99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al         
publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully 
except z %[n 9 ! ,transcrib]'s ,am5dm5ts
 at ! end ( ! text4 ,words 9 italics are
 indicat$ l ?is4 ,text emphasiz$ ) bold 
*>act]s or o!r treatm5t is %[n l ?is4   
,sup]scripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,sta   
,m>ia4 ,subscripts are indicat$ l ?is3  
,h#b,o4         99       99       99    
99       99                             
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican                   
,,supplem5t                             
,,new ,,york1 ,,june #b1 #ahhh          
,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 ,vol4   
,,xxv41 ,no4 #fdh4                      
,sci5tific ,am]ican1 e/abli%$ #ahde4    
,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a    
ye>4             ,sci5tific ,am]ican &  
,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4                   
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4                  
,,page      ,i4                         
,,ar*itecture4--,evolution ( ! ,mod]n   
,mill4--,by ,c4 ,j4 ,h4                 
,,woodbury4--,cont9uation ( ?is ,sibley 

,college lecture1 treat+     ( !        
practical details ( mill /ructures4     
#ajcdf      ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomy4--,*anges 9
 ! ,/ell> ,heav5s4--,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,gore1 
,f4,r4,a4,s4--,*anges ( color1          
brightness1 & position 9 !     fix$ />s 
z atte/$ to by ! records ( ! anci5t &   
mod]n a/ronom]s4                        
#ajcee      ,di/ance & ,con/itution ( ! 
,sun4--,mod]n !ories ( !     sun &      
difficulties 9 =mulat+ a satisfactory   
explanation     ( all ( its ph5om5a4    
#ajced      ,,iii4 ,,botany4--,! ,common
 ,d&elion4--,by ,,fr$]ick ,,l]oy        
,,s>g5t4--,! prop]ties & life hi/ory (  
?is common plant4--     ,its wond]ful   
se$-di/ribut+ app>atus4--#h             
illu/rations4     #ajcee      ,,iv4     
,,*emi/ry4--,poison ( ! ,somalis        
extract$ f ! ,wood (     ! ,ouabaio4--,a
 rec5tly inve/igat$ plant pr9ciple4     
#ajceh      ,v4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,te/
 ( a ,wr\ght ,iron ,d\ble ,track ,floor 
,beam4--,by ,,alfr$ ,p4 ,,boll]4--,a te/
 pu%$ to actual rupture (     a         

full-siz$ memb] ( a bridge4--#a         
illu/ration4                #ajcdd      
,timb] & ,"s ( its ,diseases4--,by ,h4  
,,m>%all ,,w>d4--,"p ,v4     ( ?is      
exhau/ive treatise ( ! det]ioration ( "o
 ( !     great /ructural mat]ials4--#a  
illu/ration4                     #ajcde 
,improv$ ,torp$o ,boat4--#a illu/ration4
                          #ajcdh        
,,vi4 ,,electricity4--,effect ( ,*lor9e 
on ! ,electro-motive ,=ce     ( a       
,voltaic ,c\ple4--,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,gore1   
,f4,r4,s4--,a v curi\s     inve/igation1
 disclos+ ! sudd5 *ange 9 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4   
produc$     by a def9ite addition (     
*lor9e4                                 
#ajcea      ,on a ,!ory ,conc]n+ !      
,sudd5 ,loss ( ,magnetic ,prop]ties (   
,iron & ,nickel4--,by ,mr4 ,a4          
,,toml9son1 ,b4,a4--,a new !ory1        
involv+ ! probable re>rangem5t ( !      
molecules or     magnetic atoms ( !     
metals 9 "q4                      #ajceh
      ,! ,passive ,/ate ( ,iron &       
,nickel4--,note ( ?is curi\s            

ph5om5on4                               
#ajcdg      ,! ,wim%ur/ ,electric       
,ma*9e4--,illu/ration ( #ac-a_/b in*    
sp>ks     produc$ by x4--#a illu/ration4
                                 #ajceb 
,! ,application ( ,electricity to       
,light+ & ,work+4--,by ,w4     ,h4      
,,preece4--,lecture ,i4                 
#ajcej      ,,vii4                      
,,entomology4--,sy/ematic ,relations (  
,platypsyllus z     det]m9$ by !        
,l>va4--,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,,riley4--,an  
important     contribution to           
entomological sci5ce1 a pap] read at !  
meet+ ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 
,april #bj1 #ahhh4--d     illu/rations4 
#ajcef      ,,viii4 ,,hygi5e4--,r$uc+   
,obesity--,note ( g5]al pr9ciples to    
be appli$ to diet & life4 ,transcrib]3  
,omitt$ by publi%]4                     
#ajceb      ,! ,c>e ( ! ,eyes4--,by     
,pr(4 ,,david ,,web/]4--,a practical &  
sci5tific exam9ation ( h[ to pres]ve !  
eyesight & (     ! use & abuse ( ?is    
important organ ( s5se4                 

#ajceb      ,sanitation 9 ,massa*usetts4
                                        
#ajceb      ,,ix4 ,,me*anical           
,,eng9e]+4--,hydraulic ,tube            
,press4--,an     extraord9>ily p[]ful   
press = /rik+ up tubes f flat           
plates4                                 
#ajcde      ,! ,di/ribution ( ,hydraulic
 ,p[] 9 ,london4--,a rec5t sy/em        
introduc$ 9 ,london1 ) description ( !  
plant &     di/ribution pipes4          
#ajcdd      ,! ,"o ,hundr$ & ,tw5ty ,ton
 ,%e>s ( ! ,port ( ,m>seilles4--     ,an
 imm5se set ( hoi/+ app>atus describ$ & 
illu/rat$4--     #c illu/rations4       
#ajcdc      ,x4 ,,photography4--,color$ 
,photography4--,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,mayall',s 
rec5t     advances 9 ?is phase (        
photography4                            
#ajcdi      ,,xi4 ,,physics4--,sci5tific
 ,app>atus at ! ,man*e/] ,royal         
,jubilee ,exhibition4--,notes ( ! mo/   
int]e/+ electrical1     photometrical1 &
 communicat+ app>atus4                  
#ajcdh      ,! ,spectra (               

,oxyg54--,int]e/+ inve/igations (       
absorption     spectra ( oxyg54         
#ajceh      ,,xii4                      
,,surg]y4--,papillomat\s ,tumor ( !     
,bladd]1 demon/rat$     by ,means (     
,li/]'s ,electro-cy/oscope4--,by ,f4 ,n4
 ,,otis1 ,m4,d4--     ,an int]e/+       
in/ance ( ! use ( an exploratory        
electric     light4--#b illu/rations4   
#ajced      ,tumors ( ! ,bladd]         
,diagnos$ by ,means ( !                 
,electro-,endoscopic ,cy/oscope4--,by   
,dr4 ,,max ,,nitze4--,! same     g5]al  
subject 9 fur!r detail1 giv+ ! ,g]man   
practice4--     #e illu/rations4        
#ajcec      ,,xiii4                     
,,te*nology4--,future ,prospects = ,gas 
,companies4--,by ,mr4     ,,?os4        
,,wood4--,fuel & oil gas & ! future     
,utopia ( improv$     gas               
manufactur+4--,! ideal gas company (    
aft] days4--,a     valuable & sugge/ive 
pap]4                                   
#ajcdi      ,adv]tisem5ts4              
#ajceh          ,,! ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,&   

,,tw5ty ,,ton ,,%e>s ,,( ,,! ,,port ,,( 
,,m>seilles4   ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury    
m>itime nations h be5 cont9u\sly engag$ 
9 improv+ ! me*anical appliances ( _!   
l>ge ports4 ,! use ( tracks to br+ goods
 to be plac$ on vessels z ne> z possible
 to ! %ipp+ po9t1 ! sub/itution (       
oblique moles = p]p5dicul> ones 9 l>ge  
docks1 ! creation ( a hydraulic me?od ( 
load+ & unload+ ?r\gh movable cranes    
7:i* w p]haps 9 a ne> future c$e to an  
electrical "o71 con/itute ! means mo/   
us$ = exp$it+ trans%ipm5ts & r$uc+ !    
exp5se ( !m to a m9imum4 ,b1 at ! same  
"t t ! facilities = all k9ds = h&l+     
packages h be5 increas$1 x has also     
become necess>y to greatly increase !   
p[] ( ! ma*9es appli$ to !m4 ,!         
con/ruction ( l>ge packets n[ requires !
 putt+ 9 place ( boil]s ( great weight1 
& ! adoption ( ! huge pieces t compose !
 artill]y ( ironclads necessitates ! use
 ( =ce t has be5 unkn[n up to rec5t     
times4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#a4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,%e>s4             

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,"o ,,hundr$ 
,,& ,,tw5ty ,,ton ,,%e>s ,,( ,,! ,,port 
,,( ,,m>seilles4  ,at pres5t1 !n1 we    
c\ld no long] be cont5t ) manual p[]1   
act+ ^u w9dlasses or cap/ans1 = lift+ & 
%ift+4 ,x has become necess>y to apply  
/eam or hydraulic motors to ^!          
op]ations4 ,( ^!1 ! latt] are ! mo/ us$1
 on acc\nt ( _! easy op]ation & _!      
submitt+ to ! greate/ /resses ) a v     
satisfactory proportionality ( !        
exp5diture ( motive p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/    
rem>kable ( su* app>atus is ! "o t !    
,compagnie de ,fives-,lille has rec5tly 
set up on "o ( ! moles ( ! national dock
 at ,m>seilles1 = ! s]vice ( ! *amb] (  
comm]ce1 & ?is m]its a description s mu*
 ! m 9 t x is an important improvem5t ^u
 ! analog\s app>atus n[ 9 use 9 o!r     
ports4  ,accord+ to ! conditions ( !    
programme1 p[]s ( #be1 #ge1 & #abj tons 
_h to be obta9$ at w1 ) a proportional  
output ( wat]1 & ! load _h to be lift$  
#bb ft4 above ! quay & c>ri$            
horizontally f #bh ft4 beyond ! edge to 

#af ft4 9 ! re>1 s t ! load might be    
tak5 f a %ip & deposit$ ^u a wagon1 &   
vice v]sa4 ,! %e>s1 !n1 _h to be capable
 ( p]=m+ two op]ations1 viz41 ( lift+ ! 
load & ( c>ry+ x horizontally4 ,to      
facilitate ! description1 we %all fir/  
make kn[n ! arrangem5ts t assure !      
second op]ation4  ,! app>atus is ( !    
type kn[n z oscillat+ tripod4 ,! tripod 
consi/s ( two lat]al iron plate         
uprights1 ,a ,a 7,fig4 #a71 re/+ ^u !   
:>f wall1 & ( a beam1 ,b1 jo9t$ to !m   
above & connect$ bel[ ) ! head ( ! pi/on
 ( a hydraulic press4 ,?is latt] re/s ^u
 an iron plate frame1 solidly bolt$ to  
masonry4 ,! pi/on pulls ! beam1 ,b1 t[>d
 x :5 x desc5ds1 & c>ries along 9 ! same
 motion ! %e>s1 ,a1 z well z ! load     
susp5d$ f _! po9t ( junction1 & ! load  
is ?us c>ri$ to a di/ance ( #af ft4 f ! 
edge ( ! :>f 9 ord] to be plac$ ^u a    
wagon4 ,conv]sely1 if ! pi/on rises1 x  
pu%es be=e x ! entire framework1 z well 
z ! lift+ app>atus1 ! hook ( :i* travels
 #bh ft4 beyond ! edge ( ! :>f4  ,!     

lift+ app>atus consi/s likewise ( a     
hydraulic press susp5d$ f ! summit ( !  
tripod2 b1 9 ord] to prev5t ! jo9ts ( ! 
cyl9d] f work+ "u ! action ( ! load1 :i*
 w\ld t5d to op5 !m & cause leakages1 x 
is n susp5d$ f ! v axis ( ! junction ( !
 %e>s4 ,! cyl9d] re/s directly ^u a huge
 /irrup #de ft4 9 l5g?1 ! arms alone (  
:i* are affix$ to ! axis1 ?r\gh a ,c>dan
 jo9t4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! /ress ( !
 load c>ri$ by ! pi/on rod is ex]t$     
solely ^u ! bran*es ( ! /irrup1 & !     
sides ( ! cyl9d] "w only "u ! pressure (
 ! motive wat]4 ,! latt] is introduc$ at
 ! base ( ! press1 ?r\gh a valve t a    
special workman1 /&+ ^u a plat=m        
support$ by ! /irrup1 maneuv]s at w4  ,x
 w be se5 t ! g5]al pr9ciple appli$ =   
utiliz+ ! motive p[] is t ( direct      
action4 ,x has already be5 employ$ 9 a  
few analog\s app>atus con/ruct$ by ,sir 
,william ,arm/rong1 especially ^? ( !   
ars5al ( ,spezia & ( ! ,elswick cannon  
f\ndry1 b solely = ! lift+ press4 ,?is  
is ! fir/ "t t use has be5 made ( x to  

effect ! oscillat+ motion correspond+ to
 ! horizontal %ift+ ( ! load4 ,?is 0    
=m]ly done ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a        
me*anism t1 aside f its complication &  
high] co/1 pres5t$ ! inconv5i5ce (      
absorb+ a l>ge quantity ( =ce 9         
friction2 besides1 ! direct action      
p]mits ( p]=m+ ! maneuv]s mu* m quickly 
by ! use ( ! wat] 9 res]ve conta9$ 9 !  
accumulators4  ,ano!r important         
improvem5t1 likewise due to ! ,compagnie
 ,fives-,lille1 consi/s 9 ! addition (  
safety clicks1 :i* engage ) racks       
p>allel ) ! pi/on rod ( ea* ( ! presses 
& movable ) x4 ,! clicks1 on ! contr>y1 
are jo9t$ to axes fix$ on ! bottom ( !  
cyl9d]s4 ,?is arrangem5t pres5ts !      
foll[+ advantages3 ,if a leakage occurs 
9 ! jo9ts or fe$ pipe ( ! hoi/+ press1 !
 desc5t ( ! load c be /opp$             
in/antane\sly1 ?us prev5t+ ! grave      
damage t w\ld be done to %ips & ev5 to !
 %e>s !mselves by ! desc5t ( a #abj ton 
load1 h[ev] sl[ x might be4 ,z reg>ds ! 
oscillat+ press1 ?is arrangem5t p]mits (

 fix+ ! base ( ! connect+ beam at any   
po9t :atev] ( its travel1 :5 x is desir$
 to dism\nt ! pi/on4 ,fur!r1 x p]mits ( 
ma9ta9+ ! %e>s 9 an inv>iable position 9
 case ( sudd5 damages to ! pip+4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,automatic  
,,multipli]4  ,9 ord] to produce ! ?ree 
p[]s ( #be1 #ge1 & #abj tons requir$ by 
! programme1 & at ! same "t exp5d 9 ea* 
case a correspond+ quantity ( wat] "u   
pressure1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to cause
 ! pressure ( ! motive wat] to v>y 9 !  
same proportion z ! /ress to be ext5d$4 
,?is result is rea*$ by calculat+ !     
diamet] ( ! two cyl9d]s 9 su* a way z to
 obta9 ! mean p[] ( #ge tons1 9 mak+ !  
wat] ( ! g5]al conduit act directly "u !
 normal pressure ( #ej atmosph]es4 ,= ! 
p[]s ( #be & #abj tons1 use is made ( an
 automatic multipli]1 t consi/s ( two   
cyl9d]s arrang$ end to end1 9 :i* move  
pi/ons1 ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #c71 ( diff]5t   
diamet]s4 ,:5 x is a "q ( lift+ #abj    
tons1 ! wat] at #ej atmosph]es actuates 
! pi/on1 ,a1 & ! o!r =ces into ! lift+  

cyl9d] motive wat] "u a mu* great]      
pressure4 ,if ! load to be lift$ is b   
#be tons1 ! wat] at #ej atmosph]es      
actuates ! pi/on1 ,b1 & ,a =ces ! wat]  
into ! same cyl9d] at a mu* l[]         
pressure4 ,! same op]ations are effect$ 
9 ! o!r cyl9d] :5 ! extreme loads ( #be 
& #abj tons are mov$4  ,! %e>s are      
likewise provid$ ) a hydraulic cyl9d]1  
,e 7,fig4 #a71 plac$ on ! back ( ! beam1
 ,b1 & s]v+1 ?r\gh a cable1 to br+ !    
pi/on ( ! l>ge cyl9d] to ! end ( its    
upw>d /roke1 & = c]ta9 accessory "w4    
,f9ally1 ! app>atus z a :ole is complet$
 by an accumulator conta9+ 9 res]ve a   
l>ge "p ( ! wat] necess>y = ea*         
op]ation4  ,! app>atus is capable (     
lift+ a maximum load ( #abj tons f #bb  
feet b5ea? ! :>f to #bb feet above1 & ( 
mov+ x f #bh feet beyond ! edge to #af  
feet back ( x1 say a total ( #dd feet4  
,! cyl9d]s ( ! lift+ & oscillat+ presses
 are #a-c_/d feet 9 diamet] & #d in*es 9
 ?ickness4 ,! /roke ( ! second is       
#bb-a_/b feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! uprights is  

