,illustration ,,scientific ,,american ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,july #ad1 #ahgg4 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii4--,no4 #b4 ,,new ,,series4 #c4bj per ,annum ,,postage ,,prepaid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents4 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 ,africa1 carrying peace into #af ,air compressor1 ,bower's 99 #ae ,alloy1 new #ah ,american inventions4 ,n4,s4,wales #be ,american ,institute ,exhibition #bd ,answers to correspondents #bg ,artesian well1 pumping 7#ac7 #bg ,billiard ball holder 99 #bb ,billiard table 99 #bb ,bisulphide of lime 7#ce7 #bh ,bleaching silk and wool #bd ,boot and shoe machinery 99 #ai ,bookbinding1 new method of 99 #ai ,books and publications #be ,business prospects #ae ,carrigeen crop #ag ,catastrophism1 ,clarence ,king on #af ,catastrophe in geology #ag ,chalk cup 99 #bb ,coloring matter from herbs 7#b7 #bg ,copper plates covered with steel #bb ,curtain fixture 99 #ai ,disinfecting rooms #ae ,duplex education #ag ,dyspepsia1 on #bj ,education in ,germany #bd ,electricity1 conducting power 7#ba7 #bg ,electrotyping cylinders 7#cc7 #bh ,electricity and magnetism 7#e7 #bg ,gold1 dentists' 7#bd7 #bg ,horses1 dead1 standing erect #bj ,inventions patented in ,england #be ,lightning1 effects of #bj ,lime1 precipitating 7#bb7 #bg ,locomotive valves1 setting #ba ,man's place in ,nature #be ,measures of the ,u4 ,s4 7#cb7 #bh ,mints of the ,u4 ,s4 7#cj7 #bg ,papier ,mache 7#dj7 #bh ,patents1 ,american and foreign #be ,patent decisions1 recent #be ,patents1 official list of #bh ,phosphorescent sweating #ah ,plague1 extension of the #bd ,plants1 curious carnivorous 99 #bc ,popular fallacies #bd ,santini1 death of ,professor #ae ,sebastin1 a new explosive #ah ,solar heat1 apparatus for utilizing #ah ,special notice #be ,steamer1 new #ba ,steam pump1 pounding 7#bj7 #bg ,sulphur1 test for #bb ,sunstroke #bj ,tin scrap1 utilization of 99 #ah ,tin-can telephone #ba ,tin and phosphorus1 alloy of #bd ,yule1 ,john #ae 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bower',s ,,patent ,,air ,,compressor4 ,the new air compressor herewith illustrated may be operated by steam or water power1 and is available for work in mines1 tunnels1 or quarries1 for driving rock drills1 coal cutters1 and hauling and pumping engines1 working mining pumps1 for use in factories1 and in fact for all service where a safe and efficient power is required4 ,the construction of the machine1 the capacity of which differs according to the amount of power required1 will readily be understood from the illustration4 ,above the air cylinder are two distinct air chambers1 each having two induction or receiving valves1 which cushion on rubbers4 ,with the movement of the piston these chambers alternately receive and force the compressed air through check valves placed in the upper part of the air compartment1 both compartments being connected with one pipe conveying the air to the ordinary air receiver4 ,these check valves lift alternately1 and cushion on water2 and as the compressed air is forced into the pipe connecting with the receiver1 without a possibility of any of it escaping back into the receiving chambers1 it is claimed that there is the smallest possible loss of power1 and that the machine will give fully #ij per cent of steam power expended in the shape of compressed air4 ,the compressor is compact in form1 strongly made1 simple in construction1 and not liable to get out of order4 ,one peculiarity in its construction is that no water jacket or hollow piston is used2 yet under any of the extreme pressures to which the machine has been tested1 no inconvenience1 we are informed1 from heat has been perceptible4 ,in connection with the compressor1 receivers of various sizes are used1 into which the air is pumped and thence conveyed by pipe to the location where required1 even if it be a mile or more1 the loss by friction between receiver and point of utilization of the air being1 it is claimed1 under #b lbs4 of the pressure4 ,the manufacturers also build water-power compressors1 one of which1 driven by #ge to #ajj horse power1 they have recently shipped to ,utah4 ,the machine is intended to convey the air through iron tubes #e1jjj feet to the mouth of a silver mine1 where a #ej horse power hoisting and a #be horse power pumping engine will be driven by air instead of steam1 and a tube will be extended into the mine #a1jjj feet deep1 where the power drills and small pumps will be operated by air also4 ,the manufacturers submit a number of excellent testimonials from parties using the machine4 ,from one1 we learn1 that at the ,antelope and ,prince of ,wales mine1 near ,alta ,city1 ,utah1 the compressor runs #aj hours per day1 and supplies compressed air to two #c inch drills used in running levels4 ,the distribution terminates at distances of from #a1jjj to #b1jjj feet from the compressor4 ,the machine also drives one hoisting engine and ventilates the lower part of the mine4 ,the main supply pipe is three inches in diameter1 #b1cjj feet long1 and is tapped by two inch pipe wherever power is required4 ,the expenditure of fuel is one cord of green pine wood and #fjj lbs4 of bituminous coal per #aj hours4 ,air pressure in receiver #ajj lbs4 ,this pressure is reported to be obtained by #gj lbs4 of steam as indicated by the gauges4 ,for further particulars1 address the manufacturers1 ,messrs4 ,griffith and ,wedge1 ,zanesville1 ,ohio4 ,illustration3 ,,bower',s ,,air ,,compressor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,death ,,of ,,professor ,,santini4 ,a cable dispatch announces the death of the ,italian astronomer1 ,giovanni ,santini4 ,the ,professor was born at ,tuscany1 ,june #cj1 #aghf1 and was in the ninety-first year of his age4 ,he graduated at the ,university of ,pisa4 ,he soon devoted himself to a study of the exact sciences1 and in #ahad he had achieved so much distinction that he was appointed to a professorship in the ,padowa ,observatory in place of ,vincenzo ,cheminello4 ,in #ahbe he was appointed ,rector of the ,university1 and up to the time of his death he held the position of ,professor of ,astronomy and ,director of ,mathematical ,studies4 ,he was generally esteemed by the learned societies of ,europe1 and held a number of honorary titles and degrees from various leading universities4 ,he was also a correspondent of the ,french ,academy4 ,the principal books published by him are strictly scientific1 such as ,decimal ,arithmetic 7#ahjh71 ,elements of ,astronomy 7#ahbj71 ,logarithms and ,trigonometry1 and ,optical ,problems 7#ahba-bc74 ,some of his elementary works on astronomy for beginners are the best ever published in ,italy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,john ,,yule4 ,the death is announced of ,mr4 ,john ,yule1 of the ,hutchestown ,engine ,works1 ,rutherglen1 ,n4 ,b41 at the age of #ff4 ,during early life1 ,mr4 ,yule went the round of the best engineers' shops in ,scotland and ,england1 and became one of the recognized leaders in engineering progress4 ,his inventiveness took various directions1 amongst other fruits being an improved rotary engine1 a compensating governor for the steam engine1 and a screw tap1 drill1 and mandrel4 ,for the latter he was awarded the silver medal of the ,scottish ,society of ,arts4 ,for some years ,mr4 ,yule acted as the manager of the boiler department of ,messrs4 ,robert ,napier ,son's establishment1 but eventually resumed business at the ,hutchestown ,works1 and devoted attention amongst other matters to the improvement of swing bridges and steam cranes and hammers4 ,in the former line two of his most important works are the plate girder bridge over the entrance to one of the docks at ,port ,glasgow1 for the ,caledonian ,railway1 erected from plans by ,messrs4 ,bell and ,miller1 ,c4,e41 ,glasgow2 and a lattice girder bridge over the entrance to ,kingston ,dock1 ,glasgow ,harbor4 ,owing to the angle at which this last bridge crosses the dock1 great difficulties were experienced in working out the mechanical details so as to admit of easy motion4 ,these were skillfully overcome1 and the bridge was1 as finally erected1 a monument of his design as well as workmanship4 ,the ,blackhill incline on the ,monkland ,canal1 constructed nearly a quarter of a century ago1 is a sample of ,mr4 ,yule's mechanical powers4 ,of late years he was largely engaged as a professional valuator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business ,,prospects4 ,we have recently taken the pains to make inquiries from the more eminent bankers and merchants in the chief cities of the interior1 and the results of our inquiries have tended to confirm the belief we have more than once expressed in this journal1 that although1 from various causes1 there is overhanging a portion of our ,american industries a cloud of gloom and depression1 still throughout the nation at large there is going on a process of growth and recovery from which the best results are anticipated4 ,how long we shall have to wait before the life which is at work silently and secretly beneath the surface will put forth its full power1 in the full harvest of productive activity1 is1 of course1 impossible to foretell4 ,what is chiefly important for us to know1 however1 is that the progress we are making tends upwards and not downwards1 and that it promises to lead our industry and commerce to a brighter and not to a darker future4--,financial ,chronicle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,disinfect ,,rooms4 ,the disinfection of a room is not complete unless the walls have been thoroughly cleansed4 ,if they are papered1 the paper must be removed and the surface beneath carefully scraped and washed4 ,if the walls are painted1 they should be washed with caustic soda4 ,the ceiling should also be subjected to a similar treatment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,established #ahde4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors4 ,,published ,,weekly ,,at ,,no4 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,o4 ,d4 ,,munn4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,beach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,one copy1 one year1 postage included #c4bj ,one copy1 six months1 postage included #a4fj ,,clubs4--,one extra copy of the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement is a distinct paper from the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,the ,,supplement is issued weekly2 every number contains #af octavo pages1 with handsome cover1 uniform in size with ,,scientific ,,american4 ,terms of subscription for ,,supplement1 #e4jj a year1 postage paid1 to subscribers4 ,single copies #aj cents4 ,sold by all news dealers throughout the country4 ,,combined ,,rates4--,the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage free1 on receipt of seven dollars4 ,both papers to one address or different addresses1 as desired4 ,the safest way to remit is by draft1 postal order1 or registered letter4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,bow1 ,n4 ,y4 -- ,subscriptions received and single copies of either paper sold by all the news agents4 ,,publishers' ,,notice ,,to ,,mail ,,subscribers4 ,mail subscribers will observe on the printed address of each paper the time for which they have prepaid4 ,before the time indicated expires1 to insure a continuity of numbers1 subscribers should remit for another year4 ,for the convenience of the mail clerks1 they will please also state when their subscriptions expire4 ,new subscriptions will be entered from the time the order is received2 but the back numbers of either the ,,scientific ,,american or the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement will be sent from ,january when desired4 ,in this case1 the subscription will date from the commencement of the volume1 and the latter will be complete for preservation or binding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,,xxxvii41 ,,no4 #b4 ,,new ,,series4 ,thirty-second ,year4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,saturday1 ,,july #ad1 #ahgg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,,no4 #hj1 ,,for ,,the ,,week ,,ending ,,july #ad1 #ahgg4 ,i4 ,,engineering ,,and ,,mechanics4--,wrought ,iron ,bridge ,designs3 by ,,william ,o4 ,,douglas4 ,a method of construction whereby the safety of the structure is not dependent on any single member4 #b engravings4--,steel ,wire ,hawsers4 ,health and ,sewage of ,towns2 by ,,alfred ,,carpenter1 ,m4,d41 ,c4,s4,s4 ,a practical experience of the ,dry system4 ,carlisle ,bridge1 ,dublin1 #a engraving--,extinction of ,fires4--,important ,dutch ,enterprise4 ,foot ,bridge across the ,river ,ness at ,inverness2 by ,c4 ,r4 ,,manners1 ,engineer4 #ac illustrations4 ,radiating ,steam ,hercules for the ,st4 ,heliers' ,harbor ,works1 ,jersey4 #b figures4--,new ,meat ,trucks4--,new ,horseshoe4--,scott's ,wheel-,cutting and ,moulding ,machine4 #c figures4 ,compound ,engine with ,rope ,driving ,gear2 by ,,benjamin ,,goodfellow1 ,engineer4 #c engravings4--,differential ,screw ,pipe ,joint4 #f figures4 ,pipes for ,gas and ,other ,purposes 7continued from ,,supplement ,no4 #gg74 ,main-laying continued1 with #d figures4--,fittings of ,gas and ,water ,pipes2 ,includes the average life of pipes2 an account of various soils1 and amount of corrosion in each2 ,professor ,barff's new iron-preserving process1 and other processes in practical use for preserving iron pipe2 proving pipe2 the utility of various metals1 and directions for pipe-laying3 various fittings1 illustrated in #af figures4 ,,ii4 ,,technology4--,the ,sizing of ,cotton ,goods2 a paper read before the ,society of ,arts1 by ,w4 ,,thompson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a very full and clear description1 embracing3 ,an account of the process of weaving1 explaining the object and utility of size4 ,a table of sizing mixtures in which are enumerated all the substances used1 7#a7 for giving adhesive properties to the size1 7#b7 to give weight and body to the yarn1 7#c7 for softening the size or yarn1 and 7#d7 for preserving the size from mildew and decomposition4 ,tests for these substances and directions for mixing1 so as to obtain the results required4 ,proportions of sizing4 ,use of flour in size4 ,weighting materials1 ,china clay and its substitutes4 ,softenings and oils for softening4 ,east winds4 ,glycerin1 grape sugar1 mildew preventives1 and tape sizing4 ,slashing1 packing1 mildew1 damaged goods1 etc4--,notes on ,garment ,dyeing4 ,giving preparation of garments with cotton warps1 green on garments with cotton warps1 brown on the same1 etc4 ,,iii4 ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,on the ,minute ,measurements of ,modern ,science4 ,by ,,alfred ,m4 ,,mayer4 ,article ,,ix4 ,the dividing engine and methods of making accurate linear scales4 #h illustrations4 ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,history1 ,,etc4--,catastrophism1 or the ,evolution of ,environment4 ,an address by ,clarence ,king before the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school of ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,v4 ,,agriculture1 ,,horticulture4--,pencils of ,silver ,nitrate4--,the ,black ,poplar4--,tree ,leaves as a ,fertilizer4--,improving ,pastures4--,lawns and ,hay4--,thoroughbred ,pigs4--,shall ,country ,houses have ,cellars8 ,,vi4 ,,miscellaneous4--,the ,new ,german ,patent ,law3 being the ,full ,text of the ,new ,law for ,patents1 passed ,july #a1 #ahgg1 covering all the ,states of the ,german ,empire4 ,terms4--,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 one year1 postpaid1 five dollars4 ,one copy of ,,scientific ,,american and one copy of ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 one year1 postpaid1 seven dollars4 ,,clubs4--,one extra copy of the ,,supplement will be supplied gratis for every club of five ,,supplement subscribers at #e4jj each4 ,all the back numbers of the ,,supplement1 from the commencement1 ,january #a1 #ahgf1 can be had4 ,price #aj cents each4 ,,now ,,ready4--,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement for #ahgf1 ,complete in two large volumes4 ,over #hjj quarto pages2 over #b1jjj engravings4 ,embracing ,history of the ,centennial ,exhibition4 ,new ,illustrated4 ,instructions in ,mechanical ,drawing4 ,many valuable papers1 etc4 ,price five dollars for the two volumes1 stitched in paper2 or six dollars and fifty cents1 handsomely bound in stiff covers4 ,remit by postal order4 ,address ,,munn ,,co4 ,,publishers1 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 -- ,single copies of any desired number of the ,,supplement sent to any address on receipt of #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,carrying ,,peace ,,into ,,africa4 ,to carry war into ,africa has been a proverb ever since ,rome vowed the destruction of ,carthage4 ,but the ,carthagenian invasion was a modern episode in ,africa's experiences of that nature4 ,on one of the earlier monuments of ,egypt there is figured a slave-hunter's raid upon an ,ethiopian village1 the horrid details of which are said by travelers to be an accurate picture of a slave raid of to-day4 ,the same murderous work has been going on incessantly for at least #d1jjj years3 how much longer there is no telling4 ,for all these ages the ,african borders have known war and war only1 and of the most destructive and barbarizing nature4 ,recently1 under the influence of ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,colonel ,gordon1 and the civilized world in general1 the ,khedive of ,egypt has carried war into the interior in the interests of peace3 a conquest in a measure justified by the suppression of inter-tribal war for the filling of slave pens1 and the abolition of the slave trade down the ,nile4 ,a similar reform has been effected on the east coast by the pressure of ,english power on the ,sultan of ,zanzibar4 ,and the immediate effect of these two movements has been to prevent the butchery or enslavement of not less than half a million negroes annually4 ,a still more promising invasion of ,africa has just been decided upon in the ,international ,geographical ,conference in ,brussels3 an invasion wholly in the interests of peace and civilization4 ,at the meeting1 a year ago1 it was declared advisable to establish1 by international effort1 a line of permanent commercial stations from ,bagomoyo1 on the coast of ,zanzibar1 to ,st4 ,paul de ,loanda1 on the opposite ,atlantic coast2 the first stations to be at ,ujiji1 where ,stanley found ,livingstone1 on the eastern shore of lake ,tanganyika2 at ,nyangwe1 ,livingstone's furthest point northward on the ,lualaba2 and at some point further west on the route of ,cameron1 to be fixed in the dominions of ,muata ,yamvo1 one of the most powerful chiefs of ,central ,africa4 ,at the second conference1 which ended ,june #bd1 arrangements were made for sending out the first expedition toward ,tanganyika4 ,the object of the proposed stations is the development of civilization by commerce1 not by religious propaganda4 ,primarily they will serve as bases of operation for explorers of the interior1 a sort of entrepots1 where the explorer may supply himself with provisions1 instruments1 and goods1 and thus save the cost and embarrassment of an army of porters from the coast4 ,they will also serve as places of refuge for explorers in times of sickness and other reverses1 which have hitherto so terribly hampered explorers4 ,the heads of these pioneer establishments are to be men of scientific training and proved executive ability2 and each will be aided by a physician-naturalist and a few skilled artisans4 ,the points thus far chosen are on a line regularly traveled by the caravans of ,arab traders1 carrying coffee1 tea1 sugar1 arms1 and woven goods to permanent ,arab residences and trading stations in the interior4 ,an agent of the ,london ,missionary ,society has already begun the survey of a route for ox teams as far as lake ,tanganyika2 and ,cameron has expressed the opinion that a light narrow-gauge railway could be constructed from the coast to the lake at a cost not exceeding four thousand dollars a mile4 ,the traffic along such a road1 he thinks1 would soon pay interest on the outlay4 ,the unexplored region thus to be opened up to civilization and commerce 7other than in human beings7 is larger than the ,united ,states east of the ,mississippi4 ,around it is a still larger region of partially explored country of unequalled fertility1 abounding in great lakes and navigable rivers1 and for the most part so high above the sea that the products of the tropics mingle with those of the temperate zone4 ,the cereals1 durah1 maize1 rice1 sugar cane1 starch-yielding roots and tubers1 cotton1 coffee1 tobacco1 spices1 gums and caoutchouc1 dye-stuffs and medicinal plants1 the banana1 fig1 date1 orange1 and the vine are among the known products of this region2 and all are capable of becoming important staples of foreign commerce4 ,the country is not less rich in coal1 iron1 copper1 gold1 and other valuable minerals4 ,the climate1 though moist from abundant rain1 is less debilitating than ,india or ,brazil2 and everywhere1 away from the miasmatic coast regions and the marshes of the lower river courses1 ,european explorers have found small cause for complaining of excessive heat or unhealthiness4 ,on the elevated plateaus which cover so large a part of ,central ,africa1 the climate is like that of the sanitariums of ,india2 while among the mountains the finest climates of the world are fairly rivalled4 ,stanley found in the mountainous region between the great lakes and within a degree of the equator every climatic condition and every element of landscape beauty that could attract and delight a white colony4 ,it was a perfect alpine country1 with mountains rising from twelve to fifteen thousand feet1 yet free from alpine cold and snow4 ,countless torrents from the hills watered ever-verdant valleys as beautiful as those of ,tyrol1 lying under a brilliant equatorial sun1 yet with a climate as cool and equable as any ,european might desire4 ,further south1 among the mountains about ,lake ,nyassa1 the same features are presented on a grander scale3 a country aptly described as a second ,switzerland of gigantic proportions4 ,there can be no question of the ability of ,europeans to sustain themselves in the greater part of the interior-certainly on all the higher plateaus-nor of the possibility of building up in ,central ,africa a great civilized empire4 ,nature offers every facility1 and the native population seem to be well fitted for productive industry4 ,in every respect they are physically and morally superior to the negroes of the coast1 and only need protection and the encouragement of legitimate commerce to weld them into a great nation4 ,already they stand on the borders of civilization4 ,they are intelligent1 industrious1 and not unskillful in the manufacture of iron and copper ornaments1 utensils1 and weapons4 ,the arts of tanning1 spinning1 weaving1 dyeing1 mat-making1 etc41 are widely diffused among them1 and many of their products are remarkable for their fineness and strength4 ,they carry on agriculture with considerable success2 and1 notwithstanding the chronic state of insecurity incident to slave-hunting1 their wealth in cattle is very great4 ,as soon as the disturbing and impoverishing influence of the slave traffic is abated1 and a market provided for the products of peace1 the advancement of the people in civilization is likely to go on with great rapidity4 ,as the source of raw materials which we need1 and as a market for the surplus manufactures of ,europe and ,america1 the country offers1 to say the least1 many attractions2 and it will not be surprising if1 within fifty years1 thriving commercial stations will be founded on all its great lakes and rivers1 and connected with the outer world by telegraphy1 railways1 and steamship lines4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,address ,,of ,,clarence ,,king ,,on ,,catastrophism4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,king lately delivered an interesting address before the ,sheffield ,scientific ,school of ,yale ,college1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 under the title of ,catastrophism1 or the ,evolution of ,environment1 which promises to evoke considerable discussion4 ,we subjoin an abstract of the principal features of the address1 which is quite lengthy4 ,the full text will be found in our ,,supplements1 ,nos4 #hj1 #ha4 ,mr4 ,king refuted the doctrine of slow evolution as taught by ,huxley and ,darwin1 and declared that the surface of the earth and climate had been subject to sudden and catastrophic mutation1 which included in its environment all types of life4 ,he reasoned that marine fossils are found entombed in rocky beds far remote from present seas2 and that these beds were once sea bottoms that have been upheaved by convulsions of ,nature4 ,the earliest history of mankind is pregnant with catastrophe1 and we have historic story and biblical record of its sudden and destructive energy4 ,he called to mind the vast and massive eruptions of the ,pliocene basalt as seen upon our own continent4 ,the great obvious changes in the rocky crust were referred to a few processes2 the sub-aerial decay of continents1 delivery by streams of land-detritus into the sea1 the spreading out of these comminuted materials upon a pelagic floor1 and lastly upheaval1 by which oceanic beds were lifted up into subsequent land masses4 ,all these processes he declared to have been more rapid in the past than now4 ,suddenness1 world-wide destructiveness1 were the characteristics of geological changes4 ,periods of calm1 like the present1 are suddenly terminated by brief catastrophic epochs4 ,successive faunas and floras were created only to be extinguished by general cataclysms4 ,he believed in recurrent1 abrupt accelerations of crust change1 so violent as to destroy all life on the globe4 ,he declared the idea to be the survival of a prehistoric terror1 and was backed up by breaks in the great palaeontological record4 ,of the geologic features of our continent1 he said that beneath our ,america lies buried another distinct continent1 which he called ,archaean ,america1 which was made up of what was originally ocean beds lifted into the air and locally crumpled into vast mountain chains1 which were in turn eroded by torrents into mountain peaks4 ,the original coast lines of this continent we may never be able fully to survey1 but its great features1 the lofty chains of the mountains which made its bones1 were very nearly co-extensive with our existing systems1 the ,appalachians and ,cordilleras4 ,the canon-cutting rivers of the present ,western mountains have dug out the peaks and flanks of those underlying1 primeval uplifts and developed an astonishing topography2 peaks rising in a single sweep #cj1jjj feet from their bases1 precipices lifting bold1 solid fronts #aj1jjj feet into the air1 and profound mountain valleys4 ,the work of erosion1 which has been carried on by torrents of the quaternary age1 brings to light buried primeval chains loftier than any of the present heights of the globe4 ,at the close of the ,palaezoic age1 two enormous masses of what1 probably1 were then continents began to sink1 and as they disappeared the present ,atlantic and ,pacific oceans appeared1 while the sea-floor of a then ocean1 emerged1 and became the new continent of ,america4 ,dividing this new continent was a sea1 but catastrophe removed this sea and resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges #bj1jjj and #dj1jjj feet in height1 thereby essentially changing the whole climate of the continent4 ,of the land life of the mesozoic age we have abundant remains4 ,the wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the mesozoic age is now familiar to all4 ,but after the catastrophe1 and the change of climate which must necessarily have ensued1 this fauna totally perished4 ,after criticising the opinions of ,huxley1 ,lyell1 ,hutton1 ,darwin1 and others1 he recurred to the effects of sudden terrestrial or cosmical changes1 and conceived that the effects of these changes would be1 first1 extermination2 secondly1 destruction of the biological equilibrium2 and thirdly1 rapid morphological change on the part of plastic species4 ,when catastrophic change burst in upon the ages of uniformity1 and sounded in the ear of every living thing the words ,change or die6 plasticity became the sole principle of salvation4 ,and plasticity is the key to survival and prosperity4 ,mr4 ,king remarked in conclusion of his address3 ,he who brought to bear that mysterious energy we call life upon primeval matter bestowed at the same time a power of development by change1 arranging that the interaction of energy and matter1 which make up environment should1 from time to time1 burst in upon the current of life and sweep it onward and upward to ever higher and better manifestations4 ,moments of great catastrophe1 thus translated into the language of life1 become moments of creation1 when out of plastic organisms something newer and nobler is called into being4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,duplex ,,education4 ,the age in which we live is a fast one1 and he who does not move with equal celerity1 and keep pace with those around him1 is ruthlessly thrust to the wall1 and remains there unless he has strength and will to regain the lost position4 ,we call to our aid every force of ,nature and invoke the assistance of every appliance with which we are cognizant4 ,we call our fathers slow1 and to us they were so2 but there was the same need of celerity in their every-day life as to-day there is in ours4 ,while calling to our aid the elements of ,nature and adapting thousands of mechanical appliances to our wants1 do we not often feel that there is beyond all these a something that may be invoked and trained to help us on in the race of life8 ,occasionally we find dim glimmerings of this something that we believe will eventually grow to be one of the prominent sciences4 ,physiologists tell us that the human brain is double1 that the right and left lobes act in a degree independent of each other--the right lobe of the brain controlling the physiology of the left side of the individual from head to heel1 while the left lobe exercises a like dominion on the opposite side4 ,grant this to be true1 then can be explained the idiosyncrasy that is occasionally seen in individuals1 of which we may instance that of writing at the same time with both hands2 and again we have heard of telegraph operators sending and receiving two messages at the same time1 operating with both hands1 and independent of each other4 ,it is said that ,nasmyth1 the inventor of the steam hammer1 could actually produce two sketches or drawings in this way and at the same time4 ,it is also affirmed that ,sir ,charles ,fox1 the architect of the ,exhibition building of #ahea1 could write upon two ideas at the same time and transfer these ideas simultaneously to paper with right and left hand4 ,the mechanic can often be found who can operate upon one piece of mechanism1 while at the same time his brain is busy upon the study of some unborn idea1 foreign to that work upon which he is laboring4 ,writers can be found who can write out one train of ideas1 while ideas entirely different are being cogitated upon somewhere in their craniums4 ,we have even heard it affirmed that an indistinct glimmering of a third idea would occasionally peep around the corner of the caputs of these favored ones4 ,why not educate this8 ,why not form schools and institutions to bring it out and lead the brain to perform this double function8 ,it can certainly be done4 ,the world wants it1 surely4 ,the age demands it4 ,individuals need it4 ,if these individuals can succeed and become experts in this method of double work1 will not double compensation and a greater remuneration be their reward8 ,this1 certainly1 will be an incentive to its acquirement4 ,go to the apprentice when first he takes position beside the vise1 with chipping chisel in one hand and hammer in the other4 ,the injunction he mentally receives as he raises the hammer is1 that to miss the chisel is to hit his knuckles4 ,after a few demonstrative blows he knows what it means1 and therefore chisel and hammer soon come by some strange process to harmonize in action1 so that in whatever position the head of the chisel may be1 the blow is sure to be properly received1 and that1 too1 without any sensible effort on his part4 ,in this illustration both right and left hand are taught to act1 by brain dictation1 in a certain concerted manner4 ,again1 we find that mutes have been learned to articulate words and sentences by proper education1 they being taught to imitate the motions of the mouth and labial organs as by their tutors directed4 ,education can do much1 and these are some of its results4 ,can we not by proper teaching produce all the results as shown in the case of ,nasmyth and ,fox4 ,the first lessons must necessarily be simple4 ,for instance1 two things done at the same time with both hands1 giving expression at this time to ideas connected therewith1 but distinct from each other4 ,from this simple lesson we progress1 and1 as the ultimatum1 we may arrive at greater achievements than ,nasmyth or ,fox ever dreamed of4 ,we may find that we can so divide our entity that we can be conscious of a double-brain existence in a dual action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,carrigeen ,,crop4 ,to the great majority of people1 ,carrigeen1 under the more familiar name of ,irish ,moss1 is known chiefly as the basis of a pleasant and wholesome drink for the sick room1 or as an article of use in the preparation of delicacies for the table4 ,comparatively few are aware of its wide and varied use in the arts1 or that the thousands of barrels of it employed annually by our manufacturers of paper1 cloth1 felt1 and straw hats1 etc41 and by brewers1 