,illustration ,,scientific ,,american ,a ,,weekly ,,journal ,,of ,,practical ,,information1 ,,art1 ,,science1 ,,mechanics1 ,,chemistry1 ,,and ,,manufactures4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,december #ad1 #ahgh4 ,vol4 ,,xxxix4--,no4 #bd4 ,,new ,,series4 #c4bj per ,annum ,,postage ,,prepaid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents4 7,illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk47 ,alum in baking powders ,alum in bread #cgf ,argonaut1 or ,paper ,nautilus99 #cge ,astronomical notes #cgg ,babbitt metal1 to make #e #cgh ,belts1 rubber1 slipping #f #cgh ,bench1 saw1 ,casson's99 #cgd ,boot polish liquid #h #cgh ,butter1 to color #af #cgh ,canal1 ship1 ,belgian99 #cfg ,economy1 machine shop #cga ,eggs1 preservation of #cge ,electric light1 ,werdermann99 #cgc ,engineers1 warning to #cfg ,engine1 steam1 valve yoke #dh #cgi ,exterminator1 roach #eg #cgi ,filter for rain water #ai #cgh ,foot power1 new99 #cgj ,glass1 iridescent #cfh ,glass1 to make a hole in #cge ,hair1 to prevent falling out #dbcgi ,inks1 sympathetic #cgg ,invention1 reward of #cga ,inventions1 new1 #cgj ,inventions1 new agricultural #cgg ,inventions1 new mechanical #cgd ,inventors1 bait for #cgd ,iron and steel1 preservation of #cfg ,iron1 malleable1 to make #dc #cgi ,leaves1 culinary uses for #cgj ,line1 straight1 to draw99 #cf #cgi ,mechanics1 amateur99 #cga ,mexico1 progress of science in #cgf ,microphone as a thief catcher #cge ,naphtha and benzine #cgg ,nitrate of silver1 reduction of #cgg ,notes and queries #cgh ,oil notes #cgb ,petroleum and gold #cgg ,petroleum1 progress of #cfh ,poultices #cgd ,quinine1 effects of on hearing #cgd ,railroad1 first in ,u4 ,s4 #b #cgh ,rails and railway accidents #cfh ,railway notes #cgc ,sanitary ,science in the ,u4 ,s4 #cfi ,screw heads1 blue color for #d #cgh ,sheep husbandry1 ,american #cge ,shutter fastener1 new99 #cgj ,silver mill in the clouds #cgd ,spider1 trap-door99 #cge ,sprinkler1 garden1 improved99 #cgj ,telescope1 sunshade for #c #cgh ,tools1 steel1 to temper #ee #cgi ,tree1 tallest in the world #cge ,tree trunks elongation of #cgf ,trees1 felling by electricity #cgj ,tubing1 to satin finish #ea #cgi ,vise1 an improved99 #cgj ,white lead1 to test #ad #cgh ,wire clothing for cylinders99 #cgg ,work1 the limit of #cfh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,belgian ,,ship ,,canal4 ,the ship canal from ,ghent to ,terneuzen was originally laid out with many bends1 rendering navigation difficult2 it had a depth of #ad feet #d inches and a width of #ih feet #f inches at the water level4 ,the works which are at present in course of execution have especially for their object the deepening of the canal to #ba feet #c inches1 with a width of #ee feet #i inches at the bottom and #ajc feet #i inches on the water line4 ,the slopes have a uniform inclination of #a to #c1 and the towing paths on each side are placed #f feet #f inches above the water level1 and are #cb feet #h inches wide4 ,in many instances also the course of the canal has been altered and straightened for the improvement of navigation2 several important diversions have been made for this purpose4 ,the excavation has been effected by hand1 by dredging1 and by the ,couvreux excavator1 figured as below in ,engineering4 ,the earth excavated was carried to spoil1 and in many cases was employed to form dikes inclosing large areas1 which served as receptacles for the semi-liquid material excavated by the dredging machines with the long conductors2 the ,couvreux excavator used will be readily understood from the engraving4 ,it had already done service on the ,danube regulation works4 ,the material with which it had to deal1 however1 was of a more difficult nature1 being a fine sand charged with water and very adherent4 ,the length of track laid for the excavator was about #c miles along the side of the old canal1 which had been previously lowered to the level of the water4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preservation ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,steel ,,from ,,oxidation4 ,we are indebted to ,j4 ,pechar1 ,railway ,director in ,teplitz1 ,bohemia1 for the first official report in ,english from the ,paris ,international ,exhibition which has come to hand4 ,this volume contains the report on the coal and iron products in all countries of the world1 and is valuable for its statistical and other information1 giving1 as it does1 the places where the coal and minerals are found1 and the quantities of each kind produced1 for what it is used1 and to what other countries it is exported4 ,the able compiler of these statistics in the introduction of his report gives the following account of the means recommended by ,professor ,barff1 of ,london1 for preventing oxidation1 which is being considerably used abroad4 ,the writer says3 ,it is well known that the efficient preservation of iron against rusting is at present only provided for in cases where human life would be endangered by failure1 as in the case of railway bridges and steamers4 ,thus1 for example1 at ,mr4 ,cramer-,klett's ironworks at ,nuremberg every piece of iron used for his bowstring bridges is dipped in oil heated to eight hundred degrees4 ,the very great care which is at present taken in this matter may be judged from the current practice of most bridge and roofing manufacturers4 ,every piece of iron before being riveted in its place is cleaned from rust by being immersed in a solution of hydrochloric acid4 ,the last traces of free acid having been cleared away1 at first by quicklime and afterward by a copious ablution with hot water1 the piece is immediately immersed in hot linseed oil1 which protects every part of the surface from the action of the atmosphere4 ,afterward it is riveted and painted4 ,notwithstanding all this1 the painting requires continual and careful renewal4 ,on the ,britannia ,bridge1 near ,bangor1 the painter is permanently at work2 yet1 in spite of all this care and expense1 rust cannot be entirely avoided4 ,the age of iron railway bridges is still too short to enable us to draw conclusions as to the probabilities of accidents4 ,now1 ,professor ,barff has discovered a process by which iron may be kept from rusting by being entirely coated with its own sesquioxide4 ,a piece of iron exposed to the action of superheated steam1 in a close chamber and under a certain pressure1 becomes gradually covered by a skin of this black oxide1 of a thickness depending upon the temperature of the steam and the duration of the experiment4 ,for instance1 exposure during five hours to steam superheated to five hundred degrees will produce a hermetical coating capable of resisting for a considerable time the application of emery paper and of preserving the iron from rust even in a humid atmosphere1 if under shelter from the weather4 ,if the temperature is raised to #a1bjj degrees1 and the time of exposure to six or seven hours1 the skin of sesquioxide will resist every mechanical action1 and the influence of any kind of weather4 ,the sesquioxide being harder than the iron itself1 and adhering to its surface even more firmly than the atoms of iron do to each other1 there is an increased resistance not only to chemical but also to mechanical action4 ,the surface is not altered by the process in any other respect1 a plain forging retaining its roughness1 a polished piece its smooth surface4 ,if the skin is broken away oxidation takes place1 but only just on the spot from which the oxide has been removed4 ,if ,professor ,barff's experiments are borne out by practice1 this invention may become of very great importance4 ,it is within the bounds of probability that it may enable iron1 by increasing its facility in competing with wood1 to recover1 at least for a considerable time1 even more than the ground it has lost by the extraordinary extension of the use of steel4 ,iron is already being used for building purposes to a large extent2 but oxidation once thoroughly prevented it will be able to take the place of wood and stone to a still greater degree4 ,iron roofing may be made quite as light as that of wood1 and of greater strength1 by a judicious arrangement and use of ,t iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,warning ,,to ,,locomotive ,,engineers4 ,drs4 ,charles ,m4 ,cresson and ,robert ,e4 ,rogers1 of this city1 says the ,philadelphia ,ledger1 well known as experts in chemistry and dynamics1 were appointed by the ,reading ,railroad ,company to inquire into and report upon the causes of the recent explosion of the boiler of the express locomotive ,gem1 at ,mahanoy ,city1 by which five lives were lost4 ,their report1 which is designed to cover the whole scope of a most careful investigation1 is not yet made public1 but they have arrived at the following specific conclusion1 which we give in their own language3 ,we are1 therefore1 of the opinion that the explosion of the boiler of the locomotive ',gem1' was produced by the projection of foam upon the heated crown bars of the furnace1 caused by suddenly and widely opening the safety valve1 at a time when the water had been permitted to get so low as to overheat the crown of the furnace4 ,this is an important matter that should be carefully noted by locomotive and other engineers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scientific ,,american ,,established #ahde ,,munn ,,co41 ,editors and ,proprietors4 ,,published ,,weekly ,,at ,,no4 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o4 ,d4 ,,munn4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,beach4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,terms ,,for ,,the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,one copy1 one year1 postage included #c #bj ,one copy1 six months1 postage included #a #fj ,,clubs4--,one extra copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 --,single copies of any desired number of the ,,supplement sent to one address on receipt of #aj cents4 ,remit by postal order4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,bow1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement is a distinct paper from the ,,scientific ,,american4 ,,the ,,supplement is issued weekly2 every number contains #af octavo pages1 with handsome cover1 uniform in size with ,,scientific ,,american4 ,terms of subscription for ,,supplement1 #e4jj a year1 postage paid1 to subscribers4 ,single copies #aj cents4 ,sold by all news dealers throughout the country4 ,combined ,rates4--,the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage free1 on receipt of seven dollars4 ,both papers to one address or different addresses1 as desired4 ,the safest way to remit is by draft1 postal order1 or registered letter4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,scientific ,,american ,,export ,,edition4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and splendid periodical1 issued once a month4 ,each number contains about one hundred large quarto pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its splendid engravings and valuable information2 7#b47 ,commercial1 trade1 and manufacturing announcements of leading houses4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 #e4jj a year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies #ej cents4 --,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large1 and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,,xxxix41 ,no4 #bd4 ,,new ,,series4 ,thirty-third ,year4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,saturday1 ,,december #ad1 #ahgh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #aed1 ,for the ,week ending ,december #ad1 #ahgh4 ,price #aj cents4 ,for sale by all newsdealers4 ,i4 ,,engineering ,,and ,,mechanics4--,portable ,steam ,pumping ,engine1 #a engraving4--,new ,bone ,crushing ,mill1 #b engravings4--,picard's ,boiler4 ,extraction of ,salt from ,salt ,water4--,compressed ,air ,machines4 ,hydraulic vs4 air pressure4 ,causes of the losses of power4 ,estimates of useful effects obtainable4--,the ,st4 ,gothard ,tunnel4 ,by ,,geo4 ,j4 ,,specht1 ,c4,e4--,apparatus for ,lifting ,sunken ,vessels1 with #h figures4--,russia ,sheet ,iron4--,manufacture of ,artificial ,stone4--,compressed ,fuel4--,the ,new ,magnesi ,process for ,boiler ,feed ,water4 ,,ii4 ,,french ,,international ,,exhibition ,,of #ahgh4--,wine ,presses4 ,description of sixteen new and peculiar wine presses at the ,exhibition1 with #ca figures and #i engravings4 ,the ,press ,primat2 ,press ,mabille2 ,press ,david2 ,samain ,press2 ,marchand1 ,maupre1 ,boyries1 ,chapellier1 ,marmonier1 ,nogues1 ,mailhe1 ,moreau1 ,piquet1 ,delperoux1 ,terrel des ,chenes1 and ,cassan fils ,presses4 ,the ,algerian ,exhibit4 ,the street of ,algiers1 with #a illustration4--,woolen ,fabrics4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,heat1 ,,etc4--,electric ,lighting4 ,estimate of the comparative heating effect in gas and electric lighting1 and the consequent loss of power4--,the ,electric ,light4 ,remarks on its economy4--,the ,present ,bugbear of ,french ,savants4 ,new ,planets4 ,the ,dutch ,arctic ,expedition4 ,the ,peak of ,beerenburg1 ,spitzbergen1 with #a illustration4 ,,iv4 ,,chemistry ,,and ,,metallurgy4--,new ,process for ,separating ,iodine and ,bromine from ,kelp4--,inoffensive ,colors for ,toys4--,new ,coloring ,matters4--,tungsten4 ,ozone and the ,atmosphere4 ,by ,,albert ,r4 ,,leeds1 ,ph4,d4 ,table of percentage of ozone contained in the atmosphere at various localities in the ,united ,states4 ,register of ozone observations for one month at ,upper ,saranac ,lake1 ,n4 ,y41 giving thermometric and barometric observations1 and full record of weather4 ,examination of methods in ozonometry4 ,preparation of ozone by electrolysis of water containing sulphuric acid1 with #a engraving4 ,preparation by electricity1 with #a engraving4 ,does the electric spark decompose potassium iodide8 ,collection and preservation of ozone4 ,preparation by chemical methods4 ,critical examination of ozonoscopes4 ,potassium iodide2 starch2 paper classification of ozonoscopes4 ,examination of ozonoscopes under certain conditions4 ,limits of the ,combustibility of ,gases4--,the ,diffusion of ,salicylate of ,soda4--,singular use of ,fluorescein4--,new ,metal4 ,philippium ,by ,m4 ,,marc ,,delafontaine4--,better ,pharmaceutical ,education4 ,by ,,richard ,v4 ,,mattison1 ,ph4 ,g4--,an ,el ,dorado for ,apothecaries4 ,v4 ,,medicine ,,and ,,hygiene4--,the ,science of ,easy ,chairs4 ,the muscular conditions of fatigue1 and how to obtain the greatest rest4 ,how easy chairs should be made4 ,prof4 ,huxley on the ,hand4 ,abstract of his inaugural lecture before the ,south ,london ,workingmen's ,college4 ,paint from a ,sanitary ,point of ,view4 ,the required abolition of absorbent surfaces in dwellings4 ,lead poisoning from paint not thoroughly dry4 ,cases described in which white lead paint in dwellings never dries1 but gives off poisonous particles1 which are inhaled by the inmates1 causing depression1 weakness headache1 and loss of appetite4 ,zinc recommended in paint to avoid lead poisoning1 and the new oxy-sulphide of ,zinc described1 with covering qualities equal to white lead4 ,the ,purification of ,sewage4 ,by ,,henry ,,robinson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,paper read before the ,sanitary ,institute of ,great ,britain4 ,progress in purifying sewage by precipitation4 ,the use of chemicals for precipitating1 deodorizing1 and disinfecting4 ,practical data on a large scale1 with cost4 ,average number of gallons per head of population1 etc41 of the successful system now in operation at ,coventry and ,hertford4 ,how the water is removed from the sludge by filter presses4 ,drying and removal of the sludge4 ,theoretical and actual values of the sludge for fertilizing4 ,,vi4 ,,agriculture1 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,the ,broadside ,steam ,digger1 with #a engraving4--,shall ,i ,plow the ,lawn8--,bee ,culture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,progress ,,of ,,petroleum4 ,the efforts of the great majority of the ,western ,pennsylvania petroleum producers to obtain relief from what they deem the oppressive acts of the ,standard ,oil ,company and the unjust discriminations of the ,united ,pipe ,lines1 and the various railroads traversing the oil regions1 have attracted more than usual attention to the present condition of this industry and its possible future4 ,we would here explain that the ,standard ,oil ,company originated in ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 about twelve years ago1 and was incorporated under the laws of ,ohio1 with a nominal capital now1 we are informed1 of #c1jjj1jjj1 which1 however1 very inadequately represents the financial strength of its members4 ,it is now a combination of the most prominent refiners in the country1 and has before been credited with manipulating the transportation lines to its own special advantage4 ,we can recall no instance of such serious hostility between parties whose interests are at the same time of such magnitude and so nearly identical2 nor can we see what substantial1 enduring benefit would accrue to the producers in the event of their victory in the struggle4 ,they charge that the ,standard ,oil ,company has become the controlling power to fix prices and to determine the avenues by which the oil shall be transported eastward for home consumption and for foreign exportation2 that the railway companies have given this company lower rates than other parties for transporting the oil2 and that through the rates given to it by the railways the value of their property is destroyed4 ,the reply1 in effect1 is1 ,granting all this to be true1 what does it amount to8 ,neither more nor less than that the managers of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 by combination of capital1 by intelligence and shrewdness in the management of their operations1 have built up a successful business1 and that they have so extended it by the use of all practicable appliances1 and by the purchase of the property of competitors1 that they do practically control the prices of oil1 both crude and refined1 and that the uncombined capital of the other oil producers1 lacking the power1 the intelligence1 and the business skill which combined capital can secure1 cannot compete with the ,standard ,oil ,company4 ,now1 is there any great wrong or injustice in this8 ,when brains can command capital it is always more successful in business matters than any amount of brains without capital or capital without brains4 ,this result is the natural working out of the same principle that is everywhere to be seen--some men are successful and others are not4 ,it is the essence of communism to drag down those who succeed to the level of the unsuccessful4 ,if men cannot compete with others in any business they must accept the fact1 and try some other employment4 ,if1 through superior intelligence and capital1 the ,standard ,oil ,company can control the oil business of ,pennsylvania1 then1 according to the principles of common sense1 it must be permitted to do so4 ,what right1 then1 has the oil producer to complain8 ,why1 if all that is alleged is true1 will they persist in sinking more wells1 when1 as they say1 they are controlled by the ,standard ,oil ,company8 ,no one forces them to lose money by continuing in the business4 ,let them find other employment4 ,they do not show that the ,standard ,oil ,company does anything that combined capital on their part and equal business ability could not effect4 ,the cry of monopoly in this case is altogether unfounded1 those opposed to the ,standard ,oil ,company having just as much right to do all that that company does1 and1 therefore1 there can be no monopoly1 because they have no exclusive powers4 ,as to the railway companies1 they can afford and have a right to transport the tonnage offered them by the ,standard ,oil ,company at less cost1 because it costs them less to do a regular and large business than an irregular and smaller one4 ,they would simply be acting in accordance with business principles the world over4 ,these are the arguments1 the statement of the position of a successful combination confident in its resources and of victory in the coming struggle4 ,the justness1 the correctness of the doctrines enunciated1 and the wisdom of so doing at this crisis1 we do not propose to criticise2 but it is very safe to say that if the prosperity of the complainants depends upon relief in this direction they may as well cease producing4 ,there are too many of them for harmonious and concerted action against the powerful corporations they complain of2 and if they should succeed in securing equal transportation facilities the prices would still be regulated by the monopolists1 who carry more than four-fifths of the accumulated stock of the oil regions4 ,the proposed appeal to ,congress to pass some law whereby each producer can compel railroad companies to carry his produce at regular rates1 amounts to a confession of the desperate straits of the producers and of their weakness as well2 and even if successful1 which is most improbable1 would not remedy the deplorable existing state of things4 ,still lower rates would fail to give relief1 with all the present avenues of trade filled to repletion and with an increasing output at the wells4 ,relief and permanent relief can be found only in the direction we have before indicated3 in the general application of petroleum and its products to the manufacture of gas for illuminating and heating purposes1 and its substitution for coal in the metallurgic and other prominent industries of the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,limit ,,of ,,work4 ,in distributing the prizes to workmen at the ,paris ,exhibition1 ,louis ,blanc1 the leader of the ,french ,republican ,socialist party1 quoted approvingly these words of ,simonde de ,sismondi3 ,if the workman were his own master1 when he had done in two hours with the aid of machinery what would have taken him twelve hours to do without it1 he would stop at the end of the two4 ,m4 ,blanc had been discussing very eloquently1 but also very fallaciously1 the relations of machinery to labor4 ,if men were properly united in the bonds of association1 he said1 if the solidarity of interests were realized1 the happy result of the application of mechanical power to industry would be equal production1 with less of effort1 for all4 ,the discovery of an economic method would never have the lamentable consequence of robbing men of the work by which they live4 ,unfortunately1 we are far from this ideal4 ,under the empire of that universal antagonism which is the very essence of the economic constitution of modern societies1 and which too often only profits one man by ruining another1 machinery has been employed to make the rule of the strong weigh more heavily on the weak4 ,there is not a single mechanical invention which has not been a subject of anguish and a cause of distress to thousands of fathers of families from the moment it began to work4 ,if all this1 and much else that ,m4 ,blanc alleges1 were true1 then the condition of all workingmen to-day should be in every way worse than that of their fathers1 in anti-machinery days4 ,but such is not the case4 ,there never was a time when the laborer toiled less or enjoyed more than in these days of machinery2 and the laborer's condition is best where the machinery is best and most used4 ,a hundred years ago the laborer toiled long1 produced little1 and enjoyed less4 ,to-day1 thanks to the victories of invention1 machinery does the heaviest of the work2 the workman's hours of labor are fewer than formerly2 his wages are greater2 and his earnings will buy vastly more1 dollar for dollar1 than in any previous age in the world's history4 ,what laborer of to-day would be satisfied with the remuneration1 the food1 the shelter1 the clothing of the laboring classes of one hundred years ago8 ,the wants of men1 as well as their thoughts1 are widened by the process of the suns4 ,and in no section of society have the daily wants been more markedly increased1 or the facilities for gratifying them either1 than among those that live by labor4 ,if the workman were his own master1 when he had done in two hours with the aid of machinery what it would have taken him twelve hours to do without it1 he would stop at the end of the two4 ,so says the theoretical socialist4 ,the practical workman never has1 nor1 we believe1 ever will1 act so foolishly2 certainly not until the limit of man's capacity to enjoy has been reached4 ,when the united products of manual and mechanical effort fully satisfy the desires of all men1 and leave no margin of want unfilled1 then and then only will men be satisfied with the reduction of effort demanded by the socialists4 ,until then the larger part of every increase in production by mechanical improvements will go to swell the volume of good things for human use and enjoyment4 ,our machinery enables our thousands of busy workers to accomplish what millions could not have done years ago1 and a very large part of the aggregate increase of product comes back to them in conveniences and luxuries surpassing those the wealthiest could enjoy were machinery not employed1 or were it employed1 as the socialist advocates1 without increasing the aggregate of production4 ,the laziness of the savage and the advantages of civilization are incompatible4 ,the chief merit of machinery lies in its enabling us to multiply constantly the scope and variety of our enjoyments without a corresponding increase of toil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iridescent ,,glass4 ,ornamental glassware in many styles1 tinted with the glowing colors of the rainbow1 is now making its appearance in the shop windows of ,broadway and ,fifth ,avenue4 ,this is one of those brilliant little achievements of science that delights the eye and pleases the imagination4 ,to produce the colors1 the glass1 while in a heated state1 is subjected to the vapor of chloride of tin4 ,shades of more or less depth or intensity are imparted by adding to the tin chloride a little nitrate of strontium or barium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rails ,,and ,,railway ,,accidents--,,new ,,york ,,academy ,,of ,,sciences4 ,a meeting of the ,section of ,physics1 ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences1 was held ,november #be1 #ahgh4 ,president ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry in the chair4 ,numerous publications of learned societies were received and acknowledged4 ,professor ,newberry read a letter from ,professor ,agassiz stating that sea lilies1 which had hitherto been very rare--a single specimen bringing as much as fifty dollars--have been found in some numbers by dredging in the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,their colors are white1 pink1 and yellow4 ,professor ,newberry also exhibited specimens of garnet from ,california1 lamellar quartz from ,north ,carolina1 sharks' teeth belonging to the eocene and miocene tertiary ages from the phosphate beds of ,south ,carolina1 and a number of shells4 ,professor ,thomas ,egleston then addressed the ,academy on the subject of ,the ,structure of ,rails as ,affecting ,railway ,accidents4 ,the destruction of rails is due to three causes4 #a4 ,defects in the manufacture2 #b4 ,improper mechanical or chemical composition2 and #c4 ,physical changes4 ,a very large number of rails are annually made which should never be put in any track4 ,their defects are often imperceptible to the naked eye1 but they very soon begin to break4 ,statistics show that the breakage from defects in making increase until they have been used #ah months2 then it decreases to zero1 and after that rails break from different causes4 ,in ,france1 breakage usually begins in ,december1 reaches its maximum in ,january1 and becomes normal in ,april4 ,as a more intense cold would be necessary to explain such breakage than that which is felt in that climate1 the cause must be sought in the stiffness and inelasticity of the frozen road bed4 ,the impact of the locomotive is then apt to break the rail1 very much on the same principle that is taken advantage of in breaking them up for the manufacture of smaller objects4 ,a nick is made somewhere1 and the workman then strikes a blow with a hammer at a point between the nick and the place where the rail is supported4 ,this will sever the rail at the nicked place4 ,sometimes more than a second intervenes between the blow and the fracture4 ,now1 whenever holes are punched in rails for the fish plates1 flaws are apt to radiate from them2 and if these flaws are not planed or filed out1 they may cause the rail to break1 just as the nicks above mentioned4 ,such rails have been known to last no longer than #ah months1 and some have actually broken on the way from the manufacturer to their destination4 ,there are establishments in this country and in ,europe where they doctor such rails by filling up the flaws with a mixture of iron filings1 sal ammoniac1 and some adhesive substance4 ,beware of them2 a poor cheap rail is dear at any price4 ,the ,french government stipulates in its contracts for rails1 that flaws shall be planed1 drilled1 or filed out2 that the rails shall not be allowed to drop on the ground1 but shall be carried by men and slid down4 ,the ,lyons railroad does not pay for its rails until #ae1jjj trains have passed over them4 ,by imperfect mechanical composition is meant imperfect union of the parts of rails4 ,steel heads are welded to the rest of the rail in a variety of ways1 and this welding is necessarily imperfect4 ,a number of sections of rails etched with acid plainly showed this want of homogeneity1 as did likewise prints taken from the etched surfaces4 ,before such rails have lost weight appreciably1 they are used up by the constant rolling they undergo4 ,the advantage of a steel rail is its homogeneity1 but a good iron rail1 such as those made under the direction of the speaker1 for the ,reading ,railroad ,company1 is likely to prove better than one of poor steel4 ,the life of a steel rail is chiefly affected by the temperature at which it is rolled and annealed4 ,it ought not to wear off more than #a mm4 for #bj1jjj1jjj tons of traffic1 and is usually calculated to wear #aj mm4 before it is taken up4 ,in other words1 it would last about #bj years on roads doing as much business as the ,new ,york ,central4 ,it is1 however1 unlikely that our steel rails will stand more than half this amount of traffic4 ,the effects of chemical composition are but little understood4 ,some of the purest irons have turned out utterly worthless4 ,apparently the absolute quantities of carbon1 silicon1 aluminum1 phosphorus1 etc41 present are not of so much importance as their relative proportion4 ,one specimen containing carbon #j4af1 silicon #j4jh1 and phosphorus #j4jab1 could be bent double when cold1 while another1 containing carbon #j4eh1 silicon #j4ef1 and phosphorus #j4jaa broke at once4 ,the physical tests for tensile and torsional strength1 usually made on a portion cut out of the head of the rail1 are not sufficient1 because the flaws before spoken of exist mostly in the flange of the rail1 and fracture usually begins there4 ,the effect of cold rolling and shocks that a rail is exposed to was shown by a piece of rail made by the ,campbells1 ,sheffield1 ,eng41 which had been worn #c mm4 by a traffic of #fj1jjj1jjj tons at ,spuyten ,duyvel4 ,the head had been somewhat flattened1 and the flange driven down into the foot to a certain extent4 ,under such usage an iron rail would have gone to pieces long ago4 ,sometimes steel rails crumble all at once and pieces fall out of the head4 ,this is probably due to some physical defects or to crystallization from shocks4 ,the cause has not yet been definitely ascertained4 ,mr4 ,collingwood stated that of a rail only a section of #c_/h square inch was pressed by the wheel of a locomotive1 the effect being to cause this portion to act like a wedge1 and thus to contribute to the disintegration of the rail4 ,he also exhibited a hook which had been used to hoist stones of #aj to #ab tons1 and then suddenly broke with a weight of only #fa_/b tons4 ,it had been worn from a thickness of #b inches to #a-g_/h4 ,the pressure at the upper surface crowded the particles and caused them to act as wedges4 ,their fracture was crystalline1 while that of the lower surface1 which parted more slowly1 was fibrous4 ,professor ,egleston asserted that there was no such thing as fibrous iron2 what appeared so being simply crystalline with the ends drawn out4 ,a sharp blow would cause this to fall off and show the crystalline structure beneath4 ,the discussion was continued by ,professors ,trowbridge1 ,egleston1 and ,newberry4 ,c4 ,f4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,formation ,,of ,,iodiform4--,all mixtures in which alcohol and iodine enter in combination with any alkali forming colorless solutions go in part to the formation of iodiform4 ,even chloroform and iodine1 forming a colorless solution1 give rise to the same product4--,l4 ,myers ,connor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sanitary ,,science ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the following is an abstract of a paper on the ,present and ,future of ,sanitary ,science in the ,united ,states1 read by ,professor ,albert ,r4 ,leeds1 of the ,stevens ,institute of ,technology1 before the ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences at their meeting1 ,november #aath1 #ahgh3 ,sciences1 such as the one under consideration1 that have in them a side largely practical1 are sure of a welcome in our midst4 ,the study of the laws of public health grew into prominence in this country during the war1 when the ,sanitary ,commission undertook to supervise the camps and hospitals4 ,sanitary associations were then formed in many ,states and smaller communities1 and these have led to the establishment of ,state and city boards of health1 clothed to a greater or less degree with executive functions4 ,every epidemic has been the cause of wider dissemination of sanitary knowledge by the daily press4 ,the yellow fever plague1 by which more than twelve thousand people have perished1 has thoroughly aroused public interest4 ,during its continuance the papers were full of homilies on private and public hygiene1 the people everywhere sent aid and sympathy to the afflicted1 and a lady offered to defray the expenses of a scientific commission of sanitary experts to inquire into the cause and prevention of the scourge4 ,the proper execution of sanitary laws depends on the free and intelligent co-operation of individuals much more than on the influence of a strong central authority4 ,a general health department at ,washington could not legislate pure air1 pure water1 and pure food into use throughout the nation4 ,the people themselves1 in each community1 must be educated to demand these requisites of health and to secure them in their own way4 ,i4 ,vital ,statistics4--,the first ,bill of ,mortality in ,new ,york city extended from ,november #ast1 #ahja1 to ,january #ast1 #ahjc4 ,in it people are said to have died of flux1 hives1 putrid fever1 breaking out1 stoppage1 fits1 of rash1 and1 by way of contrast1 of lingering illness4 ,this rude beginning gradually led to the organization of the ,metropolitan ,board of ,health1 whose first report was made in #ahff4 ,their second report showed a decrease of #c1aeb deaths1 mainly in districts where the greatest amount of sanitary work had been done4 ,valuable illustrations of the relation between damp houses and consumption were obtained by constructing maps of certain wards1 on which every death from phthisis for several years was noted opposite each house4 ,it was found that the disease was most fatal in the lowest levels1 in rainy seasons1 and in crowded localities4 ,the registration of marriages continued so defective that a writer on the subject declares it would be impossible for a large portion of the adult native population of the ,united ,states to prove by any legal document that they have a right to the name they bear1 or that their parents were ever married4 ,the mortality returns of #ahga were probably nearly perfect1 and their very accuracy told against ,new ,york city1 whose death rate was #bh4f per thousand1 while ,st4 ,louis reported #ag1 ,rochester #af1 ,buffalo #ad1 and ,jersey ,city #g per thousand4 ,to secure accuracy in the returns of marriages and births1 etc41 more stringent legislation will be necessary4 ,in ,new ,jersey the ,state ,sanitary ,association has conclusively shown the utter worthlessness of the ,state vital statistics4 ,they memorialized the legislature1 and caused the passage of a law which gives to ,new ,jersey one of the best systems of registration yet devised4 ,it owes its excellence to the following features1 which should be universally copied3 #a4 ,burial ,permits are issued only after registry has been made by a properly qualified person2 and #b4 ,the returns are made to an expert1 who collates them and deduces practical lessons from them4 ,,ii4 ,registration of ,disease4--,a large class of diseases may be prevented from becoming epidemic if their existence is known in time4 ,for this purpose the boards of health should be invested with power and provided with means to investigate1 reform1 and1 if necessary1 to punish delinquency4 ,yet in the face of so practical a requirement little more is annually appropriated for the ,board of ,health of ,new ,jersey than for the pay of two policemen4 ,,iii4 ,state ,sanitary ,legislation4--,the agitation for sanitary reform caused by the yellow fever should not be allowed to die out with the pressure of the calamity that aroused it4 ,it should continue until every ,state that has been the seat of yellow fever1 year after year1 has as efficient a health code as ,massachusetts and ,michigan4 ,the necessity of educating the people before it is possible to secure the requisite legislation will cause a considerable period of time to elapse before all the ,states have laws in accordance with modern knowledge4 ,probably no community takes the trouble to protect itself until it has actually suffered4 ,to the distress of ,london the world owes the report of the ,royal ,commissions on water supply and the pollution of rivers1 still the best repertory of the best knowledge on the subject4 ,the manufactories of ,england have made it necessary for the government to take cognizance of aerial impurities4 ,similarly in this country the pollution of the ,passaic has caused inquiries to be set on foot in the same direction4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,report to ,board of ,public ,works of ,jersey ,city1 by ,professors ,wurtz and ,leeds2 also1 ,analyt4 ,beitraege aus dem ,laboratorium des ,stevens ,institute of ,technology1 by ,professor ,leeds1 in ,zeitschr4 fur ,anal4 ,chem4 #ahgh4 ,an attempt was made to deprive the inhabitants of ,new ,york of their public parks1 and to occupy them with buildings devoted to military and other purposes2 but the people had already been sufficiently educated up to an appreciation of their sanitary value not to permit it4 ,dr4 ,seguin eloquently advocated the improvement of the parks1 to make them not only pleasure grounds1 but places of aesthetical and practical out-door education of the public school children4 ,,iv4 ,ventilation4--,it would be a great step in the interests of sanitary science if builders1 vestrymen1 and school or hospital trustees could be persuaded that their offices did not make them temporary authorities on ventilation1 and that they had best intrust this matter to specialists who have fought their way into successful practice4 ,it appears that both the system of ventilation by aspiration and that by propulsion have had great successes and great failures4 ,many authorities have declared in favor of mechanical ventilation1 yet in most institutions where fans had been introduced they are now standing still4 ,in ,roosevelt ,hospital1 ,new ,york1 they ran their fan backwards for months and then stopped it4 ,v4 ,physical ,education4--,instruction in hygiene and physical exercise as a part of the college curriculum was first successfully accomplished at ,amherst ,college1 and has now had a trial of nearly twenty years4 ,the importance attached to it is shown by the fact that only distinguished members of the medical profession are appointed as professors1 and that they have the same rank as the rest of the faculty4 ,their first duty is to know the physical condition of every student and to see that the laws of health are not violated4 ,in case of sickness1 the students are given certificates to excuse them from attendance and are put in the way of obtaining suitable treatment4 ,the records kept are of great interest4 ,all the classes are required to attend the gymnastic exercises four times a week4 ,for a full account see ,professor ,hitchcock's report on ,hygiene at ,amherst ,college to the ,american ,public ,health ,association4 ,the excellent results of this feature--it can no longer be regarded as an experiment--recommend its introduction in all our colleges and public schools4 ,,vi4 ,health ,resorts4--,the number of people who leave the cities in the summer to visit the seashore1 the mountains1 and the country is annually increasing4 ,a healthful village is often changed to a center of pestilence merely by such an influx of strangers1 the ordinary means of removing offal1 etc41 being no longer adequate4 ,the town of ,bethlehem1 ,n4 ,h41 became so popular by reason of its pure air that several thousand hay fever patients sought relief there in #ahgg4 ,the consequence was insufficient drainage2 but as the inhabitants understood their interests1 this defect was at once remedied4 ,the sea shore of ,new ,jersey from ,sandy ,hook to ,cape ,may is becoming an almost continuous city1 and harbors a multitude of visitors every summer4 ,those whose interest it is to retain this patronage cannot have it too strongly impressed upon them to preserve their healthfulness by introducing cemented cisterns1 by causing garbage to be removed daily1 and by encouraging local boards of health4 ,,vii4 ,illuminating ,gas not only withdraws from the air of our rooms a considerable amount of oxygen1 but fills them with noxious products of combustion4 ,all this may be avoided in the future by the introduction of the electric light4 ,,viii4 ,sanitary ,surveys4--,dr4 ,bowditch has shown that a thousand deaths from consumption in ,massachusetts are due to a wet and retentive soil1 and this fact alone will show the importance of sanitary surveys of the country1 such as that made of ,staten ,island by ,professors ,newberry and ,trowbridge1 who determined the influence of the surface soil1 of the underlying rock1 its porosity1 its bedding and its joints1 upon the drainage and upon the local climate and health4 ,a similar survey of ,hudson county1 ,new ,jersey1 has been recently made by ,l4 ,b4 ,heard1 ,c4,e4 ,,ix4 ,composition of the ,atmosphere4--,the ,english government has been obliged to appoint the celebrated ,dr4 ,angus ,smith to examine the effects of atmospheric contamination4 ,in ,philadelphia there is scarcely a house front that is not disfigured by the stain of magnesia and lime salts1 caused by acid vapors in the atmosphere4 ,a discussion followed1 which was introduced by ,mr4 ,collingwood1 who remarked that the problem of the sewage of cities was still far from being solved4 ,though the recent experiments in ,england on utilizing sewage for agricultural purposes by filtration and otherwise were reported to be successful1 we had only dodged the question in this country4 ,our sewage is still emptied into rivers to poison the water of cities further down their course4 ,when the country becomes more thickly settled1 this will answer no longer4 ,it was also stated that while gas in large chandeliers could be made an effective means of ventilation1 there was another objection to its use in the fact that the soil of the city was everywhere impregnated with it from leaky mains1 thus causing poisonous exhalations and an insufferable odor whenever the ground was opened4 ,attention was also called to the evil effects of the system of tenement houses1 which led to an unfavorable comparison of the health and morality of ,new ,york with those of cities like ,philadelphia and ,cleveland1 that abound in small homes4 ,dr4 ,minor attributed disease to what ,richardson calls ultra-microscopic molecular aggregates1 which always exist in the air1 but take hold of us only when our vitality is reduced to a certain point4 ,it has been shown that decay is absolutely impossible in vessels from which they are excluded4 ,but for them the earth would now be heaped with the undecomposed remains of animals and vegetables4 ,according to this view1 the future efforts of sanitary science must be simply in the direction of learning how to protect ourselves against the ultra-microscopic molecular aggregates4 ,c4 ,f4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,felling ,,trees ,,by ,,electricity4 ,some years ago a ,doctor ,robinson of this city obtained a patent through the agency of the ,,scientific ,,american for ,felling ,trees by ,electricity4 ,subsequently a description of the invention was published in this paper1 soon after which the newspapers in this country and ,europe teemed with the account of a gentleman in ,india having contrived an apparatus for felling trees in the same manner4 ,since these several years have elapsed we have heard nothing of the gentleman from ,india till a few days ago our papers have taken up the subject anew1 and annexed is the account they give of the inventor's progress in developing his discovery4 ,the electric fluid in the form of lightning oftentimes proves itself a very efficient wood cutter1 and it has occurred to some ingenious gentleman in ,india that artificial electricity may be so applied and controlled as to cut down trees a good deal faster than the clumsy ax or that ,american notion the chain saw4 ,the two ends of the copper wires of a galvanic battery are connected with platinum wire1 which of course instantly becomes red hot1 and while in that state it is gently seesawed across the trunk of the trees to be felled4 ,when arrangements were made for the experiment1 it turned out that the thickness of the thickest platinum wire that could be got was only that of crochet cotton4 ,it was at once seen that such a wire would be consumed before the tree was half severed from its trunk4 ,however1 the attempt was made4 ,the burning wire performed its task very well as long as it lasted1 but1 as anticipated1 the wire continually broke1 and at length there was no wire left4 ,there can be little doubt that1 with a stronger battery and a thicker wire1 the experiment would have been entirely successful4 ,as it was1 the tree was sawn one fifth through4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,improved ,,vise4 ,the novel vise shown in the engraving was recently patented by ,mr4 ,william ,starkey1 of ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,illustration3 ,,starkey',s ,,vise4 ,the fixed jaw is supported by two standards from the base piece1 and has a square boxing or tube for receiving the slide of the movable jaw4 ,this slide is hollow1 and contains a rack which is engaged by a pinion on the short vertical shaft1 which is supported by the fixed jaw4 ,at the lower end of the vertical shaft there is a worm wheel1 that is engaged by a worm on the horizontal shaft on which is placed the hand wheel4 ,by turning the hand wheel the vertical shaft is rotated and the movable jaw is drawn against the object to be clamped by the vise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,culinary ,,uses ,,for ,,leaves4 ,a writer in the ,london ,iron ,trade ,exchange1 calling attention to a neglected source of culinary flavors1 says3 ,with the exception of sweet and bitter herbs1 grown chiefly for the purpose1 and parsley1 which is neither bitter nor sweet1 but the most popular of all flavoring plants1 comparatively few other leaves are used4 ,perhaps ,i ought also to except the sweet bay1 which is popular in rice and other puddings1 and certainly imparts one of the most pleasant and exquisite flavors2 but1 on the other hand1 what a waste there is of the flavoring properties of peach1 almond1 and laurel leaves1 so richly charged with the essence of bitter almonds1 so much used in most kitchens6 ,of course such leaves must be used with caution1 but so must the spirit as well4 ,an infusion of these could readily be made1 either green or dry1 and a tea or table spoonful of the flavoring liquid used4 ,one of the most useful and harmless of all leaves for flavoring is that of the common syringa4 ,when cucumbers are scarce1 these are a perfect substitute in salads or anything in which that flavor is desired4 ,the taste is not only like that of cucumbers1 but identical--a curious instance of the correlation of flavors in widely different families4 ,again1 the young leaves of cucumbers have a striking likeness in the way of flavor to that of the fruit4 ,the same may be affirmed of carrot tops1 while in most gardens there is a prodigious waste of celery flavor in the sacrifice of the external leaves and their partially blanched footstalks4 ,scores of celery are cut up into soup1 when the outsides would flavor it equally well or better4 ,the young leaves of gooseberries added to bottled fruit give a fresher flavor and a greener color to pies and tarts4 ,the leaves of the flowering currant give a sort of intermediate flavor between black currants and red4 ,orange1 citron1 and lemon leaves impart a flavoring equal to that of the fruit and rind combined1 and somewhat different from both4 ,a few leaves added to pies1 or boiled in the milk used to bake with rice1 or formed into crusts or paste impart an admirable and almost inimitable bouquet4 ,in short1 leaves are not half so much used for seasoning purposes as they might be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,shutter ,,fastener4 ,we give herewith an engraving of a new shutter fastener1 recently patented by ,mr4 ,p4 ,f4 ,fernandez1 of ,san ,juan1 ,porto ,rico1 ,west ,indies4 ,this fastener is designed for holding doors or window shutters in position when open1 to prevent them from closing or swinging in the wind4 ,illustration3 ,,improved ,,shutter ,,fastener4 ,to the wall is secured a plate to which is pivoted the spring-acted hook1 ,a1 and upon the shutter in the proper position for engaging the hook1 ,a1 there is a rigid hook1 ,b4 ,a coil spring is attached to the plate that supports the hook1 ,a1 and when the shutter is open is engaged by a boss formed on the end of the hook1 ,b4 ,by this means the hook1 ,b1 is pressed forward into close contact with hook1 ,a1 thereby preventing all jarring and rattling4 ,the hook1 ,a1 is provided with an eye for receiving the cord1 ,c1 which extends to the window casing and is within easy reach1 so that when it is desired to close the shutter the hook1 ,a1 may be readily disengaged from the hook1 ,b1 by simply pulling the cord4 ,further information may be obtained by addressing the inventor as above4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,improved ,,garden ,,sprinkler4 ,a novel garden sprinkler1 which may be carried on the back1 is shown in the accompanying engraving4 ,the cylindrical vessel has a removable cover1 and contains a perforated plunger which is operated by a hand lever from without4 ,the cylindrical vessel is provided with shoulder straps1 and it has two sprinkling nozzles connected with it by flexible tubes4 ,illustration3 ,,hodel ,,stauber',s ,,garden ,,sprinkler4 ,this sprinkler is especially designed for applying insect-destroying poison to plants4 ,the operator1 as he goes through the field or garden1 takes one nozzle in each hand and distributes the liquid upon the plants4 ,from time to time the liquid will be agitated by moving the perforated plunger4 ,this invention was recently patented by ,adolf ,hodel1 of ,jefferson1 and ,f4 ,a4 ,stauber1 of ,chicago1 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,foot ,,power4 ,in our issue of ,november #i we illustrated and described a sewing machine having ,w4 ,f4 ,lane's improved foot power applied4 ,we give herewith views of the foot power in detail1 ,fig4 #a being a side elevation1 and ,figs4 #b and #c sectional views4 ,the device is designed for application to any light machinery that can be propelled by foot power4 ,a is the shaft to which motion is to be imparted by the treadles1 ,b1 the latter being pivoted to oscillate on the shaft1 ,h4 ,two ratchet wheels1 ,c1 are secured to the shaft1 ,a1 and are each worked by pawls1 ,d1 which are pivoted to a carrier1 ,e1 which turns loosely on the shaft4 ,the pawls are in the form of an elbow lever1 and the movement of their tooth ends is limited by lugs or shoulders on the carrier1 ,e4 ,the outer ends of the pawls are received between lugs that project from the plate1 ,f1 which turns loosely on the shaft1 ,a1 and has attached to it the rope pulley1 ,g4 ,when the plate1 ,f1 is turned in one direction the pawls are raised and ride loosely over the teeth1 but when the plate turns in the other direction the pawls engage the ratchet teeth and carry them and also the shaft1 ,a4 ,a guide pulley1 ,i1 is pivoted below the shaft1 ,a1 with its axis at right angles to the shaft4 ,the motion from the alternately-oscillated treadles1 ,b1 is transmitted to the pulleys1 ,g1 by means of a rope 7shown in dotted lines71 both ends of which are fastened by hooks to some fixed point4 ,this rope runs from one of the hooks down under a pulley pivoted in the toe of one of the treadles1 thence around one of the pulleys1 ,g1 thence around the pulley1 ,i1 over the other pulley1 ,g1 and downward around the pulley in the other treadle1 and upward to the second fixed hook4 ,the depression of one of the treadles causes the shaft to rotate1 and also lifts the other treadle into position to be operated4 ,illustration3 ,,lane',s ,,foot ,,power4 ,for further information address ,wm4 ,f4 ,lane1 ,elgin1 ,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,inventions4 ,mr4 ,samuel ,heaton1 of ,cedar ,rapids1 ,iowa1 has patented an improved ,iron ,fence ,post1 which is particularly adapted for wire fences4 ,it is formed of a slotted iron bar1 constituting the post proper1 and a triangular brace1 which is so connected with said bar that it may be easily adjusted at different angles1 corresponding to the undulation or unevenness of the ground surface where the post is used4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,s4 ,alexander1 of ,meriden1 ,conn41 has patented an improved ,drawer ,pull1 which is neat1 strong1 and durable1 and is less expensive than when made in the usual way4 ,an improved ,earth ,scraper has been patented by ,mr4 ,benjamin ,slusser1 of ,sidney1 ,ohio4 ,this is an improvement in that class of earth scrapers which are arranged to revolve for the purpose of dumping the load1 and during the intervals1 or while being filled1 are locked in rigid position4 ,an improvement in ,wagon ,bodies has been patented by ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,paschal1 of ,camden1 ,ark4 ,this invention consists1 essentially1 in a frame provided with spurs projecting therefrom for engagement with the bales to prevent them from slipping1 and the combination therewith of removable extension side and end pieces1 for enabling the wagon to be used for other purposes when not employed for hauling cotton bales2 there is an extension of the frame forming a feed trough for the horses employed to draw the vehicle4 ,an improved ,scraper has been patented by ,mr4 ,george ,eiteman1 of ,round ,grove1 ,ill4 ,this is a double-ended scraper hung at its center on a rod connected to the handle arms1 whereby either end of the scraper may be used4 ,it has catches to prevent the scraper from revolving backward1 and spring actuated dogs on the handle frame to retain the scraper in position and prevent it from turning over until released4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amateur ,,mechanics4 ,for amusement1 exercise1 and profit we commend1 to those who are mechanically inclined1 the practice of working with tools of the smaller sort1 either in wood or other of the softer materials1 or in metals1 glass1 or stone4 ,this practice renders the hands dexterous1 the muscles strong1 and the head clear1 with the further advantage of producing something for either ornament or use4 ,of course a bench with a vise and a few wood working and iron working tools will be required2 but the most expensive as well as the most essential tool is a lathe4 ,with this tool1 not only turning in wood1 metal1 ivory1 rubber1 etc41 can be accomplished1 but it may also be used for screw-thread cutting1 gear cutting1 drilling metals1 boring wood1 spinning metals1 milling1 sawing metal and wood1 grinding1 polishing1 moulding1 shaping1 and other purposes4 ,a first class plain lathe of small size cannot be purchased for less than #ej or #fj1 and one of inferior quality will cost #bj to #cj4 ,while the purchase of a lathe is recommended there may be many who would prefer to make one4 ,a lathe that will do admirably and which may be easily made is shown in the accompanying engravings1 ,fig4 #a representing in perspective the lathe complete2 ,fig4 #b is a perspective view of the lathe without the table2 ,fig4 #c is a vertical longitudinal section of the lathe1 showing the manner of securing the head and tail stocks to the bars which form the bed or shears4 ,in making this lathe one pattern only will be required for the two standards of the head stock1 and the support of the ends of the bars4 ,the lower part of the tail stock is made in two parts1 so that they may be clamped tightly together on the shears by means of the bolt that passes through both parts1 and is provided with a nut having a lever handle4 ,the rest support is also made in two parts1 clamped together on the ways in a similar way4 ,the patterns may be easily sawed from #aa_/d inch pine4 ,the holes that receive the round bars should be chambered to receive ,babbitt metal1 used in making the fit around the bars forming the shears1 around the head and tail spindles1 and around the shank of the tool rest4 ,the smallest diameter of the holes that receive the round bars should be a little less than that of the bars1 so that the several pieces that are placed on the bars may be fitted to hold them in place while the ,babbitt metal is poured in4 ,the dimensions of the lathe are as follows3 ,length of round bars forming shears1 #bd inches2 diameter of bars1 #a inch2 distance from the upper side of upper bar to center of spindle1 #c inches2 between bars1 #c_/d inch2 between standards that support the live spindle1 #ca_/b inches2 size of standard above shears1 #c_/d x #aa_/d inch2 diameter of head and tail spindles1 #c_/d inch2 diameter of pulleys1 #e inches1 #ca_/b inches1 and #b inches2 width of base of standards1 #e inches2 height of standards1 #g inches4 ,the live spindle should be enlarged at the face plate end1 and tapered at both ends1 as indicated in the engraving4 ,the pulleys1 which are of hard wood1 are made of three pieces glued together1 bored1 and driven on the spindle1 secured by a pin passing through both it and the spindle1 and turned off4 ,the bars forming the shears may be either cold rolled iron or round machinery steel2 they will require no labor except perhaps squaring up at the ends4 ,the castings having been fitted to the bars1 and provided with set screws for clamping them1 the two standards that support the live spindle and the support for the opposite end of the bars are put in position1 when the bars are made truly parallel1 and a little clay or putty is placed around each bar and over the annular cavity that surrounds it1 and is formed into a spout or lip at the upper side to facilitate the pouring of ,babbitt metal4 ,the metal must be quite hot when poured1 so that it will run sharp and fill the cavity4 ,to guard against a possible difficulty in removing the castings from the bars it might be well to cover the side of the bar next the screw with a thin piece of paper4 ,the pieces of the tail stock and tool rest support are fitted to the bars by means of ,babbitt metal1 the metal being poured first in one half and then in the other4 ,the bolts which clamp the two parts of the rest support and tail stock together are provided with lever handles4 ,after fitting the parts to the two bars by means of ,babbitt metal1 the tail spindle1 which is threaded for half its length1 is placed in the tail stock parallel with the bars and ,babbitted4 ,a binding screw is provided for clamping the tail spindle1 and the spindle is drilled at one end to receive the center1 and has at the other end a crank for operating it4 ,a steel or bronze button is placed in the hole in the standard that supports the smaller end of the live spindle1 and the spindle is supported in its working position and ,babbitted4 ,the thread on the spindle should be rather coarse1 so that wooden or type metal face plates and chucks may be used4 ,the table shown in ,fig4 #a is simple and inexpensive4 ,it consists of two pairs of crossed legs halved together and secured to a plank top4 ,a small rod passes through the rear legs near their lower ends1 and also through a piece of gas pipe placed between the legs4 ,a diagonal brace is secured to the top near one end1 and is fastened to the lower end of the rear leg at the other end of the table4 ,a block is secured to each pair of legs for supporting a pair of ordinary grindstone rollers1 which form a bearing for the balance wheel shaft4 ,this shaft has formed in it two cranks1 and it carries an ordinary balance wheel1 to the side of which is secured by means of hook bolts a grooved wooden rim for receiving the driving belt4 ,the cranks are connected1 by means of hooks of ordinary round iron1 with a treadle that is pivoted on the gas pipe at the rear of the table4 ,the shaft will work tolerably well1 even if it is not turned4 ,the cranks must have half round grooves filed in them to receive the treadle hooks4 ,the size of the different diameters of the drive wheel may be found by turning the larger one first and the smaller ones afterward1 using the belt to determine when the proper size is reached4 ,the wooden rim may be turned off in position by using a pointed tool4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,,lathes ,,for ,,amateur ,,mechanics4 ,the lathe above described1 although very easily made and inexpensive1 will be found to serve an excellent purpose for hand work1 and if the holes1 instead of being ,babbitted1 are bored1 and if the bars forming the shears are turned1 the lathe may be converted into a kind of engine lathe by placing a feeding screw between the bars1 and putting a small tool post in the rest support4 ,m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,machine ,,shop ,,economy4 ,in times like the present1 when even with good management our best machine shops are enabled to exhibit but small margins of profit1 and shops with indifferent management exhibit margins on the wrong side1 it is a question of paramount importance what kind of economy should be pursued in order to maintain a successful business4 ,the directors of long established machinery enterprises differ widely upon some methods of conducting business1 and while one gains success by pursuing a certain plan1 another1 with perhaps as much ability1 cannot pursue the same with satisfactory results4 ,while in the main there are many different plans upon which successful machinery establishments are conducted1 there are some underlying principles that must be observed to avoid meeting with difficulties4 ,the rate of wages paid is certainly a large element of shop economy1 but there are so many other elements that should be considered before wages are reached1 that we often find proprietors1 who pay their workmen at a comparatively high rate1 doing a more prosperous business than their competitors who have reduced wages to the lowest possible scale4 ,many machine shop owners1 not having mastered the various economies of management1 as soon as profits begin to shorten1 pounce directly upon the wages paid to their workmen1 and pare them down so as to make up for the deficiency elsewhere4 ,they don't seem to realize that there are important elements of economical management other than closely watching the wages of labor and the cost of material4 ,it is sometimes necessary to reduce the rate of wages1 but what a different effect it has upon the men in different shops6 ,in one shop you scarcely hear a murmur--no angry meetings--no threats of a strike--no growling at the head of the establishment4 ,the intelligent workmen understand the reasons for the reduction without a wordy explanation1 and accept it1 feeling confident that it has not been unjustly made4 ,in another shop it causes ill feeling1 angry protests1 and perhaps a disastrous strike4 ,the owner often charges his trouble to the character of his workmen4 ,let him review his course1 and see if the great cause is not in his own management4 ,mechanics are keen and observing4 ,if the business is poorly managed they are not slow to mark it1 and when a cut is made in wages can generally cipher out the cause4 ,it is good economy to keep a systematic record of the cost of everything4 ,this record will be found very valuable in making estimates1 much more so than guess work4 ,it is not good economy to keep using worn-out tools when any work of consequence is to be performed4 ,the extra cost of labor and spoiled pieces would soon pay for new tools4 ,it is not good economy to keep discharging capable workmen for petty causes1 and employing new hands to take their places4 ,it is poor economy to use slow-cutting grindstones to accomplish work that fast cutting emery wheels are suited for4 ,it is questionable economy to employ lathes1 planers1 and drills to perform work of any extent that a milling machine will do better in less time and at much less expense4 ,it is decidedly bad economy to employ engines and boilers that waste fuel and are troublesome to keep in good running condition4 ,it is mistaken economy to buy inferior tools1 machines1 and shop supplies1 because they are low priced4 ,it is very defective economy to fit the parts of machines together by trial instead of making them by aid of correct drawings and standard tools for accurate measurement4 ,it is faulty economy to practice borrowing and lending working tools4 ,the idea that economy consists in withholding every expense not absolutely demanded is erroneous4 ,an extra outlay in one or another direction often assures the saving as well as the making of money4 ,wise economy looks to the future as well as the present1 and requires that all work sent out from a shop should be of the best and most reliable character4--,american ,machinist4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,reward ,,of ,,invention4 ,capital and ,labor publishes the substance of a letter from ,mr4 ,henry ,bessemer with reference to the refusal of the ,english ,government1 or of its ambassador in ,paris1 to allow the ,grand ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor to be accepted by its countrymen1 and in his letter ,mr4 ,bessemer furnishes some autobiographic particulars which cannot fail to be of interest4 ,he tells us that at the age of eighteen he came to ,london from a small country village1 knowing no one1 and himself unknown2 but his studious habits and his love of invention soon gained for him a footing1 and in two years he was pursuing a method of his own invention for taking copies from antique and modern bassi-rilievi in a manner that enabled him to stamp them on a cardboard1 thus producing thousands of embossed copies of the highest works of art1 at a small cost4 ,the facility for making a permanent die1 even from a thin paper original1 capable of producing a thousand copies1 would have opened a wide door to successful fraud if the process had been known to unscrupulous persons2 for by its means1 ,mr4 ,bessemer states1 there is not a government stamp1 or the paper seal of a corporate body1 that every common office clerk could not forge in a few minutes at the office of his employer or at his own home4 ,the production of a die from a common paper stamp is the work of only ten minutes2 the materials cost less than one penny4 ,no sort of technical skill is necessary1 and a common copying press or letter stamp yields most successful copies4 ,there is no need for the would-be forger to associate himself with a skillful die sinker1 capable of making a good imitation in steel of the original1 for the merest tyro could make an absolute copy on the first attempt4 ,the public knowledge of such a means of forging would1 at that time1 have shattered the whole system of the ,british ,stamp ,office1 had a knowledge of the method been allowed to escape4 ,the secret has1 however1 been carefully guarded to this day4 ,during the time that ,mr4 ,bessemer was engaged in studying this question he was informed that the government were themselves cognizant of the fact that they were losers to a great amount annually by the transfer of stamps from old and useless deeds to new skins of parchment1 thus making the stamps do duty a second or third time1 to the serious loss of the revenue4 ,one official in high position said that he believed they were defrauded in this way to the extent of probably ,l#ajj1jjj per annum4 ,to fully appreciate the importance of this fact1 and realize the facility afforded for this species of fraud by the system then in use1 it must be understood that the ordinary impressed or embossed stamp1 such as is employed on all bills of exchange1 if impressed directly on a skin of parchment1 would be entirely obliterated by exposing the deed for a few months to a damp atmosphere4 ,the deed would thus appear as if unstamped1 and therefore invalid4 ,to prevent this it has been the practice as far back as the reign of ,queen ,anne to gum a small piece of blue paper on to the parchment2 and for still greater security a strip of metal foil is passed through it1 and another small piece of paper with the printed initials of the ,sovereign is gummed over the loose ends of the foil at the back4 ,the stamp is then impressed on the blue paper1 which1 unlike parchment1 is incapable of losing the impression by exposure to a damp atmosphere4 ,but1 practically1 it has been found that a little piece of moistened blotting paper applied for a whole night so softens the gum that the two pieces of paper and the slip of foil can be removed from the old deed most easily1 and be applied to a new skin of parchment1 and thus be made to do duty a second or third time4 ,thus the expensive stamps on thousands of old deeds of partnership1 leases1 and other old documents1 when no longer of value1 offer a rich harvest to those who are dishonest enough to use them4 ,a knowledge of these facts led ,mr4 ,bessemer to fully appreciate the importance of any system of stamps that would effectually prevent so great a loss2 nor did he for one moment doubt but that government would amply reward success4 ,after some months of study and experiment1 which he cheerfully undertook 7although it interfered considerably with the pursuit of regular business1 inasmuch as it was necessary to carry on the experiments with the strictest secrecy1 and to do all the work himself during the night after his people had left work71 he succeeded in making a stamp that satisfied all the necessary conditions4 ,it was impossible to remove it from one deed and transfer it to another4 ,no amount of damp1 or even saturation with water1 could obliterate it1 and it was impossible to take any impression from it capable of producing a duplicate4 ,mr4 ,bessemer says that he knew nothing of patents or patent law in those days2 and adds that if he had for a moment thought it necessary to make any preliminary conditions with government he would have at once scouted the idea as utterly unworthy1 thinking his interests absolutely secure4 ,in this full confidence he sought an interview with the then chief of the ,stamp ,office1 ,sir ,charles ,presley1 and showed him by numerous proofs how easily all his stamps could be forged1 and also the mode of prevention4 ,he was greatly astonished1 and at a later interview he suggested that the principle of the invention should be worked out fully4 ,this ,mr4 ,bessemer was only too anxious to do2 and some five or six weeks later called again with a newly designed stamp1 which greatly pleased him4 ,the design was circular1 about #ba_/b inches in diameter1 and consisted of the ,garter with the motto in capital letters surmounted by a crown4 ,within the ,garter was a shield with the words five pounds4 ,the space between the shield and the ,garter was filled with network in imitation of lace4 ,the die had been executed in steel1 which pierced the parchment with more than #djj holes1 each one of the necessary form to produce its special portion of the design4 ,since that period perforated paper of this kind has been largely employed for valentines and other ornamental purposes1 but was previously unknown4 ,it was at once obvious that the transfer of such a stamp was impossible4 ,it was equally clear that dampness could not obliterate it2 nor was it possible to take any impression from it capable of perforating another skin of parchment4 ,this design gave great satisfaction1 and everything went on smoothly2 ,sir ,charles consulted ,lord ,althorp1 and the ,stamp ,office authorities determined to adopt it4 ,mr4 ,bessemer was then asked if1 instead of receiving a sum of money from the ,treasury1 he would be satisfied with the position of ,superintendent of ,stamps1 at some ,l#fjj or ,l#hjj per annum4 ,this was all that he then desired1 rejoicing over the prospect1 for he was at that time engaged to be married1 and his future position in life seemed assured4 ,an incident now occurred that reads almost like romance4 ,a few days after affairs had assumed this satisfactory position1 he called on the young lady to whom he was then engaged 7now ,mrs4 ,bessemer71 and showed her the pretty piece of network which constituted the new parchment stamp1 explaining how it could never be removed from the parchment and used again1 and mentioning the fact that old deeds with stamps on them dated as far back as the reign of ,queen ,anne could be fraudulently used4 ,she at once said1 ,yes1 ,i understand this2 but surely1 if all stamps had a date put upon them1 they could not at a future time be used again without detection8 ,this was indeed a new light1 and greatly startled the inventor1 who at once said that steel dies used for this purpose could have but one date engraved upon them4 ,but after a little consideration he saw that movable dates were by no means impossible1 and that this could easily be effected by drilling three holes of about a quarter of an inch in diameter in the steel die1 and fitting into each of these openings a steel plug or type with sunk figures engraved on their ends1 giving on one the date of the month1 on the next the month of the year1 and on the third circular steel type the last two figures of the year4 ,this plan would be most simple and efficient1 would take less time and money to inaugurate than the more elaborate plan that had been devised2 but while pleased and proud at the clever and simple suggestion of the young lady1 her future husband saw also that all his more elaborate system of piercing dies1 the result of months of study1 and the toil of many a weary and lonely night1 was shattered to pieces by it4 ,he feared to disturb the decision that ,sir ,charles ,presley had come to1 as to the adoption of the perforated stamp1 but1 with a strong conviction of the advantages of the new plan1 felt in honor bound not to suppress it1 whatever might be the result4 ,thus it was that he soon found himself again closeted with ,sir ,charles at ,somerset ,house1 discussing the new scheme1 which he much preferred1 because1 as he said1 all the old dies1 old presses1 and old workmen could be employed1 and there would be but little change in the office--so little1 in fact1 that no new superintendent of stamps was required1 which the then unknown art of making and using piercing dies would have rendered absolutely necessary4 ,after due consideration the first plan was definitely abandoned by the office in favor of the dated stamps1 with which every one is now familiar4 ,in six or eight weeks from this time an ,act of ,parliament was passed calling in the private stock of stamps dispersed throughout the country1 and authorizing the issue of the new dated ones4 ,thus was inaugurated a system that has been in operation some forty-five years1 successfully preventing that source of fraud from which the revenue had so severely suffered4 ,if anything like ,sir ,charles ,presley's estimate of ,l#ajj1jjj per annum was correct1 this saving must now amount to some millions sterling2 but whatever the varying amount might have been1 it is certain that so important and long established a system as that in use at the ,stamp ,office would never have been voluntarily broken up by its own officials1 except under the strongest conviction that the losses were very great1 and that the new order of things would prove an effectual barrier to future fraud4 ,during all the bustle of this great change no steps had been taken to install the inventor in the office4 ,lord ,althorp had resigned1 and no one seemed to have authority to do anything4 ,all sorts of half promises and excuses followed each other1 with long delays between1 and ,mr4 ,bessemer gradually saw the whole thing sliding out of his grasp4 ,instead of holding fast to the first plan1 which they could not have executed without his aid and special knowledge1 he had1 in all the trustfulness of youthful inexperience1 shown them another plan1 so simple that they could put it in operation without any assistance4 ,he had no patent to fall back upon1 and could not go to law1 even if he wished to do so1 for he was reminded1 when pressing for mere money out of pocket1 that he had done all the work voluntarily4 ,wearied and disgusted1 he at last ceased to waste time in calling at the ,stamp ,office1 and he felt that nothing but increased exertions could make up for the loss of some nine months of toil and expenditure4 ,thus1 sad and dispirited1 and with a burning sense of injustice overpowering all other feelings1 he went from the ,stamp ,office1 too proud to ask as a favor that which was indubitably his just right1 and he adds1 ,up to this hour ,i have never received one shilling or any kind of acknowledgment whatever from the ,british ,government4 ,it is notorious1 adds the editor1 that some of the most renowned and invaluable inventions of recent years1 especially those connected with the navy1 have narrowly escaped rejection by permanent but ignorant officials2 and that the authors of the inventions have had to submit to delay1 loss1 annoyance1 and contumely before their processes could be tried1 even after their success had been officially demonstrated4 ,perhaps it is not now so much a question of money1 for it is to be hoped that ,mr4 ,bessemer is reaping the due reward of ingenuity and skill in other fields of invention4 ,but even his discoveries in steel making1 if they have very properly enriched himself1 have1 in an infinitely larger degree1 added to the wealth of the country1 and have given employment to many thousands4 ,such a man is a public benefactor1 and eminently deserves recognition by the state1 especially by way of atonement for former neglect and injustice4 ,military men receive titular honors and a pecuniary reward for slaying a crowd of savages and burning their huts1 while the men who have helped to make ,england what she is1 commercially and industrially1 are in most cases left to their fate1 which may chance to be pecuniary ruin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oil ,,notes4 ,,pennsylvania4 ,the total production of crude petroleum for the first three quarters of #ahgh was #aa1abf1jcg barrels1 against #h1dcf1hfg barrels for the same time in #ahgg2 increase in #ahgh1 #a1fhi1agj barrels4 ,the total number of drilling wells completed for the first three quarters of #ahgh were #b1ccc1 against #b1fii for the same time in #ahgg2 decrease in #ahgh1 #cff4 ,the daily average production of the new wells completed for the first three quarters of #ahgh was #ac #b-aj barrels1 against #ad #b-aj for the same time in #ahgg2 decrease in #ahgh1 #a barrel4 ,the total number of dry holes developed in the first three quarters of #ahgh were #bhj1 against #dgf for the same time in #ahgg2 decrease in #ahgh1 #aif4 ,the total amount of crude petroleum held in the producing regions of ,pennsvlvania1 at the close of the third quarter of #ahgh1 was #d1eii1cfb barrels1 against #b1ejc1feg at the same time in #ahgg2 increase in #ahgh1 #b1jie1gje barrels4 ,the amount of crude petroleum represented by outstanding certificates on the last day of ,september was #a1gje1hec barrels1 against #a1cag1dhd barrels on the last day of ,october1 a reduction during ,october of #aeh1abg barrels4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,guffey has purchased of ,marcus ,hulings an undivided half interest in the celebrated ,kinzua ,creek property 7,bradford district74 ,the purchased portion contains #f1djj acres1 on which there is a well that was struck in ,june last1 and since that time has been doing from #af to #ah barrels1 and has never been torpedoed4 ,mr4 ,guffey looks upon this as one of the best prospective oil territories in the country4 ,d4 ,w4 ,c4 ,carroll ,co41 of ,pittsburg1 have kept from #de to #ge men employed1 since ,june1 in the oil regions1 building iron tanks1 nearly all of which are located in the ,bradford district4 ,,west ,,virginia4 ,the ,wheeling ,intelligencer says3 ,as noticed in our ,moundsville letter this morning1 extensive preparations have been made to bore for oil on the opposite side of the river at the ,union ,coal ,works shaft4 ,the machinery was brought down from ,pittsburg on ,tuesday1 and is now being put in position by contractors1 who have engaged to go down #a1bjj feet4 ,it will be recollected that for a long time past oil has been found in the coal shaft1 and the company who are putting down the well feel confident that plenty of it exists deeper down4 ,some parties look forward to the development of the fact that ,moundsville is situated in an important oil break1 and that oil in abundance will be found on both sides of the river4 ,the progress of the well will be looked forward to with much interest by the people of that vicinity4 ,,massachusetts4 ,the ,maverick ,oil ,works at ,east ,boston have recently made some very extensive additions and improvements1 lengthening their wharf and making a variety of alterations in their buildings4 ,they will shortly complete a new cooper shop1 wherein1 it is probable1 they will construct all the tin cans required by the demands of their business4 ,,ohio4 ,the oil excitement has broken out afresh in ,west ,mecca1 ,warren county1 ,ohio4 ,oil men1 heavily backed with capital1 have recently come in from ,pennsylvania1 and are making things lively in that locality4 ,eight new wells have been put in operation during the past week4 ,this district is the same where the principal excitement prevailed #ah years ago4 ,,japan4 ,the ,tokio ,times states that the principal feature of ,american trade with ,japan is the petroleum exports from ,new ,york4 ,the enterprise was inaugurated only eight years ago2 but the business has so increased that while only #bjj cases of kerosene1 valued at #fjj1 were exported in #ahgj1 in #ahgg #cff1fci cases were sent to ,yokohama1 and #abh1aeh cases to ,hiogo1 whither none had before been carried direct4 ,the value of these consignments was over #a1jjj1jjj4 ,several refineries are in operation in ,japan1 making kerosene from native petroleum4 ,,russia4 ,the recent reports concerning the discovery of oil near the shores of the ,caspian ,sea seem to be fully confirmed4 ,from one of the wells a stream1 free from gas and froth1 is forced to a height of #ge feet1 yielding at the rate of #aj1jjj barrels a day4 ,it is reported that companies are forming at ,odessa1 ,kovo-,tcherkask1 ,astrakhan1 and other cities1 for the purpose of obtaining oil4 ,two large manufacturing concerns1 who have their headquarters in ,new ,york city1 recently received orders for considerable quantities of oil-line pipes1 steam pumps1 engines1 boilers1 and other apparatus1 to be shipped immediately for ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,russia4 ,,italy4 ,the oil wells of ,italy comprise about #e1 with a capacity of about #cj barrels per day1 of a thick substance of #ad gravity4 ,they are pumped by hand1 which1 though primitive1 is cheaper than steam1 for both men and women are employed1 the former receiving as compensation for a day's work #a lira1 equal to #bj cents2 and the women #fj centessimi1 equal to #ab cents of our money4 ,the wells are located in a deep valley1 and the oil carried up on the backs of donkeys to a refinery1 where it is treated1 and yields from #b to #e per cent4 of burning oil4 ,,peru4 ,it is proposed to build a pipe line from the refinery on the estates of ,henry ,meiggs to the shipping port1 a distance of about #g miles4 ,it is stated that oil can be produced at this point for less than #a cent a gallon1 and as the fields have produced from time immemorial1 there is no prospect of their early exhaustion4 ,,ontario4 ,the oil refinery at ,st4 ,thomas1 ,ont41 is running day and night2 #did barrels of crude petroleum were brought from ,petrolia for it in one week recently4--,stowell's ,petroleum ,reporter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railway ,,notes4 ,the new track laid in this country during the year ending ,september #aj1 #ahgh1 was #a1afj miles4 ,during the six preceding years the number of miles of track laid was3 ,in #ahgb1 #d1dih2 #ahgc1 #b1dee2 #ahgd1 #a1jff2 #ahge1 #gjb2 #ahgf1 #a1dfg2 #ahgg1 #a1agf4 ,the statement made in the recent ,narrow ,gauge ,convention1 that standard gauge freight cars weigh ten tons and carry ten tons1 is indignantly disputed by users of the latter4 ,one gentleman1 having much to do with freight cars1 says that the modern freight cars weigh from #ag1jjj to #ah1jjj lbs41 commonly carry 7and that on long hauls7 #bh1jjj lbs41 are guaranteed to carry #cj1jjj lbs41 while he has seen them show on the scales #cj1jjj and #cb1jjj lbs4 of load1 and in one case #ce1jjj lbs4 ,the general tendency for some years has been to increase loads without increasing1 but in many cases decreasing1 weights of cars2 and it seems quite likely that #cj1jjj lbs4 will soon be the standard load4 ,the tank cars used for carrying petroleum have an average capacity--and they are almost always run full--of #cj1jjj lbs4 ,the ,standard ,oil ,company1 which has some #c1jjj of such cars1 carried on four-wheeled trucks with the ,master ,car ,builders' standard axle1 has run them with such loads for years1 and only recently had its first case of a broken axle1 manifestly due to a defect in the iron4 ,,interesting observations have been made recently on the ,cologne-,minden ,road1 ,prussia1 on the rusting of iron rails4 ,a pile of rails of odd lengths were laid on sleepers over a bed of gravel early in #ahgj1 and remained undisturbed until the fall of #ahgg1 there being no use for them4 ,it was then found that they were covered with a layer of rust #j4ab inch thick1 which had to be removed by striking the rail with a hammer4 ,the cleaned rail weighed only #cih4b lbs41 while its original weight was #dai4a lbs41 showing that #e per cent4 of the rail had been destroyed by rust1 which covered the rail quite uniformly4 ,this confirms the observation often made1 that rails stacked away are much more liable to rust than those laid down in a track4 ,according to ,le ,fer1 at a meeting of directors of the ,german railroads held at ,constance1 the following information was furnished in regard to the relative value of the different methods of injecting ties3 #a4 ,railroad from ,hanover and ,cologne to ,minden4 ,pine ties injected with chloride of zinc2 after #ba years the proportion of ties renewed was #ba per cent4 ,beech ties injected with creasote2 after #bb years1 #df per cent4 ,oak ties injected with chloride of zinc2 after #ag years1 #bj4g per cent4 ,oak ties not injected2 after #ag years1 #di per cent4 ,the conditions were very favorable for experiment2 the road bed was good1 and permitted of easy desiccation4 ,the unrenewed ties showed1 on cutting1 that they were in a condition of perfect health4 #b4 ,railroad ,kaiser-,ferdinands-,nord4 ,oak ties not injected2 after #ab years the proportion renewed was #gd4dh per cent4 ,oak ties injected with chloride of zinc2 after #g years1 #c4bi per cent4 ,oak ties injected with creasote2 after #f years1 #j4ji per cent4 ,pine ties injected with chloride of zinc2 after #ag years1 #d4df per cent4 ,the annual official reports of the railroads of ,india place the length of railways there at #g1eeaa_/b miles1 of which #diba_/b miles were completed during the year #ahgg1 and #bbc miles since the close of the year4 ,there are #hjfa_/b miles of double track2 #e1iabc_/d miles are constructed on the #e foot #f inch gauge1 and #a1fchc_/d on narrower gauges4 ,the capital outlay on the ,state lines amounted to ,l#c1abb1jea1 and on the guaranteed lines to ,l#a1cgd1hhb1 bringing the total capital expenditure1 up to the end of ,october1 as regards the ,state1 and to the end of ,march last1 as regards the guaranteed lines1 to ,l#aac1add1eda4 ,the expenditure up to the end of the year may be taken in round numbers at ,l#ac1cdd1ejj4 ,the revenue from all the open lines was ,l#f1bcb1hhh1 of which ,l#f1jia1ecb were earned by the guaranteed lines1 with a capital of ,l#ie1dhb1ida1 and ,l#ada1cef were earned by the ,state lines1 on a capital expenditure of ,l#ag1ffa1fjj4 ,the net receipts from the guaranteed lines exceeded the amount advanced for guaranteed interest by ,l#a1ded1eia2 the year previous there was a deficit of ,l#baf1eag4 ,a ,french engineer named ,duponchel has made a report on the project of a railroad across the ,desert of ,sahara4 ,the projected railway would run from ,algiers to ,timbuctoo1 a distance of #b1ejj kilometers4 ,m4 ,duponchel stated that the principal portion of the line would rest during nearly its whole extent on layers of sand1 and toward the end on primitive volcanic rocks1 granite1 gneiss1 etc4 ,no mountainous obstructions would have to be encountered4 ,the average heat does not appear to exceed #bc deg4 or #bd deg4 ,c4 7#gc #b-e deg4 or #ge #a-e deg4 ,fah471 but account must be taken of the great variations which occur in the #bd hours4 ,for instance1 occasionally1 a very cold night succeeds a temperature of #dj deg4 ,c4 7#ajd deg4 ,fah47 in the day time4 ,the great difficulty to be overcome would be the want of water1 which is not to be procured in that region4 ,m4 ,duponchel calculates that for three trains daily the amount of water required would be #d1jjj cubic meters1 and that the engineering science of the day is quite sufficient to supply even a much greater quantity at the requisite points4 ,the government of ,costa ,rica has advertised for tenders for building bridges on the second ,atlantic ,division of its railroad4 ,there will be needed #aid bridges4 ,the bridges will vary in length from #c feet to #a1jdd feet1 and will be built for a track of #c foot #ca_/b inch gauge4 ,they will be of sufficient strength to stand a strain of #b1bdj lbs4 to the lineal foot1 in addition to the weight of the usual freight carried4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,werdermann ,,electric ,,light4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,the ,,werdermann ,,lamp4 ,it has been looked upon as essential that a certain distance should separate the ends of the carbon electrodes used in electric lamps4 ,every one has accepted this as an axiom4 ,mr4 ,werdermann's skepticism has1 however1 caused him to doubt the axiom1 and the result is that he has discarded the electric arc space1 and by placing his electrodes in actual contact1 has produced a lamp which provides the means of dividing the electric current1 and promises to give almost any number of lights from a single machine4 ,mr4 ,werdermann's inventions1 says the ,engineering1 are secured by patents considerably in advance of those of ,mr4 ,edison1 and may in their chief points be explained as follows3 ,in place of two electrodes of similar form and dimensions1 one electrode consists of a large bun-shaped disk of carbon placed with the rounded face downward4 ,the other carbon is a fine rod of carbon of about #a_/h or #e-cb inch in diameter4 ,the upper end of this is pointed and maintained in contact with the center of the lower surface of the disk4 ,this rod is supported by means of a spring collar1 which also forms the circuit connection4 ,this is within about #c_/d in4 of the top of the carbon1 so that the #c_/d in4 becomes incandescent1 and the contact between the two carbons being only a point1 a small electric arc is produced between the two carbons1 while the electricity is at the same time passed on through the carbon disk1 and the connections there attached to the next lamp4 ,illustration3 ,,diagram ,,of ,,current4 ,referring to our diagrams1 in ,fig4 #a the upper carbon is shown at ,c1 and the rod carbon at c4 ,the former is supported by means of an adjustable jointed bracket1 ,b1 attached to the wood stand4 ,the rod carbon is guided by the spring collar on the top of the stand1 and to which the connection is made1 and is supported by the fine cord running over the pulley1 ,p4 ,this cord is attached to the clasp1 ,d1 at the bottom of the rod1 and to the balance weight1 ,w1 by which the rod is maintained in constant1 practical1 though not absolute contact with the disk4 ,round the upper part of the disk is a metal band1 ,a1 to which the circuit wire is attached1 and the current thus passed on to the next lamps4 ,at a recent trial of this lamp1 the current was derived from a small ,gramme electro-plating machine1 requiring only #b horse power to put it in full work4 ,it may therefore be assumed that this was about the limit of the power at work to produce the light4 ,at the commencement of the proceedings two lights were maintained1 each stated to be equal to #cbj sperm candles4 ,at this rate the two lights would be equal to #fdj candles1 or #dj full power gas lights1 each consuming #e cubic feet of #af candle gas per hour4 ,such gas lights1 it may be observed1 are not often seen1 except in the argand form4 ,the two lights burned with extreme steadiness1 there being no undulation1 or flickering whatever1 although there was no glass globe to tone down any variations of luster4 ,the lights were perfectly bare and unprotected1 and the place where the trial was made was a workshop of moderate size4 ,later in the evening one light was exhibited outside the building1 in an open thoroughfare1 and the same perfect steadiness was observable4 ,after the two lights had been burning for a time they were extinguished1 and the current was sent through a row of ten lamps4 ,the light per lamp was of course reduced1 but there was the remarkable fact that ten lights were maintained by a comparatively weak machine1 driven by an engine exerting the power of only two horses4 ,the light of each of these ten lamps was stated to be that of #dj candles1 making1 therefore1 a total of #djj4 ,a reduction of light1 consequent on the further division of the current1 is thus apparent2 but for this loss there may be ample compensation in the superior economy of a distributed light as compared with one that is concentrated4 ,in the case of the ten lamps1 the light is equal to that of #be full power gas lights1 consuming altogether #abe cubic feet of gas per hour4 ,the extremely small arc due to the peculiar arrangement of the carbons in the ,werdermann light has the advantage of offering the least possible resistance to the passage of the current4 ,this resistance increases much more rapidly than is represented by increase of distance between the carbon points4 ,hence the electric power with ,werdermann's lamp is economized to the utmost in this respect1 and it becomes possible--as in the recent experiment--to make use of an electric current large in quantity but of low intensity4 ,the tension being small1 there is the less difficulty with regard to insulation4 ,if one lamp or more should be accidentally extinguished1 the rest will continue to burn4 ,the whole of the lamps can also be extinguished and relit by merely stopping the current and then sending it on again4 ,no nice and troublesome adjustment with reference to the length of the electric arc is requisite1 and simple contact between the point of the rod and the surface of the disk is sufficient for the manifestation of the light4 ,in respect to duration1 a carbon rod #e-cb in4 in diameter1 and a yard long1 obtained from ,paris1 costs a franc4 ,this1 placed in a large lamp1 having an estimated lighting power of #cbj candles1 will last from #ab to #ae hours4 ,the smaller lamps take a carbon of #a_/h in4 diameter4 ,mr4 ,werdermann endeavors to make the resistance of the external portion of the circuit equal to the internal resistance1 in order to obtain the greatest effect4 ,it is well known that the best results are obtained when the internal and external resistances are equal4 ,the method adopted is that known to electricians as the divided arc1 and will easily be understood from ,fig4 #b4 ,let ,b represent the source of the electric current1 and ,a a copper wire connected to the positive and negative poles of the source as in the diagram4 ,the wire1 ,a1 has a certain resistance4 ,suppose1 now1 we arrange for the current to pass as in the diagram1 ,fig4 #c4 ,by the insertion of the new wire1 ,c1 we have lessened the total external resistance and increased the current1 as will be seen by reference to ,ohm's law4 ,c ,e_/7,rr7 where ,c current2 ,e electromotive force2 ,r resistance external2 r resistance internal4 ,the fraction ,e_/7,rr7 increases as its denominator is lessened4 ,the current passes along the two branches in equal quantities if the resistances of the wires are equal1 but inversely as the resistances if they are unequal4 ,thus1 if the branch1 ,a1 has a resistance1 #i1 and ,c has a resistance1 #a1 #i-aj of the current will pass through ,c1 and #a-aj through ,a4 ,similarly1 for any number of branches the current will divide itself according to the resistances4 ,if1 then1 we have a number of branches1 as indicated in ,fig4 #d1 the current will divide itself equally among the branches when the resistances of the branches are equal4 ,this is the arrangement adopted by ,mr4 ,werdermann1 as will be seen from the annexed diagram1 ,fig4 #e1 in which ,n and ,p represent the negative and positive poles of the machine1 and ,l ,l the electric lamps4 ,when any one lamp is put out the inventor arranges that an equivalent resistance shall be put into the circuit1 so that as a whole the circuit is unaltered1 and the other lamps unaffected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,casson',s ,,saw ,,bench4 ,we give herewith a perspective view of a circular saw bench made by ,messrs4 ,oliver ,co4 7,limited71 of ,chesterfield1 ,england1 which we take from ,engineering4 ,the chief features in this machine are that it is fitted with ,mr4 ,john ,casson's patent feed gear and apparatus for steadying the saws4 ,this feeding arrangement has now been in use some years1 and has been fitted to a very large number of circular saw benches4 ,this being the case1 and the arrangement being very clearly shown by our engraving1 it will be unnecessary for us to describe it in detail here4 ,the saw-steadying apparatus1 with which the saw bench we illustrate is fitted1 is a novel arrangement1 recently patented by ,mr4 ,casson2 in the present case it is applied to two saws4 ,the steadying arrangement consists of accurately fitted sliding jaws mounted on the arms of a forked support1 so that they can be moved and adjusted only by fine threaded screws1 the jaws having their surfaces next the saws1 accurately parallel with the plane of the collar of the saw spindle2 these jaws1 ,a1 are fixed when the adjusting screws are at