#aaj-a_/b feet & t ( ! connect+ beam is 
#aji feet4 ,! app>atus has be5 te/$ "u  
satisfactory conditions ) a load ( #adj 
tons4--,la ,nature4                     
,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,hydraulic ,,p[] 
,,9 ,,london4   ,at a rec5t meet+ ( !   
,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 a pap] on
 ! above subject 0 read by ,mr4 ,edw>d  
,bayz& ,ell+ton1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 ,!   
au?or obs]v$ t wat] p[] 0 no new =ce1 b 
t1 z =m]ly und]/ood1 x 0 limit$ 9 its   
application to sy/ems ( me*anism        
suitable = ! l[ pressures f\nd 9 nature4
 ,! effects obta9$ by ! use ( high      
pressure 7 s diff]5t 9 degree f all     
previ\s exp]i5ce1 t a new "n 0 ne$$1 &  
_h be5 f\nd 9 ! t]m hydraulic p[]4      
,bramah's g5ius produc$ ! hydraulic     
press1 & he cle>ly =esaw ! future       
developm5t & great capabilities ( 8     
sy/em2 b x 0 res]v$ = ,"l ,arm/rong to  
"w out & sup]9t5d ! intricate details t 
_h to be develop$ be=e ! sy/em c\ld be  
made fully s]viceable4 ,! public supply 
( hydraulic p[] 9 ,london con/itut$ !   

late/ developm5t ( ?is sy/em4 ,!        
hydraulic p[] 0 suppli$ ?r\gh ma9s *>g$ 
by pump+ at a pressure ( #gjj lb4 p]    
squ>e in*4 ,! fir/ & l>ge/ pump+ /ation 
_h be5 erect$ on a site kn[n z ,falcon  
,:>f1 ab\t #bjj y>ds ea/ ( ,blackfri>s  
,bridge4 ,! eng9e h\se at pres5t conta9$
 f\r sets ( pump+ eng9es1 ea* set be+   
capable ( ex]t+ #bjj ,i4 ,h4 ,p4  ,!    
eng9es 7 v]tical comp\nd1 ( a type      
compris+ ! advantages ( a ?ree-?r[ pump 
) direct connection betwe5 ! pump       
plung]s & ! /eam pi/ons4 ,ea* set (     
eng9es w\ld deliv] #bdj gallons ( wat]  
p] m9ute into ! accumulators at #gej lb4
 pressure p] squ>e 94 at a pi/on spe$ ( 
#bjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,?is 0 ! normal spe$ 
( work+2 b1 :5 requir$1 !y c\ld be work$
 at #bej ft4 p] m9ute1 ! maximum deliv]y
 be+ #cjj gallons p] m9ute4 ,! cond5s+  
wat] 0 obta9$ f /orage tanks ov] ! eng9e
 h\se1 & 0 return$ by circulat+ pumps to
 "o or o!r ( ^? tanks4 ,! wat] deliv]$  
into ! ma9s 0 ma9ta9$ all ! ye> r\nd at 
temp]atures ( betwe5 #fj deg4 & #he deg4

 ,! boil]s 7 ( ! d\ble flu$ ,lanca%ire  
type1 & 7 made ( /eel4 ,all 7 fitt$ )   
,vic>s' me*anical /ok]s4 ,at ! back ( ! 
boil]s 0 a ,gre5's economiz]1 consi/+ ( 
n9ety-six tubes4 ,! economiz] & ! /ok]  
ge> & worm 7 driv5 by a ,bro!rhood ?ree 
cyl9d] hydraulic eng9e4 ,! res]voir (   
p[] consi/$ ( accumulators4 ,!          
accumulators at ! pump+ /ation 7 two 9  
numb]1 ea* hav+ a ram #bj 94 9 diamet] &
 #bc ft4 /roke4  ,! weight cases 7 (    
wr\ght iron1 & 7 fill$ ) iron slag4 ,!  
total weight ( ! case & load on ea* ram 
0 approximately #ajf tons1 correspond+  
to a pressure ( #gej lb4 p] squ>e 94 ,! 
/orage tanks =m$ ! ro(s = ! eng9e &     
boil] h\ses4 ,! wat] = ! p[] supply 0   
obta9$ f ! riv] ,?ames1 & 0 pump$ into !
 tank ov] ! eng9es4 ,! wat] pass$ ?r\gh 
! filt]+ app>atus by gravity into !     
filt]$ wat] tank ov] ! boil] h\se1 :i* 0
 #g ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! unfilt]$ wat]  
tank4 ,! filt]s consi/$ ( ca/ iron      
cyl9d]s1 & ea* conta9$ a movable p]=at$ 
pi/on & a p]=at$ diaphragm1 betwe5 :i* 0

 introduc$ a quantity ( brok5 sponge2 ! 
sponge 0 compress$ by means ( hydraulic 
pressure f ! ma9s4 ,! deliv]y ( p[] wat]
 f ! ,falcon ,:>f pump+ /ation 0 ?r\gh  
f\r #f 94 ma9s4 ,! mo/ di/ant po9t ( !  
ma9s f ! accumulators 0 at ! we/ end (  
,victoria ,/reet1 & 0 #e1cbj y>ds1 or j 
ov] ?ree miles4 ,to provide = all       
frictional loss 9 ! pipes & valves1 !   
accumulators _h be5 load$ to #gej lb41 !
 /at$ pressure suppli$ be+ #gjj lb4 p]  
squ>e 94 ,! total l5g? ( ! ma9s at      
pres5t laid 0 ne>ly tw5ty-sev5 miles4 ,!
 ma9s 7 laid 9 circuit1 & !re 7 /op     
valves at ab\t e #djj y>ds1 s t any su* 
section ( ma9 c\ld be isolat$4  ,! me?od
 employ$ = detect+ leakage 0 bas$ ^u an 
automatic record ( ! numb] ( gallons    
deliv]$ into ! ma9s1 & 9 cases (        
abnormal increase dur+ ! night1 if f\nd 
to arise dur+ ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+1 !  
ma9s 7 te/$4 ,! p[] wat] us$ 0 inv>iably
 regi/]$ ?r\gh met]s on ! exhau/ pipes f
 ! ma*9es1 & f ! met]s pass$ to ! dra9s4
 ,!re 0 a slid+ scale ( *>ges f #hs4 to 

#bs4 p] #a1jjj gallons at #gjj lb4      
pressure p] squ>e in*1 design$ to meet1 
z ne>ly z possible1 ! v>iable conditions
 & requirem5ts ( consum]s4 ,! m cont9u\s
 ! use1 ! l[] ! *>ges4 ,! scale 0 int5d$
 *iefly = int]mitt5tly act+ ma*9]y1 &   
exp]i5ce _h fully prov$ t ^! rates 7    
suffici5tly l[ to effect a l>ge sav+ to 
! consum] 9 almo/ all cases1 :e!r = a   
l>ge or a small plant4 ,! au?or believ$ 
any idea ( supply+ p[] f a c5tral s\rce 
at rates mu* bel[ ^! to be *im]ical4 ,! 
practical effici5cy ( ! hydraulic sy/em 
might be fix$ at f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ( 
! p[] develop$ at ! c5tral /ation4 ,no  
o!r me?od ( transmission w\ld1 he ?\ght1
 %[ a bett] result2 & ! g5]al conv5i5ce 
& simplicity ( ! hydraulic sy/em 7 su* t
 its use w\ld h>dly be affect$1 ev5 if  
!re 7 no direct economy 9 ! co/ ( work+4
  ,9 addition to ! g5]al supply (       
hydraulic p[]1 9 ! ,city & adjo9+       
di/ricts1 to ! six hundr$ & fifty ma*9es
 at pres5t work$1 a new dep>ture _h be5 
tak5 by ! application ( hydraulic p[] to

 an e/ate at ,k5s+ton ,c\rt--! "n giv5  
to an area ( ab\t sev5 acres opposite   
,k5s+ton ,g>d5s4 ,sev5ty h\ses & dwell+s
 7 to be built on ?is e/ate1 ( :i* ?irty
 _h be5 already erect$4 ,ea* h\se 0     
fitt$ ) a hydraulic lift1 tak+ ! place (
 a back /aircase1 & ! p[] supply 0      
provid$ on ! e/ate expressly = work+ ^! 
lifts4 ,! driv5 ma*9]y 0 ( z great      
importance to an economical &           
satisfactory result z ! di/ribut+ plant1
 b ?is obvi\s fact 0 n always und]/ood4 
,g5]al regulations _h be5 prep>$ by !   
au?or1 def9+ ! conditions to be obs]v$  
by manufactur]s 9 fitt+ up ma*9]y =     
connection to ! p[] ma9s4  ,!y 7 int5d$ 
to secure safety1 & an effici5t         
regi/ration ( ! quantity ( p[] us$2 b !y
 left ! "q ( ! economy & ( ! effici5cy (
 ! ma*9es to be settl$ betwe5 ! consum]s
 & ! mak]s4 ,9 ,london m lifts 7 work+ f
 ! ma9s & m p[] 0 us$ by !m ?an by any  
o!r description ( ma*9]y4 ,! numb] ( all
 classes at pres5t at "w 0 ov] f\r      
hundr$4 ,! pr9cipal types 9 use 7 fully 

describ$4 ,9 "s cases !re _h be51 by    
adopt+ ! public supply1 a sav+ 9 ! co/ (
 work+ ( ab\t #cj p] c5t41 z comp>$ ) ! 
/eam pump+ plant previ\sly 9 use4       
,lifts 7 n[ becom+ s g5]al1 & ! numb] ( 
p]sons :o us$ !m 0 s great1 t ! au?or   
consid]$ x necess>y to urge ! importance
 ( secur+ ! greate/ possible safety 9 _!
 con/ruction1 by ! g5]al adoption ( !   
simple ram4 ,susp5d$ lifts dep5d$ on !  
s\nd condition ( ! ropes or *a9s f :i* !
 cages hung4 ,z !y became worn &        
unreliable aft] a %ort p]iod1 x 0 usual 
to add safety appliances to /op ! fall (
 ! cage 9 case ( breakage ( ! susp5d+   
ropes2 b !y c\ld n be expect$ to act "u 
all circum/ances4 ,z an indication ( !  
important "p :i* lifts occupi$ 9 a mod]n
 hotel1 x might be m5tion$ t at ! ,hotel
 ,metropole !re 71 includ+ ! two pass5g]
 lifts & t = ! pass5g]s' luggage1 no    
less ?an sev5te5 hydraulic lifts 9 use  
day & night1 :ile ! "w done repres5t$   
ab\t #b1jjj tons lift$ #dj ft4 9 ?is "t4
 ,! next l>ge/ use ( ! p[] 0 = work+    

hydraulic cranes & hoi/s ( v>i\s k9ds   
along ! riv] side1 & 9 ! city w>eh\ses4 
,x (t5 happ5$ t ! pressure 9 ! p[] ma9s 
0 n suffici5t = press+ purposes4  ,!    
app>atus kn[n z an int5sifi] 0 !n us$1  
by :i* any pressure requir$ c\ld be     
obta9$4 ,hydraulic p[] 0 also us$ at    
,we/m9/] ,*amb]s1 & else:]e1 = ! purpose
 ( pump+ wat] f ! *alk = dome/ic use4 ,!
 pump 0 set go+ 9 ! ev5+ & cont9u$ work+
 till ! tanks 7 full1 or until x 0 /opp$
 9 ! morn+4 ,= "w ( ?is k9d1 done       
exclusively at night1 a disc\nt 0 all[$ 
f ! usual rates4 ,mr4 ,grea!ad's        
injector hydrant1 made at ! ,elswick    
works1 _h be5 9 use to a limit$ ext5t 9 
,london 9 connection ) ! p[] ma9s4  ,a  
small jet ( high pressure wat]1 inject$ 
into a l>g] jet f ! wat] works ma9s1    
int5sifi$ ! pressure ( ! latt] 9 !      
deliv]y hose1 & also increas$ !         
quantity4 ,by ?is means a jet ( great   
p[] c\ld be obta9$ at ! top ( ! highe/  
build+ )\t ! int]v5tion ( fire eng9es4  
,?is app>atus enabl$ ! hydraulic p[]    

supply to act z a cont9u\s fire eng9e   
:]ev] ! ma9s 7 laid1 & 0 capable ( r5d]+
 ! greate/ assi/ance 9 ! ext9ction (    
fire2 b !re 0 an apa?y on ! subject (   
its use difficult to und]/&4 ,9 ,hull ! 
corporation _h put d[n a numb] ( ^!     
hydrants 9 ,high ,/reet1 :]e ! hydraulic
 p[] ma9s 7 laid1 & !y _h be5 us$ )     
great success at a fire 9 t /reet4 ,!   
numb] ( ma*9es "u contract to be suppli$
 ) p[] 0 suffici5t1 ) a suitable res]ve1
 to absorb ! full capacity ( ! /ation at
 ,falcon ,:>f1 & ano!r /ation ( ab\t    
equal capacity 0 n[ 9 c\rse ( erection  
at ,millbank ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]4 ,! works 
_h be5 c>ri$ out jo9tly by ! au?or &    
,mr4 ,corbet ,woodall1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4    
,e42 ,mr4 ,g4 ,co*rane _h be5 resid5t   
eng9e] & sup]9t5d5t4 ,! pump+ eng9es1   
accumulators1 valves1 etc41 & a         
consid]able portion ( ! consum]s'       
ma*9]y1 _h be5 con/ruct$ at ! ,hydraulic
 ,eng9e]+ ,works1 ,*e/]4 ,sir ,james    
,allport1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 :o 0 ! 
fir/ to adopt hydraulic p[] = railway   

"w1 _h be5 associat$ ) ! ent]prise f !  
comm5cem5t ( its op]ations 9 #ahhb4 ,8  
wide influ5ce & ext5d$ exp]i5ce _h      
greatly assi/$ ! comm]cial developm5t ( 
! und]tak+4               ,,te/ ,,( ,a  
,,wr\ght ,,iron ,,d\ble ,,track ,,floor 
,,beam4#a                 ,by ,,alfr$   
,p4 ,,boll]1 ,mem4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4   
,te/+ to rupture actual bridge memb]s is
 always a matt] ( great sci5tific       
int]e/1 & :ile ! record is q ext5sive 9 
eye b>s1 po/s1 or small p>ts1 ! great   
co/1 "t1 & inconv5i5ce ( h&l+ heavy     
gird]s has prev5t$ exp]im5t 9 t         
direction4 ,9 fact1 ! writ] is unaw>e ( 
any exp]im5t ^u comp\nd rivet$ beams on 
a l>ge scale1 z actually us$1 until !   
exp]im5t record$ bel[ 0 made "u 8       
sup]vision4 ,! beam 0 an exact duplicate
 ( ^? 9 use on a bridge1 ab\t :i* m or  
less controv]sy _h aris5 z to _!        
practical safety1 & ! te/ 0 made "u1 z  
ne> z possible1 actual conditions (     
atta*m5t & load+4 ,! annex$ draw+ %[s ! 
=m & proportion ( ! beam & connection ) 

! po/s1 toge!r ) ! position ( ! track   
/r+]s4 ,! actual /atic loads to :i* !   
beam c\ld be subject$ by ! heavie/      
eng9es 9 use on ! road1 ) weight (      
floor1 is #dj1jjj lb4 at ea* /r+] be>+1 
! /ra9s comput$ !refrom be+ z foll[s3   
,flange /ra9s at m1 #c1hjj lb4 p] squ>e 
in*2 at a1 #e1gjj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 at  
b1 #f1djj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,%e> /ra9s 9
 web1 betwe5 a & b1 #b1fjj lb4 p] squ>e 
in*4 ,%e> /ra9s 9 web1 betwe5 a & end1  
#h1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in* at lea/ section1
 or :]e ! web is #b feet #d in*es deep1 
or #db diamet]s betwe5 angle iron4  #a  
,ab/ract ( a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican  
,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,novemb]    
#af1 #ahhg4  ,illu/ration  ,illu/ration 
,rivets4--,all rivets #g_/h in* diamet]1
 or #ae_/bf in* :5 driv5 to fill holes2 
area ( section1 #j4f squ>e in*2 be>+    
area1 diamet] x #c_/h plate  #j4ce squ>e
 in*1 & = #a_/b in* plate #j4dg squ>e   
in*4 ,po/ atta*m5t1 consid]+ all !      
tw5ty-six rivets do+ duty1 yields rivet 
/ra9 z foll[s3 ,9 %e>1 s+le #e1jjj lb4  

p] squ>e in*3 & be>+ area--#a_/b in*    
plate--#f1fjj lb4 p] squ>e in*4         
,connection ( #c_/h ,web to ,flange     
,angles4--,tak+ ! =ty rivets betwe5 ends
 ( gird] & second /r+]1 ! horizontal    
/ra9 diff]5ce is #afb1jjj lb41 ! rivets 
be+ /ra9$ #c1djj lb4 p] squ>e in* d\ble 
%e>1 & #aa1fjj lb4 p] squ>e in* be>+    
area4 ,tak+ di/ance f ends to fir/ /r+]1
 ! horizontal /ra9 diff]5ce is #aje1jjj 
lb41 yield+ on tw5ty rivets #d1bjj lb4  
p] squ>e in* d\ble %e>1 & #ae1jjj lb4 p]
 squ>e in* be>+ area4 ,tak+ a %ort      
di/ance ( #b feet f ends1 ! horizontal  
/ra9 is #gj1jjj lb4 on t5 rivets1 giv+  
#e1hjj lb4 p] squ>e in* d\ble %e>1 &    
#bj1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in* be>+ area4 ,9  
^! gird]s ! weakness fe>$ 0 9 ! end     
flange rivet+ & %e> 9 end web1 & caus$ !
 te/ record$ bel[4 ,! te/ 0 rec5tly made
 at ! works ( ! ,key/one ,bridge        
,company1 by means ( hydraulic p[]      
appli$ at /r+] po9ts4 ,conv5i5ce made x 
necess>y to make ! te/ ) ! beam block$  
up horizontal on ! gr\nd1 s t ! weight (

