99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 ,subscripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,h#b,o4 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introductory4 #dge ,,! ,,concession4 #dgf ,,geology ,,& ,,topography4 #dgf ,,population1 ,,area1 ,,& ,,mortality4 #dgi ,,ra9fall ,,& ,,temp]ature4 #dhj ,,available ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply4 #dhd ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,concrete4 #dia ,,e/anzuela ,,supply4 #did ,,s\? ,,di/ribut+ ,,res]voir4 #ejf ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,supply4 #ead ,,di/ribut+ ,,res]voir ,,at ,,obispado4 #ebe ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,s\? ,,& ,,obispado ,,res]voirs4 #ecj ,,analyses ,,( ,,e/anzuela ,,& ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,wat]s4 #ecb ,,city ,,wat] ,,di/ribution ,,sy/em4 #ecb ,,ma9 ,,sew]age ,,sy/em4 #eci ,,ma9 ,,outfall ,,sew]4 #edb ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,& ,,irrigation ,,l&s4 #ede ,,quality ,,( ,,& ,,rates ,,= ,,labor4 #eeb ,,co/ ,,( ,,works4 #eeb ,,t>iffs ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,regulations4 #eec ,,eng9e]s1 ,,etc4 #eef ,,discussion4 #eeg ,,james ,d4 ,,s*uyl]4 #eeg ,,david ,t4 ,,pitke?ly4 #eei ,v4 ,,sauc$o4 #efc ,,george ,t4 ,,hammond4 #efg ,,rudolf ,,mey]4 #egf ,,george ,,rob]t ,,graham ,,conway4 #ehj ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaic ,,! ,,wat]-,,works ,,& ,,sew]age ,,( ,,mont]rey1 ,n4 ,l41 ,,mexico4#a ,,by ,,george ,,rob]t ,,graham ,,conway1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,,) ,,discussion ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,james ,d4 ,,s*uyl]1 ,,david ,t4 ,,pitke?ly1 ,,george ,s4 ,,b9ckley1 ,,vic5te ,,sauc$o1 ,,george ,t4 ,,hammond1 ,,rudolf ,,mey]1 ,,& ,,george ,,rob]t ,,graham ,,conway4 ,,introductory4 #a ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,febru>y #a/1 #aiaa4 ,mont]rey1 ! ,capital ( ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon1 ,mexico1 is built on ! site ( ! old village ( ,santa ,lucia de ,leon1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aehc by ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,k+dom ( ,leon1 ,don ,luis ,c>abajal4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,c>abajal 0 imprison$ by ! ,inquisition1 & ! village ( ,santa ,lucia 0 ab&on$ by its few inhabitants4 ,9 #aeif1 ,capta9 ,diego ,montemayor1 a resid5t ( ,saltillo1 9 ! adjo9+ ,/ate1 wi%+ to r5d] a s]vice to 8 k+1 ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa91 assembl$ 8 fri5ds1 & on ,septemb] #bj? ( t ye>1 proce$$ to e/abli% a t[n on ! site ( ! old village on ! nor!rn side ( ! pr9cipal spr+ at ! place4 ,! t[n 0 nam$ ,nue/ra ,s5ora de ,mont]rey 7,our ,lady ( ,mont]rey71 aft] ! ,c\nt ( ,mont]rey 7,ojos de ,santa ,lucia y ,valle de ,extremadura71 ! rul+ ,gov]nor ( ,new ,spa91 z ,mexico 0 !n call$4 ,mont]rey is approximately 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon1 #a deg4 #ab' we/ ( ,mexico ,city1 & 9 latitude #bf deg4 #dj' ,n4 ,x is a di/ribut+ railway c5t] on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,national ,railroad1 #bgj km4 f ! ,rio ,gr&e at ,l>$o1 #a1jbb km4 f ,mexico1 & #ebj km4 f ,tampico by ! ,mexican ,c5tral ,railway4 ,x is ! c5t] ( _m l>ge indu/ries1 & is ! second l>ge/ manufactur+ city 9 ! ,republic4 ,,! ,,concession4 ,! works describ$ 9 ?is pap] 7 c>ri$ out "u a gu>ante$ concession grant$ by ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,g5]al ,b]n>do ,reyes1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon1 to ,messrs4 ,james ,d4 ,/ock] & ,william ,walk]1 ( ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,! concession is dat$ ,octob] #ai?1 #aijd1 & is = #ii ye>s f t date2 ! works = a complete wat] & dra9age sy/em 7 to be f9i%$ 9 #c ye>s f ! "t ( _! comm5cem5t4 ,be=e ! works 7 design$ & begun1 ! concession 0 acquir$ by ,mr4 ,william ,mack5zie1 ( ! firm ( ,mack5zie1 ,mann & ,company1 ,limit$1 ( ,toronto1 ,ont41 ,canada1 :o1 on ,may #d?1 #aijf1 organiz$ ! ,mont]rey ,wat]-,works & ,sew]age ,company1 ,limit$ 7,compania de ,s]vicio de ,agua y ,dr5aje de ,mont]rey1 ,s4 ,a471 "u ! laws ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ( :i* company he is ,presid5t4 ,mr4 ,mack5zie is also ,presid5t ( ! ,mont]rey ,railway1 ,light1 & ,p[] ,company1 ,limit$1 :i* 0 con/ruct+ ! /reet railways ( ,mont]rey concurr5tly ) ! wat]-works4 ,"u ! provisions ( ! concession1 ! ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ a ,f9ancial ,int]v5tor1 :o _h au?ority to exam9e & *eck ! company's exp5ditures1 & also a ,te*nical ,inspector to exam9e & report on ! con/ruction4 ,! duties ( ^! (ficials also apply to ! op]ation ( ! sy/em :5 ! con/ruction is f9i%$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t has ! "r1 aft] ! sy/em has be5 op]at$ #dj ye>s1 to pur*ase ! entire prop]ty1 subject to #f mon?s' notice1 = a sum equal to #af-b_/c times ! av]age annual net proce$s dur+ ! #c prec$+ ye>s4 ,?is "r may be ex]cis$ at ! end ( #dj ye>s1 or at ! end ( any #aj-ye> p]iod !reaft]1 up to #ii ye>s f ! comm5cem5t ( op]ations4 ,,geology ,,& ,,topography4 ,mont]rey lies 9 a pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,ea/]n ,si]ra ,madre ,m\nta9s :i* con/itute ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,mexican ,cordill]an ,plateau1 & is surr\nd$ by ! magnific5t m\nta9s ( t gr\p1 among ! mo/ notable ( :i* are ! beautiful ,mitra & ,silla ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,mont]rey ^! m\nta9s atta9 heights ( f #b1jjj to #b1djj m41 & are not$ = _! brok5 & jagg$ sky-l9es4 ,! lead+ geological *>act]i/ics ( ! di/rict are ! uplift$ lime/ones ( ! old] cretace\s age :i* =m ! ma9 mass ( ! m\nta9s4 ,prim>ily1 ! m\nta9s are compressional folds :i*1 9 ! ,si]ra ,madre1 ne> ,mont]rey1 are close & v]tically compress$4#b ,! dra9age areas ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ,mont]rey1 & ( ! ,e/anzuela & ,silla ,riv]s1 its tribut>ies1 are ( lime/one & %ale2 orig9ally ! %ales 7 above ! lime/one1 b ! convulsion :i* =m$ ! ,si]ra ,madre z an anticl9al fold1 left ! orig9ally horizontal /rata /&+ ne>ly upright1 & subsequ5t erosion 9 ! upp] "p ( ! anticl9e has expos$ ne>ly v]tical /rata 9 _m places4 ,! lime/one be+ h>d & resi/+ erosion1 !re is g5]ally1 along ! l9e ( contact1 an abrupt drop v]tically on ! face ( ! lime/one to ! %ale bel[4 ,9 _m places ?is abrupt drop is brok5 by a lime/one talus1 b ! l9e ( contact c g5]ally be trac$4 ,m9+ op]ations 9 ^! m\nta9s h reveal$ ! pres5ce ( l>ge caves at a consid]able elevation1 _m ( :i* conta9 l>ge res]voirs ( wat]1 deliv]$ to !m ?r\gh num]\s faults4 ,! riv] valleys are =m$ ( masses ( lime/one conglom]ate & co>se gravels1 re-cem5t$ 9 _m cases by ! lime deposits ( ! fl[+ wat]s4 ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! subsoil ( ,mont]rey itself is a local rock call$ sill>1 :i* is a sup]ficial deposit ( c>bonate ( lime f ! evaporat$ wat]s4 ,9 "s places ! sill> is l>gely mix$ ) a conglom]ate call$ tepetate1 or impure sill>4 #b ,transactions1 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,engrs41 ,vol4 ,,xxxii 7#aijb71 pp4 #afc-agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply ,,& ,,dra9age ,,works ,,= ,,mont]rey1 ,n4 ,l41 ,,mexico4 ,topographically1 ! region ar\nd ,mont]rey is di/+ui%$ by ! dra9age area ( ! ,riv] ,santa ,cat>9a1 :i* rises 9 ! ,si]ra ,madre ne> ! ,laguna de ,san*ez1 at an elevation ( #a1hej m41 z %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,f ?is ,laguna x foll[s a tortu\s c\rse betwe5 precipit\s m\nta9s ?r\gh ! ,boca ( ,santa ,cat>9a to ,mont]rey1 = a di/ance ( #ij km41 ev5tually f9d+ its way to ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,?r\gh\t its c\rse x disappe>s1 fl[s und]gr\nd1 & aga9 appe>s2 &1 except 9 flood "t1 x has a subsurface fl[ = a di/ance ( #af km4 above ! city4 ,9 ! ,canon ( ,santa ,cat>9a x appe>s at ! surface1 hav+ a normal fl[ ( ab\t #a1dae lit]s 7#ej cu4 ft47 p] sec41 & its wat]s at t po9t are divid$ into two p>ts & c>ri$ into irrigation canals4 ,! dra9age area ( ! riv] above ,mont]rey is #a1daj sq4 km41 & its b$ at ,mont]rey is betwe5 #eah & #ede m4 above sea level4 ,s\?w>d f ,mont]rey ! c\ntry rises along ! valley ( ! ,silla = a di/ance ( #ai km41 :]e ! ,silla is sep>at$ f ! ,san ,juan by a l[ divide1 ! =m] fl[+ nor?w>d to ,mont]rey & ! latt] s\!a/w>d t[>d ,all5de4 ,! ,silla ,valley is b\nd$ on ! ea/ & we/ by ! /eep ranges ( ! ,silla & ,si]ra ,madre ,m\nta9s4 ,! floor ( ?is valley is g5tly roll+1 b is cut by _m arroyos :i* c>ry little or no wat] dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,! *ief fe$] ( ! ,silla ,riv] is ! ,e/anzuela1 a /ream :i* d]ives its wat]s f sev]al spr+s com+ to ! surface ne> ! l9e ( contact betwe5 ! lime/one & ! %ale1 at elevations ( ab\t #hjj & #ijj m4#c above datum4 ,! wat]-%$ ( ?is /ream is ri* ) abundant vegetation due to ! precipitation be+ great] ?an on ! ,santa ,cat>9a wat]-%$4 ,to ! s\? ( ! divide ! c\ntry is well wood$1 & ,el ,porv5ir1 #ce km4 f ,mont]rey1 is ! g>d5 spot ( ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon4 ,"h ! ra9fall is mu* great] ?an at any o!r po9t ne> ,mont]rey1 & !re are _m /reams :i* are us$ = irrigation purposes4 ,mont]rey is built on a pla91 *iefly on ! nor? side ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]4 ,?is pla9 has a g5]al fall t[>d ! nor!a/1 & beyond ! city x slopes g5tly nor?w>d = sev]al miles t[>d ! ,topo ,gr&e ,riv]1 & !n s\!a/w>d to jo9 ! great coa/al pla9 ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! g5]al elevation ( ! city lies betwe5 ! #eai- & #eej-m4 cont\rs4 ,! ,plaza ,z>agoza1 9 ! c5t] ( ! city1 is #ecc4ij m4 above sea level2 ! elevation ( ! highe/ "p ( ! city1 at ! we/]n b\nd>y1 is #eej4je m41 & ( ! l[e/ "p1 at ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y1 #eah4j m4 above sea level4 #c ,?r\gh\t ?is pap] datum ref]s to ! height 9 met]s above ! mean sea level ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico at ! ,port ( ,tampico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,l9e1 ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,,population1 ,,area1 ,,& ,,mortality4 ,! population ( ,mont]rey has increas$ z foll[s3 ,c5sus ( #ahea #ad1fba #ahfa #bf1jjj #ahga #cc1haa #ahha #ci1def #ahia #da1aed #aija #gc1ejh 7,e/imat$7 #aiji #hf1jjj to #ij1jjj ,! greate/ progress1 x w be not$1 0 betwe5 #ahia-aija1 ) an increase ( m ?an #bb1jjj 9 #aj ye>s4 ,9 design+ ! new works1 provision has be5 made = ! future requirem5ts ( a city ( #bjj1jjj p]sons4 ,! actual area )9 ! city limits prop] is #ifj4e hect>es 7#b1cgd acres71 =m+ ! area to be provid$ ) wat] & dra9age1 b ! municipal di/rict ext5ds to _m surr\nd+ suburbs1 & cov]s an area ( #cc1geh hect>es 7#hc1dbf acres74 ,,table #a4--,,population ,,& ,,dea? ,,rate ,,( ,,mont]rey1 ,n4 ,l41 ,,mexico1 ,,f #aija ,,to #aiji1 ,,inclusive4 ,,dea?s ,,f ,,typhoid ,,fev] ,popu- ,dea?s ,rate --------------------- ,ye>4 lation4 f all p] causes4 #a1jjj4 ,jan4,feb4,m>4,apr4,may4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c5sus #aija #gc1ejh #b1ife #dj4c #j #b #a #c #d ,e/im4 #aijb #gd1ejj #c1cch #dd4h #a #d #b #c #f #aijc #gf1jjj #c1hbe #ej4c #c #b #d #a #j #aijd #gg1ejj #b1ije #cg4d #j #a #a #e #c #aije #gi1jjj #b1iea #cg4d #b #j #j #c #c #aijf #hj1jjj #b1ice #cf4g #a #b #a #c #c #aijg #hb1ejj #c1bfi #ci4f #d #f #c #c #e #aijh #hd1jjj #c1ahh #cg4i #e #b #e #c #h #aiji #hf1jjj #dc1dgg #dj4d #e #a #d #e #ac ,,dea?s ,,f ,,typhoid ,,fev]4 7,cont9u$7 ,dea?s f ---------------------------------- ,typhoid fev] ,ye>4 ,total p] ye> p] ,jne4,jly4,aug4,sep4,oct4,nov4,dec4= #ajj1jjj ye>4 population4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,c5sus #aija #c #f #f #c #f #d #b #dj #ed ,e/im4 #aijb #e #c #a #a #b #c #e #cf #dh #aijc #e #c #e #f #af #c #a #di #fd #aijd #c #c #d #a #e #a #j #bg #ce #aije #g #f #c #b #g #b #b #cg #dg #aijf #f #e #c #b #a #b #c #cb #dj #aijg #f #d #d #i #c #j #c #ej #fa #aijh #e #i #g #b #g #d #j #eg #fh #aiji #aa #ae #ab #f #h #c #d #hg #aja #d ,exclud+ dea?s due to dr[n+ 9 ! great flood ( ,augu/ #bg? & #bh?4 ,table #a gives p>ticul>s ( ! dea? rate = #aija to #aiji1 inclusive1 & data relative to ! mortality due to typhoid fev]4 ,! high dea? rate is caus$ by ! excessive infantile mortality1 :i* is s preval5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,mexico4 ,! climatic condition ( ,mont]rey1 ) its exceptionally heal?y subsoil1 ought to make x "o ( ! heal?ie/ ( cities1 if prop] c>e 7 tak5 to en=ce sanit>y laws4 ,! data reg>d+ typhoid mortality are probably und]/at$1 z !y 7 compil$ by ! writ]1 9 ! abs5ce ( any (ficial publications1 f ! actual dea? c]tificates1 b no special c>e is tak5 by ! au?orities to insure accuracy 9 su* c]tificates4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! typhoid rate 9 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 #aiji2 ?is high rate co9cides ) a sc>city ( ra9fall & ! greate/ p]iod ( dr\ght exp]i5c$ 9 #cj ye>s1 & imm$iately prec$es ! great flood ( ,augu/ #bg?4 ,x 0 probably due to ! l[]+ ( ! gr\nd-wat] ?r\gh\t ! city & ! consequ5t contam9ation ( ! private wells1 :i* 7 l>gely 9 use dur+ t "t4 ,?r\gh\t ! city ! wells are sunk to a dep? ( ab\t #ab or #ae m41 9 ord] to rea* ! subt]ranean wat]s1 & ! cesspools are (t5 9 dang]\s proximity to !m & at a mu* high] level4 ,! nature ( ! subsoil1 :i* is (t5 mu* fissur$ & op5 9 ! conglom]ate & sill> /rata1 w\ld make ! passage ( contam9ation an easy matt]1 & ?is alone w\ld acc\nt = a high mortality due to wat]-borne diseases4 ,,ra9fall ,,& ,,temp]ature4 ,! precipitation records ( ,mont]rey & its neighborhood are v meag]1 & _c be reli$ on = a long] p]iod ?an f #ahid to #aiji1 inclusive4 ,! records are available f #ahhf1 b 9 ! e>ly ye>s !re are _m app>5t discrepancies1 & !y are probably inaccurate4 ,! av]age ra9fall = ! #ae ye>s 7#ahid-aijh7 is #ba4id 942 ! drie/ ye>s = ?is p]iod are z foll[s3 #ahid1 #ad4ad 942 #aijb1 #ae4bi 942 #aijg1 #ae4bc 942 #aijh1 #ae4aa 94 ,assum+ ! e>ly records to be correct1 ! av]age ra9fall = ! p]iod1 #ahhf-aijh1 w\ld be #ai4hf 94 ,at ,saltillo1 :i* is #ej miles due s\?we/1 at an elevation ( ab\t #a1ebj m4 above sea level1 ! av]age ra9fall = ! #bc ye>s1 #ahhd-aijh1 inclusive1 is giv5 z #ba 94 ,! maximum ye> 0 #ahhi1 ) #cc-a_/b 941 & ! m9imum #aijc1 ) #g-a_/b 94 ,at ,c>m51 9 ! ,/ate ( ,tamaulipas1 #add km4 s\?we/ ( ,mont]rey1 at an elevation ( ab\t #caj m4 above sea level1 ! av]age fall = #ab ye>s is #bd4gj 941 ! maximum ye> be+ #ahig1 ) a fall ( #cd4ji 941 & ! m9imum ye>1 #aije1 ) #ac4da 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,annual ,,ra9fall ,,9 ,,mont]rey ,,cov]+ ,,! ,,p]iod ,,f #ahid ,,to #aiji4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! annual v>iation ( ra9fall at ,mont]rey = #ahid-aiji4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! mon?ly v>iation dur+ ! same p]iod1 & gives ! m9imum1 av]age1 & maximum = ea* mon?4 ,f ^! diagrams x w be se5 t ! mon?s ( lea/ ra9fall are ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,m>*1 ) av]ages ( #j4ff1 #j4ei1 #j4gi1 & #j4ic 941 respectively4 ,! mon?s ( greate/ ra9fall are ,augu/1 ) an av]age ( #d4ci 941 & ,septemb] ) #d4hg 94 ,! maximum 9 any mon? prior to #aiji 0 #af4ge 941 dur+ ,septemb]1 #aijd4 ,ra9fall 9 #aiji4--,! ra9fall 9 #aiji 0 unprec$5t$1 caus+ ! disa/r\s flood 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 :i* w be ref]r$ to :5 describ+ ! works4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! mon?ly ra9fall = #aijf to #aiji1 inclusive1 & has be5 plott$ to %[ ! v>iation ( ra9fall prior to ! great precipitation ( ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,9 t mon? !re 7 two heavy falls1 "o beg9n+ at midnight on ,augu/ #i?1 & dur+ ! foll[+ #db h\rs a fall ( #ac4bh 94 0 record$ by ! gauge at ! ,wat]-,works ,company's g5]al (fices1 #aj4bj 94 ( :i* fell1 dur+ ! fir/ #bd h\rs4 ,f #f ,p4 ,m4 to #aa ,p4 ,m41 on ,augu/ #aj?1 #e4jai 94 7 record$1 or an av]age ( #a 94 p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,mon?ly ,,ra9fall ,,9 ,,mont]rey ,,cov]+ ,,! ,,p]iod ,,f #ahid ,,to #aiji ,,inclusive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,mon?ly ,,v>iation ,,( ,,ra9fall ,,at ,,mont]rey #aijf-aijg-aijh-aiji4 ,aft] #ac dry days1 ano!r ra9/orm began1 at #d ,p4 ,m41 on ,augu/ #be?1 & cont9u$ m or less int]mitt5tly until ,augu/ #bi?4 ,dur+ ?is #ih-;h\r p]iod !re 0 an additional fall ( #ba4fa 941 #aa4bg 94 fall+ 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! total precipitation dur+ ! mon? am\nt$ to #cf4jj 94 ,! highe/ previ\s record = ! mon? ( ,augu/ 0 9 #ahie1 ) a fall ( #f4fa 94 ,fig4 #d gives ! details ( ! two heavy precipitations 9 ,augu/4 ,z no automatic record+ gauge 0 available1 ! maximum int5sity c\ld only be comput$ approximately1 ow+ to ! int]mitt5t "* ( ! read+s tak5 f ! ord9>y ra9 gauge on ! ro( ( ! ,wat]-,works ,company's (fice 9 ! city4 ,f ! read+s ?us obta9$1 x 0 %[n t ! maximum int5sity occurr$ e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #bh?1 & 0 ne>ly #b 94 p] h\r4 ,above ,mont]rey1 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a wat]-%$1 x is believ$ t ! precipitation 0 consid]ably great]1 b no gauges 7 accessible dur+ ! mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,curve ,,( ,,ra9fall ,,at ,,mont]rey ,,dur+ ,,augu/ #aj,,? #aa,,? ,,& ,,f ,,augu/ #be,,? ,,to #bi,,? - #aiji4 ,! total ra9fall = #aiji am\nt$ to #dg4df 941 ( :i* #ge fell 9 ,augu/4 ,?is is #ej great] ?an ! previ\s highe/ annual record 7#ca4fe 94 9 #aijj7 = ,mont]rey4 ,temp]ature4--,fig4 #f gives a record ( ! temp]ature at ,mont]rey f #aija to #aiji1 inclusive4 ,^! records 7 tak5 at an altitude ( #ebj m4 ,x w be not$ t ! l[e/ record$ temp]atures are 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y4 ,! l[e/ dur+ ^! ye>s 0 #bd deg4 ,fahr41 9 ,janu>y1 #aije4 ,! mon?ly maxima v>y betwe5 #hj & #aaj deg4 ,fahr4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #gb4fe deg4 ,fahr4 7,! mean annual b>omet] is #bh4b 947 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,v>iation ,,at ,,mont]rey1 #aija-ji4 ,,available ,,s\rces ,,( ,,supply4 ,! "q ( ! be/ s\rces f :i* ,mont]rey %\ld be suppli$ ) potable wat] 0 "o t _h be5 long "u discussion1 & 0 ! subject ( _m inve/igations prior to ! grant+ ( ! pres5t concession4 ,sev]al ( ! orig9al s*emes call$ = an imp\nd+ res]voir 9 ! ,canon ( ,santa ,cat>9a & x 0 on ! assumption t a dam w\ld be built t a clause 0 ins]t$ 9 ! concession = ! purpose ( mak+ its con/ruction obligatory4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! physical & geological conditions surr\nd+ ,mont]rey has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,a ?or\gh /udy ( ^! conditions prov$ t no suitable site = imp\nd+ ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] c\ld be f\nd1 ap>t f ! fact t p]iodically ?is riv] is subject to enorm\s floods :i* te> ?r\gh ! /eep canon ) trem5d\s velocity4 ,at ! site orig9ally propos$ = ! dam1 a consid]able und]fl[ 0 f\nd1 & lat] inve/igations1 c>ri$ out "u ! pres5t concession1 prov$ t1 al?\gh bor+s 7 c>ri$ to a dep? ( #ed m41 b$-rock c\ld n be f\nd1 ! /rata be+ compos$ ( gravels1 conglom]ate & s&4 ,assum+ t su* a dam c\ld h be5 built1 ! quality ( ! wat] dra9+ f a comp>atively b>r5 wat]-%$1 on :i* _m ?\s&s ( goats are pa/ur$1 w\ld h made its filtration an absolute necessity be=e x c\ld be deliv]$ to ! consum]s4 ,! v>i\s available s\rces f :i* wat] c\ld be deliv]$ to ! city by gravity 7 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,hyde1 9 ! autumn ( #aije1 & also by ,j4 ,d4 ,s*uyl]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 :o 0 aft]w>d reta9$ z ,consult+ ,eng9e] = ! ,company4 ,! v>i\s inve/igations made f "t to "t %[$ t ! "q ( a satisfactory supply 0 "o ( extreme difficulty1 requir+ prolong$ obs]vation & /udy1 m p>ticul>ly into ! "* ( ! und]gr\nd s\rces ( supply4 ,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( _m ( ! /reams 9 ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon1 is _! disappe>ance & reappe>ance at diff]5t po9ts along _! r\tes1 & ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 "u normal conditions1 z already rem>k$1 is a v notable example ( a riv] :i* is v dry at ! surface = _m kilomet]s ( its l5g?4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 ! wat]s ( ?is & simil> riv]s 9 ! ,/ate pass ?r\gh _m op5 cav]ns und]gr\nd1 s t exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! inve/igation ( und]fl[ wat]s 9 o!r places w\ld be insuffici5t to det]m9e ! quantity pass+ at any po9t along ! riv] if asc]ta9$ by m]ely comput+ x f ! velocity ( ! und]fl[ & ! area ( ! wat]-be>+ gravels4 ,! ra9fall on ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] is probably #be great] ?an at ,mont]rey1 & all ord9>y ra9s s9k rapidly into ! lime/one soils & quickly disappe>4 ,9 ano!r wat]-%$ ( a v simil> "*1 namely1 t ( ! ,rio ,blanco1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 ! und]fl[ wat]s appe> at ! surface at a place call$ ,mezquital1 :]e a metamorphos$ s&/one b>ri] prev5ts !m f disappe>+ und]gr\nd4 ,at ?is po9t ! normal quantity ( wat] is ab\t #e1ffj lit]s 7#bjj cu4 ft47 p] sec41 b x gradually disappe>s1 & a few kilomet]s bel[ x has sunk to an insignificant /ream1 f9ally disappe>+ altoge!r = ab\t #bj km4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,mont]rey simil> conditions exi/ ) reg>d to ! surface-wat] supplies1 & inve/igations1 !re=e1 7 direct$ t[>d obta9+ unpollut$ supplies f spr+s & und]gr\nd s\rces4 ,santa ,cat>9a ,s\rces4--,! *ief po9ts f :i* x 0 ?\ght desirable to obta9 und]fl[ supplies 7 7#a7 at ! b>ri] ( ,san ,g]onimo1 & 7#b7 at ! ,canon ( ,santa ,cat>9a1 bo? %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,conditions at ,san ,g]onimo1 :i* is only #f-a_/b km4 we/ ( ,mont]rey1 7 inve/igat$ by ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahib1 to det]m9e ! dep? ( b$-rock1 ! rock on ei!r side ( ! valley be+ %ale1 ) its orig9al b$d+ planes /&+ almo/ v]tical4 ,to det]m9e ?is dep?1 bor+s 7 made by driv+ #b-;94 tubes until x 0 assum$ t b$-rock _h be5 rea*$1 a me?od :i*1 9 /rata conta9+ s _m b\ld]s1 0 obvi\sly unreliable4 ,^! bor+s indicat$ t b$-rock 0 f #ab to #ae m4 bel[ ! surface4 ,if ^! _h prov$ to be correct1 !re is no d\bt t a developm5t ( ! und]gr\nd wat] at ?is po9t1 by con/ruct+ a subm]g$ dam comb9$ ) an infiltration gall]y1 w\ld h yield$ a l>ge supply4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aijf1 ! ,company comm5c$ op]ations at ,san ,g]onimo by s9k+ a well a few met]s nor? ( ! !n dry b$ ( ! riv]4 ,wat] 0 f\nd 9 consid]able quantities a few met]s bel[ ! surface1 practically at ! level ( ! riv]1 t is1 #egj m4 above datum4 ,?is supply 0 us$ = provisional purposes1 & w be ref]r$ to lat] 9 describ+ ! ,san ,g]onimo gravity supply works4 ,betwe5 ,augu/1 #aijf1 & ,janu>y1 #aijg1 #d-;94 bore-holes 7 sunk 9 ! riv] b$ & on ! high gr\nd to ! nor? ) a ,key/one drill] outfit4 ,^! bor+s %[$ b$-rock imm$iately "u ! riv] b$1 at a dep? ( f #ae to #de m41 b dipp+ gradually z ! bor+s 7 c>ri$ nor?w>d4 ,bor+ op]ations 7 also c>ri$ on at ,santa ,cat>9a1 dur+ ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aijf1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 to det]m9e ! geological conditions1 & ! results are %[n on ,fig4 #g4 ,f ! area ( wat]-be>+ gravels f\nd1 x 0 propos$ to tap ! und]fl[ wat] at ! #fcj-m4 level by an infiltration gall]y4 ,?is w\ld h necessitat$ a gravitation tunnel #c1jjj m4 long1 & an aqu$uct ( #ad km41 :i* x 0 propos$ to c>ry to "o ( two di/ribut+ res]voirs at ,guadalupe1 on ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 opposite ,mont]rey4 ,9 ,may1 #aijg1 ! writ]1 aft] mak+ a /udy ( all ! available data :i* _h be5 accumulat$1 _h additional bor+s sunk f>!r across ! valley to ! nor?1 & ^! reveal$ a consid]able area ( wat]-be>+ gravels1 & prov$ t1 9 =m] geological times1 ! ,santa ,cat>9a fl[$ ab\t #ejj m4 nor? ( its pres5t position1 & to ! back ( ,obispado ,m\nta91 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! city4 ,?is aspect ( ! subject 0 discuss$ ) ,mr4 ,s*uyl]1 :o agre$ ) ! writ] t1 9 ! int]e/ ( economy1 x 0 bett] to tap ?is supply by an infiltration gall]y at ! #efj-m4 level1 & br+ ! wat] ?us obta9$ to a res]voir to be plac$ at ! we/]n limits ( ! city1 divid+ ! city1 = di/ribution purposes1 into two int]*angeable sy/ems1 a high- & a l[-pressure1 ! high-pressure sy/em be+ suppli$ f ,e/anzuela1 #ah km4 s\? ( ! city4 ,"o advantage to be ga9$ f ?is *ange 0 t ! s*eme 0 capable ( consid]able ext5sion1 & any future developm5ts at ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon w\ld =m "p ( ! works to be con/ruct$ = bo? high- & l[-pressure di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,santa ,,cat>9a ,,riv] ,,at ,,santa ,,cat>9a4 ,! future ext5sion ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a s\rces1 ! writ] believes1 c be develop$ be/ by driv+ an infiltration gall]y #aj m4 bel[ ! surface ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 a little we/ ( ! village ( ! same "n1 & !n convey+ ! wat] ?r\gh a comp>atively %ort gravitation tunnel & pressure conduit to a ma9 res]voir ne> ,san ,g]onimo hav+ a top wat] level at an elevation ( ab\t #eij m4 above datum4 ,s\!rn ,s\rces ( ,supply4--,! available s\rces ( supply s\?w>d f ,mont]rey include a numb] ( spr+s at v>i\s po9ts 9 a di/ance ( #dj km4 ,_m ( ^! spr+s are ( unc]ta9 quantity1 & "s are q dry dur+ p]iods ( dr\ght4 ,! *ief p]5nial spr+s ne> ,mont]rey are ^? :i* contribute to =m ! ,e/anzuela & ,di5te ,riv]s1 bo? tribut>ies ( ! ,silla1 :ile f>!r s\?1 at ! ,potr]o ,c]na1 ne> ,el ,porv5ir1 !re are excell5t spr+s1 at a consid]able elevation1 ) a m9imum fl[ ( f #agj to #bjj lit]s 7f #f to #g cu4 ft47 p] sec4 ,! total quantity ( wat] available f all ^! spr+s dur+ ! drie/ season w\ld probably n be less ?an ab\t #efj or #gjj lit]s 7f #bj to #be cu4 ft47 p] sec4 ,! ,e/anzuela spr+s issue at ! foot ( ! ,si]ra ,madre ,m\nta9s1 & h a normal fl[ ( f #ef to #he lit]s 7#b to #c cu4 ft47 p] sec4 9 an ord9>y dry ye>2 !y probably d]ive _! wat]1 ?r\gh ! lime/one =mation1 f ! neighbor+ wat]-%$ ( ,santa ,cat>9a1 z ! cat*m5t area ( ! /ream is only #iaj hect>es1 & ! /ream has nev] be5 kn[n to fail1 ev5 9 ! drie/ p]iods ( prolong$ dr\ght4 ,! ra9fall on ! area is ab\t #cj 94 p] annum1 & ! cat*m5t area is well wood$ & cov]$ ) abundant vegetation4 ,! ,el ,di5te spr+s h an ord9>y dry-wea!r fl[ ( ab\t #bh-a_/b lit]s 7#a cu4 ft47 p] sec42 b "p ( ! wat] is c>ri$ und]gr\nd1 & ! real quantity is mu* great] & c\ld be develop$ by a small subm]g$ dam c>ri$ d[n to b$-rock4 ,! elevation & ! extreme purity ( ! wat] ( ! ,e/anzuela ,riv] made its acquisition v desirable1 & ! ,company1 !re=e1 pur*as$ ! ,f$]al wat] rights own$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,e/anzuela community1 am\nt+ to #ia lit]s p] sec41 & has s9ce acquir$ a ,f$]al concession to all ! flood-wat]s ( t riv]4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 to adopt ! ,e/anzuela ,riv] z ! fir/ /ep t[>d develop+ ! wat] to ! s\? ( ,mont]rey = a high-pressure supply1 ! advantage ( ! s*eme be+ t f "t to "t ext5sions c\ld be made to tap o!r s\rces by gravity1 z ! dem&s ( ! city requir$4 ,! ,e/anzuela s*eme1 !re=e1 is a prelim9>y /ep t[>d future ext5sions :i* w be necess>y 9 ?is direction z ! city gr[s4 ,! spr+s ne> ,el ,porv5ir1 & o!rs :i* contribute to ! ,san ,juan ,riv]1 c be tapp$ at a suffici5tly high level to convey !m by a gravity pressure l9e to ! ,e/anzuela ,aqu$uct ne> ,m$]os4 ,! two s\rces def9itely decid$ on 9 ,july1 #aijg1 7 ^? f ,e/anzuela & ,san ,g]onimo4 ,! works 7 design$ to supply #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s daily1 :i* x 0 assum$ w\ld be suffici5t = all future developm5ts = a population ( #bjj1jjj at a p] capita consumption ( #bjj lit]s p] day4 ,! pres5t requirem5ts ( ! city's population1 assum+ t all ! wat] 0 suppli$ by ! ,company1 w\ld be1 at t rate1 :i* is a v lib]al "o1 only #ah1jjj1jjj lit]s daily4 ,?is1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be easily met by ! ,san ,g]onimo s\rce alone1 z x 0 e/imat$ t x w\ld provide n less ?an #bj1jjj1jjj lit]s1 if ! infiltration gall]y 0 driv5 f> en\gh into ! wat]-be>+ gravels4 ,! "q ( a high-pressure wat] supply = dome/ic use 9 a city l ,mont]rey is n a s]i\s "o1 z practically n9e-t5?s ( ! h\ses are ( "o /ory4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( l>ge comm]cial build+s1 h[ev]1 w make ! dem& great] 9 ! future1 & ?is po9t has be5 kept 9 m9d 9 arrang+ ! division ( ! di/ribution sy/ems4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,concrete4 ,cem5t4--,9 ! e>ly /ages ( con/ruction ! cem5t = ! "w 0 obta9$ f ! ,associat$ ,portl& ,cem5t ,manufactur]s1 ,limit$1 ( ,london1 :i* suppli$ ! ,pyramid br&1 f ! ,knight1 ,bevan1 & ,/urges ,works1 b lat] ! supply 0 obta9$ f a new factory at ,hidalgo1 ne> ,mont]rey4 ,! total quantity ( ,portl& cem5t us$ 0 #db1ejj bbl4 ( ,pyramid & #cb1ejj bbl4 ( ,hidalgo4 ,! ,engli% cem5t 0 te/$ = ! ,wat]-,works ,company 9 ,london be=e %ipm5t & aga9 at ,mont]rey1 to con=m to ! ,briti% ,/&>d ,specifications2 ! ,hidalgo cem5t 0 requir$ to pass ! ,/&>d ,specifications advocat$ by ! ,special ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,! quality 9 ea* case 0 ( ! v highe/1 no difficulties be+ exp]i5c$ at any "t4 ,s& & ,rock4--,"o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 connection ) ! con/ruction "w 9 its initial /ages 0 9 procur+ satisfactory s& = ! concrete4 ,an inve/igation ( ! quality ( all ! available s&s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mont]rey result$ 9 ! decision to use a manufactur$ s& obta9$ f ! calc>e\s %ales 9 ! foot-hills opposite ! city1 on ! s\? side1 & ne> ! site ( "o ( ! propos$ res]voirs4 ,a qu>ry 0 op5$1 & ! raw mat]ial 0 deliv]$ by a gravity plane to a cru%+ plant1 #bcj m4 f ! qu>ry & at a level ab\t #ej m4 l[]4 ,! plant consi/$ ( a ,no4 #e ,au/9 gyratory rock-cru%]1 fitt$ ) elevators & revolv+ scre5s ( v>i\s dim5sions1 driv5 by a #aej-;h4p4 ,erie /eam eng9e2 two sets ( ,traylor's heavy-duty cru%+ rolls1 "o hav+ #cj by #af-;94 & ! o!r #ah by #ab-;94 rolls2 & a ,niag>a s& dis9tegrator4 ,?is plant1 except dur+ a %ort p]iod :5 ! requirem5ts 7 beyond its capacity1 0 able to produce all ! s& & rock requir$ = con/ruction purposes4 ,m ?an #dj1jjj tons ( rock 7 qu>ri$1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 conv]t$ into cru%$ /one & s&4 ,table #b gives ! *emical analysis ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! v>i\s s&s exam9$4 ,,table #b4--;,,analysis ,,( ,,s&s ,,9 ,,! ,,neighborhood ,,( ,,mont]rey4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,p]c5tage ( silica 7absolute71 ,si,o#b ,b3 ,p]c5tage ( alum9a1 ,al#b,o#c ,c3 ,p]c5tage ( sesquioxide1 ,fe#b,o#c ,d3 ,p]c5tage ( lime c>bonate1 ,ca,c,o#c ,no4 ,location4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a4 ,arroyo ,seco1 ne> bricky>d at ,mont]rey #fj4aj #ag4ie #b4hi #h4ja #b4 ,arroyo ,seco1 ne> bricky>d at ,mont]rey1 ,no4 #b #db4ib #ad4bf #d4ff #cd4eh #c4 ,ne> ,g>cia ,/ation1 ,mexican ,national ,r4 ,r41 ,*iquito ,riv]1 ,no4 #a #ej4bb #i4gb #a4dd #cd4fb #d4 ,ne> ,g>cia ,/ation4 ,mexican ,national ,r4 ,r41 ,*iquito ,riv]1 ,no4 #b #dh4g #d4ib #h4bh #ce4dc #e4 ,san ,luis ,potosi #he4jb #e4jj #g4ch #b4ba #f4 ,topo ,gr&e1 ,pesqu]ia ,riv] #dj4bj #e4ae #d4be #df4ej #g4 ,hornos1 ne> ,torreon #gg4i #ac4a #b4d #d4i #h4 ,sal9as ,riv]1 at ,sal9as #da4e #e4g #a4d #dh4b #i4 ,pits ne> ,caball]os1 on ,tampico ,bran* ( ,mexican ,c5tral ,r4 ,r4 #gc4d #e4f #d4d #aj4a #aj4 ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 ne> ,san ,g]onimo 7wa%$ s&7 #ab4dj #b4jf #a4ad #ha4gj #aa4 ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 at ,mont]rey #ag4d #b4ej #b4jj #gg4jj #ab4 ,composition ( rock1 qu>ry 9 foot-hills opposite ,mont]rey1 ,mont]rey ,wat]-,works & ,sew] ,company's prop]ty #dj4dd #ae4gj #b4bj #cd4cj #ac4 ,manufactur$ s& f above qu>ry 7run ( cru%]7 #ea4hj #ab4ad #h4g #cb4f ,! *ief s&s us$ = ord9>y build+ purposes 9 ,mont]rey are ,nos4 #aj & #aa1 :i* are procur$ f ! b$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]4 ,z ^! s&s conta9 l>ge proportions ( lime c>bonates1 :i* make !m v undesirable = important /ructures1 _! use 0 limit$ to relatively unimportant "w4 ,! be/ s&s procurable 7 ,nos4 #e & #i1 b ! long di/ance ( ! pits f ,mont]rey1 & consequ5tly ! heavy freight rate1 made _! use prohibitive on economical gr\nds4 ,! be/ ( ! available s&s1 al?