rest1 and they are faced with strips of greenheart or other suitable timber1 secured by countersunk screw bolts1 these faces forming a perfectly true guide for the saw blades4 ,for a single saw the guides just described would suffice2 but for two or more saws the outside guides must be supplemented by others between the saw blades4 ,it will be noticed that the support1 ,f1 carrying the guiding jaws1 has a square stem sliding through the head of a suitable standard1 and it can be readily fixed at any desired height by means of the set screw4 ,illustration3 ,,bench ,,with ,,saw-,,steadying ,,apparatus4 ,the arrangement we have been describing is well carried out1 and there can be no doubt that it will do good service1 and enable thin saws to be efficiently used with a heavy feed4 ,we have received very satisfactory reports of its performance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,bait ,,for ,,inventors4 ,i will give #bjj for a machine that will bale hay in the field4 ,rake and press combined would be preferable1 but would not object to its taking the hay in the windrow4 ,the machine must be expeditious1 executing as fast as a mower is able to cut4 ,must have sufficient power to make a bale suitable for commercial uses2 shape of the bale immaterial2 a round one preferred4 ,must be of light draught2 one team is generally all that is available for any machine on the farm4 ,these1 with the other qualifications demanded of every machine1 simplicity1 durability1 easy to manage1 etc4 ,if such an invention could be produced it would make a revolution in the hay field almost equal to that which the mower has made4 ,what an awkward1 ungainly spectacle a man presents1 struggling at one end of a six foot pole1 with a ten pound lock of hay at the other end1 endeavoring with all his might and main to elevate it #ab or #ae feet on top of a load6 ,it is an insult to human intelligence4 ,a load of loose hay is an uncertain quantity4 ,you are never sure of getting it into the barn4 ,top heavy1 one sided1 too wide or too high for the doors2 and even with the best of luck1 a good percentage has drizzled in the wake of the wagon over the lot to the barn4 ,a #ajj or #bjj lb4 bale1 with an inclined plane1 or a pulley on side or aft of a good strong rack1 and all this barbarism has succumbed to civilization4 ,at the barn comes a worse servitude4 7,i don't mean the horse fork2 that is a grand lift to civilization4 ,i hope to modify it shortly to throw bales47 ,there a man struggles with sheer desperation to press by his own avoirdupois #bj tons of hay into a place that won't hold #aj4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 leg-weary1 panting like an overheated dog1 every fiber of his clothing saturated with perspiration1 a subject worthy of a better immortality than the ,greek slave4 ,o ,edison6 don't fritter away your genius on sounding brass and tinkling cymbal4 ,elevate the laborer4 ,liberate our overworked people4 ,make us a chariot to press our hay4--,edmund ,adams1 ,north ,manlius1 ,n4 ,y41 to the ,new ,york ,tribune4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,silver ,,mill ,,in ,,the ,,clouds4 ,the largest and most complete silver mill ever constructed1 says the ,san ,francisco ,stock ,report1 has recently been built by ,messrs4 ,rankin1 ,brayton ,co41 of the ,pacific ,iron ,works of that city1 for the ,cerro de ,pasco ,mining ,company1 of ,peru1 and shipped for ,callao1 the port of destination4 ,this enormous mill consists of #hj stamps1 #ijj lbs1 each1 #dd live foot amalgamating pans1 #bb nine foot settlers1 and all the accessories of a first-class modern mill4 ,it is to be erected upon the above named mines1 which are situated in the heart of the ,andes1 some #aej miles east of the city of ,lima1 at an elevation of more than #ad1jjj feet4 ,to admit of mule transportation a portion of the way up this tremendous ascent1 the mill had to be made in sections1 no piece weighing more than #ejj lbs4 ,some idea of the magnitude of this work may be inferred from the fact that the mill1 as thus constructed1 consisted of more than #ag1jjj pieces1 and weighed upward of #fjj tons4 ,this enormous amount of machinery was constructed by the above firm and put on board a ship #ej days from date of contract4 ,the ,cerro de ,pasco mines have been the richest and most famous in the world's history4 ,they have been worked by the old arastra process for the past #bjj years1 and have produced1 according to the most authentic records1 more than #ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,with such improved machinery the product of these mines will undoubtedly attract the attention of the world1 and so reflect great credit upon the capacity1 ingenuity1 and skill of our mechanical establishments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,poultices4 ,the common practice in making poultices of mixing the linseed meal with hot water1 and applying them directly to the skin1 is quite wrong1 because1 if we do not wish to burn the patient1 we must wait until a great portion of the heat has been lost4 ,the proper method is to take a flannel bag 7the size of the poultice required71 to fill this with the linseed poultice as hot as it can possibly be made1 and to put between this and the skin a second piece of flannel1 so that there shall be at least two thicknesses of flannel between the skin and the poultice itself4 ,above the poultice should be placed more flannel1 or a piece of cotton wool1 to prevent it from getting cold4 ,by this method we are able to apply the linseed meal boiling hot1 without burning the patient1 and the heat1 gradually diffusing through the flannel1 affords a grateful sense of relief which cannot be obtained by other means4 ,there are few ways in which such marked relief is given to abdominal pain as by the application of a poultice in this manner4--,dr4 ,t4 ,lauder ,brunton1 in ,brain4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,mechanical ,,inventions4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,adams1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 has patented an improved ,gas ,regulator1 designed either to cut off the gas entirely or to let on a larger amount of gas than its automatic action would ordinarily permit1 or to allow the regulator to operate with an automatic action1 as usual4 ,mr4 ,jean ,a4 ,hitter1 ,jr41 of ,st4 ,martinsville1 ,la41 has patented an improved ,type ,writer1 of simple and compact construction1 that may be readily used for printing on paper and for other purposes1 being small enough to be carried conveniently in the pocket1 if desired1 and readily operated with little practice4 ,messrs4 ,edwin ,n4 ,boynton1 ,geo4 ,m4 ,coburn1 and ,thos4 ,f4 ,carver1 of ,worcester1 ,mass41 have patented an improved ,hand ,drilling ,machine1 by which a fast or slow motion can be readily obtained1 at the will of the operator1 the slower motion being especially advantageous in drilling large holes1 as more power is obtained1 and the holes are drilled with greater ease4 ,mr4 ,reuben ,r4 ,james1 of ,rising ,sun1 ,ind41 has devised an improved ,adding ,machine of simple and comparatively inexpensive construction4 ,the chief feature of the machine is a series of toothed revolving counting wheels1 which are inscribed on their peripheries with the nine digits and cipher1 and mounted loosely on a common axis1 and each having four lateral inclines or cams1 which cause1 at the proper time1 a weighted pawl lever to engage the next counting wheel on the left1 so as to carry ten when the numbers added on the wheel on the right exceed ten4 ,the adding is effected by successively drawing down to a stop on the finger board the teeth of the counting wheels which are opposite the numbers to be added1 and the numerical result will be seen on the wheels in a series of slots or apertures in the case of the machine4 ,mr4 ,jacob ,croft1 of ,scipio1 ,utah ,ter41 has devised an improved ,turbine ,water ,wheel1 which is constructed to prevent back pressure by the water against the casing as it escapes from the buckets4 ,sand and other substances in the water are prevented from entering around the shaft and cutting or wearing it4 ,an improvement in ,sweeping ,machines has been patented by ,mr4 ,isaac ,a4 ,chomel1 of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this invention relates to apparatus for sweeping up and collecting dirt1 dust1 and other refuse from floors1 carpets1 streets1 and other places4 ,the dust box is to be rolled over the floor and the brush revolved by a winch4 ,the speed of the brush is independent of the motion of the machine along the floor4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,ferris1 of ,tioga ,center1 ,n4 ,y41 has patented an improved ,implement for ,forcing ,flooring ,planks together when laying floors4 ,it is simple1 convenient1 and powerful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,effect ,,of ,,quinine ,,on ,,the ,,hearing4 ,it is a well known fact to medical men that there exists a great prejudice among a large number of people against taking quinine1 the idea being very prevalent that a prolonged use of it not only affects the hearing1 but 7to use the common expression7 that it gets into the bones4 ,as regards the former belief1 ,dr4 ,roosa1 of ,new ,york1 has recently been collecting and examining the evidence as far as possible1 and has come to the conclusion that in some cases there really is a permanent nervous affection of the ear produced which justifies the opinion held by the laity4 ,hitherto physicians have generally disbelieved this1 and ascribed the notion to prejudice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,microphone ,,as ,a ,,thief ,,catcher4 ,the microphone as a thief catcher has proved very useful to an ,english resident in ,india1 who found his store of oil rapidly and mysteriously diminishing4 ,he fixed a microphone to the oil cans1 carried the wire up to his bedroom1 and1 after the house had been closed for the night1 sat up to await the result4 ,very shortly he heard the clinking of bottles1 followed by the gurgling sound of liquid being poured out1 and running downstairs he caught his bearer in the act of filling small bottles with oil for easy conveyance from the premises4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,tallest ,,tree ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,the tallest accurately measured ,sequoia standing in the ,calaveras ,grove1 near ,stockton1 ,california1 measures #cbe feet1 and there is no positive evidence that any trees of this genus ever exceeded that height4 ,of late years1 explorations in ,gippsland1 ,victoria1 have brought to light some marvelous specimens of ,eucalyptus1 and the ,state ,surveyor of ,forests measured a fallen tree on the banks of the ,watts ,river1 and found it to be #dce feet from the roots to the top of the trunk4 ,the crest of this tree was broken off1 but the trunk at the fracture was #i feet in circumference1 and the height of the tree when growing was estimated to have been more than #ejj feet4 ,this tree1 however1 was dead1 though there is no doubt that it was far loftier than the tallest ,sequoia4 ,near ,fernshaw1 in the ,dandenong district1 ,victoria1 there has recently been discovered a specimen of the ,almond ,leaf ,gum 7,eucalyptus amygdalesia71 measuring #chj feet from the ground to the first branch1 and #dej feet to the topmost wing4 ,this tree would overtop the tallest living ,sequoia by #abe feet4 ,its girth is #hj feet1 which is less than that of many ,sequoias1 but as far as height is concerned it must be considered the tallest living tree in the world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,argonaut1 ,,or ,,paper ,,nautilus4 ,illustration3 ,,argonaut1 ,,or ,,paper ,,nautilus4 ,this mollusk received the first title in allusion to the pretty fable which was formerly narrated of its sailing powers1 and the latter title is given on account of the extreme thinness and fragility of the shell4 ,it is remarkable that the shell of the argonaut is1 during the life of its owner1 elastic and yielding1 almost as if it were made of thin horn4 ,the two arms of the argonaut are greatly dilated at their extremities2 and it was formerly asserted1 and generally believed1 that the creature was accustomed to employ these arms as sails1 raising them high above the shell1 and allowing itself to be driven over the surface by the breeze1 while it directed its course by the remaining arms1 which were suffered to hang over the edge of the shell into the water and acted like so many oars4 ,in consequence of this belief the creature was named the argonaut1 in allusion to the old classical fable of the ship ,argo and her golden freight4 ,the animal1 or poulp1 as it is technically called1 is a lovely creature despite its unattractive form4 ,it is a mass of silver with a cloud of spots of the most beautiful rose color1 and a fine dotting of the same1 which heighten its beauty4 ,a large membrane1 which is the expanded velation of the arms1 covers all4 ,it has been definitely proved that the use of the expanded arms which cover the exterior of the shell is to build up its delicate texture1 and to repair damages1 the substance being secreted by these arms1 and by their broad expansions moulded into shape4 ,the larger figure in the engraving represents the argonaut while thus within its shell4 ,while crawling the creature turns itself so as to rest on its head1 withdraws its body as far as possible into its shell1 and1 using its arms like legs1 creeps slowly but securely along the ground1 sometimes affixing its disks to stones or projecting points of rocks for the purpose of hauling itself along4 ,when1 however1 it wishes to attain greater speed1 and to pass through the waters1 it makes use of a totally different principle4 ,respiration is achieved by the passage of water over double gills or branchiae2 the water1 after it has completed its purpose1 being ejected through a moderately long tube1 technically called a siphon4 ,the orifice of the siphon is directed toward the head of the animal1 and it is by means of this simple apparatus that progression is effected4 ,when the creature desires to dart rapidly through the water1 it gathers its six arms into a straight line1 so as to afford little resistance to the water1 keeps its velated arms stretched tightly over the shell1 and then1 by violently ejecting the water from the siphon1 drives itself by reaction in the opposite direction4 ,the uppermost figure shows the argonaut in the act of swimming4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,trap ,,door ,,spider ,,of ,,jamaica4 ,this spider digs a burrow in the earth and lines it with a silken web4 ,the burrow is closed by a trap door1 having a hinge that permits it to be opened and closed with admirable accuracy4 ,the door is circular1 and is made of alternate layers of earth and web1 and is hinged to the lining of the tube that leads to the burrow by a band of the same silken secretion4 ,the door exactly fits the entrance to the burrow1 and when closed1 so precisely corresponds with the surrounding earth that it can hardly be distinguished1 even when its position is known4 ,it is a strange sight to see the earth open1 a little lid raised1 some hairy legs protrude1 and gradually the whole form of the spider show itself4 ,illustration3 ,,trap ,,door ,,spider4 ,the mode in which these spiders procure food seems to be by hunting at night1 and in some cases by catching insects that are entangled in the threads that the creature spins by the side of its house4 ,in the day time they are very chary of opening the door of their domicile1 and if the trap be raised from the outside1 they run to the spot1 hitch the claws of their fore feet in the silken webbing of the door1 and those of the hind feet in the lining of the burrow1 and so resist with all their might4 ,the strength of the spider is wonderfully great in proportion to its size4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,hole ,,in ,,glass4 ,new ,remedies describes the following easy method of making a hole in plate glass3 ,make a circle of clay or cement rather larger than the intended hole2 pour some kerosene into the cell thus made1 ignite it1 place the plate upon a moderately hard support1 and with a stick rather smaller than the hole required1 and a hammer1 strike a rather smart blow4 ,this will leave a rough-edged hole1 which may be smoothed with a file4 ,cold water is said to answer even better than a blow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,preservation ,,of ,,eggs4 ,as science advances1 the processes proposed for the preservation of organic substances are being brought to greater and greater perfection4 ,no subject perhaps in this connection has received greater attention1 and been the subject of more processes1 patent and otherwise1 than that of the preservation of eggs4 ,in fact this is a question of considerable importance1 not only from a culinary1 but also from an industrial standpoint--that of the manufacture of albumen for photographic purposes4 ,in the ,moniteur de la ,photographie ,dr4 ,phipson calls attention to a new process1 which may be briefly stated as follows3 ,on taking the eggs from the nest they are covered over1 by means of a bit of wool1 with butter in which has been dissolved #b or #c per cent of salicylic acid4 ,each egg1 after receiving this coat1 is placed in a box filled with very fine and absolutely dry saw dust4 ,if care be taken that the eggs do not touch each other1 and that they be perfectly covered with the saw dust1 they will keep fresh for several months--perhaps for more than a year4 ,dr4 ,phipson states that he has experimented with this process for two years1 with most excellent results4 ,so much for the preservation of the entire egg2 but there is also a process for the preservation of the albumen of the egg for photographic uses1 due to ,m4 ,berg4 ,in this process1 the white1 separated from the yolk1 is evaporated in zinc pans or porcelain cups1 at a temperature of #de deg4 ,c4 ,the solidified albumen thus obtained is pulverized by means of a mill4 ,the yolk1 by means of machinery1 is whipped up into a light mass1 and then spread out on zinc plates and evaporated to dryness at a temperature of #hj deg41 and finally powdered4 ,the powders thus obtained keep for a long time4 ,the white of eggs1 so prepared1 is used for the purposes to which albumen is applied in the industrial arts1 while the powdered yolks are used for domestic purposes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,american ,,sheep ,,husbandry4 ,dr4 ,hayes1 in his recent address before the ,national ,agricultural ,congress1 remarking that a very inadequate idea is given of a nation's resources by the number of sheep raised--the character of the animals being of the first consideration--proceeds to show some of the characteristics of ,american sheep husbandry4 ,he states that the sheep of the ,united ,states consist1 first1 of what are called native sheep2 second1 descendants from improved ,english races2 third1 the ,mexican sheep found in ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,colorado1 and ,california2 fourth1 the merino sheep1 and crosses of that breed with the three preceding races4 ,the merinos constitute the principal and characteristic race of the ,united ,states2 and this is the most important fact in the enumeration of our resources for sheep husbandry and the wool manufacture4 ,england has no merinos1 except in her colonies2 ,russia has but #ab1jjj1jjj merinos2 ,france1 but #i1jjj1jjj4 ,the merinos and grades in the ,united ,states exceed #be1jjj1jjj4 ,merino wool is for clothing what wheat is for food2 it is the chief material for cloth at the present day1 the coarsest as well as the finest4 ,while the softest1 it is the strongest of all fibers4 ,from its fulling and spinning qualities1 it is the best adhesive for the cheap fabrics--coarser wool1 cotton1 or shoddy2 the mixture of merino wool increasing indefinitely the material for cheap clothing4 ,an abundance of merino wool is the greatest boon the world has received from the animal kingdom in the last century4 ,it is1 in fact1 in its extended culture the product of the last century4 ,a century ago all the merinos in the world1 confined exclusively to ,spain1 did not number #a1jjj1jjj4 #agfe marks the epoch of the first exportation of the merinos to ,saxony2 #aghf1 to ,france2 #ahcc1 to ,australia2 #ahjb1 the introduction of the first merino sheep to this country2 and to ,gen4 ,humphreys1 of ,connecticut1 and to the introduction to his farm of twenty-one rams and seventy ewes1 may be directly traced the most celebrated breeds of the ,american merino2 producing individuals actually sold for #e1jjj each1 others for #b1jjj to #c1jjj1 and one for which #aj1jjj was refused4 ,the fiber of the merino sheep is not the only excellence of the animal2 when properly bred1 this race has a hardiness surpassing all other high-bred races4 ,the yolk1 provided by nature to assist in the growth of the wool1 abounding in this race more than in any other1 causes the tips of the fleece to be cemented1 and to become impenetrable to rains and snows4 ,a lighter pasture suffices for their maintenance than would support the mutton races4 ,this race is fitted1 above all others1 for the remote pastoral lands and for culture on a large scale4 ,our breeders1 in aiming to increase the weight of their fleece1 have developed the length of the staple1 and have unconsciously created a merino combing wool--a wool in special demand through modern improvements in machinery and changes in the fashion of goods4 ,mr4 ,ferneau1 an eminent ,belgian wool manufacturer1 who has thoroughly studied our wool resources and manufactures1 says that three quarters of the ,american wool is combing wool1 and will be ultimately employed for this purpose4 ,the bulk of ,american merino wools is of strong1 sound1 and healthy staple1 having few weak spots in them4 ,those from the other ,states of the ,west are free from burrs4 ,those from ,california have this defect in a high degree4 ,they are admirably fitted for blankets1 flannels1 and fancy cassimeres1 and the great bulk of our card wool manufactures4 ,they are so excellent1 as a whole1 that ,m4 ,ferneau says they are too valuable to be used for clothing purposes4 ,they supply nine tenths of all the card or clothing wool consumed in ,american mills4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,progress ,,of ,,science ,,in ,,mexico4 ,mexico1 the land of so many and such frequent revolutions1 and the scene of such intestinal commotions and bitter strife through the whole period of her existence1 from the ,spanish conquest up to within a few years1 is at present happily in a state of comparative peace and quiet2 the laws are less disregarded1 brigandage is gradually disappearing1 more attention is being paid to the protection of life and property1 and public education is in a prosperous condition4 ,no greater evidence of this felicitous state of affairs could be afforded than that shown in the display of energy and zeal with which the present administration1 aided by the foremost ,mexican scientists1 is carrying out an extended system of scientific explorations1 investigations1 and internal improvements2 and the progress of which is being recorded in a valuable series of government publications2 one of these--the ,annals of the ,minister of ,public ,works--being now before us4 ,this volume1 the third of the series1 begins with an article by the able director of the ,national ,meteorological ,observatory1 ,sr4 ,mariano ,barcena1 calling attention1 in the first place1 to the great national importance1 as well as necessity1 of a well organized system of meteorological observations2 7#b7 giving a description of the ,mexican ,observatory1 its equipment1 the questions it proposes to investigate1 and the hours of observation2 7#c7 an explanation1 accompanied by charts1 of the daily system of registration pursued at the observatory2 and1 finally1 observations on the periodic phenomena of vegetation1 and notes on the orography and geology of the valley of ,mexico4 ,sr4 ,a4 ,anquiano follows with a communication on the ,geographical ,position of ,chalco1 prefacing the results of his labors by an able essay on the ,mexican ,method of determining the latitude of places1 a method founded on an observation of the stars4 ,it would be interesting to quote from this1 but our limited space will not permit4 ,the ,citlaltepetl ,commission1 consisting of the engineers1 ,srs4 ,plowes1 ,rodriguez1 and ,vigil1 whose patriotic ardor induced the minister to commission them to explore and be the first to plant the flag of ,mexican science on the snow clad peak of ,citlaltepetl1 render their report of operations during the year #ahgg in the form of an exceedingly interesting memoir4 ,they ascertained the peak of the volcano ,citlaltepetl 7or ,orizaba7 to be #ag1fea feet above the level of the sea1 which is #bib feet more than ,humboldt made it4 ,after a somewhat exhaustive treatise on the ,telescope and its ,amplifying ,power1 by ,sr4 ,jimenez1 we have a long and extremely interesting account of the ,ancient ,aqueduct of ,zempoala1 one of the most notable of existing monuments of the old ,spanish rule4 ,these aqueducts 7for there were three7 were projected and carried to a successful termination by an humble and ignorant ,franciscan monk--the ,friar ,tembleque4 ,the construction of these remarkable works1 begun in #aeed and occupying a period of #ag years1 was undertaken for the purpose of carrying water from ,zempoala to ,otumba 7a distance of #bg miles71 and was the occasion of a curious contract between the inhabitants of these two cities4 ,it seems that ,otumba1 situated at a high elevation1 needed water2 ,zempoala was blessed with water1 but was sadly in need of spiritual advisers2 the people of the former city1 therefore1 agreed to furnish a certain proportion of friars to minister to the religious wants of the parties of the second part1 and the latter in return bound themselves to furnish water1 and the labor and materials for the building of an aqueduct to lead it1 to the parties of the first part4 ,no tradition remains to state when these structures ceased to be used4 ,the longest of the three extends across the valley of the ,papelote1 a distance of #b1ifj feet1 and consists of #fh arches1 the highest of which has an altitude of #ajf feet4 ,senor ,salazar urges on the ,minister of ,public ,works the importance of having these monuments of a past age repaired and restored1 not alone for archaeological reasons1 but because ,otumba to-day is as greatly in need of running water as it was in that remote period when these viaducts were constructed4 ,senor ,barcena follows with a description and colored plate of a plant 7,gaudichaudia ,enrico-,martinezii7 new to the ,mexican flora1 and ,sr4 ,federico ,weidner with some ,general ,reflections on the ,iron ,industry of the ,country4 ,succeeding the latter paper1 an exhaustive article by the same writer gives us1 from a geological point of view1 the structure1 as far as can be ascertained1 of the ,cerro de ,mercado of ,durango1 which is said to be one vast mass of iron4 ,the author after a thorough examination of this hill1 last year1 concludes that it is of eruptive or volcanic origin4 ,this is contrary to the statements made in most published works1 the authors of which probably derived their notions from the views expressed by ,humboldt1 who was of the opinion that this mass of iron was an immense aerolite4 ,sr4 ,weidner1 however1 concludes that the great traveler never visited the locality in person1 but obtained his information from heresay4 ,he shows that the hill is deficient in the chemical constituents of aerolites1 namely1 iron1 nickel1 and cobalt1 in a native or malleable state2 but1 on the contrary1 is made up in a great measure of crystalline magnetic iron1 and various useful oxides of the same metal4 ,by a careful estimate of the quantity of iron contained in that portion only of the ,cerro which appears above the surface of the soil1 the author obtains as a result the enormous sum of #ejg1jjj1jjj pounds1 and this reduced to a metallic state would yield #bej1jjj1jjj pounds of pure iron4 ,the structure of this remarkable hill is made apparent to the reader by means of an excellent geological section1 in colors1 accompanying the text4 ,the volume closes with some notes by ,sr4 ,barcena on the ,hydrographic ,system of the ,hacienda of ,cienega de ,mata1 and its application to one of the theories that explain ,natural ,fountains4 ,in taking leave of this subject we have to congratulate the ,mexican ,government not only for the valuable matter contained in its scientific publications1 but also for the very excellent style in which the latter are being issued4 ,the general make up of the volume before us leaves little to be desired2 the arrangement of the types is extremely tasty1 the imprint is clean1 sharp1 and clear1 the paper good1 the margins of the pages broad1 and the illustrations exceedingly well executed4 ,it is to be sincerely hoped that the present state of peace1 which our sister republic is enjoying1 will endure for numerous years to come2 and that the scientific work begun under such happy auspices may go on uninterruptedly until the whole country shall have been thoroughly explored4 ,for as yet1 we know but comparatively little about the geology of ,mexico1 and a great deal is yet to be learned1 too1 about her natural productions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,correspondence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alum ,,in ,,bread4--,a ,,reply ,,to ,,dr4 ,,mott',s ,,article ,,in ,,scientific ,,american ,,of ,,november #af1 ,,entitled ,,deleterious ,,use ,,of ,,alum ,,in ,,baking ,,powder4 ,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,clotworthy1 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,on ,august #ac1 #ahgh1 ,i obtained letters patent for the exclusive right to use exsiccated ammonia alum in baking powders4 ,this fact ,i state that the public may know the reason that elicits this reply to the remarkable article on adulterations in baking powders1 in the ,,scientific ,,american of ,nov4 #afth1 emanating from the pen of ,henry ,a4 ,mott1 ,jr4 ,i wish the ,professor had been equally candid in stating his reasons for contributing the article4 ,it is rare for a chemist to turn philanthropist without some consideration4 ,the analysis of forty-two baking powders requires no little labor2 twenty-one were examined at the expense of the government for the benefit of the ,indian ,department1 the others1 no doubt1 at the expense and for the benefit of the ,royal ,baking ,powder ,company4 ,i hope his services have been liberally requited4 ,the public certainly owe him nothing for his labor or opinions4 ,an excuse can be made for the prejudice existing against the use of alum in any form for baking purposes2 it is an inheritance from a preceding age2 but no apology can be offered for a practical chemist in this day1 who labors to keep alive and foster a prejudice by the suppression of truths and facts4 ,professor ,mott1 in attempting to prove a fraud in food1 has perpetrated a fraud in facts4 ,that this opinion may not be unwarranted1 ,i will state the facts about alum1 which may be new to the public1 but familiar to every chemist4 ,alum was formerly a compound of sulph4 alumina and sulph4 potash4 ,in the past ten years nearly all manufacturers of alum have substituted sulph4 ammonia for the sulph4 potash2 this change removes from alum a dangerous and objectionable ingredient1 and adds a healthful one4 ,professor ,mott recommends the use of ammonia in the form of a carbonate--carbonate of ammonia is one of the results in baking powder of the decomposition which takes place between alum and bicarbonate of soda2 in the complete decomposition which takes place pure alumina is eliminated1 highly recommended as an antacid4 ,during the process of baking1 alum is completely decomposed through the liberation of carbonic acid4 ,professor ,mott must have known this1 yet with this knowledge warns the public on the deleterious effect of alum in bread4 ,about the first of last ,october ,i determined to vindicate the use of exsiccated ammonia alum as a substitute for cream of tartar1 and accordingly issued a circular to the trade2 from this circular ,i now give the following extract1 which enters minutely into the subject3 ,to claim that an experience of #ce years in compounding medicines should entitle my opinion on chemicals and chemical compounds to a respectful consideration1 is neither presumptuous nor unreasonable4 ,with this simple introduction ,i now avow myself the originator and patentee of exsiccated ammonia alum baking powder4 ,the use of exsiccated ammonia alum has been declared unhealthful by the advocates of other baking powders1 and every manufacturer using it has been held up for public reprobation4 ,this has been done by rival manufacturers1 either through ignorance or malice2 if from the former they are to be pitied1 if from the latter they are contemptible4 ,these opinions have been promulgated by kitchen chemists1 whose circle of knowledge begins and ends with cream tartar and soda2 and even of these articles they only know that cream tartar is in some way derived from grapes4 ,in this circular ,i propose to state a few facts in relation to cream tartar and exsiccated alum1 and the combinations they form with bicarbonate of soda1 and