and being in the county of ,washington1 and ,state of ,mississippi1 and described as follows1 to wit3-- ,section ,no4 #c1 c4 c4 ,also one undivided half of the following named negroes1 slaves for life1 held jointly with the heirs of ,baine1 viz4 ,sophia1 aged #de2 ,nancy1 #ce2 ,queen1 #dj2 ,jane1 #ai2 ,rachel1 #aa2 ,priscella2 ,jenny1 #fj2 ,maria1 #cj2 ,lydia1 #cj2 ,amanda1 #bb2 ,edna1 #cj2 ,vina1 #cf2 ,betsy1 #ce2 ,ellen1 #i2 ,peyton1 #h2 ,bob1 #d2 ,louis1 #ae2 ,chub1 #h2 ,horace1 #f2 ,louisa1 #a2 ,jim1 jr4 #d2 ,mary1 #d-a_/b2 ,harriet1 #f2 ,dick1 #i2 ,george1 #e2 ,billy1 #ej2 ,john ,brown1 #cf2 ,alexander1 #dj2 ,louis ,johnson1 #fb2 ,hatton1 #ce2 ,jim1 sen4 #db2 ,frank1 #ej2 ,john1 jr4 or ,little ,john1 #af2 ,john ,mitchell1 #dg2 ,louis ,davis1 #dj2 ,warren1 #dj2 ,ben1 #cf2 ,oliver1 #dj2 ,louis1 jr4 or ,charles ,louis1 #e2 ,lawson1 #ce2 ,sam1 #ai2 ,harvey1 #ba2 ,fleming1 #f2 ,amy1 #d2 ,bonaparte1 #c2 ,catherine 7,queen's child71 #b4 ,and further1 all the right1 title1 and interest of said ,reed in and to the following named slaves1 to wit1 ,henny and her three children1 ,dick1 ,jane1 and ,peter2 together with all the stock of horses1 cattle1 mules1 hogs1 and farming implements appertaining to said tracts of land1 which is believed to be an entire estate in fee4 ,the above sale will be for cash1 and ,i will convey to the purchaser only such title as is vested in me by said deed of trust4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,mott4 ,no postponement on account of the weather4 ,other cases might doubtless be put2 but these are sufficient to enable us to test the question of right and wrong4 ,and no labored argument is necessary4 ,dr4 ,fuller admits 7what we have already proved7 that slaveholding is most generally wrong1 because it is accompanied by the mental and moral degradation of the slaves4 ,but1 by voluntarily retaining the ownership of his slaves1 he renders just such a degradation almost inevitable even for them4 ,without the slightest necessity for so doing1 and solely because he wishes so to do1 he renders almost certain the hopeless degradation of his fellow-man4 ,such conduct cannot be right1 even though 7as doubtless in his case7 pursued from right motives4 ,no one has the right unnecessarily to impede our spiritual or mental culture1 even in the slightest degree1--much less unnecessarily to expose us1 almost certainly1 to hopeless degradation4 ,no more have we the right1 by holding our fellows in slavery1 to render almost inevitable the death of their souls4 ,slaveholding1 then1 is always wrong1 because it either deliberately murders the souls of its victims1 or else renders such spiritual death almost inevitable4 ,nor is slaveholding ever made right by the fact that the slaves will not consent to be emancipated2 for no man can rightfully consent to his own degradation4 ,what man would consent to become even the favored slave of ,dr4 ,fuller8 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,and ,,its ,,interpretation4 ,the ,constitution is not what it ought to be1 not what we wish it to be2 not what is consistent with sound morals1 but simply what its words meant in #aghi1--nothing more1 nothing less4 ,the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was drawn up by a ,convention1 of which ,washington was president4 ,the people1 assembled in their ,state ,conventions1 adopted the draft1 because it aptly expressed the kind of union they wished to have1 because it fully and exactly expressed their meaning4 ,in order1 therefore1 to ascertain the character of our political union with the ,slave ,states1 we have only to ascertain the true meaning of the words of the ,constitution1 or their plain1 obvious1 and common meaning1 at the time the ,constitution was adopted4 ,every writer who wishes to be understood uses his words in their usual signification4 ,every one supposes that we mean just what our words commonly mean now4 ,when we read ,chaucer1 or ,shakspeare1 or ,dr4 ,johnson1 we understand him to mean just what his words commonly meant at the time he wrote1 unless such meaning is repelled or qualified by the context1 in which case we adopt this new or qualified meaning4 ,in like manner1 the people of the ,united ,states are to be understood to mean1 by the words of the ,constitution1 just what those words commonly meant when the ,constitution was adopted1 unless such meaning is repelled or qualified by the context2 in which case1 a regard for truth obliges us to adopt this new or qualified meaning4 ,this simple1 true1 and universally practised rule is thus laid down by ,judge ,story 7,comm4 on ,const4 ,abr4 ,sec4 #baj73-- ,every word employed in the ,constitution is to be expounded in its plain1 obvious1 and common sense1 unless the context furnishes some ground to control1 qualify1 or enlarge it4 ,constitutions are not designed for metaphysical or logical subtleties1 for niceties of expression1 for critical propriety1 for elaborate shades of meaning1 or for the exercise of philosophical acuteness or juridical research4 ,they are instruments of a practical nature1 founded on the common business of human life1 adapted to common wants1 designed for common use1 and fitted for common understandings4 ,the people make them2 the people adopt them2 the people must be supposed to read them1 with the help of common sense2 and cannot be presumed to admit in them any recondite meaning1 or any extraordinary gloss4--,sec4 #bab3 ,where technical words are used1 the technical meaning is to be applied to them1 unless it is repelled by the context4 ,but the same word often possesses a technical and a common sense4 ,in such a case1 the latter is to be preferred1 unless some attendant circumstance points clearly to the former4 ,the ,constitution was also framed and adopted with reference to the actual political1 social1 and local condition of the people4 ,it grew out of their wants and wishes4 ,the steps which finally led to its adoption grew out of one of the many defects in the articles of confederation4 ,consequently1 to arrive at the true meaning of the ,constitution1 we must bear in mind the political1 social1 and local condition of the people at the time of its adoption1 and1 among many other similar facts1 the very general existence of domestic slavery4,v ,keeping in view these1 the very simplest rules of interpretation1 we will show what the ,constitution is according to the common meaning of its terms2 what its framers intended to make it2 what1 in point of fact1 it has been considered to be in the practice of the government2 and1 finally1 what it has been adjudged to mean by that body which it has itself pointed out as the final arbiter of its meaning4 ,and1 if all these unite in giving the ,constitution but one character1 we1 as reasonable men1 seeking the truth1 cannot deny that such is its true character4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,common ,,meaning ,,of ,,its ,,terms4 ,the people made it1 the people adopted it1 the people must be supposed to read it with the help of common sense1 and cannot be presumed to admit in it any hidden or extraordinary meaning4 ,at the time of the adoption of the ,constitution1 slavery existed in all the ,states except ,massachusetts4 ,how far1 if at all1 does this instrument support or countenance the institution8 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b3 ,representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several ,states which may be included within this union1 according to their respective numbers1 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons1 including those bound to service for a term of years1 and excluding ,indians not taxed1 three-fifths of all other persons4 ,by this section1 persons are divided into those who are free and those who are slaves2 for to the whole number of free persons are to be added three-fifths of all other persons1 that is1 persons not free1 or slaves4 ,if we adopt the plain1 obvious1 and common meaning of the words as their true meaning1 this conclusion is incontrovertible4 ,it is sometimes urged1 that by free person is meant citizen4 ,but the expression cannot be taken in any such technical sense4 ,under the expression free persons are included those bound to service for a term of years1 and therefore from it are excluded those bound to service for life1 or slaves4 ,this article1 therefore1 recognizes slavery as explicitly as if the word slave itself had been used1 and gives to the free persons in a ,slave ,state1 solely because they are slaveholders1 a larger representation1 and consequently greater political power1 than the same number of free persons in a ,free ,state4 ,a ,,bounty ,,on ,,slaveholding6 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #i3 ,the migration or importation of such persons as any of the ,states now existing shall think proper to admit1 shall not be prohibited by the ,congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight2 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation1 not exceeding ten dollars for each person4 ,it is clear that this section recognizes a difference between the meaning of migration and importation1 since1 if both words mean the same thing1 no reason whatever can be assigned why a tax is not permitted in both cases4 ,this difference1 whatever it is1 must afford a good reason why persons imported may be taxed1 and persons migrating not4 ,the true meaning of the section seems obvious4 ,a person who migrates does so of his own accord3 he cannot be said to be migrated by any other person4 ,he is wholly a free agent4 ,a person who is imported does not import himself1 but is imported by some other person4 ,he is passive4 ,the importer is the free agent2 the person imported is not a free agent4 ,thus the slave-laws of ,virginia of #agdh,w and #agec,x begin--,all persons who have been or shall be imported1 c4 c4 shall be accounted and be slaves4 ,whenever we hear an importation spoken of1 we instantly infer an importer1 an owner1 and property imported4 ,this distinction between the meaning of the two words is1 then1 real4 ,it affords a good reason for the restriction on the right to tax4 ,therefore1 we say1 it is the true distinction4 ,on our construction1 ,congress had power to lay a tax on persons imported as property or slaves1 but had no right to tax free persons migrating4 ,by this clause1 therefore1 ,congress was prevented1 during twenty years1 from prohibiting the foreign slave-trade with any ,state that pleased to allow it4 ,but1 by ,art4 #a1 sec4 #h1 ,congress had the general power to regulate commerce with foreign nations4 ,consequently1 the slave-trade was excepted from the operation of the general power1 with a view to place the slave-trade1 during twenty years1 solely under the control of the ,slave ,states4 ,it could not be wholly stopped1 so long as one ,state wished to continue it4 ,it is a clear compromise in favor of slavery4 ,true1 the compromise was a temporary one2 but it will be noticed1 that ,congress1 even after #ahjh1 was not obliged to prohibit the trade2 and1 in point of fact1 until #ahai the laws of ,congress authorized the ,states to sell into slavery1 for their own benefit1 negroes imported contrary to the laws of the ,united ,states6 7,act ,congr4 #ahjg1 c4 #gg1 ,sec4 #d1 #f2 #ahah1 c4 #hf1 ,sec4 #e and #g2 #aj ,wheat4 ,rep4 #cba1 #cbb47 ,so unmixed should be our satisfaction at the oft-repeated boast1 that ours was the first nation to prohibit the ,african slave-trade6 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b3 ,no person held to service or labor in one ,state1 under the laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall1 