is not an ,irish1 but an ,american product1 and1 speaking strictly1 is not a moss but a seaweed4 ,carrigeen 7chondrus crispus7 is to be found more or less abundantly all along our northern coast1 ranging between the low water line and the depth of forty feet1 or so2 but as a rule its fronds1 which correspond to the leaves of air plants1 are so numerously inhabited by small mollusca that they are spoiled for other use4 ,the clean-growing article seems to be limited almost wholly to certain ledges in the neighborhood of ,scituate1 ,mass4--a section of coast guarded by the celebrated ,minot ,ledge ,lighthouse1 and famous for its danger to shipping4 ,here1 where the waves of the ,atlantic dash with full force upon the rocky coast1 the carrigeen grows to perfection2 and wherever it escapes the spawn of mussels and other shellfish1 is gathered during the summer season in vast quantities4 ,the harvest begins in ,may and ends about the first of ,september4 ,the gathering is made in two ways--by hand-picking during exceptionally low tides1 and by means of long-handled iron-toothed rakes at ordinary tides4 ,of course the work cannot be carried on except during fair weather4 ,hand-pulling is possible only during the bi-monthly periods of spring tides1 that is1 when the moon is full and again at new moon4 ,at such times high tide occurs about midday and midnight1 and the ledges are exposed for moss gathering morning and evening4 ,the mossers' boats are rowed to the rocks where the finest grades abound1 and the gatherers select with great care the growths that are freest from minute shells and other foreign matter4 ,this portion of the crop1 if properly handled afterwards1 generally goes to the apothecary and fetches a price two or three times that of the common grade4 ,as the tide rises the pickers are driven to their boats1 and proceed to the outer moss-bearing rocks where the rake is used1 as it also is during ordinary low tides4 ,moss taken in this way is not so clean as the hand-picked1 and is always mixed with tape grass1 which must be removed during the process of curing and packing4 ,the curing of the moss is the most critical part of this peculiar farming4 ,on being brought to the shore the moss is black and unsightly2 it must be bleached as well as dried4 ,the bleaching is effected by repeated wetting and drying in the sun2 and as the moss is readily soluble in fresh water the bleaching beds are situated near the banks of the salt creeks that abound along the shore4 ,after drying1 the moss is packed in tubs and rolled to the water1 where it is thoroughly washed1 then rolled back to the bleaching bed1 to be dried again in the sun4 ,five or six such exposures are usually sufficient4 ,on the bleaching ground1 the moss is carefully spread and turned1 and watchfully guarded against wetting by rain4 ,in this process it turns from black to red1 then to the yellowish-white of the perfected article4 ,when properly cured the moss is stored in bulk1 in shanties2 where1 as time permits1 it is picked over and packed in barrels4 ,the crop averages about half a million pounds a year2 and thanks to the brighter and more abundant sunshine of our coast1 the moss has a brighter color and is of finer quality than the ,irish product4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catastrophism ,,in ,,geology4 ,mr4 ,clarence ,king was probably not a little surprised to learn from the ,tribune that in his most suggestive address on ,catastrophism and the ,evolution of ,environment1 he had turned the guns of ,geology upon ,biology2 and that in calling attention to the influence of periods of accelerated change in environment upon exposed types of life he had swept away the fundamental doctrines upon which has been built the scheme of development by natural selection and the survival of the fittest4 ,certainly nothing in the address betrays any consciousness of possible effects of that sort4 ,and it is quite probable also that ,mr4 ,king will have to suffer some annoyance from seeing his name set up at gaze1 like ,joshua's moon in ,ajalon1 by the unscientific press generally1 as that of the newest champion of orthodoxy against the leaders of modern scientific thought3 a penalty which scientific men always have to pay for emphasizing neglected truths4 ,mr4 ,king certainly deals some telling blows against the position of the stricter school of ,uniformitarians in geology1 and brings into prominence a much neglected element in the struggle for existence2 but there is no scientific revolution threatened1 nor are any crumbs of comfort spread for those endeavoring to arrest the natural drift of scientific progress4 ,the issue between ,mr4 ,king and the sticklers for uniformity in rates of geological change is simply this3 ,in the reaction against the sweeping cataclysms1 the sudden wipings out of whole creations and the sudden introductions of new worlds of life believed in by earlier geologists1 the modern ,english school has come to look upon time and the slower modifications of the earth's surface1 now observable1 with the struggle for existence under easy conditions1 as the chief factors in geological change and its accompanying variations in the forms of life4 ,mr4 ,king1 on the other hand1 insists that in so doing they have taken too little account of catastrophic changes1 that is1 widespread and sudden movements of sea and land4 ,in other words1 he raises rapid change of environment from the subordinate place it has hitherto occupied in the scheme of historical development1 and gives special emphasis to the grand geologic movements which have to do with such changes4 ,in this ,mr4 ,king has unquestionably rendered good service to the science he has done so much to extend and honor in the field2 while the illustrations from ,american geology which he brings to bear on the subject are as likely as his sturdy opinions to attract attention4 ,yet we are inclined to think that in some things he has allowed his enthusiasm to run away with him4 ,the stolid self-confidence of extreme ,uniformitarians has tempted him to exaggerate the periodic accelerations of geologic and biologic movement1 and to overstate their effects quite as much as others have underestimated them2 and when he charges the followers of ,lyell with intellectual near-sightedness and a lack of the very mechanism of imagination1 they may possibly be able to retort not unjustifiably that he has mistaken the natural foreshortening of the geological vista due to distance for actual brevity2 and that his belief in the abruptness and suddenness of the great changes which the earth's strata record1 may be due to his own lack of sustained imaginative power for grasping and interpreting all the evidences of the enormous time really involved4 ,but this is a question not of imaginative capacity but of logical deduction from observed facts2 and however abrupt the beginning of some of the great geologic movements may have been1 their subsequent progress cannot in all cases have been so rapid as to allow of their being called catastrophic in any ordinary acceptation of the term4 ,take1 for example1 the alleged catastrophe which marked the close of the mesozoic age in the ,west4 ,of this movement ,mr4 ,king remarks3 ,in a quasi-uniformitarian way1 #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj feet of sediment had accumulated in the ,pacific and #ad1jjj in the ,american mediterranean sea2 when these regions1 which1 during the reception of sediment1 had been areas of subsidence1 suddenly upheaved1 the doming up of the middle of the continent quite obliterating the mediterranean sea and uniting the two land masses into one4 ,the catastrophe which removed this sea resulted in the folding up of mountain ranges #bj1jjj and #dj1jjj feet in height1 thereby essentially changing the whole climate of the continent4 ,that this great change occurred1 and was attended with an obliteration of the wonderful reptilian and avian fauna of the mesozoic age1 is most true3 that it occurred suddenly does not appear4 ,on the contrary1 there is evidence to show that the prodigious folding up of mountain ranges involved could not have proceeded with sufficient rapidity to turn the course of a stream of water4 ,it happened that one of those folds--one which1 had no denudation been going on meanwhile1 would have lifted its crest higher than the highest peak of the ,himalayas--lay directly across the course of the ,colorado river4 ,the river held its course uninterruptedly1 sawing its way through the uplift until six vertical miles of rocky strata had risen past it4 ,at no time1 therefore1 could the rapidity of motion in the bulging strata have exceeded the capacity of the river to wear away the obstruction1 and the bulge was fifty miles across6 ,we do not know how rapidly a river may sink its channel through such a rising barrier2 but we do know that a process of that nature cannot legitimately be described as swift or sudden4 ,and surely it requires not less intellectual far-sightedness and imaginative faculty to carry the mind across the enormous stretch of time involved in such a change slowly wrought--a period during which at least three vertical miles of the rising mountain fold was worn down by rain and atmospheric abrasion--as to mass the continental doming1 the mountain folding1 and the attendant life changes together as a convulsive catastrophe4 ,mr4 ,king1 however1 is not a ,catastrophist of a very violent sort4 ,he shelves among the errors of the past the belief in such cataclysms as ,cuvier believed in1 involving world-wide destruction of all life--the mere survival of a prehistoric terror1 backed up by breaks in the palaeontological record and protected within those safe cities of refuge1 the ,cosmogonies2 though he rejects as equally unsatisfactory the mild affirmations of the ,uniformitarians1 that existing rates of change and indefinite time are enough to account for all the geological record4 ,with our present light1 he holds1 geological history seems to be a dovetailing together of the two ideas4 ,the ages have had their periods of geological serenity1 when change progressed in the still1 unnoticeable way1 and life through vast lapses of time followed the stately flow of years2 drifting on by insensible gradations through higher and higher forms1 and then all at once a part of the earth suffered short1 sharp1 destructive revolution unheralded as an earthquake or volcanic eruptions4 ,thus stated1 his position does not seem to be radically different from that of the broader ,uniformitarians1 except that he marks the periods of accelerated physical change1 and not those of comparative quiescence1 as the dominant ones in their influence on life-change4 ,he takes high and strong ground1 too1 in insisting that it is the business of geology not simply to decipher and map out the changes which have taken place in the configuration of the globe and in its climatic conditions1 but also to investigate and fix the rates of change4 ,and when the evolution of environment takes form as a distinct branch of geology1 he expects to witness a marked modification in the dominant views of biologists4 ,its few broad laws will include neither the absolute uniformitarianism of ,lyell and ,hutton1 ,darwin and ,haeckel1 nor the universal catastrophism of ,cuvier and the majority of teleogists4 ,huxley alone among prominent evolutionists opens the door for a union of the residue of truth in the two schools1 fusing them in his proposed evolutional geology4 ,so1 on looking back over a trail of thirty thousand miles of geological travel1 ,mr4 ,king is impelled to say that ,mr4 ,huxley's far-sighted view perfectly satisfies his interpretation of the broad facts of the ,american continent4 ,of ,mr4 ,king's observations in regard to plasticity of physical structure in connection with rapidly changing environment and the struggle for existence1 we propose to speak at another time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the great stone monuments of ,england1 like ,stonehenge1 are supposed1 by ,mr4 ,james ,fergusson1 to be military trophies1 erected in the time of ,king ,arthur on the battle fields by the victorious armies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,apparatus ,,for ,,storing ,,and ,,utilizing ,,solar ,,heat4 ,the apparatus herewith illustrated is devised to collect solar heat or other heat1 store it up in a heat reservoir--a mass of iron or other suitable material--confine it in the reservoir until needed1 keep it in such form that it can be transported from place to place1 and utilize it for industrial or other purposes4 ,illustration3 ,,apparatus ,,for ,,storing ,,and ,,utilizing ,,solar ,,heat4 ,a is a concave mirror for concentrating the solar rays upon the heat reservoir1 ,b1 which is a mass of iron4 ,c is the heat box for confining the heat until needed1 and also for serving as package for transporting the heat reservoir when hot4 ,g is the heat reservoir chamber1 in which the heat is communicated from the hot reservoir to the air4 ,under certain circumstances the heat reservoir may be heated in the heat reservoir chamber4 ,h is a devaporizing chamber1 for extracting the moisture from the air by means of a deliquescent substance or other material or treatment4 ,a vertical stack or flue1 ,i1 communicates with the heat reservoir chamber1 for conveying the heated air away for use4 ,the device for concentrating the solar rays may be either stationary or movable1 and1 if movable1 may be moved by hand1 or automatically1 to follow the sun4 ,the various chambers mentioned will have valves1 ,j1 at the ends to regulate the passage of the air1 and there will be a door1 ,k1 at the side or bottom4 ,patented through the ,scientific ,american ,patent ,agency1 ,march #bj1 #ahgg1 by ,messrs4 ,john ,s4 ,hittell and ,geo4 ,w4 ,deitzler1 of ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,phosphorescent ,,sweating4 ,while the subject of phosphorescence in marine animals was under discussion at a society meeting in ,florence1 ,professor ,panceri cited the case of a medical man1 who1 after eating fish1 felt indisposed1 had nausea1 and sweats that were luminous4 ,this idiosyncrasy was laid to the pesce baudiera1 a ,neapolitan fish4 ,dr4 ,borgiotti1 another member of the ,academy1 also narrated a case of phosphorescent sweating in a patient with miliaria1 a fact which has previously been noticed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,utilization ,,of ,,tin ,,scrap4 ,messrs4 ,charles ,a4 ,catlin and ,george ,f4 ,wilson1 of ,providence1 ,r4 ,i41 have patented1 ,may #h1 #ahgg1 a new process of utilizing tin scrap1 whereby they claim the tin is recovered1 either as a valuable salt of that metal or in the metallic form1 and the iron or other metal is left as a scrap at once available for reworking4 ,illustration3 ,,callin ,,and ,,wilson',s ,,process ,,of ,,utilizing ,,tin ,,scrap4 ,in any suitable building1 a crane1 ,a1 is erected and placed in the sweep of that crane2 in any convenient order are a boiler1 ,d1 two tanks1 ,b and ,c1 an evaporating pan1 ,f1 and an additional tank1 ,e4 ,from the crane is suspended a wire basket to contain the scrap to be treated1 so perforated as to admit of the ready entrance of the liquid when submerged in1 and its ready escape when withdrawn from1 the boiler1 ,d1 in which boiler is put a sufficient quantity of the solution of caustic soda or potash to allow of a complete submersion therein of the basket and its contents4 ,the basket1 ,g1 is then filled with the material to be treated1 sprinkling in during the filling the requisite quantity of common salt or other chloride and nitrate of soda or other nitrate1 using these dry1 not in solution1 either previously mixed or shaken in together in the proportion of from three to five pounds each to every hundred pounds of scrap1 the requisite quantity depending upon the thickness of the thin tin8 plate to be removed4 ,the loaded basket1 being elevated by the crane1 ,a1 is then swung round1 and1 by lowering1 submerged in the hot or boiling solution of caustic soda or potash in the iron boiler1 ,d1 which may hold in solution a further proportion of the chloride and nitrate used1 the heat of which solution is maintained by a fire beneath the boiler1 or in any other and ordinary way4 ,in the ensuing reaction the oxygen of the nitrate combines with the tin to form stannic acid1 and this1 in turn1 combining with the alkali present1 forms a stannate of that base1 which1 entering into solution1 leaves the before-plated metal tin-free1 the chloride present assisting in the reaction4 ,a further and more complex reaction takes place1 by which copious fumes of ammonia are evolved1 which may be utilized by proper appliances4 ,when the reaction is complete1 the basket containing the now tin-freed scrap is withdrawn from the boiler1 and suspended above it long enough to drain4 ,it is then swung over the tank1 ,c1 containing water1 in which it is washed by submerging and withdrawing several times1 and in like manner the washing completed in the water of the tank1 ,b4 ,the contents of the basket being now discharged1 it is again filled with fresh scrap in the manner already described1 and the process repeated4 ,the loss by evaporation from the boiler1 ,d1 is supplied by the wash water in the tank1 ,c2 this1 in turn1 being supplied by the wash water in the tank1 ,b1 to which fresh water is supplied as required4 ,when the caustic solution is sufficiently charged with the tin salt1 it is allowed to deposit the impure crystals1 which1 being removed and drained1 are redissolved in water in the iron tank1 ,e4 ,this solution in the iron tank1 ,e1 after filtration or decantation1 is again concentrated in the evaporating pan1 ,f1 the crystals of stannate being removed from time to time1 drained and dried2 or the impure crystals obtained in the boiler1 ,d1 may be mixed with fine charcoal or other reducing agent1 and subjected to the requisite heat for the reduction of the tin to the metallic form4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,alloy4 ,a very beautiful new alloy1 intended to replace brass in various ornamental uses1 especially in window and door furniture1 has been invented by ,w4 ,a4 ,hopkins1 of ,paris4 ,the alloy is composed of copper1 tin1 spelter1 or zinc and lead1 which metals are manipulated4 ,a crucible is placed in the furnace and fired to red heat1 and into the crucible thus heated the metals are placed in the proportions of--tin #a-a_/h 7say7 #a oz41 spelter or zinc #a_/b oz41 lead #e_/af of an ounce4 ,these are the proportions he prefers to use1 as he has found them to give excellent and satisfactory results1 but he does not intend to confine himself rigidly to the precise proportions named1 as they may1 perhaps1 be slightly varied in some particulars without materially detracting from the beautiful color of the alloy which it is intended to produce4 ,the molten metals are kept well stirred1 and any impurities therein should be removed4 ,when thoroughly mixed1 this alloy1 which is termed the first alloy1 is poured off into ingot moulds and left to cool4 ,copper1 in the proportion of eight parts to one of this first alloy1 is then placed in the crucible and brought to melting heat1 when the tin or first alloy is added and intimately mixed with the copper1 for which purpose the molten mass must be well stirred for several minutes2 it is then poured into ingot moulds for sale in the form of ingots1 or it may be poured into pattern moulds so as to produce the articles required4 ,this is the mode of manipulation which it is preferred to employ1 as an opportunity is thus afforded of removing any impurities from the first alloy before mixing it with the copper2 but all the metals may1 if preferred1 be mixed together in the proportions given and melted at one operation4 ,by this means an alloy is obtained of great strength1 and of a very beautiful appearance1 and which is particularly suitable for small work1 such1 for instance1 as window and door furniture and other house furniture which is usually made in brass or other alloy of copper1 though it is not intended to confine its use to such articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sebastin--,,an ,,improved ,,explosive4 ,in the manufacture of the explosive known as dynamite1 an infusorial earth is used1 which is filled with or made to absorb nitroglycerin4 ,as compared with certain kinds of charcoal1 however1 the absorptive and retentive power of infusorial earth in small changes of temperature unfavorably affect the common dynamite1 and cause a separation of the nitrogylcerin from the infusorial earth4 ,the improvement we now refer to is the invention of ,g4 ,fahnehjelm1 of ,stockholm1 ,sweden1 and consists in the substitution of a highly porous and absorptive species of wood charcoal1 in place of the earth heretofore employed4 ,the author designates his production as sebastin1 and gives a number of interesting particulars as follow3 ,in order to produce a charcoal having the required quantities1 the carbonization or coking must be done in such a manner as to completely destroy the organic substances1 and to produce as porous a charcoal as possible4 ,for this he selects by preference young trees or striplings or branches of poplar1 hazelwood1 or alder tree1 and he burns them in an open fire4 ,when the wood has been consumed he does not put out the fire by means of water1 but leaves it to go out of itself4 ,in this way he obtains a very inflammable and very porous charcoal1 which can absorb more than five1 and approaching six times its weight of nitroglycerin without any risk of the separation of the oil4 ,the charcoal is pulverized in a wooden mortar1 but it should not be reduced to too fine a powder1 else it will not so completely absorb the nitroglycerin4 ,the charcoal produced in the ordinary way1 or by closed fire1 is quite different as regards absorbing power4 ,charcoal of fir trees may1 however1 be used1 and may acquire nearly the same qualities1 that is1 if charred a second time in a special oven4 ,by mixing the different kinds of charcoal1 a material may be obtained possessing the required absorbing qualities1 and an explosive compound may then be obtained of the required power without loss of the necessary consistency--that is1 without being too dry1 which is not desirable4 ,the charcoal not only serves as the best absorbent for the nitroglycerin1 but it plays also an important part in the combustion4 ,the nitroglycerin in exploding decomposes into steam1 carbonic acid1 nitrogen1 and oxygen4 ,in the explosion of dynamite with inert base the oxygen goes away without being utilized1 but in the explosion of this new compound 7the new sebastin as he calls it7 a part of the absorbent charcoal is burnt by means of the liberated oxygen4 ,the quantity of gas is thus augmented1 and also the development of heat1 whereby again the tension of this gas is augmented4 ,as1 however1 the quantity of charcoal necessary for the complete absorption of the nitroglycerin is in all cases much larger than that which can reduce the excess of oxygen produced at the explosion into carbonic acid1 he adds to the compound a salt1 which also by the combustion gives an excess amount of oxygen which may contribute to burn the rest of the charcoal4 ,for this purpose he uses by preference nitrate of potassa1 which may be added without any risk1 and which gives the explosive compound a very much greater rapidity or vehemence1 and consequent force of explosion4 ,the composition of the new sebastin depends upon the objects for which it is to be used1 and the effects intended to be produced4 ,the strongest compound1 and even in this there is stated to be no risk of the separation of the nitroglycerin1 is composed of #gh parts by weight of nitroglycerin1 #ad of the wood charcoal1 and #h of nitrate of potassa2 and when less power is required the proportions are varied1 the second quality consisting of #fh per cent4 by weight of nitroglycerin1 #bj of the charcoal1 and #ab of nitrate of potassa4 ,to show the relative strength of the compounds1 the inventor says3 ,let the dynamic force of pure nitroglycerin be represented by the number #b1hhd1jdc4f1 then the dynamic force of the sebastin ,no4 #a1 as above1 will be indicated by #b1daf1ege1 and of the sebastin ,no4 #b by #a1icc1jgi4d1 while that of dynamite ,no4 #a 7consisting of #ge per cent4 of nitroglycerin and #be per cent4 of infusorial earth7 will be represented by #fgd1fid4 ,for the above qualities of sebastin the increased effect produced by the greater rapidity of the explosion must be taken into account also4 ,the increase has not yet been measured1 but is estimated at #aj per cent4 ,the sebastin may also be compounded in other proportions of the constituent parts1 but the object being to produce explosive compounds of the greatest force which it is possible to employ without danger1 he merely mentions that the proportion by weight may vary from #ej to #hj per cent4 of nitroglycerin1 #ae to #ce per cent4 of the prepared charcoal1 and #e to #bj per cent4 of the nitrate of potassa2 the parts being taken by weight1 as above stated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,bookbinding4 ,the annexed engravings represent a new system of binding books1 for which a number of important advantages are claimed4 ,it obviates stitching1 allows of each leaf being firmly secured1 and hence is especially well suited for single-leaved books4 ,it admits of plates and maps being bound in their proper places instead of being pasted in1 and renders the book much stronger and more durable4 ,the inventor claims a saving of #dj to #ge per cent of the time required for stitching1 and of #ej per cent of the time needed in ordinary rebinding work4 ,illustration3 ,bookbinding ,fig4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d ,the mode of operation is as follows3 ,on receiving the sheets1 the binder folds them and places them in consecutive order1 according to the printer's signature4 ,the front and bottom edges of the book are then trimmed so as to obtain two straight sides2 and the backs of the sheets are cut off1 transforming them into single leaves4 ,horizontal lines are now marked with pencil across the back of the book for the saw cuts2 and a diagonal line1 ,a1 ,b1 ,fig4 #b1 is drawn to serve as a guide in replacing the leaves in their proper places4 ,a thin coat of glue is next applied to the back2 and when this is dry1 the book is divided into sections of from four to eight leaves 7without counting them7 entirely disregarding the printer's signatures1 but placing the sheets in their original order4 ,the binder places the first section removed at his right hand1 the next at his left1 and so on1 forming two piles4 ,each pile is then straightened1 and in the back of each1 a little below the transverse lines1 are made bevel cuts with the saw4 ,said cuts are #a_/h inch in length1 inclined at an angle of #de deg41 and so placed that one half their length is above and the other half below the marked line4 ,when one pile of sheets is thus sawn1 the other pile is similarly treated2 but the corresponding cuts are made at relatively opposite angles4 ,this will be understood from ,fig4 #a1 in which ,c represents the edge of the right hand pile1 for example1 and ,d that of the left hand pile4 ,the sections of each pile are now returned in their regular order1 according to the printer's signatures4 ,should a section have been misplaced1 the diagonal line1 being thus broken1 will show the fact4 ,it will be seen1 however1 that this arrangement involves the alternate use of sheets from each pile1 so that1 when all are put together1 the beveled cuts will cross or form dovetails1 as shown in ,fig4 #c4 ,half inch strips of white paper muslin1 ,e1 ,fig4 #d1 are next pasted around the back edges of the first and last sections4 ,this is done to strengthen the hold of the twines in the back of the book1 said sections necessarily bearing the whole strain of the covers4 ,the twine used corresponds in size to the holes made by the coincidence of the beveled saw cuts4 ,this twine is passed through the holes by means of a blunt darning needle4 ,the back of the book is shown in ,fig4 #b2 and in ,fig4 #d the twines are represented as passed4 ,nothing further remains to be done but to paste in the fly-leaves and lining1 and finish the book in the usual manner4 ,it is evident that this a very much stronger method of securing the leaves than that in which the twine is simply laid and glued in a straight cut4 ,each leaf is independently fastened2 and the thread is prevented from cutting through1 as is commonly the case when the book has been used to any great extent4 ,books can be bound to open more or less as desired2 and in rebinding1 instead of taking the book apart and cutting threads1 a thin shaving is sliced off the back1 and the leaves are treated in the manner already described4 ,patented ,march #bj1 #ahgg1 by ,mr4 ,florenz ,e4 ,schmitz4 ,for further information1 address ,messrs4 ,schmitz and ,slosson1 box #aahj1 ,middletown1 ,orange county1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improved ,,curtain ,,fixture4 ,we illustrate herewith an improved curtain fixture1 which may be adjusted to windows or curtains of different widths1 and is adapted for use in connection with different means for raising and lowering the curtain4 ,fig4 #a represents the device in place1 a portion of the cornice being broken away to exhibit it2 and ,fig4 #b shows the same in detail4 ,illustration3 ,improved ,curtain ,fixture ,figs4 #a and #b ,attached to the cornice are guides1 ,a1 in which are sliding loops1 ,b4 ,the latter may be adjusted to suit the position of the hooks placed in the window case to sustain the cornice1 so that said hooks need not be set with any particularity4 ,the curtain roller1 ,c1 has both its ends screw-threaded1 to receive hollow pulleys1 as shown4 ,the spindles projecting from these pulleys are inclosed in coiled springs which press against the bearings1 ,d1 and so hold the shade in any position in which it may be placed4 ,the bearings1 ,d1 are clasped in the ways1 ,a1 and are laterally adjustable4 ,sliding blocks are also arranged in said ways1 and through each block passes a set screw1 ,e4 ,it will be perceived that the bearings may be readily adjusted to curtains of different widths1 and the parts may afterward be locked in position by the set screws1 ,e4 ,the curtain may be raised or lowered by cords wound on the hollow pulleys4 ,patented ,december #e1 #ahgf1 by ,mr4 ,k4 ,j4 ,pospisil4 ,for further particulars relative to sale of patent1 address the ,penn ,patent ,agency1 #acc ,south ,second street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,boot ,,and ,,shoe ,,machinery4 ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #a ,no manufacturers have taken greater advantage of the ingenuity of the mechanical engineer than the ,american boot and shoe makers4 ,nearly every operation in the complex process of evolving finished boots from the plain skins of leather is the object of a special class of machinery2 and for several years past1 we have weekly chronicled the patenting of several improvements in the devices for effecting some of the numerous operations4 ,we present herewith a series of eight labor-saving machines of the most approved construction1 which we select from ,knight's ,american ,mechanical ,dictionary4#a ,footnote #a3 ,published in numbers by ,messrs4 ,hurd ,houghton1 ,new ,york city4 ,fig4 #a is a shoe-edge trimmer1 in which the shoe is mounted on a jack1 the carriage of which has a motion of translation and rotation communicated to it3 so that1 while the side of the sole is being trimmed1 the shoe is fed longitudinally against the knife1 but at the toe and heel is rotated beneath it4 ,the knife is universally jointed1 to permit the hands of the operator to determine the different bevels cut4 ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #b ,fig4 #b is an ingenious little machine for placing the eyelets of the lace holes in position1 and fastening them4 ,the eyelets are fed1 one by one1 from the reservoir at the top1 down the inclined ways1 and are seized at the foot between the plunger and anvil1 and they are riveted in their proper places in the shoe or strip of leather1 which is held and fed by the operator4 ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #c ,fig4 #c is a machine in which a shoe or boot is chucked and revolved against a burnishing tool1 to impart a smooth and elegant finish to the heel4 ,our engraving shows a machine with what is called in the trade a hot kit1 a heated burnishing tool1 with a flexible gas pipe of sufficient length1 which follows the oscillations of the burnishing stock1 a1 and which conveys gas to the interior of the tool1 where it is burnt in a jet4 ,the tool is made to reciprocate over the surface of the heel1 passing from breast to breast at each oscillation with an elastic pressure4 ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #d ,fig4 #d is a machine for pressing together the lifts which compose a boot or shoe heel1 thus dispensing with the handiwork of the hammer and lapstone4 ,the bed is adjusted vertically by a screw to any thickness to which the blank heel may be built2 and the plunger is brought down by the depression of the treadle with such force as to compact the lifts together4 ,fig4 #e shows a heel-pricking machine4 ,when the lifts of the heel are fairly pressed together by the appliance shown in ,fig4 #d1 the pricking machine pierces the necessary holes through all the lifts at once by a gang of awls4 ,the compressed heels are first secured together by tacking1 and then placed on the platen2 and the plunger1 with its gang of awls1 descends with great force4 ,fig4 #f is a heel trimmer1 known in the trade as the ,cote trimmer4 ,the shoe is held stationary by the treadle clamp2 and the knife stock1 which is centrally pivoted to the outer plate or jaw bearing upon the tread lift1 is then grasped in the hands of the operator1 and moved to give a