\gh x 0 v f9e1 0 ,no4 #g1 f ,hornos1 ne> ,torreon1 z x c\ld be dep5d$ on = uni=mity & c\ld be obta9$ f4 o4 b4 c>s at ,mont]rey = #c4ahe pesos p] ton4 #e ,all co/s giv5 9 ?is pap] are 9 ,mexican pesos1 "o peso be+ equival5t to #ej c5ts 9 ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy4 ,! bulk ( ! s& & cru%$ rock us$ 0 simil> to ,nos4 #ab & #ac1 & ref]5ce to ! cem5t s& te/s 9 ,table #c1 w %[ t ! manufactur$ s&s gave v satisfactory results4 ,table #c gives ! av]age te/s made ) ! ,hidalgo cem5t & v>i\s s&s1 alone & 9 comb9ation1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ comp>ative results2 ! mixtures te/$ 7 compos$ ( #c p>ts ( s& to #a ( cem5t4 ,,table #c4--,,te/s ,,( ,,hidalgo ,,cem5t ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,s&s4 ,s&4 ,at #g days4 ,at #bh days4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ottawa 7,/&>d7 #cje lb4 #dad lb4 ,mont]rey1 #a-a_/b p>ts1 ,hornos1 #a-a_/b p>ts #ahh #cac ,mont]rey #bec #cfe ,hornos #bjb #cja ,manufactur$ s&1 ,company's cru%] #cgb #eff ,hornos1 #b p>ts1 ,cru%] s&1 #a "p #bca #ceb ,hornos1 #a-a_/b p>ts1 ,cru%] s&1 #a-a_/b p>ts #bfe #cdf ,hornos1 #a "p1 ,cru%] s&1 #b p>ts #bdh #cbh ,! ,hornos s& 0 us$ dur+ a few weeks 9 ! latt] "p ( #aijh1 :5 ! cru%] 0 unable to produce all t 0 requir$4 ,its use 0 re/rict$ to ?ick walls :i* 7 requir$ to be wat]-tight1 & x 0 always us$ 9 equal proportions ) ! cru%] du/4 ,,e/anzuela ,,supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,location ,,plan ,,( ,,e/anzuela ,,dam4 ,intake ,works4--,! intake 7,fig4 #h7 is ab\t #a km4 bel[ ! l[e/ spr+ & at a po9t :]e ! maximum fl[ ( ! /ream 0 obs]v$4 ,! works consi/ ( a small monoli?ic concrete dam1 plac$ obliquely across ! /ream at an angle select$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ a f\ndation runn+ p>allel to ! direction ( ! /rata1 :i* at ?is po9t 7 ly+ almo/ v]tically across ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,above ^! /rata ! /ream b$ 0 =m$ *iefly ( l>ge cem5t$ lime/one blocks & small] conglom]ate4 ,no /orage be+ possible 9 ?is valley1 :i* has a v precipit\s fall1 ! height ( ! dam 0 fix$ m]ely to obta9 a small settl+ bas9 = s& & debris br\ght d[n 9 "t ( flood4 ,! dam f\ndation 0 excavat$ to b$-rock1 f :i* ! upp] dis9tegrat$ portions 7 c>efully remov$2 ! rock 0 !n /epp$1 & dovetail$ recesses 7 left = prop]ly bond+ ! concrete4 ,! dam is c>ri$ well into ! banks4 ,its extreme l5g? is #eb m41 its maximum height #d4ej m41 & its greate/ ?ickness #b m4 ,! up-/ream face has a batt] ( #a 9 #ab1 & ! d[n-/ream face1 #a 9 #h4 ,! top ( ! wall is #a m4 ?ick4 ,= ! dis*>ge ( flood-wat] !re is a weir #aj m4 long1 & x 0 calculat$ t ) a dep? ( #a m4 x w\ld dis*>ge ab\t #djj times ! ord9>y fl[1 or ab\t #bc1jjj lit]s p] sec41 b1 9 addition1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! dam 7exclud+ t occupi$ by ! gate-h\se7 0 arrang$ = ! dis*>ge ( abnormal floods1 "o ( :i*1 on ,augu/ #bg?1 rea*$ ! enorm\s quantity ( #hb1jgj lit]s 7#b1ijj cu4 ft47 p] sec41 or #hbe cu4 ft4 p] sec4 p] sq4 mile ( dra9age area1 a rem>kable run-(f f s small an area z #iaj hect>es4 ,! concrete =m+ ! dam is a #a3c3e mixture4 ,! ov]fl[ sill is #fib m4 above sea level4 ,:5 ! dam 0 complet$ x 0 fill$ to ! ov]fl[ level1 9 ord] to te/ ! wat]-tightness ( ! bas91 :i*1 :5 cle>$1 0 f\nd to be slightly fissur$ on ! nor? side4 ,! leakage 0 suffici5t to cause a s]i\s loss dur+ p]iods ( dr\ght1 & x 0 !n decid$ to l9e ! bas9 ) concrete1 s t ! /ream w\ld ent] x )\t be+ "u a head great] ?an its own dep?4 ,! l5g? ( ! bas91 measur$ along ! c5t] l9e ( ! orig9al /ream surface1 is #he m41 & its area is #a1ajj sq4 m4 ,at its upp] end x is m]ely a l9$ *annel1 #e m4 wide at ! entrance4 ,! floor ( ! bas9 has a fall ( #d m4 ,! l9+ 0 =m$ 9 two ?icknesses total+ #cj4e cm4 7#ab 947 ( #a3b-a_/b3c-a_/b concrete1 laid 9 panels approximately #c m4 squ>e1 ! upp] panels break+ jo9t ) ^? imm$iately bel[2 9 ?is way a v satisfactory & wat]-tight l9+ 0 obta9$4 ,a p>apet wall1 #de4g cm4 high1 surr\nds ! bas94 ,= sc\r+ out ! bas9 a #cj4e-;cm4 7#ab-;947 ca/-iron pipe 0 tak5 ?r\gh ! dam at ! l[e/ po9t1 ?is pipe be+ provid$ ) a gate-valve encas$ 9 concrete on ! d[n-/ream face4 ,! gate-h\se 0 built 9 connection ) ! dam at ! nor? end ( ! ov]fl[ weir1 its inn] dim5sions be+ #d4cd by #b4hj m4 ,! sub/ructure1 to ! level ( ! dam1 is ( concrete f\nd$ on ! solid rock1 & ! sup]/ructure is ( brick r5d]$ ) cem5t pla/]4 ,! ro( is ( fram$ timb] ) r$ ,fr5* tiles4 ,! intake pipe is ( ca/ iron4 #dj4f cm4 7#af 947 9 int]nal diamet]1 fitt$ outside ) a movable copp] scre5 :i* is fur!r protect$ by a wr\ght-iron h+$ scre5 to prev5t damage f /ones1 float+ timb]1 etc41 dur+ times ( flood4 ,inside ! gate-h\se ! outlet pipe is provid$ ) a #dj4f-;cm4 7#af-;947 sluice-valve1 op]at$ f ! floor level by a v]tical head-/ock ) worm-ge>+4 ,! gate-h\se has a sc\r-out pipe 7also op]at$ by a head-/ock7 & duplicate copp] scre5s fitt$ to iron frames4 ,f ?is h\se ! wat] is convey$ to ! upp] portion ( ! conduit1 :i* is a #de4g-;cm4 7#ah-;947 ca/-iron pipe4 ,( ! total area ( l&1 #hhe hect>es 7#b1ahg acres71 own$ by ! company1 #cib hect>es 7#igj acres7 h be5 f5c$ 91 to prev5t any contam9ation ( ! spr+s4 ,?is f5ce is =m$ ( five l9es ( b>b$ wire protect$ ) /\t hog nett+ at ! bottom1 9 ord] to prev5t m p>ticul>ly ! entrance ( goats1 _m ?\s&s ( :i* pa/ure 9 ! adjo9+ m\nta9s4 ,on ! high gr\nd imm$iately bel[ ! intake1 a #c-room$ /one h\se has be5 con/ruct$ = ! inspector 9 *>ge ( ! intake works1 :o also keeps 9 daily t\* ) ! g5]al (fice & records ! condition ( ! /ream1 p>ticul>s ( ra9fall1 etc4 ,aqu$uct4--,! total l5g? ( ! aqu$uct1 f ! intake dam to ! ,s\? ,res]voir1 is #ah1gjj m41 made up z %[n 9 ,table #d4 ,,table #d4--;,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,description4 ,l5g?1 9 met]s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ca/-iron pipes1 #de4g cm4 7#ah 947 9 diamet]1 along ! /ream b$ ( ! ,e/anzuela ,riv] #aaj ,concrete tubes1 #ee4i cm4 7#bb 947 9 diamet]1 to ,m$]os 7includ+ #bha m4 ( tunnel7 #d1dgc4ha ,ca/-iron siphons1 #de4g cm4 7#ah 947 9 diamet]3 ,calabozos #bci m ,s\? ,virg5 #abd ,nor? ,virg5 #agg ,m$]os #dbf ----- #iff ,concrete tubes1 #fc4e cm4 7#be 947 9 diamet]1 ,m$]os to ,s\? ,res]voir4 #ab1jci4ai ,ca/-iron siphons1 #ej4h cm4 7#bj 947 9 diamet]3 ,necaxa #cae m4 ,san ,augu/9 #gif ----- #a1aaa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,total #ah1gjj ,! gradi5t ( ! concrete pipes is #j4dc f ,e/anzuela to ,m$]os1 & #j4ec f ,m$]os to ! ,s\? ,res]voir4 ,! calculat$ dis*>g+ capacity ( ! conduit :5 runn+ full is #cfd lit]s 7#ac cu4 ft47 p] sec4 = ! upp]1 & #dfe lit]s 7#af4d cu4 ft47 p] sec4 = ! l[] section4 ,= ^! pipes1 ! coeffici5t1 n1 9 ,kutt]'s =mula1 0 tak5 at #j4jac4 ,at pres5t ! l9e has be5 limit$ by ov]fl[s to dis*>ge ?ree-qu>t]s full4 ,! increase 9 ! size ( ! pipes f ,m$]os is = ! purpose ( receiv+ ! wat]s ( ! ,m$]os ,riv] & o!r spr+s 9 ! ,san ,pablo & ,aqua ,v]de cat*m5t areas1 z %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,! inv]t ( ! concrete conduit :]e x leaves ! ,e/anzuela ,riv] is #fhd4be m4 above datum1 & at ! valve-h\se ( ! ,s\? ,res]voir x is #ehi4jj m4 ,! concrete pipes 7 manufactur$ & laid "u contract ) ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,s4 ,b5t1 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cal41 ! ,company provid+ all mat]ials1 labor1 etc4 ,! contractor 0 paid #aj c5ts p] l94 ft4 ( pipe manufactur$ & #aj c5ts p] l94 ft4 laid4 ,he 0 also responsible = ! satisfactory completion ( ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,e/anzuela ,,pipe ,,l9e ,,/eel ,,=ms ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,concrete ,,pipe4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! details ( ! jo9t recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,s*uyl] & adopt$ = ^! pipes4 ,! #fc4e-;cm4 7#be-;947 pipes 7 #fa cm4 long & #gf mm4 7#c 947 ?ick4 ,! #ee4i-;cm4 7#bb-;947 pipes 7 ( ! same l5g?1 b #gj mm4 7#b-c_/d 947 ?ick4 ,= ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ^! pipes :ile haul+ !m ov] v r\gh roads !y 7 re9=c$ ) f\r r+s ( ,no4 #f galvaniz$-iron wire4 ,manufacture ( ,pipes4--,! pipes 7 manufactur$ "u ! ,sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,/anley ,b5t1 at a pipe y>d e/abli%$ bel[ ! cru%+ plant1 f :i* ! cru%$ rock & s& 7 deliv]$ by gravity 9 bogies run on n>r[-gauge rails4 ,! area ( ! pipe y>d 0 approximately #a-a_/d hect>es1 & x 0 laid out ) p>allel l9es ( #gf-mm4 7#c-;947 galvaniz$-iron pip+ ) hose c\pl+s = spr9kl+ purposes4 ,aft] trials ) aggregates ( v>i\s sizes1 ! concrete = ! pipes 0 proportion$ by volume z foll[s3 ,cru%$ rock brok5 to pass ?r\gh a #ai-mm4 scre5 #j4acf cu4 m4 ,manufactur$ s& 7run ( rolls7 #j4aai ,portl& cem5t #j4jij ------------ ,total #j4cde cu4 m4 7#ab4b cu4 ft47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,/eel ,,=ms ,,= ,,m\ld+ ,,concrete ,,tubes1 ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,! above quantity manufactur$ two #fc4e-;cm4 pipes2 a #ee4i-;cm4 pipe requir$ #j4adae cu4 m4 7#e cu4 ft47 ( ! mat]ial1 9 ! same proportions4 ,fig4 #i %[s ! =ms = ^! pipes1 & ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,iii1 illu/rates ! process ( m\ld+4 ,! =ms consi/ ( ca/-iron bottom r+s1 to ! prop] section ( ! jo9t1 & inn] & out] /eel =ms ( #c-mm4 plate1 provid$ ) inn] & out] lock+ arrangem5ts4 ,! concrete 0 p\r$ ?r\gh a ca/-iron hopp] :i* fitt$ to ! top ( ! out] =m4 ,! concrete1 :i* 0 mix$ v dry1 9 a #a_/b-;cu4 yd4 bat*1 ,smi? mix]1 0 ?or\ghly tamp$ ) a #bb-lb4 tamp]1 & work$ until x 0 ( a /iff jelly-l consi/5cy1 ! wire r+s be+ add$ z ! concrete 0 plac$4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ ) ! m9imum quantity ( wat]4 ,! upp] jo9t 0 m\ld$ ) a heavy ca/-iron r+4 ,! jacket & core =ms 7 loos5$ imm$iately1 & plac$ ov] o!r r+s1 a suffici5t numb] ( bottom r+s be+ us$ = a day's "w4 ,= ! pipes requir$ = curves1 special =ms 7 us$ to give ! necess>y bevel to ! jo9t4 ,aft] #bd h\rs ! f9i%$ pipes 7 lift$ f ! bottom r+ ) a special lift]1 & rang$ 9 position = coat+ int]nally ) a ,portl& cem5t gr\t to :i* a little fre%ly slak$ lime 0 add$4 ,! pipes 7 all numb]$1 & 7 kept moi/ = #aj days by con/ant spr9kl+4 ,!y 7 n haul$ to ! "w until #bh days aft] !y 7 m\ld$1 al?\gh ?is rule 0 sometimes brok51 to ! detrim5t ( ! pipes4 ,m ?an #cb1jjj pipes 7 manufactur$1 b "s 7 us$ = purposes o!r ?an ! ,e/anzuela ,aqu$uct4 ,co/ ( ,pipes4--,! contractor br\ght ) him exp]i5c$ concrete pipe mak]s f ,cali=nia1 & ^! 7 aft]w>d assi/$ by ,mexican labor4 ,9 a day two tamp]s c\ld manufacture f #de to #ej pipes ( ! l>g] 7#fc4e-;cm171 & f #ee to #fj ( ! small] 7#ee4i-;cm47 size4 ,! co/ v>i$ f #b4ge to #c4be pesos p] pipe = ! small]1 & f #c4ej to #d4jj pesos = ! l>g] size4 ,! approximate co/ ( manufactur+ is z foll[s3 ,tak+1 z a fair example1 "o week's "w dur+ ,m>*1 #aijh1 ! wages paid to ! #gd m5 compris+ ! total pay-roll 7?\gh "p ( ?is labor 0 int]mitt5t7 am\nt$ to #iha pesos4 ,?is includes a g5]al =eman at #aj pesos p] day1 f\r ,am]ican tamp]s at #g4ej pesos1 & ,mexican labor v>y+ f #d to #a peso1 & all labor necess>y to h&le & f9i% ! pipes1 includ+ coat+ ! int]iors4 ,dur+ ?is week !re 7 made #a1abf ( ! #fc4e-;cm4 & #a1jie ( ! #ee4i-;cm4 size4 ,! pay-roll includes #ebj pesos = ! l>g] pipes 7#df c5ts ea*7 & #dfa pesos = ! small] pipe 7#db c5ts ea*74 ,table #e %[s ! quantities & co/ ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! pipes4 ,,table #e4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,concrete ,,pipe4 ,,= #a1abf ,,pipes #fc4e ,,cm4 ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,mat]ials4 ------------------------------ ,quantities4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,portl& cem5t1 at #h4jj pesos p] bbl41 deliv]$ at pipe-mak+ y>d4 #dja bbl4 #c1bjh4jj pesos4 ,s&1 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #he cu4 m4 #bbe4be ,cru%$ rock1 #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;9471 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #fb cu4 m4 #afd4cj ,no4 #f galvaniz$-wire hoops4 #d r+s to ea* pipe4 #d1ejd #bjc4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,totals4 444 #c1hjj4ee pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,co/ p] pipe4 444 #c4cg pesos4 ,,= #a1jie ,,pipes #ee4i ,,cm4 ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,mat]ials4 ----------------------------- ,quantities4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,portl& cem5t1 at #h4jj pesos p] bbl41 deliv]$ at pipe-mak+ y>d4 #cjc bbl4 #b1dbd4jj pesos4 ,s&1 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #fh cu4 m4 #ahj4bj ,cru%$ rock1 #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;9471 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #ej cu4 m4 #acb4ae ,no4 #f galvaniz$-wire hoops4 #d r+s to ea* pipe4 #d1chj #ahc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,totals4 444 #b1iai4de pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,co/ p] pipe4 444 #b4ff pesos4 ,f ,table #e x is se5 t ! co/ ( ! #fc4e-;cm4 pipes 0 #c4cg pesos = mat]ial plus #j4df peso = labor #c4hc pesos p] pipe1 or #f4bf pesos p] l94 m4 7#a4ia pesos p] l94 ft474 ,! co/ ( ! #ee4i-;cm4 pipes am\nt$ to #b4ff pesos = mat]ial plus #j4db peso = labor #c4jh pesos p] pipe1 or #e4je pesos p] l94 m4 7#a4ed pesos p] l94 ft474 ,! co/ ( cem5t includ$ haul+ f ! bodega to ! y>d1 a di/ance ( ab\t #e km4 ,at a lat] date1 aft] ! ,company _h comm5c$ us+ ! ,hidalgo cem5t1 "s additional #ee4i-;cm4 pipes 7 manufactur$1 s z to h !m on h& z a res]ve 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,9 ?is "w only ,mexican labor 0 us$1 z ! previ\s gang _h be5 disp]s$1 b ! tamp]s _h previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,tak+ ! co/ ( #dah pipes made dur+ "o p]iod ( #i days1 ! detail$ co/ 0 z giv5 9 ,table #f4 ,,table #f4--;,,co/ ,,( #ee4i-;,,cm4 ,,concrete ,,pipes4 ,,= #a1abf ,,pipes #fc4e ,,cm4 ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,mat]ials4 ------------------------------ ,quantities4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,portl& cem5t1 at #h4jj pesos p] bbl41 deliv]$ at pipe-mak+ y>d4 #dja bbl4 #c1bjh4jj pesos4 ,s&1 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #he cu4 m4 #bbe4be ,cru%$ rock1 #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;9471 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #fb cu4 m4 #afd4cj ,no4 #f galvaniz$-wire hoops4 #d r+s to ea* pipe4 #d1ejd #bjc4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,totals4 444 #c1hjj4ee pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,co/ p] pipe4 444 #c4cg pesos4 ,,= #a1jie ,,pipes #ee4i ,,cm4 ,,9 ,,diamet]4 ,mat]ials4 ----------------------------- ,quantities4 ,co/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,portl& cem5t1 at #h4jj pesos p] bbl41 deliv]$ at pipe-mak+ y>d4 #cjc bbl4 #b1dbd4jj pesos4 ,s&1 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #fh cu4 m4 #ahj4bj ,cru%$ rock1 #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;9471 at #b4fe pesos p] cu4 m4 #ej cu4 m4 #acb4ae ,no4 #f galvaniz$-wire hoops4 #d r+s to ea* pipe4 #d1chj #ahc4jj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,totals4 444 #b1iai4de pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,co/ p] pipe4 444 #b4ff pesos4 ,excavation = ,pipe ,l9e & ,siphons4--,! excavation = ! pipe l9e & = bridge works1 etc41 0 let by contract to ,messrs4 ,scott & ,lee1 ( ,mont]rey1 "u ?ree classifications3 7#a7 ,all mat]ial :i* 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,eng9e] c be economically loos5$ ) picks & h&l$ ) %ovels4 7#b7 ,indurat$ e>? or gravel1 %ale or rock :i* c be loos5$ )\t bla/+1 & 'sill>'1 locally s-call$1 :e!r pure or mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 & :e!r x requires bla/+ or n4 7#c7 ,all rock n includ$ 9 ! above :i* requires drill+ or bla/+4 ,locally1 ?is classification is well und]/ood1 p>ticul>ly ,no4 #b1 z x cov]s ! sill> soils :i* are common 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mont]rey4 ,! contract prices 73 ,no4 #a1 #ej c5ts2 ,no4 #b1 #a4ej pesos2 & ,no4 #c1 #b4ej pesos p] cu4 m4 ,^! prices 7 ov] & above ! cle>+ & grubb+ ( ! l9e1 :i* 0 paid = at ! rate ( #ajj pesos p] hect>e4 ,! r\te ( ! pipe l9e be+ along brok5 c\ntry1 at "s po9ts difficult ( access1 s]vice roadways1 ab\t #c m4 wide1 = haul+ mat]ial 7 con/ruct$1 &1 = ab\t #g km41 a roadway 0 made along ! l9e ( ! tr5*4 ,! prices = ! roadway1 "u ! above classification1 73 ,= ,no4 #a1 #ce c5ts2 ,no4 #b1 #a4ej pesos2 & ,no4 #c1 #b4ej pesos p] cu4 m4 ,! tr5*es 7 excavat$ #e cm4 bel[ ! requir$ f9i%+ dep?1 to all[ = grad+ ! pipes 9 select$ mat]ial1 & 7 tak5 out to an av]age wid? ( #dj cm4 great] ?an ! outside diamet] ( ! pipe1 to all[ = _! prop] jo9t+1 & also to give suffici5t room to roll ! pipes 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! f9al quantities ( excavation 73 ,,tr5*3 ,no4 #a #aa1aae cu4 m4 ,no4 #b #ah1jif ,no4 #c #f1fej -------------- ,total #ce1hfa cu4 m4 ,,roadways3 ,no4 #a #d1afe cu4 m4 ,no4 #b #a1iii ,no4 #c #cj ------------- ,total #f1aid cu4 m4 ,! r\te ( ! pipe l9e 0 laid out s z to obta9 an av]age fill ( n m ?an #a m4 ov] ! tops ( ! pipes1 b 9 "s cases ! cuts1 = %ort l5g?s1 7 #c m4 deep4 ,! excavation = ?is "w began 9 ,june1 #aijg4 ,haul+ ,pipes4--,! pipes 7 haul$ to ! site ( ! "w ) ox-c>ts & mule teams4 ,! co/ ( haul+ v>i$ f #be c5ts p] pipe at ! l[] end1 to #a peso p] pipe at ! upp] &1 comp>atively speak+1 inaccessible portion ( ! l9e4 ,! weight ( ea* #ee4i-;cm4 pipe 0 ab\t #ahb kg42 t ( ea* #fc4e-;cm4 pipe 0 ab\t #baf kg4 ,! breakages 9 all ! pipes ca/ at ! pipe y>d am\nt$ to ab\t #a1 due *iefly to unload+ !m c>elessly ne> ! pipe l9e4 ,pipe ,lay+4--,! pipe-lay+ gang 0 compos$ ( #g ,mexicans "u ! direction ( an ,am]ican =eman1 :o 0 9 *>ge ( sev]al gangs4 ,"o gang c\ld lay daily f #fj to #gc m4 7f #ajj to #abj pipes74 ,! foll[+ 0 ! ord9>y pay-roll = "o gang3 #a ,=eman at #h pesos 7proportion74 #b4jj pesos4 #a ,pipe lay] at #c pesos4 #c4jj #a ,pipe lay]'s assi/ant at #b pesos4 #b4jj #a ,cem5t mix] at #b pesos4 #b4jj #b ,outside pla/]]s at #b4ej pesos4 #e4jj #b ,inside pla/]]s at #b4be pesos4 #d4ej #a ,wat] boy at #j4ej peso4 #j4ej ----------- ,total4 #bj4jj pesos4 ,?is br+s ! av]age co/ ( lay+ ! pipes to #cb4h c5ts p] l94 m4 ,! pipes 7 jo9t$ ) #a3b cem5t mort>1 ! out] jo9t be+ r\nd$ ov] bo? pipes = a wid? ( #ab-a_/b cm4 7#e 947 & a height ( ab\t #ai mm4 7#c_/d 9474 ,9 mak+ ^! jo9ts ! pipe lay]s wore rubb] gloves4 ,! jo9ts 7 kept moi/1 & ! tr5* 0 back-fill$ ) f9e1 scre5$ mat]ial to a dep? ( #aj cm4 above ! top ( ! pipe4 ,inside1 ! jo9ts 7 c>efully caulk$ ) cem5t & r5d]$ smoo?1 ! pla/]]s work+ cont9u\sly along ) ! pipe lay]s1 do+ f #bj to #ce m4 at a "t4 ,wat] _h to be convey$ to ! tr5*es by b>rels on burros1 & dur+ ! dry season x 0 sometimes c>ri$ #e or #f km4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,typical ,,re9=c$ ,,concrete ,,gird] ,,bridge1 ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,elliptical ,,ar* ,,bridge ,,c>ry+ ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,bridges4--,! l9e z laid out pass$ ov] _m gul*es & dry arroyos1 & ^! 7 cross$ ) re9=c$ concrete bridges ( v>y+ spans & heights1 two be+ %[n on ,plate ,,iv4 ,^! bridges 7 =m$ ( cont9u\s horizontal gird]s1 #a4aj m4 deep & #a m4 wide1 ) a cantilev] ov]hang at ! abutm5ts1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b m41 s z to avoid settlem5t betwe5 ! pipes & ! bridges4 ,! bottom re9=cem5t consi/$ ( f #b to #f twi/$ b>s ( mild /eel1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t spans f #ab4g to #ai mm4 7#a_/b to #c_/d 947 9 diamet]4 ,! turn$ up b>s 7 #bh-a_/b mm4 7#a-a_/h 947 9 diamet]2 !y 7 plac$ on ei!r side1 c>ri$ ov] ! upp] "p ( ! beams1 & cont9u$ along ! end = ! ov]hang+ "p ( ! gird]4 ,^! b>s1 :5 n obta9able ( ! full l5g?1 7 splic$ ) a lap ( #a4b m4 ) ,no4 #f galvaniz$-/eel wire4 ,! v]tical /irrups 7 #d4g by #be4d mm4 7#c_/af by #a 9471 ( mild /eel2 !y 7 equally spac$ #cj4e cm4 7#ab 947 ap>t1 & c>ri$ all ar\nd ! gird]s1 lapp+ at ! c5t] ab\t #ae cm4 7#f 9471 all ! /eel be+ c>efully wir$ toge!r be=e plac+ ! concrete4 ,! g5]al type ( ! pi]s & abutm5ts is %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,iv1 & v>ies 9 height ) practically e bridge1 ! f\ndations 9 e case re/+ on h>d rock4 ,! concrete = ! gird]s 0 a #a3b-a_/b3c-a_/b mixture1 ! cru%$ /one us$ hav+ all pass$ a me% ( #ai mm4 7#c_/d 9474 ,! pi]s 7 ( #a3c-a_/b3e-a_/b concrete1 & heavy displac]s 7 emb$d$ )9 !m4 ,! concrete 0 plac$ aft] ! pipes _h be5 laid ?r\gh ! =m by ! pipe contractor1 ! jo9ts be+ kept cle> ( ! bottom to ! requir$ di/ance by small m\ld$ concrete blocks4 ,! tops ( ! gird]s 7 m\ld$ to a slightly segm5tal =m4 ,! bridges 7 all kept wat]$ = ab\t #ae days1 & ! =ms 7 n /ruck = #bh days aft] plac+4 ,at ,/ation #ac4d ! pipes 7 c>ri$ ov] a picturesque arroyo on an elliptical ar*$ bridge 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,iv7 ( #aa m4 cle> span4 ,! abutm5ts ( all bridges 7 protect$ by rubble walls 9 cem5t mort> c>ri$ up #fj cm4 above ! tops ( ! gird]s4 ,! contract price = ! concrete "w ( ^! bridges1 ! ,company furni%+ ! /eel & cem5t1 0 #ad pesos p] cu4 m41 & = plac+ re9=c+ /eel #ce pesos p] metric ton 7#b1bjd lb474 ,!re are #di s+le-span bridges1 ! l>g] spans be+ #i4aj m42 #h two-span1 & #aa ?ree-span bridges1 _! total l5g?1 includ+ ! ov]hang1 am\nt+ to #hgj4ej m41 or #d-a_/b ( ! :ole l5g? ( aqu$uct4 ,concrete ,aprons4--,at #gf po9ts !re 7 small depressions :i* did n necessitate ! con/ruction ( bridges1 & at ^! places ! pipes 7 encas$ 9 blocks ( concrete c>ri$ up ! hillside 9 ! =m ( an apron hav+ small abutm5t walls f #a to #b m4 ap>t4 ,?is also s]v$ to protect ! pipes f sc\r+ action dur+ ra9/orms4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! l9e1 ne> ! intake1 ! pipe _h to be protect$ by concrete cont9u\sly = a di/ance ( ab\t #cjj m41 9 ord] to prev5t damage f fall+ rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,v5tilat+ ,,column ,,& ,,entrance ,,manhole1 ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,v5tilators & ,manholes4--,along ! r\te ( ! concrete pipe !re are #bg v5tilators1 "o ( :i*1 toge!r ) an entrance manhole1 is %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,v4 ,!y consi/$ ( simple concrete columns1 #c4ce m4 high1 above ! gr\nd l9e1 ! int]ior ( ! %afts be+ =m$ ( fire-clay pipes1 #ae cm4 7#f 947 9 diamet]4 ,at ea* v5tilator ! pipe 0 cut & a block ( concrete1 ! wid? ( ! tr5*1 fill$ 9 z a f\ndation4 ,entrance manholes 7 also plac$ at #di po9ts1 at #bg ( :i* !y imm$iately adjo9$ ! v5tilat+ columns4 ,e/anzuela ,tunnel4--,at #a1efj m4 f ! intake at ,e/anzuela1 ! conduit is laid ?r\gh a tunnel #bha m4 long4 ,! tunnel 0 driv5 ?r\gh h>d calc>e\s /rata f ! op5 cutt+s at ea* end4 ,! inn] dim5sions 7 trimm$ to approximately #b m4 high & #a-a_/b m4 wide4 ,at ! ends ( ! tunnel ! rock 0 mod]ately easy to take out1 b ! inn] section 0 v h>d & difficult to bla/4 ,ord9>y h& drill+ 0 adopt$1 & ! actual co/ ( driv+ v>i$ f #bh pesos p] l94 m4 at ! ends to #ej pesos 9 ! c5t]4 ,! pipes 7 laid ?r\gh ! tunnel 9 ! ord9>y way1 & back-fill$ f ! c5t]1 s z to give a cov] ( ab\t #de cm4 above to protect !m f fall+ pieces ( %ale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plac+ ,,concrete ,,pipes ,,9 ,,=ms ,,= ,,bridge ,,cross+ ,,at ,,nor? ,,end ,,( ,,tunnel1 ,,e/anzuela ,,aqu$uct4 ,siphons4--,x has already be5 m5tion$ t !re are #f ca/-iron pipe siphons4 ,! head on ^! v>ies betwe5 #aj & #ch m4 ,all are provid$ ) special inlets & outlets1 =m+ comb9$ ov]fl[ & v5tilat+ *amb]s1 & h wood5 h&-sluices to div]t ! wat] :5 necess>y4 ,! bottoms ( all siphons are provid$ ) #bj-;cm4 ca/-iron sc\r-out pipes1 fitt$ ) valves1 & c>ri$ d[n to a l[] po9t to obta9 a free outlet4 ,! valve-boxes are protect$ by be+ plac$ 9 heavy concrete *amb]s c>ri$ up above ! level ( ord9>y floods4 ,! siphons are =m$ ( ca/-iron socket pipes1 #c4fe m4 7#ab ft47 long1 caulk$ 9 ! ord9>y way ) lead jo9ts4 ,! ?ickness ( ! #de4g-;cm4 7#ah-;947 pipes is #ai mm42 t ( ! #ej4h-;cm4 pipes is #ba mm4 ,on ! /eep hillsides ! pipes are an*or$ securely to ! rock 9 concrete blocks re9=c$ ) heavy iron *a9s4 ,9 "s cases ^! siphons 7 difficult ( access1 b ox-teams haul$ ! pipes 9 a v effici5t & satisfactory mann]4 ,ov]fl[ ,*amb]s4--,! ord9>y ov]fl[s1 ( :i* !re are #ad1 are simil> 9 design to ! siphon inlets4 ,te/+1 etc4--,:5 ! l9e 0 complet$ x 0 te/$ = wat]-tightness1 & ! loss 0 f\nd to be ab\t #e1 "p ( :i* 0 probably due to absorption4 ,at a lat] date x 0 f\nd t ! wat]s ( ! ,e/anzuela ,riv]1 :i* conta9 #aej p>ts ( calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c7 p] million1 deposit$ a v f9e film ( lime on ! int]ior ( ! pipes1 completely fill+ any pores !re might h be54 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is no measurable leakage1 ?us prov+ t ! "* ( ! "w is v satisfactory4 ,! wat] 0 turn$ into ! conduit on ,june #aa?1 #aijh1 & deliv]$ to ! city on ! foll[+ day ?r\gh a by-pass1 be=e ! res]voir 0 complet$4 ,! pipe l9e is patroll$ daily by an inspector ) ! au?ority ( a g5d>me1 s z to prev5t ! unlawful ab/raction ( wat]1 a v necess>y precaution 9 s dry a c\ntry4 ,,s\? ,,di/ribut+ ,,res]voir4 ,! di/ribut+ res]voir = ! ,e/anzuela supply is at ,guadalupe1 on ! foot-hills to ! s\? ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 ab\t #b km4 f ! c5t] ( ! city4 ,! res]voir is a cov]$ "o1 ( re9=c$ concrete1 & its capacity is #ch1jjj1jjj lit]s 7#aj1jjj1jjj ,u4 ,s4 gal474 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,excavation ,,& ,,embankm5t ,,= ,,s\? ,,res]voir ,,be=e ,,l9+4 ,excavation & ,embankm5t4--,! heavy slope ( ! gr\nd at ! select$ site made ! circul> =m ! mo/ desirable4 ,on ! l[ side ! gr\nd 0 excavat$ ab\t #b m4 bel[ ! orig9al gr\nd l9e1 :ile ! excavation at ! upp] "p ( ! slope 0 ab\t #ab m4 deep4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial consi/$ *iefly ( sill> & lime/one conglom]ate1 :i* :5 brok5 up =ms a calc>e\s clay ( an excell5t "* = ! =mation ( embankm5ts1 :5 prop] c>e is tak54 ,! dim5sions fix$ = ! int]nal diamet] ( ! f9i%$ concrete "w ( ! res]voir 73 #ha m4 7#bfe4fh ft47 at ! top1 & a dep? ( wat] ( #i m41 ) sides slop+ #ee 9 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,s\? ,,res]voir ,,plan ,,( ,,excavation4 ,fig4 #aj is a plan ( ! res]voir1 ) a cross-section ( ! excavation & embankm5t4 ,on ! l[] side ! orig9al gr\nd l9e 0 cut d[n 9 /eps1 & all loose e>?1 roots1 etc41 7 c>efully remov$4 ,! floor ( ! res]voir 0 *iefly sill> conglom]ate1 a h>d mat]ial t requir$ a consid]able am\nt ( bla/+ = its removal4 ,! embankm5ts 7 =m$ 9 #aj-;cm4 lay]s ( sill> & conglom]ate brok5 into small fragm5ts & !n roll$ ) #c-ton sectional roll]s drawn by teams ( #d & #f mules1 :i* assi/$ 9 dis9tegrat+ ! mass ?or\ghly1 & produc$ by con/ant wett+ a homog5e\s & compact clay4 ,! excavation & embankm5t 7 left s t #ae cm4 ( trimm+ c\ld be done at a lat] date1 imm$iately prior to ! l9+ ( ! res]voir4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial am\nt$ to ab\t #cd1jjj cu4 m41 &1 ( ?is quantity1 #ca1ejj cu4 m4 7 us$ to =m ! embankm5t2 ! rema9d] 0 tak5 to a spoil bank imm$iately adjo9+1 ! black e>? /ripp+ be+ sep>at$ & res]v$ = cov]+ ! res]voir1 etc4 ,! contract prices = ! excavat$ mat]ial plac$ 9 ! embankm5t 73 ,pesos p] cubic met] ,class #a4--,mat]ial :i* c\ld be remov$ by pl[s & scrap]s #j4fj ,class #b4--,?is consi/$ *iefly ( sill> #a4ji ,class #c4--,lime/one conglom]ate 7requir+ bla/+7 #a4fe ,! prices 7= ! same classification7 = mat]ial tak5 to ! spoil bank1 7 #j4dj1 #j4hj1 & #a4dj pesos1 respectively4 ,( ! mat]ial tak5 out1 #ae came "u ,no4 #a classification1 #hj "u ,no4 #b1 & #e "u ,no4 #c4 ,! excavation 0 begun at ! end ( ,may1 #aijg1 & complet$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijh1 by ,scott & ,lee1 ! contractors4 ,! embankm5ts 7 !n all[$ to /& until ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 #aijh1 to p]mit ! :ole to become ?or\ghly settl$ & consolidat$ prior to beg9n+ ! l9+4 ,9 ,july ! "w ( trimm+ ! embankm5ts & excavat+ = ! f\ndations ( ! res]voir columns 0 comm5c$1 "u ! ,company's own adm9i/ration1 :i* complet$ ! entire "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,details ,,( ,,beams ,,& ,,columns ,,= ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,details ,,( ,,=ms ,,= ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,we/]n ,,half ,,( ,,s\? ,,res]voir1 ,,%[+ ,,f9al ,,sett+ ,,up ,,( ,,d]rick ,,on ,,c5tral ,,columns4 ,concrete ,l9+ & ,ro(4--,! g5]al arrangem5t & details ( ! side-walls1 columns1 & ro( are %[n on ,plates ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii & ,,ix4 ,! pr9cipal feature consi/s 9 divid+ ! res]voir into radial sections & support+ ! ro( on #ace prim>y & #fgj second>y beams1 f #ace columns1 spac$ z foll[s3 ,out] r+1 at #cd4be m4 f c5t] #dj columns4 #b;d #bg4hh #dj #c;d #ba4ea #bj #d? #ae4da #bj #e? #h4gg #aj #f? #b4dj #e --- ,total #ace columns4 ,! inn] bottom diamet] ( ! res]voir is #gj4cb m4 7#bcj4fd ft472 ! upp] inside diamet] is #ha m4 7#bfe4fh ft472 ! wat] dep? at ! ov]fl[ level is #i m4 7#bi-a_/b ft74 ,! ro( 0 design$ to c>ry a dead load 7! e>? cov]7 ( #aej lb4 p] sq4 ft41 & a live load ( #ajj lb4 ,! maximum compressive fib] /ress 9 ! concrete 0 assum$ at #eej lb4 p] sq4 94 = ! beams1 & at #cej lb4 = ! columns1 a l[ figure1 because ( _! ecc5tric load+4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( ! /eel 0 tak5 at #ad1ejj & #af1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! twi/$ /eel us$ = ! column re9=cem5t 0 made at ! local /eel plant1 b = ! beams1 etc41 a twi/$ lug b>1 ( high] quality & great] p]missible t5sile /ress1 0 us$4 ,! total quantity ( /eel us$ 0 #agh tons4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ! load on ! column f\ndations w\ld n exce$ #a-a_/d tons p] sq4 ft4 ,) ! exception ( ! side-wall & floor1 all ! concrete 0 re9=c$ ) /eel1 ( ! sizes & spac+ %[n on ,plate ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,con/ruction & ,erection ,s*eme4--,! "q ( ord9>y =ms1 requir+ v heavy timb] "w1 0 a s]i\s "o1 z suitable lumb] is v exp5sive 9 ,mexico2 & ! necessity ( f9i%+ ?is res]voir be=e ! end ( ! fir/ t]m all[$ "u ! concession1 :i* expir$ on ,decemb] #ca/1 #aijh1 l$ to ! adoption ( :at ! writ] believes is an orig9al s*eme = s l>ge a /ructure4 ,?is s*eme 0 to ca/ ! columns 9 %ort sections1 m\ld ! radial & second>y beams z sep>ate memb]s1 & !n place !m 9 position ) d]ricks4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! case ( ! beams1 x 0 important n to sacrifice ei!r ! b5efit ( t "p ( ! slab :i* is ord9>ily assum$ to act z a "p ( ! beam1 or ! additional /r5g? due to cont9uity2 &1 9 case ( ! columns1 ! /r5g? due to ! re9=cem5t ext5d+ f ! f\ndation to ! beams4 ,! ,t-beam section 0 secur$ by not*+ ! tops ( ! m\ld$ memb]s1 ) not*es #aj cm4 deep1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g?s ( ! beams1 z %[n on ,plate ,,vi4 ,a computation ( ! maximum flange increm5t %[s t ^! not*es are suffici5t to transf] ! flange /resses to ! /em1 b1 = additional security1 flat /eel b>s 7 b5t to a ,z-%ape & emb$d$ 9 ! top ( ! beam1 ab\t #fj cm4 ap>t4 ,cont9uity 9 ! beams 0 secur$ by c>ry+ ! /eel to ! tops ( ! beams ov] all supports1 &1 aft] erection1 concret+ !m into ! ro( slab4 ,! second>y beams1 aft] ca/+1 7 dropp$ into recesses left 9 ! radial beams = ! purpose4 ,concret+1 ,mix+1 etc4--,! radial beams & column sections 7 ca/ z ne>ly z possible "u _! ultimate positions2 ! second>y beams 7 ca/ outside & imm$iately adjo9+ ! res]voir4 ,! rock & s& 0 br\ght f ! ,company's cru%+ plant1 9 #c-;cu4 yd41 side-dump c>s1 runn+ on a #cj-;94 track by gravity a di/ance ( #a km41 ! la/ #aej m4 requir+ haul+ ) #f mules4 ,! c>s return$ all ! way to ! cru%] by gravity4 ,^! c>s dump$ ! mat]ial into b9s on ! high gr\nd above ! res]voir2 f !re x 0 hopp]$ into c>s :i* c>ri$ to ! mix] all ! mat]ial = "o bat* ( concrete4 ,two ,no4 #a ,smi? mix]s 7 us$1 & f #be to #cj bat*es p] h\r c\ld be h&l$ 9 ea* ma*9e4 ,! concrete 0 transport$ f ! mix]s to place 9 #a_/b-;cu4 yd41 #ah-;94 gauge1 swivel1 /eel dump-c>s pu%$ by two m54 ,all ! concrete us$ 9 ! bottom ( ! res]voir1 = ! ma9 beams1 columns1 & floor1 am\nt+ to ab\t #b1dfj cu4 m41 0 dump$ ?r\gh a *ute into small] c>s4 ,! *ute _h s _m baffle-plates & bolts t x resembl$ a gravity mix]1 b1 al?\gh x 0 #ab m4 long1 x effectively prev5t$ ! sep>ation ( ! mat]ials4 ,concrete ,plac+ & ,m\ld+4--,! squ>e f\ndations = ! columns 7 deposit$ 9 situ1 a recess be+ left = ! reception ( ! p$e/als1 :i* 7 m\ld$ 9 place aft]w>d4 ,! capitals & p$e/als 7 ca/ 9 "o piece1 & ! columns 9 #a4ba-m4 7#dh-;947 sections1 eight #e-;cm4 holes be+ left 9 !m by us+ wr\ght-iron pipes1 held 9 place by templates & remov$ :5 ! ca/+s 7 ab\t #c h\rs old4 ,! columns 7 erect$ by ?read+ !m on ! #ae4h-mm4 7#e_/h-;947 re9=c+ rods1 :i* ext5d$ f ! p$e/als up ?r\gh ! capitals4 ,! rods 7 9 two l5g?s1 arrang$ to lap alt]nately at "o-f\r?1 ! c5t]1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ! height ( ! columns4 ,9 erection1 a light timb] frame 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) ! d]rick1 &1 z ! columns 7 plac$1 ! re9=c+ /eel 0 gr\t$ solid ) #a3b cem5t mort>4 ,all ! erection 0 done ) a comb9$ /iff-leg or guy d]rick1 hav+ an #hj-;ft4 boom & a #ej-;ft4 ma/1 & fitt$ ) a #cj-;h4p4 ,lamb]t hoi/+ eng9e4 ,! d]rick 0 erect$ sev5 times at ! circumf]5ce1 & its f9al position 0 on top ( ! c5t] columns4 ,! mov+ ( ! d]rick a di/ance ( ab\t #de m4 & its subsequ5t erection occupi$ usually ab\t #dh h\rs4 ,! erection "w 0 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly1 day & night1 ! plac+ ( ! :ole ( ! radial & second>y beams & columns occupy+ #b-a_/b mon?s4 ,=ms4--,z ! erection s*eme 0 design$ to r$uce ! co/ ( =ms1 economical con/ruction 0 ( consid]able importance4 ,! wall 0 =m$ 9 #dj panels1 ab\t #f m4 wide & #aa4bg m4 high4 ,! *ief object 9 arrang+ !m 9 ?is mann] 0 to p]mit an expansion jo9t1 #cj cm4 wide1 at ea* panel2 ?is jo9t 0 n fill$ until aft] ! completion ( ! ro(1 :5 ! temp]ature inside ! res]voir 0 uni=m & n subject$ to su* great fluctuations z if expos$ alt]nately to ! hot sun & comp>atively cool nights4 ,! range ( temp]ature dur+ ! con/ruction p]iod sometimes am\nt$ to #hj deg4 ,fahr4 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! expansion jo9ts 7 left to ! la/1 :5 a uni=m temp]ature ( ab\t #gj deg4 inside p]mitt$ ! fill+ ( ! jo9ts1 ?us avoid+ all tr\ble f expansion cracks4 ,! =ms are %[n 9 detail on ,plate ,,vii4 ,!y consi/$ ( %utt]s /iff5$ ) f\r trapezoidal trusses4 ,! bottom po/s ( ! trusses 7 fix$ 9 holes =m$ 9 ! f\ndation block2 !y 7 propp$ back f ! embankm5t at ! top1 & secur$ to an*orages by iron rods4 ,six sets ( ^! =ms 7 us$ to con/ruct ! :ole wall4 ,! concrete 0 plac$ 9 position ?r\gh /ove-pipe *utes1 #bj cm4 9 diamet]1 9 cont9u\s lay]s1 ! workm5 tread+ & spad+ x well z x 0 deposit$4 ,! =ms 7 all[$ to rema9 #d or #e days1 & 7 !n /ruck & remov$ to ano!r section4 ,! p$e/als & capital =ms 7 ( lumb]1 & five ( ea* 7 us$ to ca/ ! total numb] requir$4 ,9 ! column sections ! out] /eel =ms us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ,e/anzuela pipes 7 adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! radial beam =ms1 %[n on ,plate ,,vii1 7 arrang$ ) int]nal w$ge-%ap$ blocks to m\ld accurately ! recess = ! second>y beams4 ,! bottom =ms 7 left atta*$ to ! beams = #bh days1 b ! sides & ends 7 remov$ aft] #bd h\rs4 ,eight =ms 7 suffici5t = ! :ole #ace beams4 ,= ! second>y beams1 #bi =ms 7 us$ = ! #fgj beams1 ! bottom lumb] also be+ left until !y 7 mature = h&l+4 ,by ref]r+ to ! cross-section ( ! second>y beam1 x w be notic$ t x is jug-%ap$1 %elves be+ left on ei!r side = ! support ( ! ro( =ms1 :i* 7 plac$ aft] ! second>y beams _h be5 prop]ly gr\t$ to ! radial ones4 ,! lagg+ 0 laid diagonally1 s t ! %ort diamet] 0 slightly great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! beams4 ,?is greatly facilitat$ ! removal ( ! lagg+1 z x 0 m]ely necess>y to /rike ! w$ge-%ap$ fillets b5ea?1 & turn !m clockwise1 aft] te>+ out ! end lagg+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,sep>ately ,,m\ld$ ,,second>y ,,beams ,,9 ,,y>d ,,bel[ ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,sett+ ,,prim>y ,,beams1 ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,! writ] believes t ! adoption ( =ms ( ?is type1 r ?an ! ord9>y k9d1 l$ to a sav+ ( lumb] ( ab\t #djj1jjj ft4 b4 m4 ,dur+ ! erection & plac+ ( ! concrete1 all ! jo9+ surfaces 7 c>efully pick$ & clean$1 p>ticul> c>e be+ tak5 at ! junction ( ! second>y ) ! radial beams1 & ! upp] surfaces ( all beams be=e lay+ ! ro( slab4 ,aft] ! great] "p ( ! ro( 0 complet$1 ! floor 0 laid 9 ^? sections :]e x 0 protect$ f ! sun's rays4 ,! concrete 0 plac$ 9 two #ae-;cm4 ?icknesses1 & ! "w 0 c>ri$ on night & day1 )\t any jo9ts4 ,! lay+ ( ! floor occupi$ #h days1 or an av]age ( ne>ly #ajj cu4 m4 daily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,complet$ ,,section ,,( ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,,expansion ,,jo9ts ,,9 ,,side-,,wall ,,n ,,yet ,,fill$4 ,proportions ( ,concrete4--,all ! concrete "w 0 br\ght to a smoo? face by c>eful spad+1 no pla/]+ be+ us$ ?r\gh\t ! res]voir1 except 9 ! sup]/ructures4 ,! "w 0 kept well wat]$ 9 e case = ab\t #ae days4 ,! :ole ( ! concrete "w 9 connection ) ! res]voir 0 complet$ 9 #e-a_/b mon?s4 ,! concrete = ! columns & f\ndations 0 a #a3c3e mixture1 ! aggregate consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;947 & #ch-mm4 7#a-a_/b-;947 cru%$ /one4 ,! rema9d] ( ! concrete1 except t = ! ro(1 0 a #a3b3d mixture1 ! aggregate also consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( #ai-;& #ch-mm4 /one4 ,) ! exception ( a %ort l5g? ( ! side-walls1 ! s& us$ 0 t manufactur$ by ! ,company4 ,:5 ! cru%+ plant 0 unable to produce all ! s& requir$1 ! ,hornos s& 7see ,table #c7 0 us$ 9 ! side-walls 9 equal proportions ) ! cru%] s&4 ,res]voir ,outlet & ,entrance ,t[]4--,! outlet1 #fa cm4 7#bd 947 9 diamet]1 leads f a well 9 ! c5t] ( ! res]voir & passes "u ! floor & embankm5t to an outside valve-pit1 #hi m4 f ! c5t]4 ,?is pipe 0 laid 9 a tr5* 9 a solid cutt+ be=e ! con/ruction ( ! embankm5t1 & 0 encas$ 9 #a3d3h concrete4 ,:]e x passes "u ! embankm5t a #a3b3d concrete cut-(f wall1 #c4f m4 wide1 #b4e m4 high1 & #a m4 ?ick1 0 plac$ across x at "r angles4 ,! ca/-iron pipe is curv$ upw>d 9 ! c5tral well1 & has a bellm\? on :i* re/s a movable circul> copp] scre54 ,above ! outlet well1 & on ! ro( ( ! res]voir1 !re is a c5tral t[]1 giv+ access to ! int]ior by a /eel /airway4 ,?is t[] also s]ves z a ma9 v5tilat+ %aft1 & 9 x are arrang$ ! guide-scre5s & ge>+ = rais+ !m = clean+ purposes4 ,9 addition to ! v5tilation provid$ 9 ! t[]1 #bj circul> op5+s1 #cj cm4 9 diamet]1 are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! res]voir at ! circumf]5ce & into ! p>apet walls4 ,inlet ,gate-,h\se1 etc4--,! inlet gate-h\se is above ! res]voir & ab\t #ed-a_/b m4 f its c5t]4 ,! conduit ent]s at #ehi4jj m4 above datum1 & ! gate-h\se conta9s ! valves = controll+ ! inlet pipe to ! res]voir1 ! by-pass1 ov]fl[1 sc\r-out pipe1 & ! copp] scre5s4 ,! inlet1 :i* is #de4g cm4 7#ah 947 9 diamet]1 is ( ca/-iron flang$ pipes1 c>ri$ on iron hang]s on ! side-wall ( ! res]voir1 &1 at a po9t #ij cm4 above ! floor level1 x is turn$ at "r angles to ! side-wall & c>ri$ on concrete pi]s to ! c5t] ( ! fir/ r[ ( columns4 ,! end ( ! pipe is clos$ by a blank flange1 & ! wat] is deflect$ at "r angles ?r\gh two #cj-;cm4 7#ab-;947 bran*es1 = ! purpose ( sett+ up a slight circul> motion z x ent]s ! res]voir4 ,! valve-pit is cle> ( ! embankm5t1 & 9 x are br\ght toge!r ! ma9 supply & by-pass pipes on :i* are plac$ two #fa-;cm4 7#bd-;947 sluice-valves2 & betwe5 !m !re is a #bj-;cm4 7#h-;947 sc\r-out pipe1 = empty+ ! res]voir into an adjo9+ arroyo4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! valves gives complete control ov] ! cont5ts ( ! res]voir4 ,v5turi ,met]-,h\se4--,fig4 #aa %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ,v5turi met] & its automatic regi/] 9 a h\se ov] ! ma9 supply pipe4 ,?is h\se is design$ to =m a feature ( ! entrance gateway ( ! res]voir gr\nds1 :i* cov] an area ( #ab hect>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,v5turi ,,met]-,,h\se4 ,g5]al4--,! ro( ( ! res]voir has be5 laid out z a g>d51 & ! embankm5ts are turf$4 ,! int5tion is to develop ! ,company's l& z a public p>k1 z x comm&s f9e views ( ! city & ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,an inspector's h\se has be5 built1 & a private telephone l9e provides = communication ) ! ,e/anzuela intake & also ) ! g5]al (fices 9 ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,s\? ,,res]voir1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,city4 ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,supply4 ,provisional ,supply4--,x has already be5 /at$ t ! ,company began op]ations at ,san ,g]onimo 9 ,m>*1 #aijf1 by s9k+ a well on ! nor? bank ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] at ,san ,g]onimo4 ,at ?is po9t1 a little lat]1 a small /eam pump+ plant1 suffici5t to h&le ab\t #h1jjj lit]s p] m941 0 in/all$4 ,! l[e/ dep? to :i* ?is well 0 ultimately sunk 9 wat]-be>+ /rata1 0 #g m41 ! normal level ( ! wat] dur+ #aijf & #aijg nev] fall+ l[] ?an #efi m4 above datum4 ,te/s made f "t to "t dur+ #aijg-jh1 %[$ t ?is well 0 capable ( supply+ ne>ly #aj1jjj1jjj lit]s 7#bfd1jjj gal47 ( wat] daily4 ,! excell5t supply yield$ by ?is well made x desirable to adopt x imm$iately z a provisional measure1 p5d+ ! completion ( ! l>g] works =m+ ! we/]n s\rce ( supply4 ,to utilize ! well to its fulle/ ext5t1 a re9=c$ concrete res]voir1 ( #c1jjj1jjj lit]s capacity1 0 con/ruct$ on ! s\? bank ( ! riv]1 ! top wat] level be+ #ehe m4 above datum1 t is1 at ! same elevation z ! propos$ res]voir = ! ,e/anzuela supply4 ,! res]voir is #ec4hj m4 long1 #ba m4 wide1 & has a wat] dep? ( #c4be m4 at ! ov]fl[ level4 ,x is excavat$ on a /eep hill slope1 & has an e>? embankm5t on ! l[] side4 ,! l9+ is ( concrete1 #bj cm4 ?ick1 & ! ro( is ( re9=c$ concrete compos$ ( flat ar*es spr++ f beams c>ri$ on #df by #ce-;cm4 re9=c$ columns4 ,!re are #fh ( ^! columns1 & !y are #c m4 ap>t longitud9ally & #e m4 ap>t transv]sely4 ,! ro( 0 n con/ruct$ until ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #aijg1 & prior to t "t ! necessity ( cov]+ ! res]voir 0 amply demon/rat$ by ! gr[?1 dur+ hot wea!r1 ( consid]able quantities ( gre5 algae1 :i* _h to be skimm$ f ! surface ( ! res]voir e few days4 ,! deliv]y pipe f ! pump+ plant 0 orig9ally ( rivet$ /eel & 0 asphalt$4 ,x 0 #cj cm4 9 diamet]1 #b mm4 9 ?ickness1 ) slip jo9ts1 & :]e x cross$ ! riv] x 0 encas$ 9 concrete4 ,?is pipe 0 aft]w>d replac$ by a ca/-iron pipe ( ! same diamet]4 ,! supply pipe to ! city 0 also ( %eet /eel1 #cj cm4 9 diamet]4 ,= a "p ( its l5g? x 0 laid 9 ! high gr\nd ( ! s\? bank ( ! riv]1 :i* x cross$ ne> ! we/]n limits ( ! city1 & 0 !n connect$ to a #cj-;cm1 ca/-iron pipe 9 ! di/ribution sy/em4 ,! total l5g? ( ! pipe f ! res]voir to ! city di/ribution sy/em 0 #b1hej m4 ,?is provisional pipe cont9u$ 9 s]vice f ,octob]1 #aijf1 until ,augu/ #bg?1 #aiji1 :5 ! riv] portion 0 completely swept away1 toge!r ) ! provisional pump-h\se at ,san ,g]onimo1 dur+ ! great flood 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]4 ,=tunately1 ! p]man5t supply works 7 complet$ at ! "t1 s t ! de/ruction ( ?is pipe l9e1 :i* _h already s]v$ its orig9al purpose1 _h no effect on ! supply ( wat] to ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,section ,,( ,,infiltration ,,gall]y1 ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,supply4 ,infiltration ,gall]y4--,! *ief feature ( ! ,san ,g]onimo gravity supply is ! infiltration gall]y4 ,by ref]r+ to ! pr(ile on ,plate ,,xi x w be se5 t at ?is place !re is a consid]able area ( :at is und\bt$ly wat]-be>+ gravel4 ,! ma9 conditions 7 reveal$ by ! bor+s previ\sly c>ri$ across ! valley1 b ! pr(ile has be5 correct$ to %[ ! actual conditions z e/abli%$ at a subsequ5t date by %afts4 ,practically1 ! wat]-be>+ /rata are n limit$ m]ely to ! s& & co>se gravels1 z ! clay =mation ly+ above & bel[ !m is full ( small gravel deposits conta9+ consid]able volumes ( wat]4 ,! ma9 direction ( ! und]fl[ is t[>d ! ea/1 & ! hydraulic gradi5t1 :i* 0 e/abli%$ f wells sunk f>!r we/1 0 f\nd to be approximately #a1 or practically ! same z ! av]age surface ( ! b$ ( ! riv] above ! l9e ( ! infiltration gall]y4 ,! g5]al s*eme = tapp+ ?is und]fl[ 0 to drive a ma9 gall]y at ! #efj-m4 level on a grade ( #j4je1 :i* 0 suffici5tly high to take ! supply by gravity to ! we/]n res]voir1 hav+ a top wat] level at #eeh4ge m4 above datum4 ,?is elevation is suffici5t to give an excell5t pressure ov] ab\t #fj ( ! city1 & a fair pressure to rea* ! upp] /ories ( ! highe/ h\ses1 if requir$1 ov] ! :ole supply di/rict4 ,f ?is gall]y x 0 propos$ to s9k %afts at frequ5t int]vals1 = a total di/ance ( #cjj m41 c>ry+ !m bel[ ! gall]y level1 to tap any wat]-be>+ gravels !re might be 9 ! clay =mation und]ly+ ! gravels & s&s4 ,f ! ma9 gall]y x 0 propos$ to con/ruct bran* gall]ies up /ream on a flat gradi5t1 s z to obta9 ! advantage ( an increas$ head due to ! /eep hydraulic gradi5t ( ! und]fl[ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,wat] ,,plane #aije ,,to ,,m>* #aiaj ,,at ,,san ,,g]onimo4 ,9 inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 x is ( fir/ importance to h a cont9u\s record ( ! level ( ! wat] plane1 & ,fig4 #ab has be5 plott$ to %[ its v>iation at ,san ,g]onimo f ! beg9n+ ( #aije to ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,f ,janu>y1 #aiji1 to ,m>* #ca/1 #aiaj1 ^! levels are av]ages ( daily read+s tak5 9 #i %afts sunk along ! propos$ l9e ( ! infiltration gall]y4 ,9 #aijb ! wat] plane 0 /&+ at #egj4ah m4 above datum1 b f t date until #aije ! writ] has be5 unable to f9d any records4 ,?is diagram %\ld be exam9$ toge!r ) ! ra9fall diagram1 ,fig4 #c1 & x w be notic$ t ! fall 9 ! wat] plane drops ) ! g5]al sc>city ( ! ra9fall dur+ #aijg-jh1 & until ,july1 #aiji4 ,! ye> previ\s to ,july1 #aiji1 is reg>d$1 by _m compet5t local obs]v]s to h be5 ! longe/ p]iod ( extreme dr\ght 9 #cj ye>s 9 ,nuevo ,leon1 & ! evid5ce :i* ! writ] has be5 able to ga!r reg>d+ /ream fl[ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mont]rey supports ?is view4 ,! total ra9fall at ,mont]rey = ! ye> prior to ,july #a/1 #aiji1 am\nt$ to #i4ih 941 or #d4af 94 less ?an ! l[e/ record = any cal5d] ye> s9ce #ahid1 or1 9 o!r words1 ab\t #de ( ! av]age annual ra9fall4 ,! l[e/ po9t to :i* ! wat] plane dropp$ 0 dur+ ,june & ,july1 #aiji1 :5 ! levels /ood slightly above #efe4jj m41 or #e m4 above ! level ( ! floor ( ! infiltration gall]y4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod pump+ te/s 7 made 9 ! v>i\s wells1 & f ^! x 0 q cle> t ! infiltration gall]y1 if c>ri$ f> en\gh to meet !m all1 w\ld yield a supply ( f #be1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s daily4 ,dur+ ! great ra9fall ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 ! wat] levels rose v rapidly2 ! heavy precipitation betwe5 ,augu/ #i? & #aj? caus$ ! level to rise to #efh4jj m4 9 ab\t #d days1 & #f days aft] ! great flood ( ,augu/ #bg?1 ! wat] level1 :i* _h cont9u$ ris+ gradually1 rea*$ #ega4dj m41 & !n fell gradually until at ! end ( ,m>*1 #aiaj1 x 0 practically ! same z x _h be5 f #aijb to #aije4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,supply4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! read+s 7 tak5 9 ! %afts on ! high gr\nd to ! we/ ( ! pres5t riv] b$1 & 7 indep5d5t ( any fl[ !re might be 9 ! riv]4 ,dur+ times ( ord9>y floods 9 ! riv]1 x 0 v noticeable t1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! riv] wat] might be turbid to an extreme degree1 ! well ev5 9 imm$iate proximity to ! riv] b$ did n %[ ! lea/ sign ( discoloration4 ,design ( ,works4--,plate ,,xii %[s ! g5]al design ( ! gravity s*eme1 :i* consi/s ( a ma9 tunnel #eej m4 long & a concrete aqu$uct1 #a4jf m4 7#db 947 9 int]nal diamet] & #b1caa m4 9 l5g?1 dis*>g+ into a l[-s]vice di/ribut+ res]voir at ! extreme we/]n limits ( ! city4 ,! tunnel & aqu$uct 7 laid on a gradi5t ( #j4je1 & ! latt] 0 design$ to dis*>ge #ee1jjj1jjj lit]s p] day 7#bb4h cu4 ft4 p] sec47 if fl[+ to its full capacity4 ,gravitation ,tunnel4--,?is tunnel1 %[n on ,plate ,,xii & ,fig4 #ac1 0 complet$ prior to driv+ ! infiltration gall]y into ! wat]-be>+ gravel1 s t ! wat] enc\nt]$ 9 ! gall]y c\ld be easily dra9$ (f by gravity1 ?us avoid+ a heavy outlay = pump+4 ,! tunnel passes ?r\gh v>i\s /rata1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ calc>e\s %ale1 conglom]ate1 & gravels4 ,! tunnel+ op]ations 7 c>ri$ on f #e %afts1 ,no4 #a be+ #bc m4 deep1 & ! o!rs v>y+ f #bj to #aj m4 ,! %afts 9 loose gr\nd 7 timb]$ 9 ! usual way1 hav+ cle> inside dim5sions ( #b m4 ,%aft ,no4 #a1 :i* 0 entirely 9 %ale1 0 tak5 out approximately to #c4ce m4 9 diamet]1 s z to p]mit x to be l9$ ) concrete hav+ a f9i%$ int]nal diamet] ( #b4dc m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,g5]al ,,details ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,pipe ,,l9e4 ,fig4 #ac %[s ! details ( ! tunnel1 :i* 0 l9$ ) concrete1 ! bottom & sides be+ approximately #bc cm4 7#i 947 ?ick4 ,! int]ior dim5sion is #j4ia m4 at ! inv]t level & #a4jaf m4 at a height ( #a4bb m41 ! corn]s betwe5 ! side-walls & ! floor be+ slightly curv$4 ,! ar* is =m$ ( two r+s ( brickwork 9 cem5t mort>1 ?is ?ickness be+ increas$ 9 "s l5g?s to ?ree r+s4 ,:]e ! rock 0 9 good condition1 & n likely to dis9tegrate easily1 ! ar*1 = a di/ance ( #ij m41 0 left unl9$4 ,( ! total di/ance ( #eej m41 c>eful timb]+ 0 requir$ = #cjj m4 ,9 l9+ ! timb]$ portion ( ! tunnel ) concrete1 all ! timb] 0 remov$1 except 9 loose gr\nd1 :]e ! lagg+s 7 left 9 position4 ,:ile ! tunnel 0 be+ driv51 a />t 0 made to drive ! nor? end ( ! infiltration gall]y1 :i* 0 9 rock = a di/ance ( #dd m4 ,wat] appe>$ at ab\t #ce m41 & !n ! "w 0 tempor>ily susp5d$ until ! gravitation tunnel 0 complet$ & a l5g? ( ! aqu$uct _h be5 con/ruct$ f> en\gh d[n /ream on ! nor? bank ( ! riv] to p]mit ( dra9+ direct to ! riv]4 ,?is po9t 0 rea*$ at #a1agj m4 f ,%aft ,no4 #a1 & !re a tempor>y ov]fl[ *amb] 0 con/ruct$4 ,:5 ! tunnel 0 complet$1 ! two int]m$iate %afts 7 fill$ up1 ! rema9+ ?ree be+ reta9$ p]man5tly4 ,%afts ,nos4 #b & #c 7 l9$ ) concrete1 #gf cm4 7#cj 947 9 int]nal diamet]1 & #bc cm4 ?ick4 ,!y 7 dom$ at ! top to =m circul> op5+s to receive ca/-iron cov]s4 ,progress on ?is tunnel 0 sl[1 tak+ f ,decemb]1 #aijg1 to ,novemb]1 #aijh1 to complete1 ow+ *iefly to difficulties ) an incompet5t contractor4 ,! contract 0 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ,mr4 ,john ,phillips1 ( ,mexico ,city 7:o 0 also ! contractor = ! aqu$uct71 :o complet$ x satisfactorily4 ,cont9uation ( ! ,infiltration ,gall]y4--,:5 ! aqu$uct 7to be ref]r$ to aga97 0 complet$ z f> z #a1agj m4 f ,%aft ,no4 #a1 ! driv+ ( ! infiltration gall]y1 :i* 0 #b m4 high & #a-a_/b m4 wide1 0 cont9u$ until gravel 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! ro(1 at #dd m4 f ! %aft4 ,at ?is po9t ! rock dipp$ at an angle ( #de deg41 & ! gravels conta9$ quantities ( l>ge b\ld]s mix$ ) f9e s&2 imm$iately aft] enc\nt]+ ! gravel1 a fl[ ( ab\t #ij lit]s p] sec4 0 met1 evid5tly com+ ?r\gh f a pot-hole 9 ! %ale4 ,?is quantity dim9i%$ 9 ab\t #aj days to ab\t "o-f\r?1 b gradually increas$ aga9 z ! driv+ proce$$4 ,! op]ations ( driv+ ! tunnel f #dd m4 =w>d 7 begun 9 ! dry season1 9 ,febru>y1 #aiji1 & ! gravel 0 enc\nt]$ = a di/ance ( #bd m41 or up to #fh m4 f ! %aft4 ,! c5t] ( ?is gravel b$ 0 ab\t #cj m4 s\? ( ! old riv] *annel1 :i* _h be5 cont9u\sly dry at ! surface = sev]al ye>s4 ,up to #fh m4 ! "w 0 v difficult1 ow+ to ! upp] "p be+ ( loose gravel & ! l[] 9 v contort$ %ale4 ,! timb]+ ( ! tunnel 9 ! full gravel section consi/$ ( heavy squ>e sett+s1 #a m4 ap>t4 ,at #fh m4 ! clay & gravel =mation 0 met1 & ! rate ( progress !n 0 ab\t #d or #e m4 a week4 ,a %ort bran* gall]y 0 also driv5 ab\t #g m4 up /ream ne> ,%aft ,no4 #b4 ,! total di/ance ! infiltration gall]y 0 c>ri$ f ,%aft ,no4 #a1 0 #ajj m41 :5 ! floods ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 caus$ its susp5sion4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! gall]y1 attempts 7 made to s9k a #c-a_/b by #b-m4 %aft at a po9t along ! l9e ( ! infiltration gall]y1 ab\t #acj m4 f ,%aft ,no4 #a1 b wat] 9 su* abundance 0 enc\nt]$ t x 0 practically impossible to s9k x 9 ! ord9>y way m ?an ab\t #f m4 deep1 ! quantity ( wat] to be dealt ) am\nt+ to ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj lit]s daily4 ,sev5 %afts 7 !n sunk 9 ! high gr\nd to ! nor? ( ! riv]1 five ( ^! be+ on ! l9e ( ! gall]y & two #cj m4 we/w>d4 ,!y 7 sunk dur+ ! dry season prior to ,july1 #aiji4 ,^! 