,,rtr99,,nd ,r99,,ss99,,ll 999999 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,mr4 ,b99,,rtr99,,nd ,r99,,ss99,,ll ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,( ,,lead+ ,,passages ,,f ,,c]ta9 ,,o!r ,,works ,,edit$ ,,by ,,philip ,e4 ,b4 ,,j\rda9 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se #dj ,,museum ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 #a ,,*icago3 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiah 7,all rights res]v$7 ,,editor',s ,,note ,:5 ,mr4 ,b99rtr99nd ,r99ss99ll1 foll[+ ! advice ( ,mr4 ,w99ll9999m ,j99m99s1 aga9 got into t\* ) reality & 9 ,july #aiaa 0 torn to pieces by ,anti-,suffragi/s1 _m ( :om 7 political oppon5ts ( ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll & held /rong views on ! ,necessity ( ,protection ( ,trade & p]son1 a manuscript :i* 0 almo/ ready = ! press 0 =tunately sav$ f ! flames on ! occasion :5 a body ( eag] *ampions ( ! ,sacr$ness ( ,p]sonal ,prop]ty burnt ! late ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's h\se4 ,?is manuscript1 toge!r ) "s fur!r fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! late ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's own int]leav$ copy ( 8 ,pray]-,book ( ,free ,man's ,wor%ip1 :i* 0 =tunately rescu$ ) a few ( ! great au?or's o!r belong+s1 0 fir/ giv5 to ! _w 9 ! ,moni/ = ,octob] #aiaa & ,janu>y #aiaf1 & has "h be5 arrang$ & complet$ by "s o!r hi!rto undeciph]able manuscripts4 ,! title ( ! above-m5tion$ ,pray]-,book1 x may p]haps be m5tion$1 0 app>5tly sugge/$ to ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll by t ( ! ,essay on ,! ,free ,man's ,wor%ip 9 ! ,philosophical ,essays 7,london1 #aiaj1 pp4 #ei-gja7 ( ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's di/+ui%$ contempor>y1 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 f :om mu* ( ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's philosophy 0 d]iv$4 ,&1 inde$1 ! influ5ce ( ,mr4 ,russell ext5d$ ev5 beyond philosophical views to arrangem5t & lit]>y /yle4 ,! me?od ( arrangem5t ( ! pres5t "w seems to h be5 borr[$ f ,mr4 ,russell's ,philosophy ( ,leibniz ( #aijj2 9 ! selection ( subjects dealt )1 ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll seems to h be5 guid$ by ,mr4 ,russell's ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics ( #aijc2 :ile ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's lit]>y /yle =tunately rem9ds u m ( ,mr4 ,russell's lat] cle> & *>m+ subtleties ?an 8 e>li] brilliant & no less subtle obscurities4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 "s important po9ts ( ,mr4 ,russell's doctr9e1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 books publi%$ aft] ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's dea?1 7 anticipat$ 9 ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's notes1 & ^! anticipations1 s int]e/+ = future hi/orians ( philosophy1 h be5 provid$ by ! editor ) ref]5ces to ! lat] works ( ,mr4 ,russell4 ,all editorial notes are enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets1 to indicate t !y 7 n writt5 by ! late ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h come to take a calm view ( ! "q s mu* debat$ sev5 ye>s ago z to ! legitimacy ( logical argum5ts 9 political discussions4 ,no long]1 =tunately1 c t int5se feel+ be r\s$ :i* !n f\nd expression 9 ! fam\s cry1 ,ju/ice--"r or wrong1 & :i* play$ su* a l>ge "p 9 ! politics ( t "t4 ,?us x w n be out ( place 9 ?is unimpassion$ record ( "s ( ! tru?s & errors 9 ! _w to ref] briefly to ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's %ort & /ormy c>e]4 ,be=e he 0 torn to pieces1 he _h be5 =bidd5 to lecture on philosophy or ma!matics by "s well-int5tion$ advocates ( fre$om 9 spee* :o ?\ght t ! cause ( fre$om might be endang]$ by all[+ ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll to speak freely on po9ts ( logic1 on ! gr\nds1 app>5tly1 t logic is bo? h>mful & unnecess>y & might be appli$ to politics unless /rong measures 7 tak5 = its suppression4 ,on mu* ! same gr\nds1 8 lib]ty 0 tak5 f him by ^? :o rem>k$ t1 if necess>y1 !y w\ld die 9 def5ce ( ! sacr$ pr9ciple ( lib]ty2 & x 0 9 prison t ! great] "p ( ! pres5t "w 0 writt54 ,%ortly aft] 8 lib]ation1 :i*1 l all actions ( public bodies1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! comb9$ hon\r & int]e/s ( ^? 9 au?ority1 occurr$ 8 lam5table dea? to :i* we h ref]r$ above4 ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll ma9ta9$ t ! *ief use ( implication 9 politics is to draw conclusions1 :i* are ?\ght to be true1 & :i* are consequ5tly false1 f id5tical propositions1 & we c see ^! views express$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,xix ( ! pres5t "w4 ,^! *apt]s 7 app>5tly writt5 be=e ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj1 arriv$ at ! fam\s secret decision t only c]ta9 implications are p]mitt$ 9 discussion4 ,naturally ! secret decision gave rise to mu* speculation among logicians z to :i* k9ds ( implication 7 b>r$1 & ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll & ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell _h _m argum5ts on ! subject1 :i* naturally c\ld n be publi%$ at ! "t4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's dea?1 successive prosecutions :i* 7 made by ! ,gov]nm5t at la/ made x q cle> t ! op9ion held by ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll 0 ! correct "o4 ,!re _h be5 num]\s prosecutions ( p :o1 f true b n id5tical premisses1 _h d$uc$ true conclusions1 s t ! possible legitimate =ms ( implication 7 r$uc$4 ,fur!r1 ! o!r d\btful cases 7 cle>$ up 9 c\rse ( "t by ! prosecution ( 7#a7 memb]s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,society = d$uc+ true conclusions f false premisses2 7#b7 memb]s ( ! ,m9d ,association = d$uc+ false conclusions f false premisses2 & also by ! attempt$ prosecution ( an em95t lady = d$uc+ true conclusions f id5tities4 ,=tunately ?is lady 0 able to def5d h]self successfully by plead+ t "o em95t philosoph] believ$ !m to be true--:i*1 ( c\rse1 means t ! conclusions are false4 ,?us appe>$ ! true nature ( legitimate political argum5ts4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is ,essay is also repr9t$ 9 ,mr4 ,russell's ,my/icism & ,logic1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiah1 pp4 #df-eg4--;,,ed4 ,ev5 a joke %\ld h "s mean+4444 7,! ,r$ ,que51 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #aje74 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,editor',s ,,note #c ,,abbreviations #i ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,indef9ables ,,( ,,logic #aa ,,ii4 ,,objective ,,validity ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,?\ght #ae ,,iii4 ,,id5tity #af ,,iv4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,classes #ah ,v4 ,,e?ical ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,id5tity #ai ,,vi4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contradiction ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,logic #ba ,,vii4 ,,symbolism ,,& ,,mean+ #bb ,,viii4 ,,nom9alism #bd ,,ix4 ,,ambiguity ,,& ,,symbolic ,,logic #bf ,x4 ,,logical ,,addition ,,& ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,symbolism #bg ,,xi4 ,,criticism #bi ,,xii4 ,,hi/orical ,,criticism #cj ,,xiii4 ,,is ,,! ,,m9d ,,9 ,,! ,,head8 #ca ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,!ory ,,( ,,tru? #cb ,,xv4 ,,ass]tion #cd ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,commutative ,,law #ce ,,xvii4 ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,p>ticul> ,,propositions #cf ,,xviii4 ,,d5ial ,,( ,,g5]ality ,,& ,,g5]ality ,,( ,,d5ial #cg ,,xix4 ,,implication #ci ,,xx4 ,,dignity #dc ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,nature ,,( ,,d$uction #de ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,mortality ,,( ,,socrates #dh ,,xxiii4 ,,d5ot+ #ec ,,xxiv4 ,,! #ed ,,xxv4 ,,non-,,entity #ef ,,xxvi4 ,,is #eh ,,xxvii4 ,,& ,,& ,,or #ei ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,relations #fj ,,xxix4 ,,previ\s ,,philosophical ,,!ories ,,( ,,ma!matics #fa ,,xxx4 ,,f9ite ,,& ,,inf9ite #fc ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,ma!matical ,,atta9m5ts ,,( ,,tri/ram ,,%&y #fd ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,h>d%ips ,,( ,a ,,man ,,) ,,an ,,unlimit$ ,,income #ff ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,magnitude ,,( ,,c>d9al ,,numb]s #fi ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,unkn[able #gj ,,xxxv4 ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]1 ,,! ,,a?anasian ,,cre$1 ,,& ,,! ,,articles #gc ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,hum\r ,,( ,,ma!maticians #gd ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,logic #ge ,,xxxviii4 ,,mod]n ,,logic ,,& ,,"s ,,philosophical ,,argum5ts #gi ,,xxxix4 ,,! ,,hi]>*y ,,( ,,jokes #ha ,,xl4 ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,geometrical ,,propositions #hc ,,xli4 ,,absolute ,,& ,,relative ,,position #hd ,,xlii4 ,,laught] #hf ,,xliii4 ,,g$ank5exp]im5te ,,& ,,evolution>y ,,e?ics #hh ,,app5dixes #hi ,,abbreviations ,a4 ,a4 ,w4 ,lewis ,c>roll3 ,alice's ,adv5tures 9 ,wond]l&1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,?is book 0 fir/ publi%$ mu* e>li]1 b ?is 0 ! edition us$ by ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll4 ,! same applies to ,h4 ,s4 & ,t4 ,l4 ,g4 ,a4 ,c4 ,p4 ,john ,h5ry ,blunt 7ed4 by73 ,! ,annotat$ ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 ,london1 new edition1 #ahhh4 ,a4 d4 ,l4 ,ern/ ,s*ro$]3 ,vorlesung5 ueb] die ,algebra d] ,logik1 ,leipzig1 vol4 i41 #ahij2 vol4 ii4 7two p>ts71 #ahia & #aije2 vol4 iii43 ,algebra und ,logik d] ,relative1 #ahie4 ,e4 ,n4 ,ri*>d ,d$ek9d3 ,essays on ! ,!ory ( ,numb]s1 ,*icago & ,london1 #aija4 ,e4 ,l4 ,l4 ,william ,/anley ,jevons3 ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,logic1 ,d$uctive & ,inductive4 ,) copi\s ,que/ions & ,examples1 & a ,vocabul>y ( ,logical ,t]ms1 ,london1 #bd? ed41 #aijg fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahgj4 ,e4 u4 ,i4 ,ern/ ,ma*3 ,erk5ntnis und ,irrtum3 ,skizz5 zur ,psy*ologie d] ,=s*ung1 ,leipzig1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,l4 ,augu/us ,de ,morgan3 ,=mal ,logic3 or ,! ,calculus ( ,inf]5ce1 ,necess>y & ,probable1 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,fm4 ,l4 ,john ,neville ,keynes3 ,/udies & ,ex]cises 9 ,=mal ,logic1 #d? ed41 ,london1 #aijf4 ,gg4 ,gottlob ,frege3 ,grundgesetze d] ,ari?metik begriffs*riftli* abgeleitet1 ,j5a1 vol4 i41 #ahic2 vol4 ii41 #aijc4 ,gl4 ,gottlob ,frege3 ,die ,grundlag5 d] ,ari?metik3 e9e logis*-ma!matis*e ,unt]su*ung ueb] d5 ,begriff d] ,zahl1 ,breslau1 #ahhd4 ,g4 u4 ,e4 ,g4 ,heymans3 ,die ,gesetze und ,elem5te des wis5s*aftli*5 ,d5k5s1 ,leid51 vol4 i41 #ahij2 vol4 ii41 #ahid4 ,h4 ,j4 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal3 a ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,religion1 ,!ology & ,philosophy1 ,london & ,new ,york4 ,h4 ,s4 ,lewis ,c>roll3 ,! ,hunt+ ( ! ,sn>k3 an ,agony 9 ,eight ,fits1 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,m4 ,! ,moni/3 a ,qu>t]ly ,magaz9e ,devot$ to ,sci5ce & ,philosophy1 ,*icago & ,london4 ,md4 ,m9d3 a ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,psy*ology & ,philosophy1 ,london & ,new ,york4 ,pa4 ,ma4 ,alfr$ ,nor? ,:itehead & ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 vol4 i41 ,cambridge1 #aiaj4 ,o!r volumes 7 publi%$ 9 #aiab & #aiac4 ,p4 ,e4 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,philosophical ,essays1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,ph4 ,l4 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,a ,critical ,exposition ( ! ,philosophy ( ,leibniz1 ) an ,app5dix ( ,lead+ ,passages1 ,cambridge1 #aijj4 ,p4 ,m4 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 vol4 i41 ,cambridge1 #aijc4 ,r4 ,m4 ,m4 ,revue de ,metaphysique et de ,morale1 ,p>is4 ,s4 ,b4 ,lewis ,c>roll3 ,sylvie & ,bruno1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,s4 ,l4 ,john ,v5n3 ,symbolic ,logic1 ,london1 #ahha2 #bnd ed41 #ahid4 ,s4 o4 ,s4 ,william ,/anley ,jevons3 ,! ,sub/itution ( ,simil>s1 ! ,true ,pr9ciple ( ,reason+ d]iv$ f a ,modification ( ,ari/otle's ,dictum1 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g4 ,lewis ,c>roll3 ,?r\gh ! ,look+-,glass1 & :at ,alice f\nd !re1 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,z4 ,s4 ,gottlob ,frege3 ,ueb] die ,zahl5 des ,h]rn ,h4 ,s*ub]t1 ,j5a1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,indef9ables ,,( ,,logic ,! view t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( logic consi/ solely ( ! law ( id5tity 0 held by ,leibniz1#b ,drobis*1 ,ub]weg1#c & ,twe$l$ee4 ,twe$l$ee1 x may be rememb]$1#d rem>k$ t c]ta9 id5tities are logic4 ,n[1 !re is "s d\bt z to :e!r he1 l ,jevons1#e und]/ood are to mean :at ma!maticians mean by 1 or1 l ,s*ro$]#f & mo/ logicians1 to h ! same mean+ z ! relation ( subsumption4 ,! fir/ alt]native alone w\ld ju/ify our cont5tion2 & we may1 ,i ?9k1 conclude f an opposition to au?ority t may h be5 indicat$ by ,twe$l$ee's frequ5t use ( ! ^w contr>iwise t he did n foll[ ! majority ( logicians1 b held1 l ,jevons1#g ! mi/ak5#h view t ! quantification ( ! pr$icate is relevant to symbolic logic4 ,x may be m5tion$1 by ! way1 t x is probable t ,humpty-,dumpty's is is ! is ( id5tity4 ,9 fact1 x is n unlikely t ,humpty-,dumpty 0 a ,hegelian2 =1 al?\gh 8 ability = cle> explanation may seem to militate aga9/ ?is1 yet 8 inability to und]/& ma!matics1#i toge!r ) 8 syn!sis ( a cravat & a belt1 :i* usually s]ve diff]5t purposes1#aj & 8 proclivity t[>ds riddles seem to make out a good case = ^? :o hold t he 0 9 fact a ,hegelian4 ,inde$1 riddles are v closely alli$ to puns1 & x 0 ^u a pun1 consi/+ ( ! confusion ( ! is ( pr$ication ) ! is ( id5tity--s t1 = example1 ,socrates 0 id5tifi$ ) mortal & m g5]ally ! p>ticul> ) ! univ]sal--t ,hegel's sy/em ( philosophy 0 f\nd$4#aa ,b ! "q ( ,humpty-,dumpty's philosophical op9ions mu/ be left = f9al v]ification to ! hi/orians ( philosophy3 "h ,i am only conc]n$ ) an a priori logical con/ruction ( :at 8 views might h be5 if !y =m$ a consi/5t :ole4#ab ,if ! pr9ciple ( id5tity 7 inde$ ! sole pr9ciple ( logic1 ! pr9ciples ( logic c\ld h>dly be said to be1 z 9 fact !y are1 a body ( propositions ^: consi/5cy x is impossible to prove4#ac ,?is *>act]i/ic is important & "o ( ! m>ks ( ! greate/ possible security4 ,= example1 :ile a great a*ievem5t ( late ye>s has be5 to prove ! consi/5cy ( ! pr9ciples ( ari?metic1 a sci5ce :i* is unres]v$ly accept$ except by "s empirici/s1#ad x c be prov$ =mally t "o f\ndation ( ari?metic is %att]$4#ae ,x is true t1 q lately1 x has be5 %[n t ?is conclusion may be avoid$1 &1 by a re-m\ld+ ( logic1 we c draw in/ead ! p>adoxical conclusion t ! op9ions held by common-s5se = s _m ye>s are1 9 "p1 ju/ifi$4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t1 ) ! pr9ciples ( logic1 no su* pro( ( consi/5cy1 & no su* p>adoxical result ( fur!r inve/igations is to be fe>$4 ,/ill1 ?is re-m\ld+ has _h ! result ( br++ logic into a full] agreem5t ) common-s5se ?an might be expect$4 ,!re 7 only two alt]natives3 if we *ose pr9ciples 9 accordance ) common-s5se1 we arriv$ at conclusions :i* %ock$ common-s5se2 by />t+ ) p>adoxical pr9ciples1 we arriv$ at ord9>y conclusions4 ,l ! ,:ite ,knight1 we h dy$ our :isk]s an unusual col\r & !n hidd5 !m4#af ,! qua9t "n ( ,laws ( ,?\ght1 :i* is (t5 appli$ to ! pr9ciples ( ,logic1 has giv5 rise to confusion 9 two ways3 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,laws1 unlike o!r laws1 _c be brok51 ev5 9 ?\ght2 &1 9 ! second place1 p ?9k t ! ,laws h some?+ to d ) hold+ = ! op]ations ( _! m9ds1 j z laws ( nature hold = ev5ts 9 ! _w ar\nd u4#ag ,b t ! laws are n psy*ological laws foll[s f ! facts t a ?+ may be true ev5 if nobody believes x1 & some?+ else may be false if ev]ybody believes x4 ,su*1 x may be rem>k$1 is usually ! case4 ,p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t in/ance ( ! assumption t ! laws ( logic are m5tal is ! treatm5t ( an id5tity z if its validity 7 an affair ( our p]mission4 ,"s p sugge/ to o!rs t !y %\ld let bygones be bygones4 ,ano!r important piece ( evid5ce t ! tru? ( propositions has no?+ to d ) m9d is giv5 by ! phrase x is morally c]ta9 t su*-&-su* a proposition is true4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 morality1 curi\sly en\gh1 seems to be closely associat$ ) m5tal acts3 we h pr(essor%ips & lecture%ips (1 & exam9ations 91 m5tal & moral philosophy4 ,9 ! second place1 x is pla9 t a morally c]ta9 proposition is a highly d\btful "o4 ,?us x is z va9 to expect any in=mation ab\t our m9ds f a /udy ( ! ,laws ( ,?