in consequence of any law or regulation therein1 be discharged from such service or labor2 but shall be delivered up1 on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due4 ,the time of holding not being limited1 the expression here used must include not only persons held to service or labor for a term of years1 but also those held to service or labor for life4 ,consequently1 it includes those who are free persons within the meaning of ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b1 and slaves or persons held to service or labor for life4 ,that the expression person held to service or labor was a correct definition of the condition of a slave1 at the time the ,constitution was adopted1 is evident4 ,the sixth article of the ,north-western ordinance reads thus3 ,there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory1 otherwise than in the punishment of crimes1 whereof the party shall have been duly convicted2 provided always1 that1 any person escaping into the same1 from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original ,states1 such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed1 and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid4 ,in other words1 the expression a person from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed so correctly described the condition of a slave1 that ,congress deemed it necessary to except such persons from the operation of an article relating only to slaves4 ,in less than three months after the passage of this ordinance1 this clause in the ,constitution was drafted4 ,it needs no argument to show1 that the expression in the ,constitution means the same as that in the ordinance4 ,a person from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original ,states means the same as a person held to service or labor in one ,state under the laws thereof4 ,if the former correctly described the condition of a slave1 the latter did also4 ,we can1 however1 see that the expression does properly describe the legal condition of a slave4 ,a slave1 though an article of property1 has always and in every ,state been recognized as a person1 by being held criminally responsible for his acts4 ,thus the preamble to the ,act of ,south ,carolina 7,may #aj1 #agdj2 #a ,grimke's ,laws1 #afe71 which provides for the trial of slaves1 recites that natural justice forbids that any person1 of what condition soever1 should be condemned unheard2 and the ,act of ,georgia of #aggj 7,prince's ,dig4 #ggg7 provides for the trial of slaves and other persons4 ,the ,act of ,virginia 7#agdh1 sec4 #ae2 #e ,hen4 ,stat4 #edg7 and ,north ,carolina 7#agda1 sec4 #bi2 ,iredell1 ,stat4 #fb-ff7 call runaway slaves persons in so many words4 ,similar laws might be cited1 if deemed necessary4 ,a slave is also held to labor and service for life by law4 ,labor and service are the lot of every slave4 ,to slave means to toil4 ,it is sometimes denied1 but nevertheless it is true1 that the law recognizes that labor and service are legally due from the slave to his master4 ,thus the ,act of ,north ,carolina 7#agda1 sec4 #bg71 before quoted1 makes it a criminal offence to tempt or persuade a slave to leave his master's service4 ,service is recognized as being legally due from a slave in ,virginia 7,act #afia1 #c ,hen4 ,stat4 #hf1 #hg74 ,the ,provincial ,assembly of ,south ,carolina 7,act #agdj1 sec4 #dd7 provided that1-- ,if any owner of slaves1 or other person who shall have the care1 management1 or overseeing of any slaves1 shall work1 or put any such slave or slaves to labor1 more than fifteen hours in twenty-four hours1 from the twenty-fifth day of ,march to the twenty-fifth day of ,september1 or more than fourteen hours in twenty-four hours1 from the twenty-fifth day of ,september to the twenty-fifth day of ,march1 every such person shall forfeit any sum not exceeding twenty pounds1 nor under five pounds1 current money for every time he1 she1 or they shall offend herein1 at the discretion of the justice before whom the complaint shall be made4 ,the ,provincial ,assembly of ,georgia 7,act #aggj1 ,may #aj1 sec4 #da7 provided that1-- ,if any person shall1 on the ,lord's day1 commonly called ,sunday1 employ any slave in any work or labor 7works of absolute necessity and the necessary occasions of the family only excepted71 every person so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of ten shillings for every slave he1 she1 or they shall so cause to work or labor4 ,a similar law was passed in ,south ,carolina 7,act #agdj1 sec4 #bb74 ,these and similar laws1 by limiting the hours of daily work and labor1 or by providing that work and labor shall not be demanded of a slave on ,sunday1 recognize that on other days1 and within certain hours1 a master may legally demand them4 ,that which may be legally demanded is legally due4 ,therefore1 work and labor1 or service1 are legally due from the slave to his master4 ,to this labor and service the slave is held by the law4 ,if he refuses to work1 his master may coerce him4 ,if he runs away1 his master may pursue and retake him legally4 ,he is held for life1 or until emancipated according to law4 ,consequently1 the expression in the ,constitution correctly describes the condition of a slave4 ,indeed1 it more correctly describes this condition than chattel personal would1 because it is the almost universal practice to treat a slave in many important particulars1 such as dower1 c4 like real property2 and1 in some ,states1 slaves are declared by statute to be real estate4 ,by this section1 therefore1 it is provided that no person held as a slave in one ,state under the laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall1 in consequence of any law or regulation therein1 be discharged from his slavery1 but shall be delivered up on claim of his owner4 ,the laws of one ,state1 whether they support slavery or any other institution1 have no power in another ,state4 ,consequently1 if a slave escapes into a ,free ,state1 he becomes free4 ,this is the general rule of law4 ,in virtue of it1 thousands of slaves are now free on the soil of ,canada4 ,in virtue of it1 a fugitive slave from ,south ,carolina would be free in this ,state1 were it not for this section in the ,constitution4 ,but this section declares that he shall not thereby become free1 but shall be delivered up4 ,again1 the ,constitution makes an exception from a general rule of law in favor of slavery4 ,it gives to slaveholders1 and slave-laws1 a power which the general rule of law does not give4 ,it enables a ,south ,carolina slaveholder to drag from the soil of ,massachusetts a person whom the general rule of law pronounces free1 solely because ,south ,carolina laws declare the contrary4 ,it makes the whole ,union a vast hunting-ground for slaves6 ,there is not a single spot from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 from the ,st4 ,john's to the ,rio del ,norte1 or wheresoe'er may be the fleeting boundary of this republic1 on which a fugitive slave may rest1 and his owner may not1 in virtue of this clause1 claim and retake him as his slave6 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #h3 ,congress shall have power 444 to provide for calling forth the militia 444 to suppress insurrections4 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #d3 ,the ,united ,states shall guarantee to every ,state in this ,union a republican form of government1 and shall protect each of them against invasion2 and1 on application of the legislature or of the executive 7when the legislature cannot be convened71 against domestic violence4 ,all insurrections and all cases of domestic violence are here provided for4 ,to constitute an insurrection within the meaning of the ,constitution1 there must be a rising against those laws which are recognized as such by the ,constitution2 and1 to make out a case of domestic violence1 the violence must be exerted against that right or power which is recognized by the ,constitution as lawful4 ,but1 by ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b1 the ,constitution admits that some persons are legally slaves2 else the clause itself must be entirely inoperative4 ,consequently1 if these persons rise in rebellion1 or commit acts of violence contrary to the laws which hold them in slavery1 their rising constitutes an insurrection2 such acts are acts of violence within the meaning of the ,constitution1 and consequently must be suppressed by the national power4 ,and what insurrections were more likely to happen and more to be dreaded than slave-insurrections1 and therefore more likely to have been provided for8 ,slave-owners are not the only slaveholders4 ,all persons who voluntarily assist or pledge themselves to assist in holding persons in slavery are slaveholders4 ,in sober truth1 then1 we are a nation of slaveholders6 for we have bound our whole national strength to the slave-owners1 to aid them1 if necessary1 in holding their slaves in subjection6 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,as ,,its ,,framers ,,intended ,,to ,,make ,,it4 ,yes6--it cannot be denied--the slaveholding lords of the ,south prescribed1 as a condition of their assent to the ,constitution1 three special provisions to secure the perpetuity of their dominion over their slaves4--,john ,quincy ,adams4 ,the question1 ,what kind of a ,constitution did its framers intend to make8 is purely an historical one2 and it must be obvious to all1 that any thing like a complete statement of the evidence on this point cannot be given within the limits of this pamphlet4 ,on the #agth of ,september1 #aghg1 the ,philadelphia ,convention adopted the plan of the present ,constitution4 ,the draft thus made was submitted to the people1 assembled in ,state ,conventions1 for their assent and ratification4 ,president ,madison has preserved a record of the debates in the ,philadelphia ,convention2 and we have also published accounts of the debates in several of the ,state ,conventions4 ,we draw our evidence mainly from these sources4 ,,apportionment ,,of ,,representatives4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b47 ,on the #ahth of ,april1 #aghc1 the ,continental ,congress passed a resolve1 recommending the ,states to amend the ,articles of ,confederation in such manner that the national expenses should be defrayed out of a common treasury1 which shall be supplied by the several ,states1 in proportion to the whole number of white or other free inhabitants1 of every age1 sex1 and condition1 including those bound to servitude for a term of years1 and three-fifths of all other persons not comprehended in the foregoing description1 except ,indians1 not paying taxes1 in each ,state4 ,this amendment was adopted by eleven out of the thirteen ,states4 ,a single glance is sufficient to satisfy any one1 that1 under the expression in this resolve1 all other persons1 slaves were intended2 and an equally cursory glance suffices to show1 that ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b1 of the ,constitution is derived1 almost copied1 from this resolve4 ,did not the framers of the ,constitution1 in adopting the same expression 7,art4 #a1 sec4 #b71 mean the same thing as the ,continental ,congress8 ,in the ,massachusetts ,convention1 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b1 of the ,constitution having been read1 ,rufus ,king1 one of its framers1 rose to explain it3-- ,this paragraph states1 that the number of free persons shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons1 including those bound to service for a term of years1 and excluding ,indians not taxed1 three-fifths of all other persons4 ,these persons are the slaves4 ,by this rule is representation and taxation to be apportioned1 and it was adopted because it was the language of all ,america4444 ,five negro-children of ,south ,carolina are to pay as much tax as the three governors of ,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 and ,connecticut4 ,in the ,new ,york ,convention1 ,alexander ,hamilton1 another of the framers1 remarked3-- ,the first thing objected to is that clause which allows a representation for three-fifths of the negroes4444 ,the regulation complained of was one result of the spirit of accommodation which governed the ,convention2 and1 without this indulgence1 no union could possibly have been formed4 ,in the ,pennsylvania ,convention1 ,james ,wilson1 another of the framers1 said1 referring to the resolve of the ,continental ,congress passed in #aghc3-- ,it was not carried into effect1 but it was adopted by no fewer than eleven out of thirteen ,states2 and it cannot but be matter of surprise to hear gentlemen1 who agreed to this very mode of expression at that time1 come forward1 and state it as an objection on the present occasion4 ,it was natural1 sir1 for the late ,convention to adopt the mode after it had been agreed to by eleven ,states1 and to use the expression which they found had been received as unexceptionable before4 ,in a speech before the legislature of ,maryland1 ,luther ,martin1 also a delegate to the ,philadelphia ,convention1 offers the following clear and unmistakable testimony3-- ,with respect to that part of the second section of the first article1 it was urged that no principle could justify taking slaves into computation in apportioning the number of representatives a ,state should have in the government2--that it involved the absurdity of increasing the power of a ,state in making laws for freemen1 in proportion as that ,state violated the rights of freedom2--that it might be proper to take slaves into consideration1 when taxes were to be apportioned1 because it had a tendency to discourage slavery2 but to take them into account in giving representation tended to encourage the slave-trade1 and to make it the interest of the ,states to continue that infamous traffic4 ,in the ,north ,carolina ,convention1 ,wm4 ,r4 ,davie1 a member of the ,convention who framed the ,constitution1 said3-- ,the ,eastern ,states had great jealousies on this subject4 ,they insisted that their cows and horses were equally entitled to representation2 that the one was property as well as the other4 ,it became our duty1 on the other hand1 to acquire as much weight as possible in the legislation of the ,union2 and1 as the ,northern ,states were more populous in whites1 this only could be done by insisting that a certain proportion of our slaves should make a part of the computed population4 ,in the ,south ,carolina ,convention1 ,general ,chas4 ,c4 ,pinckney1 another of the framers of the ,constitution1 said3-- ,we were at a loss for some time for a rule to ascertain the proportionate wealth of the ,states4 ,at last we thought that the productive labor of the inhabitants was the best rule for ascertaining their wealth4 ,in conformity to this rule1 joined to a spirit of concession1 we determined that representatives should be apportioned among the several ,states1 by adding to the whole number of free persons1 three-fifths of the slaves4 ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,african ,,slave-,,trade4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #i47 ,in the ,massachusetts ,convention1 ,mr4 ,dawes1 speaking in relation to ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b1 said that-- ,gentlemen would do well to connect the passage in dispute with another article in the ,constitution1 that permits ,congress1 in the year #ahjh1 wholly to prohibit the importation of slaves1 and in the meantime to impose a duty of ten dollars a head on such blacks as should be imported before that period4 ,many persons spoke in the ,convention on this section2 and1 among others1 ,judge ,dana rejoiced that a door was opened by it for the annihilation of the slave-trade4 ,in the ,pennsylvania ,convention1 ,mr4 ,wilson said3-- ,under the present confederation1 the ,states may admit the importation of slaves as long as they please2 but by this article1 after the year #ahjh1 the ,congress will have power to prohibit such importation1 notwithstanding the disposition of any ,state to the contrary4444 ,it is with much satisfaction ,i view this power in the general government1 whereby they may lay an interdiction on this reproachful trade4 ,but an immediate advantage is also obtained2 for a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation1 not exceeding ten dollars for each person2 and this1 sir1 operates as a partial prohibition4 ,it was all that could be obtained3 ,i am sorry it was no more4 ,in ,maryland1 ,luther ,martin1 in the speech before referred to1 says1 speaking of this section3-- ,the design of this clause is to prevent the general government from prohibiting the importation of slaves2 but the same reasons which caused them to strike out the word 'national1' and not admit the word 'stamps1' influenced them here to guard against the word 'slaves4' ,they anxiously sought to avoid the admission of expressions which might be odious in the ears of ,americans1 although they were willing to admit into their system those things which the expressions signified4 ,mr4 ,martin thus gives the well-known history of the compromise involved in this clause3-- ,this clause was the subject of a great diversity of sentiment in the ,convention4 ,as the system was reported by the committee of detail1 the provision was general1 that such importation should not be prohibited1 without confining it to any particular period4 ,this was rejected by eight ,states2 ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 and1 ,i think1 ,north ,carolina1 voting for it4 ,we were then told by the delegates of the two first of those ,states1 that their ,states would never agree to a system which put it in the power of the general government to prevent the importation of slaves2 and that they1 as delegates from those ,states1 must withhold their assent from such a system4 ,a committee of one member from each ,state was chosen by ballot to take this part of the system under their consideration1 and to endeavor to agree upon some report which should reconcile those ,states4 ,to this committee also was referred the following proposition1 which had been reported by the committee of detail1 to wit3 ',no ,navigation ,act shall be passed without the assent of two-thirds of the members present in each house2'--a proposition which the staple and commercial ,states were solicitous to retain1 lest their commerce should be placed too much under the power of the ,eastern ,states2 but which these last ,states were as anxious to reject4 ,this committee1 of which also ,i had the honor to be a member1 met1 and took under their consideration the subjects committed to them4 ,i found the ,eastern ,states1 notwithstanding their aversion to slavery1 were very willing to indulge the ,southern ,states1 at least with a temporary liberty to prosecute the slave-trade1 provided the ,southern ,states would in their turn gratify them1 by laying no restriction on ,navigation ,acts2 and1 after a very little time1 the committee1 by a great majority1 agreed on a report1 by which the general government was to be prohibited from preventing the importation of slaves for a limited time1 and the restricted clause relative to ,navigation ,acts was to be omitted4 ,this report was adopted by a majority of the ,convention1 but not without considerable opposition4 ,in the ,virginia ,convention1 ,mr4 ,madison said3-- ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i should conceive this clause to be impolitic1 if it were one of those things which could be excluded without encountering greater evils4 ,the ,southern ,states would not have entered into the ,union of ,america1 without the temporary permission of that trade4 ,and if they were excluded from the ,union1 the consequences might be dreadful to them and to us4 ,we are not in a worse situation than before4 ,that traffic is prohibited by our laws1 and we may continue the prohibition4 ,the ,union in general is not in a worse situation4 ,under the articles of confederation1 it might be continued for ever2 but1 by this clause1 an end may be put to it after twenty years4 ,there is1 therefore1 an amelioration of our circumstances4 ,a tax may be laid in the meantime4 ,in the ,north ,carolina ,convention1 ,mr4 ,spaight1 one of the framers of the ,constitution1 said-- ,that there was a contest between the ,northern and ,southern ,states2 that the ,southern ,states1 whose principal support depended on the labor of slaves1 would not consent to the desire of the ,northern ,states1 to exclude the importation of slaves absolutely2 that ,south ,carolina and ,georgia insisted on this clause1 as they were now in want of hands to cultivate their lands2 that in the course of twenty years they would be fully supplied2 that the trade would be abolished then1 and that in the meantime some tax or duty might be laid on4 ,in the ,south ,carolina ,convention1 ,hon4 ,rawlins ,lowndes said3-- ,in the first place1 what cause was there for jealousy of our importing negroes8 ,why confine us to twenty years1 or rather why limit us at all8 ,for his part1 he thought this trade could be justified on the principles of religion1 humanity1 and justice2 for certainly to translate a set of human beings from a bad country to a better was fulfilling every part of these principles4 ,but they don't like our slaves1 because they have none themselves4 ,gen4 ,charles ,c4 ,pinckney said3-- ,by this settlement we have secured an unlimited importation of negroes for twenty years2 nor is it declared that the importation shall be then stopped3 it may be continued2 we have a security that the general government can never emancipate them4 ,,restoration ,,of ,,fugitive ,,slaves4 7,const4 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b47 ,in the ,philadelphia ,convention1 ,aug4 #bh1 #aghg1 ,art4 #ad was taken up for consideration4 ,this article read1 ,the citizens of each ,state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several ,states4 ,gen4 ,pinckney was not satisfied with it4 ,he seemed to wish some provision should be included in favor of property in slaves4 ,art4 #ae was as follows3-- ,any person charged with treason1 felony1 or high misdemeanor1 in any ,state1 who shall flee from justice1 and shall be found in any other ,state1 shall1 on demand of the executive power of the ,state from which he fled1 be delivered up and removed to the ,state having jurisdiction of the offence4 ,this article being then taken up1 the words high misdemeanor were struck out1 and the words other crime inserted1 in order to comprehend all proper cases2 it being doubtful whether high misdemeanor had not a technical meaning too limited4 ,mr4 ,butler and ,mr4 ,pinckney moved to require fugitive slaves and servants to be delivered up like criminals4 ,mr4 ,wilson3 ,this would oblige the executive of the ,state to do it at the public expense4 ,mr4 ,sherman saw no more propriety in the public seizing and surrendering a slave or servant than a horse4 ,mr4 ,butler withdrew his proposition1 in order that some particular provision might be made1 apart from this article4 ,article #ae1 as amended1 was then agreed to1 nem4 con4--,mad4 ,papers1 pp4 #addg-h4 ,the next day1 ,aug4 #bi1 ,mr4 ,butler1 to accomplish his purpose1 moved to insert1 after ,art4 #ae1-- ,if any person1 bound to service or