sweeping cut to trim the heel4 ,fig4 #g is a machine for pressing boot soles4 ,beneath the crosshead of the press is a swinging bed1 on each end of which is a form1 in order that a shoe may remain under pressure upon one while the operator is placing another shoe on the other4 ,the pressure is given by the treadle1 which brings down the upper platen on the channeled sole4 ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #e ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #f ,illustration3 ,boot and ,shoe ,machinery ,fig4 #g 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,dyspepsia4 ,at a late meeting of the ,harveian ,society1 of ,london1 ,dr4 ,farquharson read a paper on this subject4 ,attention was directed to the state of the tongue in dyspepsia4 ,a deeply fissured tongue often meant little2 whereas a thin white fur1 composed of minute dots1 was generally found along with pain immediately after food4 ,pain after a longer interval was accompanied by a pale1 flabby tongue1 with reddish tip and center4 ,the treatment of dyspepsia consisted of two parts1 that of food and that of drugs4 ,the latter was the principal part with patients applying for gratuitous relief4 ,the pain occurring immediately after food was usually relieved by alkalies2 whereas acids were indicated where suffering was not experienced until an hour or two after the commencement of the digestive act4 ,for the relief of the nausea and sickness remaining after the bowels were thoroughly cleansed1 nothing was so effectual as hourly drop doses of ipecacuanha wine4 ,nux vomica was also a valuable remedy4 ,pain might be but the protest of the stomach against an overload1 or be the result of deficient tone from general nervous exhaustion4 ,in some cases each meal was followed by diarrhoea2 and for these cases attention was directed to ,ringer's plan of minute doses of the liquor hydrargyri perchloridi ,in speaking of diet1 ,dr4 ,farquharson pointed out that there are three forms of dyspepsia3 #a4 ,the dyspepsia of fluids1 as it is called1 where the stomach seems intolerant of all forms of fluid2 #b4 ,the digestive derangement following intemperance in the matter of animal food2 and1 #c4 ,the dyspepsia connected with indulgence in tea1 or other warm and weak infusions of tannin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,destructive ,,effects ,,of ,,lightning4 ,the amount of destruction of life and property by lightning1 or rather electrical discharges1 has been very great throughout the world4 ,it is estimated that at least #de persons are killed annually by lightning in this country4 ,the average number of deaths by lightning has been #bb in ,england1 #i in ,switzerland1 #c in ,belgium1 and #ge in ,france4 ,in ,france alone1 during a period of thirty years1 over #aj1jjj persons were smitten1 of which #b1beb were instantly killed4 ,eighty were wounded and #i killed during one thunderstorm at ,chateauneuf les ,montiers in #ahfa1 and within one week1 when the air was highly charged with electricity1 thirty-three fearful flashes of lightning were observed1 each bringing death to some victims4 ,during the sixteen years between #agii and #ahaf1 #aef vessels of the ,british navy were struck by lightning2 #gc men were killed and #ach injured1 and the loss of materials amounted to over a million dollars2 but since the system of metallic conductors1 adapted for vessels1 devised by ,sir ,w4 ,snow ,harris1 has been applied to the vessels in that navy1 the losses and damages by lightning have almost entirely ceased1 although the number of vessels has been greatly increased4 ,in ,fuller's ,church ,history it is stated that scarcely a great abbey in ,england exists which once1 at least1 was not burned down by lightning from heaven4 ,on the night of ,april1 #agah1 twenty-four steeples were struck along the coast of ,brittany2 and on the #aath of ,january1 #ahae1 twelve steeples suffered a similar fate in the ,rhenish provinces4 ,on the #bgth of ,july1 #agei1 lightning burnt all the woodwork of the great cathedral at ,strasbourg2 and on the #adth of ,august1 #ahcc1 it was struck three times within a quarter of an hour1 and so much damaged that the repairs cost about #f1jjj1jjj4 ,in #ahce lightning conductors were placed upon the building and steeple1 and since then it has not been damaged whatever by lightning1 although discharges have on several occasions occurred in line with the top of the steeple1 which is #dcg feet above the ground4 ,on the #ahth of ,august1 #agfi1 the ,tower of ,st4 ,nazaire1 at ,brescia1 was struck1 and the subterranean powder magazine1 containing #b1jgf1jjj lbs4 of powder1 belonging to the ,republic of ,venice1 was exploded4 ,one sixth of the whole town was laid in ruins and the rest very much injured1 and about #c1jjj persons killed4 ,on the #bfth of ,june1 #ahjg1 the powder magazine of ,luxembourg1 containing #bh1jjj lbs41 was struck1 and besides about #cj persons killed and #bjj injured1 the town was ruined4 ,explosions and large fires1 involving a great loss1 have become rather frequent in this country1 owing to the iron tanks used for the storage of petroleum being struck by lightning4 ,from ,march to ,august1 in #ahgf1 over #aj1jjj1jjj gallons1 and on ,april #ai1 #ahgg1 over #b1jjj1jjj gallons of oil1 and the village of ,troutman1 were destroyed in the oil regions of ,pennsylvania4 ,some of the thunderstorms which have prevailed in this country have been very terrific and destructive4 ,during ,august #adth1 #aeth1 and #afth1 #ahgb1 portions of ,new ,york ,state and the ,new ,england ,states were visited by some of the most terrific thunderstorms ever experienced1 during which over #bjj dwellings were struck and damaged1 about #aj persons were instantly killed1 and #afj stunned4 ,quite a number of barns1 with their contents1 hay and cattle1 were also struck1 fired1 and consumed4 ,cars1 while running on some of the railroads1 were surrounded by a vivid electric light1 but no passengers were injured1 although they were greatly alarmed4 ,telegraph wires were melted by the half mile1 telegraph instruments broken1 and poles shattered in all directions4 ,one of these storms occurred at midnight1 at ,arlington1 ,mass41 ,august #adth1 in which brilliant streams of electricity darted across the sky in every direction1 and the thunder which followed was constant for a period of thirteen minutes1 without the intermission of an instant of silence4 ,three hundred and thirty-one discharges were counted in seven minutes by an observer1 and each discharge was followed by loud and sometimes rattling reports1 whose reverberations rolled through the heavens in an endless procession of majestic and terrific sounds4 ,during this scene1 the moon1 which was about half an hour above the western horizon1 was visible1 but so magnified1 through the haze and vapor1 as to appear like a brilliant flame suspended in the sky4 ,for a period of twenty minutes the scene was one of grandeur and sublimity rarely witnessed4 ,in the ,states of ,illinois and ,iowa1 and the prairie country west of the ,mississippi river1 thunderstorms are generally more terrific1 and more lives have been lost there from the effects of lightning than in any other section of this country4 ,owing to the said country being level and devoid of trees1 the equilibrium between the electricity of the atmosphere and that of the earth is principally restored by disruptive discharges4--,spang's ,treatise on ,lightning ,protection 99 99 99 99 99 ,a tooth of a mastodon has been dug up near the ,ashley river in ,south ,carolina4 ,it is #aaa_/b inches long1 #f inches in diameter1 and weighs more than #e lbs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,sea ,,serpent ,,sighted ,,from ,a ,,royal ,,yacht4 ,the ,osborne1 paddle royal yacht1 ,commander ,hugh ,l4 ,pearson1 which arrived at ,portsmouth from the ,mediterranean on ,monday1 ,june #aa1 has forwarded an official report to the ,admiralty1 through the ,commander-in-,chief 7,admiral ,sir ,george ,elliot1 ,k4,c4,b471 respecting a sea monster which she encountered during her homeward voyage4 ,at about #e o'clock in the afternoon of ,june #b1 the sea being exceptionally calm1 while the yacht was proceeding round the north coast of ,sicily toward ,cape ,vito1 the officer on the watch observed a long ridge of fins1 each about #f feet long1 moving slowly along4 ,he called for a telescope1 and was at once joined by other officers4 ,the ,osborne was steaming westward at ten and a half knots an hour1 and having a long passage before her1 could not stay to make minute observations4 ,the fins were progressing in a eastwardly direction1 and as the vessel more nearly approached them1 they were replaced by the foremost part of a gigantic monster4 ,its skin was1 so far as it could be seen1 altogether devoid of scales1 appearing rather to resemble in sleekness that of a seal4 ,the head was bullet-shaped1 with an elongated termination1 being somewhat similar in form to that of a seal1 and was about six feet in diameter4 ,its features were only seen by one officer1 who described them as like those of an alligator4 ,the neck was comparatively narrow1 but so much of the body as could be seen1 developed in form like that of a gigantic turtle1 and from each side extended two fins1 about fifteen feet in length1 by which the monster paddled itself along after the fashion of a turtle4 ,the appearance of the monster is accounted for by a submarine volcano1 which occurred north of ,galita1 in the ,gulf of ,tunis1 about the middle of ,may1 and was reported at the time by a steamer which was struck by a detached fragment of submarine rock4 ,the disturbance below water1 it is thought probable1 may have driven up the monster from its native element1 as the site of the eruption is only one hundred miles from where it was reported to have been seen--,portsmouth 7,eng47 ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sunstroke4 ,the sudden accession of heat has already produced one fatal1 and more than one severe1 case of sunstroke in the metropolis4 ,probably the affection so designated is not the malady to which the term coup de soleil can be properly applied4 ,the condition brought about is an exaggerated form of the disturbance occasioned by entering too suddenly the hot room of a ,turkish bath4 ,the skin does not immediately perform its function as an evaporating and therefore cooling surface1 and an acute febrile state of the organism is established1 with a disturbed balance of circulation1 and more or less cerebral irritation as a prominent feature of the complaint4 ,death may suddenly occur at the outset of the complaint1 as it has happened in a ,turkish bath1 where the subject labors under some predisposition to apoplexy1 or has a weak or diseased heart4 ,it should suffice to point out the danger and to explain1 by way of warning1 that although the degrees of heat registered by the thermometer1 or the power of the sun's rays1 do not seem to suggest especial caution1 all sudden changes from a low to a high temperature are attended with danger to weak organisms4 ,the avoidance of undue exercise--for example1 persistent trotting or cantering up and down the ,row--is an obvious precaution on days marked by a relatively1 if not absolutely1 high temperature4 ,we direct attention to this matter because it is obvious the peculiar peril of overheating the body by exertion on the first burst of fine weather is not generally realized4 ,it is forgotten that the increased temperature must be measured by the elevation which has recently taken place1 not the number of degrees of heat at present recorded4 ,the registered temperature may be more or less than that which occurred a year ago2 but its immediate effects on the organism will be determined by the conditions which have preceded it and the violence of the change4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dead ,,horses ,,standing ,,erect4 ,the ,danville ,advertiser of the #gth inst4 says3 ,mr4 ,smith was in town on ,saturday with his hired man1 and the two tell a singular story about a lightning stroke4 ,mr4 ,smith was on a grain drill in a field1 and his hired man was about #ab rods from him1 dragging4 ,suddenly ,smith heard the noise of thunder1 and became unconscious4 ,the man also heard the noise1 but neither of them saw any flash of lightning4 ,the man went to ,smith1 and in about twenty minutes he was restored to consciousness4 ,then attention was given to the horses4 ,one of them was standing erect1 with one foot lifted a little way from the earth1 and the other was kneeling with his nose in the earth1 and both were stone dead1 and retained their positions until they were pushed over4 ,the supposition is that in this case the electricity went from the earth to the sky4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,berlin correspondent of the ,london ,times states that ,general ,berdan1 of the ,united ,states1 has invented an instrument which will greatly improve the art of killing4 ,he calls his invention a range-finder4 ,it consists of a telescope and other instruments1 all of which can be carried on a dogcart1 and which enable the engineers to measure with perfect accuracy up to #b1jjj metres1 or #a1ejj yards4 ,the time needed to ascertain distances1 is only two minutes1 and the ,general believes that his invention will double the accuracy of artillery fire1 and quadruple that of infantry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,setting ,,locomotive ,,slide ,,valves4 ,,by ,,joshua ,,rose4 ,e4 ,g4 asks3 ,how can ,i set the slide valves of a locomotive when she is on the road8 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 asks3 ,what is the method of setting locomotive slide valves from marks on the slide spindle8 ,and ,f4 ,o4 asks3 ,how are the valves of inside cylinder locomotives set1 since the back ports are out of sight and you cannot measure the lead8 ,our correspondent will find these questions answered in full below4 ,it is presumed that the lengths of the eccentric rod1 reverse rod1 and other parts are correct1 and they are properly connected and oiled so as to be in working order4 ,the first thing to do is to place the reverse lever in the forward full-gear notch of the quadrants1 or sectors1 as they are sometimes called4 ,the next procedure is to place the crank on its forward dead center as near as can be ascertained by the eye1 and loosening the set screw of the forward eccentric1 that is to say1 the eccentric which connects with the upper end of the link1 move that eccentric round on the shaft until the valve leaves the port at the front end of the cylinder open to the amount of whatever lead it is desired to give the valve4 ,in moving the eccentric round on the shaft1 it is necessary to move it in the direction in which it will turn when in operation4 ,this is done in order to take up any lost motion there may be in the eccentric straps1 in the eccentric rod eyebolts1 or other working parts or joints between the eccentric and the slide valve rod or spindle4 ,if the eccentric was turned backward instead of forward1 all the lost motion would operate to vitiate the set of the valve1 because1 when the eccentric begins to move1 its motion will have no effect in moving the slide valve spindle1 until all the lost motion in the various parts is taken up by the eccentric movement4 ,in considering this part of the operation1 we must bear in mind that1 to set the valve1 we must move the wheels of the engine1 it being impracticable to move the piston itself4 ,now1 in moving the wheels1 we are confronted with the fact that the crank pin is pulling the connecting rod2 hence1 if there is any lost motion in the brasses at either end of the connecting rod1 the piston will not be at the end of its stroke when the crank is on its dead center4 ,suppose1 for instance1 that we have moved the driving wheel forward until the crank stands upright at a right angle to the bore of the cylinder1 the resistance to motion of the piston and crosshead has caused the crank pin to bed against the half-brass nearest to the cylinder1 all the play or lost motion is then between the other half-brass and the crank pin4 ,when1 however1 the engine is at work and the piston is driving the crank pin1 instead of being driven by it1 the lost motion will exist between the crank pin and the half-brass nearest to the cylinder1 and the contact will exist between the crank pin and the other brass4 ,the difference in the position of the piston1 caused by this lost motion1 may be ascertained by moving the piston back and forth until the crank pin contacts with first one and then the other half-brass4 ,it is sometimes attempted to remedy the defect due to this lost motion by moving the crank pin past the dead center and then moving it back to the dead center1 so that while on that center the play or lost motion in the connecting rod is taken up4 ,this is all very well so far as the connecting rod and piston is concerned1 and will cause them both to stand on their respective dead centers with the lost motion taken up2 but1 in moving the wheel back to the dead center1 we have given full liberty to all the lost motion in the various parts of the valve motion or gear1 as already explained1 in reference to moving the eccentric upon the shaft4 ,as there are so many more parts in the valve gear1 in which lost motion may occur1 it is manifestly preferable to take up that play by moving the driving wheel in a continuous direction1 rather than to move the latter back to accommodate any play there may be in the connecting rod4 ,the crank being placed by the eye upon its forward dead center1 and the eccentric connected to the top of the link being moved round on the axle 7in the direction in which the wheels will run when the engine is going forward7 until the steam port at the front end of the cylinder is open to the amount of the lead1 we fasten the eccentric to hold in that position4 ,we then throw the reverse lever over into the last notch at the other end of the sector1 lifting the link up so that the eccentric connected to the lower end of the link may be approximately adjusted1 which is done by moving the eccentric round upon the axle 7in the direction in which the axle will revolve when the engine is running backward7 until the crank stands upon the same dead center1 and the front port is open to the amount of the lead4 ,this being done1 we have the eccentrics approximately adjusted and may proceed to the final adjustment1 in which the first thing to do is to find the exact dead centers of the crank4 ,it is obvious that a line drawn through the center of the crank pin and the center of the wheel axle1 will stand horizontally true and level when the crank is on either of the dead centers1 but the presence of the crank pin makes it impracticable to draw such a line4 ,we can therefore draw one which will be parallel to those centers2 and to do this we draw a circle upon the end of the wheel axle 7and from its center7 of the same diameter as that of the crank pin1 and then resting a straight-edge upon the bearing of the crank pin 7taking care to avoid the round corner upon the pin1 if there is one71 we place the other end of the straight-edge even with the top of the circle drawn upon the axle2 and then1 using the straight-edge as a guide1 we draw a line across the end of the axle and the wheel face4 ,when this line is level the crank will be upon its dead center4 ,this plan is sometimes employed1 but is not a very accurate one1 because the length of the line is very short as compared to the circumference of the driving wheel2 hence1 an error of the thickness of the line becomes one equal to several thicknesses of the line when carried out to the wheel circumference4 ,furthermore1 if the line of the cylinder does not stand horizontally level1 as is sometimes the case1 the result of the whole proceeding will be inaccurate4 ,again1 the connecting rod end and the coupling rod is in the way1 rendering it awkward to both draw and level the line4 ,a better and more accurate method to find the dead centers is as follows3 ,place the reverse lever into the end notch of the sector at the forward end1 and then move the driving wheel forward until the guide block is within about a quarter of an inch of the end of its travel1 then place a straight-edge against the end of the guide block1 and draw1 on the outside face of the guide bar1 a line even with the end of the guide block4 ,bend a piece of wire 7pointed at both ends7 to a right angle1 make a center punch mark either in the rail1 under the driving wheel1 or in some stationary1 solid part contiguous to the wheel1 or at such distance from it that when one end of the bent wire is placed in the center punch mark1 the operator with the other end will be able to draw a line across the rim of the driving wheel4 ,here1 however1 arises another consideration1 that it is better to set the valves with the wheel axle in its proper position in the pedestal shoes1 and in order to do this the wheel should rest upon the rail with its proper proportion of the weight of the engine resting upon it4 ,the springs will then be deflected to their proper amount1 and the axle box will have passed its proper distance up the pedestals4 ,it is obvious that if the engine is blocked up so that the driving wheels clear the rails 7which is done in order to avoid having the weight of the engine to move while setting the valve71 the axle boxes will drop in the pedestal and the valve will be set incorrectly1 as the wheels are in a wrong position4 ,to avoid this1 and at the same time to avoid having to move the whole engine while setting the valve1 the engine is blocked up from the rails1 and the axle boxes of the driving wheels are wedged up so as to be lifted up into their proper position4 ,in this case there is no very accurate means of ascertaining what is the exact proper height1 save it be by first marking upon the outside faces of the shoes or pedestal a line even with the top of the axle box when the load is upon the wheels1 and then1 after blocking up the engine from the rails1 wedging up the axle boxes till the face again comes even with the line4 ,whatever plan is pursued1 one end of the piece of wire is rested in the fixed center punch mark1 and with the other a line is drawn across the outside face of the wheel rim4 ,the driving wheel is then revolved forward until the guide block returns1 having passed to the end of its travel4 ,when its end again stands exactly even with the mark made upon the guide bar1 the piece of wire is again brought into requisition1 one end being rested in the fixed center punch mark as before1 and with the other end another line is drawn across the outside rim of the wheel4 ,it is obvious that by taking a pair of compasses and finding a point exactly equidistant between the two lines thus marked upon the wheel rim1 and then marking that point with a center punch mark1 the crank will be upon its exact dead center1 when one end of the piece of bent wire rests in the fixed center punch mark1 the other end rests in the center punch mark upon the wheel rim4 ,to find the other dead center1 the wheel must be moved about halfway round and the process repeated with the motion block at the other end of the guide bars4 ,thus1 whenever the piece of wire will stand with one end resting in the fixed center punch mark and the other end in either of the center punch marks upon the wheel run1 the crank is upon a dead center4 ,having thus placed the crank upon either dead center1 we measure the valve lead1 and if in temporarily fixing our eccentrics we gave it too much lead1 we mark where it stands upon the shaft by means of a line drawn on the axle and carried up on the side face of the eccentric2 then move the eccentric back some little distance more than is necessary to make the adjustment1 and then move it forward again a little at a time1 noting when the valve has the proper amount of lead1 and thus fasten the eccentric upon the axle by means of the set screw4 ,the object of moving the eccentric too far back and then moving it forward is to make the adjustment so that the latter may be made with the lost motion of the valve gear all taken up4 ,the next proceeding is to move the driving wheel halfway round and try the lead at that end of the stroke4 ,if the lead at the two ends is not equal1 it shows that either the slide valve spindle or the eccentric rods are not of the proper length and must be rectified2 this being done1 the crank must be again placed upon first one and then the other dead center1 the valve lead being measured at each end4 ,when the lead is equal at each end1 the rods are of correct length1 and the amount of the lead must be regulated by moving the eccentrics as already directed4 ,if the link block does not come opposite the end of the eccentric rod when the reverse lever is in the end notch of the sector1 the length of the reverse rod is wrong and should be corrected4 ,if the link block comes right1 under the above conditions1 for the forward but not for the backward eccentric rod1 the notches in the sector are not cut in their proper positions1 or the link hanger is not of the proper length4 ,in either case the error may be remedied by altering the length of the latter4 ,but1 as doing this would alter the amount of the valve lead1 it is well1 if there is any prospect of such errors1 to correct them before setting the valves4 ,instead of measuring the lead of the valve with a rule1 or by a wedge1 the following plan is very often adopted3 ,after the valve and spindle are in position1 the valve is placed with the proper amount of lead upon the front port4 ,a center punch mark is then made upon the face of the steam chest4 ,a piece of quarter inch iron wire is then bent at right angles and each end filed to a point4 ,one end of this wire is placed in the fixed center punch mark in the steam chest1 and with the other a mark is made upon the slide spindle4 ,upon this latter mark a center punch mark is also made sufficiently deep to be very plainly visible when the burr raised by center punching is filed off1 which is necessary to prevent this burr from cutting the packing4 ,it follows that whenever the bent piece of wire will rest with one end in the center punch mark in the steam chest1 and the other end in the center punch mark in the slide spindle1 the valve is in its proper position when the crank is on the corresponding dead center4 ,this plan is a very old one and possesses the advantage that the valve may be set without seeing it1 that is to say1 with the steam chest cover on4 ,if the length of the piece of wire measured direct from point to point is known1 the valve may be set when the engine is upon the road without taking off the steam chest cover4 ,the center punch mark upon the steam chest should1 however1 always be placed in about the same spot1 so as to avoid mistakes in case of there being other similar marks upon the chest4 ,it should always be made deep1 so as not to get filled up with paint and be difficult to find4 ,in course of time the mark upon the slide valve spindle is apt to disappear from the wear of the spindle1 hence the center punch with which it is made should have a long conical point4 ,to mark the position of the eccentric upon the axle1 it is an excellent plan1 after the eccentrics are finally adjusted1 to take a chisel with the cutting end ground to the form of a fiddle drill1 one cutting edge being at a right angle to the other4 ,the chisel must be held so that while one edge rests upon the axle1 the other edge will bear against the radial face of the eccentric4 ,a sharp blow with a hammer upon the chisel-head will make a clean indented cut upon the axle and the eccentric1 the two cuts exactly meeting at their junction and denoting the position of the eccentrics4 ,in setting the valves of inside cylinder locomotives1 the back ports being out of sight1 the amount of lead is ascertained by making a wooden wedge about three inches long1 a thirty-second of an inch thick at one end and three eighths of an inch thick at the other end4 ,the faces of this wedge are chalked1 and the lead is measured by inserting it between the edge of the valve and the edge of the port until its thickness just fills the space1 and then moving it edgeways so that the valve and port edges will just mark it4 ,by measuring the thickness of the wedge at the mark1 the amount of lead is ascertained4 ,after the valves are set1 it is still desirable to mark the position by center punch marks upon the outside of the steam chests and upon the valve spindles1 as already described4 ,if an eccentric should slip when the engine is upon the road1 and there are no marks whereby to readjust them1 it may be done approximately as follows3 ,put the reverse lever in the end notch of the forward gear1 then place the crank as nearly on a dead center as the eye will direct1 and open both the cylinder cocks1 then disconnect the slide valve spindle from the rocker arm1 and move the valve spindle until the opening of the port corresponding to the dead center on which the crank stands will be shown by steam blowing through the cylinder cock1 the throttle valve being opened a trifle4 ,the position of the valve being thus determined1 the eccentric must be moved upon the shaft until the valve spindle will connect with the rocker arm without being moved at all4 ,the throttle valve should be very slightly opened1 otherwise so much steam will be admitted into the cylinder that it will pass through any leak in the piston and blow through both cylinder cocks before there is time to ascertain which cock gives first exit to the steam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,steamer4 ,a new steamer for the ,mallory line1 between ,new ,york and ,texas1 was lately launched from the yard of ,roach ,co41 ,chester1 ,pa41 #b1bjj tons burden4 ,principal dimensions as follows3 ,length over all1 #bci feet #g inches2 beam 7moulded71 #cd feet2 depth from the base to the spar deck beams1 #ah feet #ba_/b inches2 depth of hold1 #af feet #ea_/b inches2 diameter of propeller 7,hirsch's patent-four blades71 #aa feet #f inches4 ,she is to be provided with compound engines1 having cylinders #bd and #dd inches in diameter1 with a stroke of #dd inches1 and two return tubular boilers #aj feet long1 #aj feet #c inches wide1 and #h feet #f inches high4 ,aft are compartments capable of holding #hj tons of water1 for the purpose of depressing the stern before and after crossing the bar at ,corpus ,christi4 ,her low draught is #ga_/b feet2 speed1 #ad knots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,tin-,,can ,,telephone4 ,in ,professor ,bell's telephone a plate of sheet iron is made to vibrate by means of the electrical current1 something after the manner of the skin of a drumhead4 ,in a recent improvement by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,havens1 ,louisville1 ,ky41 the electrical wires are wrapped around a common tin fruit can4 ,by means of tin cans at each end1 sounds1 it is said1 were sent over #ib miles of wire1 and included several pieces of music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,hotchkiss1 an ,american inventor1 whose improved revolving cannon we illustrated some time since1 has received intimation that his system has been approved by the ,french ,government1 and that they have decided to adopt his cannon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,collender',s ,,improved ,,billiard ,,table4 ,in the accompanying engravings1 we illustrate two important improvements in the construction of billiard tables1 which have recently been devised by ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,collender1 the well known billiard table manufacturer of this city4 ,the first1 which is represented in ,fig4 #a1 relates to the construction of the bed-supporting frame1 and aims to render the same stronger while cheapening its manufacture4 ,in putting together the body and framework of the table1 the usual practice is to cut away the stock of the cross beam and longitudinal beam1 and halve them together4 ,longitudinal grooves are also formed on the inner surface of the side and broad rails1 to accommodate tenons on the ends of the cross beams2 and the latter are secured in place by bolts fastening their ends to the broad rails4 ,mr4 ,collender claims that1 by this mode of construction1 not only are the cross beams weakened by being halved together1 but the broad rails are also weakened by the cutting away of this stock near the middle to effect the framing into them of the ends of the cross beams4 ,illustration3 ,fig #a1 billiard table support frame ,from ,fig4 #a1 it will be seen that the cross beam1 ,a1 is combined with the side broad rails in the following manner3 ,upon the inner face of each broad rail is secured a cast iron socket piece1 ,b1 into which fits one end of the cross beam1 ,a4 ,from said beam the bolt1 ,c1 passes through the shoe1 ,b1 and is secured by a nut1 ,d1 let into the stock of the broad rail4 ,the shoe1 ,b1 has lugs which enter the broad rail2 and the aperture in it1 through which the bolt passes1 is made oblong to admit of the drawing of the parts together after the insertion of the bolt4 ,upon the sides of the cross beam near the middle1 and directly opposite each other1 are two shoes1 ,e2 these have no bolt holes4 ,in them are placed the adjacent ends of the longitudinal beams1 ,f1 the other extremities of which are seated in shoes on the broad rails4 ,the shoes1 ,e1 have their lugs of such a length1 compared with the thickness of cross beam1 ,a1 that when put in place on said beam said lugs will come together4 ,the advantage of this is that1 should the beam1 ,a1 shrink in width1 the shoes on each side of it will still maintain their proper relation to form immovable abutments for the ends of pieces1 ,f4 ,this construction allows of shorter stuff being used in the manufacture1 and renders the framework stronger4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b1 billiard table frame corner ,in ,fig4 #b is illustrated a new