allow you to form your own opinion of their respective merits4 ,crude tartar is the incrustation found in wine casks4 ,it contains coloring matter and about #ae per cent of lime4 ,this article is purified and called the cream of tartar1 but it is impossible to extract all the lime4 ,commercially pure cream tartar contains at least #e per cent of lime4 ,when cream tartar is used in proportion of two parts to one of bicarbonate of soda1 you will have an average of #c to #d per cent of lime4 ,in using cream tartar and soda in baking1 a chemical change commences as soon as water is added2 the cream tartar unites with the soda1 setting free the carbonic acid gas1 which lightens the bread1 and the residue is ,rochelle salts4 ,this is what you eat in your bread1 the cream tartar and soda entirely disappearing in the process of baking1 by forming this salt4 ,any doctor or chemist will confirm the above statement4 ,when ,i undertook to manufacture baking powder1 ,i labored to improve the quality and cheapen the cost4 ,the first ,i accomplished by retaining the carbonic acid until heat was applied1 the latter1 by manufacturing a more economical acid than foreign cream tartar4 ,after more than a thousand experiments covering a period of six months1 ,i discovered by exsiccating ammonia alum ,i provided an article that would possess the necessary qualities4 ,this article no more resembles the ordinary alum than charcoal resembles wood--it is light1 porous1 friable1 and without taste4 ,this article1 under the influence of heat1 combines with the soda and forms ,glauber salts4 ,in baking1 the alum unites with the soda1 just as cream tartar unites4 ,in using the baking powder prepared according to my formula1 you have in your bread ,glauber instead of ,rochelle salts4 ,to your physician apply for his opinion of these salts2 ,i will bow to his decision4 ,another false impression these zealous guardians of the public health have made is1 that ,i used the exsiccated alum because it was cheap4 ,the fact is that when ,i commenced its use it cost by the thousand pounds #ab per cent4 more than the best cream tartar is worth to-day1 and #cc per cent4 more than average price of that article for the past year4 ,i have since reduced the cost of manufacturing1 and as ,i did so1 correspondingly reduced the price of powder to the public4 ,i regard the quantity of soda in cream tartar baking powders as very objectionable2 they generally contain about #cc per cent4 ,in my powder only #bj per cent4 ,the prejudice in the public mind against alum1 originated in the habit of the ,english bakers buying damaged flour1 and by the addition of crude alum1 made their bread in appearance equal to that made from best flour4 ,against this practice laws were enacted1 not so much against the qualities of alum1 as against its use in covering up a fraud in flour4 ,this was the common potash alum and uncombined with any carbonated alkali1 and it passed into the stomach unchanged4 ,it is a trick--for it deserves no better name--of our rivals to show by chemical analysis that my powder contains alum1 but are careful neither to state the kind nor the change it undergoes in baking4 ,the manufacturer who knowingly misrepresents the goods of a rival1 may well be doubted when he speaks of the quality of his own4 ,great stress is laid on the fact that cream tartar is a vegetable acid1 the product of the grape1 hence it must be healthy4 ,they forget that cream tartar is not entirely vegetable1 but principally second handed minerals4 ,it is a compound of tartaric acid1 potash1 and lime2 the last two are minerals1 which the grape takes up from the earth1 but redeposits them as crude tartar when fermentation converts the grape into wine4 ,in #ahjg ,sir ,humphry ,davy from this crude tartar first made the metal potassium4 ,of lime it is unnecessary to speak4 ,the potash and lime form the bulk of cream tartar4 ,in ammonia alum there is no more mineral substance than in cream tartar4 ,the chemistry of nature is wonderful4 ,vegetation lives on minerals--wheat1 corn1 potatoes1 are all mineral compounds4 ,lime1 soda1 potash1 magnesia1 sulphur1 iron1 etc41 are all found abundantly in water and grain1 and all these minerals are essential in food4 ,professor ,mott has given the ,royal ,baking ,powder the benefit of his indorsement2 it may be all that he claims for it4 ,but baking powders are now judged by constituent ingredients and chemical analysis2 to this test ,i propose to bring the ,royal4 ,it is now in the hands of a competent chemist1 and when the analysis is complete ,i will give the public the benefit of a comparison between that powder and the ,patapsco4 ,i will take ,professor ,mott's analysis of ,patapsco1 which1 though not correct1 ,i accept as such4 ,the comparison will be made on the healthfulness of constituents in combination1 and the chemical changes they undergo in baking4 ,this is a progressive age4 ,the people want facts1 and they will form their own theories4 ,will the reader believe that in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 a citizen of ,london was executed for burning coal1 which was then a capital offense8 ,a pope about the same time issued a ,bull excommunicating all ,catholics who used tobacco1 calling it the devil's weed4 ,to-day coals still burn1 and tobacco solaces millions of the civilized world4 ,if the ,royal ,baking ,powder ,company 7what a misnomer7 possessed royal prerogatives1 the advocates of exsiccated alum would fare no better than they did under the sumptuary laws of ,england4 ,professor ,mott has fulminated ex cathedra his blast1 but we survive4 ,truth is a torch1 the more 'tis shook it shines4 ,our strength is in the intelligence of the age4 ,,smith1 ,,hanway ,co41 ,baltimore4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,elongation ,,of ,,tree ,,trunks4 ,the ,college ,quarterly says that experiments made at the ,iowa ,agricultural ,college show that the popular notion that the trunks of trees elongate is entirely erroneous4 ,tacks were driven into the trunks of various trees1 and the distance between them accurately measured4 ,at the end of the season they were found to have neither increased nor decreased their distances4 ,in the experiment1 tree trunks were selected of all ages1 from one year up to five or six1 and in no case was there any change whatever noticeable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,astronomical ,,notes4 ,,by ,,berlin ,h4 ,,wright4 ,,penn ,,yan1 ,n4 ,y41 ,saturday1 ,december #ad1 #ahgh4 ,the following calculations are adapted to the latitude of ,new ,york city1 and are expressed in true or clock time1 being for the date given in the caption when not otherwise stated3 ,,planets4 ,h4,m4 ,mars rises #d #eg mo4 ,jupiter sets #g #ed eve4 ,saturn in meridian #f #af eve4 ,uranus rises #aj #aa eve4 ,neptune in meridian #h #dh eve4 ,,first ,,magnitude ,,stars1 ,,etc4 ,h4,m4 ,alpheratz in meridian #f #bh mo4 ,mira 7var47 in meridian #h #ci eve4 ,algol 7var47 in meridian #i #bf eve4 #g stars 7,pleiades7 in merid4 #aj #jf eve4 ,aldebaran in meridian #aj #ed eve4 ,capella in meridian #aa #cc eve4 ,rigel in meridian #aa #cd eve4 ,betelgeuse in meridian #j #ah mo4 ,sirius rises #h #je eve4 ,procyon rises #g #dj eve4 ,regulus rises #i #dc eve4 ,spica rises #b #bd mo4 ,arcturus rises #a #bg mo4 ,antares rises #f #cj mo4 ,vega sets #i #eb eve4 ,altair sets #h #dj eve4 ,deneb sets #a #jb mo4 ,fomalhaut sets #i #af eve4 ,,moon',s ,,place ,,in ,,the ,,constellations ,,at #g ,p4,m4 ,saturday1 ,cancer #bf deg4 ,sunday1 ,leo #i deg4 ,monday1 ,leo #bc deg4 ,tuesday1 ,virgo #g deg4 ,wednesday1 ,virgo #bb deg4 ,thursday1 ,libra #f deg4 ,friday1 ,libra #ba deg4 ,,remarks4 ,the sun will attain his greatest southern declination and enter the constellation ,sagittarius ,december #ba1 #e;h4 #dem4 evening1 at which time winter begins4 ,mars will be #e deg4 north of the moon ,december #ba1 in the morning4 ,saturn will be #ij deg4 east of the sun ,december #ah1 passing the meridian at #f o'clock in the evening4 ,he is now advancing among the stars1 and will soon be again upon the equinoctial colure4 ,uranus will be nearly #d deg4 north of the moon ,december #ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sympathetic ,,inks4 ,under the name of sympathetic inks are designated certain liquids which1 being used for writing1 leave no visible traces on the paper1 but which1 through the agency of heat1 or by the action of chemicals1 are made to appear in various colors4 ,the use of such means for secret correspondence is very ancient4 ,ovid1 ,pliny1 and other ,roman writers speak of an ink of this kind1 which1 however1 was nothing more than fresh milk4 ,it merely sufficed to dust powdered charcoal over the surface of the paper upon which characters had been traced with the colorless fluid1 when the black powder adhered only to those places where the fatty matter of the milk had spread4 ,such a process1 however1 was merely mechanical1 and the results very crude4 ,a great number of sympathetic inks may be obtained by means of reactions known to chemistry4 ,for instance1 write on paper with a colorless solution of sugar of lead2 if the water that is used for the solution be pure1 no trace of the writing will remain when it becomes dry4 ,now hold the paper over a jet of sulphureted hydrogen1 and the characters will immediately appear on the paper1 of an intense black color4 ,the following recipes for inks of this kind are more simple3 ,if writing be executed with a dilute solution of sulphate of iron1 the invisible characters will appear of a beautiful blue1 if the dry paper be brushed over with a pencil full of a solution of yellow prussiate of potash2 or they will be black1 if a solution of tannin be substituted for the prussiate4 ,if the characters be written with a solution of sulphate of copper1 they will at once turn blue on exposing to the vapors of ammonia4 ,another sympathetic ink is afforded by chloride of gold1 which becomes of a reddish purple when acted upon by a salt of tin4 ,a red sympathetic ink may be made in the following manner3 ,write with a very dilute solution of perchloride of iron--so dilute1 indeed1 that the writing will be invisible when dry4 ,by holding the paper in the vapor arising from a long-necked glass flask containing sulphuric acid and a few drops of a solution of sulpho-cyanide of potassium1 the characters will appear of a blood-red color1 which will again disappear on submitting them to the vapors of caustic ammonia4 ,this experiment can be repeated ad infinitum4 ,during the war in ,india1 some years ago1 important correspondence was carried on by the ,english by means of the use of rice water as a writing fluid4 ,on the application of iodine the dispatches immediately appeared in blue characters4 ,sympathetic inks which are developed under the influence of heat only are much easier to use than the foregoing4 ,the liquids which possess such a property are very numerous4 ,almost every one perhaps knows that if writing be executed on paper with a clean quill pen dipped in onion or turnip juice1 it becomes absolutely invisible when dry2 and that when the paper is heated the writing at once makes its appearance in characters of a brown color4 ,all albuminoid1 mucilaginous1 and saccharine vegetable juices make excellent sympathetic inks2 we may cite1 as among the best1 the juices of lemon1 orange1 apple1 and pear4 ,a dilute solution of chloride of copper used for writing is invisible until the paper is heated1 when the letters are seen of a beautiful yellow1 disappearing again when the heat that developed them is removed4 ,the salts of cobalt1 as the acetate1 nitrate1 sulphate1 and chloride1 possess a like property4 ,when a dilute solution of these salts is used as an ink1 the writing1 although invisible when dry1 becomes blue when exposed to heat4 ,the addition of chloride of iron1 or of a salt of nickel1 renders them green1 and this opens the way for a very pretty experiment3 ,if a winter landscape be drawn in ,india ink1 and the sky be painted with a wash of cobalt alone1 and the branches of the trees be clothed with leaves executed with a mixture of cobalt and nickel1 and the snow-clad earth be washed over with the same mixture1 a magic transformation at once takes place on the application of heat1 the winter landscape changing to a summer scene4 ,there is a well known proprietary article sold in ,paris under the name of ,encre pour les ,dames 7ink for ladies74 ,hager1 in a recent scientific journal1 states that this consists of an aqueous solution of iodide of starch1 and is specially intended for love letters4 ,in four weeks characters written with it disappear1 preventing all abuse of letters1 and doing away with all documentary evidence of any kind in the hands of the recipient4 ,the signers of bills of exchange who use this ink are of course freed from all obligations in the same length of time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,wire ,,clothing ,,for ,,burring ,,cylinders4 ,heretofore two kinds of clothing for cylinders for treating fibrous material have been employed1 one consisting of a set of serrated rings cut from sheet steel and secured to the periphery of the cylinder1 and the other consisting of flat serrated iron wire4 ,the serrated rings1 of necessity1 entail a great loss of material in their manufacture1 and the iron wire clothing is so soft that it soon wears out or becomes dull1 necessitating the reclothing or sharpening of the cylinder4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,wire ,,clothing ,,for ,,burring ,,cylinders4 ,our engraving represents a new form of steel wire clothing for such cylinders1 which was recently patented by ,mr4 ,frank ,p4 ,pendleton1 of ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,the improvement consists in notching or nicking the base of the teeth or back of the wire1 so as to admit of bending the wire around the cylinders without breaking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,petroleum ,,and ,,gold4 ,as one of the leading staples of ,american export1 our petroleum wells have been more valuable than gold mines4 ,a recent discovery by ,mr4 ,john ,turnbridge1 of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 indicates that in some cases petroleum wells may be in fact1 as well as in effect1 real gold mines4 ,he says that while investigating the peculiar behavior of the hydrocarbons and their singular quality of separating the precious metals from aqueous solutions1 assisted by constant application that furnished evidence of the force of chemical action which could be satisfactorily measured1 there occurred to him the probability that analogous effects might be traced in the operations of nature2 more particularly in certain geological formations peculiar to auriferous soils4 ,these ideas1 he asserts1 have been singularly verified in subsequent research by the discovery of gold in many samples of crude petroleum1 also in the sediment or refuse of the distillation of that substance4 ,the attraction existing between the hydrocarbons and many elementary bodies ought to create no surprise1 especially if reference is had to the reducing action of the hydrocarbons in contact with metallic solutions4 ,the procedure in the examples above referred to consist in pouring crude petroleum on vegetable fiber or wood shavings and firing it1 collecting the ashes and making the usual fire assay4 ,the cupel disclosed a small pellet4 ,after due examination with the appropriate test it was found to be pure gold4 ,the distillery refuse when assayed gave #cd4he value per ton4 ,it may be mentioned in the last case considerable molybdenum was present1 a substance resembling plumbago4 ,mr4 ,turnbridge has no knowledge of the locality whence these samples of crude petroleum were originally obtained4 ,he infers1 however1 that oil wells in the vicinity of auriferous deposits may yield a larger quantity of gold than from oil wells situated in carboniferous strata4 ,there has been1 he states1 a practical application of this discovery for the recovery of gold1 applied in cases where quicksilver has failed to be of service4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,reduction ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,silver ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,charcoal4 ,a very simple method of reducing nitrate of silver1 analagous to that some years ago mentioned by the late ,mr4 ,hadow1 is given in the ,archiv der ,pharmacie1 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,chandler4 ,if crystallized or fused nitrate of silver be placed upon glowing charcoal1 combustion forthwith takes place1 the silver remaining behind in a metallic form1 while nitrous oxide and carbonic acid are freely given off4 ,the nitrate of silver is fused by the heat developed by the reaction1 and is imbibed through the pores of the charcoal2 as every atom of consumed carbon is replaced by an atom of metallic silver1 the original form and structure of the charcoal are preserved intact in pure silver4 ,by proceeding in this manner it is possible to produce silver structures of any desired size1 possessing in every way the original form of the wood4 ,a crystal of nitrate of silver is in the first place put upon a piece of charcoal1 and a blowpipe flame is then applied in the vicinity1 in order to start the reaction in the first instance1 and as soon as combustion commences crystal after crystal may be added as these1 one after another1 become consumed4 ,the silver salt is liquefied1 and penetrates into the charcoal1 where it becomes reduced4 ,pieces of silver may in this way be prepared1 of one or two ounces in weight1 which exhibit all the markings and rings of the original wood to a most perfect and beautiful degree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,agricultural ,,inventions4 ,mr4 ,charles ,e4 ,macarthy1 of ,forsyth1 ,ga41 has patented an improved ,horse ,power1 designed more particularly to be located beneath a gin house for ginning cotton1 but applicable for all purposes for which a horse power is ordinarily employed4 ,an improved ,corn ,planter has been patented by ,mr4 ,thomas ,a4 ,sammons1 of ,lewisburg1 ,west ,va4 ,this corn planter is designed to plant the corn in straight rows both ways and at varying distances apart4 ,it is constructed upon the general principle of a reciprocating slide1 passing alternately beneath a hopper1 and carrying a number of grains from beneath the same to a discharge outlet4 ,an improved machine for ,cutting the ,bands of ,gavels or bundles of grain1 and feeding the same to the cylinder of a thrasher1 has been patented by ,mr4 ,james ,m4 ,o',neall1 of ,fort ,worth1 ,texas4 ,an improved ,sulky ,breaking ,plow has been patented by ,mr4 ,edward ,t4 ,hunter1 of ,hallsville1 ,ill4 ,this is an improved sulky attachment for breaking plows1 which is so constructed as to receive any ordinary plow2 it may be adjusted to cause the plow to work deeper or shallower in the ground1 and will allow the plow to be turned to either side4 ,mr4 ,osman ,c4 ,du ,souchet1 of ,alexandria1 ,mo41 has invented an improved ,check ,row ,corn ,planter and ,drill1 which is so constructed that its operating mechanism may be at all times under the control of the driver4 ,it will plant the corn in accurate check row1 and is easily controlled4 ,an improved ,thrashing ,machine has been patented by ,mr4 ,peter ,parrott1 of ,red ,bud1 ,ill4 ,this is an improvement in the class of thrashing machines having an attachment for removing dust from the space in front of the cylinder1 and having pickers for loosening or shaking the grain from straw delivered from the cylinder4 ,an improved ,corn ,planter has been patented by ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,zarley1 of ,oakland1 ,ill4 ,the object of this invention is to provide an efficient and cheaply constructed corn planter1 which may be drawn forward by horses1 but is arranged so that the seed valves may be operated by hand4 ,messrs4 ,clayton ,m4 ,van ,orman and ,james ,m4 ,hagenbaugh1 of ,athens1 ,mich41 have patented an improved ,grain ,separator1 in which the arrangement of the screens1 feedboard1 and blast of a fanning mill effect the thorough removal from the grain of all impurities4 ,only two screens are employed4 ,an improved ,churning ,apparatus has been patented by ,messrs4 ,william ,h4 ,foster and ,isaac ,c4 ,roberts1 of ,louisburg1 ,kan4 ,it is simple1 inexpensive1 convenient1 and effective in operation4 ,it will bring the butter very quickly1 and at the same time gather it4 ,an improved ,plow has been patented by ,mr4 ,robert ,b4 ,mitchell1 of ,minneapolis1 ,kan4 ,the object of this invention is to improve the construction of sod1 stirring1 and other plows1 so that the cutter may be moved forward as it is worn or ground off4 ,it prevents roots1 grass1 and other trash from gathering upon the share4 ,messrs4 ,john ,b4 ,martin and ,william ,t4 ,carothers1 of ,clarence1 ,mo41 have patented an improved ,hay ,loader capable of placing hay upon stacks or ricks1 or upon wagons4 ,it is simple in its construction and effective in its operation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,naphtha ,,and ,,benzine4 ,we have often been asked the difference between benzine and naphtha1 many people wanting to know whether naphtha didn't include benzine1 or whether it wasn't the same thing under a marketable name4 ,a prominent refiner says that benzine is the first product that arises from the process of refining crude oil1 and bears the same relation to naphtha that that distillate does to refined oil4 ,in other words1 benzine is crude naphtha4 ,the reason it is not quotable under the name of benzine1 therefore1 is because it has to be reduced to naphtha before it is marketable in any extensive quantity4 ,the process that benzine is subject to1 to produce naphtha1 is not a separate business1 but is carried on by the regular oil refiners in the same stills and retorts that the refined oil is produced4 ,the benzine is treated with sulphuric acid1 and the result is naphtha1 which is in wide demand in ,europe1 especially in ,france1 for the purpose of producing aniline dyes1 while it is also put to many other purposes4 ,this demand is partially instrumental in keeping up its price1 but its rapid evaporation also has a tendency in that direction1 as any large seller of it has to take into consideration the depreciation that might take place by the time he sells it on that account1 and for the same reason buyers give no more orders than immediate necessity requires4 ,all refiners1 however1 do not produce naphtha1 but some of them sell the benzine1 which is largely used for fuel purposes1 for which it is much better than coal1 as it is not only absolutely cheaper1 but gives a steadier heat4--,parker ,daily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for joining the porcelain heads to the metal spikes used for ornamental nails1 the ,prakt4 ,maschinen ,construct41 recommends the use of a thick paste made of a mixture of ,portland cement and glue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,inventors4 ,an experience of more than thirty years1 and the preparation of not less than one hundred thousand applications for patents at home and abroad1 enable us to understand the laws and practice on both continents1 and to possess unequaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere4 ,in addition to our facilities for preparing drawings and specifications quickly1 the applicant can rest assured that his case will be filed in the ,patent ,office without delay4 ,every application1 in which the fees have been paid1 is sent complete--including the model--to the ,patent ,office the same day the papers are signed at our office1 or received by mail1 so there is no delay in filing the case1 a complaint we often hear from other sources4 ,another advantage to the inventor in securing his patent through the ,scientific ,american ,patent ,agency1 it insures a special notice of the invention in the ,,scientific ,,american1 which publication often opens negotiations for the sale of the patent or manufacture of the article4 ,a synopsis of the patent laws in foreign countries may be found on another page1 and persons contemplating the securing of patents abroad are invited to write to this office for prices1 which have been reduced in accordance with the times1 and our perfected facilities for conducting the business4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 office ,,scientific ,,american4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business ,,and ,,personal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,charge for ,insertion under this head is ,one ,dollar a line for each insertion2 about eight words to a line4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,magic ,lanterns and ,stereopticons of all prices4 ,views illustrating every subject for public exhibitions4 ,profitable business for a man with a small capital4 ,also lanterns for college and home amusement4 #gd page catalogue free4 ,mc,allister1 ,mf4 ,optician1 #di ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,chapman ,valves and ,hydrants received the highest award at ,mass4 ,mechanics ,fair4 ,chapman ,valve ,manuf4 ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,wanted1 cheap4--#b;d hand ,lathe ,chuck to swing #ag in4 ,iron sheave4 ,penfield ,block ,works1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,to ,manufacturers4--,messrs4 ,bignall ,ostrander1 #hjf-hjh ,n4 #b;d ,st41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 have added to their present establishment a ,machinery ,department1 from whence the wants of the ,western machine-using public will be supplied4 ,manufacturers will do well to correspond with them4 ,on actual test the ,eaton ,sulky ,plow is ahead4 ,manufacturers wanted to build them4 ,territory for sale4 ,address ,e4 ,c4 ,eaton1 ,pinckneyville1 ,ill4 ,sir ,henry ,halford says ,vanity ,fair ,smoking ,tobacco has no equal4 ,received highest award at ,paris1 #ahgh4 ,wanted4--,tools for the manufacture of ,wagon ,axles and ,springs4 ,address ,box #ff1 ,lambertville1 ,n4 ,j4 ,for ,sale4--,norwalk ,engine1 #af x #db2 little used2 excellent order2 very cheap4 ,address ,box #ajf1 ,meriden1 ,ct4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns' ,asbestos ,liquid ,paints contain no water4 ,they are the best and most economical paints in the world for general purposes1 and for wood and iron structures exposed to severe tests of climatic changes1 saltwater atmosphere1 etc4 ,they are #ej per cent more durable than the best white lead and linseed oil4 #a1jjj #b;d hand machines for sale4 ,send stamp for descriptive price list4 ,forsaith ,co41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,florey ,smith1 ,san ,francisco1 make a specialty of introducing useful inventions in the ,pacific ,states4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hoadley1 ,consulting ,engineer and ,mechanical and ,scientific ,expert1 ,lawrence1 ,mass4 ,nickel ,plating4--,wenzel's ,patent ,perforated ,carbon ,box ,anode for holding ,grain ,nickel4 ,a4 ,c4 ,wenzel1 #aad ,center ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,bolt ,forging ,machine ,power ,hammers a specialty4 ,send for circulars4 ,forsaith ,co41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,for ,sale4--,a #f x #f ,upright ,yacht ,engine1 #f ,h4,p4 ,wm4 ,f4 ,codd1 ,nantucket1 ,mass4 ,for ,solid ,wrought ,iron ,beams1 etc41 see advertisement4 ,address ,union ,iron ,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 for lithograph1 etc4 ,the ,lawrence ,engine is the best4 ,see ad4 page #cha4 ,sheet ,metal ,presses1 ,ferracute ,co41 ,bridgeton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,the only ,engine in the market attached to boiler having cold bearings4 ,f4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b4 ,landis1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,brush ,electric ,light4--#bj lights from one machine4 ,latest best light4 ,telegraph ,supply ,co41 ,cleveland1 ,o4 ,the ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 and other ,tools1 new and second-hand1 of the ,wood ,light ,machine ,company1 ,worcester1 are to be sold out very low by the ,george ,place ,machinery ,agency1 #aba ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,for the best advertising at lowest prices in ,scientific1 ,mechanical1 and other ,newspapers1 write to ,e4 ,n4 ,freshman ,bros41 ,advertising ,agents1 #ahf ,w4 #dth ,st41 ,cin41 ,o4 ,for ,town and ,village use1 comb'd ,hand ,fire ,engine ,hose ,carriage1 #cej4 ,forsaith ,co41 ,manchester1 ,n4 ,h4 ,manufacturers of ,improved ,goods who desire to build up a lucrative foreign trade1 will do well to insert a well displayed advertisement in the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition4 ,this paper has a very large foreign circulation4 ,brick ,presses for ,fire and ,red ,brick4 ,factory1 #cji ,s4 #eth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,s4 ,p4 ,miller ,son4 ,punching ,presses1 ,drop ,hammers1 and ,dies for working ,metals1 etc4 ,the ,stiles ,parker ,press ,co41 ,middletown1 ,conn4 ,hydraulic ,presses and ,jacks1 new and second hand4 ,lathes and ,machinery for ,polishing and ,buffing ,metals4 ,e4 ,lyon ,co41 #dgj ,grand ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,nickel ,plating4--,a white deposit guaranteed by using our material4 ,condit1 ,hanson ,van ,winkle1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,english ,agency1 #ah ,caroline ,st41 ,birmingham4 ,h4 ,prentiss ,co41 #ad ,dey ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 ,manufs4 ,taps1 ,dies1 ,screw ,plates1 ,reamers1 etc4 ,send for list4 ,diamond ,engineer1 ,j4 ,dickinson1 #fd ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,solid ,emery ,vulcanite ,wheels--,the ,solid ,original ,emery ,wheel--other kinds imitations and inferior4 ,caution4--,our name is stamped in full on all our best ,standard ,belting1 ,packing1 and ,hose4 ,buy that only4 ,the best is the cheapest4 ,new ,york ,belting and ,packing ,company1 #cg and #ch ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,presses1 ,dies1 and ,tools for working ,sheet ,metals1 etc4 ,fruit and other ,can ,tools4 ,bliss ,williams1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,paris ,exposition1 #ahgh4 ,the ,cameron ,steam ,pump mounted in ,phosphor ,bronze is an indestructible machine4 ,see advertisement4 ,wheel ,press1 ,cotton ,press1 ,pipe ,line1 and ,test ,mercury ,gauges4 ,t4 ,shaw1 #iae ,ridge ,ave41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is published monthly1 about the #aeth of each month4 ,every number comprises most of the plates of the four preceding weekly numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with other appropriate contents1 business announcements etc4 ,it forms a large and splendid periodical of nearly one hundred quarto pages1 each number illustrated with about one hundred engravings4 ,it is a complete record of ,american progress in the arts4 ,special ,planers for ,jointing and ,surfacing1 ,band and ,scroll ,saws1 ,universal ,wood-workers1 etc41 manufactured by ,bentel1 ,margedant ,co41 ,hamilton1 ,ohio4 ,boston ,blower ,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,blowers1 ,exhaust ,fans1 ,hot ,blast ,apparatus4 ,all parts interchangeable material and workmanship warranted the best4 ,write for particulars4 ,we make steel castings from #a_/d to #aj1jjj lbs4 weight #c times as strong as cast iron4 #ab1jjj ,crank ,shafts of this steel now running and proved superior to wrought iron4 ,circulars and price1 list free4 ,address ,chester ,steel ,castings ,co41 ,evelina ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,machine ,cut ,brass ,gear ,wheels for ,models1 etc4 7new list74 ,models1 experimental work1 and machine work generally4 ,d4 ,gilbert ,son1 #bab ,chester ,st41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,elevators1 ,freight and ,passenger1 ,shafting1 ,pulley and ,hangers4 ,l4 ,s4 ,graves ,son1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,holly ,system of ,water ,supply and ,fire ,protection for ,cities and ,villages1 is fully described in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #adj4 ,howard ,patent ,safety ,elevators4 ,howard ,iron ,works ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mellen1 ,williams ,co41 #eg ,kilby ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,wiegand ,sectional ,steam ,boiler4 ,a,etna ,rocking ,grate ,bar4 ,north's ,lathe ,dog4 #cdg ,n4 #dth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,self-feeding upright ,drilling ,machine of superior construction4 ,drills holes from #a_/h to #c_/d in4 diameter ,pratt ,whitney ,co41 ,manufs41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,wm4 ,sellers ,co41 ,phila41 have introduced a new ,injector1 worked by a single motion of a lever4 ,for ,shafts1 ,pulleys1 or ,hangers1 call and see stock kept at #gi ,liberty ,st4 ,wm4 ,sellers ,co4 ,the ,turbine ,wheel made by ,risdon ,co41 ,mt4 ,holly ,n4 ,j41 gave the best results at ,centennial test4 ,wheels and ,pinions1 heavy and light1 remarkably strong and durable4 ,especially suited for sugar mills and similar work4 ,pittsburgh ,steel ,casting ,company1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,and ,,queries illus4 99 99 99 99 99 7#a7 ,detroit asks whether a boat propelled with a force of #c miles an hour on still water will with the same propelling force run #f miles an hour in a current running #c miles an hour8 ,a4 ,we think so4 7#b7 ,j4 ,c4 ,r asks3 ,which was the first railroad built in the ,united ,states8 ,that is1 a regular1 incorporated road1 connecting two points1 and conveying passengers1 freight1 etc4 ,a4 ,we believe that the road now known as the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad was the first in the ,united ,states chartered for carrying on a general transportation business4 7#c7 ,j4 ,r4 ,e4 asks how to make an ordinary sunshade for a telescope when placed1 and what kind of glass it is composed of4 ,a4 ,any very dark glass will answer1 providing it is perfectly plane4 ,it should be placed between the eye and eyepiece4 7#d7 ,w4 ,h4 ,g4 ,s4 writes3 ,i wish to give a blue color to screw heads1 wire and steel4 ,what shall ,i use8 ,a4 ,heat them in a sand bath1 or apply shellac or copal varnish1 to which a little ,prussian blue has been added4 7#e7 ,t4 ,mc,w4 asks 7#a7 for a good recipe for making ,babbitt metal4 ,a4 ,by weight1 #d parts copper1 #h parts antimony1 #if parts tin4 #b4 ,what is meant by heating surface in boilers1 and how is it computed8 ,a4 ,the term heating surface1 as ordinarily used1 refers to the surface which has water on one side1 and flame or the products of combustion on the other4 #c4 ,i have a peculiar kind of steel which ,i cannot harden by fire and water1 neither will it caseharden by prussiate of potash4 ,what can ,i do with it to harden it8 ,a4 ,assuming your account to be correct1 we judge that you cannot harden it4 7#f7 ,a4 ,van ,b4 writes3 ,a correspondent in your last issue asks how to keep rubber belts from slipping4 ,mine slipped considerably1 but ,i checked it by throwing powdered rosin in between the belt and pulley while running4 ,the pulley soon becomes covered with a tough black coating1 very much like leather1 and there is no more slip4 ,this expedient can be used to advantage in certain cases1 but it is better to have a belt large enough to drive without using any preparation4--,,ed4 7#g7 ,e4 ,b4 ,c4 asks3 #a4 ,does a more powerful battery produce better results in telephone or microphone8 ,a4 ,a powerful battery is not required for either4 #b4 ,can you give me a short description of the principle and construction of the aerophone8 ,a4 ,we think it has not been perfected4 7#h7 ,a4 ,t4 ,l4 asks for a recipe for a liquid boot or shoe polish4 ,a4 ,clausen's ink is made as follows3 ,nutgalls1 #h parts2 logwood extract1 #aj parts2 boil together in water1 q4 s41 and add ,castile soap1 #d parts2 glycerin1 trace4 ,crocker's--,logwood extract1 #f ozs42 water1 #a gallon2 ivory black1 #a4e oz42 glycerin1 #a oz42 bichromate of potassa1 #j4abe oz42 copperas1 #j4abe oz42 boil together4 ,sefton's--,orange shellac1 #fd ozs42 alcohol1 #d gallons2 pure asphaltum1 #fj ozs42 neat's foot oil1 #a pint2 lampblack1 q4 s4 ,ovington's--,water1 #a gallon2 logwood extract1 #f ozs42 water1 #a gallon2 borax1 #f ozs42 shellac1 #a4e oz42 water1 #j4e pint2 bichromate of potassa1 #j4cge oz4 ,mix the solutions1 and add #c ozs4 ammonia4 ,shaw's--,borax1 #c ozs42 orange shellac1 #e ozs42 water1 q4 s42 boil and add soluble aniline black or nigrosine1 q4 s4 ,rub the spots with strong aqueous solution of ferric chloride1 and dry before applying the dressing4 7#i7 ,j4 ,s4 ,r4 ,m4 write3 #a4 ,we propose putting in a steam engine of #bj horse power1 and we are informed there is an engine that weighs #b1gjj lbs41 that has a balance wheel weighing #ejj lbs41 cylinder #aj x #aj inches2 cutting off at #c_/d stroke1 running at #ahj to #bjj revolutions a minute1 and they say that it is #bj horse at #gj lbs4 steam4 ,will such an engine develop #bj horse power8 ,a4 ,the engine would develop #bj horse power under the above conditions1 if well constructed4 #b4 ,how can we calculate the power of an engine8 ,a4 ,to determine the power of an engine1 multiply the mean pressure on the piston in lbs41 by the piston speed in feet per minute1 and divide the product by #cc1jjj4 7#aj7 ,a4 ,l4 ,g4 asks3 #a4 ,with a boiler #ae inches in diameter by #cj inches in height1 with five #aa_/b inch tubes #ah inches long1 firebox #ab x #ab1 and all made of iron plates #a_/d inch thick4 ,what is the greatest number of pounds of steam to the square inch it will hold1 and what fraction of a horse power will it give to an engine having a cylinder #b x #d inches1 situated #b feet from the boiler1 and connected by #dj inches of steam pipe8 ,a4 ,you can carry #aej lbs4 of steam1 and might develop #a horse power4 #b4 ,what is meant by the pitch of a wheel in a propeller1 and what is the inclination of a cylinder8 ,a4 ,the pitch of a propeller is the distance it would advance in the direction of its axis at each revolution1 if it worked without slip4 ,the inclination of a cylinder refers to the angle made by its axis with a horizontal or vertical line4 7#aa7 ,j4 ,h4 asks3 #a4 ,has steel been used for portable boilers8 ,a4 ,yes4 #b4 ,what size boiler is required for an engine having a #c x #d inch cylinder8 ,a4 ,diameter1 #bd inches2 height1 #de inches2 heating surface1 #fe to #gj square feet4 7#ab7 ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 asks3 ,how large must an air pump be for an engine steam cylinder #h x #h1 making #ajj revolutions per minute with #ij lbs4 of steam1 allowing the pump to be #d inches stroke1 double acting1 to be attached to surface condenser8 ,a4 ,diameter1 #ca_/b inches4 7#ac7 ,j4 ,a4 ,f4 asks3 #a4 ,what shall ,i paint my boiler and smoke stack with1 and where can ,i get the paint8 ,my engine is a thrashing engine1 and of course is out of doors during the fall of the year4 ,a4 ,get some black varnish made from petroleum1 from a dealer in machinists' supplies4 #b4 ,how shall ,i care for the boiler inside8 ,a4 ,leave the boiler perfectly dry1 unless you can coat the interior with oil4 #c4 ,what shall ,i do for the engine4 ,is it necessary to take the piston out of cylinder and oil it8 ,a4 ,if the engine is to stand for some time1 remove the piston1 coat it and the cylinder with tallow2 the same for the journals4 ,cover all finished parts of the engine with a mixture of white lead and tallow4 #d4 ,i find my steam gauge does not indicate less than #aj lbs4 when boiler is cold4 ,what is the trouble and how can it be repaired8 ,a4 ,in such a case it is best to send the gauge to a maker for repairs4 7#ad7 ,zebra wishes to know the best test of the genuineness of white lead2 also the simplest way to try the comparative value of two samples of ground white lead4 ,also the name of the best work to consult upon the manufacture of ,portland cement4 ,a4 ,see answer ,no4 #bi1 p4 #bhc1 current volume1 ,,scientific ,,american4 ,also pp4 #ajb-aje ,normandy and ,noad's ,commercial ,analysis4 ,the relative value of different samples of white lead in oil is roughly judged from the weight of a given measured quantity1 the covering properties when compared on glass with a sample of finest white lead1 and the color and general appearance of the sample4 ,you may consult ,reid's ,manufacture of ,portland ,cement4 7#ae7 ,j4 ,b4 ,b4 asks3 ,can ,i arrange an electric battery so as to heat a platinum wire for the purpose of cutting wood8 ,is it practicable8 ,a4 ,two or three ,bunsen cells will do it4 ,it is impracticable save as an experiment4 7#af7 ,d4 ,s4 ,m4 asks how to color butter to make it yellow1 without injuring it in any way4 ,a4 ,a little annotto is often used4 ,if pure1 it is not injurious4 7#ag7 ,h4 ,c4 ,m4 asks3 ,what substances are there that will absorb light during the day when exposed to light1 and give it out again at night8 ,a4 #a4 ,heat strontium theosulphate for fifteen minutes over a good ,bunsen gas lamp and then for #e minutes over a blast lamp4 #b4 ,heat equal parts of strontium carbonate and lac ,supt gently for #e minutes1 then strongly for #be minutes over a ,bunsen lamp1 and finally #e minutes over a blast lamp4 #c4 ,precipitate strong aqueous solution of strontium chloride by means of sulphuric acid1 dry the precipitate1 and heat it to redness for some time in a current of hydrogen1 then over a ,bunsen lamp for #aj minutes1 and for #bj minutes over a blast lamp4 ,mix any of these with pure melted paraffin for use as a paint1 and expose for a time to sunlight4 ,the two former yield a greenish phosphorescence in the dark1 the latter a bluish light4 7#ah7 ,z4 asks3 ,is the ,great ,african ,desert below the level of the sea1 and if so1 could it be made into an inland sea by flooding from the ocean8 ,a4 ,a considerable1 though relatively small1 portion of the ,sahara is below the sea level1 and the flooding of the lowest portion has been proposed4 ,the greater part of ,north ,africa lies at a higher level1 the exception being a chain of old lake beds or chotts on the border of ,algeria4 7#ai7 ,j4 ,p4 ,l4 asks3 ,how can ,i make a filter to cleanse rain water from smoke as it passes from the roof to the cistern8 ,the coal which is burned here 7bituminous7 gives us a great deal of trouble in this regard4 ,a4 ,the carbonaceous matters may be removed by passing the water through a large barrel half filled with fine gravel and pounded1 freshly-burnt charcoal 7free from dust71 distributed in alternate layers1 each several inches deep4 ,over this spread a clean piece of bagging1 and fill in with fine gravel or coarse clean quartz sand for #ab inches or more4 ,the inlet pipe should discharge at the bottom of the barrel--the filtered water flowing from the top4 7#bj7 ,f4 ,e4 ,h4 asks3 ,can percussion caps be so composed as to explode when pierced by a sharp pointed needle8 ,if so1 of what should they be composed8 ,a4 ,such an arrangement is employed in the needle gun4 ,the composition may be of mercuric fulminate4 7#ba7 ,c4 ,a4 ,n4 asks3 ,what is the horse power of an engine #cj inches stroke1 #ad inches cylinder1 #ea revolutions per minute1 #fj lbs4 mean pressure in cylinder8 ,a4 ,piston area #aec4id square inches4 ,piston speed #bee feet per minute4 ,indicated horse power #aec4id x #fj x #bee ----------------- #ga4d #cc1jjj 7#bb7 ,p4 ,o4 asks3 ,if ,i admit steam #ajj lbs4 pressure in a cylinder #ae x #bd inches1 and cut the steam off when piston has traveled #f inches1 what will be the pressure at #f inches1 #ab inches1 #ah inches1 and #bd inches1 or just before it exhausts8 ,a4 ,the pressure will vary about in the inverse ratio of the volume1 so that1 approximately1 vol4 of cylinder up to point of cut-off clearance vol4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- vol4 of cylinder at any point of expansion clearance vol4 pressure above zero1 at the given point4 ---------------------------------------- pressure above zero1 at point of cut-off4 7#bc7 ,h4 ,t4 ,s4 asks3 ,what size should ,i make the holes in the side of a fan wheel1 #bj inches in diameter8 ,also what size should the nozzle be8 ,a4 ,allow an opening of from #ag to #bj square inches at inlet and discharge4 7#bd7 ,e4 ,m4 ,d4 writes3 ,i am constructing a telephone according to directions in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #adb1 using a bar magnet in place of horseshoe magnet and soft iron core4 #a4 ,would it reduce the strength of bar magnet to cut a thread on one end of it8 ,a4 ,no4 #b4 ,will a bar magnet1 used in ,bell telephone1 lose its power to such a degree as not to work8 ,a4 ,not readily4 #c4 ,is ,no4 #bb copper wire of sufficient size for a telephone line of #a1jjj feet8 ,a4 ,yes2 but larger would be better4 7#be7 ,s4 ,y4 write3 ,we have a pair of burrs on which we grind plaster4 ,the burrs are about #d feet in diameter and #aa_/b foot thick4 ,we are running them as an over runner at this time1 but wish to change them and make the lower burr run instead of the upper4 ,can a pair of burrs of the above size be run in that way1 and if so1 what is the maximum speed at which they can be run8 ,a4 ,if properly arranged1 you can run them1 after the change1 as fast as is allowable for overrunning stones4 7#bf7 ,j4 ,j4 asks3 ,which tire makes a wheel the strongest1 #a4be x #j4ej inch iron1 or #a4be x #e_/af steel tire8 ,a4 ,the steel tire will be the strongest1 comparing good qualities of steel and iron4 7#bg7 ,e4 ,l4 ,w4 asks3 ,is a ton 7#b1jjj lbs47 of first class coke equal in heat giving power to a ton 7#b1jjj lbs47 of coal8 ,if not1 please give me the relative value of coke and coal in heat giving power8 ,a4 ,calling the evaporative power of good anthracite coal #a1 good bituminous coal rates at about #j4ib1 and coke from #j4hi to #j4ie4 7#bh7 ,j4 ,w4 ,s4 asks what to impregnate paper with to give it an agreeable smell while burning4 ,a4 ,you may try a strong ethereal or alcoholic solution of benzoin1 tolu1 storax1 olibanum or labdanum4 ,to burn well the paper should first be impregnated with an aqueous solution of niter and dried4 7#bi7 ,m4 ,g4 asks whether hydrogen and oxygen can be produced as rapidly and copiously in the decomposition of water by the galvanic battery as by the action of sulphuric acid on zinc or lead in the one case1 and by heating chlorate of potassa in the other4 ,a4 ,yes1 with a very powerful current4 7#cj7 ,t4 ,g4 ,h4 asks for names of useful treatises on mechanical movements4 ,a4 ,scientific ,american ,reference ,book1 and #ejg ,mechanical ,movements4 7#ca7 ,r4 ,b4 ,t4 writes3 ,we have just set up a new engine2 the cylinder is #h x #ab1 has a common slide valve4 ,we think the valve is too short2 it is set #j4abe inch open when on center1 takes steam #aj inches before cutting off2 the exhaust is very free4 ,the engine runs about #aaj revolutions per minute4 ,we think we could save steam by using a longer valve1 and cut-off about #e_/h stroke1 and make the exhaust space in the valve shorter1 so that it will shut in a portion of the exhaust and form a cushion for the piston4 ,about how much of the exhaust can we shut in without overdoing it8 ,a4 ,you can obtain a good action by making the ratio of compression equal to the ratio of expansion1 with the proviso that the final cushion pressure must not exceed the initial pressure4 7#cb7 ,d4 ,b4 ,l4 writes3 ,our boiler after being repaired was tested at #aaj lbs4 cold water pressure4 ,three days after it gave out where it was repaired at #eh lbs4 steam pressure4 ,to find the leak we put on #hj lbs4 cold water pressure1 and could not find it4 ,we then put steam pressure at #dj lbs41 which made the leak very great1 whereas with cold water pressure we could find none4 ,can you explain it8 ,a4 ,the phenomenon is probably due to the change of shape in the boiler when heated4 7#cc7 ,f4 ,c4 writes3 ,our engine is a plain slide valve engine1 #bd x #i1 steam following almost to end of stroke4 ,how shall ,i make a valve to cut off at #c_/d8 ,our exhaust now is #a inch1 steam ports #j4ge1 bridges #j4ge4 ,length of valve #da_/b inches1 cavity #b-c_/h1 travel of valve #b inches4 ,will ,i have to enlarge the steam chest2 the valve uses the whole length of it now8 ,a4 ,as the length and travel of valve must be increased1 it will be necessary to lengthen the steam chest1 unless you can apply an independent cut-off valve4 7#cd7 ,t4 ,p4 writes3 ,a small basement room #i feet high is to be heated by a furnace in an adjoining room4 ,by carrying the hot air pipe through the partition midway between the floor and the ceiling it will stand at an angle of about #de deg44 ,if carried through at the top of the room it will of course be nearer vertical4 ,in which position of the hot air pipe will the room be most easily heated8 ,a4 ,place the hot air pipe in the position first described4 ,take the cold air from a point near the floor through a flue opening above the roof4 7#ce7 ,g4 ,m4 ,p4 asks3 ,what is a good and cheap substitute for salt for raising the temperature of water to #bcj deg4 ,fah48 ,a4 ,an oil bath is often used instead4 ,chloride of calcium will answer as well as salt1 though not so cheap4 ,illustration3 ,right ,triangle--sides #ae1 #bj1 #be;ft4 7#cf7 ,j4 ,d4 reminds us of an old and good method of drawing a perpendicular to a straight line for the purpose of squaring foundations1 etc4 ,from the corner of the foundation take two lines respectively #ae and #bj feet1 and connect them by a line of #be feet2 the angle included between the two shorter lines will be a right angle4 ,the numbers #c1 #d1 #e1 or1 as in the present case1 their multiples #ae1 #bj1 #be1 are taken to measure respectively the perpendicular1 base1 and slant side of the triangle4 ,it is obvious that any scale may be used so long as the ratio of #c1 #d1 #e1 is observed4 7#cg7 ,j4 ,h4 asks what kind of iron to use in making cast iron armatures4 ,a4 ,soft gray iron4 7#ch7 ,f4 ,h4 ,c4 asks3 ,how can ,i etch cheaply on glass to imitate ground figures or transparent figures on a ground background8 ,a4 ,for this purpose the sand blast is now generally used2 the glass is covered with a film of wax or varnish1 through which1 with suitable needles or gravers1 is etched the design2 a fine sharp silicious sand impelled by a current of air is then directed from a suitable jet over the prepared surface1 and the etching is accomplished in a few minutes4 ,glass is etched also by hydrofluoric acid2 the plate may be prepared as for the sand blast1 and placed face downwards over a shallow leaden tray1 containing powdered fluorspar moistened with strong oil of vitriol and gently warmed2 the gaseous hydrofluoric acid given off rapidly etches the portions of the glass not protected by the wax or varnish4 ,hydrofluoric acid should be used with great care4 7#ci7 ,l4 ,h4 writes3 ,i have seen it asserted that the parasites that infest the ,asiatic tiger's paw are an exact miniature image of itself4 ,is this so8 ,a4 ,no4 7#dj7 ,j4 ,g4 ,b4 asks if there is any way of melting brass in a common sand crucible for castings of a pound or so in weight for a small engine4 ,a4 ,you may melt small quantities of brass in any common stove having a good draught1 using a coal fire4 ,you may use borax as a flux4 7#da7 ,f4 ,co4 ask3 #a4 ,in making a telephone as described in ,figs4 #d and #e1 ,,supplement #adb1 must the diaphragm be entirely free1 or can it be punched and the screws which secure the flange pass through it8 ,a4 ,the diaphragm should not be punched4 #b4 ,in new form of telephone in ,no #bj1 current volume1 must there be a battery in the circuit1 or is the telephone sufficient to work it8 ,a4 ,a battery is required4 7#db7 ,j4 ,m4 ,b4 asks3 ,what will prevent the hair from falling out8 ,a4 ,keep the pores of the skin open by frequent bathing and change of underclothing4 ,bathe the head with clean soft water1 and stimulate the scalp with a moderately stiff brush morning and evening4 ,the head should be occasionally cleansed with a weak solution of glycerin soap in dilute spirit of wine1 with care to remove all traces of soap from the hair4 ,use no pomades or oils of any kind4 7#dc7 ,b4 ,h4 ,p4 asks 7#a7 how to make malleable iron1 such as used in wrenches4 ,a4 ,malleable iron castings are made from mottled iron4 ,they are cleaned by tumbling and then packed in iron boxes with alternating layers of rolling mill scale4 ,the boxes are carefully luted and packed in an annealing furnace1 where they are kept at a white heat for a week or more1 and then allowed to cool gradually4 #b4 ,how is steel or iron made to adhere to the face of the jaws of the wrench8 ,a4 ,by welding4 7#dd7 ,j4 ,g4 ,e4 asks3 ,what is the highest column of water that can be raised from a well by means of a siphon pump with #fj lbs4 steam1 likewise a #a inch column of water with #fj lbs4 steam8 ,a4 ,lift1 from #bf to #bg feet4 7#de7 ,w4 ,h4 ,w4 asks3 #a4 ,is there any solution excepting rubber that will make cloth thoroughly waterproof1 or at least withstand the attack of water for an hour or so8 ,it should be applied by dipping the cloth in the solution4 ,a4 ,linseed oil boiled with a little wax and litharge is useful for some purposes4 ,cloth prepared with paraffin1 balata gum1 the gum of the asclet pias or milkweed1 naphtha solution of the dried pulp of the bamboo berry1 anhydrous aluminum soaps 7see pp4 #adi and #aei1 ,science ,record1 #ahgd71 are also employed4 #b4 ,is there any chemical that could be combined with the solution1 imparting some property to the same for which rats or mice would have an antipathy so as to prevent their attacks8 ,a4 ,a trace of phenol will generally suffice4 7#df7 ,j4 ,l4 asks3 ,is the balata gum softened by animal oils or fat8 ,a4 ,yes4 7#dg7 ,p4 ,l4 ,w4 asks4 ,what distance would a #ajj lb4 weight have to fall to run a sewing machine for #e hours8 ,a4 ,for an ordinary family sewing machine1 requiring about one thirtieth of a horse power1 the weight would have to fall about #c1cjj feet in the #e hours4 7#dh7 ,w4 ,g4 ,r4 asks3 #a4 ,what is the valve yoke of a steam engine8 ,a4 ,we presume you refer to the rectangular yoke that receives the back of the valve in the class of engines having balanced valves4 #b4 ,what should be the diameter of the bore of an engine of #a horse power with #ajj lbs4 pressure1 also the length of stroke8 ,a4 ,diameter1 #bc_/d inches2 stroke1 #da_/b inches4 #c4 ,how are the back gears of a lathe made so as to be thrown out of gear when it is wished to use the lathe at a high speed8 ,a4 ,ordinarily by a cam and lever1 or tight and loose joint4 #d4 ,would #a_/fd of an inch thickness of sheet steel be strong enough for the boiler of a small model locomotive8 ,how much pressure would it stand to the inch8 ,a4 ,if the diameter does not exceed #c inches1 you can carry a pressure of from #ej to #fj lbs4 per square inch4 7#di7 ,j4 ,w4 ,w4 asks3 ,which will stand the most pressure1 a piece of round iron #a inch long and #a inch in diameter1 or a piece of gas pipe the same dimensions1 both being set upon end8 ,a4 ,the round iron4 7#ej7 ,w4 ,m4 ,b4 writes3 #a4 ,i have one eighth inch basswood1 cherry1 butternut and walnut4 ,which do you advise for the sounding board of a microphone and ,hughes telephone8 ,a4 ,either will do1 but pine or spruce is better4 #b4 ,would a glazed earthen jar do for the outside of battery described in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1 ,no4 #adi8 ,a4 ,yes4 #c4 ,could ,i make insulated wire myself8 ,if so1 how8 ,a4 ,wire may be insulated by giving it a coat of shellac varnish and allowing it to become dry and nearly hard before winding4 7#ea7 ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 asks how to satin finish tubing like sample sent4 ,a4 ,the specimen has been electro-plated with silver in the usual manner1 and the electric current then reversed for a few moments1 thus redissolving a portion of the plate1 the remainder presenting the peculiar satin like luster4 7#eb7 ,s4 ,w4 ,c4 asks3 ,has carbon for telephone purposes ever been made by subjecting the black deposited by a flame to a heavy pressure8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,edison's carbons are made in this manner4 7#ec7 ,hardware asks3 #a4 ,where is best to take hot air in a room1 at register near ceiling or in floor8 ,a4 ,at or near the floor4 #b4 ,where is best place to have ventilation1 near floor or near ceiling8 ,a4 ,if connected with a flue having a good draught it should be near the floor4 7#ed7 ,r4 ,w4 ,j4 asks3 ,what causes the cracking noise in the pipes of a steam heating apparatus1 when a fire has been started to warm up the building8 ,is it the water in the pipes made by condensed steam1 or is it the expansion of the pipes from being heated8 ,a4 ,the noise is due to both causes in some degree1 but principally to the water1 which produces violent blows4 7#ee7 ,c4 ,n4 ,a4 asks how to temper steel tools for working on stone or similar work4 ,there is some preparation which is put in water which accomplishes the purpose when the steel is heated and plunged in4 ,a4 ,heat the tools to a cherry red1 and plunge in clean1 moderately cool water4 ,a little common salt is sometimes added to the water4 7#ef7 ,g4 ,b4 asks3 #a4 ,is the height to which water is raised by a hydraulic ram measured from the ram itself or from the spring from which the supply comes8 ,a4 ,from the ram4 #b4 ,can a hydraulic ram be constructed to discharge #a1jjj gallons of water per minute8 ,a4 ,yes4 7#eg7 ,l4 ,d4 writes that benzine will answer much better to exterminate roaches1 moths1 etc41 than anything else4 ,it will not hurt furniture in the least1 will evaporate1 and can be easily applied4 ,,minerals1 ,,etc4--,specimens have been received from the following correspondents1 and examined1 with the results stated3 ,m4 ,b4 ,w4--,no4 #a is a silicious clay--it might be useful in the manufacture of some grades of pottery1 etc4 ,no4 #b is a ferruginous shale--contains about #hj per cent4 of silica and #aj per cent4 of alumina1 besides lime1 magnesia1 iron oxide1 and water4--,w4 ,s4--,it is fibrous talc--talc of good quality is in considerable demand for paper making and other purposes4--,w4 ,g4 ,h4--,the sand contains no precious metal--the glittering particles are mica4--,s4 ,f4--,the specimen you send consists of a mass of the long hairs which have been attached to the seeds of the milkweed 7asclepias71 or1 as it is sometimes called1 from the silky nature of these appendages1 silkweed4 ,we believe that this material is put to no other economic use at present than that of a filling for cushions and pillows4 ,the beauty of this silk like down long ago attracted attention1 and many unsuccessful attempts have been made to put it to some practical use in the arts2 but1 as you have probably noticed1 the hairs are both brittle and weak1 and an examination with a lens will show that it wants the roughness and angularity necessary to fit it for being spun like other fibers4 ,it has1 however1 been mixed with cotton and woven into fabrics having a silky luster and capable of taking brilliant dyes1 but the manufacture has never been prosecuted4 ,the plants1 though widely distributed over the ,united ,states1 and quite common1 are nevertheless not abundant enough in a wild state to afford much of a supply1 and we believe no experiments have been made in cultivating them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any numbers of the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement referred to in these columns may be had at this office4 ,price #aj cents each4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,communications ,,received4 ,the ,editor of the ,,scientific ,,american acknowledges with much pleasure the receipt of original papers and contributions on the following subjects3 ,manufacture of ,porous ,cups for ,tyndall ,grove ,battery4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,s4 ,cylinder ,condensation4 ,by ,f4 ,f4 ,h4 ,sawdust4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,m4 ,keely ,motor4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,firing4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,a4 ,steam ,launches4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hints ,,to ,,correspondents4 ,we renew our request that correspondents1 in referring to former answers or articles1 will be kind enough to name the date of the paper and the page1 or the number of the question4 ,many of our correspondents make inquiries which cannot properly be answered in these columns4 ,such inquiries1 if signed by initials only1 are liable to be cast into the waste basket4 ,persons desiring special information which is purely of a personal character1 and not of general interest1 should remit from #a to #e1 according to the subject1 as we cannot be expected to spend time and labor to obtain such information without remuneration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,english ,patents ,issued to ,americans4 ,from ,november #h to ,november #ab1 inclusive4 ,electric light4--,t4 ,a4 ,edison1 ,menlo ,park1 ,n4 ,j4 ,feed water apparatus4--,s4 ,j4 ,hayes et al41-------4 ,pipe1 manufacture of4--,w4 ,radde1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,potato digger4--,l4 ,a4 ,aspinwall1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,refrigerator4--,j4 ,a4 ,whitney1 ,n4 ,y4 city4 ,screw cutting machinery4--,c4 ,d4 ,rogers1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 ,sewing machine4--,wilson ,sewing ,machine ,company1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,wire machinery4--,c4 ,d4 ,rogers1 ,providence1 ,r4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,official4 ,,index ,,of ,,inventions ,,for ,,which ,letters ,patent of the ,united ,states were ,granted in the ,week ,ending ,october #ae1 #ahgh1 ,,and ,,each ,,bearing ,,that ,,date4 ,those marked 7r7 are reissued patents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a complete copy of any patent in the annexed list1 including both the specifications and drawings1 will be furnished from this office for one dollar4 ,in ordering1 please state the number and date of the patent desired1 and remit to ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,animal trap1 ,b4 ,h4 ,noelting #bji1jfh ,axle box1 car1 ,j4 ,n4 ,smith #bjh1iic ,axle skein1 vehicle1 ,l4 ,a4 ,winchester #bji1jif ,ballot box1 ,w4 ,l4 ,barnes #bjh1iea ,bed bottom1 ,f4 ,w4 ,mitchell #bjh1iag ,bed bottom1 spring1 ,h4 ,pitcher #bjh1ihg ,bed lounge1 ,h4 ,s4 ,carter #bji1jai ,bed1 spring1 ,a4 ,j4 ,lattin #bjh1igi ,bedstead fastening1 ,l4 ,p4 ,clark #bji1jbb ,boilers1 low water alarm for steam1 ,g4 ,h4 ,crosby #bjh1ifb ,boot and shoe counter support1 etc41 ,j4 ,wissen #bjh1idc ,bootjack1 ,c4 ,tyson #bji1jia ,brake1 vacuum1 ,f4 ,w4 ,eames #bjh1hie ,bran scourer1 ,r4 ,tyson #bji1jib ,broom1 ,m4 ,t4 ,boult #bji1jag ,brush1 ,a4 ,c4 ,estabrook #bjh1hih ,camera1 ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,cadett #bjh1ief ,can1 ,e4 ,norton #bji1jgj ,can1 metallic1 ,j4 ,broughton #bji1jji ,can1 oil1 ,a4 ,e4 ,gardner #bji1jcg ,can1 sheet metal1 ,a4 ,n4 ,lapierre #bji1jfj ,car bumper1 ,s4 ,m4 ,cummings 7r7 #h1ddh ,car coupling1 ,j4 ,simmons #bjh1icd ,car draw bar attachment1 railway1 ,j4 ,h4 ,smitt #bjh1iid ,car journal box1 ,f4 ,m4 ,alexander #bjh1idg ,car running gear1 railway1 ,j4 ,c4 ,weaver #bji1jic ,cars1 dust deflector for1 ,morgan ,gilleland #bji1jff ,carbureter1 air1 ,g4 ,reznor #bji1jgf ,carriage1 ,c4 ,h4 ,palmer1 ,jr4 #bjh1ibc ,carriage seats1 corner iron for1 ,l4 ,emerson #bjh1iga ,carriage top standard1 ,f4 ,w4 ,whitney #bji1jig ,cartridge loading machine1 ,g4 ,s4 ,slocum #bjh1ice ,cartridges1 machine for gauging1 ,j4 ,h4 ,gill #bjh1ijc ,casting andirons1 mould for1 ,s4 ,e4 ,jones #bji1jed ,casting temple rollers1 mould for1 ,j4 ,b4 ,stamour #bjh1iig ,chair for children1 high1 ,j4 ,nichols 7r7 #h1ded ,chair1 reclining1 ,n4 ,n4 ,horton #bjh1ijg ,chalk1 sharpener for tailor's1 ,j4 ,butcher #bjh1iee ,churn1 ,j4 ,h4 ,folliott #bji1jcc ,churn1 reciprocating1 ,l4 ,b4 ,wilson #bjh1ida ,clasp1 ,t4 ,p4 ,taylor #bjh1iih ,clock striking attachment1 ,d4 ,c4 ,wolf #bji1jih ,cock1 steam1 ,g4 ,h4 ,crosby #bjh1ifa ,coin holder1 ,c4 ,h4 ,carpenter #bjh1ieh ,coin holder1 ,b4 ,mc,govern #bjh1ihd ,coin measure1 ,c4 ,h4 ,fuller #bjh1ijb ,coke oven1 ,w4 ,h4 ,rosewarne #bjh1icj ,combing machine1 ,rushton ,macqueen #bjh1iia ,cooler and filter1 water1 ,j4 ,c4 ,jewett #bjh1iji ,cooler1 water1 ,g4 ,w4 ,malpass #bjh1iac ,cotton gin1 ,j4 ,b4 ,hull #bji1jdi ,crucible machine1 ,j4 ,c4 ,clime #bjh1ifj ,cultivator1 ,j4 ,c4 ,bean #bji1jje ,cultivator1 ,b4 ,h4 ,cross #bjh1ifd ,cultivator1 ,c4 ,nash #bjh1iba ,dental foil package1 ,r4 ,s4 ,williams #bji1jjb ,dental plugger1 ,w4 ,g4 ,a4 ,bonwill #bji1jjf ,desk1 ,h4 ,e4 ,moon #bjh1iai ,doffer combs1 operator for1 ,e4 ,wright #bjh1idf ,draught equalizer1 ,l4 ,o4 ,brekke #bji1jjg ,dredging machine1 ,j4 ,b4 ,eads #bjh1hid ,drill cleaner1 grain1 ,j4 ,w4 ,lucas #bjh1ihb ,dummy1 ,h4 ,h4 ,baker #bjh1hha ,ear ring1 ,w4 ,p4 ,dolloff #bjh1ifh ,electric machine1 dynamo1 ,e4 ,weston #bji1jid ,elevator1 windlass water1 ,j4 ,knipscheer #bji1jeg ,end gate fastening1 ,f4 ,rock #bjh1ibh ,evaporator1 fruit and vegetable1 ,j4 ,w4 ,powers #bjh1ibe ,excavating machine1 ,j4 ,t4 ,dougine #bjh1hic ,exercising machine1 ,w4 ,j4 ,o4 ,bryon1 ,jr4 #bjh1ied ,exhaust nozzle1 ,n4 ,j4 ,white #bjh1ici ,fabric cutter1 ,muehling ,davis #bjh1ibj ,feathers for dusters1 ,g4 ,m4 ,richmond #bji1jhj ,fence1 ,j4 ,williams #bji1jie ,fence1 picket1 ,terry ,w4 ,w4 ,green1 ,jr4 #bji1jhi ,firearm1 breech-loading1 ,h4 ,c4 ,bull #bji1jaj ,firearm1 breech-loading1 ,j4 ,d4 ,coon #bjh1hhi ,fire escape1 ,v4 ,wohlmann #bjh1idd ,firekindler1 ,t4 ,m4 ,benner #bjh1hhb ,firekindler1 ,e4 ,j4 ,norris #bji1jfi ,fluting machine1 ,c4 ,g4 ,cabell 7r7 #h1dec ,fork1 ,w4 ,h4 ,kretsinger #bji1jeh ,fuel compressor1 ,w4 ,h4 ,rosewarne #bjh1ibi ,gas burner1 pressure governing1 ,j4 ,n4 ,chamberlain #bji1jba ,gas burners1 apparatus for1 ,a4 ,l4 ,bogart #bji1jaf ,gate1 ,c4 ,d4 ,i4 ,haldeman #bji1jdj ,gate1 ,j4 ,s4 ,henshaw #bjh1igf ,gate1 ,nason ,wilson 7r7 #h1def ,grain binder1 ,m4 ,a4 ,keller #bji1jei ,grain separator1 ,g4 ,w4 ,earhart #bjh1hif ,gun1 air1 ,b4 ,t4 ,babbitt #bji1jad ,harness1 neck yoke attachment for1 ,j4 ,s4 ,nelson #bjh1ibb ,harrow1 sulky1 ,s4 ,c4 ,dix #bji1jbh ,harvester rake1 ,j4 ,barnes #bjh1iej ,harvester reel1 ,hodges ,mohler #bji1jdg ,head light1 locomotive1 ,e4 ,l4 ,hall #bji1jda ,heels1 turner for wooden1 ,prenot ,marchal #bjh1ihi ,hide and skin dresser1 ,c4 ,molinier #bjh1iah ,hitching post1 ,thomas ,knox #bji1jij ,hoe4 ,t4 ,weiss #bji1jjj ,hog cholera compound1 ,m4 ,hemmingway #bjh1ige ,horse collar1 ,j4 ,j4 ,crowley #bji1jbe ,horse power1 ,c4 ,h4 ,baker #bjh1idh ,horsepower1 ,a4 ,b4 ,farquhar #bji1jcb ,horse toe weight1 ,j4 ,w4 ,bopp #bjh1ibg ,ice1 manufacturing1 ,a4 ,albertson 7r7 #h1dee ,indicator1 water level1 ,e4 ,jerome #bji1jeb ,journal1 ,r4 ,macdonald #bjh1ihc ,journal bearing1 ,w4 ,w4 ,smalley #bji1jhd ,knife1 chopping1 ,w4 ,millspaugh #bji1jfe ,knob