 ! beam is necess>ily neglect$4 ,! beam 
0 connect$ ) a pair ( po/s1 precisely z 
9 ! actual /ructure1 betwe5 :i* an      
additional gird] 0 fram$ z a reaction   
base = ! rams4 ,! annex$ diagram %[s !  
g5]al arrangem5ts4 ,! hydraulic p[] 0   
d]iv$ f ! te/+ ma*9e plant ( ! ,key/one 
e/abli%m5t1 & ! deflections measur$ f a 
f9e wire p>allel to ! l[] flange1 & ab\t
 #c in*es !refrom4 ,! diamet] ( ! ram 0 
#aj in*es2 area #gh4ed in*es4 ,! record 
0 z foll[s3     ,gauge    ,load on      
,deflections4   ,total   read+4  ea*    
ram4               b  b'     load4      
lb4                   94   94     lb4   
#efe       #dd1cge                 #a_/h
   #a_/h    #agg1ejj   #aacj            
#hh1gej                 #e_/af  #e_/af  
#cee1jjj   #adab      #aaj1ijj          
#c_/h   #c_/h    #ddc1fjj        ,no    
p]man5t set 9 above   #afie             
#acc1abe unc]ta94      --    --         
#ecb1ejj        ,p]man5t set scant      
#a_/cb in*4   #aihj      #aee1ejj n     
record$4   --    --     #fbb1jjj        

,p]man5t set #e_/cb in*4   #bjhj        
,failure comm5c$4           --    --    
#fec1ejj  ,failure comm5c$ ?r\gh giv+   
way ( angle irons1 beg9n+ 9 a f9e seam 9
 ! fir/ b5d ( ! l[] flange f ! end      
support1 ! seam be+ along ! root ( !    
angle1 :i* cont9ual pressure tore ap>t  
across ! angle z %[n1 :5 ! web comm5c$  
to te> l a %eet ( pap]1 9 direction &   
mann] z exhibit$ on plate h]e)--f       
photograph4 ,f "s cause n app>5t !      
deflections 7 n simil> at ! symmetrical 
end rams1 a1 ! po9t :]e ! web           
fail$--left side--be+ %>ply deflect$4   
,:ile ! angles %[$ root fracture at !   
opposite po9t1 ! web did n fail or %[   
indications ( s do+1 ! deflection be+ on
 an easy curve4 ,) ! extreme yield+ ( ! 
l[] flange angles1 ! angle brackets     
connect+ gird] ) po/s comm5c$ to g1 te>+
 likewise along ! root1 & /ripp+ ! heads
 f ! extreme upp] rivets z %[n4 ,!      
int]nal diaphragm connect+ ! *annel     
sides ( ! po/s 0 unaffect$4 ,! rivets   
connect+ ! ruptur$ flange ) web appe>$ z

 p]fect z :5 driv51 & no indication 0   
disclos$1 z f> z x 0 possible to tell1 (
 ! holes 9 ! web elongat+ or any upsett+
 ( be>+ surface4 ,!re is no tell+ :at ! 
web & rivets w\ld h borne _h n ! solid  
angle irons giv5 way at ! fir/ b5d4 ,x  
is to be not$ t flange plate ) leg (    
angle atta*$ !reto 0 intact1 %[+ no     
indication ( rupture4                   
,discussion4--,tak+ t /age ( ! exp]im5t 
:5 a p]man5t set 0 fir/ not$--viz41     
#a_/cb in*--! record$ load 0 #ecb1ejj   
lb41 or z ne> z may be #c-a_/c times !  
basis on :i* ! calculations 9 ! fir/ "p 
( ?is pap] 7 made--#dj1jjj lb4 on ea*   
/r+]1 or #afj1jjj lb4 total4 ,apply+ ?is
 ratio to ! prec$+ computations1 ! iron 
w\ld be app>5tly /ra9$ z foll[s3        
m #c1hjj x #c-a_/c  #ab1fjj lb4 p] squ>e
 in* 7psi74   ,flanges at  a #e1gjj x   
#c-a_/c  #ai1jjj psi4               b   
#f1djj x #c-a_/c  #ba1bjj psi4    ,web4 
,betwe5 a & b1 #b1fjj x #c-a_/c  #h1gjj 
lb4 p] squ>e in*4          ,at lea/     
section1 #h1jjj x #c-a_/c  #bf1fjj psi4 

,po/ atta*m5t3             ,be>+ area1  
#f1fjj x #c-a_/c  #bb1jjj lb4 p] squ>e  
in*4             ,s+le %e>1  #e1jjj x   
#c-a_/c  #af1fjj psi4   ,rivets4  ,web &
 flange connections1 end rivets3        
,be>+ area1 #bj1jjj x #c-a_/c  #ff1fjj  
psi4             ,d\ble %e>1  #e1hjj x  
#c-a_/c  #ai1cjj psi4  ,:5 failure 9    
angles 0 fir/ not$1 ! record$ load 0    
#fec1ejj lb41 or slightly m ?an f\r     
times ! comput$ basis ( load1 :i* w\ld  
increase ! above /ra9s ab\t "o-fif?1    
giv+ a calculat$ flange /ra9 :5 angle   
fail$ ( "s #ae1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 &  
be>+ area /ra9 on end flange & web      
rivets ab\t #hj1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*1   
nei!r ( :i* c\ld possibly be true1 or ! 
web w\ld h torn out f ! rivets1 & !     
flanges be p]fectly s\nd1 well )9 ela/ic
 limits1 al?\gh 9 ! la/ case x is to be 
not$ t ! horizontal table ( ! flange 0  
p]fectly s\nd1 ! flange failure comm5c+ 
prim>ily ) a long split along ! weld ( !
 angle iron root1 ?r[+ ! :ole flange    
duty ^u ! v]tical legs ( ! angle iron1  

:5 a rupture /ra9 0 quickly rea*$4 ,_h !
 angles be5 roll$ f a solid +ot1 or on !
 ,g]man me?od ( develop+ f a flat in/ead
 ( f ! ord9>y weld$ pile1 ! /r5g? ( ?is 
beam w\ld h be5 l>gely increas$4 ,!     
prime weakness 9 ?is beam 0 due1 !re=e1 
to ! mode ( manufactur+ ! angle irons1  
:i* 7 weak along ! weld at ! root4 ,?is 
0 also %[n 9 ! end bracket angles unit+ 
! beam to ! po/s4 ,! writ] d$uces f ?is 
exp]im5t t a plate web is an exce$+ly   
/iff memb]1 mu* /iff] ?an is commonly   
suppos$2 t ! cu/om>y me?od ( proportion+
 rivets--viz41 ! horizontal compon5t    
betwe5 any two giv5 po9ts divid$ by     
all[able be>+ pressure p] squ>e in*     
equals numb] ( rivets requir$--is n     
true1 & t ! friction due to p[] rivet+  
has enorm\s value4 ,?is beam 0 report$  
to ! company int]e/$ z practically safe 
by ! writ]1 on g5]al consid]ations1 be=e
 ! exp]im5t 0 made1 & ! op9ion reaffirm$
 aft] ! exp]im5t4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,london ,bridge   
co/ #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,x is #ijj feet long & 

#ed feet wide4 #ajj1jjj p]sons pass ov] 
x e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! lamp po/s are    
made f cannon tak5 dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w>4 
,,hydraulic ,,tube ,,press4   ,=m+ metal
 tubes f circul> plates by press+ or =c+
 !m1 by ! aid ( m&rels1 ?r\gh dies or   
annul> r+s1 ?\gh comp>atively a mod]n   
manufacture1 is c>ri$ on to a           
consid]able ext5t1 & ) ! improvem5ts t  
are almo/ daily be+ made 9 x1 & !       
rapidly ext5d+ use ( su* tubes1 ?is     
extraord9>y process bids fair to become 
a mo/ important manufacture4            
,illu/ration  ,! press illu/rat$ "h 0   
design$ & made by ,messrs4 ,h5ry        
,bessem]  ,co41 ( ,%effield1 = ,mr4     
,samuel ,walk]1 ( ,birm+ham1 = !        
manufacture ( tubes ( l>ge size1 & also 
= mak+ holl[ /eel projectiles4  ,! press
 is made entirely ( ,bessem] /eel1 & is 
( ! ?ree-column con/ruction1 a /rong    
ca/+ ( triangul> =m s]v+ z a base ( !   
press2 into ?is ca/+ ! ?ree columns fit1
 & c>ry on _! upp] ends a l ca/+1 =m+ a 
top or entablature4 ,into ?is top ca/+ !

 ma9 cyl9d] is fix$ m\? d[nw>d1         
conc5tric ) ! ma*9e4 ,two small cyl9d]s 
= giv+ ! return or upw>d /roke re/ m\?  
upw>d 9 ! bottom ca/+ at opposite sides4
 ,! two rams ( ^! cyl9d]s pass ?r\gh !  
ends (1 & c>ry1 a cros%ead1 ^u :i* ! ma9
 ram re/s4 ,! two lift+ rams are made   
long en\gh to pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! top  
ca/+1 & ?us =m guides to ! cros%ead &   
m&rel4  ,! ma9 ram is #bd 94 9 diamet]1 
& has a /roke ( #ab ft4 ,! press is     
work$ at a pressure ( #c tons p] squ>e  
in*1 giv+ a d[n =ce ( #a1cjj tons4 ,!   
two lift+ rams are ea* #h-a_/b 94 9     
diamet]1 & give an upw>d =ce ( #cjj     
tons4 ,?is l>ge upw>d =ce is requir$ =  
/ripp+ ! tubes (f ! m&rels1 9 addition  
to rais+ ! ma9 ram cros%ead1 etc4       
,ref]r+ to ! engrav+1 ! ma9 cyl9d] is   
se5 at ! top ) ! ma9 ram c>ry+ !        
cros%ead1 to :i* are connect$ ! two     
lift+ rams1 ! cyl9d]s = :i* ext5d bel[  
gr\nd4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a reciprocat+ 
motion is obta9$1 rams only be+ us$1 !  
c5tral ram giv+ ! d[nw>d ?ru/1 & ! two  

small] side rams giv+ ! upw>d /roke4    
,mr4 ,walk] has ?is press 9 op]ation1 & 
f a disk ( /eel #c ft4 9 diamet]1 hav+ a
 mean ?ickness ( ab\t #d 941 he has     
rais$ a tube or cyl9d] ) a solid end to 
x #c ft4 #f 94 long & #ab 94 9 diamet]1 
( a uni=m ?ickness ( ab\t #a 941 &      
sangu9e hopes are ent]ta9$ ( produc+    
great] results4 ,messrs4 ,bessem]  ,co4 
are n[ mak+ a l>g] press ( simil>       
con/ruction4--,eng9e]+4                 
,,timb]1 ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its             
,,diseases4#b ,by ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d4   
,,vi4  ,if we turn our att5tion = a     
mom5t to ! illu/rations 9 ! fir/        
article1 x w be rememb]$ t our typical  
log ( timb] 0 clo!d 9 a sort ( jacket   
t]m$ ! cortex1 ! out] p>ts ( :i*        
con/itute :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! b>k4  
,?is cortical cov]+ is sep>at$ f ! wood 
prop] by ! cambium1 & ,i po9t$ out t !  
cells produc$ by divisions on ! outside 
( ! cambium cyl9d] are employ$ to add to
 ! cortex4  #b ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1  
,no4 #fdd1 page #ajbha4  ,n[ ?is        

cortical jacket is a v complicat$       
/ructure1 s9ce x n only consi/s ( num]\s
 elem5ts1 diff]+ 9 diff]5t trees1 b x   
also und]goes "s v curi\s *anges z !    
plant gr[s up into a tree4 ,x is beyond 
! purpose ( ^! articles to ent] 9 detail
 into ^! anatomical matt]s1 h[ev]2 & ,i 
mu/ ref] ! read] to special text books =
 !m1 simply cont5t+ myself "h ) g5]al   
tru?s :i* w s]ve to r5d] cle>] c]ta9    
/atem5ts :i* are to foll[4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,a piece ( !
 cambium & cortical jacket ( a "y oak1  
at ! end ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,x may be reg>d$ 
z consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts1 9 addition to !  
cambium1 ,ca4 ,beg9n+ f ! outside1 we h3
 #a4 ,cork cells1 ,x1 =m$ f ! cork      
cambium1 ,c4,ca3 ! cells develop$ on !  
inside ( ! latt]1 ,cl1 are t]m$         
coll5*yma1 & g to add to ! cortex4 #b4  
,! cortex prop]1 consi/+ ( p>5*yma      
cells1 pa1 "s ( :i* conta9 cry/als4 #c4 
,! inn] or second>y cortex 7t]m$ phloem 
or ba/71 develop$ *iefly by ! activity (
 ! cambium1 ,ca3 ?is phloem consi/s (   

h>d ba/ fib]s1 hb1 sieve tubes1 ,s1 &   
cells1 c1 & is add$ to int]nally by !   
cambium1 ,ca1 ea* ye>4 ,x is also       
trav]s$ by m$ull>y rays1 ,mr1 :i* are   
cont9uations ( ^? 9 ! wood4 ,! dott$    
l9e1 psi1 9 ! cortical p>5*yma indicates
 :]e ! new cork cambium w be develop$3  
:5 ?is is =m$1 all ! tissues 7e4g4 pa1  
,cl7 ly+ on ! outside ( ! new cork w    
die1 & con/itute 7toge!r ) ! cork7 !    
true b>k4  ,x is possible to make two   
g5]alizations1 :i* apply n only to !    
illu/ration 7,fig4 #bj7 "h select$1 b   
also to mo/ ( our timb] trees4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 ! cortical jacket1 tak5 z a     
:ole1 consi/s n ( rigid lignifi$        
elem5ts1 su* z ! tra*eids & fib]s ( !   
wood1 b ( ?9-wall$1 s(t1 ela/ic elem5ts 
( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* are easily compress$  
or displac$1 & = ! mo/ "p easily kill$  
or injur$--,i say = ! mo/ "p easily     
injur$1 because1 z we %all see          
imm$iately1 a res]vation mu/ be made 9  
favor ( ! out]mo/ tissue1 or cork & b>k 
prop]1 :i* is by no means s easily      

de/roy$1 & acts z a protection to ! re/4
  ,! second g5]alization is1 t s9ce !   
cambium adds new elem5ts to ! cortex on 
! inside ( ! latt]1 & s9ce ! cambium    
cyl9d] z a :ole is travel+ radially     
outw>d--i4e41 fur!r f ! pi?--ea* ye>1 z 
foll[s f its mode ( add+ ! new annual   
r+s ( wood on to ! ext]ior ( ! old]     
ones1 x is cle> t ! cortical jacket z a 
:ole mu/ suff] di/5tion f )91 & t5d to  
become too small = ! enl>g+ cyl9d] (    
rigid wood & gr[+ cambium comb9$4       
,inde$1 x is n difficult to see t unless
 c]ta9 provisions are made = keep+ up ! 
cont9uity ( ! cortical tissues1 !y mu/  
give way "u ! pressure f )94 ,z we %all 
see1 su* a cata/rophe is 9 "p prev5t$ by
 a v peculi> & effici5t process4  ,be=e 
we c und]/& ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ take a   
glance at ! /ructural *>act]s ( ! :ole (
 ?is jacket 7,fig4 #bj74 ,:ile ! bran*  
or /em is /ill "y1 x may be conv5i5tly  
consid]$ z consi/+ ( ?ree *ief p>ts4    
7#a7 ,on ! outside is a ?9 lay] ( flat1 
tabul> cork cells 7,fig4 #bj1 ,co71 :i* 

increase 9 numb] by ! activity ( c]ta9  
lay]s ( cells along a plane p>allel to !
 surface ( ! /em or bran*4 ,^! cells    
7,c4,ca7 behave v mu* l ! prop] cambium1
 only ! cells divid$ (f f !m d n und]go 
! pr(\nd *anges suff]$ by ^? :i* are to 
become elem5ts ( ! wood & inn] cortex4  
,! cells =m$ on ! outside ( ! l9e ,c4,ca
 9 fact simply become cork cells2 :ile  
^? =m$ on ! inside ( ! l9e ,c4,ca become
 liv+ cells 7,cl7 v l ^? ,i am n[ go+ to
 describe4  7#b7 ,inside ?is cork-=m+   
lay] is a mass ( s(t1 ?9-wall$ juicy    
cells1 pa1 :i* are all liv+1 & mo/ ( :i*
 conta9 granules ( *lorophyl1 & ?us give
 ! gre5 color to ! "y cortex--a color   
:i* becomes ton$ d[n to v>i\s %ades (   
olive1 gray1 br[n1 etc41 z ! lay]s (    
cork increase ) ! age ( ! "p4 ,x is     
because ! corky lay]s are becom+ ?ick] t
 ! twig passes f gre5 to gray or br[n z 
x gr[s old]4 ,n[1 ^! gre5 liv+ cells ( !
 cortex are v important = our purpose1  
because1 s9ce !y conta9 mu* food mat]ial
 & s(t juicy cont5ts ( j ! k9d to n\ri% 