method of forming the corners of the table4 ,hitherto it has been customary to use corner blocks1 of various sizes according to the dimensions of the table1 located one at each corner4 ,into these the broad rails were framed and secured4 ,to this arrangement ,mr4 ,collender adduces a long category of objections1 based on the possibility of the weight of the bed being thrown on these blocks in case of shrinkage of the frame1 on the fact that the corner of the table bed must necessarily be left without any support where it extends over the upper end of the corner block1 and also that in a bevel table1 in which the area of the top of the corner block is unavoidably much greater than that of the top of the corner block of a vertical-sided table1 a large portion of the table bed will be left without any support4 ,the new device consists of a cast iron union plate1 ,g1 which is bolted to the leg as shown4 ,the broad rails and casting are securely fastened by the bolt1 ,h4 ,it will be seen that this bolt1 passing through the end of one broad rail1 and into a nut let into the other rail1 will securely draw and hold together the ends of said rails and the interposed metal plate clamped between them1 and that as the plain ends of the wooden rails just fit 7widthwise7 between the projecting heads on the edges of said interposed plate1 the latter will form a sort of housing for the ends of the rails4 ,and it will be understood that in this construction not only does the bead on the outer edge of the plate overlap the edges of the rails and form a neat and durable corner finish to the body1 but the broad rails being bolted together in the direction of the grain of the wood with only an interposed metal plate1 there will be no tendency to a loosening of the union of the parts of the frame4 ,the main importance of this invention rests in the idea of dispensing with the usual corner blocks1 and thus permitting the top edges of the broad rails1 on which the bed rests1 to practically come together and afford a perfect support to the bed clear out to the corners of the latter2 at the same time the whole structure is rendered stronger and more durable with less weight of material4 ,these inventions are the subject of separate patents1 that of the first being dated ,april #d1 #ahgf1 and of the second1 ,november #af1 #ahge4 ,for further information1 address the manufacturer and patentee1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,collender1 #gch ,broadway1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coating ,,engraved ,,copper ,,plates ,,with ,,steel4 ,in order to render copper plates which are used in printing more durable1 they can be covered with an electrolytic deposit of iron which possesses an unusual degree of hardness almost superior to steel4 ,the salt usually employed has been the double sulphate of iron and ammonia4 ,professor ,boettger1 who first invented this process1 has recently devised an improvement in the bath employed4 ,he dissolves #aj parts of ferrocyanide of potassium 7yellow prussiate of potash7 and #bj parts of the double tartrate of soda and potash 7,rochelle salts7 in #bjj parts of water1 and to this he adds #c parts of persulphate of iron dissolved in #ej parts of water4 ,a large precipitate of ,prussian blue is formed4 ,to the whole is added1 drop by drop1 with constant stirring1 a solution of caustic soda until the blue precipitate entirely disappears1 leaving a perfectly clear1 light yellow liquid1 which is now ready for use4 ,professor ,boettger also claims that this solution can be employed with advantage for dyeing cotton yarn and fabrics a beautiful blue1 without the use of a mordant4 ,for this purpose the goods are put into the bath1 that has previously been slightly warmed1 until they are saturated through and through1 and then dried in the air1 after which they are immersed in extremely dilute sulphuric acid 7#a to #ej71 which neutralizes the alkali1 and after washing and drying again they are permanently dyed a fine blue color4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,test ,,for ,,sulphur ,,in ,,organic ,,compounds4 ,h4 ,vohl recommends the following as the best method of detecting sulphur in organic compounds3 ,the substance to be tested is heated in a solution of caustic lime and oxide of lead in glycerin4 ,the latter is prepared as follows3 ,one volume of distilled water is mixed with #b volumes of pure glycerin and heated to boiling2 freshly prepared slaked lime is added1 little by little1 until it is saturated4 ,freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of lead1 or moist litharge1 is added in excess1 and the liquid allowed to boil gently for a few minutes1 then tightly corked and left to cool1 after which the clear liquid is decanted from the sediment into a glass vessel that can be tightly corked4 ,if into this solution be introduced and heated any organic which contains sulphur1 like hair1 feathers1 horn1 albumen1 and the like1 it will at once turn black from the formation of sulphide of lead4 ,the great delicacy of this test is evident from the fact that1 when pure wheat bread is boiled with this reagent1 it turns yellow at first and then dark gray in consequence of the presence of sulphur in the gluten of the bread4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improved ,,billiard ,,ball ,,holder4 ,the usual receptacle for the fourth ball1 when only three balls are used in the game of billiards1 is placed at the side of the table4 ,as this is both inconvenient and unsightly1 a neat device1 clearly shown in the annexed illustration1 has been invented1 which is intended to be attached to a gas fixture over the table4 ,a plate or sign is also added on which the number of a table--in case several tables are employed1 as in a billiard saloon--may be inscribed4 ,the form and design of the arrangement may of course be varied in many ways4 ,illustration3 billiard ball holder ,patented ,may #b1 #ahgf4 ,for further particulars1 address the manufacturer1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,collender1 #gch ,broadway1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,monitor ,,chalk ,,cup4 ,the annexed engraving represents an improved chalk cup or holder for billiard tables1 which is so constructed that it will not become loose1 sag down1 mar the table1 or jar when the ball strikes the cushion4 ,it may be adjusted to remain in any desired position4 ,the shank is pivoted in a metallic frame which is secured to the table4 ,the rear end of the shank works against a spring4 ,on the upper portion of the shank is a projection which embraces a horizontal flange to sustain the box against being forced downward4 ,the arrangement is very similar to the ordinary window catch4 ,the player has only to start the box from its position under the table1 when the spring carries it out at right angles to the rail4 ,a touch is sufficient to cause the spring to carry the box back to its former position4 ,the device is very simple1 and its advantages will be evident to all billiard players cognizant of the defects of the ordinary cup4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,monitor ,,chalk ,,cup4 ,patented ,may #a1 #ahgg4 ,for further particulars1 address the manufacturer and patentee1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,collender1 #gch ,broadway1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,curious ,,carnivorous ,,plants4 ,the arum ,dracunculus is one of the most curious of that wonderful series of carnivorous plants which at the present time are engaging the closest scrutiny of naturalists4 ,it is a true trap in one sense--inasmuch as it captures the victim which ventures near it2 but it relies on little or no mechanical means for securing its prey1 but stupefies the living insect by its odor4 ,the flower is horn-shaped1 about #aa inches in length1 with an opening some #e inches in diameter4 ,the color within is a dull dark violet1 while the interior of the spathe is lined with black1 hooked bristles1 the whole appearance of the flower being thoroughly repulsive4 ,the illustrations herewith presented1 ,figs4 #a and #b1 represent it at one third its natural size1 ,fig4 #b showing a section of the flower4 ,it is not certain what attracts the insects1 which are usually of the species known as the meat fly and the common house fly4 ,they do not seem to seek for the small quantity of nectar concealed1 and yet they cluster about the fatal opening1 as if drawn by some overpowering fascination4 ,overcome by lethargy1 they fall inert upon the flower1 are lightly held by the bristles1 and finally die asphyxiated by the carbonic acid which the plant disengages in large quantities during its inflorescence4 ,strange as is the action of the arum1 the method whereby the mentzelia takes its prey is even more wonderful4 ,to illustrate on a magnified scale1 let the reader imagine a surface thickly covered with strong iron posts1 on the sides of which are numerous keen barbs pointing downward4 ,then between these posts1 suppose that jars overflowing with honey are placed4 ,an elephant1 let it be imagined1 attracted by the profusion of sweetness1 inserts his trunk between the posts and finds easy access to the honey4 ,but while he can force his proboscis downward past the barbs turned in that direction1 when he attempts to withdraw it he finds the keen points catch in the flesh1 and render it impossible to do so4 ,a terrible struggle follows1 the unfortunate animal twisting and writhing in every direction1 until finally by an ,herculean effort the head is torn from the body1 and the latter becomes digested by some potent gastric juice1 exuding from the colossal organism of which the trap forms but a portion4 ,of course this is vastly exaggerated1 and it would puzzle an elephant to pull his own head off2 but if for the post studded trap1 we substitute the surface of a flower1 and if we replace the elephant by a fly1 we shall have conceived an accurate picture of what takes place in the peculiar receptacle with which ,nature has provided the mentzelia ornata4 ,this is very beautifully shown in ,fig4 #c2 and at ,a1 in same figure1 is represented the barbed bristles grasping the highly magnified proboscis of the fly4 ,between the barbed bristles are mushroom-shaped projections1 from the summits of which a viscous nectar exudes4 ,this is the honey bait which induces the insect to insert his trunk between the fatal barbs4 ,there is still another plant1 physianthus albens1 which captures butterflies by grasping the proboscis4 ,the construction of the flower is quite complicated1 so that the insects are compelled to insert their trunks through a narrow and winding passage in order to reach the nectar4 ,the organ then necessarily comes in contact with an adhesive substance1 which prevents its removal4 ,the ,gronovia scandens1 ,fig4 #d1 is another plant trap1 which catches no flies nor possesses any such wonderfully adapted devices as the plants already described4 ,it simply has its branches covered with double barbed bristles of great strength which attach themselves to anything brought in contact with them4 ,the bristles are strong enough to hold lizards1 as represented by our engraving1 the points inserting themselves in the interstices of the scaly covering of the reptile4 ,of course the lizard thus held starves to death1 and small birds often follow a like fate4 ,we are indebted to ,la ,nature for the illustrations4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #a and #b4--;,,arum ,,dracunculus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,,mentzelia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,,gronovia ,,scandens4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,popular ,,fallacies4 ,night air and damp weather are held in great horror by multitudes of persons who are sickly or of weak constitutions2 consequently1 by avoiding the night air1 and damp weather1 and changeable weather1 and weather that is considered too hot or too cold1 they are kept within doors the much largest portion of their time1 and as a matter of course continue invalids1 more and more ripening for the grave every hour2 the reason is1 they are breathing an impure atmosphere nineteen-twentieths of their whole existence4 ,as nothing can wash us clean but pure water1 so nothing can cleanse the blood1 nothing can make health-giving blood1 but the agency of pure air4 ,so great is the tendency of the blood to become impure in consequence of waste and useless matters mixing with it as it passes through the body1 that it requires a hogshead of air every hour of our lives to unload it of these impurities2 but in proportion as this air is vitiated1 in such proportion does it infallably fail to relieve the blood of these impurities1 and impure blood is the foundation of all disease4 ,the great fact that those who are out of doors most1 summer and winter1 day and night1 rain or shine1 have the best health the world over1 does of itself falsify the general impression that night air or any other out-door air is unhealthy as compared with in-door air at the same time4 ,air is the great necessity of life2 so much so1 that if deprived of it for a moment1 we perish2 and so constant is the necessity of the blood for contact with the atmosphere1 that every drop in the body is exposed to the air through the medium of the lungs every two minutes and a half of our existence4 ,whatever may be the impurity of the out-door air of any locality1 the in-door air of that locality is still more impure1 because of the dust1 and decaying and odoriferous matters which are found in all dwellings4 ,besides1 how can in-door air be more healthy than the out-door air1 other things being equal1 when the dwelling is supplied with air from without8 ,to this very general law there is one exception1 which it is of the highest importance to note4 ,when the days are hot1 and the nights cool1 there are periods of time within each twenty-four hours1 when it is safest to be in-doors1 with doors and windows closed2 that is to say1 for the hour or two including sunrise and sunset1 because about sunset the air cools1 and the vapors which the heats of the day have caused to ascend far above us1 condense and settle near the surface of the earth1 so as to be breathed by the inhabitants2 as the night grows colder1 these vapors sink lower1 and are within a foot or two of the earth1 so they are not breathed4 ,as the sun rises1 these same vapors are warmed1 and begin to ascend1 to be breathed again1 but as the air becomes warmer1 they are carried so far above our heads as to be innocuous4 ,thus it is that the old citizens of ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 remember1 that while it was considered important to live in the country during the summer1 the common observation of the people originated the custom of riding into town1 not in the cool of the evening or of the morning1 but in the middle of the day4 ,they did not understand the philosophy1 but they observed the fact that those who came to the city at mid-day remained well1 while those who did so early or late suffered from it4 ,all strangers at ,rome are cautioned not to cross the ,pontine marshes after the heat of the day is over4 ,sixteen of a ship's crew1 touching at one of the ,west ,india islands1 slept on shore several nights1 and thirteen of them died of yellow fever in a few days1 while of two hundred and eighty1 who were freely ashore during the day1 not a single case of illness occurred4 ,the marshes above named are crossed in six or eight hours1 and many travelers who do it in the night are attacked with mortal fevers4 ,this does1 at first sight1 seem to indicate that night air is unwholesome1 at least in the locality of virulent malarias1 but there is no direct proof that the air about sunrise and sunset is not that which is productive of the mischief4 ,for the sake of eliciting the observations of intelligent men1 we present our theory on this subject4 ,a person might cross these marshes with impunity1 who would set out on his journey an hour or two after sundown1 and finish it an hour or two before sun-up1 especially if he began that journey on a hearty meal1 because1 in this way1 he would be traveling in the cool of the night1 which coolness keeps the malaria so near the surface of the earth as to prevent its being breathed to a hurtful extent4 ,but if it is deadly to sleep out of doors all night in a malarial locality1 would it be necessarily fatal to sleep in a house in such a locality8 ,it would not4 ,it would be safer to sleep in the house1 especially if the windows and doors were closed4 ,the reason is1 that the house has been warmed during the day1 and if kept closed1 it remains much warmer during the night indoors than it is outdoors2 consequently1 the malaria is kept by this warmth so high above the head1 and so rarefied1 as to be comparatively harmless4 ,this may seem to some too nice a distinction altogether1 but it will be found throughout the world of ,nature that the works of the ,almighty are most strikingly beautiful in their minutae1 and these minutae are the foundation of ,his mightiest manifestations4 ,thus it is1 too1 that what we call fever and ague might be banished from the country as a general disease1 if two things were done4 #a4 ,have a fire kindled every morning at daylight1 from spring to fall1 in the family room1 to which all the family should repair from their chambers1 and there remain until breakfast is taken4 #b4 ,let a fire be kindled in the family room a short time before sundown2 let every member of the family repair to it1 and there remain until supper is taken4 ,in both cases1 the philosophy of the course marked out consists in two things4 ,first4 ,the fire rarefies the malaria and causes it to ascend above the breathing point4 ,second4 ,the food taken into the stomach creates an activity of circulation which repels disease4--,hall's ,journal of ,health4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,extension ,,of ,,the ,,plague4 ,our recent ,english medical exchanges mention1 with undisguised apprehension1 the fact that already early this spring authentic observers state that the plague has broken out in ,bagdad1 and is rapidly increasing there2 and information from other sources renders it probable that the disease has shown itself in other places in the vicinity of that city1 some of which have not suffered before since the new development of the disease in ,mesopotamia1 three or four years ago4 ,the progress of the epidemic in and about ,bagdad last year shows that each year since its reappearance in that district it has covered a wider area1 and it will be remembered that last year it crossed the ,turco-,persian frontier1 and broke out at ,shuster1 in ,khuzistan4 ,from the phenomena of the epidemic to this period it was feared1 especially by the physicians on the spot1 that1 if it should recur in the present year1 it must be expected to extend over a still wider area1 and show itself in even a more aggravated form than had yet been observed4 ,this opinion is concurred in by ,surgeon-,major ,colville1 the medical officer attached to the ,british ,embassy at ,bagdad1 and is expressed in his official report1 on the subject of the last and previous year's outbreak4 ,the ,turco-,russian struggle in ,asia ,minor1 and the massing of ,persian troops on the western frontier of that country1 add an additional and most grave factor to this ominous intelligence4 ,it has been so long since ,christian ,europe has suffered from this terrible disease that most medical men have never seen a case1 and1 indeed1 for awhile1 epidemiologists flattered themselves it had died out4 ,they yet say that a thorough system of sanitation will certainly check its advance4 ,let us hope so2 for of all pestilences which have ever scourged humanity1 and desolated empires1 none approach in magnitude those of the plague4 ,under the name of the black death1 it fills1 as ,hirsch remarks1 one of the darkest pages in the history of the human race4 ,it devastated every known country of the earth1 and penetrated to the remotest mountain hamlets and granges1 sometimes sweeping away in a few days every inhabitant1 leaving not one to remember the name or to inherit the goods of the family or the village4 ,long years afterward1 travelers would come upon these unknown villages1 the houses rotting1 the bones of the plague-stricken owners bleaching in the rooms and streets1 and no one to say who they had been4 ,as an epidemic disease1 it no doubt spreads from ,india1 that mother of pestilence1 where1 in the province of ,kutch and ,guzerat1 it is found as an endemic of great malignancy4 ,far more fatal in its historical appearance than the cholera1 it is well that the medical mind of ,europe is on the alert to meet its approach with the most energetic measures2 and should they fail1 it will devolve upon us to lose no time in taking up the defensive in the most energetic manner4--,medical and ,surgical ,reporter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,education ,,in ,,germany4 ,the compulsory school laws of ,prussia are frequently pointed to as models for similar laws1 perhaps with the hope that by imitating her lower schools we can bring up our high schools to an equal rank with hers1 and place our universities on a level with those which are producing the most finished scholars1 the deepest thinkers1 and the greatest investigators4 ,we are likely to forget that the conditions are different1 and especially that nascitur1 non fit1 is as true of a chemist as of a poet4 ,the state of popular education in ,germany is1 however1 a matter of interest1 and is best illustrated by the following table1 showing the percentage of unschooled men among the recruits from different ,german provinces3 ,per cent4 ,prussia #c4ai ,bavaria #a4gi ,saxony #j4bc ,wuertemberg #j4jb ,baden #j4bb ,hesse #j4ce ,mecklenburg #a4ji ,thuringia #a4db ,alsace #c4de ,these figures seem to indicate a higher grade of intelligence and wider diffusion of knowledge among all classes1 for recruits are from every class1 than in ,austria1 although in the latter the figures are arranged so differently as to make any accurate comparison of ,austria and ,germany rather difficult and unsatisfactory4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,name ,,of ,,district4 ,number of ,number of ,percentage of ,number of ,common inhabitants to school children ,normal ,schools4 each school4 who attend4 ,schools4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,bohemia #d1aij #a1bed #gg #ab ,bukowina #afg #c1aba #i #a ,dalmatia #bda #a1hfd #ab #b ,galicia #b1cgd #b1cda #ae #a ,carinthia #cah #a1jfj 8 #b ,carniola #bcd #a1ahg #dh #b ,custrin #cif #a1dif #ch #e ,moravia #a1hff #a1jhb #gh #e ,lower ,austria #a1bfg #a1egh #gf #e ,upper ,austria #ejf #a1dee #hb #b ,salzburg #aee #ihb #he #a ,steiermark #fij #a1feg #ei #c ,schlesia #dcc #a1bjh #gg #d ,tyrol #a1ibf #deg 8 #f ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total #ad1gfc #ea ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,over #c1jjj teachers' positions are said to be vacant at the present time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bleaching ,,silk ,,and ,,wool4 ,the methods now in use for bleaching silk1 wool1 and all animal fibers1 such as sulphurous acid1 alkalies1 soap1 etc41 are so imperfect that ,tessie du ,motay has patented the following process1 involving the use of binoxide of barium1 with or without the addition of permanganates4 ,the binoxide of barium is pulverized and subjected to the action of carbonic acid to remove any unconverted caustic baryta present4 ,it is then thrown into boiling water1 and after the bath has partially cooled the materials to be bleached are introduced and the bath kept at a temperature of #hf deg4 ,fah4 to #aid deg4 ,fah4 for two hours2 silk from wild silkworms requiring a higher temperature than wool1 goat's hair1 and the like4 ,it is then taken out and washed1 put into an acid bath1 then washed again4 ,if necessary1 the barium bath is repeated1 as also the subsequent washings4 ,if this second bath of binoxide of barium does not produce the requisite whiteness1 it is introduced into a solution of permanganic acid or permanganate of magnesia before the last washing4 ,binoxide of ,barium1 ,ba,o#b1 is made by subjecting the oxide or caustic baryta1 ,ba,o1 to a stream of oxygen or common air at a high temperature4 ,its bleaching action is probably due to the formation of peroxide of hydrogen in solution in the bath4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,alloy ,,of ,,tin ,,and ,,phosphorus4 ,at the ,graupen ,tin ,works1 in ,bohemia1 an alloy of tin and phosphorus is made containing the greatest possible quantity of phosphorus which the tin is able to retain without losing any of it upon repeated meltings4 ,this compound1 which is neither entitled to the name of alloy nor is it a phosphide of tin1 is employed in the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze4 ,in the manufacture of phosphorus-bronze1 by alloying copper with phosphorus-tin1 no other precautions require to be observed than in the preparation of common bronze4 ,as the different properties of phosphorus-bronze depend upon the proportions of phosphorus and of tin1 two kinds of phosphorus-tin are prepared4 ,no4 #j contains #e per cent41 and ,no4 #a1 #ba_/b per cent4 of phosphorus4 ,these two kinds suffice to make the greater part of all the desired mixtures4 ,for special purposes1 the ,graupen ,works make to order phosphorus-tin with any desired quantity of phosphorus not exceeding #e per cent41 which is the highest possible limit4 ,it is claimed that phosphorus-bronze may be manufactured by the use of this phosphorus-tin as much as #dj per cent4 cheaper than that now in the market1 while it will only cost #h per cent4 more than the ordinary tin and copper bronze4 ,no details are given of the method employed to make the phosphorus combine with tin1 but the low melting point of tin as compared with that of copper would indicate that this would lead to the great saving promised above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,american ,,institute ,,exhibition4 ,the forty-sixth ,exhibition of this ,institute will open ,september #ab1 in this city4 ,parties having novelties which they intend to bring to public notice should at once address the ,general ,superintendent for blanks and information4 ,the medals1 it is said1 have been increased and special awards will be made upon a number of articles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,american ,,inventions ,,for ,,new ,,south ,,wales4 ,writing from ,sydney1 under date of ,april #ad1 the ,times correspondent thus refers to the supply of locomotives and carriages from ,america3 ,our appearance at ,philadelphia has drawn the attention of ,american manufacturers to us in a most marked and unexpected degree4 ,a country that1 like ,new ,south ,wales1 is rolling in wealth must be a country that is able to buy1 and a country that is able to buy is exactly the country that ,american manufacturers have been anxiously looking out for4 ,our representatives at ,philadelphia have come back strongly impressed with the fact that there are many things that the ,americans can supply us with advantage4 ,our ,government has an offer from ,messrs4 ,baldwin ,co4 to furnish a locomotive engine for about ,l#a1jjj less than the cost of an ,english engine1 and to leave the payment open until the engine has been thoroughly proved and approved4 ,a ,pullman's sleeping car and an ordinary passenger car have already been ordered1 and ,american wheels1 axles1 rails1 and brakes are strongly pressed on our acceptance4 ,as our ,government engineers are all of the ,english school1 ,american novelties will have a hard battle to fight to win official acceptance1 but the demand for economy in railway construction and working is so great that people and ,parliament will press on the ,minister for ,public ,works a fair trial for any ,american novelties that may seem to be suited to our wants4 ,the ,english manufacturers1 therefore1 who have hitherto supplied us must look to their laurels4--,capital and ,labor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,man',s ,,place ,,in ,,nature4 ,concerning man's true place in ,nature1 ,haeckel says3 ,whatever part of the body we consider1 we find upon the most exact examination that man is more nearly related to the highest apes than are the latter to the lowest apes4 ,it would therefore be wholly forced and unnatural to regard man in the zoological system as constituting a distinct order1 and thus to separate him from the true ape4 ,rather is the scientific zoologist compelled1 whether it is agreeable to him or not1 to rank man within the order of the true ape 7,simiae74 ,to whatever minutiae of detail the comparison is carried1 we reach in every case the same result4 ,between man and the anthropoid apes there are the closest anatomical and physiological resemblances4 ,in form and function1 there is the most exact agreement between all the corresponding bones of the skeleton of each2 the same arrangement and structure of the muscles1 nerves and entire viscera1 and of the spleen1 liver and lungs--the latter being a matter of especial significance1 for between the manner of breathing and the process of nutrition there is the closest relation4 ,the brain1 also1 is subject to the same laws of development1 and differs only with regard to size4 ,the minute structure of the skin1 nails1 and even the hair1 is identical in character4 ,although man has lost the greater part of his hairy covering1 as ,darwin thinks1 in consequence of sexual selection1 yet the rudimentary hairs upon the body correspond1 in many respects1 to those of the anthropoids4 ,the formation of the beard is the same in both cases2 while the face and ears remain bare4 ,anthropoids and men become grayhaired in old age4 ,but the most remarkable circumstance is that1 upon the upper arm1 the hairs are1 in both cases1 directed downward1 and upon the lower arm upward2 while in the case of the half-apes it is different1 and not as soft as that of man and the anthropoids4 ,the eye1 on account of its delicate structure1 is peculiarly suitable for comparisons of this kind2 and we find here the greatest similarity3 even inflammation and green cataract occur under the same circumstances1 in both4 ,see1 also1 ,darwin upon this point4 ,there is no more striking proof that man and the anthropoid apes have the same anatomical and physiological nature1 and require the same food1 than the similarity of their blood4 ,under the microscope the blood corpuscles are identical in form and appearance2 while those of the carnivora are clearly different from them4 ,it may now be interesting1 in confirmation of what has been said1 to refer to the family life1 and1 if one may so speak1 to the mental and moral life of the anthropoids4 ,like man1 the ape provides with exceeding care for its young1 so that its parental affection has become proverbial4 ,connubial fidelity is a general and well known virtue4 ,the mother ape leads its young to the water1 and washes its face and hands in spite of its crying4 ,wounds are also washed out with water4 ,the ape1 when in distress1 will weep like a human being1 and in a manner that is said to be very affecting4 ,young apes manifest the same tendencies as human children4 ,when domesticated1 they are in youth docile and teachable1 and also1 at times1 like all children1 disobedient4 ,in old age they often become morose and capricious4 ,most apes construct huts1 or1 at least1 roofs1 as a protection from the weather1 and sleep in a kind of bed4 ,one peculiarity is alone common to them and man1 and this is the habit of lying upon the back in sleep4 ,in battle they defend themselves with their fists and long sticks2 and1 under otherwise like circumstances1 they manifest like passions and emotions with man3 as joy and sorrow1 pain and envy1 revenge and sympathy4 ,in death1 especially1 the ape face assumes a peculiarly human-like and spiritual expression1 and the sufferer is the object of as genuine compassion as exists in the case of man4 ,it is also well known that apes bury their dead1 laying the body in a secluded spot1 and covering it with leaves4 ,regarding the domestic life of the ape1 ,darwin says1 in his ,descent of ,man 7vol4 #a1 p4 #ci73 ,we see maternal affection manifested in the most trifling details4 ,thus ,rengger observed an ,american monkey 7a ,cebus7 carefully driving away the flies which plagued her infant2 and ,duvancel saw a ,hylobates washing the faces of her young ones in a stream4 ,so intense is the grief of female monkeys for the loss of their young1 that it invariably caused the death of certain kinds kept under confinement by ,brehm in ,north ,africa4 ,orphan monkeys are always adopted1 and carefully guarded by other monkeys1 both males and females4 ,one female baboon had so capacious a heart1 that she not only adopted young monkeys of other species but stole young dogs and cats1 which she continually carried about with her4 ,her kindness did not go so far1 however1 as to share her food with her adopted offspring2 at which ,brehm was surprised1 as his monkeys divided everything quite fairly with their own young ones4 ,an adopted kitten scratched the above-mentioned affectionate baboon1 who certainly had a fine intellect1 for she was much astonished at being scratched1 and immediately examined the kitten's feet1 and without more ado bit off the claws4 ,the number of characteristics possessed in common by man and the higher apes is1 indeed1 very great1 and includes not only physical and emotional but even intellectual qualities4--,from ,schlickeysen's ,fruit and ,bread1 translated by ,dr4 ,holbrook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,notice4 ,persons who have sent numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american to this office1 for the purpose of having them bound1 will please call or send for them immediately4 ,some of the volumes extend back to #ahfj1 and as we need the room they occupy1 we shall dispose of those not claimed within ten days from date of this paper4 ,,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,decisions ,,of ,,the ,,courts4 ,,united ,,states ,,circuit ,,court4--,,district ,,of ,,new ,,jersey4 ,,shawl ,,strap ,,patent4--,,george ,,crouch vs4 ,,william ,,roemer4 ,in equity4 ,by ,nixon1 ,district ,judge4 ,this is an action for an alleged infringement of complainant's letters patent ,no4 #hb1fjf1 dated ,september #bi1 #ahfh1 and reissued ,march #g1 #ahga1 ,no4 #d1bhi4 ,the subject-matter of the patent is in the reissue described to be a strap to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle1 and termed a shawl-strap4 ,the schedule attached to and forming a part of the said reissued patent states1 that before the complainant's invention straps had been used to confine a shawl or similar article in a bundle1 and a leather cross-piece with loops at the ends1 had extended from one strap to the other2 and above and attached to this leather cross-piece was a handle4 ,this leather cross-piece or connecting strap is liable to bend and allow the straps to be drawn toward each other by the handle in sustaining the weight4 ,hence the bundle is not kept in a proper shape and the handle is inconvenient to grasp4 ,the invention is then stated to consist of a rigid cross-bar beneath the handle1 combined with suspending straps1 that are to be passed around the shawl or bundle1 such straps passing through loops at the ends of the handle4 ,no question can be made but that the shawl straps manufactured and sold by the defendant are an infringement of the complainant's reissue4 ,they consist of a metallic cross-bar1 with slots at the ends for the reception of the straps1 and which also connect the ends of the handle4 ,several defences are set up in the answer1 but the only one necessary to consider is the first1 to wit3 ,the want of novelty and prior public use4 ,i had occasion1 heretofore1 to inquire into the validity of the complainant's patent1 in a controversy between the same complainant1 and ,speer et al41 reported in ,,vi4 ,off4 ,gaz4 #ahgd1 in which1 as in this case1 the principal defence turned upon the novelty of the invention4 ,a prior public use was alleged and attempted to be proved4 ,i there said and now repeat that the patent is prima facie evidence that the patentee was the original and first inventor1 and that any one who controverts this assumes the burden of proof and undertakes to show affirmatively that there was a prior knowledge and use of the alleged invention under such circumstances1 as to give to the public the right of its continued use against the patentee4 ,the defence in this case has brought out many facts in regard to the public use of the rigid cross-bar in shawl straps anterior to the date of the complainant's patent1 which were not developed in the former suit4 ,there is no evidence which in my judgment affects the honesty of the complainant's claim1 or which creates any doubt that he really believed himself to be the original and first inventor1 but nevertheless ,i am constrained to the conclusion1 after a most careful examination of the whole testimony1 that the proofs show with reasonable certainty that he has been anticipated in the invention and that his patent is void1 in consequence of the prior knowledge and public use1 and the bill must be therefore dismissed with costs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,barnum1 for complainant4 ,arthur v4 ,briesen1 for defendant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,books ,,and ,,publications4 ,,the ,,economic ,,theory ,,of ,,the ,,location ,,of ,,railways4 ,by ,arthur ,m4 ,wellington1 ,c4,e4 ,price #b4jj4 ,new ,york city3 ,office of the ,railroad ,gazette1 #gc ,broadway4 ,the author of this book is thoroughly conversant with his subject1 and his statement that the book has gradually grown from a few notes into a volume may be accepted as an explanation of the somewhat fragmentary character of the work4 ,he asserts that all our railways are uneconomically located1 and in many cases these errors are shockingly evident4 ,if these statements are true1 he is right in stating that there is something almost pitiful in the waste of human labor enforced by such costly blundering4 ,he considers that other countries have made lamentable blunders in locating their railroads1 so that the suffering stockholders of ,american lines may take comfort from the thought that others are or may be as badly off4 ,,fruit ,,and ,,bread4 ,a ,,scientific ,,diet4 ,by ,gustav ,schlickeysen4 ,translated from the ,german by ,m4 ,l4 ,holbrook1 ,m4,d4 ,with an ,appendix4 ,illustrated4 ,new ,york city3 ,m4 ,l4 ,holbrook ,co4 ,the author and translator of this little treatise are firm believers in vegetarianism1 and present in a highly attractive form the main arguments which sustain them in their position4 ,the subject is most carefully and systematically treated1 and although the conclusions at which the author arrives are greatly at variance with modern belief and practice1 the book is nevertheless entitled to proper and respectful consideration4 ,illustrations are given of the teeth and stomachs of various animals1 and these are compared with the similar organs existing in man1 so exhibiting in a clear and satisfactory manner the perfect adaptedness of the latter to a purely vegetable regimen1 which is certainly something more than merely accidental4 ,altogether the book is well worthy of perusal by others than those more immediately interested in the question of diet4 ,,theoretical ,,naval ,,architecture3 a ,treatise on the ,calculations involved in ,naval ,design4 ,by ,samuel ,j4 ,p4 ,thearle1 ,f4,r4,s4,n4,a41 etc4 ,two ,volumes2 ,text and ,plates4 ,new ,york city3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,this book is designed to meet the requirements of both those who possess but a moderate amount of mathematical knowledge as well as of those who are much further advanced4 ,numerous formulae and rules clearly stated will enable the former to perform without much difficulty the ordinary routine of the draughting office1 while ample opportunity is afforded the latter to trace back the processes from which these rules have gone forth4 ,the book is divided into six parts4 ,part ,i4 embraces the calculations relating to the forms and dimensions of ships4 ,,ii4 those relating to the weights and centers of gravity of ships4 ,part ,,iii4 refers to the strength of ships4 ,,iv4 and ,v4 to their propulsion by sails and by steam engines2 while ,part ,,vi4 treats of the calculations relating to steering4 ,an excellent book of plates and tables accompanies the text4 ,,kemlo',s ,,watch ,,repairer',s ,,handbook3 being a complete guide to the young beginner in taking apart1 putting together1 and thoroughly cleaning the ,english lever and other foreign watches1 and all ,american watches4 ,by ,f4 ,kemlo1 ,practical ,watchmaker4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,price #a4be4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 ,henry ,carey ,baird ,co4 ,this work will prove of great value to all in whom the curious mechanism of clocks and watches has excited more than a passing interest4 ,none but skilled followers of the art have been allowed to contribute to its pages1 so that the practical worth of the information given can be fully relied upon4 ,a concise history of timekeepers is followed by a clear and exhaustive description of the ,english lever watch1 which in turn is followed by articles on cleaning1 putting together1 and the conditions necessary to produce a good ,english watch4 ,american watches deservedly engage considerable attention4 ,papers on repairing watches1 cleaning and repairing clocks1 and a short description of the necessary tools complete the book4 ,,recent ,,progress ,,in ,,sanitary ,,science4 ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,leeds4 ,salem1 ,mass43 ,printed at the ,salem ,press4 ,this is a reprint of a paper read at the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 ,october #i1 #ahgf1 by the well known ,professor of ,chemistry at the ,stevens ,institute4 ,,williams' ,,tourist',s ,,map ,,and ,,guide ,,to ,,colorado ,,and ,,the ,,san ,,juan ,,mines4 ,price #ej cents each4 ,new ,york city3 ,h4 ,t4 ,williams1 #df ,beekman street4 ,two well edited publications1 deserving the attention of travelers and emigrants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,inventions ,,patented ,,in ,,england ,,by ,,americans4 ,june #g to ,june #ae1 #ahgg1 inclusive4 ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes4--,mellen ,bray1 ,newton1 ,mass4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,motor4--,w4 ,w4 ,gary1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,furnaces4--,j4 ,j4 ,storer1 ,new ,york city4 ,,gas4--,m4 ,h4 ,strong1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,gas ,,apparatus4--,d4 ,c4 ,smith1 ,east ,northwood1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,gas ,,machines4--,t4 ,f4 ,rowland1 ,greenpoint1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mineral ,,wool ,,apparatus4--,a4 ,d4 ,elbers1 ,hoboken1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,motive ,,power4--,w4 ,g4 ,smith et al41 ,new ,york city4 ,,power ,,looms4--,james ,long1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,pulverizing ,,machines4--,j4 ,j4 ,storer1 ,new ,york city4 ,,pump4--,a4 ,f4 ,eells et al41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,refrigerating ,,apparatus4--,b4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mills1 ,lexington1 ,ky4 ,,sewing ,,machines4--,c4 ,h4 ,warner1 ,sturbridge1 ,mass4 ,,sheet ,,metal ,,utensils4--,f4 ,g4 ,niedringhaus1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,,valve ,,gear4--,e4 ,cope et al41 ,hamilton1 ,ohio4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,recent ,,american ,,and ,,foreign ,,patents4 ,,notice ,,to ,,patentees4 ,inventors who are desirous of disposing of their patents would find it greatly to their advantage to have them illustrated in the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,we are prepared to get up first-class ,,wood ,,engravings of inventions of merit1 and publish them in the ,,scientific ,,american on very reasonable terms4 ,we shall be pleased to make estimates as to cost of engravings on receipt of photographs1 sketches1 or copies of patents4 ,after publication1 the cuts become the property of the person ordering them1 and will be found of value for circulars and for publication in other papers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,agricultural ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,hay ,,elevator4 ,eugene ,l4 ,church1 ,walworth1 ,wis4--,this is a hay elevator and carrier of simple and effective construction2 and it consists essentially of a traveling carriage locking1 by a tilting catch1 on a fixed stop block of the track1 from which it is released by the action of the bail of the sheave frame of the hay fork on a pivoted grappling hook1 the sheave being held in suspended position by the joint action of a fixed hook1 of the pivoted hook1 and of the tilting catch4 ,a track beam1 which is suspended from the rafters of a barn or other building by means of eyebolts passing through the center of the track beam4 ,a carriage runs along the track beam by a pair of flanged wheels1 at each end of which the wheels of one pair are set at such distance from each other that they clear readily the suspension bolts as they pass along the same4 ,a hoisting rope is attached1 in the customary manner1 to a fixed point at one end of carriage1 and passed then through the sheave frame of the hay fork1 and over a pulley of the carriage1 and through a sheave at the end of track beam1 and down to the ground1 where a horse is hitched to its free end4 ,,improved ,,corn ,,harvester4 ,bennett ,osgood1 ,lenox1 ,iowa4--,this invention is an improved machine for cutting up the corn1 removing the ears from the stalks1 and cutting the stalks into pieces1 and which may be adjusted to cut up the corn and shock it4 ,as the stalks are carried back by chains1 pins or hooks on bars tear open the husks of the ears2 and the bars1 in connection with rollers1 break the ears from the stalks4 ,the ears1 when broken off1 drop through an opening in the platform into an elevator1 up which they are carried1 and are discharged into a wagon drawn at the side of the machine4 ,the box of the elevator is supported from the frame of the machine1 and its carrier is driven from a shaft by an endless band4 ,the stalks are carried back by endless chains1 and allowed to drop from the rear end of the platform upon the brackets attached to the rear bar of the frame4 ,as they fall upon the brackets they are cut into three pieces by two knives1 which work in slots in the brackets1 and to the upper part of which are pivoted the upper ends of two bars4 ,the lower ends of these bars are pivoted to a crank formed upon the shaft1 which revolves in bearings attached to the rear bar of the frame4 ,,improved ,,sulky ,,harrow4 ,george ,m4 ,furman1 ,laclede1 ,mo4--,this is an improved riding harrow1 so constructed that it may be readily raised from the ground1 by the driver from his seat1 to clear it of rubbish1 to pass obstructions1 and to pass from place to place1 to cut up the ground and cover the seed thoroughly1 and be used for cultivating small grain and plants4 ,,improved ,,harrow4 ,hans ,iver ,lund1 ,charlotte1 ,iowa4--,the object of this invention is to furnish an iron harrow which shall be light1 strong1 and durable1 of less draft than an ordinary harrow1 of less size1 inexpensive in manufacture1 and effective in operation1 breaking up the lumps thoroughly1 and stirring up the soil evenly4 ,the harrow is designed to be made in three sections1 all exactly alike1 one1 two1 or three of which may be used at a time4 ,,improved ,,combined ,,cotton ,,scraper ,,and ,,cultivator4 ,malachiah ,roby1 ,kosciusko1 ,miss4--,this machine is so constructed as to bar off and dirt or cultivate cotton plants at one operation2 and the invention relates to the construction and arrangement of a center or main beam1 to the forward end of which the draft is attached4 ,to the beam1 a little in the rear of its forward end1 is attached the middle part of a crossbar1 in which are formed a number of holes to receive the hooks or clevises by which the forward ends of side beams are secured to said crossbar4 ,to the rear end of the main beam is attached the middle part of a crossbar1 to which the rear ends of the side beams are secured by a bow and yoke passed around them diagonally1 and which are tightened1 when adjusted in place1 by nuts screwed upon the ends of the bows4 ,bands are passed around said beams and diagonally around said standards1 and tightened in place by wedges or other suitable means1 so that the scrapers can be readily adjusted to work deeper or shallower in the ground1 and easily detached when not required for use4 ,cultivating plows or dirters have standards which are attached to the side beams1 the plows and standards of the inner side beams being placed in advance of those attached to the outer side beams4 ,when the machine is to be used as a cultivator1 the scrapers are detached1 and may be replaced by cultivating plows4 ,,improved ,,cultivator4 ,austin ,s4 ,mc,dermott1 ,prairie ,creek 7,melleray ,p4 ,o471 ,iowa4--,the object of this invention is to furnish a cultivator which shall be readily adjusted as the character of the work to be done may require1 and easily guided and controlled4 ,the tongue of the machine is made in ,v shape1 and its rear end is attached to the axle4 ,the arms of the tongue are connected by a crossbar1 to which the doubletree is pivoted by a hammer bolt4 ,to the ends of the axle are attached1 or upon them are formed1 crank axle arms1 upon the journals of which the wheels revolve4 ,to the arms of the tongue1 near the forward end of said tongue1 are bolted the ends of the forward arms of the three-armed bar1 the third arm of which projects to the rearward1 and its rear end is bent into ,u form to receive a curved bar1 which is pivoted to the three-armed bar by a bolt that passes through the bend of the three-armed bar and through the center of the curved bar4 ,the ends of the curved bar are secured to the forward ends of the beams by bolts1 two to each end4 ,to the rear ends of the beams are attached handles which may be strengthened by braces1 and are designed for use in guiding the plows when the machine is used as a walking cultivator4 ,,improved ,,chicken ,,coop4 ,daniel ,m4 ,sullivan and ,thomas ,a4 ,retallic1 ,montgomery ,city1 ,mo4--,this invention consists of a coop adjustable vertically on a standard1 and provided with removable partitions and doors for convenience in cleansing4 ,the frame of the coop is placed on a standard1 at the top of which is placed a pulley4 ,a cord is attached to the top of the coop frame1 and runs over the pulley1 and is attached to a counterweight4 ,the coop is divided by a central transverse partition into two compartments1 which are subdivided by transverse partitions composed of slats1 and held in place by a dowel pin at the bottom and by a pin at the top4 ,the vertical strips that hold the slats of the partitions together are grooved on each side to receive sliding partitions which are arranged on a central longitudinal line of the coop1 and at right angles to the partitions4 ,grooves are also made in the ends and central partition of the coop to receive these sliding partitions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,textile ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,fulling ,,mill4 ,james ,hunter1 ,north ,adams1 ,mass41 assignor to himself and ,james ,e4 ,hunter1 of same place4--,the object of this invention is to improve the construction of fulling mills in such a way that there can be no possibility of injuring the cloth while passing through the rollers1 and in such a way as to give the operator full control over the friction caused by the tongue or lever upon the goods1 whether said goods be heavy or light4 ,,improved ,,shuttle-,,driving ,,mechanism ,,for ,,narrow-,,ware ,,looms4 ,william ,b4 ,willard1 ,new ,york city4--,this invention1 relating to looms for weaving narrow ware1 consists in the arrangement of a spur wheel traveling on a fixed rack1 and actuating a movable rack attached to the shuttle carrier4 ,motion is given to the spur wheel by a cam on the main shaft of the machine1 which acts through a slotted lever and a connecting rod4 ,the object is to provide mechanism for throwing the shuttle in such looms4 ,in the loom the shuttlerace is divided at its center1 leaving a space of sufficient width to admit of the passage and shedding of the warp4 ,the shuttle slides in the race1 and is of such length as to overlap the opening1 so that it may pass smoothly from one section of the shuttlerace to the other4 ,the shuttle is pierced to receive the fingers of the shuttle carrier1 which slides on the bar4 ,the latter is a piece of sheet metal1 which is turned over at its upper edge to receive the bar1 and is provided with guides for the fingers4 ,the said fingers are capable of engaging with the holes in the shuttle and project below the piece of sheet metal1 and are bent at right angles1 and provided with grooved friction rollers1 which engage with a cam slot of such form that it will draw the fingers1 one at a time1 downward out of the shuttle1 and retain them below the warp during the passage of the portion of the shuttle with which they engage1 through the threads of the warp1 and replace them after that part of the shuttle passes the warp4 ,,improved ,,loom ,,temple4 ,christian ,h4 ,schlaf1 ,rockville1 ,conn4--,this is an improved device for stretching the cloth while being woven4 ,it is so constructed as to adjust itself as the cloth is being woven and carried forward to the cloth beam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,woodworking ,,and ,,house ,,and ,,carriage ,,building ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,thill ,,coupling4 ,josiah ,kitzmiller1 ,keedysville1 ,md4--,this is an improvement upon that form of thill coupling in which a pivoted cap is employed to slide over the end of the bolt or pin which secures the eye of the thill iron to the lugs or ears of the axle clip1 the said cap serving to prevent the said pin from becoming accidentally displaced without the use of a screw nut or other securing device4 ,it consists in the construction and arrangements of a spring catch for holding said pivoted cap down to its place against any tendency to rise accidentally1 the said spring catch being located in a transverse groove or recess in the cap and between the cap and the adjacent lug and being provided with a beveled head and square shoulder1 which engages with the under side of the lug to hold the cap down4 ,the merit of this arrangement is that the catch is concealed from sight by the complete inclosure of the spring and the position of the beveled head beneath the coupling1 and hence the exterior of the coupling presents a plain1 smooth1 and neat appearance1 free from catches or projections1 which would be liable to hook into the clothing in getting into or out of the carriage4 ,,improved ,,vehicle ,,spring4 ,fredrick ,w4 ,faber1 ,columbus1 ,texas4--,this invention consists in combining an auxiliary spring with a spring suspended from goosenecks attached to the axle1 the said auxiliary spring being attached to the axle1 and provided with yokes for embracing the suspended spring1 the object being to provide a device for steadying the main spring and preventing lateral motion4 ,,improved ,,tire ,,heater4 ,philip ,w4 ,cassil1 ,new ,athens1 ,o4--,to the top of the furnace or firebox is secured the ring heating chamber1 which consists of the ring plate having a ring flange or rim formed around its outer edge4 ,to the ring plate are attached the outer ends of a number of arms1 the inner ends of which meet in the center of the ring plate1 and have a journal attached to them4 ,the journal may be hollow or solid1 and upon it is placed a hub to which are attached a number of radial arms1 to the outer ends of which is attached a rim4 ,the rim fits against the inner part of the ring plate1 and forms the inner wall of the heating chamber4 ,,improved ,,chimney ,,cowl4 ,andrew ,f4 ,barry and ,ira ,g4 ,lane1 ,new ,york city4--,this invention is a chimney cowl or ventilator which will deflect the natural current of air1 so that a draft is continually maintained4 ,to the upper end of a sheet metal chimney top is attached a strip of metal1 bent into a spiral form1 and having spaces between the successive convolutions of the spiral4 ,the spirals overlap each other1 and increase in diameter towards the top4 ,the coils are connected at intervals by stays1 and the end of the upper and outer coil is tapped on to the one that precedes it1 and is trimmed off horizontally1 and upon it is placed an ornamental border4 ,the wind1 striking this top from any direction1 is deflected so as to cause a draft4 ,the device is claimed to be ornamental in appearance1 is cheaply and easily made1 and does not obstruct the chimney4 ,,improved ,,wagon ,,axle4 ,wilbur ,f4 ,buckelew1 ,shreveport1 ,la4--,the object of this invention is to strengthen the wooden axles of wagons1 and to fasten the skeins so that they will not become loose4 ,a wooden axle is grooved longitudinally upon its under side throughout its entire length1 to receive a rod1 which is reduced in size at its ends1 and threaded to receive the nuts4 ,this rod is bent so as to conform to the tapering portion of the axle upon which the skein is placed4 ,the skeins1 having countersunk outer ends1 are placed on the ends of the axle1 and nuts having a beveled face corresponding to the countersunk ends of the skeins1 are placed on the ends of the rod1 and clamp the skeins securely on the axle4 ,by giving the nut this peculiar form1 it contains more threads than it otherwise would1 and is in consequence stronger4 ,the rod not only serves to retain the skeins securely in their places1 but it also acts as a stay or truss rod for the axle1 greatly strengthening it4 ,,improved ,,wagon ,,brake ,,lever4 ,jacob ,p4 ,outson1 ,racine1 ,wis4--,this invention consists of a curved ratchet bar and two levers working on the same pivot1 one carrying a spring pawl1 that engages with the curved ratchet bar1 and the other carrying a stud for throwing the pawl out of the notches of the ratchet bar4 ,when the brake is to be applied to the wheels of the wagon1 one lever is thrown forward1 carrying with it the other lever2 and the pawl1 by engaging the notches of the bar1 holds the lever at any desired point4 ,when it is desired to release the brake first named1 the lever is drawn back1 moving first the length of the slot1 the stud striking the pawl and throwing it out of engagement with the ratchet bar1 when the lever may be carried back to any required position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,household ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,baker4 ,luna ,drew1 ,irving1 ,wis4--,this is an improved baking attachment to heating stoves of all kinds1 so that the heat of the same may be utilized for baking1 warming1 raising bread1 and other purposes4 ,it consists of a baker supported on adjustable legs1 and secured to a round1 oval1 or square heating stove by suitable top and bottom slides4 ,a warmer is arranged below the baker4 ,the front of the baker is detachable1 to admit its use for baking or warming purposes4 ,,improved ,,fire ,,kindler4 ,john ,g4 ,distler1 ,brooklyn 7,greenpoint ,p4 ,o471 ,n4 ,y4--,this invention is an improved fire kindler1 simple in construction1 convenient in use1 and effective in operation1 burning freely1 and lasting long enough to fully kindle the fire4 ,it is formed of corncobs1 steamed1 having a number of transverse holes formed through them1 dried1 dipped in melted white resin1 and wrapped in paper4 ,the corncobs are steamed to prevent them from breaking while being bored4 ,the cobs1 while still moist with the steam1 have a number of transverse holes bored in them with a rapidly revolving bit1 and are then thoroughly dried4 ,when dry the cobs are dipped in melted white resin1 and before they are fully cold they are wrapped in ordinary paper1 which adheres to them1 prevents any odor from passing off into the room and prevents them from soiling the hands while being handled4 ,,improved ,,match ,,safe4 ,john ,a4 ,field1 ,racine1 ,wis4--,this is a match safe1 the back1 top1 and front of which are made from a single piece of tin1 and to which a lighter of wire cloth is attached1 which is placed over a picture1 to give the match safe an ornamental appearance4 ,it is so arranged that the matches are delivered singly to a pair of hooks1 from which they may be readily taken by the fingers4 ,,improved ,,nursery ,,chair4 ,luther ,i4 ,adams1 ,east ,templeton1 ,mass4--,this chair may be readily converted into a high or low chair1 and in which an attached toy box retains the toys when the chair is in either position4 ,the armed low chair has curved legs4 ,between the rear legs a shaft is journaled1 upon which two wheels are placed4 ,the support for the low parts when it is used as a high chair consists of two similar sides1 each composed of two curved strips1 which are held together partly by crossbars and partly by triangular metallic pieces that are attached to their upper ends and pivoted to the center of the crossbars that connect the legs4 ,a shaft1 having upon it wheels1 is journaled in the curved strips at the back of the chair near the lower ends4 ,the toy box consists of a tray that is concaved at its upper edge and is made convex at its lower end1 and is provided with a cover that extends over a portion of it1 and forms a receptacle for toys when the box is in a vertical position4 ,,improved ,,fruit ,,jar4 ,catherine ,hastings1 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4--,this is an improved attachment for fruit jars1 to enable them to be conveniently handled when filled with hot fruit1 and at other times4 ,it does not interfere with standing the full fruit jars upon their tops1 if desired1 and enables the jars to be used for holding and carrying various articles4 ,there is a metallic screw band1 by which the cover is secured upon the mouth of jar4 ,to the opposite sides of the band are soldered lugs to which are pivoted the ends of a wire bail4 ,,improved ,,ventilator4 ,charles ,e4 ,darling1 ,lewiston1 ,me41 assignor of two thirds his right to ,henry ,free and ,john ,e4 ,lydston1 of same place4--,this ventilator for windows1 doors1 etc41 works in noiseless manner1 and is watertight4 ,it consists of radially recessed face disks1 clamped to the glass frame1 and having an intermediate pivoted disk with corresponding recesses that are set by a crank lever and cords into open or closed piston4 ,,improved ,,baking ,,pan4 ,charles ,i4 ,kagey and ,fred ,w4 ,stoneburner1 ,arcola1 ,ill4--,the body of this roaster is made of sheet iron1 and is rectangular in form4 ,to one end of the body a cap is secured1 and to the other end a rectangular cast iron frame is fitted1 to which a cast iron door is hinged4 ,at the top of the roaster1 at or near its center1 an aperture is made1 which is closed by a tapering projection that extends downward from a plate that is hinged to the top of the roaster4 ,rings are attached to the top of the roaster near each end for convenience in handling4 ,the apparatus1 when in use1 is placed upon a stove or in an oven4 ,,improved ,,stovepipe ,,shelf4 ,john ,w4 ,jackson1 ,sharpsville1 ,pa4--,a wire of the requisite strength is bent into the shape required to form the horizontal support4 ,to this the shelf is attached1 and also the bracket1 which rests against the pipe for supporting the same4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,mechanical ,,and ,,engineering ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,water ,,wheel4 ,isaac ,mallery1 ,dryden1 ,n4 ,y4--,this invention relates to downward discharge turbine water wheels2 and it consists in the employment1 in combination with a stationary chute case and an independent adjustable frame1 of a series of gates1 which are pivoted to this frame and adjustable to the periphery of said case4 ,the bucket wheel is formed of curved and inclined buckets arranged around a hub1 and applied to a cap ring and a skirting4 ,this wheel is keyed on a driving shaft1 stepped on a bridge1 and passed up through a tubular sleeve1 which is cast on the top of a cylindrical chute or guide case4 ,this case is rigidly secured to the base or bed frame1 and constructed with oblique issues1 which direct the currents of inflowing water against the buckets of the wheel4 ,,improved ,,valve ,,motion ,,for ,,steam ,,engines4 ,henry ,haering1 ,new ,york city4--,this is an improved device for operating the slide valve of a steam engine from the piston rod of said engine1 in such a way that the valve will be moved slightly to partially uncover the inlet and exhaust ports as the piston completes its stroke1 and its motion will be continued in the same direction as the piston begins to move upon the return stroke1 until the ports are fully opened1 and will then stand still1 with the ports fully open1 until the piston has nearly completed its return stroke4 ,it consists in the combination of a three-armed bar1 two levers1 connecting bar1 and connecting lever1 with the piston rod and the valve stem of a steam engine2 and in the combination of a lockbar1 spring1 two cylinders1 and pin1 with the two levers and the three-armed bar4 ,as the piston approaches the end of its stroke1 the upper end of an upright arm of a bar strikes the concaved side of the upper part of one of the levers operating it1 and moving the slide valve to close the ports and admit steam in front of the piston4 ,as the piston begins its return stroke the inclined upper surface of one of the side arms of the three-armed bar comes in contact with the lower end of the said lever1 and continues its motion in the same direction1 fully opening the said inlet port1 which remains fully open until the piston has again nearly completed its stroke4 ,,improved ,,reversible ,,eccentric4 ,george ,g4 ,lafayette and ,pitt ,w4 ,strong1 ,brockville1 ,ontario1 ,canada4--,this is an improved device to act as a substitute for the link motion on a reversible engine1 or for adjusting the stroke of a boiler-feed pump1 while in motion1 so as to regulate the amount of feed water supplied to the boiler1 without the use of an overflow pipe and cock1 and keeping thereby the pump constantly in motion1 which will save the annoyance frequently experienced in pumps by their refusing to prime after having been stopped for a short time4 ,it may be further used to control the speed of all kinds of engines1 whether with plain slide valve or with a cut-off valve working on top of the other by connecting directly to the device a suitable governor1 so as to automatically shorten and lengthen the stroke of the valve1 and give a uniform motion to the engine under different loads4 ,,improved ,,expanding ,,reamer4 ,robert ,blair1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4--,in this improved tool there is a clamping bolt by which the cutters are clamped fast after being adjusted4 ,the cutters are arranged to slide directly across the stock in dovetail grooves1 and are slotted to slide along the clamping bolt and washers1 by which they are clamped fast after they are adjusted to the position required by a toothed pinion and racks4 ,the pinion is arranged in the stock between the cutters1 and the shaft extends out of the end of the stock1 with a nick in the end for a screwdriver to turn it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,miscellaneous ,,inventions4 ,,improved ,,tortoise-,,shell ,,handle4 ,christian ,w4 ,schaefer1 ,new ,york city4--,the object of this invention is to mount the handles of canes1 umbrellas1 parasols1 whips1 