,! ,_w ,z ,w ,& ,idea ,by ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] ,translat$ ,f ,! ,g]man ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,haldane1 ,m4,a4 ,& ,j4 ,kemp1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,conta9+ ,f\r ,books4 8,ob ni*t ,natur zuletzt si* do* ergnde80--,,goe! ,sev5? ,edition ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 #aiji ,,cont5ts ,translators' ,preface4 ,preface ,to ,! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,preface ,to ,! ,second ,edition4 ,fir/ ,book4 ,! ,_w ,z ,idea4 ,fir/ ,aspect4 ,! ,idea ,subord9at$ ,to ,! ,pr9ciple ,( ,suffici5t ,reason3 ,! ,object ,( ,exp]i5ce ,& ,sci5ce4 ,second ,book4 ,! ,_w ,z ,w4 ,fir/ ,aspect4 ,! ,objectification ,( ,! ,w4 ,?ird ,book4 ,! ,_w ,z ,idea4 ,second ,aspect4 ,! ,idea ,indep5d5t ,( ,! ,pr9ciple ,( ,suffici5t ,reason3 ,! ,platonic ,idea3 ,! ,object ,( ,art4 ,f\r? ,book4 ,! ,_w ,z ,w4 ,second ,aspect4 ,! ,ass]tion ,& ,d5ial ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live1 ,:5 ,self-,consci\sness ,has ,be5 ,atta9$4 ,footnotes ,,translators' ,,preface4 ,! /yle ( 8,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung0 is sometimes loose & involv$1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 ,g]man philosophical treatises4 ,! translation ( ! book has consequ5tly be5 a matt] ( no little difficulty4 ,x 0 f\nd t ext5sive alt]ation ( ! long & occasionally involv$ s5t5ces1 h[ev] likely to prove conducive to a satisfactory ,engli% /yle1 t5d$ n only to oblit]ate ! =m ( ! orig9al b ev5 to imp]il ! mean+4 ,:]e a *oice has _h to be made1 ! alt]native ( a some:at slavi% adh]5ce to ,s*op5hau]'s ipsissima v]ba has accord+ly be5 pref]r$ to t ( inaccuracy4 ,! result is a piece ( "w :i* leaves mu* to be desir$1 b :i* has yet consi/5tly s\ght to reproduce fai?fully ! _s z well z ! lett] ( ! orig9al4 ,z reg>ds ! r5d]+ ( ! te*nical t]ms ab\t :i* !re has be5 s mu* controv]sy1 ! equival5ts us$ h only be5 adopt$ aft] c>eful consid]ation ( _! mean+ 9 ! !ory ( k4 ,= example1 8,vor/ellung0 has be5 r5d]$ by 8idea10 9 pref]5ce to 8repres5tation10 :i* is nei!r accurate1 intelligible1 nor elegant4 8,idee10 is translat$ by ! same ^w1 b spell$ ) a capital1--8,idea40 ,aga91 8,ans*auung0 has be5 r5d]$ accord+ to ! context1 ei!r by 8p]ception0 simply1 or by 8intuition or p]ception40 ,not)/&+ /atem5ts to ! contr>y 9 ! text1 ! book is probably q intelligible 9 itself1 ap>t f ! treatise 8,on ! ,f\rfold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason40 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 consid]$ desirable to add an ab/ract ( ! latt] "w 9 an app5dix to ! ?ird volume ( ?is translation4 ,r4 ,b4 ,h4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,i propose to po9t out "h h[ ?is book mu/ be read 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,by means ( x ,i only int5d to imp>t a s+le ?\ght4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all my endeav\rs1 ,i c\ld f9d no %ort] way ( imp>t+ x ?an ?is :ole book4 ,i hold ?is ?\ght to be t :i* has v long be5 s\ght = "u ! "n ( philosophy1 & ! discov]y ( :i* is !re=e reg>d$ by ^? :o are famili> ) hi/ory z q z impossible z ! discov]y ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 al?\gh x 0 already said by ,pl9y3 ,quam multa fi]i non posse1 priusquam s9t facta1 judicantur8 7,hi/4 nat4 #g1 #a47 ,accord+ z we consid] ! diff]5t aspects ( ?is "o ?\ght :i* ,i am ab\t to imp>t1 x exhibits itself z t :i* we call metaphysics1 t :i* we call e?ics1 & t :i* we call /hetics2 & c]ta9ly x mu/ be all ?is if x is :at ,i h already ackn[l$g$ ,i take x to be4 ,a sy/em ( ?\ght mu/ always h an ar*itectonic connection or coh]5ce1 t is1 a connection 9 :i* "o "p always supports ! o!r1 ?\gh ! latt] does n support ! =m]1 9 :i* ultimately ! f\ndation supports all ! re/ )\t be+ support$ by x1 & ! apex is support$ )\t support+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a s+le ?\ght1 h[ev] compreh5sive x may be1 mu/ pres]ve ! mo/ p]fect unity4 ,if x admits ( be+ brok5 up into p>ts to facilitate its communication1 ! connection ( ^! p>ts mu/ yet be organic1 i4e41 x mu/ be a connection 9 :i* e "p supports ! :ole j z mu* z x is support$ by x1 a connection 9 :i* !re is no fir/ & no la/1 9 :i* ! :ole ?\ght ga9s di/9ctness ?r\gh e "p1 & ev5 ! smalle/ "p _c be completely und]/ood unless ! :ole has already be5 grasp$4 ,a book1 h[ev]1 mu/ always h a fir/ & a la/ l9e1 & 9 ?is respect w always rema9 v unlike an organism1 h[ev] l "o its cont5t may be3 ?us =m & matt] are "h 9 contradiction4 ,x is self-evid5t t "u ^! circum/ances no o!r advice c be giv5 z to h[ "o may ent] into ! ?\ght expla9$ 9 ?is "w ?an to read ! book twice1 & ! fir/ "t ) great pati5ce1 a pati5ce :i* is only to be d]iv$ f ! belief1 volunt>ily accord$1 t ! beg9n+ presupposes ! end almo/ z mu* z ! end presupposes ! beg9n+1 & t all ! e>li] p>ts presuppose ! lat] almo/ z mu* z ! lat] presuppose ! e>li]4 ,i say 8almo/20 = ?is is by no means absolutely ! case1 & ,i h hone/ly & consci5ti\sly done all t 0 possible to give priority to t :i* /&s lea/ 9 ne$ ( explanation f :at foll[s1 z inde$ g5]ally to ev]y?+ t c help to make ! ?\ght z easy to compreh5d & z di/9ct z possible4 ,?is might inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t be a*iev$ if x 7 n t ! read]1 z is v natural1 ?9ks1 z he reads1 n m]ely ( :at is actually said1 b also ( its possible consequ5ces1 & ?us besides ! _m contradictions actually giv5 ( ! op9ions ( ! "t1 & presumably ( ! read]1 !re may be add$ z _m m :i* are anticipat$ & imag9>y4 ,t1 !n1 :i* is really only misund]/&+1 mu/ take ! =m ( active disapproval1 & x is all ! m difficult to recognise t x is misund]/&+1 because al?\gh ! labori\sly-atta9$ cle>ness ( ! explanation & di/9ctness ( ! expression nev] leaves ! imm$iate s5se ( :at is said d\btful1 x _c at ! same "t express its relations to all t rema9s to be said4 ,!re=e1 z we h said1 ! fir/ p]usal dem&s pati5ce1 f\nd$ on confid5ce t on a second p]usal mu*1 or all1 w appe> 9 an entirely diff]5t light4 ,fur!r1 ! e>ne/ endeav\r to be m completely & ev5 m easily compreh5d$ 9 ! case ( a v difficult subject1 mu/ ju/ify occasional repetition4 ,inde$ ! /ructure ( ! :ole1 :i* is organic1 n a m]e *a91 makes x necess>y sometimes to t\* on ! same po9t twice4 ,moreov] ?is con/ruction1 & ! v close connection ( all ! p>ts1 has n left op5 to me ! division into *apt]s & p>agraphs :i* ,i %\ld o!rwise h reg>d$ z v important1 b has oblig$ me to re/ satisfi$ ) f\r pr9cipal divisions1 z x 7 f\r aspects ( "o ?\ght4 ,9 ea* ( ^! f\r books x is especially important to gu>d aga9/ los+ sight1 9 ! details :i* mu/ necess>ily be discuss$1 ( ! pr9cipal ?\ght to :i* !y belong1 & ! progress ( ! :ole exposition4 ,i h ?us express$ ! fir/1 & l ^? :i* foll[1 unavoidable dem& ^u ! read]1 :o holds ! philosoph] 9 small fav\r j because he himself is a philosoph]4 ,! second dem& is ?is1 t ! introduction be read be=e ! book itself1 al?\gh x is n conta9$ 9 ! book1 b appe>$ five ye>s e>li] "u ! title1 8,ueb] die vi]fa*e ,wurzel des ,satzes vom zurei*5d5 ,grunde3 e9e philosophis*e ,abh&lung0 7,on ! f\rfold root ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason3 a philosophical essay74 ,)\t an acqua9tance ) ?is introduction & propadeutic x is absolutely impossible to und]/& ! pres5t "w prop]ly1 & ! cont5t ( t essay w always be presuppos$ 9 ?is "w j z if x 7 giv5 ) x4 ,besides1 ev5 if x _h n prec$$ ?is book by sev]al ye>s1 x w\ld n prop]ly h be5 plac$ be=e x z an introduction1 b w\ld h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! fir/ book4 ,z x is1 ! fir/ book does n conta9 :at 0 said 9 ! e>li] essay1 & x !re=e exhibits a c]ta9 incomplet5ess on acc\nt ( ^! defici5cies1 :i* mu/ always be suppli$ by ref]5ce to x4 ,h[ev]1 my dis9cl9ation 0 s great ei!r to quote myself or labori\sly to /ate aga9 9 o!r words :at ,i _h already said once 9 an adequate mann]1 t ,i pref]r$ ?is c\rse1 not)/&+ ! fact t ,i might n[ be able to give ! cont5t ( t essay a some:at bett] expression1 *iefly by free+ x f sev]al conceptions :i* result$ f ! excessive influ5ce :i* ! ,kantian philosophy _h ov] me at ! "t1 su* z--categories1 out] & inn] s5se1 & ! l4 ,b ev5 !re ^! conceptions only occur because z yet ,i _h nev] really ent]$ deeply into !m1 !re=e only by ! way & q out ( connection ) ! pr9cipal matt]4 ,! correction ( su* passages 9 t essay w consequ5tly take place ( its own accord 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ?r\gh 8 acqua9tance ) ! pres5t "w4 ,b only if we h fully recognis$ by means ( t essay :at ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is & signifies1 :at its validity ext5ds to1 & :at x does n ext5d to1 & t t pr9ciple is n be=e all ?+s1 & ! :ole _w m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( x1 & 9 con=mity to x1 a coroll>y1 z x 71 ( x2 b r t x is m]ely ! =m 9 :i* ! object1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 :i* is always condition$ by ! subject1 is inv>iably kn[n s f> z ! subject is a kn[+ individual3 only !n w x be possible to ent] into ! me?od ( philosophy :i* is "h attempt$ = ! fir/ "t1 & :i* is completely diff]5t f all previ\s me?ods4 ,b ! same dis9cl9ation to repeat myself ^w = ^w1 or to say ! same ?+ a second "t 9 o!r & worse words1 aft] ,i h depriv$ myself ( ! bett]1 has occasion$ ano!r defect 9 ! fir/ book ( ?is "w4 ,= ,i h omitt$ all t is said 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my essay 8,on ,sight & ,col\r10 :i* w\ld o!rwise h f\nd its place "h1 ^w = ^w4 ,!re=e ! k ( ?is %ort1 e>li] "w is also presuppos$4 ,f9ally1 ! ?ird dem& ,i h to make on ! read] might inde$ be tacitly assum$1 = x is no?+ b an acqua9tance ) ! mo/ important ph5om5on t has appe>$ 9 philosophy = two ?\s& ye>s1 & t lies s ne> u3 ,i mean ! pr9cipal writ+s ( ,kant4 ,x seems to me1 9 fact1 z inde$ has already be5 said by o!rs1 t ! effect ^! writ+s produce 9 ! m9d to :i* !y truly speak is v l t ( ! op]ation = cat>act on a bl9d man3 & if we wi% to pursue ! simile fur!r1 ! aim ( my own "w may be describ$ by say+ t ,i h s\ght to put into ! h&s ( ^? ^u :om t op]ation has be5 successfully p]=m$ a pair ( spectacles suitable to eyes t h recov]$ _! sight--spectacles ( ^: use t op]ation is ! absolutely necess>y condition4 ,/>t+ !n1 z ,i d to a l>ge ext5t1 f :at has be5 accompli%$ by ! great ,kant1 ,i h yet be5 enabl$1 j on acc\nt ( my e>ne/ /udy ( 8 writ+s1 to discov] important errors 9 !m4 ,^! ,i h be5 oblig$ to sep>ate f ! re/ & prove to be false1 9 ord] t ,i might be able to presuppose & apply :at is true & excell5t 9 8 doctr9e1 pure & fre$ f error4 ,b n to int]rupt & complicate my own exposition by a con/ant polemic aga9/ ,kant1 ,i h relegat$ ?is to a special app5dix4 ,x foll[s !n1 f :at has be5 said1 t my "w presupposes a k ( ?is app5dix j z mu* z x presupposes a k ( ! philosophy ( ,kant2 & 9 ?is respect x w\ld !re=e be advisable to read ! app5dix fir/1 all ! m z its cont5t is specially relat$ to ! fir/ book ( ! pres5t "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld n be avoid$1 f ! nature ( ! case1 t "h & !re ! app5dix also %\ld ref] to ! text ( ! "w2 & ! only result ( ?is is1 t ! app5dix1 z well z ! pr9cipal "p ( ! "w1 mu/ be read twice4 ,! philosophy ( ,kant1 !n1 is ! only philosophy ) :i* a ?or\gh acqua9tance is directly presuppos$ 9 :at we h to say "h4 ,b if1 besides ?is1 ! read] has l+]$ 9 ! s*ool ( ! div9e ,plato1 he w be s mu* ! bett] prep>$ to he> me1 & susceptible to :at ,i say4 ,& if1 inde$1 9 addition to ?is he is a p>tak] ( ! b5efit conf]r$ by ! ,v$as1 ! access to :i*1 op5$ to u ?r\gh ! ,upani%ads1 is 9 my eyes ! greate/ advantage :i* ?is /ill "y c5tury enjoys ov] previ\s ones1 because ,i believe t ! influ5ce ( ! ,sanscrit lit]ature w p5etrate n less deeply ?an did ! revival ( ,greek lit]ature 9 ! fifte5? c5tury3 if1 ,i say1 ! read] has also already receiv$ & assimilat$ ! sacr$1 primitive ,indian wisdom1 !n is he be/ ( all prep>$ to he> :at ,i h to say to him4 ,my "w w n speak to him1 z to _m o!rs1 9 a /range & ev5 ho/ile tongue2 =1 if x does n s\nd too va91 ,i might express ! op9ion t ea* "o ( ! individual & disconnect$ aphorisms :i* make up ! ,upani%ads may be d$uc$ z a consequ5ce f ! ?\ght ,i am go+ to imp>t1 ?\gh ! conv]se1 t my ?\ght is to be f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads1 is by no means ! case4 ,b mo/ read]s h already gr[n angry ) impati5ce1 & bur/ into reproa*es ) difficulty kept back s long4 ,h[ c ,i v5ture to pres5t a book to ! public "u conditions & dem&s ! fir/ two ( :i* are presumptu\s & altoge!r immode/1 & ?is at a "t :5 !re is su* a g5]al weal? ( special ideas1 t 9 ,g]many alone !y are made common prop]ty ?r\gh ! press1 9 ?ree ?\s& valuable1 orig9al1 & absolutely indisp5sable works e ye>1 besides innum]able p]iodicals1 & ev5 daily pap]s2 at a "t :5 especially !re is n ! lea/ defici5cy ( entirely orig9al & pr(\nd philosoph]s1 b 9 ,g]many alone !re are m ( !m alive at ! same "t1 ?an sev]al c5turies c\ld =m]ly boa/ ( 9 succession to ea* o!r8 ,h[ is "o ev] to come to ! end1 asks ! indignant read]1 if "o mu/ set to "w ^u a book 9 su* a fa%ion8 ,z ,i h absolutely no?+ to advance aga9/ ^! reproa*es1 ,i only hope = "s small ?anks f su* read]s = hav+ w>n$ !m 9 "t1 s t !y may n lose an h\r ov] a book :i* x w\ld be useless to read )\t comply+ ) ! dem&s t h be5 made1 & :i* %\ld !re=e be left alone1 p>ticul>ly z ap>t f ?is we might wag] a great deal t x c say no?+ to !m1 b r t x w always be only pancorum hom9um1 & mu/ !re=e quietly & mode/ly wait = ! few ^: unusual mode ( ?\ght may f9d x enjoyable4 ,= ap>t f ! difficulties & ! ef=t :i* x requires f ! read]1 :at cultur$ man ( ?is age1 ^: k has almo/ rea*$ ! augu/ po9t at :i* ! p>adoxical & ! false are all "o to x1 c\ld be> to meet ?\ghts almo/ on e page t directly contradict t :i* he has yet himself e/abli%$ once = all z true & und5iable8 ,& !n1 h[ disagreeably disappo9t$ w _m a "o be if he f9ds no m5tion "h ( :at he believes x is precisely "h he ought to look =1 because 8 me?od ( speculation agrees ) t ( a great liv+ philosoph]17#a7 :o has c]ta9ly writt5 pa!tic books1 & :o only has ! trifl+ weakness t he takes all he le>n$ & approv$ be=e 8 fifte5? ye> = inborn ideas ( ! human m9d4 ,:o c\ld /& all ?is8 ,!re=e my advice is simply to lay d[n ! book4 ,b ,i fe> ,i %all n escape ev5 ?us4 ,! read] :o has got z f> z ! preface & be5 /opp$ by x1 has b\ght ! book = ca%1 & asks h[ he is to be indemnifi$4 ,my la/ refuge is n[ to rem9d him t he kn[s h[ to make use ( a book 9 sev]al ways1 )\t exactly read+ x4 ,x may fill a gap 9 8 libr>y z well z _m ano!r1 :]e1 neatly b\nd1 x w c]ta9ly look well4 ,or he c lay x on ! toilet-table or ! tea-table ( "s le>n$ lady fri5d4 ,or1 f9ally1 :at c]ta9ly is be/ ( all1 & ,i specially advise x1 he c review x4 ,& n[ t ,i h all[$ myself ! je/ to :i* 9 ?is two-sid$ life h>dly any page c be too s]i\s to grant a place1 ,i "p ) ! book ) deep s]i\sness1 9 ! sure hope t soon] or lat] x w rea* ^? to :om alone x c be address$2 & = ! re/1 pati5tly resign$ t ! same fate %\ld1 9 full measure1 befall x1 t 9 all ages has1 to "s ext5t1 befall5 all k1 & especially ! weightie/ k ( ! tru?1 to :i* only a brief triumph is allott$ betwe5 ! two long p]iods 9 :i* x is condemn$ z p>adoxical or disp>ag$ z trivial4 ,! =m] fate is also wont to befall its au?or4 ,b life is %ort1 & tru? works f> & lives long3 let u speak ! tru?4 ,writt5 at ,dresd5 9 ,augu/ #ahah4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,n to my contempor>ies1 n to my compatriots--to mank9d ,i commit my n[ complet$ "w 9 ! confid5ce t x w n be )\t value = !m1 ev5 if ?is %\ld be late recognis$1 z is commonly ! lot ( :at is good4 ,= x _c h be5 = ! pass+ g5]ation1 engross$ ) ! delusion ( ! mom5t1 t my m9d1 almo/ aga9/ my w1 has un9t]rupt$ly /uck to its "w ?r\gh ! c\rse ( a long life4 ,& :ile ! lapse ( "t has n be5 able to make me d\bt ! wor? ( my "w1 nei!r has ! lack ( sympa?y2 = ,i con/antly saw ! false & ! bad1 & f9ally ! absurd & s5seless17#b7 /& 9 univ]sal admiration & hon\r1 & ,i be?\ght myself t if x 7 n ! case ^? :o are capable ( recognis+ ! g5u9e & "r are s r>e t we may look = !m 9 va9 = "s tw5ty ye>s1 !n ^? :o are capable ( produc+ x c\ld n be s few t _! works aft]w>ds =m an exception to ! p]i%abl5ess ( e>?ly ?+s2 & ?us w\ld be lo/ ! reviv+ prospect ( po/]ity :i* e "o :o sets be=e himself a high aim requires to /r5g!n him4 ,:oev] s]i\sly takes up & pursues an object t does n lead to mat]ial advantages1 mu/ n c\nt on ! sympa?y ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,= ! mo/ "p he w see1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! meantime ! sup]ficial aspect ( t object becomes curr5t 9 ! _w1 & enjoys its day2 & ?is is z x %\ld be4 ,! object itself mu/ be pursu$ = its own sake1 o!rwise x _c be atta9$2 = any design or int5tion is always dang]\s to insight4 ,accord+ly1 z ! :ole hi/ory ( lit]ature proves1 ev]y?+ ( real value requir$ a long "t to ga9 acceptance1 especially if x belong$ to ! class ( in/ructive1 n ent]ta9+1 works2 & mean:ile ! false fl\ri%$4 ,= to comb9e ! object ) its sup]ficial appe>ance is difficult1 :5 x is n impossible4 ,inde$ t is j ! curse ( ?is _w ( want & ne$1 t ev]y?+ mu/ s]ve & slave = ^!2 & !re=e x is n s con/itut$ t any noble & sublime ef=t1 l ! endeav\r aft] light & tru?1 c prosp] unh9d]$ & exi/ = its own sake4 ,b ev5 if su* an endeav\r has once succe$$ 9 ass]t+ itself1 & ! conception ( x has ?us be5 introduc$1 mat]ial int]e/s & p]sonal aims w imm$iately take possession ( x1 9 ord] to make x _! tool or _! mask4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,kant br\ght philosophy aga9 into repute1 x _h soon to become ! tool ( political aims f above1 & p]sonal aims f bel[2 al?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 n philosophy itself1 b its gho/1 t passes = x4 ,?is %\ld n really a/oni% u2 = ! incr$ibly l>ge majority ( m5 are by nature q incapable ( any b mat]ial aims1 inde$ !y c conceive no o!rs4 ,?us ! pursuit ( tru? alone is f> too l(ty & ecc5tric an endeav\r = u to expect all or _m1 or inde$ ev5 a few1 fai?fully to take "p 94 ,if yet we see1 z = example at pres5t 9 ,g]many1 a rem>kable activity1 a g5]al mov+1 writ+1 & talk+ ) ref]5ce to philosophical subjects1 we may confid5tly assume t1 9 spite ( solemn looks & assurances1 only real1 n ideal aims1 are ! actual primum mobile1 ! conceal$ motive ( su* a movem5t2 t x is p]sonal1 (ficial1 ecclesia/ical1 political1 9 %ort1 mat]ial ends t are really kept 9 view1 & consequ5tly t m]e p>ty ends set ! p5s ( s _m pret5d$ philosoph]s 9 su* rapid motion4 ,?us "s design or int5tion1 n ! desire ( insight1 is ! guid+ /> ( ^! di/urb]s ( ! peace1 & tru? is c]ta9ly ! la/ ?+ t is ?\ght ( 9 ! matt]4 ,x f9ds no p>tisans2 r1 x may pursue its way z sil5tly & unhe$$ ?r\gh su* a philosophical riot z ?r\gh ! w9t] night ( ! d>ke/ c5tury b\nd 9 ! rigid fai? ( ! *ur*1 :5 x 0 communicat$ only to a few al*emi/s z esot]ic le>n+1 or entru/$ x may be only to ! p>*m5t4 ,inde$ ,i might say t no "t c be m unfav\rable to philosophy ?an t 9 :i* x is %amefully misus$1 on ! "o h& to fur!r political objects1 on ! o!r z a means ( livelihood4 ,or is x believ$ t someh[1 ) su* ef=t & su* a turmoil1 ! tru?1 at :i* x by no means aims1 w also be br\ght to light8 ,tru? is no pro/itute1 t ?r[s h]self away ^u ^? :o d n desire h]2 %e is r s coy a beauty t he :o sacrifices ev]y?+ to h] _c ev5 !n be sure ( h] fav\r4 ,if ,gov]nm5ts make philosophy a means ( fur!r+ political ends1 le>n$ m5 see 9 philosophical pr(essor%ips a trade t n\ri%es ! out] man j l any o!r2 !re=e !y cr[d aft] !m 9 ! assurance ( _! good int5tions1 t is1 ! purpose ( subs]v+ ^! ends4 ,& !y keep _! ^w3 n tru?1 n cle>ness1 n ,plato1 n ,ari/otle1 b ! ends !y 7 appo9t$ to s]ve are _! guid+ />1 & become at once ! crit]ion ( :at is true1 valuable1 & to be respect$1 & ( ! opposites ( ^!4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 does n answ] ^! ends1 ev5 if x 7 ! mo/ important & extraord9>y ?+s 9 _! dep>tm5t1 is ei!r condemn$1 or1 :5 ?is seems haz>d\s1 suppress$ by be+ unanim\sly ignor$4 ,look only at _! zeal aga9/ pan!ism2 w any simpleton believe t x proce$s f conviction8 ,&1 9 g5]al1 h[ is x possible t philosophy1 degrad$ to ! position ( a means ( mak+ "o's bread1 c fail to deg5]ate into sophi/ry8 ,j because ?is is infallibly ! case1 & ! rule1 8,i s+ ! song ( him ^: bread ,i eat10 has always held good1 ! mak+ ( money by philosophy 0 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z ! *>act]i/ic ( ! sophi/s4 ,b we h /ill to add ?is1 t s9ce ?r\gh\t ?is _w no?+ is to be expect$1 c be dem&$1 or is to be _h = gold b m$iocrity1 we mu/ be cont5t$ ) x "h also4 ,consequ5tly we see 9 all ! ,g]man univ]sities ! *]i%$ m$iocrity /riv+ to produce ! philosophy :i* z yet is n !re to produce1 at its own exp5se & inde$ 9 accordance ) a pr$et]m9$ /&>d & aim1 a spectacle at :i* x w\ld be almo/ cruel to mock4 ,:ile ?us philosophy has long be5 oblig$ to s]ve entirely z a means to public ends on ! "o side & private ends on ! o!r1 ,i h pursu$ ! c\rse ( my ?\ght1 undi/urb$ by !m1 = m ?an ?irty ye>s1 & simply because ,i 0 oblig$ to d s & c\ld n help myself1 f an in/9ctive impulse1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 support$ by ! confid5ce t any?+ true "o may h ?\ght1 & any?+ obscure "o may h ?r[n light ^u1 w appeal to any ?9k+ m9d1 no matt] :5 x compreh5ds x1 & w rejoice & com=t x4 ,to su* an "o we speak z ^? :o are l u h spok5 to u1 & h s become our com=t 9 ! wild]ness ( ?is life4 ,mean:ile ! object is pursu$ on its own acc\nt & = its own sake4 ,n[ x happ5s curi\sly en\gh ) philosophical m$itations1 t precisely t :i* "o has ?\ght out & inve/igat$ = oneself1 is aft]w>ds ( b5efit to o!rs2 n t1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ = o!rs4 ,! =m] is confess$ly ne>e/ 9 "* to p]fect hone/y2 = a man does n seek to deceive himself1 nor does he (f] himself empty husks2 s t all sophi/ication & all m]e talk is omitt$1 & consequ5tly e s5t5ce t is writt5 at once repays ! tr\ble ( read+ x4 ,?us my writ+s be> ! /amp ( hone/y & op5ness s di/9ctly on ! face ( !m1 t by ?is alone !y are a gl>+ contra/ to ^? ( ?ree celebrat$ sophi/s ( ! po/-,kantian p]iod4 ,i am always to be f\nd at ! /&po9t ( reflection1 i4e41 rational delib]ation & hone/ /atem5t1 nev] at t ( inspiration1 call$ intellectual intuition1 or absolute ?\ght2 ?\gh1 if x receiv$ its prop] "n1 x w\ld be call$ empty bomba/ & *>latanism4 ,work+ !n 9 ?is _s1 & always see+ ! false & bad 9 univ]sal acceptance1 yea1 bomba/7#c7 & *>latanism7#d7 9 ! highe/ hon\r1 ,i h long r5\nc$ ! approbation ( my contempor>ies4 ,x is impossible t an age :i* = tw5ty ye>s has applaud$ a ,hegel1 t intellectual ,caliban1 z ! greate/ ( ! philosoph]s1 s l\dly t x e*oes ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe1 c\ld make him :o has look$ on at t desir\s ( its approbation4 ,x has no m cr[ns ( hon\r to be/[2 its applause is pro/itut$1 & its c5sure has no significance4 ,t ,i mean :at ,i say is atte/$ by ! fact t if ,i _h 9 any way s\ght ! approbation ( my contempor>ies1 ,i w\ld h _h to /rike out a score ( passages :i* entirely contradict all _! op9ions1 & inde$ mu/ 9 "p be (f5sive to !m4 ,b ,i w\ld c\nt x a crime to sacrifice a s+le syllable to t approbation4 ,my guid+ /> has1 9 all s]i\sness1 be5 tru?4 ,foll[+ x1 ,i c\ld fir/ aspire only to my own approbation1 entirely av]t$ f an age deeply degrad$ z reg>ds all high] intellectual ef=ts1 & a national lit]ature demoralis$ ev5 to ! exceptions1 a lit]ature 9 :i* ! art ( comb9+ l(ty words ) paltry significance has rea*$ its height4 ,i c c]ta9ly nev] escape f ! errors & weaknesses :i*1 9 my case z 9 e "o else's1 necess>ily belong to my nature2 b ,i w n increase !m by unwor?y accommodations4 ,z reg>ds ?is second edition1 fir/ ( all ,i am glad to say t aft] five & tw5ty ye>s ,i f9d no?+ to retract2 s t my fundam5tal convictions h only be5 confirm$1 z f> z conc]ns myself at lea/4 ,! alt]ations 9 ! fir/ volume !re=e1 :i* conta9s ! :ole text ( ! fir/ edition1 n[h]e t\* :at is ess5tial4 ,sometimes !y conc]n ?+s ( m]ely second>y importance1 & m (t5 consi/ ( v %ort explanatory additions ins]t$ "h & !re4 ,only ! criticism ( ! ,kantian philosophy has receiv$ important corrections & l>ge additions1 = ^! c\ld n be put into a supplem5t>y book1 su* z ^? :i* are giv5 9 ! second volume1 & :i* correspond to ea* ( ! f\r books t conta9 ! exposition ( my own doctr9e4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ,i h *os5 ?is =m ( enl>g+ & improv+ !m1 because ! five & tw5ty ye>s t h pass$ s9ce !y 7 compos$ h produc$ s m>k$ a *ange 9 my me?od ( exposition & 9 my /yle1 t x w\ld n h done to comb9e ! cont5t ( ! second volume ) t ( ! fir/1 z bo? mu/ h suff]$ by ! fusion4 ,i !re=e give bo? works sep>ately1 & 9 ! e>li] exposition1 ev5 9 _m places :]e ,i w\ld n[ express myself q diff]5tly1 ,i h *ang$ no?+1 because ,i desir$ to gu>d aga9/ spoil+ ! "w ( my e>li] ye>s ?r\gh ! c>p+ criticism ( age4 ,:at 9 ?is reg>d might ne$ correction w correct itself 9 ! m9d ( ! read] ) ! help ( ! second volume4 ,bo? volumes h1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 a supplem5t>y relation to ea* o!r1 s f> z ?is re/s on ! fact t "o age ( human life is1 intellectually1 ! supplem5t ( ano!r4 ,x w !re=e be f\nd1 n only t ea* volume conta9s :at ! o!r lacks1 b t ! m]its ( ! "o consi/ peculi>ly 9 t :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r4 ,?us1 if ! fir/ half ( my "w surpasses ! second 9 :at c only be suppli$ by ! fire ( y\? & ! en]gy ( fir/ conceptions1 ! second w surpass ! fir/ by ! rip5ess & complete elaboration ( ! ?\ght :i* c only belong to ! fruit ( ! lab\r ( a long life4 ,= :5 ,i _h ! /r5g? orig9ally to grasp ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( my sy/em1 to foll[ x at once into its f\r bran*es1 to return f !m to ! unity ( _! orig91 & !n to expla9 ! :ole di/9ctly1 ,i c\ld n yet be 9 a position to "w out all ! bran*es ( ! sy/em ) ! fulness1 ?or\ghness1 & elaborat5ess :i* is only rea*$ by ! m$itation ( _m ye>s--m$itation :i* is requir$ to te/ & illu/rate ! sy/em by innum]able facts1 to support x by ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( pro(1 to ?r[ light on x f all sides1 & !n to place ! diff]5t po9ts ( view boldly 9 contra/1 to sep>ate ?or\ghly ! multif>i\s mat]ials1 & pres5t !m 9 a well-arrang$ :ole4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 m agreeable to ! read] to h my :ole "w 9 "o piece1 in/ead ( consi/+1 z x n[ does1 ( two halves1 :i* mu/ be comb9$ 9 us+ !m1 he mu/ reflect t ?is w\ld h dem&$ t ,i %\ld accompli% at "o p]iod ( life :at x is only possible to accompli% 9 two1 = ,i w\ld h _h to possess ! qualities at "o p]iod ( life t nature has divid$ betwe5 two q diff]5t ones4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( pres5t+ my "w 9 two halves supplem5t>y to ea* o!r may be comp>$ to ! necessity 9 consequ5ce ( :i* a *romatic object-glass1 :i* _c be made out ( "o piece1 is produc$ by jo9+ toge!r a convex l5s ( fl9t glass & a concave l5s ( cr[n glass1 ! comb9$ effect ( :i* is :at 0 s\ght4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! read] w f9d "s comp5sation = ! inconv5i5ce ( us+ two volumes at once1 9 ! v>iety & ! relief :i* is af=d$ by ! h&l+ ( ! same subject1 by ! same m9d1 9 ! same _s1 b 9 v diff]5t ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 x is v advisable t ^? :o are n yet acqua9t$ ) my philosophy %\ld fir/ ( all read ! fir/ volume )\t us+ ! supplem5t>y books1 & %\ld make use ( ^! only on a second p]usal2 o!rwise x w\ld be too difficult = !m to grasp ! sy/em 9 its connection4 ,= x is only ?us expla9$ 9 ! fir/ volume1 :ile ! second is devot$ to a m detail$ inve/igation & a complete developm5t ( ! individual doctr9es4 ,ev5 ^? :o %\ld n make up _! m9ds to a second read+ ( ! fir/ volume _h bett] n read ! second volume till aft] ! fir/1 & !n = itself1 9 ! ord9>y sequ5ce ( its *apt]s1 :i*1 at any rate1 /& 9 "s k9d ( connection1 ?\gh a some:at loos] "o1 ! gaps ( :i* !y w fully supply by ! recollection ( ! fir/ volume1 if !y h ?or\ghly compreh5d$ x4 ,besides1 !y w f9d ev]y:]e ! ref]5ce to ! correspond+ passages ( ! fir/ volume1 ! p>agraphs ( :i* ,i h numb]$ 9 ! second edition = ?is purpose1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ edition !y 7 only divid$ by l9es4 ,i h already expla9$ 9 ! preface to ! fir/ edition1 t my philosophy is f\nd$ on t ( ,kant1 & !re=e presupposes a ?or\gh k ( x4 ,i repeat ?is "h4 ,= ,kant's tea*+ produces 9 ! m9d ( e "o :o has compreh5d$ x a fundam5tal *ange :i* is s great t x may be reg>d$ z an intellectual new-bir?4 ,x alone is able really to remove ! inborn realism :i* proce$s f ! orig9al "* ( ! intellect1 :i* nei!r ,b]keley nor ,malebran*e succe$ 9 do+1 = !y rema9 too mu* 9 ! univ]sal1 :ile ,kant goes into ! p>ticul>1 & inde$ 9 a way t is q unexampl$ bo? be=e & aft] him1 & :i* has q a peculi>1 &1 we might say1 imm$iate effect ^u ! m9d 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x und]goes a complete undeception1 & =?) looks at all ?+s 9 ano!r light4 ,only 9 ?is way c any "o become susceptible to ! m positive expositions :i* ,i h to give4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o has n ma/]$ ! ,kantian philosophy1 :atev] else he may h /udi$1 is1 z x 71 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce2 t is to say1 he rema9s 9 ! grasp ( t natural & *ildi% realism 9 :i* we are all born1 & :i* fits u = ev]y?+ possible1 ) ! s+le exception ( philosophy4 ,su* a man !n /&s to ! man :o kn[s ! ,kantian philosophy z a m9or to a man ( full age4 ,t ?is tru? %\ld n[adays s\nd p>adoxical1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case 9 ! fir/ ?irty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,critique ( ,reason1 is due to ! fact t a g5]ation has gr[n up t does n "k ,kant prop]ly1 because x has nev] he>d m ( him ?an a ha/y1 impati5t lecture1 or an acc\nt at second-h&2 & ?is aga9 is due to ! fact t 9 consequ5ce ( bad guidance1 ?is g5]ation has wa/$ its "t ) ! philosophemes ( vulg>1 uncall$ m51 or ev5 ( bomba/ic sophi/s1 :i* are unw>rantably comm5d$ to x4 ,h5ce ! confusion ( fundam5tal conceptions1 & 9 g5]al ! unspeakable crud5ess & awkw>dness t appe>s f "u ! cov]+ ( affectation & pret5ti\sness 9 ! philosophical attempts ( ! g5]ation ?us br\ght up4 ,b :oev] ?9ks he c le>n ,kant's philosophy f ! exposition ( o!rs makes a t]rible mi/ake4 ,nay1 r ,i mu/ e>ne/ly w>n aga9/ su* acc\nts1 especially ! m rec5t ones2 & inde$ 9 ! ye>s j pa/ ,i h met ) expositions ( ! ,kantian philosophy 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,hegelians :i* actually rea* ! incr$ible4 ,h[ %\ld ! m9ds t 9 ! fre%ness ( y\? h be5 /ra9$ & ru9$ by ! nons5se ( ,hegelism1 be /ill capable ( foll[+ ,kant's pr(\nd inve/igations8 ,!y are e>ly accu/om$ to take ! holl[e/ j+le ( words = philosophical ?\ghts1 ! mo/ mis]able sophisms = acut5ess1 & silly conceits = dialectic1 & _! m9ds are disorganis$ ?r\gh ! admission ( mad comb9ations ( words to :i* ! m9d torm5ts & exhau/s itself 9 va9 to atta* "s ?\ght4 ,no ,critique ( ,reason c avail !m1 no philosophy1 !y ne$ a m$ic9a m5tis1 fir/ z a sort ( purgative1 un petit c\rs de s5scommunologie1 & !n "o mu/ fur!r see :e!r1 9 _! case1 !re c ev5 be any talk ( philosophy4 ,! ,kantian doctr9e !n w be s\ght = 9 va9 any:]e else b 9 ,kant's own works2 b ^! are ?r\gh\t in/ructive1 ev5 :]e he errs1 ev5 :]e he fails4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 orig9ality1 x holds good ( him 9 ! highe/ degree1 z inde$ ( all true philosoph]s1 t "o c only come to "k !m f _! own works1 n f ! acc\nts ( o!rs4 ,= ! ?\ghts ( any extraord9>y intellect _c /& be+ filt]$ ?r\gh ! vulg> m9d4 ,born beh9d ! broad1 high1 f9ely-ar*$ br[1 f "u :i* %9e beam+ eyes1 !y lose all p[] & life1 & appe> no long] l !mselves1 :5 remov$ to ! n>r[ lodg+ & l[ ro(+ ( ! conf9$1 contract$1 ?ick-wall$ skull f :i* dull glances /eal direct$ to p]sonal ends4 ,inde$ we may say t m9ds ( ?is k9d act l an unev5 glass1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is twi/$ & di/ort$1 loses ! regul>ity ( its beauty1 & becomes a c>icature4 ,only f _! au?ors !mselves c we receive philosophical ?\ghts2 !re=e :oev] feels himself drawn to philosophy mu/ himself seek out its immortal tea*]s 9 ! /ill sanctu>y ( _! works4 ,! pr9cipal *apt]s ( any "o ( ^! true philosoph]s w af=d a ?\s& times m insight into _! doctr9es ?an ! heavy & di/ort$ acc\nts ( !m t ev]yday m5 produce1 :o are /ill = ! mo/ "p deeply entangl$ 9 ! fa%ionable philosophy ( ! "t1 or 9 ! s5tim5ts ( _! own m9ds4 ,b x is a/oni%+ h[ decid$ly ! public seizes by pref]5ce on ^! expositions at second-h&4 ,x seems really z if elective aff9ities 7 at "w "h1 by virtue ( :i* ! common nature is drawn to its l1 & !re=e w r he> :at a great man has said f "o ( its own k9d4 ,p]haps ?is re/s on ! same pr9ciple z t ( mutual in/ruction1 accord+ to :i* *ildr5 le>n be/ f *ildr54 ,"o ^w m = ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,i h always be5 compell$ to admire n m]ely ! sagacity1 ! true & f9e tact ) :i*1 imm$iately on its appe>ance1 !y recognis$ my philosophy z some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f & inde$ dang]\s to _! own attempts1 or1 9 popul> language1 some?+ t w\ld n suit _! turn2 b also ! sure & a/ute policy by virtue ( :i* !y at once discov]$ ! prop] proc$ure ) reg>d to x1 ! complete h>mony ) :i* !y appli$ x1 & ! p]si/5cy ) :i* !y h rema9$ fai?ful to x4 ,?is proc$ure1 :i* fur!r comm5d$ itself by ! great ease ( c>ry+ x out1 consi/s1 z is well kn[n1 9 altoge!r ignor+ & ?us 9 secret+--accord+ to ,goe!'s malici\s phrase1 :i* j means ! appropriat+ ( :at is ( weight & significance4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is quiet means is increas$ by ! ,corybantic %\ts ) :i* ^? :o are at "o reciprocally greet ! bir? ( _! own spiritual *ildr5--%\ts :i* compel ! public to look & note ! air ( importance ) :i* !y congratulate !mselves on ! ev5t4 ,:o c mi/ake ! object ( su* proce$+s8 ,is !re !n no?+ to oppose to ! maxim1 primum viv]e1 de9de philosoph>i8 ,^! g5tlem5 desire to live1 & inde$ to live by philosophy4 ,to philosophy !y are assign$ ) _! wives & *ildr51 & 9 spite ( ,petr>*'s pov]a e nuda vai filos(ia1 !y h /ak$ ev]y?+ ^u x4 ,n[ my philosophy is by no means s con/itut$ t any "o c live by x4 ,x lacks ! fir/ indisp5sable requisite ( a well-paid pr(essional philosophy1 a speculative !ology1 :i*--9 spite ( ! tr\blesome ,kant ) 8 ,critique ( ,reason--%\ld & mu/1 x is suppos$1 be ! *ief !me ( all philosophy1 ev5 if x ?us takes on itself ! task ( talk+ /raight on ( t ( :i* x c "k absolutely no?+4 ,inde$ my philosophy does n p]mit to ! pr(essors ! fiction !y h s cunn+ly devis$1 & :i* has become s indisp5sable to !m1 ( a reason t kn[s1 p]ceives1 or appreh5ds imm$iately & absolutely4 ,?is is a doctr9e :i* x is only necess>y to impose ^u ! read] at />t+1 9 ord] to pass 9 ! mo/ com=table mann] 9 ! _w1 z x 7 9 a *>iot & f\r1 into t region beyond ! possibility ( all exp]i5ce1 :i* ,kant has :olly & = ev] %ut out f our k1 & 9 :i* are f\nd imm$iately reveal$ & mo/ beautifully arrang$ ! fundam5tal dogmas ( mod]n1 ,judais+1 optimi/ic ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ :at 9 ! _w has my subtle philosophy1 defici5t z x is 9 ^! ess5tial requisites1 ) no int5tional aim1 & unable to af=d a means ( subsi/5ce1 ^: pole /> is tru? alone ! nak$1 unrew>d$1 unbefri5d$1 (t5 p]secut$ tru?1 & :i* /e]s /raight = x )\t look+ to ! "r h& or ! left1--:at1 ,i say1 has ?is to d ) t alma mat]1 ! good1 well-to-d univ]sity philosophy :i*1 burd5$ ) a hundr$ aims & a ?\s& motives1 comes on its c\rse cauti\sly tack+1 :ile x keeps be=e its eyes at all times ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 ! w ( ! m9i/ry1 ! laws ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*1 ! wi%es ( ! publi%]1 ! att5dance ( ! /ud5ts1 ! goodwill ( colleagues1 ! c\rse ( curr5t politics1 ! mom5t>y t5d5cy ( ! public1 & ,heav5 kn[s :at besides8 ,or :at has my quiet1 e>ne/ se>* = tru? 9 common ) ! noisy s*ola/ic disputations ( ! *air & ! b5*es1 ! inmo/ motives ( :i* are always p]sonal aims4 ,! two k9ds ( philosophy are1 inde$1 radically diff]5t4 ,?us x is t ) me !re is no compromise & no fell[%ip1 t no "o reaps any b5efit f my works b ! man :o seeks ! tru? alone1 & !re=e none ( ! philosophical p>ties ( ! day2 = !y all foll[ _! own aims1 :ile ,i h only insight into tru? to (f]1 :i* suits none ( ^! aims1 because x is n modell$ aft] any ( !m4 ,if my philosophy is to become susceptible ( pr(essorial exposition1 ! times mu/ entirely *ange4 ,:at a pretty ?+ x w\ld be if a philosophy by :i* nobody c\ld live 7 to ga9 = itself light & air1 n to speak ( ! g5]al e>6 ,?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/1 & all mu/ oppose x z "o man4 ,b x is n j su* an easy game to controv]t & refute2 &1 moreov]1 ^! are mi/ak5 means to employ1 because !y j direct ! att5tion ( ! public to ! matt]1 & its ta/e = ! lucubrations ( ! pr(essors ( philosophy might be de/roy$ by ! p]usal ( my writ+s4 ,= :oev] has ta/$ ( e>ne/ w n reli% je/1 especially :5 x is tiresome4 ,!re=e ! sil5t sy/em1 s unanim\sly adopt$1 is ! only "r "o1 & ,i c only advise !m to /ick to x & g on ) x z long z x w answ]1 t is1 until to ignore is tak5 to imply ignorance2 !n !re w j be "t to turn back4 ,mean:ile x rema9s op5 to e "o to pluck out a small fea!r "h & !re = 8 own use1 = ! sup]fluity ( ?\ghts at home %\ld n be v oppressive4 ,?us ! ignor+ & sil5t sy/em may hold out a good :ile1 at lea/ ! span ( "t ,i may h yet to live1 :]eby mu* is already won4 ,& if1 9 ! meantime1 "h & !re an indiscreet voice has let itself be he>d1 x is soon dr[n$ by ! l\d talk+ ( ! pr(essors1 :o1 ) important airs1 "k h[ to ent]ta9 ! public ) v diff]5t ?+s4 ,i advise1 h[ev]1 t ! unanimity ( proc$ure %\ld be some:at m /rictly obs]v$1 & especially t ! "y m5 %\ld be look$ aft]1 = !y are sometimes s fe>fully indiscreet4 ,= ev5 s ,i _c gu>antee t ! comm5d$ proc$ure w la/ = ev]1 & _c answ] = ! f9al issue4 ,x is a nice "q z to ! /e]+ ( ! public1 :i*1 on ! :ole1 is good & tractable4 ,al?\gh we ne>ly at all times see ! ,gorgiases & ! ,hippiases upp]mo/1 al?\gh ! absurd1 z a rule1 pr$om9ates1 & x seems impossible t ! voice ( ! individual c ev] p5etrate ?r\gh ! *orus ( ! befool+ & ! befool$1 !re yet rema9s to ! g5u9e works ( e age a q peculi>1 sil5t1 sl[1 & p[]ful influ5ce2 &1 z if by a miracle1 we see !m rise at la/ out ( ! turmoil l a balloon t floats up out ( ! ?ick atmosph]e ( ?is globe into pur] regions1 :]e1 hav+ once arriv$1 x rema9s at re/1 & no "o c draw x d[n aga94 ,writt5 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e 9 ,febru>y #ahdd4 ,,fir/ ,,book4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,idea4 ,fir/ ,aspect4 ,! ,idea ,subord9at$ ,to ,! ,pr9ciple ,( ,suffici5t ,reason3 ,! ,object ,( ,exp]i5ce ,& ,sci5ce4 ,sors de l'enfance1 ami rveille toi6 --,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 #a4 8,! _w is my idea30--?is is a tru? :i* holds good = ev]y?+ t lives & kn[s1 ?\gh man alone c br+ x into reflective & ab/ract consci\sness4 ,if he really does ?is1 he has atta9$ to philosophical wisdom4 ,x !n becomes cle> & c]ta9 to him t :at he kn[s is n a sun & an e>?1 b only an eye t sees a sun1 a h& t feels an e>?2 t ! _w :i* surr\nds him is !re only z idea1 i4e41 only 9 relation to some?+ else1 ! consci\sness1 :i* is himself4 ,if any tru? c be ass]t$ a priori1 x is ?is3 = x is ! expression ( ! mo/ g5]al =m ( all possible & ?9kable exp]i5ce3 a =m :i* is m g5]al ?an "t1 or space1 or causality1 = !y all presuppose x2 & ea* ( ^!1 :i* we h se5 to be j s _m modes ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is valid only = a p>ticul> class ( ideas2 :]eas ! anti!sis ( object & subject is ! common =m ( all ^! classes1 is t =m "u :i* alone any idea ( :atev] k9d x may be1 ab/ract or intuitive1 pure or empirical1 is possible & ?9kable4 ,no tru? !re=e is m c]ta91 m indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 & less 9 ne$ ( pro( ?an ?is1 t all t exi/s = k1 & !re=e ?is :ole _w1 is only object 9 relation to subject1 p]ception ( a p]ceiv]1 9 a ^w1 idea4 ,?is is obvi\sly true ( ! pa/ & ! future1 z well z ( ! pres5t1 ( :at is f>!/ (f1 z ( :at is ne>2 = x is true ( "t & space !mselves1 9 :i* alone ^! di/9ctions arise4 ,all t 9 any way belongs or c belong to ! _w is inevitably ?us condition$ ?r\gh ! subject1 & exi/s only = ! subject4 ,! _w is idea4 ,?is tru? is by no means new4 ,x 0 implicitly involv$ 9 ! sceptical reflections f :i* ,desc>tes />t$4 ,b]keley1 h[ev]1 0 ! fir/ :o di/9ctly enunciat$ x1 & by ?is he has r5d]$ a p]man5t s]vice to philosophy1 ev5 ?\gh ! re/ ( 8 tea*+ %\ld n endure4 ,kant's prim>y mi/ake 0 ! neglect ( ?is pr9ciple1 z is %[n 9 ! app5dix4 ,h[ e>ly aga9 ?is tru? 0 recognis$ by ! wise m5 ( ,india1 appe>+ inde$ z ! fundam5tal t5et ( ! ,v$nta philosophy ascrib$ to ,vyasa1 is po9t$ out by ,sir ,william ,jones 9 ! la/ ( 8 essays3 8,on ! philosophy ( ! ,asiatics0 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 p4 #afd71 :]e he says1 8,! fundam5tal t5et ( ! ,v$anta s*ool consi/$ n 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 t is1 ( solidity1 imp5etrability1 & ext5d$ figure 7to d5y :i* w\ld be lunacy71 b 9 correct+ ! popul> notion ( x1 & 9 cont5d+ t x has no ess5ce indep5d5t ( m5tal p]ception2 t exi/5ce & p]ceptibility are conv]tible t]ms40 ,^! words adequately express ! compatibility ( empirical reality & transc5d5tal ideality4 ,9 ?is fir/ book1 !n1 we consid] ! _w only f ?is side1 only s f> z x is idea4 ,! inw>d reluctance ) :i* any "o accepts ! _w z m]ely 8 idea1 w>ns him t ?is view ( x1 h[ev] true x may be1 is nev]!less "o-sid$1 adopt$ 9 consequ5ce ( "s arbitr>y ab/raction4 ,& yet x is a conception f :i* he c nev] free himself4 ,! defectiv5ess ( ?is view w be correct$ 9 ! next book by means ( a tru? :i* is n s imm$iately c]ta9 z t f :i* we />t "h2 a tru? at :i* we c arrive only by deep] rese>* & m sev]e ab/raction1 by ! sep>ation ( :at is diff]5t & ! union ( :at is id5tical4 ,?is tru?1 :i* mu/ be v s]i\s & impressive if n awful to e "o1 is t a man c also say & mu/ say1 8! _w is my w40 ,9 ?is book1 h[ev]1 we mu/ consid] sep>ately t aspect ( ! _w f :i* we />t1 its aspect z kn[able1 & !re=e1 9 ! meantime1 we mu/1 )\t res]ve1 reg>d all pres5t$ objects1 ev5 our own bodies 7z we %all pres5tly %[ m fully71 m]ely z ideas1 & call !m m]ely ideas4 ,by s do+ we always ab/ract f w 7z we hope to make cle> to e "o fur!r on71 :i* by itself con/itutes ! o!r aspect ( ! _w4 ,= z ! _w is 9 "o aspect entirely idea1 s 9 ano!r x is entirely w4 ,a reality :i* is nei!r ( ^! two1 b an object 9 itself 7into :i* ! ?+ 9 itself has un=tunately dw9dl$ 9 ! h&s ( ,kant71 is ! phantom ( a dream1 & its acceptance is an ignis fatuus 9 philosophy4 #b4 ,t :i* kn[s all ?+s & is kn[n by none is ! subject4 ,?us x is ! support] ( ! _w1 t condition ( all ph5om5a1 ( all objects :i* is always pre-suppos$ ?r\gh\t exp]i5ce2 = all t exi/s1 exi/s only = ! subject4 ,e "o f9ds himself to be subject1 yet only 9 s f> z he kn[s1 n 9 s f> z he is an object ( k4 ,b 8 body is object1 & !re=e f ?is po9t ( view we call x idea4 ,= ! body is an object among objects1 & is condition$ by ! laws ( objects1 al?\gh x is an imm$iate object4 ,l all objects ( p]ception1 x lies )9 ! univ]sal =ms ( k1 "t & space1 :i* are ! conditions ( multiplicity4 ,! subject1 on ! contr>y1 :i* is always ! kn[]1 nev] ! kn[n1 does n come "u ^! =ms1 b is presuppos$ by !m2 x has !re=e nei!r multiplicity nor its opposite unity4 ,we nev] "k x1 b x is always ! kn[] :]ev] !re is k4 ,s !n ! _w z idea1 ! only aspect 9 :i* we consid] x at pres5t1 has two fundam5tal1 necess>y1 & insep>able halves4 ,! "o half is ! object1 ! =ms ( :i* are space & "t1 & ?r\gh ^! multiplicity4 ,! o!r half is ! subject1 :i* is n 9 space & "t1 = x is pres5t1 entire & undivid$1 9 e p]cipi5t be+4 ,s t any "o p]cipi5t be+1 ) ! object1 con/itutes ! :ole _w z idea j z fully z ! exi/+ millions c\ld d2 b if ?is "o 7 to disappe>1 !n ! :ole _w z idea w\ld cease to be4 ,^! halves are !re=e insep>able ev5 = ?\ght1 = ea* ( ! two has mean+ & exi/5ce only ?r\gh & = ! o!r1 ea* appe>s ) ! o!r & vani%es ) x4 ,!y limit ea* o!r imm$iately2 :]e ! object beg9s ! subject ends4 ,! univ]sality ( ?is limitation is %[n by ! fact t ! ess5tial & h5ce univ]sal =ms ( all objects1 space1 "t1 & causality1 may1 )\t k ( ! object1 be discov]$ & fully kn[n f a consid]ation ( ! subject1 i4e41 9 ,kantian language1 !y lie a priori 9 our consci\sness4 ,t he discov]$ ?is is "o ( ,kant's pr9cipal m]its1 & x is a great "o4 ,i h[ev] g beyond ?is1 & ma9ta9 t ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! g5]al expression = all ^! =ms ( ! object ( :i* we are a priori consci\s2 & t !re=e all t we "k purely a priori1 is m]ely ! cont5t ( t pr9ciple & :at foll[s f x2 9 x all our c]ta9 a priori k is express$4 ,9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ,i h %[n 9 detail h[ e possible object comes "u x2 t is1 /&s 9 a necess>y relation to o!r objects1 on ! "o side z det]m9$1 on ! o!r side z det]m9+3 ?is is ( su* wide application1 t ! :ole exi/5ce ( all objects1 s f> z !y are objects1 ideas & no?+ m1 may be entirely trac$ to ?is _! necess>y relation to ea* o!r1 re/s only 9 x1 is 9 fact m]ely relative2 b ( ?is m pres5tly4 ,i h fur!r %[n1 t ! necess>y relation :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason expresses g5]ally1 appe>s 9 o!r =ms correspond+ to ! classes into :i* objects are divid$1 accord+ to _! possibility2 & aga9 t by ^! =ms ! prop] division ( ! classes is te/$4 ,i take x = grant$ t :at ,i said 9 ?is e>li] essay is kn[n & pres5t to ! read]1 = if x _h n be5 already said x w\ld necess>ily f9d its place "h4 #c4 ,! *ief di/9ction among our ideas is t betwe5 ideas ( p]ception & ab/ract ideas4 ,! latt] =m j "o class ( ideas1 namely concepts1 & ^! are ! possession ( man alone ( all creatures ^u e>?4 ,! capacity = ^!1 :i* di/+ui%es him f all ! l[] animals1 has always be5 call$ reason47#e7 ,we %all consid] ^! ab/ract ideas by !mselves lat]1 b1 9 ! fir/ place1 we %all speak exclusively ( ! ideas ( p]ception4 ,^! compreh5d ! :ole visible _w1 or ! sum total ( exp]i5ce1 ) ! conditions ( its possibility4 ,we h already obs]v$ t x is a highly important discov]y ( ,kant's1 t ^! v conditions1 ^! =ms ( ! visible _w1 i4e41 ! absolutely univ]sal elem5t 9 its p]ception1 ! common prop]ty ( all its ph5om5a1 space & "t1 ev5 :5 tak5 by !mselves & ap>t f _! cont5t1 c1 n only be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract1 b also be directly p]ceiv$2 & t ?is p]ception or intuition is n "s k9d ( phantasm aris+ f con/ant recurr5ce 9 exp]i5ce1 b is s entirely indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce t we mu/ r reg>d ! latt] z dep5d5t on x1 inasmu* z ! qualities ( space & "t1 z !y are kn[n 9 a priori p]ception or intuition1 are valid = all possible exp]i5ce1 z rules to :i* x mu/ inv>iably con=m4 ,accord+ly1 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ,i h treat$ space & "t1 because !y are p]ceiv$ z pure & empty ( cont5t1 z a special & indep5d5t class ( ideas4 ,?is quality ( ! univ]sal =ms ( intuition1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,kant1 t !y may be p]ceiv$ 9 !mselves & ap>t f exp]i5ce1 & t !y may be kn[n z exhibit+ ^? laws on :i* is f\nd$ ! infallible sci5ce ( ma!matics1 is c]ta9ly v important4 ,n less wor?y ( rem>k1 h[ev]1 is ?is o!r quality ( "t & space1 t ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* conditions exp]i5ce z ! law ( causation & ( motive1 & ?\ght z ! law ( ! basis ( judgm5t1 appe>s "h 9 q a special =m1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( ! gr\nd ( be+4 ,9 "t1 ?is is ! succession ( its mom5ts1 & 9 space ! position ( its p>ts1 :i* reciprocally det]m9e ea* o!r ad inf9itum4 ,any "o :o has fully und]/ood f ! introductory essay ! complete id5tity ( ! cont5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its diff]5t =ms1 mu/ also be conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ! k ( ! simple/ ( ^! =ms1 z af=d+ him insight into 8 own inmo/ nature4 ,?is simple/ =m ( ! pr9ciple we h f\nd to be "t4 ,9 x ea* in/ant is1 only 9 s f> z x has effac$ ! prec$+ "o1 its g5]ator1 to be itself 9 turn z quickly effac$4 ,! pa/ & ! future 7consid]$ ap>t f ! consequ5ces ( _! cont5t7 are empty z a dream1 & ! pres5t is only ! indivisible & un5dur+ b\nd>y betwe5 !m4 ,& 9 all ! o!r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 we %all f9d ! same empt9ess1 & %all see t n "t only b also space1 & ! :ole cont5t ( bo? ( !m1 i4e41 all t proce$s f causes & motives1 has a m]ely relative exi/5ce1 is only ?r\gh & = ano!r l to itself1 i4e41 n m endur+4 ,! sub/ance ( ?is doctr9e is old3 x appe>s 9 ,h]aclitus :5 he lam5ts ! et]nal flux ( ?+s2 9 ,plato :5 he degrades ! object to t :i* is ev] becom+1 b nev] be+2 9 ,sp9oza z ! doctr9e ( ! m]e accid5ts ( ! "o sub/ance :i* is & endures4 ,kant opposes :at is ?us kn[n z ! m]e ph5om5on to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,la/ly1 ! anci5t wisdom ( ! ,indian philosoph]s decl>es1 8,x is ,my1 ! veil ( deception1 :i* bl9ds ! eyes ( mortals1 & makes !m behold a _w ( :i* !y _c say ei!r t x is or t x is n3 = x is l a dream2 x is l ! sun%9e on ! s& :i* ! travell] takes f af> = wat]1 or ! /ray piece ( rope he mi/akes = a snake40 7,^! similes are repeat$ 9 innum]able passages ( ! ,v$as & ! ,puranas47 ,b :at all ^! mean1 & t ( :i* !y all speak1 is no?+ m ?an :at we h j consid]$--! _w z idea subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 #d4 ,:oev] has recognis$ ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* appe>s 9 pure "t z su*1 & on :i* all c\nt+ & ari?metical calculation re/s1 has completely ma/]$ ! nature ( "t4 ,"t is no?+ m ?an t =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & has no fur!r significance4 ,succession is ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 "t1 & succession is ! :ole nature ( "t4 ,fur!r1 :oev] has recognis$ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z x appe>s 9 ! pres5tation ( pure space1 has exhau/$ ! :ole nature ( space1 :i* is absolutely no?+ m ?an t possibility ( ! reciprocal det]m9ation ( its p>ts by ea* o!r1 :i* is call$ position4 ,! detail$ treatm5t ( ?is1 & ! =mulation 9 ab/ract conceptions ( ! results :i* fl[ f x1 s t !y may be m conv5i5tly us$1 is ! subject ( ! sci5ce ( geometry4 ,?us also1 :oev] has recognis$ ! law ( causation1 ! aspect ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* appe>s 9 :at fills ^! =ms 7space & "t7 z objects ( p]ception1 t is to say matt]1 has completely ma/]$ ! nature ( matt] z su*1 = matt] is no?+ m ?an causation1 z any "o w see at once if he reflects4 ,its true be+ is its action1 nor c we possibly conceive x z hav+ any o!r mean+4 ,only z active does x fill space & "t2 its action ^u ! imm$iate object 7:i* is itself matt]7 det]m9es t p]ception 9 :i* alone x exi/s4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! action ( any mat]ial object ^u any o!r1 is kn[n only 9 s f> z ! latt] acts ^u ! imm$iate object 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* x act$ be=e2 x consi/s only ( ?is4 ,cause & effect ?us con/itute ! :ole nature ( matt]2 its true be+ is its action4 7,a full] treatm5t ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ! essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 #ba1 p4 #gg47 ,! nature ( all mat]ial ?+s is !re=e v appropriately call$ 9 ,g]man ,wirkli*keit17#f7 a ^w :i* is f> m expressive ?an ,realitt4 ,aga91 t :i* is act$ ^u is always matt]1 & ?us ! :ole be+ & ess5ce ( matt] consi/s 9 ! ord]ly *ange1 :i* "o "p ( x br+s ab\t 9 ano!r "p4 ,! exi/5ce ( matt] is !re=e entirely relative1 accord+ to a relation :i* is valid only )9 its limits1 z 9 ! case ( "t & space4 ,b "t & space1 ea* = itself1 c be m5tally pres5t$ ap>t f matt]1 :]eas matt] _c be s pres5t$ ap>t f "t & space4 ,! =m :i* is insep>able f x presupposes space1 & ! action 9 :i* its v exi/5ce consi/s1 always imports "s *ange1 9 o!r words a det]m9ation 9 "t4 ,b space & "t are n only1 ea* = itself1 presuppos$ by matt]1 b a union ( ! two con/itutes its ess5ce1 = ?is1 z we h se51 consi/s 9 action1 i4e41 9 causation4 ,all ! innum]able conceivable ph5om5a & conditions ( ?+s1 might be coexi/5t 9 b\ndless space1 )\t limit+ ea* o!r1 or might be successive 9 endless "t )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r3 ?us a necess>y relation ( ^! ph5om5a to ea* o!r1 & a law :i* %\ld regulate !m accord+ to su* a relation1 is by no means ne$ful1 w\ld n1 inde$1 be applicable3 x !re=e foll[s t 9 ! case ( all co-exi/5ce 9 space & *ange 9 "t1 s long z ea* ( ^! =ms pres]ves = itself its condition & its c\rse )\t any connection ) ! o!r1 !re c be no causation1 & s9ce causation con/itutes ! ess5tial nature ( matt]1 !re c be no matt]4 ,b ! law ( causation receives its mean+ & necessity only f ?is1 t ! ess5ce ( *ange does n consi/ simply 9 ! m]e v>iation ( ?+s1 b r 9 ! fact t at ! same "p ( space !re is n[ "o ?+ & !n ano!r1 & at "o & ! same po9t ( "t !re is "h "o ?+ & !re ano!r3 only ?is reciprocal limitation ( space & "t by ea* o!r gives mean+1 & at ! same "t necessity1 to a law1 accord+ to :i* *ange mu/ take place4 ,:at is det]m9$ by ! law ( causality is !re=e n m]ely a succession ( ?+s 9 "t1 b ?is succession ) ref]5ce to a def9ite space1 & n m]ely exi/5ce ( ?+s 9 a p>ticul> place1 b 9 ?is place at a diff]5t po9t ( "t4 ,*ange1 i4e41 v>iation :i* takes place accord+ to ! law ( causality1 implies always a det]m9$ "p ( space & a det]m9$ "p ( "t toge!r & 9 union4 ,?us causality unites space ) "t4 ,b we f\nd t ! :ole ess5ce ( matt] consi/$ 9 action1 i4e41 9 causation1 consequ5tly space & "t mu/ also be unit$ 9 matt]1 t is to say1 matt] mu/ take to itself at once ! di/+ui%+ qualities bo? ( space & "t1 h[ev] mu* ^! may be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & mu/ unite 9 itself :at is impossible = ea* ( ^! indep5d5tly1 t is1 ! fleet+ c\rse ( "t1 ) ! rigid un*angeable p]duration ( space3 inf9ite divisibility x receives f bo?4 ,x is = ?is reason t we f9d t co-exi/5ce1 :i* c\ld nei!r be 9 "t alone1 = "t has no contiguity1 nor 9 space alone1 = space has no be=e1 aft]1 or n[1 is fir/ e/abli%$ ?r\gh matt]4 ,b ! co-exi/5ce ( _m ?+s con/itutes1 9 fact1 ! ess5ce ( reality1 = ?r\gh x p]man5ce fir/ becomes possible2 = p]man5ce is only kn[able 9 ! *ange ( some?+ :i* is pres5t along ) :at is p]man5t1 :ile on ! o!r h& x is only because some?+ p]man5t is pres5t along ) :at *anges1 t ! latt] ga9s ! special "* ( *ange1 i4e41 ! mutation ( quality & =m 9 ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 t is to say1 9 matt]47#g7 ,if ! _w 7 9 space alone1 x w\ld be rigid & immovable1 )\t succession1 )\t *ange1 )\t action2 b we "k t ) action1 ! idea ( matt] fir/ appe>s4 ,aga91 if ! _w 7 9 "t alone1 all w\ld be fleet+1 )\t p]si/5ce1 )\t contiguity1 h5ce )\t co-exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly )\t p]man5ce2 s t 9 ?is case also !re w\ld be no matt]4 ,only ?r\gh ! union ( space & "t d we rea* matt]1 & matt] is ! possibility ( co-exi/5ce1 &1 ?r\gh t1 ( p]man5ce2 ?r\gh p]man5ce aga9 matt] is ! possibility ( ! p]si/5ce ( sub/ance 9 ! *ange ( its /ates47#h7 ,z matt] consi/s 9 ! union ( space & "t1 x be>s ?r\gh\t ! /amp ( bo?4 ,x manife/s its orig9 9 space1 p>tly ?r\gh ! =m :i* is insep>able f x1 b especially ?r\gh its p]si/5ce 7sub/ance71 ! a priori c]ta9ty ( :i* is !re=e :olly d$ucible f t ( space7#i7 7= v>iation belongs to "t alone1 b 9 x alone & = itself no?+ is p]si/5t74 ,matt] %[s t x spr+s f "t by quality 7accid5ts71 )\t :i* x nev] exi/s1 & :i* is pla9ly always causality1 action ^u o!r matt]1 & !re=e *ange 7a "t concept74 ,! law ( ?is action1 h[ev]1 always dep5ds ^u space & "t toge!r1 & only ?us obta9s mean+4 ,! regulative function ( causality is conf9$ entirely to ! det]m9ation ( :at mu/ occupy ?is "t & ?is space4 ,! fact t we "k a priori ! unalt]able *>act]i/ics ( matt]1 dep5ds ^u ?is d]ivation ( its ess5tial nature f ! =ms ( our k ( :i* we are consci\s a priori4 ,^! unalt]able *>act]i/ics are space-occupation1 i4e41 imp5etrability1 i4e41 causal action1 consequ5tly1 ext5sion1 inf9ite divisibility1 p]si/5ce1 i4e41 inde/ructibility1 & la/ly mobility3 weight1 on ! o!r h&1 not)/&+ its univ]sality1 mu/ be attribut$ to a po/]iori k1 al?\gh ,kant1 9 8 8,metaphysical ,introduction to ,natural ,philosophy10 p4 #ga 7p4 #cgb ( ,ros5kranz's edition71 treats x z kn[able a priori4 ,b z ! object 9 g5]al is only = ! subject1 z its idea1 s e special class ( ideas is only = an equally special quality 9 ! subject1 :i* is call$ a faculty ( p]ception4 ,?is subjective correlative ( "t & space 9 !mselves z empty =ms1 has be5 nam$ by ,kant pure s5sibility2 & we may reta9 ?is expression1 z ,kant 0 ! fir/ to treat ( ! subject1 ?\gh x is n exact1 = s5sibility presupposes matt]4 ,! subjective correlative ( matt] or ( causation1 = ^! two are ! same1 is und]/&+1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,to "k causality is its "o function1 its only p[]2 & x is a great "o1 embrac+ mu*1 ( manifold application1 yet ( unmi/akable id5tity 9 all its manife/ations4 ,conv]sely all causation1 t is to say1 all matt]1 or ! :ole ( reality1 is only = ! und]/&+1 ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 & 9 ! und]/&+4 ,! fir/1 simple/1 & ev]-pres5t example ( und]/&+ is ! p]ception ( ! actual _w4 ,?is is ?r\gh\t k ( ! cause f ! effect1 & !re=e all p]ception is intellectual4 ,! und]/&+ c\ld nev] arrive at ?is p]ception1 h[ev]1 if "s effect did n become kn[n imm$iately1 & ?us s]ve z a />t+-po9t4 ,b ?is is ! affection ( ! animal body4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! animal body is ! imm$iate object ( ! subject2 ! p]ception ( all o!r objects becomes possible ?r\gh x4 ,! *anges :i* e animal body exp]i5ces1 are imm$iately kn[n1 t is1 felt2 & z ^! effects are at once ref]r$ to _! causes1 ! p]ception ( ! latt] z objects arises4 ,?is relation is no conclusion 9 ab/ract conceptions2 x does n arise f reflection1 nor is x arbitr>y1 b imm$iate1 necess>y1 & c]ta94 ,x is ! me?od ( kn[+ ( ! pure und]/&+1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no p]ception2 !re w\ld only rema9 a dull plant-l consci\sness ( ! *anges ( ! imm$iate object1 :i* w\ld succe$ ea* o!r 9 an utt]ly unmean+ way1 except 9 s f> z !y might h a mean+ = ! w ei!r z pa9 or pleasure4 ,b z ) ! ris+ ( ! sun ! visible _w appe>s1 s at "o /roke1 ! und]/&+1 by means ( its "o simple function1 *anges ! dull1 mean+less s5sation into p]ception4 ,:at ! eye1 ! e>1 or ! h& feels1 is n p]ception2 x is m]ely its data4 ,by ! und]/&+ pass+ f ! effect to ! cause1 ! _w fir/ appe>s z p]ception ext5d$ 9 space1 v>y+ 9 respect ( =m1 p]si/5t ?r\gh all "t 9 respect ( matt]2 = ! und]/&+ unites space & "t 9 ! idea ( matt]1 t is1 causal action4 ,z ! _w z idea exi/s only ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 s also x exi/s only = ! und]/&+4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my essay on 8,light & ,col\r10 ,i h already expla9$ h[ ! und]/&+ con/ructs p]ceptions out ( ! data suppli$ by ! s5ses2 h[ by comp>ison ( ! impressions :i* ! v>i\s s5ses receive f ! object1 a *ild arrives at p]ceptions2 h[ ?is alone af=ds ! solution ( s _m ph5om5a ( ! s5ses2 ! s+le vision ( two eyes1 ! d\ble vision 9 ! case ( a squ9t1 or :5 we try to look at once at objects :i* lie at unequal di/ances beh9d ea* o!r2 & all illusion :i* is produc$ by a sudd5 alt]ation 9 ! organs ( s5se4 ,b ,i h treat$ ?is important subject mu* m fully & ?or\ghly 9 ! second edition ( ! essay on 8,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason10 #ba4 ,all t is said !re w\ld f9d its prop] place "h1 & w\ld !re=e h to be said aga92 b z ,i h almo/ z mu* dis9cl9ation to quote myself z to quote o!rs1 & z ,i am unable to expla9 ! subject bett] ?an x is expla9$ !re1 ,i ref] ! read] to x1 in/ead ( quot+ x1 & take = grant$ t x is kn[n4 ,! process by :i* *ildr51 & p]sons born bl9d :o h be5 op]at$ ^u1 le>n to see1 ! s+le vision ( ! d\ble s5sation ( two eyes1 ! d\ble vision & d\ble t\* :i* occur :5 ! organs ( s5se h be5 displac$ f _! usual position1 ! upright appe>ance ( objects :ile ! picture on ! ret9a is upside d[n1 ! attribut+ ( col\r to ! outw>d objects1 :]eas x is m]ely an inn] function1 a division ?r\gh pol>isation1 ( ! activity ( ! eye1 & la/ly ! /]eoscope1--all ^! are sure & incontrov]tible evid5ce t p]ception is n m]ely ( ! s5ses1 b intellectual--t is1 pure k ?r\gh ! und]/&+ ( ! cause f ! effect1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x presupposes ! law ( causality1 9 a k ( :i* all p]ception--t is to say all exp]i5ce1 by virtue ( its prim>y & only possibility1 dep5ds4 ,! contr>y doctr9e t ! law ( causality results f exp]i5ce1 :i* 0 ! scepticism ( ,hume1 is fir/ refut$ by ?is4 ,= ! indep5d5ce ( ! k ( causality ( all exp]i5ce1--t is1 its a priori "*--c only be d$uc$ f ! dep5d5ce ( all exp]i5ce ^u x2 & ?is d$uction c only be accompli%$ by prov+1 9 ! mann] "h indicat$1 & expla9$ 9 ! passages ref]r$ to above1 t ! k ( causality is includ$ 9 p]ception 9 g5]al1 to :i* all exp]i5ce belongs1 & !re=e 9 respect ( exp]i5ce is completely a priori1 does n presuppose x1 b is presuppos$ by x z a condition4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be d$uc$ 9 ! mann] attempt$ by ,kant1 :i* ,i h criticis$ 9 ! essay on 8,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason10 #bc4 #e4 ,x is ne$ful to gu>d aga9/ ! grave error ( suppos+ t because p]ception arises ?r\gh ! k ( causality1 ! relation ( subject & object is t ( cause & effect4 ,= ?is relation subsi/s only betwe5 ! imm$iate object & objects kn[n indirectly1 ?us always betwe5 objects alone4 ,x is ?is false supposition t has giv5 rise to ! fooli% controv]sy ab\t ! reality ( ! out] _w2 a controv]sy 9 :i* dogmatism & scepticism oppose ea* o!r1 & ! =m] appe>s1 n[ z realism1 n[ z idealism4 ,realism treats ! object z cause1 & ! subject z its effect4 ,! idealism ( ,fi*te r$uces ! object to ! effect ( ! subject4 ,s9ce h[ev]1 & ?is _c be too mu* emphasis$1 !re is absolutely no relation accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason betwe5 subject & object1 nei!r ( ^! views c\ld be prov$1 & !re=e scepticism attack$ !m bo? ) success4 ,n[1 j z ! law ( causality prec$es p]ception & exp]i5ce z _! condition1 & !re=e _c 7z ,hume ?\ght7 be d]iv$ f !m1 s object & subject prec$e all k1 & h5ce ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 g5]al1 z its fir/ condition2 = ?is pr9ciple is m]ely ! =m ( all objects1 ! :ole nature & possibility ( _! exi/5ce z ph5om5a3 b ! object always presupposes ! subject2 & !re=e betwe5 ^! two !re c be no relation ( reason & consequ5t4 ,my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason accompli%es j ?is3 x expla9s ! cont5t ( t pr9ciple z ! ess5tial =m ( e object--t is to say1 z ! univ]sal nature ( all objective exi/5ce1 z some?+ :i* p]ta9s to ! object z su*2 b ! object z su* always presupposes ! subject z its necess>y correlative2 & !re=e ! subject rema9s always outside ! prov9ce 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is valid4 ,! controv]sy z to ! reality ( ! out] _w re/s ^u ?is false ext5sion ( ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to ! subject also1 & />t+ ) ?is mi/ake x c nev] und]/& itself4 ,on ! "o side reali/ic dogmatism1 look+ ^u ! idea z ! effect ( ! object1 desires to sep>ate ^! two1 idea & object1 :i* are really "o1 & to assume a cause q diff]5t f ! idea1 an object 9 itself1 indep5d5t ( ! subject1 a ?+ :i* is q inconceivable2 = ev5 z object x presupposes subject1 & s rema9s its idea4 ,oppos$ to ?is doctr9e is scepticism1 :i* makes ! same false presupposition t 9 ! idea we h only ! effect1 nev] ! cause1 !re=e nev] real be+2 t we always "k m]ely ! action ( ! object4 ,b ?is object1 x supposes1 may p]haps h no resemblance :atev] to its effect1 may inde$ h be5 q errone\sly receiv$ z ! cause1 = ! law ( causality is fir/ to be ga!r$ f exp]i5ce1 & ! reality ( exp]i5ce is !n made to re/ ^u x4 ,?us bo? ( ^! views are op5 to ! correction1 fir/ly1 t object & idea are ! same2 secondly1 t ! true be+ ( ! object ( p]ception is its action1 t ! reality ( ! ?+ consi/s 9 ?is1 & ! dem& = an exi/5ce ( ! object outside ! idea ( ! subject1 & also = an ess5ce ( ! actual ?+ diff]5t f its action1 has absolutely no mean+1 & is a contradiction3 & t ! k ( ! nature ( ! effect ( any p]ceiv$ object1 exhau/s su* an object itself1 s f> z x is object1 i4e41 idea1 = beyond ?is !re is no?+ m to be kn[n4 ,s f> !n1 ! p]ceiv$ _w 9 space & "t1 :i* makes itself kn[n z causation alone1 is entirely real1 & is ?r\gh\t simply :at x appe>s to be1 & x appe>s :olly & )\t res]ve z idea1 b\nd toge!r accord+ to ! law ( causality4 ,?is is its empirical reality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all causality is 9 ! und]/&+ alone1 & = ! und]/&+4 ,! :ole actual1 t is1 active _w is det]m9$ z su* ?r\gh ! und]/&+1 & ap>t f x is no?+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! only reason = altoge!r d5y+ su* a reality ( ! out] _w z is taught by ! dogmati/1 :o expla9s its reality z its indep5d5ce ( ! subject4 ,we also d5y x1 because no object ap>t f a subject c be conceiv$ )\t contradiction4 ,! :ole _w ( objects is & rema9s idea1 & !re=e :olly & = ev] det]m9$ by ! subject2 t is to say1 x has transc5d5tal ideality4 ,b x is n !re=e illusion or m]e appe>ance2 x pres5ts itself z t :i* x is1 idea1 & inde$ z a s]ies ( ideas ( :i* ! common bond is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,x is accord+ to its inmo/ mean+ q compreh5sible to ! heal?y und]/&+1 & speaks a language q intelligible to x4 ,to dispute ab\t its reality c only occur to a m9d p]v]t$ by ov]-subtilty1 & su* discussion always arises f a false application ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* b9ds all ideas toge!r ( :atev] k9d !y may be1 b by no means connects !m ) ! subject1 nor yet ) a some?+ :i* is nei!r subject nor object1 b only ! gr\nd ( ! object2 an absurdity1 = only objects c be & always are ! gr\nd ( objects4 ,if we exam9e m closely ! s\rce ( ?is "q z to ! reality ( ! out] _w1 we f9d t besides ! false application ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason g5]ally to :at lies beyond its prov9ce1 a special confusion ( its =ms is also involv$2 = t =m :i* x has only 9 ref]5ce to concepts or ab/ract ideas1 is appli$ to p]ceiv$ ideas1 real objects2 & a gr\nd ( kn[+ is dem&$ ( objects1 :]eas !y c h no?+ b a gr\nd ( be+4 ,among ! ab/ract ideas1 ! concepts unit$ 9 ! judgm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason appe>s 9 su* a way t ea* ( ^! has its wor?1 its validity1 & its :ole exi/5ce1 "h call$ tru?1 simply & solely ?r\gh ! relation ( ! judgm5t to some?+ outside ( x1 its gr\nd ( k1 to :i* !re mu/ consequ5tly always be a return4 ,among real objects1 ideas ( p]ception1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason appe>s n z ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+1 b ( be+1 z ! law ( causality3 e real object has paid its debt to x1 inasmu* z x has come to be1 i4e41 has appe>$ z ! effect ( a cause4 ,! dem& = a gr\nd ( kn[+ has !re=e "h no application & no mean+1 b belongs to q ano!r class ( ?+s4 ,?us ! _w ( p]ception raises 9 ! obs]v] no "q or d\bt s long z he rema9s 9 contact ) x3 !re is "h nei!r error nor tru?1 = ^! are conf9$ to ! prov9ce ( ! ab/ract--! prov9ce ( reflection4 ,b "h ! _w lies op5 = s5se & und]/&+2 pres5ts itself ) naive tru? z t :i* x really is--ideas ( p]ception :i* develop !mselves accord+ to ! law ( causality4 ,s f> z we h consid]$ ! "q ( ! reality ( ! out] _w1 x arises f a confusion :i* am\nts ev5 to a misund]/&+ ( reason itself1 & !re=e ?us f>1 ! "q c\ld be answ]$ only by expla9+ its mean+4 ,aft] exam9ation ( ! :ole nature ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ( ! relation ( subject & object1 & ! special conditions ( s5se p]ception1 ! "q itself disappe>$ because x _h no long] any mean+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o o!r possible orig9 ( ?is "q1 q diff]5t f ! purely speculative "o :i* we h consid]$1 a specially empirical orig91 ?\gh ! "q is always rais$ f a speculative po9t ( view1 & 9 ?is =m x has a mu* m compreh5sible mean+ ?an x _h 9 ! fir/4 ,we h dreams2 may n our :ole life be a dream8 or m exactly3 is !re a sure crit]ion ( ! di/9ction betwe5 dreams & reality8 betwe5 phantasms & real objects8 ,! ass]tion t :at is dreamt is less vivid & di/9ct ?an :at we actually p]ceive is n to ! po9t1 because no "o has ev] be5 able to make a fair comp>ison ( ! two2 = we c only comp>e ! recollection ( a dream ) ! pres5t reality4 ,kant answ]s ! "q ?us3 8,! connection ( ideas among !mselves1 accord+ to ! law ( causality1 con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 real life & dreams40 ,b 9 dreams1 z well z 9 real life1 ev]y?+ is connect$ individually at any rate1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its =ms1 & ?is connection is brok5 only betwe5 life & dreams1 or betwe5 "o dream & ano!r4 ,kant's answ] !re=e c\ld only run ?us3--! long dream 7life7 has ?r\gh\t complete connection accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 x has n ?is connection1 h[ev]1 ) %ort dreams1 al?\gh ea* ( ^! has 9 itself ! same connection3 ! bridge is !re=e brok5 betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt]1 & on ?is acc\nt we di/+ui% !m4 ,b to in/itute an inquiry accord+ to ?is crit]ion1 z to :e!r some?+ 0 dreamt or se51 w\ld always be difficult & (t5 impossible4 ,= we are by no means 9 a position to trace l9k by l9k ! causal connection betwe5 any exp]i5c$ ev5t & ! pres5t mom5t1 b we d n on t acc\nt expla9 x z dreamt4 ,!re=e 9 real life we d n commonly employ t me?od ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 dreams & reality4 ,! only sure crit]ion by :i* to di/+ui% !m is 9 fact ! entirely empirical "o ( awak+1 ?r\gh :i* at any rate ! causal connection betwe5 dream$ ev5ts & ^? ( wak+ life1 is di/9ctly & s5sibly brok5 (f4 ,?is is /rongly support$ by ! rem>k ( ,hobbes 9 ! second *apt] ( ,levia?an1 t we easily mi/ake dreams = reality if we h un9t5tionally fall5 asleep )\t tak+ (f our clo!s1 & mu* m s :5 x also happ5s t "s und]tak+ or design fills all our ?\ghts1 & occupies our dreams z well z our wak+ mom5ts4 ,we !n obs]ve ! awak+ j z little z ! fall+ asleep1 dream & reality run toge!r & become conf\nd$4 ,9 su* a case !re is no?+ = x b ! application ( ,kant's crit]ion2 b if1 z (t5 happ5s1 we fail to e/abli% by means ( ?is crit]ion1 ei!r ! exi/5ce ( causal connection ) ! pres5t1 or ! abs5ce ( su* connection1 !n x mu/ = ev] rema9 unc]ta9 :e!r an ev5t 0 dreamt or really happ5$4 ,"h1 9 fact1 ! intimate relation%ip betwe5 life & dreams is br\ght out v cle>ly1 & we ne$ n be a%am$ to confess x1 z x has be5 recognis$ & spok5 ( by _m great m54 ,! ,v$as & ,puranas h no bett] simile ?an a dream = ! :ole k ( ! actual _w1 :i* !y call ! web ( ,my1 & !y use none m frequ5tly4 ,plato (t5 says t m5 live only 9 a dream2 ! philosoph] alone /rives to awake himself4 ,p9d> says 7ii4 4 #ace73 7umbr somnium homo71 & ,sophocles3-- 1 1 4--,ajax1 #abe4 7,nos enim1 quicunque vivimus1 nihil aliud esse comp]io quam simulacra et levem umbram47 ,beside :i* mo/ wor?ily /&s ,%akespe>e3-- 8,we are su* /uff ,z dreams are made on1 & our little life ,is r\nd$ ) a sleep40--,tempe/1 ,act iv4 ,sc4 #a4 ,la/ly1 ,cald]on 0 s deeply impress$ ) ?is view ( life t he s\ght to embody x 9 a k9d ( metaphysical drama--8,life a ,dream40 ,aft] ^! num]\s quotations f ! poets1 p]haps ,i also may be all[$ to express myself by a metaphor4 ,life & dreams are leaves ( ! same book4 ,! sy/ematic read+ ( ?is book is real life1 b :5 ! read+ h\rs 7t is1 ! day7 are ov]1 we (t5 cont9ue idly to turn ov] ! leaves1 & read a page "h & !re )\t me?od or connection3 (t5 "o we h read be=e1 sometimes "o t is new to u1 b always 9 ! same book4 ,su* an isolat$ page is inde$ out ( connection ) ! sy/ematic /udy ( ! book1 b x does n seem s v diff]5t :5 we rememb] t ! :ole cont9u\s p]usal beg9s & ends j z abruptly1 & may !re=e be reg>d$ z m]ely a l>g] s+le page4 ,?us al?\gh individual dreams are di/+ui%$ f real life by ! fact t !y d n fit into t cont9uity :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 & ! act ( awak+ br+s ?is into consci\sness1 yet t v cont9uity ( exp]i5ce belongs to real life z its =m1 & ! dream on its "p c po9t to a simil> cont9uity 9 itself4 ,if1 !re=e1 we consid] ! "q f a po9t ( view ext]nal to bo?1 !re is no di/9ct diff]5ce 9 _! nature1 & we are =c$ to conc$e to ! poets t life is a long dream4 ,let u turn back n[ f ?is q indep5d5t empirical orig9 ( ! "q ( ! reality ( ! out] _w1 to its speculative orig94 ,we f\nd t ?is consi/$1 fir/1 9 ! false application ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to ! relation ( subject & object2 & secondly1 9 ! confusion ( its =ms1 inasmu* z ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+ 0 ext5d$ to a prov9ce 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( be+ is valid4 ,b ! "q c\ld h>dly h occupi$ philosoph]s s con/antly if x 7 entirely devoid ( all real cont5t1 & if "s true ?\ght & mean+ did n lie at its he>t z its real s\rce4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ assume t :5 ! elem5t ( tru? t lies at ! bottom ( ! "q fir/ came into reflection & s\ght its expression1 x became involv$ 9 ^! confus$ & mean+less =ms & problems4 ,?is at lea/ is my op9ion1 & ,i ?9k t ! true expression ( t inmo/ mean+ ( ! "q1 :i* x fail$ to f9d1 is ?is3--,:at is ?is _w ( p]ception besides be+ my idea8 ,is t ( :i* ,i am consci\s only z idea1 exactly l my own body1 ( :i* ,i am d\bly consci\s1 9 "o aspect z idea1 9 ano!r aspect z w8 ,! full] explanation ( ?is "q & its answ] 9 ! affirmative1 w =m ! cont5t ( ! second book1 & its consequ5ces w occupy ! rema9+ portion ( ?is "w4 #f4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 9 ?is fir/ book we consid] ev]y?+ m]ely z idea1 z object = ! subject4 ,& our own body1 :i* is ! />t+-po9t = ea* ( u 9 our p]ception ( ! _w1 we consid]1 l all o!r real objects1 f ! side ( its kn[abl5ess1 & 9 ?is reg>d x is simply an idea4 ,n[ ! consci\sness ( e "o is 9 g5]al oppos$ to ! explanation ( objects z m]e ideas1 & m especially to ! explanation ( our bodies z su*2 = ! ?+ 9 itself is kn[n to ea* ( u imm$iately 9 s f> z x appe>s z our own body2 b 9 s f> z x objectifies itself 9 ! o!r objects ( p]ception1 x is kn[n only indirectly4 ,b ?is ab/raction1 ?is "o-sid$ treatm5t1 ?is =cible sep>ation ( :at is ess5tially & necess>ily unit$1 is only adopt$ to meet ! dem&s ( our argum5t2 & !re=e ! dis9cl9ation to x mu/1 9 ! meantime1 be suppress$ & sil5c$ by ! expectation t ! subsequ5t treatm5t w correct ! "o-sid$ness ( ! pres5t "o1 & complete our k ( ! nature ( ! _w4 ,at pres5t !re=e ! body is = u imm$iate object2 t is to say1 t idea :i* =ms ! />t+-po9t ( ! subject's k2 because ! body1 ) its imm$iately kn[n *anges1 prec$es ! application ( ! law ( causality1 & ?us supplies x ) its fir/ data4 ,! :ole nature ( matt] consi/s1 z we h se51 9 its causal action4 ,b cause & effect exi/ only = ! und]/&+1 :i* is no?+ b _! subjective correlative4 ,! und]/&+1 h[ev]1 c\ld nev] come into op]ation if !re 7 n some?+ else f :i* x />ts4 ,?is is simple s5sation--! imm$iate consci\sness ( ! *anges ( ! body1 by virtue ( :i* x is imm$iate object4 ,?us ! possibility ( kn[+ ! _w ( p]ception dep5ds ^u two conditions2 ! fir/1 objectively express$1 is ! p[] ( mat]ial ?+s to act ^u ea* o!r1 to produce *anges 9 ea* o!r1 )\t :i* common quality ( all bodies no p]ception w\ld be possible1 ev5 by means ( ! s5sibility ( ! animal body4 ,& if we wi% to express ?is condition subjectively we say3 ,! und]/&+ fir/ makes p]ception possible2 = ! law ( causality1 ! possibility ( effect & cause1 spr+s only f ! und]/&+1 & is valid only = x1 & !re=e ! _w ( p]ception exi/s only ?r\gh & = x4 ,! second condition is ! s5sibility ( animal bodies1 or ! quality ( be+ imm$iate objects ( ! subject :i* c]ta9 bodies possess4 ,! m]e modification :i* ! organs ( s5se su/a9 f )\t ?r\gh _! specific affections1 may "h be call$ ideas1 s f> z ^! affections produce nei!r pa9 nor pleasure1 t is1 h no imm$iate significance = ! w1 & are yet p]ceiv$1 exi/ !re=e only = k4 ,?us f>1 !n1 ,i say t ! body is imm$iately kn[n1 is imm$iate object4 ,b ! conception ( object is n to be tak5 "h 9 its fulle/ s5se1 = ?r\gh ?is imm$iate k ( ! body1 :i* prec$es ! op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 & is m]e s5sation1 our own body does n exi/ specifically z object1 b fir/ ! mat]ial ?+s :i* affect x3 = all k ( an object prop]1 ( an idea p]ceiv$ 9 space1 exi/s only ?r\gh & = ! und]/&+2 !re=e n be=e1 b only subsequ5tly to its op]ation4 ,!re=e ! body z object prop]1 t is1 z an idea p]ceiv$ 9 space1 is fir/ kn[n indirectly1 l all o!r objects1 ?r\gh ! application ( ! law ( causality to ! action ( "o ( its p>ts ^u ano!r1 z1 = example1 :5 ! eye sees ! body or ! h& t\*es x4 ,consequ5tly ! =m ( our body does n become kn[n to u ?r\gh m]e feel+1 b only ?r\gh k1 only 9 idea2 t is to say1 only 9 ! bra9 does our own body fir/ come to appe> z ext5d$1 articulate1 organic4 ,a man born bl9d receives ?is idea only little by little f ! data af=d$ by t\*4 ,a bl9d man )\t h&s c\ld nev] come to "k 8 own =m2 or at ! mo/ c\ld inf] & con/ruct x little by little f ! effects ( o!r bodies ^u him4 ,if1 !n1 we call ! body an imm$iate object1 we are to be und]/ood ) ^! res]vations4 ,9 o!r respects1 !n1 accord+ to :at has be5 said1 all animal bodies are imm$iate objects2 t is1 />t+-po9ts = ! subject :i* always kn[s & !re=e is nev] kn[n 9 its p]ception ( ! _w4 ,?us ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( animal life is k1 ) movem5t foll[+ on motives1 :i* are det]m9$ by k1 j z movem5t foll[+ on /imuli is ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( plant-life4 ,unorganis$ matt]1 h[ev]1 has no movem5t except su* z is produc$ by causes prop]ly s call$1 us+ ! t]m 9 its n>r[e/ s5se4 ,all ?is ,i h ?or\ghly discuss$ 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bj1 9 ! 8,e?ics10 fir/ essay1 iii41 & 9 my "w on ,sight & ,col\r1 #a1 to :i* ,i !re=e ref]4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t all animals1 ev5 ! lea/ develop$1 h und]/&+2 = !y all "k objects1 & ?is k det]m9es _! movem5ts z motive4 ,und]/&+ is ! same 9 all animals & 9 all m52 x has ev]y:]e ! same simple =m2 k ( causality1 transition f effect to cause1 & f cause to effect1 no?+ m2 b ! degree ( its acut5ess1 & ! ext5sion ( ! sph]e ( its k v>ies enorm\sly1 ) innum]able gradations f ! l[e/ =m1 :i* is only consci\s ( ! causal connection betwe5 ! imm$iate object & objects affect+ x--t is to say1 p]ceives a cause z an object 9 space by pass+ to x f ! affection :i* ! body feels1 to ! high] grades ( k ( ! causal connection among objects kn[n indirectly1 :i* ext5ds to ! und]/&+ ( ! mo/ complicat$ sy/em ( cause & effect 9 nature4 ,= ev5 ?is high degree ( k is /ill ! "w ( ! und]/&+1 n ( ! reason4 ,! ab/ract concepts ( ! reason c only s]ve to take up ! objective connections :i* are imm$iately kn[n by ! und]/&+1 to make !m p]man5t = ?\ght1 & to relate !m to ea* o!r2 b reason nev] gives u imm$iate k4 ,e =ce & law ( nature1 e example ( su* =ces & laws1 mu/ fir/ be imm$iately kn[n by ! und]/&+1 mu/ be appreh5d$ ?r\gh p]ception be=e x c pass into ab/ract consci\sness = reason4 ,hooke's discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation1 & ! ref]5ce ( s _m important ph5om5a to ?is "o law1 0 ! "w ( imm$iate appreh5sion by ! und]/&+2 & su* also 0 ! pro( ( ,newton's calculations1 & ,lavoisi]'s discov]y ( acids & _! important function 9 nature1 & also ,goe!'s discov]y ( ! orig9 ( physical col\rs4 ,all ^! discov]ies are no?+ m ?an a correct imm$iate passage f ! effect to ! cause1 :i* is at once foll[$ by ! recognition ( ! ideality ( ! =ce ( nature :i* expresses itself 9 all causes ( ! same k9d2 & ?is complete insight is j an example ( t s+le function ( ! und]/&+1 by :i* an animal p]ceives z an object 9 space ! cause :i* affects its body1 & diff]s f su* a p]ception only 9 degree4 ,e "o ( ^! great discov]ies is !re=e1 j l p]ception1 an op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 an imm$iate intuition1 & z su* ! "w ( an in/ant1 an app]u1 a fla% ( insight4 ,!y are n ! result ( a process ( ab/ract reason+1 :i* only s]ves to make ! imm$iate k ( ! und]/&+ p]man5t = ?\ght by br++ x "u ab/ract concepts1 i4e41 x makes k di/9ct1 x puts u 9 a position to imp>t x & expla9 x to o!rs4 ,! ke5ness ( ! und]/&+ 9 appreh5d+ ! causal relations ( objects :i* are kn[n indirectly1 does n f9d its only application 9 ! sph]e ( natural sci5ce 7?\gh all ! discov]ies 9 t sph]e are due to x71 b x also appe>s 9 practical life4 ,x is !n call$ good s5se or prud5ce1 z 9 its o!r application x is bett] call$ acut5ess1 p5etration1 sagacity4 ,m exactly1 good s5se or prud5ce signifies exclusively und]/&+ at ! comm& ( ! w4 ,b ! limits ( ^! conceptions mu/ n be too %>ply def9$1 = x is always t "o function ( ! und]/&+ by means ( :i* all animals p]ceive objects 9 space1 :i*1 9 its ke5e/ =m1 appe>s n[ 9 ! ph5om5a ( nature1 correctly inf]r+ ! unkn[n causes f ! giv5 effects1 & provid+ ! mat]ial f :i* ! reason frames g5]al rules z laws ( nature2 n[ inv5t+ complicat$ & +5i\s ma*9es by adapt+ kn[n causes to desir$ effects2 n[ 9 ! sph]e ( motives1 see+ ?r\gh & fru/rat+ intrigues & ma*9ations1 or fitly dispos+ ! motives & ! m5 :o are susceptible to !m1 sett+ !m 9 motion1 z ma*9es are mov$ by lev]s & :eels1 & direct+ !m at w to ! accompli%m5t ( its ends4 ,defici5cy ( und]/&+ is call$ /upidity4 ,x is j dulness 9 apply+ ! law ( causality1 incapacity = ! imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! concat5ations ( causes & effects1 motives & actions4 ,a /upid p]son has no insight into ! connection ( natural ph5om5a1 ei!r :5 !y foll[ _! own c\rse1 or :5 !y are int5tionally comb9$1 i4e41 are appli$ to ma*9]y4 ,su* a man readily believes 9 magic & miracles4 ,a /upid man does n obs]ve t p]sons1 :o app>5tly act indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 are really 9 collusion2 he is !re=e easily my/ifi$1 & outwitt$2 he does n disc]n ! hidd5 motives ( pr(f]$ advice or expressions ( op9ion1 c4 ,b x is always j "o ?+ t he lacks--ke5ness1 rapidity1 ease 9 apply+ ! law ( causality1 i4e41 p[] ( und]/&+4 ,! greate/1 &1 9 ?is ref]5ce1 ! mo/ in/ructive example ( /upidity ,i ev] met )1 0 ! case ( a totally imbecile boy ( ab\t elev5 ye>s ( age1 9 an asylum4 ,he _h reason1 because he spoke & compreh5d$1 b 9 respect ( und]/&+ he 0 inf]ior to _m ( ! l[] animals4 ,:5ev] ,i visit$ him he notic$ an eye-glass :i* ,i wore r\nd my neck1 & 9 :i* ! w9d[ ( ! room & ! tops ( ! trees beyond 7 reflect$3 on e occasion he 0 greatly surpris$ & delight$ ) ?is1 & 0 nev] tir$ ( look+ at x ) a/oni%m5t1 because he did n und]/& ! imm$iate causation ( reflection4 ,:ile ! diff]5ce 9 degree ( ! acut5ess ( ! und]/&+1 is v great betwe5 man & man1 x is ev5 great] betwe5 "o species ( animal & ano!r4 ,9 all species ( animals1 ev5 ^? :i* are ne>e/ to plants1 !re is at lea/ z mu* und]/&+ z suffices = ! inf]5ce f ! effect on ! imm$iate object1 to ! indirectly kn[n object z its cause1 i4e41 suffici5t = p]ception1 = ! appreh5sion ( an object4 ,= x is ?is t con/itutes !m animals1 z x gives !m ! p[] ( movem5t foll[+ on motives1 & !reby ! p[] ( seek+ = food1 or at lea/ ( seiz+ x2 :]eas plants h only movem5t foll[+ on /imuli1 ^: direct influ5ce !y mu/ await1 or else decay1 = !y _c seek aft] !m nor appropriate !m4 ,we m>vel at ! great sagacity ( ! mo/ develop$ species ( animals1 su* z ! dog1 ! elephant1 ! monkey or ! fox1 ^: clev]ness has be5 s admirably sket*$ by ,buffon4 ,f ^! mo/ sagaci\s animals1 we c pretty accurately det]m9e h[ f> und]/&+ c g )\t reason1 i4e41 ab/ract k embodi$ 9 concepts4 ,we c\ld n f9d ?is out f ourselves1 = 9 u und]/&+ & reason always reciprocally support ea* o!r4 ,we f9d t ! manife/ation ( und]/&+ 9 animals is sometimes above our expectation1 & sometimes bel[ x4 ,on ! "o h&1 we are surpris$ at ! sagacity ( ! elephant1 :o1 aft] cross+ _m bridges dur+ 8 j\rney 9 ,europe1 once refus$ to g ^u "o1 because he ?\ght x 0 n /rong en\gh to be> 8 weight1 ?\gh he saw ! re/ ( ! p>ty1 consi/+ ( m5 & horses1 g ^u x z usual4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we wond] t ! intellig5t ,orang-outangs1 :o w>m !mselves at a fire !y h f\nd1 d n keep x alight by ?r[+ wood on x2 a pro( t ?is requires a delib]ation :i* is n possible )\t ab/ract concepts4 ,x is cle> t ! k ( cause & effect1 z ! univ]sal =m ( und]/&+1 belongs to all animals a priori1 because to !m z to u x is ! prior condition ( all p]ception ( ! out] _w4 ,if any "o desires additional pro( ( ?is1 let him obs]ve1 = example1 h[ a "y dog is afraid to jump d[n f a table1 h[ev] mu* he may wi% to d s1 because he =esees ! effect ( ! weight ( 8 body1 ?\gh he has n be5 taught ?is by exp]i5ce4 ,9 judg+ ( ! und]/&+ ( animals1 we mu/ gu>d aga9/ ascrib+ to x ! manife/ations ( in/9ct1 a faculty :i* is q di/9ct bo? f und]/&+ & reason1 b ! action ( :i* is (t5 v analog\s to ! comb9$ action ( ! two4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 discuss ?is "h2 x w f9d its prop] place 9 ! second book1 :5 we consid] ! h>mony or s-call$ teleology ( nature3 & ! #bg? *apt] ( ! supplem5t>y volume is expressly devot$ to x4 ,defici5cy ( und]/&+ we call /upidity3 defici5cy 9 ! application ( reason to practice we %all recognise lat] z fooli%ness3 defici5cy ( judgm5t z sill9ess1 & la/ly1 p>tial or entire defici5cy ( memory z madness4 ,b ea* ( ^! w be consid]$ 9 its own place4 ,t :i* is correctly kn[n by reason is tru?1 t is1 an ab/ract judgm5t on suffici5t gr\nds 7,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 #bi & foll[+ p>agraphs72 t :i* is correctly kn[n by und]/&+ is reality1 t is correct inf]5ce f effect on ! imm$iate object to its cause4 ,error is oppos$ to tru?1 z deception ( ! reason3 illusion is oppos$ to reality1 z deception ( ! und]/&+4 ,! full discussion ( all ?is w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my essay on ,light & ,col\r4 ,illusion takes place :5 ! same effect may be attribut$ to two causes1 ( :i* "o occurs v frequ5tly1 ! o!r v seldom2 ! und]/&+ hav+ no data to decide :i* ( ^! two causes op]ates 9 any p>ticul> case1--= _! effects are exactly alike1--always assumes ! pres5ce ( ! common] cause1 & z ! activity ( ! und]/&+ is n reflective & discursive1 b direct & imm$iate1 ?is false cause appe>s be=e u z a p]ceiv$ object1 :]eas x is m]ely illusion4 ,i h expla9$ 9 ! essay ref]r$ to1 h[ 9 ?is way d\ble sight & d\ble feel+ take place if ! organs ( s5se are br\ght into an unusual position2 & h ?us giv5 an incontrov]tible pro( t p]ception exi/s only ?r\gh & = ! und]/&+4 ,z additional examples ( su* illusions or deceptions ( ! und]/&+1 we may m5tion ! brok5 appe>ance ( a /ick dipp$ 9 wat]2 ! reflections 9 sph]ical mirrors1 :i*1 :5 ! surface is convex appe> some:at beh9d x1 & :5 ! surface is concave appe> a long way 9 front ( x4 ,to ?is class also belongs ! app>5tly great] ext5sion ( ! moon at ! horizon ?an at ! z5i?4 ,?is appe>ance is n optical1 = z ! micrometre proves1 ! eye receives ! image ( ! moon at ! z5i?1 at an ev5 great] angle ( vision ?an at ! horizon4 ,! mi/ake is due to ! und]/&+1 :i* assumes t ! cause ( ! feebl] light ( ! moon & ( all />s at ! horizon is t !y are fur!r (f1 ?us treat+ !m z e>?ly objects1 accord+ to ! laws ( atmosph]ic p]spective1 & !re=e x takes ! moon to be mu* l>g] at ! horizon ?an at ! z5i?1 & also reg>ds ! vault ( heav5 z m ext5d$ or flatt5$ out at ! horizon4 ,! same false application ( ! laws ( atmosph]ic p]spective leads u to suppose t v high m\nta9s1 ^: summits alone are visible 9 pure transp>5t air1 are mu* ne>] ?an !y really are1 & !re=e n s high z !y are2 = example1 ,mont ,blanc se5 f ,sal5*e4 ,all su* illusions are imm$iately pres5t to u z p]ceptions1 & _c be dispell$ by any argum5ts ( ! reason4 ,reason c only prev5t error1 t is1 a judgm5t on insuffici5t gr\nds1 by oppos+ to x a tru?2 z = example1 ! ab/ract k t ! cause ( ! weak] light ( ! moon & ! />s at ! horizon is n great] di/ance1 b ! d5s] atmosph]e2 b 9 all ! cases we h ref]r$ to1 ! illusion rema9s 9 spite ( e ab/ract explanation4 ,= ! und]/&+ is 9 itself1 ev5 9 ! case ( man1 irrational1 & is completely & %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! reason1 :i* is a faculty ( k t belongs to man alone4 ,! reason c only "k2 p]ception rema9s free f its influ5ce & belongs to ! und]/&+ alone4 #g4 ,) ref]5ce to our exposition up to ?is po9t1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t we did n />t ei!r f ! object or ! subject1 b f ! idea1 :i* conta9s & presupposes !m bo?2 = ! anti!sis ( object & subject is its prim>y1 univ]sal & ess5tial =m4 ,we h !re=e fir/ consid]$ ?is =m z su*2 !n 7?\gh 9 ?is respect ref]5ce has = ! mo/ "p be5 made to ! introductory essay7 ! subord9ate =ms ( "t1 space & causality4 ,! latt] belong exclusively to ! object1 & yet1 z !y are ess5tial to ! object z su*1 & z ! object aga9 is ess5tial to ! subject z su*1 !y may be discov]$ f ! subject1 i4e41 !y may be kn[n a priori1 & s f> !y are to be reg>d$ z ! common limits ( bo?4 ,b all ^! =ms may be ref]r$ to "o g5]al expression1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 z we h expla9$ 9 ! introductory essay4 ,?is proc$ure di/+ui%es our philosophical me?od f t ( all =m] sy/ems4 ,= !y all />t ei!r f ! object or f ! subject1 & !re=e seek to expla9 ! "o f ! o!r1 & ?is accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 d5y ! validity ( ?is pr9ciple ) ref]5ce to ! relation ( subject & object1 & conf9e x to ! object4 ,x may be ?\ght t ! philosophy ( id5tity1 :i* has appe>$ & become g5]ally kn[n 9 our own day1 does n come "u ei!r ( ! alt]natives we h nam$1 = x does n />t ei!r f ! subject or f ! object1 b f ! absolute1 kn[n ?r\gh 8intellectual intuition10 :i* is nei!r object nor subject1 b ! id5tity ( ! two4 ,i w n v5ture to speak ( ?is rev]$ id5tity1 & ?is absolute1 = ,i f9d myself entirely devoid ( all 8intellectual intuition40 ,b z ,i take my /& m]ely on ^? manife/oes ( ! 8intellectual intuit]0 :i* are op5 to all1 ev5 to pr(ane p]sons l myself1 ,i mu/ yet obs]ve t ?is philosophy is n to be except$ f ! alt]native errors m5tion$ above4 ,= x does n escape ^! two opposite errors 9 spite ( its id5tity ( subject & object1 :i* is n ?9kable1 b only 8intellectually intuitable10 or to be exp]i5c$ by a los+ ( oneself 9 x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x comb9es !m bo? 9 itself2 = x is divid$ into two p>ts1 fir/ly1 transc5d5tal idealism1 :i* is j ,fi*te's doctr9e ( ! ego1 & !re=e tea*es t ! object is produc$ by ! subject1 or evolv$ out ( x 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 secondly1 ! philosophy ( nature1 :i* tea*es t ! subject is produc$ little by little f ! object1 by means ( a me?od call$ con/ruction1 ab\t :i* ,i und]/& v little1 yet en\gh to "k t x is a process accord+ to v>i\s =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,! deep wisdom itself :i* t con/ruction conta9s1 ,i r5\nce2 = z ,i entirely lack 8intellectual intuition10 all ^? expositions :i* presuppose x mu/ = me rema9 z a book seal$ ) sev5 seals4 ,?is is s truly ! case t1 /range to say1 ,i h always be5 unable to f9d any?+ at all 9 ?is doctr9e ( pr(\nd wisdom b atroci\s & we>isome bomba/4 ,! sy/ems />t+ f ! object _h always ! :ole _w ( p]ception & its con/itution z _! problem2 yet ! object :i* !y take z _! />t+-po9t is n always ?is :ole _w ( p]ception1 nor its fundam5tal elem5t1 matt]4 ,on ! contr>y1 a division ( ^! sy/ems may be made1 bas$ on ! f\r classes ( possible objects set =? 9 ! introductory essay4 ,?us ,?ales & ! ,ionic s*ool1 ,democritus1 ,epicurus1 ,giordano ,bruno1 & ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s1 may be said to h />t$ f ! fir/ class ( objects1 ! real _w3 ,sp9oza 7on acc\nt ( 8 conception ( sub/ance1 :i* is purely ab/ract1 & exi/s only 9 8 def9ition7 &1 e>li]1 ! ,eleatics1 f ! second class1 ! ab/ract conception3 ! ,py?agoreans & ,*9ese philosophy 9 ,y-,k+1 f ! ?ird class1 "t1 & consequ5tly numb]3 &1 la/ly1 ! s*oolm51 :o tea* a creation out ( no?+ by ! act ( w ( an extra-mundane p]sonal be+1 />t$ f ! f\r? class ( objects1 ! act ( w direct$ by k4 ,( all sy/ems ( philosophy :i* />t f ! object1 ! mo/ consi/5t1 & t :i* may be c>ri$ fur!/1 is simple mat]ialism4 ,x reg>ds matt]1 & ) x "t & space1 z exi/+ absolutely1 & ignores ! relation to ! subject 9 :i* alone all ?is really exi/s4 ,x !n lays hold ( ! law ( causality z a guid+ pr9ciple or clue1 reg>d+ x z a self-exi/5t ord] 7or arrangem5t7 ( ?+s1 v]itas aet]na1 & s fails to take acc\nt ( ! und]/&+1 9 :i* & = :i* alone causality is4 ,x seeks ! prim>y & mo/ simple /ate ( matt]1 & !n tries to develop all ! o!rs f x2 asc5d+ f m]e me*anism1 to *emism1 to pol>ity1 to ! vegetable & to ! animal k+dom4 ,& if we suppose ?is to h be5 done1 ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 w\ld be animal s5sibility--t is k--:i* w\ld consequ5tly n[ appe> z a m]e modification or /ate ( matt] produc$ by causality4 ,n[ if we _h foll[$ mat]ialism ?us f> ) cle> ideas1 :5 we rea*$ its highe/ po9t we w\ld sudd5ly be seiz$ ) a fit ( ! inext+ui%able laught] ( ! ,olympians4 ,z if wak+ f a dream1 we w\ld all at once become aw>e t its f9al result--k1 :i* x rea*$ s labori\sly1 0 presuppos$ z ! indisp5sable condition ( its v />t+-po9t1 m]e matt]2 & :5 we imag9$ t we ?\ght matt]1 we really ?\ght only ! subject t p]ceives matt]2 ! eye t sees x1 ! h& t feels x1 ! und]/&+ t kn[s x4 ,?us ! trem5d\s petitio pr9cipii reveals itself unexpect$ly2 = sudd5ly ! la/ l9k is se5 to be ! />t+-po9t1 ! *a9 a circle1 & ! mat]iali/ is l ,b>on ,mn*aus5 :o1 :5 swimm+ 9 wat] on horseback1 drew ! horse into ! air ) 8 legs1 & himself also by 8 cue4 ,! fundam5tal absurdity ( mat]ialism is t x />ts f ! objective1 & takes z ! ultimate gr\nd ( explanation some?+ objective1 :e!r x be matt] 9 ! ab/ract1 simply z x is ?\ght1 or aft] x has tak5 =m1 is empirically giv5--t is to say1 is sub/ance1 ! *emical elem5t ) its prim>y relations4 ,"s su* ?+ x takes1 z exi/+ absolutely & 9 itself1 9 ord] t x may evolve organic nature & f9ally ! kn[+ subject f x1 & expla9 !m adequately by means ( x2 :]eas 9 tru? all t is objective is already det]m9$ z su* 9 manifold ways by ! kn[+ subject ?r\gh its =ms ( kn[+1 & presupposes !m2 & consequ5tly x entirely disappe>s if we ?9k ! subject away4 ,?us mat]ialism is ! attempt to expla9 :at is imm$iately giv5 u by :at is giv5 u indirectly4 ,all t is objective1 ext5d$1 active--t is to say1 all t is mat]ial--is reg>d$ by mat]ialism z af=d+ s solid a basis = its explanation1 t a r$uction ( ev]y?+ to ?is c leave no?+ to be desir$ 7especially if 9 ultimate analysis ?is r$uction %\ld resolve itself into action & reaction74 ,b we h %[n t all ?is is giv5 indirectly & 9 ! highe/ degree det]m9$1 & is !re=e m]ely a relatively pres5t object1 = x has pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9]y & manufactory ( ! bra91 & has ?us come "u ! =ms ( space1 "t & causality1 by means ( :i* x is fir/ pres5t$ to u z ext5d$ 9 space & ev] active 9 "t4 ,f su* an indirectly giv5 object1 mat]ialism seeks to expla9 :at is imm$iately giv51 ! idea 79 :i* alone ! object t mat]ialism />ts ) exi/s71 & f9ally ev5 ! w f :i* all ^? fundam5tal =ces1 t manife/ !mselves1 "u ! guidance ( causes1 & !re=e accord+ to law1 are 9 tru? to be expla9$4 ,to ! ass]tion t ?\ght is a modification ( matt] we may always1 ) equal "r1 oppose ! contr>y ass]tion t all matt] is m]ely ! modification ( ! kn[+ subject1 z its idea4 ,yet ! aim & ideal ( all natural sci5ce is at bottom a consi/5t mat]ialism4 ,! recognition "h ( ! obvi\s impossibility ( su* a sy/em e/abli%es ano!r tru? :i* w appe> 9 ! c\rse ( our exposition1 ! tru? t all sci5ce prop]ly s call$1 by :i* ,i und]/& sy/ematic k "u ! guidance ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 c nev] rea* its f9al goal1 nor give a complete & adequate explanation3 = x is n conc]n$ ) ! inmo/ nature ( ! _w1 x _c get beyond ! idea2 inde$1 x really tea*es no?+ m ?an ! relation ( "o idea to ano!r4 ,e sci5ce mu/ />t f two pr9cipal data4 ,"o ( ^! is always ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 "s =m or ano!r1 z organon2 ! o!r is its special object z problem4 ,?us1 = example1 geometry has space z problem1 & ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce 9 space z organon4 ,ari?metic has "t z problem1 & ! gr\nd ( exi/5ce 9 "t z organon4 ,logic has ! comb9ation ( concepts z su* z problem1 & ! gr\nd ( k z organon4 ,hi/ory has ! pa/ acts ( m5 treat$ z a :ole z problem1 & ! law ( human motives z organon4 ,natural sci5ce has matt] z problem1 & ! law ( causality z organon4 ,its end & aim is !re=e1 by ! guidance ( causality1 to ref] all possible /ates ( matt] to o!r /ates1 & ultimately to "o s+le /ate2 & aga9 to d$uce ^! /ates f ea* o!r1 & ultimately f "o s+le /ate4 ,?us two /ates ( matt] /& ov] aga9/ ea* o!r 9 natural sci5ce z extremes3 t /ate 9 :i* matt] is fur!/ f be+ ! imm$iate object ( ! subject1 & t /ate 9 :i* x is mo/ completely su* an imm$iate object1 i4e41 ! mo/ dead & crude matt]1 ! prim>y elem5t1 z ! "o extreme1 & ! human organism z ! o!r4 ,natural sci5ce z *emi/ry seeks = ! fir/1 z physiology = ! second4 ,b z yet nei!r extreme has be5 rea*$1 & x is only 9 ! int]m$iate gr\nd t some?+ has be5 won4 ,! prospect is inde$ some:at hopeless4 ,! *emi/s1 "u ! presupposition t ! qualitative division ( matt] is n1 l quantitative division1 an endless process1 are always try+ to decrease ! numb] ( ! elem5ts1 ( :i* !re are /ill ab\t sixty2 & if !y 7 to succe$ 9 r$uc+ !m to two1 !y w\ld /ill try to f9d ! common root ( ^!4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! law ( homog5eity leads to ! assumption ( a prim>y *emical /ate ( matt]1 :i* alone belongs to matt] z su*1 & prec$es all o!rs :i* are n ess5tially matt] z su*1 b m]ely cont+5t =ms & qualities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we _c und]/& h[ ?is "o /ate c\ld ev] exp]i5ce a *emical *ange1 if !re did n exi/ a second /ate to affect x4 ,?us ! same difficulty appe>s 9 *emi/ry :i* ,epicurus met ) 9 me*anics4 ,= he _h to %[ h[ ! fir/ atom dep>t$ f ! orig9al direction ( its motion4 ,inde$ ?is contradiction1 :i* develops entirely ( itself & c nei!r be escap$ nor solv$1 might q prop]ly be set up z a *emical ant9omy4 ,?us an ant9omy appe>s 9 ! "o extreme ( natural sci5ce1 & a correspond+ "o w appe> 9 ! o!r4 ,!re is j z little hope ( rea*+ ?is opposite extreme ( natural sci5ce1 = we see ev] m cle>ly t :at is *emical c nev] be ref]r$ to :at is me*anical1 nor :at is organic to :at is *emical or electrical4 ,^? :o 9 our own day are ent]+ anew on ?is old1 mislead+ pa?1 w soon sl9k back sil5t & a%am$1 z all _! pr$ecessors h done be=e !m4 ,we %all consid] ?is m fully 9 ! second book4 ,natural sci5ce enc\nt]s ! difficulties :i* we h cursorily m5tion$1 9 its own prov9ce4 ,reg>d$ z philosophy1 x w\ld fur!r be mat]ialism2 b ?is1 z we h se51 ev5 at its bir?1 has dea? 9 its he>t1 because x ignores ! subject & ! =ms ( k1 :i* are presuppos$1 j z mu* 9 ! case ( ! crude/ matt]1 f :i* x desires to />t1 z 9 t ( ! organism1 at :i* x desires to arrive4 ,=1 8no object )\t a subject10 is ! pr9ciple :i* r5d]s all mat]ialism = ev] impossible4 ,suns & planets )\t an eye t sees !m1 & an und]/&+ t kn[s !m1 may inde$ be spok5 ( 9 words1 b = ! idea1 ^! words are absolutely mean+less4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! law ( causality & ! treatm5t & inve/igation ( nature :i* is bas$ ^u x1 lead u necess>ily to ! conclusion t1 9 "t1 ea* m highly organis$ /ate ( matt] has succe$$ a crud] /ate3 s t ! l[] animals exi/$ be=e m51 fi%es be=e l& animals1 plants be=e fi%es1 & ! unorganis$ be=e all t is organis$2 t1 consequ5tly1 ! orig9al mass _h to pass ?r\gh a long s]ies ( *anges be=e ! fir/ eye c\ld be op5$4 ,& yet1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is :ole _w rema9s ev] dep5d5t ^u ! fir/ eye t op5$1 ev5 if x 7 t ( an insect4 ,= su* an eye is a necess>y condition ( ! possibility ( k1 & ! :ole _w exi/s only 9 & = k1 & )\t x is n ev5 ?9kable4 ,! _w is entirely idea1 & z su* dem&s ! kn[+ subject z ! support] ( its exi/5ce4 ,?is long c\rse ( "t itself1 fill$ ) innum]able *anges1 ?r\gh :i* matt] rose f =m to =m till at la/ ! fir/ p]cipi5t creature appe>$1--?is :ole "t itself is only ?9kable 9 ! id5tity ( a consci\sness ^: succession ( ideas1 ^: =m ( kn[+ x is1 & ap>t f :i*1 x loses all mean+ & is no?+ at all4 ,?us we see1 on ! "o h&1 ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole _w necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! fir/ consci\s be+1 h[ev] undevelop$ x may be2 on ! o!r h&1 ?is consci\s be+ j z necess>ily entirely dep5d5t ^u a long *a9 ( causes & effects :i* h prec$$ x1 & 9 :i* x itself appe>s z a small l9k4 ,^! two contradictory po9ts ( view1 to ea* ( :i* we are l$ ) ! same necessity1 we might aga9 call an ant9omy 9 our faculty ( k1 & set x up z ! c\nt]p>t ( t :i* we f\nd 9 ! fir/ extreme ( natural sci5ce4 ,! f\rfold ant9omy ( ,kant w be %[n1 9 ! criticism ( 8 philosophy app5d$ to ?is volume1 to be a gr\ndless delusion4 ,b ! necess>y contradiction :i* at la/ pres5ts itself to u "h1 f9ds its solution 9 ! fact t1 to use ,kant's phraseology1 "t1 space1 & causality d n belong to ! ?+-9-itself1 b only to its ph5om5a1 ( :i* !y are ! =m2 :i* 9 my language means ?is3 ,! objective _w1 ! _w z idea1 is n ! only side ( ! _w1 b m]ely its outw>d side2 & x has an entirely diff]5t side--! side ( its inmo/ nature--its k]nel--! ?+-9-itself4 ,?is we %all consid] 9 ! second book1 call+ x aft] ! mo/ imm$iate ( its objective manife/ations--w4 ,b ! _w z idea1 ) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$1 only appe>s ) ! op5+ ( ! fir/ eye4 ,)\t ?is m$ium ( k x _c be1 & !re=e x 0 n be=e x4 ,b )\t t eye1 t is to say1 outside ( k1 !re 0 also no be=e1 no "t4 ,?us "t has no beg9n+1 b all beg9n+ is 9 "t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is ! mo/ univ]sal =m ( ! kn[able1 9 :i* all ph5om5a are unit$ toge!r ?r\gh causality1 "t1 ) its inf9ity ( pa/ & future1 is pres5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( k4 ,! ph5om5on :i* fills ! fir/ pres5t mu/ at once be kn[n z causally b\nd up ) & dep5d5t ^u a sequ5ce ( ph5om5a :i* /ret*es inf9itely into ! pa/1 & ?is pa/ itself is j z truly condition$ by ?is fir/ pres5t1 z conv]sely ! pres5t is by ! pa/4 ,accord+ly ! pa/ out ( :i* ! fir/ pres5t arises1 is1 l x1 dep5d5t ^u ! kn[+ subject1 )\t :i* x is no?+4 ,x necess>ily happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ?is fir/ pres5t does n manife/ itself z ! fir/1 t is1 z hav+ no pa/ = its p>5t1 b z be+ ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,x manife/s itself r z ! consequ5ce ( ! pa/1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce 9 "t4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ph5om5a :i* fill ?is fir/ pres5t appe> z ! effects ( e>li] ph5om5a :i* fill$ ! pa/1 9 accordance ) ! law ( causality4 ,^? :o l my?ological int]pretations may take ! bir? ( ,kronos 771 ! y\nge/ ( ! ,titans1 z a symbol ( ! mom5t "h ref]r$ to at :i* "t appe>s1 ?\gh1 inde$ x has no beg9n+2 = ) him1 s9ce he ate 8 fa!r1 ! crude productions ( heav5 & e>? cease1 & ! races ( gods & m5 appe> ^u ! sc5e4 ,?is explanation at :i* we h arriv$ by foll[+ ! mo/ consi/5t ( ! philosophical sy/ems :i* />t f ! object1 mat]ialism1 has br\ght out cle>ly ! insep>able & reciprocal dep5d5ce ( subject & object1 & at ! same "t ! inevitable anti!sis betwe5 !m4 ,& ?is k leads u to seek = ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 ! ?+-9-itself1 n 9 ei!r ( ! two elem5ts ( ! idea1 b 9 some?+ q di/9ct f x1 & :i* is n encumb]$ ) su* a fundam5tal & insoluble anti!sis4 ,oppos$ to ! sy/em we h expla9$1 :i* />ts f ! object 9 ord] to d]ive ! subject f x1 is ! sy/em :i* />ts f ! subject & tries to d]ive ! object f x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has be5 ( frequ5t & common occurr5ce ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 b ( ! second we f9d only "o example1 & t a v rec5t "o2 ! 8philosophy ( appe>ance0 ( ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 x mu/ be consid]$2 little real wor? or inn] mean+ z ! doctr9e itself _h4 ,x 0 inde$ = ! mo/ "p m]ely a delusion1 b x 0 deliv]$ ) an air ( ! deepe/ e>ne/ness1 ) su/a9$ l(t9ess ( tone & zeal\s ard\r1 & 0 def5d$ ) eloqu5t polemic aga9/ weak oppon5ts1 s t x 0 able to pres5t a brilliant ext]ior & seem$ to be some?+4 ,b ! g5u9e e>ne/ness :i* keeps tru? always /eadfa/ly be=e x z its goal1 & is unaffect$ by any ext]nal influ5ces1 0 entirely want+ to ,fi*te1 z x is to all philosoph]s :o1 l him1 conc]n !mselves ) que/ions ( ! day4 ,9 8 case1 inde$1 x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,a man becomes a philosoph] by reason ( a c]ta9 p]plexity1 f :i* he seeks to free himself4 ,?is is ,plato's 1 :i* he calls a 4 ,b :at di/+ui%es ! false philosoph] f ! true is ?is3 ! p]plexity ( ! latt] arises f ! contemplation ( ! _w itself1 :ile t ( ! =m] results f "s book1 "s sy/em ( philosophy :i* is be=e him4 ,n[ ,fi*te belongs to ! class ( ! false philosoph]s4 ,he 0 made a philosoph] by ,kant's doctr9e ( ! ?+-9-itself1 & if x _h n be5 = ?is he w\ld probably h pursu$ entirely diff]5t ends1 ) f> bett] results1 = he c]ta9ly possess$ rem>kable rhetorical tal5t4 ,if he _h only p5etrat$ some:at deeply into ! mean+ ( ! book t made him a philosoph]1 8,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 he w\ld h und]/ood t its pr9cipal tea*+ ab\t m9d is ?is4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is n1 z all s*ola/ic philosophy ma9ta9s1 a v]itas aet]na--t is to say1 x does n possess an uncondition$ validity be=e1 outside (1 & above ! _w4 ,x is relative & condition$1 & valid only 9 ! sph]e ( ph5om5a1 & ?us x may appe> z ! necess>y nexus ( space & "t1 or z ! law ( causality1 or z ! law ( ! gr\nd ( k4 ,! inn] nature ( ! _w1 ! ?+-9-itself c nev] be f\nd by ! guidance ( ?is pr9ciple1 = all t x leads to w be f\nd to be dep5d5t & relative & m]ely ph5om5al1 n ! ?+-9-itself4 ,fur!r1 x does n conc]n ! subject1 b is only ! =m ( objects1 :i* are !re=e n ?+s-9-!mselves4 ,! subject mu/ exi/ along ) ! object1 & ! object along ) ! subject1 s t x is impossible t subject & object c /& to ea* o!r 9 a relation ( reason & consequ5t4 ,b ,fi*te did n take up ! smalle/ fragm5t ( all ?is4 ,all t int]e/$ him ab\t ! matt] 0 t ! sy/em />t$ f ! subject4 ,n[ ,kant _h *os5 ?is proc$ure 9 ord] to %[ ! fallacy ( ! preval5t sy/ems1 :i* />t$ f ! object1 & ?r\gh :i* ! object _h come1 to be reg>d$ z a ?+-9-itself4 ,fi*te1 h[ev]1 took ?is dep>ture f ! subject = ! really important matt]1 & l all imitators1 he imag9$ t 9 go+ fur!r ?an ,kant he 0 surpass+ him4 ,?us he repeat$ ! fallacy ) reg>d to ! subject1 :i* all ! previ\s dogmatism _h p]petrat$ ) reg>d to ! object1 & :i* _h be5 ! occasion ( ,kant's 8,critique04 ,fi*te !n made no mat]ial *ange1 & ! fundam5tal fallacy1 ! assumption ( a relation ( reason & consequ5t betwe5 object & subject1 rema9$ aft] him z x 0 be=e him4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason possess$ z be=e an uncondition$ validity1 & ! only diff]5ce 0 t ! ?+-9-itself 0 n[ plac$ 9 ! subject in/ead (1 z =m]ly1 9 ! object4 ,! entire relativity ( bo? subject & object1 :i* proves t ! ?+-9-itself1 or ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 is n to be s\ght 9 !m at all1 b outside ( !m1 & outside ev]y?+ else t exi/s m]ely relatively1 /ill rema9$ unkn[n4 ,j z if ,kant _h nev] exi/$1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is to ,fi*te precisely :at x 0 to all ! s*oolm51 a v]itas aet]na4 ,z an et]nal fate reign$ ov] ! gods ( old1 s ^! aet]n v]itates1 ^! metaphysical1 ma!matical & metalogical tru?s1 & 9 ! case ( "s1 ! validity ( ! moral law also1 reign$ ov] ! ,god ( ! s*oolm54 ,^! v]itates alone 7 indep5d5t ( ev]y?+1 & ?r\gh _! necessity bo? ,god & ! _w exi/$4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 z su* a v]itas aet]na1 ! ego is = ,fi*te ! gr\nd ( ! _w1 or ( ! non-ego1 ! object1 :i* is j its consequ5t1 its creation4 ,he has !re=e tak5 good c>e to avoid exam9+ fur!r or limit+ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is ?\ght ,i %\ld specify ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason "u ! guidance ( :i* ,fi*te d]ives ! non-ego f ! ego1 z a spid] sp9s its web out ( itself1 ,i f9d t x is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( exi/5ce 9 space3 = x is only z ref]r$ to ?is t "s k9d ( mean+ & s5se c be atta*$ to ! lab\r$ d$uctions ( ! way 9 :i* ! ego produces & fabricates ! non-ego f itself1 :i* =m ! cont5t ( ! mo/ s5seless1 & consequ5tly ! mo/ we>isome book t 0 ev] writt54 ,?is philosophy ( ,fi*te1 o!rwise n wor? m5tion+1 is int]e/+ to u only z ! t>dy expression ( ! conv]se ( ! old mat]ialism4 ,= mat]ialism 0 ! mo/ consi/5t sy/em />t+ f ! object1 z ?is is ! mo/ consi/5t sy/em />t+ f ! subject4 ,mat]ialism ov]look$ ! fact t1 ) ! simple/ object1 x assum$ ! subject also2 & ,fi*te ov]look$ ! fact t ) ! subject 7:atev] he may call x7 he assum$ ! object also1 = no subject is ?9kable )\t an object4 ,besides ?is he =got t all a priori d$uction1 inde$ all demon/ration 9 g5]al1 mu/ re/ ^u "s necessity1 & t all necessity is bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 because to be necess>y1 & to foll[ f giv5 gr\nds are conv]tible conceptions47#aj7 ,b ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is j ! univ]sal =m ( ! object z su*4 ,?us x is 9 ! object1 b is n valid be=e & outside ( x2 x fir/ produces ! object & makes x appe> 9 con=mity ) its regulative pr9ciple4 ,we see !n t ! sy/em :i* />ts f ! subject conta9s ! same fallacy z ! sy/em1 expla9$ above1 :i* />ts f ! object2 x beg9s by assum+ :at x proposes to d$uce1 ! necess>y correlative ( its />t+-po9t4 ,! me?od ( our own sy/em is toto g5]e di/9ct f ^! two opposite misconceptions1 = we />t nei!r f ! object nor f ! subject1 b f ! idea1 z ! fir/ fact ( consci\sness4 ,its fir/ ess5tial1 fundam5tal =m is ! anti!sis ( subject & object4 ,! =m ( ! object aga9 is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,ea* ( ^! reigns s absolutely 9 its own class ( ideas t1 z we h se51 :5 ! special =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* gov]ns any class ( ideas is kn[n1 ! nature ( ! :ole class is kn[n also3 = ! :ole class1 z idea1 is no m ?an ?is =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason itself2 s t "t itself is no?+ b ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce 9 x1 i4e41 succession2 space is no?+ b ! pr9ciple ( exi/5ce 9 x1 i4e41 position2 matt] is no?+ b causality2 ! concept 7z w appe> imm$iately7 is no?+ b relation to a gr\nd ( k4 ,?is ?or\gh & consi/5t relativity ( ! _w z idea1 bo? accord+ to its univ]sal =m 7subject & object71 & accord+ to ! =m :i* is subord9ate to ?is 7! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason7 w>ns u1 z we said be=e1 to seek ! inn] nature ( ! _w 9 an aspect ( x :i* is q diff]5t & q di/9ct f ! idea2 & 9 ! next book we %all f9d ?is 9 a fact :i* is j z imm$iate to e liv+ be+ z ! idea4 ,b we mu/ fir/ consid] t class ( ideas :i* belongs to man alone4 ,! matt] ( ^! is ! concept1 & ! subjective correlative is reason1 j z ! subjective correlative ( ! ideas we h already consid]$ 0 und]/&+ & s5sibility1 :i* are also to be attribut$ to all ! l[] animals47#aa7 #h4 ,z f ! direct light ( ! sun to ! borr[$ light ( ! moon1 we pass f ! imm$iate idea ( p]ception1 :i* /&s by itself & is its own w>rant1 to reflection1 to ! ab/ract1 discursive concepts ( ! reason1 :i* obta9 _! :ole cont5t f k ( p]ception1 & 9 relation to x4 ,z long z we cont9ue simply to p]ceive1 all is cle>1 firm1 & c]ta94 ,!re are nei!r que/ions nor d\bts nor errors2 we desire to g no fur!r1 c g no fur!r2 we f9d re/ 9 p]ceiv+1 & satisfaction 9 ! pres5t4 ,p]ception suffices = itself1 & !re=e :at spr+s purely f x1 & rema9s true to x1 = example1 a g5u9e "w ( art1 c nev] be false1 nor c x be discr$it$ ?r\gh ! lapse ( "t1 = x does n pres5t an op9ion b ! ?+ itself4 ,b ) ab/ract k1 ) reason1 d\bt & error appe> 9 ! !oretical1 c>e & sorr[ 9 ! practical4 ,9 ! idea ( p]ception1 illusion may at mom5ts take ! place ( ! real2 b 9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract ?\ght1 error may reign = a ?\s& ye>s1 impose its yoke ^u :ole nations1 ext5d to ! noble/ impulses ( humanity1 &1 by ! help ( its slaves & its dupes1 may *a9 & fett] ^? :om x _c deceive4 ,x is ! enemy aga9/ :i* ! wise/ m5 ( all times h wag$ unequal w>1 & only :at !y h won f x has become ! possession ( mank9d4 ,!re=e x is well to draw att5tion to x at once1 z we already tread ! gr\nd to :i* its prov9ce belongs4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t we ought to foll[ tru? ev5 al?\gh no utility c be se5 9 x1 because x may h indirect utility :i* may appe> :5 x is lea/ expect$2 & ,i w\ld add to ?is1 t we ought to be j z anxi\s to discov] & to root out all error ev5 :5 no h>m is anticipat$ f x1 because its mis*ief may be v indirect1 & may sudd5ly appe> :5 we d n expect x1 = all error has poison at its he>t4 ,if x is m9d1 if x is k1 t makes man ! "l ( creation1 !re c be no su* ?+ z h>mless error1 /ill less v5]able & holy error4 ,& = ! consolation ( ^? :o 9 any way & at any "t may h devot$ /r5g? & life to ! noble & h>d battle aga9/ error1 ,i _c refra9 f add+ t1 s long z tru? is abs5t1 error w h free play1 z owls & bats 9 ! night2 b soon] w\ld we expect to see ! owls & ! bats drive back ! sun 9 ! ea/]n heav5s1 ?an t any tru? :i* has once be5 kn[n & di/9ctly & fully express$1 c ev] aga9 be s utt]ly vanqui%$ & ov]come t ! old error %all once m reign undi/urb$ ov] its wide k+dom4 ,?is is ! p[] ( tru?2 its conque/ is sl[ & labori\s1 b if once ! victory be ga9$ x c nev] be wre/$ back aga94 ,besides ! ideas we h z yet consid]$1 :i*1 accord+ to _! con/ruction1 c\ld be ref]r$ to "t1 space1 & matt]1 if we consid] !m ) ref]5ce to ! object1 or to pure s5sibility & und]/&+ 7i4e41 k ( causality71 if we consid] !m ) ref]5ce to ! subject1 ano!r faculty ( k has appe>$ 9 man alone ( all e>?ly creatures1 an entirely new consci\sness1 :i*1 ) v appropriate & significant exactness1 is call$ reflection4 ,= x is 9 fact d]iv$ f ! k ( p]ception1 & is a reflect$ appe>ance ( x4 ,b x has assum$ a nature fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,! =ms ( p]ception d n affect x1 & ev5 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* reigns ov] all objects has an entirely diff]5t aspect ) reg>d to x4 ,x is j ?is new1 m highly end[$1 consci\sness1 ?is ab/ract reflex ( all t belongs to p]ception 9 t conception ( ! reason :i* has no?+ to d ) p]ception1 t gives to man t ?\ghtfulness :i* di/+ui%es 8 consci\sness s entirely f t ( ! l[] animals1 & ?r\gh :i* 8 :ole behavi\r ^u e>? is s diff]5t f t ( 8 irrational fell[-creatures4 ,he f> surpasses !m 9 p[] & also 9 suff]+4 ,!y live 9 ! pres5t alone1 he lives also 9 ! future & ! pa/4 ,!y satisfy ! ne$s ( ! mom5t1 he provides by ! mo/ +5i\s prep>ations = ! future1 yea = days t he %all nev] see4 ,!y are entirely dep5d5t on ! impression ( ! mom5t1 on ! effect ( ! p]ceptible motive2 he is det]m9$ by ab/ract conceptions indep5d5t ( ! pres5t4 ,!re=e he foll[s pr$et]m9$ plans1 he acts f maxims1 )\t ref]5ce to 8 surr\nd+s or ! accid5tal impression ( ! mom5t4 ,?us1 = example1 he c make ) composure delib]ate prep>ations = 8 own dea?1 he c dissemble pa/ f9d+ out1 & c c>ry 8 secret ) him to ! grave2 la/ly1 he has an actual *oice betwe5 sev]al motives2 = only 9 ! ab/ract c su* motives1 pres5t toge!r 9 consci\sness1 af=d ! k ) reg>d to !mselves1 t ! "o excludes ! o!r1 & c ?us measure !mselves aga9/ ea* o!r ) ref]5ce to _! p[] ov] ! w4 ,! motive t ov]comes1 9 t x decides ! "q at issue1 is ! delib]ate det]m9ant ( ! w1 & is a sure indication ( its "*4 ,! brute1 on ! o!r h&1 is det]m9$ by ! pres5t impression2 only ! fe> ( pres5t compulsion c con/ra9 its desires1 until at la/ ?is fe> has become cu/om1 & z su* cont9ues to det]m9e x2 ?is is call$ tra9+4 ,! brute feels & p]ceives2 man1 9 addition to ?is1 ?9ks & kn[s3 bo? w4 ,! brute expresses its feel+s & dispositions by ge/ures & s\nds2 man communicates 8 ?\ght to o!rs1 or1 if he wi%es1 he conceals x1 by means ( spee*4 ,spee* is ! fir/ production1 & also ! necess>y organ ( 8 reason4 ,!re=e 9 ,greek & ,italian1 spee* & reason are express$ by ! same ^w2 1 il discorso4 ,v]nunft is d]iv$ f v]nehm51 :i* is n a synonym = ! v]b to he>1 b signifies ! consci\sness ( ! mean+ ( ?\ghts communicat$ 9 words4 ,x is by ! help ( language alone t reason accompli%es its mo/ important a*ievem5ts1--! unit$ action ( sev]al individuals1 ! plann$ co-op]ation ( _m ?\s&s1 civilisation1 ! /ate2 also sci5ce1 ! /or+ up ( exp]i5ce1 ! unit+ ( common prop]ties 9 "o concept1 ! communication ( tru?1 ! spread ( error1 ?\ghts & poems1 dogmas & sup]/itions4 ,! brute fir/ kn[s dea? :5 x dies1 b man draws consci\sly ne>] to x e h\r t he lives2 & ?is makes life at times a que/ionable good ev5 to him :o has n recognis$ ?is "* ( con/ant annihilation 9 ! :ole ( life4 ,pr9cipally on ?is acc\nt man has philosophies & religions1 ?\gh x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! qualities we admire mo/ 9 8 conduct1 volunt>y rectitude & nobility ( feel+1 7 ev] ! fruit ( ei!r ( !m4 ,z results :i* c]ta9ly belong only to !m1 & z productions ( reason 9 ?is sph]e1 we may ref] to ! m>vell\s & mon/r\s op9ions ( philosoph]s ( v>i\s s*ools1 & ! extraord9>y & sometimes cruel cu/oms ( ! prie/s ( diff]5t religions4 ,x is ! univ]sal op9ion ( all times & ( all nations t ^! manifold & f>-rea*+ a*ievem5ts spr+ f a common pr9ciple1 f t peculi> intellectual p[] :i* belongs di/9ctively to man & :i* has be5 call$ reason1 1 1 1 ratio4 ,besides ?is1 no "o f9ds any difficulty 9 recognis+ ! manife/ations ( ?is faculty1 & 9 say+ :at is rational & :at is irrational1 :]e reason appe>s z di/+ui%$ f ! o!r faculties & qualities ( man1 or la/ly1 9 po9t+ out :at1 on acc\nt ( ! want ( reason1 we mu/ nev] expect ev5 f ! mo/ s5sible brute4 ,! philosoph]s ( all ages may be said to be on ! :ole at "o ab\t ?is g5]al k ( reason1 & !y h also giv5 prom95ce to sev]al v important manife/ations ( x2 su* z1 ! control ( ! emotions & passions1 ! capacity = draw+ conclusions & =mulat+ g5]al pr9ciples1 ev5 su* z are true prior to all exp]i5ce1 & s =?4 ,/ill all _! explanations ( ! peculi> nature ( reason are wav]+1 n cle>ly def9$1 discursive1 )\t unity & conc5tration2 n[ lay+ /ress on "o manife/ation1 n[ on ano!r1 & !re=e (t5 at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,besides ?is1 _m />t f ! opposition betwe5 reason & revelation1 a di/9ction :i* is unkn[n to philosophy1 & :i* only increases confusion4 ,x is v rem>kable t up till n[ no philosoph] has ref]r$ ^! manifold expressions ( reason to "o simple function :i* w\ld be recognis$ 9 !m all1 f :i* !y w\ld all be expla9$1 & :i* w\ld !re=e con/itute ! real inn] nature ( reason4 ,x is true t ! excell5t ,locke 9 ! 