labor in any of the ,united ,states1 shall escape into another ,state1 he or she shall not be discharged from such service or labor1 in consequence of any regulations subsisting in the ,state to which they escape1 but shall be delivered up to the person justly claiming their service or labor4 ,which was agreed to1 nem4 con4 ,after the phraseology had been somewhat altered1 on ,saturday1 ,sept4 #ae1 #aghg1 in this clause 7then ,const4 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b7 the term legally was struck out1 and the words under the laws thereof inserted after the word ,state1 in compliance with the wish of some one who thought the term legal equivocal1 and favoring the idea that slavery was legal in a moral view4 ,in the ,virginia ,convention1 ,mr4 ,madison said3-- ,another clause secures us that property which we now possess4 ,at present1 if any slave elopes to any of those ,states where slaves are free1 he becomes emancipated1 by their laws2 for the laws of the ,states are uncharitable 767 to one another in this respect4 ,but in this ,constitution1 ',no person held to service or labor in one ,state1 under the laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall1 in consequence of any law or regulation therein1 be discharged from such service or labor1 but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due4' ,this clause was expressly inserted to enable owners of slaves to reclaim them4 ,this is a better security than any that now exists4 ,no power is given to the general government to interpose with respect to the property in slaves now held by the ,states4 ,in the ,north ,carolina ,convention1 ,mr4 ,iredell begged leave to explain the reason of this clause3-- ,in some of the ,northern ,states1 they have emancipated all their slaves4 ,if any of our slaves1 said he1 go there and remain there a certain time1 they would1 by the present laws1 be entitled to their freedom1 so that their masters could not get them again4 ,this would be extremely prejudicial to the inhabitants of the ,southern ,states2 and1 to prevent it1 this clause is inserted in the ,constitution4 ,though the word slave be not mentioned1 this is the meaning of it4 ,the ,northern delegates1 owing to their particular scruples on the subject of slavery1 did not choose the word slave to be mentioned4 ,gen4 ,pinckney1 says ,mr4 ,madison1 was not satisfied with ,art4 #ad1 and seemed to wish some provision should be included in favor of property in slaves4 ,he thus1 in the ,south ,carolina ,convention1 expresses his satisfaction at this article of the ,constitution3-- ,we have obtained a right to recover our slaves1 in whatever part of ,america they may take refuge1 which is a right we had not before4 ,in short1 considering all circumstances1 we have made the best terms for the security of this species of property it was in our power to make4 ,we would have made better if we could2 but1 on the whole1 ,i do not think them bad4767 ,,suppression ,,of ,,slave ,,insurrections4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #h2 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #d47 ,luther ,martin1 in the speech before alluded to1 used the following language3-- ,it was further urged1 that1 by this system of government1 every ,state is to be protected both from foreign invasion and from domestic insurrections3 from this consideration1 it was of the utmost importance it should have a power to restrain the importation of slaves1 since1 in proportion as the number of slaves are increased in any ,state1 in the same proportion the ,state is weakened and exposed to foreign invasion or domestic insurrection1 and by so much less will it be able to protect itself against either1 and therefore will by so much the more want aid from1 and be a burden to1 the ,union4 ,in the ,virginia ,convention1 ,mr4 ,george ,nicholas said3-- ,another worthy member says there is no power in the ,states to quell an insurrection of slaves4 ,have they it now8 ,if they have1 does the ,constitution take it away8 ,if it does1 it must be in one of the three clauses which have been mentioned by the worthy member4 ,the first clause gives the general government power to call them out when necessary4 ,does this take it away from the ,states8 ,no2 but it gives an additional security2 for1 besides the power in the ,state governments to use their own militia1 it will be the duty of the general government to aid them with the strength of the ,union1 when called for4 ,no part of this ,constitution can show that this power is taken away4 ,mr4 ,madison1 respecting these clauses1 says3-- ,on application of the legislature or executive1 as the case may be1 the militia of the other ,states are to be called to suppress domestic insurrections4 ,does this bar the ,states from calling forth their own militia8 ,no2 but it gives them a supplementary security to suppress insurrections and domestic violence4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,practice ,,of ,,the ,,government4 ,uniform practice under a law is one of the highest proofs of the meaning of that law4 ,,apportionment ,,of ,,representatives4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b47 ,the ,constitution 7,art4 #a1 sec4 #b1 par4 #c7 provides that the enumeration of the people of the ,united ,states 7upon which the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes was to be made7 shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 and within every subsequent term of ten years1 in such manner as they shall by law direct4 ,on the #ast of ,march1 #agij1 ,george ,washington1 who had been president of the ,convention which framed the ,constitution1 approved an ,act providing for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the ,united ,states4 ,the first ,congress ever assembled1 and the first ,president ever elected1 under the ,constitution1 under the sanction of their respective oaths to support the ,constitution1 by this ,act expressed their deliberate judgment as to the true meaning of the people of the ,united ,states in adopting this section of the ,constitution4 ,what1 in their judgment1 was such meaning8 ,these extracts from the ,act will suffice 7,act #agij1 chap4 #bi73-- ,sec4 #a3 ,be it enacted1 c4 ,that the marshals of the several districts of the ,united ,states shall be1 and they are hereby1 authorized and required to cause the number of the inhabitants within their respective districts to be taken1 omitting1 in such enumeration1 ,indians not taxed1 and distinguishing free persons1 including those bound to service for a term of years1 from all others2 distinguishing also the sexes and colors of free persons1 and the free males of sixteen years and upwards from those under that age3 for effecting which purpose1 the marshals shall have power to appoint as many assistants within their respective districts as to them shall appear necessary1 assigning to each assistant a certain division of his district1 c4 ,these assistants were obliged to transmit to the marshals1 returns in manner following3-- ,the number of persons within my division1 consisting of ----1 appears in a schedule hereunto annexed1 subscribed by me1 this ----day of ---- #agi 4 ,a4 ,b4 ,assistant to the ,marshal of ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,names of ,free white,free white ,free white,all other,slaves4 heads of males of males under females1 free families4 sixteen sixteen including persons4 years and years4 heads of upwards1 families4 including heads of families4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,that is1 the enumeration directed to be made1 and upon the basis of which the constitutional apportionment of representatives and direct taxes was to be made1 distinguished only between free persons and slaves4 ,congress and the ,president1 under the sanction of their oaths1 united in the expression of their deliberate judgment1 that the people of the ,united ,states1 by the expression 7,art4 #a1 sec4 #b7 three-fifths of all other persons1 intended three-fifths of the slaves1 because1 in passing this ,act1 they declare that all other persons not free within the meaning of this section are slaves4 ,the second ,congress1 at its first session1 passed ,an ,act for apportioning representatives among the several ,states1 according to the first enumeration 7,stat4 #agib1 c4 #bc74 ,the language of the statute is as follows3-- ,sec4 #a3 ,be it enacted1 c4 ,that from and after the third day of ,march1 one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three1 the ,house of ,representatives shall be composed of members elected agreeably to a ratio of one member for every thirty-three thousand persons in each ,state1 computed according to the rule prescribed by the ,constitution1 that is to say1 within the ,state of ,new ,hampshire1 four1 c4 c4 ,that is1 the second ,congress1 upon an enumeration distinguishing only freemen from slaves1 undertake to apportion representatives among the ,states according to the rule laid down in the ,constitution1 viz4 by adding to the whole number of free persons three-fifths of the slaves4 ,this interpretation1 by the first and second ,congress1 has never been varied from4 ,in every census which has since been taken1 the only distinction sanctioned has been between freemen and slaves2 and1 on every occasion of apportioning representatives1 according the representative or federal number1 such number has been invariably determined by adding to the whole number of free persons1 three-fifths of the slaves4 ,if this1 the pro-slavery1 interpretation of this section of the ,constitution is not right1 then1 since ,march #c1 #agic1 there has not been a single ,house of ,representatives constitutionally elected1 or a single statute or resolve constitutionally passed6 ,who is ready to make this admission8 ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,african ,,slave-,,trade4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #i47 ,on the #acth of ,may #aghi1 in ,congress1-- ,mr4 ,parker 7of ,va47 moved to insert a clause in the bill1 imposing a duty on the importation of slaves of ten dollars each person4 ,he was sorry that the ,constitution prevented ,congress from prohibiting the importation altogether2 he thought it a defect in that instrument that it allowed of such actions2 it was contrary to the revolution principles1 and ought not to be permitted2 but1 as he could not do all the good he desired1 he was willing to do what lay in his power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,sherman 7of ,ct47 approved of the object of the motion2 but he did not think this bill was proper to embrace the subject4 ,he could not reconcile himself to the insertion of human beings1 as an article of duty1 among goods1 wares1 and merchandise4 ,he hoped it would be withdrawn for the present1 and taken up hereafter as an independent subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,schureman 7of ,n4 ,j47 hoped the gentleman would withdraw his motion1 because the present was not the time or place for introducing the business2 he thought it had better be brought forward in the ,house1 as a distinct proposition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,madison 7of ,va473 ,i cannot concur with gentlemen who think the present an improper time or place to enter into a discussion of the proposed motion4 ,if it is taken up in a separate view1 we shall do the same thing1 at a greater expense of time4444 ,i conceive the ,constitution1 in this particular1 was formed in order that the government1 whilst it was restrained from laying a total prohibition1 might be able to give some testimony of the sense of ,america with