,cont5ts ,d$icatory ,preface ,footnotes ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,mahan1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,ob]l9 ,,collegiate ,,in/itute4 ,n man alone1 all rationals ,heav5 arms ,) an illu/ri\s1 b trem5d\s p[]1 ,to c\nt]act its own mo/ graci\s ends2 ,& ?is1 ( /rict necessity1 n *oice2 ,t p[] d5i$1 m51 angels1 7 no m ,b passive eng9es void ( praise or blame4 ,a nature rational implies ! p[] ,( be+ ble/1 or wret*$1 z we please4 ,man falls by man1 if f9ally he falls2 ,& fall he mu/1 :o le>ns f dea? alone1 ,! dreadful secret--,t he lives = ev]4 ,,"y4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,m>k ,h4 ,,newman1 #aii ,,broadway4 ,,ob]l92 ,,ohio3 ,r4 ,e4 ,,gillet4 #ahde4 ,ent]$ accord+ to an ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahdd1 by ,,asa ,,mahan1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,b5$ict ,,co41 ,,/]4 ,,pr9t41 #af ,spruce /reet4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,obs]vations4--,importance ( ! ,subject--,true & false ,me?ods ( ,inquiry--,common ,fault--,prop] ,me?od ( ,reason+ f ,revelation to ! ,sy/em ( ,m5tal ,philosophy !re9 pre-suppos$--,errors ( ,me?od ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,faculties4--,classification v]ifi$ ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4--,t]ms def9$--,*>act]i/ics ( ! above ,def9itions--,motive def9$--,lib]ty z oppos$ to ,necessity1 ! ,*>act]i/ic ( ! ,w--,objections to ,doctr9e ( ,necessity--,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 direct ,argum5t--,objection to an ,appeal to ,consci\sness--,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty argu$ f ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( ,lib]ty 9 all ,m9ds--,! ,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,bible--,necessity z held by ,necessit>ians--,! t]m ,c]ta9ty1 z us$ by !m--,doctr9e ( ,ability1 accord+ to ! ,necessit>ian ,s*eme--,s9ful incl9ations--,necessit>ian ,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty--,gr\nd :i* ,necessit>ians are b\nd to take 9 respect to ! ,doctr9e ( ,ability--,doctr9e ( ,necessity1 z reg>d$ by ,necessit>ians ( diff]5t ,s*ools ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ext5t ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,/ronge/ ,motive--,reason+ 9 a ,circle ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,greate/ ,,app>5t ,,good4--,phrase def9$--,its mean+ accord+ to ,edw>ds--,! ,w n always z ! ,dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce--,n always z ! /ronge/ desire--,nor z ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility comb9$--,necessit>ian ,argum5t--,motives cause acts ( ! ,w1 9 :at s5se--,p>ticul> ,volitions1 h[ acc\nt$ =--,facts wrongly acc\nt$ =--,*oos+ betwe5 ,objects kn[n to be equal1 h[ treat$ by ,necessit>ians--,palpable ,mi/ake ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,! ,,div9e ,,presci5ce4--,dang]s to be avoid$--,mi/ake respect+ ,div9e ,presci5ce--,inconsi/5cy ( ,necessit>ians--,necessit>ian ,objection ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,! ,,div9e ,,purposes ,,& ,,ag5cy4--,god's ,purposes consi/5t ) ! ,lib]ty ( ,creatures--,s5ses 9 :i* ,god purpos$ moral ,good & ,evil--,dea? ( ! ,incorrigible preorda9$1 b n will$--,god n responsible = _! ,dea?--,s9 a ,my/]y--,conclusion f ! above ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,obligation ,,pr$icable ,,only ,,( ,,! ,,w4--,m5 n responsible = ! ,s9 ( _! prog5itors--,con/itutional ,ill-des]t--,pres5t ,impossibilities n requir$ ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/&>d ,,( ,,moral ,,"*4--,s9c]ity1 & n ,int5sity1 ! true ,/&>d ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,moral ,,acts ,,nev] ,,( ,a ,,mix$ ,,"*4--,acts ( ,w result+ f a v>iety ( ,motives--,lov+ ) a great] ,int5sity at "o "t ?an ano!r--,mom5t>y ,revolutions ( ,"* ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,s5sibility1 ,,9 ,,/ates ,,morally ,,"r1 ,,or ,,wrong4--,^? :o are & are n virtu\s1 h[ di/+ui%$--,selfi%ness & ,b5evol5ce--,common ,mi/ake--,defective =ms ( ,virtue--,te/ ( ,con=mity to ,moral ,pr9ciple--,common ,mi/ake--,love z requir$ by ! ,moral ,law--,id5tity ( ,"* among all ,be+s morally ,virtu\s ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,complex ,,ph5om5a4--,natural ,prop5sities--,s5sation1 ,emotion1 ,desire1 & ,wi% def9$--,ang]1 ,pride1 ,ambition1 c4--,religi\s ,affections--,rep5tance--,love--,fai?-- ,convictions1 ,feel+s & ext]nal ,actions1 :y requir$ or prohibit$-- ,our ,responsibility 9 respect to su* ,ph5om5a--,feel+s h[ controll$ by ! ,w--,relation ( ,fai? to o!r ,ex]cises morally "r ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,intellectual ,,judgm5ts4--,m5 (t5 volunt>y 9 _! ,op9ions--,error n f ! ,intellig5ce1 b ,w--,prim>y ,faculties _c err--,s ( ! second>y ,faculties--,assumptions-- ,pre-judgm5ts--,intellect n deceiv$ 9 ,pre-judgm5ts--,m9d1 h[ influ5c$ by !m--,influ5ces :i* induce false ,assumptions--,cases 9 :i* we are app>5tly1 ?\gh n really1 misl$ by ! ,intellig5ce ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,s]vitude4--,lib]ty z oppos$ to moral ,s]vitude--,mi/ake ( ,g]man ,metaphysicians--,moral ,s]vitude ( ! race ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,dep5d5ce4--,common ,impression--,_s ( ,dep5d5ce--,doctr9e ( ,necessity t5ds n to induce ?is ,_s--,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty does--,god controls all ,influ5ces "u :i* ,creatures act--,dep5d5ce on acc\nt ( moral ,s]vitude ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,"*4--,commonly h[ acc\nt$ =--,! volunt>y elem5t to be tak5 into ! acc\nt--,example 9 ,illu/ration-- ,div]sities ( ,"* ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,conclud+ ,,reflections4--,objection1 ,! ,w has its ,laws--,objection1 ,god de?ron$ f 8 ,supremacy if ! ,doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is true--,great & good ,m5 h held ! doctr9e ( ,necessity--,la/ ,resort--,will+ & aim+ to p]=m impossibilities--,?\ght at ,p>t+ ,,d$icatory ,,preface4 ,to "o ^: aim is1 to s]ve 8 g5]ation accord+ to ! ,w ( ,god1 b two reasons w\ld seem to ju/ify an individual 9 claim+ ! att5tion ( ! public 9 ! capacity ( an au?or--! exi/5ce 9 ! public m9d ( a want :i* ne$s to be met1 & ! full belief1 t ! ,"w :i* he has produc$ is adapt$ to meet t want4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! two consid]ations1 ! foll[+ ,treatise is pres5t$ to ! public4 ,:e!r ! au?or has judg$ rightly or n1 x is n = him to decide4 ,! decision ( t "q is left ) ! public1 to :om ! ,"w is n[ pres5t$4 ,x is d\btful1 :e!r any "w1 prep>$ ) mu* ?\ght & pa9s-tak+1 0 ev] publi%$ ) ! conviction1 on ! "p ( ! au?or1 t x 0 unwor?y ( public reg>d4 ,! community1 h[ev]1 may diff] f him entirely on ! subject2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 a "w :i* he reg>ds z s imp]i\sly dem&$ by ! public int]e/1 falls dead f ! press4 ,_m an au?or1 ?us disappo9t$1 has _h occasion to be rem9d$ ( ! admonition1 ,ye h ne$ ( pati5ce4 ,:e!r ! foll[+ ,treatise %all succe$ 9 ga9+ ! public e>1 or n1 "o consolation w rema9 ) ! writ]1 ! publication ( ! "w has satisfi$ 8 s5se ( duty4 ,to 8 respect$ ,associates 9 ! ,in/itution ov] :i* he presides1 ,associates ) ^: approbation & c\nsel ! "w 0 prep>$1 ! ,au?or w\ld take ?is occasion publicly to express 8 grateful ackn[l$gm5ts = ! _m important sugge/ions :i* he receiv$ f !m1 dur+ ! progress ( its prep>ation4 ,hav+ said ?us mu*1 he w\ld simply add1 t1 ,,to ,,! ,,lov]s ,,( ,,tru?1 ,,! ,,"w ,,is ,,n[ ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,,) ,,! ,,k9d ,,reg>ds ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,obs]vations4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,subject4 ,,! doctr9e ( ! ,w is a c>d9al doctr9e ( !ology1 z well z ( m5tal philosophy4 ,?is doctr9e1 to say ! lea/1 is "o ( ! great c5tral po9ts1 f :i* ! v>i\s diff]5t & conflict+ sy/ems ( !ological1 m5tal1 & moral sci5ce1 take _! dep>ture4 ,to det]m9e a man's s5tim5ts 9 respect to ! ,w1 is to det]m9e 8 position1 9 mo/ important respects1 z a !ologian1 & m5tal & moral philosoph]4 ,if we turn our ?\ghts inw>d1 = ! purpose ( kn[+ :at we are1 :at we ought to d1 & to be1 & :at we %all become1 z ! result ( be+ & do+ :at we ought or ought n1 ?is doctr9e pres5ts itself at once1 z "o ( ! great pivots on :i* ! resolution ( all ^! que/ions turns4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we turn our ?\ghts f ourselves1 to a /udy ( ! "* ( ,god1 & ( ! nature & "* ( ! gov]nm5t :i* ,he ex]cises ov] rational be+s1 all our appreh5sions "h1 all our notions 9 respect to ! nature & des]t ( s9 & hol9ess1 w1 9 _m fundam5tal p>ticul>s1 be det]m9$ by our notions 9 respect to ! ,w4 ,9 o!r words1 our appreh5sions ( ! nature & "* ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 mu/ be det]m9$1 9 mo/ important respects1 by our conceptions ( ! nature & p[]s ( ! subjects ( t gov]nm5t4 ,i h no wi% to conceal f ! read] ! true be>+ ( our pres5t inquiries4 ,i wi% him di/9ctly to und]/&1 t 9 fix+ 8 notions 9 respect to ! doctr9e ( ! ,w1 he is det]m9+ a po9t ( obs]vation f :i*1 & a m$ium ?r\gh :i*1 he %all contemplate 8 own "* & des]ts z a moral ag5t1 & ! nature & "* ( t ,div9e gov]nm5t1 "u :i* he mu/ ev] live1 & move1 & h 8 be+4 ,,true ,,& ,,false ,,me?ods ,,( ,,inquiry4 ,su* be+ ! be>+ ( our pres5t inquiries1 an important "q arises1 to wit3 ,:at %\ld be ! influ5ce ( su* consid]ations ^u our inve/igations 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce ,x %\ld n surely induce u1 z appe>s to be true 9 ! case ( _m div9es & philosoph]s ev51 fir/ to =m our sy/em ( !ology1 & !n1 9 ! light ( t1 to det]m9e our !ory ( ! ,w4 ,! true sci5ce ( ! ,w1 z well z t ( all e!r dep>tm5ts ( m5tal philosophy1 does n come by obs]vation1 b by int]nal reflection4 ,because our doctr9e ( ! ,w1 :e!r true or false1 w h a controll+ influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( our !ology1 & ! mean+ :i* we %all atta* to l>ge portions ( ! ,bible1 t doctr9e does n1 = t reason1 lose its exclusively psy*ological "*4 ,e legitimate "q p]ta9+ to x1 /ill rema9s purely & exclusively a psy*ological "q4 ,! m9d has b "o eye by :i* x c see itself1 & t is ! eye ( consci\sness4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! organ ( vision to be exclusively employ$ 9 all our inquiries 9 e dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce1 & 9 none m exclusively ?an 9 t ( ! ,w4 ,we "k v well1 = example1 t ! sci5ce ( optics has a fundam5tal be>+ ^u t ( ,a/ronomy4 ,:at if a philosoph]1 = t reason1 %\ld =m 8 !ory ( optics by look+ at ! />s8 ,?is w\ld be p]fectly analog\s to ! conduct ( a div9e or philosoph] :o %\ld det]m9e 8 !ory ( ! ,w1 n by psy*ological reflection1 b by a sy/em ( !ology =m$ )\t su* reflection4 ,suppose aga91 t ! sci5ce ( ,geometry _h ! same influ5ce 9 !ology1 t t ( ! ,w n[ has4 ,?is fact w\ld n *ange at all ! nature ( t sci5ce1 nor ! mode prop] 9 conduct+ our inve/igations 9 respect to x4 ,x w\ld /ill rema9 a sci5ce ( demon/ration1 ) all its pr9ciples & rules ( inve/igation un*ang$4 ,s ) ! doctr9e ( ! ,w4 ,:atev] its be>+s ^u o!r sci5ces may be1 x /ill rema9s no less exclusively a psy*ological sci5ce4 ,x has its own pr9ciples & laws ( inve/igation1 pr9ciples & laws z indep5d5t ( sy/ems ( !ology1 z ! pr9ciples & laws ( ! sci5ce ( optics are ( ^? ( ,a/ronomy4 ,9 pursu+ our inve/igations 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts ( m5tal sci5ce1 we1 = ! "t be+1 cease to be !ologians4 ,we become m5tal philosoph]s4 ,:y %\ld ! /udy ( ! ,w be an exception8 ,! "q n[ returns--:at %\ld be ! be>+ ( ! fact1 t our !ory ( ! ,w1 :e!r "r or wrong1 w h an important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ our sy/em ( !ology8 ,?is surely %\ld be its influ5ce4 ,x %\ld induce 9 u great c>e & caution 9 our inve/igations 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,we are lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ important edifice ( :i* x ev] ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive--an edifice1 all ! p>ts1 dim5sions1 & proportions ( :i*1 we are requir$ mo/ s$ul\sly to con=m to ! patt]n %[n u 9 ! m\nt4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 :o %\ld n be admoni%$1 t he %\ld dig deep1 & lay 8 f\ndation ^u a rock8 ,i w !re=e1 9 view ( :at has be5 said above1 e>ne/ly bespeak f\r ?+s ( ! read] ( ! foll[+ treatise4 #a4 ,t he read x z an hone/1 e>ne/ inquir] aft] tru?4 #b4 ,t he give t degree ( att5tion to ! "w1 t is requisite to an und]/&+ ( x4 #c4 ,t :5 he diss5ts f any ( its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 he w di/9ctly /ate to 8 own m9d ! reason & gr\nd ( t diss5t1 & c>efully inve/igate its validity4 ,if ^! pr9ciples are wrong1 su* an inve/igation w r5d] ! tru? m conspicu\s to ! m9d1 confirm ! m9d 9 ! tru?1 & furni% x ) means to ov]turn ! opposite error4 #d4 ,t he pursue 8 inve/igations ) implicit confid5ce 9 ! di/9ct affirmations ( 8 own consci\sness 9 respect to ?is subject4 ,su* a sugge/ion w\ld appe> truly s+ul>1 if made 9 respect to any o!r dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce b t ( ! ,w4 ,"h x is imp]i\sly call$ = s long h philosoph]s & div9es be5 accu/om$ to look )\t1 to det]m9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ph5om5a :i* appe> exclusively )91 & :i* are reveal$ to ! eye ( consci\sness only4 ,hav+ be5 s long "u ! influ5ce ( ?is p]nici\s habit1 x w require some:at ( an ef=t = ! m9d to turn its organ ( self-vision 9 ^u itself1 = ! purpose ( correctly report+ to itself1 :at is really pass+ 9 t inn] sanctu>y4 ,especially w x require an ef=t to d ?is1 ) a fix$ det]m9ation to ab&on all !ories =m$ f ext]nal obs]vation1 & to foll[ implicitly ! results ( obs]vations made int]nally4 ,?is me?od we mu/ adopt1 h[ev]1 or !re is at once an end ( all real sci5ce1 n only 9 respect to ! ,w1 b to all o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! m9d4 ,suppose an individual to comm5ce a treatise on colors1 = example1 ) a d5ial ( ! validity ( all affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce ?r\gh ! eye1 9 respect to ! ph5om5a ab\t :i* he is to treat4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( su* a treatise8 ,! mom5t we d5y ! validity ( ! affirmations ( any ( our faculties1 9 respect to ! appropriate objects ( ^? faculties1 all reason+ ab\t ^? objects becomes ! height ( absurdity4 ,s 9 respect to ! m9d4 ,if we d\bt or d5y ! validity ( ! affirmations ( consci\sness 9 respect to ! nature & *>act]i/ics ( all m5tal op]ations1 m5tal philosophy becomes impossible1 & all reason+ 9 respect to ! m9d p]fectly absurd4 ,implicit confid5ce 9 ! di/9ct affirmations ( consci\sness1 is a fundam5tal law ( all correct philosophiz+ 9 e dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,p]mit me mo/ e>ne/ly to bespeak ?is confid5ce1 z we pursue our inve/igations 9 respect to ! ,w4 ,,common ,,fault4 ,x may be important "h to notice a common fault 9 ! me?od frequ5tly adopt$ by philosoph]s 9 _! inve/igations 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce4 ,9 ! mo/ celebrat$ treatise t has ev] appe>$ ^u ?is subject1 ! writ] does n recollect to h met ) a s+le appeal to consci\sness1 ! only adequate witness 9 ! case4 ,! :ole treatise1 almo/1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( syllogisms1 l9k$ toge!r ) app>5t p]fectness1 syllogisms p]ta9+ to an ab/ract some?+ call$ ,w4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole1 ! facts ( consci\sness are nev] appeal$ to4 ,9 fact1 9 in/ances n a few1 among writ]s ( ! same s*ool1 ! "r to make su* an appeal1 on ! gr\nd ( ! total inadequacy ( consci\sness to give te/imony 9 ! case1 has be5 =mally d5i$4 ,w\ld x be at all /range1 if x %\ld turn out t all ! fundam5tal results ( inve/igations conduct$ aft] su* a me?od1 %\ld be :olly inapplicable to ! ,w1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* lie "u ! eye ( consci\sness1 or to /& 9 pla9 contradiction to ! ph5om5a ?us affirm$8 ,:at1 f ! me?od adopt$1 we see is v likely to take place1 we f9d1 f exp]i5ce1 to be actually true ( ! treatise above ref]r$ to4 ,?is is notic$ by ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,en?usiasm1 9 an ,essay introductory to ,edw>ds on ! ,w4 ,ev5 ! read]1 he says1 :o is sc>cely at all famili> ) ab/ruse sci5ce1 w1 if he foll[ our au?or att5tively1 be p]petually consci\s ( a vague dissatisfaction1 or lat5t suspicion1 t "s fallacy has pass$ into ! tra9 ( propositions1 al?\gh ! l9k+ ( syllogisms seems p]fect4 ,?is suspicion w increase 9 /r5g? z he proce$s1 & w at l5g? cond5se itself into ! =m ( a prote/ aga9/ c]ta9 conclusions1 not)/&+ _! app>5tly necess>y connection ) ! premises4 ,:at %\ld we expect f a treatise on m5tal sci5ce1 f :i* ! affirmations ( consci\sness %\ld be =mally exclud$1 z gr\nds ( any important conclusions8 ,j :at we f9d to be true1 9 fact1 ( ! above nam$ treatise on ! ,w2 to wit3 all its fundam5tal conclusions positively contradict$ by su* affirmations4 ,:at if ! decisions ( our c\rts ( ju/ice 7 bas$ ^u data f :i* ! te/imony ( all mat]ial witnesses has be5 =mally exclud$8 ,:o w\ld look to su* decisions z ! expon5ts ( tru? & ju/ice8 ,yet all ! elem5ts 9 ^? decisions may be ! necess>y logical consequ5ts ( ! data actually assum$4 ,su* decisions may be all wrong1 h[ev]1 f ! fact t ! data :i* ought to be assum$ 9 ! case1 7 exclud$4 ,! same w1 almo/ ( necessity1 be true ( all treatises1 9 e dep>tm5t ( m5tal sci5ce1 :i* are n bas$ ^u ! facts ( consci\sness4 ,,prop] ,,me?od ,,( ,,reason+ ,,f ,,revelation ,,to ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,m5tal ,,philosophy ,,!re9 ,,pre-,,suppos$4 ,by :at has be5 said1 ! read] w n und]/& me z d5y+ ! propriety ( comp>+ our conclusions 9 m5tal sci5ce ) ! ,bible4 ,?\gh no sy/em ( m5tal philosophy is directly reveal$ 9 ! ,bible1 "s "o sy/em is !re9 pre-suppos$1 & assum+1 z we d1 t ! ,scriptures are a revelation f ,god1 we mu/ suppose t ! sy/em ( m5tal sci5ce assum$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 is ! true sy/em4 ,if we c\ld f9d ! sy/em pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible1 we %\ld h an infallible /&>d by :i* to te/ ! validity ( any conclusions to :i* we h arriv$1 z ! results ( psy*ological inve/igation4 ,x is !re=e a v legitimate1 int]e/+1 & pr(itable inquiry--:at is ! sy/em ( m5tal sci5ce assum$ z true 9 ! ,bible8 ,we may v prop]ly turn our att5tion to ! solution ( su* a "q4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 two ?+s %\ld be kept di/9ctly 9 m9d4 #a4 ,9 su* inquiries1 we leave ! doma9 ( m5tal philosophy entirely1 & ent] t ( !ology4 ,9 ! latt] we are to be guid$ by pr9ciples entirely di/9ct f ^? dem&$ 9 ! =m]4 #b4 ,9 reason+ f ! ,bible to ! sy/em ( m5tal philosophy pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 we are 9 dang] ( assum+ wrong data z ! basis ( our conclusions t is1 we are 9 dang] ( draw+ our inf]5ces f ^? tru?s ( ,scripture :i* h no legitimate be>+ ^u ! subject1 & ( ov]look+ ^? :i* d h su* a be>+4 ,:ile !re are tru?s ( inspiration f :i* we may prop]ly reason to ! !ory ( ! ,w1 pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible1 !re are o!r tru?s f :i* we _c legitimately ?us reason4 ,n[ suppose t we h drawn our conclusions f tru?s ( inspiration :i* h no legitimate be>+ ^u ! subject1 tru?s :i*1 if we d reason f !m 9 ! case1 w lead u to wrong conclusions2 suppose t 9 ! light ( su* conclusions we h expla9$ ! facts ( consci\sness1 assum+ t su* mu/ be _! true "*1 else we d5y ! ,bible4 ,%all we n !n h almo/ inextricably lo/ ourselves 9 ! labyr9? ( error8 ,! foll[+ pr9ciples may be laid d[n z univ]sally b9d+1 if we w\ld reason correctly1 z philosoph]s & !ologians1 on ! subject "u consid]ation4 #a4 ,9 ! doma9 ( philosophy1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves /rictly & exclusively to ! laws ( psy*ological inve/igation1 )\t ref]5ce to any sy/em ( !ology4 #b4 ,9 ! doma9 ( !ology1 :5 we w\ld reason f ! tru?s ( inspiration to ! !ory ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible1 we %\ld be exce$+ly c>eful to reason f ^? tru?s only :i* h a direct & decisive be>+ ^u ! subject1 & n f ^? :i* h no su* be>+4 #c4 ,we %\ld c>efully comp>e ! conclusions to :i* we h arriv$ 9 ea* ( ^! doma9s1 assum+ t if !y d n h>monize1 we h err$ ei!r z philosoph]s or !ologians4 #d4 ,9 case ( disagreem5t1 we %\ld r5ew our indep5d5t inve/igations 9 ea* doma91 = ! purpose ( detect+ ! error into :i* we h fall54 ,9 conduct+ an inve/igation ^u su* pr9ciples1 we %all1 ) almo/ absolute c]ta9ty1 f9d ourselves 9 ea* doma91 foll[+ rays ( light1 :i* w conv]ge toge!r 9 ! true !ory ( ! ,w4 ,,errors ,,( ,,me?od4 ,two errors into :i* philosoph]s & div9es ( a c]ta9 class h fall5 9 _! me?od ( treat+ ! dep>tm5t ( our subject n[ "u consid]ation1 "h dem& a pass+ notice4 #a4 ,! two me?ods above ref]r$ to1 ! psy*ological & !ological1 :i* %\ld at all times be kept entirely di/9ct & sep>ate1 h unhappily be5 m+l$ toge!r4 ,?us ! subject has fail$ to receive a prop] inve/igation 9 ! doma91 ei!r ( !ology or ( philosophy4 #b4 ,9 reason+ f ! ,scriptures to ! !ory ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! same1 ! wrong tru? has be5 adduc$ z ! basis ( su* reason+1 to wit3 ! fact ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge4 ,z all ev5ts yet future are =ekn[n to ,god1 !y are 9 !mselves1 x is said1 alike c]ta94 ,?is c]ta9ty necessitates ! adoption ( a p>ticul> !ory ( ! ,w4 ,n[ be=e we c draw any su* conclusion f ! tru? be=e u1 ! foll[+ ?+s p]ta9+ to x we ne$ to "k ) absolute c]ta9ty1 ?+s :i* ,god has n reveal$1 & :i* we nev] c "k1 until ,he has reveal$ !m1 to wit3 ! mode1 ! nature1 & ! degree ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge4 ,suppose t ,god %\ld imp>t to u appreh5sions p]fectly full & di/9ct1 ( ! mode1 nature & degree ( ,8 =ekn[l$ge ( human conduct4 ,h[ d we "k b t we %\ld !n see ) ! mo/ p]fect cle>ness1 t ?is =ekn[l$ge is j z consi/5t ) ! !ory ( ! ,w1 d5i$ by ! philosoph]s & div9es "u consid]ation1 z ) t :i* !y suppose necess>ily to result f ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge8 ,?is1 !n1 is n ! tru? f :i* we %\ld reason to ! !ory ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,!re are tru?s ( inspiration1 h[ev]1 :i* appe> to me to h a direct & decisive be>+ ^u ?is subject1 & ^u :i* we may !re=e safely base our conclusions4 ,9 ! ,scriptures1 man is address$ z a moral ag5t1 ! subject ( comm&s & prohibitions1 ( obligation1 ( m]it & dem]it1 & consequ5tly ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,n[ :5 we h det]m9$ ! p[]s :i* an ag5t mu/ possess1 to r5d] him a prop] subject ( comm& & prohibition1 ( obligation1 ( m]it & dem]it1 & consequ5tly ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 we h det]m9$ ! philosophy ( ! ,w1 really pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,b5ea? ^! tru?s1 !re=e1 & n b5ea? t ( ! div9e =ekn[l$ge1 t philosophy is to be s\ght =4 ,?is ,i argue-- #a4 ,because ! =m] has a direct1 :ile ! latt] has only an indirect be>+ ^u ! subject4 #b4 ,( ! =m] our ideas are p]fectly cle> & di/9ct1 :ile ( ! mode1 ! degree1 & ! nature ( ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge we are pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,to all et]nity1 our ideas ( ! nature ( comm&s & prohibitions1 ( obligations1 ( m]it & dem]it1 & ( rew>d & puni%m5t gr\nd$ on moral des]t1 c nev] be m cle> & di/9ct ?an !y n[ are4 ,f su* tru?s1 !n1 & n f ^? t we d n und]/&1 & :i* at ! utmo/ h only an indirect be>+ ^u ! subject1 we ought to reason1 if we reason at all1 to ! philosophy ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! read] is n[ put 9 possession ( ! me?od t w be pursu$ 9 ! foll[+ treatise1 & is consequ5tly prep>$ to ent] ^u ! inve/igation ( ! subject be=e u4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,m5tal ,,faculties4 ,,e individual :o has reflect$ ) any degree ( int]e/ ^u ! op]ations ( 8 own m9d1 _c h fail$ to notice ?ree classes ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ea* ( :i* is entirely di/9ct f ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,^! ph5om5a1 :i* compreh5d ! entire op]ations ( ! m9d1 & :i* may be express$ by ! t]ms ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+1 cle>ly indicate 9 ! m9d ?ree faculties equally di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,^! faculties are d5om9at$ ! ,intellect1 ! ,s5sibility or ,s5sitivity1 & ! ,w4 ,to ! fir/1 all intellectual op]ations1 su* z p]ceiv+1 ?9k+1 judg+1 kn[+1 c41 are ref]r$4 ,to ! second1 we ref] all s5sitive /ates1 all feel+s1 su* z s5sations1 emotions1 desires1 c4 ,to ! ,w1 or ! active volunt>y faculty1 are ref]r$ all m5tal det]m9ations1 su* z purposes1 int5tions1 resolutions1 *oices & volitions4 ,,classification ,,v]ifi$4 #a4 ,! classes ( ph5om5a1 by :i* ?is tri-unity ( ! m5tal p[]s is indicat$1 diff] f "o ano!r1 n 9 degree1 b 9 k9d4 ,?\ght1 :e!r cle> or obscure1 9 all degrees1 rema9s equally di/9ct1 9 its nature1 f feel+s & det]m9ations ( e class4 ,s ( feel+s4 ,s5sations1 emotions1 desires1 all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,s5sibility1 9 all degrees & modifications1 rema91 9 _! nature & ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 equally di/9ct f ?\ght on ! "o h&1 & ! action ( ! ,w on ! o!r4 ,! same holds true ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w4 ,a resolution1 = example1 9 "o degree1 is n a ?\ght 9 ano!r1 a s5sation1 emotion1 or desire & 9 ano!r a *oice1 purpose1 int5tion1 or volition4 ,9 all degrees & modifications1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 9 _! nature & ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 rema9 equally di/9ct f ! op]ations ( ! ,intellig5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,s5sibility on ! o!r4 #b4 ,?is di/9ction is recogniz$ by univ]sal consci\sness4 ,:51 = example1 "o speaks ( ?9k+ ( any p>ticul> object1 !n ( desir+ x1 & subsequ5tly ( det]m9+ to obta9 ! object1 = ! purpose ( gratify+ t desire1 all mank9d mo/ cle>ly recognize 8 mean+ 9 ea* ( ! above-nam$ affirmations1 & und]/& him z speak+ ( ?ree entirely di/9ct classes ( m5tal op]ations4 ,no p]son1 "u su* circum/ances1 ev] conf\nds "o ( ^! /ates ) ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,s cle>ly m>k$ & di/+ui%$ is ! ?ree-fold classification ( m5tal ph5om5a "u consid]ation1 9 ! spontane\s affirmations ( univ]sal consci\sness4 #c4 ,9 all languages1 also1 !re are di/9ct t]ms appropriat$ to ! expression ( ^! ?ree classes ( ph5om5a1 & ( ! m5tal p[] indicat$ by ! same4 ,9 ! ,engli% language1 = example1 we h ! t]ms ?9k+1 feel+1 & will+1 ea* ( :i* is appli$ to "o p>ticul> class ( ^! m5tal ph5om5a1 & nev] to ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,we h also ! t]ms ,intellect1 ,s5sibility1 & ,w1 appropriat$1 9 a simil> mann]1 to designate ! m5tal p[]s indicat$ by ^! ph5om5a4 ,9 all o!r languages1 especially among nations ( any consid]able advancem5t 9 m5tal culture1 we f9d t]ms ( precisely simil> designation4 ,:at d su* facts indicate8 ,!y cle>ly %[1 t 9 ! developm5t ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce1 ! diff]5t classes ( ph5om5a "u consid]ation h be5 di/9ctly m>k$1 & di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 toge!r ) ! ?ree-fold division ( ! m5tal p[]s indicat$ by ! same ph5om5a4 #d4 ,! cle>ness & p>ticul>ity ) :i* ! univ]sal intellig5ce has m>k$ ! di/9ction "u consid]ation1 is /rik+ly indicat$ by ! fact1 t !re are qualify+ t]ms 9 common use :i* are appli$ to ea* ( ^! classes ( ph5om5a1 & nev] to ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,x is true t !re are su* t]ms :i* are promiscu\sly appli$ to all classes ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,!re are t]ms1 h[ev]1 :i* are nev] appli$ to b "o class4 ,?us we speak ( cle> ?\ghts1 b nev] ( cle> feel+s or det]m9ations4 ,we speak ( irrepressible feel+s & desires1 b nev] ( irrepressible ?\ghts or resolutions4 ,we also speak ( inflexible det]m9ations1 b nev] ( inflexible feel+s or conceptions4 ,) :at p]fect di/9ctness1 !n1 mu/ univ]sal consci\sness h m>k$ ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & det]m9ations ( ! ,w1 z ph5om5a entirely di/9ct f "o ano!r--ph5om5a diff]+ n 9 degree1 b 9 k9d1 & z mo/ cle>ly indicat+ ! ?ree-fold division ( ! m5tal p[]s "u consid]ation4 #e4 ,s famili> are mank9d ) ?is di/9ction1 s di/9ctly m>k$ is x 9 _! m9ds1 t 9 famili> int]c\rse1 :5 no p>ticul> !ory ( ! m5tal p[]s is 9 contemplation1 !y are accu/om$ to speak ( ! ,intellect1 ,s5sibility1 & ,w1 & ( _! respective ph5om5a1 z entirely di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,take a s+le example f ,scripture4 ,:at ,i %all *oose1 ,i wot n--hav+ a desire to dep>t4 ,"h ! ,apo/le evid5tly speaks ( desire & *oice z ph5om5a diff]+ 9 k9d1 & n 9 degree4 ,if y engage 8 he>t 8 feel+s1 says ,"l ,*e/]field1 speak+ ( a =eign m9i/]1 y h a fair *ance ( impos+ ^u 8 und]/&+1 & det]m9+ 8 ,w4 ,8 ,w1 says ano!r writ]1 speak+ ( ! insane1 is no long] re/ra9$ by 8 ,judgm5t1 b driv5 madly on by 8 passions4 ,:5 wit is ov]rul$ by ,w1 ,& ,w is l$ by fond ,desire1 ,!n ,reason may z well be /ill1 ,z speak+1 k9dle great] fire4#a ,9 all ! above extracts ! tri-unity ( ! m5tal p[]s1 z consi/+ ( ! ,intellect1 ,s5sibility1 & ,w1 is di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,yet ! writ]s _h1 at ! "t1 no p>ticul> !ory ( m5tal philosophy 9 contemplation4 ,!y speak ( a di/9ction ( ! m5tal faculties :i* all und]/& & recognize z real1 z soon z sugge/$ to _! m9ds4 ,! above consid]ations are abundantly suffici5t to v]ify ! ?ree-fold di/9ction above made1 ( m5tal ph5om5a & p[]s4 ,two sugge/ions arise "h :i* dem& special att5tion4 #a4 ,to conf\nd ei!r ( ^! di/9ct p[]s ( ! m9d ) ei!r ( ! o!rs1 z has be5 done by sev]al philosoph]s ( em95ce1 9 respect to ! ,w & ,s5sibility1 is a capital error 9 m5tal sci5ce4 ,if "o faculty is conf\nd$ ) ano!r1 ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! =m] w ( c\rse be conf\nd$ ) ! same *>act]i/ics ( ! latt]4 ,?us ! wor/ =ms ( error w be introduc$ n only into philosophy1 b !ology1 too1 z f> z ! latt] sci5ce is influ5c$ by ! =m]4 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( a treatise on m5tal sci5ce1 9 :i* ! ,w %\ld be conf\nd$ ) ! ,intellig5ce1 & 9 :i* ?9k+ & will+ w\ld be consequ5tly repres5t$ z ph5om5a id5tical 9 k9d8 ,?is w\ld be an error no m capital1 no m gl>+1 no m di/9ctly contradict$ by fundam5tal ph5om5a1 ?an ! conf\nd+ ( ! ,w ) ! ,s5sibility4 #b4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to contemplate "o ( ! great errors ( ,edw>ds 9 8 immortal "w on ! ,w--an error :i* we meet ) 9 ! comm5cem5t ( t "w1 & :i* lays a broad f\ndation = ! false conclusions subsequ5tly f\nd 9 x4 ,he has conf\nd$ ! ,w ) ! ,s5sibility4 ,( c\rse1 we %\ld expect to f9d t he has subsequ5tly conf\nd$ ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5a ( ! =m] faculty1 ) ! same *>act]i/ics ( ! latt]4 ,god has end[$ ! s\l1 he says1 ) two faculties3 ,"o is t by :i* x is capable ( p]ception & speculation1 or by :i* x disc]ns1 & views1 & judges ( ?+s2 :i* is call$ ! und]/&+4 ,! o!r faculty is t by :i* ! s\l does n m]ely p]ceive & view ?+s1 b is "s way incl9$ to !m1 or is dis9cl9$ & av]se f !m2 or is ! faculty by :i* ! s\l does n behold ?+s z an indiff]5t1 unaffect$ spectator2 b ei!r z lik+ or dislik+1 pleas$ or displeas$1 approv+ or reject+4 ,?is faculty1 z x has respect to ! actions t are det]m9$ by x1 is call$ ! ,w4 ,f 8 "w on ! ,affections1 ,i cite ! foll[+ to ! same import3 ,! ,affections ( ! s\l1 he obs]ves1 are n prop]ly di/+ui%$ f ! ,w1 z ?\gh !y 7 two faculties ( ! s\l4 ,all acts ( ! ,affections ( ! s\l are1 9 "s s5se1 acts ( ! ,w1 & all acts ( ! ,w are acts ( ! affections4 ,all ex]cises ( ! ,w are1 9 "s degree or o!r1 ex]cises ( ! s\l's appetition or av]sion2 or :i* is ! same ?+1 ( its love or hatr$4 ,! s\l wills "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 or *ooses "o ?+ r ?an ano!r1 no o!rwise ?an z x loves "o ?+ m ?an ano!r4 ,! ,affections are only c]ta9 modes ( ! ex]cise ( ! ,w4 ,! ,affections are no o!r ?an ! m vigor\s & s5sible ex]cises ( ! incl9ation & w ( ! s\l4 ,:e!r he has or has n subsequ5tly conf\nd$ ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w ) ^? ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,s5sibility w be se5 9 ! progress ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,necessity4 ,,we come n[ to consid] ! great & fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,w1 t by :i* x is1 9 a special s5se1 di/+ui%$ f ea* ( ! o!r m5tal faculties1 to wit3 t ( ,lib]ty4 ,,sec4 ,i4 ,,t]ms ,,def9$4 ,our fir/ inquiry respects ! mean+ ( ! t]m ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f t ( ,necessity4 ,^! t]ms d n diff]1 z express+ g5us & species2 t is1 ,lib]ty does n designate a species ( :i* ,necessity expresses ! g5us4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y diff] by way ( opposition4 ,all correct def9itions ( t]ms ?us relat$1 w possess ^! two *>act]i/ics4 #a4 ,!y w mutually exclude ea* o!r t is1 :at is affirm$ ( "o1 w1 9 reality1 be d5i$ ( ! o!r4 #b4 ,!y w be s def9$ z to be univ]sal 9 _! application4 ,! t]ms "r & wrong1 = example1 ?us diff] f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! light ( all correct def9itions ( ^! t]ms1 x w be se5 ) p]fect di/9ctness1 #a/1 t to affirm ( an action t x is "r1 is equival5t to an affirmation t x is n wrong2 & to affirm t x is wrong1 is to affirm t x is n "r2 #b;d1 t all moral actions1 actual & conceivable1 mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong4 ,s ( all o!r t]ms ?us relat$4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]ms ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 z di/+ui%$ ! "o f ! o!r1 may be designat$ by a ref]5ce to two relations p]fectly di/9ct & opposite1 :i* may be suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 an antec$5t & its consequ5t4 #a4 ,! antec$5t be+ giv51 "o1 & only "o1 consequ5t c possibly arise1 & t consequ5t mu/ arise4 ,?is relation we designate by ! t]m ,necessity4 ,i place my f+]1 = example1 con/itut$ z my physical sy/em n[ is1 9 ! flame ( a burn+ c&le1 & hold x !re = a giv5 "t4 ,! two sub/ances 9 contact is ! antec$5t4 ,! feel+ ( int5se pa9 :i* succe$s is ! consequ5t4 ,n[ su* is univ]sally believ$ to be ! correlation betwe5 ! nature ( ^! sub/ances1 t "u ! circum/ances suppos$1 b "o consequ5t c possibly arise1 & t consequ5t mu/ arise2 to wit--! feel+ ( pa9 ref]r$ to4 ,! relation betwe5 su* an antec$5t & its consequ5t1 !re=e1 we1 9 all in/ances1 designate by ! t]m ,necessity4 ,:5 ! relation ( ,necessity is pre-suppos$1 9 ! pres5ce ( a new consequ5t1 we affirm absolutely t ( a new antec$5t4 #b4 ,! second relation is ?is4 ,! antec$5t be+ giv51 ei!r ( two or m consequ5ts is equally possible1 & !re=e1 :5 "o consequ5t does arise1 we affirm t ei!r ( ! o!rs might h aris5 9 its /ead4 ,:5 ?is relation is pre-suppos$1 f ! appe>ance ( a new consequ5t1 we d n necess>ily affirm ! pres5ce ( a new antec$5t4 ,?is relation we designate by ! t]m ,lib]ty4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,above ,,def9itions4 ,on ! above def9itions ,i rem>k3 #a4 ,t !y mutually exclude ea* o!r4 ,to pr$icate ,lib]ty ( any ph5om5on is to affirm t x is n necess>y4 ,to pr$icate ,necessity ( x1 is equival5t to an affirmation t x is n free4 #b4 ,!y are /rictly & absolutely univ]sal 9 _! application4 ,all antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :atev] ! nature ( ! subjects ?us connect$ may be1 mu/ fall "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! relations4 ,z ! t]ms "r & wrong1 :5 correctly def9$1 w express ! nature ( all moral actions1 actual & conceivable1 s ! t]ms ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 z above def9$1 cle>ly indicate ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 all antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 real & supposable4 ,take any antec$5t & consequ5t we please1 real or conceivable1 & we "k absolutely1 t !y mu/ su/a9 to ea* o!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! relations4 ,ei!r 9 connection ) ?is antec$5t1 b ?is "o consequ5t is possible1 & ?is mu/ arise1 or 9 connection ) ! same antec$5t1 ei!r ?is1 or "o or m diff]5t consequ5ts are possible1 & consequ5tly equally s3 = possibility has1 9 reality1 no degrees4 #c4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 su/a9+1 z !y d1 ! relation ( consequ5ts to motives consid]$ z antec$5ts1 mu/ fall "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! relations4 ,if we say1 t ! relation betwe5 motives & acts ( ,w is t ( c]ta9ty1 /ill ?is c]ta9ty mu/ arise f a necess>y relation betwe5 ! antec$5t & its consequ5t1 or x mu/ be ( su* a nature z consi/s ) ! relation ( ,lib]ty1 9 ! s5se ( ! t]m ,lib]ty z above def9$4 #d4 ,! above def9itions h ?is great advantage 9 our pres5t inve/igations4 ,!y at once free ! subject f ! obscurity & p]plexity 9 :i* x is (t5 involv$ by ! def9itions ( philosoph]s4 ,!y are accu/om$1 9 _m in/ances1 to speak ( moral necessity & physical necessity1 z if ^! are 9 reality diff]5t k9ds ( necessity3 :]eas ! t]ms moral & physical1 9 su* connections1 express ! nature ( ! subjects su/a9+ to ea* o!r ! relations ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 & n at all t ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is exclusively express$ by ! t]m ,necessity--a t]m :i* designates a relation :i* is always "o & ! same1 :atev] ! nature ( ! subjects ?us relat$ may be4 ,an individual 9 a treatise on natural sci5ce1 might1 if he %\ld *oose1 9 speak+ ( ! relations ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts among solid1 fluid1 & a]i=m sub/ances1 use ! words1 solid necessity1 fluid necessity1 & a]i=m necessity4 ,he might use z _m qualify+ t]ms z !re are diff]5t subjects su/a9+ to ea* o!r ! relation "u consid]ation4 ,9 all su* in/ances no error w arise1 if ^! qualify+ t]ms are di/9ctly und]/ood to designate1 n ! nature ( ! relation ( antec$5t & consequ5t 9 any giv5 case 7z if !re 7 z _m diff]5t k9ds ( necessity z !re are qualify+ t]ms us$71 b to designate ! nature ( ! subjects su/a9+ ?is relation4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! impression %\ld be made1 t ea* ( ^! qualify+ t]ms designates a necessity ( a peculi> k9d1 & if1 z a consequ5ce1 ! belief %\ld be induc$1 t !re are 9 reality s _m diff]5t k9ds ( necessity1 errors ( ! grave/ "* w\ld arise--errors no m important1 h[ev]1 ?an actually d arise f ! impression (t5 induc$1 t moral necessity diff]s 9 k9d f physical necessity4 #e4 ,i m5tion ano!r v decisive advantage :i* ! above def9itions h 9 our pres5t inve/igations4 ,9 ! light ( ! t]ms ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 z above def9$1 ! two great s*ools 9 philosophy & !ology are oblig$ to jo9 issue directly ^u ! real "q 9 diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 )\t ! possibility on ! "p ( ei!r1 ( escap+ "u a fog ( def9itions ab\t moral necessity1 physical necessity1 moral c]ta9ty1 c41 & !n claim+ a victory ov] _! oppon5ts4 ,^! t]ms1 z above def9$1 /& out ) p]fect cle>ness & di/9ctness to all reflect+ m9ds4 ,e "o mu/ see1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w _c b fall "u ! "o or ! o!r ( ! relations designat$ by ^! t]ms inasmu* z no ?ird relation diff]+ 9 k9d f bo? ( ^!1 is conceivable4 ,! "q !re=e may be fairly put to e individual1 )\t ! possibility ( misappreh5sion or evasion--,d y believe1 :5ev] a man puts =? an act ( ,w1 t 9 ^? circum/ances1 ?is "o act only is possible1 & t ?is act _c b arise8 ,9 all prohibit$ acts1 = example1 d y believe t an individual1 by ! resi/less provid5ce ( ,god1 is plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* ?is "o act only is possible1 & ?is _c b result1 t 9 ^! id5tical circum/ances1 ano!r & a diff]5t act is requir$ ( him1 & t = n putt+ =? ?is la/ act1 he is ju/ly held z inf9itely guilty 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ( ! moral univ]se8 ,to ^! que/ions e "o mu/ give an affirmative or negative answ]4 ,if he gives ! =m]1 he holds ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 & mu/ take t doctr9e ) all its consequ5ces4 ,if he gives ! latt]1 he holds ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty 9 ! s5se ( ! t]m z above def9$4 ,he mu/ hold1 t 9 ! id5tical circum/ances 9 :i* a giv5 act ( ,w is put =?1 ano!r & diff]5t act might h be5 put =?2 & t = ?is reason1 9 all prohibit$ acts1 a moral ag5t is held ju/ly responsible = diff]5t & opposite acts4 ,mu* is ga9$ to ! cause ( tru?1 :51 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! diff]5t s*ools are oblig$ to jo9 issue directly ^u ! real "q 9 diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 & t )\t ! possibility ( misappreh5sion or evasion 9 respect to ! nature ( t "q4 ,,motive ,,def9$4 ,hav+ settl$ ! mean+ ( ! t]ms ,lib]ty & ,necessity1 z designat+ two di/9ct & opposite relations1 ! only relations conceivable betwe5 an antec$5t & its consequ5t1 "o o!r t]m :i* may n unfrequ5tly be us$ 9 ! foll[+ treatise1 rema9s to be def9$2 to wit--motive--a t]m :i* designates t :i* su/a9s to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 ! relation ( antec$5t4 ,volition1 *oice1 pref]5ce1 int5tion1 all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 are consid]$ z ! consequ5t4 ,:atev] )9 ! m9d itself may be suppos$ to influ5ce its det]m9ations1 :e!r call$ susceptibilities1 biases1 or any?+ else2 & all influ5ces act+ ^u x z inc5tives f )\t1 are reg>d$ z ! antec$5t4 ,i use ! t]m motive z synonym\s ) antec$5t z above def9$4 ,x designates all ! circum/ances & influ5ces f )9 or )\t ! m9d1 :i* op]ate ^u x to produce any giv5 act ( ,w4 ,! t]m antec$5t 9 ! case be=e u1 9 /rictness ( spee*1 has ?is diff]5ce ( mean+ f t ( motive z above def9$3 ,! =m] includes all t is designat$ by ! latt]1 toge!r ) ! ,w itself4 ,no difficulty or obscurity1 h[ev]1 w result f ! use ( ^! t]ms z synonym\s1 9 ! s5se expla9$4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,lib]ty1 ,,z ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,necessity1 ,,! ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to meet ! "q1 ,to :i* ( ! relations above def9$ %all we ref] ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w8 ,if ^! ph5om5a are subject to ! law ( necessity1 !n1 :5ev] a p>ticul> antec$5t 7motive7 is giv51 b "o consequ5t 7act ( ,w7 is possible1 & t consequ5t mu/ arise4 ,x _c possibly b take place4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! ph5om5a fall "u ! relation ( ,lib]ty1 :5ev] any p>ticul> motive is pres5t1 ei!r ( two or m acts ( ,w is equally possible2 & :5 any p>ticul> consequ5t 7act ( ,w7 does arise1 ei!r ( ! o!r consequ5ts might h aris5 9 its /ead4 ,be=e proce$+ directly to argue ! "q be=e u1 "o consid]ation ( a g5]al nature dem&s a pass+ notice4 ,x is ?is4 ,! simple /atem5t ( ! "q1 9 ! light ( ! above relations1 settles x1 & mu/ settle x1 9 ! judgm5t ( all c&id1 uncommitt$ inquir]s aft] ! tru?4 ,let any individual contemplate ! action ( 8 volunt>y p[]s 9 ! light ( ! relations ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity z above def9$1 & he w spontane\sly affirm ! fact1 t he is a free & n a necess>y ag5t1 & affirm x z absolutely z he affirms 8 own exi/5ce4 ,:]ev] he is1 :ile he reta9s ! consci\sness ( rational be+1 ?is conviction w & mu/ be to him an omnipres5t reality4 ,to escape x1 he mu/ transc5d ! b\nds ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity4 ,su* is ! importance ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 t a m ext5d$ & p>ticul> consid]ation ( x is dem&$4 ,9 ! fur!r prosecution ( ! argum5t ^u ! subject1 we w-- ,i4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 contemplate ! position1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w are subject to ! laws ( ,necessity4 ,9 tak+ ?is position we are at once met ) ! foll[+ palpable & insup]able difficulties4 #a4 ,! conviction above ref]r$ to--a conviction :i* rema9s pro( aga9/ all app>5t demon/rations to ! contr>y4 ,we may pile demon/ration ^u demon/ration 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 /ill1 z ! m9d falls back ^u ! spontane\s affirmations ( its own ,intellig5ce1 x f9ds1 9 ! dep?s ( its inn] be+1 a high] demon/ration ( ! fact1 t t doctr9e is & mu/ be false--t man is n ! ag5t :i* t doctr9e affirms him to be4 ,9 ! passage already cit$1 & :i* ,i w take occasion "h to repeat1 ! writ] has1 ) s+ul> correctness1 mapp$ out ! unv>y+ exp]i5ce ( ! read]s ( ,edw>ds on ! ,w4 ,ev5 ! read]1 he says1 :o is sc>cely at all famili> ) ab/ruse sci5ce1 w1 if he foll[ our au?or att5tively1 be p]petually consci\s ( a vague dissatisfaction1 or lat5t suspicion1 t "s fallacy has pass$ into ! tra9 ( propositions1 al?\gh ! l9k+ ( syllogisms seems p]fect4 ,?is suspicion w increase 9 /r5g? z he proce$s1 & w at l5g? cond5se itself into ! =m ( a prote/ aga9/ c]ta9 conclusions1 not)/&+ _! app>5tly necess>y connection ) ! premises4 ,:at high] evid5ce c we h t t treatise gives a false int]pretation ( ! facts ( univ]sal consci\sness p]ta9+ to ! ,w1 ?an is "h pres5t$8 ,any !ory :i* gives a di/9ct & true explanation ( ! facts ( consci\sness1 w be met by ! ,intellig5ce ) ! response1 ,t's true2 ,i h f\nd x4 ,any !ory app>5tly support$ by adequate evid5ce1 b :i* /ill gives a false int]pretation ( su* facts1 w induce ! int]nal conflict above describ$--a conflict :i*1 z ! =ce ( app>5t demon/ration increases1 w1 9 ! v c5tre ( ! ,intellig5ce1 cond5se itself into ! =m ( a prote/ aga9/ ! conclusions pres5t$1 not)/&+ _! app>5tly necess>y connection ) ! premises4 ,! falsity ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is a fir/ tru? ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce4 #b4 ,if ?is doctr9e is true1 x is demon/rably evid5t1 t 9 no in/ance1 real or supposable1 h m5 any p[] :atev] to w or to act diff]5tly f :at !y d4 ,! connection betwe5 ! det]m9ations ( ! ,w1 & _! consequ5ts1 ext]nal & int]nal1 is absolutely necess>y4 ,con/itut$ z ,i n[ am1 if ,i w1 = example1 a p>ticul> motion ( my h& or arm1 no o!r movem5t1 9 ^! circum/ances1 0 possible1 & ?is movem5t c\ld n b take place4 ,! same holds true ( all consequ5ts1 ext]nal & int]nal1 ( all acts ( ,w4 ,let u n[ suppose t ^! acts !mselves are ! necess>y consequ5ts ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y orig9ate4 ,9 :at conceivable s5se h m51 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,provid5ce places !m1 p[] ei!r to w or to act diff]5tly f :at !y d8 ,! doctr9e ( ability to w or to d diff]5tly f :at we d is1 9 e s5se1 false1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true4 ,m51 :5 !y transgress ! moral law1 always s91 )\t ! possibility ( do+ "r4 ,f ?is position ! ,necessit>ian _c escape4 #c4 ,on ?is !ory1 ,god only is responsible = all human volitions toge!r ) _! effects4 ,! relation betwe5 all antec$5ts & _! consequ5ts 0 e/abli%$ by him4 ,if t relation be 9 all in/ances a necess>y "o1 8 ,w surely is ! sole responsible antec$5t ( all consequ5ts4 #d4 ,! idea ( obligation1 ( m]it & dem]it1 & ( ! consequ5t propriety ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 are *im]as4 ,to conceive ( a be+ des]v+ praise or blame1 = volitions or actions :i* occurr$ "u circum/ances 9 :i* none o!rs 7 possible1 & 9 :i* ^! c\ld n possibly b happ51 is an absolute impossibility4 ,to conceive him "u obligation to h giv5 exi/5ce1 "u su* circum/ances1 to diff]5t consequ5ts1 is equally impossible4 ,x is to suppose an ag5t "u obligation to p]=m t to :i* ,omnipot5ce is inadequate4 ,= ,omnipot5ce _c p]=m impossibilities4 ,x _c rev]se ! law ( ,necessity4 ,let any individual conceive ( creatures plac$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 circum/ances 9 :i* b "o act1 or s]ies ( acts ( ,w1 c arise1 & ^! _c b arise--let him1 !n1 attempt to conceive ( ^! creatures z "u obligation1 9 ^! same circum/ances1 to give exi/5ce to diff]5t & opposite acts1 & z des]v+ ( puni%m5t = n do+ s4 ,he w f9d x z impossible to pass su* a judgm5t z to conceive ( ! annihilation ( space1 or ( an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,to conceive ( necessity & obligation z fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! same act1 is an absolute impossibility4 ,! human ,intellig5ce is incapable ( affirm+ su* contradictions4 #e4 ,z an additional consid]ation1 to %[ ! absolute incompatibility ( ! idea ( moral obligation ) ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 p]mit me to direct ! att5tion ( ! read] to ?is /rik+ fact4 ,:ile no man1 hold+ ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty z above def9$1 0 ev] kn[n to d5y moral obligation1 su* d5ial has1 )\t exception1 9 e age & nation1 be5 av[$ly bas$ ^u ! assumption ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity4 ,9 e age & nation1 9 e solit>y m9d 9 :i* ! idea ( obligation has be5 d5i$1 ?is doctr9e has be5 ! great mael/rom 9 :i* ?is idea has be5 swall[$ up & lo/4 ,h[ c ! ,necessit>ian acc\nt = su* facts 9 consi/5cy ) 8 !ory8 #f4 ,! comm&s ( ,god address$ to m5 z s9n]s & requir+ !m 9 all cases ( transgression ( ! moral law1 to *oose & to act diff]5tly f :at !y d1 are1 if ?is doctr9e is true1 ! p]fection ( tyranny4 ,9 all su* cases m5 are requir$-- 7#a47 ,to p]=m absolute impossibilities2 to rev]se ! law ( necessity4 7#b47 ,to d t to :i* ,omnipot5ce is inadequate4 ,= ,omnipot5ce1 z we h se51 _c rev]se ! law ( necessity4 ,n only s1 b-- 7#c47 ,m5 9 all su* in/ances are requir$1 z a matt] ( fact1 to resi/ & ov]come ,omnipot5ce4 ,to require u to rev]se ! relation e/abli%$ by ,omnipot5ce1 betwe5 antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 is c]ta9ly to require u to resi/ & ov]come ,omnipot5ce1 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( all p[]1 ev5 to attempt ! accompli%m5t ( t :i* we are requir$ to accompli%4 #g4 ,if ?is doctr9e is true1 at ! f9al ,judgm5t ! consci5ce & intellig5ce ( ! univ]se w & mu/ be on ! side ( ! condemn$4 ,suppose t :5 ! conduct ( ! wick$ %all be reveal$ at t ,day1 ano!r fact %all /& out ) equal conspicu\sness1 to wit1 t ,god himself _h plac$ ^! be+s :]e b "o c\rse ( conduct 0 possible to !m1 & t c\rse !y c\ld n b pursue1 to wit1 ! c\rse :i* !y did pursue1 & t = hav+ pursu$ ?is c\rse1 ! only "o possible1 !y are n[ to be puni%$ ) ev]la/+ de/ruction f ! pres5ce ( ,god & ! glory ( 8 p[]1 mu/ n ! intellig5ce ( ! univ]se pron\nce su* a s5t5ce unju/8 ,all ?is mu/ be true1 or ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is false4 ,:o c believe1 t ! pill>s ( ,god's et]nal gov]nm5t re/ ^u su* a doctr9e8 #h4 ,on ?is supposition1 probation is an inf9ite absurdity4 ,we might ) ! same propriety repres5t ! specim5s 9 ! laboratory ( ! *emi/1 z on probation1 z m51 if _! actions are ! necess>y result ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,omnipot5ce has plac$ !m4 ,:at mu/ intellig5t be+s ?9k ( probation = a /ate ( et]nal retribution1 probation bas$ on su* a pr9ciple8 #i4 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity is1 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 id5tical ) ,fatalism 9 its wor/ =m4 ,all t ,fatalism ev] has ma9ta9$1 or n[ ma9ta9s1 is1 t m51 by a p[] :i* !y _c control nor resi/1 are plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* !y _c b pursue ! c\rse ( conduct :i* !y actually are pursu+4 ,?is doctr9e has nev] affirm$1 t1 9 ! ,necessit>ian s5se1 m5 _c d z !y please4 ,all t x ma9ta9s is1 t !y _c b please to d z !y d4 ,?us ?is doctr9e diff]s n "o jot or tittle1 f ,necessity4 ,no man c %[ ! want ( p]fect id5tity betwe5 !m4 ,fatali/s & ,necessit>ians may diff] 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ?is ,necessity4 ,9 reg>d to its nature1 ! only ?+ mat]ial1 z f> z pres5t inquiries are conc]n$1 !y d n diff] at all4 #aj4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ! ,necessity ( all acts ( ! ,w ( man1 we mu/ ma9ta91 t ! ,w ( ,god is subject to ! same law4 ,?is is univ]sally admitt$ by ,necessit>ians !mselves4 ,n[ 9 ma9ta9+ ! necessity ( all acts ( ! ,div9e ,w1 ! foll[+ conclusions =ce !mselves ^u u3 7#a47 ,,motives :i* necessitate ! det]m9ations ( ! ,div9e ,w1 are ! sole orig9at+ & effici5t causes 9 exi/5ce4 ,god is n ! fir/ cause ( any?+4 7#b47 ,to motives1 :i* ( c\rse exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! ,div9e ,w1 we mu/ ascribe ! orig9 ( all creat$ exi/5ces4 ,! glory ( orig9at+ all ?+s visible & invisible1 belongs n to ,him1 b to motives4 7#c47 ,9 all cases 9 :i* creatures are requir$ to act diff]5tly f :at !y d1 z 9 all acts ( s91 !y are 9 reality requir$ n only to resi/ & ov]come ! omnipot5t det]m9ations ( ! ,div9e ,w1 b also ! motives by :i* ! action ( ,god's ,w is necessitat$4 ,we ask ,necessit>ians to look ^! consequ5ces 9 ! face1 & !n say1 :e!r !y are prep>$ to d5y1 or to meet !m4 #aa4 ,f9ally1 if ! doctr9e "u consid]ation is true1 9 all in/ances ( ! transgression ( ! moral law1 m5 are1 9 reality1 requir$ to produce an ev5t :i*1 :5 x does exi/1 %all exi/ )\t a cause4 ,9 circum/ances :]e b "o ev5t is possible1 & t _c b arise1 if a diff]5t ev5t %\ld arise1 x w\ld und5iably be an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,to require su* an ev5t "u su* circum/ances1 is to require an ev5t )\t a cause1 ! mo/ palpable contradiction conceivable4 ,n[ j su* a requirem5t z ?is is laid ^u m51 9 all cases ( disob$i5ce ( ! moral law1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true4 ,9 all su* cases1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e m5 are plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* b "o act is possible1 & t mu/ arise1 to wit3 ! act ( disob$i5ce :i* is put =?4 ,if1 9 ^! circum/ances1 an act ( ob$i5ce %\ld be put =?1 x w\ld be an ev5t )\t a cause1 & 9 opposition also to ! action ( a necess>y cause4 ,9 ^! id5tical circum/ances1 ! act ( ob$i5ce is requir$1 t is1 an act is requir$ ( creatures1 :i*1 if x %\ld be put =?1 w\ld be an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,has a ,god ( tru? & ju/ice ev] laid ^u m5 su* a requisition z t8 ,h[1 ,i ask1 c ! doctr9e ( ,necessity be extricat$ f su* a difficulty8 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty--,,direct ,,argum5t4 ,,ii4 ,we w n[1 z a second g5]al argum5t1 consid] ! position1 t ! ,w is subject 9 its det]m9ations to ! relation ( ,lib]ty1 9 opposition to t ( ,necessity4 ,"h ,i w\ld rem>k1 t z ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w mu/ fall "u "o or ! o!r ( ^! relations1 & z x has be5 %[n1 t !y _c fall "u t ( ,necessity1 b "o supposition rema9s4 ,!y mu/ fall "u t ( ,lib]ty1 z oppos$ to ,necessity4 ,! intr9sic absurdity ( suppos+ t a be+1 all ( ^: actions are necess>y1 is /ill acc\ntable = su* actions1 is suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! doctr9e ( ,necessity = ev]4 ,a few additional consid]ations are deem$ requisite1 9 ord] to pres5t ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w4 #a4 ,! fir/ t ,i pres5t is ?is4 ,z soon z ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 z above def9$1 is di/9ctly appreh5d$1 x is spontane\sly recogniz$ by e m9d1 z ! true1 & only true exposition ( ! facts ( its own consci\sness p]ta9+ to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w4 ,?is doctr9e is simply an ann\ncem5t ( ! spontane\s affirmations ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce4 ,?is is ! highe/ possible evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e4 #b4 ,! univ]sal conviction ( mank9d1 t _! =m] c\rse ( conduct might h be5 diff]5t f :at x 04 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t !re is n a p]son on e>?1 :o has n ?is conviction re/+ ^u 8 m9d 9 respect to 8 own pa/ life4 ,x is important to analyze ?is conviction1 9 ord] to m>k di/9ctly its be>+ ^u our pres5t inquiries4 ,?is conviction is n ! belief1 t if our circum/ances _h be5 diff]5t1 we might h act$ diff]5tly f :at we did4 ,a man1 = example1 says to himself--,at su* a "t1 & 9 su* circum/ances1 ,i det]m9$ ^u a p>ticul> c\rse ( conduct4 ,i might h det]m9$ ^u a diff]5t & opposite c\rse4 ,:y did ,i n8 ,^! affirmations are n bas$ ^u ! conviction1 t1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 we might h done diff]5tly4 ,9 all su* affirmations we take into acc\nt no?+ b ! p>ticul> circum/ances 9 :i* our det]m9ations 7 =m$4 ,x is 9 view ( ^! circum/ances exclusively1 t we affirm t our det]m9ations might h be5 diff]5t f :at !y 74 ,let ! appeal be made to any individual :atev]1 ^: m9d is n at ! "t "u ! influ5ce ( any p>ticul> !ory ( ! ,w4 ,y say1 t at su* a "t1 & "u su* circum/ances1 y det]m9$ ^u a p>ticul> c\rse1 t y might !n h resolv$ ^u a diff]5t & opposite c\rse1 & t y blame y\rself = n hav+ done s4 ,is n ?is y\r real mean+8 ,if my circum/ances _h be5 diff]5t1 ,i might h resolv$ ^u a diff]5t c\rse4 ,no1 he w\ld reply4 ,t is n my mean+4 ,i 0 n ?9k+ at all ( a *ange ( circum/ances1 :5 ,i made ?is affirmation4 ,:at ,i mean is1 t 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* ,i 01 ,i might h done diff]5tly f :at ,i did4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i blame myself = n hav+ done s4 ,! same conviction1 to wit3 t )\t any *ange ( circum/ances our pa/ c\rse ( life might h be5 diff]5t f :at x 01 re/s ^u e m9d on e>? 9 :i* ! remembrance ( ! pa/ dwells4 ,n[ ?is univ]sal conviction is totally false1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w mu/ be true1 or ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce is a p]petual falsehood4 #c4 ,9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 ,i next appeal to ! direct1 delib]ate1 & univ]sal te/imony ( consci\sness4 ,?is te/imony is giv5 9 ?ree ways4 7#a47 ,9 ! g5]al conviction above ref]r$ to1 t )\t any *ange ( circum/ances1 our c\rse ( conduct might h be5 ! opposite ( :at x 04 ,no?+ b a univ]sal consci\sness ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w1 c acc\nt = ?is conviction4 7#b47 ,:5ev] any object ( *oice is submitt$ to ! m9d1 consci\sness affirms1 directly & positively1 t1 "u ^! id5tical circum/ances1 ei!r ( two or m acts ( ,w is equally possible4 ,e man 9 su* circum/ances is z consci\s ( su* p[] z he is ( 8 own exi/5ce4 ,9 confirmation ( ^! affirmations1 let any "o make ! appeal to 8 own consci\sness1 :5 ab\t to put =? any act ( ,w4 ,he w be j z consci\s t ei!r ( two or m diff]5t det]m9ations is1 9 ! same circum/ances1 equally possible1 z he is ( any m5tal /ate :atev]4 7#c47 ,9 ref]5ce to all delib]ate det]m9ations ( ,w 9 "t pa/1 ! remembrance ( !m is att5d$ ) a consci\sness ! mo/ positive1 t1 9 ! same id5tical circum/ances1 det]m9ations precisely opposite might h be5 orig9at$4 ,let any "o recall any su* det]m9ation1 & ! consci\sness ( a p[] to h det]m9$ diff]5tly w be j z di/9ctly recall$ z ! act itself4 ,he _c be m sure t he act$ at all1 ?an he w be1 t he might h act$ det]m9$ diff]5tly4 ,all ^! affirmations ( consci\sness are false1 if ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is n true4 #d4 ,a fundam5tal di/9ction :i* all mank9d make betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 & ^? ( ! o!r faculties1 ! ,s5sibility = example1 is a full confirmation ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 z a tru? ( univ]sal consci\sness4 ,a man is tak5 out ( a burn+ furnace1 ) 8 physical sy/em greatly injur$ by ! fire4 ,z a consequ5ce1 he subsequ5tly exp]i5ces mu* suff]+ & inconv5i5ce4 ,= ! injury done him by ! fire1 & = ! pa9 subsequ5tly exp]i5c$1 he nev] blames or reproa*es himself4 ,) self-reproa* he nev] says1 ,:y1 in/ead ( be+ ?us injur$1 did ,i n come out ( ! furnace z ! ?ree wor?ies did f t ( ,nebu*adnezz>8 ,:y d ,i n n[ exp]i5ce pleasure in/ead ( pa91 z a consequ5ce ( t injury8 ,suppose1 n[1 t 8 fall into ! furnace 0 ! result ( a det]m9ation =m$ = ! purpose ( self-murd]4 ,= t det]m9ation1 & = n hav+1 9 ! same circum/ances1 det]m9$ diff]5tly1 he w ev] aft] reproa* himself1 z mo/ guilty 9 ! sight ( ,god & man4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! abs5ce ( self-reproa* 9 ! =m] in/ance1 & = its pres5ce 9 ! latt]8 ,if ! appeal %\ld be made to ! subject1 8 answ] w\ld be ready4 ,9 respect to ! injury & pa91 9 ! circum/ances suppos$1 !y c\ld n b be exp]i5c$4 ,su* ph5om5a1 !re=e1 c nev] be ! occasion ( self-reproa*4 ,9 ! condition 9 :i* ! det]m9ation ref]r$ to 0 =m$1 a diff]5t & opposite resolution might h be5 orig9at$4 ,t p>ticul> det]m9ation1 !re=e1 is ! occasion ( self-reproa*4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ?is di/9ction1 :i* all mank9d agree 9 mak+1 betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,s5sibility on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,w on ! o!r8 ,b "o supposition acc\nts = ?is fact1 ! univ]sal consci\sness1 t ! =m] are necess>y1 & ! latt] free t 9 ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce ! =m] may n1 & ! latt] may1 be diff]5t f :at !y are4 #e4 ,on any o!r !ory ?an t ( ,lib]ty1 ! words1 obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 c41 are words )\t mean+4 ,a man is1 we w suppose1 by ,div9e ,provid5ce1 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* he _c possibly b pursue "o giv5 c\rse1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 put =? giv5 det]m9ations4 ,:5 x is said t1 9 ^! id5tical circum/ances1 he ought to pursue a diff]5t & opposite c\rse1 or to put =? diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations1 :at conceivable mean+ c we atta* to ! ^w ought1 "h8 ,!re is no?+1 9 ! circum/ances suppos$1 :i* ! ^w1 ought1 or obligation1 c repres5t4 ,if we pr$icate m]it or dem]it ( an individual ?us circum/anc$1 we use words equally )\t mean+4 ,obligation & moral des]t1 9 su* a case1 re/ ^u airy no?+1 )\t a local habitation or a "n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose t ! "r & ! wrong are at all times equally possible to an individual2 t :5 he *ooses ! "o1 he might1 9 ! same id5tical circum/ances1 *oose ! o!r2 inf9ite mean+ atta*es to ! words1 ought1 obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 :5 x is said t an individual ?us circum/anc$ ought to d ! "r & avoid ! wrong1 & t he m]its rew>d or puni%m5t1 :5 he does ! "o1 or does n d ! o!r4 ,! ideas ( obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 rew>d & puni%m5t1 & probation ) ref]5ce to a /ate ( moral retribution1 are all *im]as1 on any o!r supposition ?an t ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w4 ,) ?is doctr9e1 !y all p]fectly h>monize4 #f4 ,all moral gov]nm5t1 all laws1 human & ,div9e1 h _! basis 9 ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty2 & are ! p]fection ( tyranny1 on any o!r supposition4 ,to place creatures 9 circum/ances :i* necessitate a giv5 c\rse ( conduct1 & r5d] e o!r c\rse impossible1 & !n to require ( !m1 "u ! heavie/ sanctions1 a diff]5t & opposite c\rse--:at c be tyranny if ?is is n8 ,,objection ,,9 ,,b> ,,( ,,an ,,appeal ,,to ,,consci\sness4 ,an objection :i* is br\ght by ,necessit>ians1 9 p]petual b> ( an appeal to consci\sness1 to det]m9e ! fact :e!r ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w fall "u ! relation ( ,lib]ty or ,necessity1 "h dem&s special att5tion4 ,consci\sness1 x is said1 simply affirms1 t1 9 giv5 circum/ances1 we d1 9 fact1 put =? c]ta9 acts ( ,w4 ,b :e!r we c or _c1 9 ^! circum/ances1 put =? o!r & opposite det]m9ations1 x does n & _c make any affirmation at all4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 fall )9 ! prov9ce ( ,consci\sness to det]m9e :e!r ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w are subject to ! relation ( ,lib]ty or ,necessity2 & x is unphilosophical to appeal to t faculty to decide su* a "q4 ,?is objection1 if valid1 r5d]s null & void mu* ( :at has be5 said ^u ?is subject2 & z x con/itutes a /ronghold ( ! ,necessit>ian1 x becomes u to exam9e x ) great c>e4 ,9 reply1 ,i rem>k1 #a4 ,t if ?is objection holds 9 respect to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 x mu/ hold equally 9 respect ( ^? ( ! o!r faculties ! ,intellig5ce1 = example4 ,we w1 !re=e1 br+ ! objection to a te/1 by apply+ x to c]ta9 intellectual ph5om5a4 ,we w take1 z an example1 ! univ]sal & necess>y affirmation1 t x is impossible = ! same ?+1 at ! same "t1 to be & n to be4 ,e "o is consci\s1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 ( mak+ ?is & o!r k9dr$ affirmations4 ,n[1 if ! objection "u consid]ation is valid1 all t we %\ld be consci\s ( is ! fact1 t1 "u ! circum/ances suppos$1 we d1 9 reality1 make p>ticul> affirmations2 :ile1 9 ref]5ce to ! "q1 :e!r1 9 ! same circum/ances1 we c or _c make diff]5t & opposite affirmations1 we %\ld h no consci\sness at all4 ,n[1 ,i appeal to e man1 :e!r1 :5 he is consci\s ( mak+ ! affirmation1 t x is impossible = ! same ?+1 at ! same "t1 to be & n to be1 he is n equally consci\s ( ! fact1 t x is impossible = him to make ! opposite affirmation :e!r1 :5 he affirms t ?ree & two make five1 he is n consci\s t x is impossible = him to affirm t ?ree & two are six8 ,9 o!r words1 :5 we are consci\s ( mak+ c]ta9 intellectual affirmations1 are we n equally consci\s ( an impossibility ( mak+ diff]5t & opposite affirmations8 ,e man is j z consci\s ( ! fact1 t ! ph5om5a ( 8 ,intellig5ce fall "u ! relation ( ,necessity1 z he is ( mak+ any affirmations at all4 ,if ?is is n s1 we _c "k b t x is possible = u to affirm & believe p]ceiv$ contradictions4 ,all t we c\ld say is1 t1 z a matt] ( fact1 we d n d x4 ,b :e!r we c or _c d x1 we c nev] "k4 ,d we n "k1 h[ev]1 z absolutely z we "k any?+1 t we _c affirm p]ceiv$ contradictions8 ,9 o!r words1 we d & c "k absolutely1 t our ,intellig5ce is subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,we d "k by consci\sness1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & ,i may add1 ( ! ,s5sibility too1 d fall "u ! relation ( ,necessity4 ,:y may we n "k1 ) equal c]ta9ty1 :e!r ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w d or d n fall "u ! relation ( ,lib]ty8 ,:at !n becomes ( ! objection "u consid]ation8 #b4 ,b :ile we are consci\s ( ! fact1 t ! ,intellect is "u ! law ( ,necessity1 we are equally consci\s t ,w is "u t ( ,lib]ty4 ,we make intellectual affirmations2 su*1 = example1 z ! propositions1 ,?+s equal to ! same ?+s are equal to "o ano!r1 ,!re c be no ev5t )\t a cause1 c41 ) a consci\sness ( an utt] impossibility ( mak+ diff]5t & opposite affirmations4 ,we put =? acts ( ,w ) a consci\sness equally di/9ct & absolute1 ( a possibility1 9 ! same circum/ances1 ( putt+ =? diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations4 ,ev5 ,necessit>ians admit & affirm ! validity ( ! te/imony ( consci\sness 9 ! =m] in/ance4 ,:y %\ld we d\bt or d5y x 9 ! latt]8 #c4 ,! "q1 :e!r ,consci\sness c or _c give u n only m5tal ph5om5a1 b also ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( su* ph5om5a1 _c be det]m9$ by any pre-=m$ !ory1 9 respect to :at ,consci\sness c or _c affirm4 ,if we wi% to "k to :at a witness is able to te/ify1 we mu/ n fir/ det]m9e :at he c or _c say1 & !n refuse to he> any?