\ght z x w\ld be to expect a description ( a c]ta9 social ev5t f ,miss ,e4 ,e4 ,c4 ,jones's book ,an ,introduction to ,g5]al ,logic4 ,=tunately1 ! pr9ciples or laws ( ,logic are n a matt] ( philosophical discussion4 ,ideali/s l ,twe$l$um & ,twe$l$ee1 & ev5 practical ideali/s l ! ,:ite ,knight1 explicitly accept laws l ! law ( id5tity & ! exclud$ middle4#ah ,9 fact1 ?r\gh\t all logic & ma!matics1 ! exi/5ce ( ! human or any o!r m9d is totally irrelevant2 m5tal processes are /udi$ by means ( logic1 b ! subject-matt] ( logic does n presuppose m5tal processes1 & w\ld be equally true if !re 7 no m5tal processes4 ,x is true t1 9 t case1 we %\ld n "k logic2 b our k mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! tru?s :i* we "k4#ai ,an apple is n confus$ ) ! eat+ ( x except by savages1 ideali/s1 & p :o are too hungry to ?9k4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,russell1 ,ph4 ,l41 pp4 #ag1 #ai1 #bjg-h4 #c ,s*ro$]1 ,a4 d4 ,l41 i4 p4 #d4 #d ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,?is ,app5dix also illu/rates ! importance atta*$ to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,id5tity by ! ,pr(essor & ,bruno4 #e ,s4 o4 ,s41 pp4 #i-ae4 #f ,a4 d4 ,l41 i4 p4 #acb4 #g ,cf41 besides ! ref]5ce 9 ! la/ note b "o1 ,e4 ,l4 ,l41 pp4 #ahc1 #aia4 ,contr>iwise1 x may be rem>k$1 is n a t]m us$ 9 traditional logic4 #h ,s4 ,l41 #ahha1 pp4 #agc-e1 #cbd-e2 #ahid1 pp4 #aid-f4 #i ,cf4 ,app5dix ,c1 & ,william ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,hegel & ! ,metaphysics ( ! ,fluxional ,calculus1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,ed9b41 vol4 xxv41 #ahfi1 pp4 #dia-eaa4 #aj ,see ,app5dix ,b4 #aa ,?is is a rem>kable anticipation ( ! note on pp4 #ci-dj ( ,mr4 ,russell's book1 publi%$ ab\t ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll1 & entitl$ ,our ,k ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w z a ,field = ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy1 ,*icago & ,london1 #aiad4--;,,ed4 #ab ,cf4 ,ph4 ,l41 pp4 v4-vi4 #c4 #ac ,cf4 ,pi]i1 ,r4 ,m4 ,m41 ,m>* #aijf1 p4 #aii4 #ad ,z a type ( ^!1 ,humpty-,dumpty1 ) 8 inability to admit any?+ n empirically giv5 & 8 lack ( compreh5sion ( pure ma!matics1 may be tak5 7see ,app5dix ,c74 ,9 8 7correct7 !sis t def9itions are nom9al1 too1 ,humpty-,dumpty rem9ds "o ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 7see ,app5dix ,d74 #ae ,see ,frege1 ,gg41 ii4 p4 #bec4 #af ,see ,app5dix ,e4 #ag ,see ,frege1 ,gg41 i4 p4 #ae4 #ah ,see ! above ref]5ces & also ,app5dix ,f4 #ai ,cf4 ,b4 ,russell1 ,h4 ,j41 ,july #aijd1 p4 #hab4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,objective ,,validity ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,?\ght ,i once inquir$ ( a maid-s]vant :e!r h] mi/ress 0 at home4 ,%e repli$1 9 a d\btful fa%ion1 t %e ?\ght t h] mi/ress 0 9 unless %e 0 out4 ,i conclud$ t ! maid 0 unc]ta9 z to ! objective validity ( ! law ( exclud$ middle1 & rem>k$ t to h] mi/ress4 ,b s9ce ,i us$ ! phrase laws ( ?\ght1 ! mi/ress p]haps suppos$ t a law ( ?\ght has some?+ to d ) ?9k+ & seem$ to imag9e t ,i wi%$ to impute to ! maid "s moral defect ( an unimportant nature4 ,?us %e remon/rat$ ) me 9 an amus$ way1 s9ce %e probably imag9$ t ,i meant to f9d fault ) ! maid's capacity = ?9k+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,id5tity ,9 ! fir/ *apt] we h notic$ ! op9ion t id5tities are fundam5tal to all logic4 ,we w n[ consid] "s o!r views ( ! value ( id5tities4 ,id5tities are frequ5tly us$ 9 common life by p :o seem to imag9e t !y c draw important conclusions respect+ conduct or matt]s ( fact f !m4 ,i h he>d ( a man :o ga9$ ! d\ble reputation ( be+ a philosoph] & a fatali/ by ! repeat$ enunciation ( ! id5tity ,:atev] w be1 w be2 & ! ,italian equival5t ( ?is makes up an appreciable "p ( "o ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hi*5s' novels4 ,fur!r1 ! id5tity ,life is ,life has n only be5 (t5 accept$ z an explanation = a p>ticul> way ( liv+ b has ev5 be5 consid]$ by an au?oress :o calls h]self ,zack to be an appropriate title = a novel2 :ile ,bus9ess is ,bus9ess is frequ5tly ?\ght to provide an excuse = di%one/y 9 trad+1 = :i* purpose x is pla9ly inadequate4 ,ano!r example is giv5 by a poem ( ,mr4 ,kipl+1 :]e he seems to ass]t t ,ea/ is ,ea/ & ,we/ is ,we/ imply t nev] ! twa9 %all meet4 ,! conclusion1 n[1 is false2 =1 s9ce ! _w is r\nd--z geography books /ill ma9ta9 by argum5ts :i* /rike e intellig5t *ild z invalid#bj--:at is call$ ! ,we/ does1 9 fact1 m]ge into ! ,ea/4 ,ev5 if we are to take ! /atem5t metaphorically1 x is /ill untrue1 z ! ,japanese nation has %[n4 ,! law-c\rts are (t5 rightly blam$ = be+ /r5u\s oppon5ts ( ! spread ( mod]n logic3 ! frequ5t misuse ( &1 or1 !1 & provid$ t 9 !m is notori\s4 ,b ! fault seems p>tly to lie 9 ! uncomplicat$ nature ( ! logical problems :i* are dealt ) 9 !m4 ,?us x is no uncommon ?+ = somebody to appe> !re :o is unable to e/abli% 8 own id5tity1 or = ,a to ass]t t ,b 0 n himself :5 he made a w leav+ 8 money to ,c4 ,! *ief use ( id5tities is 9 implication4 ,s9ce1 9 logic1 we s und]/& implication#ba t any true proposition implies & is impli$ by any o!r true proposition2 if "o is conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! proposition ,q1 x is advisable to *oose "o or m id5tities ,p1 ^: tru? is und\bt$1 & say t ,p implies ,q4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,au/5 ,*amb]la91 accord+ to ,! ,times ( ,m>* #bg1 #aiji1 pr(ess$ to d$uce ! conclusion t x is n "r t wom5 %\ld h votes f ! premisses t man is man & woman is woman4 ,?is me?od requires t "o %\ld h made up "o's m9d ab\t ! conclusion be=e discov]+ ! premisses--by :at1 no d\bt1 ,jevons w\ld call an inv]se or inductive me?od4 ,?us ! me?od is ( use only 9 spee*es & 9 giv+ good advice4 ,mr4 ,au/5 ,*amb]la9 aft]w>ds r de/roy$ "o's belief 9 ! tru? ( 8 premisses by putt+ limits to ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,debate on ! ,budget ( #aiji1 he ma9ta9$1 aga9/ ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 t a joke 0 a joke except :5 x 0 an untru?3 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 app>5tly1 be+ ( ! plausible op9ion t a joke is a joke "u all circum/ances4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,! argum5t ab\t ! hull ( a %ip disappe>+ fir/ is n conv9c+1 s9ce x w\ld equally well prove t ! surface ( ! e>? 01 = example1 corrugat$ on a l>ge scale4 ,if ! common-s5se ( ! read] 7 suppos$ to dismiss ! possibility ( wat] cl++ to su* corrugations1 x might equally be suppos$ to dismiss ! possibility ( wat] cl++ to a sph]ical e>?4 ,traditional geography books1 no d\bt1 gave rise to ! op9ions held by ,lady ,bl\nt & ! ,zetetic ,society4 #ba ,! subject ( ,implication w be fur!r consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,id5tity ,,( ,,classes ,i once he>d ( a m]itori\s lady :o 0 extremely conv5tional2 on ! sl5d] gr\nds ( c>efully acquir$ habits ( pref]r+ ! ^w woman to ! ^w lady & ( go+ to ! po/-(fice )\t a hat1 imag9$ t %e 0 unconv5tional & altoge!r a rem>kable p]son2 & :o once rem>k$ ) great satisfaction t %e 0 a v que] p]son1 & t no?+ %ock$ h] except1 ( c\rse1 bad =m4 ,?us1 %e ass]t$ t all ! ?+s :i* %ock$ h] 7 actions 9 bad =m2 & %e w\ld und\bt$ly agree1 ?\gh %e did n actually /ate x1 t all ! ?+s :i* 7 done 9 bad =m w\ld %ock h]4 ,consequ5tly %e ass]t$ t ! class ( ?+s :i* %ock$ h] 0 ! class ( actions 9 bad =m4 ,consequ5tly ! /atem5t ( ?is lady t "s or all ( ! actions done 9 bad =m %ock$ h] is an id5tical proposition ( ! =m no?+ %ocks me1 except1 ( c\rse1 ! ?+s :i* d1 9 fact1 %ock me2 & ?is /atem5t ! lady c]ta9ly did n int5d to make4 ,?is excell5t lady1 _h %e b kn[n x1 0 logically ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ any /atem5t :atev] ab\t h] unconv5tionality4 ,= ! class ( h] unconv5tional actions 0 ! null class4 ,?us %e might logically h made inconsi/5t /atem5ts ab\t ?is class ( actions4 ,z a matt] ( fact %e did make inconsi/5t /atem5ts1 b un=tunately %e ju/ifi$ !m by /at+ t1 ,x is ! privilege ( woman to be inconsi/5t4 ,%e 0 "o ( ^? p]sons :o say ?+s l t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,e?ical ,,applications ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,id5tity ,x may be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,podsnap rem>k$1 ) sadness temp]$ by satisfaction1 t he regrett$ to say t ,=eign nations d z !y d d4 ,besides aid+ ! com=t+ expression ( moral disapproval1 ! law ( id5tity has yet ano!r useful purpose 9 practical e?ics3 ,x s]ves ! welcome purpose ( provid+ an excuse = infractions ( ! moral law4 ,!re 0 once a man :o treat$ 8 wife badly1 0 unfai?ful to h]1 0 di%one/ 9 bus9ess1 & 0 n p>ticul> 9 8 use ( language2 & yet 8 life on e>? 0 describ$ 9 ! l9es3 ,?is man ma9ta9$ a wife's a wife1 ,m5 are z !y are made1 ,bus9ess is bus9ess1 life is life2 ,& call$ a spade a spade4 ,"o ( ! objects ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,moore's ,pr9cipia ,e?ica#bb 0 to argue t ! ^w good means simply good1 & n pleasant or any?+ else4 ,appropriately en\gh1 ?is book bore on its title-page ! quotation f ! preface to ! ,s]mons1 publi%$ 9 #agbf1 ( ,bi%op ,joseph ,butl]1 ! au?or ( ! ,analogy3 ,ev]y?+ is :at x is & n ano!r ?+4 ,b ano!r fam\s ,butl]--,samuel ,butl]1 ! au?or ( ,hudibras--w5t f>!r ?an ?is1 & ma9ta9$ t id5tities 7 ! highe/ atta9m5t ( metaphysics itself4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ ,canto ( ,hudibras1 9 ! description ( ,hudibras himself1 ,butl] wrote3 ,he knew :at's :at1 & t's z high ,z metaphysic wit c fly4 ,i once conduct$ :at ,i imag9$ to be an ae/hetic inve/igation = ! purpose ( discov]y1 by ! cont9ual use ( ! ^w ,:y8#bc ! gr\nds ^u :i* c]ta9 p *oose to put milk into a tea-cup be=e ! tea4 ,i 0 surpris$ to discov] t x 0 an e?ical1 & n an ae/hetic problem2 = ,i soon elicit$ ! fact t x 0 done because x 0 "r4 ,a cont9uance ( my pati5t que/ion+ elicit$ fur!r evid5ce ( ! fundam5tal "* ( ! pr9ciple ( id5tity 9 e?ics2 = x 0 "r1 ,i le>n$1 because "r is "r4 ,x appe>s t "s p unconsci\sly ?9k t ! pr9ciple ( id5tity is ! f\ndation1 9 c]ta9 religions1 ( ! reasons :i* c be alleg$ = moral conduct1 & are surpris$ :5 ?is fact is po9t$ out to !m4 ,! late ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 :5 travell+ by railway1 fell into conv]sation ) an (fic] ( ! ,salvation ,army1 :o tri$ h>d to conv]t him4 ,fail+ 9 ?is laudable endeav\r1 ! ,salvationi/ at la/ rem>k$3 ,b if y ar5't sav$1 y c't g to heav56 ,t1 my fri5d1 repli$ ,/eph51 is an id5tical proposition4 ,,footnotes3 #bb ,cambridge1 #aijc4 #bc ,cf4 ,p4 ,e41 p4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,contradiction ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,logic ,consid]+ ! important place assign$ by philosoph]s & logicians to ! law ( contradiction1 ! rem>k w naturally be res5t$ by _m ( ! old] s*ools ( philosophy1 & especially by ,kantians1 t 9 spite ( its fame we h f\nd few occasions = its use4#bd ,also 9 mod]n times1 ,b5$etto ,croce1 an oppon5t ( bo? traditional logic & ma!matical logic1 began ! preface ( ! book ( #aijh on ,logic#be by say+ t t volume is & is n a c]ta9 memoir ( 8 :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 #aije4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,pa4 ,ma41 p4 #aaf4 #be ,engli% translation ( ! ?ird ,italian edition by ,d\glas ,a9slie1 "u ! title3 ,logic z ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,pure ,concept1 ,london #aiag4--;,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,symbolism ,,& ,,mean+ ,:5 p write d[n any /atem5t su* z ,! curfew tolls ! knell ( p>t+ day1#bf :i* we w call ,c = %ortness1 :at !y mean is n ,c b ! mean+ ( ,c2 & n ! mean+ ( ',c' b ! mean+ ( ! mean+ ( ',c'4 ,& s on1 ad inf9itum4 ,?us1 9 writ+ or 9 spee*1 we always fail to /ate ! mean+ ( any proposition :atev]4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 we succe$ 9 convey+ x2 b !re is dang] 9 too great a disreg>d ( /atem5t & preoccupation ) conveyance ( mean+4 ,?us _m ma!maticians h be5 s anxi\s to convey to u a p]fectly di/9ct & unmetaphysical concept ( numb] t !y h /ripp$ away f x ev]y?+ t !y consid]$ uness5tial 7l its logical nature7 & h f9ally deliv]$ x to u z a m]e sign4 ,by ! lab\rs ( ,helmholtz1 ,kroneck]1 ,he9e1 ,/olz1 ,?omae1 ,pr+%eim1 & ,s*ub]t1 _m p 7 p]suad$ t1 :5 !y said '#b' is a numb] !y 7 speak+ ! tru?1 & hold t ,p>is is a t[n conta9+ ! lett] ,p4 ,:5 ,frege po9t$ out#bg ?is difficulty he 0 almo/ univ]sally d5\nc$ 9 ,g]many z spitzf9dig4 ,9 fact1 ,g]mans seem to h be5 influ5c$ p]haps by t great contemn] ( ,spitzf9digkeit1 ,kant1 to reject ! ,:ite ,knight's#bh di/9ctions betwe5 words & _! d5otations & to reg>d subtlety ) disfav\r to su* a degree t _! only ma!matical logician except ,frege1 namely ,s*ro$]--! lea/ subtle ( mortals1 by ! way--seems to h be5 fill$ ) su* fe> ( be+ ?\ght subtle1 t he made 8 books s prolix t nobody has read !m4 ,ano!r t]m :i*1 z we %all see :5 discuss+ ! p>adoxes ( logic1 ma!maticians are accu/om$ to apply to ?\ght :i* is m exact ?an any to :i* !y are accu/om$ is s*ola/ic4#bi ,by ?is1 ,i suppose1 !y mean t ! pursuits ( c]ta9 acute p ( ! ,middle ,ages are unimportant 9 contra/ ) ! great a*ievem5ts ( mod]n ?\ght1 z exemplifi$ by a me?od ( mak+ plausible guesses kn[n z induction1#cj ! bicycle1 & ! gramophone--all ( !m in/rum5ts ( d\btful m]it4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,cf4 ,md1 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 ,octob] #aije1 p4 #dhf4 #bg ,9 ,z4 ,s41 = example4 #bh ,see ,app5dix ,g4 #bi ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii bel[4 #cj ,cf4 ,p4 ,m41 p4 #aa1 note4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,nom9alism ,de ,morgan#ca said t1 if all mank9d _h spok5 "o language1 we _c d\bt t !re w\ld h be5 a p[]ful1 p]haps univ]sal1 s*ool ( philosoph]s :o w\ld h believ$ 9 ! inh]5t connexion betwe5 names & ?+s2 :o w\ld h tak5 ! s\nd man to be ! mode ( agitat+ ! air :i* is ess5tially communicative ( ! ideas ( reason1 cook]y1 bip$ality1 etc4444 ',! ,fr5*1' said ! sailor1 'call a cabbage a %oe2 ! fools6 ,:y c't !y call x a cabbage1 :5 !y mu/ "k x is "o8' ,"o ( ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 logicians & m5 ( lett]s is t ! latt] mean _m diff]5t ?+s by "o ^w1 :]eas ! =m] d n--at lea/ n[adays4 ,mo/ ma!maticians belong to ! class ( m5 ( lett]s4 ,i once _h a mans]vant :o told me on a c]ta9 occasion t he nev] ?\ght a ^w ab\t x4 ,i 0 d\btful :e!r to class him ) su* em95t ma!maticians z are m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 or z a support] ( ,max ,muell]'s !ory ( ! id5tity ( ?\ght & language4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! man 0 v untru?ful1 & he told me t he meant :at he said & said :at he meant1#cb ! conclusion is probably correct t he really believ$ t ! mean+s ( 8 words 7 n ! words !mselves4 ,?us ,i ?9k x mo/ probable t my mans]vant _h be5 a ma!matician b _h escap$ by ! aid ( logic4 ,z reg>ds 8 rem>k t he meant :at he said & said :at he meant1 he pla9ly wi%$ to pride himself on c]ta9 virtues :i* he did n possess1 & 0 n indiff]5t to applause1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] evok$4 ,! virtues1 if s !y be1 & ! applause 7 )held = o!r reasons ?an t ! above /atem5ts are ei!r nons5sical or false4 ,suppose t ,i say :at ,i mean expresses a tru?4 ,:at ,i say 7or write7 is always a symbol--words 7or m>ks72 & :at ,i mean by ! symbol is ! mean+ ( ! symbol & n ! symbol itself4 ,s ! rem>k _c express a tru?1 any m ?an ! "n ,well+ton won ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,f4 ,l41 pp4 #bdf-g4 #cb ,! ,hatt] 7see ,app5dix ,h7 po9t$ out t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ass]tions4 ,?us1 he cle>ly %[$ t he 0 a nom9ali/1 & philosophically oppos$ to ! ,m>* ,h>e :o _h recomm5d$ ,alice to say :at %e meant4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ambiguity ,,& ,,symbolic ,,logic ,! univ]sal use ( "s sy/em ( ,symbolic ,logic w\ld n only enable ev]ybody easily to deal ) exce$+ly complicat$ argum5ts1 b w\ld prev5t ambigu\s argum5ts4 ,9 d5y+ ! indisp5sability ( ,symbolic ,logic 9 ! =m] /ate ( ?+s1 ,keynes#cc is probably alone1 aga9/ ! ne$ /rongly felt by ,alice :5 speak+ to ! ,du*ess1#cd & mo/ mod]n logicians4 ,x may be notic$ t ! ,du*ess is m consi/5t ?an ,keynes1 = ,keynes really uses ! signs = logical multiplication & addition ( ,boole & ,v5n "u ! diff]5t %apes ( ! words & & or4 ,z reg>ds ambiguity1 a translation ( ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n into1 say1 ,peanesque1 w\ld prev5t ! puzzle ( *ildhood z to :e!r ! 8 9 ,& ,satan trembles :5 he sees ,! weake/ sa9t ^u 8 knees ref]s to ! sa9t's knees or ,satan's4 ,,footnotes3 #cc ,9 8 ,fm4 ,l4 #cd ,see ,app5dix ,i4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,logical ,,addition ,,& ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,symbolism ,frequ5tly ord9>y language conta9s subtle psy*ological implications :i* _c be translat$ into symbolic logic except at great l5g?4 ,?us if a man 7say ,mr4 ,jones7 wi%es to speak collectively ( himself & 8 wife1 ! ord] ( m5tion+ ! t]ms 9 ! class consid]$ & ! names appli$ to ^! t]ms are1 logically speak+1 irrelevant4 ,& yet m or less def9ite in=mation is giv5 ab\t ,mr4 ,jones accord+ z he talks to 8 fri5ds (3 7#a7 ,mrs4 ,jones & ,i1 7#b7 ,i 7or me7 & my wife 7or missus71 7#c7 ,my wife & ,i1 or 7#d7 ,i 7or me7 & ,mrs4 ,jones4 ,9 case 7#a7 "o is probably correct 9 plac+ ,mr4 ,jones among ! cl]gy or ! small pr(essional m5 :o make up ! bulk ( ! middle-class2 9 case 7#b7 "o w\ld conclude t ,mr4 ,jones belong$ to ! l[] middle-class2 ! =m 7#c7 w\ld be us$ by ,mr4 ,jones if he 7 a memb] ( ! upp]1 upp] middle1 or l[] class2 :ile =m 7#d7 is only us$ by retir$ %opkeep]s ( ! l[] middle-class1 ( :i* a male memb] usually comb9es belief 9 ! supremacy ( man ) belief 9 ! dignity ( 8 wife z well z himself4 ,a fur!r complication is introduc$ if a wife is ref]r$ to z ! wife4#ce ,cases 7#b7 & 7#c7 !n ea* give rise to "o m case4 ,cases 7#a7 & 7#d7 d n1 s9ce nobody has hi!rto ref]r$ to 8 wife z ! ,mrs4 ,jones--at lea/ )\t a qualify+ adjective be=e ! ,mrs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 descriptive phrases & c]ta9 propositions c be express$ m %ortly & m accurately by means ( symbolic logic4 ,let u consid] ! proposition ,no man m>ries 8 deceas$ wife's si/]4 ,if we assume1 z a fir/ approximation1 t all m>riages are f]tile & t all *ildr5 are legitimate1 !n1 ) only f\r primitive ideas3 ! relation ( p>5t to *ild 7,p7 & ! ?ree classes ( males1 females1 & dead p1 we c def9e wife 7a female :o has ! relation =m$ by tak+ ! relative product ( ,p & v,p#cf to a male71 si/]1 deceas$ wife1 & deceas$ wife's si/] 9 t]ms ( ^! ideas & ( ! fundam5tal notions ( logic4 ,!n ! proposition ,no man m>ries 8 deceas$ wife's si/] c be express$ unambigu\sly by ab\t tw5ty-n9e simple signs on pap]1 :]eas1 9 words1 ! unass]t$ /atem5t consi/s ( no less ?an ?irty-f\r lett]s4 ,al?