8,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+0 7,book ,,ii41 *4 xi41 #aj & #aa71 v rightly ref]s to g5]al concepts z ! *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es man f ! brutes1 & ,leibnitz quotes ?is ) full approval 9 ! 8,n\veaux ,essais sur l',ent5dem5t ,huma9e0 7,book ,,ii41 *4 xi41 #aj & #aa47 ,b :5 ,locke 79 ,book ,,iv41 *4 xvii41 #b & #c7 comes to ! special explanation ( reason he entirely loses sight ( ?is simple1 prim>y *>act]i/ic1 & he also falls into a wav]+1 undet]m9$1 incomplete acc\nt ( mangl$ & d]ivative manife/ations ( x4 ,leibnitz also1 9 ! correspond+ "p ( 8 "w1 behaves 9 a simil> mann]1 only ) m confusion & indi/9ctness4 ,9 ! ,app5dix1 ,i h fully consid]$ h[ ,kant confus$ & falsifi$ ! conception ( ! nature ( reason4 ,b :oev] w take ! tr\ble to g ?r\gh 9 ?is ref]5ce ! mass ( philosophical writ+ :i* has appe>$ s9ce ,kant1 w f9d out1 t j z ! faults ( pr9ces mu/ be expiat$ by :ole nations1 ! errors ( great m9ds ext5d _! influ5ce ov] :ole g5]ations1 & ev5 ov] c5turies2 !y gr[ & propagate !mselves1 & f9ally deg5]ate into mon/rosities4 ,all ?is arises f ! fact t1 z ,b]keley says1 8,few m5 ?9k2 yet all w h op9ions40 ,! und]/&+ has only "o function--imm$iate k ( ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,yet ! p]ception ( ! real _w1 & all common s5se1 sagacity1 & inv5tiv5ess1 h[ev] multif>i\s _! applications may be1 are q cle>ly se5 to be no?+ m ?an manife/ations ( t "o function4 ,s also ! reason has "o function2 & f x all ! manife/ations ( reason we h m5tion$1 :i* di/+ui% ! life ( man f t ( ! brutes1 may easily be expla9$4 ,! application or ! non-application ( ?is function is all t is meant by :at m5 h ev]y:]e & always call$ rational & irrational47#ab7 #i4 ,concepts =m a di/9ct class ( ideas1 exi/+ only 9 ! m9d ( man1 & entirely diff]5t f ! ideas ( p]ception :i* we h consid]$ up till n[4 ,we c !re=e nev] atta9 to a s5su\s &1 prop]ly speak+1 evid5t k ( _! nature1 b only to a k :i* is ab/ract & discursive4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be absurd to dem& t !y %\ld be v]ifi$ 9 exp]i5ce1 if by exp]i5ce is meant ! real ext]nal _w1 :i* consi/s ( ideas ( p]ception1 or t !y %\ld be br\ght be=e ! eyes or ! imag9ation l objects ( p]ception4 ,!y c only be ?\ght1 n p]ceiv$1 & only ! effects :i* m5 accompli% ?r\gh !m are prop]ly objects ( exp]i5ce4 ,su* effects are language1 preconceiv$ & plann$ action & sci5ce1 & all t results f ^!4 ,spee*1 z an object ( out] exp]i5ce1 is obvi\sly no?+ m ?an a v complete telegraph1 :i* communicates arbitr>y signs ) ! greate/ rapidity & ! f9e/ di/9ctions ( diff]5ce4 ,b :at d ^! signs mean8 ,h[ are !y int]pret$8 ,:5 "s "o speaks1 d we at once translate 8 words into pictures ( ! fancy1 :i* in/antane\sly fla% ^u u1 arrange & l9k !mselves toge!r1 & assume =m & col\r accord+ to ! words t are p\r$ =?1 & _! grammatical inflections8 ,:at a tumult !re w\ld be 9 our bra9s :ile we li/5$ to a spee*1 or to ! read+ ( a book8 ,b :at actually happ5s is n ?is at all4 ,! mean+ ( a spee* is1 z a rule1 imm$iately grasp$1 accurately & di/9ctly tak5 91 )\t ! imag9ation be+ br\ght into play4 ,x is reason :i* speaks to reason1 keep+ )9 its own prov9ce4 ,x communicates & receives ab/ract conceptions1 ideas t _c be pres5t$ 9 p]ceptions1 :i* are fram$ once = all1 & are relatively few 9 numb]1 b :i* yet encompass1 conta91 & repres5t all ! innum]able objects ( ! actual _w4 ,?is itself is suffici5t to prove t ! l[] animals c nev] le>n to speak or compreh5d1 al?\gh !y h ! organs ( spee* & ideas ( p]ception 9 common ) u4 ,b because words repres5t ?is p]fectly di/9ct class ( ideas1 ^: subjective correlative is reason1 !y are )\t s5se & mean+ = ! brutes4 ,?us language1 l e o!r manife/ation :i* we ascribe to reason1 & l ev]y?+ :i* di/+ui%es man f ! brutes1 is to be expla9$ f ?is z its "o simple s\rce--conceptions1 ab/ract ideas :i* _c be pres5t$ 9 p]ception1 b are g5]al1 & h no individual exi/5ce 9 space & "t4 ,only 9 s+le cases d we pass f ! conception to ! p]ception1 d we con/ruct images z repres5tatives ( concepts 9 p]ception1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 !y are nev] adequate4 ,^! cases are fully discuss$ 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bh1 & !re=e ,i %all n repeat my explanation "h4 ,x may be comp>$1 h[ev]1 ) :at is said by ,hume 9 ! twelf? ( 8 8,philosophical ,essays10 p4 #bdd1 & by ,h]d] 9 ! 8,metacritik10 pt4 i4 p4 #bgd 7an o!rwise wor?less book74 ,! ,platonic idea1 ! possibility ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! union ( imag9ation & reason1 is ! pr9cipal subject ( ! ?ird book ( ?is "w4 ,al?\gh concepts are fundam5tally diff]5t f ideas ( p]ception1 !y /& 9 a necess>y relation to !m1 )\t :i* !y w\ld be no?+4 ,?is relation !re=e con/itutes ! :ole nature & exi/5ce ( concepts4 ,reflection is ! necess>y copy or repetition ( ! orig9ally pres5t$ _w ( p]ception1 b x is a special k9d ( copy 9 an entirely diff]5t mat]ial4 ,?us concepts may q prop]ly be call$ ideas ( ideas4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason has "h also a special =m4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! =m "u :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason appe>s 9 a class ( ideas always con/itutes & exhau/s ! :ole nature ( ! class1 s f> z x consi/s ( ideas1 s t "t is ?r\gh\t succession1 & no?+ m2 space is ?r\gh\t position1 & no?+ m2 matt] is ?r\gh\t causation1 & no?+ m4 ,9 ! same way ! :ole nature ( concepts1 or ! class ( ab/ract ideas1 consi/s simply 9 ! relation :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason expresses 9 !m2 & z ?is is ! relation to ! gr\nd ( k1 ! :ole nature ( ! ab/ract idea is simply & solely its relation to ano!r idea1 :i* is its gr\nd ( k4 ,?is1 inde$1 may1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be a concept1 an ab/ract idea1 & ?is aga9 may h only a simil> ab/ract gr\nd ( k2 b ! *a9 ( gr\nds ( k does n ext5d ad inf9itum2 x mu/ end at la/ 9 a concept :i* has its gr\nd 9 k ( p]ception2 = ! :ole _w ( reflection re/s on ! _w ( p]ception z its gr\nd ( k4 ,h5ce ! class ( ab/ract ideas is 9 ?is respect di/+ui%$ f o!r classes2 9 ! latt] ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason always dem&s m]ely a relation to ano!r idea ( ! same class1 b 9 ! case ( ab/ract ideas1 x at la/ dem&s a relation to an idea ( ano!r class4 ,^? concepts :i*1 z has j be5 po9t$ out1 are n imm$iately relat$ to ! _w ( p]ception1 b only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "o1 or x may be sev]al o!r concepts1 h be5 call$ by pref]5ce ab/racta1 & ^? :i* h _! gr\nd imm$iately 9 ! _w ( p]ception h be5 call$ concreta4 ,b ?is la/ "n is only loosely applicable to ! concepts d5ot$ by x1 = !y are always m]ely ab/racta1 & n ideas ( p]ception4 ,^! names1 :i* h orig9at$ 9 a v dim consci\sness ( ! di/9ctions !y imply1 may yet1 ) ?is explanation1 be reta9$4 ,z examples ( ! fir/ k9d ( concepts1 i4e41 ab/racta 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 we may take 8relation10 8virtue10 8inve/igation10 8beg9n+10 & s on4 ,z examples ( ! second k9d1 loosely call$ concreta1 we may take su* concepts z 8man10 8/one10 8horse10 c4 ,if x 7 n a some:at too pictorial & !re=e absurd simile1 we might v appropriately call ! latt] ! gr\nd floor1 & ! =m] ! upp] /ories ( ! build+ ( reflection47#ac7 ,x is n1 z is commonly suppos$1 an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a concept t x %\ld conta9 mu* "u x1 t is to say1 t _m ideas ( p]ception1 or x may be o!r ab/ract ideas1 %\ld /& to x 9 ! relation ( its gr\nd ( k1 i4e41 be ?\ght ?r\gh x4 ,?is is m]ely a d]iv$ & second>y *>act]i/ic1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 does n always exi/1 ?\gh x mu/ always exi/ pot5tially4 ,?is *>act]i/ic arises f ! fact t a concept is an idea ( an idea1 i4e41 its :ole nature consi/s 9 its relation to ano!r idea2 b z x is n ?is idea itself1 :i* is g5]ally an idea ( p]ception & !re=e belongs to q a diff]5t class1 ! latt] may h temporal1 spacial1 & o!r det]m9ations1 & 9 g5]al _m relations :i* are n ?\ght along ) x 9 ! concept4 ,?us we see t sev]al ideas :i* are diff]5t 9 uness5tial p>ticul>s may be ?\ght by means ( "o concept1 i4e41 may be br\ght "u x4 ,yet ?is p[] ( embrac+ sev]al ?+s is n an ess5tial b m]ely an accid5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! concept4 ,!re may be concepts ?r\gh :i* only "o real object is ?\ght1 b :i* are nev]!less ab/ract & g5]al1 by no means capable ( pres5tation individually & z p]ceptions4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! conception :i* any "o may h ( a p>ticul> t[n :i* he only kn[s f geography2 al?\gh only ?is "o t[n is ?\ght "u x1 x might yet be appli$ to sev]al t[ns diff]+ 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,we see !n t a concept is n g5]al because ( be+ ab/ract$ f sev]al objects2 b conv]sely1 because g5]ality1 t is to say1 non-det]m9ation ( ! p>ticul>1 belongs to ! concept z an ab/ract idea ( ! reason1 diff]5t ?+s c be ?\ght by means ( ! same "o4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said t e concept1 j because x is ab/ract & incapable ( pres5tation 9 p]ception1 & is !re=e n a completely det]m9$ idea1 has :at is call$ ext5sion or sph]e1 ev5 9 ! case 9 :i* only "o real object exi/s t corresponds to x4 ,n[ we always f9d t ! sph]e ( "o concept has some?+ 9 common ) ! sph]e ( o!r concepts4 ,t is to say1 "p ( :at is ?\ght "u "o concept is ! same z :at is ?\ght "u o!r concepts2 & conv]sely1 "p ( :at is ?\ght "u ^! concepts is ! same z :at is ?\ght "u ! fir/2 al?\gh1 if !y are really diff]5t concepts1 ea* ( !m1 or at lea/ "o ( !m1 conta9s some?+ :i* ! o!r does n conta92 ?is is ! relation 9 :i* e subject /&s to its pr$icate4 ,! recognition ( ?is relation is call$ judgm5t4 ,! repres5tation ( ^! sph]es by means ( figures 9 space1 is an exce$+ly happy idea4 ,x fir/ occurr$ to ,gottfri$ ,pl\quet1 :o us$ squ>es = ! purpose4 ,lamb]t1 al?\gh lat] ?an him1 us$ only l9es1 :i* he plac$ "u ea* o!r4 ,eul] c>ri$ out ! idea completely ) circles4 ,^u :at ?is complete analogy betwe5 ! relations ( concepts1 & ^? ( figures 9 space1 ultimately re/s1 ,i am unable to say4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a v =tunate circum/ance = logic t all ! relations ( concepts1 accord+ to _! possibility1 i4e41 a priori1 may be made pla9 9 p]ception by ! use ( su* figures1 9 ! foll[+ way3-- 7#a47 ,! sph]es ( two concepts co9cide3 = example ! concept ( necessity & ! concept ( foll[+ f giv5 gr\nds1 9 ! same way ! concepts ( ,rum9antia & ,bisulca 7rum9at+ & clov5-ho($ animals71 also ^? ( v]tebrate & r$-blood$ animals 7al?\gh !re might be "s d\bt ab\t ?is on acc\nt ( ! annelida73 !y are conv]tible concepts4 ,su* concepts are repres5t$ by a s+le circle :i* /&s = ei!r ( !m4 7#b47 ,! sph]e ( "o concept includes t ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,category horse )9 category animal4 7#c47 ,a sph]e includes two or m sph]es :i* exclude ea* o!r & fill x4 ,illu/ration3 ,circle divid$ into ?irds "r1 acute1 & obtuse4 7#d47 ,two sph]es include ea* a "p ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ov]lapp+ circles1 "o fl[] & "o r$4 7#e47 ,two sph]es lie 9 a ?ird1 b d n fill x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l>ge circle1 matt]1 )9 :i* are two o!r circles1 wat] & e>?4 ,?is la/ case applies to all concepts ^: sph]es h no?+ imm$iately 9 common1 = !re is always a ?ird sph]e1 (t5 a mu* wid] "o1 :i* includes bo?4 ,to ^! cases all comb9ations ( concepts may be ref]r$1 & f !m ! entire doctr9e ( ! judgm5t1 its conv]sion1 contraposition1 equipoll5ce1 disjunction 7?is accord+ to ! ?ird figure7 may be d$uc$4 ,f ^! also may be d]iv$ ! prop]ties ( ! judgm5t1 ^u :i* ,kant bas$ 8 pret5d$ categories ( ! und]/&+1 ) ! exception h[ev] ( ! hypo!tical =m1 :i* is n a comb9ation ( concepts1 b ( judgm5ts4 ,a full acc\nt is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix ( 8,modality10 & inde$ ( e prop]ty ( judgm5ts on :i* ! categories are f\nd$4 ,) reg>d to ! possible comb9ations ( concepts :i* we h giv51 x has only fur!r to be rem>k$ t !y may also be comb9$ ) ea* o!r 9 _m ways4 ,= example1 ! f\r? figure ) ! second4 ,only if "o sph]e1 :i* p>tly or :olly conta9s ano!r1 is itself conta9$ 9 a ?ird sph]e1 d ^! toge!r exemplify ! syllogism 9 ! fir/ figure1 i4e41 t comb9ation ( judgm5ts1 by means ( :i* x is kn[n t a concept :i* is p>tly or :olly conta9$ 9 ano!r concept1 is also conta9$ 9 a ?ird concept1 :i* aga9 conta9s ! fir/3 & also1 conv]sely1 ! negation2 ! pictorial repres5tation ( :i* c1 ( c\rse1 only be two connect$ sph]es :i* d n lie )9 a ?ird sph]e4 ,if _m sph]es are br\ght toge!r 9 ?is way we get a long tra9 ( syllogisms4 ,?is s*ematism ( concepts1 :i* has already be5 fairly well expla9$ 9 m ?an "o textbook1 may be us$ z ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( ! judgm5t1 & inde$ ( ! :ole syllogi/ic !ory1 & 9 ?is way ! treatm5t ( bo? becomes v easy & simple4 ,because1 ?r\gh x1 all syllogi/ic rules may be se5 9 _! orig91 & may be d$uc$ & expla9$4 ,x is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to load ! memory ) ^! rules1 z logic is nev] ( practical use1 b has only a !oretical int]e/ = philosophy4 ,= al?\gh x may be said t logic is relat$ to rational ?9k+ z ?or\gh-bass is to music1 or less exactly1 z e?ics is to virtue1 or /hetics to art2 we mu/ yet rememb] t no "o ev] became an arti/ by ! /udy ( /hetics2 t a noble "* 0 nev] =m$ by ! /udy ( e?ics2 t long be=e ,rameau1 m5 compos$ correctly & beautifully1 & t we d n ne$ to "k ?or\gh-bass 9 ord] to detect discords3 & j z little d we ne$ to "k logic 9 ord] to avoid be+ misl$ by fallacies4 ,yet x mu/ be conc$$ t ?or\gh-bass is ( ! greate/ use 9 ! practice ( musical composition1 al?\gh x may n be necess>y = ! und]/&+ ( x2 & inde$ /hetics & ev5 e?ics1 ?\gh 9 a mu* less degree1 & = ! mo/ "p negatively1 may be ( "s use 9 practice1 s t we _c d5y !m all practical wor?1 b ( logic ev5 ?is mu* _c be conc$$4 ,x is no?+ m ?an ! k 9 ! ab/ract ( :at e "o kn[s 9 ! concrete4 ,!re=e we call 9 ! aid ( logical rules1 j z little to enable u to con/ruct a correct argum5t z to prev5t u f cons5t+ to a false "o1 & ! mo/ le>n$ logician lays aside ! rules ( logic altoge!r 9 8 actual ?\ght4 ,?is may be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,e sci5ce is a sy/em ( g5]al & !re=e ab/ract tru?s1 laws1 & rules ) ref]5ce to a special class ( objects4 ,! individual case com+ "u ^! laws is det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ?is g5]al k1 :i* is valid once = all2 because su* application ( ! g5]al pr9ciple is f> easi] ?an ! exhau/ive inve/igation ( ! p>ticul> case2 = ! g5]al ab/ract k :i* has once be5 obta9$ is always m )9 our rea* ?an ! empirical inve/igation ( ! p>ticul> case4 ,) logic1 h[ev]1 x is j ! o!r way4 ,x is ! g5]al k ( ! mode ( proc$ure ( ! reason express$ 9 ! =m ( rules4 ,x is rea*$ by ! introspection ( reason1 & by ab/raction f all cont5t4 ,b ?is mode ( proc$ure is necess>y & ess5tial to reason1 s t x w nev] dep>t f x if left to itself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 easi] & sur] to let x proce$ itself accord+ to its nature 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ?an to pres5t to x ! k ab/ract$ f ?is proc$ure 9 ! =m ( a =eign & ext]nally giv5 law4 ,x is easi]1 because1 :ile 9 ! case ( all o!r sci5ces1 ! g5]al rule is m )9 our rea* ?an ! inve/igation ( ! p>ticul> case tak5 by itself2 ) ! use ( reason1 on ! contr>y1 its necess>y proc$ure 9 a giv5 case is always m )9 our rea* ?an ! g5]al rule ab/ract$ f x2 = t :i* ?9ks 9 u is reason itself4 ,x is sur]1 because a mi/ake may m easily occur 9 su* ab/ract k1 or 9 its application1 ?an t a process ( reason %\ld take place :i* w\ld run contr>y to its ess5ce & nature4 ,h5ce arises ! rem>kable fact1 t :ile 9 o!r sci5ces ! p>ticul> case is always prov$ by ! rule1 9 logic1 on ! contr>y1 ! rule mu/ always be prov$ f ! p>ticul> case2 & ev5 ! mo/ practis$ logician1 if he rem>k t 9 "s p>ticul> case he concludes o!rwise ?an ! rule prescribes1 w always expect to f9d a mi/ake 9 ! rule r ?an 9 8 own conclusion4 ,to desire to make practical use ( logic means1 !re=e1 to desire to d]ive ) unspeakable tr\ble1 f g5]al rules1 t :i* is imm$iately kn[n ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,x is j z if a man 7 to consult me*anics z to ! motion ( 8 body1 & physiology z to 8 dige/ion2 & :oev] has le>nt logic = practical purposes is l him :o w\ld tea* a beav] to make its own dam4 ,logic is1 !re=e1 )\t practical utility2 b x mu/ nev]!less be reta9$1 because x has philosophical int]e/ z ! special k ( ! organisation & action ( reason4 ,x is rightly reg>d$ z a def9ite1 self-subsi/+1 self-conta9$1 complete1 & ?or\ghly safe discipl9e2 to be treat$ sci5tifically = itself alone & indep5d5tly ( ev]y?+ else1 & !re=e to be /udi$ at ! univ]sities4 ,b x has its real value1 9 relation to philosophy z a :ole1 9 ! inquiry into ! nature ( k1 & inde$ ( rational & ab/ract k4 ,!re=e ! exposition ( logic %\ld n h s mu* ! =m ( a practical sci5ce1 %\ld n conta9 m]ely nak$ arbitr>y rules = ! correct =mation ( ! judgm5t1 ! syllogism1 c41 b %\ld r be direct$ to ! k ( ! nature ( reason & ! concept1 & to ! detail$ inve/igation ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+4 ,= logic is only a p>aphrase ( ?is pr9ciple1 &1 m exactly1 only ( t exemplification ( x 9 :i* ! gr\nd t gives tru? to ! judgm5t is nei!r empirical nor metaphysical1 b logical or metalogical4 ,besides ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+1 x is necess>y to take acc\nt ( ! ?ree rema9+ fundam5tal laws ( ?\ght1 or judgm5ts ( metalogical tru?1 s ne>ly relat$ to x2 & out ( ^! ! :ole sci5ce ( reason gr[s4 ,! nature ( ?\ght prop]1 t is to say1 ( ! judgm5t & ! syllogism1 mu/ be exhibit$ 9 ! comb9ation ( ! sph]es ( concepts1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! special s*ema1 9 ! way %[n above2 & f all ?is ! rules ( ! judgm5t & ! syllogism are to be d$uc$ by con/ruction4 ,! only practical use we c make ( logic is 9 a debate1 :5 we c convict our antagoni/ ( 8 int5tional fallacies1 r ?an ( 8 actual mi/akes1 by giv+ !m _! te*nical names4 ,by ?us ?r[+ into ! backgr\nd ! practical aim ( logic1 & br++ out its connection ) ! :ole s*eme ( philosophy z "o ( its *apt]s1 we d n ?9k t we %all make ! /udy ( x less preval5t ?an x is j n[4 ,= at ! pres5t day e "o :o does n wi% to rema9 uncultur$1 & to be numb]$ ) ! ignorant & incompet5t multitude1 mu/ /udy speculative philosophy4 ,= ! n9ete5? c5tury is a philosophical age1 ?\gh by ?is we d n mean ei!r t x has philosophy1 or t philosophy gov]ns x1 b r t x is ripe = philosophy1 &1 !re=e1 /&s 9 ne$ ( x4 ,?is is a sign ( a high degree ( civilisation1 & inde$1 is a def9ite /age 9 ! culture ( ! ages47#ad7 ,?\gh logic is ( s little practical use1 x _c be d5i$ t x 0 inv5t$ = practical purposes4 ,x appe>s to me to h orig9at$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,z ! love ( debat+ develop$ among ! ,eleatics1 ! ,meg>ics1 & ! ,sophi/s1 & by degrees became almo/ a passion1 ! confusion 9 :i* ne>ly e debate end$ mu/ h made !m feel ! necessity ( a me?od ( proc$ure z a guide2 & = ?is a sci5tific dialectic _h to be s\ght4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* w\ld h to be obs]v$ w\ld be t bo? ! disput+ p>ties %\ld always be agre$ on "s "o proposition1 to :i* ! disput$ po9ts might be ref]r$4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! me?odical proc$ure consi/$ 9 ?is1 t ! propositions admitt$ on bo? sides 7 =mally /at$ to be s1 & plac$ at ! head ( ! inquiry4 ,b ^! propositions 7 at fir/ conc]n$ only ) ! mat]ial ( ! inquiry4 ,x 0 soon obs]v$ t 9 ! process ( go+ back to ! tru? admitt$ on bo? sides1 & ( d$uc+ _! ass]tions f x1 ea* p>ty foll[$ c]ta9 =ms & laws ab\t :i*1 )\t any express agreem5t1 !re 0 no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,& f ?is x became evid5t t ^! mu/ con/itute ! peculi> & natural proc$ure ( reason itself1 ! =m ( inve/igation4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 n expos$ to any d\bt or diff]5ce ( op9ion1 "s p$antically sy/ematic philosoph] hit ^u ! idea t x w\ld look well1 & be ! completion ( ! me?od ( dialectic1 if ?is =mal "p ( all discussion1 ?is regul> proc$ure ( reason itself1 7 to be express$ 9 ab/ract propositions1 j l ! sub/antial propositions admitt$ on bo? sides1 & plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( e inve/igation1 z ! fix$ canon ( debate to :i* ref]5ce & appeal mu/ always be made4 ,9 ?is way :at _h =m]ly be5 foll[$ only by tacit agreem5t1 & in/9ctively1 w\ld be consci\sly recognis$ & =mally express$4 ,by degrees1 m or less p]fect expressions 7 f\nd = ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( logic1 su* z ! pr9ciples ( contradiction1 suffici5t reason1 exclud$ middle1 ! dictum de omni et nullo1 z well z ! special rules ( ! syllogism1 z = example1 ex m]is p>ticul>ibus aut negativis nihil sequitur1 a rationato ad rationem non valet consequ5tia1 & s on4 ,t all ?is 0 only br\ght ab\t sl[ly1 & ) great pa9s1 & up till ! "t ( ,ari/otle rema9$ v incomplete1 is evid5t f ! awkw>d & t$i\s way 9 :i* logical tru?s are br\ght out 9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 & /ill m f :at ,sextus ,empiricus tells u ( ! controv]sies ( ! ,meg>ics1 ab\t ! easie/ & simple/ logical rules1 & ! labori\s way 9 :i* !y 7 br\ght into a def9ite =m 7,sext4 ,emp4 adv4 ,ma?4 l4 #h1 p4 #aab74 ,b ,ari/otle collect$1 arrang$1 & correct$ all t _h be5 discov]$ be=e 8 "t1 & br\ght x to an incomp>ably great] /ate ( p]fection4 ,if we ?us obs]ve h[ ! c\rse ( ,greek culture _h prep>$ ! way =1 & l$ up to ! "w ( ,ari/otle1 we %all be little incl9$ to believe ! ass]tion ( ! ,p]sian au?or1 quot$ by ,sir ,william ,jones ) mu* approval1 t ,kalli/h5es f\nd a complete sy/em ( logic among ! ,indians1 & s5t x to 8 uncle ,ari/otle 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 p4 #afc74 ,x is easy to und]/& t 9 ! dre>y middle ages ! ,ari/otelian logic w\ld be v acceptable to ! controv]sial _s ( ! s*oolm51 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( all real k1 sp5t its en]gy ^u m]e =mulas & words1 & t x w\ld be eag]ly adopt$ ev5 9 its mutilat$ ,arabian =m1 & pres5tly e/abli%$ z ! c5tre ( all k4 ,?\gh its au?ority has s9ce decl9$1 yet up to our own "t logic has reta9$ ! cr$it ( a self-conta9$1 practical1 & highly important sci5ce4 ,inde$1 9 our own day1 ! ,kantian philosophy1 ! f\ndation-/one ( :i* is tak5 f logic1 has excit$ a new int]e/ 9 x2 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 at any rate1 t is1 z ! means ( ! k ( ! nature ( reason1 x des]ves4 ,correct & accurate conclusions may be arriv$ at if we c>efully obs]ve ! relation ( ! sph]es ( concepts1 & only conclude t "o sph]e is conta9$ 9 a ?ird sph]e1 :5 we h cle>ly se5 t ?is fir/ sph]e is conta9$ 9 a second1 :i* 9 its turn is conta9$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! art ( sophi/ry lies 9 ca/+ only a sup]ficial glance at ! relations ( ! sph]es ( ! concepts1 & !n manipulat+ ^! relations to suit our purposes1 g5]ally 9 ! foll[+ way3--,:5 ! sph]e ( an obs]v$ concept lies p>tly )9 t ( ano!r concept1 & p>tly )9 a ?ird altoge!r diff]5t sph]e1 we treat x z if x lay entirely )9 ! "o or ! o!r1 z may suit our purpose4 ,= example1 9 speak+ ( passion1 we may subsume x "u ! concept ( ! greate/ =ce1 ! mightie/ ag5cy 9 ! _w1 or "u ! concept ( ! irrational1 & ?is aga9 "u ! concept ( impot5cy or weakness4 ,we may !n repeat ! process1 & />t anew ) ea* concept to :i* ! argum5t leads u4 ,a concept has almo/ always sev]al o!rs1 :i* p>tially come "u x1 & ea* ( ^! conta9s "p ( ! sph]e ( ! fir/1 b also includes 9 its own sph]e some?+ m1 :i* is n 9 ! fir/4 ,b we draw att5tion only to t "o ( ^! latt] concepts1 "u :i* we wi% to subsume ! fir/1 & let ! o!rs rema9 unobs]v$1 or keep !m conceal$4 ,on ! possession ( ?is skill dep5ds ! :ole art ( sophi/ry & all f9] fallacies2 = logical fallacies su* z m5ti5s1 velatus1 cornatus1 c41 are cle>ly too clumsy = actual use4 ,i am n aw>e t hi!rto any "o has trac$ ! nature ( all sophi/ry & p]suasion back to ?is la/ possible gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 & ref]r$ x to ! peculi> "* ( concepts1 i4e41 to ! proc$ure ( reason itself4 ,!re=e1 z my exposition has l$ me to x1 ?\gh x is v easily und]/ood1 ,i w illu/rate x 9 ! foll[+ table by means ( a s*ema4 ,?is table is int5d$ to %[ h[ ! sph]es ( concepts ov]lap ea* o!r at _m po9ts1 & s leave room = a passage f ea* concept to :i*ev] "o we please ( sev]al o!r concepts4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 t no "o w be l$ by ?is table to atta* m importance to ?is little explanation1 :i* ,i h m]ely giv5 9 pass+1 ?an ought to belong to x1 f ! nature ( ! subject4 ,i h *os5 z an illu/ration ! concept ( travell+4 ,its sph]e p>tially includes f\r o!rs1 to any ( :i* ! sophi/ may pass at w2 ^! aga9 p>tly include o!r sph]es1 sev]al ( !m two or m at once1 & ?r\gh ^! ! sophi/ takes :i*ev] way he *ooses1 always z if x 7 ! only way1 till at la/ he rea*es1 9 good or evil1 :atev] end he may h 9 view4 ,9 pass+ f "o sph]e to ano!r1 x is only necess>y always to foll[ ! direction f ! c5tre 7! giv5 *ief concept7 to ! circumf]5ce1 & nev] to rev]se ?is process4 ,su* a piece ( sophi/ry may be ei!r an unbrok5 spee*1 or x may assume ! /rict syllogi/ic =m1 accord+ to :at is ! weak side ( ! he>]4 ,mo/ sci5tific argum5ts1 & especially philosophical demon/rations1 are at bottom n mu* m ?an ?is1 = h[ else w\ld x be possible1 t s mu*1 9 diff]5t ages1 has n only be5 falsely appreh5d$ 7= error itself has a diff]5t s\rce71 b demon/rat$ & prov$1 & has yet aft]w>ds be5 f\nd to be fundam5tally wrong1 = example1 ! ,leibnitz-,wolfian ,philosophy1 ,ptolemaic ,a/ronomy1 ,/ahl's ,*emi/ry1 ,newton's ,!ory ( ,col\rs1 c4 c47#ae7 #aj4 ,?r\gh all ?is1 ! "q presses ev] m ^u u1 h[ c]ta9ty is to be atta9$1 h[ judgm5ts are to be e/abli%$1 :at con/itutes rational k1 7wiss571 & sci5ce1 :i* we rank ) language & delib]ate action z ! ?ird great b5efit conf]r$ by reason4 ,reason is fem99e 9 nature2 x c only give aft] x has receiv$4 ,( itself x has no?+ b ! empty =ms ( its op]ation4 ,!re is no absolutely pure rational k except ! f\r pr9ciples to :i* ,i h attribut$ metalogical tru?2 ! pr9ciples ( id5tity1 contradiction1 exclud$ middle1 & suffici5t reason ( k4 ,= ev5 ! re/ ( logic is n absolutely pure rational k4 ,x presupposes ! relations & ! comb9ations ( ! sph]es ( concepts4 ,b concepts 9 g5]al only exi/ aft] exp]i5ce ( ideas ( p]ception1 & z _! :ole nature consi/s 9 _! relation to ^!1 x is cle> t !y presuppose !m4 ,no special cont5t1 h[ev]1 is presuppos$1 b m]ely ! exi/5ce ( a cont5t g5]ally1 & s logic z a :ole may fairly pass = pure rational sci5ce4 ,9 all o!r sci5ces reason has receiv$ its cont5t f ideas ( p]ception2 9 ma!matics f ! relations ( space & "t1 pres5t$ 9 intuition or p]ception prior to all exp]i5ce2 9 pure natural sci5ce1 t is1 9 :at we "k ( ! c\rse ( nature prior to any exp]i5ce1 ! cont5t ( ! sci5ce proce$s f ! pure und]/&+1 i4e41 f ! a priori k ( ! law ( causality & its connection ) ^? pure intuitions or p]ceptions ( space & "t4 ,9 all o!r sci5ces ev]y?+ t is n d]iv$ f ! s\rces we h j ref]r$ to belongs to exp]i5ce4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 to "k rationally 7wiss57 means to h 9 ! p[] ( ! m9d1 & capable ( be+ reproduc$ at w1 su* judgm5ts z h _! suffici5t gr\nd ( k 9 some?+ outside !mselves1 i4e41 are true4 ,?us only ab/ract cognition is rational k 7wiss571 :i* is !re=e ! result ( reason1 s t we _c accurately say ( ! l[] animals t !y rationally "k 7wiss57 any?+1 al?\gh !y h appreh5sion ( :at is pres5t$ 9 p]ception1 & memory ( ?is1 & consequ5tly imag9ation1 :i* is fur!r prov$ by ! circum/ance t !y dream4 ,we attribute consci\sness to !m1 & !re=e al?\gh ! ^w 7bewus/se97 is d]iv$ f ! v]b to "k rationally 7wiss571 ! conception ( consci\sness corresponds g5]ally ) t ( idea ( :atev] k9d x may be4 ,?us we attribute life to plants1 b n consci\sness4 ,rational k 7wiss57 is !re=e ab/ract consci\sness1 ! p]man5t possession 9 concepts ( ! reason1 ( :at has become kn[n 9 ano!r way4 #aa4 ,9 ?is reg>d ! direct opposite ( rational k is feel+1 & !re=e we mu/ ins]t ! explanation ( feel+ "h4 ,! concept :i* ! ^w feel+ d5otes has m]ely a negative cont5t1 :i* is ?is1 t some?+ :i* is pres5t 9 consci\sness1 is n a concept1 is n ab/ract rational k4 ,except ?is1 :atev] x may be1 x comes "u ! concept ( feel+4 ,?us ! immeasurably wide sph]e ( ! concept ( feel+ includes ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( objects1 & no "o c ev] und]/& h[ !y come toge!r until he has recognis$ t !y all agree 9 ?is negative respect1 t !y are n ab/ract concepts4 ,= ! mo/ div]se & ev5 antagoni/ic elem5ts lie quietly side by side 9 ?is concept2 = example1 religi\s feel+1 feel+ ( s5sual pleasure1 moral feel+1 bodily feel+1 z t\*1 pa91 s5se ( col\r1 ( s\nds & _! h>monies & discords1 feel+ ( hate1 ( disgu/1 ( self-satisfaction1 ( hon\r1 ( disgrace1 ( "r1 ( wrong1 s5se ( tru?1 /hetic feel+1 feel+ ( p[]1 weakness1 heal?1 fri5d%ip1 love1 c4 c4 ,!re is absolutely no?+ 9 common among !m except ! negative quality t !y are n ab/ract rational k4 ,b ?is div]sity becomes m /rik+ :5 ! appreh5sion ( space relations pres5t$ a priori 9 p]ception1 & also ! k ( ! pure und]/&+ is br\ght "u ?is concept1 & :5 we say ( all k & all tru?1 ( :i* we are fir/ consci\s only intuitively1 & h n yet =mulat$ 9 ab/ract concepts1 we feel x4 ,i %\ld l1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 to give "s examples ( ?is tak5 f rec5t books1 z !y are /rik+ pro(s ( my !ory4 ,i rememb] read+ 9 ! introduction to a ,g]man translation ( ,euclid1 t we ought to make beg9n]s 9 geometry draw ! figures be=e proce$+ to demon/rate1 = 9 ?is way !y w\ld already feel geometrical tru? be=e ! demon/ration br\ght !m complete k4 ,9 ! same way ,s*lei]ma*] speaks 9 8 8,critique ( ,e?ics0 ( logical & ma!matical feel+ 7p4 #cci71 & also ( ! feel+ ( ! sam5ess or diff]5ce ( two =mulas 7p4 #cdb74 ,aga9 ,t5nemann 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,philosophy0 7vol4 ,i41 p4 #cfa7 says1 8,"o felt t ! fallacies 7 n "r1 b c\ld n po9t out ! mi/akes40 ,n[1 s long z we d n reg>d ?is concept 8feel+0 f ! "r po9t ( view1 & d n recognise t "o negative *>act]i/ic :i* alone is ess5tial to x1 x mu/ con/antly give occasion = misund]/&+ & controv]sy1 on acc\nt ( ! excessive wid5ess ( its sph]e1 & its entirely negative & v limit$ cont5t :i* is det]m9$ 9 a purely "o-sid$ mann]4 ,s9ce !n we h 9 ,g]man ! ne>ly synonym\s ^w empf9dung 7s5sation71 x w\ld be conv5i5t to make use ( x = bodily feel+1 z a sub-species4 ,?is concept 8feel+10 :i* is q out ( proportion to all o!rs1 d\btless orig9at$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,all concepts1 & concepts alone1 are d5ot$ by words2 !y exi/ only = ! reason1 & proce$ f x4 ,) concepts1 !re=e1 we are already at a "o-sid$ po9t ( view2 b f su* a po9t ( view :at is ne> appe>s di/9ct & is set d[n z positive1 :at is f>!r (f becomes mix$ up & is soon reg>d$ z m]ely negative4 ,?us ea* nation calls all o!rs =eign3 to ! ,greek all o!rs are b>b>ians2 to ! ,engli%man all t is n ,engl& or ,engli% is cont95t or cont95tal2 to ! believ] all o!rs are h]etics1 or hea!ns2 to ! noble all o!rs are roturi]s2 to ! /ud5t all o!rs are ,phili/9es1 & s =?4 ,n[1 reason itself1 /range z x may seem1 is guilty ( ! same "o-sid$ness1 inde$ "o might say ( ! same crude ignorance aris+ f vanity1 = x classes "u ! "o concept1 8feel+10 e modification ( consci\sness :i* does n imm$iately belong to its own mode ( appreh5sion1 t is to say1 :i* is n an ab/ract concept4 ,x has _h to pay ! p5alty ( ?is hi!rto 9 misund]/&+ & confusion 9 its own prov9ce1 because its own proc$ure _h n become cle> to x ?r\gh ?or\gh self-k1 = a special faculty ( feel+ has be5 set up1 & new !ories ( x are con/ruct$4 #ab4 ,rational k 7wiss57 is !n all ab/ract k1--t is1 ! k :i* is peculi> to ! reason z di/+ui%$ f ! und]/&+4 ,its contradictory opposite has j be5 expla9$ to be ! concept 8feel+40 ,n[1 z reason only reproduces1 = k1 :at has be5 receiv$ 9 ano!r way1 x does n actually ext5d our k1 b only gives x ano!r =m4 ,x enables u to "k 9 ! ab/ract & g5]ally1 :at fir/ became kn[n 9 s5se-p]ception1 9 ! concrete4 ,b ?is is mu* m important ?an x appe>s at fir/ sight :5 s express$4 ,= x dep5ds entirely ^u ! fact t k has become rational or ab/ract k 7wiss571 t x c be safely pres]v$1 t x is communicable & susceptible ( c]ta9 & wide-rea*+ application to practice4 ,k 9 ! =m ( s5se-p]ception is valid only ( ! p>ticul> case1 ext5ds only to :at is ne>e/1 & ends ) x1 = s5sibility & und]/&+ c only compreh5d "o object at a "t4 ,e endur+1 arrang$1 & plann$ activity mu/ !re=e proce$ f pr9ciples1--t is1 f ab/ract k1 & x mu/ be conduct$ 9 accordance ) !m4 ,?us1 = example1 ! k ( ! relation ( cause & effect arriv$ at by ! und]/&+1 is 9 itself f> complet]1 deep] & m exhau/ive ?an any?+ t c be ?\ght ab\t x 9 ! ab/ract2 ! und]/&+ alone kn[s 9 p]ception directly & completely ! nature ( ! effect ( a lev]1 ( a pulley1 or a cog-:eel1 ! /ability ( an ar*1 & s =?4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! peculi>ity ( ! k ( p]ception j ref]r$ to1 t x only ext5ds to :at is imm$iately pres5t1 ! m]e und]/&+ c nev] enable u to con/ruct ma*9es & build+s4 ,"h reason mu/ come 92 x mu/ sub/itute ab/ract concepts = ideas ( p]ception1 & take !m z ! guide ( action2 & if !y are "r1 ! anticipat$ result w happ54 ,9 ! same way we h p]fect k 9 pure p]ception ( ! nature & con/itution ( ! p>abola1 hyp]bola1 & spiral2 b if we are to make tru/wor?y application ( ?is k to ! real1 x mu/ fir/ become ab/ract k1 & by ?is x c]ta9ly loses its "* ( intuition or p]ception1 b on ! o!r h& x ga9s ! c]ta9ty & precis5ess ( ab/ract k4 ,! diff]5tial calculus does n really ext5d our k ( ! curve1 x conta9s no?+ t 0 n already 9 ! m]e pure p]ception ( ! curve2 b x alt]s ! k9d ( k1 x *anges ! intuitive into an ab/ract k1 :i* is s valuable = application4 ,b "h we mu/ ref] to ano!r peculi>ity ( our faculty ( k1 :i* c\ld n be obs]v$ until ! di/9ction betwe5 ! k ( ! s5ses & und]/&+ & ab/ract k _h be5 made q cle>4 ,x is ?is1 t relations ( space _c z su* be directly translat$ into ab/ract k1 b only temporal quantities1--t is1 numb]s1 are suitable = ?is4 ,numb]s alone c be express$ 9 ab/ract concepts :i* accurately correspond to !m1 n spacial quantities4 ,! concept 8?\s&0 is j z diff]5t f ! concept 8t510 z bo? ^! temporal quantities are 9 p]ception4 ,we ?9k ( a ?\s& z a di/9ct multiple ( t51 into :i* we c resolve x at pleasure = p]ception 9 "t1--t is to say1 we c c\nt x4 ,b betwe5 ! ab/ract concept ( a mile & t ( a foot1 ap>t f any concrete p]ception ( ei!r1 & )\t ! help ( numb]1 !re is no accurate di/9ction correspond+ to ! quantities !mselves4 ,9 bo? we only ?9k ( a spacial quantity 9 g5]al1 & if !y mu/ be completely di/+ui%$ we are compell$ ei!r to call 9 ! assi/ance ( intuition or p]ception 9 space1 :i* w\ld be a dep>ture f ab/ract k1 or we mu/ ?9k ! diff]5ce 9 numb]s4 ,if !n we wi% to h ab/ract k ( space-relations we mu/ fir/ translate !m into "t-relations1--t is1 into numb]s2 !re=e only ari?metic1 & n geometry1 is ! univ]sal sci5ce ( quantity1 & geometry mu/ be translat$ into ari?metic if x is to be communicable1 accurately precise & applicable 9 practice4 ,x is true t a space-relation z su* may also be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract2 = example1 8! s9e increases z ! angle10 b if ! quantity ( ?is relation is to be giv51 x requires numb] = its expression4 ,?is necessity1 t if we wi% to h ab/ract k ( space-relations 7i4e41 rational k1 n m]e intuition or p]ception71 space ) its ?ree dim5sions mu/ be translat$ into "t :i* has only "o dim5sion1 ?is necessity x is1 :i* makes ma!matics s difficult4 ,?is becomes v cle> if we comp>e ! p]ception ( curves ) _! analytical calculation1 or ! table ( log>i?ms ( ! trigonometrical functions ) ! p]ception ( ! *ang+ relations ( ! p>ts ( a triangle1 :i* are express$ by !m4 ,:at va/ mazes ( figures1 :at labori\s calculations x w\ld require to express 9 ! ab/ract :at p]ception "h appreh5ds at a glance completely & ) p]fect accuracy1 namely1 h[ ! co-s9e dim9i%es z ! s9e increases1 h[ ! co-s9e ( "o angle is ! s9e ( ano!r1 ! inv]se relation ( ! increase & decrease ( ! two angles1 & s =?4 ,h[ "t1 we might say1 mu/ compla91 t ) its "o dim5sion x %\ld be compell$ to express ! ?ree dim5sions ( space6 ,yet ?is is necess>y if we wi% to possess1 = application1 an expression1 9 ab/ract concepts1 ( space-relations4 ,!y c\ld n be translat$ directly into ab/ract concepts1 b only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pure temporal quantity1 numb]1 :i* alone is directly relat$ to ab/ract k4 ,yet x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t z space adapts itself s well to p]ception1 & by means ( its ?ree dim5sions1 ev5 its complicat$ relations are easily appreh5d$1 :ile x eludes ! grasp ( ab/ract k2 "t1 on ! contr>y1 passes easily into ab/ract k1 b gives v little to p]ception4 ,our p]ceptions ( numb]s 9 _! prop] elem5t1 m]e "t1 )\t ! help ( space1 sc>cely ext5ds z f> z t51 & beyond t we h only ab/ract concepts ( numb]s1 no k ( !m :i* c be pres5t$ 9 p]ception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we connect ) e num]al1 & ) all algebraical symbols1 accurately def9$ ab/ract concepts4 ,we may fur!r rem>k "h t "s m9ds only f9d full satisfaction 9 :at is kn[n ?r\gh p]ception4 ,:at !y seek is ! reason & consequ5t ( be+ 9 space1 s5su\sly express$2 a demon/ration aft] ! mann] ( ,euclid1 or an ari?metical solution ( spacial problems1 does n please !m4 ,o!r m9ds1 on ! contr>y1 seek m]ely ! ab/ract concepts :i* are ne$ful = apply+ & communicat+ k4 ,!y h pati5ce & memory = ab/ract pr9ciples1 =mulas1 demon/rations 9 long tra9s ( reason+1 & calculations1 9 :i* ! symbols repres5t ! mo/ complicat$ ab/ractions4 ,! latt] seek precis5ess1 ! =m] s5sible p]ception4 ,! diff]5ce is *>act]i/ic4 ,! greate/ value ( rational or ab/ract k is t x c be communicat$ & p]man5tly reta9$4 ,x is pr9cipally on ?is acc\nt t x is s ine/imably important = practice4 ,any "o may h a direct p]ceptive k ?r\gh ! und]/&+ alone1 ( ! causal connection1 ( ! *anges & motions ( natural bodies1 & he may f9d entire satisfaction 9 x2 b he _c communicate ?is k to o!rs until x has be5 made p]man5t = ?\ght 9 concepts4 ,k ( ! fir/ k9d is ev5 suffici5t = practice1 if a man puts 8 k into practice himself1 9 an action :i* c be accompli%$ :ile ! p]ception is /ill vivid2 b x is n suffici5t if ! help ( o!rs is requir$1 or ev5 if ! action is 8 own b mu/ be c>ri$ out at diff]5t times1 & !re=e requires a pre-conceiv$ plan4 ,?us1 = example1 a practis$ billi>d-play] may h a p]fect k ( ! laws ( ! impact ( ela/ic bodies ^u ea* o!r1 m]ely 9 ! und]/&+1 m]ely = direct p]ception2 & = him x is q suffici5t2 b on ! o!r h& x is only ! man :o has /udi$ ! sci5ce ( me*anics1 :o has1 prop]ly speak+1 a rational k ( ^! laws1 t is1 a k ( !m 9 ! ab/ract4 ,su* k ( ! und]/&+ 9 p]ception is suffici5t ev5 = ! con/ruction ( ma*9es1 :5 ! inv5tor ( ! ma*9e executes ! "w himself2 z we (t5 see 9 ! case ( tal5t$ workm51 :o h no sci5tific k4 ,b :5ev] a numb] ( m51 & _! unit$ action tak+ place at diff]5t times1 is requir$ = ! completion ( a me*anical "w1 ( a ma*9e1 or a build+1 !n he :o conducts x mu/ h ?\ght out ! plan 9 ! ab/ract1 & su* co-op]ative activity is only possible ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( reason4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 rem>kable t 9 ! fir/ k9d ( activity1 9 :i* we h suppos$ t "o man alone1 9 an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( action1 accompli%es some?+1 ab/ract k1 ! application ( reason or reflection1 may (t5 be a h9drance to him2 = example1 9 ! case ( billi>d-play+1 ( fight+1 ( tun+ an in/rum5t1 or 9 ! case ( s++4 ,"h p]ceptive k mu/ directly guide action2 its passage ?r\gh reflection makes x unc]ta91 = x divides ! att5tion & confuses ! man4 ,?us savages & untaught m51 :o are little accu/om$ to ?9k1 p]=m c]ta9 physical ex]cises1 fight ) bea/s1 %oot ) b[s & arr[s & ! l1 ) a c]ta9ty & rapidity :i* ! reflect+ ,european nev] atta9s to1 j because 8 delib]ation makes him hesitate & delay4 ,= he tries1 = example1 to hit ! "r position or ! "r po9t ( "t1 by f9d+ out ! mean betwe5 two false extremes2 :ile ! savage hits x directly )\t ?9k+ ( ! false c\rses op5 to him4 ,9 ! same way x is ( no use to me to "k 9 ! ab/ract ! exact angle1 9 degrees & m9utes1 at :i* ,i mu/ apply a razor1 if ,i d n "k x intuitively1 t is1 if ,i h n got x 9 my t\*4 ,! k ( physiognomy also1 is int]f]$ ) by ! application ( reason4 ,?is k mu/ be ga9$ directly ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,we say t ! expression1 ! mean+ ( ! features1 c only be felt1 t is1 x _c be put into ab/ract concepts4 ,e man has 8 direct intuitive me?od ( physiognomy & pa?ognomy1 yet "o man und]/&s m cle>ly ?an ano!r ^! signatura r]um4 ,b an ab/ract sci5ce ( physiognomy to be taught & le>n$ is n possible2 = ! di/9ctions ( diff]5ce are "h s f9e t concepts _c rea* !m2 !re=e ab/ract k is relat$ to !m z a mosaic is to a pa9t+ by a ,van d] ,w]ft or a ,d5n]4 ,9 mosaics1 h[ev] f9e !y may be1 ! limits ( ! /ones are always !re1 & !re=e no cont9u\s passage f "o col\r to ano!r is possible1 & ?is is also ! case ) reg>d to concepts1 ) _! rigidity & %>p del9eation2 h[ev] f9ely we may divide !m by exact def9ition1 !y are /ill incapable ( rea*+ ! f9] modifications ( ! p]ceptible1 & ?is is j :at happ5s 9 ! example we h tak51 k ( physiognomy47#af7 ,?is quality ( concepts by :i* !y resemble ! /ones ( a mosaic1 & on acc\nt ( :i* p]ception always rema9s _! asymptote1 is also ! reason :y no?+ good is produc$ 9 art by _! means4 ,if ! s+] or ! virtuoso attempts to guide 8 execution by reflection he rema9s sil5t4 ,& ?is is equally true ( ! compos]1 ! pa9t]1 & ! poet4 ,! concept always rema9s unfruitful 9 art2 x c only direct ! te*nical "p ( x1 its sph]e is sci5ce4 ,we %all consid] m fully 9 ! ?ird book1 :y all true art proce$s f s5su\s k1 nev] f ! concept4 ,inde$1 ) reg>d to behavi\r also1 & p]sonal agreeabl5ess 9 society1 ! concept has only a negative value 9 re/ra9+ ! gross] manife/ations ( egotism & brutality2 s t a poli%$ mann] is its comm5dable production4 ,b all t is attractive1 graci\s1 *>m+ 9 behavi\r1 all affectionat5ess & fri5dl9ess1 mu/ n proce$ f ! concepts1 = if x does1 8we feel int5tion1 & are put out ( tune40 ,all dissimulation is ! "w ( reflection2 b x _c be ma9ta9$ con/antly & )\t int]ruption3 8nemo pote/ p]sonam diu f]re fictum10 says ,s5eca 9 8 book de clem5tia2 & s x is g5]ally f\nd out & loses its effect4 ,reason is ne$$ 9 ! full /ress ( life1 :]e quick conclusions1 bold action1 rapid & sure compreh5sion are requir$1 b x may easily spoil all if x ga9s ! upp] h&1 & by p]plex+ h9d]s ! intuitive1 direct discov]y1 & grasp ( ! "r by simple und]/&+1 & ?us induces irresolution4 ,la/ly1 virtue & hol9ess d n proce$ f reflection1 b f ! inn] dep?s ( ! w1 & its relation to k4 ,! exposition ( ?is belongs to ano!r "p ( our "w2 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i may rem>k "h1 t ! dogmas relat+ to e?ics may be ! same 9 ! reason ( :ole nations1 b ! action ( e individual diff]5t2 & ! conv]se also holds good2 action1 we say1 is guid$ by feel+s1--t is1 simply n by concepts1 b z a matt] ( fact by ! e?ical "*4 ,dogmas occupy ! idle reason2 b action 9 ! end pursues its own c\rse indep5d5tly ( !m1 g5]ally n accord+ to ab/ract rules1 b accord+ to unspok5 maxims1 ! expression ( :i* is ! :ole man himself4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] diff]5t ! religi\s dogmas ( nations may be1 yet 9 ! case ( all ( !m1 a good action is accompani$ by unspeakable satisfaction1 & a bad action by endless remorse4 ,no mock]y c %ake ! =m]2 no prie/'s absolution c deliv] f ! latt]4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 we mu/ all[1 t = ! pursuit ( a virtu\s life1 ! application ( reason is ne$ful2 only x is n its s\rce1 b has ! subord9ate function ( pres]v+ resolutions :i* h be5 made1 ( provid+ maxims to )/& ! weakness ( ! mom5t1 & give consi/5cy to action4 ,x plays ! same "p ultimately 9 art also1 :]e x has j z little to d ) ! ess5tial matt]1 b assi/s 9 c>ry+ x out1 = g5ius is n always at call1 & yet ! "w mu/ be complet$ 9 all its p>ts & r\nd$ (f to a :ole47#ag7 #ac4 ,all ^! discussions ( ! advantages & disadvantages ( ! application ( reason are int5d$ to %[1 t al?\gh ab/ract rational k is ! reflex ( ideas ( p]ception1 & is f\nd$ on !m1 x is by no means 9 su* entire congruity ) !m t x c\ld ev]y:]e take _! place3 inde$ x nev] corresponds to !m q accurately4 ,& ?us1 z we h se51 _m human actions c only be p]=m$ by ! help ( reason & delib]ation1 & yet !re are "s :i* are bett] p]=m$ )\t its assi/ance4 ,?is v incongruity ( s5su\s & ab/ract k1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! latt] always m]ely approximates to ! =m]1 z mosaic approximates to pa9t+1 is ! cause ( a v rem>kable ph5om5on :i*1 l reason itself1 is peculi> to human nature1 & ( :i* ! explanations t h ev] anew be5 attempt$1 are insuffici5t3 ,i mean laught]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! s\rce ( ?is ph5om5on1 we _c avoid giv+ ! explanation ( x "h1 ?\gh x aga9 int]rupts ! c\rse ( our "w to d s4 ,! cause ( laught] 9 e case is simply ! sudd5 p]ception ( ! incongruity betwe5 a concept & ! real objects :i* h be5 ?\ght ?r\gh x 9 "s relation1 & laught] itself is j ! expression ( ?is incongruity4 ,x (t5 occurs 9 ?is way3 two or m real objects are ?\ght ?r\gh "o concept1 & ! id5tity ( ! concept is transf]r$ to ! objects2 x !n becomes /rik+ly app>5t f ! entire diff]5ce ( ! objects 9 o!r respects1 t ! concept 0 only applicable to !m f a "o-sid$ po9t ( view4 ,x occurs j z (t51 h[ev]1 t ! incongruity betwe5 a s+le real object & ! concept "u :i*1 f "o po9t ( view1 x has rightly be5 subsum$1 is sudd5ly felt4 ,n[ ! m correct ! subsumption ( su* objects "u a concept may be f "o po9t ( view1 & ! great] & m gl>+ _! incongruity ) x1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! great] is ! ludicr\s effect :i* is produc$ by ?is contra/4 ,all laught] !n is occasion$ by a p>adox1 & !re=e by unexpect$ subsumption1 :e!r ?is is express$ 9 words or 9 actions4 ,?is1 briefly /at$1 is ! true explanation ( ! ludicr\s4 ,i %all n pause "h to relate anecdotes z examples to illu/rate my !ory2 = x is s simple & compreh5sible t x does n require !m1 & ev]y?+ ludicr\s :i* ! read] may rememb] is equally valuable z a pro( ( x4 ,b ! !ory is confirm$ & illu/rat$ by di/+ui%+ two species into :i* ! ludicr\s is divid$1 & :i* result f ! !ory4 ,ei!r1 we h previ\sly kn[n two or m v diff]5t real objects1 ideas ( s5se-p]ception1 & h int5tionally id5tifi$ !m ?r\gh ! unity ( a concept :i* compreh5ds !m bo?2 ?is species ( ! ludicr\s is call$ wit4 ,or1 conv]sely1 ! concept is fir/ pres5t 9 k1 & we pass f x to reality1 & to op]ation ^u x1 to action3 objects :i* 9 o!r respects are fundam5tally diff]5t1 b :i* are all ?\ght 9 t "o concept1 are n[ reg>d$ & treat$ 9 ! same way1 till1 to ! surprise & a/oni%m5t ( ! p]son act+1 ! great diff]5ce ( _! o!r aspects appe>s3 ?is species ( ! ludicr\s is call$ folly4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ ludicr\s is ei!r a fla% ( wit or a fooli% action1 accord+ z ! proc$ure has be5 f ! discrepancy ( ! objects to ! id5tity ( ! concept1 or ! conv]se2 ! =m] always int5tional1 ! latt] always un9t5tional1 & f )\t4 ,to seem to rev]se ! />t+-po9t1 & to conceal wit ) ! mask ( folly1 is ! art ( ! je/] & ! cl[n4 ,be+ q aw>e ( ! div]sity ( ! objects1 ! je/] unites !m1 ) secret wit1 "u "o concept1 & !n />t+ f ?is concept he receives f ! subsequ5tly discov]$ div]sity ( ! objects ! surprise :i* he himself prep>$4 ,x foll[s f ?is %ort b suffici5t !ory ( ! ludicr\s1 t1 if we set aside ! la/ case1 t ( ! je/]1 wit mu/ always %[ itself 9 words1 folly g5]ally 9 actions1 ?\gh also 9 words1 :5 x only expresses an int5tion & does n actually c>ry x out1 or :5 x %[s itself m]ely 9 judgm5ts & op9ions4 ,p$antry is a =m ( folly4 ,x arises 9 ?is way3 a man lacks confid5ce 9 8 own und]/&+1 &1 !re=e1 does n wi% to tru/ to x1 to recognise :at is "r directly 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,he1 !re=e1 puts x entirely "u ! control ( ! reason1 & seeks to be guid$ by reason 9 ev]y?+2 t is to say1 he tries always to proce$ f g5]al concepts1 rules1 & maxims1 & to conf9e himself /rictly to !m 9 life1 9 art1 & ev5 9 moral conduct4 ,h5ce t cl++ to ! =m1 to ! mann]1 to ! expression & ^w :i* is *>act]i/ic ( p$antry1 & :i* ) x takes ! place ( ! real nature ( ! matt]4 ,! incongruity !n betwe5 ! concept & reality soon %[s itself "h1 & x becomes evid5t t ! =m] nev] condesc5ds to ! p>ticul> case1 & t ) its g5]ality & rigid def9it5ess x c nev] accurately apply to ! f9e di/9ctions ( diff]5ce & innum]able modifications ( ! actual4 ,!re=e1 ! p$ant1 ) 8 g5]al maxims1 almo/ always misses ! m>k 9 life1 %[s himself to be fooli%1 awkw>d1 useless4 ,9 art1 9 :i* ! concept is unfruitful1 he produces lifeless1 /iff1 abortive mann]isms4 ,ev5 ) reg>d to e?ics1 ! purpose to act rightly or nobly _c always be c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ab/ract maxims2 = 9 _m cases ! excessively nice di/9ctions 9 ! nature ( ! circum/ances necessitate a *oice ( ! "r proce$+ directly f ! "*2 = ! application ( m]e ab/ract maxims sometimes gives false results1 because ! maxims only half apply2 & sometimes _c be c>ri$ out1 because !y are =eign to ! individual "* ( ! actor1 & ?is nev] all[s itself to be entirely discov]$2 !re=e1 inconsi/5cies arise4 ,s9ce !n ,kant makes x a condition ( ! moral wor? ( an action1 t x %all proce$ f pure rational ab/ract maxims1 )\t any incl9ation or mom5t>y emotion1 we _c entirely absolve him f ! reproa* ( enc\rag+ moral p$antry4 ,?is reproa* is ! significance ( ,s*ill]'s epigram1 entitl$ 8,scruples ( ,consci5ce40 ,:5 we speak1 especially 9 connection ) politics1 ( doctr9aires1 !ori/s1 savants1 & s =?1 we mean p$ants1 t is1 p]sons :o "k ! ?+s well 9 ! ab/ract1 b n 9 ! concrete4 ,ab/raction consi/s 9 ?9k+ away ! less g5]al pr$icates2 b x is precisely ^u ^! t s mu* dep5ds 9 practice4 ,to complete our !ory x rema9s = u to m5tion a spuri\s k9d ( wit1 ! play ^u words1 ! calemb\rg1 ! pun1 to :i* may be add$ ! equivocation1 ! d\ble ent5dre1 ! *ief use ( :i* is ! expression ( :at is obsc5e4 ,j z ! witticism br+s two v diff]5t real objects "u "o concept1 ! pun br+s two diff]5t concepts1 by ! assi/ance ( accid5t1 "u "o ^w4 ,! same contra/ appe>s1 only famili> & m sup]ficial1 because x does n spr+ f ! nature ( ?+s1 b m]ely f ! accid5t ( nom5clature4 ,9 ! case ( ! witticism ! id5tity is 9 ! concept1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! reality1 b 9 ! case ( ! pun ! diff]5ce is 9 ! concepts & ! id5tity 9 ! reality1 = ! t]m9ology is "h ! reality4 ,x w\ld only be a some:at f>-fet*$ comp>ison if we 7 to say t ! pun is relat$ to ! witticism z ! p>abola 7sic7 ( ! upp] inv]t$ cone to t ( ! l[]4 ,! misund]/&+ ( ! ^w or ! quid pro quo is ! un9t5tional pun1 & is relat$ to x exactly z folly is to wit4 ,?us ! deaf man (t5 af=ds occasion = laught]1 j z mu* z ! fool1 & inf]ior writ]s ( com$y (t5 use ! =m] = ! latt] to raise a laugh4 ,i h treat$ laught] "h only f ! psy*ical side2 ) reg>d to ! physical side1 ,i ref] to :at is said on ! subject 9 ! 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ,,ii4 *4 vi41 #ih47ah7 #ad4 ,by means ( ^! v>i\s discussions x is hop$ t bo? ! diff]5ce & ! relation betwe5 ! process ( k t belongs to ! reason1 rational k1 ! concept on ! "o h&1 & ! direct k 9 purely s5su\s1 ma!matical intuition or p]ception1 & appreh5sion by ! und]/&+ on ! o!r h&1 has be5 cle>ly br\ght out4 ,?is rem>kable relation ( our k9ds ( k l$ u almo/ inevitably to give1 9 pass+1 explanations ( feel+ & ( laught]1 b f all ?is we n[ turn back to ! fur!r consid]ation ( sci5ce z ! ?ird great b5efit :i* reason conf]s on man1 ! o!r two be+ spee* & delib]ate action4 ,! g5]al discussion ( sci5ce :i* n[ devolves ^u u1 w be conc]n$ p>tly ) its =m1 p>tly ) ! f\ndation ( its judgm5ts1 & la/ly ) its cont5t4 ,we h se5 t1 ) ! exception ( ! basis ( pure logic1 rational k 9 g5]al has n its s\rce 9 ! reason itself2 b hav+ be5 o!rwise obta9$ z k ( p]ception1 x is /or$ up 9 ! reason1 = ?r\gh reason x has entirely *ang$ its "*1 & has become ab/ract k4 ,all rational k1 t is1 k t has be5 rais$ to consci\sness 9 ! ab/ract1 is relat$ to sci5ce /rictly s call$1 z a fragm5t to ! :ole4 ,e "o has ga9$ a rational k ( _m diff]5t ?+s ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh consid]ation ( ! individual objects pres5t$ to him1 b only he :o sets himself ! task ( acquir+ a complete k 9 ! ab/ract ( a p>ticul> class ( objects1 /rives aft] sci5ce4 ,?is class c only be m>k$ (f by means ( a concept2 !re=e1 at ! beg9n+ ( e sci5ce !re /&s a concept1 & by means ( x ! class ( objects conc]n+ :i* ?is sci5ce promises a complete k 9 ! ab/ract1 is sep>at$ 9 ?\ght f ! :ole _w ( ?+s4 ,= example1 ! concept ( space-relations1 or ( ! action ( unorganis$ bodies ^u ea* o!r1 or ( ! nature ( plants1 or ( animals1 or ( ! successive *anges ( ! surface ( ! globe1 or ( ! *anges ( ! human race z a :ole1 or ( ! con/ruction ( a language1 & s =?4 ,if sci5ce s\ght to obta9 ! k ( its object1 by inve/igat+ ea* individual ?+ t is ?\ght ?r\gh ! concept1 till by degrees x _h le>n$ ! :ole1 no human memory w\ld be equal to ! task1 & no c]ta9ty ( complet5ess w\ld be obta9able4 ,!re=e1 x makes use ( t prop]ty ( concept-sph]es expla9$ above1 t !y include ea* o!r1 & x conc]ns itself ma9ly ) ! wid] sph]es :i* lie )9 ! concept ( its object 9 g5]al4 ,:5 ! relations ( ^! sph]es to ea* o!r h be5 det]m9$1 all t is ?\ght 9 !m is also g5]ally det]m9$1 & c n[ be m & m accurately det]m9$ by ! sep>ation ( small] & small] concept-sph]es4 ,9 ?is way x is possible = a sci5ce to compreh5d its object completely4 ,?is pa? :i* x foll[s to k1 ! pa? f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 di/+ui%es x f ord9>y rational k2 !re=e1 sy/ematic =m is an ess5tial & *>act]i/ic feature ( sci5ce4 ,! comb9ation ( ! mo/ g5]al concept-sph]es ( e sci5ce1 t is1 ! k ( its fir/ pr9ciples1 is ! indisp5sable condition ( ma/]+ x2 h[ f> we advance f ^! to ! m special propositions is a matt] ( *oice1 & does n increase ! ?or\ghness b only ! ext5t ( our k ( ! sci5ce4 ,! numb] ( ! fir/ pr9ciples to :i* all ! re/ are subord9at$1 v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces1 s t 9 "s !re is m subord9ation1 9 o!rs m co-ord9ation2 & 9 ?is respect1 ! =m] make great] claims ^u ! judgm5t1 ! latt] ^u ! memory4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! s*oolm517#ai7 t1 z ! syllogism requires two premises1 no sci5ce c proce$ f a s+le fir/ pr9ciple :i* _c be ! subject ( fur!r d$uction1 b mu/ h sev]al1 at lea/ two4 ,! specially classify+ sci5ces3 ,zoology1 ,botany1 & also ,physics & ,*emi/ry1 inasmu* z !y ref] all inorganic action to a few fundam5tal =ces1 h mo/ subord9ation2 hi/ory1 on ! o!r h&1 has really none at all2 = ! g5]al 9 x consi/s m]ely 9 ! survey ( ! pr9cipal p]iods1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ! p>ticul> ev5ts _c be d$uc$1 & are only subord9at$ to !m accord+ to "t1 b accord+ to ! concept are co-ord9ate ) !m4 ,!re=e1 hi/ory1 /rictly speak+1 is c]ta9ly rational k1 b is n sci5ce4 ,9 ma!matics1 accord+ to ,euclid's treatm5t1 ! axioms alone are indemon/rable fir/ pr9ciples1 & all demon/rations are 9 gradation /rictly subord9at$ to !m4 ,b ?is me?od ( treatm5t is n ess5tial to ma!matics1 & 9 fact ea* proposition introduces q a new space con/ruction1 :i* 9 itself is indep5d5t ( ^? :i* prec$e x1 & inde$ c be completely compreh5d$ f itself1 q indep5d5tly ( !m1 9 ! pure intuition or p]ception ( space1 9 :i* ! mo/ complicat$ con/ruction is j z directly evid5t z ! axiom2 b ( ?is m fully h]eaft]4 ,mean:ile e ma!matical proposition rema9s always a univ]sal tru?1 :i* is valid = innum]able p>ticul> cases2 & a graduat$ process f ! simple to ! complicat$ propositions :i* are to be d$uc$ f !m1 is also ess5tial to ma!matics2 !re=e1 9 e respect ma!matics is a sci5ce4 ,! complet5ess ( a sci5ce z su*1 t is1 9 respect ( =m1 consi/s 9 !re be+ z mu* subord9ation & z little co-ord9ation ( ! pr9ciples z possible4 ,sci5tific tal5t 9 g5]al is1 !re=e1 ! faculty ( subord9at+ ! concept-sph]es accord+ to _! diff]5t det]m9ations1 s t1 z ,plato repeat$ly c\nsels1 a sci5ce %all n be con/itut$ by a g5]al concept & an indef9ite multiplicity imm$iately "u x1 b t k %all desc5d by degrees f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 ?r\gh int]m$iate concepts & divisions1 accord+ to clos] & clos] def9itions4 ,9 ,kantian language ?is is call$ satisfy+ equally ! law ( homog5eity & t ( specification4 ,x arises f ?is peculi> nature ( sci5tific complet5ess1 t ! aim ( sci5ce is n great] c]ta9ty--= c]ta9ty may be possess$ 9 j z high a degree by ! mo/ disconnect$ p>ticul> k--b its aim is r ! facilitat+ ( rational k by means ( its =m1 & ! possibility ( ! complet5ess ( rational k :i* ?is =m af=ds4 ,x is !re=e a v preval5t b p]v]t$ op9ion t ! sci5tific "* ( k consi/s 9 its great] c]ta9ty1 & j z false is ! conclusion foll[+ f ?is1 t1 /rictly speak+1 ! only sci5ces are ma!matics & logic1 because only 9 !m1 on acc\nt ( _! purely a priori "*1 is !re unassailable c]ta9ty ( k4 ,?is advantage _c be d5i$ !m1 b x gives !m no special claim to be reg>d$ z sci5ces2 = ! special *>act]i/ic ( sci5ce does n lie 9 c]ta9ty b 9 ! sy/ematic =m ( k1 bas$ on ! gradual desc5t f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,! process ( k f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 :i* is peculi> to ! sci5ces1 involves ! necessity t 9 ! sci5ces mu* %\ld be e/abli%$ by d$uction f prec$+ propositions1 t is to say1 by demon/ration2 & ?is has giv5 rise to ! old mi/ake t only :at has be5 demon/rat$ is absolutely true1 & t e tru? requires a demon/ration2 :]eas1 on ! contr>y1 e demon/ration requires an undemon/rat$ tru?1 :i* ultimately supports x1 or x may be1 its own demon/ration4 ,!re=e a directly e/abli%$ tru? is z mu* to be pref]r$ to a tru? e/abli%$ by demon/ration z wat] f ! spr+ is to wat] f ! aqu$uct4 ,p]ception1 p>tly pure a priori1 z x =ms ! basis ( ma!matics1 p>tly empirical a po/]iori1 z x =ms ! basis ( all ! o!r sci5ces1 is ! s\rce ( all tru? & ! f\ndation ( all sci5ce4 7,logic alone is to be except$1 :i* is n f\nd$ ^u p]ception b yet ^u direct k by ! reason ( its own laws47 ,n ! demon/rat$ judgm5ts nor _! demon/rations1 b judgm5ts :i* are creat$ directly out ( p]ception1 & f\nd$ ^u x r ?an on any demon/rations1 are to sci5ce :at ! sun is to ! _w2 = all light proce$s f !m1 & light$ by _! light ! o!rs give light also4 ,to e/abli% ! tru? ( su* prim>y judgm5ts directly f p]ception1 to raise su* /rongholds ( sci5ce f ! innum]able multitude ( real objects1 t is ! "w ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 :i* consi/s 9 ! p[] ( rightly & accurately c>ry+ ov] into ab/ract consci\sness :at is kn[n 9 p]ception1 & judgm5t is consequ5tly ! m$iator betwe5 und]/&+ & reason4 ,only extraord9>y & exceptional /r5g? ( judgm5t 9 ! individual c actually advance sci5ce2 b e "o :o is possess$ ( a heal?y reason is able to d$uce propositions f propositions1 to demon/rate1 to draw conclusions4 ,to lay d[n & make p]man5t = reflection1 9 suitable concepts1 :at is kn[n ?r\gh p]ception1 s t1 on ! "o h&1 :at is common to _m real objects is ?\ght ?r\gh "o concept1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 _! po9ts ( diff]5ce are ea* ?\ght ?r\gh "o concept1 s t ! diff]5t %all be kn[n & ?\ght z diff]5t 9 spite ( a p>tial agreem5t1 & ! id5tical %all be kn[n & ?\ght z id5tical 9 spite ( a p>tial diff]5ce1 all 9 accordance ) ! end & int5tion :i* 9 ea* case is 9 view2 all ?is is done by ! faculty ( judgm5t4 ,defici5cy 9 judgm5t is sill9ess4 ,! silly man fails to grasp1 n[ ! p>tial or relative diff]5ce ( concepts :i* 9 "o aspect are id5tical1 n[ ! id5tity ( concepts :i* are relatively or p>tially diff]5t4 ,to ?is explanation ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 moreov]1 ,kant's division ( x into reflect+ & subsum+ judgm5t may be appli$1 accord+ z x passes f ! p]ceiv$ objects to ! concepts1 or f ! latt] to ! =m]2 9 bo? cases always m$iat+ betwe5 empirical k ( ! und]/&+ & ! reflective k ( ! reason4 ,!re c be no tru? :i* c\ld be br\ght out by means ( syllogisms alone2 & ! necessity ( e/abli%+ tru? by means ( syllogisms is m]ely relative1 inde$ subjective4 ,s9ce all demon/ration is syllogi/ic1 9 ! case ( a new tru? we mu/ fir/ seek1 n = a demon/ration1 b = direct evid5ce1 & only 9 ! abs5ce ( su* evid5ce is a demon/ration to be tempor>ily made use (4 ,no sci5ce is susceptible ( demon/ration ?r\gh\t any m ?an a build+ c /& 9 ! air2 all its demon/rations mu/ ultimately re/ ^u :at is p]ceiv$1 & consequ5tly _c be demon/rat$1 = ! :ole _w ( reflection re/s ^u & is root$ 9 ! _w ( p]ception4 ,all primal1 t is1 orig9al1 evid5ce is a p]ception1 z ! ^w itself indicates4 ,!re=e x is ei!r empirical or f\nd$ ^u ! p]ception a priori ( ! conditions ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,9 bo? cases x af=ds only imman5t1 n transc5d5t k4 ,e concept has its wor? & its exi/5ce only 9 its relation1 sometimes v indirect1 to an idea ( p]ception2 :at is true ( ! concepts is also true ( ! judgm5ts con/ruct$ out ( !m1 & ( all sci5ce4 ,!re=e x mu/ 9 "s way be possible to "k directly )\t demon/rations or syllogisms e tru? t is arriv$ at ?r\gh syllogisms & communicat$ by demon/rations4 ,?is is mo/ difficult 9 ! case ( c]ta9 complicat$ ma!matical propositions at :i* we only arrive by *a9s ( syllogisms2 = example1 ! calculation ( ! *ords & tang5ts to all arcs by d$uction f ! proposition ( ,py?agoras4 ,b ev5 su* a tru? z ?is _c ess5tially & solely re/ ^u ab/ract pr9ciples1 & ! space-relations :i* lie at its f\ndation also mu/ be capable ( be+ s pres5t$ a priori 9 pure intuition or p]ception t ! tru? ( _! ab/ract expression is directly e/abli%$4 ,b ( ma!matical demon/ration we %all speak m fully %ortly4 ,x is true we (t5 he> m5 speak 9 a l(ty /ra9 ( sci5ces :i* re/ entirely ^u correct conclusions drawn f sure premises1 & :i* are consequ5tly unassailable4 ,b ?r\gh pure logical reason+1 h[ev] true ! premises may be1 we %all nev] receive m ?an an articulate expression & exposition ( :at lies already complete 9 ! premises2 ?us we %all only explicitly exp\nd :at 0 already implicitly und]/ood4 ,! e/eem$ sci5ces ref]r$ to are1 h[ev]1 specially ! ma!matical sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly a/ronomy4 ,b ! c]ta9ty ( a/ronomy arises f ! fact t x has = its basis ! intuition or p]ception ( space1 :i* is giv5 a priori1 & is !re=e infallible4 ,all space-relations1 h[ev]1 foll[ f ea* o!r ) a necessity 7gr\nd ( be+7 :i* af=ds a priori c]ta9ty1 & !y c !re=e be safely d$uc$ f ea* o!r4 ,to ^! ma!matical prop]ties we h only to add "o =ce ( nature1 gravity1 :i* acts precisely 9 relation to ! masses & ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 &1 la/ly1 ! law ( in]tia1 :i* foll[s f ! law ( causality & is !re=e true a priori1 & ) x ! empirical datum ( ! motion impress$1 once = all1 ^u ea* ( ^! masses4 ,?is is ! :ole mat]ial ( a/ronomy1 :i* bo? by its simplicity & its c]ta9ty leads to def9ite results1 :i* are highly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! va/ness & importance ( ! objects4 ,= example1 if ,i "k ! mass ( a planet & ! di/ance ( its satellite f x1 ,i c tell ) c]ta9ty ! p]iod ( ! revolution ( ! latt] accord+ to ,kepl]'s second law4 ,b ! gr\nd ( ?is law is1 t ) ?is di/ance only ?is velocity w bo? *a9 ! satellite to ! planet & prev5t x f fall+ into x4 ,?us x is only ^u su* a geometrical basis1 t is1 by means ( an intuition or p]ception a priori1 & also "u ! application ( a law ( nature1 t mu* c be arriv$ at by means ( syllogisms1 = "h !y are m]ely l bridges f "o s5su\s appreh5sion to o!rs2 b x is n s ) m]e pure syllogi/ic reason+ 9 ! exclusively logical me?od4 ,! s\rce ( ! fir/ fundam5tal tru?s ( a/ronomy is1 h[ev]1 prop]ly induction1 t is1 ! compreh5sion ( :at is giv5 9 _m p]ceptions 9 "o true & directly f\nd$ judgm5t4 ,f ?is1 hypo!ses are aft]w>ds con/ruct$1 & _! confirmation by exp]i5ce1 z induction approa*+ to complet5ess1 af=ds ! pro( ( ! fir/ judgm5t4 ,= example1 ! app>5t motion ( ! planets is kn[n empirically2 aft] _m false hypo!ses ) reg>d to ! spacial connection ( ?is motion 7planet>y c\rse7 ! "r "o 0 at la/ f\nd1 !n ! laws :i* x obey$ 7! laws ( ,kepl]71 &1 la/ly1 ! cause ( ^! laws 7univ]sal gravitation71 & ! empirically kn[n agreem5t ( all obs]v$ cases ) ! :ole ( ! hypo!ses1 & ) _! consequ5ces1 t is to say1 induction1 e/abli%$ !m ) complete c]ta9ty4 ,! inv5tion ( ! hypo!ses 0 ! "w ( ! judgm5t1 :i* rightly compreh5d$ ! giv5 facts & express$ !m accord+ly2 b induction1 t is1 a multitude ( p]ceptions1 confirm$ _! tru?4 ,b _! tru? c\ld also be kn[n directly1 & by a s+le empirical p]ception1 if we c\ld pass freely ?r\gh space & _h telescopic eyes4 ,!re=e1 "h also syllogisms are n ! ess5tial & only s\rce ( k1 b really only a make%ift4 ,z a ?ird example tak5 f a diff]5t sph]e we may m5tion t ! s-call$ metaphysical tru?s1 t is1 su* tru?s z ^? to :i* ,kant assigns ! position ( ! metaphysical fir/ pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce1 d n owe _! evid5ce to demon/ration4 ,:at is a priori c]ta9 we "k directly2 z ! =m ( all k1 x is kn[n to u ) ! mo/ complete necessity4 ,= example1 t matt] is p]man5t1 t is1 c nei!r come into be+ nor pass away1 we "k directly z negative tru?2 = our pure intuition or p]ception ( space & "t gives ! possibility ( motion2 9 ! law ( causality ! und]/&+ af=ds u ! possibility ( *ange ( =m & quality1 b we lack p[]s ( ! imag9ation = conceiv+ ! com+ into be+ or pass+ away ( matt]4 ,!re=e t tru? has at all times be5 evid5t to all m5 ev]y:]e1 nor has x ev] be5 s]i\sly d\bt$2 & ?is c\ld n be ! case if x _h no o!r gr\nd ( k ?an ! ab/ruse & exce$+ly subtle pro( ( ,kant4 ,b besides ?is1 ,i h f\nd ,kant's pro( to be false 7z is expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix71 & h %[n above t ! p]man5ce ( matt] is to be d$uc$1 n f ! %>e :i* "t has 9 ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 b f ! %>e :i* belongs to space4 ,! true f\ndation ( all tru?s :i* 9 ?is s5se are call$ metaphysical1 t is1 ab/ract expressions ( ! necess>y & univ]sal =ms ( k1 _c itself lie 9 ab/ract pr9ciples2 b only 9 ! imm$iate consci\sness ( ! =ms ( ! idea communicat+ itself 9 apodictic ass]tions a priori1 & fe>+ no refutation4 ,b if we yet desire to give a pro( ( !m1 x c only consi/ 9 %[+ t :at is to be prov$ is conta9$ 9 "s tru? ab\t :i* !re is no d\bt1 ei!r z a "p ( x or z a presupposition4 ,?us1 = example1 ,i h %[n t all empirical p]ception implies ! application ( ! law ( causality1 ! k ( :i* is h5ce a condition ( all exp]i5ce1 & !re=e _c be fir/ giv5 & condition$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce z ,hume ?\ght4 ,demon/rations 9 g5]al are n s mu* = ^? :o wi% to le>n z = ^? :o wi% to dispute4 ,su* p]sons /ubbornly d5y directly e/abli%$ insight2 n[ only ! tru? c be consi/5t 9 all directions1 & !re=e we mu/ %[ su* p]sons t !y admit "u "o =m & indirectly1 :at !y d5y "u ano!r =m & directly2 t is1 ! logically necess>y connection betwe5 :at is d5i$ & :at is admitt$4 ,x is also a consequ5ce ( ! sci5tific =m1 ! subord9ation ( ev]y?+ p>ticul> "u a g5]al1 & s on always to :at is m g5]al1 t ! tru? ( _m propositions is only logically prov$1--t is1 ?r\gh _! dep5d5ce ^u o!r propositions1 ?r\gh syllogisms1 :i* at ! same "t appe> z pro(s4 ,b we mu/ nev] =get t ?is :ole =m ( sci5ce is m]ely a means ( r5d]+ k m easy1 n a means to great] c]ta9ty4 ,x is easi] to discov] ! nature ( an animal1 by means ( ! species to :i* x belongs1 & s on ?r\gh ! g5us1 family1 ord]1 & class1 ?an to exam9e on e occasion ! animal pres5t$ to u3 b ! tru? ( all propositions arriv$ at syllogi/ically is always condition$ by & ultimately dep5d5t ^u "s tru? :i* re/s n ^u reason+ b ^u p]ception4 ,if ?is p]ception 7 always z mu* )9 our rea* z a d$uction ?r\gh syllogisms1 !n x w\ld be 9 e respect pref]able4 ,= e d$uction f concepts is expos$ to great dang] ( error1 on acc\nt ( ! fact we h consid]$ above1 t s _m sph]es lie p>tly )9 ea* o!r1 & t _! cont5t is (t5 vague or unc]ta94 ,?is is illu/rat$ by a multitude ( demon/rations ( false doctr9es & sophisms ( e k9d4 ,syllogisms are inde$ p]fectly c]ta9 z reg>ds =m1 b !y are v unc]ta9 on acc\nt ( _! matt]1 ! concepts4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! sph]es ( ^! are n suffici5tly %>ply def9$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y int]sect ea* o!r 9 s _m ways t "o sph]e is 9 "p conta9$ 9 _m o!rs1 & we may pass at w f x to "o or ano!r ( ^!1 & f ?is sph]e aga9 to o!rs1 z we h already %[n4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! m9or t]m & also ! middle c always be subord9at$ to diff]5t concepts1 f :i* we may *oose at w ! major & ! middle1 & ! nature ( ! conclusion dep5ds on ?is *oice4 ,consequ5tly imm$iate evid5ce is always mu* to be pref]r$ to reason$ tru?1 & ! latt] is only to be accept$ :5 ! =m] is too remote1 & n :5 x is z ne> or inde$ ne>] ?an ! latt]4 ,accord+ly we saw above t1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! case ( logic1 9 :i* ! imm$iate k 9 ea* individual case lies ne>] to h& ?an d$uc$ sci5tific k1 we always conduct our ?\ght accord+ to our imm$iate k ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 & leave logic unus$47#bj7 #ae4 ,if n[ ) our conviction t p]ception is ! prim>y s\rce ( all evid5ce1 & t only direct or indirect connection ) x is absolute tru?2 & fur!r1 t ! %orte/ way to ?is is always ! sure/1 z e int]position ( concepts means exposure to _m deceptions2 if1 ,i say1 we n[ turn ) ?is conviction to ma!matics1 z x 0 e/abli%$ z a sci5ce by ,euclid1 & has rema9$ z a :ole to our own day1 we _c help reg>d+ ! me?od x adopts1 z /range & inde$ p]v]t$4 ,we ask t e logical pro( %all be trac$ back to an orig9 9 p]ception2 b ma!matics1 on ! contr>y1 is at great pa9s delib]ately to ?r[ away ! evid5ce ( p]ception :i* is peculi> to x1 & always at h&1 t x may sub/itute = x a logical demon/ration4 ,?is mu/ seem to u l ! action ( a man :o cuts (f 8 legs 9 ord] to g on crut*es1 or l t ( ! pr9ce 9 ! 8,triumph d] ,empf9dsamkeit0 :o flees f ! beautiful reality ( nature1 to delight 9 a /age sc5e t imitates x4 ,i mu/ "h ref] to :at ,i h said 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & take = grant$ t x is fre% & pres5t 9 ! memory ( ! read]2 s t ,i may l9k my obs]vations on to x )\t expla9+ aga9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]e gr\nd ( k ( a ma!matical tru?1 :i* c be giv5 logically1 & ! gr\nd ( be+1 :i* is ! imm$iate connection ( ! p>ts ( space & "t1 kn[n only 9 p]ception4 ,x is only insight into ! gr\nd ( be+ t secures satisfaction & ?or\gh k4 ,! m]e gr\nd ( k mu/ always rema9 sup]ficial2 x c af=d u inde$ rational k t a ?+ is z x is1 b x _c tell :y x is s4 ,euclid *ose ! latt] way to ! obvi\s detrim5t ( ! sci5ce4 ,= j at ! beg9n+1 = example1 :5 he ought to %[ once = all h[ 9 a triangle ! angles & sides reciprocally det]m9e ea* o!r1 & /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( reason & consequ5t1 9 accordance ) ! =m :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason has 9 pure space1 & :i* !re1 z 9 e o!r sph]e1 always af=ds ! necessity t a ?+ is z x is1 because some?+ q diff]5t f x1 is z x is2 in/ead ( 9 ?is way giv+ a ?or\gh insight into ! nature ( ! triangle1 he sets up c]ta9 disconnect$ arbitr>ily *os5 propositions conc]n+ ! triangle1 & gives a logical gr\nd ( k ( !m1 ?r\gh a labori\s logical demon/ration1 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,in/ead ( an exhau/ive k ( ^! space-relations we !re=e receive m]ely c]ta9 results ( !m1 imp>t$ to u at pleasure1 & 9 fact we are v mu* 9 ! position ( a man to :om ! diff]5t effects ( an +5i\s ma*9e are %[n1 b f :om its inn] connection & con/ruction are )held4 ,we are compell$ by ! pr9ciple ( contradiction to admit t :at ,euclid demon/rates is true1 b we d n compreh5d :y x is s4 ,we h !re=e almo/ ! same uncom=table feel+ t we exp]i5ce aft] a juggl+ trick1 &1 9 fact1 mo/ ( ,euclid's demon/rations are rem>kably l su* feats4 ,! tru? almo/ always ent]s by ! back door1 = x manife/s itself p] accid5s ?r\gh "s cont+5t circum/ance4 ,(t5 a r$uctio ad absurdum %uts all ! doors "o aft] ano!r1 until only "o is left ?r\gh :i* we are !re=e compell$ to ent]4 ,(t51 z 9 ! proposition ( ,py?agoras1 l9es are drawn1 we don't "k :y1 & x aft]w>ds appe>s t !y 7 traps :i* close unexpect$ly & take prison] ! ass5t ( ! a/oni%$ le>n]1 :o mu/ n[ admit :at rema9s :olly inconceivable 9 its inn] connection1 s mu* s1 t he may /udy ! :ole ( ,euclid ?r\gh & ?r\gh )\t ga9+ a real insight into ! laws ( space-relations1 b in/ead ( !m he only le>ns by he>t c]ta9 results :i* foll[ f !m4 ,?is specially empirical & unsci5tific k is l t ( ! doctor :o kn[s bo? ! disease & ! cure = x1 b does n "k ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,b all ?is is ! necess>y consequ5ce if we caprici\sly reject ! special k9d ( pro( & evid5ce ( "o species ( k1 & =cibly introduce 9 its /ead a k9d :i* is q =eign to its nature4 ,h[ev]1 9 o!r respects ! mann] 9 :i* ?is has be5 accompli%$ by ,euclid des]ves all ! praise :i* has be5 be/[$ on him ?r\gh s _m c5turies1 & :i* has be5 c>ri$ s f> t 8 me?od ( treat+ ma!matics has be5 set up z ! patt]n ( all sci5tific exposition4 ,m5 tri$ inde$ to model all ! sci5ces aft] x1 b lat] !y gave up ! attempt )\t q kn[+ :y4 ,yet 9 our eyes ?is me?od ( ,euclid 9 ma!matics c appe> only z a v brilliant piece ( p]v]sity4 ,b :5 a great error 9 life or 9 sci5ce has be5 int5tionally & me?odically c>ri$ out ) univ]sal applause1 x is always possible to discov] its s\rce 9 ! philosophy :i* prevail$ at ! "t4 ,! ,eleatics fir/ br\ght out ! diff]5ce1 & inde$ (t5 ! conflict1 t exi/s betwe5 :at is p]ceiv$1 17#ba7 & :at is ?\ght1 1 & us$ x 9 _m ways 9 _! philosophical epigrams1 & also 9 sophisms4 ,!y 7 foll[$ lat] by ! ,meg>ics1 ! ,dialecticians1 ! ,sophi/s1 ! ,new-,academy1 & ! ,sceptics2 ^! drew att5tion to ! illusion1 t is to say1 to ! deception ( ! s5ses1 or r ( ! und]/&+ :i* trans=ms ! data ( ! s5ses into p]ception1 & :i* (t5 causes u to see ?+s to :i* ! reason unhesitat+ly d5ies reality2 = example1 a /ick brok5 9 wat]1 & su* l4 ,x came to be kn[n t s5se-p]ception 0 n to be tru/$ unconditionally1 & x 0 !re=e ha/ily conclud$ t only rational1 logical ?\ght c\ld e/abli% tru?2 al?\gh ,plato 79 ! ,p>m5ides71 ! ,meg>ics1 ,pyrrho1 & ! ,new-,academy1 %[$ by examples 79 ! mann] :i* 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,sextus ,empiricus7 h[ syllogisms & concepts 7 also sometimes mislead+1 & inde$ produc$ p>alogisms & sophisms :i* arise mu* m easily & are f> h>d] to expla9 ?an ! illusion ( s5se-p]ception4 ,h[ev]1 ?is rationalism1 :i* arose 9 opposition to empiricism1 kept ! upp] h&1 & ,euclid con/ruct$ ! sci5ce ( ma!matics 9 accordance ) x4 ,he 0 compell$ by necessity to f\nd ! axioms ^u evid5ce ( p]ception 771 b all ! re/ he bas$ ^u reason+ 774 ,8 me?od reign$ supreme ?r\gh all ! succe$+ c5turies1 & x c\ld n b d s z long z pure intuition or p]ception1 a priori1 0 n di/+ui%$ f empirical p]ception4 ,c]ta9 passages f ! works ( ,proclus1 ! comm5tator ( ,euclid1 :i* ,kepl] translat$ into ,lat9 9 8 book1 8,de ,h>monia ,mundi10 seem to %[ t he fully recognis$ ?is di/9ction4 ,b ,proclus did n atta* en\gh importance to ! matt]2 he m]ely m5tion$ x by ! way1 s t he rema9$ unnotic$ & accompli%$ no?+4 ,!re=e1 n till two ?\s& ye>s lat] w ! doctr9e ( ,kant1 :i* is de/9$ to make su* great *anges 9 all ! k1 ?\ght1 & action ( ,european nations1 produce ?is *ange 9 ma!matics also4 ,= x is only aft] we h le>n$ f ?is great man t ! intuitions or p]ceptions ( space & "t are q diff]5t f empirical p]ceptions1 entirely indep5d5t ( any impression ( ! s5ses1 condition+ x1 n condition$ by x1 i4e41 are a priori1 & !re=e are n expos$ to ! illusions ( s5se2 only aft] we h le>n$ ?is1 ,i say1 c we compreh5d t ,euclid's logical me?od ( treat+ ma!matics is a useless precaution1 a crut* = s\nd legs1 t x is l a w&]] :o dur+ ! night mi/akes a bright1 firm road = wat]1 & c>efully avoid+ x1 toils ov] ! brok5 gr\nd beside x1 cont5t to keep f po9t to po9t along ! edge ( ! suppos$ wat]4 ,only n[ c we affirm ) c]ta9ty t :at pres5ts itself to u z necess>y 9 ! p]ception ( a figure1 does n come f ! figure on ! pap]1 :i* is p]haps v defectively drawn1 nor f ! ab/ract concept "u :i* we ?9k x1 b imm$iately f ! =m ( all k ( :i* we are consci\s a priori4 ,?is is always ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 "h z ! =m ( p]ception1 i4e41 space1 x is ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( be+1 ! evid5ce & validity ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 j z great & z imm$iate z t ( ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+1 i4e41 logical c]ta9ty4 ,?us we ne$ n & ought n to leave ! peculi> prov9ce ( ma!matics 9 ord] to put our tru/ only 9 logical pro(1 & seek to au!nticate ma!matics 9 a sph]e :i* is q =eign to x1 t ( concepts4 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! gr\nd peculi> to ma!matics1 we ga9 ! great advantage t 9 x ! rational k t some?+ is1 is "o ) ! k :y x is s1 :]eas ! me?od ( ,euclid entirely sep>ates ^! two1 & lets u "k only ! fir/1 n ! second4 ,ari/otle says admirably 9 ! ,analyt41 po/4 i4 #bg3 8 1 1 1 0 7,subtilior autem et prae/antior ea e/ sci5tia1 qu ,,quod aliquid sit1 et ,,cur sit una simulque intelligimus non sep>atim ,,quod1 et ,,cur sit74 ,9 physics we are only satisfi$ :5 ! k t a ?+ is z x is is comb9$ ) ! k :y x is s4 ,to "k t ! m]cury 9 ! ,torricellian tube /&s ?irty in*es high is n really rational k if we d n "k t x is su/a9$ at ?is height by ! c\nt]balanc+ weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,%all we !n be satisfi$ 9 ma!matics ) ! qualitas occulta ( ! circle t ! segm5ts ( any two int]sect+ *ords always conta9 equal rectangles8 ,t x is s ,euclid c]ta9ly demon/rates 9 ! #ce? ,prop4 ( ! ,?ird ,book2 :y x is s rema9s d\btful4 ,9 ! same way ! proposition ( ,py?agoras tea*es u a qualitas occulta ( ! "r-angl$ triangle2 ! /ilt$ & inde$ fallaci\s demon/ration ( ,euclid =sakes u at ! :y1 & a simple figure1 :i* we already "k1 & :i* is pres5t to u1 gives at a glance f> m insight into ! matt]1 & firm inn] conviction ( t necessity1 & ( ! dep5d5ce ( t quality ^u ! "r angle3-- ,illu/ration ,9 ! case ( unequal ca!ti also1 & inde$ g5]ally 9 ! case ( e possible geometrical tru?1 x is q possible to obta9 su* a conviction bas$ on p]ception1 because ^! tru?s 7 always discov]$ by su* an empirically kn[n necessity1 & _! demon/ration 0 only ?\ght out aft]w>ds 9 addition4 ,?us we only require an analysis ( ! process ( ?\ght 9 ! fir/ discov]y ( a geometrical tru? 9 ord] to "k its necessity empirically4 ,x is ! analytical me?od 9 g5]al t ,i wi% = ! exposition ( ma!matics1 in/ead ( ! syn!tical me?od :i* ,euclid made use (4 ,yet ?is w\ld h v great1 ?\gh n insup]able1 difficulties 9 ! case ( complicat$ ma!matical tru?s4 ,"h & !re 9 ,g]many m5 are beg9n+ to alt] ! exposition ( ma!matics1 & to proce$ m 9 ?is analytical way4 ,! greate/ ef=t 9 ?is direction has be5 made by ,h]r ,kosack1 tea*] ( ma!matics & physics 9 ! ,gymnasium at ,nordhaus51 :o add$ a ?or\gh attempt to tea* geometry accord+ to my pr9ciples to ! programme ( ! s*ool exam9ation on ! #f? ( ,april #aheb4 ,9 ord] to improve ! me?od ( ma!matics1 x is especially necess>y to ov]come ! prejudice t demon/rat$ tru? has any sup]iority ov] :at is kn[n ?r\gh p]ception1 or t logical tru? f\nd$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( contradiction has any sup]iority ov] metaphysical tru?1 :i* is imm$iately evid5t1 & to :i* belongs ! pure intuition or p]ception ( space4 ,t :i* is mo/ c]ta91 & yet always inexplicable1 is :at is involv$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 = ?is pr9ciple1 9 its diff]5t aspects1 expresses ! univ]sal =m ( all our ideas & k4 ,all explanation consi/s ( r$uction to x1 exemplification 9 ! p>ticul> case ( ! connection ( ideas express$ g5]ally ?r\gh x4 ,x is ?us ! pr9ciple ( all explanation1 & !re=e x is nei!r susceptible ( an explanation itself1 nor does x /& 9 ne$ ( x2 = e explanation presupposes x1 & only obta9s mean+ ?r\gh x4 ,n[1 none ( its =ms are sup]ior to ! re/2 x is equally c]ta9 & incapable ( demon/ration z ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( be+1 or ( *ange1 or ( action1 or ( kn[+4 ,! relation ( reason & consequ5t is a necessity 9 all its =ms1 & inde$ x is1 9 g5]al1 ! s\rce ( ! concept ( necessity1 = necessity has no o!r mean+4 ,if ! reason is giv5 !re is no o!r necessity ?an t ( ! consequ5t1 & !re is no reason t does n involve ! necessity ( ! consequ5t4 ,j z surely !n z ! consequ5t express$ 9 ! conclusion foll[s f ! gr\nd ( k giv5 9 ! premises1 does ! gr\nd ( be+ 9 space det]m9e its consequ5t 9 space3 if ,i "k ?r\gh p]ception ! relation ( ^! two1 ?is c]ta9ty is j z great z any logical c]ta9ty4 ,b e geometrical proposition is j z good an expression ( su* a relation z "o ( ! twelve axioms2 x is a metaphysical tru?1 & z su*1 j z c]ta9 z ! pr9ciple ( contradiction itself1 :i* is a metalogical tru?1 & ! common f\ndation ( all logical demon/ration4 ,:oev] d5ies ! necessity1 exhibit$ = intuition or p]ception1 ( ! space-relations express$ 9 any proposition1 may j z well d5y ! axioms1 or t ! conclusion foll[s f ! premises1 or1 inde$1 he may z well d5y ! pr9ciple ( contradiction itself1 = all ^! relations are equally undemon/rable1 imm$iately evid5t & kn[n a priori4 ,= any "o to wi% to d]ive ! necessity ( space-relations1 kn[n 9 intuition or p]ception1 f ! pr9ciple ( contradiction by means ( a logical demon/ration is j ! same z = ! feudal sup]ior ( an e/ate to wi% to hold x z ! vassal ( ano!r4 ,yet ?is is :at ,euclid has done4 ,8 axioms only1 he is compell$ to leave re/+ ^u imm$iate evid5ce2 all ! geometrical tru?s :i* foll[ are demon/rat$ logically1 t is to say1 f ! agreem5t ( ! assumptions made 9 ! proposition ) ! axioms :i* are presuppos$1 or ) "s e>li] proposition2 or f ! contradiction betwe5 ! opposite ( ! proposition & ! assumptions made 9 x1 or ! axioms1 or e>li] propositions1 or ev5 itself4 ,b ! axioms !mselves h no m imm$iate evid5ce ?an any o!r geometrical problem1 b only m simplicity on acc\nt ( _! small] cont5t4 ,:5 a crim9al is exam9$1 a procs-v]bal is made ( 8 /atem5t 9 ord] t we may judge ( its tru? f its consi/5cy4 ,b ?is is only a make%ift1 & we are n satisfi$ ) x if x is possible to inve/igate ! tru? ( ea* ( 8 answ]s = itself2 especially z he might lie consi/5tly f ! beg9n+4 ,b ,euclid inve/igat$ space accord+ to ?is fir/ me?od4 ,he set ab\t x1 inde$1 "u ! correct assumption t nature mu/ ev]y:]e be consi/5t1 & t !re=e x mu/ also be s 9 space1 its fundam5tal =m4 ,s9ce !n ! p>ts ( space /& to ea* o!r 9 a relation ( reason & consequ5t1 no s+le prop]ty ( space c be diff]5t f :at x is )\t be+ 9 contradiction ) all ! o!rs4 ,b ?is is a v tr\blesome1 unsatisfactory1 & r\ndab\t way to foll[4 ,x pref]s indirect k to direct1 :i* is j z c]ta91 & x sep>ates ! k t a ?+ is f ! k :y x is1 to ! great disadvantage ( ! sci5ce2 & la/ly1 x entirely )holds f ! beg9n] insight into ! laws ( space1 & inde$ r5d]s him unaccu/om$ to ! special inve/igation ( ! gr\nd & inn] connection ( ?+s1 incl9+ him to be satisfi$ ) a m]e hi/orical k t a ?+ is z x is4 ,! ex]cise ( acut5ess :i* ?is me?od is unceas+ly extoll$ z af=d+ consi/s m]ely 9 ?is1 t ! pupil practises draw+ conclusions1 i4e41 he practises apply+ ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 b specially he ex]ts 8 memory to reta9 all ^? data ^: agreem5t is to be te/$4 ,moreov]1 x is wor? notic+ t ?is me?od ( pro( 0 appli$ only to geometry & n to ari?metic4 ,9 ari?metic ! tru? is really all[$ to come home to u ?r\gh p]ception alone1 :i* 9 x consi/s simply 9 c\nt+4 ,z ! p]ception ( numb]s is 9 "t alone1 & !re=e _c be repres5t$ by a s5su\s s*ema l ! geometrical figure1 ! suspicion t p]ception is m]ely empirical1 & possibly illusive1 disappe>$ 9 ari?metic1 & ! introduction ( ! logical me?od ( pro( into geometry 0 entirely due to ?is suspicion4 ,z "t has only "o dim5sion1 c\nt+ is ! only ari?metical op]ation1 to :i* all o!rs may be r$uc$2 & yet c\nt+ is j intuition or p]ception a priori1 to :i* !re is no hesitation 9 appeal+ "h1 & ?r\gh :i* alone ev]y?+ else1 e sum & e equation1 is ultimately prov$4 ,we prove1 = example1 n t 7#g #i #h - #b7_/c #db2 b we ref] to ! pure p]ception 9 "t1 c\nt+ ?us makes ea* individual problem an axiom4 ,in/ead ( ! demon/rations t fill geometry1 ! :ole cont5t ( ari?metic & algebra is ?us simply a me?od ( abbreviat+ c\nt+4 ,we m5tion$ above t our imm$iate p]ception ( numb]s 9 "t ext5ds only to ab\t t54 ,beyond ?is an ab/ract concept ( ! numb]s1 fix$ by a ^w1 mu/ take ! place ( ! p]ception2 :i* does n !re=e actually occur any long]1 b is only indicat$ 9 a ?or\ghly def9ite mann]4 ,yet ev5 s1 by ! important assi/ance ( ! sy/em ( figures :i* enables u to repres5t all l>g] numb]s by ! same small ones1 intuitive or p]ceptive evid5ce ( e sum is made possible1 ev5 :]e we make su* use ( ab/raction t n only ! numb]s1 b indef9ite quantities & :ole op]ations are ?\ght only 9 ! ab/ract & indicat$ z s ?\ght1 z sqrt7rb7 s t we d n p]=m !m1 b m]ely symbolise !m4 ,we might e/abli% tru? 9 geometry also1 ?r\gh pure a priori p]ception1 ) ! same "r & c]ta9ty z 9 ari?metic4 ,x is 9 fact always ?is necessity1 kn[n ?r\gh p]ception 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( be+1 :i* gives to geometry its pr9cipal evid5ce1 & ^u :i* 9 ! consci\sness ( e "o1 ! c]ta9ty ( its propositions re/s4 ,! /ilt$ logical demon/ration is always =eign to ! matt]1 & is g5]ally soon =gott51 )\t weak5+ our conviction4 ,x might inde$ be disp5s$ ) altoge!r )\t dim9i%+ ! evid5ce ( geometry1 = ?is is always q indep5d5t ( su* demon/ration1 :i* nev] proves any?+ we are n conv9c$ ( already1 ?r\gh ano!r k9d ( k4 ,s f> !n x is l a c[>dly soldi]1 :o adds a w\nd to an enemy sla9 by ano!r1 & !n boa/s t he slew him himself47#bb7 ,aft] all ?is we hope !re w be no d\bt t ! evid5ce ( ma!matics1 :i* has become ! patt]n & symbol ( all evid5ce1 re/s ess5tially n ^u demon/ration1 b ^u imm$iate p]ception1 :i* is ?us "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 ! ultimate gr\nd & s\rce ( tru?4 ,yet ! p]ception :i* lies at ! basis ( ma!matics has a great advantage ov] all o!r p]ception1 & !re=e ov] empirical p]ception4 ,x is a priori1 & !re=e indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is always giv5 only 9 successive p>ts2 !re=e ev]y?+ is equally ne> to x1 & we c />t ei!r f ! reason or f ! consequ5t1 z we please4 ,n[ ?is makes x absolutely reliable1 = 9 x ! consequ5t is kn[n f ! reason1 & ?is is ! only k9d ( k t has necessity2 = example1 ! equality ( ! sides is kn[n z e/abli%$ by ! equality ( ! angles4 ,all empirical p]ception1 on ! o!r h&1 & ! great] "p ( exp]i5ce1 proce$s conv]sely f ! consequ5t to ! reason1 & ?is k9d ( k is n infallible1 = necessity only atta*es to ! consequ5t on acc\nt ( ! reason be+ giv51 & no necessity atta*es to ! k ( ! reason f ! consequ5t1 = ! same consequ5t may foll[ f diff]5t reasons4 ,! latt] k9d ( k is simply induction1 i4e41 f _m consequ5ts :i* po9t to "o reason1 ! reason is accept$ z c]ta92 b z ! cases c nev] be all be=e u1 ! tru? "h is n unconditionally c]ta94 ,b all k ?r\gh s5se-p]ception1 & ! great bulk ( exp]i5ce1 has only ?is k9d ( tru?4 ,! affection ( "o ( ! s5ses induces ! und]/&+ to inf] a cause ( ! effect1 b1 z a conclusion f ! consequ5t to ! reason is nev] c]ta91 illusion1 :i* is deception ( ! s5ses1 is possible1 & inde$ (t5 occurs1 z 0 po9t$ out above4 ,only :5 sev]al ( ! s5ses1 or x may be all ! five1 receive impressions :i* po9t to ! same cause1 ! possibility ( illusion is r$uc$ to a m9imum2 b yet x /ill exi/s1 = !re are cases1 = example1 ! case ( c\nt]feit money1 9 :i* all ! s5ses are deceiv$4 ,all empirical k1 & consequ5tly ! :ole ( natural sci5ce1 is 9 ! same position1 except only ! pure1 or z ,kant calls x1 metaphysical "p ( x4 ,"h also ! causes are kn[n f ! effects1 consequ5tly all natural philosophy re/s ^u hypo!ses1 :i* are (t5 false1 & mu/ !n gradually give place to m correct ones4 ,only 9 ! case ( purposely arrang$ exp]im5ts1 k proce$s f ! cause to ! effect1 t is1 x foll[s ! me?od t af=ds c]ta9ty2 b ^! exp]im5ts !mselves are und]tak5 9 consequ5ce ( hypo!ses4 ,!re=e1 no bran* ( natural sci5ce1 su* z physics1 or a/ronomy1 or physiology c\ld be discov]$ all at once1 z 0 ! case ) ma!matics & logic1 b requir$ & requires ! collect$ & comp>$ exp]i5ces ( _m c5turies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 repeat$ confirmation 9 exp]i5ce br+s ! induction1 ^u :i* ! hypo!sis re/s1 s ne> complet5ess t 9 practice x takes ! place ( c]ta9ty1 & is reg>d$ z dim9i%+ ! value ( ! hypo!sis1 its s\rce1 j z little z ! incomm5surability ( /raight & curv$ l9es dim9i%es ! value ( ! application ( geometry1 or t p]fect exactness ( ! log>i?m1 :i* is n atta9able1 dim9i%es ! value ( ari?metic4 ,= z ! log>i?m1 or ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 approa*es inf9itely ne> to correctness ?r\gh inf9ite fractions1 s1 ?r\gh manifold exp]i5ce1 ! induction1 i4e41 ! k ( ! cause f ! effects1 approa*es1 n inf9itely inde$1 b yet s ne> ma!matical evid5ce1 i4e41 k ( ! effects f ! cause1 t ! possibility ( mi/ake is small en\gh to be neglect$1 b yet ! possibility exi/s2 = example1 a conclusion f an indef9ite numb] ( cases to all cases1 i4e41 to ! unkn[n gr\nd on :i* all dep5d1 is an induction4 ,:at conclusion ( ?is k9d seems m c]ta9 ?an t all m5 h ! he>t on ! left side8 ,yet !re are extremely r>e & q isolat$ exceptions ( m5 :o h ! he>t ^u ! "r side4 ,s5se-p]ception & empirical sci5ce h1 !re=e1 ! same k9d ( evid5ce4 ,! advantage :i* ma!matics1 pure natural sci5ce1 & logic h ov] !m1 z a priori k1 re/s m]ely ^u ?is1 t ! =mal elem5t 9 k ^u :i* all t is a priori is bas$1 is giv5 z a :ole & at once1 & !re=e 9 x we c always proce$ f ! cause to ! effect1 :ile 9 ! =m] k9d ( k we are g5]ally oblig$ to proce$ f ! effect to ! cause4 ,9 o!r respects1 ! law ( causality1 or ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( *ange1 :i* guides empirical k1 is 9 itself j z c]ta9 z ! o!r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* are foll[$ by ! a priori sci5ces ref]r$ to above4 ,logical demon/rations f concepts or syllogisms h ! advantage ( proce$+ f ! reason to ! consequ5t1 j z mu* z k ?r\gh p]ception a priori1 & !re=e 9 !mselves1 i4e41 accord+ to _! =m1 !y are infallible4 ,?is has greatly assi/$ to br+ demon/ration 9 g5]al into su* e/eem4 ,b ?is infallibility is m]ely relative2 ! demon/ration m]ely subsumes "u ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 & x is ^! :i* conta9 ! :ole mat]ial tru? ( sci5ce1 & !y mu/ n !mselves be demon/rat$1 b mu/ be f\nd$ on p]ception4 ,9 ! few a priori sci5ces we h nam$ above1 ?is p]ception is pure1 b ev]y:]e else x is empirical1 & is only rais$ to univ]sality ?r\gh induction4 ,if1 !n1 9 ! empirical sci5ces also1 ! p>ticul> is prov$ f ! g5]al1 yet ! g5]al1 on ! o!r h&1 has receiv$ its tru? f ! p>ticul>2 x is only a /ore ( collect$ mat]ial1 n a self-con/itut$ f\ndation4 ,s mu* = ! f\ndation ( tru?4 ,( ! s\rce & possibility ( error _m explanations h be5 tri$ s9ce ,plato's metaphorical solution ( ! dove-cot :]e ! wrong pigeons are caught1 c4 7,!tetus1 p4 #afg1 et seq47 ,kant's vague1 indef9ite explanation ( ! s\rce ( error by means ( ! diagram ( diagonal motion1 w be f\nd 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 p4 #bid ( ! fir/ edition1 & p4 #cej ( ! fif?4 ,z tru? is ! relation ( a judgm5t to its gr\nd ( k1 x is always a problem h[ ! p]son judg+ c believe t he has su* a gr\nd ( k & yet n h x2 t is to say1 h[ error1 ! deception ( reason1 is possible4 ,i f9d ?is possibility q analog\s to t ( illusion1 or ! deception ( ! und]/&+1 :i* has be5 expla9$ above4 ,my op9ion is 7& ?is is :at gives ?is explanation its prop] place "h7 t e error is an inf]5ce f ! consequ5t to ! reason1 :i* inde$ is valid :5 we "k t ! consequ5t has t reason & c h no o!r2 b o!rwise is n valid4 ,! p]son :o falls into error1 ei!r attributes to a consequ5t a reason :i* x _c h1 9 :i* case he %[s actual defici5cy ( und]/&+1 i4e41 defici5cy 9 ! capacity = imm$iate k ( ! connection betwe5 ! cause & ! effect1 or1 z m frequ5tly happ5s1 he attributes to ! effect a cause :i* is possible1 b he adds to ! major proposition ( ! syllogism1 9 :i* he inf]s ! cause f ! effect1 t ?is effect always results only f ?is cause4 ,n[ he c\ld only be assur$ ( ?is by a complete induction1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he assumes )\t hav+ made x4 ,?is 8always0 is !re=e too wide a concept1 & in/ead ( x he ought to h us$ 8sometimes0 or 8g5]ally40 ,! conclusion w\ld !n be problematical1 & !re=e n errone\s4 ,t ! man :o errs %\ld proce$ 9 ?is way is due ei!r to ha/e1 or to insuffici5t k ( :at is possible1 on acc\nt ( :i* he does n "k ! necessity ( ! induction t ought to be made4 ,error !n is q analog\s to illusion4 ,bo? are inf]5ces f ! effect to ! cause2 ! illusion br\ght ab\t always 9 accordance ) ! law ( causality1 & by ! und]/&+ alone1 ?us directly1 9 p]ception itself2 ! error 9 accordance ) all ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & by ! reason1 ?us 9 ?\ght itself2 yet mo/ commonly 9 accordance ) ! law ( causality1 z w appe> f ! ?ree foll[+ examples1 :i* may be tak5 z types or repres5tatives ( ! ?ree k9ds ( error4 7#a47 ,! illusion ( ! s5ses 7deception ( ! und]/&+7 induces error 7deception ( ! reason72 = example1 if "o mi/akes a pa9t+ = an alto-relief1 & actually takes x = su*2 ! error results f a conclusion f ! foll[+ major premise3 8,if d>k grey passes regul>ly ?r\gh all %ades to :ite2 ! cause is always ! light1 :i* /rikes diff]5tly ^u projections & depressions1 ergo--40 7#b47 8,if !re is no money 9 my safe1 ! cause is always t my s]vant has got a key = x3 ergo--40 7#c47 8,if a ray ( sunlight1 brok5 ?r\gh a prism1 i4e41 b5t up or d[n1 appe>s z a col\r$ b& in/ead ( r\nd & :ite z be=e1 ! cause mu/ always be t light consi/s ( homog5e\s rays1 diff]5tly col\r$ & refrangible to diff]5t degrees1 :i*1 :5 =c$ asund] on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( _! refrangibility1 give an elongat$ & v>i\sly-col\r$ spectrum3 ergo--bibamus60--,x mu/ be possible to trace e error to su* a conclusion1 drawn f a major premise :i* is (t5 only falsely g5]alis$1 hypo!tical1 & f\nd$ on ! assumption t "s p>ticul> cause is t ( a c]ta9 effect4 ,only c]ta9 mi/akes 9 c\nt+ are to be except$1 & !y are n really errors1 b m]ely mi/akes4 ,! op]ation prescrib$ by ! concepts ( ! numb]s has n be5 c>ri$ out 9 pure intuition or p]ception1 9 c\nt+1 b "s o!r op]ation in/ead ( x4 ,z reg>ds ! cont5t ( ! sci5ces g5]ally1 x is1 9 fact1 always ! relation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! _w to ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 "u ! guidance ( ! :y1 :i* has validity & mean+ only ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple4 ,explanation is ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is relation4 ,!re=e explanation c nev] g fur!r ?an to %[ two ideas /&+ to ea* o!r 9 ! relation peculi> to t =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* reigns 9 ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,if ?is is done we _c fur!r be ask$ ! "q1 :y3 = ! relation prov$ is t "o :i* absolutely _c be imag9$ z o!r ?an x is1 i4e41 x is ! =m ( all k4 ,!re=e we d n ask :y #b #b #d2 or :y ! equality ( ! angles ( a triangle det]m9es ! equality ( ! sides2 or :y its effect foll[s any giv5 cause2 or :y ! tru? ( ! conclusion is evid5t f ! tru? ( ! premises4 ,e explanation :i* does n ultimately lead to a relation ( :i* no 8:y0 c fur!r be dem&$1 /ops at an accept$ qualitas occulta2 b ?is is ! "* ( e orig9al =ce ( nature4 ,e explanation 9 natural sci5ce mu/ ultimately end ) su* a qualitas occulta1 & ?us ) complete obscurity4 ,x mu/ leave ! inn] nature ( a /one j z mu* unexpla9$ z t ( a human be+2 x c give z little acc\nt ( ! weight1 ! cohesion1 ! *emical qualities1 c41 ( ! =m]1 z ( ! kn[+ & act+ ( ! latt]4 ,?us1 = example1 weight is a qualitas occulta1 = x c be ?\ght away1 & does n proce$ z a necessity f ! =m ( k2 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is n ! case ) ! law ( in]tia1 = x foll[s f ! law ( causality1 & is !re=e suffici5tly expla9$ if x is ref]r$ to t law4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* are altoge!r inexplicable1--t is to say1 d n ultimately lead to ! relation :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason expresses4 ,^! are1 fir/1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason itself 9 all its f\r =ms1 because x is ! pr9ciple ( all explanation1 :i* has mean+ only 9 relation to x2 secondly1 t to :i* ?is pr9ciple does n ext5d1 b :i* is ! orig9al s\rce ( all ph5om5a2 ! ?+-9-itself1 ! k ( :i* is n subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,we mu/ be cont5t = ! pres5t n to und]/& ?is ?+-9-itself1 = x c only be made intelligible by means ( ! foll[+ book1 9 :i* we %all resume ?is consid]ation ( ! possible a*ievem5ts ( ! sci5ces4 ,b at ! po9t at :i* natural sci5ce1 & inde$ e sci5ce1 leaves ?+s1 because n only its explanation ( !m1 b ev5 ! pr9ciple ( ?is explanation1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 does n ext5d beyond ?is po9t2 !re philosophy takes !m up & treats !m aft] its own me?od1 :i* is q di/9ct f ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ea1 ,i h %[n h[ 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces ! *ief guid+ clue is "o or o!r =m ( t pr9ciple2 &1 9 fact1 p]haps ! mo/ appropriate classification ( ! sci5ces might be bas$ ^u ?is circum/ance4 ,e explanation arriv$ at by ! help ( ?is clue is1 z we h said1 m]ely relative2 x expla9s ?+s 9 relation to ea* o!r1 b some?+ :i* inde$ is presuppos$ is always left unexpla9$4 ,9 ma!matics1 = example1 ?is is space & "t2 9 me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry x is matt]1 qualities1 orig9al =ces & laws ( nature2 9 botany & zoology x is ! diff]5ce ( species1 & life itself2 9 hi/ory x is ! human race ) all its prop]ties ( ?\ght & w3 9 all x is t =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* is respectively applicable4 ,x is peculi> to philosophy t x presupposes no?+ z kn[n1 b treats ev]y?+ z equally ext]nal & a problem2 n m]ely ! relations ( ph5om5a1 b also ! ph5om5a !mselves1 & ev5 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to :i* ! o!r sci5ces are cont5t to ref] ev]y?+4 ,9 philosophy no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by su* a ref]5ce1 z "o memb] ( ! s]ies is j z ext]nal to x z ano!r2 &1 moreov]1 t k9d ( connection is j z mu* a problem = philosophy z :at is jo9$ toge!r by x1 & ! latt] aga9 is j z mu* a problem aft] its comb9ation has be5 expla9$ z be=e x4 ,=1 z we h said1 j :at ! sci5ces presuppose & lay d[n z ! basis & ! limits ( _! explanation1 is precisely & peculi>ly ! problem ( philosophy1 :i* may !re=e be said to beg9 :]e sci5ce ends4 ,x _c be f\nd$ ^u demon/rations1 = !y lead f kn[n pr9ciples to unkn[n1 b ev]y?+ is equally unkn[n & ext]nal to philosophy4 ,!re c be no pr9ciple 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! _w ) all its ph5om5a fir/ came into exi/5ce1 & !re=e x is n possible to con/ruct1 z ,sp9oza wi%$1 a philosophy :i* demon/rates ex firmis pr9cipiis4 ,philosophy is ! mo/ g5]al rational k1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( :i* _c !re=e be d]iv$ f ano!r pr9ciple /ill m g5]al4 ,! pr9ciple ( contradiction e/abli%es m]ely ! agreem5t ( concepts1 b does n itself produce concepts4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason expla9s ! connections ( ph5om5a1 b n ! ph5om5a !mselves2 !re=e philosophy _c proce$ ^u ^! pr9ciples to seek a causa effici5s or a causa f9alis ( ! :ole _w4 ,my philosophy1 at lea/1 does n by any means seek to "k :5ce or :]e=e ! _w exi/s1 b m]ely :at ! _w is4 ,b ! :y is "h subord9at$ to ! :at1 = x already belongs to ! _w1 z x arises & has mean+ & validity only ?r\gh ! =m ( its ph5om5a1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,we might inde$ say t e "o kn[s :at ! _w is )\t help1 = he is himself t subject ( k ( :i* ! _w is ! idea2 & s f> ?is w\ld be true4 ,b t k is empirical1 is 9 ! concrete2 ! task ( philosophy is to reproduce ?is 9 ! ab/ract to raise to p]man5t rational k ! successive *ang+ p]ceptions1 & 9 g5]al1 all t is conta9$ "u ! wide concept ( feel+ & m]ely negatively def9$ z n ab/ract1 di/9ct1 rational k4 ,x mu/ !re=e consi/ ( a /atem5t 9 ! ab/ract1 ( ! nature ( ! :ole _w1 ( ! :ole1 & ( all ! p>ts4 ,9 ord] !n t x may n lose itself 9 ! endless multitude ( p>ticul> judgm5ts1 x mu/ make use ( ab/raction & ?9k ev]y?+ individual 9 ! univ]sal1 & its diff]5ces also 9 ! univ]sal4 ,x mu/ !re=e p>tly sep>ate & p>tly unite1 9 ord] to pres5t to rational k ! :ole manifold ( ! _w g5]ally1 accord+ to its nature1 compreh5d$ 9 a few ab/ract concepts4 ,?r\gh ^! concepts1 9 :i* x fixes ! nature ( ! _w1 ! :ole individual mu/ be kn[n z well z ! univ]sal1 ! k ( bo? !re=e mu/ be b\nd toge!r to ! m9ute/ po9t4 ,!re=e ! capacity = philosophy consi/s j 9 t 9 :i* ,plato plac$ x1 ! k ( ! "o 9 ! _m1 & ! _m 9 ! "o4 ,philosophy w !re=e be a sum-total ( g5]al judgm5ts1 ^: gr\nd ( k is imm$iately ! _w itself 9 its entirety1 )\t except+ any?+2 ?us all t is to be f\nd 9 human consci\sness2 x w be a complete recapitulation1 z x 71 a reflection1 ( ! _w 9 ab/ract concepts1 :i* is only possible by ! union ( ! ess5tially id5tical 9 "o concept & ! relegation ( ! diff]5t to ano!r4 ,?is task 0 already prescrib$ to philosophy by ,bacon ( ,v]ulam :5 he said3 ea demum v]a e/ philosophia1 quae mundi ipsius voces fidelissime r$dit1 et veluti dictante mundo conscripta e/1 et nihil aliud e/1 quam ejusdem ,,simulacrum ,,et ,,reflectio1 neque addit quidquam de proprio1 s$ tantum it]at et resonat 7,de ,augm4 ,sci5t41 ,l4 #b1 c4 #ac74 ,b we take ?is 9 a wid] s5se ?an ,bacon c\ld !n conceive4 ,! agreem5t :i* all ! sides & p>ts ( ! _w h ) ea* o!r1 j because !y belong to a :ole1 mu/ also be f\nd 9 ?is ab/ract copy ( x4 ,!re=e ! judgm5ts 9 ?is sum-total c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t be d$uc$ f ea* o!r1 & inde$ always reciprocally s d$uc$4 ,yet to make ! fir/ judgm5t possible1 !y mu/ all be pres5t1 & ?us impli$ z prior to x 9 ! k ( ! _w 9 ! concrete1 especially z all direct pro( is m c]ta9 ?an indirect pro(2 _! h>mony ) ea* o!r by virtue ( :i* !y come toge!r into ! unity ( "o ?\ght1 & :i* arises f ! h>mony & unity ( ! _w ( p]ception itself1 :i* is _! common gr\nd ( k1 is n !re=e to be made use ( to e/abli% !m1 z t :i* is prior to !m1 b is only add$ z a confirmation ( _! tru?4 ,?is problem itself c only become q cle> 9 be+ solv$47#bc7 #af4 ,aft] ?is full consid]ation ( reason z a special faculty ( k belong+ to man alone1 & ! results & ph5om5a peculi> to human nature br\ght ab\t by x1 x /ill rema9s = me to speak ( reason1 s f> z x is ! guide ( human action1 & 9 ?is respect may be call$ practical4 ,b :at !re is to say ^u ?is po9t has f\nd its place else:]e 9 ! app5dix to ?is "w1 :]e ,i controv]t ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$ practical reason ( ,kant1 :i* he 7c]ta9ly v conv5i5tly7 expla9$ z ! imm$iate s\rce ( virtue1 & z ! seat ( an absolute 7i4e41 fall5 f heav57 imp]ative4 ,! detail$ & ?or\gh refutation ( ?is ,kantian pr9ciple ( morality ,i h giv5 lat] 9 ! 8,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics40 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 b little = me to say "h ab\t ! actual influ5ce ( reason1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 ^u action4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( our treatm5t ( reason we rem>k$1 9 g5]al t]ms1 h[ mu* ! action & behavi\r ( m5 diff]s f t ( brutes1 & t ?is diff]5ce is to be reg>d$ z entirely due to ! pres5ce ( ab/ract concepts 9 consci\sness4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! ^u our :ole exi/5ce is s p5etrat+ & significant t1 on acc\nt ( !m1 we are relat$ to ! l[] animals v mu* z ^? animals t see are relat$ to ^? t h no eyes 7c]ta9 l>vae1 worms1 & zoophytes74 ,animals )\t eyes "k only by t\* :at is imm$iately pres5t to !m 9 space1 :at comes into contact ) !m2 ^? :i* see1 on ! contr>y1 "k a wide circle ( ne> & di/ant objects4 ,9 ! same way ! abs5ce ( reason conf9es ! l[] animals to ! ideas ( p]ception1 i4e41 ! real objects :i* are imm$iately pres5t to !m 9 "t2 we1 on ! contr>y1 on acc\nt ( k 9 ! ab/ract1 compreh5d n only ! n>r[ actual pres5t1 b also ! :ole pa/ & future1 & ! wide sph]e ( ! possible2 we view life freely on all its sides1 & g f> beyond ! pres5t & ! actual4 ,?us :at ! eye is 9 space & = s5su\s k1 reason is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 "t & = inn] k4 ,b z ! visibility ( objects has its wor? & mean+ only 9 ! fact t x in=ms u ( _! tangibility1 s ! :ole wor? ( ab/ract k always consi/s 9 its relation to :at is p]ceiv$4 ,!re=e m5 naturally atta* f> m wor? to imm$iate & p]ceiv$ k ?an to ab/ract concepts1 to t :i* is m]ely ?\ght2 !y place empirical k be=e logical4 ,b ?is is n ! op9ion ( m5 :o live m 9 words ?an 9 de$s1 :o h se5 m on pap] & 9 books ?an 9 actual life1 & :o 9 _! greate/ deg5]acy become p$ants & lov]s ( ! m]e lett]4 ,?us only is x conceivable t ,leibnitz & ,wolf & all _! successors c\ld g s f> a/ray z to expla9 k ( p]ception1 aft] ! example ( ,duns ,scotus1 z m]ely confus$ ab/ract k6 ,to ! hon\r ( ,sp9oza1 ,i mu/ m5tion t 8 tru] s5se l$ him1 on ! contr>y1 to expla9 all g5]al concepts z hav+ aris5 f ! confusion ( t :i* 0 kn[n 9 p]ception 7,e?4 ,,ii41 prop4 #dj1 ,s*ol4 #a74 ,x is also a result ( p]v]t$ op9ion t 9 ma!matics ! evid5ce prop] to x 0 reject$1 & logical evid5ce alone accept$2 t ev]y?+ 9 g5]al :i* 0 n ab/ract k 0 compreh5d$ "u ! wide "n ( feel+1 & consequ5tly 0 little valu$2 & la/ly t ! ,kantian e?ics reg>d$ ! good w :i* imm$iately ass]ts itself ^u k ( ! circum/ances1 & guides to "r & good action z m]e feel+ & emotion1 & consequ5tly z wor?less & )\t m]it1 & w\ld only recognise actions :i* proce$ f ab/ract maxims z hav+ moral wor?4 ,! _m-sid$ view ( life z a :ole :i* man1 z di/+ui%$ f ! l[] animals1 possesses ?r\gh reason1 may be comp>$ to a geometrical1 col\rless1 ab/ract1 r$uc$ plan ( 8 actual life4 ,he1 !re=e1 /&s to ! l[] animals z ! navigator :o1 by means ( *>t1 compass1 & quadrant1 kn[s accurately 8 c\rse & 8 position at any "t ^u ! sea1 /&s to ! un$ucat$ sailors :o see only ! waves & ! heav5s4 ,?us x is wor? notic+1 & inde$ wond]ful1 h[1 besides 8 life 9 ! concrete1 man always lives ano!r life 9 ! ab/ract4 ,9 ! =m] he is giv5 z a prey to all ! /orms ( actual life1 & to ! influ5ce ( ! pres5t2 he mu/ /ruggle1 suff]1 & die l ! brute4 ,b 8 life 9 ! ab/ract1 z x lies be=e 8 rational consci\sness1 is ! /ill reflection ( ! =m]1 & ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives2 x is j t r$uc$ *>t or plan to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,"h 9 ! sph]e ( quiet delib]ation1 :at completely possess$ him & mov$ him int5sely be=e1 appe>s to him cold1 col\rless1 & = ! mom5t ext]nal to him2 he is m]ely ! spectator1 ! obs]v]4 ,9 respect ( ?is )drawal into reflection he may be comp>$ to an actor :o has play$ 8 "p 9 "o sc5e1 & :o takes 8 place among ! audi5ce till x is "t = him to g ^u ! /age aga91 & quietly looks on at :atev] may happ51 ev5 ?\gh x be ! prep>ation = 8 own dea? 79 ! piece71 b aft]w>ds he aga9 goes on ! /age & acts & suff]s z he mu/4 ,f ?is d\ble life proce$s t quietness peculi> to human be+s1 s v diff]5t f ! ?\ghtlessness ( ! brutes1 & ) :i*1 9 accordance ) previ\s reflection1 or a =m$ det]m9ation1 or a recognis$ necessity1 a man suff]s or accompli%es 9 cold blood1 :at is ( ! utmo/ & (t5 t]rible importance to him2 suicide1 execution1 ! duel1 ent]prises ( e k9d fraught ) dang] to life1 &1 9 g5]al1 ?+s aga9/ :i* 8 :ole animal nature rebels4 ,"u su* circum/ances we see to :at an ext5t reason has ma/]$ ! animal nature1 & we say to ! /rong3 6 7f]reum c]te tibi cor71 ,il4 #bd1 #eba4 ,"h we c say truly t reason manife/s itself practically1 & ?us :]ev] action is guid$ by reason1 :]e ! motives are ab/ract concepts1 :]ev] we are n det]m9$ by p>ticul> ideas ( p]ception1 nor by ! impression ( ! mom5t :i* guides ! brutes1 !re practical reason %[s itself4 ,b ,i h fully expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix1 & illu/rat$ by examples1 t ?is is entirely diff]5t f & unrelat$ to ! e?ical wor? ( actions2 t rational action & virtu\s action are two entirely diff]5t ?+s2 t reason may j z well f9d itself 9 connection ) great evil z ) great good1 & by its assi/ance may give great p[] to ! "o z well z to ! o!r2 t x is equally ready & valuable = ! me?odical & consi/5t c>ry+ out ( ! noble & ( ! bad int5tion1 ( ! wise z ( ! fooli% maxim2 :i* all results f ! con/itution ( its nature1 :i* is fem99e1 receptive1 ret5tive1 & n spontane\s2 all ?is ,i h %[n 9 detail 9 ! ,app5dix1 & illu/rat$ by examples4 ,:at is said !re w\ld h be5 plac$ "h1 b on acc\nt ( my polemic aga9/ ,kant's pret5d$ practical reason ,i h be5 oblig$ to relegate x to ! ,app5dix1 to :i* ,i !re=e ref]4 ,! ideal expla9$ 9 ! ,/oical philosophy is ! mo/ complete developm5t ( practical reason 9 ! true & g5u9e s5se ( ! ^w2 x is ! highe/ summit to :i* man c atta9 by ! m]e use ( 8 reason1 & 9 x 8 diff]5ce f ! brutes %[s itself mo/ di/9ctly4 ,= ! e?ics ( ,/oicism are orig9ally & ess5tially1 n a doctr9e ( virtue1 b m]ely a guide to a rational life1 ! end & aim ( :i* is happ9ess ?r\gh peace ( m9d4 ,virtu\s conduct appe>s 9 x z x 7 m]ely by accid5t1 z ! means1 n z ! end4 ,!re=e ! e?ical !ory ( ,/oicism is 9 its :ole nature & po9t ( view fundam5tally diff]5t f ! e?ical sy/ems :i* lay /ress directly ^u virtue1 su* z ! doctr9es ( ! ,v$as1 ( ,plato1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ,kant4 ,! aim ( ,/oical e?ics is happ9ess3 7virtutes omnes f9em hab]e beatitud9em7 x is call$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,/oa by ,/obu 7,ecl41 ,l4 ii4 c4 #g1 p4 #aad1 & also p4 #ach74 ,yet ! e?ics ( ,/oicism tea* t happ9ess c only be atta9$ ) c]ta9ty ?r\gh inw>d peace & quietness ( _s 771 & t ?is aga9 c only be rea*$ ?r\gh virtue2 ?is is ! :ole mean+ ( ! say+ t virtue is ! highe/ good4 ,b if inde$ by degrees ! end is lo/ sight ( 9 ! means1 & virtue is inculcat$ 9 a way :i* discloses an int]e/ entirely diff]5t f t ( "o's own happ9ess1 = x contradicts ?is too di/9ctly2 ?is is j "o ( ^? inconsi/5cies by means ( :i*1 9 e sy/em1 ! imm$iately kn[n1 or1 z x is call$1 felt tru? leads u back to ! "r way 9 defiance ( syllogi/ic reason+2 z1 = example1 we see cle>ly 9 ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,sp9oza1 :i* d$uces a pure doctr9e ( virtue f ! egoi/ical suum utile qur]e by means ( palpable sophisms4 ,accord+ to ?is1 z ,i conceive ! _s ( ! ,/oical e?ics1 _! s\rce lies 9 ! "q :e!r ! great pr]ogative ( man1 reason1 :i*1 by means ( plann$ action & its results1 relieves life & its burd5s s mu*1 might n also be capable ( free+ him at once1 directly1 i4e41 ?r\gh m]e k1 completely1 or ne>ly s1 ( ! sorr[s & mis]ies ( e k9d ( :i* 8 life is full4 ,!y held t x 0 n 9 keep+ ) ! pr]ogative ( reason t ! nature giv5 ) x1 :i* by means ( x compreh5ds & contemplates an inf9ity ( ?+s & circum/ances1 %\ld yet1 ?r\gh ! pres5t1 & ! accid5ts t c be conta9$ 9 ! few ye>s ( a life t is %ort1 fleet+1 & unc]ta91 be expos$ to su* int5se pa91 to su* great anxiety & suff]+1 z arise f ! tempe/u\s /ra9 ( ! desires & ! antipa?ies2 & !y believ$ t ! due application ( reason mu/ raise m5 above !m1 & c make !m invuln]able4 ,!re=e ,anti/h5es says3 1 7aut m5tem p>&am1 aut laqueum4 ,plut4 de /oic4 repugn41 c4 #ad71 i4e41 life is s full ( tr\bles & vexations1 t "o mu/ ei!r rise above x by means ( correct$ ?\ghts1 or leave x4 ,x 0 se5 t want & suff]+ did n directly & ( necessity spr+ f n hav+1 b f desir+ to h & n hav+2 t !re=e ?is desire to h is ! necess>y condition "u :i* alone x becomes a privation n to h & begets pa94 1 7non paup]tas dolorem efficit1 s$ cupiditas71 ,epict41 fragm4 #be4 ,m5 le>n$ also f exp]i5ce t x is only ! hope ( :at is claim$ t begets & n\ri%es ! wi%2 !re=e nei!r ! _m unavoidable evils :i* are common to all1 nor unatta9able bless+s1 disquiet or tr\ble u1 b only ! trifl+ m or less ( ^? ?+s :i* we c avoid or atta92 inde$1 n only :at is absolutely unavoidable or unatta9able1 b also :at is m]ely relatively s1 leaves u q undi/urb$2 !re=e ! ills t h once become jo9$ to our individuality1 or ! good ?+s t mu/ ( necessity always be d5i$ u1 are treat$ ) indiff]5ce1 9 accordance ) ! peculi>ity ( human nature t e wi% soon dies & c no m beget pa9 if x is n n\ri%$ by hope4 ,x foll[$ f all ?is t happ9ess always dep5ds ^u ! proportion betwe5 our claims & :at we receive4 ,x is all "o :e!r ! quantities ?us relat$ be great or small1 & ! proportion c be e/abli%$ j z well by dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( ! fir/ z by increas+ ! am\nt ( ! second2 & 9 ! same way x also foll[s t all suff]+ proce$s f ! want ( proportion betwe5 :at we dem& & expect & :at we get4 ,n[ ?is want ( proportion obvi\sly lies only 9 k1 & x c\ld be entirely aboli%$ ?r\gh full] insight47#bd7 ,!re=e ,*rysippus says3 7,/ob4 ,ecl41 ,l4 ii4 c4 #g1 p4 #acd71 t is1 "o ought to live ) a due k ( ! transitory nature ( ! ?+s ( ! _w4 ,= z (t5 z a man loses self-comm&1 or is /ruck d[n by a mis=tune1 or gr[s angry1 or becomes fa9t-he>t$1 he %[s t he f9ds ?+s diff]5t f :at he expect$1 consequ5tly t he 0 caught 9 error1 & did n "k ! _w & life1 did n "k t ! w ( ! individual is cross$ at e /ep by ! *ance ( inanimate nature & ! antagonism ( aims & ! wick$ness ( o!r individuals3 he has !re=e ei!r n made use ( 8 reason 9 ord] to arrive at a g5]al k ( ?is *>act]i/ic ( life1 or he lacks judgm5t1 9 t he does n recognise 9 ! p>ticul> :at he kn[s 9 g5]al1 & is !re=e surpris$ by x & loses 8 self-comm&47#be7 ,?us also e ke5 pleasure is an error & an illusion1 = no atta9$ wi% c give la/+ satisfaction2 &1 moreov]1 e possession & e happ9ess is b l5t by *ance = an unc]ta9 "t1 & may !re=e be dem&$ back ! next h\r4 ,all pa9 re/s on ! pass+ away ( su* an illusion2 ?us bo? arise f defective k2 ! wise man !re=e holds himself equally alo( f joy & sorr[1 & no ev5t di/urbs 8 4 ,9 accordance ) ?is _s & aim ( ! ,/oa1 ,epictetus began & end$ ) ! doctr9e z ! k]nel ( 8 philosophy1 t we %\ld consid] well & di/+ui% :at dep5ds ^u u & :at does n1 & !re=e entirely avoid c\nt+ ^u ! latt]1 :]eby we %all c]ta9ly rema9 free f all pa91 sorr[1 & anxiety4 ,b t :i* alone is dep5d5t ^u u is ! w2 & "h a transition gradually takes place to a doctr9e ( virtue1 = x is obs]v$ t z ! out] _w1 :i* is indep5d5t ( u1 det]m9es good & bad =tune1 s inn] cont5tm5t ) ourselves1 or ! abs5ce ( x1 proce$s f ! w4 ,b x 0 !n ask$ :e!r we ought to apply ! words bonum & malum to ! two =m] or to ! two latt]8 ,?is 0 inde$ arbitr>y & a matt] ( *oice1 & did n make any real diff]5ce1 b yet ! ,/oics disput$ ev]la/+ly ) ! ,p]ipatetics & ,epicureans ab\t x1 & amus$ !mselves ) ! inadmissible comp>ison ( two entirely incomm5surable quantities1 & ! anti!tical1 p>adoxical judgm5ts :i* proce$$ f !m1 & :i* !y flung at ea* o!r4 ,! ,p>adoxa ( ,cic]o af=d u an int]e/+ collection ( ^! f ! ,/oical side4 ,z5o1 ! f\nd]1 seems orig9ally to h foll[$ a some:at diff]5t pa?4 ,! />t+-po9t ) him 0 t = ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ good1 i4e41 bless$ness & spiritual peace1 "o mu/ live 9 h>mony ) oneself 7 2 4--,consonant] viv]e3 hoc e/ secundum unam rationem et concordem sibi viv]e4 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 e?4 ,l4 ii41 c4 #g1 p4 #acb4 ,also3 4 ,virtutem esse animi affectiomem secum p] totam vitam cons5ti5tem1 ibid41 p4 #ajd47 ,n[ ?is 0 only possible = a man if he det]m9$ himself entirely rationally1 accord+ to concepts1 n accord+ to *ang+ impressions & moods2 s9ce1 h[ev]1 only ! maxims ( our conduct1 n ! consequ5ces nor ! outw>d circum/ances1 are 9 our p[]1 9 ord] to be always consi/5t we mu/ set be=e u z our aim only ! maxims & n ! consequ5ces & circum/ances1 & ?us aga9 a doctr9e ( virtue is introduc$4 ,b ! e?ical pr9ciple ( ,z5o--to live 9 h>mony ) oneself--appe>$ ev5 to 8 imm$iate successors to be too =mal & empty4 ,!y !re=e gave x mat]ial cont5t by ! addition--8to live 9 h>mony ) nature0 7 71 :i*1 z ,/obu m5tions 9 ano!r place1 0 fir/ add$ by ,klean!s1 & ext5d$ ! matt] v mu* on acc\nt ( ! wide sph]e ( ! concept & ! vagu5ess ( ! expression4 ,= ,klean!s meant ! :ole ( nature 9 g5]al1 :ile ,*rysippus meant human nature 9 p>ticul> 7,diog4 ,la]t41 #g1 #hi74 ,x foll[$ t :at alone 0 adapt$ to ! latt] 0 virtue1 j z ! satisfaction ( animal desires 0 adapt$ to animal natures2 & ?us e?ics _h aga9 to be =cibly unit$ to a doctr9e ( virtue1 & 9 "s way or o!r e/abli%$ ?r\gh physics4 ,= ! ,/oics always aim$ at unity ( pr9ciple1 z = !m ,god & ! _w 7 n dissev]$4 ,! e?ical sy/em ( ,/oicism1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 is 9 fact a v valuable & e/imable attempt to use ! great pr]ogative ( man1 reason1 = an important & salut>y end2 to raise him above ! suff]+ & pa9 to :i* all life is expos$1 by means ( a maxim-- 8,qua ratione queas traduc]e l5it] vum3 ,ne te semp] inops agitet vexetque cupido1 ,ne pavor et r]um m$iocrit] utilium spes10 & ?us to make him p>take1 9 ! highe/ degree1 ( ! dignity :i* belongs to him z a rational be+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! brutes2 a dignity ( :i*1 9 ?is s5se at any rate1 we c speak1 ?\gh n 9 any o!r4 ,x is a consequ5ce ( my view ( ! e?ical sy/em ( ,/oicism t x mu/ be expla9$ at ! "p ( my "w at :i* ,i consid] :at reason is & :at x c d4 ,b al?\gh x may to a c]ta9 ext5t be possible to atta9 t end ?r\gh ! application ( reason1 & ?r\gh a purely rational sy/em ( e?ics1 & al?