+ f him1 except 9 con=mity to su* decisions4 ,we mu/ fir/ give him a full & att5tive he>+1 & !n judge ( 8 capabilities4 ,s 9 respect to ,consci\sness4 ,if we wi% to "k :at x does or does n1 :at x c or _c affirm1 we mu/ let x give its full te/imony1 untrammell$ by any pre-=m$ !ories4 ,n[1 :5 ! appeal is ?us made1 we f9d1 t1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we d orig9ate giv5 det]m9ations1 x affirms di/9ctly & absolutely1 t1 9 ! same id5tical circum/ances1 we might orig9ate diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations4 ,f :at ,consci\sness does affirm1 we ought surely to det]m9e ! sph]e ( its legitimate affirmations4 #d4 ,! univ]sal solicitude ( ,necessit>ians to take ! "q "u consid]ation f ! b> ( ,consci\sness is1 9 fact1 a mo/ decisive ackn[l$gm5t1 on _! "p1 t at t tribunal ! cause w g aga9/ !m4 ,let u suppose t all m5 7 z consci\s t _! ,w is subject to ! law ( ,necessity1 z !y are t _! ,intellig5ce is4 ,c we conceive t ,necessit>ians w\ld n be z solicit\s to c>ry ! "q directly to ! tribunal ( ,consci\sness1 z !y n[ are to take x f t tribunal8 ,:5 all m5 are z consci\s t _! ,w is "u ! law ( ,lib]ty1 z !y are t _! o!r faculties are "u ! relation ( ,necessity1 no wond] t ,necessit>ians anticipate ! ru9 ( _! cause1 :5 ! "q is to be submitt$ to ! b> ( ,consci\sness4 ,no wond] t !y s solemnly prote/ aga9/ an appeal to t tribunal4 ,let ! read] rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! mom5t ! validity ( ! affirmations ( ,consci\sness is d5i$1 9 respect to any "q 9 m5tal sci5ce1 x becomes inf9ite folly 9 u to reason at all on ! subject2 a folly j z great z x w\ld be = a natural philosoph] to reason ab\t colors1 aft] d5y+ ! validity ( all affirmations ( ! eye1 9 respect to ! ph5om5a ab\t :i* he is to reason4 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,argu$ ,,f ,,! ,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,9 ,,all ,,m9ds4 ,,iii4 ,i w pres5t a ?ird g5]al argum5t 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty2 an argum5t1 :i*1 to my m9d1 is p]fectly conclusive1 b :i* diff]s some:at f ei!r ( ! =ms ( argum5tation above pres5t$4 ,i argue ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w f ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( ,lib]ty 9 ! human m9d1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is !re f\nd4 ,if ! ,w is n free1 ! idea ( ,lib]ty is :olly inapplicable to any ph5om5on 9 exi/5ce :atev]4 ,yet ?is idea is 9 ! m9d4 ,! action ( ! ,w 9 con=mity to x is j z conceivable z its action 9 con=mity to ! idea ( ,necessity4 ,x rema9s ) ! ,necessit>ian to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ?is idea 9 ! human m9d1 9 consi/5cy ) 8 own !ory4 ,"h ! foll[+ consid]ations pres5t !mselves dem&+ special att5tion4 #a4 ,! idea ( ,lib]ty1 l t ( ,necessity1 is a simple1 & n a complex idea4 ,?is all w admit4 #b4 ,x c\ld n h come into ! m9d f obs]vation or reflection because all ph5om5a1 ext]nal & int]nal1 all ! objects ( obs]vation & reflection1 are1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 n free1 b necess>y4 #c4 ,x c\ld n h orig9at$1 z necess>y ideas d1 z ! logical antec$5ts ( ! tru?s giv5 by obs]vation & reflection4 ,= example1 ! idea ( space1 "t1 sub/ance1 & cause1 are giv5 9 ! ,intellig5ce1 z ! logical antec$5ts ( ! ideas ( body1 succession1 ph5om5a1 & ev5ts1 all ( :i* are tru?s d]iv$ f obs]vation or reflection4 ,n[ ! idea ( ,lib]ty1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true1 _c h aris5 9 ?is way because all ! objects ( obs]vation & reflection are1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 necess>y1 & !re=e _! logical antec$5ts mu/ be4 ,h[ %all we acc\nt1 9 consi/5cy ) ?is !ory1 = ! exi/5ce ( ?is idea 9 ! m9d8 ,x came n f p]ception ext]nal1 nor int]nal1 nor z ! logical antec$5t or consequ5t ( any tru? ?us p]ceiv$4 ,n[ if we admit ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty z a tru? ( univ]sal consci\sness1 we c give a philosophical acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( ,lib]ty 9 all m9ds4 ,if we d5y ?is doctr9e1 & consequ5tly affirm t ( ,necessity1 we may safely *all5ge any !ologian or philosoph] to give su* an acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( t idea 9 ! m9d4 ,= all ideas1 9 ! m9d1 d & mu/ come f obs]vation or reflection1 or z ! logical antec$5ts or consequ5ts ( ideas ?us obta9$4 ,we h "h an ev5t )\t a cause1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true4 #d4 ,all simple ideas1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,lib]ty1 h realities )9 or ar\nd u1 correspond+ to !m4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true1 we h "o solit>y idea ( ?is "*1 t ( ,lib]ty1 to :i* no reality corresponds4 ,:5ce ?is solit>y intrud] 9 ! human m9d8 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is idea 9 ! m9d is pro( demon/rative1 t a reality correspond+ to x does & mu/ exi/1 & z ?is reality is f\nd n[h]e b 9 ! ,w1 !re x mu/ be f\nd4 ,almo/ all ,necessit>ians are1 9 philosophy1 ! disciples ( ,locke4 ,) him1 !y ma9ta91 t all ideas 9 ! m9d come f obs]vation & reflection4 ,yet !y ma9ta9 t !re is 9 ! m9d "o idea1 t ( ,lib]ty1 :i* nev] c\ld ?us h orig9at$2 because1 accord+ to _! !ory1 no objects correspond+ d or c exi/1 ei!r z realities1 or z ! objects ( obs]vation or reflection4 ,we h aga9 an ev5t )\t a cause1 if ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is n true4 #e4 ,! relation ( ! ideas ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity to ^? ( obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 c41 next dem& our att5tion4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true1 ! idea ( ,lib]ty is1 z we h se51 a *im]a4 ,) x ! idea ( obligation c h no connection or alliance2 b mu/ re/ exclusively ^u t ( ,necessity4 ,n[1 h[ happ5s x1 t no man hold+ ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty 0 ev] kn[n to d5y t ( obligation1 or ( m]it & dem]it8 ,h[ happ5s x1 t ! validity ( nei!r ( ^! ideas has ev]1 9 any age or nation1 be5 d5i$1 except on ! av[$ au?ority ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity8 ,sceptics ( ! class :o d5y moral obligation1 are univ]sally av[$ ,necessit>ians4 ,we may safely *all5ge ! _w to produce a s+le exception to ?is /atem5t4 ,we may *all5ge ! _w to produce an individual 9 anci5t or mod]n times :o holds ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 & d5ies moral obligation1 or an individual :o d5ies moral obligation on any o!r gr\nd ?an t ( ,necessity4 ,n[1 h[ c ?is fact be acc\nt$ =1 t ! ideas ( obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 c41 univ]sally atta* !mselves to a *im]a1 ! idea ( ,lib]ty1 & /& 9 su* irreconcilable ho/ility to ! only idea by :i*1 z ,necessit>ians w h x1 _! validity is affirm$8 #f4 ,f9ally1 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce1 ,s5sibility1 & ! ,w1 are giv5 9 ,consci\sness z alike necess>y4 ,! idea ( ,lib]ty1 !n1 if x does exi/ 9 ! m9d1 w\ld n be likely to atta* itself to ei!r ( ^! classes ( ph5om5a2 & if to ei!r1 x w\ld be j z likely to atta* itself to "o class z to ano!r4 ,n[1 h[ %all we acc\nt = ! fact1 t ?is idea always atta*es itself to "o ( ^! classes ( ph5om5a1 ^? ( ! ,w1 & nev] to ei!r ( ! o!rs8 ,h[ is x t all m5 agree 9 hold+1 t1 9 ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility _c b be :at !y are1 :ile ^? ( ! ,w may be o!rwise ?an !y are8 ,:y1 if ?is *im]a1 ! idea ( ,lib]ty1 atta*es itself to ei!r ( ^! classes1 does x n sometimes atta* itself to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility1 z well z to ^? ( ! ,w8 ,"h1 once aga91 we h an ev5t )\t a cause1 a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true4 ,! facts be=e u c be acc\nt$ = only on ! supposition1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility are giv5 9 ,consci\sness z necess>y1 :ile ^? ( ! ,w are giv5 z free4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty1 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,! ,,bible4 ,,iv4 ,we w n[1 9 ! f\r? place1 raise ! inquiry1 an inquiry v appropriate 9 its place1 & hav+ an important be>+ ^u our pres5t inve/igations1 :e!r ! doctr9e ( ! ,w1 above e/abli%$1 is ! doctr9e pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w enable u to give a decisive answ] to ?is inquiry4 #a4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ! ,w "h ma9ta9$ is n1 & consequ5tly t ( ,necessity is1 ! doctr9e pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 !n we h two revelations f ,god1 ! ext]nal & int]nal1 9 palpable contradiction to ea* o!r4 ,z ! works ( ,god 7see ,rom4 #a3 #ai1 #bj7 are z real a revelation f him z ! ,bible1 s are ! necess>y affirmations ( our ,intellig5ce4 ,n[1 9 our inn] be+1 9 ! dep?s ( our ,intellig5ce1 ! fact is p]petually reveal$ & affirm$--a fact :i* we _c disbelieve1 if we w\ld--t we are n necess>y b free ag5ts4 ,suppose t1 9 ! ext]nal revelation1 ! ,scriptures1 ! fact is reveal$ & affirm$ t we are n free b necess>y ag5ts4 ,has n ,god himself affirm$ 9 "o revelation :at he has d5i$ 9 ano!r8 ,( :at use c ! int]nal revelation be1 b to r5d] u necess>ily sceptical 9 respect to ! ext]nal8 ,has ! ,mo/ ,high giv5 two su* revelations z ?is8 #b4 ,9 ! ,scriptures1 man is pres5t$ z ! subject1 &1 ( c\rse1 z possess+ ^? p[]s :i* r5d] him ! prop] subject ( comm& & prohibition1 ( obligation1 ( m]it & dem]it1 & consequ5tly ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,let u suppose t ,god has imp>t$ to a be+ a c]ta9 con/itution1 & !n plac$ him 9 a condition 9 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! necess>y correlation betwe5 8 con/itution & circum/ances1 b "o s]ies ( det]m9ations are possible to him1 & t s]ies _c b result4 ,c we conceive x prop] 9 ! ,mo/ ,high to prohibit t creature f pursu+ ! c\rse :i* ,god himself has r5d]$ x impossible = him n to pursue1 & require him1 "u ! heavie/ sanctions1 to pursue1 "u ^! id5tical circum/ances1 a diff]5t & opposite c\rse--a c\rse :i* ! ,creator has r5d]$ x impossible = him to pursue8 ,is ?is ! philosophy pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,does ! ,bible imply a sy/em ( m5tal philosophy :i* r5d]s ! t]ms1 obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 void ( all conceivable mean+1 & :i* lays no o!r f\ndation = moral retributions b inju/ice & tyranny8 #c4 ,let u n[ contemplate ! do+s ( ! ,great ,day reveal$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 9 ! light ( ^! two opposite !ories4 ,let u suppose t1 z ! righte\s & ! wick$ /& 9 di/9ct & sep>ate masses be=e ! ,et]nal ,"o1 ! ,mo/ ,high says to ! "o class1 ,y1 ,i myself plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* no?+ b ob$i5ce 0 possible1 & t y c\ld n b r5d]2 & y1 ,i plac$ 9 a condition 9 :i* no?+ b disob$i5ce 0 possible to y1 & t y c\ld n b p]petrate4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! di/9ct & opposite c\rses1 ea* ( :i* ,i myself r5d]$ unavoidable1 y des]ve & %all receive my et]nal smiles2 & y z ri*ly des]ve & %all !re=e endure my et]nal fr[ns4 ,:at w\ld be ! response ( an assembl$ univ]se to a division bas$ ^u su* a pr9ciple8 ,is ?is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! decisions ( t ,day are bas$8 ,x mu/ be s1 if ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is n1 & t ( ,necessity is1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,bible8 #d4 ,we w n[ contemplate ano!r class ( passages :i* h a be>+ equally decisive ^u our pres5t inquiries4 ,i ref] to t class 9 :i* ,god expresses ! deepe/ regret at ! c\rse :i* transgressors h pursu$1 & are /ill pursu+1 & ! mo/ decisive unwill+ness t !y %\ld pursue t c\rse & p]i%4 ,he takes a solemn oa?1 t he is n will+ t !y %\ld take ! c\rse ( disob$i5ce & dea?1 b t !y %\ld pursue a diff]5t & opposite c\rse4 ,god expresses no regret t !y are 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are1 b t 9 ^? circum/ances !y %\ld take ! pa? ( disob$i5ce1 & n t ( ob$i5ce4 ,n[1 c we suppose1 :at mu/ be true1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is ! doctr9e pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible1 t ,god places 8 creatures 9 circum/ances 9 :i* ob$i5ce is to !m an impossibility1 & 9 :i* !y _c b disobey1 & !n takes a solemn oa? t he is n will+ t !y %\ld disobey & p]i%1 b t !y %\ld turn f _! evil way & live8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! exclamation1 ,o t ?\ had/ he>k5$ to my comm&m5t1 if ,god himself _h s condition$ ! s9n] z to r5d] ob$i5ce an impossibility to him8 ,is ?is ! philosophy ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ p]fectly 9 place are all ! passages "u consid]ation1 on ! supposition t ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is ! doctr9e !re9 pre-suppos$1 & t consequ5tly ! ob$i5ce :i* ,god affirms ,himself desir\s t s9n]s %\ld r5d]1 & 8 regret t !y d n r5d]1 is always possible to !m6 ,"o ( ! sev5 pill>s ( ! ,gospel is ?is v doctr9e4 ,take x f ! ,bible1 & we h ano!r ,gospel4 #e4 ,"o o!r class ( passages claims special att5tion "h4 ,9 ! ,scriptures1 ! ,mo/ ,high expresses ! greate/ a/oni%m5t t m5 %\ld s9 "u ! influ5ces to :i* he has subject$ !m4 ,he calls ^u heav5 & e>? to unite ) him 9 a/oni%m5t at ! conduct ( m5 "u ^? influ5ces4 ,he>1 ,o heav5s1 & give e>1 ,o e>?1 he exclaims1 = ! ,"l ha? spok52 ,i h n\ri%$ & br\ght up *ildr51 & !y h rebell$ aga9/ me4 ,n[1 let u suppose1 z ! doctr9e ( ,necessity affirms1 t ,god has plac$ s9n]s "u influ5ces "u :i* !y _c b s94 ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( 8 conduct 9 call+ ^u ! univ]se to unite ) him 9 a/oni%m5t1 t "u ^! influ5ces !y %\ld s9--t is1 take ! only c\rse possible to !m1 ! c\rse :i* !y _c b take8 ,) ! same propriety1 he might place a mass ( wat] on an incl9$ plane1 & !n call ^u heav5 & e>? to unite ) him 9 a/oni%m5t at ! d[nw>d fl[ ( ! fluid4 ,is ?is ! philosophy pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible8 ,,sec4 #c4 ,,views ,,( ,,necessit>ians4 ,we are n[ prep>$ = a consid]ation ( c]ta9 miscellane\s que/ions :i* h an important be>+ ^u our pres5t inquiries4 ,,necessity ,,z ,,held ,,by ,,necessit>ians4 ,i4 ,! fir/ inquiry t pres5ts itself is ?is3 ,d ,necessit>ians hold ! doctr9e ( ,necessity z def9$ 9 ?is *apt]8 ,d !y really hold1 9 respect to e act ( w1 t1 9 ! circum/ances ( its occurr5ce1 t "o act only is possible1 & t _c b arise8 ,is ?is1 = example1 ! doctr9e ( ,edw>ds8 ,is x ! doctr9e really held by ^? :o pr(ess$ly agree ) him8 ,i argue t x is3 #a4 ,because !y unanim\sly repudiate ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty z "h def9$4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 hold t ( ,necessity2 inasmu* z no ?ird relation is ev5 conceivable or possible4 ,if !y d5y t ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w fall "u ei!r ( ^! relations1 & /ill call !mselves ,necessit>ians1 !y mo/ hold to an inconceivable some?+1 :i* !mselves ev5 d n und]/& & _c def9e1 & :i* has & c h no real exi/5ce4 #b4 ,edw>ds has conf\nd$ ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w ) ^? ( ! ,s5sibility :i* are necess>y 9 ! s5se "h def9$4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 hold t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! latt] class belong to ^? ( ! =m]4 #c4 ,edw>ds repres5ts ! relation betwe5 motives & acts ( ,w1 z be+ ! same 9 k9d z t :i* exi/s betwe5 causes & effects among ext]nal mat]ial sub/ances4 ,! =m] relation he designates by ! words moral necessity2 ! latt]1 by t ( natural1 or philosophical1 or physical necessity4 ,yet he says himself1 t ! diff]5ce express$ by ^! words does n lie s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! connection z 9 ! two t]ms connect$4 ,! qualify+ t]ms us$1 !n1 designate m]ely ! nature ( ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 :ile ! nature ( ! connection betwe5 !m is1 9 all in/ances1 ! same1 t ( nak$ necessity4 #d4 ,edw>ds himself repres5ts moral necessity z j z absolute z physical1 or natural necessity4 ,moral necessity may be1 he says1 z absolute z natural necessity4 ,t is1 ! effect may be z p]fectly connect$ ) its moral cause z a natural necess>y effect is ) its natural cause4 #e4 ,necessit>ians repres5t ! relation betwe5 motives & acts ( ,w z t ( cause & effect2 & = ?is reason necess>y4 ,if1 says ,edw>ds1 e act ( ,w is excit$ by "s motive1 !n t motive is ! cause ( t act ( ,w4 ,& if volitions are prop]ly ! effects ( _! motives1 !n !y are necess>ily connect$ ) _! motives4 ,n[ z ! relation ( cause & effect is necess>y1 9 ! s5se ( ! t]m ,necessity z above def9$1 ,edw>ds mu/ hold1 & design to tea*1 t all acts ( ,w are necess>y 9 ?is s5se4 #f4 ,necessit>ians repres5t ! connection betwe5 motives & acts ( ,w z be+1 9 all in/ances1 ! same 9 k9d z t :i* exi/s betwe5 volitions & ext]nal actions4 ,z ext]nal actions1 says ,presid5t ,day1 are direct$ by ! ,w1 s ! ,w itself is direct$ by influ5ce4 ,n[ all admit1 t ! connection betwe5 volitions & ext]nal actions is necess>y 9 ?is s5se1 t :5 we w su* action x _c b take place4 ,no o!r act is1 9 ! circum/ances1 possible4 ,9 ! same s5se1 accord+ to ,necessit>ians1 is e act ( ,w necess>ily connect$ ) influ5ce1 or motives4 ,we d ,necessit>ians no wrong1 !re=e1 :5 we impute to !m ! doctr9e ( ,necessity z "h def9$4 ,9 all cases ( s91 !y hold1 t an individual is 9 circum/ances 9 :i* none b s9ful acts ( ,w are possible1 & ^! he _c b put =?2 & t 9 ^! id5tical circum/ances ! s9n] is "u obligation inf9ite to put =? diff]5t & opposite acts4 ,,! ,,t]m1 ,,c]ta9ty1 ,,z ,,us$ ,,by ,,necessit>ians4 ,,ii4 ,we are prep>$ = ano!r important inquiry1 to wit3 :e!r ! words1 c]ta9ty1 moral c]ta9ty1 c41 z us$ by ,necessit>ians1 are id5tical 9 _! mean+ ) t ( ,necessity z above def9$8 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity w\ld nev] be receiv$ by ! public at all1 b = ! language 9 :i* x is clo!d1 language :i* prev5ts ! public see+ x z x is4 ,at "o "t x is call$ ,moral1 9 di/9ction f ,natural ,necessity4 ,at ano!r1 x is said to be no?+ b ,c]ta9ty1 or moral ,c]ta9ty1 c4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 :at is ?is ,c]ta9ty8 ,is x or is x n1 real ,necessity1 & no?+ else8 ,t x is1 ,i argue1 #a4 ,f ! fact1 z %[n above1 t !re c possibly be no ,c]ta9ty1 :i* does n fall ei!r "u ! relation ( ,lib]ty or ,necessity z above def9$4 ,! ,c]ta9ty ( ,necessit>ians does n1 accord+ to _! own %[+1 fall "u ! =m] relation3 x mu/1 !re=e1 fall "u ! latt]4 ,x mu/ be nak$ ,necessity1 & no?+ else4 #b4 ,:ile !y h def9$ ! t]m ,necessity1 & h n t ( ,c]ta9ty1 !y use ! latt] t]m z av[$ly synonym\s ) ! =m]4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 mu/ be expla9$ by ! =m]1 & n ! =m] by ! latt]4 #c4 ,! ,c]ta9ty :i* !y hold is a c]ta9ty :i* av[$ly excludes ! possibility ( diff]5t & opposite acts ( ,w "u ! influ5ces1 or motives1 "u :i* p>ticul> acts are put =?4 ,! ,c]ta9ty "u consid]ation1 !re=e1 is n necessity ( a p>ticul> k9d1 a necessity consi/5t ) lib]ty & moral obligation4 ,x is ! ,necessity above def9$1 9 all its nak$ de=mity4 ,,iii4 ,we are n[ prep>$ = a di/9ct /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,ability1 accord+ to ! ,necessit>ian s*eme4 ,ev5 ! ,necessit>ians1 ) v few exceptions1 admit1 t 9 ! abs5ce ( all p[] to d "r or wrong1 we c be "u no obligation to d ! "o or avoid ! o!r4 ,a man1 says ,pres4 ,day1 is n responsible = rema9+ 9 8 place if he has no p[] to move4 ,he is n culpable = omitt+ to walk1 if he has no /r5g? to walk4 ,he is n "u obligation to d any?+ = :i* he has n :at ,edw>ds calls natural p[]4 ,x is v important = u to und]/& ! nature ( ?is ability1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( moral obligation2 to und]/&1 ,i repeat1 :at ?is ,ability is1 accord+ to ! !ory "u consid]ation4 ,?is ,ability1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 has be5 well /at$ by ,c\s91 to wit3 ,! mom5t we take ! resolution to d an action1 we take x ) a consci\sness ( be+ able to take a contr>y resolution2 & by ,dr4 ,dwight1 :o says ( a man's s91 t x is *os5 by him unnecess>ily1 :ile possess$ ( a p[] to *oose o!rwise4 ,! nature ( ?is ,ability1 accord+ to ! ,necessit>ian s*eme1 has be5 /at$ ) equal di/9ctness 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator4 ,if we take ?is t]m ,ability or ,p[] 9 ! absolute s5se1 z includ+ all ! antec$5ts to a giv5 volition1 !re is pla9ly no su* ?+ z p[] to ! contr>y2 = 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m1 z ,presid5t ,day /ates1 a man nev] has p[] to d any?+ b :at he actually p]=ms4 ,9 ?is compreh5sive1 ?\gh r unusual s5se ( ! ^w1 says ,presid5t ,day1 a man has n p[] to d any?+ :i* he does n d4 ,! mean+ ( ! above extracts _c be mi/ak54 ,nor c any "o d5y t !y conta9 a true exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 to wit3 t "u ! influ5ces "u :i* m5 d w1 & consequ5tly act1 x is absolutely impossible = !m to w & act diff]5tly f :at !y d4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 h !y p[] to w & act diff]5tly accord+ to ?is doctr9e8 ,to ?is "q ,presid5t ,day has giv5 a correct & def9ite answ]4 ,! man :o wills 9 a p>ticul> way1 "u ! influ5ce ( p>ticul> feel+s1 might w diff]5tly "u a diff]5t influ5ce4 ,n[1 :at is ! doctr9e ( ,ability1 accord+ to ?is s*eme8 ,a man1 = example1 commits an act ( s94 ,he ought1 9 ! /ead ( t act1 to h put =? an act ( ob$i5ce4 ,)\t ! p[] to r5d] ?is ob$i5ce1 z ,presid5t ,day admits1 !re c be no obligation to d x4 ,:5 ! ,necessit>ian says1 t ! creature1 :5 he s9s1 has p[] to obey1 he means1 n t "u ! influ5ce "u :i* ! act ( s9 is committ$1 ! creature has p[] to obey2 b t "u a diff]5t influ5ce he might obey4 ,b m>k1 x is "u ! id5tical influ5ce "u :i* a man does s91 & "u :i*1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 he _c b s91 t he is requir$ n to s94 ,n[ h[ c a man's ability1 & obligation n to s9 "u a giv5 influ5ce1 gr[ out ( ! fact1 t1 "u a diff]5t influ5ce1 an influ5ce "u :i* he _c b d "r1 he might n s98 ,?is is all ! ability & gr\nd ( obligation z f> z ,ability1 ,natural ,ability z x is call$1 is conc]n$1 :i* ! doctr9e ( ,necessity admits4 ,a man is1 by a p[] absolutely irresi/ible1 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* he _c possibly b s94 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x is said1 t he has natural ability n to s91 & consequ5tly ought n to d x4 ,:y8 ,because1 to 8 act+ diff]5tly1 no *ange 9 8 nature or p[]s is requir$4 ,^! are p]fect & entire1 want+ no?+4 ,all t is requir$ is1 t 8 circum/ances be *ang$1 & !n he might n s94 ,9 :at s5se1 asks ,presid5t ,day1 is x true1 t a man has p[] to w ! contr>y ( :at he actually wills8 ,he has su* p[] t1 ) a suffici5t inducem5t1 he w make an opposite *oice4 ,is n ?is ! /range/ idea ( ,natural ,ability z con/itut+ ! f\ndation ( obligation1 ( :i* ! human m9d ev] tri$ to conceive8 ,9 illu/ration1 let u suppose t a man1 plac$ 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 _c b s92 plac$ 9 t ( ,bo/on1 he _c b be holy1 & t ! fact :e!r he is 9 ! "o or ! o!r city dep5ds ^u ! irresi/ible provid5ce ( ,god4 ,he is plac$ 9 ,new ,york :]e he _c b s94 ,he is told t he ought n to d x1 & t he is highly guilty = n be+ p]fectly holy4 ,x is also ass]t$ t he has all ! p[]s ( moral ag5cy1 all ! ability requisite to lay ! f\ndation = ! highe/ conceivable obligation to be holy4 ,:at is ! evid5ce8 he asks4 ,is x possible = me1 9 my pres5t circum/ances1 to avoid s98 & 9 my pres5t circum/ances1 y "k1 ,i _c b be4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 ! ,necessit>ian says1 t "u pres5t influ5ces1 y _c b s91 & t y _c b be subject to ^! influ5ces4 ,/ill1 ,i affirm1 t y h all ! p[]s ( moral ag5cy1 all ! natural ability requisite to ob$i5ce1 & to ! highe/ conceivable obligation to ob$i5ce4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ev5 9 ,new ,york1 y c\ld obey if y *ose4 ,y h1 !re=e1 natural1 ?\gh n moral1 p[] to obey4 ,b /op1 fri5d1 "r "h4 ,:5 y say t ,i might obey1 if ,i *ose1 ,i w\ld ask1 if *oos+1 z 9 ! comm&1 *oose life1 is n ! v ?+ requir$ ( me8 ,:51 !re=e1 y affirm t ,i might obey1 if ,i *ose1 does x n mean1 9 reality1 t ,i might *oose1 if ,i %\ld *oose8 ,is n y\r ,natural ,ability ?is1 t ,i might obey if ,i did obey8#b ,i _c d5y1 ! ,necessit>ian replies1 t y h correctly /at$ ?is doctr9e4 ,p]mit me to proce$ 9 argum5t1 h[ev]4 ,9 ! next place1 all t y ne$ 9 ord] to be holy z requir$1 is a *ange1 n ( y\r p[]s1 b ( ! influ5ces :i* control ! action ( ^? p[]s4 ,) no *ange 9 y\r con/itution or p[]s1 y ne$ only to be plac$ 9 ,bo/on in/ead ( ,new ,york1 & !re y _c b be holy4 ,is x n z cle> z light1 !re=e1 t y h n[ all ! p[]s ( moral ag5cy1 all ! ability requisite to ! highe/ conceivable obligation to be holy in/ead ( s9ful8 ,i fully und]/& y1 ! s9n] replies4 ,b rememb]1 t x is n 9 ,bo/on1 :]e1 z y ackn[l$ge1 ,i _c be1 t ,i am requir$ n to s92 b "h1 9 ,new ,york1 :]e ,i _c b be1 & _c possibly b s94 ,x is "h1 & n some:]e else1 t ,i am requir$ n to s94 ,h[ c ! fact1 t if ,i 7 9 ,bo/on1 :]e ,i c\ld n b be holy1 ,i might n s91 prove1 t "h1 9 ,new ,york1 ,i h any ability1 ei!r natural or moral--am "u any obligation :atev]--n to s98 ,^! are ! difficulties :i* press ^u me4 ,h[ d y remove !m accord+ to y\r !ory8 ,i c give no o!r answ]1 ! ,necessit>ian replies1 ?an t already giv54 ,if t does n sil5ce = ev] e excuse = s9 9 y\r m9d1 x is :olly ow+ to ! p]v]s5ess ( y\r he>t1 to its bitt] ho/ility to ! tru?4 ,i may safely appeal to ! ,necessit>ian himself1 :e!r ,i h n "h giv5 an unc>icatur$ expose ( 8 !ory4 ,,s9ful ,,incl9ations4 ,,iv4 ,:5 press$ ) su* appall+ difficulties z ^!1 ! ,necessit>ian falls back1 9 self-ju/ification1 ^u ! reason :y ! s9n] _c be holy4 ,! only reason1 x is said1 :y ! s9n] does n d z he ought is1 n ! want ( p[]1 b ! /r5g? ( 8 s9ful incl9ations4 ,%all he plead ^! 9 excuse = s98 ,by no means4 ,!y con/itute ! v ess5ce ( ! s9n]'s guilt4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d1 t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 su* is ! connection betwe5 ! nature1 or con/itution ( ! s9n]'s m9d--a nature :i* ,god has giv5 him1 & ! influ5ces "u :i* he is plac$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce--t none b ^! v incl9ations are possible to him1 & ^! _c b exi/4 ,f ^! incl9ations1 s9ful acts ( ,w _c b arise4 ,h[ is ! matt] help$1 z f> z ability & obligation1 on ! "p ( ! s9n]1 are conc]n$1 by ?r[+ ! guilt back f acts ( ,w ^u incl9ations equally necess>y8 ,,necess>ian ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,! real lib]ty ( ! ,w1 accord+ to ! ,necessit>ian s*eme1 next dem&s our att5tion4 ,all admit t ,lib]ty is an ess5tial condition ( moral obligation4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1 is or is n1 man free1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,necessity8 ,! pla9 & obvi\s mean+ ( ! words ,fre$om & ,lib]ty1 says ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 is p[]1 opportunity1 or advantage1 t any "o has to d z he pleases4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 8 be+ free f h9d]ance or imp$im5t 9 ! way ( do+ or conduct+ 9 any respect z he wills4 ,& ! contr>y to ,lib]ty1 :atev] "n we please to call t by1 is a p]son's be+ h9d]$1 or unable to conduct z he w1 or be+ necessitat$ to d o!rwise4 ,! only idea1 inde$1 t we c =m ( free-ag5cy1 or ( fre$om ( ,w1 says ,ab]crombie1 is1 t x consi/s 9 a man's be+ able to d :at he wills1 or to ab/a9 f do+ :at he w n4 ,necess>y ag5cy1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld consi/ 9 a man's be+ compell$1 by a =ce f )\t1 to d :at he w n1 or prev5t$ f do+ :at he wills4 ,) ^! def9itions all ,necessit>ians agree4 ,?is is all ! ,lib]ty kn[n1 or conceivable1 accord+ to _! !ory4 ,lib]ty does n consi/ 9 ! p[] to *oose 9 "o or ! o!r ( two or m diff]5t & opposite directions1 "u ! same influ5ce4 ,x is f\nd :olly & exclusively 9 ! connection betwe5 ! act ( ,w1 consid]$ z ! antec$5t1 & ! ef=t1 ext]nal or int]nal1 consid]$ z ! consequ5t4 ,on ?is def9ition ,i rem>k1 #a4 ,t x pres5ts ! idea ( ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f ,s]vitude1 r ?an ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f ,necessity4 ,a man is free1 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! t]m1 :5 no ext]nal re/ra9ts h9d] ! c>ry+ out ( ! *oice )94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) ,lib]ty1 z di/+ui%$ f ,necessity4 #b4 ,if ?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* a man is free1 !n1 9 ! language ( a v di/+ui%$ philosoph]1 if y cut (f a man's little f+]1 y !reby annihilate s mu* ( 8 free ag5cy2 because1 9 t case1 y abridge s mu* 8 p[] to d z he *ooses4 ,is ?is ,lib]ty1 ! only lib]ty ( man1 a lib]ty :i* may be de/roy$ by *a9s1 bolts1 & b>s8 ,is ?is ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f ,necessity ! lib]ty :i* lays ! f\ndation ( moral obligation8 #c4 ,if ?is is ! only s5se 9 :i* man is free1 !n dire ,necessity reigns ?r\gh\t ! entire doma9 ( human ag5cy4 ,if all acts ( ,w are ! necess>y consequ5ts ( ! influ5ces to :i* ! m9d is at ! "t subject$1 mu* m mu/ a l necessity exi/ betwe5 all acts ( ,w & _! consequ5ts1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,?is has be5 already %[n4 ,! m9d1 !n1 ) all its acts & /ates1 exi/s 9 a *a9 ( antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 causes & effects1 l9k$ toge!r 9 e "p & dep>tm5t by a dire necessity4 ,?is is all ! ,lib]ty t ?is doctr9e kn[s or all[s u2 a ,lib]ty to *oose z influ5ces necessitate u to *oose1 & to h su* acts ( ,w foll[$ by c]ta9 necess>y consequ5ts1 ext]nal & int]nal4 ,9 ?is s*eme1 ! idea ( ,lib]ty1 :i* all admit mu/ h a location some:]e1 or obligation1 is a *im]a2 ?is idea1 ,i say1 aft] w&]+ ?r\gh dry places1 seek+ re/ & f9d+ none1 at l5g? is driv5 to a location :]e x f9ds its grave1 & n a liv+ habitation4 #d4 ,x is to me a v /range ?+1 t ,lib]ty1 z ! f\ndation ( moral obligation1 %\ld be locat$ "h4 ,because t acts ( ,w are foll[$ by c]ta9 correspond+ necess>y consequ5ts ext]nal & int]nal1 !re=e we are b\nd to put =? giv5 acts ( ,w1 :atev] ! influ5ces act+ ^u u may be1 & h[ev] impossible x may be to put =? ^? acts "u ^? influ5ces6 ,did ev] a great] absurdity dance 9 ! bra9 ( a philosoph] or !ologian8 #e4 ,! public are entirely deceiv$ by ?is def9ition1 & because !y are deceiv$ z to ! !ory int5d$ by x1 d !y admit x z true8 ,suppose any man 9 ! common walks ( life 7 ask$ :at he means1 :5 he says1 he c d z he pleases1 act z he *ooses1 c4 ,does ?is express y\r mean+8 ,:5 y w to walk1 r ?an sit1 = example1 no o!r volition is at ! "t possible1 & ?is y mu/ put =?1 & t :5 y h put =? ?is volition1 y _c b walk4 ,is ?is y\r idea1 :5 y say1 y c d z y please8 ,no1 he w\ld say4 ,t is n my idea at all4 ,if t is true1 man is n a free ag5t at all4 ,:at m5 9 g5]al really mean :5 !y say1 !y c d z !y please1 & are !re=e free1 is1 t :5 !y put =? a giv5 act ( ,w1 & = ?is reason conduct 9 a giv5 mann]1 !y may 9 ! same circum/ances put =? diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations1 & consequ5tly act 9 a diff]5t & opposite mann] f :at !y d4 ,,vi4 ,! argum5t ( ,necessit>ians 9 respect to ! practical t5d5cies ( _! doctr9e dem&s a pass+ notice4 ,all acts ( ! ,w1 !y say1 are inde$ necess>y "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y occur2 b !n we %\ld le>n ! practical lesson n to place ourselves 9 ! circum/ances :]e we %all be liable to act wrong4 ,to ?is ,i reply3 #a4 ,t on ! hypo!sis be=e u1 our be+ 9 ! circum/ances :i* orig9ate a giv5 *oice1 is z necess>y z ! *oice itself4 ,= ,i am 9 ^? circum/ances ei!r by an ov]rul+ ,provid5ce ov] :i* ,i h no control1 or by previ\s acts ( ! ,w r5d]$ necess>y by su* ,provid5ce4 ,h5ce ! difficulty rema9s 9 all its =ce4 #b4 ,! solution assumes ! v pr9ciple d5i$1 t is1 t our be+ 9 circum/ances :i* orig9ate p>ticul> acts ( *oice is n necess>y4 ,else :y tell an individual he is to blame = be+ 9 su* circum/ances1 & n to place himself !re aga98 ,,gr\nd ,,:i* ,,necessit>ians ,,are ,,b\nd ,,to ,,take ,,9 ,,respect ,,to ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,ability4 ,,vii4 ,we are n[ fully prep>$ to /ate ! gr\nd :i* ,necessit>ians ( e s*ool are b\nd to take 9 respect to ! doctr9e ( ,ability4 ,x is to d5y t doctr9e :olly1 to take ! op5 & broad gr\nd1 t1 accord+ to any appropriate signification ( ! words1 x is absolutely impossible = m5 to w1 & consequ5tly to act1 diff]5tly f :at !y d2 t :5 !y d wrong1 !y always d x1 ) ! absolute impossibility ( do+ "r2 & t :5 !y d "r1 !re is always an equal impossibility ( _! do+ wrong4 ,if m5 h n p[] to w diff]5tly f :at !y d1 x is und5iably evid5t t !y h no p[] :atev] to act diff]5tly3 because !re is an absolutely necess>y connection betwe5 volitions & _! consequ5ts1 ext]nal actions4 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity takes away :olly all ability f ! creature to w diff]5tly f :at he does4 ,x !re=e totally annihilates 8 ability to act diff]5tly4 ,:at1 !n1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,necessity1 becomes ( ! doctr9e ( ,ability8 ,x is annihilat$4 ,x is impossible = u to f9d = x a local habitation or a "n4 ,z hone/ m51 ,necessit>ians are b\nd to proclaim ! fact4 ,!y are b\nd to proclaim ! doctr9e1 t1 9 requir+ m5 to be holy1 "u influ5ces "u :i* !y d s91 & _c b s9 7z x is true ( all s9ful acts accord+ to _! !ory71 ,god requires ( !m absolute impossibilities1 & !n dooms !m to p]dition = n p]=m+ su* impossibilities4 ,! subt]fuge to :i* ,necessit>ians resort "h1 w n avail !m at all1 to wit3 t m5 are to blame = n do+ "r1 because1 !y might d x if !y *ose4 ,to w "r is ! ?+1 & ! only ?