7 ord9>y timb]$ %afts1 #b m4 squ>e betwe5 ! wal+s1 & 7 c>ri$ to ! dep?s %[n on ,plate ,,xi4 ,9 ,%afts ,nos4 #e1 #f1 & #g ! wat] 0 fl[+ ) consid]able velocity1 :ile ,%aft ,no4 #i seem$ to h p5etrat$ a diff]5t wat] plane & "o :i* 0 probably indep5d5t ( t %[+ 9 any ( ! o!r %afts1 9 :i* ! wat] 0 practically at a uni=m level4 ,! evid5ce obta9$ %[$ t if ! gall]y c\ld be c>ri$ to ,%afts ,nos4 #f or #g a great abundance ( wat] w\ld be int]cept$4 ,ow+ to ! difficulties ( s9k+ ord9>y %afts 9 ! wide riv] *annel1 circul> %afts 7 put d[n4 ,^! 7 #a4cg m4 9 int]nal diamet] & #bc cm4 ?ick1 & 7 ( concrete re9=c$ ) ,no4 #aj v]tical rods1 #ai mm4 9 diamet]1 ti$ toge!r ) ,no4 #f wire4 ,^! %afts 7 provid$ ) /eel cutt+ edges4 ,%aft ,no4 #b 0 sunk to a dep? ( #a m4 bel[ ! infiltration gall]y level1 ,no4 #c )9 #b m41 & ,no4 #d )9 #d m41 be=e ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,! %afts 7 sunk by digg+ !m out & load+ !m at ! top1 ! top ( ! %afts be+ kept g5]ally #c m4 out ( ! gr\nd4 ,%aft ,no4 #c enc\nt]$ great volumes ( wat]1 &1 9 ord] to enable s9k+ op]ations to proce$1 a pump+ %aft1 #b-a_/d m4 squ>e1 0 sunk a little we/ ( x to draw (f ! wat]4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! prolong$ p]iod ( dr\ght _h l[]$ ! g5]al wat] plane 9 all ! %afts to #efe4jj m4 above datum1 ! difficulties ( h&l+ ! wat] ev5 at t level 7 consid]able4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ ! "w 0 progress+ v satisfactorily1 b ! extraord9>y ra9fall ( t mon? caus$ ! "w to be %ut d[n tempor>ily4 ,effect ( ! ,floods 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]4--,! area ( ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] above ,mont]rey is ab\t #a1daj sq4 km4 7#edd sq4 miles71 & its area at ,san ,g]onimo1 ow+ to its configuration1 is practically ! same4 ,its g5]al "* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,on ! night ( ,augu/ #aj? & e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,augu/ #aa?1 a big flood came d[n ! riv]1 fl[+ at its maximum ab\t #a1acj cu4 m4 7#dj1jjj cu4 ft47 p] sec41 due to ! heavy ra9fall 7,fig4 #d74 ,?is flood c>ri$ away all ! tempor>y /ag+ ar\nd ! %afts1 s]i\sly wreck+ ! tempor>y pump+ /ation1 z well z de/roy+ ! #cj-;cm4 ca/-iron pipe1 not)/&+ ! fact t x _h be5 encas$ 9 a block ( concrete #c m4 wide & #a-a_/b m4 ?ick "r across ! riv]2 b no damage 0 done to ! infiltration gall]y or to ! %afts 9 ! riv] *annel4 ,! effect ( ! flood on ?is pipe is %[n by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,pr(ile ,,sket*1 ,,look+ ,,up ,,/ream ,,on ,,l9e ,,( #bd-;,,in* ,,ma9 ,,supply ,,pipe4 ,foll[+ ?is flood1 :i* _h caus$ ! loss ( #ad lives 9 ! city1 #c miles bel[ ,san ,g]onimo1 !re 0 practically no ra9 = #ac days4 ,!n1 on ,augu/ #be? ! second heavy precipitation began & cont9u$ until ,augu/ #bi?1 ! details be+ %[n on ,fig4 #d4 ,?is precipitation1 !re=e1 fell on a wat]-%$ :i* 0 completely saturat$1 z x _h already absorb$ a l>ge proportion ( ! #ac4ch 94 ( ra9 :i* fell dur+ ,augu/ #aj? & #aa?2 & at e po9t along ! riv]1 prior to ,augu/ #be?1 spr+s 7 issu+ =?1 & !re _h be5 v little evaporation dur+ ! int]v5+ dry spell4 ,! writ] has calculat$ t at ,mont]rey ?is flood rea*$ ! enorm\s quantity ( #f1fej cu4 m4 7#bce1jjj cu4 ft47 p] sec41 a rate equal to #dcb cu4 ft4 p] sec4 p] sq4 mile ( wat]-%$4#f ,! effect ( ?is flood 0 to demoli% completely ab\t #a1bjj sill> h\ses 7)\t tak+ into consid]ation ! num]\s wood5 h\ses7 at ,mont]rey1 & to cause a fe>ful loss ( life1 v>i\sly e/imat$ betwe5 #c1jjj & #e1jjj p]sons2 ! l[] figure ! writ] believes is approximately correct4 ,at ,san ,g]onimo ! orig9al pump+ /ation 0 c>ri$ away entirely1 leav+ practically no trace :atev]4 #f ,! writ]1 9 a brief article contribut$ to ,eng9e]+ ,news soon aft] ! flood 7,septemb] #bc;d1 #aiji71 gave ?is figure z #bga1ejj1 or approximately equal to a run-(f ( #ejj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 p] sq4 mile2 b1 f a lat] & m complete /udy ( ! conditions = _m miles above ,mont]rey1 he believes ! above quantity to be approximately correct4 ,%aft ,no4 #b 0 app>5tly de/roy$1 :ile ,no4 #c 0 turn$ at an angle ( ab\t #ej deg4 d[n /ream & fill$ up completely ) s&4 ,! infiltration gall]y1 ne> ,%aft ,no4 #b1 0 completely block$ ) f9e s& & gravel1 & access c\ld only be obta9$ z f> z #ed m4 ,! pr(ile1 ,plate ,,xi1 %[s ! *ange :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! riv] b$4 ,! orig9al c\rse ( ! /ream 0 *ang$ to ! nor? bank1 #ej m4 di/ant1 ! effect ( ! sc\r+ action ( ! flood be+ to l[] ! g5]al level at ?is po9t ab\t #c4fe m41 :ile ! s\!rn portion ( ! *annel 0 slightly rais$4 ,at pres5t 7,april1 #aiaj71 ! end ( ! driv5 portion ( ! infiltration gall]y is ab\t #ce m4 f ! c5t] ( ! /ream1 :i* is /ill c>ry+ ab\t #b1bgj lit]s 7#hj cu4 ft47 p] sec4 ,imm$iately aft] ! flood ! fl[ 9 ! gall]y 0 #dej lit]s 7#af cu4 ft47 p] sec41 & ?is quantity has rema9$ con/ant s9ce t "t4 ,! probable effect ( ! flood 0 to di/urb ! :ole subsurface above ! infiltration gall]y & put x 9 motion1 completely clean+ ! gravels ( _! surr\nd+ clay1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! l>ge infiltration ( wat] 9 s limit$ a di/ance4 ,! wat] has always be5 limpid & pure1 b its h>dness rema9s ! same z x 0 prior to ! flood4 ,) ! copi\s supply ( wat] f ?is s\rce1 due ( c\rse to abnormal conditions & n likely to be p]man5t1 ! op]ations ( tunnel+ h be5 susp5d$ tempor>ily2 b x is propos$ to cont9ue ! driv+ ( ! gall]y1 f a new %aft we/ ( ,no4 #c4 ,! wat] enc\nt]$ w be dra9$ (f by pump+ until ! ma9 wat]-be>+ gravels1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,%aft ,no4 #e1 are rea*$4 ,x is also propos$ to recon/ruct ! #cj-;cm4 high-level pipe l9e1 f ,san ,g]onimo along ! high road on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]1 s t by pump+ wat] c be deliv]$ to ! city sy/em f ,%afts ,nos4 #e1 #f1 & #g1 9 ! ev5t ( a %ortness ( supply f ! ,e/anzuela ,riv]4 ,%aft ,no4 #a4--,%aft ,no4 #a is design$ to connect ! infiltration gall]y ) ! gravitation tunnel4 ,?is %aft has an inn] diamet] ( #b4dc m4 7#h ft47 & is fitt$ ) a special gate-valve4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! door ( ?is valve !re is a small] valve1 #cj cm4 9 diamet]1 s t1 :5 ! infiltration gall]y is clos$ = clean+ out ! sump1 ! small] door1 :i* is op]at$ ?r\gh ! same sp9dle by a bevel-ge>$ head-/ock at ! top ( ! %aft1 c be op5$ fir/4 ,space is also left = scre5s if ^! %\ld be f\nd necess>y4 ,access to ?is %aft is ga9$ by a re9=c$ concrete /airway 9 n9e /ages4 ,! sup]/ructure is to be support$ on re9=c$ concrete column f\ndations c>ri$ to ! firm rock1 ow+ to ! loose condition ( ! /rata at ! top ( ! %aft4 ,aqu$uct4--,! con/ruction ( ! concrete conduit 0 begun 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,fig4 #ac %[s ! g5]al types4 ,type ,a 0 adopt$ 9 gravel & conglom]ate =mation1 & ,type ,b :]e ! excavation 0 9 sill>1 ! s(t nature ( ?is rock p]mitt+ x to be excavat$ exactly to ! requir$ ext]nal diamet] ( ! concrete l9+4 ,! concrete :i* 0 )\t /eel re9=cem5t 0 a #a3b-a_/b3c-a_/b mixture1 ! s& be+ f ! cru%] & ! aggregate f ! riv] b$1 scre5$ to pass a #be-mm4 me%4 ,:]e ! conduit cross$ ! riv] obliquely1 imm$iately bel[ ! gravitation tunnel1 x 0 /r5g!n$ ) mass b\ld] concrete ( ,type ,c4 ,dur+ ! great flood ?is heavy section )/ood its effects )\t damage ( any k9d1 b beyond ?is po9t1 :]e ! conduit _h be5 laid 9 compact cem5t$ gravels1 ! sc\r+ action ( ! flood on ! nor? bank l[]$ ! level ( ! gravels f #b to #c m42 ! only damage1 h[ev]1 0 ! sc\r+ away ( ! gravels at ! s\? side ( ! conduit4 ,to prev5t su* an occurr5ce 9 ! future1 ! conduit at t po9t 0 /r5g!n$ ) additional concrete = a di/ance ( #aie m41 z %[n on ,fig4 #ac4 ,! extra concrete1 am\nt+ to #gcc cu4 m41 0 a #a3c3e mixture1 9 :i* 0 emb$d$ #bj ( heavy b\ld]s4 ,! top ( ?is special l5g? n[ =ms a weir = ! pres5t riv] fl[4 ,:]e ! conduit ent]s ! bluff on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 at #a1bjj m41 !re is an ov]fl[ *amb] :i* has a sluice-gate #gf cm4 wide1 arrang$ s t ! conduit c ov]fl[ at ! pres5t "t :5 runn+ #gf cm4 deep4 ,to deflect ! fl[ 9 ! conduit1 a wr\ght-iron plate1 provid$ ) a balance weight1 is dropp$ into a groove on ! l[] side4 ,! outlet is a #fa cm4 concrete tube1 hav+ its inv]t above ord9>y flood level1 & arrang$ to be clos$ by a gate4 ,at #a1ifc m4 ! conduit is c>ri$ ov] an arroyo on a segm5tal ar* ( #h m4 cle> span1 z %[n on ,fig4 #ac4 ,!re are #e v5tilat+ columns & #e manholes on ! aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,sett+ ,,=ms ,,= ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,culv]t4 ,! aqu$uct t]m9ates 9 ! ,obispado di/ribut+ res]voir valve-h\se1 at a level ( #eeh4ej m4 ,! "w 9 connection ) ?is aqu$uct 0 complet$ by ,decemb]1 #aijh4 ,,di/ribut+ ,,res]voir ,,at ,,obispado4 ,! ma9 di/ribut+ res]voir = ! ,san ,g]onimo gravity supply is imm$iately bel[ ! hi/oric ,obispado 7,bi%op's ,palace71 at ! we/]n limits ( ! city4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t & lay-out is %[n on ,plate ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,g5]al ,,plan ,,& ,,sections1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,valve-,h\se4--,! inv]t ( ! conduit f ,san ,g]onimo1 :]e x ent]s ! valve-h\se1 is #eeh4ej m4 above datum4 ,! valve-h\se1 :i* is built 9 ! c5t] ( ! res]voir1 is %[n on ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,"o ( its special features is ! provision ( ! ma9 ov]fl[ at ?is po9t in/ead ( )9 ! res]voir prop]4 ,! inlet1 ma9 supply tunnel1 indep5d5t by-pass ov]fl[1 sc\r-out pipes1 gate-valves1 & scre5s1 are all controll$ )9 ! valve-h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,ro( ,,( ,,obispado ,,res]voir1 ,,look+ ,,nor?4 ,res]voir4--,! res]voir is rectangul>1 #abf by #ha m4 7#dac4bh by #bfe4fh ft47 at ! top1 & has a wat] dep? ( #d m4 7#ac4a ft474 ,9 ! design x 0 necess>y to limit x to ! l[e/ economical dep?1 s z to increase ! /atic pressure ov] ! l[-pressure di/rict z mu* z possible4 ,excavation & ,embankm5t4--,! excavation1 except = a dep? ( ab\t #a m4 :i* 0 9 black soil1 0 *iefly 9 a dis9tegrat$ sill> /ratum ( a heavy clayey nature1 ! great] "p ( :i* c\ld be h&l$ conv5i5tly ) pl[s & scrap]s2 ! actual f\ndation on ! ea/]n half requir$ bla/+ = ! f9al dep?s4 ,! total excavation am\nt$ to #ef1dgi cu4 m41 ( :i* #g1bee cu4 m4 7 plac$ 9 ! embankm5t1 ! rema9d] be+ deposit$ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! res]voir4 ,! f9al trimm+ ( ! banks1 :i* 7 left #cj cm4 full1 0 n und]tak5 until ! l9+ 0 begun4 ,! "w 0 done "u contract ) ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,nick]son1 ( ,mont]rey4 ,! excavation _h only "o classification1 & ! contract prices 7 #j4ej peso p] cu4 m4 = mat]ial c>ri$ to spoil banks1 & #a4jj peso = mat]ial plac$ 9 ! embankm5t4 ,! excavation 0 begun 9 ,decemb]1 #aijg1 & complet$ 9 ,april1 #aijh4 ,! "w 0 !n left /&+ until ! end ( #aijh to all[ ! banks to consolidate ?or\ghly prior to l9+1 :i* 0 begun on ,janu>y #d?1 #aiji4 ,concrete ,l9+ & ,ro(4--,plate ,,xiii %[s ! g5]al plan & sections1 ! ma9 feature be+ ! simple division ( ! res]voir into #bd r[s ( columns longitud9ally & #ae r[s transv]sely1 mak+ a total ( #cfj columns1 less ! f\r left out at ! c5tral t[]4 ,all ! columns are #e m4 ap>t bo? ways4 ,! ro( 0 design$ = a live load ( #ajj lb4 & a dead load ( #aej lb41 ! same z at ! ,s\? ,res]voir4 ,) ! exception ( ! floor1 all ! concrete "w 0 re9=c$ ) twi/$ /eel lug b>s4 ,! f\ndation load on ! columns = ! ea/]n half ( ! res]voir is #j4i ton p] sq4 ft42 t on ! columns = ! we/]n half1 :]e ! f\ndation is ( v h>d sill> & conglom]ate1 is #a4ie tons p] sq4 ft4 ,"u-dra9age ( ! ,floor4--,to provide = prop] dra9age 9 case ( seepage1 ! floor 0 und]dra9$ ) rubble dra9s1 #cj cm4 wide & #bc cm4 deep1 fill$ ) l>ge r\nd gravel c>t$ f ! b$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]4 ,! total l5g? ( ^! und]dra9s is #a1afj m4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! detection ( any seepage1 !y 7 conduct$ to a p]man5t inspection pit outside ( ! res]voir4 ,ma9 ,di/ribut+ ,conduit4--,! ma9 di/ribut+ conduit is laid along ! inside ( ! res]voir1 at ! inlet end1 & c>ri$ on elliptical ar*es ( #b m4 span to a height ( #ga cm4 above ! f9i%$ floor level4 ,?is conduit is #gf cm4 high & #de4g cm4 wide1 & x bran*es 9 two directions f ! inlet tunnel to ea* side ( ! res]voir1 its total l5g? be+ #fi m4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any /agnation & to give a cont9u\s circulation1 ! wat] is deliv]$ at eight po9ts1 9 ! l5g? ( ! di/ribut+ pipe1 ?r\gh squ>e op5+s ) semicircul> tops1 ! areas ( ! op5+s increas+ t[>d ! ends4 ,^! inlets are plac$ s t ! curr5t w n /rike ! ro( columns4 ,outlet ,tunnel & ,valve-,h\se4--,! outlet tunnel is at ! nor? end ( ! res]voir1 & 0 excavat$ 9 h>d sill> rock4 ,! tunnel is l9$ ) concrete #cj cm4 ?ick1 ! f9i%$ int]nal dim5sions be+ #a4eb by #j4ia m4 ,! l5g? ( ! tunnel is #bb4e m4 to ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! outlet-h\se4 ,?is h\se is divid$ by a wall #de cm4 ?ick1 :i* supports a #gf-;cm4 7#cj-;947 p5/ock-valve4 ,! supply pipe to ! city leaves ?is *amb] 9 ! we/ wall1 & is also fitt$ ) a #gf-;cm4 p5/ock-valve4 ,! supply pipe has a copp] scre5 ( ! same design & dim5sions z ^? 9 ! inlet-h\se4 ,a #cj-;cm4 7#ab-;947 sc\r-out pipe 9 ?is *amb] provides = dra9+ ! cont5ts ( ! res]voir to a neighbor+ irrigation dit*1 :5 necess>y4 ,! sup]/ructure ( ! valve-h\se is ( concrete1 & at ! floor level !re are bevel-ge>$ head-/ocks to raise ! valves1 etc4 ,by-,pass & ,supply ,pipes4--,! by-pass & supply pipes are c>ri$ bel[ ! res]voir embankm5t to jo9 ! ma9 #gf-;cm4 7#cj-;947 ca/-iron di/ribut+ pipe to ! city4 ,= ?is %ort di/ance !y 7 con/ruct$ ( concrete1 #gf cm4 9 int]nal diamet]1 #aj cm4 7#d 947 ?ick1 re9=c$ ) #f-a_/b-mm4 squ>e /eel longitud9al rods1 #cj cm4 f c5t] to c5t] 9 ! circumf]5ce1 & hoop$ ) #f-a_/b-mm4 squ>e /eel rods spac$ #cj cm4 ap>t4 ,! concrete =m+ ^! pipes 0 a #a3a-a_/b3b-a_/b mixture4 ,p>apet ,walls4--,! p>apet walls h #ab pi]s at ea* side & #h at ea* end4 ,9 ^! pi]s !re are v5tilat+ op5+s bran*+ at ! top to ea* side ( ! p>apet1 ) outlets provid$ ) ca/-iron scre5s4 ,?is arrangem5t gives #d sq4 m4 ( v5tilat+ space 7exclusive ( t provid$ 9 ! c5tral t[]71 equally di/ribut$ at #dj po9ts ar\nd ! walls ( ! res]voir4 ,g5]al ,con/ruction ,s*eme4--,! concrete mix+ plant1 :i* consi/$ ( two ,no4 #a ,smi? mix]s1 0 arrang$ 9 connection ) ! b9s & hopp]s = ! rock & s& on ! high gr\nd to ! we/1 & f !re ! mat]ial 0 convey$ on a fram$ timb] gangway c>ri$ "r across ! c5t] ( ! res]voir1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,f ?is c5tral plat=m ! concrete = ! columns 0 fill$ f /ages plac$ on ! top ( travel+ t[]s1 #e m4 high1 :i* 7 run betwe5 two r[s ( columns on /&>d-gauge rails laid on ! floor ( ! res]voir4 ,by ?is arrangem5t #bd columns c\ld be fill$ f ea* l5g? ( track4 ,a ma9 n>r[ track 0 also laid "r ar\nd ! res]voir1 ) ! necess>y turn-outs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,fill+ ,,prim>y ,,beams ,,f ,,travel+ ,,t[]1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,con/ruction ,,( ,,we/ ,,side-,,wall ,,( ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,prim>y ,,beams ,,& ,,columns1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,,details ,,( ,,=ms ,,= ,,concrete ,,"w1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,! =ms = ! columns1 prim>y & second>y beams1 are %[n on ,plate ,,xiv4 ,! side =ms = ! prim>y beams 7 /ruck 9 #bd h\rs1 s z to economize lumb]2 b ! bottom lumb] 0 left 9 position = #bh days4 ,to avoid mu* unnecess>y timb]1 ! second>y beam =ms 7 support$ at ! ends on re9=c$ concrete corbels ca/ on ! prim>y beams4 ,= plac+ ! side-walls1 a special travel+ =m 0 us$1 ! details ( :i* are %[n cle>ly on ,plate ,,xiv4 ,at ! end ( ea* =m an expansion jo9t ( #be cm4 0 left to be fill$ aft] ! ro( 0 plac$ 9 position4 ,! concrete 0 deliv]$ to ! wall ?r\gh /ove-pipe *utes1 & c>efully spad$ by workm5 9 ! limit$ space betwe5 ! =ms & ! embankm5t4 ,! wall =m 0 remov$ aft] #cf h\rs1 by loos5+ ! jacks & pull+ =w>d ! hook$ tie-rods4 ,?is =m is also %[n on ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,travel+ ,,side-,,wall ,,=m1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,prep>+ ,,floor ,,= ,,concret+1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,! concret+ ( ! ro( slab 0 c>ri$ on cont9u\sly1 &1 :5 p>tly complet$1 ! floor 0 laid 9 ! %ade4 ,! bottom lay] ( ! floor1 #ac cm4 ?ick1 0 laid 9 cont9u\s panels betwe5 ! columns1 & br\ght to a fairly smoo? surface4 ,on ?is surface1 aft] keep+ x wet = #aj days & !n all[+ x to dry ?or\ghly1 a lay] ( asphaltum1 suppli$ by ! ,am]ican ,asphaltum & ,rubb] ,company1 ( ,*icago1 0 plac$4 ,! "w 0 done by ord9>y ,mexican labor]s aft] !y _h receiv$ a few days' in/ruction f "o ( ! ,asphaltum ,company's sup]9t5d5ts4 ,! surface ( ! l[] lay] 0 kept p]fectly clean1 & !n receiv$ "o coat ( ,pione] pa9t4 ,! asphaltum1 heat$ 9 a boil] inside ! res]voir to a temp]ature ( approximately #dbe deg4 ,fahr41 0 !n p\r$ ov] ! floor f buckets1 9 a lay] approximately #d mm4 ?ick4 ,:]e ! floor jo9$ ! column p$e/als1 & at ea* new panel section1 a d\ble ?ickness 0 us$4 ,! labor co/ ( wat]-pro(+1 includ+ sup]9t5d5ce1 etc41 am\nt$ to #c4c c5ts 7,mexican7 p] sq4 m4 = pa9t+ ) ,pione] pa9t1 & #e4d c5ts = ! asphaltum coat+1 or a total labor co/ ( #h4g c5ts p] sq4 m4 = ! complete wat]-pro(+4 ,?is co/ is bas$ on a rate ( #h4jj pesos p] day = a =eman1 & #a4jj peso = ea* labor]4 ,x requir$ #ej ,u4 ,s4 gal4 ( ! pa9t to cov] #bfe4b sq4 m41 & an av]age ( ab\t #f lb4 ( asphaltum = #a sq4 m4 ,! upp] concrete lay] ( ! floor1 #aj cm4 ?ick1 0 plac$ s z to break jo9t ) ! l[]1 & 0 br\ght to a smoo? surface ) wood5 floats %ea!d ) /eel & rea*+ across ! panels4 ,9 ?is way a p]fectly smoo? surface 0 obta9$ )\t any pla/]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,c5tral ,,t[] ,,& ,,/airway1 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,! concrete = ! beams1 columns1 side-walls1 & floor1 0 a #a3b-a_/b3d mixture1 cru%$ s& & /one be+ us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! ro( slab ! mixture 0 #a3b3c4 ,! :ole ( ! concrete "w ( ! res]voir 0 complet$ 9 #f mon?s1 by ! ,company's own adm9i/ration1 & ! res]voir 0 fir/ put into s]vice a few days aft] ! great flood ( ,augu/ #bg?1 :5 ! ,e/anzuela supply ma91 cross+ ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 0 p>tly de/roy$4 ,s9ce t "t frequ5t exam9ations ( ! inspection pit1 :i* is connect$ by a pipe to ! rubble dra9s "u ! floor1 h nev] reveal$ ! slighte/ leakage4 ,lay-,out ( ! ,res]voir ,ro( & ,gr\nds4--,! ,company owns ab\t #aa-a_/b hect>es ( l&1 :i* includes t occupi$ by ! res]voir & its surr\nd+s1 & z ?is prop]ty is 9 an attractive situation1 comm&+ f9e views ( ! ,si]ra ,madre ,m\nta9s1 ! :ole ( ! works h be5 giv5 a pleas+ ar*itectural "*1 & ! gr\nds laid out to =m a public p>k = ! citiz5s ( ,mont]rey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,sket* ,,plan ,,( ,,lay ,,out ,,at ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! s*eme is %[n by ,fig4 #ad & ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xviii4 ,! ro(1 :i* has an area ( #a hect>e1 has be5 laid out ) walks & grass plots1 & ! surr\nd+ embankm5ts h be5 conv]t$ into driveways4 ,above ! res]voir a small plazuela ( #a_/b hect>e has be5 laid out ) a space above x = a b&-/&4 ,! :ole ( ! gr\nd has be5 encircl$ ) c>riage drives1 on :i* x is ! int5tion to plant %ade trees4 ,! lay-out ( ?is l& also embrac$ ! s*eme = protect+ ! res]voir by dra9+ ! surface-wat] away to ! irrigation dit*es4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,s\? ,,& ,,obispado ,,res]voirs4 ,! two res]voirs are practically ( ! same capacity1 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! level ( ! ov]fl[s 9 _! relation%ip to ! ro(1 :i* gives ! ,obispado ,res]voir a slightly great] capacity4 ,"s comp>ative figures may be ( int]e/1 ow+ to ! diff]5ces 9 type & con/ruction4 ,table #g gives ! comp>ative quantities ( mat]ial 9 ea* res]voir prop]1 t is to say1 exclusive ( ! valve-h\ses1 lay-out ( gr\nds1 etc4 ,,table #g4--;,,comp>ison ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,9 ,,s\? ,,& ,,obispado ,,res]voirs4 ,,s\? ,,res]voir4 ,,obispado ,,res]voir4 ---------------------------------------- - ,quantities1 ,quantities1 ,no4 9 cubic ,no4 9 cubic met]s4 met]s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,e>?work3 ,total excavation 444 #cd1jjj 444 #ef1dgi ,plac$ 9 embankm5t 444 #ca1ejj 444 #g1bee ,plac$ 9 spoil banks 444 #b1ejj 444 #di1bbd ---------------------------------------- - ,concrete3 ,columns 7includ+ f\ndations7 #ace #a1bdj #cef #edc ,prim>y beams #ace #ddj #cgd #dfb ,second>y beams #fgj #eae #a1beb #egf ,side-walls 444 #a1bee 444 #gaj ,squ>e ,squ>e met]s4 met]s4 ,ro( slab #e1adj #ebj #aj1bjf #a1jbj ,floor #d1jgj #ghj #i1bjj #b1abj ,p>apet walls 444 #ij 444 #afe ---------------------------------------- - ,total concrete 444 #d1hdj 444 #e1eif ---------------------------------------- - ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ,re9=c+ /eel b>s 444 #chg1jjj 444 #chj1jjj ,squ>e ,squ>e met]s4 met]s4 ,exp&$ metal 9 ro(s1 slabs1 etc4 444 #e1fia 444 #aj1dij ,! total co/ ( ^! res]voirs1 includ+ valve-h\ses1 by-passes1 & ! l5g? ( supply pipe :]e ! by-pass jo9s1 & includ+ all eng9e]+ exp5ses1 etc41 b exclusive ( ! co/ ( l&s1 plant+1 f5c+1 & special "w 9 connection ) ! =mation ( p>ks1 0 z foll[s3 ,s\? ,res]voir3 #cid1jjj pesos1 or #aj1cfh pesos p] million lit]s4 ,obispado ,res]voir3 #cge1jjj pesos1 or #i1cge pesos#g p] million lit]s4 #g ,mexican curr5cy4 ,^! rates may be reg>d$ z reasonable :5 tak+ into consid]ation ! special difficulties ( con/ruction 9 ,mexico1 & ! high co/ ( all import$ mat]ial1 on :i* heavy duties are levi$4 ,! value ( ! mat]ials alone 9 ^! res]voirs am\nt$ to m ?an #gj ( _! total co/4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,e/anzuela ,,& ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,wat]s4 ,table #h %[s analyses ( ! ,e/anzuela & ,san ,g]onimo wat]s1 made 9 ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 by ,messrs4 ,l$\x1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,! ,e/anzuela sample 0 tak5 at ! valve-h\se ( ! ,s\? ,res]voir1 :ile t ( ,san ,g]onimo 0 tak5 9 ,%aft ,no4 #a ( ! infiltration gall]y :5 fl[+ at ! rate ( ab\t #dej lit]s p] sec4 ,bo? wat]s are absolutely free f turbidity4 ,,table #h4--;,,analyses ,,( ,,e/anzuela ,,& ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,wat]s4 ,9 ,p>ts p] ,million4 ,san ,g]onimo ,e/anzuela4 ,infiltration ,gall]y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total solid matt] 9 solution #bji4jj #cje4jj ,organic & volatile matt] ,n weighable4 ,n weighable4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,solids3 ,silica #aj4e #ab4j ,iron & ,alum9a ,traces4 ,traces4 ,lime #he4d #aab4f ,magnesia #c4h #bb4f ,soda 7,na#b,o7 #ac4c #bj4b ,pota% 7,k#b,o7 #b4j #a4i ,sulphuric ,acid #bd4d #aa4e ,*lor9e #b4j #b4h ------------------------------- ,,probable ,,comb9ation ,,( ,,bases ,,acid ,,radicals ,,9 ,,! ,,solids3 ,silica #aj4e #ab4j ,iron & ,alum9a ,traces4 ,traces4 ,sodium ,*loride #c4c #d4f ,potassium ,sulphate #c4g #c4e ,sodium ,sulphate #bf4c #dj4h ,calcium ,sulphate #ac4c #bb4a ,calcium ,c>bonate #adb4g #ahd4h ,magnesium ,c>bonate #h4d #di4h ------------------------------- #bjh4b #cag4f ,nitrog5 z ,free ,ammonia #j4jjd #j4jcb ,nitrog5 z ,album9oid ,ammonia #j4jjf #j4jbb ,nitrog5 z ,nitrites 7,n#b,o#c7 #j4jjb #j4jjb ,nitrog5 z ,nitrates 7,n#b,o#c7 #j4ajj #a4he ,total ,h>dness 7z ,ca,c,o#c7 #aee4j #bbj4j ,alkal9ity 7z ,ca,c,o#c7 #aba4j #ahj4j ,,city ,,wat] ,,di/ribution ,,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4--,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,wat] ,,pipes ,,( ,,mont]rey4 ,! di/ribution sy/em 0 begun 9 ,septemb]1 #aijf1 b ! g5]al lay-out ( ! ma9s 0 modifi$ 9 ,july1 #aijg1 9 view ( ! division ( ! sy/em into two s]vices1 = high & l[ pressure4 ,plate ,,xix %[s 9 skeleton =m ! l9es ( ! ca/-iron ma9s4 ,^! are laid at ! pres5t "t along r\tes conta9+ h\ses 7exclud+ wood5 %acks7 :i* c be s]v$ imm$iately4 ,! di/ribution sy/em is arrang$ to s]ve z foll[s3 ,e/anzuela supply #d1aej h\ses4 ,san ,g]onimo supply #h1fjj -------------- ,total #ab1gej h\ses4 ,?is repres5ts1 at ! pres5t "t1 a division ( ! city ( #cb-a_/b = ! ,e/anzuela1 & #fg-a_/b = ! ,san ,g]onimo supply4 ,( ! area ( ! supply di/rict nor? ( ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 #eg w be suppli$ f ,san ,g]onimo & #dc f ,e/anzuela4 ,! real developm5t ( ! city1 h[ev]1 is nor?w>d 9 ! area ( ! l[-pressure supply4 ,! /atic pressure ov] ! city 9 ! two sections v>ies z foll[s3 ,e/anzuela supply #he to #ej lb4 ,san ,g]onimo supply #ee to #bi lb4 ,! ma9 supply pipe f ! ,s\? ,res]voir is #fa cm4 7#bd 947 9 int]nal diamet]1 & ?is size all[s ample provision = future ext5sions4 ,! supply pipe f ! ,obispado ,res]voir is #gf cm4 7#cj 947 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,on ?is ma91 9 ,calle de ,c9co de ,mayo1 at a di/ance ( #cbj m4 f ! res]voir1 has be5 plac$ a #gf-;cm4 7#cj-;947 ,v5turi met]1 ! record+ app>atus be+ 9 ! h\se on ! side ( ! road4 ,bo? ^! supply pipes are c>ri$ well into ! city1 & f !m ! di/ribution ma9s are laid2 ^! are #de4g & #cj cm4 7#ah & #ab 947 9 int]nal diamet]1 ) int]m$iate sections ( #ae & #aj cm4 7#f 94 & #d 9474 ,along ,calle de ,c9co de ,mayo1 :]e ! division betwe5 ! two s]vices takes place1 two l9es are laid1 a #cj-;cm4 = high pressure & a #ch-;cm4 7#ae-;947 = ! l[ pressure4 ,a duplicate pipe1 #cj cm4 7#ab 947 9 diamet]1 is also laid 9 ,calle de ,dr4 ,coss4 ,on ,calle de ,alv>ez ! l[-pressure pipe is #fa cm4 7#bd 9471 & ! high-pressure1 #de4g cm4 7#ah 947 9 diamet]4 ,provision is also made = ext5d+ ! range ( ! two s]vices to o!r di/ricts4 ,practically e block is provid$ ) gate-valves to cut (f ! supply 9 any direction4 ,on ! #gf-;cm4 ma91 #fa-;cm4 7#bd-;947 valves are us$1 & are connect$ by tap]s to ! pipe4 ,on ! #fa-;cm4 ma9s1 #de4g-;cm4 7#ah-;947 valves are us$4 ,! actual frictional loss by r$uc+ ! valve be+ small1 ?is me?od p]mitt$ ! use ( valves ( a m conv5i5t size4 ,on all ! l>g] valves !re are #ae-;cm4 by-passes fitt$ ) indep5d5t gate-valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,high-,,& ,,l[-,,pressure ,,areas ,,& ,,! ,,int]section ,,( ,,c9co ,,de ,,mayo ,,& ,,alv>ez ,,/reets4 ,sc\r-out pipes1 #aj cm4 7#d 947 & #ae cm4 7#f 947 9 diamet]1 are plac$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! sy/em1 dra9+ to ! sew]s4 ,air-valves1 bo? d\ble & s+le1 are also plac$ at high po9ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,r$uc+ ,valves4--,at f\r po9ts 9 ! sy/em ! ma9s are arrang$ s t ! supply c be int]*angeable4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ma9s at ! junction ( ,c9co de ,mayo & ,alv>ez ,/reets1 & is typical ( ! arrangem5t at ! o!r po9ts4 ,ea* r$uc+ valve is plac$ on a #cj-;cm4 7#ab-;947 bran* ma9 betwe5 ! two s]vices4 ,^! valves adju/ !mselves automatically to ! pressure requir$1 aft] !y h be5 prop]ly regulat$ to ! diff]5t pressures on ei!r side4 ,to all[ repairs to be easily made1 !re are ord9>y gate-valves at ea* end enclos$ 9 ! same pit4 ,if necess>y1 z 9 case ( fire1 any "p ( ! sy/em c be *ang$ into high pressure tempor>ily by clos+ ! valves aga9/ ! ,san ,g]onimo supply4 ,table #i gives ! l5g? ( ! ma9s z laid1 & ! numb] ( valves4 ,,table #i4--,,l5g? ,,( ,,wat] ,,ma9s4 ,,diamet]3 ------------------------ ,l5g?1 9 met]s4 ,numb] ( ,c5timet]s4 ,in*es4 gate-valves4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #aj4b #d #di1hca4fh #fgg #ae4b #f #ca1iah4ca #cjf #cj4e #ab #ad1dfa4ca #aag #ch4a #ae #a1ffa4ih #aa #de4g #ah #d1ebb4fa #e #fa4j #bd #b1hbf4ed #aj #gf4b #cj #a1ded4dj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,totals #ajf1fgf4hc #a1abf ,! pipes 7 all ca/ accord+ to ! ,briti% ,/&>d ,specification1 9 #c4fe-m4 7#ab-;ft47 l5g?s1 & 7 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,d4 ,y4 ,/ew>t & ,company1 & ,messrs4 ,dick1 ,k]r & ,company1 ( ,kilm>nock & ,london4 ,! valves 7 all ( /&>d design1 fac$ ) gun-metal1 & 7 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,gl5field & ,k5n$y1 ,limit$1 ( ,kilm>nock1 ,scotl&4 ,9 ! di/ribution sy/em x is propos$ to provide #bjj fire-hydrants1 by arrangem5t ) ! municipality1 b only a few ( ^! h be5 plac$4 ,! g5]al type is a d\ble hydrant = two #fc4e-mm4 7#b-a_/b-;947 /reams4 ,^! are to be plac$ at ! corn] ( e block 9 ! bus9ess portion ( ! city2 s+le-way hydrants w be us$ 9 ! resid5tial di/ricts4 ,lay+ ,ca/-iron ,pipes4--,table #aj has be5 prep>$ to %[ :at c be accompli%$ ) ,mexican labor 9 lay+ pipes4 ,9 ?is k9d ( "w ! labor 0 p>ticul>ly effici5t2 aft] ! gangs 7 once drill$ into %ape1 ! "w proce$$ sy/ematically1 & at v good spe$4 ,all ! pipes1 aft] be+ laid1 7 te/$ to #aej lb4 p] sq4 94 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,te*nical ,inspector4 ,table #aa gives ! details ( ! excavation1 ! mat]ial1 & ! av]age co/1 ( lay+ ab\t #ajf4f km4 ( pipes4 ,h\se ,connections4--,! ord9>y h\se connections1 :i* are ( #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;947 galvaniz$-/eel pipe1 are connect$ to ! ma9s by lead goos5ecks & brass corporation cocks4 ,! ,company's obligation "u ! concession ext5d$ to ! edge ( ! sidewalk1 & at ?is po9t curb-boxes1 *iefly ( ! ,hays patt]n1 7 plac$2 b1 subsequ5tly1 ow+ to ! met]+ ( e h\se s]vice 9 ! city1 ! control ( ! ,company ext5d$ to ! met]1 :i*1 z a rule1 is plac$ imm$iately inside ( ! h\se4 ,ow+ to ! rapid det]ioration ( ! h\se s]vice pipes 9 "s di/ricts ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! city1 :]e ! soil is =m$ ( decay+ organic matt]1 x has be5 decid$ to use lead pipe entirely f ! ma9 to ! met]4 ,damage ,due to ,floods4--,dur+ ! night ( ,augu/ #bg?1 ! ma9 #fa-;cm4 pipe1 "u ! riv] b$ ( ,santa ,cat>9a1 at ! po9t :]e ! ma9 ent]$ ! city1 0 de/roy$ = a di/ance ( #acj m41 due to ! sc\r+ away ( a :ole block ( city prop]ty4 ,! ,v5turi met] regi/] *>t at ! ,s\? ,res]voir %[$ t ! break occurr$ a few m9utes be=e midnight4 ,! location ( ?is pipe is %[n by ,fig4 #e2 its brok5 end 0 9 proximity to an old bridge pi]4 ,=tunately1 at ! "t ( ! flood1 ! ,obispado ,res]voir works 7 complet$1 & ! :ole city 0 suppli$ ) wat] f ,san ,g]onimo )9 #dh h\rs4 ,z only ab\t #a1ejj s]vices _h !n be5 connect$1 ?is delay 0 n s]i\s2 9 fact1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! city1 ! wat] 9 ! ma9s 0 suffici5t until ! ,san ,g]onimo supply c\ld be connect$4 ,to make a tempor>y connection to conduct ! high-pressure wat] to ! city1 a #ae-;cm4 /eel pipe 0 plac$ above gr\nd1 on ! l9e ( ! ma91 = a di/ance ( #ajj m4 ,?is pipe 0 support$ by a cable1 #cj mm4 9 diamet]1 & by timb] tre/les4 ,by limit+ ! supply di/rict1 ?is pipe 0 ( suffici5t capacity to s]ve until ! l>ge ma9 c\ld be safely re/or$4 ,,table #aj4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,lay+ ,,& ,,jo9t+ ,,ca/-,,iron ,,pipes1 ,,exclud+ ,,l[]+ ,,& ,,te/+4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #gf ,,cm4 7#cj ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,employees4 ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #bj #j4dih ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #ab #ab4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 444 #bb #cf4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #fa ,,cm4 7#bd ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,employees4 ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #e #ae4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #be #j4daj ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #aj #aj4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 444 #ba #cg4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ej ,,cm4 7#bj ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] ,employees4 #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #ce #j4bhg ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #ab #ab4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #bb #cf4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #de4g ,,cm4 7#ah ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] ,employees4 #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #dj #j4bba ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #h #h4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #ah #cb4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ch ,,cm4 7#ae ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] ,employees4 #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #de #j4aif ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #h #h4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #ah #cb4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #cj4e ,,cm4 7#ab ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] ,employees4 #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #fj #j4adg ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #h #h4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #ah #cb4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ae ,,cm4 7#f ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,employees4 ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #ajj #j4jhb ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #f #f4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #af #cj4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aj ,,cm4 7#d ,,947 ------------------------------------- ,employees4 ,rate = ,total ,total co/ ,no4 ( ,co/ p] #aj-;h\r ,no4 ( labor4 pipes l9e> day4 m54 ,pesos4 laid4 met]4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,=eman #d4ej #a #d4ej 444 444 ,caulk]s #c4jj #d #ab4jj 444 444 ,lead p\r]s #b4jj #b #d4jj 444 444 ,lead melt] #a4ej #a #a4ej #aej #j4jegd ,pipe cutt] #b4jj #a #b4jj 444 444 ,peons #a4jj #f #f4jj 444 444 ,wat] boy #j4ej #a #j4ej 444 444 #af #cj4ej 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,table #aa4--;,,ca/-,,iron ,,wat] ,,pipes4--,,co/ ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,lay+ ,,at ,,mont]rey4 ,,mat]ials ,,p] ,,/&>d ,,l5g? ,,( ,,pipe 4 ,key3 cm c5timet] 9 in* mm millimet] kg kilogram m l9e> met] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,pipe ,weight ,co/_/ ,,lead ,,oakum ,,*>coal ,total ,,diamet] ,?ick- ( piece ---------------------------- ,ma- ---------- ness ,pipe fob ,mon-,weight ,co/ ,co/ ,co/ t]ial t]rey ,co/ cm 9 mm kg pesos kg pesos pesos pesos p] m ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aj #d #aj4c #aji #aa4fe #b4j #j4cg #j4jbe #j4jebe #c4cj #ae #f #aa4a #afc #ae4gd #c4g #j4fg #j4jfge #j4jfe #d4ea #cj4e #ab #ae4h #dfc #gf4ej #g4i #a4dd #j4abbe #j4a #ba4ce #ch #ae #ag4d #fhj #gi4cf #aj4f #a4id #j4age #j4ab #bb4cj #de4g #ah #ai4j #hga #ij4bh #ac4d #b4db #j4bcge #j4acge #be4db #fa #bd #bb4b #a1bfa #aag4fj #ah4h #c4db #j4cce #j4age #cc4bj #gf #cj #be4d #a1idf #aii4je #bd4e #d4db #j4dd #j4babe #ee4gg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,labor4 ,key3 cm c5timet]1 9 in*1 m met] ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total ,,diamet] ,cubic ,co/ ,back- co/1 ,,( ,,pipe3 ,wid?,dep? met]s ( fill+exca- ( p] exca- & re-vation ----------tr5* l9e>vationmov+ back- ,cont9ues met] p] surplusfill+ cm 9 m m l94 m,pesos etc4 ,pesos ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aj #d #j4ee #j4ij #j4ej #j4fj #j4ah #j4gh #ae #f #j4fj #a4jj #j4fj #j4gb #j4bb #j4id #cj4e #ab #j4fe #a4bj #j4gh #j4id #j4bi #a4bc #ch #ae #j4gj #a4cj #j4ia #a4aj #j4cd #a4dd ,bel[ #de4g #ah #j4hj #a4dj #a4ab #a4cd #j4da #a4ge #fa #bd #a4jj #a4ej #a4ej #a4hj #j4ee #b4ce #gf #cj #a4aj #a4fj #a4gf #b4aa #j4fe #b4gf ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- -- ,,haul+ ,,p] ,co/ ,total ,total ( haul+ excava- ,,l9e> ,,met] lay+ & tion & p] lay+ lay+1 --------------- l9e> p] labor1 ,haul- ,misc4 met] l9e> complete + ,pesos met] ,pesos ,pesos ,pesos ,pesos ---------------------------------------- - #j4jbge #j4jje #j4jf #j4jibe #j4hgbe #j4de #j4jje #j4hbe #j4acbe #a4jgbe #j4ah #j4jjge #j4adge #j4cce #a4efe #j4bgbe #j4ja #j4ai #j4dgge #a4iabe #j4bgbe #j4ja #j4bde #j4ebge #b4bgge #j4hbe #j4jh #j4da #a4cae #c4ffe #j4hc #j4aj #j4ec #a4df #d4bb ---------------------------------------- - ,,note4--,! above co/s ( e>?work are bas$ on ! foll[+ rates & p]c5tages ov] ! :ole city3 ,e>?1 p] cubic met] #j4ce pesos #ej ,s(t sill> #j4ge #bj ,h>d sill> #a4ej #bj ,rock 7*iefly conglom]ate7 #d4jj #aj ,,summ>y ,,( ,,table #aa4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,diamet] ,total labor ,mat]ials4 ,total co/ ,,( ,,pipe 3 co/4 ,pesos4 p] l9e> ----------------------- ,9 pesos4 met]1 9 ,c5timet]s4 ,in*es4 pesos4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aj #d #j4hgbe #c4cj #d4agbe #ae #f #a4jgbe #d4ea #e4ehbe #cj4e #ab #a4efe #ba4ce #bb4iae #ch #ae #a4iabe #bb4cj #bd4babe #de4g #ah #b4bgge #be4db #bg4fige #fa #bd #c4ffe #cc4bj #cf4hfe #gf #cj #d4bb #ee4gg #ei4ii ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! flood de/roy$ ab\t #a1bjj h\ses 9 ! neighborhood ( ! riv]4 ,9 a numb] ( blocks ! small] ma9s 7 sc\r$ away1 b consid]able salvage 0 done aft]w>d1 &1 z x is ! int5tion ( ! au?orities n to p]mit rebuild+ along ! flood-pa? ( ! riv]1 ^! ma9s d n require recon/ruction4 ,,ma9 ,,sew]age ,,sy/em4 ,! ,company's obligations1 z f> z dra9age is conc]n$1 7 limit$ to ! removal & disposal ( sewage1 no provision be+ requir$ = /orm-wat]1 :i* is all[$ to f9d its way to ! natural wat]c\rses4 ,ap>t f t fact1 h[ev]1 ! be/ sy/em = a city l ,mont]rey1 :]e ra9fall = _m mon?s at a "t is v sc>ce1 is ! /rictly sep>ate sy/em4 ,9 ! design advantage 0 tak5 ( ! natural topography ( ! dra9age di/rict1 :i* is almo/ an ideal "o = a gravitation sy/em ( sew]s1 ! g5]al fall 9 all directions be+ nor!a/2 x 0 also 9 ?is direction t ! be/ available l& c\ld be obta9$ = disposal purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4--,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,sew]s ,,( ,,mont]rey4 ,plate ,,xx %[s 9 skeleton =m ! g5]al lay-out ( ! sew]s4 ,two dra9age di/ricts are arrang$1 divid$ by ,calle de ,wa%+ton1 :i* may be reg>d$ z practically ! c5t] ( ! city1 & ea* ( ^! di/ricts has an indep5d5t ma9 collector connect+ to ! outfall sew] at ! nor!a/ extremity ( ! city4 ,! sy/em has be5 design$ s t ext5sions may be made & may cov] any "p )9 ! city limits2 ! ma9 collectors are l>ge en\gh = ! :ole area :5 fully built up4 ,! sew]s are design$ on a v lib]al basis1 namely1 on ! assumption t :5 fl[+ half full ! quantity to be dealt ) w be #chj lit]s p] capita p] day1 ) a maximum rate ( fl[ ( #bjj p] c5t4 ,x 0 assum$ t ea* h\se w\ld be occupi$ by #g p]sons & h a frontage ( #ab-a_/b m4 ,! m9imum velocities 9 ! sew]s1 :5 runn+ full1 v>y betwe5 #j4ia & #a4e m4 p] sec41 ) ! exception ( a few blocks4 ,! m9imum size adopt$ 0 #bd4c cm4 7#h 947 9 int]nal diamet]4 ,! sew]s ( diamet]s betwe5 #bd4c & #ej cm41 are #j4ia m4 7#cf 947 long1 & are ( salt-glaz$ vitrifi$ clay1 import$ f ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 ,table #ab gives ! details ( ! l5g? ( ! v>i\s sew]s laid4 ,,table #ab4--,,l5g? ,,( ,,sew]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,diamet]3 --------- ,k9d4 ,l5g?1 cm 94 9 met]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #bd4c #h ,fire-clay #ch1ccb4he #be4d #aj #af1djj4fi #cj4e #ab #g1iec4ae #ch4a #ae #d1hej4ef #de4g #ah #b1jbc4dj #ej4h #bj #a1dej4ec #ee4i #bb ,re9=c$ concrete tubes1 #f4i cm4 ?ick #c1acd4bj #fa4j #be #g4f #ceg4dj #fh4f #bg ,brick & concrete #dhd4je #gf4b #cj #ffb4fi ,total #ge1fdi4ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! great] numb] ( ! manholes are ( brickwork1 #bc cm4 ?ick1 & h concrete inv]ts4 ,!y h a diamet] ( #a4b m41 :i* is r$uc$ to #j4fa m4 at ! top1 & ea* is provid$ ) a heavy ca/-iron frame & clos$ cov] weigh+ ab\t #aij kg4 ,!re are #eba manholes1 & !y are plac$ at e block & on long l9es ab\t #hj m4 ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,/&>d #cjj-;,,gal4 ,,flu% ,,tanks4 ,! sew]s are flu%$ ) #ae-;cm4 7#f-;947 automatic flu%+ siphons ( ! ,mill] patt]n ) #bj-;cm4 7#h-;947 dis*>ge pipes4 ,!re are #bgh ( ^! siphons1 & !y are plac$ 9 flu%-tanks 7,fig4 #af7 built ( brickwork & pla/]$ ) #a3a cem5t mort>4 ,_! capacity v>ies f #hjj to #a1bjj lit]s1 & !y dis*>ge f #bb-a_/b to #bh-a_/b lit]s p] sec4 ,!y are tim$ to flu% once 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! sy/em is at pres5t v5tilat$ by #bc-;cm4 7#i-;947 /eel v5tilat+ columns 7,fig4 #af71 ) ornam5tal ca/-iron bases4 ,!re are #bbj ( ^! columns4 ,mo/ ( !m are #g4he m4 above ! level ( ! edge ( ! sidewalk1 & are connect$ to special #ae-;cm4 bran* pipes lead+ f ! sew] on ! outside ( ! flu%-tanks4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! city !y are provid$ ) ext5sion l5g?s1 giv+ a total height ( #ab m4 ,table #ac gives ! p>ticul>s ( ! av]age di/ribut$ co/ ( lay+ ! #ge4f km4 ( sew]s4 ,,table #ac4--;,,av]age ,,co/1 ,,p] ,,l9e> ,,met]1 ,,= #ge4f ,,km4 ,,( ,,sew]s1 ,,= ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,labor ,,complete4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,int]nal ,co/ ( ,,e>?work ,,& ,,labor3 ,total ,,diamet] mat]- --------------------------- co/ ( ,,( ials ,co/ ( ,co/ ( sew] ,,sew]s4 includ- ,av]age excavation1labor complete ,k9d ( ---------- + dep? includ+ 9 p] ,sew]4 #aj-;cm4 ( back- lay+ l9e> 7#d-;947 sew] fill+1 7includ- met]4 cm4 94bran*es remov+ + e m4 surplus1 haul+1 #d-a_/b m4 etc4 etc474 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,fire-clay #bd4c #h #b4jj #b4aj #c4df #j4ba #e4fg #be4d #aj #b4gh #b4be #c4ig #j4bfbe #g4jabe #cj4e #ab #c4fd #b4ej #d4gje #j4cje #h4fe #ch4a #ae #f4ad #b4ge #e4ej #j4dcge #ab4jgge #de4g #ah #h4hj #c4jj #f4gde #j4fde #af4ai #ej4h #bj #aa4cj #c4ej #h4bge #j4hae #bj4ci ,concrete #ee4i #bb #e4ic #c4ej #i4ai #a4cbe #af4dde #fa4j #be #g4cj #c4ge #aa4bde #a4fhe #bj4bc ,"o brick ?ick on #fh4f #bg #g4ag #c4ge #aa4gce #c4ic #bb4hce concrete #gf4b #cj #g4ibe #d4jj #ad4ec #d4eae #bf4ig f\nda- tions ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,disconnect+ ,,trap ,,on ,,h\se ,,dra94 ,! h\se connections are *iefly ( #aj-;cm4 7#d-;947 pipes1 laid on a m9imum gradi5t ( #b-a_/b1 f oblique bran*es on ! sew] to siphon int]cept+ traps ne> ! h\se1 z %[n by ,fig4 #ag4 ,f ?is trap a #aj-;cm4 fire-clay inspection pipe is c>ri$ up & capp$ at ! sidewalk level ) a ca/-iron box hav+ a lock$ cov]4 ,f ?is inspection pipe a bran* is connect$ to a ca/-iron fre%-air inlet1 9 mo/ cases set 9 ! wall ( ! h\se1 ! inlet be+ #cj cm4 above ! level ( ! pavem5t4 ,effect ( ! ,flood on ,sew]s4--,! flood ( ,augu/ #bg? & #bh?1 #aiji1 p>tly de/roy$ "o ( ! ma9 collectors1 :i* 0 laid along ! banks ( ! riv] & encas$ 9 concrete4 ,?is has n[ be5 relaid f>!r nor?1 & out ( ! way ( any future floods4 ,! total l5g? ( ! new sew]s replac+ ^? damag$ am\nts to #abjj m41 & !y v>y 9 int]nal diamet] f #bj to #ee4i cm4 7#h to #bb 9474 ,,ma9 ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,! direction ( ! ma9 outfall sew] 0 det]m9$ aft] a ?or\gh /udy ( all ! available l& ly+ to ! nor? & nor!a/ ( ! city1 z x 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,company to utilize = irrigation purposes ! sewage & any surplus wat]s t might be develop$4 ,! be/ available site 0 f\nd to be ab\t #ab km4 nor? ( ! city1 a little nor?we/ ( ! village ( ,san ,nicolas de los ,g>zas1 z %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,! long l5g? ( outfall requir$ 0 ju/ifi$ by ! *eap co/ ( ! l& & its excell5t "* = sewage irrigation4 ,! sew] 0 design$ = a capacity ( #ij1jjj1jjj lit]s a day 7#cf4gf cu4 ft4 p] sec47 9 ord] to all[ = convey+ surplus wat]s z well z sewage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4--,,outfall ,,sew]3 ,,plan ,,( ,,gr\nd ,,%[+ ,,sew]2 ,,also ,,details ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,sections4 ,! outfall int]cepts ! two ma9 bran*es ( ! city sew]s at ,calle de ,all5de & ,calle de ,tapia1 & its total l5g? is approximately #aa1ijj m4 ,! *ief type adopt$ is %[n on ,plate ,,xxii4 ,x is =m$ ) an inv]t ( radial bricks laid 9 #a3b cem5t mort>1 on a f\ndation ( #a3c3e concrete approximately #g cm4 ?ick4 ,z ! gr\nd 0 *iefly 9 h>d sill>1 only a little concrete 0 requir$ to m\ld ! bottom to ! correct %ape4 ,! ar* 0 =m$ ( special radial bricks1 #ae cm4 7#f 947 deep1 laid 9 cem5t mort>4 ,^! bricks 7 adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to concrete1 ow+ to ! heavy co/ ( s& & rock1 due to ! long haul1 & = ! purpose ( obta9+ rapid "w4 ,plate ,,xxi %[s ! sew] ar*1 & "o ( ! v5tilat+ columns & manholes4 ,! bricks 7 obta9$ f ! local brick plant1 & =m a v satisfactory mat]ial = sew]s1 be+ well burnt1 ?or\ghly h>d1 & absorb+ n m ?an #g-a_/b ( _! weight ( wat]4 ,! contract prices = ! labor on ! brickwork 7 #a4be pesos p] sq4 m41 & #a4ch pesos = ! ar*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,ar*1 ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,v5tilat+ ,,column ,,& ,,manhole1 ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,! g5]al r\te ( ! sew] is v direct1 long /raight l9es ( sev]al kilomet]s be+ possible1 & ^! 7 jo9$ by curves ( approximately #cj m4 radius4 ,! gradi5t ( ! sew] inv]t is #j4b 7#a 9 #ejj7 :i* is approximately ! g5]al fall ( ! gr\nd nor?w>d f ,mont]rey4 ,! total quantity ( excavation 0 z foll[s3 ,no4 #a1 s(t e>? #h1ifj cu4 m4 ,no4 #b1 sill> #ah1dib ,no4 #c1 conglom]ate rock #i1hbb ------ ,total #cg1bgd cu4 m4 ,! contract prices = ?is excavation 73 = ,no4 #a1 #cb c5ts2 ,no4 #b1 #he c5ts2 & ,no4 #c1 #b4ag pesos p] cu4 m4 ,all ! excavation 0 9 p]fectly dry gr\nd4 ,:]e ! sew] 0 p>tly out ( ! gr\nd x _h a f\ndation ( concrete1 #a4ge m4 wide1 f #ae to #bc cm4 ?ick1 bel[ ! bottom ( ! brickwork1 & c>ri$ up to ! spr++ ( ! ar*1 & a well-tamp$ embankm5t1 ) slopes ( #a-a_/b to #a1 to protect ! sew] to a height ( #cj cm4 7#ab 947 above ! ar*4 ,= #cdb m4 at ! ,mont]rey end ( ! l9e1 ! sew] 0 con/ruct$ 9 tunnel1 f1 ! op5 end & f two int]m$iate %afts4 ,! tunnel ?r\gh\t 0 9 sill>1 & ! contract price = excavation 0 #bd4ej pesos p] l94 m4 ,?is "w 0 done )\t timb]+ ( any k9d1 except at ! %aft l5g?s4 ,plate ,,xxii %[s ! l9+ ( ! tunnel1 :i* 0 ( concrete ) a brick inv]t4 ,at f\r places ! sew] passes "u ma9 railway tracks1 :i* at ^! po9ts 7 c>ri$ on /eel gird]s support$ on concrete abutm5ts1 ! sew] be+ c>ri$ "u ! tracks 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,bridges4--,at ?ree po9ts ! sew] 0 c>ri$ ov] arroyos on re9=c$ concrete gird]s4 ,no4 #a1 at ,/ation #e1fjj1 consi/$ ( f\r #aj-m4 spans2 ,no4 #b1 at ,/ation #h1cfe1 ov] ! ,e/anscia ,arroyo1 consi/$ ( n9e #aj-m4 spans2 & ,no4 #c1 at ,/ation #h1ifj1 ov] ! ,topo ,*ico ,arroyo1 consi/$ ( ?ree #aj-m4 spans4 ,"o ( ^! bridges is %[n on ,plate ,,xxiii4 ,!y 7 design$ z two p>allel cont9u\s gird]s ) connect+ top & bottom slabs4 ,! concrete = ! gird]s 0 a #a3b-a_/b3c-a_/b mixture1 ! s& be+ f ! cru%] & ! rock gaug$ to pass a #ai-mm4 7#c_/d-;947 scre54 ,! inside 0 r5d]$ ) a coat ( #a3a cem5t mort>1 #g mm4 ?ick1 = wat]-tightness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,=ms ,,= ,,ma9 ,,gird]s1 ,,e/anscia ,,bridge1 ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,e/anscia ,,bridge1 ,,complet$4 ,! pi]s ( ! ,e/anscia ,bridge 7,plate ,,xxiii7 7 c>ri$ d[n ?r\gh s(t e>? to a /iff clay f #d-a_/b to #f m4 bel[ ! surface1 & ! f\ndations 7 spread s t ! pressure w\ld n exce$ #a ton p] sq4 ft4 ,! ends ( ! bridges 7 protect$ by rubble w+-walls support+ ! embankm5t ov] ! sew]4 ,a #a3c3e concrete 0 us$ = ! upp] "p ( ! pi]s1 & ! l[] "p 0 ( ! same mixture ) #cj ( l>ge b\ld]s4 ,!re are #gj manholes 7,fig4 #ai7 along ! l9e ( ! sew]1 & !y v>y f #aej to #bcj m4 ap>t4 ,! sew] is v5tilat$ ) #cj concrete t[]s 7,fig4 #ah1 & ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxi71 #b4i m4 high1 hav+ #bj-;cm4 7#h-;947 %afts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,details ,,( ,,v5tilators ,,on ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,details ,,( ,,manholes ,,on ,,outfall ,,sew]4 ,! works = ! outfall sew] 7 c>ri$ out satisfactorily "u a contract ) ,mr4 ,john ,phillips1 ( ,mexico ,city1 ! ,company supply+ ! great] "p ( ! mat]ials4 ,! "w 0 begun on ,m>* #af?1 & f9i%$ on ,novemb] #ab?1 #aijh4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,& ,,irrigation ,,l&s4 ,= ! purpose ( dispos+ ( ! sewage & us+ x pr(itably1 ! ,company pur*as$ #iji hect>es 7#b1bdf acres7 ( l& f ! ,community ( ,san ,nicolas de los ,g>zas1 ! outfall sew] be+ c>ri$ to ! s\?we/]n b\nd>y ( ! l& acquir$4 ,?is area has a g5]al fall 9 all directions to ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y1 ) a gradual fall ( ab\t #be m4 across ! diagonal ( ! l&4 ,! area pur*as$ 0 practically virg9 l&1 only small portions hav+ be5 cultivat$4 ,! great] "p 0 cov]$ ) a gr[? ( mezquite trees & small %rubs4 ,! quality ( ! l& is excell5t1 if prop]ly irrigat$1 & capable ( yield+ abundant crops ( e description4 ,! limits ( ?is l& are %[n on ,plate ,,ii4 ,sewage ,purification ,tanks4--,= ! purpose ( obta9+ a satisfactory efflu5t to dis*>ge on ! l& )\t caus+ nuisance1 ! ,company built a sy/em ( detritus *amb]s & liquefy+ tanks at ! end ( ! outfall sew]4 ,"o difficulty to be fac$1 9 design+ ^! works1 0 ! fact t !re 7 no data reg>d+ ! probable quantity ( dry-wea!r sewage1 nor any p>ticul>s z to its g5]al "*2 !re 0 also ! probability t ! outfall sew] w\ld h to c>ry l>ge quantities ( surplus wat]4 ,!re=e1 ! sy/em 0 design$ s z to be capable ( ext5sion if necess>y1 & ! sizes ( ! v>i\s tanks 7 limit$ at pres5t1 because ( ! septic processes :i* w\ld be set up 9 ! long l5g? ( outfall sew]4 ,! tanks 7 design$ to deal ) #aj1jjj1jjj lit]s ( sewage prop] p] day1 & ! *annels1 etc41 7 proportion$ to take ! full fl[ ( ! sew] if necess>y4 ,provision 0 also made = dis*>g+ l>ge volumes ( surplus wat] directly on ! l&1 indep5d5t ( ! tanks4 ,to d ?is a by-pass 0 tak5 f ! sew] a %ort di/ance be=e rea*+ ! site ( ! tanks4 ,by prop]ly tim+ ! fl[1 arrangem5ts c\ld be made to dis*>ge ^! wat]s 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+1 by all[+ ! sc\r-pipes 9 ! di/ribution sy/em to be op5$ at night :5 ! dome/ic sewage fl[ 0 at its m9imum4 ,z ! area ( l& available is v great1 ! degree ( purification 9 ! tanks 0 relatively unimportant2 ! object to be obta9$ consi/$ *iefly 9 di/ribut+ on ! l& an efflu5t :i* w\ld be innocu\s & cle>4 ,! g5]al design ( ! works is %[n on ,plate ,,xxiv1 & !y consi/ ess5tially ( a scre5 *amb]1 duplicate detritus tanks1 & ?ree liquefy+ tanks4 ,!re is also a sludge-pit #fbi m4 f ! tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,at ,,san ,,nicolas ,,de ,,los ,,g>zas2 ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,detritus ,,& ,,liquefy+ ,,tanks1 ,,) ,,details ,,( ,,! ,,latt]4 ,scre5 ,*amb] & ,detritus ,tanks4--,enl>g$ details ( ! scre5 *amb] are %[n on ,plate ,,xxv4 ,! inv]t1 :]e ! sew] ent]s ! scre5 *amb]1 is #dhi4de m4 above datum4 ,?is *amb] has duplicate scre5s :i* are fully detail$ on ,plate ,,xxx4 ,= clean+ purposes ! scre5s are rais$ by a /eel-fram$ head-ge>1 :i* is arrang$ s t !y may be l[]$ to a small travel+ bogie1 out ( ! way ( ! scre5 *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,at ,,san ,,nicolas ,,de ,,los ,,g>zas4 ,,details ,,( ,,detritus ,,*amb]s ,,& ,,inlet ,,*annels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,at ,,san ,,nicolas ,,de ,,los ,,g>zas ,,detritus ,,& ,,liquefy+ ,,tanks2 ,,details ,,( ,,di/ribut+ ,,*annels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxx4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,at ,,san ,,nicolas ,,de ,,los ,,g>zas4 ,,details ,,( ,,scre5+ ,,app>atus4 ,f ! scre5 *amb] !re are two ma9 *annels1 #a4bb m4 wide1 bran*+ to ! two concrete detritus *amb]s4 ,ea* *annel has a squ>e p5/ock1 s t ! sewage c be div]t$ into ei!r *amb] :5 necess>y4 ,! detritus *amb]s are octagonal 9 plan1 #d m4 9 diamet]1 & ea* is provid$ ) an outlet weir #a4ej m4 wide4 ,at ! weir level ! *amb]s h a dep? ( #a4ge m41 ) dra9age *annels bel[ t level4 ,! cop+ is #a m4 above ! outlet weir ( ! detritus tanks4 ,to dra9 (f ^! *amb]s1 ea* has a sc\r-out pipe1 #cj cm4 9 diamet]1 controll$ f valves ) sp9dles c>ri$ above ! cop+ level4 ,ea* ( ^! pipes is connect$ to a c5tral *amb]1 & leads to a #ef-;cm4 7#bb-;947 sludge-pipe4 ,! *amb]s z design$ are ( small] capacity ?an ^? usually provid$1 b1 z all surface wat] is /rictly exclud$ f ! sew]age sy/em1 ! quantity ( detritus rea*+ ! *amb]s may be small4 ,! velocity ?r\gh !m :5 bo? are 9 use w be approximately #j4jhb m4 7#j4bg ft47 p] sec4 ,f ^! *amb]s ! sewage is c>ri$ to ! ?ree liquefy+ tanks by a ma9 *annel1 #aa4e m4 long & #a4ej m4 wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,ca/ ,,concrete ,,beams ,,be+ ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,position1 ,,liquefy+ ,,tanks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,inlet ,,weirs ,,to ,,liquefy+ ,,tanks1 ,,dur+ ,,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,liquefy+ ,,tanks1 ,,f ,,inlet ,,end4 ,! tanks are ( concrete & h re9=c$ concrete ro(s4 ,ea* is #ff m4 long & #f m4 wide2 ! m9imum dep? = ! sewage is #a4ej m4 at ! outlet end1 & #b4be m4 at ! inlet1 increas+ to a maximum dep? ( #b4ge m4 at ! l[e/ dep? at ! sc\r-out *annel4 ,_! comb9$ capacity is #b1ejj1jjj lit]s1 :i* is equival5t to #f h\rs' fl[ ( ! quantity ( sewage = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,! sewage passes f ! ma9 *annel1 ?r\gh p5/ock-valves :i* control ! fl[1 into "o or ! o!r ( ! tanks4 ,f ^! valve op5+s x fl[s ov] concrete weirs1 #e m4 long1 & is deflect$ to ! bottom ( ! tank by a re9=c$ concrete scum-plate1 ext5d+ across ea* tank1 ) a cle>ance ( #ae cm4 at ea* end4 ,?is scum-plate is #a4e m4 deep & #aj cm4 ?ick1 & is plac$ #dj cm4 f ! end walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxix4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,at ,,san ,,nicolas ,,de ,,los ,,g>zas2 ,,details ,,( ,,outlet ,,*annels ,,& ,,weir ,,box4 ,! details ( ! concrete division & outside walls are %[n on ,plate ,,xxix4 ,! floor 0 con/ruct$ 9 two lay]s1 & its surface is divid$ into #f *annels =m$ by small walls1 #bj cm4 wide & #ae cm4 deep1 ! object ( ^! *annels be+ to facilitate ! clean+ ( ! floor by sc\r+ x out to a specially arrang$ *annel at ! deepe/ po9t ( ! tank1 ne> ! inlet end4 ,ea* sc\r-out *annel has a #cj-;cm4 7#ab-;947 gate-valve1 controll$ f ! ro( ( ! tank1 ! ?ree sc\r-pipes meet+ 9 a concrete *amb] outside ( ! tanks1 f :i* a #ef-;cm4 7#bb-;947 concrete pipe dis*>ges ! cont5ts ( ! tanks to ! sludge-pit dur+ clean+ op]ations4 ,! velocity ?r\gh ! tanks1 :5 !y are us$ 9 comb9ation1 is #j4jbec m4 7#j4jhc ft47 p] sec41 ! tanks be+ made z long z economically possible1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is l[ velocity & ?us p]mit ! prop] s$im5tation ( ! susp5d$ matt]s4 ,! ro( ( ea* tank is #a m4 above ! weir level4 ,ea* tank has f\r v5tilat+ columns1 #c4g m4 high & #cj cm4 9 diamet]1 vitrifi$ clay pipes1 ) an ext]ior cas+ ( contrete1 be+ us$ = ! %afts4 ,! ro( is enclos$ )9 p>apet walls1 & is cov]$ ) a lay] ( e>? #be cm4 ?ick4 ,! outlet *annel f ! tanks leads to a measur+ *amb]1 #c m4 squ>e1 z %[n on ,plate ,,xxix4 ,?is *amb] is fitt$ ) p5/ocks1 #a4hc m4 wide1 & measur+ weirs4 ,f ?is *amb] ! sewage is deliv]$ to two ma9 irrigation dit*es1 :i* di/ribute ! sewage 9 two directions1 "o nor?w>d & ! o!r to ! we/]n extremity ( ! l&s4 ,con/ruction ( ,tanks4--,! excavation = ! tanks 0 9 s(t e>? = a dep? ( #a-a_/b m42 ! l[] dep?s 7 9 a firm f\ndation ( sill> & calc>e\s clay4 ,! total excavation 9 ! tanks1 *annels1 etc41 0 #h1cce cu4 m41 & ! actual co/ 0 #de-c_/d c5ts p] cu4 m4 ,to facilitate ! con/ruction1 ab\t six-t5?s ( ! concrete beams 7 ca/ z s+le monoli?s & plac$ 9 position by slid+ !m across ! tanks on tempor>y timb]s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! beams1 ! ro(1 & ! slab 7 plac$ 9 position 9 ! ord9>y way ) timb] =ms4 ,! total quantity ( concrete plac$ 0 #a1cfj cu4 m4 ,a #a3b-a_/b3d-a_/b concrete 0 us$ = ! walls1 *annels1 etc41 & a #a3b3c mixture = ! ro( slab & beams4 ,table #ad gives ! av]age co/ p] cubic met] = all ! concrete "w4 ,,table #ad4--;,,av]age ,,co/ ,,p] ,,cubic ,,met] ,,= ,,concrete ,,9 ,,tanks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pesos p] ,pesos p] cubic cubic met]4 met]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,labor 3 ,mix+ & plac+ #e4bj ,c>p5t] "w 9 =ms1 fram+1 etc4 #d4bj ,total labor co/ #i4dj ,,mat]ials 3 ,scre5$ gravel #d4jd ,s& 7f neighbor+ arroyo7 #d4ih ,cem5t 7includ+ haul+7 #ae4ai ,lumb]1 nails1 & o!r supplies #a4ij #bf4aa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,total co/ ( concrete p] cubic met] #ce4ea ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sludge-pit4--,! sludge-pit1 us$ :5 clean+ out ! tanks1 is c>ri$ #fci m4 nor?w>d1 f> en\gh to get ! available fall to dra9 ! bottom ( ! detritus *amb]s & liquefy+ tanks4 ,! dra9age pipe 0 =m$ ( #ef-;cm4 7#bb-;947 concrete tubes4 ,! sludge-pit is m]ely an excavation 9 ! e>? #bj m4 squ>e & #b m4 deep1 ! sides hav+ a slope ( #a-a_/b to #a4 ,an ov]fl[ dra9s ! pit to an irrigation dit*1 ! solid matt] be+ all[$ to settle & ! liquid to dra9 (f4 ,f "t to "t x is propos$ to dig out ! solids & pl[ !m into ! l&4 ,g5]al4--,to ! ea/ ( ! tanks a #c-room$ h\se has be5 built = ! inspector4 ,9 ord] to provide a good supply ( wat] = clean+ op]ations1 a well #bb m4 deep has be5 sunk & is fitt$ ) pumps op]at$ by an ,eclipse w9dmill1 #d m4 9 diamet]1 on a t[] #bb m4 high1 :i* deliv]s ! pump wat] to a circul> wood5 tank ( #bj1jjj lit]s capacity4 ,! "w 9 connection ) ! purification tanks 0 c>ri$ out by ! ,company's own /aff2 x 0 begun on ,septemb] #aj?1 #aijh1 & practically complet$ by ! fir/ week 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,at ! "t ( writ+1 ! tanks h to deal ) ! sewage f a population ( only #aj1jjj p]sons1 z only f #ae to #bj ( ! connections h be5 made4 ,! sewage1 !re=e1 has be5 dilut$ ) sev]al times its volume ( surplus wat]1 & ! necess>y scum on ! top ( ! sewage 9 ! tanks has n yet assum$ ! usual ?ick matty condition obs]v$ 9 mo/ sy/ems4 ,z !re are no available means 9 ,mont]rey ( hav+ prop] det]m9ations made ( ! degree ( purification :i* takes place 9 ! passage ( ! sewage ?r\gh ! liquefy+ tanks1 a few simple te/s h be5 made4 ,^! te/s 7 limit$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( oxyg5 absorb$ 9 #d h\rs1 & %[ a purification ( #ej 9 pass+ f ! detritus *amb]s to ! outlet4 ,! sewage1 al?