a p>asitic fungus1 we %all f9d t1 :5ev] 
!y are expos$ by injury1 etc41 !y       
con/itute an important place (          
weakness--nay1 m1 v>i\s fungi are adapt$
 9 mo/ peculi> ways to get at !m4 ,s9ce 
^! cells are = ! mo/ "p liv+1 & capable 
( divid+1 also1 we h to consid] ! "p !y 
play 9 increas+ ! ext5t ( ! cortex4     
7#c7 ,! ?ird ( ! p>tly natural1 p>tly   
arbitr>y portions into :i* we are divid+
 ! cortical jacket is f\nd betwe5 !     
gre51 succul5t cells 7pa7 ( ! cortex    
prop] 7:i* we h j be5 consid]+7 & !     
prop] cambium1 ,ca1 & x may be reg>d$ z 
entirely =m$ directly f ! cambium cells4
 ,^! latt]1 develop$ 9 small] numb]s on 
! outside1 t[>d ! cortex1 ?an on !      
inside1 t[>d ! wood1 und]go some:at     
simil> *anges 9 %ape to ^? :i* g to add 
to ! wood1 b !y %[ ! important diff]5ces
 t _! walls rema9 unlignifi$1 & = ! mo/ 
"p v ?9 & yield+1 & reta9 _! liv+       
cont5ts4 ,= ! re/1 we may neglect       
details & ref] to ! illu/ration = fur!r 
p>ticul>s4 ,! tissue 9 "q is m>k$ by ,s1

 c1 hb 9 ! figure1 & is call$ phloem or 
ba/4  ,a ^w or two z to ! functions ( ! 
cortex1 ?\gh ! subject prop]ly dem&s mu*
 long] discussion4 ,x may be look$ ^u z 
especially ! "p ?r\gh :i* ! valuable    
sub/ances =m$ 9 ! leaves are pass+ 9    
v>i\s directions to be us$ :]e !y are   
want$4 ,:5 we reflect t ^! sub/ances are
 ! foods f :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! tree--new     
cambium1 new roots1 buds1 fl[]s1 &      
fruit1 etc4--are to be con/ruct$1 x     
becomes cle> t if any enemy settles 9 ! 
cortex & robs x ( ^! sub/ances1 x r$uces
 n only ! g5]al p[]s ( ! tree1 b also--&
 ?is is ! po9t :i* especially int]e/s u 
n[--its timb]-produc+ capacity4 ,9 !    
same way1 any?+ :i* cuts or injures !   
cont9uity ( ! cortical lay]s results 9  
div]t+ ! nutritive sub/ances into o!r   
*annels4 ,a v l>ge class ( ph5om5a c be 
expla9$ if ^! po9ts are und]/ood1 :i*   
w\ld be my/]i\s1 or at lea/ obscure1    
o!rwise4  ,hav+ n[ sket*$ ! condition ( 
?is cortical jacket :5 ! bran* or /em is
 /ill "y1 x w be easy to see broadly :at

 occurs z x ?ick5s ) age4  ,9 ! fir/    
place1 x is cle> t ! cont9u\s %eet (    
cork 7,co7 mu/ fir/ be ext5d$1 & f9ally 
ruptur$1 by ! pressure ex]t$ f )94 ,x is
 true1 ?is lay] is v ela/ic & ext5sible1
 & imp]vi\s to wat] or ne>ly s--9 fact1 
x is a ?9 lay] or sk91 ) prop]ties l ^? 
( a bottle cork--b ev5 x mu/ give way z 
! cyl9d] goes on exp&+1 & x cracks &    
peels (f4 ,?is w\ld expose ! delicate   
tissues bel[1 if x 7 n = ! fact t ano!r 
lay] ( cork has by ?is "t begun to =m   
bel[ ! "o :i* is ruptur$3 a cork-=m+    
lay] arises along ! l9e phi & busily    
produces ano!r %eet ( ?is protective    
tissue 9 a plane m or less exactly      
p>allel ) ! "o :i* is becom+ crack$4    
,?is new cork-=m+ tissue behaves z be=e3
 ! out] cells become cork1 ! inn] ones  
add to ! gre5 succul5t p>5*yma cells    
7pa74 ,z ye>s g on1 & ?is lay] 9 its    
turn splits & peels1 o!rs are =m$ fur!r 
inw>d1 & if x is rememb]$ t a lay] (    
cork is p>ticul>ly imp]vi\s to wat] &   
air1 x is easy to und]/& t ea*          

successive %eet ( cork cuts (f all !    
tissues on its ext]ior f p>ticipation 9 
! life processes ( ! plant3 consequ5tly 
we h a gradually increas+ b>k prop]1 =m$
 ( ! accumulat$ cork lay]s & o!r dead   
tissues4  ,a great numb] ( int]e/+      
po9ts1 important 9 _! prop] connections1
 mu/ be pass$ ov] "h4 ,"s ( ^! ref] to !
 anatomy ( ! v>i\s b>ks--! ^w b>k be+   
commonly us$ 9 comm]ce to mean ! :ole ( 
! cortical jacket--! places ( orig9 ( ! 
cork lay]1 & ! way 9 :i* ! true b>k     
peels (f3 ^? fur!r int]e/$ "h may comp>e
 ! plane1 ! bir*1 ! ,scot* p9e1 & ! elm1
 = in/ance1 ) ! oak4 ,o!r facts h       
ref]5ce to ! *emical & o!r sub/ances    
f\nd 9 ! cells ( ! cortex1 & :i* make   
b>ks ( value comm]cially4 ,i ne$ only   
quote ! alkaloids 9 c9*ona1 ! fib]s 9 ! 
malveceae1 ! tann9 9 ! oaks1 ! color+   
matt] 9 ,g>c9ia 7gamboge71 ! gutta p]*a 
f ,ison&ra1 ! e!real oil ( c9namon1 z a 
few examples 9 ?is connection1 s9ce our 
imm$iate subject does n admit ( a       
detail$ treatm5t ( ^! extremely int]e/+ 

matt]s4  ,! above brief acc\nt may      
suffice to give a g5]al idea ( :at !    
cortical jacket cov]+ our timb] is1 & h[
 x comes ab\t t 9 ! normal case ! ?ick5+
 ( ! cyl9d] is r5d]$ possible )\t expos+
 ! cambium & o!r delicate tissues3 x may
 also s]ve to %[ :y b>k is s v>i\s 9    
composition & o!r *>act]s4 ,b x is also 
cle> t ?is jacket ( coh]5t b>k1 b\nd    
toge!r by ! ela/ic %eets ( cork1 mu/    
ex]t consid]able pressure z x reacts on 
! s(t]1 liv+1 succul5t p>ts ( ! cortex1 
trapp$ z !y are betwe5 ! rigid wood     
cyl9d] & ! b>k2 & x is easy to conv9ce  
ourselves t su* is ! case4 ,by simply   
cutt+ a longitud9al slit ?r\gh ! cortex1
 d[n to ne> ! cambium1 b tak+ c>e n to  
injure ! latt]1 ! foll[+ results may be 
obta9$4 ,fir/1 ! b>k gapes1 ! raw edges 
( ! w\nd sep>at+ & expos+ ! tissues     
bel[2 next 9 c\rse ( "t ! raw edges are 
se5 to be heal$ ov] ) cork--produc$ by !
 conv]sion ( ! out] cells into cork     
cells4 ,z "t passes1 provid$ no ext]nal 
int]f]5ce occurs1 ! n[ r\nd$ & some:at  

swoll5 cork-cov]$ edges ( ! w\nd w be   
f\nd clos+ up aga92 & soon] or lat]1    
dep5d+ *iefly on ! ext5t ( ! w\nd & !   
vigor ( ! tree1 ! gr[+ lips ( ! w\nd w  
come toge!r & unite completely4  ,b     
exam9ation w %[ t al?\gh su* a slit w\nd
 is s easily heal$ ov]1 x has _h an     
effect on ! wood4 ,suppos+ x has requir$
 ?ree ye>s to heal ov]1 x w be f\nd t ! 
new annual r+s ( wood are a little ?ick]
 j bel[ ! slit2 ?is is simply because ! 
slit _h releas$ ! pressure on ! cambium4
 ,! conv]se has also be5 prov$ to be    
true--i4e41 by increas+ ! pressure on ! 
cambium by means ( iron b&s1 ! annual   
r+s bel[ ! b&s are ?9n] & d5s] ?an      
else:]e4  ,b we h also se5 t ! cambium  
is n ! only liv+ tissue bel[ ! b>k3 !   
cortical p>5*yma 7pa7 & ! cells 7c7 ( ! 
inn] cortex 7te*nically ! phloem7 are   
all liv+ & capable ( gr[? & division1 z 
0 describ$ above4 ,! release f pressure 
affects !m also2 9 fact1 ! callus1 or   
cu%ion ( tissue :i* />ts f ! lips ( !   
w\nd & closes x ov]1 simply consi/s ( ! 

rapidly gr[+ & divid+ cells ( ?is       
cortex1 i4e41 ! release f pressure      
enables !m to m ?an cat* up ! enl>g+    
lay] ( cortex ar\nd ! w\nd4  ,an elegant
 & simple in/ance ( ?is accel]at$ gr[? (
 ! cortex & cambium :5 releas$ f !      
pressure ( o!r tissues is exhibit$ 9 !  
heal+ ov] ( ! cut ends ( a bran*1 a     
subject to be dealt ) lat] on2 & ! :ole 
practice ( propagation by slips or      
cutt+s1 ! r5ewal ( ! b>k ( c9*onas1 &   
o!r economic processes1 dep5d on ^!     
matt]s4  ,9 anticipation ( "s po9ts to  
be expla9$ only if ^! ph5om5a are       
und]/ood1 ,i may simply rem>k "h t1     
obvi\sly1 if "s p>asite attacks ! gr[+  
lips ( ! callus z x is try+ to cov] up !
 w\nd1 or if ! cambium is injur$ bel[1 !
 pa?ological di/urbances ?us introduc$ w
 modify ! result3 ! importance ( ?is w  
appe> :5 we come to exam9e c]ta9        
di/urbances :i* dep5d ^u ! attacks (    
fungi :i* settle on ^! w\nds be=e !y are
 prop]ly heal$ ov]4 ,9 conclud+ ?is     
brief sket* ( a l>ge subject1 x may be  

not$ t1 g5]ally speak+1 :at has be5 /at$
 ( bran*es1 etc41 is also true ( roots2 
& x is easy to see h[ ! nibbl+ or gnaw+ 
( small animals1 ! peck+ ( birds1       
abrasions1 & num]\s o!r ?+s1 are s _m   
causes ( su* w\nds 9 ! =e/4             
7,to be cont9u$47                       
,,sibley ,,college                      
,,lectures4--#ahhg-hh4        ,,by ,,!  
,,cornell ,,univ]sity ,,non-,,resid5t   
,,lectur]s ,,9 ,,me*anical              
,,eng9e]+4               ,,iii4--,,!    
,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,mill4#c   
,by ,c4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,woodbury1 ,bo/on1     
,mass4                                  
,,belt ,,t[]s4  ,! di/ribution ( p[] has
 n always receiv$ ! judici\s treatm5t   
:i* its importance des]ves4 ,!re are b  
few ref]5ces to ?is "q 9 ! books on !   
subject1 & ^! treat ( me?ods t are n 9  
accordance ) ! application ( ! art 9 its
 pres5t /ate4  #c ,cont9u$ f            
,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fdg1 page #ajcca4  ,!
 lecture 0 illu/rat$ by ab\t fifty views
 on ! scre51 :i* _c be reproduc$ "h1 %[+

 photographs ( mills & me*anical draw+s 
( ! me?ods ( con/ruction allud$ to 9 !  
lecture4  ,! e>ly =m ( ! di/ribution (  
p[] consi/$ 9 plac+ a v]tical %aft      
ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole mill & di/ribut+ !  
p[] at ea* /ory by means ( bevel$ ge>s1 
g5]ally ( skew-bevel$ =m4 ,! me*anical  
defects ( su* a me?od ( di/ribut+ p[]1 )
 reg>d to protection1 repairs1 &        
necess>y c>e1 are readily app>5t1 & !re 
h also be5 _m sev]e accid5ts caus$ by ! 
break+ ( tee? 9 ^! ge>s4  ,! pres5t     
me?od ( di/ribut+ p[] 9 ?is c\ntry is   
entirely by l9es ( belts ext5d+ up ?r\gh
 :at is kn[n z a belt t[]1 :i*          
con/itutes an elem5t ( great fire haz>d 
to a mill4 ,9 "s cases ! belts are c>ri$
 f /ory to /ory1 cov]$ by a cas+ ( wood1
 & 9 o!r in/ances ! t[] =ms a flue :i*  
may be ! means ( ! rapid spread ( fire  
?r\gh\t ! build+4  ,be=e ! introduction 
( automatic spr9kl]s !re 0 n1 ,i        
believe1 a s+le in/ance ( a fire ent]+ !
 l[] portion ( a belt t[] dur+ work+    
h\rs )\t accompli%+ ! de/ruction ( !    

mill4 ,s9ce ! equipm5t ( su* places )   
automatic spr9kl]s1 !re h be5 sev]al    
fires ( ?is nature ext+ui%$ ) ne>ly     
nom9al damage4 ,t is to say1 ! haz>d (  
fire />t+ 9 su* places is beyond !      
capacity ( any app>atus o!r ?an         
automatic spr9kl]s to cope ) x4  ,x w\ld
 be impossible to arrange ! di/ribution 
( p[] 9 _m mills to con=m to conditions 
( safety )\t reorganiz+ ! :ole plant1   
:i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impracticable4 ,b 
9 _m in/ances modifications c be        
introduc$ :i* w dim9i% ! haz>d to a     
great degree4 ,:5 ! pulleys & belt+ are 
cov]$ ) %ea?+ 9 ea* room1 ! cont9uity ( 
^! flues c be brok5 by remov+ ?is %ea?+ 
d[n to ! height ( f\r or five feet above
 ! floor1 s t ! cov]+ w m]ely con/itute 
a physical protection to any "o approa*+
 ! belt+4  ,! be/ me?od ( arrang+ ! belt
 t[] has be5 9 ! case ( a mill at ,fall 
,riv]1 :i* 0 erect$ ^u ! ru9s ( a build+
 de/roy$ by a fire orig9at+ 9 ! belt    
t[]4 ,! ma*9]y is driv5 by a /eam eng9e 
situat$ 9 an ell project+ f "o side at  

ab\t ! middle ( ! mill2 & ! ma9 belt    
communicates to pulleys 9 a /one masonry
 t[] locat$ directly inside ! walls ( ! 
ma9 mill2 & !nce1 f pulley to pulley1 ! 
p[] is communicat$ to ea* floor by %aft+
 pass+ ?r\gh holes left 9 ! t[]1 & 9 no 
in/ances by means ( belts4  ,!re is a   
sep>ate /airway inside ( ! t[] =        
lubricat+ ! j\rnals1 etc41 & ! top ( !  
t[] is cov]$ ) skylights protect$       
und]nea? by a wire nett+4 ,9 case ( a   
fire 9 ! belt t[]1 ! heat w readily     
break ! glass at ! top1 & ! fire w t5d  
to g up & out ( ! t[] r ?an ?r\gh !     
mill4                                   
,,mill ,,floors4  ,! que/ions involv$ 9 
design+ ! floors ( a mill are ( great   
importance1 contribut+ 9 no small       
measure to elem5ts conc]n$ 9 !          
successful op]ation ( ! mill1 & to a    
great] ext5t to its /&+ z a fire risk1 &
 !re=e affect+ ! con/ant exp5se (       
insurance4  ,9 ! case ( a build+ design$
 m]ely = su/a9+ ( loads1 z 9 a /oreh\se1
 a floor w\ld naturally be design$ on ! 

basis ( consid]+ ! break+ /r5g? ( !     
timb]4 ,b 9 ! case ( a mill1 !          
limitation is ! am\nt ( flexure all[able
 "u ! circum/ances2 & !re=e ! floors ( !
 build+ are made m ne>ly rigid ?an w\ld 
be requir$ m]ely f ! consid]ation ( !   
ultimate /r5g? ( ! /ructure4  ,! books  
on ! subject1 repeat+ ov] a con/ant :i* 
0 fir/1 ,i believe1 giv5 by ,brunel 9   
te/imony be=e a p>liam5t>y commission1 h
 held t "o f\r-hundr$? ( a span is !    
prop] ratio ( flexure4 ,?is may h be5 a 
v good rule to give to ! p>liam5t>y     
commission1 b x is h>dly ! practical    
me?od ( limitation = a matt] ( eng9e]+  
con/ruction1 because ! flexure ( a load$
 beam is 9 ! =m ( a curve1 & !re=e its  
law is t ( a curvil9e> function1 & n ( a
 /raight l9e4 ,i h exam9$ a great numb] 
( prec$5ts ( good con/ruction 9 ?is     
connection1 & = mill use h d$uc$ ! =mula
 = deflection 9 in*es1 d  #j4jjab ,l    
squ>$1 9 :i* ,l is ! l5g? ( span 9 feet4
 ,x w be readily recogniz$ t ! true     
con/ant ( deflection ( span is measur$  

by ! radius ( curvature :i* w give a    
uni=m & all[able di/ortion to ! floor 9 
ei!r direction to ! limit ( ! radius ^u 
:i* ?is =mula is bas$1 :i* is #a1bej    
feet4  ,i d n propose to (f] to y on ?is
 occasion any rem>ks 9 reg>d to !       
treatm5t ( ! ma!matics ( ! problem (    
appli$ me*anics conc]n$ 9 ! que/ions (  
transv]se /ress1 kn[+ t y h c]ta9ly     
receiv$ in/ruction ^u ^! subjects4 ,b   
ref]r+ to ! que/ions ( mill floors1 ,i  
w\ld /ate t ,s\!rn p9e beams ( solid    
timb] twelve by f\rte5 up to f\rte5 by  
sixte5 in*es are us$2 & in/ead (        
attempt+ ! use ( "o piece ( timb]1 x is 
pref]able to use two pieces ( ! same    
dep? & ( half ! bread?4 ,^! %\ld be     
bolt$ toge!r1 ) a space ( an in* or s   
betwe5 !m left by plac+ small v]tical   
pieces ( wood betwe5 ! timb]s :5 !y are 
bolt$ toge!r4 ,9 ?is mann] "o is m sure 
( s\nd timb]1 & 9 ! process ( season+   
!re is less liability ( dry rot 9 !     
int]ior1 or ( injuri\s *eck+1 w>p+1 or  
twi/+4  ,! end ( ! beams %\ld re/ ^u    

iron plates 9 ! masonry1 & %\ld be      
secur$ by means ( a tongue ^u ! plate   
ent]+ a groove across ! l[] side ( !    
beam4 ,x is n feasible to make ?is      
groove to a close fit ) ! tongue2 b x is
 cut a great deal l>g]1 & ! :ole br\ght 
to a firm be>+ by means ( pairs ( w$ges 
or quo9s driv5 into ! groove ea* side ( 
! iron tongue4  ,! out] end ( ! plate   
conta9s ribs or tongues rea*+ d[n into !
 brickwork4 ,9 ?is mann] ! timb] is     
securely fa/5$ to ! brickwork2 & yet 9  
"t ( accid5t or ( fire ! fall+ ( ! beam 
9 ! middle ( ! mill w raise x up        
suffici5tly s t x w cle> ! tongue & fall
 )\t te>+ ! wall d[n1 :i* is ! case     
:5ev] ! beams are secur$ by bolts ent]+ 
! end ( ! beam f ! face ( ! wall4  ,at !
 po9ts ( support 9 a l9e ( columns1 !   
beams %\ld be free f all compressive    
/ress1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! l9es ( columns
 f floors above1 by means ( iron p9tles 
betwe5 ! cap ( "o column & ! floor ( !  
next "o c>ry+ ?is load4  ,a faulty me?od
 ( con/ruction1 q frequ5tly us$1 consi/s