\gh1 legally speak+1 we %\ld h to adopt some:at diff]5t def9itions & possibly increase ! complications ( our proposition1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 on ! o!r h&1 we always r$uce ! numb] ( symbols 9 any proposition by increas+ ! numb] ( def9itions 9 ! prelim9>ies to x4 ,b ! utility ( symbolic logic %\ld n be e/imat$ by ! brevity ) :i* propositions may sometimes be express$ by its means4 ,logical simplicity1 9 fact1 c v (t5 only be obta9$ by app>5tly complicat$ /atem5ts4 ,= example1 ! logical int]pretation ( ,! fa!r ( ,*>les ,,ii 0 execut$ is1 ,x is n always false ( x t x begat ,*>les ,,ii1 & t x 0 execut$ & t 'if y begat ,*>les ,,ii1 y is id5tical ) x' is always true ( y4#cg ,f ! po9t ( view ( logic1 we may say t ! app>5tly simple is mo/ (t5 v complicat$1 &1 ev5 if x is n s1 symbolism w make x seem s1#ch & ?us draw att5tion to :at might o!rwise easily be ov]look$4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,cf4 ,*apt] ,,xxiv bel[4 #cf ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce's notation = ! relation conv]se ( ,p4 #cg ,russell1 ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 ,octob] #aije1 p4 #dhb4 #ch ,russell1 ,int]national ,mon?ly1 vol4 iv41 #aija1 pp4 #he-f2 cf4 ,m41 vol4 xxii41 #aiab1 p4 #aec4 ,?is essay is repr9t$ 9 ,my/icism & ,logic1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiah1 pp4 #gd-if4--;,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,criticism ,^? p :o ?9k t x is m godlike to seem to turn wat] into w9e ?an to seem to turn w9e into wat] surprise me4 ,i _c imag9e an intol]able critic4 ,x seems to me t1 if ,a res5ts ,b's criticism 9 try+ to put 8 7,a's7 discov]y 9 ! "r or wrong place1 ,a acts z if he ?\ght he _h "s private prop]ty 9 tru?4 ,! ,:ite ,que5 seems to h %>$ ! popul> misconception z to ! nature ( criticism4#ci ,,footnotes3 #ci ,see ,app5dix ,j4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,hi/orical ,,criticism ,f a problem 9 ,diophantus's ,ari?metic ab\t ! price ( "s w9e x w\ld seem t ! w9e 0 ( poor quality1 & ,paul ,tann]y has sugge/$ t ! prices m5tion$ = su* a w9e are high] ?an 7 usual until aft] ! end ( ! second c5tury4 ,he !re=e reject$ ! view :i* 0 =m]ly held t ,diophantus liv$ 9 t c5tury4#dj ,! same me?od appli$ to a problem giv5 by ! anci5t ,h9du algebrai/ ,brahmagupta1 :o liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 might result 9 plac+ ,brahmagupta 9 prehi/oric times4 ,?is is ! problem3#da ,two apes liv$ at ! top ( a cliff ( height h1 ^: base 0 di/ant mh f a neighb\r+ village4 ,"o desc5d$ ! cliff & walk$ to ! village1 ! o!r flew up a height x & !n flew 9 a /raight l9e to ! village4 ,! di/ance trav]s$ by ea* 0 ! same4 ,f9d x4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,w4 ,w4 ,r\se ,ball1 ,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 #d? edition1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #aji4 #da ,ibid41 pp4 #adh-i4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,is ,,! ,,m9d ,,9 ,,! ,,head8 ,! contr>y op9ion has be5 ma9ta9$ by ideali/s & a c]ta9 election ag5t ) :om ,i once _h to deal & :o rem>k$ t some?+ slipp$ 8 m9d & !n w5t out ( 8 head altoge!r4 ,at "s p]iod1 !n1 a remembrance 0 9 8 head & out ( 8 m9d2 8 m9d 0 n1 !n1 :olly )9 8 head4 ,also1 "o is sometimes assur$ t ) c]ta9 p out ( sight is out ( m9d4 ,:at is 9 _! m9ds is !re=e 9 sight1 & _c !re=e be inside _! heads4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,pragmati/ ,,!ory ,,( ,,tru? ,! pragmati/ !ory t tru? is a belief :i* works well sometimes conflicts ) common-s5se & n ) logic4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t x is always bett] to be sometimes "r ?an to be nev] "r4 ,b ?is is by no means true4 ,= example1 consid] ! case ( a wat* :i* has /opp$2 x is exactly "r twice e day4 ,a wat*1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is always five m9utes sl[ is nev] exactly "r4 ,& yet !re c be no "q b t a belief 9 ! accuracy ( ! wat* :i* 0 nev] "r w\ld1 on ! :ole1 produce bett] results ?an su* a belief 9 ! "o :i* _h altoge!r /opp$4 ,! pragmati/ w\ld1 !n1 conclude t ! wat* :i* 0 always inaccurate gave tru] results ?an ! "o :i* 0 sometimes accurate4 ,9 ?is conclusion ! pragmati/ w\ld seem to be correct1 & ?is is an in/ance ( h[ ! false premisses ( pragmatism may give rise to true conclusions4 ,f ! text writt5 above ! *ur* clock 9 a c]ta9 ,engli% village1 ,be ye ready1 = ye "k n ! "t1 x w\ld be conclud$ t ! clock nev] /opp$ = a p]iod z long z twelve h\rs4 ,= ! text is r a vague symbolical expression ( a propositional function :i* is ass]t$ to be true at all in/ants4 ,! proposition t a presumably n illit]ate & cr$ul\s obs]v] ( ! clock at any def9ite in/ant does n "k ! "t implies1 !n1 t ! clock is always wrong4 ,n[1 if ! clock /opp$ = twelve h\rs1 x w\ld be absolutely "r at lea/ once4 ,x mu/ be "r twice if x 7 "r at ! fir/ in/ant x /opp$ or ! la/ in/ant at :i* x w5t2#db b ! second possibility is exclud$ by hypo!sis1 & ! occurr5ce ( ! fir/ possibility--or ( ! analog\s possibility ( ! /opp$ clock be+ "r ?ree times 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs--does n affect ! pres5t "q4 ,h5ce ! clock c nev] /op = twelve h\rs4 ,! pragmati/'s crit]ion ( tru? appe>s to be f> m difficult to apply ?an ! ,bellman's1#dc t :at he said ?ree times is true1 & to give results j z insecure4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,bo? cases _c occur2 ! "q is simil> to t aris+ 9 ! discussion ( ! mortality ( ,socrates 7see ,*apt] ,,xxii74 #dc ,see ,app5dix ,k4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,ass]tion ,! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ass]tion ( ord9>y life4 ,commonly1 an unass]t$ proposition is synonym\s ) a probably false /atem5t1 :ile an ass]t$ proposition is synonym\s ) "o t is c]ta9ly false4 ,b 9 logic we apply ass]tion also to true propositions1 &1 z ,lewis ,c>roll %[$ 9 8 v]sion ( ,:at ! ,tortoise said to ,a*illes1#dd usually pass ov] unconsci\sly an inf9ite s]ies ( implications 9 s do+4 ,if p & q are propositions1 p is true1 & p implies q1 !n1 at fir/ sight1 "o w\ld ?9k t "o might ass]t q4 ,b1 f 7,a7 p is true1 & 7,b7 p implies q1 we mu/1 9 ord] to d$uce 7,z7 q is true1 accept ! hypo!tical3 7,c7 ,if ,a & ,b are true1 ,z mu/ be true4 ,& !n1 9 ord] to d$uce ,z f ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 we mu/ accept ano!r hypo!tical3 7,d7 ,if ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are true1 ,z mu/ be true2 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,?us1 9 d$uc+ ,z1 we pass ov] an inf9ite s]ies ( hypo!ticals :i* increase 9 complexity4 ,?us we ne$ a new pr9ciple to be able to ass]t q4 ,frege 0 ! fir/ logician %>ply to di/+ui% betwe5 an ass]t$ proposition1 l ,a is great] ?an ,b1 & "o :i* is m]ely consid]$1 l ,a's be+ great] ?an ,b1 al?\gh an analog\s di/9ction _h be5 made 9 our common disc\rse on c]ta9 psy*ological gr\nds1 = long previ\sly4 ,9 fact1 soon aft] ! inv5tion ( spee*1 ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a consid]$ proposition & an ass]t$ "o became evid5t1 on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( ?+s ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,md4 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 iv41 #ahie1 pp4 #bgh-hj4 ,cf4 ,russell1 ,p4 ,m41 p4 #ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,commutative ,,law ,(t5 ! mean+ ( a s5t5ce tacitly implies t ! commutative law does n hold4 ,we are all famili> ) ! passage 9 :i* ,macaulay po9t$ out t1 by us+ ! commutative law because ( exig5cies ( metre1 ,rob]t ,montgom]y un9t5tionally made ,creation tremble at ! ,a!i/'s nod in/ead ( ! ,almighty's4 ,?is use ( ! commutative law by writ]s ( v]se r5d]s x d\btful :e!r1 9 ! hymn-l9e3 ,! humble poor believe1 we are to und]/& a /atem5t ab\t ! humble poor1 or a d\btful maxim z to ! attitude ( our m9ds to /atem5ts made by ! humble poor4 ,! non-commutativity ( ,engli% titles (f]s difficulties to "s noveli/s & ,am]icans :o ref] to ,m>y ,lady ,s-&-,s z ,lady ,m>y ,s-&-,s1 & vice v]sa4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,p>ticul> ,,propositions ,p :o are cynical z to ! morality ( ! ,engli% are (t5 unpleasantly surpris$ to le>n t ,all trespass]s w be prosecut$ does n necess>ily imply t "s trespass]s w be prosecut$4 ,! view t univ]sal propositions are non-exi/5tial is n[ g5]ally held3 ,bradley & ,v5n seem to h be5 ! fir/ to hold ?is1 :ile old] logicians1 su* z ,de ,morgan1#de consid]$ univ]sal propositions to be exi/5tial1 l p>ticul> ones4 ,if ! ,gnat#df _h be5 cont5t to affirm 8 proposition ab\t ! means ( subsi/5ce ( ,bread-&-,butt] flies1 9 consequ5ce ( _! lack ( :i* su* flies always die1 )\t po9t+ out su* an insect & !reby prov+ t ! class ( !m is n null1 ,alice's d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! class 9 "q1 ev5 if x 7 prov$ to be well f\nd$1 w\ld n h affect$ ! validity ( ! proposition4 ,?is br+s u to a great conv5i5ce 9 treat+ univ]sal propositions z non-exi/5tial3 we c ma9ta9 t all x's are y's at ! same "t z t no x's are y's1 if only x is ! null-class4 ,?us1 :5 ,mr4 ,mac,coll#dg object$ to o!r symbolic logicians t _! premisses imply t all ,c5taurs are fl[]-pots1 !y c\ld reply t _! premisses also imply ! m usual view t ,c5taurs are n fl[]-pots4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,cf41 e4g41 ,f4 ,l41 p4 #d4 #df ,see ,app5dix ,l4 #dg ,cf41 e4g41 ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 ,july1 #aije1 pp4 #cii-djj4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,d5ial ,,( ,,g5]ality ,,& ,,g5]ality ,,( ,,d5ial ,! conclusion ( a c]ta9 song#dh ab\t a "y man :o poison$ 8 swee!>t ) %eep's-head bro?1 & 0 fright5$ to dea? by a voice exclaim+3 ,:]e's t "y maid ,:at y did poison ) my head8 at 8 b$side1 gives rise to difficulties :i* are readily solv$ by a symbolism t br+s into relief ! pr9ciple t ! d5ial ( a univ]sal & non-exi/5tial proposition is a p>ticul> & exi/5tial "o4 ,! conclusion ( ! song is3 ,n[ all "y m51 bo? high & l[1 ,take w>n+ by ?is dismal g6 ,= if he'd nev] done nobody no wrong1 ,he might h be5 "h to h he>d ?is song4 ,x is an obvi\s error1 say ,:itehead & ,russell1#di ?\gh "o easy to commit1 to assume t ! cases3 7#a7 all ! propositions ( a c]ta9 class are true2 & 7#b7 no proposition ( ! class is true2 are ea* o!r's contradictories4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! modification#ej ( ,frege's symbolism :i* 0 us$ by ,russell 7#a7 is 7x74 x1 & 7#b7 is 7x74 n x2 :ile ! contradictory ( 7#a7 is3 n 7x74 x4 ,! la/ l9e b "o ( ! above v]se may1 !n1 be writt53 7t74 n 7x74 n n ,greek3 ph 7x1 t71 :]e ,greek3 ph 7x1 t7 d5otes ! unass]t$ propositional function ! do+ wrong to ! p]son x at ! in/ant t4 ,by means ( ! pr9ciple ( d\ble negation we c at once simplify ! above expression into3 7t74 n 7x74 ,greek3 ph 7x1 t72 :i* c be ?us read3 ,if at e in/ant ( 8 life !re 0 at lea/ "o p]son x to :om he did no wrong 7at t in/ant74 ,x is difficult to imag9e any "o s sunk 9 iniquity t he w\ld n satisfy ?is hypo!sis4 ,we are =c$1 !n1 unless our imag9ation = evil is to be di/ru/$1 to conclude t any "o might h be5 !re to h he>d t song4 ,n[ ?is conclusion is pla9ly false1 possibly on physical gr\nds1 & c]ta9ly on ae/hetic gr\nds4 ,x may be add$1 by ! way1 t x is q possible t ,de ,morgan 0 mi/ak5 9 8 int]pretation ( ! above proposition ow+ to ! fact t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,frege's "w4 ,9 fact1 if he _h n notic$ ! fact t any two ( ! n's _c be cancell$ aga9/ "o ano!r he w\ld h conclud$ t ! int]pretation 03 ,if he _h nev] done any wrong to anybody4 ,accord+ z ! symbol = n comes be=e ! 7x7 or betwe5 ! 7x7 & ! ,greek3 ph1 we h an expression ( :at ,frege call$ respectively ! d5ial ( g5]ality1 & ! g5]ality ( d5ial4 ,! d5ial ( ! g5]ality ( a d5ial is ! =m ( all exi/5tial propositions1 :ile ! ass]tion ( or d5ial ( g5]ality is ! g5]al =m ( all non-exi/5tial or univ]sal propositions4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,to :i* ,de ,morgan drew att5tion 9 a lett]2 see 7,mrs47 ,s4 ,e4 ,de ,morgan1 ,memoir ( ,augu/us ,de ,morgan1 ,london1 #ahhb1 p4 #cbd4 #di ,pa4 ,ma41 p4 #af4 #ej ,h[ev]1 "h1 = ! pr9t]'s conv5i5ce1 we dep>t f ,mr4 ,russell's usage s f> z to write n = a curly m9us sign4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,implication ,a good illu/ration ( ! fact t :at is call$ implication 9 logic is su* t a false proposition implies any o!r proposition1 true or false1 is giv5 by ,lewis ,c>roll's puzzle ( ! ?ree b>b]s4#ea ,all51 ,br[n1 & ,c>r keep a b>b]'s %op toge!r2 s t "o ( !m mu/ be 9 dur+ work+ h\rs4 ,all5 has lately _h an illness ( su* a nature t1 if ,all5 is out1 ,br[n mu/ be accompany+ him4 ,fur!r1 if ,c>r is out1 !n1 if ,all5 is out1 ,br[n mu/ be 9 = obvi\s bus9ess reasons4 ,! problem is1 may ,c>r ev] g out8 ,putt+ p = ,c>r is out1 q = ,all5 is out & r = ,br[n is out1 we h3 7#a7 q implies r1 7#b7 p implies t q implies n-r4 ,lewis ,c>roll suppos$ t q implies r & q implies n-r are inconsi/5t1 & h5ce t p mu/ be false4 ,b ^! propositions are n inconsi/5t1 & are1 9 fact1 bo? true if q is false4 ,! contradictory ( q implies r is q does n imply r :i* is n a consequ5ce ( q implies n-r4 ,x seems to be true !oretically t1 if ,mr4 ,x is a ,*ri/ian1 he is n an ,a!i/1 b we _c conclude f ?is alone t 8 be+ a ,*ri/ian does n imply t he is an ,a!i/1 unless we assume t ! class ( ,*ri/ians is n null4 ,?us1 if p is true1 q is false2 or1 if ,c>r is out1 ,all5 is 94 ,! odd "p ( ?is conclusion is t x is ! "o :i* common-s5se w\ld h drawn 9 t p>ticul> case4 ,a di/+ui%$ philosoph] 7,m7 once ?\ght t ! logical use ( ! ^w implication--any false proposition be+ said to imply any proposition true or false--is absurd1 on ! gr\nds t x is ridicul\s to suppose t ! proposition #b & #b make #e implies ! proposition ,m is ! ,pope4 ,?is is a mo/ un=tunate in/ance1 because x s happ5s t ! false proposition t #b & #b make #e c rigor\sly be prov$ to imply t ,m1 or anybody else o!r ?an ! ,pope1 is ! ,pope4 ,= if #b & #b make #e1 s9ce !y also make #d1 we w\ld conclude t #e is equal to #d4 ,consequ5tly1 subtract+ #c f bo? sides1 we conclude t #b w\ld be equal to #a4 ,b if ?is 7 true1 s9ce ,m & ! ,pope are two1 !y w\ld be "o1 & obvi\sly !n ,m w\ld be ! ,pope4 ,! pr9ciple t ! false implies ! true has v important applications 9 political argum5ts4 ,9 fact1 x is h>d to f9d a s+le pr9ciple ( politics ( :i* false propositions are n ! ma9 support4 ,if p & q are two propositions1 & p implies q2 !n1 if1 & only if1 q & p are bo? false or bo? true1 we also h3 q implies p4 ,! mo/ important applications ( ?is inv]tibility 7 made by ! late ,samuel ,butl]#eb & ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,%aw4 ,a political application may be made z foll[s3 ,9 a c\ntry :]e only ^? ) middl+-siz$ incomes are tax$1 cons]vative & b\rgeois politicians w\ld /ill ma9ta9 t ! proposition ! ri* are tax$ implies ! proposition ! poor are tax$1 & ?is implication1 :i* is true because bo? premiss & conclusion are false1 w\ld be q unnecess>ily support$ by _m false practical argum5ts4 ,x is equally true t ! poor are tax$ implies t ! ri* are tax$4 ,& ?is c be prov$1 9 c]ta9 cases1 on o!r gr\nds4 ,= ! taxation ( ! poor w\ld imply1 ultimately1 t ! poor c\ld n af=d to pay a little m = ! necessities ( life ?an1 9 /rict ju/ice1 !y ought2 & ?is w\ld mean ! cessation ( "o ( ! *ief means ( production ( individual weal?4 ,we also see :y a valuable means = ! discov]y ( tru? is giv5 by ! inv]sion ( platitud9\s implications4 ,x may happ5 t ano!r platitude is ! result ( inv]sion2 b x is ! fate ( any true rem>k1 especially if x is easy to rememb] by reason ( a p>adoxical =m1 to become a platitude 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,!re are r>e cases ( a platitude rema9+ unrepeat$ = s long t1 by a conv]se process1 x has become p>adoxical4 ,su*1 = example1 is ,plato's rem>k t a lie is less important ?an an error 9 ?