\gh v black & full ( susp5d$ matt] z x ent]s ! tanks1 leaves !m 9 a v cl>ifi$ condition4 ,( ! total area ( l& acquir$ by ! ,company1 #ijd hect>es 7#b1bcd acres7 h be5 leas$ to ! ,mont]rey ,railway1 ,light1 & ,p[] ,company1 = #ii ye>s1 ! ,wat]-,works ,company res]v+ #e hect>es 7#ab acres7 absolutely = future ext5sions ( ! sewage works4 ,by giv+ #ab mon?s' notice1 ! ,company also res]ves ! "r to utilize any "p ( #ade hect>es 7#ceh acres7 ne> ! tanks1 %\ld x be requir$ at any "t 9 ! future = sewage purification purposes4 ,,quality ,,( ,,& ,,rates ,,= ,,labor4 ,all ! "w 0 practically "u ! direction ( ,engli%-speak+ sup]9t5d5ts & g5]al =em54 ,= ! ord9>y skill$ & l[-skill$ labor1 ,mexicans 7 employ$ exclusively1 &1 on ! "w1 :i* 0 q new to !m1 !y prov$ entirely effici5t & satisfactory2 ?r\gh\t ! "w1 on :i* at "s p]iods betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj m5 7 employ$1 *iefly "u ! ,company's direct adm9i/ration1 !y 7 v tractable & will+ to d _! be/1 & no tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ at any "t4 ,! ,mexican peon1 & also ! ord9>y skill$ workman 9 ! nor? ( ,mexico1 is intellig5t1 & is excell5t = purely r\t9e "w1 b he is n adaptable or res\rceful 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,"u intellig5t & c>eful sup]vision1 h[ev]1 x is q possible to get z good results z c\ld be obta9$ any:]e4 ,! daily rates ( wages = a #aj-;h\r day 7 approximately z giv5 9 ,table #ae1 ^! rates be+ v>i$ 9 special cases4 ,,table #ae4--,,rates ,,( ,,wages ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,pesos p] day4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,g5]al =eman #h4jj to #aj4jj ,=eman #f4jj #h4jj ,cabos #b4jj #d4jj ,masons #c4jj #d4jj ,bricklay]s #c4jj #d4jj ,masons & bricklay]s help]s #a4ej ,ca/-iron pipe jo9t]s 7=eman7 #d4ej caulk]s #c4jj help]s #a4ej to #b4jj ,fire-clay pipe lay]s #a4ge help]s #a4be to #a4ej ,drill]s #a4be #a4ej ,c>p5t]s #b4jj #b4ej ,blacksmi?s #b4ej ,crane m5 #f4jj ,peons 7labor]s7 #a4jj to #a4be ,boys 7wat]+ concrete7 #j4cg-a_/b to #j4ej ,wat*man #a4jj ,timekeep]s #bb4jj p] week4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,co/ ,,( ,,works4 ,table #af gives ! ma9 items ( ! approximate exp5diture4 ,^! include all exp5ses = prelim9>y location1 eng9e]+1 sup]9t5d5ce1 pur*ase ( l&s1 wat] rights1 etc41 b d n include o!r heavy exp5ditures *>geable to ! concession1 su*1 = example1 z g5]al exp5ses1 int]e/ at ! rate ( #f dur+ ! con/ruction p]iod1 prelim9>y exp5ses = inve/igations1 etc41 items :i* w\ld increase ! total by ne>ly #be p] c5t4 ,,table #af4--,,pr9cipal ,,items ,,( ,,exp5diture4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,pesos1 ,mexican curr5cy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,e/anzuela ,,supply 3 ,aqu$uct & dam #ejb1jjj ,s\? ,res]voir #dbi1jjj ------- #ica1jjj ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,gravity ,,supply 3 ,aqu$uct1 tunnel1 & infiltration gall]y #bbc1jjj ,obispado ,res]voir #dcf1jjj ------- #fei1jjj ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,provisional ,,supply 1 includ+ bor+ op]ations1 etc4 #acj1jjj ,,city ,,wat] ,,di/ribution ,,sy/em #a1aie1gjj ,,city ,,sew] ,,sy/em #a1jcf1jjj ,,outfall 3 ,ma9 outfall sew] #dbe1jjj ,sewage purification works #ge1jjj ------- #ejj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total #d1dea1gjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,z a g5]al /atem5t1 ! actual co/ ( labor is ab\t #cc-a_/c ( ! total co/ ( ! con/ruction "w1 includ+ mat]ials4 ,fig4 #bj %[s 9 graphic =m ! am\nt ( ! labor pay-rolls & ! progress ( ! "w dur+ ! :ole con/ruction p]iod f #aijf to #aiji1 inclusive1 compris+ also t done "u contract4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,progress ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,mon?ly ,,labor ,,pay-,,rolls ,,dur+ ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,p]iod4 ,,t>iffs ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,regulations4 ,t>iffs4--,! t>iffs *>g$ = ! wat] & dra9age s]vice 7,table #ag7 7 approv$ by ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t 7:i* accepts ! responsibility = _! collection71 "u a compulsory ,/ate law :i* came into =ce on ,m>* #a/1 #aiaj1 = ! s\!rn portion ( ! city1 & on ,july #a/1 = ! nor!rn half1 ! p5alty = non-compliance be+ a tax ( #aj on ! mon?ly r5tal value ( ! prop]ty1 z assess$ by ! ,/ate (ficials4 ,! basis ( ! t>iffs 7:i* 7 publi%$ on ,febru>y #bb;d1 #aiji7 is a *>ge = wat] v>y+ betwe5 #ab & #af c5ts 7,mexican7 p] #a1jjj lit]s1 ) a m9imum mon?ly rate = ea* diff]5t class ( prop]ty connect$ to ! sy/em4 ,! rate = h\se dra9age is fix$ at #hj ( ! m9imum wat] rate levi$ on ! consum]4 ,! m9imum rates h be5 fix$ s t ! poor] classes ( ! community w n be ov]tax$1 :ile at ! same "t ! rate is actually levi$ on ! quantity ( wat] us$1 z indicat$ by ! met]4 ,all ! s]vices at ! pres5t "t are met]$1 & ! met] sy/em w be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,,table #ag4--,,! ,,t>iffs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mon?ly ,lit]s ,price = ,m9imum ,rate = ,total ,class prop]ty ( #a1jjj mon?ly dra9age rate r5tal4 wat] lit]s4 rate4 s]vice4 payable4 ,pesos4 all[$4 ,c5ts4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ,pesos4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i ,up to #bj #g1hjj #af #a4be #a4ji #b4be ,,ii #ba to #dj #ab1ejj #af #b4jj #a4fj #c4fj ,,iii #da to #fj #ah1gej #af #c4jj #b4dj #e4dj ,,iv #fa to #abj #bc1cej #ae #c4ej #b4hj #f4cj ,v #aba to #cjj #cj1jjj #ae #d4ej #c4fj #h4aj ,,vi #cja upw>d #cc1cej #ae #e4jj #d4jj #i4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,notes3 7#a/7 ,! r5tal = ! wat] met]s #e_/h-;94 size 7#ae-a_/b mm471 :i* %all always be consid]$ ! prop]ty ( ! ,company1 w be #bj c5ts p] mon?4 ,h\ses ( ! fir/ & second classes %all be exempt f pay+ su* r5tal = "o ye>'s "t1 c\nt+ f ?is date4 7#b;d7 ,all excess consumption ( wat] ov] t all[$ by ! t>iff w be *>g$ = at #b c5ts less ?an ! price %[n 9 ! t>iff p] ?\s& lit]s4 7#c;d7 ,extra l>ge h\ses1 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 su* z colleges1 hotels1 etc41 etc41 hav+ a consumption ( #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj lit]s ( wat] p] mon?1 w pay at ! rate ( #ad c5ts p] ?\s& lit]s4 ,! dra9age rate = su* build+s w be arrang$ 9 proportion to ! wat] t>iff1 or #hj ( ! value ( ! wat]4 7#d?7 ,! laundry e/abli%m5ts1 ba?-h\ses1 etc41 :5 us+ #ej1jjj lit]s or upw>d1 c arrive at "s agreem5t s z to pay #ab c5ts p] #a1jjj lit]s4 7#e?7 ,gr\ps c be =m$ ( two or m small h\ses s z to obta9 a jo9t s]vice "u ! proportion %[n 9 ! t>iff4 7#f?7 ,any o!r comb9ation t _c be ent]$ into "u ! basis ( ?is t>iff1 w be arrang$ by specially agre$ ^u prices1 su* agreem5t be+ z mu* z possible subject to ! basis m5tion$4 ,sanit>y ,regulations4--,! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t1 on ,m>* #a/1 #aiji1 publi%$ regulations = ! prop] in/allation ( ! wat] & dra9age s]vices )9 ! h\ses4 ,at ! ,gov]nm5t's reque/1 a draft ( ! propos$ regulations 0 submitt$ by ! writ]1 :o prep>$ x1 aft] a /udy ( ,am]ican & ,briti% sanit>y by-laws1 to suit ! special conditions ( ,mont]rey4 ,^! regulations 7 aft]w>d modifi$ by him 9 collaboration ) ! ,gov]nm5t ,te*nical ,inspector & ,f9ancial ,int]v5tor1 &1 9 _! f9al =m1 ?\gh n z /r+5t z ^? adopt$ 9 _m nor!rn cities1 are probably m complete ?an ^? 9 any o!r ,mexican city4 ,"u ^! regulations only regi/]$ plumb]s c und]take plumb+ in/allations1 & !y h to execute a bond to ! satisfaction ( ! ,alcalde ,prim]o 7,city ,mayor7 = ! sum ( #b1jjj pesos z a gu>anty ( responsibility4 ,= defective workman%ip or any infraction ( ! plumb+ regulations1 !y are liable to heavy f9es1 & c be call$ on to make good all defects 9 workman%ip1 )\t extra *>ge to ! own] ( ! prop]ty4 ,! provisions ( ! regulations are c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,te*nical ,inspector1 ! ,company's obligations ext5d+ only to ! sidewalk & to ! met]s plac$ )9 ! h\ses4 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,etc4 ,g4 ,s4 ,b9ckley1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,company f ,febru>y to ,decemb]1 #aijf4 ,! writ] 0 ,*ief ,eng9e] f ,may #a/1 #aijg1 until ,april1 #aiaj1 & is responsible = ! design & con/ruction ( ! works c>ri$ out dur+ t p]iod4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,s*uyl] advis$ ! ,company ?r\gh\t all prelim9>y /udies & inve/igations1 & act$ z ,consult+ ,eng9e] until ,febru>y1 #aijh4 ,! ,te*nical ,inspector1 on behalf ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( ! works1 has be5 ,rudolf ,mey]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 & ! writ] wi%es to record ! valuable assi/ance ! ,company has receiv$ f him4 ,9 conclusion ! writ] may be p]mitt$ to pay a tribute to ! devot$ public _s %[n by 8 ,excell5cy1 ,g5]al ,b]n>do ,reyes1 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon f #ahhe to ,febru>y1 #aiaj1 & :o1 untir+ 9 8 devotion to ! int]e/s ( ! city1 0 prim>ily responsible = ! inception ( ! works & _! successful completion4 ,,discussion4 ,,james ,d4 ,,s*uyl]1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,= complet5ess ( detail & wide range ( subjects ( g5]al int]e/ to eng9e]s1 ?is pap] is c]ta9ly "o ( ! notable contributions to rec5t eng9e]+ lit]ature4 ,x is a m9ute & pa9/ak+ record ( ! successful accompli%m5t ( con/ruction "w "u unusual climatic conditions & difficult circum/ances1 & reflects cr$it on ! au?or1 n only 9 8 capacity z an eng9e]1 b z a fai?ful record] ( facts4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly =tunate t he 0 an eyewitness ( ! disa/r\s & extraord9>y flood :i* swept ?r\gh ,mont]rey1 de/roy+ _m lives & mu* prop]ty1 & has ?us be5 able to give an intellig5t e/imate ( ! maximum dis*>ge ( ! riv] dur+ ! height ( ! flood wave ( ,augu/ #bg?-#bh?1 #aiji1 :5 ! rate ( run-(f p] unit ( area ( wat]-%$ dra9$ rea*$ an am\nt :i* has seldom be5 equall$ or exce$$1 z f> z reliable records ext5d4 ,x is wor?y ( note t works d]iv+ _! wat] supply f ! s\rce ( su* torr5tial floods %\ld h surviv$ ) s little actual damage1 & ) sc>cely any int]ruption ( s]vice4 ,! repair ( all damages to ! sy/em 0 e/imat$ to h co/ n m ?an #bj1jjj4 ,z ,mr4 ,conway did n assume *>ge ( con/ruction until ,may1 #aijg1 he 0 sp>$ ! responsibility ( decid+ on ! g5]al plan ( secur+ an abundant supply ( pure wat] f s\rces p]mitt+ ( deliv]y by gravity "u adequate pressure = fire protection--a responsibility :i* devolv$ on ! writ]1 assi/$ by ,g4 ,s4 ,b9ckley1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,mr4 ,conway's pr$ecessor1 z ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,n only ! wat]-works1 b ! sy/em ( sew]age & sewage disposal by broad irrigation 7 subsequ5tly c>ri$ out on ! plans submitt$ to ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t by ! writ] 9 #aijf1 & giv5 provisional acquiesc5ce at t "t4 ,!re 0 no lack ( wat] at h& = ! supply ( a city ( t size1 z !re are l>ge p]5nial spr+s :i* fl[ out ( ! trav]t9e ( ! pla91 & are us$ = irrigation 9 ! valley bel[ ! city4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ( ^!1 ne> ! civic c5t]1 has a normal fl[ ( ne>ly #cj cu4 ft4 p] sec42 ano!r ne>by1 also )9 ! city limits1 fl[s "s #aj or #ab sec-ft41 :ile bo? ! ,e/anscia & ,robal> spr+s1 b a few miles bel[ 7%[n on ,plate ,,ii71 dis*>ge m ?an #bj sec-ft41 z ne>ly z memory s]ves4 ,besides ?is supply1 ! wat] to be develop$ by s9k+ %afts 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! pla91 z demon/rat$ at ! brew]y & else:]e1 0 app>5tly a reliable s\rce ( l>ge volume4 ,to utilize ^! s\rces1 h[ev]1 w\ld h involv$ condemnation ( ! wat]-rights 9 ! case ( ! spr+s1 depriv+ pres5t own]s ( ! use ( ! wat]1 & ?is ,gov]nor ,reyes wi%$ to avoid4 ,besides1 x w\ld h necessitat$ pump+ ! wat] = ! city 9 p]petuity1 an exp5se :i* ! ,gov]nor 0 equally anxi\s to save2 h5ce a gravity supply 0 made ! prime requisite ( ! plans4 ,until ! concession 0 grant$1 & = a ye> or m aft]w>d1 x 0 assum$ t an adequate supply c\ld only be obta9$ by ! /orage ( ! flood-wat] ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] 9 a l>ge res]voir2 & ! e>li] plans ( ! concessionaires 7 bas$ on ! con/ruction ( a high masonry /orage dam at ! upp] end ( ! n>r[s1 :]e ! riv] turns f a we/]n direction to a c\rse almo/ due ea/1 betwe5 high v]tical cliffs ( lime/one4 ,! concession di/9ctly provid$ = su* a dam1 & among ! plans on file 9 ! ,/ate ,capitol is "o prep>$ by ! late ,e4 ,%]man ,g\ld1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 = a masonry weir across ! gorge4 ,samuel ,m4 ,gray1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 also fil$ a plan & report propos+ a capaci\s1 %all[1 /orage res]voir ne> ! city1 to be fill$ by a l>ge flood-wat] canal f ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon4 ,al?\gh ! writ] c\ld n h anticipat$ ! occurr5ce ( floods ( ! magnitude ( ! "o ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 :i* w\ld surely h de/roy$ any res]voir built 9 ! ,canon1 he 0 unable to endorse ! /orage plan ( wat] developm5t1 *iefly because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! wat]-tightness ( ! res]voir 9 a cav]n\s lime/one =mation1 & also because ( ! probable impurity ( wat] dra9+ f su* ext5sive goat pa/ures4 ,he1 !re=e1 urg$ ! developm5t ( ! und]fl[ ( ! riv]1 :i* 0 manife/+ itself 9 ! spr+s ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,b9ckley secur$ two ,key/one drill+ ma*9es & proce$$ to pr(ile ! b$-rock at ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon & at ,san ,g]onimo1 ! two places on ! /ream :]e ! riv] fl[s betwe5 walls ( rock 9 situ4 ,at bo? sites ! /rata 7 /&+ ne>ly v]tical across ! *annel1 &1 by c>eful sampl+ & te/+1 x 0 f\nd t 9 bo? locations !re 7 ?ick /rata ( lime/one s highly silici\s z to be insoluble1 & h5ce free f cav]ns4 ,f ?is det]m9ation x 0 conclud$ t all ! wat] :i* appe>$ 9 ! valley bel[ mu/ pass ?r\gh ! sections :]e ! bor+s 7 made4 ,! results ( ?is drill+1 h[ev]1 prov$ conclusively t ! dep? to b$-rock at ei!r place 0 too great to p]mit ( a masonry dam be+ consid]$ z practical1 & demon/rat$ ! inadequacy ( me?ods :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! e>li] inve/igations :5 dams 7 reg>d$ z feasible4 ,! results h also %[n t ! subt]ranean supply at ! l[] cross-section ( ! riv]1 at ,san ,g]onimo1 is abundant1 & c probably be increas$ to an indef9ite degree by cont9u+ ! filtration gall]y2 :ile at ,santa ,cat>9a ! same type ( developm5t c be made = a high-s\rce supply1 al?\gh requir+ a long & exp5sive tunnel & conduit4 ,,david ,t4 ,,pitke?ly1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,hav+ be5 engag$ on ! design ( sew]age sy/ems = "s ye>s1 ! writ] f9ds ?is pap] ( peculi> int]e/1 p>ticul>ly ! sew]age portion4 ,!re are "s po9ts 9 ! design1 h[ev]1 :i* d n appe> to be cle>4 ,! sy/em is describ$ z /rictly sep>ate1 & yet ! sew]s are design$ to run half-full1 provid+ a capacity ( #bjj1 ! #ajj basis1 or #chj lit]s p] capita1 be+ #ij1 or #ahj lit]s1 9 excess ( ! calculat$ wat] supply ( #bjj lit]s p] capita4 ,x has be5 ! writ]'s practice to design sanit>y sew] sy/ems on ! basis ( ! wat] consumption1 & to assume ! :ole daily am\nt to rea* ! sew] 9 #af h\rs1 ?us provid+ capacity suffici5t to c>e = ! maximum or wa%-day fl[ )\t caus+ ! sew]s to run above ! calculat$ hydraulic gradi5t1 :i* %\ld be plac$ )9 ! pipe s z to provide air space = v5tilation "u all circum/ances4 ,! practice ( calculat+ sanit>y sew]s to run half-full is a good "o :5 gr\nd-wat] is expect$ 9 suffici5t am\nt to fill ! rema9+ portion ( ! sew]1 b :5 no gr\nd-wat]1 or ro(-1 or surface-wat] is all[$ to ent] ! sy/em1 or all precautions are tak5 to exclude su*1 !n ! sy/em may be design$ s t ! expect$ maximum1 or wa%-day fl[1 w fill ! sew] to ! desir$ hydraulic gradi5t4 ,! me?od ( v5tilat+ ! sew]s does n seem practicable4 ,! h\ses are pr9cipally ( "o /ory1 & yet ! /&-pipes on ! sew]s h op5+s #be ft4 #i 94 above ! sidewalk4 ,are ! v5tilat+ or v5t pipes ( ! h\se plumb+ c>ri$ to a height to balance ?is1 or w ^! *imneys draw ! air f ! h\se dra9s & fre%-air pipes1 break+ ! seal 9 ! s-call$ disconnect+ traps1 ?us caus+ ! circulation ( air 9 ! h\se pip+ to be d[nw>d ?r\gh ! sew]s in/ead ( upw>d ?r\gh ! fre%-air inlets & v5ts1 z design$8 ,x is int]e/+ to note t crude sewage1 z well z ! liquefy+ 7septic7 tank efflu5t1 is to be appli$ to l& = irrigation purposes1 b ! application ( crude sewage )\t any attempt at remov+ ! susp5d$ matt]1 or ! efflu5t f ! septic tanks :]e only a p>tial removal occurs1 seems to be bad practice4 ,! au?or /ates t3 ,! degree ( purification 9 ! tanks 0 relatively unimportant2 ! object to be obta9$ consi/$ *iefly 9 di/ribut+ on ! l& an efflu5t :i* w\ld be innocu\s & cle>4 ,h[ he expects to obta9 su* an efflu5t by passage ?r\gh scre5s1 detritus tanks1 & septic tanks only1 is m ?an ! writ] c und]/&4 ,! removal ( susp5d$ matt] 9 a septic tank dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! sewage1 ! "t ( ret5tion1 ! "t elaps+ betwe5 clean+1 ! pres5ce ( trade wa/es1 etc41 & seldom exce$s #ch p] c5t4 ,! subject ( septic tanks & _! effect on sewage is discuss$ 9 ! ,fif? ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal 7,engl&1 #aijh71 & ! foll[+ extracts1 relative to ! application ( crude sewage to l& & ! effect ( septic tanks on sewage1 seem apropos3 #bc4 99 99 99 ,!re are also _m cases 9 :i* crude sewage has be5 pass$ ov] l&1 b ! evid5ce %[s t l& treatm5t ( crude sewage is liable to give rise to nuisance by ! accumulation ( solids on ! surface ( ! l&4 ,moreov]1 9 "s cases ^! solids are apt to =m an imp]vi\s lay]1 :i* int]f]es ) ! a]ation ( ! soil1 & s impairs ! effici5cy ( ! treatm5t4 #ca4 99 99 99 ,at t "t x 0 claim$ t ! septic tank possess$ ! foll[+1 among o!r1 advantages3 ,t x solv$ ! sludge difficulty1 inasmu* z practically all ! organic solid matt] 0 dige/$ 9 ! tank4 ,t x de/roy$ any pa?og5ic organisms :i* !re might be 9 ! sewage4 #cb4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ^! claims1 x is n[ cle>ly e/abli%$ t1 9 practice1 all ! organic solids are n dige/$ by septic tanks1 & t ! actual am\nt ( dige/ion v>ies to "s ext5t ) ! "* ( ! sewage1 ! size ( ! tanks relative to ! volume treat$1 & ! frequ5cy ( cleans+4 ,at ,hudd]sfield1 ,mr4 ,campbell e/imat$ t ab\t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! solids 7 conv]t$ into gas or dige/$2 99 99 99 :ile at ,birm+ham1 ,messrs4 ,watson & ,o',%aughnessy say t ! figures available indicat$ a dige/ion ( n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! susp5d$ matt] ent]+ ! tanks4 #cc4 ,z reg>ds ! second claim1 we f9d z a result ( a v l>ge numb] ( obs]vations t ! sewage issu+ f ! septic tanks is1 bact]iologically1 almo/ z impure z ! sewage ent]+ ! tanks4 ,messrs4 ,w9sl[ & ,phelps1 9 _! int]e/+ pap]1 ,inve/igations on ! ,purification ( ,bo/on ,sewage1#h quote a sugge/ion made by ,/odd>t 7#aije73 #h ,wat] ,supply & ,irrigation ,pap] ,no4 #ahe1 p4 #abe4 ,he f9ds1 9 a septic tank ( sev]al comp>tm5ts1 a consid]able deposit ( sludge 9 ! fir/ comp>tm5t1 giv+ a fairly cle> sup]natant liquid1 :i* 9 ! la/ *amb] ( all und]goes a second>y decomposition1 lead+ to ! ?r[+ d[n ( an additional precipitate ( (f5sive sludge4 ,:at took place 9 ! case ref]r$ to by ,/odd>t corresponds to ! au?or's obs]vations ( ! liquid leav+ ! tanks 9 a cl>ifi$ condition1 b ! second>y decomposition mu/ take place 9 "s mann]1 &1 :5 x does1 a nuisance seems to be unavoidable :]e no provision is made to c>e = x4 ,9 view ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 "s fur!r treatm5t seems to be necess>y4 ,su* treatm5t %\ld include dis9fection1 z no me?od ( disposal yet devis$ has succe$$ 9 r$uc+ mat]ially ! pa?og5ic g]ms usually to be f\nd 9 sewage & tank efflu5ts4 ,if ! crops to be irrigat$ are to be eat51 uncook$1 by mank9d1 !n dis9fection at lea/ is imp]ative4 ,,george ,s4 ,,b9ckley1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,mr4 ,conway's admirable pap] is ( special int]e/ to ! writ]1 z ! entire g5]al design ( ! sy/em1 z well z ! ext5sive hydrological /udies & f9al selection ( ! s\rces ( wat] supply1 0 complet$ dur+ #aijf ?r\gh ! jo9t labors ( ! writ]1 z ,*ief ,eng9e]1 & ,james ,d4 ,s*uyl]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 z ,consult+ ,eng9e]4 ,9 ?is "w1 ,mr4 ,s*uyl] & ! writ] _h ! r>e privilege ( deal+ f its inception ) ! problem ( design+ a complete & some:at ext5sive sy/em ( municipal wat] supply & dra9age1 unhamp]$ by any exi/+ works to :i* ! new sy/ems w\ld h to be adapt$4 ,x w\ld probably be difficult to f9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a city ( #he1jjj inhabitants1 previ\sly totally lack+ ei!r a wat] supply or sew]age sy/em1 :i*1 "u a consi/5t & h>moni\s design1 has be5 provid$ ) bo? 9 ! degree ( complet5ess & /ructural excell5ce exemplifi$ 9 ! works at ,mont]rey4 ,! few important *anges or amplifications made 9 ! orig9al design1 & ! mann] 9 :i* its detail has be5 execut$ is naturally mo/ int]e/+ to ! writ]1 & ?is excell5t pap] %\ld be ( v sub/antial value1 p>ticul>ly to eng9e]s engag$ on simil> "w 9 ,mexico or ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,! v novel con/ruction me?od adopt$ by ,mr4 ,conway 9 ! ro(+ ( ! ,s\? or ,guadalupe ,res]voir1 seems to ! writ] r to invite criticism1 & ! fact t 9 ! subsequ5t con/ruction ( ! ro( ov] ! rectangul> ,obispado ,res]voir ! cu/om>y monoli?ic concrete con/ruction 0 app>5tly rev]t$ to aft] exp]i5ce ) ! sep>ate-unit plan previ\sly us$1 w\ld indicate t ,mr4 ,conway rea*$ ! same conclusion4 ,! orig9al design ( ! circul> ,guadalupe ,res]voir contemplat$ j ab\t ! same arrangem5t ( columns & ro( support z t actually us$1 b ! writ] _h expect$ t ! columns w\ld be ca/ 9 place1 & t ! sy/em ( prim>y & second>y beams w\ld be fill$ at ! same "t z1 & integral )1 ! ro( slab1 ! re9=cem5t be+ plac$ 9 accordance ) :at may be describ$ z conv5tional practice4 ,! writ] believes t ! effici5cy ( ! concrete & /eel plac$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld be notably high] ?an "u ! sy/em actually adopt$1 :i*1 9 effect1 is pretty mu* ! same z con/ruct+ ! support+ sy/em ( units ( cut /one4 ,if1 ) all ! elem5ts ( /ructural weakness involv$ 9 ! multiplicity ( mortis$ jo9ts1 discont9u\s re9=cem5t1 etc41 ?is con/ruction is /rong en\gh1 x w\ld seem t an important r$uction 9 ! dim5sions ( ! memb]s c\ld h be5 effect$ by monoli?ic con/ruction & cont9u\s re9=cem5t1 )\t sacrifice ( /r5g?4 ,! comp>ison1 9 ,table #g1 ( ! co/s ( ^! two res]voirs1 is int]e/+1 b v mod]ately illum9at+1 z ! comp>ative unit co/ ( ! mo/ important elem5t 9 _! con/ruction--! concrete--is n giv54 ,! total excavation co/ = ea* res]voir is practically ! same1 & ! g5]al exp5se1 eng9e]+1 & co/ ( fitt+s & accessories presumably s1 b ! total co/ ( ! ,guadalupe ,res]voir z giv5 is #ai1jjj 7pesos7 9 excess ( t ( ! ,obispado ,res]voir1 :ile1 9 ! latt]1 !re 7 #gef cu4 m4 m concrete4 ,?is c]ta9ly indicates a mu* high] co/ ( concrete p] unit z laid 9 ! ,s\? 7,guadalupe7 ,res]voir4 ,an actual comp>ison ( ! co/ p] unit ( concrete laid "u ! two sy/ems w\ld be in/ructive4 ,! writ] is int]e/$ to obs]ve t ! same sy/em ( sub-dra9age us$ by him 9 ! con/ruction ( ! res]voir = ! provisional supply ( wat] f ,san ,g]onimo1 has be5 us$ by ! au?or 9 ! ,obispado ,res]voir4 ,?is arrangem5t ( dra9s "u ! floor ( ! res]voir at ,san ,g]onimo 0 devis$ z a safegu>d aga9/ damage to ! l9+ ?r\gh ! accumulation ( wat] inside ! imp]vi\s bank aga9/ its back4 ,x 0 realiz$ t1 9 su* a climate z t ( ,mont]rey1 p]fect wat]-tightness ( ! l9+ might be difficult to secure or ma9ta91 &1 if leaks exi/$1 a sudd5 draft on ! cont5ts ( ! res]voir might result 9 s]i\s damage ?r\gh ! /atic pressure ex]t$ aga9/ ! l9+ ( ! sides or upw>d ?ru/ aga9/ ! floor4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 su* a sy/em ( dra9s is an important elem5t1 z n alone ! fact b ! quantity ( leakage may be det]m9$1 & dang] ( saturation ( ! support+ bank avoid$--a matt] ( importance :]e1 z is sometimes ! case1 ! mat]ial ( su* a bank is unfit to resi/ ! effects ( saturation4 ,! au?or does n /ate :e!r or n ?is safegu>d 0 omitt$ 9 ! ,guadalupe ,res]voir4 ,incid5tally1 h[ev]1 ! matt] ( saturation ( ! bank is n important 9 ei!r res]voir1 z ! mat]ial ( :i* ^! banks are con/ruct$ is su* t settlem5t or failure ?r\gh saturation is out ( ! "q4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t 9 fix+ ! angle ( ! sides ( ! ,guadalupe ,res]voir at #fj deg4 ! writ] contemplat$ ! same sy/em ( con/ruct+ ! bank z he us$ 9 t ( ! ,san ,g]onimo ,res]voir4 ,9 ?is case1 ! bank 0 built up by spread+ ! mat]ial 9 ?9 lay]s1 wett+ d[n1 & roll+ & puddl+ by ! passage ( ! ox-c>ts us$ = ! transportation ( ! mat]ial1 ! :eels ( ! c>ts1 & especially ! clov5 ho(s ( ! animals1 produc+ a mo/ excell5t effect4 ,! inside slope 0 built up 9 ?is fa%ion to a mu* l[] angle1 & ) a top wid? consid]ably 9 excess ( ! f9i%$ dim5sions4 ,! excess mat]ial 0 !n pick$ (f to ! l9e1 & exactly to ! slope4 ,?us ! f9i%$ slope pres5t$ a surface :i* 0 compact$ to a degree impossible to atta9 at or ne> ! surface ( ! bank z built1 & pres5t+ a support ( ! be/ possible "* = ! concrete l9+ & cop+4 ,v4 ,,sauc$o1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,! au?or's description ( ! wat]-works & sew]age ( ,mont]rey1 "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive s*emes 9 ,mexico1 w be ( g5]al int]e/ to eng9e]s1 especially ^? engag$ 9 hydraulic & sanit>y problems4 ,! writ]1 hav+ be5 connect$ ) ! works = f\r ye>s1 kn[s ! local conditions well1 & pres5ts h]e) "s complem5t>y data on :at he consid]s an important feature1 ! subject ( floods1 m5tion$ by ! au?or on diff]5t occasions1 especially z c]ta9 developm5ts 9 ! works %[ ! importance ( su* occurr5ces z a factor 9 design+4 ,abnormal ra9falls ( long duration & high int5sity are common 9 ! semi-arid region ( ,mexico4 ,!y come at irregul> int]vals1 ?\gh t5d+ to co9cide ) ! e>ly fall4 ,! floods ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 7 a repetition ( simil> occurr5ces 9 ! pa/2 &1 ?\gh !re are no num]ical records ( previ\s cases1 local traditions & hi/orical /ate docum5ts describe !m z hav+ occurr$ s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! city1 at int]vals ( f #ae to #dj ye>s4 ,! graphic descriptions ( ! places flood$ are 9 accord ) ! "* ( ! floods ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 & ,septemb]1 #aiaj4 ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #ba1 is a record ( ! ra9fall dur+ ! latt] flood1 & 0 plott$ f int]mitt5t read+s ( /&>d gauges4 ,x demon/rates t ! int5sity increas$ t[>d ! m\nta9s on ! s\?1 :i* =m ! tribut>y wat]-%$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv]1 %[+ a diff]5ce ( #aj4ed 94 betwe5 ! city & ! ,e/anzuela ,dam1 :i* is n q #ab miles to ! s\!a/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,ra9fall ,,dur+ ,,floods ,,( ,,septemb] #ad,,?