+ really requir$ ( !m4 ,! above maxim !re=e am\nts1 z we h already se51 to ?is3 ,m5 are b\nd to d1 t is1 to w1 :at is "r1 because if !y %\ld w :at is "r1 !y w\ld w :at is "r4 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity1 ,,z ,,reg>d$ ,,by ,,necessit>ians ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,s*ools4 ,,viii4 ,two s*ools divide ! advocates ( ,necessity4 ,accord+ to "o class1 ,god produces 9 m5 all _! volitions & acts1 bo? s9ful & holy1 by ! direct ex]tion ( 8 own omnipot5ce4 ,)\t ! ,div9e ag5cy1 m51 !y hold1 are :olly incapable ( all volitions & actions ( e k9d4 ,) x1 none b ^? :i* ,god produces c arise1 & ^! _c b arise4 ,?is is ! s*eme ( ,div9e effici5cy1 z advocat$ by ,dr4 ,emmons & o!rs4 ,accord+ to ! o!r s*ool1 ,god does n1 9 all in/ances1 produce volitions & actions by 8 own direct ag5cy1 b by creat+ 9 creatures a c]ta9 nature or con/itution1 & !n subject+ !m to influ5ces f :i* none b p>ticul> volitions & acts :i* !y d put =? c result1 & ^! mu/ result4 ,accord+ to a l>ge portion ( ?is s*ool1 ,god1 ei!r by 8 own direct ag5cy1 or by su/a9+ _! laws ( natural g5]ation1 produces 9 m5 ! peculi> nature :i* !y d possess1 & !n imputes to !m inf9ite guilt1 n only = ?is nature1 b = its necess>y results1 s9ful feel+s1 volitions1 & actions4 ,su* are ^! two s*emes4 ,9 ! two foll[+ p>ticul>s1 !y p]fectly h>monize4 #a4 ,all acts ( ,w1 toge!r ) _! effects1 ext]nal & int]nal1 9 ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce1 _c b be :at !y are4 #b4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is necessity is ! ag5cy ( ,god1 9 ! "o in/ance produc+ ^! effects directly & imm$iately1 & 9 ! o!r produc+ ! same results1 m$iately1 by giv+ exi/5ce to a con/itution & influ5ces f :i* su* results _c b arise4 ,!y diff] only 9 respect to ! imm$iate gr\nd ( ?is necessity1 ! p[] ( ,god1 accord+ to ! =m]1 produc+ ! effects directly1 & accord+ to ! latt]1 indirectly4 ,accord+ to bo?1 all our actions su/a9 ! same ess5tial relation to ! ,div9e ,w1 t ( ,necessity4 ,n[ :ile ^! two !ories s p]fectly h>monize1 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 /range to tell1 ! advocates ( "o reg>d ! o!r z involv+ ! mo/ mon/r\s absurdities conceivable4 ,= ,god to produce1 ?r\gh ! en]gies ( 8 own omnipot5ce1 human volitions1 & !n to impute inf9ite guilt to m5 = :at he himself has produc$ 9 !m1 :at a horrid s5tim5t t is1 exclaims ! advocate ( con/itutional depravity4 ,= ,god to create 9 m5 a s9ful nature1 & !n impute to !m inf9ite guilt = :at he has himself creat$1 toge!r ) its unavoidable results1 :at horrid tyranny su* a s5tim5t imputes to ! ,mo/ ,high1 exclaims ! advocate ( ,div9e effici5cy1 9 8 turn4 ,! imp>tial1 uncommitt$ spectator1 on ! o!r h&1 p]ceives mo/ di/9ctly ! same id5tical absurdities 9 bo? ^! !ories4 ,he kn[s p]fectly1 t x c make no ess5tial diff]5ce1 :e!r ,god produces a result directly1 or by giv+ exi/5ce to a con/itution & influ5ces f :i* x _c b arise4 ,if "o !ory involves inju/ice & tyranny1 ! o!r mu/ involve ! same4 ,let me "h add1 t ! reprobation ) :i* ea* ( ! classes above nam$ reg>ds ! s5tim5ts ( ! o!r1 is a s5t5ce ( reprobation pass$ 7unconsci\sly to be sure7 ^u ! doctr9e ( ,necessity itself :i* is common to bo?4 ,= if ?is "o elem5t is tak5 out ( ei!r !ory1 !re is no?+ left to r5d] x abhorr5t to any m9d4 ,x is ?us t ,necessit>ians !mselves1 )\t exception1 pass s5t5ce ( condemnation ^u _! own !ory1 by condemn+ x1 9 e sy/em 9 :i* !y meet ) x except _! own4 ,!re is n a man on e>?1 t has n 9 "s =m or o!r pass$ s5t5ce ( reprobation ^u ?is sy/em4 ,let any man1 :atev]1 contemplate any !ory b ! "o he has himself adopt$1 any !ory t involves ?is elem5t1 & he w in/antly fa/5 ^u ?is "o feature z ! *>act]i/ic :i* vitiates ! :ole !ory1 & r5d]s x des]v+ ( univ]sal reprobation4 ,x is ?us t unsophi/icat$ ,nature expresses h] univ]sal horror at a sy/em :i* ,b9d+ nature fa/ 9 fate1 ,enslaves ! human ,w4 ,unsophi/icat$ ,nature abhors ?is doctr9e inf9itely m ?an %e 0 ev] conceiv$ to abhor a vacuum4 ,c a !ory :i* ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce ?us agrees 9 reprobat+1 z involv+ ! mo/ horrid absurdity & tyranny conceivable1 be ! only true "o8 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,ext5t ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,,:ile x is ma9ta9$1 t1 9 ! s5se def9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! ,w is free1 x is also affirm$ t1 9 o!r respects1 x is n free at all4 ,x %\ld be borne di/9ctly 9 m9d1 t1 9 ! respects 9 :i* ! ,w is subject to ! law ( ,lib]ty1 its lib]ty is absolute4 ,x is 9 no s5se subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,s f>1 also1 z x is subject to ! law ( ,necessity1 x is 9 no s5se free4 ,:at !n are ! ext5t & limits ( ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,w8 #a4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ,motives1 ! ,w _c act at all4 ,to suppose ! opposite w\ld involve a contradiction4 ,x w\ld suppose ! action ( ! ,w 9 ! direction ( "s object1 9 ! abs5ce ( all objects t[>ds :i* su* action c be direct$4 #b4 ,! ,w is n free 9 reg>d to :at ! ,motives pres5t$ %all be1 9 view ( :i* its det]m9ations %all be =m$4 ,motives exi/ :olly indep5d5t ( ! ,w4 ,nor does x dep5d at all ^u ! ,w1 :at ,motives %all be pres5t$ = its election4 ,x is free only 9 respect to ! p>ticul> det]m9ations x %all put =?1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,motives actually pres5t$4 #c4 ,:5ev] a ,motive1 or object ( *oice1 is pres5t$ to ! m9d1 ! ,w is necessitat$1 by ! pres5tation ( ! object1 to act 9 "s direction4 ,x mu/ yield or refuse to yield to ! ,motive4 ,b su* refusal is itself a positive act4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! ,w is :olly subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,x is free1 n 9 respect to :e!r x %all1 or %all n1 *oose at all :5 a ,motive is pres5t$2 b 9 respect to :at x %all *oose4 ,i1 = example1 (f] a m]*ant a c]ta9 sum1 = a piece ( goods4 ,n[ :ile x is equally possible = him to receive or reject ! (f]1 "o or ! o!r det]m9ation he mu/ =m4 ,9 ! fir/ respect1 he is :olly free4 ,9 ! latt]1 he is n free 9 any s5se :atev]4 ,! same holds true 9 respect to all objects ( *oice pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,motive necessitates ! ,w to act 9 "s direction2 :ile1 9 all delib]ate ,moral ,acts at lea/1 x leaves ei!r ( two or m diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations equally possible to ! m9d4 #d4 ,c]ta9 p>ticul> volitions may be r5d]$ necess>y by o!r1 & :at may be t]m$ g5]al1 det]m9ations4 ,= example1 a det]m9ation to pursue a p>ticul> c\rse ( conduct1 may r5d] necess>y all p>ticul> volitions requisite to c>ry ?is g5]al purpose into accompli%m5t4 ,x r5d]s !m necess>y 9 ?is s5se1 t if ! =m] does exi/1 ! latt] mu/ exi/4 ,a man1 = example1 det]m9es to pass f ,bo/on to ,new ,york ) all possible exp$ition4 ,?is det]m9ation rema9+ un*ang$1 all ! p>ticul> volitions requisite to its accompli%m5t _c b exi/4 ,! g5]al & controll+ det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 may1 at any mom5t1 be susp5d$4 ,to p]petuate or susp5d x1 is always 9 ! p[] ( ! ,w4 #e4 ,i w "h /ate a conjecture1 viz43 t !re are 9 ! primitive developm5ts ( m9d1 z well z 9 all prim>y acts ( att5tion1 c]ta9 necess>y spontaneities ( ! ,w1 z well z ( o!r p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,is x n 9 consequ5ce ( su* actions1 t ! m9d becomes fir/ consci\s ( ! p[] ( volition1 & is x n n[ necess>y = u "u c]ta9 circum/ances to give a c]ta9 degree ( att5tion to ph5om5a :i* appe> )9 & ar\nd u8 ,my own convictions are1 t su* circum/ances (t5 d occur4 ,nor is su* a supposition inconsi/5t ) ! great pr9ciple ma9ta9$ 9 ?is ,treatise4 ,?is pr9ciple is1 t ,lib]ty & ,acc\ntability1 9 o!r words1 ,free1 & ,moral ,ag5cy1 are co-ext5sive4 #f4 ,nor does ,lib]ty1 z "h def9$1 imply1 t ! m9d1 antec$5tly to all acts ( ,w1 %all be 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce1 unimpell$ by feel+1 or ! affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce1 m /rongly 9 "o direction ?an ano!r4 ,! ,w exi/s 9 a tri-unity ) ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility4 ,its det]m9ations may be 9 h>mony ) ! ,s5sibility1 9 opposition to ,intellig5ce1 or ) ! ,intellig5ce 9 opposition to ! ,s5sibility4 ,b :ile x foll[s ei!r 9 di/9ction f ! o!r1 "u ! same id5tical influ5ces1 diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations are equally possible4 ,h[ev] ! ,w may be influ5c$1 :e!r its det]m9ations are 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ impulse1 or oppos$ to x1 x nev]1 9 delib]ate moral det]m9ation1 puts =? p>ticul> acts1 because1 t 9 ^! circum/ances1 no o!rs are possible4 ,9 in/ances comp>atively few1 c we suppose t ! m9d1 antec$5tly to acts ( ,w1 is 9 a /ate ( indiff]5ce1 unimpell$ 9 "o direction 9 di/9ction f o!rs1 or equally impell$ 9 ! direction ( diff]5t & opposite det]m9ations4 ,indiff]5ce is 9 no su* s5se an ess5tial or mat]ial condition ( ,lib]ty4 ,h[ ev] /rongly ! ,w may be impell$ 9 ! direction ( p>ticul> det]m9ations1 x is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! highe/ conceivable fre$om1 if x is n !reby necessitat$ to act 9 "o direction 9 di/9ction f all o!rs4 #g4 ,i n[ ref] to "o o!r fix$ law "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! ,w is always necessitat$ to act4 ,x is ! law ( habit4 ,action 9 any "o direction always g5]ates a t5d5cy to subsequ5t action 9 ! same direction "u simil> influ5ces4 ,?is t5d5cy may be increas$1 till x becomes s /rong z to r5d] action 9 ! same direction 9 all future "t really1 al?\gh cont+5tly1 c]ta94 ,! c]ta9ty ?us grant$ w always be ( su* a nature z consi/s fully ) ! relation ( ,lib]ty4 ,x c nev]1 :ile moral ag5cy cont9ues1 come "u ! relation ( ,necessity4 ,/ill ! c]ta9ty is real4 ,?us ! m9d1 by a cont9u$ c\rse ( well or ill do+1 may g5]ate su* fix$ habits1 z to r5d] subsequ5t action 9 ! same direction p]fectly c]ta91 dur+ ! entire progress ( its future be+4 ,e man1 :ile consci\s ( fre$om1 %\ld be fully aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is law1 & x %\ld surely lead him to walk ?\ghtfully along ! bord]s ( ! undiscov]$ c\ntry1 8 location 9 :i* he is det]m9+ by ! habits ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & action1 he is n[ g5]at+4 ,,/ronge/ ,,motive--,,reason+ ,,9 ,a ,,circle4 ,a s+ul> in/ance ( reason+ 9 a circle on ! "p ( ,necessit>ians1 9 respect to :at !y call ! /ronge/ ,motive1 dem&s a pass+ notice "h4 ,"o ( _! ma9 argum5ts 9 support ( _! doctr9e is bas$ ^u ! assumption1 t ! action ( ! ,w is always 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ ,motive4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we ask !m1 :i* is ! /ronge/ ,motive1 _! reply 9 reality is1 t x is ! ,motive 9 ! direction ( :i* ! ,w does act4 ,! /r5g? ( a ,motive1 says ,presid5t ,day1 is n its prevail+1 b ! p[] by :i* x prevails4 ,yet we may v prop]ly measure ?is p[] by ! actual result4 ,aga91 ,we may measure ! comp>ative /r5g? ( ,motives ( diff]5t k9ds1 f ! results to :i* !y lead2 j z we le>n ! p[] ( diff]5t causes1 f ! effects :i* !y produce3 t is1 we are n to det]m9e1 a priori1 nor by an appeal to consci\sness1 :i* ( two or m ,motives pres5t$ is ! /ronge/4 ,we are to wait till ! ,w does act1 & !n assume t ! ,motive1 9 ! direction ( :i* x acts1 is ! /ronge/4 ,f ! action ( ! ,w 9 ! direction ( t p>ticul> ,motive1 we are f9ally to inf] ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity4 ,! /ronge/ ,motive1 accord+ to ! above def9ition1 is ! motive to :i* ! ,w does yield4 ,! argum5t bas$ ^u ! truism1 t ! ,w always acts 9 ! direction ( ?is ,motive1 t is1 ! ,motive t[>ds :i* x does act1 ! argum5t1 ,i say1 put into a logical =m1 w\ld /& ?us4 ,if ! action ( ! ,w is always 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ ,motive1 t is1 if x always foll[s ! ,motive x does foll[1 x is gov]n$ by ! law ( ,necessity4 ,its action is always 9 ! direction ( ?is ,motive1 t is1 x always foll[s ! ,motive x does foll[4 ,! ,w is !re=e gov]n$ by ! law ( ,necessity4 ,h[ _m philosoph]s & !ologians h become root$ & gr\nd$ 9 ! belief ( ?is doctr9e1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is sophism1 a sophism :i*1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 assumes ! doctr9e z true1 & !n moves r\nd 9 a vici\s circle to demon/rate its tru?4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,app>5t ,,good4 ,,section ,i4 ,,we n[ come to a consid]ation ( "o ( ! great que/ions be>+ ^u our p]sonal inve/igations--! proposition ma9ta9$ by ,necessit>ians1 z a *ief pill> ( _! !ory1 t ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,,phrase ,,def9$4 ,! fir/ inquiry :i* naturally arises "h is ,:at is ! prop] mean+ ( ?is proposition8 ,9 reply1 ,i answ]1 t x mu/ mean "o ( ^! ?ree ?+s4 #a4 ,t ! ,w is always1 9 all its det]m9ations1 con=m$ to ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce1 *oos+ ^? ?+s only :i* ! ,intellig5ce affirms to be be/4 ,or1 #b4 ,t ! det]m9ations ( ! ,w are always 9 con=mity to ! impulse ( ! ,s5sibility1 t is1 t its action is always 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ feel+4 ,or1 #c4 ,9 con=mity to ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & ! impulse ( ! ,s5sibility comb9$1 t is t ! ,w nev] acts at all1 except :5 impell$ by ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility bo? 9 ! same direction4 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,?is ,,phrase ,,accord+ ,,to ,,edw>ds4 ,! foll[+ passage leaves no room = d\bt 9 respect to ! mean+ :i* ,edw>ds atta*es to ! phrase1 ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,i h *os51 he says1 r to express myself ?us1 t ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 or z :at appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an to say1 t ! ,w is det]m9$ by ! greate/ app>5t good1 or by :at seems mo/ agreeable2 because an appe>+ mo/ agreeable or pleas+ to ! m9d1 & ! m9d's pref]r+ & *oos+1 seem h>dly to be prop]ly & p]fectly di/9ct4 ,"h und5iably1 ! words1 *oos+1 pref]r+1 appe>+ mo/ agreeable or pleas+1 & ! greate/ app>5t good1 are def9$ z id5tical 9 _! mean+4 ,h5ce 9 ano!r place1 he adds1 ,if /rict propriety ( spee* be insi/$ on1 x may m prop]ly be said1 t ! volunt>y action :i* is ! imm$iate consequ5ce & fruit ( ! m9d's volition & *oice1 is det]m9$ by t :i* appe>s mo/ agreeable1 ?an by ! pref]5ce or *oice itself4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,appe>+ mo/ agreeable or pleas+1 & pref]5ce or *oice1 _h be5 def9$ z synonym\s 9 _! mean+4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t pref]5ce or *oice is det]m9$ by :at appe>s mo/ agreeable or pleas+1 w\ld be equival5t to ! affirmation1 t *oice det]m9es *oice4 ,! act ( volition itself1 he adds1 is always det]m9$ by t 9 or ab\t ! m9d's view ( an object1 :i* causes x to appe> mo/ agreeable1 or :at is by def9ition ! same ?+1 causes x to be *os54 ,! phrases1 ! greate/ app>5t good1 & appe>+ mo/ agreeable or pleas+ to ! m9d1 & ! words1 *oos+1 pref]r+1 c41 are !re=e1 accord+ to ,edw>ds1 id5tical 9 _! mean+4 ,! proposition1 ! ,w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 really means no?+ m nor less ?an ?is1 t ,w always *ooses z x *ooses4 ,! fam\s argum5t bas$ ^u ?is proposition 9 favor ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity may be ?us express$4 ,if ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 t is1 if ! ,w always *ooses z x *ooses1 x is gov]n$ by ! law ( ,necessity4 ,! ,w is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 t is1 x always *ooses z x *ooses4 ,!re=e x is gov]n$ by ?is law4 ,by ?is v syllogism1 multitudes h suppos$ t ! doctr9e ( ,necessity has be5 e/abli%$ ) all ! di/9ctness & =ce ( demon/ration4 ,! "q n[ returns1 ,is ! ,w always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 9 ei!r ( ! s5ses ( ! phrase z above def9$8 ,,! ,,w ,,n ,,always ,,z ,,! ,,dictates ,,( ,,! ,,intellig5ce4 ,i4 ,is ! ,w !n z ! greate/ app>5t good 9 ?is s5se1 t all its det]m9ations are 9 con=mity to ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,does ! ,w nev] h>monize ) ! ,s5sibility 9 opposition to ! ,intellig5ce8 ,has no intellig5t be+1 :e!r s9ful or holy1 ev] done t :i* 8 ,intellect affirm$ at ! "t1 t he ought n to d1 & t x 0 be/ = him n to d8 ,i answ]1 #a4 ,e man :o has ev] violat$ moral obligation kn[s1 t he has foll[$ ! impulse ( desire1 9 opposition to ! dictates ( 8 ,intellig5ce4 ,:at individual t has ev] p]petrat$ su* de$s has n said1 & _c say ) tru?1 ,i "k ! good1 & approve x2 yet foll[ ! bad8 ,take a matt] ( fact4 ,a ,spani% nobleman dur+ ! e>ly progress ( ! ,re=mation1 became fully conv9c$1 t ! fai? ( ! ,re=m]s 0 true1 & 8 own false1 & t 8 salvation dep5d$ ^u 8 embrac+ ! "o & reject+ ! o!r4 ,yet m>tyrdom w\ld be ! result ( su* a *ange4 ,:ile balanc+ ?is "q1 9 ! dep?s ( 8 own m9d1 he trembl$ ) ! greate/ agitation4 ,8 sov]eign :o 0 pres5t1 ask$ ! cause4 ,! reply 01 ! m>tyr's cr[n is be=e me1 & ,i h n ,*ri/ian =titude en\gh to take x4 ,he di$ a few weeks subsequ5t1 )\t confess+ ! tru?4 ,did he obey 8 ,intellig5ce1 or ,s5sibility !re8 ,0 n ! conflict betwe5 ! two1 & did n ! latt] prevail8 ,9 ,john #ab3 #db1 #dc1 we h a fact reveal$1 9 :i* m5 7 conv9c$ ( ! tru?1 & yet1 because !y lov$ ! praise ( m5 m ?an ! praise ( ,god1 !y did n confess1 b d5i$ ! tru?1 a case !re=e 9 :i* !y foll[$ ! impulse ( desire1 9 opposition to ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,! ,w !n is n always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 9 ?is s5se1 t its action is always 9 ! direction ( ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce4 #b4 ,if ?is is s1 s91 9 all in/ances1 is a m]e blund]1 a necess>y result ( a necess>y misjudgm5t ( ! ,intellig5ce8 ,is x s8 ,c ! ,intellig5ce affirm t a /ate ( moral impurity is bett] ?an a /ate ( moral rectitude8 ,h[ easy x w\ld be1 9 e in/ance1 to conv]t a s9n] f ! error ( 8 way1 if all t is requisite is to c>ry 8 ,intellect 9 favor ( tru? & righte\sness8 ,:o does n "k1 t ! great difficulty lies 9 ! enslavem5t ( ! ,w to a deprav$ ,s5sibility8 #c4 ,if ! ,w ( all ,intellig5ts is always 9 h>mony ) ! ,intellect1 !n ,i affirm t !re is n1 & nev] has be51 any su* ?+ z s91 or ill des]t1 9 ! univ]se4 ,:at m c be said ( ,god1 or ( any be+ ev] s pure1 ?an t he has always done :at 8 ,intellect affirm$ to be be/8 ,:at if ! devil1 & all creatures call$ s9n]s1 _h always done ! same ?+8 ,:]e is ! conceivable gr\nd = ! imputation ( moral guilt to !m8 #d4 ,if all acts ( ,w are always 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ,intellig5ce1 & 9 ?is s5se1 z ! greate/ app>5t good1 !n1 :5 ! ,intellect affirms absolutely t !re c be no gr\nd ( pref]5ce betwe5 two objects1 !re c be no *oice betwe5 !m4 ,b we are1 9 fact1 putt+ =? e day j su* acts ( ,w1 select+ "o object 9 di/9ction f ano!r1 :5 ! ,intellect affirms _! p]fect equality1 or affirms absolutely1 t !re is & c be no p]ceiv$ gr\nd ( pref]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,i receive a lett]1 ,i w suppose1 f a fri5d1 in=m+ me t he has j tak5 f a bank two notes1 p]fectly new & ( ! same value1 t "o n[ lies 9 ! ea/ & ! o!r 9 ! we/ corn] ( 8 draw]1 t ,i may h "o & only "o ( !m1 ! "o t ,i %all "n by return ( mail1 & t ,i mu/ designate "o or ! o!r1 or h nei!r4 ,"h are pres5t to my ,intellig5ce two objects absolutely equal4 ,_! location is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 equally absolute4 ,n[ if z ! proposition ! ,w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 affirms1 ,i _c select "o object 9 di/9ction f ano!r1 )\t a p]ceiv$ gr\nd = su* selection1 ,i c\ld n possibly1 9 ! case suppos$1 say :i* bill ,i w\ld h4 ,yet ,i make ! selection )\t ! lea/ conceivable emb>rassm5t4 ,i might m5tion numb]less cases1 ( daily occurr5ce1 ( a nature precisely simil>4 ,e *ild t ev] play$ at odd or ev51 kn[s p]fectly ! possibility ( select+ betwe5 objects :i* are1 to ! ,intellig5ce1 absolutely equal4 ,i w n[ select a case ab\t :i* !re c possibly be no mi/ake4 ,space we "k p]fectly to be absolutely inf9ite4 ,space 9 itself is 9 all p>ts alike4 ,s mu/ x appe> to ! m9d ( ,god4 ,n[ :5 ,god det]m9$ to create ! univ]se1 he mu/ h resolv$ to locate its c5tre 9 "s "o po9t ( space 9 di/9ction f all o!rs4 ,at t mom5t1 !re 0 pres5t to ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts1 all & ea* absolutely equally eligible4 ,nei!r po9t c\ld h be5 select$1 because x 0 bett] ?an any o!r3 = all 7 equal4 ,s !y mu/ h appe>$ to ,god4 ,n[ if ! ,w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 9 ! s5se "u consid]ation1 ,god c\ld n 9 ?is case make ! selection1 & consequ5tly c\ld n create ! univ]se4 ,he did make ! selection1 & did create4 ,! ,w1 !re=e1 is n1 9 ?is s5se1 always z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,,! ,,w ,,n ,,always ,,z ,,! ,,/ronge/ ,,desire4 ,,ii4 ,is ! ,w always z ! greate/ app>5t good 9 ?is s5se1 t x is always z ! /ronge/ desire1 or z ! /ronge/ impulse ( ! ,s5sibility8 ,does ! ,w nev] h>monize ) ! ,intellig5ce1 9 opposition to ! ,s5sibility1 z well z ) ! ,s5sibility 9 opposition to ! ,intellig5ce8 ,if ?is is n s1 !n-- #a4 ,x w\ld be difficult to def9e self-d5ial accord+ to ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,:at is self-d5ial b plac+ ! ,w ) ! ,intellig5ce1 9 opposition to ! ,s5sibility8 ,h[ (t5 9 moral re=mations d we f9d almo/ no?+ else b ?is1 an inflexible purpose plac$ directly be=e an almo/ cru%+ & ov]:elm+ tide ( feel+ & desire8 #b4 ,:5 ! ,w is impell$ 9 diff]5t directions1 by conflict+ feel+s1 x c\ld n = a mom5t be 9 a /ate ( indecision1 unless we suppose ^! conflict+ feel+s to be absolutely equal 9 /r5g? up to ! mom5t ( decision4 ,:o believes t8 ,:o believes t 8 feel+s are 9 all in/ances 9 a /ate ( p]fect equilibrium up to ! mom5t ( fix$ det]m9ation betwe5 two di/9ct & opposite c\rses8 ,?is mu/ be ! case1 if ! action ( ! ,w is always z ! /ronge/ feel+1 & 9 ?is s5se z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,h[ c ,necessit>ians meet ?is argum5t8 ,w !y pret5d t1 9 all in/ances1 up to ! mom5t ( decisive action1 ! feel+s impell+ ! ,w 9 diff]5t directions are always absolutely equal 9 /r5g?8 ,?is mu/ be1 if ! ,w is always z ! /ronge/ feel+4 #c4 ,:5 ! feel+s are 9 a /ate ( p]fect equilibrium1 !re c possibly1 on ?is supposition1 be no *oice at all4 ,! feel+s (t5 are1 & mu/ be1 9 ?is /ate1 ev5 :5 we are necessitat$ to act 9 "s direction4 ,! case ( ! bank notes above ref]r$ to1 pres5ts an example ( ?is k9d4 ,z ! objects are 9 ! m9d's eye absolutely equal1 to suppose t ! feel+s %\ld1 9 su* a case1 impel ! ,w m /rongly 9 ! direction ( ! "o ?an ! o!r1 is to suppose an ev5t )\t a cause1 inasmu* z ! ,s5sibility is gov]n$ by ! law ( ,necessity4 ,if ,a & ,b are to ! ,intellig5ce1 9 all respects1 absolutely equal1 h[ c ! ,s5sibility impel ! ,w t[>ds ,a in/ead ( ,b8 ,:at is an ev5t )\t a cause1 if ?is is n8 ,contemplate ! case 9 respect to ! location ( ! univ]se above suppos$4 ,ea* po9t ( space 0 equally pres5t to ,god1 & 0 9 itself1 & 0 p]ceiv$ & affirm$ to be1 equally eligible ) all ! o!rs4 ,h[ c\ld a /rong] feel+ arise 9 ! direction ( "o po9t 9 di/9ction f o!rs1 unless we suppose t ,god's ,s5sibility is n subject to ! law ( ,necessity1 a position :i* none w assume1 or t "h 0 an ev5t )\t a cause8 ,:51 !re=e1 ,god did select ?is "o po9t 9 di/9ction f all ! o!rs1 t det]m9ation c\ld n h be5 ei!r 9 ! direction ( :at ! ,intellig5ce affirm$ to be be/1 nor ( ! /ronge/ feel+4 ,! proposition1 !re=e1 t ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 is 9 bo? ! s5ses above def9$ demon/rably false4 #d4 ,( ! tru? ( ?is e "o is aw>e :5 he appeals to 8 own ,consci\sness4 ,9 ! amputation ( a limb1 = example1 :o does n "k t if an individual1 at ! mom5t :5 ! op]ation comm5ces1 %\ld yield to ! /ronge/ feel+1 he w\ld refuse to endure x8 ,he c pass ?r\gh ! sc5e1 only by plac+ an inflexible purpose directly across ! curr5t ( feel+4 ,h[ (t5 d we he> individuals affirm1 ,if ,i %\ld foll[ my feel+s1 ,i %\ld d ?is2 if ,i %\ld foll[ my judgm5t1 ,i %\ld d t4 ,9 all su* in/ances1 we h ! direct te/imony ( consci\sness1 t ! action ( ! ,w is n always 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ feel+3 because its action is sometimes consci\sly 9 ! direction ( ! ,intellig5ce1 9 opposition to su* feel+s2 & at o!rs1 9 ! consci\s pres5ce ( su* feel+s1 ! ,w rema9s1 = p]iods long] or %ort]1 undecid$ 9 respect to ! p>ticul> c\rse :i* %all be pursu$4 ,,! ,,w ,,n ,,always ,,z ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,s5sibility ,,comb9$4 ,,iii4 ,is n ! ,w always z ! greate/ app>5t good 9 ?is s5se1 t its det]m9ations are always z ! affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce & ! impulse ( ! ,s5sibility comb9$8 ,t x is n1 ,i argue = two reasons4 #a4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 :5 ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility are oppos$ to ea* o!r--a fact ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1--!re c\ld be no acts ( ,w 9 ei!r direction4 ,! ,w mu/ rema9 9 a /ate ( absolute inaction1 till ^! bellig]5t p[]s settle _! diff]5ces1 & unite 9 impell+ ! ,w 9 "s p>ticul> direction4 ,b we "k t ! ,w c1 & (t5 does1 act 9 ! direction ( ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility1 :5 ! affirmations ( "o & ! impulses ( ! o!r are 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r4 #b4 ,:5 bo? ! ,intellect & ,s5sibility1 z 9 ! cases above cit$1 are alike indiff]5t1 !re c be1 on ! pres5t hypo!sis1 no acts ( ,w :atev]4 ,"u ^! id5tical circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ! ,w does act4 ,! hypo!sis1 !re=e1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,i conclude1 !n1 t ! proposition1 ! ,w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good1 is ei!r a m]e truism1 hav+ no be>+ at all ^u our pres5t inquiries1 or t x is false4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! above propositions1 ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty has receiv$ a full & di/9ct illu/ration4 ,! action ( ! ,w is sometimes 9 ! direction ( ! ,intellig5ce1 9 opposition to ! ,s5sibility1 & sometimes 9 ! direction ( ! ,s5sibility1 9 opposition to ! ,intellig5ce1 & nev] 9 ! direction ( ei!r1 because x mu/ be4 ,sometimes x acts :]e ! ,s5sibility & ,intellig5ce bo? h>monize1 or are alike indiff]5t4 ,:5 also ! ,w acts 9 ! direction ( ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility1 x is n necessitat$ to foll[1 9 all in/ances1 ! highe/ affirmation1 nor ! /ronge/ desire4 ,,sec4 ,,ii--,,miscllane\s ,,topics4 ,,necessit>ian ,,argum5t4 ,i4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to appreciate ! ,necessit>ian argum5t1 bas$ ^u ! assumption1 t ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,?is assumption is ! great pill> on :i* t doctr9e re/s4 ,yet ! :ole argum5t bas$ ^u x is a p]petual reason+ 9 a circle4 ,ask ! ,necessit>ian to give ! gr& argum5t 9 favor ( 8 doctr9e4 ,8 answ] is1 because ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,cite n[ su* facts z ^? /at$ above 9 contradiction ( 8 assumption1 & 8 answ] is ready4 ,!re mu/ be1 9 all su* cases1 "s p]ceiv$ or felt gr\nd ( pref]5ce1 or !re c\ld be no act ( ,w 9 ! case4 ,!re mu/ h be51 = example1 "s po9t 9 space m eligible ?an any o!r = ! location ( ! univ]se1 & ?is mu/ h be5 ! reason :y ,god select$ ! "o he did4 ,ask him :y he makes ?is decl>ation8 ,8 reply is1 because ! ,w is always z ! greate/ app>5t good4 ,?us ?is assumption becomes premise or conclusion1 j z ! exig5ce ( ! !ory bas$ ^u x dem&s4 ,no?+ is s conv5i5t & s]viceable z su* an assumption1 :5 "o has a v difficult & false position to su/a94 ,b :o does n see1 t x is a mo/ vici\s reason+ 9 a circle8 ,to assume ! proposition1 ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z ! basis ( a univ]sal !ory1 & !n to assume ! tru? ( t proposition z ! basis ( ! explanation ( p>ticul> facts1 :i* contradict t !ory1 :at is reason+ 9 a circle if ?is is n8 ,no "o has a "r to assume ?is proposition z true at all1 until he has fir/ %[n t x is affirm$ by all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,w4 ,on its au?ority he has no "r to expla9 a solit>y ph5om5on4 ,to d x is n only to reason 9 a circle1 b to beg ! "q at issue4 ,,motives ,,cause ,,acts ,,( ,,w1 ,,9 ,,:at ,,s5se4 ,,ii4 ,we are also prep>$ to notice ano!r assumption ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds1 :i*1 if admitt$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he assumes x z true1 necessitates ! admission ( ! ,necessit>ian s*eme1 to wit3 t ! det]m9ation ( ! ,w is always caus$ by ! ,motive pres5t to ! m9d = putt+ =? t det]m9ation4 ,x is t motive1 he says1 :i*1 z x /&s 9 ! view ( ! m9d1 is ! /ronge/ :i* det]m9es ! ,w4 ,aga91 t e act ( ! ,w has "s cause1 & consequ5tly 7by :at has be5 already prov$7 has a necess>y connection ) its cause1 & s is necess>y by a necessity ( connection & consequ5ce1 is evid5t by ?is1 t e act ( ,w1 :atsoev]1 is excit$ by "s motive4 ,b if e act ( ! ,w is excit$ by "s motive1 !n t motive is ! cause ( t act ( ! ,w4 ,& if volitions are prop]ly ! effects ( _! motives1 !n !y are necess>ily connect$ ) _! motives4 ,if we grant ! pr9ciple "h assum$1 ! conclusion foll[s ( necessity4 ,b let u inquire 9 :at s5se motive & volition su/a9 to ea* o!r ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,! pres5ce & action ( "o p[] causes ! action ( ano!r1 s f>1 & s f> only1 z x necessitates su* action2 & causes its action 9 a p>ticul> direction1 s f> only z x necessitates its action 9 t direction1 9 opposition to e o!r4 ,n[ ! action ( "o p[] may cause ! action ( ano!r1 9 "o or bo? ^! ways4 #a4 ,x may necessitate its action1 & necessitate x 9 "o direction 9 opposition to any & e o!r4 ,9 ?is s5se1 fire causes ! s5sation ( pa94 ,x necessitates ! action ( ! ,s5sibility1 & 9 t "o direction4 ,or1 #b4 ,"o p[] may necessitate ! action ( ano!r p[]1 b n necessitate its action 9 "o direction 9 opposition to any or all o!rs4 ,we h se51 9 a =m] *apt]1 t ! ,motive causes ! action ( ! ,w 9 ?is s5se only1 t x necessitates ! ,w to act 9 "s direction1 b n 9 "o direction 9 di/9ction f ano!r4 ,n[ ! error ( ,presid5t ,edw>ds lies 9 conf\nd+ ^! two s5ses ( ! ^w cause4 ,he assumes t :5 "o p[] causes ! action ( ano!r 9 any s5se1 x mu/ 9 e s5se4 ,x is readily admitt$1 t 9 "o s5se ! ,motive causes ! action ( ! ,w4 ,b :5 we ask = ! reason or cause ( any "o p>ticul> *oice 9 di/9ction f ano!r1 we f9d x1 n 9 ! motive1 b 9 ! p[] ( will+ itself4 ,,objection--,,p>ticul> ,,volition1 ,,h[ ,,acc\nt$ ,,=4 ,,iii4 ,we are also prep>$ to notice ! great objection ( ,necessit>ians to ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty z "h ma9ta9$4 ,h[1 x is ask$1 %all we acc\nt1 on ?is !ory1 = p>ticul> volitions8 ,! p[] to w only acc\nts = acts ( ,w 9 "s direction1 b n = "o act 9 di/9ction f ano!r4 ,?is di/9ction mu/ be acc\nt$ =1 or we h an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,to ?is argum5t ,i reply1 #a4 ,x assumes ! position 9 debate1 to wit3 t !re _c be consequ5ts :i* are n necess>ily connect$ ) p>ticul> antec$5ts1 :i* antec$5ts necessitate ^! p>ticul> consequ5ts 9 di/9ction f all o!rs4 #b4 ,to acc\nt = any effect1 all t c prop]ly be requir$ is1 to assign ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( a cause adequate to ! production ( su* effects4 ,free-ag5cy itself is su* a cause 9 ! case n[ "u consid]ation4 ,we h "h giv5 ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( a cause :i* mu/ produce "o ( two effects1 & is equally capable1 "u ! circum/ances1 ( produc+ ei!r4 ,su* a cause acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( su* an effect1 j z mu* z ! assignm5t ( an antec$5t necess>ily produc+ c]ta9 consequ5ts1 acc\nts = ^? consequ5ts4 #c4 ,if1 z ?is objection affirms1 an act ( ,w1 :5 !re is no p]ceiv$ or felt reason = t act 9 di/9ction f e o!r1 is equival5t to an ev5t )\t a cause2 !n x w\ld be z impossible = u to conceive ( ! =m] z ( ! latt]4 ,we _c ev5 conceive ( an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,b we c conceive ( an act ( ,w :5 no reason1 b ! p[] ( will+1 exi/s = t p>ticul> act 9 di/9ction f o!rs4 ,we _c conceive ( an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,b we c conceive ( ! m9d's select+ odd1 = example1 in/ead ( ev51 )\t ! ,intellect or ,s5sibility impell+ ! ,w to t act 9 di/9ction f o!rs4 ,su* act1 !re=e1 is n equival5t to an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,! objection "u consid]ation is consequ5tly :olly baseless4 ,,facts ,,l ,,! ,,above ,,wrongly ,,acc\nt$ ,,=4 ,,iv4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,necessit>ians sometimes endeavor to acc\nt = acts ( ,w 9 :i* a selection is made betwe5 objects p]ceiv$ & felt to be p]fectly equal1 requires att5tion4 ,suppose t ,a & ,b are be=e ! m9d4 ,"o or ! o!r is to be select$1 or no selection at all is to be made4 ,^! objects are pres5t to ! m9d z p]fectly equal4 ,! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility are 9 a /ate ( entire equilibrium betwe5 !m4 ,n[ :5 "o ( ^! objects is select$ 9 di/9ction f ! o!r1 ?is act ( ,w is to be acc\nt$ =1 x is said1 by ref]r+ back to ! det]m9ation to make ! selection in/ead ( n mak+ x4 ,! ,w does n *oose betwe5 ,a & ,b1 at all4 ,! *oice is betwe5 *oos+ & n *oos+4 ,b m>k3 ,to det]m9e to select ,a or ,b is "o ?+4 ,to select "o 9 di/9ction f ! o!r1 is q ano!r4 ,! =m] act does n det]m9e ! ,w t[>ds ei!r 9 di/9ction f ! o!r4 ,?is la/ act rema9s to be acc\nt$ =4 ,:5 we attempt to acc\nt = x1 we _c d x1 by ref]r+ to ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility = ^! are 9 a /ate ( p]fect equilibrium betwe5 ! objects4 ,we c acc\nt = x only by fall+ back ^u ! p[] ( will+ itself1 & admitt+ t ! ,w is free1 & n subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,,*oos+ ,,betwe5 ,,objects ,,kn[n ,,to ,,be ,,equal--,,h[ ,,treat$ ,,by ,,necessit>ians4 ,v4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,necessit>ians treat facts ( ?is k9d1 to wit1 *oos+ betwe5 ?+s p]ceiv$ & felt to be equal1 also dem&s a pass+ notice4 ,su* facts are ( v little importance1 "o way or ! o!r1 !y say1 9 m5tal sci5ce4 ,x is ! height ( folly to appeal to !m to det]m9e que/ions ( su* mom5t z ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 ,i answ]3 ,su* facts are j z important 9 m5tal sci5ce1 z ! fall ( a piece ( gold & a fea!r1 9 an exhau/$ receiv]1 is 9 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,! latt] reveals ) p]fect cle>ness ! great law ( attraction 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! =m] reveals ) equal conspicu\sness ! great law ( ,lib]ty 9 ! realm ( m9d4 ,! ,necessit>ian affirms1 t no act ( ,w is possible1 only 9 ! direction ( ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce1 or ( ! /ronge/ impulse ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,facts are adduc$ 9 :i*1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 bo? ,faculties mu/ be 9 a /ate ( p]fect equilibrium4 ,nei!r c impel ! ,w 9 "o direction1 9 di/9ction f ! o!r4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity is true1 no acts ( ,w are possible4 ,9 precisely ^! circum/ances acts ( ,w d arise4 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity !re=e is ov]?r[n1 & ! tru? ( t ,lib]ty is demon/rat$4 ,s important are ^? facts :i* ,necessit>ians affect to despise4 ,true philosophy1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 nev] looks contemptu\sly ^u facts ( any k9d4 ,,palpable ,,mi/ake4 ,,vi4 ,we are prep>$ to notice a palpable mi/ake into :i* ,necessit>ians h fall5 9 respect to ! use :i* ! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty design to make ( ! fact1 t ! ,w c & does select betwe5 objects p]ceiv$ & felt to be equal4 ,! reason :y "s metaphysical writ]s1 says ,presid5t ,day1 h laid s mu* /ress ^u ?is app>5tly insignificant po9t1 is probably ! inf]5ce :i* !y propose to draw f ! position :i* !y assume4 ,if x be conc$$ t ! m9d decides "o way or ! o!r indiff]5tly1 :5 ! motives on ea* side are p]fectly equal1 !y inf] t ?is may be ! fact1 9 all o!r cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! motives to opposite *oices may be ev] s unequal4 ,b on :at gr\nd is ?is conclusion w>rant$8 ,if a man is entirely indiff]5t :i* ( two b>ley-corns to take1 does x foll[ t he w be indiff]5t :e!r to accept ( a gu9ea or a f>?+2 :e!r to possess an e/ate or a tr9ket8 ,! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty design to make1 & d make1 no su* use ( ! facts "u consid]ation1 z is "h attribut$ to !m4 ,!y nev] argue t1 because ! ,w c select betwe5 ,a & ,b1 :5 !y are p]ceiv$ & felt to be equal1 !re=e1 :5 ! ,w acts 9 "o direction1 9 di/9ction f ano!r1 x is always1 up to ! mom5t ( su* action1 impell$ 9 diff]5t directions by feel+s & judgm5ts equally /rong4 ,:at !y d argue f su* facts is1 t ! ,w is subject to ! law ( ,lib]ty & n to t ( ,necessity4 ,if ! ,w is subject to ! latt]1 !n1 :5 impell$ 9 diff]5t directions by ,motives equally /rong 7z 9 ! cases above cit$71 x c\ld no m act 9 ! direction ( "o 9 di/9ction f ! o!r1 ?an a heavy body c move ea/ in/ead ( we/1 :5 drawn 9 ea* direction by =ces p]fectly equal4 ,if ! ,w is subject to ! law ( ,necessity1 !n1 9 all in/ances ( selection betwe5 objects kn[n & felt to be equal1 we h an ev5t )\t a cause4 ,ev5 ! ,necessit>ians1 _m ( !m at lea/1 d>e n d5y t1 "u ^! v circum/ances1 selection does take place4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 ab&on _! !ory1 or admit ! dogma1 ( ev5ts )\t causes4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,) ,,! ,,div9e ,,presci5ce4 ,,! argum5t on :i* ,necessit>ians *iefly rely1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 & 9 support ( t ( ,necessity1 is bas$ ^u ! ,div9e presci5ce ( human conduct4 ,! argum5t runs ?us3 all acts ( ! ,w1 h[ev] remote 9 ! di/ant future1 are =ekn[n to ,god4 ,?is fact necessitates ! conclusion1 t su* acts are 9 !mselves c]ta91 &1 consequ5tly1 n free1 b necess>y4 ,ei!r ,god _c =ekn[ acts ( ,w1 or !y are necess>y4 ,! reply to ?is argum5t has already be5 anticipat$ 9 ! ,introduction4 ,! ,div9e presci5ce is n ! tru? to :i* ! appeal %\ld be made1 to det]m9e ! philosophy ( ! ,w pre-suppos$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,?is ,i argue1 = ! obvi\s reason1 t ( ! mode1 nature1 & degree1 ( ! ,div9e presci5ce ( human conduct we are pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,^! we mu/ "k ) p]fect cle>ness1 be=e we c affirm1 ) any c]ta9ty1 :e!r ?is presci5ce is or is n consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty4 ,! ,div9e presci5ce is a tru? ( inspiration1 & !re=e a fact4 ,! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is1 z we h se51 a tru? ( inspiration1 & !re=e a fact4 ,x is also a fact1 z affirm$ by ! univ]sal consci\sness ( man4 ,h[ d we "k t ^! two facts are n p]fectly consi/5t ) ea* o!r8 ,h[ d we "k b t1 if we und]/ood ! mode1 to say no?+ ( ! nature & degree ( ! ,div9e presci5ce1 we %\ld n p]ceive ) ! utmo/ cle>ness1 t ?is tru? consi/s z p]fectly ) ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 z ) t ( ,necessity4 ,if ,god =esees ev5ts1 he =ekn[s !m z !y are1 & n z !y are n4 ,if !y are free & n necess>y1 z free & n necess>y he =esees !m4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ by consci\sness t ! acts ( ! ,w are free1 & hav+1 f reason & revelation1 det]m9$1 t ,god =ekn[s su* acts1 ! great tru? /&s reveal$ to our m9d1 t ,god does & c =ekn[ human conduct1 & yet man 9 su* conduct be free2 & t ! mode1 nature1 & degree1 ( ! =m] are su* z mo/ p]fectly to consi/ ) ! latt]4 ,i "k ) p]fect di/9ctness1 t ,i am n[ putt+ =? c]ta9 acts ( ,w4 ,) equal di/9ctness ,i "k1 t su* acts are n necess>y1 b free4 ,my pres5t k is p]fectly consi/5t ) pres5t fre$om4 ,h[ d ,i "k b t ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( future acts is equally consi/5t ) ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( su* acts4 ,p]haps a bett] pres5tation ( ?is :ole subject _c be f\nd ?an 9 ! foll[+ extract f ,j\ffroy's ,introduction to ,e?ics4 ,! extract1 ?\gh some:at l5g?y1 w well repay a mo/ att5tive p]usal4 ,,dang] ,,9 ,,reason+ ,,f ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,=ekn[ ,,ev5ts ,,to ,,t ,,( ,,div9e ,,presci5ce4 ,to beg91 !n1 ) a v simple rem>k3 if we conceive t =ekn[l$ge 9 ! ,div9e ,be+ acts z x does 9 u1 we run ! risk ( =m+ a mo/ incorrect notion ( x1 & consequ5tly1 ( see+ a contradiction betwe5 x & lib]ty1 t w\ld disappe> altoge!r _h we a tru] notion4 ,let u consid] t we h n ! same faculty = =esee+ ! future z we h ( review+ ! pa/2 & ev5 9 cases :]e we d anticipate x1 x is by an induction f ! pa/4 ,?is induction may am\nt ei!r to c]ta9ty1 or m]ely to probability4 ,x w am\nt to c]ta9ty :5 we are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) necess>y causes1 & _! law ( op]ation4 ,! effects ( su* causes 9 giv5 circum/ances hav+ be5 det]m9$ by exp]i5ce1 we c pr$ict ! return ( simil> effects "u simil> circum/ances ) entire c]ta9ty1 s long at lea/ z ! pres5t laws ( nature rema9 9 =ce4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we =esee1 9 mo/ cases1 ! physical occurr5ces1 ^: law ( op]ation is kn[n to u2 & su* =esight w\ld ext5d mu* fur!r1 7 x n = unexpect$ circum/ances :i* come 9 to modify ! result4 ,?is induction c nev] g beyond probability1 h[ev]1 :5 we consid] ! acts ( free causes2 & = ! v reason t !y are free1 & t ! effects :i* arise f su* causes are n ( necess>y occurr5ce1 & d n inv>iably foll[ ! same antec$5t circum/ances4 ,:]e ! "q is1 !n1 z to ! acts ( any free cause1 we are nev] able to =esee x ) c]ta9ty1 & induction is limit$ to conjectures ( probability4 ,su* is ! op]ation1 & su* are ! limits ( human =esight4 ,our m9ds =esee ! future by induction f ! pa/2 ?is =esight c nev] atta9 c]ta9ty except 9 ! case ( causes & effects connect$ by necess>y dep5d5ce2 :5 ! effects ( free causes are to be anticipat$1 z all su* effects are cont+5t1 our =esight mu/ be m]ely conjecture4 ,,mi/ake ,,respect+ ,,! ,,div9e ,,presci5ce4 ,if1 n[1 we attempt to attribute to ! ,deity ! same mode ( =esight ( :i* human be+s are capable1 x w foll[1 z a /rict consequ5ce1 t1 z ,god mu/ "k exactly & completely ! laws to :i* all ! necess>y causes 9 nature are subject--laws :i* *ange only accord+ to 8 w1--he c =esee ) absolute c]ta9ty all ev5ts :i* w take place 9 future4 ,! c]ta9 =esight ( effects1 !re=e1 :i* is to u possible only 9 p>ticul> cases1 & :i*1 ev5 !n1 is always liable to ! limitation t ! actual laws ( nature are n modifi$1--?is =esight1 :i*1 ev5 :5 mo/ sure1 is limit$ & cont+5t1 mu/ be complete & absolute c]ta9ty 9 ,god1 suppos+ 8 =ekn[l$ge to be ( l k9d ) ours4 ,b x is evid5t t1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! ,deity _c =esee ) c]ta9ty ! volitions ( free causes any m ?an we c2 =1 z 8 =esight is f\nd$1 z ours is1 ^u ! k ( ! laws :i* gov]n causes1 & z ! law ( free causes is precisely ?is1 t _! volitions are n necess>y1 ,god _c calculate1 any m ?an a human be+ c1 ! influ5ce ( motives1 :i*1 9 any giv5 case1 may act ^u su* causes4 ,ev5 8 intellig5ce c lead no fur!r ?an to conjectures1 m probable1 inde$1 ?an ours1 b nev] am\nt+ to c]ta9ty4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 we mu/1 !re=e1 say ei!r t ,god c =esee1 c]ta9ly1 ! future volitions ( m51 & t man1 !re=e1 is n a free be+1 or t man is free1 & t ,god1 !re=e1 _c1 any m ?an we c1 =esee 8 volitions ) c]ta9ty2 & ?us ,div9e presci5ce & human free-w are br\ght into direct contradiction4 ,b1 g5tlem51 :y mu/ !re be ?is contradiction8 ,m]ely because we suppose t ,god =esees ! future 9 ! same way 9 :i* we =esee x2 t 8 =ekn[l$ge op]ates l our own4 ,n[1 is ?is1 ,i ask1 su* an idea z we ought to =m ( ,div9e presci5ce1 or su* an idea z ev5 ! p>tisans ( ?is sy/em1 :i* ,i am oppos+1 =m8 ,h we any reason = ?us impos+ ^u ! ,deity ! limitation ( our own feebl5ess8 ,i ?9k n4 ,un5d[$ z we are1 ) any faculty ( =esee+ ! future1 x may be difficult = u to conceive ( su* a faculty 9 ,god4 ,b yet c we n f analogy =m su* an idea8 ,we h n[ two faculties ( p]ception--( ! pa/ by memory1 ( ! pres5t by obs]vation2 c we n imag9e a ?ird to exi/ 9 ,god--! faculty ( p]ceiv+ ! future1 z we p]ceive ! pa/8 ,:at w\ld be ! consequ5ce8 ,?is3 t ,god1 in/ead ( conjectur+1 by induction1 ! acts ( human be+s f ! laws ( ! causes op]at+ ^u !m1 w\ld see !m simply z ! results ( ! free det]m9ations ( ! w4 ,su* p]ception ( future acts no m implies ! necessity ( ^? actions1 ?an ! p]ception ( simil> acts 9 ! pa/4 ,to see t effects arise f c]ta9 causes is n to =ce causes to produce !m2 nei!r is x to compel ^! effects to foll[4 ,x matt]s n :e!r su* a p]ception ref]s to ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future2 x is m]ely a p]ception2 &1 !re=e1 f> f produc+ ! effect p]ceiv$1 x ev5 presupposes ?is effect already produc$4 ,i d n pret5d t ?is vision ( :at is to be is an op]ation ( :i* our m9ds easily conceive4 ,x is difficult to =m an image ( :at we h nev] exp]i5c$2 b ,i d ass]t1 t ! p[] ( see+ :at no long] exi/s is full z rem>kable z t ( see+ :at has z yet no be+1 & t ! reason ( our readily conceiv+ ( ! =m] is only ! fact t we are end[$ ) su* a p[]3 to my reason1 ! my/]y is ! same4 ,b :atev] may or may n be 9 reality ! mode ( ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 or h[ev] exact may be ! image :i* we attempt to =m ( x1 x always1 ,i say1--& ?is is ! only po9t ,i am desir\s ( prov+1--x always rema9s a matt] ( unc]ta9ty1 :i* _c be remov$1 :e!r ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge is ( a k9d l our own1 or n2 & z1 9 ! "o case1 !re w\ld n be ! same contradiction t !re is 9 ! o!r1 betwe5 our belief 9 ,div9e =ekn[l$ge & human fre$om1 x is prov$ true1 ,i ?9k1 t no "o has a "r to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( su* a contradiction1 & ! necessity t human reason %\ld *oose betwe5 !m4 ,,s+ul> ,,inconsi/5cy ,,( ,,necessit>ians4 ,!re is no class ( m5 :o dwell ) m frequ5cy & app>5t rev]5ce1 ^u ! tru?1 t secret ?+s belong to ,god1 & ^? & ^? only1 t are reveal$ to u2 t none by se>*+ c f9d out ,god2 t z ! heav5s are high above ! e>?1 s are ,8 ways above our ways1 & ,8 ?\ghts above our ?\ghts2 & t x is ! height ( presumption 9 u1 to pret5d to und]/& ,god's mode ( kn[+ & act+4 ,none are m ready to talk ( my/]ies 9 religion ?an !y4 ,yet1 /range z x may appe>1 x is nev]!less true1 t _! :ole argum5t1 drawn f ! ,div9e =ekn[l$ge1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 & 9 favor ( t ( ,necessity1 is bas$ entirely ^u ! assumption t !y h f\nd out & fully und]/& ! mode ( ! ,div9e presci5ce ( human conduct2 t !y h s measur$ & det]m9$ ! ways & ?\ghts ( ,god1 t !y "k t he _c =esee any b necess>y ev5ts2 t among _m ev5ts1 all 9 !mselves equally possible1 & none ( !m necess>y 9 di/9ction f o!rs1 he _c =ekn[ :i*1 9 fact1 w arise4 ,we may prop]ly ask ! ,necessit>ian :5ce he obta9$ ?is k1 s va/ & deep2 :5ce he has ?us f\nd out ! ,almighty to p]fection8 ,to me1 ! pret5sion to su* k appe>s m l presumption ?an t deep self-di/ru/ & humiliation :i* becomes ! ,f9ite 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,?is k has n be5 obta9$ f revelation4 ,god has nev] told u t ,he c =esee none b necess>y ev5ts4 ,:e!r ,he c or _c =esee ev5ts free z well z necess>y1 is c]ta9ly "o ( ! secret ?+s :i* ,god has n reveal$4 ,if we admit ourselves ignorant ( ! mode ( ,god's =e-k ( future ev5ts 7& :o w d>e d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* ignorance 9 8 own case871 ! entire argum5t ( ! ,necessit>ian1 bas$ ^u t =e-k1 9 favor ( 8 doctr9e1 falls to ! gr\nd at once4 ,,necessit>ian ,,objection ,,to ,,! ,,above ,,argum5t4 ,to all t has be5 said above1 ! ,necessit>ian br+s an objection :i* he deems p]fectly unansw]able4 ,x is ?is3 ,if actions are free 9 ! s5se ma9ta9$ 9 ?is treatise1 !n 9 !mselves !y are unc]ta94 ,if !y are /ill c]ta9ly kn[n to ,god1 !y are bo? c]ta9 & unc]ta91 at ! same "t4 ,true1 ,i answ]1 b n 9 ! same s5se4 ,z f> z ! p[]s ( ! ag5t are conc]n$1 ! action may be unc]ta91 :ile ,god at ! same "t may "k c]ta9ly h[ he w ex]t 8 p[]s4 ,9 ref]5ce m]ely to ! p[]s ( ! ag5t1 ! ev5t is unc]ta94 ,9 ref]5ce to ! m9d ( ,god1 :o kn[s in/9ctively h[ he w ex]t ^! p[]s1 ! ev5t is c]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,^u ,,! ,,purposes ,,& ,,ag5cy ,,( ,,god1 ,,9 ,,respect ,,to ,,human ,,conduct4 ,,all tru? is 9 h>mony ) itself4 ,e p>ticul> tru? is1 & mu/ be1 9 h>mony ) e o!r tru?4 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,necessity be assum$ z true1 we mu/ take "o view ( ! relation ( ,god's purposes & ag5cy 9 respect to ! conduct ( moral ag5ts4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume z true ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 q ano!r & a diff]5t view1 9 respect to ?is :ole subject1 mu/ be tak54 ,9 ! rem>ks :i* ,i h to make ^u ?is subject1 ,i %all assume ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! p]fect ,div9e ,omnisci5ce1 ,wisdom1 & ,b5evol5ce4 ,! "q n[ arises1 9 ! light ( all ^! great tru?s1 ,:at relation d ! ,div9e purposes & ag5cy su/a9 to human action8 ,9 :at s5se does ,god purpose1 preorda91 & br+ to pass1 ! volunt>y conduct ( moral ag5ts8 ,to ?is "q b "o answ] c be giv51 9 ! light ( ! tru?s be=e u4 ,god purposes human action 9 ?is s5se only3 ,he det]m9es himself to act 9 a giv5 mann]1 because x is wise/ & be/ = him to act 9 t mann]1 & 9 t mann] only4 ,he det]m9es ?is1 kn[+ h[ intellig5t be+s w act "u ! influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u !m by ! ,div9e conduct4 ,he purposes & br+s ab\t1 or causes human action 9 ?is s5se only1 t 9 ! c\nsels ( et]nity1 ,he1 9 ! ex]cise ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness1 preorda9s1 & at ! "t appo9t$1 gives exi/5ce to ! motives & influ5ces "u :i* moral ag5ts d act1 & 9 ! light ( :i* !y volunt>ily det]m9e _! own "* & conduct4 ,,conclusions ,,f ,,! ,,above4 ,,gods ,,purposes ,,consi/5t ,,) ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,creatures4 #a4 ,we p]ceive ! p]fect consi/5cy ( ,god's purposes & ag5cy ) human lib]ty4 ,if ! motives & influ5ces 9 view ( :i* m5 d act1 d n de/roy _! free ag5cy1--a fact :i* mu/ be true f ! nature ( ! ,w1--!n ,god's purposes to give exi/5ce1 & 8 ag5cy 9 giv+ exi/5ce1 to ^! motives & influ5ces1 _c 9 any s5se de/roy1 or int]f]e ) su* ag5cy4 ,?is is a self-evid5t tru?4 ,,s5ses ,,9 ,,:i* ,,god ,,purpos$ ,,moral ,,good ,,& ,,evil4 #b4 ,we also p]ceive ! s5ses 9 :i* ,god purpos$ ! exi/5ce ( moral good & evil1 9 ! univ]se4 ,he purpos$ ! exi/5ce ( ! motives1 9 view ( :i* ,he knew t a "p ( ,8 subjects w\ld r5d] !mselves holy1 & a "p w\ld r5d] !mselves s9ful4 ,b :5 we contemplate all ! hol9ess & consequ5t happ9ess :i* d exi/1 we !n p]ceive ! reason :y ,god gave exi/5ce to ^! motives4 ,! s9 consequ5t1 9 ! s5se above expla9$1 con/itutes no "p ( ! reason = _! exi/5ce1 b 0 always1 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 a reason aga9/ _! exi/5ce2 :i* reason1 h[ev]1 0 ov]p[]$ by inf9itely m important reasons on ! o!r side4 ,! good :i* results f creation & provid5ce is ! great & exclusive object ( creation & provid5ce4 ,! evil1 ,god always regrett$1 & w\ld h prev5t$1 if possible1 i4 e4 if compatible ) ! exi/5ce ( ! be/ possible sy/em4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,incorrigible ,,preorda9$ ,,b ,,n ,,will$4 #c4 ,we also p]ceive ! p]fect consi/5cy ( ^? ,scriptures :i* repres5t ,god z1 on ! :ole1 purpos+ ! dea? ( incorrigible transgressors1 & yet z n will+ x1 b z will+ ! opposite4 ,! purpose to de/roy is bas$ ^u ! =ese5 incorrigibl5ess ( ! transgressor1--a purpose dem&$ by p]fect wisdom & b5evol5ce1 9 view ( t =ese5 incorrigibl5ess4 ,! incorrigibl5ess itself1 h[ev]1 & ! p]dition consequ5t1 are evils1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,god nev] will$2 b are ! opposite ( :at he will$1 are evils :i* a be+ ( p]fect wisdom & goodness nev] c\ld1 & nev] c w4 ,x is ) p]fect consi/5cy1 !re=e1 t ! ,scriptures repres5t ,god1 9 view ( incorrigibl5ess =ese51 z purpos+ ! dea? ( ! transgressor1 & at ! same "t1 9 view ( ! fact t su* incorrigibl5ess is ! opposite ( :at ,he wills ! creature to d1 z affirm+1 t ,he is n will+ t any %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld come to a k ( ! tru?4 ,,god ,,n ,,responsible ,,= ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,incorrigible4 #d4 ,we see1 also1 h[ x is1 t1 :ile ,god does t1 & et]nally purpos$ to d t1 9 view ( :i* he et]nally knew t c]ta9 ( 8 creatures w\ld = ev] de/roy !mselves1 none b !mselves are 9 fault = su* de/ruction4 ,! reasons are ^!3 7#a47 ,god nev] did any?+ 9 view ( :i* m5 ought to act ?us1 nor :i* did n lay !m "u obligations inf9ite1 to act diff]5tly1 & :i* 0 n be/ adapt$ to secure t end4 7#b47 ,_! de/ruction con/itut$ no "p ( ! object ( ,god 9 creation & provid5ce1 ! opposite ( ?is be+ true4 7#c47 ,! great object ( ,god 9 creation & provid5ce 0 & is1 to produce ! greate/ possible am\nt ( hol9ess & consequ5t happ9ess1 & to prev5t1 9 e possible way consi/5t ) ?is end1 ! exi/5ce ( s91 & consequ5tly ( mis]y4--,n[ if creatures p]i% "u su* an influ5ce1 !y p]i% by _! own fault4 ,,s9 ,a ,,my/]y4 #e4 ,i h a s+le rem>k to make ^u ^? ph5om5a ( ! ,w1 9 :i* evil is *os5 in/ead ( good1 or s9 in/ead ( hol9ess4 ,t all intellig5t be+s possess ! p[] to make su* a *oice1 is a fact affirm$ by univ]sal consci\sness4 ,b t any be+1 "u any circum/ances1 %\ld make su* a *oice1 & t he %\ld = ev] refuse to return to ! pa?s ( virtue1 not)/&+ 8 exp]i5ce ( ! consequ5ces ( s91 is an abuse ( human lib]ty1 :i* mu/ = ev] rema9 an inexplicable my/]y4 ,:5 a be+ assigns ! real reason 9 view ( :i* "r is *os51 we are always satisfi$ ) su* reason4 ,b we are nev] satisfi$ ) ! reason = ! opposite c\rse4 ,,conclusion ,,f ,,! ,,above4 ,"o conclusion =ces itself ^u u1 f t view ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t :i* consi/s ) ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty4 ,! aspect ( t gov]nm5t :i* results f ?is view ( ! subject comm5ds itself to ! reason & consci5ce ( ! intellig5t univ]se4 ,my/]ies we d & mu/ f9d 9 x2 b absurdities & contradictions1 nev]4 ,"u su* a ,gov]nm5t1 no be+ is condemn$ = :at he _c avoid1 nor rew>d$ = :at he c\ld b d4 ,:ile ,god sits on no prec>i\s ?rone1 ,nor borr[s leave to be1 ! de/9y ( ! creature turns ^u 8 own des]ts1 8 own *oice ( good or evil4 ,! elucidation ( ! pr9ciples ( su* a gov]nm5t comm5ds itself to e man's consci5ce 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,obligation ,,pr$icable ,,only ,,( ,,! ,,w4 ,,section ,i4 ,,! ,w1 z ,i h already said1 exi/s 9 a tr9ity ) ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility4 ,9 respect to ! op]ations ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( our m5tal be+1 ,i lay d[n ! two foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,obligation1 moral des]t1 c41 are directly pr$icable only ( ! action ( ! ,w4 #b4 ,= ! op]ations ( ! o!r faculties we are acc\ntable s f> =? only z ! exi/5ce & "* ( su* op]ations dep5d ^u ! ,w4 ,9 o!r words1 x is = volunt>y acts & /ates only t we are acc\ntable4 ,?is ,i argue because1 #a4 ,obligation1 z we h se51 consi/s only ) ,lib]ty4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility1 9 ! circum/ances ( _! occurr5ce1 are n free1 b necess>y4 ,acc\ntability1 !re=e1 _c be pr$icat$ ( su* ph5om5a4 ,we may be1 & are1 acc\ntable = su* ph5om5a1 s f> =? z _! exi/5ce & "* dep5d ^u ! ,w3 9 o!r words1 s f> =? z !y are volunt>y1 & n involunt>y1 /ates ( m9d4 #b4 ,! tru? ( ! above proposition1 & ( t only1 really corresponds ) ! univ]sal conviction ( ! race4 ,?is conviction is express$ 9 two ways4 7#a47 ,:5 blame is affirm$ ( ! op]ations ( ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility1 x is inv>iably ?us affirm$3 ,y h no "r to ent]ta9 su* ?\ghts or s5tim5ts4 ,y h no "r indulge su* feel+'s4 ,9 o!r words1 praise or blame is nev] directly pr$icat$ ( ^! op]ations !mselves1 b ( ! action ( ! ,w relatively to !m4 7#b47 ,all m5 agree1 t ! moral "* ( all actions1 ( all /ates ( m9d :atev]2 dep5ds ^u int5tion4 ,9 no po9t is !re a m univ]sal h>mony among moral philosoph]s ?an 9 respect to ?is4 ,b int5tion is und5iably a ph5om5on ( ! ,w1 & ( t exclusively4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit1 t moral obligation is pr$icable ( ! ,w only1 or d5y ! fundam5tal convictions ( ! race4 #c4 ,! tru? ( ! above propositions is intuitively evid5t1 ! mom5t ! m9d appreh5ds _! real import4 ,a man1 z he /eps out ( a w>m room1 amid ! ext]nal fro/s ( w9t]1 feels an involunt>y *ill ov] 8 :ole sy/em4 ,we might ) ! same propriety attribute blame to him = su* feel+s1 z = any o!r feel+s1 ?\ghts1 or p]ceptions :i* exi/ alike indep5d5t ( 8 ,w1 & especially 9 opposition to its det]m9ations4 #d4 ,if we suppose all ! volunt>y acts & /ates ( a moral ag5t to be1 & always to h be51 9 p]fect con=mity to moral rectitude1 x is impossible = u to impute moral guilt to him = any feel+s or ?\ghts :i* may h ris5 9 8 m9d indep5d5tly ( 8 ,w4 ,we c no m conceive him to h incurr$ ill des]t1 ?an we c conceive ( ! annihilation ( space4 ,we may safely put x to ! consci\sness ( e man :e!r ?is is n ! case4 ,?is r5d]s demon/rably evid5t ! tru?1 t moral obligation is pr$icable only ( ! ,w4 #e4 ,) ! above p]fectly h>monize ! positive tea*+s ( ,inspiration4 ,= example4 ,lu/1 :5 x is conceiv$1 br+e? =? s94 ,! involunt>y feel+ does n con/itute ! s91 b ! action ( ! ,w 9 h>mony ) t feel+4 #f4 ,a s+le supposition w place ?is :ole subject 9 a light p]fectly conspicu\s be=e ! m9d4 ,we c readily conceive t ! ,w1 or volunt>y /ates ( ! m9d1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! moral law1 :ile ! ,s5sibility1 or involunt>y /ates1 are oppos$ to x4 ,we c also ) equal read9ess make ! opposite supposition1 to wit1 t ! ,s5sibility1 or involunt>y /ates1 are 9 h>mony ) ! law1 :ile ! det]m9ations ( ! ,w are all oppos$ to x4 ,:at %all we ?9k ( ^! two /ates8 ,let u suppose a case ( no unfrequ5t occurr5ce1 t ! feel+s1 or involunt>y /ate ( ! m9d1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! law1 :ile ! action ( ?is ,w1 or ! volunt>y /ates1 are 9 det]m9$ opposition to ! law1 ! individual be+ inflexibly det]m9$ to qu5* su* feel+s1 & act 9 opposition to !m4 ,is !re any virtue at all 9 su* a /ate ( m9d8 ,:o w\ld d>e to say t !re is8 ,is n ! guilt ( ! individual aggravat$ 9 proportion to ! dep? & int5sity ( ! feel+ :i* he is endeavor+ to suppress8 ,n[ if1 z all w admit1 !re is no virtue at all1 :5 ! /ates ( ! ,s5sibility are 9 h>mony ) ! law1 & ! det]m9ations ( ! ,w1 or volunt>y /ates ( ! m9d1 are oppos$ to x1 h[ c !re be guilt :5 ! ,w1 or volunt>y /ates1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! law1 & ! ,s5sibility or involunt>y /ates1 oppos$ to x8 ,?is r5d]s x demon/rably evid5t t obligation & moral des]t ( praise or blame are pr$icable only ( ! ,w1 or volunt>y /ates ( m9d4 #g4 ,we w make ano!r supposition2 "o1 if possible1 /ill m to ! po9t4 ,! tig]1 we well "k1 has receiv$ f 8 ,mak]1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! laws ( natural g5]ation su/a9$ by ! ,mo/ ,high1 a f]oci\s nature4 ,:y d we n blame ! animal = ?is nature8 ,! answ]1 p]haps1 w\ld be1 t he is n a rational be+1 & is !re=e n responsible = any?+4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t ) ?is nature1 ,god _h associat$ ,intellig5ce & ,free-,w1 su* z man possesses4 ,:y %\ld ! animal n[ be held responsible = ! b>e exi/5ce ( ?is nature1 any m ?an 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 :5 ! effect1 9 bo? in/ances1 exi/s1 alike indep5d5t ( 8 k1 *oice1 & ag5cy8 ,a great] absurdity ?an ?is nev] lay ^u ! bra9 ( a ,!ologian1 t ! m]e exi/5ce ( rationality r5d]s ! subject prop]ly responsible = :at ,god himself produces 9 connection ) t rationality1 & produces :olly indep5d5t ( ! k1 *oice1 & ag5cy ( t subject4 ,let u suppose1 fur!r1 t ! animal "u consid]ation1 z soon z he becomes aw>e ( ! exi/5ce & t5d5cies ( ?is nature1 holds all its impulses 9 p]fect subjection to ! law ( love1 & nev] suff]s !m1 9 a s+le in/ance1 to induce a volunt>y act contr>y to t law4 ,is x 9 ! p[] ( ! ,intellig5ce to affirm guilt ( t creature8 ,d we n necess>ily affirm 8 virtue to be great 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! prop5sity ?us p]fectly subject$ to ! ,moral law8 ,! above illu/ration r5d]s two conclusions demon/rably evid5t3 #a4 ,= ! m]e exi/5ce ( any con/itutional prop5sity :atev]1 ! creature is n & _c be responsible4 #b4 ,:5 all ! actions ( ! ,w1 or volunt>y p[]1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! moral law1 & all ! prop5sities are held 9 full subjection to t law1 ! creature /&s p]fect & complete 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duty to ,god & ,man4 ,= ! involunt>y & necess>y act+s ( ^? prop5sities1 he _c be responsible4 ,x is no "p ( my object to prove t m5 h n d]iv$ f _! prog5itors1 prop5sities :i* impel & induce !m to s92 b t1 = ! m]e exi/5ce ( ^! prop5sities1 toge!r ) _! necess>y involunt>y action1 !y are n guilty4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,dogmas ,,9 ,,!ology4 ,c]ta9 dogmas 9 ,!ology connect$ ) ! subject above illu/rat$ "h claim our att5tion4 ,,m5 ,,n ,,responsible ,,= ,,! ,,s9 ,,( ,,_! ,,prog5itors4 ,i4 ,! fir/ t ,i notice is ! position1 t creatures are n[ held responsible1 ev5 z des]v+ ,god's wra? & curse1 n only 9 ?is life1 b 9 t :i* is to come1 n m]ely = _! own volunt>y acts ( disob$i5ce1 nor = _! involunt>y ex]cises1 b = ! act ( a prog5itor1 p]=m$ :5 !y _h no exi/5ce4 ,if ,god holds creatures responsible = su* an act1 we may safely affirm t x is absolutely impossible = !m to conceive ( ! ju/ice ( su* a pr9ciple2 & t ,god has s con/itut$ !m1 z to r5d] x impossible = !m to =m su* a conception4 ,c a be+ :o is n a moral ag5t s98 ,is n exi/5ce necess>y to moral ag5cy8 ,h[ !n c creatures s9 9 & ?r\gh ano!r six ?\s& ye>s be=e _! own exi/5ce comm5c$8 ,we _c conceive ( creatures z guilty = ! involunt>y & necess>y ex]cises ( _! own m9ds4 ,h[ c we conceive ( !m z guilty = ! act ( ano!r be+1--an act ( :i* !y _h1 & c\ld h1 no k1 *oice1 or ag5cy :atev]8 ,h[ c intellig5t be+s hold su* a dogma1 & hold x z a revelation f ,him :o has decl>$ ) an oa?1 t ! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r1 b t e man %all die = 8 own s9s8 ,,con/itutional ,,ill-,,des]t4 ,,ii4 ,! next dogma des]v+ att5tion is ! position1 t mank9d d]ive f our fir/ prog5itor a corrupt nature1 :i* r5d]s ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ,god impossible1 & disob$i5ce necess>y1 & t = ! m]e exi/5ce ( ?is nature1 m5 des]ve ,god's wra? & curse1 n only 9 ?is _w1 b 9 t :i* is to come4 ,if ! above dogma is true1 x is demon/rably evid5t1 t ?is corrupt nature comes into exi/5ce )\t ! k1 *oice1 or ag5cy ( ! creature1 :o1 = its exi/5ce1 is pron\nc$ des]v+ (1 & b\nd ov] to ! wra? ( ,god4 ,equally evid5t is x1 t ?is corrupt nature exi/s z ! result ( ! direct ag5cy ( ,god4 ,he proclaims himself ! ,mak] ( e s\l ( man4 ,z its ,mak]1 ,he mu/ h imp>t$ to t s\l ! con/itution or nature :i* x actually possesses4 ,x does n help ! matt] at all1 to say1 t ?is nature is d]iv$ f our prog5itor3 = ! laws ( g5]ation1 by :i* ?is corrupt nature is d]iv$ f t prog5itor1 are su/a9$ & cont9u$ by ,god himself4 ,x is a tru? ( reason z well z ( revelation1 t1 ev5 9 respect to plants1 d]iv$ by ord9>y g5]ation f ! se$ ( ^? previ\sly exi/+1 x is ,,god :o give? !m a body z x ha? pleas$ him1 & to e se$ its own body4 ,if ?is is true ( plants1 mu* m mu/ x be s ( ! s\l ( man4 ,if1 !n1 ! above dogma is true1 man1 9 ! fir/ place1 is held z des]v+ ( et]nal puni%m5t = t :i* exi/s :olly indep5d5t ( 8 k1 *oice1 or ag5cy1 9 any s5se1 direct or indirect4 ,he is also held responsible = ! result1 n ( 8 own ag5cy1 b = t :i* results f ! ag5cy ( ,god4 ,on ?is dogma1 ,i rem>k1 #a4 ,x is impossible = ! ,intellig5ce to affirm1 or ev5 to conceive x to be true1 t a creature des]ves et]nal puni%m5t = t :i* exi/s :olly indep5d5t ( 8 k1 *oice1 or ag5cy2 = t :i* results1 n f 8 own ag5cy1 b f t ( ano!r4 ,! ,intellig5ce c no m affirm ! tru? ( su* propositions1 ?an x c conceive ( an ev5t )\t a cause4 #b4 ,?is dogma is oppos$ to ! intuitive convictions ( ! race4 ,pres5t ! proposition to any m9d1 t1 "u ! ,div9e gov]nm5t1 ! creature is held responsible = 8 own volunt>y acts & /ates ( m9ds only1 & su* a pr9ciple comm5ds itself to e man's consci5ce 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,pres5t ! dogma1 on ! o!r h&1 t = a nature :i* r5d]s actual ob$i5ce impossible1 a nature :i* exi/s z ! exclusive result ( ! ag5cy ( ,god himself1 indep5d5tly ( ! k1 *oice1 or ag5cy ( ! creature1 su* creature is ju/ly b\nd ov] to ! wra? ( ,god1 & curse ( ! law1 & s made subject to dea?1 ) all mis]ies1 spiritual1 temporal1 & et]nal1 & !re is n a consci5ce 9 ! univ]se :i* w n reprobate ) p]fect horror su* a pr9ciple4 ,! intuitive convictions ( ! race are irreconcilably oppos$ to x4 #c4 ,if mank9d1 z ?is dogma affirms1 h a nature f :i* volunt>y acts ( a giv5 "* necess>ily result1 to talk ( real gr[? or confirmation 9 hol9ess or s91 is to use words )\t mean+4 ,all t influ5ce1 or volunt>y acts1 c d 9 su* a case1 is to develope ! nature already 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y c d no?+ to confirm ! s\l 9 its t5d5cies1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( ! proposition1 t a c]ta9 tree _h =m$ & confirm$ ! habit ( be>+ p>ticul> k9ds ( fruits1 :5 x comm5c$ be>+1 ) ! necessity ( be>+ ?is k9d only1 & ) ! absolute impossibility ( be>+ any o!r8 ,s ! s\l1 accord+ to ?is dogma1 comm5ces action ) ! absolute impossibility ( any b s9ful acts1 & ) ! equal necessity ( putt+ =? s9ful ones4 ,n[1 ,necessity & ,impossibility "k & c "k no degrees4 ,h[ !n c a m9d1 ?us con/itut$1 g5]ate & confirm ! habit ( s9n+8 ,:at1 on ?is supposition1 is ! mean+ ( ! decl>ation1 ,h[ c ye1 :o are accu/om$ to d evil1 le>n to d well8 ,all su* decl>ations are )\t mean+1 if ?is dogma is true4 #d4 ,if ,god imputes guilt to ! creature1 = ! exi/5ce ( ! nature "u consid]ation1 he mu/ h requir$ ! creature to prev5t its exi/5ce4 ,= x is a positive tru? ( reason & inspiration bo?1 t z s9 is a transgression ( ! law2 t :]e !re is no law1 !re is no transgression2 & t s9 is n imput$ :]e !re is no law1 t is1 :]e no?+ is requir$1 no obligation does or c exi/1 & consequ5tly no guilt is imput$4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! nature "u consid]ation1 !n1 is n & _c be s9 to ! creature1 unless x is a transgression ( ! law2 & x _c be a transgression ( ! law1 unless ! law requir$ ! creature to prev5t its exi/5ce1 & prev5t x :5 t exi/5ce 0 ! exclusive result ( ,god's ag5cy1 & :5 ! creature c\ld h no k1 *oice1 or ag5cy1 9 respect to :at ,god 0 to produce4 ,c we conceive ( a great] absurdity ?an t8 ,god is ab\t to produce a c]ta9 nature by 8 own creative act1 or by su/a9+ ! laws ( natural g5]ation4 ,he imputes inf9ite guilt to ! creature = n prev5t+ ! result ( t act1 & induc+ a result precisely opposite1 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( all k ( :at 0 requir$ ( him1 & ( ! possibility ( any ag5cy 9 respect to x4 ,is ?is a true exposition ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,,pres5t ,,impossibilities ,,requir$4 ,,iii4 ,! la/ dogma t ,i notice is ! position1 t ! ,moral law dem&s ( u1 z s9n]s1 n :at is n[ possible to u on ! gr\nd ( natural p[]s & pr(f]$ grace1 b :at w\ld be possible1 _h we nev] s9n$4 ,x is admitt$ by all1 t we h n n[ a capacity = t degree ( virtue :i* w\ld be possible to u1 _h we always develop$ our moral p[]s 9 h>mony ) ! ,div9e law4 ,/ill x is ma9ta9$1 t ?is degree ( virtue1 not)/&+ our pres5t total incapacity to ex]cise x1 is dem&$ ( u4 ,= n r5d]+ x1 we are ju/ly b\nd ov] to ! wra? & curse ( ,god4 ,9 reply1 ,i rem>k3 #a4 ,t ?is dogma1 :i* is pr(ess$ly f\nd$ on ! express tea*+s ( ,inspiration1 has n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a f\ndation 9 any direct or impli$ affirmation ( ! ,bible4 ,i may safely *all5ge ! _w to adduce a s+le passage ( ,holy ,writ1 t ei!r directly or indirectly ass]ts any su* ?+4 #b4 ,?is dogma is oppos$ n only to ! _s1 b to ! lett] ( ! law4 ,! law1 address+ m51 enfeebl$ z _! p[]s n[ are1 9 consequ5ce ( s9 previ\sly committ$1 requires !m to love ,god ) all _! m9d & /r5g?1 t is1 n ) ! p[] !y w\ld h possess$1 _h !y nev] s9n$1 b ) ! p[] !y n[ actually possess4 ,on :at au?ority does any ,!ologian affirm1 :5 ! law expressly makes "o dem& ^u m51 t x1 9 reality1 makes ano!r1 & diff]5t dem&8 ,9 su* an ass]tion1 is he n wise1 n only above1 b aga9/ :at is writt58 #c4 ,?is dogma is oppos$ to ! express & positive tea*+s ( ,inspiration4 ,! ,scriptures expressly affirm1 ,rom4 xiii4 #h1 t e "o t ex]cises love1 ha? fulfill$ ! law1 ha? done all t ! law requires ( him4 ,?is w\ld n be true1 did ! law require a degree ( love n n[ practicable to ! creature4 ,aga91 9 ,deut4 x4 #ab1 x is positively affirm$1 t ,god requires no?+ ( 8 creatures b to love him ) all ! he>t & ) all ! s\l1 t is1 ) all ! p[]s !y actually possess4 ,?is c\ld n be true1 if ! dogma "u consid]ation is true4 #d4 ,if we conceive an individual to yield a volunt>y con=mity to moral obligations ( e k9d1 to ! full ext5t ( 8 pres5t capacities1 x is impossible = u to conceive t he is n n[ do+ all t he really ought to d4 ,no p]son w\ld ev] ?9k ( exhort+ him to d m1 nor ( *>g+ him ) guilt = n do+ x4 ,we may prop]ly blame him = ! pa/1 b z f> z ! pres5t is conc]n$1 he /&s guiltless 9 ! eye ( reason & revelation bo?4 #e4 ,let u suppose t an individual cont9ues = fifty ye>s 9 s94 ,he is !n truly conv]t$1 & imm$iately aft] dies4 ,all admit t he ent]s heav5 9 a /ate ( p]fect hol9ess4 ,yet no "o supposes t he n[ ex]cises1 or has ! capacity to ex]cise1 z high a degree ( hol9ess1 z he w\ld1 _h he sp5t ^? fifty ye>s 9 ob$i5ce1 in/ead ( disob$i5ce to ,god4 ,?is %[s t ev5 ^? :o !oretically hold ! dogma "u consid]ation d n practically believe x !mselves4 ,! conclusion to :i* our inquiries lead u is ?is3 ,hol9ess is a volunt>y con=mity to all p]ceivable obligation4 ,s9 is a simil> violation ( su* obligation4 ,no?