\ght4 ,( late ye>s1 a me?od ( disguis+ platitudes z p>adoxes has be5 too ext5sively us$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton4 ,! me?od is z foll[s4 ,take any proposition p :i* holds ( an entity a2 *oose p s t x seems plausible t p also holds ( at lea/ two o!r entities b & c2 call a1 b1 c1 & any o!rs = :i* p holds or seems to hold1 ! class ,a1 & p ! ,a-ness or ,a-ity ( ,a2 let d be an entity = :i* p does n hold2 & put d among ! ,a's :5 y ?9k t nobody is look+4 ,!n /ate y\r p>adox3 ,"s ,a's d n h ,a-ness4 ,by fur!r manipulation y c get ! proposition ,no ,a's h ,a-ness4 ,b x is possible to make a v successful c\p if ,a is ! null-class1 :i* has ! advantage t manipulation is unnecess>y4 ,?us1 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton1 9 8 ,or?odoxy put ,a = ! class ( d\bt]s :o d\bt ! possibility ( logic1 & prov$ t su* agno/ics refut$ !mselves--a conclusion :i* seems to h pleas$ _m cl]gym54 ,9 ?is way1 ,mr4 ,*e/]ton has be5 enabl$ readily to write _m books & to ma9ta91 on almo/ e page1 su* !ses z t simplicity is n simple1 het]odoxy is n het]odox1 poets are n poetical1 & s on2 !reby build+ up ! gigantic platitude t ,mr4 ,*e/]ton is ,*e/]tonian4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,id5tity we h illu/rat$ ! use ( a case ( ! pr9ciple t any proposition implies any true proposition4 ,?is important pr9ciple may be call$ ! pr9ciple ( ! irrelevant premiss2#ec & is ( great s]vice 9 oratory1 because x does n matt] :at ! premiss is1 true or false4 ,!re is a pr9ciple ( ! irrelevant conclusion1 b1 except 9 law-c\rts1 int]ruptions ( meet+s1 & family life1 ?is is seldom us$1 p>tly because ( ! limitation involv$ 9 ! logical impossibility = ! conclusion to be false if ! premiss be true1 b *iefly because ! conclusion is m important ?an ! premiss1 be+ usually a matt] ( prejudice4 ,c]ta9 mod]n logicians1 su* z ,frege1 h f\nd x necess>y s to ext5d ! mean+ ( implication ( q by p t x holds :5 p is n a proposition at all4 ,hi!rto1 politicians1 f9d+ t ei!r id5tical or false propositions are suffici5t = _! ne$s1 h made no use ( ?is pr9ciple2 b x is obvi\s t _! /ock ( argum5ts w\ld be va/ly increas$ !reby4 ,logical implication is (t5 an enemy ( dignity & eloqu5ce4 ,de ,morgan#ed relates a tradition ( a ,cambridge pr(essor :o 0 once ask$ 9 a ma!matical discussion1 ',i suppose y w admit t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p8' & :o answ]$1 ',n ,i1 until ,i see :at use y are go+ to make ( x4' ,& ! c>e display$ by cauti\s ma!maticians l ,po9c>e1 ,s*o5flies1 ,borel1 ,hobson1 & ,baire 9 ab/a9+ f pu%+ _! argum5ts to _! logical conclusions is probably f\nd$ on ! unconsci\s--b no less well-gr\nd$--fe> ( appe>+ ridicul\s if !y dealt ) su* extreme cases z ! s]ies ( all ord9al numb]s4#ee ,!y are1 probably1 z unconsci\s ( implication z ,gibbon1 :5 he rem>k$ t he always _h a copy ( ,horace 9 8 pocket1 & (t5 9 8 h&1 0 ( ! necess>y implication ( ^! propositions t 8 h& 0 sometimes 9 8 pocket4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 iii41 #ahid1 pp4 #dcf-h4 ,cf4 ! discussions by ,w4 ,e4 ,johnson 7ibid41 p4 #ehc7 & ,russell 7,p4 ,m41 p4 #ah1 note1 & ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 #aije1 pp4 #djj-a74 #eb ,! inhabitants ( ,ere:on puni%$ invalids m sev]ely ?an crim9als4 ,9 mod]n times1 "o frequ5tly he>s ! /atem5t t crime is a disease2 & if s1 x is surely false t crim9als ought to be puni%$4 #ec ,irrelevant 9 a popul> s5se2 "o w\ld n say1 speak+ loosely1 t ! fact t ,brutus kill$ ,caes> implies t ! sea is salt2 & yet ?is conclusion is impli$ bo? by ! above premiss1 & ! premiss t ,caes> kill$ ,brutus4 ,cf4 on su* que/ions ,v5n1 ,s4 ,l41 #bnd ed41 pp4 #bdj-d4 #ed ,f4 ,l41 p4 #bfd4 #ee ,cf4 ,*apt]s ,,xxix & ,,xxxvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,dignity ,we h se51 at ! end ( ! prec$+ *apt]1 t logical implication is (t5 an enemy ( dignity4 ,! subject ( dignity is n usually consid]$ 9 treatises on logic1 b1 z we h rem>k$1 _m ma!maticians implicitly or explicitly seem to fe> ei!r t ! dignity ( ma!matics w be impair$ if %e foll[s out conclusions logically1 or t only an act ( fai? c save u f ! belief t1 if we foll[$ out conclusions logically1 we %\ld f9d out some?+ al>m+ ab\t ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future ( ma!matics4 ,?us x seems necess>y to inquire r m closely into ! nature ( dignity1 ) a view to ! discov]y ( :e!r x is1 z is commonly suppos$1 a m]it 9 life & logic4 ,! *ief use ( dignity is to veil ignorance4 ,?us1 x is well kn[n t ! mo/ dignifi$ p1 z a rule1 are s*oolma/]s1 & s*oolma/]s are usually s occupi$ ) tea*+ t !y h no "t to le>n any?+4 ,& because dignity is us$ to hide ignorance1 x is pla9 t impud5ce is n always ! opposite ( dignity1 b t dignity is sometimes impud5ce4 ,dignity is said to inspire respect2 & ?is may be 9 "p :y respect = o!rs is an error ( judgm5t & self-respect is ridicul\s4 ,self-respect is1 ( c\rse1 self-e/eem4 ,william ,james has rem>k$ t self-e/eem dep5ds1 n simply ^u our success1 b ^u ! ratio ( our success to our pret5sions1 & c !re=e be increas$ by dim9i%+ our pret5sions4 ,?us if a man is successful1 b only !n1 c he be bo? ambiti\s & dignifi$4 ,james also implies t happ9ess increases ) self-e/eem4 ,lik5ess ( ?\ght ) "o's fri5ds1 !n1 does n make "o happy1 = o!rwise a man :o e/eem$ himself little w\ld be inde$ happy4 ,also if a man is unhappy he c\ld n1 f our premisses1 by ! pr9ciples ( ! syllogism & ( contraposition1 be dignifi$--a conclusion :i* %\ld be fatal to _m noveli/s' h]oes4 ,a reflection on pessimism to :i* ?is discussion gives rise is ! foll[+3 ,x w\ld appe> t a man's self-e/eem w\ld be increas$ by a conviction ( ! unwor?9ess ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,a man1 !re=e1 :o ?9ks t ! _w & all its inhabitants1 except himself1 are v bad1 %\ld be extremely happy4 ,9 fact1 ! effects w\ld h>dly be di/+ui%able f ^? ( optimism4 ,& optimism1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is a /ate ( m9d induc$ by /upidity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,syn!tic ,,nature ,,( ,,d$uction ,d\bt has (t5 be5 express$ z to :e!r a syllogism c add to our k 9 any way4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill & ,h5ri ,po9c>e1 9 p>ticul>1 held ! op9ion t ! conclusion ( a syllogism is an analytic judgm5t 9 ! s5se ( ,kant1 & !re=e c\ld be obta9$ by ! m]e dissection ( ! premisses4 ,any "o1 !n1 :o ma9ta9s t ma!matics is f\nd$ solely on logical pr9ciples w\ld appe> to ma9ta9 t ma!matics1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 r$uces to a huge tautology4 ,mill1 9 ,*apt] ,,iii ( ,book ,,ii ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 said t x mu/ be grant$ t 9 e syllogism1 consid]$ z an argum5t to prove ! conclusion1 !re is a petitio pr9cipii4 ,:5 we say ,all m5 are mortal1 ,socrates is a man1 !re=e ,socrates is mortal1 x is unansw]ably urg$ by ! adv]s>ies ( ! syllogi/ic !ory1 t ! proposition1 ,socrates is mortal1 is presuppos$ 9 ! m g5]al assumption1 ,all m5 are mortal2 t we _c be assur$ ( ! mortality ( all m5 unless we are already c]ta9 ( ! mortality ( e individual man2 t if x be /ill d\btful :e!r ,socrates1 or any o!r individual we *oose to "n1 be mortal or n1 ! same degree ( unc]ta9ty mu/ hang ov] ! ass]tion1 ,all m5 are mortal2 t ! g5]al pr9ciple1 in/ead ( be+ giv5 z evid5ce ( ! p>ticul> case1 _c itself be tak5 = true )\t exception until e %ad[ ( d\bt :i* c\ld affect any case compris$ ) x is dispell$ by evid5ce aliunde2 & !n :at rema9s = ! syllogism to prove8 ,t1 9 %ort1 no reason+ f g5]al to p>ticul> c1 z su*1 prove any?+1 s9ce f a g5]al pr9ciple we _c inf] any p>ticul>s b ^? :i* ! pr9ciple itself assumes z kn[n4 ,?is doctr9e appe>s to me irrefragable4444 ,b x is n difficult to see t 9 c]ta9 cases at lea/ d$uction gives u new k4#ef ,if we already "k t two & two always make f\r1 & t ,asqui? & ,lloyd ,george are two & s are ! ,g]man ,emp]or & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 we c d$uce t ,asqui? & ,lloyd ,george & ! ,g]man ,emp]or & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce are f\r4 ,?is is new k1 n conta9$ 9 our premisses1 because ! g5]al proposition1 two & two are f\r1 nev] told u !re 7 su* p z ,asqui? & ,lloyd ,george & ! ,g]man ,emp]or & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 & ! p>ticul> premisses did n tell u t !re 7 f\r ( !m1 :]eas ! p>ticul> proposition d$uc$ does tell u bo? ^! ?+s4 ,b ! newness ( ! k is mu* less c]ta9 if we take ! /ock in/ance ( d$uction t is always giv5 9 books on logic1 namely ,all m5 are mortal2 ,socrates is a man1 !re=e ,socrates is mortal4 ,9 ?is case :at we really "k beyond reasonable d\bt is t c]ta9 m51 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 7 mortal1 s9ce1 9 fact1 !y h di$4 ,if ,socrates is "o ( ^! m51 x is fooli% to g ! r\ndab\t way ?r\gh all m5 are mortal to arrive at ! conclusion t probably ,socrates is mortal4 ,if ,socrates is n "o ( ! m5 on :om our induction is bas$1 we %all /ill d bett] to argue /raight f our ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 to ,socrates1 ?an to g r\nd by ! g5]al proposition1 all m5 are mortal4 ,= ! probability t ,socrates is mortal is great]1 on our data1 ?an ! probability t all m5 are mortal4 ,?is is obvi\s1 because if all m5 are mortal1 s is ,socrates2 b if ,socrates is mortal1 x does n foll[ t all m5 are mortal4 ,h5ce we %all rea* ! conclusion t ,socrates is mortal1 ) a great] approa* to c]ta9ty if we make our argum5t purely inductive ?an if we g by way ( all m5 are mortal & !n use d$uction4 ,_m ye>s ago !re appe>$1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! initiative ( ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] ( ,ox=d1 a comic numb] ( ,m9d4 ,! idea 0 extraord9>ily good1 n s ! execution4 ,a ,g]man fri5d ( ,dr4 ,s*ill] 0 puzzl$ by ! appe>ance ( ! adv]tisem5ts1 :i* 7 d\btfully humor\s4 ,h[ev]1 by a syllogi/ic process1 he acquir$ in=mation :i* 0 new & useful to him1 & ?us incid5tally refut$ ,mill4 ,presumably he />t$ f ! title ( ! magaz9e 7,m9d671 = a m>k ( exclamation seems ne>ly always 9 ,g]man to be a sign ( an int5d$ joke 7includ+ ( c\rse ! m>k aft] ! polit5ess express$ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( a private lett] or a public address74 ,!re w\ld be1 !n1 ! foll[+ syllogism3 ,?is is a book ( w\ld-be jokes 7i4e4 ev]y?+ 9 ?is book is a w\ld-be joke72 ,?is adv]tisem5t is 9 ?is book2 ,!re=e1 ?is adv]tisem5t is a w\ld-be joke4 ,?us ! syllogism may be almo/ z p[]ful an ag5t 9 ! detection ( hum\r z ,m4 ,b]gson's crit]ion1 to be describ$ 9 a future *apt]4#eg ,,footnotes3 #ef ,! foll[+ passage is almo/ ^w = ^w ! same z a passage on pp4 #abc-e ( ,mr4 ,russell's ,problems ( ,philosophy1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aiab1 a ye> aft] ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's dea?4 ,x is easy ha/ily to conclude t ,mr4 ,russell 0 indebt$ to ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll to a great] degree ?an is usually suppos$4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! int]nal evid5ce leads u to ano!r conclusion4 ,! two texts1 x w be f\nd1 diff] only 9 ! names ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce & ! o!r p]sonages be+ replac$1 9 ! book ( #aiab1 by ^? ( ,messrs4 ,br[n1 ,jones1 ,smi?1 & ,rob9son4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,russell1 9 a new edition ( 8 ,problems issu$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,european w> & be=e ! ,russian revolution1 sub/itut$ ! ,emp]or ( ,russia = ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a ( ! fir/ edition4 ,h5ce x seems q likely t ,mr4 ,russell1 :o has always %[n a t5d5cy to sub/itute exi/5ts = non5tities1 wrote ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's notes4--sc,ed4_/sc #eg ,see ,*apt] ,,xlii4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,mortality ,,( ,,socrates ,! mortality ( ,socrates is s (t5 ass]t$ 9 books on logic t x may be z well briefly to consid] :at x means4 ,! phrase ,socrates is mortal may be ?us def9$3 ,!re is at lea/ "o in/ant t su* t t has n to ,socrates ! "o-_m relation ,r :i* is ! conv]se ( ! relation 'exi/s at1' & all in/ants foll[+ t h n ! relation ,r to ,socrates1 & !re is at lea/ "o in/ant t' su* t nei!r t' nor any in/ant prec$+ t' has ! relation ,r to ,socrates4 ,?is def9ition has _m m]its4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no assumption is made t ,socrates ev] liv$ at all4 ,9 ! second place1 no assumption is made t ! in/ants ( "t =m a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 no assumption is made z to :e!r ,socrates _h a fir/ or la/ mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,if "t be inde$ a cont9u\s s]ies1 !n we c easily d$uce#eh t !re mu/ h be5 ei!r a fir/ mom5t ( 8 non-exi/5ce or a la/ "o ( 8 exi/5ce1 b n bo?2 j z !re seems to be ei!r a greate/ weight t a man c lift or a lea/ weight t he _c lift1 b n bo?4#ei ,?is may be set =? z foll[s3 = ! pres5t we w n conc]n ourselves ) evid5ce = or aga9/ human immortality2 ,i w m]ely try to pres5t "s logical que/ions :i* p]si/5tly arise :5ev] we ?9k ( et]nal life4 ,"o ( ! greate/ m]its ( mod]n logic is t x has all[$ u to give precision to su* problems1 :ile def9itely ab&on+ any pret5sions ( solv+ !m2 & ,i w n[ apply ! logico-analytical me?od to "o ( ! problems ( our k ( ! et]nal _w4#fj ,we w />t f ! g5]ally accept$ proposition t all m5 are mortal4 ,cle>ly1 if we c\ld "k ea* individual man1 & "k t he 0 mortal1 t w\ld n enable u to "k t all m5 are mortal1 unless we knew1 9 addition1 t ^? 7 all ! m5 !re are4 ,b we ne$ n "h assume any su* k ( g5]al propositions2 &1 ?\gh mo/ ( u w admit t ! proposition 9 "q has great intr9sic plausibility1 x is n /rictly necess>y = our pres5t purpose to assume any?+ m ?an ! /ill m probable proposition ,socrates is mortal4 ,?is la/ proposition1 q ap>t f ! fact t we h a l>ge am\nt ( hi/orical evid5ce = its tru?1 has be5 repeat$ s (t5 9 books on logic t x has tak5 on ! respectable air ( a platitude :ile pres]v+ ! "* ( an exce$+ly probable tru?4 ,! tru? also results f ! fact t x is us$ z ! conclusion ( a syllogism4 ,= x is a well-kn[n fact t syllogisms c only be reg>d$ z =m+ "p ( a s\nd education if ! conclusions are obvi\sly true4 ,! use ( a syllogism ( ! =m ,all cats are ducks & all ducks are mice1 !re=e all cats are mice1 w\ld introduce grave d\bts into ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d z to :e!r logic c\ld any long] be consid]$ z a valuable m5tal tra9+ = :at are amus+ly call$ ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,if1 !n1 we divide all ! in/ants ( "t1 :e!r pa/1 pres5t1 or future1 into two s]ies--^? in/ants at :i* ,socrates 0 alive1 & ^? in/ants at :i* he 0 n alive--& leave out ( consid]ation1 = ! sake ( great] simplicity1 all ^? in/ants be=e he liv$1 we see at once1 by ! simple application ( ,d$ek9d's ,axiom1 t1 if ,socrates ent]$ into et]nal life aft] 8 dea?1 !re mu/ h be5 ei!r a la/ mom5t ( 8 e>?ly life or a fir/ mom5t ( 8 et]nal life1 b n bo?4 ,logic alone c give u no in=mation z to :i* ( ^! cases actually occurr$1 & we are ?r[n back on to a discussion ( empirical evid5ce4 ,x is no unusual ?+ to read ( p :o ?\ght t e mom5t w\ld be _! la/4 ,9 ?is case x is q obvi\s t !y consequ5tly ?\ght t et]nity w\ld h no beg9n+4 ,n[ "h we mu/ consid] two ?+s3 7#a7 ,x is pla9ly unsafe to conclude f :at p ?9k w happ5 to :at w happ52 7#b7 ev5 if we c\ld s conclude1 x w\ld be unsafe to d$uce t !re 0 a la/ mom5t 9 ! life ( ,socrates3 we c\ld only make ! guess plausible1 z we %\ld be us+ ! inductive me?od4 ,!re are two o!r pieces ( evid5ce t !re is a la/ mom5t ( any e>?ly exi/5ce1 :i* we may n[ briefly consid]4 ,t ?is 0 s 0 held by ,c>lo ,mi*ael/a$t]2 b s9ce he app>5tly only believ$ ?is because he want$1 by attribut+ a suppos$ e?ical value to t mom5t1 to give support to 8 !ory ( suicide1 we ought n to give great weight to ?is evid5ce4 ,secondly1 ,?omas ,hobbes object$ to ! pr9ciple t a quantity may gr[ less & less et]nally1 s z at la/ to be equal to ano!r quantity2 or1 :i* is all "o1 t !re is a la/ 9 et]nity z void ( s5se4 ,n[1 ! pr9ciple meant is true1 s t1 al?\gh ! o!r proposition m5tion$ by ,hobbes does n foll[ logically f ! fir/1 !re is "s evid5ce t ?is o!r is true4 ,9 fact1 t ,hobbes ?