respect to the ,african trade4 ,we have liberty to impose a tax or duty upon the importation of such persons as any of the ,states now existing shall think proper to admit2 and this liberty was granted1 ,i presume1 upon two considerations3 the first was1 that1 until the time arrived when they might abolish the importation of slaves1 they might have an opportunity of evidencing their sentiments on the policy and humanity of such a trade2 the other was1 that they might be taxed in due proportion with other articles imported2 for1 if the possessor will consider them as property1 of course they are of value1 and ought to be paid for4 ,after a very considerable discussion1 in which this section of the ,constitution was referred to by various members1 and the constitutionality of ,mr4 ,parker's motion admitted1 with the advice of ,mr4 ,madison his colleague1 ,mr4 ,parker consented to withdraw his motion4 ,in #agid1 ,an ,act to prohibit the carrying on the slave-trade from the ,united ,states to any foreign place or country was passed 7,stat4 #agid1 c4 #aa74 ,in #ahjj1 an ,act in addition to the last was passed 7,stat4 #ahjj1 c4 #ea74 ,that both these laws were framed with reference to this section of the ,constitution is apparent1 because the latter ,act expressly refers to it4 ,sec4 #f reads thus1 ,that nothing in this ,act contained shall be construed to authorize the bringing into either of the ,united ,states any person or persons1 the importation of whom is1 by the existing laws of such ,state1 prohibited4 ,in #ahjc 7,stat4 #ahjc1 c4 #fc7 was passed ,an ,act to prevent the importation of certain persons into certain ,states1 where1 by the laws thereof1 their admission is prohibited4 ,sec4 #a3 ,be it enacted1 c4 ,that1 from and after the first day of ,april next1 no master or captain of any ship or vessel1 or any other person1 shall import or bring1 or cause to be imported or brought1 any negro1 mulatto1 or other person of color1 not being a native1 a citizen1 or registered seaman of the ,united ,states1 or seamen1 natives of countries beyond the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 into any port or place of the ,united ,states1 which port or place shall be situated in any ,state which by law has prohibited1 or shall prohibit1 the admission or importation of such negro1 mulatto1 or other person of color1 c4 c4 ,this ,act also is most manifestly framed upon this section of the ,constitution4 ,it renders illegal the importation of any negro1 mulatto1 or person of color1 into ,states prohibiting such importation1 unless such negro1 c4 is a native1 citizen1 or registered seaman of the ,united ,states1 or native of countries beyond the ,cape of ,good ,hope2 that is1 it renders illegal the importation of ,african negroes into any ,state whose laws prohibit such importation4 ,and1 as no ,african negro has yet been imported as a free laborer1 this ,act was directed against the ,african slave-trade4 ,and1 not to multiply proof1 the importation of persons is not to be prohibited by ,congress prior to #ahjh4 ,on the #b;d day of ,march1 #ahjg1 ,president ,jefferson approved 7,stat4 #ahjg1 c4 #gg7 ,an ,act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the ,united ,states1 from and after the first day of ,january1 in the year of our ,lord one thousand eight hundred and eight4 ,that is1 at the very earliest day allowed by ,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #i1 for the passage by ,congress of an ,act prohibiting the importation of persons1 a law is passed totally prohibiting the importation of slaves4 ,,restoration ,,of ,,fugitive ,,slaves4 7,const4 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b47 ,on the #abth day of ,february1 #agic 7,stat4 #agic1 chap4 #g71 there was approved ,an ,act respecting fugitives from justice1 and persons escaping from the service of their masters4 ,this is the law which1 for over half a century1 has prescribed the modes in which a runaway slave may be retaken4 ,it is what is now called the infamous law of '#ic4 ,thousands of runaway slaves have owed their return to their happy condition to the beneficent operation of this law1 obviously framed1 as it is1 with an eye to this constitutional provision4 ,sec4 #c provides that1-- ,when a person held to labor in any of the ,united ,states1 or in either of the territories on the north-west or south of the river ,ohio1 under the laws thereof1 shall escape into any other of the said ,states or territory1 the person to whom such labor or service may be due1 his agent or attorney1 is hereby empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labor1 and to take him or her before any judge of the circuit or district courts of the ,united ,states1 residing or being within the ,state1 or before any magistrate of a county1 city1 or town corporate1 wherein such seizure or arrest shall be made2 and1 upon proof to the satisfaction of such judge or magistrate1 either by oral testimony or affidavit1 taken before and certified by a magistrate of any such ,state or territory1 that the person so seized or arrested doth1 under the laws of the ,state or territory from which he or she fled1 owe service or labor to the person claiming him or her1 it shall be the duty of such judge or magistrate to give a certificate thereof to such claimant1 his agent or attorney1 which shall be sufficient warrant for removing the said fugitive from labor to the ,state or territory from which he or she fled4 ,,suppression ,,of ,,slave ,,insurrections4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #h2 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #d47 ,an ,act to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the ,union1 suppress insurrections1 and repel invasions1 was approved ,may #b1 #agib 7,act ,const4 #agib1 chap4 #bh74 ,section first provides that1 ,in case of an insurrection in any ,state against the government thereof1 it shall be lawful for the ,president of the ,united ,states1 on application of the legislature of such ,state1 or of the executive 7when the legislature cannot be convened71 to call forth such number of the militia of any other ,state or ,states as may be applied for1 or as he may judge sufficient to suppress such insurrection4 ,precisely the same language is made use of in ,stat4 #agie1 c4 #aja4 ,by ,act approved ,march #c1 #ahjg 7,stat4 #ahjg1 c4 #id71 the ,president is authorized in all cases of insurrection1 when it is lawful for him to call forth the militia for the purpose of suppressing the same1 to employ for the same purpose such part of the land or naval force of the ,united ,states as shall be judged necessary4 ,that these laws have been held to include an insurrection of slaves is indisputable4 ,on receipt of the intelligence of ,nat4 ,turner's insurrection in ,southampton1 ,va41 ,col4 ,house1 then commanding at ,fortress ,monroe1 set out with three companies of ,united ,states troops1 for the purpose of suppressing the revolt4 ,he was reinforced by a detachment from the ,united ,states ships ,warren and ,natchez1 amounting in all to about three hundred men4 ,with our troops and our officers we have actually aided the slaveholder in holding his fellow-man in slavery6 ,we have actually done what our fathers engaged in the ,constitution that we should do1 namely1 aid with the national strength in keeping the slaves in subjection6 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,exposition ,,of ,,its ,,final ,,interpreter4 ,the judicial department of the ,united ,states is1 in the last resort1 the final expositor of the ,constitution as to all questions of a judicial nature4 ,were there no power to interpret1 pronounce1 and execute the law1 the government would either perish through its own imbecility1 as was the case with the articles of confederation1 or other powers must be assumed by the legislative body1 to the destruction of liberty4--,chancellor ,kent4 ,the people of the ,united ,states1 in adopting the ,constitution1 made one standard1 one fundamental law1 and only one4 ,they gave to the government of the ,united ,states certain powers4 ,they restricted it as to others4 ,they placed certain prohibitions on the ,states4 ,the ,constitution was to be the one fundamental law of the land1 to which all1 as well ,states as people1 should submit4 ,art4 #f1 sec4 #b1 provides that the ,constitution and the laws of the ,united ,states which shall be made in pursuance thereof1 and all treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under the authority of the ,united ,states1 shall be the supreme law of the land2 and the judges in every ,state shall be bound thereby1 any thing in the ,constitution or laws of any ,state to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,who now is to tell us what this one standard is1 to which all must submit1 and which is thus to override all ,state ,constitutions and all ,state laws8 ,is it the province of each individual to do it8 ,then we may have at this moment seventeen million different interpretations1 and hence as many different ,constitutions1 each of which1 however1 is the supreme law of the land6 ,are the executive or judicial departments of the ,states the proper expounders8 ,then1 at this moment1 we may have only thirty different interpretations1 twenty-nine of which must be wrong1 because the supreme law can be but one4 ,in order1 therefore1 that the end of the ,constitution may be accomplished1 that it may really be the supreme law of the land1 it must have provided a way in which its only true meaning may be ascertained and definitively settled4 ,unless it has provided a final interpreter of its meaning1 it is the merest folly to style it the supreme law of the land1 or to call on us to obey its requirement4 ,is the ,constitution thus deficient8 ,does it demand uniformity1 and at the same time deny the use of those means which are absolutely necessary to produce such uniformity8 ,does it present a variable1 ever-changing standard of duty1 and yet demand complete uniformity in practice8 ,there are three departments in the ,government1 namely1 the ,executive1 the ,legislative1 and the ,judicial4 ,the first two of these are each1 to some extent1 supreme in its own sphere2 and its acts are incapable of revision elsewhere4 ,thus1 in measures exclusively of a political1 legislative1 or executive character1 it is plain1 that1 as the supreme authority as to these questions belongs to the legislative and executive departments1 they cannot be re-examined elsewhere4 ,thus1 ,congress having the power to declare war1 to levy taxes1 to appropriate money1 to regulate intercourse and commerce with foreign nations1 their mode of executing these powers can never become the subject of re-examination in any other tribunal4 ,so1 the power to make treaties being confided to the ,president and ,senate1 when a treaty is properly ratified1 it becomes the law of the land1 and no other tribunal can gainsay its stipulations4 ,yet cases may readily be imagined1 in which a tax may be laid1 or a treaty made1 upon motions and grounds wholly beside the intention of the ,constitution4 ,the remedy1 however1 in such cases is solely by an appeal to the people at the elections1 or by the salutary power of amendment provided by the ,constitution itself4 ,but1 where the question is of a different nature1 and capable of judicial inquiry and decision1 there it admits of a very different consideration4 ,the decision then made1 whether in favor or against the constitutionality of the ,act1 by the ,state or by national authority1 by the legislature or by the executive1 being capable in its own nature of being brought to the test of the ,constitution1 is subject to judicial revision4 ,it is in such cases1 as we conceive1 that there is a final and common arbiter provided by the ,constitution itself1 to whose decisions all others are subordinate2 and that arbiter is the supreme judicial authority of the courts of the ,union 7,story1 ,comm4 ,const4 sec4 #cgd1 #cge72 for the ,constitution declares1 ,art4 #c1 sec4 #b1 that the judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this ,constitution1 the laws of the ,united ,states1 and treaties made1 or which shall be made1 under their authority1 c4 ,and ,art4 #c1 sec4 #a3 ,the judicial power of the ,united ,states shall be vested in one supreme court1 and in such inferior courts as the ,congress may from time to time ordain and establish4 ,these constitutional provisions are clear4 ,the ,constitution and laws and treaties of the ,united ,states are declared to be the supreme law of the land4 ,to expound what the law is1 is a judicial act4 ,the judicial power extends to all cases arising under the ,constitution1 laws1 and treaties of the ,united ,states4 ,it therefore extends to the exposition of the ,constitution1 laws1 and treaties1 when the case before the court properly calls for such exposition4 ,this judicial power1 and consequently this power of exposition1 it is declared1 shall be vested in one supreme court1 c4 ,most obviously1 the exposition given by this one supreme court cannot be overruled by any other constitutional power2 else the court is not supreme1 else the ,constitution is nullified4 ,the decision of the supreme court is the decision of the only constitutionally authorized expounder of the meaning of the ,constitution2 and such exposition1 to be supreme1 must be final4 ,what1 then1 has this final interpreter declared the meaning of these clauses of the ,constitution to be8 ,,apportionment ,,of ,,representatives4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #b47 ,on the #eth of ,june1 #agid 7,stat4 #agid1 c4 #de71 was approved an ,act of ,congress1 laying duties upon carriages for the conveyance of persons4 ,the duty was uniform throughout the ,states4 ,one ,hylton1 in ,virginia1 refused to pay the duty2 alleging that the ,act was unconstitutional1 because the tax was a direct tax within the meaning of the ,constitution1 and therefore should have been apportioned among the ,states according to their federal numbers4 ,he was sued by the ,united ,states1 and finally the case came before the supreme court of the ,united ,states for decision4 ,the following extracts are taken from the opinion of ,justice ,paterson 7,hylton versus the ,united ,states1 #c ,dallas's ,reports1 p4 #agg2 #agif73-- ,i never entertained a doubt that the principal1 ,i will not say the only1 objects that the framers of the ,constitution contemplated1 as falling within the rule of apportionment1 were a capitation-tax and a tax on land4 ,local considerations1 and the particular circumstances and relative situation of the ,states1 naturally lead to this view of the subject4 ,the provision was made in favor of the ,southern ,states4 ,they possessed a large number of slaves2 they had extensive tracts of territory1 thinly settled1 and not very productive4 ,a majority of the ,states had but few slaves2 and several of them1 a limited territory1 well-settled1 and in a high state of cultivation4 ,the ,southern ,states1 if no provision had been introduced in the ,constitution1 would have been wholly at the mercy of the other ,states4 ,congress1 in such case1 might tax slaves at discretion or arbitrarily1 and land in every part of the ,union4 ,after the same rate or measure1 so much a head in the first instance1 and so much an acre in the second4 ,to guard them against imposition in these particulars was the reason of introducing the clause in the ,constitution which directs that representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the ,states1 according to their respective numbers4 ,page #agh3 ,the rule of apportionment is of this nature3 it is radically wrong2 it cannot be supported by any solid reasoning4 ,why should slaves1 who are a species of property1 be represented more than any other property8 ,the rule1 therefore1 ought not to be extended by construction4 ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,african ,,slave-,,trade4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #i47 ,in the great case of ,gibbons vs4 ,ogden1 #i ,wheaton's ,reports1 pp4 #bjf and #bjg 7#ahbd71 ,chief ,justice ,marshall1 delivering the opinion of the supreme court1 makes use of the following language3-- ,the ,act passed in #ahjc 7,act ,const4 #ahjc1 c4 #fc71 prohibiting the importation of slaves into any ,state which shall itself prohibit their importation1 implies1 it is said1 an admission that the ,states possess the power to exclude or admit them2 from which it is inferred1 that they possess the same power with respect to other articles4 ,if this inference were correct2 if this power were exercised1 not under any particular clause in the ,constitution1 but in virtue of a general right over the subject of commerce to exist as long as the ,constitution itself1 it might now be exercised4 ,any ,state might now import ,african slaves into its own territory4 ,but it is obvious that the power of the ,states over this subject1 previous to the year #ahjh1 constitutes an exception to the power of ,congress to regulate commerce2 and the exception is expressed in such words as to manifest clearly the intention to continue the pre-existing right of the ,states to admit or exclude for a limited period4 ,the words are1 ',the migration or importation of such persons as any of the ,states now existing shall think proper to admit1 shall not be prohibited by the ,congress prior to #ahjh4' ,the whole object of the exception is to preserve the power to those ,states which might be disposed to exercise it1 and its language seems to the court to convey this idea unequivocally4 ,see also pp4 #baf1 #bag4 ,,restoration ,,of ,,fugitive ,,slaves4 7,const4 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #b47 ,the following extracts are taken from the opinion of the supreme court in the well-known case1 ,prigg vs4 the ,commonwealth of ,pennsylvania 7#af ,pet4 ,rep4 #fji1 c474 ,judge ,story delivered the opinion3-- ,historically1 it is well known1 that the object of this clause was to secure to the citizens of the slaveholding ,states the complete right and title of ownership in their slaves1 as property1 in every ,state in the ,union into which they might escape from the ,state where they were held in servitude4 ,the full recognition of this right and title was indispensable to the security of this species of property in all the slaveholding ,states2 and1 indeed1 was so vital to the preservation of their domestic interests and institutions1 that it cannot be doubted that it constituted a fundamental article1 without the adoption of which the ,union could not have been formed4 ,its true design was to guard against the doctrines and principles prevalent in the non-slaveholding ,states1 by preventing them from intermeddling with1 or obstructing1 or abolishing1 the rights of the owners of slaves4 ,page #fab3 ,if the ,constitution had not contained this clause1 every non-slaveholding ,state in the ,union would have been at liberty to have declared free all runaway slaves coming within its limits1 and to have given them entire immunity and protection against the claims of their masters2--a course which would have created the most bitter animosities1 and engendered perpetual strife1 between the different ,states4 ,the clause was1 therefore1 of the last importance to the safety and security of the ,southern ,states1 and could not have been surrendered by them without endangering their whole property in slaves4 ,the clause was accordingly adopted into the ,constitution by the unanimous consent of the framers of it2--a proof at once of its intrinsic and practical necessity4 ,page #fac3 ,upon this ground1 we have not the slightest hesitation in holding1 that1 under and in virtue of the ,constitution1 the owner of a slave is clothed with entire authority1 in every ,state in the ,union1 to seize and recapture his slave1 whenever he can do it without any breach of the peace or any illegal violence4 ,in this sense1 and to this extent1 this clause of the ,constitution may properly be said to execute itself1 and to require no aid from legislation1 state or national4 ,page #fbe3 ,upon these grounds1 we are of opinion1 that the ,act of ,pennsylvania upon which this indictment is founded is unconstitutional and void4 ,it purports to punish1 as a public offence against that ,state1 the very act of seizing and removing a slave by his master1 which the ,constitution of the ,united ,states was designed to justify and uphold4 ,,suppression ,,of ,,slave ,,insurrections4 7,const4 ,art4 #a1 sec4 #h2 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #d47 ,we are not aware of any decision of the supreme court upon the meaning of these clauses2 but it seems difficult to conceive1 that they would hold that the word insurrections did not include all insurrections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is the ,constitution according to the plain1 obvious1 and common meaning of its terms2 such it was intended to be made by its framers2 such has been the interpretation constantly followed in the practice of the government1 from the time of its adoption until now2 and such it is according to the decision of the final interpreter of its meaning4 ,as reasonable men1 seeking the truth1 we cannot say that there is the slightest doubt whatever on the subject4 ,,the ,,constitution ,,very ,,materially ,,supports ,,slavery6 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,no ,,union ,,with ,,slaveholders4 ,we will extend to the slaveholder all the courtesy he will allow4 ,if he is hungry1 we will feed him2 if he is in want1 both hands shall be stretched out for his aid4 ,we will give him full credit for all the good that he does1 and our deep sympathy in all the temptations under whose strength he falls4 ,but to help him in his sin1 to remain partners with him in the slave-trade1 is more than he has a right to ask4--,wendell ,phillips4 ,no wrong action can be rightfully done4 ,no wrong can be rightfully supported4 ,we can neither rightfully hold slaves nor support others in slaveholding1 because1 as we have seen1 slaveholding is under all circumstances wrong4 ,some of the provisions of the ,constitution1 as we have seen1 were expressly designed for the purpose of supporting slavery1 and for over half a century have very materially supported it4 ,consequently1 these provisions cannot be rightfully obeyed or supported4 ,it is wrong to offer a bounty on slaveholding1--to give the oppressor power and influence1 in proportion as he tramples on the rights of his fellow-man2 it is wrong to return1 or aid in returning1 a fugitive slave2 it is wrong to aid in keeping the slave in his fetters4 ,these things are wrong1 and not all the ,constitutions and laws of the universe can make them right4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 rightfully obey the pro-slavery clauses of the ,constitution4 ,if we cannot rightfully obey them ourselves1 we cannot rightfully1 voluntarily support others in obeying them4 ,if it is wrong for me to return a fugitive slave1 it is wrong for me voluntarily to aid or support another man in doing the act4 ,if it is wrong for me to commit murder1 it is no less wrong for me to hand the pistol to the assassin4 ,whatever it is wrong for us to do ourselves1 it is wrong for us voluntarily to aid or support