-#af,,?1 #aiaj1 ,,9 ,,mont]rey4 ,an e/imate ( ! volume ( dis*>ge ( ! riv] at ! "t ( maximum flood is only a reasonable conjecture :i* 7)\t special ref]5ce to accuracy7 aims to impress ^? :o h n witness$ su* occurr5ces ) ! trem5d\s volume com+ f b>r5 /eep surfaces previ\sly saturat$4 ,! orig9al computation1 ref]r$ to by ! au?or1 0 obta9$ f ! av]age ( two diff]5t me?ods :i* gave results close to ea* o!r4 ,9 "o me?od ! ext5t & nature ( ! wat]-%$ 7 consid]$1 toge!r ) ! maximum p]iod ( precipitation t occurr$1 suffici5t to ga!r a maximum volume ( wat] 9 ! riv]4 ,9 ! o!r me?od ! volume 0 d]iv$ f a cross-section ( ! wett$ p]imet] ( ! riv] at ! "t ( maximum fl[1 9 comb9ation ) velocity approximations obta9$ by us+ r\gh floats4 ,?is gave #bga1ejj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 ,! figure submitt$ by ! au?or1 #bce1jjj cu1 ft4 p] sec41 is 9 accord ) ! propos$ =mula#i = imp]vi\s surfaces by ,c4 ,e4 ,gregory1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,9 ! fir/ & la/ me?ods1 ! int5sity1 a gov]n+ factor1 is m or less ( an assumption1 & ! cross-sectional me?od is also unreliable1 z ! riv]-b$ 0 greatly di/urb$1 due to ! high velocity ( ! wat]1 :i* deep5s ! *annel to a consid]able ext5t at times ( maximum flood1 ! gravels be+ r$eposit$ dur+ ! p]iod ( subsid5ce4 ,su* 0 ! case dur+ ! flood ( ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 :5 ! dep? ( gravel above ! ro( ( ! ,san ,g]onimo ,infiltration ,gall]y 0 dim9i%$ to su* an ext5t t x 0 s ineffici5t z a filt] = ! flood z to p]mit ! p]colation ( turbid wat] into ! und]gr\nd supply4 #i ,transactions4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,lviii4 p4 #deh4 ,dur+ ! floods ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 ,%afts ,nos4 #b & #c 7 damag$ beyond repair1 & s& & gravel1 ent]+ ?r\gh !m1 block$ up ! gall]y to )9 ab\t #aej ft4 ( ,%aft ,no4 #a4 ,! int]ior timb]+ probably collaps$1 due to cav+s & di/urbance 9 ! riv]-b$ dur+ ! p]iod ( maximum flood1 b no explorations h be5 possible on acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( wat] /ill com+ ?r\gh 7at pres5t m ?an #fej lit]s p] sec474 ,= ?is reason ! "w ( driv+ ! gall]y1 z well z l9+ ,%aft ,no4 #a1 has be5 susp5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,santa ,,cat>9a ,,riv] ,,9 ,,flood1 ,,on ,,augu/ #bh,,?1 #aiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,flu%-,,tank ,,c>ri$ ,,d[n ,,by ,,flood ,,( ,,augu/ #bg,,?-#bh,,?1 #aiji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,%[+ ,,sc\r+ ,,effect ,,( ,,flood ,,on ,,san ,,g]onimo ,,aqu$uct4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii1 ,,fig4 #a4--,,view ,,( ,,santa ,,cat>9a ,,riv] ,,aft] ,,! ,,flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii1 ,,fig4 #b4--,,view ,,( ,,santa ,,cat>9a ,,riv] ,,fl[+ ,,?r\gh ,,l[-,,ly+ ,,/reets1 #h ,,days ,,aft] ,,! ,,flood4 ,on rea*+ ! city1 ! flood ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 swept away two /reets adjo9+ ! riv]4 ,^! /reets _h be5 built on made gr\nd1 9 :at 0 orig9ally ! riv]-b$4 ,! sew]s & wat] ma9s laid 9 !m 7 de/roy$ entirely1 & "s #dfj ft4 ( ! #bd-;94 ca/-iron pipe1 buri$ "u ! riv]-b$ at a dep? ( #h ft41 7 c>ri$ away4 ,9 relay+ ?is portion ( ! ma91 & = protect+ ! rema9d] ( x across ! riv]1 x is n[ propos$ to encase x 9 a solid rubble concrete block1 #h ft4 squ>e1 :i* w imp>t weight & /ability aga9/ ! sc\r+ effect ( floods4 ,! ,s\? ,res]voir is circul> 9 %ape1 ) an int]ior diamet] ( #afe4fh ft4 at ! top1 & is p>tly excavat$ 9 ! gr\nd & p>tly complet$ by an embankm5t ( va/ proportions 7,fig4 #aj74 ,"r aft] ! flood ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 a wet spot appe>$ on ! nor!a/]n toe ( ! embankm5t1 & x 0 suppos$ = "s "t t x 0 ! effect ( ! saturation produc$ by ! prec$+ ra9s1 b1 z x p]si/$ = sev]al mon?s1 x 0 obvi\s t its orig9 0 9 ! int]ior ( ! res]voir1 :i* 0 empti$ :5 ! writ] took *>ge ( ! "w4 ,! fir/ inspection reveal$ a horizontal crack 9 ! concrete l9+1 ab\t #caj ft4 long & ext5d+ ab\t #aec deg4 ar\nd ! circumf]5ce on ! nor? side4 ,?r\gh\t its l5g? x co9cid$ ) ! l9e ( cut & fill4 ,v]tical cracks1 co9cid+ ) ! panel po9ts 9 ! l9+1 _h also develop$1 & ext5d$ f ! ma9 horizontal crack to ! ro(4 ,! circum/ances orig9at+ ?is developm5t c be conjectur$ by consid]+ ! position ( ! ma9 crack1 its *>act]i/ic features1 & ! conditions t prec$$ its =mation4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! crack ) ! jo9t ( cut & fill1 po9ts to ?is l9e z a s\rce ( dang]4 ,an exam9ation %[$1 besides1 t ! fracture 0 clean & %>p1 rang+ 9 ?ickness f a hair l9e at ! ends to #c_/af 94 at ! c5t]1 & t its upp] bord] project$ ov] ! l[] "o p]ceptibly1 a pro( t horizontal motion _h tak5 place4 ,! v]tical cracks 7 a second>y effect1 ! consequ5ce ( ! displacem5t imm$iately aft] x 0 sc\r$4 ,a fracture 0 discov]$ 9 ! floor ( ! res]voir4 ,x />t$ at ! c5t] & bran*$ out into two div]g+ l9es 9 a radial direction4 ,! circum/ance ( two abnormal ra9falls1 giv+ #ce 94 9 #i days1 ! precipitation be+ conc5trat$ 9 two p]iods1 n f> ap>t1 ( #db h\rs & #ih h\rs1 respectively 7,fig4 #d71 toge!r ) lack ( provision = %$d+ ! wat] f ! ro( ( ! res]voir & f ! surr\nd+ embankm5t1 lead to ! inf]5ce t ! latt] became saturat$1 increas+ !reby 9 weight & decreas+ 9 /ability1 especially 9 its /eep inn] face4 ,a settlem5t & ! consequ5t horizontal displacem5t1 "u ^! conditions1 0 natural4 ,! concrete l9+1 only #af 94 ?ick at t height1 0 n suffici5t to su/a9 ! result+ /ra91 & ! ma9 fracture develop$1 p]mitt+ ! /or$-up wat] to leak into ! bank4 ,9 "t ?is seepage f\nd its way "u ! bottom ( ! res]voir1 s(t5+ ! gr\nd & produc+ a slight settlem5t :i* caus$ ! crack 9 ! floor4 ,_h "u-dra9age be5 provid$1 z at ! ,obispado ,res]voir1 ! actual conditions w\ld h be5 notic$ e>li]4 ,h[ev]1 z ! embankm5t is ( va/ proportions1 /able 9 itself to su/a9 ) a l>ge m>g9 ( safety ! weight ( ! /or$-up wat]1 !re 0 no actual dang] ( failure1 except = ! fact t ! mat]ial =m+ ! /ructure1 on acc\nt ( its calc>e\s nature1 is dissolv$ by wat]4 ,long exposure to ?is condition w\ld1 9 "t1 op5 passages 9 ! embankm5t1 & x is c]ta9 t !re w\ld be cav+s 9 its int]ior4 ,! necess>y gr\t+ has be5 done1 & provision is be+ made = wat]-pro(+ ! int]ior ( ! res]voir & %$d+ ! wat] f ! ro( & f ! embankm5t1 ?us reliev+ ! /ructure ( ! consequ5t /ra94 ,ano!r place 9 ! works :]e floods h _h a damag+ effect is ! ,e/anzuela intake bas91 :i*1 :5 ! dam 0 complet$1 0 fill$ to ! ov]fl[ level 9 ord] to te/ its wat]-tightness4 ,z ?is bas91 :5 clean$1 0 f\nd to be slightly fissur$ on ! nor? side1 x 0 decid$ to l9e x ) concrete4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 ! l9+ does n cov] its entire area1 b only ! c5tral portion1 leav+ a /rip on ei!r side )\t protection4 ,! flood ( ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 com+ 9 great] volume ?an ! previ\s ones ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ gorge at ! entrance1 und]m9$ ! l9+ 9 ^? places :]e x 0 n f\nd$ on solid rock4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 %[ "s ( ! damage caus$ by ?is flood4 ,! buoyant effect ( ! wat] & ! impact ( l>ge roll+ b\ld]s caus$ fractures all ov] ! surface1 & lift$ ! concrete l9+ bodily2 b ! dam prop]1 be+ f\nd$ on rock bottom1 did n suff] any injury4 ,9 ! future1 9 ord] to avoid ! seepage ( ! ord9>y supply1 allud$ to by ! au?or1 ! wat] w be c>ri$ to ! valve-h\se 9 an op5 rubble concrete *annel1 l9$ ) cem5t mort> & built high up aga9/ ! we/]n hillside4 ,! rema9d] ( ! bas9 w be pav$ ) l>ge b\ld]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,e/anzuela ,,dam3 ,,brok5 ,,concrete ,,bas9 ,,l9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,e/anzuela ,,dam3 ,,brok5 ,,concrete ,,bas9 ,,l9+1 ,,ea/ ,,side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,e/anzuela ,,dam ,,sept4 #bf1 #aiaj3 ,,view ,,( ,,%e>+ ,,fractures ,,( ,,wall ,,& ,,l9+ ,,aft] ,,flood ,,sept4 #ad-ag1 #aiaj4 ,9 conclusion1 ! writ] wi%es to emphasize ! po9t t1 not)/&+ ! sev]ity ( ! te/1 relatively small damage 0 inflict$ on ! ext5sive works c>ri$ out "u ! au?or's design & direction4 ,a te/ s sev]e t x caus$ s]i\s damage & imm5se losses 9 ! entire region1 wa%+ away kilomet]s ( railroad track & de/roy+ practically all ! bridges )9 rea* ( ! flood1 is an occurr5ce ( p>am\nt importance1 & %\ld be rememb]$ z a lead+ factor 9 ! design ( eng9e]+ works4 ,,george ,t4 ,,hammond1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,9 a c\ntry1 su* z t describ$ 9 ?is pap]1 :]e wat] is valuable1 & a %ortage is at times possible1 :]e ! majority ( ! population is v poor1 & wat] & sewage dis*>ge are bo? to be paid = on a basis ( volume1 ! "q ( ! expect$ quantity ( daily wat] supply & sewage fl[ p] capita is ( prim>y importance4 ,?is "q1 not)/&+ its difficulty1 %\ld be giv5 a fir/ place 9 ! /udies = wat]-works & sew]age projects1 & %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 ! design1 :i* %\ld be su* t1 :ile prop] = ! expect$ future fl[ = a reasonable "t1 %\ld also be prop] & economical = conditions :i* at pres5t obta9 & may *ange b sl[ly4 ,x is desirable1 ( c\rse1 to get z mu* capacity 9 works z "o c = ! outlay1 b !re are in/ances :]e "o c get too mu* = ! money1 z :]e a l>g] pipe ?an is necess>y is us$ = a sew]1 m]ely because x co/s ab\t ! same z a small] "o1 & z a result ! co/ ( ma9t5ance is p]man5tly increas$4 ,! wat]-works 7 design$ to supply #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s 7#aj1ehb1jjj gal47 daily1 :i* x 0 assum$ w\ld be suffici5t = all future developm5ts 9 ,mont]rey = a population ( #bjj1jjj at a p] capita consumption ( #bjj lit]s 7ab\t #ec gal47 p] day4 ,! pres5t population ( ! city is giv5 z less ?an #ij1jjj1 !re hav+ be5 an increase ( #bb1jjj 9 t5 ye>s 7#ahia-aija71 b x is evid5t t 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s 7#aija-aiaa7 ?is rate ( increase has n cont9u$4 ,tak+ into acc\nt all ! data kn[n to ! writ]1 x does n seem t ! city w atta9 a population ( #bjj1jjj 9 a great _m ye>s1 if x ev] does2 b ?is is a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion1 & is only /at$ z su*4 ,! pres5t requirem5ts ( ! city's population1 assum+ t ea* p]son uses #bjj lit]s 7#ec gal47 p] day1 w\ld be1 at t rate1 :i* is a v lib]al "o1 only #ah1jjj1jjj lit]s 7#d1gfb1jjj gal47 p] day1 or less ?an half ! am\nt :i* may be provid$4 ,if ! wat] 7 n to be met]$ & ! sewage dis*>ge paid = by measure1 x is possible t ! free use ( wat] might lead to ! usual wa/e ) :i* all are fairly famili>2 b ! use ( met]s1 & ! rates *>g$1 w r$uce ! wat] consumption to a m9imum4 ,?is end w especially result f ,section #e ( ! ,t>iffs :i* provides t3 ,gr\ps c be =m$ ( two or m small h\ses s z to obta9 a jo9t s]vice "u ! proportion %[n 9 ! t>iff4 ,?is provision w keep d[n ! p] capita supply1 among ! majority ( ! p1 to ab\t #cg-a_/b lit]s 7#aj gal47 p] day4 ,a simil> provision l$ to abuse 9 ,santiago de ,cuba1 z well z 9 o!r ,cuban cities1 :]e "o h\sehold]1 tak+ wat]1 frequ5tly deliv]s x to adjo9+ h\ses & t5em5ts ?r\gh rubb] hose4 ,z _m z t5 or twelve families are sometimes f\nd to be suppli$ f "o tap 9 ?is mann]4 ,inde$1 x may be /at$ z a rule1 hav+ b few exceptions1 t :]e wat] is paid = by met] its use is always re/rict$4 ,! wat] ma9s & di/ribution sy/em1 h[ev]1 are s well laid out1 & ! :ole design is s good1 t ! writ] w\ld n anticipate mu* difficulty because x is on r too lib]al l9es = ! pres5t or probable future4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be argu$ t x may co/ m to keep ! ma9s 9 su* a sy/em clean2 b ?is extra co/ w sc>cely be ( mu* mom5t1 & w be (fset by ! great] la/+ quality ( ! l>g] pipes4 ,!re is ano!r feature ( ! problem1 h[ev]1 :i* is n affect$ favorably by a too lib]al =eca/ ( ! p] capita wat] supply1 namely1 ! sew]age sy/em4 ,if x is assum$ t1 us+ #bjj lit]s p] capita p] day1 ! total wat] supply ( ! city = ! pres5t population w be #ah1jjj1jjj lit]s1 & t ?is may d\ble 9 fifty ye>s1 or ev5 am\nt to #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s 9 t "t1 x w\ld seem t a r lib]al provision has be5 made = ! wat] supply1 & t ?is w sc>cely be exce$$ by ! sewage1 = ! latt] mu/ come f ! wat] supply1 !re be+ little or no gr\nd-wat] & no /orm-wat] tak5 into ! sew]s4 ,design+ ! sew]s to fl[ half full = all diamet]s less ?an #ah 941 & sev5-t5?s full = all l>g] sizes1 x w\ld seem t ?is w\ld give ample capacity = all "t to come 9 su* a city1 & t good practice w\ld n exce$ ^! figures1 x be+ m desirable t ! sew]s %\ld n be too l>ge to "w well1 ?an t !y %\ld be l>ge en\gh 9 all places to meet e possible cont+5cy4 ,if all ! sew]s ( a sy/em are too l>ge1 ! condition is incurably bad2 :ile1 if a few miles prove to be too small1 on acc\nt ( gr[? & prosp]ity n anticipat$ by ! design]1 x w be easy en\gh to relay su* p>ts :5 ?is becomes necess>y4 ,mr4 ,conway /ates t3 ,! sew]s are design$ on a v lib]al basis1 namely1 on ! assumption t :5 fl[+ half full ! quantity to be dealt ) w be #chj lit]s #ajj gal4 p] capita p] day1 ) a maximum rate ( fl[ ( #bjj p] c5t4 ,if ! writ] und]/&s ?is /atem5t correctly1 x means t ! sew]s1 fl[+ half full1 w c>ry #chj lit]s p] capita 9 #ab h\rs1 or are design$ ) #bjj ( ! capacity requir$ to take ! assum$ fl[ 9 #bd h\rs4 ,x 0 assum$ t ea* h\se w\ld be occupi$ by #g p]sons & h a frontage ( #ab-a_/b m4 7ab\t #da ft471 t is1 ab\t #gjj gal4 p] day p] h\se1 ! maximum fl[ rate be+ #bjj1 or at ! rate ( #gjj gal4 p] h\se 9 #ab h\rs4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ne>ly all ! h\ses are ( "o /ory1 & t1 z a rule 9 tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries1 ! p] capita use ( wat] dim9i%es ) "s function ( ! increas+ numb] ( inhabitants 9 "o h\se4 ,mo/ ( ! wat] is us$ 9 ! kit*51 & :]e !re are #g p]sons in/ead ( #e1 ! quantity us$ by ! small] numb] w g5]ally s]ve ! l>g]4 ,! writ] is unable to und]/& h[ ?is quantity ( sewage w be produc$1 especially z ! au?or /ates t1 z f> z ! company is conc]n$1 x is limit$ to ! removal & disposal ( ! sewage1 & is n requir$ to provide = /orm-wat]4 ,he also /ates t3 ,ap>t f t fact1 h[ev]1 ! be/ sy/em = a city l ,mont]rey1 :]e ra9fall = _m mon?s at a "t is v sc>ce1 is ! /rictly 'sep>ate sy/em'4 ,! m9imum velocities 9 ! sew]s1 :5 runn+ full1 v>y betwe5 #j4ia & #a4e m4 7f #c to #e ft47 p] sec41 & w be ! same fl[+ half full4 ,f ! =ego+ data x w be obs]v$ t3 7#a7 ,! wat] supply is ! only s\rce f :i* sewage fl[ is anticipat$2 7#b7 ,! wat] supply is v lib]ally e/imat$ at #bjj lit]s 7#ec gal47 p] capita daily2 7#c7 ,= purposes ( sew] design1 ! daily fl[ ( sewage expect$ 7all ( :i* is d]iv$ f ! wat] supply ( #bjj lit]s p] capita7 is e/imat$ at #chj lit]s p] capita1 ) a maximum rate ( fl[ ( #bjj 7or at ! rate ( #gfj lit]s p] capita71 & ) ?is quantity ! sew]s are design$ to fl[ only half full2 7#d7 ,! gradi5ts are su* t a velocity ( f #c to #e ft4 7#j4ia to #a4e m47 p] sec4 w be secur$ 9 ! sew]s fl[+ half full ) ! above quantity ( fl[ p] capita4 ,! writ] does n agree ) ?is me?od ( computation1 z he feels sure t x w give sew]s :i* are too l>ge1 ) grades too /eep = ! be/ obta9able results4 ,8 exp]i5ce1 ext5d+ ov] m ?an tw5ty ye>s 9 sew] design & hydraulic "w1 conv9ces him t ! me?od pursu$ is wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 sew] design are fir/ ( all hydraulic4 ,! quantity ( fl[1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 _c be =eca/$ accurately2 success dep5ds on gett+ ! ne>e/ possible approximation to av]age conditions4 ,if #bjj lit]s p] capita p] day is a lib]al all[ance1 & #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s p] day is a lib]al expectation at ?is rate = d\ble ! pres5t population1 & ! sew]s are design$ to fl[ half full only1 :y %\ld ?is aga9 be d\bl$8 ,! design ( a sew] sy/em = a city su* z ,mont]rey is1 9 fact1 a v difficult problem1 especially z ! quantity ( sewage w be v limit$1 flu%-wat] w h to be us$ 9 consid]able quantities1 & wat] 9 t "p ( ! _w is preci\s at all times & (t5 sc>ce4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! size or %ape ( ! pipes select$ = ! lat]al sew]s1 %\ld h be5 su* z w\ld m ne>ly agree ) ! requirem5ts ?an does ! #h-;94 circul>4 ,a4 ,p4 ,folwell1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 writ+ ( ! #h-;94 circul> size1 /ates3#aj #aj ,sew]age1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,folwell1 ,m4 ,am1 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,to secure a fl[ 9 ?is pipe hav+ an av]age dep? ( #d in*es w\ld require ! sewage f a population ( #f1ejj4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! ord9>y dep? ( fl[ 9 any sew] %\ld n be less ?an #b in*es1 nor %\ld x be less ?an #a_/b ! radius ( ! inv]t1 s9ce if x is s !re is mu* m dang] ( deposits =m+ along ! edges & ev5 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ream4 ,x w sometimes be impossible to meet ?is requirem5t fully1 b x %\ld be kept 9 m9d z extremely desirable4 ,sew]s ( small size %\ld be proportion$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em s t ! dep? ( ! m9imum daily fl[ 9 ! inv]t1 & ! velocity ( fl[1 w be ! be/ possible to prev5t deposits4 ,! transport+ p[] ( wat] is dep5d5t ma9ly on ! dep? ( fl[1 a m9imum velocity be+ select$ r ?an a m9imum dep? ( fl[4 ,to ^? :o h _h *>ge ( ! ma9t5ance ( sew]s1 z well z ( _! design & con/ruction1 ?is pr9ciple seems s obvi\s t x is always a surprise to see x disreg>d$ by design]s1 :o 9 ^! days seem incl9$ to consid] sew]age z a sy/em ( grades & sizes ( pipes in/all$ = ideal1 r ?an = actual1 conditions4 ,messrs4 ,/aley & ,pi]son h well /at$ ! pr9ciple involv$ z foll[s3 ,a /ream hav+ a dep? ( fl[ suffici5t to imm]se solid matt] held 9 susp5sion1 to a c]ta9 ext5t lifts x & c>ries x =w>d4 ,! entire surface is also expos$ to ! action ( ! curr5t4 ,a /ream hav+ an equal velocity b a less dep? 9 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! solid matt]s to be transport$1 evid5tly has less transport+ p[]4 99 99 99 ,an am\nt ( sewage :i* c be prop]ly transport$ by a circul> sew] ( a giv5 size1 _c be z effici5tly transport$ by "o ( l>g] diamet]4 ,f "s /range idea1 :i* is app>5tly )\t f\ndation 9 logic or bas$ on any actual ju/ification f exp]i5ce1 x has ( late ye>s become ! practice ( design+ eng9e]s to make ! #h-;94 circul> pipe ! smalle/ size = sew]s2 & x is n improbable t ! design] ( ! ,mont]rey sy/em has m]ely foll[$ ?is example4 ,x has also become ! frequ5t practice ( design]s to give e l5g? ( sew] all ! grade possible1 reg>dless ( ! fact1 taught bo? by hydraulics & exp]i5ce1 t ! be/ grade is t :i* w give z mu* dep? ( fl[ z is consi/5t ) a sc\r+ velocity4 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 ! /&>d practice1 9 ! /rictly sep>ate sy/em ( sew]s1 to use ! #f-;94 pipe z ! m9imum size1 &1 z f> z ! writ] has be5 able to discov]1 aft] giv+ ! matt] a r ext5sive inve/igation1 ! #f-;94 size has giv5 excell5t results :]ev] its use 0 prop]4 ,9 places :]e x has n succe$$ !re 7 excell5t reasons :y x %\ld n h be5 select$1 & ^! c\ld easily h be5 obs]v$ at ! "t ! designs 7 made4 ,! be/ sizes = ! sew]s 9 a giv5 sy/em is always a matt] to be det]m9$ by local conditions2 b !re seems to be no reason :y ! #f-;94 size %\ld n be us$ :]e ! fl[ is s slight t ! #h-;94 w n "w well2 or :]e ! velocity mu/ ( necessity be s great t a flotation dep? ( fl[ _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! l>g] size4 ,z to likelihood ( clogg+ & /oppage1 ! writ]'s op9ion1 bas$ on ! ma9t5ance ( ?ree r ext5sive sy/ems 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ea* ( :i* ! #f-;94 size comprises m ?an #ge ( ! :ole l5g? ( pipe1 & ( ?ree o!r sy/ems1 "o hav+ #ab-;94 & two hav+ #h-;94 z ! m9imum sizes1 is t ! #f-;94 size1 :]e prop]ly us$1 is less likely to become clogg$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs us$ improp]ly4 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! #f-;94 pipe lat]al1 "u ^! circum/ances1 is mu* less ?an t ( ma9ta9+ ! #h-;94 lat]al4 ,! #f-;94 pipe is n be+ us$ n[ z mu* z ! #h-;941 & 9 mo/ cases ?is is probably because ! capacity ( ! latt] is ne>ly d\ble t ( ! #f-;941 & co/s only a few c5ts m p] foot4 ,if !re is a suffici5t population p] acre1 or if1 )9 #cj or #dj ye>s1 su* a population is anticipat$ z w fill ! #h-;94 pipe half full1 its use1 ( c\rse1 is ju/ifi$ & necess>y2 b :]e x is q evid5t t ?is w nev] occur1 its use is c\nt]-indicat$4 ,9 ,mont]rey1 :]e ! build+ lots h a frontage ( #da ft41 :]e ! h\ses1 z a rule1 are only "o /ory high1 :]e ! wat] s]vice is met]$ & paid =1 & ! sewage fl[ is also paid =1 !re seems to be no reason to ju/ify ! use ( #h-;94 pipe = ! upp] rea*es ( ! smalle/ sew]s4 ,! sewage fl[ to be anticipat$ w probably nev] be suffici5t to keep an #h-;94 pipe sew] 9 a good clean condition at ! upp] ends ( ! l9es ( sew]s )\t excessive flu%+2 & ! %>p] or /eep] ! grade on :i* x is plac$1 ! worse w be ! result1 because ! %>p] ! grade1 ! ?9n] ! fl[+ ?read ( sewage w be drawn out 9 ! inv]t2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! grades are flat1 ! slight quantity ( sewage fl[ w be spread out 9 a sluggi% /ream1 )\t suffici5t dep?1 on ! bottom ( ! #h-;94 pipe4 ,:]e a wide surface is giv5 to a small quantity ( fl[+ sewage1 x /agnates sl[ly along ! bottom ( ! sew]1 leav+ frequ5t deposits to und]go decomposition & create f\l air1 if n to *oke ! sew]1 a result (t5 produc$2 & :]e a circul> sew] :i* is too l>ge = ! ord9>y fl[ is giv5 a /rong velocity by us+ /eep grades1 ! /ream1 ?\gh fl[+ rapidly1 is drawn out to su* a ?9 ?read t x w n effect ! flotation ( ! solid masses 9 ! sewage br\ght 9 at h\se connections1 & ! %all[ & ?9 /ream simply fl[s ar\nd su* masses until a dam or ob/ruction =ms & ! sewage is back$ up suffici5tly to =ce ! ob/ruction f>!r d[n1 to =m ano!r ob/ruction 9 a l>g] pipe bel[4 ,flu%+ may possibly keep su* a sew] fairly clean2 b1 z usually practic$1 x is effective only = a few hundr$ feet f ! flu%-tank2 & ! quantity ( flu%-wat] requir$ by an #h-;94 pipe is m ?an twice z mu* z t requir$ to keep ! #f-;94 pipe clean4 ,v5tilation is bett] 9 ! small] sew] ?an 9 ! l>g]1 z !re is less air to move2 b ! elaborate v5tilat+ /acks provid$ at ,mont]rey may take c>e ( ?is2 & x is evid5tly a place :]e v5tilation w be ne$$4 ,! ideal size & %ape ( cross-section = a sew] is su* z w give ! be/ flotation to mov+ solids :i* are be+ c>ri$ along by ! fl[2 & ?is means ! sew] t1 ) ! expect$ ord9>y or av]age fl[1 w give ! be/ dep? 9 ! inv]t1 :5 ! velocity ( fl[ is suffici5t to keep susp5d$ solids1 grit1 etc41 mov+ at a rate ( f #b to #c ft4 p] sec4 ,! size1 h[ev]1 is limit$ by practical consid]ations4 ,! circul> pipes _c well be less ?an #f 94 9 diamet]1 because ! h\se connections _c well be less ?an #d-;94 pipe1 & ! sew] %\ld be l>g] ?an ! h\se connections1 = v>i\s practical reasons2 b1 9 ord] to secure flotation & a sc\r+ fl[1 ! smalle/ pipe1 or ! pipe hav+ ! smalle/ inv]t radius1 t practical consid]ations p]mit1 %\ld be select$4 ,! grade %\ld be su*1 & ! collect+ sy/em s laid out1 t ! fl[ may be cons]v$ z f> z possible1 & ! sewage fl[ %\ld be kept ( z great a dep? 9 ! inv]t1 or bottom ( ! sew]1 z safety 9 self-cleans+ velocity w p]mit4 ,?is w save flu%-wat] & prev5t /oppages1 & ?us r$uce ! co/ ( ma9t5ance to a m9imum4 ,= good sanit>y practice1 ! sew]s %\ld be design$1 fir/ ( all1 to comply ) ! requirem5ts ( ! pres5t1 or imm$iately expect$1 ord9>y fl[1 ) "s reasonable all[ance = ! future4 ,!y %\ld be nei!r too l>ge nor too small1 & ! grade %\ld nei!r be too great nor too little1 to secure ! be/ flotation & sc\r+ effects & ! be/ flu%-wave action "u all circum/ances4 ,! use ( cem5t concrete pipe = sew]s seems to be gr[+ 9 favor2 nor is ?is surpris+1 9 view ( ! _m improvem5ts made 9 _! design & manufacture4 ,! excell5ce ( ! concrete pipe us$ 9 ,mont]rey & its success1 sugge/ ! qu]y3 ,:y 0 x n us$ /ill m ext5sively8 ,table #ac %[s t ! cem5t pipe co/ mu* less ?an ! vitrifi$ tile1 or fire-clay pipe4 ,?us1 ! #ch4a cm4 7#ae-;947 fire-clay co/ #f4ad pesos p] l94 m41 ! #de4g cm4 7#ah-;947 co/ #h4hj pesos1 & ! #ej4h cm4 7#bj-;947 co/ #aa4cj pesos4 ,comp>$ ) ?is1 ! concrete pipe 0 mu* ! *eap]2 ! #ee4i cm4 7#bb-;947 co/ #e4ic pesos1 :i* is less ?an ! co/ ( ! #ch4a cm4 7#ae-;947 fire-clay2 & ! #fa4j cm4 7#be-;947 concrete pipe co/ #g4cj pesos1 :i* is less ?an ! #de4g cm4 7#ah-;947 fire-clay4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce ) concrete pipe1 d]iv$ ma9ly f a long s]vice 9 sew] design & con/ruction 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 leads him to believe t at ,mont]rey ! :ole sew] sy/em might1 ) advantage1 h be5 built ( concrete pipe1 us+ an egg-%ap$ pipe ) an area slightly l>g] ?an an #h-;94 circle1 design$ = a dis*>ge equal to an #h-;94 pipe = all ! small] sew]s4 ,! inv]t ( su* an egg-%ap$ pipe w\ld fulfill ! pres5t requirem5ts 9 c>ry+ a v small fl[ ) good flotation dep?1 bett] ?an w\ld a #f-;94 circul> pipe1 & ! res]ve capacity ( ! #h-;94 pipe w\ld be secur$ )\t int]f]+ ) good pres5t s]vice4 ,egg-%ap$ pipes1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,brooklyn1 ! writ] believes1 w\ld h giv5 f> bett] satisfaction ?r\gh\t ! ,mont]rey sew]age sy/em ?an circul> fire-clay pipe1 & w\ld h co/ no m1 b probably less4 ,! egg-%ap$ pipe ref]r$ to is made ) a flat base & a self-c5t]+ jo9t1 ?us insur+ p]fect alignm5t1 & a smoo!r int]ior surface ?an c be obta9$ ) fire-clay pipes4 ,brooklyn has ab\t #dej miles ( concrete pipe sew]s1 ( all sizes less ?an #bd 941 ! great] "p ( :i* is egg-%ap$4 ,!re are also ab\t #bej miles ( vitrifi$ /onew>e circul> pipe sew]s ( simil> sizes1 & ! co/ ( repairs & replac+ pipe1 ov] a p]iod ( ye>s is ab\t ! same p] mile = ea* k9d4 ,incid5tally1 x may be /at$ t ! annual co/ ( repairs p] mile on bo? k9ds ( pipe is v small1 & is only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! co/ ( repairs p] mile on ! brick sew]s1 ( :i* !re are ab\t #bjj miles4 ,! pr9cipal advantages & disadvantages ( cem5t concrete pipe sew]s may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,,advantages ,,( ,,concrete ,,pipe4 7a7 ,cem5t concrete pipe is usually less co/ly ?an vitrifi$ pipe4 7b7 ,x c be =m$ 9 any %ape desir$4 7c7 ,x is n crack$ by vibration1 & resi/s impact bett] ?an vitrifi$ pipe1 = :i* reason x is a bett] mat]ial to lay ne> ! surface ( a /reet 9 :i* !re is heavy traffic4 7d7 ,x is n affect$ by ord9>y sewage4 7e7 ,! co/ ( repair+ & ma9ta9+ is ab\t ! same z = a vitrifi$ pipe sew]4 7f7 ,x c be made 9 ! city or t[n :]e x is to be in/all$1 ?us giv+ ! locality ! advantage ( hav+ "s ( ! money paid = labor 9 its manufacture sp5t 9 ! place :]e ! sew]s are be+ put 91 :]e x is rais$ z a tax1 etc42 also sav+ freight *>ges1 etc4 7g7 ,x c be made "u ! mo/ c>eful local sup]vision & inspection1 ( select$ mat]ial1 by ! eng9e] :o is responsible = ! success ( ! "w4 ,vitrifi$ pipe c seldom be made 9 ?is way4 ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,concrete ,,pipe4 7a7 ,if n c>efully made & ( ! be/ ( mat]ials1 x is subject to failure by dis9tegration1 etc4 7b7 ,x w n /& /rong *emical action1 & !re=e ! small] sizes %\ld n be us$ :]e !y are likely to be expos$ to trade wa/es conta9+ /rong acids4 ,9 ! l>g] sizes ! quantity ( fl[ mixes s quickly ) ! trade wa/es t ?is dang] is m9imiz$1 & x is v seldom t ev5 ! small] sizes become affect$2 b vitrifi$ pipe may be us$ 9 places :]e *emical action is anticipat$4 7c7 ,if n prop]ly made1 x w be attack$ by /eam & hot vapor1 & by animal fats 9 ! sewage2 b1 if prop]ly made1 x is n affect$ by ^!4 7d7 ,unless re9=c$ or made v ?ick1 x w n /& z great a cru%+ load z ! be/ vitrifi$ /onew>e pipe2 b1 z sew]s are n int5d$ to be us$ "u v heavy pressure1 ?is is n s v important4 ,x is amply /rong to )/& any int]nal pressure or any ext]nal cru%+ load to :i* x probably w be submitt$4 7e7 ,"u a consid]able head ( gr\nd-wat]1 x may p]mit wat] to infiltrate ?r\gh its walls = a consid]able "t aft] x is laid1 !reby tempor>ily increas+ ! fl[1 :i*1 if ! sewage is to be pump$1 w increase ! co/ ( pump+4 ,?is difficulty c be met by us+ a c>efully select$ mix ( mat]ials 9 mak+ ! pipe1 & by mak+ ! jo9ts c>efully4 ,infiltration ?r\gh concrete dim9i%es rapidly aft] ! sew] is 9 use2 x occurs 9 vitrifi$ pipe1 also1 to "s ext5t4 ,! h\se connection dra9 adopt$ 9 ,mont]rey1 ) ! disconnect+ trap1 is v mu* l "o :i* ! writ] has se5 introduc$ ) v bad result4 ,^! are be+ remov$ z rapidly z possible by "o ( 8 cli5ts1 a sew]age company1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x has be5 a fruitful cause ( /oppages & bad smells2 ! ord9>y me?od n[ 9 g5]al use is mu* bett]4 ,9 ! design %[n1 x w\ld seem t !re may ev5 be "s dang] t ! v5tilation ( ! sew] by ! /&-pipes 9 ! /reets may =ce ! traps4 ,"o is r surpris$ to le>n t ! ma9 outfall sew] is design$ ) a capacity ( #ij1jjj1jjj lit]s p] day1 ! pres5t sewage be+ e/imat$ z n m ?an #ah1jjj1jjj lit]s1 & ! f> future be+ ?