\ght t su*-&-su* a proposition foll[$ f ano!r proposition :i* he wrongly believ$ to be false1 is f> bett] evid5ce = ! tru? ( su*-&-su* a proposition ?an any we h = ! tru? ( mo/ ( our mo/ *]i%$ beliefs4 ,?irdly1 ,leibniz1 9 a dialogue#fa writt5 on 8 j\rney ( #afgf to visit ,sp9oza1 rais$ ! "q :e!r ! mom5t at :i* a man dies may be reg>d$ z bo? ! la/ mom5t at :i* he is alive & ! fir/ at :i* he is dead1 z x mu/ be by ,ari/otle's !ory ( cont9uity4 ,agreem5t ) ?is view violates ! law ( contradiction2 d5ial ( x implies t two mom5ts c be imm$iately adjac5t4 ,by ! d5ial1 !n1 we are l$ to reg>d space & "t z made up ( indivisible po9ts & mom5ts1 & ?us1 s9ce we c draw "o & only "o p>allel f any po9t 9 ! diagonal ( a squ>e to a giv5 side1 ! diagonal w conta9 ! same 7inf9ite7 numb] ( po9ts z t side1 & w !re=e be equal to x4 ,9 ?is ,leibniz repeat$ an argum5t us$ by ! anci5t ,arabs1 ,rog] ,bacon1 & ,william ( ,occam4 ,?is ,leibniz consid]$ to be a pro( t a l9e _c be an aggregate ( po9ts4 ,inde$1 _! numb] w\ld be ! numb] ( all numb]s ( ! greate/ possible integ]1 :i* is n4 ,x does n seem1 fur!r1 t any light is ?r[n on ! logical "q ( human mortality or immortality by legal decisions4 ,x w\ld appe> t "o c1 legally speak+1 be alive = any p]iod less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] "o is dead & be dead = any p]iod less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e "o's dea?4 ,at lea/1 accord+ to ,salkeld1 i4 #dd1 x 0 adjudg$ t if "o be born ! fir/ ( ,febru>y at elev5 at night1 & ! la/ ( ,janu>y 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( 8 age1 at "o ( ! clock 9 ! morn+1 he makes 8 w ( l&s1 & dies1 x is a good w1 = he 0 !n ( age4 ,9 ,sir ,rob]t ,h[>d's case 7ibid41 ii4 #fbe7 x 0 held by ,*ief ,ju/ice ,holt t if ,a be born on ! ?ird day ( ,septemb]2 & on ! second day ( ,septemb] tw5ty-"o ye>s aft]w>ds he make 8 w1 ?is is a good w2 = ! law w make no fraction ( a day1 & by consequ5ce he 0 ( age4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t 9 ?is way ! problem ) :i* we are conc]n$ is m]ely %ift$ & n solv$4 ,= ! "q z to :e!r !re is or is n a la/ mom5t ( a man's life is n answ]$ by ! decision t he dies legally tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e or aft] he dies 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 & ! problem arises z to :e!r !re is or is n a la/ mom5t ( 8 legal age4#fb ,s assum+ t !re 0 a la/ mom5t ( ,socrates's e>?ly life1 & consequ5tly no fir/ mom5t ( 8 et]nal life1 we see1 fur!r1 t1 unless ! possibility ( inf9ite numb]s is grant$1 x w\ld be q possible = u logically to d\bt ! possibility ( an et]nal life = ,socrates on ! same gr\nds z ^? :i* l$ ,z5o to ass]t t motion 0 impossible & t ,a*illes c\ld nev] ov]take ! ,tortoise4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be admitt$ t et]nity1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ,socrates1 _h a beg9n+1 ^! same argum5ts ( ,z5o w\ld lead any "o :o d5ies ! possibility ( inf9ite numb] to conclude t ,socrates1 l ! worm1 c nev] die4 ,?us is x q pla9 t ! difficulties ab\t immortality :i* meet u at ! v outset ( our inquiry c p>tly be solv$ only by ! help ( ! !ory ( inf9ite numb]s & p>tly1 x w\ld seem1 n at all4 ,!re is ano!r difficulty ab\t immortality :i* is q di/9ct f ?is & is analog\s to ano!r argum5t ( ,z5o4 ,if1 inde$1 all ! in/ants ( "t be divid$1 z be=e1 into ! two s]ies ( in/ants at :i* ,socrates 0 alive & in/ants at :i* he 0 n alive1 x foll[s at once t no in/ant ( "t is n acc\nt$ =4 ,at none ( ^! in/ants1 h[ev]1 does ,socrates die2 obvi\sly he _c die ei!r :5 he is alive or :5 he is dead4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ,socrates nev] di$1 & t we ought to re-def9e ! t]m mortal to mean a human be+ :o is alive at "s mom5ts & dead at "s4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ avoid ! v tempt+ conclusion t1 because ,socrates nev] di$1 he 0 !re=e immortal4 ,x is v important c>efully to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two argum5ts ,i h j set =?4 ,! second argum5t proves q rigidly t ,socrates &1 inde$1 anybody else1 nev] dies1 :e!r !re is or is n a la/ mom5t ( 8 life on e>?4 ,! fir/ argum5t proves t1 if !re is a fir/ mom5t ( ,socrates's et]nal life1 8 life on e>? nev] ends4 ,b we h se5 t we _c conclude t ?is un5d+ life proves t he nev] is or w be 9 a /ate ( et]nity4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,by ,d$ek9d's ,axiom1 ,e4 ,n41 p4 #aa4 #ei ,m41 vol4 xx41 #aiaj1 pp4 #acd-e4 #fj ,"h1 aga91 ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's "w seems to anticipate "s ( ,mr4 ,russell's lat] "w1 e4g4 9 ,our ,k ( ! ,ext]nal ,_w z a ,field = ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,philosophy1 ,*icago & ,london1 #aiad1 pp4 #c-d1 #ee-f1 et passim4--,,ed4 #fa ,pacidius ,philale?i 9 ,l\is ,c\turat1 ,opuscules et ,fragm5ts in$its de ,leibniz1 ,p>is1 #aijc1 pp4 #eid-fbg1 especially pp4 #eii1 #fja1 #fjh1 #faa4 ,cf4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,ha/+s' ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 vol4 iv41 ,"p #b1 ,ed9burgh1 #aiab1 p4 #if4--;,,ed42 ,rob]t ,latta1 ,leibniz3 ,! ,monadology & o!r ,philosophical ,writ+s1 ,ox=d1 #ahih1 pp4 #ba ff1 #bi 7note72 ,c\turat1 ,la ,logique de ,leibniz d'apres des docum5ts in$its1 ,p>is1 #aija1 pp4 #acj1 #acb2 & ,russell1 ,ph4 ,l41 pp4 #ajh-af1 #bdc-i4 #fb ,x may be rem>k$ t1 accord+ to ,! ,times ( ,decemb] #bj1 #aiag1 ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,s>gant1 9 ! ,*anc]y ,division1 also held t ! law did n recognize fractions ( a day1 & t ,"l ,blackburn1 9 8 decision 7#i ,app4 ,cas41 #cga1 #cgc7 t a man born on ! ?irte5? ( ,may #ahec atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o on ! ?irte5? ( ,may #ahgd 0 n speak+ /rictly4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,d5ot+ ,a concept d5otes :51 if x occurs 9 a proposition1 ! proposition is n ab\t ! concept1 b ab\t a t]m connect$ 9 a c]ta9 peculi> way ) ! concept4 ,"s p (t5 ass]t t man is mortal1 & yet we nev] see ann\nc$ 9 ,! ,times t ,man di$ on a c]ta9 day at 8 villa resid5ce ,camelot at ,upp] ,toot+1#fc nor d we he> t ,procra/9ation 0 aga9 ! butt ( ,mr4 ,pl[d5's jokes at ,m>ylebone ,police ,c\rt la/ week4 ,t two phrases may h diff]5t mean+s & ! same d5otation 0 discov]$ by ,alice & ,frege4 ,alice#fd obs]v$ t ! road :i* l$ to ,twe$l$um's h\se 0 t :i* l$ to ! h\se ( ,twe$l$ee2 & ,frege po9t$ out t ! phrases ! h\se to :i* ! road t leads to ,twe$l$um's h\se leads & ! h\se to :i* ! road t leads to ,twe$l$ee's h\se leads h diff]5t ,s9n1 b ! same ,b$eutung4 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,cf4 ,p4 ,m41 pp4 #ec-d4 #fd ,see ,app5dix ,m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,! ^w ! implies exi/5ce & uniqu5ess2 x is a mi/ake to talk ( ! son ( ,s-&-,s if ,s-&-,s has a f9e family ( t5 sons4#fe ,p :o ref] to ! ,ox=d ,movem5t imply t ,ox=d only mov$ once2 & ^? qua9t p :o say t ,a is q ! g5tleman imply bo? ! d\btful proposition t !re is only "o g5tleman 9 ! _w1 & ! indubitably false proposition t he is t man4 ,probably ,a is "o ( ^? p]sons :o add to ! confusion 9 ! use ( ! def9ite article by speak+ ( 8 wife z ! wife4 ,9 a c]ta9 ,*ildr5's ,hymn ,book "o reads3 ,! riv] va/ & small4 ,few w\ld d5y t !re is n m ?an "o su* riv]1 b un=tunately x is d\btful if !re is su* a riv] at all4 ,! case is exactly ! same ) ! ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! mo/ p]fect be+4#ff ,accord+ to ! ,daily ,mail ( ,octob] #i1 #aijf1 ,judge ,russell decid$ aga9/ a claim br\ght by an ag5t aga9/ 8 company = appo9t+ ano!r ag5t1 ! claim be+ on ! gr\nd t he 0 appo9t$ z ! ag5t4 ,mo/ p admit t ! numb] #b c be add$ to ! numb] #b to give ! numb] #d1 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,!y conc$e1 :5 !y use !1 t !re is only "o numb] #b1 & yet !y imag9e t1 :5 !y consid] x ap>t z ! fir/ t]m ( our above sum1 !y c f9d ano!r to add to x1 & !reby =m ! ?ird t]m4 ,! tru? is t #b #b #d is a v mislead+ equation1 & :at we really mean by t faultily abbreviat$ /atem5t is m precisely3 ,if x & y d5ote any ?+s :i* =m a class ,b1 & x' & y' any o!r ?+s t =m a class 7,a7 :i*1 l t ( x & y1 is a memb] ( ! class 7:i* we call #b7 ( ^? classes :i* h a "o-"o correspond5ce ) ,b 7s t any memb] ( ,a corresponds to "o1 & only "o1 memb] ( ,b1 & conv]sely71 ! class ( all ! t]ms ( ,a & ,b toge!r is a memb] ( t class ( classes :i*1 analog\sly1 we call #d4 ,9 ?is1 = ! sake ( %ortness1 we h introduc$ abbreviations :i* %\ld n be us$ 9 a rigor\s logical /atem5t4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,cf4 ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 #aije1 pp4 #dha1 #dhd4 #ff ,cf4 ibid41 p4 #dia1 note4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,non-,,entity ,:5 p say t su*-&-su* a ?+ is non-exi/5t !y usually mean t !re is n any ?+ ( ! k9d spok5 (4 ,v5n meant ?is :5 he describ$#fg 8 enc\nt] ) :at he imag9$ to be a v +5i\s tradesman3 ,i once _h "s /rawb]ry plants furni%$ me :i* ! v5dor admitt$ w\ld n be> _m b]ries4 ,b he assur$ me t ?is did n matt]1 s9ce !y made up 9 _! size :at !y lo/ 9 _! numb]4 7,he gave me1 9 fact1 ! hyp]bolic =mula1 xy c1 to connect ! numb] & magnitude47 ,:5 summ] came1 no fruit :atev] appe>$4 ,i saw t x w\ld be no use to compla91 because ! man w\ld urge t ! size ( ! non-exi/5t b]ry 0 inf9ite1 :i* ,i c\ld n see my way to disprove4 ,i _h =gott5 to b> z]o values ( ei!r v>iable4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is useful note 0 omitt$ 9 ! second edition ( ,v5n's book2 "o c imag9e t x might h protect$ ,mr4 ,mac,coll & ,h]r ,me9ong 7:o believ$1 unlike ,alice 9 :at may be call$ h] fir/ !ory1#fh 9 r\nd squ>es & fabul\s mon/]s7 aga9/ ! di%one/ practices ( trad]s :o 7 too ready ) promises4 ,= ! dea?-bl[ to ?is k9d ( trade 0 n giv5 until #aije1 :5 ,mr4 ,russell publi%$ 8 article ,on ,d5ot+1#fi & took up ! position ( ! ,:ite ,k+ 9 opposition to ,alice's lat] ass]tions4#gj ,v5n's exp]i5ce illu/rates ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ma!matical logic4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ord] to make our argum5ts conclusive1 to devote great c>e to ! elim9ation ( difficulties :i* r>ely occur4 ,! ,:ite ,knight--:o 0 l ,boole 9 be+ a pione] ( ma!matical logic 9 ?is way1 & yet seems to h held1 l ,boole1 ^? philosophical op9ions :i* w\ld base logic on psy*ology--recogniz$ ! necessity ( tak+ precautions aga9/ any unusual appe>ance ( mice on a horse's back4#ga ,,footnotes3 #fg ,s4 ,l41 #ahha1 p4 #cci1 note4 #fh ,see ,app5dix ,n4 #fi ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 xiv41 ,octob] #aije1 pp4 #dgi-ic4 #gj ,see ,app5dix ,n4 #ga ,see ,app5dix ,o4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,is ,is has f\r p]fectly di/9ct mean+s 9 ,engli%1 besides misuses ( ! ^w4 ,among ! misuses1 p]haps ! mo/ important are ^? ref]r$ to by ,de ,morgan3#gb 444 ,we say 'murd] is dea? to ! p]petrator' :]e ! copula is br+s2 'two & two are f\r1' ! copula be+ 'h ! value (1' etc4 ,s*ro$]#gc q satisfactorily po9t$ out ! well-kn[n di/9ction betwe5 an is :]e subject & pr$icate c be int]*ang$ 7su* z3 ! class ^: memb]s are ,%em1 ,ham & ,japhet is ! class ( ! sons ( ,noah7 & an is or are :]e !y _c 7su* z3 ,engli%m5 are ,britons71 b fail$ to see#gd ! m important di/9ction 7made by ,peano7 ( is 9 ! s5se ( is a memb] (4 ,if ,engli%m5 are ,britons1 & ,britons are civiliz$ p1 x foll[s t ,engli%m5 are civiliz$ p2 b1 ?\gh ! ,h>mswor? ,encyclopa$ia is a memb] ( ! class ,book 7( "o or m volumes71 & ?is class is ! memb] ( a class ,a ( :i* x is ! only memb]1 yet ! ,h>mswor? ,encyclopa$ia is n a memb] ( ,a1 = x is n true t x is ! :ole class ( books2 & su* a /atem5t w\ld n ev5 be made except possibly 9 ! =m ( an adv]tisem5t4 ,! f\r? mean+ ( is is exi/s2 x is 9 c]ta9 r>e moods a matt] = regret t !re are difficulties 9 ! way ( us+ "o ^w to d5ote f\r diff]5t ?+s4 ,=1 if !re 7 n1 we might prove ! exi/5ce ( any ?+ we please by mak+ x ! subject ( a proposition1 & !reby e>n ! gratitude ( !ologians4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,f4 ,l41 p4 #bfh4 #gc ,a4 d4 ,l41 i4 pp4 #abg sqq4 #gd ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dfa1 #eig4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,& ,,& ,,or ,:51 ) ,boole1 alt]natives 7,a1 ,b7 are consid]$ z mutually exclusive1 logical addition may be describ$ z ! process ( tak+ ,a & ,b or ,a or ,b4 ,x is a great & r>e conv5i5ce to h two t]ms = d5ot+ ! same ?+3 commonly1 p d5ote sev]al ?+s by ! same t]m1 & only ! ,g]mans h ! privilege ( ref]r+ to1 say1 cont9uity z ,/etigkeit or ,kont9ui]li*keit4 ,b ,jevons#ge quot$ ,milton1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,d>w9 to prove t alt]natives are n exclusive1 & s atta9$ fir/ to recogniz$ views by argum5ts :i* 7 pla9ly irrelevant4 ,( c\rse1 & is (t5 us$ z ! sign ( logical addition3 ?us "o may speak ( "o's bro!rs & si/]s1 )\t be+ und]/ood to mean ! null-class 7z %\ld be ! case71 or pray = "o's relations & fri5ds1 )\t be+ sure t "o's pray] w\ld be answ]$1--z x c]ta9ly w\ld if "o meant to pray = ! null-class1 ?is be+ ! class indicat$4 ,& a ^w l :ile is (t5 us$ = a logical addition1 :5 exclusiv5ess ( ! alt]natives is almo/ impli$4 ,?us1 a review] 9 ,m9d1#gf notic+ ! translation ( ,ma*'s ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures into ,am]ican1 said ( ! lectures t3 ,mo/ ( !m w be famili> 444 to epi/emologi/s & exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s3 :ile ! rema9d]1 :i* deal ) physical que/ions1 are well wor? read+4 ,! read] has ! impression1 probably giv5 un9t5tionally1 t ,pr(essor ,ma*'s epi/emological & psy*ological lectures are n1 9 ! review]'s op9ion1 wor? read+4 ,,footnotes3 #ge ,pure ,logic 4441 ,london1 #ahfd1 pp4 #gf-i4 ,cf4 ,v5n1 ,s4 ,l41 #bnd ed41 pp4 #dj-h4 #gf ,n4 ,s41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bfa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,relations ,! ,conv]sion ( ,relations does n mean :at x might be suppos$ to mean2 x has no?+ to d ) :at ,kant call$ ! :olesome art ( p]suasion4 ,:at conc]ns u "h is ! conv]tibility ( a logical relation4 ,if ,a has a c]ta9 relation ,r to ,b1 ! relation ( ,b to ,a1 :i* may be d5ot$ by v,r1 is call$ ! conv]se ( ,r4 ,z ,de ,morgan#gg rem>k$1 ?is conv]sion may sometimes pres5t difficulties4 ,! foll[+ is ,de ,morgan's example3 ,tea*]3 ',n[1 boys1 ,%em1 ,ham & ,japhe? 7 ,noah's sons2 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,%em1 ,ham & ,japhe?8' ,no answ]4 ,tea*]3 ',boys1 y "k ,mr4 ,smi?1 ! c>p5t]1 opposite2 has he any sons8' ,boys3 ',oh6 yes1 sir6 !re's ,bill & ,b54' ,tea*]3 ',& :o is ! fa!r ( ,bill & ,b5 ,smi?8' ,boys3 ',:y1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 to be sure4' ,tea*]3 ',well1 !n1 once m1 ,%em1 ,ham & ,japhe? 7 ,noah's sons2 :o 0 ! fa!r ( ,%em1 ,ham & ,japhe?8' ,a long pause2 at la/ a boy1 indignant at :at he ?\ght ! attempt$ trick1 cri$ out3 ',x c\ldn't h be5 ,mr4 ,smi?4' ,^! boys _h nev] conv]t$ ! relation ( fa!r & son4444 ,,footnotes3 #gg ,trans4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc41 vol4 x41 #ahfd1 "p ii41 note on page #ccd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,previ\s ,,philosophical ,,!ories ,,( ,,ma!matics ,ma!maticians usually try to f\nd ma!matics on two pr9ciples3#gh "o is ! pr9ciple ( confusion betwe5 ! sign & ! ?+ signifi$ 7!y call ?is pr9ciple ! f\ndation-/one ( ! =mal !ory71 & ! o!r is ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,id5tity ( ,disc]nibles 7:i* !y call ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( equival5t =ms74 ,b ! tru? is t if we set sail on a voyage ( discov]y ) ,logic alone at ! helm1 we mu/ ei!r ?r[ su* pr9ciples z ! id5tity ( ^? conceptions :i* h 9 common ! prop]ties t int]e/ u & ! pr9ciple ( p]man5ce ov]bo>d1 or1 if we d n l to act 9 su* a way to old companions ) :om we are s famili> t we c h>dly feel contempt = !m1 at lea/ recognize !m cle>ly z hav+ no logical validity & m]ely z psy*ological pr9ciples1 & r$uce !m to ! humble rank ( /ew>ds1 to m9i/] to our human weaknesses on ! voyage4 ,& !n1 if we adopt ! wise policy ( keep+ our axioms d[n to ! m9imum numb]1 we mu/ refra9 f creat+ or ?9k+ t we are creat+ new numb]s to fill up gaps among ! old] ones1 & !nce recognize t our rational numb]s are n p>ticul> cases ( real numb]s1 & s on4 ,we ?us get a _w ( conceptions :i* looks1 & is1 v diff]5t f t :i* ord9>y ma!maticians ?9k !y see2 & p]haps ?is is ! reason :y "s ma!maticians ( great em95ce1 su* z ,hilb]t & ,po9c>e1 h produc$ su* absurd discussions on ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ma!matics1#gi %[+ once m ! tru? ( ! n q orig9al rem>k ( ,aunt ,jane1 :o 444 obs]v$1 ! second "t ,%e tumbl$ (f a 'bus3 ,! /ep is %ort f ! sublime ,to ! ridicul\s4 ,9 _! read9ess to consid] _m diff]5t ?+s z "o ?+--to consid]1 = example1 ! ratio #b3a z ! same ?+ z ! c>d9al numb] #b--su* ma!maticians z ,peacock1 ,hankel1 & ,s*ub]t 7 =e/all$ by ! ,pigeon1 :o ?\ght t ,alice & ! ,s]p5t 7 ! same creature1 because bo? _h long necks & ate eggs4#hj ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ! ,pigeon w\ld h foll[$ ! example ( ! ma!maticians j m5tion$ s f> z to embrace ! cre$ ( nom9alism & s to feel no difficulty 9 subtract+ f z]o--a difficulty :i* 0 po9t$ out ) great acut5ess by ! ,hatt]#ha & mod]n ma!matical logicians4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,^! pr9ciples1 aft] _m attempts to /ate !m by ,peacock1 ! ,r$ & ! ,:ite ,que5 7see ,app5dix ,p71 ,hankel1 ,s*ro$]1 & ,s*ub]t _h be5 made1 7 fir/ precisely =mulat$ by ,frege 9 ,z4 ,s42 cf4 also ,*apt] ,,vii4 #gi ,see ,c\turat1 ,r4 ,m4 ,m41 vol4 xiv41 ,m>*1 #aijf1 pp4 #bjh-ej1 & ,russell1 ibid41 ,septemb]1 #aijf1 pp4 #fbg-cd4 #hj ,see ,app5dix ,p4 #ha ,see ibid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,f9ite ,,& ,,inf9ite ,i 0 once %[n a /atem5t made by an em95t ma!matician ( ,cambridge f :i* "o w\ld conclude t ?is ma!matician ?\ght t f9ite di/ances became inf9ite :5 !y 7 great en\gh4 ,9 "o ( ^? spl5didly pr9t$ books1 b\nd 9 blue1 publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ,press1 & sold at ab\t a gu9ea z a guide to "s advanc$ bran* ( pure ma!matics1 "o may read1 ev5 9 ! second edition publi%$ 9 #aijj1 ! words3 ,repres5tation ( a complex v>iable on a plane is obvi\sly m effective = po9ts at a f9ite di/ance f ! orig9 ?an = po9ts at a v great di/ance4 ,pla9ly "s ( ! po9ts at a v great di/ance are at a f9ite di/ance1 = ! same au?or m5tions t ,neumann's sph]e = repres5t+ ! positions ( po9ts on a plane has ! advantage 444 ( exhibit+ ! uniqu5ess ( z inf9ity symbol z a value ( ! v>iable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,! ,,ma!matical ,,atta9m5ts ,,( ,,tri/ram ,,%&y ,tri/ram ,%&y#hb said t 8 fa!r 0 sometimes a ga9] by mis=tune2 = if ! pleasure ( h>angu+ ab\t x 0 z t51 & ! mis=tune itself only z five1 he ga9$ half 9 half1 & 0 well (f aga9 z if ! mis=tune _h nev] happ5$4 ,suppose t ! unit 7arbitr>y7 ( pleasure is d5ot$ by ,a1 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 by neglect+1 9 ?is e?ical discussion1 to introduce negative quantities 7,kant's pamphlet advocat+ ?is introduction into philosophy 0 made subsequ5tly#hc71 app>5tly made #ae;,a to result1 & ?is c h>dly be ma9ta9$ to be ! half ( #aj;,a4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ,tri/ram ,%&y succe$$ 9 prov+ ! app>5tly p>adoxical equation #ae;,a #e;,a by rem>k+ t ! axiom ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p does n always hold4 ,?is rem>k foll[s at once f :at ,mr4 ,russell#hd has call$ ,! ,p>adox ( ,tri/ram ,%&y4 ,?is p>adox is describ$ by ,mr4 ,russell z foll[s3 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 z we "k1 took two ye>s writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ two days ( 8 life1 & lam5t$ t1 at ?is rate1 mat]ial w\ld accumulate fa/] ?an he c\ld deal ) x1 s t he c\ld nev] come to an end4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta9 t1 if he _h liv$ = ev]1 & n we>i$ ( 8 task1 !n1 ev5 if 8 life _h cont9u$ z ev5tfully z x began1 no "p ( 8 biography w\ld h rema9$ unwritt54 ,?is p>adox is /rictly correlative to ! well-kn[n p>adox ( ,z5o ab\t ,a*illes & ! ,tortoise4#he ,! ,a*illes proves t two v>iables 9 a cont9u\s s]ies1 :i* approa* equality f ! same side1 _c ev] h a common limit3 ! ,tri/ram ,%&y proves t two v>iables :i* />t f a common t]m1 & proce$ 9 ! same direction1 b div]ge m & m1 may yet det]m9e ! same limit+ class 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily a segm5t1 because segm5ts 7 def9$ z hav+ t]ms beyond !m74 ,! ,a*illes assumes t :ole & "p _c be simil>1 & d$uces a p>adox2 ! o!r1 />t+ f a platitude1 d$uces t :ole & "p may be simil>4 ,= common-s5se1 x mu/ be confess$ t x is a mo/ un=tunate /ate ( ?