others in doing4 ,consequently1 it is wrong for us voluntarily to aid or support others in obeying the pro-slavery requirements of the ,constitution4 ,if we cannot rightfully obey them1 it is wrong for us to promise such obedience4 ,if it is wrong for us voluntarily to support others in their obedience1 it is wrong for us to promise any such support4 ,if it is wrong for us to return a fugitive slave1 it is wrong for us to promise to return one4 ,if it is wrong for us voluntarily to aid the slave-hunter1 it is wrong for us to promise such aid4 ,whatever it is wrong for us to do or aid others in doing1 it is wrong for us to promise to do or aid others in doing4 ,consequently1 it is wrong for us to promise to support these constitutional provisions4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 accept any office1 either state or national1 which renders it necessary for us to support these clauses1 or to promise to support them4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 rightfully hold any executive or judicial office1 either state or national1 or become a member of any ,state legislature or of ,congress2 for all these officers are obliged solemnly to swear or affirm that they will support the ,constitution2 and to support the ,constitution is to support all of its clauses1 as well those which favor slavery as those which do not4 ,if we take this oath1 meaning to keep it1 we do wrong4 ,if we take it1 meaning not to keep it1 we add to our wrong1 perjury2 for we mentally break our oath at the very instant it passes our lips4 ,some good men seek to avoid the difficulty by saying1 ,when ,i swear to support the ,constitution1 ,i mean ,i will support the good clauses in it1 and disobey the bad1 and submit to the penalty for such disobedience4 ,but such a course is not a compliance with the terms of the oath4 ,you have sworn to support the ,constitution2 that is1 the whole ,constitution1--all its clauses1--the bad as sacredly as the good4 ,your oath is not in the alternative1 ,i will support the clause requiring the return of fugitive slaves1 or pay five hundred dollars for every slave ,i aid in escaping2 but simply1 without any qualification1 ,i will support the side of the oppressor4 ,if you aid the fugitive slave to escape from his master1 you do not support the latter in retaking his property1 merely by paying the legal penalty for not giving such support4 ,you would not support a bad law1 and yet you say your oath to support it is not broken1 because you submit to the penalty for not supporting it4 ,the thief does not support the law of private property1 merely by submitting to the legal punishment of his crime4 ,to support is to be active3 to submit is to be passive4 ,you swear to be active1 and you do not comply with your oath by being merely passive4 ,you have sworn actively to support the recapture of slaves4 ,you break your oath1 if you refuse to do this1 or do any thing less or different from this4 ,others think to find a good excuse for taking the oath1 by adopting another alternative1 equally unauthorized4 ,we will support the ,constitution1 say they1 until we are called on to act under any of its bad clauses2 and then we will resign our office1 and refuse obedience4 ,doubtless1 honor requires you to resign1 if you cannot comply with the terms of your oath2 but what right have you to adopt or imagine an alternative in your oath where the law has made none1--where the officer administering it will admit of none8 ,who does not see the wide difference between an honest oath to support the return of fugitive slaves1 and an oath to support such return1 but with a firm resolve on your part to refuse such support when called on for it1 and to resign8 ,what right have you to take an oath which you have previously resolved not to keep1 when called on to comply with8 ,you admit that a bad clause cannot be rightfully supported1 else why do you not support it8 ,you admit that the oath obliges you to support the bad clauses of the ,constitution as well as the good2 else why do you resign1 if refusal to support the bad clauses is consistent with your oath8 ,you openly avow1 therefore1 that1 at the very moment you swear to support a clause1 you determine never to support it4 ,you swear1 and determine not to keep your oath6 ,such a course seems to us inconsistent with the plainest rules of honesty4 ,we have no right to promise to do wrong1 even though we have resolved to do right when the time for action shall arrive4 ,others say1 ,we swear to support the ,constitution as we understand it1 and we consider it an anti-slavery instrument4 ,in other words1 you swear to support an interpretation which is contrary to the plain1 obvious1 and common meaning of the instrument2 contrary to the interpretation put upon it by its framers2 contrary to that followed by all the executive and legislative departments of the government1 from its first establishment until now2 and contrary to that which has been adjudged to be its true interpretation by the final arbiter of its meaning4 ,of course1 you intend to support the true meaning of the ,constitution4 ,do you really believe that the people of the ,united ,states did not mean by their words what those words then commonly meant8 ,do you really doubt the historical fact of the humiliating compromise between the delegates from the ,southern and ,eastern ,states in the ,philadelphia ,convention1 by which the latter undertook to barter the moral sense of their constituents for what was supposed to be their interest8 ,do you really believe that the people have suffered their servants to go on in ignorance of the true meaning for sixty years8 ,in fact1 do you venture to affirm1 or do you in perfect sincerity and truthfulness believe1 that your interpretation has ever at any time been considered right by the people of the ,united ,states1 or by any considerable number of them8 ,you deceive yourself with words6 ,what is the ,constitution8 ,not the meaning which you or ,i1 or any third person1 may please to put upon it2 but that meaning1 and that meaning only1 which consists with its being1 what it declares itself to be1 the supreme law of the land4 ,until1 therefore1 you can show that the ,constitution may properly receive as many different interpretations as there are oaths to support it1 and still be in fact the supreme law1 the one1 single1 definite rule for all1 ,states as well as people1 you have no right to say1 ,i will support the pro-slavery clauses as ,i understand them4 ,to support them in any other sense than that which is affixed to them1 as the supreme law of the land1 is merely to evade the true meaning of your oath4 ,others say1 ,we took the oath before we had any of our present scruples4 ,we would not take the oath now2 but1 nevertheless1 we shall continue in office1 and disregard our oath4 ,this excuse seems to us very objectionable4 ,how can you reap the honorary or pecuniary advantages of your office1 and honestly refuse compliance with your part of the bargain8 ,when you took office1 you were really told1 that1 if you would swear to support the return of fugitive slaves1 c4 you should enjoy these honors and these profits4 ,the conscientious man1 who1 in striving to better himself1 not his condition1 discovers afterwards that he cannot rightfully aid1 or promise to aid1 the slaveholder in retaking his slaves1 will not think of claiming the reward which was offered to him solely because he swore to give such aid4 ,he will make haste to resign honors and rewards which he feels can be retained only at the price of his own degradation4 ,if we cannot rightfully hold any office1 state or national1 which requires of us a promise to support the ,constitution1 it is wrong to place1 or voluntarily aid in placing1 any other person in such office2 for1 by so doing1 we ask him to do wrong4 ,if we vote for ,horace ,mann1 by this act alone we say to him1 as distinctly as if the words passed our lips1--,we wish to elect you as representative to ,congress4 ,if chosen1 we expect and ask you to qualify yourself to act as representative1 by swearing to give slavery all constitutional support4 ,merely by voting for him1 we ask him to do wrong1 hoping that good may come1 almost knowing that good will come6 ,so little faith have we in the final triumph of right and justice1 by pursuing only right and just ways6 ,of so little consequence do we consider it1 that the earnest advocate of freedom should commence his holy work by promising very materially to strengthen slavery6 ,but a short time has elapsed since we read one of his most eloquent rebukes of slavery4 ,our heart beat quickly as we read his earnest words4 ,but if1 in the midst of his address1 some slaveholder had turned and asked him1 ,how happens it1 sir1 that you1 who are so very earnest and disinterested in behalf of the rights of the slave1 have been willing to swear to support this terrible wrong1 to any extent or for any time8 ,and what answer could be returned8 ,the eloquent tongue would be palsied6 ,surely that man who has solemnly called ,god to witness that he will support the oppressor1 cannot fail1 at some time or another1 to feel himself to be unworthy to plead the cause of freedom4 ,finally1 some say1 ,this reasoning leads to non-resistance4 ,you disregard the fact that all human governments must contain a greater or less amount of evil2 and consequently1 if you are ever to support any government in all its requirements1 you must support evil4 ,very true is it that human governments and laws fall short of our relative standard of right1 and always of absolute right4 ,what is our duty8 ,clearly1 as moral beings1 to support the right1 and refuse to support the wrong2 as peaceful citizens1 to support the right1 and submit to the penalty of disobeying the wrong4 ,nothing more than this is required of us4 ,nothing less than this is our duty4 ,we are not put into the world1 blindly to support all existing governmental wrongs1 until they can be constitutionally abolished4 ,we are to be true to ourselves as moral beings4 ,if we can be true to our own souls and support the government1 we may give such support1--not otherwise6 ,right and wrong are not creatures of agreement and law4 ,neither the ,philadelphia ,convention that framed the ,constitution1 nor the ,state ,conventions that adopted it1 had power to make wrong in the slightest degree right1 or alter at all the moral character of slaveholding4 ,right is right1 the ,revised ,statutes to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,wrong is wrong1 the ,constitution to the contrary notwithstanding4 ,we say1 therefore1 we will obey the good requirements of the ,constitution1 and peacefully submit to the penalty of disobeying the bad4 ,this is all that government has a right to ask of us4 ,institutions were made for man1 not man for them4 ,constitutions are the work of man1 and man is to be reverenced before his works4 ,we see no inconsistency or impropriety in supporting the system of free-trade between the ,states1 and refusing to support the domestic slave-trade2 in supporting the patent laws1 and refusing to aid in returning a runaway slave4 ,we are good-government men1 not no-government men4 ,all governments are partly good4 ,all we are willing to support in part3 we will actively support the ,constitution and laws1 so far as conscience permits2 we will peacefully submit to legal exaction for disobeying the rest4 ,our purpose is accomplished4 ,we have shown that we are politically united with the ,south in the support of slavery4 ,we have shown that we should constantly bear upon our lips1 and in our lives1 the motto1 ,no