 9 cov]+ ea* column ) a bol/] ( timb]1  
f\r or five feet long1 rea*+ out "u !   
floor beams4  ,! transv]se contraction (
 wood 9 season+ aft] x is 9 position 9 !
 mill v>ies f ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* to   
d\ble t quantity p] foot2 & !           
aggregation ( su* %r9kage am\nts to a v 
consid]able di/ortion or settl+ ( !     
floor 9 a mill ( sev]al /ories4         
,moreov]1 ! resi/ance ( timb] to        
transv]se cru%+ has be5 %[n by exp]im5ts
 on ! te/+ ma*9e at ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
ars5al at ,wat]t[n to be ab\t ?ree times
 ! resi/ance to longitud9al cru%+4      
,iron columns = mills h be5 entirely    
displac$ by ^? ( timb]1 z x 0 f\nd t !  
latt] 7 m reliable 9 resi/ance to fire1 
7 fre] f defects 9 con/ruction1 &       
possess$ less t5d5cy to vibration4 ,a   
s]ies ( te/s on full-siz$ mill columns (
 v>i\s =ms ( con/ruction & age1 made 9 !
 exp]im5ts ref]r$ to1 at ! ,wat]t[n     
ars5al1 %[$ t resi/ance to cru%+ (      
,s\!rn p9e columns 0 ab\t #d1ejj p\nds  
to ! squ>e in*1 & rem>kably uni=m z to !

 diff]5t results4 ,9 :ite oak !re 0 a   
wid] range1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! gra9 (
 ! v>i\s samples1 ! g5]ality ( !        
specim5s be+ ( some:at less resi/ance   
?an t ( ,s\!rn p9e4  ,x 0 fur!rmore f\nd
 by ^! exp]im5ts1 on comp>+ ! cru%+     
resi/ance ( a full-siz$ column ) t ( a  
portion ( ! same1 p]haps two feet 9     
l5g?1 t ! results 7 practically         
id5tical1 likewise t )9 ! limits (      
con/ruction us$ = ^! columns ! "q (     
flexure did n ent] at all 9 ! problem1 b
 !y gave way by direct cru%+1 & t !     
resi/ance to cru%+ 0 proportional to its
 load ^u ! m9imum cross section4  ,!    
prec$5ts ( safe con/ruction 9 ?is matt] 
%[ t wood columns 9 mills h successfully
 su/a9$ = _m ye>s a load ( six hundr$   
p\nds to ! squ>e in* )\t det]ioration4  
,z ! resi/ance ( su* columns is         
proportional to ! cross section1 !      
results ( ^! exp]im5ts h *ang$ !        
practice ( mill eng9e]s 9 ! matt]2 &    
squ>e columns are ( almo/ univ]sal use1 
:i* int]f]e ) no great] area on ! floor 

?an ! r\nd column ( ! same diamet]1 :ile
 !y furni% an increas$ resi/ance ( a    
little ov] tw5ty p] c5t4 9 excess4      
,along ! axis ( su* columns a hole (    
ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet] is    
bor$1 & ne> ea* end a c\ple ( transv]se 
holes1 g5]ally half an in* 9 diamet]1   
furni% means ( v5tilat+ ! inside ( !    
column = ! prev5tion ( dry rot & also   
*eck+1 due to contraction & season+4    
,!re are sev]al me?ods ( lay+ ! floor   
plank ^u ^! beams1 :i* are plac$ f eight
 to t5 feet ap>t1 accord+ to ! dim5sions
 ( ! ma*9]y to be plac$ 9 ! mill4 ,!    
fir/ floor ( ?ree-in* plank1 plan$ on "o
 side & groov$ on bo? edges1 is laid    
plan$ side d[n1 & ! h>dwood spl9es are  
ins]t$ into ! grooves be=e ! planks are 
press$ up & spik$ to ! beams4 ,an       
agreeable f9i% is sometimes arrang$     
und]nea? by pl[+ a rabbet 9 ea* ( !     
corn]s1 & ins]t+ a bead 9 ! groove ?us  
=m$1 :i* is secur$ by nails driv5       
diagonally into ! plank on "o side only1
 because if ! nails 7 driv5 into bo?    

sides1 ! bead w\ld be split by !        
contraction ( ! plank4  ,^! planks %\ld 
be cut to suffici5t l5g? to cov] two    
bays ( ! mill2 & _! transv]se resi/ance 
is t ( a beam fix$ at "o end & support$ 
at ! o!r1 or "o & ?ree-fif?s z mu* z a  
plank ( ! same size b half ! l5g? w\ld  
support2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ 9 ?is     
connection t1 if ev5ly di/ribut$ on !   
floor1 five-eigh?s ( ! load w\ld be     
c>ri$ by e alt]nate beam unless ! planks
 are s laid to break jo9ts at conv5i5t  
int]vals ( ab\t ?ree feet4  ,! top      
floor+ is g5]ally laid directly ^u !    
floor plank1 ) "o or two ?icknesses (   
ro(+ pap] int]pos$2 b ! pref]able me?od1
 :i* dead5s ! s\nd & vibration1 & also  
greatly increases ! fire-resi/+         
qualities ( ! /ructure1 is to lay a coat
 ( mort> on ! floor plank1 pres]v+ !    
uni=m ?ickness by means ( furr+ plac$   
ab\t sixte5 in*es ap>t1 & !n to lay !   
upp] floor ^u ?is4  ,= ^! upp] floors   
h>dwood plank1 "o & "o-f\r? in*es ?ick1 
& n ov] f\r in*es wide1 is us$4 ,! black

 bir* is consid]$ by _m to possess !    
great] resi/ance to we>2 & ,s\!rn p9e is
 rank$ next1 al?\gh ! latt] wood gives  
tr\ble by /r++1 especially :5 trucks are
 roll$ ov] x4 ,:ite maple =ms an        
excell5t top floor1 al?\gh n s h>d z    
o!rs1 especially :]e ! floor is likely  
to be expos$ to wat]1 z 9 pap] mills &  
blea*]ies4                              
,,ro(s4  ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 once said t   
next to a good f\ndation a good ro( 0 ! 
mo/ important feature ( a build+4       
,al?\gh ! con/ructive features ( mill   
ro(s are well def9$1 yet ) reg>d to ro( 
cov]+ !re is a wide div]sity ( exp]i5ce 
& op9ion4  ,! pres5t =m ( factory ro(+  
resembles a floor 9 its con/ruction1 be+
 made1 9 a simil> mann]1 ( plank laid ^u
 beams :i* project ?r\gh ! walls1 :]e !y
 act z a bracket to ! cornice1 ! ends   
be+ saw$ aft] any suitable ornam5tation4
 ,! incl9ation = su* ro(s is ab\t       
?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to ! foot4 ,:]e a   
mill is n>r[ en\gh = a s+le beam to rea*
 f ! wall to ! ridge1 !y =m cantilev]s1 

! second po9t ( support f ! wall be+ by 
! columns "o-?ird ( ! di/ance across !  
mill1 & ! ends ( ! beams are fur!r      
secur$ toge!r by means ( iron dogs4 ,=  
mills ( great] wid?1 ! beam w\ld rea*   
only to ! r[ ( columns1 & ov] ! middle (
 ! mill a beam is plac$1 usually        
horizontal on ! "u side1 & hewn d[n f ! 
middle to ea* end1 s z to pres]ve ! same
 slope on ! upp] side ( ! beam z = !    
ro(4  ,9 _m in/ances mills are built )  
brick cornices1 )\t any ( ! wood        
projection f ! side2 & 9 o!r build+s !  
walls are c>ri$ above ! ro(1 :i* slopes 
t[>d ! c5t]1 & all wat] fall+ on x or   
melt$ f ! sn[ is conduct$ f x by pipes  
lead+ d[n ?r\gh ! middle ( ! mill4  ,x  
is n desirable to place gutt]s ar\nd !  
edge ( ! mill1 z !y s]ve no useful      
purpose1 & are 9 cont9ual ne$ ( repairs4
 ,by leav+ ! edge ( ! mill plank squ>e &
 protect+ x by %eet metal fla%+1 ! ra9  
fall+ f ! ro( c be receiv$ by a concave 
walk ( coal t> concrete plac$ on ! gr\nd
 ar\nd ! build+4 ,suitable por*es ov]   

doors1 or "s gu>d on ! ro( at ^! po9ts1 
w prev5t p :o may be pass+ 9 at doors f 
be+ unduly wet by wat] f ! ro(4  ,!re   
are num]\s =ms ( ro( cov]+s1 ! use ( !  
diff]5t v>ieties be+ to a great ext5t   
local2 t is1 ! %eet iron cov]+s us$ 9 ! 
,middle ,/ates are almo/ unkn[n 9 ,new  
,engl&2 & 9 ! latt] place ! ord9>y t9n$ 
iron ro(+ is univ]sally pa9t$1 :ile 9 ! 
,dom9ion ( ,canada x is laid obliquely &
 nev] pa9t$4  ,x is conc$$ by all t %eet
 copp] =ms ! mo/ desirable me?od ( cov]+
 a ro(2 &1 if "o c\ld be assur$ ( !     
p]man5ce ( ! /ructure1 irrespective ( ! 
necessity = mak+ *anges e half ye> 9    
ord] to keep pace ) ! m>* ( inv5tion1 x 
w\ld d\btless be %[n t "u su* conditions
 ( p]man5cy copp] w\ld =m ! *eape/ ro(4 
,! mo/ widely us$ ro(+ mat]ials = ?is   
class ( build+s are ! asphalt & ! coal  
t> ro(1 ! latt] be+ ! mo/ widely us$ 9  
,new ,engl&4 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( 
^! composition cov]+s1 :i* are appli$ by
 v>i\s me?ods4 ,"s ( ^! are ( ! mo/     
satisfactory "*1 :ile o!rs are poorly   

design$ & unskillfully appli$1 & are a  
con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble & exp5se to !    
occupant ( ! build+4  ,"o ( ! lead+     
manufactur]s1 ! effici5cy ( ^: "w = _m  
ye>s ov] a l>ge am\nt ( mill prop]ty ,i 
c v\* = by p]sonal k1 uses ! foll[+     
me?od ( apply+ ! ro(+4 ,?ree lay]s (    
ro(+ felt are plac$ on ! plank p>allel  
to ! eaves1 & cont9u$ by lapp+ ea*      
additional lay] two ?irds ( its wid? ^u 
! prec$+ "o1 & 9 ?is mann] cov]+ ! ro( )
 ?ree ?icknesses ( ! felt1 break+ jo9ts4
 ,?is is secur$ to ! ro( by nails ?r\gh 
t9 wa%]s & coat$ ) a melt$ composition1 
& !n two additional lay]s ( felt are    
plac$ ov] ! :ole4 ,ano!r coat (         
composition is !n appli$ & gravel is    
plac$ ov] ! :ole :ile s(t4  ,?is mak]   
does n approve ( ! practice ( cem5t+ ea*
 %eet ( felt :5 x is laid1 because x    
does n all[ ! felt fre$om to yield f !  
expansion & contraction ( ! ro(4 ,:5 t9 
is appli$ to ro(s1 res9-siz$ build+ pap]
 %\ld fir/ be laid on ! ro( plank1 & !  
%eets ( t9 %\ld be pa9t$ on ! l[] side  

be=e be+ laid4  ,( late ye>s cotton duck
 has be5 appli$ z a ro( cov]+1 & has be5
 wat*$ ) a great deal ( anticipation1   
al?\gh x has be5 us$ = simil> purposes 9
 cov]+ %ips' decks = _m ye>s4 ,b ! two  
uses are n /rictly comp>able1 because ! 
%ip's deck is calk$ tight1 & !re=e !    
cov]+ is free f ! application ( moi/ure 
und]nea?1 :ile ! ro( is nev] tight1 & ! 
w>m air und]nea?1 heavily *>g$ )        
moi/ure1 :i* p]meates ! cracks betwe5 ! 
planks1 becomes *ill$ & cond5ses z x    
ne>s ! top1 c>ry+ on a process (        
di/illation4  ,z an example ( ! ext5t to
 :i* ?is c be c>ri$ on1 ,i h kn[n (     
in/ances :]e p presum$ !y 7 mak+ a good 
ro( by leav+ slight air spaces by means 
( ! furr+ laid betwe5 ! ro( plank & !   
top bo>d+4 ,! circulation ( air 9 ^!    
spaces deposit$ suffici5t moi/ure to rot
 ! bo>ds4  ,a mill manag]1 wi%+ to h a  
ro( ov] a v w>m room1 :i* %\ld be bo?   
tight & a v p]fect non-conductor1 made a
 ro( conta9+ a space ( ab\t sixte5      
in*es1 :i* 0 fill$ ) sawdu/1 & ! ro(    

bo>d+ on top ( ?is 0 cov]$ ) t> & gravel
 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 a few weeks ! wat] 
began to drip ?r\gh ! ceil+ z if ! ro( 0
 leak+1 al?\gh !re 0 no sn[ on ! top ( !
 ro(4 ,inve/igation %[$ t )9 t %ort "t a
 suffici5t am\nt ( wat] _h cond5s$ ) !  
sawdu/ to saturate ! :ole4  ,i w\ld say 
9 ?is connection t ?ree in*es ( plank   
af=d an ample protection aga9/          
cond5sation ov] any ord9>y process (    
manufacture1 al?\gh f\r in*es ( plank h 
be5 us$ z a ro( ov] pap] ma*9es 9 ord]  
to be safe beyond p]adv5ture2 b x is    
necess>y t nails %\ld n be driv5 into ! 
bottom ( ?is ro( plank1 because ! po9t (
 a nail w rea* to a l[] temp]ature ne> !
 outside ( ! ro( 9 ! w9t]1 & be+ a bett]
 conductor1 x w cause moi/ure to cond5se
 ^u ! head ( ! nail4  ,t9 ro(+ is s     
g5]al 9 use z n to require any allusion 
to me?ods ( application1 b ! only c\rse 
to rea* economical & satisfactory       
results = a t]m ( ye>s1 especially =    
locations ne> to ! sea %ore1 is to use !
 be/ quality ( dipp$ ro(+ plates ( "s   

br& :i* c be reli$ on z con=m+ to ! /&>d
 & free f wa/]s or imp]fect plates4     
,duck ro(+ has be5 successfully appli$  
by fir/ lay+ & tack+ d[n a cov]+ (      
two-ply asphalt pap]1 & ^u ?is 0 spread 
a cov]+ ( res9-siz$ %ea?+ pap]1 tack$ 9 
! usual mann]4 ,^u ?is 0 laid a cov]+   
consi/+ ( cotton duck1 =ty-f\r in*es    
wide & weigh+ tw5ty-six ounces to ! y>d4
 ,sev]al me?ods ( jo9+ ! edges ( ! duck 
toge!r h be5 tri$1 result+ 9 ! ab&onm5t 
( ! me?od ( sew+ us$1 = ! pref]able     
me?od ( nail+ ! duck d[n1 lay+ "o /rip  
ov] ! o!r1 & !n op5+ ! duck1 a lock jo9t
 is =m$ )\t any jo9ture betwe5 ! two    
%eets expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,aft] ! duck is
 /ret*$ on ! ro(1 x is securely fa/5$ by
 means ( r\nd-head$ woodscrews1 "o &    
"o-f\r? in*es long1 ?r\gh a concave t9  
wa%] ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 re/+
 ^u a sev5-eigh?s ( an in* wa%] made (  
ro(+ felt4  ,a coat ( hot p9e t> ) a    
small quantity ( l9se$ oil is laid ^u ! 
:ole ( ! duck ro(+1 aft] be+ laid1 = !  
purpose ( fill+ ! fib] & pres]v+ !      