\ght to require only #dj1jjj1jjj lit]s4 ,:y ?is excessive size8 ,possibly ! surplus wat] :i* x is to c>ry is to be dis*>g$ into ! sew]s f ! wat] supply sy/em direct1 & is int5d$ = irrigat+ ! l& at ! disposal area1 :5 ! sewage is insuffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,! au?or /ates t all surface wat] is /rictly exclud$4 ,! me?od ( sewage disposal gives rise to sev]al que/ions4 ,x is propos$ to use an ext5sive area = gr[+ crops1 :i* are to be irrigat$ ) sewage4 ,! pap] /ates t ! und]ly+ /rata at ,mont]rey conta9 num]\s cav]ns1 & ! fir/ "q is3 ,:at w be ! effect on ! wat] supply ( o!r t[ns l[] d[n ! valley8 ,! writ] recollects a s]i\s outbreak ( typhoid fev] 9 ,bluefield1 ,w4 ,va41 caus$ by ! pollution ( ! wat] 9 simil> /rata f9d+ its way ?r\gh unkn[n und]gr\nd cav]ns & *annels to ! city's wat] supply4 ,! next "q is3 ,:at crops w be gr[n8 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t vegetables gr[n by ! use ( sewage z a f]tiliz]1 are unsafe 9 a raw /ate = human consumption4 ,?is is well-kn[n to ,european travel]s 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 :]e ! use ( fecal matt] z f]tiliz] r5d]s ! v>i\s wat] supplies 7:]e n filt]$ & dis9fect$7 & all gre5 vegetables1 unsafe1 on acc\nt ( typhoid g]ms4 ,moreov]1 crops n int5d$ = human consumption1 :i* are gr[n on l&s irrigat$ by sewage be>+ typhoid g]ms1 etc41 are unsafe = m5 to h&le2 ev5 to /ore !m may cause a dissem9ation ( disease4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! :ole sewage fl[ %\ld be 9 "s mann] dis9fect$ at lea/1 if n filt]$1 be=e x is us$4 ,! me?od ( sewage disposal & ! use ( m]ely settl$ septic sewage = irrigation seem to be op5 to objection4 ,! disposal plant is n suffici5tly effective to meet ! pres5t requirem5ts ( sanit>y sci5ce2 & ! sludge-pit w be c]ta9 to bre$ a pe/ ( flies1 if x is n also an intol]able nuisance on acc\nt ( f\l smells4 ,mont]rey w\ld seem to be a prop] place = ! introduction ( ! ,imh(f tank1 ) p]colat+ filt]s1 & a f9al settl+ tank1 ! efflu5t be+ dis9fect$1 be=e ent]+ ! latt] tank4 ,! fl[ might !n be us$ safely = irrigation purposes = crops n to be eat5 uncook$ by man4 ,! writ] does n see h[ ! me?od provid$ c possibly fulfill ! object /at$1 to di/ribute on ! l& an efflu5t :i* w be innocu\s & cle>1 or h[ any consequ5tial degree ( purification c be obta9$ 9 ! tanks provid$4 ,:ile !re are describ$ 9 ?is pap] _m ?+s to f9d fault )1 !re are also _m ?+s to comm5d4 ,! wat] supply sy/em1 ) its res]voirs1 etc41 seems to be admirable2 & ! me?ods ( con/ruction by :i* ! exp5se = =ms 0 r$uc$ is v int]e/+4 ,! p>k+ & ornam5tation ( ! gr\nds ov] ! res]voir ro(s _c fail to b5efit ! p & popul>ize ! "w4 ,,rudolf ,,mey]1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,! writ]1 z ,eng9e] = ! ,gov]nm5t 7gu>antee+ ! concessionaires a gross return ( #aj p] annum on ! capital inve/$71 & z inspector ( ! v>i\s works has _h exceptional opportunities to become acqua9t$1 n only ) _! con/ruction1 b also ) ev5ts lead+ up to ! grant+ ( ! f9al concession "u :i* !y 7 built & w be ext5d$4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! ext5t to :i* ! diff]5t eng9e]s1 9 _! turn contribut$ t[>d ! design ( ^! works1 ! writ] has ?\ght x desirable to submit a complete /atem5t ( all matt]s relat+ to ! inception1 inve/igations1 surveys1 te/s1 etc41 previ\s to ! adoption ( ! pres5t plans4 ,data reg>d+ =m] inve/igations1 plans1 & concessions :i* h s9ce laps$1 h be5 obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ar*ives4 ,^! ref] to p]iods prior to ,mr4 ,conway's engagem5t1 & ant]ior to ! reta9+ ( ,mr4 ,s*uyl] by ! concessionaires1 & ,mr4 ,b9ckley's connection ) ! s*eme1 & !y are pres5t$ "h z complem5t>y to ! in=mation 9 ! pap]4 ,samuel ,m4 ,gray1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 act+ 9 ! int]e/ ( "s ,am]ican capitali/s 7:o _h be5 induc$ by ,col4 ,j4 ,a4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,mont]rey1 to look into ! m]its ( a concession acquir$ by him1 = build+ ^! works71 be+ guid$ by ! ,gov]nm5t's proposition to supply ! city ) wat] by damm+ ! flood-wat]s ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] 9 ! n>r[ gorge ?r\gh :i* ! /ream em]ges f ! ,si]ras1 "s eight miles f ! city1 _h sev]al s\nd+s made & res]voir sites survey$ 9 ! fir/ two box canons up ! riv]1 & prep>$ & pres5t$ to ! ,gov]nm5t sev]al alt]native projects1 besides ! "o m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,s*uyl]4 ,sev]al diff]5t dam sites 7 designat$ by ,mr4 ,gray1 ^: inve/igations ext5d$ ov] "s two ye>s1 & 7 f9ally ab&on$ aft] he _h design$ ! g5]al outlay = a complete network ( wat] ma9s & sew]s = ! city1 on acc\nt ( ! unwill+ness ( ! ,gov]nm5t at t "t1 ab\t #ahig1 to grant any gu>anties z to bonds or income to ! concessionaire or 8 assigns4 ,mr4 ,gray did n favor ! g5]al s*eme ( /or+ flood-wat]s z a wat] supply1 b /rongly recomm5d$ to ! att5tion ( ! ,gov]nm5t ! great] advantages ( d]iv+ ! supply f subt]ranean fl[ 9 ! riv]1 by an infiltration gall]y driv5 into ! wat]-be>+ gravels 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon 7only a %ort di/ance above ! place :]e ,mr4 ,b9ckley aft]w>d e/abli%$ 8 bore-holes across ! riv]74 ,he propos$ to take advantage ( ! /eep slope ( ! riv] at a turn 9 ! canon1 & f ! l[] end drive a tunnel ?r\gh a project+ rock spur1 :i* tunnel1 ?\gh />t+ well above ! ord9>y rea* ( floods1 w\ld t]m9ate 9 wat]-be>+ gravel1 at a suffici5t dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! riv]-b$ to int]cept "p ( ! und]fl[4 ,mr4 ,gray1 ?r\gh inve/igations made "u 8 direction1 by ,na?aniel ,turn]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 _h asc]ta9$ t !re 0 an abundant subt]ranean fl[1 & "w _h actually be5 />t$ on ! propos$ tunnel4 ,! results ( ,mr4 ,gray's inve/igations 7 put at ! disposal ( ,messrs4 ,mack5zie1 ,mann ,co4 by ,mr4 ,rob]tson1 at ^: (fices ,mr4 ,b9ckley prep>$ ! fir/ plans submitt$ by him = ! approval ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,gray's inve/igations1 ,messrs4 ,mack9 & ,dillon 7,f4 ,h4 ,dillon1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e471 "u contract ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 prep>$ ! foll[+ plans3 ,= a dam 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon2 = a pipe l9e1 simil> to ! "o propos$ by ,mr4 ,gray1 to a res]voir & settl+ bas9 on ! left bank ( ! riv] 7a %ort di/ance above :]e ! provisional pump+ /ation 0 e/abli%$ aft]w>d by ,mr4 ,b9ckley71 b on ! flat above ! bluff skirt+ ! riv]1 practically at ! same elevation z ! pres5t high-pressure res]voirs2 = a complete network ( wat] ma9s & sew]s 9 ! city1 indicat+ ! approximate direction 9 :i* ! sewage w\ld be dispos$ (1 ei!r by turn+ x into ! riv] or by spread+ x ov] suitable l&s1 ! location ( :i* 0 to be det]m9$ lat]2 & also a complete set ( specifications4 ,on ^! data bids 7 invit$ by publication1 & inquiries 7 receiv$ f sev]al p>ties4 ,f9ally1 ,messrs4 ,/ock] & ,walk]1 ( ,scranton1 ,pa41 ent]$ into negotiations ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ! pres5t concession 0 agre$ ^u & grant$4 ,messrs4 ,/ock] & ,walk] engag$ ! late ,e4 ,%]man ,g\ld1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 to prep>e a plan = a /orage dam 9 ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,canon1 & submitt$ plans = wat] di/ribution & sew]s 9 ! city1 slightly modify+ ! orig9al plans ( ,messrs4 ,mack9 & ,dillon4 ,9 ! fall ( #aije1 ! concession 0 acquir$ by ,messrs4 ,mack5zie1 ,mann ,co41 ( ,toronto1 ,canada1 toge!r ) all plans1 etc41 pres5t$ by ! orig9al concessionaires4 ,! new concessionaires /at$ t !y w\ld exam9e ! :ole situation aga91 = ! purpose ( pres5t+ modifi$ plans = works4 ,mr4 ,s*uyl]1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! new own]s1 _h paid "o fly+ visit to ,mont]rey :5 ,mr4 ,gray's projects 7 br\ght to 8 notice1 & ! writ] _h an opportunity to %[ him ! tunnel :i* _h be5 />t$4 ,mr4 ,s*uyl] left = ,brazil & did n return until ,febru>y1 #aijf1 :5 he 0 accompani$ by ! ,*ief ,eng9e] appo9t$ by ! concessionaires4 ,messrs4 ,s*uyl] & ,b9ckley !n prep>$ plans = ! wat] di/ribution & sew] sy/ems 9 ! city & = a provisional wat] supply to be pump$ at ,san ,g]onimo1 "s two miles up ! riv]4 ,! new plans = ! city "w foll[$ closely ! g5]al disposition by ,mr4 ,gray1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ t ! ma9 res]voirs = ! p]man5t wat] supply 7 locat$ to ! s\? in/ead ( to ! we/4 ,?is *ange 0 due to ! results ( an inve/igation1 made dur+ ,mr4 ,s*uyl]'s abs5ce 9 ,brazil1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,hyde1 late ,hydraulic ,eng9e] ( ! ,necaxa ,wat] ,p[] plant1 :o1 accompani$ by ! writ]1 visit$ ! :ole wat]-%$ ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] 9 ,octob]1 #aije1 9 se>* ( suitable dam sites & prospects ( p[] developm5t4 ,mr4 ,hyde ext5d$ 8 /udies to ! ,santiago ,canon1 s\!a/ ( ! city1 recomm5d+ f9ally t ! wat] be br\ght f t canon1 & t wells be dug 9 diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,santa ,cat>9a ,riv] betwe5 ,san ,g]onimo & ! entrance ( ! canon1 & te/$ by pump+1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ levels & asc]ta9+ ! available am\nt ( und]fl[1 ) a view ( det]m9+ ! location = an infiltration gall]y high en\gh up ! riv] to p]mit ( a gravity deliv]y & "u good pressure 9 ! city4 ,9 view ( ,mr4 ,hyde's report1 & z ! result ( a visit to ! ,santiago ,canon1 ,mr4 ,s*uyl] decid$ to locate ! res]voirs s\? ( ! t[n1 int5d+ to br+ 9 wat] f ! s\!a/1 f spr+s 9 ! ,santiago ,canon1 & also by infiltration f ,santa ,cat>9a1 8 & ,mr4 ,b9ckley's s*eme ( wat] supply be+ = ! same pressure ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,to supply wat] dur+ con/ruction1 & p>tly meet ! dem&s ( ! city1 ,mr4 ,b9ckley1 on 8 arrival1 decid$ to e/abli% a provisional pump+ /ation at ! well 9 ! riv] ne>e/ to t[n1 />t$ by direction ( ,mr4 ,hyde at ,san ,g]onimo4 ,?is well 0 situat$ )9 ! b$ ( inundation ( high floods1 on a l[ bank1 at ! foot ( a conglom]ate bluff "s #bj ft4 high1 limit+ a flat :i* 0 above ! rea* ( any flood4 ,x 0 on ! same side ( ! riv] z ! city1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( good gr\nd on ! flat above = ! e/abli%m5t ( a res]voir4 ,a slightly %ort] pipe l9e 0 secur$ by cross+ ! riv]1 build+ ! res]voir 7a sub/antial concrete-l9$ & vault$-ov] /ructure7 on ! opposite bank1 lay+ out ! pipe l9e to foll[ t bank ne>ly to ! city1 & f9ally cross+ back aga92 b ! result has be5 t s9ce ! flood ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 9 :i* ! riv] cross+s 7 de/roy$1 ! res]voir rema9s isolat$ on ! o!r side ( ! riv] f t[n1 ?\gh int5d$ to =m "p ( ! p]man5t works & act z a comp5sat+ res]voir = equaliz+ ! pressure ( ! high-pressure sy/em4 ,=tunately1 ! pump+ /ation1 ! l>g] pumps1 & ! boil]s1 _h be5 mov$ up ! bank 7aft] a rapid rise 9 ! riv] on ,augu/ #aj?1 #aiji7 to ! new wells e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,conway on ! l9e ( ! propos$ prolongation ( ! infiltration gall]y4 ,! res]voir1 h[ev]1 is left to /& alone on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 & its usefulness w n be re/or$ until a new l9e is laid across ! riv]1 re-e/abli%+ its connection ) ! new pump l9e & ! new & p]man5t pipe l9e to be laid along ! nor? bank f ! pump+ /ation to ! city4 ,?is w free ,mont]rey f ! con/ant m5ace ( a wat] fam9e4 ,at pres5t its two ma9 wat] supplies may be cut (f by unexpect$ floods l ^? ( #aiji & #aiaj1 z bo? supplies are c>ri$ across ! riv]1 & ?\gh only ! ca/-iron pipe connect+ ) ! wat] supply f ,e/anzuela 0 c>ri$ away by ! flood1 ! concrete conduit ( ! ,san ,g]onimo l[-pressure supply 0 s]i\sly ?reat5$4 ,su* risks are too great to be c>ri$ = any l5g? ( "t2 besides1 a succession ( dry ye>s w\ld cause su* a r$uction 9 ! ,e/anzuela supply z to require an additional res]ve 9 ! way ( pump+ /ations draw+ on ! "u-fl[ ( ! riv]1 su* z already exi/s 9 ,san ,g]onimo4 ,aft]w>d1 ,messrs4 ,s*uyl] & ,b9ckley submitt$ prelim9>y plans & pr(iles = ! project$ concrete gravity conduit f ,e/anzuela to ! res]voir s\? ( ! city1 & ,mr4 ,b9ckley submitt$ excavation plans = two res]voirs1 only "o ( :i* 0 built1 & f designs by ,mr4 ,conway4 ,/eph5 ,e4 ,kieff]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 intru/$ by ,mr4 ,b9ckley ) ! revision ( ! plans ( ! wat] di/ribution & sew]s4 ,! s\!rn half 0 approv$ by ! ,gov]nm5t & execut$ accord+ to 8 plans2 ! nor!rn "p 0 aft]w>d revis$ by ,mr4 ,conway & has be5 p>tly built4 ,! f9al matur+ ( ! project ( an infiltration gall]y 9 ,san ,g]onimo z a l[-pressure gravity supply1 ! division ( ! city into high- & l[-pressure di/ricts correspond+ to ! two supplies1 ) "o res]voir1 in/ead ( two to ! s\? ( ! city1 & ! o!r to ! we/ at ! ,obispado1 ! entire details ( bo? ^! gravity s*emes1 & ( ! :ole sewage disposal s*eme1 z well z ! modification introduc$ into ! city "w = ! nor!rn half1 are unque/ionably due to ,mr4 ,conway1 indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al views :i* may h be5 held on ^? po9ts by o!r eng9e]s4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,conway left ,mont]rey1 all ! pr9cipal works be+ f9i%$4 ,s9ce t "t ,vic5te ,sauc$o1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 has put 9 _m additional wat] ma9s & sew]s 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! city1 & is f9i%+ ! =ce majeure "w caus$ by ! de/ruction wr\ght 9 ! di/ricts along ! riv] banks by ! extraord9>y floods4 ,! writ]1 hav+ _h an opportunity to wat* ! e>ne/ ef=ts ( ! sev]al eng9e]s connect$ ) ^! works1 9 ! c\rse ( _! design & con/ruction1 result+ )\t d\bt 9 be+ ! fir/ ( _! k9d built 9 ,mexico1 has be5 induc$ to contribute ?is discussion 9 ord] to br+ out cle>ly ! %>e ( ea*4 ,mr4 ,pitke?ly's appreh5sions z to ! adequacy ( ! sy/em ( v5tilation adopt$ h n be5 realiz$1 9 "p p]haps because ! h\ses1 ?\gh g5]ally ( only "o /ory1 h su* high ceil+s t ! tops ( _! v5t pipes are g5]ally high] ?an ! v5tilat+ columns at ! heads ( ! bran* sew]s4 ,,george ,,rob]t ,,graham ,,conway1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,! writ] regrets t "s features ( ! works describ$ 9 ?is pap] h fail$ to call =? ! _m useful criticisms :i* he expect$1 & 8 rem>ks1 !re=e1 are limit$ to ! few po9ts :i* h be5 rais$4 ,he is p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,s*uyl]1 ,mey]1 & ,sauc$o = add+ supplem5t>y in=mation ( value to ! pap]1 b regrets t he _c support ,mr4 ,b9ckley 9 8 claim t ! entire g5]al design ( ! sy/em1 z well z ! ext5sive hydrological /udies & f9al selection ( ! s\rces ( wat] supply1 0 complet$ 9 #aijf1 etc4 ,on ,may #a/1 #aijg1 :5 ! writ] assum$ responsibility z ,*ief ,eng9e]1 he 0 un=tunately confront$ ) ! fact t v little data & only a few prelim9>y & incomplete plans 7 available4 ,8 fir/ duty 0 to report ^u ! f9al s\rces ( supply1 & ! recomm5dations made 9 8 report 7dat$ ,july #ab?71 receiv$ ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,mack5zie's approval dur+ ! same mon?4 ,! f9al plans1 ^u :i* ! approval ( ! ,/ate ,gov]nm5t 0 def9itely obta9$1 7 prep>$ by ! writ] dur+ ! summ] ( #aijg1 7 submitt$ to ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 ,g54 ,b]n>d ,reyes1 on ,octob] #ai?1 & receiv$ 8 approval on ,decemb] #ab?1 #aijg4 ,no works1 ) a long prelim9>y hi/ory1 su* z ^? at ,mont]rey1 c rightly be said to be due to any "o individual2 _m eng9e]s contribut$ to ! f9al result1 & ! writ] will+ly ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness to ! able m51 :o1 = t5 ye>s prior to ! con/ruction ( ! works1 inve/igat$ ! p>ticul> problems :i* 7 met--problems :i* 7 n only ( an eng9e]+ & physical nature1 b racial & f9ancial4 ,! responsibility ( con/ruct+ ! works 9 _! pres5t =m1 & leav+ !m practically complete1 did1 h[ev]1 fall on ! writ]'s %\ld]s4 ,messrs4 ,pitke?ly & ,hammond h criticiz$ ! basis ( ! calculations ^u :i* ! sew] sy/em 0 laid d[n4 ,9 consid]+ ?is problem1 x is necess>y to rememb] t1 9 design+ ?is sy/em1 !re 0 practically no in=mation ^u :i* to base ! calculations2 & ! writ] believ$ t ! wise/ c\rse 0 to anticipate a lib]al gr[?1 & provide a l>ge m>g9 ( safety4 ,9 design+ a sew] sy/em 9 old] & well-e/abli%$ communities1 ! eng9e] is g5]ally able to compile consid]able in=mation reg>d+ ! probable sewage fl[ = :i* x is necess>y to provide4 ,9 ,mont]rey ?is quantity 0 absolutely unkn[n4 ,! writ]'s practice 9 o!r places has be5 to assume t ab\t #h ( ! total daily dis*>ge ( sewage w fl[ (f 9 "o h\r2 &1 f _m curves :i* he has plott$ reg>d+ sewage fl[ 9 ,briti% t[ns1 ?is rate appe>s to him to be approximately correct4 ,9 ,mont]rey1 h[ev]1 ! old ,mexican traditions are rapidly *ang+1 & ! city is n[ becom+ "o ( ! mo/ ,am]icaniz$ 9 ,mexico2 ! old "o-/ory h\ses w give way 9 "t to build+s ( sev]al /ories--a *ange1 already noticeable1 :i* has occurr$ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! bus9ess portion ( ! city4 ,tak+ ^! facts into consid]ation1 x is believ$ t x w\ld be1 n only bad eng9e]+1 b bad bus9ess1 = a company ^: concession la/s #ii ye>s1 to provide sew]s z small z #f 941 z ,mr4 ,hammond w\ld recomm5d1 & !n be call$ ^u1 "u ! t]ms ( ! concession1 to relay l>g] sew]s at a future date1 ?us incurr+ fur!r capital exp5diture ^u :i* no ,gov]nm5t gu>anty w\ld apply1 & no fur!r rev5ue be obta9$4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 n only ! eng9e]+1 b ! comm]cial1 aspect ( ! "q mu/ be kept 9 view1 & ?is po9t1 ! writ] mu/ frankly admit1 he has always s]i\sly consid]$4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce ) ref]5ce to ! me?od ( v5tilat+ sew]s by tall columns ext5ds ov] _m ye>s1 & he /ill ma9ta9s t no o!r sy/em gives su* satisfactory results4 ,9 ?is view he f9ds consid]able support 9 a rec5t pap] on ,salisbury ,dra9age1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,e4 ,b9nie1#aa writt5 s9ce ! sy/em at ,mont]rey 0 in/all$1 9 :i* ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on dur+ #aijf-jg are giv54 ,at ,salisbury1 ,engl&1 #fh v5tilators1 #f 94 9 int]nal diamet]1 #cj ft4 high1 7 connect$ to ! ma9 sew] by #f-;94 /onew>e pipes4 ,!y 7 plac$ ab\t #edj ft4 ap>t1 &1 f c>eful anemomet] read+s1 ! foll[+ conclusions 7 rea*$3 #aa ,m9utes ( ,proce$+s1 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,clxxxi1 p4 #cag4 7#a7 ,t f\r v5tilators all ly+ 9 ! l[] portion ( ! t[n act$ sometimes z air-inlets & sometimes z air-outlets1 & t ! o!r sixty-f\r act$ z air-outlets4 7#b7 ,t ! av]age velocity ( ! air escap+ up ^! columns 0 #c4b feet p] second1 repres5t+ ! circulation ( #c1fjj1jjj cubic feet ( air p] diem1 or suffici5t to *ange ! air 9 ! sew]s e #aj m9utes4 7#c7 ,t ! av]age velocity ( ! curr5t ( air 9 ! v5tilat+-column increases ) ! size ( ! sew] to :i* x is connect$1 av]ag+ #b4d feet p] second ) ! #g-;in* sew]1 #c4f feet p] second ) ! #i-;in* sew]1 #c4g feet p] second ) ! #ab-;in* sew]1 & #d4a feet p] second ) ! #ae-;in* sew] 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 7#d7 ,t ! draught 9 ! column is v l>gely dep5d5t on ! w9d1 be+ at its m9imum on a /ill day1 & c\ld !re=e be readily increas$ by ! use ( a suitable c[l4 7#e7 ,t ! draught is v little affect$ by ! sew]-gradi5ts4 ,x 0 expect$ t1 9 v5tilat+-columns plac$ 9 connection ) ! upp] end ( a sew] laid at a /eep gradi5t1 a /rong draught w\ld h be5 obta9$4 ,no direct connection1 h[ev]1 0 traceable4 ,z ! result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,b9nie rightly came to ! conclusion t ?is sy/em ( v5tilation 0 effici5t4 ,mr4 ,hammond anticipates t ! h\se connection trap sy/em at ,mont]rey w lead to bad results1 b ! writ] has se5 ! sy/em at "w 9 _m widely diff]5t cities ) excell5t results4 ,he believes t x is 9 accord ) ! be/ practice ( ! mo/ em95t sanit>ians dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s1 & has no apology to make = introduc+ t sy/em 9 ,mont]rey4 ,reg>d+ ,mr4 ,hammond's summ>y ( ! advantages ( concrete pipes = sew] con/ruction1 ! writ] is 9 entire agreem5t1 & w\ld will+ly h introduc$ !m ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,mont]rey sy/em1 b = ! fact t x 0 an exce$+ly difficult matt] to obta9 suitable s& = _! manufacture dur+ ! e>ly days ( con/ruction1 & consid]able delays w\ld h aris5 if a complete network ( su* pipes _h be5 us$4 ,8 lat] exp]i5ce at ,mont]rey1 :5 ! s& difficulty _h be5 solv$1 cle>ly %[$ t concrete pipe c\ld be laid d[n at mu* less exp5se ?an fire clay4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,pitke?ly & ,mr4 ,hammond ref] to ! sy/em ( liquefy+ tanks us$ at ,mont]rey prep>atory to turn+ ! sewage on ! irrigation l&s1 & bo? express d\bts z to _! effici5cy4 ,! writ] is n[ sep>at$ f 8 libr>y & notes by _m ?\s&s ( miles1 & _c quote *apt] & v]se z accurately z he w\ld l1 9 ord] to support 8 views t ! sy/em adopt$ 0 adequate = deal+ ) a sy/em su* z t at ,mont]rey4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t n only 0 x int5d$ to prev5t ! sewage f becom+ a nuisance1 b t ! sewage fl[ plus a l>ge quantity ( surplus wat] 0 int5d$ to be us$ pr(itably = irrigation purposes4 ,) t object1 ! ,company--or r its alli$ ,company1 ! ,mont]rey ,railway1 ,light1 & ,p[] ,company--obta9$ ! control ( #b1bdf acres ( ! v f9e/ arable l&1 ) almo/ p]fect natural dra9age conditions1 s t ?is l& c\ld be utiliz$ to create a pr(itable rev5ue f ! use ( ! sewage4 ,! outfall sew] 0 accord+ly design$ to c>ry suffici5t wat] & sewage to irrigate ab\t #b1ejj acres ( l&1 :i* area c\ld be consid]ably ext5d$ if necess>y at any future "t4 ,mo/ au?orities n[ agree t be=e turn+ sewage ^u l&1 a prelim9>y treatm5t is requir$ to remove z mu* z possible ( ! susp5d$ matt]1 & !n r$uce ! latt] by subsid5ce 9 liquefy+ or septic tanks1 s t ! quantity rema9+ 9 ! efflu5t is s small & f9ely divid$ t x may be readily decompos$ & oxidiz$ by bact]ial action )\t risk ( clogg+ ! surface or int]/ices ( ! l& ^u :i* x may dis*>ge4#ab #ab ,see ,raikes1 ,sewage ,disposal ,works1 pages #ig-ih4 ,mr4 ,pitke?ly quotes ,messrs4 ,watson & ,o',%aughnessy z say+1 9 _! evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal1 t n m ?an #aj ( ! solids are dige/$ 9 septic tanks1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 _m o!r places evid5ce 0 giv5 be=e ! same ,commission %[+ t f #be to #cj 0 actually obta9$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,watson1 9 8 pap]1 ,birm+ham ,sewage-,disposal ,works1#ac read 9 ,m>*1 #aiaj1 po9ts out t3 #ac ,m9utes ( ,proce$+s1 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 ,vol4 ,,clxxxi1 p4 #bei4 ,! mu*-malign$ sewage-f>m /ill may be all[$ 7:]e ! conditions are fav\rable7 to rank z "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( sewage-disposal4 ,div]se op9ions may be held z to :at are fav\rable conditions1 p>ticul>ly z conditions are sure to v>y widely ) locality2 b x may be assum$ t :]e !re is #a acre ( suitable l& p] #ajj p]sons1 z 9 ,b]l9 & sev]al o!r important cities1 ! effici5tly-work$ sewage-f>m1 :5 judg$ solely by ! /&>d ( ! efflu5t produc$1 is /ill 9 ! front rank4 ,efflu5ts f su* a f>m are rem>kable = _! paucity ( micro-organisms1 _! l[ album9oid ammonia1 & _! unv>y+ "*4 ,assum+ t n m ?an #b1jjj acres ( ! irrigat$ l& at ,mont]rey 7 available = sewage purposes1 ?is area w\ld repres5t ! sewage treatm5t ( ! pres5t population ( n m ?an #de p]sons p] acre1 & on ! basis ( ! design1 t is1 = a population ( #bjj1jjj p]sons1 ?is repres5ts n m ?an #ajj p]sons p] acre4 ,9 _m sewage f>ms on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 ! numb] treat$ p] acre v>ies betwe5 #hj & #bjj p]sons2 = example1 at ,breslau x is #ahg1 at ,b]l9 #aje1 at ,brunswick #hh1 & at ,/eglitz #ahe4 ,reg>d+ ! crops to be gr[n on ! l&1 v satisfactory results 7 obta9$ f gr[+ ,indian corn1 & two excell5t crops p] annum 7 tak5 f an area ( #ejj acres dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! writ] 0 responsible = ! works4 ,x 0 also 8 int5tion to gr[ alfalfa1 & turn a "p ( ! l& into a pecan grove1 &1 al?\gh he does n %>e ! appreh5sions ( dang] ( ei!r ,mr4 ,pitke?ly or ,mr4 ,hammond z to gr[+ root crops1 he believes ! gr[? ( alfalfa1 ,indian corn1 oats1 b>ley1 & pecan & fruit trees is em95tly suitable = ! l&1 :i* is a deep ri* loam1 f #d to #h ft4 deep1 ov]ly+ ! sill> =mation ref]r$ to 9 ! pap]4 ,! writ] has se5 _m sewage f>ms dur+ ! la/ #ah ye>s1 ^u :i* root crops ( excell5t quality h be5 gr[n1 & n ! lea/ suspicion has ev] be5 rais$ reg>d+ _! use4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! adoption ( ! monoli?ic =m = con/ruct+ ! ,s\? ,res]voir1 ! writ] is s conv9c$ z to its economy t _h he to build ?is res]voir aga91 he w\ld adopt ! same me?od4 ,mr4 ,b9ckley1 9 draw+ att5tion to ! me?od ( con/ruction1 has ov]look$ ! fact t ! co/ ( =ms = a res]voir #cj ft4 deep 0 a v s]i\s item1 & w>rant$ ! adoption ( ?is new me?od1 n only on acc\nt ( economy b because ( rapidity ( con/ruction2 :ile1 9 ! case ( ! ,obispado ,res]voir1 :i* is v mu* %all[]1 simpl] =ms c\ld be & 7 adopt$4 ,mr4 ,sauc$o's rem>ks reg>d+ ! repetition ( ! extraord9>y floods ( ,augu/1 #aiji1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 are p>ticul>ly int]e/+1 & %[ h[ abnormal conditions are 9 s dry a section ( ,mexico z ! ,/ate ( ,nuevo ,leon4 ,^! two floods1 ! writ] believes1 are among ! mo/ in/ructive 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p>ticul>ly :5 "o rememb]s t prior to #aiji ! av]age ra9fall dur+ a p]iod ( #ae ye>s1 0 less ?an #bb 94 p] annum4 ,,table #ah4--;,,comp>ison ,,( ,,volume ,,( ,,floods1 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,maximum ,cu4 ft4 ,annual ,dra9age record$ _/sec4 am\nt ,riv]4 area1 9 fl[1 9 p] ( squ>e cu4 ft4 squ>e ra9- miles4 p] sec4 mile4 fall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,santa ,cat>9a1 ,mont]rey1 ,augu/ #bg?1 #aijg #edd #bce1jjj #dcb #bb ,e/anzuela1 ne> ,mont]rey1 ,augu/ #bh?1 #aiji #c4e #b1ijj #hbe #be ,tansa1 ,india #eb4e #ce1jjj #fff4g #aja ,kri%na1 ,india #cde #aah1jjj #cdb4f #beh ,coquitlam ,riv]1 ,vanc\v] #ajj #ab1jjj #abj #adg-ahi ,sweetwat]1 ,cal4 #ahf #ah1aej #ii 444 ,delaw>e1 ,lamb]tville1 ,n4 ,j4 #f1hbj #bej1jjj #cf4e #de ,colorado1 ,au/91 ,tex4 #cg1jjj #abc1jjj #c4c #bd4e ,ohio1 ,cairo1 ,ill4 #bad1jjj #gjj1jjj #c4c #ed4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,table #ah1 compil$ by ! writ]1 %[s h[ v extreme ! floods ( #aiji 7 comp>$ ) ^? on o!r riv]s1 :ile ^? ( #aiaj1 ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,sauc$o1 al?\gh n s great1 w\ld appe> to h rea*$ a rate ( fl[ ( ab\t #cjj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 p] sq4 mile ( ! dra9age area4 ,! writ] agrees ) ,mr4 ,sauc$o t 9 ! semi-arid regions ( ,mexico & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & also 9 ,india1 ! possibility ( ^! abnormal floods is an important consid]ation 9 ! design ( hydraulic works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*anges ,to ,?is ,docum5t ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! table ( cont5ts has be5 add$4 ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,illu/rations may h be5 mov$4 ,discov]$ publi%]'s punctuation errors h be5 correct$4 ,"s wide tables h be5 re-=matt$ to n>r[] equival5ts ) "s words replac$ ) commonly kn[n abbreviations & possibly a key4 ,"s ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ ) ! words repres5t$4 ,9 addition1 ! foll[+ *anges or corrections 7 made3 p4 #eja3 b ! tamp]s _h _hdel #bnd _h previ\s exp]i5ce p4 #ejh3 %[n on ,plates ,,vi to ,,ix,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii1 ,,ixto accomodate l9ks p4 #eaf3 at ?is place !re is a consid]]ableconsid]able area p4 #ech3 bas$ on ! foll[+ rates & &del #bnd & p]c5tages p4 #egi3 by cross+ ! riv]1 build-!build+ ! res]voir p4 #eej3 ,= ,table #ad3 add$ ,total mat]ials co/ p4 #eff3 respectively 7,fig4 #e77;,fig4 #d71 toge!r ) lack ( p4 #ehd3 ,table #ag r5am$ to ,table #ah to avoid duplication4 p4 #ehd3 ,table #agah1 compil$ by ! writ]1 %[s h[ v extreme 99 99 99 99 99