\gh exp]i5ce %[s t ! happie/ m5 are ^? purely rational *>act]s commonly call$ practical philosoph]s1--& rightly s1 because j z ! true1 t is1 ! !oretical philosoph] c>ries life into ! concept1 !y c>ry ! concept into life1--yet x is f> f ! case t p]fection c be atta9$ 9 ?is way1 & t ! reason1 rightly us$1 c really free u f ! burd5 & sorr[ ( life1 & lead u to happ9ess4 ,r1 !re lies an absolute contradiction 9 wi%+ to live )\t suff]+1 & ?is contradiction is also impli$ 9 ! commonly us$ expression1 8bless$ life40 ,?is w become p]fectly cle> to :oev] compreh5ds ! :ole ( ! foll[+ exposition4 ,9 ?is purely rational sy/em ( e?ics ! contradiction reveals itself ?us1 ! ,/oic is oblig$ 9 8 doctr9e ( ! way to ! bless$ life 7= t is :at 8 e?ical sy/em always rema9s7 to ins]t a recomm5dation ( suicide 7z among ! magnific5t ornam5ts & app>el ( ,ea/]n despots !re is always a co/ly vial ( poison7 = ! case 9 :i* ! suff]+s ( ! body1 :i* _c be philosophis$ away by any pr9ciples or syllogi/ic reason+s1 are p>am\nt & incurable2 ?us its "o aim1 bless$ness1 is r5d]$ va91 & no?+ rema9s z a mode ( escape f suff]+ except dea?2 9 su* a case !n dea? mu/ be volunt>ily accept$1 j z we w\ld take any o!r m$ic9e4 ,"h !n a m>k$ antagonism is br\ght out betwe5 ! e?ical sy/em ( ,/oicism & all ^? sy/ems ref]r$ to above :i* make virtue 9 itself directly1 & accompani$ by ! mo/ griev\s sorr[s1 _! aim1 & w n all[ a man to end 8 life 9 ord] to escape f suff]+4 ,n "o ( !m1 h[ev]1 0 able to give ! true reason = ! rejection ( suicide1 b !y labori\sly collect$ illusory explanations f all sides3 ! true reason w appe> 9 ! ,f\r? ,book 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( our sy/em4 ,b ! antagonism ref]r$ to reveals & e/abli%es ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 fundam5tal pr9ciple betwe5 ,/oicism1 :i* is j a special =m ( endmonism1 & ^? doctr9es we h m5tion$1 al?\gh bo? are (t5 at "o 9 _! results1 & are app>5tly relat$4 ,& ! inn] contradiction ref]r$ to above1 ) :i* ! e?ical sy/em ( ,/oicism is affect$ ev5 9 its fundam5tal ?\ght1 %[s itself fur!r 9 ! circum/ance t its ideal1 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 z ! sy/em itself repres5ts him1 c\ld nev] obta9 life or inn] poetic tru?1 b rema9s a wood51 /iff lay-figure ( :i* no?+ c be made4 ,he _c himself make use ( 8 wisdom1 & 8 p]fect peace1 cont5tm5t1 & bless$ness directly contradict ! nature ( man1 & preclude u f =m+ any concrete idea ( him4 ,:5 comp>$ ) him1 h[ entirely diff]5t appe> ! ov]com]s ( ! _w1 & volunt>y h]mits t ,indian philosophy pres5ts to u1 & has actually produc$2 or inde$1 ! holy man ( ,*ri/ianity1 t excell5t =m full ( deep life1 ( ! greate/ poetic tru?1 & ! highe/ significance1 :i* /&s be=e u 9 p]fect virtue1 hol9ess1 & sublimity1 yet 9 a /ate ( supreme suff]+47#bf7 ,,second ,,book4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,w4 ,fir/ ,aspect4 ,! ,objectification ,( ,! ,w4 ,nos habitat1 non t>t>a1 s$ nec sid]a coeli3 ,spiritus1 9 nobis qui viget1 illa facit4 #ag4 ,9 ! fir/ book we consid]$ ! idea m]ely z su*1 t is1 only accord+ to its g5]al =m4 ,x is true t z f> z ! ab/ract idea1 ! concept1 is conc]n$1 we obta9$ a k ( x 9 respect ( its cont5t also1 because x has cont5t & mean+ only 9 relation to ! idea ( p]ception1 )\t :i* x w\ld be wor?less & empty4 ,accord+ly1 direct+ our att5tion exclusively to ! idea ( p]ception1 we %all n[ endeav\r to arrive at a k ( its cont5t1 its m exact def9ition1 & ! =ms :i* x pres5ts to u4 ,& x w specially int]e/ u to f9d an explanation ( its peculi> significance1 t significance :i* is o!rwise m]ely felt1 b on acc\nt ( :i* x is t ^! pictures d n pass by u entirely /range & mean+less1 z !y mu/ o!rwise d1 b speak to u directly1 are und]/ood1 & obta9 an int]e/ :i* conc]ns our :ole nature4 ,we direct our att5tion to ma!matics1 natural sci5ce1 & philosophy1 = ea* ( ^! holds out ! hope t x w af=d u a "p ( ! explanation we desire4 ,n[1 tak+ philosophy fir/1 we f9d t x is l a mon/] ) _m heads1 ea* ( :i* speaks a diff]5t language4 ,!y are n1 inde$1 all at v>iance on ! po9t we are "h consid]+1 ! significance ( ! idea ( p]ception4 ,=1 ) ! exception ( ! ,sceptics & ! ,ideali/s1 ! o!rs1 = ! mo/ "p1 speak v mu* 9 ! same way ( an object :i* con/itutes ! basis ( ! idea1 & :i* is inde$ diff]5t 9 its :ole be+ & nature f ! idea1 b yet is 9 all po9ts z l x z "o egg is to ano!r4 ,b ?is does n help u1 = we are q unable to di/+ui% su* an object f ! idea2 we f9d t !y are "o & ! same2 = e object always & = ev] presupposes a subject1 & !re=e rema9s idea1 s t we recognis$ objectivity z belong+ to ! mo/ univ]sal =m ( ! idea1 :i* is ! division into subject & object4 ,fur!r1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 is = u m]ely ! =m ( ! idea1 ! ord]ly comb9ation ( "o idea ) ano!r1 b n ! comb9ation ( ! :ole f9ite or inf9ite s]ies ( ideas ) some?+ :i* is n idea at all1 & :i* _c !re=e be pres5t$ 9 p]ception4 ,( ! ,sceptics & ,ideali/s we spoke above1 9 exam9+ ! controv]sy ab\t ! reality ( ! out] _w4 ,if we turn to ma!matics to look = ! full] k we desire ( ! idea ( p]ception1 :i* we h1 z yet1 only und]/ood g5]ally1 m]ely 9 its =m1 we f9d t ma!matics only treats ( ^! ideas s f> z !y fill "t & space1 t is1 s f> z !y are quantities4 ,x w tell u ) ! greate/ accuracy ! h[-_m & ! h[-mu*2 b z ?is is always m]ely relative1 t is to say1 m]ely a comp>ison ( "o idea ) o!rs1 & a comp>ison only 9 ! "o respect ( quantity1 ?is also is n ! in=mation we are pr9cipally 9 se>* (4 ,la/ly1 if we turn to ! wide prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 :i* is divid$ into _m fields1 we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 make a g5]al division ( x into two p>ts4 ,x is ei!r ! description ( =ms1 :i* ,i call ,morphology1 or ! explanation ( *anges1 :i* ,i call ,etiology4 ,! fir/ treats ( ! p]man5t =ms1 ! second ( ! *ang+ matt]1 accord+ to ! laws ( its transition f "o =m to ano!r4 ,! fir/ is ! :ole ext5t ( :at is g5]ally call$ natural hi/ory4 ,x tea*es u1 especially 9 ! sci5ces ( botany & zoology1 ! v>i\s p]man5t1 organis$1 & !re=e def9itely det]m9$ =ms 9 ! con/ant *ange ( individuals2 & ^! =ms con/itute a great "p ( ! cont5t ( ! idea ( p]ception4 ,9 natural hi/ory !y are classifi$1 sep>at$1 unit$1 arrang$ accord+ to natural & artificial sy/ems1 & br\ght "u concepts :i* make a g5]al view & k ( ! :ole ( !m possible4 ,fur!r1 an inf9itely f9e analogy bo? 9 ! :ole & 9 ! p>ts ( ^! =ms1 & runn+ ?r\gh !m all 7unit de plan71 is e/abli%$1 & ?us !y may be comp>$ to innum]able v>iations on a !me :i* is n giv54 ,! passage ( matt] into ^! =ms1 t is to say1 ! orig9 ( individuals1 is n a special "p ( natural sci5ce1 = e individual spr+s f its l by g5]ation1 :i* is ev]y:]e equally my/]i\s1 & has z yet evad$ def9ite k4 ,! little t is kn[n on ! subject f9ds its place 9 physiology1 :i* belongs to t "p ( natural sci5ce ,i h call$ etiology4 ,m9]alogy also1 especially :]e x becomes geology1 incl9es t[>ds etiology1 ?\gh x pr9cipally belongs to morphology4 ,etiology prop] compreh5ds all ^? bran*es ( natural sci5ce 9 :i* ! *ief conc]n is ! k ( cause & effect4 ,! sci5ces tea* h[1 accord+ to an inv>iable rule1 "o condition ( matt] is necess>ily foll[$ by a c]ta9 o!r condition2 h[ "o *ange necess>ily conditions & br+s ab\t a c]ta9 o!r *ange2 ?is sort ( tea*+ is call$ explanation4 ,! pr9cipal sci5ces 9 ?is dep>tm5t are me*anics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & physiology4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we surr5d] ourselves to its tea*+1 we soon become conv9c$ t etiology _c af=d u ! in=mation we *iefly desire1 any m ?an morphology4 ,! latt] pres5ts to u innum]able & inf9itely v>i$ =ms1 :i* are yet relat$ by an unmi/akable family lik5ess4 ,^! are = u ideas1 & :5 only treat$ 9 ?is way1 !y rema9 always /range to u1 & /& be=e u l hi]oglyphics :i* we d n und]/&4 ,etiology1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es u t1 accord+ to ! law ( cause & effect1 ?is p>ticul> condition ( matt] br+s ab\t t o!r p>ticul> condition1 & ?us x has expla9$ x & p]=m$ its "p4 ,h[ev]1 x really does no?+ m ?an indicate ! ord]ly arrangem5t accord+ to :i* ! /ates ( matt] appe> 9 space & "t1 & tea* 9 all cases :at ph5om5on mu/ necess>ily appe> at a p>ticul> "t 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,x ?us det]m9es ! position ( ph5om5a 9 "t & space1 accord+ to a law ^: special cont5t is d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 b ^: univ]sal =m & necessity is yet kn[n to u indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce4 ,b x af=ds u absolutely no in=mation ab\t ! inn] nature ( any "o ( ^! ph5om5a3 ?is is call$ a =ce ( nature1 & x lies outside ! prov9ce ( causal explanation1 :i* calls ! con/ant uni=mity ) :i* manife/ations ( su* a =ce appe> :5ev] _! kn[n conditions are pres5t1 a law ( nature4 ,b ?is law ( nature1 ^! conditions1 & ?is appe>ance 9 a p>ticul> place at a p>ticul> "t1 are all t x kn[s or ev] c "k4 ,! =ce itself :i* manife/s itself1 ! inn] nature ( ! ph5om5a :i* appe> 9 accordance ) ^! laws1 rema9s always a secret to x1 some?+ entirely /range & unkn[n 9 ! case ( ! simple/ z well z ( ! mo/ complex ph5om5a4 ,= al?\gh z yet etiology has mo/ completely a*iev$ its aim 9 me*anics1 & lea/ completely 9 physiology1 /ill ! =ce on acc\nt ( :i* a /one falls to ! gr\nd or "o body repels ano!r is1 9 its inn] nature1 n less /range & my/]i\s ?an t :i* produces ! movem5ts & ! gr[? ( an animal4 ,! sci5ce ( me*anics presupposes matt]1 weight1 imp5etrability1 ! possibility ( communicat+ motion by impact1 in]tia & s =? z ultimate facts1 calls !m =ces ( nature1 & _! necess>y & ord]ly appe>ance "u c]ta9 conditions a law ( nature4 ,only aft] ?is does its explanation beg91 & x consi/s 9 indicat+ truly & ) ma!matical exactness1 h[1 :]e & :5 ea* =ce manife/s itself1 & 9 ref]r+ e ph5om5on :i* pres5ts itself to ! op]ation ( "o ( ^! =ces4 ,physics1 *emi/ry1 & physiology proce$ 9 ! same way 9 _! prov9ce1 only !y presuppose m & accompli% less4 ,consequ5tly ! mo/ complete etiological explanation ( ! :ole ( nature c nev] be m ?an an enum]ation ( =ces :i* _c be expla9$1 & a reliable /atem5t ( ! rule accord+ to :i* ph5om5a appe> 9 "t & space1 succe$1 & make way = ea* o!r4 ,b ! inn] nature ( ! =ces :i* ?us appe> rema9s unexpla9$ by su* an explanation1 :i* mu/ conf9e itself to ph5om5a & _! arrangem5t1 because ! law :i* x foll[s does n ext5d fur!r4 ,9 ?is respect x may be comp>$ to a section ( a piece ( m>ble :i* %[s _m ve9s beside ea* o!r1 b does n all[ u to trace ! c\rse ( ! ve9s f ! int]ior ( ! m>ble to its surface4 ,or1 if ,i may use an absurd b m /rik+ comp>ison1 ! philosophical inve/igator mu/ always h ! same feel+ t[>ds ! complete etiology ( ! :ole ( nature1 z a man :o1 )\t kn[+ h[1 has be5 br\ght into a company q unkn[n to him1 ea* memb] ( :i* 9 turn pres5ts ano!r to him z 8 fri5d & c\s91 & !re=e z q well kn[n1 & yet ! man himself1 :ile at ea* introduction he expresses himself gratifi$1 has always ! "q on 8 lips3 8,b h[ ! deuce d ,i /& to ! :ole company80 ,?us we see t1 ) reg>d to ^? ph5om5a :i* we "k only z our ideas1 etiology c nev] give u ! desir$ in=mation t %all c>ry u beyond ?is po9t4 ,=1 aft] all its explanations1 !y /ill rema9 q /range to u1 z m]e ideas ^: significance we d n und]/&4 ,! causal connection m]ely gives u ! rule & ! relative ord] ( _! appe>ance 9 space & "t1 b af=ds u no fur!r k ( t :i* s appe>s4 ,moreov]1 ! law ( causality itself has only validity = ideas1 = objects ( a def9ite class1 & x has mean+ only 9 s f> z x presupposes !m4 ,?us1 l ^! objects !mselves1 x always exi/s only 9 relation to a subject1 t is1 conditionally2 & s x is kn[n j z well if we />t f ! subject1 i4e41 a priori1 z if we />t f ! object1 i4e41 a po/]iori4 ,kant inde$ has taught u ?is4 ,b :at n[ impels u to inquiry is j t we are n satisfi$ ) kn[+ t we h ideas1 t !y are su* & su*1 & t !y are connect$ accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 ! g5]al expression ( :i* is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,we wi% to "k ! significance ( ^! ideas2 we ask :e!r ?is _w is m]ely idea2 9 :i* case x w\ld pass by u l an empty dream or a baseless vision1 n wor? our notice2 or :e!r x is also some?+ else1 some?+ m ?an idea1 & if s1 :at4 ,?us mu* is c]ta91 t ?is some?+ we seek = mu/ be completely & 9 its :ole nature diff]5t f ! idea2 t ! =ms & laws ( ! idea mu/ !re=e be completely =eign to x2 fur!r1 t we _c arrive at x f ! idea "u ! guidance ( ! laws :i* m]ely comb9e objects1 ideas1 among !mselves1 & :i* are ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,?us we see already t we c nev] arrive at ! real nature ( ?+s f )\t4 ,h[ev] mu* we inve/igate1 we c nev] rea* any?+ b images & names4 ,we are l a man :o goes r\nd a ca/le seek+ 9 va9 = an entrance1 & sometimes sket*+ ! faades4 ,& yet ?is is ! me?od t has be5 foll[$ by all philosoph]s be=e me4 #ah4 ,9 fact1 ! mean+ = :i* we seek ( t _w :i* is pres5t to u only z our idea1 or ! transition f ! _w z m]e idea ( ! kn[+ subject to :atev] x may be besides ?is1 w\ld nev] be f\nd if ! inve/igator himself 7 no?+ m ?an ! pure kn[+ subject 7a w+$ *]ub )\t a body74 ,b he is himself root$ 9 t _w2 he f9ds himself 9 x z an individual1 t is to say1 8 k1 :i* is ! necess>y support] ( ! :ole _w z idea1 is yet always giv5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a body1 ^: affections are1 z we h %[n1 ! />t+-po9t = ! und]/&+ 9 ! p]ception ( t _w4 ,8 body is1 = ! pure kn[+ subject1 an idea l e o!r idea1 an object among objects4 ,its movem5ts & actions are s f> kn[n to him 9 precisely ! same way z ! *anges ( all o!r p]ceiv$ objects1 & w\ld be j z /range & incompreh5sible to him if _! mean+ 7 n expla9$ = him 9 an entirely diff]5t way4 ,o!rwise he w\ld see 8 actions foll[ ^u giv5 motives ) ! con/ancy ( a law ( nature1 j z ! *anges ( o!r objects foll[ ^u causes1 /imuli1 or motives4 ,b he w\ld n und]/& ! influ5ce ( ! motives any m ?an ! connection betwe5 e o!r effect :i* he sees & its cause4 ,he w\ld !n call ! inn] nature ( ^! manife/ations & actions ( 8 body :i* he did n und]/& a =ce1 a quality1 or a "*1 z he pleas$1 b he w\ld h no fur!r insight into x4 ,b all ?is is n ! case2 inde$ ! answ] to ! riddle is giv5 to ! subject ( k :o appe>s z an individual1 & ! answ] is w4 ,?is & ?is alone gives him ! key to 8 own exi/5ce1 reveals to him ! significance1 %[s him ! inn] me*anism ( 8 be+1 ( 8 action1 ( 8 movem5ts4 ,! body is giv5 9 two entirely diff]5t ways to ! subject ( k1 :o becomes an individual only ?r\gh 8 id5tity ) x4 ,x is giv5 z an idea 9 intellig5t p]ception1 z an object among objects & subject to ! laws ( objects4 ,& x is also giv5 9 q a diff]5t way z t :i* is imm$iately kn[n to e "o1 & is signifi$ by ! ^w w4 ,e true act ( 8 w is also at once & )\t exception a movem5t ( 8 body4 ,! act ( w & ! movem5t ( ! body are n two diff]5t ?+s objectively kn[n1 :i* ! bond ( causality unites2 !y d n /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 !y are "o & ! same1 b !y are giv5 9 entirely diff]5t ways1--imm$iately1 & aga9 9 p]ception = ! und]/&+4 ,! action ( ! body is no?+ b ! act ( ! w objectifi$1 i4e41 pass$ into p]ception4 ,x w appe> lat] t ?is is true ( e movem5t ( ! body1 n m]ely ^? :i* foll[ ^u motives1 b also involunt>y movem5ts :i* foll[ ^u m]e /imuli1 &1 inde$1 t ! :ole body is no?+ b objectifi$ w1 i4e41 w become idea4 ,all ?is w be prov$ & made q cle> 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,9 "o respect1 !re=e1 ,i %all call ! body ! objectivity ( w2 z 9 ! previ\s book1 & 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 9 accordance ) ! "o-sid$ po9t ( view int5tionally adopt$ !re 7t ( ! idea71 ,i call$ x ! imm$iate object4 ,?us 9 a c]ta9 s5se we may also say t w is ! k a priori ( ! body1 & ! body is ! k a po/]iori ( ! w4 ,resolutions ( ! w :i* relate to ! future are m]ely delib]ations ( ! reason ab\t :at we %all w at a p>ticul> "t1 n real acts ( w4 ,only ! c>ry+ out ( ! resolve /amps x z w1 = till !n x is nev] m ?an an int5tion t may be *ang$1 & t exi/s only 9 ! reason 9 ab/racto4 ,x is only 9 reflection t to w & to act are diff]5t2 9 reality !y are "o4 ,e true1 g5u9e1 imm$iate act ( w is also1 at once & imm$iately1 a visible act ( ! body4 ,&1 correspond+ to ?is1 e impression ^u ! body is also1 on ! o!r h&1 at once & imm$iately an impression ^u ! w4 ,z su* x is call$ pa9 :5 x is oppos$ to ! w2 gratification or pleasure :5 x is 9 accordance ) x4 ,! degrees ( bo? are widely diff]5t4 ,x is q wrong1 h[ev]1 to call pa9 & pleasure ideas1 = !y are by no means ideas1 b imm$iate affections ( ! w 9 its manife/ation1 ! body2 compulsory1 in/antane\s will+ or n-will+ ( ! impression :i* ! body su/a9s4 ,!re are only a few impressions ( ! body :i* d n t\* ! w1 & x is ?r\gh ^! alone t ! body is an imm$iate object ( k1 =1 z p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+1 x is already an indirect object l all o!rs4 ,^! impressions are1 !re=e1 to be treat$ directly z m]e ideas1 & except$ f :at has be5 said4 ,! impressions we ref] to are ! affections ( ! purely objective s5ses ( sight1 he>+1 & t\*1 ?\gh only s f> z ^! organs are affect$ 9 ! way :i* is specially peculi> to _! specific nature4 ,?is affection ( !m is s excessively weak an excitem5t ( ! height5$ & specifically modifi$ s5sibility ( ^! p>ts t x does n affect ! w1 b only furni%es ! und]/&+ ) ! data out ( :i* ! p]ception arises1 undi/urb$ by any excitem5t ( ! w4 ,b e /rong] or diff]5t k9d ( affection ( ^! organs ( s5se is pa9ful1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! w1 & ?us !y also belong to its objectivity4 ,weakness ( ! n]ves %[s itself 9 ?is1 t ! impressions :i* h only su* a degree ( /r5g? z w\ld usually be suffici5t to make !m data = ! und]/&+ rea* ! high] degree at :i* !y influ5ce ! w1 t is to say1 give pa9 or pleasure1 ?\gh m (t5 pa91 :i* is1 h[ev]1 to "s ext5t dead5$ & in>ticulate1 s t n only p>ticul> tones & /rong light are pa9ful to u1 b !re ensues a g5]ally unheal?y & hypo*ondriacal disposition :i* is n di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,! id5tity ( ! body & ! w %[s itself fur!r1 among o!r ways1 9 ! circum/ance t e vehem5t & excessive movem5t ( ! w1 i4e41 e emotion1 agitates ! body & its inn] con/itution directly1 & di/urbs ! c\rse ( its vital functions4 ,?is is %[n 9 detail 9 8,w 9 ,nature10 p4 #bg ( ! second edition & p4 #bh ( ! ?ird4 ,la/ly1 ! k :i* ,i h ( my w1 ?\gh x is imm$iate1 _c be sep>at$ f t :i* ,i h ( my body4 ,i "k my w1 n z a :ole1 n z a unity1 n completely1 accord+ to its nature1 b ,i "k x only 9 its p>ticul> acts1 & !re=e 9 "t1 :i* is ! =m ( ! ph5om5al aspect ( my body1 z ( e object4 ,!re=e ! body is a condition ( ! k ( my w4 ,?us1 ,i _c really imag9e ?is w ap>t f my body4 ,9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! w1 or r ! subject ( will+1 is treat$ z a special class ( ideas or objects4 ,b ev5 !re we saw ?is object become "o ) ! subject2 t is1 we saw x cease to be an object4 ,we !re call$ ?is union ! miracle 1 & ! :ole ( ! pres5t "w is to a c]ta9 ext5t an explanation ( ?is4 ,s f> z ,i "k my w specially z object1 ,i "k x z body4 ,b !n ,i am aga9 at ! fir/ class ( ideas laid d[n 9 t essay1 i4e41 real objects4 ,z we proce$ we %all see always m cle>ly t ^! ideas ( ! fir/ class obta9 _! explanation & solution f ^? ( ! f\r? class giv5 9 ! essay1 :i* c\ld no long] be prop]ly oppos$ to ! subject z object1 & t1 !re=e1 we mu/ le>n to und]/& ! inn] nature ( ! law ( causality :i* is valid 9 ! fir/ class1 & ( all t happ5s 9 accordance ) x f ! law ( motivation :i* gov]ns ! f\r? class4 ,! id5tity ( ! w & ! body1 ( :i* we h n[ giv5 a cursory explanation1 c only be prov$ 9 ! mann] we h adopt$ "h4 ,we h prov$ ?is id5tity = ! fir/ "t1 & %all d s m & m fully 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,by 8prov$0 we mean rais$ f ! imm$iate consci\sness1 f k 9 ! concrete to ab/ract k ( ! reason1 or c>ri$ ov] into ab/ract k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f its v nature x c nev] be demon/rat$1 t is1 d$uc$ z indirect k f "s o!r m direct k1 j because x is itself ! mo/ direct k2 & if we d n appreh5d x & /ick to x z su*1 we %all expect 9 va9 to receive x aga9 9 "s indirect way z d]ivative k4 ,x is k ( q a special k9d1 ^: tru? _c !re=e prop]ly be br\ght "u any ( ! f\r rubrics "u :i* ,i h classifi$ all tru? 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bi1 ! logical1 ! empirical1 ! metaphysical1 & ! metalogical1 = x is n1 l all ^!1 ! relation ( an ab/ract idea to ano!r idea1 or to ! necess>y =m ( p]ceptive or ( ab/ract ideation1 b x is ! relation ( a judgm5t to ! connection :i* an idea ( p]ception1 ! body1 has to t :i* is n an idea at all1 b some?+ toto g5]e diff]5t1 w4 ,i %\ld l !re=e to di/+ui% ?is f all o!r tru?1 & call x philosophical tru?4 ,we c turn ! expression ( ?is tru? 9 diff]5t ways & say3 ,my body & my w are "o2--or1 ,:at z an idea ( p]ception ,i call my body1 ,i call my w1 s f> z ,i am consci\s ( x 9 an entirely diff]5t way :i* _c be comp>$ to any o!r2--or1 ,my body is ! objectivity ( my w2--or1 ,my body consid]$ ap>t f ! fact t x is my idea is /ill my w1 & s =?47#bg7 #ai4 ,9 ! fir/ book we 7 reluctantly driv5 to expla9 ! human body z m]ely idea ( ! subject :i* kn[s x1 l all ! o!r objects ( ?is _w ( p]ception4 ,b x has n[ become cle> t :at enables u consci\sly to di/+ui% our own body f all o!r objects :i* 9 o!r respects are precisely ! same1 is t our body appe>s 9 consci\sness 9 q ano!r way toto g5]e diff]5t f idea1 & ?is we d5ote by ! ^w w2 & t x is j ?is d\ble k :i* we h ( our own body t af=ds u in=mation ab\t x1 ab\t its action & movem5t foll[+ on motives1 & also ab\t :at x exp]i5ces by means ( ext]nal impressions2 9 a ^w1 ab\t :at x is1 n z idea1 b z m ?an idea2 t is to say1 :at x is 9 itself4 ,none ( ?is in=mation h we got directly ) reg>d to ! nature1 action1 & exp]i5ce ( o!r real objects4 ,x is j because ( ?is special relation to "o body t ! kn[+ subject is an individual4 ,= reg>d$ ap>t f ?is relation1 8 body is = him only an idea l all o!r ideas4 ,b ! relation ?r\gh :i* ! kn[+ subject is an individual1 is j on t acc\nt a relation :i* subsi/s only betwe5 him & "o p>ticul> idea ( all ^? :i* he has4 ,!re=e he is consci\s ( ?is "o idea1 n m]ely z an idea1 b 9 q a diff]5t way z a w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he ab/racts f t special relation1 f t tw(old & completely het]og5e\s k ( :at is "o & ! same1 !n t "o1 ! body1 is an idea l all o!r ideas4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to und]/& ! matt]1 ! individual :o kn[s mu/ ei!r assume t :at di/+ui%es t "o idea f o!rs is m]ely ! fact t 8 k /&s 9 ?is d\ble relation to x alone2 t insight 9 two ways at ! same "t is op5 to him only 9 ! case ( ?is "o object ( p]ception1 & t ?is is to be expla9$ n by ! diff]5ce ( ?is object f all o!rs1 b only by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! relation ( 8 k to ?is "o object1 & its relation to all o!r objects4 ,or else he mu/ assume t ?is object is ess5tially diff]5t f all o!rs2 t x alone ( all objects is at once bo? w & idea1 :ile ! re/ are only ideas1 i4e41 only phantoms4 ,?us he mu/ assume t 8 body is ! only real individual 9 ! _w1 i4e41 ! only ph5om5on ( w & ! only imm$iate object ( ! subject4 ,t o!r objects1 consid]$ m]ely z ideas1 are l 8 body1 t is1 l x1 fill space 7:i* itself c only be pres5t z idea71 & also1 l x1 are causally active 9 space1 is inde$ demon/rably c]ta9 f ! law ( causality :i* is a priori valid = ideas1 & :i* admits ( no effect )\t a cause2 b ap>t f ! fact t we c only reason f an effect to a cause g5]ally1 & n to a simil> cause1 we are /ill 9 ! sph]e ( m]e ideas1 9 :i* alone ! law ( causality is valid1 & beyond :i* x c nev] take u4 ,b :e!r ! objects kn[n to ! individual only z ideas are yet1 l 8 own body1 manife/ations ( a w1 is1 z 0 said 9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 ! prop] mean+ ( ! "q z to ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,to d5y ?is is !oretical egoism1 :i* on t acc\nt reg>ds all ph5om5a t are outside its own w z phantoms1 j z 9 a practical ref]5ce exactly ! same ?+ is done by practical egoism4 ,= 9 x a man reg>ds & treats himself alone z a p]son1 & all o!r p]sons z m]e phantoms4 ,!oretical egoism c nev] be demon/rably refut$1 yet 9 philosophy x has nev] be5 us$ o!rwise ?an z a sceptical sophism1 i4e41 a pret5ce4 ,z a s]i\s conviction1 on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld only be f\nd 9 a madh\se1 & z su* x /&s 9 ne$ ( a cure r ?an a refutation4 ,we d n !re=e combat x any fur!r 9 ?is reg>d1 b treat x z m]ely ! la/ /ronghold ( scepticism1 :i* is always polemical4 ,?us our k1 :i* is always b\nd to individuality & is limit$ by ?is circum/ance1 br+s ) x ! necessity t ea* ( u c only be "o1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* ( u c "k all2 & x is ?is limitation t creates ! ne$ = philosophy4 ,we !re=e :o1 = ?is v reason1 are /riv+ to ext5d ! limits ( our k ?r\gh philosophy1 w treat ?is sceptical argum5t ( !oretical egoism :i* meets u1 z an army w\ld treat a small fronti] =tress4 ,! =tress _c inde$ be tak51 b ! g>rison c nev] sally =? f x1 & !re=e we pass x by )\t dang]1 & are n afraid to h x 9 our re>4 ,! d\ble k :i* ea* ( u has ( ! nature & activity ( 8 own body1 & :i* is giv5 9 two completely diff]5t ways1 has n[ be5 cle>ly br\ght out4 ,we %all accord+ly make fur!r use ( x z a key to ! nature ( e ph5om5on 9 nature1 & %all judge ( all objects :i* are n our own bodies1 & are consequ5tly n giv5 to our consci\sness 9 a d\ble way b only z ideas1 accord+ to ! analogy ( our own bodies1 & %all !re=e assume t z 9 "o aspect !y are idea1 j l our bodies1 & 9 ?is respect are analog\s to !m1 s 9 ano!r aspect1 :at rema9s ( objects :5 we set aside _! exi/5ce z idea ( ! subject1 mu/ 9 its inn] nature be ! same z t 9 u :i* we call w4 ,= :at o!r k9d ( exi/5ce or reality %\ld we attribute to ! re/ ( ! mat]ial _w8 ,:5ce %\ld we take ! elem5ts out ( :i* we con/ruct su* a _w8 ,besides w & idea no?+ is kn[n to u or ?9kable4 ,if we wi% to attribute ! greate/ kn[n reality to ! mat]ial _w :i* exi/s imm$iately only 9 our idea1 we give x ! reality :i* our own body has = ea* ( u2 = t is ! mo/ real ?+ = e "o4 ,b if we n[ analyse ! reality ( ?is body & its actions1 beyond ! fact t x is idea1 we f9d no?+ 9 x except ! w2 ) ?is its reality is exhau/$4 ,!re=e we c n[h]e f9d ano!r k9d ( reality :i* we c attribute to ! mat]ial _w4 ,?us if we hold t ! mat]ial _w is some?+ m ?an m]ely our idea1 we mu/ say t besides be+ idea1 t is1 9 itself & accord+ to its inmo/ nature1 x is t :i* we f9d imm$iately 9 ourselves z w4 ,i say accord+ to its inmo/ nature2 b we mu/ fir/ come to "k m accurately ?is real nature ( ! w1 9 ord] t we may be able to di/+ui% f x :at does n belong to itself1 b to its manife/ation1 :i* has _m grades4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! circum/ance ( its be+ accompani$ by k1 & ! det]m9ation by motives :i* is condition$ by ?is k4 ,z we %all see f>!r on1 ?is does n belong to ! real nature ( w1 b m]ely to its di/9ct manife/ation z an animal or a human be+4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i say1--! =ce :i* attracts a /one to ! e>? is accord+ to its nature1 9 itself1 & ap>t f all idea1 w1 ,i %all n be suppos$ to express 9 ?is proposition ! insane op9ion t ! /one moves itself 9 accordance ) a kn[n motive1 m]ely because ?is is ! way 9 :i* w appe>s 9 man47#bh7 ,we %all n[ proce$ m cle>ly & 9 detail to prove1 e/abli%1 & develop to its full ext5t :at z yet has only be5 provisionally & g5]ally expla9$47#bi7 #bj4 ,z we h said1 ! w proclaims itself prim>ily 9 ! volunt>y movem5ts ( our own body1 z ! inmo/ nature ( ?is body1 z t :i* x is besides be+ object ( p]ception1 idea4 ,= ^! volunt>y movem5ts are no?+ else ?an ! visible aspect ( ! individual acts ( w1 ) :i* !y are directly co9cid5t & id5tical1 & only di/+ui%$ ?r\gh ! =m ( k into :i* !y h pass$1 & 9 :i* alone !y c be kn[n1 ! =m ( idea4 ,b ^! acts ( w h always a gr\nd or reason outside !mselves 9 motives4 ,yet ^! motives nev] det]m9e m ?an :at ,i w at ?is "t1 9 ?is place1 & "u ^! circum/ances1 n t ,i w 9 g5]al1 or :at ,i w 9 g5]al1 t is1 ! maxims :i* *>act]ise my volition g5]ally4 ,!re=e ! inn] nature ( my volition _c be expla9$ f ^! motives2 b !y m]ely det]m9e its manife/ation at a giv5 po9t ( "t3 !y are m]ely ! occasion ( my w %[+ itself2 b ! w itself lies outside ! prov9ce ( ! law ( motivation1 :i* det]m9es no?+ b its appe>ance at ea* po9t ( "t4 ,x is only "u ! presupposition ( my empirical "* t ! motive is a suffici5t gr\nd ( explanation ( my action4 ,b if ,i ab/ract f my "*1 & !n ask1 :y1 9 g5]al1 ,i w ?is & n t1 no answ] is possible1 because x is only ! manife/ation ( ! w t is subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & n ! w itself1 :i* 9 ?is respect is to be call$ gr\ndless4 ,at ?is po9t ,i presuppose ,kant's doctr9e ( ! empirical & intelligible "*1 & also my own treatm5t ( ! subject 9 8,! ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics10 pp4 #dh1 #eh1 & #agh1 et seq41 ( fir/ edition 7p4 #agd1 et seq41 ( second edition74 ,i %all also h to speak m fully on ! "q 9 ! ,f\r? ,book4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i h only to draw att5tion to ?is1 t ! fact ( "o manife/ation be+ e/abli%$ ?r\gh ano!r1 z "h ! de$ ?r\gh ! motive1 does n at all conflict ) ! fact t its real nature is w1 :i* itself has no gr\nd2 = z ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its aspects is only ! =m ( k1 its validity ext5ds only to ! idea1 to ! ph5om5a1 to ! visibility ( ! w1 b n to ! w itself1 :i* becomes visible4 ,if n[ e action ( my body is ! manife/ation ( an act ( w 9 :i* my w itself 9 g5]al1 & z a :ole1 ?us my "*1 expresses itself "u giv5 motives1 manife/ation ( ! w mu/ be ! inevitable condition & presupposition ( e action4 ,= ! fact ( its manife/ation _c dep5d ^u some?+ :i* does n exi/ directly & only ?r\gh x1 :i* consequ5tly is = x m]ely accid5tal1 & ?r\gh :i* its manife/ation itself w\ld be m]ely accid5tal4 ,n[ t condition is j ! :ole body itself4 ,?us ! body itself mu/ be manife/ation ( ! w1 & x mu/ be relat$ to my w z a :ole1 t is1 to my intelligible "*1 ^: ph5om5al appe>ance 9 "t is my empirical "*1 z ! p>ticul> action ( ! body is relat$ to ! p>ticul> act ( ! w4 ,! :ole body1 !n1 mu/ be simply my w become visible1 mu/ be my w itself1 s f> z ?is is object ( p]ception1 an idea ( ! fir/ class4 ,x has already be5 advanc$ 9 confirmation ( ?is t e impression ^u my body also affects my w at once & imm$iately1 & 9 ?is respect is call$ pa9 or pleasure1 or1 9 its l[] degrees1 agreeable or disagreeable s5sation2 & also1 conv]sely1 t e viol5t movem5t ( ! w1 e emotion or passion1 convulses ! body & di/urbs ! c\rse ( its functions4 ,inde$ we c also give an etiological acc\nt1 ?\gh a v incomplete "o1 ( ! orig9 ( my body1 & a some:at bett] acc\nt ( its developm5t & cons]vation1 & ?is is ! sub/ance ( physiology4 ,b physiology m]ely expla9s its !me 9 precisely ! same way z motives expla9 action4 ,?us ! physiological explanation ( ! functions ( ! body detracts j z little f ! philosophical tru? t ! :ole exi/5ce ( ?is body & ! sum total ( its functions are m]ely ! objectification ( t w :i* appe>s 9 its outw>d actions 9 accordance ) a motive1 z ! e/abli%m5t ( ! individual action ?r\gh ! motive & ! necess>y sequ5ce ( ! action f ! motive conflicts ) ! fact t action 9 g5]al1 & accord+ to its nature1 is only ! manife/ation ( a w :i* itself has no gr\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 physiology tries to ref] ev5 ^! outw>d actions1 ! imm$iate volunt>y movem5ts1 to causes 9 ! organism1--= example1 if x expla9s ! movem5t ( ! muscles z result+ f ! pres5ce ( fluids 78l ! contraction ( a cord :5 x is wet10 says ,reil 9 8 8,ar*iv fr ,physiologie10 vol4 vi4 p4 #aec71 ev5 suppos+ x really c\ld give a ?or\gh explanation ( ?is k9d1 yet ?is w\ld nev] invalidate ! imm$iately c]ta9 tru? t e volunt>y motion 7functiones animales7 is ! manife/ation ( an act ( w4 ,n[1 j z little c ! physiological explanation ( vegetative life 7functiones naturales vitales71 h[ev] f> x may advance1 ev] invalidate ! tru? t ! :ole animal life :i* ?us develops itself is ! manife/ation ( w4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 z we h %[n above1 no etiological explanation c ev] give u m ?an ! necess>ily det]m9$ position 9 "t & space ( a p>ticul> manife/ation1 its necess>y appe>ance !re1 accord+ to a fix$ law2 b ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+ t appe>s 9 ?is way rema9s :olly inexplicable1 & is presuppos$ by e etiological explanation1 & m]ely indicat$ by ! names1 =ce1 or law ( nature1 or1 if we are speak+ ( action1 "* or w4 ,?us1 al?\gh e p>ticul> action1 "u ! presupposition ( ! def9ite "*1 necess>ily foll[s f ! giv5 motive1 & al?\gh gr[?1 ! process ( n\ri%m5t1 & all ! *anges ( ! animal body take place accord+ to necess>ily act+ causes 7/imuli71 yet ! :ole s]ies ( actions1 & consequ5tly e individual act1 & also its condition1 ! :ole body itself :i* accompli%es x1 & !re=e also ! process ?r\gh :i* & 9 :i* x exi/s1 are no?+ b ! manife/ation ( ! w1 ! becom+ visible1 ! objectification ( ! w4 ,^u ?is re/s ! p]fect suitabl5ess ( ! human & animal body to ! human & animal w 9 g5]al1 resembl+1 ?\gh f> surpass+1 ! correspond5ce betwe5 an in/rum5t made = a purpose & ! w ( ! mak]1 & on ?is acc\nt appe>+ z design1 i4e41 ! teleological explanation ( ! body4 ,! p>ts ( ! body mu/1 !re=e1 completely correspond to ! pr9cipal desires ?r\gh :i* ! w manife/s itself2 !y mu/ be ! visible expression ( ^! desires4 ,tee?1 ?roat1 & b[els are objectifi$ hung]2 ! organs ( g5]ation are objectifi$ sexual desire2 ! grasp+ h&1 ! hurry+ feet1 correspond to ! m indirect desires ( ! w :i* !y express4 ,z ! human =m g5]ally corresponds to ! human w g5]ally1 s ! individual bodily /ructure corresponds to ! individually modifi$ w1 ! "* ( ! individual1 & !re=e x is ?r\gh\t & 9 all its p>ts *>act]i/ic & full ( expression4 ,x is v rem>kable t ,p>m5ides already gave expression to ?is 9 ! foll[+ v]ses1 quot$ by ,ari/otle 7,metaph4 iii4 #e73-- 2 1 1 2 4 7,ut enim cuique complexio membrorum flexibilium se habet1 ita m5s hom9ibus ade/3 idem namque e/1 quod sapit1 membrorum natura hom9ibus1 et omnibus et omni3 quod enim plus e/1 intellig5tia e/477#cj7 #ba4 ,:oev] has n[ ga9$ f all ^! expositions a k 9 ab/racto1 & !re=e cle> & c]ta91 ( :at e "o kn[s directly 9 concreto1 i4e41 z feel+1 a k t 8 w is ! real inn] nature ( 8 ph5om5al be+1 :i* manife/s itself to him z idea1 bo? 9 8 actions & 9 _! p]man5t sub/ratum1 8 body1 & t 8 w is t :i* is mo/ imm$iate 9 8 consci\sness1 ?\gh x has n z su* completely pass$ into ! =m ( idea 9 :i* object & subject /& ov] aga9/ ea* o!r1 b makes itself kn[n to him 9 a direct mann]1 9 :i* he does n q cle>ly di/+ui% subject & object1 yet is n kn[n z a :ole to ! individual himself1 b only 9 its p>ticul> acts1--:oev]1 ,i say1 has ) me ga9$ ?is conviction w f9d t ( itself x af=ds him ! key to ! k ( ! inmo/ be+ ( ! :ole ( nature2 = he n[ transf]s x to all ^? ph5om5a :i* are n giv5 to him1 l 8 own ph5om5al exi/5ce1 bo? 9 direct & indirect k1 b only 9 ! latt]1 ?us m]ely "o-sid$ly z idea alone4 ,he w recognise ?is w ( :i* we are speak+ n only 9 ^? ph5om5al exi/5ces :i* exactly resemble 8 own1 9 m5 & animals z _! inmo/ nature1 b ! c\rse ( reflection w lead him to recognise ! =ce :i* g]m9ates & vegetates 9 ! plant1 & inde$ ! =ce ?r\gh :i* ! cry/al is =m$1 t by :i* ! magnet turns to ! nor? pole1 ! =ce ^: %ock he exp]i5ces f ! contact ( two diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 ! =ce :i* appe>s 9 ! elective aff9ities ( matt] z repulsion & attraction1 decomposition & comb9ation1 &1 la/ly1 ev5 gravitation1 :i* acts s p[]fully ?r\gh\t matt]1 draws ! /one to ! e>? & ! e>? to ! sun1--all ^!1 ,i say1 he w recognise z diff]5t only 9 _! ph5om5al exi/5ce1 b 9 _! inn] nature z id5tical1 z t :i* is directly kn[n to him s intimately & s mu* bett] ?an any?+ else1 & :i* 9 its mo/ di/9ct manife/ation is call$ w4 ,x is ?is application ( reflection alone t prev5ts u f rema9+ any long] at ! ph5om5on1 & leads u to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,ph5om5al exi/5ce is idea & no?+ m4 ,all idea1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 all object1 is ph5om5al exi/5ce1 b ! w alone is a ?+ 9 itself4 ,z su*1 x is ?r\gh\t n idea1 b toto g5]e diff]5t f x2 x is t ( :i* all idea1 all object1 is ! ph5om5al appe>ance1 ! visibility1 ! objectification4 ,x is ! inmo/ nature1 ! k]nel1 ( e p>ticul> ?+1 & also ( ! :ole4 ,x appe>s 9 e bl9d =ce ( nature & also 9 ! preconsid]$ action ( man2 & ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two is m]ely 9 ! degree ( ! manife/ation1 n 9 ! nature ( :at manife/s itself4 #bb4 ,n[1 if we are to ?9k z an object ?is ?+-9-itself 7we wi% to reta9 ! ,kantian expression z a /&+ =mula71 :i*1 z su*1 is nev] object1 because all object is its m]e manife/ation1 & !re=e _c be x itself1 we mu/ borr[ = x ! "n & concept ( an object1 ( some?+ 9 "s way objectively giv51 consequ5tly ( "o ( its own manife/ations4 ,b 9 ord] to s]ve z a clue = ! und]/&+1 ?is c be no o!r ?an ! mo/ complete ( all its manife/ations1 i4e41 ! mo/ di/9ct1 ! mo/ develop$1 & directly enlight5$ by k4 ,n[ ?is is ! human w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 well to obs]ve t "h1 at any rate1 we only make use ( a d5om9atio a potiori1 ?r\gh :i*1 !re=e1 ! concept ( w receives a great] ext5sion ?an x has hi!rto _h4 ,k ( ! id5tical 9 diff]5t ph5om5a1 & ( diff]5ce 9 simil> ph5om5a1 is1 z ,plato s (t5 rem>ks1 a s9e qua non ( philosophy4 ,b hi!rto x 0 n recognis$ t e k9d ( active & op]at+ =ce 9 nature is ess5tially id5tical ) w1 & !re=e ! multif>i\s k9ds ( ph5om5a 7 n se5 to be m]ely diff]5t species ( ! same g5us1 b 7 treat$ z het]og5e\s4 ,consequ5tly !re c\ld be no ^w to d5ote ! concept ( ?is g5us4 ,i !re=e "n ! g5us aft] its mo/ important species1 ! direct k ( :i* lies ne>] to u & guides u to ! indirect k ( all o!r species4 ,b :oev] is incapable ( c>ry+ out ! requir$ ext5sion ( ! concept w rema9 involv$ 9 a p]man5t misund]/&+4 ,= by ! ^w w he und]/&s only t species ( x :i* has hi!rto be5 exclusively d5ot$ by x1 ! w :i* is guid$ by k1 & ^: manife/ation foll[s only ^u motives1 & inde$ m]ely ab/ract motives1 & ?us takes place "u ! guidance ( ! reason4 ,?is1 we h said1 is only ! mo/ prom95t example ( ! manife/ation ( w4 ,we mu/ n[ di/9ctly sep>ate 9 ?\ght ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ?is manife/ation :i* is kn[n to u directly1 & !n transf] x to all ! weak]1 less di/9ct manife/ations ( ! same nature1 & ?us we %all accompli% ! desir$ ext5sion ( ! concept ( w4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view ,i %\ld be equally misund]/ood by any "o :o %\ld ?9k t x is all ! same 9 ! end :e!r we d5ote ?is inn] nature ( all ph5om5a by ! ^w w or by any o!r4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if ! ?+-9-itself 7 some?+ ^: exi/5ce we m]ely inf]r$1 & ?us knew indirectly & only 9 ! ab/ract4 ,!n1 inde$1 we might call x :at we pleas$2 ! "n w\ld /& m]ely z ! symbol ( an unkn[n quantity4 ,b ! ^w w1 :i*1 l a magic spell1 discloses to u ! inmo/ be+ ( ev]y?+ 9 nature1 is by no means an unkn[n quantity1 some?+ arriv$ at only by inf]5ce1 b is fully & imm$iately compreh5d$1 & is s famili> to u t we "k & und]/& :at w is f> bett] ?an any?+ else :atev]4 ,! concept ( w has hi!rto commonly be5 subord9at$ to t ( =ce1 b ,i rev]se ! matt] entirely1 & desire t e =ce 9 nature %\ld be ?\ght z w4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is is m]e v]bal quibbl+ or ( no consequ5ce2 r1 x is ( ! greate/ significance & importance4 ,= at ! f\ndation ( ! concept ( =ce1 z ( all o!r concepts1 !re ultimately lies ! k 9 s5se-p]ception ( ! objective _w1 t is to say1 ! ph5om5on1 ! idea2 & ! concept is con/ruct$ out ( ?is4 ,x is an ab/raction f ! prov9ce 9 :i* cause & effect reign1 i4e41 f ideas ( p]ception1 & means j ! causal nature ( causes at ! po9t at :i* ?is causal nature is no fur!r etiologically explicable1 b is ! necess>y presupposition ( all etiological explanation4 ,! concept w1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( all possible concepts ! only "o :i* has its s\rce n 9 ! ph5om5al1 n 9 ! m]e idea ( p]ception1 b comes f )91 & proce$s f ! mo/ imm$iate consci\sness ( ea* ( u1 9 :i* ea* ( u kn[s 8 own individuality1 accord+ to its nature1 imm$iately1 ap>t f all =m1 ev5 t ( subject & object1 & :i* at ! same "t is ?is individuality1 = "h ! subject & ! object ( k are "o4 ,if1 !re=e1 we ref] ! concept ( =ce to t ( w1 we h 9 fact ref]r$ ! less kn[n to :at is inf9itely bett] kn[n2 inde$1 to ! "o ?+ t is really imm$iately & fully kn[n to u1 & h v greatly ext5d$ our k4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we subsume ! concept ( w "u t ( =ce1 z has hi!rto always be5 done1 we r5\nce ! only imm$iate k :i* we h ( ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 = we all[ x to disappe> 9 a concept :i* is ab/ract$ f ! ph5om5al1 & ) :i* we c !re=e nev] g beyond ! ph5om5al4 #bc4 ,! w z a ?+ 9 itself is q diff]5t f its ph5om5al appe>ance1 & entirely free f all ! =ms ( ! ph5om5al1 into :i* x fir/ passes :5 x manife/s itself1 & :i* !re=e only conc]n its objectivity1 & are =eign to ! w itself4 ,ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal =m ( all idea1 t ( be+ object = a subject1 does n conc]n x2 /ill less ! =ms :i* are subord9ate to ?is & :i* collectively h _! common expression 9 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 to :i* we "k t "t & space belong1 & consequ5tly multiplicity also1 :i* exi/s & is possible only ?r\gh ^!4 ,9 ?is la/ reg>d ,i %all call "t & space ! pr9cipium individuationis1 borr[+ an expression f ! old s*oolm51 & ,i beg to draw att5tion to ?is1 once = all4 ,= x is only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "t & space t :at is "o & ! same1 bo? accord+ to its nature & to its concept1 yet appe>s z diff]5t1 z a multiplicity ( co-exi/5t & successive ph5om5a4 ,?us "t & space are ! pr9cipium individuationis1 ! subject ( s _m subtleties & disputes among ! s*oolm51 :i* may be f\nd collect$ 9 ,su>ez 7,disp4 #e1 ,sect4 #c74 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 ! w z a ?+-9-itself lies outside ! prov9ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its =ms1 & is consequ5tly completely gr\ndless1 al?\gh all its manife/ations are entirely subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,fur!r1 x is free f all multiplicity1 al?\gh its manife/ations 9 "t & space are innum]able4 ,x is itself "o1 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* an object is "o1 = ! unity ( an object c only be kn[n 9 opposition to a possible multiplicity2 nor yet 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a concept is "o1 = ! unity ( a concept orig9ates only 9 ab/raction f a multiplicity2 b x is "o z t :i* lies outside "t & space1 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 i4e41 ! possibility ( multiplicity4 ,only :5 all ?is has become q cle> to u ?r\gh ! subsequ5t exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a & diff]5t manife/ations ( ! w1 %all we fully und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ,kantian doctr9e t "t1 space & causality d n belong to ! ?+-9-itself1 b are only =ms ( kn[+4 ,! uncaus$ nature ( w has be5 actually recognis$1 :]e x manife/s itself mo/ di/9ctly1 z ! w ( man1 & ?is has be5 call$ free1 indep5d5t4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! uncaus$ nature ( ! w itself1 ! necessity to :i* its manife/ation is ev]y:]e subject$ has be5 ov]look$1 & actions are treat$ z free1 :i* !y are n4 ,= e individual action foll[s ) /rict necessity f ! effect ( ! motive ^u ! "*4 ,all necessity is1 z we h already said1 ! relation ( ! consequ5t to ! reason1 & no?+ m4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! univ]sal =m ( all ph5om5a1 & man 9 8 action mu/ be subord9at$ to x l e o!r ph5om5on4 ,b because 9 self-consci\sness ! w is kn[n directly & 9 itself1 9 ?is consci\sness lies also ! consci\sness ( fre$om4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 ov]look$ t ! individual1 ! p]son1 is n w z a ?+-9-itself1 b is a ph5om5on ( w1 is already det]m9$ z su*1 & has come "u ! =m ( ! ph5om5al1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,h5ce arises ! /range fact t e "o believes himself a priori to be p]fectly free1 ev5 9 8 individual actions1 & ?9ks t at e mom5t he c comm5ce ano!r mann] ( life1 :i* j means t he c become ano!r p]son4 ,b a po/]iori1 ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 he f9ds to 8 a/oni%m5t t he is n free1 b subject$ to necessity2 t 9 spite ( all 8 resolutions & reflections he does n *ange 8 conduct1 & t f ! beg9n+ ( 8 life to ! end ( x1 he mu/ c>ry out ! v "* :i* he himself condemns1 & z x 7 play ! "p he has und]tak5 to ! end4 ,i _c pursue ?is subject fur!r at pres5t1 = x belongs1 z e?ical1 to ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i only wi% to po9t out "h t ! ph5om5on ( ! w :i* 9 itself is uncaus$1 is yet z su* subord9at$ to ! law ( necessity1 t is1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 s t 9 ! necessity ) :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature foll[ ea* o!r1 we may f9d no?+ to h9d] u f recognis+ 9 !m ! manife/ations ( w4 ,only ^? *anges :i* h no o!r gr\nd ?an a motive1 i4e41 an idea1 h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z manife/ations ( w4 ,!re=e 9 nature a w has only be5 attribut$ to man1 or at ! mo/ to animals2 = k1 ! idea1 is ( c\rse1 z ,i h said else:]e1 ! true & exclusive *>act]i/ic ( animal life4 ,b t ! w is also active :]e no k guides x1 we see at once 9 ! in/9ct & ! me*anical skill ( animals47#ca7 ,t !y h ideas & k is "h n to ! po9t1 = ! end t[>ds :i* !y /rive z def9itely z if x 7 a kn[n motive1 is yet entirely unkn[n to !m4 ,!re=e 9 su* cases _! action takes place )\t motive1 is n guid$ by ! idea1 & %[s u fir/ & mo/ di/9ctly h[ ! w may be active entirely )\t k4 ,! bird ( a ye> old has no idea ( ! eggs = :i* x builds a ne/2 ! "y spid] has no idea ( ! prey = :i* x sp9s a web2 nor has ! ant-lion any idea ( ! ants = :i* he digs a tr5* = ! fir/ "t4 ,! l>va ( ! /ag-beetle makes ! hole 9 ! wood1 9 :i* x is to await its metamorphosis1 twice z big if x is go+ to be a male beetle z if x is go+ to be a female1 s t if x is a male !re may be room = ! horns1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 x has no idea4 ,9 su* actions ( ^! creatures ! w is cle>ly op]ative z 9 _! o!r actions1 b x is 9 bl9d activity1 :i* is inde$ accompani$ by k b n guid$ by x4 ,if n[ we h once ga9$ insight into ! fact1 t idea z motive is n a necess>y & ess5tial condition ( ! activity ( ! w1 we %all m easily recognise ! activity ( w :]e x is less app>5t4 ,= example1 we %all see t ! h\se ( ! snail is no m made by a w :i* is =eign to ! snail itself1 ?an ! h\se :i* we build is produc$ ?r\gh ano!r w ?an our own2 b we %all recognise 9 bo? h\ses ! "w ( a w :i* objectifies itself 9 bo? ! ph5om5a--a w :i* works 9 u accord+ to motives1 b 9 ! snail /ill bl9dly z =mative impulse direct$ outw>ds4 ,9 u also ! same w is 9 _m ways only bl9dly active3 9 all ! functions ( our body :i* are n guid$ by k1 9 all its vital & vegetative processes1 dige/ion1 circulation1 secretion1 gr[?1 reproduction4 ,n only ! actions ( ! body1 b ! :ole body itself is1 z we h %[n above1 ph5om5on ( ! w1 objectifi$ w1 concrete w4 ,all t goes on 9 x mu/ !re=e proce$ ?r\gh w1 al?\gh "h ?is w is n guid$ by k1 b acts bl9dly accord+ to causes1 :i* 9 ?is case are call$ /imuli4 ,i call a cause1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 t /ate ( matt]1 :i*1 :ile x introduces ano!r /ate ) necessity1 yet suff]s j z great a *ange itself z t :i* x causes2 :i* is express$ 9 ! rule1 8action & reaction are equal40 ,fur!r1 9 ! case ( :at is prop]ly speak+ a cause1 ! effect increases directly 9 proportion to ! cause1 & !re=e also ! reaction4 ,s t1 if once ! mode ( op]ation be kn[n1 ! degree ( ! effect may be measur$ & calculat$ f ! degree ( ! int5sity ( ! cause2 & conv]sely ! degree ( ! int5sity ( ! cause may be calculat$ f ! degree ( ! effect4 ,su* causes1 prop]ly s call$1 op]ate 9 all ! ph5om5a ( me*anics1 *emi/ry1 & s =?2 9 %ort1 9 all ! *anges ( unorganis$ bodies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i call a /imulus1 su* a cause z su/a9s no reaction proportional to its effect1 & ! int5sity ( :i* does n v>y directly 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( its effect1 s t ! effect _c be measur$ by x4 ,on ! contr>y1 a small increase ( ! /imulus may cause a v great increase ( ! effect1 or conv]sely1 x may elim9ate ! previ\s effect altoge!r1 & s =?4 ,all effects ^u organis$ bodies z su* are ( ?is k9d4 ,all prop]ly organic & vegetative *anges ( ! animal body mu/ !re=e be ref]r$ to /imuli1 n to m]e causes4 ,b ! /imulus1 l e cause & motive g5]ally1 nev] det]m9es m ?an ! po9t ( "t & space at :i* ! manife/ation ( e =ce is to take place1 & does n det]m9e ! inn] nature ( ! =ce itself :i* is manife/$4 ,?is inn] nature we "k1 f our previ\s inve/igation1 is w1 to :i* !re=e we ascribe bo? ! unconsci\s & ! consci\s *anges ( ! body4 ,! /imulus holds ! mean1 =ms ! transition betwe5 ! motive1 :i* is causality accompani$ ?r\gh\t by k1 & ! cause 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se4 ,9 p>ticul> cases x is sometimes ne>] a motive1 sometimes ne>] a cause1 b yet x c always be di/+ui%$ f bo?4 ,?us1 = example1 ! ris+ ( ! sap 9 a plant foll[s ^u /imuli1 & _c be expla9$ f m]e causes1 accord+ to ! laws ( hydraulics or capill>y attraction2 yet x is c]ta9ly assi/$ by ^!1 & altoge!r approa*es v ne> to a purely causal *ange4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5ts ( ! ,h$ys>um gyrans & ! ,mimosa pudica1 al?\gh /ill foll[+ ^u m]e /imuli1 are yet v l movem5ts :i* foll[ ^u motives1 & seem almo/ to wi% to make ! transition4 ,! contraction ( ! pupils ( ! eyes z ! light is increas$ is due to /imuli1 b x passes into movem5t :i* is due to motive2 = x takes place1 because too /rong lights w\ld affect ! ret9a pa9fully1 & to avoid ?is we contract ! pupils4 ,! occasion ( an erection is a motive1 because x is an idea1 yet x op]ates ) ! necessity ( a /imulus1 i4e41 x _c be resi/$1 b we mu/ put ! idea away 9 ord] to make x cease to affect u4 ,?is is also ! case ) disgu/+ ?+s1 :i* excite ! desire to vomit4 ,?us we h treat$ ! in/9ct ( animals z an actual l9k1 ( q a di/9ct k9d1 betwe5 movem5t foll[+ ^u /imuli1 & action foll[+ ^u a kn[n motive4 ,n[ we might be ask$ to reg>d brea?+ z ano!r l9k ( ?is k9d4 ,x has be5 disput$ :e!r x belongs to ! volunt>y or ! involunt>y movem5ts1 t is to say1 :e!r x foll[s ^u motive or /imulus1 & p]haps x may be expla9$ z some?+ :i* is betwe5 ! two4 ,m>%all ,hall 78,on ! ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em10 #bic sq47 expla9s x z a mix$ function1 = x is p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( ! c]ebral 7volunt>y71 & p>tly "u t ( ! sp9al 7non-volunt>y7 n]ves4 ,h[ev]1 we are f9ally oblig$ to numb] x ) ! expressions ( w :i* result f motives4 ,= o!r motives1 i4e41 m]e ideas1 c det]m9e ! w to *eck x or accel]ate x1 &1 z is ! case ) e o!r volunt>y action1 x seems to u t we c\ld give up brea?+ altoge!r & volunt>ily suffocate4 ,& 9 fact we c\ld d s if any o!r motive influ5c$ ! w suffici5tly /rongly to ov]come ! press+ desire = air4 ,accord+ to "s acc\nts ,diog5es actually put an end to 8 life 9 ?is way 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,,vi4 #gf74 ,c]ta9 negroes also are said to h done ?is 7,f4 ,b4 ,osi&] 8,on ,suicide0 #ahac pp4 #agj-ahj74 ,if ?is be true1 x af=ds u a good example ( ! influ5ce ( ab/ract motives1 i4e41 ( ! victory ( di/9ctively rational ov] m]ely animal w4 ,=1 t brea?+ is at lea/ p>tially condition$ by c]ebral activity is %[n by ! fact t ! prim>y cause ( dea? f prussic acid is t x p>alyses ! bra91 & s1 indirectly1 re/ricts ! brea?+2 b if ! brea?+ be artificially ma9ta9$ till ! /upefaction ( ! bra9 has pass$ away1 dea? w n ensue4 ,we may also obs]ve 9 pass+ t brea?+ af=ds u ! mo/ obvi\s example ( ! fact t motives act ) j z mu* necessity z /imuli1 or z causes 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 & _! op]ation c only be neutralis$ by antagoni/ic motives1 z action is neutralis$ by re-action4 ,=1 9 ! case ( brea?+1 ! illusion t we c /op :5 we l is mu* weak] ?an 9 ! case ( o!r movem5ts :i* foll[ ^u motives2 because 9 brea?+ ! motive is v p[]ful1 v ne> to u1 & its satisfaction is v easy1 = ! muscles :i* accompli% x are nev] tir$1 no?+1 z a rule1 ob/ructs x1 & ! :ole process is support$ by ! mo/ invet]ate habit ( ! individual4 ,& yet all motives act ) ! same necessity4 ,! k t necessity is common to movem5ts foll[+ ^u motives1 & ^? foll[+ ^u /imuli1 makes x easi] = u to und]/& t t also :i* takes place 9 our bodily organism 9 accordance ) /imuli & 9 ob$i5ce to law1 is yet1 accord+ to its inn] nature--w1 :i* 9 all its manife/ations1 ?\gh nev] 9 itself1 is subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 t is1 to necessity47#cb7 ,accord+ly1 we %all n re/ cont5t$ ) recognis+ t animals1 bo? 9 _! actions & also 9 _! :ole exi/5ce1 bodily /ructure & organisation1 are manife/ations ( w2 b we %all ext5d to plants also ?is imm$iate k ( ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s :i* is giv5 to u alone4 ,n[ all ! movem5ts ( plants foll[ ^u /imuli2 = ! abs5ce ( k1 & ! movem5t foll[+ ^u motives :i* is condition$ by k1 con/itutes ! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 animals & plants4 ,!re=e1 :at appe>s = ! idea z plant life1 z m]e vegetation1 z bl9dly impell+ =ce1 we %all claim1 accord+ to its inn] nature1 = w1 & recognise x z j t :i* con/itutes ! basis ( our own ph5om5al be+1 z x expresses itself 9 our actions1 & also 9 ! :ole exi/5ce ( our body itself4 ,x only rema9s = u to take ! f9al /ep1 ! ext5sion ( our way ( look+ at ?+s to all ^? =ces :i* act 9 nature 9 accordance ) univ]sal1 un*angeable laws1 9 con=mity ) :i* ! movem5ts ( all ^? bodies take place1 :i* are :olly )\t organs1 & h !re=e no susceptibility = /imuli1 & h no k1 :i* is ! necess>y condition ( motives4 ,?us we mu/ also apply ! key to ! und]/&+ ( ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 :i* ! imm$iate k ( our own exi/5ce alone c give u1 to ^? ph5om5a ( ! unorganis$ _w :i* are mo/ remote f u4 ,& if we consid] !m att5tively1 if we obs]ve ! /rong & unceas+ impulse ) :i* ! wat]s hurry to ! ocean1 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* ! magnet turns ev] to ! nor? pole1 ! read9ess ) :i* iron flies to ! magnet1 ! eag]ness ) :i* ! electric poles seek to be re-unit$1 & :i*1 j l human desire1 is increas$ by ob/acles2 if we see ! cry/al quickly & sudd5ly take =m ) su* wond]ful regul>ity ( con/ruction1 :i* is cle>ly only a p]fectly def9ite & accurately det]m9$ impulse 9 diff]5t directions1 seiz$ & reta9$ by cry/allisation2 if we obs]ve ! *oice ) :i* bodies repel & attract ea* o!r1 comb9e & sep>ate1 :5 !y are set free 9 a fluid /ate1 & emancipat$ f ! bonds ( rigidness2 la/ly1 if we feel directly h[ a burd5 :i* hamp]s our body by its gravitation t[>ds ! e>?1 unceas+ly presses & /ra9s ^u x 9 pursuit ( its "o t5d5cy2 if we obs]ve all ?is1 ,i say1 x w require no great ef=t ( ! imag9ation to recognise1 ev5 at s great a di/ance1 our own nature4 ,t :i* 9 u pursues its ends by ! light ( k2 b "h1 9 ! weake/ ( its manife/ations1 only /rives bl9dly & dumbly 9 a "o-sid$ & un*angeable mann]1 mu/ yet 9 bo? cases come "u ! "n ( w1 z x is ev]y:]e "o & ! same--j z ! fir/ dim light ( dawn mu/ %>e ! "n ( sunlight ) ! rays ( ! full mid-day4 ,= ! "n w d5otes t :i* is ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+ 9 ! _w1 & ! "o k]nel ( e ph5om5on4 ,yet ! remot5ess1 & inde$ ! appe>ance ( absolute diff]5ce betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( unorganis$ nature & ! w :i* we "k z ! inn] reality ( our own be+1 arises *iefly f ! contra/ betwe5 ! completely det]m9$ con=mity to law ( ! "o species ( ph5om5a1 & ! app>5tly unfett]$ fre$om ( ! o!r4 ,= 9 man1 individuality makes itself p[]fully felt4 ,e "o has a "* ( 8 own2 & !re=e ! same motive has n ! same influ5ce ov] all1 & a ?\s& circum/ances :i* exi/ 9 ! wide sph]e ( ! k ( ! individual1 b are unkn[n to o!rs1 modify its effect4 ,!re=e action _c be pr$et]m9$ f ! motive alone1 = ! o!r factor is want+1 ! accurate acqua9tance ) ! individual "*1 & ) ! k :i* accompanies x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ph5om5a ( ! =ces ( nature illu/rate ! opposite extreme4 ,!y act accord+ to univ]sal laws1 )\t v>iation1 )\t individuality 9 accordance ) op5ly manife/ circum/ances1 subject to ! mo/ exact pr$et]m9ation2 & ! same =ce ( nature appe>s 9 its million ph5om5a 9 precisely ! same way4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is po9t & prove ! id5tity ( ! "o indivisible w 9 all its diff]5t ph5om5a1 9 ! weake/ z 9 ! /ronge/1 we mu/ fir/ ( all consid] ! relation ( ! w z ?+-9-itself to its ph5om5a1 t is1 ! relation ( ! _w z w to ! _w z idea2 = ?is w op5 to u ! be/ way to a m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! :ole subject we are consid]+ 9 ?is second book47#cc7 #bd4 ,we h le>nt f ! great ,kant t "t1 space1 & causality1 ) _! entire con/itution1 & ! possibility ( all _! =ms1 are pres5t 9 our consci\sness q indep5d5tly ( ! objects :i* appe> 9 !m1 & :i* con/itute _! cont5t2 or1 9 o!r words1 !y c be arriv$ at j z well if we />t f ! subject z if we />t f ! object4 ,!re=e1 ) equal accuracy1 we may call !m ei!r =ms ( intuition or p]ception ( ! subject1 or qualities ( ! object z object 7) ,kant1 ph5om5on71 i4e41 idea4 ,we may also reg>d ^! =ms z ! irr$ucible b\nd>y betwe5 object & subject4 ,all objects mu/ !re=e exi/ 9 !m1 yet ! subject1 indep5d5tly ( ! ph5om5al object1 possesses & surveys !m completely4 ,b if ! objects appe>+ 9 ^! =ms are n to be empty phantoms1 b are to h a mean+1 !y mu/ ref] to some?+1 mu/ be ! expression ( some?+ :i* is n1 l !mselves1 object1 idea1 a m]ely relative exi/5ce = a subject1 b :i* exi/s )\t su* dep5d5ce ^u some?+ :i* /&s ov] aga9/ x z a condition ( its be+1 & indep5d5t ( ! =ms ( su* a ?+1 i4e41 is n idea1 b a ?+-9-itself4 ,consequ5tly x may at lea/ be ask$3 ,are ^! ideas1 ^! objects1 some?+ m ?an or ap>t f ! fact t !y are ideas1 objects ( ! subject8 ,& :at w\ld !y be 9 ?is s5se8 ,:at is t o!r side ( !m :i* is toto g5]e diff]5t f idea8 ,:at is ! ?+-9-itself8 ,! w1 we h answ]$1 b = ! pres5t ,i set t answ] aside4 ,:atev] ! ?+-9-itself may be1 ,kant is "r 9 8 conclusion t "t1 space1 & causality 7:i* we aft]w>ds f\nd to be =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! g5]al expression ( ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on7 are n its prop]ties1 b come to x only aft]1 & s f> z1 x has become idea4 ,t is1 !y belong only to its ph5om5al exi/5ce1 n to itself4 ,= s9ce ! subject fully und]/&s & con/ructs !m out ( itself1 indep5d5tly ( all object1 !y mu/ be dep5d5t ^u exi/5ce z idea z su*1 n ^u t :i* becomes idea4 ,!y mu/ be ! =m ( ! idea z su*2 b n qualities ( t :i* has assum$ ?is =m4 ,!y mu/ be already giv5 ) ! m]e anti!sis ( subject & object 7n z concepts b z facts71 & consequ5tly !y mu/ be only ! m exact det]m9ation ( ! =m ( k 9 g5]al1 ^: mo/ univ]sal det]m9ation is t anti!sis itself4 ,n[1 t 9 ! ph5om5on1 9 ! object1 :i* is 9 its turn condition$ by "t1 space & causality1 inasmu* z x c only become idea by means ( !m1 namely multiplicity1 ?r\gh co-exi/5ce & succession1 *ange & p]man5ce ?r\gh ! law ( causality1 matt] :i* c only become idea "u ! presupposition ( causality1 & la/ly1 all t becomes idea only by means ( ^!1--all ?is1 ,i say1 z a :ole1 does n 9 reality belong to t :i* appe>s1 to t :i* has pass$ into ! =m ( idea1 b belongs m]ely to ?is =m itself4 ,& conv]sely1 t 9 ! ph5om5on :i* is n condition$ ?r\gh "t1 space & causality1 & :i* _c be ref]r$ to !m1 nor expla9$ 9 accordance ) !m1 is precisely t 9 :i* ! ?+ manife/$1 ! ?+-9-itself1 directly reveals itself4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! mo/ complete capacity = be+ kn[n1 t is to say1 ! greate/ cle>ness1 di/9ctness1 & susceptibility ( exhau/ive explanation1 w necess>ily belong to t :i* p]ta9s to k z su*1 & ?us to ! =m ( k2 b n to t :i* 9 itself is n idea1 n object1 b :i* has become k only ?r\gh ent]+ ^! =ms2 9 o!r words1 has become idea1 object4 ,?us only t :i* dep5ds entirely ^u be+ an object ( k1 ^u exi/+ z idea 9 g5]al & z su* 7n ^u t :i* becomes kn[n1 & has only become idea71 :i* !re=e belongs )\t di/9ction to ev]y?+ t is kn[n1 & :i*1 on t acc\nt1 is f\nd j z well if we />t f ! subject z if we />t f ! object1--?is alone c af=d u )\t res]ve a suffici5t1 exhau/ive k1 a k :i* is cle> to ! v f\ndation4 ,b ?is consi/s ( no?+ b ^? =ms ( all ph5om5a ( :i* we are consci\s a priori1 & :i* may be g5]ally express$ z ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[1 ! =ms ( ?is pr9ciple :i* occur 9 k ( p]ception 7) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$7 are "t1 space1 & causality4 ,! :ole ( pure ma!matics & pure natural sci5ce a priori is bas$ entirely ^u ^!4 ,!re=e x is only 9 ^! sci5ces t k f9ds no obscurity1 does n re/ ^u :at is incompreh5sible 7gr\ndless1 i4e41 w71 ^u :at _c be fur!r d$uc$4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,kant want$1 z we h said1 to apply ! "n sci5ce specially & ev5 exclusively to ^! bran*es ( k toge!r ) logic4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! bran*es ( k %[ u no?+ m ?an m]e connections1 relations ( "o idea to ano!r1 =m devoid ( all cont5t4 ,all cont5t :i* !y receive1 e ph5om5on :i* fills ^! =ms1 conta9s some?+ :i* is no long] completely kn[able 9 its :ole nature1 some?+ :i* c no long] be entirely expla9$ ?r\gh some?+ else1 some?+ !n :i* is gr\ndless1 ?r\gh :i* consequ5tly ! k loses its evid5ce & ceases to be completely lucid4 ,?is t )holds itself f inve/igation1 h[ev]1 is ! ?+-9-itself1 is t :i* is ess5tially n idea1 n object ( k1 b has only become kn[able by ent]+ t =m4 ,! =m is orig9ally =eign to x1 & ! ?+-9-itself c nev] become entirely "o ) x1 c nev] be ref]r$ to m]e =m1 &1 s9ce ?is =m is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 c nev] be completely expla9$4 ,if !re=e all ma!matics af=ds u an exhau/ive k ( t :i* 9 ! ph5om5a is quantity1 position1 numb]1 9 a ^w1 spatial & temporal relations2 if all etiology gives u a complete acc\nt ( ! regul> conditions "u :i* ph5om5a1 ) all _! det]m9ations1 appe> 9 "t & space1 b1 ) x all1 tea*es u no?+ m ?an :y 9 ea* case ?is p>ticul> ph5om5on mu/ appe> j at ?is "t "h1 & at ?is place n[2 x is cle> t ) _! assi/ance we c nev] p5etrate to ! inn] nature ( ?+s4 ,!re always rema9s some?+ :i* no explanation c v5ture to attack1 b :i* x always presupposes2 ! =ces ( nature1 ! def9ite mode ( op]ation ( ?+s1 ! quality & "* ( e ph5om5on1 t :i* is )\t gr\nd1 t :i* does n dep5d ^u ! =m ( ! ph5om5al1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b is some?+ to :i* ?is =m 9 itself is =eign1 some?+ :i* has yet ent]$ ?is =m1 & n[ appe>s accord+ to its law1 a law1 h[ev]1 :i* only det]m9es ! appe>ance1 n t :i* appe>s1 only ! h[1 n ! :at1 only ! =m1 n ! cont5t4 ,me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry tea* ! rules & laws accord+ to :i* ! =ces ( imp5etrability1 gravitation1 rigidity1 fluidity1 cohesion1 ela/icity1 heat1 light1 aff9ity1 magnetism1 electricity1 c41 op]ate2 t is to say1 ! law1 ! rule :i* ^! =ces obs]ve :5ev] !y ent] "t & space4 ,b d :at we w1 ! =ces !mselves rema9 qualitates occult4 ,= x is j ! ?+-9-itself1 :i*1 because x is manife/$1 exhibits ^! ph5om5a1 :i* are entirely diff]5t f itself4 ,9 its manife/ation1 inde$1 x is completely subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z ! =m ( ! idea1 b x c nev] itself be ref]r$ to ?is =m1 & !re=e _c be fully expla9$ etiologically1 c nev] be completely fa?om$4 ,x is c]ta9ly p]fectly compreh5sible s f> z x has assum$ t =m1 t is1 s f> z x is ph5om5on1 b its inn] nature is n 9 ! lea/ expla9$ by ! fact t x c ?us be compreh5d$4 ,!re=e ! m necessity any k c>ries ) x1 ! m !re is 9 x ( t :i* _c be o!rwise ?\ght or pres5t$ 9 p]ception--z1 = example1 space-relations--! cle>] & m suffic+ !n x is1 ! less pure objective cont5t x has1 or ! less reality1 prop]ly s call$1 is giv5 9 x4 ,& conv]sely1 ! m !re is 9 x :i* mu/ be conceiv$ z m]e *ance1 & ! m x impresses u z giv5 m]ely empirically1 ! m prop] objectivity & true reality is !re 9 su* k1 & at ! same "t1 ! m t is inexplicable1 t is1 t _c be d$uc$ f any?+ else4 ,x is true t at all times an etiology1 unm9dful ( its real aim1 has /riv5 to r$uce all organis$ life to *emism or electricity2 all *emism1 t is to say quality1 aga9 to me*anism 7action det]m9$ by ! %ape ( ! atom71 ?is aga9 sometimes to ! object ( phoronomy1 i4e41 ! comb9ation ( "t & space1 :i* makes motion possible1 sometimes to ! object ( m]e geometry1 i4e41 position 9 space 7mu* 9 ! same way z we rightly d$uce ! dim9ution ( an effect f ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & ! !ory ( ! lev] 9 a purely geometrical mann]73 geometry may f9ally be r$uc$ to ari?metic1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its "o dim5sion1 is ( all ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! mo/ intelligible1 compreh5sible1 & completely susceptible ( inve/igation4 ,z in/ances ( ! me?od g5]ally indicat$ "h1 we may ref] to ! atoms ( ,democritus1 ! vortex ( ,desc>tes1 ! me*anical physics ( ,lesage1 :i* t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury tri$ to expla9 bo? *emical aff9ities & gravitation me*anically by impact & pressure1 z may be se5 9 detail 9 8,lucrce ,neutoni520 ,reil's =m & comb9ation z ! cause ( animal life1 also t5ds 9 ?is direction4 ,f9ally1 ! crude mat]ialism :i* ev5 n[ 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 s]v$ up aga9 "u ! ignorant delusion t x is orig9al1 belongs di/9ctly to ?is class4 ,x /upidly d5ies vital =ce1 & fir/ ( all tries to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( life f physical & *emical =ces1 & ^? aga9 f ! me*anical effects ( ! matt]1 position1 =m1 & motion ( imag9$ atoms1 & ?us seeks to r$uce all ! =ces ( nature to action & reaction z its ?+-9-itself4 ,accord+ to ?is tea*+1 light is ! me*anical vibration or undulation ( an imag9>y e!r1 po/ulat$ = ?is end4 ,?is e!r1 if x rea*es ! eye1 beats rapidly ^u ! ret9a1 & gives u ! k ( col\r4 ,?us1 = example1 f\r hundr$ & eighty-?ree billion beats 9 a second give r$1 & sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 billion beats 9 a second give violet4 ,^u ?is !ory1 p]sons :o are col\r-bl9d mu/ be ^? :o are unable to c\nt ! beats1 mu/ !y n8 ,su* crass1 me*anical1 clumsy1 & c]ta9ly knotty !ories1 :i* rem9d "o ( ,democritus1 are q wor?y ( ^? :o1 fifty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,goe!'s doctr9e ( col\r1 /ill believe 9 ,newton's homog5e\s light1 & are n a%am$ to say s4 ,!y w f9d t :at is ov]look$ 9 ! *ild 7,democritus7 w n be =giv5 to ! man4 ,!y might inde$1 "s day1 come to an ignom9i\s end2 b !n e "o w\ld sl9k away & pret5d t he nev] _h any?+ to d ) !m4 ,we %all soon h to speak aga9 ( ?is false r$uction ( ! =ces ( nature to ea* o!r2 s mu* = ! pres5t4 ,suppos+ ?is !ory 7 possible1 all w\ld c]ta9ly be expla9$ & e/abli%$ & f9ally r$uc$ to an ari?metical problem1 :i* w\ld !n be ! holie/ ?+ 9 ! temple ( wisdom1 to :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason w\ld at la/ h happily conduct$ u4 ,b all cont5t ( ! ph5om5on w\ld h disappe>$1 & ! m]e =m w\ld rema94 ,! 8:at appe>s0 w\ld be ref]r$ to ! 8h[ x appe>s10 & ?is 8h[0 w\ld be :at is a priori kn[able1 !re=e entirely dep5d5t on ! subject1 !re=e only = ! subject1 !re=e1 la/ly1 m]e phantom1 idea & =m ( idea1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh3 no ?+-9-itself c\ld be dem&$4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ?is 7 possible1 ! :ole _w w\ld be d]iv$ f ! subject1 & 9 fact1 t w\ld be accompli%$ :i* ,fi*te want$ to seem to accompli% by 8 empty bomba/4 ,b x is n possible3 phantasies1 sophisms1 ca/les 9 ! air1 h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ?is way1 b sci5ce nev]4 ,! _m & multif>i\s ph5om5a 9 nature h be5 successfully ref]r$ to p>ticul> orig9al =ces1 & z (t5 z ?is has be5 done1 a real advance has be5 made4 ,sev]al =ces & qualities1 :i* 7 at fir/ reg>d$ z diff]5t1 h be5 d]iv$ f ea* o!r1 & ?us _! numb] has be5 curtail$4 7,= example1 magnetism f electricity47 ,etiology w h rea*$ its goal :5 x has recognis$ & exhibit$ z su* all ! orig9al =ces ( nature1 & e/abli%$ _! mode ( op]ation1 i4e41 ! law accord+ to :i*1 "u ! guidance ( causality1 _! ph5om5a appe> 9 "t & space1 & det]m9e _! position ) reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,b c]ta9 orig9al =ces w always rema9 ov]2 !re w always rema9 z an insoluble residuum a cont5t ( ph5om5a :i* _c be ref]r$ to _! =m1 & ?us _c be expla9$ f some?+ else 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,= 9 ev]y?+ 9 nature !re is some?+ ( :i* no gr\nd c ev] be assign$1 ( :i* no explanation is possible1 & no ult]ior cause is to be s\ght4 ,?is is ! specific nature ( its action1 i4e41 ! nature ( its exi/5ce1 its be+4 ,( ea* p>ticul> effect ( ! ?+ a cause may be c]ta9ly indicat$1 f :i* x foll[s t x mu/ act j at ?is "t & 9 ?is place2 b no cause c ev] be f\nd f :i* x foll[s t a ?+ acts 9 g5]al1 & precisely 9 ! way x does4 ,if x has no o!r qualities1 if x is m]ely a mote 9 a sunbeam1 x yet exhibits ?is unfa?omable some?+1 at lea/ z weight & imp5etrability4 ,b ?is1 ,i say1 is to ! mote :at 8 w is to a man2 &1 l ! human w1 x is1 accord+ to its inn] nature1 n subject to explanation2 nay1 m--x is 9 itself id5tical ) ?is w4 ,x is true t a motive may be giv5 = e manife/ation ( w1 = e act ( w at a p>ticul> "t & 9 a p>ticul> place1 ^u :i* x mu/ necess>ily foll[1 "u ! presupposition ( ! "* ( ! man4 ,b no reason c ev] be giv5 t ! man has ?is "*2 t he wills at all2 t1 ( sev]al motives1 j ?is "o & no o!r1 or inde$ t any motive at all1 moves 8 w4 ,t :i* 9 ! case ( man is ! unfa?omable "* :i* is presuppos$ 9 e explanation ( 8 actions f motives is1 9 ! case ( e unorganis$ body1 its def9itive quality--! mode ( its action1 ! manife/ations ( :i* are occasion$ by impressions f )\t1 :ile x itself1 on ! contr>y1 is det]m9$ by no?+ outside itself1 & ?us is also inexplicable4 ,its p>ticul> manife/ations1 ?r\gh :i* alone x becomes visible1 are subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 x itself is gr\ndless4 ,?is 0 9 sub/ance rightly und]/ood by ! s*oolm51 :o call$ x =ma sub/antialis4 7,cf4 ,su>ez1 ,disput4 ,metaph41 disp4 xv4 sect4 #a47 ,x is a great] & a common] error t ! ph5om5a :i* we be/ und]/& are ^? :i* are ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce1 & :i* are mo/ univ]sal & simple2 =1 on ! contr>y1 ^! are j ! ph5om5a t we are mo/ accu/om$ to see ab\t u1 & to be ignorant (4 ,x is j z inexplicable to u t a /one %\ld fall to ! e>? z t an animal %\ld move itself4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 z we h rem>k$ above1 t1 />t+ f ! mo/ univ]sal =ces ( nature 7gravitation1 cohesion1 imp5etrability71 x 0 possible to expla9 f !m ! r>] =ces1 :i* only op]ate "u a comb9ation ( circum/ances 7= example1 *emical quality1 electricity1 magnetism71 &1 la/ly1 f ^! to und]/& ! organism & ! life ( animals1 & ev5 ! nature ( human kn[+ & will+4 ,m5 resign$ !mselves )\t a ^w to />t+ f m]e qualitates occult1 ! elucidation ( :i* 0 entirely giv5 up1 = !y int5d$ to build ^u !m1 n to inve/igate !m4 ,su* an int5tion _c1 z we h already said1 be c>ri$ out4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 su* /ructures w\ld always /& 9 ! air4 ,:at is ! use ( explanations :i* ultimately ref] u to some?+ :i* is q z unkn[n z ! problem ) :i* we />t$8 ,d we 9 ! end und]/& m ( ! inn] nature ( ^! univ]sal natural =ces ?an ( ! inn] nature ( an animal8 ,is n ! "o z mu* a seal$ book to u z ! o!r8 ,unfa?omable because x is )\t gr\nd1 because x is ! cont5t1 t :i* ! ph5om5on is1 & :i* c nev] be ref]r$ to ! =m1 to ! h[1 to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,b we1 :o h 9 view n etiology b philosophy1 t is1 n relative b uncondition$ k ( ! real nature ( ! _w1 take ! opposite c\rse1 & />t f t :i* is imm$iately & mo/ completely kn[n to u1 & fully & entirely tru/$ by u--t :i* lies ne>e/ to u1 9 ord] to und]/& t :i* is kn[n to u only at a di/ance1 "o-sid$ly & indirectly4 ,f ! mo/ p[]ful1 mo/ significant1 & mo/ di/9ct ph5om5on we seek to arrive at an und]/&+ ( ^? t are less complete & weak]4 ,) ! exception ( my own body1 all ?+s are kn[n to me only on "o side1 t ( ! idea4 ,_! inn] nature rema9s hidd5 f me & a pr(\nd secret1 ev5 if ,i "k all ! causes f :i* _! *anges foll[4 ,only by comp>ison ) t :i* goes on 9 me if my body p]=ms an action :5 ,i am influ5c$ by a motive--only by comp>ison1 ,i say1 ) :at is ! inn] nature ( my own *anges det]m9$ by ext]nal reasons1 c ,i obta9 insight into ! way 9 :i* ^! lifeless bodies *ange "u ! influ5ce ( causes1 & s und]/& :at is _! inn] nature4 ,= ! k ( ! causes ( ! manife/ation ( ?is inn] nature af=ds me m]ely ! rule ( its appe>ance 9 "t & space1 & no?+ m4 ,i c make ?is comp>ison because my body is ! only object ( :i* ,i "k n m]ely ! "o side1 t ( ! idea1 b also ! o!r side :i* is call$ w4 ,?us1 in/ead ( believ+ t ,i w\ld bett] und]/& my own organisation1 & !n my own kn[+ & will+1 & my movem5ts foll[+ ^u motives1 if ,i c\ld only ref] !m to movem5ts due to electrical1 *emical1 & me*anical causes1 ,i mu/1 see+ t ,i seek philosophy & n etiology1 le>n to und]/& f my own movem5ts foll[+ ^u motives ! inn] nature ( ! simple/ & commone/ movem5ts ( an unorganis$ body :i* ,i see foll[+ ^u causes4 ,i mu/ recognise ! inscrutable =ces :i* manife/ !mselves 9 all natural bodies z id5tical 9 k9d ) t :i* 9 me is ! w1 & z diff]+ f x only 9 degree4 ,t is to say1 ! f\r? class ( ideas giv5 9 ! ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason mu/ be ! key to ! k ( ! inn] nature ( ! fir/ class1 & by means ( ! law ( motivation ,i mu/ come to und]/& ! inn] mean+ ( ! law ( causation4 ,sp9oza 7,epi/4 #fb7 says t if a /one :i* has be5 project$ ?r\gh ! air _h consci\sness1 x w\ld believe t x 0 mov+ ( its own w4 ,i add to ?is only t ! /one w\ld be "r4 ,! impulse giv5 x is = ! /one :at ! motive is = me1 & :at 9 ! case ( ! /one appe>s z cohesion1 gravitation1 rigidity1 is 9 its inn] nature ! same z t :i* ,i recognise 9 myself z w1 & :at ! /one also1 if k 7 giv5 to x1 w\ld recognise z w4 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ,sp9oza _h 9 view ! necessity ) :i* ! /one flies1 & he rightly desires to transf] ?is necessity to t ( ! p>ticul> act ( w ( a p]son4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 consid] ! inn] be+1 :i* alone imp>ts mean+ & validity to all real necessity 7i4e41 effect foll[+ ^u a cause7 z its presupposition4 ,9 ! case ( m5 ?is is call$ "*2 9 ! case ( a /one x is call$ quality1 b x is ! same 9 bo?4 ,:5 x is imm$iately kn[n x is call$ w4 ,9 ! /one x has ! weake/1 & 9 man ! /ronge/ degree ( visibility1 ( objectivity4 ,/4 ,augu/9e recognises1 ) a true in/9ct1 ?is id5tity ( ! t5d5cies ( all ?+s ) our own will+1 & ,i _c refra9 f quot+ 8 nave acc\nt ( ! matt]3--8,si pecora essemus1 c>nalem vitam et quod secundum s5sum ejusdem e/ am>emus1 idque esset suffici5s bonum no/rum1 et secundum hoc si esset nobis b5e1 nihil aliud qur]emus4 ,item1 si arbores essemus1 nihil quidem s5ti5tes motu am>e possemus3 v]umtam5 id quasi appet]e vid]emur1 quo f]acius essemus1 ub]iusque fructuos4 ,si essemus lapides1 aut fluctus1 aut v5tus1 aut flamma1 vel quid ejusmodi1 s9e ullo quidem s5su atque vita1 non tam5 nobis deesset quasi quidam no/rorum locorum atque ord9is appetitus4 ,nam velut amores corporum mom5ta sunt pond]um1 sive deorsum gravitate1 sive sursum levitate nitantur3 ita enim corpus pond]e1 sicut animus amore f]tur quocunque f]tur0 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xi4 #bh74 ,x ought fur!r to be m5tion$ t ,eul] saw t ! inn] nature ( gravitation mu/ ultimately be ref]r$ to an 8incl9ation & desire0 7?us w7 peculi> to mat]ial bodies 79 ! #fh? lett] to ! ,pr9cess74 ,inde$1 x is j ?is t makes him av]se to ! conception ( gravitation z x exi/$ = ,newton1 & he is incl9$ to try a modification ( x 9 accordance ) ! e>li] ,c>tesian !ory1 & s to d]ive gravitation f ! impact ( an e!r ^u ! bodies1 z be+ 8m rational & m suitable = p]sons :o l cle> & intelligible pr9ciples40 ,he wi%es to bani% attraction f physics z a qualitas occulta4 ,?is is only 9 keep+ ) ! dead view ( nature :i* prevail$ at ,eul]'s "t z ! correlative ( ! immat]ial s\l4 ,x is only wor? notic+ because ( its be>+ ^u ! fundam5tal tru? e/abli%$ by me1 :i* ev5 at t "t ?is f9e intellect saw glimm]+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,he ha/5$ to turn 9 "t1 & !n1 9 8 anxiety at see+ all ! preval5t fundam5tal views endang]$1 he s\ght safety 9 ! old & already explod$ absurdities4 ,we "k t multiplicity 9 g5]al is necess>ily condition$ by space & "t1 & is only ?9kable 9 !m4 ,9 ?is respect !y are call$ ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,b we h f\nd t space & "t are =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,9 ?is pr9ciple all our k a priori is express$1 b1 z we %[$ above1 ?is a priori k1 z su*1 only applies to ! kn[abl5ess ( ?+s1 n to ! ?+s !mselves1 i4e41 x is only our =m ( k1 x is n a prop]ty ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,! ?+-9-itself is1 z su*1 free f all =ms ( k1 ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal1 t ( be+ an object = ! subject4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?+-9-itself is some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f ! idea4 ,if1 n[1 ?is ?+-9-itself is ! w1 z ,i believe ,i h fully & conv9c+ly prov$ x to be1 !n1 reg>d$ z su* & ap>t f its manife/ation1 x lies outside "t & space1 & !re=e kn[s no multiplicity1 & is consequ5tly "o4 ,yet1 z ,i h said1 x is n "o 9 ! s5se 9 :i* an individual or a concept is "o1 b z some?+ to :i* ! condition ( ! possibility ( multiplicity1 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 is =eign4 ,! multiplicity ( ?+s 9 space & "t1 :i* collectively con/itute ! objectification ( w1 does n affect ! w itself1 :i* rema9s indivisible not)/&+ x4 ,x is n ! case t1 9 "s way or o!r1 a small] "p ( w is 9 ! /one & a l>g] "p 9 ! man1 = ! relation ( "p & :ole belongs exclusively to space1 & has no long] any mean+ :5 we g beyond ?is =m ( intuition or p]ception4 ,! m & ! less h application only to ! ph5om5on ( w1 t is1 its visibility1 its objectification4 ,( ?is !re is a high] grade 9 ! plant ?an 9 ! /one2 9 ! animal a high] grade ?an 9 ! plant3 inde$1 ! passage ( w into visibility1 its objectification1 has grades z innum]able z exi/ betwe5 ! dimme/ twilight & ! brighte/ sun%9e1 ! l\de/ s\nd & ! fa9te/ e*o4 ,we %all return lat] to ! consid]ation ( ^! grades ( visibility :i* belong to ! objectification ( ! w1 to ! reflection ( its nature4 ,b z ! grades ( its objectification d n directly conc]n ! w itself1 /ill less is x conc]n$ by ! multiplicity ( ! ph5om5a ( ^! diff]5t grades1 i4e41 ! multitude ( individuals ( ea* =m1 or ! p>ticul> manife/ations ( ea* =ce4 ,= ?is multiplicity is directly condition$ by "t & space1 into :i* ! w itself nev] ent]s4 ,! w reveals itself z completely & z mu* 9 "o oak z 9 millions4 ,_! numb] & multiplication 9 space & "t has no mean+ ) reg>d to x1 b only ) reg>d to ! multiplicity ( individuals :o "k 9 space & "t1 & :o are !mselves multipli$ & disp]s$ 9 ^!4 ,! multiplicity ( ^! individuals itself belongs n to ! w1 b only to its manife/ation4 ,we may !re=e say t if1 p] impossibile1 a s+le real exi/5ce1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 7 to be entirely annihilat$1 ! :ole _w w\ld necess>ily p]i% ) x4 ,! great my/ic ,angelus ,silesius feels ?is :5 he says-- 8,i "k ,god _c live an in/ant )\t me1 ,he mu/ give up ! gho/ if ,i %\ld cease to be40 ,m5 h tri$ 9 v>i\s ways to br+ ! immeasurable greatness ( ! mat]ial univ]se ne>] to ! compreh5sion ( u all1 & !n !y h seiz$ ! opportunity to make edify+ rem>ks4 ,!y h ref]r$ p]haps to ! relative smallness ( ! e>?1 & inde$ ( man2 or1 on ! contr>y1 !y h po9t$ out ! greatness ( ! m9d ( ?is man :o is s insignificant--! m9d t c solve1 compreh5d1 & ev5 measure ! greatness ( ! univ]se1 & s =?4 ,n[1 all ?is is v well1 b to me1 :5 ,i consid] ! va/ness ( ! _w1 ! mo/ important po9t is ?is1 t ! ?+-9-itself1 ^: manife/ation is ! _w--:atev] else x may be--_c h its true self spread out & disp]s$ aft] ?is fa%ion 9 b\ndless space1 b t ?is endless ext5sion belongs only to its manife/ation4 ,! ?+-9-itself1 on ! contr>y1 is pres5t entire & undivid$ 9 e object ( nature & 9 e liv+ be+4 ,!re=e we lose no?+ by /&+ /ill beside any s+le individual ?+1 & true wisdom is n to be ga9$ by measur+ out ! b\ndless _w1 or1 :at w\ld be m to ! purpose1 by actually trav]s+ endless space4 ,x is r to be atta9$ by ! ?or\gh inve/igation ( any individual ?+1 = ?us we seek to arrive at a full k & und]/&+ ( its true & peculi> nature4 ,! subject :i* w !re=e be fully consid]$ 9 ! next book1 & :i* has1 d\btless1 already pres5t$ itself to ! m9d ( e /ud5t ( ,plato1 is1 t ^! diff]5t grades ( ! objectification ( w :i* are manife/$ 9 innum]able individuals1 & exi/ z _! unatta9$ types or z ! et]nal =ms ( ?+s1 n ent]+ !mselves into "t & space1 :i* are ! m$ium ( individual ?+s1 b rema9+ fix$1 subject to no *ange1 always be+1 nev] becom+1 :ile ! p>ticul> ?+s arise & pass away1 always become & nev] are1--t ^! grades ( ! objectification ( w are1 ,i say1 simply ,plato's ,ideas4 ,i make ?is pass+ ref]5ce to ! matt] "h 9 ord] t ,i may be able 9 future to use ! ^w ,idea 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 my writ+s1 !re=e1 ! ^w is always to be und]/ood 9 its true & orig9al mean+ giv5 to x by ,plato1 & has absolutely no ref]5ce to ^? ab/ract productions ( dogmatis+ s*ola/ic reason1 :i* ,kant has inaptly & illegitimately us$ ?is ^w to d5ote1 ?\gh ,plato _h already appropriat$ & us$ x mo/ fitly4 ,by ,idea1 !n1 ,i und]/& e def9ite & fix$ grade ( ! objectification ( w1 s f> z x is ?+-9-itself1 & !re=e has no multiplicity4 ,^! grades are relat$ to individual ?+s z _! et]nal =ms or prototypes4 ,! %orte/ & mo/ concise /atem5t ( ?is fam\s ,platonic doctr9e is giv5 u by ,diog5es ,la]tes 7iii4 #ab73 8 1 1 1 1 0--78,plato ideas 9 natura velut exempl>ia dixit subsi/]e2 cet]a 8 esse similia1 ad i/>um similitud9em consi/5tia074 ,( ,kant's misuse ( ! ^w ,i take no fur!r notice2 :at x is ne$ful to say ab\t x w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix4 #bf4 ,! l[e/ grades ( ! objectification ( w are to be f\nd 9 ^? mo/ univ]sal =ces ( nature :i* p>tly appe> 9 all matt] )\t exception1 z gravity & imp5etrability1 & p>tly h %>$ ! giv5 matt] among !m1 s t c]ta9 ( !m reign 9 "o species ( matt] & o!rs 9 ano!r species1 con/itut+ its specific diff]5ce1 z rigidity1 fluidity1 ela/icity1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical prop]ties & qualities ( e k9d4 ,!y are 9 !mselves imm$iate manife/ations ( w1 j z mu* z human action2 & z su* !y are gr\ndless1 l human "*4 ,only _! p>ticul> manife/ations are subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 l ! p>ticul> actions ( m54 ,!y !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 c nev] be call$ ei!r effect or cause1 b are ! prior & presuppos$ conditions ( all causes & effects ?r\gh :i* _! real nature unfolds & reveals itself4 ,x is !re=e s5seless to dem& a cause ( gravity or electricity1 = !y are orig9al =ces4 ,_! expressions1 inde$1 take place 9 accordance ) ! law ( cause & effect1 s t e "o ( _! p>ticul> manife/ations has a cause1 :i* is itself aga9 j a simil> p>ticul> manife/ation :i* det]m9es t ?is =ce mu/ express itself "h1 mu/ appe> 9 space & "t2 b ! =ce itself is by no means ! effect ( a cause1 nor ! cause ( an effect4 ,x is !re=e a mi/ake to say 8gravity is ! cause ( a /one fall+20 = ! cause 9 ?is case is r ! ne>ness ( ! e>?1 because x attracts ! /one4 ,take ! e>? away & ! /one w n fall1 al?\gh gravity rema9s4 ,! =ce itself lies q outside ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 :i* presupposes "t1 because x only has mean+ 9 relation to x2 b ! =ce lies outside "t4 ,! individual *ange always has = its cause ano!r *ange j z individual z itself1 & n ! =ce ( :i* x is ! expression4 ,= t :i* always gives its effici5cy to a cause1 h[ev] _m times x may appe>1 is a =ce ( nature4 ,z su*1 x is gr\ndless1 i4e41 x lies outside ! *a9 ( causes & outside ! prov9ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 g5]al1 & is philosophically kn[n z ! imm$iate objectivity ( w1 :i* is ! 89-itself0 ( ! :ole ( nature2 b 9 etiology1 :i* 9 ?is ref]5ce is physics1 x is set d[n z an orig9al =ce1 i4e41 a qualitas occulta4 ,9 ! high] grades ( ! objectivity ( w we see individuality occupy a prom95t position1 especially 9 ! case ( man1 :]e x appe>s z ! great diff]5ce ( individual *>act]s1 i4e41 z complete p]sonality1 outw>dly express$ 9 /rongly m>k$ individual physiognomy1 :i* influ5ces ! :ole bodily =m4 ,none ( ! brutes h ?is individuality 9 any?+ l s high a degree1 ?\gh ! high] species ( !m h a trace ( x2 b ! "* ( ! species completely pr$om9ates ov] x1 & !re=e !y h little individual physiognomy4 ,! f>!r d[n we g1 ! m completely is e trace ( ! individual "* lo/ 9 ! common "* ( ! species1 & ! physiognomy ( ! species alone rema9s4 ,we "k ! physiological "* ( ! species1 & f t we "k exactly :at is to be expect$ f ! individual2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! human species e individual has to be /udi$ & fa?om$ = himself1 :i*1 if we wi% to =eca/ 8 action ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty1 is1 on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( concealm5t t fir/ appe>s ) reason1 a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty4 ,x is probably connect$ ) ?is diff]5ce ( ! human species f all o!rs1 t ! folds & convolutions ( ! bra91 :i* are entirely want+ 9 birds1 & v weakly m>k$ 9 rod5ts1 are ev5 9 ! case ( ! high] animals f> m symmetrical on bo? sides1 & m con/antly ! same 9 ea* individual1 ?an 9 ! case ( human be+s47#cd7 ,x is fur!r to be reg>d$ z a ph5om5on ( ?is peculi> individual "* :i* di/+ui%es m5 f all ! l[] animals1 t 9 ! case ( ! brutes ! sexual in/9ct seeks its satisfaction )\t obs]vable *oice ( objects1 :ile 9 ! case ( man ?is *oice is1 9 a purely in/9ctive mann] & indep5d5t ( all reflection1 c>ri$ s f> t x rises into a p[]ful passion4 ,:ile !n e man is to be reg>d$ z a specially det]m9$ & *>act]is$ ph5om5on ( w1 & inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t z a special ,idea1 9 ! case ( ! brutes ?is individual "* z a :ole is want+1 because only ! species has a special significance4 ,& ! f>!r we g f man1 ! fa9t] becomes ! trace ( ?is individual "*1 s t plants h no individual qualities left1 except su* z may be fully expla9$ f ! fav\rable or unfav\rable ext]nal influ5ces ( soil1 climate1 & o!r accid5ts4 ,f9ally1 9 ! inorganic k+dom ( nature all individuality disappe>s4 ,! cry/al alone is to be reg>d$ z to a c]ta9 ext5t individual4 ,x is a unity ( ! t5d5cy 9 def9ite directions1 fix$ by cry/allisation1 :i* makes ! trace ( ?is t5d5cy p]man5t4 ,x is at ! same "t a cumulative repetition ( its primitive =m1 b\nd into unity by an idea1 j z ! tree is an aggregate ( ! s+le g]m9at+ fibre :i* %[s itself 9 e rib ( ! leaves1 9 e leaf1 9 e bran*2 :i* repeats itself1 & to "s ext5t makes ea* ( ^! appe> z a sep>ate gr[?1 n\ri%+ itself f ! great] z a p>asite1 s t ! tree1 resembl+ ! cry/al1 is a sy/ematic aggregate ( small plants1 al?\gh only ! :ole is ! complete expression ( an individual ,idea1 i4e41 ( ?is p>ticul> grade ( ! objectification ( w4 ,b ! individuals ( ! same species ( cry/al c h no o!r diff]5ce ?an su* z is produc$ by ext]nal accid5ts2 inde$ we c make at pleasure l>ge or small cry/als ( e species4 ,! individual1 h[ev]1 z su*1 t is1 ) traces ( an individual "*1 does n exi/ fur!r 9 unorganis$ nature4 ,all its ph5om5a are expressions ( g5]al =ces ( nature1 i4e41 ( ^? grades ( ! objectification ( w :i* d n objectify !mselves 7z is ! case 9 organis$ nature71 by means ( ! diff]5ce ( ! individualities :i* collectively express ! :ole ( ! ,idea1 b %[ !mselves only 9 ! species1 & z a :ole1 )\t any v>iation 9 ea* p>ticul> example ( x4 ,"t1 space1 multiplicity1 & exi/5ce condition$ by causes1 d n belong to ! w or to ! ,idea 7! grade ( ! objectification ( w71 b only to _! p>ticul> ph5om5a4 ,!re=e su* a =ce ( nature z1 = example1 gravity or electricity1 mu/ %[ itself z su* 9 precisely ! same way 9 all its million ph5om5a1 & only ext]nal circum/ances c modify ^!4 ,?is unity ( its be+ 9 all its ph5om5a1 ?is un*angeable con/ancy ( ! appe>ance ( ^!1 :5ev]1 "u ! guidance ( causality1 ! necess>y conditions are pres5t1 is call$ a law ( nature4 ,if su* a law is once le>n$ f exp]i5ce1 !n ! ph5om5on ( t =ce ( nature1 ! "* ( :i* is express$ & laid d[n 9 x1 may be accurately =eca/ & c\nt$ ^u4 ,b x is j ?is con=mity to law ( ! ph5om5a ( ! l[] grades ( ! objectification ( w :i* gives !m su* a diff]5t aspect f ! ph5om5a ( ! same w 9 ! high]1 i4e41 ! m di/9ct1 grades ( its objectification1 9 animals1 & 9 m5 & _! actions1 :]e ! /rong] or weak] influ5ce ( ! individual "* & ! susceptibility to motives :i* (t5 rema9 hidd5 f ! spectator1 because !y lie 9 k1 has _h ! result t ! id5tity ( ! inn] nature ( ! two k9ds ( ph5om5a has hi!rto be5 entirely ov]look$4 ,if we />t f ! k ( ! p>ticul>1 & n f t ( ! ,idea1 !re is some?+ a/oni%+1 & sometimes ev5 t]rible1 9 ! absolute uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature4 ,x might a/oni% u t nature nev] once =gets h] laws2 t if1 = example1 x has once be5 accord+ to a law ( nature t :]e c]ta9 mat]ials are br\ght toge!r "u giv5 conditions1 a *emical comb9ation w take place1 or gas w be evolv$1 or !y w g on fire2 if ^! conditions are fulfill$1 :e!r by our int]position or entirely by *ance 7& 9 ?is case ! accuracy is ! m a/oni%+ because unexpect$71 to-day j z well z a ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! det]m9$ ph5om5on w take place at once & )\t delay4 ,we are mo/ vividly impress$ ) ! m>vell\sness ( ?is fact 9 ! case ( r>e ph5om5a1 :i* only occur "u v complex circum/ances1 b :i* we are previ\sly in=m$ w take place if ^! conditions are fulfill$4 ,= example1 :5 we are told t if c]ta9 metals1 :5 arrang$ alt]nately 9 fluid ) :i* an acid has be5 mix$1 are br\ght into contact1 silv] leaf br\ght betwe5 ! extremities ( ?is comb9ation w sudd5ly be consum$ 9 a gre5 flame2 or t "u c]ta9 conditions ! h>d diamond turns into c>bonic acid4 ,x is ! gho/ly omnipres5ce ( natural =ces t a/oni%es u 9 su* cases1 & we rem>k "h :at 9 ! case ( ph5om5a :i* happ5 daily no long] /rikes u1 h[ ! connection betwe5 cause & effect is really z my/]i\s z t :i* is imag9$ betwe5 a magic =mula & a _s t mu/ appe> :5 invok$ by x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we h atta9$ to ! philosophical k t a =ce ( nature is a def9ite grade ( ! objectification ( w1 t is to say1 a def9ite grade ( t :i* we recognise z our own inmo/ nature1 & t ?is w1 9 itself1 & di/+ui%$ f its ph5om5a & _! =ms1 lies outside "t & space1 & t1 !re=e1 ! multiplicity1 :i* is condition$ by "t & space1 does n belong to x1 nor directly to ! grade ( its objectification1 i4e41 ! ,idea1 b only to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,idea2 & if we rememb] t ! law ( causality has significance only 9 relation to "t & space1 inasmu* z x det]m9es ! position ( ! multitude ( ph5om5a ( ! diff]5t ,ideas 9 :i* ! w reveals itself1 gov]n+ ! ord] 9 :i* !y mu/ appe>2 if1 ,i say1 9 ?is k ! inn] mean+ ( ! great doctr9e ( ,kant has be5 fully grasp$1 ! doctr9e t "t1 space1 & causality d n belong to ! ?+-9-itself1 b m]ely to ! ph5om5on1 t !y are only ! =ms ( our k1 n qualities ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 !n we %all und]/& t ?is a/oni%m5t at ! con=mity to law & accurate op]ation ( a =ce ( nature1 ?is a/oni%m5t at ! complete sam5ess ( all its million ph5om5a & ! infallibility ( _! occurr5ce1 is really l t ( a *ild or a savage :o looks = ! fir/ "t ?r\gh a glass ) _m facets at a fl[]1 & m>vels at ! complete simil>ity ( ! innum]able fl[]s :i* he sees1 & c\nts ! leaves ( ea* ( !m sep>ately4 ,?us e univ]sal1 orig9al =ce ( nature is no?+ b a l[ grade ( ! objectification ( w1 & we call e su* grade an et]nal ,idea 9 ,plato's s5se4 ,b a law ( nature is ! relation ( ! ,idea to ! =m ( its manife/ation4 ,?is =m is "t1 space1 & causality1 :i* are necess>ily & insep>ably connect$ & relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,?r\gh "t & space ! ,idea multiplies itself 9 innum]able ph5om5a1 b ! ord] accord+ to :i* x ent]s ^! =ms ( multiplicity is def9itely det]m9$ by ! law ( causality2 ?is law is z x 7 ! norm ( ! limit ( ^! ph5om5a ( diff]5t ,ideas1 9 accordance ) :i* "t1 space1 & matt] are assign$ to !m4 ,?is norm is !re=e necess>ily relat$ to ! id5tity ( ! aggregate ( exi/+ matt]1 :i* is ! common sub/ratum ( all ^? diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,if all ^! 7 n direct$ to t common matt] 9 ! possession ( :i* !y mu/ be divid$1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = su* a law to decide _! claims4 ,!y might all at once & toge!r fill a b\ndless space ?r\gh\t an endless "t4 ,!re=e1 because all ^! ph5om5a ( ! et]nal ,ideas are direct$ to "o & ! same matt]1 mu/ !re be a rule = _! appe>ance & disappe>ance2 = if !re 7 n1 !y w\ld n make way = ea* o!r4 ,?us ! law ( causality is ess5tially b\nd up ) t ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance2 !y reciprocally d]ive significance f ea* o!r4 ,"t & space1 aga91 are relat$ to !m 9 ! same way4 ,= "t is m]ely ! possibility ( conflict+ /ates ( ! same matt]1 & space is m]ely ! possibility ( ! p]man5ce ( ! same matt] "u all sorts ( conflict+ /ates4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! prec$+ book we expla9$ matt] z ! union ( space & "t1 & ?is union %[s itself z *ange ( ! accid5ts 9 ! p]man5ce ( ! sub/ance1 ( :i* causality or becom+ is ! univ]sal possibility4 ,& accord+ly1 we said t matt] is ?r\gh & ?r\gh causality4 ,we expla9$ ! und]/&+ z ! subjective correlative ( causality1 & said matt] 7& ?us ! :ole _w z idea7 exi/s only = ! und]/&+2 ! und]/&+ is its condition1 its support] z its necess>y correlative4 ,i repeat all ?is 9 pass+1 m]ely to call to m9d :at 0 demon/rat$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 = x is necess>y = ! complete und]/&+ ( ^! two books t _! inn] agreem5t %\ld be obs]v$1 s9ce :at is insep>ably unit$ 9 ! actual _w z its two sides1 w & idea1 has1 9 ord] t we might und]/& ea* ( !m m cle>ly 9 isolation1 be5 dissev]$ 9 ^! two books4 ,x may n p]haps be sup]flu\s to elucidate fur!r by an example h[ ! law ( causality has mean+ only 9 relation to "t & space1 & ! matt] :i* consi/s 9 ! union ( ! two4 ,= x det]m9es ! limits 9 accordance ) :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! =ces ( nature divide !mselves 9 ! possession ( matt]1 :ile ! orig9al =ces ( nature1 z ! imm$iate objectification ( w1 :i*1 z a ?+ 9 itself1 is n subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 lie outside ^! =ms1 )9 :i* alone all etiological explanation has validity & mean+1 & j on t acc\nt c nev] lead u to ! inn] reality ( nature4 ,= ?is purpose let u ?9k ( "s k9d ( ma*9e con/ruct$ accord+ to ! laws ( me*anics4 ,iron weights beg9 ! motion by _! gravity2 copp] :eels resi/ by _! rigidity1 affect & raise ea* o!r & ! lev] by _! imp5etrability1 & s on4 ,"h gravity1 rigidity1 & imp5etrability are orig9al unexpla9$ =ces2 me*anics only gives u ! condition "u :i*1 & ! mann] 9 :i*1 !y manife/ !mselves1 appe>1 & gov]n a def9ite matt]1 "t1 & place4 ,if1 n[1 a /rong magnet is made to attract ! iron ( ! weight1 & ov]come its gravity1 ! movem5t ( ! ma*9e /ops1 & ! matt] becomes =?) ! sc5e ( q a diff]5t =ce ( nature--magnetism1 ( :i* etiology aga9 gives no fur!r explanation ?an ! condition "u :i* x appe>s4 ,or let u suppose t ! copp] discs ( su* a ma*9e are laid ^u z9c plates1 & an acid solution introduc$ betwe5 !m4 ,at once ! same matt] ( ! ma*9e has become subject to ano!r orig9al =ce1 galvanism1 :i* n[ gov]ns x accord+ to its own laws1 & reveals itself 9 x ?r\gh its ph5om5a2 & etiology c aga9 tell u no?+ ab\t ?is =ce except ! conditions "u :i*1 & ! laws 9 accordance ) :i*1 x manife/s itself4 ,let u n[ raise ! temp]ature & add pure acid2 ! :ole ma*9e burns2 t is to say1 once m an entirely diff]5t =ce ( nature1 *emical en]gy1 ass]ts at ?is "t & 9 ?is place irresi/ible claims to ?is p>ticul> matt]1 & reveals itself 9 x z ,idea1 z a def9ite grade ( ! objectification ( w4 ,! calc9$ metal ?us produc$ n[ unites ) an acid1 & a salt is obta9$ :i* =ms itself into cry/als4 ,^! are ! ph5om5a ( ano!r ,idea1 :i* 9 itself is aga9 q inexplicable1 :ile ! appe>ance ( its ph5om5a is dep5d5t ^u c]ta9 conditions :i* etiology c give u4 ,! cry/als dissolve1 mix ) o!r mat]ials1 & vegetation spr+s up f !m--a new ph5om5on ( w3 & s ! same p]man5t matt] may be foll[$ ad inf9itum1 to obs]ve h[ n[ ?is & n[ t natural =ce obta9s a "r to x & tempor>ily takes possession ( x1 9 ord] to appe> & reveal its own nature4 ,! condition ( ?is "r1 ! po9t ( "t & space at :i* x becomes valid1 is giv5 by causality1 b ! explanation f\nd$ ^u ?is law only ext5ds ?us f>4 ,! =ce itself is a manife/ation ( w1 & z su* is n subject to ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 t is1 x is gr\ndless4 ,x lies outside all "t1 is omnipres5t1 & seems z x 7 to wait con/antly till ! circum/ances occur "u :i* x c appe> & take possession ( a def9ite matt]1 supplant+ ! =ces :i* h reign$ 9 x till !n4 ,all "t exi/s only = ! ph5om5a ( su* a =ce1 & is )\t significance = ! =ce itself4 ,?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s *emical =ces slumb] 9 matt] till ! contact ) ! reag5ts sets !m free2 !n !y appe>2 b "t exi/s only = ! ph5om5a1 n = ! =ces !mselves4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s galvanism slumb]$ 9 copp] & z9c1 & !y lay quietly beside silv]1 :i* mu/ be consum$ 9 flame z soon z all ?ree are br\ght toge!r "u ! requir$ conditions4 ,ev5 9 ! organic k+dom we see a dry se$ pres]ve ! slumb]+ =ce ?r\gh ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & :5 at la/ ! fav\rable circum/ances occur1 gr[ up z a plant47#ce7 ,if by ?is exposition ! diff]5ce betwe5 a =ce ( nature & all its ph5om5a has be5 made q di/9ct2 if we h se5 cle>ly t ! =m] is ! w itself at ?is p>ticul> grade ( its objectification1 b t multiplicity comes to ph5om5a only ?r\gh "t & space1 & t ! law ( causality is no?+ b ! det]m9ation ( ! position ( ^! ph5om5a 9 "t & space2 !n we %all recognise ! complete tru? & ! deep mean+ ( ,malebran*e's doctr9e ( occasional causes 7causes occasionelles74 ,x is well wor? :ile comp>+ ?is doctr9e ( 81 z he expla9s x 9 ! 8,re*]*es de la ,vrite10 bo? 9 ! #crd ,*apt] ( ! second "p ( ! #f? ,book1 & 9 ! claircissem5ts app5d$ to ?is *apt]1 ) ?is exposition ( m9e1 & obs]v+ ! complete agreem5t ( ! two doctr9es 9 ! case ( su* diff]5t sy/ems ( ?\ght4 ,inde$ ,i _c help admir+ h[ ,malebran*e1 ?\gh ?or\ghly involv$ 9 ! positive dogmas :i* 8 age inevitably =c$ ^u him1 yet1 9 su* bonds & "u su* a burd51 hit ! tru? s happily1 s correctly1 & ev5 knew h[ to comb9e x ) ^! dogmas1 at all ev5ts v]bally4 ,= ! p[] ( tru? is incr$ibly great & ( unspeakable endurance4 ,we f9d con/ant traces ( x 9 all1 ev5 ! mo/ ecc5tric & absurd dogmas1 ( diff]5t times & diff]5t l&s1--(t5 inde$ 9 /range company1 curi\sly mix$ up ) o!r ?+s1 b /ill recognisable4 ,x is l a plant t g]m9ates "u a heap ( great /ones1 b /ill /ruggles up to ! light1 work+ itself ?r\gh ) _m deviations & w9d+s1 disfigur$1 worn out1 /unt$ 9 its gr[?1--b yet1 to ! light4 ,9 any case ,malebran*e is "r3 e natural cause is only an occasional cause4 ,x only gives opportunity or occasion = ! manife/ation ( ! "o indivisible w :i* is ! 89-itself0 ( all ?+s1 & ^: graduat$ objectification is ! :ole visible _w4 ,only ! appe>ance1 ! becom+ visible1 9 ?is place1 at ?is "t1 is br\ght ab\t by ! cause & is s f> dep5d5t on x1 b n ! :ole ( ! ph5om5on1 nor its inn] nature4 ,?is is ! w itself1 to :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason has n application1 & :i* is !re=e gr\ndless4 ,no?+ 9 ! _w has a suffici5t cause ( its exi/5ce g5]ally1 b only a cause ( exi/5ce j "h & j n[4 ,t a /one exhibits n[ gravity1 n[ rigidity1 n[ electricity1 n[ *emical qualities1 dep5ds ^u causes1 ^u impressions ^u x f )\t1 & is to be expla9$ f ^!4 ,b ^! qualities !mselves1 & ?us ! :ole inn] nature ( ! /one :i* consi/s 9 !m1 & !re=e manife/s itself 9 all ! ways ref]r$ to2 ?us1 9 g5]al1 t ! /one is su* z x is1 t x exi/s g5]ally--all ?is1 ,i say1 has no gr\nd1 b is ! visible appe>ance ( ! gr\ndless w4 ,e cause is ?us an occasional cause4 ,we h f\nd x to be s 9 nature1 :i* is )\t k1 & x is also precisely ! same :5 motives & n causes or /imuli det]m9e ! po9t at :i* ! ph5om5a are to appe>1 t is to say1 9 ! actions ( animals & human be+s4 ,= 9 bo? cases x is "o & ! same w :i* appe>s2 v diff]5t 9 ! grades ( its manife/ation1 multipli$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( ^! grades1 &1 9 respect ( ^!1 subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b 9 itself free f all ?is4 ,motives d n det]m9e ! "* ( man1 b only ! ph5om5a ( 8 "*1 t is1 8 actions2 ! outw>d fa%ion ( 8 life1 n its inn] mean+ & cont5t4 ,^! proce$ f ! "* :i* is ! imm$iate manife/ation ( ! w1 & is !re=e gr\ndless4 ,t "o man is bad & ano!r good1 does n dep5d ^u motives or outw>d influ5ces1 su* z tea*+ & prea*+1 & is 9 ?is s5se q inexplicable4 ,b :e!r a bad man %[s 8 badness 9 petty acts ( inju/ice1 c[>dly tricks1 & l[ knav]y :i* he practises 9 ! n>r[ sph]e ( 8 circum/ances1 or :e!r z a conqu]or he oppresses nations1 ?r[s a _w into lam5tation1 & %$s ! blood ( millions2 ?is is ! outw>d =m ( 8 manife/ation1 t :i* is uness5tial to x1 & dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances 9 :i* fate has plac$ him1 ^u 8 surr\nd+s1 ^u ext]nal influ5ces1 ^u motives2 b 8 decision ^u ^! motives c nev] be expla9$ f !m2 x proce$s f ! w1 ( :i* ?is man is a manife/ation4 ,( ?is we %all speak 9 ! ,f\r? ,book4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! "* discloses its qualities is q analog\s to ! way 9 :i* ^? ( e mat]ial body 9 unconsci\s nature are disclos$4 ,wat] rema9s wat] ) its intr9sic qualities1 :e!r z a /ill lake x reflects its banks1 or leaps 9 foam f ! cliffs1 or1 artificially conf9$1 sp\ts 9 a long jet into ! air4 ,all t dep5ds ^u ext]nal causes2 ! "o =m is z natural to x z ! o!r1 b x w always %[ ! same =m 9 ! same circum/ances2 x is equally ready = any1 b 9 e case true to its "*1 & at all times reveal+ ?is alone4 ,s w e human "* "u all circum/ances reveal itself1 b ! ph5om5a :i* proce$ f x w always be 9 accordance ) ! circum/ances4 #bg4 ,if1 f ! =ego+ consid]ation ( ! =ces ( nature & _! ph5om5a1 we h come to see cle>ly h[ f> an explanation f causes c g1 & :]e x mu/ /op if x is n to deg5]ate into ! va9 attempt to r$uce ! cont5t ( all ph5om5a to _! m]e =m1 9 :i* case !re w\ld ultimately rema9 no?+ b =m1 we %all be able to settle 9 g5]al t]ms :at is to be dem&$ ( etiology z a :ole4 ,x mu/ seek out ! causes ( all ph5om5a 9 nature1 i4e41 ! circum/ances "u :i* !y inv>iably appe>4 ,!n x mu/ ref] ! multitude ( ph5om5a :i* h v>i\s =ms 9 v>i\s circum/ances to :at is active 9 e ph5om5on1 & is presuppos$ 9 ! cause1--orig9al =ces ( nature4 ,x mu/ correctly di/+ui% betwe5 a diff]5ce ( ! ph5om5on :i* arises f a diff]5ce ( ! =ce1 & "o :i* results m]ely f a diff]5ce ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! =ce expresses itself2 & ) equal c>e x mu/ gu>d aga9/ tak+ ! expressions ( "o & ! same =ce "u diff]5t circum/ances = ! manife/ations ( diff]5t =ces1 & conv]sely aga9/ tak+ = manife/ations ( "o & ! same =ce :at orig9ally belongs to diff]5t =ces4 ,n[ ?is is ! direct "w ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 & t is :y s few m5 are capable ( increas+ our insight 9 physics1 :ile all are able to enl>ge exp]i5ce4 ,indol5ce & ignorance make u dispos$ to appeal too soon to orig9al =ces4 ,?is is exemplifi$ ) an exagg]ation t sav\rs ( irony 9 ! entities & quidities ( ! s*oolm54 ,no?+ is fur!r f my desire ?an to fav\r _! resuscitation4 ,we h j z little "r to appeal to ! objectification ( w1 in/ead ( giv+ a physical explanation1 z we h to appeal to ! creative p[] ( ,god4 ,= physics dem&s causes1 & ! w is nev] a cause4 ,its :ole relation to ! ph5om5on is n 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,b t :i* 9 itself is ! w exi/s 9 ano!r aspect z idea2 t is to say1 is ph5om5on4 ,z su*1 x obeys ! laws :i* con/itute ! =m ( ! ph5om5on4 ,e movem5t1 = example1 al?\gh x is always a manife/ation ( w1 mu/ yet h a cause f :i* x is to be expla9$ 9 relation to a p>ticul> "t & space2 t is1 n 9 g5]al 9 its inn] nature1 b z a p>ticul> ph5om5on4 ,9 ! case ( ! /one1 ?is is a me*anical cause2 9 t ( ! movem5t ( a man1 x is a motive2 b 9 no case c x be want+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]sal common nature ( all ph5om5a ( "o p>ticul> k9d1 t :i* mu/ be presuppos$ if ! explanation f causes is to h any s5se & mean+1 is ! g5]al =ce ( nature1 :i*1 9 physics1 mu/ rema9 a qualitas occulta1 because ) x ! etiological explanation ends & ! metaphysical beg9s4 ,b ! *a9 ( causes & effects is nev] brok5 by an orig9al =ce to :i* x has be5 necess>y to appeal4 ,x does n run back to su* a =ce z if x 7 its fir/ l9k1 b ! ne>e/ l9k1 z well z ! remote/1 presupposes ! orig9al =ce1 & c\ld o!rwise expla9 no?+4 ,a s]ies ( causes & effects may be ! manife/ation ( ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( =ces1 ^: successive visible appe>ances are conduct$ ?r\gh x1 z ,i h illu/rat$ above by ! example ( a metal ma*9e4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( ^! orig9al =ces1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to ea* o!r1 by no means breaks ! unity ( t *a9 ( causes1 & ! connection betwe5 all its l9ks4 ,! etiology & ! philosophy ( nature nev] d viol5ce to ea* o!r1 b g h& 9 h&1 reg>d+ ! same object f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,etiology gives an acc\nt ( ! causes :i* necess>ily produce ! p>ticul> ph5om5on to be expla9$4 ,x exhibits1 z ! f\ndation ( all its explanations1 ! univ]sal =ces :i* are active 9 all ^! causes & effects4 ,x accurately def9es1 enum]ates1 & di/+ui%es ^! =ces1 & !n indicates all ! diff]5t effects 9 :i* ea* =ce appe>s1 regulat$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! circum/ances1 always 9 accordance ) its own peculi> "*1 :i* x discloses 9 ob$i5ce to an inv>iable rule1 call$ a law ( nature4 ,:5 all ?is has be5 ?or\ghly accompli%$ by physics 9 e p>ticul>1 x w be complete1 & its "w w be done4 ,!re w !n rema9 no unkn[n =ce 9 unorganis$ nature1 nor any effect1 :i* has n be5 prov$ to be ! manife/ation ( "o ( ^! =ces "u def9ite circum/ances1 9 accordance ) a law ( nature4 ,yet a law ( nature rema9s m]ely ! obs]v$ rule accord+ to :i* nature inv>iably proce$s :5ev] c]ta9 def9ite circum/ances occur4 ,!re=e a law ( nature may be def9$ z a fact express$ g5]ally--un fait gnralis--& ?us a complete enum]ation ( all ! laws ( nature w\ld only be a complete regi/] ( facts4 ,! consid]ation ( nature z a :ole is ?us complet$ 9 morphology1 :i* enum]ates1 comp>es1 & arranges all ! endur+ =ms ( organis$ nature4 ,( ! causes ( ! appe>ance ( ! individual creature x has little to say1 = 9 all cases ?is is procreation 7! !ory ( :i* is a sep>ate matt]71 & 9 r>e cases ! g5]atio quivoca4 ,b to ?is la/ belongs1 /rictly speak+1 ! mann] 9 :i* all ! l[] grades ( ! objectification ( w1 t is to say1 physical & *emical ph5om5a1 appe> z individual1 & x is precisely ! task ( etiology to po9t out ! conditions ( ?is appe>ance4 ,philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 conc]ns itself only ) ! univ]sal1 9 nature z ev]y:]e else4 ,! orig9al =ces !mselves are "h its object1 & x recognises 9 !m ! diff]5t grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 :i* is ! inn] nature1 ! 89-itself0 ( ?is _w2 & :5 x reg>ds ! _w ap>t f w1 x expla9s x z m]ely ! idea ( ! subject4 ,b if etiology1 in/ead ( prep>+ ! way = philosophy1 & supply+ its doctr9es ) practical application by means ( in/ances1 supposes t its aim is r to d5y ! exi/5ce ( all orig9al =ces1 except p]haps "o1 ! mo/ g5]al1 = example1 imp5etrability1 :i* x imag9es x ?or\ghly und]/&s1 & consequ5tly seeks =cibly to ref] all ! o!rs to x--x =sakes its own prov9ce & c only give u error in/ead ( tru?4 ,! cont5t ( nature is supplant$ by its =m1 ev]y?+ is ascrib$ to ! circum/ances :i* "w f )\t1 & no?+ to ! inn] nature ( ! ?+4 ,n[ if x 7 possible to succe$ by ?is me?od1 a problem 9 ari?metic w\ld ultimately1 z we h already rem>k$1 solve ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,b ?is is ! me?od adopt$ by ^?1 ref]r$ to above1 :o ?9k t all physiological effects ought to be r$uc$ to =m & comb9ation1 ?is1 p]haps1 to electricity1 & ?is aga9 to *emism1 & *emism to me*anism4 ,! mi/ake ( ,desc>tes1 = example1 & ( all ! ,atomi/s1 0 ( ?is la/ description4 ,!y ref]r$ ! movem5ts ( ! globe to ! impact ( a fluid1 & ! qualities ( matt] to ! connection & =m ( ! atoms1 & h5ce !y lab\r$ to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( nature z m]ely manife/ations ( imp5etrability & cohesion4 ,al?\gh ?is has be5 giv5 up1 precisely ! same error is committ$ 9 our own day by ! electrical1 *emical1 & me*anical physiologi/s1 :o ob/9ately attempt to expla9 ! :ole ( life & all ! functions ( ! organism f 8=m & comb9ation40 ,9 ,meckel's 8,ar*iv fr ,physiologie0 7#ahbj1 vol4 v4 p4 #ahe7 we /ill f9d x /at$ t ! aim ( physiological explanation is ! r$uction ( organic life to ! univ]sal =ces ) :i* physics deals4 ,lam>ck also1 9 8 8,philosophie ,zoologique10 expla9s life z m]ely ! effect ( w>m? & electricity3 le calorique et la matire lectrique suffis5t p>faitem5t p\r compos] ensemble cette cause ess5tielle de la vie 7p4 #af74 ,accord+ to ?is1 w>m? & electricity w\ld be ! 8?+-9-itself10 & ! _w ( animals & plants its ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,! absurdity ( ?is op9ion becomes gl>+ly app>5t at ! #cjf? & foll[+ pages ( t "w4 ,x is well kn[n t all ^! op9ions1 t h be5 s (t5 refut$1 h reappe>$ q rec5tly ) r5ew$ confid5ce4 ,if we c>efully exam9e ! f\ndation ( ^! views1 we %all f9d t !y ultimately involve ! presupposition t ! organism is m]ely an aggregate ( ph5om5a ( physical1 *emical1 & me*anical =ces1 :i* h come toge!r "h by *ance1 & produc$ ! organism z a freak ( nature )\t fur!r significance4 ,! organism ( an animal or ( a human be+ w\ld !re=e be1 if consid]$ philosophically1 n ! exhibition ( a special ,idea1 t is1 n itself imm$iate objectivity ( ! w at a def9ite high] grade1 b 9 x w\ld appe> only ^? ,ideas :i* objectify ! w 9 electricity1 9 *emism1 & 9 me*anism4 ,?us ! organism w\ld be z =tuit\sly con/ruct$ by ! concurr5ce ( ^! =ces z ! =ms ( m5 & bea/s 9 cl\ds & /alactites1 & w\ld !re=e 9 itself be no m int]e/+ ?an !y are4 ,h[ev]1 we %all see imm$iately h[ f> ! application ( physical & *emical modes ( explanation to ! organism may yet1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 be all[able & useful2 = ,i %all expla9 t ! vital =ce c]ta9ly avails itself ( & uses ! =ces ( unorganis$ nature2 yet ^! =ces no m con/itute ! vital =ce ?an a hamm] & anvil make a blacksmi?4 ,!re=e ev5 ! mo/ simple example ( plant life c nev] be expla9$ f ^! =ces by any !ory ( capill>y attraction & endosmose1 mu* less animal life4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w prep>e ! way = ?is some:at difficult discussion4 ,x foll[s f all t has be5 said t x is c]ta9ly an error on ! "p ( natural sci5ce to seek to ref] ! high] grades ( ! objectification ( w to ! l[]2 = ! failure to recognise1 or ! d5ial (1 orig9al & self-exi/+ =ces ( nature is j z wrong z ! gr\ndless assumption ( special =ces :5 :at occurs is m]ely a peculi> k9d ( manife/ation ( :at is already kn[n4 ,?us ,kant rightly says t x w\ld be absurd to hope = a blade ( grass f a ,newton1 t is1 f "o :o r$uc$ ! blade ( grass to ! manife/ations ( physical & *emical =ces1 ( :i* x 0 ! *ance product1 & !re=e a m]e freak ( nature1 9 :i* no special ,idea appe>$1 i4e41 ! w did n directly reveal itself 9 x 9 a high] & specific grade1 b j z 9 ! ph5om5a ( unorganis$ nature & by *ance 9 ?is =m4 ,! s*oolm51 :o c]ta9ly w\ld n h all[$ su* a doctr9e1 w\ld rightly h said t x 0 a complete d5ial ( ! =ma sub/antialis1 & a degradation ( x to ! =ma accid5talis4 ,= ! =ma sub/antialis ( ,ari/otle d5otes exactly :at ,i call ! grade ( ! objectification ( w 9 a ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n to be ov]look$ t 9 all ,ideas1 t is1 9 all =ces ( unorganis$1 & all =ms ( organis$ nature1 x is "o & ! same w t reveals itself1 t is to say1 :i* ent]s ! =m ( ! idea & passes into objectivity4 ,its unity mu/ !re=e be also recognisable ?r\gh an inn] relation%ip betwe5 all its ph5om5a4 ,n[ ?is reveals itself 9 ! high] grades ( ! objectification ( w1 :]e ! :ole ph5om5on is m di/9ct1 ?us 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 ?r\gh ! univ]sally prevail+ analogy ( all =ms1 ! fundam5tal type :i* recurs 9 all ph5om5a4 ,?is has1 !re=e1 become ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! admirable zoological sy/em :i* 0 orig9at$ by ! ,fr5* 9 ?is c5tury1 & x is mo/ completely e/abli%$ 9 comp>ative anatomy z l'unit de plan1 l'uni=mit de l'lm5t anatomique4 ,to discov] ?is fundam5tal type has be5 ! *ief conc]n1 or at any rate ! praisewor?y endeav\r1 ( ! natural philosoph]s ( ! s*ool ( ,s*ell+1 :o h 9 ?is respect consid]able m]it1 al?\gh 9 _m cases _! hunt aft] analogies 9 nature deg5]at$ into m]e conceits4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 rightly %[n t t g5]al relation%ip & family lik5ess exi/s also 9 ! ,ideas ( unorganis$ nature2 = example1 betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 ! id5tity ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds e/abli%$2 betwe5 *emical attraction & gravitation1 & s =?4 ,!y specially call$ att5tion to ! fact t pol>ity1 t is1 ! sund]+ ( a =ce into two qualitatively diff]5t & oppos$ activities /riv+ aft] reunion1 :i* also %[s itself = ! mo/ "p 9 space z a disp]sion 9 opposite directions1 is a fundam5tal type ( almo/ all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 f ! magnet & ! cry/al to man himself4 ,yet ?is k has be5 curr5t 9 ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times1 9 ! doctr9e ( opposition ( ,y9 & ,yang4 ,inde$1 s9ce all ?+s 9 ! _w are ! objectification ( "o & ! same w1 & !re=e 9 _! inn] nature id5tical1 x mu/ n only be ! case t !re is t unmi/akable analogy betwe5 !m1 & t 9 e ph5om5on ! trace1 intimation1 & plan ( ! high] ph5om5on t lies next to x 9 po9t ( developm5t %[s itself1 b also because all ^! =ms belong to ! _w z idea1 x is inde$ conceivable t ev5 9 ! mo/ univ]sal =ms ( ! idea1 9 t peculi> framework ( ! ph5om5al _w space & "t1 x may be possible to disc]n & e/abli% ! fundam5tal type1 intimation1 & plan ( :at fills ! =ms4 ,x seems to h be5 a dim notion ( ?is t 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,cabala & all ! ma!matical philosophy ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & also ( ! ,*9ese 9 ,y-k+4 ,9 ! s*ool ( ,s*ell+ also1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 we f9d1 among _! ef=ts to br+ to light ! simil>ity among ! ph5om5a ( nature1 sev]al attempts 7?\gh r un=tunate ones7 to d$uce laws ( nature f ! laws ( pure space & "t4 ,h[ev]1 "o c nev] tell to :at ext5t a man ( g5ius w realise bo? endeav\rs4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+-9-itself is nev] lo/ sight (1 & !re=e ! id5tity ( ! w :i* objectifies itself 9 all ,ideas c nev] 7because x has diff]5t grades ( its objectification7 be di/ort$ to mean id5tity ( ! p>ticul> ,ideas !mselves 9 :i* x appe>s1 s t1 = example1 *emical or electrical attraction c nev] be r$uc$ to ! attraction ( gravitation1 al?\gh ?is inn] analogy is kn[n1 & ! =m] may be reg>d$ z1 s to speak1 high] p[]s ( ! latt]1 j z little does ! simil>ity ( ! con/ruction ( all animals w>rant u 9 mix+ & id5tify+ ! species & expla9+ ! m develop$ z m]e v>iations ( ! less develop$2 & al?\gh1 f9ally1 ! physiological functions are nev] to be r$uc$ to *emical or physical processes1 yet1 9 ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 we may accept ! foll[+ obs]vations z highly probable4 ,if sev]al ( ! ph5om5a ( w 9 ! l[] grades ( its objectification--t is1 9 unorganis$ nature--come into conflict because ea* ( !m1 "u ! guidance ( causality1 seeks to possess a giv5 portion ( matt]1 !re arises f ! conflict ! ph5om5on ( a high] ,idea :i* prevails ov] all ! less develop$ ph5om5a previ\sly !re1 yet 9 su* a way t x all[s ! ess5ce ( ^! to cont9ue to exi/ 9 a subord9ate mann]1 9 t x takes up into itself f !m some?+ :i* is analog\s to !m4 ,?is process is only intelligible f ! id5tity ( ! w :i* manife/s itself 9 all ! ,ideas1 & :i* is always /riv+ aft] high] objectification4 ,we ?us see1 = example1 9 ! h>d5+ ( ! bones1 an unmi/akable analogy to cry/allisation1 z ! =ce :i* orig9ally _h possession ( ! *alk1 al?\gh ossification is nev] to be r$uc$ to cry/allisation4 ,! analogy %[s itself 9 a weak] degree 9 ! fle% becom+ firm4 ,! comb9ation ( hum\rs 9 ! animal body & secretion are also analog\s to *emical comb9ation & sep>ation4 ,inde$1 ! laws ( *emi/ry are /ill /rongly op]ative 9 ?is case1 b subord9at$1 v mu* modifi$1 & ma/]$ by a high] ,idea2 !re=e m]e *emical =ces outside ! organism w nev] af=d u su* hum\rs2 b 8,en*eires9 natur n5nt es die ,*emie1 ,spottet ihr] selb/ und weiss ni*t wie40 ,! m develop$ ,idea result+ f ?is victory ov] sev]al l[] ,ideas or objectifications ( w1 ga9s an entirely new "* by tak+ up into itself f e ,idea ov] :i* x has prevail$ a /r5g!n$ analogy4 ,! w objectifies itself 9 a new1 m di/9ct way4 ,x orig9ally appe>s 9 g5]atio quivoca2 aft]w>ds 9 assimilation to ! giv5 g]m1 organic moi/ure1 plant1 animal1 man4 ,?us f ! /rife ( l[] ph5om5a ! high] arise1 swall[+ !m all up1 b yet realis+ 9 ! high] grade ! t5d5cy ( all ! l[]4 ,"h1 !n1 already ! law applies--,s]p5s nisi s]p5tem com$]it non fit draco4 ,i wi% x _h be5 possible = me to dispel by cle>ness ( explanation ! obscurity :i* cl+s to ! subject ( ^! ?\ghts2 b ,i see v well t ! read]'s own consid]ation ( ! matt] mu/ mat]ially aid me if ,i am n to rema9 uncompreh5d$ or misund]/ood4 ,accord+ to ! view ,i h express$1 ! traces ( *emical & physical modes ( op]ation w inde$ be f\nd 9 ! organism1 b x c nev] be expla9$ f !m2 because x is by no means a ph5om5on ev5 accid5tally br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! unit$ actions ( su* =ces1 b a high] ,idea :i* has ov]come ^! l[] ideas by subdu+ assimilation2 = ! "o w :i* objectifies itself 9 all ,ideas always seeks ! highe/ possible objectification1 & has !re=e 9 ?is case giv5 up ! l[] grades ( its manife/ation aft] a conflict1 9 ord] to appe> 9 a high] grade1 & "o s mu* ! m p[]ful4 ,no victory )\t conflict3 s9ce ! high] ,idea or objectification ( w c only appe> ?r\gh ! conque/ ( ! l[]1 x endures ! opposition ( ^! l[] ,ideas1 :i*1 al?