attachment1 door1 ,j4 ,f4 ,peacock #bjh1ibd ,lamp holder1 ,a4 ,a4 ,noyes #bji1jga ,lamp bowl1 ,f4 ,rhind #bji1jgg ,lamp chimney1 nursery1 ,e4 ,mecier #bjh1iaf ,lamp1 miner's1 ,w4 ,roberts #bji1jhb ,lamp1 self-extinguishing1 ,f4 ,rhind #bji1jgh ,lantern1 ,j4 ,h4 ,irwin #bji1jea ,lantern1 signal4 ,h4 ,e4 ,pond 7r7 #h1deg ,latch1 ,b4 ,w4 ,foster #bji1jcd ,lathe for turning regular forms1 ,e4 ,a4 ,marsh #bji1jfd ,lead1 refining1 impure1 ,n4 ,s4 ,keith #bji1jef ,leather skiving machine1 ,m4 ,m4 ,clough #bjh1iei ,leather splitting machine1 ,a4 ,e4 ,whitney #bji1jja ,loom temple1 ,j4 ,b4 ,stamour #bji1aja ,lubricator1 ,n4 ,seibert #bjh1icb ,lubricator1 steam cylinder1 ,n4 ,seibert #bjh1ica ,marble1 slate1 etc41 ornamenting1 ,w4 ,k4 ,lorenz #bji1jfb ,match dipping machine1 ,a4 ,r4 ,sprout #bjh1iif ,meter1 steam diaphragm1 ,c4 ,holly #bji1jdh ,middlings bolt1 ,m4 ,inskeep #bji1jej ,middlings separator1 ,g4 ,t4 ,smith4 #bjh1icf ,musical instrument1 ,e4 ,p4 ,needham 7r7 #h1dea ,musical string instruments1 key for1 ,f4 ,z4 ,nicolier #bjh1ihe ,needle1 ,j4 ,burrows #bji1jah ,oat meal machine1 ,eberhard ,turner #bjh1igj ,ordnance1 operating heavy1 ,h4 ,c4 ,bull #bji1jaa ,ore separator1 ,p4 ,plant #bji1jgd ,oven1 hot blast1 ,miles ,burghardt #bjh1iae ,package wrapper1 ,g4 ,v4 ,hecker #bji1jdd ,packing for piston rods1 metallic1 ,m4 ,h4 ,gerry #bjh1igc ,pan cover1 milk1 ,c4 ,c4 ,fairlamb #bjh1ijj ,paper feeding apparatus1 ,f4 ,h4 ,lauten #bjh1ihj ,paper making machines1 box for1 ,c4 ,young #bji1jjc ,paper pulp1 reducing wood to1 ,cornell ,tollner #bjh1hij ,peach parer1 ,w4 ,s4 ,plummer #bjh1ihh ,pen1 puncturing1 ,j4 ,m4 ,griest #bjh1ije ,pessary1 medicated1 ,t4 ,n4 ,berlin #bjh1hhc ,pipe1 smoking1 ,w4 ,h4 ,caddy #bjh1hhf ,planter1 corn1 ,brigham ,flenniken #bjh1hhe ,planter1 grain1 ,c4 ,e4 ,mc,bonn #bjh1iad ,planter1 seed1 ,g4 ,a4 ,woods #bjh1ide ,plaster bandages1 making1 ,c4 ,g4 ,hill #bji1jde ,plow1 ,c4 ,myers #bji1jfg ,plow and harrow attachment1 shovel1 ,a4 ,heartsill #bji1jdc ,plow and harrow1 ,w4 ,g4 ,himrod #bji1jdf ,plow clevis1 ,h4 ,estes #bjh1hii ,plow1 hillside1 shovel1 and subsoil1 ,e4 ,tate #bji1jhh ,plow1 sulky1 ,f4 ,h4 ,isaacs #bjh1igh ,press1 cotton and hay1 ,tappey ,steel #bji1jhg ,printing and painting machine1 ,o4 ,currier #bjh1hib ,printing1 photo-mechanical1 ,m4 ,r4 ,freeman #bji1jcf ,propelling vessels1 ,p4 ,boisset #bjh1ieb ,pulleys to wheels1 engaging1 ,blake ,davis #bjh1hhd ,pump1 ,s4 ,stucky #bji1jhf ,pump1 double acting lift1 ,dean ,pike #bji1jbg ,rafter1 ,f4 ,m4 ,covert #bji1jbd ,railway rails1 muffling1 ,a4 ,atwood #bjh1hhj ,railway signal1 ,c4 ,e4 ,hanscom #bji1jdb ,railway signal1 electro-magnetic1 ,h4 ,w4 ,spang #bjh1iie ,railway track1 ,b4 ,f4 ,card #bjh1ieg ,rake1 horse hay1 ,w4 ,adriance #bji1jjd ,rolling mills1 bearing for1 ,s4 ,w4 ,baldwin #bjh1idi ,roofs1 attaching slates to1 ,s4 ,farquhar #bji1jca ,rope holding reel1 ,c4 ,n4 ,cass #bji1jbj ,rosettes from wood1 making1 ,j4 ,h4 ,burnshow #bci1jab ,seal1 baggage1 ,e4 ,j4 ,brooks #bjh1iec ,seal1 metallic1 ,e4 ,j4 ,brooks #bji1jjh ,seeding machine1 ,s4 ,o4 ,campbell #bjh1hhg ,sewing machine1 ,c4 ,s4 ,cushman #bji1jbf ,sewing machine1 ,j4 ,a4 ,davis #bjh1ifg ,sewing machine1 ,l4 ,evans #bji1jcj ,sewing machine1 book1 ,j4 ,s4 ,lever #bji1jfa ,sewing machine1 hem stitching1 ,j4 ,a4 ,lakin #bjh1iaa ,sewing machine tuck marker1 ,g4 ,rehfuss #bji1jge ,shaft and pulley coupling1 ,h4 ,c4 ,crowell #bjh1ife ,shears1 metal1 ,w4 ,g4 ,collins #bjh1hhh ,ships unloading grain from ,w4 ,stanton 7r7 #h1deb ,shoe1 ,j4 ,f4 ,emerson #bjh1hig ,shutter bower1 ,t4 ,thorn #bjh1icg ,shutter worker1 ,w4 ,jones #bji1jee ,sign1 ,w4 ,gulden #bjh1igd ,sinks1 measuring and weighing1 ,d4 ,t4 ,winter #bjh1idb ,sled1 stone and log1 ,w4 ,gregg #bji1jci ,sleigh1 propeller1 ,r4 ,schluter #bji1jhc ,spittoon1 ,t4 ,loughran #bjh1iha ,spring1 car1 ,g4 ,f4 ,godley #bjh1ijd ,spring1 vehicle1 ,e4 ,chamberlin 7r7 #h1ddi1 #h1dej ,spring1 vehicle1 ,c4 ,w4 ,fillmore #bjh1ija ,spring1 vehicle1 ,h4 ,r4 ,huie #bjh1igg ,steamer1 feed1 ,machamer ,mc,culloch #bji1jfc ,stirrup1 saddle1 ,j4 ,m4 ,freeman #bjh1igb ,stove board1 ,a4 ,c4 ,stoessiger #bji1jhe ,stove cover and check damper1 ,h4 ,ritter #bji1jha ,stove pipe shelf1 ,l4 ,w4 ,turner #bjh1ich ,stoves1 foot bar and rail for1 ,j4 ,jewett #bji1jec ,stoves1 hood for cooking1 ,s4 ,cromer #bjh1hia ,stump puller4 ,w4 ,a4 ,webb #bjh1iii ,sugar1 manufacture of hard1 ,j4 ,o4 ,donner #bji1jbi ,switch cords1 tip for1 ,t4 ,b4 ,doolittle #bjh1ifi ,table folding1 ,r4 ,m4 ,lambie #bjh1iab ,tablet1 writing1 ,w4 ,o4 ,davis #bjh1iff ,target1 ,w4 ,kuhn #bjh1iaj ,ticket1 passenger1 ,a4 ,c4 ,sheldon #bjh1icc ,ticket-reel4 ,t4 ,d4 ,haehnlen #bjh1ijf ,toy money box ,j4 ,gerard #bji1jch ,treadle power1 ,i4 ,m4 ,rhodes #bji1jgi ,turbines1 steam and other1 ,p4 ,c4 ,humblot #bjh1ijh ,valve1 ,j4 ,patterson #bjh1ihf ,valve1 feed water regulating1 ,e4 ,c4 ,da ,silva #bjh1iib ,valve gear1 steam engine1 ,j4 ,butcher #bji1jac ,ventilator1 ,t4 ,owens #bji1jgb ,wagon jack1 ,w4 ,b4 ,bartram #bji1jae ,wagon jack1 ,williams ,dodge #bjh1idj ,washing machine1 ,d4 ,coman #bji1jbc ,washing machine1 ,a4 ,r4 ,fowler #bji1jce ,washing machine1 ,f4 ,f4 ,reynolds #bjh1iij ,water gauge1 ,g4 ,h4 ,crosby #bjh1ifc ,weighing apparatus1 ,j4 ,h4 ,wright #bji1jii ,window1 ,a4 ,k4 ,phillips #bji1jgc ,window frame1 ,c4 ,rebhun #bjh1ibf ,wreaths1 machine for twining1 ,g4 ,b4 ,shepard #bji1ajj ,,trade ,,marks4 ,cigars1 cigarettes1 etc41 ,e4 ,hilson #f1gbf ,cigars1 etc41 ,engelbrecht ,fox ,co4 #f1gbd1 #f1gbe ,disinfecting compound1 ,hance ,bros4 ,white #f1gah ,gin1 ,hoffheimer ,brothers #f1gbi ,lamp chimneys1 ,norcross1 ,mellen ,co4 #f1gcj ,liquid cements4 ,w4 ,h4 ,sanger #f1gca ,malt extract1 ,tarrant ,co4 #f1gbb ,matches1 ,j4 ,eaton ,son #f1gbg ,mustard and spices1 ,h4 ,b4 ,sherman #f1gbj1 #f1gba ,perfumery1 ,j4 ,t4 ,lanman #f1gai ,playing cards1 ,the ,n4 ,y4 ,consolidated ,card ,co4 #f1gbc ,smoking tobacco1 ,h4 ,w4 ,meyer #f1gbh ,wash blue1 ,f4 ,damcke #f1gaa ,,designs4 ,carpet1 ,c4 ,magee #aj1hgj ,cigar boxes1 ,weller ,repetti #aj1hga ,font of printing types1 ,j4 ,m4 ,conner #aj1hfh ,group of statuary1 ,j4 ,rogers #aj1hfi ,handkerchiefs1 ,j4 ,grimshaw #aj1hff1 #aj1hfg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,export ,,edition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,published ,,monthly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition is a large and ,,splendid ,,periodical1 issued once a month1 forming a complete and interesting ,monthly ,record of all ,progress in ,science and the ,useful ,arts throughout the ,world4 ,each number contains about ,,one ,,hundred ,,large ,,quarto ,,pages1 profusely illustrated1 embracing3 7#a47 ,most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the ,,scientific ,,american1 with its ,,splendid ,,engravings ,,and ,,valuable ,,information4 7#b47 ,prices ,current1 ,commercial1 ,trade1 and ,manufacturing ,announcements of ,leading ,houses4 ,in connection with these ,announcements many of the ,principal ,articles of ,american ,manufacture are exhibited to the eye of the reader by means of ,,splendid ,,engravings4 ,this is by far the most satisfactory and superior ,export ,journal ever brought before the public4 ,terms for ,export ,edition1 ,,five ,,dollars ,a ,,year1 sent prepaid to any part of the world4 ,single copies1 #ej cents4 ,for sale at this office4 ,to be had at all ,news and ,book ,stores throughout the country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,now ,,ready4 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,export ,,edition ,,for ,,november1 #ahgh1 ,,with ,,one ,,hundred ,,illustrations4 ,,general ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,of the ,,scientific ,,american ,export ,edition for ,november1 #ahgh4 ,i4--,,inventions1 ,,discoveries ,,and ,,patents4 ,the ,incoming ,commissioner of ,patents4 ,a ,south ,australian ,offer for an ,improvement4 ,the ,forster-,firmin ,amalgamator4 ,three engravings4 ,lyman's ,trigonometer4 ,one figure4 ,patent ,law4 ,the ,benefits of ,patent ,rights4 ,hop ,picking by ,machinery4 ,description of ,recent ,most ,important ,agricultural ,inventions4 ,displays of ,ingenuity at the ,boston ,mechanics ,fair4 ,description of ,recent ,most ,important ,mechanical ,inventions4 ,new ,wilson ,oscillating ,sewing ,machine4 ,seven figs4 ,a ,nail ,gun4 ,who will ,invent a ,satisfactory ,milking ,machine8 ,the ,hermetical ,sanitary ,closet4 ,one engraving4 ,new ,refrigerator ,basket4 ,two engravings4 ,new ,fireproof ,shutter4 ,one engraving4 ,inventors ,needed in ,england4 ,new ,foot ,power4 ,one engraving4 ,new ,wool ,scouring and ,rinsing ,machine4 ,one eng4 ,new ,measuring ,jacket4 ,three engravings4 ,new ,rheostat4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,paris ,international ,patent ,congress4 ,patent ,rights1 and ,who ,oppose ,them4 ,new ,gas ,regulator4 ,three engravings4 ,combined ,traction ,engine and ,steam ,fire ,engine4 ,one engraving4 ,van ,renne's ,caloric ,engine and ,pump4 ,three engs4 ,the ,watson ,pump4 ,one engraving4 ,the ,swedish ,buckeye ,machine4 ,pipe ,wrench and ,cutter4 ,two engravings4 ,drilling ,square ,holes4 ,four figures4 ,description of ,recent ,most ,important ,engineering ,inventions4 ,new ,mortising ,machine4 ,one engraving4 ,new ,steam ,fire ,engine4 ,one engraving4 ,new ,bank ,note ,paper ,wanted4 ,the ,proposed ,addition to the ,patent ,office4 ,two engravings4 ,a ,year's ,work in the ,patent ,office4 ,new ,rule in ,trade ,mark ,cases4 ,electric ,light in ,chancery4 ,novel ,egg ,opener4 ,two engravings4 ,patents for ,protecting the ,dead4 ,electric ,light ,patents4 ,a ,new ,platen ,gauge4 ,four engravings4 ,new ,draughting ,pencil4 ,two engravings4 ,gas and ,water-tight ,cloth4 ,new ,regulator for ,clock ,pendulums4 ,two engs4 ,steam ,engine ,governor4 ,one engraving4 ,description of ,recent ,most ,important ,miscellaneous ,inventions4 ,notices of ,new ,inventions4 ,patent ,office ,library4 ,,ii4--,,mechanics ,,and ,,engineering4 ,chard's ,lubricene and ,cups4 ,the ,electric ,light and the ,gas ,companies4 ,fuel ,gas4 ,new ,ways to ,use ,iron ,wanted4 ,progress and ,prospects of the ,east ,river ,bridge4 ,two engravings4 ,a ,steam ,tricycle4 ,new ,artesian ,well1 ,victoria1 ,spain4 ,a ,long ,train4 ,how a ,good ,house ,should be ,built4 ,jetties ,under ,water4 ,how the ,capitol at ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 is to be ,warmed and ,ventilated4 ,what a ,perfect ,railway ,brake ,should do4 ,the ,secret of ,it4 ,florida ,ship ,canal4 ,the ,torpedo ,vessel ,destroyer4 ,one illustration4 ,steam from ,petroleum4 ,the ,motion of a ,wagon ,wheel4 ,building in ,steel4 ,locomotive for the ,metropolitan ,elevated ,railway4 ,one illustration4 ,the ,french ,dam ,below ,pittsburg1 ,ohio4 ,the ,adelphi ,explosion4 ,forney ,locomotive for the ,new ,york ,elevated ,railway4 ,one large engraving4 ,the ,steam ,value of ,oil ,fuels4 ,the ,mechanical and other ,properties of ,iron and ,mild ,steel4 ,french ,wheelbarrows4 ,twenty-five engravings4 ,small ,steamboats4 ,life ,preservers4 ,a ,gas ,clock4 ,another ,mountain ,railway4 ,preservation of ,iron4 ,the ,salisbury ,furnace for ,petroleum4 ,danger from ,lubricating ,oils4 ,the ,testing of ,boiler ,iron4 ,tramway ,rail ,experiments4 ,two engravings4 ,aluminum and ,platinum in the ,manufacture of ,watches4 ,great ,machine ,tool ,makers4 ,gas as a ,substitute for ,solid ,fuel4 ,,iii4--,,mining ,,and ,,metallurgy4 ,the ,formation of ,quartz4 ,depth of ,nevada ,gold and ,silver ,mines4 ,california ,mining vs4 ,farming4 ,new ,form of ,iron ,manufacture4 ,comstock ,silver ,lodes4 ,,iv4--,,chemistry ,,and ,,physics4 ,dangers from ,impure ,potassium ,iodide4 ,the ,poplar as a ,lightning ,conductor4 ,the ,mariner's ,compass4 ,crude ,sulphur from ,iron ,pyrites4 ,antimony for ,batteries4 ,delicate ,test for ,water4 ,the ,polarization of ,electrodes4 ,fragarine4 ,balata ,gum4 ,astronomical ,notes4 ,giving the ,positions1 ,rising1 and ,setting of the ,planets for ,november4 ,professor ,morton on the ,electric ,light4 ,the ,electrical ,department in the ,mechanic's ,fair1 ,boston4 ,the ,satellites of ,mars4 ,gold ,amalgams4 ,another ,new ,electric ,light4 ,albumen of the ,serum and that of ,egg1 and their ,combinations4 ,a ,mirror ,telegraph4 ,some ,modifications of the ,microphone and ,telephone4 ,four engravings4 ,a ,chance for ,electric ,competition4 ,advantages of ,experimental ,study4 ,the ,black ,spot of ,jupiter4 ,the ,electric ,light4 ,with five engravings4 ,spontaneous ,combustion4 ,recent ,military ,balloon ,experiments4 ,burner for ,electric ,light4 ,one engraving4 ,artificial ,ball ,lightning4 ,one engraving4 ,to ,make ,corks ,air-tight and ,water-tight4 ,electric ,time ,service for ,new ,york4 ,four engravings4 ,the ,hosmer ,motor4 ,polarized ,light4 ,phosphorescent ,timepieces4 ,the ,de ,meritens ,magneto-electric ,machine4 ,two figures4 ,cellulose as a ,material for ,washers4 ,v4--,,natural ,,history1 ,,nature1 ,,man1 ,,etc4 ,the ,golden ,cup ,oak4 ,serpulas1 or ,sea ,worms4 ,one engraving4 ,the ,king ,tody ,bird4 ,one engraving4 ,life ,without ,air4 ,cadaver-poison of the ,australian ,natives4 ,the ,contortion of ,rocks from ,heat ,mechanically ,generated4 ,the ,stiffening of ,plant ,stalks4 ,immense ,labor ,performed by ,bees4 ,the ,torrey ,botanical ,club4 ,the ,big ,trees of ,california4 ,explorations in ,greenland4 ,the ,umbrella ,bird4 ,one engraving4 ,the ,argan ,tree4 ,a ,spruce-destroying ,beetle4 ,a ,geological ,discovery in ,deep ,water4 ,the ,mound ,builder's ,unit of ,measure4 ,progress of ,horticulture4 ,bishop ,ferrette on the ,cedars of ,lebanon4 ,special ,senses in ,insects4 ,natural ,history ,notes4 ,new ,cave ,discovery in ,kentucky4 ,longevity of the ,horse4 ,left-handedness4 ,bee ,culture in ,egypt4 ,the ,poison ,ivy and ,virginia ,creeper4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,crafty ,hermit ,crab4 ,one illustration4 ,,vi4--,,medicine ,,and ,,hygiene4 ,nitrate of ,amyl in ,sea ,sickness4 ,milk cure for ,lead ,colic4 ,milkweed ,juice for ,raw ,surfaces4 ,the ,use of ,snails in ,medicine4 ,the ,art of ,prolonging ,life4 ,the ,deleterious ,use of ,alum in ,bread and ,baking ,powders4--,alum being ,substituted for ,cream of ,tartar4 ,the ,treatment of ,hydrophobia4 ,new ,use for ,warts4 ,removal of the ,entire ,scalp by ,machinery4 ,the ,probable ,starting ,point of the ,yellow ,fever4 ,piedra4 ,heredity4 ,scientific ,reliance on ,soap4 ,the ,medical ,ice ,hat4 ,ventilation of ,bed ,rooms4 ,the ,filtration of ,drinking ,water4 ,the ,texas ,screw ,worm4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,paris ,,exhibition1 ,,scientific ,,meetings1 ,,etc4 ,success of ,american ,exhibitors at ,paris4 ,the ,main ,building at the ,exhibition4 ,with one full page illustration4 ,the ,french ,industrial ,exhibition of #ahgh4 ,awards and ,honors at ,paris4 ,ingram ,rotary ,press4 ,one illustration4 ,a ,grand ,world's ,fair in ,new ,york4 ,a ,mexican ,exhibition4 ,australia to have a ,world's ,fair4 ,closing of the ,french ,exhibition4 ,hydraulic ,motors at the ,exhibition4 ,with two engravings4 ,the ,national ,academy of ,sciences4 ,the ,official ,reports of the ,paris ,exhibition4 ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers4 ,,viii4--,,industry ,,and ,,commerce4 ,should the ,nation ,engage in ,manufactures8 ,american ,export of ,agricultural ,machinery4 ,corundum4 ,american ,made ,goods ,exhibited as ,european ,manufactures4 ,the ,california ,tea ,fields4 ,an ,odd ,craft4 ,progress of our ,foreign ,trade4 ,the ,condition of ,manufacturing ,interests in ,germany4 ,labor in ,chicago4 ,apples for ,europe4 ,adulterated ,graham ,flour4 ,addition to our ,list of ,food ,fishes4 ,preservation of ,milk4 ,electrical ,test for ,oils4 ,parsnips4 ,russian ,pottery4 ,two engravings4 ,notes from the ,south4--,facts about the ,cotton ,worm4 ,the ,mediterranean ,trade4 ,american ,competition in ,great ,britain4 ,rapid ,increase in ,french ,woolen ,industries4 ,the ,rockport ,granite ,quarries4 ,trade ,mark ,treaty with ,brazil4 ,early ,manufacture of ,steel ,pens4 ,new and ,stale ,bread4 ,leather from ,sheep ,stomachs4 ,new ,source of ,rubber4 ,a ,national ,law ,governing ,adulteration ,needed4 ,how to get ,pure ,teas4 ,skilled ,labor in ,new ,york ,city4 ,french ,subsoil and ,clearing ,plow4 ,one figure4 ,opening for ,trade in ,madagascar4 ,handling ,grain in ,buffalo4 ,the ,blue ,process of ,copying ,tracings4 ,we ,buy of them that ,advertise4 ,unprofitable ,agents4 ,various ,uses of ,paper4 ,improved ,grinding ,mill and ,crusher4 ,two engravings4 ,the ,cultivation of the ,common ,nettle4 ,the ,economic ,products of ,seaweed4 ,the ,japanese ,wax ,tree in ,california4 ,preservation of ,food by ,gelatin4 ,pearl ,millet4 ,to ,turn ,oak ,black4 ,dairy and ,poultry ,produce in ,america4 ,australian ,gum ,trees4 ,frauds in ,wine ,making4 ,removal of ,iron ,coloring from ,liquors4 ,the ,utilization of ,iron ,slag4 ,relative ,cost of ,coal ,transportation by ,water and by ,rail4 ,how to get ,rid of ,ants4 ,the ,science of ,milling4 ,,ix4--,,practical ,,recipes ,,and ,,miscellaneous4 ,progress in ,england and ,america4 ,an ,improvement on ,tea ,chromos4 ,a ,correction4 ,the ,stability of ,modern ,civilization4 ,future ,rifle ,shooting4 ,bruce1 the ,manchester ,fire ,horse4 ,the ,trial of the ,pyx4 ,early ,gold ,payments4 ,workingmen in ,england and ,france4 ,washington ,memorials in ,northamptonshire4 ,three engravings4 ,culinary ,uses of ,leaves4 ,a ,remarkable ,bank ,robbery4--,scientific ,safeguards ,neglected4 ,cleopatra's ,needle4 ,a ,steam ,juryman4 ,roads in ,baden4 ,indications of ,progress4 ,practical ,education in ,russia4 ,table ,forks4 ,the ,cost of ,insecurity4 ,improved ,copying ,pencils4 ,answers to ,correspondents1 embodying a large quantity of valuable information1 practical recipes1 and instructions in various arts4 ,single numbers of the ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition1 #ej cents4 ,to be had at this office1 and at all news stores4 ,subscriptions1 ,five ,dollars a year2 sent postpaid to all parts of the world4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publishers1 #cg ,,park ,row1 ,,new ,,york4 ,to ,advertisers3--,manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed announcements published in this edition at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,scientific ,american ,export ,edition has a large guaranteed circulation in all commercial places throughout the world4 ,regular ,files of the ,export ,edition are also carried on ,,all ,,steamships1 foreign and coastwise1 leaving the port of ,new ,york4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,strong ,,and ,,cheap ,,spar ,,bridges4 ,general description1 dimensions1 and particulars1 with #b pages of drawings1 covering illustrations of all the details1 for a bridge of #ajj feet span or less2 specially useful for crossing of creeks1 small rivers1 gullies1 or wherever a costly structure is not desirable4 ,the drawings are from the ,spar ,bridge exhibited at the ,centennial1 in the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,military ,engineering4 ,these bridges are wholly composed of undressed stuff4 ,,supplement #ga4 ,price #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fireproof ,,dwellings ,,of ,,cheap ,,construction4 ,a valuable and important paper1 containing ,plans and ,descriptions of ,model ,fireproof ,dwellings of cheap construction lately erected in ,chicago4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,smith1 ,architect4 ,with #i illustrations4 ,plan ,no4 #a exhibits the construction of comfortable one-story1 #af ft4 front dwellings1 of brick and concrete1 finished complete at a cost of #a1bjj4 ,plan ,no4 #b exhibits the construction of a comfortable #bc ft4 front1 two-story dwelling1 of brick and concrete1 finished complete1 with cellar1 for #a1gjj4 ,several of these dwellings1 on both plans1 have been built at the prices stated4 ,this valuable paper also contains the ,report of the ,city ,authorities of ,chicago1 certifying to the fireproof nature of these buildings1 with other useful particulars4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #ia4 ,price #aj cts4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,outward ,,marks ,,of ,a ,,good ,,cow4 ,by ,capt4 ,,john ,c4 ,,morris1 ,pa4 ,carelessness in ,breeding4 ,how to ,select for ,breeding4 ,marks of the ,handsome ,cow4 ,care and ,training of the ,heifer4 ,infallible ,marks of ,good ,milkers4 ,distinguishing ,marks and ,characteristics of the ,bastard and the ,bogus ,cow1 etc4 ,contained1 with useful ,remarks on ,bee ,culture1 in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #ace4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,chronic ,,malarial ,,poisoning4 ,by ,,alfred ,l4 ,,loomis1 ,m4,d4 ,a ,highly ,instructive ,clinical ,lecture1 delivered at the ,university ,medical ,college1 ,n4 ,y ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement ,no4 #ajb4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ice-,,house ,,and ,,cold ,,room4--,,by ,r4 ,g4 ,hatfleld4 ,with directions for construction4 ,four engravings4 ,,supplement ,no4 #ei4 ,price1 #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,the ,most ,popular ,scientific ,paper in the ,world4 ,,thirty-,,third ,,year4 ,only #c4bj a ,year including ,postage4 ,weekly4 #eb ,numbers a ,year4 ,this widely circulated and splendidly illustrated paper is published weekly4 ,every number contains sixteen pages of useful information1 and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and discoveries1 representing ,engineering ,works1 ,steam ,machinery1 ,new ,inventions1 ,novelties in ,mechanics1 ,manufactures1 ,chemistry1 ,electricity1 ,telegraphy1 ,photography1 ,architecture1 ,agriculture1 ,horticulture1 ,natural ,history1 etc4 ,,all ,,classes ,,of ,,readers find in ,,the ,,scientific ,,american a popular resume of the best scientific information of the day2 and it is the aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form1 avoiding as much as possible abstruse terms4 ,to every intelligent mind1 this journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading4 ,it is promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it circulates4 ,,terms ,,of ,,subscription4--,one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be sent for one year--#eb numbers--postage prepaid1 to any subscriber in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 on receipt of ,,three ,,dollars ,,and ,,twenty ,,cents by the publishers2 six months1 #a4fj2 three months1 #a4jj4 ,,clubs4--,,one ,,extra ,,copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american will be supplied gratis for every club of five subscribers at #c4bj each2 additional copies at same proportionate rate4 ,postage prepaid4 ,one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american and one copy of ,,the ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement will be sent for one year1 postage prepaid1 to any subscriber in the ,united ,states or ,canada1 on receipt of seven dollars by the publishers4 ,the safest way to remit is by ,postal ,order1 ,draft1 or ,express4 ,money carefully placed inside of envelopes1 securely sealed1 and correctly addressed1 seldom goes astray1 but is at the sender's risk4 ,address all letters and make all orders1 drafts1 etc41 payable to ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 ,,to ,,foreign ,,subscribers4--,under the facilities of the ,postal ,union1 the ,,scientific ,,american is now sent by post direct from ,new ,york1 with regularity1 to subscribers in ,great ,britain1 ,india1 ,australia1 and all other ,british colonies2 to ,france1 ,austria1 ,belgium1 ,germany1 ,russia1 and all other ,european ,states2 ,japan1 ,brazil1 ,mexico1 and all ,states of ,central and ,south ,america4 ,terms1 when sent to foreign countries1 ,canada excepted1 #d1 gold1 for ,,scientific ,,american1 #a year2 #i1 gold1 for both ,,scientific ,,american ,,and ,,supplement for #a year4 ,this includes postage1 which we pay4 ,remit by postal order or draft to order of ,munn ,co41 #cg ,park ,row1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,patent ,,law ,,for ,,spain1 ,,cuba1 ,,porto ,,rico1 ,,etc4 ,by the terms of the ,new ,patent ,law of ,spain1 which has lately gone into operation1 the citizens of the ,united ,states may obtain ,spanish ,patents on very favorable conditions4 ,the ,spanish ,patent covers ,,spain1 and all the ,spanish ,colonies1 including ,,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 the ,philippine ,islands1 etc4 ,total cost of obtaining the ,patent1 #ajj4 ,duration of the ,patent1 #bj years1 #aj years1 and #e years1 as follows3 ,the ,spanish ,patent1 if applied for by the original inventor before his ,american patent is actually issued1 will run for #bj years4 ,total cost of the patent1 #ajj4 ,it covers ,spain1 ,cuba1 etc4 ,the ,spanish ,patent1 if applied for by the original inventor not more than two years after the ,american patent has been issued1 will run for #aj years4 ,total cost of patent1 #ajj4 ,covers ,spain1 ,cuba1 etc4 ,a ,spanish ,patent of ,introduction1 good for #e years1 can be taken by any person1 whether inventor or merely introducer4 ,cost of such patent1 #ajj4 ,covers ,spain1 ,cuba1 and all the ,spanish dominions4 ,in order to facilitate the transaction of our business in obtaining ,spanish ,patents1 we have established a special agency at ,no4 #d ,soldado1 ,madrid4 ,further particulars1 with ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patents1 ,costs1 etc41 furnished gratis4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,solicitors of ,american and ,foreign ,patents1 ,proprietors of the ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,water ,,supply ,,for ,,towns ,,and ,villages4--,by ,clarence ,delafield1 ,c4,e4 ,a concise and valuable report1 showing the costs and merits of the various systems--,discussion of the ,holly system1 its merits and defects--,the reservoir system1 with pumps1 cost1 and advantages--,results obtained and economy of use of various systems in different towns1 with names and duty realized--,facts and figures to enable town committees to judge for themselves as to the system best suited for their wants--,the best sources of water supply-- ,water-bearing rocks--,artesian wells1 their feasibility1 excellence1 and cost of boring--,importance of pure water--,how surface water is rendered impure--,cost of water pipes1 from #b to #ab inches diameter1 for towns1 including laying1 all labor1 materials1 gates1 joints1 etc4 ,estimates of income1 water-rates for supply of #a1jjj buildings4 ,contained in ,,supplement #bg4 ,price #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ice ,,boats--,,their ,,construction and management4 ,with working drawings1 details1 and directions in full4 ,four engravings1 showing mode of construction4 ,views of the two fastest ice-sailing boats used on the ,hudson river in winter4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,horsfall1 ,m4,e4 ,,supplement #a4 ,the same number also contains the rules and regulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs1 the sailing and management of ice-boats1 etc4 ,price #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ice ,,and ,,ice-,,houses--,,how ,,to ,,make ice ponds2 amount of ice required1 etc41 and full directions for building ice-house1 with illustrated plan4 ,,supplement #ee4 ,price #aj cents4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,patents ,,caveats1 ,,copyrights1 ,,trade ,,marks1 ,,etc4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co41 in connection with the publication of the ,,scientific ,,american1 continue to examine ,improvements1 and to act as ,solicitors of ,patents for ,inventors4 ,in this line of business they have had ,,over ,,thirty ,,years' ,,experience1 and now have unequaled facilities for the preparation of ,patent ,drawings1 ,specifications1 and the ,prosecution of ,applications for ,patents in the ,united ,states4 ,canada1 and ,foreign ,countries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also attend to the preparation of ,caveats1 ,trade ,mark ,regulations1 ,copyrights for ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignments1 and ,reports on ,infringements of ,patents4 ,all business intrusted to them is done with special care and promptness1 on very moderate terms4 ,we send free of charge1 on application1 a pamphlet containing further information about ,patents and how to procure them2 directions concerning ,trade ,marks1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,patents1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infringements1 ,assignments1 ,rejected ,cases1 ,hints on the ,sale of ,patents1 etc4 ,,foreign ,,patents4--,we also send1 free of charge1 a ,synopsis of ,foreign ,patent ,laws1 showing the cost and method of securing patents in all the principal countries of the world4 ,american inventors should bear in mind that1 as a general rule1 any invention that is valuable to the patentee in this country is worth equally as much in ,england and some other foreign countries4 ,five patents--embracing ,canadian1 ,english1 ,german1 ,french1 and ,belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive monopoly to his discovery among about ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifty ,,millions of the most intelligent people in the world4 ,the facilities of business and steam communication are such that patents can be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at home4 ,the expense to apply for an ,english patent is #ge2 ,german1 #ajj2 ,french1 #ajj2 ,belgian1 #ajj2 ,canadian1 #ej4 ,,copies ,,of ,,patents4--,persons desiring any patent issued from #ahcf to ,november #bf1 #ahfg1 can be supplied with official copies at reasonable cost1 the price depending upon the extent of drawings and length of specifications4 ,any patent issued since ,november #bg1 #ahfg1 at which time the ,patent ,office commenced printing the drawings and specifications1 may be had by remitting to this office #a4 ,a copy of the claims of any patent issued since #ahcf will be furnished for #a4 ,when ordering copies1 please to remit for the same as above1 and state name of patentee1 title of invention1 and date of patent4 ,a pamphlet1 containing full directions for obtaining ,united ,states patents sent free4 ,a handsomely bound ,reference ,book1 gilt edges1 contains #adj pages and many engravings and tables important to every patentee and mechanic1 and is a useful hand book of reference for everybody4 ,price #be cents1 mailed free4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,park ,row1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,branch ,,office--,corner of ,f and #gth ,streets1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advertisements 99 99 99 99 99 ,inside ,page1 each insertion - - - #ge cents a line4 ,back ,page1 each insertion - - - - #a4jj a line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,baird',s ,,catalogues ,,of ,,books ,our new and enlarged ,,catalogue ,,of ,,practical ,,and ,,scientific ,,books1 #if pages1 #hvo2 a ,catalogue of ,books on ,,dyeing1 ,,calico ,,printing1 ,,weaving1 ,,cotton and ,,woolen ,,manufacture1 #dto2 ,catalogue of a choice collection of ,,practical1 ,,scientific1 and ,,economic ,,books1 #dto2 ,list of ,books on ,,steam ,,and ,,the ,,steam ,,engine1 ,,mechanics1 ,,machinery1 and ,,engineering1 #dto2 ,list of ,important ,books on ,,metallurgy1 ,,metals1 ,,strength ,,of ,,materials1 ,,chemical ,,analysis1 ,,assaying1 etc41 #dto2 two ,catalogues of ,books and ,pamphlets on ,,social ,,science1 ,,political ,,economy1 ,,banks1 ,,population1 ,,pauperism1 and kindred subjects sent free to any one who will forward his address4 ,,henry ,,carey ,,baird ,,co41 ,industrial ,publishers1 ,booksellers1 and ,importers1 #haj ,,walnut ,,st41 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,illustration ,an engine that works without ,boiler4 ,always ready to be started and to give at once full power4 ,,safety1 ,,economy1 ,,convenience4 ,burns common ,gas and ,air4 ,no steam1 no coal1 no ashes1 no fires1 no danger1 no extra insurance4 ,almost no attendance4 ,,the ,,new ,,otto ,,silent ,,gas ,,engine4 ,useful for all work of small stationary steam engine4 ,offered in sizes of #b1 #d1 and #g ,h4,p4 ,send for illustrated circular4 ,,schleicher1 ,,schumm ,,co41 ,phila41 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,good ,,plan ,the most profitable plan for operating in stocks is by uniting capital of various sums in combining or pooling orders of thousands of customers and using them as one mighty whole1 which is done so successfully by ,messrs4 ,lawrence ,co41 ,bankers1 #eg ,exchange ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,by this cooperative system each investor is placed on an equal footing with the largest operator and profits divided pro rata among shareholders every #cj days4 #aj invested makes #ej or #e per cent4 on the stock during the month--#ej returns #cej or #g per cent41 #ajj pays #a1jjj1 or #aj per cent41 and so on according to the market4 ,the firm's new circular 7copyrighted and free7 contains ,two unerring rules for success in stock operations1 and explains everything4 ,all kinds of ,stocks and ,bonds wanted4 ,new ,government ,loan supplied4 ,,lawrence ,,co41 ,bankers and ,brokers1 #eg ,exchange ,place1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,portable ,,grain ,,mills4 ,illustration ,for ,mill and ,farm4 ,built on the durable and scientific principles4 ,warranted fully equal to any in the market4 ,mills for grinding