cotton fabric by means ( ! antiseptic   
pr9ciples ( ! p9e t>4 ,! surface is !n  
cov]$ ) two coats ( m9]al pa9t4  ,)9 a  
ye>1 pap] has be5 v successfully us$ z a
 ro( cov]+4 ,%eets ( wood pulp bo>d ab\t
 "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness are     
treat$ by a process :i* r5d]s !m h>d &  
ela/ic1 & secur$ ^u ! ro( by means (    
tacks ?r\gh concave t9 wa%]s4 ,! edge ( 
ea* %eet is groov$1 9 ord] to all[ = !  
expansion & contraction ( ! ro(4 ,! :ole
 ro( is !n cov]$ ) a heavy m9]al pa9t4  
,exp]i5ce ) ?is dur+ ! pa/ sev]e w9t] 9 
,ma9e has be5 ( ! mo/ satisfactory      
nature4  ,%+les furni% a mu* bett] ro(  
cov]+ ?an slate1 bo? 9 ! matt] (        
conduction ( heat or cold 9 ! extremes (
 summ] & w9t] & also 9 resi/ance to     
fire4 ,! heat ( a slight fire und]nea? !
 ro( w cause slates to crumble2 & ! same
 result w be obta9$ by heavy sp>ks fall+
 & burn+ ^u ! ro(4 ,"s p treat %+les by 
boil+ !m "u pressure 9 a solution ( salt
 & *loride ( lime1 = ! purpose (        
antiseptic treatm5t & also to r5d] !m   

firepro(4                               
,,/oreh\ses4  ,! late/ =m ( /oreh\ses   
t5ds to "o ( two extremes4 ,:]e l& is   
ne>ly level1 & *eap1 ! greate/ /orage   
capacity c be obta9$ ) ! greate/ economy
 by means ( a "o or two /ory /oreh\se   
built ) a plank con/ruction1 ) ! beams  
secur$ to ! po/s by means ( knees4 ,a   
travel+ crane or railroad runs along !  
middle ( ! /oreh\se1 af=d+ a ready means
 = rapid *anges ( ! cont5ts ( !         
/oreh\se4  ,ano!r =m = /orage is by     
means ( v l>ge brick build+s1 especially
 arrang$ z a protection aga9/ outside   
fire4 ,9 design+ a /oreh\se x is (      
especial importance t ! /ories %\ld n be
 made s high t x w be possible = a      
dang]\s load to be pil$ ^u any "o floor4
  ,! wool /oreh\se ( ! ,pacific ,mills  
at ,lawr5ce c be safely said to be 9 its
 design & con/ruction ! f9e/ example (  
mill eng9e]+ 9 ! c\ntry4  ,ano!r type ( 
mill /oreh\se1 design$ = bo? raw mat]ial
 & f9i%$ goods1 is design$ by ,mr4 ,john
 ,kilburn1 ( ,l[ell1 & consi/s ( two    

build+s plac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 &
 jo9+ only at "o corn]4 ,^! build+s d n 
conta9 op5+s ?r\gh ! floors ( any nature
 :atsoev]1 ei!r = /airways1 elevators1  
or any o!r purpose2 b all v]tical       
communication is furni%$ by means ( a   
masonry t[] at "o corn] ( ! build+s1 :i*
 conta9s an elevator & /airway4 ,at !   
level ( ea* floor1 sub/antial balconies 
lead ?r\gh a doorway 9 ! t[] to "o 9 !  
/oreh\se1 & ! /orage is add$ to or      
)drawn f ! /oreh\se 9 ?is mann]4  ,i h n
 made any ref]5ce to ! use ( roll$ iron 
= /ructural purposes1 because su*       
mat]ial has n be5 us$ to any ext5t 9    
mill ar*itecture4 ,irrespective (       
que/ions ( space or ( /r5g?1 wood beams 
possess advantages 9 ! r$uction (       
vibration1 facility ( secur+ ! plank    
above & hang]s bel[1 & a great _m o!r   
purposes 9 ! *ang+ & alt]ations ( a     
mill1 :i* r5d] !m peculi>ly useful1 & ,i
 believe t ! results ) ,s\!rn p9e beams 
9 ,am]ican mills are mu* sup]ior to ^? (
 ! iron beams 9 ,european mills4  ,no   

small "p ( ! success att5d+ ! use (     
roll$ iron 9 ! /ructural purposes = :i* 
x is adapt$1 has be5 due to ! excell5t &
 reliable eng9e]+ in=mation conta9$ 9 ! 
manuals & catalogues issu$ by ! roll+   
mills4 ,su* works are reliable & cle>1  
&1 z f> z ,i "k1 c )\t exception be     
safely foll[$4  ,! g5]al t5d5cy (       
,am]ican mill con/ruction is t[>d z l[  
build+s z ! price ( l& w admit4 ,!      
,am]ican mills be+ devot$ to a l>ge     
v>iety ( op]ations1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ 
to a s+le process aft] ! mann] ( ^? (   
,european type1 require a great deal m  
c>e 9 _! organization1 n m]ely 9 !      
orig9al lay-out = ! purpose ( arrang+ = 
! passage ( ! /ock 9 processes f ! raw  
mat]ial to ! f9i%$ product 9 z /raight  
l9es z possible1 b due consid]ation %\ld
 also be giv5 to provid+ facilities = ! 
enl>gem5t ( ! mill4  ,z an illu/ration (
 ! me?ods employ$1 9 a pap] mill plan ( 
my own design1 ! view & plan be+ ?r[n on
 ! scre51 ! v>i\s op]ations conta9+     
processes ( diff]5t haz>d 9 reg>d to    

fire are completely isolat$ f ea* o!r by
 means ( fire walls1 & ! /orage ( ! mill
 is 9 turn isolat$ f ! manufactory4  ,! 
/oreh\se consi/s ( ?ree sections1 !     
l>ge/ section = pap] /ock1 :i* is sort$ 
9 ! upp] /ory1 ! second section1 "o /ory
 9 height1 = o!r manufactur+ supplies1 &
 beyond ! fire wall ! /oreh\se is       
arrang$ to conta9 ! f9i%$ pap]4 ,goods c
 be tak5 away f or add$ to ! /oreh\se at
 ! s+le l9e ( teams1 or railroad sid+4  
,aft] ! /ock leaves ! sort+ room1 x is  
c>ri$ to ! du/+ room ov] a cov]$ bridge1
 :i* is protect$ f ! wea!r on "o side1  
yet does n =m a flue = ! spread ( fire z
 does a clos$ bridge4  ,! fir/ room 9 ! 
ma9 mill is us$ = a du/+ room1 & !nce ! 
/ock falls into ! rot>y blea*1 :5ce x is
 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! fire doors to ! eng9e    
room4 ,"h x meets ! wood pulp & clay    
:eel$ f ! middle section ( ! /oreh\se1  
:i* is on t same level4 ,aft] wa%+ &    
beat+1 ! /ock is run into ! dra9]s bel[1
 :5ce x is rais$ aga91 & aft] suitable  
int]m$iate processes ! pulp is conv]t$  

into pap] on ! pap] ma*9e 9 ! connect+  
build+4 ,?is pap] is !n tak5 into ! upp]
 "p ( ! ma9 build+1 & aft] be+ dri$ on !
 l(ts is suitably cal5d]$ & pack$ be=e  
be+ transf]r$ into ! extreme end ( !    
/oreh\se to await %ipm5t4  ,at ! pres5t 
"t x has be5 f\nd t an incl9$ ro( ( !   
old5 type is n a necessity ov] a pap]   
ma*9e1 z has be5 decre$ by ! tradition  
pass$ d[n f old practices4 ,)9 ! la/    
ye>1 a numb] ( flat ro(s h be5 plac$ ov]
 pap] ma*9es1 )\t any tr\ble ensu+ f    
cond5s$ wat] =m+ on ! ceil+ & !nce      
dropp+ ^u ! /ock4 ,x is well kn[n t !   
use ( a flat ro( 9 su* places is att5d$ 
) a great _m me*anical conv5i5ces2 & !  
pit*$ ro( hi!rto us$ = ^! purposes has  
be5 submitt$ to1 only because x 0       
presum$ to be necess>y4 ,! :ole t5d5cy (
 mill design is 9 ! l9e ( fitness (     
means to ends1 9 ! simple/ & mo/ direct 
mann]4  ,:5 ! mills 9 ,l[ell 7 fir/     
built1 !y consi/$ ( isolat$ build+s1 :i*
 x 0 presum$ w\ld rema9 = all "t2 b :5 x
 became necess>y to increase ! plant1 x 

0 f\nd t ! eng9e] _h wisely laid out !  
mills 9 ! same y>d 9 ref]5ce to a fix$  
grade1 s t correspond+ floors w\ld meet 
:5 ! build+s 7 ext5d$ s t !y rea*$ ea*  
o!r4  ,:]ev] a /rong & diffus$ light is 
necess>y = any manufactur+ process1 or !
 conditions are su* z to require unusual
 /ability ( ! build+1 "o-/ory mills     
light$ by monitors af=d accommodations n
 rea*$ by any o!r =m ( con/ruction4  ,9 
pres5t+ be=e y "s ( ! sali5t features ( 
mod]n mill con/ruction1 ,i h endeavor$  
to %[ ! v>i\s /eps ( progress lead+ up  
to ! developm5t ( ! pres5t types (      
design1 z well z "s ( ! me?ods (        
con/ruction 9 pres5t use4  ,^! v>i\s    
/eps 9 advance1 produc+ mills bett]     
suit$ = ! purposes = :i* a mill is      
built1 are n g5]ally due to elem5ts     
orig9at+ ) ! manufactur]s1 b ) !        
,factory ,mutual ,und]writ]s1 :o1 f9d+ x
 *eap] to prev5t a fire ?an to settle a 
loss1 h 9 e mann] enc\rag$ improvem5ts 9
 con/ruction1 equipm5t1 & adm9i/ration1 
) ! result ( dim9i%+ ! insurance on     

textile manufactur+ prop]ty dur+ ! la/  
g5]ation f two & "o-half d[n to "o-f\r? 
( "o p] c5t41 or r$uc+ ! co/ ( insurance
 eighty p] c5t4  ,9 design+ any "w1 a   
c>eful reg>d %\ld be giv5 to prec$5ts1  
rememb]+ t a good design] mu/ also be a 
good copyi/4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,! ,,passive     
,,/ate ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,nickel4--,e4    
,sa9t ,edme4--,! nickel ( comm]ce       
imm$iately becomes passive if imm]s$ 9  
ord9>y nitric acid4 ,iron1 :ile be+     
briskly attack$ by common nitric acid1  
is r5d]$ passive by contact ) nickel4   
,if /eel & nickel are plung$ into ! acid
 toge!r1 ! =m] metal is n ev5 mom5t>ily 
attack$4 ,nickel reta9s en]getically a  
proportion ( comb9$ nitrog51 to :i* its 
passivity is due4                       
,,improv$ ,,torp$o ,,boat4   ,we give an
 illu/ration ( ! new type ( second class
 torp$o boat :i* ,messrs4 ,y>r[  ,co4 h 
rec5tly con/ruct$ to ! ord] ( !         
,admiralty1 & :i* 0 tri$ at ! latt] "p (
 la/ ye>4 ,! boat is #fj ft4 long ov]   

all & #h ft4 #f 94 wide1 #c ft4 %ort] & 
f a foot to #ae 94 wid] ?an ! old type (
 second class boats4 ,%e atta9$ a spe$ (
 r m ?an #ag knots p] h\r on h] (ficial 
trial ) #d tons on bo>d4 ,! spe$1 :5    
light1 = six runs on ! measur$ mile 0   
#ah-a_/b knots4 ,! latt] seems a v high 
spe$ = s small a vessel1 & inde$ x is a 
rem>kable p]=mance1 b at ! same "t !    
spe$ ( #ag4jca knots on a f\r h\rs'     
trial ) #d tons on bo>d is m rem>kable  
/ill4 ,x is well to note1 says ,eng9e]+1
 9 comp>+ spe$s ( torp$o boats1 "u :at  
conditions z to weight c>ri$ & duration 
( runn+ ! trial is made4 ,9 our previ\s 
notice we ref]r$ to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is   
boat diff]s f ord9>y second class boats 
9 ! mann] ( eject+ ! torp$o2 & !        
arrangem5t is well %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,! m
 ord9>y me?od ( fir+ ! torp$o f a tube  
or tubes1 built into ! hull & po9t+ =w>d
 ?r\gh ! b[1 w be famili> to ! majority 
( our read]s2 b "h x w be se5 ! b[ fire 
has be5 altoge!r ab&on$1 & a swivel+ gun
 plac$ aft is sub/itut$4 ,! gun1 (      

c\rse1 is n new2 inde$1 "o 0 plac$ on ! 
old ,lightn+1 ! fir/ torp$o boat built =
 ! ,engli% navy4 ,t vessel 01 h[ev]1 a  
fir/ class boat1 & al?\gh n s l>ge z !  
fir/ class boats n[ built1 0 consid]ably
 bigg] ?an ,no4 #ej1 :i* is ! (ficial   
designation ( ! craft "u notice4 ,9 !   
,lightn+1 too1 ! torp$o gun 0 plac$     
=w>d1 & 0 tra9$ 9 q a diff]5t mann] to t
 ( ?is second class boat4 ,we h already 
comm5t$ on ! (f5sive advantages ( be+   
able to eject ! torp$o ?r\gh a wide     
angle ( range1 & :5 go+ at spe$1 r ?an  
hav+ to br+ ! boat to a /op & fire only 
end on4 ,we ne$ n !re=e recur to ?is    
po9t2 b s9ce our =m] notice appe>$ we h 
_h1 :ile on %ore1 an opportunity ( see+ 
! boat /eam at spe$ & maneuv]4 ,our     
previ\s exp]i5ce 0 obta9$ on bo>d--a    
position :i*1 9 "s respects1 does n af=d
 s good a po9t ( obs]vation z :5 "o is  
at "s little di/ance f ! boat4 ,x is    
c]ta9ly a rem>kable sight to see ! mann]
 9 :i* ?is little vessel w9ds among     
craft or r\nd buoys1 or turns circles ( 

surpris+ly small diamet]4 ,%e seems to  
pivot on a po9t v ne> ! b[1 a fact :i*  
is no d\bt *iefly to be acc\nt$ = by !  
way ! deadwood is cut away aft4 ,?is    
all[s ! /ream ( wat] div]t$ by !        
unusually l>ge rudd] to sw+ ! aft] "p   
r\nd ) facility4  ,illu/ration3         
,,improv$ ,,torp$o ,,boat4  ,ano!r      
notable feature ab\t ,no4 #ej is !      
comp>atively small b[ wave %e ?r[s up4  
,we believe x is pretty g5]ally         
ackn[l$g$ n[ t ! mo/ noticeable po9t at 
night ab\t a torp$o boat travel+ at high
 spe$--putt+ on "o side flame & sp>ks f 
! funnel--is ! high b[ wave ! majority (
 ^! vessels ?r[ up :5 go+ quickly ?r\gh 
! wat]4 ,! p[]ful electric se>* light   
causes ?is mass ( foam+ wat] to %[ up ) 
peculi> di/9ctness aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd
 ( sea & sky4 ,x has be51 !re=e1 ?\ght  
advisable to r$uce ?is undesirable      
feature ev5 if some?+ 9 ! %ape ( spe$   
has to be sacrific$4 ,fairly full b[    
l9es are ! be/ = fa/ boats ( ?is class1 
b 9 su* a model ! big b[ wave is v      

noticeable4 ,messrs4 ,y>r[ h met ! dem& 
( naval (fic]s = a less easily obs]v$   
boat by plac+ ! greate/ cross section   
fur!r aft ?an !y w\ld h done _h spe$    
alone be5 ! po9t aim$ at1 z x almo/     
always 0 9 ! e>li] torp$o boats4 ,x is  
!re=e additionally cr$itable to ,messrs4
 ,y>r[ t !y h rea*$ ! unprec$5t$ly high 
spe$ ( sev5te5 knots1 ) s consid]able an
 addition to ! beam1 & t !y h at ! same 
"t r$uc$ ! b[ wave4  ,!re is a fur!r    
advantage ( less surface di/urbance :5  
runn+ torp$o boats4 ,x is unnecess>y to 
po9t out t surprise w be ! *ief elem5t (
 success 9 future possible attacks 9 :i*
 ^! craft may be engag$4 ,z ! b[ wave is
 mo/ likely to reveal ! pres5ce ( ! boat
 by sight1 s also w x mo/ probably give 
fir/ w>n+ ( approa* by s\nd4 ,x is !    
spla% ( ! wat] & n ! noise ( ! ma*9]y t 
c be he>d = ! greate/ di/ance :5 a boat 
is runn+ ) hat*es clos$--speak+ ( c\rse 
( high-spe$ boats 9 :i* ! eng9es are    
kept to a high degree ( p]fection1 z !y 
%\ld be1 & 9 ! ,royal ,navy are1 ) all  

torp$o boats4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t !re is
 an additional reason = r$uc+ !         
objectionable b[ wave4  ,! boat :i* we  
illu/rate rec5tly made ! run f ! ,?ames 
to ,portsm\?1 &1 ! wea!r be+ bad1 0 tak5
 ?r\gh ! some:at intricate b m %elt]$   
fairways & *annels ( :at is kn[n z !    
ov]l& passage4 ,(f ,m>gate %e manag$ to 
get on ! gr\nd--a result by no means to 
be wond]$ at2 &1 z ! s&s "h are v h>d1  
%e sma%$ h] propell]4 ,aft] a "t %e 0   
got (f & bea*$1 :5 a new propell] 0     
fitt$4 ,we m5tion ?is incid5t1 z x is   
g5]ally suppos$ t ^! craft are ( a v    
fragile description2 egg %ell is !      
favorite t]m ( comp>ison4 ,"o di/+ui%$  
naval (fic]--retir$--has said he w\ld   
nev] will+ly g on bo>d ^! craft1 = fe> (
 putt+ 8 foot ?r\gh ! bottom2 & !re is a
 v funny /ory extant ab\t a sailor ) a  
wood5 leg4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 f !     
exp]i5ce ( ,no4 #ej1 t /eel vessels are 
( mu* m robu/ con/itution ?an is g5]ally
 suppos$1 &1 inde$1 !re is ample        
te/imony to ! fact4 ,we rec5tly witness$