\gh br\ght into subjection1 /ill con/antly /rive to obta9 an indep5d5t & complete expression ( _! be+4 ,! magnet t has attract$ a piece ( iron c>ries on a p]petual conflict ) gravitation1 :i*1 z ! l[] objectification ( w1 has a prior "r to ! matt] ( ! iron2 & 9 ?is con/ant battle ! magnet inde$ gr[s /rong]1 = ! opposition excites x1 z x 71 to great] ef=t4 ,9 ! same way e manife/ation ( ! w1 includ+ t :i* expresses itself 9 ! human organism1 wages a con/ant w> aga9/ ! _m physical & *emical =ces :i*1 z l[] ,ideas1 h a prior "r to t matt]4 ,?us ! arm falls :i* = a :ile1 ov]com+ gravity1 we h held /ret*$ out2 ?us ! pleas+ s5sation ( heal?1 :i* proclaims ! victory ( ! ,idea ( ! self-consci\s organism ov] ! physical & *emical laws1 :i* orig9ally gov]n$ ! hum\rs ( ! body1 is s (t5 int]rupt$1 & is inde$ always accompani$ by great] or less discom=t1 :i* arises f ! resi/ance ( ^! =ces1 & on acc\nt ( :i* ! vegetative "p ( our life is con/antly att5d$ by slight pa94 ,?us also dige/ion weak5s all ! animal functions1 because x requires ! :ole vital =ce to ov]come ! *emical =ces ( nature by assimilation4 ,h5ce also 9 g5]al ! burd5 ( physical life1 ! necessity ( sleep1 &1 f9ally1 ( dea?2 = at la/ ^! subdu$ =ces ( nature1 assi/$ by circum/ances1 w9 back f ! organism1 we>i$ ev5 by ! con/ant victory1 ! matt] x took f !m1 & atta9 to an unimp$$ expression ( _! be+4 ,we may !re=e say t e organism expresses ! ,idea ( :i* x is ! image1 only aft] we h subtract$ ! "p ( its =ce :i* is exp5d$ 9 subdu+ ! l[] ,ideas t /rive ) x = matt]4 ,?is seems to h be5 runn+ 9 ! m9d ( ,jacob ,bhm :5 he says some:]e t all ! bodies ( m5 & animals1 & ev5 all plants1 are really half dead4 ,accord+ z ! subjection 9 ! organism ( ^! =ces ( nature1 :i* express ! l[] grades ( ! objectification ( w1 is m or less successful1 ! m or ! less completely does x atta9 to ! expression ( its ,idea2 t is to say1 ! ne>] x is to ! ideal or ! fur!r f x--! ideal ( beauty 9 its species4 ,?us ev]y:]e 9 nature we see /rife1 conflict1 & alt]nation ( victory1 & 9 x we %all come to recognise m di/9ctly t v>iance ) itself :i* is ess5tial to ! w4 ,e grade ( ! objectification ( w fights = ! matt]1 ! space1 & ! "t ( ! o!rs4 ,! p]man5t matt] mu/ con/antly *ange its =m2 = "u ! guidance ( causality1 me*anical1 physical1 *emical1 & organic ph5om5a1 eag]ly /riv+ to appe>1 wre/ ! matt] f ea* o!r1 = ea* desires to reveal its own ,idea4 ,?is /rife may be foll[$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( nature2 inde$ nature exi/s only ?r\gh x3 1 1 2 7nam si non inesset 9 rebus cont5tio1 unum omnia ess5t1 ut ait ,emp$ocles4 ,aris4 ,metaph41 ,b4 #e74 ,yet ?is /rife itself is only ! revelation ( t v>iance ) itself :i* is ess5tial to ! w4 ,?is univ]sal conflict becomes mo/ di/9ctly visible 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,= animals h ! :ole ( ! vegetable k+dom = _! food1 & ev5 )9 ! animal k+dom e bea/ is ! prey & ! food ( ano!r2 t is1 ! matt] 9 :i* its ,idea expresses itself mu/ yield itself to ! expression ( ano!r ,idea1 = ea* animal c only ma9ta9 its exi/5ce by ! con/ant de/ruction ( "s o!r4 ,?us ! w to live ev]y:]e preys ^u itself1 & 9 diff]5t =ms is its own n\ri%m5t1 till f9ally ! human race1 because x subdues all ! o!rs1 reg>ds nature z a manufactory = its use4 ,yet ev5 ! human race1 z we %all see 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 reveals 9 itself ) mo/ t]rible di/9ctness ?is conflict1 ?is v>iance ) itself ( ! w1 & we f9d homo hom9i lupus4 ,mean:ile we c recognise ?is /rife1 ?is subjugation1 j z well 9 ! l[] grades ( ! objectification ( w4 ,_m insects 7especially i*neumon-flies7 lay _! eggs on ! sk91 & ev5 9 ! body ( ! l>v ( o!r insects1 ^: sl[ de/ruction is ! fir/ "w ( ! newly hat*$ brood4 ,! "y hydra1 :i* gr[s l a bud out ( ! old "o1 & aft]w>ds sep>ates itself f x1 fights :ile x is /ill jo9$ to ! old "o = ! prey t (f]s itself1 s t ! "o snat*es x out ( ! m\? ( ! o!r 7,trembley1 ,polypod41 ii4 p4 #aaj1 & iii4 p4 #afe74 ,b ! bulldog-ant ( ,au/ralia af=ds u ! mo/ extraord9>y example ( ?is k9d2 = if x is cut 9 two1 a battle beg9s betwe5 ! head & ! tail4 ,! head seizes ! tail ) its tee?1 & ! tail def5ds itself bravely by /++ ! head3 ! battle may la/ = half an h\r1 until !y die or are dragg$ away by o!r ants4 ,?is conte/ takes place e "t ! exp]im5t is tri$4 7,f a lett] by ,h[itt 9 ! ,w4 ,j\rnal1 repr9t$ 9 ,galignani's ,mess5g]1 #ag? ,novemb] #ahee47 ,on ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri "o sometimes sees a mighty oak ! /em & bran*es ( :i* are s encircl$1 fett]$1 & int]lac$ by a gigantic wild v9e1 t x )]s z if *ok$4 ,! same ?+ %[s itself 9 ! l[e/ grades2 = example1 :5 wat] & c>bon are *ang$ into vegetable sap1 or vegetables or bread into blood by organic assimilation2 & s also 9 e case 9 :i* animal secretion takes place1 along ) ! re/riction ( *emical =ces to a subord9ate mode ( activity4 ,?is also occurs 9 unorganis$ nature1 :51 = example1 cry/als 9 process ( =mation meet1 cross1 & mutually di/urb ea* o!r to su* an ext5t t !y are unable to assume ! pure cry/all9e =m1 s t almo/ e clu/] ( cry/als is an image ( su* a conflict ( w at ?is l[ grade ( its objectification2 or aga91 :5 a magnet =ces its magnetism ^u iron1 9 ord] to express its ,idea 9 x2 or :5 galvanism ov]comes *emical aff9ity1 decomposes ! close/ comb9ations1 & s entirely susp5ds ! laws ( *emi/ry t ! acid ( a decompos$ salt at ! negative pole mu/ pass to ! positive pole )\t comb9+ ) ! alkalies ?r\gh :i* x goes on its way1 or turn+ r$ ! litmus pap] t t\*es x4 ,on a l>ge scale x %[s itself 9 ! relation betwe5 ! c5tral body & ! planet1 = al?\gh ! planet is 9 absolute dep5d5ce1 yet x always resi/s1 j l ! *emical =ces 9 ! organism2 h5ce arises ! con/ant t5sion betwe5 c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ce1 :i* keeps ! globe 9 motion1 & is itself an example ( t univ]sal ess5tial conflict ( ! manife/ation ( w :i* we are consid]+4 ,= z e body mu/ be reg>d$ z ! manife/ation ( a w1 & z w necess>ily expresses itself z a /ruggle1 ! orig9al condition ( e _w t is =m$ into a globe _c be re/1 b motion1 a /riv+ =w>d 9 b\ndless space )\t re/ & )\t end4 ,nei!r ! law ( in]tia nor t ( causality is oppos$ to ?is3 = z1 accord+ to ! =m]1 matt] z su* is alike indiff]5t to re/ & motion1 its orig9al condition may j z well be ! "o z ! o!r1 !re=e if we fir/ f9d x 9 motion1 we h j z little "r to assume t ?is 0 prec$$ by a condition ( re/1 & to inquire into ! cause ( ! orig9 ( ! motion1 z1 conv]sely1 if we f\nd x at re/1 we w\ld h to assume a previ\s motion & inquire into ! cause ( its susp5sion4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n ne$ful to seek = a fir/ impulse = c5trifugal =ce1 =1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,kant & ,laplace1 x is1 9 ! case ( ! planets1 ! residue ( ! orig9al rotation ( ! c5tral body1 f :i* ! planets h sep>at$ !mselves z x contract$4 ,b to ?is c5tral body itself motion is ess5tial2 x always cont9ues its rotation1 & at ! same "t ru%es =w>d 9 endless space1 or p]haps circulates r\nd a great] c5tral body invisible to u4 ,?is view entirely agrees ) ! conjecture ( a/ronom]s t !re is a c5tral sun1 & also ) ! obs]v$ advance ( our :ole sol> sy/em1 & p]haps ( ! :ole /ell> sy/em to :i* our sun belongs4 ,f ?is we are f9ally l$ to assume a g5]al advance ( fix$ />s1 toge!r ) ! c5tral sun1 & ?is c]ta9ly loses all mean+ 9 b\ndless space 7= motion 9 absolute space _c be di/+ui%$ f re/71 & becomes1 z is already ! case f its /riv+ & aimless flight1 an expression ( t no?+ness1 t failure ( all aim1 :i*1 at ! close ( ?is book1 we %all be oblig$ to recognise 9 ! /riv+ ( w 9 all its ph5om5a4 ,?us b\ndless space & endless "t mu/ be ! mo/ univ]sal & ess5tial =ms ( ! collective ph5om5a ( w1 :i* exi/ = ! expression ( its :ole be+4 ,la/ly1 we c recognise t conflict :i* we are consid]+ ( all ph5om5a ( w aga9/ ea* o!r 9 simple matt] reg>d$ z su*2 = ! real *>act]i/ic ( matt] is correctly express$ by ,kant z repulsive & attractive =ce2 s t ev5 crude matt] has its exi/5ce only 9 ! /rife ( conflict+ =ces4 ,if we ab/ract f all *emical diff]5ces 9 matt]1 or g s f> back 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects t z yet !re is no *emical diff]5ce1 !re rema9s m]e matt]1--! _w r\nd$ to a globe1 ^: life1 i4e41 objectification ( w1 is n[ con/itut$ by ! conflict betwe5 attractive & repulsive =ces1 ! =m] z gravitation press+ f all sides t[>ds ! c5tre1 ! latt] z imp5etrability always oppos+ ! =m] ei!r z rigidity or ela/icity2 & ?is con/ant pressure & resi/ance may be reg>d$ z ! objectivity ( w 9 its v l[e/ grade1 & ev5 !re x expresses its "*4 ,we %\ld see ! w express itself "h 9 ! l[e/ grade z bl9d /riv+1 an obscure1 in>ticulate impulse1 f> f susceptible ( be+ directly kn[n4 ,x is ! simple/ & ! weake/ mode ( its objectification4 ,b x appe>s z ?is bl9d & unconsci\s /riv+ 9 ! :ole ( unorganis$ nature1 9 all ^? orig9al =ces ( :i* x is ! "w ( physics & *emi/ry to discov] & to /udy ! laws1 & ea* ( :i* manife/s itself to u 9 millions ( ph5om5a :i* are exactly simil> & regul>1 & %[ no trace ( individual "*1 b are m]e multiplicity ?r\gh space & "t1 i4e41 ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 z a picture is multipli$ ?r\gh ! facets ( a glass4 ,f grade to grade objectify+ itself m di/9ctly1 yet /ill completely )\t consci\sness z an obscure /riv+ =ce1 ! w acts 9 ! vegetable k+dom also1 9 :i* ! bond ( its ph5om5a consi/s no long] prop]ly ( causes1 b ( /imuli2 &1 f9ally1 also 9 ! vegetative "p ( ! animal ph5om5on1 9 ! production & matur+ ( ! animal1 & 9 su/a9+ its inn] economy1 9 :i* ! manife/ation ( w is /ill always necess>ily det]m9$ by /imuli4 ,! ev]-asc5d+ grades ( ! objectification ( w br+ u at la/ to ! po9t at :i* ! individual t expresses ! ,idea c\ld no long] receive food = its assimilation ?r\gh m]e movem5t foll[+ ^u /imuli4 ,= su* a /imulus mu/ be wait$ =1 b ! food has n[ come to be ( a m special & def9ite k9d1 & ) ! ev]-increas+ multiplicity ( ! individual ph5om5a1 ! cr[d & confusion has become s great t !y int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & ! *ance ( ! individual t is mov$ m]ely by /imuli & mu/ wait = its food w\ld be too unfav\rable4 ,f ! po9t1 !re=e1 at :i* ! animal has deliv]$ itself f ! egg or ! womb 9 :i* x vegetat$ )\t consci\sness1 its food mu/ be s\ght out & select$4 ,= ?is purpose movem5t foll[+ ^u motives1 & !re=e consci\sness1 becomes necess>y1 & consequ5tly x appe>s z an ag5t1 1 call$ 9 at ?is /age ( ! objectification ( w = ! cons]vation ( ! individual & ! propagation ( ! species4 ,x appe>s repres5t$ by ! bra9 or a l>ge ganglion1 j z e o!r ef=t or det]m9ation ( ! w :i* objectifies itself is repres5t$ by an organ1 t is to say1 manife/s itself = ! idea z an organ47#cf7 ,b ) ?is means ( assi/ance1 ?is 1 ! _w z idea comes into exi/5ce at a /roke1 ) all its =ms1 object & subject1 "t1 space1 multiplicity1 & causality4 ,! _w n[ %[s its second side4 ,till n[ m]e w1 x becomes also idea1 object ( ! kn[+ subject4 ,! w1 :i* up to ?is po9t foll[$ its t5d5cy 9 ! d>k ) un]r+ c]ta9ty1 has at ?is grade k9dl$ = itself a light z a means :i* became necess>y = gett+ rid ( ! disadvantage :i* arose f ! ?rong & ! complicat$ nature ( its manife/ations1 & :i* w\ld h accru$ precisely to ! mo/ p]fect ( !m4 ,! hi!rto infallible c]ta9ty & regul>ity ) :i* x work$ 9 unorganis$ & m]ely vegetative nature1 re/$ ^u ! fact t x alone 0 active 9 its orig9al nature1 z bl9d impulse1 w1 )\t assi/ance1 & also )\t int]ruption1 f a second & entirely diff]5t _w1 ! _w z idea1 :i* is inde$ only ! image ( its own inn] be+1 b is yet ( q ano!r nature1 & n[ encroa*es on ! connect$ :ole ( its ph5om5a4 ,h5ce its infallible c]ta9ty comes to an end4 ,animals are already expos$ to illusion1 to deception4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 m]ely ideas ( p]ception1 no conceptions1 no reflection1 & !y are !re=e b\nd to ! pres5t2 !y _c h reg>d = ! future4 ,x seems z if ?is k )\t reason 0 n 9 all cases suffici5t = its end1 & at times requir$1 z x 71 "s assi/ance4 ,= ! v rem>kable ph5om5on pres5ts itself1 t ! bl9d work+ ( ! w & ! activity enlight5$ by k encroa* 9 a mo/ a/oni%+ mann] ^u ea* o!r's sph]es 9 two k9ds ( ph5om5a4 ,9 ! "o case we f9d 9 ! v mid/ ( ^? actions ( animals :i* are guid$ by p]ceptive k & its motives "o k9d ( action :i* is accompli%$ ap>t f ^!1 & ?us ?r\gh ! necessity ( ! bl9dly act+ w4 ,i ref] to ^? me*anical in/9cts :i* are guid$ by no motive or k1 & :i* yet h ! appe>ance ( p]=m+ _! "w f ab/ract rational motives4 ,! o!r case1 :i* is oppos$ to ?is1 is t 9 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 ! light ( k p5etrates into ! work%op ( ! bl9dly active w1 & illum9ates ! vegetative functions ( ! human organism4 ,i mean clairvoyance4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! w has atta9$ to ! highe/ grade ( its objectification1 t k ( ! und]/&+ giv5 to brutes to :i* ! s5ses supply ! data1 out ( :i* !re arises m]e p]ception conf9$ to :at is imm$iately pres5t1 does n suffice4 ,t complicat$1 _m-sid$1 imag9ative be+1 man1 ) 8 _m ne$s1 & expos$ z he is to innum]able dang]s1 mu/1 9 ord] to exi/1 be light$ by a d\ble k2 a high] p[]1 z x 71 ( p]ceptive k mu/ be giv5 him1 & also reason1 z ! faculty ( fram+ ab/ract conceptions4 ,) ?is !re has appe>$ reflection1 survey+ ! future & ! pa/1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 delib]ation1 c>e1 ! p[] ( prem$itat$ action indep5d5t ( ! pres5t1 & f9ally1 ! full & di/9ct consci\sness ( "o's own delib]ate volition z su*4 ,n[ if ) m]e k ( p]ception !re arose ! possibility ( illusion & deception1 by :i* ! previ\s infallibility ( ! bl9d /riv+ ( w 0 done away )1 s t me*anical & o!r in/9cts1 z expressions ( unconsci\s w1 _h to l5d _! help 9 ! mid/ ( ^? t 7 consci\s1 ) ! entrance ( reason t c]ta9ty & infallibility ( ! expressions ( w 7:i* at ! o!r extreme 9 unorganis$ nature appe>$ z /rict con=mity to law7 is almo/ entirely lo/2 in/9ct disappe>s altoge!r2 delib]ation1 :i* is suppos$ to take ! place ( ev]y?+ else1 begets 7z 0 %[n 9 ! ,fir/ ,book7 irresolution & unc]ta9ty2 !n error becomes possible1 & 9 _m cases ob/ructs ! adequate objectification ( ! w 9 action4 ,= al?\gh 9 ! "* ! w has already tak5 its def9ite & un*angeable b5t or direction1 9 accordance ) :i* volition1 :5 occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( a motive1 inv>iably takes place1 yet error c falsify its expressions1 = x introduces illusive motives t take ! place ( ! real ones :i* !y resemble27#cg7 z1 = example1 :5 sup]/ition =ces on a man imag9>y motives :i* impel him to a c\rse ( action directly oppos$ to ! way 9 :i* ! w w\ld o!rwise express itself 9 ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,agamemnon slays 8 daught]2 a mis] disp5ses alms1 out ( pure egotism1 9 ! hope t he w "s day receive an hundr$-fold2 & s on4 ,?us k g5]ally1 rational z well z m]ely s5su\s1 proce$s orig9ally f ! w itself1 belongs to ! inn] be+ ( ! high] grades ( its objectification z a m]e 1 a means ( support+ ! individual & ! species1 j l any organ ( ! body4 ,orig9ally de/9$ = ! s]vice ( ! w = ! accompli%m5t ( its aims1 x rema9s almo/ ?r\gh\t entirely subject$ to its s]vice3 x is s 9 all brutes & 9 almo/ all m54 ,yet we %all see 9 ! ,?ird ,book h[ 9 c]ta9 individual m5 k c deliv] itself f ?is bondage1 ?r[ (f its yoke1 &1 free f all ! aims ( w1 exi/ purely = itself1 simply z a cle> mirror ( ! _w1 :i* is ! s\rce ( art4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 we %all see h[1 if ?is k9d ( k reacts on ! w1 x c br+ ab\t self-surr5d]1 i4e41 resignation1 :i* is ! f9al goal1 & inde$ ! inmo/ nature ( all virtue & hol9ess1 & is deliv]ance f ! _w4 #bh4 ,we h consid]$ ! great multiplicity & div]sity ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i* ! w objectifies itself1 & we h se5 _! endless & implacable /rife ) ea* o!r4 ,yet1 accord+ to ! :ole discussion up to ?is po9t1 ! w itself1 z ?+-9-itself1 is by no means includ$ 9 t multiplicity & *ange4 ,! div]sity ( ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas1 i4e41 grades ( objectification1 ! multitude ( individuals 9 :i* ea* ( ^! expresses itself1 ! /ruggle ( =ms = matt]1--all ?is does n conc]n x1 b is only ! mann] ( its objectification1 & only ?r\gh ?is has an indirect relation to x1 by virtue ( :i* x belongs to ! expression ( ! nature ( w = ! idea4 ,z ! magic-lant]n %[s _m diff]5t pictures1 :i* are all made visible by "o & ! same light1 s 9 all ! multif>i\s ph5om5a :i* fill ! _w toge!r or ?rong aft] ea* o!r z ev5ts1 only "o w manife/s itself1 ( :i* ev]y?+ is ! visibility1 ! objectivity1 & :i* rema9s unmov$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is *ange2 x alone is ?+-9-itself2 all objects are manife/ations1 or1 to speak ! language ( ,kant1 ph5om5a4 ,al?\gh 9 man1 z 7,platonic7 ,idea1 ! w f9ds its cle>e/ & fulle/ objectification1 yet man alone c\ld n express its be+4 ,9 ord] to manife/ ! full significance ( ! w1 ! ,idea ( man w\ld ne$ to appe>1 n alone & sund]$ f ev]y?+ else1 b accompani$ by ! :ole s]ies ( grades1 d[n ?r\gh all ! =ms ( animals1 ?r\gh ! vegetable k+dom to unorganis$ nature4 ,all ^! supplem5t ea* o!r 9 ! complete objectification ( w2 !y are z mu* presuppos$ by ! ,idea ( man z ! blossoms ( a tree presuppose leaves1 bran*es1 /em1 & root2 !y =m a pyramid1 ( :i* man is ! apex4 ,if fond ( similes1 "o might also say t _! manife/ations accompany t ( man z necess>ily z ! full daylight is accompani$ by all ! gradations ( twilight1 ?r\gh :i*1 little by little1 x loses itself 9 d>kness2 or "o might call !m ! e*o ( man1 & say3 ,animal & plant are ! desc5d+ fif? & ?ird ( man1 ! inorganic k+dom is ! l[] octave4 ,! full tru? ( ?is la/ comp>ison w only become cle> to u :51 9 ! foll[+ book1 we attempt to fa?om ! deep significance ( music1 & see h[ a connect$1 progressive melody1 made up ( high1 quick notes1 may be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se express+ ! life & ef=ts ( man connect$ by reflection1 :ile ! unconnect$ complem5tal notes & ! sl[ bass1 :i* make up ! h>mony necess>y to p]fect ! music1 repres5t ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom & ! :ole ( nature t is )\t k4 ,b ( ?is 9 its own place1 :]e x w n s\nd s p>adoxical4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! inn] necessity ( ! gradation ( its manife/ations1 :i* is insep>able f ! adequate objectification ( ! w1 is express$ by an out] necessity 9 ! :ole ( ^! manife/ations !mselves1 by reason ( :i* man has ne$ ( ! bea/s = 8 support1 ! bea/s 9 _! grades h ne$ ( ea* o!r z well z ( plants1 :i* 9 _! turn require ! gr\nd1 wat]1 *emical elem5ts & _! comb9ations1 ! planet1 ! sun1 rotation & motion r\nd ! sun1 ! curve ( ! ellipse1 c41 c4 ,at bottom ?is results f ! fact t ! w mu/ live on itself1 = !re exi/s no?+ beside x1 & x is a hungry w4 ,h5ce arise eag] pursuit1 anxiety1 & suff]+4 ,x is only ! k ( ! unity ( w z ?+-9-itself1 9 ! endless div]sity & multiplicity ( ! ph5om5a1 t c af=d u ! true explanation ( t wond]ful1 unmi/akable analogy ( all ! productions ( nature1 t family lik5ess on acc\nt ( :i* we may reg>d !m z v>iations on ! same ungiv5 !me4 ,s 9 l measure1 ?r\gh ! di/9ct & ?or\ghly compreh5d$ k ( t h>mony1 t ess5tial connection ( all ! p>ts ( ! _w1 t necessity ( _! gradation :i* we h j be5 consid]+1 we %all obta9 a true & suffici5t insight into ! inn] nature & mean+ ( ! und5iable teleology ( all organis$ productions ( nature1 :i*1 inde$1 we presuppos$ a priori1 :5 consid]+ & inve/igat+ !m4 ,?is teleology is ( a tw(old description2 sometimes an inn] teleology1 t is1 an agreem5t ( all ! p>ts ( a p>ticul> organism1 s ord]$ t ! su/5ance ( ! individual & ! species results f x1 & !re=e pres5ts itself z ! end ( t disposition or arrangem5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !re is an outw>d teleology1 a relation ( unorganis$ to organis$ nature 9 g5]al1 or ( p>ticul> p>ts ( organis$ nature to ea* o!r1 :i* makes ! ma9t5ance ( ! :ole ( organis$ nature1 or ( ! p>ticul> animal species1 possible1 & !re=e pres5ts itself to our judgm5t z ! means to ?is end4 ,inn] teleology is connect$ ) ! s*eme ( our "w 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,if1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 all v>iations ( =m 9 nature1 & all multiplicity ( individuals1 belong n to ! w itself1 b m]ely to its objectivity & ! =m ( ?is objectivity1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! w is indivisible & is pres5t z a :ole 9 e manife/ation1 al?\gh ! grades ( its objectification1 ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas1 are v diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,we may1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 reg>d ^! diff]5t ,ideas z 9 !mselves individual & simple acts ( ! w1 9 :i* x expresses its nature m or less4 ,individuals1 h[ev]1 are aga9 manife/ations ( ! ,ideas1 ?us ( ^! acts1 9 "t1 space1 & multiplicity4 ,n[1 9 ! l[e/ grades ( objectivity1 su* an act 7or an ,idea7 reta9s its unity 9 ! manife/ation2 :ile1 9 ord] to appe> 9 high] grades1 x requires a :ole s]ies ( conditions & developm5ts 9 "t1 :i* only collectively express its nature completely4 ,?us1 = example ! ,idea t reveals itself 9 any g5]al =ce ( nature has always "o s+le expression1 al?\gh x pres5ts itself diff]5tly accord+ to ! ext]nal relations t are pres5t3 o!rwise its id5tity c\ld n be prov$1 = ?is is done by ab/ract+ ! div]sity t arises m]ely f ext]nal relations4 ,9 ! same way ! cry/al has only "o manife/ation ( life1 cry/allisation1 :i* aft]w>ds has its fully adequate & exhau/ive expression 9 ! rigid =m1 ! corpse ( t mom5t>y life4 ,! plant1 h[ev]1 does n express ! ,idea1 ^: ph5om5on x is1 at once & ?r\gh a s+le manife/ation1 b 9 a succession ( developm5ts ( its organs 9 "t4 ,! animal n only develops its organism 9 ! same mann]1 9 a succession ( =ms :i* are (t5 v diff]5t 7metamorphosis71 b ?is =m itself1 al?\gh x is already objectivity ( w at ?is grade1 does n atta9 to a full expression ( its ,idea4 ,?is expression mu/ be complet$ ?r\gh ! actions ( ! animal1 9 :i* its empirical "*1 common to ! :ole species1 manife/s itself1 & only !n does x become ! full revelation ( ! ,idea1 a revelation :i* presupposes ! p>ticul> organism z its fir/ condition4 ,9 ! case ( man1 ! empirical "* is peculi> to e individual 7inde$1 z we %all see 9 ! ,f\r? ,book1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( supplant+ entirely ! "* ( ! species1 ?r\gh ! self-surr5d] ( ! :ole w74 ,t :i* is kn[n z ! empirical "*1 ?r\gh ! necess>y developm5t 9 "t1 & ! division into p>ticul> actions t is condition$ by x1 is1 :5 we ab/ract f ?is temporal =m ( ! manife/ation ! intelligible "*1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,kant1 :o %[s 8 undy+ m]it especially 9 e/abli%+ ?is di/9ction & expla9+ ! relation betwe5 fre$om & necessity1 i4e41 betwe5 ! w z ?+-9-itself & its manife/ations 9 "t47#ch7 ,?us ! intelligible "* co9cides ) ! ,idea1 or1 m accurately1 ) ! orig9al act ( w :i* reveals itself 9 x4 ,s f> !n1 n only ! empirical "* ( e man1 b also t ( e species ( animal & plant1 & ev5 ( e orig9al =ce ( unorganis$ nature1 is to be reg>d$ z ! manife/ation ( an intelligible "*1 t is1 ( a timeless1 indivisible act ( w4 ,i %\ld l "h to draw att5tion 9 pass+ to ! navet ) :i* e plant expresses & lays op5 its :ole "* 9 its m]e =m1 reveals its :ole be+ & w4 ,?is is :y ! physiognomy ( plants is s int]e/+2 :ile 9 ord] to "k an animal 9 its ,idea1 x is necess>y to obs]ve ! c\rse ( its action4 ,z = man1 he mu/ be fully inve/igat$ & te/$1 = reason makes him capable ( a high degree ( dissimulation4 ,! bea/ is z mu* m nave ?an ! man z ! plant is m nave ?an ! bea/4 ,9 ! bea/ we see ! w to live m nak$1 z x 71 ?an 9 ! man1 9 :om x is clo!d ) s mu* k1 & is1 moreov]1 s veil$ ?r\gh ! capacity = dissimulation1 t x is almo/ only by *ance1 & "h & !re1 t its true nature becomes app>5t4 ,9 ! plant x %[s itself q nak$1 b also mu* weak]1 z m]e bl9d /riv+ = exi/5ce )\t end or aim4 ,= ! plant reveals its :ole be+ at ! fir/ glance1 & ) complete innoc5ce1 :i* does n suff] f ! fact t x c>ries its organs ( g5]ation expos$ to view on its upp] surface1 ?\gh 9 all animals !y h be5 assign$ to ! mo/ hidd5 "p4 ,?is innoc5ce ( ! plant results f its complete want ( k4 ,guilt does n lie 9 will+1 b 9 will+ ) k4 ,e plant speaks to u fir/ ( all ( its home1 ( ! climate1 & ! nature ( ! gr\nd 9 :i* x has gr[n4 ,!re=e1 ev5 ^? :o h _h little practice easily tell :e!r an exotic plant belongs to ! tropical or ! temp]ate zone1 & :e!r x gr[s 9 wat]1 9 m>%es1 on m\nta91 or on moorl&4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 e plant expresses ! special w ( its species1 & says some?+ t _c be utt]$ 9 any o!r tongue4 ,b we mu/ n[ apply :at has be5 said to ! teleological consid]ation ( ! organism1 s f> z x conc]ns its inn] design4 ,if 9 unorganis$ nature ! ,idea1 :i* is ev]y:]e to be reg>d$ z a s+le act ( w1 reveals itself also 9 a s+le manife/ation :i* is always ! same1 & ?us "o may say t "h ! empirical "* directly p>takes ( ! unity ( ! intelligible1 co9cides1 z x 71 ) x1 s t no inn] design c %[ itself "h2 if1 on ! contr>y1 all organisms express _! ,ideas ?r\gh a s]ies ( successive developm5ts1 condition$ by a multiplicity ( co-exi/+ p>ts1 & ?us only ! sum ( ! manife/ations ( ! empirical "* collectively con/itute ! expression ( ! intelligible "*2 ?is necess>y co-exi/5ce ( ! p>ts & succession ( ! /ages ( developm5t does n de/roy ! unity ( ! appe>+ ,idea1 ! act ( w :i* expresses itself2 nay1 r ?is unity f9ds its expression 9 ! necess>y relation & connection ( ! p>ts & /ages ( developm5t ) ea* o!r1 9 accordance ) ! law ( causality4 ,s9ce x is ! w :i* is "o1 indivisible1 & !re=e entirely 9 h>mony ) itself1 t reveals itself 9 ! :ole ,idea z 9 act1 its manife/ation1 al?\gh brok5 up into a numb] ( diff]5t p>ts & conditions1 mu/ yet %[ ?is unity aga9 9 ! ?or\gh agreem5t ( all ( ^!4 ,?is is effect$ by a necess>y relation & dep5d5ce ( all ! p>ts ^u ea* o!r1 by means ( :i* ! unity ( ! ,idea is re-e/abli%$ 9 ! manife/ation4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 we n[ recognise ^! diff]5t p>ts & functions ( ! organism z relat$ to ea* o!r reciprocally z means & end1 b ! organism itself z ! f9al end ( all4 ,consequ5tly1 nei!r ! break+ up ( ! ,idea1 :i* 9 itself is simple1 into ! multiplicity ( ! p>ts & conditions ( ! organism1 on ! "o h&1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( its unity ?r\gh ! necess>y connection ( ! p>ts & functions :i* arises f ! fact t !y are ! cause & effect1 ! means & end1 ( ea* o!r1 is peculi> & ess5tial to ! appe>+ w z su*1 to ! ?+-9-itself1 b only to its manife/ation 9 space1 "t1 & causality 7m]e modes ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! =m ( ! ph5om5on74 ,!y belong to ! _w z idea1 n to ! _w z w2 !y belong to ! way 9 :i* ! w becomes object1 i4e41 idea at ?is grade ( its objectivity4 ,e "o :o has grasp$ ! mean+ ( ?is discussion--a discussion :i* is p]haps some:at difficult--w n[ fully und]/& ! doctr9e ( ,kant1 :i* foll[s f x1 t bo? ! design ( organis$ & ! con=mity to law ( unorganis$ nature are only introduc$ by our und]/&+1 & !re=e bo? belong only to ! ph5om5on1 n to ! ?+-9-itself4 ,! surprise1 :i* 0 ref]r$ to above1 at ! infallible con/ancy ( ! con=mity to law ( unorganis$ nature1 is ess5tially ! same z ! surprise t is excit$ by design 9 organis$ nature2 = 9 bo? cases :at we wond] at is only ! sight ( ! orig9al unity ( ! ,idea1 :i*1 = ! ph5om5on1 has assum$ ! =m ( multiplicity & div]sity47#ci7 ,z reg>ds ! second k9d ( teleology1 accord+ to ! division made above1 ! out] design1 :i* %[s itself1 n 9 ! inn] economy ( ! organisms1 b 9 ! support & assi/ance !y receive f )\t1 bo? f unorganis$ nature & f ea* o!r2 its g5]al explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! exposition we h j giv54 ,= ! :ole _w1 ) all its ph5om5a1 is ! objectivity ( ! "o indivisible w1 ! ,idea1 :i* is relat$ to all o!r ,ideas z h>mony is relat$ to ! s+le voice4 ,!re=e t unity ( ! w mu/ %[ itself also 9 ! agreem5t ( all its manife/ations4 ,b we c v mu* increase ! cle>ness ( ?is insight if we g some:at m closely into ! manife/ations ( t out] teleology & agreem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( nature ) ea* o!r1 an inquiry :i* w also ?r[ "s light on ! =ego+ exposition4 ,we %all be/ atta9 ?is end by consid]+ ! foll[+ analogy4 ,! "* ( ea* individual man1 s f> z x is ?or\ghly individual1 & n entirely includ$ 9 t ( ! species1 may be reg>d$ z a special ,idea1 correspond+ to a special act ( ! objectification ( w4 ,?is act itself w\ld !n be 8 intelligible "*1 & 8 empirical "* w\ld be ! manife/ation ( x4 ,! empirical "* is entirely det]m9$ ?r\gh ! intelligible1 :i* is )\t gr\nd1 i4e41 z ?+-9-itself is n subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 7! =m ( ! ph5om5on74 ,! empirical "* mu/ 9 ! c\rse ( life af=d u ! express image ( ! intelligible1 & c only become :at ! nature ( ! latt] dem&s4 ,b ?is prop]ty ext5ds only to ! ess5tial1 n to ! uness5tial 9 ! c\rse ( life to :i* x applies4 ,to ?is uness5tial belong ! detail$ ev5ts & actions :i* are ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! empirical "* %[s itself4 ,^! are det]m9$ by outw>d circum/ances1 :i* pres5t ! motives ^u :i* ! "* reacts accord+ to its nature2 & z !y may be v diff]5t1 ! outw>d =m ( ! manife/ation ( ! empirical "*1 t is1 ! def9ite actual or hi/orical =m ( ! c\rse ( life1 w h to accommodate itself to _! influ5ce4 ,n[ ?is =m may be v diff]5t1 al?\gh :at is ess5tial to ! manife/ation1 its cont5t1 rema9s ! same4 ,?us1 = example x is immat]ial :e!r a man plays = nuts or = cr[ns2 b :e!r a man *eats or plays fairly1 t is ! real matt]2 ! latt] is det]m9$ by ! intelligible "*1 ! =m] by outw>d circum/ances4 ,z ! same !me may be express$ 9 a hundr$ diff]5t v>iations1 s ! same "* may be express$ 9 a hundr$ v diff]5t lives4 ,b v>i\s z ! outw>d influ5ce may be1 ! empirical "* :i* expresses itself 9 ! c\rse ( life mu/ yet1 :atev] =m x takes1 accurately objectify ! intelligible "*1 = ! latt] adapts its objectification to ! giv5 mat]ial ( actual circum/ances4 ,we h n[ to assume some?+ analog\s to ! influ5ce ( outw>d circum/ances ^u ! life t is det]m9$ 9 ess5tial matt]s by ! "*1 if we desire to und]/& h[ ! w1 9 ! orig9al act ( its objectification1 det]m9es ! v>i\s ,ideas 9 :i* x objectifies itself1 t is1 ! diff]5t =ms ( natural exi/5ce ( e k9d1 among :i* x di/ributes its objectification1 & :i* mu/ !re=e necess>ily h a relation to ea* o!r 9 ! manife/ation4 ,we mu/ assume t betwe5 all ^! manife/ations ( ! "o w !re exi/$ a univ]sal & reciprocal adaptation & accommodation ( !mselves to ea* o!r1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 z we %all soon see m cle>ly1 all "t-det]m9ation is to be exclud$1 = ! ,idea lies outside "t4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 e manife/ation mu/ h adapt$ itself to ! surr\nd+s into :i* x ent]$1 & ^! aga9 mu/ h adapt$ !mselves to x1 al?\gh x occupi$ a mu* lat] position 9 "t2 & we see ?is cons5sus natur ev]y:]e4 ,e plant is !re=e adapt$ to its soil & climate1 e animal to its elem5t & ! prey t w be its food1 & is also 9 "s way protect$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 aga9/ its natural enemy3 ! eye is adapt$ to ! light & its refrangibility1 ! lungs & ! blood to ! air1 ! air-bladd] ( fi% to wat]1 ! eye ( ! seal to ! *ange ( ! m$ium 9 :i* x mu/ see1 ! wat]-p\* 9 ! /oma* ( ! camel to ! dr\ght ( ! ,african des]ts1 ! sail ( ! nautilus to ! w9d t is to drive its little b>k1 & s on d[n to ! mo/ special & a/oni%+ outw>d adaptations47#dj7 ,we mu/ ab/ract h[ev] "h f all temporal relations1 = ^! c only conc]n ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea1 n ! ,idea itself4 ,accord+ly ?is k9d ( explanation mu/ also be us$ retrospectively1 & we mu/ n m]ely admit t e species accommodat$ itself to ! giv5 environm5t1 b also t ?is environm5t itself1 :i* prec$$ x 9 "t1 _h j z mu* reg>d = ! be+ t w\ld "s "t come into x4 ,= x is "o & ! same w t objectifies itself 9 ! :ole _w2 x kn[s no "t1 = ?is =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason does n belong to x1 nor to its orig9al objectivity1 ! ,ideas1 b only to ! way 9 :i* ^! are kn[n by ! individuals :o !mselves are transitory1 i4e41 to ! manife/ation ( ! ,ideas4 ,?us1 "t has no significance = our pres5t exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! objectification ( ! w di/ributes itself among ! ,ideas1 & ! ,ideas ^: manife/ations ent]$ into ! c\rse ( "t e>li]1 accord+ to ! law ( causality1 to :i* z ph5om5a !y are subject1 h no advantage ov] ^? ^: manife/ation ent]$ lat]2 nay r1 ^! la/ are ! complete/ objectifications ( ! w1 to :i* ! e>li] manife/ations mu/ adapt !mselves j z mu* z !y mu/ adapt !mselves to ! e>li]4 ,?us ! c\rse ( ! planets1 ! t5d5cy to ! ellipse1 ! rotation ( ! e>?1 ! division ( l& & sea1 ! atmosph]e1 light1 w>m?1 & all su* ph5om5a1 :i* are 9 nature :at bass is 9 h>mony1 adapt$ !mselves 9 anticipation ( ! com+ species ( liv+ creatures ( :i* !y 7 to become ! support] & su/a9]4 ,9 ! same way ! gr\nd adapt$ itself to ! nutrition ( plants1 plants adapt$ !mselves to ! nutrition ( animals1 animals to t ( o!r animals1 & conv]sely !y all adapt$ !mselves to ! nutrition ( ! gr\nd4 ,all ! p>ts ( nature correspond to ea* o!r1 = x is "o w t appe>s 9 !m all1 b ! c\rse ( "t is q =eign to its orig9al & only adequate objectification 7?is expression w be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ book71 ! ,ideas4 ,ev5 n[1 :5 ! species h only to su/a9 !mselves1 no long] to come into exi/5ce1 we see "h & !re "s su* =e?\ght ( nature ext5d+ to ! future1 & ab/ract+ z x 7 f ! process ( "t1 a self-adaptation ( :at is to :at is yet to come4 ,! bird builds ! ne/ = ! "y :i* x does n yet "k2 ! beav] con/ructs a dam ! object ( :i* is unkn[n to x2 ants1 m>mots1 & bees lay 9 provision = ! w9t] !y h nev] exp]i5c$2 ! spid] & ! ant-lion make sn>es1 z if ) delib]ate cunn+1 = future unkn[n prey2 insects deposit _! eggs :]e ! com+ brood f9ds future n\ri%m5t4 ,9 ! spr+-"t ! female fl[] ( ! dician valisn]ia unw9ds ! spirals ( its /alk1 by :i* till n[ x 0 held at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 & ?us rises to ! surface4 ,j !n ! male fl[]1 :i* gr[s on a %ort /alk f ! bottom1 breaks away1 & s1 at ! sacrifice ( its life1 rea*es ! surface1 :]e x swims ab\t 9 se>* ( ! female4 ,! latt] is fructifi$1 & !n draws itself d[n aga9 to ! bottom by contract+ its spirals1 & !re ! fruit gr[s47#da7 ,i mu/ aga9 ref] "h to ! l>va ( ! male /ag-beetle1 :i* makes ! hole 9 ! wood = its metamorphosis z big aga9 z ! female does1 9 ord] to h room = its future horns4 ,! in/9ct ( animals 9 g5]al gives u ! be/ illu/ration ( :at rema9s ( teleology 9 nature4 ,= z in/9ct is an action1 l t :i* is guid$ by ! conception ( an end1 & yet is entirely )\t ?is2 s all con/ruction ( nature resembles t :i* is guid$ by ! conception ( an end1 & yet is entirely )\t x4 ,= 9 ! out] z 9 ! inn] teleology ( nature1 :at we are oblig$ to ?9k z means & end is1 9 e case1 ! manife/ation ( ! unity ( ! "o w s ?or\ghly agree+ ) itself1 :i* has assum$ multiplicity 9 space & "t = our mann] ( kn[+4 ,! reciprocal adaptation & self-accommodation ( ph5om5a t spr+s f ?is unity _c1 h[ev]1 annul ! inn] contradiction :i* appe>s 9 ! univ]sal conflict ( nature describ$ above1 & :i* is ess5tial to ! w4 ,t h>mony goes only s f> z to r5d] possible ! duration ( ! _w & ! diff]5t k9ds ( exi/5ces 9 x1 :i* )\t x w\ld long s9ce h p]i%$4 ,!re=e x only ext5ds to ! cont9uance ( ! species1 & ! g5]al conditions ( life1 b n to t ( ! individual4 ,if1 !n1 by reason ( t h>mony & accommodation1 ! species 9 organis$ nature & ! univ]sal =ces 9 unorganis$ nature cont9ue to exi/ beside ea* o!r1 & inde$ support ea* o!r reciprocally1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inn] contradiction ( ! w :i* objectifies itself 9 all ^! ideas %[s itself 9 ! ceaseless int]nec9e w> ( ! individuals ( ^! species1 & 9 ! con/ant /ruggle ( ! manife/ations ( ^! natural =ces ) ea* o!r1 z we po9t$ out above4 ,! sc5e & ! object ( ?is conflict is matt]1 :i* !y try to wre/ f ea* o!r1 & also space & "t1 ! comb9ation ( :i* ?r\gh ! =m ( causality is1 9 fact1 matt]1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book47#db7 #bi4 ,i "h conclude ! second pr9cipal division ( my exposition1 9 ! hope t1 s f> z is possible 9 ! case ( an entirely new ?\ght1 :i* _c be q free f traces ( ! individuality 9 :i* x orig9at$1 ,i h succe$$ 9 convey+ to ! read] ! complete c]ta9ty t ?is _w 9 :i* we live & h our be+ is 9 its :ole nature ?r\gh & ?r\gh w1 & at ! same "t ?r\gh & ?r\gh idea3 t ?is idea1 z su*1 already presupposes a =m1 object & subject1 is !re=e relative2 & if we ask :at rema9s if we take away ?is =m1 & all ^? =ms :i* are subord9ate to x1 & :i* express ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! answ] mu/ be t z some?+ toto g5]e diff]5t f idea1 ?is c be no?+ b w1 :i* is ?us prop]ly ! ?+-9-itself4 ,e "o f9ds t he himself is ?is w1 9 :i* ! real nature ( ! _w consi/s1 & he also f9ds t he is ! kn[+ subject1 ^: idea ! :ole _w is1 ! _w :i* exi/s only 9 relation to 8 consci\sness1 z its necess>y support]4 ,e "o is ?us himself 9 a d\ble aspect ! :ole _w1 ! microcosm2 f9ds bo? sides :ole & complete 9 himself4 ,& :at he ?us recognises z 8 own real be+ also exhau/s ! be+ ( ! :ole _w--! macrocosm2 ?us ! _w1 l man1 is ?r\gh & ?r\gh w1 & ?r\gh & ?r\gh idea1 & no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,s we see ! philosophy ( ,?ales1 :i* conc]n$ ! macrocosm1 unite at ?is po9t ) t ( ,socrates1 :i* dealt ) ! microcosm1 = ! object ( bo? is f\nd to be ! same4 ,b all ! k t has be5 communicat$ 9 ! two fir/ books w ga9 great] complet5ess1 & consequ5tly great] c]ta9ty1 f ! two foll[+ books1 9 :i* ,i hope t sev]al que/ions t h m or less di/9ctly aris5 9 ! c\rse ( our "w w also be suffici5tly answ]$4 ,9 ! meantime "o su* "q may be m p>ticul>ly consid]$1 = x c only prop]ly arise s long z "o has n fully p5etrat$ ! mean+ ( ! =ego+ exposition1 & may s f> s]ve z an illu/ration ( x4 ,x is ?is3 ,e w is a w t[>ds some?+1 has an object1 an end ( its will+2 :at !n is ! f9al end1 or t[>ds :at is t w /riv+ t is exhibit$ to u z ! be+-9-itself ( ! _w8 ,?is "q re/s1 l s _m o!rs1 ^u ! confusion ( ! ?+-9-itself ) ! manife/ation4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ( :i* ! law ( motivation is also a =m1 ext5ds only to ! latt]1 n to ! =m]4 ,x is only ( ph5om5a1 ( individual ?+s1 t a gr\nd c be giv51 nev] ( ! w itself1 nor ( ! ,idea 9 :i* x adequately objectifies itself4 ,s !n ( e p>ticul> movem5t or *ange ( any k9d 9 nature1 a cause is to be s\ght1 t is1 a condition t ( necessity produc$ x1 b nev] ( ! natural =ce itself :i* is reveal$ 9 ?is & innum]able simil> ph5om5a2 & x is !re=e simple misund]/&+1 aris+ f want ( consid]ation1 to ask = a cause ( gravity1 electricity1 & s on4 ,only if "o _h someh[ %[n t gravity & electricity 7 n orig9al special =ces ( nature1 b only ! manife/ations ( a m g5]al =ce already kn[n1 w\ld x be all[able to ask = ! cause :i* made ?is =ce produce ! ph5om5a ( gravity or ( electricity "h4 ,all ?is has be5 expla9$ at l5g? above4 ,9 ! same way e p>ticul> act ( w ( a kn[+ individual 7:i* is itself only a manife/ation ( w z ! ?+-9-itself7 has necess>ily a motive )\t :i* t act w\ld nev] h occurr$2 b j z mat]ial causes conta9 m]ely ! det]m9ation t at ?is "t1 9 ?is place1 & 9 ?is matt]1 a manife/ation ( ?is or t natural =ce mu/ take place1 s ! motive det]m9es only ! act ( w ( a kn[+ be+1 at ?is "t1 9 ?is place1 & "u ^! circum/ances1 z a p>ticul> act1 b by no means det]m9es t t be+ wills 9 g5]al or wills 9 ?is mann]2 ?is is ! expression ( 8 intelligible "*1 :i*1 z w itself1 ! ?+-9-itself1 is )\t gr\nd1 = x lies outside ! prov9ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,!re=e e man has p]man5t aims & motives by :i* he guides 8 conduct1 & he c always give an acc\nt ( 8 p>ticul> actions2 b if he 7 ask$ :y he wills at all1 or :y 9 g5]al he wills to exi/1 he w\ld h no answ]1 & ! "q w\ld inde$ seem to him mean+less2 & ?is w\ld be j ! expression ( 8 consci\sness t he himself is no?+ b w1 ^: will+ /&s by itself & requires m p>ticul> det]m9ation by motives only 9 its individual acts at ea* po9t ( "t4 ,9 fact1 fre$om f all aim1 f all limits1 belongs to ! nature ( ! w1 :i* is an endless /riv+4 ,?is 0 already t\*$ on above 9 ! ref]5ce to c5trifugal =ce4 ,x also discloses itself 9 its simple/ =m 9 ! l[e/ grade ( ! objectification ( w1 9 gravitation1 :i* we see con/antly ex]t+ itself1 ?\gh a f9al goal is obvi\sly impossible = x4 ,= if1 accord+ to its w1 all exi/+ matt] 7 collect$ 9 "o mass1 yet )9 ?is mass gravity1 ev] /riv+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 w\ld /ill wage w> ) imp5etrability z rigidity or ela/icity4 ,! t5d5cy ( matt] c !re=e only be conf9$1 nev] complet$ or appeas$4 ,b ?is is precisely ! case ) all t5d5cies ( all ph5om5a ( w4 ,e atta9$ end is also ! beg9n+ ( a new c\rse1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,! plant raises its manife/ation f ! se$ ?r\gh ! /em & ! leaf to ! blossom & ! fruit1 :i* aga9 is ! beg9n+ ( a new se$1 a new individual1 t runs ?r\gh ! old c\rse1 & s on ?r\gh endless "t4 ,su* also is ! life ( ! animal2 procreation is its highe/ po9t1 & aft] atta9+ to x1 ! life ( ! fir/ individual quickly or sl[ly s9ks1 :ile a new life ensures to nature ! endurance ( ! species & repeats ! same ph5om5a4 ,inde$1 ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! matt] ( e organism is also to be reg>d$ z m]ely ! manife/ation ( ?is cont9ual pressure & *ange1 & physiologi/s are n[ ceas+ to hold t x is ! necess>y rep>ation ( ! matt] wa/$ 9 motion1 = ! possible we>+ out ( ! ma*9e c by no means be equival5t to ! support x is con/antly receiv+ ?r\gh n\ri%m5t4 ,et]nal becom+1 endless flux1 *>act]ises ! revelation ( ! inn] nature ( w4 ,f9ally1 ! same ?+ %[s itself 9 human endeav\rs & desires1 :i* always delude u by pres5t+ _! satisfaction z ! f9al end ( w4 ,z soon z we atta9 to !m !y no long] appe> ! same1 & !re=e !y soon gr[ /ale1 are =gott51 & ?\gh n op5ly dis[n$1 are yet always ?r[n aside z vani%$ illusions4 ,we are =tunate en\gh if !re /ill rema9s some?+ to wi% = & to /rive aft]1 t ! game may be kept up ( con/ant transition f desire to satisfaction1 & f satisfaction to a new desire1 ! rapid c\rse ( :i* is call$ happ9ess1 & ! sl[ c\rse sorr[1 & does n s9k into t /agnation t %[s itself 9 fe>ful ennui t p>alyses life1 va9 ye>n+ )\t a def9ite object1 dead5+ languor4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 :5 ! w is enlight5$ by k1 x always kn[s :at x wills n[ & "h1 nev] :at x wills 9 g5]al2 e p>ticul> act ( w has its end1 ! :ole w has none2 j z e p>ticul> ph5om5on ( nature is det]m9$ by a suffici5t cause s f> z conc]ns its appe>ance 9 ?is place at ?is "t1 b ! =ce :i* manife/s itself 9 x has no g5]al cause1 = x belongs to ! ?+-9-itself1 to ! gr\ndless w4 ,! s+le example ( self-k ( ! w z a :ole is ! idea z a :ole1 ! :ole _w ( p]ception4 ,x is ! objectification1 ! revelation1 ! mirror ( ! w4 ,:at ! w expresses 9 x w be ! subject ( our fur!r consid]ation47#dc7 ,,?ird ,,book4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,idea4 ,second ,aspect4 ,! ,idea ,indep5d5t ,( ,! ,pr9ciple ,( ,suffici5t ,reason3 ,! ,platonic ,idea3 ,! ,object ,( ,art4 1 2 1 4----4 #cj4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,book ! _w 0 expla9$ z m]e idea1 object = a subject4 ,9 ! ,second ,book we consid]$ x f its o!r side1 & f\nd t 9 ?is aspect x is w1 :i* prov$ to be simply t :i* ?is _w is besides be+ idea4 ,9 accordance ) ?is k we call$ ! _w z idea1 bo? z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 ! objectification ( w1 :i* !re=e means ! w become object1 i4e41 idea4 ,fur!r1 we rememb] t ?is objectification ( w 0 f\nd to h _m def9ite grades1 9 :i*1 ) gradually increas+ di/9ctness & complet5ess1 ! nature ( w appe>s 9 ! idea1 t is to say1 pres5ts itself z object4 ,9 ^! grades we already recognis$ ! ,platonic ,ideas1 = ! grades are j ! det]m9$ species1 or ! orig9al un*ang+ =ms & qualities ( all natural bodies1 bo? organis$ & unorganis$1 & also ! g5]al =ces :i* reveal !mselves accord+ to natural laws4 ,^! ,ideas1 !n1 z a :ole express !mselves 9 innum]able individuals & p>ticul>s1 & are relat$ to ^! z ar*etypes to _! copies4 ,! multiplicity ( su* individuals is only conceivable ?r\gh "t & space1 _! appe>+ & pass+ away ?r\gh causality1 & 9 all ^! =ms we recognise m]ely ! diff]5t modes ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* is ! ultimate pr9ciple ( all t is f9ite1 ( all individual exi/5ce1 & ! univ]sal =m ( ! idea z x appe>s 9 ! k ( ! individual z su*4 ,! ,platonic ,idea1 on ! o!r h&1 does n come "u ?is pr9ciple1 & has !re=e nei!r multiplicity nor *ange4 ,:ile ! individuals 9 :i* x expresses itself are innum]able1 & unceas+ly come into be+ & pass away1 x rema9s un*ang$ z "o & ! same1 & ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason has = x no mean+4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is is ! =m "u :i* all k ( ! subject comes1 s f> z ! subject kn[s z an individual1 ! ,ideas lie q outside ! sph]e ( its k4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,ideas are to become objects ( k1 ?is c only happ5 by transc5d+ ! individuality ( ! kn[+ subject4 ,! m exact & detail$ explanation ( ?is is :at w n[ occupy our att5tion4 #ca4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ v ess5tial rem>k4 ,i hope t 9 ! prec$+ book ,i h succe$$ 9 produc+ ! conviction t :at is call$ 9 ! ,kantian philosophy ! ?+-9-itself1 & appe>s !re z s significant1 & yet s obscure & p>adoxical a doctr9e1 & especially on acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,kant introduc$ x z an inf]5ce f ! caus$ to ! cause1 0 consid]$ a /umbl+-/one1 &1 9 fact1 ! weak side ( 8 philosophy1--t ?is1 ,i say1 if x is rea*$ by ! entirely diff]5t way by :i* we h arriv$ at x1 is no?+ b ! w :5 ! sph]e ( t conception is ext5d$ & def9$ 9 ! way ,i h %[n4 ,i hope1 fur!r1 t aft] :at has be5 said !re w be no hesitation 9 recognis+ ! def9ite grades ( ! objectification ( ! w1 :i* is ! inn] reality ( ! _w1 to be :at ,plato call$ ! et]nal ,ideas or un*angeable =ms 772 a doctr9e :i* is reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal1 b at ! same "t ! mo/ obscure & p>adoxical dogma ( 8 sy/em1 & has be5 ! subject ( reflection & controv]sy ( ridicule & ( rev]5ce to s _m & su* diff]5tly end[$ m9ds 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies4 ,if n[ ! w is = u ! ?+-9-itself1 & ! ,idea is ! imm$iate objectivity ( t w at a def9ite grade1 we f9d t ,kant's ?+-9-itself1 & ,plato's ,idea1 :i* to him is ! only 1 ^! two great obscure p>adoxes ( ! two greate/ philosoph]s ( ! ,we/ are n inde$ id5tical1 b yet v closely relat$1 & only di/+ui%$ by a s+le circum/ance4 ,! purport ( ^! two great p>adoxes1 ) all inn] h>mony & relation%ip1 is yet s v diff]5t on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable div]sity ( ! individuality ( _! au?ors1 t !y are ! be/ comm5t>y on ea* o!r1 = !y are l two entirely diff]5t roads t conduct u to ! same goal4 ,?is is easily made cle>4 ,:at ,kant says is 9 sub/ance ?is3--8,"t1 space1 & causality are n det]m9ations ( ! ?+-9-itself1 b belong only to its ph5om5al exi/5ce1 = !y are no?+ b ! =ms ( our k4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 all multiplicity1 & all com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 are only possible ?r\gh "t1 space1 & causality1 x foll[s t !y also belong only to ! ph5om5on1 n to ! ?+-9-itself4 ,b z our k is condition$ by ^! =ms1 ! :ole ( exp]i5ce is only k ( ! ph5om5on1 n ( ! ?+-9-itself2 !re=e its laws _c be made valid = ! ?+-9-itself4 ,?is ext5ds ev5 to our own ego1 & we "k x only z ph5om5on1 & n accord+ to :at x may be 9 itself40 ,?is is ! mean+ & cont5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,kant 9 ! important respect we are consid]+4 ,:at ,plato says is ?is3--8,! ?+s ( ?is _w :i* our s5ses p]ceive h no true be+2 !y always become1 !y nev] are3 !y h only a relative be+2 !y all exi/ m]ely 9 & ?r\gh _! relations to ea* o!r2 _! :ole be+ may1 !re=e1 q z well be call$ a non-be+4 ,!y are consequ5tly n objects ( a true k 771 = su* a k c only be ( :at exi/s = itself1 & always 9 ! same way2 !y1 on ! contr>y1 are only ! objects ( an op9ion bas$ on s5sation 7 74 ,s long z we are conf9$ to ! p]ception ( ^!1 we are l m5 :o sit 9 a d>k cave1 b\nd s fa/ t !y _c turn _! heads1 & :o see no?+ b ! %ad[s ( real ?+s :i* pass betwe5 !m & a fire burn+ beh9d !m1 ! light ( :i* ca/s ! %ad[s on ! wall opposite !m2 & ev5 ( !mselves & ( ea* o!r !y see only ! %ad[s on ! wall4 ,_! wisdom w\ld ?us consi/ 9 pr$ict+ ! ord] ( ! %ad[s le>n$ f exp]i5ce4 ,! real ar*etypes1 on ! o!r h&1 to :i* ^! %ad[s correspond1 ! et]nal ,ideas1 ! orig9al =ms ( all ?+s1 c alone be said to h true be+ 7 71 because !y always are1 b nev] become nor pass away4 ,to !m belongs no multiplicity2 = ea* ( !m is accord+ to its nature only "o1 = x is ! ar*etype itself1 ( :i* all p>ticul> transitory ?+s ( ! same k9d :i* are nam$ aft] x are copies or %ad[s4 ,!y h also no com+ into be+ nor pass+ away1 = !y are truly be+1 nev] becom+ nor vani%+1 l _! fleet+ %ad[s4 7,x is necess>ily presuppos$1 h[ev]1 9 ^! two negative def9itions1 t "t1 space1 & causality h no significance or validity = ^! ,ideas1 & t !y d n exi/ 9 !m47 ,( ^! only c !re be true k1 = ! object ( su* k c only be t :i* always & 9 e respect 7?us 9-itself7 is2 n t :i* is & aga9 is n1 accord+ z we look at x40 ,?is is ,plato's doctr9e4 ,x is cle>1 & requires no fur!r pro( t ! inn] mean+ ( bo? doctr9es is entirely ! same2 t bo? expla9 ! visible _w z a manife/ation1 :i* 9 itself is no?+1 & :i* only has mean+ & a borr[$ reality ?r\gh t :i* expresses itself 9 x 79 ! "o case ! ?+-9-itself1 9 ! o!r ! ,idea74 ,to ?is la/1 :i* has true be+1 all ! =ms ( t ph5om5al exi/5ce1 ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal & ess5tial1 are1 accord+ to bo? doctr9es1 entirely =eign4 ,9 ord] to dis[n ^! =ms ,kant has directly express$ !m ev5 9 ab/ract t]ms1 & di/9ctly refus$ "t1 space1 & causality z m]e =ms ( ! ph5om5on to ! ?+-9-itself4 ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 did n atta9 to ! fulle/ expression1 & has only di/9ctly refus$ ^! =ms to 8 ,ideas 9 t he d5ies ( ! ,ideas :at is only possible ?r\gh ^! =ms1 multiplicity ( simil> ?+s1 com+ into be+ & pass+ away4 ,?\gh x is p]haps sup]flu\s1 ,i %\ld l to illu/rate ?is rem>kable & important agreem5t by an example4 ,!re /&s be=e u1 let u suppose1 an animal 9 ! full activity ( life4 ,plato w\ld say1 8,?is animal has no true exi/5ce1 b m]ely an app>5t exi/5ce1 a con/ant becom+1 a relative exi/5ce :i* may j z well be call$ non-be+ z be+4 ,only ! ,idea :i* expresses itself 9 t animal is truly #8be+1' or ! animal 9-itself 7 71 :i* is dep5d5t ^u no?+1 b is 9 & = itself 7 1 72 x has n become1 x w n end1 b always is 9 ! same way 7 1 74 ,if n[ we recognise its ,idea 9 ?is animal1 x is all "o & ( no importance :e!r we h ?is animal n[ be=e u or its prog5itor ( a ?\s& ye>s ago1 :e!r x is "h or 9 a di/ant l&1 :e!r x pres5ts itself 9 ?is or t mann]1 position1 or action2 :e!r1 la/ly1 x is ?is or any o!r individual ( ! same species2 all ?is is no?+1 & only conc]ns ! ph5om5on2 ! ,idea ( ! animal alone has true be+1 & is ! object ( real k40 ,s ,plato2 ,kant w\ld say some?+ ( ?is k9d1 8,?is animal is a ph5om5on 9 "t1 space1 & causality1 :i* are collectively ! conditions a priori ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 ly+ 9 our faculty ( k1 n det]m9ations ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,!re=e ?is animal z we p]ceive x at ?is def9ite po9t ( "t1 9 ?is p>ticul> place1 z an individual 9 ! connection ( exp]i5ce 7i4e41 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects71 :i* has come into be+1 & w j z necess>ily pass away1 is n a ?+-9-itself1 b a ph5om5on :i* only exi/s 9 relation to our k4 ,to "k x z :at x may be 9 itself1 t is to say1 indep5d5t ( all ! det]m9ations :i* lie 9 "t1 space1 & causality1 w\ld dem& ano!r k9d ( k ?an t :i* is possible = u ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! und]/&+40 ,9 ord] to br+ ,kant's mode ( expression ne>] ! ,platonic1 we might say3 ,"t1 space1 & causality are t arrangem5t ( our intellect by virtue ( :i* ! "o be+ ( ea* k9d :i* alone really is1 manife/s itself to u z a multiplicity ( simil> be+s1 con/antly appe>+ & disappe>+ 9 endless succession4 ,! appreh5sion ( ?+s by means ( & 9 accordance ) ?is arrangem5t is imman5t k2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is consci\s ( ! true /ate ( ! case1 is transc5d5tal k4 ,! latt] is obta9$ 9 ab/racto ?r\gh ! criticism ( pure reason1 b 9 exceptional cases x may also appe> intuitively4 ,?is la/ is an addition ( my own1 :i* ,i am endeav\r+ 9 ?is ,?ird ,book to expla94 ,if ! doctr9e ( ,kant _h ev] be5 prop]ly und]/ood & grasp$1 & s9ce ,kant's "t t ( ,plato1 if m5 _h truly & e>ne/ly reflect$ on ! inn] mean+ & cont5t ( ! tea*+ ( ^! two great ma/]s1 in/ead ( involv+ !mselves 9 ! te*nicalities ( ! "o & writ+ p>odies ( ! /yle ( ! o!r1 !y c\ld n h fail$ to disc]n long ago to :at an ext5t ^! two great philosoph]s agree1 & t ! true mean+1 ! aim ( bo? sy/ems1 is ! same4 ,n only w\ld !y h refra9$ f con/antly comp>+ ,plato to ,leibnitz1 on :om 8 _s c]ta9ly did n re/1 or inde$ to a well-kn[n g5tleman :o is /ill alive17#dd7 z if !y want$ to mock ! manes ( ! great ?9k] ( ! pa/2 b !y w\ld h advanc$ mu* f>!r 9 g5]al1 or r !y w\ld n h fall5 s disgracefully f> beh9d z !y h 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,!y w\ld n h let !mselves be l$ by ! nose1 to-day by "o va9 boa/] & to-morr[ by ano!r1 nor w\ld !y h op5$ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* promis$ s mu* 9 ,g]many1 ) ! philosophical f>ces t 7 p]=m$ ov] ! grave ( ,kant 7z ! anci5ts sometimes did at ! fun]al obsequies ( _! dead71 & :i* des]v$ly call$ =? ! d]ision ( o!r nations1 = su* ?+s lea/ become ! e>ne/ & /rait-lac$ ,g]man4 ,b s small is ! *os5 public ( true philosoph]s1 t ev5 /ud5ts :o und]/& are b scantily br\ght !m by ! c5turies-- 1 7,?yrsig]i quidem multi1 ,baa*i v]o pauci74 1 2 1 7,eam ob rem philosophia 9 infamiam incidit1 quad non pro dignitate ipsam att+unt3 neque enim a spuriis1 sad a legitimis erat attrect&a74--,plato4 ,m5 foll[$ ! words1--su* words z 8a priori ideas10 8=ms ( p]ception & ?\ght exi/+ 9 consci\sness indep5d5tly ( exp]i5ce10 8fundam5tal conceptions ( ! pure und]/&+10 c41 c41--& ask$ :e!r ,plato's ,ideas1 :i* 7 also orig9al conceptions1 & besides ?is 7 suppos$ to be rem9isc5ces ( a p]ception be=e life ( ! truly real ?+s1 7 9 "s way ! same z ,kant's =ms ( p]ception & ?\ght1 :i* lie a priori 9 our consci\sness4 ,on acc\nt ( "s slight resemblance 9 ! expression ( ^! two entirely diff]5t doctr9es1 ! ,kantian doctr9e ( ! =ms :i* limit ! k ( ! individual to ! ph5om5on1 & ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ,ideas1 ! k ( :i* ^! v =ms expressly d5y1 ^! s f> diametrically oppos$ doctr9es 7 c>efully comp>$1 & m5 delib]at$ & disput$ z to :e!r !y 7 id5tical1 f\nd at la/ t !y 7 n ! same1 & conclud$ t ,plato's doctr9e ( ,ideas & ,kant's 8,critique ( ,reason0 _h no?+ 9 common4 ,b en\gh ( ?is47#de7 #cb4 ,x foll[s f our consid]ation ( ! subject1 t1 = u1 ,idea & ?+-9-itself are n entirely "o & ! same1 9 spite ( ! inn] agreem5t betwe5 ,kant & ,plato1 & ! id5tity ( ! aim !y _h be=e !m1 or ! conception ( ! _w :i* r\s$ !m & l$ !m to philosophise4 ,! ,idea is = u r ! direct1 & !re=e adequate1 objectivity ( ! ?+-9-itself1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 itself ! w--! w z n yet objectifi$1 n yet become idea4 ,= ! ?+-9-itself mu/1 ev5 accord+ to ,kant1 be free f all ! =ms connect$ ) kn[+ z su*2 & x is m]ely an error on 8 "p 7z is %[n 9 ! ,app5dix7 t he did n c\nt among ^! =ms1 be=e all o!rs1 t ( be+ object = a subject1 = x is ! fir/ & mo/ univ]sal =m ( all ph5om5a1 i4e41 ( all idea2 he %\ld !re=e h di/9ctly d5i$ objective exi/5ce to 8 ?+-9-itself1 :i* w\ld h sav$ him f a great inconsi/5cy t 0 soon discov]$4 ,! ,platonic ,idea1 on ! o!r h&1 is necess>ily object1 some?+ kn[n1 an idea1 & 9 t respect is diff]5t f ! ?+-9-itself1 b 9 t respect only4 ,x has m]ely laid aside ! subord9ate =ms ( ! ph5om5on1 all ( :i* we include 9 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 or r x has n yet assum$ !m2 b x has reta9$ ! fir/ & mo/ univ]sal =m1 t ( ! idea 9 g5]al1 ! =m ( be+ object = a subject4 ,x is ! =ms :i* are subord9ate to ?is 7^: g5]al expression is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason7 t multiply ! ,idea 9 p>ticul> transitory individuals1 ^: numb] is a matt] ( complete indiff]5ce to ! ,idea4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ?us aga9 ! =m into :i* ! ,idea ent]s :5 x appe>s 9 ! k ( ! subject z individual4 ,! p>ticul> ?+ t manife/s itself 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ?us only an indirect objectification ( ! ?+-9-itself 7:i* is ! w71 = betwe5 x & ! ?+-9-itself /&s ! ,idea z ! only direct objectivity ( ! w1 because x has assum$ none ( ! special =ms ( k z su*1 except t ( ! idea 9 g5]al1 i4e41 ! =m ( be+ object = a subject4 ,!re=e x alone is ! mo/ adequate objectivity ( ! w or ?+-9-itself :i* is possible2 inde$ x is ! :ole ?+-9-itself1 only "u ! =m ( ! idea2 & "h lies ! gr\nd ( ! great agreem5t betwe5 ,plato & ,kant1 al?\gh1 9 /rict accuracy1 t ( :i* !y speak is n ! same4 ,b ! p>ticul> ?+s are no really adequate objectivity ( ! w1 = 9 !m x is obscur$ by ^? =ms ^: g5]al expression is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b :i* are conditions ( ! k :i* belongs to ! individual z su*4 ,if x is all[able to draw conclusions f an impossible presupposition1 we w\ld1 9 fact1 no long] "k p>ticul> ?+s1 nor ev5ts1 nor *ange1 nor multiplicity1 b w\ld compreh5d only ,ideas1--only ! grades ( ! objectification ( t "o w1 ( ! ?+-9-itself1 9 pure uncl\d$ k4 ,consequ5tly our _w w\ld be a nunc /ans1 if x 7 n t1 z kn[+ subjects1 we are also individuals1 i4e41 our p]ceptions come to u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a body1 f ! affections ( :i* !y proce$1 & :i* is itself only concrete will+1 objectivity ( ! w1 & ?us is an object among objects1 & z su* comes into ! kn[+ consci\sness 9 ! only way 9 :i* an object c1 ?r\gh ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & consequ5tly already presupposes1 & !re=e br+s 91 "t1 & all o!r =ms :i* t pr9ciple expresses4 ,"t is only ! brok5 & piecemeal view :i* ! individual be+ has ( ! ,ideas1 :i* are outside "t1 & consequ5tly et]nal4 ,!re=e ,plato says "t is ! mov+ picture ( et]nity3 47#df7 #cc4 ,s9ce n[1 z individuals1 we h no o!r k ?an t :i* is subject to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & ?is =m ( k excludes ! ,ideas1 x is c]ta9 t if x is possible = u to raise ourselves f ! k ( p>ticul> ?+s to t ( ! ,ideas1 ?is c only happ5 by an alt]ation tak+ place 9 ! subject :i* is analog\s & corresponds to ! great *ange ( ! :ole nature ( ! object1 & by virtue ( :i* ! subject1 s f> z x kn[s an ,idea1 is no m individual4 ,x w be rememb]$ f ! prec$+ book t k 9 g5]al belongs to ! objectification ( w at its high] grades1 & s5sibility1 n]ves1 & bra91 j l ! o!r p>ts ( ! organis$ be+1 are ! expression ( ! w at ?is /age ( its objectivity1 & !re=e ! idea :i* appe>s ?r\gh !m is also 9 ! same way b\nd to ! s]vice ( w z a means 77 = ! atta9m5t ( its n[ complicat$ 77 aims = su/a9+ a be+ ( manifold requirem5ts4 ,?us orig9ally & accord+ to its nature1 k is completely subject to ! w1 &1 l ! imm$iate object1 :i*1 by means ( ! application ( ! law ( causality1 is its />t+-po9t1 all k :i* proce$s 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason rema9s 9 a clos] or m di/ant relation to ! w4 ,= ! individual f9ds 8 body z an object among objects1 to all ( :i* x is relat$ & connect$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,?us all inve/igations ( ^! relations & connections lead back to 8 body1 & consequ5tly to 8 w4 ,s9ce x is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* places ! objects 9 ?is relation to ! body1 &1 ?r\gh x1 to ! w1 ! "o endeav\r ( ! k :i* is subject to ?is pr9ciple w be to f9d out ! relations 9 :i* objects are plac$ to ea* o!r ?r\gh ?is pr9ciple1 & ?us to trace _! innum]able connections 9 space1 "t1 & causality4 ,= only ?r\gh ^! is ! object int]e/+ to ! individual1 i4e41 relat$ to ! w4 ,!re=e ! k :i* is subject to ! w kn[s no?+ fur!r ( objects ?an _! relations1 kn[s ! objects only s f> z !y exi/ at ?is "t1 9 ?is place1 "u ^! circum/ances1 f ^! causes1 & ) ^! effects--9 a ^w1 z p>ticul> ?+s2 & if all ^! relations 7 to be tak5 away1 ! objects w\ld also h disappe>$ = x1 because x knew no?+ m ab\t !m4 ,we mu/ n disguise ! fact t :at ! sci5ces consid] 9 ?+s is also 9 reality no?+ m ?an ?is2 _! relations1 ! connections ( "t & space1 ! causes ( natural *anges1 ! resemblance ( =ms1 ! motives ( actions1--?us m]ely relations4 ,:at di/+ui%es sci5ce f ord9>y k is m]ely its sy/ematic =m1 ! facilitat+ ( k by ! compreh5sion ( all p>ticul>s 9 ! univ]sal1 by means ( ! subord9ation ( concepts1 & ! complet5ess ( k :i* is !reby atta9$4 ,all relation has itself only a relative exi/5ce2 = example1 all be+ 9 "t is also non-be+2 = "t is only t by means ( :i* opposite det]m9ations c belong to ! same ?+2 !re=e e ph5om5on :i* is 9 "t aga9 is n1 = :at sep>ates its beg9n+ f its end is only "t1 :i* is ess5tially a fleet+1 incon/ant1 & relative ?+1 "h call$ duration4 ,b "t is ! mo/ univ]sal =m ( all objects ( ! k :i* is subject to ! w1 & ! prototype ( its o!r =ms4 ,k n[1 z a rule1 rema9s always subord9ate to ! s]vice ( ! w1 z inde$ x orig9at$ = ?is s]vice1 & grew1 s to speak1 to ! w1 z ! head to ! body4 ,9 ! case ( ! brutes ?is subjection ( k to ! w c nev] be aboli%$4 ,9 ! case ( m5 x c be aboli%$ only 9 exceptional cases1 :i* we %all pres5tly consid] m closely4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 man & brute is outw>dly express$ by ! diff]5ce ( ! relation ( ! head to ! body4 ,9 ! case ( ! l[] brutes bo? are de=m$3 9 all brutes ! head is direct$ t[>ds ! e>?1 :]e ! objects ( its w lie2 ev5 9 ! high] species ! head & ! body are /ill f> m "o ?an 9 ! case ( man1 ^: head seems freely set ^u 8 body1 z if only c>ri$ by & n s]v+ x4 ,?is human excell5ce is exhibit$ 9 ! highe/ degree by ! ,apollo ( ,belv$]e2 ! head ( ! god ( ! ,muses1 ) eyes fix$ on ! f> di/ance1 /&s s freely on 8 %\ld]s t x seems :olly deliv]$ f ! body1 & no m subject to its c>es4 #cd4 ,! transition :i* we h ref]r$ to z possible1 b yet to be reg>d$ z only exceptional1 f ! common k ( p>ticul> ?+s to ! k ( ! ,idea1 takes place sudd5ly2 = k breaks free f ! s]vice ( ! w1 by ! subject ceas+ to be m]ely individual1 & ?us becom+ ! pure w-less subject ( k1 :i* no long] traces relations 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b re/s 9 fix$ contemplation ( ! object pres5t$ to x1 out ( its connection ) all o!rs1 & rises into x4 ,a full explanation is necess>y to make ?is cle>1 & ! read] mu/ susp5d 8 surprise = a :ile1 till he has grasp$ ! :ole ?\ght express$ 9 ?is "w1 & !n x w vani% ( itself4 ,if1 rais$ by ! p[] ( ! m9d1 a man rel9qui%es ! common way ( look+ at ?+s1 gives up trac+1 "u ! guidance ( ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 _! relations to ea* o!r1 ! f9al goal ( :i* is always a relation to 8 own w2 if he ?us ceases to consid] ! :]e1 ! :51 ! :y1 & ! :i!r ( ?+s1 & looks simply & solely at ! :at2 if1 fur!r1 he does n all[ ab/ract ?\ght1 ! concepts ( ! reason1 to take possession ( 8 consci\sness1 b1 in/ead ( all ?is1 gives ! :ole p[] ( 8 m9d to p]ception1 s9ks himself entirely 9 ?is1 & lets 8 :ole consci\sness be fill$ ) ! quiet contemplation ( ! natural object actually pres5t1 :e!r a l&scape1 a tree1 a m\nta91 a build+1 or :atev] x may be2 inasmu* z he loses himself 9 ?is object 7to use a pregnant ,g]man idiom71 i4e41 =gets ev5 8 individuality1 8 w1 & only cont9ues to exi/ z ! pure subject1 ! cle> mirror ( ! object1 s t x is z if ! object alone 7 !re1 )\t any "o to p]ceive x1 & he c no long] sep>ate ! p]ceiv] f ! p]ception1 b bo? h become "o1 because ! :ole consci\sness is fill$ & occupi$ ) "o s+le s5su\s picture2 if ?us ! object has to su* an ext5t pass$ out ( all relation to some?+ outside x1 & ! subject out ( all relation to ! w1 !n t :i* is s kn[n is no long] ! p>ticul> ?+ z su*2 b x is ! ,idea1 ! et]nal =m1 ! imm$iate objectivity ( ! w at ?is grade2 &1 !re=e1 he :o is sunk 9 ?is p]ception is no long] individual1 = 9 su* p]ception ! individual has lo/ himself2 b he is pure1 w-less1 pa9less1 timeless subject ( k4 ,?is1 :i* 9 itself is s rem>kable 7:i* ,i well "k confirms ! say+ t orig9at$ ) ,?omas ,pa9e1 ,du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas71 w by degrees become cle>] & less surpris+ f :at foll[s4 ,x 0 ?is t 0 runn+ 9 ,sp9oza's m9d :5 he wrote3 ,meus t]na e/1 quat5us res sub t]nitatis specie concipit 7,e?4 ,v4 pr4 #ca1 ,s*ol477#dg7 ,9 su* contemplation ! p>ticul> ?+ becomes at once ! ,idea ( its species1 & ! p]ceiv+ individual becomes pure subject ( k4 ,! individual1 z su*1 kn[s only p>ticul> ?+s2 ! pure subject ( k kn[s only ,ideas4 ,= ! individual is ! subject ( k 9 its relation to a def9ite p>ticul> manife/ation ( w1 & 9 subjection to ?is4 ,?is p>ticul> manife/ation ( w is1 z su*1 subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its =ms2 !re=e1 all k :i* relates itself to x also foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & no o!r k9d ( k is fitt$ to be ( use to ! w b ?is1 :i* always consi/s m]ely ( relations to ! object4 ,! kn[+ individual z su*1 & ! p>ticul> ?+s kn[n by him1 are always 9 "s place1 at "s "t1 & are l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,! pure subject ( k & 8 correlative1 ! ,idea1 h pass$ out ( all ^! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason3 "t1 place1 ! individual t kn[s1 & ! individual t is kn[n1 h = !m no mean+4 ,:5 an individual kn[] has rais$ himself 9 ! mann] describ$ to be pure subject ( k1 & at ! same "t has rais$ ! obs]v$ object to ! ,platonic ,idea1 ! _w z idea appe>s complete & pure1 & ! full objectification ( ! w takes place1 = ! ,platonic ,idea alone is its adequate objectivity4 ,! ,idea includes object & subject 9 l mann] 9 itself1 = !y are its "o =m2 b 9 x !y are absolutely ( equal importance2 = z ! object is "h1 z else:]e1 simply ! idea ( ! subject1 ! subject1 :i* passes entirely into ! p]ceiv$ object has ?us become ?is object itself1 = ! :ole consci\sness is no?+ b its p]fectly di/9ct picture4 ,n[ ?is consci\sness con/itutes ! :ole _w z idea1 = "o imag9es ! :ole ( ! ,platonic ,ideas1 or grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 9 _! s]ies pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! p>ticul> ?+s ( all "t & space are no?+ b ,ideas multipli$ ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 7! =m ( ! k ( ! individual z su*71 & ?us obscur$ z reg>ds _! pure objectivity4 ,:5 ! ,platonic ,idea appe>s1 9 x subject & object are no long] to be di/+ui%$1 = ! ,platonic ,idea1 ! adequate objectivity ( w1 ! true _w z idea1 arises only :5 ! subject & object reciprocally fill & p5etrate ea* o!r completely2 & 9 ! same way ! kn[+ & ! kn[n individuals1 z ?+s 9 !mselves1 are n to be di/+ui%$4 ,= if we look entirely away f ! true _w z idea1 !re rema9s no?+ b ! _w z w4 ,! w is ! 89-itself0 ( ! ,platonic ,idea1 :i* fully objectifies x2 x is also ! 89-itself0 ( ! p>ticul> ?+ & ( ! individual t kn[s x1 :i* objectify x incompletely4 ,z w1 outside ! idea & all its =ms1 x is "o & ! same 9 ! object contemplat$ & 9 ! individual1 :o so>s al(t 9 ?is contemplation1 & becomes consci\s ( himself z pure subject4 ,^! two are1 !re=e1 9 !mselves n diff]5t1 = 9 !mselves !y are w1 :i* "h kn[s itself2 & multiplicity & diff]5ce exi/ only z ! way 9 :i* ?is k comes to ! w1 i4e41 only 9 ! ph5om5on1 on acc\nt ( its =m1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[ ! kn[n ?+1 )\t me z ! subject ( k1 is j z little an object1 & n m]e w1 bl9d ef=t1 z )\t ! object1 )\t ! idea1 ,i am a kn[+ subject & n m]e bl9d w4 ,?is w is 9 itself1 i4e41 outside ! idea1 "o & ! same ) m9e3 only 9 ! _w z idea1 ^: =m is always at lea/ t ( subject & object1 we are sep>at$ z ! kn[n & ! kn[+ individual4 ,z soon z k1 ! _w z idea1 is aboli%$1 !re rema9s no?+ b m]e w1 bl9d ef=t4 ,t x %\ld receive objectivity1 become idea1 supposes at once bo? subject & object2 b t ?is %\ld be pure1 complete1 & adequate objectivity ( ! w1 supposes ! object z ,platonic ,idea1 free f ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & ! subject z ! pure subject ( k1 free f individuality & subjection to ! w4 ,:oev] n[1 has1 aft] ! mann] ref]r$ to1 become s absorb$ & lo/ 9 ! p]ception ( nature t he only cont9ues to exi/ z ! pure kn[+ subject1 becomes 9 ?is way directly consci\s t1 z su*1 he is ! condition1 t is1 ! support]1 ( ! _w & all objective exi/5ce2 = ?is n[ %[s itself z dep5d5t ^u 8 exi/5ce4 ,?us he draws nature into himself1 s t he sees x to be m]ely an accid5t ( 8 own be+4 ,9 ?is s5se ,byron says-- 8,are n ! m\nta9s1 waves1 & skies1 a "p ,( me & ( my s\l1 z ,i ( !m80 ,b h[ %all he :o feels ?is1 reg>d himself z absolutely transitory1 9 contra/ to imp]i%able nature8 ,su* a man w r be fill$ ) ! consci\sness1 :i* ! ,upani%ad ( ! ,v$a expresses3 ,h omnes creatur 9 totum ego sum1 et prt] me aliud ens non e/ 7,oupnek'hat1 i4 #abb747dh7 #ce4 ,9 ord] to ga9 a deep] insight into ! nature ( ! _w1 x is absolutely necess>y t we %\ld le>n to di/+ui% ! w z ?+-9-itself f its adequate objectivity1 & also ! diff]5t grades 9 :i* ?is appe>s m & m di/9ctly & fully1 i4e41 ! ,ideas !mselves1 f ! m]ely ph5om5al exi/5ce ( ^! ,ideas 9 ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! re/rict$ me?od ( k ( ! individual4 ,we %all !n agree ) ,plato :5 he attributes actual be+ only to ! ,ideas1 & all[s only an illusive1 dream-l exi/5ce to ?+s 9 space & "t1 ! real _w = ! individual4 ,!n we %all und]/& h[ "o & ! same ,idea reveals itself 9 s _m ph5om5a1 & pres5ts its nature only bit by bit to ! individual1 "o side aft] ano!r4 ,!n we %all also di/+ui% ! ,idea itself f ! way 9 :i* its manife/ation appe>s 9 ! obs]vation ( ! individual1 & recognise ! =m] z ess5tial & ! latt] z uness5tial4 ,let u consid] ?is ) ! help ( examples tak5 f ! mo/ insignificant ?+s1 & also f ! greate/4 ,:5 ! cl\ds move1 ! figures :i* !y =m are n ess5tial1 b indiff]5t to !m2 b t z ela/ic vap\r !y are press$ toge!r1 drift$ along1 spread out1 or torn asund] by ! =ce ( ! w9d3 ?is is _! nature1 ! ess5ce ( ! =ces :i* objectify !mselves 9 !m1 ! ,idea2 _! actual =ms are only = ! individual obs]v]4 ,to ! brook t fl[s ov] /ones1 ! eddies1 ! waves1 ! foam-flakes :i* x =ms are indiff]5t & uness5tial2 b t x foll[s ! attraction ( gravity1 & behaves z inela/ic1 p]fectly mobile1 =mless1 transp>5t fluid3 ?is is its nature2 ?is1 if kn[n ?r\gh p]ception1 is its ,idea2 ^! accid5tal =ms are only = u s long z we "k z individuals4 ,! ice on ! w9d[-pane =ms itself into cry/als accord+ to ! laws ( cry/allisation1 :i* reveal ! ess5ce ( ! =ce ( nature t appe>s "h1 exhibit ! ,idea2 b ! trees & fl[]s :i* x traces on ! pane are uness5tial1 & are only !re = u4 ,:at appe>s 9 ! cl\ds1 ! brook1 & ! cry/al is ! weake/ e*o ( t w :i* appe>s m fully 9 ! plant1 m fully /ill 9 ! bea/1 & mo/ fully 9 man4 ,b only ! ess5tial 9 all ^! grades ( its objectification con/itutes ! ,idea2 on ! o!r h&1 its unfold+ or developm5t1 because brok5 up 9 ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason into a multiplicity ( _m-sid$ ph5om5a1 is uness5tial to ! ,idea1 lies m]ely 9 ! k9d ( k t belongs to ! individual & has reality only = ?is4 ,! same ?+ necess>ily holds good ( ! unfold+ ( t ,idea :i* is ! complete/ objectivity ( w4 ,!re=e1 ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 ! ?rong ( ev5ts1 ! *ange ( times1 ! multif>i\s =ms ( human life 9 diff]5t l&s & c\ntries1 all ?is is only ! accid5tal =m ( ! manife/ation ( ! ,idea1 does n belong to ! ,idea itself1 9 :i* alone lies ! adequate objectivity ( ! w1 b only to ! ph5om5on :i* appe>s 9 ! k ( ! individual1 & is j z =eign1 uness5tial1 & indiff]5t to ! ,idea itself z ! figures :i* !y assume are to ! cl\ds1 ! =m ( its eddies & foam-flakes to ! brook1 or its trees & fl[]s to ! ice4 ,to him :o has ?or\ghly grasp$ ?is1 & c di/+ui% betwe5 ! w & ! ,idea1 & betwe5 ! ,idea & its manife/ation1 ! ev5ts ( ! _w w h significance only s f> z !y are ! lett]s out ( :i* we may read ! ,idea ( man1 b n 9 & = !mselves4 ,he w n believe ) ! vulg> t "t may produce some?+ actually new & significant2 t ?r\gh x1 or 9 x1 some?+ absolutely real may atta9 to exi/5ce1 or inde$ t x itself z a :ole has beg9n+ & end1 plan & developm5t1 & 9 "s way has = its f9al aim ! highe/ p]fection 7accord+ to _! conception7 ( ! la/ g5]ation ( man1 ^: life is a brief ?irty ye>s4 ,!re=e he w j z little1 ) ,hom]1 p a :ole ,olympus ) gods to guide ! ev5ts ( "t1 z1 ) ,ossian1 he w take ! =ms ( ! cl\ds = individual be+s2 =1 z we h said1 bo? h j z mu* mean+ z reg>ds ! ,idea :i* appe>s 9 !m4 ,9 ! manifold =ms ( human life & 9 ! unceas+ *ange ( ev5ts1 he w reg>d ! ,idea only z ! abid+ & ess5tial1 9 :i* ! w to live has its fulle/ objectivity1 & :i* %[s its diff]5t sides 9 ! capacities1 ! passions1 ! errors & ! excell5ces ( ! human race2 9 self-int]e/1 hatr$1 love1 fe>1 boldness1 frivolity1 /upidity1 slyness1 wit1 g5ius1 & s =?1 all ( :i* cr[d+ toge!r & comb9+ 9 ?\s&s ( =ms 7individuals71 cont9ually create ! hi/ory ( ! great & ! little _w1 9 :i* x is all ! same :e!r !y are set 9 motion by nuts or by cr[ns4 ,f9ally1 he w f9d t 9 ! _w x is ! same z 9 ! dramas ( ,gozzi1 9 all ( :i* ! same p]sons appe>1 ) l int5tion1 & ) a l fate2 ! motives & incid5ts are c]ta9ly diff]5t 9 ea* piece1 b ! _s ( ! incid5ts is ! same2 ! actors 9 "o piece "k no?+ ( ! incid5ts ( ano!r1 al?\gh !y p]=m$ 9 x !mselves2 !re=e1 aft] all exp]i5ce ( =m] pieces1 ,pantaloon has become no m agile or g5]\s1 ,t>taglia no m consci5ti\s1 ,brighella no m c\rage\s1 & ,columb9e no m mode/4 ,suppose we 7 all[$ = once a cle>] glance into ! k+dom ( ! possible1 & ov] ! :ole *a9 ( causes & effects2 if ! e>?-_s appe>$ & %[$ u 9 a picture all ! greate/ m51 enlight5]s ( ! _w1 & h]oes1 t *ance de/roy$ be=e !y 7 ripe = _! "w2 !n ! great ev5ts t w\ld h *ang$ ! hi/ory ( ! _w & br\ght 9 p]iods ( ! highe/ culture & enlight5m5t1 b :i* ! bl9de/ *ance1 ! mo/ insignificant accid5t1 h9d]$ at ! outset2 la/ly1 ! spl5did p[]s ( great m51 t w\ld h enri*$ :ole ages ( ! _w1 b :i*1 ei!r misl$ by error or passion1 or compell$ by necessity1 !y squ&]$ uselessly on unwor?y or unfruitful objects1 or ev5 wa/$ 9 play4 ,if we saw all ?is1 we w\ld %udd] & lam5t at ! ?\ght ( ! lo/ treasures ( :ole p]iods ( ! _w4 ,b ! e>?-_s w\ld smile & say1 8,! s\rce f :i* ! individuals & _! p[]s proce$ is inexhau/ible & un5d+ z "t & space2 =1 l ^! =ms ( all ph5om5a1 !y also are only ph5om5a1 visibility ( ! w4 ,no f9ite measure c exhau/ t inf9ite s\rce2 !re=e an undim9i%$ et]nity is always op5 = ! return ( any ev5t or "w t 0 nipp$ 9 ! bud4 ,9 ?is _w ( ph5om5a true loss is j z little possible z true ga94 ,! w alone is2 x is ! ?+ 9-itself1 & ! s\rce ( all ^! ph5om5a4 ,its self-k & its ass]tion or d5ial1 :i* is !n decid$ ^u1 is ! only ev5t 9-itself407#di7 #cf4 ,hi/ory foll[s ! ?read ( ev5ts2 x is pragmatic s f> z x d$uces !m 9 accordance ) ! law ( motivation1 a law t det]m9es ! self-manife/+ w :]ev] x is enlight5$ by k4 ,at ! l[e/ grades ( its objectivity1 :]e x /ill acts )\t k1 natural sci5ce1 9 ! =m ( etiology1 treats ( ! laws ( ! *anges ( its ph5om5a1 &1 9 ! =m ( morphology1 ( :at is p]man5t 9 !m4 ,?is almo/ endless task is light5$ by ! aid ( concepts1 :i* compreh5d :at is g5]al 9 ord] t we may d$uce :at is p>ticul> f x4 ,la/ly1 ma!matics treats ( ! m]e =ms1 "t & space1 9 :i* ! ,ideas1 brok5 up into multiplicity1 appe> = ! k ( ! subject z individual4 ,all ^!1 ( :i* ! common "n is sci5ce1 proce$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its diff]5t =ms1 & _! !me is always ! ph5om5on1 its laws1 connections1 & ! relations :i* result f !m4 ,b :at k9d ( k is conc]n$ ) t :i* is outside & indep5d5t ( all relations1 t :i* alone is really ess5tial to ! _w1 ! true cont5t ( its ph5om5a1 t :i* is subject to no *ange1 & !re=e is kn[n ) equal tru? = all "t1 9 a ^w1 ! ,ideas1 :i* are ! direct & adequate objectivity ( ! ?+ 9-itself1 ! w8 ,we answ]1 ,art1 ! "w ( g5ius4 ,x repeats or reproduces ! et]nal ,ideas grasp$ ?r\gh pure contemplation1 ! ess5tial & abid+ 9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w2 & accord+ to :at ! mat]ial is 9 :i* x reproduces1 x is sculpture or pa9t+1 poetry or music4 ,its "o s\rce is ! k ( ,ideas2 its "o aim ! communication ( ?is k4 ,:ile sci5ce1 foll[+ ! unre/+ & incon/ant /ream ( ! f\rfold =ms ( reason & consequ5t1 ) ea* end atta9$ sees fur!r1 & c nev] rea* a f9al goal nor atta9 full satisfaction1 any m ?an by runn+ we c rea* ! place :]e ! cl\ds t\* ! horizon2 art1 on ! contr>y1 is ev]y:]e at its goal4 ,= x plucks ! object ( its contemplation out ( ! /ream ( ! _w's c\rse1 & has x isolat$ be=e x4 ,& ?is p>ticul> ?+1 :i* 9 t /ream 0 a small p]i%+ "p1 becomes to art ! repres5tative ( ! :ole1 an equival5t ( ! endless multitude 9 space & "t4 ,x !re=e pauses at ?is p>ticul> ?+2 ! c\rse ( "t /ops2 ! relations vani% = x2 only ! ess5tial1 ! ,idea1 is its object4 ,we may1 !re=e1 accurately def9e x z ! way ( view+ ?+s indep5d5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 9 opposition to ! way ( view+ !m :i* proce$s 9 accordance ) t pr9ciple1 & :i* is ! me?od ( exp]i5ce & ( sci5ce4 ,?is la/ me?od ( consid]+ ?+s may be comp>$ to a l9e inf9itely ext5d$ 9 a horizontal direction1 & ! =m] to a v]tical l9e :i* cuts x at any po9t4 ,! me?od ( view+ ?+s :i* proce$s 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! rational me?od1 & x alone is valid & ( use 9 practical life & 9 sci5ce4 ,! me?od :i* looks away f ! cont5t ( ?is pr9ciple is ! me?od ( g5ius1 :i* is only valid & ( use 9 art4 ,! fir/ is ! me?od ( ,ari/otle2 ! second is1 on ! :ole1 t ( ,plato4 ,! fir/ is l ! mighty /orm1 t ru%es along )\t beg9n+ & )\t aim1 b5d+1 agitat+1 & c>ry+ away ev]y?+ be=e x2 ! second is l ! sil5t sunbeam1 t pi]ces ?r\gh ! /orm q unaffect$ by x4 ,! fir/ is l ! innum]able %[]+ drops ( ! wat]fall1 :i*1 con/antly *ang+1 nev] re/ = an in/ant2 ! second is l ! ra9b[1 quietly re/+ on ?is rag+ torr5t4 ,only ?r\gh ! pure contemplation describ$ above1 :i* ends entirely 9 ! object1 c ,ideas be compreh5d$2 & ! nature ( g5ius consi/s 9 pre-em95t capacity = su* contemplation4 ,n[1 z ?is requires t a man %\ld entirely =get himself & ! relations 9 :i* he /&s1 g5ius is simply ! complete/ objectivity1 i4e41 ! objective t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 z oppos$ to ! subjective1 :i* is direct$ to "o's own self--9 o!r words1 to ! w4 ,?us g5ius is ! faculty ( cont9u+ 9 ! /ate ( pure p]ception1 ( los+ oneself 9 p]ception1 & ( enli/+ 9 ?is s]vice ! k :i* orig9ally exi/$ only = ! s]vice ( ! w2 t is to say1 g5ius is ! p[] ( leav+ "o's own int]e/s1 wi%es1 & aims entirely out ( sight1 ?us ( entirely r5\nc+ "o's own p]sonality = a "t1 s z to rema9 pure kn[+ subject1 cle> vision ( ! _w2 & ?is n m]ely at mom5ts1 b = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 & ) suffici5t consci\sness1 to enable "o to reproduce by delib]ate art :at has ?us be5 appreh5d$1 & 8to fix 9 la/+ ?\ghts ! wav]+ images t float be=e ! m9d40 ,x is z if1 :5 g5ius appe>s 9 an individual1 a f> l>g] measure ( ! p[] ( k falls to 8 lot ?an is necess>y = ! s]vice ( an individual w2 & ?is sup]fluity ( k1 be+ free1 n[ becomes subject purifi$ f w1 a cle> mirror ( ! inn] nature ( ! _w4 ,?is expla9s ! activity1 am\nt+ ev5 to disquietude1 ( m5 ( g5ius1 = ! pres5t c seldom satisfy !m1 because x does n fill _! consci\sness4 ,?is gives !m t re/less aspiration1 t unceas+ desire = new ?+s1 & = ! contemplation ( l(ty ?+s1 & also t long+ t is h>dly ev] satisfi$1 = m5 ( simil> nature & ( l /ature1 to :om !y might communicate !mselves2 :il/ ! common mortal1 entirely fill$ & satisfi$ by ! common pres5t1 ends 9 x1 & f9d+ ev]y:]e 8 l1 enjoys t peculi> satisfaction 9 daily life t is d5i$ to g5ius4 ,imag9ation has rightly be5 recognis$ z an ess5tial elem5t ( g5ius2 x has sometimes ev5 be5 reg>d$ z id5tical ) x2 b ?is is a mi/ake4 ,z ! objects ( g5ius are ! et]nal ,ideas1 ! p]man5t1 ess5tial =ms ( ! _w & all its ph5om5a1 & z ! k ( ! ,idea is necess>ily k ?r\gh p]ception1 is n ab/ract1 ! k ( ! g5ius w\ld be limit$ to ! ,ideas ( ! objects actually pres5t to 8 p]son1 & dep5d5t ^u ! *a9 ( circum/ances t br\ght ^! objects to him1 if 8 imag9ation did n ext5d 8 horizon f> beyond ! limits ( 8 actual p]sonal exi/5ce1 & ?us enable him to con/ruct ! :ole out ( ! little t comes into 8 own actual app]ception1 & s to let almo/ all possible sc5es ( life pass be=e him 9 8 own consci\sness4 ,fur!r1 ! actual objects are almo/ always v imp]fect copies ( ! ,ideas express$ 9 !m2 !re=e ! man ( g5ius requires imag9ation 9 ord] to see 9 ?+s1 n t :i* ,nature has actually made1 b t :i* %e endeav\r$ to make1 yet c\ld n because ( t conflict ( h] =ms among !mselves :i* we ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ book4 ,we %all return to ?is f>!r on 9 treat+ ( sculpture4 ,! imag9ation !n ext5ds ! intellectual horizon ( ! man ( g5ius beyond ! objects :i* actually pres5t !mselves to him1 bo? z reg>ds quality & quantity4 ,!re=e extraord9>y /r5g? ( imag9ation accompanies1 & is inde$ a necess>y condition ( g5ius4 ,b ! conv]se does n hold1 = /r5g? ( imag9ation does n indicate g5ius2 on ! contr>y1 m5 :o h no t\* ( g5ius may h mu* imag9ation4 ,= z x is possible to consid] a real object 9 two opposite ways1 purely objectively1 ! way ( g5ius grasp+ its ,idea1 or 9 ! common way1 m]ely 9 ! relations 9 :i* x /&s to o!r objects & to "o's own w1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 x is also possible to p]ceive an imag9>y object 9 bo? ( ^! ways4 ,reg>d$ 9 ! fir/ way1 x is a means to ! k ( ! ,idea1 ! communication ( :i* is ! "w ( art2 9 ! second case1 ! imag9>y object is us$ to build ca/les 9 ! air cong5ial to egotism & ! individual hum\r1 & :i* = ! mom5t delude & gratify2 ?us only ! relations ( ! phantasies s l9k$ toge!r are kn[n4 ,! man :o indulges 9 su* an amusem5t is a dream]2 he w easily m+le ^? fancies t delight 8 solitude ) reality1 & s unfit himself = real life3 p]haps he w write !m d[n1 & !n we %all h ! ord9>y novel ( e description1 :i* ent]ta9s ^? :o are l him & ! public at l>ge1 = ! read]s imag9e !mselves 9 ! place ( ! h]o1 & !n f9d ! /ory v agreeable4 ,! common mortal1 t manufacture ( ,nature :i* %e produces by ! ?\s& e day1 is1 z we h said1 n capable1 at lea/ n cont9u\sly s1 ( obs]vation t 9 e s5se is :olly dis9t]e/$1 z s5su\s contemplation1 /rictly s call$1 is4 ,he c turn 8 att5tion to ?+s only s f> z !y h "s relation to 8 w1 h[ev] indirect x may be4 ,s9ce 9 ?is respect1 :i* nev] dem&s any?+ b ! k ( relations1 ! ab/ract conception ( ! ?+ is suffici5t1 & = ! mo/ "p ev5 bett] adapt$ = use2 ! ord9>y man does n l+] long ov] ! m]e p]ception1 does n fix 8 att5tion long on "o object1 b 9 all t is pres5t$ to him ha/ily seeks m]ely ! concept "u :i* x is to be br\ght1 z ! lazy man seeks a *air1 & !n x int]e/s him no fur!r4 ,?is is :y he is s soon done ) ev]y?+1 ) works ( art1 objects ( natural beauty1 & inde$ ev]y:]e ) ! truly significant contemplation ( all ! sc5es ( life4 ,he does n l+]2 only seeks to "k 8 own way 9 life1 toge!r ) all t might at any "t become 8 way4 ,?us he makes topographical notes 9 ! wide/ s5se2 ov] ! consid]ation ( life itself z su* he wa/es no "t4 ,! man ( g5ius1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: excessive p[] ( k frees x at times f ! s]vice ( w1 dwells on ! consid]ation ( life itself1 /rives to compreh5d ! ,idea ( ea* ?+1 n its relations to o!r ?+s2 & 9 do+ ?is he (t5 =gets to consid] 8 own pa? 9 life1 & !re=e = ! mo/ "p pursues x awkw>dly en\gh4 ,:ile to ! ord9>y man 8 faculty ( k is a lamp to light5 8 pa?1 to ! man ( g5ius x is ! sun :i* reveals ! _w4 ,?is great div]sity 9 _! way ( look+ at life soon becomes visible 9 ! outw>d appe>ance bo? ( ! man ( g5ius & ( ! ord9>y mortal4 ,! man 9 :om g5ius lives & works is easily di/+ui%$ by 8 glance1 :i* is bo? ke5 & /eady1 & be>s ! /amp ( p]ception1 ( contemplation4 ,?is is easily se5 f ! lik5esses ( ! few m5 ( g5ius :om ,nature has produc$ "h & !re among c\ntless millions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( an ord9>y man1 ! true object ( 8 contemplation1 :at he is pry+ into1 c be easily se5 f 8 glance1 if inde$ x is n q /upid & vacant1 z is g5]ally ! case4 ,!re=e ! expression ( g5ius 9 a face consi/s 9 ?is1 t 9 x a decid$ pr$om9ance ( k ov] w is visible1 & consequ5tly !re also %[s itself 9 x a k t is entirely devoid ( relation to w1 i4e41 pure kn[+4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ord9>y c\nt5ances !re is a pr$om9ant expression ( w2 & we see t k only comes into activity "u ! impulse ( w1 & ?us is direct$ m]ely by motives4 ,s9ce ! k t p]ta9s to g5ius1 or ! k ( ,ideas1 is t k :i* does n foll[ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k :i* does foll[ t pr9ciple is t :i* gives u prud5ce & rationality 9 life1 & :i* creates ! sci5ces4 ,?us m5 ( g5ius are affect$ ) ! defici5cies entail$ 9 ! neglect ( ?is latt] k9d ( k4 ,yet :at ,i say 9 ?is reg>d is subject to ! limitation t x only conc]ns !m 9 s f> z & :ile !y are actually engag$ 9 t k9d ( k :i* is peculi> to g5ius2 & ?is is by no means at e mom5t ( _! lives1 = ! great ?\gh spontane\s ex]tion :i* is dem&$ = ! compreh5sion ( ,ideas free f w mu/ necess>ily relax1 & !re are long int]vals dur+ :i* m5 ( g5ius are plac$ 9 v mu* ! same position z ord9>y mortals1 bo? z reg>ds advantages & defici5cies4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! action ( g5ius has always be5 reg>d$ z an inspiration1 z inde$ ! "n indicates1 z ! action ( a sup]human be+ di/9ct f ! individual himself1 & :i* takes possession ( him only p]iodically4 ,! dis9cl9ation ( m5 ( g5ius to direct _! att5tion to ! cont5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason w fir/ %[ itself1 ) reg>d to ! gr\nd ( be+1 z dislike ( ma!matics2 = its proc$ure is bas$ ^u ! mo/ univ]sal =ms ( ! ph5om5on space & "t1 :i* are !mselves m]ely modes ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & is consequ5tly precisely ! opposite ( t me?od ( ?\ght :i* seeks m]ely ! cont5t ( ! ph5om5on1 ! ,idea :i* expresses itself 9 x ap>t f all relations4 ,! logical me?od ( ma!matics is also antagoni/ic to g5ius1 = x does n satisfy b ob/ructs true insight1 & pres5ts m]ely a *a9 ( conclusions 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+4 ,! m5tal faculty ^u :i* x makes ! greate/ claim is memory1 = x is necess>y to recollect all ! e>li] propositions :i* are ref]r$ to4 ,exp]i5ce has also prov$ t m5 ( great arti/ic g5ius h no faculty = ma!matics2 no man 0 ev] v di/+ui%$ = bo?4 ,alfi]i relates t he 0 nev] able to und]/& ! f\r? proposition ( ,euclid4 ,goe! 0 con/antly reproa*$ ) 8 want ( ma!matical k by ! ignorant oppon5ts ( 8 !ory ( col\rs4 ,"h c]ta9ly1 :]e x 0 n a "q ( calculation & measurem5t ^u hypo!tical data1 b ( direct k by ! und]/&+ ( causes & effects1 ?is reproa* 0 s utt]ly absurd & inappropriate1 t by mak+ x !y h expos$ _! entire want ( judgm5t1 j z mu* z by ! re/ ( _! ridicul\s argum5ts4 ,! fact t up to ! pres5t day1 ne>ly half a c5tury aft] ! appe>ance ( ,goe!'s !ory ( col\rs1 ev5 9 ,g]many ! ,newtonian fallacies /ill h undi/urb$ possession ( ! pr(essorial *air1 & m5 cont9ue to speak q s]i\sly ( ! sev5 homog5e\s rays ( light & _! diff]5t refrangibility1 w "s day be numb]$ among ! great intellectual peculi>ities ( m5 g5]ally1 & especially ( ,g]mans4 ,f ! same cause z we h ref]r$ to above1 may be expla9$ ! equally well-kn[n fact t1 conv]sely1 admirable ma!maticians h v little susceptibility = works ( f9e art4 ,?is is v navely express$ 9 ! well-kn[n anecdote ( ! ,fr5* ma!matician1 :o1 aft] hav+ read ,rac9e's 8,iphig5ia10 %rugg$ 8 %\ld]s & ask$1 8,qu'e/ ce que cela pr\ve80 ,fur!r1 z quick compreh5sion ( relations 9 accordance ) ! laws ( causality & motivation is :at specially con/itutes prud5ce or sagacity1 a prud5t man1 s f> z & :ile he is s1 w n be a g5ius1 & a man ( g5ius1 s f> z & :ile he is s1 w n be a prud5t man4 ,la/ly1 p]ceptive k g5]ally1 9 ! prov9ce ( :i* ! ,idea always lies1 is directly oppos$ to rational or ab/ract k1 :i* is guid$ by ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+4 ,x is also well kn[n t we seldom f9d great g5ius unit$ ) pre-em95t reasonabl5ess2 on ! contr>y1 p]sons ( g5ius are (t5 subject to viol5t emotions & irrational passions4 ,b ! gr\nd ( ?is is n weakness ( reason1 b p>tly unwont$ en]gy ( t :ole ph5om5on ( w--! man ( g5ius--:i* expresses itself ?r\gh ! viol5ce ( all 8 acts ( w1 & p>tly prepond]ance ( ! k ( p]ception ?r\gh ! s5ses & und]/&+ ov] ab/ract k1 produc+ a decid$ t5d5cy to ! p]ceptible1 ! exce$+ly lively impressions ( :i* s f> out%9e col\rless concepts1 t !y take _! place 9 ! guidance ( action1 :i* consequ5tly becomes irrational4 ,accord+ly ! impression ( ! pres5t mom5t is v /rong ) su* p]sons1 & c>ries !m away into unconsid]$ action1 viol5t emotions & passions4 ,moreov]1 s9ce1 9 g5]al1 ! k ( p]sons ( g5ius has to "s ext5t fre$ itself f ! s]vice ( w1 !y w n 9 conv]sation ?9k s mu* ( ! p]son !y are address+ z ( ! ?+ !y are speak+ ab\t1 :i* is vividly pres5t to !m2 & !re=e !y are likely to judge or n>rate ?+s too objectively = _! own int]e/s2 !y w n pass ov] 9 sil5ce :at w\ld m prud5tly be conceal$1 & s =?4 ,f9ally1 !y are giv5 to soliloquis+1 & 9 g5]al may exhibit c]ta9 weaknesses :i* are actually ak9 to madness4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t !re is a side at :i* g5ius & madness t\*1 & ev5 pass ov] into ea* o!r1 & inde$ poetical inspiration has be5 call$ a k9d ( madness3 amabilis insania1 ,horace calls x 7,od4 iii4 #d71 & ,wiel& 9 ! introduction to 8,ob]on0 speaks ( x z 8amiable madness40 ,ev5 ,ari/otle1 z quot$ by ,s5eca 7,de ,tranq4 ,animi1 #ae1 #af71 is report$ to h said3 ,nullum magnum +5ium s9e mixtura dem5ti fuit4 ,plato expresses x 9 ! figure ( ! d>k cave1 ref]r$ to above 7,de ,rep4 #g71 :5 he says3 8,^? :o1 outside ! cave1 h se5 ! true sunlight & ! ?+s t h true be+ 7,ideas71 _c aft]w>ds see prop]ly d[n 9 ! cave1 because _! eyes are n accu/om$ to ! d>kness2 !y _c di/+ui% ! %ad[s1 & are je]$ at = _! mi/akes by ^? :o h nev] left ! cave & its %ad[s40 ,9 ! 8,phdrus0 also 7p4 #cag71 he di/9ctly says t !re c be no true poet )\t a c]ta9 madness2 9 fact1 7p4 #cbg71 t e "o appe>s mad :o recognises ! et]nal ,ideas 9 fleet+ ?+s4 ,cic]o also quotes3 ,negat enim s9e furore1 ,democritus1 quemquam poetam magnum esse posse2 quod idem dicit ,plato 7,de ,div941 i4 #cg74 ,&1 la/ly1 ,pope says-- 8,great wits to madness sure are ne> alli$1 ,& ?9 p>titions d _! b\nds divide40 ,especially in/ructive 9 ?is respect is ,goe!'s 8,torquato ,tasso10 9 :i* he %[s u n only ! suff]+1 ! m>tyrdom ( g5ius z su*1 b also h[ x con/antly passes into madness4 ,f9ally1 ! fact ( ! direct connection ( g5ius & madness is e/abli%$ by ! biographies ( great m5 ( g5ius1 su* z ,r\sseau1 ,byron1 & ,alfi]i1 & by anecdotes f ! lives ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i mu/ m5tion t1 by a dilig5t se>* 9 lunatic asylums1 ,i h f\nd individual cases ( pati5ts :o 7 unque/ionably end[$ ) great tal5ts1 & ^: g5ius di/9ctly appe>$ ?r\gh _! madness1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h completely ga9$ ! upp] h&4 ,n[ ?is _c be ascrib$ to *ance1 = on ! "o h& ! numb] ( mad p]sons is relatively v small1 & on ! o!r h& a p]son ( g5ius is a ph5om5on :i* is r>e beyond all ord9>y e/imation1 & only appe>s 9 nature z ! greate/ exception4 ,x w be suffici5t to conv9ce u ( ?is if we comp>e ! numb] ( really great m5 ( g5ius t ! :ole ( civilis$ ,europe has produc$1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 ) ! two hundr$ & fifty millions :o are always liv+ 9 ,europe1 & :o *ange entirely e ?irty ye>s4 ,9 e/imat+ ! numb] ( m5 ( out/&+ g5ius1 we mu/ ( c\rse only c\nt ^? :o h produc$ works :i* h reta9$ ?r\gh all "t an endur+ value = mank9d4 ,i %all n refra9 f m5tion+1 t ,i h kn[n "s p]sons ( decid$1 ?\gh n rem>kable1 m5tal sup]iority1 :o also %[$ a slight trace ( insanity4 ,x might seem f ?is t e advance ( intellect beyond ! ord9>y measure1 z an abnormal developm5t1 disposes to madness4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ,i w expla9 z briefly z possible my view ( ! purely intellectual gr\nd ( ! relation betwe5 g5ius & madness1 = ?is w c]ta9ly assi/ ! explanation ( ! real nature ( g5ius1 t is to say1 ( t m5tal end[m5t :i* alone c produce g5u9e works ( art4 ,b ?is necessitates a brief explanation ( madness itself47#ej7 ,a cle> & complete insight into ! nature ( madness1 a correct & di/9ct conception ( :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sane & ! insane1 has1 z f> z ,i "k1 n z yet be5 f\nd4 ,nei!r reason nor und]/&+ c be d5i$ to madm51 = !y talk & und]/&1 & (t5 draw v accurate conclusions2 !y also1 z a rule1 p]ceive :at is pres5t q correctly1 & appreh5d ! connection betwe5 cause & effect4 ,visions1 l ! phantasies ( delirium1 are no ord9>y symptom ( madness3 delirium falsifies p]ception1 madness ! ?\ghts4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 madm5 d n err 9 ! k ( :at is imm$iately pres5t2 _! rav+ always relates to :at is abs5t & pa/1 & only ?r\gh ^! to _! connection ) :at is pres5t4 ,!re=e x seems to me t _! malady specially conc]ns ! memory2 n inde$ t memory fails !m entirely1 = _m ( !m "k a great deal by he>t1 & sometimes recognise p]sons :om !y h n se5 = a long "t2 b r t ! ?read ( memory is brok51 ! cont9uity ( its connection de/roy$1 & no uni=mly connect$ recollection ( ! pa/ is possible4 ,p>ticul> sc5es ( ! pa/ are kn[n correctly1 j l ! p>ticul> pres5t2 b !re are gaps 9 _! recollection :i* !y fill up ) fictions1 & ^! are ei!r always ! same1 9 :i* case !y become fix$ ideas1 & ! madness t results is call$ monomania or melan*oly2 or !y are always diff]5t1 mom5t>y fancies1 & !n x is call$ folly1 fatuitas4 ,?is is :y x is s difficult to f9d out _! =m] life f lunatics :5 !y ent] an asylum4 ,! true & ! false are always mix$ up 9 _! memory4 ,al?\gh ! imm$iate pres5t is correctly kn[n1 x becomes falsifi$ ?r\gh its fictiti\s connection ) an imag9>y pa/2 !y !re=e reg>d !mselves & o!rs z id5tical ) p]sons :o exi/ only 9 _! imag9>y pa/2 !y d n recognise "s ( _! acqua9tances at all1 & ?us :ile !y p]ceive correctly :at is actually pres5t1 !y h only false conceptions ( its relations to :at is abs5t4 ,if ! madness rea*es a high degree1 !re is complete abs5ce ( memory1 s t ! madman is q incapable ( any ref]5ce to :at is abs5t or pa/1 & is only det]m9$ by ! caprice ( ! mom5t 9 connection ) ! fictions :i*1 9 8 m9d1 fill ! pa/4 ,9 su* a case1 we are nev] = a mom5t safe f viol5ce or murd]1 unless we con/antly make ! madman aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( sup]ior =ce4 ,! k ( ! madman has ?is 9 common ) t ( ! brute1 bo? are conf9$ to ! pres5t4 ,:at di/+ui%es !m is t ! brute has really no idea ( ! pa/ z su*1 ?\gh ! pa/ acts ^u x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( cu/om1 s t1 = example1 ! dog recognises its =m] ma/] ev5 aft] ye>s1 t is to say1 x receives ! wont$ impression at ! sight ( him2 b ( ! "t t has pass$ s9ce x saw him x has no recollection4 ,! madman1 on ! o!r h&1 always c>ries ab\t 9 8 reason an ab/ract pa/1 b x is a false pa/1 :i* exi/s only = him1 & t ei!r con/antly1 or only = ! mom5t4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is false pa/ prev5ts ! use ( ! true k ( ! pres5t :i* ! brute is able to make4 ,! fact t viol5t m5tal suff]+ or unexpect$ & t]rible calamities %\ld (t5 produce madness1 ,i expla9 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,all su* suff]+ is z an actual ev5t conf9$ to ! pres5t4 ,x is ?us m]ely transitory1 & is consequ5tly nev] excessively heavy2 x only becomes un5durably great :5 x is la/+ pa92 b z su* x exi/s only 9 ?\ght1 & !re=e lies 9 ! memory4 ,if n[ su* a sorr[1 su* pa9ful k or reflection1 is s bitt] t x becomes altoge!r unbe>able1 & ! individual is pro/rat$ "u x1 !n1 t]rifi$ ,nature seizes ^u madness z ! la/ res\rce ( life2 ! m9d s fe>fully tortur$ at once de/roys ! ?read ( its memory1 fills up ! gaps ) fictions1 & ?us seeks refuge 9 madness f ! m5tal suff]+ t exce$s its /r5g?1 j z we cut (f a mortifi$ limb & replace x ) a wood5 "o4 ,! di/ract$ ,ajax1 ,k+ ,le>1 & ,ophelia may be tak5 z examples2 = ! creations ( true g5ius1 to :i* alone we c ref] "h1 z univ]sally kn[n1 are equal 9 tru? to real p]sons2 besides1 9 ?is case1 frequ5t actual exp]i5ce %[s ! same ?+4 ,a fa9t analogy ( ?is k9d ( transition f pa9 to madness is to be f\nd 9 ! way 9 :i* all ( u (t5 seek1 z x 7 me*anically1 to drive away a pa9ful ?\ght t sudd5ly occurs to u by "s l\d exclamation or quick movem5t--to turn ourselves f x1 to di/ract our m9ds by =ce4 ,we see1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! madman has a true k ( :at is actually pres5t1 & also ( c]ta9 p>ticul>s ( ! pa/1 b t he mi/akes ! connection1 ! relations1 & !re=e falls into error & talks nons5se4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! po9t at :i* he comes into contact ) ! man ( g5ius2 = he also leaves out ( sight ! k ( ! connection ( ?+s1 s9ce he neglects t k ( relations :i* con=ms to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 9 ord] to see 9 ?+s only _! ,ideas1 & to seek to compreh5d _! true nature1 :i* manife/s itself to p]ception1 & 9 reg>d to :i* "o ?+ repres5ts its :ole species1 9 :i* way1 z ,goe! says1 "o case is valid = a ?\s&4 ,! p>ticul> object ( 8 contemplation1 or ! pres5t :i* is p]ceiv$ by him ) extraord9>y vividness1 appe> 9 s /rong a light t ! o!r l9ks ( ! *a9 to :i* !y belong are at once ?r[n into ! %ade1 & ?is gives rise to ph5om5a :i* h long be5 recognis$ z resembl+ ^? ( madness4 ,t :i* 9 p>ticul> giv5 ?+s exi/s only incompletely & weak5$ by modifications1 is rais$ by ! man ( g5ius1 ?r\gh 8 way ( contemplat+ x1 to ! ,idea ( ! ?+1 to complet5ess3 he !re=e sees ev]y:]e extremes1 & !re=e 8 own action t5ds to extremes2 he _c hit ! mean1 he lacks sob]ness1 & ! result is :at we h said4 ,he kn[s ! ,ideas completely b n ! individuals4 ,!re=e x has be5 said t a poet may "k mank9d deeply & ?or\ghly1 & may yet h a v imp]fect k ( m54 ,he is easily deceiv$1 & is a tool 9 ! h&s ( ! crafty4 #cg4 ,g5ius1 !n1 consi/s1 accord+ to our explanation1 9 ! capacity = kn[+1 indep5d5tly ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 n individual ?+s1 :i* h _! exi/5ce only 9 _! relations1 b ! ,ideas ( su* ?+s1 & ( be+ oneself ! correlative ( ! ,idea1 & ?us no long] an individual1 b ! pure subject ( k4 ,yet ?is faculty mu/ exi/ 9 all m5 9 a small] & diff]5t degree2 = if n1 !y w\ld be j z incapable ( enjoy+ works ( art z ( produc+ !m2 !y w\ld h no susceptibility = ! beautiful or ! sublime2 inde$1 ^! words c\ld h no mean+ = !m4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t !re exi/s 9 all m5 ?is p[] ( kn[+ ! ,ideas 9 ?+s1 & consequ5tly ( transc5d+ _! p]sonality = ! mom5t1 unless inde$ !re are "s m5 :o are capable ( no /hetic pleasure at all4 ,! man ( g5ius excels ord9>y m5 only by possess+ ?is k9d ( k 9 a f> high] degree & m cont9u\sly4 ,?us1 :ile "u its influ5ce he reta9s ! pres5ce ( m9d :i* is necess>y to enable him to repeat 9 a volunt>y & int5tional "w :at he has le>n$ 9 ?is mann]2 & ?is repetition is ! "w ( art4 ,?r\gh ?is he communicates to o!rs ! ,idea he has grasp$4 ,?is ,idea rema9s un*ang$ & ! same1 s t /hetic pleasure is "o & ! same :e!r x is call$ =? by a "w ( art or directly by ! contemplation ( nature & life4 ,! "w ( art is only a means ( facilitat+ ! k 9 :i* ?is pleasure consi/s4 ,t ! ,idea comes to u m easily f ! "w ( art ?an directly f nature & ! real _w1 arises f ! fact t ! arti/1 :o knew only ! ,idea1 no long] ! actual1 has reproduc$ 9 8 "w ! pure ,idea1 has ab/ract$ x f ! actual1 omitt+ all di/urb+ accid5ts4 ,! arti/ lets u see ! _w ?r\gh 8 eyes4 ,t he has ^! eyes1 t he kn[s ! inn] nature ( ?+s ap>t f all _! relations1 is ! gift ( g5ius1 is inborn2 b t he is able to l5d u ?is gift1 to let u see ) 8 eyes1 is acquir$1 & is ! te*nical side ( art4 ,!re=e1 aft] ! acc\nt :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ! inn] nature ( /hetical k 9 its mo/ g5]al outl9es1 ! foll[+ m exact philosophical treatm5t ( ! beautiful & ! sublime w expla9 !m bo?1 9 nature & 9 art1 )\t sep>at+ !m fur!r4 ,fir/ ( all we %all consid] :at takes place 9 a man :5 he is affect$ by ! beautiful & ! sublime2 :e!r he d]ives ?is emotion directly f nature1 f life1 or p>takes ( x only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art1 does n make any ess5tial1 b m]ely an ext]nal1 diff]5ce4 #ch4 ,9 ! /hetical mode ( contemplation we h f\nd two insep>able con/itu5t p>ts--! k ( ! object1 n z individual ?+ b z ,platonic ,idea1 t is1 z ! endur+ =m ( ?is :ole species ( ?+s2 & ! self-consci\sness ( ! kn[+ p]son1 n z individual1 b z pure w-less subject ( k4 ,! condition "u :i* bo? ^! con/itu5t p>ts appe> always unit$ 0 f\nd to be ! ab&onm5t ( ! me?od ( kn[+ :i* is b\nd to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! only k9d ( k t is ( value = ! s]vice ( ! w & also = sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 we %all see t ! pleasure :i* is produc$ by ! contemplation ( ! beautiful arises f ^! two con/itu5t p>ts1 sometimes m f ! "o1 sometimes m f ! o!r1 accord+ to :at ! object ( ! /hetical contemplation may be4 ,all will+ arises f want1 !re=e f defici5cy1 & !re=e f suff]+4 ,! satisfaction ( a wi% ends x2 yet = "o wi% t is satisfi$ !re rema9 at lea/ t5 :i* are d5i$4 ,fur!r1 ! desire la/s long1 ! dem&s are inf9ite2 ! satisfaction is %ort & scantily measur$ out4 ,b ev5 ! f9al satisfaction is itself only app>5t2 e satisfi$ wi% at once makes room = a new "o2 bo? are illusions2 ! "o is kn[n to be s1 ! o!r n yet4 ,no atta9$ object ( desire c give la/+ satisfaction1 b m]ely a fleet+ gratification2 x is l ! alms ?r[n to ! begg>1 t keeps him alive to-day t 8 mis]y may be prolong$ till ! morr[4 ,!re=e1 s long z our consci\sness is fill$ by our w1 s long z we are giv5 up to ! ?rong ( desires ) _! con/ant hopes & fe>s1 s long z we are ! subject ( will+1 we c nev] h la/+ happ9ess nor peace4 ,x is ess5tially all ! same :e!r we pursue or flee1 fe> injury or seek enjoym5t2 ! c>e = ! con/ant dem&s ( ! w1 9 :atev] =m x may be1 cont9ually occupies & sways ! consci\sness2 b )\t peace no true well-be+ is possible4 ,! subject ( will+ is ?us con/antly /ret*$ on ! revolv+ :eel ( ,ixion1 p\rs wat] into ! sieve ( ! ,danaids1 is ! ev]-long+ ,tantalus4 ,b :5 "s ext]nal cause or inw>d disposition lifts u sudd5ly out ( ! endless /ream ( will+1 deliv]s k f ! slav]y ( ! w1 ! att5tion is no long] direct$ to ! motives ( will+1 b compreh5ds ?+s free f _! relation to ! w1 & ?us obs]ves !m )\t p]sonal int]e/1 )\t subjectivity1 purely objectively1 gives itself entirely up to !m s f> z !y are ideas1 b n 9 s f> z !y are motives4 ,!n all at once ! peace :i* we 7 always seek+1 b :i* always fl$ f u on ! =m] pa? ( ! desires1 comes to u ( its own accord1 & x is well ) u4 ,x is ! pa9less /ate :i* ,epicurus priz$ z ! highe/ good & z ! /ate ( ! gods2 = we are = ! mom5t set free f ! mis]able /riv+ ( ! w2 we keep ! ,sabba? ( ! p5al s]vitude ( will+2 ! :eel ( ,ixion /&s /ill4 ,b ?is is j ! /ate :i* ,i describ$ above z necess>y = ! k ( ! ,idea1 z pure contemplation1 z s9k+ oneself 9 p]ception1 los+ oneself 9 ! object1 =gett+ all individuality1 surr5d]+ t k9d ( k :i* foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & compreh5ds only relations2 ! /ate by means ( :i* at once & insep>ably ! p]ceiv$ p>ticul> ?+ is rais$ to ! ,idea ( its :ole species1 & ! kn[+ individual to ! pure subject ( w-less k1 & z su* !y are bo? tak5 out ( ! /ream ( "t & all o!r relations4 ,x is !n all "o :e!r we see ! sun set f ! prison or f ! palace4 ,inw>d disposition1 ! pr$om9ance ( kn[+ ov] will+1 c produce ?is /ate "u any circum/ances4 ,?is is %[n by ^? admirable ,dut* arti/s :o direct$ ?is purely objective p]ception to ! mo/ insignificant objects1 & e/abli%$ a la/+ monum5t ( _! objectivity & spiritual peace 9 _! pictures ( /ill life1 :i* ! /hetic behold] does n look on )\t emotion2 = !y pres5t to him ! peaceful1 /ill1 frame ( m9d ( ! arti/1 free f w1 :i* 0 ne$$ to contemplate su* insignificant ?+s s objectively1 to obs]ve !m s att5tively1 & to repeat ?is p]ception s intellig5tly2 & z ! picture enables ! onlook] to p>ticipate 9 ?is /ate1 8 emotion is (t5 increas$ by ! contra/ betwe5 x & ! unquiet frame ( m9d1 di/urb$ by vehem5t will+1 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,9 ! same _s1 l&scape-pa9t]s1 & p>ticul>ly ,ruisdael1 h (t5 pa9t$ v insignificant c\ntry sc5es1 :i* produce ! same effect ev5 m agreeably4 ,all ?is is accompli%$ by ! inn] p[] ( an arti/ic nature alone2 b t purely objective disposition is facilitat$ & assi/$ f )\t by suitable objects1 by ! abundance ( natural beauty :i* invites contemplation1 & ev5 presses itself ^u u4 ,:5ev] x discloses itself sudd5ly to our view1 x almo/ always succe$s 9 deliv]+ u1 ?\gh x may be only = a mom5t1 f subjectivity1 f ! slav]y ( ! w1 & 9 rais+ u to ! /ate ( pure kn[+4 ,?is is :y ! man :o is torm5t$ by passion1 or want1 or c>e1 is s sudd5ly reviv$1 *e]$1 & re/or$ by a s+le free glance into nature3 ! /orm ( passion1 ! pressure ( desire & fe>1 & all ! mis]ies ( will+ are !n at once1 & 9 a m>vell\s mann]1 calm$ & appeas$4 ,= at ! mom5t at :i*1 fre$ f ! w1 we give ourselves up to pure w-less kn[+1 we pass into a _w f :i* ev]y?+ is abs5t t influ5c$ our w & mov$ u s viol5tly ?r\gh x4 ,?is free+ ( k lifts u z :olly & entirely away f all t1 z d sleep & dreams2 happ9ess & unhapp9ess h disappe>$2 we are no long] individual2 ! individual is =gott52 we are only pure subject ( k2 we are only t "o eye ( ! _w :i* looks out f all kn[+ creatures1 b :i* c become p]fectly free f ! s]vice ( w 9 man alone4 ,?us all diff]5ce ( individuality s entirely disappe>s1 t x is all ! same :e!r ! p]ceiv+ eye belongs to a mighty k+ or to a wret*$ begg>2 = nei!r joy nor compla9+ c pass t b\nd>y ) u4 ,s ne> u always lies a sph]e 9 :i* we escape f all our mis]y2 b :o has ! /r5g? to cont9ue long 9 x8 ,z soon z any s+le relation to our w1 to our p]son1 ev5 ( ^! objects ( our pure contemplation1 comes aga9 into consci\sness1 ! magic is at an end2 we fall back into ! k :i* is gov]n$ by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 we "k no long] ! ,idea1 b ! p>ticul> ?+1 ! l9k ( a *a9 to :i* we also belong1 & we are aga9 ab&on$ to all our woe4 ,mo/ m5 rema9 almo/ always at ?is /&po9t because !y entirely lack objectivity1 i4e41 g5ius4 ,!re=e !y h no pleasure 9 be+ alone ) nature2 !y ne$ company1 or at lea/ a book4 ,= _! k rema9s subject to _! w2 !y seek1 !re=e1 9 objects1 only "s relation to _! w1 & :5ev] !y see any?+ t has no su* relation1 !re s\nds )9 !m1 l a gr\nd bass 9 music1 ! con/ant inconsolable cry1 8,x is ( no use to me20 ?us 9 solitude ! mo/ beautiful surr\nd+s h = !m a desolate1 d>k1 /range1 & ho/ile appe>ance4 ,la/ly1 x is ?is bless$ness ( w-less p]ception :i* ca/s an en*ant+ glam\r ov] ! pa/ & di/ant1 & pres5ts !m to u 9 s fair a light by means ( self-deception4 ,= z we ?9k ( days long gone by1 days 9 :i* we liv$ 9 a di/ant place1 x is only ! objects :i* our fancy recalls1 n ! subject ( w1 :i* bore ab\t ) x !n its incurable sorr[s j z x be>s !m n[2 b !y are =gott51 because s9ce !n !y h (t5 giv5 place to o!rs4 ,n[1 objective p]ception acts ) reg>d to :at is rememb]$ j z x w\ld 9 :at is pres5t1 if we let x h influ5ce ov] u1 if we surr5d]$ ourselves to x free f w4 ,h5ce x arises t1 especially :5 we are m ?an ord9>ily di/urb$ by "s want1 ! remembrance ( pa/ & di/ant sc5es sudd5ly flits across our m9ds l a lo/ p>adise4 ,! fancy recalls only :at 0 objective1 n :at 0 individually subjective1 & we imag9e t t objective /ood be=e u !n j z pure & undi/urb$ by any relation to ! w z its image /&s 9 our fancy n[2 :ile 9 reality ! relation ( ! objects to our w gave u pa9 !n j z x does n[4 ,we c deliv] ourselves f all suff]+ j z well ?r\gh pres5t objects z ?r\gh di/ant ones :5ev] we raise ourselves to a purely objective contemplation ( !m1 & s are able to br+ ab\t ! illusion t only ! objects are pres5t & n we ourselves4 ,!n1 z ! pure subject ( k1 fre$ f ! mis]able self1 we become entirely "o ) ^! objects1 &1 = ! mom5t1 our wants are z =eign to u z !y are to !m4 ,! _w z idea alone rema9s1 & ! _w z w has disappe>$4 ,9 all ^! reflections x has be5 my object to br+ out cle>ly ! nature & ! scope ( ! subjective elem5t 9 /hetic pleasure2 ! deliv]ance ( k f ! s]vice ( ! w1 ! =gett+ ( self z an individual1 & ! rais+ ( ! consci\sness to ! pure w-less1 timeless1 subject ( k1 indep5d5t ( all relations4 ,) ?is subjective side ( /hetic contemplation1 !re mu/ always appe> z its necess>y correlative ! objective side1 ! intuitive compreh5sion ( ! ,platonic ,idea4 ,b be=e we turn to ! clos] consid]ation ( ?is1 & to ! a*ievem5ts ( art 9 relation to x1 x is bett] t we %\ld pause = a little at ! subjective side ( /hetic pleasure1 9 ord] to complete our treatm5t ( ?is by expla9+ ! impression ( ! sublime :i* dep5ds altoge!r ^u x1 & arises f a modification ( x4 ,aft] t we %all complete our inve/igation ( /hetic pleasure by consid]+ its objective side4 ,b we mu/ fir/ add ! foll[+ rem>ks to :at has be5 said4 ,light is ! pleasante/ & mo/ gladd5+ ( ?+s2 x has become ! symbol ( all t is good & salut>y4 ,9 all religions x symbolises salvation1 :ile d>kness symbolises damnation4 ,ormuzd dwells 9 ! pure/ light1 ,ahrim9es 9 et]nal night4 ,dante's ,p>adise w\ld look v mu* l ,vauxhall 9 ,london1 = all ! bless$ spirits appe> z po9ts ( light & arrange !mselves 9 regul> figures4 ,! v abs5ce ( light makes u sad2 its return *e]s u4 ,col\rs excite directly a ke5 delight1 :i* rea*es its highe/ degree :5 !y are transp>5t4 ,all ?is dep5ds entirely ^u ! fact t light is ! correlative & condition ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( k ( p]ception1 ! only k :i* does n 9 any way affect ! w4 ,= sight1 unlike ! affections ( ! o!r s5ses1 _c1 9 itself1 directly & ?r\gh its s5su\s effect1 make ! s5sation ( ! special organ agreeable or disagreeable2 t is1 x has no imm$iate connection ) ! w4 ,su* a quality c only belong to ! p]ception :i* arises 9 ! und]/&+1 & !n x lies 9 ! relation ( ! object to ! w4 ,9 ! case ( he>+ ?is is to "s ext5t o!rwise2 s\nds c give pa9 directly1 & !y may also be s5su\sly agreeable1 directly & )\t reg>d to h>mony or melody4 ,t\*1 z "o ) ! feel+ ( ! :ole body1 is /ill m subord9at$ to ?is direct influ5ce ^u ! w2 & yet !re is su* a ?+ z a s5sation ( t\* :i* is nei!r pa9ful nor pleasant4 ,b smells are always ei!r agreeable or disagreeable1 & ta/es /ill m s4 ,?us ! la/ two s5ses are mo/ closely relat$ to ! w1 & !re=e !y are always ! mo/ ignoble1 & h be5 call$ by ,kant ! subjective s5ses4 ,! pleasure :i* we exp]i5ce f light is 9 fact only ! pleasure :i* arises f ! objective possibility ( ! pure/ & fulle/ p]ceptive k1 & z su* x may be trac$ to ! fact t pure k1 fre$ & deliv]$ f all w1 is 9 ! highe/ degree pleasant1 & ( itself con/itutes a l>ge "p ( /hetic enjoym5t4 ,aga91 we mu/ ref] to ?is view ( light ! incr$ible beauty :i* we associate ) ! reflection ( objects 9 wat]4 ,t lighte/1 quicke/1 f9e/ species ( ! action ( bodies ^u ea* o!r1 t to :i* we owe by f> ! complete/ & pure/ ( our p]ceptions1 ! action ( reflect$ rays ( light1 is "h br\ght cle>ly be=e our eyes1 di/9ct & p]fect1 9 cause & 9 effect1 & inde$ 9 its entirety1 h5ce ! /hetic delight x gives u1 :i*1 9 ! mo/ important aspect1 is entirely bas$ on ! subjective gr\nd ( /hetic pleasure1 & is delight 9 pure kn[+ & its me?od4 #ci4 ,all ^! reflections are int5d$ to br+ out ! subjective "p ( /hetic pleasure2 t is to say1 t pleasure s f> z x consi/s simply ( delight 9 p]ceptive k z su*1 9 opposition to w4 ,& z directly connect$ ) ?is1 !re naturally foll[s ! explanation ( t disposition or frame ( m9d :i* has be5 call$ ! s5se ( ! sublime4 ,we h already rem>k$ above t ! transition to ! /ate ( pure p]ception takes place mo/ easily :5 ! objects b5d !mselves to x1 t is1 :5 by _! manifold & yet def9ite & di/9ct =m !y easily become repres5tatives ( _! ,ideas1 9 :i* beauty1 9 ! objective s5se1 consi/s4 ,?is quality belongs pre-em95tly to natural beauty1 :i* ?us af=ds ev5 to ! mo/ ins5sible at lea/ a fleet+ /hetic satisfaction3 inde$ x is s rem>kable h[ especially ! vegetable _w invites /hetic obs]vation1 &1 z x 71 presses itself ^u x1 t "o might say1 t ^! advances are connect$ ) ! fact t ^! organisms1 unlike ! bodies ( animals1 are n !mselves imm$iate objects ( k1 & !re=e require ! assi/ance ( a =eign intellig5t individual 9 ord] to rise out ( ! _w ( bl9d w & ent] ! _w ( idea1 & t ?us !y long1 z x 71 = ?is entrance1 t !y may atta9 at lea/ indirectly :at is d5i$ !m directly4 ,b ,i leave ?is sugge/ion :i* ,i h haz>d$1 & :i* bord]s p]haps ^u extravagance1 entirely undecid$1 = only a v intimate & devot$ consid]ation ( nature c raise or ju/ify x47#ea7 ,z long z t :i* raises u f ! k ( m]e relations subject to ! w1 to /hetic contemplation1 & !reby exalts u to ! position ( ! subject ( k free f w1 is ?is fitt+ness ( nature1 ?is significance & di/9ctness ( its =ms1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! ,ideas individualis$ 9 !m readily pres5t !mselves to u2 s long is x m]ely beauty t affects u & ! s5se ( ! beautiful t is excit$4 ,b if ^! v objects ^: significant =ms invite u to pure contemplation1 h a ho/ile relation to ! human w 9 g5]al1 z x exhibits itself 9 its objectivity1 ! human body1 if !y are oppos$ to x1 s t x is m5ac$ by ! irresi/ible pr$om9ance ( _! p[]1 or s9ks into insignificance be=e _! immeasurable greatness2 if1 nev]!less1 ! behold] does n direct 8 att5tion to ?is em95tly ho/ile relation to 8 w1 b1 al?\gh p]ceiv+ & recognis+ x1 turns consci\sly away f x1 =cibly deta*es himself f 8 w & its relations1 &1 giv+ himself up entirely to k1 quietly contemplates ^? v objects t are s t]rible to ! w1 compreh5ds only _! ,idea1 :i* is =eign to all relation1 s t he l+]s gladly ov] its contemplation1 & is !reby rais$ above himself1 8 p]son1 8 w1 & all w3--9 t case he is fill$ ) ! s5se ( ! sublime1 he is 9 ! /ate ( spiritual exaltation1 & !re=e ! object produc+ su* a /ate is call$ sublime4 ,?us :at di/+ui%es ! s5se ( ! sublime f t ( ! beautiful is ?is3 9 ! case ( ! beautiful1 pure k has ga9$ ! upp] h& )\t a /ruggle1 = ! beauty ( ! object1 i4e41 t prop]ty :i* facilitates ! k ( its ,idea1 has remov$ f consci\sness )\t resi/ance1 & !re=e imp]ceptibly1 ! w & ! k ( relations :i* is subject to x1 s t :at is left is ! pure subject ( k )\t ev5 a remembrance ( w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( ! sublime t /ate ( pure k is only atta9$ by a consci\s & =cible break+ away f ! relations ( ! same object to ! w1 :i* are recognis$ z unfav\rable1 by a free & consci\s transc5d+ ( ! w & ! k relat$ to x4 ,?is exaltation mu/ n only be consci\sly won1 b also consci\sly reta9$1 & x is !re=e accompani$ by a con/ant remembrance ( w2 yet n ( a s+le p>ticul> volition1 su* z fe> or desire1 b ( human volition 9 g5]al1 s f> z x is univ]sally express$ 9 its objectivity ! human body4 ,if a s+le real act ( w 7 to come into consci\sness1 ?r\gh actual p]sonal pressure & dang] f ! object1 !n ! individual w ?us actually influ5c$ w\ld at once ga9 ! upp] h&1 ! peace ( contemplation w\ld become impossible1 ! impression ( ! sublime w\ld be lo/1 because x yields to ! anxiety1 9 :i* ! ef=t ( ! individual to "r itself has sunk e o!r ?\ght4 ,a few examples w help v mu* to elucidate ?is !ory ( ! /hetic sublime & remove all d\bt ) reg>d to x2 at ! same "t !y w br+ out ! diff]5t degrees ( ?is s5se ( ! sublime4 ,x is 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) t ( ! beautiful1 ) pure w-less kn[+1 & ! k1 t necess>ily accompanies x ( ,ideas out ( all relation det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & x is di/+ui%$ f ! s5se ( ! beautiful only by ! additional quality t x rises above ! kn[n ho/ile relation ( ! object contemplat$ to ! w 9 g5]al4 ,?us !re come to be v>i\s degrees ( ! sublime1 & transitions f ! beautiful to ! sublime1 accord+ z ?is additional quality is /rong1 bold1 urg5t1 ne>1 or weak1 di/ant1 & m]ely indicat$4 ,i ?9k x is m 9 keep+ ) ! plan ( my treatise1 fir/ to give examples ( ^! transitions1 & ( ! weak] degrees ( ! impression ( ! sublime1 al?\gh p]sons ^: /hetical susceptibility 9 g5]al is n v great1 & ^: imag9ation is n v lively1 w only und]/& ! examples giv5 lat] ( ! high] & m di/9ct grades ( t impression2 & !y %\ld !re=e conf9e !mselves to ^!1 & pass ov] ! examples ( ! v weak degrees ( ! sublime t are to be giv5 fir/4 ,z man is at once impetu\s & bl9d /riv+ ( w 7^: pole or focus lies 9 ! g5ital organs71 & et]nal1 free1 s]5e subject ( pure kn[+ 7^: pole is ! bra972 s1 correspond+ to ?is anti!sis1 ! sun is bo? ! s\rce ( light1 ! condition ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( k1 & !re=e ( ! mo/ delightful ( ?+s--& ! s\rce ( w>m?1 ! fir/ condition ( life1 i4e41 ( all ph5om5a ( w 9 its high] grades4 ,!re=e1 :at w>m? is = ! w1 light is = k4 ,light is ! l>ge/ gem 9 ! cr[n ( beauty1 & has ! mo/ m>k$ influ5ce on ! k ( e beautiful object4 ,its pres5ce is an indisp5sable condition ( beauty2 its fav\rable disposition increases ! beauty ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,ar*itectural beauty m ?an any o!r object is enhanc$ by fav\rable light1 ?\gh ev5 ! mo/ insignificant ?