+ else is or c be hol9ess4 ,no?+ else is or c be s94 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,moral ,,"* ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,/ates ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,or ,,acts ,,( ,,w1 ,,%\ld ,,be ,,det]m9$4 ,,9 ! rem>ks :i* ,i h to make 9 elucidation ( ?is subject1 ,i %all1 on ! au?ority ( evid5ce already pres5t$1 take two positions = grant$3 #a4 ,moral obligation & moral des]t are pr$icable only ( acts ( ,w4 #b4 ,x is only ( ^? acts ( ,w d5om9at$ ,int5tions1 & ( c\rse ultimate int5tions1 t obligation1 m]it & dem]it1 are pr$icable4 ,9 ?is la/ position1 z ,i h already said1 !re is a univ]sal agreem5t among moral philosoph]s4 ,we may also safely assume ! same z a fir/ tru? ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce4 ,! *ild1 ! philosoph]1 ! peasant1 m5 ( all classes1 ages1 & conditions1 agree 9 pr$icat+ obligation & moral des]t ( int5tion1 & ( ultimate int5tion only4 ,by ultimate int5tion1 ,i1 ( c\rse1 ref] to ^? acts1 *oices1 or det]m9ations ( ! ,w1 to :i* all o!r m5tal det]m9ations are subord9ate1 & by :i* !y are controll$4 ,?us1 :5 an individual *ooses1 on ! "o h&1 ! ,div9e glory1 & ! highe/ good ( univ]sal be+1 z ! end ( 8 exi/5ce2 or1 on ! o!r1 8 own p]sonal gratification2 & subord9ates to "o or ! o!r ( ^! acts ( *oice all ! law ( 8 be+1 "h we f9d 8 ultimate int5tion4 ,9 ?is exclusively all mank9d agree 9 f9d+ ! moral "* ( all m5tal acts & /ates4 ,n[ an important "q arises1 ,by :at /&>d %all we judge ( ! moral "* ( int5tions8 ,( c\rse1 !y are to be plac$ 9 ! light ( ! two great precepts ( ! ,moral law by :i* we are requir$ to love ,god ) all our p[]s1 & our neighbor z ourselves4 ,b two di/9ct & opposite explanations h be5 giv5 ( ! above precepts1 pres5t+ entirely diff]5t /&>ds ( moral judgm5t4 ,accord+ to "o1 ! precept requir+ u to love ,god ) all our he>t & /r5g?1 requires a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity ( int5tion & feel+4 ,on no o!r condition1 x is said1 d we love ,god ) all ! he>t4 ,accord+ to ! o!r explanation1 ! precept requir+ u to love ,god ) all ! he>t1 c41 means1 t we devote our entire p[]s & int]e/s to ! glory ( ,god & ! good ( 8 creatures1 ) ! s9c]e int5tion to employ ^! p[]s & int]e/s = ! accompli%m5t ( ^! objects 9 ! be/ possible mann]4 ,:5 all our p[]s are "u ! exclusive control ( su* an int5tion z ?is1 we !n1 x is affirm$1 love ,god accord+ to ! lett] & _s ( ! above precept1 ) all our he>t1 & ) all our /r5g?4 ,,s9c]ity1 ,,& ,,n ,,int5sity1 ,,! ,,true ,,/&>d4 ,my object n[ is to %[1 t ?is la/ is ! "r exposition1 & pres5ts ! only true /&>d by :i* to judge ( all moral acts & /ates ( m9d4 ,?is ,i argue f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #a4 ,if int5sity be fix$ ^u z ! /&>d1 no "o c def9e x1 s z to tell u :at he means4 ,! comm& requir+ u to love ) all ! he>t1 if und]/ood z requir+ a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity ( int5tion1 may mean ! highe/ degree ( t5sion ( :i* our nature is susceptible4 ,or x may mean ! highe/ possible degree1 consi/5t ) our exi/5ce 9 ?is body2 or ! highe/ degree consi/5t ) ! mo/ p]fect heal?2 or "s inconceivable indef9able degree1 nobody kn[s :at4 ,x _c include all1 & may & mu/ mean "s "o ( ! above-nam$ dogmas4 ,yet no "o w\ld d>e to tell u :i*4 ,has ,god giv51 or does our own reason give u1 a /&>d ( moral judgm5t ( :i* no "o c =m a conception1 or give u a def9ition8 #b4 ,no "o c\ld practically apply ?is /&>d1 if he c\ld def9e x1 z a te/ ( moral action4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,no "o1 b ,omnisci5ce1 c possibly "k :at degree ( t5sity our nature is capable (2 nor precisely :at degree is compatible ) life1 or ) ! mo/ p]fect heal?4 ,if int5sity1 !n1 is ! /&>d by :i* we are requir$ to det]m9e def9itely ! "* ( moral actions1 we are 9 reality requir$ to fix def9itely ! value ( an unkn[n quantity1 to wit3 moral action1 by a /&>d ( :i* we are1 & ( necessity mu/ be1 mo/ pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,we are requir$ to f9d ! def9ite by means ( ! indef9ite2 ! pla9 by means ( ! palpable obscure4 ,has ,god1 or our own reason1 plac$ u 9 su* a pr$icam5t z ?is1 9 respect to ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all que/ions1 ! det]m9ation ( our true moral "* & des]ts8 #c4 ,:ile ! /&>d "u consid]ation is1 & mu/ be1 unkn[n to u1 x is p]petually v>y+1 & nev] fix$4 ,! degree ( int5sity ( m5tal ef=t ( :i* we are capable at "o mom5t1 diff]s f t :i* is possible to u at ano!r4 ,! same holds equally ( t :i* is compatible ) life & heal?4 ,c we believe t ! judge ( all ! e>? requires u to con=m1 & holds u responsible = n con=m+ to a /&>d locat$ we _c possibly "k :]e1 & :i* is always movable1 & nev] = a mom5t rema9+ fix$8 #d4 ,! absurdity ( attempt+ to act 9 con=mity to ?is pr9ciple1 9 ref]5ce to p>ticul> duties1 w %[ cle>ly t x _c be ! /&>d ( moral obligations 9 any in/ance4 ,suppose an individual becomes conv9c$ t x is 8 duty1 t is1 t ,god requires him to walk or travel a giv5 di/ance1 or = a "t to compose himself = ! purpose ( sleep+4 ,n[ he mu/ w ) all 8 he>t to p]=m ! duty be=e him4 ,:at if he %\ld judge himself b\nd to w to sleep1 = example1 & to w x ) all possible int5sity1 or ) z great an int5sity z consi/s ) 8 heal?8 ,h[ long w\ld x take him to compose himself to sleep 9 ?is mann]8 ,:at if he %\ld ) all possible int5sity w to walk8 ,:at if1 :5 ) all s9c]ity1 he _h int5d$ to p]=m1 9 ! be/ mann]1 ! duty devolv$ ^u him1 he %\ld inquire :e!r ! int5tion possess$ ! requisite int5sity8 ,x w\ld be j z rational to apply ?is /&>d 9 ! in/ances "u consid]ation1 z 9 any o!r4 #e4 ,t ,s9c]ity1 & n int5sity ( int5tion1 pres5ts ! true /&>d ( moral judgm5t1 is evid5t f ! fact1 t ! =m] comm5ds itself to e man's consci5ce z p]fectly intelligible1 ( ready def9ition 9 itself1 & ( consequ5tly ready application1 9 det]m9+ ! "* & moral des]t ( all moral actions4 ,we c readily conceive :at x is to yield all our p[]s & int]e/s to ! ,w ( ,god1 & to d x ) ! s9c]e int5tion ( employ+ !m 9 ! wise/ & be/ mann] = ! accompli%m5t ( ! highe/ good4 ,we c conceive1 too1 :at x is to employ our p[]s & int]e/s "u ! control ( su* an int5tion4 ,we c also p]ceive ) p]fect di/9ctness our obligation to live & act "u ! supreme control ( su* an int5tion4 ,if we are b\nd to yield to ,god at all1 we are b\nd to yield our entire be+ to 8 supreme control4 ,if we are b\nd to w & employ our p[]s & res\rces to produce any good at all1 we are b\nd to w & aim to produce ! highe/ good4 ,?is pr9ciple also is equally applicable 91 det]m9+ ! "* & des]ts ( all moral actions4 ,e hone/ m9d c readily det]m9e ! fact1 :e!r x is or is n act+ "u ! supreme control ( ! int5tion "u consid]ation4 ,if we adopt ?is pr9ciple1 z express+ ! mean+ ( ! comm& requir+ u to love ) all ! he>t1 p]fect sunlight re/s ^u ! ,div9e law4 ,if we adopt any o!r /&>d1 p]fect midnight hangs ov] t law4 #f4 ,if we conceive a moral ag5t really to live & act 9 full h>mony ) ! int5tion "u consid]ation1 x is impossible = u to conceive1 or affirm1 t he has n done 8 entire duty4 ,:at m ought a moral ag5t to int5d ?an ! highe/ good he c accompli%8 ,%\ld x be said1 t he ought to int5d ?is ) a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity1 ! reply is1 t ,s9c]ity implies an int5tion to w & act1 at all times1 ) t degree ( int5sity be/ adapt$ to ! end to be accompli%$4 ,:at m c prop]ly or wisely be dem&$8 ,is n ?is lov+ ) all ! he>t8 #g4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1 a mu* great] degree ( int5sity1 & consequ5t en]gy ( action1 w be secur$1 ?an on ! o!r pr9ciple4 ,no?+ t5ds m effectually to palsy ! en]gies ( ! m9d1 ?an ! attempt always to act ) ! greate/ int5sity4 ,x is precisely l ! attempt ( "s orators1 to speak1 on all subjects alike1 ) ! greate/ possible pa?os & sublimity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let an individual ?r[ 8 :ole be+ "u ! control ( ! gr& pr9ciple ( do+ all ! good he c1 & 8 p[]s w en]gize ) ! greate/ fre$om1 int5sity1 & effect4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! /&>d ( moral obligation & moral des]t has be5 wisely fix$1 ,s9c]ity1 & no?+ else1 is t /&>d4 #h4 ,i rem>k1 once m1 t ,s9c]ity is ! /&>d fix$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( tru?4 ,9 ,j]4 iii4 #af1 ! ,jews are accus$ ( n turn+ to ! ,"l ) ! :ole he>t1 b feign$ly1 t is1 ) ins9c]ity4 ,if !y _h turn$ s9c]ely1 !y w\ld1 accord+ to ?is passage1 h done x ) ! :ole he>t4 ,! :ole he>t1 !n1 accord+ to ! express tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 is synonym\s ) ,s9c]ity & ,s9c]ity accord+ to ! above def9ition ( ! t]m4 ,?is is ! true /&>d1 accord+ to revelation z well z reason4 ,i h o!r argum5ts1 equally conclusive z ! above1 to pres5t1 b ^! are suffici5t4 ,! importance ( ! subject1 toge!r ) its decisive be>+ ^u ! mom5t\s "q to be discuss$ 9 ! next ,*apt]1 is my apology = dwell+ ?us long ^u x4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,intuitions1 ,,or ,,moral ,,acts1 ,,nev] ,,( ,a ,,mix$ ,,"*2 ,,t ,,is1 ,,p>tly ,,"r ,,& ,,p>tly ,,wrong4 ,,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! "q1 :e!r ea* moral act1 or ex]cise1 is n always ( a "* purely unmix$8 ,9 o!r words1 :e!r e su* act1 or int5tion1 is n always p]fectly "r or p]fectly wrong ,i w\ld "h be und]/ood to speak ( s+le acts1 or intuitions1 9 di/9ction f a s]ies1 :i* cont9ues ?r\gh "s def9ite p]iod1 z an h\r or a day4 ,su* s]ies ( acts may1 ( c\rse1 be ( a mix$ "*2 t is1 x may be made up ( individual acts1 "s ( :i* are "r & "s wrong4 ,b ! "q is1 c di/9ct1 opposite1 & contradictory elem5ts1 su* z s9 & hol9ess1 "r & wrong1 selfi%ness & b5evol5ce1 ent] into "o & ! same act ,no "o w pret5d t an individual is virtu\s at all1 unless he int5ds ob$i5ce to ! moral law4 ,! "q is1 c an individual int5d to obey & to disobey ! law1 9 "o & ! same act8 ,on ?is "q ,i rem>k1 #a4 ,t ! pr9ciple e/abli%$ 9 ! la/ ,*apt] really settles ! "q4 ,no "o1 to my k1 pret5ds1 t1 z f> z s9c]ity is conc]n$1 ! same moral act c be ( a mix$ "*4 ,v few1 if any1 w be guilty ( ! folly ( ma9ta9+1 t an individual c s9c]ely int5d to obey & to disobey ! law at "o & ! same "t4 ,:5 su* act is contemplat$ 9 ?is po9t ( light1 x is almo/ univ]sally admitt$ t x _c be ( a mix$ "*4 ,b !n ano!r te/ is appli$--t ( int5sity4 ,x is conceivable1 at lea/1 x is said1 t ! int5tion might possess a high] degree ( int5sity ?an x does possess4 ,x is1 !re=e1 pron\nc$ defective4 ,on ! same supposition1 e moral act 9 exi/5ce might be pron\nc$ defective4 ,= we c1 at lea/1 conceive1 t x might possess a high] degree ( int5sity4 ,x has be5 abundantly e/abli%$ 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 h[ev]1 t !re is no su* te/ ( moral actions z ?is1 a te/ au?oriz$ ei!r by reason or revelation4 ,s9c]ity is ! only /&>d by :i* to det]m9e ! "* & des]ts ( all moral acts & /ates4 ,9 ! light ( ?is /&>d1 x is intuitively evid5t1 t no "o act c comb9e su* contradictory & opposite elem5ts z s9 & hol9ess1 "r & wrong1 an int5tion to obey & to disobey ! moral law4 #b4 ,! op9ions & reason+s ( di/+ui%$ philosoph]s & !ologians on ! subject may be adduc$ 9 confirmation ( ! doctr9e "u consid]ation4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d1 t if ! same act embraces su* contradictory & opposite elem5ts z s9 & hol9ess1 x mu/ be1 9 reality1 oppos$ to itself1 "o elem5t con/itut+ ! act1 be+ 9 h>mony ) ! law1 & 9 opposition to ! o!r elem5t :i* is oppos$ to ! law4 ,n[ ! rem>k ( ,edw>ds ^u ?is subject dem&s our special att5tion4 ,x is absurd1 he says1 to suppose ! same individual ,w to oppose itself 9 its pres5t act2 or ! pres5t *oice to be opposite to & resi/+ pres5t *oice2 z absurd z x is to talk ( two contr>y motions 9 ! same mov+ body at ! same "t4 ,does n ! common s5se ( ! race affirm ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t ,s9 & hol9ess _c ent] into ! same act1 unless x embraces a s]i\s int5tion to obey & n to obey ! moral law at ! same "t4 ,is n ?is1 9 ! language ( ,edw>ds1 z absurd z x is to talk ( two contr>y motions 9 ! same mov+ body at ! same "t4 ,equally conclusive is ! argum5t ( ,kant ^u ! same subject4 ,hav+ %[n t mank9d are divid$ into two classes1 ! morally good & ! morally evil2 t ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! =m] is1 t !y h adopt$ ! ,moral law z _! maxim1 t is1 t x is _! s]i\s int5tion to comply ) all ! claims ( ! law2 & ( ! latt]1 t !y h n adopt$ ! law z _! maxim2 he adds1 ,! s5tim5t ( mank9d is1 !re=e1 nev] indiff]5t relatively to ! law1 & he nev] c be nei!r good nor evil4 ,!n foll[s ! p>agraph to :i* special att5tion is invit$4 ,9 l mann]1 mank9d _c be1 9 "s po9ts ( "*1 morally good1 :ile he is1 at ! same "t1 9 o!rs evil2 =1 is he 9 any po9t good1 !n ! moral law is 8 maxim 7t is1 x is 8 s]i\s int5tion to obey ! law 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( its claims72 b is he likewise1 at ! same "t1 9 "s po9ts bad1 !n quoad z to ^!1 ! ,moral law is n 8 maxim1 7t is1 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 x is 8 int5tion n to obey ! law74 ,b s9ce ! law is "o & univ]sal1 & z x comm&s 9 "o act ( life1 s 9 all1 !n ! maxim ref]r+ to x w\ld be1 at ! same "t univ]sal & p>ticul>1 :i* is a contradiction2 7t is1 x w\ld be 8 int5tion to obey ! law univ]sally1 & at ! same "t1 n to obey x 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s1 "o ( ! mo/ palpable contradictions conceivable47 ,to my m9d ! above argum5t has all ! =ce ( demon/ration4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d1 t no man is morally good at all1 unless x is 8 int5tion to obey ! ,moral law univ]sally4 ,?is be+ 8 int5tion1 ! law has no high] claims ^u him4 ,its full dem&s are1 & mu/ be1 met 9 t int5tion4 ,= :at c ! law require m1 ?an t ! volunt>y p[]s %all be 9 full h>mony ) its dem&s1 :i* is always true1 :5 !re is a s9c]e int5tion to obey ! law univ]sally4 ,n[1 ) ?is int5tion1 !re c be no?+ 9 ! individual morally evil2 unless !re is1 at ! same "t1 an int5tion n to obey ! law 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s2 t is1 n to obey x univ]sally4 ,a mix$ moral act1 or int5tion1 !re=e1 is possible1 only on ?is condition1 t x %all embrace ^! two contradictory elem5ts--a s]i\s det]m9ation to obey ! law univ]sally1 & a det]m9ation equally decisive1 at ! same "t1 to disobey x 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s2 t is1 n to obey x univ]sally4 ,i leave x ) ! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( ,mix$ ,moral ,action to dispose ( ?is difficulty z !y c4 #c4 ,if we c\ld conceive ( a moral act ( a mix$ "*1 ! ,moral law c\ld n recognize x z holy at all4 ,x pres5ts b "o scale by :i* to det]m9e ! "* ( moral acts1 ! comm& requir+ u to love ) all ! he>t4 ,x kn[s su* acts only z con=m$1 or n con=m$1 to ?is comm&4 ,! mix$ action1 if x c\ld exi/1 w\ld1 9 ! light ( ! ,moral law1 be plac$ among ! n-con=m$1 j z mu* z ^? :i* are exclusively s9ful4 ,! ,moral law does n pres5t two scales1 accord+ to "o ( :i* actions are class$ z con=m$ or n-con=m$1 & accord+ to ! o!r1 z p>tly con=m$ & p>tly n-con=m$4 ,su* a scale z ?is la/ is unkn[n 9 ! circle ( reveal$ tru?4 ,! ,moral law pres5ts u b "o scale4 ,^? acts :i* are 9 full con=mity to its dem&s1 x puts d[n z holy4 ,^? n ?us con=m$1 x puts d[n z s9ful2 z holy or s9ful is ! only light 9 :i* actions /& accord+ to ! law4 #d4 ,mix$ actions1 if !y c\ld exi/1 are z positively prohibit$ by ! law1 & mu/ !re=e be plac$ "u ! category ( total disob$i5ce1 j z mu* z ^? :i* are 9 !mselves entirely s9ful4 ,:ile ! law requires u to love ) all ! he>t1 x positively prohibits ev]y?+ %ort ( ?is4 ,! individual1 !re=e1 :o puts =? an act ( a mix$ "*1 puts =? an act z totally & positively prohibit$ z ! man :o puts =? a totally s9ful "o4 ,bo? alike mu/ be plac$ "u ! category ( total disob$i5ce4 ,a fa!r requires 8 two sons to g to ! di/ance ( t5 rods1 & positively prohibits _! /opp+ %ort ( ! di/ance requir$4 ,"o det]m9es to g n9e rods1 & !re to /op4 ,! o!r det]m9es n to move at all4 ,"o has put =? an act ( total disob$i5ce j z mu* z ! o!r4 ,s ( all moral acts :i* /op %ort ( lov+ ) all ! he>t4 #e4 ,a moral act ( a mix$ "* _c possibly proce$ f t reg>d to moral obligation :i* is an ess5tial condition ( ! exi/5ce ( any degree ( virtue at all4 ,virtue1 9 no degree1 c exi/1 except f a sacr$ reg>d to moral obligation4 ,! individual :o ?us reg>ds moral obligation 9 "o degree1 w reg>d x equally 9 all degrees4 ,! individual1 !re=e1 :o1 f su* reg>d1 yields to ! claims ( ! law at all1 w & mu/ con=m to ! full measure ( its dem&s4 ,he _c be 9 volunt>y opposition to any "o dem& ( t law4 ,a mix$ moral act1 !n1 _c possibly proce$ f t reg>d to moral obligation :i* is ! ess5tial condition ( hol9ess 9 any degree4 ,?is leads me to rem>k1 #f4 ,t a moral act ( a mix$ "*1 if x c\ld exi/1 c\ld arise f none o!r ?an ! mo/ purely selfi% & wick$ int5tion conceivable4 ,?ree positions1 we w suppose1 are be=e ! m9d--a /ate ( p]fect con=mity to ! law1 a /ate ( total disob$i5ce1 & a ?ird /ate comb9+ ! elem5ts ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,by a volunt>y act ( moral election1 an individual places himself 9 ! la/ /ate1 9 di/9ction f ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,:at mu/ h be5 8 int5tion 9 s do+8 ,he _c h act$ f a reg>d to moral rectitude4 ,9 t case1 he w\ld h elect$ ! /ate ( total ob$i5ce4 ,8 int5tion mu/ h be5 to secure1 at ! same "t1 ! rew>d ( hol9ess & ! pleasures ( s9--a mo/ selfi% & wick$ /ate surely4 ,! supposition ( a moral act1 t is1 int5tion comb9+ ! elem5ts ( hol9ess & s9--is z great an absurdity z ! supposition1 t a circle has become a squ>e1 )\t los+ any ( its prop]ties z a circle4 #g4 ,i rem>k aga9 t ! doctr9e ( mix$ moral action is contradict$ by ! express tea*+s ( inspiration4 ,:osoev] come? aft] me1 says ,*ri/1 & =sake? n all t he ha?1 he _c be my disciple4 ,! ,bible kn[s m5 only z ! disciples1 or n disciples1 ( ,*ri/4 ,all :o really comply ) ! condition above nam$ are ,8 disciples4 ,all o!rs1 h[ev] ne> _! compliance1 are n ,8 disciples1 any m ?an ^? :o h n con=m$ 9 any degree4 ,if an individual has really con=m$ to ?is condition1 he has surely done 8 entire duty4 ,he has lov$ ) all 8 he>t4 ,:at o!r mean+ c we atta* to ! phrase1 =sake? all t he ha?8 ,all p]sons :o h n compli$ ) ?is pr9ciple are decl>$ to be :olly )\t ! circle ( disciple%ip4 ,:at is ?is1 b a positive ass]tion1 t a moral action ( a mix$ "* is an impossibility8 ,aga94 ,no man c s]ve two ma/]s4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & mammon4 ,let u suppose t we c put =? int5tions ( a mix$ "*--int5tions p>tly s9ful & p>tly holy4 ,s f> z !y are 9 h>mony ) ! law1 we s]ve ,god4 ,s f> z !y are n 9 h>mony ) ! law1 we s]ve ,mammon4 ,n[1 if all our moral ex]cises c be ( a mix$ "*1 !n x is true t1 at e p]iod ( our lives1 we c s]ve ,god & ,mammon4 ,! s]vice :i* we c r5d] also to ea*1 may be 9 e conceivable degree4 ,we may r5d]1 = example1 n9ety-n9e degrees ( s]vice to ,god & "o to ,mammon1 or n9ety-n9e to ,mammon & "o to ,god4 ,or our s]vice may be equally divid$ betwe5 ! two4 ,c we conceive ( a great] absurdity ?an ?is8 ,:at also is ! mean+ ( su* decl>ations z ?is1 no f\nta9 c s5d =? bo? sweet wat] & bitt]1 if ! he>t ( man may ex]cise int5tions comb9+ su* elem5ts z s9 & hol9ess8 ,decl>ations ( a simil> k9d ab\nd 9 ! ,bible4 ,!y are surely )\t mean+1 if ! doctr9e ( ,mix$ ,moral ,actions is true4 #h4 ,f9ally4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! :ole range ( error pres5ts a dogma ( m p]nici\s t5d5cy ?an ! doctr9e ( ,mix$ ,moral ,actions4 ,x tea*es moral ag5ts t !y may be selfi% 9 all _! moral ex]cises1 & yet h en\gh ( moral purity m+l$ ) !m to secure acceptance ) ! ,judge ( all ! e>?4 ,a man :o has adopt$ su* a pr9ciple w almo/ nev]1 :atev] 8 c\rse ( life may be1 seem to himself to be de/itute ( real virtue4 ,he w always seem to himself to possess en\gh ( x1 to r5d] 8 acceptance ) ,god c]ta94 ,! k9d ( virtue :i* c m+le itself ) selfi%ness & s9 9 individual int5tions or moral acts1 may be possess$1 9 diff]5t degrees1 by ! wor/ m5 on e>?4 ,if ?is be assum$ z real hol9ess--t hol9ess :i* w /& ! ordeal ( et]nity1 :o w1 :o %\ld conceive himself de/itute ( a title to heav58 ,"h is ! fatal rock on :i* myriads ( m9ds are wreck$ = ev]4 ,let x ev] be borne 9 m9d1 t ! same f\nta9 _c1 at ! same "t & place1 s5d =? bo? sweet wat] & bitt]4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & ,mammon4 ,,objections4 ,two or ?ree objections to ! doctr9e above e/abli%$ dem& a pass+ notice "h4 ,,an ,,act ,,( ,,w ,,may ,,result ,,f ,a ,,v>iety ,,( ,,motives4 #a4 ,x is said t ! m9d may act "u ! influ5ce ( a great v>iety ( motives at "o & ! same "t4 ,! same int5tion1 !re=e1 may be ! result ( diff]5t & opposite motives1 & z a consequ5ce1 comb9e ! elem5ts ( good & evil4 ,9 reply1 ,i rem>k1 t :5 ! ,w is 9 h>mony ) ! ,moral law1 x respects ! good & rejects ! bad1 alike 9 all ! motives pres5t$4 ,! opposite is true :5 x is n 9 h>mony ) ! law4 ,! same reg>d or disreg>d = moral obligation :i* w induce an individual to reject ! evil & *oose ! good1 or to make an opposite *oice1 9 respect to "o motive1 w induce ! same 9 respect to all o!r motives pres5t at ! same "t4 ,a mix$ moral act c no m result f a comb9ation ( motives1 ?an diff]5t & opposite motions c result 9 ! same body at ! same "t1 f =ces act+ ^u x f diff]5t directions4 ,,lov+ ,,) ,,great] ,,int5sity ,,at ,,"o ,,"t ,,?an ,,ano!r4 #b4 ,x is said t we are consci\s ( lov+ our fri5ds1 & s]v+ ,god1 ) great] /r5g? & int5sity at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,yet our love1 9 all su* in/ances1 is real4 ,love1 !re=e1 may be real1 & yet be greatly defective--t is1 x may be real1 & embrace elem5ts morally wrong4 ,x is true1 t love may exi/ 9 diff]5t degrees1 z f> z ! action ( ! ,s5sibility is conc]n$4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 ) love 9 ! =m ( int5tion--int5tion 9 h>mony ) moral obligation1 ! only =m ( love dem&$ by ! moral law4 ,su* int5tion1 9 view ( ! same degrees ( light1 & "u ! same id5tical influ5ces1 _c possess diff]5t degrees ( int5sity4 ,! ,w always yields1 :5 x really does yield at all to moral obligation1 ) all ! int5sity x is1 = ! "t be+1 capable (1 or ! nature ( ! case dem&s4 ,,mom5t>y ,,revolutions ,,( ,,"*4 #c4 ,on ?is !ory1 x is said1 an individual may become p]fectly good & p]fectly bad1 = any indef9ite numb] ( in/ances1 9 any def9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,?is consequ5ce1 to say no?+ ( :at is likely to take place 9 fact1 does1 z f> z possibility is conc]n$1 foll[ f ?is !ory4 ,b let u contemplate x1 = a mom5t1 9 ! light ( an example or two4 ,an individual1 f reg>d to moral obligation1 ma9ta9s p]fect integrity ( "*1 up to a giv5 p]iod ( "t4 ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( temptation1 he tells a delib]ate falsehood4 ,did 8 previ\s integrity s fuse itself into t lie1 z to make x p>tly good & p>tly bad8--z to make x any?+ else ?an a total falsehood8 ,did ! prior goodness ( ,david make 8 acts ( adult]y & murd] p>tly good & p>tly bad8 ,let ! advocate ( mix$ moral action extract ! elem5ts ( moral goodness f ^! acts if he c4 ,he c j z well f9d ^! elem5ts "h1 z 9 any o!r acts ( disob$i5ce to ! ,moral law4 ,! righte\sness ( ! righte\s _c save him f total s9fulness1 any m ?an f condemnation 9 ! day ( 8 transgression4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,to ,,! ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,s5sibility1 ,,9 ,,all ,,acts ,,or ,,/ates1 ,,morally ,,"r ,,or ,,wrong4 ,,! ,w1 su/a9+ ! relation x does to ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility1 mu/ yield itself to ! control ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! dep>tm5ts ( our nature4 ,9 all acts & /ates morally "r1 ! ,w is 9 h>mony ) ! ,intellig5ce1 f respect to moral obligation or duty2 & all ! desires & prop5sities1 all ! impulses ( ! ,s5sibility1 are held 9 /rict subord9ation4 ,9 all acts morally wrong1 ! ,w is controll$ by ! ,s5sibility1 irrespective ( ! dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,impulse1 & n a reg>d to ! j1 ! "r1 ! true & ! good1 is ! law ( its action4 ,9 all su* cases1 z ! impulses :i* control ! ,w are v>i\s1 ! ext]nal =ms ?r\gh :i* ! int]nal acts1 or int5tions1 w manife/ !mselves1 w be equally div]sifi$4 ,yet ! spr+ ( action is 9 all in/ances "o & ! same1 impulse in/ead ( a reg>d to duty4 ,virtue does n consi/ 9 be+ controll$ by amiable1 in/ead ( dissocial & malign impulses1 & 9 a consequ5t ext]ior ( a correspond+ beauty & lovel9ess4 ,x consi/s 9 a volunt>y h>mony ( int5tion ) ! j1 ! "r1 ! true & ! good f a sacr$ respect to moral obligation1 in/ead ( be+ controll$ by m]e impulse ( any k9d :atev]4 ,on ! pr9ciple above illu/rat$1 ,i rem>k3 ,,^? ,,:o ,,are ,,or ,,are ,,n ,,truly ,,virtu\s1 ,,h[ ,,di/+ui%$4 #a4 ,t ! real di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o are truly virtu\s1 & ^? :o are n1 n[ becomes app>5t4 ,x does n consi/1 9 all in/ances1 9 ! m]e ext]ior =m ( action1 b 9 ! spr+ or int5tion f :i* all su* action proce$s4 ,9 mo/ p]sons1 & 9 all1 at diff]5t p]iods1 ! amiable & social prop5sities pr$om9ate ov] ! dissocial & malign4 ,h5ce mu* ( ! ext]ior w be *>act]iz$ by mu* t is truly beautiful & lovely4 ,9 _m1 also1 ! impulsive p[] ( consci5ce--t dep>tm5t ( ! ,s5sibility :i* is correlat$ to ! idea ( "r & wrong1 & impels to ob$i5ce to ! ,moral law--is /rongly develop$1 & may consequ5tly take its turn 9 controll+ ! ,w4 ,9 all su* in/ances1 !re w be ! ext]nal =ms ( real virtue4 ,x is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to put on ! ext]ior ( virtue f m]e impulse1 & q ano!r1 to d ! same ?+ f an int]nal respect & sacr$ reg>d = duty4 ,h[ _m individuals1 :o may be n[ we>+ ! faire/ =ms ( virtue1 w f9d )9 !m1 z soon z pres5t impulses are supplant$ by ! /rong action ( o!rs1 9 opposition to rectitude1 no maxims ( ,w1 9 h>mony ) ! law ( goodness1 to resi/ & subject su* impulses4 ,_! conduct is 9 con=mity to ! requirem5ts ( virtue1 n f any int]nal int5tion to be 9 univ]sal h>mony ) moral obligation1 b simply because1 = ! "t be+1 ! /ronge/ impulse happ5s to be 9 t direction4 ,no individual1 x %\ld ev] be kept 9 m9d1 makes any approa* to real virtue1 :atev] impulses he may be controll$ by1 till1 by a seal+ act ( moral election1 ! ,w is plac$ 9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal law ( duty1 & all ext]nal action ( a moral "* proce$s f ?is int]nal1 all-controll+ int5tion4 ,"h we f9d ! broad & fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o are truly virtu\s1 & ^? :o are n4 ,,selfi%ness ,,& ,,b5evol5ce4 #b4 ,we are also prep>$ to expla9 ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,selfi%ness & ,b5evol5ce4 ,! latt] expresses & compreh5ds all ! =ms ( real virtue ( e k9d & degree4 ,! =m] compreh5ds & expresses ! =ms ( vice or s94 ,b5evol5ce consi/s 9 ! full h>mony ( ! ,w or int5tion ) ! j1 ! "r1 ! true1 & ! good1 f a reg>d to moral obligation4 ,selfi%ness consi/s 9 volunt>y subjection to impulse1 irrespective ( su* obligation4 ,:5ev] self-gratification is ! law ( action1 !re is pure selfi%ness1 :atev] ! "* or direction ( ! impulse may be4 ,selfi%ness has sometimes be5 v incorrectly def9$1 z a supreme reg>d to our own int]e/ or happ9ess4 ,if ?is is a correct def9ition1 ! drunk>d is n selfi% at all2 = he sacrifices 8 pres5t & future happ9ess1 to gratify a bea/ly appetite1 & de/roys pres5t peace 9 ! act ( self-gratification4 ,if selfi%ness1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 m]e subjection to impulse1 h[ supreme 8 selfi%ness at once appe>s6 ,a "m :o does n act f moral obligation1 :5 "u ! /rong influ5ce ( mat]nal affection1 appe>s mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 h] assidu\s c>e ( h] (fspr+4 ,n[ let ?is affection be cross$ by "s pla9 "q ( duty1 s t %e mu/ violate ! latt]1 or subject ! =m]1 & h[ soon w selfi%ness manife/ itself1 9 ! triumph ( impulse ov] duty6 ,a gift is n m effectual 9 bl9d+ ! eyes1 ?an natural affection uncontroll$ by a reg>d to moral obligation4 ,m5 are j z selfi%1 t is1 z p]fectly subject to ! law ( self-gratification1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! social & amiable prop5sities1 z :5 "u t ( ! dissocial & malign1 :51 9 bo? in/ances alike1 impulse is ! law ( action4 ,moral ag5ts 7 made1 & are requir$ to be1 social & amiable1 f high] pr9ciples ?an m]e impulse4 ,,common ,,mi/ake4 #c4 ,i notice a mi/ake ( fundam5tal importance into :i* _m appe> to h fall51 9 judg+ ( ! moral "* ( individuals4 ,z we h se51 :5 ! ,w is :olly controll$ by ! ,s5sibility irrespective ( moral obligation1 ! impulsive dep>tm5t ( consci5ce takes its turn1 among ! o!r prop5sities1 9 controll+ ! action ( ! volunt>y p[]4 ,n[ because1 9 all su* in/ances1 !re are ! ext]ior =ms ( virtue1 toge!r ) an app>5tly s9c]e int]nal reg>d = ! same1 ! pres5ce ( real virtue is consequ5tly inf]r$4 ,n[ be=e su* a conclusion c be au?oriz$1 "o "q ne$s to be det]m9$1 ! spr+ f :i* su* app>5t virtues orig9ate4 ,!y may arise f t reg>d to moral obligation :i* con/itutes real virtue4 ,or !y may be ! result purely ( excit$ ,s5sibility1 :i*1 9 su* in/ances happ5s to be 9 ! direction ( ! =ms ( virtue4 ,,defective ,,=ms ,,( ,,virtue4 #d4 ,ano!r v frequ5t mi/ake be>+ ^u moral "* des]ves a pass+ notice "h4 ,m5 sometimes manife/1 & d\btless ) a consci\sness ( inw>d s9c]ity1 a v high reg>d = "s "o or m p>ticul> pr9ciples ( virtue1 :ile !y manife/ an equal disreg>d ( all o!r pr9ciples4 ,e real re=m1 = example1 has its basis 9 "s great pr9ciple ( morality4 ,m5 (t5 advocate1 ) great zeal1 su* re=ms1 toge!r ) ! pr9ciple on :i* !y re/4 ,!y talk ( virtue1 :5 call$ to def5d t pr9ciple1 ( a reg>d to moral obligation1 toge!r ) ! necessity ( self-sacrifice at ! %r9e ( duty1 z if respect = univ]sal rectitude comm&$ ! entire p[]s ( _! be+4 ,yet b a slight obs]vation w mo/ cle>ly ev9ce1 t _! reg>d = ! "r1 ! true1 & ! good1 is :olly circumscrib$ by ?is "o pr9ciple4 ,/ill1 su* p]sons are v likely to reg>d !mselves z virtu\s 9 a v high degree4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y h n made ! fir/ approa* to real virtue4 ,_! respect = ?is "o pr9ciple1 toge!r ) its specific applications1 has its spr+ 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t ( _! nature1 ?an a reg>d = :at is "r 9 itself4 ,o!rwise _! respect = :at is "r1 w\ld be co-ext5sive ) ! entire range ( moral obligation4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,con=mity ,,to ,,moral ,,pr9ciple4 ,9 prec$+ *apt]s1 ! great tru? has be5 fully e/abli%$1 t ! ,moral law addresses its comm&s & prohibitions to ! ,w only1 & t moral obligation is pr$icable only ( ! action ( ! volunt>y p[]1 o!r /ates be+ requir$1 only z _! exi/5ce & "* are condition$ on ! "r ex]cise ( t p[]4 ,f ?is1 x und5iably foll[s1 t ! ,moral law1 9 all ! l5g? & bread? ( its requirem5ts1 f9ds its entire fulfilm5t )9 ! sph]e ( ! ,w4 ,a "q ( great importance "h pres5ts itself3 ,by :at te/ %all we det]m9e :e!r ! ,w is1 or is n1 9 full h>mony ) ! law8 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ?is "q1 we may p]haps be ?\ght to be intrud+ some:at into ! doma9 ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,reasons ( great importance1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! writ]1 h[ev]1 dem& its introduction "h4 ,! ,moral law is pres5t$ to u ?r\gh two compreh5sive precepts4 ,yet1 a mom5t's reflection w conv9ce u t bo? ^! precepts h _! basis 9 "o common pr9ciple1 & are1 9 reality1 ! enunciation ( t "o pr9ciple4 ,! id5tical reason :y we are b\nd to love ,god ) all ! he>t1 requires u to love our neighbors z ourselves4 ,s ! subject is pres5t$ by our ,savi\r himself4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! fir/ & great comm&m5t1 ,he adds1 ! second is l unto x1 t is1 x re/s ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! fir/4 ,n[ ! "q is1 ,:at is ?is great pr9ciple1 ob$i5ce to :i* implies a full dis*>ge ( all obligation1 actual & conceivable2 ! pr9ciple :i* compreh5ds all o!r pr9ciples ( ! ,moral law1 & ( :i* ea* p>ticul> precept is only ! enunciation ( ?is "o common pr9ciple 9 its endlessly div]sifi$ applications8 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 ann\nc$ 9 =ms some:at diff]5t1 by diff]5t philosoph]s4 ,i w pres5t two or ?ree ( ^! =ms4 ,! fir/ t ,i notice is ?is4 ,x %all be ! s]i\s int5tion ( all moral ag5ts to e/eem & treat all p]sons1 int]e/s1 & objects accord+ to _! p]ceiv$ intr9sic & relative importance1 & out ( respect = _! intr9sic wor?1 or 9 ob$i5ce to ! idea ( duty1 or moral obligation4 ,e "o w readily appreh5d1 t ! above is a correct enunciation ( ! pr9ciple "u consid]ation4 ,x expresses ! fundam5tal reason :y ob$i5ce to ea* & e moral pr9ciple is b9d+ ^u u4 ,! reason & only reason :y we are b\nd to love ,god ) all ! he>t1 is ! intr9sic & relative importance ( ! object pres5t$ to ! m9d 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,inf9ite & ,p]fect4 ,! reason :y we are b\nd to love our neighbor z ourselves1 is ! fact1 t 8 rights & int]e/s are appreh5d$1 z ( ! same value & sacr$ness z our own4 ,9 ! int5tion "u consid]ation1 all obligation1 actual & conceivable1 is really met4 ,god w occupy 8 appropriate place 9 ! he>t1 & ! creature 84 ,no real "r or int]e/ w be dis-e/eem$1 & ea* w int5tionally comm& t att5tion & reg>d :i* its intr9sic & relative importance dem&s4 ,e moral ag5t is "u obligation inf9ite ev] to be "u ! supreme control ( su* an int5tion1 & no su* ag5t c be "u obligation to be or to d any?