opera glasses1 and similar articles with a tortoise-shell covering1 in such a manner that the present inefficient mode of attaching the same by glue may be dispensed with1 the covering attached in tightly fitting and durable manner1 and the joint or weld of the edges be not noticeable in the least4 ,,improved ,,hand ,,stamp4 ,leonard ,tilton1 ,brooklyn1 ,e4,d41 ,n4 ,y4--,this invention consists in novel devices for giving positive rotation to the stamp heads after the impressions are made1 in combination with a reciprocating inking pad1 and in means for adjusting the throw of the inking pad with respect to the printing faces of the stamp heads4 ,,improved ,,buckle4 ,john ,fenton1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4--,this invention is an improved buckle1 neat in appearance1 strong and durable1 which may be easily fastened and unfastened1 which will not require the strap to be perforated1 and will hold it securely in any position into which it may be adjusted4 ,the buckle is formed of a plate having holes in its middle part to receive the rivets by which it is secured to the strap1 and having cross slots formed in its ends to receive the free end of the said strap1 and the eccentric1 having its outer side corrugated radially1 and provided with a handle4 ,,improved ,,liquid ,,diffuser4 ,george ,m4 ,smyth1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4--,this invention consists in the combination of an air compressor1 an air reservoir1 and a receptacle for the liquid1 and an arrangement of pipes and nozzles for atomizing the liquid4 ,an air compressor of any ordinary construction is connected with the reservoir by a pipe1 in which two stopcocks are placed4 ,there is a receptacle for containing the liquid to be diffused or atomized4 ,a pipe passes through a stopper placed in the neck of the said receptacle1 and extends nearly to the bottom of the same1 and its upper end is provided with a stopcock and nozzle4 ,a nozzle is arranged at right angles to the first-mentioned nozzle1 and is attached to a brace that is secured to the pipe4 ,,improved ,,oil ,,can4 ,john ,graves1 ,new ,york city1 assignor to himself and ,james ,l4 ,miller1 ,westfield1 ,n4 ,j4--,this is an improved case for packing oil cans for transportation1 the case furnishing the additional facility that the can may be readily inserted into the same and tilted for use4 ,the invention consists of a wooden projecting case with side slots1 in which trunnions of the can are guided and supported for swinging the can on pivot hooks1 which serve also for the purpose of locking the lid to the case4 ,,improved ,,harness ,,tugs4 ,charles ,hauff1 ,ashland1 ,o4--,the body of the carrier is made in the form of a ring with outwardly projecting flanges around its edges4 ,the strap is passed around the ring in the groove formed by its flanges1 and its inner end is sewed to its body at the side4 ,small wedge-shaped blocks of leather are inserted in the angle between the parts of the strap where they meet and the ring1 which angular blocks are covered by angular projection of the flanges of the ring4 ,,improved ,,composition ,,for ,,casting ,,ornamental ,,figures4 ,august ,kiesele1 ,new ,york city4--,this consists in a composition formed by the admixture of dry pulverized sugar1 melted paraffin1 and stearine4 ,it is poured into moulds and allowed to cool4 ,the article is then removed from the mould1 and powdered starch or sugar is dusted over it to destroy the gloss and give it the appearance of alabaster4 ,,improved ,,pen ,,rack4 ,harvey ,w4 ,forman1 ,golden ,city1 ,col4--,this consists of an upper frame with intercrossing wires1 forming wide spaces or meshes1 and of a second frame with closer wires below the same1 for holding the pen in upright position1 in connection with a bottom pad or absorbent below the rack frames4 ,,improved ,,stopper ,,for ,,mucilage ,,bottle4 ,james ,tilghman1 ,new ,york city4--,this is a combined brush and stopper1 consisting essentially of a handle having a stem and a flat end corresponding to the top of the cork4 ,the brush has a flat head1 corresponding to the bottom of the cork4 ,the cork is interposed between the said head and end of the handle1 and held in place by the central stem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business ,,and ,,personal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,charge for ,insertion under this head is ,one ,dollar a line for each insertion4 ,if the ,notice exceeds four lines1 ,one ,dollar and a ,half per line will be charged4 99 99 99 99 99 ,metallic ,letters and ,figures to put on patterns of castings1 all sizes4 ,h4 ,w4 ,knight1 ,seneca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y4 ,how to make ,violins--,write ,j4 ,ranger1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,blake's ,belt ,studs4--,the best and cheapest fastening for ,rubber or ,leather ,belts4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 #ah ,park place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,all kinds of new ,lift and ,force ,pumps for all purposes1 at half price1 or trade for firearms or tools4 ,w4 ,p4 ,hopkins1 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,steam ,yacht for sale4 #ca feet long1 #fa_/b beam2 new4 ,john ,howard1 ,no4 #agbj ,rittinhouse st41 ,philadelphia4 ,mothers make selections for themselves uptown1 but they always go to ,baldwin the ,clothier in ,new ,york and ,brooklyn for boys' outfits4 ,wanted--,the ,agency of small article of merit or novelty for the ,hardware or ,house furnishing lines4 ,w4 ,m4 ,ernst ,co41 #bf ,cliff street1 ,new ,york4 ,thermometers and ,hydrometers for scientific and other purposes4 ,goldbacher1 #ih ,fulton street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for ,sale4--,one #c ft4 ,planer1 #aie2 one #h ft4 do41 #cej2 one #bf ,lathe1 #bie2 one #bb do41 #age2 one #ae do41 #abj4 ,at ,shearman's1 #acb ,north #c;d street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,inventors4--,send #aj cents for the ,journal of ,invention1 #d months4 #cg ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,room #b4 ,reliable ,oak ,leather and ,rubber ,belting4 ,a specialty of ,belting for high speed and hard work4 ,charles ,w4 ,arny1 ,manufacturer1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,send for price lists4 ,shaw's ,noise-,quieting ,nozzles for ,escape ,pipes of ,locomotives1 ,steamboats1 etc4 ,quiets all the noise of high pressure escaping steam without any detriment whatever4 ,t4 ,shaw1 #iae ,ridge ,ave41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,for #ac1 #ae1 #af1 and #ah in4 ,swing ,screw-,cutting ,engine ,lathes1 address ,star ,tool ,company1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,john ,t4 ,noye ,son1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 are ,manufacturers of ,burr ,mill ,stones and ,flour ,mill ,machinery of all kinds1 and dealers in ,dufour ,co4's ,bolting ,cloth4 ,send for large illustrated catalogue4 ,removal4--,fitch ,meserole1 ,manufacturers of ,electrical ,apparatus1 and ,bradley's ,patent ,naked ,wire ,helices1 have removed to #dj ,cortlandt ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,experimental work4 ,power ,foot ,presses1 ,ferracute ,co41 ,bridgeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for ,best ,presses1 ,dies1 and ,fruit ,can ,tools1 ,bliss ,williams1 cor4 of ,plymouth and ,jay ,sts41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,lead ,pipe1 ,sheet ,lead4 ,bar ,lead1 and ,gas ,pipe4 ,send for prices4 ,bailey1 ,farrell ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,hydraulic ,presses and ,jacks1 new and second hand4 ,lathes and ,machinery for ,polishing and ,buffing metals4 ,e4 ,lyon ,co41 #dgj ,grand ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,solid ,emery ,vulcanite ,wheels--,the ,solid ,original ,emery ,wheel--other kinds imitations and inferior4 ,caution4--,our name is stamped in full on all our best ,standard ,belting1 ,packing1 and ,hose4 ,buy that only4 ,the best is the cheapest4 ,new ,york ,belting and ,packing ,company1 #cg and #ch ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,steel ,castings from one lb4 to five thousand lbs4 ,invaluable for strength and durability4 ,circulars free4 ,pittsburgh ,steel ,casting ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,leather and ,rubber ,belting1 ,packing1 ,hose1 and ,manufacturers' ,supplies4 ,send for list4 ,greene1 ,tweed ,co41 #ah ,park place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,for ,solid ,wrought ,iron ,beams1 etc41 see advertisement4 ,address ,union ,iron ,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 for lithograph1 etc4 ,blank ,book ,back-,shaping ,machine4 ,illustrated circular free4 ,frank ,thomas ,co41 ,home ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,hand ,fire ,engines1 ,lift and ,force ,pumps for fire and all other purposes4 ,address ,rumsey ,co41 ,seneca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,help for the weak1 nervous1 and debilitated4 ,chronic and painful diseases cured without medicine4 ,pulvermacher's ,electric ,belts are the desideratum4 ,book1 with full particulars1 mailed free4 ,address ,pulvermacher ,galvanic ,co41 #bib ,vine ,st41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,silver ,solder and small ,tubing4 ,john ,holland1 ,cincinnati1 ,manufacturer of ,gold ,pens and ,pencil ,cases4 ,patent ,scroll and ,band ,saws4 ,best and cheapest in use4 ,cordesman1 ,egan ,co41 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,mill ,stone ,dressing ,diamonds4 ,simple1 effective1 and durable4 ,j4 ,dickinson1 #fd ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,best ,glass ,oilers4 ,cody ,ruthven1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,for ,boult's ,paneling1 ,moulding1 and ,dovetailing ,machine1 and other wood-working machinery1 address ,b4,c4 ,machinery ,co41 ,battle ,creek1 ,mich4 ,chester ,steel ,castings ,co4 make castings for heavy gearing1 and ,hydraulic ,cylinders where great strength is required4 ,see their advertisement1 page #cj4 ,reliable information given on all subjects relating to ,mechanics1 ,hydraulics1 ,pneumatics1 ,steam ,engines1 and ,boilers1 by ,a4 ,f4 ,nagle1 ,m4,e41 ,providence4 ,r4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,queries ,it has been our custom for thirty years past to devote a considerable space to the answering of questions by correspondents2 so useful have these labors proved that the ,,scientific ,,american office has become the factotum1 or headquarters1 to which everybody sends1 who wants special information upon any particular subject4 ,so large is the number of our correspondents1 so wide the range of their inquiries1 so desirous are we to meet their wants and supply correct information1 that we are obliged to employ the constant assistance of a considerable staff of experienced writers1 who have the requisite knowledge or access to the latest and best sources of information4 ,for example1 questions relating to steam engines1 boilers1 boats1 locomotives1 railways1 etc41 are considered and answered by a professional engineer of distinguished ability and extensive practical experience4 ,inquiries relating to electricity are answered by one of the most able and prominent practical electricians in this country4 ,astronomical queries by a practical astronomer4 ,chemical inquiries by one of our most eminent and experienced professors of chemistry2 and so on through all the various departments4 ,in this way we are enabled to answer the thousands of questions and furnish the large mass of information which these correspondence columns present4 ,the large number of questions sent--they pour in upon us from all parts of the world--renders it impossible for us to publish all4 ,the editor selects from the mass those that he thinks most likely to be of general interest to the readers of the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,these1 with the replies1 are printed2 the remainder go into the waste basket4 ,many of the rejected questions are of a primitive or personal nature1 which should be answered by mail2 in fact1 hundreds of correspondents desire a special reply by post1 but very few of them are thoughtful enough to inclose so much as a postage stamp4 ,we could in many cases send a brief reply by mail if the writer were to inclose a small fee1 a dollar or more1 according to the nature or importance of the case4 ,when we cannot furnish the information1 the money is promptly returned to the sender4 ,j4 ,p4 ,d4 will find directions for colored whitewash on pp4 #bce1 #bcf1 vol4 #cf4--;,a4 ,m4 will find directions for electroplating on p4 #ei1 vol4 #cf4--;,h4 ,p4 can recover silver from photographers' waste by the process detailed on p4 #bej1 vol4 #bg4--;,a4 ,w4 ,a4's difficulty as to #fd and #fe squares in the puzzle can be solved by an inspection of the diagrams on p4 #cbc1 ,no4 #ba1 ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement4--,i4 ,a4 will find a description of a magneto-electric machine on p4 #aie1 vol4 #cd4 ,a clock thus would go for #ab hours1 and wind itself at the same time for #ab hours more1 if such a machine could exist1 would be a perpetual motion4 ,as to tempering small drills1 see p4 #ahf1 vol4 #bf4--,r4 ,b4 can prevent rust on iron or steel by the means described on p4 #bf1 vol4 #be4 ,for a recipe for a depilatory1 see p4 #ahf1 vol4 #cd4--;,a4 ,t4 ,r4 is informed that the hydrocarbon engine is reversible4--,t4 ,w4 will find directions for making sand belts on p4 #bce1 vol4 #cf4--,m4 ,g4 should address a manufacturer of oxygen cylinders4--,j4 ,s4 ,c41 who inquires as to a water fountain1 sizes of pipes1 etc41 should send us a sketch with dimensions4--,o4 ,l4 is informed that the proper way to ascertain the relative strengths of corrugated and plain sheet metal is by experiment4--,g4 ,h4 ,b4 will find directions for making colored printing inks on p4 #ij1 vol4 #cf4--,p4 ,m4 will find on p4 #bej1 vol4 #cf1 directions for making a polishing starch4--,c4 ,h4 ,b4 can braze the ends of his brass plate to make a cylinder of it4 ,see p4 #bai1 vol4 #cf4--,w4 ,h4 ,c4 is informed that his method of fluting reamers is not new4--,c4 ,c4 ,g4 will find his method of raising coal or other weights impracticable4--,e4 ,s4 ,g4 had better test so simple an experiment and satisfy himself4--,w4 ,h4 ,c4 is informed that the most satisfactory plan would be to get his tools nickel-plated4 7#a7 ,j4 ,h4 ,n41 of ,christ ,church1 ,new ,zealand1 asks3 ,is the stearin from which the olein has been extracted by ,dr4 ,mott's process fit to be made at once into good stearin candles1 without any further treatment8 ,a4 ,yes4 7#b7 ,b4 ,b4 says3 ,i wish to express the strongest coloring matter from certain herbs1 sage leaves1 for instance4 ,how can it best be done cheaply and quickly8 ,evaporation during several days1 after boiling and simmering1 has the effect2 but it is inconveniently slow4 ,the color produced is a medium brown4 ,a4 ,dry the leaves1 etc41 thoroughly1 and grind to a fine powder4 ,digest this for several days in enough warm water to thoroughly moisten it throughout4 ,then add enough wood naphtha to make a stiff paste1 and after standing an hour transfer to a fine linen bag and express the thick liquid in a screw press4 #b4 ,is there anything that will set the color8 ,a4 ,try a strong hot solution of alum4 7#c7 ,h4 ,k4 ,f4 ,m4 says3 ,i have a box made of ,bohemian crystal4 ,the cover1 which was held to the box by a brass frame1 has come apart from its frame4 ,it seemed to have been cemented by a hard substance resembling plaster of ,paris4 ,how can ,i make it8 ,a4 ,boil #c parts powdered rosin for sometime with #a part of caustic soda and #e parts of water2 then stir into the soap formed one half its weight of plaster of ,paris1 and use immediately4 7#d7 ,f4 ,n4 ,y4 asks3 ,would a canvas bag1 coated with a varnish made of india rubber dissolved in naphtha1 be suitable to hold oxygen gas8 ,a4 ,yes2 but bags made of double pieces of cloth1 cemented together with the varnish1 are better4 7#e7 ,j4 ,a4 ,b4 asks3 ,is there any difference between electricity and magnetism8 ,a4 ,electricity and magnetism are supposed to be manifestations of the same force whose actions are produced at right angles to each other2 the action which occurs in the line of polarization being called electricity1 and the one at right angles to this line1 magnetism4 ,there is an important difference between them1 however1 as electricity is essentially a dynamic force1 while magnetism is purely static4 #a4 ,is not the idea of the world moving around the sun in an elliptic form absurd8 ,a4 ,no4 #b4 ,my idea is that the north star is the center of the universe1 or in fact is the magnet that all the suns or fixed stars move around1 and that the attraction of the pole of the earth1 although it moves around the sun1 is the cause of the change of seasons1 or1 in other words1 the angle of light4 ,a4 ,there is nothing whatever to support the idea4 ,but a supposed center of the universe has really been designated by some astronomers4 7#f7 ,p4 ,s4 asks3 ,how much copper wire does it require to construct an electro-magnet that will uphold #ajj lbs41 and what size of wire should be used8 ,a4 ,probably #ejj or #fjj feet of ,no4 #ad copper wire would be sufficient with #c or #d very large size ,grove cells and cores about #f inches long and #a inch in diameter4 7#g7 ,h4 ,s4 ,b4 says3 ,water falls about #af feet per second4 ,my overshot water wheel moves about #d feet per second4 ,do ,i in that way lose that percentage of the actual power of the water8 ,a4 ,not necessarily4 7#h7 ,c4 ,n4 ,b4 asks3 ,can a steam engine be worked with compressed air the same as with steam8 ,a4 ,generally speaking1 it can2 but not in every respect4 7#i7 ,j4 ,y4 says3 ,if all the measures of length1 surface1 and capacity in the world1 and all the weights were lost1 by what means could new ones be made corresponding exactly with those we now have8 ,a4 ,it would be impossible1 as all the measures in use refer to certain arbitrary standards4 7#aj7 ,r4 ,b4 ,g4 asks3 ,if a horse be pulling at the end of a lever and traveling #c miles an hour1 how many lbs4 pressure against his collar must he exert1 to raise #cc1jjj lbs4 #a foot per minute8 ,a4 ,the force exerted by the animal will depend upon the length of the lever1 which should be given4 7#aa7 ,c4 ,h4 ,mc,k4 asks3 ,would a pump so constructed as to create an incessant suction draw water an indefinite distance1 or how far would it draw it8 ,a4 ,such a pump would raise water no higher than any other that was equally tight4 7#ab7 ,j4 ,w4 says3 ,i wish to get some boilers made about #ab inches in diameter and #ac inches deep4 ,i want them to stand a pressure corresponding to #djj deg4 ,fah deg44 ,do you think it would be safe to have them made of cast iron8 ,a4 ,we think it will be better to use wrought iron4 ,make the shell about #g_/af of an inch thick4 7#ac7 ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 says1 in reply to ,e4 ,w4 ,p41 who says that he has an artesian well which does not flow2 but from which he pumps by inserting a pipe inside the well tubing1 and asks3 ,if we attach the pump to the well tubing directly1 allowing no air to enter the tube1 would it not be like trying to pump water from an airtight barrel8 ,if such were the case1 the drive well would be a miserable failure2 for in all drive wells the pump is attached directly to the tube4 ,i would advise ,e4 ,w4 ,p4 to attach his pump to the well tube direct1 and he will gain three times the amount of water that he now gets4 ,by having his pump attached to the well tube directly1 the working of the pump creates a vacuum1 and the atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface violently forces the liquid to fill the vacuum thus formed1 thereby giving a much greater amount of water than can be otherwise obtained4 ,it is a well established fact that more water can be obtained by the drive well than by any other4 ,a4 ,in our answer to ,e4 ,w4 ,p41 it will be evident1 we think1 to most of our readers1 that we only referred to the case in which the well had no connection with the atmosphere1 when the pipe was tightly fitted4 ,it appears1 however1 that it might have been better to have stated this more definitely1 and we gladly embrace the opportunity afforded by the interesting letters of our correspondents4 ,we would be glad to receive from ,j4 ,r4 ,s4 some experimental data in proof of his assertion as to the great gain from a tight connection4 ,this also answers ,j4 ,t4 ,g4 and ,w4 ,h4 ,f4 7#ad7 ,h4 ,h4 ,s4 says3 #a4 ,given1 a boat with a #ce feet keel1 of #f feet beam1 with fine lines2 also a two-cylinder engine1 each cylinder #d x #e inches2 and a wheel #bh inches in diameter and of #ca_/b feet pitch4 ,will an upright boiler1 with #ace square feet heating surface1 and #d square feet grate surface1 be sufficient to run the engine at #bej or #cjj revolutions per minute with #ajj lbs4 steam8 ,a4 ,with good coal and a forced draft1 the boiler may be large enough4 #b4 ,what will be the probable speed of boat8 ,a4 ,in smooth water1 #g to #h miles an hour4 7#ae7 ,f4 ,a4 asks3 ,what would be a safe outside pressure for a cylinder of wrought iron1 #a_/b inch thick and #d feet in diameter1 and #h feet long8 ,a4 ,according to tables given in ,wilson's ,treatise on ,steam ,boilers1 the working pressure for such a tube would be about #fe lbs4 per square inch4 7#af7 ,f4 ,m4 ,m4 asks3 #a4 ,how large must an engine be to run a boat #aba_/b feet wide1 #ge feet long1 drawing #d feet of water1 at the rate of #cj miles per hour1 on a river or bay where the surface is smooth8 ,a4 ,we have some doubts as to whether these conditions could be fulfilled4 #b4 ,do steamboats on the ocean use salt water in their boilers for steam1 or do they carry fresh water8 ,a4 ,they ordinarily have surface condensers1 so that the water of condensation is returned to the boilers4 7#ag7 ,e4 ,s4 ,n4 says3 ,please give your ideas as to how much water an engine #ah inches in diameter by #bb inches stroke1 running at #ade revolutions per minute1 at #hj lbs4 steam1 cutting off at about #ah inches1 will require4 ,we furnished an injector for one of the above dimensions1 capable of throwing #ijj gallons per hour4 ,it was found to be insufficient1 and ,i went to the mill to discover the cause1 if possible4 ,the manufacturers of the injector thought it ought to be large enough1 and so did we4 ,i found everything set up properly1 and the piston and valve were evidently in good order4 ,i finally measured the capacity of the tank which supplied the injector1 and found that it drew #ifj gallons per hour4 ,a4 ,we do not think the data are sufficient for an accurate calculation4 ,it is possible1 however1 that some of our readers have made experiments on similar engines1 and can give some useful information4 7#ah7 ,t4 ,w4 asks3 ,what size of breast water wheel1 with a fall of #b feet water1 would it require to produce the same power as an overshot wheel of #d feet diameter1 #ah inches face1 with a fall of #e feet water8 ,a4 ,if the breast wheel gave the same efficiency as the other1 it would require a face about #ba_/b times as wide4 7#ai7 ,a4 ,k4 says3 ,a4 asserts that if a small and a large boiler be set side by side and connected with the top gauge cock of the two boilers1 level1 when they are first filled with water1 and then steam is raised1 that the water will not remain the same1 that the pressure will be greater in the larger boiler1 and consequently will force the water into the smaller one4 ,b4 says that the water will always remain the same as long as the boilers are connected2 that the pressure on the water will be the same in both boilers1 and therefore the water will always assume the same level in each4 ,which is right8 ,a4 ,the pressures sometimes vary in two boilers connected in this way2 and they should be set in such a way that the water cannot be forced from one into the other under any circumstances4 7#bj7 ,j4 ,t4 ,g4 says3 ,i notice your reply to ,w4 ,g4 in regard to pounding of a steam pump1 in which you recommend the use of a larger air vessel4 ,i think that ,w4 ,g4 can remedy the difficulty by allowing a small quantity of air to enter the pump cylinder at each stroke1 which can be done without sensibly diminishing the amount of water delivered1 provided the lift is not so high as to nearly equal the capacity of the pump4 ,that would keep the maximum quantity of air in the air vessel1 and ,i think that the air in the discharge pipe would have the effect of converting a comparatively rigid column into an elastic one4 ,w4 ,g4 can easily try the experiment by running with the drain cocks at the end of his pump partially open2 and if that remedies the difficulty1 he might insert a small check valve opening inward to prevent the discharge of water during the out-stroke4 ,if ,w4 ,g4 tries this1 ,i wish that he would let us know the result through the ,,scientific ,,american4 7#ba7 ,g4 ,h4 says3 ,please decide the following3 ,a4 claims that a team of horses can draw a greater load when hitched close to it than when hitched at a distance of #aj or #bj feet4 ,b4 claims that1 everything else being equal1 distance makes no difference1 and that the team could pull as many lbs4 at a distance of #bj feet as it could at ten or less4 ,which is right8 ,a4 ,we incline to ,b4's opinion4 ,please tell me the relative power of conducting electricity of the principal metals4 ,a4 ,according to ,matthiessen1 the electrical conductivity of the principal metals1 under similar conditions1 is as follows3 ,silver #ajj4j ,copper #ii4i ,gold #hj4j ,aluminium #ef4j ,sodium #cg4d ,zinc #bi4j ,cadmium #bc4g ,potassium #bj4h ,platinum #ah4j ,iron #af4h ,tin #ac4a ,lead #h4c ,german silver #g4g ,antimony #d4f ,mercury #a4f ,bismuth #a4b 7#bb7 ,s4 ,r4 ,s4 asks3 ,how can lime1 or rather phosphate of lime1 be precipitated from cod liver oil1 which is perfectly clear and said to contain #b per cent4 of the phosphate8 ,a4 ,this can only be done by first destroying the organic matter of the oil1 and then examining the residue for the phosphates with the usual reagents--magnesia solution1 barium chloride1 nitrate of silver1 ammonium molybdate1 etc4 ,with so small a percentage of the phosphates1 it will be necessary for you to work with concentrated solutions1 and slowly4 ,the oil may be oxidized by treating it on the waterbath with hot hydrochloric acid1 with some chlorate of potash1 added in small quantities at a time4 ,then evaporate down nearly to dryness1 and treat with a little strong nitric and a few drops of sulphuric acid4 ,this will take some time if properly done4 7#bc7 ,j4 ,h4 ,s4 says1 in answer to ,j4 ,h4 ,b4's query as to a parrot pulling out his feathers3 ,take a knife and scrape the inside edge of the bill1 and the feathers will slip from the bill without coming out4 ,this is done for feather-eating hens2 no doubt it will answer for a parrot as well4 7#bd7 ,s4 ,r4 ,s4 says3 ,i have some dentists' pellet gold4 ,i alloyed it with brass and silver4 ,i melted it several times1 but it was so very brittle that ,i could not work it4 ,i then added a #ba_/b gold coin1 and fused1 all together1 but it was as brittle as before4 ,i then fused it and dropped in lumps of pure saltpeter1 but it is still as brittle as before4 ,i fused the gold on a lump of charcoal with an alcohol blowpipe4 ,please tell me how to work it4 ,a4 ,you fail to state the proportions of your alloy4 ,there may be an excess of zinc and copper1 or the fusion may not have been complete4 ,place it1 together with several small pieces of rosin and a little borax or carbonate of soda1 in a small blacklead crucible1 and heat to very bright redness over a good fire4 ,if this does not obviate the difficulty1 fuse the alloy with about three times its weight of nitrate of potassa 7saltpeter71 and treat the mass when cold with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,pour off the acid solution and fuse the alloy1 together with any silver sulphate adhering to it and a little carbonate of soda4 ,any silver contained in the acid solution may be recovered by adding a little salt or muriatic acid1 and fusing the precipitated chloride of silver with carbonate of soda4 7#be7 ,n4 ,s4 asks3 #a4 ,can water be decomposed into its constituents 7oxygen and hydrogen7 with any considerable rapidity1 and in large quantities1 by electricity8 ,a4 ,yes2 providing a large magneto-electric machine be used4 #b4 ,what is the best and cheapest method of generating hydrogen in large quantities8 ,a4 ,the action of iron or zinc scraps on diluted oil of vitriol is among the best4 ,a considerable volume of pure hydrogen may also be obtained with facility by passing superheated steam through a large iron tube filled with scrap iron heated to bright redness4 7#bf7 ,g4 ,s4 ,d4 ,w4 asks3 ,is there any process by which an engraving can be transferred either to stone or wood1 where the printing ink can be made to show up as black as in the original after the transfer has been made8 ,a4 ,we know of no satisfactory method whereby this may be accomplished directly4 ,by means of the chromate of gelatin photographic process1 such transfers may be made without great difficulty4 7#bg7 ,f4 ,m4 ,m4 asks3 #a4 ,if a steamboat #ajj feet long1 of #e feet beam and #d feet draught1 be provided with one set of common side paddle wheels1 and power enough to run it at the rate of #aj knots per hour1 would two sets of side wheels1 with the power doubled and the revolutions of the wheels doubled1 double the speed of the boat8 ,a4 ,no4 #b4 ,if we take the same boat1 side wheels1 and power1 for running #aj knots per hour1 and arrange for the side wheels to feather their paddles1 what effect would it have on the speed of the boat8 ,a4 ,you might obtain from #aj to #ae per cent4 more of the power of the engine in useful effect4 7#bh7 ,w4 ,j4 ,t4 asks3 #a4 ,what is the best dark color to paint a laboratory1 and what kind of paint must ,i use8 ,a4 ,one of the best for this purpose is shellac in alcohol1 colored to suit with ,vandyke or ,spanish brown1 etc4 #b4 ,i wish to varnish my benches4 ,what varnish would you recommend8 ,a4 ,shellac is commonly used1 but copal gives good results1 also ,brunswick black in oil4 ,of what should a waste water pipe be made1 so as to resist acids8 ,a4 ,make it of lead or block tin4 ,can you recommend an elementary work on electric batteries8 ,a4 ,sprague's ,electricity3 its ,theory1 ,sources1 and ,applications1 is one of the best4 7#bi7 ,t4 ,p4 ,h4 asks3 ,can ,i take a wax impression off type and then electrotype it with a battery8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,this is the common method of making electrotypes for printing from4 7#cj7 ,c4 ,m4 asks3 ,what are the locations of the various branch mints of the ,united ,states8 ,a4 ,a recent authority gives them as ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,carson ,city1 ,nev41 and ,denver1 ,col4 ,assay offices are situated at ,new ,york city1 ,charlotte1 ,n4 ,c41 and ,boise ,city1 ,idaho4 7#ca7 ,b4 ,l4 ,d4 asks3 ,can you give me a recipe for making paste for sharpening razors1 knives1 etc48 ,a4 ,mix the finest emery obtainable with a little suet4 7#cb7 ,c4 ,b4 ,mc,m4 says3 ,i hear that four gallon measures of different capacities are in use1 and that ,the ,united ,states standard gallon contains #bcj cubic inches4 ,in the confusion of text-book statements such as--wine gallon #bca cubic inches1 beer gallon #bhb cubic inches1 ,american standard gallon #ehigc grains 7,youmans' ,chemistry7 nearly #bcd cubic inches1 and the very extensive ignorance of what is really correct1 please repeat the information in a way that may be quoted as authority for the capacity of a ,united ,states gallon in cubic inches1 and the weight in grains4 ,a4 ,the gallon of the ,united ,states is the standard or ,winchester wine gallon of #bca cubic inches1 and contains #h4cchhhbb lbs4 avoirdupois1 or #ehcgb4aged troy grains of distilled water at #ci4hc deg4 ,fah41 the barometer being at #cj inches4 ,it is equal to #c4ghebjg liters4 ,the gallon of the ,state of ,new ,york is of the capacity of #h lbs4 pure water at its maximum density1 or #bba4ahd cubic inches4 ,it is equal to #c4fbcdf liters4--,appleton's ,cyclopoedia4 7#cc7 ,s4 ,c4 ,d4 says3 ,please give directions for electrotyping cylindrical rollers for impressing upon sheets of wax1 accurately1 of the proper figure for honeycomb foundations4 ,the figure for the surface of the cylinders to be derived from sheets of wax foundation1 having the figure correctly impressed upon them4 ,a4 ,this can be done by coating with plumbago1 and then electrotyping with copper1 in a way familiar to most printers and to all electrotyping establishments4 ,the plates can afterwards be bent round a roller1 and used to impress the sheets of wax4 7#cd7 ,j4 ,h4 ,t4 asks3 ,there is a piece of ground1 #ajj rods long and #aj rods wide at one end1 running to a point at the other1 which we wish to divide into #d equal lots4 ,please give a rule4 ,a4 ,let the #ajj rods be the base of a triangle1 divide it into #d parts of #be rods each1 and join the apex with each of the three dividing points4 ,you will then have #d triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels1 which1 according to ,euclid1 are equal to each other4 7#ce7 ,r4 ,s4 asks3 ,what are the chemical qualities of bisulphide of lime1 and how can ,i prepare it8 ,a4 ,the bisulphide of calcium 7,c#b,s#e7 is produced by boiling milk of lime with sulphur and water1 but not long enough to allow the lime to become completely saturated4 ,the filtered liquid1 on cooling1 deposits crystals whose composition agrees with the formula ,c#b,s#b #c;,h#b,o4 ,exposed to the air1 it soon absorbs oxygen1 becoming converted into insoluble sulphate of calcium4 ,its aqueous solutions are likewise decomposed4 ,its reactions with the metallic salts are similar to those of the alkaline sulphides4 7#cf7 ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 asks3 #a4 ,of what is the bronze preparation made and how is it applied to clock fronts8 ,a4 ,bronze powders are made of various metallic alloys4 ,the gold bronze is usually made of ,dutch gold 7an alloy of copper and zinc7 and of the bisulphide of tin 7aurum musivum74 ,they are usually applied to metal work by means of an oil size or japan varnish4 #b4 ,in what way can ,i remove the old bronze8 ,a4 ,wash first with a solution of washing soda 7hot71 clean and dry1 and then rub with a little benzole1 alcohol1 or ether4 7#cg7 ,w4 ,e4 ,w4 asks3 #a4 ,of what mixture is the bright red paint usually put upon axes made8 ,a4 ,it consists of fine vermilion ground with #a part boiled oil and #b parts turpentine4 #b4 ,is more than one coat applied8 ,a4 ,one coat will suffice4 ,it is best applied with a fine brush1 when the metal is warm4 7#ch7 ,c4 ,m4 ,b4 asks3 ,is the odor emitted by the ailanthus tree unwholesome8 ,a4 ,it is considered so by many1 but we have no proof as to the facts4 7#ci7 ,l4 ,s4 ,co4 ask3 ,is there anything known which would clean the hands from paints and lacquers without the use of turpentine8 ,a4 ,a little ammonia and benzine or naphtha1 aided by a little sand1 is often used in stubborn cases2 put plenty of good soap and warm water1 with a stiff brush or a small piece of pumicestone1 will ordinarily suffice4 7#dj7 ,w4 ,p4 ,s41 ,jr41 says3 ,can you give me a recipe for making papier mache8 ,a4 ,papier mache is obtained from old paper and the like made into a pulp by grinding with milk of lime or lime water1 and a little gum dextrin or starch4 ,this pulp is then pressed into form1 coated with linseed oil1 baked at a high temperature1 and finally varnished4 ,the pulp is sometimes mixed with clay 7kaolin71 chalk1 etc42 and other kinds are made of a paste of pulp and recently slaked lime4 ,this is used for ornamenting wood1 etc4 7#da7 ,m4 ,p4 ,b4 says1 in reply to a correspondent who asked how to prevent his water filter from getting choked up3 ,fit in the filter1 on the top of the charcoal1 a piece of board having in the center a circular hole from two to four inches in diameter1 according to the size of the filter2 force in this a sponge so tightly that all the water has to pass through it first1 but not so as to prevent its free passage4 ,this sponge will absorb readily the gross impurities of the water1 and can easily be taken out and cleaned once or twice a week4 7#db7 ,a4 ,c4 ,s4 asks3 #a4 ,is there any reason why lightning rod points should always be bright1 if the points are kept sufficiently sharp8 ,a4 ,it makes no difference if the points are not bright4 #b4 ,if lightning rods put up in the ordinary way above the roof terminate in the eaves' spouting of the house1 and said spouting had good ground connections1 would this not be equal to the best lightning rod1 and thereby save many feet of rod and many dollars of expense8 ,a4 ,the arrangement you suggest would be good4 ,make a thoroughly good ground connection with leaders1 have all joints well soldered1 and you may dispense with the rod as you propose4 7#dc7 ,j4 ,a4 ,w4 says3 ,having occasion to do some copper plating some time ago1 ,i dissolved sulphate of copper in water in a glass jar4 ,i then poured it off into my battery1 and there was some left in the jar4 ,i threw a small piece of iron into it and left it for some days4 ,i then took it out2 and to my surprise1 ,i found that it had been perfectly plated with copper4 ,please let me know the cause8 ,a4 ,the reaction you note is taken advantage of to cheaply copper plate small articles of cast iron4 ,see answer to ,j4 ,o4 ,m41 p4 #cdg1 vol4 #cf4 ,in the presence of water1 the reaction is as follows3 ,cu,s,o#d ,fe ,fe,s,o#d ,cu4 ,sulphate of copper4 ,iron4 ,sulphate of iron4 ,copper4 ,as the iron is a more positive metal than copper1 it displaced the latter in combination with acids1 the remaining portions of the iron becoming coated with the precipitated copper4 7#dd7 ,a4 ,g4 asks3 ,is the silver1 for a reflecting telescope1 put on the back of the glass the same as on looking glasses8 ,a4 ,no4 ,only one side of the glass is ground and polished to the shape required4 ,the silvering is done on this side2 and then1 with the softest buckskin and the finest rouge1 the surface of the silver is polished for the reflecting surface4 ,in cities where gas is used1 it will not retain its brilliancy very long2 then it requires to be cleaned with nitric acid and resilvered1 which is only the work of a few hours when a person has become accustomed to it4 7#de7 ,a4 ,l4 ,b4 says3 #a4 ,i understand that1 in modern chemistry1 the acids and alkalies are the two extremes of a class of substances called hydrates1 the only difference being the radical4 ,in the reaction of nitric acid1 ,,ho ,,no#b or ,,hno#c on potassic hydrate1 ,,koh is ,,ko ,,no#b or ,,kno#c1 and ,h#b,o4 ,which molecule loses the oxygen atom1 and why should one part with it more than the other8 ,a4 ,,hno#c ,,koh ,,kno#c ,h#b,o ,nitric acid potassic potassic water hydrate nitrate ,in this reaction the potassium is considered1 by virtue of its greater affinity1 as replacing the hydrogen atom in the hydric nitrate2 the hydrogen in turn satisfying the ,,oh group to form water4 ,these hydrates are similar only in point of constitution4 ,their chemical deportments are widely different4 #b4 ,what are oxides in modern chemistry8 ,a4 ,the bodies formed by the direct combination of oxygen with the elementary bodies are called oxides4 ,with water some of these oxides form hydrates1 as ,k#b,o ,h#b,o #b7,,kho7 potassium water potassic oxide hydrate 7#df7 ,j4 ,r4 ,m4 asks3 ,to have a circular saw run well1 should the mandrel have a little end play if it is desired to relieve the saw and guides of strain8 ,a4 ,if the saw is not true or the carriage runs crooked1 end play of the mandrel to the extent of the deviations will relieve the strain upon the saw4 ,but if the carriage runs true and the saw true1 the mandrel should have no end play4 ,,minerals1 etc4--,specimens have been received from the following correspondents1 and examined1 with the result stated3 ,m4 ,s4 ,m4--,it is a quartz crystal1 the opposite sides of which have been ground flat1 probably by artificial means4--,f4 ,b4--,it is graphite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communications ,,received4 ,the ,editor of the ,,scientific ,,american acknowledges1 with much pleasure1 the receipt of original papers and contributions upon the following subjects3 ,on a ,battery and ,electric ,clock4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,w4 ,on ,anti-,water ,drinking4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,w4 ,on ,snakes ,catching ,fish4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,g4 ,on ,utilization of ,sewage4 ,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,t4 ,on ,aerial ,navigation4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,on the ,ash-,colored ,salamander4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hints ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,correspondents whose inquiries fail to appear should repeat them4 ,if not then published1 they may conclude that1 for good reasons1 the ,editor declines them4 ,the address of the writer should always be given4 ,inquiries relating to patents1 or to the patentability of inventions1 assignments1 etc41 will not be published here4 ,all such questions1 when initials only are given1 are thrown into the waste basket1 as it would fill half of our paper to print them all2 but we generally take pleasure in answering briefly by mail1 if the writer's address is given4 ,hundreds of inquiries analogous to the following are sent3 ,who makes machinery suitable for making flour barrels8 ,whose is the best theodolite8 ,who sells steam whistles8 ,whose is the cheapest silk1 suitable for balloons8 ,who makes the best engraving machine for transferring designs to copper8 ,all such personal inquiries are printed1 as will be observed1 in the column of ,business and ,personal1 which is specially set apart for that purpose1 subject to the charge mentioned at the head of that column4 ,almost any desired information can in this way be expeditiously obtained4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,official4 ,,index ,,of ,,inventions ,,for ,,which ,,letters ,,patent ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,were ,,granted ,,in ,,the ,,week ,,ending ,june #e1 #ahgg1 ,,and ,,each ,,bearing ,,that ,,date4 ,those marked 7r7 are reissued patents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a complete copy of any patent in the annexed list1 including both the specifications and drawings1 will be furnished from this office for one dollar4 ,in ordering1 please state the number and date of the patent desired and remit to ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,air1 cooling1 ,c4 ,pfanne #aia1gaj ,apple parers1 etc41 ,w4 ,m4 ,griscom #aia1ffi1aia1fgj ,ash sifter1 ,g4 ,w4 ,l4 ,demond #aia1ebj ,bag holder4 ,e4 ,woods #aia1gda ,baking pan1 ,l4 ,b4 ,foss #aia1egh ,baking pan1 ,j4 ,h4 ,pitts #aia1edh ,barrel cover1 ,mc,clellan ,mc,bride #aia1fii ,barrel head1 ,g4 ,m4 ,breinig #aia1fdd ,bedstead1 wardrobe1 ,s4 ,s4 ,burr #aia1fea ,bee hive1 ,t4 ,a4 ,atkinson #aia1fce ,bee hive1 ,h4 ,f4 ,poggenpohl #aia1fab ,bee hive1 ,sperry ,chandler #aia1fbj ,bench dog1 ,w4 ,lyle #aia1fic ,bit stock1 ,j4 ,t4 ,matthews #aia1edj ,blacksmith's tongs1 ,j4 ,van ,matre #aia1gcd ,boiler furnace1 etc41 ,j4 ,e4 ,crowell #aia1eah ,bottle stopper1 ,c4 ,de ,quillfeldt 7r7 #g1gbb ,bottles1 etc41 sealing1 ,c4 ,l4 ,darby #aia1eai ,bottling machine1 ,w4 ,h4 ,kelly #aia1eif ,bracket1 ,j4 ,b4 ,sargent #aia1gah ,breech loading fire arm1 ,v4 ,bovy #aia1efc ,breech loading fire arm1 ,j4 ,schudt #aia1gba ,bridge1 ,e4 ,s4 ,sherman #aia1eeb ,bung cutter1 ,r4 ,g4 ,n4 ,crichton #aia1feh ,button1 clasp1 ,l4 ,b4 ,colin #aia1feg ,button fastening1 ,a4 ,brookmann #aia1fdi ,calender and washing list1 ,j4 ,c4 ,coombs #aia1eag ,car brake1 ,e4 ,s4 ,jones #aia1eid ,car coupling1 ,w4 ,duesler #aia1ebb ,car lavatory1 ,c4 ,e4 ,lucas #aia1fia ,carriage perch stay1 ,j4 ,r4 ,mc,guire #aia1gjj ,chair convertible1 ,j4 ,p4 ,true #aia1gcc ,chair1 folding1 ,b4 ,f4 ,little #aia1fhi ,chicken coop1 ,sullivan ,retallic #aia1fba ,chicken coop1 ,r4 ,l1 ,n4 ,j4 ,todd #aia1eef ,chimney draft regulator1 ,w4 ,h4 ,sears #aia1gbb ,chisel1 mortising1 ,j4 ,t4 ,bowen #aia1fdc ,churn1 ,t4 ,j4 ,parrish #aia1gjh ,churn1 reciprocating1 ,h4 ,c4 ,sperry #aia1gbf ,churn1 rotary1 ,a4 ,j4 ,borland #aia1efb ,churn1 rotary1 ,hatton ,record #aia1fgf ,churn1 rotary1 ,j4 ,g4 ,wallace #aia1gcf ,clasp hook1 spring1 ,j4 ,w4 ,knause #aia1fhf ,clocks1 adjusting position of1 ,w4 ,f4 ,wuterich #aia1fcj ,coal and ore washer1 ,j4 ,m4 ,bailey #aia1eaa ,corn dropper1 ,j4 ,p4 ,simmons #aia1gbc ,corset skirt supporter1 ,t4 ,f4 ,hamilton #aia1fgb ,cotton scraper1 etc41 ,m4 ,roby #aia1fac ,cultivator1 ,w4 ,e4 ,dewey #aia1ffj ,cultivator1 ,a4 ,s4 ,mc,dermott #aia1fjf ,cupboard1 ,w4 ,h4 ,sallada #aia1edi ,curry comb1 ,bennett ,moody #aia1eei ,curry comb1 ,p4 ,miller #aia1fjh ,desk1 school1 ,c4 ,h4 ,presbrey #aia1gac ,drawing instrument1 ,j4 ,r4 ,peel #aia1faa ,drill hoe1 ,e4 ,f4 ,pryor #aia1gad ,easel1 ,t4 ,l4 ,fisher #aia1egg ,easel1 ,f4 ,s4 ,frost #aia1egi ,eccentric1 reversible1 ,lafayette ,strong #aia1fjb ,elevator1 etc41 telescopic1 ,w4 ,r4 ,comings #aia1eaf ,elliptic spring1 ,n4 ,j4 ,tilghman #aia1gca ,engine frame1 ,s4 ,w4 ,putnam #aia1gaf ,engine exhaust1 ,c4 ,t4 ,parry #aia1ede ,engine valve motion1 ,h4 ,haering #aia1ehc ,feed rack1 ,w4 ,h4 ,howard #aia1eij ,feed water heater1 ,n4 ,w4 ,kirby #aia1eig ,fence1 ,e4 ,h4 ,perry #aia1edg ,fences1 ,r4 ,f4 ,ward #aia1fbf1 #aia1fbg ,fence cap1 metallic1 ,j4 ,d4 ,w4 ,lauckhardt #aia1fjc ,finger guard1 ,k4 ,a4 ,wynne #aia1gdb ,fire escape1 ,l4 ,henkle #aia1fgg ,fire front1 ,g4 ,w4 ,purcel #aia1gae ,fire kindler1 ,j4 ,g4 ,distler #aia1egb ,fireproof column1 ,drake ,wight #aia1ffb ,flour bin and sifter1 ,f4 ,m4 ,mahan #aia1fid ,fluting and polishing1 ,c4 ,johnson #aia1fhd ,fluting machine1 ,keller ,olmesdahl #aia1eie ,fly trap1 ,carroll ,lamb #aia1feb ,fountain1 portable1 ,w4 ,h4 ,zinn #aia1eeg ,fruit crate1 ,g4 ,willard #aia1gci ,fuel1 pressing1 stalks1 etc41 for1 ,davis ,fisk #aia1ega ,fulling mill1 ,j4 ,hunter #aia1eib ,furnace bottom construction1 ,p4 ,d4 ,nicols #aia1edc ,furnaces1 oxygen1 blast1 ,c4 ,hornbostel #aia1ecj ,gage cock1 boiler1 ,d4 ,t4 ,ellis #aia1ffc ,gas apparatus1 portable1 ,d4 ,h4 ,irland #aia1eca ,gate1 ,b4 ,r4 ,baker #aia1fcg ,gate1 ,j4 ,t4 ,guy #aia1fga ,gearing1 oscillating1 ,n4 ,p4 ,otis #aia1gje ,glassware1 making1 ,c4 ,l4 ,knecht #aia1ecd ,grate1 ,j4 ,h4 ,mearns #aia1gjb ,griddle1 ,h4 ,c4 ,milligan #aia1gjc ,gutter holder1 ,m4 ,schmitt #aia1faf ,hame attachment1 ,j4 ,hudson #aia1eia ,harness saddle tree1 ,w4 ,l4 ,frizzell #aia1ebe ,harrow1 ,h4 ,i4 ,lund #aia1fjd ,harvester1 ,philleo ,cox #aia1gaa ,harvester corn1 ,b4 ,osgood #aia1faj ,harvester finger bar1 ,h4 ,l4 ,hopkins #aia1fgh ,harvester rake1 ,r4 ,emerson #aia1ffd ,harvester rake1 ,r4 ,d4 ,warner #aia1gdc ,harvester reels1 ,h4 ,a4 ,adams #aia1fca1 #aia1fcb ,harvester cutter1 ,haskin ,reigart #aia1fge ,hats1 pressing1 ,r4 ,kent #aia1ecc ,hatter's measure1 ,j4 ,a4 ,harrington #aia1fgd ,hay derrick1 etc41 ,r4 ,n4 ,b4 ,kirkham #aia1eih ,hay elevator1 ,e4 ,l4 ,church #aia1efh ,hinge and door1 safe1 ,p4 ,f4 ,king #aia1fhj ,hog catcher1 ,j4 ,h4 ,eames #aia1ege ,hoisting machine1 ,h4 ,j4 ,reedy #aia1gag ,hoisting machine1 ,g4 ,h4 ,reynolds 7r7 #g1gbg ,hoisting machine1 ,f4 ,g4 ,hesse #aia1ebi ,holdback1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hight #aia1ehi ,honey box1 ,johnson ,keeley #aia1eic ,hoopskirt spring1 etc41 ,a4 ,benjamin #aia1fda ,hydrocarbon injector1 ,h4 ,e4 ,parson #aia1edf ,hydrocarbons1 extracting1 ,w4 ,adamson #aia1fbc ,ice cream freezer1 ,j4 ,solter #aia1gbe ,ice cutting machine1 ,c4 ,chadwick #aia1eae ,ice house1 ,e4 ,schandein #aia1gai ,ice machine1 ,a4 ,t4 ,ballantine #aia1fch ,indicator for bellows1 ,j4 ,e4 ,treat #aia1fbd ,iron and steel cementation1 ,j4 ,w4 ,hoxie4 #aia1fha ,iron from cold short pig1 etc41 ,c4 ,c4 ,mc,carty #aia1fih ,jar cover1 ,e4 ,meier #aia1eda ,jewelry1 plated1 ,english ,covell #aia1ffe ,keyhole guard1 ,c4 ,h4 ,covell 7r7 #g1gbj ,label holder1 ,j4 ,e4 ,sweetland #aia1eee ,lathe tool1 ,e4 ,f4 ,beugler #aia1efj ,lathes1 truing work in1 ,a4 ,hatch #aia1ehf ,lifting jack1 ,t4 ,weathers #aia1gcg ,lime kiln1 ,m4 ,callan #aia1eff ,lithographic press1 ,c4 ,c4 ,maurice #aia1fif ,locomotive light1 ,a4 ,dressell #aia1egd ,loom take-up1 ,j4 ,lyall #aia1fib ,loom harness cording1 ,l4 ,j4 ,knowles #aia1fjj ,lubricator1 ,c4 ,h4 ,parshall #aia1gjg ,mandrel1 expanding1 ,amann ,harker #aia1fcd ,manure drill1 ,a4 ,c4 ,hurley #aia1fhb ,marine ram1 ,n4 ,h4 ,borgfeldt #aia1ead ,match safe1 ,j4 ,a4 ,field #aia1egf ,medicine case1 ,j4 ,c4 ,millard #aia1fjg ,milk cooler1 ,j4 ,bissonett #aia1eac ,millstone dress1 ,r4 ,s4 ,williams #aia1gdj ,mineral wool1 treating1 ,a4 ,d4 ,elbers #aia1ebd ,mirror1 adjustable1 ,s4 ,r4 ,scottron #aia1gbj ,motion1 converting1 ,c4 ,chadwick #aia1fed1 #aia1fee ,needle1 knitting1 etc41 ,s4 ,peberdy #aia1gji ,oil can1 ,d4 ,bennett #aia1fdb ,oil well rope socket1 ,h4 ,baddock 7r7 #g1gai ,ore1 reducing nickel1 ,w4 ,b4 ,tatro #aia1gbh ,organ swell1 reed1 ,kelly ,hebard #aia1ecb ,paper barrels1 making1 ,e4 ,m4 ,slayton #aia1fah ,paperbox1 ,p4 ,b4 ,pickens #aia1gab ,pianoforte bridge1 ,j4 ,herald #aia1ehg ,picture exhibitor1 ,j4 ,hannerty #aia1fgc ,plow1 ,e4 ,haiman 7r7 #g1gbd ,plow1 ,l4 ,f4 ,w4 ,liles #aia1fhh ,plow clevis1 ,c4 ,o4 ,wilder #aia1fbi ,plow colter1 ,c4 ,r4 ,thompson #aia1fbb ,plow1 sulky1 ,a4 ,a4 ,fowler #aia1fgg ,plow1 sulky1 ,w4 ,henry #aia1ehh ,preserving1 bleaching fruit1 etc41 ,j4 ,r4 ,dodge1 ,jr4 #aia1ffa ,pulleys1 casting1 ,g4 ,g4 ,lobdell #aia1fij ,pulp1 die for forming1 ,d4 ,scrymgeour #aia1eea ,pump1 rotary1 ,swan ,edgecomb #aia1gbg ,pumps1 making buckets for1 ,j4 ,n4 ,kaufholz #aia1fhe ,pumping from casks1 etc41 ,w4 ,f4 ,class #aia1fef ,quicksilver condenser1 ,r4 ,f4 ,knox #aia1fhg ,railway signal1 electric1 ,j4 ,p4 ,tirrell #aia1gcb ,reamer1 expanding1 ,r4 ,blair #aia1efa ,refrigerator1 ,thompson ,parkhurst #aia1gbi ,refuse burner1 ,w4 ,glue #aia1gdd ,ribbon block1 ,g4 ,n4 ,stanton #aia1eed ,ribbon1 etc41 storing1 ,a4 ,c4 ,mason #aia1fie ,ripping tool1 ,g4 ,d4 ,clark #aia1efi ,safe1 fireproof1 ,saxe ,harding #aia1eej ,sandpapering machine1 ,j4 ,p4 ,beck #aia1fdj ,sash fastener1 ,s4 ,g4 ,monce #aia1fji ,saw guide1 ,j4 ,b4 ,currier #aia1fei ,sawing machines1 scroll1 ,j4 ,h4 ,plummer 7r7 #g1gbe1 #g1gbf ,seed drill1 ,h4 ,l4 ,brown #aia1efe ,seed planter1 check row1 ,g4 ,d4 ,haworth #aia1ebh ,sewing machine1 straw1 ,s4 ,c4 ,brown #aia1fdg ,sewing machine trimmer1 ,h4 ,h4 ,hallett #aia1ehd ,shingles1 etc41 bunching1 ,p4 ,dexter 7r7 #g1gbc ,shoes1 making1 ,j4 ,tibbetts #aia1gcj ,skate1 ,j4 ,a4 ,dodge #aia1egc ,skate1 roller1 ,j4 ,miner #aia1edb ,skylight bar1 ,j4 ,w4 ,atkinson #aia1fcf ,spinning1 roll support4 ,f4 ,b4 ,hart #aia1ehe ,spooling1 stop motion1 ,j4 ,wild #aia1gch ,spools1 preventing unrolling tape1 etc41 ,a4 ,c4 ,gould #aia1eha ,spoon blank1 die1 ,h4 ,w4 ,bassett #aia1fci ,stamp1 hand1 ,l4 ,tilton #aia1fbc ,stamp mill1 ,g4 ,downing #aia1eba ,steamboat smoke stack1 ,rouze et al #aia1fad ,stop motion fork slide1 ,j4 ,mc,caffrey1 ,jr4 #aia1fig ,stove1 ,j4 ,gladding1 #c;d #aia1ehj ,stove1 coal oil1 ,m4 ,h4 ,barnes #aia1eeh ,stove1 cooking1 ,d4 ,e4 ,paris #aia1gjf ,stovepipe damper1 ,a4 ,brightman #aia1fdf ,stovepipe thimble1 ,j4 ,carhartt #aia1efg ,stove1 oil1 cooking1 ,sherburne et al #aia1eec ,straw cutter1 ,a4 ,vahldieck #aia1fbe ,sugar1 liquefying hard1 ,o4 ,h4 ,krause #aia1ece ,sugar liquor1 collecting1 ,a4 ,a4 ,goubert #aia1ebg ,sugar liquor1 collecting1 ,matthiessen et al #aia1ecg1 #aia1ech ,sugar1 washing raw1 ,f4 ,o4 ,matthiessen #aia1eci ,swing1 ,j4 ,j4 ,janezeck #aia1fhc ,thill coupling1 ,j4 ,kitzmiller #aia1eii ,tobacco1 hoisting1 ,c4 ,h4 ,slaton #aia1fai ,tobacco pipe1 ,n4 ,t4 ,oberg #aia1edd ,tobacco plant planter1 ,r4 ,a4 ,knox #aia1fja ,top1 spinning1 ,t4 ,mc,laughlin #aia1gja ,tortoise-shell handle1 ,c4 ,w4 ,schaeffer #aia1fae ,towel rack1 ,c4 ,a4 ,brickley #aia1efd ,trap for balls1 ,t4 ,wilkie #aia1fbh ,tube well1 ,t4 ,j4 ,dean 7r7 #g1gba ,type writer1 ,d4 ,h4 ,sherman #aia1fag ,upholstering tuft1 ,r4 ,h4 ,bryant #aia1fej ,valve tank1 ,j4 ,p4 ,duncan #aia1ebc ,vegetable cutter1 ,w4 ,chapin #aia1fec ,vehicle spring and axle1 ,s4 ,w4 ,ludlow #aia1ecf ,ventilation1 etc41 ,w4 ,h4 ,bennett #aia1eab ,wagon axle skein1 ,h4 ,l4 ,hinds #aia1fgi ,wagon gearing1 ,w4 ,p4 ,brown #aia1fdh ,wagons1 skid attachment for1 ,c4 ,crandall #aia1egj ,wardrobe hook1 labeled1 ,t4 ,f4 ,breese #aia1fde ,wash boiler1 ,t4 ,gunsalus #aia1ehb ,water gauge1 ,c4 ,d4 ,smith #aia1gbd ,water wheel1 ,l4 ,good #aia1ffh ,water wheel1 ,i4 ,mallery #aia1fje ,weaving shuttle1 duck1 ,w4 ,l4 ,gilbert #aia1ebf ,wheelbarrow1 ,e4 ,w4 ,walker #aia1gce ,wood pressing machine1 ,s4 ,l4 ,nagle #aia1gjd ,wrench1 pipe1 ,g4 ,fletcher #aia1fff 99 99 99 99 99 ,,designs ,,patented1 #aj1jcj to #aj1jcb4--;,,embroidery4--,e4 ,crisand1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 #aj1jcc4--,,lock-,,case4--,r4 ,flocke1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj1jcd4--;,,bottles4--,j4 ,h4 ,harrison1 ,davenport1 ,iowa4 #aj1jce to #aj1jcg4--;,,carpet4--,h4 ,s4 ,kerr1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #aj1jch1 #aj1jci4--;,,carpets4--,t4 ,j4 ,stearns1 ,boston1 ,mass4 #aj1jdj4--,,moulding4--,r4 ,m4 ,merrill et al41 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 #aj1jda to #aj1jdd4--,,oil ,,cloth4--,c4 ,t4 ,meyer et al41 ,bergen1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj1jde4--,,studs1 ,,etc4--,j4 ,w4 ,miller et al41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 #aj1jdf4--;,,book ,,cases4--,j4 ,w4 ,schuckers1 ,new ,york city4 ,a copy of any one of the above patents may be had by remitting one dollar to ,,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements 99 99 99 99 99 ,inside ,page1 each insertion #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion #a4jj a line4 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,friday morning to appear in next issue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,grain ,,middlings ,,mill4 ,illustration #ab1 #bj1 and #cj inch ,mill ,stones4 ,sent on trial to responsible parties1 and warranted the full equal of any heavy mill built in the world4 ,send for our price list1 as this may not appear again4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,straub ,,co41 #acfa ,ridge ,avenue1 ,phila1 ,pa4 ,,no ,,more ,,slipping ,,belts4 ,,my ,,new ,patent ,pulley ,cover will do double the work before the belt will slip4 ,put on without disturbing shafting4 ,agent wanted in every city4 ,circulars free4 ,,john ,w4 ,,sutton1 #ie ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,new ,,german ,,patent ,,law4 ,being the ,full ,text of the ,new ,law for ,patents1 passed ,july #ast1 #ahgg1 covering all the ,states of the ,german ,empire4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #hj4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,patent ,,cold ,,rolled ,,shafting ,price list mailed on application to ,,jones ,,laughlins1 ,try ,street1 #b;d and #crd ,avenues1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #aij ,s4 ,canal ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 and ,milwaukie1 ,wis4 -- ,stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by ,,fuller1 ,,dana1 ,,fitz1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,geo4 ,,place ,,co4 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,eureka ,,safety ,,power6 ,practically ,,impossible ,,to ,,explode4 ,tested to #cjj lbs4 pressure per square inch4 #b-;,horse ,power1 #aej1 #c to #d ,h4,p41 #bej4 ,also1 ,stationary ,engines and boilers1 and ,,spark ,,arresting ,,portable ,,engines for plantation use4 ,send for our circular4 ,discount to the trade4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,payne ,,sons1 ,corning1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,sizing ,,of ,,cotton ,,goods4 ,read before the ,society of ,arts by ,w4 ,thompson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a most ,full and ,clear ,description of the process1 embracing3 ,an account of the process of ,weaving1 explaining the object and utility of ,size4 ,a table of ,sizing ,mixtures1 in which are enumerated the ,substances used3 #a1 for giving ,adhesive properties to ,size2 #b1 to give ,weight and ,body to the ,yarn2 #c1 for ,softening the ,size or ,yarn2 and #d1 for ,preserving the ,size from ,mildew and ,decomposition4 ,tests for these ,substances1 and ,directions for ,preparing1 so as to obtain the results required4 ,proportions of ,sizing4 ,use of ,flour in ,size4 ,weighting ,materials1 ,china ,clay and its substitutes4 ,softenings1 and ,oils for ,softening4 ,east ,winds and their effect4 ,glycerine1 ,grape ,sugar1 ,mildew ,preventives1 and ,tape ,sizing4 ,slashing1 ,packing1 ,damaged ,goods1 etc4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #hj4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,celebrated ,,foot ,,lathes4 ,foot ,power ,back-geared ,screw ,lathes1 ,small ,hand and ,power ,planers for ,metal1 ,small ,gear ,cutters1 ,slide-rests1 ,ball ,machine for ,lathes1 ,foot ,scroll ,saws1 light and heavy ,foot ,circular ,saws4 ,just the articles for ,amateurs or ,artisans4 ,highly recommended4 ,send for illustrated ,catalogues4 ,n4 ,h4 ,,baldwin1 ,laconia1 ,n4 ,h4 #ff a ,week in your own town4 ,terms and #e outfit free4 ,h4 ,,hallett ,,co41 ,portland ,maine4 ,,save ,,oil4 ,,use ,,tomlinson',s ,car ,axle ,box4 ,cars run for #c cents for a thousand miles4 ,see ,car ,builder for ,june1 #ahgg4 ,address ,j4 ,b4 ,,tomlinson1 #hj ,white ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,dayton ,,cam ,,pump ,illustration ,,the ,,only ,,pump ,,in ,,the ,,market ,,designed ,,and ,,constructed ,,especially ,,for ,,boiler ,,feeding4 ,are ,pumping water at #bfh deg4 ,f4 ,no ,dead ,centers4 ,the ,steam ,valve is a plain ,slide ,valve1 identical to the slide valve of a ,steam ,engine1 but derives its motion from a cam4 ,speed can be regulated to suit evaporation4 ,pumping ,returns from ,steam ,heating ,apparatus a specialty4 -- ,send for ,circular4 ,smith1 ,vaile ,co41 ,,dayton1 ,,ohio4 ,,what #be ,,cents ,,will ,,buy6 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,reference ,,book4 ,,price ,,twenty-,,five ,,cents4 ,this is a most useful ,little bound book of #aej pages1 comprising1 probably1 the most extensive variety of standard1 practical1 condensed information ever furnished to the public for so small a price4 ,contents3 #a4 ,,the ,,last ,,census ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states 7#ahgj71 by ,states1 ,territories and ,counties4 ,,in ,,full1 showing also the area in square miles of each ,state and ,territory4 #b4 ,,table ,,of ,,occupations4--,showing the occupations of the people of the ,united ,states1 and the number of persons engaged in each occupation4 ,compiled from the last census4 #c4 ,,table ,,of ,,cities1 having over #aj1jjj ,inhabitants4 ,compiled from the last census4 #d4 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,miniature outline4 #e4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,patent ,,laws 7full text74--,principal ,official ,rules for ,procedure2 ,directions ,how to ,obtain ,patents1 ,costs1 etc42 ,forms for ,patents and ,caveats3 ,how to ,introduce and ,sell ,inventions2 ,forms for ,assignments2 ,licenses2 ,state1 ,town1 ,county1 and ,shop ,rights2 ,general ,principles applicable to ,infringements2 ,synopsis of the ,patent ,laws of ,foreign ,countries2 ,rights of ,employers and ,employes in respect to ,inventions4 #f4 ,,the ,,ornamental ,,design ,,patent ,,law 7full text74--,costs and ,procedure for securing ,design ,patents for ,ornamental ,productions such as ,designs for ,textile ,fabrics1 ,patterns for ,wood and ,metal ,work1 ,new ,shapes and ,configurations of any article of ,manufacture1 ,prints1 ,pictures1 and ,ornaments1 to be printed1 woven1 stamped1 cast1 or otherwise applied upon machinery1 tools1 goods1 fabrics1 manufactures4 #g4 ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,trade-,,mark ,,law 7full text74--,with ,directions1 ,proceedings and ,expenses for the ,registration of ,trade-,marks of every description4 #h4 ,,the ,,label ,,copyright ,,law 7full text74--,with ,directions1 ,proceedings and ,cost of ,registering ,labels for ,goods4 ,medicines1 and ,merchandise of all kinds4 #i4 ,,the ,,general ,,copyright ,,law ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states 7full text74--,with ,directions and ,costs for ,securing ,copyrights by ,authors for ,books1 ,pamphlets1 ,charts1 ,photographs1 ,pictures1 and ,works of ,art4 #aj4 ,,the ,,principal ,,mechanical ,,movements4--,described and illustrated by #aej small diagrams1 of great value to ,inventors and ,designers of ,mechanism4 #aa4 ,,the ,,steam ,,engine4--,with engraving1 showing all the parts1 names1 etc41 and a brief history of the ,invention and ,progress of ,steam ,power4 #ab4 ,,geometry1 as ,applied to ,practical ,purposes4 ,with illustrations4 #ac4 ,,horse ,,power4--,simple ,rules for ,calculating the ,horse-,power of ,steam ,engines and ,streams of ,water4 #ad4 ,,knots4--,presenting engravings of #dh different kinds of ,rope ,knots1 with explanations as to tying4 #ae4 ,,tables ,,of ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4--,troy1 ,apothecaries'1 ,avoirdupois1 ,french1 ,weights2 ,u4 ,s4 ,standard2 ,dry ,measure2 ,land ,measure2 ,cubic ,measure2 ,liquid ,measure2 ,french ,square ,measure2 ,french ,cubic1 or ,solid ,measure2 ,measuring ,land by ,weight2 ,engraving of a section of ,english and ,french rule1 of equal length4 #af4 ,,valuable ,,tables3 7#a7 ,velocity and ,force of the ,wind4 7#b7 ,specific ,gravity and ,weight1 per ,cubic foot and ,cubic inch1 of the principal substances used in the ,arts 7#c7 ,heat-conducting ,power of various ,metals and other ,solids and ,liquids4 7#d7 ,table of the ,mineral ,constituents absorbed or removed from the ,soil1 per acre1 by different crops4 7#e7 ,table of ,steam ,pressures and ,temperatures4 7#f7 ,table of the ,effects of ,heat upon various bodies1 melting-points1 etc4 #ag4 ,,medallion ,,portraits ,,of ,,distinguished ,,american ,,inventors1 with biography in brief and engravings of their inventions1 viz43 ,franklin1 ,fulton1 ,whitney1 ,wood1 ,mc,cormick1 ,blanchard1 ,winans1 ,morse1 ,goodyear1 ,howe1 ,lyle1 ,eads4 #ah4 ,,engravings of ,capitol1 ,washington1 with brief history1 dimensions1 cost1 etc42 ,united ,states ,patent ,office1 interior and exterior views1 dimensions1 and description2 ,scientific ,american ,buildings1 ,n4 ,y4 and ,washington4 #ai4 ,,miscellaneous ,,information4-,force of ,expansion by ,heat2 ,small ,steam-boats1 proper dimensions of ,engines1 ,boilers1 ,propellers4 ,boats2 ,incubation1 ,temperature of2 ,to ,make ,tracing ,paper2 ,constituents of various substances2 ,friction1 how produced1 and ,rules for ,calculation2 ,specific ,heat ,explained2 ,specific ,gravity of ,liquids1 ,solids1 ,air1 and ,gases2 ,gunpowder--,pressure1 ,heat1 and ,horse-,power of2 ,copying ,ink1 to ,make2 ,heat1 its mechanical equivalent explained2 ,molecules of ,matter1 size and motion explained2 ,lightning and ,lightning ,rods--valuable information2 ,value of ,drainage ,explained2 ,amount of ,power at present yielded from ,coal by best ,engines2 ,sound--its velocity and action2 ,liquid ,glues1 ,recipes2 ,value of ,brains2 ,properties of ,charcoal2 ,height of ,waves2 ,speed of ,electric ,spark1 etc42 ,plain ,directions1 with ,engravings1 showing how any person can make ,electro-,magnets and ,electric ,batteries at a cost of a few cents2 ,valuable ,recipes4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,reference ,book1 price only #be cents1 may be had of ,news ,agents in all parts of the country1 and of the undersigned4 ,sent by mail on receipt of the price4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york1 ,,the ,,second ,,great ,,sale ,,of ,,patents ,,at ,,auction ,will take place at the ,auction ,rooms of ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,keeler1 #ec ,liberty ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 on ,july #af1 at #ab o'clock4 ,models now on exhibition4 ,send for ,catalogue4 ,,wood ,,light ,,machine ,,co4 ,,worcester1 ,mass4 ,manufacture of all kinds of ,,iron-,,working ,,manchinery1 including many novelties4 ,shafting1 ,pulleys1 c4 ,send for ,circulars4 ,illustration #ie ,a month and expenses4 ,,salesman ,,wanted to sell to ,,dealers4 ,,samples ,,free4 ,,candy ,,novelties ,,letters must have enclosed return postage4 ,h4 ,,smith ,,co41 ,,confectioners1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,pond',s ,,tools ,,engine ,,lathes1 ,,planers1 ,,drills1 c4 ,send for ,catalogue4 ,,david ,w4 ,,pond1 ,successor to ,,lucius ,w4 ,,pond4 ,,worcester1 ,,mass4 ,,steam ,,pumps4 ,,first ,,prizes1 ,,centennial1 ,,phila41 ,,vienna1 ,,paris1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,baltimore1 ,,boston4 ,send for circular of recent patented improvements1 ,,the ,,norwalk ,,iron ,,works ,,co41 ,south ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,prices ,reduced4 ,n4 ,f4 ,,burnham',s #ahgd ,,water ,,wheel ,is declared the ,,standard ,,turbine1 by ,,over #fjj persons who bought and use them with ,,part and ,,full ,,gate open4 ,pamphlets ,free4 ,n4 ,f4 ,,burnham1 ,,york1 ,,pa4 ,,otis' ,,safety ,,hoisting ,,machinery ,,otis ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,no4 #cdh ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 #ee ,,to #gg a week to ,agents4 #aj ,outfit ,free4 ,p4 ,o4 ,,vickery1 ,augusta ,maine4 ,,we ,,enamel in ,,fine ,,jet ,,black every variety ,of turned woodwork parts of machinery castings tin-ware and other metal work ,,enameled ,,jet ,,goods1 in wood or metal1 made to order ,,american ,,enamel ,,co4 #ag ,,warren ,,st4 ,,providence4 ,r4 ,i4 #ej ,,mixed ,,cards1 with name1 l#j;c4 and stamp4 ,agent's ,outfit1 l#j;c4 ,,coe ,,co41 ,bristol1 ,ct4 ,illustration3 ,,photo ,,engraving ,,co4 ,,moss',s ,,process #fg1 ,park ,place4 ,,new ,,york ,l4 ,,smith ,,hobart4 ,president4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,moss1 ,superintendent4 ,,type-,,metal ,,relief ,,plates4 ,a ,,superior ,,substitute ,,for ,,wood-,,cuts ,,at ,,much ,,lower ,,prices4 ,these plates are engraved almost entirely by photo-chemical means1 thus avoiding the old1 slow and tedious method of engraving on wooden blocks1 where the workman is compelled to engrave each line separately by cutting away the wood around it1 often spending many days upon a plate a few inches square4 ,in appearance our relief plates are the same as regular stereotypes1 being mounted type high on blocks ready to be set up and printed from1 with type1 on any ordinary press4 ,they can be used directly and will wear as long as any type-metal plates1 but if a great number of impressions are wanted1 duplicate ,,electrotypes ,,and ,,stereotypes can be made from them the same as from wood-cuts4 ,they have a printing surface as smooth as glass1 and the lines are engraved deeper than they are in hand-cut plates4 ,notwithstanding the low prices at which they can be furnished1 they are very much superior to wood-cuts1 and in some classes of work are rapidly taking the place of lithography4 ,,references4 ,among those who manifest their satisfaction with our work1 by continued orders1 we may mention3--,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,scribner ,co41 ,frank ,leslie1 ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,randolph ,co41 ,g4 ,w4 ,carleton ,co41 ,the ,american ,tract ,society1 ,robert ,carter ,bros41 ,munn ,co41 ,pub4 ,iron ,age1 ,pub4 ,illustrated ,weekly1 ,pub4 ,mc,gee's ,illustrated ,weekly1 and also a large part of the principal publishers and manufacturers throughout the country4 ,,copy4 ,almost all kinds of ,prints or ,engravings from ,wood1 ,stone1 ,copper and ,steel may be reproduced directly4 ,the requisites are1 clean1 distinct black lines or stipple work1 on white or only slightly tinted paper4 ,all ,photographs and ,pencil ,sketches must