99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z li/$ ne> ! end ( ?is text4 ,text 9 italics is %[n l ?is4 ,text emphasiz$ ) bold *>act]s or o!r treatm5t is %[n l ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gas-,eng9es & ,produc]-,gas ,plants ,a ,,practice ,,treatise ,,sett+ ,,=? ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gas-,,eng9es ,,& ,,produc] ,,design1 ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,in/allation ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e1 ,,conditions ,,( ,,p]fect ,,op]ation1 ,,produc]-,,gas ,,eng9es ,,& ,,_! ,,possibilities1 ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,gas-,,eng9es ,,& ,,produc]-,,gas ,,plants1 ,,) ,a ,,*apt] ,,on ,,volatile ,,hydroc>bon ,,& ,,oil ,,eng9es ,,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,ma?ot1 ,m4,e4 ,memb] ( ! ,societe des ,+5ieurs ,civils de ,france1 ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,association des ,+5ieurs de l',ecole des ,m9es du ,ha9aut ( ,brussels ,,translat$ ,,f ,,orig9al ,,fr5* ,,manuscript ,,by ,,waldem> ,b4 ,,kaempff]t ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,dugald ,,cl]k1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,munn ,,company ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican #cfa ,,broadway #aije ,,preface ,,to ,,ma?ot',s ,,gas-,,eng9es ,,& ,,produc]-,,gas ,,plants ,,by ,,dugald ,,cl]k1 ,m4 ,,in/4,c4,e41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,mr4 ,ma?ot1 ! au?or ( ?is int]e/+ "w1 is a well-kn[n ,belgian eng9e]1 :o has devot$ himself to te/+ & report+ ^u gas & oil eng9es1 gas produc]s & gas plants g5]ally = _m ye>s pa/4 ,i h _h ! pleasure ( kn[+ ,mr4 ,ma?ot = _m ye>s1 & h inspect$ gas-eng9es ) him4 ,i h be5 mu* /ruck ) ! ability & c>e :i* he has devot$ to ?is subject4 ,i "k ( no eng9e] m compet5t to deal ) ! _m m9ute po9ts :i* occur 9 ! in/allation & runn+ ( gas & oil eng9es4 ,i h read ?is book ) mu* int]e/ & pleasure1 & ,i consid] t x deals effectively & fully ) all ! pr9cipal detail po9ts 9 ! in/allation1 op]ation1 & te/+ ( ^! eng9es4 ,i "k ( no "w :i* has gone s fully into ! details ( gas-eng9e in/allation & up-keep4 ,! "w cle>ly po9ts out all ! matt]s :i* h to be att5d$ to 9 gett+ ! be/ "w f any gas-eng9e "u ! v>y+ circum/ances ( diff]5t in/allations & conditions4 ,9 my view1 ! book is a mo/ useful "o1 :i* des]ves1 & no d\bt w obta91 a wide public recognition4 ,,dugald ,,cl]k4 ,m>*1 #aije4 ,,introduction ,! con/antly increas+ use ( gas-eng9es 9 ! la/ decade has l$ to ! inv5tion ( a great numb] ( types1 ! op]ation & c>e ( :i* necessitate a special practical k t is n exact$ by o!r motors1 su* z /eam-eng9es4 ,explosion-eng9es1 driv5 by illum9at+-gas1 produc]-gas1 oil1 b5z91 alcohol & ! l1 exact mu* m c>e 9 _! op]ation & adju/m5t ?an /eam-eng9es4 ,inde$1 /eam-eng9es are regul>ly subject$ to comp>atively l[ pressures4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! cyl9d]s1 moreov]1 is mod]ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! explosion-motor is irregul>ly subject$ to high & l[ pressures4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gases at ! mom5t ( explosion is exce$+ly high4 ,x is consequ5tly necess>y to resort to artificial means = cool+ ! cyl9d]2 & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is cool+ is effect$ has a v great influ5ce on ! op]ation ( ! motor4 ,if ! cool+ be effect$ too rapidly1 ! quantity ( gas consum$ is consid]ably increas$2 if ! cool+ be effect$ too sl[ly1 ! motor p>ts w quickly det]iorate4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! gas consumption to a m9imum1 a matt] :i* is p>ticul>ly important :5 ! motor is driv5 by /reet-gas1 ! explosive mixture is compress$ be=e ignition4 ,only if all ! p>ts are built ) jo9ts absolutely gas-tight is x possible to obta9 ?is compression4 ,! slighte/ leakage pa/ ! valves or ar\nd ! pi/on w s5sibly increase ! consumption4 ,! mixture %\ld be explod$ at ! exact mom5t ! pi/on />ts on its work+ /roke4 ,if ignition occurs too soon or too late1 ! result w be a m>k$ dim9ution 9 ! useful effect produc$ by ! expansion ( ! gas4 ,all ignition devices are compos$ ( delicate p>ts1 :i* _c be too well c>$ =4 ,x foll[s f :at has ?us f> be5 said t ! causes ( p]turbation are m num]\s 9 a gas ?an 9 a /eam eng9e2 t ) a gas-eng9e1 improp] c>e w lead to a mu* great] increase 9 consumption ?an ) a /eam-eng9e1 & w cause a wa/e 9 p[] :i* w\ld h>dly be appreciable 9 /eam-eng9es1 :e!r _! jo9ts be tight or n4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is manual to indicate ! m elem5t>y precautions to be tak5 9 ! c>e ( an eng9e op]at+ "u normal conditions1 & to expla9 h[ repairs %\ld be made to rem$y ! injuries caus$ by accid5ts4 ,eng9es :i* are ( less ?an #bjj horse-p[] & :i* are widely us$ 9 a small way w be prim>ily consid]$4 ,9 ano!r "w ! au?or w discuss m p[]ful eng9es4 ,be=e consid]+ ! *oice1 in/allation1 & op]ation ( a gas-eng9e1 x w be ( int]e/ to asc]ta9 ! relative co/ ( diff]5t k9ds ( motive p[]4 ,disreg>d+ special reasons :i* may favor ! "o or ! o!r me?od ( g5]at+ p[]1 ! net co/ p] horse-p[] h\r w be consid]$ 9 ea* case 9 ord] to %[ :i* is ! lea/ exp5sive me?od ( g5]at+ p[] 9 ord9>y circum/ances4 ,r4 ,e4 ,,ma?ot4 ,,m>*1 #aije4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,motive ,,p[] ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,in/allation #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,selection ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,! ,otto ,cycle4--,! ,fir/ ,p]iod4--,! ,second ,p]iod4--,! ,?ird ,p]iod4--,! ,f\r? ,p]iod4--,valve ,me*anism4--,ignition4-- ,inc&esc5t ,tubes4--,electric ,ignition4--,electric ,ignition by ,batt]y & ,induction-,coil4--,ignition by ,magnetos4--,! ,pi/on4-- ,arrangem5t ( ! ,cyl9d]4--,! ,frame4--,fly-,:eels4--,/raight & ,curv$ ,spoke ,fly-,:eels4--,! ,crank-,%aft4--,cams1 ,roll]s1 etc4--,be>+s4--,/ead9ess4--,gov]nors4--, v]tical ,eng9es4-- ,p[] ( an ,eng9e4--,automatic ,/>t+ #ba ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,in/allation ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,location4--,gas-,pipes4--,dry ,met]s4--,wet ,met]s4--,anti-,pulsators1 ,bags1 ,pressure-,regulators4--,precautions4--, air ,suction4-- ,exhau/4--,legal ,au?orization #fi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,f\ndation ,,& ,,exhau/ ,! ,f\ndation ,mat]ials4--,vibration4--,air ,vibration1 etc4-- ,exhau/ ,noises #hg ,,*apt] ,v ,,wat] ,,circulation ,runn+ ,wat]4--,wat]-,tanks4--,cool]s #ih ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lubrication ,quality ( ,oils4--,types ( ,lubricators #aaa ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conditions ,,( ,,p]fect ,,op]ation ,g5]al ,c>e4--,lubrication4--,tightness ( ! ,cyl9d]4-- ,valve-,regr9d+4--,be>+s4--,cros%ead4--, gov]nor4--,jo9ts4-- ,wat] ,circulation4--,adju/m5t #aba ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h[ ,,to ,,/>t ,,an ,,eng9e4--,,prelim9>y ,,precautions ,c>e dur+ ,op]ation4--,/opp+ ! ,eng9e #abh ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,p]turbations ,,9 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,_! ,,rem$y ,difficulties 9 ,/>t+4--,faulty ,compression4--,pressure ( ,wat] 9 ! ,cyl9d]4--,imp]fect ,ignition4--,electric ,ignition by ,batt]y or ,magneto4--,premature ,ignition4--,untimely ,detonations4--,ret>d$ ,explosions4--,lo/ ,motion 9 ,mov+ ,p>ts4--,ov]heat$ ,be>+s4--,ov]heat+ ( ! ,cyl9d]4-- ,ov]heat+ ( ! ,pi/on4--,smoke aris+ f ! ,cyl9d]4-- ,back ,pressure to ! ,exhau/4--,sudd5 ,/ops #acd ,,*apt] ,x ,,produc]-,,gas ,,eng9es ,high ,compression4--,cool+4--,premature ,ignition4--,! ,gov]n+ ( ,eng9es #aec ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,produc]-,,gas ,/reet-,gas4--,composition ( ,produc]-,gases4--,symptoms ( ,asphyxiation4--,gradual1 ,rapid ,asphyxiation4--,sl[1 ,*ronic ,asphyxiation4--,fir/ ,aid 9 ,cases ( ,c>bon ,monoxide ,poison+4--,sylve/] ,me?od4--,pac9i ,me?od4--,impurities ( ! ,gases #afe ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,pressure ,,gas-,,produc]s ,d[son ,produc]4--,g5]ators4--,air-,bla/4--,bl[ ]s4--,fans4-- ,compressors4--,exhau/]s4--,wa%+ & ,purify+4-- ,gas-,hold]4--,lignite & ,peat ,produc]s4--,di/ill+-,produc]s4-- ,produc]s ,us+ ,wood ,wa/e1 ,sawdu/1 & ! l4-- ,combu/ion-,g5]ators4--,inv]t$ ,combu/ion #agd ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,suction ,,gas-,,produc]s ,advantages4--,qualities ( ,fuel4--,g5]al ,arrangem5t4-- ,g5]ator4--,cyl9drical ,body4--,refractory ,l9+4--,grate & ,support = ! ,l9+4--,a%-pit4--,*>g+-,box4-- ,slide-,valve4--,cock4--,fe$-,hopp]4--,c onnection ( ,p>ts4--,air ,supply4--,vaporiz]4--,preheat]s4--,int] nal ,vaporiz]s4-- ,ext]nal ,vaporiz]s4--,tubul> ,vaporiz]s4--,p>tition ,vaporiz]s4--,op]ation ( ! ,vaporiz]s4--,air-,heat]s4-- ,du/-,collectors4--,cool]1 ,wa%]1 ,scrubb]4--,purify+ ,app>atus4--,gas-,hold]s4--,dri]4--,pipe s4--,purify+-,bru%4-- ,conditions ( ,p]fect ,op]ation ( ,gas-,produc]s4-- ,workman%ip & ,sy/em4--,g5]ator4--,vaporiz]4--,scrubb] 4-- ,assembl+ ! ,plant4--,fuel4--,h[ to ,keep ! ,plant 9 ,good ,condition4--,c>e ( ! ,app>atus4--,/>t+ ! ,fire = ! ,gas-,produc]4--,/>t+ ! ,eng9e4--,c>e ( ! ,g5]ator dur+ ,op]ation4--,/oppages & ,clean+ #aii ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,oil ,,& ,,volatile ,,hydroc>bon ,,eng9es ,oil-,eng9es4--,volatile ,hydroc>bon ,eng9es4--,comp>ative ,co/s4-- ,te/s ( ,high-,spe$ ,eng9es4--,! ,manograph4--,! ,cont9u\s ,explosion-,record] = ,high-,spe$ ,eng9es4--,records #bfd ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,! ,duty ( a ,consult+ ,eng9e]4--,specifications4--,te/+ ! ,plant4--,explosion-,record] = ,indu/rial ,eng9es4--,analysis ( ! ,gases4--,witz ,calorimet]4--,ma9t5ance ( ,plants4--,te/ ( ,/ockport ,gas-,eng9e ) ,d[son ,pressure ,gas-,produc]4--,te/ ( a ,w9t]?ur ,eng9e4--,te/ ( a ,w9t]?ur ,produc]-,gas ,eng9e4--,te/ ( a ,deutz ,produc]-,gas ,eng9e & ,suction ,gas-,produc]4--,te/ ( a #bjj-;,h4,p4 ,deutz ,suction ,gas-,produc] & ,eng9e #bgi ,,*apt] ,i ,,motive ,,p[]--,,co/ ,,( ,,in/allation ,! ease ) :i* a gas-eng9e c be in/all$1 comp>$ ) a /eam-eng9e is self-evid5t4 ,9 places :]e illum9at+ gas c be obta9$ & :]e less ?an #aj to #ae horse-p[] is ne$$1 /reet-gas is ord9>ily employ$4,a ,! improvem5ts :i* h v rec5tly be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( suction gas-g5]ators1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to augur well = _! g5]al introduction 9 ! ne> future1 ev5 = v small p[]s4 ,! in/allation ( small /reet-gas-eng9es involves simply ! mak+ ( ! necess>y connections ) gas ma9 & ! m\nt+ ( ! eng9e on a small base4 ,an economical /eam-eng9e ( equal p[] w\ld necessitate ! in/allation ( a boil] & its sett+1 ! con/ruction ( a smoke-/ack1 & o!r accessories1 :ile ! eng9e itself w\ld require a firm base4 ,)\t exagg]ation x may be ass]t$ t ! in/allation ( a /eam-eng9e & ( its boil] requires five times z mu* "t & tr\ble z ! in/allation ( a gas-eng9e ( equal p[]1 )\t consid]+ ev5 ! requirem5ts impos$ by /or+ ! fuel 7,fig4 #a74 ,small /eam-eng9es m\nt$ on _! own boil]s1 or portable eng9es1 ! consumption ( :i* is g5]ally n economical1 are n "h tak5 into acc\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--cj ,h4,p4 ,gas-eng9e & suction gas-produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a;,a4--#cj ,h4,p4 ,/eam-eng9e1 boil] & smoke-/ack4 ,s f> z ! "q ( co/ is conc]n$1 we f9d t a #ae to #bj horse-p[] /eam-eng9e work+ at a pressure ( #ij p\nds & hav+ a spe$ ( #fj revolutions p] m9ute w\ld co/ ab\t #af-b_/c p] c5t4 m ?an a #ae horse-p[] gas-eng9e1 ) its anti-pulsators & o!r accessories4 ,! f\ndation ( ! /eam-eng9e w\ld likewise co/ ab\t #af-b_/c p] c5t4 m ?an t ( ! gas-eng9e4 ,fur!rmore ! in/allation ( ! /eam-eng9e w\ld mean ! buy+ ( pip+1 ( a boil] ( #ajj p\nds pressure1 & ( firebrick1 & ! erection ( a smoke-/ack hav+ a height ( at lea/ #fe feet4 ,beyond a little excavat+ = ! eng9e-base & ! necess>y pip+1 a gas-eng9e imposes no additional burd5s4 ,x may be safely accept$ t ! /eam-eng9e ( ! p[] indicat$ w\ld co/ approximately #de p] c5t4 m ?an ! gas-eng9e ( correspond+ p[]4 ,! co/ ( runn+ a #ae to #bj horse-p[] /eam-eng9e is likewise consid]ably great] ?an t ( runn+ a gas-eng9e ( ! same size4 ,consid]+ ! fuel-consumption1 ! co/ ( ! lubricat+ oil employ$1 ! int]e/ on ! capital inve/$1 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & repair1 & ! sal>y ( an eng9e]1 x w be f\nd t ! op]ation ( ! /eam-eng9e is m exp5sive by ab\t #bc p] c5t4 ,?is economical advantage ( ! gas ov] ! /eam-eng9e holds good = high] p[] z well1 & becomes ev5 m m>k$ :5 produc]-gas is us$ in/ead ( /reet-gas4 ,comp>+1 = example1 a #ej horse-p[] /eam-eng9e hav+ a pressure ( #ij p\nds & a spe$ ( #fj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) a #ej horse-p[] produc]-gas eng9e1 & consid]+ 9 ! case ( ! /eam-eng9e ! co/ ( a boil] ( suitable size1 f\ndation1 firebrick1 smoke-/ack1 etc41 & 9 ! case ( ! gas-eng9e ! co/ ( ! produc]1 f\ndation1 & ! l1 x w be f\nd t ! in/allation ( a /eam-eng9e entails an exp5diture #ae p] c5t4 great] ?an 9 ! case ( ! produc]-gas eng9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( op]at+ & ma9ta9+ ! /eam-eng9e ( #ej horse-p[] w be #dj p] c5t4 great] ?an ! op]ation & ma9t5ance ( ! produc]-gas eng9e4 ,f ! =ego+ x foll[s t f #ae to #bj up to #ejj horse-p[] ! eng9e driv5 by produc]-gas has consid]ably ! advantage ov] ! /eam-eng9e 9 fir/ co/ & ma9t5ance4 ,= ! developm5t ( horse-p[]s great] ?an #ejj1 ! employm5t ( comp\nd cond5s+-eng9es & eng9es driv5 by sup]heat$ /eam consid]ably r$uces ! consumption1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( runn+ a /eam- & gas-eng9e is n s m>k$4 ,/ill1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art1 sup]heat$ /eam in/allations entail consid]able exp5se = _! ma9t5ance & repair1 !reby less5+ _! practical advantages & r5d]+ _! use r burd5some4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,rec5t improvem5ts made 9 suction gas-produc]s w probably lead to ! wide introduction ( produc] gas eng9es ev5 = small p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,explosion-eng9es are ( _m types4 ,gas-eng9es1 ( ! f\r-cycle type1 su* z are indu/rially employ$1 w "h be pr9cipally consid]$4 ,! ,otto ,cycle4--,! t]m f\r-cycle motor1 or ,otto eng9e1 has its orig9 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! eng9e op]ates4 ,a complete cycle comprises f\r di/9ct p]iods :i* are diagrammatically reproduc$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,! ,fir/ ,p]iod4--,suction3 ,! pi/on is driv5 =w>d1 creat+ a vacuum 9 ! cyl9d]1 & simultane\sly draw+ 9 a c]ta9 quantity ( air & gas 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,fir/ cycle3 ,suction4 ,! ,second ,p]iod4--,compression3 ,! pi/on returns to its initial position4 ,all admission & exhau/ valves are clos$ 7,fig4 #c74 ,! mixture drawn 9 dur+ ! fir/ p]iod is compress$4 ,! ,?ird ,p]iod4--,explosion & ,expansion3 ,:5 ! pi/on has rea*$ ! end ( its return /roke1 ! compress$ mixture is ignit$4 ,explosion takes place at ! dead c5t]4 ,! expansion ( ! gas drives ! pi/on =w>d 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,second cycle3 ,compression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,?ird cycle3 ,explosion & expansion4 ,! ,f\r? ,p]iod4--,exhau/3 ,! pi/on returns a second "t4 ,! exhau/-valve is op5$1 & ! products ( combu/ion are dis*>g$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,f\r? cycle3 ,exhau/4 ,^! v>i\s cycles succe$ "o ano!r1 pass+ ?r\gh ! same phases 9 ! same ord]4 ,valve ,me*anism4--,x is to be not$ t 9 mod]n motors valves are us$ :i* are bett] adapt$ to ! peculi>ities ( explosion-eng9es ?an 7 ! old slide-valves us$ :5 ! ,otto eng9e 0 fir/ introduc$4 ,! slide-valve may n[ be consid]$ z an antiquat$ di/ribut+ device ) :i* x is impossible to obta9 a l[ consumption4 ,9 old-"t gas-eng9es r l[ compressions 7 us$4 ,consequ5tly a v l[ explosive p[] ( ! gase\s mixture1 & l[ temp]atures 7 obta9$4 ,! slide-valves 7 held to _! seats by ! pressure ( ext]nal spr+s1 & 7 g5]\sly lubricat$4 ,"u ^! conditions !y op]at$ regul>ly4 ,n[adays1 ! necessity ( us+ gas-eng9es :i* are really economical has l$ to ! use ( high compressions ) ! result t p[]ful explosions & high temp]atures are obta9$4 ,"u ^! conditions slide-valves w\ld "w poorly4 ,!y w\ld n be suffici5tly tight4 ,to lubricate !m w\ld be difficult & ineffective4 ,fur!rmore1 l>ge eng9es are widely us$ 9 actual practice1 & ) ^! motors ! frictional resi/ance ( l>ge slide-valves1 mov+ on ext5sive surfaces w\ld be consid]able & w\ld appreciably r$uce ! am\nt ( useful "w p]=m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,mod]n valve me*anism4 ,by reason ( its peculi> op]ation1 ! slide-valve is objectionable1 ! gases be+ ?rottl$ at ! "t ( _! admission & dis*>ge4 ,z a result ( ^! objections !re are losses 9 ! *>ge2 & obnoxi\s c\nt]-pressures occur4 ,! necessity ( us+ elem5ts simple 9 _! op]ation & free f ! objections :i* h be5 m5tion$1 has naturally l$ to ! adoption ( ! pres5t valve4 ,?is valve is us$ bo? = ! suction ( ! gas & ( ! air1 z well z = ! exhau/1 ) ! result t ei!r ( ^! two ess5tial phases 9 ! op]ation ( ! motor c be indep5d5tly controll$4 ,! valves (f] ! foll[+ advantages3 ,_! tightness increases ) ! pressure1 s9ce !y always op5 t[>d ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] 7,fig4 #f74 ,!y h no rubb+ surfaces1 & ne$ n1 !re=e1 be lubricat$4 ,_! op5+ is controll$ by lev]s provid$ ) quick-act+ cams2 & _! closure is effect$ by coil$ spr+s almo/ in/antane\s 9 _! action 7,fig4 #g74 ,ea* valve1 dep5d+ ^u ! purpose = :i* x is us$1 c be m\nt$ 9 t "p ( ! cyl9d] be/ suit$ = its p>ticul> function4 ,! types ( valv$ motors n[ us$ are _m & v>i\s4 ,9 ord] to atta9 economy 9 consumption & regul>ity 9 op]ation !y %\ld meet c]ta9 ess5tial requirem5ts :i* w "h be review$4 ,ap>t f proportion+ ! areas prop]ly & f provid+ a suitable means ( op]ation1 x is indisp5sable t ! valves %\ld be readily accessible4 ,inde$1 ! valves %\ld be regul>ly exam9$1 clean$ & gr\nd4 ,x foll[s t x %\ld be possible to take !m ap>t easily & quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,controll+ me*anism ( valve4 ,x is necess>y t ! exhau/-valve be well cool$2 o!rwise ! valve1 expos$ z x is to high temp]atures1 w suff] d]angem5t & may cause leakage4 ,! wat]-jacket %\ld1 !re=e1 surr\nd ! seat ( ! exhau/-valve1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! cool+ wat] be admitt$ z ne> to x z possible 7,fig4 #h74 ,! motor %\ld control ! air-let valve or t ( ! gase\s mixture4 ,h5ce ^! valves %\ld n be actuat$ simply by spr+s1 because spr+s are apt to move "u ! influ5ce ( ! vacuum produc$ by suction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,wat]-jacket$ valve4 ,! mixture ( gas & air %\ld n be admitt$ into ! cyl9d] at too l[ a pressure2 o!rwise ! weight ( ! mixture admitt$ w\ld be l[] ?an x ought to be1 inasmu* z "u ^! conditions ! valve w be op5$ too t>dily & clos$ prematurely4 ,at ! beg9n+ z well z at ! end ( its /roke ! l9e> velocity ( ! pi/on is q inadequate to create a vacuum suffici5t to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! spr+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally ! practice sep>ately to control ! op5+ or clos+ ( ! "o or ! o!r valve 7gas-valve or mixture-valve74 ,consequ5tly ^! valves mu/ be actuat$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,n[adays !y are me*anically controll$ almo/ exclusively1--a me?od :i* is advocat$ by well-kn[n design]s = indu/rial motors 9 p>ticul>4 ,valves :i* are n actuat$ 9 ?is mann] 7free valves7 h only ! advantage ( simplicity ( op]ation4 ,nev]!less1 ?is arrangem5t is /ill to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 oil & b5z9e eng9es1 notably 9 automobile-motors4 ,9 ^! motors x is necess>y to atomize ! liquid fuel by means ( aspir$ air1 9 ord] to produce an explosive1 gase\s mixture4 ,ignition4--,9 ! developm5t ( ! gas-eng9e1 ! inc&esc5t tube & ! electric sp>k h tak5 ! place ( ! obsolete nak$ flame4 ,! la/-m5tion$ mode ( explod+ ! gase\s mixture w n1 !re=e1 be discuss$4 ,! hot tube ( porcela9 or ( metal has ! indisputable m]it ( regul>ity ( op]ation4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is op]ation is made z p]fect z possible are _m4 ,s9ce c]ta9ty ( ignition is obta9$ by means ( ! tube1 x is important to "t ! ignition1 s t x %all occur exactly at ! mom5t :5 ! pi/on is at ! dead c5t]4 ,x has be5 previ\sly /at$ t premature or belat$ ignition ( ! explosive mixture appreciably less5s ! am\nt ( useful "w p]=m$ by ! expansion ( ! gas4 ,if ignition occur too soon1 ! mixture w be explod$ be=e ! pi/on has rea*$ ! dead c5t] on its return /roke4 ,z a result1 ! pi/on mu/ ov]come a consid]able resi/ance due to ! premature explosion & ! consequ5t pressure4 ,fur!rmore1 by reason ( ! high temp]ature ( explosion1 ! gase\s products are v rapidly cool$4 ,?is rapid cool+ causes a sudd5 drop 9 ! pressure2 & s9ce a c]ta9 int]val elapses betwe5 ! mom5t ( explosion & ! mom5t :5 ! pi/on />ts on its =w>d /roke1 ! useful motive ef=t is ! m dim9i%$ z ! ignition is m premature4 ,inc&esc5t ,tubes4--,9 ,figs4 #i & #aj two sy/ems mo/ commonly us$ are illu/rat$4 ,9 ^! two arrangem5ts1 9 :i* no valve is us$1 ! l5g? or height to :i* ! tube is heat$ by ! out] flame is s controll$ t ! gase\s mixture1 :i* has be5 driv5 into ! tube aft] compression1 rea*es ! inc&esc5t zone z ne>ly z possible at ! exact mom5t :5 ignition & explosion %\ld take place4 ,! temp]ature ( ! flame ( ! burn]1 ! ri*ness ( ! gase\s mixture1 & o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! "t ( ignition1 s t ! mixture is nev] fir$ at ! exact mom5t m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #i-aj4--,valveless hot tubes4 ,^! consid]ations lead to ! conclusion t motors 9 :i* ! mixture is explod$ by hot tubes provid$ ) an ignition-valve are pref]able to valveless tubes4 ,by ! use ( a special valve1 positively controll$ by ! motor itself1 ! *ances ( untimely ignition are less5$1 because x is necess>y simply to regulate ! temp]ature & ! position ( ! tube 9 ord] t ignition may be surely effect$ imm$iately ^u ! op5+ ( ! valve1 at ! v mom5t ! cyl9d] gases come into contact ) ! inc&esc5t portion ( ! tube 7,fig4 #aa74 ,_m manufactur]s1 h[ev]1 d n employ ! ignition-valve on motors ( less ?an #ae to #bj horse-p[]1 *iefly because ( ! *eap] con/ruction4 ,! total consumption is ( less mom5t 9 a motor ( small ?an ( great p[]1 & ! loss due to ! lack ( an ignition-valve n s m>k$4 ,9 a high-p[] eng9e1 premature explosion may be ! cause ( ! break+ ( a vital "p1 su* z ! pi/on-rod or ! crank-%aft4 ,= ?is reason1 a valve is indisp5sable = eng9es ( m ?an #bj to #be horse-p[]4 ,a breakage ( ?is k9d is less to be fe>$ 9 a small motor1 :]e ! p>ts are comp>atively /\t4 ,! gas consumption ( a well-design$ burn] does n exce$ f #c4e to #e cubic feet p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,ignition-tube ) valve4 ,electric ,ignition4--,electric ignition consi/s 9 produc+ a sp>k 9 ! explosion-*amb] ( ! eng9e4 ,! nicety ) :i* x c be controll$ gives x an und5iable advantage ov] ! hot tube4 ,b ! objection has be5 rais$1 p]haps ) "s =ce1 t x entails c]ta9 complications 9 in/all+ ! eng9e4 ,its oppon5ts ev5 ass]t t ! p[] & ! rapidity ( ! deflagration ( ! explosive mixture are great] ) hot-tube ignition4 ,?is reason may h caus$ ! hot-tube sy/em to prevail 9 ,engl&1 :]e manufactur]s ( gas-eng9es are v num]\s & n lack+ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,electric ignition is effect$ 9 gas-eng9es by means ( a batt]y & sp>k-coil1 or by means ( a small magneto ma*9e :i* me*anically produces a curr5t-break+ sp>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,electric ignition by sp>k-coil & batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,sp>k-plug4 ,electric ,ignition by ,batt]y & ,induction-,coil4--,! fir/ sy/em is ! *eap]2 b x exacts ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e 9 ma9ta9+ ! p>ts 9 prop] work+ condition4 ,x comprises ?ree ess5tial elem5ts--a batt]y1 a coil1 & a sp>k-plug 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! batt]y may be a /orage-batt]y1 :i* mu/1 consequ5tly1 be re*>g$ f "t to "t2 or x may be a prim>y batt]y :i* mu/ be frequ5tly r5ew$ & c>efully clean$4 ,! induction-coil is fitt$ ) a trembl] or int]rupt]1 :i* easily gets out ( ord] & :i* mu/ be regulat$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,! sp>k-plug is a p>ticul>ly delicate "p1 subject to _m possible accid5ts4 ,! porcela9 ( :i* x is made is liable to crack4 ,x is h>d to obta9 absolutely p]fect insulation2 = ! t]m9als det]iorate z !y become ov]heat$1 break1 or become f\l 7,fig4 #ac74 ,9 oil-eng9es1 especially1 soot is rapidly deposit$ on ! t]m9als1 s t no sp>k c be produc$4 ,9 b5z9e or naph?a motors1 su* an accid5t is less likely to happ54 ,9 automobile-motors1 h[ev]1 ! sp>k-plug only too (t5 fails to p]=m its function4 ,! "o rem$y = ^! evils is to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e ( ! sp>k-plug & ( ! o!r elem5ts ( ! ignition sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,magneto ignition app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,g5]al view & details ( a magneto ignition app>atus4 ,ignition by ,magnetos4--,magneto app>atus1 on ! o!r h&1 are notewor?y = ! regul>ity ( _! op]ation4 ,!y may be us$ = sev]al ye>s )\t be+ remagnetiz$1 & require no exceptional c>e4 ,magneto ignition devices are me*anically actuat$1 ! necess>y displacem5t ( ! coil be+ effect$ by means ( a cam c>ri$ on a %aft turn+ ) half ! motor spe$ 7,figs4 #ad & #ae74 ,at ! mom5t :5 x is releas$ by ! cam1 ! coil is sudd5ly return$ to its initial position by means ( a spr+4 ,?is rapid movem5t g5]ates a curr5t t passes ?r\gh t]m9als1 :i* are arrang$ )9 ! cyl9d] & :i* are imm$iately sep>at$ by me*anical means4 ,?us a mu* hott] circuit-break+ sp>k is produc$1 :i* is v mu* m en]getic ?an t ( a batt]y & induction-coil1 & :i* surely ignites ! gase\s mixture 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! t]m9als are g5]ally ( /eel1 sometimes po9t$ ) nickel or plat9um 7,fig4 #af74 ,! only precaution to be obs]v$ is ! exclusion ( moi/ure & occasional clean+4 ,= eng9es driv5 by produc]-gas magneto-ignit]s are pref]able to cells & batt]ies4 ,9 g5]al1 electrical ignition is to be recomm5d$ = high-pressure eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,contacts ( a magneto-ignit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,device = regulat+ ! mom5t ( ignition4 ,9 ord] to expla9 m cle>ly mod]n me?ods ( ignition a diagram is pres5t$1 %[+ an electric magneto-ignit] appli$ to ! cyl9d]-head ( a ,w9t]?ur motor1 & also a sectional view ( ! memb] v>y+ ! make-&-break contacts :i* are m\nt$ 9 ! explosion-*amb] 7,figs4 #ah & #ai7 #a4 ,! magneto ,a consi/s ( horse%oe-magnets1 betwe5 ! poles ( :i* ! armature rotates4 ,at its conically turn$ end1 ! armature-%aft c>ries an arm ,b1 held 9 place by a nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,w9t]?ur electric ignition sy/em4 #b4 ,! ignit] ,c is a ca/+ secur$ to ! cyl9d]-head by a movable /rap & provid$ ) two axes ,d & ,m1 ( :i* ! "o1 ,d1 made ( bronze1 is movable1 & is fitt$ ) a small int]ior contact-hamm]1 a p]cussion-lev]1 & an ext]ior recoil-spr+2 ! o!r1 ,m1 is fix$1 insulat$1 & arrang$ to receive ! curr5t f ! magneto ,a1 by means ( an insulat$ copp] wire ,e4 #c4 ,! spr+ ,f comprises two cont9u\s coils conta9$ 9 a brass cas+1 & actuat+ a /eel /rik+ or p]cussion-p94 #d4 ,! controll+ devices ( ! magneto include a /em or rod ,g1 slidable 9 a guide ,h1 provid$ ) a safety spr+ & m\nt$ on an ecc5tric sp9dle1 ! position ( :i* c be v>i$ by means ( a regulat+-lev] 7,i74 ,! rod is op]at$ f ! di/ribut+-%aft1 on ! conical end ( :i* a cam ,j c>ry+ a sp9dle is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,contacts ( ! ,w9t]?ur sy/em4 ,regulation ( ! ,magneto4--,! position assum$ by ! armature :5 at re/ is a matt] ( importance 9 obta9+ a good sp>k on break+ ! circuit4 ,! m>ks on ! armature %\ld be not$4 ,! position ( ! armature may be exp]im5tally v>i$1 9 ord] to obta9 a sp>k ( maximum int5sity1 by *ang+ ! position ( ! arm ,b on ! armature-%aft4 ,control ( ! ,magneto4--,! controll+ ge> %\ld enable ! armature to oscillate f #bj to #be degrees4 ,! "t at :i* ! break+ ( ! circuit is effect$ c be regulat$ by %ift+ ! h&le 7,i74 ,9 />t+ ! eng9e1 ! circuit c be brok5 ) a slight ret>dation1 :i* is less5$ z ! eng9e atta9s its normal spe$4 ,ignit]4--,x is advisable t !re %\ld be a play ( #a_/b mm4 7#j4jaif 947 betwe5 ! lev] ,z :5 at re/ & ! /rik+-p94 ,! axis ,d ( ! circuit-break+ device %\ld be easily movable2 & ! hamm] :i* x c>ries at its end t[>d ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be 9 p]fect contact ) ! /ation>y sp9dle ,m1 :i* is electrically insulat$4 ,?is sp9dle ,m %\ld be well enclos$1 9 ord] to prev5t any leakage t might cause a det]ioration ( ! insulat+ mat]ial4 ,! subject ( ignition is ( su* extreme importance t ! au?or w recur to x f "t to "t 9 ! v>i\s *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u prop] tim+2 o!rwise !re w be a ne$less wa/e ( p[]4 ,cleanl9ess is a po9t t mu/ be obs]v$ scrupul\sly2 = sp>k-plugs are apt to f\l only too readily1 ) ! result t %ort-circuits & misfires are apt to occur4 ,9 oil & volatile hydroc>bon eng9es ! t5d5cy to f\l+ is p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,9 ! *apt] devot$ to ^! =ms ( motors ! au?or has dwelt ^u ! precautions t %\ld be tak5 to =e/all a possible d]angem5t ( ! ignition app>atus4 ,z a g5]al rule ! ignition app>atus in/all$ by tru/wor?y manufactur]s w be f\nd be/ suit$ = ! requirem5ts ( ! eng9e4 ,! app>atus %\ld be fitt$ ) a device by :i* ! ignition c be duly tim$ by h& dur+ op]ation 7,fig4 #ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,design ( ! pi/on4 ,! ,pi/on4--,com+1 z x does1 cont9ually 9 contact ) ! ignit$ gases1 ! pi/on is gradually heat$ to a high temp]ature4 ,! re> face ( ! pi/on %\ld pref]ably be plane4 ,curv$ surfaces are n to be recomm5d$ because !y cool (f badly4 ,likewise1 faces hav+ ei!r ins]t$ p>ts or bolt-heads are to be avoid$1 s9ce !y are liable to become r$-hot & to ignite ! mixture prematurely 7,fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,pi/on ) lubricat$ p94 ,among ! p>ts ( ! pi/on :i* rapidly we> away because con/ant lubrication is difficult1 is ! connection ) ! pi/on-rod 7,fig4 #ba74 ,x is important t ! be>+ at ! pi/on-p9 be =m$ ( two p>ts :i* c be adju/$ to take up ! we>4 ,! p9 itself %\ld be ( case-h>d5$ /eel4 ,= l>ge eng9es1 "s manufactur]s h app>5tly ab&on$ ! practice ( lock+ ! p91 by set-screws1 9 flanges ca/ 9 "o piece ) ! pi/on4 ,inde$1 ! pi/on is (t5 fractur$ by reason ( ! expansion ( ! p9s ?us held on two sides4 ,x seems advisable to secure ! p9 by means ( a s+le screw 9 "o ( ! flanges1 fitt+ x by pressure aga9/ ! opposite boss4 ,! use ( w$ges or ( clamp+-screws1 introduc$ f )\t ! pi/on to hold ! p91 %\ld be avoid$4 ,x may happ5 t ! w$ges w be loos5$1 w move out1 & w gr9d ! cyl9d]1 caus+ injuries t _c be detect$ be=e x is too late4 ,! /r5g? ( ! pi/on-p9 %\ld be s calculat$ t ! pressure p] squ>e in* ( project$ surface does n exce$ #a1ejj to #b1hej p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! initial pressure ( ! explosion is (t5 equal to #djj to #dbe p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,"s manufactur]s m\nt ! p9 z f> to ! back ( ! pi/on z possible1 s z to br+ x ne>] ! po9t ( application ( ! motive =ce ( ! explosion4 ,o!r manufactur]s1 on ! o!r h&1 m\nt ! p9 t[>d ! front ( ! pi/on4 ,no great objection c be rais$ aga9/ ei!r me?od4 ,9 ! =m] case ! position ( ! r+s w limit t ( ! p94 ,! numb] ( ^! r+s ought n to be less ?an f\r or five1 arrang$ at ! re> ( ! pi/on4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t mak]s ( good eng9es use z _m z #h to #aj r+s 9 ! pi/ons ( fair-siz$ motors4 ,pi/on-r+s ( gray pig-iron c be adju/$ ) ! greate/ nicety 9 su* a mann] t1 by means ( tongues fitt+ 9 _! grooves1 !y are held f turn+ 9 ! latt]1 :]eby _! op5+s are prev5t$ f regi/]+ & all[+ ! passage ( gas4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a l>ge numb] ( r+s may be consid]$ a di/+ui%+ feature ( a well-built eng9e4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a too rapid we> ( ! cyl9d]1 sev]al ,g]man manufactur]s f9i% (f ! front ( ! pi/on ) bronze or anti-friction metal 9 eng9es ( m ?an #dj to #ej horse-p[]4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is exp$i5t is n applicable to motors ! cyl9d]s ( :i* are comp>atively cold2 o!rwise ! bronze or anti-friction metal w det]iorate4 ,arrangem5t ( ! ,cyl9d]4--,! cyl9d] %ell or l9]1 9 :i* ! pi/on travels1 & ! wat]-jacket %\ld pref]ably be made 9 sep>ate pieces & n ca/ ( ! same metal1 9 ord] to p]mit a free expansion 7,figs4 #bb & #bc74 ,if = want ( c>e or ( prop] lubrication1 :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 gas-eng9es1 ! cyl9d] %\ld be injur$ by gr9d+1 x c be easily r5ew$1 )\t ! loss ( all ! connect+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,head1 jacket & l9] ( cyl9d]1 ca/ 9 "o piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,cyl9d] ) indep5d5t l9] & head4 ,= ! same reason1 ! cyl9d] & its cas+ %\ld be indep5d5t ( ! frame4 ,9 _m horizontal eng9es1 ! cyl9d]s ov]hang ! frame ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g?1 by reason ( ! jo9+ ( _! front portions ) ! frames4 ,al?\gh su* a con/ruction is att5d$ ) no s]i\s consequ5ces 9 small eng9es1 nev]!less 9 l>ge eng9es x is exce$+ly h>mful4 ,inde$1 9 mo/ mod]n s+le-act+ eng9es1 ! pi/ons are directly connect$ ) ! crank-%aft by ! pi/on-rod1 )\t any int]m$iate connect+-rod or cross-head4 ,! v]tical reaction ( ! motive ef=t on ! pi/on is1 !re=e1 tak5 up entirely by ! ?ru/ ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is also v]tical 7,fig4 #bd74 ,?is ?ru/1 act+ aga9/ an unsupport$ "p1 may cause fractures2 at any rate1 x entails a rapid det]ioration ( ! cyl9d] jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,s+le-act+ eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,eng9e ) incl9$ be>+s4 ,! ,frame4--,gas-eng9es driv5 z !y are1 by explosions1 giv+ rise to %ocks & bl[s1 %\ld be built ) frames1 heavy1 sub/antial1 & broad-bas$1 s z to re/ solidly on ! gr\nd4 ,?is ess5tial condition is (t5 fulfill$ at ! co/ ( ! eng9e's appe>ance2 b appe>ance w be will+ly sacrific$ to meet "o ( ! requirem5ts ( p]fect op]ation4 ,= eng9es ( m ?an #h to #aj horse-p[]1 frames %\ld be employ$ :i* c be secur$ to ! masonry f\ndation )\t a sep>ate p$e/al or base4 ,"s manufactur]s1 = ! purpose ( light5+ ! frame1 atta* b little importance to ! f\ndation & to /r5g? ( con/ruction1 & employ ! design illu/rat$ 9 place ( ! crank-%aft be>+ 7,fig4 #be72 o!rs1 9 ord] to facilitate ! adju/+ ( ! connect+-rod be>+s1 pref] ! second =m 7,fig4 #bf74 ,x is evid5t t1 9 ! fir/ case1 a "p ( ! ef=t produc$ by ! explosion reacts on ! upp] portion ( ! connect+-rod be>+1 on ! cap ( ! crank-%aft be>+1 & consequ5tly on ! fa/5+-bolts4 ,9 ! second case1 if ! adju/m5t be n v c>efully made1 or if ! rubb+ surfaces are insuffici5t1 ! entire ?ru/ due to ! explosion w be receiv$ by ! meet+ p>ts ( ! two bu%+s1 ?us injur+ !m & caus+ a m rapid we>4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge eng9es1 "s manufactur]s take ! precaution ( =m+ ! connect+-rod be>+s ( f\r p>ts1 adju/able to take up ! we>1 s t ! ef=t is ex]t$ aga9/ ! p>ts dispos$ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,a =m t seems rational is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 9 :i* ! reaction ( ! ?ru/ is tak5 up by ! l[] be>+1 rigidly support$ by ! brac$ frame1 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! explosive ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,eng9e ) /raight be>+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,eng9e ) correctly design$ be>+s4 ,! sum ( ! project+ surfaces ( ! two be>+s %\ld be s calculat$ t a maximum explosive pressure ( #dje to #dbe p\nds p] squ>e in* w n subject ! be>+s to a pressure high] ?an #dbe to #eej p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,fly-,:eels4--,9 gas-eng9es p>ticul>ly1 ! fly-:eel %\ld be secur$ to ! crank-%aft ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,x %\ld be m\nt$ z ne> z possible to ! be>+s2 o!rwise ! al9em5t ( ! %aft w be de/roy$ & its /r5g? impair$4 ,if ! fly-:eel be fa/5$ by means ( a key or w$ge hav+ a project+ head1 x is advisable to cov] ! end ( ! %aft by a movable sleeve4 ,! fly-:eel %\ld run absolutely true & /raight ev5 if ! explosion be premature4 ,9 well-built eng9es ! fly-:eels are l9$ up & %ap$ to ! rim4 ,! p]iph]y is slightly r\nd$ 9 ord] ! bett] to guide ! belt :5 appli$ to ! :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,s+le fly-:eel eng9e ) ext]nal be>+4 ,fur!rmore1 fly-:eels %\ld be nicely balanc$2 ^? are to be pref]r$ :i* h no c\nt]-weights ca/ or fa/5$ to ! hub1 ! spokes1 or ! rim4 ,! sy/em ( balanc+ ! eng9e by means ( two fly-:eels1 m\nt$ on opposite sides1 is us$ *iefly = ! purpose ( equaliz+ ! in]tia effects4 ,special eng9es1 employ$ = driv+ dynamos1 & ev5 indu/rial eng9es ( high p[]1 are pref]ably fitt$ ) b a s+le fly-:eel1 ) an out] be>+1 s9ce !y m readily c\nt]act ! cyclic irregul>ities or v>iations ( spe$ occurr+ 9 a s+le revolution 7,fig4 #bh74 ,if 9 ?is case a pulley be provid$1 x %\ld be m\nt$ betwe5 ! eng9e & ! out] be>+4 ,! foll[+ advantages may be cit$ 9 favor ( ! s+le fly-:eel1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( dynamo-driv+ eng9es3 #a4 ,! s+le fly-:eel p]mits a m ready access to ! p>ts to be exam9$4 #b4 ,x involves ! employm5t ( a ?ird be>+1 ?us avoid+ ! ov]hang caus$ by two ord9>y fly-:eels4 #c4 ,x avoids ! torsional /ra9 to :i* ! two-:eel crank is subject$ :5 />t+1 /opp+1 & *ang+ ! load1 ! p]iph]al resi/ance v>y+ 9 "o ( ! fly-:eels1 :ile ! o!r is subject$ to a /ra9 9 ! opposite direction on acc\nt ( ! in]tia4 #d4 ,two fly-:eels1 key$ z !y are to project+ ends ( ! %aft1 w be s affect$ at ! rims by ! explosions t ! belts w %ake4 ,! ?ird be>+ :i* *>act]izes ! s+le-fly-:eel sy/em1 is b an indep5d5t support1 re/+ solidly on ! masonry b$ ( ! eng9e4 ,! be>+ ) its indep5d5t support is suffici5tly rigid1 & is n subject$ to any /ress f ! crank at ! mom5t ( explosion1 ! reaction ( ! crank affect+ only ! frame be>+s4 ,) su* fly-:eels1 reputable firms gu>antee a cyclic regul>ity :i* comp>es favorably ) t ( ! be/ /eam-eng9es4 ,= a duty v>y+ f a ?ird ( ! load to ! maximum load1 ^! eng9es1 :5 driv+ direct-curr5t dynamos = directly supply+ an electric-light circuit1 w insure p]fect /ead9ess ( ! light2 & ! effectually ap]iodic measur+ in/rum5ts w n indicate fluctuations great] ?an #b to #c p] c5t4 ( ! t5sion or int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,! coeffici5t ( ! v>iations 9 ! spe$ ( a s+le revolution w ?us be n f> f #a_/fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,curv$ spoke fly-:eel4 ,/raight & ,curv$ ,spoke ,fly-,:eels4--,! spokes ( fly-:eels are ei!r /raight or curv$4 ,9 assembl+ ! motor p>ts x too (t5 occurs t curv$ spoke fly-:eels are m\nt$ ) utt] disreg>d ( ! direction 9 :i* !y are to turn4 ,x is important t curv$ spokes %\ld be subject$ to compression & n to traction4 ,h5ce ! fly-:eels %\ld be s m\nt$ t ! concave portions ( ! spokes travel 9 ! direction ( rotation1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #bi74 ,if a s+le fly-:eel be employ$ on an eng9e ( ! type 9 :i* ! spe$ is gov]n$ by ! hit-&-miss sy/em1 ! fly-:eel %\ld be extra heavy to c\nt]act ! irregul>ities ( ! motive impulses :5 ! eng9e is n work+ at its full load1 or 9 o!r words1 :5 no explosion takes place at e cycle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,=g$ crank-%afts4 ,! ,crank-,%aft4--,! crank-%aft %\ld be made ( ! be/ mild /eel4 ,^? %afts are to be pref]r$ ! cranks ( :i* are n =g$ on 7,fig4 #cj71 b cut out ( ! mass ( metal2 fur!rmore1 ! brackets or supports %\ld be plan$ & %ap$ s t !y are squ>e 9 cross-section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,correct design ( crank-%aft4 ,su* a design involves f9e workman%ip & speaks well = ! con/ruction ( ! :ole eng9e4 ,moreov]1 x enables ! be>+s to be br\ght ne>] ea* o!r1 r$uces to a m9imum t "p ( ! crank-%aft :i* may be consid]$ ! weake/1 & p]mits a rational & exact c\nt]balanc+ ( ! mov+ p>ts1 su* z ! crank & ! end ( ! connect+-rod4 ,! be/ manufactur]s h adopt$ ! me?od ( fa/5+ to ! cranks balanc+ weights secur$ to ! brackets1 especially = high-spe$ eng9es or = eng9es ( high p[]4 ,! project+ surface ( ! crank-p9 %\ld1 z a rule1 be calculat$ = a pressure ( #a1djj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,crank-%aft ) balanc+ weight4 ,cams1 ,roll]s1 etc4--,! cams1 roll]s1 ?ru/-be>+s1 z well z ! pi/on-p9 9 p>ticul>1 %\ld be made ( good /eel1 case-h>d5$ to a dep? ( at lea/ 4#jh ( an in*4 ,_! h>dness & ! degree ( cem5tation may be te/$ by means ( a file4 ,?is is ! me?od foll[$ by ! be/ manufactur]s4 ,be>+s4--,all ! be>+s & all guides %\ld be adju/able to take up ! we>4 ,!y are usually made ( bronze or ( ! be/ anti-friction metal4 ,/ead9ess4--,! /ead9ess ( eng9es may be consid]$ f two diff]5t /&po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,in]tia gov]nor4 #a4 ,v>iation ( ! ,numb] ( ,revolutions at ,diff]5t ,loads4--,?is dep5ds *iefly on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! gov]nor1 :i* %\ld be ( ! in]tia or ( ! ball 7or c5trifugal7 type4 ,! fir/ =m is r>ely employ$1 except 9 small eng9es up to #aj horse-p[]1 & is applicable only to eng9es 9 :i* ! hit & miss sy/em is employ$ 7,fig4 #cc74 ,! second =m is m widely us$1 & is applicable to eng9es hav+ hit-&-miss or v>iable admission devices4 ,9 ! fir/ =m1 ! gov]nor simply displaces a v light memb]1 :atev] may be ! size ( ! eng9e1 = :i* reason ! dim5sions are v small4 ,9 ! second =m1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gov]nor acts ei!r on a conical sleeve or on "s o!r regulat+ memb] (f]+ resi/ance4 ,evid5tly1 9 ord] to ov]come ! reactions to :i* x is subject$1 x mu/ be z heavy & p[]ful z a /eam-eng9e gov]nor4 ,suffici5t all[ance is made 9 a good eng9e = v>iation 9 ! numb] ( revolutions betwe5 no load & full load1 n great] ?an two p] c5t4 if ! admission be ( ! hit-&-miss type1 & five p] c5t4 if x be ( ! v>iable type4 #b4 ,cyclic ,regul>ity4--,?is t]m means simply t ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is con/ant 9 a s+le revolution4 ,9 practice ?is is nev] atta9$4 ,all[ance is made 9 eng9es us$ = driv+ direct-curr5t dynamos = a v>iation ( ab\t #a_/fj2 :ile 9 indu/rial eng9es a v>iation ( #a_/be is p]missible4 ,cyclic v>iation dep5ds only on ! weight ( ! fly-:eel2 :]eas v>iation 9 ! numb] ( revolutions is det]m9$ *iefly by ! gov]nor4 ,gov]nors4--,diagrams are "h pres5t$ ( ! pr9cipal types ( gov]nors--! in]tia gov]nor1 ! ball or c5trifugal gov]nor controll+ an admission-valve ( ! hit-&-miss type 7,fig4 #cd71 & ! ball or c5trifugal gov]nor controll+ a v>iable gas-admission valve 7,fig4 #ce74 ,9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! op]ation ( ! two la/-m5tion$ types1 x may be /at$ t ! =m] be>s ! same relation to ! hit-&-miss ge> z x does1 = example1 to ! valve ge> ( a ,corliss /eam-eng9e4 ,9 o!r words1 x is an app>atus t indicates )\t induc+1 admission or cut-(f4 ,! second type1 on ! o!r h&1 op]ates by means ( slides & ! l1 z 9 ! ,ridd] type ( eng9e1 9 :i* x controls ! displacem5t ( ! cut-(f or di/ribution slide-valve & is subject$ to v>iable =ces1 dep5d+ on ! pressure1 lubrication1 ! condition ( ! /uff+-boxes1 & ! l4 ,9 gas z well z 9 /eam eng9es1 designs are to be comm5d$ :i* %ield ! delicate me*anism f /ra9s & /resses t are likely to de/roy its s5sitiv5ess1 z is ! case 9 ! automatic cut-(f ( ! ,corliss /eam-eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,hit-&-miss gov]nor4 ,gov]nors %\ld be provid$ ) means to p]mit ! manual v>iation ( ! spe$ :ile ! eng9e is 9 op]ation4 ,= small motors1 "o ( ! mo/ widely us$ admission devices is t ( ! hit-&-miss type4 ,z its "n indicates1 ?is admission arrangem5t all[s a giv5 quantity ( gas to ent] ! cyl9d] = a numb] ( consecutive int]vals1 until ! eng9e is ab\t to exce$ its normal spe$4 ,!reupon ! gov]nor cuts (f ! gas entirely4 ,! result is t1 9 ?is sy/em1 ! numb] ( admissions is v>iable1 b t ea* admitt$ *>ge is compos$ ( a con/ant proportion ( gas & air4 ,! gov]nors employ$ = ! hit-&-miss type are ei!r in]tia or c5trifugal gov]nors4 ,in]tia gov]nors 7,fig4 #cc7 are less s5sitive ?an ^? ( ! c5trifugal type4 ,!y are g5]ally appli$ only to indu/rial eng9es ( small p[]1 9 :i* regul>ity ( op]ation is a second>y consid]ation4 ,c5trifugal gov]nors employ$ = gas-eng9es ) hit-&-miss regulation are1 z a g5]al rule1 notewor?y = _! small size1 :i* is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t1 9 mo/ sy/ems1 m]ely a movable memb] is plac$ betwe5 ! admission-controll+ means & ! valve-/em 7,fig4 #cd74 ,x foll[s t ?is me?od ( op]ation relieves ! gov]nor ( ! necessity ( ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! weight ( mov+ p>ts1 m or less effectually lubricat$1 & subject$ to ! reaction ( ! p>ts :i* !y control4 ,9 eng9es equipp$ ) v>iable admission devices = ! gas or ! explosive mixture1 ! gov]nor actuates a sleeve on :i* ! admission-cam is fa/5$ 7,fig4 #ce74 ,or1 ! gov]nor may displace a conical cam1 ! reaction ( :i*1 on contact ) ! lev]1 de/roys ! /ability ( ! gov]nor4 ,^! conditions ju/ify ! employm5t ( p[]ful gov]nors :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! in]tia ( _! p>ts1 dim9i% ! reaction>y =ces enc\nt]$4 ,! c5trifugal gov]nor %\ld be suffici5tly effectual to prev5t v>iations 9 ! numb] ( revolutions )9 ! limits ( #b to #c p] c5t4 betwe5 no load & approximately full load4 ,"u equival5t conditions1 ! in]tia gov]nor c h>dly be reli$ ^u = a coeffici5t ( regul>ity great] ?an #d to #e p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,v>iable admission gov]nor4 ,! mann] ( a gov]nor's op]ation is necess>ily dep5d5t on ! admission sy/em adopt$4 ,& ! admission sy/em v>ies ess5tially ) ! size1 ! purpose ( ! eng9e1 & ! "* ( ! fuel employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,v]tical eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,section ?r\gh an eng9e ( ! v]tical or /eam-hamm] type4 ,v]tical ,eng9es4--,= "s ye>s pa/ !re seems to h be5 a t5d5cy 9 ,europe to use horizontal in/ead ( v]tical eng9es1 especially s9ce eng9es ( m ?an #aj or #ae horse-p[] h be5 ext5sively us$ = indu/rial purposes4 ,! v]tical type is us$ = #a to #h horse-p[] eng9es1 ) ! cyl9d] 9 ! l[] "p ( ! frame1 & ! %aft & its fly-:eel 9 ! upp] "p 7,fig4 #cf74 ,! only m]it to be attribut$ to ?is arrangem5t is a great sav+ ( space4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t beyond a c]ta9 size & p[]1 su* eng9es are un/able4 ,9 ,am]ica p>ticul>ly1 _m manufactur]s ( high-p[] eng9es 7#ej to #ajj horse-p[] or m7 pref] ! v]tical or /eam-hamm] arrangem5t1 :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! cyl9d] 9 ! upp] "p1 & ! %aft 9 ! l[] "p ( ! frame z close to ! gr\nd z possible 7,figs4 #cg & #ch74 ,! problem ( sav+ space1 z well z t ( insur+ /ability1 is ?us solv$1 s t x is easily possible to run up ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,!re is also ! advantage t ! %aft ( a dynamo c be directly c\pl$ up ) ! crank-%aft ( ! eng9e1 ?us disp5s+ ) a belt1 :i*1 at ! lea/1 absorbs #d to #f p] c5t4 ( ! total p[]4 ,x %\ld1 nev]!less1 be borne 9 m9d t ! direct c\pl+ ( electric g5]ators to eng9e-%afts implies ! use ( extremely l>ge &1 !re=e1 ( extremely co/ly dynamos4 ,fur!rmore1 by reason ( ?is arrangem5t1 gr\ps ( electro-g5]ators c be dispos$ 9 a comp>atively small am\nt ( space4 ,"s ,engli% manufactur]s are also beg9n+ to adopt ! /eam-hamm] type ( eng9e = high p[]s1 ! result be+ a m>k$ sav+ 9 mat]ial & l[]+ ( ! co/ ( in/allation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,side & end elevations ( a v]tical or /eam-hamm] eng9e4 ,p[] ( ! ,eng9e4--,! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ is t ! p[] ( a gas-eng9e is always giv5 9 effective horse-p[]1 & t ! p[] ( a /eam-eng9e is always giv5 9 indicat$ horse-p[] 9 contracts ( sale4 ,9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! expression nom9al horse-p[] is /ill employ$4 ,x may be advisable to def9e ^! v>i\s t]ms exactly1 s9ce unscrupul\s deal]s1 to ! buy]'s loss1 h done mu* to confuse !m4 ,indicat$ horse-p[] is a designation appli$ to ! !oretical p[] produc$ by ! action ( ! motive ag5t on ! pi/on4 ,! "w p]=m$ is measur$ on an indicator c>d1 by means ( :i* ! av]age pressure to be consid]$ 9 ! computation ( ! !oretical p[] is asc]ta9$4 ,! effective or brake horse-p[] is equal to ! indicat$ horse-p[]1 less ! en]gy absorb$ by passive resi/ance1 friction ( ! mov+ p>ts1 etc4 ,! effective "w is an exp]im5tal t]m appli$ to ! p[] actually develop$ at ! %aft4 ,?is "w is ( int]e/ solely to ! eng9e us]4 ,9 a well-built motor1 9 :i* ! passive resi/ance by reason ( ! correct adju/m5t & simplicity ( ! p>ts1 is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ! effective horse-p[] is ab\t #hj to #hg p] c5t4 ( ! indicat$ horse-p[]1 :5 ! eng9e runs "u full load4 ,?is r$uc$ output is usually call$ ! me*anical effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,nom9al horse-p[] is an arbitr>y t]m 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 :]e x is q common4 ,! manufactur]s !mselves d n seem to agree on its absolute value4 ,a nom9al horse-p[]1 h[ev]1 is equal to any?+ f #c to #d effective horse-p[]4 ,! unc]ta9ty :i* ensues f ! use ( ! t]m %\ld lead to its ab&onm5t4 ,9 in/all+ a motor1 ! det]m9ation ( its horse-p[] is a matt] ( grave importance1 :i* %\ld n be consid]$ z if ! motor 7 a /eam-eng9e or an eng9e ( "s o!r type4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 especially at full load1 explosion-eng9es are mo/ effici5t1 & t1 "u ^! conditions1 x w g5]ally be advisable to subord9ate ! utility ( hav+ a res]ve p[] to ! economy :i* foll[s f ! employm5t ( a motor runn+ at a load close to its maximum capacity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gas-eng9e us] is unwill+ to believe t ! /ipulat$ horse-p[] ( ! motor :i* is sold to him is ! greate/ t x is capable ( develop+ "u indu/rial conditions4 ,bus9ess competition has l$ "s firms to sell _! eng9es to meet ^! conditions4 ,x is probably n /ret*+ ! tru? too f> to decl>e t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! eng9es sold ) no exact contract specifications are incapable ( ma9ta9+ = m ?an a half h\r ! p[] :i* is attribut$ to !m1 & :i* ! buy] expects4 ,x foll[s t ! p[] at :i* ! eng9e is sold %\ld be bo? indu/rially realiz$ & ma9ta9$1 if ne$ be1 = an entire day1 )\t ! eng9e's %[+ ! slighte/ p]turbation1 or falt]+ 9 its sil5t & regul> op]ation4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 x is ess5tial t ! en]gy develop$ by ! eng9e 9 normal or con/ant op]ation %\ld n exce$ #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( ! maximum p[] :i* x is able to yield1 & :i* may be t]m$ its utmo/ p[]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 especially = in/allations 9 :i* ! p[] fluctuates f ! l[e/ possible to d\ble ?is1 z mu* att5tion mu/ be paid to ! consumption at half load z at full load2 & pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! eng9e :i*1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w op]ate mo/ economically at its l[e/ load4 ,9 ?is case ! consumption p] effective horse-p[] is appreciably high]4 ,g5]ally1 ?is consumption is great] by #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ?an t at full load4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! s+le-act+ eng9es s widely us$ = horse-p[]s less ?an #ajj to #aej4 ,9 "s d\ble or triple-act+ eng9es1 accord+ to c]ta9 writ]s1 ! dim9ution 9 ! consumption w h>dly be proportional to ! dim9ution ( ! p[]1 or at any rate1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 at full load & at r$uc$ load w be less ?an 9 o!r eng9es4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is /atem5t is app>5tly n borne out by exp]im5ts :i* ! au?or has _h occasion to make4 ,to a slight degree1 ?is economy is obta9$ at ! co/ ( simplicity1 & consequ5tly1 at ! co/ ( ! eng9e4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! eng9es h ! m]it ( great cyclic regul>ity1 r5d]+ !m s]viceable = driv+ electric-light dynamos2 b ?is regul>ity c also be atta9$ by ! use ( ! extra heavy fly-:eels :i* ,engli% firms1 9 p>ticul>1 h introduc$4 ,automatic ,/>t+4--,:5 ! gas-eng9e 0 fir/ introduc$1 />t+ 0 effect$ simply by manually turn+ ! fly-:eel until /eady runn+ 0 assur$4 ,?is proc$ure1 altoge!r too crude 9 its way1 is att5d$ ) "s dang]4 ,9 a few c\ntries x is prohibit$ by laws regulat+ ! employm5t ( indu/rial ma*9]y4 ,if ! eng9e be ( r l>ge size "o1 moreov]1 :i* op]ates at high pressure--su* a me?od ( />t+ is v tr\blesome4 ,= ^! reasons1 among o!rs1 manufactur]s h devis$ automatic means ( sett+ a gas-eng9e 9 motion4 ,( su* automatic devices1 ! fir/ t %all be m5tion$ is a comb9ation ( pipes1 provid$ ) cocks1 by ! manipulation ( :i*1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas1 drawn f ! supply pipe1 is introduc$ into ! eng9e-cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on is fir/ plac$ 9 a suitable position1 & beh9d x a mixture is =m$ :i* is ignit$ by a nak$ flame situat$ ne> a conv5i5t orifice4 ,:5 ! explosion takes place ! ignition-orifice is automatically clos$1 & ! pi/on is giv5 its motive impulse4 ,! eng9e ?us />t$ cont9ues to run 9 accordance ) ! regul> recurr5ce ( ! cycles4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 />t+ is effect$ by ! explosion ( a mixture1 )\t previ\s compression4 ,"s design]s h devis$ a sy/em ( h&-pumps :i* compress 9 ! cyl9d] a mixture ( air & gas1 ignit$ at ! prop] "t by all[+ x to come into contact ) ! ignit]1 ?r\gh ! manipulation ( cocks 7,fig4 #ci74 ,^! two me?ods are n absolutely effective4 ,!y require a c]ta9 deftness :i* c be acquir$ only aft] "s practice4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are objectionable because ! />t+ is effect$ too viol5tly1 & because ! in/antane\s explosion subjects ! /ation>y pi/on1 crank1 & fly-:eel to a %ock s sudd5 t !y may be sev]ely /ra9$ & may ev5 break4 ,moreov]1 ! slighte/ leakage 9 "o ( ! valves or *ecks may cause ! entire sy/em to fail1 &1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! pump1 may induce a back explosion exce$+ly dang]\s to ! man 9 *>ge ( ! eng9e4 ,^! sy/ems are n[ almo/ g5]ally supplant$ by ! compress$-air sy/em1 :i* is simpl]1 less dang]\s1 & m c]ta9 9 its effect4 ,! elem5ts compris+ ! sy/em 9 "q include ess5tially a res]voir ( ?ick %eet iron1 capable ( resi/+ a pressure ( #ahj to #bbe p\nds & suffici5t 9 capacity to />t an eng9e sev]al times4 ,?is res]voir is connect$ ) ! eng9e by pip+1 :i* is dispos$ 9 "o ( two ways1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r ! res]voir is *>g$ by ! eng9e itself op]atively connect$ ) ! compressor1 or by an indep5d5t compressor1 me*anically op]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,tangye />t]4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! pipe is provid$ ) a /op-cock1 m\nt$ adjac5t to ! cyl9d]1 & ) a *eck-valve4 ,:5 ! eng9e is />t$ & ! gas cut (f1 ! air is drawn 9 at ea* cycle & driv5 back into ! res]voir dur+ ! p]iod ( compression4 ,:5 ! eng9e1 runn+ "u ^! conditions by reason ( ! in]tia ( ! fly-:eel1 beg9s to sl[ d[n1 ! *eck-valve is clos$ & ! gas-admission valve op5$1 s z to produce sev]al explosions & to imp>t a c]ta9 spe$ to ! eng9e 9 ord] to cont9ue ! *>g+ ( ! res]voir ) compress$ air4 ,?is done1 ! valve on ! res]voir itself is tightly clos$1 z well z ! *eck-valve1 s z to avoid any leakage likely to cause a fall 9 ! res]voir's pressure4 ,9 ! second case1 :i* applies p>ticul>ly to eng9es ( m ?an #ej horse-p[]1 ! *>g+ pipe connect$ ) ! res]voir is necess>ily indep5d5t ( ! pipe by means ( :i* ! motor is />t$4 ,! res]voir hav+ be5 fill$ & ! decompression cam ?r[n into ge>1 />t+ is accompli%$3 #a4 ,by plac+ ! pi/on 9 />t+ position1 :i* corresponds ) a crank incl9ation ( #aj to #bj degrees 9 ! direction ( ! pi/on's movem5t1 f ! re> dead c5t]1 imm$iately aft] ! p]iod ( compression2 #b4 ,by op5+ ! res]voir-valve2 #c4 ,by all[+ ! compress$ air to ent] ! cyl9d] rapidly1 ?r\gh ! quick manipulation ( ! /op-cock1 :i* is clos$ aga9 :5 ! impulse is giv5 & reop5$ at ! correspond+ p]iod ( ! foll[+ cycle1 ?is op]ation be+ repeat$ sev]al times 9 ord] to imp>t suffici5t spe$ to ! motor2 #d4 ,by op5+ ! gas-valve & f9ally clos+ ! two valves ( ! compress$-air pipe4 ,! pipes & compress$-air res]voirs %\ld be p]fectly tight4 ,! res]voirs %\ld h a capacity 9 inv]se ratio to ! pressure "u :i* !y are plac$1 i4e41 !y increase 9 size z ! pressure decreases4 ,if1 = example1 ! res]voirs %\ld be op]at$ normally at a pressure ( #aje to #abj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 _! capacity %\ld be at lea/ five or six times ! volume ( ! eng9e-cyl9d]4 ,if ^! res]voirs are *>g$ by ! eng9e itself1 ! pressure w always be less by #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ?an t ( ! compression4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,in/allation ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! v>i\s /ructural details ( an eng9e h be5 summ>iz$ & ^? arrangem5ts indicat$ :i*1 f a g5]al /&po9t1 seem mo/ comm5dable4 ,no p>ticul> sy/em has be5 describ$ 9 ord] t ?is manual might be kept )9 prop] limits4 ,moreov]1 ! be/-kn[n writ]s1 su* z ,hutton1 ,hiscox1 ,p>sell & ,we$1 9 ,am]ica2 ,aime ,witz1 9 ,france2 ,dugald ,cl]k1 ,fr$]ick ,grov]1 & ! late ,bryan ,donk91 9 ,engl&2 ,gueldn]1 ,s*ottl]1 ,!r+1 9 ,g]many1 h publi%$ v full descriptive works on ! v>i\s types ( eng9es4 ,we %all n[ consid] ! v>i\s me?ods :i* seem pref]able 9 in/all+ an eng9e4 ,! directions to be giv51 ! au?or believes1 h n be5 hi!rto publi%$ 9 any "w1 & are "h =mulat$1 aft] an exp]i5ce ( fifte5 ye>s1 acquir$ 9 te/+ ov] #djj eng9es ( all k9ds1 & 9 /udy+ ! me?ods ( ! lead+ gas-eng9e-build+ firms 9 ! *ief indu/rial c5t]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,location4--,! eng9e %\ld be pref]ably locat$ 9 a well-light$ place1 accessible = inspection & ma9t5ance1 & %\ld be kept entirely free f du/4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! eng9e space %\ld be enclos$4 ,an eng9e %\ld n be locat$ 9 a cell>1 on a damp floor1 or 9 badly illum9at$ & v5tilat$ places4 ,gas-,pipes4--,! pipes by :i* fuel is conduct$ to eng9es1 driv5 by /reet-gas1 & ! gas-bags1 etc41 are r>ely altoge!r free f leakage4 ,= ?is reason1 ! eng9e-room %\ld be z well v5tilat$ z possible 9 ! int]e/ ( safety4 ,long l9es ( pipe betwe5 ! met] & ! eng9e %\ld be avoid$1 = ! sake ( economy1 s9ce ! *ances = leakage increase ) ! l5g? ( ! pipe4 ,x seldom happ5s t ! leakage ( a pipe #cj to #ej feet long1 supply+ a #cj horse-p[] eng9e1 is mu* less ?an #ij cubic feet p] h\r4 ,! b5eficial effect ( %ort supply pipes betwe5 met] & eng9e on ! runn+ ( ! eng9e is ano!r po9t to be kept 9 m9d4 ,an eng9e %\ld be suppli$ ) gas z cool z possible1 :i* condition is seldom realiz$ if long pipe l9es be employ$1 ext5d+ ?r\gh work%ops1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is usually high] ?an t ( und]gr\nd pip+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pipes %\ld n be expos$ to ! freez+ temp]ature ( w9t]1 s9ce ! fro/ =m$ )9 ! pipe1 & p>ticul>ly ! cry/all9e deposition ( naph?al9e1 r$uces ! cross section & sometimes clogs ! passage4 ,(t5 x happ5s t wat] cond5ses 9 ! pipes2 consequ5tly1 ! pip+ %\ld be dispos$ s z to obviate incl9es1 9 :i* ! wat] c collect 9 pockets4 ,an accumulation ( wat] is usually manife/$ by fluctuations 9 ! flame ( ! burn]4 ,9 places :]e wat] c collect1 a dra9-cock %\ld be ins]t$4 ,9 places expos$ to fro/1 a cock or a plug %\ld be provid$1 s t a liquid c be introduc$ to dissolve ! naph?al9e4 ,to insure ! p]fect op]ation ( ! eng9e1 z well z to avoid fluctuations 9 ne>by lights1 pipes hav+ a l>ge diamet] %\ld pref]ably be employ$4 ,! cross-section %\ld n be less ?an t ( ! dis*>ge-pipe ( ! met]1 select$ 9 accordance ) ! prescriptions ( ! foll[+ table3 ,,gas-,,met]s4 ,table ,head+s-- ,column ,a3 ,capacity4 ,column ,b3 ,normal h\rly fl[4 ,column ,c3 ,height4 ,column ,d3 ,wid?4 ,column ,e3 ,dep?4 ,column ,f3 ,diamet] ( pipe4 ,column ,g3 ,p[] ( eng9e to be f$4 ,dim5sion 9 in*es4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 burn]s cu4 ft4 h4-p4 #c #ad4gbf #ac #aa #i-ac_/af #j4eij #a_/b #e #bd4gaj #ah #ac-c_/d #aj-e_/h #j4ghg #c_/d #aj #di4dbj #ba-a_/d #ah-a_/b #ab-i_/af #j4ihd #a-b #bj #ih4hdj #bc-c_/af #ai-aa_/af #ae-e_/af #a4aha #c-d #cj #adh4bfj #be-e_/h #ba-aa_/af #ah-c_/af #a4def #e-f #ej #bdg4ajj #bi-a_/b #bd-e_/af #bj-g_/af #a4eib #g-aj #fj #bif4ebj #cj-e_/af #be-e_/h #be-e_/h #a4fga #aa-ad #hj #cie4cfj #cc-e_/af #cj-e_/af #bg-a_/h #a4ifh #ae-ai #ajj #did4bjj #ce #cc-g_/af #bi-ae_/af #a4ifh #bj-be #aej #gda4cjj #dj-c_/af #dj-c_/af #cc-ac_/af #cj-dj ,! records made are exact only :5 ! met]s 7,fig4 #dj7 are in/all$ & op]at$ "u normal conditions4 ,two *ief causes t5d to falsify ! measurem5ts 9 wet met]s3 7#a7 evaporation ( ! wat]1 7#b7 ! failure to h ! met] level4 ,evaporation occurs incessantly1 ow+ to ! fl[+ ( ! gas ?r\gh ! app>atus1 & increases ) a rise 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! met]4 ,consequ5tly ?is temp]ature mu/ be kept d[n1 = :i* reason ! met] %\ld be plac$ z ne> ! gr\nd z possible4 ,! evaporation also increases ) ! volume ( gas deliv]$4 ,h5ce ! met] %\ld n supply m ?an ! volume = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! return ( ! wat] ( cond5sation to ! met] & to prev5t its accumulation1 ! pipes %\ld be incl9$ z f> z possible t[>d ! met]4 ,! l[]+ ( ! wat]-level 9 ! met] b5efits ! consum] at ! exp5se ( ! gas company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,wet gas-met]4 ,incl9ation f ! horizontal has an effect t v>ies ) ! direction ( incl9ation4 ,if ! met] be incl9$ =w>d1 or f left to "r1 ! wat] c fl[ out by ! lat]al op5+ at ! level1 & incorrect measurem5ts are made to ! consum]'s co/4 ,dur+ w9t]1 ! met] %\ld be protect$ f cold4 ,! simple/ way to accompli% ?is1 is to wrap sub/ances ar\nd ! met] :i* are poor conductors ( heat1 su* z /raw1 hay1 rags1 cotton1 & ! l4 ,freez+ ( ! wat] c also be prev5t$ by ! addition ( alcohol 9 ! proportion ( #b p9ts p] burn]4 ,! wat] is ?us enabl$ to )/& a temp]ature ( ab\t #e degrees ,f4 bel[ z]o4 ,in/ead ( alcohol1 glyc]9e 9 ! same proportions c be employ$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! glyc]9e is neutral1 9 ord] t ! met] may n be attack$ by ! acids :i* ! liquid sometimes conta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,dry gas-met]4 ,dry ,met]s4--,dry met]s are employ$ *iefly 9 cold climates1 :]e wet met]s c\ld be protect$ only ) difficulty & :]e ! wat] is likely to freeze4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! dry met] is ! type mo/ widely employ$4 ,9 ,sw$5 & 9 ,holl& x is also g5]ally introduc$ 7,fig4 #da74 ,9 ! matt] ( accuracy ( measurem5t !re is little1 if any1 diff]5ce betwe5 wet & dry met]s4 ,! dry met] has ! m]it ( measur+ correctly reg>dless ( ! fluctuations 9 ! wat] level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is op5 to ! objection ( absorb+ some:at m pressure ?an ! wet met]1 aft] hav+ be5 9 op]ation = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,?is is an objection ( no great weight2 = !re is always en\gh pressure 9 ! ma9s & pipes to op]ate a met]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,section ?r\gh a dry gas-met]4 ,9 _m cases1 :]e ! employm5t ( non-freez+ liquids is necess>y1 ! dry met] may be us$ to advantage1 s9ce all su* liquids h m or less corrod+ effect on %eet lead & ev5 t91 dep5d+ ^u ! composition ( ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,section ?r\gh a dry gas-met]4 ,! dry met] comprises two bell[s1 op]at+ 9 a cas+ divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a c5tral p>tition4 ,! gas is di/ribut$ on "o or ! o!r side ( ! bell[s1 by slides ,b4 ,! slides ,b are provid$ ) cranks ,e1 controll$ by lev]s ,m1 actuat$ by transmission %afts ,o1 driv5 by ! bell[s4 ,! met] is adju/$ by a screw :i* *anges ! ?r[ ( ! cranks ,e & consequ5tly affects ! bell[s4 ,! movem5t ( ! crank-%aft ,d is transmitt$ to ! indicat+ app>atus4 ,9 ord] to obviate any leakage1 ?is %aft passes ?r\gh a /uff+-box1 ,g4 ,! diagrams 7,figs4 #db-dc7 %[ ! con/ruction ( a dry met]1 ! arr[s indicat+ ! c\rse tak5 by ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,rubb] bag to prev5t fluctuations ( ! ignition flame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,rubb] bags on gas-pipes4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to provide ! gas-pipe ) a dra9-cock1 at a po9t ne> ! eng9e4 ,by means ( ?is cock1 any air 9 ! pipe c be all[$ to escape be=e />t+2 o!rwise ! eng9e c be set 9 motion only ) difficulty4 ,if ! eng9e be provid$ ) an inc&esc5t tube1 ! gas-supply pipe ( ! ignit] %\ld be fitt$ ) a small rubb] p\* or bag1 9 ord] to obviate fluctuations 9 ! burn] flame1 caus$ by v>iations 9 ! pressure 7,fig4 #dd74 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! supply-pipe %\ld be connect$ ) ! ma9 pipe on ! =w>d side ( ! bags & gas-gov]nors4 ,! ma9 pipe & all o!r pip+ ne> ! eng9e %\ld ext5d und]gr\nd1 s t free access to ! motor f all sides c be obta9$1 )\t possibility ( injury4 ,anti-pulsators1 ,bags1 ,pressure-,regulators4--,! mo/ commonly employ$ means ( prev5t+ fluctuation ( ne>by lights1 due to ! %>p /rokes ( ! eng9e1 consi/s 9 provid+ ! gas-supply pipe ) rubb] bags 7,fig4 #de71 :i* =m res]voirs = ! gas &1 by reason ( _! ela/icity1 c\nt]act ! effect produc$ by ! suction ( ! eng9e4 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] to insure a supply ( gas at a con/ant pressure1 :i* is necess>y = ! p]fect op]ation ( ! eng9e1 !re are g5]ally us$1 9 addition to ! bags1 devices call$ gas-gov]nors1 or anti-pulsators 7,fig4 #df74 ,al?\gh ^! devices are con/ruct$ 9 diff]5t ways1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple is ! same 9 all4 ,!y comprise a metallic cas+1 conta9+ a flexible diaphragm ( rubb] or ( "s fabric imp]meable to gas4 ,suction ( ! eng9e creates a vacuum 9 ! cas+4 ,! diaphragm b5ds1 !reby actuat+ a valve1 :i* cuts (f ! gas supply4 ,dur+ ! ?ree foll[+ p]iods 7compression1 explosion1 & exhau/7 ! gas1 by reason ( its pressure on ! diaphragm1 op5s ! valve & fills ! cas+1 ready = ! next suction /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,an anti-pulsator4 ,o!r devices1 :i* are nev] sold ) ! eng9e1 b are r5d]$ necess>y by reason ( ! conditions impos$ by ! gas supply are sold "u ! "n pressure-regulators 7,fig4 #dg74 ,!y consi/ ( a bell1 float+ 9 a res]voir conta9+ wat] & glyc]9e 7or m]cury71 & likewise actuate a valve :i* p>tially controls ! fl[ ( gas4 ,?is valve be+ balanc$1 its me*anical action is ! m c]ta94 ,su* devices are v effective 9 ma9ta9+ ! /ead9ess ( lights4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are (t5 an ob/acle to ! op]ation ( ! eng9e because !y r$uce ! fl[ & pressure ( ! gas too mu*4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is difficulty1 a pressure-regulator %\ld be *os5 ) discrim9ation1 & ( suffici5tly l>ge size to insure ! ma9t5ance ( an adequate supply ( gas to ! eng9e4 ,frequ5t exam9ations %\ld be made to asc]ta9 if ! bell ( ! regulator is imm]s$ 9 ! liquid4 ,9 ! case ( anti-pulsators1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are n spatt]$ ) oil1 :i* has a disa/r\s effect on rubb]4 ,anti-pulsators are g5]ally m\nt$ ab\t #d in*es f a wall1 9 ord] t ! diaphragm may be actuat$ by h&1 if ne$ be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,a pressure-regulator4 ,precautions4--,9 ord] n to /ra9 ! rubb] ( ! bags or ( ! anti-pulsators1 x is advisable to place a /op-cock 9 advance ( ^! devices s t !y c n be fill$ :ile ! motor is at re/4 ,! capacity ( ! rubb] bags t c be b\ght 9 ! m>ket be+ limit$1 x is necess>y to place "o1 two1 or ?ree extra bags 9 s]ies 7,figs4 #dh & #di71 = l>ge pipes2 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! total section ( ! bran* pipes %\ld be at lea/ equal to t ( ! ma9 pipe4 ,x is also advisable to ext5d ! tube completely ?r\gh ! bag z %[n 9 ,figs4 #dh & #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #dh-di4--;,arrangem5t ( rubb] bags4 ,if !re be two bran* pipes ! m9imum diamet] :i* meets ?is requirem5t is asc]ta9$ z foll[s3 ,draw to any scale a semicircle hav+ a diamet] equal or proportional to t ( ! ma9 pipe 7,fig4 #ej74 ,! sides ( ! isosceles triangle inscrib$ )9 ?is semicircle give ! m9imum diamet] ( ea* ( ! bran* pipes4 ,sometimes eng9es are provid$ ) a cock hav+ an arrangem5t by means ( :i* ! gas fe$ is p]man5tly regulat$1 accord+ to ! quality & pressure ( ! gas & accord+ to ! load at :i* ! eng9e is to run4 ,?is r5d]s x possible to op5 ! cock always to ! same po9t 7,fig4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,air ,suction4--,9 a special *apt] ! precautions to be tak5 to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! suction ( ! eng9e 9 caus+ vibration w be treat$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! suction ( air is effect$ necess>ily has z m>k$ an influ5ce on ! op]ation ( ! eng9e z ! supply ( gas1 s9ce air & gas con/itute ! explosive mixture4 ,resi/ance to ! suction ( air %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 = :i* reason ! l5g? ( ! pipe %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & its cross-section kept at lea/ equal to t ( ! air inlet ( ! eng9e4 ,s9ce ! quality ( /reet-gas v>ies ) ea* city1 ! prop] proportions ( gas & air are n con/ant4 ,9 ord] t ^! proportions may be regulat$1 x is a matt] ( "s importance to fit "s suitable device on ! pipe4 ,good eng9es are provid$ ) a plug or flap valve4 ,g5]ally ! air-pipe t]m9ates ei!r 9 ! holl[$ portion ( ! frame1 or 9 an indep5d5t pot1 or air *e/4 ,! fir/ arrangem5t is n to be recomm5d$ = eng9es ov] #bj to #be horse-p[]4 ,accid5ts may result1 su* z ! break+ ( ! frame by reason ( back fir+1 ( :i* m w be said lat]4 ,if an indep5d5t *e/ be employ$1 its clos5ess to ! gr\nd r5d]s x possible = du/ easily to pass ?r\gh ! air-holes 9 ! walls at ! mom5t ( suction1 & ev5 to ent] ! cyl9d]1 :]e its pres5ce is p>ticul>ly h>mful1 lead+1 z x does1 to ! rapid we> ( ! rubb+ surfaces4 ,?is evil c be l>gely rem$i$ by fill+ ! air-*e/ ) cocoa fib] or ev5 wood fib]1 provid$ ! latt] does n become pack$ d[n s z to prev5t ! air f pass+ freely4 ,su* fib]s act z air-filt]s4 ,regul> clean+ or r5ewal ( ! fib] protects ! cyl9d] f we>4 ,9 a g5]al way1 c>e %\ld be tak51 be=e fitt+ bo? ! gas & air pipes1 to tap ! pipes1 elb[s1 & jo9ts lightly ) a hamm] on ! outside 9 ord] to loos5 :atev] ru/ or s& may cl+ to ! int]ior2 o!rwise ?is =eign matt] may ent] ! cyl9d] & cause p]turbations 9 ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,"u all circum/ances1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to place ! end ( ! air-pipe "u ! floor or 9 an enclos$ space1 because leakage may occur1 due to ! bad seat+ ( ! air-valve1 !reby produc+ a mixture :i* may explode if ! flame leaps back1 z we %all see 9 ! discussion ( suction by pipes t]m9at+ 9 ! holl[ ( ! frame4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s& or sawdu/ %\ld n be spr9kl$ on ! floor4 ,exhau/4--,= ! exhau/1 ca/-iron or drawn pipes z %ort z possible %\ld be us$4 ,n only ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 b also its economic consumption1 c be m>k$ly affect$ by ! employm5t ( long & b5t pipes4 ,resi/ance to ! exhau/ ( ! products ( combu/ion n only causes an injuri\s c\nt]-pressure1 b also prev5ts ! cle>+ ( ! cyl9d] ( burnt gases1 :i* contam9ate ! aspir$ mixture & rob x ( mu* ( its explosiv5ess4 ,! necessity ( evacuat+ ! cyl9d] z completely z possible is1 nev]!less1 n always reconcilable ) local surr\nd+s4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! objections to long exhau/-pipes are ov]come by rigor\sly avoid+ ! use ( elb[s4 ,gradual curves are pref]able4 ,9 ! case ( v long pipes x is advisable to increase _! diamet] e #af feet f ! exhau/4 ,! exhau/-*e/ %\ld be plac$ z ne> z possible to ! eng9e2 x %\ld nev] be buri$2 = ! jo9ts ( ! inlet & outlet pipes ( ! exhau/-*e/ %\ld be easily accessible1 s t !y may be r5ew$ :5 necess>y4 ,! au?or recomm5ds ! plac+ ( ! exhau/-*e/ 9 a masonry pit1 :i* c be clos$ ) a %eet-metal cov]4 ,= eng9es ( #bj horse-p[] & upw>d1 ^! jo9ts %\ld be entirely ( asbe/os4 ,pipes screw$ directly into ! ca/+ are liable to ru/4 ,expos$ z !y are to ! /eam or wat] ( ! exhau/1 !y _c be deta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,me?od ( m\nt+ pipes4 ,! wat]1 :i* results f ! comb9ation ( ! hydrog5 ( ! gas ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 is deposit$ 9 mo/ cases at ! bottom ( ! exhau/-*e/4 ,x is advisable to fit a plug or iron cock 9 ! base ( ! *e/4 ,alkal9e or acid wat] w always corrode a bronze cock4 ,9 ord] t ! pipes may n also be attack$1 !y are n dispos$ horizontally1 b are giv5 a slight incl9e t[>d ! po9t :]e ! wat] is dra9$ (f4 ,if pipes ( "s l5g? be employ$1 !y %\ld be able to exp& freely )\t /ra9+ ! jo9ts1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #eb71 9 :i* ! exhau/-*e/ re/s on iron roll]s :i* p]mit a slight displacem5t4 ,= ! sake ( safety1 at lea/ t portion ( ! pip+ :i* is ne> ! eng9e %\ld be locat$ at a prop] di/ance f woodwork & o!r combu/ible mat]ial4 ,by no means %\ld ! exhau/ dis*>ge into a sew] or *imney1 ev5 ?\gh ! sew] or *imney be n 9 use2 = ! unburnt gases may be trapp$1 & dang]\s explosions may ensue at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge4 ,! jo9ts or ?read$ sleeves employ$ 9 assembl+ ! exhau/-pipe %\ld be te/$ = tightness4 ,! comb9$ action ( ! moi/ure & heat causes ! metal to ru/ & to det]iorate v rapidly at leaky spots4 ,:5 sev]al eng9es are in/all$ ne> "o ano!r1 ea* %\ld be provid$ ) a special exhau/-pipe2 o!rwise x may happ51 :5 ! eng9es are all runn+ at once1 t ! products ( combu/ion dis*>g$ by ! "o may cause a back pressure detrim5tal to ! exhau/ ( ! next4 ,x is possible to employ a pipe common to all ! exhau/s if ! pipe />ts f a po9t beyond ! exhau/-*e/s1 9 :i* case ,y-jo9ts & n ,t-jo9ts are to be us$4 ,! mann] ( secur+ ! pipes to walls by means ( deta*able hang]s1 l9$ ) asbe/os1 is %[n 9 a g5]al way 9 ! accompany+ ,fig4 #ec4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to r5d] deta*m5t easy & to prev5t ! transmission ( %ocks to ! masonry4 ,! precautions to be tak5 = muffl+ ! noise ( ! exhau/ w be discuss$ lat]4 ,! end ( ! exhau/-pipe %\ld be slightly curv$ d[n 9 ord] to prev5t ! entrance ( ra94 ,exhau/-pipes are subject$ to consid]able vibration1 due to ! sudd5 dis*>ge ( ! gases4 ,to protect ! jo9ts1 ! pipes %\ld be rigidly fa/5$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,me?od ( secur+ pipes to walls4 ,legal ,au?orization4--,9 mo/ c\ntries gas-eng9es may be in/all$ only 9 accordance ) ! provision ( g5]al or local laws1 :i* impose c]ta9 conditions4 ,^! laws v>y ) diff]5t localities1 = :i* reason !y are n discuss$ "h4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,f\ndation ,,& ,,exhau/ ,! read] w rememb] f :at has already be5 said t a gas-eng9e is a motor :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 is subject$ to =ces1 sudd5ly & repeat$ly ex]t$1 produc+ viol5t reactions on ! f\ndation4 ,x foll[s t ! f\ndation mu/ be made p>ticul>ly resi/ant by prop]ly det]m9+ its %ape & size & by c>efully select+ ! mat]ial ( :i* x is to be built4 ,! ,f\ndation ,mat]ials4--,well-h>d5$ brick %\ld be us$4 ,! top c\rse ( bricks %\ld be laid on edge4 ,x is advisable to increase ! /ability ( ! f\ndation by longitud9ally elongat+ x t[>d ! base1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #ed74 ,z a b9d+ mat]ial1 only mort> compos$ ( co>se s& or riv] s& & ( good cem5t1 %\ld be us$4 ,in/ead ( co>se s&1 cru%$ slag1 well-scre5$1 may be employ$4 ,! mort> %\ld consi/ ( #b_/c slag & #a_/c cem5t4 ,oil %\ld n 9 any way come into contact ) ! mort>2 x may p]colate ?r\gh ! cem5t & alt] its resi/ant qualities4 ,z 9 ! con/ruction ( all f\ndations1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to excavate d[n to good soil & to l9e ! bottom ) concrete1 9 ord] to =m a s+le mass ( artificial /one4 ,a day or two %\ld be all[$ = ! masonry to dry out1 be=e fill+ 9 ar\nd x4 ,:5 ! eng9e is in/all$ on ! gr\nd floor above a vault$ cell>1 ! f\ndation %\ld n re/ directly on ! vault bel[ or on ! joi/s1 b %\ld be built ^u ! v floor ( ! cell>1 s t x passes ?r\gh ! plank+ ( ! gr\nd floor )\t contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,me?od ( build+ ! f\ndation4 ,:5 ! eng9e is to be in/all$ on a /ag+1 ! me?od ( secur+ x 9 place illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ee %\ld be adopt$4 ,al?\gh a f\ndation1 built 9 ! mann] describ$1 w fulfill ! usual conditions ( an indu/rial in/allation1 x w be inadequate = special cases 9 :i* trepidation is to be expect$4 ,su* is ! case :5 eng9es are to be in/all$ 9 places :]e1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( factories1 x is necess>y to avoid all nuisance1 su* z noise1 trepidations1 odors1 & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,elevat$ f\ndation4 ,vibration4--,9 ord] to prev5t ! transmission ( vibration1 ! f\ndation %\ld be c>efully insulat$ f all neighbor+ walls4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s insulat+ sub/ances call$ anti-vibratory are to be recomm5d$4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ horsehair1 felt pack+1 cork1 & ! l4 ,! efficacy ( ^! sub/ances dep5ds mu* on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are appli$4 ,x is always advisable to int]pose a lay] ( "o ( ^! sub/ances1 f "o to f\r in*es ?ick1 betwe5 ! f\ndation & ! surr\nd+ soil1 ! ?ickness v>y+ ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial us$ & ! effect to be obta9$4 ,betwe5 ! b$ ( concrete1 m5tion$ previ\sly1 & ! f\ndation-masonry & betwe5 ! f\ndation & ! eng9e-frame1 a lay] ( insulat+ mat]ial may well be plac$4 ,pref]5ce is to be giv5 to sub/ances n likely to rot or at lea/ n likely to lose _! insulat+ prop]ty1 :5 act$ ^u by heat1 moi/ure or pressure4 ,"h x may n be amiss to w>n aga9/ ! utilization ( cork = ! bottom ( ! f\ndation2 = wat] may cause ! cork to swell & to dislocate ! f\ndation or de/roy its level4 ,! employm5t ( ! v>i\s sub/ances m5tion$ does n entail any great exp5se :5 ! f\ndations are n l>ge & ! eng9es are light4 ,b ! co/ becomes consid]able :5 insulat+ mat]ial is to be employ$ = ! f\ndation ( a #cj to #ej horse-p[] eng9e & upw>ds4 ,= an eng9e ( su* size ! au?or recomm5ds an arrangem5t z simple z x is effici5t1 :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! f\ndation ( ! eng9e 9 a v]itable masonry bas91 ! bottom ( :i* is a b$ ( concrete ( suitable ?ickness4 ,! f\ndation is s plac$ t ! lat]al surfaces are absolutely indep5d5t ( ! support+-walls ( ! bas9 ?us =m$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to cov] ! bottom ) a lay] ( dry s&1 ramm$ d[n well1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness ) ea* case4 ,?is lay] ( s& con/itutes ! anti-vibratory mat]ial & conf9es ! trepidations ( ! eng9e to ! f\ndation4 ,z a result ( ?is arrangem5t1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 be+ unsupport$ lat]ally1 ! f\ndation %\ld be all ! m resi/ant1 = :i* reason ! base-area & weight %\ld be increas$ by #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ,! exp5se entail$ w be l>gely (fset by sav+ ! co/ ( special anti-vibratory sub/ances4 ,9 places liable to be flood$ by wat]1 ! bas9 %\ld be cem5t$ or asphalt$4 ,:5 ! eng9e is ( "s size & is int5d$ = ! driv+ ( "o or m dynamos :i* may !mselves give rise to vibrations1 ! dynamos are secur$ directly to ! f\ndation ( ! eng9e1 :i* is ext5d$ = t purpose1 s t bo? ma*9es are c>ri$ solidly on a s+le base4 ,! =ego+ outl9e %\ld n lead ! proprietor ( a plant to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( exp]ts1 ^: long exp]i5ce has br\ght home to !m ! difficulties to be ov]come 9 special cases4 ,x %\ld "h be /at$1 z a g5]al rule1 t ! bricks %\ld be ?or\ghly moi/5$ be=e !y are laid 9 ord] t !y may grip ! mort>4 ,aft] hav+ be5 plac$ on ! f\ndation & r\ghly trimm$ ) respect to ! transmission devices1 ! eng9e is c>efully level$ by means ( h>dwood w$ges driv5 "u ! base4 ,?is done1 ! bolts are seal$ by v gradually p\r+ a cem5t wa% into ! holes1 & all[+ x to set4 ,:5 ! holes are completely fill$ & ! bolts securely fa/5$ 9 place1 a %all[ rim1 or edge ( clay1 or s& is run ar\nd ! ca/ base1 s z to =m a small box or tr\gh1 9 :i* cem5t is also p\r$ = ! purpose ( firmly b9d+ ! eng9e frame & f\ndation toge!r4 ,:51 z 9 ! case ( electric-light eng9es1 s+le extra-heavy fly-:eels are employ$1 provid$ ) be>+s held 9 indep5d5t ca/ supports1 ! foll[+ rule %\ld be obs]v$ to prev5t ! ov]heat+ due to unlevelness1 :i* usually occurs at ! bu%+s ( ^! be>+s3 ,t "p ( ! f\ndation :i* is to receive su* a support %\ld re/ directly on ! concrete b$ & %\ld be rigidly connect$ at ! bottom ) ! ma9 f\ndation4 ,:5 ! f\ndation is completely block$ up1 ! fly-:eel be>+ ) its support is hung to ! crank-%aft2 & n until ?is is effect$ is ! masonry at ! base ( ! support complet$ & rigidly fix$ 9 its prop] position4 ,= v l>ge eng9es1 ! f\ndation-bolts %\ld be p>ticul>ly well seal$ into ! f\ndation4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is end ! bricks are laid ar\nd ! bolt-holes1 alt]nately project$ & retract$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,brok5 /one is !n ramm$ d[n ar\nd ! fix$ bolt2 9 ! int]/ices cem5t wa% is p\r$4 ,air ,vibration1 etc4--,vibration due *iefly to ! transmission ( noises & ! displacem5t ( air by ! pi/on %\ld n be confus$ ) ! trepidations previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! noise ( an eng9e is caus$ by two di/9ct ph5om5a4 ,! "o is due to ! transmitt+ prop]ties ( ! entire solid mass con/itut+ ! frame1 ! f\ndation1 & ! soil4 ,! o!r is due to vibrations transmitt$ to ! air4 ,9 bo? cases1 9 ord] to r$uce ! noise to a m9imum1 ! mov+ p>ts %\ld be kept nicely adju/$1 & above all1 %ocks avoid$1 ! m h>mful ( :i* are caus$ by ! play betwe5 ! jo9t at ! foot ( ! connect+-rod & ! pi/on-p91 & betwe5 ! head ( ! connect+-rod & ! crank-%aft4 ,al?