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5 ann\nc$ 9 a =m some:at diff]5t by ,kant1 to wit3 ,s act t ?y maxim ( ,w 7int5tion7 might become law 9 a sy/em ( univ]sal moral obligation--t is1 let y\r controll+ int5tion be always su*1 t all ,intellig5ts may prop]ly be requir$ ev] to be "u ! supreme control ( ! same int5tion4 ,by ,c\s91 ! same pr9ciple is ?us ann\nc$3 ,! moral pr9ciple be+ univ]sal1 ! sign1 ! ext]nal type by :i* a resolution may be recogniz$ z con=m$ to ?is pr9ciple1 is ! impossibility ( n erect+ ! imm$iate motive 7int5tion7 ( ! p>ticul> act or resolution1 into a maxim ( univ]sal legislation--t is1 we _c b affirm t e moral ag5t 9 exi/5ce is b\nd to act f ! same motive or int5tion4 ,x w readily be p]ceiv$1 t ea* ( ^! =ms is really id5tical ) t above ann\nc$ & illu/rat$4 ,x is only :5 we are consci\s ( ! supreme control ( ! int5tion1 to e/eem & treat all p]sons & int]e/s accord+ to _! intr9sic & relative importance1 f respect to ! idea ( duty1 t1 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciple z ann\nc$ by ,kant1 our maxim ( ,w might become law 9 a sy/em ( univ]sal legislation4 ,:5 we are consci\s ( ! control ( su* an int5tion1 x is impossible = u n to affirm1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple1 z ann\nc$ by ,c\s91 t all ,intellig5ts are b\nd always to be "u ! control ( ! same int5tion4 ,two or ?ree sugge/ions w close :at ,i h to say on ?is po9t4 ,,common ,,mi/ake4 #a4 ,we notice ! fundam5tal mi/ake ( _m philosoph]s & div9es 9 treat+ ( moral ex]cises1 or /ates ( m9d4 ,su* ex]cises are v commonly repres5t$ z consi/+ :olly 9 excit$ /ates ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,?us ,dr4 ,br[n repres5ts all moral ex]cises & /ates z consi/+ 9 emotions ( a giv5 "*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,pr(essors ( ,!ology 9 ?is c\ntry laid d[n ?is proposition1 z ! basis ( a c\rse ( lectures on ,moral ,philosophy1 t ev]y?+ "r or wrong 9 a moral ag5t1 consi/s exclusively ( "r or wrong feel+s--feel+s z di/+ui%$ f volitions z ph5om5a ( ,w4 ,n[ precisely ! rev]se ( ! above proposition is true1 to wit3 t no?+ "r or wrong1 9 a moral ag5t1 consi/s 9 any /ates ( ! ,s5sibility irrespective ( ! action ( ! ,w4 ,:o w\ld d>e to say1 :5 he has p>ticul> emotions1 desires1 or involunt>y feel+s1 t ! ,moral law has no fur!r claim ^u him1 t all its dem&s are fully met 9 ^? feel+s8 ,:o w\ld d>e to affirm1 :5 he has any p>ticul> emotions1 t all moral ag5ts 9 exi/5ce are b\nd to h ^? id5tical feel+s8 ,if ! dem&s ( ! ,moral law are fully met 9 any /ates ( ! ,s5sibility--:i* w\ld be true1 if ev]y?+ "r or wrong1 9 moral ag5ts1 consi/s ( "r or wrong feel+s--!n all moral ag5ts1 at all times1 & "u all circum/ances1 are b\nd to h ^! same feel+s4 ,= :at ! law dem&s1 at "o "t1 x dem&s at all times4 ,all ! f\ndations ( moral obligation are swept away by ! !ory "u consid]ation4 ,,love ,,z ,,requir$ ,,by ,,! ,,moral ,,law4 #b4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to /ate di/9ctly ! nature ( t love :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,x does n1 z all admit1 consi/ 9 ! m]e ext]nal act4 ,nor does x consi/1 = reasons equally obvi\s & univ]sally admitt$1 9 any m]e convictions ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,= reasons above assign$1 x does n consi/ 9 any /ates ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,no man1 :5 he is consci\s ( su* feel+s1 c affirm t all ,intellig5ts are b\nd1 "u all circum/ances1 to h ! same feel+s t he n[ has4 ,?is w\ld be true1 if ! love "u consid]ation consi/s ( su* feel+s4 ,b :51 f1 a reg>d to ! idea ( duty1 ! :ole be+ is volunt>ily consecrat$ to ! promotion1 9 ! highe/ degree1 ( univ]sal good & :51 9 ! pursuit ( ?is end1 !re is a s]i\s int5tion to e/eem & treat all be+s & int]e/s accord+ to _! intr9sic & relative importance2 "h is ! love :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,"h is ! int5tion by :i* all intellig5ts1 9 ref]5ce to all int]e/s & objects1 are1 at all times1 b\nd to be controll$1 & :i* mu/ be impos$1 z univ]sal law1 ^u su* ,intellig5ts 9 e sy/em ( righte\s moral legislation4 ,"h is ! int5tion1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* all obligation is fully met4 ,"h1 consequ5tly1 is t love :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,9 a subsequ5t ,*apt]1 my design is to %[ t ?is is ! view ( ! subject pres5t$ 9 ! ,scriptures ( tru?4 ,i n[ pres5t x m]ely z a necess>y tru? ( ! univ]sal ,intellig5ce4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,"* ,,among ,,all ,,be+s ,,morally ,,virtu\s4 #c4 ,we n[ p]ceive cle>ly 9 :at consi/s ! real id5tity ( moral "*1 9 all ,intellig5ts ( true moral rectitude4 ,_! occupations1 =ms ( ext]nal deportm5t1 & _! int]nal convictions & feel+s1 may be endlessly div]sifi$4 ,yet "o omnipres5t1 all-controll+ int5tion1 an int5tion :i* is ev] "o & id5tical1 directs all _! moral movem5ts4 ,x is ! int5tion1 9 ! promotion ( ! highe/ good ( univ]sal be+1 to e/eem & treat all p]sons & int]e/s accord+ to _! intr9sic & relative importance1 f reg>d to moral obligation4 ,?us moral virtue1 9 all ,intellig5ts possess$ ( x1 is p]fectly "o & id5tical4 ,9 ?is s5se only are all moral ag5ts capable ( p]fect id5tity ( "*4 ,!y _c all h1 at all times1 or p]haps at any "t1 precisely ! same ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,b !y c all h1 at all times1 "o & ! same int5tion4 ,! omnipres5t influ5ce & control ( ! int5tion above illu/rat$1 con/itutes a p]fect id5tity ( "* 9 ,god & all be+s morally pure 9 exi/5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 ! supreme control ( ?is int5tion implies1 9 all moral ag5ts alike1 a p]fect fulfilm5t ( ! law1 a full dis*>ge ( all obligation ( e k9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,elem5t ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,complex ,,ph5om5a4 ,,section ,i4 ,,e p]ception1 e judgm5t1 e ?\ght1 :i* appe>s )9 ! entire sph]e ( ! ,intellig5ce2 e s5sation1 e emotion1 e desire1 all ! /ates ( ! ,s5sibility1 pres5t objects = ! action ( ! ,w 9 "o direction or ano!r4 ,! sph]e ( ! ,w's activity1 !re=e1 is z ext5sive z ! va/ & almo/ b\ndless range ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility bo?4 ,n[ :ile all ! ph5om5a ( ^! two la/ nam$ faculties are1 9 !mselves1 :olly de/itute ( moral "*1 ! action ( ! ,w1 9 ! direction ( su* ph5om5a1 con/itutes complex /ates ( m9d1 :i* h a positive moral "*4 ,9 all in/ances1 ! moral & volunt>y elem5ts are "o & id5tical4 ,z ! di/9ction "u consid]ation has be5 ov]look$ by ! great mass ( philosoph]s & !ologians1 & z v great errors h !reby aris51 n only 9 philosophy1 b 9 !ology & morals bo?1 ,i w dwell at m l5g? ^u ! subject ?an ,i o!rwise %\ld h done4 ,my rem>ks w be conf9$ to ! action ( ! ,w 9 ! direction ( ! natural prop5sities & religi\s affections4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,prop5sities4--,,emotion1 ,,desire1 ,,& ,,wi% ,,def9$4 #a4 ,9 respect to ! action ( ! ,w 9 ! direction ( ! natural prop5sities1 su* z ! appetites1 ! love ( e/eem1 ( p[]1 c41 ,i w\ld rem>k1 t ! complex /ates !nce result+1 are commonly expla9$ z simple feel+s or /ates ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is subject 9 a prop] light1 ! foll[+ explanations are deem$ necess>y4 ,:5 any physical p[] op]ates ^u any ( ! organs ( s5se1 or :5 any ?\ght is pres5t 9 ! ,intellig5ce1 ! /ate ( ! ,s5sibility imm$iately & necess>ily result+ is call$ a s5sation or emotion4 ,:5 any feel+ arises impell+ ! ,w to seek or avoid ! object ( t s5sation or emotion1 ?is impulsive /ate ( ! ,s5sibility is call$ a desire4 ,:5 ! ,w concurs ) ! desire1 a complex /ate ( m9d results1 call$ a wi%4 ,wi% is di/+ui%$ f ,desire 9 ?is1 t 9 ! =m]1 ! desire is *]i%$ & p]petuat$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! ,w ) ! desire4 ,:5 ! ,desire impels ! ,w t[>ds a prohibit$ object1 ! action ( ! ,w1 9 concurr5ce ) ! desire1 con/itutes a wi% morally wrong4 ,:5 ! ,desire impels ! ,w 9 a requir$ direction1 & ! ,w1 f a respect to ! idea ( duty1 concurs ) ! desire1 a wi% arises :i* is morally virtu\s4 ,?is pr9ciple holds true 9 reg>d to ! action ( all ! prop5sities4 ,! excitem5t ( ! prop5sity1 z a /ate ( ! ,s5sibility1 con/itutes desire--a feel+ 9 itself de/itute ( all moral qualities4 ,! action ( ! ,w 9 concurr5ce )1 or opposition to1 ?is feel+1 con/itutes a complex /ate ( m9d morally "r or wrong4 ,,ang]1 ,,pride1 ,,ambition1 c4 ,ang]1 = example1 z prohibit$ by ! moral law1 is n a m]e feel+ ( displeasure awak5$ by "s injury1 real or suppos$1 p]petrat$ by ano!r4 ,?is /ate1 on ! o!r h&1 consi/s 9 ! surr5d]+ ( ! ,w to ! control ( t feel+1 & ?us act+ f malign impulse4 ,pride also is n ! m]e desire ( e/eem4 ,x consi/s 9 volunt>y subjection to t prop5sity1 seek+ e/eem & admiration z ! great end ( exi/5ce4 ,ambition1 too1 is n m]e desire ( p[]1 b ! volunt>y surr5d]+ ( our be+ to ! control ( t prop5sity4 ,! same1 ,i repeat1 holds true 9 respect to all ! prop5sities4 ,no m]e excitem5t ( ! ,s5sibility1 irrespective ( ! action ( ! ,w1 has any moral "*4 ,9 ! action ( ! ,w 9 respect to su* /ates--action :i* mu/ arise 9 "s direction "u su* circum/ances--moral guilt1 or praisewor?9ess1 arises4 ,i might "h adduce o!r cases 9 illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple2 z1 = example1 ! fact t intemp]ance 9 food & dr9k does n consi/1 z a moral act or /ate1 9 ! m]e /r5g? ( ! appetite--t is1 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is excit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( its appropriate objects4 ,nor does x consi/ 9 m]e excess 9 ! quantity p>tak5 (--excess consid]$ z an ext]nal act4 ,x consi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! surr5d]+ ( ! volunt>y p[] to ! control ( ! appetite4 ,! excess ref]r$ to is ! consequ5t & index ( su* volunt>y subjection4 ,! above examples1 h[ev]1 are abundantly suffici5t to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,,religi\s ,,affections4 #b4 ,we w n[ contemplate ! elem5t ( ! ,w 9 ^? complex ph5om5a d5om9at$ religi\s affections4 ,! position :i* ,i "h assume is ?is1 t :atev] 9 su* affections is morally "r & praisewor?y1 t :i* is directly ref]r$ to1 :]e su* affections are requir$ ( u1 is ! volunt>y elem5t to be f\nd 9 !m4 ,! volunt>y elem5t is directly requir$4 ,o!r elem5ts are requir$ only on ! gr\nd t _! exi/5ce is condition$ ^u1 & necess>ily results f1 t ( ! volunt>y elem5t4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$1 or we mu/ d5y ! position e/abli%$ 9 ! la/ ,*apt]1 to wit3 t all ! requirem5ts ( ! ,moral law are fully met 9 ! "r action ( ! ,w4 ,,scripture ,,te/imony4 ,my object n[ is to %[1 t ?is is ! light 9 :i* ! subject is really pres5t$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,i w cite1 z examples1 ! ?ree c>d9al virtues ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,rep5tance1 ,love1 & ,fai?4 ,! "q is1 ,are ^! virtues or affections1 pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible z m]e convictions ( ! ,intellig5ce1 or /ates ( ! ,s5sibility8 ,are !y n1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5t$ z volunt>y /ates ( m9d1 or z acts ( ,w8 ,are n ! comm&s requir+ !m fully met 9 su* acts8 ,,rep5tance4 ,9 reg>d to ,rep5tance1 ,i w\ld rem>k1 t ! t]m is sc>cely us$ at all 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,o!r t]ms & phrases are !re employ$ to express ! same ?+2 z = example1 ,turn ye2 ,let ! wick$ =sake 8 way2 ,let him turn unto ! ,"l2 ,he t confesse? & =sake? 8 s9s %all f9d m]cy1 c4 ,9 all su* passages rep5tance is mo/ cle>ly pres5t$ z consi/+ exclusively ( volunt>y acts or int5tions4 ,! comm&s requir+ x are1 !re=e1 fully met 9 su* acts4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ?is virtue is di/+ui%$ f ,godly ,sorr[1 ! /ate ( ! ,s5sibility :i* accompanies its ex]cise4 ,z di/+ui%$ f ! action ( ! ,s5sibility1 :at c x be1 b a volunt>y /ate1 z pres5t$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,:5 ! m9d places itself 9 volunt>y h>mony ) ^? convictions & feel+s :i* att5d a consci\sness ( s9 z committ$ aga9/ ,god & man1 ?is is ! rep5tance recogniz$ & requir$ z su* 9 ! ,bible4 ,x does n consi/ 9 ! m]e conviction ( s92 = !n ! wor/ ( m51 & ev5 devils1 w\ld be truly rep5tant4 ,nor does x consi/ 9 ! /ates ( ! ,s5sibility :i* att5d su* convictions2 else ,rep5tance w\ld be ,godly ,sorr[1 f :i* ! ,bible1 z /at$ above1 def9itely di/+ui%es x4 ,x mu/ consi/ 9 a volunt>y act1 9 :i*1 9 accordance ) ^? convictions & feel+s1 ! m9d turns f s9 to hol9ess1 f selfi%ness to b5evol5ce1 f ! pa?s ( disob$i5ce to ! s]vice ( ,god4 ,,love4 ,a s+le passage w di/9ctly set be=e u ! nature ( ,love z requir$ 9 ! ,bible--t love :i* compreh5ds all o!r virtues1 & ! ex]cise ( :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,h]eby1 says ! sacr$ writ]1 we p]ceive ! love ( ,god4 ,! phrase ( ,god is n f\nd 9 ! orig9al4 ,! passage1 z x !re /&s1 reads ?us3 ,by ?is we "k love2 t is1 we "k ! nature ( ! love :i* ! ,scriptures require1 :5 !y affirm1 t love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,:at is t 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! express tea*+ ( inspiration1 we le>n ! nature ( ?is love8 ,because he laid d[n 8 life = u3 & we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r54 ,9 ! act ( lay+ d[n 8 life = u1 we are "h told1 t ! love requir$ ( u is embodi$ & reveal$4 ,:at is ! nature ( ?is love8 ,i answ]1 #a4 ,x is n a conviction ( ! ,intellig5ce1 nor any excit$ /ate ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,no su* ?+ is "h ref]r$ to4 #b4 ,x does & mu/ consi/ exclusively 9 a volunt>y act1 or int5tion4 ,he laid d[n 8 life = u4 ,:at is ?is b a volunt>y act8 ,yet ?is is love1 ! love :i* is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 #c4 ,z an act ( ,w1 love mu/ consi/ exclusively 9 a volunt>y devotion ( our entire p[]s to "o end1 ! highe/ good ( univ]sal be+1 f a reg>d to ! idea ( duty4 ,he laid d[n 8 life = u4 ,we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r54 ,9 ea* p>ticul> "h pres5t$1 a univ]sal pr9ciple is express$ & reveal$4 ,*ri/ laid d[n 8 life = u1 because he 0 9 a /ate ( volunt>y consecration to ! good ( univ]sal be+4 ,! p>ticul> act 0 put =?1 z a means to ?is end4 ,9 a volunt>y consecration to ! same end1 & z a means to ?is end1 x is decl>$1 t we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r54 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,scriptures require love ( u1 !y d n dem& ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> convictions ( ! ,intellig5ce1 nor c]ta9 /ates ( ! ,s5sibility4 ,!y require ! volunt>y consecration ( our entire be+ & int]e/s to ! great end ( univ]sal good4 ,9 ?is act ( consecration1 & 9 ! employm5t ( all our p[]s & int]e/s1 "u ! control ( ?is "o int5tion1 we fulfil ! ,law4 ,we fully dis*>ge all obligations1 actual & conceivable1 t are devolv$ ^u u4 ,! ex]cise ( love1 l t ( rep5tance1 is att5d$ ) p>ticul> convictions & feel+s4 ,^! feel+s are indirectly requir$ 9 ! precepts dem&+ love1 & requir$1 because :5 ! latt] does exi/1 ! =m] w ( c\rse exi/4 ,,( ,,fai?4 ,b little ne$ be said 9 explanation ( ! nature ( ,fai?4 ,x is ev]y:]e pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible1 z synonym\s ) tru/1 repos+ confid5ce1 committ+ our int]e/s to ,god z to a fai?ful ,creator4 ,n[ ,tru/ is und5iably a volunt>y /ate ( m9d4 ,i "k1 says ,paul1 9 :om ,i h believ$1 t is1 ex]cis$ fai?1 t he is able to keep t :i* ,i h committ$ to him aga9/ t day4 ,"h ! act ( committ+ to ! c>e ( ano!r1 :i* c be no?+ else ?an an act ( ,w1 is pres5t$ z synonym\s ) ,fai?4 ,fai?1 !n1 does n consi/ 9 conviction1 nor 9 any excit$ feel+s4 ,x is a volunt>y act1 entru/+ our int]e/s to ,god z to a fai?ful ,creator4 ,! pr9ciple above e/abli%$ mu/ apply to all religi\s affections ( e k9d4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,topics ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,! ,,tru? ,,illu/rat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,section4 ,few tru?s are ( great] practical mom5t ?an t illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,my object1 n[1 is to apply x to ! elucidation ( c]ta9 important que/ions :i* require elucidation4 ,,convictions1 ,,feel+s ,,& ,,ext]nal ,,actions--,,:y ,,requir$1 ,,or ,,prohibit$4 #a4 ,we see :y x is1 t1 :ile no m]e ext]nal action1 no /ate ( ! ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility1 has any moral "* 9 itself1 irrespective ( ! action ( ! ,w1 /ill su* acts & /ates are specifically & =mally requir$ or prohibit$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,9 su* precepts ! effect is put = ! cause4 ,^! acts & /ates are requir$1 or prohibit$1 z ! natural & necess>y results ( "r or wrong int5tions4 ,! ?+ really ref]r$ to1 9 su* comm&s & prohibitions1 is n ! acts or /ates specifi$1 b ! cause ( su* acts & /ates1 to wit3 ! "r or wrong action ( ! ,w4 ,suppose1 t a c]ta9 loa?some disease ( ! body w\ld necess>ily result f c]ta9 int5tions1 or acts ( ,w4 ,n[ ,god might prohibit ! int5tion :i* causes t disease1 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,he might specify ! int5tion & directly prohibit t2 or he might prohibit ! same ?+1 9 su* a =m z ?is3 ,?\ %alt n h ?is disease4 ,e "o w p]ceive t1 9 bo? prohibitions1 ! same ?+1 precisely1 w\ld be ref]r$ to & int5d$1 to wit3 ! int5tion :i* su/a9s to ! evil design$ to be prev5t$1 ! relation ( a cause4 ,! same pr9ciple1 precisely1 holds true 9 respect to all ext]nal actions & /ates ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility1 :i* are specifically requir$ or prohibit$4 ,,our ,,responsibility ,,9 ,,respect ,,to ,,su* ,,ph5om5a4 #b4 ,we also di/9ctly p]ceive ! gr\nd ( our responsibility = ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal actions1 & int]nal convictions & feel+s4 ,:atev] effects1 ext]nal or int]nal1 necess>ily result1 & are or may be kn[n to result1 f ! "r or wrong action ( ! ,w1 we may prop]ly be held responsible =4 ,n[1 all ext]nal actions & int]nal convictions & feel+s :i* are requir$ ( or prohibit$ to u1 su/a9 precisely ?is relation to ! "r or wrong action ( ! ,w4 ,! int5tion be+ giv51 ! effect foll[s z a consequ5ce4 ,= ?is reason we are held responsible = ! effect4 ,,feel+s ,,h[ ,,controll$ ,,by ,,! ,,w4 #c4 ,we n[ notice ! p[] ( control :i* ! ,w has ov] ! feel+s4 7#a47 ,9 "o respect its control is unlimit$4 ,x may yield itself to ! control ( ! feel+s1 or :olly )hold its concurr5ce4 7#b47 ,9 respect to all feel+s1 especially ^? :i* impel to viol5t or unlawful action1 ! ,w may ex]t a direct influ5ce :i* w ei!r greatly modify1 or totally suppress ! feel+4 ,= example1 :5 !re is an inflexible purpose ( ,w n to yield to angry feel+s1 if !y %\ld arise1 & to suppress !m1 z soon z !y appe>1 feel+s ( a viol5t "* w n result to any great ext5t1 :atev] provocations ! m9d may be subject to4 ,! same holds true ( almo/ all feel+s ( e k9d4 ,:5ev] !y appe>1 if !y are directly & /rongly will$ d[n1 !y w ei!r be greatly modifi$1 or totally disappe>4 7#c47 ,ov] ! action & /ates ( ! ,s5sibility ! ,w may ex]t an indirect influ5ce :i* is all-p[]ful4 ,if1 = example1 ! ,w is 9 full h>mony ) ! inf9ite1 ! et]nal1 ! j1 ! "r1 ! true & ! good1 ! ,intellig5ce w1 ( c\rse1 be occupi$ ) :atsoev] ?+s are true1 hone/1 j1 pure1 lovely & ( good report1 & ! ,s5sibility1 cont9ually act$ ^u by su* objects1 w mirror =?1 9 pure emotions & desires1 ! pure ?\ghts ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & ! hall[$ purposes ( ! ,w4 ,! ,s5sibility w be :olly isolat$ f all feel+s gross & s5sual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let ! ,w be yield$ to ! control ( impure & s5sual impulse1 & h[ gross & impure ! ?\ghts & feel+s w become4 ,9 yield+1 or refus+ to yield1 to ! supreme control ( ! law ( ,goodness1 ! ,w really1 ?\gh indirectly1 det]m9es ! action ( ! ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility bo?4 7#d47 ,to pres5t ! :ole subject 9 a prop] light1 a fix$ law ( ! affections dem&s special att5tion4 ,a husb&1 = example1 has pl$g$ to 8 wife1 n only k9d int5tions1 b ! exclusive control ( ^? peculi> affections :i* con/itute ! basis ( ! m>riage union4 ,let him *]i% a prop] reg>d = ! sacr$ness ( t pl$ge1 & ! wife w s completely & exclusively fill & comm& h] appropriate sph]e 9 ! affections1 t1 "u no circum/ances :atev]1 w !re be a t5d5cy t[>ds any o!r individual4 ,! same holds true ( e dep>tm5t ( ! affections1 n only 9 respect to ^? :i* connect u ) ! creature1 b also ) ! ,creator4 ,! affections ! ,w may control by a fix$ & *angeless law4 ,su* be+ ! relation ( ! ,w to ! ,s5sibility1 :ile x is true t !re is no?+ "r or wrong 9 any feel+s1 irrespective ( ! action ( ! ,w1 /ill ! pres5ce ( feel+s impure & s5sual1 may be a c]ta9 indication ( ! wrong action ( ! volunt>y p[]4 ,9 su* a light _! pres5ce %\ld always be reg>d$4 ,,relation ,,( ,,fai? ,,to ,,o!r ,,ex]cises ,,morally ,,"r4 #d4 ,9 ! prec$+ ,section x has be5 fully %[n1 t love1 rep5tance1 fai?1 & all o!r religi\s ex]cises1 are1 9 _! fundam5tal & *>act]i/ic elem5ts1 ph5om5a ( ! ,w4 ,we w n[1 = a few mom5ts1 contemplate ! relations ( ^! diff]5t ex]cises to "o ano!r1 especially ! relation ( ,fai? to o!r ex]cises ( a k9dr$ "*4 ,:ile x is true1 z has be5 demon/rat$ 9 a prec$+ ,*apt]1 t ! ,w _c at ! same "t put =? int5tions ( a contradictory "*1 su* z s9 & hol9ess1 x is equally true1 t x may simultane\sly put =? acts ( a homog5e\s "*4 ,9 view ( our obligations to yield implicit ob$i5ce to ,god1 we may purpose su* ob$i5ce4 ,9 view ( ! fact1 t1 9 ! ,gospel1 grace is pr(f]$ to p]fect u 9 our ob$i5ce1 at ! same "t t we purpose ob$i5ce ) all ! he>t1 we may ex]cise implicit tru/1 or fai? = grace :]eby we may s]ve ,god acceptably ) rev]5ce & godly fe>4 ,n[1 su* is our condition z s9n]s1 t )\t a revelation ( ?is grace1 we %\ld nev] purpose ob$i5ce 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,)\t ! cont9u$ influ5ce ( t grace1 ?is purpose w\ld n subsequ5tly be p]fect$ & p]petuat$4 ,! purpose is fir/ =m$ 9 reliance ^u ,div9e grace2 & b = ?is grace & consequ5t reliance1 w\ld nev] h be5 =m$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ?is grace reli$ ^u1 & receiv$ by fai?1 ?is same purpose is aft]w>ds p]fect$ & p]petuat$4 ,?us1 we see1 t ! purpose ( ob$i5ce is really condition$ = its exi/5ce & p]petuity ^u ! act ( reliance ^u ,div9e grace4 ,! same holds true ( ! relation ( ,fai? to all acts or int5tions morally "r or holy4 ,"o act ( ,w1 9 itself p]fectly pure1 is really condition$ ^u ano!r 9 itself equally pure4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,moral ,purification1 or ,sanctification by fai?1 a doctr9e :i* is no less true1 z a fact 9 philosophy1 ?an z a reveal$ tru? ( inspiration4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,intellectual ,,judgm5ts4 ,,m5 ,,(t5 ,,volunt>y ,,9 ,,_! ,,op9ions4 ,,x is an old maxim1 t ! ,w gov]ns ! und]/&+4 ,x becomes a v important inquiry ) u1 ,to :at ext5t1 & 9 :at s5se1 is ?is maxim true8 ,x is und5iable1 t1 9 _m important respects1 mank9d are volunt>y 9 _! op9ions & judgm5ts1 & !re=e1 responsible = !m4 ,we (t5 he> ! decl>ation1 ,y ought1 or ought n1 to ent]ta9 su* & su* op9ions1 to =m su* & su* judgm5ts4 ,y are b\nd to admit1 or h no "r to admit1 su* & su* ?+s z true4 ,m5 (t5 speak1 also1 ( pre-judg+ p>ticul> cases1 & ?us incurr+ guilt4 ,a "q may v prop]ly be ask$ "h1 :at are ^! op9ions1 judgm5ts1 admissions1 pre-judgm5ts1 c48 ,are !y real affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce1 or are !y exclusively ph5om5a ( ! ,w8 ,,error ,,n ,,f ,,! ,,intellig5ce1 ,,b ,,! ,,w4 ,! proposition :i* ,i lay d[n is ?is1 t ! ,intellig5ce1 9 its appropriate ex]cise1 c seldom if ev]1 make wrong affirmations2 t wrong op9ions1 admissions1 pre-judgm5ts1 c41 are 9 mo/1 if n all in/ances1 no?+ else ?an ph5om5a1 or assumptions ( ,w4 ,if ! ,intellig5ce c make wrong affirmations1 x is important to det]m9e 9 :at dep>tm5t ( its action su* affirmations may be f\nd4 ,,prim>y ,,faculties ,,_c ,,err4 ,let u fir/ contemplate ! action ( ! prim>y intellectual faculties--,s5se1 or ! faculty ( ext]nal p]ception2 ,consci\sness1 ! faculty ( int]nal obs]vation2 & ,reason1 ! faculty :i* gives u necess>y & univ]sal tru?s4 ,! two =m] faculties give u ph5om5a ext]nal & int]nal4 ,! latt] gives u ! logical antec$5ts ( ph5om5a1 ?us p]ceiv$ & affirm$1 to wit3 ! ideas ( sub/ance1 cause1 space1 "t1 c4 ,9 ! action ( ^! faculties1 surely1 real error is impossible4 ,,s ,,( ,,! ,,second>y ,,faculties4 ,let u n[ contemplate ! action ( ! second>y faculties1 ! ,und]/&+ & ,judgm5t4 ,! =m] unites ! elem5ts giv5 by ! ?ree prim>y faculties into notions ( p>ticul> objects4 ,! latt] classifies ^! notions accord+ to qualities p]ceiv$4 ,"h1 also1 we f9d no place = wrong affirmations4 ,! und]/&+ c only comb9e ! elem5ts actually giv5 by ! prim>y faculties4 ,! ,judgm5t c classify only accord+ to qualities actually p]ceiv$4 ,?us ,i might g ov] ! entire range ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & %[1 t seldom1 if ev]1 9 its appropriate action1 x c make wrong affirmations4 ,,error1 ,,:]e ,,f\nd4--,,assumption4 ,:]e !n is ! place = error1 = wrong op9ions1 & pre-judgm5ts8 ,let u suppose1 t a numb] ( individuals are obs]v+ "s object at a di/ance f !m4 ,no qualities are giv5 b ^? common to a v>iety ( objects1 su* z a man1 horse1 ox1 c4 ,! p]ceptive faculty has deceiv$ no "o 9 ?is case4 ,x has giv5 no?+ b real qualities4 ,! ,und]/&+ c only =m a notion ( x1 z an object possess+ ^! p>ticul> qualities4 ,! ,judgm5t c only affirm1 t ! qualities p]ceiv$ are common to diff]5t classes ( objects1 & consequ5tly1 t no affirmations c be made z to :at class ! object p]ceiv$ does belong4 ,! ,intellig5ce1 !re=e1 makes no false affirmations4 ,/ill ! inquiry goes r\nd4 ,:at is x8 ,"o answ]s1 ,x is a man4 ,t is my op9ion4 ,ano!r3 ,x is a horse4 ,t is my judgm5t4 ,ano!r /ill says1 ,i diff] f y all4 ,x is an ox4 ,t is my notion4 ,n[1 :at are ^! op9ions1 judgm5ts1 & notions8 ,are !y real affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce8 ,by no means4 ,! ,intellig5ce _c affirm at all1 "u su* circum/ances4 ,!y are no?+ 9 reality1 b m]e assumptions ( ! ,w4 ,a va/ majority ( ! s call$ op9ions1 beliefs1 judgm5ts1 & notions among m51 & all :]e error is f\nd1 are no?+ b assumptions ( ! ,w4 ,assumptions are sometimes bas$ ^u real affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce1 & sometimes n4 ,suppose ! individuals above ref]r$ to approa* ! object1 till qualities are giv5 :i* are peculi> to ! horse4 ,! ,judgm5t at once classifies ! object accord+ly4 ,z soon z ?is takes place1 !y all exclaim1 well1 x is a horse4 ,"h are assumptions aga91 b assumptions bas$ ^u real affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,9 ! =m] in/ance we _h assumptions bas$ ^u no su* affirmations4 ,false assumptions d n always imply moral guilt4 ,mu* ( ! necess>y bus9ess ( life has no o!r basis ?an prud5t or imprud5t guess+4 ,:5 ! f>m]1 = example1 ca/s any p>ticul> se$ into ! gr\nd1 x is only by balance ( probabilities t he (t5 det]m9es1 z f> z he does or c det]m9e1 :at is be/2 & n unfrequ5tly is he necessitat$ to assume & act1 :5 all probabilities are s p]fectly balanc$1 t he c f9d no reasons at all = tak+ "o c\rse 9 di/9ction f ano!r4 ,yet no moral guilt is incurr$ :5 "o is necessitat$ to act 9 "s direction1 & :5 all available light has be5 s\ght & employ$ to det]m9e ! direction :i* is be/4 ,z false assumptions1 h[ev]1 (t5 involve v great moral guilt1 x may be important to develope "s ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( assumptions ( ?is class4 #a4 ,all assumptions involve moral guilt1 :i* are 9 opposition to ! real & positive affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,z ! ,w may assume 9 ! abs5ce ( su* affirmations1 & 9 ! direction ( !m1 s x may 9 opposition to !m4 ,:5 y h c>ri$ a man's ,intellect 9 favor ( a giv5 proposition1 x is by no means c]ta9 t y h ga9$ 8 ass5t to its tru?4 ,he may /ill assume1 t all ! evid5ce pres5t$ is inadequate1 & consequ5tly refuse to admit its tru?4 ,:5 ! ,w ?us divorces itself f ! ,intellig5ce1 guilt ( no ord9>y "* is incurr$4 ,m5 (t5 express _! convictions ( ! guilt ?us incurr$1 by say+ to individuals1 ,y are b\nd to admit t fact or proposition z true4 ,y are already conv9c$4 ,:at excuse h y = n yield+ to t conviction8 ,yet individuals w (t5 d fatal viol5ce to _! intellectual & moral nature1 by hold+ on to assumptions1 9 reality kn[n to be false4 #b4 ,assumptions involve moral guilt :i* are =m$ )\t avail+ ourselves ( all ! light )9 our rea* z ! basis ( our assumptions4 ,= u to assume any proposition1 or /atem5t1 to be true or false1 9 ! abs5ce ( affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce1 z ! basis ( su* assumptions1 :5 adequate light is available1 involves ! same crim9ality1 z assumptions 9 opposition to ! ,intellig5ce4 ,h5ce we (t5 h ! expression 9 common life1 ,y _h no "r to =m a judgm5t "u su* circum/ances4 ,y 7 b\nd1 be=e do+ x1 to avail y\rself ( all ! light )9 y\r rea*4 #c4 ,positive assumptions1 )\t intellectual affirmations z _! basis1 equally positive1 involve moral guilt ( no ord9>y "*4 ,z rem>k$ above1 we are (t5 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* we are necessitat$ to act 9 "s direction1 & to select "s p>ticul> c\rse )\t any p]ceiv$ reasons 9 favor ( t "o c\rse 9 di/9ction f ano!r4 ,n[ :ile action is prop] 9 su* a condition1 x is n prop] to make a positive assumption t ! c\rse select$ is ! be/4 ,suppose1 t all ! facts be=e my m9d be>+ ^u ! "* ( a neighbor1 are equally consi/5t ) ! possession1 on 8 "p1 ( a "* ei!r good or bad4 ,i d viol5ce to my intellectual & moral nature1 if1 "u su* circum/ances1 ,i make ! assumption t 8 "* is ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 & especially1 t x is ! latt] in/ead ( ! =m]4 ,h[ (t5 d flagrant transgressions ( moral rectitude occur 9 su* in/ances6 ,,pre-,,judgm5ts4 ,a few rem>ks are deem$ requisite on ?is topic4 ,a pre-judgm5t is an assumption1 t a proposition or /atem5t is true or false1 be=e ! facts1 be>+ ^u ! case1 h be5 he>d4 ,su* assumptions are g5]ally class$ "u ! t]m prejudice4 ,?us x is said ( individuals1 t !y are prejudic$ 9 favor or aga9/ c]ta9 p]sons1 s5tim5ts1 or causes4 ,! real mean+ ( su* /atem5ts is1 t individuals h made assumptions 9 "o direction or ano!r1 prior to a he>+ ( ! facts ( ! case1 & irrespective ( su* facts4 ,,intellect ,,n ,,deceiv$ ,,9 ,,pre-,,judgm5ts4 ,x is commonly said1 t su* prejudices1 or pre-judgm5ts1 bl9d ! m9d to facts ( "o class1 & r5d] x quick to disc]n ^? ( ! o!r1 & ?us lead to a real mis-direction ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,?is ,i ?9k is n a correct /atem5t ( ! case4 ,pre-judgm5ts may1 & (t5 d1 prev5t all prop] inve/igation ( a subject4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ,intellig5ce is n deceiv$ at all4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( real data1 x c make no positive affirmations :atev]4 ,s f> also z pre-judgm5ts direct att5tion f facts be>+ ^u "o side ( a "q1 & to ^? be>+ ^u ! o!r1 ! ,intellig5ce is n !reby deceiv$4 ,all t x c affirm is ! true be>+ ( ! facts actually pres5t$4 ,9 respect to ^? n pres5t$1 & consequ5tly 9 respect to ! real m]its ( ! :ole case1 x makes no affirmations4 ,if an individual =ms an op9ion f a p>tial he>+1 t op9ion is a m]e assumption ( ,w1 & no?+ else4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,h[ ,,influ5c$ ,,by ,,pre-,,judgm5ts4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* pre-judgm5ts *iefly affect ! m9d 9 ! he>+ ( a cause1 /ill rema9s to be /at$4 ,9 su* pre-judgm5ts1 or assumptions1 an assumption ( ?is k9d is almo/ inv>iably includ$1 to wit3 t all facts ( :atev] "* be>+ ^u "o side ( ! "q1 are :olly indecisive1 :ile all o!rs be>+ ^u ! o!r side are equally decisive4 ,9 pre-judg+1 individuals d n m]ely pre-judge ! real m]its ( ! case1 b ! "* ( all ! facts be>+ ^u x4 ,!y ent] ^u ! inve/igation ( a giv5 subject1 ) an inflexible det]m9ation to treat all ! facts & argum5ts !y %all meet )1 accord+ to previ\s assumptions4 ,let ! cle>e/ light p\r$ ^u "o side ( ! "q1 & ! reply is1 ,aft] all1 ,i am n conv9c$1 :ile ! mo/ trivial circum/ances conceivable be>+ ^u ! o!r side1 w be seiz$ ^u z p]fectly decisive4 ,9 all ?is1 we d n meet ) ! op]ations ( a deceiv$ ,intellig5ce1 b ( a deceiv$ he>t1 t is1 ( a deprav$ ,w1 /ubbornly b5t ^u v]ify+ its own unau?oriz$1 pre-=m$ assumptions4 ,su* assumptions c )/& any degree ( evid5ce :atev]4 ,! ,intellig5ce did n give !m exi/5ce1 & x _c annihilate !m4 ,!y are exclusively creatures ( ,w1 & by an act ( ,w1 !y mu/ be dissolv$1 or !y w rema9 pro( aga9/ all ! evid5ce :i* ! tide ( "t c roll aga9/ !m4 ,,influ5ces ,,:i* ,,induce ,,false ,,assumptions4 ,! influ5ces :i* induce false & unau?oriz$ assumptions1 are f\nd 9 ! /rong action ( ! ,s5sibility1 9 ! direction ( ! appetites1 natural affections1 & ! diff]5t prop5sities1 z ! love ( ga91 ambition1 p>ty _s1 pride ( "*1 ( op9ion1 c4 ,:5 ! ,w has long be5 habituat$ to act 9 ! direction ( a p>ticul> prop5sity1 h[ difficult x is to induce ! admission1 or assumption1 t action 9 t direction is wrong6 ,! difficulty1 9 su* cases1 does n1 9 mo/ in/ances1 lie 9 conv9c+ ! ,intellig5ce1 b 9 induc+ ! ,w to admit z true :at ! ,intellig5ce really affirms4 ,,cases ,,9 ,,:i* ,,we ,,are ,,app>5tly1 ,,?