+s become ?r\gh its influ5ce mo/ beautiful4 ,if1 9 ! dead ( w9t]1 :5 all nature is froz5 & /iff1 we see ! rays ( ! sett+ sun reflect$ by masses ( /one1 illum9at+ )\t w>m+1 & ?us fav\rable only to ! pure/ k9d ( k1 n to ! w2 ! contemplation ( ! beautiful effect ( ! light ^u ^! masses lifts u1 z does all beauty1 into a /ate ( pure kn[+4 ,b1 9 ?is case1 a c]ta9 transc5d+ ( ! int]e/s ( ! w is ne$$ to enable u to rise into ! /ate ( pure kn[+1 because !re is a fa9t recollection ( ! lack ( w>m? f ^! rays1 t is1 an abs5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( life2 !re is a slight *all5ge to p]si/ 9 pure kn[+1 & to refra9 f all will+1 & !re=e x is an example ( a transition f ! s5se ( ! beautiful to t ( ! sublime4 ,x is ! fa9te/ trace ( ! sublime 9 ! beautiful2 & beauty itself is inde$ pres5t only 9 a slight degree4 ,! foll[+ is almo/ z weak an example4 ,let u imag9e ourselves transport$ to a v lonely place1 ) unbrok5 horizon1 "u a cl\dless sky1 trees & plants 9 ! p]fectly motionless air1 no animals1 no m51 no runn+ wat]1 ! deepe/ sil5ce4 ,su* surr\nd+s are1 z x 71 a call to s]i\sness & contemplation1 ap>t f all w & its crav+s2 b ?is is j :at imp>ts to su* a sc5e ( desolate /illness a t\* ( ! sublime4 ,=1 because x af=ds no object1 ei!r fav\rable or unfav\rable1 = ! w :i* is con/antly 9 ne$ ( /riv+ & atta9+1 !re only rema9s ! /ate ( pure contemplation1 & :oev] is incapable ( ?is1 is ignom9i\sly ab&on$ to ! vacancy ( unoccupi$ w1 & ! mis]y ( ennui4 ,s f> x is a te/ ( our intellectual wor?1 ( :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 ! degree ( our p[] ( endur+ solitude1 or our love ( x1 is a good crit]ion4 ,! sc5e we h sket*$ af=ds u1 !n1 an example ( ! sublime 9 a l[ degree1 = 9 x1 ) ! /ate ( pure kn[+ 9 its peace & all-suffici5cy1 !re is m+l$1 by way ( contra/1 ! recollection ( ! dep5d5ce & pov]ty ( ! w :i* /&s 9 ne$ ( con/ant action4 ,?is is ! species ( ! sublime = :i* ! sight ( ! b\ndless prairies ( ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica is celebrat$4 ,b let u suppose su* a sc5e1 /ripp$ also ( vegetation1 & %[+ only nak$ rocks2 !n f ! entire abs5ce ( t organic life :i* is necess>y = exi/5ce1 ! w at once becomes uneasy1 ! des]t assumes a t]rible aspect1 our mood becomes m tragic2 ! elevation to ! sph]e ( pure kn[+ takes place ) a m decid$ te>+ ( ourselves away f ! int]e/s ( ! w2 & because we p]si/ 9 cont9u+ 9 ! /ate ( pure kn[+1 ! s5se ( ! sublime di/9ctly appe>s4 ,! foll[+ situation may occasion ?is feel+ 9 a /ill high] degree3 ,nature convuls$ by a /orm2 ! sky d>k5$ by black ?reat5+ ?und]-cl\ds2 /up5d\s1 nak$1 ov]hang+ cliffs1 completely %utt+ out ! view2 ru%+1 foam+ torr5ts2 absolute des]t2 ! wail ( ! w9d sweep+ ?r\gh ! clefts ( ! rocks4 ,our dep5d5ce1 our /rife ) ho/ile nature1 our w brok5 9 ! conflict1 n[ appe>s visibly be=e our eyes4 ,yet1 s long z ! p]sonal pressure does n ga9 ! upp] h&1 b we cont9ue 9 /hetic contemplation1 ! pure subject ( kn[+ gazes un%ak5 & unconc]n$ ?r\gh t /rife ( nature1 ?r\gh t picture ( ! brok5 w1 & quietly compreh5ds ! ,ideas ev5 ( ^? objects :i* are ?reat5+ & t]rible to ! w4 ,9 ?is contra/ lies ! s5se ( ! sublime4 ,b ! impression becomes /ill /rong]1 if1 :5 we h be=e our eyes1 on a l>ge scale1 ! battle ( ! rag+ elem5ts1 9 su* a sc5e we are prev5t$ f he>+ ! s\nd ( our own voice by ! noise ( a fall+ /ream2 or1 if we are abroad 9 ! /orm ( tempe/u\s seas1 :]e ! m\nta9\s waves rise & fall1 da% !mselves furi\sly aga9/ /eep cliffs1 & toss _! spray high into ! air2 ! /orm h[ls1 ! sea boils1 ! lightn+ fla%es f black cl\ds1 & ! peals ( ?und] dr[n ! voice ( /orm & sea4 ,!n1 9 ! undismay$ behold]1 ! two-fold nature ( 8 consci\sness rea*es ! highe/ degree ( di/9ctness4 ,he p]ceives himself1 on ! "o h&1 z an individual1 z ! frail ph5om5on ( w1 :i* ! slighte/ t\* ( ^! =ces c utt]ly de/roy1 helpless aga9/ p[]ful nature1 dep5d5t1 ! victim ( *ance1 a vani%+ no?+ 9 ! pres5ce ( /up5d\s might2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! et]nal1 peaceful1 kn[+ subject1 ! condition ( ! object1 &1 !re=e1 ! support] ( ?is :ole _w2 ! t]rific /rife ( nature only 8 idea2 ! subject itself free & ap>t f all desires & necessities1 9 ! quiet compreh5sion ( ! ,ideas4 ,?is is ! complete impression ( ! sublime4 ,"h he obta9s a glimpse ( a p[] beyond all comp>ison sup]ior to ! individual1 ?reat5+ x ) annihilation4 ,! impression ( ! sublime may be produc$ 9 q ano!r way1 by pres5t+ a m]e imm5sity 9 space & "t2 its immeasurable greatness dw9dles ! individual to no?+4 ,adh]+ to ,kant's nom5clature & 8 accurate division1 we may call ! fir/ k9d ! dynamical1 & ! second ! ma!matical sublime1 al?\gh we entirely diss5t f 8 explanation ( ! inn] nature ( ! impression1 & c all[ no %>e 9 x ei!r to moral reflections1 or to hypo/ases f s*ola/ic philosophy4 ,if we lose ourselves 9 ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite greatness ( ! univ]se 9 space & "t1 m$itate on ! ?\s&s ( ye>s t are pa/ or to come1 or if ! heav5s at night actually br+ be=e our eyes innum]able worlds & s =ce ^u our consci\sness ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se1 we feel ourselves dw9dle to no?+2 z individuals1 z liv+ bodies1 z transi5t ph5om5a ( w1 we feel ourselves pass away & vani% into no?+ l drops 9 ! ocean4 ,b at once !re rises aga9/ ?is gho/ ( our own no?+ness1 aga9/ su* ly+ impossibility1 ! imm$iate consci\sness t all ^! worlds exi/ only z our idea1 only z modifications ( ! et]nal subject ( pure kn[+1 :i* we f9d ourselves to be z soon z we =get our individuality1 & :i* is ! necess>y support] ( all worlds & all times ! condition ( _! possibility4 ,! va/ness ( ! _w :i* disquiet$ u be=e1 re/s n[ 9 u2 our dep5d5ce ^u x is annull$ by its dep5d5ce ^u u4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 does n come at once into reflection1 b %[s itself m]ely z ! felt consci\sness t 9 "s s5se or o!r 7:i* philosophy alone c expla97 we are "o ) ! _w1 & !re=e n oppress$1 b exalt$ by its imm5sity4 ,x is ! felt consci\sness ( ?is t ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,v$as repeat$ly express 9 su* a multitude ( diff]5t ways2 v admirably 9 ! say+ already quot$3 ,h omnes creatur 9 totum ego sum1 et prt] me aliud ens non e/ 7,oupnek'hat1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb47 ,x is ! transc5d+ ( our own individuality1 ! s5se ( ! sublime4 ,we receive ?is impression ( ! ma!matical-sublime1 q directly1 by means ( a space :i* is small inde$ z comp>$ ) ! _w1 b :i* has become directly p]ceptible to u1 & affects u ) its :ole ext5t 9 all its ?ree dim5sions1 s z to make our own body seem almo/ inf9itely small4 ,an empty space c nev] be ?us p]ceiv$1 & !re=e nev] an op5 space1 b only space t is directly p]ceptible 9 all its dim5sions by means ( ! limits :i* enclose x2 ?us = example a v high1 va/ dome1 l t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 or ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,london4 ,! s5se ( ! sublime "h arises ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( ! vani%+ no?+ness ( our own body 9 ! pres5ce ( a va/ness :i*1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 itself exi/s only 9 our idea1 & ( :i* we are z kn[+ subject1 ! support]4 ,?us "h z ev]y:]e x arises f ! contra/ betwe5 ! insignificance & dep5d5ce ( ourselves z individuals1 z ph5om5a ( w1 & ! consci\sness ( ourselves z pure subject ( kn[+4 ,ev5 ! vault ( ! />ry heav5 produces ?is if x is contemplat$ )\t reflection2 b j 9 ! same way z ! vault ( /one1 & only by its app>5t1 n its real ext5t4 ,"s objects ( our p]ception excite 9 u ! feel+ ( ! sublime because1 n only on acc\nt ( _! spatial va/ness1 b also ( _! great age1 t is1 _! temporal duration1 we feel ourselves dw>f$ to insignificance 9 _! pres5ce1 & yet revel 9 ! pleasure ( contemplat+ !m3 ( ?is k9d are v high m\nta9s1 ! ,egyptian pyramids1 & colossal ru9s ( great antiquity4 ,our explanation ( ! sublime applies also to ! e?ical1 to :at is call$ ! sublime "*4 ,su* a "* arises f ?is1 t ! w is n excit$ by objects :i* are well calculat$ to excite x1 b t k reta9s ! upp] h& 9 _! pres5ce4 ,a man ( sublime "* w accord+ly consid] m5 9 a purely objective way1 & n ) ref]5ce to ! relations :i* !y might h to 8 w2 he w1 = example1 obs]ve _! faults1 ev5 _! hatr$ & inju/ice to himself1 )\t be+ himself excit$ to hatr$2 he w behold _! happ9ess )\t envy2 he w recognise _! good qualities )\t desir+ any clos] relations ) !m2 he w p]ceive ! beauty ( wom51 b he w n desire !m4 ,8 p]sonal happ9ess or unhapp9ess w n greatly affect him1 he w r be z ,hamlet describes ,horatio3-- 8444 = ?\ ha/ be51 ,z "o1 9 suff]+ all1 t suff]s no?+2 ,a man t =tune's buffets & rew>ds ,ha/ ta'en ) equal ?anks10 c4 7,a4 #c4 ,sc4 #b47 ,= 9 ! c\rse ( 8 own life & its mis=tunes1 he w consid] less 8 individual lot ?an t ( humanity 9 g5]al1 & w !re=e conduct himself 9 its reg>d1 r z kn[+ ?an z suff]+4 #dj4 ,opposites ?r[ light ^u ea* o!r1 & !re=e ! rem>k may be 9 place "h1 t ! prop] opposite ( ! sublime is some?+ :i* w\ld n at ! fir/ glance be recognis$1 z su*3 ! *>m+ or attractive4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i und]/&1 t :i* excites ! w by pres5t+ to x directly its fulfilm5t1 its satisfaction4 ,we saw t ! feel+ ( ! sublime arises f ! fact1 t some?+ entirely unfav\rable to ! w1 becomes ! object ( pure contemplation1 s t su* contemplation c only be ma9ta9$ by p]si/5tly turn+ away f ! w1 & transc5d+ its int]e/s2 ?is con/itutes ! sublimity ( ! "*4 ,! *>m+ or attractive1 on ! contr>y1 draws ! behold] away f ! pure contemplation :i* is dem&$ by all appreh5sion ( ! beautiful1 because x necess>ily excites ?is w1 by objects :i* directly appeal to x1 & ?us he no long] rema9s pure subject ( kn[+1 b becomes ! ne$y & dep5d5t subject ( w4 ,t e beautiful ?+ :i* is bright or *e]+ %\ld be call$ *>m+1 is ! result ( a too g5]al concept1 :i* arises f a want ( accurate discrim9ation1 & :i* ,i mu/ entirely set aside1 & inde$ condemn4 ,b 9 ! s5se ( ! ^w :i* has be5 giv5 & expla9$1 ,i f9d only two species ( ! *>m+ or attractive 9 ! prov9ce ( art1 & bo? ( !m are unwor?y ( x4 ,! "o species1 a v l[ "o1 is f\nd 9 ,dut* pa9t+s ( /ill life1 :5 !y err by repres5t+ articles ( food1 :i* by _! deceptive lik5ess necess>ily excite ! appetite = ! ?+s !y repres5t1 & ?is is j an excitem5t ( ! w1 :i* puts an end to all /hetic contemplation ( ! object4 ,pa9t$ fruit is yet admissible1 because we may reg>d x z ! fur!r developm5t ( ! fl[]1 & z a beautiful product ( nature 9 =m & col\r1 )\t be+ oblig$ to ?9k ( x z eatable2 b un=tunately we (t5 f9d1 repres5t$ ) deceptive naturalness1 prep>$ & s]v$ di%es1 oy/]s1 h]r+s1 crabs1 bread & butt]1 be]1 w9e1 & s =?1 :i* is altoge!r to be condemn$4 ,9 hi/orical pa9t+ & 9 sculpture ! *>m+ consi/s 9 nak$ figures1 ^: position1 drap]y1 & g5]al treatm5t are calculat$ to excite ! passions ( ! behold]1 & ?us pure /hetical contemplation is at once annihilat$1 & ! aim ( art is defeat$4 ,?is mi/ake corresponds exactly to t :i* we h j c5sur$ 9 ! ,dut* pa9t+s4 ,! anci5ts are almo/ always free f ?is fault 9 _! repres5tations ( beauty & complete nak$ness ( =m1 because ! arti/ himself creat$ !m 9 a purely objective _s1 fill$ ) ideal beauty1 n 9 ! _s ( subjective1 & base s5suality4 ,! *>m+ is ?us ev]y:]e to be avoid$ 9 art4 ,!re is also a negative species ( ! *>m+ or excit+ :i* is ev5 m repreh5sible ?an ! positive =m :i* has be5 discuss$2 ?is is ! disgu/+ or ! loa?some4 ,x ar\ses ! w ( ! behold]1 j z :at is prop]ly speak+ *>m+1 & !re=e di/urbs pure /hetic contemplation4 ,b x is an active av]sion & opposition :i* is excit$ by x2 x ar\ses ! w by pres5t+ to x objects :i* x abhors4 ,!re=e x has always be5 recognis$ t x is altoge!r inadmissible 9 art1 :]e ev5 :at is ugly1 :5 x is n disgu/+1 is all[able 9 its prop] place1 z we %all see lat]4 #da4 ,! c\rse ( ! discussion has made x necess>y to ins]t at ?is po9t ! treatm5t ( ! sublime1 ?\gh we h only half done ) ! beautiful1 z we h consid]$ its subjective side only4 ,= x 0 m]ely a special modification ( ?is subjective side t di/+ui%$ ! beautiful f ! sublime4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 f\nd to dep5d ^u :e!r ! /ate ( pure w-less kn[+1 :i* is presuppos$ & dem&$ by all /hetic contemplation1 0 rea*$ )\t opposition1 by ! m]e disappe>ance ( ! w f consci\sness1 because ! object invit$ & drew u t[>ds x2 or :e!r x 0 only atta9$ ?r\gh ! free1 consci\s transc5d+ ( ! w1 to :i* ! object contemplat$ _h an unfav\rable & ev5 ho/ile relation1 :i* w\ld de/roy contemplation altoge!r1 if we 7 to give ourselves up to x4 ,?is is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! beautiful & ! sublime4 ,9 ! object !y are n ess5tially diff]5t1 = 9 e case ! object ( /hetical contemplation is n ! individual ?+1 b ! ,idea 9 x :i* is /riv+ to reveal itself2 t is to say1 adequate objectivity ( w at a p>ticul> grade4 ,its necess>y correlative1 indep5d5t1 l itself ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is ! pure subject ( kn[+2 j z ! correlative ( ! p>ticul> ?+ is ! kn[+ individual1 bo? ( :i* lie )9 ! prov9ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,:5 we say t a ?+ is beautiful1 we !reby ass]t t x is an object ( our /hetic contemplation1 & ?is has a d\ble mean+2 on ! "o h& x means t ! sight ( ! ?+ makes u objective1 t is to say1 t 9 contemplat+ x we are no long] consci\s ( ourselves z individuals1 b z pure w-less subjects ( k2 & on ! o!r h& x means t we recognise 9 ! object1 n ! p>ticul> ?+1 b an ,idea2 & ?is c only happ51 s f> z our contemplation ( x is n subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 does n foll[ ! relation ( ! object to any?+ outside x 7:i* is always ultimately connect$ ) relations to our own w71 b re/s 9 ! object itself4 ,= ! ,idea & ! pure subject ( k always appe> at once 9 consci\sness z necess>y correlatives1 & on _! appe>ance all di/9ction ( "t vani%es1 = !y are bo? entirely =eign to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all its =ms1 & lie outside ! relations :i* are impos$ by x2 !y may be comp>$ to ! ra9b[ & ! sun1 :i* h no "p 9 ! con/ant movem5t & succession ( ! fall+ drops4 ,!re=e1 if1 = example1 ,i contemplate a tree /hetically1 i4e41 ) arti/ic eyes1 & ?us recognise1 n x1 b its ,idea1 x becomes at once ( no consequ5ce :e!r x is ?is tree or its pr$ecessor :i* fl\ri%$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & :e!r ! obs]v] is ?is individual or any o!r t liv$ any:]e & at any "t2 ! p>ticul> ?+ & ! kn[+ individual are aboli%$ ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & !re rema9s no?+ b ! ,idea & ! pure subject ( kn[+1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! adequate objectivity ( w at ?is grade4 ,& ! ,idea disp5ses n only ) "t1 b also ) space1 = ! ,idea prop] is n ?is special =m :i* appe>s be=e me b its expression1 its pure significance1 its inn] be+1 :i* discloses itself to me & appeals to me1 & :i* may be q ! same ?\gh ! spatial relations ( its =m be v diff]5t4 ,s9ce1 on ! "o h&1 e giv5 ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 a4 purely objective mann] & ap>t f all relations2 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 ! w manife/s itself 9 ev]y?+ at "s grade ( its objectivity1 s t ev]y?+ is ! expression ( an ,idea2 x foll[s t ev]y?+ is also beautiful4 ,t ev5 ! mo/ insignificant ?+s admit ( pure objective & w-less contemplation1 & ?us prove t !y are beautiful1 is %[n by :at 0 said above 9 ?is ref]5ce ab\t ! ,dut* pictures ( /ill-life 7 #ch74 ,b "o ?+ is m beautiful ?an ano!r1 because x makes ?is pure objective contemplation easi]1 x l5ds itself to x1 &1 s to speak1 ev5 compels x1 & !n we call x v beautiful4 ,?is is ! case sometimes because1 z an individual ?+1 x expresses 9 its purity ! ,idea ( its species by ! v di/9ct1 cle>ly def9$1 & significant relation ( its p>ts1 & also fully reveals t ,idea ?r\gh ! complet5ess ( all ! possible expressions ( its species unit$ 9 x1 s t x makes ! transition f ! individual ?+ to ! ,idea1 & !re=e also ! condition ( pure contemplation1 v easy = ! behold]4 ,sometimes ?is possession ( special beauty 9 an object lies 9 ! fact t ! ,idea itself :i* appeals to u 9 x is a high grade ( ! objectivity ( w1 & !re=e v significant & expressive4 ,!re=e x is t man is m beautiful ?an all o!r objects1 & ! revelation ( 8 nature is ! highe/ aim ( art4 ,human =m & expression are ! mo/ important objects ( pla/ic art1 & human action ! mo/ important object ( poetry4 ,yet ea* ?+ has its own peculi> beauty1 n only e organism :i* expresses itself 9 ! unity ( an individual be+1 b also ev]y?+ unorganis$ & =mless1 & ev5 e manufactur$ article4 ,= all ^! reveal ! ,ideas ?r\gh :i* ! w objectifies itself at its l[e/ grades1 !y give1 z x 71 ! deepe/ res\nd+ bass-notes ( nature4 ,gravity1 rigidity1 fluidity1 light1 & s =?1 are ! ,ideas :i* express !mselves 9 rocks1 9 build+s1 9 wat]s4 ,l&scape-g>d5+ or ar*itecture c d no m ?an assi/ !m to unfold _! qualities di/9ctly1 fully1 & v>i\sly2 !y c only give !m ! opportunity ( express+ !mselves purely1 s t !y l5d !mselves to /hetic contemplation & make x easi]4 ,inf]ior build+s or ill-fav\r$ localities1 on ! contr>y1 :i* nature has neglect$ or art has spoil$1 p]=m ?is task 9 a v slight degree or n at all2 yet ev5 f !m ^! univ]sal1 fundam5tal ,ideas ( nature _c altoge!r disappe>4 ,to ! c>eful obs]v] !y pres5t !mselves "h also1 & ev5 bad build+s & ! l are capable ( be+ /hetically consid]$2 ! ,ideas ( ! mo/ univ]sal prop]ties ( _! mat]ials are /ill recognisable 9 !m1 only ! artificial =m :i* has be5 giv5 !m does n assi/ b h9d]s /hetic contemplation4 ,manufactur$ articles also s]ve to express ,ideas1 only x is n ! ,idea ( ! manufactur$ article :i* speaks 9 !m1 b ! ,idea ( ! mat]ial to :i* ?is artificial =m has be5 giv54 ,?is may be v conv5i5tly express$ 9 two words1 9 ! language ( ! s*oolm51 ?us1--! manufactur$ article expresses ! ,idea ( its =ma sub/antialis1 b n t ( its =ma accid5talis2 ! latt] leads to no ,idea1 b only to a human conception ( :i* x is ! result4 ,x is ne$less to say t by manufactur$ article no "w ( pla/ic art is meant4 ,! s*oolm5 und]/&1 9 fact1 by =ma sub/antialis t :i* ,i call ! grade ( ! objectification ( w 9 a ?+4 ,we %all return imm$iately1 :5 we treat ( ar*itecture1 to ! ,idea ( ! mat]ial4 ,our view1 !n1 _c be reconcil$ ) t ( ,plato if he is ( op9ion t a table or a *air express ! ,idea ( a table or a *air 7,de ,rep41 x41 pp4 #bhd1 #bhe1 et ,p>m541 p4 #gi1 ed4 ,bip471 b we say t !y express ! ,ideas :i* are already express$ 9 _! m]e mat]ial z su*4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle 7,metap4 xi41 *ap4 #c71 h[ev]1 ,plato himself only ma9ta9$ ,ideas ( natural objects3 1 7,plato dixit1 quod ide eorum sunt1 qu natura sunt71 & 9 *ap4 #e he says t1 accord+ to ! ,platoni/s1 !re are no ,ideas ( h\se & r+4 ,9 any case1 ,plato's e>lie/ disciples1 z ,alc9\s in=ms u 7,introductio 9 ,platonicam ,philosophiam1 *ap4 #i71 d5i$ t !re 7 any ideas ( manufactur$ articles4 ,he says3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7,def9iunt autem ,,ideam exempl> t]num eorum1 qu secundum naturam exi/unt4 ,nam plurimis ex iis1 qui ,platonem secuti sunt1 m9ime placuit1 arte factorum ideas esse1 ut clypei atque lyr2 neque rursus eorum1 qu prtor naturam1 ut febris et *ol]1 neque p>ticul>ium1 ceu ,socratis et ,platonis2 neque etiam r]um vilium1 veluti sordium et fe/uc2 neque relationum1 ut majoris et exc$5tis3 esse namque ideas intellectiones dei t]nas1 ac seipsis p]fectas74 ,we may take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+ ano!r po9t 9 :i* our doctr9e ( ,ideas diff]s v mu* f t ( ,plato4 ,he tea*es 7,de ,rep41 x41 p4 #bhh7 t ! object :i* art tries to express1 ! ideal ( pa9t+ & poetry1 is n ! ,idea b ! p>ticul> ?+4 ,our :ole exposition hi!rto has ma9ta9$ exactly ! opposite1 & ,plato's op9ion is ! less likely to lead u a/ray1 inasmu* z x is ! s\rce ( "o ( ! greate/ & be/ kn[n errors ( ?is great man1 8 depreciation & rejection ( art1 & especially poetry2 he directly connects 8 false judgm5t 9 ref]5ce to ?is ) ! passage quot$4 #db4 ,i return to ! exposition ( ! /hetic impression4 ,! k ( ! beautiful always supposes at once & insep>ably ! pure kn[+ subject & ! kn[n ,idea z object4 ,yet ! s\rce ( /hetic satisfaction w sometimes lie m 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! kn[n ,idea1 sometimes m 9 ! bless$ness & spiritual peace ( ! pure kn[+ subject fre$ f all will+1 & !re=e f all individuality1 & ! pa9 t proce$s f x4 ,&1 inde$1 ?is pr$om9ance ( "o or ! o!r con/itu5t "p ( /hetic feel+ w dep5d ^u :e!r ! intuitively grasp$ ,idea is a high] or a l[] grade ( ! objectivity ( w4 ,?us 9 /hetic contemplation 79 ! real1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( art7 ( ! beauty ( nature 9 ! inorganic & vegetable worlds1 or 9 works ( ar*itecture1 ! pleasure ( pure w-less kn[+ w pr$om9ate1 because ! ,ideas :i* are "h appreh5d$ are only l[ grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 & are !re=e n manife/ations ( deep significance & ri* cont5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if animals & man are ! objects ( /hetic contemplation or repres5tation1 ! pleasure w consi/ r 9 ! compreh5sion ( ^! ,ideas1 :i* are ! mo/ di/9ct revelation ( w2 = !y exhibit ! greate/ multiplicity ( =ms1 ! greate/ ri*ness & deep significance ( ph5om5a1 & reveal to u mo/ completely ! nature ( w1 :e!r 9 its viol5ce1 its t]ribl5ess1 its satisfaction or its ab]ration 7! latt] 9 tragic situations71 or f9ally 9 its *ange & self-surr5d]1 :i* is ! peculi> !me ( *ri/ian pa9t+2 z ! ,idea ( ! w enlight5$ by full k is ! object ( hi/orical pa9t+ 9 g5]al1 & ( ! drama4 ,we %all n[ g ?r\gh ! f9e arts "o by "o1 & ?is w give complet5ess & di/9ctness to ! !ory ( ! beautiful :i* we h advanc$4 #dc4 ,matt] z su* _c be ! expression ( an ,idea4 ,=1 z we f\nd 9 ! fir/ book1 x is ?r\gh\t no?+ b causality3 its be+ consi/s 9 its casual action4 ,b causality is a =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 k ( ! ,idea1 on ! o!r h&1 absolutely excludes ! cont5t ( t pr9ciple4 ,we also f\nd1 9 ! second book1 t matt] is ! common sub/ratum ( all p>ticul> ph5om5a ( ! ,ideas1 & consequ5tly is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,idea & ! ph5om5on1 or ! p>ticul> ?+4 ,accord+ly = bo? ( ^! reasons x is impossible t matt] c = itself express any ,idea4 ,?is is confirm$ a po/]iori by ! fact t x is impossible to h a p]ceptible idea ( matt] z su*1 b only an ab/ract conception2 9 ! =m]1 i4e41 9 p]ceptible ideas are exhibit$ only ! =ms & qualities ( :i* matt] is ! support]1 & 9 all ( :i* ,ideas reveal !mselves4 ,?is corresponds also ) ! fact1 t causality 7! :ole ess5ce ( matt]7 _c = itself be pres5t$ p]ceptibly1 b is m]ely a def9ite casual connection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e ph5om5on ( an ,idea1 because z su* x has ent]$ ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 or ! pr9cipium individuationis1 mu/ exhibit itself 9 matt]1 z "o ( its qualities4 ,s f> !n matt] is1 z we h said1 ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,idea & ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :i* is ! =m ( k ( ! individual1 or ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,plato is !re=e p]fectly "r 9 8 enum]ation1 = aft] ! ,idea & ! ph5om5on1 :i* include all o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 he gives matt] only1 z a ?ird ?+ :i* is diff]5t f bo? 7,timaus1 p4 #cde74 ,! individual1 z a ph5om5on ( ! ,idea1 is always matt]4 ,e quality ( matt] is also ! ph5om5on ( an ,idea1 & z su* x may always be an object ( /hetic contemplation1 i4e41 ! ,idea express$ 9 x may always be recognis$4 ,?is holds good ( ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal qualities ( matt]1 )\t :i* x nev] appe>s1 & :i* are ! weake/ objectivity ( w4 ,su* are gravity1 cohesion1 rigidity1 fluidity1 s5sitiv5ess to light1 & s =?4 ,if n[ we consid] ar*itecture simply z a f9e art & ap>t f its application to useful ends1 9 :i* x s]ves ! w & n pure k1 & !re=e ceases to be art 9 our s5se2 we c assign to x no o!r aim ?an t ( br++ to great] di/9ctness "s ( ^? ideas1 :i* are ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectivity ( w2 su* z gravity1 cohesion1 rigidity1 h>dness1 ^? univ]sal qualities ( /one1 ^? fir/1 simple/1 mo/ in>ticulate manife/ations ( w2 ! bass notes ( nature2 & aft] ^! light1 :i* 9 _m respects is _! opposite4 ,ev5 at ^! l[ grades ( ! objectivity ( w we see its nature reveal+ itself 9 discord2 = prop]ly speak+ ! conflict betwe5 gravity & rigidity is ! sole /hetic mat]ial ( ar*itecture2 its problem is to make ?is conflict appe> ) p]fect di/9ctness 9 a multitude ( diff]5t ways4 ,x solves x by depriv+ ^! inde/ructible =ces ( ! %orte/ way to _! satisfaction1 & conduct+ !m to x by a circuit\s r\te1 s t ! conflict is l5g!n$ & ! inexhau/ible ef=ts ( bo? =ces become visible 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,! :ole mass ( ! build+1 if left to its orig9al t5d5cy1 w\ld exhibit a m]e heap or clump1 b\nd z closely z possible to ! e>?1 to :i* gravity1 ! =m 9 :i* ! w appe>s "h1 cont9ually presses1 :ile rigidity1 also objectivity ( w1 resi/s4 ,b ?is v t5d5cy1 ?is ef=t1 is h9d]$ by ar*itecture f obta9+ direct satisfaction1 & only all[$ to rea* x indirectly & by r\ndab\t ways4 ,! ro(1 = example1 c only press ! e>? ?r\gh columns1 ! ar* mu/ support itself1 & c only satisfy its t5d5cy t[>ds ! e>? ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pill>s1 & s =?4 ,b j by ^! en=c$ digressions1 j by ^! re/rictions1 ! =ces :i* reside 9 ! crude mass ( /one unfold !mselves 9 ! mo/ di/9ct & multif>i\s ways2 & ! purely /hetic aim ( ar*itecture c g no fur!r ?an ?is4 ,!re=e ! beauty1 at any rate1 ( a build+ lies 9 ! obvi\s adaptation ( e "p1 n to ! outw>d arbitr>y end ( man 7s f> ! "w belongs to practical ar*itecture71 b directly to ! /ability ( ! :ole1 to :i* ! position1 dim5sions1 & =m ( e "p mu/ h s necess>y a relation t1 :]e x is possible1 if any "o "p 7 tak5 away1 ! :ole w\ld fall to pieces4 ,= j because ea* "p be>s j z mu* z x conv5i5tly c1 & ea* is support$ j :]e x requires to be & j to ! necess>y ext5t1 ?is opposition unfolds itself1 ?is conflict betwe5 rigidity & gravity1 :i* con/itutes ! life1 ! manife/ation ( w1 9 ! /one1 becomes completely visible1 & ^! l[e/ grades ( ! objectivity ( w reveal !mselves di/9ctly4 ,9 ! same way ! =m ( ea* "p mu/ n be det]m9$ arbitr>ily1 b by its end1 & its relation to ! :ole4 ,! column is ! simple/ =m ( support1 det]m9$ simply by its end3 ! twi/$ column is ta/eless2 ! f\r-corn]$ pill> is 9 fact n s simple z ! r\nd column1 ?\gh x happ5s t x is easi] to make x4 ,! =ms also ( frieze1 raft]1 ro(1 & dome are entirely det]m9$ by _! imm$iate end1 & expla9 !mselves f x4 ,! decoration ( capitals1 c41 belongs to sculpture1 n to ar*itecture1 :i* admits x m]ely z extrane\s ornam5t1 & c\ld disp5se ) x4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 x is absolutely necess>y1 9 ord] to und]/& ! /hetic satisfaction af=d$ by a "w ( ar*itecture1 to h imm$iate k ?r\gh p]ception ( its matt] z reg>ds its weight1 rigidity1 & cohesion1 & our pleasure 9 su* a "w w\ld sudd5ly be v mu* dim9i%$ by ! discov]y t ! mat]ial us$ 0 pumice-/one2 = !n x w\ld appe> to u z a k9d ( %am build+4 ,we w\ld be affect$ 9 almo/ ! same way if we 7 told t x 0 made ( wood1 :5 we _h suppos$ x to be ( /one1 j because ?is alt]s & de/roys ! relation betwe5 rigidity & gravity1 & consequ5tly ! significance & necessity ( all ! p>ts1 = ^! natural =ces reveal !mselves 9 a f> weak] degree 9 a wood5 build+4 ,!re=e no real "w ( ar*itecture z a f9e art c be made ( wood1 al?\gh x assumes all =ms s easily2 ?is c only be expla9$ by our !ory4 ,if we 7 di/9ctly told t a build+1 ! sight ( :i* gave u pleasure1 0 made ( diff]5t k9ds ( mat]ial ( v unequal weight & consi/5cy1 b n di/+ui%able to ! eye1 ! :ole build+ w\ld become z utt]ly incapable ( af=d+ u pleasure z a poem 9 an unkn[n language4 ,all ?is proves t ar*itecture does n affect u ma!matically1 b also dynamically1 & t :at speaks to u ?r\gh x1 is n m]e =m & symmetry1 b r ^? fundam5tal =ces ( nature1 ^? fir/ ,ideas1 ^? l[e/ grades ( ! objectivity ( w4 ,! regul>ity ( ! build+ & its p>ts is p>tly produc$ by ! direct adaptation ( ea* memb] to ! /ability ( ! :ole1 p>tly x s]ves to facilitate ! survey & compreh5sion ( ! :ole1 & f9ally1 regul> figures to "s ext5t enhance ! beauty because !y reveal ! con/itution ( space z su*4 ,b all ?is is ( subord9ate value & necessity1 & by no means ! *ief conc]n2 inde$1 symmetry is n inv>iably dem&$1 z ru9s are /ill beautiful4 ,works ( ar*itecture h fur!r q a special relation to light2 !y ga9 a d\ble beauty 9 ! full sun%9e1 ) ! blue sky z a backgr\nd1 & aga9 !y h q a diff]5t effect by moonlight4 ,!re=e1 :5 a beautiful "w ( ar*itecture is to be erect$1 special att5tion is always paid to ! effects ( ! light & to ! climate4 ,! reason ( all ?is is1 inde$1 pr9cipally t all ! p>ts & _! relations are only made cle>ly visible by a bright1 /rong light2 b besides ?is ,i am ( op9ion t x is ! function ( ar*itecture to reveal ! nature ( light j z x reveals t ( ?+s s opposite to x z gravity & rigidity4 ,= ! light is int]cept$1 conf9$1 & reflect$ by ! great opaque1 %>ply outl9$1 & v>i\sly =m$ masses ( /one1 & ?us x unfolds its nature & qualities 9 ! pure/ & cle>e/ way1 to ! great pleasure ( ! behold]s1 = light is ! mo/ joy-giv+ ( ?+s1 z ! condition & ! objective correlative ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( k ( p]ception4 ,n[1 because ! ,ideas :i* ar*itecture br+s to cle> p]ception1 are ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 & consequ5tly _! objective significance1 :i* ar*itecture reveals to u1 is comp>atively small2 ! /hetic pleasure ( look+ at a beautiful build+ 9 a good light w lie1 n s mu* 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! ,idea1 z 9 ! subjective correlative :i* accompanies ?is compreh5sion2 x w consi/ pre-em95tly 9 ! fact t ! behold]1 set free f ! k9d ( k t belongs to ! individual1 & :i* s]ves ! w & foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is rais$ to t ( ! pure subject ( kn[+ free f w4 ,x w consi/ !n pr9cipally 9 pure contemplation itself1 free f all ! suff]+ ( w & ( individuality4 ,9 ?is respect ! opposite ( ar*itecture1 & ! o!r extreme ( ! s]ies ( ! f9e arts1 is ! drama1 :i* br+s to k ! mo/ significant ,ideas4 ,!re=e 9 ! /hetic pleasure af=d$ by ! drama ! objective side is ?r\gh\t pr$om9ant4 ,ar*itecture has ?is di/9ction f pla/ic art & poetry3 x does n give u a copy b ! ?+ itself4 ,x does n repeat1 z !y d1 ! kn[n ,idea1 s t ! arti/ l5ds 8 eyes to ! behold]1 b 9 x ! arti/ m]ely pres5ts ! object to ! behold]1 & facilitates = him ! compreh5sion ( ! ,idea by br++ ! actual1 individual object to a di/9ct & complete expression ( its nature4 ,unlike ! works ( ! o!r arts1 ^? ( ar*itecture are v seldom execut$ = purely /hetic ends4 ,^! are g5]ally subord9at$ to o!r useful ends :i* are =eign to art itself4 ,?us ! great m]it ( ! ar*itect consi/s 9 a*iev+ & atta9+ ! pure /hetic ends1 9 spite ( _! subord9ation to o!r ends :i* are =eign to !m4 ,?is he does by clev]ly adapt+ !m 9 a v>iety ( ways to ! arbitr>y ends 9 view1 & by rightly judg+ :i* =m ( /hetical ar*itectonic beauty is compatible & may be associat$ ) a temple1 :i* ) a palace1 :i* ) a prison1 & s =?4 ,! m a h>% climate increases ^! dem&s ( necessity & utility1 det]m9es !m def9itely1 & prescribes !m m inevitably1 ! less free play has beauty 9 ar*itecture4 ,9 ! mild climate ( ,india1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 :]e ! dem&s ( necessity 7 few] & less def9ite1 ar*itecture c\ld foll[ its /hetic ends ) ! greate/ fre$om4 ,b "u a nor!rn sky ?is 0 sorely h9d]$4 ,"h1 :5 caissons1 po9t$ ro(s & t[]s 7 :at 0 dem&$1 ar*itecture c\ld only unfold its own beauty )9 v n>r[ limits1 & !re=e x 0 oblig$ to make am5ds by resort+ all ! m to ! borr[$ ornam5ts ( sculpture1 z is se5 9 ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,we ?us see t ar*itecture is greatly re/rict$ by ! dem&s ( necessity & utility2 b on ! o!r h& x has 9 !m a v p[]ful support1 =1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude & co/l9ess ( its works1 & ! n>r[ sph]e ( its /hetic effect1 x c\ld n cont9ue to exi/ m]ely z a f9e art1 if x _h n also1 z a useful & necess>y pr(ession1 a firm & hon\rable place among ! occupations ( m54 ,x is ! want ( ?is t prev5ts ano!r art f tak+ its place beside ar*itecture z a si/] art1 al?\gh 9 an /hetical po9t ( view x is q prop]ly to be class$ along ) x z its c\nt]p>t2 ,i mean arti/ic arrangem5ts ( wat]4 ,= :at ar*itecture accompli%es = ! ,idea ( gravity :5 x appe>s 9 connection ) t ( rigidity1 hydraulics accompli%es = ! same ,idea1 :5 x is connect$ ) fluidity1 i4e41 =mlessness1 ! greate/ mobility & transp>5cy4 ,leap+ wat]falls foam+ & tumbl+ ov] rocks1 cat>acts disp]s$ into float+ spray1 spr+s gu%+ up z high columns ( wat]1 & cle> reflect+ lakes1 reveal ! ,ideas ( fluid & heavy matt]1 9 precisely ! same way z ! works ( ar*itecture unfold ! ,ideas ( rigid matt]4 ,arti/ic hydraulics1 h[ev]1 obta9s no support f practical hydraulics1 =1 z a rule1 _! ends _c be comb9$2 yet1 9 exceptional cases1 ?is happ5s2 = example1 9 ! ,cascata di ,trevi at ,rome47#eb7 #dd4 ,:at ! two arts we h spok5 ( accompli% = ^! l[e/ grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 is p]=m$ = ! high] grades ( vegetable nature by arti/ic horticulture4 ,! l&scape beauty ( a sc5e consi/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! multiplicity ( natural objects :i* are pres5t 9 x1 & !n 9 ! fact t !y are cle>ly sep>at$1 appe> di/9ctly1 & yet exhibit a fitt+ connection & alt]nation4 ,^! two conditions are assi/$ & promot$ by l&scape-g>d5+1 b x has by no means su* a ma/]y ov] its mat]ial z ar*itecture1 & !re=e its effect is limit$4 ,! beauty ) :i* x is conc]n$ belongs almo/ exclusively to nature2 x has done little = x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x c d little aga9/ unfav\rable nature1 & :5 nature works1 n = x1 b aga9/ x1 its a*ievem5ts are small4 ,! vegetable _w (f]s itself ev]y:]e = /hetic enjoym5t )\t ! m$ium ( art2 b s f> z x is an object ( art1 x belongs pr9cipally to l&scape-pa9t+2 to ! prov9ce ( :i* all ! re/ ( unconsci\s nature also belongs4 ,9 pa9t+s ( /ill life1 & ( m]e ar*itecture1 ru9s1 int]iors ( *ur*es1 c41 ! subjective side ( /hetic pleasure is pr$om9ant1 i4e41 our satisfaction does n lie pr9cipally 9 ! direct compreh5sion ( ! repres5t$ ,ideas1 b r 9 ! subjective correlative ( ?is compreh5sion1 pure1 w-less kn[+4 ,=1 because ! pa9t] lets u see ^! ?+s ?r\gh 8 eyes1 we at once receive a sympa!tic & reflect$ s5se ( ! deep spiritual peace & absolute sil5ce ( ! w1 :i* 7 necess>y 9 ord] to ent] ) k s entirely into ^! lifeless objects1 & compreh5d !m ) su* love1 i4e41 9 ?is case ) su* a degree ( objectivity4 ,! effect ( l&scape-pa9t+ prop] is inde$1 z a :ole1 ( ?is k9d2 b because ! ,ideas express$ are m di/9ct & significant1 z high] grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 ! objective side ( /hetic pleasure already comes m to ! front & assumes z mu* importance z ! subjective side4 ,pure kn[+ z su* is no long] ! p>am\nt consid]ation1 = we are equally affect$ by ! kn[n ,platonic ,idea1 ! _w z idea at an important grade ( ! objectification ( w4 ,b a f> high] grade is reveal$ by animal pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,( ! latt] we h "s important antique rema9s2 = example1 horses at ,v5ice1 on ,monte ,cavallo1 & on ! ,elg9 ,m>bles1 also at ,flor5ce 9 bronze & m>ble2 ! anci5t bo>1 h[l+ wolves1 ! lions 9 ! ars5al at ,v5ice1 also 9 ! ,vatican a :ole room almo/ fill$ ) anci5t animals1 c4 ,9 ^! repres5tations ! objective side ( /hetic pleasure obta9s a m>k$ pr$om9ance ov] ! subjective4 ,! peace ( ! subject :i* kn[s ^! ,ideas1 :i* has sil5c$ its own w1 is inde$ pres5t1 z x is 9 all /hetic contemplation2 b its effect is n felt1 = we are occupi$ ) ! re/lessness & impetuosity ( ! w repres5t$4 ,x is t v w1 :i* con/itutes our own nature1 t "h appe>s to u 9 =ms1 9 :i* its manife/ation is n1 z 9 u1 controll$ & temp]$ by intellect1 b exhibits itself 9 /rong] traits1 & ) a di/9ctness t bord]s on ! grotesque & mon/r\s4 ,= ?is v reason !re is no concealm5t2 x is free1 nave1 op5 z ! day1 & ?is is ! cause ( our int]e/ 9 animals4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( species appe>$ already 9 ! repres5tation ( plants1 b %[$ itself only 9 ! =ms2 "h x becomes mu* m di/9ct1 & expresses itself n only 9 ! =m1 b 9 ! action1 position1 & mi51 yet always m]ely z ! "* ( ! species1 n ( ! individual4 ,?is k ( ! ,ideas ( high] grades1 :i* 9 pa9t+ we receive ?r\gh extrane\s means1 we may ga9 directly by ! pure contemplative p]ception ( plants1 & obs]vation ( bea/s1 & inde$ ( ! latt] 9 _! free1 natural1 & unre/ra9$ /ate4 ,! objective contemplation ( _! manifold & m>vell\s =ms1 & ( _! actions & behavi\r1 is an in/ructive lesson f ! great book ( nature1 x is a deciph]+ ( ! true signatura r]um47#ec7 ,we see 9 !m ! manifold grades & modes ( ! manife/ation ( w1 :i* 9 all be+s ( "o & ! same grade1 wills always 9 ! same way1 :i* objectifies itself z life1 z exi/5ce 9 su* endless v>iety1 & su* diff]5t =ms1 :i* are all adaptations to ! diff]5t ext]nal circum/ances1 & may be comp>$ to _m v>iations on ! same !me4 ,b if we _h to communicate to ! obs]v]1 = reflection1 & 9 a ^w1 ! explanation ( _! inn] nature1 x w\ld be be/ to make use ( t ,sanscrit =mula :i* occurs s (t5 9 ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos1 & is call$ ,mahavakya1 i4e41 ! great ^w3 8,tat twam asi10 :i* means1 8?is liv+ ?+ art ?\40 #de4 ,! great problem ( hi/orical pa9t+ & sculpture is to express directly & = p]ception ! ,idea 9 :i* ! w rea*es ! highe/ grade ( its objectification4 ,! objective side ( ! pleasure af=d$ by ! beautiful is "h always pr$om9ant1 & ! subjective side has retir$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t at ! next grade bel[ ?is1 animal pa9t+1 ! *>act]i/ic is entirely "o ) ! beautiful2 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic lion1 wolf1 horse1 %eep1 or ox1 0 always ! mo/ beautiful also4 ,! reason ( ?is is t animals h only ! "* ( _! species1 no individual "*4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( m5 ! "* ( ! species is sep>at$ f t ( ! individual2 ! =m] is n[ call$ beauty 7entirely 9 ! objective s5se71 b ! latt] reta9s ! "n1 "*1 or expression1 & ! new difficulty arises ( repres5t+ bo?1 at once & completely1 9 ! same individual4 ,human beauty is an objective expression1 :i* means ! fulle/ objectification ( w at ! highe/ grade at :i* x is kn[able1 ! ,idea ( man 9 g5]al1 completely express$ 9 ! s5sible =m4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! objective side ( ! beautiful appe>s "h1 ! subjective side /ill always accompanies x4 ,& j because no object transports u s quickly into pure /hetic contemplation1 z ! mo/ beautiful human c\nt5ance & =m1 at ! sight ( :i* we are in/antly fill$ ) unspeakable satisfaction1 & rais$ above ourselves & all t tr\bles u2 ?is is only possible because ?is mo/ di/9ct & pure/ k ( w raises u mo/ easily & quickly to ! /ate ( pure kn[+1 9 :i* our p]sonality1 our w ) its con/ant pa91 disappe>s1 s long z ! pure /hetic pleasure la/s4 ,!re=e x is t ,goe! says3 8,no evil c t\* him :o looks on human beauty2 he feels himself at "o ) himself & ) ! _w40 ,t a beautiful human =m is produc$ by nature mu/ be expla9$ 9 ?is way4 ,at ?is its highe/ grade ! w objectifies itself 9 an individual2 & !re=e ?r\gh circum/ances & its own p[] x completely ov]comes all ! h9drances & opposition :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! l[] grades pres5t to x4 ,su* are ! =ces ( nature1 f :i* ! w mu/ always fir/ extort & w9 back ! matt] t belongs to all its manife/ations4 ,fur!r1 ! ph5om5on ( w at its high] grades always has multiplicity 9 its =m4 ,ev5 ! tree is only a sy/ematic aggregate ( innum]ably repeat$ spr\t+ fibres4 ,?is comb9ation assumes great] complexity 9 high] =ms1 & ! human body is an exce$+ly complex sy/em ( diff]5t p>ts1 ea* ( :i* has a peculi> life ( its own1 vita propria1 subord9ate to ! :ole4 ,n[ t all ^! p>ts are 9 ! prop] fa%ion subord9ate to ! :ole1 & co-ord9ate to ea* o!r1 t !y all "w toge!r h>moni\sly = ! expression ( ! :ole1 no?+ sup]flu\s1 no?+ re/rict$2 all ^! are ! r>e conditions1 ^: result is beauty1 ! completely express$ "* ( ! species4 ,s is x 9 nature4 ,b h[ 9 art8 ,"o w\ld suppose t art a*iev$ ! beautiful by imitat+ nature4 ,b h[ is ! arti/ to recognise ! p]fect "w :i* is to be imitat$1 & di/+ui% x f ! failures1 if he does n anticipate ! beautiful be=e exp]i5ce8 ,& besides ?is1 has nature ev] produc$ a human be+ p]fectly beautiful 9 all 8 p>ts8 ,x has accord+ly be5 ?\ght t ! arti/ mu/ seek out ! beautiful p>ts1 di/ribut$ among a numb] ( diff]5t human be+s1 & out ( !m con/ruct a beautiful :ole2 a p]v]se & fooli% op9ion4 ,= x w be ask$1 h[ is he to "k t j ^! =ms & n o!rs are beautiful8 ,we also see :at k9d ( success att5d$ ! ef=ts ( ! old ,g]man pa9t]s to a*ieve ! beautiful by imitat+ nature4 ,obs]ve _! nak$ figures4 ,no k ( ! beautiful is possible purely a po/]iori1 & f m]e exp]i5ce2 x is always1 at lea/ 9 "p1 a priori1 al?\gh q diff]5t 9 k9d1 f ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ( :i* we are consci\s a priori4 ,^! conc]n ! univ]sal =m ( ph5om5a z su*1 z x con/itutes ! possibility ( k 9 g5]al1 ! univ]sal h[ ( all ph5om5a1 & f ?is k proce$ ma!matics & pure natural sci5ce4 ,b ?is o!r k9d ( k a priori1 :i* makes x possible to express ! beautiful1 conc]ns1 n ! =m b ! cont5t ( ph5om5a1 n ! h[ b ! :at ( ! ph5om5on4 ,t we all recognise human beauty :5 we see x1 b t 9 ! true arti/ ?is takes place ) su* cle>ness t he %[s x z he has nev] se5 x1 & surpasses nature 9 8 repres5tation2 ?is is only possible because we ourselves are ! w ^: adequate objectification at its highe/ grade is "h to be judg$ & discov]$4 ,?us alone h we 9 fact an anticipation ( t :i* nature 7:i* is j ! w t con/itutes our own be+7 /rives to express4 ,& 9 ! true g5ius ?is anticipation is accompani$ by s great a degree ( intellig5ce t he recognises ! ,idea 9 ! p>ticul> ?+1 & ?us1 z x 71 und]/&s ! half-utt]$ spee* ( nature1 & articulates cle>ly :at %e only /amm]$ =?4 ,he expresses 9 ! h>d m>ble t beauty ( =m :i* 9 a ?\s& attempts %e fail$ to produce1 he pres5ts x to nature1 say+1 z x 71 to h]1 8,t is :at y want$ to say60 ,& :oev] is able to judge replies1 8,yes1 t is x40 ,only 9 ?is way 0 x possible = ! g5ius ( ! ,greeks to f9d ! type ( human beauty & e/abli% x z a canon = ! s*ool ( sculpture2 & only by virtue ( su* an anticipation is x possible = all ( u to recognise beauty1 :5 x has actually be5 a*iev$ by nature 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,?is anticipation is ! ,ideal4 ,x is ! ,idea s f> z x is kn[n a priori1 at lea/ half1 & x becomes practical = art1 because x corresponds to & completes :at is giv5 a po/]iori ?r\gh nature4 ,! possibility ( su* an anticipation ( ! beautiful a priori 9 ! arti/1 & ( its recognition a po/]iori by ! critic1 lies 9 ! fact t ! arti/ & ! critic are !mselves ! 89-itself0 ( nature1 ! w :i* objectifies itself4 ,=1 z ,emp$ocles said1 l c only be kn[n by l3 only nature c und]/& itself3 only nature c fa?om itself3 b only _s also c und]/& _s47#ed7 ,! op9ion1 :i* is absurd1 al?\gh express$ by ! ,socrates ( ,x5ophon 7,/obi ,floril1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chd7 t ! ,greeks discov]$ ! e/abli%$ ideal ( human beauty empirically1 by collect+ p>ticul> beautiful p>ts1 uncov]+ & not+ "h a knee1 !re an arm1 has an exact p>allel 9 ! art ( poetry4 ,! view is ent]ta9$1 t ,%akespe>e1 = example1 obs]v$1 & !n gave =? f 8 own exp]i5ce ( life1 ! innum]able v>iety ( ! *>act]s 9 8 dramas1 s true1 s su/a9$1 s pr(\ndly work$ out4 ,! impossibility & absurdity ( su* an assumption ne$ n be dwelt ^u4 ,x is obvi\s t ! man ( g5ius produces ! works ( poetic art by means ( an anticipation ( :at is *>act]i/ic1 j z he produces ! works ( pla/ic & pictorial art by means ( a prophetic anticipation ( ! beautiful2 yet bo? require exp]i5ce z a patt]n or model1 = ?us alone c t :i* is dimly kn[n a priori be call$ into cle> consci\sness1 & an intellig5t repres5tation ( x becomes possible4 ,human beauty 0 expla9$ above z ! fulle/ objectification ( w at ! highe/ grade at :i* x is kn[able4 ,x expresses itself ?r\gh ! =m2 & ?is lies 9 space alone1 & has no necess>y connection ) "t1 z1 = example1 motion has4 ,?us f> !n we may say3 ! adequate objectification ( w ?r\gh a m]ely spatial ph5om5on is beauty1 9 ! objective s5se4 ,a plant is no?+ b su* a m]ely spatial ph5om5on ( w2 = no motion1 & consequ5tly no relation to "t 7reg>d$ ap>t f its developm5t71 belongs to ! expression ( its nature2 its m]e =m expresses its :ole be+ & displays x op5ly4 ,b brutes & m5 require1 fur!r1 = ! full revelation ( ! w :i* is manife/$ 9 !m1 a s]ies ( actions1 & ?us ! manife/ation 9 !m takes on a direct relation to "t4 ,all ?is has already be5 expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ book2 x is relat$ to :at we are consid]+ at pres5t 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,z ! m]ely spatial manife/ation ( w c objectify x fully or defectively at ea* def9ite grade1--& x is ?is :i* con/itutes beauty or ugl9ess1--s ! temporal objectification ( w1 i4e41 ! action1 & inde$ ! direct action1 ! movem5t1 may correspond to ! w1 :i* objectifies itself 9 x1 purely & fully )\t =eign admixture1 )\t sup]fluity1 )\t defect1 only express+ exactly ! act ( w det]m9$ 9 ea* case2--or ! conv]se ( all ?is may occur4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! movem5t is made ) grace1 9 ! second case )\t x4 ,?us z beauty is ! adequate repres5tation ( w g5]ally1 ?r\gh its m]ely spatial manife/ation2 grace is ! adequate repres5tation ( w ?r\gh its temporal manife/ation1 t is to say1 ! p]fectly accurate & fitt+ expression ( ea* act ( w1 ?r\gh ! movem5t & position :i* objectify x4 ,s9ce movem5t & position presuppose ! body1 ,w9ckelmann's expression is v true & suitable1 :5 he says1 8,grace is ! prop] relation ( ! act+ p]son to ! action0 7,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #beh74 ,x is ?us evid5t t beauty may be attribut$ to a plant1 b no grace1 unless 9 a figurative s5se2 b to brutes & m51 bo? beauty & grace4 ,grace consi/s1 accord+ to :at has be5 said1 9 e movem5t be+ p]=m$1 & e position assum$1 9 ! easie/1 mo/ appropriate & conv5i5t way1 & !re=e be+ ! pure1 adequate expression ( its int5tion1 or ( ! act ( w1 )\t any sup]fluity1 :i* exhibits itself z aimless1 mean+less bu/le1 or z wood5 /iffness4 ,grace presupposes z its condition a true proportion ( all ! limbs1 & a symmetrical1 h>moni\s figure2 = complete ease & evid5t appropriat5ess ( all positions & movem5ts are only possible by means ( ^!4 ,grace is !re=e nev] )\t a c]ta9 degree ( beauty ( p]son4 ,! two1 complete & unit$1 are ! mo/ di/9ct manife/ation ( w at ! highe/ grade ( its objectification4 ,x 0 m5tion$ above t 9 ord] rightly to portray man1 x is necess>y to sep>ate ! "* ( ! species f t ( ! individual1 s t to a c]ta9 ext5t e man expresses an ,idea peculi> to himself1 z 0 said 9 ! la/ book4 ,!re=e ! arts ^: aim is ! repres5tation ( ! ,idea ( man1 h z _! problem1 n only beauty1 ! "* ( ! species1 b also ! "* ( ! individual1 :i* is call$1 p> excell5ce1 "*4 ,b ?is is only ! case 9 s f> z ?is "* is to be reg>d$1 n z some?+ accid5tal & q peculi> to ! man z a s+le individual1 b z a side ( ! ,idea ( humanity :i* is specially app>5t 9 ?is individual1 & ! repres5tation ( :i* is !re=e ( assi/ance 9 reveal+ ?is ,idea4 ,?us ! "*1 al?\gh z su* x is individual1 mu/ yet be ,ideal1 t is1 its significance 9 relation to ! ,idea ( humanity g5]ally 7! objectify+ ( :i* x assi/s 9 its own way7 mu/ be compreh5d$ & express$ ) special prom95ce4 ,ap>t f ?is ! repres5tation is a portrait1 a copy ( ! individual z su*1 ) all 8 accid5tal qualities4 ,& ev5 ! portrait ought to be1 z ,w9ckelmann says1 ! ideal ( ! individual4 ,t "* :i* is to be ideally compreh5d$1 z ! prom95ce ( a special side ( ! ,idea ( humanity1 expresses itself visibly1 p>tly ?r\gh p]man5t physiognomy & bodily =m1 p>tly ?r\gh pass+ emotion & passion1 ! reciprocal modification ( kn[+ & will+ by ea* o!r1 :i* is all exhibit$ 9 ! mi5 & movem5ts4 ,s9ce ! individual always belongs to humanity1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 humanity always reveals itself 9 ! individual ) :at is inde$ peculi> ideal significance1 beauty mu/ n be de/roy$ by "* nor "* by beauty4 ,= if ! "* ( ! species is annull$ by t ( ! individual1 ! result is c>icature2 & if ! "* ( ! individual is annull$ by t ( ! species1 ! result is an abs5ce ( mean+4 ,!re=e ! repres5tation :i* aims at beauty1 z sculpture pr9cipally does1 w yet always modify ?is 7! "* ( ! species71 9 "s respect1 by ! individual "*1 & w always express ! ,idea ( man 9 a def9ite individual mann]1 giv+ prom95ce to a special side ( x4 ,= ! human individual z su* has to a c]ta9 ext5t ! dignity ( a special ,idea1 & x is ess5tial to ! ,idea ( man t x %\ld express itself 9 individuals ( special significance4 ,!re=e we f9d 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 t ! beauty di/9ctly compreh5d$ by !m1 is n express$ 9 "o =m1 b 9 _m =ms ( diff]5t "*4 ,x is always appreh5d$1 z x 71 f a diff]5t side1 & express$ 9 "o way 9 ,apollo1 9 ano!r way 9 ,bac*us1 9 ano!r 9 ,h]cules1 9 ano!r 9 ,ant9\s2 inde$ ! *>act]i/ic may limit ! beautiful1 & f9ally ext5d ev5 to hide\sness1 9 ! drunk5 ,sil5us1 9 ! ,faun1 c4 ,if ! *>act]i/ic goes s f> z actually to annul ! "* ( ! species1 if x ext5ds to ! unnatural1 x becomes c>icature4 ,b we c f> less af=d to all[ grace to be int]f]$ ) by :at is *>act]i/ic ?an ev5 beauty1 = graceful position & movem5t are dem&$ = ! expression ( ! "* also2 b yet x mu/ be a*iev$ 9 ! way :i* is mo/ fitt+1 appropriate1 & easy = ! p]son4 ,?is w be obs]v$1 n only by ! sculptor & ! pa9t]1 b also by e good actor2 o!rwise c>icature w appe> "h also z grimace or di/ortion4 ,9 sculpture1 beauty & grace are ! pr9cipal conc]n4 ,! special "* ( ! m9d1 appe>+ 9 emotion1 passion1 alt]nations ( kn[+ & will+1 :i* c only be repres5t$ by ! expression ( ! c\nt5ance & ! ge/ures1 is ! peculi> sph]e ( pa9t+4 ,= al?\gh eyes & col\r1 :i* lie outside ! prov9ce ( sculpture1 contribute mu* to beauty1 !y are yet f> m ess5tial to "*4 ,fur!r1 beauty unfolds itself m completely :5 x is contemplat$ f v>i\s po9ts ( view2 b ! expression1 ! "*1 c only be completely compreh5d$ f "o po9t ( view4 ,because beauty is obvi\sly ! *ief aim ( sculpture1 ,less+ tri$ to expla9 ! fact t ! ,laocoon does n cry out1 by say+ t cry+ out is incompatible ) beauty4 ,! ,laocoon =m$ = ,less+ ! !me1 or at lea/ ! text ( a "w ( 8 own1 & bo? be=e & aft] him a great deal has be5 writt5 on ! subject4 ,i may !re=e be all[$ to express my views ab\t x 9 pass+1 al?\gh s special a discussion does n prop]ly belong to ! s*eme ( ?is "w1 :i* is ?r\gh\t conc]n$ ) :at is g5]al4 #df4 ,t ,laocoon1 9 ! celebrat$ gr\p1 does n cry out is obvi\s1 & ! univ]sal & ev]-r5ew$ surprise at ?is mu/ be occasion$ by ! fact t any ( u w\ld cry out if we 7 9 8 place4 ,& nature dem&s t x %\ld be s2 = 9 ! case ( ! acute/ physical pa91 & ! sudd5 seizure by ! greate/ bodily fe>1 all reflection1 t might h inculcat$ sil5t endurance1 is entirely expell$ f consci\sness1 & nature relieves itself by cry+ out1 ?us express+ bo? ! pa9 & ! fe>1 summon+ ! deliv]] & t]rify+ ! assail]4 ,?us ,w9ckelmann miss$ ! expression ( cry+ out2 b z he wi%$ to ju/ify ! arti/ he turn$ ,laocoon into a ,/oic1 :o consid]$ x b5ea? 8 dignity to cry out secundum naturam1 b add$ to 8 pa9 ! useless con/ra9t ( suppress+ all utt]ance ( x4 ,w9ckelmann !re=e sees 9 him 8! tri$ _s ( a great man1 :o wri!s 9 agony1 & yet seeks to suppress ! utt]ance ( 8 feel+1 & to lock x up 9 himself4 ,he does n break =? into l\d cries1 z 9 ,virgil1 b only anxi\s sighs escape him10 c4 7,works1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ih1 & at great] l5g? 9 vol4 vi4 p4 #ajd74 ,n[ ,less+ criticis$ ?is op9ion ( ,w9ckelmann's 9 8 ,laocoon1 & improv$ x 9 ! way m5tion$ above4 ,9 place ( ! psy*ological he gave ! purely /hetic reason t beauty1 ! pr9ciple ( anci5t art1 does n admit ( ! expression ( cry+ out4 ,ano!r argum5t :i* he add$ to ?is1 t a m]ely pass+ /ate incapable ( duration ought n to be repres5t$ 9 motionless works ( art1 has a hundr$ examples ( mo/ excell5t figures aga9/ x1 :i* are fix$ 9 m]ely transitory movem5ts1 danc+1 wre/l+1 cat*+1 c4 ,inde$ ,goe!1 9 ! essay on ! ,laocoon1 :i* op5s ! ,propyla5 7p4 #h71 holds t ! *oice ( su* a m]ely fleet+ movem5t is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 our own day ,hirt 7,hor51 #agig1 t5? ,/47 f9ally decid$ ! po9t1 d$uc+ ev]y?+ f ! highe/ tru? ( expression1 t ,laocoon does n cry out1 because he c no long] d s1 z he is at ! po9t ( dea? f *ok+4 ,la/ly1 ,f]n[ 78,rmis*e ,/udi510 vol4 i4 p4 #bdf7 exp\nd$ & weigh$ all ^! op9ions2 he add$1 h[ev]1 no new "o ( 8 own1 b comb9$ ^! ?ree eclectically4 ,i _c b wond] t su* ?\ghtful & acute m5 %\ld labori\sly br+ f>-fet*$ & insuffici5t reasons1 %\ld resort to psy*ological & physiological argum5ts1 to expla9 a matt] ! reason ( :i* lies s ne> at h&1 & is obvi\s at once to ! unprejudic$2 & especially ,i wond] t ,less+1 :o came s ne> ! true explanation1 %\ld yet h entirely miss$ ! real po9t4 ,be=e all psy*ological & physiological inquiries z to :e!r ,laocoon w\ld cry out 9 8 position or n 7& ,i c]ta9ly affirm t he w\ld71 x mu/ be decid$ z reg>ds ! gr\p 9 "q1 t cry+ out ought n to be express$ 9 x1 = ! simple reason t its expression lies q outside ! prov9ce ( sculpture4 ,a %riek+ ,laocoon c\ld n be produc$ 9 m>ble1 b only a figure ) ! m\? op5 va9ly endeav\r+ to %riek2 a ,laocoon ^: voice has /uck 9 8 ?roat1 vox faucibus haesit4 ,! ess5ce ( %riek+1 & consequ5tly its effect ^u ! onlook]1 lies entirely 9 s\nd2 n 9 ! di/ortion ( ! m\?4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* necess>ily accompanies %riek+1 d]ives motive & ju/ification only f ! s\nd produc$ by means ( x2 !n x is p]missible & inde$ necess>y1 z *>act]i/ic ( ! action1 ev5 ?\gh x int]f]es ) beauty4 ,b 9 pla/ic art1 to :i* ! repres5tation ( %riek+ is q =eign & impossible1 x w\ld be actual folly to repres5t ! m$ium ( viol5t %riek+1 ! di/ort$ m\?1 :i* w\ld di/urb all ! features & ! rema9d] ( ! expression2 = ?us at ! sacrifice ( _m o!r ?+s ! means w\ld be repres5t$1 :ile its end1 ! %riek+ itself1 & its effect ^u our feel+s1 w\ld be left out4 ,nay m1 !re w\ld be produc$ ! spectacle ( a cont9u\s ef=t )\t effect1 :i* is always ridicul\s1 & may really be comp>$ to :at happ5$ :5 "s "o = a joke /opp$ ! horn ( a night wat*man ) wax :ile he 0 asleep1 & !n awoke him ) ! cry ( fire1 & amus$ himself by wat*+ 8 va9 endeav\rs to bl[ ! horn4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! expression ( %riek+ lies 9 ! prov9ce ( poetic or hi/rionic art1 x is q admissible1 because x helps to express ! tru?1 i4e41 ! complete expression ( ! ,idea4 ,?us x is ) poetry1 :i* claims ! assi/ance ( ! imag9ation ( ! read]1 9 ord] to enable x to repres5t ?+s p]ceptibly4 ,!re=e ,virgil makes ,laocoon cry out l ! bell[+ ( an ox t has brok5 loose aft] be+ /ruck by ! axe2 & ,hom] 7,il4 xx4 #dh-ec7 makes ,m>s & ,m9]va %riek horribly1 )\t d]ogat+ f _! div9e dignity or beauty4 ,! same ) act+2 ,laocoon on ! /age w\ld c]ta9ly h to %riek4 ,sophocles makes ,philoctetus cry out1 &1 on ! anci5t /age at any rate1 he mu/ actually h done s4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 ,i rememb] hav+ se5 9 ,london ! great actor ,kemble play 9 a piece call$ ,piz>ro1 translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,he took ! "p ( ! ,am]ican1 a half-savage1 b ( v noble "*4 ,:5 he 0 w\nd$ he cri$ out l\dly & wildly1 :i* _h a great & admirable effect1 = x 0 exce$+ly *>act]i/ic & !re=e assi/$ ! tru? ( ! repres5tation v mu*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a pa9t$ or sculptur$ model ( a man %riek+1 w\ld be mu* m absurd ?an ! pa9t$ music :i* is c5sur$ 9 ,goe!'s ,propyla54 ,= %riek+ does f> m injury to ! expression & beauty ( ! :ole ?an music1 :i* at ! mo/ only occupies ! h&s & arms1 & is to be look$ ^u z an occupation *>act]i/ic ( ! p]son2 inde$ ?us f> x may q rightly be pa9t$1 z long z x dem&s no viol5t movem5t ( ! body1 or di/ortion ( ! m\?3 = example1 ,/4 ,cecilia at ! organ1 ,raphael's viol9-play] 9 ! ,sci>ra ,gall]y at ,rome1 & o!rs4 ,s9ce !n1 on acc\nt ( ! limits ( ! art1 ! pa9 ( ,laocoon mu/ n be express$ by %riek+1 ! arti/ 0 oblig$ to employ e o!r expression ( pa92 ?is he has done 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 z is ably describ$ by ,w9ckelmann 7,works1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ajd71 ^: admirable acc\nt ?us reta9s its full value & tru?1 z soon z we ab/ract f ! /oical view :i* und]lies x47#ee7 #dg4 ,because beauty accompani$ ) grace is ! pr9cipal object ( sculpture1 x loves nak$ness1 & all[s clo?+ only s f> z x does n conceal ! =m4 ,x makes use ( drap]y1 n z a cov]+1 b z a means ( exhibit+ ! =m1 a me?od ( exposition t gives mu* ex]cise to ! und]/&+1 = x c only arrive at a p]ception ( ! cause1 ! =m ( ! body1 ?r\gh ! only directly giv5 effect1 ! drap]y4 ,?us to a c]ta9 ext5t drap]y is 9 sculpture :at =e-%ort5+ is 9 pa9t+4 ,bo? are sugge/ions1 yet n symbolical1 b su* t1 if !y are successful1 !y =ce ! und]/&+ directly to p]ceive :at is sugge/$1 j z if x 7 actually giv54 ,i may be all[$1 9 pass+1 to ins]t "h a comp>ison t is v p]t95t to ! arts we are discuss+4 ,x is ?is3 z ! beautiful bodily =m is se5 to ! greate/ advantage :5 clo!d 9 ! lighte/ way1 or inde$ )\t any clo?+ at all1 & !re=e a v h&some man1 if he _h also ta/e & ! c\rage to foll[ x1 w\ld g ab\t almo/ nak$1 clo!d only aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts2 s e "o :o possesses a beautiful & ri* m9d w always express himself 9 ! mo/ natural1 direct1 & simple way1 conc]n$1 if x be possible1 to communicate 8 ?\ghts to o!rs1 & ?us relieve ! lonel9ess t he mu/ feel 9 su* a _w z ?is4 ,& conv]sely1 pov]ty ( m9d1 confusion1 & p]v]sity ( ?\ght1 w clo! itself 9 ! mo/ f>-fet*$ expressions & ! obscure/ =ms ( spee*1 9 ord] to wrap up 9 difficult & pomp\s phraseology small1 trifl+1 insipid1 or commonplace ?\ghts2 l a man :o has lo/ ! maje/y ( beauty1 & try+ to make up = ! defici5cy by means ( clo?+1 seeks to hide ! insignificance or ugl9ess ( 8 p]son "u b>b>ic f9]y1 t9sel1 fea!rs1 ruffles1 cuffs1 & mantles4 ,_m an au?or1 if compell$ to translate 8 pomp\s & obscure book into its little cle> cont5t1 w\ld be z utt]ly spoilt z ?is man if he _h to g nak$4 #dh4 ,hi/orical pa9t+ has = its pr9cipal object1 besides beauty & grace1 "*4 ,by "* we mean g5]ally1 ! repres5tation ( w at ! highe/ grade ( its objectification1 :5 ! individual1 z giv+ prom95ce to a p>ticul> side ( ! ,idea ( humanity1 has special significance1 & %[s ?is n m]ely by 8 =m1 b makes x visible 9 8 be>+ & occupation1 by action ( e k9d1 & ! modifications ( kn[+ & will+ t occasion & accompany x4 ,! ,idea ( man mu/ be exhibit$ 9 ^! circum/ances1 & !re=e ! unfold+ ( its _m-sid$ness mu/ be br\ght be=e our eyes by means ( repres5tative individuals1 & ^! individuals c only be made visible 9 _! significance ?r\gh v>i\s sc5es1 ev5ts1 & actions4 ,?is is ! endless problem ( ! hi/orical pa9t]1 & he solves x by plac+ be=e u sc5es ( life ( e k9d1 ( great] or less significance4 ,no individual & no action c be )\t significance2 9 all & ?r\gh all ! ,idea ( man unfolds itself m & m4 ,!re=e no ev5t ( human life is exclud$ f ! sph]e ( pa9t+4 ,x is ?us a great inju/ice to ! excell5t pa9t]s ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 to prize m]ely _! te*nical skill1 & to look d[n ^u !m 9 o!r respects1 because1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y repres5t objects ( common life1 :]eas x is assum$ t only ! ev5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 or ! incid5ts ( biblical /ory1 h significance4 ,we ought fir/ to be?9k ourselves t ! inw>d significance ( an action is q diff]5t f its outw>d significance1 & t ^! are (t5 sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! outw>d significance is ! importance ( an action 9 relation to its result = & 9 ! actual _w2 ?us accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,! inw>d significance is ! dep? ( ! insight into ! ,idea ( man :i* x reveals1 9 t x br+s to light sides ( t ,idea :i* r>ely appe>1 by mak+ individuals :o ass]t !mselves di/9ctly & decid$ly1 disclose _! peculi> *>act]i/ics by means ( appropriately arrang$ circum/ances4 ,only ! inw>d significance conc]ns art2 ! outw>d belongs to hi/ory4 ,!y are bo? completely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 !y may appe> toge!r1 b may ea* appe> alone4 ,an action :i* is ( ! highe/ significance = hi/ory may 9 inw>d significance be a v ord9>y & common "o2 & conv]sely1 a sc5e ( ord9>y daily life may be ( great inw>d significance1 if human individuals1 & ! inmo/ recesses ( human action & w1 appe> 9 x 9 a cle> & di/9ct light4 ,fur!r1 ! outw>d & ! inw>d significance ( a sc5e may be equal & yet v diff]5t4 ,?us1 = example1 x is all ! same1 z f> z inw>d significance is conc]n$1 :e!r m9i/]s discuss ! fate ( c\ntries & nations ov] a map1 or boors wrangle 9 a be]-h\se ov] c>ds & dice1 j z x is all ! same :e!r we play *ess ) gold5 or wood5 pieces4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ! sc5es & ev5ts t make up ! life ( s _m millions ( m51 _! actions1 _! sorr[s1 _! joys1 are on t acc\nt important en\gh to be ! object ( art1 & by _! ri* v>iety !y mu/ af=d mat]ial en\gh = unfold+ ! _m-sid$ ,idea ( man4 ,inde$ ! v transitor9ess ( ! mom5t :i* art has fix$ 9 su* a picture 7n[ call$ g5re-pa9t+7 excites a slight & peculi> s5sation2 = to fix ! fleet+1 ev]-*ang+ _w 9 ! endur+ picture ( a s+le ev5t1 :i* yet repres5ts ! :ole1 is an a*ievem5t ( ! art ( pa9t+ by :i* x seems to br+ "t itself to a /&/ill1 = x raises ! individual to ! ,idea ( its species4 ,f9ally1 ! hi/orical & outw>dly significant subjects ( pa9t+ h (t5 ! disadvantage t j :at is significant 9 !m _c be pres5t$ to p]ception1 b mu/ be arriv$ at by ?\ght4 ,9 ?is respect ! nom9al significance ( ! picture mu/ be di/+ui%$ f its real significance4 ,! =m] is ! outw>d significance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c only be rea*$ z a conception2 ! latt] is t side ( ! ,idea ( man :i* is made visible to ! onlook] 9 ! picture4 ,= example1 ,moses f\nd by ! ,egyptian pr9cess is ! nom9al significance ( a pa9t+2 x repres5ts a mom5t ( ! greate/ importance 9 hi/ory2 ! real significance1 on ! o!r h&1 t :i* is really giv5 to ! onlook]1 is a f\ndl+ *ild rescu$ f its float+ cradle by a great lady1 an incid5t :i* may h happ5$ m ?an once4 ,! co/ume alone c "h indicate ! p>ticul> hi/orical case to ! le>n$2 b ! co/ume is only ( importance to ! nom9al significance1 & is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! real significance2 = ! latt] kn[s only ! human be+ z su*1 n ! arbitr>y =ms4 ,subjects tak5 f hi/ory h no advantage ov] ^? :i* are tak5 f m]e possibility1 & :i* are !re=e to be call$1 n individual1 b m]ely g5]al4 ,= :at is peculi>ly significant 9 ! =m] is n ! individual1 n ! p>ticul> ev5t z su*1 b ! univ]sal 9 x1 ! side ( ! ,idea ( humanity :i* expresses itself ?r\gh x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 def9ite hi/orical subjects are n on ?is acc\nt to be reject$1 only ! really arti/ic view ( su* subjects1 bo? 9 ! pa9t] & 9 ! behold]1 is nev] direct$ to ! individual p>ticul>s 9 !m1 :i* prop]ly con/itute ! hi/orical1 b to ! univ]sal :i* expresses itself 9 !m1 to ! ,idea4 ,& only ^? hi/orical subjects are to be *os5 ! *ief po9t ( :i* c actually be repres5t$1 & n m]ely arriv$ at by ?\ght1 o!rwise ! nom9al significance is too remote f ! real2 :at is m]ely ?\ght 9 connection ) ! picture becomes ( mo/ importance1 & int]f]es ) :at is p]ceiv$4 ,if ev5 on ! /age x is n "r t ! *ief incid5t ( ! plot %\ld take place beh9d ! sc5es 7z 9 ,fr5* trag$ies71 x is cle>ly a f> great] fault 9 a picture4 ,hi/orical subjects are di/9ctly disadvantage\s only :5 !y conf9e ! pa9t] to a field :i* has n be5 *os5 = arti/ic b = o!r reasons1 & especially :5 ?is field is poor 9 picturesque & significant objects--if1 = example1 x is ! hi/ory ( a small1 isolat$1 caprici\s1 hi]>*ical 7i4e41 rul$ by error71 obscure p1 l ! ,jews1 despis$ by ! great contempor>y nations ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,s9ce ! w&]+ ( ! tribes lies betwe5 u & all anci5t nations1 z ! *ange ( ! b$ ( ! ocean lies betwe5 ! e>?'s surface z x is to-day & z x 0 :5 ^? organisations exi/$ :i* we only "k f fossil rema9s1 x is to be reg>d$ g5]ally z a great mis=tune t ! p ^: culture 0 to be ! pr9cipal basis ( our own 7 n ! ,indians or ! ,greeks1 or ev5 ! ,romans1 b ^! v ,jews4 ,b x 0 especially a great mis=tune = ! ,italian pa9t]s ( g5ius 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies t1 9 ! n>r[ sph]e to :i* !y 7 arbitr>ily driv5 = ! *oice ( subjects1 !y 7 oblig$ to h rec\rse to mis]able be+s ( e k9d4 ,= ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z reg>ds its hi/orical "p1 is almo/ m unsuitable = pa9t+ ?an ! ,old1 & ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( m>tyrs & doctors ( ! *ur* is a v un=tunate subject4 ,yet ( ! pictures1 ^: subject is ! hi/ory or my?ology ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ^? 9 :i* ! peculi>1 i4e41 ! e?ical _s ( ,*ri/ianity is reveal$ = p]ception1 by ! repres5tation ( m5 :o are full ( ?is _s4 ,^! repres5tations are 9 fact ! highe/ & mo/ admirable a*ievem5ts ( ! art ( pa9t+2 & only ! greate/ ma/]s ( ?is art succe$$ 9 ?is1 p>ticul>ly ,raphael & ,correggio1 & especially 9 _! e>li] pictures4 ,pictures ( ?is k9d are n prop]ly to be class$ z hi/orical3 =1 z a rule1 !y repres5t no ev5t1 no action2 b are m]ely gr\ps ( sa9ts1 ) ! ,savi\r himself1 (t5 /ill a *ild1 ) ,8 "m1 angels1 c4 ,9 _! c\nt5ances1 & especially 9 ! eyes1 we see ! expression1 ! reflection1 ( ! complete/ k1 t :i* is n direct$ to p>ticul> ?+s1 b has fully grasp$ ! ,ideas1 & ?us ! :ole nature ( ! _w & life4 ,& ?is k 9 !m1 react+ ^u ! w1 does n1 l o!r k1 convey motives to x1 b on ! contr>y has become a quiet] ( all w1 f :i* proce$$ ! complete resignation1 :i* is ! inn]mo/ _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 z ( ! ,indian philosophy2 ! surr5d] ( all volition1 conv]sion1 ! suppression ( w1 & ) x ( ! :ole inn] be+ ( ?is _w1 t is to say1 salvation4 ,?us ^! ma/]s ( art1 wor?y ( et]nal praise1 express$ p]ceptibly 9 _! works ! highe/ wisdom4 ,& ?is is ! summit ( all art4 ,x has foll[$ ! w 9 its adequate objectivity1 ! ,ideas1 ?r\gh all its grades1 9 :i* x is affect$ & its nature unfold$ 9 s _m ways1 fir/ by causes1 !n by /imuli1 & f9ally by motives4 ,& n[ art ends ) ! repres5tation ( ! free self-suppression ( w1 by means ( ! great peace :i* x ga9s f ! p]fect k ( its own nature47#ef7 #di4 ,! tru? :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( all t we h hi!rto said ab\t art1 is t ! object ( art1 ! repres5tation ( :i* is ! aim ( ! arti/1 & ! k ( :i* mu/ !re=e prec$e 8 "w z its g]m & s\rce1 is an ,idea 9 ,plato's s5se1 & nev] any?+ else2 n ! p>ticul> ?+1 ! object ( common appreh5sion1 & n ! concept1 ! object ( rational ?\ght & ( sci5ce4 ,al?\gh ! ,idea & ! concept h some?+ 9 common1 because bo? repres5t z unity a multiplicity ( real ?+s2 yet ! great diff]5ce betwe5 !m has no d\bt be5 made cle> & evid5t en\gh by :at we h said ab\t concepts 9 ! fir/ book1 & ab\t ,ideas 9 ?is book4 ,i by no means wi% to ass]t1 h[ev]1 t ,plato really di/9ctly compreh5d$ ?is diff]5ce2 inde$ _m ( 8 examples ( ,ideas1 & 8 discussions ( !m1 are applicable only to concepts4 ,mean:ile we leave ?is "q alone & g on our own way1 glad :5 we come ^u traces ( any great & noble m9d1 yet n foll[+ 8 foot/eps b our own aim4 ,! concept is ab/ract1 discursive1 undet]m9$ )9 its own sph]e1 only det]m9$ by its limits1 atta9able & compreh5sible by him :o has only reason1 communicable by words )\t any o!r assi/ance1 entirely exhau/$ by its def9ition4 ,! ,idea on ! contr>y1 al?\gh def9$ z ! adequate repres5tative ( ! concept1 is always object ( p]ception1 & al?\gh repres5t+ an inf9ite numb] ( p>ticul> ?+s1 is yet ?or\ghly det]m9$4 ,x is nev] kn[n by ! individual z su*1 b only by him :o has rais$ himself above all will+ & all individuality to ! pure subject ( kn[+4 ,?us x is only atta9able by ! man ( g5ius1 & by him :o1 = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ! works ( g5ius1 has rea*$ an exalt$ frame ( m9d1 by increas+ 8 p[] ( pure kn[+4 ,x is !re=e n absolutely b only conditionally communicable1 because ! ,idea1 compreh5d$ & repeat$ 9 ! "w ( art1 appeals to e "o only accord+ to ! measure ( 8 own intellectual wor?4 ,s t j ! mo/ excell5t works ( e art1 ! noble/ productions ( g5ius1 mu/ always rema9 seal$ books to ! dull majority ( m51 inaccessible to !m1 sep>at$ f !m by a wide gulf1 j z ! society ( pr9ces is inaccessible to ! common p4 ,x is true t ev5 ! dulle/ ( !m accept on au?ority recognis$ly great works1 le/ o!rwise !y %\ld argue _! own incompet5ce2 b !y wait 9 sil5ce1 always ready to express _! condemnation1 z soon z !y are all[$ to hope t !y may d s )\t be+ left to /& alone2 & !n _! long-re/ra9$ hatr$ aga9/ all t is great & beautiful1 & aga9/ ! au?ors ( x1 gladly relieves itself2 = su* ?+s nev] appeal$ to !m1 & = t v reason 7 humiliat+ to !m4 ,= z a rule a man mu/ h wor? 9 himself 9 ord] to recognise x & believe 9 x will+ly & freely 9 o!rs4 ,on ?is re/s ! necessity ( mode/y 9 all m]it1 & ! disproportionately l\d praise ( ?is virtue1 :i* alone ( all its si/]s is always includ$ 9 ! eulogy ( e "o :o v5tures to praise any di/+ui%$ man1 9 ord] to appease & quiet ! wra? ( ! unwor?y4 ,:at !n is mode/y b hypocritical humility1 by means ( :i*1 9 a _w swell+ ) base envy1 a man seeks to obta9 p>don = excell5ces & m]its f ^? :o h none8 ,= :oev] attributes to himself no m]its1 because he actually has none1 is n mode/ b m]ely hone/4 ,! ,idea is ! unity t falls into multiplicity on acc\nt ( ! temporal & spatial =m ( our intuitive appreh5sion2 ! concept1 on ! contr>y1 is ! unity recon/ruct$ out ( multiplicity by ! ab/raction ( our reason2 ! latt] may be def9$ z unitas po/ rem1 ! =m] z unitas ante rem4 ,f9ally1 we may express ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,idea & ! concept1 by a comp>ison1 ?us3 ! concept is l a dead receptacle1 9 :i*1 :atev] has be5 put1 actually lies side by side1 b out ( :i* no m c be tak5 7by analytical judgm5t7 ?an 0 put 9 7by syn!tical reflection72 ! 7,platonic7 ,idea1 on ! o!r h&1 develops1 9 him :o has compreh5d$ x1 ideas :i* are new z reg>ds ! concept ( ! same "n2 x resembles a liv+ organism1 develop+ itself & possess$ ( ! p[] ( reproduction1 :i* br+s =? :at 0 n put into x4 ,x foll[s f all t has be5 said1 t ! concept1 useful z x is 9 life1 & s]viceable1 necess>y & productive z x is 9 sci5ce1 is yet always b>r5 & unfruitful 9 art4 ,! compreh5d$ ,idea1 on ! contr>y1 is ! true & only s\rce ( e "w ( art4 ,9 its p[]ful orig9ality x is only d]iv$ f life itself1 f nature1 f ! _w1 & t only by ! true g5ius1 or by him ^: mom5t>y inspiration rea*es ! po9t ( g5ius4 ,g5u9e & immortal works ( art spr+ only f su* direct appreh5sion4 ,j because ! ,idea is & rema9s object ( p]ception1 ! arti/ is n consci\s 9 ! ab/ract ( ! int5tion & aim ( 8 "w2 n a concept1 b an ,idea floats be=e 8 m9d2 !re=e he c give no ju/ification ( :at he does4 ,he works1 z p say1 f pure feel+1 & unconsci\sly1 inde$ in/9ctively4 ,on ! contr>y1 imitators1 mann]i/s1 imitatores1 s]vum pecus1 />t1 9 art1 f ! concept2 !y obs]ve :at pleases & affects u 9 true works ( art2 und]/& x cle>ly1 fix x 9 a concept1 & ?us ab/ractly1 & !n imitate x1 op5ly or disguis$ly1 ) dext]ity & int5tionally4 ,!y suck _! n\ri%m5t1 l p>asite plants1 f ! works ( o!rs1 & l polypi1 !y become ! col\r ( _! food4 ,we might c>ry comp>ison fur!r1 & say t !y are l ma*9es :i* m9ce f9e & m+le toge!r :atev] is put into !m1 b c nev] dige/ x1 s t ! diff]5t con/itu5t p>ts may always be f\nd aga9 if !y are s\ght out & sep>at$ f ! mixture2 ! man ( g5ius alone resembles ! organis$1 assimilat+1 trans=m+ & reproduc+ body4 ,= he is inde$ educat$ & cultur$ by 8 pr$ecessors & _! works2 b he is really fructifi$ only by life & ! _w directly1 ?r\gh ! impression ( :at he p]ceives2 !re=e ! highe/ culture nev] int]f]es ) 8 orig9ality4 ,all imitators1 all mann]i/s1 appreh5d 9 concepts ! nature ( repres5tative works ( art2 b concepts c nev] imp>t inn] life to a "w4 ,! age1 i4e41 ! dull multitude ( e "t1 kn[s only concepts1 & /icks to !m1 & !re=e receives mann]$ works ( art ) ready & l\d applause3 b aft] a few ye>s ^! works become insipid1 because ! _s ( ! age1 i4e41 ! prevail+ concepts1 9 :i* alone !y c\ld take root1 h *ang$4 ,only true works ( art1 :i* are drawn directly f nature & life1 h et]nal y\? & endur+ p[]1 l nature & life !mselves4 ,= !y belong to no age1 b to humanity1 & z on t acc\nt !y are coldly receiv$ by _! own age1 to :i* !y disda9 to l9k !mselves closely1 & because indirectly & negatively !y expose ! exi/+ errors1 !y are sl[ly & unwill+ly recognis$2 on ! o!r h&1 !y _c gr[ old1 b appe> to u ev] fre% & new d[n to ! late/ ages4 ,!n !y are no long] expos$ to neglect & ignorance1 = !y are cr[n$ & sanction$ by ! praise ( ! few m5 capable ( judg+1 :o appe> s+ly & r>ely 9 ! c\rse ( ages17#eg7 & give 9 _! votes1 ^: sl[ly gr[+ numb] con/itutes ! au?ority1 :i* alone is ! judgm5t-seat we mean :5 we appeal to po/]ity4 ,x is ^! successively appe>+ individuals1 = ! mass ( po/]ity w always be & rema9 j z p]v]se & dull z ! mass ( contempor>ies always 0 & always is4 ,we read ! compla9ts ( great m5 9 e c5tury ab\t ! cu/oms ( _! age4 ,!y always s\nd z if !y ref]r$ to our own age1 = ! race is always ! same4 ,at e "t & 9 e art1 mann]isms h tak5 ! place ( ! _s1 :i* 0 always ! possession ( a few individuals1 b mann]isms are j ! old ca/-(f g>m5ts ( ! la/ manife/ation ( ! _s t exi/$ & 0 recognis$4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t1 z a rule1 ! praise ( po/]ity c only be ga9$ at ! co/ ( ! praise ( "o's contempor>ies1 & vice v]sa47#eh7 #ej4 ,if ! aim ( all art is ! communication ( ! compreh5d$ ,idea1 :i* ?r\gh ! m9d ( ! arti/ appe>s 9 su* a =m t x is purg$ & isolat$ f all t is =eign to x1 & may n[ be grasp$ by ! man ( weak] compreh5sion & no productive faculty2 if fur!r1 x is =bidd5 9 art to />t f ! concept1 we %all n be able to cons5t to ! int5tional & av[$ employm5t ( a "w ( art = ! expression ( a concept2 ?is is ! case 9 ! ,allegory4 ,an allegory is a "w ( art :i* means some?+ diff]5t f :at x repres5ts4 ,b ! object ( p]ception1 & consequ5tly also ! ,idea1 expresses itself directly & completely1 & does n require ! m$ium ( some?+ else :i* implies or indicates x4 ,?us1 t :i* 9 ?is way is indicat$ & repres5t$ by some?+ entirely diff]5t1 because x _c itself be made object ( p]ception1 is always a concept4 ,!re=e ?r\gh ! allegory a conception has always to be signifi$1 & consequ5tly ! m9d ( ! behold] has to be drawn away f ! express$ p]ceptible idea to "o :i* is entirely diff]5t1 ab/ract & n p]ceptible1 & :i* lies q outside ! "w ( art4 ,! picture or /atue is int5d$ to accompli% "h :at is accompli%$ f> m fully by a book4 ,n[1 :at we hold is ! end ( art1 repres5tation ( a p]ceivable1 compreh5sible ,idea1 is n "h ! end4 ,no great complet5ess 9 ! "w ( art is dem&$ = :at is aim$ at "h4 ,x is only necess>y t we %\ld see :at ! ?+ is meant to be1 =1 z soon z ?is has be5 discov]$1 ! end is rea*$1 & ! m9d is n[ l$ away to q a diff]5t k9d ( idea to an ab/ract conception1 :i* is ! end t 0 9 view4 ,allegories 9 pla/ic & pictorial art are1 !re=e1 no?+ b hi]oglyphics2 ! arti/ic value :i* !y may h z p]ceptible repres5tations1 belongs to !m n z allegories1 b o!rwise4 ,t ! 8,night0 ( ,correggio1 ! 8,g5ius ( ,fame0 ( ,hannibal ,c>acci1 & ! 8,h\rs0 ( ,p\ss91 are v beautiful pictures1 is to be sep>at$ altoge!r f ! fact t !y are allegories4 ,z allegories !y d n accompli% m ?an a leg5d1 inde$ r less4 ,we are "h aga9 rem9d$ ( ! di/9ction drawn above betwe5 ! real & ! nom9al significance ( a picture4 ,! nom9al is "h ! allegorical z su*1 = example1 ! 8,g5ius ( ,fame40 ,! real is :at is actually repres5t$1 9 ?is case a beautiful w+$ y\?1 surr\nd$ by beautiful boys2 ?is expresses an ,idea4 ,b ?is real significance affects u only s long z we =get ! nom9al1 allegorical significance2 if we ?9k ( ! latt]1 we =sake ! p]ception1 & ! m9d is occupi$ ) an ab/ract conception2 b ! transition f ! ,idea to ! conception is always a fall4 ,inde$1 t nom9al significance1 t allegorical int5tion1 (t5 injures ! real significance1 ! p]ceptible tru?4 ,= example1 ! unnatural light 9 ! 8,night0 ( ,correggio1 :i*1 ?\gh beautifully execut$1 has yet a m]ely allegorical motive1 & is really impossible4 ,if !n an allegorical picture has arti/ic value1 x is q sep>ate f & indep5d5t ( :at x accompli%es z allegory4 ,su* a "w ( art s]ves two ends at once1 ! expression ( a conception & ! expression ( an ,idea4 ,only ! latt] c be an end ( art2 ! o!r is a =eign end1 ! trifl+ amusem5t ( mak+ a picture also d s]vice z a leg5d1 z a hi]oglyphic1 inv5t$ = ! pleasure ( ^? to :om ! true nature ( art c nev] appeal4 ,x is ! same ?+ z :5 a "w ( art is also a useful implem5t ( "s k9d1 9 :i* case x also s]ves two ends2 = example1 a /atue :i* is at ! same "t a c&elabrum or a c>yatide2 or a bas-relief1 :i* is also ! %ield ( ,a*illes4 ,true lov]s ( art w all[ nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,x is true t an allegorical picture may1 because ( ?is quality1 produce a vivid impression ^u ! feel+s2 b :5 ?is is ! case1 a leg5d w\ld "u ! same circum/ances produce ! same effect4 ,= example1 if ! desire ( fame 7 firmly & la/+ly root$ 9 ! he>t ( a man1 because he reg>d$ x z 8 rightful possession1 :i* is only )held f him s long z he has n produc$ ! *>t] ( 8 own]%ip2 & if ! ,g5ius ( ,fame1 ) 8 laurel cr[n1 7 to appe> to su* a man1 8 :ole m9d w\ld be excit$1 & 8 p[]s call$ into activity2 b ! same effect w\ld be produc$ if he 7 sudd5ly to see ! ^w 8fame10 9 l>ge di/9ct lett]s on ! wall4 ,or if a man has made kn[n a tru?1 :i* is ( importance ei!r z a maxim = practical life1 or z insight = sci5ce1 b x has n be5 believ$2 an allegorical picture repres5t+ "t z x lifts ! veil1 & discloses ! nak$ figure ( ,tru?1 w affect him p[]fully2 b ! same effect w\ld be produc$ by ! leg5d3 8,le temps dc\vre la vrit40 ,= :at really produces ! effect "h is ! ab/ract ?\ght1 n ! object ( p]ception4 ,if !n1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 allegory 9 pla/ic & pictorial art is a mi/ak5 ef=t1 s]v+ an end :i* is entirely =eign to art1 x becomes q unbe>able :5 x leads s f> a/ray t ! repres5tation ( =c$ & viol5tly introduc$ subtilties deg5]ates into absurdity4 ,su*1 = example1 is a tortoise1 to repres5t fem99e seclusion2 ! d[nw>d glance ( ,nemesis into ! drap]y ( h] bosom1 signify+ t %e c see into :at is hidd52 ! explanation ( ,bellori t ,hannibal ,c>racci repres5ts voluptu\sness clo!d 9 a yell[ robe1 because he wi%es to indicate t h] lov]s soon fade & become yell[ z /raw4 ,if !re is absolutely no connection betwe5 ! repres5tation & ! conception signifi$ by x1 f\nd$ on subsumption "u ! concept1 or association ( ,ideas2 b ! signs & ! ?+s signifi$ are comb9$ 9 a purely conv5tional mann]1 by positive1 accid5tally introduc$ laws2 !n ,i call ?is deg5]ate k9d ( allegory ,symbolism4 ,?us ! rose is ! symbol ( secrecy1 ! laurel is ! symbol ( fame1 ! palm is ! symbol ( peace1 ! scallop-%ell is ! symbol ( pilgrimage1 ! cross is ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,to ?is class also belongs all significance ( m]e col\r1 z yell[ is ! col\r ( fals5ess1 & blue is ! col\r ( fidelity4 ,su* symbols may (t5 be ( use 9 life1 b _! value is =eign to art4 ,!y are simply to be reg>d$ z hi]oglyphics1 or l ,*9ese ^w-writ+1 & really belong to ! same class z armorial be>+s1 ! bu% t indicates a public-h\se1 ! key ( ! *amb]la91 or ! lea!r ( ! m\nta9e]4 ,if1 f9ally1 c]ta9 hi/orical or my?ical p]sons1 or p]sonifi$ conceptions1 are repres5t$ by c]ta9 fix$ symbols1 ^! are prop]ly call$ emblems4 ,su* are ! bea/s ( ! ,evangeli/1 ! owl ( ,m9]va1 ! apple ( ,p>is1 ! ,an*or ( ,hope1 c4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 we und]/& by emblems ^? simple allegorical repres5tations expla9$ by a motto1 :i* are meant to express a moral tru?1 & ( :i* l>ge collections h be5 made by ,j4 ,cam]>ius1 ,alciatus1 & o!rs4 ,!y =m ! transition to poetical allegory1 ( :i* we %all h m to say lat]4 ,greek sculpture devotes itself to ! p]ception1 & !re=e x is /hetical2 ,indian sculpture devotes itself to ! conception1 & !re=e x is m]ely symbolical4 ,?is conclusion 9 reg>d to allegory1 :i* is f\nd$ on our consid]ation ( ! nature ( art & q consi/5t ) x1 is directly oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ,w9ckelmann1 :o1 f> f expla9+ allegory1 z we d1 z some?+ q =eign to ! end ( art1 & (t5 int]f]+ ) x1 always speaks 9 fav\r ( x1 & inde$ 7,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #ee7 places ! highe/ aim ( art 9 ! 8repres5tation ( univ]sal conceptions1 & non-s5su\s ?+s40 ,we leave x to e "o to adh]e to :i*ev] view he pleases4 ,only ! tru? became v cle> to me f ^! & simil> views ( ,w9ckelmann connect$ ) 8 peculi> metaphysic ( ! beautiful1 t "o may h ! greate/ susceptibility = arti/ic beauty1 & ! s\nde/ judgm5t 9 reg>d to x1 )\t be+ able to give an ab/ract & /rictly philosophical ju/ification ( ! nature ( ! beautiful2 j z "o may be v noble & virtu\s1 & may h a t5d] consci5ce1 :i* decides ) p]fect accuracy 9 p>ticul> cases1 )\t on t acc\nt be+ 9 a position to inve/igate & expla9 9 ! ab/ract ! e?ical significance ( action4 ,allegory has an entirely diff]5t relation to poetry f t :i* x has to pla/ic & pictorial art1 & al?\gh x is to be reject$ 9 ! latt]1 x is n only p]missible1 b v s]viceable to ! =m]4 ,= 9 pla/ic & pictorial art x leads away f :at is p]ceptibly giv51 ! prop] object ( all art1 to ab/ract ?\ghts2 b 9 poetry ! relation is rev]s$2 = "h :at is directly giv5 9 words is ! concept1 & ! fir/ aim is to lead f ?is to ! object ( p]ception1 ! repres5tation ( :i* mu/ be und]tak5 by ! imag9ation ( ! he>]4 ,if 9 pla/ic & pictorial art we are l$ f :at is imm$iately giv5 to some?+ else1 ?is mu/ always be a conception1 because "h only ! ab/ract _c be giv5 directly2 b a conception mu/ nev] be ! s\rce1 & its communication mu/ nev] be ! end ( a "w ( art4 ,9 poetry1 on ! contr>y1 ! conception is ! mat]ial1 ! imm$iately giv51 & !re=e we may v well leave x1 9 ord] to call up p]ceptions :i* are q diff]5t1 & 9 :i* ! end is rea*$4 ,_m a conception or ab/ract ?\ght may be q indisp5sable to ! connection ( a poem1 :i* is yet1 9 itself & directly1 q incapable ( be+ p]ceiv$2 & !n x is (t5 made p]ceptible by means ( "s example :i* is subsum$ "u x4 ,?is takes place 9 e trope1 e metaphor1 simile1 p>able1 & allegory1 all ( :i* diff] only 9 ! l5g? & complet5ess ( _! expression4 ,!re=e1 9 ! arts :i* employ language z _! m$ium1 similes & allegories are ( /rik+ effect4 ,h[ beautifully ,c]vantes says ( sleep 9 ord] to express ! fact t x frees u f all spiritual & bodily suff]+1 8,x is a mantle t cov]s all mank9d40 ,h[ beautifully ,klei/ expresses allegorically ! ?\ght t philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce enlight5 mank9d1 9 ! l9e1 8,^? ^: midnight lamp lights ! _w40 ,h[ /rongly & s5su\sly ,hom] describes ! h>mful ,ate :5 he says3 8,%e has t5d] feet1 = %e walks n on ! h>d e>?1 b treads on ! heads ( m50 7,il4 xix4 #ia47 ,h[ =cibly we are /ruck by ,m55ius ,agrippa's fable ( ! belly & ! limbs1 address$ to ! p ( ,rome :5 !y sec$$4 ,h[ beautifully ,plato's figure ( ! ,cave1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? book ( ! 8,republic0 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 expresses a v ab/ract philosophical dogma4 ,! fable ( ,p]sephone is also to be reg>d$ z a deeply significant allegory ( philosophical t5d5cy1 = %e became subject to ! ne!r _w by ta/+ a pomegranate4 ,?is becomes peculi>ly enlight5+ f ,goe!'s treatm5t ( ! fable1 z an episode 9 ! ,triumph d] ,empf9dsamkeit1 :i* is beyond all praise4 ,?ree detail$ allegorical works are kn[n to me1 "o1 op5 & av[$1 is ! incomp>able 8,criticon0 ( ,bal?as> ,gracian4 ,x consi/s ( a great ri* web ( connect$ & highly +5i\s allegories1 t s]ve "h z ! fair clo?+ ( moral tru?s1 to :i* he ?us imp>ts ! mo/ p]ceptible =m1 & a/oni%es u by ! ri*ness ( 8 inv5tion4 ,! two o!rs are conceal$ allegories1 8,don ,quixote0 & 8,gulliv]'s ,travels40 ,! fir/ is an allegory ( ! life ( e man1 :o w n1 l o!rs1 be c>eful1 m]ely = 8 own welf>e1 b foll[s "s objective1 ideal end1 :i* has tak5 possession ( 8 ?\ghts & w2 & c]ta9ly1 9 ?is _w1 he has !n a /range appe>ance4 ,9 ! case ( ,gulliv] we h only to take ev]y?+ physical z spiritual or intellectual1 9 ord] to see :at ! 8satirical rogue10 z ,hamlet w\ld call him1 meant by x4 ,su*1 !n1 9 ! poetical allegory1 ! conception is always ! giv51 :i* x tries to make p]ceptible by means ( a picture2 x may sometimes be express$ or assi/$ by a pa9t$ picture4 ,su* a picture w n be reg>d$ z a "w ( art1 b only z a significant symbol1 & x makes no claim to pictorial1 b only to poetical wor?4 ,su* is t beautiful allegorical vignette ( ,lavat]'s1 :i* mu/ be s he>t5+ to e def5d] ( tru?3 a h& hold+ a light is /ung by a wasp1 :ile gnats are burn+ !mselves 9 ! flame above2 und]nea? is ! motto3 8,& al?\gh x s+es ! w+s ( ! gnats1 ,de/roys _! heads & all _! little bra9s1 ,light is /ill light2 ,& al?\gh ,i am /ung by ! angrie/ wasp1 ,i w n let x g40 ,to ?is class also belongs ! grave/one ) ! burnt-out1 smok+ c&le1 & ! inscription-- 8,:5 x is out1 x becomes cle> ,:e!r ! c&le 0 tall[ or wax40 ,f9ally1 ( ?is k9d is an old ,g]man g5ealogical tree1 9 :i* ! la/ repres5tative ( a v anci5t family ?us expresses 8 det]m9ation to live 8 life to ! end 9 ab/95ce & p]fect *a/ity1 & !re=e to let 8 race die out2 he repres5ts himself at ! root ( ! high-bran*+ tree cutt+ x ov] himself ) %e>s4 ,9 g5]al all ^? symbols ref]r$ to above1 commonly call$ emblems1 :i* might also be def9$ z %ort pa9t$ fables ) obvi\s morals1 belong to ?is class4 ,allegories ( ?is k9d are always to be reg>d$ z belong+ to poetry1 n to pa9t+1 & z ju/ifi$ !reby2 moreov]1 ! pictorial execution is "h always a matt] ( second>y importance1 & no m is dem&$ ( x ?an t x %all repres5t ! ?+ s t we c recognise x4 ,b 9 poetry1 z 9 pla/ic art1 ! allegory passes into ! symbol if !re is m]ely an arbitr>y connection betwe5 :at x pres5t$ to p]ception & ! ab/ract significance ( x4 ,= z all symbolism re/s1 at bottom1 on an agreem5t1 ! symbol has ?is among o!r disadvantages1 t 9 "t its mean+ is =gott51 & !n x is dumb4 ,:o w\ld guess :y ! fi% is a symbol ( ,*ri/ianity if he did n "k8 ,only a ,*ampollion2 = x is entirely a phonetic hi]oglyphic4 ,!re=e1 z a poetical allegory1 ! ,revelation ( ,john /&s mu* 9 ! same position z ! reliefs ) ,magnus ,deus sol ,mi?ra1 :i* are /ill con/antly be+ expla9$4 #ea4 ,if n[1 ) ! exposition :i* has be5 giv5 ( art 9 g5]al1 we turn f pla/ic & pictorial art to poetry1 we %all h no d\bt t its aim also is ! revelation ( ! ,ideas1 ! grades ( ! objectification ( w1 & ! communication ( !m to ! he>] ) ! di/9ctness & vividness ) :i* ! poetical s5se compreh5ds !m4 ,ideas are ess5tially p]ceptible2 if1 !re=e1 9 poetry only ab/ract conceptions are directly communicat$ ?r\gh words1 x is yet cle>ly ! int5tion to make ! he>] p]ceive ! ,ideas ( life 9 ! repres5tatives ( ^! conceptions1 & ?is c only take place ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,b 9 ord] to set ! imag9ation to "w = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end1 ! ab/ract conceptions1 :i* are ! imm$iate mat]ial ( poetry z ( dry prose1 mu/ be s arrang$ t _! sph]es int]sect ea* o!r 9 su* a way t none ( !m c rema9 9 its ab/ract univ]sality2 b1 in/ead ( x1 a p]ceptible repres5tative appe>s to ! imag9ation2 & ?is is always fur!r modifi$ by ! words ( ! poet accord+ to :at 8 int5tion may be4 ,z ! *emi/ obta9s solid precipitates by comb9+ p]fectly cle> & transp>5t fluids2 ! poet und]/&s h[ to precipitate1 z x 71 ! concrete1 ! individual1 ! p]ceptible idea1 out ( ! ab/ract & transp>5t univ]sality ( ! concepts by ! mann] 9 :i* he comb9es !m4 ,= ! ,idea c only be kn[n by p]ception2 & k ( ! ,idea is ! end ( art4 ,! skill ( a ma/]1 9 poetry z 9 *emi/ry1 enables u always to obta9 ! precise precipitate we int5d$4 ,?is end is assi/$ by ! num]\s epi!ts 9 poetry1 by means ( :i* ! univ]sality ( e concept is n>r[$ m & m till we rea* ! p]ceptible4 ,hom] atta*es to almo/ e sub/antive an adjective1 ^: concept int]sects & consid]ably dim9i%es ! sph]e ( ! concept ( ! sub/antive1 :i* is ?us br\ght s mu* ! ne>] to p]ception3 = example-- 8 1 40 78,occidit v]o 9 ,oceanum spl5didum lum5 solis1 ,trah5s noctem nigram sup] almam t]ram407 ,&-- 8,:]e g5tle w9ds f ! blue heav5s sigh1 ,!re /& ! myrtles /ill1 ! laurel high10-- calls up be=e ! imag9ation by means ( a few concepts ! :ole delight ( a s\!rn clime4 ,rhy?m & rhyme are q peculi> aids to poetry4 ,i c give no o!r explanation ( _! incr$ibly p[]ful effect ?an t our faculties ( p]ception h receiv$ f "t1 to :i* !y are ess5tially b\nd1 "s quality on acc\nt ( :i* we inw>dly foll[1 &1 z x 71 cons5t to ea* regul>ly recurr+ s\nd4 ,9 ?is way rhy?m & rhyme are p>tly a means ( hold+ our att5tion1 because we will+ly foll[ ! poem read1 & p>tly !y produce 9 u a bl9d cons5t to :at is read prior to any judgm5t1 & ?is gives ! poem a c]ta9 emphatic p[] ( conv9c+ indep5d5t ( all reasons4 ,f ! g5]al nature ( ! mat]ial1 t is1 ! concepts1 :i* poetry uses to communicate ! ,ideas1 ! ext5t ( its prov9ce is v great4 ,! :ole ( nature1 ! ,ideas ( all grades1 c be repres5t$ by means ( x1 = x proce$s accord+ to ! ,idea x has to imp>t1 s t its repres5tations are sometimes descriptive1 sometimes n>rative1 & sometimes directly dramatic4 ,if1 9 ! repres5tation ( ! l[] grades ( ! objectivity ( w1 pla/ic & pictorial art g5]ally surpass x1 because lifeless nature1 & ev5 brute nature1 reveals almo/ its :ole be+ 9 a s+le well-*os5 mom5t2 man1 on ! contr>y1 s f> z he does n express himself by ! m]e =m & expression ( 8 p]son1 b ?r\gh a s]ies ( actions & ! accompany+ ?\ghts & emotions1 is ! pr9cipal object ( poetry1 9 :i* no o!r art c compete ) x1 = "h ! progress or movem5t :i* _c be repres5t$ 9 pla/ic or pictorial art j suits its purpose4 ,! revelation ( ! ,idea1 :i* is ! highe/ grade ( ! objectivity ( w1 ! repres5tation ( man 9 ! connect$ s]ies ( 8 ef=ts & actions1 is ?us ! great problem ( poetry4 ,x is true t bo? exp]i5ce & hi/ory tea* u to "k man2 yet (t5] m5 ?an man1 i4e41 !y give u empirical notes ( ! behavi\r ( m5 to ea* o!r1 f :i* we may frame rules = our own conduct1 (t5] ?an !y af=d u deep glimpses ( ! inn] nature ( man4 ,! latt] function1 h[ev]1 is by no means entirely d5i$ !m2 b z (t5 z x is ! nature ( mank9d itself t discloses itself to u 9 hi/ory or 9 our own exp]i5ce1 we h compreh5d$ our exp]i5ce1 & ! hi/orian has compreh5d$ hi/ory1 ) arti/ic eyes1 poetically1 i4e41 accord+ to ! ,idea1 n ! ph5om5on1 9 its inn] nature1 n 9 its relations4 ,our own exp]i5ce is ! indisp5sable condition ( und]/&+ poetry z ( und]/&+ hi/ory2 = x is1 s to speak1 ! diction>y ( ! language t bo? speak4 ,b hi/ory is relat$ to poetry z portrait-pa9t+ is relat$ to hi/orical pa9t+2 ! "o gives u ! true 9 ! individual1 ! o!r ! true 9 ! univ]sal2 ! "o has ! tru? ( ! ph5om5on1 & c !re=e v]ify x f ! ph5om5al1 ! o!r has ! tru? ( ! ,idea1 :i* c be f\nd 9 no p>ticul> ph5om5on1 b yet speaks to u f !m all4 ,! poet f delib]ate *oice repres5ts significant *>act]s 9 significant situations2 ! hi/orian takes bo? z !y come4 ,inde$1 he mu/ reg>d & select ! circum/ances & ! p]sons1 n ) ref]5ce to _! inw>d & true significance1 :i* expresses ! ,idea1 b accord+ to ! outw>d1 app>5t1 & relatively important significance ) reg>d to ! connection & ! consequ5ces4 ,he mu/ consid] no?+ 9 & = itself 9 its ess5tial "* & expression1 b mu/ look at ev]y?+ 9 its relations1 9 its connection1 9 its influ5ce ^u :at foll[s1 & especially ^u its own age4 ,!re=e he w n ov]look an action ( a k+1 ?\gh ( little significance1 & 9 itself q common1 because x has results & influ5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 actions ( ! highe/ significance ( p>ticul> & v em95t individuals are n to be record$ by him if !y h no consequ5ces4 ,= 8 treatm5t foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & appreh5ds ! ph5om5on1 ( :i* ?is pr9ciple is ! =m4 ,b ! poet compreh5ds ! ,idea1 ! inn] nature ( man ap>t f all relations1 outside all "t1 ! adequate objectivity ( ! ?+-9-itself1 at its highe/ grade4 ,ev5 9 t me?od ( treatm5t :i* is necess>y = ! hi/orian1 ! inn] nature & significance ( ! ph5om5a1 ! k]nel ( all ^! %ells1 c nev] be entirely lo/4 ,he :o seeks = x1 at any rate1 may f9d x & recognise x4 ,yet t :i* is significant 9 itself1 n 9 its relations1 ! real unfold+ ( ! ,idea1 w be f\nd f> m accurately & di/9ctly 9 poetry ?an 9 hi/ory1 &1 !re=e1 h[ev] p>adoxical x may s\nd1 f> m really g5u9e inn] tru? is to be attribut$ to poetry ?an to hi/ory4 ,= ! hi/orian mu/ accurately foll[ ! p>ticul> ev5t accord+ to life1 z x develops itself 9 "t 9 ! manifold tangl$ *a9s ( causes & effects4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible t he c h all ! data = ?is2 he _c h se5 all & discov]$ all4 ,he is =sak5 at e mom5t by ! orig9al ( 8 picture1 or a false "o sub/itutes itself = x1 & ?is s con/antly t ,i ?9k ,i may assume t 9 all hi/ory ! false outweighs ! true4 ,! poet1 on ! contr>y1 has compreh5d$ ! ,idea ( man f "s def9ite side :i* is to be repres5t$2 ?us x is ! nature ( 8 own self t objectifies itself 9 x = him4 ,8 k1 z we expla9$ above :5 speak+ ( sculpture1 is half a priori2 8 ideal /&s be=e 8 m9d firm1 di/9ct1 brightly illum9at$1 & _c =sake him2 !re=e he %[s u1 9 ! mirror ( 8 m9d1 ! ,idea pure & di/9ct1 & 8 del9eation ( x d[n to ! m9ute/ p>ticul> is true z life itself47#ei7 ,! great anci5t hi/orians are1 !re=e1 9 ^? p>ticul>s 9 :i* _! data fail !m1 = example1 9 ! spee*es ( _! h]oes--poets2 inde$ _! :ole mann] ( h&l+ _! mat]ial approa*es to ! epic4 ,b ?is gives _! repres5tations unity1 & enables !m to reta9 inn] tru?1 ev5 :5 outw>d tru? 0 n accessible1 or inde$ 0 falsifi$4 ,& z we comp>$ hi/ory to portrait-pa9t+1 9 contradi/9ction to poetry1 :i* corresponds to hi/orical pa9t+1 we f9d t ,w9ckelmann's maxim1 t ! portrait ought to be ! ideal ( ! individual1 0 foll[$ by ! anci5t hi/orians1 = !y repres5t ! individual 9 su* a way z to br+ out t side ( ! ,idea ( man :i* is express$ 9 x4 ,mod]n hi/orians1 on ! contr>y1 ) few exceptions1 give u 9 g5]al only 8a du/-b9 & a lumb]-room1 & at ! mo/ a *ronicle ( ! pr9cipal political ev5ts40 ,!re=e1 :oev] desires to "k man 9 8 inn] nature1 id5tical 9 all its ph5om5a & developm5ts1 to "k him accord+ to ! ,idea1 w f9d t ! works ( ! great1 immortal poet pres5t a f> tru]1 m di/9ct picture1 ?an ! hi/orians c ev] give4 ,= ev5 ! be/ ( ! hi/orians are1 z poets1 f> f ! fir/2 & moreov] _! h&s are ti$4 ,9 ?is aspect ! relation betwe5 ! hi/orian & ! poet may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,! m]e1 pure hi/orian1 :o works only accord+ to data1 is l a man1 :o )\t any k ( ma!matics1 has inve/igat$ ! relations ( c]ta9 figures1 :i* he has accid5tally f\nd1 by measur+ !m2 & ! problem ?us empirically solv$ is affect$ ( c\rse by all ! errors ( ! drawn figure4 ,! poet1 on ! o!r h&1 is l ! ma!matician1 :o con/ructs ^! relations a priori 9 pure p]ception1 & expresses !m n z !y actually are 9 ! drawn figure1 b z !y are 9 ! ,idea1 :i* ! draw+ is int5d$ to r5d] = ! s5ses4 ,!re=e ,s*ill] says3-- 8,:at has nev] any:]e come to pass1 ,t alone nev] gr[s old40 ,inde$ ,i mu/ attribute great] value to biographies1 & especially to autobiographies1 9 relation to ! k ( ! nature ( man1 ?an to hi/ory prop]1 at lea/ z x is commonly h&l$4 ,p>tly because 9 ! =m] ! data c be collect$ m accurately & completely ?an 9 ! latt]2 p>tly1 because 9 hi/ory prop]1 x is n s mu* m5 z nations & h]oes t act1 & ! individuals :o d appe>1 seem s f> (f1 surr\nd$ ) su* pomp & circum/ance1 clo!d 9 ! /iff robes ( /ate1 or heavy1 inflexible arm\r1 t x is really h>d ?r\gh all ?is to recognise ! human movem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! life ( ! individual :5 describ$ ) tru?1 9 a n>r[ sph]e1 %[s ! conduct ( m5 9 all its =ms & subtilties1 ! excell5ce1 ! virtue1 & ev5 hol9ess ( a few1 ! p]v]sity1 meanness1 & knav]y ( mo/1 ! dissolute pr(ligacy ( "s4 ,besides1 9 ! only aspect we are consid]+ "h1 t ( ! inn] significance ( ! ph5om5al1 x is q ! same :e!r ! objects ) :i* ! action is conc]n$1 are1 relatively consid]$1 trifl+ or important1 f>m-h\ses or k+doms3 = all ^! ?+s 9 !mselves are )\t significance1 & obta9 x only 9 s f> z ! w is mov$ by !m4 ,! motive has significance only ?r\gh its relation to ! w1 :ile ! relation :i* x has z a ?+ to o!r ?+s l itself1 does n conc]n u "h4 ,z a circle ( "o in* 9 diamet]1 & a circle ( =ty million miles 9 diamet]1 h precisely ! same geometrical prop]ties1 s are ! ev5ts & ! hi/ory ( a village & a k+dom ess5tially ! same2 & we may /udy & le>n to "k mank9d z well 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,x is also a mi/ake to suppose t autobiographies are full ( deceit & dissimulation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ly+ 7?\gh always possible7 is p]haps m difficult !re ?an else:]e4 ,dissimulation is easie/ 9 m]e conv]sation2 inde$1 ?\gh x may s\nd p>adoxical1 x is really m difficult ev5 9 a lett]4 ,= 9 ! case ( a lett] ! writ] is alone1 & looks into himself1 & n out on ! _w1 s t :at is /range & di/ant does n easily approa* him2 & he has n ! te/ ( ! impression made ^u ano!r be=e 8 eyes4 ,b ! receiv] ( ! lett] p]uses x quietly 9 a mood unkn[n to ! writ]1 reads x repeat$ly & at diff]5t times1 & ?us easily f9ds out ! conceal$ int5tion4 ,we also get to "k an au?or z a man mo/ easily f 8 books1 because all ^! circum/ances act "h /ill m /rongly & p]man5tly4 ,& 9 an autobiography x is s difficult to dissimulate1 t p]haps !re does n exi/ a s+le "o t is n1 z a :ole1 m true1 ?an any hi/ory t ev] 0 writt54 ,! man :o writes 8 own life surveys x z a :ole1 ! p>ticul> becomes small1 ! ne> becomes di/ant1 ! di/ant becomes ne> aga91 ! motives t influ5c$ him %r9k2 he seats himself at ! confessional1 & has done s ( 8 own free w2 ! _s ( ly+ does n s easily take hold ( him "h1 = !re is also 9 e man an incl9ation to tru? :i* has fir/ to be ov]come :5ev] he lies1 & :i* "h has tak5 up a specially /rong position4 ,! relation betwe5 biography & ! hi/ory ( nations may be made cle> = p]ception by means ( ! foll[+ comp>ison3 ,hi/ory %[s u mank9d z a view f a high m\nta9 %[s u nature2 we see mu* at a "t1 wide /ret*es1 great masses1 b no?+ is di/9ct nor recognisable 9 all ! details ( its own peculi> nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! repres5tation ( ! life ( ! individual %[s u ! man1 z we see nature if we g ab\t among h] trees1 plants1 rocks1 & wat]s4 ,b 9 l&scape-pa9t+1 9 :i* ! arti/ lets u look at nature ) 8 eyes1 ! k ( ! ,ideas1 & ! condition ( pure w-less kn[+1 :i* is dem&$ by ^!1 is made mu* easi] = u2 &1 9 ! same way1 poetry is f> sup]ior bo? to hi/ory & biography1 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,ideas :i* may be look$ = 9 all ?ree4 ,= "h also g5ius holds up to u ! magic glass1 9 :i* all t is ess5tial & significant appe>s be=e u collect$ & plac$ 9 ! cle>e/ light1 & :at is accid5tal & =eign is left out47#fj7 ,! repres5tation ( ! ,idea ( man1 :i* is ! "w ( ! poet1 may be p]=m$1 s t :at is repres5t$ is also ! repres5t]4 ,?is is ! case 9 lyrical poetry1 9 songs1 prop]ly s call$1 9 :i* ! poet only p]ceives vividly 8 own /ate & describes x4 ,?us a c]ta9 subjectivity is ess5tial to ?is k9d ( poetry f ! nature ( its object4 ,aga91 :at is to be repres5t$ may be entirely diff]5t f him :o repres5ts x1 z is ! case 9 all o!r k9ds ( poetry1 9 :i* ! poet m or less conceals himself beh9d 8 repres5tation1 & at la/ disappe>s altoge!r4 ,9 ! ballad ! poet /ill expresses to "s ext5t 8 own /ate ?r\gh ! tone & proportion ( ! :ole2 !re=e1 ?\gh mu* m objective ?an ! lyric1 x has yet some?+ subjective4 ,?is becomes less 9 ! idyll1 /ill less 9 ! romantic poem1 almo/ entirely disappe>s 9 ! true epic1 & ev5 to ! la/ ve/ige 9 ! drama1 :i* is ! mo/ objective &1 9 m ?an "o respect1 ! complete/ & mo/ difficult =m ( poetry4 ,! lyrical =m ( poetry is consequ5tly ! easie/1 & al?\gh art1 z a :ole1 belongs only to ! true man ( g5ius1 :o s r>ely appe>s1 ev5 a man :o is n 9 g5]al v rem>kable may produce a beautiful song if1 by actual /rong excitem5t f )\t1 "s inspiration raises 8 m5tal p[]s2 = all t is requir$ = ?is is a lively p]ception ( 8 own /ate at a mom5t ( emotional excitem5t4 ,?is is prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( _m s+le songs by individuals :o h o!rwise rema9$ unkn[n2 especially ! ,g]man national songs1 ( :i* we h an exquisite collection 9 ! 8,wund]horn20 & also by innum]able love-songs & o!r songs ( ! p 9 all languages2--= to seize ! mood ( a mom5t & embody x 9 a song is ! :ole a*ievem5t ( ?is k9d ( poetry4 ,yet 9 ! lyrics ( true poets ! inn] nature ( all mank9d is reflect$1 & all t millions ( pa/1 pres5t1 & future m5 h f\nd1 or w f9d1 9 ! same situations1 :i* are con/antly recurr+1 f9ds its exact expression 9 !m4 ,& because ^! situations1 by con/ant recurr5ce1 are p]man5t z man himself & always call up ! same s5sations1 ! lyrical productions ( g5u9e poets rema9 ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s true1 p[]ful1 & fre%4 ,b if ! poet is always ! univ]sal man1 !n all t has ev] mov$ a human he>t1 all t human nature 9 any situation has ev] produc$ f itself1 all t dwells & broods 9 any human brea/--is 8 !me & 8 mat]ial1 & also all ! re/ ( nature4 ,!re=e ! poet may j z well s+ ( voluptu\sness z ( my/icism1 be ,anacreon or ,angelus ,silesius1 write trag$ies or com$ies1 repres5t ! sublime or ! common m9d--accord+ to hum\r or vocation4 ,& no "o has ! "r to prescribe to ! poet :at he ought to be--noble & sublime1 moral1 pi\s1 ,*ri/ian1 "o ?+ or ano!r1 /ill less to reproa* him because he is "o ?+ & n ano!r4 ,he is ! mirror ( mank9d1 & br+s to its consci\sness :at x feels & does4 ,if we n[ consid] m closely ! nature ( ! lyric prop]1 & select z examples exquisite & pure models1 n ^? t approa* 9 any way to "s o!r =m ( poetry1 su* z ! ballad1 ! elegy1 ! hymn1 ! epigram1 c41 we %all f9d t ! peculi> nature ( ! lyric1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 is ?is3 ,x is ! subject ( w1 i4e41 8 own volition1 :i* ! consci\sness ( ! s+] feels2 (t5 z a releas$ & satisfi$ desire 7joy71 b /ill (t5] z a re/rict$ desire 7grief71 always z an emotion1 a passion1 a mov$ frame ( m9d4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 & along ) x1 by ! sight ( surr\nd+ nature1 ! s+] becomes consci\s ( himself z ! subject ( pure1 w-less kn[+1 ^: unbrok5 blissful peace n[ appe>s1 9 contra/ to ! /ress ( desire :i* is always re/rict$ & always ne$y4 ,! feel+ ( ?is contra/1 ?is alt]nation1 is really :at ! lyric z a :ole expresses1 & :at pr9cipally con/itutes ! lyrical /ate ( m9d4 ,9 x pure kn[+ comes to u1 z x 71 to deliv] u f desire & its /a92 we foll[1 b only = an in/ant2 desire1 ! remembrance ( our own p]sonal ends1 te>s u anew f peaceful contemplation2 yet ev] aga9 ! next beautiful surr\nd+ 9 :i* ! pure w-less k pres5ts itself to u1 allures u away f desire4 ,!re=e1 9 ! lyric & ! lyrical mood1 desire 7! p]sonal int]e/ ( ! ends71 & pure p]ception ( ! surr\nd+ pres5t$1 are wond]fully m+l$ ) ea* o!r2 connections betwe5 !m are s\ght = & imag9$2 ! subjective disposition1 ! affection ( ! w1 imp>ts its own hue to ! p]ceiv$ surr\nd+1 & conv]sely1 ! surr\nd+s communicate ! reflex ( _! col\r to ! w4 ,! true lyric is ! expression ( ! :ole ( ?is m+l$ & divid$ /ate ( m9d4 ,9 ord] to make cle> by examples ?is ab/ract analysis ( a frame ( m9d t is v f> f all ab/raction1 any ( ! immortal songs ( ,goe! may be tak54 ,z specially adapt$ = ?is end ,i %all recomm5d only a few3 8,! ,%eph]d's ,lam5t10 8,welcome & ,f>ewell10 8,to ! ,moon10 8,on ! ,lake10 8,autumn20 also ! songs 9 ! 8,wund]horn0 are excell5t examples2 p>ticul>ly ! "o :i* beg9s1 8,o ,brem51 ,i mu/ n[ leave !e40 ,z a comical & happy p>ody ( ! lyrical "* a song ( ,voss /rikes me z rem>kable4 ,x describes ! feel+ ( a drunk plumb] fall+ f a t[]1 :o obs]ves 9 pass+ t ! clock on ! t[] is at half-pa/ elev51 a rem>k :i* is q =eign to 8 condition1 & ?us belongs to k free f w4 ,:oev] accepts ! view t has be5 express$ ( ! lyrical frame ( m9d1 w also all[1 t x is ! s5su\s & poetical k ( ! pr9ciple :i* ,i e/abli%$ 9 my essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 & h also ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w1 t ! id5tity ( ! subject ( kn[+ ) t ( will+ may be call$ ! miracle 2 s t ! poetical effect ( ! lyric re/s f9ally on ! tru? ( t pr9ciple4 ,9 ! c\rse ( life ^! two subjects1 or1 9 popul> language1 head & he>t1 are ev] becom+ fur!r ap>t2 m5 are always sep>at+ m betwe5 _! subjective feel+ & _! objective k4 ,9 ! *ild ! two are /ill entirely bl5d$ toge!r2 x sc>cely kn[s h[ to di/+ui% itself f its surr\nd+s1 x is at "o ) !m4 ,9 ! "y man all p]ception *iefly affects feel+ & mood1 & ev5 m+les ) x1 z ,byron v beautifully expresses-- 8,i live n 9 myself1 b ,i become ,portion ( t ar\nd me2 & to me ,high m\nta9s are a feel+40 ,?is is :y ! y\? cl+s s closely to ! p]ceptible & outw>d side ( ?+s2 ?is is :y he is only fit = lyrical poetry1 & only ! full-gr[n man is capable ( ! drama4 ,! old man we c ?9k ( z at ! mo/ an epic poet1 l ,ossian1 & ,hom]1 = n>ration is *>act]i/ic ( old age4 ,9 ! m objective k9ds ( poetry1 especially 9 ! romance1 ! epic1 & ! drama1 ! end1 ! revelation ( ! ,idea ( man1 is pr9cipally atta9$ by two means1 by true & pr(\nd repres5tation ( significant *>act]s1 & by ! inv5tion ( pregnant situations 9 :i* !y disclose !mselves4 ,= z x is incumb5t ^u ! *emi/ n only to exhibit ! simple elem5ts1 pure & g5u9e1 & _! pr9cipal comp\nds1 b also to expose !m to ! influ5ce ( su* reag5ts z w cle>ly & /rik+ly br+ out _! peculi> qualities1 s is x incumb5t on ! poet n only to pres5t to u significant *>act]s truly & fai?fully z nature itself2 b1 9 ord] t we may get to "k !m1 he mu/ place !m 9 ^? situations 9 :i* _! peculi> qualities w fully unfold !mselves1 & appe> di/9ctly 9 %>p outl9e2 situations :i* are !re=e call$ significant4 ,9 real life1 & 9 hi/ory1 situations ( ?is k9d are r>ely br\ght ab\t by *ance1 & !y /& alone1 lo/ & conceal$ 9 ! multitude ( ^? :i* are insignificant4 ,! complete significance ( ! situations ought to di/+ui% ! romance1 ! epic1 & ! drama f real life z completely z ! arrangem5t & selection ( significant *>act]s4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 absolute tru? is a necess>y condition ( _! effect1 & want ( unity 9 ! *>act]s1 contradiction ei!r ( !mselves or ( ! nature ( humanity 9 g5]al1 z well z impossibility1 or v great improbability 9 ! ev5ts1 ev5 9 m]e accessories1 (f5d j z mu* 9 poetry z badly drawn figures1 false p]spective1 or wrong light+ 9 pa9t+4 ,= bo? 9 poetry & pa9t+ we dem& ! fai?ful mirror ( life1 ( man1 ( ! _w1 only made m cle> by ! repres5tation1 & m significant by ! arrangem5t4 ,= !re is only "o end ( all ! arts1 ! repres5tation ( ! ,ideas2 & _! ess5tial diff]5ce lies simply 9 ! diff]5t grades ( ! objectification ( w to :i* ! ,ideas t are to be repres5t$ belong4 ,?is also det]m9es ! mat]ial ( ! repres5tation4 ,?us ! arts :i* are mo/ widely sep>at$ may yet ?r[ light on ea* o!r4 ,= example1 9 ord] to compreh5d fully ! ,ideas ( wat] x is n suffici5t to see x 9 ! quiet pond or 9 ! ev5ly-fl[+ /ream2 b ^! ,ideas disclose !mselves fully only :5 ! wat] appe>s "u all circum/ances & expos$ to all k9ds ( ob/acles4 ,! effects ( ! v>i$ circum/ances & ob/acles give x ! opportunity ( fully exhibit+ all its qualities4 ,?is is :y we f9d x beautiful :5 x tumbles1 ru%es1 & foams1 or leaps into ! air1 or falls 9 a cat>act ( spray2 or1 la/ly1 if artificially conf9$ x spr+s up 9 a f\nta94 ,?us %[+ itself diff]5t "u diff]5t circum/ances1 x yet always fai?fully ass]ts its "*2 x is j z natural to x to sp\t up z to lie 9 glassy /illness2 x is z ready = ! "o z = ! o!r z soon z ! circum/ances appe>4 ,n[1 :at ! eng9e] a*ieves ) ! fluid matt] ( wat]1 ! ar*itect a*ieves ) ! rigid matt] ( /one1 & j ?is ! epic or dramatic poet a*ieves ) ! ,idea ( man4 ,unfold+ & r5d]+ di/9ct ! ,idea express+ itself 9 ! object ( e art1 ! ,idea ( ! w :i* objectifies itself at ea* grade1 is ! common end ( all ! arts4 ,! life ( man1 z x %[s itself = ! mo/ "p 9 ! real _w1 is l ! wat]1 z x is g5]ally se5 9 ! pond & ! riv]2 b 9 ! epic1 ! romance1 ! trag$y1 select$ *>act]s are plac$ 9 ^? circum/ances 9 :i* all _! special qualities unfold !mselves1 ! dep?s ( ! human he>t are reveal$1 & become visible 9 extraord9>y & v significant actions4 ,?us poetry objectifies ! ,idea ( man1 an ,idea :i* has ! peculi>ity ( express+ itself 9 highly individual *>act]s4 ,trag$y is to be reg>d$1 & is recognis$ z ! summit ( poetical art1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! greatness ( its effect & ! difficulty ( its a*ievem5t4 ,x is v significant = our :ole sy/em1 & well wor?y ( obs]vation1 t ! end ( ?is highe/ poetical a*ievem5t is ! repres5tation ( ! t]rible side ( life4 ,! unspeakable pa91 ! wail ( humanity1 ! triumph ( evil1 ! scornful ma/]y ( *ance1 & ! irretrievable fall ( ! j & innoc5t1 is "h pres5t$ to u2 & 9 ?is lies a significant h9t ( ! nature ( ! _w & ( exi/5ce4 ,x is ! /rife ( w ) itself1 :i* "h1 completely unfold$ at ! highe/ grade ( its objectivity1 comes into fe>ful prom95ce4 ,x becomes visible 9 ! suff]+ ( m51 :i* is n[ introduc$1 p>tly ?r\gh *ance & error1 :i* appe> z ! rul]s ( ! _w1 p]sonifi$ z fate1 on acc\nt ( _! insidi\sness1 :i* ev5 rea*es ! appe>ance ( design2 p>tly x proce$s f man himself1 ?r\gh ! self-mortify+ ef=ts ( a few1 ?r\gh ! wick$ness & p]v]sity ( mo/4 ,x is "o & ! same w t lives & appe>s 9 !m all1 b ^: ph5om5a fight aga9/ ea* o!r & de/roy ea* o!r4 ,9 "o individual x appe>s p[]fully1 9 ano!r m weakly2 9 "o m subject to reason1 & s(t5$ by ! light ( k1 9 ano!r less s1 till at la/1 9 "s s+le case1 ?is k1 purifi$ & height5$ by suff]+ itself1 rea*es ! po9t at :i* ! ph5om5on1 ! veil ( ,mya1 no long] deceives x4 ,x sees ?r\gh ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,! egoism :i* re/s on ?is p]i%es ) x1 s t n[ ! motives t 7 s p[]ful be=e h lo/ _! might1 & in/ead ( !m ! complete k ( ! nature ( ! _w1 :i* has a quiet+ effect on ! w1 produces resignation1 ! surr5d] n m]ely ( life1 b ( ! v w to live4 ,?us we see 9 trag$ies ! noble/ m51 aft] long conflict & suff]+1 at la/ r5\nce ! ends !y h s ke5ly foll[$1 & all ! pleasures ( life = ev]1 or else freely & joyfully surr5d] life itself4 ,s is x ) ! /eadfa/ pr9ce ( ,cald]on2 ) ,gret*5 9 8,fau/20 ) ,hamlet1 :om 8 fri5d ,horatio w\ld will+ly foll[1 b is bade rema9 a :ile1 & 9 ?is h>% _w draw 8 brea? 9 pa91 to tell ! /ory ( ,hamlet1 & cle> 8 memory2 s also is x ) ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 ! ,bride ( ,mess9a2 !y all die purifi$ by suff]+1 i4e41 aft] ! w to live :i* 0 =m]ly 9 !m is dead4 ,9 ! 8,mohamm$0 ( ,voltaire ?is is actually express$ 9 ! conclud+ words :i* ! dy+ ,palmira addresses to ,mohammad3 8,! _w is = tyrants3 live60 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dem& = s-call$ poetical ju/ice re/s on entire misconception ( ! nature ( trag$y1 &1 inde$1 ( ! nature ( ! _w itself4 ,x boldly appe>s 9 all its dulness 9 ! criticisms :i* ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson made on p>ticul> plays ( ,%akespe>e1 = he v navely lam5ts its entire abs5ce4 ,& its abs5ce is c]ta9ly obvi\s1 = 9 :at has ,ophelia1 ,desdemona1 or ,cordelia (f5d$8 ,b only ! dull1 optimi/ic1 ,prote/ant-rationali/ic1 or peculi>ly ,jewi% view ( life w make ! dem& = poetical ju/ice1 & f9d satisfaction 9 x4 ,! true s5se ( trag$y is ! deep] insight1 t x is n 8 own individual s9s t ! h]o atones =1 b orig9al s91 i4e41 ! crime ( exi/5ce itself3 8,pues el delito mayor ,del hombre es hab] nacido20 78,= ! greate/ crime ( man ,is t he 0 born207 z ,cald]on exactly expresses x4 ,i %all all[ myself only "o rem>k1 m closely conc]n+ ! treatm5t ( trag$y4 ,! repres5tation ( a great mis=tune is alone ess5tial to trag$y4 ,b ! _m diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is is introduc$ by ! poet may be br\ght "u ?ree specific conceptions4 ,x may happ5 by means ( a "* ( extraord9>y wick$ness1 t\*+ ! utmo/ limits ( possibility1 :o becomes ! au?or ( ! mis=tune2 examples ( ?is k9d are ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,iago 9 8,o!llo10 ,%ylock 9 8,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice10 ,franz ,moor1 ,phdra ( ,euripides1 ,creon 9 ! 8,antigone10 c41 c4 ,secondly1 x may happ5 ?r\gh bl9d fate1 i4e41 *ance & error2 a true patt]n ( ?is k9d is ! dipus ,rex ( ,sophocles1 ! 8,tra*9i0 also2 & 9 g5]al mo/ ( ! trag$ies ( ! anci5ts belong to ?is class4 ,among mod]n trag$ies1 8,romeo & ,juliet10 8,tancr$0 by ,voltaire1 & 8,! ,bride ( ,mess9a10 are examples4 ,la/ly1 ! mis=tune may be br\ght ab\t by ! m]e position ( ! dramatis p]son ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 ?r\gh _! relations2 s t !re is no ne$ ei!r = a trem5d\s error or an unhe>d-( accid5t1 nor yet = a "* ^: wick$ness rea*es ! limits ( human possibility2 b *>act]s ( ord9>y morality1 "u circum/ances su* z (t5 occur1 are s situat$ ) reg>d to ea* o!r t _! position compels !m1 kn[+ly & ) _! eyes op51 to d ea* o!r ! greate/ injury1 )\t any "o ( !m be+ entirely 9 ! wrong4 ,?is la/ k9d ( trag$y seems to me f> to surpass ! o!r two1 = x %[s u ! greate/ mis=tune1 n z an exception1 n z some?+ occasion$ by r>e circum/ances or mon/r\s *>act]s1 b z aris+ easily & ( itself out ( ! actions & *>act]s ( m51 inde$ almo/ z ess5tial to !m1 & ?us br+s x t]ribly ne> to u4 ,9 ! o!r two k9ds we may look on ! prodigi\s fate & ! horrible wick$ness z t]rible p[]s :i* c]ta9ly ?reat5 u1 b only f af>1 :i* we may v well escape )\t tak+ refuge 9 r5unciation4 ,b 9 ! la/ k9d ( trag$y we see t ^? p[]s :i* de/roy happ9ess & life are su* t _! pa? to u also is op5 at e mom5t2 we see ! greate/ suff]+s br\ght ab\t by entanglem5ts t our fate might also p>take (1 & ?r\gh actions t p]haps we also are capable ( p]=m+1 & s c\ld n compla9 ( inju/ice2 !n %udd]+ we feel ourselves already 9 ! mid/ ( hell4 ,?is la/ k9d ( trag$y is also ! mo/ difficult ( a*ievem5t2 = ! greate/ effect has to be produc$ 9 x ) ! lea/ use ( means & causes ( movem5t1 m]ely ?r\gh ! position & di/ribution ( ! *>act]s2 !re=e ev5 9 _m ( ! be/ trag$ies ?is difficulty is evad$4 ,yet "o trag$y may be ref]r$ to z a p]fect model ( ?is k9d1 a trag$y :i* 9 o!r respects is f> surpass$ by m ?an "o "w ( ! same great ma/]2 x is 8,clavigo40 8,hamlet0 belongs to a c]ta9 ext5t to ?is class1 z f> z ! relation ( ,hamlet to ,la]tes & ,ophelia is conc]n$4 8,wall5/e90 has also ?is excell5ce4 8,fau/0 belongs entirely to ?is class1 if we reg>d ! ev5ts connect$ ) ,gret*5 & h] bro!r z ! pr9cipal action2 also ! 8,cid0 ( ,corneille1 only t x lacks ! tragic conclusion1 :ile on ! contr>y ! analog\s relation ( ,max to ,!cla has x47#fa7 #eb4 ,n[ t we h consid]$ all ! f9e arts 9 ! g5]al way t is suitable to our po9t ( view1 beg9n+ ) ar*itecture1 ! peculi> end ( :i* is to elucidate ! objectification ( w at ! l[e/ grades ( its visibility1 9 :i* x %[s itself z ! dumb unconsci\s t5d5cy ( ! mass 9 accordance ) laws1 & yet already reveals a brea* ( ! unity ( w ) itself 9 a conflict betwe5 gravity & rigidity--& end+ ) ! consid]ation ( trag$y1 :i* pres5ts to u at ! highe/ grades ( ! objectification ( w ?is v conflict ) itself 9 t]rible magnitude & di/9ctness2 we f9d t !re is /ill ano!r f9e art :i* has be5 exclud$ f our consid]ation1 & _h to be exclud$1 = 9 ! sy/ematic connection ( our exposition !re 0 no fitt+ place = x--,i mean music4 ,x /&s alone1 q cut (f f all ! o!r arts4 ,9 x we d n recognise ! copy or repetition ( any ,idea ( exi/5ce 9 ! _w4 ,yet x is su* a great & exce$+ly noble art1 its effect on ! inmo/ nature ( man is s p[]ful1 & x is s entirely & deeply und]/ood by him 9 8 inmo/ consci\sness z a p]fectly univ]sal language1 ! di/9ctness ( :i* surpasses ev5 t ( ! p]ceptible _w itself1 t we c]ta9ly h m to look = 9 x ?an an ex]citum ari?metic occultum nesci5tis se num]>e animi17#fb7 :i* ,leibnitz call$ x4 ,yet he 0 p]fectly "r1 z he consid]$ only its imm$iate ext]nal significance1 its =m4 ,b if x 7 no?+ m1 ! satisfaction :i* x af=ds w\ld be l t :i* we feel :5 a sum 9 ari?metic comes out "r1 & c\ld n be t int5se pleasure ) :i* we see ! deepe/ recesses ( our nature f9d utt]ance4 ,f our /&po9t1 !re=e1 at :i* ! /hetic effect is ! crit]ion1 we mu/ attribute to music a f> m s]i\s & deep significance1 connect$ ) ! inmo/ nature ( ! _w & our own self1 & 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! ari?metical proportions1 to :i* x may be r$uc$1 are relat$1 n z ! ?+ signifi$1 b m]ely z ! sign4 ,t 9 "s s5se music mu/ be relat$ to ! _w z ! repres5tation to ! ?+ repres5t$1 z ! copy to ! orig9al1 we may conclude f ! analogy ( ! o!r arts1 all ( :i* possess ?is "*1 & affect u on ! :ole 9 ! same way z x does1 only t ! effect ( music is /rong]1 quick]1 m necess>y & infallible4 ,fur!r1 its repres5tative relation to ! _w mu/ be v deep1 absolutely true1 & /rik+ly accurate1 because x is in/antly und]/ood by e "o1 & has ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 infallibility1 because its =m may be r$uc$ to p]fectly def9ite rules express$ 9 numb]s1 f :i* x _c free itself )\t entirely ceas+ to be music4 ,yet ! po9t ( comp>ison betwe5 music & ! _w1 ! respect 9 :i* x /&s to ! _w 9 ! relation ( a copy or repetition1 is v obscure4 ,m5 h practis$ music 9 all ages )\t be+ able to acc\nt = ?is2 cont5t to und]/& x directly1 !y r5\nce all claim to an ab/ract conception ( ?is direct und]/&+ itself4 ,i gave my m9d entirely up to ! impression ( music 9 all its =ms1 & !n return$ to reflection & ! sy/em ( ?\ght express$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 & ?us ,i arriv$ at an explanation ( ! inn] nature ( music & ( ! nature ( its imitative relation to ! _w--:i* f analogy _h necess>ily to be presuppos$--an explanation :i* is q suffici5t = myself1 & satisfactory to my inve/igation1 & :i* w d\btless be equally evid5t to any "o :o has foll[$ me ?us f> & has agre$ ) my view ( ! _w4 ,yet ,i recognise ! fact t x is ess5tially impossible to prove ?is explanation1 = x assumes & e/abli%es a relation ( music1 z idea1 to t :i* f its nature c nev] be idea1 & music w h to be reg>d$ z ! copy ( an orig9al :i* c nev] itself be directly pres5t$ z idea4 ,i c !re=e d no m ?an /ate "h1 at ! conclusion ( ?is ?ird book1 :i* has be5 pr9cipally devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! arts1 ! explanation ( ! m>vell\s art ( music :i* satisfies myself1 & ,i mu/ leave ! acceptance or d5ial ( my view to ! effect produc$ ^u ea* ( my read]s bo? by music itself & by ! :ole sy/em ( ?\ght communicat$ 9 ?is "w4 ,moreov]1 ,i reg>d x z necess>y1 9 ord] to be able to ass5t ) full conviction to ! exposition ( ! significance ( music ,i am ab\t to give1 t "o %\ld (t5 li/5 to music ) con/ant reflection ^u my !ory conc]n+ x1 & = ?is aga9 x is necess>y to be v famili> ) ! :ole ( my sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! 