union with slaveholders1 whereby we are obliged to countenance or support slavery4 ,we desire to see a union among the ,states1 but not a slaveholding union6 ,a union of freemen1 and ,free ,states for the sake of freedom1 no one would more readily support than we4 ,but a union like ours1 of freemen and slaveholders1 of ,free ,states and ,slave ,states1 for the sake in part of securing property in slaves1 is demoralizing 7how demoralizing has it been67 to both parties1 and should receive1 as it doubtless at no distant day will receive1 the condemnation of the wise and good4 ,in the meantime1 it ought not1 and it will not1 receive either our respect or our voluntary support4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,mr4 ,clapp is said to have changed his opinions since #ahch4 ,we hope he has4 ,but he has not favored the world with any statement of what his change consists in4 ,the statement which recently appeared in the ,picayune1 even if reliable1 shows that ,mr4 ,clapp had changed his opinion somewhat1 but not essentially1 as it seems to us4 ,b ,we quote from ,mr4 ,jones's work just referred to4 ,his work contains a summary of all that has been done for the religious instruction of the negroes from their first introduction here2 an account of their actual moral condition1 and what he thinks should be done for their elevation4 ,his testimony is unimpeachable1 and is of the very highest authority4 ,our faith in his sincerity is sometimes tried1 when we read language like this applied to the adult slave1 p4 #aag3 ,he marries and settles in life2 his children grow up around him1 and tread in his footsteps1 as he did in the footsteps of his father before him4 ,for a loan of this book we are indebted to the kindness of our friend1 ,william ,lloyd ,garrison4 ,c ,sandy ,jenkins tried to impress ,douglass with the belief1 that if he would always carry a root which he gave him1 on his right side1 it would render it impossible for any white man to whip him 7,narrative1 p4 #gj74 ,and before ,wm4 ,w4 ,brown made his last successful effort to escape1 he paid the old slave fortune-teller1 ,frank1 twenty-five cents for his advice4 ,d ,if they make you partakers of their temporal things 7of their strength and spirits1 and even of their offspring71 you ought to make them partakers of your spiritual things4--,bishop of ,london in #agbg 7,jones1 p4 #bj74 ,e ,how carefully does ,mr4 ,jones teach the slaves to search the ,scriptures6 7,catechism1 p4 #ajc47 ,q4 ,is not our duty1 on the sabbath1 to go to the house of ,god1 to the meeting for prayer1 to the sabbath-school1 and wherever we may worship ,god and learn his will8--,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,what was done with the man that gathered sticks on the sabbath-day1 not caring for ,god's commandment8--,a4 ,he was stoned4 ,q4 ,is sabbath-breaking a great sin in the sight of ,god8--,a4 ,yes4 7,ib4 p4 #ajd7 ,he who breaks the sabbath robs ,god of his own2 for the day is the ,lord's4 ,f ,were it now revealed to us1 says ,mr4 ,jones 7ib4 p4 #ahj71 that the most extensive system of instruction which we could devise1 requiring a vast amount of labor1 and protracted through ages1 would result in the tender mercy of our ,god in the salvation of the soul of one poor ,african1 we should feel warranted in cheerfully entering upon our work1 with all its costs and sacrifices2 for our reward would exceed all our toil and care above the computation of any finite mind4 ,badly educated1 misguided1 we believe ,mr4 ,jones to be2 but these are the words of honest1 sincere conviction4 ,g ,for a loan of this book we are indebted to our friend ,parker ,pillsbury4 ,h ,a ,catechism of ,scripture ,doctrine and ,practice for ,families and ,sabbath ,schools1 designed also for the ,oral ,instruction of ,colored ,persons1 by ,charles ,c4 ,jones1 #fth edit42 ,charleston1 #ahde4 ,in his preface1 ,mr4 ,jones says1 ,the ,catechism has been prepared expressly for the religious instruction of the negroes2 and it has been extensively tried and approved by those engaged in that good work4 ,it is unquestionably much more used than any other4 ,it has already passed through six editions4 ,it really merits this position4--,for a perusal of this book we are indebted to the kindness of our friend ,samuel ,brooke1 of ,ohio4 ,i ,let us ever remember the name that ,hagar gave to ,god1 ',thou ,god seest me1' and act as in his presence4 ,let us be afraid to steal or lie or curse1 or break the ,sabbath1 or do any wicked thing4 ,god will see and know4--,jones's ,catechism1 p4 #bh4 ,ought not you to try and keep the fear of ,god always before your eyes8 ,do not be tempted to say1 as too many wicked people do1 ',oh6 nobody will know it2 nobody will see it4' ,remember that ,god is always looking at you4 ,he sees all that you do3 he hears every word that you say3 he knows all that you think about3 and he can in a moment strike you dead3 he is able to destroy both soul and body in hell4 ,knowing these things1 fear him1 so as not willingly to offend him4--,rev4 ,alexander ,glennie's ,sermons1 p4 #cb4 ,see also to the same point1 ,bishop ,ives's ,catechism1 p4 #ac1 #ad1 #db4 ,j ,what a beautiful commentary on this teaching is afforded us by ,douglass6 7,narrative1 p4 #dg47 ,speaking of his grandmother1 he says1--,she had served my old master faithfully from youth to old age4 ,she had been the source of all his wealth2 she had peopled his plantation with slaves2 she had become a great-grandmother in his service4 ,she had rocked him in infancy1 attended him in childhood1 served him through life1 and at his death wiped from his icy brow the cold death-sweat1 and closed his eyes for ever4 ,she was1 nevertheless1 left a slave1--a slave for life1--a slave in the hands of strangers4 ,and in their hands she saw her children1 her grandchildren1 and her great-grandchildren1 divided1 like so many sheep1 without being gratified with the small privilege of a single word as to their or her own destiny4 ,and1 to cap the climax of their base ingratitude and fiendish barbarity1 my grandmother1 who was now very old1 having outlived my old master and all his children1 having seen the beginning and end of all of them1 and her present owners finding she was of but little value1 her frame already racked with the pains of old age1 and complete helplessness fast stealing over her once-active limbs1 they took her to the woods1 built her a little hut1 put up a little mud chimney1 and then made her welcome to the privilege of supporting herself there in perfect loneliness2 thus virtually turning her out to die6 ,who that has read ,douglass's account of his grandmother1 of which this is a small extract1 has not been moved both to pity for the slave1 and loathing for slavery8 ,who has not asked with him1 ,will not a righteous ,god visit for these things8 ,k ,a slave may die in consequence of moderate correction1 as that term is understood in some of the ,slave ,states4 ,the ,constitution of ,georgia1 ,art4 #d1 sec4 #ab1 reads thus 7,hotchkiss's ,codification1 p4 #ga1 #ahde73--;,any person who shall maliciously dismember or deprive a slave of life shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted in case the like offence had been committed on a free white person1 and on the like proof1 except in case of insurrection of such slave1 and unless such death should happen by accident in giving such slave moderate correction4 ,l ,our friend ,francis ,jackson procured us this book4 ,m ,mr4 ,jones thinks 7,rel4 ,inst4 p4 #ace71 that the crime of infanticide among the slaves is restrained in good measure 444 by the moral degradation of the people1 that takes away the disgrace of bastardy4 ,we remember hearing from ,prof4 ,greenleaf the account of a successful defence1 on this ground1 of a female slave in this ,state1 who was tried for committing this offence4 ,a female slave1 it was argued1 could not feel shame at the birth of an illegitimate child1 and therefore her affection as a mother would prevent her from committing the crime4 ,but experience has demonstrated1 that a slave-mother may be led to take her child's life from very love itself4 ,n ,the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church recently expelled a minister from both the ministry and the church1 for marrying a sister of his deceased wife4--,the ,church as it is1 p4 #gf4 ,o ,colored persons are not competent witnesses on the trial of a white man4 ,any white man1 therefore1 can1 with perfect impunity1 commit any excess whatever upon any slaves1 so long as they or their companions alone are witnesses4 ,so carefully does the law guard the honor of the female slave6 ,p ,the original of this advertisement may be seen at the ,anti-,slavery office1 ,boston1 #ba1 ,cornhill1 pasted on one side of a copy of the newspaper called ,spirit of ,liberty6 ,how appropriate a heading6 ,q ,for this and other advertisements from ,boston papers1 ,i am indebted to my friend ,wendell ,phillips4 ,r ,we cut this advertisement from the ,boston ,daily ,republican of ,aug4 #cj1 #ahdi4 ,it previously appeared in the ,providence ,journal4 ,s ,a writer in the ,new ,orleans ,argus1 ,sept4 #ahcj1 in an article on the culture of the sugar-cane1 says1--,the loss by death in bringing slaves from a northern climate1 which our planters are under the necessity of doing1 is not less than twenty-five per cent6 ,our tables prove the same thing4 ,of the #dj1jjj slaves annually carried south1 only #bi1aja are found to survive2--a greater sacrifice of life than that caused by the middle passage6 ,t ,the ,act of #agda1 of which this law is in part a revision1 reads thus1 sec4 #de3 ,which proclamation shall be published on a sabbath-day at the door of every church or chapel1 or1 for want of such1 at the place where divine service shall be performed in the said county1 by the parish clerk or reader1 immediately after divine service2 and1 if any slave or slaves1 against whom proclamation hath been thus issued1 stay out and do not immediately return home1 it shall be lawful for any person or persons whatsoever to kill and destroy such slave or slaves by such ways or means as he or she shall think fit1 without accusation or impeachment of any crime for the same4--,in those happy days1 ,father ,taylor would not have been called on to thank ,god1 that the man who was on the point of strangling his brother according to law was not troubled by any feeling of sentimentalism6 ,u ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,furman1 of ,north ,carolina1 another ,baptist clergyman1 like ,dr4 ,fuller wrote a defence of slavery4 ,after his death1 his legal representative advertised for sale at auction his real estate1 and a library of a miscellaneous character1 chiefly theological2 twenty-seven negroes1 some of them very prime1 c4 7,the ,church as it is1 p4 #gc47 ,v ,this point1 and the legality of ,colonial and ,state ,slavery1 are more elaborated in an article called ,the ,constitutionality of ,slavery1 printed in the ,massachusetts ,quarterly ,review2 a purely legal1 uninteresting examination1 which needs not to be repeated here4 ,for a more extended proof of the constitutionality of slavery1 we refer to ,wendell ,phillips's very able ,review of ,lysander ,spooner's ,essay4 ,w #e ,hen4 ,stat4 #edg4 ,x #f ,ibid4 #cef4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,text in italics is surrounded with underscores3 italics4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows3 ,page #ff3 opinon changed to opinion ,page #aej3 righfully changed to rightfully ,inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original4 ,punctuation has been corrected without note4