\gh smoo? runn+ ( ! eng9e may be assur$1 !re is always an inh]5t drawback 9 ! rapid reciprocat+ movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,9 l>ge1 s+le-act+ gas-eng9es1 a consid]able displacem5t ( air is ?us produc$4 ,9 ! case ( a =ty horse-p[] eng9e hav+ a cyl9d] diamet] & pi/on-/roke respectively ( #ac-c_/d in*es & #ba-c_/e in*es1 x is evid5t t at ea* /roke ! pi/on w displace ab\t #b cubic feet ( air1 ! effect ( :i* w be d\bl$ :5 x is consid]$ t on ! =w>d /roke back pressure is creat$ & on ! return /roke suction is produc$4 ,! air motion caus$ by ! eng9e is ! m readily felt z ! eng9e-room is small]4 ,if ! room1 = example1 be #i feet by #ae feet by #h feet1 ! volume w be #a1jhj cubic feet4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! #b cubic feet ( air 9 ! case suppos$ w be alt]nately displac$ six times ea* second1 :i* means ! displacem5t ( #ab cubic feet at %ort int]vals ) an av]age spe$ ( #eej feet p] m9ute4 ,su* vibrations transmitt$ to halls or neighbor+ rooms are due entirely to ! displacem5t ( ! air4 ,9 in/allations :]e ! air-intake ( ! eng9e is locat$ 9 ! eng9e-room1 a c]ta9 comp5sation is secur$1 at ! p]iod ( suction1 betwe5 ! quantity ( air expell$ on ! =w>d /roke ( ! pi/on & ! quantity ( air drawn into ! cyl9d]4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! vibration caus$ by ! movem5t ( ! air is felt less & occurs b once = two revolutions ( ! eng9e4 ,?is ph5om5on is v manife/ 9 n>r[ rooms 9 :i* ! eng9e happ5s to be in/all$ ne> glass w9d[s4 ,by reason ( ! ela/icity ( ! glass1 ! w9d[s acquire a vibratory movem5t correspond+ 9 p]iod ) half ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e4 ,x foll[s f ! prec$+ t1 9 ord] to d away ) ! air vibration occasion$ by ! pi/on 9 draw+ 9 & =c+ out air 9 an enclos$ space1 op5+s %\ld be provid$ = ! entrance ( l>ge quantities ( air1 or a suffici5t supply ( air %\ld be =c$ 9 by means ( a fan4 ,! au?or ends ?is section ) ! advice t all pipes 9 g5]al & ! exhau/-pipe 9 p>ticul> be insulat$ f ! f\ndation & f ! walls ?r\gh :i* !y pass z well z f ! gr\nd1 z metal pipes are good conductors ( s\nd & liable to c>ry to "s di/ance f ! eng9e ! s\nds ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,exhau/ ,noises4--,among ! mo/ difficult noises to muffle is t ( ! exhau/4 ,inde$1 x is ! exhau/ above all t betrays ! gas-eng9e by its dis*>ge to ! ext]ior ?r\gh ! exhau/-pipe4 ,! mo/ commonly employ$ means = r5d]+ ! exhau/ less p]ceptible consi/s 9 ext5d+ ! pipe upw>d z f> z possible1 ev5 to ! height ( ! ro(4 ,?is is an easy way out ( ! difficulty2 b x has a bad effect on ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,x r$uces ! p[] g5]at$ & increases ! consumption1 z w be expla9$ 9 a special p>agraph4 ,expansion-boxes1 m commonly call$ exhau/-muffl]s1 consid]ably dead5 ! noise ( explosion by ! use ( two or ?ree successive receptacles4 ,b ?is rem$y is att5d$ ) ! same faults t m>k ! use ( extremely long pipes4 ,! be/ plan is to m\nt a s+le exhau/-muffl] ne> ! dis*>ge ( ! eng9e 9 ! eng9e-room itself1 :]e x w s]ve at lea/ ! purpose ( localiz+ ! s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,exhau/-muffl]4 ,! employm5t ( pipes ( suffici5tly l>ge cross-section to con/itute expansion-boxes 9 !mselves w also muffle ! exhau/4 ,a m complete solution ( ! problem is obta9$ by caus+ ! exhau/-pipe1 aft] leav+ ! muffl]1 to dis*>ge into a masonry tr\gh hav+ a volume equal to twelve times t ( ! eng9e-cyl9d] 7,fig4 #ef74 ,?is tr\gh %\ld be divid$ into two p>ts1 sep>at$ by a horizontal iron grat+4 ,into ! l[] "p1 :i* is empty1 ! exhau/-pipe dis*>ges2 9 ! upp] "p1 pav+-blocks or h>d /ones n likely to crumble ) ! heat1 are plac$4 ,betwe5 ?is lay] ( /ones & ! cov] x is advisable to leave a space equal to ! fir/4 ,"h ! gases may exp& aft] hav+ be5 divid$ into _m p>ts 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! spaces left betwe5 adjac5t /ones4 ,! tr\gh %\ld n be clos$ by a rigid cov]2 =1 al?\gh effici5t muffl+ may be atta9$1 c]ta9 disadvantages are nev]!less enc\nt]$4 ,x may happ5 t 9 a badly regulat$ eng9e1 unburnt gases may be dis*>g$ into ?is tr\gh1 =m+ an explosive mixture :i* w be ignit$ by ! next explosion1 caus+ consid]able damage4 ,/ill1 ! explosion w be less dang]\s ?an noisy4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t ?is disadvantage occurs r>ely4 ,a second arrangem5t consi/s 9 sup]pos+ ! end ( ! exhau/-pipe ^u a cas+ ( suitable size1 :i* cas+ is p>tition$ (f by sev]al p]=at$ baffle-plates4 ,?is cas+ is pref]ably made ( wood1 l9$ ) metal1 s t x w n be resonant4 ,! size ( ! cas+1 ! numb] ( p>titions & _! p]=ations1 & ! mann] ( dispos+ ! p>titions h mu* to d ) ! result to be obta9$4 ,"h aga9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! exp]t is ( use4 ,v>i\s o!r sy/ems are employ$1 dep5d+ ^u ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,among ^! sy/ems may be m5tion$ ^? 9 :i* ! pipe is =k$ at its end to =m ei!r a yoke 7,fig4 #eg7 or a d\ble curve1 ea* bran* ( :i* t]m9ates 9 a muffl] 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,two types ( exhau/-muffl]s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 "u ord9>y conditions1 noises he>d z hiss+ s\nds are (t5 due to ! pres5ce ( projections1 or to di/ortion ( ! pipes ne> ! dis*>ge op5+4 ,consequ5tly1 9 connect+ ! pipes1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! jo9ts or seams h no int]ior projections4 ,occasionally1 wat] may be inject$ into ! exhau/-muffl] 9 ord] to cond5se ! vapors ( ! exhau/1 ! result be+ a dead5+ ( ! noises2 b 9 ord] to be truly effici5t ?is me?od %\ld be employ$ ) discretion1 = :i* reason ! advice ( an exp]t is ( value4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,wat] ,,circulation ,circulation ( wat] 9 explosion-eng9es is "o ( ! ess5tials ( _! p]fect op]ation4 ,two special cases are enc\nt]$4 ,9 ! "o ! jacket ( ! eng9e is suppli$ ) runn+ wat]2 9 ! o!r1 res]voirs are employ$1 ! circulation be+ effect$ simply by ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity 9 a !rmo-siphon app>atus4 ,cool]s are also us$4 ,runn+ ,wat]4--,a wat]-jacket f$ f a con/ant s\rce ( runn+ wat]1 su* z ! wat] ma9s ( a t[n1 is c]ta9ly productive ( ! be/ results1 ! supply1 moreov]1 be+ easily regulat$2 b ! sy/em is n widely us$ because ! wat] runs away & is entirely lo/4 ,if runn+ wat] be employ$1 ! outlet ( ! jacket is s dispos$ t ! wat] gu%es out imm$iately on leav+ ! cyl9d]1 & t ! fl[ is visible & accessible1 9 ord] t ! temp]ature may be te/$ by ! h&4 ,ap>t f ! relatively great co/ ( wat] 9 t[ns1 ! use ( runn+ wat] is objectionable on acc\nt ( its *emical composition4 ,?\gh x may be cle> & limpid1 x frequ5tly conta9s lime salts1 c>bonates1 sulphates1 & silicates :i* are precipitat$ by reason ( ! sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature to :i* ! wat] is subject$ z x comes into contact ) ! walls ( ! cyl9d]4 ,t "p ( ! wat]-jacket surr\nd+ ! head or explosion-*amb]1 :]e ! temp]ature is necess>ily ! highe/1 becomes lit]ally cov]$ ) calc>e\s incru/ations1 :i* are ! m h>mful because !y are bad conductors ( heat & because !y r$uce & ev5 ob/ruct ! passage exactly at ! po9t :]e ! wat] mu/ circulate mo/ freely to d any good4 ,if ! circulat+ wat] be pump$ into ! jacket1 x is pref]able1 :]ev] possible1 to use ci/]n wat]1 :i* is n likely to conta9 lime salts 9 susp5sion4 ,if riv] wat] be us$1 x %\ld be free f ! objections already m5tion$1 :i* are all ! m grave if ! wat] be muddy1 z sometimes happ5s4 ,! wat]-jacket c be easily fre$ f all non-adh]+ deposits by flu%+ x p]iodically ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a conv5i5tly plac$ cock4 ,x is always pref]able to pass ! wat] ?r\gh a res]voir :]e its impurities c settle1 be=e x fl[s to ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! case consid]$1 ! wat] usually has an av]age temp]ature ( #ed to #fj degrees ,f41 "u :i* condition ! h\rly fl[ %\ld be at lea/ #e-a_/b gallons p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 ! temp]ature ris+ at ! outlet-pipe ( ! cyl9d] to #adj & #aeh degrees ,f41 :i* %\ld n be surpass$4 ,h[ev]1 9 eng9es work+ ) high compression1 #ajd to #abb degrees ,f4 %\ld n be exce$$4 ,if ! wat]-jacket be f$ by a res]voir1 x is ess5tial t ! res]voir comply ) ! foll[+ conditions3 ,9 horizontal eng9es ! wat]-inlet is always locat$ 9 ! base ( ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! outlet is locat$ at ! top4 ,by provid+ ! inlet-pipe ext5d+ to ! cyl9d] ) a cock1 ! circulation ( wat] c be regulat$ to correspond ) ! "w p]=m$ by ! eng9e4 ,ano!r cock at ! end ( ! outlet-pipe ne> ! res]voir s]ves1 9 conjunction ) ! fir/1 to arre/ ! circulat+ wat]4 ,:5 ! wea!r is v cold or :5 ! cyl9d] mu/ be repair$1 ^! two cocks may be clos$1 & ! pipe & wat]-jacket ( ! cyl9d] dra9$ by means ( ! dra9-cock ,v 7,fig4 #ei71 m\nt$ at ! inlet ( ! eng9e's wat]-jacket4 ,9 ord] t ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e may n prev5t ! fl[+ ( ! wat]1 ! highe/ "p ( ! pipe is provid$ ) a small tube1 ,t1 communicat+ ) ! atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,!rmo-siphon cool+ sy/em4 ,on acc\nt ( ! importance ( prev5t+ losses ( ! *>ge 9 ! pipes ! au?or recomm5ds ! utilization ( sluice-valves ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 in/ead ( ! usual cone or plug type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,vanne sluice-cock4 ,wat]-,tanks4--,! res]voir is m\nt$ 9 su* a way t its base is flu% ) ! top ( ! cyl9d]2 x %\ld be z ne> z possible to ! cyl9d] 9 ord] to obviate ! use ( long inlet & return pipes4 ,?is fact1 h[ev]1 does n necess>ily r5d] x advisable to place ! res]voir 9 ! eng9e-room2 = su* a disposition is d\bly disadvantage\s 9 s f> z x does n p]mit a suffici5tly rapid cool+ ( ! circulat+ wat] by reason ( ! high temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air1 & 9 s f> z x is liable to cause ! =mation ( vapors :i* injuri\sly affect ! eng9e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! res]voir %\ld be plac$ 9 z cool a place z possible1 pref]ably ev5 9 ! op5 air2 = ! wat] is n likely to freeze1 except :5 x has be5 all[$ to /& = a consid]able "t4 ,! res]voir %\ld be left uncov]$ s z to facilitate cool+ by ! lib]ation ( ! vapors =m$ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,circulation be+ effect$ solely by ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity or d5sity betwe5 ! w>m] wat] em]g+ f ! cyl9d] & ! cool] wat] :i* fl[s 9 f ! res]voir1 ! slighte/ ob/ruction w imp$e ! fl[4 ,h5ce1 ! cross-section ( ! pipes %\ld n be less ?an t ( ! inlet & outlet op5+s ( ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,good circulation _c be atta9$ if ! wat] mu/ ov]come incl9es or ob/acles 9 ! pipes !mselves4 ,in/ead ( elb[s1 long curves ( great radius1 limit$ to ! smalle/ possible numb]1 %\ld be employ$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! return-pipe ext5d+ f ! cyl9d] back to ! res]voir4 ,= ?is pipe a m9imum incl9e ( #aj to #ae p] c5t4 %\ld be all[$1 9 ord] t ! wat] may run up into ! res]voir4 ,! height ( ! wat] 9 ! res]voir %\ld be f #b to #d in*es above ! dis*>ge ( ! return-pipe4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ?is level x is advisable to use "s automatic device su* z a float-valve1 9 :i* case ! res]voir %\ld n be all[$ to become too full4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,correct arrangem5t ( tanks & pip+4 ,! size ( a res]voir is det]m9$ by ! eng9e2 x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to enable ! eng9e to run smoo?ly at its maximum load = sev]al h\rs consecutively4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! res]voir %\ld h a capacity ( #de to #ee gallons p] horse-p[] = eng9es ) hit-&-miss admission1 & #ee to #fe gallons = eng9es controll$ by v>iable admission4 ,x is n advisable to employ res]voirs hav+ a capacity ( m ?an #ccj to #ddj gallons1 ! usual diamet] be+ ab\t #c feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,incorrect arrangem5t ( tanks & pip+4 ,if ! p[] ( ! eng9e be su* t sev]al res]voirs are necess>y1 !n ! res]voirs %\ld be connect$ 9 su* a mann] t ! top ( ! fir/ communicates ) ! bottom ( ! next & s on1 ! fir/ res]voir receiv+ ! wat] z x comes f ! cyl9d] 7,fig4 #fa74 ,int]communication ( ! res]voirs by means ( a common top tube 7a7 is objectionable2 & simultane\s int]communication at top & bottom 7a & b7 is ineffective1 s f> z "o ( ! res]voirs is conc]n$ 7,fig4 #fb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,tanks connect$ by incl9$ pipes4 ,! res]voirs are true !rmo-siphons4 ,consequ5tly ! wat] %\ld be me?odically circulat$2 9 o!r words1 ! hotte/ wat]1 fl[+ f ! eng9e into ! top ( ! fir/ res]voir & hav+1 = example1 a temp]ature ( #ajd degrees ,f41 is cool$ (f to #hf degrees ,f4 & drops to ! bottom ( ! res]voir1 !nce to be driv51 at a temp]ature s5sibly equal to #hf degrees ,f41 to ! second res]voir1 :]e a fur!r cool+ ( #ah degrees ,f4 takes place4 ,9 pass+ on to ! foll[+ res]voirs ! temp]ature is /ill fur!r l[]$1 until ! wat] f9ally rea*es its m9imum temp]ature1 aft] :i* x fl[s back to ! eng9e-cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,circulat+ pump ) by-pass4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is cool+1 ! res]voirs c be connect$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! mo/ common me?od1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fc1 consi/s 9 connect+ ! res]voirs by oblique pipes4 ,?is is op5 to criticism1 h[ev]1 s9ce leakage occurs1 caus$ by ! employm5t ( elb[s :i* ret>d ! circulation4 ,a less cumbr\s & m effici5t me?od ( connection consi/s 9 jo9+ ! res]voirs by a s+le pipe at ! top1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 to ext5d ?is pipe at ! po9t ( its entrance into ! adjo9+ res]voir by means ( a d[nw>dly project+ ext5sion1 or to fit its dis*>ge-end ) a box1 clos$ by a s+le p>tition1 op5 at ! bottom4 ,9 ord] to prev5t incru/ation ( ! wat]-jacket surr\nd+ ! cyl9d]1 a p\nd ( soda p] #ag cubic feet ( ! res]voir capacity is mon?ly introduc$1 & ! jacket flu%$ weekly by a cock conv5i5tly m\nt$ ne> ! cyl9d] 7,fig4 #ei74 ,! jacket is ?us purg$ ( calc>e\s s$im5ts1 :i* are prev5t$ by ! soda f adh]+ to ! metal4 ,! flu%+-cock m5tion$ also s]ves to dra9 ! wat]-jacket ( ! cyl9d] 9 case ( int5se or p]si/5t cold1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly freeze ! wat] 9 ! jacket1 !reby crack+ ! cyl9d] or ! expos$ pipes4 ,9 ord] to regulate ! circulation ( ! wat] 9 accordance ) ! "w p]=m$ by ! eng9e1 a cock %\ld be fitt$ to ! wat] supply pipe at a conv5i5t place4 ,9 eng9es ( l>ge size1 driv5 at full load = long p]iods1 cool+ by natural circulation is (t5 inadequate4 ,9 su* cases1 circulation is quick5$ by a small rot>y or reciprocat+ pump1 driv5 f ! eng9e itself & fitt$ ) a by-pass provid$ ) a cock4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mits ! r5ewal ( ! natural !rmo-siphon circulation 9 case ( accid5t to ! pump 7,fig4 #fd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,wat]-cool] 9 :i* tree bran*es are employ$4 ,cool]s4--,! arrangem5t :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #fe1 & :i* has ! m]it ( simplicity1 w be f\nd ( s]vice 9 cool+ ! wat]4 ,x comprises a tank ,b surm\nt$ by a set ( trays ,e1 =m$ ( frames to :i* iron rods are secur$1 spac$ #a to #b feet ap>t1 s z to =m sup]impos$ s]ies sep>at$ by #a-a_/b to #b-a_/c feet4 ,on ^! trays bundles ( tree bran*es are plac$4 ,! cold wat] at ! bottom ( ! tank is =c$ by ! pump ,pi into ! wat]-jacket1 f :i* x em]ges hot1 & fl[s ?r\gh ! pipe ,t1 :i* ends 9 a spr9kl] ,g1 =m$ ( communicat+ tubes & p]=at$ ) a suffici5t numb] ( holes to enable ! wat] to fall ^u ! trays 9 _m drops4 ,?us f9ely divid$1 ! wat] falls f "o tray to ano!r1 ret>d$ z x desc5ds by ! bundles ( tree bran*es4 ,x f9ally rea*es ! tank 9 a v cold condition & is !n ready to be pump$ to ! eng9e4 ,bir* bran*es are to be pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! t5uity4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to cov] ! tank ) a %eet-metal closure 9 ord] to prev5t twigs & =eign bodies f ent]+ & f be+ drawn into ! pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,fan-cool]4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! dim5sions ( an op]ative app>atus ( ?is k9d are giv51--an app>atus1 moreov]1 t may be con/ruct$ ( wood or ( iron3-- ,table ,head+s-- ,column ,a3 ,horse-p[]4 ,column ,b3 ,volume 9 cubic ft4 ,column ,c3 ,base4 ,column ,d3 ,height4 ,column ,e3 ,height ( tray-base4 ,column ,f3 ,pump--,capacity 9 gals4 p] m94 ,tank4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 #cj #aje #d4i' x #d4i' #d4d' #f4f' #af4ga #dj #aed #e4b' x #e4b' #e4f' #g4d' #ah4fi #ej #aij #e4g' x #e4g' #f4d' #h4a' #ba4ii #ge #cej #f4f' x #f4f' #h4a' #i4a' #ce4ah #ajj #dij #g4d' x #g4d' #i4a' #i4a' #dc4ih ,9 ord] t ! wat] may n drop to "o side1 ! base ( ! app>atus %\ld be made #aj to #ab in*es less 9 wid? ?an ! tank4 ,! size ( ^! app>atus may be consid]ably r$uc$ by con/ruct+ !m 9 ! =m ( clos$ *e/s1 into ! bottom ( :i* air maybe inject$ by means ( fans 9 ord] to accel]ate cool+ 7,fig4 #ff74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lubrication ,lubrication is a subject t %\ld be /udi$ by e gas-eng9e us]4 ,s f> z ! pi/on is conc]n$ x is a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! pi/on does its "w "u v peculi> conditions4 ,x is driv5 at great l9e> velocities2 & x is1 moreov]1 subject$ to high temp]atures :i* h no?+ 9 common ) good lubrication if c>e be n ex]cis$4 ,! pi/on is ! ess5tial1 vital elem5t ( an eng9e4 ,^u its fre$om f leakage dep5ds ! ma9t5ance ( a prop] compression1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! production ( p[] & economical consumption4 ,z x travels =w>d & z x rec$es f ! explosion-*amb]1 x uncov]s m & m ( ! frictional surface con/itut+ ! int]ior wall ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is surface1 z a result1 is regul>ly br\ght into contact ) ! ignit$1 exp&+ gases aft] ea* explosion4 ,= ?is reason ! oil :i* cov]s ! wall is con/antly subject$ to high temp]atures1 by :i* x is likely to be volatiliz$ & burn$4 ,!re=e1 ! fir/ condition to be fulfill$ 9 prop]ly lubricat+ ! pi/on is a con/ant & regul> supply ( oil4 ,quality ( ,oils4--,= cyl9d] lubrication only ! v be/ oils %\ld be us$2 p]fect lubrication is ( su* importance t co/ %\ld n be consid]$4 ,besides1 ! surplus oil :i* is usually caught 9 ! drip-pan is by no means lo/4 ,aft] hav+ be5 filt]$ x c be us$ = lubricat+ ! be>+s ( ! crank1 ! cam-%aft1 & l p>ts4 ,cyl9d]-oil %\ld be exce$+ly pure1 free f acids1 & compos$ ( hydroc>bons t leave no residue aft] combu/ion4 ,only m9]al oils1 !re=e1 are suitable = ! purpose4 ,^? oils %\ld be select$ :i*1 ) a maximum ( viscosity1 are capable ( )/&+ great heat )\t volatiliz+ or burn+4 ,! po9t at :i* a good cyl9d]-oil ignites %\ld n be l[] ?an #ece degrees ,f4 ,:e!r an oil possesses ?is ess5tial quality is easily en\gh asc]ta9$ 9 practice )\t resort+ to laboratory te/s4 ,all t is necess>y is to heat ! oil 9 a metal vessel or a porcela9 di%4 ,9 ord] t ! temp]ature may be uni=m ! vessel is %ield$ f ! direct flame by int]pos+ a piece ( %eet metal or a lay] ( dry s&4 ,z soon z gases beg9 to arise a light$ mat* is held ov] ! oil4 ,:5 ! gases are ignit$ ! !rmomet] read+ is tak51 ! in/rum5t be+ imm]s$ 9 ! oil4 ,! temp]ature record$ is t correspond+ ) ! po9t ( ignition4 ,= cyl9d] lubrication ,am]ican m9]al oil is pref]able to ,russian oil4 ,! specific gravity %\ld lie some:]e betwe5 4#hhf & 4#hhi at #gj degrees ,f4 ,oil ( ?is quality beg9s to evaporate at ab\t #cfe degrees ,f4 ,ignition occurs at #ece degrees ,f4 ,! po9t ( complete combu/ibility lies betwe5 #fbe & #fde degrees ,f4 ,oil ( ?is quality solidifies at #ci or #da degrees ,f4 ,its color is a r$di% yell[ ) a gre5i% fluoresc5ce4 ,comp>$ ) wat] its degree ( viscosity lies betwe5 #aa4e & #ab4e at a temp]ature ( #adj degrees ,f4 ,be=e lubricat+ o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e ) oil t has be5 us$ = ! pi/on1 heavy p>ticles & =eign matt]1 su* z du/1 be>+ incru/ations1 & ! l1 %\ld be filt]$ out4 ,! pi/on-pivot & ! connect+-rod head are pref]ably lubricat$ ) fre% oil1 because _! con/ant movem5t r5d]s inspection difficult & ! control ( lubrication irksome4 ,a good1 indu/rial m9]al oil ( usual m>ket quality w be f\nd satisfactory4 ,9 ord] to br+ home ! importance ( employ+ good cyl9d]-oil & ( prop] lubrication ! au?or c only /ate t 9 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce he has frequ5tly detect$ losses v>y+ f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 9 ! p[] develop$ by eng9es poorly lubricat$4 ,types ( ,lubricators4--,among ! m common app>atus employ$ = automatically lubricat+ ! cyl9d]1 ! au?or m5tions an ,engli% oil] ( ! type pictur$ 9 ,fig4 #fg :i* is driv5 simply by a belt f ! int]m$i>y %aft1 & :i* rotates ! pulley ,p secur$ on ! %aft a ( ! app>atus1 at a v sl[ spe$4 ,! %aft a is provid$ at its end ) a small crank1 f :i* a small iron arm f is susp5d$1 :i* arm dips 9 ! oil conta9$ 9 ! cup ,g ( ! oil]4 ,:5 ! %aft a is turn$ ?is arm1 z x sweeps ?r\gh ! oil-ba?1 collects a c]ta9 quantity ( oil :i* x deposits on ! collector b4 ,f ?is sp9dle ! oil passes ?r\gh an outlet-pipe op5+ into ! bottom ( ! oil]1 & !nce to ! cyl9d]4 ,! entire app>atus is clos$ by a cov] ,d :i* c be easily remov$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( oil /ill rema9+ 9 ! app>atus4 ,_m o!r sy/ems are utiliz$ :i*1 l ! "o t has be5 describ$1 enable ! fe$ to be controll$4 ,(t5 small =ce-pumps are employ$ z cyl9d]-lubricators4 ,:atev] may be ! type select$1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to t 9 :i* ! fe$ is visible 7,fig4 #fh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,an automatic ,engli% oil]4 ,if ! oil be f$ "u pressure ! cyl9d] is m con/antly lubricat$4 ,pressure-lubricators are n[adays widely us$ on l>ge eng9es4 ,x is advisable to add a little salt to ! wat] conta9$ 9 sight-fe$ lubricators s t ! drop ( oil is easily fre$4 ,^! oil-pumps are provid$ ) small *eck-valves at _! outlets z well z at ! inlets ( cyl9d]s4 ,9 ord] t pressure-lubricators may op]ate p]fectly !y %\ld be regul>ly inspect$ & ! *eck-valves gr\nd f "t to "t4 ,! lubrication ( ! crank-%aft & ( ! two connect+-rod heads %\ld receive e att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,sight-fe$ lubricat+-pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,me?od ( oil+ ! pi/on & end ( ! connect+-rod4 ,lubricat+ devices %\ld be employ$ :i*1 besides be+ effici5t1 d n necessitate ! /opp+ ( ! eng9e 9 ord] to oil ! be>+s4 ,! foot ( ! connect+-rod at ! po9t :]e x is pivot$ to ! pi/on is g5]ally lubricat$ ) cyl9d]-oil :i* is suppli$ by a tube m\nt$ 9 ! prop] place across ! pi/on-wall 7,fig4 #fi74 ,?is arrangem5t may be adequate en\gh = small eng9es2 b x is n suffici5tly sure = eng9es ( consid]able size4 ,an indep5d5t lubricat+ sy/em %\ld be employ$1 lubrication be+ effect$ ei!r by a spla%] m\nt$ 9 front ( ! cyl9d] or by a lubricator secur$ to ! connect+-rod by :i* ! pivot is lubricat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a small tube supply+ special oil 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! head ( ! connect+-rod :]e x meets ! crank1 mu/ also be c>efully lubricat$ because ( ! important nature ( ! "w :i* x mu/ p]=m1 & because ( ! %ocks to :i* x is subject$ at ea* explosion4 ,= motors ( high p[] ! sy/em :i* seems to give mo/ satisfactory results is t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,! arrangem5t !re %[n consi/s ( an annul> vessel secur$ at "o side ( ! crank & turn+ conc5trically on its axis2 ! vessel be+ connect$ ) a long tube ext5d+ into a *annel =m$ 9 ! crank & dis*>g+ at ! surface ( ! crank-p9 )9 ! be>+ at ! head ( ! connect+-rod4 ,an adju/able sight-fe$ lubricator conducts ! oil along a pipe to ! vessel4 ,turn+ ) ! %aft1 ! vessel reta9s ! oil 9 ! p]iph]y s t ! fe$ 9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ *annel 9 ! connect+-rod head1 is con/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,me?od ( oil+ ! crank-%aft4 ,! ma9 crank-%aft be>+s are m easily lubricat$4 ,among ! sy/ems commonly us$ ) good results may be m5tion$ t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 9 :i* ! half section repres5ts a small tube />t+ f ! be>+ & t]m9at+ 9 ! int]ior ( an oil recess or res]voir ca/ integrally ) ! be>+-cap4 ,?is res]voir is fill$ up to ! level ( ! tube op5+4 ,a piece ( cotton wa/e held on a small iron wire is ins]t$ 9 ! tube1 "p ( ! cotton be+ all[$ to hang d[n 9 ! res]voir4 ,?is cotton s]ves z a k9d ( siphon & fe$s ! be>+ by capill>y attraction ) a con/ant quantity ( oil1 ! supply be+ regulat$ by v>y+ ! ?ickness ( ! cotton4 ,:5 ! motor is /opp$1 ! cotton %\ld be remov$ 9 ord] t oil-fe$+ may n uselessly cont9ue4 ,glass1 sight-fe$ lubricators ) /op-cocks1 are v (t5 us$ on crank-%afts4 ,!y are clean] & mu* m easily regulat$4 ,( all %aft-be>+ lubricators1 ^? :i* are mo/ to be recomm5d$ are ( ! revolv+-r+ type 7,fig4 #gb74 ,!y presuppose1 h[ev]1 be>+s ( l>ge size & a special arrangem5t ( bu%+s :i* r5d]s _! application some:at exp5sive4 ,fur!rmore1 ! revolv+-r+ sy/em c h>dly be us$ 9 connection ) eng9es ( less ?an #bj horse-p[]4 ,s9ce ! sy/em is appli$ almo/ exclusively to dynamo-%afts1 x ne$ n "h be describ$ 9 detail4 ,z its "n indicates1 x consi/s ( a metal r+ hav+ a diamet] l>g] ?an t "p ( ! %aft f :i* x is susp5d$ & by :i* x is rotat$4 ,! l[] "p ( ! r+ is imm]s$ 9 an oil ba? s t a c]ta9 quantity ( lubricant is cont9ually transf]r$ to ! %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--;,cotton-wa/e lubricator4 ,! revolv+ r+ be>+ %\ld be fitt$ ) a dra9-cock & a glass tube 9 ord] to control ! level ( ! oil 9 ! be>+4 ,_m manufactur]s h adopt$ lubricat+ devices = valve-/ems1 & especially = exhau/-valves4 ,! sy/em adopt$ consi/s ( a small tube curv$ 9 any conv5i5t direction & dis*>g+ 9 ! /em-guide4 ,! free end is provid$ ) a plug4 ,a few drops ( petroleum are introduc$ once or twice a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,r+ type ( be>+ oil]4 ,! lubrication ( an eng9e entails c]ta9 difficulties :i* are easily ov]come4 ,"o ( ^! is ! spla%+ ( oil by ! connect+-rod head4 ,9 ord] t ?is spla%$ oil may be collect$ 9 ! base ( ! eng9e a suitably curv$ %eet-metal gu>d is m\nt$ ov] ! crank4 ,a m s]i\s difficulty is pres5t$ :5 ! oil f a crank-be>+ f9ds its way to ! hub ( ! fly-:eel1 :5ce x is driv5 by ! c5trifugal =ce to ! rim4 ,! oil is n only spla%$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! eng9e-room1 b x also de/roys ! adhesion ( ! belt if ! fly-:eel be employ$ z a pulley4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ?is objection ! oil is prev5t$ f spread+ along ! %aft by means ( a circul> gu>d 7,fig4 #gc7 m\nt$ on t portion ( ! %aft t[>d ! int]ior ( ! be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,%aft ) oil-gu>d4 ,! problem ( lubrication is ( p>ticul> importance if ! eng9e is driv5 = sev]al days at a "t )\t a /op4 ,?is happ5s 9 ! case ( mill & %op eng9es4 ,lubricators ( l>ge volume or lubricators :i* c be readily fill$ )\t /opp+ ! eng9e %\ld be employ$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,p]fect ,,op]ation ,g5]al ,c>e4--,gas-eng9es1 z well z mo/ ma*9es 9 g5]al1 %\ld be kept 9 p]fect condition4 ,cleanl9ess1 ev5 9 ! case ( p>ts ( second>y importance1 is indisp5sable4 ,unpa9t$ & poli%$ surfaces su* z ! %aft ( ! eng9e1 ! di/ribut+ cam-%afts1 ! lev]s1 ! connect+-rod & ! l1 %\ld be kept 9 a condition equal to t :5 !y 7 new4 ,! abs5ce ( all traces ( ru/ or corrosion 9 ^! p>ts af=ds suffici5t evid5ce ( ! c>e tak5 ( ! invisible memb]s su* z ! pi/on1 ! valves1 ignition devices1 & ! l4 ,lubrication4--,! rubb+ surfaces ( a gas-eng9e %\ld be regul>ly & p]fectly lubricat$4 ,! abs5ce ( lo/ motion & backla% 9 ! be>+s1 guides1 & jo9ts is ( p>ticul> importance n only because ( its influ5ce on /eady & sil5t runn+1 b also on ! p[] develop$ & on ! consumption4 ,z we h already se5 9 ! *apt] on lubrication1 a special quality ( oil %\ld be employ$ = ! lubrication ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! fe$ ( ! lubricator supply+ ?is mo/ vital "p ( ! eng9e is s regulat$ t x meets ! actual requirem5ts ) ! utmo/ nicety possible4 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 9 :i* faulty op]ation w be discuss$1 x w be %[n h[ too mu* & too little oil may cause s]i\s tr\ble4 ,tightness ( ! ,cyl9d]4--,! am\nt ( p[] develop$ dep5ds pr9cipally on ! degree ( compression to :i* ! explosive mixture is subject$4 ,! economical op]ation ( ! eng9e dep5ds 9 g5]al ^u p]fect compression4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to keep ^? p>ts 9 good ord] ^u :i* ! tightness ( ! cyl9d] dep5ds4 ,^! p>ts are ! pi/on1 ! valves1 & _! jo9ts1 & ! ignition devices :e!r !y be ( ! hot-tube or electrical v>iety4 ,9 ord] to prev5t leakage at ! pi/on1 ! r+s %\ld be protect$ f all we>4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! surfaces bo? ( ! pi/on & ( ! cyl9d]1 be highly poli%$ s t b9d+ _c occur4 ,9 cleans+ ! cyl9d]1 em]y pap] or abrasive p[d] %\ld n be employ$2 = ! slighte/ p>ticle ( abrasive betwe5 ! surfaces 9 contact w surely cause leakage4 ,! oil & dirt1 :i* is turn$ black by friction & :i* may adh]e to ! pi/on r+s1 %\ld be wa%$ away ) petroleum4 ,simil>ly ! o!r p>ts ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be clean$ to :i* burnt oil t5ds to adh]e4 ,valve-,regr9d+4--,! valves %\ld be regul>ly gr\nd4 ,ev5 9 special cases :]e !y may %[ no trace ( rapid we> !y %\ld be remov$ at lea/ e mon?4 ,9 ord] to avoid any accid5t1 c>e %\ld be tak5 9 adju/+ ! valves aft] ! cap has be5 unbolt$ n to introduce a c&le or a light$ mat* ei!r 9 ! valve-*amb]s or 9 ! cyl9d]1 )\t fir/ clos+ ! gas-cock4 ,fur!rmore1 a few turns %\ld be giv5 to ! eng9e1 9 ord] to drive out any explosive mixture t may /ill rema9 9 ! cyl9d] or ! connect$ passages4 ,! exhau/-valve1 by reason ( ! high temp]ature to :i* ! disk & ! seat are subject$1 %\ld receive special att5tion4 ,! valve %\ld be gr\nd on its seat e two or ?ree mon?s at lea/1 dep5d+ ^u ! load ( ! eng9e4 ,be>+s & ,cros%ead4--,! bu%+s ( ! eng9e %aft %\ld always be held tightly 9 place4 ,! loos5ess to :i* !y are liable1 p>ticul>ly 9 gas-eng9es on acc\nt ( ! %>p explosions1 t5ds to unscrew ! nuts & to ha/5 ! we> ( ! brass1 :i* is ! result ( frequ5t tight5+4 ,! slighte/ play 9 ! be>+s ( ! eng9e-%aft z well z 9 ! be>+s ( connect+-rods increases ! s\nd t eng9es naturally produce4 ,gov]nor4--,! gov]nor %\ld receive c>eful att5tion s f> z its cleanl9ess is conc]n$2 = if its op]ation is n easy x is apt to become lazy & to lose its s5sitiv5ess4 ,if ! gov]nor be ( ! ball type1 or ( ! conical p5dulum type op]at$ by c5trifugal =ce1 x is well to lubricate ea* jo9t )\t excess ( oil4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! accumulation & ! solidification ( oil1 ! gov]nor %\ld be lubricat$ f "t to "t ) petroleum4 ,if ! gov]nor is actuat$ by in]tia1 :i* is ! case 9 mo/ eng9es ( ! hit-&-miss v>iety1 x ne$s less c>e2 /ill1 x is advisable to keep ! contact at :i* ! ?ru/ takes place well oil$4 ,! op]ation ( any ( ^! gov]nors is usually controll$ by ! t5sion ( a spr+1 or by a c\nt]weight4 ,9 ord] to increase ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 or 9 o!r words1 to increase ! numb] ( admissions ( gas 9 a giv5 "t1 all t is usually necess>y is to tight5 up ! spr+1 or to *ange ! position ( ! c\nt]weight4 ,x %\ld be possible to effect ?is adju/m5t :ile ! eng9e is runn+ 9 su* a mann] t ! spe$ c be easily *ang$4 ,jo9ts4--,9 mo/ well-built eng9es ! caps ( ! valve-*e/s & o!r removable p>ts are secur$ metal on metal )\t int]pos+ special jo9ts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! surfaces are !mselves suffici5tly cohesive to insure p]fect tightness4 ,9 eng9es :i* are n ( ?is class1 asbe/os jo9ts are v frequ5tly employ$1 p>ticul>ly at ! exhau/-valve cap & ! suction-valve4 ,9 "s eng9es1 :]e = any reason x is necess>y frequ5tly to deta* ! caps1 c]ta9 precautions %\ld be tak5 to protect ! jo9ts s t !y may n be expos$ to det]ioration :5ev] !y are remov$4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y are fir/ imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 ord] to be s(t5$1 !n dri$ & wa%$ ) olive or l9se$ oil on ! side ^u :i* !y re/ 9 ! eng9e4 ,on ! cap side !y are du/$ ) talcum or ) graphite4 ,treat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! jo9t w adh]e on "o side & w be easily releas$ on ! o!r4 ,jo9ts t are liable to come 9 contact ) ! gases 9 ! explosion-*amb] %\ld be free f all projections t[>d ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]2 = dur+ compression ^! uncool$ projections may become inc&esc5t & may ?us cause premature ignition4 ,z a g5]al rule :5 ! cap is plac$ 9 position ! jo9t %\ld be retight5$ aft] a c]ta9 "t1 :5 ! surfaces h become suffici5tly heat$4 ,9 ord] to tight5 ! jo9ts ! bolts & nuts %\ld n be oil$2 o!rwise ! removal ( ! cap becomes difficult4 ,wat] ,circulation4--,9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! importance ( ! wat] circulation & ! necessity ( keep+ ! cyl9d]-jacket hot1 h be5 suffici5tly dwelt ^u4 ,z ! cyl9d] t5ds to become hott] ) an increase 9 ! load1 because ( ! great] frequ5cy ( explosions1 x is advisable to regulate ! fl[ ( ! wat] 9 ord] to prev5t its becom+ m ?an suffici5t 9 quantity :5 ! eng9e is lightly load$2 = "u ^! conditions ! cyl9d] w be cold & ! explosive mixture w be badly utiliz$4 ,a suitable temp]ature ( #adj to #aeh degrees ,f4 is easily ma9ta9$ by adju/+ ! circulation ( ! wat]4 ,?is c be accompli%$ by provid+ ! wat]-inlet pipe lead+ to ! cyl9d] ) a cock :i* c be op5$ m or less1 z may be necess>y4 ,! temp]ature ( #adj to #aeh degrees ,f41 :i* has be5 m5tion$1 may1 at fir/ blu%1 seem r high because x w\ld be impossible to keep ! h& on ! outlet-pipe4 ,! cyl9d]1 h[ev]1 w n become ov]heat$ s long z x is possible to hold ! h& b5ea? ! jacket ne> ! wat]-inlet4 ,?is relates only to eng9es hav+ a compression ( #ej to #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,= eng9es ( high] compression1 a l[] runn+ temp]ature w be saf]4 ,on ?is matt] ! in/ructions ( ! eng9e mak] %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,adju/m5t4--,gas-eng9es1 at lea/ ^? :i* are built by tru/wor?y firms1 are always put to ! brake te/ be=e !y are s5t f ! %ops1 & are adju/$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( maximum effici5cy4 ,b s9ce ! nature & quality ( gas necess>ily v>y ) ea* city1 x is evid5t t an eng9e adju/$ to develop a c]ta9 horse-p[] ) a gas ( a c]ta9 ri*ness1 may n fulfil all expectations if x is f$ ) a gas less ri*1 less pure1 hott]1 & ! l4 ,! altitude also has "s influ5ce on ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,z x increases1 ! d5sity ( ! mixture dim9i%es2 t is to say1 = ! same volume ! eng9e is us+ a small] am\nt4 ,f ?is x foll[s t a gas-eng9e ought to be adju/$ z a g5]al rule on ! spot :]e x is to be us$4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ?is condition is p>ticul>ly important 9 ! case ( explosion-eng9es1 because an advancem5t or ret>dation ( only "o-half a second 9 ignit+ ! explosive mixture w cause a consid]able loss 9 useful "w4 ,f ?is x w\ld foll[ t gas-eng9es %\ld be p]iodically inspect$ 9 ord] t !y may op]ate ) ! highe/ effici5cy & economy4 ,z 9 ! case ( /eam-eng9es1 x is advisable to take indicator records :i* af=d conclusive evid5ce ( ! p]turbations to :i* e eng9e is subject aft] hav+ run = "s "t4 ,mo/ gas-eng9e us]s ei!r h no indicat+ in/rum5ts at _! disposal or else are n suffici5tly v]s$ 9 _! employm5t & ! int]pretation ( _! records to /udy p]turbations by _! means4 ,= ?is reason ! advice ( exp]ts %\ld be s\ght1--m5 :o und]/& ! mean+ ( ! diagrams tak5 & :o are able by _! means to effect a consid]able sav+ 9 gas4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h[ ,,to ,,/>t ,,an ,,eng9e--,,prelim9>y ,,precautions ,! fir/ /ep :i* is tak5 9 />t+ an eng9e driv5 by /reet-gas is1 naturally1 ! op5+ ( ! met]-cock & ! valves betwe5 ! met] & ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! gas has rea*$ ! eng9e1 ! rubb] bags w swell up & ! anti-pulsator diaphragm w be =c$ out4 ,! dra9-cock ( ! gas-pipe is !n op5$4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! fl[ ( gas is pure1 a mat* is appli$ to ! outlet ( ! cock4 ,! flame is all[$ to burn until x *anges f its orig9al blue color to a brilliant yell[4 ,if ! hot-tube sy/em ( ignition be employ$1 ! ,buns5 burn] is ignit$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! flame em]g+ f ! tube is blue 9 color4 ,if necess>y ! admission ( air to ! burn] is regulat$ by ! usual adju/+-sleeve4 ,a :ite or smoky flame indicates an insuffici5t supply ( air to ! burn]4 ,a *>act]i/ic sooty odor is /ill o!r evid5ce ( ! same fact4 ,sometimes a :ite flame may be produc$ by ! ignition ( ! gas at ! op5+ ( ! adju/+-sleeve4 ,a blue or gre5i% flame is t :i* has ! highe/ temp]ature & is ! "o :i* %\ld1 !re=e1 be obta9$4 ,ab\t five or t5 m9utes are requir$ to heat up ! tube1 ow+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,:5 ! prop] temp]ature has be5 atta9$ ! tube becomes a dazzl+ *]ry r$ 9 color4 ,:ile ! tube is be+ heat$ up1 x is well to det]m9e :e!r ! eng9e is prop]ly lubricat$ & all ! cups & oil res]voirs are duly fill$ up4 ,! cotton wa/e ( ! lubricators %\ld be prop]ly imm]s$1 & ! drip lubricators exam9$ to det]m9e :e!r !y are supply+ _! normal quantity ( oil4 ,! regulat+-lev]s ( ! valves %\ld be op]at$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r ! valves drop ^u _! seats z !y %\ld4 ,! /em ( ! exhau/-valve %\ld be lubricat$ ) a few drops ( petroleum4 ,if ! ignition sy/em employ$ be ( ! electric type1 ) batt]ies & coils1 te/s %\ld be made to det]m9e :e!r ! curr5t passes at ! prop] "t on complet+ ! circuit ) ! contact m\nt$ on ! int]m$i>y %aft4 ,?is contact %\ld produce ! *>act]i/ic hum caus$ by ! op]ation ( ! coil4 ,if a magneto be us$ 9 connection ) ! ignition app>atus1 its inspection ne$ n be und]tak5 :5ev] ! eng9e is />t$1 because x is n s likely to be d]ang$4 ,/ill1 x is advisable1 z 9 ! case ( ignition by induction-coils1 to set 9 position ! device :i* ret>ds ! production ( ! sp>k4 ,?is precaution is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid a premature explosion1 liable to cause a %>p backw>d revolution ( ! fly-:eel4 ,aft] ! ignition app>atus & ! lubricators h be5 ?us inspect$1 ! eng9e is adju/$ ) ! pi/on at ! />t+ position1 :i* is g5]ally indicat$ by a m>k on ! cam-%aft4 ,! />t+ position corresponds ) ! explosion cycle & is g5]ally at an angle ( #dj to #fj degrees =m$ by ! crank above ! horizontal & t[>d ! re> ( ! eng9e4 ,! gas-cock is op5$ to ! prop] m>k1 usually %[n on a small dial4 ,if !re be no m>k1 ! cock is sl[ly op5$ 9 ord] t no premature explosion may be caus$ by an excess ( gas4 ,! /eps outl9$ 9 ! =ego+ are ^? :i* mu/ be tak5 ) all motors4 ,ea* sy/em1 h[ev]1 necessitates peculi> precautions1 :i* are usually giv5 9 detail$ directions furni%$ by ! build]4 ,z a g5]al rule ! eng9es are provid$ on _! int]m$i>y %afts ) a relief or half-compression cam4 ,by means ( ?is cam ! fly-:eel c be turn$ sev]al times )\t ! necessity ( ov]com+ ! resi/ance due to complete compression4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 n to release ! cam until ! eng9e has rea*$ a spe$ suffici5t to ov]come ?is resi/ance4 ,eng9es ( consid]able size are commonly provid$ ) an automatic />t+ appliance4 ,9 ord] to manipulate ! p>ts ( :i* ?is appliance is compos$1 ! directions furni%$ by ! manufactur] mu/ be foll[$4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( automatic />t]s compris+ a h&-pump by means ( :i* an explosive mixture is compress$1--true because 9 ! int]e/s ( safety great c>e mu/ be tak54 ,! tightness & free op]ation ( ! valves or clacks :i* are int5d$ to prev5t back fir+ t[>d ! pump %\ld be made ! subject ( c>eful inve/igation4 ,o!rwise1 ! pi/on ( ! pump is likely to receive a sudd5 %ock :5 back fir+ occurs4 ,:5 ! eng9e has be5 idle = sev]al days1 x is advisable1 be=e />t+1 to give x sev]al turns 7)\t gas7 9 ord] to be sure t all its p>ts op]ate normally4 ,! same precaution %\ld be tak5 9 />t+ an eng9e1 if a fir/ attempt has fail$1 9 ord] to evacuate imp]fect mixtures t may be left 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,be=e ?is te/ is made1 ! gas-cock %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be clos$ 9 ord] to prev5t an untimely explosion4 ,x is advisable 9 />t+ an eng9e n to b5d ! body ov] ! ignition-tube1 because ! tube is likely to break & to scatt] dang]\s fragm5ts4 ,"u no condition :atev] %\ld ! fly-:eel be turn$ by plac+ ! foot ^u ! spokes4 ,all t %\ld be done is to set x 9 motion by apply+ ! h& to ! rim4 ,c>e ,dur+ ,op]ation4--,:5 ! eng9e has acquir$ its normal spe$1 ! gov]nor %\ld be look$ aft] 9 ord] t its free op]ation may be assur$ & t all possibility ( rac+ may be prev5t$4 ,aft] ! eng9e has be5 runn+ normally = a "t1 ! cocks ( ! wat] circulation sy/em %\ld be manipulat$ 9 ord] to adju/ ! supply ( wat] to ! "w p]=m$ by ! eng9e4 ,9 o!r words ! cyl9d] %\ld be kept hot1 b n burn+1 z previ\sly expla9$ 9 ! p>agraph 9 :i* ! wat]-jacket is discuss$4 ,! ma9t5ance ( a suitable temp]ature is extremely important s f> z economy is conc]n$4 ,all ! be>+s %\ld be inspect$ 9 ord] t hot boxes may be obviat$4 ,/opp+ ! ,eng9e4--,! /eps to be tak5 9 /opp+ ! eng9e are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,/opp+ ! v>i\s ma*9es driv5 by ! eng9e1--a practice :i* is foll[$ 9 ! case ( all motors2 #b4 ,?r[+ out ! driv+-pulley ( ! eng9e itself1 if !re be "o2 #c4 ,clos+ ! cock betwe5 ! met] & ! gas-bags 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( gas & ! useless /ret*+ ( ! rubb] ( ! bags or ( ! anti-pulsat+ devices2 #d4 ,actuat+ ! half-compression or relief cam z ! motor sl[s d[n1 9 ord] to prev5t ! recoil due to ! compression2 #e4 ,clos+ ! gas-admission cock2 #f4 ,%utt+ (f ! supply ( oil ( free fl[+ lubricators1 & lift+ out ! cotton f ! o!rs4 ,if ! eng9e be us$ to drive a dynamo1 p>ticul>ly a dynamo provid$ ) metal bru%es1 ! precaution %\ld be tak5 ( lift+ ! bru%es be=e ! eng9e is /opp$ 9 ord] to prev5t _! injury by a return movem5t ( ! armature-%aft2 #g4 ,%utt+ (f ! cool+-wat] cock if runn+ wat] is us$4 ,if ! eng9e is expos$ to great cold1 ! freez+ ( ! wat] 9 ! jacket is prev5t$ :ile ! eng9e is at re/1 ei!r by dra9+ ! jacket entirely1 or by arrang+ a gas jet or a burn] b5ea? ! cyl9d] = ! purpose ( caus+ ! wat] to circulate4 ,if su* a burn] be us$ ! cocks ( ! wat] supply pipe %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be left op54 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,p]turbations ,,9 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,( ,,eng9es ,,& ,,_! ,,rem$y ,9 ?is *apt] w be discuss$ c]ta9 p]turbations :i* affect ! op]ations ( gas-eng9es to a m m>k$ degree ?an lack ( c>e 9 _! con/ruction4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s defects 9 op]ation due to v>i\s causes h be5 dwelt ^u1 su* z objectionable me?ods 9 ! con/ruction ( an eng9e1 ill-advis$ comb9ation ( p>ts1 defects ( in/allation1 & ! l2 & an attempt has be5 made to det]m9e 9 ea* case ! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ by ! eng9e 9 ord] to secure effici5cy & economy at a normal load4 ,difficulties 9 ,/>t+4--,! prelim9>y precautions to be tak5 9 />t+ an eng9e hav+ be5 indicat$1 x is to be assum$ t ! advice giv5 has be5 foll[$4 ,nev]!less v>i\s causes may prev5t ! />t+ ( ! eng9e4 ,faulty ,compression4--,defective compression1 z a g5]al rule1 prev5ts ! ignition ( ! explosive mixture4 ,:e!r or n ! compression be imp]fect c be asc]ta9$ by mov+ ! pi/on back to ! p]iod correspond+ ) compression1 9 o!r words1 t position 9 :i* all valves are clos$4 ,if no resi/ance be enc\nt]$1 x is evid5t t ! air or ! gase\s mixture is escap+ f ! cyl9d] by way ( ! admission-valve1 ! exhau/-valve1 or ! pi/on4 ,! valves1 ord9>ily seat$ by spr+s1 may rema9 op5 because _! /ems h become b\nd1 or because "s ob/ruction has dropp$ 9 betwe5 ! disk & ! seat4 ,9 a worn-out or badly kept eng9e ! valves are likely to leak4 ,if t be ! case gr9d+ is ! only rem$y4 ,if a valve be clogg$1 :i* becomes suffici5tly evid5t by manipulat+ ! controll+ lev]s1 x is necess>y simply to clean ! /em & its guides 9 ord] to remove ! cak$ oil :i* accumulates 9 "t4 ,if ! eng9e be new1 ! b9d+ ( ! valve-/ems is (t5 caus$ by insuffici5t play betwe5 ! /ems & _! guides4 ,%\ld ?is prove to be ! case1 ! defect is rem$i$ by rubb+ ! frictional surface ( ! /em ) f9e em]y pap] & by lubricat+ x ) cyl9d]-oil4 ,! exhau/-valve1 h[ev]1 %\ld be lubricat$ only ) petroleum4 ,x is n unlikely t ! exhau/-valve may leak = two o!r reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! t5sion ( ! spr+ :i* s]ves to return ! valve may h less5$ & may be insuffici5t to prev5t ! valve f be+ unseat$ dur+ suction4 ,aga91 ! screw or roll] s]v+ z a contact betwe5 ! lev] & ! valve-/em1 may n h suffici5t play1 s t ! l5g!n+ ( ! /em on acc\nt ( its expansion may prev5t ! valve f fall+ back on its seat4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ defect is rem$i$ by r5ew+ ! spr+1 or by ! provision ( an additional spr+ or ( a c\nt]weight 9 ord] to prev5t ! /oppage ( ! motor4 ,! second defect c be rem$i$ by regulat+ ! contact4 ,leakage pa/ ! pi/on may be caus$ by ! break+ ( "o or m r+s1 by we> or b9d+ ( ! r+s1 or by we> or b9d+ ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! :i/l+ caus$ by ! air or ! mixture z x passes back proves ! exi/5ce ( ?is fault4 ,pres5ce ( ,wat] 9 ! ,cyl9d]4--,x may sometimes happ5 t wat] may f9d its way into ! cyl9d] ) ! gas by reason ( ! bad arrangem5t ( ! pip+4 ,x may also happ5 t wat] may ent] ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! wat]-jacket jo9t4 ,aga91 ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d] may be due to cond5sation ( ! /eam =m$ by ! *emical union ( ! hydrog5 ( ! gas & ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 :i* cond5sation is caus$ by ! cool walls ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! wat] may sometimes accumulate 9 ! exhau/ pipe & box1 :5 !y h be5 improp]ly dra9$1 & may ?us return to ! cyl9d]4 ,:atev] may be its cause1 h[ev]1 ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d] imp$es ! />t+ ( ! eng9e1 because ! gases result+ f ! explosion are almo/ spontane\sly *ill$1 !reby dim9i%+ ! work+ pressure4 ,if electric ignition be employ$1 drops ( wat] may be deposit$ betwe5 ! contacts1 !reby caus+ %ort circuits :i* prev5t ! pass+ ( ! sp>k4 ,if !re be no dra9-cock on ! cyl9d]1 ! difficulty ( />t+ ! eng9e c be ov]come only by ceaseless attempts to set x 9 motion4 ,! leaky condition ( a jo9t z well z ! pres5ce ( a p>ticle ( gravel 9 ! cyl9d]-ca/+1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c pass f ! jacket1 is atte/$ by ! bubbl+ up ( gas 9 ! wat]-tank at ! op5+ ( ! supply tube4 ,^! bubbles are caus$ by ! passage ( ! gas ?r\gh ! jacket aft] ! explosion4 ,if su* bubbles be detect$1 ! cyl9d] %\ld be r5ew$ or ! defect rem$i$4 ,9 ord] to obviate any dang]1 ! /op-cocks ( ! wat]-jacket1 :i* h already be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 %\ld be clos$ :ile ! eng9e is idle4 ,imp]fect ,ignition4--,! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 />t+ an eng9e1 & caus$ by imp]fect ignition1 v>y 9 _! nature ) ! "* ( ! ignition sy/em employ$1 :e!r t sy/em1 = example1 be ( ! electric1 or ( ! inc&esc5t or hot tube type4 ,frequ5tly x happ5s t 9 />t+ an eng9e a hot tube may break4 ,if ! tube be ( porcela9 ! accid5t may usually be trac$ to improp] fitt+ or to ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,if ! tube be ( metal1 its break+ is caus$ usually by a weak5+ ( ! metal ?r\gh long use--an accid5t t occurs m (t5 9 />t+ ! eng9e ?an 9 normal op]ation1 because ! explosions at />t+ are m viol5t1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! supply-pipes to admit an excess ( gas at ! beg9n+4 ,a misfire aris+ f a faulty tube 9 />t+ may be caus$ by an ob/ruction or by leaks at ! jo9ts or 9 ! body ( ! tube itself1 !reby all[+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! mixture to escape be=e ignition4 ,?is defect 9 ! tube is usually disclos$ by a *>act]i/ic :i/l+ s\nd4 ,a tube may leak ei!r at ! bottom or at ! top4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 />t+ is v difficult1 because ! "p ( ! mixture compress$ t[>d ! tube w escape ?r\gh ! op5+ be=e x rea*es ! inc&esc5t zone4 ,9 ! second case1 ignition may be simply ret>d$ to s m>k$ an ext5t t a suffici5t motive effect _c be produc$4 ,an example ( ?is ret>dation1 artificially produc$ to facilitate ! />t+ & to obviate premature explosions1 is f\nd 9 a sy/em ( ignition-tubes provid$ ) a small cock or v>iable valve 7,figs4 #gd & #ge74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,ignition-tubes provid$ ) ne$le valves to facilitate />t+4 ,! m]e enum]ation ( defects caus$ by leakage is suffici5t to indicate ! rem$y to be adopt$4 ,x may be well to recall 9 ?is connection ! important "p play$ by ! ignition-valve4 ,if x be leaky1 or if its free op]ation be imp$$1 />t+ w always be difficult4 ,electric ,ignition by ,batt]y or ,magneto4--,if ! electric ignition app>atus1 :atev] may be ! me?od by :i* ! sp>k is produc$1 be imp]fect 9 op]ation1 ! fir/ /ep to be tak5 is to asc]ta9 :e!r ! sp>k is produc$ at ! prop] "t1 9 o!r words1 slightly aft] ! dead c5t] 9 ! p>ticul> position giv5 to ! admission device at />t+4 ,if a coil & a batt]y be employ$1 x is advisable to remove ! plug & to place x ) its armature ^u a well-poli%$ metal surface to produce an electrical contact1 prev5t+1 h[ev]1 ! contact ( ! b9d+ po/ ) ?is metallic surface4 ,! same me?od ( inspection is adopt$ ) ! make-&-break app>atus ( an electric magneto4 ,9 bo? cases x %\ld be asc]ta9$ :e!r or n !re is any %ort-circuit+4 ,! contacts %\ld be clean$ ) a little b5z9e if !y are cov]$ ) oil or cak$ grease4 ,if no sp>k is produc$ at ! plug or at ! make-&-break device x may be inf]r$ t ! wires are brok5 or t ! g5]at+ app>atus is out ( ord]4 ,a c>eful exam9ation w indicate :at measures are to be tak5 to cure ! defects4 ,premature ,ignition4--,x has sev]al times be5 /at$ t ! mom5t ( ignition ( ! gase\s mixture has a pron\nc$ influ5ce on ! op]ation ( gas-eng9es & ^u _! economy4 ,premature ignition takes place :5 !re is a viol5t %ock at ! mom5t :5 ! pi/on leaps f ! re> dead c5t] to ! end ( ! compression /roke4 ,! viol5t effects produc$ are all ! m h>mful because !y t5d to ov]heat ! int]ior ( ! eng9e & !reby to increase 9 int5sity4 ,premature ignition may be due to sev]al causes4 ,if a valveless hot tube be employ$ x may happ5 t ! inc&esc5t zone is too ne> ! base4 ,if ! tube be provid$ ) a valve1 x v frequ5tly happ5s t ! valve leaks or t x op5s too soon4 ,9 ! case ( electric ignition1 ! circuit may be complet$ be=e ! prop] "t1 because ( faulty regulation4 ,! sugge/ions made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s indicate ! me?od ( rem$y+ ^! defects4 ,faulty ignition may h its orig9 n only 9 ! me?od ( ignition employ$1 b also 9 excessive heat+ ( ! int]nal p>ts ( ! eng9e1 caus$ by cont9ual ov]load+ or by inadequate circulation ( wat]4 ,pass+ to ^? cases ( premature ignition ( a special nature :i* are n due to any functional defect 9 ! eng9e1 b :i* are purely accid5tal 9 orig91 su* z ! uncleanl9ess ( ! p>ts )9 ! cyl9d] or ! pres5ce ( "s project+ "p :i* becomes heat$ to inc&esc5ce dur+ compression1 x %\ld fir/ be /at$ t ^! ignitions1 usually t]m$ spontane\s1 (t5 occur well 9 advance ( ! end ( ! compression /roke4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a m m>k$ %ock ?an t caus$ by ord9>y premature ignition & usually result 9 br++ ! eng9e to a complete /op 9 a v %ort "t4 ,^! spontane\s explosions c\nt]act to su* an ext5t ! impulse ( ! compression p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! pi/on is mov+ back1 t !y h a t5d5cy to rev]se ! direction 9 :i* ! eng9e is runn+4 ,9 su* cases a c>eful inspection & a scrupul\s clean+ ( ! cyl9d] & ( ! pi/on %\ld be und]tak54 ,! bottom ( ! pi/on is p>ticul>ly likely to reta9 grease :i* has become cak$1 & :i* is likely to become heat$ to inc&esc5ce & spontane\sly to ignite ! explosive mixture4 ,untimely ,detonations4--,! s\nd produc$ by ! explosions ( a normally op]at+ eng9e c h>dly be he>d 9 ! eng9e-room4 ,untimely detonations are produc$ ei!r at ! exhau/1 or 9 ! suction app>atus1 ne> ! eng9e itself4 ,^! detonations are noisi] ?an !y are dang]\s2 /ill1 !y af=d evid5ce ( "s fault 9 ! op]ation :i* %\ld be rem$i$4 ,detonations produc$ at ! exhau/ are caus$ by ! burn+ ( a *>ge ( ! explosive mixture 9 ! exhau/-pipe1 :i* *>ge1 = "s reason1 has n be5 ignit$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 & has be5 driv5 into ! exhau/-pipe1 :]e x cat*es fire on com+ into contact ) ! inc&esc5t gases dis*>g$ f ! cyl9d] aft] ! foll[+ explosion4 ,detonations produc$ 9 ! suction app>atus ( ! eng9e1 :i* app>atus is ei!r arrang$ 9 ! base itself or 9 a sep>ate *e/1 are (t5 noisi] ?an ! =ego+4 ,!y are caus$ by ! accid5tal backw>d fl[+ ( ! explosive mixture1 & by its ignition outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! accid5t may be trac$ to ?ree causes3 #a4 ,! suction-valve ( ! mixture may n be tight & may leak dur+ ! p]iod ( compression1 all[+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ! mixture to pass into ! suction-*e/ or into ! frame4 ,:5 ! explosion takes place 9 ! cyl9d] t "p ( ! mixture :i* has pass$ back is ignit$1 z we h j se51 !reby produc+ a v l\d deflagration4 ,! obvi\s rem$y consi/s 9 mak+ ! suction-valve tight by c>efully gr9d+ x4 #b4 ,x may happ5 t at ! end ( ! exhau/ /roke inc&esc5t p>ticles may rema9 9 ! cyl9d]1 :i* p>ticles may consi/ ( cak$ oil or may be reta9$ by poorly cool$ projections4 ,! result is t ! mixture is prematurely ignit$ dur+ ! suction p]iod4 #c4 ,! eng9e is s regulat$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,engli%-built eng9es1 z to effect :at is te*nically call$ scav5g+ ! products ( combu/ion4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is result1 ! mixture-valve is op5$ be=e ! end ( ! exhau/ /roke ( ! pi/on & ! clos+ ( ! exhau/-valve4 ,ow+ to ! in]tia & ! spe$ acquir$ by ! products ( combu/ion %ot into ! exhau/-pipe aft] explosion1 a l[]+ ( ! pressure is produc$ 9 ! cyl9d] t[>d ! end ( ! /roke1 caus+ ! entrance ( air by ! op5 admission-valve & consequ5tly effect+ ! scav5g+ ( ! burnt gases1 "p ( :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,x is evid5t t if a *>ge ( ! mixture has n be5 normally explod$1 ei!r because its con/itu5ts h n be5 m+l$ 9 ! prop] proportion1 or because ! ignition app>atus has miss$ fire1 ?is *>ge at ! mom5t ( exhau/+ w pass out ( ! cyl9d] )\t any acquir$ spe$1 & w fl[ back 9 "p at ! end ( ! exhau/ /roke pa/ ! prematurely op5$ admission-valve1 !reby lodg+ 9 ! air suction app>atus4 ,despite ! suction :i* takes place imm$iately foll[+ ! re-entrance ( ! gas into ! cyl9d]1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ! mixture is /ill conf9$ 9 ! suction-pipe & its bran*es1 :]e x w cat* fire at ! end ( ! exhau/ /roke aft] ! op5+ ( ! mixture-valve4 ,9 ord] to avoid ^! detonations x is necess>y simply to see to x t ! mixture is regul>ly ignit$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by mix+ ! gas & air 9 prop] proportions or by correct+ ! ignition "t4 ,ret>d$ ,explosions4--,ret>d$ explosions consid]ably r$uce ! p[] :i* an eng9e %\ld normally yield1 & s5sibly increase ! consumption4 ,!y are due to ?ree *ief causes3 7#a71 faulty ignition2 7#b71 ! poor quality ( ! mixture2 7#c71 compression losses4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! defect _c be asc]ta9$ ) any c]ta9ty )\t ! use ( an indicator or ( "s regi/]+ device :i* gives graphic records4 ,nev]!less1 x is possible 9 "s degree to detect ret>d$ explosions1 simply by obs]v+ :e!r !re is a dim9ution 9 ! p[] or an excessive consumption1 despite ! p]fect op]ation & good condition ( all ! eng9e p>ts4 ,9 ord] to rem$y ! defect x %\ld be asc]ta9$ if ! compression is good1 if ! supply ( gas is normal1 & if ! conditions "u :i* ! mixture ( air & gas is produc$ h n be5 *ang$4 ,la/ly1 ! ignition app>atus is gradually adju/$ to accel]ate its op]ation until a po9t is rea*$ :51 aft] explosion1 %ocks are produc$ :i* indicate an excessive advance4 ,! ignition app>atus is !n adju/$ to a po9t slightly ahead ( ! correspond+ position4 ,recall+ ! descriptions already giv5 ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( ignition1 ! mann] ( regulat+ ! mom5t ( ignition 9 ea* case may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,= ! valveless inc&esc5t tube1 provid$ ) a burn] ! position ( :i* c be v>i$1 ignition c be accel]at$ by br++ ! burn] ne>] to ! base4 ,ret>dation is effect$ by mov+ ! burn] away f ! base4 #b4 ,9 ! case ( ! inc&esc5t tube ( ! fix$ burn] type1 ! mom5t ( ignition w dep5d ^u ! l5g? ( ! tube4 ,! ret>dation w be great] z ! tube is %ort]1 & vice v]sa4 #c4 ,if ! tube be provid$ ) an ignition-valve1 ! "t ( ignition hav+ be5 regulat$ by ! mak]1 regulation ne$ n be und]tak5 except if ! valve-/em be worn or ! controll+-cam be di/ort$4 ,if ^! defects %\ld be not$1 ! imp]fect p>ts %\ld be repair$ or r5ew$4 #d4 ,9 electric ignit]s ! controll+ app>atus is g5]ally provid$ ) a regulat+ device :i* may be manipulat$ dur+ ! op]ation ( ! motor4 ,if ! manual adju/m5t ( ! regulat+ app>atus be unproductive ( satisfactory results1 x is advisable to asc]ta9 :e!r ! sp>k is be+ produc$ normally4 ,be=e ! eng9e has come to a /op1 "o ( ! valve-cas+s is rais$1 & ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us produc$ x is easily se5 :e!r ! sp>k is ( suffici5t /r5g?1 ! eng9e 9 ! mean:ile be+ turn$ by h&4 ,c>e %\ld always be tak5 to purge ! cyl9d] ( ! gas t x may conta91 9 ord] to prev5t dang]\s explosions4 ,if ! sp>k %\ld prove to be too feeble1 or if !re be no sp>k at all1 despite ! fact t e "p ( ! me*anism is prop]ly adju/$1 x may be inf]r$ t ! fault lies ) ! curr5t & is caus$ by #a4 ,imp]fect contact ) ! b9d+-po/s1 ) ! conduct+ wire1 or ) ! contact-break+ memb]s2 #b4 ,a %ort circuit 9 "o ( ! dismemb]$ pieces2 #c4 ,! pres5ce ( a lay] ( oil or ( cak$ grease =m+ an insulator1 injuri\s to induction1 betwe5 ! armature & ! magnets2 #d4 ,a deposit ( oil or moi/ure on ! contact-break+ p>ts2 #e4 ,! exhau/ion ( ! magnets1 :i*1 h[ev]1 occurs only aft] sev]al ye>s ( use1 except :5 ! magneto has be5 subject$ = a long "t to a high temp]ature4 ,! m]e discov]y ( any ( ^! defects suffici5tly indicates ! means to be adopt$ 9 rem$y+ !m4 ,lo/ ,motion 9 ,mov+ ,p>ts4--,lo/ motion ( ! mov+ p>ts is due to /ructural errors4 ,its cause is to be f\nd 9 ! insuffici5t size ( ! frictional be>+ surfaces1 & improp] proportion+ ( %afts1 p9s1 & ! l4 ,! result is a premature we> :i* _c be rem$i$4 ,imp]fect adju/m5t1 lack ( c>e1 & bad lubrication1 may also ha/5 ! we> ( c]ta9 p>ts4 ,?is we> is manife/$ 9 %ocks1 occurr+ dur+ ! op]ation ( ! eng9e1--%ocks :i* are p>ticul>ly noticeable at ! mom5t ( explosion4 ,besides ! inconv5i5ces m5tion$1 we>+ ( ! ge>s & ( ! mov+ p>ts leads to d]angem5t ( ! p[]-transmitt+ memb]s4 ,s f> z ! admission & exhau/ valves are conc]n$1 ! we>+ ( ! cams1 roll]s1 & lev]-pivots is evid5c$ by a ret>dation 9 ! op5+ ( ^! valves & an accel]ation 9 _! clos+4 ,! ignition1 :atev] may be ! sy/em employ$1 is affect$ by lo/ motion & is ret>d$4 ,! eng9e appreciably loses 9 p[]1 & its consumption becomes excessive4 ,ov]heat$ ,be>+s4--,ap>t f ! imp]fect adju/m5t ( a memb]1 x may happ5 t ! bu%+s ( ! ma9 be>+s ( ! ends ( ! connect+-rod1 & ( ! pi/on-pivot1 may become heat$ because ( excessive play1 or ( too mu* tight5+1 or ( a lack ( oil1 or ( ! employm5t ( oil ( bad quality4 ,! ov]heat+ may lead to ! b9d+ ( frictional surfaces & ev5 to ! fusion ( bu%+s if !y be l9$ ) anti-friction metal4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! ov]heat+ ( p>ts1 x is advisable1 :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 to t\* !m f "t to "t ) ! back ( ! h&4 ,z soon z ! slighte/ ov]heat+ is felt1 ! temp]ature may be l[]$ (t5 by lib]al oil+4 ,if ?is be inadequate & if = special reasons x is impossible to /op ! eng9e1 ! ov]heat$ "p may be cool$ by spray+ x ) soapy wat]4 ,if ! ov]heat+ has n be5 detect$ or r$uc$ 9 "t1 a *>act]i/ic odor ( burnt oil w be p]ceiv$1 accompani$ by smoke4 ,! "p ov]heat$ w !n h atta9$ a temp]ature s high t x _c be t\*$ ) ! h&4 ,%\ld ?is occur1 x is inadvisable to employ oil1 because x w\ld imm$iately burn up & w\ld only aggravate ! conditions4 ,cotton wa/e %\ld be c>efully appli$ to ! ov]heat$ memb]1 & gradual spray+ ) soapy wat] begun4 ,9 special cases :]e ! lubricat+ op5+s or *annels are n likely to be ob/ruct$1 a little fl[]s ( sulphur may be add$ to ! oil1 if ?is be v fluid4 ,ca/or oil may also be successfully employ$4 ,if ! b9d+ ( ! rubb+ surfaces %\ld prev5t ! r$uction ( ! ov]heat$ memb]'s temp]ature1 ! eng9e mu/ necess>ily be /opp$1 & ! p>ts affect$ deta*$4 ,all causes ( b9d+ are remov$ by means ( a /eel scrap]4 ,! surfaces ( ! bu%+s & ( ! %aft :i* !y receive are smoo!d ) a s(t file & !n poli%$ ) f9e em]y pap]4 ,be=e ! p>ts are replac$1 ! precaution ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !y t\* at all po9ts %\ld be tak54 ,c>eful inspection & copi\s lubrication %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be und]tak5 :5 ! eng9e is aga9 />t$4 ,ov]heat+ ( ! ,cyl9d]4--,! ov]heat+ ( ! cyl9d] may be due to a complete lack ( wat] 9 ! jacket or to an accid5tal dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( wat] suppli$4 ,if ?is discov]y is made too late1 & if ! cyl9d] has rea*$ a v high temp]ature1 ! circulation ( ! wat] %\ld n be sudd5ly re-e/abli%$1 because ( ! liability ( break+ ! ca/+4 ,x is be/ to /op ! eng9e & to re/ore ! p>ts to _! normal condition4 ,x is well to recall at ?is po9t t if ! calc>e\s incru/ation ( ! wat]-jacket or ! bran* pipes %\ld h9d] ! free circulation ( wat]1 clean+ is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y4 ,! jacket may be wa%$ sev]al times ) a tw5ty p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! jacket %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be r9s$ ) fre% wat] be=e ! pip+ ( ! wat]-circulat+ app>atus is aga9 connect$4 ,ov]heat+ ( ! ,pi/on4--,if ! ov]heat+ ( ! pi/on is n due to faulty adju/m5t1 x may be caus$ by lack ( oil or to ! employm5t ( a lubricant n suitable = ! purpose4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ! importance ( us+ a special oil = cyl9d] lubrication has be5 insi/$ ^u4 ,! ov]heat+ ( ! pi/on c also result f t ( ! pi/on-p94 ,%\ld ?is be ! case x is advisable to /op ! eng9e1 to asc]ta9 ! condition & ! degree ( lubrication ( ?is memb] & its be>+4 ,ov]heat+ ( ! pi/on is manife/$ by an increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d] at ! =w>d end4 ,if ?is ov]heat+ be n *eck$1 b9d+ ( ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] is likely to result4 ,smoke ,aris+ f ! ,cyl9d]4--,?is is g5]ally a sign ei!r ( ov]heat+1 :i* causes ! oil to evaporate1 or ( an abnormal passage ( gas1 caus$ by ! explosion4 ,abnormal passage ( gas may result f we> or f di/ortion ( ! cyl9d]1 or f we> or breakage ( ! pi/on-r+s4 ,! result is always ! ov]heat+ ( ! cyl9d] & a r$uction 9 compression & p[]4 ,if ! eng9e is well kept & %[s no sign ( we>1 leakage may be caus$ simply by ! f\l+ ( ! pi/on-r+s1 :i* !n adh]e 9 _! grooves & h b insuffici5t play4 ,?is defect is obviat$ by clean+ ! r+s 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,lubrication is faulty :5 ! quantity ( lubricant suppli$ is ei!r insuffici5t or too abundant1 or :5 ! oils employ$ are ( bad quality4 ,x has already be5 %[n t insuffici5t lubrication & ! utilization ( bad oils leads to ! ov]heat+ ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,insuffici5t lubrication may be caus$ by imp]fect op]ation ( ! lubricators1 or1 p>ticul>ly dur+ cold wea!r1 by too great a viscosity or congelation ( ! oil4 ,if a lubricator be imp]fect 9 its op]ation1 ! condition ( its regulat+ me*anism %\ld be asc]ta9$1 if x has any1 & an exam9ation made to discov] any ob/ruction 9 ! oil-ducts4 ,su* ob/ructions are v likely to occur 9 new devices :i* h be5 pack$ 9 cotton wa/e or excelsior1 ) ! result t ! p>ticles ( ! pack+ mat]ial (t5 f9d _! way into op5+s4 ,an oil may be bad 9 quality because ( its v nature1 or because ( ! pres5ce ( =eign bodies4 ,9 ei!r case an oil ( bett] quality %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,! freez+ ( oil by int5se cold may be ret>d$ by ! addition ( ord9>y petroleum to ! am\nt ( #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ,an excess ( oil 9 ! be>+s results simply 9 an unnecess>y wa/e ( lubricant1 & ! spla%+ ( oil on ! eng9e & ab\t ! room4 ,if too mu* oil be us$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 grave consequ5ces may be ! result2 = a c]ta9 quantity ( ! oil is likely to accumulate )9 ! cyl9d]1 :]e x burns & =ms a caky mass t may be heat$ to inc&esc5ce & prematurely ignite ! explosive mixture4 ,especially 9 produc]-gas eng9es is an excess ( cyl9d]-lubricant likely to cause su* accid5ts4 ,inde$1 ! temp]ature ( explosion n be+ z high z 9 /reet-gas eng9es1 ! excess oil _c be s readily remov$ ) c]ta9ty by evaporation or combu/ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! compression ( ! mixture be+ g5]ally high]1 premature ignition is v likely to occur4 ,back ,pressure to ! ,exhau/4--,h[ ! pipes & *e/s = ! exhau/ %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord] n to ex]t a h>mful influ5ce on ! motor has already be5 expla9$4 ,ev5 if ! directions giv5 h be5 foll[$1 h[ev]1 ! exhau/ may n op]ate prop]ly f accid5tal causes4 ,among ^! causes may be m5tion$ ob/ructions 9 ! =m ( =eign bodies1 su* z p>ticles ( ru/1 :i* drop f ! int]ior ( ! pipes aft] ! eng9e has be5 runn+ = "s "t & :i*1 accumulat+ at any place 9 ! pipe1 are likely to clog ! passage4 ,fur!rmore1 ! products ( combu/ion may conta9 atomiz$ cyl9d] oil :i* f9ds its way into ! exhau/-pipe4 ,?is oil cond5ses on ! walls ( ! elb[s & b5ds ( ! pipe 9 a deposit :i*1 z x c>bonizes1 is conv]t$ into a h>d cake & :i* r$uces ! cross-section ( ! passage1 !reby con/itut+ a true ob/acle to ! free exhau/ ( ! gases4 ,^! v>i\s defects are manife/$ 9 a loss 9 eng9e p[] z well z 9 an abnormal elevation ( ! temp]ature ( ! p>ts surr\nd+ ! exhau/ op5+4 ,sudd5 ,/ops4--,sudd5 /ops are occasion$ by faulty op]ation ( ! eng9e1 & by imp]fect fuel supply4 ,among ! fir/ class ! *ief causes to be m5tion$ are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,ov]heat+1 :i* has already be5 discuss$ & :i* may block a mov+ "p4 #b4 ,defective ignition4 #c4 ,b9d+ ( ! admission-valve or ( ! exhau/-valve1 prev5t+ respectively suction or compression4 #d4 ,! break+ or d]angem5t ( a memb] ( ! di/ribut+ me*anism4 #e4 ,a weak5+ ( ! exhau/-valve spr+1 s t ! valve is op5$ by ! suction ( fre% quantities ( mixture4 ,^! faults are due to c>elessness & improp] inspection ( ! eng9e4 ,s f> z ! fuel supply ( ! eng9e is conc]n$1 ! causes ( /oppage w v>y if /reet-gas or produc]-gas be employ$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! difficulty may be occasion$ by ! improp] op]ation ( ! met]1 by ! =mation ( a wat]-pocket 9 ! pip+1 by ! b9d+ ( an anti-pulsator valve1 by ! d]angem5t ( a pressure-regulator1 or by a sudd5 *ange 9 ! gas pressure :5 no pressure-regulator is employ$4 ,if produc]-gas be us$1 /oppages may be occasion$ by a sudd5 *ange 9 ! quality1 quantity1 or temp]ature ( ! gas4 ,^! defects w be exam9$ 9 detail 9 ! *apt] on ,gas-,produc]s4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,produc]-,,gas ,,eng9es ,?us f> only /reet-gas or illum9at+-gas eng9es h be5 discuss$4 ,if ! eng9e employ$ be small--#aj to #ae horse-p[]1 = in/ance--/reet-gas is a fuel1 ! ri*ness1 purity & facility ( employm5t ( :i* (fsets its comp>atively high co/4 ,b ! con/antly increas+ necessity ( g5]at+ p[] *eaply has l$ to ! employm5t ( special gases :i* are easily & *eaply g5]at$4 ,su* are ! foll[+3 ,bla/-furnace gases1 ,coke-ov5 gases1 ,fuel-gas prop]1 ,mond gas1 ,mix$ gas1 ,wat]-gas1 ,wood-gas4 ,! practical advantages result+ f ! utilization ( ^! gases 9 g5]at+ p[] 7 h>dly kn[n until )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! _m uses to :i* ^! gases h be5 appli$ 9 ,europe s9ce #aijj h def9itely prov$ ! indu/rial value ( produc]-gas eng9es 9 g5]al4 ,! /eps :i* h l$ to ?is gradually increas+ use ( produc]-gas h be5 le>n$ly discuss$ & comm5t$ ^u 9 ! in/ructive works & publications ( ,aime ,witz1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces ( ,lille1 9 ^? ( ,dugald ,cl]k1 ( ,london1 ,f4 ,grov]1 ( ,le$s1 & ,otto ,gueldn]1 ( ,muni*1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,am]ican au?ors1 ,gold+ham1 ,hiscox1 ,hutton1 ,p>sell & ,we$1 etc4 ,! new t5d5cies 9 ! con/ruction ( l>ge eng9es may be reg>d$ z an int]e/+ v]ification ( ! =eca/s ( ^! m5--=eca/s :i* co9cide ) ! op9ion long held by ! au?or4 ,aime ,witz has always be5 an advocate ( high pressures & ( increas$ pi/on spe$4 ,engli% build]s :o made exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction conc$$ ! b5eficial results obta9$2 b :ile !y increas$ ! orig9al pressure ( #bh to #dc p\nds p] squ>e in* employ$ five or six ye>s ago to ! pressure ( #he to #ajj p\nds p] squ>e in* n[adays advocat$1 ! ,g]mans1 = ! mo/ "p1 h adopt$1 at lea/ 9 produc]-gas eng9es1 pressures ( #aad to #agj p\nds p] squ>e in* & m4 ,high ,compression4--,9 actual practice1 ! problem ( high pressures is app>5tly v difficult ( solution1 & _m ( ! be/ firms /ill seem to cl+ to old ideas4 ,! reason = _! c\rse is1 p]haps1 to be f\nd 9 ! fact t c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* !y made 9 rais+ ! pressures result$ 9 disc\rag+ accid5ts4 ,! explosion-*amb]s became ov]heat$2 valves 7 di/ort$2 & premature ignition occurr$4 ,because ! pr9ciple und]ly+ high pressures 0 improp]ly appli$1 ! results obta9$ 7 poor4 ,high pressures _c be us$ ) impunity 9 cyl9d]s n especially design$ = _! employm5t1 & ?is is ! case ) mo/ eng9es ( ! old] type1 among :i* may be includ$ mo/ eng9es ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,am]ican con/ruction4 ,9 ,am]ican eng9es notably1 ! explosion-*amb]1 ! cyl9d] & its jacket1 are g5]ally ca/ 9 "o piece1 s t x is v difficult to all[ = ! free expansion ( c]ta9 memb]s ) ! high & unequal temp]atures to :i* !y are subject$ 7,fig4 #bb74 ,"s build]s h attempt$ to use high pressures )\t conc]n+ !mselves 9 ! lea/ ) a modification ( ! explosive mixture4 ,! result has be5 t1 ow+ to ! ri*ness ( ! mixture1 ! explosive pressure 0 increas$ to a po9t f> beyond t = :i* ! p>ts 7 design$4 ,sudd5 />ts & /ops 9 op]ation1 ov]heat+ ( ! p>ts1 & ev5 break+ ( crank-%afts1 7 ! results4 ,! eng9es _h ga9$ some:at 9 p[]1 b no progress _h be5 made 9 economy ( consumption1 al?\gh ?is 0 ! v purpose ( increas+ ! compression4 ,high pressures r5d] x possible to employ poor mixtures & /ill insure ignition4 ,a quality ( /reet-gas1 = example1 :i* yields "o horse-p[] p] h\r ) #ag4e cubic feet & a mixture ( #a "p gas & #h ( air compress$ to #gh p\nds p] squ>e in*1 w give ! same p[] z #ad cubic feet ( ! same gas mix$ ) #ab p>ts ( air & compress$ to #aga p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,scav5g+ ( ! cyl9d]1 a practice :i* eng9e]s ( mod]n ideas seem to consid] ( mu* importance1 is bett] effect$ ) high pressures1 = ! simple reason t ! explosion-*amb]1 at ! end ( ! return /roke1 conta9s consid]ably less burnt gases :5 its volume is small] 9 proportion to t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 impov]i%+ ! mixture to meet ! ne$s ( high pressures1 ! explosive p[] is n increas$ & 9 practice h>dly exce$s #cfe to #dbg p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,) ! high] pressures ?us obta9$ !re is consequ5tly no reason = subject+ ! mov+ p>ts to great] =ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,me?od ( cool+ ! cyl9d]-head4 ,cool+4--,! increase 9 temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]-head & ( ! valves1 due :olly to high compression1 is p]fectly c\nt]act$ by an arrangem5t :i* mo/ design]s seem to pref]1 & :i*1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #gf71 consi/s 9 plac+ ! mixture & exhau/-valves 9 a passage =m+ a k9d ( ante*amb] completely surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,! imm$iate vic9ity ( ?is wat] assures ! p]fect & equal cool+ ( ! valve-seats4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :ile x r5d]s x possible to r$uce ! size ( ! explosion-*amb] to a m9imum1 has ! additional me*anical advantage ( enabl+ ! build] to bore ! seats & valve-guides ) ! same tool1 s9ce !y are all m\nt$ on ! same l9e4 ,f ! /&po9t ( effici5cy1 ! design has ! advantage ( p]mitt+ ! introduction ( ! explosive mixture )\t ov]heat+ x z x passes ?r\gh ! admission-valve1 :i* obta9s all ! b5efit ( ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d]-head1 lit]ally surr\nd$ z x is by wat]4 ,9 l>ge eng9es ! cool+ effect is ev5 height5$ by sep>ately supply+ ! jackets ( ! cyl9d]-head & ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 eng9es ( less p[] ! top ( ! cyl9d]-head jacket is plac$ 9 communication ) t ( ! cyl9d]1 s t ! colde/ wat] ent]s at ! base ( ! head &1 aft] hav+ !re be5 heat$1 passes ar\nd ! cyl9d] 9 ord] f9ally to em]ge at ! top t[>d ! c5t]4 ,! wat] hav+ be5 ?us me?odically circulat$1 ! useful effect & regul>ity ( ! cool+ process is increas$4 ,not)/&+ ! c>e :i* is devot$ to wat] circulation1 x is advisable to run ! produc]-gas eng9e cold] ?an ! old] /reet-gas types1 9 :i* ! m economic spe$ is t at :i* ! wat] em]ges f ! jacket at ab\t a temp]ature ( #ajd degrees ,f4 ,x w\ld seem advisable to meet ! requirem5ts ( pi/on lubrication by r$uc+ to a m9imum ! quantity ( heat )drawn by ! circulat+ wat]4 ,inde$1 ! p]sonal exp]im5ts ( ! au?or be> out ?is pr9ciple4 ,= /reet-gas eng9es1 h[ev]1 ! cyl9d]s %\ld be work$ at ! highe/ possible temp]ature consi/5t ) ! requirem5ts ( lubrication4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t1 9 l>ge eng9es f$ ) produc]-gas1 economy ( consumption is a second>y consid]ation1 because ( ! l[ quantity ( fuel requir$4 ,! co/1 moreov]1 may well be sacrific$ to t /ead9ess ( op]ation :i* is ( su* great importance 9 l>ge eng9es furni%+ ! p[] ( factories2 = 9 su* eng9es sudd5 /ops s]i\sly affect ! "w to be p]=m$4 ,= ?is reason eng9e build]s h be5 l$ to ! con/ruction ( motors provid$ ) v effective cool+ app>atus4 ,s9ce ! circulation ( ! wat] ar\nd ! explosion-*amb] & ! cyl9d] is n suffici5t to c\nt]act ! rise ( temp]ature1 x has become ! practice to cool sep>ately ea* "p likely to be subject$ to heat4 ,! seats ( ! exhau/-valves1 ! valves !mselves1 ! pi/on1 & sometimes ! pi/on-rod1 h be5 provid$ ) wat]-jackets4 ,premature ,ignition4--,return+ to ! causes ( ! disc\ragem5ts enc\nt]$ by "s design]s :o endeavor$ to use high pressures1 x has already be5 m5tion$ t premature ignition ( ! explosive mixture 9 cyl9d]s n suit$ = high pressures is "o reason = ! bad results obta9$4 ,an explanation ( ^! results is to be f\nd 9 ! high !oretical temp]ature correspond+ ) great pressures & 9 ! quantity ( heat :i* mu/ be absorb$ by ! walls ( ! explosion-*amb]4 ,^! two circum/ances are 9 !mselves suffici5t to produce spontane\s ignition ( excessively ri* mixtures1 compress$ 9 an ov]heat$ *amb] unprovid$ ) a suffici5t circulation ( wat]4 ,a ?ird cause ( premature ignition may also be f\nd 9 ! old sy/em ( ignition :i*1 9 mo/ ,engli% eng9es1 consi/s ( a metallic or porcela9 tube1 ! int]ior ( :i* communicates ) ! explosion-*amb]1 an ext]ior flame be+ employ$ to heat ! tube to inc&esc5ce4 ,9 tubes ( ?is type :i* are n provid$ ) a special ignition-valve1 ! "t ( ignition is dep5d5t only on ! mom5t :5 ! explosive mixture1 driv5 into ! tube1 comes into contact1 at ! end ( ! compression /roke1 ) ! inc&esc5t zone1 !reby caus+ ! ignition4 ,?is v empirical me?od leads ei!r to an accel]ation or ret>dation ( ! ignition1 dep5d+ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! tube1 ! position ( ! r$-hot zone1 its dim5sions1 & ! temp]ature ( ! mixture1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! load ( ! eng9e4 ,al?\gh ?is sy/em1 ! only m]it ( :i* is its simplicity1 may meet ! requirem5ts ( small eng9es1 !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t x is q inapplicable to ^? ( m ?an #bj to #be horse-p[]1 = 9 su* eng9es great] c]ta9ty 9 op]ation is dem&$4 ,ev5 if only ! m improv$ ( ! two types ( hot-tube ignition be consid]$1 ) or )\t valves1 x mu/ /ill be held t !y are inapplicable to high compression eng9es4 ,! ignition-valve is ! "p :i* suff]s mo/ f ! high temp]ature to :i* x is subject$4 ,its imm$iate proximity to ! inc&esc5t tube1 & its contact ) ! burn+ gas :5 x fl>es up1 r5d] x almo/ impossible to employ any cool+ arrangem5t4 ,al?\gh ) ! ex]cise ( great c>e x may "w satisfactorily 9 eng9es ( normal pressure1 x is evid5t t x _c meet ! requirem5ts ( high pressure eng9es1 because ! temp]ature ( ! compress$ mixture is su* t ! *>ge is c]ta9 to cat* fire by m]e contact ) ! ov]heat$ valve4 ,9 indu/rial eng9es ( small size1 premature ignition has little1 if any1 effect except ^u sil5t op]ation & economic consumption4 ,?is does n hold true1 h[ev]1 ( l>ge eng9es4 ,besides ! inconv5i5ces m5tion$1 !re is also ! dang] ( break+ ! cranks or o!r mov+ p>ts4 ,! in]tia ( ^! memb]s is a matt] ( "s conc]n1 because ( _! weight & ( ! l9e> spe$ :i* !y atta9 9 l>ge eng9es4 ,"s idea ( ?is may be obta9$ :5 x is consid]$ t 9 a produc]-gas or bla/-furnace-gas eng9e hav+ a pi/on diamet] ( #bd in*es & an explosive pressure ( #bii p\nds p] squ>e in*1 ! =ce ex]t$ at ! mom5t ( explosion is ab\t #acb1jjj p\nds4 ,naturally1 eng9e build]s h adopt$ ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( avoid+ premature ignition & its grave consequ5ces4 ,! me?od ( ignition :i* at pres5t seems to be pref]r$ to any o!r = produc]-gas is t employ+ a break-sp>k obta9$ ) ! magneto app>atus previ\sly describ$4 ,"s build]s ( l>ge eng9es1 p>ticul>ly desir\s ( assur+ /ead9ess ( runn+1 h provid$ ! explosion-*amb] ) two indep5d5t ignit]s4 ,x may be t !y h adopt$ ?is arrangem5t l>gely = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! inconv5i5ces result+ f a failure ( "o ( ! ignit]s1 r ?an = ! purpose ( ignit+ ! mixture 9 sev]al places s z to obta9 a m uni=m ignition & "o bett] suit$ = ! propagation ( ! flame4 ,! ,gov]n+ ( ,eng9es4--,v>i\s me?ods h be5 adopt$ = ! purpose ( v>y+ ! motive p[] ( an eng9e betwe5 no load & full load1 /ill pres]v+1 h[ev]1 a con/ant spe$ ( rotation4 ,^! me?ods consi/ 9 *ang+ ei!r ! quantity or ! quality ( ! mixture admitt$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,?us x may happ5 t an eng9e may be suppli$3 #a4 ,) a mixture con/ant 9 quality & 9 quantity2 #b4 ,) a mixture v>iable 9 quality & con/ant 9 quantity2 #c4 ,) a mixture con/ant 9 quality & v>iable 9 quantity4 #a4 ,mixture ,con/ant 9 ,quality & ,quantity4--,?is me?od implies ! use ( ! hit-&-miss sy/em ( admission1 9 :i* ! numb] ( admissions & explosions v>ies1 :ile ! value or ! composition ( ea* admitt$ *>ge rema9s z con/ant z ! compression itself 7,fig4 #cd74 ,?is sy/em has already be5 ref]r$ to & its simplicity fully set =?4 ,by its use a comp>atively l[ consumption is obta9$1 ev5 :5 ! eng9e is n runn+ at full load4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has ! disadvantage ( necessitat+ ! employm5t ( heavy fly-:eel to pres]ve cyclic regul>ity4 #b4 ,mixture ,v>iable 9 ,quality & ,con/ant 9 ,quantity4--,! gov]n+ sy/em mo/ commonly employ$ to obta9 a mixture v>iable 9 quality & con/ant quantity is bas$ ^u ! control ( ! gas-admission valve by means ( a cam hav+ a conical longitud9al section1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,?is cam1 commonly call$ a conical cam1 is connect$ ) a lev] actuat$ f ! gov]nor4 ,z ! lev] sw+s "u ! action ( ! gov]nor1 ! cam is %ift$ along ! half-spe$ %aft ( ! eng9e4 ,! result is t ! gas-admission valve is op5$ = a long] or %ort] p]iod4 ,9 ano!r sy/em a cyl9drical valve is m\nt$ betwe5 ! *amb] 9 :i* ! mixture is =m$ & ! gas-supply pipe1 ! valve be+ c>ri$ on ! same /em z ! mixture-valve itself4 ,! cyl9drical valve is displac$ by ! gov]nor s z to v>y ! quantity ( gas drawn 9 ) relation to ! quantity ( air4 ,:5 ! eng9es are f$ ) produc]-gas ! p>ts :i* h j be5 describ$ %\ld be frequ5tly inspect$ & clean$2 = !y are only too easily f\l$4 ,eng9es ?us gov]n$ %\ld be run at high pressure s z to insure ! ignition ( ! produc]-gas mixtures =m$ :5 ! position ( ! cam corresponds ) ! m9imum op5+ ( ! gas-valve4 ,p[]ful gov]nors %\ld be employ$1 capable ( ov]com+ ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! cyl9drical valve or ! cam4 ,x may (t5 happ5 t v>iations 9 ! load ( ! eng9e r5d] x necess>y to actuate ! air valve1 s z to obta9 a mixture :i* w be ignit$ & explod$ "u ! be/ possible conditions4 #c4 ,mixture ,con/ant 9 ,quality & ,v>iable 9 ,quantity4--,9 supply+ an eng9e ) a mixture con/ant 9 quality & v>iable 9 quantity1 ! compression does n rema9 con/ant4 ,! quantity ( mixture drawn 9 by ! cyl9d] may ev5 be s f> r$uc$ t ! pressure drops bel[ ! po9t at :i* ignition takes place4 ,= t reason eng9es ( ?is type %\ld be run at high pressures4 ,! v>iation ( ! quantity ( mixture may be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t consi/s 9 m\nt+ a butt]fly-valve 9 ! mixture pipe1 :i* valve is controll$ by ! gov]nor & ?rottles ! passage to a great] or less] degree4 ,a v /rik+ solution ( ! problem consi/s 9 v>y+ ! op5+ ( ! mixture-valve itself4 ,to atta9 ?is end ! valve is mov$ by lev]s4 ,! po9t ( application ( "o ( ^! lev]s is displac$ "u ! action ( ! gov]nor s z to v>y ! travel ( ! valve )9 pr$et]m9$ limits4 ,"u ^! conditions a mixture ( con/ant homog5eity is introduc$ into ! cyl9d]1 s proportion$ z to insure ignition ev5 at l[ pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf;a4--,gov]n+ sy/em = produc]-gas eng9es4 ,9 rec5t exp]im5ts conduct$ by ! au?or x 0 prov$ t ) ?is gov]n+ sy/em ignition /ill takes place ev5 ?\gh ! pressure has dropp$ to #dc p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,?is sy/em has ! m]it ( r5d]+ x possible to employ ord9>y gov]nors ( mod]ate size1 s9ce ! resi/ance to be ov]come at ! po9t ( application ( ! lev] is comp>atively small4 ,9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ! ,otto ,deutz sy/em is illu/rat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,produc]-,,gas ,x may "h be n amiss to po9t out ! diff]5ces betwe5 illum9at+ gas & ^? gases :i* are call$ 9 ,engli% produc] gases1 & 9 ,fr5* poor gases1 because ( _! l[ calorific value4 ,/reet-,gas4--,?is gas1 ! composition ( :i* v>ies ) diff]5t localities1 has a calorific value1 :i* is a function ( its composition1 & :i* v>ies f #e1jjj to #e1fjj calories p] cubic met] 7#ai1hda to #bd1hif ,b4,t4,u4 p] #ce4ca cubic feet7 measur$ at con/ant pressure & correct$ to #j degrees ,c4 7#cb degrees ,f47 at a pressure ( #gfj millimet]s 7#bi4i in*es ( m]cury1 or atmosph]ic pressure71 n includ+ ! lat5t heat ( ! wat] ( cond5sation4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! av]age volumetric composition ( illum9at+ gas 9 v>i\s cities3 ,cities4 ,man*es- ,new ,london4 t]4 ,york4 ,p>is4 ,b]l94 ,hydrog5 #dh #df #dj #eb #ej ,c>bon monoxide #d #g #d #f #i ,me?ane #ch #ce #cg #cb #cc ,v>i\s hydroc>bons #d #f #g #f #e ,c>bon dioxide #d #c #b ,nitrog5 #e #b #h #d #a ,oxyg5 #a 444 #a 444 444 #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,fur!rmore1 ^! con/itu5ts v>y )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,?is is also true ( ! calorific value4 ,exp]im5ts made by ! au?or h demon/rat$ t 9 ! same place at an int]val ( a few h\rs1 v>iations ( approximately t5 p] c5t4 occur4 ,composition ( ,produc]-,gases4--,! av]age *emical composition ( produc]-gases v>ies ) ! conditions "u :i* !y are g5]at$ & ! nature ( ! fuel4 ,! foll[+ are ! proportions ( its con/itu5ts express$ volumetrically3 ,table ,head+s-- ,a3 ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,b3 ,produc]4 ,c3 ,mond4 ,d3 ,mix$ 7,fi*et74 ,e3 ,wat] 7,/a*e74 ,f3 ,wood 7,ri*e74 ,gas4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,nitrog5 & oxyg5 #fj #ei #db #ej #e #a ,c>bon monoxide #bd #be #aa #bj #dj #bi ,c>bon dioxide #ab #e #af #g #d #aa ,hydroc>bons #b #b #b #c #a #ae ,hydrog5 #b #i #bi #bj #ej #dd #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,calorific value 9 calories4 #iej #a1ajj #a1djj #a1cjj #b1djj #b1ifj ,av]age weight ( a cubic met] 9 kilos #a4cj #a4a #a4jb #a4je #j4fhj #j4hbd ,or ( a cubic foot 9 p\nds #j4jjh #j4jjg #j4jjf #j4jjfh #j4jjdb #j4jjea ,bla/-furnace gas has be5 us$ = g5]at+ p[] by means ( gas-eng9es = ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is us$ 9 eng9es ( v high p[]1 a discussion ( :i* eng9es m prop]ly belongs to a "w on metallurgy1 & has no place1 !re=e1 9 a manual su* z ?is4 ,produc]-gas1 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m1 is g5]at$ 9 special app>atus ei!r "u pressure or by suction 9 a mann] to be describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,mond gas is produc$ 9 g5]ators ( ! bl[+ or pressure type f bitum9\s coal1 necessitat+ ! employm5t ( special purifi]s & p]mitt+ ! collection ( ! by-products ( ! fractional di/illation ( ! coal4 ,mond gas plants are1 !re=e1 r complicat$ & c be advantage\sly utiliz$ only = l>ge eng9es4 ,m exhau/ive in=mation c be obta9$ f ! descriptions publi%$ by ! build]s ( ,mond gas g5]ators4 ,mix$ gas is g5]at$ 9 app>atus arrang$ s t ! retort is kept at a high temp]ature1 !reby produc+ a gas ri*] 9 hydrog5 ?an t made by produc]s4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 9 practice ! g5]ators at pres5t us$ yield a produc]-gas1 ! calorific value ( :i* fluctuates betwe5 #a1jjj & #a1djj calories p] cubic met] 7#c1ifh to #e1aeh ,b4,t4,u4 p] #ce4ca cubic feet72 & ! composition v>ies accord+ly1 9 ! mann] t has already be5 indicat$ 9 ! tables = produc]-gas & mix$ gas4 ,!re is no necessity1 !re=e1 = draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two qualities ( gas4 ,wat]-gas %\ld !oretically be compos$ ( #ej p] c5t4 c>bon monoxide & #ej p] c5t4 hydrog51 result+ f ! decomposition ( /eam by inc&esc5t coal4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x conta9s a little nitrog5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,! gas is obta9$ f g5]ators 9 :i* air is alt]nately bl[n 9 to fan ! fire & !n /eam to produce gas4 ,wat]-gas is employ$ 9 sold]+ on acc\nt ( its r$uc+ prop]ties & ( ! high temp]ature ( its flame4 ,! great quantity ( c>bon monoxide :i* x conta9s r5d]s x v poison\s & exce$+ly dang]\s1 because x is g5]at$ "u pressure4 ,f ! economical /&po9t1 its g5]ation is m exp5sive ?an t ( produc]-gas1 = :i* reason its employm5t 9 gas-eng9es is h>dly ( mu* value4 ,wood-gas1 ! composition ( :i* has already be5 giv51 is g5]at$ 9 app>atus ( ! ,ri*e type1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* consi/s 9 heat+ a ca/ retort *>g$ ) any k9d ( fuel1 namely wood1 & v]tically m\nt$ on a masonry base4 ,?is app>atus %\ld be ( p>ticul> int]e/ to ! proprietors ( sawmills1 furniture factories1 & ! l1 s9ce x (f]s a means ( us+ ! wa/e products ( _! plants4 ,! relatively high proportion ( c>bon monoxide 9 produc]-gas is objectionable f a hygi5ic /&po9t1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x has attract$ ! att5tion ( manufactur]s4 ,c>bon monoxide1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is #j4ifg1 is a gas peculi>ly poison\s & dang]\s4 ,x _c be brea!d )\t baneful effects1 & is ev5 m dang]\s ?an c>bonic-acid gas1 :i* ev5tually causes asphyxiation by r$uc+ ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! air4 ,= ?is reason1 x is necess>y to take ! utmo/ precaution 9 effici5tly & cont9u\sly v5tilat+ ! rooms 9 :i* ! gas-g5]ators & _! accessories are in/all$4 ,?is sugge/ion %\ld be foll[$1 above all1 :5 ! app>atus 9 "q are in/all$ 9 cell>s & basem5ts4 ,z a fur!r precaution1 :]e ! plant is r l>ge a workman %\ld n be all[$ to ent] ! g5]ator room alone4 ,bl[+-g5]ators1 or ^? 