7,platonic7 ,ideas are ! adequate objectification ( w4 ,to excite or sugge/ ! k ( ^! by means ( ! repres5tation ( p>ticul> ?+s 7= works ( art !mselves are always repres5tations ( p>ticul> ?+s7 is ! end ( all ! o!r arts1 :i* c only be atta9$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! kn[+ subject4 ,?us all ^! arts objectify ! w indirectly only by means ( ! ,ideas2 & s9ce our _w is no?+ b ! manife/ation ( ! ,ideas 9 multiplicity1 ?\gh _! entrance into ! pr9cipium individuationis 7! =m ( ! k possible = ! individual z su*71 music also1 s9ce x passes ov] ! ,ideas1 is entirely indep5d5t ( ! ph5om5al _w1 ignores x altoge!r1 c\ld to a c]ta9 ext5t exi/ if !re 0 no _w at all1 :i* _c be said ( ! o!r arts4 ,music is z direct an objectification & copy ( ! :ole w z ! _w itself1 nay1 ev5 z ! ,ideas1 ^: multipli$ manife/ation con/itutes ! _w ( individual ?+s4 ,music is ?us by no means l ! o!r arts1 ! copy ( ! ,ideas1 b ! copy ( ! w itself1 ^: objectivity ! ,ideas are4 ,?is is :y ! effect ( music is s mu* m p[]ful & p5etrat+ ?an t ( ! o!r arts1 = !y speak only ( %ad[s1 b x speaks ( ! ?+ itself4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is ! same w :i* objectifies itself bo? 9 ! ,ideas & 9 music1 ?\gh 9 q diff]5t ways1 !re mu/ be1 n inde$ a direct lik5ess1 b yet a p>allel1 an analogy1 betwe5 music & ! ,ideas ^: manife/ation 9 multiplicity & incomplet5ess is ! visible _w4 ,! e/abli%+ ( ?is analogy w facilitate1 z an illu/ration1 ! und]/&+ ( ?is exposition1 :i* is s difficult on acc\nt ( ! obscurity ( ! subject4 ,i recognise 9 ! deepe/ tones ( h>mony1 9 ! bass1 ! l[e/ grades ( ! objectification ( w1 unorganis$ nature1 ! mass ( ! planet4 ,x is well kn[n t all ! high notes :i* are easily s\nd$1 & die away m quickly1 are produc$ by ! vibration 9 _! vic9ity ( ! deep bass-notes4 ,:51 also1 ! l[ notes s\nd1 ! high notes always s\nd fa9tly1 & x is a law ( h>mony t only ^? high notes may accompany a bass-note :i* actually already s\nd along ) x ( !mselves 7its sons h>moniques7 on acc\nt ( its vibration4 ,?is is analog\s to ! fact t ! :ole ( ! bodies & organisations ( nature mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ come into exi/5ce ?r\gh gradual developm5t out ( ! mass ( ! planet2 ?is is bo? _! support] & _! s\rce1 & ! same relation subsi/s betwe5 ! high notes & ! bass4 ,!re is a limit ( dep?1 bel[ :i* no s\nd is audible4 ,?is corresponds to ! fact t no matt] c be p]ceiv$ )\t =m & quality1 i4e41 )\t ! manife/ation ( a =ce :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 9 :i* an ,idea expresses itself1 &1 m g5]ally1 t no matt] c be entirely )\t w4 ,?us1 z a c]ta9 pit* is insep>able f ! note z su*1 s a c]ta9 grade ( ! manife/ation ( w is insep>able f matt]4 ,bass is ?us1 = u1 9 h>mony :at unorganis$ nature1 ! crude/ mass1 ^u :i* all re/s1 & f :i* ev]y?+ orig9ates & develops1 is 9 ! _w4 ,n[1 fur!r1 9 ! :ole ( ! complem5tal p>ts :i* make up ! h>mony betwe5 ! bass & ! lead+ voice s++ ! melody1 ,i recognise ! :ole gradation ( ! ,ideas 9 :i* ! w objectifies itself4 ,^? ne>] to ! bass are ! l[] ( ^! grades1 ! /ill unorganis$1 b yet manifold ph5om5al ?+s2 ! high] repres5t to me ! _w ( plants & bea/s4 ,! def9ite int]vals ( ! scale are p>allel to ! def9ite grades ( ! objectification ( w1 ! def9ite species 9 nature4 ,! dep>ture f ! ari?metical correctness ( ! int]vals1 ?r\gh "s temp]am5t1 or produc$ by ! key select$1 is analog\s to ! dep>ture ( ! individual f ! type ( ! species4 ,inde$1 ev5 ! impure discords1 :i* give no def9ite int]val1 may be comp>$ to ! mon/r\s abortions produc$ by bea/s ( two species1 or by man & bea/4 ,b to all ^! bass & complem5tal p>ts :i* make up ! h>mony !re is want+ t connect$ progress :i* belongs only to ! high voice s++ ! melody1 & x alone moves quickly & lightly 9 modulations & runs1 :ile all ^! o!rs h only a sl[] movem5t )\t a connection 9 ea* "p = itself4 ,! deep bass moves mo/ sl[ly1 ! repres5tative ( ! crude/ mass4 ,its ris+ & fall+ occurs only by l>ge int]vals1 9 ?irds1 f\r?s1 fif?s1 nev] by "o tone1 unless x is a base inv]t$ by d\ble c\nt]po9t4 ,?is sl[ movem5t is also physically ess5tial to x2 a quick run or %ake 9 ! l[ notes _c ev5 be imag9$4 ,! high] complem5tal p>ts1 :i* are p>allel to animal life1 move m quickly1 b yet )\t melodi\s connection & significant progress4 ,! disconnect$ c\rse ( all ! complem5tal p>ts1 & _! regulation by def9ite laws1 is analog\s to ! fact t 9 ! :ole irrational _w1 f ! cry/al to ! mo/ p]fect animal1 no be+ has a connect$ consci\sness ( its own :i* w\ld make its life into a significant :ole1 & none exp]i5ces a succession ( m5tal developm5ts1 none p]fects itself by culture1 b ev]y?+ exi/s always 9 ! same way accord+ to its k9d1 det]m9$ by fix$ law4 ,la/ly1 9 ! melody1 9 ! high1 s++1 pr9cipal voice lead+ ! :ole & progress+ ) unre/ra9$ fre$om1 9 ! unbrok5 significant connection ( "o ?\ght f beg9n+ to end repres5t+ a :ole1 ,i recognise ! highe/ grade ( ! objectification ( w1 ! intellectual life & ef=t ( man4 ,z he alone1 because end[$ ) reason1 con/antly looks be=e & aft] on ! pa? ( 8 actual life & its innum]able possibilities1 & s a*ieves a c\rse ( life :i* is intellectual1 & !re=e connect$ z a :ole2 correspond+ to ?is1 ,i say1 ! melody has significant int5tional connection f beg9n+ to end4 ,x records1 !re=e1 ! hi/ory ( ! intellectually enlight5$ w4 ,?is w expresses itself 9 ! actual _w z ! s]ies ( its de$s2 b melody says m1 x records ! mo/ secret hi/ory ( ?is intellectually-enlight5$ w1 pictures e excitem5t1 e ef=t1 e movem5t ( x1 all t :i* ! reason collects "u ! wide & negative concept ( feel+1 & :i* x _c appreh5d fur!r ?r\gh its ab/ract concepts4 ,!re=e x has always be5 said t music is ! language ( feel+ & ( passion1 z words are ! language ( reason4 ,plato expla9s x z 1 7melodi>um motus1 animi affectus imitans71 ,de ,leg4 vii42 & also ,ari/otle says3 1 1 7cur num]i musici et modi1 qui voces sunt1 moribus similes sese exhib5t873 ,probl4 c4 #ai4 ,n[ ! nature ( man consi/s 9 ?is1 t 8 w /rives1 is satisfi$ & /rives anew1 & s on = ev]4 ,inde$1 8 happ9ess & well-be+ consi/ simply 9 ! quick transition f wi% to satisfaction1 & f satisfaction to a new wi%4 ,= ! abs5ce ( satisfaction is suff]+1 ! empty long+ = a new wi%1 languor1 ennui4 ,& correspond+ to ?is ! nature ( melody is a con/ant digression & deviation f ! key-note 9 a ?\s& ways1 n only to ! h>moni\s int]vals to ! ?ird & dom9ant1 b to e tone1 to ! dissonant sev5?s & to ! sup]flu\s degrees2 yet !re always foll[s a con/ant return to ! key-note4 ,9 all ^! deviations melody expresses ! multif>i\s ef=ts ( w1 b always its satisfaction also by ! f9al return to an h>moni\s int]val1 & /ill m1 to ! key-note4 ,! composition ( melody1 ! disclosure 9 x ( all ! deepe/ secrets ( human will+ & feel+1 is ! "w ( g5ius1 ^: action1 :i* is m app>5t "h ?an any:]e else1 lies f> f all reflection & consci\s int5tion1 & may be call$ an inspiration4 ,! conception is "h1 z ev]y:]e 9 art1 unfruitful4 ,! compos] reveals ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 & expresses ! deepe/ wisdom 9 a language :i* 8 reason does n und]/&2 z a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( mesm]ism tells ?+s ( :i* he has no conception :5 he awakes4 ,!re=e 9 ! compos]1 m ?an 9 any o!r arti/1 ! man is entirely sep>at$ & di/9ct f ! arti/4 ,ev5 9 ! explanation ( ?is wond]ful art1 ! concept %[s its pov]ty & limitation4 ,i %all try1 h[ev]1 to complete our analogy4 ,z quick transition f wi% to satisfaction1 & f satisfaction to a new wi%1 is happ9ess & well-be+1 s quick melodies )\t great deviations are *e]ful2 sl[ melodies1 /rik+ pa9ful discords1 & only w9d+ back ?r\gh _m b>s to ! keynote are1 z analog\s to ! delay$ & h>dly won satisfaction1 sad4 ,! delay ( ! new excitem5t ( w1 languor1 c\ld h no o!r expression ?an ! su/a9$ keynote1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld soon be unbe>able2 v monoton\s & unmean+ melodies approa* ?is effect4 ,! %ort intelligible subjects ( quick dance-music seem to speak only ( easily atta9$ common pleasure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,allegro mae/oso1 9 elaborate movem5ts1 long passages1 & wide deviations1 signifies a great]1 nobl] ef=t t[>ds a m di/ant end1 & its f9al atta9m5t4 ,! ,adagio speaks ( ! pa9 ( a great & noble ef=t :i* despises all trifl+ happ9ess4 ,b h[ wond]ful is ! effect ( ! m9or & major6 ,h[ a/\nd+ t ! *ange ( half a tone1 ! entrance ( a m9or ?ird in/ead ( a major1 at once & inevitably =ces ^u u an anxi\s pa9ful feel+1 f :i* aga9 we are j z in/antane\sly deliv]$ by ! major4 ,! ,adagio l5g!ns 9 ! m9or ! expression ( ! ke5e/ pa91 & becomes ev5 a convulsive wail4 ,dance-music 9 ! m9or seems to indicate ! failure ( t trifl+ happ9ess :i* we ought r to despise1 seems to speak ( ! atta9m5t ( a l[] end ) toil & tr\ble4 ,! inexhau/ibl5ess ( possible melodies corresponds to ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( ,nature 9 diff]5ce ( individuals1 physiognomies1 & c\rses ( life4 ,! transition f "o key to an entirely diff]5t "o1 s9ce x altoge!r breaks ! connection ) :at w5t be=e1 is l dea?1 = ! individual ends 9 x2 b ! w :i* appe>$ 9 ?is individual lives aft] him z be=e him1 appe>+ 9 o!r individuals1 ^: consci\sness1 h[ev]1 has no connection ) 84 ,b x mu/ nev] be =gott51 9 ! inve/igation ( all ^! analogies ,i h po9t$ out1 t music has no direct1 b m]ely an indirect relation to !m1 = x nev] expresses ! ph5om5on1 b only ! inn] nature1 ! 9-itself ( all ph5om5a1 ! w itself4 ,x does n !re=e express ?is or t p>ticul> & def9ite joy1 ?is or t sorr[1 or pa91 or horror1 or delight1 or m]rim5t1 or peace ( m9d2 b joy1 sorr[1 pa91 horror1 delight1 m]rim5t1 peace ( m9d !mselves1 to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! ab/ract1 _! ess5tial nature1 )\t accessories1 & !re=e )\t _! motives4 ,yet we completely und]/& !m 9 ?is extract$ qu9tess5ce4 ,h5ce x arises t our imag9ation is s easily excit$ by music1 & n[ seeks to give =m to t invisible yet actively mov$ _s-_w :i* speaks to u directly1 & clo! x ) fle% & blood1 i4e41 to embody x 9 an analog\s example4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! song ) words1 & f9ally ( ! op]a1 ! text ( :i* %\ld !re=e nev] =sake t subord9ate position 9 ord] to make itself ! *ief ?+ & ! music a m]e means ( express+ x1 :i* is a great misconception & a piece ( utt] p]v]sity2 = music always expresses only ! qu9tess5ce ( life & its ev5ts1 nev] ^! !mselves1 & !re=e _! diff]5ces d n always affect x4 ,x is precisely ?is univ]sality1 :i* belongs exclusively to x1 toge!r ) ! greate/ det]m9at5ess1 t gives music ! high wor? :i* x has z ! panacea = all our woes4 ,?us1 if music is too closely unit$ to ! words1 & tries to =m itself accord+ to ! ev5ts1 x is /riv+ to speak a language :i* is n its own4 ,no "o has kept s free f ?is mi/ake z ,ross9i2 !re=e 8 music speaks its own language s di/9ctly & purely t x requires no words1 & produces its full effect :5 r5d]$ by in/rum5ts alone4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 we may reg>d ! ph5om5al _w1 or nature1 & music z two diff]5t expressions ( ! same ?+1 :i* is !re=e itself ! only m$ium ( _! analogy1 s t a k ( x is dem&$ 9 ord] to und]/& t analogy4 ,music1 !re=e1 if reg>d$ z an expression ( ! _w1 is 9 ! highe/ degree a univ]sal language1 :i* is relat$ inde$ to ! univ]sality ( concepts1 mu* z !y are relat$ to ! p>ticul> ?+s4 ,its univ]sality1 h[ev]1 is by no means t empty univ]sality ( ab/raction1 b q ( a diff]5t k9d1 & is unit$ ) ?or\gh & di/9ct def9it5ess4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles geometrical figures & numb]s1 :i* are ! univ]sal =ms ( all possible objects ( exp]i5ce & applicable to !m all a priori1 & yet are n ab/ract b p]ceptible & ?or\ghly det]m9$4 ,all possible ef=ts1 excitem5ts1 & manife/ations ( w1 all t goes on 9 ! he>t ( man & t reason includes 9 ! wide1 negative concept ( feel+1 may be express$ by ! inf9ite numb] ( possible melodies1 b always 9 ! univ]sal1 9 ! m]e =m1 )\t ! mat]ial1 always accord+ to ! ?+-9-itself1 n ! ph5om5on1 ! inmo/ s\l1 z x 71 ( ! ph5om5on1 )\t ! body4 ,?is deep relation :i* music has to ! true nature ( all ?+s also expla9s ! fact t suitable music play$ to any sc5e1 action1 ev5t1 or surr\nd+ seems to disclose to u its mo/ secret mean+1 & appe>s z ! mo/ accurate & di/9ct comm5t>y ^u x4 ,?is is s truly ! case1 t :oev] gives himself up entirely to ! impression ( a symphony1 seems to see all ! possible ev5ts ( life & ! _w take place 9 himself1 yet if he reflects1 he c f9d no lik5ess betwe5 ! music & ! ?+s t pass$ be=e 8 m9d4 ,=1 z we h said1 music is di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r arts by ! fact t x is n a copy ( ! ph5om5on1 or1 m accurately1 ! adequate objectivity ( w1 b is ! direct copy ( ! w itself1 & !re=e exhibits itself z ! metaphysical to ev]y?+ physical 9 ! _w1 & z ! ?+-9-itself to e ph5om5on4 ,we might1 !re=e1 j z well call ! _w embodi$ music z embodi$ w2 & ?is is ! reason :y music makes e picture1 & inde$ e sc5e ( real life & ( ! _w1 at once appe> ) high] significance1 c]ta9ly all ! m 9 proportion z its melody is analog\s to ! inn] _s ( ! giv5 ph5om5on4 ,x re/s ^u ?is t we are able to set a poem to music z a song1 or a p]ceptible repres5tation z a pantomime1 or bo? z an op]a4 ,su* p>ticul> pictures ( human life1 set to ! univ]sal language ( music1 are nev] b\nd to x or correspond to x ) /r+5t necessity2 b !y /& to x only 9 ! relation ( an example *os5 at w to a g5]al concept4 ,9 ! det]m9at5ess ( ! real1 !y repres5t t :i* music expresses 9 ! univ]sality ( m]e =m4 ,= melodies are to a c]ta9 ext5t1 l g5]al concepts1 an ab/raction f ! actual4 ,?is actual _w1 !n1 ! _w ( p>ticul> ?+s1 af=ds ! object ( p]ception1 ! special & individual1 ! p>ticul> case1 bo? to ! univ]sality ( ! concepts & to ! univ]sality ( ! melodies4 ,b ^! two univ]salities are 9 a c]ta9 respect oppos$ to ea* o!r2 = ! concepts conta9 p>ticul>s only z ! fir/ =ms ab/ract$ f p]ception1 z x 71 ! sep>at$ %ell ( ?+s2 ?us !y are1 /rictly speak+1 ab/racta2 music1 on ! o!r h&1 gives ! inmo/ k]nel :i* prec$es all =ms1 or ! he>t ( ?+s4 ,?is relation may be v well express$ 9 ! language ( ! s*oolm5 by say+ ! concepts are ! univ]salia po/ rem1 b music gives ! univ]salia ante rem1 & ! real _w ! univ]salia 9 re4 ,to ! univ]sal significance ( a melody to :i* a poem has be5 set1 x is q possible to set o!r equally arbitr>ily select$ examples ( ! univ]sal express$ 9 ?is poem correspond+ to ! significance ( ! melody 9 ! same degree4 ,?is is :y ! same composition is suitable to _m v]ses2 & ?is is also :at makes ! vaudeville possible4 ,b t 9 g5]al a relation is possible betwe5 a composition & a p]ceptible repres5tation re/s1 z we h said1 ^u ! fact t bo? are simply diff]5t expressions ( ! same inn] be+ ( ! _w4 ,:5 n[1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 su* a relation is actually giv51 t is to say1 :5 ! compos] has be5 able to express 9 ! univ]sal language ( music ! emotions ( w :i* con/itute ! he>t ( an ev5t1 !n ! melody ( ! song1 ! music ( ! op]a1 is expressive4 ,b ! analogy discov]$ by ! compos] betwe5 ! two mu/ h proce$$ f ! direct k ( ! nature ( ! _w unkn[n to 8 reason1 & mu/ n be an imitation produc$ ) consci\s int5tion by means ( conceptions1 o!rwise ! music does n express ! inn] nature ( ! w itself1 b m]ely gives an inadequate imitation ( its ph5om5on4 ,all specially imitative music does ?is2 = example1 8,! ,seasons10 by ,haydn2 also _m passages ( 8 8,creation10 9 :i* ph5om5a ( ! ext]nal _w are directly imitat$2 also all battle-pieces4 ,su* music is entirely to be reject$4 ,! unutt]able dep? ( all music by virtue ( :i* x floats ?r\gh our consci\sness z ! vision ( a p>adise firmly believ$ 9 yet ev] di/ant f u1 & by :i* also x is s fully und]/ood & yet s inexplicable1 re/s on ! fact t x re/ores to u all ! emotions ( our inmo/ nature1 b entirely )\t reality & f> remov$ f _! pa94 ,s also ! s]i\sness :i* is ess5tial to x1 :i* excludes ! absurd f its direct & peculi> prov9ce1 is to be expla9$ by ! fact t its object is n ! idea1 ) ref]5ce to :i* alone deception & absurdity are possible2 b its object is directly ! w1 & ?is is ess5tially ! mo/ s]i\s ( all ?+s1 = x is t on :i* all dep5ds4 ,h[ ri* 9 cont5t & full ( significance ! language ( music is1 we see f ! repetitions1 z well z ! ,da capo1 ! l ( :i* w\ld be unbe>able 9 works compos$ 9 a language ( words1 b 9 music are v appropriate & b5eficial1 =1 9 ord] to compreh5d x fully1 we mu/ he> x twice4 ,9 ! :ole ( ?is exposition ( music ,i h be5 try+ to br+ out cle>ly t x expresses 9 a p]fectly univ]sal language1 9 a homog5e\s mat]ial1 m]e tones1 & ) ! greate/ det]m9at5ess & tru?1 ! inn] nature1 ! 9-itself ( ! _w1 :i* we ?9k "u ! concept ( w1 because w is its mo/ di/9ct manife/ation4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to my view & cont5tion1 philosophy is no?+ b a complete & accurate repetition or expression ( ! nature ( ! _w 9 v g5]al concepts1 = only 9 su* is x possible to get a view ( t :ole nature :i* w ev]y:]e be adequate & applicable4 ,?us1 :oev] has foll[$ me & ent]$ into my mode ( ?\ght1 w n ?9k x s v p>adoxical if ,i say1 t suppos+ x 7 possible to give a p]fectly accurate1 complete explanation ( music1 ext5d+ ev5 to p>ticul>s1 t is to say1 a detail$ repetition 9 concepts ( :at x expresses1 ?is w\ld also be a suffici5t repetition & explanation ( ! _w 9 concepts1 or at lea/ entirely p>allel to su* an explanation1 & ?us x w\ld be ! true philosophy4 ,consequ5tly ! say+ ( ,leibnitz quot$ above1 :i* is q accurate f a l[] /&po9t1 may be p>odi$ 9 ! foll[+ way to suit our high] view ( music3 ,musica e/ ex]citium metaphysices occultum nesci5tis se philosoph>i animi2 = scire1 to "k1 always means to h fix$ 9 ab/ract concepts4 ,b fur!r1 on acc\nt ( ! tru? ( ! say+ ( ,leibnitz1 :i* is confirm$ 9 v>i\s ways1 music1 reg>d$ ap>t f its /hetic or inn] significance1 & look$ at m]ely ext]nally & purely empirically1 is simply ! means ( compreh5d+ directly & 9 ! concrete l>ge numb]s & complex relations ( numb]s1 :i* o!rwise we c\ld only "k indirectly by fix+ !m 9 concepts4 ,!re=e by ! union ( ^! two v diff]5t b correct views ( music we may arrive at a conception ( ! possibility ( a philosophy ( numb]1 su* z t ( ,py?agoras & ( ! ,*9ese 9 ,y-,k+1 & !n int]pret 9 ?is s5se ! say+ ( ! ,py?agoreans :i* ,sextus ,empiricus quotes 7adv4 ,ma?41 ,l4 vii473 7num]o cuncta assimilantur74 ,& if1 f9ally1 we apply ?is view to ! int]pretation ( h>mony & melody giv5 above1 we %all f9d t a m]e moral philosophy )\t an explanation ( ,nature1 su* z ,socrates want$ to introduce1 is precisely analog\s to a m]e melody )\t h>mony1 :i* ,r\sseau exclusively desir$2 &1 9 opposition to ?is m]e physics & metaphysics )\t e?ics1 w correspond to m]e h>mony )\t melody4 ,all[ me to add to ^! cursory obs]vations a few m rem>ks conc]n+ ! analogy ( music ) ! ph5om5al _w4 ,we f\nd 9 ! second book t ! highe/ grade ( ! objectification ( w1 man1 c\ld n appe> alone & isolat$1 b presuppos$ ! grades bel[ him1 z ^! aga9 presuppos$ ! grades l[] /ill4 ,9 ! same way music1 :i* directly objectifies ! w1 j z ! _w does1 is complete only 9 full h>mony4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve its full effect1 ! high lead+ voice ( ! melody requires ! accompanim5t ( all ! o!r voices1 ev5 to ! l[e/ bass1 :i* is to be reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( all4 ,! melody itself ent]s z an integral "p into ! h>mony1 z ! h>mony ent]s into x1 & only ?us1 9 ! full h>moni\s :ole1 music expresses :at x aims at express+4 ,?us also ! "o w outside ( "t f9ds its full objectification only 9 ! complete union ( all ! /eps :i* reveal its nature 9 ! innum]able asc5d+ grades ( di/9ctness4 ,! foll[+ analogy is also v rem>kable4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ book t not)/&+ ! self-adaptation ( all ! ph5om5a ( w to ea* o!r z reg>ds _! species1 :i* con/itutes _! teleological aspect1 !re yet rema9s an unceas+ conflict betwe5 ^? ph5om5a z individuals1 :i* is visible at e grade1 & makes ! _w a con/ant battle-field ( all ^? manife/ations ( "o & ! same w1 ^: inn] contradiction ) itself becomes visible ?r\gh x4 ,9 music also !re is some?+ correspond+ to ?is4 ,a complete1 pure1 h>moni\s sy/em ( tones is n only physically b ari?metically impossible4 ,! numb]s !mselves by :i* ! tones are express$ h inextricable irrationality4 ,!re is no scale 9 :i*1 :5 x is c\nt$1 e fif? w be relat$ to ! keynote z #b to #c1 e major ?ird z #d to #e1 e m9or ?ird z #e to #f1 & s on4 ,= if !y are correctly relat$ to ! keynote1 !y c no long] be s to ea* o!r2 because1 = example1 ! fif? mu/ be ! m9or ?ird to ! ?ird1 c4 ,= ! notes ( ! scale may be comp>$ to actors :o mu/ play n[ "o "p1 n[ ano!r4 ,!re=e a p]fectly accurate sy/em ( music _c ev5 be ?\ght1 f> less work$ out2 & on ?is acc\nt all possible music deviates f p]fect purity2 x c only conceal ! discords ess5tial to x by divid+ !m among all ! notes1 i4e41 by temp]am5t4 ,on ?is see ,*ladni's 8,aku/ik10 #cj1 & 8 8,kurze ,ueb]si*t d] ,s*all- und ,klanglehre407#fc7 ,i might /ill h some?+ to say ab\t ! way 9 :i* music is p]ceiv$1 namely1 9 & ?r\gh "t alone1 ) absolute exclusion ( space1 & also ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! k ( causality1 ?us )\t und]/&+2 = ! tones make ! /hetic impression z effect1 & )\t oblig+ u to g back to _! causes1 z 9 ! case ( p]ception4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to l5g!n ?is discussion1 z ,i h p]haps already gone too mu* into detail ) reg>d to "s ?+s 9 ?is ,?ird ,book1 or h dwelt too mu* on p>ticul>s4 ,b my aim made x necess>y1 & x w be ! less disapprov$ if ! importance & high wor? ( art1 :i* is seldom suffici5tly recognis$1 be kept 9 m9d4 ,= if1 accord+ to our view1 ! :ole visible _w is j ! objectification1 ! mirror1 ( ! w1 conduct+ x to k ( itself1 &1 inde$1 z we %all soon see1 to ! possibility ( its deliv]ance2 & if1 at ! same "t1 ! _w z idea1 if we reg>d x 9 isolation1 &1 free+ ourselves f all volition1 all[ x alone to take possession ( our consci\sness1 is ! mo/ joy-giv+ & ! only innoc5t side ( life2 we mu/ reg>d art z ! high] asc5t1 ! m complete developm5t ( all ?is1 = x a*ieves ess5tially j :at is a*iev$ by ! visible _w itself1 only ) great] conc5tration1 m p]fectly1 ) int5tion & intellig5ce1 & !re=e may be call$1 9 ! full significance ( ! ^w1 ! fl[] ( life4 ,if ! :ole _w z idea is only ! visibility ( w1 ! "w ( art is to r5d] ?is visibility m di/9ct4 ,x is ! cam]a obscura :i* %[s ! objects m purely1 & enables u to survey !m & compreh5d !m bett]4 ,x is ! play )9 ! play1 ! /age ^u ! /age 9 8,hamlet40 ,! pleasure we receive f all beauty1 ! consolation :i* art af=ds1 ! en?usiasm ( ! arti/1 :i* enables him to =get ! c>es ( life1--! latt] an advantage ( ! man ( g5ius ov] o!r m51 :i* alone repays him = ! suff]+ t increases 9 proportion to ! cle>ness ( consci\sness1 & = ! des]t lonel9ess among m5 ( a diff]5t race1--all ?is re/s on ! fact t ! 9-itself ( life1 ! w1 exi/5ce itself1 is1 z we %all see f>!r on1 a con/ant sorr[1 p>tly mis]able1 p>tly t]rible2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 z idea alone1 purely contemplat$1 or copi$ by art1 free f pa91 x pres5ts to u a drama full ( significance4 ,?is purely kn[able side ( ! _w1 & ! copy ( x 9 any art1 is ! elem5t ( ! arti/4 ,he is *a9$ to ! contemplation ( ! play1 ! objectification ( w2 he rema9s beside x1 does n get tir$ ( contemplat+ x & repres5t+ x 9 copies2 & mean:ile he be>s himself ! co/ ( ! production ( t play1 i4e41 he himself is ! w :i* objectifies itself1 & rema9s 9 con/ant suff]+4 ,t pure1 true1 & deep k ( ! inn] nature ( ! _w becomes n[ = him an end 9 itself3 he /ops !re4 ,!re=e x does n become to him a quiet] ( ! w1 z1 we %all see 9 ! next book1 x does 9 ! case ( ! sa9t :o has atta9$ to resignation2 x does n deliv] him = ev] f life1 b only at mom5ts1 & is !re=e n = him a pa? out ( life1 b only an occasional consolation 9 x1 till 8 p[]1 increas$ by ?is contemplation & at la/ tir$ ( ! play1 lays hold on ! real4 ,! ,/4 ,cecilia ( ,raphael may be reg>d$ z a repres5tation ( ?is transition4 ,to ! real1 !n1 we n[ turn 9 ! foll[+ book4 ,,f\r? ,,book4 ,,! ,,_w ,,z ,,w4 ,second ,aspect4 ,! ,ass]tion ,& ,d5ial ,( ,! ,w ,to ,live1 ,:5 ,self-,consci\sness ,has ,be5 ,atta9$4 ,tempore quo cognitio simul adv5it1 amor e m$io sup]surrexit4--,oupnek'hat1 ,/udio ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baf4 #ec4 ,! la/ "p ( our "w pres5ts itself z ! mo/ s]i\s1 = x relates to ! action ( m51 ! matt] :i* conc]ns e "o directly & c be =eign or indiff]5t to none4 ,x is inde$ s *>act]i/ic ( ! nature ( man to relate ev]y?+ else to action1 t 9 e sy/ematic inve/igation he w always treat ! "p t has to d ) action z ! result or outcome ( ! :ole "w1 s f>1 at lea/1 z x int]e/s him1 & w !re=e give 8 mo/ s]i\s att5tion to ?is "p1 ev5 if to no o!r4 ,9 ?is respect ! foll[+ "p ( our "w w\ld1 9 ord9>y language1 be call$ practical philosophy1 9 opposition to ! !oretical1 :i* has occupi$ u hi!rto4 ,b1 9 my op9ion1 all philosophy is !oretical1 because x is ess5tial to x t x %\ld reta9 a purely contemplative attitude1 & %\ld inve/igate1 n prescribe4 ,to become1 on ! contr>y1 practical1 to guide conduct1 to trans=m "*1 are old claims1 :i* ) full] insight x ought f9ally to give up4 ,= "h1 :]e ! wor? or wor?lessness ( an exi/5ce1 :]e salvation or damnation are 9 "q1 ! dead conceptions ( philosophy d n decide ! matt]1 b ! inmo/ nature ( man himself1 ! ,dmon t guides him & t has n *os5 him1 b be5 *os5 by him1 z ,plato w\ld say2 8 intelligible "*1 z ,kant expresses himself4 ,virtue _c be taught any m ?an g5ius2 inde$1 = x ! concept is j z unfruitful z x is 9 art1 & 9 bo? cases c only be us$ z an in/rum5t4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be j z absurd to expect t our moral sy/ems & e?ics w produce virtu\s1 noble1 & holy m51 z t our /hetics w produce poets1 pa9t]s1 & musicians4 ,philosophy c nev] d m ?an int]pret & expla9 :at is giv54 ,x c only br+ to di/9ct ab/ract k ( ! reason ! nature ( ! _w :i* 9 ! concrete1 t is1 z feel+1 expresses itself compreh5sibly to e "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x does 9 e possible ref]5ce & f e po9t ( view4 ,n[1 z ?is attempt has be5 made f o!r po9ts ( view 9 ! ?ree prec$+ books ) ! g5]ality t is prop] to philosophy1 9 ?is book ! action ( m5 w be consid]$ 9 ! same way2 & ?is side ( ! _w might1 inde$1 be consid]$ ! mo/ important ( all1 n only subjectively1 z ,i rem>k$ above1 b also objectively4 ,9 consid]+ x ,i %all fai?fully adh]e to ! me?od ,i h hi!rto foll[$1 & %all support myself by presuppos+ all t has already be5 advanc$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 j "o ?\ght :i* =ms ! cont5t ( ?is :ole "w4 ,i h endeav\r$ to "w x out 9 all o!r sph]es1 & ,i %all n[ d s ) reg>d to human action4 ,i %all !n h done all t is 9 my p[] to communicate x z fully z possible4 ,! giv5 po9t ( view1 & ! me?od ( treatm5t ann\nc$1 are !mselves suffici5t to indicate t 9 ?is e?ical book no precepts1 no doctr9e ( duty mu/ be look$ =2 /ill less w a g5]al moral pr9ciple be giv51 an univ]sal receipt1 z x 71 = ! production ( all ! virtues4 ,nei!r %all we talk ( an 8absolute ought10 = ?is conta9s a contradiction1 z is expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix2 nor yet ( a 8law ( fre$om10 :i* is 9 ! same position4 ,9 g5]al1 we %all n speak at all ( 8ought10 = ?is is h[ "o speaks to *ildr5 & to nations /ill 9 _! *ildhood1 b n to ^? :o h appropriat$ all ! culture ( a full-gr[n age4 ,x is a palpable contradiction to call ! w free1 & yet to prescribe laws = x accord+ to :i* x ought to w4 8,ought to w60--wood5 iron6 ,b x foll[s f ! po9t ( view ( our sy/em t ! w is n only free1 b almighty4 ,f x proce$s n only its action1 b also its _w2 & z ! w is1 s does its action & its _w become4 ,bo? are ! self-k ( ! w & no?+ m4 ,! w det]m9es itself1 & at ! same "t bo? its action & its _w2 = besides x !re is no?+1 & ^! are ! w itself4 ,only ?us is ! w truly autonom\s1 & f e o!r po9t ( view x is het]onom\s4 ,our philosophical endeav\rs c only ext5d to exhibit+ & expla9+ ! action ( m5 9 its inn] nature & cont5t1 ! v>i\s & ev5 opposite maxims1 ^: liv+ expression x is4 ,?is we %all d 9 connection ) ! prec$+ portion ( our "w1 & 9 precisely ! same way z we h hi!rto expla9$ ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! _w1 & h s\ght to br+ _! inmo/ nature to di/9ct ab/ract k4 ,our philosophy w ma9ta9 ! same imman5cy 9 ! case ( action1 z 9 all t we h hi!rto consid]$4 ,not)/&+ ,kant's great doctr9e1 x w n attempt to use ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on1 ! univ]sal expression ( :i* is ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 z a leap+-pole to jump ov] ! ph5om5on itself1 :i* alone gives mean+ to ^! =ms1 & l& 9 ! b\ndless sph]e ( empty fictions4 ,b ?is actual _w ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i* we are1 & :i* is 9 u1 rema9s bo? ! mat]ial & ! limits ( our consid]ation3 a _w :i* is s ri* 9 cont5t t ev5 ! mo/ se>*+ inve/igation ( :i* ! human m9d is capable c\ld n exhau/ x4 ,s9ce !n ! real _w ( exp]i5ce w nev] fail to af=d mat]ial & reality to our e?ical inve/igations1 any m ?an to ^? we h already conduct$1 no?+ w be less ne$ful ?an to take refuge 9 negative conceptions void ( cont5t1 & !n someh[ or o!r make ev5 ourselves believe t we are say+ some?+ :5 we speak ) lift$ eyebr[s ( 8absolutes10 8inf9ites10 8sup]s5sibles10 & :atev] o!r m]e negations ( ?is sort !re may be 7 1 1 --nihil e/1 nisi negationis nom51 cum obscura notione4--,jul4 or4 #e71 in/ead ( :i* x w\ld be %ort] to say at once cl\d-cuckoo-t[n 773 we %all n require to s]ve up cov]$ empty di%es ( ?is k9d4 ,f9ally1 we %all n 9 ?is book1 any m ?an 9 ^? :i* h prec$$ x1 n>rate hi/ories & give !m out z philosophy4 ,= we are ( op9ion t :oev] supposes t ! inn] nature ( ! _w c 9 any way1 h[ev] plausibly disguis$1 be hi/orically compreh5d$1 is inf9itely f> f a philosophical k ( ! _w4 ,yet ?is is :at is suppos$ :5ev] a 8becom+10 or a 8hav+ become10 or an 8ab\t to become0 ent]s into a !ory ( ! nature ( ! _w1 :5ev] an e>li] or a lat] has ! lea/ place 9 x2 & 9 ?is way a beg9n+ & an end ( ! _w1 & ! pa? x pursues betwe5 !m1 is1 ei!r op5ly or disguis$ly1 bo? s\ght = & f\nd1 & ! individual :o philosophises ev5 recognises 8 own position on t pa?4 ,su* hi/orical philosophis+ 9 mo/ cases produces a cosmogony :i* admits ( _m v>ieties1 or else a sy/em ( emanations1 a doctr9e ( successive dis5gagem5ts f "o be+2 or1 f9ally1 driv5 9 despair f fruitless ef=ts ^u ^! pa?s to ! la/ pa? ( all1 x takes refuge 9 ! conv]se doctr9e ( a con/ant becom+1 spr++ up1 aris+1 com+ to light out ( d>kness1 out ( ! hidd5 gr\nd s\rce or gr\ndlessness1 or :atev] o!r nons5se ( ?is sort !re may be1 :i* is mo/ %ortly dispos$ ( ) ! rem>k t at ! pres5t mom5t a :ole et]nity1 i4e41 an endless "t1 has already pass$1 s t ev]y?+ t c or ought to become mu/ h already done s4 ,= all su* hi/orical philosophy1 :atev] airs x may give itself1 reg>ds "t j z if ,kant _h nev] liv$1 z a quality ( ! ?+-9-itself1 & ?us /ops at t :i* ,kant calls ! ph5om5on 9 opposition to ! ?+-9-itself2 :i* ,plato calls ! becom+ & nev] be+1 9 opposition to ! be+ & nev] becom+2 & :i*1 f9ally1 is call$ 9 ! ,indian philosophy ! web ( ,mya4 ,x is j ! k :i* belongs to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ) :i* no "o c p5etrate to ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 b endlessly pursues ph5om5a1 mov+ )\t end or aim1 l a squirrel 9 its :eel1 till1 tir$ out at la/1 he /ops at "s po9t or o!r arbitr>ily *os51 & n[ desires to extort respect = x f o!rs also4 ,! g5u9e philosophical consid]ation ( ! _w1 i4e41 ! consid]ation t af=ds u a k ( its inn] nature1 & s leads u beyond ! ph5om5on1 is precisely t me?od :i* does n conc]n itself ) ! :5ce1 ! :i!r1 & ! :y ( ! _w1 b always & ev]y:]e dem&s only ! :at2 ! me?od :i* consid]s ?+s n accord+ to any relation1 n z becom+ & pass+ away1 9 %ort1 n accord+ to "o ( ! f\r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 b1 on ! contr>y1 j t :i* rema9s :5 all t belongs to ! =m ( k prop] to t pr9ciple has be5 ab/ract$1 ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 :i* always appe>s un*ang$ 9 all ! relations1 b is itself nev] subject to !m1 & has ! ,ideas ( ! _w z its object or mat]ial4 ,f su* k z ?is proce$s philosophy1 l art1 & also1 z we %all see 9 ?is book1 t disposition ( m9d :i* alone leads to true hol9ess & to deliv]ance f ! _w4 #ed4 ,! fir/ ?ree books w1 x is hop$1 h convey$ ! di/9ct & c]ta9 k t ! _w z idea is ! complete mirror ( ! w1 9 :i* x kn[s itself 9 asc5d+ grades ( di/9ctness & complet5ess1 ! highe/ ( :i* is man1 ^: nature1 h[ev]1 receives its complete expression only ?r\gh ! :ole connect$ s]ies ( 8 actions4 ,! self-consci\s connection ( ^! actions is made possible by reason1 :i* enables a man con/antly to survey ! :ole 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! w1 :i*1 consid]$ purely 9 itself1 is )\t k1 & is m]ely a bl9d incessant impulse1 z we see x appe> 9 unorganis$ & vegetable nature & _! laws1 & also 9 ! vegetative "p ( our own life1 receives ?r\gh ! addition ( ! _w z idea1 :i* is develop$ 9 subjection to x1 ! k ( its own will+ & ( :at x is t x wills4 ,& ?is is no?+ else ?an ! _w z idea1 life1 precisely z x exi/s4 ,!re=e we call$ ! ph5om5al _w ! mirror ( ! w1 its objectivity4 ,& s9ce :at ! w wills is always life1 j because life is no?+ b ! repres5tation ( t will+ = ! idea1 x is all "o & a m]e pleonism if1 in/ead ( simply say+ 8! w10 we say 8! w to live40 ,w is ! ?+-9-itself1 ! inn] cont5t1 ! ess5ce ( ! _w4 ,life1 ! visible _w1 ! ph5om5on1 is only ! mirror ( ! w4 ,!re=e life accompanies ! w z insep>ably z ! %ad[ accompanies ! body2 & if w exi/s1 s w life1 ! _w1 exi/4 ,life is1 !re=e1 assur$ to ! w to live2 & s long z we are fill$ ) ! w to live we ne$ h no fe> = our exi/5ce1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,x is true we see ! individual come into be+ & pass away2 b ! individual is only ph5om5al1 exi/s only = ! k :i* is b\nd to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 to ! pr9cipio individuationis4 ,c]ta9ly1 = ?is k9d ( k1 ! individual receives 8 life z a gift1 rises out ( no?+1 !n suff]s ! loss ( ?is gift ?r\gh dea?1 & returns aga9 to no?+4 ,b we desire to consid] life philosophically1 i4e41 accord+ to its ,ideas1 & 9 ?is sph]e we %all f9d t nei!r ! w1 ! ?+-9-itself 9 all ph5om5a1 nor ! subject ( kn[+1 t :i* p]ceives all ph5om5a1 is affect$ at all by bir? or by dea?4 ,bir? & dea? belong m]ely to ! ph5om5on ( w1 ?us to life2 & x is ess5tial to ?is to exhibit itself 9 individuals :i* come into be+ & pass away1 z fleet+ ph5om5a appe>+ 9 ! =m ( "t--ph5om5a ( t :i* 9 itself kn[s no "t1 b mu/ exhibit itself precisely 9 ! way we h said1 9 ord] to objectify its peculi> nature4 ,bir? & dea? belong 9 l mann] to life1 & hold ! balance z reciprocal conditions ( ea* o!r1 or1 if "o likes ! expression1 z poles ( ! :ole ph5om5on ( life4 ,! wise/ ( all my?ologies1 ! ,indian1 expresses ?is by giv+ to ! v god t symbolises de/ruction1 dea? 7z ,brahma1 ! mo/ s9ful & ! l[e/ god ( ! ,trimurti1 symbolises g5]ation1 com+ into be+1 & ,vi%nu ma9ta9+ or pres]v+71 by giv+1 ,i say1 to ,siva z an attribute n only ! necklace ( skulls1 b also ! l+am1 ! symbol ( g5]ation1 :i* appe>s "h z ! c\nt]p>t ( dea?1 ?us signify+ t g5]ation & dea? are ess5tially correlatives1 :i* reciprocally neutralise & annul ea* o!r4 ,x 0 precisely ! same s5tim5t t l$ ! ,greeks & ,romans to adorn _! co/ly s>cophagi1 j z we see !m n[1 ) fea/s1 dances1 m>riages1 ! *ase1 fights ( wild bea/s1 bac*analians1 c42 ?us ) repres5tations ( ! full ard\r ( life1 :i* !y place be=e u n only 9 su* revels & sports1 b also 9 s5sual gr\ps1 & ev5 g s f> z to repres5t ! sexual int]c\rse ( satyrs & goats4 ,cle>ly ! aim 0 to po9t 9 ! mo/ impressive mann] away f ! dea? ( ! m\rn$ individual to ! immortal life ( nature1 & ?us to indicate1 ?\gh )\t ab/ract k1 t ! :ole ( nature is ! ph5om5on & also ! fulfilm5t ( ! w to live4 ,! =m ( ?is ph5om5on is "t1 space1 & causality1 & by means ( ^! individuation1 :i* c>ries ) x t ! individual mu/ come into be+ & pass away4 ,b ?is no m affects ! w to live1 ( ^: manife/ation ! individual is1 z x 71 only a p>ticul> example or specim51 ?an ! dea? ( an individual injures ! :ole ( nature4 ,= x is n ! individual1 b only ! species t ,nature c>es =1 & = ! pres]vation ( :i* %e s e>ne/ly /rives1 provid+ = x ) ! utmo/ prodigality ?r\gh ! va/ surplus ( ! se$ & ! great /r5g? ( ! fructify+ impulse4 ,! individual1 on ! contr>y1 nei!r has nor c h any value = ,nature1 = h] k+dom is inf9ite "t & inf9ite space1 & 9 ^! inf9ite multiplicity ( possible individuals4 ,!re=e %e is always ready to let ! individual fall1 & h5ce x is n only expos$ to de/ruction 9 a ?\s& ways by ! mo/ insignificant accid5t1 b orig9ally de/9$ = x1 & conduct$ t[>ds x by ,nature h]self f ! mom5t x has s]v$ its end ( ma9ta9+ ! species4 ,?us ,nature navely expresses ! great tru? t only ! ,ideas1 n ! individuals1 h1 prop]ly speak+1 reality1 i4e41 are complete objectivity ( ! w4 ,n[1 s9ce man is ,nature itself1 & inde$ ,nature at ! highe/ grade ( its self-consci\sness1 b ,nature is only ! objectifi$ w to live1 ! man :o has compreh5d$ & reta9$ ?is po9t ( view may well console himself1 :5 contemplat+ 8 own dea? & t ( 8 fri5ds1 by turn+ 8 eyes to ! immortal life ( ,nature1 :i* he himself is4 ,?is is ! significance ( ,siva ) ! l+am1 & ( ^? anci5t s>cophagi ) _! pictures ( gl[+ life1 :i* say to ! m\rn+ behold]1 ,natura non contri/atur4 ,t g5]ation & dea? are to be reg>d$ z some?+ belong+ to life1 & ess5tial to ?is ph5om5on ( ! w1 arises also f ! fact t !y bo? exhibit !mselves m]ely z high] p[]s ( ! expression ( t 9 :i* all ! re/ ( life consi/s4 ,?is is ?r\gh & ?r\gh no?+ else ?an ! con/ant *ange ( matt] 9 ! fix$ p]man5ce ( =m2 & ?is is :at con/itutes ! transitor9ess ( ! individual & ! p]man5ce ( ! species4 ,con/ant n\ri%m5t & r5ewal diff] f g5]ation only 9 degree1 & con/ant excretion diff]s only 9 degree f dea?4 ,! fir/ %[s itself mo/ simply & di/9ctly 9 ! plant4 ,! plant is ?r\gh\t a con/ant recurr5ce ( ! same impulse ( its simple/ fibre1 :i* gr\ps itself into leaf & bran*4 ,x is a sy/ematic aggregate ( simil> plants support+ ea* o!r1 ^: con/ant reproduction is its s+le impulse4 ,x asc5ds to ! full satisfaction ( ?is t5d5cy ?r\gh ! grades ( its metamorphosis1 f9ally to ! blossom & fruit1 t comp5dium ( its exi/5ce & ef=t 9 :i* x n[ atta9s1 by a %ort way1 to t :i* is its s+le aim1 & at a /roke produces a ?\s&-fold :at1 up till !n1 x effect$ only 9 ! p>ticul> case--! repetition ( itself4 ,its e>li] gr[? & developm5t /&s 9 ! same relation to its fruit z writ+ /&s to pr9t+4 ,) ! animal x is cle>ly q ! same4 ,! process ( n\ri%+ is a con/ant reproduction2 ! process ( reproduction is a high] p[] ( n\ri%+4 ,! pleasure :i* accompanies ! act ( procreation is a high] p[] ( ! agreeabl5ess ( ! s5se ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 excretion1 ! con/ant exhalation & ?r[+ (f ( matt]1 is ! same z t :i*1 at a high] p[]1 dea?1 is ! contr>y ( g5]ation4 ,& if "h we are always cont5t to reta9 ! =m )\t lam5t+ ! disc>d$ matt]1 we ought to be> ourselves 9 ! same way if 9 dea? ! same ?+ happ5s1 9 a high] degree & to ! :ole1 z takes place daily & h\rly 9 a p>tial mann] 9 excretion3 if we are indiff]5t to ! "o1 we ought n to %r9k f ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 x appe>s j z p]v]se to desire ! cont9uance ( an individuality :i* w be replac$ by o!r individuals z to desire ! p]man5ce ( matt] :i* w be replac$ by o!r matt]4 ,x appe>s j z fooli% to embalm ! body z x w\ld be c>efully to pres]ve its excrem5t4 ,z to ! individual consci\sness :i* is b\nd to ! individual body1 x is absolutely int]rupt$ e day by sleep4 ,deep sleep is1 :ile x la/s1 9 no way diff]5t f dea?1 into :i*1 9 fact1 x (t5 passes cont9u\sly1 z 9 ! case ( freez+ to dea?4 ,x diff]s only ) reg>d to ! future1 ! awak+4 ,dea? is a sleep 9 :i* individuality is =gott52 ev]y?+ else wakes aga91 or r nev] slept47#fd7 ,above all ?+s1 we mu/ di/9ctly recognise t ! =m ( ! ph5om5on ( w1 ! =m ( life or reality1 is really only ! pres5t1 n ! future nor ! pa/4 ,! latt] are only 9 ! conception1 exi/ only 9 ! connection ( k1 s f> z x foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,no man has ev] liv$ 9 ! pa/1 & none w live 9 ! future2 ! pres5t alone is ! =m ( all life1 & is its sure possession :i* c nev] be tak5 f x4 ,! pres5t always exi/s1 toge!r ) its cont5t4 ,bo? rema9 fix$ )\t wav]+1 l ! ra9b[ on ! wat]fall4 ,= life is firm & c]ta9 9 ! w1 & ! pres5t is firm & c]ta9 9 life4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we reflect on ! ?\s&s ( ye>s t are pa/1 ( ! millions ( m5 :o liv$ 9 !m1 we ask1 ,:at 7 !y8 :at has become ( !m8 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 we ne$ only recall our own pa/ life & r5ew its sc5es vividly 9 our imag9ation1 & !n ask aga91 ,:at 0 all ?is8 :at has become ( x8 ,z x is ) x1 s is x ) ! life ( ^? millions4 ,or %\ld we suppose t ! pa/ c\ld receive a new exi/5ce because x has be5 seal$ by dea?8 ,our own pa/1 ! mo/ rec5t "p ( x1 & ev5 ye/]day1 is n[ no m ?an an empty dream ( ! fancy1 & su* is ! pa/ ( all ^? millions4 ,:at 08 ,:at is8 ,! w1 ( :i* life is ! mirror1 & k free f w1 :i* beholds x cle>ly 9 t mirror4 ,:oev] has n yet recognis$ ?is1 or w n recognise x1 mu/ add to ! "q ask$ above z to ! fate ( pa/ g5]ations ( m5 ?is "q also3 ,:y he1 ! que/ion]1 is s =tunate z to be consci\s ( ?is co/ly1 fleet+1 & only real pres5t1 :ile ^? hundr$s ( g5]ations ( m51 ev5 ! h]oes & philosoph]s ( ^? ages1 h sunk into ! night ( ! pa/1 & h ?us become no?+2 b he1 8 insignificant ego1 actually exi/s8 or m %ortly1 ?\gh some:at /rangely3 ,:y ?is n[1 8 n[1 is j n[ & 0 n long ago8 ,s9ce he asks su* /range que/ions1 he reg>ds 8 exi/5ce & 8 "t z indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 & ! =m] z project$ into ! latt]4 ,he assumes inde$ two n[s--"o :i* belongs to ! object1 ! o!r :i* belongs to ! subject1 & m>vels at ! happy accid5t ( _! co9cid5ce4 ,b 9 tru?1 only ! po9t ( contact ( ! object1 ! =m ( :i* is "t1 ) ! subject1 :i* has no mode ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z its =m1 con/itutes ! pres5t1 z is %[n 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[ all object is ! w s f> z x has become idea1 & ! subject is ! necess>y correlative ( ! object4 ,b real objects are only 9 ! pres5t2 ! pa/ & ! future conta9 only conceptions & fancies1 !re=e ! pres5t is ! ess5tial =m ( ! ph5om5on ( ! w1 & insep>able f x4 ,! pres5t alone is t :i* always exi/s & rema9s immovable4 ,t :i*1 empirically appreh5d$1 is ! mo/ transitory ( all1 pres5ts itself to ! metaphysical vision1 :i* sees beyond ! =ms ( empirical p]ception1 z t :i* alone endures1 ! nunc /ans ( ! s*oolm54 ,! s\rce & ! support] ( its cont5t is ! w to live or ! ?+-9-itself1--:i* we are4 ,t :i* con/antly becomes & passes away1 9 t x has ei!r already be5 or is /ill to be1 belongs to ! ph5om5on z su* on acc\nt ( its =ms1 :i* make com+ into be+ & pass+ away possible4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ ?9k3--,quid fuit8--,quod e/4 ,quid erit8--,quod fuit2 & take x 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! words2 ?us und]/& n simile b idem4 ,= life is c]ta9 to ! w1 & ! pres5t is c]ta9 to life4 ,?us x is t e "o c say1 8,i am once = all "l ( ! pres5t1 & ?r\gh all et]nity x w accompany me z my %ad[3 !re=e ,i d n wond] :]e x has come f1 & h[ x happ5s t x is exactly n[40 ,we might comp>e "t to a con/antly revolv+ sph]e2 ! half t 0 always s9k+ w\ld be ! pa/1 t :i* 0 always ris+ w\ld be ! future2 b ! indivisible po9t at ! top1 :]e ! tang5t t\*es1 w\ld be ! ext5sionless pres5t4 ,z ! tang5t does n revolve ) ! sph]e1 nei!r does ! pres5t1 ! po9t ( contact ( ! object1 ! =m ( :i* is "t1 ) ! subject1 :i* has no =m1 because x does n belong to ! kn[able1 b is ! condition ( all t is kn[able4 ,or1 "t is l an unceas+ /ream1 & ! pres5t a rock on :i* ! /ream breaks itself1 b does n c>ry away ) x4 ,! w1 z ?+-9-itself1 is j z little subord9ate to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z ! subject ( k1 :i*1 f9ally1 9 a c]ta9 reg>d is ! w itself or its expression4 ,& z life1 its own ph5om5on1 is assur$ to ! w1 s is ! pres5t1 ! s+le =m ( real life4 ,!re=e we h n to inve/igate ! pa/ be=e life1 nor ! future aft] dea?3 we h r to "k ! pres5t1 ! "o =m 9 :i* ! w manife/s itself47#fe7 ,x w n escape f ! w1 b nei!r w ! w escape f x4 ,if1 !re=e1 life z x is satisfies1 :oev] affirms x 9 e way may reg>d x ) confid5ce z endless1 & bani% ! fe> ( dea? z an illusion t inspires him ) ! fooli% dread t he c ev] be robb$ ( ! pres5t1 & =e%ad[s a "t 9 :i* !re is no pres5t2 an illusion ) reg>d to "t analog\s to ! illusion ) reg>d to space ?r\gh :i* e "o imag9es ! position on ! globe he happ5s to occupy z above1 & all o!r places z bel[4 ,9 ! same way e "o l9ks ! pres5t to 8 own individuality1 & imag9es t all pres5t is ext+ui%$ ) x2 t !n pa/ & future might be )\t a pres5t4 ,b z on ! surface ( ! globe e place is above1 s ! =m ( all life is ! pres5t1 & to fe> dea? because x robs u ( ! pres5t1 is j z fooli% z to fe> t we may slip d[n f ! r\nd globe ^u :i* we h n[ ! good =tune to occupy ! upp] surface4 ,! pres5t is ! =m ess5tial to ! objectification ( ! w4 ,x cuts "t1 :i* ext5ds inf9itely 9 bo? directions1 z a ma!matical po9t1 & /&s immovably fix$1 l an ev]la/+ mid-day ) no cool ev5+1 z ! actual sun burns )\t int]mission1 :ile x only seems to s9k into ! bosom ( night4 ,!re=e1 if a man fe>s dea? z 8 annihilation1 x is j z if he 7 to ?9k t ! sun cries out at ev5+1 8,woe is me6 = ,i g d[n into et]nal night407#ff7 ,& conv]sely1 :oev] is oppress$ ) ! burd5 ( life1 :oev] desires life & affirms x1 b abhors its torm5ts1 & especially c no long] endure ! h>d lot t has fall5 to himself1 su* a man has no deliv]ance to hope = f dea?1 & _c "r himself by suicide4 ,! cool %ades ( ,orcus allure him only ) ! false appe>ance ( a hav5 ( re/4 ,! e>? rolls f day into night1 ! individual dies1 b ! sun itself %9es )\t int]mission1 an et]nal noon4 ,life is assur$ to ! w to live2 ! =m ( life is an endless pres5t1 no matt] h[ ! individuals1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,idea1 arise & pass away 9 "t1 l fleet+ dreams4 ,?us ev5 already suicide appe>s to u z a va9 & !re=e a fooli% action2 :5 we h c>ri$ our inve/igation fur!r x w appe> to u 9 a /ill less fav\rable light4 ,dogmas *ange & our k is deceptive2 b ,nature nev] errs1 h] proc$ure is sure1 & %e nev] conceals x4 ,ev]y?+ is entirely 9 ,nature1 & ,nature is entire 9 ev]y?+4 ,%e has h] c5tre 9 e brute4 ,x has surely f\nd its way into exi/5ce1 & x w surely f9d its way out ( x4 ,9 ! meantime x lives1 fe>less & )\t c>e1 9 ! pres5ce ( annihilation1 support$ by ! consci\sness t x is ,nature h]self1 & imp]i%able z %e is4 ,man alone c>ries ab\t ) him1 9 ab/ract conceptions1 ! c]ta9ty ( 8 dea?2 yet ?is c only tr\ble him v r>ely1 :5 = a s+le mom5t "s occasion calls x up to 8 imag9ation4 ,aga9/ ! mighty voice ( ,nature reflection c d little4 ,9 man1 z 9 ! brute :i* does n ?9k1 ! c]ta9ty t spr+s f 8 inmo/ consci\sness t he himself is ,nature1 ! _w1 pr$om9ates z a la/+ frame ( m9d2 & on acc\nt ( ?is no man is obs]vably di/urb$ by ! ?\ght ( c]ta9 & nev]-di/ant dea?1 b lives z if he w\ld live = ev]4 ,inde$ ?is is c>ri$ s f> t we may say t no "o has really a lively conviction ( ! c]ta9ty ( 8 dea?1 o!rwise !re w\ld be no great diff]5ce betwe5 8 frame ( m9d & t ( a condemn$ crim9al4 ,e "o recognises t c]ta9ty 9 ! ab/ract & !oretically1 b lays x aside l o!r !oretical tru?s :i* are n applicable to practice1 )\t really receiv+ x into 8 liv+ consci\sness4 ,:oev] c>efully consid]s ?is peculi>ity ( human "* w see t ! psy*ological explanations ( x1 f habit & acquiesc5ce 9 ! inevitable1 are by no means suffici5t1 & t its true explanation lies 9 ! deep] gr\nd we h giv54 ,! same fact expla9s ! circum/ance t at all times & among all peoples dogmas ( "s k9d or o!r relat+ to ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! individual aft] dea? arise1 & are believ$ 91 al?\gh ! evid5ce 9 support ( !m mu/ always be v insuffici5t1 & ! evid5ce aga9/ !m =cible & v>i$4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ?is really requires no pro(1 b is recognis$ by ! heal?y und]/&+ z a fact1 & confirm$ by ! confid5ce t ,nature nev] lies any m ?an %e errs1 b op5ly exhibits & navely expresses h] action & h] nature1 :ile only we ourselves obscure x by our folly1 9 ord] to e/abli% :at is agreeable to our limit$ po9t ( view4 ,b ?is t we h br\ght to cle>e/ consci\sness1 t al?\gh ! p>ticul> ph5om5on ( ! w has a temporal beg9n+ & end1 ! w itself z ?+-9-itself is n affect$ by x1 nor yet ! correlative ( all object1 ! kn[+ b nev] kn[n subject1 & t life is always assur$ to ! w to live--?is is n to be numb]$ ) ! doctr9es ( immortality4 ,= p]man5ce has no m to d ) ! w or ) ! pure subject ( kn[+1 ! et]nal eye ( ! _w1 ?an transitor9ess1 = bo? are pr$icates t are only valid 9 "t1 & ! w & ! pure subject ( kn[+ lie outside "t4 ,!re=e ! egoism ( ! individual 7?is p>ticul> ph5om5on ( w enlight5$ by ! subject ( kn[+7 c extract z little n\ri%m5t & consolation = 8 wi% to endure ?r\gh endless "t f ! view we h express$1 z he c\ld f ! k t aft] 8 dea? ! re/ ( ! et]nal _w w\ld cont9ue to exi/1 :i* is j ! expression ( ! same view consid]$ objectively1 & !re=e temporally4 ,= e individual is transitory only z ph5om5on1 b z ?+-9-itself is timeless1 & !re=e endless4 ,b x is also only z ph5om5on t an individual is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ?+s ( ! _w2 z ?+-9-itself he is ! w :i* appe>s 9 all1 & dea? de/roys ! illusion :i* sep>ates 8 consci\sness f t ( ! re/3 ?is is immortality4 ,8 exemption f dea?1 :i* belongs to him only z ?+-9-itself1 is = ! ph5om5on "o ) ! immortality ( ! re/ ( ! ext]nal _w47#fg7 ,h5ce also1 x arises t al?\gh ! inw>d & m]ely felt consci\sness ( t :i* we h rais$ to di/9ct k is inde$1 z we h said1 suffici5t to prev5t ! ?\ght ( dea? f poison+ ! life ( ! rational be+1 because ?is consci\sness is ! basis ( t love ( life :i* ma9ta9s ev]y?+ liv+1 & enables x to live on at ease z if !re 7 no su* ?+ z dea?1 s long z x is face to face ) life1 & turns its att5tion to x1 yet x w n prev5t ! individual f be+ seiz$ ) ! fe> ( dea?1 & try+ 9 e way to escape f x1 :5 x pres5ts itself to him 9 "s p>ticul> real case1 or ev5 only 9 8 imag9ation1 & he is compell$ to contemplate x4 ,= j z1 s long z 8 k 0 direct$ to life z su*1 he 0 oblig$ to recognise immortality 9 x1 s :5 dea? is br\ght be=e 8 eyes1 he is oblig$ to recognise x z t :i* x is1 ! temporal end ( ! p>ticul> temporal ph5om5on4 ,:at we fe> 9 dea? is by no means ! pa91 = x lies cle>ly on ?is side ( dea?1 &1 moreov]1 we (t5 take refuge 9 dea? f pa91 j z1 on ! contr>y1 we sometimes endure ! mo/ fe>ful suff]+ m]ely to escape dea? = a :ile1 al?\gh x w\ld be quick & easy4 ,?us we di/+ui% pa9 & dea? z two entirely diff]5t evils4 ,:at we fe> 9 dea? is ! end ( ! individual1 :i* x op5ly pr(esses itself to be1 & s9ce ! individual is a p>ticul> objectification ( ! w to live itself1 its :ole nature /ruggles aga9/ dea?4 ,n[ :5 feel+ ?us exposes u helpless1 reason c yet /ep 9 & = ! mo/ "p ov]come its adv]se influ5ce1 = x places u ^u a high] /&po9t1 f :i* we no long] contemplate ! p>ticul> b ! :ole4 ,!re=e a philosophical k ( ! nature ( ! _w1 :i* ext5d$ to ! po9t we h n[ rea*$ 9 ?is "w b w5t no f>!r1 c\ld ev5 at ?is po9t ( view ov]come ! t]ror ( dea? 9 ! measure 9 :i* reflection _h p[] ov] direct feel+ 9 ! giv5 individual4 ,a man :o _h ?or\ghly assimilat$ ! tru?s we h already advanc$1 b _h n come to "k1 ei!r f 8 own exp]i5ce or f a deep] insight1 t con/ant suff]+ is ess5tial to life1 :o f\nd satisfaction & all t he wi%$ 9 life1 & c\ld calmly & delib]ately desire t 8 life1 z he _h hi!rto kn[n x1 %\ld endure = ev] or repeat itself ev] anew1 & ^: love ( life 0 s great t he will+ly & gladly accept$ all ! h>d%ips & mis]ies to :i* x is expos$ = ! sake ( its pleasures1--su* a man w\ld /& 8) firm-knit bones on ! well-r\nd$1 endur+ e>?10 & w\ld h no?+ to fe>4 ,arm$ ) ! k we h giv5 him1 he w\ld await ) indiff]5ce ! dea? t ha/5s t[>ds him on ! w+s ( "t4 ,he w\ld reg>d x z a false illusion1 an impot5t spectre1 :i* fright5s ! weak b has no p[] ov] him :o kn[s t he is himself ! w ( :i* ! :ole _w is ! objectification or copy1 & t !re=e he is always c]ta9 ( life1 & also ( ! pres5t1 ! peculi> & only =m ( ! ph5om5on ( ! w4 ,he c\ld n be t]rifi$ by an endless pa/ or future 9 :i* he w\ld n be1 = ?is he w\ld reg>d z ! empty delusion ( ! web ( ,mya4 ,?us he w\ld no m fe> dea? ?an ! sun fe>s ! night4 ,9 ! 8,bhagavad-,gita0 ,kri%na ?us raises ! m9d ( 8 "y pupil ,arjuna1 :51 seiz$ ) compunction at ! sight ( ! array$ ho/s 7some:at z ,x]xes 071 he loses he>t & desires to give up ! battle 9 ord] to av]t ! dea? ( s _m ?\s&s4 ,kri%na leads him to ?is po9t ( view1 & ! dea? ( ^? ?\s&s c no long] re/ra9 him2 he gives ! sign = battle4 ,?is po9t ( view is also express$ by ,goe!'s ,prome!us1 especially :5 he says-- 8,"h sit ,i1 =m mank9d ,9 my own image1 ,a race l to myself1 ,to suff] & to weep1 ,rejoice1 enjoy1 ,& he$ !e n1 ,z ,i40 ,! philosophy ( ,bruno & t ( ,sp9oza might also lead any "o to ?is po9t ( view ^: conviction 0 n %ak5 & weak5$ by _! errors & imp]fections4 ,t ( ,bruno has prop]ly no e?ical !ory at all1 & ! !ory conta9$ 9 ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza does n really proce$ f ! inn] nature ( 8 doctr9e1 b is m]ely tack$ on to x by means ( weak & palpable sophisms1 ?\gh 9 itself x is praisewor?y & beautiful4 ,f9ally1 !re are _m m5 :o w\ld occupy ?is po9t ( view if _! k kept pace ) _! w1 i4e41 if1 free f all illusion1 !y 7 9 a position to become cle>ly & di/9ctly !mselves4 ,= ?is is1 = k1 ! po9t ( view ( ! complete ass]tion ( ! w to live4 ,t ! w ass]ts itself means1 t :ile 9 its objectivity1 i4e41 9 ! _w & life1 its own nature is completely & di/9ctly giv5 x z idea1 ?is k does n by any means *eck its volition2 b ?is v life1 s kn[n1 is will$ z su* by ! w ) k1 consci\sly & delib]ately1 j z up to ?is po9t x will$ x z bl9d ef=t )\t k4 ,! opposite ( ?is1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 %[s itself if1 :5 t k is atta9$1 volition ends1 because ! p>ticul> kn[n ph5om5a no long] act z motives = will+1 b ! :ole k ( ! nature ( ! _w1 ! mirror ( ! w1 :i* has gr[n up ?r\gh ! compreh5sion ( ! ,ideas1 becomes a quiet] ( ! w2 & ?us free1 ! w suppresses itself4 ,^! q unfamili> conceptions are difficult to und]/& :5 express$ 9 ?is g5]al way1 b x is hop$ !y w become cle> ?r\gh ! exposition we %all give pres5tly1 ) special ref]5ce to action1 ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 ! ass]tion 9 its diff]5t grades1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! d5ial1 expresses itself4 ,= bo? proce$ f k1 yet n f ab/ract k1 :i* is express$ 9 words1 b f liv+ k1 :i* is express$ 9 action & behavi\r alone1 & is indep5d5t ( ! dogmas :i* at ! same "t occupy ! reason z ab/ract k4 ,to exhibit !m bo?1 & br+ !m to di/9ct k ( ! reason1 c alone be my aim1 & n to prescribe or recomm5d ! "o or ! o!r1 :i* w\ld be z fooli% z x w\ld be useless2 = ! w 9 itself is absolutely free & entirely self-det]m9+1 & = x !re is no law4 ,b be=e we g on to ! exposition ref]r$ to1 we mu/ fir/ expla9 & m exactly def9e ?is fre$om & its relation to necessity4 ,& also1 ) reg>d to ! life1 ! ass]tion & d5ial ( :i* is our problem1 we mu/ ins]t a few g5]al rem>ks connect$ ) ! w & its objects4 ,?r\gh all ?is we %all facilitate ! appreh5sion ( ! inmo/ nature ( ! k we are aim+ at1 ( ! e?ical significance ( me?ods ( action4 ,s9ce1 z has be5 said1 ?is :ole "w is only ! unfold+ ( a s+le ?\ght1 x foll[s t all its p>ts h ! mo/ intimate connection ) ea* o!r4 ,n m]ely t ea* "p /&s 9 a necess>y relation to :at imm$iately prec$es x1 & only presupposes a recollection ( t by ! read]1 z is ! case ) all philosophies :i* consi/ m]ely ( a s]ies ( inf]5ces1 b t e "p ( ! :ole "w is relat$ to e o!r "p & presupposes x4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y t ! read] %\ld rememb] n only :at has j be5 said1 b all ! e>li] p>ts ( ! "w1 s t he may be able to connect !m ) :at he is read+1 h[ev] mu* may h int]v5$4 ,plato also makes ?is dem& ^u 8 read]s ?r\gh ! intricate digressions ( 8 dialogues1 9 :i* he only returns to ! lead+ ?\ght aft] long episodes1 :i* illu/rate & expla9 x4 ,9 our case ?is dem& is necess>y2 = ! break+ up ( our "o s+le ?\ght into its _m aspects is inde$ ! only means ( imp>t+ x1 ?\gh n ess5tial to ! ?\ght itself1 b m]ely an artificial =m4 ,! division ( f\r pr9cipal po9ts ( view into f\r books1 & ! mo/ c>eful br++ toge!r ( all t is relat$ & homog5e\s1 assi/s ! exposition & its compreh5sion2 yet ! mat]ial absolutely does n admit ( an advance 9 a /raight l9e1 su* z ! progress ( hi/ory1 b necessitates a m complicat$ exposition4 ,?is aga9 makes a repeat$ /udy ( ! book necess>y1 = ?us alone does ! connection ( all ! p>ts ) ea* o!r become di/9ct1 & only !n d !y all mutually ?r[ light ^u ea* o!r & become q cle>47#fh7 #ee4 ,t ! w z su* is free1 foll[s f ! fact t1 accord+ to our view1 x is ! ?+-9-itself1 ! cont5t ( all ph5om5a4 ,! ph5om5a1 on ! o!r h&1 we recognise z absolutely subord9ate to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its f\r =ms4 ,& s9ce we "k t necessity is ?r\gh\t id5tical ) foll[+ f giv5 gr\nds1 & t ^! are conv]tible conceptions1 all t belongs to ! ph5om5on1 i4e41 all t is object = ! kn[+ subject z individual1 is 9 "o aspect reason1 & 9 ano!r aspect consequ5t2 & 9 ?is la/ capacity is det]m9$ ) absolute necessity1 & c1 !re=e1 9 no respect be o!r ?an x is4 ,! :ole cont5t ( ,nature1 ! collective sum ( its ph5om5a1 is ?us ?r\gh\t necess>y1 & ! necessity ( e "p1 ( e ph5om5on1 ( e ev5t1 c always be prov$1 because x mu/ be possible to f9d ! reason f :i* x foll[s z a consequ5t4 ,?is admits ( no exception3 x foll[s f ! unre/rict$ validity ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,9 ano!r aspect1 h[ev]1 ! same _w is = u1 9 all its ph5om5a1 objectivity ( w4 ,& ! w1 s9ce x is n ph5om5on1 is n idea or object1 b ?+-9-itself1 & is n subord9ate to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! =m ( all object2 ?us is n det]m9$ z a consequ5t ?r\gh any reason1 kn[s no necessity1 i4e41 is free4 ,! concept ( fre$om is ?us prop]ly a negative concept1 = its cont5t is m]ely ! d5ial ( necessity1 i4e41 ! relation ( consequ5t to its reason1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[ "h lies be=e u 9 its mo/ di/9ct =m ! solution ( t great contradiction1 ! union ( fre$om ) necessity1 :i* has s (t5 be5 discuss$ 9 rec5t times1 yet1 s f> z ,i "k1 nev] cle>ly & adequately4 ,ev]y?+ is z ph5om5on1 z object1 absolutely necess>y3 9 itself x is w1 :i* is p]fectly free to all et]nity4 ,! ph5om5on1 ! object1 is necess>ily & unalt]ably det]m9$ 9 t *a9 ( causes & effects :i* admits ( no int]ruption4 ,b ! exi/5ce 9 g5]al ( ?is object1 & its specific nature1 i4e41 ! ,idea :i* reveals itself 9 x1 or1 9 o!r words1 its "*1 is a direct manife/ation ( w4 ,?us1 9 con=mity ) ! fre$om ( ?is w1 ! object might n be at all1 or x might be orig9ally & ess5tially some?+ q diff]5t f :at x is1 9 :i* case1 h[ev]1 ! :ole *a9 ( :i* x is a l9k1 & :i* is itself a manife/ation ( ! same w1 w\ld be q diff]5t also4 ,b once !re & exi/+1 x has ent]$ ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 is always necess>ily det]m9$ 9 x1 & c1 !re=e1 nei!r become some?+ else1 i4e41 *ange itself1 nor yet escape f ! *a91 i4e41 vani%4 ,man1 l e o!r "p ( ,nature1 is objectivity ( ! w2 !re=e all t has be5 said holds good ( him4 ,z ev]y?+ 9 ,nature has its =ces & qualities1 :i* react 9 a def9ite way :5 def9itely affect$1 & con/itute its "*1 man also has 8 "*1 f :i* ! motives call =? 8 actions ) necessity4 ,9 ?is mann] ( conduct 8 empirical "* reveals itself1 b 9 ?is aga9 8 intelligible "*1 ! w 9 itself1 ^: det]m9$ ph5om5on he is4 ,b man is ! mo/ complete ph5om5on ( w1 &1 z we expla9$ 9 ! ,second ,book1 he _h to be enlight5$ ) s high a degree ( k 9 ord] to ma9ta9 himself 9 exi/5ce1 t 9 x a p]fectly adequate copy or repetition ( ! nature ( ! _w "u ! =m ( ! idea became possible3 ?is is ! compreh5sion ( ! ,ideas1 ! pure mirror ( ! _w1 z we le>nt 9 ! ,?ird ,book4 ,?us 9 man ! w c atta9 to full self-consci\sness1 to di/9ct & exhau/ive k ( its own nature1 z x mirrors itself 9 ! :ole _w4 ,we saw 9 ! prec$+ book t art spr+s f ! actual pres5ce ( ?is degree ( k2 & at ! end ( our :ole "w x w fur!r appe> t1 ?r\gh ! same k1 9 t ! w relates x to itself1 a suppression & self-d5ial ( ! w 9 its mo/ p]fect manife/ation is possible4 ,s t ! fre$om :i* o!rwise1 z belong+ to ! ?+-9-itself1 c nev] %[ itself 9 ! ph5om5on1 9 su* a case does also appe> 9 x1 &1 by aboli%+ ! nature :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! ph5om5on1 :ile ! latt] itself /ill cont9ues to exi/ 9 "t1 x br+s ab\t a contradiction ( ! ph5om5on ) itself1 & 9 ?is way exhibits ! ph5om5a ( hol9ess & self-r5unciation4 ,b all ?is c only be fully und]/ood at ! end ( ?is book4 ,:at has j be5 said m]ely af=ds a prelim9>y & g5]al indication ( h[ man is di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r ph5om5a ( w by ! fact t fre$om1 i4e41 indep5d5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 :i* only belongs to ! w z ?+-9-itself1 & contradicts ! ph5om5on1 may yet possibly1 9 8 case1 appe> 9 ! ph5om5on also1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x necess>ily exhibits itself z a contradiction ( ! ph5om5on ) itself4 ,9 ?is s5se1 n only ! w 9 itself1 b man also may c]ta9ly be call$ free1 & ?us di/+ui%$ f all o!r be+s4 ,b h[ ?is is to be und]/ood c only become cle> ?r\gh all t is to foll[1 & = ! pres5t we mu/ turn away f x altoge!r4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ bew>e ( ! error t ! action ( ! individual def9ite man is subject to no necessity1 i4e41 t ! p[] ( ! motive is less c]ta9 ?an ! p[] ( ! cause1 or ! foll[+ ( ! conclusion f ! premises4 ,! fre$om ( ! w z ?+-9-itself1 if1 z has be5 said1 we ab/ract f ! entirely exceptional case m5tion$ above1 by no means ext5ds directly to its ph5om5on1 n ev5 9 ! case 9 :i* ?is rea*es ! highe/ made ( its visibility1 & ?us does n ext5d to ! rational animal end[$ ) individual "*1 i4e41 ! p]son4 ,! p]son is nev] free al?\gh he is ! ph5om5on ( a free w2 = he is already ! det]m9$ ph5om5on ( ! free volition ( ?is w1 &1 because he ent]s ! =m ( e object1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 he develops inde$ ! unity ( t w 9 a multiplicity ( actions1 b on acc\nt ( ! timeless unity ( t volition 9 itself1 ?is multiplicity exhibits 9 itself ! regul> con=mity to law ( a =ce ( ,nature4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x is t free volition t becomes visible 9 ! p]son & ! :ole ( 8 conduct1 relat+ itself to him z ! concept to ! def9ition1 e individual action ( ! p]son is to be ascrib$ to ! free w1 & directly proclaims itself z su* 9 consci\sness4 ,!re=e1 z 0 said 9 ! ,second ,book1 e "o reg>ds himself a priori 7i4e41 "h 9 ?is orig9al feel+7 z free 9 8 individual actions1 9 ! s5se t 9 e giv5 case e action is possible = him1 & he only recognises a po/]iori f exp]i5ce & reflection ^u exp]i5ce t 8 actions take place ) absolute necessity f ! co9cid5ce ( 8 "* ) 8 motives4 ,h5ce x arises t e uncultur$ man1 foll[+ 8 feel+1 ard5tly def5ds complete fre$om 9 p>ticul> actions1 :ile ! great ?9k]s ( all ages1 & inde$ ! m pr(\nd sy/ems ( religion1 h d5i$ x4 ,b :oev] has come to see cle>ly t ! :ole nature ( man is w1 & he himself only a ph5om5on ( ?is w1 & t su* a ph5om5on has1 ev5 f ! subject itself1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason z its necess>y =m1 :i* "h appe>s z ! law ( motivation1--su* a man w reg>d x z j z absurd to d\bt ! inevitable nature ( an action :5 ! motive is pres5t$ to a giv5 "*1 z to d\bt t ! ?ree angles ( any triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles4 ,prie/ley has v suffici5tly prov$ ! necessity ( ! individual action 9 8 8,doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity20 b ,kant1 ^: m]it 9 ?is respect is specially great1 fir/ prov$ ! coexi/5ce ( ?is necessity ) ! fre$om ( ! w 9 itself1 i4e41 ap>t f ! ph5om5on17#fi7 by e/abli%+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! intelligible & ! empirical "*4 ,i entirely adh]e to ?is di/9ction1 = ! =m] is ! w z ?+-9-itself s f> z x appe>s 9 a def9ite individual 9 a def9ite grade1 & ! latt] is ?is ph5om5on itself z x exhibits itself 9 "t 9 ! mode ( action1 & 9 space 9 ! physical /ructure4 ,9 ord] to make ! relation ( ! two compreh5sible1 ! be/ expression is t :i* ,i h already us$ 9 ! introductory essay1 t ! intelligible "* ( e man is to be reg>d$ z an act ( w outside "t1 & !re=e indivisible & un*angeable1 & ! manife/ation ( ?is act ( w develop$ & brok5 up 9 "t & space & all ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! empirical "* z x exhibits itself = exp]i5ce 9 ! :ole conduct & life ( ?is man4 ,z ! :ole tree is only ! con/antly repeat$ manife/ation ( "o & ! same t5d5cy1 :i* exhibits itself 9 its simple/ =m 9 ! fibre1 & recurs & is easily recognis$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! leaf1 %oot1 bran*1 & trunk1 s all a man's de$s are m]ely ! con/antly repeat$ expression1 some:at v>i$ 9 =m1 ( 8 intelligible "*1 & ! induction bas$ on ! sum ( all ^! expressions gives u 8 empirical "*4 ,= ! re/1 ,i %all n at ?is po9t repeat 9 my own words ,kant's ma/]ly exposition1 b presuppose x z kn[n4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj ,i dealt ) ! important *apt] on ! fre$om ( ! w1 ?or\ghly & 9 detail1 9 my cr[n$ prize-essay ^u ! subject1 & expos$ ! reason ( ! delusion :i* l$ m5 to imag9e t !y f\nd an empirically giv5 absolute fre$om ( ! w1 t is to say1 a lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 z a fact 9 self-consci\sness2 = ! "q prop\nd$ = ! essay 0 ) great insight direct$ to ?is po9t4 ,!re=e1 z ,i ref] ! read] to t "w1 & also to ! t5? p>agraph ( ! prize-essay on ! basis ( morals1 :i* 0 publi%$ along ) x "u ! title 8,! ,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics10 ,i n[ omit ! incomplete exposition ( ! necessity ( ! act ( w1 :i* 0 giv5 at ?is place 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,in/ead ( x ,i %all expla9 ! delusion m5tion$ above 9 a brief discussion :i* is presuppos$ 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! supplem5t to ! pres5t "w1 & !re=e c\ld n be giv5 9 ! prize-essay ref]r$ to4 ,ap>t f ! fact t ! w z ! true ?+-9-itself is actually orig9al & indep5d5t1 & t ! feel+ ( its orig9ality & absolut5ess mu/ accompany its acts 9 self-consci\sness1 ?\gh "h !y are already det]m9$1 !re arises ! illusion ( an empirical fre$om ( ! w 7in/ead ( ! transc5d5tal fre$om :i* alone is to be attribut$ to x71 & ?us a fre$om ( its p>ticul> actions1 f t attitude ( ! intellect t[>ds ! w :i* is expla9$1 sep>at$1 & subord9at$ 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! supplem5t1 especially "u ,no4 #c4 ,! intellect kn[s ! conclusions ( ! w only a po/]iori & empirically2 !re=e :5 a *oice is pres5t$1 x has no data z to h[ ! w is to decide4 ,= ! intelligible "*1 by virtue ( :i*1 :5 motives are giv51 only "o decision is possible & is !re=e necess>y1 does n come )9 ! k ( ! intellect1 b m]ely ! empirical "* is kn[n to x ?r\gh ! succession ( its p>ticul> acts4 ,!re=e x seems to ! intellect t 9 a giv5 case two opposite decisions are possible = ! w4 ,b ?is is j ! same ?+ z if we 7 to say ( a p]p5dicul> beam t has lo/ its balance1 & is hesitat+ :i* way to fall1 8,x c fall ei!r to ! "r h& or ! left40 ,?is c has m]ely a subjective significance1 & really means 8z f> z ! data kn[n to u are conc]n$40 ,objectively1 ! direction ( ! fall is necess>ily det]m9$ z soon z ! equilibrium is lo/4 ,accord+ly1 ! decision ( "o's own w is undet]m9$ only to ! behold]1 "o's own intellect1 & ?us m]ely relatively & subjectively = ! subject ( kn[+4 ,9 itself & objectively1 on ! o!r h&1 9 e *oice pres5t$ to x1 its decision is at once det]m9$ & necess>y4 ,b ?is det]m9ation only comes into consci\sness ?r\gh ! decision t foll[s ^u x4 ,inde$1 we receive an empirical pro( ( ?is :5 any difficult & important *oice lies be=e u1 b only "u a condition :i* is n yet pres5t1 b m]ely hop$ =1 s t 9 ! mean:ile we c d no?+1 b mu/ rema9 passive4 ,n[ we consid] h[ we %all decide :5 ! circum/ances occur t w give u a free activity & *oice4 ,g5]ally ! =esight ( rational delib]ation recomm5ds "o decision1 :ile direct incl9ation leans r to ! o!r4 ,s long z we are compell$ to rema9 passive1 ! side ( reason seems to wi% to keep ! upp] h&2 b we see be=eh& h[ /rongly ! o!r side w influ5ce u :5 ! opportunity = action arises4 ,till !n we are eag]ly conc]n$ to place ! motives on bo? sides 9 ! cle>e/ light1 by calm m$itation on ! pro et contra1 s t e motive may ex]t its full influ5ce ^u ! w :5 ! "t arrives1 & x may n be misl$ by a mi/ake on ! "p ( ! intellect to decide o!rwise ?an x w\ld h done if all ! motives _h _! due influ5ce ^u x4 ,b ?is di/9ct unfold+ ( ! motives on bo? sides is all t ! intellect c d to assi/ ! *oice4 ,x awaits ! real decision j z passively & ) ! same int5se curiosity z if x 7 t ( a =eign w4 ,!re=e f its po9t ( view bo? decisions mu/ seem to x equally possible2 & ?is is j ! illusion ( ! empirical fre$om ( ! w4 ,c]ta9ly ! decision ent]s ! sph]e ( ! intellect altoge!r empirically1 z ! f9al conclusion ( ! matt]2 b yet x proce$$ f ! inn] nature1 ! intelligible "*1 ( ! individual w 9 its conflict ) giv5 motives1 & !re=e ) complete necessity4 ,! intellect c d no?+ m ?an br+ out cle>ly & fully ! nature ( ! motives2 x _c det]m9e ! w itself2 = ! w is q inaccessible to x1 &1 z we h se51 _c be inve/igat$4 ,if1 "u ! same circum/ances1 a man c\ld act n[ "o way & n[ ano!r1 x w\ld be necess>y t 8 w itself %\ld h *ang$ 9 ! meantime1 & ?us t x %\ld lie 9 "t1 = *ange is only possible 9 "t2 b !n ei!r ! w w\ld be a m]e ph5om5on1 or "t w\ld be a condition ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,accord+ly ! dispute z to ! fre$om ( ! p>ticul> action1 ! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 really turns on ! "q :e!r ! w lies 9 "t or n4 ,if1 z bo? ,kant's doctr9e & ! :ole ( my sy/em necessitates1 ! w is ! ?+-9-itself outside "t & outside e =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 n only mu/ ! individual act 9 ! same way 9 ! same circum/ances1 & n only mu/ e bad action be ! sure w>rant ( innum]able o!rs1 :i* ! individual mu/ p]=m & _c leave1 b1 z ,kant said1 if only ! empirical "* & ! motives 7 completely giv51 x w\ld be possible to calculate ! future conduct ( a man j z we c calculate an eclipse ( ! sun or moon4 ,z ,nature is consi/5t1 s is ! "*2 e action mu/ take place 9 accordance ) x1 j z e ph5om5on takes place accord+ to a law ( ,nature3 ! causes 9 ! latt] case & ! motives 9 ! =m] are m]ely ! occasional causes1 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,second ,book4 ,! w1 ^: ph5om5on is ! :ole be+ & life ( man1 _c d5y itself 9 ! p>ticul> case1 & :at ! man wills on ! :ole1 t w he also w 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,! ass]tion ( an empirical fre$om ( ! w1 a lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti1 agrees precisely ) ! doctr9e t places ! inn] nature ( man 9 a s\l1 :i* is orig9ally a kn[+1 & inde$ really an ab/ract ?9k+ nature1 & only 9 consequ5ce ( ?is a will+ nature--a doctr9e :i* ?us reg>ds ! w z ( a second>y or d]ivative nature1 in/ead ( k :i* is really s4 ,! w inde$ came to be reg>d$ z an act ( ?\ght1 & to be id5tifi$ ) ! judgm5t1 especially by ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e e man mu/ become :at he is only ?r\gh 8 k2 he mu/ ent] ! _w z a moral ciph] come to "k ! ?+s 9 x1 & !reupon det]m9e to be ?is or t1 to act ?us or ?us1 & may also ?r\gh new k a*ieve a new c\rse ( action1 t is to say1 become ano!r p]son4 ,fur!r1 he mu/ fir/ "k a ?+ to be good1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is w x1 in/ead ( fir/ will+ x1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is call+ x good4 ,accord+ to my fundam5tal po9t ( view1 all ?is is a rev]sal ( ! true relation4 ,w is fir/ & orig9al2 k is m]ely add$ to x z an in/rum5t belong+ to ! ph5om5on ( w4 ,!re=e e man is :at he is ?r\gh 8 w1 & 8 "* is orig9al1 = will+ is ! basis ( 8 nature4 ,?r\gh ! k :i* is add$ to x he comes to "k 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce :at he is1 i4e41 he le>ns 8 "*4 ,?us he kn[s himself 9 consequ5ce ( & 9 accordance ) ! nature ( 8 w1 in/ead ( will+ 9 consequ5ce ( & 9 accordance ) 8 kn[+4 ,accord+ to ! latt] view1 he w\ld only require to consid] h[ he w\ld l be/ to be1 & he w\ld be x2 t is its doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,?us x consi/s really 9 ?is1 t a man is 8 own "w guid$ by ! light ( k4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 say t he is 8 own "w be=e all k1 & k is m]ely add$ to x to enlight5 x4 ,!re=e he _c resolve to be ?is or t1 nor c he become o!r ?an he is2 b he is once = all1 & he kn[s 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce :at he is4 ,accord+ to "o doctr9e he wills :at he kn[s1 & accord+ to ! o!r he kn[s :at he wills4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! "* 1 & its expression1 i4e41 morals1 4 ,b ?is ^w comes f 1 cu/om2 !y *ose x 9 ord] to express metaphorically ! con/ancy ( "* ?r\gh ! con/ancy ( cu/om4 4 7a voce 1 i4e41 consuetudo e/ appellatum3 e?ica ergo dicta e/ 1 sivi ab assuesc5do7 says ,ari/otle 7,e?4 ,magna1 i4 #f1 p4 #aahf1 & ,e?4 ,eud41 p4 #abbj1 & ,e?4 ,nic41 p4 #aajc1 ed4 ,b]47 ,/obu quotes3 2 7,/oici autem1 ,z5onis ca/ra sequ5tes1 metaphorice e?os def9iunt vit fontem1 e quo s+ul manant actiones71 ii4 *4 #g4 ,9 ,*ri/ian !ology we f9d ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation 9 consequ5ce ( election & non-election 7,rom4 ix4 #aa-bd71 cle>ly orig9at+ f ! k t man does n *ange himself1 b 8 life & conduct1 i4e41 8 empirical "*1 is only ! unfold+ ( 8 intelligible "*1 ! developm5t ( decid$ & un*angeable natural dispositions recognisable ev5 9 ! *ild2 !re=e1 z x 71 ev5 at 8 bir? 8 conduct is firmly det]m9$1 & rema9s ess5tially ! same to ! end4 ,?is we entirely agree )2 b c]ta9ly ! consequ5ces :i* foll[$ f ! union ( ?is p]fectly correct insight ) ! dogmas t already exi/$ 9 ,jewi% !ology1 & :i* n[ gave rise to ! great difficulty1 ! ,gordian knot ^u :i* mo/ ( ! controv]sies ( ! ,*ur* turn$1 ,i d n und]take to def5d1 = ev5 ! ,apo/le ,paul sc>cely succe$$ 9 do+ s by means ( 8 simile ( ! pott]'s vessels :i* he inv5t$ = ! purpose1 = ! result he f9ally arriv$ at 0 no?+ else ?an ?is3-- 8,let mank9d ,fe> ! gods6 ,!y hold ! p[] ,9 ev]la/+ h&s3 ,& !y c use x ,z seems good to !m40 ,su* consid]ations1 h[ev]1 are really =eign to our subject4 ,"s explanation z to ! relation betwe5 ! "* & ! k 9 :i* all its motives lie1 w n[ be m to ! po9t4 ,! motives :i* det]m9e ! manife/ation ( ! "* or conduct influ5ce x ?r\gh ! m$ium ( k4 ,b k is *angeable1 & (t5 vacillates betwe5 tru? & error1 yet1 z a rule1 is rectifi$ m & m 9 ! c\rse ( life1 ?\gh c]ta9ly 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,!re=e ! conduct ( a man may be obs]vably alt]$ )\t ju/ify+ u 9 conclud+ t 8 "* has be5 *ang$4 ,:at ! man really & 9 g5]al wills1 ! /riv+ ( 8 inmo/ nature1 & ! end he pursues 9 accordance ) x1 ?is we c nev] *ange by influ5ce ^u him f )\t by in/ruction1 o!rwise we c\ld trans=m him4 ,s5eca says admirably1 velle non discitur2 :]eby he pref]r$ tru? to 8 ,/oic philosoph]s1 :o taught 7doc]i posse virtutem74 ,f )\t ! w c only be affect$ by motives4 ,b ^! c nev] *ange ! w itself2 = !y h p[] ov] x only "u ! presupposition t x is precisely su* z x is4 ,all t !y c d is ?us to alt] ! direction ( its ef=t1 i4e41 br+ x ab\t t x %all seek 9 ano!r way ?an x has hi!rto done t :i* x inv>iably seeks4 ,!re=e in/ruction1 improv$ k1 9 o!r words1 influ5ce f )\t1 may inde$ tea* ! w t x err$ 9 ! means x employ$1 & c !re=e br+ x ab\t t ! end aft] :i* x /rives once = all accord+ to its inn] nature %all be pursu$ on an entirely diff]5t pa? & 9 an entirely diff]5t object f :at has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,b x c nev] br+ ab\t t ! w %all w some?+ actually diff]5t f :at x has hi!rto will$2 ?is rema9s un*angeable1 = ! w is simply ?is will+ itself1 :i* w\ld h to be aboli%$4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 ! possible modification ( k1 & ?r\gh k ( conduct1 ext5ds s f> t ! w seeks to atta9 its unalt]able end1 = example1 ,mohamm$'s p>adise1 at "o "t 9 ! real _w1 at ano!r "t 9 a _w ( imag9ation1 adapt+ ! means to ea*1 & ?us 9 ! fir/ case apply+ prud5ce1 might1 & fraud1 & 9 ! second case1 ab/95ce1 ju/ice1 alms1 & pilgrimages to ,mecca4 ,b its ef=t itself has n !re=e *ang$1 /ill less ! w itself4 ,?us1 al?\gh its action c]ta9ly %[s itself v diff]5t at diff]5t times1 its will+ has yet rema9$ precisely ! same4 ,velle non discitur4 ,= motives to act1 x is necess>y n only t !y %\ld be pres5t1 b t !y %\ld be kn[n2 =1 accord+ to a v good expression ( ! s*oolm51 :i* we ref]r$ to once be=e1 causa f9alis movet non secundum suum esse reale2 s$ secundum esse cognitum4 ,= example1 9 ord] t ! relation may appe> t exi/s 9 a giv5 man betwe5 egoism & sympa?y1 x is n suffici5t t he %\ld possess weal? & see o!rs 9 want1 b he mu/ also "k :at he c d ) 8 weal?1 bo? = himself & = o!rs3 n only mu/ ! suff]+ ( o!rs be pres5t$ to him1 b he mu/ "k bo? :at suff]+ & also :at pleasure is4 ,p]haps1 on a fir/ occasion1 he did n "k all ?is s well z on a second2 & if1 on a simil> occasion1 he acts diff]5tly1 ?is arises simply f ! fact t ! circum/ances 7 really diff]5t1 z reg>ds ! "p ( !m t dep5ds on 8 kn[+ !m1 al?\gh !y seem to be ! same4 ,z ignorance ( actually exi/+ circum/ances robs !m ( _! influ5ce1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 entirely imag9>y circum/ances may act z if !y 7 real1 n only 9 ! case ( a p>ticul> deception1 b also 9 g5]al & cont9u\sly4 ,= example1 if a man is firmly p]suad$ t e good action w be repaid him a hundr$fold 9 a future life1 su* a conviction affects him 9 precisely ! same way z a good bill ( ex*ange at a v long date1 & he c give f m]e egoism1 z f ano!r po9t ( view he w\ld take f egoism4 ,he has n *ang$ himself3 velle non discitur4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is great influ5ce ( k ^u action1 :ile ! w rema9s un*angeable1 t ! "* develops & its diff]5t features appe> only little by little4 ,!re=e x %[s itself diff]5t at e p]iod ( life1 & an impetu\s1 wild y\? may be succe$$ by a /aid1 sob]1 manly age4 ,especially :at is bad 9 ! "* w always come out m /rongly ) "t1 yet sometimes x occurs t passions :i* a man gave way to 9 8 y\? are aft]w>ds volunt>ily re/ra9$1 simply because ! motives oppos$ to !m h only !n come into k4 ,h5ce1 also1 we are all innoc5t to beg9 )1 & ?is m]ely means t nei!r we nor o!rs "k ! evil ( our own nature2 x only appe>s ) ! motives1 & only 9 "t d ! motives appe> 9 k4 ,f9ally we come to "k ourselves z q diff]5t f :at a priori we suppos$ ourselves to be1 & !n we are (t5 t]rifi$ at ourselves4 ,rep5tance nev] proce$s f a *ange ( ! w 7:i* is impossible71 b f a *ange ( k4 ,! ess5tial & peculi> 9 :at ,i h always will$ ,i mu/ /ill cont9ue to w2 = ,i myself am ?is w :i* lies outside "t & *ange4 ,i c !re=e nev] rep5t ( :at ,i h will$1 ?\gh ,i c rep5t ( :at ,i h done2 because1 l$ by false conceptions1 ,i did some?+ t 0 n 9 con=mity ) my w4 ,! discov]y ( ?is ?r\gh full] k is rep5tance4 ,?is ext5ds n m]ely to worldly wisdom1 to ! *oice ( ! means1 & ! judgm5t ( ! appropriat5ess ( ! end to my own w1 b also to :at is prop]ly e?ical4 ,= example1 ,i may h act$ m egoti/ically ?an is 9 accordance ) my "*1 l$ a/ray by exagg]at$ ideas ( ! ne$ 9 :i* ,i myself /ood1 or ( ! craft1 fals5ess1 & wick$ness ( o!rs1 or because ,i hurri$ too mu*1 i4e41 act$ )\t delib]ation1 det]m9$ n by motives di/9ctly kn[n 9 ab/racto1 b by m]ely p]ceiv$ motives1 by ! pres5t & ! emotion :i* x excit$1 & :i* 0 s /rong t ,i _h n prop]ly ! use ( my reason2 b ! return ( reflection is ?us "h also m]ely correct$ k1 & f ?is rep5tance may proce$1 :i* always proclaims itself by mak+ am5ds = ! pa/1 z f> z is possible4 ,yet x mu/ be obs]v$ t1 9 ord] to deceive !mselves1 m5 pre>range :at seem to be ha/y errors1 b are really secretly consid]$ actions4 ,= we deceive & flatt] no "o ?r\gh su* f9e devices z ourselves4 ,! conv]se ( ! case we h giv5 may also occur4 ,i may be misl$ by too good an op9ion ( o!rs1 or want ( k ( ! relative value ( ! good ?+s ( life1 or "s ab/ract dogma 9 :i* ,i h s9ce lo/ fai?1 & ?us ,i may act less egoti/ically ?an is 9 keep+ ) my "*1 & lay up = myself rep5tance ( ano!r k9d4 ,?us rep5tance is always correct$ k ( ! relation ( an act to its special int5tion4 ,:5 ! w reveals its ,ideas 9 space alone1 i4e41 ?r\gh m]e =m1 ! matt] 9 :i* o!r ,ideas--9 ?is case natural =ces--already reign1 resi/s ! w1 & seldom all[s ! =m t is /riv+ aft] visibility to appe> 9 p]fect purity & di/9ctness1 i4e41 9 p]fect beauty4 ,& !re is an analog\s h9drance to ! w z x reveals itself 9 "t alone1 i4e41 ?r\gh actions1 9 ! k :i* seldom gives x ! data q correctly1 s t ! action :i* takes place does n accurately correspond to ! w1 & leads to rep5tance4 ,rep5tance ?us always proce$s f correct$ k1 n f ! *ange ( ! w1 :i* is impossible4 ,angui% ( consci5ce = pa/ de$s is any?+ b rep5tance4 ,x is pa9 at ! k ( oneself 9 "o's inmo/ nature1 i4e41 z w4 ,x re/s precisely on ! c]ta9ty t we h /ill ! same w4 ,if ! w 7 *ang$1 & !re=e ! angui% ( consci5ce m]e rep5tance1 x w\ld cease to exi/4 ,! pa/ c\ld !n no long] give u pa91 = x exhibit$ ! expressions ( a w :i* is no long] t ( him :o has rep5t$4 ,we %all expla9 ! significance ( angui% ( consci5ce 9 detail f>!r on4 ,! influ5ce :i* k1 z ! m$ium ( motives1 ex]ts1 n inde$ ^u ! w itself1 b ^u its appe>ance 9 actions1 is also ! s\rce ( ! pr9cipal di/9ction betwe5 ! action ( m5 & t ( brutes1 = _! me?ods ( k are diff]5t4 ,! brute has only k ( p]ception1 ! man1 ?r\gh reason1 has also ab/ract ideas1 conceptions4 ,n[1 al?\gh man & brute are ) equal necessity det]m9$ by _! motives1 yet man1 z di/+ui%$ f ! brute1 has a complete *oice1 :i* has (t5 be5 reg>d$ z a fre$om ( ! w 9 p>ticul> actions1 al?\gh x is no?+ b ! possibility ( a ?or\ghly-f\ght-out battle betwe5 sev]al motives1 ! /ronge/ ( :i* !n det]m9es x ) necessity4 ,= ?is ! motives mu/ h assum$ ! =m ( ab/ract ?\ghts1 because x is really only by means ( ^! t delib]ation1 i4e41 a weigh+ ( opposite reasons = action1 is possible4 ,9 ! case ( ! brute !re c only be a *oice betwe5 p]ceptible motives pres5t$ to x1 s t ! *oice is limit$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( its pres5t s5su\s p]ception4 ,!re=e ! necessity ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w by ! motive1 :i* is l t ( ! effect by ! cause1 c be exhibit$ p]ceptibly & directly only 9 ! case ( ! brutes1 because "h ! spectator has ! motives j z directly be=e 8 eyes z _! effect2 :ile 9 ! case ( man ! motives are almo/ always ab/ract ideas1 :i* are n communicat$ to ! spectator1 & ev5 = ! actor himself ! necessity ( _! effect is hidd5 beh9d _! conflict4 ,= only 9 ab/racto c sev]al ideas1 z judgm5ts & *a9s ( conclusions1 lie beside ea* o!r 9 consci\sness1 & !n1 free f all det]m9ation ( "t1 "w aga9/ ea* o!r till ! /rong] ov]comes ! re/ & det]m9es ! w4 ,?is is ! complete *oice or p[] ( delib]ation :i* man has z di/+ui%$ f ! brutes1 & on acc\nt ( :i* fre$om ( ! w has be5 attribut$ to him1 9 ! belief t 8 will+ is a m]e result ( ! op]ations ( 8 intellect1 )\t a def9ite t5d5cy :i* s]ves z its basis2 :ile1 9 tru?1 ! motives only "w on ! f\ndation & "u ! presupposition ( 8 def9ite t5d5cy1 :i* 9 8 case is individual1 i4e41 a "*4 ,a full] exposition ( ?is p[] ( delib]ation1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 human & brute *oice :i* is introduc$ by x1 w be f\nd 9 ! 8,two ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics0 7#a/ edition1 p4 #ce1 et seq42 #b;d edition1 p4 #cd1 et seq471 to :i* ,i !re=e ref]4 ,= ! re/1 ?is p[] ( delib]ation :i* man possesses is "o ( ^? ?+s t makes 8 exi/5ce s mu* m mis]able ?an t ( ! brute4 ,= 9 g5]al our greate/ suff]+s d n lie 9 ! pres5t z ideas ( p]ception or z imm$iate feel+s2 b 9 ! reason1 z ab/ract conceptions1 pa9ful ?\ghts1 f :i* ! brute1 :i* lives only 9 ! pres5t1 & !re=e 9 enviable c>elessness1 is entirely free4 ,x seems to h be5 ! dep5d5ce1 :i* we h %[n1 ( ! human p[] ( delib]ation ^u ! faculty ( ab/ract ?9k+1 & ?us also ( judg+ & draw+ conclusions also1 t l$ bo? ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza to id5tify ! decisions ( ! w ) ! faculty ( ass]t+ & d5y+ 7! faculty ( judgm5t74 ,f ?is ,desc>tes d$uc$ ! doctr9e t ! w1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 is indiff]5tly free1 is ! s\rce ( s91 & also ( all !oretical error4 ,& ,sp9oza1 on ! o!r h&1 conclud$ t ! w is necess>ily det]m9$ by ! motives1 z ! judgm5t is by ! reasons47#gj7 ,! latt] doctr9e is 9 a s5se true1 b x appe>s z a true conclusion f false premises4 ,! di/9ction we h e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ways 9 :i* ! brutes & man are respectively mov$ by motives ex]ts a v wide influ5ce ^u ! nature ( bo?1 & has mo/ to d ) ! complete & obvi\s diff]5ces ( _! exi/5ce4 ,:ile an idea ( p]ception is 9 e case ! motive :i* det]m9es ! brute1 ! man /rives to exclude ?is k9d ( motivation altoge!r1 & to det]m9e himself entirely by ab/ract ideas4 ,?us he uses 8 pr]ogative ( reason to ! greate/ possible advantage4 ,indep5d5t ( ! pres5t1 he nei!r *ooses nor avoids ! pass+ pleasure or pa91 b reflects on ! consequ5ces ( bo?4 ,9 mo/ cases1 sett+ aside q insignificant actions1 we are det]m9$ by ab/ract1 ?\ght motives1 n pres5t impressions4 ,!re=e all p>ticul> privation = ! mom5t is = u comp>atively light1 b all r5unciation is t]ribly h>d2 = ! =m] only conc]ns ! fleet+ pres5t1 b ! latt] conc]ns ! future1 & includes 9 itself innum]able privations1 ( :i* x is ! equival5t4 ,! causes ( our pa91 z ( our pleasure1 lie = ! mo/ "p1 n 9 ! real pres5t1 b m]ely 9 ab/ract ?\ghts4 ,x is ^! :i* are (t5 unbe>able to u--inflict torm5ts 9 comp>ison ) :i* all ! suff]+s ( ! animal _w are v small2 = ev5 our own physical pa9 is n felt at all :5 !y are pres5t4 ,inde$1 9 ! case ( ke5 m5tal suff]+1 we ev5 inflict physical suff]+ on ourselves m]ely to di/ract our att5tion f ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,?is is :y1 9 great m5tal angui%1 m5 te> _! hair1 beat _! brea/s1 lac]ate _! faces1 or roll on ! floor1 = all ^! are 9 reality only viol5t means ( div]t+ ! m9d f an unbe>able ?\ght4 ,j because m5tal pa91 be+ mu* great]1 makes u ins5sible to physical pa91 suicide is v easy to ! p]son :o is 9 despair1 or :o is consum$ by morbid depression1 ev5 ?\gh =m]ly1 9 com=table circum/ances1 he recoil$ at ! ?\ght ( x4 ,9 ! same way c>e & passion 7?us ! play ( ?\ght7 we> out ! body (t5] & m ?an physical h>d%ips4 ,& 9 accordance ) ?is ,epictetus rightly says3 1 7,p]turbant hom9es non res ips1 s$ de rebus decreta7 7,v472 & ,s5eca3 ,plura sunt qu nos t]r5t1 quam qu premunt1 et spius op9ione quam re laboramus 7,ep4 #e74 ,eul5spiegel also admirably bant]$ human nature1 = go+ uphill he laugh$1 & go+ d[nhill he wept4 ,inde$1 *ildr5 :o h hurt !mselves (t5 cry1 n at ! pa91 b at ! ?\ght ( ! pa9 :i* is awak5$ :5 "s "o condoles ) !m4 ,su* great diff]5ces 9 conduct & 9 life arise f ! div]sity betwe5 ! me?ods ( k ( ! brutes & man4 ,fur!r1 ! appe>ance ( ! di/9ct & decid$ individual "*1 ! pr9cipal di/9ction betwe5 man & ! brute1 :i* has sc>cely m ?an ! "* ( ! species1 is condition$ by ! *oice betwe5 sev]al motives1 :i* is only possible ?r\gh ab/ract conceptions4 ,= only aft] a *oice has be5 made are ! resolutions1 :i* v>y 9 diff]5t individuals1 an indication ( ! individual "* :i* is diff]5t 9 ea*2 :ile ! action ( ! brute dep5ds only ^u ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! impression1 suppos+ ?is impression to be 9 g5]al a motive = its species4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ! case ( man1 only ! resolve1 & n ! m]e wi%1 is a valid indication ( 8 "* bo? = himself & = o!rs2 b ! resolve becomes = himself1 z = o!rs1 a c]ta9 fact only ?r\gh ! de$4 ,! wi% is m]ely ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! pres5t impression1 :e!r ( ! outw>d /imulus1 or ! inw>d pass+ mood2 & is !re=e z imm$iately necess>y & devoid ( consid]ation z ! action ( ! brutes4 ,!re=e1 l ! action ( ! brutes1 x m]ely expresses ! "* ( ! species1 n t ( ! individual1 i4e41 x indicates m]ely :at man 9 g5]al1 n :at ! individual :o exp]i5ces ! wi%1 is capable ( do+4 ,! de$ alone1--because z human action x always requires a c]ta9 delib]ation1 & because z a rule a man has comm& ( 8 reason1 is consid]ate1 i4e41 decides 9 accordance ) consid]$ & ab/ract motives1--is ! expression ( ! intelligible maxims ( 8 conduct1 ! result ( 8 inmo/ will+1 & is relat$ z a lett] to ! ^w t /&s = 8 empirical "*1 itself m]ely ! temporal expression ( 8 intelligible "*4 ,9 a heal?y m9d1 !re=e1 only de$s oppress ! consci5ce1 n wi%es & ?\ghts2 = x is only our de$s t hold up to u ! mirror ( our w4 ,! de$ ref]r$ to above1 t is entirely unconsid]$ & is really committ$ 9 bl9d passion1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t an int]m$iate ?+ betwe5 ! m]e wi% & ! resolve4 ,!re=e1 by true rep5tance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %[s itself z action also1 x c be oblit]at$1 z a falsely drawn l9e1 f t picture ( our w :i* our c\rse ( life is4 ,i may ins]t ! rem>k "h1 z a v good comp>ison1 t ! relation betwe5 wi% & de$ has a purely accid5tal b accurate analogy ) t betwe5 ! accumulation & dis*>ge ( electricity4 ,z ! result ( ! :ole ( ?is discussion ( ! fre$om ( ! w & :at relates to x1 we f9d t al?\gh ! w may1 9 itself & ap>t f ! ph5om5on1 be call$ free & ev5 omnipot5t1 yet 9 its p>ticul> ph5om5a enlight5$ by k1 z 9 m5 & brutes1 x is det]m9$ by motives to :i* ! special "* regul>ly & necess>ily responds1 & always 9 ! same way4 ,we see t because ( ! possession on 8 "p ( ab/ract or rational k1 man1 z di/+ui%$ f ! brutes1 has a *oice1 :i* only makes him ! sc5e ( ! conflict ( 8 motives1 )\t )draw+ him f _! control4 ,?is *oice is !re=e c]ta9ly ! condition ( ! possibility ( ! complete expression ( ! individual "*1 b is by no means to be reg>d$ z fre$om ( ! p>ticul> volition1 i4e41 indep5d5ce ( ! law ( causality1 ! necessity ( :i* ext5ds to man z to e o!r ph5om5on4 ,?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 human volition & t ( ! brutes1 :i* is introduc$ by reason or k ?r\gh concepts1 ext5ds to ! po9t we h indicat$1 & no f>!r4 ,b1 :at is q a diff]5t ?+1 !re may arise a ph5om5on ( ! human w :i* is q impossible 9 ! brute creation1 if man altoge!r lays aside ! k ( p>ticul> ?+s z su* :i* is subord9ate to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & by means ( 8 k ( ! ,ideas sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,!n an actual appe>ance ( ! real fre$om ( ! w z a ?+-9-itself is possible1 by :i* ! ph5om5on comes into a sort ( contradiction ) itself1 z is indicat$ by ! ^w self-r5unciation2 &1 f9ally1 ! 89-itself0 ( its nature suppresses itself4 ,b ?is1 ! "o1 real1 & direct expression ( ! fre$om ( ! w 9 itself 9 ! ph5om5on1 _c be di/9ctly expla9$ "h1 b w =m ! subject ( ! conclud+ "p ( our "w4 ,n[ t we h %[n cle>ly 9 ^! pages ! unalt]able nature ( ! empirical "*1 :i* is j ! unfold+ ( ! intelligible "* t lies outside "t1 toge!r ) ! necessity ) :i* actions foll[ ^u its contact ) motives1 we ha/5 to anticipate an argum5t :i* may v easily be drawn f ?is 9 ! int]e/ ( bad dispositions4 ,our "* is to be reg>d$ z ! temporal unfold+ ( an extra-temporal1 & !re=e indivisible & unalt]able1 act ( w1 or an intelligible "*4 ,?is necess>ily det]m9es all t is ess5tial 9 our conduct 9 life1 i4e41 its e?ical cont5t1 :i* mu/ express itself 9 accordance ) x 9 its ph5om5al appe>ance1 ! empirical "*2 :ile only :at is uness5tial 9 ?is1 ! outw>d =m ( our c\rse ( life1 dep5ds ^u ! =ms 9 :i* ! motives pres5t !mselves4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be inf]r$ t x is a wa/e ( tr\ble to endeav\r to improve "o's "*1 & t x is wis] to submit to ! inevitable1 & gratify e incl9ation at once1 ev5 if x is bad4 ,b ?is is precisely ! same ?+ z ! !ory ( an inevitable fate :i* is call$ 1 & 9 m rec5t times ,turki% fai?4 ,its true refutation1 z x is suppos$ to h be5 giv5 by ,*rysippus1 is expla9$ by ,cic]o 9 8 book ,de ,fato1 *4 #ab1 #ac4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ may be reg>d$ z irrevocably pr$et]m9$ by fate1 yet x is s only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! *a9 ( causes2 !re=e 9 no case c x be det]m9$ t an effect %all appe> )\t its cause4 ,?us x is n simply ! ev5t t is pr$et]m9$1 b ! ev5t z ! consequ5ce ( prec$+ causes2 s t fate does n decide ! consequ5ce alone1 b also ! means z ! consequ5ce ( :i* x is de/9$ to appe>4 ,accord+ly1 if "s means is n pres5t1 x is c]ta9 t ! consequ5ce also w n be pres5t3 ea* is always pres5t 9 accordance ) ! det]m9ation ( fate1 b ?is is nev] kn[n to u till aft]w>ds4 ,z ev5ts always take place accord+ to fate1 i4e41 accord+ to ! inf9ite concat5ation ( causes1 s our actions always take place accord+ to our intelligible "*4 ,b j z we d n "k ! =m] be=eh&1 s no a priori insight is giv5 u into ! latt]1 b we only come to "k ourselves z we come to "k o!r p]sons a po/]iori ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,if ! intelligible "* involv$ t we c\ld only =m a good resolution aft] a long conflict ) a bad disposition1 ?is conflict w\ld h to come fir/ & be wait$ =4 ,reflection on ! unalt]able nature ( ! "*1 on ! unity ( ! s\rce f :i* all our actions fl[1 mu/ n mislead u into claim+ ! decision ( ! "* 9 fav\r ( "o side or ! o!r2 x is 9 ! resolve t foll[s t we %all see :at mann] ( m5 we are1 & mirror ourselves 9 our actions4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! satisfaction or ! angui% ( s\l ) :i* we look back on ! c\rse ( our pa/ life4 ,bo? are exp]i5c$1 n because ^! pa/ de$s h /ill an exi/5ce2 !y are pa/1 !y h be51 & n[ are no m2 b _! great importance = u lies 9 _! significance1 lies 9 ! fact t ^! de$s are ! expression ( ! "*1 ! mirror ( ! w1 9 :i* we look & recognise our inmo/ self1 ! k]nel ( our w4 ,because we exp]i5ce ?is n be=e1 b only aft]1 x behoves u to /rive & fight 9 "t1 9 ord] t ! picture we produce by our de$s may be su* t ! contemplation ( x may calm u z mu* z possible1 in/ead ( h>ass+ u4 ,! significance ( ?is consolation or angui% ( s\l w1 z we h said1 be inquir$ into f>!r on2 b to ?is place !re belongs ! inquiry :i* foll[s1 & :i* /&s by itself4 ,besides ! intelligible & ! empirical "*1 we mu/ m5tion a ?ird :i* is diff]5t f !m bo?1 ! acquir$ "*1 :i* "o only receives 9 life ?r\gh contact ) ! _w1 & :i* is ref]r$ to :5 "o is prais$ z a man ( "* or c5sur$ z be+ )\t "*4 ,c]ta9ly "o might suppose t1 s9ce ! empirical "*1 z ! ph5om5on ( ! intelligible1 is unalt]able1 &1 l e natural ph5om5on1 is consi/5t ) itself1 man w\ld always h to appe> l himself & consi/5t1 & w\ld !re=e h no ne$ to acquire a "* artificially by exp]i5ce & reflection4 ,b ! case is o!rwise1 & al?\gh a man is always ! same1 yet he does n always und]/& himself1 b (t5 mi/akes himself1 till he has 9 "s degree acquir$ real self-k4 ,! empirical "*1 z a m]e natural t5d5cy1 is 9 itself irrational2 nay1 m1 its expressions are di/urb$ by reason1 all ! m s ! m intellect & p[] ( ?\ght ! man has2 = ^! always keep be=e him :at becomes man 9 g5]al z ! "* ( ! species1 & :at is possible = him bo? 9 w & 9 de$4 ,?is makes x ! m difficult = him to see h[ mu* 8 individuality enables him to w & to accompli%4 ,he f9ds 9 himself ! g]ms ( all ! v>i\s human pursuits & p[]s1 b ! diff]5ce ( degree 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 8 individuality is n cle> to him 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce2 & if he n[ applies himself to ! pursuits :i* alone correspond to 8 "*1 he yet feels1 especially at p>ticul> mom5ts & 9 p>ticul> moods1 ! incl9ation to directly opposite pursuits :i* _c be comb9$ ) !m1 b mu/ be entirely suppress$ if he desires to foll[ ! =m] undi/urb$4 ,= z our physical pa? ^u e>? is always m]ely a l9e1 n an ext5d$ surface1 s 9 life1 if we desire to grasp & possess "o ?+1 we mu/ r5\nce & leave innum]able o!rs on ! "r h& & on ! left4 ,if we _c make up our m9ds to ?is1 b1 l *ildr5 at ! fair1 snat* at ev]y?+ t attracts u 9 pass+1 we are mak+ ! p]v]se endeav\r to *ange ! l9e ( our pa? into an ext5d$ surface2 we run 9 a zigzag1 skip ab\t l a w o' ! wisp1 & atta9 to no?+4 ,or1 to use ano!r comp>ison1 z1 accord+ to ,hobbes' philosophy ( law1 e "o has an orig9al "r to ev]y?+ b an exclusive "r to no?+1 yet c obta9 an exclusive "r to p>ticul> ?+s by r5\nc+ 8 "r to all ! re/1 :ile o!rs1 on _! "p1 d likewise ) reg>d to :at he has *os52 s is x 9 life1 9 :i* "s def9ite pursuit1 :e!r x be pleasure1 hon\r1 weal?1 sci5ce1 art1 or virtue1 c only be foll[$ ) s]i\sness & success :5 all claims t are =eign to x are giv5 up1 :5 ev]y?+ else is r5\nc$4 ,accord+ly1 ! m]e w & ! m]e ability are n suffici5t1 b a man mu/ also "k :at he wills1 & "k :at he c d2 only !n w he %[ "*1 & only !n c he accompli% some?+ "r4 ,until he atta9s to t1 not)/&+ ! natural consi/5cy ( ! empirical "*1 he is )\t "*4 ,& al?\gh1 on ! :ole1 he mu/ rema9 true to himself1 & fulfil 8 c\rse1 l$ by 8 dmon1 yet 8 pa? w n be a /raight l9e1 b wav]+ & unev54 ,he w hesitate1 deviate1 turn back1 lay up = himself rep5tance & pa94 ,& all ?is is because1 9 great & small1 he sees be=e him all t is possible & atta9able = man 9 g5]al1 b does n "k :at "p ( all ?is is alone suitable = him1 c be accompli%$ by him1 & is alone enjoyable by him4 ,he w1 !re=e1 envy _m m5 on acc\nt ( a position & circum/ances :i* are yet only suitable to _! *>act]s & n to 81 & 9 :i* he w\ld feel unhappy1 if inde$ he f\nd !m endurable at all4 ,= z a fi% is only at home 9 wat]1 a bird 9 ! air1 a mole 9 ! e>?1 s e man is only at home 9 ! atmosph]e suitable to him4 ,= example1 n all m5 c brea! ! air ( c\rt life4 ,f defici5cy ( prop] insight into all ?is1 _m a man w make all k9ds ( abortive attempts1 w d viol5ce to 8 "* 9 p>ticul>s1 & yet1 on ! :ole1 w h to yield to x aga92 & :at he ?us pa9fully atta9s w give him no pleasure2 :at he ?us le>ns w rema9 dead2 ev5 9 an e?ical reg>d1 a de$ t is too noble = 8 "*1 t has n sprung f pure1 direct impulse1 b f a concept1 a dogma1 w lose all m]it1 ev5 9 8 own eyes1 ?r\gh subsequ5t egoi/ical rep5tance4 ,velle non discitur4 ,we only become consci\s ( ! inflexibility ( ano!r p]son's "* ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 & till !n we *ildi%ly believe t x is possible1 by means ( rational ideas1 by pray]s & entreaties1 by example & noble-m9d$ness1 ev] to p]suade any "o to leave 8 own way1 to *ange 8 c\rse ( conduct1 to dep>t f 8 mode ( ?9k+1 or ev5 to ext5d 8 capacities3 s is x also ) ourselves4 ,we mu/ fir/ le>n f exp]i5ce :at we desire & :at we c d4 ,till !n we "k x n1 we are )\t "*1 & mu/ (t5 be driv5 back to our own way by h>d bl[s f )\t4 ,b if we h f9ally le>nt x1 !n we h atta9$ to :at 9 ! _w is call$ "*1 ! acquir$ "*4 ,?is is accord+ly no?+ b ! mo/ p]fect k possible ( our own individuality4 ,x is ! ab/ract1 & consequ5tly di/9ct1 k ( ! unalt]able qualities ( our own empirical "*1 & ( ! measure & direction ( our m5tal & physical p[]s1 & ?us ( ! :ole /r5g? & weakness ( our own individuality4 ,?is places u 9 a position to c>ry out delib]ately & me?odically ! rle :i* belongs to our own p]son1 & to fill up ! gaps :i* caprices or weaknesses produce 9 x1 "u ! guidance ( fix$ conceptions4 ,?is rle is 9 itself un*angeably det]m9$ once = all1 b hi!rto we h all[$ x to foll[ its natural c\rse )\t any rule4 ,we h n[ br\ght to di/9ct consci\s maxims :i* are always pres5t to u ! =m ( conduct :i* is necess>ily det]m9$ by our own individual nature1 & n[ we conduct x 9 accordance ) !m z delib]ately z if we _h le>n$ x2 )\t ev] fall+ into error ?r\gh ! pass+ influ5ce ( ! mood or ! impression ( ! pres5t1 )\t be+ *eck$ by ! bitt]ness or sweetness ( "s p>ticul> ?+ we meet ) on our pa?1 )\t delay1 )\t hesitation1 )\t inconsi/5cy4 ,we %all n[ no long]1 z novices1 wait1 attempt1 & grope ab\t 9 ord] to see :at we really desire & are able to d1 b we "k ?is once = all1 & 9 e *oice we h only to apply g5]al pr9ciples to p>ticul> cases1 & arrive at once at a decision4 ,we "k our w 9 g5]al1 & d n all[ ourselves to be l$ by ! pass+ mood or by solicitations f )\t to resolve 9 p>ticul> cases :at is contr>y to x z a :ole4 ,we "k 9 ! same way ! nature & ! measure ( our /r5g? & our weakness1 & !reby are sp>$ mu* suff]+4 ,= we exp]i5ce no real pleasure except 9 ! use & feel+ ( our own p[]s1 & ! greate/ pa9 is ! consci\s defici5cy ( our p[]s :]e we ne$ !m4 ,if1 n[1 we h discov]$ :]e our /r5g? & our weakness lie1 we w endeav\r to cultivate1 employ1 & 9 e way make use ( ^? tal5ts :i* are naturally prom95t 9 u4 ,we w always turn to ^? occupations 9 :i* !y are valuable & to ! purpose1 & entirely avoid1 ev5 ) self-r5unciation1 ^? pursuits = :i* we h naturally little aptitude2 we w bew>e ( attempt+ t 9 :i* we h no *ance ( succe$+4 ,only he :o has atta9$ to ?is w con/antly & ) full consci\sness be completely himself1 & w nev] fail himself at ! critical mom5t1 because he w always h kn[n :at he c\ld expect f himself4 ,he w (t5 enjoy ! satisfaction ( feel+ 8 /r5g?1 & seldom exp]i5ce ! pa9 ( be+ rem9d$ ( 8 weakness4 ,! latt] is mortification1 :i* causes p]haps ! greate/ ( m5tal suff]+s2 !re=e x is f> m endurable to h our mis=tune br\ght cle>ly be=e u ?an our incapacity4 ,&1 fur!r1 if we are ?us fully acqua9t$ ) our /r5g? & our weakness1 we w n attempt to make a %[ ( p[]s :i* we d n possess2 we w n play ) base co91 = all su* dissimulation misses ! m>k 9 ! end4 ,= s9ce ! :ole man is only ! ph5om5on ( 8 w1 no?+ c be m p]v]se ?an to try1 by means ( reflection1 to become some?+ else ?an "o is1 = ?is is a direct contradiction ( ! w ) itself4 ,! imitation ( ! qualities & idiosyncrasies ( o!rs is mu* m %ameful ?an to dress 9 o!r p's clo!s2 = x is ! judgm5t ( our own wor?lessness pron\nc$ by ourselves4 ,k ( our own m9d & its capacities ( e k9d1 & _! unalt]able limits1 is 9 ?is respect ! sure/ way to ! atta9m5t ( ! greate/ possible cont5tm5t ) ourselves4 ,= x holds good ( inw>d z ( outw>d circum/ances t !re is = u no consolation s effective z ! complete c]ta9ty ( unalt]able necessity4 ,no evil t befalls u pa9s u s mu* z ! ?\ght ( ! circum/ances by :i* x might h be5 w>d$ (f4 ,!re=e no?+ com=ts u s effectually z ! consid]ation ( :at has happ5$ f ! /&po9t ( necessity1 f :i* all accid5ts appe> z tools 9 ! h& ( an ov]rul+ fate1 & we !re=e recognise ! evil t has come to u z inevitably produc$ by ! conflict ( inn] & out] circum/ances2 9 o!r words1 fatalism4 ,we really only compla9 & /orm s long z we hope ei!r to affect o!rs or to excite ourselves to unhe>d-( ef=ts4 ,b *ildr5 & gr[n-up p "k v well to yield cont5t$ly z soon z !y cle>ly see t x absolutely _c be o!rwise3-- 7,animo 9 pectoribus no/ro domito necessitate74 ,we are l ! entrapp$ elephants1 t rage & /ruggle = _m days1 till !y see t x is useless1 & !n sudd5ly (f] _! necks quietly to ! yoke1 tam$ = ev]4 ,we are l ,k+ ,david1 :o1 z long z 8 son /ill liv$1 unceas+ly importun$ ,jehovah ) pray]s1 & behav$ himself z if 9 despair2 b z soon z 8 son 0 dead1 ?\ght no long] ab\t x4 ,h5ce x arises t innum]able p]man5t ills1 su* z lam5ess1 pov]ty1 l[ e/ate1 ugl9ess1 a disagreeable dwell+-place1 are borne ) indiff]5ce by innum]able p]sons1 & are no long] felt1 l heal$ w\nds1 j because ^! p]sons "k t inw>d or outw>d necessity r5d]s x impossible t any *ange c take place 9 ^! ?+s2 :ile ^? :o are m =tunate _c und]/& h[ su* mis=tunes c be borne4 ,n[ z ) outw>d necessity1 s also ) inw>d2 no?+ reconciles s ?or\ghly z a di/9ct k ( x4 ,if we h once = all di/9ctly recognis$ n only our good qualities & our /r5g?1 b also our defects & weakness1 e/abli%$ our aim accord+ly1 & re/ satisfi$ conc]n+ :at _c be atta9$1 we ?us escape 9 ! sure/ way1 z f> z our individuality p]mits1 ! bitt]e/ ( all sorr[s1 discont5tm5t ) ourselves1 :i* is ! inevitable result ( ignorance ( our own individuality1 ( false conceit & ! audacity t proce$s f x4 ,to ! bitt] *apt] ( ! self-k "h recomm5d$ ! l9es ( ,ovid admit ( excell5t application-- 8,optimus ille animi v9dex ld5tia pectus1 ,v9cula qui rupit1 d$oluitque semel40 ,s mu* ) reg>d to ! acquir$ "*1 :i*1 inde$1 is n ( s mu* importance = e?ics prop] z = life 9 ! _w4 ,b its inve/igation 0 relat$ z t ( a ?ird species to ! inve/igation ( ! intelligible & ! empirical "*1 9 reg>d to :i* we 7 oblig$ to ent] ^u a some:at detail$ inquiry 9 ord] to br+ out cle>ly h[ 9 all its ph5om5a ! w is subject to necessity1 :ile yet 9 itself x may be call$ free & ev5 omnipot5t4 #ef4 ,?is fre$om1 ?is omnipot5ce1 z ! expression ( :i* ! :ole visible _w exi/s & progressively develops 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* belong to ! =m ( k1 c n[1 at ! po9t at :i* 9 its mo/ p]fect manife/ation x has atta9$ to ! completely adequate k ( its own nature1 express itself anew 9 two ways4 ,ei!r x wills "h1 at ! summit ( m5tal end[m5t & self-consci\sness1 simply :at x will$ be=e bl9dly & unconsci\sly1 & if s1 k always rema9s its motive 9 ! :ole z 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,or1 conv]sely1 ?is k becomes = x a quiet]1 :i* appeases & suppresses all will+4 ,?is is t ass]tion & d5ial ( ! w to live :i* 0 /at$ above 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,z1 9 ! ref]5ce ( individual conduct1 a g5]al1 n a p>ticul> manife/ation ( w1 x does n di/urb & modify ! developm5t ( ! "*1 nor does x f9d its expression 9 p>ticul> actions2 b1 ei!r by an ev] m m>k$ appe>ance ( ! :ole me?od ( action x has foll[$ hi!rto1 or conv]sely by ! entire suppression ( x1 x expresses 9 a liv+ =m ! maxims :i* ! w has freely adopt$ 9 accordance ) ! k x has n[ atta9$ to4 ,by ! explanations we h j giv5 ( fre$om1 necessity1 & "*1 we h some:at facilitat$ & prep>$ ! way = ! cle>] developm5t ( all ?is1 :i* is ! pr9cipal subject ( ?is la/ book4 ,b we %all h done s /ill m :5 we h turn$ our att5tion to life itself1 ! will+ or n will+ ( :i* is ! great "q1 & h endeav\r$ to f9d out g5]ally :at ! w itself1 :i* is ev]y:]e ! inmo/ nature ( ?is life1 w really atta9 by its ass]tion--9 :at way & to :at ext5t ?is ass]tion satisfies or c satisfy ! w2 9 %ort1 :at is g5]ally & ma9ly to be reg>d$ z its position 9 ?is its own _w1 :i* 9 e relation belongs to x4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i wi% ! read] to recall ! passage ) :i* we clos$ ! ,second ,book1--a passage occasion$ by ! "q1 :i* met u !n1 z to ! end & aim ( ! w4 ,in/ead ( ! answ] to ?is "q1 x appe>$ cle>ly be=e u h[1 9 all ! grades ( its manife/ation1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 ! w disp5ses altoge!r ) a f9al goal & aim4 ,x always /rives1 = /riv+ is its sole nature1 :i* no atta9$ goal c put an end to4 ,!re=e x is n susceptible ( any f9al satisfaction1 b c only be re/ra9$ by h9drances1 :ile 9 itself x goes on = ev]4 ,we see ?is 9 ! simple/ ( all natural ph5om5a1 gravity1 :i* does n cease to /rive & press t[>ds a ma!matical c5tre to rea* :i* w\ld be ! annihilation bo? ( itself & matt]1 & w\ld n cease ev5 if ! :ole univ]se 7 already roll$ into "o ball4 ,we see x 9 ! o!r simple natural ph5om5a4 ,a solid t5ds t[>ds fluidity ei!r by melt+ or dissolv+1 = only s w its *emical =ces be free2 rigidity is ! imprisonm5t 9 :i* x is held by cold4 ,! fluid t5ds t[>ds ! gase\s /ate1 into :i* x passes at once z soon z all pressure is remov$ f x4 ,no body is )\t relation%ip1 i4e41 )\t t5d5cy or )\t desire & long+1 z ,jacob ,bhme w\ld say4 ,electricity transmits its inn] self-repulsion to inf9ity1 ?\gh ! mass ( ! e>? absorbs ! effect4 ,galvanism is c]ta9ly1 s long z ! pile is work+1 an aimless1 unceas+ly repeat$ act ( repulsion & attraction4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! plant is j su* a re/less1 nev] satisfi$ /riv+1 a ceaseless t5d5cy ?r\gh ev]-asc5d+ =ms1 till ! end1 ! se$1 becomes a new />t+-po9t2 & ?is repeat$ ad inf9itum--n[h]e an end1 n[h]e a f9al satisfaction1 n[h]e a re/+-place4 ,x w also be rememb]$1 f ! ,second ,book1 t ! multitude ( natural =ces & organis$ =ms ev]y:]e /rive ) ea* o!r = ! matt] 9 :i* !y desire to appe>1 = ea* ( !m only possesses :at x has wre/$ f ! o!rs2 & ?us a con/ant int]nec9e w> is wag$1 f :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 arises ! resi/ance ?r\gh :i* t /riv+1 :i* con/itutes ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+1 is at all po9ts h9d]$2 /ruggles 9 va91 yet1 f its nature1 _c leave (f2 toils on labori\sly till ?is ph5om5on dies1 :5 o!rs eag]ly seize its place & its matt]4 ,we h long s9ce recognis$ ?is /riv+1 :i* con/itutes ! k]nel & 9-itself ( ev]y?+1 z id5tical ) t :i* 9 u1 :]e x manife/s itself mo/ di/9ctly 9 ! light ( ! fulle/ consci\sness1 is call$ w4 ,its h9drance ?r\gh an ob/acle :i* places itself betwe5 x & its tempor>y aim we call suff]+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 its atta9m5t ( ! end satisfaction1 wellbe+1 happ9ess4 ,we may also transf] ?is t]m9ology to ! ph5om5a ( ! unconsci\s _w1 = ?\gh weak] 9 degree1 !y are id5tical 9 nature4 ,!n we see !m involv$ 9 con/ant suff]+1 & )\t any cont9u+ happ9ess4 ,= all ef=t spr+s f defect--f discont5t ) "o's e/ate--is ?us suff]+ s long z x is n satisfi$2 b no satisfaction is la/+1 r x is always m]ely ! />t+-po9t ( a new ef=t4 ,! /riv+ we see ev]y:]e h9d]$ 9 _m ways1 ev]y:]e 9 conflict1 & !re=e always "u ! =m ( suff]+4 ,?us1 if !re is no f9al end ( /riv+1 !re is no measure & end ( suff]+4 ,b :at we only discov] 9 unconsci\s ,nature by %>p5$ obs]vation1 & ) an ef=t1 pres5ts itself di/9ctly to u 9 ! intellig5t _w 9 ! life ( animals1 ^: con/ant suff]+ is easily prov$4 ,b )\t l+]+ ov] ^! int]m$iate grades1 we %all turn to ! life ( man1 9 :i* all ?is appe>s ) ! greate/ di/9ctness1 illum9at$ by ! cle>e/ k2 = z ! ph5om5on ( w becomes m complete1 ! suff]+ also becomes m & m app>5t4 ,9 ! plant !re is z yet no s5sibility1 & !re=e no pa94 ,a c]ta9 v small degree ( suff]+ is exp]i5c$ by ! l[e/ species ( animal life--infusoria & radiata2 ev5 9 insects ! capacity to feel & suff] is /ill limit$4 ,x fir/ appe>s 9 a high degree ) ! complete n]v\s sy/em ( v]tebrate animals1 & always 9 a high] degree ! m intellig5ce develops4 ,?us1 9 proportion z k atta9s to di/9ctness1 z consci\sness asc5ds1 pa9 also increases1 & !re=e rea*es its highe/ degree 9 man4 ,& !n1 aga91 ! m di/9ctly a man kn[s1 ! m intellig5t he is1 ! m pa9 he has2 ! man :o is gift$ ) g5ius suff]s mo/ ( all4 ,9 ?is s5se1 t is1 ) ref]5ce to ! degree ( k 9 g5]al1 n m]e ab/ract rational k1 ,i und]/& & use "h t say+ ( ! ,prea*]3 ,qui auget sci5tiam1 auget at dolorem4 ,t philosophical pa9t] or pa9t+ philosoph]1 ,tis*be91 has v beautifully express$ ! accurate relation betwe5 ! degree ( consci\sness & t ( suff]+ by exhibit+ x 9 a visible & cle> =m 9 a draw+4 ,! upp] half ( 8 draw+ repres5ts wom5 ^: *ildr5 h be5 /ol51 & :o 9 diff]5t gr\ps & attitudes1 express 9 _m ways deep mat]nal pa91 angui%1 & despair4 ,! l[] half ( ! draw+ repres5ts %eep ^: lambs h be5 tak5 away4 ,!y are arrang$ & gr\p$ 9 precisely ! same way2 s t e human head1 e human attitude ( ! upp] half1 has bel[ a brute head & attitude correspond+ to x4 ,?us we see di/9ctly h[ ! pa9 :i* is possible 9 ! dull brute consci\sness is relat$ to ! viol5t grief1 :i* only becomes possible ?r\gh di/9ctness ( k & cle>ness ( consci\sness4 ,we desire to consid] 9 ?is way1 9 human exi/5ce1 ! inn] & ess5tial de/9y ( w4 ,e "o w easily recognise t same de/9y express$ 9 v>i\s degrees 9 ! life ( ! brutes1 only m weakly1 & may also conv9ce himself to 8 own satisfaction1 f ! suff]+ animal _w1 h[ ess5tial to all life is suff]+4 #eg4 ,at e grade t is enlight5$ by k1 ! w appe>s z an individual4 ,! human individual f9ds himself z f9ite 9 inf9ite space & "t1 & consequ5tly z a vani%+ quantity comp>$ ) !m4 ,he is project$ into !m1 &1 on acc\nt ( _! unlimit$ nature1 he has always a m]ely relative1 nev] absolute :5 & :]e ( 8 exi/5ce2 = 8 place & duration are f9ite p>ts ( :at is inf9ite & b\ndless4 ,8 real exi/5ce is only 9 ! pres5t1 ^: un*eck$ flight into ! pa/ is a con/ant transition into dea?1 a con/ant dy+4 ,= 8 pa/ life1 ap>t f its possible consequ5ces = ! pres5t1 & ! te/imony reg>d+ ! w t is express$ 9 x1 is n[ entirely done )1 dead1 & no long] any?+2 &1 !re=e1 x mu/ be1 z a matt] ( reason1 indiff]5t to him :e!r ! cont5t ( t pa/ 0 pa9 or pleasure4 ,b ! pres5t is always pass+ ?r\gh 8 h&s into ! pa/2 ! future is q unc]ta9 & always %ort4 ,?us 8 exi/5ce1 ev5 :5 we consid] only its =mal side1 is a con/ant hurry+ ( ! pres5t into ! dead pa/1 a con/ant dy+4 ,b if we look at x f ! physical side2 x is cle> t1 z our walk+ is admitt$ly m]ely a con/antly prev5t$ fall+1 ! life ( our body is only a con/antly prev5t$ dy+1 an ev]-po/pon$ dea?3 f9ally1 9 ! same way1 ! activity ( our m9d is a con/antly def]r$ ennui4 ,e brea? we draw w>ds (f ! dea? t is con/antly intrud+ ^u u4 ,9 ?is way we fight ) x e mom5t1 & aga91 at long] int]vals1 ?r\gh e meal we eat1 e sleep we take1 e "t we w>m ourselves1 c4 ,9 ! end1 dea? mu/ conqu]1 = we became subject to him ?r\gh bir?1 & he only plays = a little :ile ) 8 prey be=e he swall[s x up4 ,we pursue our life1 h[ev]1 ) great int]e/ & mu* solicitude z long z possible1 z we bl[ out a soap-bubble z long & z l>ge z possible1 al?\gh we "k p]fectly well t x w bur/4 ,we saw t ! inn] be+ ( unconsci\s nature is a con/ant /riv+ )\t end & )\t re/4 ,& ?is appe>s to u mu* m di/9ctly :5 we consid] ! nature ( brutes & man4 ,will+ & /riv+ is its :ole be+1 :i* may be v well comp>$ to an unqu5*able ?ir/4 ,b ! basis ( all will+ is ne$1 defici5cy1 & ?us pa94 ,consequ5tly1 ! nature ( brutes & man is subject to pa9 orig9ally & ?r\gh its v be+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x lacks objects ( desire1 because x is at once depriv$ ( !m by a too easy satisfaction1 a t]rible void & ennui comes ov] x1 i4e41 its be+ & exi/5ce itself becomes an unbe>able burd5 to x4 ,?us its life sw+s l a p5dulum backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 pa9 & ennui4 ,?is has also _h to express itself v oddly 9 ?is way2 aft] man _h transf]r$ all pa9 & torm5ts to hell1 !re !n rema9$ no?+ ov] = heav5 b ennui4 ,b ! con/ant /riv+ :i* con/itutes ! inn] nature ( e manife/ation ( w obta9s its prim>y & mo/ g5]al f\ndation at ! high] grades ( objectification1 f ! fact t "h ! w manife/s itself z a liv+ body1 ) ! iron comm& to n\ri% x2 & :at gives /r5g? to ?is comm& is j t ?is body is no?+ b ! objectifi$ w to live itself4 ,man1 z ! mo/ complete objectification ( t w1 is 9 l measure also ! mo/ necessit\s ( all be+s3 he is ?r\gh & ?r\gh concrete will+ & ne$+2 he is a concretion ( a ?\s& necessities4 ,) ^! he /&s ^u ! e>?1 left to himself1 unc]ta9 ab\t ev]y?+ except 8 own ne$ & mis]y4 ,consequ5tly ! c>e = ! ma9t5ance ( t exi/5ce "u exact+ dem&s1 :i* are r5ew$ e day1 occupies1 z a rule1 ! :ole ( human life4 ,to ?is is directly relat$ ! second claim1 t ( ! propagation ( ! species4 ,at ! same "t he is ?reat5$ f all sides by ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( dang]s1 f :i* x requires con/ant wat*fulness to escape4 ,) cauti\s /eps & ca/+ anxi\s glances r\nd him he pursues 8 pa?1 = a ?\s& accid5ts & a ?\s& enemies lie 9 wait = him4 ,?us he w5t :ile yet a savage1 ?us he goes 9 civilis$ life2 !re is no security = him4 8,qualibus 9 t5ebris vit1 quantisque p]iclis ,degitur hocc' vi1 quodcunque e/60--,,lucr4 ii4 #ae4 ,! life ( ! great majority is only a con/ant /ruggle = ?is exi/5ce itself1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( los+ x at la/4 ,b :at enables !m to endure ?is we>isome battle is n s mu* ! love ( life z ! fe> ( dea?1 :i* yet /&s 9 ! backgr\nd z inevitable1 & may come ^u !m at any mom5t4 ,life itself is a sea1 full ( rocks & :irlpools1 :i* man avoids ) ! greate/ c>e & solicitude1 al?\gh he kn[s t ev5 if he succe$s 9 gett+ ?r\gh ) all 8 ef=ts & skill1 he yet by do+ s comes ne>] at e /ep to ! greate/1 ! total1 inevitable1 & irrem$iable %ipwreck1 dea?2 nay1 ev5 /e]s "r ^u x3 ?is is ! f9al goal ( ! labori\s voyage1 & worse = him ?an all ! rocks f :i* he has escap$4 ,n[ x is well wor? obs]v+ t1 on ! "o h&1 ! suff]+ & mis]y ( life may easily increase to su* an ext5t t dea? itself1 9 ! flight f :i* ! :ole ( life consi/s1 becomes desirable1 & we ha/5 t[>ds x volunt>ily2 & aga91 on ! o!r h&1 t z soon z want & suff]+ p]mit re/ to a man1 ennui is at once s ne> t he necess>ily requires div]sion4 ,! /riv+ aft] exi/5ce is :at occupies all liv+ ?+s & ma9ta9s !m 9 motion4 ,b :5 exi/5ce is assur$1 !n !y "k n :at to d ) x2 ?us ! second ?+ t sets !m 9 motion is ! ef=t to get free f ! burd5 ( exi/5ce1 to make x cease to be felt1 8to kill "t10 i4e41 to escape f ennui4 ,accord+ly we see t almo/ all m5 :o are secure f want & c>e1 n[ t at la/ !y h ?r[n (f all o!r burd5s1 become a burd5 to !mselves1 & reg>d z a ga9 e h\r !y succe$ 9 gett+ ?r\gh2 & ?us e dim9ution ( ! v life :i*1 till !n1 !y h employ$ all _! p[]s to ma9ta9 z long z possible4 ,ennui is by no means an evil to be lightly e/eem$2 9 ! end x depicts on ! c\nt5ance real despair4 ,x makes be+s :o love ea* o!r s little z m5 d1 seek ea* o!r eag]ly1 & ?us becomes ! s\rce ( social int]c\rse4 ,moreov]1 ev5 f motives ( policy1 public precautions are ev]y:]e tak5 aga9/ x1 z aga9/ o!r univ]sal calamities4 ,= ?is evil may drive m5 to ! greate/ excesses1 j z mu* z its opposite extreme1 fam9e3 ! p require panem et circ5ses4 ,! /rict p5it5ti>y sy/em ( ,philadelphia makes use ( ennui alone z a means ( puni%m5t1 ?r\gh solit>y conf9em5t & idl5ess1 & x is f\nd s t]rible t x has ev5 l$ prison]s to commit suicide4 ,z want is ! con/ant sc\rge ( ! p1 s ennui is t ( ! fa%ionable _w4 ,9 middle-class life ennui is repres5t$ by ! ,sunday1 & want by ! six week-days4 ,?us betwe5 desir+ & atta9+ all human life fl[s on ?r\gh\t4 ,! wi% is1 9 its nature1 pa92 ! atta9m5t soon begets satiety3 ! end 0 only app>5t2 possession takes away ! *>m2 ! wi%1 ! ne$1 pres5ts itself "u a new =m2 :5 x does n1 !n foll[s desolat5ess1 empt9ess1 ennui1 aga9/ :i* ! conflict is j z pa9ful z aga9/ want4 ,t wi% & satisfaction %\ld foll[ ea* o!r nei!r too quickly nor too sl[ly r$uces ! suff]+1 :i* bo? occasion to ! smalle/ am\nt1 & con/itutes ! happie/ life4 ,= t :i* we might o!rwise call ! mo/ beautiful "p ( life1 its pure/ joy1 if x 7 only because x lifts u out ( real exi/5ce & trans=ms u into dis9t]e/$ spectators ( x--t is1 pure k1 :i* is =eign to all will+1 ! pleasure ( ! beautiful1 ! true delight 9 art--?is is grant$ only to a v few1 because x dem&s r>e tal5ts1 & to ^! few only z a pass+ dream4 ,& !n1 ev5 ^! few1 on acc\nt ( _! high] intellectual p[]1 are made susceptible ( f> great] suff]+ ?an dull] m9ds c ev] feel1 & are also plac$ 9 lonely isolation by a nature :i* is obvi\sly diff]5t f t ( o!rs2 ?us "h also acc\nts are squ>$4 ,b to ! great majority ( m5 purely intellectual pleasures are n accessible4 ,!y are almo/ q incapable ( ! joys :i* lie 9 pure k4 ,!y are entirely giv5 up to will+4 ,if1 !re=e1 any?