+s4 ,& ,mr4 ,russell consid]s t1 9 ! face ( pro(s1 x ought to commit suicide 9 despair4 ,n[1 ,i sugge/ ! extremely unlikely possibility t ,tri/ram ,%&y1 by reflection on 8 own life & lit]>y lab\rs1 0 l$ to ! correct c\rse ( accept+ ! p>adox :i* result$ f ?is reflection & reject+ ! ,a*illes4 ,?us1 he conclud$ t an inf9ite :ole may be simil> 7or1 9 ,cantor's t]m9ology1 equival5t7 to a prop] "p ( itself1 & h5ce1 by a confusion ( simil>ity ) id5tity 7or equival5ce ) equality7 :i* he %>es ) "s subsequ5t philosoph]s1#hf t a :ole may be equal to a prop] "p ( itself4 ,if ,a is an inf9ite class1 x is n difficult to see t we c h #aj;,a #e;,a4 ,9 ?is way _m h avoid$ an op9ion :i* re/s on no bett] f\ndation ?an t =m]ly ent]ta9$ by ! inductive philosoph]s ( ,c5tral ,africa1 t all m5 are black4#hg ,,footnotes3 #hb ,cf4 a lett] ( ,de ,morgan 9 ,mrs4 ,de ,morgan's ,memoir ( ,augu/us ,de ,morgan1 p4 #cbd4 #hc ,kant's tract 0 publi%$ 9 #agfc1 :ile ,tri/ram ,%&y 0 publi%$ 9 #agfj4 #hd ,p4 ,m41 pp4 #ceh-i ,cf4 ,m41 vol4 xxii41 ,janu>y #aiab1 p4 #ahg4--;,,ed4 #he ,cf4 ,p4 ,m41 pp4 #cej1 #ceh-i2 ,m41 vol4 xxii41 #aiab1 p4 #aeg4 #hf ,cf4 = example1 ,cosmo ,gua/ella1 ,dell' inf9ito1 ,pal]mo1 #aiab4--;,,ed4 #hg ,cf4 ,russell1 ,p4 ,m41 p4 #cfj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,h>d%ips ,,( ,a ,,man ,,) ,,an ,,unlimit$ ,,income ,i once he>d a man ref] to 8 income z limit$1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! h>d%ip ( a class ( m51 ( :i* he ( c\rse 0 "o1 9 hav+ to pay a some:at high income-tax4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is man spoke envi\sly1 & consequ5tly admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( m =tunately plac$ individuals :o _h unlimit$ incomes4 ,a little reflection w\ld h %[n ! man t he 0 n tak+ up a p>adoxical attitude4 ,a p>adoxical attitude is ( c\rse ! ass]tion ( "o or m propositions ( :i* ! tru? _c be p]ceiv$ by a philosoph]--& p>ticul>ly an ideali/--& c be p]ceiv$ by a logician & occasionally1 b n always1 by a man ( common-s5se4 ,su* propositions are3 ,! cat is hungry1 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 & ,a ?+ :i* is always at re/ may move f ! position ,a to ! diff]5t position ,b4 ,n[1 if a man _h an unlimit$ income1 x is an imm$iate inf]5ce t1 h[ev] l[ income-tax might be1 he w\ld h to pay annually to ! ,ex*equ] ( 8 nation a sum equal 9 value to 8 :ole income4 ,fur!r1 if 8 income 0 d]iv$ f a capital inve/$ at a f9ite rate ( int]e/ 7z is usual71 ! annual paym5ts ( income-tax w\ld ea* be equal 9 value to ! man's :ole capital4 ,if1 !n1 ! man ) an unlimit$ income *ose to be discont5t$1 he w\ld be sure ( a sympa!tic audi5ce among philosoph]s & bus9ess acqua9tances2 b discont5t c\ld n la/ long1 = ! ?\ght ( ! difficulties he 0 putt+ 9 ! way ( ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 :o w\ld f9d ! draw+ up ( 8 budget mo/ puzzl+1 w\ld be amus+4 ,aga91 ! discov]y t1 aft] pay+ an inf9ite income-tax1 ! income w\ld be q undim9i%$1 w\ld obvi\sly af=d satisfaction1 ?\gh p]haps ! satisfaction might be mix$ ) a slight uneas9ess z to any action ! ,commission]s ( ,income-,tax might take 9 view ( ?is fact4 ,a problem ( a :olly diff]5t nature is connect$ ) ! possible pur*ase by ! man ) an unlimit$ income ( an enum]able inf9ity ( pairs ( boots4 ,if he wi%$ to prove t he _h an ev5 numb] ( boots1 x w\ld be easy if "r boots 7 di/+ui%able f left ones1 b if ! man 7 a faddi/ ( su* a k9d t he insi/$ t 8 left boots %\ld n be made 9 any way diff]5tly f 8 "r ones1 x w\ld n be possible = him to prove ! !orem m5tion$ unless he assum$ :at is kn[n z ! multiplicative axiom4 ,9 fact ?is axiom %[s t x is legitimate to pick out an inf9ite succession ( memb]s ( an inf9ite class 9 an arbitr>y way4 ,9 ! case ( ! pairs ( boots1 ea* pair conta9s two memb]s1 & if !re is no means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m1 :5 we wi% to pick out "o ( !m = ea* ( ! inf9ity ( pairs1 we _c say :i* ones we mean to pick out unless we assume1 by means ( ! above axiom1 t a p>ticul>iz$ memb] c always be f\nd ev5 ) ?+s ( ea* ( :i* x c be said t1 l ,private ,james 9 ! ,bab ,ballads1 ,no *>act]i/ic trait _h he ,( any di/9ctive k9d4 ,h[ev]1 a solution ( ! puzzle 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,d5es ,ko5ig ( ,budape/4 ,y fir/ prove t !re are po9ts 9 space su* t1 if ,p is "o ( !m1 n m ?an a f9ite numb] ( pairs ( boots are su* t ea* c5tre ( mass ( ! two memb]s ( a pair is equidi/ant f ,p4 ,tak+ a po9t ,p ( ?is sort1 select f ea* pair ! boot ^: c5tre ( mass is ne>e/ ,p4 7,!re may be a f9ite numb] ( pairs left ov]1 b !y c be dealt ) arbitr>ily47 ,ano!r =m ( ! problem is z foll[s4 ,e "t ! man b\ght a pair ( boots he also b\ght a pair ( socks to g ) x2 he _h an enum]able inf9ity ( pairs ( ea*1 & ! problem is to prove t he _h z _m boots z he _h socks4 ,9 ?is case ! boots1 we w suppose1 c be divid$ into "r & left1 b ! socks _c4 ,?us !re are an enum]able inf9ity ( boots1 b ! numb] ( ! socks _c be det]m9$ )\t admitt+ ! axiom m5tion$ above4 ,a fur!r difficulty might arise if ! own] ( ! boots & socks lo/ "o leg 9 "s accid5t1 & told 8 butl] to give away half 8 socks4 ,naturally ! butl] w\ld f9d great logical difficulties 9 s do+1 & x w\ld seem to be an int]e/+ e?ical problem :e!r he %\ld be dismiss$ f 8 situation = fail+ to prove ! multiplicative axiom4 ,aga91 if ! butl] /ole a pair ( boots1 ! millionaire w\ld h z _m pairs z be=e1 b might h few] boots4 ,!re is z yet no evid5ce t ! numb] ( 8 boots is equal to or great] ?an ! numb] ( pairs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,magnitude ,,( ,,c>d9al ,,numb]s ,! !orems ( c>d9al ari?metic are frequ5tly us$ 9 ord9>y conv]sation4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,s*ro$]-,b]n/e9 !orem 0 us$1 long be=e ,b]n/e9 or ,s*ro$]1 by ,edw>d ,?url[1 aft]w>d ! law-"l ,"l ,?url[1 :5 an und]graduate ( ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,?url[ 0 rebuk$ = idl5ess by ! ,ma/]1 :o said to him3 ,:5ev] ,i look out ( ! w9d[1 ,mr4 ,?url[1 ,i see y cross+ ! ,c\rt4 ,! provo/ ?us ass]t$ a "o-"o correspond5ce betwe5 ! class ,a ( 8 acts ( look+ out ( ! w9d[ & a "p ( ! class ,b ( ,?url['s acts ( cross+ ! ,c\rt4 ,?url[ ass]t$ 9 reply a "o-"o correspond5ce betwe5 ,b & a "p ( ,a3 ,:5ev] ,i cross ! ,c\rt ,i see y look+ out ( ! w9d[4 ,! ,s*ro$]-,b]n/e9 !orem1 !n1 all[s u to conclude t !re is a "o-"o correspond5ce betwe5 ! classes ,a & ,b4 ,t ,a & ,b 7 f9ite classes is n ! fault ( ! ,ma/] or ,?url[2 nor is x relevant logically4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,unkn[able ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,gupta1#hh ! fir/ ?+ t e /ud5t ( ,h9du logic has to le>n :5 he is said to beg9 ! /udy ( inf]5ce is t all ,h is ,s is n always equival5t to ,no ,h is n ,s4 ,! latt] proposition is an absurdity :5 ,s is ,kebalanvayi1 i4e4 cov]s ! :ole sph]e ( ?\ght & exi/5ce4444 ',kn[able' & ',nameable' are among ! examples ( ,kebalanvayi t]ms4 ,if y say !re is a ?+ n-kn[able1 h[ d y "k x8 ,if y say !re is a ?+ n-nameable1 y mu/ po9t t out1 i4e4 someh[ "n x4 ,?us y contradict y\rself4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( ! ,unkn[able gives rise to "s amus+ ?\ghts4 ,to /ate t all k ( su* & su* a ?+ is above a c]ta9 p]son's intellig5ce is n self-contradictory1 b m]ely rude3 to /ate t all k ( a c]ta9 ?+ is above all possible human intellig5ce is nons5se1 9 spite ( its mode/1 platitud9\s appe>ance4 ,= ! /atem5t seems to %[ t we d "k some?+ ( x1 viz4 t x is unkn[able4 ,to ! la/ 7#aijj7 edition ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 0 add$ a ,po/script to ,"p ,i1 9 :i* ! ju/ice ( ?is simple & well-kn[n criticism z to ! contradiction involv$ 9 speak+ ( an ,unkn[able1 :i* _h be5 (t5 made dur+ ! =ty odd ye>s 9 :i* ! v>i\s editions _h be5 on ! m>ket1 0 grudg+ly ackn[l$g$ z foll[s3#hi ,x is d\btless true t say+ :at a ?+ is n1 is1 9 "s measure1 say+ :at x is2444 ,h5ce x _c be d5i$ t to affirm ( ! ,ultimate ,reality t x is unkn[able is1 9 a remote way1 to ass]t "s k ( x1 & !re=e involves a contradiction4 ,! ,po/script rem9ds "o ( ! po/script to a c]ta9 ,iri%man's lett]4 ,?is ,iri%man1 miss+ 8 razors aft] 8 return f a visit to a fri5d1 wrote to 8 fri5d1 giv+ precise directions :]e to look = ! miss+ razors2 b1 be=e po/+ ! lett]1 add$ a po/script to ! effect t he _h f\nd ! razors4 ,"o is tempt$ to inquire1 analog\sly1 :at might be1 9 view ( ! ,po/script1 ! po9t ( mu* ( ,sp5c]'s ,"p ,i4 ,x is1 to use ,de ,morgan's#ij description ( ! argum5ts ( "s :o ma9ta9 t we c "k no?+ ab\t inf9ity1 ( ! same =ce z t ( ! man :o answ]$ ! "q h[ long he _h be5 deaf & dumb4 ,b ! be/ "p ( ! joke aga9/ ,mr4 ,sp5c] is t he1 z we %all see 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxviii1 0 refut$ by a fallaci\s argum5t1 & ?us mi/ak5ly ass]t$ ! validity ( ! refutation ( rem>ks :i* happ5 to be uns\nd4 ,! analogy ( ! contradiction ( ,burali-,=ti ) ! contradiction involv$ 9 ! notion ( an unkn[able may be set =? z foll[s4 ,if ,a %\ld say to ,b3 ,i "k ?+s :i* y nev] by any possibility c "k1 he may be speak+ ! tru?4 ,9 ! same way1 ,greek3 o may be said1 )\t contradiction1 to transc5d all ! f9ite integ]s4 ,b if "s "o else1 ,c1 %\ld say3 ,!re are "s ?+s :i* no human be+ c ev] "k any?+ ab\t1 he is talk+ nons5se4#ia ,& 9 ! same way if we succe$$ 9 imag9+ a numb] :i* transc5ds all numb]s1 we h succe$$ 9 imag9+ ! absurdity ( a numb] :i* transc5ds itself4 ,all ! p>adoxes ( logic 7or ! !ory ( aggregates7 are analog\s to ! difficulty aris+ f a man's /atem5t3 ,i am ly+4#ib ,9 fact1 if ?is is true1 x is false1 & vice v]sa4 ,if su* a /atem5t is spread out a little1 x becomes an amus+ hoax or an epigram4 ,?us1 "o may pres5t to a fri5d a c>d be>+ on bo? sides ! words3 ,! /atem5t on ! o!r side ( ?is c>d is false2 :ile ! fir/ ( ! epigrams d]iv$ f ?is pr9ciple seems to h be5 writt5 by a ,greek satiri/3#ic ,l]ians are bad2 n "s bad & "s n2 ,b all2 !re's n a ,l]ian 9 ! lot1 ,save ,procles1 t y c\ld a good man call2-- ,& ,procles--is a ,l]ian aft] all4 ,?is is ! orig9al ( a well-kn[n epigram by ,porson1 :o rem>k$ t all ,g]mans are ignorant ( ,greek metres1 ,all1 save only ,h]mann2-- ,& ,h]mann's a ,g]man4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 iv41 #ahie1 p4 #afh4 #hi ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #f? ed41 #aijj1 pp4 #ajg-aj4 ,! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 #ij ,note on p4 #f ( 8 pap]3 ,on ,inf9ity2 & on ! ,sign ( ,equality1 ,trans4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc41 vol4 xi41 "p i41 pp4 #a-de 7read ,may #af1 #ahfd74 #ia ,! ass]tion ( ! f9itude ( a man's m9d appe>s to be nons5se2 bo? because1 if we say t ! m9d ( man is limit$ we tacitly po/ulate an unkn[able1 & because1 ev5 if ! human m9d 7 f9ite1 !re is no m reason aga9/ its conceiv+ ! inf9ite ?an !re is = a m9d to be blue 9 ord] to conceive a pair ( blue eyes 7cf4 ,de ,morgan1 loc4 cit474 #ib ,russell1 ,r4 ,m4 ,m41 vol4 xiv41 ,septemb] #aijf1 pp4 #fcb-c1 #fdj-d4 #ic ,! ,greek ,an?ology1 by ,"l ,neaves 7,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% ,read]s71 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahig1 p4 #aid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,mr4 ,,sp5c]1 ,,! ,,a?anasian ,,cre$ ,,& ,,! ,,articles ,:51 9 :at ,i believe is mislead+ly kn[n z ,! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 p say ,! ,fa!r incompreh5sible1 & s on1 !y are n fall+ into ! same error z ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 = ! ,lat9 equival5t = incompreh5sible is m]ely imm5sus1 & ,bi%op ,hilsey translat$ x m correctly z immeasurable4#id ,x is a regrettable fact t ,dr4 ,blunt1#ie 9 8 mi/ak5 mode/y1 has add$ a note to ?is passage t3 ,yet x is true t a mean+ n int5d$ 9 ! ,cre$ has develop$ itself ?r\gh ?is *ange ( language1 = ! ,nature ( ,god is z f> beyond ! grasp ( ! m9d z x is beyond ! possibility ( be+ conta9$ )9 local b\nds4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] seems no happi] :5 we comp>e 8 /atem5ts ) ^? 9 ! ,anglican ,articles ( ,religion4 ,!re ,god is nev] ref]r$ to z inf9ite4 ,x is true t ,8 p[] & goodness are s ref]r$ to2 b ?is defici5cy 0 presumably br\ght ab\t int5tionally1 s t fai? might ga9 9 mean+ z "t w5t on4 ,,footnotes3 #id ,a4 ,c4 ,p41 p4 #bag4 #ie ,ibid41 p4 #bah4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,hum\r ,,( ,,ma!maticians ,brahmagupta's problem#if appe>s to be ! e>lie/ in/ance ( a k9d ( joke :i* has be5 mu* us$ by ma!maticians4 ,= ! sake ( giv+ a c]ta9 picturesqu5ess to ! data ( problems1 & s to excite t sort ( int]e/ :i* is p>tly express$ by a smile1 ma!maticians h got into ! habit ( talk+1 = example1 ( monkeys 9 ! =m ( geometrical po9ts climb+ up massless ropes4 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,/aeckel#ig truly rem>k$ t physiological me*anics--! me*anics ( bones1 muscles1 & s on--is :olly diff]5t f ?is4 ,!re 0 once a lectur] on ma!matics at ,cambridge :o us$ ye>ly to prop\nd to 8 pupils a problem 9 rigid dynamics :i* relat$ to ! motion ( a g>d5 roll] suppos$ to be )\t mass or friction1 :5 a heavy & p]fectly r\gh insect walk$ r\nd ! int]ior ( x 9 ! direction ( normal roll+4 ,hi!rto ?is has be5 ! only ma!matical outlet = ! hum\r ( ma!maticians2 & ^? :o really _h ! int]e/s ( ma!matics at he>t saw ) al>m ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds s*ola/icism 9 ma!matical jokes4 ,=tunately ! discov]y ( logic by "s ma!maticians has remov$ ?is dang]4 ,/ill to _m ma!maticians logic is /ill unkn[n1 & to !m--to ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s*o5flies = example--mod]n ma!matics1 ow+ to its alliance ) logic1 appe>s to be s9k+ into s*ola/icism4 ,x is true t ! ^w s*ola/icism is n us$ by ,pr(essor ,s*o5flies 9 any int5tionally precise signification1 b m]ely z a vague epi!t ( disapproval1 z ! ^w socialism is us$ by ! ord9>y phili/9e1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly s]ve z a suffici5t excuse4 ,b no excuse is ne$$3 ^! op9ions are !mselves a s\rce ( ma!matical jokes4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,see ,*apt] ,,xii4 #ig ,encykl4 d] ma?4 ,wiss41 vol4 iv41 "p i41 p4 #dgd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,p>adoxes ,,( ,,logic ,we h already#ih ref]r$ to ! contempt %[n by "s ma!maticians = exact ?\ght1 :i* !y condemn "u ! "n ( s*ola/icism4 ,an example ( ?is is giv5 by ,s*o5flies 9 ! second "p ( 8 publication usually kn[n z ! ,b]i*t ueb] ,m5g5lehre4#ii ,"h#ajj a battle-cry 9 italics-- ,aga9/ all resignation1 b also aga9/ all s*ola/icism6-- f\nd utt]ance4 ,lat] on1 ,s*o5flies#aja became bold] & adopt$ a m p]sonal battle-cry1 also 9 italics1 & ) a :ole l9e to itself3 ,= ,cantorism b aga9/ ,russellism6 ,cantorism means ! !ory ( transf9ite aggregates & numb]s erect$ = ! mo/ "p by ,georg ,cantor4 ,%ortly speak+1 ! great s9 ( ,russellism is to h gone too f> 9 ! *a9 ( logical d$uction = _m ma!maticians1 :o 7 p]haps1 l ,s*o5flies1#ajb bl9d$ by _! r uncritical love ( ma!matics4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ,s*o5flies#ajc d5\nces ,russellism z s*ola/ic & unheal?y4 ,?is que] bl5d ( qualities w\ld surely ar\se ! curiosity ( ! mo/ blase z to :at /range ?+ ,russellism mu/ be4#ajd ,s*o5flies#aje said t "s ma!maticians attribut$ to ! logical p>adoxes :i* h giv5 ,russell s mu* tr\ble to cle> up1 especially to ^? t are artificially con/ruct$1 a significance t !y d n h4 ,yet no gr\nds 7 giv5 = ?is ass]tion1 f :i* x might be conclud$ t ! rigid exam9ation ( any concept 0 unimportant4 ,! p>adoxes are simply ! necess>y results ( c]ta9 logical views :i* are curr5tly held1 :i* views d n1 except :5 !y are exam9$ r closely1 appe> to conta9 any difficulty4 ,! contradiction is n felt1 z x happ5s1 by p :o conf9e _! att5tion to ! fir/ few numb]-classes ( ,cantor1 & ?is seems to h giv5 rise to ! op9ion1 :i* x is a little surpris+ to f9d t "s /ill hold1 t cases n usually met )1 ?\gh fall+ "u ! same concept z ^? usually met )1 are ( little importance4 ,"o might j z well ma9ta9 t cont9u\s b n diff]5tiable functions are unimportant because !y are artificially con/ruct$--a t]m :i* ,i suppose means t !y d n pres5t !mselves :5 unask$ =4 ,r %\ld we say t x is by ! discov]y & inve/igation ( su* cases t ! concept 9 "q c alone be judg$1 & ! validity ( c]ta9 !orems--if !y are valid--conclusively prov$4 ,t ?is has be5 done1 *iefly by ! "w ( ,russell1 is simply a fact2 t ?is "w has be5 & is misund]/ood by _m#ajf is regrettable = ?is reason1 among o!rs1 t x proves t1 at ! pres5t "t1 z 9 ! days 9 :i* ,gulliv]'s ,travels 7 writt51 "s ma!maticians are bad reason]s4#ajg ,ne>ly all ma!maticians agre$ t ! way to solve ^! p>adoxes 0 simply n to m5tion !m2 b !re 0 "s div]g5ce ( op9ion z to h[ !y 7 to be unm5tion$4 ,x 0 cle>ly unsatisfactory m]ely n to m5tion !m4 ,?us ,po9c>e 0 app>5tly ( op9ion t ! be/ way ( avoid+ su* awkw>d subjects 0 to m5tion t !y 7 n to be m5tion$4 ,b#ajh "o might z well1 9 talk+ to a man ) a long nose1 say3 ',:5 ,i speak ( noses1 ,i except su* z are inord9ately long1' :i* w\ld n be a v successful ef=t to avoid a pa9ful topic4 ,s*o5flies1 9 8 pap] ( #aiaa m5tion$ above1 adopt$ ! conv5i5t plan ( ref]r+ ^! logical difficulties at ! root ( ma!matics to a dep>tm5t ( k :i* he call$ philosophy4 ,he said#aji ( ! !ory ( aggregates t ?