 ! ef=ts ( a small work+ p>ty to get "o 
( ^! vessels ov] a bank4 ,%e 0 pu%$ z   
high up z ! /r5g? ( ! p>ty w\ld all[1 & 
9 ?is position h] =e "p 0 ov] ! bank =  
ab\t a ?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! boat4 ,a tackle
 0 !n put on ! b[1 :i* 0 b[s$ d[n until 
! boat c\ld be dragg$ /raight ahead4  ,a
 few words may appropriately be add$ "h 
z to torp$o boat policy g5]ally4        
,admiral ,colomb1 9 ! op5+ rem>ks ( 8   
excell5t little manual1 ,! ,naval ,ye>  
,book1 ref]s to ! torp$o boat "q 9 !    
foll[+ t]ms3 ,! fleet1 ! flotilla1 !    
cruis]1 & ! h>bor attack & def5se h ea* 
_h 7i4 e41 dur+ ! pa/ ye>7 _! %>e (     
att5tion1 & develop$ ex]cise1 & op9ion  
has be5 advanc$1 guid$1 or turn$ back by
 ! obs]vation ( facts :i* ^! ex]cises h 
br\ght out4 ,:ile x _c1 p]haps1 be said 
t ! torp$o1 z torp$o1 has mu* alt]$ its 
position 9 naval e/imation1 x seems fair
 to assume t ! torp$o boat1 z boat1 has 
fall5 9 repute4 ,9 ! fir/1 x has gr[n v 
mu* l>g]1 & has1 9 po9t ( fact1 ceas$ to
 be a boat4 ,9 "p ?is may h come ab\t   

because ! role :i* "s propos$ = ! torp$o
 boat1 ( be+ an entirely def5sive weapon
 conf9$ to t]ritorial localities1 &     
op]at+ only )9 a %ort di/ance f its     
port1 has nev] be5 g5]ally accept$4     
,boats :i* 7 nev] int5d$ = voyages h be5
 s5t on voyages1 &1 be+ f\nd m or less  
unsuit$ = t k9d ( s]vice1 suppos$       
improvem5ts h be5 made1 s t !y %\ld be  
capable ( execut+ x4 ,! 'h>bor def5se'  
in/rum5t has become a 'sea attack'      
in/rum5t1 & 9 "s s5se an unrecogniz$    
rival to ! und\bt$ sea-go+ torp$o       
vessels l ! ,ar*]1 ! ,fe>less1 & !      
,rattlesnake4  ,9 ^! passages ,admiral  
,colomb has put ! pres5t aspect ( !     
torp$o boat "q v aptly4 ,we are n[      
exp]i5c+ ! inevitable reaction consequ5t
 ^u our e>ly ov]-valu+ ( ! torp$o4 ,!   
unkn[n possibilities = di/9ction ( ^?   
weapons 7 s magnifi$ t sc>cely any      
exp5diture 0 ?\ght too great to provide 
means = _! employm5t1 bo? 9 & out (     
season4 ,torp$o vessels h be5 gr[+ 9    
size & co/l9ess4 ,m & m ge> has be5     

cr[d$ into !m1 increas+ _! weight & co/1
 & also ! intricacy ( _! ma*9]y4 ,9 all 
?is1 *eapness1 ! "o great virtue ( !    
torp$o1 has be5 ov]%ad[$4 ,no d\bt x is 
"r = a great naval p[] l ,great ,brita9 
to h vessels ( all classes1 & ! possible
 value ( small fa/ vessels su* z ! ,ar*]
 or ! ,rattlesnake--n necess>ily z      
connect$ ) ! torp$o--c h>dly be         
ov]e/imat$4 ,b = small] naval p[]s1 t   
look on ! torp$o boat z a means ( coa/  
def5se1 especially ^? c\ntries hav+ a   
brok5 coa/ l9e /udd$ ) isl&s1 bays1 &   
inlets1 x is v que/ionable :e!r ! small]
 boats1 su* z t n[ "u notice1 w n be a  
bett] inve/m5t ?an ! l>g] craft at      
pres5t m 9 vogue4 ,by ! additional      
seawor?9ess ( ?is boat1 secur$ *iefly by
 ! increas$ wid?1 ! #fj ft41 or second  
class1 boat has be5 lift$ into !        
category ( practicable vessels2 & x mu/ 
be rememb]$ t f\r or five ( ^! small]   
craft c be pur*as$ = ! price ( "o mod]n 
fir/ class boat4 ,?is is ! crucial po9t1
 ! money /&>d1 & x is to t t all %ip &  

boat build+ que/ions mu/ be r$uc$1 :e!r 
x be 9 weal?y ,engl& or ! mo/ impecuni\s
 & p]haps h>dly m ?an half-civiliz$     
/ate4  ,! "q may be argu$ f _m po9ts (  
view1 & we put =w>d ^! rem>ks simply z  
sugge/ions1 )\t any wi% to dogmatize4 ,b
 x seems t1 z ! *eap] second class boat 
has be5 c>ri$ s _m /eps 9 advance1 x may
 be wor? :ile to reconsid] ! position ) 
a view to return+ to ! orig9al torp$o   
boat idea ( small1 inexp5sive vessels1  
act+ by surprise2 & n putt+ too _m eggs 
9 "o basket4          ,,sci5tific       
,,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,royal   
,,jubilee ,,exhibition4   ,s9e & ,tang5t
 ,galvanomet]4--,an exhibit ( orig9al   
sci5tific app>atus 0 contribut$ by ,pr(4
 ,g4 ,f4 ,fitzg]ald1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1
 ,dubl94 ,! fir/ in/rum5t 0 a s9e &     
tang5t galvanomet]1 :i* comb9es bo?     
in/rum5ts1 & has f\r int]e/+            
peculi>ities3 7#a7 ,! w9d+s ( ! coils   
are visible ?r\gh ! plate glass sides1 s
 z to be capable ( easy measurem5t 9    
situ4 7#b7 ,! position ( ! ne$le is read

 by reflections ( a cyl9drical scale 9  
two rectangul> mirrors ^: int]section is
 horizontal1 & :i* are atta*$ to !      
magnet4 ,^! mirrors reflect images (    
opposite sides ( ! scale to a fix$      
mirror :i* reflects !m into a           
microscope1 9 :i*1 by means ( a         
micromet]1 x is possible to read        
accurately ! position ( ! l9e :i* is !  
same 9 ! two images4 7#c7 ,?is          
cyl9drical scale is affix$ to ! base ( !
 in/rum5t1 & ! coils c be rotat$ r\nd x1
 s t :5 ! in/rum5t is us$ z a s9e       
galvanomet] its position is read by     
reflection 9 ! rectangul> mirrors atta*$
 to ! magnet ( a po9t] atta*$ to !      
coils4 7#d7 ,by a slight modification ( 
! susp5sion1 a beam ( light c be        
reflect$ f a mirror connect$ to ! magnet
 at #de deg4 to its axis ( rotation1 & c
 em]ge ?r\gh ! plate glass side ( !     
in/rum5t & fall on a horizontal scale1  
:]e x w measure ! tang5t ( ! deviation  
in/ead ( ! tang5t ( twice ! deviation1 z
 9 ord9>y reflect+ galvanomet]s4  ,!    

meldomet] %[n is an in/rum5t =          
facilitat+ ! id5tification ( small      
quantities ( m9]als by comp>ative       
obs]vations on _! melt+ po9ts1 & =      
obs]v+ ! ph5om5a ( _! fusion &          
ebullition4 ,x consi/s ( a /rip (       
plat9um arrang$ to trav]se ! /age ( a   
microscope1 & heat$ by a curr5t d]iv$ f 
two ,grove's cells4  ,on ?is /rip !     
fragm5ts ( ! m9]al1 or1 if = comp>ative 
obs]vation1 ( two or m m9]als1 are      
plac$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! plat9um is !n  
rais$ by gradually dim9i%+ a resi/ance  
plac$ 9 circuit ) ! batt]y & meldomet]1 
! behavior ( ! sub/ance be+ mean:ile    
obs]v$ ?r\gh ! microscope4 ,to effect ! 
elevation ( a temp]ature automatically1 
a resi/ance1 consi/+ ( a rod ( c>bon    
fitt$ 9 a v]tical glass tube1 is        
employ$4 ,pr(essor ,fitzg]ald %[$ two   
sets ( app>atus = measur+ ! d5sities (  
gases4 ,bo? me?ods dep5d on !           
det]m9ation ( ! am\nt by :i* a body is  
buoy$ up :5 imm]s$ 9 ! gas4  ,model =   
,illu/rat+ ! ,prop]ties ( ! ,e!r4--,a v 

int]e/+ exhibit 0 ! model = illu/rat+ ! 
electromagnetic & lum9if]\s prop]ties ( 
! e!r1 ( :i* a detail$ description is   
almo/ necess>y4 ,! model consi/s ( a    
s]ies ( :eels1 rotat+ on axes fix$      
p]p5dicul>ly 9 a plane bo>d1 & connect$ 
toge!r by ,india-rubb] b&s4 ,! axes are 
fix$ at ! int]sections ( two sy/ems (   
p]p5dicul> l9es1 & ea* :eel is connect$ 
) ea* ( its f\r neighbors by an         
,india-rubb] b&4 ,?us all ! :eels c     
rotate )\t any consequ5t /ra9+ ( ! sy/em
 if !y all rotate at ! same rate4 ,if1  
h[ev]1 "s ( ! :eels are rotat$ ?r\gh a  
diff]5t angle f o!rs1 ! ,india-rubb] b&s
 w be /ra9$4 ,if x be desir$ to repres5t
 a region 9 :i* conduct+ matt] exi/s1 x 
w be repres5t$ by remov+ ! b&s f a set (
 :eels4 ,suppose ! b&s are remov$ f !   
regions1 ,a & ,b1 & f ! connect+ l9e1 ,a
 ,b1 !n we c repres5t ! *>g+ ( ^!       
regions ) opposite electricities by     
introduc+ "s me*anism by means ( :i* !  
:eels on opposite sides ( ! l9e1 ,a ,b1 
c be rotat$ 9 opposite directions4 ,!   

model is n int5d$ to illu/rate 9 any way
 ! connection betwe5 ! e!r & matt]2     
inde$1 "o ( ! advantages claim$ = !     
model is1 t ! /udy ( x s di/9ctly       
emphasizes ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ph5om5a 
dep5d+ on ! g5]al prop]ties ( ! e!r by  
itself & ^? dep5d+ on its connection )  
matt]4 ,= in/ance1 f ! v case we h j    
consid]$1 we get impress$ ^u u t x is by
 means ( matt] only t we c get a hold on
 ! e!r s z to /ra9 x4 ,z ! object is n  
to illu/rate ! connection betwe5 matt] &
 e!r1 any r\gh me?od ( turn+ ! :eels s z
 to create ! prop] /ra9 w d well en\gh1 
z x is n ! me?od ( produc+1 b ! nature (
 ! /ra9 produc$ t is to be consid]$4    
,hav+ once rotat$ ^! :eels1 we may      
replace ! b&s along ! l9e1 ,a ,b1 & we h
 ! /ate ( ! e!r betwe5 two oppositely   
electrifi$ bodies repres5t$ on ! model4 
,x w be obs]v$ t half ! ,india-rubb] b&s
 are /ra9$1 & t 9 l9es runn+ r\nd !     
bodies ! tight side ( a b& is always    
away f "o body & next ! o!r4 ,?is       
repres5ts ! pol>ization ( ! e!r4 ,! late

 ,pr(4 ,cl]k-,maxwell def9$ pol>ization 
z a /ate 9 :i* ! opposite sides ( ea*   
elem5t are 9 opposite /ates4 ,n[1 !     
opposite sides ( ea* b& are 9 opposite  
/ates--"o side loose1 ! o!r tight2 & s x
 c v well repres5t ! pol>iz$ /ate ( !   
e!r4 ,! displacem5t produc+ !           
pol>ization is due to ! diff]5t rotation
 ( ! :eels c>ry+ ! b& caus+ m ( ! b& to 
be at "o side ( ! :eels ?an at !        
o!r--less at ! tight & m at ! loose side
 ( ! pair ( :eels1 & ?is repres5ts !    
electric displacem5t produc+ !          
pol>ization4 ,! direction ( ?is         
displacem5t is at "r angles to ! l9e ( !
 b&s t are /ra9$1 & is out f "o body & 9
 t[>d ! o!r all r\nd4  ,consid]+ ! o!r  
prop]ties ( ! e!r t are repres5t$ by !  
model1 we obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place t dur+ !
 "t pol>ization is tak+ place ! :eels   
are rotat+1 & t ! rate ( rotation ( !   
:eels is proportional to ! rate (       
increase ( pol>ization1 & t ! direction 
( ! axis ( rotation is p]p5dicul> to !  
direction ( ! displacem5t4 ,h5ce x is   

se5 t ! magnetic =ce is prop]ly         
repres5t$ by ! rate ( rotation ( !      
:eels1 & its direction by ! axis (      
rotation4 ,! model1 al?\gh simple 9     
con/ruction1 is v useful1 & its c>eful  
/udy w greatly assi/ ! /ud5t 9 obta9+   
def9ite physical conceptions ( _m ( ! m 
ab/ruse ph5om5a dep5d+ on ! e!r4        
,prismatic ,photomet]s4--,ano!r exhibit 
0 a photomet] made ( solid p>aff91 or   
any o!r transluc5t sub/ance1 inv5t$ by  
,mr4 ,j4 ,joly1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl94
 ,! arrangem5t is at once simple &      
effective4 ,! in/rum5t dep5ds ^u ! fact 
t if a prism be cut f a transluc5t body1
 & s expos$ to a s\rce ( light t "o only
 ( its faces is illum9at$1 ! light      
diffus$ ?r\gh ! sub/ance & reflect$ out 
?r\gh ! illum9at$ faces ( ! prism gives 
x an appe>ance z if light$ up int]nally4
 ,! effect is1 9 fact1 z if ! prism     
itself 0 a s\rce ( light4 ,two su*      
prisms laid toge!r on smoo? faces1 &    
receiv+ light f sep>ate s\rces1 if plac$
 s z to be at opposite sides ( ! plane (

 division1 appe> z if ea* 0 emitt+ light
 proportional 9 int5sity to ! s\rce (   
its supply4 ,! d\ble prism has !        
appe>ance ( two lum9\s bodies laid side 
by side4  ,:51 h[ev]1 ! supply to ea*   
prism is br\ght to equality1 !y appe> z 
if emitt+ equal quantities ( light2 & x 
is h>d to detect any long] t two prisms 
are be+ obs]v$1 s completely does all   
trace ( ! plane ( division disappe>4 ,an
 +5i\s piece ( app>atus inv5t$ by ,mr4  
,joly 0 "o = c>ry+ out 8 me?od ( det]m9+
 ! specific gravity ( small quantities (
 d5se or por\s bodies4 ,! me?od "h %[n  
enables ! specific gravity to be det]m9$
 :atev] ! d5sity or /ate ( aggregation (
 ! sub/ances1 & 9 extremely m9ute       
quantities1 ) an accuracy limit$ only by
 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! *emical balance4     
,telegraph+ ! ,read+s ( ,sci5tific      
,in/rum5ts4--,ano!r inv5tion ( ,mr4     
,joly 0 8 app>atus = obta9+             
telegraphically ! read+s (              
meteorological in/rum5ts plac$ at a     
di/ance f ! obs]v]4 ,?is app>atus may be

 atta*$ or adapt$ to ! v>i\s !rmomet]s1 
! b>omet]1 ra9 gauge1 & to o!r in/rum5ts
 plac$ 9 a m\nta9 /ation1 ?us enabl+ _! 
read+s to be tak5 f a conv5i5tly plac$  
obs]vatory4 ,any numb] ( in/rum5ts may  
be work$ ) p]fect reliability & c]ta9ty 
by ! use ( ?ree wires only2 ! only extra
 piece ( app>atus ne$$ be+ a disk1 c>ry+
 insulat$ contact pieces arrang$ r\nd   
its circumf]5ce1 to :i* ! wires ( !     
diff]5t in/rum5ts are atta*$4 ,( ^! ?ree
 wires1 "o s]ves to put "o aft] ! o!r ( 
! contacts into circuit ) ! home /ation 
?r\gh ! second wire4 ,by ?is second wire
 ! read+s are tak5 & ! readju/m5t ( !   
in/rum5ts effect$4 ,! ?ird wire is = !  
indication ( ! contacts1 & is tak5 f all
 ! in/rum5ts to ! galvanomet] 9 ! home  
/ation4--,indu/ries4                    
,,color$ ,,photography4   ,ab\t n9e     
mon?s s9ce we direct$ att5tion to !     
sy/em ( color$ photography inv5t$ by    
,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,mayall1 ,london4 ,s9ce t  
"t1 ,mr4 ,mayall has fur!r develop$ !   
details ( 8 process1 & z a result 8     