+ is to w9 _! sympa?y1 to be int]e/+ to !m1 x mu/ 7z is impli$ 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w7 9 "s way excite _! w1 ev5 if x is only ?r\gh a di/ant & m]ely problematical relation to x2 ! w mu/ n be left altoge!r out ( ! "q1 = _! exi/5ce lies f> m 9 will+ ?an 9 kn[+1--action & reaction is _! "o elem5t4 ,we may f9d 9 trifles & ev]yday occurr5ces ! nave expressions ( ?is quality4 ,?us1 = example1 at any place wor? see+ !y may visit1 !y write _! names1 9 ord] ?us to react1 to affect ! place s9ce x does n affect !m4 ,aga91 :5 !y see a /range r>e animal1 !y _c easily conf9e !mselves to m]ely obs]v+ x2 !y mu/ r\se x1 tease x1 play ) x1 m]ely to exp]i5ce action & reaction2 b ?is ne$ = excitem5t ( ! w manife/s itself v specially 9 ! discov]y & support ( c>d-play+1 :i* is q peculi>ly ! expression ( ! mis]able side ( humanity4 ,b :atev] nature & =tune may h done1 :oev] a man be & :atev] he may possess1 ! pa9 :i* is ess5tial to life _c be ?r[n (f3-- 1 7,pelides autem ejulavit1 intuitus 9 clum latum74 ,& aga93-- 1 7,jovis quidem filius eram ,saturnii2 v]um rumnam habebam inf9itam74 ,! ceaseless ef=ts to bani% suff]+ accompli% no m ?an to make x *ange its =m4 ,x is ess5tially defici5cy1 want1 c>e = ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,if we succe$1 :i* is v difficult1 9 remov+ pa9 9 ?is =m1 x imm$iately assumes a ?\s& o!rs1 v>y+ accord+ to age & circum/ances1 su* z lu/1 passionate love1 jeal\sy1 envy1 hatr$1 anxiety1 ambition1 covet\sness1 sickness1 c41 c4 ,if at la/ x c f9d entrance 9 no o!r =m1 x comes 9 ! sad1 grey g>m5ts ( t$i\sness & ennui1 aga9/ :i* we !n /rive 9 v>i\s ways4 ,if f9ally we succe$ 9 driv+ ?is away1 we %all h>dly d s )\t lett+ pa9 ent] 9 "o ( its e>li] =ms1 & ! dance beg9 aga9 f ! beg9n+2 = all human life is toss$ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 pa9 & ennui4 ,depress+ z ?is view ( life is1 ,i w draw att5tion1 by ! way1 to an aspect ( x f :i* consolation may be drawn1 & p]haps ev5 a /oical indiff]5ce to "o's own pres5t ills may be atta9$4 ,= our impati5ce at ^! arises = ! mo/ "p f ! fact t we reg>d !m z br\ght ab\t by a *a9 ( causes :i* might easily be diff]5t4 ,we d n g5]ally grieve ov] ills :i* are directly necess>y & q univ]sal2 = example1 ! necessity ( age & ( dea?1 & _m daily inconv5i5ces4 ,x is r ! consid]ation ( ! accid5tal nature ( ! circum/ances t br\ght "s sorr[ j to u1 t gives x its /+4 ,b if we h recognis$ t pa91 z su*1 is inevitable & ess5tial to life1 & t no?+ dep5ds ^u *ance b its m]e fa%ion1 ! =m "u :i* x pres5ts itself1 t ?us our pres5t sorr[ fills a place t1 )\t x1 w\ld at once be occupi$ by ano!r :i* n[ is exclud$ by x1 & t !re=e fate c affect u little 9 :at is ess5tial2 su* a reflection1 if x 7 to become a liv+ conviction1 might produce a consid]able degree ( /oical equanimity1 & v mu* less5 ! anxi\s c>e = our own well-be+4 ,b1 9 fact1 su* a p[]ful control ( reason ov] directly felt suff]+ seldom or nev] occurs4 ,besides1 ?r\gh ?is view ( ! inevitabl5ess ( pa91 ( ! supplant+ ( "o pa9 by ano!r1 & ! introduction ( a new pa9 ?r\gh ! pass+ away ( t :i* prec$$ x1 "o might be l$ to ! p>adoxical b n absurd hypo!sis1 t 9 e individual ! measure ( ! pa9 ess5tial to him 0 det]m9$ once = all by 8 nature1 a measure :i* c\ld nei!r rema9 empty1 nor be m ?an fill$1 h[ev] mu* ! =m ( ! suff]+ might *ange4 ,?us 8 suff]+ & well-be+ w\ld by no means be det]m9$ f )\t1 b only ?r\gh t measure1 t natural disposition1 :i* inde$ might exp]i5ce c]ta9 additions & dim9utions f ! physical condition at diff]5t times1 b yet1 on ! :ole1 w\ld rema9 ! same1 & w\ld j be :at is call$ ! temp]am5t1 or1 m accurately1 ! degree 9 :i* he might be or 1 z ,plato expresses x 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,republic1 i4e41 9 an easy or difficult mood4 ,?is hypo!sis is support$ n only by ! well-kn[n exp]i5ce t great suff]+ makes all less] ills cease to be felt1 & conv]sely t fre$om f great suff]+ makes ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ inconv5i5ces torm5t u & put u out ( hum\r2 b exp]i5ce also tea*es t if a great mis=tune1 at ! m]e ?\ght ( :i* we %udd]$1 actually befalls u1 z soon z we h ov]come ! fir/ pa9 ( x1 our disposition rema9s = ! mo/ "p un*ang$2 &1 conv]sely1 t aft] ! atta9m5t ( "s happ9ess we h long desir$1 we d n feel ourselves on ! :ole & p]man5tly v mu* bett] (f & agreeably situat$ ?an be=e4 ,only ! mom5t at :i* ^! *anges occur affects u ) unusual /r5g?1 z deep sorr[ or exult+ joy1 b bo? soon pass away1 = !y are bas$ ^u illusion4 ,= !y d n spr+ f ! imm$iately pres5t pleasure or pa91 b only f ! op5+ up ( a new future :i* is anticipat$ 9 !m4 ,only by borr[+ f ! future c\ld pa9 or pleasure be height5$ s abnormally1 & consequ5tly n endur+ly4 ,x w\ld foll[1 f ! hypo!sis advanc$1 t a l>ge "p ( ! feel+ ( suff]+ & ( well-be+ w\ld be subjective & det]m9$ a priori1 z is ! case ) kn[+2 & we may add ! foll[+ rem>ks z evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x4 ,human *e]fulness or dejection are manife/ly n det]m9$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 su* z weal? & position1 = we see at lea/ z _m glad faces among ! poor z among ! ri*4 ,fur!r1 ! motives :i* induce suicide are s v diff]5t1 t we c assign no motive t is s great z to br+ x ab\t1 ev5 ) great probability1 9 e "*1 & few t w\ld be s small t ! l ( !m _h nev] caus$ x4 ,n[ al?\gh ! degree ( our s]5ity or sadness is n at all times ! same1 yet1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is view1 we %all n attribute x to ! *ange ( outw>d circum/ances1 b to t ( ! inn] condition1 ! physical /ate4 ,= :5 an actual1 ?\gh only tempor>y1 increase ( our s]5ity1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( joyfulness1 takes place1 x usually appe>s )\t any ext]nal occasion4 ,x is true t we (t5 see our pa9 arise only f "s def9ite ext]nal relation1 & are visibly oppress$ & sadd5$ by ?is only4 ,!n we believe t if only ?is 7 tak5 away1 ! greate/ cont5tm5t w\ld necess>ily ensue4 ,b ?is is illusion4 ,! measure ( our pa9 & our happ9ess is on ! :ole1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 subjectively det]m9$ = ea* po9t ( "t1 & ! motive = sadness is relat$ to t1 j z a bli/] :i* draws to a head all ! bad hum\rs o!rwise di/ribut$ is relat$ to ! body4 ,! pa9 :i* is at t p]iod ( "t ess5tial to our nature1 & !re=e _c be %ak5 (f1 w\ld1 )\t ! def9ite ext]nal cause ( our suff]+1 be divid$ at a hundr$ po9ts1 & appe> 9 ! =m ( a hundr$ little annoyances & c>es ab\t ?+s :i* we n[ entirely ov]look1 because our capacity = pa9 is already fill$ by t *ief evil :i* has conc5trat$ 9 a po9t all ! suff]+ o!rwise disp]s$4 ,?is corresponds also to ! obs]vation t if a great & press+ c>e is lift$ f our brea/ by its =tunate issue1 ano!r imm$iately takes its place1 ! :ole mat]ial ( :i* 0 already !re be=e1 yet c\ld n come into consci\sness z c>e because !re 0 no capacity left = x1 & !re=e ?is mat]ial ( c>e rema9$ indi/9ct & unobs]v$ 9 a cl\dy =m on ! f>!/ horizon ( consci\sness4 ,b n[ t !re is room1 ?is prep>$ mat]ial at once comes =w>d & occupies ! ?rone ( ! reign+ c>e ( ! day 774 ,& if x is v mu* light] 9 its matt] ?an ! mat]ial ( ! c>e :i* has vani%$1 x kn[s h[ to bl[ itself out s z app>5tly to equal x 9 size1 & ?us1 z ! *ief c>e ( ! day1 completely fills ! ?rone4 ,excessive joy & v ke5 suff]+ always occur 9 ! same p]son1 = !y condition ea* o!r reciprocally1 & are also 9 common condition$ by great activity ( ! m9d4 ,bo? are produc$1 z we h j se51 n by :at is really pres5t1 b by ! anticipation ( ! future4 ,b s9ce pa9 is ess5tial to life1 & its degree is also det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! subject1 sudd5 *anges1 because !y are always ext]nal1 _c really alt] its degree4 ,?us an error & delusion always lies at ! f\ndation ( immod]ate joy or grief1 & consequ5tly bo? ^! excessive /ra9+s ( ! m9d c be avoid$ by k4 ,e immod]ate joy 7exultatio1 insol5s ltitia7 always re/s on ! delusion t "o has f\nd 9 life :at c nev] be f\nd !re--la/+ satisfaction ( ! h>ass+ desires & c>es1 :i* are con/antly bre$+ new ones4 ,f e p>ticul> delusion ( ?is k9d "o mu/ inevitably be br\ght back lat]1 & !n :5 x vani%es mu/ pay = x ) pa9 z bitt] z ! joy its entrance caus$ 0 ke54 ,s f>1 !n1 x is precisely l a height f :i* "o c come d[n only by a fall4 ,!re=e "o ought to avoid !m2 & e sudd5 excessive grief is j a fall f "s su* height1 ! vani%+ ( su* a delusion1 & s condition$ by x4 ,consequ5tly we might avoid !m bo? if we _h suffici5t control ov] ourselves to survey ?+s always ) p]fect cle>ness z a :ole & 9 _! connection1 & /eadfa/ly to gu>d aga9/ really l5d+ !m ! col\rs :i* we wi% !y _h4 ,! pr9cipal ef=t ( ! ,/oical e?ics 0 to free ! m9d f all su* delusion & its consequ5ces1 & to give x in/ead an equanimity t c\ld n be di/urb$4 ,x is ?is insight t inspires ,horace 9 ! well-kn[n ode-- 8quam mem5to rebus 9 arduiis ,s]v>e m5tem1 non secus 9 bonis ,ab insol5ti temp]atam ,ltitia40 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 we close our m9ds aga9/ ! k1 :i* may be comp>$ to a bitt] m$ic9e1 t suff]+ is ess5tial to life1 & !re=e does n fl[ 9 ^u u f )\t1 b t e "o c>ries ab\t ) him its p]5nial s\rce 9 8 own he>t4 ,we r seek con/antly = an ext]nal p>ticul> cause1 z x 71 a pretext = ! pa9 :i* nev] leaves u1 j z ! free man makes himself an idol1 9 ord] to h a ma/]4 ,= we unwe>i$ly /rive f wi% to wi%2 & al?\gh e satisfaction1 h[ev] mu* x promis$1 :5 atta9$ fails to satisfy u1 b = ! mo/ "p comes pres5tly to be an error ( :i* we are a%am$1 yet we d n see t we draw wat] ) ! sieve ( ! ,danaides1 b ev] ha/5 to new desires4 8,s$1 dum abe/ quod avemus1 id exsup]>e videtur ,ct]a2 po/ aliud1 quum contigit illud1 avemus2 ,et sitis qua t5et vitai semp] hiantes40--,,lucr4 iii4 #ajie4 ,?us x ei!r goes on = ev]1 or1 :at is m r>e & presupposes a c]ta9 /r5g? ( "*1 till we rea* a wi% :i* is n satisfi$ & yet _c be giv5 up4 ,9 t case we h1 z x 71 f\nd :at we s\ght1 some?+ t we c always blame1 in/ead ( our own nature1 z ! s\rce ( our suff]+4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh we are n[ at v>iance ) our fate1 we are reconcil$ to our exi/5ce1 = ! k is aga9 put f> f u t suff]+ is ess5tial to ?is exi/5ce itself1 & true satisfaction impossible4 ,! result ( ?is =m ( developm5t is a some:at melan*oly disposition1 ! con/ant endurance ( a s+le great pa91 & ! contempt = all less] sorr[s or joys t proce$s f x2 consequ5tly an already nobl] ph5om5on ?an t con/ant seiz+ ^u ev]-new =ms ( illusion1 :i* is mu* m common4 #eh4 ,all satisfaction1 or :at is commonly call$ happ9ess1 is always really & ess5tially only negative1 & nev] positive4 ,x is n an orig9al gratification com+ to u ( itself1 b mu/ always be ! satisfaction ( a wi%4 ,! wi%1 i4e41 "s want1 is ! condition :i* prec$es e pleasure4 ,b ) ! satisfaction ! wi% & !re=e ! pleasure cease4 ,?us ! satisfaction or ! pleas+ c nev] be m ?an ! deliv]ance f a pa91 f a want2 = su* is n only e actual1 op5 sorr[1 b e desire1 ! importunity ( :i* di/urbs our peace1 &1 inde$1 ! dead5+ ennui also t makes life a burd5 to u4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s h>d to atta9 or a*ieve any?+2 difficulties & tr\bles )\t end are oppos$ to e purpose1 & at e /ep h9drances accumulate4 ,b :5 f9ally ev]y?+ is ov]come & atta9$1 no?+ c ev] be ga9$ b deliv]ance f "s sorr[ or desire1 s t we f9d ourselves j 9 ! same position z we occupi$ be=e ?is sorr[ or desire appe>$4 ,all t is ev5 directly giv5 u is m]ely ! want1 i4e41 ! pa94 ,! satisfaction & ! pleasure we c only "k indirectly ?r\gh ! remembrance ( ! prec$+ suff]+ & want1 :i* ceases ) its appe>ance4 ,h5ce x arises t we are n prop]ly consci\s ( ! bless+s & advantages we actually possess1 nor d we prize !m1 b ?9k ( !m m]ely z a matt] ( c\rse1 = !y gratify u only negatively by re/ra9+ suff]+4 ,only :5 we h lo/ !m d we become s5sible ( _! value2 = ! want1 ! privation1 ! sorr[1 is ! positive1 communicat+ itself directly to u4 ,?us also we are pleas$ by ! remembrance ( pa/ ne$1 sickness1 want1 & su* l1 because ?is is ! only means ( enjoy+ ! pres5t bless+s4 ,&1 fur!r1 x _c be d5i$ t 9 ?is respect1 & f ?is /&po9t ( egoism1 :i* is ! =m ( ! w to live1 ! sight or ! description ( ! suff]+s ( o!rs af=ds u satisfaction & pleasure 9 precisely ! way ,lucretius beautifully & frankly expresses x 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second ,book-- 8,suave1 m>i magno1 turbantibus quora v5tis1 ,e t]ra magnum alt]ius spect>e laborem3 ,non1 quia vex>i quemquam e/ jucunda voluptas2 ,s$1 quibus ipse malis c>eas1 quia c]n]e suave e/40 ,yet we %all see f>!r on t ?is k9d ( pleasure1 ?r\gh k ( our own well-be+ obta9$ 9 ?is way1 lies v ne> ! s\rce ( real1 positive wick$ness4 ,t all happ9ess is only ( a negative n a positive nature1 t j on ?is acc\nt x _c be la/+ satisfaction & gratification1 b m]ely deliv]s u f "s pa9 or want :i* mu/ be foll[$ ei!r by a new pa91 or by languor1 empty long+1 & ennui2 ?is f9ds support 9 art1 t true mirror ( ! _w & life1 & especially 9 poetry4 ,e epic & dramatic poem c only repres5t a /ruggle1 an ef=t1 & fight = happ9ess1 nev] endur+ & complete happ9ess itself4 ,x conducts its h]oes ?r\gh a ?\s& difficulties & dang]s to ! goal2 z soon z ?is is rea*$1 x ha/5s to let ! curta9 fall2 = n[ !re w\ld rema9 no?+ = x to d b to %[ t ! glitt]+ goal 9 :i* ! h]o expect$ to f9d happ9ess _h only disappo9t$ him1 & t aft] its atta9m5t he 0 no bett] (f ?an be=e4 ,because a g5u9e endur+ happ9ess is n possible1 x _c be ! subject ( art4 ,c]ta9ly ! aim ( ! idyll is ! description ( su* a happ9ess1 b "o also sees t ! idyll z su* _c cont9ue4 ,! poet always f9ds t x ei!r becomes epical 9 8 h&s1 & 9 ?is case x is a v insignificant epic1 made up ( trifl+ sorr[s1 trifl+ delights1 & trifl+ ef=ts--?is is ! commone/ case--or else x becomes a m]ely descriptive poem1 describ+ ! beauty ( nature1 i4e41 pure kn[+ free f w1 :i* c]ta9ly1 z a matt] ( fact1 is ! only pure happ9ess1 :i* is nei!r prec$$ by suff]+ or want1 nor necess>ily foll[$ by rep5tance1 sorr[1 empt9ess1 or satiety2 b ?is happ9ess _c fill ! :ole life1 b is only possible at mom5ts4 ,:at we see 9 poetry we f9d aga9 9 music2 9 ! melodies ( :i* we h recognis$ ! univ]sal expression ( ! inmo/ hi/ory ( ! self-consci\s w1 ! mo/ secret life1 long+1 suff]+1 & delight2 ! ebb & fl[ ( ! human he>t4 ,melody is always a deviation f ! keynote ?r\gh a ?\s& caprici\s w&]+s1 ev5 to ! mo/ pa9ful discord1 & !n a f9al return to ! keynote :i* expresses ! satisfaction & appeas+ ( ! w1 b ) :i* no?+ m c !n be done1 & ! cont9uance ( :i* any long] w\ld only be a we>isome & unmean+ monotony correspond+ to ennui4 ,all t we int5d to br+ out cle>ly ?r\gh ^! inve/igations1 ! impossibility ( atta9+ la/+ satisfaction & ! negative nature ( all happ9ess1 f9ds its explanation 9 :at is %[n at ! conclusion ( ! ,second ,book3 t ! w1 ( :i* human life1 l e ph5om5on1 is ! objectification1 is a /riv+ )\t aim or end4 ,we f9d ! /amp ( ?is endlessness impr9t$ ^u all ! p>ts ( its :ole manife/ation1 f its mo/ univ]sal =m1 endless "t & space1 up to ! mo/ p]fect ( all ph5om5a1 ! life & ef=ts ( man4 ,we may !oretically assume ?ree extremes ( human life1 & treat !m z elem5ts ( actual human life4 ,fir/1 ! p[]ful w1 ! /rong passions 7,rads*a-,guna74 ,x appe>s 9 great hi/orical *>act]s2 x is describ$ 9 ! epic & ! drama4 ,b x c also %[ itself 9 ! little _w1 = ! size ( ! objects is measur$ "h by ! degree 9 :i* !y influ5ce ! w1 n accord+ to _! ext]nal relations4 ,secondly1 pure kn[+1 ! compreh5sion ( ! ,ideas1 condition$ by ! free+ ( k f ! s]vice ( w3 ! life ( g5ius 7,satwa-,guna74 ,?irdly & la/ly1 ! greate/ le?>gy ( ! w1 & also ( ! k atta*+ to x1 empty long+1 life-b5umb+ languor 7,tama-,guna74 ,! life ( ! individual1 f> f becom+ p]man5tly fix$ 9 "o ( ^! extremes1 seldom t\*es any ( !m1 & is = ! mo/ "p only a weak & wav]+ approa* to "o or ! o!r side1 a ne$y desir+ ( trifl+ objects1 con/antly recurr+1 & s escap+ ennui4 ,x is really incr$ible h[ mean+less & void ( significance :5 look$ at f )\t1 h[ dull & un5light5$ by intellect :5 felt f )91 is ! c\rse ( ! life ( ! great majority ( m54 ,x is a we>y long+ & compla9+1 a dream-l /agg]+ ?r\gh ! f\r ages ( life to dea?1 accompani$ by a s]ies ( trivial ?\ghts4 ,su* m5 are l clockwork1 :i* is w\nd up1 & goes x kn[s n :y2 & e "t a man is begott5 & born1 ! clock ( human life is w\nd up anew1 to repeat ! same old piece x has play$ innum]able times be=e1 passage aft] passage1 measure aft] measure1 ) insignificant v>iations4 ,e individual1 e human be+ & 8 c\rse ( life1 is b ano!r %ort dream ( ! endless _s ( nature1 ( ! p]si/5t w to live2 is only ano!r fleet+ =m1 :i* x c>elessly sket*es on its inf9ite page1 space & "t2 all[s to rema9 = a "t s %ort t x vani%es into no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ^!1 & !n oblit]ates to make new room4 ,& yet1 & "h lies ! s]i\s side ( life1 e "o ( ^! fleet+ =ms1 ^! empty fancies1 mu/ be paid = by ! :ole w to live1 9 all its activity1 ) _m & deep suff]+s1 & f9ally ) a bitt] dea?1 long fe>$ & com+ at la/4 ,?is is :y ! sight ( a corpse makes u sudd5ly s s]i\s4 ,! life ( e individual1 if we survey x z a :ole & 9 g5]al1 & only lay /ress ^u its mo/ significant features1 is really always a trag$y1 b gone ?r\gh 9 detail1 x has ! "* ( a com$y4 ,= ! de$s & vexations ( ! day1 ! re/less irritation ( ! mom5t1 ! desires & fe>s ( ! week1 ! mi%aps ( e h\r1 are all ?r\gh *ance1 :i* is ev] b5t ^u "s je/1 sc5es ( a com$y4 ,b ! nev]-satisfi$ wi%es1 ! fru/rat$ ef=ts1 ! hopes unm]cifully cru%$ by fate1 ! un=tunate errors ( ! :ole life1 ) increas+ suff]+ & dea? at ! end1 are always a trag$y4 ,?us1 z if fate w\ld add d]ision to ! mis]y ( our exi/5ce1 our life mu/ conta9 all ! woes ( trag$y1 & yet we _c ev5 ass]t ! dignity ( tragic *>act]s1 b 9 ! broad detail ( life mu/ inevitably be ! fooli% *>act]s ( a com$y4 ,b h[ev] mu* great & small trials may fill human life1 !y are n able to conceal its insuffici5cy to satisfy ! _s2 !y _c hide ! empt9ess & sup]ficiality ( exi/5ce1 nor exclude ennui1 :i* is always ready to fill up e pause t c>e may all[4 ,h5ce x arises t ! human m9d1 n cont5t ) ! c>es1 anxieties1 & occupations :i* ! actual _w lays ^u x1 creates = itself an imag9>y _w also 9 ! =m ( a ?\s& diff]5t sup]/itions1 !n f9ds all mann] ( employm5t ) ?is1 & wa/es "t & /r5g? ^u x1 z soon z ! real _w is will+ to grant x ! re/ :i* x is q incapable ( enjoy+4 ,?is is accord+ly mo/ m>k$ly ! case ) nations = :i* life is made easy by ! cong5ial nature ( ! climate & ! soil1 mo/ ( all ) ! ,h9dus1 !n ) ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & lat] ) ! ,italians1 ! ,spani>ds1 c4 ,demons1 gods1 & sa9ts man creates 9 8 own image2 & to !m he mu/ !n unceas+ly br+ (f]+s1 pray]s1 temple decorations1 v[s & _! fulfilm5t1 pilgrimages1 salutations1 ornam5ts = _! images1 c4 ,_! s]vice m+les ev]y:]e ) ! real1 &1 inde$1 obscures x4 ,e ev5t ( life is reg>d$ z ! "w ( ^! be+s2 ! int]c\rse ) !m occupies half ! "t ( life1 con/antly su/a9s hope1 & by ! *>m ( illusion (t5 becomes m int]e/+ ?an int]c\rse ) real be+s4 ,x is ! expression & symptom ( ! actual ne$ ( mank9d1 p>tly = help & support1 p>tly = occupation & div]sion2 & if x (t5 works 9 direct opposition to ! fir/ ne$1 because :5 accid5ts & dang]s arise valuable "t & /r5g?1 in/ead ( be+ direct$ to w>d+ !m (f1 are uselessly wa/$ on pray]s & (f]+s2 x s]ves ! second end all ! bett] by ?is imag9>y conv]se ) a vision>y _s _w2 & ?is is ! by no means contemptible ga9 ( all sup]/itions4 #ei4 ,if we h s f> conv9c$ ourselves a priori1 by ! mo/ g5]al consid]ation1 by inve/igation ( ! prim>y & elem5tal features ( human life1 t 9 its :ole plan x is capable ( no true bless$ness1 b is 9 its v nature suff]+ 9 v>i\s =ms1 & ?r\gh\t a /ate ( mis]y1 we might n[ awak5 ?is conviction mu* m vividly )9 u if1 proce$+ m a po/]iori1 we 7 to turn to m def9ite in/ances1 call up pictures to ! fancy1 & illu/rate by examples ! unspeakable mis]y :i* exp]i5ce & hi/ory pres5t1 :]ev] "o may look & 9 :atev] direction "o may seek4 ,b ! *apt] w\ld h no end1 & w\ld c>ry u f> f ! /&po9t ( ! univ]sal1 :i* is ess5tial to philosophy2 &1 moreov]1 su* a description might easily be tak5 = a m]e declamation on human mis]y1 su* z has (t5 be5 giv51 &1 z su*1 might be *>g$ ) "o-sid$ness1 because x />t$ f p>ticul> facts4 ,f su* a reproa* & suspicion our p]fectly cold & philosophical inve/igation ( ! inevitable suff]+ :i* is f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( life is free1 = x />ts f ! univ]sal & is conduct$ a priori4 ,b confirmation a po/]iori is ev]y:]e easily obta9$4 ,e "o :o has awak5$ f ! fir/ dream ( y\?1 :o has consid]$ 8 own exp]i5ce & t ( o!rs1 :o has /udi$ himself 9 life1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ & ( 8 own "t1 & f9ally 9 ! works ( ! great poets1 w1 if 8 judgm5t is n p>alys$ by "s indelibly impr9t$ prejudice1 c]ta9ly arrive at ! conclusion t ?is human _w is ! k+dom ( *ance & error1 :i* rule )\t m]cy 9 great ?+s & 9 small1 & along ) :i* folly & wick$ness also wield ! sc\rge4 ,h5ce x arises t ev]y?+ bett] only /ruggles ?r\gh ) difficulty2 :at is noble & wise seldom atta9s to expression1 becomes effective & claims att5tion1 b ! absurd & ! p]v]se 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 ! dull & ta/eless 9 ! sph]e ( art1 ! wick$ & deceitful 9 ! sph]e ( action1 really ass]t a supremacy1 only di/urb$ by %ort int]ruptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ t is excell5t is always a m]e exception1 "o case 9 millions1 & !re=e1 if x pres5ts itself 9 a la/+ "w1 ?is1 :5 x has outliv$ ! enmity ( its contempor>ies1 exi/s 9 isolation1 is pres]v$ l a meteoric /one1 sprung f an ord] ( ?+s diff]5t f t :i* prevails "h4 ,b z f> z ! life ( ! individual is conc]n$1 e biography is ! hi/ory ( suff]+1 = e life is1 z a rule1 a cont9ual s]ies ( great & small mis=tunes1 :i* ea* "o conceals z mu* z possible1 because he kn[s t o!rs c seldom feel sympa?y or compassion1 b almo/ always satisfaction at ! sight ( ! woes f :i* !y are !mselves = ! mom5t exempt4 ,b p]haps at ! end ( life1 if a man is s9c]e & 9 full possession ( 8 faculties1 he w nev] wi% to h x to live ov] aga91 b r ?an ?is1 he w mu* pref] absolute annihilation4 ,! ess5tial cont5t ( ! fam\s soliloquy 9 8,hamlet0 is briefly ?is3 ,our /ate is s wret*$ t absolute annihilation w\ld be decid$ly pref]able4 ,if suicide really (f]$ u ?is1 s t ! alt]native 8to be or n to be10 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 0 plac$ be=e u1 !n x w\ld be unconditionally to be *os5 z 8a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$40 ,b !re is some?+ 9 u :i* tells u t ?is is n ! case3 suicide is n ! end2 dea? is n absolute annihilation4 ,9 l mann]1 :at 0 said by ! fa!r ( hi/ory7#ga7 has n s9ce him be5 contradict$1 t no man has ev] liv$ :o has n wi%$ m ?an once t he _h n to live ! foll[+ day4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! brevity ( life1 :i* is s con/antly lam5t$1 may be ! be/ quality x possesses4 ,if1 f9ally1 we %\ld br+ cle>ly to a man's sight ! t]rible suff]+s & mis]ies to :i* 8 life is con/antly expos$1 he w\ld be seiz$ ) horror2 & if we 7 to conduct ! confirm$ optimi/ ?r\gh ! hospitals1 infirm>ies1 & surgical op]at+-rooms1 ?r\gh ! prisons1 torture-*amb]s1 & slave-k5nels1 ov] battle-fields & places ( execution2 if we 7 to op5 to him all ! d>k abodes ( mis]y1 :]e x hides itself f ! glance ( cold curiosity1 &1 f9ally1 all[ him to glance into ! />v+ dungeon ( ,ugol9o1 he1 too1 w\ld und]/& at la/ ! nature ( ?is 8be/ ( possible worlds40 ,= :5ce did ,dante take ! mat]ials = 8 hell b f ?is our actual _w8 ,& yet he made a v prop] hell ( x4 ,& :51 on ! o!r h&1 he came to ! task ( describ+ heav5 & its delights1 he _h an insurm\ntable difficulty be=e him1 = our _w af=ds no mat]ials at all = ?is4 ,!re=e !re rema9$ no?+ = him to d b1 in/ead ( describ+ ! joys ( p>adise1 to repeat to u ! in/ruction giv5 him !re by 8 ance/or1 by ,beatrice1 & by v>i\s sa9ts4 ,b f ?is x is suffici5tly cle> :at mann] ( _w x is4 ,c]ta9ly human life1 l all bad w>e1 is cov]$ ov] ) a false lu/re3 :at suff]s always conceals itself2 on ! o!r h&1 :atev] pomp or spl5d\r any "o c get1 he makes a %[ ( op5ly1 & ! m inn] cont5tm5t des]ts him1 ! m he desires to exi/ z =tunate 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs3 to su* an ext5t does folly g1 & ! op9ion ( o!rs is a *ief aim ( ! ef=ts ( e "o1 al?\gh ! utt] no?+ness ( x is express$ 9 ! fact t 9 almo/ all languages vanity1 vanitas1 orig9ally signifies empt9ess & no?+ness4 ,b "u all ?is false %[1 ! mis]ies ( life c s increase--& ?is happ5s e day--t ! dea? :i* hi!rto has be5 fe>$ above all ?+s is eag]ly seiz$ ^u4 ,inde$1 if fate w %[ its :ole malice1 ev5 ?is refuge is d5i$ to ! suff]]1 &1 9 ! h&s ( enrag$ enemies1 he may rema9 expos$ to t]rible & sl[ tortures )\t rem$y4 ,9 va9 ! suff]] !n calls on 8 gods = help2 he rema9s expos$ to 8 fate )\t grace4 ,b ?is irrem$iabl5ess is only ! mirror ( ! inv9cible nature ( 8 w1 ( :i* 8 p]son is ! objectivity4 ,z little z an ext]nal p[] c *ange or suppress ?is w1 s little c a =eign p[] deliv] x f ! mis]ies :i* proce$ f ! life :i* is ! ph5om5al appe>ance ( t w4 ,9 ! pr9cipal matt]1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 a man is always ?r[n back ^u himself4 ,9 va9 does he make to himself gods 9 ord] to get f !m by pray]s & flatt]y :at c only be accompli%$ by 8 own w-p[]4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t made ! _w & man ! "w ( a god1 b ! ,new ,te/am5t saw t1 9 ord] to tea* t hol9ess & salvation f ! sorr[s ( ?is _w c only come f ! _w itself1 x 0 necess>y t ?is god %\ld become man4 ,x is & rema9s ! w ( man ^u :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds = him4 ,fanatics1 m>tyrs1 sa9ts ( e fai? & "n1 h volunt>ily & gladly endur$ e torture1 because 9 !m ! w to live _h suppress$ itself2 & !n ev5 ! sl[ de/ruction ( its ph5om5on 0 welcome to !m4 ,b ,i d n wi% to anticipate ! lat] exposition4 ,= ! re/1 ,i _c "h avoid ! /atem5t t1 to me1 optimism1 :5 x is n m]ely ! ?\ghtless talk ( su* z h>b\r no?+ b words "u _! l[ =eheads1 appe>s n m]ely z an absurd1 b also z a really wick$ way ( ?9k+1 z a bitt] mock]y ( ! unspeakable suff]+ ( humanity4 ,let no "o ?9k t ,*ri/ianity is fav\rable to optimism2 =1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,gospels _w & evil are us$ z almo/ synonym\s47#gb7 #fj4 ,we h n[ complet$ ! two expositions x 0 necess>y to ins]t2 ! exposition ( ! fre$om ( ! w 9 itself toge!r ) ! necessity ( its ph5om5on1 & ! exposition ( its lot 9 ! _w :i* reflects its own nature1 & ^u ! k ( :i* x has to ass]t or d5y itself4 ,!re=e we c n[ proce$ to br+ out m cle>ly ! nature ( ?is ass]tion & d5ial itself1 :i* 0 ref]r$ to & expla9$ 9 a m]ely g5]al way above4 ,?is we %all d by exhibit+ ! conduct 9 :i* alone x f9ds its expression1 & consid]+ x 9 its inn] significance4 ,! ass]tion ( ! w is ! cont9u\s will+ itself1 undi/urb$ by any k1 z x fills ! life ( man 9 g5]al4 ,= ev5 ! body ( a man is ! objectivity ( ! w1 z x appe>s at ?is grade & 9 ?is individual4 ,& ?us 8 will+ :i* develops itself 9 "t is1 z x 71 a p>aphrase ( 8 body1 an elucidation ( ! significance ( ! :ole & its p>ts2 x is ano!r way ( exhibit+ ! same ?+-9-itself1 ( :i* ! body is already ! ph5om5on4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( say+ ass]tion ( ! w1 we may say ass]tion ( ! body4 ,! fundam5tal !me or subject ( all ! multif>i\s acts ( w is ! satisfaction ( ! wants :i* are insep>able f ! exi/5ce ( ! body 9 heal?1 !y already h _! expression 9 x1 & may be ref]r$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual & ! propagation ( ! species4 ,b indirectly ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( motives obta9 9 ?is way p[] ov] ! w1 & br+ ab\t ! mo/ multif>i\s acts ( w4 ,ea* ( ^! is only an example1 an in/ance1 ( ! w :i* "h manife/s itself g5]ally4 ,( :at nature ?is example may be1 :at =m ! motive may h & imp>t to x1 is n ess5tial2 ! important po9t "h is t some?+ is will$ 9 g5]al & ! degree ( int5sity ) :i* x is s will$4 ,! w c only become visible 9 ! motives1 z ! eye only manife/s its p[] ( see+ 9 ! light4 ,! motive 9 g5]al /&s be=e ! w 9 protean =ms4 ,x con/antly promises complete satisfaction1 ! qu5*+ ( ! ?ir/ ( w4 ,b :5ev] x is atta9$ x at once appe>s 9 ano!r =m1 & ?us influ5ces ! w anew1 always accord+ to ! degree ( ! int5sity ( ?is w1 & its relation to k :i* are reveal$ z empirical "*1 9 ^! v examples & in/ances4 ,f ! fir/ appe>ance ( consci\sness1 a man f9ds himself a will+ be+1 & z a rule1 8 k rema9s 9 con/ant relation to 8 w4 ,he fir/ seeks to "k ?or\ghly ! objects ( 8 desire1 & !n ! means ( atta9+ !m4 ,n[ he kn[s :at he has to d1 &1 z a rule1 he does n /rive aft] o!r k4 ,he moves & acts2 8 consci\sness keeps him always work+ directly & actively t[>ds ! aims ( 8 w2 8 ?\ght is conc]n$ ) ! *oice ( motives4 ,su* is life = almo/ all m52 !y wi%1 !y "k :at !y wi%1 & !y /rive aft] x1 ) suffici5t success to keep !m f despair1 & suffici5t failure to keep !m f ennui & its consequ5ces4 ,f ?is proce$s a c]ta9 s]5ity1 or at lea/ indiff]5ce1 :i* _c be affect$ by weal? or pov]ty2 = ! ri* & ! poor d n enjoy :at !y h1 = ?is1 z we h %[n1 acts 9 a purely negative way1 b :at !y hope to atta9 to by _! ef=ts4 ,!y press =w>d ) mu* e>ne/ness1 & inde$ ) an air ( importance2 ?us *ildr5 also pursue _! play4 ,x is always an exception if su* a life suff]s int]ruption f ! fact t ei!r ! /hetic dem& = contemplation or ! e?ical dem& = r5unciation proce$ f a k :i* is indep5d5t ( ! s]vice ( ! w1 & direct$ to ! nature ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,mo/ m5 are pursu$ by want all ?r\gh life1 )\t ev] be+ all[$ to come to _! s5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w is (t5 inflam$ to a degree t f> transc5ds ! ass]tion ( ! body1 & !n viol5t emotions & p[]ful passions %[ !mselves1 9 :i* ! individual n only ass]ts 8 own exi/5ce1 b d5ies & seeks to suppress t ( o!rs :5 x /&s 9 8 way4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! body ?r\gh its own p[]s is s small a degree ( ! ass]tion ( w1 t if x volunt>ily rema9s at ?is degree1 we might assume t1 ) ! dea? ( ?is body1 ! w also :i* appe>$ 9 x w\ld be ext+ui%$4 ,b ev5 ! satisfaction ( ! sexual passions goes beyond ! ass]tion ( "o's own exi/5ce1 :i* fills s %ort a "t1 & ass]ts life = an indef9ite "t aft] ! dea? ( ! individual4 ,nature1 always true & consi/5t1 "h ev5 nave1 exhibits to u op5ly ! inn] significance ( ! act ( g5]ation4 ,our own consci\sness1 ! int5sity ( ! impulse1 tea*es u t 9 ?is act ! mo/ decid$ ass]tion ( ! w to live expresses itself1 pure & )\t fur!r addition 7any d5ial ( o!r individuals72 & n[1 z ! consequ5ce ( ?is act1 a new life appe>s 9 "t & ! causal s]ies1 i4e41 9 nature2 ! begott5 appe>s be=e ! begett]1 diff]5t z reg>ds ! ph5om5on1 b 9 himself1 i4e41 accord+ to ! ,idea1 id5tical ) him4 ,!re=e x is ?is act ?r\gh :i* e species ( liv+ creature b9ds itself to a :ole & is p]petuat$4 ,g5]ation is1 ) ref]5ce to ! begett]1 only ! expression1 ! symptom1 ( 8 decid$ ass]tion ( ! w to live3 ) ref]5ce to ! begott51 x is n ! cause ( ! w :i* appe>s 9 him1 = ! w 9 itself kn[s nei!r cause nor effect1 b1 l all causes1 x is m]ely ! occasional cause ( ! ph5om5al appe>ance ( ?is w at ?is "t 9 ?is place4 ,z ?+-9-itself1 ! w ( ! begett] & t ( ! begott5 are n diff]5t1 = only ! ph5om5on1 n ! ?+-9-itself1 is subord9ate to ! pr9cipim individuationis4 ,) t ass]tion beyond our own body & ext5d+ to ! production ( a new body1 suff]+ & dea?1 z belong+ to ! ph5om5on ( life1 h also be5 ass]t$ anew1 & ! possibility ( salvation1 introduc$ by ! complete/ capability ( k1 has = ?is "t be5 %[n to be fruitless4 ,"h lies ! pr(\nd reason ( ! %ame connect$ ) ! process ( g5]ation4 ,?is view is my?ically express$ 9 ! dogma ( ,*ri/ian !ology t we are all p>tak]s 9 ,adam's fir/ transgression 7:i* is cle>ly j ! satisfaction ( sexual passion71 & ?r\gh x are guilty ( suff]+ & dea?4 ,9 ?is !ology goes beyond ! consid]ation ( ?+s accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & recognises ! ,idea ( man1 ! unity ( :i* is re-e/abli%$ out ( its disp]sion into innum]able individuals ?r\gh ! bond ( g5]ation :i* holds !m all toge!r4 ,accord+ly x reg>ds e individual z on "o side id5tical ) ,adam1 ! repres5tative ( ! ass]tion ( life1 &1 s f>1 z subject to s9 7orig9al s971 suff]+1 & dea?2 on ! o!r side1 ! k ( ! ,idea ( man enables x to reg>d e individual z id5tical ) ! savi\r1 ! repres5tative ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 &1 s f> z a p>tak] ( 8 sacrifice ( himself1 sav$ ?r\gh 8 m]its1 & deliv]$ f ! b&s ( s9 & dea?1 i4e41 ! _w 7,rom4 v4 #ab-ba74 ,ano!r my?ical exposition ( our view ( sexual pleasure z ! ass]tion ( ! w to live beyond ! individual life1 z an atta9m5t to life :i* is br\ght ab\t = ! fir/ "t by ?is means1 or z x 7 a r5ew$ assignm5t ( life1 is ! ,greek my? ( ,pros]p9e1 :o might return f ! l[] _w s long z %e _h n ta/$ its fruit1 b :o became subject to x altoge!r ?r\gh eat+ ! pomegranate4 ,?is mean+ appe>s v cle>ly 9 ,goe!'s incomp>able pres5tation ( ?is my?1 especially :51 z soon z %e has ta/$ ! pomegranate1 ! invisible *orus ( ! ,fates-- 8,?\ art ours6 ,fa/+ %\lde/ ?\ return3 ,& ! bite ( ! apple makes !e ours60 ,x is wor? notic+ t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 iii4 c4 #ae7 illu/rates ! matt] ) ! same image & ! same expression3 1 1 1 1 2 7,qui se ca/r>unt ab omni peccato propt] regnum clorum1 ii sunt beati1 a mundo jejunantes74 ,! sexual impulse also proves itself ! decid$ & /ronge/ ass]tion ( life by ! fact t to man 9 a /ate ( nature1 z to ! brutes1 x is ! f9al end1 ! highe/ goal ( life4 ,self-ma9t5ance is 8 fir/ ef=t1 & z soon z he has made provision = t1 he only /rives aft] ! propagation ( ! species3 z a m]ely natural be+ he c attempt no m4 ,nature also1 ! inn] be+ ( :i* is ! w to live itself1 impels ) all h] p[] bo? man & ! brute t[>ds propagation4 ,!n x has atta9$ its end ) ! individual1 & is q indiff]5t to its dea?1 =1 z ! w to live1 x c>es only = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 ! individual is no?+ to x4 ,because ! w to live expresses itself mo/ /rongly 9 ! sexual impulse1 ! inn] be+ ( nature1 ! old poets & philosoph]s--,hesiod & ,p>m5ides--said v significantly t ,eros is ! fir/1 ! creator1 ! pr9ciple f :i* all ?+s proce$4 7,cf4 ,ari/4 ,metaph41 i4 #d47 ,ph]ecydes said3 1 7,jovem1 cum mundum fabric>e vellet1 9 cupid9em sese trans=masse74 ,proclus ad ,plat4 ,tim41 l4 iii4 ,a complete treatm5t ( ?is subject we h rec5tly receiv$ f ,g4 ,f4 ,s*mann1 8,de ,cupid9e ,cosmogonico10 #aheb4 ,! ,mya ( ! ,h9dus1 ^: "w & web is ! :ole _w ( illusion1 is also symbolis$ by love4 ,! g5ital organs are1 f> m ?an any o!r ext]nal memb] ( ! body1 subject m]ely to ! w1 & n at all to k4 ,inde$1 ! w %[s itself "h almo/ z indep5d5t ( k1 z 9 ^? p>ts :i*1 act+ m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( /imuli1 are subs]vi5t to vegetative life & reproduction1 9 :i* ! w works bl9dly z 9 unconsci\s nature4 ,= g5]ation is only reproduction pass+ ov] to a new individual1 z x 7 reproduction at ! second p[]1 z dea? is only excretion at ! second p[]4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 ! g5itals are prop]ly ! focus ( w1 & consequ5tly ! opposite pole ( ! bra91 ! repres5tative ( k1 i4e41 ! o!r side ( ! _w1 ! _w z idea4 ,! =m] are ! life-su/a9+ pr9ciple ensur+ endless life to "t4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7 wor%ipp$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! phallus1 & by ! ,h9dus 9 ! l+am1 :i* are ?us ! symbol ( ! ass]tion ( ! w4 ,k1 on ! o!r h&1 af=ds ! possibility ( ! suppression ( will+1 ( salvation ?r\gh fre$om1 ( conque/ & annihilation ( ! _w4 ,we already consid]$ fully at ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,f\r? ,book h[ ! w to live 9 its ass]tion mu/ reg>d its relation to dea?4 ,we saw t dea? does n tr\ble x1 because x exi/s z some?+ includ$ 9 life itself & belong+ to x4 ,its opposite1 g5]ation1 completely c\nt]balances x2 &1 9 spite ( ! dea? ( ! individual1 ensures & gu>antees life to ! w to live ?r\gh all "t4 ,to express ?is ! ,h9dus made ! l+am an attribute ( ,siva1 ! god ( dea?4 ,we also fully expla9$ !re h[ he :o ) full consci\sness occupies ! /&po9t ( ! decid$ ass]tion ( life awaits dea? )\t fe>4 ,we %all !re=e say no?+ m ab\t ?is "h4 ,)\t cle> consci\sness mo/ m5 occupy ?is /&po9t & cont9ually ass]t life4 ,! _w exi/s z ! mirror ( ?is ass]tion1 ) innum]able individuals 9 inf9ite "t & space1 9 inf9ite suff]+1 betwe5 g5]ation & dea? )\t end4 ,yet f no side is a compla9t to be fur!r rais$ ab\t ?is2 = ! w conducts ! great trag$y & com$y at its own exp5se1 & is also its own spectator4 ,! _w is j :at x is because ! w1 ^: manife/ation x is1 is :at x is1 because x s wills4 ,! ju/ification ( suff]+ is1 t 9 ?is ph5om5on also ! w ass]ts itself2 & ?is ass]tion is ju/ifi$ & balanc$ by ! fact t ! w be>s ! suff]+4 ,"h we get a glimpse ( et]nal ju/ice 9 ! :ole3 we %all recognise x lat] m def9itely & di/9ctly1 & also 9 ! p>ticul>4 ,b fir/ we mu/ consid] temporal or human ju/ice47#gc7 #fa4 ,x may be rememb]$ f ! ,second ,book t 9 ! :ole ( nature1 at all ! grades ( ! objectification ( w1 !re 0 a necess>y & con/ant conflict betwe5 ! individuals ( all species2 & 9 ?is way 0 express$ ! inn] contradiction ( ! w to live ) itself4 ,at ! highe/ grade ( ! objectification1 ?is ph5om5on1 l all o!rs1 w exhibit itself ) great] di/9ctness1 & w !re=e be m easily expla9$4 ,) ?is aim we %all next attempt to trace ! s\rce ( egoism z ! />t+-po9t ( all conflict4 ,we h call$ "t & space ! pr9cipium individuationis1 because only ?r\gh !m & 9 !m is multiplicity ( ! homog5e\s possible4 ,!y are ! ess5tial =ms ( natural k1 i4e41 k spr++ f ! w4 ,!re=e ! w ev]y:]e manife/s itself 9 ! multiplicity ( individuals4 ,b ?is multiplicity does n conc]n ! w z ?+-9-itself1 b only its ph5om5a4 ,! w itself is pres5t1 :ole & undivid$1 9 e "o ( ^!1 & beholds ar\nd x ! innum]ably repeat$ image ( its own nature2 b ?is nature itself1 ! actually real1 x f9ds directly only 9 its inn] self4 ,!re=e e "o desires ev]y?+ = himself1 desires to possess1 or at lea/ to control1 ev]y?+1 & :atev] opposes x x w\ld l to de/roy4 ,to ?is is add$1 9 ! case ( su* be+s z h k1 t ! individual is ! support] ( ! kn[+ subject1 & ! kn[+ subject is ! support] ( ! _w1 i4e41 t ! :ole ( ,nature outside ! kn[+ subject1 & ?us also all o!r individuals1 exi/ only 9 its idea2 x is only consci\s ( !m z its idea1 ?us m]ely indirectly z some?+ :i* is dep5d5t on its own nature & exi/5ce2 = ) its consci\sness ! _w necess>ily disappe>s = x1 i4e41 its be+ & non-be+ become synonym\s & indi/+ui%able4 ,e kn[+ individual is ?us 9 tru?1 & f9ds itself z ! :ole w to live1 or ! inn] be+ ( ! _w itself1 & also z ! complem5tal condition ( ! _w z idea1 consequ5tly z a microcosm :i* is ( equal value ) ! macrocosm4 ,nature itself1 :i* is ev]y:]e & always tru?ful1 gives him ?is k1 orig9ally & indep5d5tly ( all reflection1 ) simple & direct c]ta9ty4 ,n[ f ^! two necess>y prop]ties we h giv5 ! fact may be expla9$ t e individual1 ?\gh vani%+ altoge!r & dim9i%$ to no?+ 9 ! b\ndless _w1 yet makes itself ! c5tre ( ! _w1 has reg>d = its own exi/5ce & well-be+ be=e ev]y?+ else2 inde$1 f ! natural /&po9t1 is ready to sacrifice ev]y?+ else = ?is--is ready to annihilate ! _w 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its own self1 ?is drop 9 ! ocean1 a little long]4 ,?is disposition is egoism1 :i* is ess5tial to ev]y?+ 9 ,nature4 ,yet x is j ?r\gh egoism t ! inn] conflict ( ! w ) itself atta9s to su* a t]rible revelation2 = ?is egoism has its cont9uance & be+ 9 t opposition ( ! microcosm & macrocosm1 or 9 ! fact t ! objectification ( w has ! pr9cipium individuationis = its =m1 ?r\gh :i* ! w manife/s itself 9 ! same way 9 innum]able individuals1 & inde$ entire & completely 9 bo? aspects 7w & idea7 9 ea*4 ,?us1 :ile ea* individual is giv5 to itself directly z ! :ole w & ! :ole subject ( ideas1 o!r individuals are only giv5 x z ideas4 ,!re=e its own be+1 & ! ma9t5ance ( x1 is ( m importance to x ?an t ( all o!rs toge!r4 ,e "o looks ^u 8 own dea? z ^u ! end ( ! _w1 :ile he accepts ! dea? ( 8 acqua9tances z a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce1 if he is n 9 "s way affect$ by x4 ,9 ! consci\sness t has rea*$ ! highe/ grade1 t ( man1 egoism1 z well z k1 pa9 & pleasure1 mu/ h rea*$ its highe/ grade also1 & ! conflict ( individuals :i* is condition$ by x mu/ appe> 9 its mo/ t]rible =m4 ,& inde$ we see ?is ev]y:]e be=e our eyes1 9 small ?+s z 9 great4 ,n[ we see its t]rible side 9 ! lives ( great tyrants & miscreants1 & 9 _w-desolat+ w>s2 n[ its absurd side1 9 :i* x is ! !me ( com$y1 & v specially appe>s z self-conceit & vanity4 ,ro*ef\cault und]/ood ?is bett] ?an any "o else1 & pres5t$ x 9 ! ab/ract4 ,we see x bo? 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w & 9 our own exp]i5ce4 ,b x appe>s mo/ di/9ctly ( all :5 any mob ( m5 is set free f all law & ord]2 !n !re %[s itself at once 9 ! di/9cte/ =m ! bellum omnium contra omnes1 :i* ,hobbes has s admirably describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ,de ,cive4 ,we see n only h[ e "o tries to seize f ! o!r :at he wants himself1 b h[ (t5 "o w de/roy ! :ole happ9ess or life ( ano!r = ! sake ( an insignificant addition to 8 own happ9ess4 ,?is is ! highe/ expression ( egoism1 ! manife/ations ( :i* 9 ?is reg>d are only surpass$ by ^? ( actual wick$ness1 :i* seeks1 q dis9t]e/$ly1 ! hurt & suff]+ ( o!rs1 )\t any advantage to itself4 ,( ?is we %all speak soon4 ,) ?is exhibition ( ! s\rce ( egoism ! read] %\ld comp>e ! pres5tation ( x 9 my prize-essay on ! basis ( morals1 #ad4 ,a *ief s\rce ( t suff]+ :i* we f\nd above to be ess5tial & inevitable to all life is1 :5 x really appe>s 9 a def9ite =m1 t ,eris1 ! conflict ( all individuals1 ! expression ( ! contradiction1 ) :i* ! w to live is affect$ 9 its inn] self1 & :i* atta9s a visible =m ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,wild-bea/ fights are ! mo/ cruel means ( %[+ ?is directly & vividly4 ,9 ?is orig9al discord lies an unqu5*able s\rce ( suff]+1 9 spite ( ! precautions t h be5 tak5 aga9/ x1 & :i* we %all n[ consid] m closely4 #fb4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ t ! fir/ & simple/ ass]tion ( ! w to live is only ! ass]tion ( "o's own body1 i4e41 ! exhibition ( ! w ?r\gh acts 9 "t1 s f> z ! body1 9 its =m & design1 exhibits ! same w 9 space1 & no fur!r4 ,?is ass]tion %[s itself z ma9t5ance ( ! body1 by means ( ! application ( its own p[]s4 ,to x is directly relat$ ! satisfaction ( ! sexual impulse2 inde$ ?is belongs to x1 because ! g5itals belong to ! body4 ,!re=e volunt>y r5unciation ( ! satisfaction ( t impulse1 bas$ ^u no motive1 is already a d5ial ( ! w to live1 is a volunt>y self-suppression ( x1 ^u ! entrance ( k :i* acts z a quiet]4 ,accord+ly su* d5ial ( "o's own body exhibits itself z a contradiction by ! w ( its own ph5om5on4 ,= al?\gh "h also ! body objectifies 9 ! g5itals ! w to p]petuate ! species1 yet ?is is n will$4 ,j on ?is acc\nt1 because x is a d5ial or suppression ( ! w to live1 su* a r5unciation is a h>d & pa9ful self-conque/2 b ( ?is lat]4 ,b s9ce ! w exhibits t self-ass]tion ( "o's own body 9 innum]able individuals beside ea* o!r1 x v easily ext5ds 9 "o individual1 on acc\nt ( ! egoism peculi> to !m all1 beyond ?is ass]tion to ! d5ial ( ! same w appe>+ 9 ano!r individual4 ,! w ( ! fir/ breaks ?r\gh ! limits ( ! ass]tion ( w ( ano!r1 because ! individual ei!r de/roys or injures ?is o!r body itself1 or else because x compels ! p[]s ( ! o!r body to s]ve its own w1 in/ead ( ! w :i* manife/s itself 9 t o!r body4 ,?us if1 f ! w manife/+ itself z ano!r body1 x )draws ! p[]s ( ?is body1 & s increases ! p[] s]v+ its own w beyond t ( its own body1 x consequ5tly ass]ts its own w beyond its own body by means ( ! negation ( ! w appe>+ 9 ano!r body4 ,?is break+ ?r\gh ! limits ( ! ass]tion ( w ( ano!r has always be5 di/9ctly recognis$1 & its concept d5ot$ by ! ^w wrong4 ,= bo? sides recognise ! fact in/antly1 n1 inde$1 z we d "h 9 di/9ct ab/raction1 b z feel+4 ,he :o suff]s wrong feels ! transgression into ! sph]e ( ! ass]tion ( 8 own body1 ?r\gh ! d5ial ( x by ano!r individual1 z a direct & m5tal pa9 :i* is entirely sep>at$ & diff]5t f ! accompany+ physical suff]+ exp]i5c$ f ! act or ! vexation at ! loss4 ,to ! do] ( wrong1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k pres5ts itself t he is 9 himself ! same w :i* appe>s 9 t body also1 & :i* ass]ts itself ) su* vehem5ce2 ! "o ph5om5on t1 transgress+ ! limits ( its own body & its p[]s1 x ext5ds to ! d5ial ( ?is v w 9 ano!r ph5om5on1 & s1 reg>d$ z w 9 itself1 x /rives aga9/ itself by ?is vehem5ce & r5ds itself4 ,moreov]1 ?is k pres5ts itself to him in/antly1 n 9 ab/racto1 b z an obscure feel+2 & ?is is call$ remorse1 or1 m accurately 9 ?is case1 ! feel+ ( wrong committ$4 ,wrong1 ! conception ( :i* we h ?us analys$ 9 its mo/ g5]al & ab/ract =m1 expresses itself 9 ! concrete mo/ completely1 peculi>ly1 & palpably 9 cannibalism4 ,?is is its mo/ di/9ct & evid5t type1 ! t]rible picture ( ! greate/ conflict ( ! w ) itself at ! highe/ grade ( its objectification1 :i* is man4 ,next to ?is1 x expresses itself mo/ di/9ctly 9 murd]2 & !re=e ! committal ( murd] is foll[$ in/antly & ) fe>ful di/9ctness by remorse1 ! ab/ract & dry significance ( :i* we h j giv51 :i* inflicts a w\nd on our peace ( m9d t a lifetime _c heal4 ,= our horror at ! murd] committ$1 z also our %r9k+ f ! committal ( x1 corresponds to t inf9ite cl++ to life ) :i* ev]y?+ liv+1 z ph5om5on ( ! w to live1 is p5etrat$4 7,we %all analyse ?is feel+ :i* accompanies ! do+ ( wrong & evil1 9 o!r words1 ! pangs ( consci5ce1 m fully lat] on1 & raise its concept to di/9ctness47 ,mutilation1 or m]e injury ( ano!r body1 inde$ e bl[1 is to be reg>d$ z 9 its nature ! same z murd]1 & diff]+ f x only 9 degree4 ,fur!r1 wrong %[s itself 9 ! subjugation ( ano!r individual1 9 =c+ him into slav]y1 &1 f9ally1 9 ! seizure ( ano!r's goods1 :i*1 s f> z ^! goods are reg>d$ z ! fruit ( 8 lab\r1 is j ! same ?+ z mak+ him a slave1 & is relat$ to ?is z m]e injury is to murd]4 ,= prop]ty1 :i* is n tak5 f a man )\t wrong1 c1 accord+ to our explanation ( wrong1 only be t :i* has be5 produc$ by 8 own p[]s4 ,!re=e by tak+ ?is we really take ! p[]s ( 8 body f ! w objectifi$ 9 x1 to make !m subject to ! w objectifi$ 9 ano!r body4 ,= only s does ! wrong-do]1 by seiz+1 n ! body ( ano!r1 b a lifeless ?+ q diff]5t f x1 break into ! sph]e ( ! ass]tion ( w ( ano!r p]son1 because ! p[]s1 ! "w ( ?is o!r body1 are1 z x 71 incorporat$ & id5tifi$ ) ?is ?+4 ,x foll[s f ?is t all true1 i4e41 moral1 "r ( prop]ty is bas$ simply & solely on "w1 z 0 pretty g5]ally assum$ be=e ,kant1 & is di/9ctly & beautifully express$ 9 ! olde/ ( all codes ( law3 8,wise m5 :o "k ! pa/ expla9 t a cultur$ field is ! prop]ty ( him :o cut d[n ! wood & cle>$ & pl\gh$ x1 z an antelope belongs to ! fir/ hunt] :o mortally w\nds x0 7,laws ( ,manu1 ix4 #dd74 ,kant's philosophy ( law is an extraord9>y concat5ation ( errors all lead+ to ea* o!r1 & he bases ! "r ( prop]ty ^u fir/ occupation4 ,to me ?is is only explicable on ! supposition t 8 p[]s 7 fail+ ?r\gh old age4 ,= h[ %\ld ! m]e av[al ( my w to exclude o!rs f ! use ( a ?+ at once give me a "r to x8 ,cle>ly su* an av[al itself requires a f\ndation ( "r1 in/ead ( be+ "o1 z ,kant assumes4 ,& h[ w\ld he act unju/ly 9 se1 i4e41 morally1 :o does n respect t claim to ! sole possession ( a ?+ :i* is bas$ ^u no?+ b its own av[al8 ,h[ %\ld 8 consci5ce tr\ble him ab\t x8 ,= x is s cle> & easy to und]/& t !re c be absolutely no su* ?+ z a j seizure ( any?+1 b only a j conv]sion or acquir$ possession ( x1 by sp5d+ our own orig9al p[]s ^u x4 ,:51 by any =eign lab\r1 h[ev] little1 a ?+ has be5 cultivat$1 improv$1 kept f h>m or pres]v$1 ev5 if ?is lab\r 7 only ! pluck+ or pick+ up f ! gr\nd ( fruit t has gr[n wild2 ! p]son :o =cibly seizes su* a ?+ cle>ly deprives ! o!r ( ! result ( 8 lab\r exp5d$ ^u x1 makes ! body ( ?is o!r s]ve 8 w in/ead ( its own1 ass]ts 8 w beyond its own ph5om5on to ! d5ial ( t ( ! o!r1 i4e41 does inju/ice or wrong47#gd7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m]e enjoym5t ( a ?+1 )\t any cultivation or pres]vation ( x f de/ruction1 gives j z little "r to x z ! m]e av[al ( our desire = its sole possession4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh "o family has hunt$ a di/rict alone1 ev5 = a hundr$ ye>s1 b has done no?+ = its improvem5t2 if a /rang] comes & desires to hunt !re1 x _c prev5t him f do+ s )\t moral inju/ice4 ,?us ! s-call$ "r ( preoccupation1 accord+ to :i*1 = ! m]e pa/ enjoym5t ( a ?+1 !re is dem&$ ! fur!r recomp5se ( ! exclusive "r to its future enjoym5t1 is morally entirely )\t f\ndation4 ,a new-com] might ) f> bett] "r reply to him :o 0 dep5d+ ^u su* a "r1 8,j because y h s long enjoy$1 x is "r t o!rs %\ld n[ enjoy also40 ,no moral "r c be e/abli%$ to ! sole possession ( any?+ ^u :i* lab\r _c be exp5d$1 ei!r 9 improv+ x or 9 pres]v+ x f h>m1 unless x be ?r\gh a volunt>y surr5d] on ! "p ( o!rs1 z a rew>d = o!r s]vices4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 already presupposes a community regulat$ by agreem5t--! ,/ate4 ,! morally e/abli%$ "r ( prop]ty1 z we h d$uc$ x above1 gives1 f its nature1 to ! own] ( a ?+1 ! same unlimit$ p[] ov] x :i* he has ov] 8 own body2 & h5ce x foll[s t he c "p ) 8 possessions to o!rs ei!r 9 ex*ange or z a gift1 & !y !n possess !m ) ! same moral "r z he did4 ,z reg>ds ! do+ ( wrong g5]ally1 x occurs ei!r ?r\gh viol5ce or ?r\gh craft2 x matt]s n :i* z f> z :at is morally ess5tial is conc]n$4 ,fir/1 9 ! case ( murd]1 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ,i make use ( a dagg] or ( poison2 & ! case ( e bodily injury is analog\s4 ,o!r cases ( wrong c all be r$uc$ to ! fact t ,i1 z ! do] ( wrong1 compel ano!r individual to s]ve my w in/ead ( 8 own1 to act accord+ to my w in/ead ( accord+ to 8 own4 ,on ! pa? ( viol5ce ,i atta9 ?is end ?r\gh physical causality1 b on ! pa? ( craft by means ( motivation1 i4e41 by means ( causality ?r\gh k2 = ,i pres5t to 8 w illusive motives1 on acc\nt ( :i* he foll[s my w1 :ile he believes he is foll[+ 8 own4 ,s9ce ! m$ium 9 :i* ! motives lie is k1 ,i c only accompli% ?is by falsify+ 8 k1 & ?is is ! lie4 ,! lie always aims at influ5c+ ano!r's w1 n m]ely 8 k1 = itself & z su*1 b only z a means1 s f> z x det]m9es 8 w4 ,= my ly+ itself1 inasmu* z x proce$s f my w1 requires a motive2 & only ! w ( ano!r c be su* a motive1 n 8 k 9 & = itself2 = z su* x c nev] h an influ5ce ^u my w1 !re=e x c nev] move x1 c nev] be a motive ( its aim4 ,b only ! will+ & do+ ( ano!r c be ?is1 & 8 k indirectly ?r\gh x4 ,?is holds good n only ( all lies t h manife/ly sprung f self-int]e/1 b also ( ^? :i* proce$ f pure wick$ness1 :i* seeks enjoym5t 9 ! pa9ful consequ5ces ( ! error into :i* x has l$ ano!r4 ,inde$1 m]e empty boa/+ aims at influ5c+ ! w & action ( o!rs m or less1 by increas+ _! respect or improv+ _! op9ion ( ! boa/]4 ,! m]e refusal ( a tru?1 i4e41 ( an ass]tion g5]ally1 is 9 itself no wrong1 b e impos+ ( a lie is c]ta9ly a wrong4 ,he :o refuses to %[ ! /ray$ travell] ! "r road does him no wrong1 b he :o directs him to a false road c]ta9ly does4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t e lie1 l e act ( viol5ce1 is z su* wrong1 because z su* x has = its aim ! ext5sion ( ! au?ority ( my w to o!r individuals1 & s ! ass]tion ( my w ?r\gh ! d5ial ( !irs1 j z mu* z viol5ce has4 ,b ! mo/ complete lie is ! brok5 contract1 because "h all ! conditions m5tion$ are completely & di/9ctly pres5t toge!r4 ,= :5 ,i ent] into a contract1 ! promis$ p]=mance ( ! o!r individual is directly & confess$ly ! motive = my reciprocal p]=mance4 ,! promises 7 delib]ately & =mally ex*ang$4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! decl>ations made is1 x is assum$1 9 ! p[] ( ea*4 ,if ! o!r breaks ! cov5ant1 he has deceiv$ me1 & by introduc+ m]ely illusory motives into my k1 he has b5t my w accord+ to 8 int5tion2 he has ext5d$ ! control ( 8 w to ano!r individual1 & ?us has committ$ a di/9ct wrong4 ,on ?is is f\nd$ ! moral lawfulness & validity ( ! contract4 ,wrong ?r\gh viol5ce is n s %ameful to ! do] ( x z wrong ?r\gh craft2 = ! =m] arises f physical p[]1 :i* "u all circum/ances impresses mank9d2 :ile ! latt]1 by ! use ( subt]fuge1 betrays weakness1 & l[]s man at once z a physical & moral be+4 ,?is is fur!r ! case because ly+ & deception c only succe$ if he :o employs !m expresses at ! same "t horror & contempt ( !m 9 ord] to w9 confid5ce1 & 8 victory re/s on ! fact t m5 cr$it him ) hone/y :i* he does n possess4 ,! deep horror :i* is always excit$ by cunn+1 fai?lessness1 & trea*]y re/s on ! fact t good fai? & hone/y are ! bond :i* ext]nally b9ds into a unity ! w :i* has be5 brok5 up into ! multiplicity ( individuals1 & !reby limits ! consequ5ces ( ! egoism :i* results f t disp]sion4 ,fai?lessness & trea*]y break ?is outw>d bond asund]1 & ?us give b\ndless scope to ! consequ5ces ( egoism4 ,9 ! connection ( our sy/em we h f\nd t ! cont5t ( ! concept ( wrong is t quality ( ! conduct ( an individual 9 :i* he ext5ds ! ass]tion ( ! w appe>+ 9 8 own body s f> t x becomes ! d5ial ( ! w appe>+ 9 ! bodies ( o!rs4 ,we h also laid d[n1 by means ( v g5]al examples1 ! limits at :i* ! prov9ce ( wrong beg9s2 = we h at once def9$ its gradations1 f ! highe/ degree to ! l[e/1 by means ( a few lead+ conceptions4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! concept ( wrong is ! orig9al & positive1 & ! concept ( "r1 :i* is oppos$ to x1 is ! d]ivative & negative2 = we mu/ keep to ! concepts1 & n to ! words4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re w\ld be no talk ( "r if !re 7 no su* ?+ z wrong4 ,! concept "r conta9s m]ely ! negation ( wrong1 & e action is subsum$ "u x :i* does n transgress ! limit laid d[n above1 i4e41 is n a d5ial ( ! w ( ano!r = ! /rong] ass]tion ( our own4 ,t limit1 !re=e1 divides1 z reg>ds a purely moral def9ition1 ! :ole prov9ce ( possible actions into su* z are wrong or "r4 ,:5ev] an action does n encroa*1 9 ! way expla9$ above1 on ! sph]e ( ! ass]tion ( w ( ano!r1 d5y+ x1 x is n wrong4 ,!re=e1 = example1 ! refusal ( help to ano!r 9 great ne$1 ! quiet contemplation ( ! dea? ( ano!r f />vation :ile we ourselves h m ?an en\gh1 is c]ta9ly cruel & fi5di%1 b x is n wrong2 only x c be affirm$ ) c]ta9ty t :oev] is capable ( c>ry+ unk9dness & h>dness to su* a degree w c]ta9ly also commit e wrong :5ev] 8 wi%es dem& x & no compulsion prev5ts x4 ,b ! conception ( "r z ! negation ( wrong f9ds its pr9cipal application1 & no d\bt its orig91 9 cases 9 :i* an attempt$ wrong by viol5ce is w>d$ (f4 ,?is w>d+ (f _c itself be wrong1 & consequ5tly is "r1 al?\gh ! viol5ce x requires1 reg>d$ 9 itself & 9 isolation1 w\ld be wrong1 & is "h only ju/ifi$ by ! motive1 i4e41 becomes "r4 ,if an individual goes s f> 9 ! ass]tion ( 8 own w t he encroa*es ^u ! ass]tion ( w :i* is ess5tial to my p]son z su*1 & d5ies x1 !n my w>d+ (f ( t encroa*m5t is only ! d5ial ( t d5ial1 & ?us f my side is no?+ m ?an ! ass]tion ( ! w :i* ess5tially & orig9ally appe>s 9 my body1 & is already implicitly express$ by ! m]e appe>ance ( ?is body2 consequ5tly is n wrong1 b "r4 ,t is to say3 ,i h !n a "r to d5y t d5ial ( ano!r ) ! =ce necess>y to ov]come x1 & x is easy to see t ?is may ext5d to ! kill+ ( ! o!r individual1 ^: encroa*m5t z ext]nal viol5ce press+ ^u me may be w>d$ (f by a some:at /rong] c\nt]action1 entirely )\t wrong1 consequ5tly ) "r4 ,= all t happ5s f my side lies always )9 ! sph]e ( ! ass]tion ( w ess5tial to my p]son z su*1 & already express$ by x 7:i* is ! sc5e ( ! conflict71 & does n encroa* on t ( ! o!r1 consequ5tly is only negation ( ! negation1 & ?us affirmation1 n itself negation4 ,?us if ! w ( ano!r d5ies my w1 z ?is appe>s 9 my body & ! use ( its p[]s = its ma9t5ance1 )\t d5ial ( any =eign w :i* obs]ves a l limitation1 ,i c )\t wrong compel x to desi/ f su* d5ial1 i4e41 ,i h s f> a "r ( compulsion4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* ,i h a "r ( compulsion1 a complete "r to use viol5ce aga9/ ano!r1 ,i may1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 j z well oppose ! viol5ce ( ! o!r ) craft )\t do+ any wrong1 & accord+ly ,i h an actual "r to lie precisely s f> z ,i h a "r ( compulsion4 ,!re=e a man acts ) p]fect "r :o assures a highway robb] :o is se>*+ him t he has no?+ m ^u him2 or1 if a burgl> has brok5 into 8 h\se by night1 induces him by a lie to ent] a cell> & !n locks him 94 ,a man :o has be5 captur$ & c>ri$ (f by robb]s1 = example by pirates1 has ! "r to kill !m n only by viol5ce b also by craft1 9 ord] to rega9 8 fre$om4 ,?us1 also1 a promise is c]ta9ly n b9d+ :5 x has be5 extort$ by direct bodily viol5ce1 because he :o suff]s su* compulsion may ) full "r free himself by kill+1 &1 a =tiori1 by deceiv+ 8 oppressor4 ,:oev] _c recov] ?r\gh =ce ! prop]ty :i* has be5 /ol5 f him1 commits no wrong if he c accompli% x ?r\gh craft4 ,inde$1 if "s "o plays ) me = money he has /ol5 f me1 ,i h ! "r to use false dice aga9/ him1 because all t ,i w9 f him already belongs to me4 ,:oev] w\ld d5y ?is mu/ /ill m d5y ! ju/ifiabl5ess ( /ratagem 9 w>1 :i* is j an act$ lie1 & is a pro( ( ! say+ ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 8,! words ( m5 are to be e/eem$ z no?+2 sc>cely are _! de$s to be tru/$40 ,s %>ply does ! limit ( "r bord] ^u t ( wrong4 ,= ! re/1 ,i reg>d x z sup]flu\s to %[ t all ?is completely agrees ) :at 0 said above ab\t ! unlawfulness ( ! lie & ( viol5ce4 ,x may also s]ve to expla9 ! peculi> !ory ( ! lie told "u pressure47#ge7 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 wrong & "r are m]ely moral det]m9ations1 i4e41 su* z are valid ) reg>d to ! consid]ation ( human action z su*1 & 9 relation to ! inn] significance ( ?is action 9 itself4 ,?is ass]ts itself directly 9 consci\sness ?r\gh ! fact t ! do+ ( wrong is accompani$ by an inw>d pa91 :i* is ! m]ely felt consci\sness ( ! wrong-do] ( ! excessive /r5g? ( ! ass]tion ( w 9 itself1 :i* ext5ds ev5 to ! d5ial ( ! manife/ation ( ! w ( ano!r1 & also ! consci\sness t al?\gh he is diff]5t f ! p]son suff]+ wrong z f> z ! manife/ation is conc]n$1 yet 9 himself he is id5tical ) him4 ,! fur!r explanation ( ?is inn] significance ( all pa9 ( consci5ce _c be giv5 till lat]4 ,he :o suff]s wrong is1 on ! o!r h&1 pa9fully consci\s ( ! d5ial ( 8 w1 z x is express$ ?r\gh ! body & its natural requirem5ts1 = ! satisfaction ( :i* nature ref]s him to ! p[]s ( 8 body2 & at ! same "t he is consci\s t )\t do+ wrong he might w>d (f t d5ial by e means unless he lacks ! p[]4 ,?is purely moral significance is ! only "o :i* "r & wrong h = m5 z m51 n z memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 & :i* consequ5tly rema9s ev5 :5 man is 9 a /ate ( nature )\t any positive law4 ,x con/itutes ! basis & ! cont5t ( all t has on ?is acc\nt be5 nam$ natural law1 ?\gh x is bett] call$ moral law1 = its validity does n ext5d to suff]+1 to ! ext]nal reality1 b only to ! action ( man & ! self-k ( 8 individual w :i* gr[s up 9 him f 8 action1 & :i* is call$ consci5ce4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 9 a /ate ( nature1 ass]t itself 9 all cases1 & outw>dly ^u o!r individuals1 & prev5t might f reign+ in/ead ( "r4 ,9 a /ate ( nature x dep5ds ^u e "o m]ely to see t 9 e case he does no wrong1 b by no means to see t 9 e case he suff]s no wrong1 = ?is dep5ds on ! accid5t ( 8 outw>d p[]4 ,!re=e ! concepts "r & wrong1 ev5 9 a /ate ( nature1 are c]ta9ly valid & by no means conv5tional1 b !re !y are valid m]ely z moral concepts1 = ! self-k ( "o's own w 9 ea*4 ,!y are a fix$ po9t 9 ! scale ( ! v diff]5t degrees ( /r5g? ) :i* ! w to live ass]ts itself 9 human individuals1 l ! freez+-po9t on ! !rmomet]2 ! po9t at :i* ! ass]tion ( "o's own w becomes ! d5ial ( ! w ( ano!r1 i4e41 specifies ?r\gh wrong-do+ ! degree ( its int5sity1 comb9$ ) ! degree 9 :i* k is involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis 7:i* is ! =m ( all k t is subject to ! w74 ,b :oev] wants to set aside ! purely moral consid]ation ( human action1 or d5ies x1 & wi%es to reg>d conduct m]ely 9 its outw>d effects & _! consequ5ces1 may c]ta9ly1 ) ,hobbes1 expla9 "r & wrong z conv5tional def9itions arbitr>ily assum$1 & !re=e n exi/+ outside positive law1 & we c nev] %[ him ?r\gh ext]nal exp]i5ce :at does n belong to su* exp]i5ce4 ,hobbes himself *>act]ises 8 completely empirical me?od ( ?\ght v rem>kably by ! fact t 9 8 book 8,de ,pr9cipiis ,geometr>um0 he d5ies all pure ma!matics prop]ly s call$1 & ob/9ately ma9ta9s t ! po9t has ext5sion & ! l9e has bread?1 & we c nev] %[ him a po9t )\t ext5sion or a l9e )\t bread?4 ,?us we c j z little imp>t to him ! a priori nature ( ma!matics z ! a priori nature ( "r1 because he %uts himself out f all k :i* is n empirical4 ,! pure doctr9e ( "r is ?us a *apt] ( e?ics1 & is directly relat$ only to action1 n to suff]+2 = only ! =m] is ! expression ( w1 & ?is alone is consid]$ by e?ics4 ,suff]+ is m]e occurr5ce4 ,e?ics c only h reg>d to suff]+ indirectly1 m]ely to %[ t :at takes place m]ely to avoid suff]+ wrong is itself no infliction ( wrong4 ,! work+ out ( ?is *apt] ( e?ics w\ld conta9 ! precise def9ition ( ! limits to :i* an individual may g 9 ! ass]tion ( ! w already objectifi$ 9 8 body )\t d5y+ ! same w z x appe>s 9 ano!r individual2 & also ! actions :i* transgress ^! limits1 :i* consequ5tly are wrong1 & !re=e 9 _! turn may be w>d$ (f )\t wrong4 ,?us our own action always rema9s ! po9t ( view ( ! inve/igation4 ,b ! suff]+ ( wrong appe>s z an ev5t 9 outw>d exp]i5ce1 & 9 x is manife/$1 z we h said1 m di/9ctly ?an any:]e else1 ! ph5om5on ( ! conflict ( ! w to live ) itself1 aris+ f ! multiplicity ( individuals & f egoism1 bo? ( :i* are condition$ ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :i* is ! =m ( ! _w z idea = ! k ( ! individual4 ,we also saw above t a v l>ge "p ( ! suff]+ ess5tial to human life has its p]5nial s\rce 9 t conflict ( individuals4 ,! reason1 h[ev]1 :i* is common to all ^! individuals1 & :i* enables !m to "k n m]ely ! p>ticul> case1 z ! brutes d1 b also ! :ole ab/ractly 9 its connection1 has also taught !m to disc]n ! s\rce ( t suff]+1 & induc$ !m to consid] ! means ( dim9i%+ x1 or1 :5 possible1 ( suppress+ x by a common sacrifice1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! common advantage t proce$s f x4 ,h[ev] agreeable x is to ! egoism ( ! individual to inflict wrong 9 p>ticul> cases1 ?is has yet a necess>y correlative 9 ! suff]+ ( wrong ( ano!r individual1 to :om x is a great pa94 ,& because ! reason :i* surveys ! :ole left ! "o-sid$ po9t ( view ( ! individual to :i* x belongs1 & fre$ itself = ! mom5t f its dep5d5ce ^u x1 x saw ! pleasure ( an individual 9 inflict+ wrong always outweigh$ by ! relatively great] pa9 ( ! o!r :o suff]$ ! wrong2 & x f\nd fur!r1 t because "h ev]y?+ 0 left to *ance1 e "o _h to fe> t ! pleasure ( conv5i5tly inflict+ wrong w\ld f> m r>ely fall to 8 lot ?an ! pa9 ( endur+ x4 ,f ?is reason recognis$ t bo? 9 ord] to dim9i% ! suff]+ :i* is ev]y:]e dissem9at$1 & z f> z possible to divide x equally1 ! be/ & only means 0 to sp>e all ! pa9 ( suff]+ wrong by r5\nc+ all ! pleasure to be obta9$ by inflict+ x4 ,?is means is ! contract ( ! /ate or law4 ,x is easily conceiv$1 & little by little c>ri$ out by ! egoism1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! use ( reason1 proce$s me?odically & =sakes its "o-sid$ po9t ( view4 ,?is orig9 ( ! /ate & ( law ,i h indicat$ 0 already exhibit$ z su* by ,plato 9 ! 8,republic40 ,9 fact1 x is ! ess5tial & only orig91 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! matt]4 ,moreov]1 9 no l& c ! /ate h ev] _h a diff]5t orig91 because x is j ?is mode ( orig9at+ ?is aim t makes x a /ate4 ,b x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r1 9 ea* p>ticul> nation1 ! condition :i* prec$$ x 0 t ( a horde ( savages indep5d5t ( ea* o!r 7an>*y71 or t ( a horde ( slaves rul$ at w by ! /rong] 7despotism74 ,9 bo? cases !re exi/$ z yet no /ate2 x fir/ arose ?r\gh t common agreem5t2 & accord+ z t agreem5t is m or less free f an>*y or despotism1 ! /ate is m or less p]fect4 ,republics t5d to an>*y1 mon>*ies to despotism1 & ! mean ( con/itutional mon>*y1 :i* 0 !re=e devis$1 t5ds to gov]nm5t by factions4 ,9 ord] to f\nd a p]fect /ate1 we mu/ beg9 by provid+ be+s ^: nature all[s !m always to sacrifice _! own to ! public good4 ,till !n1 h[ev]1 some?+ may be atta9$ ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( "o family ^: good is q insep>able f t ( ! c\ntry2 s t1 at lea/ 9 matt]s ( importance1 x c nev] advance ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,on ?is re/s ! p[] & ! advantage ( ! h]$it>y mon>*y4 ,n[ z e?ics 0 conc]n$ exclusively ) "r & wrong do+1 & c\ld accurately po9t out ! limits ( 8 action to :oev] 0 resolv$ to d no wrong2 politics1 on ! contr>y1 ! !ory ( legislation1 is exclusively conc]n$ ) ! suff]+ ( wrong1 & w\ld nev] tr\ble itself ) wrong-do+ at all if x 7 n on acc\nt ( its ev]-necess>y correlative1 ! suff]+ ( wrong1 :i* x always keeps 9 view z ! enemy x opposes4 ,inde$1 if x 7 possible to conceive an infliction ( wrong ) :i* no suff]+ ( wrong on ! "p ( ano!r 0 connect$1 ! /ate w\ld1 consi/5tly1 by no means prohibit x4 ,& because 9 e?ics ! w1 ! disposition1 is ! object ( consid]ation1 & ! only real ?+1 ! firm w to d wrong1 :i* is only re/ra9$ & r5d]$ ineffective by ext]nal might1 & ! actually committ$ wrong1 are to x q ! same1 & x condemns him :o s wills z unju/ at its tribunal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 w & disposition1 m]ely z su*1 d n conc]n ! /ate at all1 b only ! de$ 7:e!r x is m]ely attempt$ or c>ri$ out71 on acc\nt ( its correlative1 ! suff]+ on ! "p ( ano!r4 ,?us = ! /ate ! de$1 ! ev5t1 is ! only real2 ! disposition1 ! int5tion1 is only inve/igat$ s f> z ! significance ( ! de$ becomes kn[n ?r\gh x4 ,!re=e ! /ate w =bid no "o to c>ry ab\t 9 8 ?\ght murd] & poison aga9/ ano!r1 s long z x kn[s c]ta9ly t ! fe> ( ! sword & ! :eel w always re/ra9 ! effects ( t w4 ,! /ate has also by no means to eradicate ! fooli% purpose1 ! incl9ation to wrong-do+1 ! wick$ disposition2 b m]ely always to place beside e possible motive = do+ a wrong a m p[]ful motive = leav+ x undone 9 ! inevitable puni%m5t t w ensue4 ,!re=e ! crim9al code is z complete a regi/] z possible ( motives aga9/ e crim9al action t c possibly be imag9$--bo? 9 ab/racto1 9 ord] to make any case t occurs an application 9 concreto4 ,politics or legislation w !re=e = ?is end borr[ f t *apt] ( e?ics :i* is ! doctr9e ( "r1 & :i*1 besides ! inn] significance ( "r & wrong1 det]m9es ! exact limits betwe5 !m4 ,yet x w only d s = ! purpose ( mak+ use ( its rev]se side1 & reg>d+ all ! limits :i* e?ics lays d[n z n to be transgress$1 if we are to avoid do+ wrong1 f ! o!r side1 z ! limits :i* we mu/ n all[ o!rs to transgress if we d n wi% to suff] wrong1 & f :i* we h !re=e a "r to drive o!rs back4 ,!re=e ^! limits are1 z mu* z possible1 f ! passive side1 b>ricad$ by laws4 ,x is evid5t t z an hi/orian has v wittily be5 call$ an inv]t$ prophet1 ! pr(essor ( law is an inv]t$ morali/1 & !re=e law itself1 9 its prop] s5se1 i4e41 ! doctr9e ( ! "r1 :i* we ought to ma9ta91 is inv]t$ e?ics 9 t *apt] ( x 9 :i* ! rights are laid d[n :i* we ought n to violate4 ,! concept ( wrong & its negation1 t ( "r1 :i* is orig9ally e?ical1 becomes juridical by ! transf]5ce ( ! />t+-po9t f ! active to ! passive side1 & ?us by inv]sion4 ,?is1 z well z ,kant's !ory ( law1 :i* v falsely d$uces ! in/itution ( ! /ate z a moral duty f 8 categorical imp]ative1 has1 ev5 9 ! mo/ rec5t times1 repeat$ly occasion$ ! v extraord9>y error t ! /ate is an in/itution = fur!r+ morality2 t x arises f ! endeav\r aft] ?is1 & is1 consequ5tly1 direct$ aga9/ egoism4 ,z if ! inw>d disposition1 to :i* alone morality or immorality belongs1 ! ext]nally free w1 w\ld all[ itself to be modifi$ f )\t & *ang$ by influ5ces ex]t$ ^u x6 ,/ill m p]v]se is ! !ory t ! /ate is ! condition ( fre$om 9 ! moral s5se1 & 9 ?is way ! condition ( morality2 = fre$om lies beyond ! ph5om5on1 & inde$ beyond human arrangem5ts4 ,! /ate is1 z we h said1 s little direct$ aga9/ egoism 9 g5]al & z su*1 t1 on ! contr>y1 x has sprung f egoism & exi/s only 9 its s]vice--an egoism t well und]/&s itself1 proce$s me?odically & =sakes ! "o-sid$ = ! univ]sal po9t ( view1 & s by addition is ! common egoism ( all4 ,! /ate is ?us in/itut$ "u ! correct presupposition t pure morality1 i4e41 "r action f moral gr\nds1 is n to be expect$2 if ?is 7 n ! case1 x w\ld itself be sup]flu\s4 ,?us ! /ate1 :i* aims at well-be+1 is by no means direct$ aga9/ egoism1 b only aga9/ ! disadvantage\s consequ5ces :i* arise f ! multiplicity ( egoi/ic individuals1 & reciprocally affect !m all & di/urb _! well-be+4 ,!re=e x 0 already said by ,ari/otle 7,de4 ,rep4 iii473 2 7,f9is civitatis e/ b5e viv]e1 hoc autem e/ beate et pul*re viv]e74 ,hobbes also has accurately & excell5tly exp\nd$ ?is orig9 & end ( ! /ate2 & t old fir/ pr9ciple ( all /ate policy1 salus publica prima lex e/o1 indicates ! same ?+4 ,if ! /ate completely atta9s its end1 x w produce ! same outw>d result z if p]fect ju/ice ( disposition prevail$ ev]y:]e4 ,b ! inn] nature & orig9 ( bo? ph5om5a w be ! conv]se4 ,?us 9 ! second case x w\ld be t no "o wi%$ to d wrong1 & 9 ! fir/ t no "o wi%$ to suff] wrong1 & ! means appropriate to ?is end _h be5 fully employ$4 ,?us ! same l9e may be drawn f opposite directions1 & a bea/ ( prey ) a muzzle is z h>mless z a gram9ivor\s animal4 ,b beyond ?is po9t ! /ate _c g4 ,x _c exhibit a ph5om5on su* z w\ld spr+ f univ]sal mutual well-wi%+ & love4 ,= j z we f\nd t f its nature x w\ld n =bid ! do+ ( a wrong :i* involv$ no correspond+ suff]+ ( wrong on ! "p ( ano!r1 & prohibits all wrong-do+ only because ?is is impossible2 s conv]sely1 9 accordance ) its t5d5cy t[>ds ! well-be+ ( all1 x w\ld v gladly take c>e t e b5evol5t action & "w ( human love %\ld be exp]i5c$1 if x 7 n t ^! also h an inevitable correlative 9 ! p]=mance ( acts ( b5evol5ce & works ( love1 & e memb] ( ! /ate w\ld wi% to assume ! passive & none ! active rle1 & !re w\ld be no reason = exact+ ! latt] f "o memb] ( ! /ate r ?an f ano!r4 ,accord+ly only ! negative1 :i* is j ! "r1 n ! positive1 :i* has be5 compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( obligations ( love1 or1 less completely1 duties1 c be exact$ by =ce4 ,legislation1 z we h said1 borr[s ! pure philosophy ( "r1 or ! doctr9e ( ! nature & limits ( "r & wrong1 f e?ics1 9 ord] to apply x f ! rev]se side to its own ends1 :i* are diff]5t f ^? ( e?ics1 & to in/itute positive legislation & ! means ( support+ x1 i4e41 ! /ate1 9 accordance ) x4 ,positive legislation is ?us ! inv]t$ application ( ! purely moral doctr9e ( "r4 ,?is application may be made ) ref]5ce to ! peculi> relations & circum/ances ( a p>ticul> p4 ,b only if ! positive legislation is1 9 ess5tial matt]s1 ?r\gh\t det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ! guidance ( ! pure !ory ( "r1 & = ea* ( its propositions a gr\nd c be e/abli%$ 9 ! pure !ory ( "r1 is ! legislation :i* has aris5 a positive "r & ! /ate a community bas$ ^u "r1 a /ate 9 ! prop] mean+ ( ! ^w1 a morally p]missible1 n immoral in/itution4 ,o!rwise ! positive legislation is1 on ! contr>y1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a positive wrong2 x is itself an op5ly av[$ en=c$ wrong4 ,su* is e despotism1 ! con/itution ( mo/ ,mohamm$an k+doms2 & inde$ v>i\s p>ts ( _m con/itutions are also ( ?is k9d2 = example1 s]fdom1 vassalage1 & _m su* in/itutions4 ,! pure !ory ( "r or natural "r--bett]1 moral "r--?\gh always rev]s$1 lies at ! f\ndation ( e j positive legislation1 z pure ma!matics lies at ! f\ndation ( e bran* ( appli$ ma!matics4 ,! mo/ important po9ts ( ! doctr9e ( "r1 z philosophy has to supply x = t end to legislation1 are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! explanation ( ! inn] & real significance bo? ( ! orig9 ( ! conceptions ( wrong & "r1 & ( _! application & position 9 e?ics4 #b4 ,! d$uction ( ! law ( prop]ty4 #c4 ,! d$uction ( ! moral validity ( contracts2 = ?is is ! moral basis ( ! contract ( ! /ate4 #d4 ,! explanation ( ! orig9 & ! aim ( ! /ate1 ( ! relation ( ?is aim to e?ics1 & ( ! int5tional transf]5ce ( ! e?ical doctr9e ( "r1 by rev]s+ x1 to legislation1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is relation4 #e4 ,! d$uction ( ! "r ( puni%m5t4 ,! rema9+ cont5t ( ! doctr9e ( "r is m]e application ( ^! pr9ciples1 m]e accurate def9ition ( ! limits ( "r & wrong = all possible relations ( life1 :i* are consequ5tly unit$ & di/ribut$ "u c]ta9 po9ts ( view & titles4 ,9 ^! special doctr9es ! books :i* treat ( pure law are fairly at "o2 x is only 9 ! pr9ciples t !y diff] mu*1 = ^! are always connect$ ) "s philosophical sy/em4 ,9 connection ) our sy/em1 we h expla9$ ! fir/ f\r ( ^! pr9cipal po9ts %ortly & g5]ally1 yet def9itely & di/9ctly1 & x rema9s = u to speak 9 ! same way ( ! "r ( puni%m5t4 ,kant makes ! fundam5tally false ass]tion t ap>t f ! /ate !re w\ld be no complete "r ( prop]ty4 ,x foll[s f our d$uction1 z giv5 above1 t ev5 9 a /ate ( nature !re is prop]ty ) complete natural1 i4e41 moral "r1 :i* _c be injur$ )\t wrong1 b may )\t wrong be def5d$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t ap>t f ! /ate !re is no "r ( puni%m5t4 ,all "r to puni% is bas$ ^u ! positive law alone1 :i* be=e ! (f5ce has det]m9$ a puni%m5t = x1 ! ?reat ( :i*1 z a c\nt]-motive1 is int5d$ to outweigh all possible motives = ! (f5ce4 ,?is positive law is to be reg>d$ z sanction$ & recognis$ by all ! memb]s ( ! /ate4 ,x is ?us bas$ ^u a common contract :i* ! memb]s ( ! /ate are 9 duty b\nd to fulfil1 & ?us1 on ! "o h&1 to inflict ! puni%m5t1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to endure x2 ?us ! endurance ( ! puni%m5t may ) "r be en=c$4 ,consequ5tly ! imm$iate end ( puni%m5t is1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! law z a contract4 ,b ! "o end ( ! law is det]r5ce f ! infr+em5t ( ! rights ( o!rs4 ,=1 9 ord] t e "o may be protect$ f suff]+ wrong1 m5 h comb9$ to =m a /ate1 h r5\nc$ ! do+ ( wrong1 & assum$ ! task ( ma9ta9+ ! /ate4 ,?us ! law & ! fulfilm5t ( x1 ! puni%m5t1 are ess5tially direct$ to ! future1 n to ! pa/4 ,?is di/+ui%es puni%m5t f rev5ge2 = ! motives :i* in/igate ! latt] are solely conc]n$ ) :at has happ5$1 & ?us ) ! pa/ z su*4 ,all requital ( wrong by ! infliction ( pa91 )\t any aim = ! future1 is rev5ge1 & c h no o!r end ?an consolation = ! suff]+ "o has borne by ! sight ( ! suff]+ "o has inflict$ ^u ano!r4 ,?is is wick$ness & cruelty1 & _c be morally ju/ifi$4 ,wrong :i* "s "o has inflict$ ^u me by no means entitles me to inflict wrong ^u him4 ,! requital ( evil ) evil )\t fur!r int5tion is nei!r morally nor o!rwise ?r\gh any rational gr\nd to be ju/ifi$1 & ! jus talionis set up z ! absolute1 f9al pr9ciple ( ! "r ( puni%m5t1 is mean+less4 ,!re=e ,kant's !ory ( puni%m5t z m]e requital = requital's sake is a completely gr\ndless & p]v]se view4 ,yet x is always appe>+ 9 ! writ+s ( _m juri/s1 "u all k9ds ( l(ty phrases1 :i* am\nt to no?+ b empty words1 z3 ,?r\gh ! puni%m5t ! crime is expiat$ or neutralis$ & aboli%$1 & _m su*4 ,b no man has ! "r to set himself up z a purely moral judge & requit]1 & puni% ! misde$s ( ano!r ) pa9s :i* he inflicts ^u him1 & s to impose p5ance ^u him = 8 s9s4 ,nay1 ?is w\ld r be ! mo/ presumptu\s arrogance2 & !re=e ! ,bible says1 8,v5geance is m9e2 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l40 ,b man has ! "r to c>e = ! safety ( society2 & ?is c only be done by int]dict+ all actions :i* are d5ot$ by ! ^w 8crim9al10 9 ord] to prev5t !m by means ( c\nt]-motives1 :i* are ! ?reat5$ puni%m5ts4 ,& ?is ?reat c only be made effective by c>ry+ x out :5 a case occurs 9 spite ( x4 ,accord+ly t ! end ( puni%m5t1 or m accurately ( p5al law1 is ! det]r5ce f crime1 is a tru? s g5]ally recognis$ & inde$ self-evid5t1 t 9 ,engl& x is express$ 9 ! v old =m ( indictm5t :i* is /ill s]v$ by ! c\nsel = ! ,cr[n 9 crim9al actions1 = x concludes ) ! words1 8,if ?is be prov$1 y1 ! said ,n4 ,n41 ought to be puni%$ ) pa9s ( law1 to det] o!rs f ! l crimes 9 all "t com+40 ,if a pr9ce desires to ext5d m]cy to a crim9al :o has ju/ly be5 condemn$1 8 ,m9i/]s w repres5t to him t1 if he does1 ?is crime w soon be repeat$4 ,an end = ! future di/+ui%es puni%m5t f rev5ge1 & puni%m5t only has ?is end :5 x is inflict$ 9 fulfilm5t ( a law4 ,x ?us ann\nces itself z inevitable 9 e future case1 & ?us ! law obta9s ! p[] to det]1 9 :i* its end really consi/s4 ,n[ "h a ,kantian w\ld inevitably reply t c]ta9ly accord+ to ?is view ! puni%$ crim9al w\ld be us$ 8m]ely z a means40 ,?is proposition1 s unwe>i$ly repeat$ by all ! ,kantians1 8,man mu/ always be treat$ z an end1 nev] z a means10 c]ta9ly s\nds significant1 & is !re=e a v suitable proposition = ^? :o l to h a =mula :i* saves !m all fur!r ?\ght2 b look$ at 9 ! light1 x is an exce$+ly vague1 indef9ite ass]tion1 :i* rea*es its aim q indirectly1 requires to be expla9$1 def9$1 & modifi$ 9 e case ( its application1 &1 if tak5 g5]ally1 is insuffici5t1 meagre1 & moreov] problematical4 ,! murd]] :o has be5 condemn$ to ! puni%m5t ( dea? accord+ to law mu/ n[1 at any rate1 & ) complete "r1 be us$ z a m]e means4 ,= public security1 ! *ief end ( ! /ate1 is di/urb$ by him2 inde$ x is aboli%$ if ! law is n c>ri$ out4 ,! murd]]1 8 life1 8 p]son1 mu/ n[ be ! means ( fulfill+ ! law1 & !reby ( re-e/abli%+ ! public security4 ,& he is made su* a means ) p]fect "r1 9 fulfilm5t ( ! contract ( ! /ate1 :i* 0 ent]$ into by him because he 0 a citiz51 & 9 accordance ) :i*1 9 ord] to enjoy security = 8 life1 fre$om1 & prop]ty1 he has pl$g$ 8 life1 8 fre$om1 & 8 prop]ty = ! security ( all1 :i* pl$ge has n[ be5 =feit$4 ,?is !ory ( puni%m5t :i* we h e/abli%$1 ! !ory :i* is directly support$ by s\nd reason1 is c]ta9ly 9 ! ma9 no new ?\ght2 b x is a ?\ght :i* 0 almo/ supplant$ by new errors1 & !re=e x 0 necess>y to exhibit x z di/9ctly z possible4 ,! same ?+ is 9 its ess5ce conta9$ 9 :at ,puff5dorf says on ! subject1 8,de ,(ficio ,hom9is et ,civis0 7,bk4 ii4 *ap4 #ab74 ,hobbes also agrees ) x1 8,levia?an0 7*aps4 #ae-bh74 ,9 our own day ,feurba* is well kn[n to h ma9ta9$ x4 ,inde$1 x occurs ev5 9 ! utt]ances ( ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,plato expresses x cle>ly 9 ! 8,protagoras0 7p4 #aad1 edit4 ,bip471 also 9 ! 8,gorgias0 7p4 #afh71 & la/ly 9 ! elev5? book ( ! 8,laws0 7p4 #afe74 ,s5eca expresses ,plato's op9ion & ! !ory ( all puni%m5t 9 ! %ort s5t5ce1 8,nemo prud5s punit1 quia peccatum e/2 s$ ne peccetur0 7,de ,ira1 i4 #af74 ,?us we h come to recognise 9 ! /ate ! means by :i* egoism end[$ ) reason seeks to escape f its own evil consequ5ces :i* turn aga9/ itself1 & n[ ea* promotes ! well-be+ ( all because he sees t 8 own well-be+ is involv$ 9 x4 ,if ! /ate atta9$ its end completely1 !n to a c]ta9 ext5t some?+ approa*+ to an ,utopia might f9ally1 by ! removal ( all k9ds ( evil1 be br\ght ab\t4 ,= by ! human p[]s unit$ 9 x1 x is able to make ! re/ ( nature m & m s]viceable4 ,b z yet ! /ate has always rema9$ v f> f ?is goal4 ,& ev5 if x atta9$ to x1 innum]able evils ess5tial to all life w\ld /ill keep x 9 suff]+2 & f9ally1 if !y 7 all remov$1 ennui w\ld at once occupy e place !y left4 ,& besides1 ! /rife ( individuals is nev] completely aboli%$ by ! /ate1 = x vexes 9 trifles :5 x is prohibit$ 9 great] ?+s4 ,f9ally1 ,eris1 happily expell$ f )91 turns to :at is )\t2 z ! conflict ( individuals1 %e is bani%$ by ! in/itution ( ! /ate2 b %e reappe>s f )\t z ! w> ( nations1 & n[ dem&s 9 bulk & at once1 z an accumulat$ debt1 ! bloody sacrifice :i* by wise precautions has be5 d5i$ h] 9 ! p>ticul>4 ,& ev5 suppos+ t all ?is 7 f9ally ov]come & remov$1 by wisdom f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 at ! end ! result w\ld be ! actual ov]-population ( ! :ole planet1 ! t]rible evil ( :i* only a bold imag9ation c n[ realise47#gf7 #fc4 ,we h recognis$ temporal ju/ice1 :i* has its seat 9 ! /ate1 z requit+ & puni%+1 & h se5 t ?is only becomes ju/ice ?r\gh a ref]5ce to ! future4 ,= )\t ?is ref]5ce all puni%+ & requit+ w\ld be an outrage )\t ju/ification1 & inde$ m]ely ! addition ( ano!r evil to t :i* has already occurr$1 )\t mean+ or significance4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) et]nal ju/ice1 :i* 0 ref]r$ to be=e1 & :i* rules n ! /ate b ! _w1 is n dep5d5t ^u human in/itutions1 is n subject to *ance & deception1 is n unc]ta91 wav]+1 & err+1 b infallible1 fix$1 & sure4 ,! conception ( requital implies t ( "t2 !re=e et]nal ju/ice _c be requital4 ,?us x _c1 l temporal ju/ice1 admit ( respite & delay1 & require "t 9 ord] to triumph1 equalis+ ! evil de$ by ! evil consequ5ces only by means ( "t4 ,! puni%m5t mu/ "h be s b\nd up ) ! (f5ce t bo? are "o4 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 4 ,eurip4 ap4 ,/ob4 ,ecl41 i4 c4 #d4 78,vol>e p5nis scel]a ad !rias domus ,putatis1 illic 9 ,jovis tabul>ia ,scripto ref]ri2 tum ,jovem lectis sup] ,s5t5tiam pr(]re8--s$ mortalium ,fac9ora cli1 quantaquanta e/1 regia ,nequit t5]e3 nec leg5dis ,juppit] ,et puni5dis p> e/4 ,e/ tam5 ultio1 ,et1 si intuemur1 illa nos habitat prope407 ,n[ t su* an et]nal ju/ice really lies 9 ! nature ( ! _w w soon become completely evid5t to :oev] has grasp$ ! :ole ( ! ?\ght :i* we h hi!rto be5 develop+4 ,! _w1 9 all ! multiplicity ( its p>ts & =ms1 is ! manife/ation1 ! objectivity1 ( ! "o w to live4 ,exi/5ce itself1 & ! k9d ( exi/5ce1 bo? z a collective :ole & 9 e "p1 proce$s f ! w alone4 ,! w is free1 ! w is almighty4 ,! w appe>s 9 ev]y?+1 j z x det]m9es itself 9 itself & outside "t4 ,! _w is only ! mirror ( ?is will+2 & all f9itude1 all suff]+1 all mis]ies1 :i* x conta9s1 belong to ! expression ( t :i* ! w wills1 are z !y are because ! w s wills4 ,accord+ly ) p]fect "r e be+ supports exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 & also ! exi/5ce ( its species & its peculi> individuality1 entirely z x is & 9 circum/ances z !y are1 9 a _w su* z x is1 sway$ by *ance & error1 transi5t1 ephem]al1 & con/antly suff]+2 & 9 all t x exp]i5ces1 or inde$ c exp]i5ce1 x always gets its due4 ,= ! w belongs to x2 & z ! w is1 s is ! _w4 ,only ?is _w itself c be> ! responsibility ( its own exi/5ce & nature--no o!r2 = by :at means c\ld ano!r h assum$ x8 ,d we desire to "k :at m51 morally consid]$1 are wor? z a :ole & 9 g5]al1 we h only to consid] _! fate z a :ole & 9 g5]al4 ,?is is want1 wret*$ness1 affliction1 mis]y1 & dea?4 ,et]nal ju/ice reigns2 if !y 7 n1 z a :ole1 wor?less1 _! fate1 z a :ole1 w\ld n be s sad4 ,9 ?is s5se we may say1 ! _w itself is ! judgm5t ( ! _w4 ,if we c\ld lay all ! mis]y ( ! _w 9 "o scale ( ! balance1 & all ! guilt ( ! _w 9 ! o!r1 ! ne$le w\ld c]ta9ly po9t to ! c5tre4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ! _w does n exhibit itself to ! k ( ! individual z su*1 develop$ = ! s]vice ( ! w1 z x f9ally reveals itself to ! inquir] z ! objectivity ( ! "o & only w to live1 :i* he himself is4 ,b ! sight ( ! uncultur$ individual is cl\d$1 z ! ,h9dus say1 by ! veil ( ,my4 ,he sees n ! ?+-9-itself b ! ph5om5on 9 "t & space1 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 & 9 ! o!r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,& 9 ?is =m ( 8 limit$ k he sees n ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 :i* is "o1 b its ph5om5a z sep>at$1 disunit$1 innum]able1 v diff]5t1 & inde$ oppos$4 ,= to him pleasure appe>s z "o ?+ & pa9 z q ano!r ?+3 "o man z a torm5tor & a murd]]1 ano!r z a m>tyr & a victim2 wick$ness z "o ?+ & evil z ano!r4 ,he sees "o man live 9 joy1 abundance1 & pleasure1 & ev5 at 8 door ano!r die mis]ably ( want & cold4 ,!n he asks1 ,:]e is ! retribution8 ,& he himself1 9 ! vehem5t1 pressure ( w :i* is 8 orig9 & 8 nature1 seizes ^u ! pleasures & enjoym5ts ( life1 firmly embraces !m1 & kn[s n t by ?is v act ( 8 w he seizes & hugs all ^? pa9s & sorr[s at ! sight ( :i* he %udd]s4 ,he sees ! ills & he sees ! wick$ness 9 ! _w1 b f> f kn[+ t bo? ( ^! are b diff]5t sides ( ! manife/ation ( ! "o w to live1 he reg>ds !m z v diff]5t1 & inde$ q oppos$1 & (t5 seeks to escape by wick$ness1 i4e41 by caus+ ! suff]+ ( ano!r1 f ills1 f ! suff]+ ( 8 own individuality1 = he is involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 delud$ by ! veil ( ,my4 ,j z a sailor sits 9 a boat tru/+ to 8 frail b>que 9 a /ormy sea1 unb\nd$ 9 e direction1 ris+ & fall+ ) ! h[l+ m\nta9\s waves2 s 9 ! mid/ ( a _w ( sorr[s ! individual man sits quietly1 support$ by & tru/+ to ! pr9cipium individuationis1 or ! way 9 :i* ! individual kn[s ?+s z ph5om5a4 ,! b\ndless _w1 ev]y:]e full ( suff]+ 9 ! inf9ite pa/1 9 ! inf9ite future1 is /range to him1 inde$ is to him b a fable2 8 ephem]al p]son1 8 ext5sionless pres5t1 8 mom5t>y satisfaction1 ?is alone has reality = him2 & he does all to ma9ta9 ?is1 s long z 8 eyes are n op5$ by a bett] k4 ,till !n1 !re lives only 9 ! inmo/ dep?s ( 8 consci\sness a v obscure pres5tim5t t all t is aft] all n really s /range to him1 b has a connection ) him1 f :i* ! pr9cipium individuationis _c protect him4 ,f ?is pres5tim5t arises t in]adicable awe common to all m5 7& inde$ p]haps ev5 to ! mo/ s5sible ( ! brutes7 :i* sudd5ly seizes !m if by any *ance !y become puzzl$ ab\t ! pr9cipium individuationis1 because ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 "s "o ( its =ms seems to admit ( an exception4 ,= example1 if x seems z if "s *ange took place )\t a cause1 or "s "o :o is dead appe>s aga91 or if 9 any o!r way ! pa/ or ! future becomes pres5t or ! di/ant becomes ne>4 ,! fe>ful t]ror at any?+ ( ! k9d is f\nd$ on ! fact t !y sudd5ly become puzzl$ ab\t ! =ms ( k ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* alone sep>ate _! own individuality f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,b ev5 ?is sep>ation lies only 9 ! ph5om5on1 & n 9 ! ?+-9-itself2 & on ?is re/s et]nal ju/ice4 ,9 fact1 all temporal happ9ess /&s1 & all prud5ce proce$s1 ^u gr\nd t is und]m9$4 ,!y def5d ! p]son f accid5ts & supply its pleasures2 b ! p]son is m]ely ph5om5on1 & its diff]5ce f o!r individuals1 & exemption f ! suff]+s :i* !y endure1 re/s m]ely 9 ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,accord+ to ! true nature ( ?+s1 e "o has all ! suff]+ ( ! _w z 8 own1 & inde$ has to reg>d all m]ely possible suff]+ z = him actual1 s long z he is ! fix$ w to live1 i4e41 ass]ts life ) all 8 p[]4 ,= ! k t sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 a happy life 9 "t1 ! gift ( *ance or won by prud5ce1 amid ! sorr[s ( innum]able o!rs1 is only ! dream ( a begg> 9 :i* he is a k+1 b f :i* he mu/ awake & le>n f exp]i5ce t only a fleet+ illusion _h sep>at$ him f ! suff]+ ( 8 life4 ,et]nal ju/ice )draws itself f ! vision t is involv$ 9 ! k :i* foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis2 su* vision misses x altoge!r unless x v9dicates x 9 "s way by fictions4 ,x sees ! bad1 aft] misde$s & cruelties ( e k9d1 live 9 happ9ess & leave ! _w unpuni%$4 ,x sees ! oppress$ drag out a life full ( suff]+ to ! end )\t an av5g]1 a requit] appe>+4 ,b t man only w grasp & compreh5d et]nal ju/ice :o raises himself above ! k t proce$s "u ! guidance ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b\nd to ! p>ticul> ?+1 & recognises ! ,ideas1 sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 & becomes consci\s t ! =ms ( ! ph5om5on d n apply to ! ?+-9-itself4 ,moreov]1 he alone1 by virtue ( ! same k1 c und]/& ! true nature ( virtue1 z x w soon disclose itself to u 9 connection ) ! pres5t inquiry1 al?\gh = ! practice ( virtue ?is k 9 ! ab/ract is by no means dem&$4 ,?us x becomes cle> to :oev] has atta9$ to ! k ref]r$ to1 t because ! w is ! 9-itself ( all ph5om5a1 ! mis]y :i* is aw>d$ to o!rs & t :i* he exp]i5ces himself1 ! bad & ! evil1 always conc]ns only t "o inn] be+ :i* is ev]y:]e ! same1 al?\gh ! ph5om5a 9 :i* ! "o & ! o!r exhibits itself exi/ z q diff]5t individuals1 & are widely sep>at$ by "t & space4 ,he sees t ! diff]5ce betwe5 him :o inflicts ! suff]+ & him :o mu/ be> x is only ! ph5om5on1 & does n conc]n ! ?+-9-itself1 = ?is is ! w liv+ 9 bo?1 :i* "h1 deceiv$ by ! k :i* is b\nd to its s]vice1 does n recognise itself1 & seek+ an increas$ happ9ess 9 "o ( its ph5om5a1 produces great suff]+ 9 ano!r1 & ?us1 9 ! pressure ( excitem5t1 buries its tee? 9 its own fle%1 n kn[+ t x always injures only itself1 reveal+ 9 ?is =m1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( individuality1 ! conflict ) itself :i* x be>s 9 its inn] nature4 ,! inflict] ( suff]+ & ! suff]] are "o4 ,! =m] errs 9 t he believes he is n a p>tak] 9 ! suff]+2 ! latt]1 9 t he believes he is n a p>tak] 9 ! guilt4 ,if ! eyes ( bo? 7 op5$1 ! inflict] ( suff]+ w\ld see t he lives 9 all t suff]s pa9 9 ! wide _w1 & :i*1 if end[$ ) reason1 9 va9 asks :y x 0 call$ into exi/5ce = su* great suff]+1 its des]t ( :i* x does n und]/&4 ,& ! suff]] w\ld see t all ! wick$ness :i* is or ev] 0 committ$ 9 ! _w proce$s f t w :i* con/itutes 8 own nature also1 appe>s also 9 him1 & t ?r\gh ?is ph5om5on & its ass]tion he has tak5 ^u himself all ! suff]+s :i* proce$ f su* a w & be>s !m z 8 due1 s long z he is ?is w4 ,f ?is k speaks ! pr(\nd poet ,cald]on 9 8,life a ,dream0-- 8,pues el delito mayor ,del hombre es hab] nacido40 78,= ! greate/ crime ( man ,is t he ev] 0 born407 ,:y %\ld x n be a crime1 s9ce1 accord+ to an et]nal law1 dea? foll[s ^u x8 ,cald]on has m]ely express$ 9 ^! l9es ! ,*ri/ian dogma ( orig9al s94 ,! liv+ k ( et]nal ju/ice1 ( ! balance t insep>ably b9ds toge!r ! malum culp ) ! malum pn1 dem&s ! complete transc5d+ ( individuality & ! pr9ciple ( its possibility4 ,!re=e x w always rema9 unatta9able to ! majority ( m51 z w also be ! case ) ! pure & di/9ct k ( ! nature ( all virtue1 :i* is ak9 to x1 & :i* we are ab\t to expla94 ,accord+ly ! wise ance/ors ( ! ,h9du p h directly express$ x 9 ! ,v$as1 :i* are only all[$ to ! ?ree reg5]ate ca/es1 or 9 _! esot]ic tea*+1 s f> at any rate z conception & language compreh5d x1 & _! me?od ( exposition1 :i* always rema9s pictorial & ev5 rhapsodical1 admits2 b 9 ! religion ( ! p1 or exot]ic tea*+1 !y only communicate x by means ( my?s4 ,! direct exposition we f9d 9 ! ,v$as1 ! fruit ( ! highe/ human k & wisdom1 ! k]nel ( :i* has at la/ rea*$ u 9 ! ,upani%ads z ! greate/ gift ( ?is c5tury4 ,x is express$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b especially by mak+ all ! be+s 9 ! _w1 liv+ & lifeless1 pass successively be=e ! view ( ! /ud5t1 & pron\nc+ ov] e "o ( !m t ^w :i* has become a =mula1 & z su* has be5 call$ ! ,mahavakya3 ,tat\mes1--m correctly1 ,tat twam asi1--:i* means1 8,?is ?\ art407#gg7 ,b = ! p1 t great tru?1 s f> z 9 _! limit$ condition !y c\ld compreh5d x1 0 translat$ into ! =m ( k :i* foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,?is =m ( k is inde$1 f its nature1 q incapable ( appreh5d+ t tru? pure & 9 itself1 & ev5 /&s 9 contradiction to x1 yet 9 ! =m ( a my? x receiv$ a sub/itute = x :i* 0 suffici5t z a guide = conduct4 ,= ! my? enables ! me?od ( k1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 to compreh5d by figurative repres5tation ! e?ical significance ( conduct1 :i* itself is ev] =eign to x4 ,?is is ! aim ( all sy/ems ( religion1 = z a :ole !y are ! my?ical clo?+ ( ! tru? :i* is unatta9able to ! uncultur$ human intellect4 ,9 ?is s5se ?is my? might1 9 ,kant's language1 be call$ a po/ulate ( ! practical reason2 b reg>d$ z su*1 x has ! great advantage t x conta9s absolutely no elem5ts b su* z lie be=e our eyes 9 ! c\rse ( actual exp]i5ce1 & c !re=e support all its conceptions ) p]ceptions4 ,:at is "h ref]r$ to is ! my? ( ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,x tea*es t all suff]+s :i* 9 life "o inflicts ^u o!r be+s mu/ be expiat$ 9 a subsequ5t life 9 ?is _w1 ?r\gh precisely ! same suff]+s2 & ?is ext5ds s f>1 t he :o only kills a brute mu/1 "s "t 9 endless "t1 be born z ! same k9d ( brute & suff] ! same dea?4 ,x tea*es t wick$ conduct involves a future life 9 ?is _w 9 suff]+ & despis$ creatures1 &1 accord+ly1 t "o w !n be born aga9 9 l[] ca/es1 or z a woman1 or z a brute1 z ,p>iah or ,ts*&ala1 z a lep]1 or z a crocodile1 & s =?4 ,all ! pa9s :i* ! my? ?reat5s x supports ) p]ceptions f actual life1 ?r\gh suff]+ creatures :i* d n "k h[ !y h m]it$ _! mis]y1 & x does n require to call 9 ! assi/ance ( any o!r hell4 ,z a rew>d1 on ! o!r h&1 x promises re-bir? 9 bett]1 nobl] =ms1 z ,brahmans1 wise m51 or sa9ts4 ,! highe/ rew>d1 :i* awaits ! noble/ de$s & ! complete/ resignation1 :i* is also giv5 to ! woman :o 9 sev5 successive lives has volunt>ily di$ on ! fun]al pile ( h] husb&1 & n less to ! man ^: pure m\? has nev] utt]$ a s+le lie1--?is rew>d ! my? c only express negatively 9 ! language ( ?is _w by ! promise1 :i* is s (t5 repeat$1 t !y %all nev] be born aga91 ,non adsumes it]um exi/5tiam app>5tem2 or1 z ! ,buddhi/s1 :o recognise nei!r ,v$as nor ca/es1 express x1 8,?\ %alt atta9 to ,nirvna10 i4e41 to a /ate 9 :i* f\r ?+s no long] exi/--bir?1 age1 sickness1 & dea?4 ,nev] has a my? ent]$1 & nev] w "o ent]1 m closely into ! philosophical tru? :i* is atta9able to s few ?an ?is primitive doctr9e ( ! noble/ & mo/ anci5t nation4 ,brok5 up z ?is nation n[ is into _m p>ts1 ?is my? yet reigns z ! univ]sal belief ( ! p1 & has ! mo/ decid$ influ5ce ^u life to-day1 z f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!re=e ,py?agoras & ,plato h seiz$ ) admiration on t ne plus ultra ( my?ical repres5tation1 receiv$ x f ,india or ,egypt1 hon\r$ x1 made use ( x1 &1 we "k n h[ f>1 ev5 believ$ x4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 n[ s5d ! ,brahmans ,engli% cl]gym5 & evangelical l95-weav]s to set !m "r out ( sympa?y1 & to %[ !m t !y are creat$ out ( no?+1 & ought ?ankfully to rejoice 9 ! fact4 ,b x is j ! same z if we fir$ a bullet aga9/ a cliff4 ,9 ,india our religions w nev] take root4 ,! anci5t wisdom ( ! human race w n be displac$ by :at happ5$ 9 ,galilee4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,indian philosophy /reams back to ,europe1 & w produce a fundam5tal *ange 9 our k & ?\ght4 #fd4 ,f our exposition ( et]nal ju/ice1 :i* is n my?ical b philosophical1 we w n[ proce$ to ! k9dr$ inve/igation ( ! e?ical significance ( conduct & ( consci5ce1 :i* is ! m]ely felt k ( t significance4 ,b fir/ ,i wi% at ?is po9t to draw att5tion to two peculi>ities ( human nature1 t might help to make cle> h[ ! nature ( t et]nal ju/ice1 & ! unity & id5tity ( ! w 9 all its ph5om5a ^u :i* x re/s1 is kn[n to e "o1 at lea/ z an obscure feel+4 ,:5 a bad de$ has be5 done1 x af=ds satisfaction n only to ! suff]]1 :o = ! mo/ "p feels ! desire ( rev5ge1 b also to ! p]fectly indiff]5t spectator1 to see t he :o caus$ ano!r pa9 suff]s himself a l measure ( pa92 & ?is q indep5d5tly ( ! end :i* we h %[n ! /ate has 9 view 9 puni%m5t1 & :i* is ! f\ndation ( p5al law4 ,x seems to me t :at expresses itself "h is no?+ b ! consci\sness ( t et]nal ju/ice1 :i* is1 nev]!less1 at once misund]/ood & falsifi$ by ! un5light5$ m9d1 =1 involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 x produces an amphiboly ( ! concepts & dem&s f ! ph5om5on :at only belongs to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,x does n see h[ f> 9 !mselves ! (f5d] & ! (f5d$ are "o1 & t x is ! same be+ :i*1 n recognis+ itself 9 its own manife/ation1 be>s bo? ! pa9 & ! guilt1 b x desires r to see ! pa9 also 9 ! p>ticul> individual to :om ! guilt belongs4 ,!re=e1 mo/ p]sons w\ld dem& t a man :o _h a v high degree ( wick$ness :i* might yet occur 9 _m o!rs1 only n mat*$ ) o!r qualities su* z are f\nd 9 him1 a man :o also f> surpass$ o!rs by extraord9>y intellectual p[]s1 & :o inflict$ unspeakable suff]+s ^u millions ( o!rs--= example1 z a conqu]or1--mo/ p]sons1 ,i say1 w\ld dem& t su* a man %\ld at "s "t & 9 "s place expiate all ^! suff]+s by a l am\nt ( pa92 = !y d n recognise h[ 9 !mselves ! inflict] ( suff]+ & ! suff]]s are "o1 & t x is ! same w ?r\gh :i* ! latt] exi/ & live :i* also appe>s 9 ! =m]1 & j ?r\gh him atta9s to a di/9ct revelation ( its nature1 & :i* likewise suff]s bo? 9 ! oppress$ & ! oppressor2 & inde$ 9 ! latt] 9 a great] measure1 z ! consci\sness has atta9$ a high] degree ( cle>ness & di/9ctness & ! w has great] vehem5ce4 ,b t ! deep] k1 :i* is no long] involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 f :i* all virtue & nobl5ess proce$1 no long] reta9s ! disposition :i* dem&s requital1 is %[n by ! ,*ri/ian e?ics1 :i* absolutely =bids all requital ( evil ) evil1 & all[s et]nal ju/ice to proce$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! ?+-9-itself1 :i* is diff]5t f t ( ! ph5om5on4 78,v5geance is m9e2 ,i w repay1 sai? ! ,"l10--,rom4 xii4 #ai47 ,a mu* m /rik+1 b also a mu* r>]1 *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 :i* expresses t desire to draw et]nal ju/ice into ! prov9ce ( exp]i5ce1 i4e41 ( individuality1 & at ! same "t indicates a felt consci\sness t1 z ,i h express$ x above1 ! w to live conducts at its own co/ ! great trag$y & com$y1 & t ! same "o w lives 9 all manife/ations1--su* a *>act]i/ic1 ,i say1 is ! foll[+4 ,we sometimes see a man s deeply mov$ by a great injury :i* he has exp]i5c$1 or1 x may be1 only witness$1 t he delib]ately & irretrievably /akes 8 own life 9 ord] to take v5geance on ! p]petrator ( t wrong4 ,we see him seek = "s mighty oppressor ?r\gh long ye>s1 murd] him at la/1 & !n himself die on ! scaffold1 z he _h =ese51 & (t51 x may be1 did n seek to avoid1 = 8 life _h value = him only z a means ( v5geance4 ,we f9d examples ( ?is especially among ! ,spani>ds47#gh7 ,if1 n[1 we consid] ! _s ( t desire = retribution c>efully1 we f9d t x is v diff]5t f common rev5ge1 :i* seeks to mitigate ! suff]+1 endur$ by ! sight ( ! suff]+ inflict$2 inde$1 we f9d t :at x aims at des]ves to be call$1 n s mu* rev5ge z puni%m5t4 ,= 9 x !re really lies ! int5tion ( an effect ^u ! future ?r\gh ! example1 & t )\t any selfi% aim1 ei!r = ! av5g+ p]son1 = x co/s him 8 life1 or = a society :i* secures its own safety by laws4 ,= t puni%m5t is c>ri$ out by individuals1 n by ! /ate1 nor is x 9 fulfilm5t ( a law1 b1 on ! contr>y1 always conc]ns a de$ :i* ! /ate ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n puni%1 & ! puni%m5t ( :i* x condemns4 ,x seems to me t ! indignation :i* c>ries su* a man s f> beyond ! limits ( all self-love spr+s f ! deepe/ consci\sness t he himself is ! :ole w to live1 :i* appe>s 9 all be+s ?r\gh all "t1 & t !re=e ! mo/ di/ant future belongs to him j z ! pres5t1 & _c be indiff]5t to him4 ,ass]t+ ?is w1 he yet desires t 9 ! drama :i* repres5ts its nature no su* fe>ful wrong %all ev] appe> aga91 & wi%es to fright5 ev] future wrong-do] by ! example ( a v5geance aga9/ :i* !re is no means ( def5ce1 s9ce ! av5g] is n det]r$ by ! fe> ( dea?4 ,! w to live1 ?\gh /ill ass]t+ itself1 does n "h dep5d any long] ^u ! p>ticul> ph5om5on1 ! individual1 b compreh5ds ! ,idea ( man1 & wi%es to keep its manife/ation pure f su* a fe>ful & %ock+ wrong4 ,x is a r>e1 v significant1 & ev5 sublime trait ( "* ?r\gh :i* ! individual sacrifices himself by /riv+ to make himself ! arm ( et]nal ju/ice1 ( ! true nature ( :i* he is yet ignorant4 #fe4 ,9 all ! prec$+ inve/igations ( human action1 we h be5 lead+ up to ! f9al inve/igation1 & h to a consid]able ext5t light5$ ! task ( rais+ to ab/ract & philosophical cle>ness1 & exhibit+ z a bran* ( our c5tral ?\ght t special e?ical significance ( action :i* 9 life is ) p]fect und]/&+ d5ot$ by ! words good & bad4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to trace back to _! real mean+ ^? conceptions ( good & bad :i* h be5 treat$ by ! philosophical writ]s ( ! day1 v extraord9>ily1 z simple conceptions1 & ?us incapable ( analysis2 s t ! read] may n rema9 involv$ 9 ! s5seless delusion t !y conta9 m ?an is actually ! case1 & express 9 & = !mselves all t is "h necess>y4 ,i am 9 a position to d ?is because 9 e?ics ,i am no m dispos$ to take refuge beh9d ! ^w good ?an =m]ly beh9d ! words beautiful & true1 9 ord] t by ! add+ a 8ness10 :i* at ! pres5t day is suppos$ to h a special 1 & !re=e to be ( assi/ance 9 v>i\s cases1 & by assum+ an air ( solemnity1 ,i might induce ! belief t by utt]+ ?ree su* words ,i _h done m ?an d5ote ?ree v wide & ab/ract1 & consequ5tly empty conceptions1 ( v diff]5t orig9 & significance4 ,:o is !re1 inde$1 :o has made himself acqua9t$ ) ! books ( our own day to :om ^! ?ree words1 admirable z are ! ?+s to :i* !y orig9ally ref]1 h n become an av]sion aft] he has se5 = ! ?\s&? "t h[ ^? :o are lea/ capable ( ?9k+ believe t !y h only to utt] ^! ?ree words ) op5 m\? & ! air ( an intellig5t %eep1 9 ord] to h spok5 ! greate/ wisdom8 ,! explanation ( ! concept true has already be5 giv5 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 *ap4 v4 #bi et seq4 ,! cont5t ( ! concept beautiful f\nd = ! fir/ "t its prop] explanation ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,?ird ,book ( ! pres5t "w4 ,we n[ wi% to discov] ! significance ( ! concept good1 :i* c be done ) v little tr\ble4 ,?is concept is ess5tially relative1 & signifies ! con=mity ( an object to any def9ite ef=t ( ! w4 ,accord+ly ev]y?+ t corresponds to ! w 9 any ( its expressions & fulfils its end is ?\ght ?r\gh ! concept good1 h[ev] diff]5t su* ?+s may be 9 o!r respects4 ,?us we speak ( good eat+1 good roads1 good wea!r1 good weapons1 good om5s1 & s on2 9 %ort1 we call ev]y?+ good t is j z we wi% x to be2 & !re=e t may be good 9 ! eyes ( "o man :i* is j ! rev]se 9 ^? ( ano!r4 ,! conception ( ! good divides itself into two sub-species--t ( ! direct & pres5t satisfaction ( any volition1 & t ( its indirect satisfaction :i* has ref]5ce to ! future1 i4e41 ! agreeable & ! useful4 ,! conception ( ! opposite1 s long z we are speak+ ( unconsci\s exi/5ce1 is express$ by ! ^w bad1 m r>ely & ab/ractly by ! ^w evil1 :i* ?us d5otes ev]y?+ t does n correspond to any ef=t ( ! w4 ,l all o!r ?+s t c come into relation to ! w1 m5 :o are fav\rable to ! ends :i* happ5 to be desir$1 :o fur!r & befri5d !m1 are call$ good1 9 ! same s5se1 & always ) t relative limitation1 :i* %[s itself1 = example1 9 ! expression1 8,i f9d ?is good1 b y don't40 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o are naturally dispos$ n to h9d] ! endeav\rs ( o!rs1 b r to assi/ !m1 & :o are ?us consi/5tly helpful1 b5evol5t1 fri5dly1 & *>itable1 are call$ good m51 on acc\nt ( ?is relation ( _! conduct to ! w ( o!rs 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! case ( consci\s be+s 7brutes & m57 ! contr>y conception is d5ot$ 9 ,g]man1 &1 )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s or s1 9 ,fr5* also1 by a diff]5t ^w f t :i* is us$ 9 speak+ ( unconsci\s exi/5ce2 9 ,g]man1 bse2 9 ,fr5*1 m*ant2 :ile 9 almo/ all o!r languages ?is di/9ction does n exi/2 & 1 malus1 cattivo1 bad1 are us$ ( m51 z ( lifeless ?+s1 :i* are oppos$ to ! ends ( a def9ite individual w4 ,?us1 hav+ />t$ entirely f ! passive elem5t 9 ! good1 ! inquiry c\ld only proce$ lat] to ! active elem5t1 & inve/igate ! conduct ( ! man :o is call$ good1 no long] ) ref]5ce to o!rs1 b to himself2 specially sett+ itself ! task ( expla9+ bo? ! purely objective respect :i* su* conduct produces 9 o!rs1 & ! peculi> cont5tm5t ) himself :i* x cle>ly produces 9 ! man himself1 s9ce he pur*ases x ) sacrifices ( ano!r k9d2 & also1 on ! o!r h&1 ! inn] pa9 :i* accompanies ! bad disposition1 :atev] outw>d advantages x br+s to him :o ent]ta9s x4 ,x 0 f ?is s\rce t ! e?ical sy/ems1 bo? ! philosophical & ^? :i* are support$ by sy/ems ( religion1 took _! rise4 ,bo? seek con/antly 9 "s way or o!r to connect happ9ess ) virtue1 ! =m] ei!r by means ( ! pr9ciple ( contradiction or t ( suffici5t reason1 & ?us to make happ9ess ei!r id5tical ) or ! consequ5ce ( virtue1 always sophi/ically2 ! latt]1 by ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( o!r worlds ?an t :i* alone c be kn[n to exp]i5ce47#gi7 ,9 our sy/em1 on ! contr>y1 virtue w %[ itself1 n z a /riv+ aft] happ9ess1 t is1 well-be+ & life1 b z an ef=t 9 q an opposite direction4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said above1 t ! good is1 accord+ to its concept1 2 ?us e good is ess5tially relative1 = its be+ consi/s 9 its relation to a desir+ w4 ,absolute good is1 !re=e1 a contradiction 9 t]ms2 highe/ good1 summum bonum1 really signifies ! same ?+--a f9al satisfaction ( ! w1 aft] :i* no new desire c\ld arise1--a la/ motive1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* w\ld af=d endur+ satisfaction ( ! w4 ,b1 accord+ to ! inve/igations :i* h already be5 conduct$ 9 ?is ,f\r? ,book1 su* a consummation is n ev5 ?9kable4 ,! w c j z little cease f will+ altoge!r on acc\nt ( "s p>ticul> satisfaction1 z "t c end or beg92 = x !re is no su* ?+ z a p]man5t fulfilm5t :i* %all completely & = ev] satisfy its crav+4 ,x is ! vessel ( ! ,danaides2 = x !re is no highe/ good1 no absolute good1 b always a m]ely tempor>y good4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to give an honor>y position1 z x 7 em]itus1 to an old expression1 :i* f cu/om we d n l to disc>d altoge!r1 we may1 metaphorically & figuratively1 call ! complete self-effacem5t & d5ial ( ! w1 ! true abs5ce ( w1 :i* alone = ev] /ills & sil5ces its /ruggle1 alone gives t cont5tm5t :i* c nev] aga9 be di/urb$1 alone r$eems ! _w1 & :i* we %all n[ soon consid] at ! close ( our :ole inve/igation--! absolute good1 ! summum bonum--& reg>d x z ! only radical cure ( ! disease ( :i* all o!r means are only palliations or anodynes4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,greek & also f9is bonorum correspond to ! ?+ /ill bett]4 ,s mu* = ! words good & bad2 n[ = ! ?+ itself4 ,if a man is always dispos$ to d wrong :5ev] ! opportunity pres5ts itself1 & !re is no ext]nal p[] to re/ra9 him1 we call him bad4 ,accord+ to our doctr9e ( wrong1 ?is means t su* a man does n m]ely ass]t ! w to live z x appe>s 9 8 own body1 b 9 ?is ass]tion goes s f> t he d5ies ! w :i* appe>s 9 o!r individuals4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t he desires _! p[]s = ! s]vice ( 8 own w1 & seeks to de/roy _! exi/5ce :5 !y /& 9 ! way ( its ef=ts4 ,! ultimate s\rce ( ?is is a high degree ( egoism1 ! nature ( :i* has be5 already expla9$4 ,two ?+s are "h app>5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 su* a man an excessively vehem5t w to live expresses itself1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! ass]tion ( 8 own body2 &1 9 ! second place1 t 8 k1 entirely giv5 up to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason & involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 _c get beyond ! diff]5ce :i* ?is latt] pr9ciple e/abli%es betwe5 8 own p]son & e "o else4 ,!re=e he seeks 8 own well-be+ alone1 completely indiff]5t to t ( all o!rs1 ^: exi/5ce is to him altoge!r =eign & divid$ f 8 own by a wide gulf1 & :o are inde$ reg>d$ by him z m]e masks ) no reality beh9d !m4 ,& ^! two qualities are ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! bad "*4 ,?is great int5sity ( w is 9 itself & directly a con/ant s\rce ( suff]+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because all volition z su* arises f want2 t is1 suff]+4 7,!re=e1 z w be rememb]$1 f ! ,?ird ,book1 ! mom5t>y cessation ( all volition1 :i* takes place :5ev] we give ourselves up to /hetic contemplation1 z pure w-less subject ( k1 ! correlative ( ! ,idea1 is "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts 9 our pleasure 9 ! beautiful47 ,secondly1 because1 ?r\gh ! causal connection ( ?+s1 mo/ ( our desires mu/ rema9 unfulfill$1 & ! w is (t5] cross$ ?an satisfi$1 & !re=e mu* int5se volition c>ries ) x mu* int5se suff]+4 ,= all suff]+ is simply unfulfill$ & cross$ volition2 & ev5 ! pa9 ( ! body :5 x is injur$ or de/roy$ is z su* only possible ?r\gh ! fact t ! body is no?+ b ! w itself become object4 ,n[ on ?is acc\nt1 because mu* int5se suff]+ is insep>able f mu* int5se volition1 v bad m5 be> ! /amp ( inw>d suff]+ 9 ! v expression ( ! c\nt5ance2 ev5 :5 !y h atta9$ e ext]nal happ9ess1 !y always look unhappy s long z !y are n transport$ by "s mom5t>y ec/asy & are n dissembl+4 ,f ?is inw>d torm5t1 :i* is absolutely & directly ess5tial to !m1 !re f9ally proce$s t delight 9 ! suff]+ ( o!rs :i* does n spr+ f m]e egoism1 b is dis9t]e/$1 & :i* con/itutes wick$ness prop]1 ris+ to ! pit* ( cruelty4 ,= ?is ! suff]+ ( o!rs is n a means = ! atta9m5t ( ! ends ( its own w1 b an end 9 itself4 ,! m def9ite explanation ( ?is ph5om5on is z foll[s3--,s9ce man is a manife/ation ( w illum9at$ by ! cle>e/ k1 he is always contra/+ ! actual & felt satisfaction ( 8 w ) ! m]ely possible satisfaction ( x :i* k pres5ts to him4 ,h5ce arises envy3 e privation is inf9itely increas$ by ! enjoym5t ( o!rs1 & reliev$ by ! k t o!rs also suff] ! same privation4 ,^? ills :i* are common to all & insep>able f human life tr\ble u little1 j z ^? :i* belong to ! climate1 to ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! recollection ( great] suff]+s ?an our own /ills our pa92 ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( o!rs soo!s our own4 ,if1 n[1 a man is fill$ ) an exceptionally int5se pressure ( w1--if ) burn+ eag]ness he seeks to accumulate ev]y?+ to slake ! ?ir/ ( 8 egoism1 & ?us exp]i5ces1 z he inevitably mu/1 t all satisfaction is m]ely app>5t1 t ! atta9$ end nev] fulfils ! promise ( ! desir$ object1 ! f9al appeas+ ( ! fi]ce pressure ( w1 b t :5 fulfill$ ! wi% only *anges its =m1 & n[ torm5ts him 9 a new "o2 & inde$ t if at la/ all wi%es are exhau/$1 ! pressure ( w itself rema9s )\t any consci\s motive1 & makes itself kn[n to him ) fe>ful pa9 z a feel+ ( t]rible desolation & empt9ess2 if f all ?is1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y degrees ( volition is only felt 9 a small measure1 & only produces ! ord9>y degree ( melan*oly1 9 ! case ( him :o is a manife/ation ( w rea*+ ! po9t ( extraord9>y wick$ness1 !re necess>ily spr+s an excessive inw>d mis]y1 an et]nal unre/1 an incurable pa92 he seeks indirectly ! alleviation :i* directly is d5i$ him1--seeks to mitigate 8 own suff]+ by ! sight ( ! suff]+ ( o!rs1 :i* at ! same "t he recognises z an expression ( 8 p[]4 ,! suff]+ ( o!rs n[ becomes = him an end 9 itself1 & is a spectacle 9 :i* he delights2 & ?us arises ! ph5om5on ( pure cruelty1 blood-?ir/9ess1 :i* hi/ory exhibits s (t5 9 ! ,n]os & ,domitians1 9 ! ,african ,deis1 9 ,robespi]re1 & ! l4 ,! desire ( rev5ge is closely relat$ to wick$ness4 ,x recomp5ses evil ) evil1 n ) ref]5ce to ! future1 :i* is ! "* ( puni%m5t1 b m]ely on acc\nt ( :at has happ5$1 :at is pa/1 z su*1 ?us dis9t]e/$ly1 n z a means1 b z an end1 9 ord] to revel 9 ! torm5t :i* ! av5g] himself has inflict$ on ! (f5d]4 ,:at di/+ui%es rev5ge f pure wick$ness1 & to "s ext5t excuses x1 is an appe>ance ( ju/ice4 ,= if ! same act1 :i* is n[ rev5ge1 7 to be done legally1 t is1 accord+ to a previ\sly det]m9$ & kn[n rule1 & 9 a society :i* _h sanction$ ?is rule1 x w\ld be puni%m5t1 & ?us ju/ice4 ,besides ! suff]+ :i* has be5 describ$1 & :i* is insep>able f wick$ness1 because x spr+s f ! same root1 excessive vehem5ce ( w1 ano!r specific pa9 q diff]5t f ?is is connect$ ) wick$ness1 :i* is felt 9 ! case ( e bad action1 :e!r x be m]ely inju/ice proce$+ f egoism or pure wick$ness1 & accord+ to ! l5g? ( its duration is call$ ! /+ ( consci5ce or remorse4 ,n[1 :oev] rememb]s & has pres5t 9 8 m9d ! cont5t ( ! prec$+ portion ( ?is ,f\r? ,book1 & especially ! tru? expla9$ at ! beg9n+ ( x1 t life itself is always assur$ to ! w to live1 z its m]e copy or mirror1 & also ! exposition ( et]nal ju/ice1 w f9d t ! /+ ( consci5ce c h no o!r mean+ ?an ! foll[+1 i4e41 its cont5t1 ab/ractly express$1 is :at foll[s1 9 :i* two p>ts are di/+ui%$1 :i* aga91 h[ev]1 entirely co9cide1 & mu/ be ?\ght z completely unit$4 ,h[ev] closely ! veil ( ,my may envelop ! m9d ( ! bad man1 i4e41 h[ev] firmly he may be involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 accord+ to :i* he reg>ds 8 p]son z absolutely diff]5t & sep>at$ by a wide gulf f all o!rs1 a k to :i* he cl+s ) all 8 might1 z x alone suits & supports 8 egoism1 s t k is almo/ always corrupt$ by w1 yet !re arises 9 ! inmo/ dep?s ( 8 consci\sness ! secret pres5tim5t t su* an ord] ( ?+s is only ph5om5al1 & t _! real con/itution is q diff]5t4 ,he has a dim =ebod+ t1 h[ev] mu* "t & space may sep>ate him f o!r individuals & ! innum]able mis]ies :i* !y suff]1 & ev5 suff] ?r\gh him1 & may repres5t !m z q =eign to him1 yet 9 !mselves1 & ap>t f ! idea & its =ms1 x is ! "o w to live appe>+ 9 !m all1 :i* "h fail+ to recognise itself1 turns its weapons aga9/ itself1 &1 by seek+ increas$ happ9ess 9 "o ( its ph5om5a1 imposes ! greate/ suff]+ ^u ano!r4 ,he dimly sees t he1 ! bad man1 is himself ?is :ole w2 t consequ5tly he is n only ! inflict] ( pa9 b also ! endur] ( x1 f ^: suff]+ he is only sep>at$ & exempt$ by an illusive dream1 ! =m ( :i* is space & "t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 vani%es away2 t he mu/ 9 reality pay = ! pleasure ) ! pa91 & t all suff]+ :i* he only kn[s z possible really conc]ns him z ! w to live1 inasmu* z ! possible & actual1 ! ne> & ! di/ant 9 "t & space1 are only diff]5t = ! k ( ! individual1 only by means ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 n 9 !mselves4 ,?is is ! tru? :i* my?ically1 i4e41 adapt$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & s translat$ into ! =m ( ! ph5om5al1 is express$ 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,yet x has its pure/ expression1 free f all =eign admixture1 9 t obscurely felt yet inconsolable mis]y call$ remorse4 ,b ?is spr+s also f a second imm$iate k1 :i* is closely b\nd to ! fir/--! k ( ! /r5g? ) :i* ! w to live ass]ts itself 9 ! wick$ individual1 :i* ext5ds f> beyond 8 own individual ph5om5on1 to ! absolute d5ial ( ! same w appe>+ 9 o!r individuals4 ,consequ5tly ! inw>d horror ( ! wick$ man at 8 own de$1 :i* he himself tries to conceal1 conta9s1 besides t pres5tm5t ( ! no?+ness1 ! m]e illusiv5ess ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 & ( ! di/9ction e/abli%$ by x betwe5 him & o!rs2 also ! k ( ! vehem5ce ( 8 own w1 ! int5sity ) :i* he has seiz$ ^u life & atta*$ himself closely to x1 ev5 t life ^: t]rible side he sees be=e him 9 ! mis]y ( ^? :o are oppress$ by him1 & ) :i* he is yet s firmly unit$1 t j on ?is acc\nt ! greate/ atrocity proce$s f him himself1 z a means = ! full] ass]tion ( 8 own w4 ,he recognises himself z ! conc5trat$ manife/ation ( ! w to live1 feels to :at degree he is giv5 up to life1 & ) x also to innum]able suff]+s :i* are ess5tial to x1 = x has inf9ite "t & inf9ite space to aboli% ! di/9ction betwe5 ! possible & ! actual1 & to *ange all ! suff]+s :i* z yet are m]ely kn[n to him into suff]+s he has exp]i5c$4 ,! millions ( ye>s ( con/ant rebir? c]ta9ly exi/1 l ! :ole pa/ & future1 only 9 conception2 occupi$ "t1 ! =m ( ! ph5om5on ( ! w1 is only ! pres5t1 & = ! individual "t is ev] new3 x seems to him always z if he _h newly come into be+4 ,= life is insep>able f ! w to live1 & ! only =m ( life is ! pres5t4 ,dea? 7! repetition ( ! comp>ison mu/ be excus$7 is l ! sett+ ( ! sun1 :i* is only app>5tly swall[$ up by ! night1 b 9 reality1 itself ! s\rce ( all light1 burns )\t int]mission1 br+s new days to new worlds1 is always ris+ & always sett+4 ,beg9n+ & end only conc]n ! individual ?r\gh "t1 ! =m ( ! ph5om5on = ! idea4 ,outside "t lies only ! w1 ,kant's ?+-9-itself1 & its adequate objectification1 ! ,idea ( ,plato4 ,!re=e suicide af=ds no escape2 :at e "o 9 8 inmo/ consci\sness wills1 t mu/ he be2 & :at e "o is1 t he wills4 ,?us1 besides ! m]ely felt k ( ! illusiv5ess & no?+ness ( ! =ms ( ! idea :i* sep>ate individuals1 x is ! self-k ( "o's own w & its degree t gives ! /+ to consci5ce4 ,! c\rse ( life draws ! image ( ! empirical "*1 ^: orig9al is ! intelligible "*1 & horrifies ! wick$ man by ?is image4 ,he is horrifi$ all ! same :e!r ! image is depict$ 9 l>ge *>act]s1 s t ! _w %>es 8 horror1 or 9 su* small ones t he alone sees x1 = x only conc]ns him directly4 ,! pa/ w\ld be a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & c\ld n pa9 ! consci5ce if ! "* did n feel itself free f all "t & unalt]able by x1 s long z x does n d5y itself4 ,!re=e ?+s :i* are long pa/ /ill weigh on ! consci5ce4 ,! pray]1 8,lead me n into temptation10 means1 8,let me n see :at mann] ( p]son ,i am40 ,9 ! might ) :i* ! bad man ass]ts life1 & :i* exhibits itself to him 9 ! suff]+s :i* he inflicts on o!rs1 he measures h[ f> he is f ! surr5d] & d5ial ( t w1 ! only possible deliv]ance f ! _w & its mis]ies4 ,he sees h[ f> he belongs to x1 & h[ firmly he is b\nd to x2 ! kn[n suff]+ ( o!rs has no p[] to move him2 he is giv5 up to life & felt suff]+4 ,x rema9s hidd5 :e!r ?is w ev] break & ov]come ! vehem5ce ( 8 w4 ,?is exposition ( ! significance & inn] nature ( ! bad1 :i* z m]e feel+1 i4e41 n z di/9ct1 ab/ract k1 is ! cont5t ( remorse1 w ga9 di/9ctness & complet5ess by ! simil> consid]ation ( ! good z a quality ( human w1 & f9ally ( absolute resignation & hol9ess1 :i* proce$s f x :5 x has atta9$ its highe/ grade4 ,= opposites always ?r[ light ^u ea* o!r1 & ! day at once reveals bo? itself & ! night1 z ,sp9oza admirably rem>ks4 #ff4 ,a !ory ( morals )\t pro(1 t is1 m]e moralis+1 c effect no?+1 because x does n act z a motive4 ,a !ory ( morals :i* does act z a motive c d s only by work+ on self-love4 ,b :at spr+s f ?is s\rce has no moral wor?4 ,x foll[s f ?is t no g5u9e virtue c be produc$ ?r\gh moral !ory or ab/ract k 9 g5]al1 b t su* virtue mu/ spr+ f t intuitive k :i* recognises 9 ! individuality ( o!rs ! same nature z 9 our own4 ,= virtue c]ta9ly proce$s f k1 b n f ! ab/ract k t c be communicat$ ?r\gh words4 ,if x 7 s1 virtue c\ld be taught1 & by "h express+ 9 ab/ract language its nature & ! k :i* lies at its f\ndation1 we %\ld make e "o :o compreh5ds ?is ev5 e?ically bett]4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 e?ical disc\rses & prea*+ w j z little produce a virtu\s man z all ! sy/ems ( /hetics f ,ari/otle d[nw>ds h succe$$ 9 produc+ a poet4 ,= ! real inn] nature ( virtue ! concept is unfruitful1 j z x is 9 art1 & x is only 9 a completely subord9ate position t x c be ( use z a tool 9 ! elaboration & pres]v+ ( :at has be5 asc]ta9$ & inf]r$ by o!r means4 ,velle non discitur4 ,ab/ract dogmas are1 9 fact1 )\t influ5ce ^u virtue1 i4e41 ^u ! goodness ( ! disposition4 ,false dogmas d n di/urb x2 true ones w sc>cely assi/ x4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be a bad look-out if ! c>d9al fact 9 ! life ( man1 8 e?ical wor?1 t wor? :i* c\nts = et]nity1 7 dep5d5t ^u any?