all substances4 ,we have made mill building a specialty for #ac years4 ,,walker ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,engineers1 ,founders ,machinists1 #bc;d and ,wood ,st41 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,,on ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,horses4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,,pritchard1 ,r4,v4,s4 ,showing the ,proper ,construction of ,stables4 ,best ,floor4 ,lighting and ,ventilation4 ,hay-racks4 ,watering and ,feeding4 ,grooming and ,exercise4 ,cracked ,heels2 ,lice2 ,colic2 ,mud ,fever2 ,wind ,galls4 ,also1 in same number1 facts about improved ,cow ,stables4 ,how to keep ,cows clean and maintain ,pure ,air in ,stables4 ,increased ,cleanliness and ,convenience with ,less ,labor4 ,contained in ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement4 ,no4 #abc4 ,price #aj cents4 ,to be had at this office and of all newsdealers4 ,,mining ,,machinery4 ,,engines1 ,,boilers1 ,,pumps1 ,coal and ,ore ,jigs1 ,dust ,burning ,appliances4 ,drawings and advice free to customers4 ,jeanesville ,iron ,works 7,j4 ,c4 ,haydon ,co474 ,address ,,howell ,,green1 ,supt41 ,jeanesville1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,pa4 ,illustration ,straub's ,scientific ,,grain ,,mill1 #ab1 #bj1 and #cj inch ,,mill ,,stones1 ,for ,farm and ,merchant work4 ,warranted the full equal of any mill built in ,america4 ,before purchasing elsewhere send for our circular and price list4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,straub ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,use ,,wilhide',s ,,noiseless1 ,,self-,setting ,rat and ,mouse ,traps4 ,caught #ai rats one hour2 #df one night4 ,ask your storekeeper for them4 ,state right for sale4 ,circulars1 etc41 free4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,wilhide ,,bro41 ,york ,road1 ,carroll ,co41 ,md4 ,,agents and ,,salesmen wanted in every city and town to introduce a new ,work1 the ,,complete ,,business ,,register to dealers4 ,great inducements4 ,don't fail to write for particulars4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pamphilon1 ,pub41 #cj ,bond ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ladies ,,can ,,make #e ,a ,,day ,,in ,,their ,,own ,,city ,,or ,,town4 ,,address ,,ellis ,m',f',g ,,co41 ,,waltham1 ,,mass4 ,,illustration ,,the ,,bijou ,,microscope1 ,,with ,,mounted ,,objects1 #ej;,c4 ,a ,,complete ,,little ,,instrument ,,for ,,examining ,,minute ,,objects4 ,,has ,,adjustable ,,lens-,,cap1 ,,object ,,slides ,,and ,,diaphragm1 ,,and ,,magnifies #aj1jjj ,,times4 ,a ,,marvel ,,of ,,perfection1 ,,cheapness1 ,,simplicity ,,and ,,compactness4 ,,of ,,pretty ,,design ,,and ,,nicely ,,finished ,,in ,,brass4 ,,price1 ,,with ,,an ,,assortment ,,of ,,interesting ,,mounted ,,microscopic ,,objects1 #ej;,c4 ,,sent ,,post ,,paid ,,on ,,receipt ,,of ,,price ,,to ,,gem ,,microscope ,,co41 #aef ,,fulton ,,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,xmas ,,wonder ,,box4 ,,contains #ab ,,sheets ,,paper1 #ab ,,envelopes1 #c ,,sheets ,,colored ,,paper1 #a ,,lead ,,pencil1 #c ,,pens1 #a ,,text1 #ab ,,comic ,,cards1 #dj ,,silhouettes1 #cf ,,mottoes1 #he ,,patterns ,,for ,,fancy ,,work1 #aab ,,decalcomanie1 #aca ,,embossed ,,pictures1 #ej ,,fancy ,,ornaments1 #a ,,penholder1 #b ,,book ,,marks1 #e ,,black ,,tablets1 #e ,,picture ,,cards1 #cj ,,scrap-,,book ,,pictures1 #a ,,xmas ,,banner1 #a ,,game ,,age ,,cards1 #b ,,xmas ,,cards1 #a ,,toy ,,parasol4 ,,price1 #db ,,cts42 ,,by ,,mail4 #ec ,,cts4 ,,retail ,,value1 #a4de4 ,,postage ,,stamps ,,taken4 ,j4 ,,jay ,,gould1 #aj ,,broomfield ,,st41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,gold1 ,,silver1 ,,and ,,nickel ,,plating4 ,a ,,trade ,,easily ,,learned4 ,,costs ,,little ,,to ,,start4 ,,the ,,electro ,,plater',s ,,guide1 ,a #gb ,,page ,,book1 ,,sent ,,for #c ,,stamps4 ,,scientific ,,instruments ,,and ,,books ,,loaned ,,to ,,any ,,one4 ,,price ,,list ,,free4 ,f4 ,,lowey1 #ij #aa,,th ,,st41 ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,diamonds ,,and ,,carbon ,,shaped ,,or ,,crude1 ,,furnished ,,and ,,set ,,for ,,boring ,,rocks1 ,,dressing ,,mill ,,burrs1 ,,emery ,,wheels1 ,,grindstones1 ,,hardened ,,steel1 ,,calender ,,rollers1 ,,and ,,for ,,sawing1 ,,turning1 ,,or ,,working ,,stone ,,and ,,other ,,hard ,,substances2 ,,also ,,glaziers' ,,diamonds4 ,j4 ,,dickinson1 #fd ,,nassau ,,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,important ,,for ,,all ,,corporations ,,and ,,manf',g ,,concerns4--,,buerk',s ,,watchman',s ,,time ,,detector1 capable of accurately controlling the motion of a watchman or patrolman at the different stations of his beat4 ,send for circular4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,buerk1 ,p4,o4 ,,box #igi1 ,,boston1 ,,mass ,n4 ,b4--,the suit against ,imhaeuser ,co41 of ,new ,york1 was decided in my favor1 ,june #aj1 #ahgd4 ,a fine was assessed against them ,nov4 #aa1 #ahgf1 for selling contrary to the order of the court4 ,persons buying or using clocks infringing on my patent will be dealt with according to law4 ,,the ,,george ,,place ,,machinery ,,agency ,machinery of ,every ,description4 #aba ,chambers and #ajc ,reade ,streets1 ,new ,york4 ,illustration ,,the ,,forster-,,firmin ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,amalgamating ,,comp',y of ,norristown1 ,pa41 will grant state rights or licenses on easy terms4 ,this system works up to assay1 and recovers the mercury rapidly4 ,apply as above4 ,,the ,,driven ,,well4 ,town and ,county privileges for making ,,driven ,,wells and selling ,licenses under the established ,,american ,,driven ,,well ,,patent1 leased by the year to responsible parties1 by ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,spare ,,the ,,croton ,,and ,,save ,,the ,,cost4 ,,driven ,,or ,,tube ,,wells furnished to large consumers of ,croton and ,ridgewood ,water4 ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,andrews ,,bro41 #dad ,water ,st41 ,n4 ,y41 who control the patent for ,green's ,american ,driven ,well4 ,,steam ,,and ,,hydraulic ,,passenger ,,and ,,freight ,,elevators1 ,,steam ,,engines ,,and ,,boilers1 ,,whittier ,,machine ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,illustration ,,portable ,,steam ,,engines ,,with ,,automatic ,,cut-,,off4 ,no ,commissions to ,agents4 ,bottom ,prices to ,purchasers4 ,,send ,,for ,,catalogue4 ,,armington ,,sims ,a4 ,s4 were lately with ,,the ,j4 ,c4 ,,hoadley ,,comp4 ,,steam ,,pumps4 ,,henry ,r4 ,,worthington1 #bci ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 #hc ,water ,st41 ,boston4 ,,the ,,worthington ,,duplex ,,pumping ,,engines ,,for ,,water ,,works--,compound1 ,condensing or ,non-,condensing4 ,used in over #ajj ,water-,works ,stations4 ,,steam ,,pumps--,duplex and ,single ,cylinder4 ,,water ,,meters4 ,,oil ,,meters4 ,,prices ,,largely ,,reduced4 ,,rival ,,steam ,,pumps #ce ,,upwards ,,john4 ,h4 ,,mcgowan ,,co4 ,,cincinnati ,,ohio4 ,,patents ,,at ,,auction4 ,regular ,monthly ,sales by ,george ,w4 ,keeler1 ,auctioneer4 ,for terms1 address ,,new ,,york ,,patent ,,exchange1 #fg ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 #ej ,,perfumed ,,chromo ,,and ,,motto ,,cards1 #aj;,c4 ,name in ,gold and ,jet4 ,seavy ,bros41 ,northford1 ,ct4 ,,warranted ,,watches ,,only #c ,,each #ab ,,watches ,,for ,,only #c ,,each4 ,a ,,bankrupt ,,stock ,,of ,,watches1 ,warranted for ,one ,year4 ,illustration ,this bankrupt stock of ,watches must be closed out in #ij days4 ,,the ,,former ,,price ,,of ,,these ,,watches ,,was #ab4jj ,,each4 ,they are silvered case and open face1 all one style1 and of ,french manufacture1 the movements of which being well known the world over for their fine finish4 ,they are used on ,,railroads and ,,steamboats1 where ,,accurate ,,time is required1 and give good satisfaction4 ,think of it1 a #ab4jj ,watch for ,,only #c4jj1 and ,,warranted ,,one ,,year ,,for ,,time4 ,,cincinnati4 ,o41 ,october #ast1 #ahgh4 ,the ,walters ,importing ,co4 is an old established and very reliable house1 and we cheerfully recommend them4 ,,cincinnati ,,post4 ,after the closure of sale of this bankrupt stock of ,watches1 which will continue #ij days from date of this paper1 no order will be filled at less than #ab4jj each2 so please send your order at once4 ,with each ,watch we furnish our ,,special ,,warrantee ,,for ,,one ,,year ,,for ,,accurate ,,time4 ,we will forward the ,watch promptly on receipt of #c4jj1 or will send ,c4,o4,d4 if customers desire and remit #a4jj on account4 ,address all orders to ,,walters ,,importing ,,co41 #ahj ,,elm ,,street1 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4 --,,to ,,watch ,,speculators3 ,we call particular ,i attention to these ,watches1 as they sell readily at from #ab4jj to #bj4jj each4 --,cut this ,advertisement ,out4 ,,warranted ,,watches ,,only #c ,,each #aj to #ajjj ,invested in ,wall ,st4 ,stocks makes fortunes every month4 ,books sent free explaining everything4 ,address ,,baxter ,,co41 ,bankers1 #ag ,wall ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration ,,patent ,,portable ,,chuck ,,jaws4 ,improved ,solid ,emery ,wheels1 for grinding ,iron and ,brass ,castings4 ,tools1 etc4 ,manufactured by ,,am4 ,,twist ,,drill ,,co41 ,woonsocket1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,lathes1 ,,planers1 ,,shapers ,drills1 ,bolt and ,gear ,cutters1 ,milling ,machines4 ,special ,machinery4 ,e4 ,,gould ,,eberhardt1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,piano ,,co41 #afc ,,bleecker ,,st41 ,n4 ,y41 ,manufacturers of strictly first-class ,pianos4 ,we sell ,,direct to ,families from ,,our ,,own ,factory at ,,lowest ,,wholesale price4 ,beautiful ,,new #g #a-c ,octave1 ,rosewood ,pianos4 ,sent on trial4 ,thousands in use4 ,,heavy ,,discount to ,,cash buyers4 ,,don',t buy until you read our ,catalogue4 ,it will ,,interest you--,mailed ,,free4 ,illustration ,,medal ,,premium ,,awarded ,,to ,illustration ,,alcott',s ,,turbine ,,water ,,wheels ,,manufact',d ,,at ,,mount ,,holly ,n4 ,j4 ,,mowry ,,car ,,wheel ,,works1 ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,cars ,,and ,,car ,,wheels of all descriptions1 ,wheels and ,axles1 ,chilled ,tires1 ,engine1 ,car and ,bridge ,castings1 of any pattern1 furnished to order at short notice4 ,also ,street ,car ,turn ,tables4 ,,wheels ,,of ,,all ,,sizes ,,constantly ,,on ,,hand4 ,,office1 #bg #a-b ,w4 ,,third ,,st41 ,,cincinnati1 ,o4 ,works1 ,eastern ,avenue and ,lewis ,street4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,le ,,count1 ,,south ,,norwalk1 ,,conn41 ,mfr4 of ,lathe ,dogs1 ,iron and ,steel ,expanding ,mandrels of all sizes4 ,a specialty made of ,amateurs' ,mandrels and ,dogs4 ,illustration ,,barnes' ,,foot ,,power ,,machinery4 #ac ,different machines with which ,builders1 ,cabinet ,makers1 ,wagon ,makers1 and ,jobbers in miscellaneous work can compete as to ,,quality ,,and ,,price with steam power manufacturing2 also ,amateurs' supplies4 ,,machines ,,sent ,,on ,,trial4 ,say where you read this1 and send for catalogue and prices4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,john ,,barnes1 ,rockford1 ,winnebago ,co41 ,ill4 ,,american ,,novelties wanted for ,english trade4 #a1jjj ,sewing ,machines to be sold cheap4 ,apply ,,britannia ,,company1 ,colchester1 ,england4 ,illustration3 ,anvil ,,fisher ,,norris ,,trenton ,n4 ,j4 ,retail #i ,,cents ,,per ,,pound4 ,warranted of the hardest temper1 and never to settle4 ,,established #ahdc ,steel ,horn1 warranted not to break and ,face of ,best ,cast ,steel4 ,,better ,,than ,,any ,,english ,,make1 ,,and ,,only ,,one ,,that ,,is ,,fully 66 ,,warranted 66 #ej ,,sizes1 ,,from #a-b ,,lb4 ,,to #hjj ,,lbs4 ,catalogues furnished on application4 ,a ,,valuable ,,work4 ,,the ,,steam ,,engine4 ,the ,relative ,proportions of the ,steam ,engine4 ,a course of ,lectures on the ,steam ,engine delivered to the students of ,dynamical ,engineering in the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,by ,,wm4 ,d4 ,,marks1 ,whitney ,professor of ,dynamical ,engineering4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #abmo4 ,flexible cloth4 #a4ej4 ,a valuable addition to the literature of the ,steam ,engine1 and one which will be appreciated by engineers in practice as well as by students4--,pittsburgh ,american ,manufacturer4 ,a valuable work1 and one which will meet with a favorable reception4 99 99 99 ,there is much need and much room for a rational and practical method for proportioning the various parts of the steam engine1 and in this respect your work is very welcome4--,augustus ,jay ,du ,bois1 ,ph4,d41 ,yale ,college4 999999 ,for sale by all ,booksellers1 or will be sent by mail1 postpaid1 upon receipt of price1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,,publishers1 #gae ,,and #gag ,,market ,,st41 ,,philadelphia4 ,illustration ,,shepard',s ,,celebrated #ej ,screw ,cutting ,foot ,lathe4 ,foot and ,power ,lathes1 ,drill ,presses1 ,scrolls1 ,circular and ,band ,saws1 ,saw ,attachments1 ,chucks1 ,mandrils1 ,twist ,drills1 ,dogs1 ,calipers1 etc4 ,send for catalogue of outfits for amateurs or artisans4 ,h4 ,l4 ,,shepard ,,co41 #cca1 #ccc1 #cce1 #ccg ,west ,front ,street1 ,,cincinnati1 ,,ohio4 ,illustration ,,telephones4 #be per cent4 ,discount4 ,,special ,,offer ,,our ,,new ,,improved ,,double ,,coiled ,,metalic ,,telephone ,,is ,,the ,,finest ,,in ,,the ,,world1 and the only completely satisfactory low priced instrument1 with ,,spring ,,call ,,attachment1 made by ,,practical ,,machinists on scientific principles2 warranted to work ,,one ,,mile1 unaffected by changes in the weather4 ,we will send to one address ,,one ,,sample ,,set1 comprising two ,telephones1 two walnut holders1 six copper bound insulators and #bjj feet heavy wire1 ,,at #be ,,per ,,cent4 ,,discount from ,,regular ,,rates1 which is #c4jj for the #d4jj instruments4 ,this offer ,,will ,,not hold good after ,,jan4 #ae1 #ahgi1 as our goods will then be sufficiently well known to sell through the trade1 and we shall be obliged to strictly maintain the retail price4 ,any person of ordinary intelligence can put them up by following directions sent with each pair4 ,we have sold during the last three months nearly #ajjj of these instruments1 and have ,,hundreds ,,of ,,testimonials from all parts of the country4 ,we ,,guarantee all instruments sold4 ,for any ,telephone that fails to work1 we will ,,refund ,,the ,,money and pay all charges4 ,ask any ,commercial ,agency1 and you will find we are good for all we agree to do4 ,name this paper when you write4 ,,kent1 ,,woodman ,,co41 #be ,,congress ,,st41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,the ,,defiance ,,metallic ,,planes ,,trade ,,mark ,illustration ,,the ,,battle ,,axe4 ,,are ,,the ,,best ,,in ,,the ,,world4 ,send for a full descriptive circular and price list to the manufacturers1 the ,,bailey ,,wringing ,,machine ,,co41 #ii ,,chambers ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration ,,best ,,and ,,cheapest ,,foot ,,power ,,screw ,,cutting ,,engine ,,lathes ,,see ,,full ,,description ,,in ,,scientific ,,american ,,july #bg ,,send ,,for ,,illustrated ,,catalogue ,,goodnow ,,wightman #agf ,,washington ,,st ,,boston ,,mass4 ,,the ,,only ,,grand ,,prize ,,for ,,sewing ,,machines1 ,,at ,,the ,,exposition ,,universelle1 ,,paris1 #ahgh1 ,,was ,,awarded1 ,,over #hj ,,competitors1 ,,to ,,wheeler ,,wilson ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,,and ,,bridgeport1 ,,conn4 ,round ,writing ,useful for ,everybody ,book of ,instructions ,pens ,sent on receipt of #a4ej ,,keuffel ,,esser1 #abg ,,fulton ,,st41 ,n4 ,y41 ,importers and ,manuf'rers of ,drawing ,materials4 ,,american ,,standard ,,gauge ,,and ,,tool ,,works4 #bb;d and ,,wood ,,sts41 ,,philadelphia4 ,standard ,gauges and ,measuring ,implements1 ,hardened ,steel ,turning ,mandrels1 ,adjustable ,blade ,reamers1 ,patent ,tool ,holders1 ,lathe ,drivers1 etc4 ,,john ,,richards ,,co41 ,illustration ,,warranted ,,the ,,best4 #a ,h4,p4 ,,boiler ,,engine1 #aej4 #b ,h4,p41 #age4 #c ,h4,p41 #bjj4 ,tested to #bjj lbs4 ,steam4 ,,lovegrove ,,co41 #aeb ,n4 #c;d ,,st41 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa41 ,builders of ,engines and ,boilers1 #a to #ajj horse power4 ,send for circulars and prices1 and state size and style you want4 ,,wood-,,working ,,machinery1 ,such as ,woodworth ,planing1 ,tonguing1 and ,grooving ,machines1 ,daniel's ,planers4 ,richardson's ,patent ,improved ,tenon ,machines1 ,mortising1 ,moulding1 and ,re-,saw ,machines1 and ,wood-,working ,machinery generally4 ,manufactured by ,,witherby1 ,,rugg ,,richardson1 #bf ,salisbury ,street1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 7,shop formerly occupied by ,r4 ,,ball ,,co47 ,,lap ,,welded ,,charcoal ,,iron ,boiler ,tubes1 ,steam ,pipe1 ,light and ,heavy ,forgings1 ,engines1 ,boilers1 ,cotton ,presses1 ,rolling ,mill and ,blast ,furnace ,work4 ,,reading ,,iron ,,works1 #bfa ,,south ,,fourth ,,st41 ,,phila4 ,,perry ,,co4',s ,,steel ,,pens4 ,illustration ,a sample box1 for trial1 containing our leading styles1 including the famous ,u and ,falcon ,pens1 mailed on receipt of #be cts4 ,,ivison1 ,,blakeman1 ,,taylor ,,co41 ,,sole ,,agents ,,for ,u4 ,s41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,eagle ,,tube ,,co41 #fad ,,to #fbf ,w4 #bd,,th ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,boiler ,,flues of all the ,regular ,sizes1 ,,of ,,best ,,material ,,and ,,warranted4 --,,orders ,,promptly ,,executed4 ,no ,payment ,required till ,tubes are ,fully ,tested and ,satisfactory4 ,illustration ,,lansdell',s ,,patent ,,steam ,,syphon ,,landell',s ,,and ,,eng',s ,,lever ,,and ,,cam ,,gate ,,valves ,,weldless ,,steel ,,tubing4 ,,john ,s4 ,,leng4 #d ,,fletcher ,,st4 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration ,,cigar ,,box ,,lumber1 ,,manufactured by our ,,new ,,patent ,,process4 ,the ,best in the ,world4 ,,spanish ,,cedar1 ,,mahogany1 ,,poplar4 ,also thin lumber of all other kinds1 #a_/h to #a_/b in41 at corresponding prices4 ,all qualities4 ,equal in all respects to any made1 and at prices much under any to be obtained outside of our establishment4 ,send for price list4 ,,geo ,w4 ,,read ,,co41 #ahf ,,to #bjj ,,lewis ,,street1 ,n4 ,y4 ,advertisements4 ,,inside ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion #ge ,,cents ,a ,,line4 ,,back ,,page1 ,,each ,,insertion #a4jj ,a ,,line4 7,about eight words to a line47 ,engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line1 by measurement1 as the letter press4 ,advertisements must be received at publication office as early as ,thursday morning to appear in next issue4 ,illustration3 ,,marvin',s ,fire ,burglar ,,safes ,counter ,platform ,wagon ,track ,,scales ,,marvin ,,safe ,,scale ,,co4 #bfe ,,broadway ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,the ,,ingersoll ,,rock ,,drill ,,co #aa_/b ,,park ,,place ,n4 ,y4 ,,partner ,,wanted ,to introduce my ,,improved ,,protractor4 ,splendid chance for a person with small capital4 ,address or call on ,o4 ,m4 ,,dayton1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,calvin ,,wells1 ,prest4 ,,jas4 ,k4 ,,verner1 ,secy4 ,,pittsburgh ,,forge ,,iron ,,co41 ,,iron ,,and ,,hammered ,,car ,,axles4 ,also manufacture as a specialty ,,wrought ,,iron ,,bridge ,,bolts ,,bolt ,,ends1 ,,with ,,plain ,,and ,,upset ,,ends1 ,to any required tensile strength1 from one to three and one-half inches1 with thread and nuts4 ,orders for which are respectfully solicited4 ,office1 #ajth ,street1 near ,penn ,ave41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,,lloyd ,,haigh1 ,manufacturer of ,illustration3 ,,wire ,,rope ,of every description1 for ,railroad and ,mining ,use4 ,elevators1 ,derricks1 ,rope ,tramways1 ,transmission of ,power1 etc4 ,no4 #ha ,john ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,send for price list4 ,plans and ,estimates furnished for ,suspension ,bridges4 ,,mill ,,stones ,,and ,,corn ,,mills4 ,we make ,burr ,millstones1 ,portable ,mills1 ,smut ,machines1 ,packers1 ,mill ,picks1 ,water ,wheels1 ,pulleys1 and ,gearing1 specially adapted to ,flour ,mills4 ,send for ,catalogue4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,noye ,,son1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,machinists' ,,tools4 ,,new ,,and ,,improved ,,patterns4 ,send for new illustrated catalogue4 ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,,new ,,haven ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,,hydraulic ,,cement ,of the very highest order and quality made any and everywhere from ,refuse or ,decomposed ,limestone1 ,marble1 ,shells1 ,chalk and ,clay1 and ,river ,deposit as per ,letters ,patent4 ,address ,,john ,,dimelow1 ,laboratorian1 ,austin1 ,texas4 ,,paris ,,exhibition ,,prizes4 ,,full ,official ,list of the ,awards in the ,american ,department1 enumerating ,exhibits and ,names and ,addresses of ,exhibitors1 with kind of ,prize awarded in each case4 ,,supplements #adi1 #aej4 ,price #aj cents each4 ,illustration3 ,,wrought ,,iron ,,beams ,,girders ,,the ,,union ,,iron ,,mills1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,manufacturers of improved wrought iron ,beams and ,girders 7patented74 ,the great fall which has taken place in the prices of ,iron1 and especially in ,beams used in the construction of ,,fire ,,proof ,,buildings1 induces us to call the special attention of ,engineers1 ,architects1 and ,builders to the undoubted advantages of now erecting ,fire ,proof structures2 and by reference to pages #eb #ed of our ,book of ,sections--which will be sent on application to those contemplating the erection of fire proof buildings--,,the ,,cost ,,can ,,be ,,accurately ,,calculated1 the cost of ,insurance avoided1 and the serious losses and interruption to business caused by fire2 these and like considerations fully justify any additional first cost4 ,it is believed1 that1 were owners fully aware of the small difference which now exists between the use of ,wood and ,iron1 in many cases the latter would be adopted4 ,we shall be pleased to furnish estimates for all the ,beams complete1 for any specific structure1 so that the difference in cost may at once be ascertained4 ,address ,,carnegie1 ,,bros4 ,,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 #g ,a ,,day to ,agents canvassing for the ,,fireside ,,visitor4 ,terms and ,outfit ,free4 ,address ,p4 ,o4 ,,vickery1 ,augusta1 ,maine4 ,b4 ,w4 ,payne ,sons1 ,corning1 ,n4 ,y4 ,established in #ahdj4 ,illustration ,,eureka ,,safety ,,power4 -------------------------------------- h4p4 cyl4 ht4 space wt4 price4 -------------------------------------- #b #c-a_/hx#d #dh in4 #djx#be #ijj #aej -------------------------------------- #d #dx#f #ef #dfx#cj #afjj #bej -------------------------------------- #f #ex#g #gb #gbx#db #bgjj #djj -------------------------------------- ,also1 ,,spark ,,arresting ,,portables1 and ,,stationary ,,engines for ,plantations4 ,send for ,circulars4 ,,perfect ,,newspaper ,,file 99 99 99 ,the ,koch ,patent ,file1 for preserving newspapers1 magazines1 and pamphlets1 has been recently improved and price reduced4 ,subscribers to the ,,scientific ,,american and ,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement can be supplied for the low price of #a4ej by mail1 or #a4be at the office of this paper4 ,heavy board sides2 inscription ,,scientific ,,american1 in gilt4 ,necessary for every one who wishes to preserve the paper4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers ,,scientific ,,american4 ,illustration3 ,,howe ,,scale ,,co41 ,rutland1 ,vt4 ,paris #ahgh ,were awarded the ,,gold ,,medal ,the highest award for ,scales2 also several ,special ,medals of ,gold1 ,silver1 and ,bronze4 ,in addition to the above the ,,howe ,,scale ,,co4 have been awarded the ,first ,premium at ,twelve different ,state ,fairs held during the ,fall of the present year4 ,,principal ,,agencies3 ,,priest1 ,,page ,,co41 #cbe ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,priest1 ,,page ,,co41 #ade ,franklin ,st41 ,boston4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,gilbert ,,co41 #ig to #aja ,lake ,st41 ,chicago4 ,j4 ,,fred ,,dennis1 ,european ,manager1 ,bremen1 ,germany4 ,illustration ,,the ,,columbia ,,bicycle1 ,made by ,,the ,,pope ,m',f',g ,,co41 #hi ,summer ,street1 ,boston4 ,a practical road machine1 easy to learn to ride1 and when mastered one can beat the best horse in a day's run over an ordinary road4 ,send #c;c4 stamp for catalogue4 ,,big ,,pay4--,with ,stencil ,outfits4 ,what costs #d cts4 sells rapidly for #ej cts4 ,catalogue free4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,spencer1 #aab ,wash'n ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 #fe ,,mixed ,,cards with name1 #aj;c4 and stamp4 ,agent's ,outfit1 #aj;c4 ,l4 ,c4 ,,coe ,co41 ,bristol1 ,ct4 ,illustration ,,yale ,,vertical ,,mill ,iron ,frame2 ,french ,burr2 ,self-oiling2 ,self-feeding2 ,long ,bearings2 ,adjustable-balanced2 best arranged1 made and finished1 cheapest1 and for quality and quantity ground no superior in the world4 ,also the ,yale ,vertical and ,horizontal ,steam ,engines and ,boilers1 ,send for ,circular4 ,,yale ,,iron ,,works1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn4 ,,working ,,models ,and ,experimental ,machinery1 ,metal or ,wood1 made to order by ,j4 ,f4 ,,werner1 #fb ,centre ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,illustration3 ,h4 ,w4 ,,john',s ,,boiler ,,coverings ,,asbestos 7,trade ,mark7 ,are the most ,effective and ,economical ,non-conducting ,coverings in the ,world4 ,ready for use and can be easily applied by any one4 ,be sure and get the ,genuine1 which are ,manufactured only by ,h4 ,w4 ,,johns ,,manufacturing ,,co41 #hg ,maiden ,lane4 ,new ,york1 ,sole ,manufacturers of ,genuine ,asbestos ,roofing1 ,liquid ,paints1 ,cements1 etc4 ,send for ,price ,lists1 etc4 ,,pyrometers1 ,for showing heat of ,ovens1 ,hot ,blast ,pipes1 ,boiler ,flues1 ,superheated ,steam1 ,oil ,stills1 etc4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,bulkley1 ,sole ,manufacturer1 #adi ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,cameron ,,steam ,,pumps ,for ,mines1 ,blast ,furnaces1 ,rolling ,mills1 ,oil ,refineries1 ,boiler ,feeders1 c4 ,for ,illustrated ,catalogue and ,reduced ,price ,list send to ,,works1 ,,foot ,,east #bc;d ,,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,illustration3 ,,wire ,,rope ,address ,,john ,a4 ,,roebling',s ,,sons1 ,manufacturers1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 or #aag ,liberty ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,wheels and ,rope for conveying power long distances4 ,send for circular4 ,,ice ,,at #a4jj ,,per ,,ton4 ,the ,,pictet ,,artificial ,,ice ,,co41 ,,limited1 ,room #ea1 ,coal and ,iron ,exchange1 ,p4,o4 ,box #cjhc1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,roots' ,,rotary ,,hydraulic ,,engine4 ,illustration ,,for ,,blowing ,,organs ,,and ,,running ,,light ,,machinery ,,operated ,,by ,,hydrant ,,pressure1 ,,gives ,,greatest ,,useful ,,effect ,,of ,,water4 ,,is ,a ,,positive ,,pressure ,,engine4 ,p4 ,h4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,roots1 ,manuf'rs1 ,,connersville1 ,,ind4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,townsend1 ,gen'l ,ag't1 #f ,cortlandt ,st41 ,,new ,,york4 ,,woodward ,,steam ,,pumps ,,and ,,fire ,,engines1 ,g4 ,m4 ,,woodward1 #gf and #gh ,centre ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,send for catalogue and price list4 #fj ,chromo and ,perfumed ,cards no #c alike1 ,name in ,gold and ,jet1 #aj;c4 ,,clinton ,,bros41 ,clintonville1 ,ct4 ,,diamond ,,rock ,,drills ,the only ,machines giving a solid core showing exact nature of rocks passed through4 ,,the ,,american ,,diamond ,,rock ,,boring ,,co4 ,,new ,,york4 ,,send ,,for ,,pamphlet4 ,every ,man ,his ,own ,printer6 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,excelsior #c ,,press ,prints labels1 cards etc4 7,self-inker #e7 #i ,larger sizes ,for business1 pleasure1 young or old4 ,catalogue of ,presses1 ,type1 ,etc41 for #b stamps4 ,,kelsey ,co4 ,meriden1 ,conn4 ,,microscopes1 ,opera ,glasses1 ,spectacles1 at greatly reduced prices4 ,send three stamps for ,illustrated ,catalogue4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,beck1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,for ,,all ,,kinds ,,of ,,machinery --,apply to ,s4 ,c4 ,,hills1 #gh ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york4 ,,best ,,damper ,,regulators ,,and ,,weighted ,,gauge ,,cocks4 ,,murrill ,,keizer1 #dd ,,holliday ,,st41 ,,baltimore4 ,,get ,,the ,,best ,,pipe ,,and ,,boiler ,,covering ,,asbestos-,,lined ,,hair ,,felt4 ,lightest covering and best non-conductor4 ,asbestos lining prevents any charring of the hair felt4 ,easily applied and removed4 ,for prices1 etc41 address ,,the ,,asbestos ,,packing ,,co41 #be ,,state ,,st41 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,the ,,tanite ,,co41 ,,stroudsburg1 ,,pa4 ,,emery ,,wheels ,,and ,,grinders4 ,,geo4 ,,place1 #aca ,chambers ,st41 ,new ,york ,agent4 ,,rock ,,drilling ,,machines ,,and ,,air ,,compressors1 ,,manufactured ,,by ,,burleigh ,,rock ,,drill ,co4 ,,send ,,for ,,pamphlet4 ,,fitchburg ,,mass4 ,,established #ahdd4 ,,joseph ,c4 ,,todd1 ,,engineer and ,,machinist4 ,flax1 ,hemp1 ,jute1 ,rope1 ,oakum and ,bagging ,machinery1 ,steam ,engines1 ,boilers1 etc4 ,i also manufacture ,baxter's ,new ,portable ,engine of #ahgg4 ,can be seen in operation at my store4 ,a one horse-power portable engine1 complete1 #abe2 two horse-power1 #bbe2 two and a half horse-power1 #bej2 three horse-power1 #bge4 ,manufactured exclusively by ,j4 ,c4 ,,todd1 #aj ,barclay ,st41 ,new ,york1 or ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,baxter #ajj #a ,,horse ,,engine ,,of #ahgg4 ,for ,state ,rights to manufacture above1 apply to ,a4 ,,van ,,winkle1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,to ,,advertisers ,we fill orders for the insertion of advertisements in the newspapers of the ,united ,states and ,dominion of ,canada4 ,to furnish advertisers with reliable information concerning newspapers and their rates1 and thus enable the most inexperienced to select intelligently the mediums best adapted to any particular purpose1 ,,we ,,issue ,,semi-,,annual ,,editions ,,of ,,ayer ,,son',s ,,manual ,,for ,,advertisers4 #afd #hvo4 pp4 ,gives the names1 circulation1 and advertising rates of several thousand newspapers in the ,united ,states and ,canada1 and contains more information of value to an advertiser than can be found in any other publication4 ,all lists carefully revised in each edition1 and where practicable prices reduced4 ,the special offers are numerous and unusually advantageous4 ,it will pay you to examine it before spending any money in newspaper advertising4 ,the last edition will be sent postpaid to any address on receipt of #be cents by ,n4 ,w4 ,,ayer ,,son1 ,,advertising ,,agents1 ,times ,building1 ,philadelphia4 ,illustration3 ,,watsons ,,non ,,changeable ,,gap ,,lathe ,,has ,,great ,,facilities ,,for ,,large ,,or ,,medium ,,size ,,work ,,james ,,watson ,,manr #afjh ,s4 ,,front ,,st4 ,,phila4 ,,pa4 ,,pond',s ,,tools1 ,engine ,lathes1 ,planers1 ,drills1 c4 ,,david ,w4 ,,pond1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,can ,i ,,obtain ,a ,,patent8 ,this is the first inquiry that naturally occurs to every author or discoverer of a new idea or improvement4 ,the quickest and best way to obtain a satisfactory answer1 without expense1 is to write to us 7,munn ,co471 describing the invention1 with a small sketch4 ,all we need is to get the idea4 ,do not use pale ink4 ,be brief4 ,send stamps for postage4 ,we will immediately answer and inform you whether or not your improvement is probably patentable2 and if so1 give you the necessary instructions for further procedure4 ,our long experience enables us to decide quickly4 ,for this advice we make no charge4 ,all persons who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining patents are cordially invited to do so4 ,we shall be happy to see them in person at our office1 or to advise them by letter4 ,in all cases1 they may expect from us a careful consideration of their plans1 an honest opinion1 and a prompt reply4 ,,what ,,security ,,have ,i that my communication to ,munn ,co4 will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential8 ,answer4--,you have none except our well-known integrity in this respect1 based upon a most extensive practice of thirty years' standing4 ,our clients are numbered by hundreds of thousands4 ,they are to be found in every town and city in the ,union4 ,please to make inquiry about us4 ,such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests1 when committed to our professional care1 never has occurred1 and is not likely to occur4 ,all business and communications intrusted to us are kept secret and confidential4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publishers of the ,,scientific ,,american1 #cg ,park ,row ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,scientific ,american is printed with ,,chas4 ,,eneu ,,johnson ,,co4',s ,,ink4 ,tenth and ,lombard ,sts41 ,philadelphia1 and #ei ,gold ,st41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 x indicates italic script2 x indicates bold script4 indicates superscript4 ,some archaic 7,early ,american7 spellings have been retained4 ,erata3 'irridescent' corrected to 'iridescent'4 ,glass1 iridescent 7,contents7 'monoply' corrected to 'monopoly'4 ,the cry of monopoly in this case is altogether unfounded1444 7,article #d3 ,progress of ,petroleum7 'possesing' corrected to 'possessing'4 444 possessing in every way the original form of the wood4 7,article #db3 ,reduction of ,nitrate of ,silver by ,means of ,charcoal47