9 :i* ! gas is produc$ "u pressure1 are m dang]\s ?an suction-g5]ators4 ,9 ! =m] a leaky jo9t may cause ! vitiation ( ! surr\nd+ air z ! produc]-gas escapes2 9 ! suction app>atus ! same fault simply causes m air to be drawn 94 ,dr4 ,melotte recomm5ds ! foll[+ proc$ure 9 cases ( c>bon monoxide asphyxiation3 ,,c>bon ,,monoxide ,,asphyxiation ,cases ( poison+ by c>bon monoxide are bo? frequ5t & dang]\s4 ,! gas is extremely poison\s1 & all ! m dang]\s because x is odorless1 colorless & ta/eless4 ,:5 x comes into contact ) ! blood1 x =ms a comb9ation s /able t x is react$ ^u by ! oxyg5 ( ! air only ) difficulty4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ) ea* respiration ( air *>g$ ) c>bon monoxide1 a c]ta9 quantity ( blood is poison$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 !re is a possibility ( poison+ 9 op5 air4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms obs]v$ w v>y ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! blood has be5 poison$4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ?is poison+ c occur4 ,! "o dep5ds ^u :e!r ! atmosph]e conta9s an excess ( c>bon monoxide2 ! o!r :e!r ! air brea!d conta9s only traces ( ! gas4 ,gradual1 ,rapid ,asphyxiation4--,at fir/ a vague sickness is felt1 rapidly foll[$ by viol5t heada*es1 v]tigo1 anxiety1 oppression1 dimness ( vision1 beat+ ( ! pulse at ! temples1 halluc9ations1 & an irresi/ible desire to sleep4 ,if at ?is /age ! pati5t has a suffici5t idea ( dang] to prompt him to op5 a w9d[ or door1 he w escape dea?4 ,9 ! second /age1 ! victim's legs are p>alyz$1 b he c /ill move 8 arms & 8 head4 ,! m9d /ill pres]ves its cle>ness1 & 9 a measure assi/s ! fur!r process ( asphyxiation because ( its impot5cy4 ,!n foll[ coma & dea?4 ,sl[1 ,*ronic ,asphyxiation4--,sl[1 *ronic asphyxiation is n infrequ5t4 ,its symptoms are (t5 difficult to detect4 ,poison+ is manife/$ by weakness1 cephalalgia1 vomit+1 pallor1 g5]al anemia1 lassitude1 & local p>alysis4 ,if any ( ^! symptoms appe> 9 ! m5 :o "w 9 ! vic9ity ( ! produc]s1 imm$iate /eps %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! possibility ( c>bon monoxide asphyxiation4 ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,9 ,,cases ,,( ,,c>bon ,,monoxide ,,poison+ ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! oxyg5 ( ! air has no oxidiz+ effect ^u blood contam9at$ by c>bon monoxide4 ,only a lib]al curr5t ( pure oxyg5 c oxidize ! comb9ation =m$ & r5d] hematosis possible4 ,?is lib]al curr5t c be obta9$ f an oxyg5 tank ( ! portable v>iety1 provid$ ) a tube c>ry+ at its free end a mask :i* is held ov] ! m\? & ! no/rils4 ,! absorption ( gas takes place by artificial respiration1 :i* is effect$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! mo/ practical ( ^! are ! ,sylve/] & ,pac9i me?ods4 ,sylve/] ,me?od4--,! pati5t is laid on 8 back4 ,8 arms are rais$ ov] 8 head & !n br\ght back on ea* side ( ! body4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ fifte5 times p] m9ute approximately4 ,! me?od is v frequ5tly employ$ & is excell5t 9 its results4 ,! ,pac9i ,me?od4--,f\r f+]s are plac$ 9 ! pit ( ! arm1 ) ! ?umb on ! %\ld]4 ,! %\ld] is !n alt]nately rais$ & l[]$1 produc+ a m>k$ expansion ( ! *e/4 ,?is me?od is ! m effective ( ! two4 ,! movem5ts describ$ are repeat$ fifte5 to tw5ty times ea* m9ute v rhy?mically4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ^! two me?ods ( treatm5t %\ld be imm$iately appli$ 9 s]i\s cases4 ,c]ta9 prelim9>y precautions %\ld be tak5 9 all cases1 h[ev]4 ,! pati5t %\ld be c>ri$ to a well-v5tilat$ & mod]ately heat$ room1 /ripp$ ( 8 clo!s1 & w>m$ by wat]-bottles & heat$ l954 ,reflex action %\ld be excit$1 ! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em /imulat$ 9 ord] to contract ! he>t & ! respiratory muscles1 & ! precordial region caut]iz$4 ,9 addition to ?is treatm5t1 ! region ( ! diaphragm %\ld be rubb$ & p9*$1 ! sk9 rubb$1 cold %[]s giv51 flagellations adm9i/]$1 urtications 7:ipp+ ) nettles7 und]tak51 ! sk9 & ! muc\s membranes excit$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose & ( ! ph>ynx titillat$ ) a fea!r dipp$ 9 ammonia1 alcohol1 v9eg>1 or lemon juice4 ,rhy?mic traction ( ! tongue is effective :5 c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,! tongue is seiz$ ) a =ceps & kept ext5d$ by means ( a co>se ?read4 ,x is !n pull$ out f ! m\? %>ply & all[$ to re5t] aft] ea* traction4 ,^! movem5ts %\ld be rhy?mic & %\ld be repeat$ fifte5 to tw5ty times a m9ute4 ,all ^! ef=ts %\ld be cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ! pati5t has f9ally be5 reviv$1 he %\ld be plac$ 9 a w>m b$4 ,/imulants su* z w9e1 c(fee1 & ! l %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,if ! head %\ld be conge/$1 local blood-lett+ %\ld be resort$ to & f\r or six lee*es appli$ beh9d ! e>s4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! v>i\s /eps enum]at$ are to be tak5 p5d+ ! arrival ( a physician4 ,,impurities ,,( ,,! ,,gases ,mo/ ( ! coal us$ 9 g5]at+ produc]-gas conta9s sulphur4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is ?us produc$1 :i* mixes ) ! gas & imp>ts to x its *>act]i/ic odor4 ,9 "s gas-g5]ators1 purifi]s are employ$ 9 :i* sawdu/ mix$ ) iron salts is utiliz$1 ) ! result t a comb9ation is =m$ ) ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 !reby remov+ x f ! produc]-gas4 ,9 o!r =ms ( g5]ators a m summ>y me?od ( purification is adopt$1 s t traces ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 /ill rema94 ,s9ce ?is gas attacks copp]1 ! employm5t ( ?is metal is n advisable = ! foll[+ app>atus3 ,g5]ator 7op5+s1 cock = te/+ ! gas72 pip+ 7gas-pressure cocks1 dra9 & pet cocks72 eng9e 7gas-admission cock1 lubricat+ jo9t 9 ! cyl9d]1 valves & cocks ( ! compress$-air />t+-pipe74 ,! di/illation ( coal 9 g5]ators results 9 ! =mation ( ammonia gas4 ,?is also has a corrosive action on copp] & its alloys2 b ow+ to its great solubility1 x is elim9at$ by ! wat]s ( ! scrubb] & does n rea* ! eng9e4 ,,production ,,& ,,consumption ,! quantity ( gas produc$ 9 mo/ g5]ators v>ies f #f4d to #h4b p\nds p] cubic foot ( raw coal burnt 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! eng9e consumes p] horse-p[] p] h\r #gj to #aae cubic feet ( gas1 dep5d+ ^u its ri*ness4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,pressure ,,gas-,,produc]s ,z we h already se51 produc]-gas z a fuel = eng9es may be g5]at$ 9 two k9ds ( app>atus1 ! "o op]at+ "u pressure1 & ! o!r by suction4 ,d[son ,gas-,produc]s4--,! fir/ pressure-g5]ators 7 introduc$ by ,d[son ( ,london & necessitat$ in/allations ( q a complicat$ nature4 ,lat] improvem5ts made by ! design]s contribut$ mu* to ! g5]al employm5t ( _! sy/em4 ,_m in/allations v>y+ f #ej to #ajj horsep[] & m may be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 all ( !m made by ,d[son4 ,inde$1 = a long "t ! "n ( ,d[son 0 c\pl$ ) produc]-gas itself4 ,! ,d[son sy/em necessitates ! utilization ( an?racite or ( comp>atively h>d coal1 su* z t m9$ 9 ,wales & ,p5nsylvania4 ,ow+ to ! necessity ( employ+ ?is special quality ( coal ! ,d[son sy/em & ! sy/ems t sprang f x 7 burd5$ ) cool+1 wa%+1 & purify+ app>atus1 :i* complicat$ ! in/allations to su* an ext5t t !y resembl$ gas works4 ,! g5]ator t took ! place ( ! retort 0 f$ ) air & /eam1 bl[n 9 "u pressure1 necessitat+ ! employm5t ( a boil]4 ,fur!rmore1 ! production ( ! gas "u pressure necessitat$ ! use ( a gasomet] = its collection be=e x 0 suppli$ to ! eng9e-cyl9d]4 ,su* ,in/allations 7 evid5tly co/ly1 & 71 moreov]1 difficult to ma9ta9 9 prop] work+ ord]4 ,nev]!less1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* !y mu/ be indu/rially employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,a complete ,d[son produc]-gas plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,a ,simplex produc]-gas plant4 ,among ^! may be cit$ works 9 :i* produc]-gas is employ$ z a furnace fuel or z a sold]+ or roa/+ m$ium4 ,/ill o!r cases are ^? 9 :i* ! produc]-gas mu/ be pip$ to "s di/ance f a c5tral g5]at+ in/allation to v>i\s eng9es1 9 ! mann] r5d]$ famili> 9 gas-light+ practice4 ,mo/ pressure gas-g5]ators h be5 copi$ f ! orig9al type inv5t$ by ,d[son4 ,^! include a g5]ator 9 :i* ! gas is produc$2 an injector f$ by a boil]2 a fan or a compressor by means ( :i* a mixture ( /eam & air is bl[n "u ! g5]ator-furnace2 wa%+ app>atus t]m$ scrubb]s2 gas-purify+ app>atus2 & a gas-hold] 7,fig4 #gg74 ,g5]ators4--,! g5]ator consi/s ( a retort made ( refractory clay1 v]tically m\nt$1 & cyl9drical or conical 9 =m4 ,?is retort is protect$ on its ext]ior by a metal jacket ) an int]m$iate lay] ( s& :i* s]ves to r$uce ! heat lo/ by radiation4 ,! fuel is *>g$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! retort1 :i* is provid$ ) a d\ble closure 9 ord] to prev5t ! entrance ( air dur+ ! *>g+ op]ation4 ,! g5]ator re/s on a grid arrang$ at ! base ( ! retort1 ^u :i* grid ! a%es fall4 ,! outlet ( ! injector-pipe op5s into ! a%-pit1 & ?is injector con/antly supplies a mixture ( /eam & air4 ,! mixture is g5]ally sup]heat$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a coil arrang$ 9 ! fire-box ( ! boil]1 9 ! g5]ator1 or 9 ! outlet = burnt gases4 ,sometimes ! air is subject$ to a prelim9>y heat+ by recup]at+ 9 "s way ! wa/e heat ( ! app>atus4 ,! *ief features 9 ! arrangem5t ( g5]ators :i* h receiv$ ! att5tion ( manufactur]s are ! foll[+3 ,good di/ribution ( ! fuel 9 *>g+2 easy desc5t ( ! fuel2 r$uction ( ! de/ructive action ( ! cl9k]s on ! walls2 means = clean+ ! grate )\t int]f]+ ) ! g5]ation ( gas2 prev5tion ( leakage4 ,_m devices h be5 employ$ to fulfil ^! requisites4 ,a p]fect di/ribution ( ! fuel dur+ *>g+ is atta9$ *iefly by ! =m ( ! hopp]1 & ( its gate1 :i* is g5]ally conical4 ,9 mo/ app>atus ! gate op5s t[>d ! int]ior ( ! g5]ator1 & ! incl9ation ( its walls causes a uni=m scatt]+ ( ! fuel 9 ! retort4 ,x is all ! m necess>y to disp]se ! fuel 9 ?is mann] :5 ! cross-section ( ! retort is small comp>$ ) its height4 ,! facility ( ! fuel's desc5t is dep5d5t l>gely ^u ! nature & ! size ( ! coal employ$4 ,por\s coal gives bett] results ?an d5se & compact coal4 ,x is !re=e pref]able to employ scre5$ coal free f du/ 9 pieces ea* ! size ( a hazel-nut4 ,! v>i\s sections giv5 to ! int]ior1 includ+ z !y d cyl9drical =ms1 truncat$ at ! summit or ! base1 p>tially truncat$ t[>d ! base & ! l1 w\ld lead to ! conclusion t ?is "q is n ( ! importance :i* "s writ]s w\ld h u believe4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be consid]$ t if ! fuel drops sl[ly1 its prolong$ det5tion )9 ! walls ( ! hopp] & its trans=mation into fusible slag may result 9 a dis9tegration ( ! refractory l9+ ( ! furnace4 ,! quantity ( /eam inject$1 great] or less1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fuel1 r5d]s x possible to obta9 friable slags & consequ5tly to prev5t grave injury to ! retort4 ,r$-a% coal is 9 g5]al fusible1 conta9+ z x does "s iron4 ,its temp]ature ( fusion v>ies betwe5 #a1hcb to #b1gcb degrees ,f4 ,cleanl9ess is mo/ important s f> z ! op]ation ( ! g5]ator is conc]n$4 ,x %\ld be possible to scrape ! g5]ator dur+ op]ation )\t *ang+ ! composition ( ! gas1 :5 ! inc&esc5t zone is *ill$1 or an excess ( air is introduc$1 or ! /eam-injector be mom5t>ily ?r[n out ( op]ation4 ,me*anical clean]s ) movable grates or revolv+ b$s h ! m]it ( caus+ ! a%es to drop )\t int]f]+ ) ! op]ation ( ! app>atus4 ,! same m]itori\s feature is *>act]i/ic ( a%-pits hav+ wat]-seal$ jo9ts4 ,pressure gas-g5]ators ne$ n be z p]fectly gas-tight z suction app>atus4 ,leakage ( gas1 :i* is usually manife/$ by a *>act]i/ic odor1 results 9 a loss ( consumption & r5d]s ! air unfit to brea!4 ,a g5]ator %\ld be provid$ 9 its upp] "p ) op5+s ?r\gh :i* a pok] c easily be introduc$ 9 ord] to %ake up ! fuel & to dislodge ! cl9k]s :i* t5d to =m & :i* cause ! pr9cipal defects 9 op]ation1 p>ticul>ly ) fuels t t5d to swell1 cake1 & adh]e to ! furnace walls :5 heat$4 ,_m app>atus1 moreov]1 are provid$ ) lat]al op5+s hav+ mica panes ?r\gh :i* ! progress ( combu/ion c be obs]v$ 7,fig4 #gi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,fi*et-,heurtey produc] ) rotat+ b$-plate4 ,air-,bla/4--,! sy/em by :i* air & /eam are inject$ necessitates ! employm5t ( a /eam-boil] ( #ge p\nds pressure4 ,?is me?od ( bl[+1 :i* is r complicat$1 has ! disadvantage ( v>y+ 9 fe$ ) ! pressure ( ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 :i* pressure is n easily ma9ta9$ at a giv5 numb] ( p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,moreov]1 :5 m or less resi/ance is (f]$ by ! fuel 9 ! g5]ator ! quantity ( air :i* is inject$ is likely to be dim9i%$ 9 quantity :ile ! quantity ( /eam rema9s ! same4 ,! result is a *ange 9 spe$ :i* foll[s f ! modification ( ! proportions ( ! two elem5ts4 ,= ^! reasons "s manufactur]s h resort$ ( late ye>s to ! employm5t ( fans & bl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,ko]t+ bl[]4 ,bl[]s4--,! fans or bl[]s employ$ v>y consid]ably 9 arrangem5t4 ,mo/ ( !m are bas$ on ! ,ko]t+ sy/em 7,fig4 #hj71 & comprise ess5tially 7#a7 a tube ?r\gh :i* ! /eam is suppli$ "u pressure1 & 7#b7 a cyl9dro-conical bla/-pipe4 ,! tube is plac$ 9 ! axis ( ! bla/-pipe at its out] op5+4 ,z x escapes "u pressure ! /eam is caught 9 ! bla/-pipe & draws ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 :i* c be regulat$4 ,x is important t ^! injection bl[]s %\ld op]ate 9 su* a mann] t ! pressure & ! fe$ ( air & /eam c be controll$4 ,fans4--,me*anical bl[]s h ! advantage ( disp5s+ ) ! employm5t ( /eam "u pressure & ! consequ5t in/allation ( a boil] 7,fig4 #gh74 ,driv5 by ! eng9e itself or f "s sep>ate s\rce ( p[]1 ^! app>atus are easily plac$ 9 position1 require no great am\nt ( att5tion1 & utilize b little en]gy4 ,!y are ei!r ( ! c5trifugal type or ( ! rot>y type1 exemplifi$ 9 ! ,root bl[] 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! latt] sy/em has ! advantage ( high effici5cy1 & ( enabl+ comp>atively high pressures--#ai to #bg in*es ( wat]--to be atta9$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are us$ only = special fuels1 su* z lignite1 peat1 & ! l4 ,! air suppli$ by ! bl[]1 be=e rea*+ ! fire-box1 is sup]heat$1 ei!r be=e or aft] x is *>g$ ) /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,root bl[]4 ,compressors4--,9 "s in/allations air is suppli$ by compressor "u ! high pressure ( #gj to #ij p\nds p] squ>e in*1 & seem well adapt$ to ! production ( a gas ( good quality4 ,moreov]1 nei!r t> nor ammoniacal wat]s are produc$4 ,! ,g>die produc] may be consid]$ typical ( ?is class ( app>atus 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! *ief feature ( ?is produc] is to be f\nd 9 simple wa%+ & purify+ app>atus4 ,x may be well to /ate "h t ! compression ( air at high pressure occasions "s complications1 & a consid]able exp5diture ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,g>die produc]4 ,exhau/]s4--,"s design]s h inv5t$ devices :i* draw gas into ! g5]ator :5ce x is suppli$ to ! eng9es1 ^! suction app>atus be+ connect$ ) ! bl[]s or us$ sep>ately4 ,b ) ! exception ( a few special in/ances1 su* arrangem5ts are n widely us$--at lea/ n = ! production ( motive p[] alone4 ,:atev] may be ! arrangem5t employ$ = ! introduction ( a mixture ( air & /eam "u ! grate ( ! g5]ator1 ! bla/-pipe z a g5]al rule dis*>ges t[>d ! c5t] ( ! app>atus4 ,/ill1 9 l>ge produc]s x becomes desirable to provide a means = v>y+ ! quantity ( air & /eam )9 wide limits s z to regulate ! heat ( ! fire4 ,= t reason sev]al outlets are symmetrically arrang$ bel[ ! fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,sawdu/ purifi]4 ,wa%+ & ,purify+4--,9 pressure produc]s ! gas is g5]ally wa%$ & purifi$ ) mu* m c>e ?an 9 suction app>atus4 ,giv5 a suffici5t pressure1 ! gas c be driv5 ?r\gh ! diff]5t app>atus & ! spaces betwe5 ! mat]ial :i* !y conta9 )\t any difficulty4 ,! gases em]ge f ! g5]ator highly heat$1 & ?is heat is us$ ei!r to w>m ! injection wat] or to g5]ate ! /eam f$ to ! furnace4 ,! gases !n ent] ! wa%+ app>atus1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly consi/s ( a succession ( contrivances 9 :i* ! gas is wa%$ ei!r by caus+ x to bubble up ?r\gh ! wat]1 or by subject+ x to sup]ficial friction aga9/ a %eet ( wat]1 or by sy/ematically circulat+ x 9 a mass ( cont9u\sly bespr9kl$ in]t mat]ial4 ,! object ( wa%+ is to remove ! du/ conta9$ 9 ! gas & to precipitate x 9 ! =m ( a slime :i* c be remov$ by flu%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,moss or fib] purifi]4 ,physical purification ?us begun is complet$ by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a filt]+ b$ consi/+ ( fib]1 sawdu/1 or moss 7,figs4 #hc & #hd74 ,*emical purification if x is necess>y1 is effect$ by means ( calcium hydrate1 iron oxide1 or1 /ill bett]1 by a mixture ( lime & iron sulphate4 ,?is filt]+ mat]ial mu/ necess>ily be r5ew$ aft] x is exhau/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,comb9$ gas-hold] & wa%]4 ,gas-,hold]4--,! gas-hold] is compos$ ess5tially ( a tank & a bell4 ,sometimes1 = ! purpose ( simplify+ ! app>atus1 ! tank is s arrang$ z to take ! place ( a wa%] or scrubb] 7,fig4 #he74 ,! bell %\ld be provid$ ) me*anism :i*1 :5 ! bell is full1 automatically dim9i%es or /ops ! g5]ation ( gas4 ,x is advisable to provide ! bell ) a bl[ or flap valve op5+ t[>d ! int]ior4 ,if1 !re=e1 x %\ld happ5 t ! gas supply is cut (f :ile ! eng9e /ill cont9ues to run1 ! suction ( ! eng9e w n draw ! wat] f ! tank ( ! gas-hold]4 ,:5 eng9es are employ$ ! horse-p[] ( :i* does n exce$ #ej1 x is sometimes cu/om>y to use ! wat] ( ! tank 7plac$ at a high] elevation ?an ! eng9e7 to cool ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ?is mann] ! co/ ( in/all+ special res]voirs is sav$4 ,if su* an arrangem5t be employ$1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! tank %\ld be at lea/ d\ble t ord9>ily conta9$ 9 res]voirs4 ,if ?is precaution be n obs]v$1 ! wat] may become excessively heat$ & exp& ! gas 9 ! bell4 ,! volume ( ! bell ( ! gas-hold] %\ld pref]ably be n less ?an ab\t #c cubic feet p] effective horse-p[] ( ! eng9e to be suppli$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! bell acts z a pressure-regulator1 assures a suffici5t homog5eity ( ! rema9+ gas1 & r5d]s x possible to supply ! eng9e dur+ ! %ort int]vals 9 :i* x is necess>y to /op ! bla/ to poke ! fire4 ,b if ! eng9e consumes #fj to #hj cubic feet ( produc]-gas p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 ! bell mu/ be v mu* l>g] 9 size if ! g5]ation ( gas is to be *eck$ = "s "t4 ,x may be well to recall "h t coal is n ! only fuel :i* l5ds itself to ! g5]ation ( gas suitable = driv+ eng9es1 b t "s g5]ators are able to utilize lignite1 peat1 & ! l4 ,9 o!rs1 /raw1 wood1 %av+s & sawdu/1 tann]y wa/e1 & o!r organic matt] is burnt ) an effici5cy v mu* high] ?an t :i* !y w\ld give 9 ! fireboxes ( /eam-boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,otto ,deutz lignite-produc]4 ,lignite & ,peat ,produc]s4--,lignite & peat g5]ators 7,fig4 #hf7 _c op]ate on ! suction pr9ciple because ( ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! passage ( gas by ! lay] ( fuel4 ,?is resi/ance is consid]able & extremely v>iable4 ,consequ5tly1 lignite & peat g5]ators mu/ op]ate on ! pressure pr9ciple by utiliz+ a bla/ ( air or a /eam injector1 dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! lignite4 ,z a g5]al rule a ,root bl[] op]at+ at a pressure ( #h to #bg in*es ( wat]1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ! lignite1 is employ$4 ,^! g5]ators are n to be recomm5d$ = p[]s less ?an #ej horse-p[]1 = ! co/ ( ! app>atus becomes too great4 ,! be/ lignite is t :i*1 aft] combu/ion1 leaves a f9e a% & no agglom]at$ cl9k]4 ,lignite has ! peculi>ity ( =m+ du/ :i* ignites v easily :5 air is admitt$ into ! g5]ator4 ,= ?is reason ! g5]ator %\ld n be scrap$ dur+ op]ation1 9 ord] to avoid ! production ( a flame :i* may escape f ! app>atus4 ,! scrubb] is simply a column )\t coke1 & is provid$ ) an int]ior spr9kl]4 ,! coke is too rapidly clogg$ ) t>4 ,mu* ( ?is t> is deposit$ 9 a *amb] :i* prec$es ! gas-hold]4 ,sev]al qu>ts ( t> may be tapp$ f ! *amb] daily4 ,! gas-hold] s]ves m]ely to regulate ! production ( gas4 ,! pipes lead+ to ! eng9e %\ld be clean$ sev]al times ea* mon?1 9 ord] to remove ! ?9 lay] ( t> :i* is deposit$ )9 !m4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( lignite1 & ! gas-g5]ator %\ld be con/ruct$ to meet ! peculi> requirem5ts ( ! v>iety employ$4 ,! lay] ( fuel %\ld be su* 9 ?ickness t ! gas z x em]ges f ! g5]ator has a temp]ature ( ab\t #gg degrees ,f4 ,?is is ! temp]ature ( ! gas :i* leaves ! scrubb] 9 ! case ( an?racite-g5]ators4 ,if ! lignite conta9s mu* wat]1 ! great] "p is reta9$ 9 ! wa%] by ! gas 9 ! =m ( drops4 ,sometimes ! wat] drips ?r\gh ! grate ( ! g5]ator4 ,lignite-g5]ators may also be op]at$ ) peat1 & ev5 ) t[n refuse1 ) slight modifications4 ,! consumption p] horse-p[] p] h\r is #c4c p\nds ( lignite conta9+ #b1djj calories 7#i1dbd4i ,b4,t4,u474 ,9 ord] to g5]ate ! same p[] ) a boil] & /eam-eng9e1 #h4h p\nds w\ld be requir$4 ,an eng9e driv5 unload$ ) fuel furni%$ by a lignite-g5]ator w consume #ej p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! fuel requir$ at full load4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! proportion ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! lignite & on losses ( heat by radiation f ! g5]ator4 ,9 /reet-gas eng9es runn+ )\t load1 ! absorption is #bj p] c5t41 9 an?racite-g5]ators #dj p] c5t4 ( ! consumption at full load4 ,pass+ n[ to ! utilization ( wood1 ( :i* some?+ has already be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 two entirely di/9ct processes are successfully employ$ 9 app>atus ( ! ,ri*e type1 ^! processes dep5d+ ^u ! =m ( ! wood us$--:e!r1 9 o!r words1 ! wood be consum$ 9 ! =m ( /icks or blocks or 9 ! =m ( *ips1 sawdu/1 b>k1 & ! l1 all ( !m ! wa/es ( factories 9 :i* wood is us$4 ,di/ill+-,produc]s4--,if ! wood consi/s ( logs1 x is burnt 9 a g5]ator compris+ a fire-box & a di/ill+ retort4 ,! fire-box is *>g$ ) ord9>y coal :i* s]ves to heat ! retort to r$ness4 ,! wood is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! retort1 & ! gas1 produc$ by ! di/illation1 escapes ?r\gh ! bottom & passes to ! wa%+ app>atus4 ,! base ( ! retort is heat$ to ab\t #a1feb degrees ,f41 :ile at ! top ?is temp]ature is r$uc$ to #geb degrees ,f4 ,! wood ?us treat$ is trans=m$ into *>coal1 :i* is a by-product ( "s value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,ri*e di/ill+-produc]4 ,! l[] "p ( ?is ca/ retort 7,fig4 #hg7 is l9$ ) *>coal1 ! residue ( previ\s di/illations4 ,! wood :i* is introduc$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! retort is di/ill$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,! retort is held by its own weight 9 a socket on ! foot1 :i* socket is l9$ ) a special refractory cem5t1 made ( silicate1 asbe/os =m+ ! jo9t4 ,! products ( combu/ion1 issu+ f ! furnace1 pass by way ( ! flue to ! l[] "p ( ! cas+1 & raise ! temp]ature ( ! retort & ! *>coal x conta9s to t ( a *]ry r$ 7#a1feb degrees ,f474 ,^! products ( combu/ion !n float to ! upp] "p ( ! cas+ & heat ! top ( ! retort to a temp]ature ( ab\t #geb degrees ,f41 9 :i* "p ! wood or ! wood5 wa/e to be di/ill$ is enclos$4 ,!nce ! products ( combu/ion pass ?r\gh a horizontal flue1 provid$ ) a damp]1 into a collect+ flue by :i* !y are l$ to ! smoke-/ack4 ,! products ( di/illation =m$ 9 ! *amb]1 hav+ no outlet at ! top ( ! retort1 mu/ trav]se ! zone fill$ ) inc&esc5t c>bon4 ,! cond5sible products are conduct$ z p]man5t gases 7c>bonic-acid gas 9 ! /ate ( c>bon monoxide7 & are collect$ 9 ! receptacle1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! funnel & ! bell ( ! purify+ app>atus4 ,a gas-furnace is =m$ by gr\p+ 9 a s+le mass ( masonry a c]ta9 numb] ( elem5ts ( ! k9d j describ$4 ,x is ess5tial t ! retorts %\ld be v]tically plac$1 t !y be made only ( ca/ metal & n ( refractory clay1 &1 f9ally1 t _! diamet] be n mu* m ?an #aj in*es1 :i* size has be5 f\nd mo/ exp$i5t 9 practice4 ,! gas collect$ 9 ! bell or 9 "o or m ( ! receptacles passes into ! gasomet] & !n into ! s]vice pipes4 ,if #b4b p\nds ( wood be di/ill$ by burn+ 9 ! furnace #h_/i ( a p\nd ( coal ( av]age quality or #b4b p\nds ( wood 7ei!r sawdu/ or wa/e71 #bd4e to #bh cubic feet ( gas w be g5]at$ hav+ a !rmal value ( #c1jjj to #c1cjj calories p] cubic met] 7#aa1ijd to #ac1jid ,b4,t4,u4 p] #ce4ca cubic feet71 & a residue #dd p\nds ( *>coal w be left4 ,9 practice only ! wood ( comm]ce conta9+ 9 ! gre5 /ate #bj to #dj p] c5t4 ( wat]1 dep5d+ ^u ! v>iety1 is us$4 ,hornbeam conta9s ! lea/ wat] 7#ah p] c5t471 :ile elmwood & spruce conta9 ! mo/ 7#dd to #de p] c5t474 ,! bla/ app>atus ( ! g5]ator be+ />t$1 ! gas is suppli$ "u pressure4 ,by reason ( its p]man5t composition & its ri*ness1 x is an excell5t sub/itute = /reet-gas 9 inc&esc5t light+1 a good furnace fuel r$uc+ ag5t4 ,produc]s ,us+ ,wood ,wa/e1 ,sawdu/1 & ! ,l4--,if wa/e wood 9 ! =m ( %av+s1 sawdu/1 /raw1 b>k1 & ! l1 %\ld be employ$1 a /ill high] effici5cy is obta9$ ) self-r$uc+ g5]ators ( ! ,ri*e type4 ,combu/ion-,g5]ators4--,9 combu/ion-g5]ators 7,fig4 #hh7 ! fuel is burnt & n di/ill$4 ,! g5]ator comprises two di/9ct elem5ts4 ,! fir/ is ! g5]ator prop]1 9 :i* ! combu/ion takes place4 ,^u x is plac$ a hopp] or fuel supply box4 ,! ,second elem5t is ! r$uc]1 9 :i* by an indep5d5t process ! r$uction ( ! c>bonic-acid gas1 ! dissociation ( ! /eam1 & ! trans=mation ( ! hydroc>bons takes place4 ,! g5]ator is provid$ at its base ) a grate hav+ oblique b>s 9 ti]s1 :i* grate is furni%$ ) a *annel 9 :i* ! wat] = ! g5]ation ( hydrog5 fl[s4 ,on a level ) ?is grate1 at ! opposite side1 is a flue communicat+ ) ! r$uction column ( coke4 ,! inc&esc5t zone ( ! g5]ator %\ld n ext5d above ! level ( ! grate4 ,in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! lay]s ( fre% fuel & out by way ( ! top1 ! gas g5]at$ fl[s directly into ! r$uction column :]e x heats ! coke to inc&esc5ce4 ,! high temp]ature to :i* ! coke is subject$1 c\pl$ ) ! injection ( air1 effects useful reactions4 ,?is additional air1 h[ev]1 is n us$ if ! fuel is free f all products ( di/illation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,ri*e combu/ion-produc]4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t gas ( #a1jjj to #aajj calories p] cubic met] 7#c1ifh to #d1cfe ,b4,t4,u4 p] #ce4ca cubic feet71 :i* heat cont5t is necess>y to develop "o horse-p[] p] h\r1 c be obta9$ ) #c4if p\nds ( wood 9 ! =m ( %av+s & sawdu/ conta9+ #cj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! correspond+ quantity ( coke consum$ 9 ! r$uction column is insignificant1 & may be plac$ at ab\t #j4aab p\nds p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,x has be5 prov5 9 actual practice t1 bo? 9 ! di/ill+ & combu/ion types ( app>atus1 ! wood1 ei!r 9 ! gre5 /ate or 9 ! =m ( saw-mill wa/e1 may conta9 z mu* z #fj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,ei!r ( ! two sy/ems c be op]at$ "u pressure ) an air-bla/1 9 :i* case a gas-hold] & bell mu/ be employ$4 ,! gas z x passes f ! g5]ator to ! gas-hold] is conduct$ ?r\gh a cool] & wa%] & ?r\gh a moss filt]1 :i* removes traces ( ! products t may h escap$ ! di/illation4 ,inv]t$ ,combu/ion4--,) a few exceptions ! pressure-g5]ators :i* h be5 describ$1 z well z suction gas-produc]s :i* w be lat] discuss$1 are f$ ) an?racite coal or ) coke4 ,!y _c be op]at$ ) mod]ately s(t or bitum9\s coal4 ,= ?is reason !y limit ! employm5t ( produc]-gas eng9es4 ,manufactur]s h long s\ght g5]ators 9 :i* any fuel :atev] c be consum$4 ,among ! produc]s :i* seem to ov]come ! objections cit$ to a c]ta9 degree1 are ^? :i* are bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( inv]t$ combu/ion4 ,^! app>atus embody ! ideas ( ,ebelm51 ! products ( di/illation be+ decompos$ by pass+ !m ov] lay]s ( inc&esc5t fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,des*amps inv]t$-combu/ion produc]4 ,_m writ]s place 9 ! class ( inv]t$ combu/ion produc]s1 app>atus ( ! ,ri*e1 ,?waite1 & ,duff type1 9 :i* ?is idea is also c>ri$ out4 ,ri*e employs an indep5d5t inc&esc5t mass to r$uce ! products ( di/illation ( ano!r mass4 ,?waite employs two vessels :i* s]ve alt]nately z di/ill+ retorts & r$uc+ columns4 ,duff draws 9 ! products ( di/illation = ! purpose ( bl[+ !m "u ! fire4 ,all ^! g5]ators c h>dly be said to be ( ! inv]t$ combu/ion type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,fange-,*avanon inv]t$-combu/ion produc]4 ,! g5]ators ( ,des*amps 7,fig4 #hi7 & ( ,fange & ,*avanon 7,fig4 #ij71 on ! o!r h&1 are produc]s 9 :i* ! combu/ion is really inv]t$1 & :i* are work$ cont9u\sly4 ,! air ent]s at ! upp] "p ( ! retort1 passes ?r\gh ! entire mass ( fuel1 c>ry+ ) x ! di/ill$ volatile products1 & :5 ! mixture rea*es ! inc&esc5t zone1 *emical reactions occur t result 9 ! production ( a gas entirely free f t> & o!r impurities4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,suction ,,gas-,,produc]s ,! high co/ & ! complicat$ nature ( ! pressure gas-g5]ators :i* h j be5 discuss$ h l$ manufactur]s to attempt 9 "s o!r way ! g5]ation ( produc]-gas int5d$ = op]at+ motors4 ,sev]al inv5tors1 among :om we w m5tion ,b5i] & ,a4 ,taylor 79 ,france71 made "s praisewor?y al?\gh n imm$iately v successful attempts to simplify ! manufacture ( produc]-gas4 ,advantages4--,9 ^! sy/ems ! suction occasion$ by ! motor itself has tak5 ! place ( a =c$ draft1 produc$ 9 ! g5]ator by an air-injector or a fan1 s t ! gas1 in/ead ( be+ /or$ "u pressure 9 a gas-hold]1 is kept 9 ! app>atus "u a pressure bel[ t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! device = produc+ a draft by means ( boil] pressure or ( a fan1 & ! gas-hold]1 are disp5s$ )1 ! result is a sav+1 fir/ 9 ! co/ ( in/allation1 consumption1 & floor space4 ,fur!rmore1 ! cool] & wa%] are supplant$ by a s+le scrubb]4 ,manufactur]s h succe$$ 9 devis+ app>atus rem>kable = ! simplicity ( ! processes employ$ & yield+ economical results :i* w\ld nev] be obta9$ ) pressure-g5]ators employ+ gas-hold]s & boil]s1 consid]+ t ! boil] alone calls = a consumption ( f #ae to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! total am\nt ( coal us$ = mak+ ! gas4 ,! be/ results obta9$ by ! au?or ) pressure gas-produc]s h indicat$ a consumption ( n mu* less ?an #a to #a-a_/d p\nds ( an?racite p] horse-p[] p] h\r at ! motor1 :ile ) suction-g5]ators1 "u simil> conditions & ) ! same grade ( fuel1 he has repeat$ly f\nd a consumption ( f #i_/aj p\nds p] effective horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! gas obta9$ develop$ betwe5 #a1ajj & #a1cjj calories 7#d1cfe & #e1aeh ,b4,t4,u4 p] #ce4ca cubic feet7 if produc$ f an?racite yield+ f #g1ejj to #h1jjj calories 7#bi1gfc to #ca1gdf ,b4,t4,u47 p] #b4b p\nds4 ,! suction app>atus w also "w v well ) inf]ior coal conta9+ up to #f to #h p] c5t4 ( volatile matt] & f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,?is great advantage add$ to all ! o!rs expla9s ! favorable reception :i* ,european manufactur]s at once gave to suction-produc]s4 ,! petroleum eng9e itself w f9d a s]i\s competitor 9 ! new sy/em4 ,z reg>ds ! possibility ( employ+ suction gas g5]ators ) respect to ! some:at peculi> prop]ties ( ! fuel1 x may be said at ! outset t coke f gas works yield+ f #f1jjj to #f1ejj calories 7#bb1iaa to #bd1iie ,b4,t4,u47 & also *>coal are p]fectly available4 ,"o horse-p[] p] h\r is obta9$ ) a consumption ( #a4a to #a4c p\nds ( coke4 ,bla/-furnace coke may be us$ 9 case ( ne$1 b its employm5t is n to be recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( ! sulphides x conta9s1 :i* sulphides1 be+ c>ri$ along by ! gas1 are liable to =m sulphuric acid ) ! /eam1 ! corrosive action ( :i* w\ld soon de/roy ! cyl9d] & o!r important p>ts ( ! eng9e4 ,qualities ( ,fuel4--,an?racite coal is1 ^u ! :ole1 s f> ! be/ available fuel = g5]ators4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld possess c]ta9 qualities :i* w n[ be briefly indicat$4 ,9 suction gas-g5]ators1 above all1 x is important t no h>mful resi/ance %\ld be oppos$ to ! passage ( ! air & ( ! gas produc$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to employ coal ( a size t w answ] ! =ego+ condition1 )\t be+ too exp5sive4 ,! size ( ! pieces1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 det]m9es ! price2 & ) coal ( ! same prop]ties1 pieces #a4a to #b in*es may co/ #a4d ( ! price = ! ord9>y size ( #j4ei to #j4ih in*es1 :i* is v well adapt$ = gas-g5]ators4 ,?is is ! size ( a hazel-nut4 ,moreov]1 x w be advisable to select ! drye/ coals1 conta9+ a m9imum ( volatile matt] & hav+ no t5d5cy to coke or to coh]e1 9 ord] t ! volatiliz$ products may n by di/illation ob/ruct ! int]/ices ?r\gh :i* ! gases mu/ pass4 ,= ! same reason coal :i* breaks up & becomes pulv]iz$ "u ! action ( ! fire is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! coal %\ld also be su* z to avoid ! =mation ( ar*es :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! prop] settl+ ( ! fuel dur+ its combu/ion4 ,x may be /at$ z a rule t1 ) coal t does n coh]e1 ! cont5t ( volatile matt] %\ld n exce$ #e to #h p] c5t4 ,coal :i* conta9s m ?an #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( a% %\ld n be us$1 = ! reason t x *okes up & ob/ructs g5]ators 9 :i* ! dropp+ & dis*>ge ( ! a%es is done automatically1 a fact :i* %\ld n pass unnotic$4 ,! furnace _c be clean$ safely ) a fire ( ?is k9d1 :]e combu/ion takes place 9 an enclos$ space1 )\t h9d]+ ! production ( gas4 ,"h aga9 a po9t may be rais$ v mu* 9 favor ( suction gas-produc]s4 ,9 a good g5]ator1 ! a%-pit c be clean$ & ! fire /ok$ )\t int]rupt+ ! lib]ation ( ! gas drawn 9 & )\t appreciably impair+ ! quality ( ! gas4 ,^! consid]ations are ( importance s f> z ! gas-g5]ator itself is conc]n$4 ,o!r conditions :i* %\ld be notic$ affect ! eng9e f$ by ! g5]ator1 ! grade ( coal us$1 & ! purification ( ! gas obta9$ f x4 ,unless special *emical clean]s & purifi]s are employ$1 !reby complicat+ ! plant1 ! coal utiliz$ %\ld yield z little t> z possible dur+ di/illation2 = ! t5d5cy ( ! t> to *oke up ! pipes & to clog ! valves is "o ( ! *ief causes ( defective op]ation ( produc]-gas eng9es4 ,t> *anges ! prop] composition ( ! explosive mixture4 ,:5 x cat*es fire 9 ! cyl9d] x causes premature ignition1 :i* is s dang]\s 9 l>ge eng9es4 ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+1 x foll[s t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art1 ! satisfactory op]ation ( gas-g5]ators dep5ds no long] on ! use ( pure an?racite1 su* z ,p5nsylvania coal 9 ,am]ica & ,wel% coal 9 ,engl&1 conta9+ an am\nt ( c>bon z high z #ij to #id p] c5t4 & hav+ a !rmal value ( #cc1ebi ,b4,t4,u4 ,on ! contr>y1 good dry coal yield+ f #bi1gfc to #ca1gdf ,b4,t4,u4 is q suitable = ! g5]ation ( produc]-gas4 ,a f9al1 practical advantage :i* speaks 9 favor ( a g5]ator & motor plant z comp>$ ) a /eam-eng9e1 is ! small am\nt ( wat] requir$4 ,ap>t f ! wat] us$ = cool+ ! eng9e1 :i* may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 if cool$1 any wat]1 :e!r x =ms scale or deposits1 may be employ$ = cool+ & wa%+ ! gas 9 ! scrubb]4 ,accord+ to ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce1 an av]age ( #c4c gallons ( wat] p] effective horse-p[] p] h\r is suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,?is is ab\t "o-half ( ! am\nt requir$ by a non-cond5s+ slide-valve eng9e ( f #ae to #cj horse-p[]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! consumption ( wat] is q important 9 city plants1 :]e wat] is r exp5sive z a rule4 ,g5]al ,arrangem5t4--,a suction gas-g5]ator plant ( ! "* we h be5 discuss+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,eng9e & suction gas-produc]4 ,! app>atus ,a is ! g5]ator prop]1 9 :i* combu/ion takes place4 ,! gas produc$ passes into ! app>atus ,b ?r\gh a s]ies ( tubes1 to be convey$ to ! wa%] ,c4 ,9 ! app>atus ,b1 :i* is ! vaporiz]1 ! wat] admitt$ at ! top "u atmosph]ic pressure is vaporiz$ by contact ) a s]ies ( tubes1 heat$ by ! gas com+ f ! g5]ator4 ,! /eam1 toge!r ) air1 is drawn into ! l[] "p ( ! g5]ator to support combu/ion4 ,?is vaporiz] is provid$ ) an ov]fl[ = ! outlet ( ! wat] :i* has n be5 vaporiz$4 ,! produc]-gas pipe :i* leads f ! vaporiz] to ! wa%] has a bran* ,d1 = ! tempor>y escape to ! atmosph]e ( ! gas produc$ be=e & aft] ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ! wa%]1 z ! draw+ %[s1 ! gas ent]s at ! bottom & leaves at ! top to pass to ! gas expansion-*amb] ,e & !nce to ! motor4 ,! gas ?us passes ?r\gh ! body ( coke 9 ! opposite direction to ! wa% wat]1 :i* !n fl[s to ! wa/e-pipe4 ,! coke & ! wat] free ! gas n only f ! du/ c>ri$ along1 b f ! ammonia & o!r impurities conta9$ 9 ! gas4 ,:5 fir+ ! g5]ator1 a small h& v5tilator ,g is us$ = bl[+ 9 air to fan ! fire4 ,! gas obta9$ at fir/1 be+ unsuitable = combu/ion1 is all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! bran* ,d4 ,aft] inject+ air = ab\t #aj to #ae m9utes1 ! eng9e c be />t$ aft] clos+ ! bran* ,d4 ,! suction ( ! eng9e itself w !n gradually br+ ab\t ! prop] conditions = its regul> runn+1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r or half an h\r ! gas is ri* en\gh to run ! eng9e "u a full load4 ,! app>atus j describ$ is ! orig9al type1 ^u :i* _m improvem5ts h be5 made = ! purpose ( secur+ a uni=m gas production & ( dim9i%+ ! int]val ( "t elaps+ betwe5 ! fir+ ( ! g5]ator & ! runn+ ( ! eng9e "u a full load4 ,ea* ( ! elem5ts ( ?is app>atus--to wit1 ! g5]ator1 vaporiz]1 sup]-heat]1 & wa%]--h be5 modifi$ & improv$ m or less successfully by ! manufactur]s2 & 9 ord] t ! read] may p]ceive ! m]its & ! drawbacks ( ! v>i\s arrangem5ts adopt$1 ! mo/ important ones w be sep>ately discuss$4 ,g5]ator4--,) respect to ! g5]al arrangem5t ( p>ts1 g5]ators may be divid$ into two classes3 ,fir/4--,g5]ators ) int]nal vaporiz]s1 su* z ! ,otto ,deutz & ,wi$5feld g5]ators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,old type ( ,w9t]?ur produc]4 ,second4--,g5]ators ) ext]nal vaporiz]s1 su* z ! ,taylor1 ,boll9ckx1 ,p9ts*1 ,k9d]l51 ,b5z1 ,wi$5feld1 ,hille1 & ,goebels g5]ators4 ,cyl9drical ,body4--,! g5]ator consi/s ess5tially ( a mantle made ( %eet-iron or ca/-iron & conta9+ a refractory l9+ :i* =ms a retort1 a grate1 & an a%-pit4 ,9 ! small size app>atus ! ca/-iron mantle is (t5 us$1 :]eas 9 l>ge sizes ! mantle is made ( rivet$ %eet-iron s z to r$uce its weight & its co/4 ,9 ! latt] case ! l9+s are securely rivet$ or bolt$4 ,! ,w9t]?ur g5]ator 7,figs4 #ib & #ic71 ! ,taylor g5]ator 7,fig4 #id71 & ! ,b5z g5]ator 7,fig4 #ig71 are made ( ca/-iron2 ! ,wi$5feld g5]ator 7,fig4 #ie71 ! ,p9ts* g5]ator 7,fig4 #if71 are made ( %eet-iron2 ! ,boll9ckx 7,fig4 #ih7 is made p>tly ( %eet-iron & p>tly ( ca/-iron4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( a g5]ator1 if made ( %eet-iron1 are held toge!r by means ( angle-irons =m+ yokes1 & a %eet ( asbe/os is int]pos$4 ,if ! p>ts are made ( ca/-iron1 !y are connect$ aft] ! mann] ( pipe-jo9ts & pack$ ) compress$ asbe/os4 ,?is latt] way ( assembl+ ! p>ts pres5ts ! advantage ( all[+ !m to be dismemb]$ readily4 ,!re=e1 x all[s ! sev]al p>ts to exp& freely & facilitates ! secur+ ( tight jo9ts4 ,?is la/ consid]ation is exce$+ly important1 p>ticul>ly = ! jo9ts :i* are beyond ! zone 9 :i* ! di/illation ( ! fuel takes place4 ,any entrance ( air ?r\gh ^! jo9ts w\ld necess>ily impair ! quality ( ! gas1 ei!r by m+l+ !re)1 or by combu/ion4 ,! air s admitt$ w\ld also be liable to =m an explosive mixture :i* might become ignit$ 9 case ( a premature ignition ( ! cyl9d] *>ge dur+ suction or ?r\gh "s o!r cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,new type ( ,w9t]?ur produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,! ,a4 ,taylor produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,wi$5feld produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,p9ts* produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,b5z produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,boll9ckx produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,l5cau*ez produc]4 ,refractory ,l9+4--,! int]ior l9+ ( ! g5]ator %\ld be made ( refractory clay ( ! be/ quality4 ,x w\ld seem advisable1 9 ord] to facilitate repairs1 to employ retorts made ( pieces held toge!r in/ead ( retorts made ( a s+le piece4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! assembl+ %\ld pref]ably be made by means ( refractory cem5t1 & ! inn] surface %\ld be cov]$ ) a coat+ s z to =m a practically cont9u\s /one surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,goebels produc]4 ,"s manufactur]s1 9 ord] to all[ = ! r5ewal ( ! "p mo/ liable to be burnt1 employ at ! bottom ( ! tank a refractory m\ld$ r+ 7,l5cau*ez1 ,fig4 #ii74 ,x is always advisable to place betwe5 ! %ell or mantle ( ! g5]ator & ! refractory l9+ a lay] ( a mat]ial :i* is a bad conductor ( heat z1 = in/ance1 asbe/os or s&1 9 ord] to avoid z mu* z possible loss ( heat due to ext]nal radiation 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,pi]son produc]4 ,grate & ,support = ! ,l9+4--,^! p>ts1 ow+ to _! contact ) ! a%es & ! hot emb]s1 are liable to det]iorate rapidly4 ,x is !re=e indisp5sable t !y %\ld be removable & easily accessible1 s t !y may be r5ew$ 9 case ( ne$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 grates compos$ ( indep5d5t b>s w\ld appe> to be pref]able4 ,! cle>ance betwe5 ! b>s dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! k9d ( a%es result+ f ! diff]5t grades ( fuel4 ,x is advisable to design ! grate s t ! free passage = ! air is ab\t #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! total surface4 ,9 g5]ators hav+ a cup-%ap$ a%-pit1 conta9+ wat] 7,fig4 #ie71 ! grate & ! base ( ! retort are less liable to burn ?an 9 app>atus hav+ dry a%-pits4 ,c]ta9 app>atus1 su* z ^? ( ,l5cau*ez 7,fig4 #ii71 ,pi]son 7,fig4 #aja71 & ,taylor 7,fig4 #id71 h no grates2 ! fuel is held 9 ! retort by ! a%es1 :i* =m a cone re/+ on a %eet-iron base1 easy ( access = clean+ & f :i* ! fuel slides d[n gradually4 ,! ,pi]son g5]ator 7,fig4 #aja7 is provid$ ) a pok] compris+ a c5tral =k1 :i* is work$ ) a lev]1 9 ord] to /ir ! fire f bel[ )\t entirely ext+ui%+ ! cone ( a%es4 ,9 "s app>atus 9 :i* a grate is us$ 7,fig4 #ib71 a space is left betwe5 ! grate & ! support ( ! retort4 ,?is arrangem5t has ! m]it ( all[+ only f9ely divid$ & completely burnt a%es to pass to ! a%-pit4 ,moreov]1 a l>ge surface grate c be employ$1 ?us facilitat+ ! passage ( ! mixture ( air & /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,kid]l5 produc]4 ,! space above m5tion$ is provid$ ) a clean+-door ?r\gh :i* c9d] & slag may be remov$4 ,9 o!r app>atus ! grate re/s ei!r on ! support ( ! refractory l9+1 z 9 ! old type inv5t$ by ,wi$5feld 7,fig4 #ie71 or ^u a projection emb$d$ 9 ! l9+1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,kid]l5 7,fig4 #ajb7 & ,p9ts* g5]ators 7,fig4 #if74 ,9 ! ,ri*e app>atus 7,fig4 #ajc7 !re is1 besides ! ord9>y grate1 a grate ) ti]s on :i* ! fuel spreads4 ,?is grate consi/s ( wide1 holl[ b>s conta9+ wat]4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! app>atus is ( ! bl[] type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,ri*e combu/ion-produc]4 ,an int]e/+ arrangem5t is f\nd 9 ,b5i]'s g5]ator 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,?is consi/s ( a grate =m$ ( projections ca/ ar\nd a cyl9d] :i* c be turn$ ab\t its axis4 ,! f9ely divid$ a%es :i* are reta9$ 9 ! spaces betwe5 ^! projections are ?us c>ri$ into ! a%-pit1 & ^? :i* adh]e to ! metal are scrap$ away by a metallic comb fa/5$ to ! l[] "p ( ! app>atus4 ,! ,pho5ix g5]ator 7,fig4 #aje7 is fitt$ ) a grate hav+ a me*anical clean+ device1 work$ by a lev] f ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,b5i] produc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,pho5ix produc]4 ,a%-,pit4--,! a%-pits are expos$ to ! de/ructive effects ( heat & moi/ure1 & %\ld pref]ably be con/ruct$ ( ca/-iron1 s9ce %eet-/eel is liable to corrode quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,otto ,deutz produc]4 ,9 mo/ app>atus ! a%-pit is h]metically seal$1 & ! air = support+ combu/ion ent]s bel[ ! grate ?r\gh a pipe lead+ f ! heat] or ! vaporiz]4 ,?is arrangem5t seems be/ adapt$ to prev5t ! leakage ( gas :i* t5ds to take place by reaction aft] ea* suction /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,a%-pits =m$ z wat]-cups1 su* z ! ,deutz 7,fig4 #ajf71 ! ,wi$5feld 7,fig4 #ie71 & ! ,boll9ckx 7,fig4 #ih71 are f$ by ! ov]fl[ f ! vaporiz]4 ,^! a%-pits are !mselves provid$ ) an ov]fl[ consi/+ ( a siphon-tube =m+ a wat]-seal4 ,besides provid+ protection to ! grate & o!r p>ts by ?is %eet ( wat]1 a l>g] proportion ( ! heat radiat$ f ! furnace is utiliz$ = ! production ( /eam :i* contributes to enri* ! gas4 ,! doors ( ! a%-pits & _! fitt+s are likewise expos$ to a rapid det]ioration4 ,= ?is reason ^! p>ts %\ld be v /rongly made1 ei!r ( ca/-iron or ca/-/eel4 ,fur!rmore1 !y %\ld1 at jo9t surfaces1 be connect$ 9 an air-tight mann]1 :i* may be atta9$ by c>efully f9i%+ ! engag+ surfaces ( ! frame & ! door prop]1 or by cutt+ a dovetail groove 9 "o ( ! sides ( ! frame :i* is pack$ ) asbe/os & adapt$ to receive a %>p edg$ rib on ! o!r "p4 ,! p9tles ( ! h+es %\ld also be c>efully adju/$ s t ! jo9t memb]s ( ! door %all rema9 true4 ,h+es ) horizontal axes seem to be pref]able 9 ?is respect to ^? hav+ v]tical axes4 ,z a means ( clos+ ! door1 ! arrangem5t "h %[n 7,fig4 #ajg7 seems to assure a prop] engagem5t ( ! jo9t surfaces4 ,x consi/s ( a yoke :i* /raddles ! door1 & :i*1 on ! "o h&1 sw+s ab\t ! h+e1 & on ! o!r h& engages a movable hoop4 ,a screw1 fa/5$ to ! yoke1 s]ves to tight5 ! door by pressure on its c5t]4 ,?is screw c also be fa/5$ to ! end ( ! yoke 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ajg-ajh4--;,fire-box doors4 ,x is v advantage\s to provide 9 ea* door a hole clos$ by an air-tight plug1 s t 9 case ( ne$ a tool may be introduc$ = clean+ ! grate4 ,9 ?is mann] ! grate may be clean$ )\t op5+ doors & )\t caus+ a h>mful entrance ( air4 ,! door ( ! furnace1 p>ticul>ly1 %\ld be provid$ ) an iron c\nt]-plate held by h+$ bolts 7,fig4 #aji72 or1 bett] /ill1 ?is door %\ld be s con/ruct$ t x c be l9$ ) refractory mat]ial to protect x aga9/ ! radiat$ heat ( ! fire4 ,*>g+-,box4--,l ! o!r p>ts ( ! g5]ator ! con/ruction ( :i* has be5 discuss$ above1 ! *>g+-box %\ld be absolutely air-tight4 ,on acc\nt ( _! great] security1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to d\ble closure devices1 :i* =m a sort ( prelim9>y *amb]1 ow+ to :i* ! fill+ ( ! g5]ator is made 9 two op]ations4 ,! fir/ op]ation consi/s 9 fill+ ! prelim9>y *amb] aft] op5+ ! out] door4 ,^u clos+ ?is out] door1 ! second op]ation is p]=m$1 :i* consi/s 9 mov+ ! inn] door s z to cause ! fuel 9 ! prelim9>y *amb] to drop into ! g5]ator4 ,/ress has be5 laid on ! great] safety ( ?is type ( *>g+-box = ! reason t1 ) devices hav+ a s+le *>g+-door1 a sudd5 gu/ ( air may ru% 9 at ! "t ( *>g+ ! furnace1 & br+ ab\t an explosion v dang]\s to ! workman entru/$ ) /ok+ ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,door ) refractory l9+4 ,! closure is g5]ally simply a removable cov]1 or may be a lid sw++ ab\t a h+e hav+ a horizontal or v]tical axis4 ,z reg>ds ! inn] door1 :i* is ( great importance1 9 ord] to insure an air-tight jo9t1 !re are ?ree *ief types ( closure3 #a4 ,! ,lift-,valve4 #b4 ,! ,slide-,valve4 #c4 ,! ,cock4 ,! ,lift-,valve4--,! lift-valve is =m$ by a disk ( conical or sph]ical %ape mov$ up & d[n by means ( a lev] hav+ a c\nt]-weight = adju/m5t4 ,! valve is us$ 9 ! ,w9t]?ur 7,fig4 #ib7 & ,boll9ckx 7,fig4 #ih7 g5]ators4 ,?is device s]ves z an automatic closure & insures a tight jo9t irrespective ( we>4 ,moreov]1 x pres5ts ! advantage t1 at ! mom5t ( op5+1 x di/ributes ! fuel ev5ly 9 ! g5]ator2 b on ! o!r h&1 x has ! drawback ( n all[+ ! fuel to be exam9$ or %ak5 ?r\gh ! *>g+-box4 ,9 app>atus provid$ ) ?is k9d ( valve1 x is !re=e advisable to furni% ! upp] "p ( ! g5]ator ) agitat+ holes clos$ by an air-tight slide4 ,slide-,valve4--,! slide-valve closure consi/s ( a smoo?-f9i%$ metallic plate movable bel[ ! *>g+-box prop]4 ,op]at$ z x is f ! outside1 x is evid5t t ! slighte/ play1 ! we>+ ( ! pivot1 or ! weight ( ! *>ge1 w =m spaces betwe5 ! plate & its seat ?r\gh :i* air may ru% 94 ,fur!rmore1 ! manipulation ( ! slide-valve may be int]f]$ ) if too mu* fuel is put 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! valve or damp] may move p>allel to itself or sw+ ab\t ! op]at+ axis4 ,! ,taylor app>atus 7,fig4 #id7 & ! ,b5i] app>atus 7,fig4 #ajd7 are provid$ ) su* valves4 ,! ,p9ts* g5]ator 7,fig4 #if7 is provid$ ) a device :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 is n a damp]1 b :i* consi/s ( two boxes movable ab\t a v]tical axis & arrang$ to be displac$ alt]nately above ! %aft to effect ! *>g+4 ,?is sy/em effects only a s+le closure1 b explosions are sc>cely to be fe>$ ) an app>atus ( ?is k9d1 ow+ to ! consid]able height ( fuel conta9$ betwe5 ! *>g+ op5+ & ! gas-produc+ zone4 ,cock4--,! cock is appli$ p>ticul>ly 9 ! mod]n app>atus ( ! ,otto ,deutz ,co4 7,fig4 #ajf7 & ! ,pi]son g5]ator 7,fig4 #aja74 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge ca/-iron cone1 hav+ an op]at+ h&le & an op5+4 ,! cone moves 9 a sleeve =m$ by ! *>g+-box4 ,?is arrangem5t appe>s to be pref]able to ! o!rs on acc\nt ( its simplicity & ( ! ease ) :i* x c be tak5 ap>t = clean+4 ,moreov]1 ! fuel c be pok$ directly ?r\gh ! fe$-hopp]4 ,9 app>atus provid$ ) a cock1 x is advisable to place on ! outside cov] a mica pane ?r\gh :i* ! condition ( ! fuel may be exam9$ )\t dang]4 ,fe$-,hopp]4--,bel[ ! *>g+-box is arrang$1 z a rule1 a hopp] tap]$ conically d[nw>d4 ,?is "p ( ! g5]ator %\ld s]ve only z a /orage *amb] = fuel4 ,x c !re=e be made ( ca/-iron1 & has ! advantage ( be+ removable1 easily replac$1 & ( all[+ ready access to ! retort = ! purposes ( exam9ation & repair4 ,! annul> space surr\nd+ ?is fe$-hopp] g5]ally =ms a *amb] = receiv+ ! gas produc$1 z 9 ! ,w9t]?ur 7,fig4 #ib71 ! ,boll9ckx 7,fig4 #ih71 & ! ,taylor app>atus 7,fig4 #ii74 ,9 g5]ators hav+ an int]nal vaporiz+-tank1 ?is tank itself s]ves z a fe$-hopp]1 :i* is ! case 9 ! ,deutz app>atus 7,fig4 #ajf7 & ,wi$5feld g5]ator 7,fig4 #ie74 ,connection ( ,p>ts4--,9 ord] to facilitate ! ?or\gh clean+ ( ! retort1 pref]5ce is giv5 to removable *>g+-boxes & fe$-hopp]s4 ,^! are features ( app>atus ( ! ,boll9ckx type 7,fig4 #ih71 9 :i* ! *>g+-box is secur$ to ! g5]ator by means ( its yoke & by cat*es provid$ ) knobs1 & also ( app>atus ( ! ,w9t]?ur k9d 7,fig4 #ib71 hav+ a *>g+-box pivot$ ab\t a v]tical axis1 or app>atus ( ! ,duplex type 7,fig4 #aaj71 9 :i* ! *>g+-box c sw+ ab\t a horizontal h+e4 ,air ,supply4--,we h se5 t1 :5 />t+ ! g5]ator1 ! gas is produc$ ) ! aid ( a fan4 ,?is fan may be op]at$ me*anically1 b is g5]ally op]at$ by h&4 ,x is cu/om>y to convey ! air-bla/ ?r\gh a pipe lead+ to ! a%-pit1 z 9 ! ,w9t]?ur app>atus 7,fig4 #ib74 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! air supply pipe is directly bran*$ on t :i* leads f ! vaporiz] to ! a%-pit1 z 9 ! ,deutz app>atus 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,9 ?is case a set ( valves or damp]s p]mits ! disconnection ( ! fan or its connection ) ! a%-pit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,duplex *>g+-hopp]4 ,9 "s app>atus an air inlet is provid$ imm$iately adjac5t to ! a%-pit4 ,?is arrangem5t is faulty = ! reason t x gives rise to gase\s emanations :i* take place by reaction aft] ea* suction /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,fur!rmore1 x is advisable t ! air suppli$ bel[ ! a%-pit be z hot z possible4 ,= ?is reason ! employm5t ( preheat]s is desirable4 ,! dry air =c$ 9 by ! fan /imulates combu/ion1 & ! hot gas produc$ & mix$ ) smoke escapes ?r\gh a sep>ate flue1 g5]ally arrang$ beyond ! vaporiz] & s]v+ z a *imney4 ,?is *imney %\ld 9 all cases be ext5d$ to ! outside ( ! build+1 & %\ld nev] t]m9ate 9 a brick *imney or simil> smoke-flue4 ,! direct escape ( su* gas & smoke ?r\gh a telescopic *imney above ! *>g+-box has be5 g5]ally ab&on$ 9 mod]n /ructures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,boll9ckx flue & scrubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,w9t]?ur flue & air-reheat]4 ,! escape-pipe m5tion$1 be+ bran*$ on ! gas-pipe lead+ to ! eng9e1 %\ld be capable ( disconnection :5 desir$1 by a ?or\ghly tight sy/em ( closure4 ,= ?is purpose1 "s employ a simple cock 7,boll9ckx1 ,fig4 #aaa71 a ?ree-way cock1 a set ( cocks1 or1 /ill bett]1 a d\ble valve1 z 9 ! ,w9t]?ur app>atus 7,fig4 #aab7 & ! ,deutz app>atus 7,fig4 #aac74 ,a d\ble seat$ valve is also us$1 z is ! case 9 ! ,b5z g5]ator 7,fig4 #aad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,otto ,deutz flue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,b5z flue4 ,vaporiz]-,preheat]s4--,z has be5 /at$ be=e1 !re are vaporiz]s int]nal or ext]nal1 relatively to ! g5]ator4 ,int]nal ,vaporiz]s4--,! ,deutz app>atus 7,fig4 #ajf71 = example1 consi/s ( an annul> ca/-iron tank m\nt$ above ! retort ( ! g5]ator4 ,! hot gases giv5 (f by ! burn+ fuel travel ar\nd ?is tank & vaporize ! wat] :i* x conta9s4 ,! air drawn 9 by ! suction ( ! eng9e ent]s ?r\gh an op5+ locat$ above ! tank1 travels ov] ! surface ( ! wat] :i* is be+ vaporiz$1 & ?us lad5 ) /eam passes to ! a%-pit4 ,! tank 9 "q is suppli$ ) wat] by means ( a cock hav+ a sight fe$1 locat$ on ! outside1 & ! level is kept con/ant by means ( an ov]fl[ tube lead+ to ! a%-pit4 ,x is well to b5d ?is tube & to place a funnel on its l[] memb]4 ,! am\nt ( ov]fl[ may ?us be regulat$4 ,^! vaporiz]s are simple & take up little room2 b !y are op5 to ! app>5tly well-f\nd$ objection t !y heat up sl[ly & require a consid]able "t to produce ! /eam necess>y to enri* ! gas1 ?is be+ due to ! relatively l>ge mass ( ca/-iron & ! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ !re94 ,! ,pi]son vaporiz] 7,fig4 #aja7 & ! ,*avanon vaporiz] 7,fig4 #aae7 bo? consi/ ( an annul> tank =m+ ! base ( ! g5]ator4 ,/eam is =m$ ne> ! outlet ( ! a%es1 :i*1 z has be5 describ$ above1 leads to ! out] air4 ,! developm5t ( /eam is regulat$ by me*anical means controll$ by ! suction ( ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,*avanon produc]4 ,ext]nal ,vaporiz]s4--,ext]nal vaporiz]s are g5]ally =m$ by a cyl9d] ) p>titions con/itut+ two s]ies ( *amb]s4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! hot gases f ! g5]ator travel1 & 9 ! o!rs ! wat] to be vaporiz$ is conta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--,taylor vaporiz]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,deutz vaporiz]4 ,tubul> ,vaporiz]s4--,diff]5t types ( tubul> vaporiz]s are manufactur$4 ,! vaporiz] ) a s]ies ( tubes1 z 9 ,taylor's app>atus 7,fig4 #aaf71 ,deutz's old model 7,fig4 #aag71 or ) s+le tube l ,p9ts*'s g5]ator 7,fig4 #aah71 is =m$ by ?ree comp>tm5ts sep>at$ by two tube %eets or by plates :i* are connect$ by tubes4 ,9 "s cases ! gases pass )9 ! tubes1 :ile ! wat] to be vaporiz$ surr\nds !m2 z 9 ! ,p9ts* app>atus 7,fig4 #aah71 & ,taylor app>atus 7,fig4 #aaf71 ,b5z 7,fig4 #aai71 & ,ko]t+ g5]ators 7,fig4 #abj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,p9ts* vaporiz] & scrubb]4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! wat] lies inside & ! gas outside4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 a longitud9al baffle is employ$ to compel ! gases to heat ! tubes 9 _! :ole l5g?1 z 9 ! ,deutz produc] 7,fig4 #aag74 ,9 a g5]al way x may be said t su* a s]ies ( tubes pres5ts ! disadvantage ( becom+ clogg$ up rapidly by ! deposit ( lime salts conta9$ 9 wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,b5z vaporiz]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,ko]t+ vaporiz]4 ,if ! set ( tubes consi/s ( fire-tubes1 ! deposit w =m on ! out] surface1 t is1 on a portion n accessible = clean+4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 wat]-tubes are pref]able1 z !y all[ ! deposit or scale to be remov$ ?r\gh ! tubul> heads or plates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* wat]-tubes h ! drawback t _! ext]ior surfaces are readily cov]$ ) pit* & soot4 ,! tubul> vaporiz]s ( ! ,field type 7,boll9ckx1 ,fig4 #ih7 are compos$ ( a s+le %eet-iron tube or %ell1 9 :i* ! tubes are arrang$1 dipp+ into a *amb] ?r\gh :i* ! hot gases pass4 ,?is arrangem5t insures a rapid production ( /eam1 b ! ,field tubes are ev5 m liable ?an ! o!rs to become cov]$ ) deposits4 ,x w be se5 t ^! types ( vaporiz]s %\ld all pres5t ! foll[+ features3 easy access1 small quantity ( ! body ( wat] und]go+ vaporization1 & l>ge heat+ surface ) small volume4 ,! use ( copp] or brass tubes %\ld be /rictly avoid$1 z !y w\ld be quickly corrod$ by ! action ( ! ammonia & hydrog5 sulphide conta9$ 9 ! gas4 ,p>tition ,vaporiz]s4--,p>tition vaporiz]s comprise a cyl9drical %ell1 g5]ally made ( ca/-iron & hav+ a d\ble wall 9 :i* ! wat] to be vaporiz$ circulates4 ,! gas com+ f ! g5]ator passes into ! c5tral portion1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) a holl[ baffle1 also conta9+ wat] 7,wi$5feld1 ,fig4 #aba74 ,vaporiz]s ( ?is k9d are /rong1 simple1 & easily clean$4 ,op]ation ( ! ,vaporiz]s4--,! g5]al purpose ( vaporiz]s1 :atev] _! con/ruction may be1 is to produce /eam "u atmosph]ic pressure1 by utiliz+ ! heat ( ! g5]ator gases imm$iately aft] _! production1 or1 z 9 ! ,*avanon sy/em1 by utiliz+ ! heat radiat$ f ! furnace4 ,! air drawn by ! eng9e ?r\gh ! g5]ator g5]ally passes ?r\gh ! vaporiz]s & becomes lad5 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( /eam :i* x c>ries along4 ,! am\nt ?us tak5 up dep5ds *iefly ^u ! temp]ature & ! am\nt ( gases com+ f ! g5]ator1 s t ! great] ! am\nt drawn into ! eng9e1 ! m en]getic w ! vaporization be1 & ! ri*] ! gas w become4 ,x w be und]/ood t :5 a g5]ator is work+ at its maximum production1 ! int]ior temp]ature is highe/ & mo/ favorable to ! decomposition ( ! l>ge/ am\nt ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,wi$5feld vaporiz]4 ,x foll[s t ) ! v simple vaporiz]s :i* h be5 review$1 a practically automatic regulation is obta9$4 ,h[ev]1 "s manufactur]s h deem$ x advisable to regulate ! am\nt ( /eam m accurately1 & to make x exactly proportionate to ! p[] develop$ by ! motor4 ,?us 9 ! ,w9t]?ur gas-produc] 7,figs4 #ib & #aab7 ! manufactur]s h omitt$ ! vaporiz] prop]1 & use in/ead an air-heat] & a sup]-heat] = air & /eam4 ,! heat] is =m$ by a ca/-iron box hav+ two comp>tm5ts1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* ! hot gases f ! g5]ator pass1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! air int5d$ to support combu/ion travels4 ,at ! inlet ( ! sup]-heat] a pipe t]m9ates1 :i* fe$s1 drop by drop1 wat] suppli$ by a fe$ device to be describ$ pres5tly4 ,?is wat] is vaporiz$ imm$iately ^u contact ) ! wall ( ! sup]-heat] & is c>ri$ along ) ! air conta9$ 9 x4 ,! sup]-heat] comprises a holl[ r+-%ap$ ca/-iron piece arrang$ 9 ! *amb] ( ! g5]ator1 9 :i* ! gases are develop$1 & is ?us heat$ to a high temp]ature4 ,! mixture ( air & /eam circulates 9 ?is sup]-heat] be=e travel+ to ! a%-pit4 ,! fe$] ( ! ,w9t]?ur gas-g5]ator 7,fig4 #abb7 is compos$ ( a receptacle hav+ ! %ape ( a tank or bas9 conta9+ wat] & locat$ bel[ a clos$ cyl9drical box4 ,9 ?is box a pi/on moves1 :i* is provid$ at its l[] end ) a ne$le-valve4 ,! upp] portion ( ! box communicates ) ! gas-suction pipe ?r\gh a small tube4 ,at ea* suction /roke ( ! eng9e1 accord+ to ! =ce ( ! suction1 ! ne$le-valve pi/on rises m or less & ?us all[s a v>iable am\nt ( wat] to pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,w9t]?ur fe$]s4 ,?is app>atus--& all ^? bas$ on ! same pr9ciple--pres5ts ! advantage ( proportion+ ! am\nt ( wat] to ! "w ( ! eng9e2 b 9 view ( its r s5sitive op]ation x mu/ be kept 9 p]fect repair & c>efully wat*$4 ,obvi\sly1 %\ld ! wat] conta9 impurities1 ! ne$le-valve w b9d or ! orifices w be ob/ruct$1 & ?us ! fe$+ ( ! wat] w be int]rupt$4 ,?is w n only result 9 ! production ( a poor] gas1 b w lead to great] we> ( ! grates1 :i* 9 ?is case are n suffici5tly cool$ by ! introduction ( /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,hille produc]4 ,air-,heat]s4--,! prelim9>y heat+ ( ! air appe>s to be ( great utility = keep+ up a good fire4 ,?is heat+ is v easily accompli%$1 & is g5]ally effect$ by utiliz+ a portion ( ! wa/e heat ( ! gases1 a proc$ure :i* also has ! advantage ( cool+ ! gases be=e !y pass ?r\gh ! wa%+ app>atus4 ,! heat+ ( ! air = support+ combu/ion takes place ei!r be=e ! addition ( /eam 7,hille's g5]ator1 ,fig4 #abc71 or aft] ! mixture z 9 ,wi$5feld's app>atus 7,fig4 #ie74 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! air passes ?r\gh a %eet-iron %ell conc5tric ) ! bas9 ( ! g5]ator1 is !re heat$ by ! radiat$ heat1 & is convey$ to ! a%-pit by a tube into :i* leads ! /eam-supply pipe ext5d$ f ! vaporiz]4 ,9 ! second type ( heat]1 ! mixture ( air & /eam is sup]-heat$ dur+ its passage ?r\gh an annul> piece arrang$ 9 ! a%-pit ( ! g5]ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,b5z du/-collector4 ,du/-,collectors4--,du/-collectors are g5]ally plac$ betwe5 ! g5]ator & ! scrubb] or wa%]4 ,!y may be =m$ ( baffle-bo>d arrangem5ts aga9/ :i* ! gases lad5 ) du/ imp+e1 caus+ ! du/ to be ?r[n d[n into a box provid$ ) a clean+ op5+ 7,b5z1 ,fig4 #abd1 & ,p9ts*1 ,fig4 #aah74 ,"s collectors are =m$ ei!r by ! vaporiz] itself1 t]m9at+ at its base 9 a tube :i* dips into wat] & =ms a wat]-seal1 z 9 ! ,wi$5feld g5]ator 7,fig4 #aba71 or by a wat]-*amb] into :i* ! gas-supply tube slightly dips 7,boll9ckx1 ,fig4 #aaa74 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 ! gas w bubble ?r\gh ! wat] & w be p>tly fre$ ( ! du/ susp5d$ 9 x4 ,^! wat]-*amb]s are g5]ally f$ by ! ov]fl[ f ! spray ( ! scrubb]4 ,!re is ?us produc$ a cont9u\s circulation by :i* ! du/1 9 ! =m ( slime1 is c>ri$ t[>d ! wa/e-pipe or sew]4 ,cool]1 ,wa%]1 ,scrubb]4--,"s manufactur]s cool ! gas 9 a t[] ) wat] circulation4 ,mo/ manufactur]s1 h[ev]1 simply cool ! gas 9 ! wa%] or scrubb]4 ,?is app>atus comprises a cyl9drical body ( %eet-iron or ca/-iron =m$ ( two comp>tm5ts sep>at$ by a wood5 or iron grate or p]=at$ p>tition4 ,! upp] comp>tm5t up to a c]ta9 level conta9s ei!r coke1 glass balls1 /ones1 pieces ( wood1 & ! l4 ,! top ( ! comp>tm5t is provid$ ) a wat] supply 9 ! nature ( a spr9kl] or spray nozzle4 ,! l[] comp>tm5t ( ! scrubb] s]ves to collect ! wa%-wat] :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance fill+ ! t[]4 ,an ov]fl[ 9 ! %ape ( a siphon1 provid$ ) a wat] seal1 c>ries ! wat] to ! wa/e-pipe ei!r directly or aft] x has fir/ pass$ ?r\gh ! du/ collector4 ,! gas drawn 9 ent]s ! wa%] 9 ! l[] comp>tm5t ei!r above ! wat] level 7,deutz1 ,fig4 #abe2 ,w9t]?ur1 ,fig4 #abf71 or ?r\gh an elb[ :i* dips slightly into ! wat] 7,b5z1 ,fig4 #abg2 ,fi*et & ,heurtey produc]1 ,fig4 #abh74 ,! gas passes ?r\gh ! grate or p>tition :i* supports ! mat]ial fill+ ! t[]1 & travels ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! wat] fall+ f ! top4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! gas is cool$1 gives up ! ammonia & ! du/ :i* x may /ill conta9 9 susp5sion1 & is convey$ to ! eng9e ei!r directly or aft] pass+ ?r\gh c]ta9 purifi]s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to place ! pieces ( mo/ regul> %ape along ! walls1 s t ! unev5ness ( _! surfaces may n =m upw>d *annels along ! %ell1 ?r\gh :i* *annels ! gas c\ld pass )\t meet+ ! wa%-wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,otto ,deutz scrubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,w9t]?ur scrubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--;,b5z scrubb]4 ,! mat]ial mo/ commonly employ$ 9 wa%]s is coke 9 pieces ( f #b-a_/b to #c-a_/b in*es 9 size4 ,?is mat]ial is *eap & is v well suit$ = reta9+ ! impurities ( ! gas4 ,! l>ge/ pieces ( coke %\ld be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! wa%]1 & small] pieces %\ld =m at ! top a lay] f #f to #h in*es deep4 ,9 ?is mann] ! wat] is di/ribut$ m ev5ly & ! gas is m ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,bla/-furnace coke is be/ suit$ = ?is wa%+1 z x is m por\s & less brittle ?an gas-works coke4 ,x is advisable to put a baffle-bo>d 9 front ( ! gas outlet to r$uce ! c>ry+ along ( wat] 9 ! conduits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,fi*et-,heurtey scrubb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,scrubb]-doors4 ,! t[] ( ! wa%] %\ld be provid$ ) ?ree op5+s hav+ air-tight closures1 easily fa/5$ by screws 7,fig4 #abi74 ,"o ( ! op5+s is locat$ 9 ! l[] comp>tm5t1 slightly above ! wat] level1 to all[ ! deposits to be remov$ & to p]mit ! clean+ ( ! orifice ( ! gas-supply tube1 :i* is p>ticul>ly liable to be ob/ruct$4 ,! second op5+ is plac$ above ! grat+ :i* supports ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,! ?ird op5+ is provid$ on ! top ( ! app>atus to p]mit ! exam9ation & clean+ ( ! wat] fe$ device & ! gas outlet )\t ! necessity ( tak+ ! lid ( ! wa%] ap>t1 ! jo9t ( :i* is kept tight ) difficulty4 ,! two op5+s la/ m5tion$ also s]ve = introduc+ & remov+ ! filt]+ mat]ial4 ,purify+ ,app>atus4--,9 "s cases1 :]e x is necess>y to h v clean gas or :]e coal is employ$ :i* is s(t] ?an an?racite coal1 & :i* !re=e produces an appreciable am\nt ( t>1 supplem5t>y purify+ means mu/ be employ$4 ,! app>atus = ?is purpose may1 l ! wa%]s1 be bas$ ^u a physical action or ^u a *emical action4 ,! physical action has = its purpose *iefly to reta9 ! pit* & ! du/ :i* may h pass$ ?r\gh ! wa%]4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( sawdu/ or wood %av+s arrang$ 9 a ?9 lay] & capable ( filt]+ ! gas )\t oppos+ too great a resi/ance to its passage4 ,^! mat]ials are spread on "o or m %elves sup]pos$ to =m successive comp>tm5ts 9 a box clos$ 9 an air-tight mann] by an ord9>y lid or a wat] seal cov] 7,p9ts*1 ,fig4 #acj2 ,fi*et & ,heurtey1 ,fig4 #aca74 ,x may be well to po9t out t ! pres5ce ( ! wat] c>ri$ along w1 9 ! end1 de/roy ! effici5cy ( ! precipitat$ mat]ials1 because !y swell up & cease to be p]meable to ! gas4 ,^! mat]ials mu/ !re=e be r5ew$ r frequ5tly4 ,to obviate ?is drawback1 vegetable moss may be employ$1 :i* is mu* less affect$ by moi/ure ?an mo/ filt]s & keeps its spongy condition = a long "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--,p9ts* purifi]4 ,! *emical action has = its *ief object to rid ! gas ( ! c>bonic acid & ! hydrog5 sulphide :i* c]ta9 fuels give (f 9 appreciable am\nts4 ,! purify+ mat]ial1 9 ?is case1 is =m$ ei!r by a mixture ( hydrate ( lime & natural iron oxide1 or by ! s-call$ ,lam+ mass1 :i* consi/s ( iron sulphide1 slak$ lime1 & sawdu/1 :i* la/ s]ves ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! mat]ial loos] & m p]meable to ! gas4 ,! ,lam+ mass z well z o!r purify+ mat]ials w become exhau/$ 9 ! c\rse ( *emical reactions4 ,x c be reg5]at$ m]ely by exposure to ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--;,fi*et-,heurtey purifi]4 ,gas-,hold]s4--,! purifi]s by !mselves con/itute1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 /orage *amb]s = ! gas be=e x is suppli$ to ! eng9e2 b 9 plants = ! g5]ation ( gas )\t purifi]s x is advisable to provide a gas-hold] on ! suction conduit ne> ! eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,p9ts* regulat+-bell4 ,9 ord] to save floor space ! gas-hold] may be plac$ 9 ! basem5t4 ,pref]ably ! capacity ( ! hold] %\ld be at lea/ f #c to #d times ! volume ( ! eng9e-cyl9d]4 ,! hold] %\ld also be provid$ ) a dra9-cock & ) a h&-hole locat$ at "s accessible po9t1 s t ! slimes & pit* :i* t5d to accumulate 9 ! hold] c be remov$4 ,9 "s cases ! gas-hold] is =m$ by a small regulat+ bell1 ! function ( :i* is to insure a uni=m pressure4 ,?is bell is empti$ dur+ ! suction p]iod & is fill$ dur+ ! ?ree succe$+ p]iods ( compression1 explosion1 & exhau/ 7,p9ts*1 ,fig4 #acb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--,types ( gas-dri]s4 ,dri]4--,sometimes1 t[>d ! end ( a produc]-gas pipe1 a dri] is locat$ = ! purpose ( keep+ back ! wat] c>ri$ along1 ! dri] be+ simil> to t employ$ 9 /eam conduits4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t su* dri]s are useful only 9 plants hav+ no purifi]s 7,fig4 #acc74 ,! employm5t ( ! dri] is advisable to prev5t ! entrance ( moi/ gas into ! cyl9d] & ! cond5sation ( moi/ure on ! electric ignit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--;,elb[ ) closure4 ,pipes4--,! pipes connect+ ! sev]al p>ts ( a gas-produc+ plant %\ld be dispos$ ) p>ticul> c>e to insure tightness & cleanl9ess4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! gas is "u a pressure bel[ t ( ! atmosph]e1 & t ! lea/ leakage w cause ! entrance ( air1 :i* w impair ! quality ( ! gas4 ,! greate/ c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 9 fitt+ ! jo9ts4 ,^! jo9ts are num]\s1 because !re are jo9ts :]ev] tubes are connect$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! app>atus4 ,fur!rmore1 all elb[s %\ld be provid$ ) cov]s held 9 place by a yoke & compression screw1 ?is be+ done = ! purpose ( provid+ = ! introduction ( a bru% or o!r implem5t to remove ! du/ & pit* 7,fig4 #acd74 ,= conduits ( small diamet] ! elb[s ) cov]s may be replac$ ) ,t connections1 or connections provid$ ) plugs4 ,gas pip+ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! cock = admitt+ gas to ! motor %\ld be provid$ ) a conduit ( prop] diamet] lead+ to ! op5 air & s]v+ to clean ! app>atus & to fill !m1 dur+ ! op]ation ( ! fan1 ) gas suitable = combu/ion4 ,?is conduit %\ld be provid$ ) a /op-cock4 ,te/-cocks = ! gas %\ld be plac$ on ! pip+ imm$iately beyond ! vaporiz]s1 ! scrubb]1 & ne> ! eng9e4 ,x w also be well to provide wat]-pressure gages be=e & aft] ! scrubb] to enable ! att5dant to asc]ta9 ! vacuum 9 ! conduits & to adju/ ! runn+ ( ! app>atus4 ,purify+-,bru%4--,z an additional precaution aga9/ ! c>ry+ ( t> to ! eng9e1 metallic bru%es are (t5 employ$1 ^! bru%es be+ spiral 9 =m & enclos$ 9 a ca/-iron box int]pos$ 9 ! gas-supply pipe imm$iately aft] ! eng9e4 ,! gas w be brok5 up into /reams by ! ob/acles =m$ by ^! bru%es & w be fre$ ( ! susp5d$ t> 7,fig4 #ace74 ,^! bru%es %\ld be c>efully clean$ at regul> int]vals4 ,! be/ way ( do+ ?is is to drop !m into k]os5e or "s o!r suitable solv5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--,metal purify+-bru%4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,p]fect ,,op]ation ,,( ,,gas-,,produc]s ,^! conditions dep5d ^u ! workman%ip or ^u ! sy/em ( ! plant1 on ! c>e ) :i* x has be5 erect$1 on ! nature ( ! fuel1 on ! condition ( pres]vation ( ! app>atus1 & ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! produc]s h be5 work+4 ,workman%ip & ,sy/em4--,! workman%ip itself1 :i* t]m is meant to include ! *oice ( mat]ials & ! way !y h be5 work$1 pres5ts no difficulty4 ,! produc]s :i* we h discuss$ are v simple & (f] absolutely no difficulties 9 _! me*anical execution4 ,z reg>ds ! sy/em1 h[ev]1 especially ) respect to ! relative dim5sions ( ! elem5ts1 x does n seem s f> t x is possible to indicate any pr9ciple or rule capable ( a rigid g5]al application4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t ! use ( suction gas-g5]ators has become g5]al only 9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s2 ! problem has !re=e sc>cely be5 adequately solv$4 ,h[ev]1 "s h9ts may be giv5 on ?is subject4 ,g5]ator4--,9 reg>d to ! g5]ator1 x is possible to d$uce f ! be/ exi/+ plants ! dim5sions to be giv5 to ! g5]ator relatively to ^? ( ! eng9e to be suppli$1 ^u ! assumption t ! eng9e is s+le-act+ & runs at a normal spe$ ( f #afj to #bcj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! ess5tial portion ( ! g5]ator :i* contributes to ! production ( a prop] gas is t :i* corresponds ) ! combu/ion zone4 ,to ?is portion a cross-section is giv5 v>y+ 9 size betwe5 "o-half & "o-qu>t] ( ! surface ( ! eng9e-pi/on1 sometimes betwe5 "o-half & n9e-t5?s ( ?is surface1 accord+ to ! nature & ! size ( ! fuel t is us$4 ,) small app>atus1 h[ev]1 rang+ f #e to #ae horse-p[]1 ! size ( ! base _c be r$uc$ bel[ a c]ta9 limit1 s9ce o!rwise ! s9k+ ( ! fuel w be prev5t$4 ,?is dang] always exi/s 9 small g5]ators & r5d]s _! op]ation r unc]ta91 su* unc]ta9ty be+ also due to ! influ5ce ( ! walls4 ,x is to be not$ t mo/ mod]n g5]ators are r too l>ge ?an o!rwise4 ,_m manufactur]s ( no wide exp]i5ce h be5 l$ to make _! app>atus r l>ge s z to insure a m pl5tiful production ( gas4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! fire 9 su* app>atus is liable to be ext+ui%$ :5 ! combu/ion is n v active4 ,if ! pr9ciples ( ! =mation ( gas 9 suction-g5]ators be kept 9 m9d1 x is evid5t t ! gas develop$ is ! ri*] ! hott] ! op]ation ( ! app>atus4 ,su* op]ation also p]mits ! decomposition ( ! hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide4 ,! hot op]ation ( a g5]ator is accompli%$ be/ ) active combu/ion2 & s9ce ?is is a function ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! air is f$1 x obvi\sly is advantage\s to r$uce ! area ( ! air-passage to a m9imum z f> z all[$ by ! am\nt ( fuel to be treat$4 ,z to ! height ( ! fuel 9 use 9 ! app>atus1 ?is v>ies z a rule betwe5 #d & #e times ! diamet] at ! base4 ,vaporiz]4--,! size ( ! vaporiz] v>ies mat]ially accord+ to its type4 ,no h>d-&-fa/ rule c !re=e be adopt$ = det]m9+ its heat+ surface2 b ?is surface %\ld 9 all cases be suffici5t to vaporize "u atmosph]ic pressure f 4#ff to 4#hc p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd ( an?racite coal consum$ 9 ! g5]ator4 ,scrubb]4--,= ! scrubb]s1 ! foll[+ dim5sions may be d$uc$ f con/ructions n[ us$ by /&>d manufactur]s4 ,! volume ( a scrubb] is g5]ally f six to eight times ! an?racite capacity ( ! g5]ator4 ,a height ( f ?ree to f\r times ! diamet] is consid]$ suffici5t 9 mo/ cases4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t 9 ?is height is includ$ ! wat]-pan *amb] locat$ bel[ ! p>tition or grate1 & ! upp] *amb] ?r\gh :i* ! gas escapes4 ,! height ( ^! two *amb]s dep5ds necess>ily ^u ! arrangem5t us$ = lead+ ! gas to ! l[] portion ( ! wa%] & = ! di/ribution ( wa%-wat] at ! top4 ,assembl+ ! ,plant4--,! au?or has insi/$ /rongly on ! necessity ( hav+ all ! app>atus & pipe connections p]fectly tight4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 if !re is any leakage1 ! foll[+ proc$ure may be adopt$3 ,:5 />t+ ! fire by means ( wood1 /raw1 or o!r fuel produc+ smoke1 in/ead ( all[+ ?is smoke to escape ?r\gh ! flue dur+ ! op]ation ( ! fan1 x may be caus$ to escape ?r\gh ! cock :i* g5]ally admits ! gas to ! motor1 ! cock be+ op5$ = ?is purpose4 ,! damp] 9 ! outlet flue is clos$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! smoke w fill all ! app>atus & connect+ pipes "u a c]ta9 pressure & w escape ?r\gh any cracks1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w ?us be reveal$4 ,ano!r te/1 :i* is made dur+ ! ord9>y op]ation ( ! g5]ator1 consi/s 9 pass+ a light$ c&le along ! jo9ts2 if !re is any leakage1 ?is w be %[n by a deviation ( ! flame f a v]tical position4 ,fuel4--,we h discuss$ ! subject ( fuel 9 a prec$+ *apt] 7,*apt] ,,xiii7 & h indicat$ ! conditions to be fulfill$ by l[ grade or an?racite coal be/ adapt$ = use 9 suction gas-g5]ators4 ,x may "h be add$ t ! coal us$ 9 ! g5]ator %\ld be z dry z possible & 9 pieces ( f #a_/b in* to #a in*4 ,v small pieces1 & p>ticul>ly coal du/1 are injuri\s & %\ld be remov$ by prelim9>y scre5+ z f> z possible4 ,scre5$ coal is ?r[n 9 ) an ord9>y grate %ovel4 ,h[ to ,keep ! ,plant 9 ,good ,condition4--,9 reg>d to ! g5]ator1 ap>t f ! clean+ ( ! grate & ( ! a%-pit1 :i* may be done dur+ op]ation1 x is necess>y to empty ! app>atus entirely once a week1 if possible1 9 ord] to break (f ! cl9k]s adh]+ to ! retort4 ,^! cl9k]s de/roy ! refractory l9+1 =m r\gh projections int]f]+ ) ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! fuel1 br+ ab\t ! =mation ( ar*es1 & r$uce ! effective area ( ! retort4 ,at ! "t ( ?is clean+1 te/s are also made z to ! tightness ( ! doors ( ! combu/ion-*amb]1 ( ! *>g+-boxes1 etc4 ,! vaporiz] %\ld be clean$ e week or e o!r week1 accord+ to ! m or less bitum9\s "* ( ! fuel & ! great] or small] cont5t ( lime 9 ! wat] us$4 ,lime deposits may be elim9at$1 or ! salts may be precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( non-adh]+ slimes1 by introduc+ regul>ly a small am\nt ( cau/ic pota% or soda into ! fe$-wat]4 ,if ! deposits or incru/ations are v t5aci\s1 ! use ( a dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid may be resort$ to4 ,t> :i* may adh]e to ! conduits1 pipes or gas passages1 is be/ remov$ :ile ! app>atus is /ill hot1 or a solv5t may be employ$1 su* z k]os5e1 turp5t9e1 etc4 ,! connections betwe5 ! vaporiz] & ! scrubb] are p>ticul>ly liable to become ob/ruct$ by ! accumulation ( t> or du/ c>ri$ along by ! gas4 ,x is advisable to exam9e ! sev]al p>ts ( ! plant once or twice a week by op5+ ! cov]s or ! clean+-plugs4 ,! l[] comp>tm5t ( ! wa%] keeps back ! great] "p ( ! du/ :i* has n be5 reta9$ 9 collectors or boxes provid$ especially = ?is purpose4 ,! du/ takes ! =m ( slime1 &1 9 "s arrangem5ts ( app>atus1 t5ds to clog up ! ov]fl[ pipe1 ?us arre/+ ! passage ( gas & caus+ ! eng9e to /op4 ,?is portion ( ! wa%] %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ once or twice a mon?4 ,if v h>d bla/-furnace coke is us$ 9 ! wa%]1 x may be kept 9 use = ov] a ye> )\t requir+ removal4 ,9 ord] to free ! purify+ mat]ials f du/ & lime s$im5ts c>ri$ along by ! wa%-wat]1 x is well to let ! wa%-wat] fl[ z abundantly z possible = ab\t a half-h\r at lea/ once a mon?4 ,at ! "t ( r5ew+ ! purify+ mat]ial ! precautions indicat$ 9 ! section deal+ ) ^! matt]s %\ld be obs]v$1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to h %elves or grat+s on :i* ! mat]ial is support$ 9 lay]s n too ?ick1 s z to avoid any resi/ance to ! passage ( ! gas4 ,9 a g5]al way x is advisable to te/ ! dra9-cocks on ! sev]al app>atus daily1 & to keep !m 9 p]fect condition4 ,if1 :5 op51 "o ( ^! cocks does n dis*>ge any gas1 wat]1 or /eam1 a wire %\ld be introduc$ into ! bore to make sure x is n clogg$ up4 ,c>e ( ! ,app>atus4--,ea* produc]-gas plant w require special in/ructions = runn+ x1 accord+ to ! sy/em1 ! con/ruction1 & ! size ( ! plant4 ,su* in/ructions are g5]ally furni%$ by ! manufactur]4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "s g5]al rules :i* are common to ! majority ( suction gas-produc]s1 & ^! w "h be enum]at$4 ,/>t+ ! ,fire = ! ,gas ,g5]ator4--,?is op]ation calls = ! pres5ce ( ! eng9e] ( ! plant & an assi/ant4 ,! prop] proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,fir/3 ,op5 ! doors ( ! furnace & ( ! a%-pit4 ,!n op5 ! outlet flue & make sure t ! grate ( ! g5]ator is cle> ( a%es & cl9k]s4 ,x %\ld also be se5 to t ! p>ts ( ! *>g+-box "w well & t ! jo9ts are tight4 ,second3 ,asc]ta9 :e!r !re is ! prop] am\nt ( wat] 9 ! vaporiz]1 9 ! scrubb]1 etc41 & t ! fe$ works prop]ly4 ,?ird3 ,?r\gh ! door ( ! combu/ion-*amb] introduce /raw1 wood %av+s1 cotton wa/e1 etc42 light !m & fill ! g5]ator ) dry wood up to "o-qu>t] or "o-half ( its height2 !n add a few pailfuls ( coal4 ,f\r?3 ,close ! doors ( ! a%-pit & ( ! combu/ion-*amb] & />t ! draft by means ( ! fan4 ,z soon z ! draft is />t$1 x mu/ be kept up )\t int]ruption until ! eng9e beg9s to run1 :i* may be t5 or tw5ty m9utes aft] light+ ! fire4 ,fif?3 ,aft] ! draft has be5 cont9u$ = a few m9utes1 ! coal becomes suffici5tly inc&esc5t to />t ! production ( gas1 :i* may be asc]ta9$ by try+ to light ! gas at ! te/-cock ne> ! g5]ator4 ,!n ! op5+ 9 ! outlet flue is half clos$ = ! purpose ( produc+ pressure 9 ! app>atus4 ,six?3 ,op5 ! outlet flue adjac5t to ! eng9e = ! purpose ( purg+ ! app>atus & ! conduits ( ! air :i* !y conta9 until ! gas may be light$ at ! te/-cock plac$ ne> ! motor4 ,sev5?3 ,adju/ ! normal outfl[ ( wa%-wat] = ! scrubb]4 ,eigh?3 ,z soon z ! gas burns cont9u\sly at ! te/-cock ) an orange-color$ flame ! eng9e may be />t$4 ,! gas at fir/ burns ) a blue flame2 ?is color indicates t x conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( air4 ,! op5+ ( ! te/-cock %\ld be s regulat$ z to r$uce ! outlet pressure ( ! gas suffici5tly to prev5t ! flame f go+ out4 ,dur+ ! production ( ! draft1 z well z dur+ ! ord9>y runn+ ( ! plant1 ! fill+ ( ! app>atus ) fuel %\ld be done ) c>e to prev5t explosions ( gas due to ! entrance ( air4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 nev] to op5 at ! same "t ! lid ( ! *>g+-box & ! device1 be x a cock1 valve1 or damp]1 :i* controls ! connection ( ! *>g+-box ) ! g5]ator4 ,all ! op]ations :i* h be5 m5tion$ above %\ld be c>ri$ out z quickly z possible4 ,,/>t+ ,,! ,,eng9e ,! mann] ( />t+ ! eng9e dep5ds on ! type ( ! eng9e & on ! />t+ device ) :i* x is provid$1 z we h already expla9$ 9 connection ) eng9es work+ ) gas f city ma9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important = ! production ( a good explosive mixture to regulate ! am\nt ( air suppli$ to ! eng9e accord+ to ! quality ( ! gas employ$4 ,x is advisable to cont9ue ! op]ation ( ! fan until sev]al explosions h tak5 place 9 ! cyl9d] & ! eng9e has acquir$ a c]ta9 spe$ s z to be able to draw 9 ! normal am\nt ( gas4 ,naturally ! gas-outlet tube ne> ! admission-cock %\ld be clos$ aft] />t+ ! eng9e1 z well z ! op5+ 9 ! outlet flue ( ! g5]ator4 ,:5 ! motor is runn+ prop]ly1 ! am\nt ( wat] f$ to ! vaporiz] & ov]fl[+ to ! a%-pit is prop]ly adju/$4 ,! g5]ator is !n fill$ up to ! level indicat$ by ! manufactur]4 ,c>e ( ! ,g5]ator dur+ ,op]ation4--,z soon z ! app>atus is runn+ "u normal conditions1 x pres5ts ! advantage ( requir+ only v slight sup]vision & v little manual t5d+4 ,! sup]vision consi/s3 ,fir/3 ,9 regulat+ & keep+ up a prop] fe$ ( wat] to ! vaporiz]4 ,second3 ,9 see+ to x t 9 app>atus provid$ ) an ov]fl[ lead+ to ! a%-pit1 ! wat] %\ld fl[ con/antly b )\t exce$+ ! prop] am\nt4 ,?ird3 ,9 keep+ d[n temp]ature 9 ! scrubb] by prop]ly regulat+ ! fe$ ( ! wa%-wat]4 ,?is app>atus may be slightly w>m at its l[] "p1 b mu/ be q cold at ! top4 ,! manual t5d+ to be done is limit$ to ! regul> fill+ up ( ! g5]ator ) fuel & to ! removal ( a%es & cl9k]s4 ,! *>g+ is effect$ at regul> int]vals1 :i*1 accord+ to ! v>i\s types ( an?racite-g5]ators1 v>y f "o to six h\rs4 ,*>g+ ! app>atus at %ort int]vals entails unnecess>y labor1 :ile *>g+ at too long int]vals w (t5 int]f]e ) ! uni=m production ( ! gas4 ,x w be obvi\s t ! am\nt ( fuel introduc$ w be ! l>g]1 ! great] ! int]vals betwe5 two fill+s4 ,?is fuel is cold & conta9s betwe5 its p>ticles a c]ta9 am\nt ( air2 fur!rmore1 ! lay] ( coal :i* cov]s ! inc&esc5t zone has become relatively ?94 ,! excess ( air impov]i%es ! gas1 & ! fre% fuel l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! mass und]go+ combu/ion1 s t aga9 ! gas 9 process ( =mation is weak5$4 ,exp]i5ce seems to %[ t z a rule x is be/ to fill up ! g5]ator at int]vals ( f two to ?ree h\rs1 accord+ to ! "w done by ! eng9e4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! level ( ! fuel 9 ! g5]ator %\ld n s9k bel[ ! bottom ( ! fe$-hopp]4 ,! au?or wi%es aga9 to emphasize t 9 ord] to prev5t ! h>mful entrance ( air1 ! *>g+ op]ations %\ld be c>ri$ out z quickly z possible2 & = ?is reason ! fuel %\ld be introduc$ n by means ( ! %ovel1 b by means ( a pail1 scuttle1 or o!r appropriate receptacle4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to fill ! *>g+ box to its upp] edge & to adju/ its cov] accurately be=e op]at+ ! device :i* closes ! fe$-hopp] 7valve1 cock74 ,! removal ( ! a%es & cl9k]s %\ld be accompli%$ z infrequ5tly z possible1 s9ce op5+ ! doors ( ! a%-pit & ( ! combu/ion-*amb] necess>ily causes an inw>d suction ( cold air :i* is h>mful4 ,z a rule ) g5]ators employ+ an?racite coal1 x is suffici5t to empty ! a%-pit twice daily2 ?is %\ld be pref]ably done dur+ /oppages4 ,h[ev]1 ! clean+ ( ! grate by means ( a pok] pass$ betwe5 ! grate-b>s or ov] !m 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! fall+ ( ! a%es1 %\ld be att5d$ to e two to f\r h\rs1 accord+ to ! type ( ! g5]ator & ! nature ( ! fuel4 ,9 ord] t ?is clean+ may be done )\t op5+ ! doors1 ! latt] %\ld be provid$ ) ap]tures hav+ clos+ devices4 ,?is clean+ has = its *ief object to all[ ! free passage ( ! air = support+ combu/ion & to keep ! inc&esc5t zone 9 ! app>atus at ! prop] height4 ,! accumulation ( a%es & cl9k]s at ! bottom ( ! retort w %ift ?is zone upw>d & impair ! quality ( gas4 ,/oppages & ,clean+4--,aft] clos+ ! gas-inlet to ! eng9e1 ! damp] 9 ! gas-outlet flue ( ! g5]ator %\ld be op5$ & ! cocks controll+ ! fe$ ( wat] to ! scrubb] & to ! vaporiz] %\ld be clos$4 ,if x is desir$ to keep up ! fire ( ! g5]ator dur+ ! /oppage s z to be able to />t aga9 quickly1 ! a%-pit door %\ld be op5$ s z to produce a natural draft :i* w ma9ta9 combu/ion4 ,:ile ! door is op51 ! cl9k]s :i* h accumulat$ above ! grate may be remov$1 z !y are mu* m easily tak5 (f ! grate :5 !y are hot4 ,at lea/ once a week ! fire 9 ! g5]ator %\ld be put out & ! g5]ator completely clean$--t is1 :5 ord9>y fuel is employ$4 ,= ?is purpose1 z soon z ! app>atus is /opp$1 a portion ( ! inc&esc5t fuel is )drawn ?r\gh ! doors ( ! combu/ion-*amb]1 & ! retort is all[$ to cool be=e x is empti$ entirely4 ,too sudd5 a cool+ ( ! retort may injure its refractory l9+4 ,9 ord] to prev5t explosions caus$ by ! entrance ( air1 ! fe$-hopp] %\ld rema9 h]metically clos$ dur+ ! removal ( ! inc&esc5t fuel ?r\gh ! doors ( ! combu/ion-*amb]4 ,if ! app>atus is plac$ 9 a room poorly v5tilat$1 ! clean+ %\ld be att5d$ to by two m51 s t "o may assi/ ! o!r 9 case he is ov]come by ! gas4 ,9 all cases !re %\ld be a /rict prohibition aga9/ ! use ( any light hav+ an expos$ flame liable to set on fire ! explosive mixtures :i* may be =m$4 ,:5 ! g5]ator1 aft] cool+1 is completely op51 ! *>g+-box is tak5 ap>t1 &1 if necess>y1 ! fe$-hopp] also2 ! grates are tak5 out1 if necess>y2 &1 by means ( a pok] ins]t$ f above1 ! cl9k]s & slag adh]+ to ! retort are brok5 (f4 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ! au?or has indicat$ h[ ! sev]al app>atus1 su* z ! vaporiz]1 ! wa%]1 ! conduits1 etc41 %\ld be att5d$ to & ma9ta9$ 9 good work+ ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,oil ,,& ,,volatile ,,hydroc>bon ,,eng9es ,al?