\gh born ( ! acut5ess ( ! ma!matical _s1 x has gradually fall5 into philosophical ways1 & has lo/ to "s ext5t ! compell+ =ce :i* dwells 9 ! ma!matical process ( conclusion4 ,! majority ( ma!maticians h foll[$ ,s*o5flies r ?an ,po9c>e1 & h ?us adopt$ tactics r l ^? ( ! ,m>* ,h>e & ! ,gryphon1#aaj :o promptly *ang$ ! subject :5 ,alice rais$ awkw>d que/ions4 ,inde$1 ! process ( ! fir/ ( ^! creatures ( a *ild's dream is r pref]able to t ( ,s*o5flies4 ,! ,m>* ,h>e refus$ to discuss ! subject because he 0 bor$ :5 difficulties arose4 ,s*o5flies w\ld n say t he 0 bor$--he pr(ess$ int]e/ 9 philosophical matt]s1 b simply call$ ! logical cont9uation ( a subject by ano!r "n :5 he did n wi% to discuss ! cont9uation1 & ?us impli$ t he _h discuss$ ! :ole subject4 ,fur!r1 ,s*o5flies w\ld n app>5tly admit t ! "o me?od ( logic c\ld be appli$ to ! solution ( bo? ma!matical & philosophical problems1 9 s f> z ^! problems are soluble at all2 b ! ,m>* ,h>e1 %ortly be=e ! rem>k we h j quot$1 rightly %[$ great a/oni%m5t t butt] did n help to cure bo? hung] & wat*es t w\ld n g4#aaa ,! judgm5t ( ,s*o5flies by :i* c]ta9 app>5tly ma!matical que/ions 7 condemn$ z philosophical1 re/$ on gr\nds z flimsy z ^? 9 ! ,dreyfus ,case1 or ! ,trial 9 ,wond]l&4#aab ,,footnotes3 #ih ,*apt]s ,,vii & ,,xxxvi4 #ii ,die ,entwickelung d] ,lehre von d5 ,punktmannigfaltigkeit54 ,b]i*t1 er/attet d] deuts*5 ,ma!matik]-,v]e9igung1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #ajj ,ibid41 p4 #g4 ,! battle-cry is3 ,geg5 j$e ,resignation1 ab] au* geg5 j$e ,s*ola/ik6 #aja ,ueb] die ,/ellung d] ,def9ition 9 d] ,axiomatik1 ,jahresb]1 d] deuts*4 ,ma?4-,v]41 vol4 xx41 #aiaa1 pp4 #bbb-e4 ,! battle-cry is on p4 #bef & is3 ,fu] d5 ,cantorismus ab] geg5 d5 ,russellismus6 #ajb ,ibid41 p4 #bea4 ,es i/ also1 he exclaims ) ! eloqu5ce ( emotion & ! emotion ( eloqu5ce1 ni*t die ,g]+s*aetzung d] ,philosophie1 die mi* dabei treibt1 sond]n die ,liebe zur ,ma!matik2444 #ajc ,ueb] die ,/ellung d] ,def9ition 9 d] ,axiomatik1 ,jahresb]1 d] deuts*4 ,ma?4-,v]41 vol4 xx41 #aiaa1 p4 #bea4 #ajd ,cf4 = ?is1 ,m41 vol4 xxii41 ,janu>y #aiab1 pp4 #adi-eh4--;,,ed4 #aje ,b]i*t1 #aijh1 p4 #gf1 note2 cf4 p4 #gb4 #ajf ,e4g4 9 ,f4 ,hausdorff's review ( ,russell's ,pr9ciples ( #aijc 9 ! ,vi]teljahrss*r4 fu] wiss4 ,philos4 und ,soziologie4 #ajg ,cf4 ,m41 vol4 xxv41 #aiae1 pp4 #ccc-h4--;,,ed4 #ajh ,russell1 ,a4 ,j4 ,m41 vol4 xxx41 #aijh1 p4 #bbf4 #aji ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bbb4 #aaj ,see ,app5dix ,q4 #aaa ,see ,app5dix ,r4 #aab ,see ,app5dix ,s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,mod]n ,,logic ,,& ,,"s ,,philosophical ,,argum5ts ,! mo/ notewor?y re=mation ( rec5t ye>s 9 logic is ! discov]y & developm5t by ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell ( ! fact t ! p>adoxes--( ,burali-,=ti1 ,russell1 ,ko5ig1 ,ri*>d1 & o!rs--:i* h appe>$ ( late ye>s 9 ! ma!matical !ory ( aggregates & h j be5 ref]r$ to1 are ( an entirely logical nature1 & t _! avoidance requires u to take acc\nt ( a pr9ciple :i* has be5 hi!rto unrecogniz$1 & :i* r5d]s invalid sev]al well-kn[n argum5ts 9 refutation ( scepticism1 agno/icism1 & ! /atem5t ( a man t he ass]ts no?+4 ,dr4 ,:itehead & ,mr4 ,russell say3#aac ,! pr9ciple :i* enables u to avoid illegitimate totalities may be /at$ z foll[s3 ',:atev] involves all ( a collection mu/ n be "o ( ! collection1' or conv]sely3 ',if1 provid$ a c]ta9 collection _h a total1 x w\ld h memb]s only def9able 9 t]ms ( t total1 !n ! said collection has no total4' ,we %all call ?is ! 'vici\s-circle pr9ciple1' because x enables u to avoid ! vici\s circles involv$ 9 ! assumption ( illegitimate totalities4 ,argum5ts :i* are condemn$ by ! vici\s-circle pr9ciple w be call$ 'vici\s-circle fallacies4' ,su* argum5ts1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 may lead to contradictions1 b x (t5 happ5s t ! conclusions to :i* !y lead are 9 fact true1 ?\gh ! argum5ts are fallaci\s4 ,take1 = example1 ! law ( exclud$ middle 9 ! =m 'all propositions are true or false4' ,if f ?is law we argue t1 because ! law ( exclud$ middle is a proposition1 !re=e ! law ( exclud$ middle is true or false1 we incur a vici\s-circle fallacy4 ',all propositions' mu/ be 9 "s way limit$ be=e x becomes a legitimate totality1 & any limitation :i* makes x legitimate mu/ make any /atem5t ab\t ! totality fall outside ! totality4 ,simil>ly ! imag9>y sceptic :o ass]ts t he kn[s no?+ & is refut$ by be+ ask$ if he kn[s t he kn[s no?+1 has ass]t$ nons5se1 & has be5 fallaci\sly refut$ by an argum5t :i* involves a vici\s-circle fallacy4 ,9 ord] t ! sceptic's ass]tion may become significant x is necess>y to place "s limitation ^u ! ?+s ( :i* he is ass]t+ 8 ignorance2 ! proposition t he is ignorant ( e memb] ( ?is collection mu/ n itself be "o ( ! collection4 ,h5ce any significant scepticism is n op5 to ! above =m ( refutation4 ,9 fact1 ! _w ( ?+s falls into v>i\s sets ( ?+s ( ! same type4 ,= e propositional function ,greek3 ph7x7 !re is a range ( values ( x = :i* ,greek3 ph7x7 has a signification z a true or a false proposition4 ,until ?is !ory 0 br\ght =w>d1 !re 7 occasionally discussions z to :e!r an object :i* did n belong to ! range ( a c]ta9 propositional function possess$ ! correspond+ prop]ty or n4 ,?us1 ,jevons1 9 e>ly days1#aad 0 ( op9ion t virtue is nei!r black nor n-black because x is n col\r$1 b r lat]#aae he admitt$ t virtue is n triangul>4#aaf ,,footnotes3 #aac ,pa4 ,ma41 p4 #dj4 #aad ,s4 o4 ,s4 pp4 #cf-g4 #aae ,e4 ,l4 ,l41 pp4 #abj-a4 #aaf ,x may p]haps be add$ t1 "s ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll's dea?1 ,dr4 ,:itehead /at$1 9 an address deliv]$ 9 #aiaf & repr9t$ 9 8 book on ,! ,organisation ( ,?\ght 7,london1 #aiag1 p4 #abj71 t ! specific heat ( virtue is #j4jjc is1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 n a proposition at all1 s t x is nei!r true nor false4444--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,! ,,hi]>*y ,,( ,,jokes ,jokes may be divid$ into v>i\s types4 ,?us a joke or class ( jokes c only be ! subject ( a joke ( high] ord]4 ,o!rwise we w\ld get ! same vici\s-circle fallacy :i* gives rise to s _m p>adoxes 9 logic & ma!matics4 ,a c]ta9 ,ox=d s*ol> succe$$1 to 8 own satisfaction1 9 r$uc+ all jokes to primitive types1 consi/+ ( ?irty-sev5 proto-,aryan jokes4 ,:5 any proposition 0 prop\nd$ to him1 he w\ld reflect & aft]w>ds pron\nce on ! "q z to :e!r ! proposition 0 a joke or n4 ,if he decid$1 by 8 !ory1 t x 0 a joke1 he w\ld solemnly say3 ,!re is t joke4 ,if ?is n>ration is accept$ z a joke1 s9ce x _c be r$uc$ to "o ( ! proto-,aryan jokes "u pa9 ( lead+ u to commit a vici\s-circle fallacy1 we mu/ conclude t !re is at lea/ "o joke :i* is n proto-,aryan2 &1 9 fact1 is ( a high] type4 ,!re is no great difficulty 9 =m+ a hi]>*y ( jokes ( v>i\s types4 ,?us a joke ( ! f\r? type 7or ord]7 is z foll[s3 ,a joke ( ! fir/ ord] 0 told to a ,scot*man1 :o1 z we w\ld expect1 0 unable to see x4#aag ,! p]son 7,a7 :o told ?is joke told ! /ory ( h[ ! joke 0 receiv$ to ano!r ,scot*man !reby mak+ a joke ab\t a joke ( ! fir/ ord]1 & ?us mak+ a joke ( ! second ord]4 ,a rem>k$ on ?is joke t no joke c\ld p5etrate ! head ( ! ,scot*man to :om ! joke ( ! fir/ ord] 0 told1 ev5 if x 7 fir$ into 8 head ) a gun4 ,! ,scot*man1 aft] sev]e ?\ght1 repli$3 ,b ye c\ldn't d t1 ye "k6 ,a repeat$ ! :ole /ory1 :i* con/itut$ a joke ( ! ?ird ord]1 to a ?ird ,scot*man4 ,?is la/ ,scot*man aga91 aft] prolong$ ?\ght1 repli$3 ,he _h ye !re6 ,?is :ole /ory is a joke ( ! f\r? ord]4 ,mo/ kn[n jokes are ( ! fir/ ord]1 = ! simple reason t ! majority ( p f9d t ! slighte/ m5tal ef=t effectually de/roys any p]ception ( hum\r4 ,x seems to me t a joke becomes m pleasurable 9 proportion z logical faculties are br\ght into play by x2 & h5ce t logical p[] is alli$1 or possibly id5tical1 ) ! p[] ( grasp+ m subtle jokes4 ,! jokes :i* amuse ! frequ5t]s ( music-halls1 ,cons]vatives1 & ,m4 ,b]gson--& :i* usually deal ) accid5ts1 physical defects1 mo!rs-9-law1 =eign]s1 or ov]-ripe *eese--are usually jokes ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,jokes ( ! second1 & ev5 ( ! ?ird1 ord] appeal to ord9>y well-educat$ p2 jokes ( high] ord] require ei!r special ability or a s\nd logical tra9+ on ! "p ( ! he>] if ! joke is to be appreciat$2 :ile jokes ( transf9ite ord] presumably only excite ! inaudible laught] ( ! gods4 ,,footnotes3 #aag ,x may be t1 l c]ta9 rem>ks ab\t *eese & mo!rs-9-law 7see bel[71 ! /atem5t t ,scot*m5 _c see jokes is a joke ( ! fir/ ord]4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,! ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,geometrical ,,propositions ,x has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ t ! tw5tie? proposition ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid--t two sides ( a triangle are toge!r great] ?an ! ?ird side--is evid5t ev5 to asses4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 seem to me g5]ally true4 ,i once ask$ a coa/gu>dsman ! di/ance f ,a to ,b2 he repli$3 ,eight miles4 ,on fur!r inquiry ,i elicit$ ! fact t ! di/ance f ,a to ,c 0 two miles & ! di/ance f ,c to ,b 0 tw5ty-two miles4 ,n[ ! pa?s f ,a to ,b & f ,c to ,b 7 by sea2 :ile ! pa? f ,a to ,c 0 by l&4 ,h5ce if ! pa? by l& 0 rugg$ & ! di/ance along ! road 0 two miles1 x w\ld appe> t ! coa/gu>dsman believ$ t n only c\ld "o side ( a triangle be great] ?an ! o!r two1 b t "o /raight side ( a triangle might be great] ?an "o /raight side & any curvil9e> side ( ! same triangle4 ,! only escape f "p ( ?is a/oni%+ cre$ w\ld be by assum+ t ! di/ance ( two miles f ,a to ,c 0 measur$ z ! cr[ flies1 :ile ! road ,a to ,c 0 s hilly t a p$e/rian w\ld trav]se m ?an f\rte5 miles :5 proce$+ f ,a to ,c4 ,!n inde$ ! coa/gu>dsman c\ld ma9ta9 ! true proposition t !re is at lea/ "o triangle ,,abc1 ) ! side ,,ac curvil9e>1 su* t ! sum ( ! l5g?s ( ,,ab & ,,ac is great] ?an ! l5g? ( ,,bc1 & only d5y ! tw5tie? proposition ( ! fir/ book ( ,euclid4 ,reason+ ) ! coa/gu>dsman only _h ! effect ( 8 adduc+ ! au?ority ( "o ,capta9 ,jones 9 support ( ! accuracy ( 8 data4 ,possibly ,capta9 ,jones held /range views z to ! influ5ce ( temp]ature or o!r physical circum/ances1 or ev5 ! nature ( space itself1 on ! l5g?s ( l9es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! triangle ,,abc4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,absolute ,,& ,,relative ,,position ,"s p ma9ta9 t position 9 space or "t mu/ be relative because1 if we try to det]m9e ! position ( a body ,a1 if bodies ,b1 ,c1 ,d ) respect to :i* ! position ( ,a c\ld be det]m9$ 7 n pres5t1 we %\ld be try+ to det]m9e some?+ ab\t ,a )\t hav+ our s5ses affect$ by o!r ?+s4 ,^! p seem to me to be l ! cauti\s gue/ :o refus$ to say any?+ ab\t 8 ho/'s port-w9e until he _h ta/$ r$ ink4 ,:]e91 !n1 says ,mr4 ,russell1#aah lies ! plausibility ( ! notion t all po9ts are exactly alike8 ,?is notion is1 ,i believe1 a psy*ological illusion1 due to ! fact t we _c rememb] a po9t s z to "k x :5 we meet aga94 ,among simultane\sly pres5t$ po9ts x is easy to di/+ui%2 b ?\gh we are p]petually mov+1 & ?us be+ br\ght among new po9ts1 we are q unable to detect ?is fact by our s5ses1 & we recognize places only by ! objects !y conta94 ,b ?is seems to be a m]e bl9dness on our "p--!re is no difficulty1 s f> z ,i c see1 9 suppos+ an imm$iate diff]5ce betwe5 po9ts1 z betwe5 col\rs1 b a diff]5ce :i* our s5ses are n con/ruct$ to be aw>e (4 ,let u take an analogy3 ,suppose a man ) a v bad memory = faces2 he w\ld be able to "k1 at any mom5t1 :e!r he saw "o face or _m1 b he w\ld n be aw>e :e!r he _h se5 any ( ! faces be=e4 ,?us he might be l$ to def9e p by ! rooms 9 :i* he saw !m1 & to suppose x self-contradictory t new p %\ld come to 8 lectures1 or t old p %\ld cease to d s4 ,9 ! latt] po9t at lea/ x w be admitt$ by lectur]s t he w\ld be mi/ak54 ,& z ) faces1 s ) po9ts--inability to recognize !m mu/ be attribut$1 n to ! abs5ce ( individuality1 b m]ely to our incapacity4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is t5d5cy is %[n by ,kroneck]1 ,borel1 ,po9c>e1 & _m o!r ma!maticians1 :o refuse m]e logical det]m9ation ( a conception & require t x be actually describ$ 9 a f9ite numb] ( t]ms4 ,^! em95t ma!maticians 7 anticipat$ by ! empirical philosoph] :o w\ld n pron\nce t ! law ( ?\ght t ,a is ei!r 9 ! place ,b or n is true until he _h look$ to make sure4 ,?is philosoph] 0 ( ! same s*ool z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill & ,buckle1 :o seem to h ma9ta9$ implicitly n only t1 9 view ( ! fact t ! bread? ( a geometrical l9e dep5ds ^u ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is con/ruct$1 or ^u :i* x is drawn1 t !re ought to be a pa/e-bo>d geometry1 a /one geometry1 & s on2#aai b also t ! f\ndations ( logic are inductive 9 _! nature4#abj ,we _c1 says ,mill1#aba conceive a r\nd squ>e1 n m]ely because no su* object has ev] pres5t$ itself 9 our exp]i5ce1 = t w\ld n be en\gh4 ,nei!r1 = any?+ we "k1 are ! two ideas 9 !mselves incompatible4 ,to conceive a body all black & yet :ite w\ld only be to conceive two diff]5t s5sations z produc$ 9 u simultane\sly by ! same object--a conception famili> to our exp]i5ce--& we %\ld probably be z well able to conceive a r\nd squ>e z a h>d squ>e1 or a heavy squ>e1 if x 7 n t 9 our uni=m exp]i5ce1 at ! in/ant :5 a ?+ beg9s to be r\nd1 x ceases to be squ>e1 s t ! beg9n+ ( ! "o impression is insep>ably associat$ ) ! dep>ture or cessation ( ! o!r4 ,?us our inability to =m a conception always arises f our be+ compell$ to =m ano!r contradictory to x4 ,,footnotes3 #aah ,md41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 x41 ,july1 #aija1 pp4 #cac-ad4 #aai ,j4 ,b4 ,/allo1 ,! ,concepts & ,!ories ( ,mod]n ,physics1 #d? ed41 ,london1 #aijj1 pp4 #bag-bg4 #abj ,ibid41 pp4 #adj-d4 #aba ,exam9ation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 vol4 i4 p4 #hh1 ,am]4 ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,laught] ,x seem$ advisable to give "h#abb "s views on laught]1 mo/ ( :i* 7 also held by ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll1 ?\gh no writt5 expression ( 8 views has yet be5 f\nd4 ,9 a review#abc ( ,m4 ,b]gson's book on ,laught]1#abd ,mr4 ,russell has rem>k$3 ,x has long be5 recogniz$ by publi%]s t ev]ybody desires to be a p]fect lady or g5tleman 7z ! case may be72 to ?is fact we owe ! con/ant /ream ( etiquette-books4 ,b if !re is "o ?+ :i* p desire ev5 m1 x is to h a faultless s5se ( hum\r4 ,yet s f> z ,i "k1 !re is no book call$ ',jokes )\t ,te>s1 by ,mr4 ,mc,quedy4' ,?is extraord9>y lacuna has n[ be5 fill$4 ,^? to :om laught] has hi!rto be5 an un9telligible vag>y1 9 :i* "o mu/ jo91 ?\gh "o c\ld nev] tell :5 x w\ld break out1 ne$ only /udy ,m4 ,b]gson's book to acquire ! f9e/ fl[] ( ,p>isian wit4 ,by obs]v+ a v simple =mula !y w "k infallibly :at is funny & :at is n2 if !y sometimes surprise _! unle>n$ fri5ds1 !y h only to m5tion _! au?ority 9 ord] to sil5ce d\bt4 ',! attitudes1 ge/ures & movem5ts ( ! human body1' says ,m4 ,b]gson1 'are laughable 9 exact proportion z t body rem9ds u ( a m]e ma*9e4' ,:5 an eld]ly g5tleman slips on a piece ( orange-peel & falls1 we laugh1 because 8 body foll[s ! laws ( dynamics in/ead ( a human purpose4 ,:5 a man falls f a scaffold+ & breaks 8 neck on ! pavem5t1 we presumably laugh ev5 m1 s9ce ! movem5t is ev5 m completely me*anical4 ,:5 ! cl[n makes a bad joke = ! fir/ "t1 we keep our c\nt5ance1 b at ! fif? repetition we smile1 & at ! t5? we ro> ) laught]1 because we beg9 to feel him a m]e automaton4 ,we laugh at ,moli]e's mis]s1 misan?ropi/s & hypocrites1 because !y are m]e types me*anically dom9at$ by a ma/] impulse4 ,presumably we laugh at ,balzac's *>act]s = ! same reason2 & presumably we nev] smile at ,fal/aff1 because he is individual ?r\gh\t4 ,! review concludes ) ! reflection t x w\ld seem to be impossible to f9d any su* =mula z ,m4 ,b]gson seeks4 ,e =mula treats :at is liv+ z if x 7 me*anical1 & is !re=e by 8 own rule a fitt+ object ( laught]4 ,n[1 ?is und\bt$ly true conclusion has be5 obta9$1 z is readily se51 by a vici\s-circle fallacy :i* ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll w\ld h>dly h committ$4--,,ed4 ,,footnotes3 #abb ,f a rem>k on p4 #dg above1 x is evid5t t ,mr4 ,r99ss99ll int5d$ to write "s su* *apt] z ?is4 #abc ,! ,pr(essor's ,guide to ,laught]1 ,! ,cambridge ,review1 vol4 xxxii41 #aiab1 pp4 #aic-d4 #abd ,laught]1 an ,essay on ! ,mean+ ( ! ,comic1 ,engli% translation by ,c4 ,br]eton & ,f4 ,ro?well1 ,london1 #aiaa4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,g$ank5exp]im5te ,,& ,,evolution>y ,,e?ics ,! ,g$ank5exp]im5te1 ^u :i* s mu* weight has be5 laid by ,ma*#abe & ,heymans1#abf _h already be5 inve/igat$ by ! ,:ite ,que51#abg :o1 h[ev]1 seems to h p]ceiv$ t ! results ( su* exp]im5ts are n always logically valid4 ,! psy*ological f\nd+ ( logic appe>s to be n )\t analogy ) ! surpris+ me?od ( advocates ( evolution>y e?ics1 :o expect to discov] :at is good by inquir+ :at cannibals h ?