\gh ,,n ,,really1 ,,misl$ ,,by ,,! ,,intellig5ce4 ,z !re are cases ( ?is k9d1 x is important to m>k "s ( _! *>act]i/ics4 ,among ^! ,i cite ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! qualities ( a p>ticul> object1 actually p]ceiv$1 z 9 ! case above cit$1 may be common to a v>iety ( classes :i* we "k1 & also to o!rs :i* we d n "k4 ,on ! p]ception ( su* qualities1 ! ,intellig5ce w sugge/ ^? classes only :i* we "k1 :ile ! p>ticul> object p]ceiv$ may belong to a class unkn[n4 ,if1 9 su* circum/ances1 a positive assumption1 z to :at class x does belong1 is made1 a wrong assumption mu/ ( necessity be made4 ,! ,intellig5ce 9 ?is case is n deceiv$4 ,x places ! ,w1 h[ev]1 9 su* a relation to ! object1 t if a positive assumption is made1 x mu/ necess>ily be a wrong "o4 ,9 ?is mann]1 multitudes ( wrong assumptions arise4 #b4 ,:5 facts are be=e ! m9d1 an explanation ( !m is (t5 desir$4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! ,intellig5ce may sugge/1 9 explanation1 a numb] ( hypo!ses1 :i* hypo!ses may be all alike false4 ,if a positive assumption is made 9 su* a case1 x mu/ ( necessity be a false "o2 because x mu/ be 9 ! direction ( "s "o hypo!sis be=e ! m9d at ! "t4 ,"h1 also1 ! ,intellig5ce necessitates a wrong assumption1 if any is made4 ,yet x is n itself deceiv$2 because x gives no positive affirmations z ! basis ( positive assumptions4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 error v frequ5tly arises4 #c4 ,exp]i5ce (t5 occasions wrong assumptions1 :i* are attribut$ incorrectly to real affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,a fri5d1 = example1 saw an object :i* pres5t$ ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! apple4 ,he _h nev] be=e se5 ^? qualities1 except 9 connection ) t class ( objects4 ,he assum$1 at once1 t x 0 a real apple2 b subsequ5tly f\nd t x 0 an artificial1 & n a real "o4 ,0 ! ,intellig5ce deceiv$ 9 ?is in/ance8 ,by no means4 ,t faculty _h nev] affirm$1 t ^? qualities :i* ! apple pres5ts to ! eye1 nev] exi/ 9 connection ) any o!r object1 & consequ5tly1 t ! apple mu/ h be5 pres5t 9 ! in/ance giv54 ,exp]i5ce1 & n a positive affirmation ( ! ,intellig5ce1 l$ to ! wrong assumption 9 ?is in/ance4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true1 9 respect to a va/ numb] ( in/ances t might be nam$4 #d4 ,f9ally1 ! ,intellig5ce may n only make positive affirmations 9 ! pres5ce ( qualities p]ceiv$1 b x may affirm hypo!tically1 t is1 :5 a giv5 proposition is assum$ z true1 ! ,intellig5ce may & w pres5t ! logical antec$5ts & consequ5ts ( t assumption4 ,if ! assumption is false1 su* w be ! "* ( ! antec$5ts & consequ5ts foll[+ f x4 ,an individual1 9 trac+ out ^! antec$5ts & consequ5ts1 h[ev]1 may mi/ake ! hypo!tical1 = ! real1 affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce4 ,"o wrong assumption 9 !ology or philosophy1 = example1 may give an entire sy/em1 all ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( :i* are likewise false4 ,9 trac+ out1 & p]fect+ t sy/em1 h[ natural ! assumption1 t "o is foll[+ ! real1 & n ! hypo!tical1 affirmations ( ! ,intellig5ce6 ,f ?is "o s\rce an inf9ity ( error exi/s among m54 ,9 an enl>g$ ,treatise on m5tal sci5ce1 ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] %\ld receive a mu* m ext5sive elucidation ?an c\ld be giv5 to x 9 ?is connection4 ,few subjects w\ld ?r[ m cle> light ov] ! doma9s ( tru? & error ?an ?is1 if fully & di/9ctly elucidat$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld simply rem>k1 t "o ( ! highe/ atta9m5ts 9 virtue :i* we c conceive an intellig5t be+ to make1 consi/s 9 a cont9u$ & vigor\s employm5t ( ! ,intellig5ce 9 se>* ( ! "r1 ! j1 ! true1 & ! good1 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human inve/igation2 & 9 a rigid discipl9e ( ! ,w1 to receive & treat1 z true & sacr$1 :atev] ! ,intellig5ce may pres5t1 z possess$ ( su* *>act]i/ics1 to ! full subjection ( all impulses 9 ! direction ( unau?oriz$ assumptions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,s]vitude4 ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,w ,,z ,,oppos$ ,,to ,,moral ,,s]vitude4 ,,!re are1 among o!rs1 two s5ses ( ! t]m ,lib]ty1 :i* ought to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ s5se1 x /&s oppos$ to ,necessity2 9 ! second1 to :at is call$ ,moral ,s]vitude4 ,x is 9 ! la/ s5se t ,i propose to consid] ! subject 9 ! pres5t ,*apt]4 ,:at1 !n1 is ,lib]ty z oppos$ to ,moral ,s]vitude8 ,x is t /ate 9 :i* ! action ( ,w is 9 h>mony ) ! ,moral ,law1 ) ! idea ( ! "r1 ! j1 ! true1 & ! good1 :ile all ! prop5sities are held 9 p]fect subord9ation--a /ate 9 :i* ! m9d may purpose ob$i5ce to ! law ( "r ) ! rational hope ( c>ry+ t det]m9ation into accompli%m5t4 ,?is /ate all mank9d agree 9 call+ a /ate ( moral fre$om4 ,! individual :o has atta9$ to x1 is n 9 s]vitude to any prop5sity :atev]4 ,he rules 8 own _s4 ,he is ! ma/] ( himself4 ,he purposes ! good1 & p]=ms x4 ,he resolves aga9/ ! evil1 & avoids x4 ,great]1 says ! maxim ( anci5t wisdom1 is su* a man ?an he t take? a city4 ,moral ,s]vitude1 on ! o!r h&1 is a /ate 9 :i* ! ,w is s ensn>$ by ! ,s5sibility1 s habituat$ to subjection to ! prop5sities1 t x has s lo/ ! pr]ogative ( self-control1 t x _c resolve ^u action 9 ! direction ( ! law ( "r1 ) any rational expectation ( keep+ t resolution4 ,! individual 9 ?is condition kn[s ! good1 & approves ( x1 yet foll[s ! bad4 ,! good t he w\ld 7purposes to d71 he does n1 b ! evil t he w\ld n 7purposes n to d71 t he does4 ,all m5 agree 9 d5om9at+ ?is a /ate ( ,moral ,s]vitude4 ,:5ev] an individual is manife/ly gov]n$ by appetite1 or any o!r prop5sity1 by common cons5t1 he is said to be a slave 9 respect to 8 prop5sities4 ,! reason :y ! =m] /ate is d5om9at$ ,lib]ty1 & ! latt] ,s]vitude1 is obvi\s4 ,lib]ty1 z oppos$ to ,s]vitude1 is univ]sally reg>d$ z a good 9 itself4 ,z su*1 x is desir$ & *os54 ,s]vitude1 on ! o!r h&1 may be submitt$ to1 z ! lea/ ( two evils4 ,yet x c nev] be desir$ & *os51 z a good 9 itself4 ,e man :o is 9 a /ate ( s]vitude1 is !re1 9 an important s5se1 aga9/ 8 ,w4 ,! /ate 9 :i* he is1 is reg>d$ z 9 itself ! greate/ ( evils1 except+ ^? :i* w\ld arise f a va9 attempt at a v9dication ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 respect to ,moral ,lib]ty & ,s]vitude4 ,:5 any individual contemplates ! idea ( ! volunt>y p[] ris+ to full dom9ion ov] impulse ( e k9d1 & act+ 9 sublime h>mony ) ! pure & p]fect law ( rectitude1 z reveal$ 9 ! ,intellig5ce1 e "o reg>ds ?is z a /ate1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ to be desir$ & *os5 z a good 9 itself4 ,to ent] ^u ?is /ate1 & to cont9ue 9 x1 is !re=e reg>d$ z a realization ( ! idea ( ,lib]ty 9 ! highe/ & be/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,subjection to impulse1 9 opposition to ! pure dictates ( ! ,intellig5ce1 to ! loss ( ! high pr]ogative ( rul+ our own spirits1 on ! o!r h&1 is reg>d$ by all m5 z 9 itself a /ate ! mo/ abject1 & lea/ to be desir$ conceivable4 ,! individual t is !re1 _c b despise 8 own image4 ,he1 ( necessity1 loa!s & abhors himself4 ,yet he submits to self-degradation r ?an endure ! pa9 & ef=t ( self-emancipation4 ,no t]m b ,s]vitude1 toge!r ) o!rs ( a k9dr$ import1 expresses ! true conception ( ?is /ate4 ,no man is 9 a /ate ( ,moral ,s]vitude f *oice--t is1 f *oice ( ! /ate z a good 9 itself4 ,! /ate he reg>ds z an evil 9 itself4 ,yet1 9 ! ex]cise ( free *oice1 he is !re1 because he submits to self-degradation r ?an v9dicate 8 "r to fre$om4 ,,rem>ks4 ,,mi/ake ,,( ,,g]man ,,metaphysicians4 #a4 ,we notice a prom95t & important mi/ake common to metaphysicians1 especially ( ! ,g]man s*ool1 9 _! ,treatises on ! ,w4 ,lib]ty ( ,w ) !m is ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f ,moral ,s]vitude1 & n z di/+ui%$ f ,necessity4 ,h5ce1 9 all _! works1 v little light is ?r[n ^u ! great idea ( ,lib]ty1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( moral obligation1 to wit3 ,lib]ty z di/+ui%$ f ,necessity4 ,a free ,w1 says ,kant1 & a ,w subject$ to ! ,moral ,law1 are "o & id5tical4 ,a m capital error 9 philosophy is n (t5 met ) ?an ?is4 ,,moral ,,s]vitude ,,( ,,! ,,race4 #b4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,moral ,s]vitude above describ$1 ! ,bible affirms all m5 to be1 until !y are emancipat$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ,rem$ial ,sy/em !re9 reveal$--a tru? affirm$ by :at e man exp]i5ces 9 himself1 & by ! entire mass ( facts :i* ! hi/ory ( ! race pres5ts4 ,:]e is ! individual t1 unaid$ by an influ5ce out ( himself1 has ev] atta9$ to a dom9ion ov] 8 own _s8 ,:]e is ! individual t1 )\t su* an influ5ce1 c resolve ^u act+ 9 h>mony ) ! law ( pure b5evol5ce1 ) any rational hope ( success8 ,to meet ?is great want ( human nature2 to provide an influ5ce adequate to its r$emption1 f :at ! ,scriptures1 ) great propriety1 call ! bondage ( corruption1 is a fundam5tal design ( ! ,rem$ial ,sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,dep5d5ce4 ,,common ,,impression4 ,a ,,v common impression exi/s1--an impression univ]sal among ^? :o hold ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1--t ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 z ma9ta9$ 9 ?is ,treatise1 r5d]s man1 really1 9 mo/ important respects1 indep5d5t ( 8 ,creator1 & !re=e1 t5ds to induce 9 ! m9d1 t _s ( haughty indep5d5ce :i* is totally opposite & antagoni/ic to t _s ( humility & dep5d5ce :i* lies at ! basis ( all true piety & virtue4 ,if ?is is ! real t5d5cy ( ?is doctr9e1 x c]ta9ly con/itutes an important objection aga9/ x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d 9 ! nature ( ?is doctr9e1 ess5tial elem5ts totally de/ructive ( ! _s ( pride & self-confid5ce1 & t5d+ mo/ /rongly to induce ! opposite _s1--a _s ( humility & dep5d5ce ^u ! grace pr(f]$ 9 ! ,rem$ial ,sy/em2 if we f9d1 also1 t ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 9 _m fundam5tal p>ticul>s1 lacks ^! b5ign t5d5cies1 we h1 9 su* a case1 ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 favor ( ! =m] doctr9e1 & aga9/ ! latt]4 ,! object ( ! pres5t ,*apt]1 !re=e1 is to elucidate ! t5d5cy ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty to de/roy ! _s ( pride1 haught9ess1 & self-dep5d5ce1 & to induce ! _s ( humility & dep5d5ce ^u ,div9e ,grace4 ,,_s ,,( ,,dep5d5ce ,,def9$4 ,be=e proce$+ directly to argue ?is "q1 we ne$ to settle def9itely ! mean+ ( ! phrase _s ( dep5d5ce4 ,! conviction ( our dep5d5ce is "o ?+4 ,! _s ( dep5d5ce is q ano!r4 ,:at is ?is _s8 ,9 its ex]cise1 ! m9d re/s 9 volunt>y dep5d5ce ^u ! grace ( ,god4 ,! he>t is fully set ^u do+ ! "r1 & avoid+ ! wrong1 :ile ! m9d is 9 ! volunt>y ex]cise ( tru/ 9 ,god = grace :]eby we may s]ve ,him acceptably4 ,! _s ( dep5d5ce1 !n1 implies ob$i5ce actually comm5c$4 ,! "q is1 does ! belief ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty t5d intr9sically to induce ! ex]cise ( ?is _s8 ,9 ?is respect1 has x altoge!r a sup]iority ov] ! doctr9e ( ,necessity8 ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity ,,t5ds ,,n ,,to ,,induce ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,dep5d5ce4 #a4 ,9 accompli%+ my object1 ,i w fir/ consid] ! t5d5cy1 9 ?is "o respect1 ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity4 ,an individual1 we w suppose1 f9ds himself "u influ5ces :i* induce him to s91 & :i* consequ5tly1 if ?is doctr9e is true1 r5d] x impossible = him1 )\t ! int]position ( ,div9e p[]1 n to s94 ,a consid]ation ( 8 condition t5ds to conv9ce him1 t is1 to induce ! intellectual conviction1 ( 8 entire dep5d5ce ^u ,div9e grace4 ,b ! intellectual conviction ( our dep5d5ce1 z above %[n1 is "o ?+4 ,! _s ( dep5d5ce1 :i*1 z !re /at$1 consi/s 9 actually tru/+ ! ,mo/ ,high = grace to d :at he requires1 & implies actual ob$i5ce already comm5c$1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,n[ ! doctr9e ( ,necessity has a t5d5cy to produce ?is conviction1 b none to induce ! _s ( dep5d5ce3 inasmu* z ) ?is conviction1 x produces ano!r equally /rong1 to wit3 t ! creature1 )\t a ,div9e int]position1 w n1 & _c1 ex]cise ! _s ( dep5d5ce4 ,9 ?us produc+ ! conviction1 t1 "u pres5t influ5ces1 ! subject does n1 & _c ex]cise t _s1 ?is doctr9e t5ds exclusively to ! annihilation ( t ,_s4 ,:5 an individual is 9 a /ate ( actual ob$i5ce1 ! t5d5cy ( ?is doctr9e ^u him is no bett]2 s9ce x produces ! conviction1 t :ile a ,div9e influ5ce1 indep5d5tly ( ourselves1 produces 9 u a _s ( dep5d5ce1 we %all & mu/ ex]cise x2 & t :ile x does n produce t _s1 we d n & _c ex]cise x4 ,:]e is ! t5d5cy to induce a _s ( dep5d5ce1 9 su* a conviction8 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 no?+ b ! actual int]position ( ,div9e grace has any t5d5cy to induce a _s ( dep5d5ce4 ,! belief ( ?is doctr9e has no su* t5d5cy :atev]4 ,! gr& mi/ake ( ! ,necessit>ian "h1 consi/s 9 ! assumption1 t1 because 8 doctr9e has a manife/ t5d5cy to produce ! ,,conviction ( dep5d5ce1 x has a t5d5cy equally manife/ to induce ! ,,_s ( dep5d5ce2 :51 9 fact1 x has no su* t5d5cy :atev]4 #b4 ,we w n[ contemplate ! intr9sic t5d5cies ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty to induce ! _s ( humility & dep5d5ce4 ,e "o w see1 at once1 t ! consci\sness ( ,lib]ty _c itself be a gr\nd ( dep5d5ce1 9 respect to action1 9 favor ( ! "r & 9 opposition to ! wrong3 = ! possession ( su* ,lib]ty1 z f> z ! p[] itself is conc]n$1 leaves u1 at all times1 equally liable to d ! "o z ! o!r4 ,h[ c an equal liability to two di/9ct & opposite c\rses1 be a gr\nd ( assurance1 t we %all *oose ! "o1 & avoid ! o!r8 ,?us ! consci\sness ( ,lib]ty t5ds directly & intr9sically to a total annihilation ( ! _s ( self-dep5d5ce4 ,let u n[ contemplate our relation to ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,he kn[s p]fectly 9 :at direction we %all1 9 our self-det]m9ation1 ex]t our p[]s "u any influ5ce & sy/em ( influ5ces br\ght to be> ^u u4 ,x is also 9 ,8 p[] to subject u to any sy/em ( influ5ces he pleases4 ,he has reveal$ to u ! great tru?1 t if1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( dep5d5ce1 we w tru/ ,him = grace to d ! good & avoid ! evil :i* ,he requires u to d & avoid1 ,he w subject u to a ,div9e influ5ce1 :i* %all = ev] secure u 9 ! "o1 & aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! conviction1 !re=e1 rises ) full & p]fect di/9ctness 9 ! m9d1 t1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( dep5d5ce1 action 9 all future "t1 9 ! direction ( purity & bliss1 is secure2 & t1 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is _s1 action1 9 ! opposite direction1 is equally c]ta94 ,9 ! belief ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty1 ano!r tru? becomes an omnipres5t reality to our m9ds1 t ! ex]cise ( ?is _s1 ?us r5d]+ our call+ & election sure1 is1 at all times1 practicable to u4 ,:at !n is ! exclusive t5d5cy ( ?is doctr9e8 ,to de/roy ! _s ( self-dep5d5ce1 on ! "o h&1 & to induce ! ex]cise ( ! opposite _s1 on ! o!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity reveals ! fact ( dep5d5ce1 b de/roys ! _s1 by ! production ( ! annihilat+ conviction1 t we nei!r %all nor c ex]cise t _s1 till ,god1 9 8 sov]eign disp5sations1 %all subject u to an influ5ce :i* r5d]s x impossible = u n to ex]cise x4 ,! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty reveals1 ) equal di/9ctness1 ! fact ( dep5d5ce2 & !n1 :ile x produces ! hall[$ conviction ( ! p]fect practicability ( ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( dep5d5ce1 pres5ts motives inf9itely /rong1 n only to induce its ex]cise1 b to empty ! m9d :olly ( ev]y?+ oppos$ to x4 ,,god ,,controls ,,all ,,influ5ces ,,"u ,,:i* ,,creatures ,,d ,,act4 #c4 ,:ile ! exi/5ce & cont9uance ( our p[]s ( moral ag5cy dep5d :olly ^u ! ,div9e ,w1 & :ile ! ,mo/ ,high kn[s1 ) entire c]ta9ty1 9 :at direction we %all ex]t our p[]s1 "u all influ5ces1 & sy/ems ( influ5ces1 br\ght to be> ^u u1 all ^! influ5ces are entirely at 8 disposal4 ,:at t5d5cy h su* convictions1 toge!r ) ! consci\sness ( ,lib]ty1 & ability to ex]cise1 or n to ex]cise1 ! _s ( dep5d5ce1 b to induce u1 9 ! ex]cise ( t _s1 to ?r[ our :ole be+ into ! petition1 ,lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f evil8 ,if ,god kn[s p]fectly "u :at influ5ces action 9 u %all be 9 ! direction ( ! "r1 or ! wrong1 & holds all su* influ5ces at 8 own control1 :at attitude becomes u 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,high & l(ty ,"o1 b dep5d5ce & pray]8 ,,dep5d5ce ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,s]vitude ,,( ,,! ,,w4 #d4 ,f9ally1 a consci\sness ( a /ate ( ,moral ,s]vitude1 toge!r ) ! conviction1 t 9 ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( dep5d5ce1 we c rise to ! ,glori\s ,lib]ty ( ! ,sons ( ,god2 t 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is _s1 our ,moral ,s]vitude is p]fectly c]ta92 all ^!1 toge!r ) ! conviction :i* ! belief ( ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty induces 7to wit3 t ! ex]cise ( ! _s ( dep5d5ce is always practicable to u71 t5ds only to "o result1 to induce ! ex]cise ( t _s1 & to ! total annihilation ( ! opposite _s4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty sanctifies1 9 ! m9d1 ! feel+ ( obligation to d ! "r & avoid ! wrong1 a feel+ :i* ! doctr9e ( ,necessity t5ds to annihilate1 ! =m] 7an effect :i* ! latt] _c produce7 t5ds only to ! annihilation ( ! _s ( pride & self-confid5ce1 & to induce t _s ( filial dep5d5ce :i* cries ,abba1 ,fa!r6 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,"*4 ,,elem5t ,,( ,,w ,,9 ,,=mation ,,( ,,"*4 ,,"* ,,commonly ,,h[ ,,acc\nt$ ,,=4 ,,9 acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce & =mation ( peculi>ities ( "*1 individual1 social1 & national1 two elem5ts only are commonly tak5 into consid]ation1 ! natural prop5sities1 & ! circum/ances & influ5ces "u :i* ^? prop5sities are develop$ & controll$4 ,! doctr9e ( ,necessity p]mits u to take no?+ else into ! acc\nt4 ,und\bt$ly1 ^! elem5ts h v great efficacy 9 det]m9+ "*4 ,9 _m in/ances1 little else ne$ to be tak5 into consid]ation1 9 acc\nt+ = peculi>ities ( "*1 z !y exi/ ar\nd u1 9 individuals1 communities1 & nations4 ,,! ,,volunt>y ,,elem5t ,,to ,,be ,,tak5 ,,into ,,! ,,acc\nt4 ,9 a va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ano!r1 & altoge!r a diff]5t elem5t1 t ( ! ,w1 or volunt>y elem5t1 mu/ be tak5 into ! reckon+1 or we %all f9d ourselves :olly unable to acc\nt = peculi>ities ( m5tal & moral developm5t1 ev]y:]e visible ar\nd u4 ,x is an old maxim1 t e man is ! arbit] ( 8 own de/9y4 ,z "* det]m9es de/9y1 s ! ,w det]m9es "*2 & man is ! arbit] ( 8 own de/9y1 only z he is ! arbit] ( 8 own "*4 ,! elem5t ( ,free ,w1 !re=e1 mu/ be tak5 into ! reckon+1 if we w\ld adequately acc\nt = ! peculi>ities ( "* :i* ! individual1 social1 & national hi/ory ( ! race pres5ts4 ,ev5 :]e m5tal & moral developm5ts are z ! prop5sities & ext]nal influ5ces1 /ill ! volunt>y elem5t mu/ be reckon$ 91 if we w\ld acc\nt = facts z !y exi/4 ,9 a majority ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 if ! two elem5ts "u consid]ation1 & ^! only1 are tak5 into ! acc\nt1 we %all f9d our conclusions v wide f ! tru?4 ,,an ,,example ,,9 ,,illu/ration4 ,i w take1 9 illu/ration ( ! above rem>ks1 a s+le example--a case ) :i* ,i became s famili>ly acqua9t$1 t ,i feel p]fectly safe 9 v\*+ = ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts :i* ,i am ab\t to make4 ,i knew a boy :o1 up to ! age ( t5 or twelve ye>s1 0 "u ! influ5ce ( a mo/ ungov]nable temp]--a temp] easily & quickly excit$1 & :i*1 :5 excit$1 r5d]$ him p]fectly desp]ate4 ,seldom1 if ev]1 0 he kn[n to yield 9 a conflict1 h[ev] sup]ior 9 /r5g? 8 antagoni/ might be4 ,dea? 0 always delib]ately pref]r$ to submission4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 he (t5 reflect$ ^u 8 condition1 & frequ5tly wi%$ t x 0 o!rwise4 ,/ill1 ) melan*oly delib]ation1 he z (t5 said to himself1 ,i nev] c & nev] %all subdue ?is temp]4 ,at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 z he 0 reflect+ ^u ! subject aga91 he made up 8 m9d1 ) p]fect fix$ness ( purpose1 t1 to ! control ( t temp]1 he w\ld nev] m yield4 ,! ,w rose up 9 ! maje/y ( its p[]1 & assum$ ! re9s ( self-gov]nm5t1 9 ! respect "u consid]ation4 ,f t mom5t1 t temp] almo/ nev]1 ev5 "u ! highe/ provocations1 obta9$ ! control ( ! *ild4 ,a total revolution ( m5tal developm5ts result$4 ,he aft]w>ds became z di/+ui%$ = natural amiability & self-control1 9 respect to 8 temp]1 z be=e he _h be5 = ! opposite _s4 ,?is total revolution took place f m]e prud5tial consid]ations1 )\t any respect :atev] to moral obligation4 ,n[ suppose we attempt to acc\nt = ^! di/9ct & opposite developm5ts ( "*--developm5ts exhibit$ by ! same individual1 9 ^! two p]iods--by an exclusive ref]5ce to natural prop5sities & ext]nal influ5ces4 ,:at a totally inadequate & false acc\nt %\ld we give ( ! facts pres5t$6 ,t individual is j z consci\s1 t x 0 ! elem5t ( ,free ,w t produc$ ?is revolution1 & t :5 he =m$ ! det]m9ation :i* result$ 9 t revolution1 he might h det]m9$ diff]5tly1 z he is1 or ev] has be51 ( any m5tal /ates :atev]4 ,all ! facts1 also1 z !y lie out be=e u1 cle>ly indicate1 t if we leave out ( ! acc\nt ! volunt>y elem5t1 ^? facts mu/ rema9 :olly unexpla9$1 or a totally wrong explanation ( !m mu/ be giv54 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 all o!r in/ances4 ,?\gh natural prop5sities & ext]nal influ5ces greatly modify m5tal developm5ts1 /ill1 ! di/+ui%+ peculi>ities ( "*1 9 all in/ances1 receive _! =m & color+ f ! action ( ! volunt>y p[]4 ,?is is true1 ( ! peculi>ities ( "* exhibit$1 n only by individuals1 b communities & nations4 ,we c nev] acc\nt = facts z !y are1 until we contemplate man1 n only z possess$ ( ,intellig5ce & ,s5sibility1 b also ( ,free ,w4 ,all ! p[]s & susceptibilities mu/ be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 if m5 w\ld "k man z he is4 ,,div]sities ,,( ,,"*4 ,a few important def9itions w close ?is ,*apt]4 ,a decisive "* exi/s1 :]e ! ,w acts 9 h>mony ) prop5sities /rongly develop$4 ,:5 a numb] ( prop5sities ( ?is k9d exi/1 action1 & consequ5tly "*1 may be *angeable1 & yet decisive4 ,unity & decision ( "* result1 :5 ! ,w /eadily acts 9 h>mony ) "s "o ov]-%ad[+ prop5sity4 ,"* is fluctuat+ & *angeable1 :5 ! ,w surr5d]s itself to ! control ( diff]5t prop5sities1 ea* easily & highly excit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( its appropriate objects1 & yet ! excitem5t b tempor>y4 ,?us1 diff]5t prop5sities1 9 rapid succession1 take _! turn 9 controll+ ! ,w4 ,indecision & feebl5ess ( "* result1 :5 ! ,w uni=mly acts "u ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( fe> & caution4 ,to su* a m9d1 9 all important ent]prises especially1 !re is always a lion 9 ! way4 ,su* a m9d1 !re=e1 is cont9ually 9 a /ate ( di/ress+ indecision :5 en]getic action is necess>y to success4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,conclud+ ,,reflections4 ,a ,,few reflections ( a g5]al nature w conclude ?is ,treatise4 ,,objection4 ,,! ,,w ,,has ,,its ,,laws4 #a4 ,an objection1 (t5 adduc$1 to ! entire view ( ! subject pres5t$ 9 ?is ,treatise1 dem&s a pass+ notice "h4 ,all ?+s 9 exi/5ce1 x is said1 & ! ,w among ! re/1 are gov]n$ by ,laws4 ,x is readily admitt$1 t all ?+s h _! laws1 & t ! ,w is n )\t law4 ,x is jump+ a v long di/ance to a conclusion1 h[ev]1 to inf] f su* a fact1 t ,necessity is ! only law ?r\gh\t ! entire doma9 ( exi/5ce1 physical & m5tal4 ,:at if1 f ! fact1 t ! ,w has its law1 x %\ld be assum$ t ,lib]ty is t law8 ,?is assumption w\ld be j z legitimate z ! "o "u consid]ation4 ,,objection4 ,,god ,,de?ron$ ,,f ,,8 ,,supremacy1 ,,if ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,is ,,true4 #b4 ,ano!r objection ( a g5]al nature1 is ! assumption1 t ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty de/roys ! ,div9e supremacy 9 ! realm ( m9d4 ,if man1 says ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 is n a necess>y ag5t1 ,god is a degrad$ sov]eign4 ,a s5tim5t m di%onorable to ,god1 m fraught ) fatal error1 m revolt+ to a virtu\s m9d1 :5 unp]v]t$ by a false !ory1 c\ld sc>cely be utt]$4 ,let u1 = a mom5t1 contemplate ! "q1 :e!r ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty admits a ,div9e gov]nm5t 9 ! realm ( m9d4 ,! exi/5ce & p]petuity1 z /at$ 9 a =m] ,*apt]1 ( free & moral ag5cy 9 creatures1 dep5d :olly ^u ! ,div9e ,w4 ,) a p]fect k ( ! direction 9 :i* !y w ex]t _! p[]s1 "u e k9d & degree ( influ5ce to :i* !y may be subject$1 ,he holds all ^! influ5ces at 8 sov]eign disposal4 ,) su* k & res\rces1 c ,god ex]cise no gov]nm5t1 b t ( a degrad$ sov]eignty 9 ! realm ( m9d8 ,c ,he n ex]cise ! v sov]eignty :i* inf9ite wisdom & love desire8 ,:o w\ld d>e affirm ! contr>y8 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,lib]ty is true1 ,god c]ta9ly does n sit ^u ! ?rone ( iron de/9y1 sway+ ! sceptre ( /]n fate ov] myriads ( subjects1 miscall$ moral ag5ts2 subjects1 all ( :om are comm&$1 "u inf9ite sanctions1 to d ! "r & avoid ! wrong1 :ile subject$ to influ5ces by ! ,mo/ ,high himself1 :i* r5d] ob$i5ce 9 "s1 & disob$i5ce 9 o!rs1 absolute impossibilities4 ,/ill1 9 ! light ( ?is doctr9e1 ,god has a gov]nm5t 9 ! doma9 ( m9d1 a gov]nm5t wisely adapt$ to ! nature ( moral ag5ts--ag5ts capable ( incurr+ ! des]t ( praise or blame2 a gov]nm5t :i* all approve1 & "u ! b5ign influ5ce ( :i*1 all :o h n =feit$ its protection by crime1 may f9d quietness & assurance = ev]4 ,,objection4 ,,great ,,& ,,good ,,m5 ,,h ,,held ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity4 #c4 ,9 reply to :at has be5 said 9 respect to ! t5d5cies ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 ! fact w d\btless be adduc$1 t ! greate/ & be/ ( m5 h held ?is doctr9e1 )\t a developm5t ( ^! t5d5cies 9 _! exp]i5ce4 ,my answ] is1 t ! goodness ( su* m51 _! s5se ( moral obligation1 c41 did n result f _! !ory1 b exi/$ 9 spite ( its intr9sic t5d5cies4 ,!y held ?is doctr9e 9 !ory1 & yet1 f a consci\sness ( ,lib]ty1 !y practically adopt$ ! opposite doctr9e4 ,"h1 we h ! s\rce ( ! deep feel+ ( obligation 9 _! m9ds1 :ile ! intr9sic & exclusive t5d5cy ( _! ,!ory1 ev5 9 !m1 0 to weak5 & annihilate ?is hall[$ feel+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 su* m5 & sceptics is ?is3 ,! piety ( ! =m] prev5ts _! c>ry+ out _! !ory to its legitimate results2 :ile ! impiety ( ! latt] leads !m to m>* boldly up to ^? results--a fe>less d5ial ( moral obligation 9 e =m4 ,,la/ ,,resort4 #d4 ,! f9al resort ( c]ta9 ,necessit>ians1 :o may feel !mselves :olly unable to meet ! argum5ts adduc$ aga9/ _! own & 9 favor ( ! opposite !ory1 & are det]m9$ to rema9 fix$ 9 _! op9ions1 may be readily anticipat$4 ,x is an assumption :i* may be express$ 9 language some:at l ! foll[+3 ,aft] all1 ! immortal "w ( ,edw>ds /ill lives1 & w live1 :5 ^? ( 8 oppon5ts w be lo/ 9 oblivion4 ,t "w /ill rema9s unansw]$4 ,a sweep+ assumption is a v easy & summ>y way ( dispos+ ( a difficulty1 :i* we might n o!rwise "k :at to d )4 ,let u = a mom5t contemplate "s ( ! facts :i* h be5 und5iably e/abli%$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is immortal "w4 7#a47 ,at ! outset1 ,edw>ds /&s convict$ ( a fundam5tal error 9 philosophy1 an error :i* gives =m & "* to 8 :ole "w--! conf\nd+ ( ! ,w ) ! ,s5sibility1 & ?us conf\nd+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5a ( ! =m] faculty ) ^? ( ! ph5om5a ( ! latt]4 7#b47 ,8 :ole "w is con/ruct$ )\t an appeal to ,consci\sness1 ! only prop] & au?oritative tribunal ( appeal 9 ! case4 ,?us 8 reason+s h only an accid5tal be>+ ^u 8 subject4 7#c47 ,all 8 fundam5tal conclusions h be5 %[n to /& 9 direct contradiction to ! pla9e/ & mo/ positive te/imony ( univ]sal ,consci\sness4 7#d47 ,8 ma9 argum5ts h be5 %[n to be no?+ else b reason+ 9 a circle4 ,he def9es1 = example1 ! phrase ,greate/ app>5t good1 z synonym\s ) *oos+1 & !n argues1 f ! fact t ! ,w always is z ! greate/ app>5t good1 t is1 t x always *ooses z x *ooses1 t x is subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,s 9 respect to ! argum5t f ! ,/ronge/ ,motive1 :i*1 by def9ition1 is fix$ ^u z ! ,motive 9 ! direction ( :i* ! ,w1 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance1 acts4 ,f ! fact t ! action ( ! ,w is always 9 ! direction ( ?is ,motive1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! ,motive t[>ds :i* x does act1 ! conclusion is gravely drawn1 t ! ,w is & mu/ be subject1 9 all its det]m9ations1 to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,i f9d my m9d act$ ^u by two opposite ,motives4 ,i _c tell :i* is ! /ronge/1 f a contemplation ( :at is intr9sic 9 ! ,motives !mselves1 nor f _! effects ^u my ,intellig5ce or ,s5sibility4 ,i mu/ wait till my ,w has act$4 ,f ! fact ( its action 9 ! direction ( "o ,motive1 9 di/9ction f ! o!r1 ,i mu/ !n draw two important conclusions4 #a4 ,! ,motive1 9 ! direction ( :i* my ,w did act1 is ! /ronge/4 ,! evid5ce is1 ! fact ( its action 9 t direction4 #b4 ,! ,w mu/ be subject to ! law ( ,necessity4 ,! pro( is1 ! action ( ! ,w 9 ! direction ( ! ,/ronge/ ,motive1 t is1 ! ,motive 9 ! direction ( :i* x did act4 ,sage argum5t to be reg>d$ by ,philosoph]s & ,!ologians ( ! #ai? c5tury1 z possess+ ! elem5ts ( immortality6 7#e47 ,8 argum5t f ! ,div9e =e-k has be5 %[n to be :olly bas$ ^u an assumption unau?oriz$ by reason1 or revelation ei!r1 to wit3 t he und]/&s ! mode ( t ,=e-k1-- an assumption :i* _c be made except ?r\gh ignorance1 z 0 true 9 8 case1 )\t ! greate/ impiety & presumption4 7#f47 ,! !ory :i* ,edw>ds opposes has be5 %[n to r5d] sacr$1 9 all m9ds t hold x1 ! great idea ( duty1 ( moral obligation2 :ile ! validity ( t idea has nev]1 9 any age or nation1 be5 d5i$1 except+ on ! av[$ au?ority ( 8 ,!ory4 7#g47 ,all ! argum5ts 9 pro( ( ! doctr9e ( ,necessity1 ) ! s+le exception ( t f ! ,div9e ,=e-k--an argum5t re/+1 z we h se51 ^u an assumption equally baseless1--involve a begg+ ( ! "q at issue4 ,take any argum5t we please1 ) ?is "o exception1 & x w be se5 at once t x has no =ce at all1 unless ! tru? ( ! doctr9e design$ to be e/abli%$ by x1 be assum$ z ! basis ( t argum5t4 ,%all we pret5d t a ,!ory1 t has be5 fully demon/rat$ to involve1 fundam5tally1 ! errors1 absurdities1 & contradictions above nam$1 has n be5 answ]$8 ,,will+1 ,,& ,,aim+ ,,to ,,p]=m ,,impossibilities4 #e4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to answ] a "q ab\t :i* philosoph]s h be5 some:at divid$ 9 op9ion--! "q1 :e!r ! ,w c act 9 ! direction ( p]ceiv$ & affirm$ impossibilities8 ,! true answ] to ?is "q1 d\btless is1 t ! ,m9d may w ! occurr5ce ( a kn[n impossibility1 b x c nev] aim to produce su* an occurr5ce4 ,! ,m9d1 = example1 :ile x reg>ds ! non-exi/5ce ( ,god z t :i* _c possibly occur1 may come into su* a relation to ! ,mo/ ,high1 t ! desire %all arise t ,god 7 n4 ,) ?is desire1 ! ,w may concur1 9 ! wi%1 t !re 7 no ,god4 ,"h ! ,m9d wills a kn[n impossibility4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! ,m9d may w its own non-exi/5ce1 :ile x reg>ds its occurr5ce1 on acc\nt ( its relation to ! ,div9e ,w1 z impossible4 ,b :ile ! ,m9d may ?us w ! occurr5ce ( an impossibility1 x nev] c1 nor w aim1 t is1 int5d1 to produce :at x reg>ds z an impossibility4 ,a creature may w ! non-exi/5ce ( ,god2 b ev5 a fall5 ,_s1 reg>d+ ! occurr5ce z an absolute impossibility1 nev] did1 nor w aim to annihilate ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,to suppose ! ,w to set itself to produce an occurr5ce reg>d$ z impossible1 involves a contradiction4 ,= ! same reason1 ! ,w w nev] set itself ^u ! accompli%m5t ( t :i* x is p]fectly assur$ x nev] %all accompli%1 h[ev] s9c]e its ef=ts t[>ds ! result may be4 ,all su* results are1 to ! ,m9d1 practical impossibilities4 ,ext+ui% totally 9 ! ,m9d ! hope ( obta9+ ! ,div9e favor1 & ! ,div9e favor w nev] be s\ght4 ,produce 9 ! ,m9d ! conviction1 t %\ld x aim at ! atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 end1 !re is an infallible c]ta9ty t x w n atta9 x1 & ! subject ( t conviction w no m aim to atta9 t end1 ?an he w aim to cause ! same ?+1 at ! same "t1 to be & n to be4 ,9 reply1 x is sometimes said1 t m5 (t5 aim at :at !y reg>d ev5 z an impossible atta9m5t4 ,! pa9t]1 = example1 aims to produce a p]fect picture1 :ile he kn[s well t he _c produce "o4 ,i answ]1 ! pa9t] is really aim+ at no su* ?+4 ,he is n aim+ to produce a p]fect picture1 :i* he kn[s he _c1 & w n produce1 b to produce "o z ne>ly p]fect z he c4 ,?is is :at he is really aim+ at4 ,"q ! individual critically1 & he w confirm :at is "h affirm$4 ,rem9d him ( ! fact1 t he _c produce a p]fect picture4 ,i "k t1 he replies4 ,i am det]m9$1 h[ev]1 to produce "o z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,"h 8 real aim /&s reveal$4 ,! same pr9ciple holds true 9 all o!r in/ances4 ,,?\ght ,,at ,,p>t+4 #f4 ,9 tak+ leave ( ! read]1 ,i w\ld simply say1 t if he has di/9ctly appreh5d$ ! great doctr9e design$ to be e/abli%$ 9 ?is ,"w1 & has happily come to an agreem5t ) ! au?or 9 respect to x1 ! foll[+ hall[$ impression has be5 left v di/9ctly ^u 8 m9d4 ,:ile he f9ds himself 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd & mo/ pleas+ dep5d5ce ^u ! ,au?or ( 8 be+1 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies ( ! inn] sanctu>y ( 8 m9d1 "o idea1 ! great ov]-%ad[+ idea ( ! human ,intellig5ce1 has be5 fully sanctifi$--! idea ( duty1 ( moral obligation4 ,) ! consci\sness ( ,lib]ty1 t idea mu/ be to ! m9d an omnipres5t reality4 ,f x we c nev] escape & 9 all /ates1 & 9 all worlds1 x mu/ & w be to u1 z a gu>dian angel1 or an av5g+ fi5d4 ,b "o ?+ rema9s1 & t is1 ?r\gh ! grace pr(f]$ 9 ! ,rem$ial ,sy/em1 to live & move1 & h our be+1 9 h>mony ) t idea1 ?us secur+ ev]la/+ quietness & assurance 9 ! sanctu>y ( our m9ds1 & ev] endur+ peace & protection "u1 ! ov]-%ad[+ p]fections ( ! ,au?or ( our exi/5ce1 & amid all ! arrangem5ts & movem5ts ( 8 et]nal gov]nm5t4 ,,footnotes #a ,see ,upham on ! ,w1 pp4 #cb-ce4 #b ,! above is a p]fectly correct /atem5t ( ! fam\s di/9ction betwe5 natural & moral ability made by ,necessit>ians4 ,! s9n] is "u obligation to d "r1 !y say1 because he might d :at is requir$ ( him1 if he *ose to d x4 ,he has1 !re=e1 natural b n moral p[] to ob$i5ce4 ,b ! *oice :i* ! s9n] wants1 ! abs5ce ( :i* con/itutes 8 moral inability1 is ! v ?+ requir$ ( him4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,necessit>ian says1 t ! s9n] is "u obligation to obey1 because he might obey if he *ose to d x1 ! real mean+ is1 t ! s9n] is "u obligation to ob$i5ce1 because if he %\ld *oose to obey he w\ld *oose to obey4 ,9 o!r words he is "u obligation to ob$i5ce1 because1 if he did obey1 he w\ld obey4