+ ! atta9m5t ( :i* is s mu* a matt] ( *ance z is ! case ) dogmas1 religi\s doctr9es1 & philosophical !ories4 ,= morality dogmas h ?is value only3 ,! man :o has become virtu\s f k ( ano!r k9d1 :i* is pres5tly to be consid]$1 possesses 9 !m a s*eme or =mula accord+ to :i* he acc\nts to 8 own reason1 = ! mo/ "p fictiti\sly1 = 8 non-egoi/ical action1 ! nature ( :i* x1 i4e41 he himself1 does n compreh5d1 & ) :i* acc\nt he has accu/om$ x to be cont5t4 ,^u conduct1 outw>d action1 dogmas may c]ta9ly ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce1 z also cu/om & example 7! la/ because ! ord9>y man does n tru/ 8 judgm5t1 ( ! weakness ( :i* he is consci\s1 b only foll[s 8 own or "s "o else's exp]i5ce71 b ! disposition is n alt]$ 9 ?is way47#hj7 ,all ab/ract k gives only motives2 b1 z 0 %[n above1 motives c only alt] ! direction ( ! w1 n ! w itself4 ,all communicable k1 h[ev]1 c only affect ! w z a motive4 ,?us :5 dogmas lead x1 :at ! man really & 9 g5]al wills rema9s /ill ! same4 ,he has only receiv$ diff]5t ?\ghts z to ! ways 9 :i* x is to be atta9$1 & imag9>y motives guide him j l real ones4 ,!re=e1 = example1 x is all "o1 z reg>ds 8 e?ical wor?1 :e!r he gives l>ge gifts to ! poor1 firmly p]suad$ t he w receive ev]y?+ t5fold 9 a future life1 or exp5ds ! same sum on ! improvem5t ( an e/ate :i* w yield int]e/1 c]ta9ly late1 b all ! m surely & l>gely4 ,& he :o = ! sake ( or?odoxy commits ! h]etic to ! flames is z mu* a murd]] z ! b&it :o does x = ga92 & inde$1 z reg>ds inw>d circum/ances1 s also 0 he :o slaught]$ ! ,turks 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 if1 l ! burn] ( h]etics1 he really did s because he ?\ght t he w\ld !reby ga9 a place 9 heav54 ,= ^! are c>eful only = !mselves1 = _! own egoism1 j l ! b&it1 f :om !y are only di/+ui%$ by ! absurdity ( _! means4 ,f )\t1 z has be5 said1 ! w c only be rea*$ ?r\gh motives1 & ^! only alt] ! way 9 :i* x expresses itself1 nev] ! w itself4 ,velle non discitur4 ,9 ! case ( good de$s1 h[ev]1 ! do] ( :i* appeals to dogmas1 we mu/ always di/+ui% :e!r ^! dogmas really are ! motives :i* lead to ! good de$s1 or :e!r1 z 0 said above1 !y are m]ely ! illusive acc\nt ( !m ) :i* he seeks to satisfy 8 own reason ) reg>d to a good de$ :i* really fl[s f q a diff]5t s\rce1 a de$ :i* he does because he is good1 ?\gh he does n und]/& h[ to expla9 x rightly1 & yet wi%es to ?9k some?+ ) reg>d to x4 ,b ?is di/9ction is v h>d to make1 because x lies 9 ! he>t ( a man4 ,!re=e we c sc>cely ev] pass a correct moral judgm5t on ! action ( o!rs1 & v seldom on our own4 ,! de$s & conduct ( an individual & ( a nation may be v mu* modifi$ ?r\gh dogmas1 example1 & cu/om4 ,b 9 !mselves all de$s 7op]a op]ata7 are m]ely empty =ms1 & only ! disposition :i* leads to !m gives !m moral significance4 ,?is disposition1 h[ev]1 may be q ! same :5 its outw>d manife/ation is v diff]5t4 ,) an equal degree ( wick$ness1 "o man may die on ! :eel1 & ano!r 9 ! bosom ( 8 family4 ,x may be ! same grade ( wick$ness :i* expresses itself 9 "o nation 9 ! co>se *>act]i/ics ( murd] & cannibalism1 & 9 ano!r f9ely & s(tly 9 m9iature1 9 c\rt intrigues1 oppressions1 & delicate plots ( e k9d2 ! inn] nature rema9s ! same4 ,x is conceivable t a p]fect /ate1 or p]haps inde$ a complete & firmly believ$ doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 might prev5t e crime2 politically mu* w\ld be ga9$ !reby2 morally1 no?+2 only ! expression ( ! w 9 life w\ld be re/rict$4 ,?us g5u9e goodness ( disposition1 dis9t]e/$ virtue1 & pure nobility d n proce$ f ab/ract k4 ,yet !y d proce$ f k2 b x is a direct intuitive k1 :i* c nei!r be reason$ away1 nor arriv$ at by reason+1 a k :i*1 j because x is n ab/ract1 _c be communicat$1 b mu/ arise 9 ea* = himself1 :i* !re=e f9ds its real & adequate expression n 9 words1 b only 9 de$s1 9 conduct1 9 ! c\rse ( ! life ( man4 ,we :o "h seek ! !ory ( virtue1 & h !re=e also to express ab/ractly ! nature ( ! k :i* lies at its f\ndation1 w yet be unable to convey t k itself 9 ?is expression4 ,we c only give ! concept ( ?is k1 & ?us always />t f action 9 :i* alone x becomes visible1 & ref] to action z its only adequate expression4 ,we c only expla9 & int]pret action1 i4e41 express ab/ractly :at really takes place 9 x4 ,be=e we speak ( ! good prop]1 9 opposition to ! bad1 :i* has be5 expla9$1 we mu/ t\* on an int]m$iate grade1 ! m]e negation ( ! bad3 ?is is ju/ice4 ,! nature ( "r & wrong has be5 fully expla9$ above2 !re=e we may briefly say "h1 t he :o volunt>ily recognises & obs]ves ^? m]ely moral limits betwe5 wrong & "r1 ev5 :]e ?is is n secur$ by ! /ate or any o!r ext]nal p[]1 ?us he :o1 accord+ to our explanation1 nev] c>ries ! ass]tion ( 8 own w s f> z to d5y ! w appe>+ 9 ano!r individual1 is j4 ,?us1 9 ord] to increase 8 own well-be+1 he w n inflict suff]+ ^u o!rs1 i4e41 he w commit no crime1 he w respect ! rights & ! prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,we see t = su* a j man ! pr9cipium individuationis is no long]1 z 9 ! case ( ! bad man1 an absolute wall ( p>tition4 ,we see t he does n1 l ! bad man1 m]ely ass]t 8 own manife/ation ( w & d5y all o!rs2 t o!r p]sons are n = him m]e masks1 ^: nature is q diff]5t f 8 own2 b he %[s 9 8 conduct t he also recognises 8 own nature--! w to live z a ?+-9-itself1 9 ! =eign manife/ation :i* is only giv5 to him z idea4 ,?us he f9ds himself aga9 9 t o!r manife/ation1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 t ( do+ no wrong1 i4e41 ab/a9+ f injury4 ,to ?is ext5t1 !re=e1 he sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 ! veil ( ,my2 s f> he sets ! be+ ext]nal to him on a level ) 8 own--he does x no injury4 ,if we exam9e ! inmo/ nature ( ?is ju/ice1 !re already lies 9 x ! resolution n to g s f> 9 ! ass]tion ( "o's own w z to d5y ! manife/ations ( w ( o!rs1 by compell+ !m to s]ve "o's own4 ,"o w !re=e wi% to r5d] to o!rs z mu* z "o receives f !m4 ,! highe/ degree ( ?is ju/ice ( disposition1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 always unit$ ) goodness prop]1 ^: "* is no long] m]ely negative1 ext5ds s f> t a man d\bts 8 "r to inh]it$ prop]ty1 wi%es to support 8 body only by 8 own p[]s1 m5tal & physical1 feels e s]vice ( o!rs & e luxury a reproa*1 & f9ally embraces volunt>y pov]ty4 ,?us we see h[ ,pascal1 :5 he became an ascetic1 w\ld no long] p]mit any s]vices to be r5d]$ him1 al?\gh he _h s]vants en\gh2 9 spite ( 8 con/ant bad heal? he made 8 b$ himself1 br\ght 8 own food f ! kit*51 c4 78,vie de ,pascal1 p> sa ,sur10 p4 #ai74 ,q 9 keep+ ) ?is1 x is report$ t _m ,h9dus1 ev5 ,rajas ) great weal?1 exp5d x m]ely on ! ma9t5ance ( _! position1 _! c\rt & att5dants1 & !mselves obs]ve ) ! greate/ scrupul\sness ! maxim t a man %\ld eat no?+ t he has n himself bo? s[$ & reap$4 ,yet a c]ta9 misund]/&+ lies at ! bottom ( ?is2 = "o man1 j because he is ri* & p[]ful1 c r5d] su* signal s]vices to ! :ole ( human society t !y c\nt]balance ! weal? he has inh]it$1 = ! secure possession ( :i* he is indebt$ to society4 ,9 reality t excessive ju/ice ( su* ,h9dus is already m ?an ju/ice2 x is actual r5unciation1 d5ial ( ! w to live1--asceticism1 ( :i* we %all speak la/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pure idl5ess & liv+ ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( o!rs1 9 ! case ( inh]it$ weal?1 )\t accompli%+ any?+1 may be reg>d$ z morally wrong1 ev5 if x mu/ rema9 "r accord+ to positive laws4 ,we h f\nd t volunt>y ju/ice has its inmo/ s\rce 9 a c]ta9 degree ( p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :ile ! unju/ rema9 entirely involv$ 9 ?is pr9ciple4 ,?is p5etration may exi/ n only 9 ! degree :i* is requir$ = ju/ice1 b also 9 ! high] degree :i* leads to b5evol5ce & well-do+1 to love ( mank9d4 ,& ?is may take place h[ev] /rong & en]getic 9 itself ! w :i* appe>s 9 su* an individual may be4 ,k c always c\nt]balance x 9 him1 tea* him to resi/ ! t5d5cy to wrong1 & ev5 produce 9 him e degree ( goodness1 & inde$ ( resignation4 ,?us ! good man is by no means to be reg>d$ z orig9ally a weak] manife/ation ( w ?an ! bad man1 b x is k :i* 9 him ma/]s ! bl9d /riv+ ( w4 ,!re are c]ta9ly individuals :o m]ely seem to h a good disposition on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( ! w appe>+ 9 !m1 b :at !y are soon appe>s f ! fact t !y are n capable ( any rem>kable self-conque/ 9 ord] to p]=m a j or good de$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z a r>e exception1 we meet a man :o possesses a consid]able income1 b uses v little ( x = himself & gives all ! re/ to ! poor1 :ile he d5ies himself _m pleasures & com=ts1 & we seek to expla9 ! action ( ?is man1 we %all f9d1 ap>t altoge!r f ! dogmas ?r\gh :i* he tries to make 8 action intelligible to 8 reason1 t ! simple/ g5]al expression & ! ess5tial "* ( 8 conduct is t he makes less di/9ction ?an is usually made betwe5 himself & o!rs4 ,?is di/9ction is s great 9 ! eyes ( _m t ! suff]+ ( o!rs is a direct pleasure to ! wick$ & a welcome means ( happ9ess to ! unju/4 ,! m]ely j man is cont5t n to cause x2 &1 9 g5]al1 mo/ m5 "k & are acqua9t$ ) innum]able suff]+s ( o!rs 9 _! vic9ity1 b d n det]m9e to mitigate !m1 because to d s w\ld involve "s self-d5ial on _! "p4 ,?us1 9 ea* ( all ^! a /rong di/9ction seems to prevail betwe5 8 own ego & t ( o!rs2 on ! o!r h&1 to ! noble man we h imag9$1 ?is di/9ction is n s significant4 ,! pr9cipium individuationis1 ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 no long] holds him s tightly 9 its grasp1 b ! suff]+ :i* he sees 9 o!rs t\*es him almo/ z closely z 8 own4 ,he !re=e tries to /rike a balance betwe5 !m1 d5ies himself pleasures1 practises r5unciation1 9 ord] to mitigate ! suff]+s ( o!rs4 ,he sees t ! di/9ction betwe5 himself & o!rs1 :i* to ! bad man is s great a gulf1 only belongs to a fleet+ & illusive ph5om5on4 ,he recognises directly & )\t reason+ t ! 9-itself ( 8 own manife/ation is also t ( o!rs1 ! w to live1 :i* con/itutes ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+ & lives 9 all2 inde$1 t ?is applies also to ! brutes & ! :ole ( nature1 & !re=e he w n cause suff]+ ev5 to a brute47#ha7 ,he is n[ j z little likely to all[ o!rs to />ve1 :ile he himself has en\gh & to sp>e1 z any "o w\ld be to suff] hung] "o day 9 ord] to h m ! next day ?an he c\ld enjoy4 ,= to him :o does works ( love ! veil ( ,my has become transp>5t1 ! illusion ( ! pr9cipium individuationis has left him4 ,he recognises himself1 8 w1 9 e be+1 & consequ5tly also 9 ! suff]]4 ,he is n[ free f ! p]v]sity ) :i* ! w to live1 n recognis+ itself1 "h 9 "o individual enjoys a fleet+ & prec>i\s pleasure1 & !re 9 ano!r pays = x ) suff]+ & />vation1 & ?us bo? inflicts & endures mis]y1 n kn[+ t1 l ,?ye/es1 x eag]ly dev\rs its own fle%2 & !n1 on ! "o h&1 lam5ts its undes]v$ suff]+1 & on ! o!r h& transgresses )\t fe> ( ,nemesis1 always m]ely because1 involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 ?us g5]ally 9 ! k9d ( k :i* is gov]n$ by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 x does n recognise itself 9 ! =eign ph5om5on1 & !re=e does n p]ceive et]nal ju/ice4 ,to be cur$ ( ?is illusion & deception ( ,my1 & to d works ( love1 are "o & ! same4 ,b ! latt] is ! necess>y & inevitable symptom ( t k4 ,! opposite ( ! /+ ( consci5ce1 ! orig9 & significance ( :i* is expla9$ above1 is ! good consci5ce1 ! satisfaction :i* we exp]i5ce aft] e dis9t]e/$ de$4 ,x arises f ! fact t su* a de$1 z x proce$s f ! direct recognition ( our own inn] be+ 9 ! ph5om5on ( ano!r1 af=ds u also ! v]ification ( ?is k1 ! k t our true self exi/s n only 9 our own p]son1 ?is p>ticul> manife/ation1 b 9 ev]y?+ t lives4 ,by ?is ! he>t feels itself enl>g$1 z by egoism x is contract$4 ,= z ! latt] conc5trates our int]e/ ^u ! p>ticul> manife/ation ( our own individuality1 ^u :i* k always pres5ts to u ! innum]able dang]s :i* con/antly ?reat5 ?is manife/ation1 & anxiety & c>e becomes ! key-note ( our disposition2 ! k t ev]y?+ liv+ is j z mu* our own inn] nature1 z is our own p]son1 ext5ds our int]e/ to ev]y?+ liv+2 & 9 ?is way ! he>t is enl>g$4 ,?us ?r\gh ! dim9i%$ int]e/ 9 our own self1 ! anxi\s c>e = ! self is attack$ at its v root & limit$2 h5ce ! peace1 ! unbrok5 s]5ity1 :i* a virtu\s disposition & a good consci5ce af=ds1 & ! m di/9ct appe>ance ( ?is ) e good de$1 = x proves to ourselves ! dep? ( t disposition4 ,! egoi/ feels himself surr\nd$ by /range & ho/ile individuals1 & all 8 hope is c5tr$ 9 8 own good4 ,! good man lives 9 a _w ( fri5dly individuals1 ! well-be+ ( any ( :om he reg>ds z 8 own4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! k ( ! lot ( mank9d g5]ally does n make 8 disposition a joyful "o1 yet ! p]man5t k ( 8 own nature 9 all liv+ be+s1 gives him a c]ta9 ev5ness1 & ev5 s]5ity ( disposition4 ,= ! int]e/ :i* is ext5d$ to innum]able manife/ations _c cause su* anxiety z t :i* is conc5trat$ ^u "o4 ,! accid5ts :i* conc]n individuals collectively1 equalise !mselves1 :ile ^? :i* happ5 to ! p>ticul> individual con/itute good or bad =tune4 ,?us1 ?\gh o!rs h set up moral pr9ciples :i* !y give out z prescriptions = virtue1 & laws :i* x 0 necess>y to foll[1 ,i1 z has already be5 said1 _c d ?is because ,i h no 8ought0 or law to prescribe to ! et]nally free-w4 ,yet on ! o!r h&1 9 ! connection ( my sy/em1 :at to a c]ta9 ext5t corresponds & is analog\s to t und]tak+ is ! purely !oretical tru?1 ( :i* my :ole exposition may be reg>d$ z m]ely an elaboration1 t ! w is ! 9-itself ( e ph5om5on b itself1 z su*1 is free f ! =ms ( ! ph5om5al1 & consequ5tly f multiplicity2 a tru?1 :i*1 ) ref]5ce to action1 ,i d n "k h[ to express bett] ?an by ! =mula ( ! ,v$as already quot$3 8,tat twam asi60 7,?is ?\ art67 ,:oev] is able to say ?is to himself1 ) reg>d to e be+ ) :om he comes 9 contact1 ) cle> k & firm inw>d conviction1 is c]ta9 ( all virtue & bless$ness1 & is on ! direct road to salvation4 ,b be=e ,i g fur!r1 &1 z ! conclusion ( my exposition1 %[ h[ love1 ! orig9 & nature ( :i* we recognis$ z ! p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 leads to salvation1 to ! entire surr5d] ( ! w to live1 i4e41 ( all volition1 & also h[ ano!r pa?1 less s(t b m frequ5t$1 leads m5 to ! same goal1 a p>adoxical proposition mu/ fir/ be /at$ & expla9$2 n because x is p>adoxical1 b because x is true1 & is necess>y to ! complet5ess ( ! ?\ght ,i h pres5t4 ,x is ?is3 8,all love 71 c>itas7 is sympa?y40 #fg4 ,we h se5 h[ ju/ice proce$s f ! p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis 9 a less degree1 & h[ f its p5etration 9 a high] degree !re arises goodness ( disposition prop]1 :i* %[s itself z pure1 i4e41 dis9t]e/$ love t[>ds o!rs4 ,:5 n[ ! latt] becomes p]fect1 x places o!r individuals & _! fate completely on a level ) itself & its own fate4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x _c g1 = !re exi/s no reason = pref]r+ ! individuality ( ano!r to its own4 ,yet ! numb] ( o!r individuals ^: :ole happ9ess or life is 9 dang] may outweigh ! reg>d = "o's own p>ticul> well-be+4 ,9 su* a case1 ! "* t has atta9$ to ! highe/ goodness & p]fect nobility w entirely sacrifice its own well-be+1 & ev5 its life1 = ! well-be+ ( _m o!rs4 ,s di$ ,codrus1 & ,leonidas1 & ,regulus1 & ,decius ,mus1 & ,arnold von ,w9kelri$2 s dies e "o :o volunt>ily & consci\sly faces c]ta9 dea? = 8 fri5ds or 8 c\ntry4 ,& !y also /& on ! same level :o volunt>ily submit to suff]+ & dea? = ma9ta9+ :at conduces & rightly belongs to ! welf>e ( all mank9d2 t is1 = ma9ta9+ univ]sal & important tru?s & de/roy+ great errors4 ,s di$ ,socrates & ,giordano ,bruno1 & s _m a h]o ( ! tru? suff]$ dea? at ! /ake at ! h&s ( ! prie/s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ rem9d ! read]1 ) ref]5ce to ! p>adox /at$ above1 t we f\nd be=e t suff]+ is ess5tial to life z a :ole1 & insep>able f x4 ,& t we saw t e wi% proce$s f a ne$1 f a want1 f suff]+1 & t !re=e e satisfaction is only ! removal ( a pa91 & br+s no positive happ9ess2 t ! joys c]ta9ly lie to ! wi%1 pres5t+ !mselves z a positive good1 b 9 tru? !y h only a negative nature1 & are only ! end ( an evil4 ,!re=e :at goodness1 love1 & nobl5ess d = o!rs1 is always m]ely an alleviation ( _! suff]+1 & consequ5tly all t c influ5ce !m to good de$s & works ( love1 is simply ! k ( ! suff]+ ( o!rs1 :i* is directly und]/ood f _! own suff]+ & plac$ on a level ) x4 ,b x foll[s f ?is t pure love 71 c>itas7 is 9 its nature sympa?y2 :e!r ! suff]+ x mitigates1 to :i* e unsatisfi$ wi% belongs1 be great or small4 ,!re=e we %all h no hesitation1 9 direct contradiction to ,kant1 :o w only recognise all true goodness & all virtue to be su*1 if x has proce$$ f ab/ract reflection1 & inde$ f ! conception ( duty & ( ! categorical imp]ative1 & expla9s felt sympa?y z weakness1 & by no means virtue1 we %all h no hesitation1 ,i say1 9 direct contradiction to ,kant1 9 say+3 ! m]e concept is = g5u9e virtue j z unfruitful z x is = g5u9e art3 all true & pure love is sympa?y1 & all love :i* is n sympa?y is selfi%ness4 is selfi%ness1 is sympa?y4 ,comb9ations ( ! two frequ5tly occur4 ,inde$ g5u9e fri5d%ip is always a mixture ( selfi%ness & sympa?y2 ! =m] lies 9 ! pleasure exp]i5c$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fri5d1 ^: individuality corresponds to our own1 & ?is almo/ always con/itutes ! greate/ "p2 sympa?y %[s itself 9 ! s9c]e p>ticipation 9 8 joy & grief1 & ! dis9t]e/$ sacrifices made 9 respect ( ! latt]4 ,?us ,sp9oza says3 ,b5evol5tia nihil aliud e/1 quam cupiditas ex commis]atione orta 7,e?4 iii4 pr4 #bg1 cor4 #c1 s*ol47 ,z a confirmation ( our p>adoxical proposition x may be obs]v$ t ! tone & words ( ! language & c>esses ( pure love1 entirely co9cide ) ! tones ( sympa?y2 & we may also rem>k 9 pass+ t 9 ,italian sympa?y & true love are d5ot$ by ! same ^w piet4 ,?is is also ! place to expla9 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities ( human nature1 weep+1 :i*1 l laught]1 belongs to ^? qualities :i* di/+ui% man f ! brutes4 ,weep+ is by no means a direct expression ( pa91 = x occurs :]e !re is v little pa94 ,9 my op9ion1 inde$1 we nev] weep directly on acc\nt ( ! pa9 we exp]i5ce1 b always m]ely on acc\nt ( its repetition 9 reflection4 ,we pass f ! felt pa91 ev5 :5 x is physical1 to a m]e idea ( x1 & !n f9d our own /ate s des]v+ ( sympa?y t we are firmly & s9c]ely conv9c$ t if ano!r 7 ! suff]]1 we w\ld be full ( sympa?y1 & love to relieve him4 ,b n[ we ourselves are ! object ( our own sympa?y2 ) ! mo/ b5evol5t disposition we are ourselves mo/ 9 ne$ ( help2 we feel t we suff] m ?an we c\ld see ano!r suff]2 & 9 ?is v complex frame ( m9d1 9 :i* ! directly felt suff]+ only comes to p]ception by a d\bly circuit\s r\te1 imag9$ z ! suff]+ ( ano!r1 sympa?is$ ) z su*1 & !n sudd5ly p]ceiv$ aga9 z directly our own1--9 ?is complex frame ( m9d1 ,i say1 ,nature relieves itself ?r\gh t rem>kable physical conflict4 ,weep+ is accord+ly sympa?y ) our own selves1 or sympa?y direct$ back on its s\rce4 ,x is !re=e conditional ^u ! capacity = love & sympa?y1 & also ^u imag9ation4 ,!re=e m5 :o are ei!r h>d-he>t$ or unimag9ative d n weep easily1 & weep+ is ev5 always reg>d$ z a sign ( a c]ta9 degree ( goodness ( "*1 & dis>ms ang]1 because x is felt t :oev] c /ill weep1 mu/ necess>ily always be capable ( love1 i4e41 sympa?y t[>ds o!rs1 = ?is ent]s 9 ! mann] describ$ into ! disposition t leads to weep+4 ,! description :i* ,petr>* gives ( ! ris+ ( 8 own te>s1 navely & truly express+ 8 feel+1 entirely agrees ) ! explanation we h giv5-- 8,i vo p5s&o3 e nel p5s> m' assale ,una piet si =te di me /esso1 ,*e mi conduce spesso1 ,ad alto lagrim>1 *'i non soleva407#hb7 ,:at has be5 said is also confirm$ by ! fact t *ildr5 :o h be5 hurt g5]ally d n cry till "s "o commis]ates !m2 ?us n on acc\nt ( ! pa91 b on acc\nt ( ! idea ( x4 ,:5 we are mov$ to te>s1 n ?r\gh our own suff]+ b ?r\gh t ( ano!r1 ?is happ5s z foll[s4 ,ei!r we vividly put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! suff]] by imag9ation1 or see 9 8 fate ! lot ( humanity z a :ole1 & consequ5tly1 fir/ ( all1 our own lot2 & ?us1 9 a v r\ndab\t way1 x is yet always ab\t ourselves t we weep1 sympa?y ) ourselves :i* we feel4 ,?is seems to be ! pr9cipal reason ( ! univ]sal1 & ?us natural1 weep+ 9 ! case ( dea?4 ,! m\rn] does n weep = 8 loss2 he w\ld be a%am$ ( su* egoti/ical te>s1 in/ead ( :i* he is sometimes a%am$ ( n weep+4 ,fir/ ( all he c]ta9ly weeps = ! fate ( ! dead1 b he also weeps :51 aft] long1 heavy1 & incurable suff]+1 dea? 0 to ?is man a wi%$-= deliv]ance4 ,?us1 pr9cipally1 he is seiz$ ) sympa?y = ! lot ( all mank9d1 :i* is necess>ily f9ite1 s t e life1 h[ev] aspir+1 & (t5 ri* 9 de$s1 mu/ be ext+ui%$ & become no?+4 ,b 9 ?is lot ( mank9d ! m\rn] sees fir/ ( all 8 own1 & ?is all ! m1 ! m closely he is relat$ to him :o has di$1 ?us mo/ ( all if x is 8 fa!r4 ,al?\gh to 8 fa!r 8 life 0 mis]y ?r\gh age & sickness1 & ?\gh 8 helplessness 0 a heavy burd5 to 8 son1 yet t son weeps bitt]ly ov] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r = ! reason :i* has be5 giv547#hc7 #fh4 ,aft] ?is digression ab\t ! id5tity ( pure love & sympa?y1 ! f9al return ( :i* ^u our own individuality has1 z its symptom1 ! ph5om5on ( weep+1 ,i n[ take up ! ?read ( our discussion ( ! e?ical significance ( action1 9 ord] to %[ h[1 f ! same s\rce f :i* all goodness1 love1 virtue1 & nobility ( "* spr+1 !re f9ally arises t :i* ,i call ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,we saw be=e t hatr$ & wick$ness are condition$ by egoism1 & egoism re/s on ! entanglem5t ( k 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,?us we f\nd t ! p5etration ( t pr9cipium individuationis is ! s\rce & ! nature ( ju/ice1 & :5 x is c>ri$ fur!r1 ev5 to its fulle/ ext5t1 x is ! s\rce & nature ( love & nobility ( "*4 ,= ?is p5etration alone1 by aboli%+ ! di/9ction betwe5 our own individuality & t ( o!rs1 r5d]s possible & expla9s p]fect goodness ( disposition1 ext5d+ to dis9t]e/$ love & ! mo/ g5]\s self-sacrifice = o!rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 ?is direct k ( ! id5tity ( w 9 all its manife/ations1 is pres5t 9 a high degree ( di/9ctness1 x w at once %[ an influ5ce ^u ! w :i* ext5ds /ill fur!r4 ,if t veil ( ,my1 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 is lift$ f ! eyes ( a man to su* an ext5t t he no long] makes ! egoti/ical di/9ction betwe5 8 p]son & t ( o!rs1 b takes z mu* int]e/ 9 ! suff]+s ( o!r individuals z 9 8 own1 & !re=e is n only b5evol5t 9 ! highe/ degree1 b ev5 ready to sacrifice 8 own individuality :5ev] su* a sacrifice w save a numb] ( o!r p]sons1 !n x cle>ly foll[s t su* a man1 :o recognises 9 all be+s 8 own inmo/ & true self1 mu/ also reg>d ! inf9ite suff]+ ( all suff]+ be+s z 8 own1 & take on himself ! pa9 ( ! :ole _w4 ,no suff]+ is any long] /range to him4 ,all ! mis]ies ( o!rs :i* he sees & is s seldom able to alleviate1 all ! mis]ies he kn[s directly1 & ev5 ^? :i* he only kn[s z possible1 "w ^u 8 m9d l 8 own4 ,x is no long] ! *ang+ joy & sorr[ ( 8 own p]son t he has 9 view1 z is ! case ) him :o is /ill involv$ 9 egoism2 b1 s9ce he sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 all lies equally ne> him4 ,he kn[s ! :ole1 compreh5ds its nature1 & f9ds t x consi/s 9 a con/ant pass+ away1 va9 /riv+1 inw>d conflict1 & cont9ual suff]+4 ,he sees :]ev] he looks suff]+ humanity1 ! suff]+ brute creation1 & a _w t passes away4 ,b all ?is n[ lies z ne> him z 8 own p]son lies to ! egoi/4 ,:y %\ld he n[1 ) su* k ( ! _w1 ass]t ?is v life ?r\gh con/ant acts ( w1 & !reby b9d himself ev] m closely to x1 press x ev] m firmly to himself8 ,?us he :o is /ill involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis1 9 egoism1 only kn[s p>ticul> ?+s & _! relation to 8 own p]son1 & ^! con/antly become new motives ( 8 volition4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 t k ( ! :ole1 ( ! nature ( ! ?+-9-itself :i* has be5 describ$1 becomes a quiet] ( all & e volition4 ,! w n[ turns away f life2 x n[ %udd]s at ! pleasures 9 :i* x recognises ! ass]tion ( life4 ,man n[ atta9s to ! /ate ( volunt>y r5unciation1 resignation1 true indiff]5ce1 & p]fect w-lessness4 ,if at times1 9 ! h>d exp]i5ce ( our own suff]+1 or 9 ! vivid recognition ( t ( o!rs1 ! k ( ! vanity & bitt]ness ( life draws nigh to u also :o are /ill wrapt 9 ! veil ( ,my1 & we w\ld l to de/roy ! /+ ( ! desires1 close ! entrance aga9/ all suff]+1 & purify & sanctify ourselves by complete & f9al r5unciation2 yet ! illusion ( ! ph5om5on soon entangles u aga91 & its motives influ5ce ! w anew2 we _c te> ourselves free4 ,! allurem5t ( hope1 ! flatt]y ( ! pres5t1 ! sweetness ( pleasure1 ! well-be+ :i* falls to our lot1 amid ! lam5tations ( a suff]+ _w gov]n$ by *ance & error1 draws u back to x & rivets our bonds anew4 ,!re=e ,jesus says3 8,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god40 ,if we comp>e life to a c\rse or pa? ?r\gh :i* we mu/ unceas+ly run--a pa? ( r$-hot coals1 ) a few cool places "h & !re2 !n he :o is entangl$ 9 delusion is consol$ by ! cool places1 on :i* he n[ /&s1 or :i* he sees ne> him1 & sets out to run ?r\gh ! c\rse4 ,b he :o sees ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 & recognises ! real nature ( ! ?+-9-itself1 & ?us ! :ole1 is no long] susceptible ( su* consolation2 he sees himself 9 all places at once1 & )draws4 ,8 w turns r\nd1 no long] ass]ts its own nature1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! ph5om5on1 b d5ies x4 ,! ph5om5on by :i* ?is *ange is m>k$1 is ! transition f virtue to asceticism4 ,t is to say1 x no long] suffices = su* a man to love o!rs z himself1 & to d z mu* = !m z = himself2 b !re arises )9 him a horror ( ! nature ( :i* 8 own ph5om5al exi/5ce is an expression1 ! w to live1 ! k]nel & inn] nature ( t _w :i* is recognis$ z full ( mis]y4 ,he !re=e dis[ns ?is nature :i* appe>s 9 him1 & is already express$ ?r\gh 8 body1 & 8 action gives ! lie to 8 ph5om5al exi/5ce1 & appe>s 9 op5 contradiction to x4 ,ess5tially no?+ else b a manife/ation ( w1 he ceases to w any?+1 gu>ds aga9/ atta*+ 8 w to any?+1 & seeks to confirm 9 himself ! greate/ indiff]5ce to ev]y?+4 ,8 body1 heal?y & /rong1 expresses ?r\gh ! g5itals1 ! sexual impulse2 b he d5ies ! w & gives ! lie to ! body2 he desires no s5sual gratification "u any condition4 ,volunt>y & complete *a/ity is ! fir/ /ep 9 asceticism or ! d5ial ( ! w to live4 ,x !reby d5ies ! ass]tion ( ! w :i* ext5ds beyond ! individual life1 & gives ! assurance t ) ! life ( ?is body1 ! w1 ^: manife/ation x is1 ceases4 ,nature1 always true & nave1 decl>es t if ?is maxim became univ]sal1 ! human race w\ld die out2 & ,i ?9k ,i may assume1 9 accordance ) :at 0 said 9 ! ,second ,book ab\t ! connection ( all manife/ations ( w1 t ) its highe/ manife/ation1 ! weak] reflection ( x w\ld also pass away1 z ! twilight vani%es along ) ! full light4 ,) ! entire abolition ( k1 ! re/ ( ! _w w\ld ( itself vani% into no?+2 = )\t a subject !re is no object4 ,i %\ld l "h to ref] to a passage 9 ! ,v$as1 :]e x is said3 8,z 9 ?is _w hungry infants press r\nd _! "m2 s d all be+s await ! holy oblation40 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 viii42 ,colebrooke1 ,on ! ,v$as1 ,ab/ract ( ! ,sama-,v$a2 also 9 ,colebrooke's ,miscellane\s ,essays1 vol4 i4 p4 #gi47 ,sacrifice means resignation g5]ally1 & ! re/ ( nature mu/ look = its salvation to man :o is at once ! prie/ & ! sacrifice4 ,inde$ x des]ves to be notic$ z v rem>kable1 t ?is ?\ght has also be5 express$ by ! admirable & unfa?omably pr(\nd ,angelus ,silesius1 9 ! little poem entitl$1 8,man br+s all to ,god20 x runs1 8,man6 all loves !e2 ar\nd !e great is ! ?rong4 ,all ?+s flee to !e t !y may atta9 to ,god40 ,b a yet great] my/ic1 ,mei/] ,eckh>d1 ^: wond]ful writ+s are at la/ accessible 7#aheg7 ?r\gh ! edition ( ,franz ,pfeiff]1 says ! same ?+ 7p4 #dei7 q 9 ! s5se expla9$ "h3 8,i be> witness to ! say+ ( ,*ri/4 ,i1 if ,i be lift$ up f ! e>?1 w draw all ?+s unto me 7,john xii4 #cb74 ,s %all ! good man draw all ?+s up to ,god1 to ! s\rce :5ce !y fir/ came4 ,! ,ma/]s c]tify to u t all creatures are made = ! sake ( man4 ,?is is prov$ 9 all creat$ ?+s1 by ! fact t ! "o makes ! use ( ! o!r2 ! ox makes use ( ! grass1 ! fi% ( ! wat]1 ! bird ( ! air1 ! wild bea/ ( ! =e/4 ,?us1 all creat$ ?+s become ( use to ! good man4 ,a good man br+s to ,god ! "o creat$ ?+ 9 ! o!r40 ,he means to say1 t man makes use ( ! brutes 9 ?is life because1 9 & ) himself1 he saves !m also4 ,x also seems to me t t difficult passage 9 ! ,bible1 ,rom4 viii4 #ba-bd1 mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 ,buddhism also1 !re is no lack ( expressions ( ?is tru?4 ,= example1 :5 ,buddha1 /ill z ,bodisatwa1 has 8 horse saddl$ = ! la/ "t1 = 8 flight into ! wild]ness f 8 fa!r's h\se1 he says ^! l9es to ! horse3 8,long ha/ ?\ exi/$ 9 life & 9 dea?1 b n[ ?\ %alt cease f c>ry+ & draw+4 ,be> me b ?is once m1 ,o ,kantakana1 away f "h1 & :5 ,i h atta9$ to ! ,law 7h become ,buddha7 ,i w n =get !e0 7,foe ,k\e ,ki1 trad4 p4 ,abel ,rmusat1 p4 #bcc74 ,asceticism !n %[s itself fur!r 9 volunt>y & int5tional pov]ty1 :i* n only arises p] accid5s1 because ! possessions are giv5 away to mitigate ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 b is "h an end 9 itself1 is meant to s]ve z a con/ant mortification ( w1 s t ! satisfaction ( ! wi%es1 ! sweet ( life1 %all n aga9 ar\se ! w1 aga9/ :i* self-k has conceiv$ a horror4 ,he :o has atta9$ to ?is po9t1 /ill always feels1 z a liv+ body1 z concrete manife/ation ( w1 ! natural disposition = e k9d ( volition2 b he int5tionally suppresses x1 = he compels himself to refra9 f do+ all t he w\ld l to d1 & to d all t he w\ld l n to d1 ev5 if ?is has no fur!r end ?an t ( s]v+ z a mortification ( w4 ,s9ce he himself d5ies ! w :i* appe>s 9 8 own p]son1 he w n resi/ if ano!r does ! same1 i4e41 inflicts wrongs ^u him4 ,!re=e e suff]+ com+ to him f )\t1 ?r\gh *ance or ! wick$ness ( o!rs1 is welcome to him1 e injury1 ignom9y1 & insult2 he receives !m gladly z ! opportunity ( le>n+ ) c]ta9ty t he no long] ass]ts ! w1 b gladly sides ) e enemy ( ! manife/ation ( w :i* is 8 own p]son4 ,!re=e he be>s su* ignom9y & suff]+ ) inexhau/ible pati5ce & meekness1 returns good = evil )\t o/5tation1 & all[s ! fire ( ang] to rise )9 him j z little z t ( ! desires4 ,& he mortifies n only ! w itself1 b also its visible =m1 its objectivity1 ! body4 ,he n\ri%es x sp>+ly1 le/ its excessive vig\r & prosp]ity %\ld animate & excite m /rongly ! w1 ( :i* x is m]ely ! expression & ! mirror4 ,s he practises fa/+1 & ev5 resorts to *a/isem5t & self-inflict$ torture1 9 ord] t1 by con/ant privation & suff]+1 he may m & m break d[n & de/roy ! w1 :i* he recognises & abhors z ! s\rce ( 8 own suff]+ exi/5ce & t ( ! _w4 ,if at la/ dea? comes1 :i* puts an end to ?is manife/ation ( t w1 ^: exi/5ce "h has long s9ce p]i%$ ?r\gh free-d5ial ( itself1 ) ! exception ( ! weak residue ( x :i* appe>s z ! life ( ?is body2 x is mo/ welcome1 & is gladly receiv$ z a long$-= deliv]ance4 ,"h x is n1 z 9 ! case ( o!rs1 m]ely ! manife/ation :i* ends ) dea?2 b ! inn] nature itself is aboli%$1 :i* "h exi/$ only 9 ! manife/ation1 & t 9 a v weak degree27#hd7 ?is la/ slight bond is n[ brok54 ,= him :o ?us ends1 ! _w has end$ also4 ,& :at ,i h "h describ$ ) feeble tongue & only 9 g5]al t]ms1 is no philosophical fable1 inv5t$ by myself1 & only ( to-day2 no1 x 0 ! enviable life ( s _m sa9ts & beautiful s\ls among ,*ri/ians1 & /ill m among ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s1 & also among ! believ]s ( o!r religions4 ,h[ev] diff]5t 7 ! dogmas impress$ on _! reason1 ! same inw>d1 direct1 intuitive k1 f :i* alone all virtue & hol9ess proce$1 express$ itself 9 precisely ! same way 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,= "h also ! great di/9ction betwe5 intuitive & ab/ract k %[s itself2 a di/9ction :i* is ( su* importance & univ]sal application 9 our :ole inve/igation1 & :i* has hi!rto be5 too little att5d$ to4 ,!re is a wide gulf betwe5 ! two1 :i* c only be cross$ by ! aid ( philosophy1 z reg>ds ! k ( ! nature ( ! _w4 ,intuitively or 9 concreto1 e man is really consci\s ( all philosophical tru?s1 b to br+ !m to ab/ract k1 to reflection1 is ! "w ( philosophy1 :i* nei!r ought nor is able to d m ?an ?is4 ,?us x may be t ! inn] nature ( hol9ess1 self-r5unciation1 mortification ( our own w1 asceticism1 is "h = ! fir/ "t express$ ab/ractly1 & free f all my?ical elem5ts1 z d5ial ( ! w to live1 appe>+ aft] ! complete k ( its own nature has become a quiet] ( all volition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 kn[n directly & realis$ 9 practice by sa9ts & ascetics1 :o _h all ! same inw>d k1 ?\gh !y us$ v diff]5t language ) reg>d to x1 accord+ to ! dogmas :i* _! reason _h accept$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* an ,indian1 a ,*ri/ian1 or a ,lama sa9t mu/ ea* give a v diff]5t acc\nt ( 8 conduct1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 ( no importance z reg>ds ! fact4 ,a sa9t may be full ( ! absurde/ sup]/ition1 or1 on ! contr>y1 he may be a philosoph]1 x is all ! same4 ,8 conduct alone c]tifies t he is a sa9t1 =1 9 a moral reg>d1 x proce$s f k ( ! _w & its nature1 :i* is n ab/ractly b intuitively & directly appreh5d$1 & is only express$ by him 9 any dogma = ! satisfaction ( 8 reason4 ,x is !re=e j z little ne$ful t a sa9t %\ld be a philosoph] z t a philosoph] %\ld be a sa9t2 j z x is n necess>y t a p]fectly beautiful man %\ld be a great sculptor1 or t a great sculptor %\ld himself be a beautiful man4 ,9 g5]al1 x is a /range dem& ^u a morali/ t he %\ld tea* no o!r virtue ?an t :i* he himself possesses4 ,to repeat ! :ole nature ( ! _w ab/ractly1 univ]sally1 & di/9ctly 9 concepts1 & ?us to /ore up1 z x 71 a reflect$ image ( x 9 p]man5t concepts always at ! comm& ( ! reason2 ?is & no?+ else is philosophy4 ,i ref] ! read] to ! passage quot$ f ,bacon 9 ! ,fir/ ,book4 ,b ! description ,i h giv5 above ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 ( ! conduct ( a beautiful s\l1 ( a resign$ & volunt>ily expiat+ sa9t1 is m]ely ab/ract & g5]al1 & !re=e cold4 ,z ! k f :i* ! d5ial ( ! w proce$s is intuitive & n ab/ract1 x f9ds its mo/ p]fect expression1 n 9 ab/ract conceptions1 b 9 de$s & conduct4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to und]/& fully :at we philosophically express z d5ial ( ! w to live1 "o mu/ come to "k examples ( x 9 exp]i5ce & actual life4 ,c]ta9ly !y are n to be met ) 9 daily exp]i5ce3 ,nam omnia prcl>a tam difficilia quam r>a sunt1 ,sp9oza admirably says4 ,!re=e1 unless by a specially happy fate we are made eye-witnesses1 we h to cont5t ourselves ) descriptions ( ! lives ( su* m54 ,indian lit]ature1 z we see f ! little t we z yet "k ?r\gh translations1 is v ri* 9 descriptions ( ! lives ( sa9ts1 p5it5ts1 ,samanas or ascetics1 ,sannysis or m5dicants1 & :atev] else !y may be call$4 ,ev5 ! well-kn[n 8,my?ologie des ,ind\s1 p> ,mad4 de ,poli]10 ?\gh by no means to be comm5d$ 9 e respect1 conta9s _m excell5t examples ( ?is k9d 7especially 9 *4 #ac1 vol4 ii47 ,among ,*ri/ians also !re is no lack ( examples :i* af=d u ! illu/rations we desire4 ,see ! biographies1 = ! mo/ "p badly writt51 ( ^? p]sons :o are sometimes call$ sa9tly s\ls1 sometimes pieti/s1 quieti/s1 dev\t en?usia/s1 & s =?4 ,collections ( su* biographies h be5 made at v>i\s times1 su* z ,t]/eeg5's 8,leb5 heilig] ,seel510 ,reiz's 8,ges*i*te d] ,wi$]gebor5n510 9 our own day1 a collection by ,kanne1 :i*1 ) mu* t is bad1 yet conta9s "s good1 & especially ! 8,leb5 d] ,beata ,/urm940 ,to ?is category v prop]ly belongs ! life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 t true p]sonification ( ! ascetic1 & prototype ( all m5dicant fri>s4 ,8 life1 describ$ by 8 y\ng] contempor>y1 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 also fam\s z a s*ola/ic1 has rec5tly be5 republi%$4 8,vita ,s4 ,francisci a ,s4 ,bonav5tura conc9nata0 7,soe/1 #ahdg71 ?\gh %ortly be=e a pa9/ak+ & detail$ biography1 mak+ use ( all s\rces ( in=mation1 appe>$ 9 ,france1 8,hi/oire de ,s4 ,franois d',assise1 p> ,*av9 de ,mallan0 7#ahde74 ,z an ,ori5tal p>allel ( ^! mona/ic writ+s we h ! v valuable "w ( ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 8,ea/]n ,mona*ism2 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,ord] ( ,m5dicants f\nd$ by ,gotama ,budha0 7#ahej74 ,x %[s u ! same ?+ 9 ano!r dress4 ,we also see :at a matt] ( indiff]5ce x is :e!r x proce$s f a !i/ical or an a!i/ical religion4 ,b z a special & exce$+ly full example & practical illu/ration ( ! conceptions ,i h e/abli%$1 ,i c ?or\ghly recomm5d ! 8,autobiography ( ,madame de ,guion40 ,to become acqua9t$ ) ?is great & beautiful s\l1 ! v ?\ght ( :om always fills me ) rev]5ce1 & to d ju/ice to ! excell5ce ( h] disposition :ile mak+ all[ance = ! sup]/ition ( h] reason1 mu/ be j z delightful to e man ( ! bett] sort z ) vulg> ?9k]s1 i4e41 ! majority1 t book w always /& 9 bad repute4 ,= x is ! case ) reg>d to ev]y?+1 t ea* man c only prize t :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t is analog\s to him & = :i* he has at lea/ a slight incl9ation4 ,?is holds good ( e?ical conc]ns z well z ( intellectual4 ,we might to a c]ta9 ext5t reg>d ! well-kn[n ,fr5* biography ( ,sp9oza z a case 9 po9t1 if we us$ z a key to x t noble introduction to 8 v insuffici5t essay1 8,de ,em5datione ,intellectus10 a passage :i* ,i c also recomm5d z ! mo/ effectual means ,i "k ( /ill+ ! /orm ( ! passions4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ! great ,goe!1 ,greek z he is1 did n ?9k x bel[ 8 dignity to %[ u ?is mo/ beautiful side ( humanity 9 ! magic mirror ( poetic art1 = he repres5t$ ! life ( ,frule9 ,klett5b]g 9 an idealis$ =m 9 8 8,confessions ( a ,beautiful ,s\l10 & lat]1 9 8 own biography1 gave u also an hi/orical acc\nt ( x4 ,besides ?is1 he twice told ! /ory ( ! life ( ,/4 ,philippo ,n]i4 ,! hi/ory ( ! _w1 w1 & inde$ mu/1 keep sil5ce ab\t ! m5 ^: conduct is ! be/ & only adequate illu/ration ( ?is important po9t ( our inve/igation1 = ! mat]ial ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w is q diff]5t1 & inde$ oppos$ to ?is4 ,x is n ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 b its ass]tion & its manife/ation 9 innum]able individuals 9 :i* its conflict ) itself at ! highe/ grade ( its objectification appe>s ) p]fect di/9ctness1 & br+s be=e our eyes1 n[ ! asc5dancy ( ! individual ?r\gh prud5ce1 n[ ! might ( ! _m ?r\gh _! mass1 n[ ! might ( *ance p]sonifi$ z fate1 always ! vanity & empt9ess ( ! :ole ef=t4 ,we1 h[ev]1 d n foll[ "h ! c\rse ( ph5om5a 9 "t1 b1 z philosoph]s1 we seek to inve/igate ! e?ical significance ( action1 & take ?is z ! only crit]ion ( :at = u is significant & important4 ,?us we w n be )held by any fe> ( ! con/ant num]ical sup]iority ( vulg>ity & dulness f ackn[l$g+ t ! greate/1 mo/ important1 & mo/ significant ph5om5on t ! _w c %[ is n ! conqu]or ( ! _w1 b ! subdu] ( x2 is no?+ b ! quiet1 unobs]v$ life ( a man :o has atta9$ to ! k 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he surr5d]s & d5ies t w to live :i* fills ev]y?+ & /rives & /ra9s 9 all1 & :i* fir/ ga9s fre$om "h 9 him alone1 s t 8 conduct becomes ! exact opposite ( t ( o!r m54 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 = ! philosoph]1 ^! acc\nts ( ! lives ( holy1 self-d5y+ m51 badly z !y are g5]ally writt51 & mix$ z !y are ) sup]/ition & nons5se1 are1 because ( ! significance ( ! mat]ial1 immeasurably m in/ructive & important ?an ev5 ,plut>* & ,livy4 ,x w fur!r assi/ u mu* 9 obta9+ a m def9ite & full k ( :at we h express$ ab/ractly & g5]ally1 accord+ to our me?od ( exposition1 z ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 if we consid] ! moral tea*+ t has be5 imp>t$ ) ?is int5tion1 & by m5 :o 7 full ( ?is _s2 & ?is w also %[ h[ old our view is1 ?\gh ! pure philosophical expression ( x may be q new4 ,! tea*+ ( ?is k9d :i* lies ne>e/ to h& is ,*ri/ianity1 ! e?ics ( :i* are entirely 9 ! _s indicat$1 & lead n only to ! highe/ degrees ( human love1 b also to r5unciation4 ,! g]m ( ?is la/ side ( x is c]ta9ly di/9ctly pres5t 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 b x 0 only fully develop$ & express$ lat]4 ,we f9d ! ,apo/les enjo9+ ! love ( our neighb\r z ourselves1 b5evol5ce1 ! requital ( hatr$ ) love & well-do+1 pati5ce1 meekness1 ! endurance ( all possible injuries )\t resi/ance1 ab/emi\sness 9 n\ri%m5t to keep d[n lu/1 resi/ance to s5sual desire1 if possible1 altoge!r4 ,we already see "h ! fir/ degrees ( asceticism1 or d5ial ( ! w prop]4 ,?is la/ expression d5otes t :i* 9 ! ,gospels is call$ d5y+ ourselves & tak+ up ! cross 7,matt4 xvi4 #bd1 #be2 ,m>k viii4 #cd1 #ce2 ,luke ix4 #bc1 #bd1 xiv4 #bf1 #bg1 #cc74 ,?is t5d5cy soon develop$ itself m & m1 & 0 ! orig9 ( h]mits1 an*orites1 & mona/icism--an orig9 :i* 9 itself 0 pure & holy1 b = t v reason unsuitable = ! great majority ( m52 !re=e :at develop$ out ( x c\ld only be hypocrisy & wick$ness1 = abusus optimi pessimus4 ,9 m develop$ ,*ri/ianity1 we see t se$ ( asceticism unfold into ! full fl[] 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts & my/ics4 ,^! prea*1 besides ! pure/ love1 complete resignation1 volunt>y & absolute pov]ty1 g5u9e calmness1 p]fect indiff]5ce to all worldly ?+s1 dy+ to our own w & be+ born aga9 9 ,god1 entire =gett+ ( our own p]son1 & s9k+ ourselves 9 ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,a full exposition ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,fnlon's 8,explication des ,maximes des ,sa9ts sur la ,vie ,int]ieure40 ,b ! _s ( ?is developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity is c]ta9ly n[h]e s fully & p[]fully express$ z 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,g]man my/ics1 9 ! works ( ,mei/] ,eckh>d1 & 9 t ju/ly fam\s book 8,die ,deuts*e ,!ologie10 ( :i* ,lu!r says 9 ! introduction to x :i* he wrote1 t ) ! exception ( ! ,bible & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 he _h le>nt m f x ( :at ,god1 ,*ri/1 & man are ?an f any o!r book4 ,yet we only got ! g5u9e & correct text ( x 9 ! ye> #ahea1 9 ! ,/uttg>t edition by ,pfeiff]4 ,! precepts & doctr9es :i* are laid d[n !re are ! mo/ p]fect exposition1 sprung f deep inw>d conviction ( :at ,i h pres5t$ z ! d5ial ( ! w4 ,x %\ld !re=e be /udi$ m closely 9 t =m be=e x is dogmatis$ ab\t ) ,jewi%-,prote/ant assurance4 ,taul]'s 8,na*folgung des arm5 ,leb5 ,*ri/i10 & also 8 8,m$ulla ,anim10 are writt5 9 ! same admirable _s1 ?\gh n q equal 9 value to t "w4 ,9 my op9ion ! tea*+ ( ^! g5u9e ,*ri/ian my/ics1 :5 comp>$ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is z alcohol to w9e1 or :at becomes visible 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z ?r\gh a veil & mi/ appe>s to u 9 ! works ( ! my/ics )\t cloak or disguise1 9 full cle>ness & di/9ctness4 ,f9ally1 ! ,new ,te/am5t might be reg>d$ z ! fir/ initiation1 ! my/ics z ! second1-- 4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t :i* we h call$ ! d5ial ( ! w to live m fully develop$1 m v>i\sly express$1 & m vividly repres5t$ 9 ! anci5t ,sanscrit writ+s ?an c\ld be ! case 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ! ,we/]n _w4 ,t ?is important e?ical view ( life c\ld "h atta9 to a full] developm5t & a m di/9ct expression is p]haps pr9cipally to be ascrib$ to ! fact t x 0 n conf9$ by an elem5t q =eign to x1 z ,*ri/ianity is by ! ,jewi% !ology1 to :i* its sublime au?or _h necess>ily to adopt & accommodate x1 p>tly consci\sly1 p>tly1 x may be1 unconsci\sly4 ,?us ,*ri/ianity is made up ( two v diff]5t con/itu5t p>ts1 & ,i %\ld l to call ! purely e?ical "p especially & inde$ exclusively ,*ri/ian1 & di/+ui% x f ! ,jewi% dogmatism ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,if1 z has (t5 be5 fe>$1 & especially at ! pres5t "t1 t excell5t & salut>y religion %\ld altoge!r decl9e1 ,i %\ld look = ! reason ( ?is simply 9 ! fact t x does n consi/ ( "o s+le elem5t1 b ( two orig9ally diff]5t elem5ts1 :i* h only be5 comb9$ ?r\gh ! accid5t ( hi/ory4 ,9 su* a case dissolution _h to foll[ ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( ^! elem5ts1 aris+ f _! diff]5t relation%ip to & reaction aga9/ ! progressive _s ( ! age4 ,b ev5 aft] ?is dissolution ! purely e?ical "p mu/ always rema9 un9jur$1 because x is inde/ructible4 ,our k ( ,h9du lit]ature is /ill v imp]fect4 ,yet1 z we f9d _! e?ical tea*+ v>i\sly & p[]fully express$ 9 ! ,v$as1 ,puranas1 poems1 my?s1 leg5ds ( _! sa9ts1 maxims & precepts17#he7 we see t x inculcates love ( our neighb\r ) complete r5unciation ( self-love2 love g5]ally1 n conf9$ to mank9d1 b includ+ all liv+ creatures2 b5evol5ce1 ev5 to ! giv+ away ( ! h>d-won wages ( daily toil2 unlimit$ pati5ce t[>ds all :o injure u2 ! requital ( all wick$ness1 h[ev] base1 ) goodness & love2 volunt>y & glad endurance ( all ignom9y2 ab/95ce f all animal food2 p]fect *a/ity & r5unciation ( all s5sual pleasure = him :o /rives aft] true hol9ess2 ! surr5d] ( all possessions1 ! =sak+ ( e dwell+-place & ( all relatives2 deep unbrok5 solitude1 sp5t 9 sil5t contemplation1 ) volunt>y p5ance & t]rible sl[ self-torture = ! absolute mortification ( ! w1 torture :i* ext5ds to volunt>y dea? by />vation1 or by m5 giv+ !mselves up to crocodiles1 or fl++ !mselves ov] ! sacr$ precipice 9 ! ,himalayas1 or be+ buri$ alive1 or1 f9ally1 by fl++ !mselves "u ! :eels ( ! huge c> ( an idol drawn along amid ! s++1 %\t+1 & danc+ ( bayad]es4 ,& ev5 yet ^! precepts1 ^: orig9 rea*es back m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s1 are c>ri$ out 9 practice1 9 "s cases ev5 to ! utmo/ extreme17#hf7 & ?is not)/&+ ! fact t ! ,h9du nation has be5 brok5 up into s _m p>ts4 ,a religion :i* dem&s ! greate/ sacrifices1 & :i* has yet rema9$ s long 9 practice 9 a nation t embraces s _m millions ( p]sons1 _c be an arbitr>ily inv5t$ sup]/ition1 b mu/ h its f\ndation 9 ! nature ( man4 ,b besides ?is1 if we read ! life ( a ,*ri/ian p5it5t or sa9t1 & also t ( a ,h9du sa9t1 we _c suffici5tly wond] at ! h>mony we f9d betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! case ( su* radically diff]5t dogmas1 cu/oms1 & circum/ances1 ! inw>d life & ef=t ( bo? is ! same4 ,& ! same h>mony prevails 9 ! maxims prescrib$ = bo? ( !m4 ,= example1 ,taul] speaks ( ! absolute pov]ty :i* "o ought to seek1 & :i* consi/s 9 giv+ away & dive/+ oneself completely ( ev]y?+ f :i* "o might draw com=t or worldly pleasure1 cle>ly because all ?is con/antly af=ds new n\ri%m5t to ! w1 :i* x is int5d$ to de/roy entirely4 ,& z an ,indian c\nt]p>t ( ?is1 we f9d 9 ! precepts ( ,fo t ! ,saniassi1 :o ought to be )\t a dwell+ & entirely )\t prop]ty1 is fur!r f9ally enjo9$ n to lay himself d[n (t5 "u ! same tree1 le/ he %\ld acquire a pref]5ce or incl9ation = x above o!r trees4 ,! ,*ri/ian my/ic & ! tea*] ( ! ,v$anta philosophy agree 9 ?is respect also1 !y bo? reg>d all outw>d works & religi\s ex]cises z sup]flu\s = him :o has atta9$ to p]fection4 ,s mu* agreem5t 9 ! case ( su* diff]5t ages & nations is a practical pro( t :at is express$ "h is n1 z optimi/ic dulness likes to ass]t1 an ecc5tricity & p]v]sity ( ! m9d1 b an ess5tial side ( human nature1 :i* only appe>s s r>ely because ( its excell5ce4 ,i h n[ indicat$ ! s\rces f :i* !re may be obta9$ a direct k1 drawn f life itself1 ( ! ph5om5a 9 :i* ! d5ial ( ! w to live exhibits itself4 ,9 "s respects ?is is ! mo/ important po9t ( our :ole "w2 yet ,i h only expla9$ x q g5]ally1 = x is bett] to ref] to ^? :o speak f direct exp]i5ce1 ?an to increase ! size ( ?is book unduly by weak repetitions ( :at is said by !m4 ,i only wi% to add a little to ! g5]al indication ( ! nature ( ?is /ate4 ,we saw above t ! wick$ man1 by ! vehem5ce ( 8 volition1 suff]s con/ant1 consum+1 inw>d pa91 & f9ally1 if all objects ( volition are exhau/$1 qu5*es ! fi]y ?ir/ ( 8 self-w by ! sight ( ! suff]+ ( o!rs4 ,he1 on ! contr>y1 :o has atta9$ to ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 h[ev] poor1 joyless1 & full ( privation 8 condition may appe> :5 look$ at ext]nally1 is yet fill$ ) inw>d joy & ! true peace ( heav54 ,x is n ! re/less /ra9 ( life1 ! jubilant delight :i* has ke5 suff]+ z its prec$+ or succe$+ condition1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! man :o loves life2 b x is a peace t _c be %ak51 a deep re/ & inw>d s]5ity1 a /ate :i* we _c behold )\t ! greate/ long+ :5 x is br\ght be=e our eyes or our imag9ation1 because we at once recognise x z t :i* alone is "r1 inf9itely surpass+ ev]y?+ else1 ^u :i* our bett] self cries )9 u ! great sap]e aude4 ,!n we feel t e gratification ( our wi%es won f ! _w is m]ely l ! alms :i* ! begg> receives f life to-day t he may hung] aga9 on ! morr[2 resignation1 on ! contr>y1 is l an inh]it$ e/ate1 x frees ! own] = ev] f all c>e4 ,x w be rememb]$ f ! ,?ird ,book t ! /hetic pleasure 9 ! beautiful consi/s 9 great measure 9 ! fact t 9 ent]+ ! /ate ( pure contemplation we are lift$ = ! mom5t above all will+1 i4e41 all wi%es & c>es2 we become1 z x 71 fre$ f ourselves4 ,we are no long] ! individual ^: k is subord9at$ to ! s]vice ( its con/ant will+1 ! correlative ( ! p>ticul> ?+ to :i* objects are motives1 b ! et]nal subject ( kn[+ purifi$ f w1 ! correlative ( ! ,platonic ,idea4 ,& we "k t ^! mom5ts 9 :i*1 deliv]$ f ! ard5t /ra9 ( w1 we seem to rise out ( ! heavy atmosph]e ( e>?1 are ! happie/ :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is we c und]/& h[ bless$ ! life ( a man mu/ be ^: w is sil5c$1 n m]ely = a mom5t1 z 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! beautiful1 b = ev]1 inde$ altoge!r ext+ui%$1 except z reg>ds ! la/ glimm]+ sp>k t reta9s ! body 9 life1 & w be ext+ui%$ ) its dea?4 ,su* a man1 :o1 aft] _m bitt] /ruggles ) 8 own nature1 has f9ally conqu]$ entirely1 cont9ues to exi/ only z a pure1 kn[+ be+1 ! undimm$ mirror ( ! _w4 ,no?+ c tr\ble him m1 no?+ c move him1 = he has cut all ! ?\s& cords ( w :i* hold u b\nd to ! _w1 &1 z desire1 fe>1 envy1 ang]1 drag u hi!r & ?i!r 9 con/ant pa94 ,he n[ looks back smil+ & at re/ on ! delusions ( ?is _w1 :i* once 7 able to move & agonise 8 _s also1 b :i* n[ /& be=e him z utt]ly indiff]5t to him1 z ! *ess-m5 :5 ! game is end$1 or z1 9 ! morn+1 ! ca/-(f masqu]ad+ dress :i* worri$ & disquiet$ u 9 a night 9 ,c>nival4 ,life & its =ms n[ pass be=e him z a fleet+ illusion1 z a light morn+ dream be=e half-wak+ eyes1 ! real _w already %9+ ?r\gh x s t x c no long] deceive2 & l ?is morn+ dream1 !y f9ally vani% altoge!r )\t any viol5t transition4 ,f ?is we c und]/& ! mean+ ( ,madame ,guion :5 t[>ds ! end ( h] autobiography %e (t5 expresses h]self ?us3 8,ev]y?+ is alike to me2 ,i _c w any?+ m3 (t5 ,i "k n :e!r ,i exi/ or n40 ,9 ord] to express h[1 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! w1 ! dea? ( ! body 7:i* is inde$ only ! manife/ation ( ! w1 & !re=e loses all significance :5 ! w is aboli%$7 c no long] h any bitt]ness1 b is v welcome1 ,i may be all[$ to quote ! words ( t holy p5it5t1 al?\gh !y are n v elegantly turn$3 8,midi de la gloire2 j\r o il n'y a plus de nuit2 vie qui ne cra9t plus la mort1 dans la mort mme3 p>ceque la mort a va9cu la mort1 et que celui qui a s\ff]t la premire mort1 ne g\t]a plus la seconde mort0 7,vie de ,mad4 de ,guion1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ac74 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose t :51 by means ( ! k :i* acts z a quiet] ( w1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live has once appe>$1 x nev] wav]s or vacillates1 & t we c re/ ^u x z on an assur$ possession4 ,r1 x mu/ ev] anew be atta9$ by a con/ant battle4 ,= s9ce ! body is ! w itself only 9 ! =m ( objectivity or z manife/ation 9 ! _w z idea1 s long z ! body lives1 ! :ole w to live exi/s pot5tially1 & con/antly /rives to become actual1 & to burn aga9 ) all its ard\r4 ,!re=e t peace & bless$ness 9 ! life ( holy m5 :i* we h describ$ is only f\nd z ! fl[] :i* proce$s f ! con/ant victory ov] ! w1 & ! gr\nd 9 :i* x gr[s is ! con/ant battle ) ! w to live1 = no "o c h la/+ peace ^u e>?4 ,we !re=e see ! hi/ories ( ! inn] life ( sa9ts full ( spiritual conflicts1 temptations1 & abs5ce ( grace1 i4e41 ! k9d ( k :i* makes all motives ineffectual1 & z an univ]sal quiet] sil5ces all volition1 gives ! deepe/ peace & op5s ! door ( fre$om4 ,!re=e also we see ^? :o h once atta9$ to ! d5ial ( ! w to live /rive ) all _! might to keep ^u ?is pa?1 by en=c$ r5unciation ( e k9d1 by p5ance & sev]ity ( life1 & by select+ :atev] is disagreeable to !m1 all 9 ord] to suppress ! w1 :i* is con/antly spr++ up anew4 ,h5ce1 f9ally1 because !y already "k ! value ( salvation1 _! anxi\s c>efulness to reta9 ! h>d-won bless+1 _! scruples ( consci5ce ab\t e innoc5t pleasure1 or ab\t e little excitem5t ( _! vanity1 :i* "h also dies la/1 ! mo/ immovable1 ! mo/ active1 & ! mo/ fooli% ( all ! incl9ations ( man4 ,by ! t]m asceticism1 :i* ,i h us$ s (t51 ,i mean 9 its n>r[] s5se ?is int5tional break+ ( ! w by ! refusal ( :at is agreeable & ! selection ( :at is disagreeable1 ! volunt>ily *os5 life ( p5ance & self-*a/isem5t = ! cont9ual mortification ( ! w4 ,we see ?is practis$ by him :o has atta9$ to ! d5ial ( ! w 9 ord] to enable him to p]si/ 9 x2 b suff]+ 9 g5]al1 z x is inflict$ by fate1 is a second way 7 7#hg77 ( atta9+ to t d5ial4 ,inde$1 we may assume t mo/ m5 only atta9 to x 9 ?is way1 & t x is ! suff]+ :i* is p]sonally exp]i5c$1 n t :i* is m]ely kn[n1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly produces complete resignation1 (t5 only at ! approa* ( dea?4 ,= only 9 ! case ( a few is ! m]e k :i*1 see+ ?r\gh ! pr9cipium individuationis1 fir/ produces p]fect goodness ( disposition & univ]sal love ( humanity1 & f9ally enables !m to reg>d all ! suff]+ ( ! _w z _! own2 only 9 ! case ( a few1 ,i say1 is ?is k suffici5t to br+ ab\t ! d5ial ( ! w4 ,ev5 ) him :o approa*es ?is po9t1 x is almo/ inv>iably ! case t ! tol]able condition ( 8 own body1 ! flatt]y ( ! mom5t1 ! delusion ( hope1 & ! satisfaction ( ! w1 :i* is ev] pres5t+ itself anew1 i4e41 lu/1 is a con/ant h9drance to ! d5ial ( ! w1 & a con/ant temptation to ! r5ew$ ass]tion ( x4 ,!re=e 9 ?is respect all ^! illusions h be5 p]sonifi$ z ! devil4 ,?us 9 mo/ cases ! w mu/ be brok5 by great p]sonal suff]+ be=e its self-conque/ appe>s4 ,!n we see ! man :o has pass$ ?r\gh all ! increas+ degrees ( affliction ) ! mo/ vehem5t resi/ance1 & is f9ally br\ght to ! v]ge ( despair1 sudd5ly retire into himself1 "k himself & ! _w1 *ange 8 :ole nature1 rise above himself & all suff]+1 z if purifi$ & sanctifi$ by x1 9 inviolable peace1 bless$ness1 & sublimity1 will+ly r5\nce ev]y?+ he previ\sly desir$ ) all 8 might1 & joyfully embrace dea?4 ,x is ! ref9$ silv] ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live t sudd5ly comes =? f ! purify+ flame ( suff]+4 ,x is salvation4 ,sometimes we see ev5 ^? :o 7 v wick$ purifi$ to ?is degree by great grief2 !y h become new be+s & are completely *ang$4 ,!re=e _! =m] misde$s tr\ble _! consci5ces no m1 yet !y will+ly atone = !m by dea?1 & gladly see ! end ( ! manife/ation ( t w :i* is n[ =eign to !m & abhorr$ by !m4 ,! great ,goe! has giv5 u a di/9ct & visible repres5tation ( ?is d5ial ( ! w1 br\ght ab\t by great mis=tunes & despair ( all deliv]ance1 9 8 immortal ma/]piece 8,fau/10 9 ! /ory ( ! suff]+s ( ,gret*54 ,i "k no p>allel to ?is 9 poetry4 ,x is a p]fect example ( ! second pa? t leads to ! d5ial ( ! w1 n1 z ! fir/1 ?r\gh ! m]e k ( ! suff]+s ( a :ole _w :i* "o has volunt>ily acquir$1 b ?r\gh excessive suff]+ exp]i5c$ 9 "o's own p]son4 ,_m trag$ies c]ta9ly end by conduct+ _! /rong-will$ h]oes to ! po9t ( entire resignation1 & !n g5]ally ! w to live & its manife/ation end toge!r1 b no repres5tation t is kn[n to me br+s :at is ess5tial to t *ange s di/9ctly be=e u1 free f all t is extrane\s1 z ! "p ( 8,fau/0 ,i h ref]r$ to4 ,9 actual life we see t ^? un=tunate p]sons :o h to dr9k to ! dregs ! greate/ cup ( suff]+1 s9ce :5 all hope is tak5 f !m !y h to face ) full consci\sness a %ameful1 viol5t1 & (t5 pa9ful dea? on ! scaffold1 are v frequ5tly *ang$ 9 ?is way4 ,we mu/ n inde$ assume t !re is s great a diff]5ce betwe5 _! "* & t ( mo/ m5 z _! fate w\ld seem to indicate1 b mu/ attribute ! latt] = ! mo/ "p to circum/ances2 yet !y are guilty & to a consid]able degree bad4 ,we see1 h[ev]1 _m ( !m1 :5 !y h entirely lo/ hope1 *ang$ 9 ! way ref]r$ to4 ,!y n[ %[ actual goodness & purity ( disposition1 true abhorr5ce ( do+ any act 9 ! lea/ degree bad or unk9d4 ,!y =give _! enemies1 ev5 if x is ?r\gh !m t !y innoc5tly suff]2 & n ) words m]ely & a sort ( hypocritical fe> ( ! judges ( ! l[] _w1 b 9 reality & ) inw>d e>ne/ness & no desire = rev5ge4 ,inde$1 _! suff]+s & dea? at la/ becomes de> to !m1 = ! d5ial ( ! w to live has appe>$2 !y (t5 decl9e ! deliv]ance :5 x is (f]$1 & die gladly1 peacefully1 & happily4 ,to !m ! la/ secret ( life has reveal$ itself 9 _! excessive pa92 ! secret t mis]y & wick$ness1 sorr[ & hate1 ! suff]] & ! inflict] ( suff]+1 h[ev] diff]5t !y may appe> to ! k :i* foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 are 9 !mselves "o1 ! manife/ation ( t "o w to live :i* objectifies its conflict ) itself by means ( ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,!y h le>n$ to "k bo? sides 9 full measure1 ! badness & ! mis]y2 & s9ce at la/ !y see ! id5tity ( ! two1 !y reject !m bo? at once2 !y d5y ! w to live4 ,9 :at my?s & dogmas !y acc\nt to _! reason = ?is intuitive & direct k & = _! own *ange is1 z has be5 said1 a matt] ( no importance4 ,mat?ias ,claudius mu/ )\t d\bt h witness$ a *ange ( m9d ( ?is description :5 he wrote ! rem>kable essay 9 ! 8,w&sbeck] ,bot50 7pt4 i4 p4 #aae7 ) ! title 8,bekehrungsges*i*te des 9999990 78,hi/ory ( ! ,conv]sion ( 999999071 :i* concludes ?us3 8,man's way ( ?9k+ may pass f "o po9t ( ! p]iph]y to ! opposite po9t1 & aga9 back to ! =m] po9t1 if circum/ances m>k out = him ! pa?4 ,& ^! *anges 9 a man are really no?+ great or int]e/+1 b t rem>kable1 ca?olic1 transc5d5tal *ange 9 :i* ! :ole circle is irrep>ably brok5 up & all ! laws ( psy*ology become va9 & empty :5 ! coat is /ripp$ f ! %\ld]s1 or at lea/ turn$ outside 91 & z x 7 scales fall f a man's eyes1 is su* t e "o :o has brea? 9 8 no/rils =sakes fa!r & "m if he c he> or exp]i5ce some?+ c]ta9 ab\t x40 ,! approa* ( dea? & hopelessness are 9 o!r respects n absolutely necess>y = su* a purification ?r\gh suff]+4 ,ev5 )\t !m ! k ( ! contradiction ( ! w to live ) itself c1 ?r\gh great mis=tune & pa91 =ce an entrance1 & ! vanity ( all /riv+ become recognis$4 ,h5ce x has (t5 happ5$ t m5 :o h l$ a v re/less life 9 ! full /ra9 ( ! passions1 k+s1 h]oes1 & adv5tur]s1 sudd5ly *ange1 betake !mselves to resignation & p5ance1 become h]mits or monks4 ,to ?is class belong all true acc\nts ( conv]sions2 = example1 t ( ,raymond ,lully1 :o _h long woo$ a fair lady1 & 0 at la/ admitt$ to h] *amb]1 anticipat+ ! fulfilm5t ( all 8 wi%es1 :5 %e1 op5+ h] bodice1 %[$ him h] bosom frightfully eat5 ) canc]4 ,f t mom5t1 z if he _h look$ into hell1 he 0 *ang$2 he =sook ! c\rt ( ! k+ ( ,majorca1 & w5t into ! des]t to d p5ance47#hh7 ,?is conv]sion is v l t ( ! ,abb ,ranc1 :i* ,i h briefly relat$ 9 ! #dh? *apt] ( ! ,supplem5t4 ,if we consid] h[ 9 bo? cases ! transition f ! pleasure to ! horror ( life 0 ! occasion ( x1 ?is ?r[s "s light ^u ! rem>kable fact t x is among ! ,fr5*1 ! mo/ *e]ful1 gay1 s5su\s1 & frivol\s nation 9 ,europe1 t by f> ! /ricte/ ( all mona/ic ord]s1 ! ,trappi/s1 arose1 0 re-e/abli%$ by ,ranc aft] its fall1 & has ma9ta9$ itself to ! pres5t day 9 all its purity & /rictness1 9 spite ( revolutions1 ,*ur* re=mations1 & encroa*m5ts ( infidelity4 ,b a k su* z t ref]r$ to above ( ! nature ( ?is exi/5ce may leave u aga9 along ) ! occasion ( x & ! w to live1 & ) x ! previ\s "* may reappe>4 ,?us we see t ! passionate ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 0 *ang$ 9 ?is way1 once :5 he 0 9 prison1 & aga9 :5 v ill2 b :5 ! suff]+ pass$ ov]1 he fell back aga9 into 8 old /ate4 ,9 g5]al1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live by no means proce$s f suff]+ ) ! necessity ( an effect f its cause1 b ! w rema9s free2 = ?is is inde$ ! "o po9t at :i* its fre$om appe>s directly 9 ! ph5om5on2 h5ce ! a/oni%m5t :i* ,asmus expresses s /rongly at ! 8transc5d5tal *ange40 ,9 ! case ( e suff]+1 x is always possible to conceive a w :i* exce$s x 9 int5sity & is !re=e unconqu]$ by x4 ,?us ,plato speaks 9 ! 8,phdon0 ( m5 :o up to ! mom5t ( _! execution fea/1 dr9k1 & indulge 9 s5su\s pleasure1 ass]t+ life ev5 to ! dea?4 ,%akespe>e %[s u 9 ,c>d9al ,beau=t ! fe>ful end ( a pr(ligate1 :o dies full ( despair1 = no suff]+ or dea? c break 8 w1 :i* is vehem5t to ! extreme ( wick$ness47#hi7 ,! m int5se ! w is1 ! m gl>+ is ! conflict ( its manife/ation1 & ?us ! great] is ! suff]+4 ,a _w :i* 0 ! manife/ation ( a f> m int5se w to live ?an ?is _w manife/s w\ld produce s mu* ! great] suff]+2 w\ld ?us be a hell4 ,all suff]+1 s9ce x is a mortification & a call to resignation1 has pot5tially a sanctify+ p[]4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! fact t e great mis=tune or deep pa9 inspires a c]ta9 awe4 ,b ! suff]] only really becomes an object ( rev]5ce :51 survey+ ! c\rse ( 8 life z a *a9 ( sorr[s1 or m\rn+ "s great & incurable mis=tune1 he does n really look at ! special comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* has plung$ 8 own life into suff]+1 nor /ops at ! s+le great mis=tune t has befall5 him2 = 9 s do+ 8 k /ill foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & cl+s to ! p>ticul> ph5om5on2 he /ill wills life only n "u ! conditions :i* h happ5$ to him2 b only !n1 ,i say1 he is truly wor?y ( rev]5ce :5 he raises 8 glance f ! p>ticul> to ! univ]sal1 :5 he reg>ds 8 suff]+ z m]ely an example ( ! :ole1 & = him1 s9ce 9 a moral reg>d he p>takes ( g5ius1 "o case /&s = a ?\s&1 s t ! :ole ( life conceiv$ z ess5tially suff]+ br+s him to resignation4 ,!re=e x inspires rev]5ce :5 9 ,goe!'s 8,torquato ,tasso0 ! pr9cess speaks ( h[ h] own life & t ( h] relations has always be5 sad & joyless1 & yet reg>ds ! matt] f an entirely univ]sal po9t ( view4 ,a v noble "* we always imag9e ) a c]ta9 trace ( quiet sadness1 :i* is any?+ b a con/ant fretfulness at daily annoyances 7?is w\ld be an ignoble trait1 & lead u to fe> a bad disposition71 b is a consci\sness d]iv$ f k ( ! vanity ( all possessions1 ( ! suff]+ ( all life1 n m]ely ( 8 own4 ,b su* k may prim>ily be awak5$ by ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( suff]+1 especially "s "o great sorr[1 z a s+le unfulfill$ wi% br\ght ,petr>* to t /ate ( resign$ sadness conc]n+ ! :ole ( life :i* appeals to u s pa!tically 9 8 works2 = ! ,daphne he pursu$ _h to flee f 8 h&s 9 ord] to leave him1 in/ead ( h]self1 ! immortal laurel4 ,:5 ?r\gh "s su* great & irrevocable d5ial ( fate ! w is to "s ext5t brok51 almo/ no?+ else is desir$1 & ! "* %[s itself mild1 j1 noble1 & resign$4 ,:51 f9ally1 grief has no def9ite object1 b ext5ds itself ov] ! :ole ( life1 !n x is to a c]ta9 ext5t a go+ into itself1 a )drawal1 a gradual disappe>ance ( ! w1 ^: visible manife/ation1 ! body1 x imp]ceptibly b surely und]m9es1 s t a man feels a c]ta9 loos5+ ( 8 bonds1 a mild =eta/e ( t dea? :i* promises to be ! abolition at once ( ! body & ( ! w4 ,!re=e a secret pleasure accompanies ?is grief1 & x is ?is1 z ,i believe1 :i* ! mo/ melan*oly ( all nations has call$ 8! joy ( grief40 ,b "h also lies ! dang] ( s5tim5tality1 bo? 9 life itself & 9 ! repres5tation ( x 9 poetry2 :5 a man is always m\rn+ & lam5t+ )\t c\rage\sly ris+ to resignation4 ,9 ?is way we lose bo? e>? & heav51 & reta9 m]ely a wat]y s5tim5tality4 ,only if suff]+ assumes ! =m ( pure k1 & ?is1 act+ z a quiet] ( ! w1 br+s ab\t resignation1 is x wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 h[ev]1 we feel a c]ta9 respect at ! sight ( e great suff]] :i* is ak9 to ! feel+ excit$ by virtue & nobility ( "*1 & also seems l a reproa* ( our own happy condition4 ,we _c help reg>d+ e sorr[1 bo? our own & ^? ( o!rs1 z at lea/ a pot5tial advance t[>ds virtue & hol9ess1 &1 on ! contr>y1 pleasures & worldly satisfactions z a retrogression f !m4 ,?is goes s f>1 t e man :o endures a great bodily or m5tal suff]+1 inde$ e "o :o m]ely p]=ms "s physical lab\r :i* dem&s ! greate/ ex]tion1 9 ! sweat ( 8 br[ & ) evid5t exhau/ion1 yet ) pati5ce & )\t murmur+1 e su* man1 ,i say1 if we consid] him ) close att5tion1 appe>s to u l a sick man :o tries a pa9ful cure1 & :o will+ly1 & ev5 ) satisfaction1 endures ! suff]+ x causes him1 because he kn[s t ! m he suff]s ! m ! cause ( 8 disease is affect$1 & t !re=e ! pres5t suff]+ is ! measure ( 8 cure4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 :i* is j :at is call$ absolute1 entire resignation1 or hol9ess1 always proce$s f t quiet] ( ! w :i* ! k ( its inn] conflict & ess5tial vanity1 express+ !mselves 9 ! suff]+ ( all liv+ ?+s1 becomes4 ,! diff]5ce1 :i* we h repres5t$ z two pa?s1 consi/s 9 :e!r t k is call$ up by suff]+ :i* is m]ely & purely kn[n1 & is freely appropriat$ by means ( ! p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 or by suff]+ :i* is directly felt by a man himself4 ,true salvation1 deliv]ance f life & suff]+1 _c ev5 be imag9$ )\t complete d5ial ( ! w4 ,till !n1 e "o is simply ?is w itself1 ^: manife/ation is an ephem]al exi/5ce1 a con/antly va9 & empty /riv+1 & ! _w full ( suff]+ we h repres5t$1 to :i* all irrevocably & 9 l mann] belong4 ,= we f\nd above t life is always assur$ to ! w to live1 & its "o real =m is ! pres5t1 f :i* !y c nev] escape1 s9ce bir? & dea? reign 9 ! ph5om5al _w4 ,! ,indian my?us expresses ?is by say+ 8!y are born aga940 ,! great e?ical diff]5ce ( "* means ?is1 t ! bad man is inf9itely f> f ! atta9m5t ( ! k f :i* ! d5ial ( ! w proce$s1 & !re=e he is 9 tru? actually expos$ to all ! mis]ies :i* appe> 9 life z possible2 = ev5 ! pres5t =tunate condition ( 8 p]sonality is m]ely a ph5om5on produc$ by ! pr9cipium individuationis1 & a delusion ( ,my1 ! happy dream ( a begg>4 ,! suff]+s :i* 9 ! vehem5ce & ard\r ( 8 w he inflicts ^u o!rs are ! measure ( ! suff]+1 ! exp]i5ce ( :i* 9 8 own p]son _c break 8 w1 & pla9ly lead x to ! d5ial ( itself4 ,all true & pure love1 on ! o!r h&1 & ev5 all free ju/ice1 proce$ f ! p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis1 :i*1 if x appe>s ) its full p[]1 results 9 p]fect sanctification & salvation1 ! ph5om5on ( :i* is ! /ate ( resignation describ$ above1 ! unbrok5 peace :i* accompanies x1 & ! greate/ delight 9 dea?47#ij7 #fi4 ,suicide1 ! actual do+ away ) ! individual manife/ation ( w1 diff]s mo/ widely f ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 :i* is ! s+le out/&+ act ( free-w 9 ! manife/ation1 & is !re=e1 z ,asmus calls x1 ! transc5d5tal *ange4 ,?is la/ has be5 fully consid]$ 9 ! c\rse ( our "w4 ,f> f be+ d5ial ( ! w1 suicide is a ph5om5on ( /rong ass]tion ( w2 = ! ess5ce ( negation lies 9 ?is1 t ! joys ( life are %unn$1 n its sorr[s4 ,! suicide wills life1 & is only dissatisfi$ ) ! conditions "u :i* x has pres5t$ itself to him4 ,he !re=e by no means surr5d]s ! w to live1 b only life1 9 t he de/roys ! individual manife/ation4 ,he wills life--wills ! unre/rict$ exi/5ce & ass]tion ( ! body2 b ! complication ( circum/ances does n all[ ?is1 & !re results = him great suff]+4 ,! v w to live f9ds itself s mu* hamp]$ 9 ?is p>ticul> manife/ation t x _c put =? its en]gies4 ,x !re=e comes to su* a det]m9ation z is 9 con=mity ) its own nature1 :i* lies outside ! conditions ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & to :i*1 !re=e1 all p>ticul> manife/ations are alike indiff]5t1 inasmu* z x itself rema9s unaffect$ by all appe>+ & pass+ away1 & is ! inn] life ( all ?+s2 = t firm inw>d assurance by reason ( :i* we all live free f ! con/ant dread ( dea?1 ! assurance t a ph5om5al exi/5ce c nev] be want+ to ! w1 supports our action ev5 9 ! case ( suicide4 ,?us ! w to live appe>s j z mu* 9 suicide 7,siva7 z 9 ! satisfaction ( self-pres]vation 7,vi%nu7 & 9 ! s5sual pleasure ( procreation 7,brahma74 ,?is is ! inn] mean+ ( ! unity ( ! ,trimurtis1 :i* is embodi$ 9 its entirety 9 e human be+1 ?\gh 9 "t x raises n[ "o1 n[ ano!r1 ( its ?ree heads4 ,suicide /&s 9 ! same relation to ! d5ial ( ! w z ! individual ?+ does to ! ,idea4 ,! suicide d5ies only ! individual1 n ! species4 ,we h already se5 t z life is always assur$ to ! w to live1 & z sorr[ is insep>able f life1 suicide1 ! wilful de/ruction ( ! s+le ph5om5al exi/5ce1 is a va9 & fooli% act2 = ! ?+-9-itself rema9s unaffect$ by x1 ev5 z ! ra9b[ endures h[ev] fa/ ! drops :i* support x = ! mom5t may *ange4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 x is also ! ma/]piece ( ,my1 z ! mo/ flagrant example ( ! contradiction ( ! w to live ) itself4 ,z we f\nd ?is contradiction 9 ! case ( ! l[e/ manife/ations ( w1 9 ! p]man5t /ruggle ( all ! =ces ( nature1 & ( all organic individuals = matt] & "t & space2 & z we saw ?is antagonism come ev] m to ! front ) t]rible di/9ctness 9 ! asc5d+ grades ( ! objectification ( ! w1 s at la/ 9 ! highe/ grade1 ! ,idea ( man1 x rea*es ! po9t at :i*1 n only ! individuals :i* express ! same ,idea extirpate ea* o!r1 b ev5 ! same individual decl>es w> aga9/ itself4 ,! vehem5ce ) :i* x wills life1 & revolts aga9/ :at h9d]s x1 namely1 suff]+1 br+s x to ! po9t ( de/roy+ itself2 s t ! individual w1 by its own act1 puts an end to t body :i* is m]ely its p>ticul> visible expression1 r ?an p]mit suff]+ to break ! w4 ,j because ! suicide _c give up will+1 he gives up liv+4 ,! w ass]ts itself "h ev5 9 putt+ an end to its own manife/ation1 because x c no long] ass]t itself o!rwise4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x 0 j ! suff]+ :i* x s %uns t 0 able1 z mortification ( ! w1 to br+ x to ! d5ial ( itself1 & h5ce to fre$om1 s 9 ?is respect ! suicide is l a sick man1 :o1 aft] a pa9ful op]ation :i* w\ld entirely cure him has be5 begun1 w n all[ x to be complet$1 b pref]s to reta9 8 disease4 ,suff]+ approa*es & reveals itself z ! possibility ( ! d5ial ( w2 b ! w rejects x1 9 t x de/roys ! body1 ! manife/ation ( itself1 9 ord] t x may rema9 unbrok54 ,?is is ! reason :y almo/ all e?ical tea*]s1 :e!r philosophical or religi\s1 condemn suicide1 al?\gh !y !mselves c only give f>-fet*$ sophi/ical reasons = _! op9ion4 ,b if a human be+ 0 ev] re/ra9$ f committ+ suicide by purely moral motives1 ! inmo/ mean+ ( ?is self-conque/ 79 :atev] ideas 8 reason may h clo!d x7 0 ?is3 8,i w n %un suff]+1 9 ord] t x may help to put an end to ! w to live1 ^: manife/ation is s wret*$1 by s /r5g!n+ ! k ( ! real nature ( ! _w :i* is already beg9n+ to dawn ^u me1 t x may become ! f9al quiet] ( my w1 & may free me = ev]40 ,x is well kn[n t f "t to "t cases occur 9 :i* ! act ( suicide ext5ds to ! *ildr54 ,! fa!r fir/ kills ! *ildr5 he loves1 & !n himself4 ,n[1 if we consid] t consci5ce1 religion1 & all influ5c+ ideas tea* him to look ^u murd] z ! greate/ ( crimes1 & t1 9 spite ( ?is1 he yet commits x1 9 ! h\r ( 8 own dea?1 & :5 he is altoge!r un9flu5c$ by any egoti/ical motive1 su* a de$ c only be expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 9 ?is case1 ! w ( ! individual1 ! fa!r1 recognises itself imm$iately 9 ! *ildr51 ?\gh involv$ 9 ! delusion ( mi/ak+ ! appe>ance = ! true nature2 & z he is at ! same "t deeply impress$ ) ! k ( ! mis]y ( all life1 he n[ ?9ks to put an end to ! inn] nature itself1 along ) ! appe>ance1 & ?us seeks to deliv] f exi/5ce & its mis]y bo? himself & 8 *ildr51 9 :om he disc]ns himself z liv+ aga94 ,x w\ld be an error precisely analog\s to ?is to suppose t "o may rea* ! same end z is atta9$ ?r\gh volunt>y *a/ity by fru/rat+ ! aim ( nature 9 fecundation2 or inde$ if1 9 consid]ation ( ! un5durable suff]+ ( life1 p>5ts 7 to use means = ! de/ruction ( _! new-born *ildr51 in/ead ( do+ ev]y?+ possible to ensure life to t :i* is /ruggl+ into x4 ,= if ! w to live is !re1 z x is ! only metaphysical reality1 or ! ?+-9-itself1 no physical =ce c break x1 b c only de/roy its manife/ation at ?is place & "t4 ,x itself c nev] be transc5d$ except ?r\gh k4 ,?us ! only way ( salvation is1 t ! w %all manife/ itself unre/rict$ly1 9 ord] t 9 ?is individual manife/ation x may come to appreh5d its own nature4 ,only z ! result ( ?is k c ! w transc5d itself1 & !reby end ! suff]+ :i* is insep>able f its manife/ation4 ,x is q impossible to accompli% ?is end by physical =ce1 z by de/roy+ ! g]m1 or by kill+ ! new-born *ild1 or by committ+ suicide4 ,nature guides ! w to ! light1 j because x is only 9 ! light t x c "w out its salvation4 ,!re=e ! aims ( ,nature are to be promot$ 9 e way z soon z ! w to live1 :i* is its inn] be+1 has det]m9$ itself4 ,!re is a species ( suicide :i* seems to be q di/9ct f ! common k9d1 ?\gh its occurr5ce has p]haps n yet be5 fully e/abli%$4 ,x is />vation1 volunt>ily *os5 on ! gr\nd ( extreme asceticism4 ,all in/ances ( x1 h[ev]1 h be5 accompani$ & obscur$ by mu* religi\s fanaticism1 & ev5 sup]/ition4 ,yet x seems t ! absolute d5ial ( w may rea* ! po9t at :i* ! w %all be want+ to take ! necess>y n\ri%m5t = ! support ( ! natural life4 ,?is k9d ( suicide is s f> f be+ ! result ( ! w to live1 t su* a completely resign$ ascetic only ceases to live because he has already altoge!r ceas$ to w4 ,no o!r dea? ?an t by />vation is 9 ?is case conceivable 7unless x 7 ! result ( "s special sup]/ition72 = ! int5tion to cut %ort ! torm5t w\ld itself be a /age 9 ! ass]tion ( w4 ,! dogmas :i* satisfy ! reason ( su* a p5it5t delude him ) ! idea t a be+ ( a high] nature has inculcat$ ! fa/+ to :i* 8 own inn] t5d5cy drives him4 ,old examples ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! 8,breslau] ,sammlung von ,natur- und ,m$ic9-,ges*i*t510 ,septemb] #agii1 p4 #cfc2 9 ,bayle's 8,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres10 ,febru>y #afhe1 p4 #ahi2 9 ,zimm]mann1 8,ueb] die ,e9samkeit10 vol4 i4 p4 #ahb2 9 ! 8,hi/oire de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces0 = #agfd1 an acc\nt by ,h\ttuyn1 :i* is quot$ 9 ! 8,sammlung fr praktis*e ,a]zte10 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 ,m rec5t acc\nts may be f\nd 9 ,hufel&'s 8,j\rnal fr praktis*e ,heilkunde10 vol4 x4 p4 #aha1 & vol4 xlviii4 p4 #ie2 also 9 ,nasse's 8,zeits*rift fr psy*is*e ,a]zte10 #ahai1 "p iii4 p4 #dfj2 & 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal10 #ahji1 vol4 v4 p4 #cai4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcc all ! pap]s ann\nc$ t ! ,engli% hi/orian1 ,dr4 ,l+>d1 _h di$ 9 ,janu>y at ,dov] ( volunt>y />vation2 accord+ to lat] acc\nts1 x 0 n he himself1 b a relation ( 8 :o di$4 ,/ill 9 ^! acc\nts ! p]sons 7 g5]ally describ$ z insane1 & x is no long] possible to f9d out h[ f> ?is 0 ! case4 ,b ,i w give "h a m rec5t case ( ?is k9d1 if x 7 only to ensure ! pres]vation ( "o ( ! r>e in/ances ( ?is /rik+ & extraord9>y ph5om5on ( human nature1 :i*1 to all appe>ance at any rate1 belongs to ! category to :i* ,i wi% to assign x & c\ld h>dly be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,?is case is report$ 9 ! 8,nrnb]g] ,correspond5t50 ( ! #bi? ,july #ahac1 9 ^! words3--8,we he> f ,b]n t 9 a ?ick wood ne> ,?urn5 a hut has be5 discov]$ 9 :i* 0 ly+ ! body ( a man :o _h be5 dead ab\t a mon?4 ,8 clo!s gave little or no clue to 8 social position4 ,two v f9e %irts lay beside him4 ,! mo/ important article1 h[ev]1 0 a ,bible int]leav$ ) :ite pap]1 "p ( :i* _h be5 writt5 ^u by ! deceas$4 ,9 ?is writ+ he gives ! date ( 8 dep>ture f home 7b does n m5tion :]e 8 home 074 ,he !n says t he 0 driv5 by ! ,_s ( ,god into ! wild]ness to pray & fa/4 ,dur+ 8 j\rney he _h fa/$ sev5 days & !n he _h aga9 tak5 food4 ,aft] ?is he _h begun aga9 to fa/1 & cont9u$ to d s = ! same numb] ( days z be=e4 ,f ?is po9t we f9d ea* day m>k$ ) a /roke1 & ( ^! !re are five1 at ! expiration ( :i* ! pilgrim presumably di$4 ,!re 0 fur!r f\nd a lett] to a cl]gyman ab\t a s]mon :i* ! deceas$ he>d him prea*1 b ! lett] 0 n address$40 ,betwe5 ?is volunt>y dea? aris+ f extreme asceticism & ! common suicide result+ f despair !re may be v>i\s int]m$iate species & comb9ations1 ?\gh ?is is h>d to f9d out4 ,b human nature has dep?s1 obscurities1 & p]plexities1 ! analysis & elucidation ( :i* is a matt] ( ! v greate/ difficulty4 #gj4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! entire exposition 7n[ t]m9at$7 ( t :i* ,i call ! d5ial ( ! w is irreconcilable ) ! e>li] explanation ( necessity1 :i* belongs j z mu* to motivation z to e o!r =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & accord+ to :i*1 motives1 l all causes1 are only occasional causes1 ^u :i* ! "* unfolds its nature & reveals x ) ! necessity ( a natural law1 on acc\nt ( :i* we absolutely d5i$ fre$om z lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti4 ,b f> f suppress+ ?is "h1 ,i w\ld call x to m9d4 ,9 tru?1 real fre$om1 i4e41 indep5d5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 belongs to ! w only z a ?+-9-itself1 n to its manife/ation1 ^: ess5tial =m is ev]y:]e ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! elem5t or sph]e ( necessity4 ,b ! "o case 9 :i* t fre$om c become directly visible 9 ! manife/ation is t 9 :i* x makes an end ( :at manife/s itself1 & because ! m]e manife/ation1 z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( causes1 ! liv+ body 9 "t1 :i* conta9s only ph5om5a1 /ill cont9ues to exi/1 ! w :i* manife/s itself ?r\gh ?is ph5om5on !n /&s 9 contradiction to x1 = x d5ies :at ! ph5om5on expresses4 ,9 su* a case ! organs ( g5]ation1 = example1 z ! visible =m ( ! sexual impulse1 are !re & 9 heal?2 b yet1 9 ! inmo/ consci\sness1 no s5sual gratification is desir$2 & al?\gh ! :ole body is only ! visible expression ( ! w to live1 yet ! motives :i* correspond to ?is w no long] act2 inde$1 ! dissolution ( ! body1 ! end ( ! individual1 & 9 ?is way ! greate/ *eck to ! natural w1 is welcome & desir$4 ,n[1 ! contradiction betwe5 our ass]tions ( ! necessity ( ! det]m9ation ( ! w by motives1 9 accordance ) ! "*1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ! possibility ( ! entire suppression ( ! w :]eby ! motives become p[]less1 on ! o!r h&1 is only ! repetition 9 ! reflection ( philosophy ( ?is real contradiction :i* arises f ! direct encroa*m5t ( ! fre$om ( ! w-9-itself1 :i* kn[s no necessity1 into ! sph]e ( ! necessity ( its manife/ation4 ,b ! key to ! solution ( ^! contradictions lies 9 ! fact t ! /ate 9 :i* ! "* is )drawn f ! p[] ( motives does n proce$ directly f ! w1 b f a *ang$ =m ( k4 ,s long z ! k is m]ely t :i* is involv$ 9 ! pr9cipium individuationis & exclusively foll[s ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! /r5g? ( ! motives is irresi/ible4 ,b :5 ! pr9cipium individuationis is se5 ?r\gh1 :5 ! ,ideas1 & inde$ ! inn] nature ( ! ?+-9-itself1 z ! same w 9 all1 are directly recognis$1 & f ?is k an univ]sal quiet] ( volition arises1 !n ! p>ticul> motives become ineffective1 because ! k9d ( k :i* corresponds to !m is obscur$ & ?r[n into ! backgr\nd by q ano!r k9d4 ,!re=e ! "* c nev] p>tially *ange1 b mu/1 ) ! consi/5cy ( a law ( ,nature1 c>ry out 9 ! p>ticul> ! w :i* x manife/s z a :ole4 ,b ?is :ole1 ! "* itself1 may be completely suppress$ or aboli%$ ?r\gh ! *ange ( k ref]r$ to above4 ,x is ?is suppression or abolition :i* ,asmus1 z quot$ above1 m>vels at & d5otes ! 8ca?olic1 transc5d5tal *ange20 & 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* x has v aptly be5 call$ ! new bir?1 & ! k f :i* x spr+s1 ! "w ( grace4 ,!re=e x is n a "q ( a *ange1 b ( an entire suppression ( ! "*2 & h5ce x arises t1 h[ev] diff]5t ! *>act]s :i* exp]i5ce ! suppression may h be5 be=e x1 aft] x !y %[ a great simil>ity 9 _! conduct1 ?\gh e "o /ill speaks v diff]5tly accord+ to 8 conceptions & dogmas4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 ! old philosophical doctr9e ( ! fre$om ( ! w1 :i* has con/antly be5 conte/$ & con/antly ma9ta9$1 is n )\t gr\nd1 & ! dogma ( ! ,*ur* ( ! "w ( grace & ! new bir? is n )\t mean+ & significance4 ,b we n[ unexpect$ly see bo? unit$ 9 "o1 & we c also n[ und]/& 9 :at s5se ! excell5t ,malebran*e c\ld say1 8,la lib]t e/ un my/re10 & 0 "r4 ,= precisely :at ! ,*ri/ian my/ics call ! "w ( grace & ! new bir?1 is = u ! s+le direct expression ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,x only appe>s if ! w1 hav+ atta9$ to a k ( its own real nature1 receives f ?is a quiet]1 by means ( :i* ! motives are depriv$ ( _! effect1 :i* belongs to ! prov9ce ( ano!r k9d ( k1 ! objects ( :i* are m]ely ph5om5a4 ,! possibility ( ! fre$om :i* ?us expresses itself is ! greate/ pr]ogative ( man1 :i* is = ev] want+ to ! brute1 because ! condition ( x is ! delib]ation ( reason1 :i* enables him to survey ! :ole ( life indep5d5t ( ! impression ( ! pres5t4 ,! brute is entirely )\t ! possibility ( fre$om1 z1 inde$1 x is )\t ! possibility ( a prop] or delib]ate *oice foll[+ ^u a complet$ conflict ( motives1 :i* = ?is purpose w\ld h to be ab/ract ideas4 ,!re=e ) ! same necessity ) :i* ! /one falls to ! e>?1 ! hungry wolf buries its fangs 9 ! fle% ( its prey1 )\t ! possibility ( ! k t x is itself ! de/roy$ z well z ! de/roy]4 ,necessity is ! k+dom ( nature2 fre$om is ! k+dom ( grace4 ,n[ because1 z we h se51 t self-suppression ( ! w proce$s f k1 & all k is involunt>y1 t d5ial ( w also1 t entrance into fre$om1 _c be =cibly atta9$ to by int5tion or design1 b proce$s f ! inmo/ relation ( kn[+ & volition 9 ! man1 & !re=e comes sudd5ly1 z if spontane\sly f )\t4 ,?is is :y ! ,*ur* has call$ x ! "w ( grace2 & t x /ill reg>ds x z indep5d5t ( ! acceptance ( grace corresponds to ! fact t ! effect ( ! quiet] is f9ally a free act ( w4 ,& because1 9 consequ5ce ( su* a "w ( grace1 ! :ole nature ( man is *ang$ & rev]s$ f its f\ndation1 s t he no long] wills any?+ ( all t he previ\sly will$ s int5sely1 s t x is z if a new man actually took ! place ( ! old1 ! ,*ur* has call$ ?is consequ5ce ( ! "w ( grace ! new bir?4 ,= :at x calls ! natural man1 to :i* x d5ies all capacity = good1 is j ! w to live1 :i* mu/ be d5i$ if deliv]ance f an exi/5ce su* z ours is to be atta9$4 ,beh9d our exi/5ce lies some?+ else1 :i* is only accessible to u if we h %ak5 (f ?is _w4 ,hav+ reg>d1 n to ! individuals accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b to ! ,idea ( man 9 its unity1 ,*ri/ian !ology symbolises nature1 ! ass]tion ( ! w to live 9 ,adam1 ^: s91 inh]it$ by u1 i4e41 our unity ) him 9 ! ,idea1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 "t by ! bond ( procreation1 makes u all p>tak]s ( suff]+ & et]nal dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x symbolises grace1 ! d5ial ( ! w1 salvation1 9 ! inc>nate ,god1 :o1 z free f all s91 t is1 f all will+ ( life1 _c1 l u1 h proce$$ f ! mo/ pron\nc$ ass]tion ( ! w1 nor c he1 l u1 h a body :i* is ?r\gh & ?r\gh simply concrete w1 manife/ation ( ! w2 b born ( a pure virg91 he has only a phantom body4 ,?is la/ is ! doctr9e ( ! ,docet1 i4e41 c]ta9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 :o 9 ?is respect are v consi/5t4 ,x is especially taught by ,apelles1 aga9/ :om & 8 foll[]s ,t]tullian wrote4 ,b ev5 ,augu/9e comm5ts ?us on ! passage1 ,rom4 viii4 #c1 8,god s5t 8 ,son 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%30 8,non enim c>o peccati erat1 qu non de c>nali delectatione nata erat3 s$ tam5 in]at ei similitudo c>nis peccati1 quia mortalis c>o erat0 7,lib] #hc1 qu/4 qu4 #ff74 ,he also tea*es 9 8 "w entitl$ 8,opus ,imp]fectum10 i4 #dg1 t inh]it$ s9 is bo? s9 & puni%m5t at once4 ,x is already pres5t 9 new-born *ildr51 b only %[s itself if !y gr[ up4 ,yet ! orig9 ( ?is s9 is to be ref]r$ to ! w ( ! s9n]4 ,?is s9n] 0 ,adam1 b we all exi/$ 9 him2 ,adam became mis]able1 & 9 him we h all become mis]able4 ,c]ta9ly ! doctr9e ( orig9al s9 7ass]tion ( ! w7 & ( salvation 7d5ial ( ! w7 is ! great tru? :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 :ile mo/ ( :at rema9s is only ! clo?+ ( x1 ! husk or accessories4 ,!re=e ,jesus ,*ri/ ought always to be conceiv$ 9 ! univ]sal1 z ! symbol or p]sonification ( ! d5ial ( ! w to live1 b nev] z an individual1 :e!r accord+ to 8 my?ical hi/ory giv5 9 ! ,gospels1 or accord+ to ! probably true hi/ory :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ?is4 ,= nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r w easily satisfy u entirely4 ,x is m]ely ! vehicle ( t conception = ! p1 :o always dem& some?+ actual4 ,t 9 rec5t times ,*ri/ianity has =gott5 its true significance1 & deg5]at$ into dull optimism1 does n conc]n u "h4 ,x is fur!r an orig9al & evangelical doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity--:i* ,augu/9e1 ) ! cons5t ( ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 def5d$ aga9/ ! platitudes ( ! ,pelagians1 & :i* x 0 ! pr9cipal aim ( ,lu!r's endeav\r to purify f error & re-e/abli%1 z he expressly decl>es 9 8 book1 8,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio10--! doctr9e t ! w is n free1 b orig9ally subject to ! incl9ation to evil4 ,!re=e accord+ to ?is doctr9e ! de$s ( ! w are always s9ful & imp]fect1 & c nev] fully satisfy ju/ice2 &1 f9ally1 ^! works c nev] save u1 b fai? alone1 a fai? :i* itself does n spr+ f resolution & free w1 b f ! "w ( grace1 )\t our co-op]ation1 comes to u z f )\t4 ,n only ! dogmas ref]r$ to be=e1 b also ?is la/ g5u9e evangelical dogma belongs to ^? :i* at ! pres5t day an ignorant & dull op9ion rejects z absurd or hides4 ,=1 9 spite ( ,augu/9e & ,lu!r1 x adh]es to ! vulg> ,pelagianism1 :i* ! rationalism ( ! day really is1 & treats z antiquat$ ^? deeply significant dogmas :i* are peculi> & ess5tial to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! /ricte/ s5se2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x holds fa/ & reg>ds z ! pr9cipal matt] only ! dogma t orig9ates 9 ,judaism1 & has be5 reta9$ f x1 & is m]ely hi/orically connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity47#ia7 ,we1 h[ev]1 recognise 9 ! doctr9e ref]r$ to above ! tru? completely agree+ ) ! result ( our own inve/igations4 ,we see t true virtue & hol9ess ( disposition h _! orig9 n 9 delib]ate *oice 7works71 b 9 k 7fai?72 j z we h 9 l mann] develop$ x f our lead+ ?\ght4 ,if x 7 works1 :i* spr+ f motives & delib]ate int5tion1 t l$ to salvation1 !n1 h[ev] "o may turn x1 virtue w\ld always be a prud5t1 me?odical1 f>-see+ egoism4 ,b ! fai? to :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* promises salvation is ?is3 t z ?r\gh ! fall ( ! fir/ man we are all p>tak]s ( s9 & subject to dea? & p]dition1 ?r\gh ! div9e sub/itute1 ?r\gh grace & ! tak+ ^u himself ( our fe>ful guilt1 we are all sav$1 )\t any m]it ( our own 7( ! p]son72 s9ce t :i* c proce$ f ! int5tional 7det]m9$ by motives7 action ( ! p]son1 works1 c nev] ju/ify u1 f its v nature1 j because x is int5tional1 action induc$ by motives1 opus op]atum4 ,?us 9 ?is fai? !re is impli$1 fir/ ( all1 t our condition is orig9ally & ess5tially an incurable "o1 f :i* we ne$ salvation2 !n1 t we ourselves ess5tially belong to evil1 & are s firmly b\nd to x t our works accord+ to law & precept1 i4e41 accord+ to motives1 c nev] satisfy ju/ice nor save u2 b salvation is only obta9$ ?r\gh fai?1 i4e41 ?r\gh a *ang$ mode ( kn[+1 & ?is fai? c only come ?r\gh grace1 ?us z f )\t4 ,?is means t ! salvation is "o :i* is q =eign to our p]son1 & po9ts to a d5ial & surr5d] ( ?is p]son necess>y to salvation4 ,works1 ! result ( ! law z su*1 c nev] ju/ify1 because !y are always action foll[+ ^u motives4 ,lu!r dem&s 79 8 book 8,de ,lib]tate ,*ri/iana07 t aft] ! entrance ( fai? ! good works %all proce$ f x entirely ( !mselves1 z symptoms1 z fruits ( x2 yet by no means z con/itut+ 9 !mselves a claim to m]it1 ju/ification1 or rew>d1 b tak+ place q volunt>ily & gratuit\sly4 ,s we also hold t f ! ev]-cle>] p5etration ( ! pr9cipium individuationis proce$s1 fir/1 m]ely free ju/ice1 !n love1 ext5d+ to ! complete abolition ( egoism1 & f9ally resignation or d5ial ( ! w4 ,i h "h introduc$ ^! dogmas ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 :i* 9 !mselves are =eign to philosophy1 m]ely = ! purpose ( %[+ t ! e?ical doctr9e :i* proce$s f our :ole inve/igation1 & is 9 complete agreem5t & connection ) all its p>ts1 al?\gh new & unprec$5t$ 9 its expression1 is by no means s 9 its real nature1 b fully agrees ) ! ,*ri/ian dogmas prop]ly s call$1 & inde$1 z reg>ds its ess5ce1 0 conta9$ & pres5t 9 !m4 ,x also agrees q z accurately ) ! doctr9es & e?ical tea*+s ( ! sacr$ books ( ,india1 :i* 9 _! turn are pres5t$ 9 q diff]5t =ms4 ,at ! same "t ! call+ to m9d ( ! dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* s]ves to expla9 & illu/rate ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! necessity ( all expressions ( "* :5 motives are pres5t$ 7! k+dom ( ,nature7 on ! "o h&1 & ! fre$om ( ! w 9 itself1 to d5y itself1 & aboli% ! "* ) all ! necessity ( ! motives bas$ ^u x 7! k+dom ( grace7 on ! o!r h&4 #ga4 ,i n[ end ! g5]al acc\nt ( e?ics1 & ) x ! :ole developm5t ( t "o ?\ght :i* x has be5 my object to imp>t2 & ,i by no means desire to conceal "h an objection :i* conc]ns ?is la/ "p ( my exposition1 b r to po9t out t x lies 9 ! nature ( ! "q1 & t x is q impossible to remove x4 ,x is ?is1 t aft] our inve/igation has br\ght u to ! po9t at :i* we h be=e our eyes p]fect hol9ess1 ! d5ial & surr5d] ( all volition1 & ?us ! deliv]ance f a _w ^: :ole exi/5ce we h f\nd to be suff]+1 ?is appe>s to u z a pass+ away into empty no?+ness4 ,on ?is ,i mu/ fir/ rem>k1 t ! conception ( no?+ is ess5tially relative1 & always ref]s to a def9ite some?+ :i* x negatives4 ,?is quality has be5 attribut$ 7by ,kant7 m]ely to ! nihil privativum1 :i* is indicat$ by - z oppos$ to 1 :i* -1 f an opposite po9t ( view1 might become 1 & 9 opposition to ?is nihil privativum ! nihil negativum has be5 set up1 :i* w\ld 9 e ref]5ce be no?+1 & z an example ( ?is ! logical contradiction :i* does away ) itself has be5 giv54 ,b m closely consid]$1 no absolute no?+1 no prop] nihil negativum is ev5 ?9kable2 b ev]y?+ ( ?is k9d1 :5 consid]$ f a high] /&po9t or subsum$ "u a wid] concept1 is always m]ely a nihil privativum4 ,e no?+ is ?\ght z su* only 9 relation to some?+1 & presupposes ?is relation1 & ?us also ?is some?+4 ,ev5 a logical contradiction is only a relative no?+4 ,x is no ?\ght ( ! reason1 b x is n on t acc\nt an absolute no?+2 = x is a comb9ation ( words2 x is an example ( ! un?9kable1 :i* is necess>y 9 logic 9 ord] to prove ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e if = ?is end su* an example is s\ght1 we w /ick to ! nons5se z ! positive :i* we are 9 se>* (1 & pass ov] ! s5se z ! negative4 ,?us e nihil negativum1 if subord9at$ to a high] concept1 w appe> z a m]e nihil privativum or relative no?+1 :i* c1 moreov]1 always ex*ange signs ) :at x negatives1 s t t w\ld !n be ?\ght z negation1 & x itself z ass]tion4 ,?is also agrees ) ! result ( ! difficult dialectical inve/igation ( ! mean+ ( no?+ :i* ,plato gives 9 ! 8,sophi/0 7pp4 #bgg-bhg73 1 1 1 1 7,cum enim o/5d]emus1 alt]ius ipsius naturam esse p]que omnia entia divisam atque disp]sam 9 vicem2 tunc p>tem ejus oppositam ei1 quod cujusque ens e/1 esse ipsum rev]a non ens ass]uimus74 ,t :i* is g5]ally receiv$ z positive1 :i* we call ! real1 & ! negation ( :i* ! concept no?+ 9 its mo/ g5]al significance expresses1 is j ! _w z idea1 :i* ,i h %[n to be ! objectivity & mirror ( ! w4 ,moreov]1 we ourselves are j ?is w & ?is _w1 & to !m belongs ! idea 9 g5]al1 z "o aspect ( !m4 ,! =m ( ! idea is space & "t1 !re=e = ?is po9t ( view all t is real mu/ be 9 "s place & at "s "t4 ,d5ial1 abolition1 conv]sion ( ! w1 is also ! abolition & ! vani%+ ( ! _w1 its mirror4 ,if we no long] p]ceive x 9 ?is mirror1 we ask 9 va9 :]e x has gone1 & !n1 because x has no long] any :]e & :51 compla9 t x has vani%$ into no?+4 ,a rev]s$ po9t ( view1 if x 7 possible = u1 w\ld rev]se ! signs & %[ ! real = u z no?+1 & t no?+ z ! real4 ,b z long z we ourselves are ! w to live1 ?is la/--no?+ z ! real--c only be kn[n & signifi$ by u negatively1 because ! old say+ ( ,emp$ocles1 t l c only be kn[n by l1 deprives u "h ( all k1 z1 conv]sely1 ^u x f9ally re/s ! possibility ( all our actual k1 i4e41 ! _w z idea2 = ! _w is ! self-k ( ! w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be absolutely insi/$ ^u t 9 "s way or o!r a positive k %\ld be atta9$ ( t :i* philosophy c only express negatively z ! d5ial ( ! w1 !re w\ld be no?+ = x b to ref] to t /ate :i* all ^? :o h atta9$ to complete d5ial ( ! w h exp]i5c$1 & :i* has be5 v>i\sly d5ot$ by ! names ec/asy1 rapture1 illum9ation1 union ) ,god1 & s =?2 a /ate1 h[ev]1 :i* _c prop]ly be call$ k1 because x has n ! =m ( subject & object1 & is1 moreov]1 only atta9able 9 "o's own exp]i5ce & _c be fur!r communicat$4 ,we1 h[ev]1 :o consi/5tly occupy ! /&po9t ( philosophy1 mu/ be satisfi$ "h ) negative k1 cont5t to h rea*$ ! utmo/ limit ( ! positive4 ,we h recognis$ ! inmo/ nature ( ! _w z w1 & all its ph5om5a z only ! objectivity ( w2 & we h foll[$ ?is objectivity f ! unconsci\s work+ ( obscure =ces ( ,nature up to ! completely consci\s action ( man4 ,!re=e we %all by no means evade ! consequ5ce1 t ) ! free d5ial1 ! surr5d] ( ! w1 all ^? ph5om5a are also aboli%$2 t con/ant /ra9 & ef=t )\t end & )\t re/ at all ! grades ( objectivity1 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* ! _w consi/s2 ! multif>i\s =ms succe$+ ea* o!r 9 gradation2 ! :ole manife/ation ( ! w2 &1 f9ally1 also ! univ]sal =ms ( ?is manife/ation1 "t & space1 & also its la/ fundam5tal =m1 subject & object2 all are aboli%$4 ,no w3 no idea1 no _w4 ,be=e u !re is c]ta9ly only no?+ness4 ,b t :i* resi/s ?is pass+ into no?+1 our nature1 is inde$ j ! w to live1 :i* we ourselves are z x is our _w4 ,t we abhor annihilation s greatly1 is simply ano!r expression ( ! fact t we s /r5u\sly w life1 & are no?+ b ?is w1 & "k no?+ besides x4 ,b if we turn our glance f our own ne$y & emb>rass$ condition to ^? :o h ov]come ! _w1 9 :om ! w1 hav+ atta9$ to p]fect self-k1 f\nd itself aga9 9 all1 & !n freely d5i$ itself1 & :o !n m]ely wait to see ! la/ trace ( x vani% ) ! body :i* x animates2 !n1 in/ead ( ! re/less /riv+ & ef=t1 in/ead ( ! con/ant transition f wi% to fruition1 & f joy to sorr[1 in/ead ( ! nev]-satisfi$ & nev]-dy+ hope :i* con/itutes ! life ( ! man :o wills1 we %all see t peace :i* is above all reason1 t p]fect calm ( ! _s1 t deep re/1 t inviolable confid5ce & s]5ity1 ! m]e reflection ( :i* 9 ! c\nt5ance1 z ,raphael & ,correggio h repres5t$ x1 is an entire & c]ta9 gospel2 only k rema9s1 ! w has vani%$4 ,we look ) deep & pa9ful long+ ^u ?is /ate1 beside :i* ! mis]y & wret*$ness ( our own is br\ght out cle>ly by ! contra/4 ,yet ?is is ! only consid]ation :i* c af=d u la/+ consolation1 :51 on ! "o h&1 we h recognis$ incurable suff]+ & endless mis]y z ess5tial to ! manife/ation ( w1 ! _w2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 see ! _w pass away ) ! abolition ( w1 & reta9 be=e u only empty no?+ness4 ,?us1 9 ?is way1 by contemplation ( ! life & conduct ( sa9ts1 :om x is c]ta9ly r>ely grant$ u to meet ) 9 our own exp]i5ce1 b :o are br\ght be=e our eyes by _! writt5 hi/ory1 &1 ) ! /amp ( inn] tru?1 by art1 we mu/ bani% ! d>k impression ( t no?+ness :i* we disc]n beh9d all virtue & hol9ess z _! f9al goal1 & :i* we fe> z *ildr5 fe> ! d>k2 we mu/ n ev5 evade x l ! ,indians1 ?r\gh my?s & mean+less words1 su* z reabsorption 9 ,brahma or ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,r d we freely ackn[l$ge t :at rema9s aft] ! entire abolition ( w is = all ^? :o are /ill full ( w c]ta9ly no?+2 b1 conv]sely1 to ^? 9 :om ! w has turn$ & has d5i$ itself1 ?is our _w1 :i* is s real1 ) all its suns & milky-ways--is no?+47#ib7 ,,footnotes #a ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi4 #b ,! ,hegelian ,philosophy4 #c ,fi*te & ,s*ell+4 #d ,hegel4 #e ,kant is ! only writ] :o has confus$ ?is idea ( reason1 & 9 ?is connection ,i ref] ! read] to ! ,app5dix1 & also to my 8,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik03 ,grundl4 dd4 ,moral4 #f1 pp4 #adh-aed1 fir/ & second editions4 #f ,mira 9 quibusdam rebus v]borum proprietas e/1 et consuetudo s]monis antiqui qudam efficacissimis notis signat4 ,s5eca1 epi/4 #ha4 #g ,x is %[n 9 ! ,app5dix t matt] & sub/ance are "o4 #h ,?is %[s ! gr\nd ( ! ,kantian explanation ( matt]1 t x is 8t :i* is movable 9 space10 = motion consi/s simply 9 ! union ( space & "t4 #i ,n1 z ,kant holds1 f ! k ( "t1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 #aj ,on ?is see 8,! ,f\rfold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason10 #di4 #aa ,! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( ! fir/ ( ! supplem5t>y books belong to ^! sev5 p>agraphs4 #ab ,comp>e ) ?is p>agraph #bf & #bg ( ! ?ird edition ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 #ac ,cf4 ,*4 #e & #f ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ad ,cf4 ,*4 #i & #aj ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ae ,cf4 ,*4 #aa ( ,supplem5t4 #af ,i am !re=e ( op9ion t a sci5ce ( physiognomy _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 g fur!r ?an to lay d[n a few q g5]al rules4 ,= example1 ! intellectual qualities are to be read 9 ! =ehead & ! eyes2 ! moral qualities1 ! expression ( w1 9 ! m\? & l[] "p ( ! face4 ,! =ehead & ! eyes int]pret ea* o!r2 ei!r ( !m se5 alone c only be half und]/ood4 ,g5ius is nev] )\t a high1 broad1 f9ely-ar*$ br[2 b su* a br[ (t5 occurs :]e !re is no g5ius4 ,a clev]-look+ p]son may ! m c]ta9ly be judg$ to be s ! ugli] ! face is2 & a /upid-look+ p]son may ! m c]ta9ly be judg$ to be /upid ! m beautiful ! face is2 = beauty1 z ! approximation to ! type ( humanity1 c>ries 9 & = itself ! expression ( m5tal cle>ness2 ! opposite is ! case ) ugl9ess1 & s =?4 #ag ,cf4 ,*4 #g ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ah ,cf4 ,*4 #h ( ,supplem5t4 #ai ,su>ez1 ,disput4 ,metaphysic1 disp4 iii4 sect4 #c1 tit4 #c4 #bj ,cf4 ,*4 #ab ( ,supplem5t4 #ba ,! read] mu/ n ?9k "h ( ,kant's misuse ( ^! ,greek t]ms1 :i* is condemn$ 9 ! ,app5dix4 #bb ,sp9oza1 :o always boa/s t he proce$s m geometrico1 has actually done s m ?an he himself 0 aw>e4 ,= :at he knew ) c]ta9ty & decision f ! imm$iate1 p]ceptive appreh5sion ( ! nature ( ! _w1 he seeks to demon/rate logically )\t ref]5ce to ?is k4 ,he only arrives at ! int5d$ & pr$et]m9$ result by />t+ f arbitr>y concepts fram$ by himself 7sub/antia causa sui1 c471 & 9 ! demon/rations he all[s himself all ! fre$om ( *oice = :i* ! nature ( ! wide concept-sph]es af=d su* conv5i5t opportunity4 ,t 8 doctr9e is true & excell5t is !re=e 9 8 case1 z 9 t ( geometry1 q indep5d5t ( ! demon/rations ( x4 ,cf4 *4 #ac ( supplem5t>y volume4 #bc ,cf4 ,*4 #ag ( ,supplem5t4 #bd ,omnes p]turbationes judicio c5s5t fi]i et op9ione4 ,cic4 ,tusc41 #d1 #f4 1 7,p]turbant hom9es non res ips1 s$ de rebus op9iones74 ,epictet41 c4 v4 #be 1 7,hc e/ causa mortalibus omnium malorum1 non posse communes notiones apt>e s+ul>ibus74 ,epict4 diss]t41 ii41 #bf4 #bf ,cf4 ,*4 #af ( ,supplem5t4 #bg ,cf4 ,*4 xviii4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #bh ,we c ?us by no means agree ) ,bacon if he 7,de ,augm4 ,sci5t41 ,l4 iv4 9 f9e47 ?9ks t all me*anical & physical movem5t ( bodies has always be5 prec$$ by p]ception 9 ^! bodies2 ?\gh a glimm]+ ( tru? lies at ! bottom ( ?is false proposition4 ,?is is also ! case ) ,kepl]'s op9ion1 express$ 9 8 essay ,de ,planeta ,m>tis1 t ! planets mu/ h k 9 ord] to keep _! elliptical c\rses s correctly1 & to regulate ! velocity ( _! motion s t ! triangle ( ! plane ( _! c\rse always rema9s proportional to ! "t 9 :i* !y pass ?r\gh its base4 #bi ,cf4 ,*4 xix4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #cj ,cf4 ,*4 xx4 ( ! ,supplem5t1 & also 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 ! *apt]s on ,physiology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 :]e ! subject ,i h only t\*$ ^u "h is fully discuss$4 #ca ,?is is specially treat$ 9 ! #bg? ,*4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #cb ,?is subject is fully work$ out 9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w1 9 :i* !re=e 7pp4 #bi-dd ( ! 8,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik07 ! relation ( cause1 /imulus1 & motive has also be5 fully expla9$4 #cc ,cf4 ,*4 xxiii4 ( ! ,supplem5t1 & also ! ,*4 on ! physiology ( plants 9 my "w 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 & ! ,*4 on physical a/ronomy1 :i* is ( great importance ) reg>d to ! k]nel ( my metaphysic4 #cd ,w5zel1 ,de ,/ructura ,c]ebri ,hom9is et ,brutorum1 #ahab1 *4 iii42 ,cuvi]1 ,leons d',anat41 comp4 leon #i1 arts4 #d & #e2 ,vic4 d',azyr1 ,hi/4 de l',acad4 de ,sc4 de ,p>is1 #aghc1 pp4 #dgj & #dhc4 #ce ,on ! #af? ( ,septemb] #ahdj1 at a lecture ^u ,egyptian ,ar*ology deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,pettigrew at ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itute ( ,london1 he %[$ "s corns ( :eat :i* ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son _h f\nd 9 a grave at ,!bes1 9 :i* !y mu/ h la9 = ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 an h]metically seal$ vase4 ,mr4 ,pettigrew _h s[$ twelve gra9s1 & obta9$ a plant :i* grew five feet high1 & ! se$s ( :i* 7 n[ q ripe4--,times1 #ba/ ,septemb] #ahdj4 ,9 ! same way 9 #ahcj ,mr4 ,haulton produc$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,botanical ,society ( ,london a bulb\s root :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! h& ( an ,egyptian mummy1 9 :i* x 0 probably put 9 obs]vance ( "s religi\s rite1 & :i* mu/ h be5 at lea/ two ?\s& ye>s old4 ,he _h plant$ x 9 a fl[]-pot1 9 :i* x grew up & fl\ri%$4 ,?is is quot$ f ! ,m$ical ,j\rnal ( #ahcj 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 ,octob] #ahcj1 p4 #aif4--8;,9 ! g>d5 ( ,mr4 ,grim/one ( ! ,h]b>ium1 ,highgate1 ,london1 is a pea 9 full fruit1 :i* has sprung f a pea t ,mr4 ,pettigrew & ! (ficials ( ! ,briti% ,museum took out ( a vase :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 an ,egyptian s>cophagus1 :]e x mu/ h la9 #bhdd ye>s40--,times1 #af? ,augu/ #ahdd4 ,inde$1 ! liv+ toads f\nd 9 lime/one lead to ! conclusion t ev5 animal life is capable ( su* a susp5sion = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 if ?is is begun 9 ! dormant p]iod & ma9ta9$ by special circum/ances4 #cf ,cf4 ,*ap4 xxii4 ( ! ,supplem5t1 & also my "w 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 p4 #ed et seq41 & pp4 #gj-gi ( ! fir/ edition1 or p4 #df et seq41 & pp4 #fc-gb ( ! second1 or p4 #dh et seq41 & pp4 #fi-gg ( ! ?ird edition4 #cg ,! ,s*ola/ics !re=e said v truly3 ,causa f9alis movet non secundum suum esse reale1 s$ secundum esse cognitum4 ,cf4 ,su>ez1 ,disp4 ,metaph4 disp4 xxiii41 sec4 #g & #h4 #ch ,cf4 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,solution ( ! ,cosmological ,ideas ( ! ,totality ( ! ,d$uction ( ! ,ev5ts 9 ! ,univ]se10 pp4 #efj-ehf ( ! fif?1 & p4 #ecb & foll[+ ( fir/ edition2 & 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 f\r? edition1 pp4 #afi-agi2 ,ros5kranz' edition1 p4 #bbd & foll[+4 ,cf4 my ,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 #dc4 #ci ,cf4 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 at ! end ( ! section on ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 #dj ,cf4 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 ! section on ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 #da ,*at91 ,sur la ,valisn]ia ,spiralis1 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 de ,sc41 ,no4 #ac1 #ahee4 #db ,cf4 ,*aps4 xxvi4 & xxvii4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #dc ,cf4 ,*ap4 xxviii4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #dd ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi4 #de ,see = example1 8,immanuel ,kant1 a ,rem9isc5ce1 by ,fr4 ,b\t]weck10 pg4 #di1 & ,buhle's 8,hi/ory ( ,philosophy10 vol4 vi4 pp4 #hjb-hae & #hbc4 #df ,cf4 ,*ap4 xxix4 ( ,supplem5t4 #dg ,i also recomm5d ! p]usal ( :at ,sp9oza says 9 8 ,e?ics 7,book ,,ii41 ,prop4 #dj1 ,s*ol4 #b1 & ,book ,v41 ,props4 #be-ch71 conc]n+ ! cognitio t]tii g5]is1 sive intuitiva1 9 illu/ration ( ! k9d ( k we are consid]+1 & v specially ,prop4 #bi1 ,s*ol42 prop4 #cf1 ,s*ol41 & ,prop4 #ch1 ,demon/4 et ,s*ol4 #dh ,cf4 ,*ap4 xxx4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #di ,?is la/ s5t5ce _c be und]/ood )\t "s acqua9tance ) ! next book4 #ej ,cf4 ,*ap4 xxxi4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ea ,i am all ! m delight$ & a/oni%$1 =ty ye>s aft] ,i s timidly & hesitat+ly advanc$ ?is ?\ght1 to discov] t x has already be5 express$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ,arbu/a =mas suas v>ias1 quibus mundi hujus visibilis /ructura =mosa e/1 s5ti5das s5sibus praeb5t2 ut1 pro eo quod ,,nosse non possunt1 quasi ,,innotesc]e velle videantur4--,de civ4 ,dei1 xi4 #bg4 #eb ,cf4 ,*ap4 #ce ( ,supplem5t4 #ec ,jakob ,bhm 9 8 book1 8de ,signatura ,r]um10 *4 i41 #ac-ae1 says1 8,!re is no?+ 9 nature t does n manife/ its int]nal =m ext]nally2 = ! int]nal cont9ually lab\rs to manife/ itself4444 ,ev]y?+ has its language by :i* to reveal itself4444 ,& ?is is ! language ( nature :5 ev]y?+ speaks out ( its own prop]ty1 & cont9ually manife/s & decl>es itself1 444 = ea* ?+ reveals its "m1 :i* ?us gives ! ess5ce & ! w to ! =m40 #ed ,! la/ s5t5ce is ! ,g]man ( ! il n'y a que l'esprit qui s5te l'esprit1 ( ,helvetius4 ,9 ! fir/ edition !re 0 no occasion to po9t ?is out1 b s9ce !n ! age has become s degrad$ & ignorant ?r\gh ! /upefy+ influ5ce ( ! ,hegelian sophi/ry1 t "s might q likely say t an anti!sis 0 int5d$ "h betwe5 8_s & nature40 ,i am !re=e oblig$ to gu>d myself 9 express t]ms aga9/ ! suspicion ( su* vulg> sophisms4 #ee ,?is digression is work$ out m fully 9 ! #cf? ,*apt] ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ef ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is passage x is necess>y to h read ! :ole ( ! next book4 #eg ,app>5t r>i1 nantes 9 gurgite va/o4 #eh ,cf4 ,*4 xxxiv4 ( ,supplem5t4 #ei ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t :]ev] ,i speak ( poets ,i ref] exclusively to t r>e ph5om5on ! great true poet4 ,i mean no "o else2 lea/ ( all t dull insipid tribe1 ! m$iocre poets1 rhym/]s1 & inv5tors ( fables1 t fl\ri%es s luxuriantly at ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many4 ,!y ought r to h ! words %\t$ 9 _! e>s unceas+ly f all sides-- ,m$iocribus esse potis ,non hom9es1 non ,d1 non concess]e column4 ,x is wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation :at an am\nt ( "t--bo? _! own & o!r p's--& pap] is lo/ by ?is sw>m ( m$iocre poets1 & h[ injuri\s is _! influ5ce4 ,= ! public always seizes on :at is new1 & has naturally a great] pron5ess to :at is p]v]se & dull z ak9 to itself4 ,!re=e ^! works ( ! m$iocre poets draw x away & hold x back f ! true ma/]pieces & ! education !y af=d1 & ?us work+ 9 direct antagonism to ! b5ign influ5ce ( g5ius1 !y ru9 ta/e m & m1 & ret>d ! progress ( ! age4 ,su* poets %\ld !re=e be sc\rg$ ) criticism & satire )\t indulg5ce or sympa?y till !y are induc$1 = _! own good1 to apply _! muse r to read+ :at is good ?an to writ+ :at is bad4 ,= if ! bungl+ ( ! incompet5t s rais$ ! wra? ( ! g5tle ,apollo t he c\ld flay ,m>syas1 ,i d n see on :at ! m$iocre poets w base _! claim to tol]ance4 #fj ,cf4 ,*4 xxxviii4 ( ,supplem5t4 #fa ,cf4 ,*4 xxxvii4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #fb ,leibnitii epi/ol1 collectio ,kor?olti1 ep4 #aed4 #fc ,cf4 ,*4 xxxix4 ( ,supplem5t4 #fd ,! foll[+ rem>k may assi/ ^? = :om x is n too subtle to und]/& cle>ly t ! individual is only ! ph5om5on1 n ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,e individual is1 on ! "o h&1 ! subject ( kn[+1 i4e41 ! complem5tal condition ( ! possibility ( ! :ole objective _w1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a p>ticul> ph5om5on ( w1 ! same w :i* objectifies itself 9 ev]y?+4 ,b ?is d\ble nature ( our be+ does n re/ ^u a self-exi/+ unity1 o!rwise x w\ld be possible = u to be consci\s ( ourselves 9 ourselves1 & indep5d5t ( ! objects ( k & w4 ,n[ ?is is by no means possible1 = z soon z we turn into ourselves to make ! attempt1 & seek = once to "k ourselves fully by means ( introspective reflection1 we are lo/ 9 a bottomless void2 we f9d ourselves l ! holl[ glass globe1 f out ( :i* a voice speaks ^: cause is n to be f\nd 9 x1 & :]eas we desir$ to compreh5d ourselves1 we f9d1 ) a %udd]1 no?+ b a vani%+ spectre4 #fe 8,s*ola/ici docu]unt1 quod t]nitas non sit temporis s9e f9e aut pr9cipio successio2 s$ ,nunc /ans1 i4e41 idem nobis ,nunc esse1 quod erat ,nunc ,adamo1 i4e41 int] nunc et tunc nullam esse diff]5tiam40--,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 c4 #df4 #ff ,9 ,eck]mann's 8,conv]sations ( ,goe!0 7vol4 i4 p4 #afa71 ,goe! says3 8,our _s is a be+ ( a nature q inde/ructible1 & its activity cont9ues f et]nity to et]nity4 ,x is l ! sun1 :i* seems to set only to our e>?ly eyes1 b :i*1 9 reality1 nev] sets1 b %9es on unceas+ly40 ,goe! has tak5 ! simile f me2 n ,i f him4 ,)\t d\bt he us$ x 9 ?is conv]sation1 :i* 0 held 9 #ahbd1 9 consequ5ce ( a 7possibly unconsci\s7 rem9isc5ce ( ! above passage1 = x occurs 9 ! fir/ edition1 p4 #dja1 9 exactly ! same words1 & x is also repeat$ at p4 #ebh ( t edition1 z at ! close ( #fe ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! fir/ edition 0 s5t to him 9 ,decemb] #ahah1 & 9 ,m>* #ahai1 :5 ,i 0 at ,naples1 he s5t me 8 congratulations by lett]1 ?r\gh my si/]1 & enclos$ a piece ( pap] ^u :i* he _h not$ ! places ( c]ta9 passages :i* _h specially pleas$ him4 ,?us he _h read my book4 #fg ,?is is express$ 9 ! ,v$a by say+1 t :5 a man dies 8 sight becomes "o ) ! sun1 8 smell ) ! e>?1 8 ta/e ) wat]1 8 he>+ ) ! air1 8 spee* ) fire1 c41 c4 7,oupnek'hat1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdi et seq47 ,& also by ! fact t1 9 a special c]emony1 ! dy+ man gives ov] 8 s5ses & all 8 faculties s+ly to 8 son1 9 :om !y are n[ suppos$ to live on 7,oupnek'hat1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb et seq47 #fh ,cf4 ,*ap4 xli4-xliv4 ( ,supplem5t4 #fi 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 fir/ edition1 pp4 #ecb-eeh2 fif? edition1 pp4 #efj-ehf2 & 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 f\r? edition1 pp4 #afi-agi2 ,ros5kranz's edition1 pp4 #bbd-bca4 #gj ,c>t4 ,m$it4 #d4--,sp94 ,e?41 pt4 ii4 prop4 #dh et #di1 ct4 #ga ,h]odot4 vii4 #df4 #gb ,cf4 ,*4 xlvi4 ( ,supplem5t4 #gc ,cf4 ,*4 xlv4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #gd ,?us ! basis ( natural "r ( prop]ty does n require ! assumption ( two gr\nds ( "r beside ea* o!r1 t bas$ on det5tion & t bas$ on =mation2 b ! latt] is itself suffici5t4 ,only ! "n =mation is n v suitable1 = ! sp5d+ ( any lab\r ^u a ?+ does n ne$ to be a =m+ or fa%ion+ ( x4 #ge ,! fur!r exposition ( ! philosophy ( law "h laid d[n w be f\nd 9 my prize-essay1 8,ueb] das ,fundam5t d] ,moral10 #ag1 pp4 #bba-bcj ( #a/ ed41 pp4 #baf-bbf ( #b;d ed4 #gf ,cf4 ,*4 xlvii4 ( ,supplem5t4 #gg ,oupnek'hat1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj et seq4 #gh ,t ,spani% bi%op :o1 9 ! la/ w>1 poison$ bo? himself & ! ,fr5* g5]als at 8 own table1 is an in/ance ( ?is2 & also v>i\s incid5ts 9 t w>4 ,examples are also to be f\nd 9 ,montaigne1 ,bk4 ii4 *4 #ab4 #gi ,obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t :at gives e positive sy/em ( religion its great /r5g?1 ! po9t ( contact ?r\gh :i* x takes possession ( ! s\l1 is entirely its e?ical side4 ,n1 h[ev]1 ! e?ical side directly z su*1 b z x appe>s firmly unit$ & int]wov5 ) ! elem5t ( my?ical dogma :i* is pres5t 9 e sy/em ( religion1 & z intelligible only by means ( ?is4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t al?\gh ! e?ical significance ( action _c be expla9$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 yet s9ce e my?us foll[s ?is pr9ciple1 believ]s reg>d ! e?ical significance ( action z q insep>able1 & inde$ z absolutely id5tical1 & reg>d e attack ^u ! my?us z an attack ^u "r & virtue4 ,?is goes s f> t among mono!i/ic nations a!ism or godlessness has become synonym\s ) ! abs5ce ( all morality4 ,to ! prie/s su* confusions ( conceptions are welcome1 & only 9 consequ5ce ( !m c\ld t horrible mon/rosity fanaticism arise & gov]n1 n m]ely s+le individuals :o happ5 to be specially p]v]se & bad1 b :ole nations1 & f9ally embody itself 9 ! ,we/]n _w z ! ,inquisition 7to ! hon\r ( mank9d be x said t ?is only happ5$ once 9 _! hi/ory71 :i*1 accord+ to ! late/ & mo/ au!ntic acc\nts1 9 ,madrid alone 79 ! re/ ( ,spa9 !re 7 _m m su* ecclesia/ical d5s ( murd]]s7 9 #cjj ye>s put #cjj1jjj human be+s to a pa9ful dea? at ! /ake on !ological gr\nds--a fact ( :i* e zealot ought to be rem9d$ :5ev] he beg9s to make himself he>d4 #hj ,! ,*ur* w\ld say t ^! are m]ely op]a op]ata1 :i* d n avail unless grace gives ! fai? :i* leads to ! new bir?4 ,b ( ?is f>!r on4 #ha ,! "r ( man ov] ! life & p[]s ( ! brutes re/s on ! fact t1 because ) ! gr[+ cle>ness ( consci\sness suff]+ increases 9 l measure2 ! pa9 :i* ! brute suff]s ?r\gh dea? or "w is n s great z man w\ld suff] by m]ely d5y+ himself ! fle%1 or ! p[]s ( ! brutes4 ,!re=e man may c>ry ! ass]tion ( 8 exi/5ce to ! ext5t ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ! brute1 & ! w to live z a :ole endures less suff]+ 9 ?is way ?an if ! opposite c\rse 7 adopt$4 ,?is at once det]m9es ! ext5t ( ! use man may make ( ! p[]s ( ! brutes )\t wrong2 a limit1 h[ev]1 :i* is (t5 transgress$1 especially 9 ! case ( bea/s ( burd5 & dogs us$ 9 ! *ase2 to :i* ! activity ( societies = ! prev5tion ( cruelty to animals is pr9cipally devot$4 ,9 my op9ion1 t "r does n ext5d to vivisection1 p>ticul>ly ( ! high] animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! insect does n suff] s mu* ?r\gh its dea? z a man suff]s f its /+4 ,! ,h9dus d n und]/& ?is4 #hb ,z ,i w&] sunk 9 ?\ght1 s /rong a sympa?y ) myself comes ov] me t ,i mu/ (t5 weep al\d1 :i* o!rwise ,i am n wont to d4 #hc ,cf4 ,*4 xlvii4 ( ,supplem5t4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem9d ! read] t ! :ole e?ical doctr9e giv5 9 outl9e 9 #fa-fg has be5 expla9$ fully & 9 detail 9 my prize-essay on ! f\ndation ( morals4 #hd ,?is ?\ght is express$ by a beautiful simile 9 ! anci5t philosophical ,sanscrit writ+1 8,sankhya ,k>ica30 8,yet ! s\l rema9s a :ile inve/$ ) body2 z ! pott]'s :eel cont9ues :irl+ aft] ! pot has be5 fa%ion$1 by =ce ( ! impulse previ\sly giv5 to x4 ,:5 sep>ation ( ! in=m$ s\l f its corporeal frame at l5g? takes place & nature 9 respect ( x ceases1 !n is absolute & f9al deliv]ance accompli%$40 ,colebrooke1 8,on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,h9dus3 ,miscellane\s ,essays10 vol i4 p4 #bga4 ,also 9 ! 8,sankhya ,k>ica by ,horace ,wilson10 #fg1 p4 #ahd4 #he ,see1 = example1 8,oupnek'hat1 /udio ,anquetil du ,p]ron10 vol4 ii41 ,nos4 #ach1 #add1 #ade1 #adf4 8,my?ologie des ,ind\s10 p> ,mad4 de ,poli]1 vol4 ii41 *4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4 8,asiatis*es ,magaz910 by ,klapro?3 9 ! fir/ volume1 8,ueb] die ,fo-,religion10 also 8,baghnat ,geeta0 or 8,gespr*e zwis*5 ,kri%na und ,arjoon20 9 ! second volume1 8,moha-,mudgava40 ,also1 8,in/itutes ( ,h9du ,law1 or ! ,ord9ances ( ,manu10 f ! ,sanscrit1 by ,sir ,william ,jones 7,g]man by ,httn]1 #agig71 especially ! six? & twelf? *apt]s4 ,f9ally1 _m passages 9 ! 8,asiatic ,rese>*es40 7,9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ,indian lit]ature has gr[n s mu* 9 ,europe1 t if ,i 7 n[ to complete ?is note to ! fir/ edition1 x w\ld occupy sev]al pages47 #hf ,at ! procession ( ,jaggana? 9 ,june #ahdj1 elev5 ,h9dus ?rew !mselves "u ! :eels1 & 7 in/antly kill$4 7,lett] ( an ,ea/ ,indian proprietor 9 ! ,times ( #cj? ,decemb] #ahdj47 #hg ,on cf4 ,/ob4 ,floril41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd4 #hh ,bruck]i ,hi/4 ,philos41 tomi iv4 p>s4 i4 p4 #aj4 #hi ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,"p ii4 act #c1 sc4 #c4 #ij ,cf4 ,*4 xlviii4 ( ! ,supplem5t4 #ia ,h[ truly ?is is ! case may be se5 f ! fact t all ! contradictions & inconceivabilities conta9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian dogmatics1 consi/5tly sy/ematis$ by ,augu/9e1 :i* h l$ to ! ,pelagian insipidity :i* is oppos$ to !m1 vani% z soon z we ab/ract f ! fundam5tal ,jewi% dogma1 & recognize t man is n ! "w ( ano!r1 b ( 8 own w4 ,!n all is at once cle> & correct3 !n !re is no ne$ ( fre$om 9 ! op]>i1 = x lies 9 ! esse2 & !re also lies ! s9 z orig9al s94 ,! "w ( grace is1 h[ev]1 our own4 ,to ! rationali/ic po9t ( view ( ! day1 on ! contr>y1 _m doctr9es ( ! ,augu/9ian dogmatics1 f\nd$ on ! ,new ,te/am5t1 appe> q unt5able1 & inde$ revolt+2 = example1 pr$e/9ation4 ,accord+ly ,*ri/ianity prop] is reject$1 & a return is made to crude ,judaism4 ,b ! miscalculation or ! orig9al weakness ( ,*ri/ian dogmatics lies--:]e x is nev] s\ght--precisely 9 t :i* is )drawn f all inve/igation z e/abli%$ & c]ta94 ,take ?is away & ! :ole ( dogmatics is rational2 = ?is dogma de/roys !ology z x does all o!r sci5ces4 ,if any "o /udies ! ,augu/9ian !ology 9 ! books 8,de ,civitate ,dei0 7especially 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,book71 he exp]i5ces some?+ analog\s to ! feel+ ( "o :o tries to make a body /& ^: c5tre ( gravity falls outside x2 h[ev] he may turn x & place x1 x always tumbles ov] aga94 ,s "h1 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts & sophisms ( ,augu/9e1 ! guilt & mis]y ( ! _w always falls back on ,god1 :o made ev]y?+ & ev]y?+ t is 9 ev]y?+1 & also knew h[ all ?+s w\ld g4 ,t ,augu/9e himself 0 consci\s ( ! difficulty1 & puzzl$ by x1 ,i h already %[n 9 my prize-essay on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w 7*4 iv4 pp4 #ff-fh ( ! fir/ & second editions74 ,9 ! same way1 ! contradiction betwe5 ! goodness ( ,god & ! mis]y ( ! _w1 & also betwe5 ! fre$om ( ! w & ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 is ! inexhau/ible !me ( a controv]sy :i* la/$ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s betwe5 ! ,c>tesians1 ,malebran*e1 ,leibnitz1 ,bayle1 ,cl>ke1 ,arnauld1 & _m o!rs4 ,! only dogma :i* 0 reg>d$ z fix$ by all p>ties 0 ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 & !y all unceas+ly move 9 a circle1 because !y seek to br+ ^! ?+s into h>mony1 i4e41 to solve a sum t w n come "r1 b always %[s a rema9d] at "s new place :5ev] we h conceal$ x else:]e4 ,b x does n occur to any "o to seek = ! s\rce ( ! difficulty 9 ! fundam5tal assumption1 al?\gh x palpably obtrudes itself4 ,bayle alone %[s t he saw ?is4 #ib ,?is is also j ! ,prajna--,p>amita ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ! 8beyond all k10 i4e41 ! po9t at :i* subject & object are no m4 7,cf4 ,j4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 8,ueb] das ,mahajana und ,prats*na-,p>amita407