\gh ?is book is devot$ prim>ily to a discussion ( /reet-gas & produc]-gas eng9es employ$ 9 v>i\s indu/ries1 a few words on oil & volatile hydroc>bon eng9es may n be out ( place4 ,oil-eng9es are ^? :i* use ord9>y petroleum z a fuel or illum9at+ oil ( yell[i% color1 hav+ a specific gravity v>y+ f #j4hjj to #j4hbj at a temp]ature ( #ae degrees ,c4 7#ei degrees ,f471 & boil+ betwe5 #adj & #ade degrees ,c4 7#bhd to #big degrees ,f474 ,volatile hydroc>bon eng9es are ^? :i* employ light oils obta9$ by di/ill+ petroleum4 ,^! oils are colorless1 h a specific gravity t v>ies f #j4fhj to #j4gbj1 & boil betwe5 #hj degrees & #aae degrees ,c4 7#agf to #beg degrees ,f474 ,among ^! ess5ces1 z !y are call$ 9 ,europe1 may be m5tion$ b5z9e & alcohol4 ,9 g5]al appe>ance1 & ! way 9 :i* !y are controll$1 oil-eng9es diff] b little f gas-eng9es4 ,_! usual spe$1 h[ev]1 is #bj to #cj p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( gas-eng9es4 ,except 9 "s eng9es ( ! ,diesel & ,banki types1 ! compression does n exce$ #dc to #ga p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,9 volatile hydroc>bon eng9es1 on ! o!r h&1 ! spe$ is v high1 (t5 runn+ f #ejj to #b1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 :ile ! spe$ ( gas or oil eng9es r>ely exce$s #bej or #cjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,oil-,eng9es4--,oil-eng9es are employ$ *iefly 9 ,russia & 9 ,am]ica4 ,because ( ! high price ( oil 9 o!r c\ntries !y are to be f\nd only 9 small in/allations 9 c\ntry regions & are us$ ma9ly = driv+ locomobiles & laun*es4 ,! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! con/ruction ( gas-eng9es suppli$ by suction gas-produc]s = small z well z = l>ge p[]s1 h h9d]$ ! g5]al introduction ( oil-eng9es4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! design ( _m ( ! oil-eng9es ( ! f\r-cycle type n[ 9 use 7to :i* type we %all conf9e ?is discussion7 is to be f\nd 9 ! controll+ me*anism employ$4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is me*anism lies n 9 act+ ^u ! admission-valve1 b 9 caus+ ! gov]nor to op]ate ! exhau/-valve 9 su* a mann] t x is held op5 :5ev] ! eng9e t5ds to exce$ its normal spe$4 ,"s eng9es1 h[ev]1 are built on ! pr9ciple ( ! gas-eng9e1 ) an admission-valve s controll$ by ! gov]nor t x is op5 dur+ normal op]ation & clos$ :5ev] ! spe$ becomes excessive4 ,! necessity ( produc+ a mixture ( air & oil capable ( be+ ignit$ 9 ! eng9e-cyl9d] has l$ to ! inv5tion ( v>i\s contrivances1 :i* _c be us$ if illum9at+-gas or produc]-gas be employ$4 ,^! contrivances are ! atomiz]1 ! c>buret]1 ! oil-pump1 ! air-pump1 ! oil-tank1 & ! oil-lamp4 ,9 "s oil-eng9es all ( ! elem5ts may be f\nd1 b = ! purpose ( simplify+ ! con/ruction & ( avoid+ unnecess>y complications1 manufactur]s devis$ arrangem5ts :i* r5d]$ x possible to disc>d "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( delicate con/ruction & op]ation4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! au?or to ent] into a detail$ description ( ^! v>i\s devices1 s9ce ! limitations ( ?is book w\ld be consid]ably surpass$4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to books on ! oil-eng9e1 publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,engl&1 & ,france4,b ,mo/ ( ! obs]vations :i* h be5 made on ! con/ruction & in/allation ( gas-eng9es1 z well z ! precautions :i* h be5 advis$ 9 ! conduct ( an eng9e1 apply ) equal =ce to oil-eng9es4 ,x w !re=e be unnecess>y to recur to ?is phase ( ! subject s f> z oil-eng9es are conc]n$4 ,"o po9t only %\ld be insi/$ ^u--! necessity ( v frequ5tly clean+ ! valves & mov+ p>ts ( ! eng9e4 ,illum9at+-oil :5 burnt produces sooty deposits1 p>ticul>ly if combu/ion be incomplete1 :i* deposits f\l ! v>i\s p>ts & cause premature ignitions & faulty op]ation4 ,! use ( oil 9 atomiz]s1 c>buret]s1 & lamps is accompani$ ) ! employm5t ( pipes & op5+s s small 9 cross-section t ! slighte/ neglig5ce is att5d$ ) ! =mation ( p>tial ob/ructions t inevitably affect ! op]ation ( ! eng9e4 ,volatile ,hydroc>bon ,eng9es4--,only ^? eng9es w "h be treat$ :i* h become ( importance 9 ! developm5t ( ! automobile4 ,"s design]s h attempt$ to employ ! volatile hydroc>bon eng9e = indu/rial & agricultural purposes1 & h devis$ electro-g5]ator gr\ps1 hydraulic gr\ps1 & s-call$ indu/rial comb9ations 9 :i* belt & pulley transmission is employ$4 ,^! applications 9 p>ticul> w "h be rapidly review$4 ,! high spe$ at :i* eng9es ( ?is class are driv5 r5d]s x possible to op]ate a c5trifugal pump directly & to m\nt bo? ! eng9e & ma*9e :i* x actuates on ! same base4 ,! hydroc>bon eng9e has ! m]it ( be+ v light & ( tak+ up b little room4 ,its co/ is consid]ably less ?an t ( an oil or produc]-gas eng9e ( correspond+ p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its ma9t5ance is mu* m exp5sive1 & ! hydroc>bons ^u :i* x dep5ds = fuel any?+ b *eap4 ,fur!rmore1 ! eng9es we> away rapidly1 on acc\nt ( _! high spe$4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to base calculations on a life ( ?ree to f\r ye>s1 :ile oil & gas eng9es may g5]ally be consid]$ to be /ill ( s]vice at ! end ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,on ! foll[+ page a comp>ison ( co/s = in/allation & ma9t5ance is drawn betwe5 ! oil & hydroc>bon eng9e on ! basis ( t5 horse-p[]4 ,comp>ative ,co/s4--,a #aj horse-p[] oil-eng9e1 9 ! matt] ( fir/ co/ ( in/allation1 is ab\t #ce p] c5t4 m exp5sive ?an a volatile hydroc>bon eng9e ( equal p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! op]at+ exp5ses ( ! oil-eng9e are less by #be p] c5t4 ?an !y are = ! volatile hydroc>bon eng9e4 ,! eng9es :i* are "h discuss$ usually h _! cyl9d]s v]tically arrang$1 z 9 /eam-eng9es ( ! ov]head cyl9d] type4 ,! crank-%aft & ! connect+-rods are enclos$ 9 a h]metically seal$ box fill$ ) oil1 s t ! movem5t ( ! p>ts !mselves ensures ! lib]al lubrication ( ! pi/on4 ,! suction-valve is g5]ally free1 al?\gh latt]ly design]s h %[n a t5d5cy to connect x ) ! cam-%aft1 ) ! result t x has become possible to r$uce ! spe$ appreciably )\t /opp+ ! eng9e4 ,! c>buret] is op]at$ by ! suction ( ! eng9e4 ,if ! fuel employ$ is alcohol1 x mu/ be heat$4 ,te/s ( ,high-spe$ ,eng9es4--,high-spe$ eng9es pres5t v>i\s difficulties :i* mu/ be cont5d$ ) 9 controll+ _! op]ation4 ,_! high spe$ r5d]s x impossible to take indicator records z 9 ! case ( mo/ indu/rial eng9es4 ,indicator c>ds1 moreov]1 at be/ give b v crude data1 :i* relate to ea* explosion cycle only1 & :i* are !re=e inadequate 9 det]m9+ ! exact conditions ( an eng9e's op]ation4 ,oil1 b5z9e1 & o!r s-call$ c>buret$-air eng9es are p>ticul>ly difficult to control because ( _m ph5om5a :i* _c be record$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! op]ation ( high-spe$ eng9es1 two diff]5t types ( in/rum5ts are at pres5t employ$3 ! manograph & ! cont9u\s explosion record]4 ,! ,manograph4--,! manograph1 :i* is ! inv5tion ( ,hospitali]1 is an optical in/rum5t 9 :i* a s]ies ( clos$ diagrams are sup]impos$ ^u a poli%$ mirror simil> 9 =m to ,watt diagrams4 ,because ! images p]si/ 9 affect+ ! ret9a ( ! eye an absolutely cont9u\s1 b tempor>y1 gleam is se54 ,/ill1 x is possible to obta9 a photograph or a trac+ ( ^! diagrams4 ,! ,cont9u\s ,explosion ,record] = ,high-spe$ ,eng9es4--,! au?or has devis$ an explosion & pressure record]1 :i* is m\nt$ ^u ! explosion *amb] to be te/$ & :i* communicates ) ! *amb] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a cock r 7,fig4 #acf74 ,! in/rum5t is some:at simil> 9 =m to ! ord9>y indicator4 ,its record1 h[ev]1 is made on a pap] tape :i* is cont9u\sly unw\nd4 ,! cyl9d] c is provid$ ) a pi/on p1 ab\t ! /em ( :i* a spr+ s is coil$4 ,a clock tra9 conta9$ 9 ! *amb] b unw9ds ! /rip ( pap] f ! roll p' & draws x ov] ! drum p''1 :]e ! p5cil t leaves its m>k4 ,! tape is !n rew\nd on ! sp9dle p'''4 ,a small /ylus or p5cil f traces ! atmosph]ic l9e on ! pap] z x passes ov] ! drum p''4 ,9 ord] to obviate ! b9d+ ( ! pi/on p :5 subject$ to ! high temp]ature ( ! explosions1 ! cyl9d] c is provid$ ) a cas+ e 9 :i* wat] is circulat$ by means ( a small rubb] tube :i* fits ov] ! nipple e'4 ,?is record] analyzes ) absolute precision ! "w ( all eng9es1 :atev] may be _! spe$4 ,x gives a cont9u\s graphic record f :i* ! numb] ( explosions1 toge!r ) ! initial pressure ( ea*1 c be det]m9$1 & ! ord] ( _! succession4 ,consequ5tly ! regul>ity or irregul>ity ( ! v>iations c be obs]v$ & trac$ to ! second>y influ5ces produc+ !m1 su* z ! section ( ! inlet & outlet valves & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! gov]nor4 ,x r5d]s x possible to e/imate ! resi/ance to suction & ! back pressure due to expell+ ! burnt gases1 ! *ief causes ( loss 9 effici5cy 9 high-spe$ eng9es4 ,fur!rmore1 ! influ5ce ( compression is m>k$ly %[n f ! diagram obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,r4 ,ma?ot's cont9u\s explosion record]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--ab ,h4,p4 ,oil-eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--f ,h4,p4 ,volatile ,hydroc>bon ,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--;,effect ( size ( section & exhau/ ports4 ,! record] is m\nt$ on ! eng9e2 its pi/on is driv5 back by ea* ( ! explosions to a height correspond+ ) _! =ce2 & ! /ylus or p5cil controll$ by ! lev] t records !m side by side on ! mov+ /rip ( pap]4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ?is /rip is unw\nd con=ms ) ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! eng9e to be te/$1 s t ! records ( ! explosions are plac$ side by side cle>ly & legibly4 ,_! succession indicates n only ! numb] ( explosions & ( revolutions :i* occur 9 a giv5 "t1 b also _! regul>ity1 ! numb] ( misfires4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure ( ! explosions is measur$ by a scale connect$ ) ! record]-spr+4 ,by employ+ a v weak spr+ :i* flexes at ! bottom simply by ! effect ( ! compression 9 ! eng9e-cyl9d]1 x is possible to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( ! resi/ance to suction & to ! exhau/4 ,x is simply suffici5t to comp>e ! explosion record ) ! atmosph]ic l9e1 trac$ by ! /ylus f4 ,by means ( ?is app>atus1 & ( ! records :i* x furni%es1 x is possible analytically to regulate ! "w ( an eng9e1 to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( air1 gas1 or hydroc>bon1 :i* produces ! mo/ p[]ful explosion1 to regulate ! compression1 ! spe$1 ! "t ( ignition1 ! temp]ature1 & ! l 7,figs4 #acg1 #ach & #aci74 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! mann] ( us+ ?is record] sev]al specim5 diagrams are "h giv54 ,i4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,am\nt ( ,compression4--,a spr+ ( av]age p[] is employ$1 ! total flexion ( :i* corresponds almo/ ) ! maximum compression s z to obta9 a curve ( consid]able amplitude4 ,! eng9e is fir/ revolv$ )\t produc+ explosions1 driv+ x f ! dynamo usually employ$ 9 %ops1 at ! diff]5t spe$s to be /udi$4 ,! compression ( ! mixture v>ies 9 inv]se ratio to ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! %aft1 ow+ to ! resi/ances :i* are set up 9 ! pipes & ! valves & :i* increase ) ! spe$4 ,! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #adj7 %[s two di/9ct records tak5 9 two diff]5t cases1 namely3 ,a4--,spe$ ( eng9e1 #iej revolutions p] m9ute2 am\nt ( compression1 #fh4i p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,b4--,spe$ ( eng9e1 #a1ejj revolutions p] m9ute2 am\nt ( compression1 #fa p\nds p] squ>e in*1 or #aa4e p] c5t4 less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,ii4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,resi/ance to ,suction & ,exhau/4--,influ5ce ( ! t5sion ( ! spr+ ( ! suction valve & ( ! section ( ! pipe4 ,effect ( ! section ( ! exhau/-valve & ( ! l5g? & %ape ( ! exhau/-pipe3 ,a v light spr+ is utiliz$1 ! travel ( :i* is limit$ by a /op s z to obta9 on a comp>atively l>ge scale ! depressions & resi/ance respectively repres5t$ by ! position ( ! correspond+ curve1 above or bel[ ! atmosph]ic l9e 7,fig4 #ada74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,c4--,t5sion ( ! suction-valve3 #b4i p\nds4 ,resi/ance to suction3 #a_/g ( an atmosph]e 7#b4g p\nds74 ,d4--,t5sion ( ! suction-valve3 #b4ag p\nds4 ,resi/ance to suction3 #b_/g ( an atmosph]e 7#e4d p\nds74 ,e4--,a *e/ is us$ = ! exhau/4 ,resi/ance to exhau/3 #b_/g ( an atmosph]e 7#e4d p\nds74 ,f4--,! exhau/$ gases are dis*>g$ into ! air1 ! pipe & ! *e/ be+ disc>d$4 ,resi/ance to ! exhau/ is z]o 7,fig4 #adb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,! depression graphically record$ is p>tly due to ! in]tia ( ! spr+ ( ! explosion-record]1 :i* spr+ exp&s sudd5ly :5 ! exhau/ is op5$4 ,,iii4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,av]age ,=ce ( ! ,explosions by ,means ( ,ord9ates4--,a p[]ful spr+ is employ$4 ,! pap] b& or tape ( ! record] is mov$ ) a small velocity ( translation s z to approximate z closely z possible ! correspond+ ord9ates repres5t+ ! explosions 7,fig4 #adc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,g4--,pure alcohol4 ,explosive =ce1 #cfi4gb to #dbf4f p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,h4--,c>buret$ alcohol4 ,explosive =ce1 #cig4f to #eaj4h p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,i4--,volatile hydroc>bon4 ,explosive =ce1 #dhc4dh to #eca4ib p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,,iv4 ,analysis ( a ,cycle by ,means ( ,op5 ,diagrams ,repres5t+ ! ,f\r ,p]iods4--,a p[]ful spr+ is employ$1 & ! pap] is mov$ ) its maximum spe$ ( translation4 ,! f\r phases ( ! cycle are easily di/+ui%$ z !y succe$ "o ano!r graphically f "r to left 9 o!r words1 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! pap] is unw\nd4 ,a diagram is made :i* reproduces exactly ! values ( ! correspond+ pressures at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! travel ( ! pi/on 7,fig4 #add74 ,! p]iods ( ! cycle are reproduc$ z fai?fully z if ! ord9>y indicator :i* gives a clos$ curv$ diagram _h be5 employ$4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 read+ ! record1 s9ce ! pap] is n 9 any way connect$ ) ! eng9e-pi/on4 ,"s attempts h be5 made to secure op5 diagrams 9 :i* ! motion ( translation giv5 to ! pap] is controll$ by ! eng9e itself2 b ^! app>atus z well z ! ord9>y indicators _c be us$ :5 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e exce$s #djj to #ejj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,j4--,spe$1 #a1bjj revolutions2 c>buret$ alcohol2 av]age =ce ( ! explosions1 #dbf4f p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,av]age compression1 #ib4dc p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,pressure at ! end ( ! expansion1 #ba4cc p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,v4 ,analysis ( ! ,in]tia ( ! ,record]4 ,selection ( ! ,spr+ to be ,employ$4--,giv5 ! rapidity ) :i* ! explosions succe$ "o ano!r 9 automobile eng9es1 x is readily und]/ood t ! in]tia ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! record] w be graphically reproduc$ 7,fig4 #add74 ,! effect ( ?is in]tia is a function ( ! weight ( ! mov+ p>ts & ( ! ext5t ( _! travel4 ,! mov+ masses are repres5t$ by ! pi/on & its rod1 ! spr+ & ! lev]s ( ! p>allelogram /ylus4 ,! effects due to in]tia h be5 consid]ably less5$ by r$uc+ ! weight ( ! v>i\s p>ts to a m9imum4 ,a holl[$ pi/on1 a holl[$ rod & %ort & light lev]s h be5 adopt$4 ,! traditional p5cil has be5 displac$ by a silv] po9t :i* traces its m>k ^u a metallically coat$ pap]4 ,= ! heavy spr+s ) _! long travel1 light b p[]ful spr+s ) small amplitudes h be5 sub/itut$4 ,s9ce ! p]fect lubrication ( ! record]-cyl9d] is ( great importance1 a simple oil+ device c]ta9 9 its action has be5 adopt$4 ,! recess ( ! pi/on =ms a cup t c be fill$ ) oil :5ev] ! spr+ is *ang$4 ,at ea* explosion ! viol5t return ( ! pi/on spla%es oil aga9/ ! cyl9d] walls & ?us insures p]fect lubrication4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t if ! directions giv5 are n foll[$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! *oice ( a spr+ suitable = ea* exp]im5t1 in]tia effects w be produc$4 ,^! c easily be detect$ on ! record & _c be confus$ ) ! curves :i* int]pret ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e4 ,at a height equal to ! end ( ! pi/on's /roke1 ! cyl9d] ( ! record] is provid$ ) a wat]-jacket :i* keeps ! temp]ature d[n to a prop] po9t & prev5ts ! b9d+ ( ! pi/on4 ,! explosion-*amb] ( automobile eng9es be+ r small 9 volume1 %\ld n be s5sibly increas$ 9 ord] t ! record obta9$ may con=m z ne>ly z possible ) actual work+ conditions on ! road4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is end ! cyl9d] ( ! record] is s dispos$ t ! pi/on travels to ! height ( ! connect+-cock4 ,z a result ( ?is arrangem5t ! field ( action ( ! gases is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,s9ce ^! gases h no w9d+ pa? to foll[1 !y are subject$ nei!r to loss ( quantity nor to cold4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,hiscox1 ,gas & ,oil ,eng9es1 ,norman ,w4 ,h5ley ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,p>sell & ,we$1 ,gas & ,oil ,eng9es1 #aijj1 ,norman ,w4 ,h5ley ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,gold+ham1 #aijj1 ,spon ,*amb]la91 ,london4 ,dugald ,cl]k1 #ahig1 ,longmans1 ,london4 ,grov]1 #aijb1 ,heywood1 ,man*e/]4 ,aime4 ,witz1 #aijd1 ,b>n>d1 ,p>is4 ,h4 ,gueldn]1 #aijc1 ,spr+]1 ,b]l94 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,! conditions :i* mu/ be fulfill$ bo? by eng9es & gas-produc]s 9 ord] t !y may indu/rially op]ate ) regul>ity & economy h be5 dwelt ^u at "s l5g?4 ,un=tunately x (t5 happ5s t eng9es are n in/all$ z !y %\ld be1 ) ! result t !y run badly & t ! reputation ( gas-eng9es suff]s unju/ly4 ,! use ( suction gas-produc]s 9 p>ticul> caus$ consid]able tr\ble at fir/ ow+ to inexp]i5ce1 s t ev5 n[ _m hesitate to adopt !m despite _! great economical advantages4 ,! reason assign$ = ?is hesitation is ! suppos$ dang] att5d+ _! op]ation4 ,! factory proprietor :o int5ds to in/all a gas-eng9e 9 8 plant is n usually able to appreciate ! intr9sic value ( "o eng9e :5 comp>$ ) ano!r1 or to det]m9e :e!r ! plans = an in/allation con=m ) ! be/ practice4 ,! innum]able types ( eng9es (f]$ to him by manufactur]s & _! ag5ts1 ea* ( :om claims to h a bett] eng9e ?an 8 rivals1 plunges ! pur*as] into hesitation & d\bt4 ,n kn[+ :i* eng9e to select1 he usually buys ! *eape/4 ,v (t5 he le>ns1 z "t goes by1 t 8 in/allation is f> f be+ p]fect4 ,f9ally he beg9s to believe t he ought to consult an exp]t4 ,! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce has conv9c$ him t eight times out ( t5 ! factory own] :o has pick$ out an eng9e = himself has n obta9$ an in/allation :i* meets ! requirem5ts :i* ! manufactur]s ( gas-eng9es %\ld fulfil4 ,_m ( ^! requirem5ts c\ld be compli$ ) 7 x n = ! fact t ! manufactur] has dropp$ c]ta9 details :i* appe>$ sup]flu\s1 b :i* 7 9 reality v important 9 obta9+ p]fect op]ation4 ,! au?or !re=e sugge/s t ! s]vices ( a compet5t exp]t be reta9$ by ^? :o int5d to in/all a gas-eng9e 9 _! plants4 ,! ,duty ( a ,consult+ ,eng9e]4--,an exp]t fills ! same (fice z an ar*itect1 & imp>tially selects ! eng9e be/ suit$ to 8 cli5t's peculi> ne$s4 ,8 exam9ation ( ! eng9es (f]$ to him w proce$ some:at accord+ to ! foll[+ programme3 #a4 ,he w fir/ /udy ! in/allation f ! me*anical po9t ( view1 & also ! local conditions "u :i* t in/allation is to op]ate1 9 ord] t he may n ord] an eng9e too l>ge or too small1 or a type incompatible ) ! f\ndations at 8 disposal1 or unable to fulfil all ! requirem5ts ( 8 cli5t4 #b4 ,he w exam9e ! precautions :i* h be5 tak5 to avoid or r$uce to a m9imum c]ta9 inconv5i5ces :i* att5d ! op]ation ( explosion-eng9es4 #c4 ,he w draw up specifications1 ) ! t]ms ( :i* gas-eng9e mak]s mu/ comply1 s t he c comp>e on ! basis ( ^! specifications ! m]its ( ! eng9es submitt$ to him4 #d4 ,he w prep>e an e/imate ( co/ & also a contract :i* is n c\*$ 9 t]ms altoge!r 9 ! gas-eng9e mak]'s favor1 & :i* gives ! pur*as] important w>ranties4 #e4 ,he w sup]vise ! te*nical in/allation ( ! eng9e or plant4 #f4 ,he w make te/s aft] ! eng9e is in/all$ & see to x t ! mak] has fulfill$ 8 w>ranties4 ,specifications4--,s9ce eng9es & gas-produc]s are con/ruct$ = comm]cial ends1 x naturally foll[s t _! manufactur]s seek to make ! utmo/ possible pr(it 9 sell+ _! in/allations4 ,prices *>g$ w necess>ily v>y ) ! quality ( mat]ial employ$1 ! c>e tak5 9 con/ruct+ ! eng9e & g5]ator1 ! numb] ( app>atus ( ! same type :i* are manufactur$1 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts & t ( ! in/allations4 ,s9ce !re is consid]able rivalry among gas-eng9e build]s1 sell+ prices are (t5 cut d[n s f> t little or no pr(it is left4 ,x is v difficult--inde$ impossible--to conv9ce a pur*as] t x is to 8 int]e/ to pay a fair price 9 ord] to obta9 a good in/allation1 especially :5 o!r manufactur]s are (f]+ ! same in/allation at a less price ) ! same w>ranties4 ,z a result ( ?is /ate ( affairs1 eng9e build]s1 9 ord] t !y may n lose an ord]1 are will+1 to r$uce _! prices1 hop+ to make up 9 ! quality ( ! workman%ip & ! mat]ial :at !y w\ld o!rwise lose4 ,(t5 !y w deliv] an eng9e too small 9 size b op]at+ at a high] spe$ ?an t ord]$2 or !y w select an old type1 or c>ry out c]ta9 details ) no great c>e4 ,?is1 to be sure1 is n always ! case2 = !re are a few build]s ( eng9es :o place _! reputation above ev]y?+ else & :o w\ld r lose an ord] ?an execute x badly4 ,o!rs1 un=tunately1 pref] to h ! ord] at all co/s4 ,by reta9+ a consult+ eng9e]1 all ^! difficulties are ov]come4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! eng9e] draws up a scale ( prices & specifications :i* mu/ be compli$ ) 9 _! entirety z well z 9 all details4 ,rival eng9e build]s are ?us compell$ to make _! e/imates accord+ to ! same /&>d1 s t "o eng9e c readily be comp>$ ) ano!r ) ! utmo/ fairness4 ,9 ^! specifications1 p5alties w be provid$ = by ! eng9e] :i* w be levi$ if ! w>ranties ( ! mak] are n fulfill$4 ,o!rwise ! w>ranties are wor? no?+4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( engag+ a consult+ eng9e] is to r5d] ! matt] ( co/ a second>y "o4 ,a factory own] :o employs a consult+ eng9e] & pays him = 8 s]vices1 is impell$ *iefly by ! desire to obta9 a good in/allation :i* w p]=m :at he expects ( x4 ,= t reason necess>y sacrifices w be made to comply ) ! cli5t's wi%es4 ,if ! pur*as] consid]s ! "q ( co/ mo/ important to him1 he ne$ n engage an exp]t to sup]vise ! in/allation ( 8 eng9es4 ,he has simply to pick out ! *eape/ eng9e4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! money :i* he w save by su* a proc$ure w be m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! tr\ble :i* he w lat] exp]i5ce :5 8 motor /ops or :5 x breaks d[n1 because x has be5 *eaply built 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! advice ( a consult+ eng9e] is !re=e ( importance to ! pur*as]1 because an eng9e w be in/all$ :i* w 9 e way meet 8 requirem5ts4 ,! gas-eng9e build] w also pref] to deal ) an eng9e]1 because ! eng9e] c appreciate at _! true wor? good mat]ial & good workman%ip & place a fair valuation ^u !m4 ,! specifications ( a gas-eng9e & gas-produc] exp]t are accept$ by mo/ eng9e build]s1 because an exp]t w n introduce conditions :i* _c be fulfill$4 ,"s manufactur]s refuse to consid] ! conditions impos$ by specifications s]i\sly1 or else !y fix diff]5t prices & make t5d]s on ! basis ( ^! ) or )\t specifications4 ,9 ei!r case ! pur*as] may be sure t he is n receiv+ :at he has a "r to exact4 ,te/+ ! ,plant4--,:5 ! eng9e has be5 select$ ! consult+ eng9e] sup]vises its in/allation1 &1 aft] ?is is complet$1 c>ries out te/s 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n ! gu>ante$ p[] & consumption are atta9$4 ,! me?ods employ$ 9 te/+ a gas-eng9e are bo? complex & delicate4 ,! quality ( ! gas1 ! proportions ( ! elem5ts =m+ ! mixture1 ! "t & ! me?od ( ignition1 ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d]-walls1 ! temp]ature & ! pressure ( ! gas drawn into ! cyl9d]1 all ^! are factors :i* h a decid$ be>+ ^u ! results ( a te/4 ,if ^! factors be n c>efully consid]$ ! conclusions to be drawn f ! te/ may be absolutely wrong4 ,indicators ( any type %\ld n be indiscrim9ately employ$2 only ^? specially design$ = gas-eng9e purposes %\ld be us$4 ,indicator c>ds are 9 !mselves inadequate1 & %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! records ( explosion-record]s4 ,! calorific value ( ! gas %\ld be measur$ ei!r by ! ,witz app>atus or by means ( any o!r calorimet]4 ,9 int]pret+ ! diagrams & records "s difficulty w be enc\nt]$4 ,sometimes x happ5s t a p>ticul> =m ( curve is attribut$ to a cause entirely diff]5t f ! real "o4 ,x happ5s n infrequ5tly t eng9e]s1 ^: exp]i5ce is conf9$ to eng9es ( "o make & :o h n _h ! opportunity to make suffici5t comp>isons1 draw su* errone\s conclusions f c>ds4 ,to recapitulate :at has already be5 said1 ! te/+ ( gas-eng9es requires consid]able exp]i5ce & _c be lightly und]tak54 ,special in/rum5ts ( precision are necess>y4 ,! au?or has v (t5 be5 call$ ^u to contradict ! results obta9$ by exp]ts ^: te/s h consi/$ simply 9 asc]ta9+ ! eng9e p[] ei!r by means ( a ,prony brake1 or by means ( a brake-/rap on ! fly-:eel4 ,! brake gives b crude results at be/2 x is a means ( control1 & n an in/rum5t ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,some?+ m ?an ! m]e p[] produc$ by an eng9e %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,! te/s made %\ld ?r[ "s light ^u ! reasons :y t p[] _c be exce$$1 & %[ t ! necess>y *anges c be made to cause ! eng9e to op]ate m economically & to yield en]gy ( an am\nt :i* its own] has a "r to expect4 ,! indicator & ! record] are te/+ in/rum5ts :i* cle>ly indicate discrepancies 9 op]ation & ! means by :i* !y may be correct$4 ,! te/s made %\ld det]m9e :e!r ! p[] develop$ is n obta9$ l>gely by means ( controll+ devices :i* cause premature we>+ away ( ! eng9e p>ts4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! au?or to describe indicators ( ! well-kn[n ,watt type4 ,x is simply 8 purpose to call att5tion to ! explosion-record] :i* he has devis$ to supplem5t ! data obta9$ by means ( ! indicator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,ma?ot explosion-record]4 ,explosion-,record] = ,indu/rial ,eng9es4--,! explosion-record] illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ade c be adapt$ to any ord9>y indicator4 ,x is compos$ ( a support+ bracket ,b ^u :i* a drum ,t is m\nt$4 ,?is drum is rotat$ by a clock-tra91 ! spe$ ( :i* is controll$ by means ( a special comp5sat+ gov]nor4 ,! entire sy/em is pivotally m\nt$ ^u ! support+ screw ,o1 s t ! drum ,t1 ab\t :i* a b& ( pap] is w\nd1 may be swung aga9/ a /ylus ,c1 :i* records ^u ! pap] ! numb] & p[] ( ! explosions4 ,^! explosions are measur$ accord+ to scale by a spr+ connect$ ) an indicator4 ,! records obta9$ disclose = any giv5 cycle ! am\nt ( compression z well z ! =ce ( ! explosion1 & r5d] x possible to /udy ! ph5om5a ( expansion1 exhau/1 & suction4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 inadequate 9 %[+ exactly h[ an eng9e runs 9 g5]al4 ,inde$1 9 mo/ gas-eng9es1 z well z oil & volatile hydroc>bon eng9es1 ea* explosion diff]s f t :i* foll[s 9 "* & 9 p[]2 & x is absolutely ess5tial to provide "s means ( avoid+ ^! v>iations4 ,! explosion-record] gives a graphic record f :i* ! numb] ( explosions c be read1 & also ! initial pressure ( ea* explosion1 ! numb] ( correspond+ revolutions1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! explosions succe$ "o ano!r1 & consequ5tly ! regul>ity ( c]ta9 ph5om5a caus$ by second>y influ5ces1 su* z ! section ( ! di/ribut+ memb]s1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! gov]nor1 & ! l4 ,! explosion-records c be tak5 simultane\sly ) ord9>y diagrams4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is end1 ! record] is all[$ to sw+ ar\nd ! pivot ,o1 s t ! drum c>ry+ ! pap] b& is br\ght into engagem5t1 or swung out ( engagem5t ) ! /ylus1 z x is influ5c$ by ea* explosion1 !reby leav+ its record on ! pap]4 ,! ord9>y diagram may be trac$ on ! drum ( ! indicator1 z x cont9ues to op]ate 9 its usual way4 ,?us ! explosion-record] r5d]s x possible to control ! op]ation ( eng9es1 to obta9 "s idea ( ! cause ( defects & to attribute !m to ! prop] =ce4 ,improvem5ts c !n be made :i* w ensure a great] effici5cy4 ,a numb] ( records h]e) reproduc$ illu/rate ! defects 9 ! controll+ app>atus & 9 ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 eng9es1 & also ! result ( improvem5ts :i* h be5 made on ! basis ( ! records obta9$4 ,! small] l9es indicate ! compression1 :i* is usually con/ant 9 eng9es 9 :i* ! hit-&-miss sy/em ( gov]n+ is employ$1 :ile ! l>g] l9es indicate ! explosions4 ,^! records are only "p ( ! complete data normally drawn on ! pap] 9 ! p]iod ( #abj seconds correspond+ ) an entire revolution ( ! record]-drum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--,record ) automatic />t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--;,gas-eng9e runn+ at "o-half load4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,record made aft] correct+ faults4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,record made aft] correct+ faults4 ,! fir/ record 0 tak5 :ile />t+ up an eng9e provid$ ) an automatic />t+ device & suppli$ ) explosive mixture )\t previ\s compression 7,fig4 #adf74 ,! gradual less5+ ( ! di/ances ( ! ord9ates or l9es repres5t+ ! explosions %[s t ! spe$ ( ! motor 0 sl[ly increas+1 & also indicates ! "t :i* elaps$ be=e ! eng9e 0 runn+ smoo?ly4 ,! records t foll[ 7,figs4 #adg1 #adh & #adi7 %[ ! results :i* c be obta9$ ) ! record] by correct+ ! errors due to faults 9 in/all+ ! eng9e & its accessories4 ,! fif? record is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ because x %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ignition-tube on ! p[] ( ! deflagration ( ! explosive mixture 7,fig4 #aej74 ,?is record 0 obta9$ ) an eng9e provid$ ) two contigu\s tubes4 ,! communication ( ea* ( ^! tubes ) ! explosion-*amb] c\ld be cut (f at w at any mom5t4 ,! la/ record 7,fig4 #aea7 0 obta9$ at a "t :5 ! effective load ( ! eng9e 0 *ang$ at two diff]5t int]vals4 ,?is record %[s h[ regul>ly ! eng9e 0 runn+ & h[ con/ant 7 ! initial pressures4 ,^! pressures1 h[ev]1 :i* is ! case 9 mo/ eng9es1 manife/ly dim9i% :5 ! explosions succe$ "o ano!r )\t idle /rokes ( ! pi/on4 ,?is %[s1 also1 ! influ5ce ( scav5g+ ! products ( combu/ion & ! effect x has on ! effici5cy ( explosion-eng9es4 ,analysis ( ! ,gases4--,x has already be5 /at$ t "o ( ! te/s :i* %\ld be made consi/s 9 measur+ ! calorific value ( ! gas4 ,j :at ! calorific value ( ! gas may be x is necess>y to "k 9 ord] to obta9 "s idea ( ! !rmal effici5cy ( ! in/allation4 ,if a suction gas-produc] be employ$ 7an app>atus 9 :i* ! nature ( ! gas g5]at$ *anges at ea* in/ant71 calorimetrical analyses are indisp5sable 9 appreciat+ ! conditions "u :i* a g5]ator op]ates4 ,^! analyses are made by means ( calorimet]s :i* give ! calorific value ei!r at a con/ant pressure or at a con/ant volume4 ,con/ant-volume in/rum5ts give a some:at weak] record ?an con/ant-pressure in/rum5ts2 b accord+ to ,pr(essor ,aime ,witz1 ! inv5tor ( an excell5t calorimet]1 ! con/ant-volume type is almo/ indisp5sable 9 gag+ ! effici5cy ( explosion-eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--,record made :5 effective load 0 *ang$ at two diff]5t int]vals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--,! ,witz calorimet]4 ,! ,witz ,calorimet]4--,! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #aeb7 illu/rates ,pr(essor ,witz's in/rum5t4 ,its elem5ts are a /eel cyl9d] hav+ an int]ior diamet] ( #b4cf in*es1 ab\t a ?ickness ( #j4jgh in* & a height ( ab\t #c4ed in*es1 s t its capacity is ab\t #ae4a cubic in*es1 & two cov]s screw$ on ! cyl9d] to seal x h]metically1 oil$ pap] be+ us$ z a wa%]4 ,! upp] cov] c>ries a sp>k-excit]2 ! l[] cov] is provid$ ) a valve :i* dis*>ges into a cyl9drical memb] #a4jf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is second cov] is d[nw>dly incl9$ at its circumf]5ce t[>d ! c5t] to insure complete dra9age ( ! m]cury us$ = *>g+ ! calorimet]4 ,all surfaces are nickel plat$4 ,! proportions ( nickel & ( /eel are fix$ by ! manufactur] s z to r5d] x possible to calculate ! displacem5t ( ! app>atus 9 wat]4 ,! calorimet] hav+ be5 completely fill$ ) m]cury is inv]t$ 9 ?is liquid 9 ! mann] ( a te/ tube4 ,! explosive mixture is !n introduc$1 be+ f$ f a bell 9 :i* x has previ\sly be5 prep>$4 ,a rubb] tube connects ! bell ) ! in/rum5t4 ,! gas is =c$ f ! bell to ! calorimet] by ! pressure 9 ! bell4 ,! conical =m ( ! bottom causes ! calorimet] to be empti$ rapidly & to be refill$ completely ) explosive gas at a pressure slightly above t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,equilibrium is re-e/abli%$ by manipulat+ ! valve1 dur+ a v %ort int]val1 s z to p]mit ! excess gas to escape4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! calorimet] mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! v]tical position %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure is read (f to "o-t5? ( a millimet] 7#j4jjcicf in*es7 on a b>omet]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! gas may be tak5 to be t ( ! m]cury-vessel4 ,! explosive mixture is prep>$ 9 ! wat] res]voir1 ! glass bulb %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration be+ employ$4 ,?is bulb is clos$ at its upp] end by means ( a cock & is tap]$ at its l[] end4 ,! gas or air ent]s at ! top by means ( a rubb] tube & gradually displaces ! wat] ?r\gh ! l[] end4 ,! bulbs h a volume v>y+ f #bjj to #ejj cubic c5timet]s 7#ab to #cj cubic in*es71 & ! error result+ f ea* fill+ ( a bulb is c]ta9ly less ?an #ae cubic millimet]s 7#j4jjji cubic in*es74 ,! cont5ts are empti$ into a bell by l[]+ ! bulb into ! wat] & op5+ ! cock4 ,if sev5 bulbfuls ( air be mix$ ) "o bulbful ( gas1 an explosive mixture ( #a to #g is produc$1 ?is be+ ! proportion commonly employ$ = /reet-gas4 ,= produc]-gases ! pref]r$ proportion is #a to #a1 oxyg5 be+ (t5 add$ to ! air 9 ord] to insure complete combu/ion4 ,! calorimet]1 aft] hav+ be5 fill$1 is plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ a lit] 7#a4geih p9ts7 ( wat] s t x is completely imm]s$4 ,a sp>k is !n all[$ to pass4 ,! explosion is n accompani$ by any noise2 ! temp]ature rises a fix$ numb] ( degrees1 s t ! quantity ( heat lib]at$ c easily be comput$4 ,ea* division ( ! !rmomet] is equal to #j4jaejb ,c4 ,! scale read+ is m9ute1 ea* int]val be+ divid$ by t51 s t read+s to ! #a1ejj? "p ( a degree c be tak54 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! mixture g5]at$ 9 ! res]voir is saturat$ ) wat] vapor at ! temp]ature ( ! res]voir4 ,consequ5tly1 ! vapor g5]at$ by ! explosion mu/ cond5se 9 ! calorimet] if ! f9al temp]ature ( ! calorimet] is ! same z t ( ! wat] res]voir4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! temp]ature be slightly diff]5t1 a correction mu/ be made2 b ! error is negligible = diff]5ces 9 temp]ature ( f #b to #c degrees ,c4 7#c4f to #e4d degrees ,f474 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is nev] likely to occur if ! op]ation is conduct$ "u favorable conditions4 ,?is app>atus is exce$+ly simple & practical4 ,x does n require ! manipulation ( a pump4 ,! pressure ( ! mixture is read (f on ! b>omet]2 ! calorimet] is entirely imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ( ! out] vessel1 s t all corrections ( d\btful accuracy are obviat$4 ,! me?od requires b a v slight correction = temp]ature4 ,air1 alone or m+l$ ) oxyg51 or a mixture ( air & oxyg51 c be easily te/$ )4 ,ma9t5ance ( ,plants4--,if x %\ld be necess>y to reta9 a consult+ eng9e] to in/all an eng9e capable ( fill+ all requirem5ts1 x is also necess>y to select a c>eful att5dant 9 ord] t ! eng9e may be kept 9 good condition4 ,x is a r widespread belief t a gas-eng9e c be op]at$ )\t any c>e or inspection4 ,?is belief is all ! m preval5t because ( ! employm5t ( /reet-gas eng9es1 :i*1 by reason ( _! simplicity ( con/ruction & regul>ity ( fuel supply1 (t5 run = sev]al h\rs1 & ev5 = an entire day1 )\t any att5tion :atev]4 ,b ?is neglig5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( eng9es driv5 f produc]s1 is likely to produce disa/r\s results4 ,al?\gh eng9es ( ?is type d n require con/ant inspection dur+ op]ation1 /ill !y require "s att5tion 9 ord] t ! spe$ may be kept at a fix$ numb] ( revolutions4 ,moreov]1 ! c>e ( ! eng9e1 ! clean+ ( ! valves & ( ! v>i\s p>ts :i* are likely to become dirty1 & ! exam9ation & clean+ ( pipes1 %\ld be accompli%$ ) great c>e & at regul> int]vals4 ,?is task %\ld be entru/$ only to a man ( intellig5ce4 ,a common workman :o kn[s no?