first be drawn in ink4 ,we keep a corps of artists constantly employed1 trained to do this work in the best manner4 ,we can make drawings from photographs or tin-types taken in the usual way4 ,they may be of any size1 but should1 of course1 show the object distinctly4 ,drawings for our use1 unless intended to be redrawn1 should be on a smooth1 white surface1 in perfectly black lines1 and usually twice the dimensions each way of the desired plate4 ,copy for fac-similes of handwriting should be in perfectly black ink1 on smooth white paper1 written with a full pen1 and without use of blotting paper4 ,,time4 ,while we can engrave a plate in a few hours that would occupy a wood-engraver a month1 and often do so1 yet with the large amount of work constantly on hand and promised1 we cannot usually engage to fill an order for a single plate in less than from three to six days2 larger orders will1 of course1 require longer time4 ,,change ,,of ,,size4 ,in reproducing wood-cut prints1 the size can often be considerably reduced2 but if the reduction is great1 the lines become so fine and close together that they will not print well4 ,coarse wood-cuts1 such as are generally used in ,newspapers1 may often be reduced to half their linear dimensions1 but fine wood-cuts will admit of but little reduction4 ,most steel plate prints and lithographs will not admit of any reduction1 and even when reproduced1 the same size in relief1 require considerable care in printing4 ,all kinds of prints generally look bad when much enlarged1 as the lines become very coarse and ragged on the edges2 though we have sometimes made very effective cuts for posters and hand-bills in this way4 ,in all cases of enlargement and reduction the relative proportions remain the same4 ,it must not be forgotten1 however1 that by redrawing1 prints of any kind can be enlarged or reduced to any desired size4 ,,proofs4 ,we will1 whenever desired1 furnish tin-type proofs of drawings made by us1 for examination and approval1 or correction1 before engraving4 ,a printed proof is sent with each plate when delivered1 which may always be equaled or surpassed in actual work with proper usage4 ,,prices4 ,it is impossible to give a scale of prices by the square inch for miscellaneous job-work1 as sometimes a small cut two or three inches square may require as much work as another one a foot square4 ,we can1 however1 give an average inch rate to newspaper publishers whose work runs uniformly about the same from week to week1 especially when they furnish us with copy already prepared--such as prints and pen-and-ink drawings4 ,in sending for estimates1 be careful to send us the copy we are to work from1 with full specifications as to size and quality1 and remember that it is the same with engraving that it is with everything else2 the price will vary greatly with the quality of work ordered4 ,never1 directly or indirectly1 ask us to give you better prices than we give our other customers1 as we try to treat all alike4 ,the great advantage of our method of engraving enables us to give better work at lower prices than can be given by any other method for the greater part of such work as would be given to wood-engravers1 though in very small pieces of the poorer grades of work the advantage is not so great1 and in very coarse work such as is usually engraved on mahogany and pine1 our process gives us no advantage over the wood-engraver4 ,to estimate properly upon any piece of work1 we must understand just what is wanted4 ,we guarantee all our work to be executed in the style agreed upon4 ,,terms4 ,,our ,,terms are ,,cash ,,on ,,delivery1 except by special agreement4 ,orders from parties not known to us must be accompanied by an advance of at least half the price1 or satisfactory ,city reference4 ,goods sent by ,express will be ,c4 ,o4 ,d4 ,where plates are small they may be sent by ,mail upon receipt of price and postage4 ,remittances must be by draft on ,new-,york or ,p4 ,o4 money order1 payable to the order of ,photo-,engraving ,co41 or by registered letter--not by ,checks on ,local ,banks4 ,we pledge ourselves to meet the reasonable demands of those who employ us4 ,if1 in any case1 we cannot do so1 we will refund the money advanced4 ,,send ,,stamp ,,for ,,illustrated ,,circular4 ,,wrought ,,iron ,,beams ,,girders ,illustration3 ,,wrought ,,iron ,,beams ,,girders ,,the ,,union ,,iron ,,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,manufacturers of improved wrought iron ,beams and ,girders 7patented74 ,the great fall which has taken place in the prices of ,iron1 and especially in ,beams used in the construction of ,,fire ,,proof ,,buildings1 induces us to call the special attention of ,engineers1 ,architects1 and ,builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting ,fire ,proof structures2 and by reference to pages #eb #ed of our ,book of ,sections-- which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings--,,the ,,cost ,,can ,,be ,,accurately ,,calculated1 the cost of ,insurance avoided1 and the serious losses and interruption to business caused by fire2 these and like considerations fully justify any additional first cost4 ,it is believed1 that were owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of ,wood and ,iron1 that in many cases the latter would be adopted4 ,we shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the ,beams complete1 for any specific structure1 so that the difference in cost may at once be ascertained4 ,address ,,carnegie1 ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #e ,,to #bj per day at home4 ,samples worth #e free4 ,,stinson ,,co41 ,portland1 ,me4 ,,light ,,gray ,,iron ,,castings to order promptly4 ,plain1 ,bronzed1 or ,galvanized4 ,we make a specialty of light work4 ,,livingston ,,co41 ,iron ,founders1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,george ,,place ,,machinery ,,agency ,machinery of ,every ,description4 #aba ,chambers and #ajc ,reade ,streets1 ,new ,york4 ,,spare ,,the ,,croton ,,and ,,save ,,the ,,cost4 ,,driven ,,or ,,tube ,,wells furnished to large consumers of ,croton and ,ridgewood ,water4 ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 #dad ,water ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 who control the patent for ,green's ,american ,driven ,well4 ,,patent ,,rights for ,useful ,inventions ,wanted4 ,address ,box #ajab1 ,p4,o41 ,n4 ,y41 with description and terms4 ,,to ,,electro-,,platers4 ,,jewelers1 ,,and ,,watchmakers4 ,,batteries1 ,,chemicals1 ,,and ,,materials1 in sets or single1 with ,books of instruction for ,nickel1 ,gold1 and ,silver ,plating4 ,,thomas ,,hall1 ,manufacturing ,electrician1 #ai ,bromfield ,street1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,illustrated ,catalogue sent free4 ,,lathes1 ,,planers1 ,,shapers1 ,,drills1 ,,gear ,,bolt ,,cutters1 c4 ,e4 ,,gould1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,self-,,acting ,,sash-,,lock for ,meeting ,rails ,illustration3 ,sash-lock ,,burglar ,,proof4 ,can not be forced or tampered with in any way4 ,,beautiful ,,design2 ,,practical2 ,,simple4 ,united ,states1 ,state1 or ,county ,rights for sale4 ,address ,d4 ,c4 ,,goodrich1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,illustration ,,the ,,trade ,,engine ,noiseless in operation-,perfect in workmanship--all light parts of ,cast ,steel4 ,every ,engine indicated1 and valve corrected to give the highest attainable results4 ,warranted superior to any semi-portable ,engine in the market6 ,send for ,price ,list and ,circular4 ,,herrmann ,,herchel-- ,,rode ,m',f',g ,co41 ,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,,wessell ,,metal1 ,a ,,perfect ,,imitation of gold in color1 surface1 etc41 for manufacturers of imitation jewelry1 and other workers in fine yellow metal4 ,wessell ,manuf'g ,co41 ,no4 #bjd ,east #bc;d ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration ,,you ask ,,why we can sell ,first-,class #g #a-c ,octave ,rosewood ,pianos for #bij4 ,our answer is1 that it costs less than #cjj to make any #fjj ,piano sold through ,agents1 all of whom make #ajj per ct4 profit4 ,we have no ,agents1 but sell direct to ,families at ,factory price1 and warrant five years4 ,we send our ,pianos everywhere for trial and require no payment unless they are found satisfactory4 ,send for our ,illustrated ,circular1 which gives full particulars1 and contains the names of over #aejj ,bankers1 ,merchants and ,families that are using our ,pianos in every ,state of the ,union4 ,please state where you saw this notice4 ,address1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,piano ,,co41 #haj ,,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #ab ,a ,,day at home4 ,agents wanted4 ,outfit and terms free4 ,,true ,,co41 ,augusta1 ,maine4 ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery1 ,such as ,woodworth ,planing1 ,tongueing1 and ,grooving ,machines1 ,daniel's ,planers1 ,richardson's ,patent ,improved ,tenon ,machines1 ,mortising1 ,moulding1 and ,re-,saw ,machines1 and ,wood-,working ,machinery generally4 ,manufactured by ,,witherby1 ,,rugg ,,richardson1 #bf ,salisbury ,street1 ,worcester1 ,mass1 7,shop formerly occupied by ,r4 ,,ball ,,co47 ,,steel ,,name ,,stamps4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,stencil ,,works1 #hg ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,wanted -- ,,for ,,monclova1 ,state of ,coahuila1 ,mexico1 a man who knows how to make ,star ,candles1 without the use of ,sulphuric ,acid1 capable to put up and put in running order the necessary apparatus1 superintend the manufacturing process1 and teach same to the parties interested4 ,apply and state terms to ,,goldfrank1 ,,frank ,,co41 ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,,we ,,want ,,salesmen on a regular salary of #he a month and expenses to sell our ,,cigars to ,,dealers4 ,samples ,,free4 ,send #c;c4 stamp to insure answer4 ,s4 ,,foster ,,co4 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,extraordinary1 ,,wonderful1 ,,and ,,valuable ,,medical ,,work4 ,with engravings2 price1 #a4 ,contains1 also1 fifty original prescriptions for prevailing diseases1 each worth ten times the price of the book4 ,gold ,medal has been awarded the author4 ,descriptive circulars sent free4 ,address ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,parker1 ,no4 #d ,bulfinch ,street1 ,boston4 ,illustration #ajj4jj ,,reward ,this ,,moustache or ,,heavy ,,beard produced on a smooth face by the use of ,,dykes ,,beard ,,elixir1 without injury1 or will forfeit #ajj4jj4 ,price by mail in sealed package #be cents1 #c packages only #ej cents4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,smith ,co41 ,palatine1 ,ill41 ,sole ,agents4 -- ,we caution the public against imitations4 ,,the ,,driven ,,well4 ,town and ,county privileges for making ,,driven ,,wells and selling ,licenses under the established ,,american ,,driven ,,well ,,patent1 leased by the year to responsible parties1 by ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,important ,,for ,,all ,,corporations ,,and ,,manf',g ,,concerns4--,,buerk',s ,,watchman',s ,,time ,,detector1 capable of accurately controlling the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat4 ,send for circular4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,buerk1 ,p4,o4 ,,box #igi1 ,,boston1 ,,mass ,n4 ,b4--,the suit against ,imhaeuser ,co41 of ,new ,york1 was decided in my favor1 ,june #aj1 #ahgd4 ,proceedings have been commenced against ,imhaeuser ,co4 for selling1 contrary to the order of the ,court4 ,persons using clocks infringing on my patent1 will be dealt with according to law4 ,illustration #be per cent4 ,discount on ,price ,list of ,,superior ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery allowed for the present4 ,also for ,,smith',s ,,chilled-,,beam ,,vises2 effective1 heavy1 strong1 durable1 and economical4 ,for full particulars1 address ,h4 ,b4 ,,smith1 ,smithville1 ,burlington ,co41 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,hints ,,to ,,young ,,machine-,,tenders4 ,by an old ,papermaker4 ,practical ,instructions for the tending and care of ,papermaking ,machinery4 ,showing how to clean a ,dandy2 how to make good edges2 to keep paper from crushing and worming2 to stop crimping2 together with many other valuable directions1 hints1 and suggestions1 contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #gi4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,john ,,holland',s ,,gold ,,pens ,illustration ,received the ,centennial ,medal from the ,judges on ,awards1 for superior elasticity and general excellence4 ,if not sold by your ,stationer1 send for ,illustrated ,price-,list to the ,,manufactory1 #ai ,w4 #d,,th ,,st41 ,,cincinnati4 ,,second-,,hand ,,machinery4 ,,for ,,sale4 ,the ,machinery in the works of the ,,utica ,,steam ,,engine ,,co41 comprising ,large ,face ,plate ,lathe1 ,engine ,lathes1 large and small1 #bj ft4 x #d ft4 ,planer1 ,slotter1 ,shaper1 ,lauback ,universal ,drills1 ,bolt ,cutter1 ,fans1 ,upright ,drills1 ,cranes1 ,dudgeon ,steam ,hammer1 ,steam ,fire ,pump1 ,hose1 ,platform ,scales1 ,pulleys1 one #dj ,h4 ,p4 ,locomotive ,boiler1 two #ej ,h4 ,p41 and one #be ,h4 ,p4 ,tubular ,boilers1 one #cf in4 by #af ft4 ,cylinder ,boiler1 etc41 etc4 ,for ,catalogue and ,price ,list1 address ,,james ,f4 ,,mann1 ,,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,patent ,,paragon ,,lamp ,,stove ,can be used with any ordinary ,kerosene ,lamp4 ,every family wants one4 ,,price #ce ,,cts42 ,,by ,,mail #de ,,cts4 ,one agent made #ba in #c days4 ,send for terms4 ,,abott ,m',f',g ,,co41 #aja ,,beekman ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,iron ,,castings to order1 smooth and exact to pattern1 of ,soft ,tough ,iron1 at ,t4 ,shriver ,co4's ,foundry1 #ccc ,east #efth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,prices very low4 ,favorable terms made on ,castings in regular supply4 ,,advertisements ,inside ,page1 each insertion - - - #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion - - - #a4jj a line4 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,friday morning to appear in next issue4 ,,cotton ,,mills ,,and ,,machine ,,shops ,can make great savings by using the ,allen ,governor4 ,its operation is unequalled and wonderful4 ,nearly all machinists once using these ,governors become agents for their sale4 ,they are simple in construction1 not liable to get out of order1 permit the speed of the engine to be changed at will1 are neat in appearance1 noiseless1 very durable1 save the engineer's time1 save fuel1 and are at once the most powerful and most sensitive ,governors ever made4 ,russell 7,cotton7 ,mills1 ,plymouth1 ,mass41 ,march #bj1 #ahgf4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,allen3 ,your ,governor has been attached to our ,corliss engine over one year1 and has given perfect satisfaction4 ,the engine was never governed until yours was attached1 although we have tried three of the best kind of ,governors known4 ,when steam or work varied1 the speed would vary1 and we could only run our looms an average of #ajc picks per minute4 ,since using your ,governor1 and solely on account of the perfect steadiness with which it holds the engine and machinery1 we are enabled to run the looms regularly #aab picks per minute1 ,,making ,,an ,,actual ,,increase ,,of ,,our ,,entire ,,production ,,of ,,over ,,eight ,,per ,,cent4 ,your ,governor saves coal1 saves waste1 saves care and labor of the engineer1 and produces more goods and better goods4 ,i have timed the engine a hundred times1 and never found it to vary in the least4 ,it is the honest truth that the ,allen ,governor holds it exactly on speed4 ,address ,l4 ,c4 ,,king1 ,superintendent4 ,,gerard ,b4 ,,allen ,,co41 ,st4 ,louis4 ,,fraser ,,chalmers1 ,chicago4 ,,new ,,orleans ,,machinery ,,depot1 ,new ,orleans4 ,,pacific ,,iron ,,works1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,filer1 ,,stowell ,,co41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 or ,,the ,,allen ,,governor ,,co41 ,,boston4 ,,horse ,,stall ,,floor1 ,patented through the ,scientific ,american ,patent ,agency1 ,june #dth1 #ahgb4 ,rights sent by mail1 with full instructions how to make and use1 on receipt of #a4jj2 two for #a4ej4 ,it will keep the stall cleaner and the horse much more comfortable than any floor in use4 ,it requires less than one-half of the usual amount of bedding4 ,any man can make them with very little expense4 ,a liberal discount to carpenters or stable keepers in quantities of twelve or more4 ,this floor is used throughout the ,new ,england ,states1 and many parts of the ,south and ,west4 ,state1 ,county1 and ,town rights for sale4 ,agents wanted4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,gordon1 #bef ,broadway1 ,chelsea1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,bigelow ,,steam ,,engine4 ,,both ,,portable ,,and ,,stationary4 ,the ,,cheapest ,,and ,,best in the market4 ,send for descriptive circular and price list4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,bigelow ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,le,c,o,u,n,t',s ,,patent ,,machinists' ,,tools4 ,,reduced ,,prices4 ,set ,iron ,dogs1 #c-h to #b in41 - - - - - #e4fj #c-h to #d in41 - - - - - - #ab4jj ,steel #c-h to #b in41 - - - - - #f4cj #c-h to #d in41 - - - - - - #ac4jj ,iron ,steel ,clamps1 ,die ,dogs1 ,clamp ,dogs1 ,vice ,clamps1 ,expanding ,mandrels1 c4 ,send for latest ,price ,list to ,c4 ,w4 ,,le ,,count1 ,south ,norwalk1 ,conn4 ,,working ,,models ,and ,experimental ,machinery1 ,metal or ,wood1 made to order by ,j4 ,f4 ,,werner1 #fb ,center ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,patents ,,patents ,,caveats1 ,,copyrights1 ,,trade ,,marks1 ,,etc4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 in connection with the publication of the ,,scientific ,,american1 continue to examine ,improvements1 and to act as ,solicitors of ,patents for ,inventors4 ,in this line of business they have had ,,over ,,thirty ,,years' ,,experience1 and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of ,patent ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and the ,prosecution of ,applications for ,patents in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 and ,foreign ,countries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also attend to the preparation of ,caveats1 ,trade ,mark ,regulations1 ,copyrights for ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignments1 and ,reports on ,infringements of ,patents4 ,all business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness1 on very moderate terms4 ,we send free of charge1 on application1 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,hand ,,book1 an elegantly illustrated pamphlet of #dh pages1 containing further information about ,patents and how to procure them2 directions concerning ,trade ,marks1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,patents1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infringements1 ,assignments1 ,rejected ,cases1 ,hints on the ,sale of ,patents4 ,foreign ,patents4--,we also send1 free of charge1 a ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patent ,laws1 showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world4 ,american inventors should bear in mind that1 as a general rule1 any invention that is valuable to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in ,england and some other foreign countries4 ,five patents--embracing ,canadian1 ,english1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,belgian --will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,millions of the most intelligent people in the world4 ,the facilities of business and steam communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home4 ,the expense to apply for an ,english patent is #ge2 ,german1 #ajj2 ,french1 #ajj2 ,belgian1 #ajj2 ,canadian1 #ej4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 ,,pyrometers1 ,for showing heat of ,ovens1 ,hot ,blast ,pipes1 ,boiler ,flues1 ,super-,heated ,steam1 ,oil ,stills1 c4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,bulkley4 ,sole ,manufacturer1 #adi ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 #e ,outfit free4 ,salary guaranteed4 ,write at once to ,,empire ,,novelty ,,co41 #cji ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,taylor',s ,m',f',g ,,co41 ,,westminster1 ,,md41 ,portable and ,stationary ,engine ,builders1 etc4 ,send for ,cata4 ,,steam ,,pumps ,wright's ,pat4 ,bucket ,plungers are the best4 ,,valley ,,machine ,co4 ,easthampton1 ,mass4 ,,roots' ,,force ,,blast ,,blower1 ,illustration3 ,roots blower ,,first ,,premium ,,awarded ,,at ,,paris ,,and ,,vienna1 ,,speed ,,only #ajj ,,to 88#j ,,rev4 ,,per ,m4 ,,saves ,,half ,,the ,,power ,,required ,,for ,,fan4 ,p4 ,h4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,roots1 ,manuf'rs1 ,,connersville1 ,,ind4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,townsend1 ,gen'l' ,ag't1 #f ,cortlandt ,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,established #ahdd4 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,todd1 7,formerly of ,todd ,rafferty71 ,,engineer ,,and ,,machinist4 ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,jute1 ,rope1 ,oakum1 and ,bagging ,machinery1 ,steam ,engines1 ,boilers1 etc4 ,also ,agent for the celebrated and improved ,rawson ,rittinger ,hoisting ,engine1 ,i will furnish specifications and estimates for all kinds of machinery4 ,send for descriptive circular and price4 ,address ,j4 ,c4 ,,todd1 #aj ,barclay ,st41 ,new ,york1 or ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,guild ,,garrison1 ,illustration3 ,pump #cd to #dd ,first ,st41 ,williamsburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 ,manufacturers of ,,steam ,,pumps for all purposes4 ,also ,vacuum ,pumps1 ,vacuum ,fans and ,air ,compressors4 ,,non-,,combustible ,,steam ,,boiler ,,and ,,pipe ,,covering ,,with ,,air ,,space ,,improvement4 ,saves #aj to #bj per cent4 ,,chalmers ,,spence ,,co41 ,foot ,e4 #ith ,st4 ,n4 ,y42 #abjb ,n4 #b;d ,st41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,,new ,,wood ,,lathe2 ,,also ,,scroll ,,saw4 ,,both new and first-class4 ,send for circulars4 ,h4 ,,bickford1 ,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,,rock-,,drilling ,,machines ,,and ,,air ,,compressors ,,manufactured ,,by ,,burleigh ,,rock ,,drill ,,co4 ,,send ,,for ,,pamphlet4 ,,fitchburg ,,mass ,,machinists' ,,tools4 ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,patterns4 ,send for new illustrated catalogue4 ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,,new ,,haven ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,,steel ,,castings1 ,from #a_/d to #aj1jjj lbs4 weight1 true to pattern4 ,an invaluable substitute for forgings1 or for malleable iron castings requiring great strength4 ,send for circular and price list to ,,chester ,,steel ,,casting ,,company1 ,,evelina ,,street1 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,illustration3 ,planer ,saw teeth ,,full ,,size ,,planer ,,saw ,,tooth #c ,,cents ,,each ,,office ,,of ,,dickinson ,,bros41 ,,ridgeway1 ,,elk ,co41 ,,pa41 ,may #bhth1 #ahgg4 ,messrs4 ,,emerson1 ,,smith ,co4 ,,gents3 ,we have been through four winters in frozen hemlock1 cutting #bj1jjj feet of lumber per day with your ,patent ,planer ,saw1 averaging #ge1jjj feet with each set of #dj bits4 -- ,mill ,men and ,sawyers1 send your full address1 plainly written1 on a postal card1 for ,emerson's ,hand ,book of ,saws1 free1 to ,,emerson1 ,,smith ,,co41 ,,beaver ,,falls1 ,,pa4 ,please name size and style of saw used4 ,illustration3 ,,lehigh ,,valley ,,emery ,,wheel ,,co4 ,machines ,,and ,wheels ,guaranteed1 ,send for ,illustrated ,circular1 ,weissport1 ,,pa4 ,,perfect ,,newspaper ,,file ,the ,koch ,patent ,file1 for preserving newspapers1 magazines1 and pamphlets1 has been recently improved and price reduced4 ,subscribers to the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement can be supplied for the low price of #a4ej by mail1 or #a4be at the office of this paper4 ,heavy board sides2 inscription ,,scientific ,,american1 in gilt4 ,necessary for every one who wishes to preserve the paper4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,hartford ,,steam ,,boiler ,,inspection ,,insurance ,,company4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,franklin1 ,v4 ,,pres',t4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,allen1 ,,pres',t4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,pierce1 ,,sec',y4 ,,punching ,,presses4 ,drop ,hammers and ,dies1 for working ,metals1 c4 ,,the ,,stiles ,,parker ,,press ,,co41 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,a ,,practical ,,machinist1 ,,with ,,ten years' experience as ,foreman in one of the largest and most successful shops in the country1 employing over four hundred men1 wishes employment4 ,would be willing to invest a few thousand dollars in a safe and paying business4 ,address ,a4 ,foreman1 ,p4 ,o41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,,wanted3 ,agents for the ,automatic ,gas ,lighting ,torch in every gas-burning town in the ,united ,states4 ,exclusive territory given4 ,sewing machine agents preferred4 ,this ,torch lights without matches4 ,address ,,the ,,stockwell ,,self-,,lighting ,,gas ,,burner ,,co41 #hi ,,liberty ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,guardiola',s ,,coffee ,,sugar ,,machinery ,,coffee1 ,,malt1 ,,corn1 ,,cocoa1 ,,and ,,grain-,,drying ,,machine4 ,,coffee-,,hulling ,,and ,,polishing ,,machines4 ,,coffee-,,washing ,,machine4 ,,helix ,,sugar ,,evaporator4 ,,messrs4 ,c4 ,,adolphe ,,low ,,co41 #db ,cedar ,street1 ,,messrs4 ,,munoz ,,espriella1 #eb ,pine ,street1 ,new ,york1 are ,mr4 ,guardiola's ,agents1 and they will give prompt attention to all orders for any of the above machines4 ,,the ,,hoadley ,,portable ,,steam ,,engine4 ,,with ,,automatical ,,cut-,,off ,,regulator1 ,,and ,,balanced ,,valve4 ,,the ,,best ,,and ,,most ,,economical ,,engine ,,made ,,send ,,for ,,circular ,the ,j4 ,c4 ,,hoadley ,,co4 ,,lawrence1 ,,mass4 ,,state ,,where ,,you ,,saw ,,this4 ,,eagle ,,foot ,,lathes1 ,illustration ,improvement in style4 ,reduction in prices ,april #bjth4 ,small ,engine ,lathes4 ,slide ,rests1 ,tools1 etc4 ,also ,scroll and ,circular ,saw ,attachments1 ,hand ,planers1 etc4 ,send for ,catalogue of outfits for ,amateurs or ,artisans4 ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,chase ,,co41 #ie #ig ,liberty ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,,mill ,,stones ,,and ,,corn ,,mills4 ,we make ,burr ,millstones1 ,portable ,mills1 ,smut ,machines1 ,packers1 ,mill ,picks1 ,water ,wheels1 ,pulleys1 and ,gearing1 specially adapted to ,flour ,mills4 ,send for catalogue4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,noye ,,son1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f4 ,,adee ,,co4',s ,,patent ,,lead ,,stench ,,traps4 ,positive protection against ,sewer-gas4 ,best and cheapest4 ,see illustration1 ,,scientific ,,american1 ,april #adth4 ,send for circular4 ,f4 ,,adee1 #bge ,pearl ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,asbestos ,,board1 ,for ,flange ,joints1 ,cylinder ,heads1 ,man-hole ,plates1 etc4 ,the only genuine1 strictly fire-proof1 made from pure ,,italian ,,asbestos4 ,all sizes1 from #a-cb to #a-d inch4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns ,m',f',g ,,co41 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,the ,,tanite ,,co41 ,,stroudsburg1 ,,pa4 ,,emery ,,wheels ,,and ,,grinders4 ,,geo4 ,,place1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york ,agent4 ,illustration3 ,the ,excelsior #ast ,premium at ,centennial #c ,,printing ,,press6 ,prints cards1 envelopes1 etc41 equal to any press4 ,larger sizes for large work4 ,do your own printing and advertising and save money4 ,excellent spare hour amusement for old or young4 ,or it can be made money making business anywhere4 ,send #c;c4 stamps for large catalogue to ,,kelsey ,,co41 ,manufacturers1 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,,notice ,,to ,,foreign ,,subscribers4 ,for the convenience of subscribers residing abroad1 we have prepared the annexed table1 exhibiting the subscription price of the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement in the principal foreign currencies3 ,the prices here given ,,scientific ,,scientific ,,scientific are for one year's ,,american ,,american ,,american and subscription1 including ,,supplement ,,supplement the postage4 together4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,austria ,s4 ,florins #i #ac #bj ,belgium ,francs #bj #cj #df ,denmark ,kroner #ae #bc #ce ,france ,francs #bj #cj #df ,german ,empire ,r4 ,m4 #af #be #cg ,great ,britain ,shillings #af #bd #cf ,holland ,h4 ,f4 #i #ad #ba ,italy ,francs #bj #cj #df ,norway ,kroner #ae #bc #ce ,russia ,roubles #e #h #aa ,sweden ,kroner #ae #bc #ce ,switzerland ,francs #bj #cj #df ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,deposit either of the above amounts in any of the important post offices in ,great ,britain or ,ireland1 or in any country on the ,continent of ,europe1 making the order payable to ,,munn ,co41 ,new ,york city1 and send us the receipt1 with the name of the sender1 and the address to which the paper is to be mailed4 ,,tube ,,cleaners for cleaning ,boiler ,tubes4 ,,the ,,national ,,steel ,,tube ,,cleaner ,,co4 #had ,e4 #ith ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,alcott ,,lathes1 for ,broom1 ,rake and ,hoe ,handles4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,hills1 #gh ,chambers ,st4 ,n4 ,y4 ,,drop ,,forgings ,,and ,,special ,,machinery1 ,,the ,,hull ,,belden ,,co41 ,danbury1 ,conn4 ,,best ,,damper ,,regulators ,,and ,,levers ,,gauge ,,cocks4 ,,murrill ,,keizer1 #dd ,,holliday ,,st41 ,,baltimore ,,torpedo ,,vessels4 ,,by ,,mr4 ,,donaldson4 ,a valuable paper1 lately read before the ,united ,service ,institute4 ,being a full exposition of the ,torpedo-boat system1 from the earliest efforts to the present time4 ,giving dimensions and performances of the several sizes built by ,thornycroft ,bros4 for the various governments1 highly interesting trials of these boats1 and experiences in war1 and a description of the torpedoes used4 #a illustration4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #gi4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,bogardus' ,,patent ,,universal ,,eccentric ,,mills--,for grinding ,bones1 ,ores1 ,sand1 ,old ,crucibles1 ,fire ,clay1 ,guanos1 ,oil ,cake1 ,feed1 ,corn1 ,corn and ,cob1 ,tobacco1 ,snuff1 ,sugar1 ,salts1 ,roots1 ,spices1 ,coffee1 ,cocoanut1 ,flaxseed1 ,asbestos1 ,mica1 etc41 and whatever cannot be ground by other mills4 ,also for ,paints1 ,printers' ,inks1 ,paste ,blacking1 etc4 ,,john ,w4 ,,thomson1 successor to ,,james ,,bogardus1 corner of ,white and ,elm ,sts41 ,new ,york4 ,,lehigh ,,university4--,,tuition ,,free4 ,civil1 ,mechanical1 and ,mining ,engineering2 ,chemistry and ,metallurgy2 ,full ,classical ,instruction2 ,french and ,german2 ,english ,literature2 ,international and ,constitutional ,law2 ,psychology and ,christian ,evidences4 ,for ,registers1 address the ,rev4 ,,john ,m4 ,,leavitt1 ,d4,d41 ,president1 ,bethlehem1 ,penna4 ,,drills1 ,jigging ,machines1 etc4 ,illustrated catalogues sent ,,free ,address ,,ames ,m',f',g ,,co41 ,chicopee1 ,mass4 ,,phosphor-,,bronze ,,and ,,its ,,applications4 ,by ,,alexander ,,dick4 ,a series of valuable tests1 showing the superiority of ,phosphor-bronze over ordinary bronze4 ,old bronze and new compared4 ,phosphor-bronze under oft-repeated strains2 also its adaptability to frictional purposes4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #gi4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,illustration3 ,advertisement ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns' ,,patent ,,asbestos ,,materials4 ,,paints1 ,,roofing1 ,,steam ,,pipe ,,and ,,boiler ,,coverings1 ,,steam ,,packing1 ,sheathings1 ,fire1 ,acid1 and ,waterproof ,coatings1 ,cements1 etc4 ,send for ,samples1 ,illustrated ,catalogues1 ,price ,lists1 etc4 #hg ,,maiden ,,lane1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,fifty ,,syrup ,,recipes1 ,,for ,,household purposes1 ,mineral ,waters1 etc41 to wit3 ,simple ,syrup1 7#b7 ,lemon ,syrup1 ,mulberry ,syrup1 ,vanilla ,syrup1 ,vanilla ,cream ,syrup1 7#b7 ,cream ,syrup1 ,ginger ,syrup1 ,orange ,syrup1 7#b7 ,pineapple ,syrup1 ,nectar ,syrup1 ,sherbet ,syrup1 ,grape ,syrup1 ,banana ,syrup1 7#b7 ,coffee ,syrup1 ,wild ,cherry ,syrup1 ,wintergreen ,syrup1 7#b7 ,sarsaparilla ,syrup1 ,maple ,syrup1 7#b7 ,chocolate ,syrup1 ,coffee ,cream ,syrup1 ,ambrosia ,syrup1 ,hock and ,claret ,syrup1 ,solferino ,syrup1 ,capsicum ,syrup1 ,cherry ,syrup1 ,strawberry ,syrup1 7#b7 ,raspberry ,syrup1 ,peach ,syrup1 ,blackberry ,syrup1 ,orgeat ,syrup1 ,catawba ,syrup1 ,milk ,punch ,syrup1 ,champagne ,syrup1 ,sherry ,cobbler ,syrup1 ,excelsior ,syrup1 ,fancy ,syrup1 ,currant ,syrup1 ,framboise ,syrup1 ,maidenhair ,syrup1 ,orange ,flower ,syrup1 ,cinnamon ,syrup4 ,how to make ,syrups ,frothy4 ,colognes for the ,sick ,room1 by ,,geo4 ,,leis4 ,with recipes for the production of preparations that serve as pleasing perfumes1 deodorizers1 and cosmetic lotions4 ,all the above are contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #gg4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,scientific ,american is printed with ,,chas4 ,,eneu ,,johnson ,,co4',s ,,ink4 ,tenth and ,lombard ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 and #ei ,gold ,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 x indicates italic script4 ,some archaic 7,early ,american7 spellings have been retained4 ,errata3 ,article #ac 7,,callin ,,and ,,wilson',s ,,process ,,of ,,utilizing ,,tin ,,scrap4'73 'thin' corrected to 'tin' 444 the requisite quantity depending upon the thickness of the tin plate to be removed4 ,article ,,nq 7#ci73 'put' corrected to 'but' 444 but plenty of good soap and warm water1444 ,p4 #af1 ,advert for ',,roots' ,,force ,,blast ,,blower'3 ,,speed ,,only #ajj ,,to 88#j ,,rev4 ,,per ,m4 ,,saves ,,half ,,the ,,power ,,required ,,for ,,fan4 figure obscured by address label3 7',journal of ,pharmacy ,x #ade ,s #ajth st4'74