\ght good4 ,i sometimes feel incl9$ to apply ! hi/orical me?od to ! multiplication table4 ,i %\ld make a /ati/ical inquiry among s*ool-*ildr51 be=e _! pri/9e wisdom _h be5 biass$ by tea*]s4 ,i %\ld put d[n _! answ]s z to :at #f times #i am\nts to1 ,i %\ld "w out ! av]age ( _! answ]s to six places ( decimals1 & %\ld !n decide t1 at ! pres5t /age ( human developm5t1 ?is av]age is ! value ( #f times #i4 ,,footnotes3 #abe ,see1 e4g41 ,e4 u4 ,i41 pp4 #ahc-bjj4 #abf ,g4 u4 ,e41 vol4 i4 #abg ,see ,app5dix ,t4 ,,app5dixes ,a4 ,,logic ,,& ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,id5tity4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #de3 ',contr>iwise1 cont9u$ ,twe$l$ee1 if x 0 s1 x might be2 & if x 7 s1 x w\ld be3 b z x isn't1 x a9't4 ,t's logic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,b41 p4 #aei3 ,! ,pr(essor said3 ,! day is ! same l5g? z any?+ t is ! same l5g? z x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 ,b41 p4 #afa3 ,bruno obs]v$ t1 :5 ! ,o!r ,pr(essor lo/ himself1 he %\ld %\t3 ,he'd be sure to he> hisself1 'cause he c\ldn't be f> (f4 ,b4 ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,contradictories4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ga3 ',:at a beautiful belt y've got on6' ,alice sudd5ly rem>k$4444 ',at lea/1' %e correct$ h]self on second ?\ghts1 'a beautiful cravat1 ,i %\ld h said--no1 a belt1 ,i mean--,i beg y\r p>don6' %e add$ 9 dismay1 = ,humpty-,dumpty look$ ?or\ghly (f5d$1 & %e began to wi% %e hadn't *os5 t subject4 ',if only ,i knew1' %e ?\ght to h]self1 ':i* 0 neck & :i* 0 wai/6' ,c4 ,,empirical ,,philosoph]s ,,& ,,ma!matics4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #gi3 '444 ,n[ if y _h ! two eyes on ! same side ( ! nose1 = in/ance--or ! m\? at ! top--t w\ld be "s help4' ',x w\ldn't look nice1' ,alice object$4 ,b ,humpty-,dumpty only %ut 8 eyes & said3 ',wait till y've tri$4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #gb3 ',& if y take "o f ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five1 :at rema9s8' ',?ree hundr$ & sixty-f\r1 ( c\rse4' ,humpty-,dumpty look$ d\btful4 ',i'd r see t done on pap]1' he said4 ,d4 ,,nom9al ,,def9ition4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #gc3 ',:5 ,i us$ a ^w1' ,humpty-,dumpty said 9 r a scornful tone1 'x means j :at ,i *oose x to mean--nei!r m nor less4' ',! "q is1' said ,alice1 ':e!r y c make words mean diff]5t ?+s4' ',! "q is1' said ,humpty-,dumpty1 ':i* is to be ma/]--t's all4' ,e4 ,,con=mity ,,( ,a ,,p>adoxical ,,logic ,,) ,,common-,,s5se4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ajj3 ,b ,i 0 ?9k+ ( a plan ,to dye "o's :isk]s gre51 ,& always use s l>ge a fan ,t !y c\ld n be se54 7,v]se f ,:ite ,knight's song47 ,f4 ,,ideali/s ,,& ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,logic4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #eb-c3 ,twe$l$ee exclaim$3 '444 if he ! ,r$ ,k+ left (f dream+ ab\t y ,alice1 :]e d y suppose y'd be8' ',:]e ,i am n[1 ( c\rse1' said ,alice4 ',n y6' ,twe$l$ee retort$ contemptu\sly4 ',y'd be n[h]e4 ,:y1 y're only a sort ( ?+ 9 8 dream6' ',if t !re ,k+ 0 to wake1' add$ ,twe$l$um1 'y'd g out--bang6--j l a c&le6' ',i %\ldn't6' ,alice exclaim$ indignantly4 ',besides1 if ,i'm only a sort ( ?+ 9 8 dream1 :at are y1 ,i %\ld l to "k8' ',ditto1' said ,twe$l$um4442 'y "k v well y're n real4' ',i am real6' said ,alice1 & began to cry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ig3 ',h[ c y g on talk+ s quietly1 head d[nw>ds8' ,alice ask$1 z %e dragg$ him out by ! feet1 & laid him 9 a heap on ! bank4 ,! ,knight look$ surpris$ at ! "q4 ',:at does x matt] :]e my body happ5s to be8' he said4 ',my m9d goes on work+ all ! same4 ,9 fact1 ! m head d[nw>ds ,i am1 ! m ,i keep inv5t+ new ?+s4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ih3 '444 ,ev]ybody t he>s me s+--ei!r x br+s ! te>s into _! eyes1 or else----' ',or else :at8' said ,alice1 = ! ,knight _h made a sudd5 pause4 ',or else x doesn't1 y "k4' ,g4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,sign ,,& ,,signification4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 pp4 #ih-i3 ',! "n ( ! song is call$ ,haddocks' ,eyes4' ',oh1 t's ! "n ( ! song1 is x8' ,alice said1 try+ to feel int]e/$4 ',no1 y don't und]/&1' ! ,knight said look+ a little vex$4 ',t's :at ! "n is call$4 ,! "n really is ,! ,ag$ ,ag$ ,man4' ',!n ,i ought to h said ,t's :at ! song is call$8' ,alice correct$ h]self4 ',no1 y oughtn't3 t's ano!r ?+4 ,! song is call$ ,ways & ,means3 b t's only :at x's call$1 y "k6' ',well1 :at is ! song1 !n8' said ,alice1 :o 0 by ?is "t completely bewild]$4 ',i 0 com+ to t1' ! ,knight said4 ',! song really is ,a-sitt+ on a ,gate4444' ,h4 ,,nom9alism4 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #gj3 ',!n y %\ld say :at y mean1' ! ,m>* ,h>e w5t on4 ',i d1' ,alice ha/ily repli$2 'at lea/--at lea/ ,i mean :at ,i say--t's ! same ?+1 y "k4' ',n ! same ?+ a bit6' said ! ,hatt]4 ',:y1 y might j z well say t ,i see :at ,i eat is ! same ?+ z ,i eat :at ,i see4' ',y might j z well say1' add$ ! ,m>* ,h>e1 't ,i l :at ,i get is ! same ?+ z ,i get :at ,i l6' ',y might j z well say1' add$ ! ,dorm\se1 :i* seem$ to be talk+ 9 its sleep1 't ,i brea! :5 ,i sleep is ! same z ,i sleep :5 ,i brea!6' ',x is ! same ?+ ) y1' said ! ,hatt]2 & "h ! conv]sation dropp$1444 ,i4 ,,utility ,,( ,,symbolic ,,logic4 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ib3 ',i q agree ) y1' said ! ,du*ess1 '& ! moral ( t is--,be :at y w\ld seem to be--or if y'd l x put m simply--,nev] imag9e y\rself n to be o!rwise ?an :at x might appe> to o!rs t :at y 7 or might h be5 0 n o!rwise ?an :at y _h be5 w\ld h appe>$ to !m to be o!rwise4' ',i ?9k ,i %\ld und]/& t bett]1' ,alice said v politely1 'if ,i _h x writt5 d[n3 b ,i c't q foll[ x z y say x4' ',t's no?+ to :at ,i c\ld say if ,i *ose1' ! ,du*ess repli$1 9 a pleas$ tone4 ,j4 ,,mi/ake ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,criticism4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #aje3 ',%e's 9 t /ate ( m9d1' said ! ,:ite ,que51 't %e wants to d5y some?+--only %e doesn't "k :at to d5y4' ',a na/y1 vici\s temp]1' ! ,:ite ,que5 rem>k$2 & !n !re 0 an uncom=table sil5ce = a m9ute or two4 ,k4 ,a ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,tru?4 ,h4 ,s41 p4 #c3 ,j ! place = a ,sn>k6 ,i h said x twice3 ,t alone %\ld enc\rage ! crew4 ,j ! place = a ,sn>k6 ,i h said x ?rice3 ,:at ,i tell y ?ree times is true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4 ,s41 p4 #ej3 ',tis ! note ( ! ,jubjub6 ,keep c\nt4 ,i entreat2 ,y w f9d ,i h told x y twice4 ',tis ! song ( ! ,jubjub6 ,! pro( is complete1 ,if only ,i've /at$ x ?rice4 ,l4 ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,p>ticul> ,,propositions4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #dj3 ,! ,gnat _h told ,alice t ! ,bread-&-butt]fly lives on weak tea ) cream 9 x2 s3 ',suppos+ x c\ldn't f9d any8' %e sugge/$4 ',!n x w\ld die1 ( c\rse4' ',b t mu/ happ5 v (t51' ,alice rem>k$ ?\ghtfully4 ',x always happ5s1' said ! ,gnat4 ,m4 ,,d5ot+4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #dc3 ,twe$l$um & ,twe$l$ee 71 9 _m respects1 indi/+ui%able1 & ,alice1 walk+ along ! road1 notic$ t :5ev] ! road divid$ !re 7 sure to be two f+]-po/s po9t+ ! same way1 "o m>k$ ',,to ,,twe$l$um',s ,,h\se' & ! o!r ',,to ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,twe$l$ee4' ',i d believe1' said ,alice at la/1 't !y live 9 ! same h\se6444' ,n4 ,,non-,,entity4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #hg3 ',i always ?\ght !y human *ildr5 7 fabul\s mon/]s6' said ! ,unicorn4444 ',d y "k said ,alice1 ,i always ?\ght ,unicorns 7 fabul\s mon/]s1 too6 ,i nev] saw "o alive be=e6' ',well1 n[ t we h se5 ea* o!r1' said ! ,unicorn1 'if y'll believe 9 me1 ,i'll believe 9 y4 ,is t a b>ga98' 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 pp4 #hj-a3 ',i see nobody on ! road1' said ,alice4 ',i only wi% ,i _h su* eyes1' ! ,:ite ,k+ rem>k$ 9 a fretful tone4 ',to be able to see ,nobody6 ,& at t di/ance1 too6 ,:y1 x's z mu* z ,i c d to see real p by ?is light6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ag3 ,& %e ,alice tri$ to fancy :at ! flame ( a c&le looks l aft] ! c&le is bl[n out1 = %e c\ld n rememb] ev] hav+ se5 su* a ?+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #fh3 444 ,?is "t x ! ,*e%ire ,cat vani%$ q sl[ly1 beg9n+ ) ! end ( ! tail1 & end+ ) ! gr91 :i* rema9$ "s "t aft] ! re/ ( x _h gone4 ',well6 ,i've (t5 se5 a cat )\t a gr91' ?\ght ,alice2 'b a gr9 )\t a cat6 ,x's ! mo/ curi\s ?+ ,i ev] saw 9 all my life6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #gg3 444 ,! ,dorm\se w5t on14442 '& !y drew all mann] ( ?+s--ev]y?+ t beg9s ) an ,m4' ',:y ) an ,m8' said ,alice4 ',:y n8' said ! ,m>* ,h>e4 ,alice 0 sil5t4 444 ,! ,dorm\se w5t on3 '--t beg9s ) an ,m1 su* z m\se-traps1 & ! moon1 & memory1 & mu*ness1 y "k y say ?+s are mu* ( a mu*ness--did y ev] see su* a ?+ z a draw+ ( a mu*ness8' ',really1 n[ y ask me1' said ,alice1 v mu* confus$1 ',i don't ?9k----' ',!n y %\ldn't talk1' said ! ,hatt]4 ,o4 ,,objects ,,( ,,ma!matical ,,logic4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ic3 ',i 0 wond]+ :at ! m\se-trap fa/5$ to ! ,:ite ,knight's saddle 0 =1' said ,alice4 ',x isn't v likely !re w\ld be any mice on ! horse's back4' ',n v likely1 p]haps1' said ! ,knight1 'b1 if !y d come1 ,i don't *oose to h !m runn+ all ab\t4' ',y see1' he w5t on aft] a pause1 'x's z well to be provid$ = ev]y?+4 ,t's ! reason ! horse has all ^! anklets r\nd 8 feet4' ',b :at are !y =8' ,alice ask$ 9 a tone ( great curiosity4 ',to gu>d aga9/ ! bites ( %>ks1' ! ,knight repli$4 ,p4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,p]man5ce4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #ajf3 ',c y d ,subtraction8 said ! ,r$ ,que5 ,take n9e f eight4' ',n9e f eight ,i c't1 y "k1' ,alice repli$ v readily 'b--' ',%e c't d ,sub/raction1' said ! ,:ite ,que54 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ef3 ,said ! ,pigeon to ,alice3 '444 ,no1 no6 ,y're a s]p5t2 & !re's no use d5y+ x4 ,i suppose y'll be tell+ me next t y nev] ta/$ an egg6' ',i h ta/$ eggs c]ta9ly1' said ,alice1 :o 0 a v tru?ful *ild2 'b little girls eat eggs q z mu* z s]p5ts d1 y "k4' ',i don't believe x1' said ! ,pigeon2 'b if !y d1 :y !n !y're a k9d ( s]p5t1 t's all ,i c say4' ,?is 0 su* a new idea to ,alice1 t %e 0 q sil5t = a m9ute or two1 :i* gave ! ,pigeon ! opportunity ( add+1 ',y're look+ = eggs1 ,i "k t well en\gh2 & :at does x matt] to me :e!r y're a little girl or a s]p5t8' ',x matt]s a good deal to me1' said ,alice ha/ily2444 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ge3 ',b :y ask$ ,alice did !y live at ! bottom ( a well8' ',take "s m tea1' ! ,m>* ,h>e said to ,alice1 v e>ne/ly4 ',i've _h no?+ yet1' ,alice repli$ 9 an (f5d$ tone1 's ,i c't take m4' ',y mean y c't take less1' said ! ,hatt]3 'x's v easy to take m ?an no?+4' ,q4 ,,ma!maticians' ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,logic4 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #gd3 ,! ,hatt] _h told ( 8 qu>rel ) ,"t1 & ( ,"t's refusal n[ to d any?+ he ask$3 '444 ,x's always six o'clock n[6' ,a bright idea came into ,alice's head4 ',is t ! reason s _m tea ?+s are put out "h8' %e ask$4 ',yes1 t's x1' said ! ,hatt]1 ) a sigh3 'x's always tea "t1 & we've no "t to wa% ! ?+s betwe5 :iles4' ',!n y keep mov+ r\nd1 ,i suppose8' said ,alice4 ',exactly s1' said ! ,hatt]3 'z ! ?+s get us$ up4' ',b :at happ5s :5 y come to ! beg9n+ aga98' ,alice v5tur$ to ask4 ',suppose we *ange ! subject1' ! ,m>* ,h>e int]rupt$1 yawn+4 ',i'm gett+ tir$ ( ?is4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ii3 ',& h[ _m h\rs a day did y d lessons8' said ,alice1 9 a hurry to *ange ! subject4 ',t5 h\rs ! fir/ day1' said ! ,mock ,turtle1 'n9e ! next1 & s on4' ',:at a curi\s plan6' exclaim$ ,alice4 ',t's ! reason !y're call$ lessons1' ! ,gryphon rem>k$1 'because !y less5 f day to day4' ,?is 0 q a new idea to ,alice1 & %e ?\ght x ov] a little be=e %e made h] next rem>k4 ',!n ! elev5? day mu/ h be5 a holiday4' ',( c\rse x 01' said ! ,mock ,turtle4 ',& h[ did y manage on ! twelf?8' ,alice w5t on eag]ly4 ',t's en\gh ab\t lessons1' ! ,gryphon int]rupt$ 9 a v decid$ tone4444 ,r4 ,,me?od ,,9 ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,logic4 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 p4 #ga3 ',two days wrong6' sigh$ ! ,hatt]4 ',i told y butt] w\ldn't suit ! works6' he add$1 look+ angrily at ! ,m>* ,h>e4 ',x 0 ! be/ butt]1' ! ,m>* ,h>e meekly repli$4 ',yes1 b "s crumbs mu/ h got 9 z well1' ! ,hatt] grumbl$2 'y %\ldn't h put x 9 ) ! bread-knife4' ,! ,m>* ,h>e took ! wat* & look$ at x gloomily3 !n he dipp$ x into 8 cup ( tea1 & look$ at x aga93 b he c\ld ?9k ( no?+ bett] to say ?an 8 fir/ rem>k1 ',x 0 ! be/ butt]1 y "k4' ,s4 ,,v]dict ,,t ,,logic ,,is ,,philosophy4 ,a4 ,a4 ,w41 pp4 #aai-bc3 444 ',consid] y\r v]dict1' he ! ,k+ said to ! jury1 9 a l[ trembl+ voice4 ',!re's m evid5ce to come yet1 please y\r ,maje/y1' said ! ,:ite ,rabbit1 jump+ up 9 a great hurry3 '?is pap] has j be5 pick$ up4' ',:at's 9 x8' said ! ,que54 ',i hav5't op5$ x yet1' said ! ,:ite ,rabbit1 'b x seems to be a lett] writt5 by ! prison] to--to somebody4' ',x mu/ h be5 t1' said ! ,k+1 'unless x 0 writt5 to nobody1 :i* isn't usual1 y "k4' ',:o is x direct$ to8' said "o ( ! jurym54 ',x isn't direct$ at all1' said ! ,:ite ,rabbit1 '9 fact !re's no?+ writt5 on ! outside4' ,he unfold$ ! pap] z he spoke1 & add$1 ',x isn't a lett]1 aft] all3 x's a set ( v]ses4' ',are !y 9 ! prison]'s h&writ+8' ask$ ano!r ( ! jurym54 ',no !y're n1' said ! ,:ite ,rabbit1 '& t's ! que]e/ ?+ ab\t x4' 7,! jury all look$ puzzl$74 ',he mu/ h imitat$ somebody else's h&1' said ! ,k+4 7,! jury bright5$ up aga947 ',please y\r ,maje/y1' said ! ,knave1 ',i didn't write x1 & !y c't prove t ,i did3 !re's no "n sign$ at ! end4' ',if y didn't sign x1 said ! ,k+1 t only makes ! matt] worse4 ,y mu/ h meant "s mis*ief1 or else y'd h sign$ y\r "n l an hone/ man4' ,!re 0 a g5]al clapp+ ( h&s at ?is3 x 0 ! fir/ really clev] ?+ ! ,k+ _h said t day4 ',t proves 8 guilt1 ( c\rse1' said ! ,que51 's1 (f )----' ',x doesn't prove any?+ ( ! sort6' said ,alice4 ',:y1 y don't ev5 "k :at !y're ab\t6' ',read !m1' said ! ,k+4 ,! ,:ite ,rabbit put on 8 spectacles4 ',:]e %all ,i beg91 please y\r ,maje/y8' he ask$4 ',beg9 at ! beg9n+1' ! ,k+ said v gravely1 '& g on till y come to ! end3 !n /op4' ,!re 0 dead sil5ce 9 ! c\rt1 :il/ ! ,:ite ,rabbit read out ^! v]ses3 ',!y told me y _h be5 to h]1 ,& m5tion$ me to him2 ,%e gave me a good "*1 ,b said ,i c\ld n swim4 ,he s5t !m ^w ,i _h n gone 7,we "k x to be true73 ,if %e %\ld pu% ! matt] on1 ,:at w\ld become ( y8 ,i gave h] "o1 !y gave him two1 ,y gave u ?ree or m2 ,!y all return$ f him to y1 ,?\gh !y 7 m9e be=e4 ,if ,i or %e %\ld *ance to be ,involv$ 9 ?is affair1 ,he tru/s to y to set !m free ,exactly z !y 74 ,my notion 0 t y _h be5 7,be=e %e _h ?is fit7 ,an ob/acle t came betwe5 ,him1 & ourselves1 & x4 ,don't let him "k %e lik$ !m be/1 ,= ?is mu/ ev] be ,a secret kept f all ! re/1 ,betwe5 y\rself & me4' ',t's ! mo/ important piece ( evid5ce we've he>d yet1' said ! ,k+1 rubb+ 8 h&s1 's n[ let ! jury----' ',if any "o ( !m c expla9 x1' said ,alice 7%e _h gr[n s l>ge 9 ! la/ few m9utes t %e wasn't a bit afraid ( int]rupt+ him71 ',i'll give him sixp5ce4 ,i don't believe !re's an atom ( mean+ 9 x4' ,! jury all wrote d[n on _! slates1 ',%e doesn't believe !re's an atom ( mean+ 9 x1' b none ( !m attempt$ to expla9 ! pap]4 ',if !re's no mean+ 9 x1' said ! ,k+1 't saves a _w ( tr\ble1 y "k1 z we ne$n't try to f9d any4 ,& yet ,i don't "k1' he w5t on1 spread+ out ! v]ses on 8 knee & look+ at !m ) "o eye2 ',i seem to see "s mean+ 9 !m aft] all4 -- said ,i c\ld n swim2 y c't swim1 c y8' he add$1 turn+ to ! ,knave4 ,! ,knave %ook 8 head sadly4 ',d ,i look l x8' he said4 7,:i* he c]ta9ly did n1 be+ made entirely ( c>dbo>d47 ',all "r1 s f>1' said ! ,k+2 & he w5t on mutt]+ ov] ! v]ses to himself3 '',we "k x to be true'--t's ! jury1 ( c\rse--',if %e %\ld pu% ! matt] on'--t mu/ be ! ,que5--',:at w\ld become ( y8' ,:at inde$6--',i gave h] "o1 !y gave him two6' :y1 t mu/ be :at he did ) ! t>ts1 y "k----' ',b x goes on1 ',!y all return$ f him to y1'' said ,alice4 ',:y1 !re !y are6' said ! ,k+1 triumphantly po9t+ to ! t>ts on ! table4 ',no?+ c be cle>] ?an t4 ,!n aga9--',be=e %e _h ?is fit'--y nev] _h fits1 my de>1 ,i ?9k8' he said to ! ,que54 ',nev]6' said ! ,que5 furi\sly1 ?r[+ an ink/& at ! ,liz>d z %e spoke4 7,! un=tunate little ,bill _h left (f writ+ on 8 slate ) "o f+]1 z he f\nd x made no m>k2 b he n[ ha/ily began aga91 us+ ! ink t 0 trickl+ d[n 8 face1 z long z x la/$47 ',!n ! words don't fit y1' said ! ,k+1 look+ r\nd ! c\rt ) a smile4 ,!re 0 a dead sil5ce4 ',x's a pun6' ! ,k+ add$ 9 an angry tone1 & ev]ybody laugh$4 ',let ! jury consid] _! v]dict1' ! ,k+ said1 = ab\t ! tw5tie? "t t day4 ',no1 no6' said ! ,que54 ',s5t5ce fir/--v]dict aft]w>ds4' ',/uff & nons5se6' said ,alice l\dly4 ',! idea ( hav+ ! s5t5ce fir/6' ',hold y\r tongue6' said ! ,que51 turn+ purple4444 ,t4 ,,g$ank5exp]im5te4 ,t4 ,l4 ,g41 p4 #fa3 ,alice laugh$4 ',!re's no use try+1' %e said3 '"o c't believe impossible ?+s4' ',i d>esay y hav5't _h mu* practice1' said ! ,:ite ,que54 ',:5 ,i 0 y\r age1 ,i always did x = half-an-h\r a day4 ,:y1 sometimes ,i've believ$ z _m z six impossible ?+s be=e breakfa/4' ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london