+ ( ! c>e ) :i* ! p>ts ( an eng9e %\ld be h&l$ is likely to d m h>m ?an good4 ,! factory own] :o foll[s ! in/ructions :i* h be5 giv5 9 ?is book w avoid mo/ ( ! /oppages & ! tr\ble incurr$ 9 eng9e & g5]ator in/allations1 & may c\nt ^u a /ead9ess ( op]ation comp>able ) t ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,,te/ ,,( ,a ,,/ockport ,,gas-,,eng9e ,,) ,,d[son ,,pressure ,,gas ,,plant ,made by ,r4 ,ma?ot at ! ,works ( ! ,union ,electrique ,cie1 ,brussels1 ,june #bg1 #aija ,pi/on ,diamet]3 #ae-a_/b4 ,pi/on /roke1 #bb4 ,normal numb] ( revolutions1 #baj4 #a4 ,calorific value ( ! coal #abgej ,b4,t4,u4 #b4 ,nature & orig9 ( fuel3 ,an?racite coal ( ,*>l]oi 7,belgium74 #c4 ,co/ ( fuel p] ton at ! m9e #e4ej #d4 ,co/ ( fuel p] ton at ! plant #f4ci #e4 ,fuel consumption p] h\r 9 ! g5]ator #df4c lbs4 #f4 ,fuel consumption p] h\r 9 ! boil] #g lbs4 #g4 ,proportion ( a% 9 ! coal #f p] c5t4 #h4 ,weight ( /eam at #ff lbs4 g5]at$ p] h\r #db4g lbs4 #i4 ,av]age brake horse-p[] #ec ,b4,h4,p4 #aj4 ,fuel consumption = gas p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #j4hge lbs4 #aa4 ,fuel consumption = /eam p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #j4acc lbs4 #ab4 ,total fuel consumption #a4jjh lbs4 #ac4 ,/eam consumption at #ff lbs4 pressure #j4ha lbs4 #ad4 ,gas pressure at ! eng9e #a-c_/h in*es #ae4 ,weight ( wat] p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r = cool+ ! cyl9d] ent]+ at #fh deg4 ,f4 & leav+ at #aje deg4 ,f4 #ea4e lbs4 #af4 ,correspond+ heat absorb$ 9 cool+ #aigj ,b4,t4,u4 #ag4 ,av]age initial explosive pressure on pi/on #cbd lbs4 #ah4 ,av]age pressure on pi/on p] squ>e in* #gb lbs4 #ai4 ,av]age indicat$ horse-p[] ) #he p] c5t4 misses #ib4e ,i4,h4,p4 #bj4 ,correspond+ me*anical effici5cy #hd p] c5t4 #ba4 ,correspond+ electric load #ca4iej ,k4,w4 #bb4 ,co/ ( ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r 9 an?racite #j4jjbi #bc4 ,co/ ( kil[att p] h\r 9 an?racite #j4jjdh #bd4 ,electric p[] g5]at$ p] ,b4,h4,p4 #fjb4h ,w4 #be4 ,!rmal effici5cy at #ec ,b4,h4,p4 ) #he p] c5t4 explosions #ah4e p] c5t4 ,,te/ ,,( ,a #bj ,h4,p4 ,,w9t]?ur ,,eng9e ,) ,w9t]?ur ,suction-,produc] made by ,r4 ,ma?ot at ,w9t]?ur1 ,june #d & #e1 #aijb ,,data ,,( ,,te/s ,,) ,,illum9at+ ,,gas ,,& ,,) ,,fuel ,,gas ,dim5sions ( ,w9t]?ur ,eng9e--,pi/on diamet]3 #aj-c_/h4 ,/roke3 #af-g_/h4 ,compression3 #agg p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,regulation3 hit & miss4 ,ignition3 electro-magnetic4 ,fly-:eel3 normal1 ) ext]nal be>+4 ,lubrication ( pi/on3 ) oil-pump4 ,( ma9 be>+s1 ) r+s 7z 9 dynamos74 ,,full ,,load ,,) ,,/reet-,,gas #a4 ,numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #bjj #b4 ,correspond+ numb] ( explosions #if p] c5t4 #c4 ,net load on brake #abj lbs4 #d4 ,correspond+ effective p[] #bb ,b4,h4,p4 #e4 ,mean initial explosive pressure on pi/on p] squ>e in* #dee lbs4 #f4 ,av]age pressure on pi/on p] squ>e in* #gh lbs4 #g4 ,gas consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 at #bd deg4 ,c4 & #gba mm4 mean pressure #ae4e cubic feet #h4 ,gas consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 r$uc$ to #j deg4 ,c4 & #gfj mm4 mean pressure #ac4e cubic feet ,,half ,,load ,,) ,,/reet-,,gas #i4 ,numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #bjd #aj4 ,correspond+ numb] ( explosions #fj p] c5t4 #aa4 ,net load on brake #fj lbs4 #ab4 ,correspond+ effective p[] #aa4f ,b4,h4,p4 #ac4 ,gas consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r at #bd deg4 ,c4 & #gba mm4 mean pressure4 #ba cubic feet #ad4 ,gas consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r at #j deg4 ,c4 & #gfj mm4 mean pressure4 #ah4c cubic feet ,,runn+ ,,) ,,no ,,load ,,) ,,/reet-,,gas #ae4 ,numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #bjf #af4 ,correspond+ numb] ( explosions #bb p] c5t4 #ag4 ,total gas consumption p] h\r at #bd deg4 ,c4 & #gba mm4 mean pressure4 #ajf cubic feet #ah4 ,maximum calorific p[] ( gas p] cubic foot #eih ,b4,t4,u4 #ai4 ,!rmal effici5cy ) #if p] c5t4 explosions #ca p] c5t4 #bj4 ,me*anical effici5cy ) #if p] c5t4 explosions #hb p] c5t4 #ba4 ,temp]ature ( wat] at ! jacket-inlet #ge degs4 ,f4 #bb4 ,temp]ature ( wat] at ! jacket-outlet #acj degs4 ,f4 #bc4 ,compression p] squ>e in* on pi/on surface #agh lbs4 #bd4 ,pressure aft] expansion #cg lbs4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,w9t]?ur ,,plant ,,) ,,produc]-,,gas #a4 ,nature ( fuel4 ,belgian an?racite1 ,bonne ,esp]ance et ,batt]ie2 size1 #c_/d in*4 #b4 ,*emical composition3 ,c>bon1 #hf4e p] c5t42 hydrog51 #c4e p] c5t42 oxyg5 & nitrog51 #d4fe p] c5t42 a%1 #e4ce p] c5t4 #c4 ,calorific value p] p\nd ( coal #adbjj ,b4,t4,u4 #d4 ,net calorific value p] p\nd ( fuel #aejej ,b4,t4,u4 #e4 ,price ( an?racite deliv]$ at ! plant #c4ej p] ton #f4 ,numb] ( revolutions ( eng9e p] m9ute #bjj #g4 ,correspond+ numb] ( explosions #ia p] c5t4 #h4 ,load on brake #ajf lbs4 #i4 ,correspond+ effective horse-p[] #bj4b ,b4,h4,p4 #aj4 ,fuel consumption at ! g5]ator p] h\r #af4d lbs4 #aa4 ,fuel consum$ p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #j4ha lbs4 #ab4 ,proportion ( a% result+ f ! te/s #f p] c5t4 #ac4 ,mean initial explosive pressure p] squ>e in* #dai4e lbs4 #ad4 ,av]age pressure on pi/on p] squ>e in* #gb4e lbs4 #ae4 ,indicat$ horse-p[] ) #ia p] c5t4 explosions #be4d ,i4,h4,p4 #af4 ,me*anical effici5cy #gi p] c5t4 #ag4 ,!rmal effici5cy at ! produc] #bb p] c5t4 #ah4 ,wat] consumption p] h\r 9 ! scrubb] #ff gals4 #ai4 ,co/ p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r 9 an?racite #fb gals4 ,,te/ ,,( ,a #fj ,b4,h4,p4 ,,gas-,,eng9e1 ,,type ,g #i1 ,,) ,a ,,suction-,,gas ,,plant ,,( ,,! ,,gasmotor5 ,,fabrik ,,deutz 7,made at ,cologne1 ,m>* #ae1 #aijd1 by ,r4 ,ma?ot47 ,,data ,,( ,,! ,,te/s ,diamet] ( ,pi/on #af4e4 ,pi/on ,/roke #ah4i ,,full ,,load #a4 ,av]age numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #ahh4ff #b4 ,correspond+ effective "w #fe4aa ,b4,h4,p4 #c4 ,av]age compression p] squ>e in* #agf lbs4 #d4 ,av]age initial explosive pressure p] squ>e in* #cig lbs4 #e4 ,av]age f9al expansion pressure #be lbs4 #f4 ,vacuum at suction #d4d lbs4 #g4 ,av]age pressure on pi/on #ha lbs4 #h4 ,correspond+ indicat$ horse-p[] #gg ,i4,h4,p4 ,,fuel #i4 ,nature ( fuel3 ,an?racite coal #j4d to #j4h #aj4 ,orig93 ,coalpit ( ,zeihe1 ,morsba* at ,aix-la-,*apelle4 #aa4 ,*emical composition ( coal3 ,c>bon #hc4bb ,hydrog5 #c4ca ,nitrog5 & ,oxyg5 #c4ja ,sulphur #j4dd ,a% #g4cc ,wat] #b4fi #ab4 ,calorific value4 #acfej ,b4,t4,u4 ,,gas #ac4 ,*emical composition ( gas3 ,c>bonic acid #f4fj ,oxyg5 #j4cj ,hydrog5 #ah4ij ,me?ane #j4eg ,c>bon monoxide #bd4cj ,nitrog5 #di4cc #ad4 ,calorific value ( gas1 comb9ation wat]1 at #ei deg4 ,f4 con/ant volume r$uc$ to #cb deg4 ,f4 & atmosph]ic pressure #adj ,b4,t4,u4 ,,temp]atures ,eng9e #ae4 ,cool+ wat] at ! inlet ( ! cyl9d]-head #ee4d deg4 ,f4 ,temp]ature at ! outlet #aji4e deg4 ,f4 #af4 ,temp]ature at outlet ( cyl9d] #abg4e deg4 ,f4 ,gas-,g5]ator #ag4 ,temp]ature ( wat] 9 ! vaporiz] #aeh4c deg4 ,f4 ,,effici5cies ,,& ,,consumption #ah4 ,me*anical effici5cy #hd4f #ai4 ,gross consumption ( coal p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #j4hf lbs #bj4 ,!rmal effici5cy 9 proportion to ! effective "w & ! gross consumption ( coal 9 ! gas-g5]ator #bd4c ,,half ,,load ,,"w #a4 ,av]age numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #aie4e #b4 ,correspond+ effective "w #cc4he ,b4,h4,p4 #c4 ,correspond+ av]age compression #abe lbs4 #d4 ,av]age initial explosive pressure #beh lbs4 #e4 ,av]age f9al expansion #ah lbs4 #f4 ,vacuum at suction #f4h lbs4 #g4 ,av]age mean pressure on pi/on #df4b lbs4 #h4 ,correspond+ indicat$ p[] #de4 ,i4,h4,p4 #i4 ,spe$ v>iation betwe5 full & half load #c4e ,,consumption #aj4 ,gross consumption ( coal p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #a4aee lbs4 ,,runn+ ,,) ,,no ,,load #a4 ,av]age numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #aii #b4 ,m9imum correspond+ compression #ie4ee lbs4 #c4 ,av]age initial explosive pressure #bbj lbs4 #d4 ,av]age f9al expansion #j lbs4 #e4 ,vacuum at suction #h4h lbs4 #f4 ,av]age pressure on pi/on #aa4b lbs4 #g4 ,correspond+ indicat$ horse-p[]4 #aa ,i4,h4,p4 #h4 ,spe$ v>iation betwe5 full load & no load #e4b ,,te/ ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,plant ,,( ,a ,,f\r-,,cycle ,,d\ble-,,act+ ,,eng9e ,,( #bjj ,h4,p4 ,,& ,a ,,suction-,,produc] ,,9 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,gasmotor5 ,,fabrik ,,deutz1 ,,cologne ,m>* #ad & #ae1 #aijd1 by ,messrs4 ,a4 ,witz1 ,r4 ,ma?ot1 & de ,h]bais ,,data ,,( ,,! ,,te/s ,pi/on ,diamet]3 #ba-a_/d4 ,/roke3 #bg-i_/af4 ,diamet] ( ,pi/on-,rods3 front1 #d-c_/d2 re>1 #d-e_/af ,,eng9e ,full ,load ,te/s #a4 ,av]age numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute #aea4bi & #aej4bj #b4 ,correspond+ effective load #bad4bb ,b4,h4,p4 & #bbb4hc ,b4,h4,p4 #c4 ,duration ( ! te/s #c h\rs & #aj h\rs #d4 ,av]age temp]ature ( wat] aft] cool+ ! pi/on #aag4e deg4 ,f4 #e4 ,av]age temp]ature ( wat] aft] cool+ ! cyl9d] & valve-seats #ace deg4 ,f4 #f4 ,wat] consumption p] h\r = cool+ ! pi/on #ci gal4 ,,produc] #g4 ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,fuel3 ,an?racite coal ,bonne-,esp]ance et ,batt]ie ,h]/al1 ,belgium4 #h4 ,calorific value ( fuel #adfej ,b4,t4,u4 #i4 ,consumption ( fuel p] h\r 7plus #ec lbs4 on ! night ( ! #ad? = keep+ ! g5]ator fir$ dur+ #ad h\rs1 ! eng9e be+ /opp$7 #aii lbs4-#afj lbs4 #aj4 ,wat] consumption p] h\r 9 ! vaporis] #ad4b gals4 #aa4 ,wat] consumption p] h\r 9 ! scrubb]s #cah gals4 #ab4 ,av]age temp]ature ( gas at ! outlet ( ! g5]ator #eeh deg4 ,f4 #ac4 ,av]age temp]ature ( gas at ! outlet ( ! scrubb]s #fb4e deg4 ,f4 ,,effici5cies #ad4 ,gross consumption ( coal p] ,b4,h4,p4 p] h\r #j4ibg lbs4-#j4gbj lbs4 #ae4 ,consumption ( coal p] ,b4,h4,p4 aft] d$uction ( ! wat] #j4ijg lbs4-#j4gje lbs4 #af4 ,!rmal effici5cy relat+ to ! effective ,h4,p4 & to ! dry coal consum$ 9 ! g5]ator #ai-bd4d #ag4 ,wat] consumption p] ,b4,h4,p4 h\r3 ,= ! cyl9d]1 /uff+-boxes & valve-seat jackets #d4fe gals4 ,= ! pi/on & pi/on-rods #a4ge gals4 ,= ! vaporiz] #j4jfee gals4 ,= wa%+ ! gas 9 ! scrubb]s #a4db gals4 #ah4 ,wat] conv]t$ 9 /eam p] lb4 consum$ 9 ! g5]ator #j4aic gals4 ,,index ,a ,adju/m5t ( gas-eng9e1 #abf ,adju/m5t ( mov+ p>ts1 imp]fect1 #adf ,admission-valve1 b9d+ (1 #aeb ,admission1 v>iable1 #ee1 #ef ,air-bla/1 #ahj ,air-*e/1 #hb ,air1 displacem5t (1 #ib ,air1 exclusion (1 9 produc]s1 #bjg ,air1 filtration (1 #hb ,air-heat]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bcf ,air-heat]s1 #bch ,air-pipe1 #hb ,air-pipe1 location (1 #hc ,air-pump1 #bff ,air1 regulation ( supply1 #hb ,air suction1 #ha ,air suction1 resi/ance to1 #hb ,air supply ( produc]1 #bbe ,air-valve1 control by eng9e1 #be ,air vibration1 #ib ,alcohol z eng9e fuel1 #bfd ,an?racite1 consumption (1 9 produc]s1 #bjj ,an?racite 9 produc]s1 #aij1 #bja ,anti-pulsators1 #gg ,anti-pulsators1 disconnection (1 9 /opp+ eng9e1 #acb ,anti-pulsators1 precautions to be tak5 )1 #gi ,anti-vibratory sub/ances1 #hi ,a%-pit1 #bad1 #bag ,a%-pit1 ,boll9ckx1 #bbj ,a%-pit1 clean+ (1 #bfa ,a%-pit1 ,deutz1 #bbj ,a%-pit1 door (1 #bbj ,a%-pit1 ,wi$5feld1 #bbj ,asphyxiation1 #afi ,atomiz] ( oil-eng9es1 #bfe ,b ,back fir+1 #hb1 #aca ,back pressure to exhau/1 #aea ,bags1 arrangem5t (1 #hj ,bags1 capacity (1 #gi ,bags1 precautions to be tak5 )1 #gi ,bags1 rubb]1 #gg ,b>k z produc] fuel1 #aic ,batt]ies = ignition1 #ca ,be>+s1 adju/ability (1 #e ,be>+s1 adju/m5t (1 #dd ,be>+s1 c>e (1 #abc ,be>+s1 lubrication (1 #aag ,be>+s1 mat]ial (1 #ea ,be>+s ( fly-:eels1 #ib ,be>+s1 ov]heat$1 #adf ,be>+s1 ov]-lubricat$1 #aej ,be>+s1 position (1 #dd ,bell1 gas-hold]1 #ahg ,bell1 ,p9ts*1 #bdh ,bell1 volume (1 #ahg ,belts1 prev5tion ( adhesion by oil1 #abj ,b5i]1 ,e41 #aii ,b5z9 z eng9e fuel1 #bfd ,b9d+1 #adg ,bla/ 9 produc]s1 #ahj1 #aic1 #bbe ,bl[]1 ,ko]t+1 #aha ,bl[]1 ,root1 #ahb1 #ahh ,bl[]s = produc]s1 #aha ,bl[+-g5]ators1 #afi ,bolts ( f\ndation1 #ia ,bomb1 ,witz1 #bhd1 #bib ,b\ghs = cool]s1 #ajh ,box1 *>g+1 #bba ,box1 d\ble closure = *>g+1 #bbb ,box1 removable *>g+1 #bbe ,brake te/s1 #bhd ,bran* pipes1 m9imum diamet] (1 #ha ,bricks = f\ndation1 #ia ,bru%es1 lift+ (1 :5 dynamo-eng9e is /opp$1 #acb ,bru%1 purify+1 #bej ,burn] ( hot tube1 h[ ignit$1 #abh ,burn]1 regulation ( fix$1 #add ,bu%+s1 c>e (1 #abc ,bu%+s1 fusion (1 #adg ,bu%+s 7see also ,be>+s7 ,c ,calorimet]1 ,witz1 #bib ,calorimet]s1 #bhd1 #bij ,cam1 half-compression1 #acj1 #acb ,cam1 relief1 #acj ,cams1 #ea ,caps ( valve-*e/s1 #abd ,c>buret]1 #bff ,c>e dur+ op]ation ( eng9e1 #aca ,cas+1 indep5d5ce ( frame1 #db ,*>g+ a produc]1 #bba ,*>g+ ! g5]ator1 #bei ,*e/ = exhau/1 #hc ,circulation ( wat]1 #ih1 #abe ,circulation ( wat]1 h[ effect$1 #ajb ,circulation ( wat] 9 tanks1 #aje ,circulation ( wat]1 regulation (1 #ajg ,clean+ ( produc]1 #bfa ,cleanl9ess1 necessity (1 #aba ,cleanl9ess ( produc]s1 #agi ,closures = *>g+-boxes1 #bbc ,coal 9 produc]s1 #bja ,coal 9 produc]s1 bitum9\s1 #aie ,coal1 ,p5nsylvania1 #bjc ,coal 7see also ,an?racite7 ,coal1 ,wel%1 #bjc ,cock1 ,deutz1 #bbd ,cock1 ,pi]son1 #bbd ,cock = *>g+-box1 #bbc1 #bbd ,coke 9 produc]s1 #bja ,coke 9 wa%]s1 #bdb ,combu/ion-g5]ators1 #aic ,combu/ion1 inv]t$1 #aie ,compression1 det]m9ation (1 #bgc ,compression1 faulty1 #acd ,compression1 high1 #aed ,compression 9 ,banki eng9e1 #bfd ,compression 9 ,diesel eng9e1 #bfd ,compression1 losses 91 #adc ,compression p]iod1 #ba ,compression1 relation to p[] develop$1 #abb ,compressors = produc]s1 #ahb ,connect+-rod be>+s1 #de ,connect+-rod be>+s1 rational design (1 #de ,connect+-rod1 lubrication (1 #aac1 #aae ,consult+ eng9e]1 advisability ( reta9+1 #bhb ,consumption at half load & full load1 #fb ,consumption at v>i\s loads1 #fb ,consumption 9 d\ble or triple act+ eng9es1 #fb ,consumption ( gas1 #agc ,consumption ( gas 9 burn]1 #cj ,consumption ( suction-produc]s1 #bjj ,consumption p] effective horse-p[]1 #fb ,cool] = gas1 #aii ,cool]1 = produc]1 #bdj ,cool]s1 #ajg ,cool]s1 size (1 #aji ,cool+ ( cyl9d]1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aef ,cool+ ( produc]-gas eng9es1 #bjc ,cool+1 !rmo-siphon1 #ajj ,co/ ( oil & volatile hydroc>bon eng9es1 #bfh ,crank-p91 t5sile /r5g? (1 #ea ,crank-%aft1 #ej1 #ea ,crank-%aft be>+s1 #dd ,crank-%aft be>+s1 design (1 #df ,crank-%aft1 effect ( premature explosion on1 #cj ,crank-%aft lubrication1 #aag ,crank-%aft1 mat]ial (1 #ej ,cros%ead1 c>e (1 #abc ,cycle1 analysis (1 #bgf ,cyl9d]1 arrangem5t (1 #da ,cyl9d]1 clean+ (1 #abb ,cyl9d]1 cool+ (1 #aef ,cyl9d]1 evacuation (1 #hc1 #aca ,cyl9d]1 gravel 91 #acg ,cyl9d]1 gr9d+ (1 #db ,cyl9d]1 inc&esc5t p>ticles 91 #adb ,cyl9d]1 indep5d5ce ( cas+1 ,compression 91 #db ,cyl9d]-jacket 7see ,wat]-jacket7 ,cyl9d] lubrication1 #aab ,cyl9d]-oil1 #aab1 #adi ,cyl9d]1 ov]hang 9 horizontal eng9es1 #db ,cyl9d]1 ov]heat+ (1 #adh ,cyl9d]1 pres5ce ( wat] 91 #acf ,cyl9d]-%ell1 #da ,cyl9d]1 smoke f1 #adi ,cyl9d]1 temp]ature dur+ op]ation ( eng9e1 #acb ,cyl9d]1 ?ru/ (1 #dc ,cyl9d]1 tightness (1 #abb ,d ,damp]1 ,p9ts*1 #bbd ,damp]s1 #bbc ,detonations1 untimely1 #ada ,di/ribut+ me*anism1 d]angem5t (1 #aeb ,dra9-cock 9 gas-pipes1 #gj1 #ge ,dra9-cocks1 te/+ (1 #bef ,dri] = produc]-gas1 #bdh ,du/-collector1 #bci ,du/-collector1 ,b5z1 #bci ,du/-collector1 ,boll9ckx1 #bci ,du/-collector1 ,p9ts*1 #bci ,du/-collector1 ,wi$5feld1 #bci ,dynamo1 lift+ bru%es f1 9 /opp+ eng9e1 #acb ,e ,ebelm5 pr9ciple1 #aie ,eng9e1 ,banki1 #bfd ,eng9e1 ,diesel1 #bfd ,eng9e1 produc]-gas & /eam1 comp>$1 #bjc ,eng9e1 selection (1 #bgi ,eng9e1 />t+ a produc]-gas1 #beh ,eng9e]1 duty ( a consult+1 #bha ,eng9es1 gov]n+ oil1 #bfe ,eng9es1 oil1 #bfd1 #bfe ,eng9es1 produc]-gas1 #aec ,eng9es1 produc]-gas1 temp]ature (1 #aeg ,eng9es1 specifications (1 #bha ,eng9es1 spe$ ( oil1 #bfd ,eng9es1 te/s (1 #bfh ,eng9es1 volatile hydroc>bon1 #bfd1 #bfg ,eng9es1 writ]s on oil1 #bff ,escape-pipes1 #bbh ,ess5ces1 #bfd ,exhau/1 #hc ,exhau/1 back pressure to1 #aea ,exhau/1 det]m9ation ( resi/ance to1 #bgd ,exhau/ into sew] or *imney1 #he ,exhau/1 noises (1 #id1 #ada ,exhau/ p]iod1 #bb ,exhau/1 wat] 91 #acf ,exhau/]s1 #ahc ,exhau/-*e/1 #hc ,exhau/-muffl]1 #hf1 #id ,exhau/-pipe1 #hc1 #he ,exhau/-pipe1 design (1 #if1 #ig ,exhau/-pipe1 jo9ts =1 #he ,exhau/-pipe1 oil 91 #aea ,exhau/-valve1 b9d+ (1 #aeb ,exhau/-valve1 cool+ (1 #be ,expansion-boxes1 #ie ,expansion p]iod1 #bb ,exp]t1 necessity ( an1 #bhb1 #bhc ,explosion1 spontane\s1 #adj ,explosion-eng9es 7see ,gas-eng9es7 ,explosion p]iod1 #bb ,explosion-record]1 analysis ( in]tia (1 #bgg ,explosion-record] = indu/rial eng9es1 #bhe ,explosion-record]1 ! cont9u\s1 #bfi ,explosions1 comp>ison ( av]age =ce (1 #bge ,explosion-records1 #bhh ,explosions1 ret>d$1 #adc ,f ,fans = produc]s1 #aha ,fe$]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bcf ,fe$-hopp]1 #bbd ,fire-box1 door (1 #bba ,flues1 escape1 #bbh ,fly-:eel1 oil on1 #abj ,fly-:eel1 />t+ !1 #aca ,fly-:eels1 #df ,fly-:eels z pulleys1 #df ,fly-:eels1 balanc+ (1 #df ,fly-:eels1 curv$ spoke1 h[ m\nt$1 #di ,fly-:eels1 fa/5+ (1 #df ,fly-:eels1 prop] m\nt+ (1 #df ,fly-:eels1 rim (1 #df ,fly-:eels1 s+le1 #dh1 #ib ,fly-:eels1 s+le1 = dynamo-eng9es1 #df ,fly-:eels1 /raight & curv$ spoke1 #di ,fly-:eels ) hit-&-miss sy/em1 #ej ,f\ndation1 #dd1 #hg ,f\ndation1 design (1 #hh1 #hi ,f\ndation1 excavation =1 #hh ,f\ndation1 insulation (1 #hi1 #ij ,f\ndation ( dynamo-eng9e1 #ia ,frame1 #dc ,frame1 me?od ( secur+1 to f\ndation1 #dd ,fuel ( produc]s1 #agh1 #ahg1 #bed ,fuel1 qualities (1 #bja ,fuel 7see also ,lignite1 ,peat1 ,sawdu/1 ,wood1 ,coal1 etc47 ,fuel1 size (1 #bja ,fuel1 smoke-produc+1 #bed ,g ,gas1 asc]ta9+ purity (1 #abh ,gas1 bla/-furnace1 #aec ,gas1 calorific value (1 #bhd ,gas1 calorific value ( produc]1 #bjj ,gas1 coke-ov51 #aec ,gas consumption1 #agc ,gas consumption ( burn]1 #cj ,gas1 effect ( quality1 #aeb ,gas-eng9e1 balanc+ (1 #df ,gas-eng9e1 c>e dur+ op]ation1 #aca ,gas-eng9e1 co/ ( in/allation1 #ai ,gas-eng9e1 co/ ( op]ation1 #ai ,gas-eng9e1 difficulties 9 />t+1 #acd ,gas-eng9e1 h[ to />t a1 #abh ,gas-eng9e1 h[ to /op a1 #acb ,gas-eng9e1 in/allation ( a1 #fh ,gas-eng9e1 location ( a1 #fh ,gas-eng9e1 selection ( a1 #ba ,gas-eng9e1 simplicity ( in/allation1 #ag ,gas-eng9e1 ! f\r-cycle1 #ba ,gas-eng9es1 adju/m5t (1 #abf ,gas-eng9es1 c>e (1 #aba ,gas-eng9es1 ,/eam-,hamm]1 #eg ,gas-eng9es1 temp]ature (1 #aeh ,gas-eng9es1 te/s (1 #bhc ,gas-eng9es1 v]tical1 #ef ,gas-eng9es1 writ]s on1 #fh ,gas1 fuel1 #aec ,gas-hold]1 #ahf1 #ahi ,gas-hold]s1 #bdg ,gas-hold]1 comb9$ ) wa%] or scrubb]1 #ahf ,gas1 illum9at+ 7see ,/reet-gas7 ,gas1 impurities (1 #agb ,gas1 ,mond1 #aec1 #afg ,gasomet] 7see ,gas-hold]7 ,gas1 produc] 7see ,produc]-gas7 ,gas production1 #agc ,gas1 purification ( wood1 #aie ,gas supply1 necessity ( coolness1 #fi ,gas-valve1 necessity ( indep5d5t op]ation (1 #bg ,gas1 wat]1 #aec1 #afi ,gas1 wood1 #aec1 #afh ,gases1 analysis (1 #bij ,g5]ator 7see also ,produc]7 ,g5]ator1 ,b5z1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 ,boll9ckx1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 c>e (1 #bei ,g5]ator1 *>g+ !1 #bei ,g5]ator1 con/ruction (1 #agg1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 dim5sions (1 #beb ,g5]ator1 ,d[son1 #agg ,g5]ator1 fir+ !1 #bje1 #bef ,g5]ator1 hot op]ation (1 #beb ,g5]ator ( suction produc]1 #bje ,g5]ator1 op]ation (1 #bea ,g5]ator1 ,pi]son1 #bae ,g5]ator1 ,p9ts*1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 ,taylor1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 ,wi$5feld1 #bjg ,g5]ator1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bjg ,g5]ator ) int]nal vaporiz]1 #bjf ,g5]ators1 bl[+1 #afi ,g5]ators1 pressure1 #afi1 #agg ,gov]nor1 ball1 #eb1 #ec ,gov]nor1 c>e dur+ op]ation1 #aca ,gov]nor1 hit-&-miss1 #eb1 #ed ,gov]nor1 in]tia1 #ec ,gov]nor1 s5sitiv5ess (1 #eb ,gov]nors1 #ec ,gov]nors1 adju/m5t (1 #abd ,gov]nors1 c>e (1 #abc ,gov]nors1 c5trifugal1 #ef ,gov]nors1 c5trifugal1 ) hit-&-miss regulation1 #ee ,gov]nors = oil-eng9es1 #bfe ,gov]nors = produc]-gas eng9es1 #afa ,gov]nors1 hit-&-miss1 #ed ,gov]nors1 v>iable admission1 #ef ,grate1 ,b5i]'s1 #baf ,grate ( g5]ator-l9+1 #bad ,grate1 ,kid]l51 #baf ,grate1 ,p9ts*1 #baf ,grate1 ,wi$5feld1 #baf ,h ,heat]1 air1 #bch ,hit-&-miss regulation 7see ,gov]nors7 ,hold]s1 gas1 #bdg ,hopp]1 ,boll9ckx1 #bbe ,hopp]1 ,deutz1 #bbe ,hopp] = g5]ator1 #bbd ,hopp]1 removable fe$1 #bbe ,hopp]1 ,taylor1 #bbe ,hopp]1 ,wi$5feld1 #bbe ,hopp]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bbe ,horse-p[]1 def9ition (1 #fj ,horse-p[]1 det]m9ation (1 #fa ,horse-p[] 7see also ,p[]7 ,hot tubes 7see ,tubes7 ,hydroc>bons1 volatile1 = eng9e fuel1 #bfd ,i ,ignition1 #bg1 #abb ,ignition1 adju/m5t (1 #add ,ignition by batt]y & coil1 #ca ,ignition by magneto1 #cc ,ignition1 cur+ defects ( electric1 #ade ,ignition1 defective1 #aeb ,ignition1 disadvantages ( belat$1 #bh ,ignition1 disadvantages ( premature1 #bh ,ignition1 effect ( lo/ motion1 #adf ,ignition1 effect ( mixture composition on1 #bh ,ignition1 effect ( temp]ature ( flame on1 #bh ,ignition1 effect ( wat] on1 #acf ,ignition1 electric1 #cj1 #aci ,ignition1 electric1 regulation (1 #ade ,ignition1 faulty1 #adc ,ignition = high-pressure eng9es1 #ce ,ignition1 hot-tube1 #aei ,ignition1 imp]fect1 #acg ,ignition1 objections to electric1 #ca ,ignition ( produc]-gas1 #afj ,ignition1 premature1 #aci1 #adb ,ignition1 premature1 9 high-pressure eng9es1 #aeh ,ignition1 prev5tion (1 by faulty compression1 #acd ,ignition1 prop] tim+ (1 #bg ,ignition1 spontane\s1 #adj1 #aei ,ignition1 te/s prior to />t+ eng9e1 #abi ,ignition-tubes 7see ,tubes7 ,incru/ation ( wat]-jacket1 #ih1 #adh ,incru/ation1 prev5tion (1 #ajg ,incru/ations1 #bee ,indicators1 #bhe ,indicator-records1 #abg ,induction-coil1 #cb ,in/allation1 laws gov]n+ gas-eng9e1 #hf ,j ,jo9ts1 #abe ,jo9ts1 c>e (1 #abd ,l ,lam+ mass1 #bdf ,laws gov]n+ gas-eng9es1 #hf ,leakage ( pipes1 #fi ,lift-valve = *>g+-box1 #bbc ,lignite 9 produc]s1 #ahh ,l9+1 refractory1 #baa ,l9+1 support = g5]ator1 #bad ,loads1 consumption at half & full1 #fb ,location ( eng9e1 #fh ,lubricate 7see ,oils7 ,lubricat+-pumps1 #aae ,lubrication1 #aaa1 #aba ,lubrication1 difficulties entail$ by1 #aai ,lubrication1 faulty1 #adi ,lubrication ( crank-%aft1 #aag ,lubrication ( high-p[] eng9e1 #aaf ,lubrication ( valve-/em1 #aai ,lubricator1 cotton-wa/e1 #aag ,lubricators1 automatic1 #aac ,lubricators1 disconnection (1 :5 /opp+ eng9e1 #acb ,lubricators1 exam9ation (1 be=e />t+1 #abi ,lubricators1 fe$ (1 #aba ,lubricators1 revolv+-r+1 #aah ,lubricators1 sight-fe$1 #aah ,lubricators1 types (1 #aac ,m ,magneto1 adaptability = produc]-gas1 #ce ,magneto1 control (1 #ch ,magneto1 effici5cy (1 #cd ,magneto-ignit]1 con/ruction (1 #ce ,magneto ignition1 #cc ,magneto ignition1 precautions to be tak51 #cd ,magneto1 inspection (1 be=e />t+ eng9e1 #abi ,magneto1 me*anical control (1 #cc ,magneto1 op]ation (1 #cc ,magneto1 regulation (1 #cg ,ma9t5ance ( plants1 #bie ,manograph1 #bfi ,mass1 ,lam+1 #bdf ,met]s1 capacity (1 #gj ,met]s1 dry1 #gb ,met]s1 evaporation 9 wet1 #gj ,met]s1 falsification ( records1 #gj ,met]s1 incl9ation (1 #ga ,met]s1 size (1 #ga ,misfire1 #acg ,mixture1 effect ( high compression 91 #aee ,mixture1 effect ( high pressure on1 #aef ,mixture1 gov]n+ by v>y+ !1 #afa-afd ,mixture1 poorness (1 #adc ,mixture1 pressure (1 #bf ,mixture-valve1 necessity ( indep5d5ce ( op]ation (1 #bg ,mort> = f\ndation1 #hg ,motion1 lo/1 #adf ,muffl] = exhau/1 #hf1 #id ,n ,naph?al5e 9 gas-pipes1 #gj ,noises1 cause (1 #ib ,noises ( exhau/1 #id ,o ,oil]s 7see ,lubricators7 ,oil+ 7see ,lubrication7 ,oil1 addition ( sulphur to1 #adg ,oil1 cyl9d]1 #adi ,oil-eng9es1 #bfd1 #bfe ,oil-eng9es1 gov]n+1 #bfe ,oil-eng9es1 spe$ (1 #bfd ,oil-eng9es1 writ]s on1 #bff ,oil = eng9e fuel1 #bfd ,oil1 freez+ (1 #aej ,oil-gu>d = fly-:eel1 #abj ,oil-lamp1 #bff ,oil1 prev5tion ( spread+ on fly-:eel1 #abj ,oil-pumps1 #aae1 #bbf ,oil1 quality (1 #aej ,oil1 spla%+ (1 #aai ,oil-tank1 #bff ,oils1 h[ te/$1 #aab ,oils1 m9]al = lubrication1 #aab ,oils1 purification (1 #aac ,oils1 quality (1 #aab ,oils1 requisites (1 #aab ,op]ation1 /ead9ess (1 #eb ,otto cycle1 #ba ,ov]heat+1 #aeb ,ov]heat+1 prev5tion (1 #adg ,p ,pac9i treatm5t1 #aga ,peat 9 produc]s1 #ahh ,p]turbations1 #acd ,petrol 7see ,oil7 ,pipe-hang]s1 #hf ,pipes1 #fi ,pipes1 cross-section (1 #gj ,pipes1 disposition (1 #gg ,pipes1 escape1 #bbh ,pipes1 exposure to cold1 #fi ,pipes = exhau/1 #hc ,pipes = produc]-gas1 #bdi ,pipes = wat]-tanks1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje ,pipes1 hang+ (1 #hf ,pipes1 insulation f f\ndations & walls1 #id ,pipes1 leakage (1 #fi ,pipes1 m9imum diamet] ( bran*1 #ha ,pipes1 prop] size (1 #gj ,pi/on1 #ci1 #abb ,pi/on1 avoidance ( ins]tions or projections1 #ci ,pi/on1 clean+ (1 #ada ,pi/on1 curv$ faces inadvisable1 #ci ,pi/on1 direct connection ) crank-%aft1 #dc ,pi/on1 f9i% (1 #da ,pi/on1 importance (1 #aaa ,pi/on1 leakage (1 #acf ,pi/on1 ov]heat+ (1 #adh ,pi/on1 position (1 9 />t+1 #acj ,pi/on1 re> face (1 #ci ,pi/on-p91 con/ruction ( be>+ at1 #dj ,pi/on-p91 location (1 #da ,pi/on-p91 lock+ (1 #dj ,pi/on-p91 lubrication (1 #aac ,pi/on-p91 mat]ial (1 #dj1 #ea ,pi/on-p91 /r5g? (1 #dj ,pi/on-r+s1 f\l+ (1 #adi ,pi/on-r+s1 mat]ial (1 #da ,pi/on-r+s1 numb] (1 #da ,pi/on-rod1 effect ( premature explosion on1 #cj ,pi/on-we>1 #dj ,poison+1 c>bon monoxide1 #agj ,porcela9 ( sp>k-plug1 #cb ,p[]1 def9ition (1 #fj ,p[]1 measur+ eng9e1 #bhe ,p[]1 ,nom9al1 #fa ,precautions to be tak5 9 />t+1 #abh ,pressure1 back1 to exhau/1 #aea ,pressure-g5]ators1 #afi1 #agg ,pressure 9 produc]-gas eng9es1 #afj ,pressure-lubricators1 #aad ,pressure-produc]s1 #agd ,pressure-regulator1 bell z1 #ahg ,pressure-regulators1 #gg ,pressure-regulators1 _! con/ruction1 #gh ,pressures1 high1 9 produc]-gas eng9es1 #aed ,preheat]s1 #bbi ,produc]1 assembl+1 #bec ,produc]1 ,b5i]1 #baf ,produc]1 ,b5z1 #bbh1 #bci1 #bdj ,produc]1 ,boll9ckx1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bci ,produc]1 ,*avanon1 #bbi ,produc]1 clean+ (1 #bfa ,produc]1 ,dawson1 #agd ,produc]1 ,des*amps1 #aih ,produc]1 ,deutz1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bdj ,produc]1 ,deutz1 #bca1 #bcb ,produc]1 ,deutz lignite1 #ahh ,produc]1 ,duff1 #aie ,produc]1 ,fange-,*avanon1 #aih ,produc]1 ,fi*et-,heurty1 #bdj1 #bde ,produc]1 ,g>die1 #ahc ,produc]-gas1 #aec ,produc]-gas1 #afe ,produc]-gas z a furnace fuel1 #agg ,produc]-gas1 calorific value (1 #bjj ,produc]-gas1 composition (1 #aff ,produc]-gas plants1 te/s (1 #big ,produc]-gas1 writ]s on1 #aed ,produc]1 g5]al arrangem5t ( suction1 #bjd ,produc]1 ,goebels1 #bjf ,produc]1 ,hille1 #bjf1 #bci ,produc]1 ,kid]l51 #bjf ,produc]1 ,kid]l51 #baf ,produc]1 ,ko]t+1 #bcb ,produc]1 ,l5cau*ez1 #bab1 #bad ,produc]1 ,pho5ix1 #bag ,produc]1 ,pi]son1 #bbd1 #bbi ,produc]1 ,p9ts*1 #bjf1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bde1 #bdh ,produc]1 ,ri*e1 #afh1 #aij1 #aic1 #aie1 #baf ,produc] 7see also ,g5]ator7 ,produc]1 /oppage (1 #bfa ,produc]1 ,taylor1 #bjf1 #bad1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcb ,produc]1 te/ by smoke1 #bed ,produc]1 te/ ( ,deutz1 #bih ,produc]1 te/ ( ,d[son1 #bif ,produc]1 te/s ( ,w9t]?ur1 #big ,produc]1 ,?waite1 #aie ,produc]1 ,wi$5feld1 #bjf1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bcd1 #bci ,produc]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bcf ,produc]s1 advantages ( suction1 #aii ,produc]s1 combu/ion1 #aic ,produc]s1 conditions ( p]fect op]ation1 #bea ,produc]s1 consumption ( suction1 #bjj ,produc]s1 di/ill+1 #aij ,produc]s1 effici5cy (1 #bja ,produc]s1 effici5cy ( lignite1 #aij ,produc]s1 effici5cy ( wood1 #aid ,produc]s1 lignite1 #ahh ,produc]s1 ma9t5ance (1 #bed ,produc]s1 peat1 #ahh ,produc]s1 pressure1 #agd ,produc]s1 self-r$uc+1 #aic ,produc]s1 specifications (1 #bha ,produc]s1 suction1 #aii ,produc]s1 suction 7see also ,suction-produc]s7 ,produc]s1 te/s (1 #big ,produc]s ) ext]nal vaporiz]s1 #bjf ,production ( gas1 #agc ,pulley1 disconnection (1 9 /opp+ eng9e1 #acb ,pump1 circulat+ ) by-pass1 #ajf ,purifi]1 fib]1 #ahe ,purifi]1 ,fi*et-,heurtey1 #bde ,purifi]1 mat]ial =1 #bde ,purifi]1 moss1 #ahe ,purifi]1 ,p9ts*1 #bde ,purifi]1 sawdu/1 #ahe ,purifi]s = gas1 #ahd ,purifi]s = produc]-gas1 #bdd ,r ,record]1 analysis ( in]tia ( explosion1 #bgg ,record]1 explosion1 = indu/rial eng9es1 #bhe ,record]1 ! cont9u\s explosion1 #bfi ,records ( eng9es1 #bhd ,records ( explosions1 #bhh ,records1 indicator1 #abg ,regr9d+ ( valves1 #abb ,regul>ity1 cyclic1 #dh1 #ec ,remagnetization ( magnetos1 #cc ,resuscitation aft] asphyxiation1 #aga ,retort1 clean+ (1 #bbe ,retort ( produc]1 #aij ,retort1 support1 #bad ,revolutions1 v>iations 9 numb] (1 #eb ,roll]s1 #ea ,runn+1 /ead9ess (1 #eb ,s ,s& = f\ndation1 #hg ,sawdu/ 9 produc]s1 #aic ,scav5g+1 #adb1 #aee ,scrubb]1 #ahi1 #aii ,scrubb]1 comb9$ ) gas-hold]1 #ahf ,scrubb] = produc]-gas1 #bdj ,scrubb]1 size (1 #bec ,selection ( gas-eng9e1 #ba ,%av+s 9 produc]s1 #aic ,slide-valve = *>g+-box1 #bbc ,slide-valve1 its disadvantages1 #bc ,sluice-valves1 #aja ,smoke f cyl9d]1 #adi ,sp>k-plug1 #cb ,specifications ( eng9es1 #bha ,specifications ( produc]s1 #bha ,spe$1 h[ to increase1 #abd ,spe$ ( oil-eng9es1 #bfd ,spe$ ( volatile hydroc>bon eng9es1 #bfd ,spe$1 v>iation (1 ) load1 #eb ,spokes ( fly-:eels1 #di ,spr+ = valves 7see ,valves7 ,spr+s1 selection (1 = explosion-record]1 #bgg ,/>t]1 ,tangye1 #fe ,/>t+ an eng9e1 #abh ,/>t+1 automatic1 #fc1 #acj ,/>t+ by compress$ air1 #fd ,/>t+ by h&1 #fc ,/>t+ by h&-pumps1 #fd ,/>t+1 difficulties 91 #acd ,/>t+1 h[ accompli%$1 #ff ,/>t+ ( produc]-gas eng9e1 #beh ,/ead9ess1 #eb ,/eam-eng9e1 co/ ( in/allation1 #ai ,/eam-eng9e1 co/ ( op]ation1 #ai ,/oppage ( produc]1 #bfa ,/opp+ ! eng9e1 #acb ,/ops1 sudd51 #aea ,/raw 9 produc]s1 #aic1 #bed ,/reet-gas1 #afe ,suction1 det]m9ation ( resi/ance to1 #bgd ,suction1 noises caus$ by1 #ada ,suction ( air1 #ha ,suction p]iod1 #ba ,suction-produc]1 g5]al arrangem5t (1 #bjd ,suction-produc]s1 #aii ,suction-produc]s1 advantages (1 #aii ,suction-produc]s1 effici5cy (1 #bja ,suction-valve1 leakage (1 #adb ,sup]-heat]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bcf ,sylve/] treatm5t1 #aga ,t ,tanks1 connection (1 #aje ,tanks1 design (1 #ajc ,tanks1 location (1 #ajb ,tanks = wat]-jacket1 h[ m\nt$1 #aja ,t> 9 produc]-plants1 #bjj ,t>1 removal (1 #bej ,t> 7see also ,scrubb]1 ,purifi]1 etc47 ,taylor1 ,a41 #aii ,t]m9als ( magneto app>atus1 #cd ,te/s ( gas-eng9e plants1 #bhc ,te/s ( high-spe$ eng9es1 #bfh ,te/s ( produc]-gas eng9es1 #big ,?ru/-be>+s1 #ea ,tongue1 traction (1 9 asphyxiation cases1 #agb ,t[]1 wa%]1 #bdd ,t[n-gas 7see ,/reet-gas7 ,tree bran*es = cool]s1 #ajg ,trepidations1 #ib ,tube1 gas-supply pipe ( inc&esc5t1 #gg ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 #bg ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 adju/m5t (1 #add ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 breakage (1 #acg ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 dang] ( break+1 #aca ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 h[ />t$1 #abh ,tube1 inc&esc5t1 leakage (1 #ach ,tubes z vaporiz]s1 #bca ,tubes1 inc&esc5t1 #bh1 #aei ,tubes1 inc&esc5t1 valv$1 #bi ,tubes1 use ( special valves ) inc&esc5t1 #bi ,tubes1 valveless ignition1 #bh ,v ,valve-*e/s1 #abd ,valve me*anism1 slide1 #bc ,valve-regr9d+1 #abb1 #ace ,valve-/em lubrication1 #aai ,valves1 #abb ,valves1 accessibility (1 #be ,valves1 cool+ (1 #be ,valves1 cool+ (1 9 high-pressure eng9es1 #aef ,valves1 defective op]ation (1 #ace ,valves1 free1 #bg ,valves1 me*anical control (1 #bg ,valves1 mod]n1 #bd ,valves1 necessity ( cleanl9ess1 #be ,valves1 regulation (1 be=e />t+1 #abi ,valves1 requisites (1 #be ,valves1 ret>dation 9 action (1 #adf ,vaporiz]1 ,boll9ckx1 #bcd ,vaporiz]1 ,*avanon1 #bbi1 #bcd ,vaporiz]1 ,deutz1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bbi1 #bbe ,vaporiz]1 ,field1 #bcc ,vaporiz]1 int]nal1 #bjf ,vaporiz]1 ,ko]t+1 #bcb ,vaporiz]1 ma9t5ance (1 #bee ,vaporiz]1 op]ation (1 #bcd ,vaporiz]1 ,pi]son1 #bbi ,vaporiz]1 ,p9ts*1 #bca1 #bcb ,vaporiz]-preheat]s1 #bbi ,vaporiz]1 size (1 #bec ,vaporiz]1 ,taylor1 #bca1 #bcb ,vaporiz]1 ,wi$5feld1 #bbe1 #bcd ,vaporiz]s1 ext]nal1 #bjf1 #bcj ,vaporiz]s1 int]nal1 #bbi ,vaporiz]s1 p>tition1 #bcd ,vaporiz]s1 regulation (1 #bcf ,vaporiz]s1 tubul>1 #bca ,v5tilation 9 eng9e-room1 #fi ,vibration1 #hi ,vibration ( air1 #ib ,vibration1 prev5tion (1 #hi1 #ij ,w ,wat] circulation1 #ih1 #ajg1 #abe ,wat] circulation by pump1 #ajg ,wat] circulation1 c>e dur+ op]ation1 #acb ,wat] circulation1 h[ effect$1 #ajb ,wat] circulation1 prev5tion ( freez+1 #acc ,wat]-cool]s1 #ajf ,wat]-cool]s1 size (1 #aji ,wat] = circulation1 #ii ,wat] = produc]-gas eng9es1 #bjc ,wat]-gas1 #aec1 #afg ,wat] 9 cyl9d]1 #acf ,wat] 9 exhau/1 #acf ,wat]-jacket1 #da1 #ih1 #abe1 #aeg ,wat]-jacket1 incru/ation (1 #adh ,wat]-jacket1 outlet (1 #ih ,wat]-jacket1 prev5tion ( incru/ation1 #ajg ,wat]-pipe1 #ajb ,wat]1 purification (1 = circulation1 #ih ,wat]1 runn+1 = jacket1 #ih ,wat]-tanks1 #aja ,wat]-tanks1 connection (1 #ajc1 #aje ,wat]-tanks1 design (1 #ajc ,wat]-tanks1 location (1 #ajb ,wa%]1 ,b5z1 #bdj ,wa%]1 comb9$ ) gas-hold]1 #ahf ,wa%]1 ,deutz1 #bdj ,wa%]1 ,fi*et-,heurtey1 #bdj ,wa%] = gas1 #aii ,wa%] = produc]-gas1 #bdj ,wa%]1 ma9t5ance (1 #bef ,wa%]1 mat]ial employ$ 91 #bdb ,wa%]1 ,w9t]?ur1 #bdj ,wa%]s1 #ahd ,we>1 premature1 #adf ,witz app>atus1 #bhd ,wood z fuel1 #bed ,wood1 calorific value1 #aid ,wood-gas1 #aec1 #afh ,wood-gas1 purification (1 #aie ,wood 9 produc]s1 #aij1 #aib1 #aic ,"w1 def9ition ( effective1 #fj ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,! ,,mietz ,,weiss ,,oil ,,eng9e ,,/ation>y ,,m>9e #a to #ge ,h4,p4 #a to #fj ,h4,p4 ,illu/ration #ej ,h4,p4 ,,g5]ator ,,set ,,k]os5e ,,or ,,fuel ,,oil 99 99 99 99 99 ,air ,compressors1 ,g5]ator ,sets1 ,hoi/+ ,eng9es 99 99 99 99 99 ,c5trifugal & ,triplex ,pumps & ,eng9es ,direct ,c\pl$ ,m$al ( ,excell5ce--,am]ican ,in/itute1 #ahig4 ,highe/ ,aw>d = ,direct ,oil ,eng9e1 ,g5]ator ,set--,p>is ,univ]sal ,exposition1 #aijj4 ,gold ,m$al--,pan-,am]ican ,exposition1 #aija4 ,gold ,m$al--,*>le/on ,exposition1 #aijb4 ,gold ,m$al--,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition1 #aijd4 ,a4 ,,mietz #hg-hi ,elizabe? ,/4 #abh-ach ,mott ,/41 ,new ,york ,,splitdorf ,,jump-,,sp>k ,,ignition ,,app>atus ,con/ruct$ ,! only ,real to give ,good ,illu/ration ,/&>d ,satisfaction ,high ,t5sion ,p]man5tly ,app>atus ,f4 ,,splitdorf #ag-bg ,v&swat] ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,illu/ration ,,*eape/ ,,p[] ,,suction ,gas ,produc]s ,,dr4 ,,osk> ,,nagel #ij ,wall ,/reet ,,new ,,york ,e4,h4 ,,kellogg ,,co4 ,e/abli%$ #aheh ,sole ,manufactur]s ( ! 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flags ( all nations1 ! funnels & h\se flags ( l9es 9 ,am]ican trade1 & ! ,int]national ,signal ,code4 ,descriptive circul> s5t on reque/4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s #cfa ,broadway ,,new ,,york ,,pat5ts ,! ,weal? ( ,nations ,a pat5t gives y an exclusive "r to y\r inv5tion = a t]m ( sev5te5 ye>s4 ,y c sell1 lease1 mortgage x1 assign portions ( x1 & grant lic5ses to manufacture "u x4 ,our ,pat5t sy/em is responsible = mu* ( our indu/rial progress & our success 9 compet+ 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,! value ( a successful ,pat5t is 9 no degree comm5surate ) ! almo/ nom9al co/ ( obta9+ x4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a ,pat5t x is necess>y to employ a ,pat5t ,attorney to prep>e ! specifications & draw ! claims4 ,?is is a special bran* ( ! legal pr(ession :i* c only be conduct$ successfully by exp]ts4 ,= ne>ly sixty ye>s we h act$ z solicitors = ?\s&s ( cli5ts 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,our va/ exp]i5ce enables u to prep>e & prosecute ,pat5t cases & ,trade ,m>ks at a m9imum ( exp5se4 ,our "w is ( "o quality1 & ! rates are ! same to ri* & poor4 ,our unbias$ op9ion freely giv54 ,we are happy to consult ) y 9 p]son or by lett] z to ! probable pat5tability ( y\r inv5tion4 ,h& ,book on ,pat5ts1 ,trade ,m>ks1 etc41 ,s5t ,free on ,application ,,munn ,,company ,,solicitors ,,( ,,pat5ts ,ma9 ,(fice #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,bran* ,(fice1 #fbe ,f ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,! ,mo/ ,popul> ,sci5tific ,pap] 9 ! ,_w ,e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,weekly1 #c4jj a ,ye>2 #a4ej ,six ,mon?s4 ,?is unrival$ p]iodical is n[ 9 its sixtie? ye>1 &1 ow+ to its ev]-increas+ popul>ity1 x enjoys ! l>ge/ circulation ev] atta9$ by any sci5tific publication4 ,e numb] conta9s sixte5 l>ge pages1 beautifully pr9t$1 h&somely illu/rat$2 x pres5ts 9 popul> /yle a descriptive record ( ! mo/ novel1 int]e/+ & important developm5ts 9 ,sci5ce1 ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,x %[s ! progress ( ! ,_w 9 respect to ,new ,discov]ies & ,improvem5ts1 embrac+ ,ma*9]y1 ,me*anical ,works1 ,eng9e]+ 9 all its bran*es1 ,*emi/ry1 ,metallurgy1 ,electricity1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,ar*itecture1 ,dome/ic ,economy1 ,agriculture1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 etc4 ,x ab\nds 9 fre% & int]e/+ subjects = discussion1 ?\ght or /udy4 ,to ! inv5tor x is invaluable1 z e numb] conta9s a complete li/ ( all pat5ts & trade-m>ks issu$ weekly f ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,x promotes ,indu/ry1 ,progress1 ,?rift & ,intellig5ce 9 e community :]e x circulates4 ,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican %\ld h a place 9 e ,dwell+1 ,%op1 ,(fice1 ,s*ool1 or ,libr>y4 ,workm51 ,=em51 ,eng9e]s1 ,sup]9t5d5ts1 ,directors1 ,presid5ts1 ,(ficials1 ,m]*ants1 ,f>m]s1 ,tea*]s1 ,lawy]s1 ,physicians1 ,cl]gym5--,p 9 e walk & pr(ession 9 life w d]ive satisfaction & b5efit f a regul> read+ ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,if y want to "k m ab\t ! pap] s5d = ,fifte5 ,reasons ,:y ,y ,%\ld ,subscribe to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 & = ,five ,reasons ,:y ,inv5tors ,%\ld ,subscribe to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,fifty-two numb]s make #hcb l>ge pages1 equal to #c1cbh ord9>y magaz9e pages1 & #a1jjj illu/rations are publi%$ ea* ye>4 ,c y & y\r fri5ds af=d to be )\t ?is up-to-date p]iodical :i* is read by e class & pr(ession8 ,remit #c4jj by po/al ord] or *eck = a ye>'s subscription1 or #a4ej = six mon?s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,e/abli%$ #ahgf4 ,?is j\rnal is a sep>ate publication f ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 & is design$ to ext5d & amplify ! "w c>ri$ on by ! p>5t pap]4 ,9 size & g5]al make-up x is uni=m !re)1 cov]+ sixte5 pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]1 h&somely illu/rat$4 ,x has no adv]tis+ pages1 & ! entire space is giv5 up to ! sci5tific1 me*anical & eng9e]+ news ( ! day4 ,x diff]s f ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican 9 t x conta9s _m articles t are too long to be publi%$ 9 ! old] j\rnal1 or ( a m te*nical nature4 ,! price ( ! ,,supplem5t is #e4jj a ye>1 b :]e subscrib]s take bo? ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t a special comb9$ rate ( #g4jj = bo? is made if ! pap]s are mail$ to "o address4 ,remit by po/al ord] or *eck4 ,all copies ( ! ,,supplem5t s9ce ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 are 9 pr9t & c be suppli$ at ! uni=m price ( #aj c5ts ea*1 ?us enabl+ read]s to obta9 access to a mo/ valuable s\rce ( in=mation on almo/ e subject at ! mo/ mod]ate price4 ,a l>ge ,supplem5t ,catalogue giv+ a li/ ( ne>ly #ae1jjj valuable pap]s w be mail$ free to any "o4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,cyclop$ia ( ,receipts1 ,notes & ,qu]ies ,,revis$ ,,edition #ae1jjj ,receipts4 #gcd ,pages4 ,price1 #e4jj4 ,,mail$ ,,to ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,lea!r ,b9d+ z foll[s3 ,%eep1 #f4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #f4ej4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,cyclop$ia ,,( ,,receipts1 ,,notes ,,& ,,qu]ies 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahia4 ,x 0 well receiv$ by ! press1 came quickly into ! favor ( pur*as]s & has _h an unprec$5t$ sale4 ,x has be5 us$ by *emi/s1 te*nologi/s1 & ^? unfamili> ) ! arts1 ) equal success1 & has demon/rat$ t x is a book :i* is useful 9 ! laboratory1 factory or home4 ,x consi/s ( a c>eful compilation ( ! mo/ useful receipts1 & in=mation g]mane to ! scope ( ! book1 :i* h appe>$ 9 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,! ,publi%]s n[ take pleasure 9 (f]+ ! ,sixte5? ,revis$ ,edition1 :i* has be5 br\ght up to ! late/ requirem5ts by ! ins]tion ( #ijj new =mulae1 mak+ x ! late/ & mo/ complete volume on ! subject ( receipts ev] pres5t$4 ,ov] #ae1jjj select$ =mulae are "h collect$1 ne>ly e bran* ( ! useful arts be+ repres5t$4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal sub/ances & raw mat]ials us$ 9 ! arts are describ$1 & almo/ e inquiry relat+ to =mulae w be f\nd answ]$4 ,x is m ?an a receipt book1 z 9 mo/ cases x gives all ! /&>d & special =mulae1 ?us enabl+ ! read] to f9d a receipt :i* fits 8 peculi> ne$4 ,an alphabetical arrangem5t ) abundant cross ref]5ces makes x an easy "w to consult4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9 any bran* ( indu/ry w f9d ?is book ( ! greate/ practical value1 & we especially comm5d x to ^? :o are 9 se>* ( an indep5d5t bus9ess1 z !y w f9d _m =mulae = ! manufacture ( salable articles :i* w be wor? _m times ! co/ ( ! book4 ,! ,app5dix conta9s ! v late/ =mulae z well z #da tables ( weights & measures1 & a diction>y ( *emical synonyms4 ,illu/ration ,,s5d ,,= ,,full ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice4 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,illu/rations may h be5 mov$4 ,! foll[+ publi%]s' errors & inconsi/5cies 7 correct$ z not$3 ,fig4 #ei3 ,!rmo-siphon 0 ,!rmo-syphon4 ,page viii3 ,if ignition occurs too 0 ,if ignition occur too ,page #ah3 smoke-/ack 0 smoke/ack4 ,page #ai3 ,split illu/rations & titl$ "o ,fig4 #a;a4 ,page #gj3 ,re>rang$ table4 ,page #hc3 sawdu/ 0 saw-du/4 ,page #hc3 #i feet by #ae feet 0 #i feet by #ge feet 7ma? error74 ,page #ib3 crank-%aft 0 crank%aft4 ,page #ib3 fly-:eel 0 fly:eel4 ,page #aje3 !rmo-siphons 0 !rmo-syphons4 ,page #abh3 gas-pipe 0 gaspipe4 ,page #agd1 #bjj1 #bjc7b places73 horse-p[] 0 horsep[]4 ,page #bje3 sup]-heat] 0 sup]heat]4 ,page #bbj3 air-tight 0 airtight4 ,page #bci3 sup]heat$ 0 sup]-heat$4 ,page #bee3 pota% 0 po/a%4 ,page #bfd3 #ei degrees ,f4 0 #dij degrees ,f4 7conv]sion error74 ,page #bfi3 drum p'' 0 drum p'4 ,page #bia3 ,fig4 #aej has be5 split into two figures4 ,page #big3 ,/roke 0 ,/oke4 ,page #cjj3 ,ziehe 0 ,zi he4 ,page #cja3 ,messrs4 0 ,me rs44 ,page #cbc3 ,,= 0 ,,f(4 ,index3 ,fire-box 0 ,firebox4 ,index3 ,gov]nors1 444 hit-&-miss 0 hit-& miss4 ,index3 ,pi/on 444 crank-%aft 0 crank%aft4 ,adv]tisem5ts3 ,*apt] head] ,,adv]tisem5ts add$4 99 99 99 99 99