color pictures h be5 mu* improv$ bo? z  
reg>ds appe>ance & size1 & are beautiful
 specim5s ( ?is new dep>ture 9          
photographic art4 ,z /at$ 9 our previ\s 
notice1 ,mr4 ,mayall1 aft] f\rte5 ye>s (
 exp]im5tal rese>*1 has discov]$ ! art (
 reproduc+ ! colors lat5t 9 ! negative (
 ! photograph1 hav+ arriv$ at 8 discov]y
 by ! aid ( spectrum analysis1 :i* l$   
him to ! conclusion t e color 9 !       
organic _w1 :5 expos$ to a suitable     
photographic plane 9 a cam]a1 regi/]s   
exact vibrations4 ,mr4 ,mayall has      
succe$$ 9 produc+ *emical colors        
extremely att5uat$1 :i* exactly         
correspond ) ! vibrations 9 ! negative4 
,9 do+ ?is1 he keeps ! film alive to !  
smalle/ vibrations ( light4 ,he uses1   
fir/1 lactate ( iron to impregnate !    
is+lass film ) a salt ( iron capable (  
unit+ ) any /rong] organic acid2 &1     
secondly1 meconic acid1 :i* impregnates 
! film ( album51 & has a /rong] aff9ity 
= iron ?an lactic acid4 ,x unites ) !   
iron1 & =ms a r$ film1 :i* is 9 a /ate  

to receive all ! l[] vibrations ( ! r$  
end ( ! spectrum1 & ?is gives ^! l[]    
vibrations a fair *ance ) ! electric    
light4 ,all subsequ5t processes assi/   
?is *emical m>* to ! f9al end ( mak+ a  
pr9t t w take up colors1 :i*1 :5 add$1  
fall 9 _! places1 & !re rema9 indelible 
& unalt]able4--,iron4                   
,,future ,,prospects ,,= ,,gas          
,,companies4#d                     ,by  
,mr4 ,,?os4 ,,wood1 ( ,s&usky4   ,^? :o 
7 9 att5dance at our ,dayton meet+ w    
p]haps recall ! fact t ! writ]1 9 a pap]
 read at t "t1 /rongly advocat$ gas     
companies tak+ hold ( ! electric light  
bus9ess & runn+ ! same 9 connection ) _!
 gas bus9ess2 y w also recall ! fact t !
 writ] sugge/$ t gas companies %\ld take
 up ! inc&esc5t electric light & fuel   
gas4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 demon/rat$ by 
sev]al gas companies 9 ?is & o!r ,/ates 
t ! electric arc sy/em c be add$ )      
success1 f9ancially1 to gas companies & 
) satisfaction to _! patrons2 & ! writ] 
d]ives great pleasure 9 he>+ ( s _m     

companies :o h left ! n>r[ & beat5 track
 ( prejudice & are n[ walk+ 9 ! broad   
road ( progression4  #d ,a pap] read    
lately be=e ! ,ohio ,gas ,light         
,association4  ,x is n my int5tion to   
dwell ^u arc light+ n[ only long en\gh  
to /ate t1 aft] two ye>s ( practical    
exp]i5ce ) ! comb9ation1 our company    
consid] !y h tak5 a "r /ep 9 adopt+ x1 &
 t x is satisfactory 9 e respect4 ,o!r  
gas companies t h adopt$ ! arc sy/em c  
und\bt$ly corroborate ?is ) _! exp]i5ce4
 ,i w\ld make ?is pap] a cont9uation ( !
 la/ "o by n[ tak+ up ! inc&esc5t       
electric sy/em & fuel gas "q4 ,t bo? w  
be introduc$ into e city 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates be=e long by "s "o ,i h n a %ad[ 
( a d\bt2 & :y8 ,simply because !y are  
bo? desirable commodities 9 dome/ic     
economy & hygi5e4  ,please lay aside all
 prejudice1 & ,i w %[ y an ideal dome/ic
 burn] = illum9ation purposes4 ,n[1 :at 
comprises an ideal burn] = dome/ic use8 
,9 ! fir/ place1 su* a burn] mu/ n      
black5 our walls & ceil+s1 nei!r mu/ x  

give (f delet]i\s products ( combu/ion2 
x mu/ be a /eady light1 & n subject to  
draughts2 x mu/ n give out heat 9 summ]1
 x mu/ n be possible = inflammable goods
 to ignite by com+ 9 contact ) x2 x mu/ 
be a light t w h no ill effect if by    
accid5t ! key is left op52 x mu/ be a   
light t our c\ntry c\s9s _c bl[ out1    
nei!r mu/ x be "o t requires dang]\s    
mat*es to ignite x1 & la/ly1 x mu/ be a 
fairly *eap light4  ,n[1 g5tlem51 if y h
 ?r[n prejudice to ! w9ds1 p]haps y c   
recognize 9 ?is ideal burn] ! inc&esc5t 
electric light = dome/ic use4 ,n[1 if   
?is light is an ideal "o1 :o is go+ to  
prev5t its adoption by ! public8 ,gas   
companies _c1 & if !y _c no "o c4 ,s1 9 
my m9d1 ! wise/ c\rse to pursue is to   
admit :at we "k to be true1 & proce$ at 
once to supply ! dem&1 increase our     
rev5ue1 pu% out into ! suburbs ( our    
cities1 sell x z *eaply z possible1 &   
don't let o!rs come 9 & take away :at   
rightly belongs to y4 ,if !re is any    
money to be made 9 ! bus9ess by o!rs1   

!re is /ill m 9 x = u4  ,= /ore         
purposes1 :]e ! h\rs ( burn+ are def9$1 
,i ?9k x bett] to ab&on ! met] sy/em &  
fix a price p] annum or mon? = ea* lamp1
 tak+ into consid]ation ! h\rs ( use z a
 basis = *>ges4 ,= private dwell+s ?is  
w\ld n be practicable1 & we w\ld h to   
resort 9 ?is case to met]s1 or p]haps   
fix ^u a price = furni%+ ! curr5t & h ! 
consum] pur*ase ! bulbs or lamps :5ev]  
r5ewals 7 necess>y4 ,9 ?is way economy  
w\ld *eap5 ! light to ! consum]4 ,any   
me?od t w disp5se ) ! met] & /ill be    
satisfactory w be ! "o to adopt4  ,i _c 
und]/& h[ "s gas companies :o h !       
inc&esc5t electric sy/em z a competitor 
c console !mselves ) ! fact t x is n    
injuri\s to _! gas bus9ess1 ev5 tak+ x =
 grant$ !y are sell+ z mu* gas z be=e   
its adv5t4 ,is ?is a j reason :y !y %\ld
 make no ef=t to secure _! old          
patronage8 ,i ?9k n1 = x is human nature
 to secure a :ole loaf 9 place ( ! half1
 :5 x is possible to get x4 ,a gas      
company's rev5ues w\ld c]ta9ly be       

increas$ by ! /ep1 & a dang]\s rival    
w\ld be made pr(itable4  ,i ?9k x is a  
mi/ake to ?9k t by & by ! p w get back  
to gas4 ,( c\rse "s w1 j z gas consum]s 
sometimes g back to coal oil2 b1 because
 a few give x up1 don't let u deceive   
ourselves by ?9k+ t all w d x ev5tually1
 = ! inc&esc5t electric burn] is b\nd to
 rema9 :]ev] x is n[ 9 use1 & w f9d its 
way to ! o!r places :]e x is n n[ 9 use4
 ,t is all v well to talk ab\t1 ,i he>  
"s "o say1 b :at are !y go+ to d ) our  
prior inve/m5t8 ,to su* ,i w\ld say1 pu%
 t1 too4 ,*eap5 x to its l[e/ po9t &    
urge its use = p[] & cook /oves until   
su* "t t y f9d y\rselves able to supply 
gas = heat+ purposes ( all k9ds4  ,:at  
diff]5ce does x make to a company :e!r !
 money exp5d$ = improvem5t acc\nt be    
coal gas b5*es1 hold]s & ma9s1 or       
dynamos1 boil]s1 & wire8 ,i fail to see 
! diff]5ce1 & if improvem5ts h to be    
made 9 bo?1 s mu* ! bett]--x %[s a      
heal?y dem& = bo? bran*es1 & %\ld be    
promptly provid$ =4  ,if arc light+ is  

to be ! light on our /reets & !         
inc&esc5t electric light = our /ores &  
dwell+s1 %all we h to draw our fires f  
"u our gas b5*es & /op mak+ gas8 ,?is1  
to ! writ]1 w\ld be an absurd d$uction1 
= ! v reason t 9 nature's laboratory all
 ^! elem5ts are plac$1 & gas w\ld n be  
"o ( !m if !re 7 n "s important "p = x  
to play 9 ! supply+ ( man's wants4 ,x is
 = u to take ! ?+s we f9d 9 nature's    
laboratory & select ! fitte/ articles = 
ea* special use2 & x is reasonable to   
suppose t x w be only ! fitte/ t w      
f9ally be a success4 ,! arc light1 s f> 
z ! writ] has asc]ta9$1 has ass]t$      
pretty g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry its     
supremacy on our /reets1 & ?is 9 spite (
 all opposition f gas companies--%[+    
conclusively t x has ga9$ its position  
by ! =ce ( dem& = ! fitte/4 ,inc&esc5t  
electric light is j z surely f9d+ its   
position & field ( usefulness1 & 9 its  
turn w ass]t its supremacy1 & :y8       
,because x has ! qualifications call$ = 
9 ! public specifications4 ,"s w ass]t t

 x is too exp5sive to come into g5]al   
use1 & also t x is n z reliable z gas4  
,! fir/ is no argum5t aga9/ x1 = 0 n    
coal gas sold at exorbitant prices 9 its
 e>ly days8 ,x c]ta9ly is capable ( be+ 
*eap5$ 9 ! future1 z gas has be51 & ?is 
is "o reason :y gas companies %\ld ent] 
! bus9ess1 z x is 9 _! p[] to *eap5 x4  
,z f> z unreliability is conc]n$1 x     
c]ta9ly looks ! mo/ s]i\s objection2 b  
don't be al>m$ on t score1 = duplicate  
ma*9]y or /orage batt]ies w ev5tually   
ov]come ?is bugbe>1 & :ile discuss+ ?is 
subject don't let u =get t ! break+ ( a 
ma91 ! fill+ up ( a drip1 a flood or    
explosion1 or ev5 ,jack ,fro/1 has (t5  
caus$ our cu/om]s to ?9k t ev5 gas is n 
v reliable4  ,i _c und]/& :at prompts   
gas companies z a rule to prejudice     
aga9/ electric light+1 unless x be !y   
imag9e ! outcome to be idle gas ma9s &  
cold b5*es4 ,?is ,i ?9k is all wrong4 ,!
 l>ge/ unoccupi$ field to-day is ! fuel 
gas field1 & :o %\ld /ep 9 & supply ?is 
dem&8 ,c\ld any "o d x z well z ! pres5t

 gas companies8 ,we h our ma9s & s]vices
 already laid2 we h our hold]s1 met]s1 &
 tra9$ labor1 mo/ ( u h also ! necess>y 
l& to sp>e on :i* to erect ! g5]ators4  
,next to ! fuel gas field ,i ?9k ,i c   
see ano!r field ne>ly z ext5sive1 & t is
 ! coal oil field4  ,please imag9e !    
foll[+ picture1 :i* is repres5tative ( !
 writ]'s belief ( :at a gas company w be
 9 ! ne> future2 9 fact s ne> 9 ! future
 t be=e our next conv5tion rolls ar\nd x
 w be a reality4  ,"o set ( (fic]s1 ^:  
pr9cipal qualifications %all be         
progressiv5ess--_! duties to be divid$  
betwe5 electric light+ ( all k9ds1      
includ+ electric p[]1 fuel gas = all    
purposes1 includ+ gas eng9es2 also      
inc&esc5t lights (f fuel gas ma9s4  ,n[ 
let u see :at ! plant w consi/ (4 ,"o   
set ( ma9s = fuel gas1 f :i* our patrons
 w draw all _! fuel1 & also light1 if !y
 wi%4 ,gas eng9es w be run economically 
) ?is gas4 ,"o set ( met]s only w be    
requir$4  ,!re w be no coal gas b5*es z 
we h !m n[1 z ! me?od ( manufacture is  

too labori\s1 too exp5sive & v          
primitive1 n to say b>b>\s--ev]y?+ n[   
be+ built on ! horizontal plan1 requir+ 
! greate/ possible ex]tion to bo? draw a
 *>ge & /oke4 ,! g5]ators ( ! future w  
be on ! cupola /yle1 fe$+ by gravitation
 f ! top4 ,native coals 9 all           
probability w be suffici5tly good to    
make gas (4 ,"o portion ( ! plant w be  
devot$ to ! dynamos & eng9es = furni%+ !
 electric light4 ,:]e ! coal gas b5*es  
n[ are w be boil]s1 or p]haps ev5 ^! w  
be unnecess>y if gas eng9es be us$4 ,if 
/eam boil]s be us$1 !y w be fir$ )      
produc] gas1 & ! hold]s w become simply 
pressure regulators4 ,! rev5ues ( gas   
companies w be increas$ fivefold1 if n  
m2 ! consum] w get *eap] fuel1 *eap]    
p[]1 & *eap] light4  ,native coal fields
 w become m valuable1 & we w n pay      
tribute to o!r ,/ates1 z h]et(ore4 ,!   
*ange f illum9at+ coal gas to fuel gas w
 p]haps be a sl[ "o1 ow+ to !           
cons]vatism ( gas companies & imp]fect$ 
details2 b ev5tually x w be br\ght ab\t 

9 spite ( all ob/acles4 ,if a company is
 op]at$ z pictur$1 x w furni% arc       
light+1 inc&esc5t electric light+1 &    
electric motors1 fuel gas1 inc&esc5t gas
 light+1 & gas eng9es4  ,gas w be made  
on a l>g] scale1 ) less dirt & nuisance1
 & )\t t labori\sness n[ made necess>y4 
,valves1 lev]s1 & pu% buttons w displace
 scoop1 draw+ hook1 & :eelb>r[1 & !     
employees w no long] be kn[n z gas h\se 
t]ri]s1 b w become elevat$ to a high]   
plane4 ,! (fic]s ( ! company w also (   
necessity h to be m active & al]t1 & !  
rule ( ?umb w be at a disc\nt4 ,n[ let u
 see :]e ! gas man w be :o fails to     
occupy ^! new fields ( pa/ure gre54  ,he
 w1 ( c\rse1 g on mak+ coal gas 9 ! old 
way2 he w /ill wre/le ) /opp$ /& pipes1 
/eam jet exhau/]s1 naph?al9e1 etc41 &   
worry ov] h[ mu* a bu%el ( coke weighs4 
,he w try to conv9ce 8 cu/om]s t he kn[s
 bett] ?an !y d :at !y want1 & t any?+ b
 8 gas is ( no acc\nt4 ,he w keep on    
cutt+ out items f ! newspap]s :5ev] he  
f9ds x record$ t an electric light      

some:]e fail$ to flick]4  ,he w /ill    
ma9ta9 t !re is n a company 9 ! c\ntry  
mak+ any?+ out ( electric light+1 & t x 
is only a matt] ( "t :5 "s fell[ slips  
into 8 t[n &1 not+ ?+s1 works up an arc 
light company1 captures ! /reet light+ &
 "s ( our fri5d's be/ consum]s4 ,! price
 ( gas is l[]$2 all k9ds ( pat5t gas    
burn]s are inve/$ 9 to recapture ^? lo/ 
consum]s2 a fight ensues1 factions are  
made 9 ! t[n1 & ! arc light company adds
 an inc&esc5t plant to ! arc light1 &   
captures m ( our fri5d's consum]s4 ,to  
cap ! climax1 ano!r fell[ comes along & 
proposes to supply fuel gas to !        
citiz5s1 gets a fran*ise1 puts 9 pipes &
 s]vices1 & our fri5d wakes up "s f9e   
morn+ to f9d t :at ! electric light     
fell[ has left him 9 ! %ape ( light+ has
 be5 captur$ by ! fell[ ) ! fuel gas    
plant1 :o puts 9 ! inc&esc5t gas burn]s4
  ,evid5ce is cropp+ up all ar\nd u t   
t5ds to ?is *ange4 ,we f9d manufactur]s 
( fireclay goods n[ mak+ c>bons =       
electric light+2 we also f9d gas fixture

 manufactur]s n[ mak+ & sell+ electric  
wires ( all k9ds1 besides o!r app>atus  
connect$ ) ! electrical field4          
,manufactur]s ( met]s h n yet devis$ a  
met] = measur+ electrical curr5ts1 b    
p]haps x w\ld pay !m to devote a portion
 ( _! "t to /udy+ "o out4 ,z f> z !     
pres5t met] bus9ess is conc]n$1 ,i ?9k1 
if ?is trans=mation ( ! gas bus9ess is  
br\ght ab\t1 ! dem& = gas met]s w\ld be 
quadrupl$ & ! use ( ! l>g] sizes ( met]s
 w\ld be made necess>y2 b if accuracy   
c\ld be insur$ ) a mu* small] met] )    
quick] action1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be bett]   
adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,fuel gas1 if x c be
 manufactur$ at a price at :i* x c\ld be
 sold ) pr(it at a l[] or z l[ price z  
coal1 w\ld prove a l>g] field ?an all ! 
k9ds ( light+ put toge!r1 & is c]ta9ly  
wor? our :ile to inve/igate ?or\ghly4 ,!
 own]s ( ! smalle/ h\ses ( our cities   
w\ld become our patrons1 & a small pr(it
 p] ?\s& w\ld repres5t a wide m>g9 :5   
tak+ into consid]ation ! l>ge am\nt t   
w\ld be consum$4  ,b is ! fuel gas      

practical1 & has !re be5 suffici5t      
progress made to date to w>rant gas     
companies tak+ hold ( x ) any assurance 
( success8  ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at        
assurance d we require8 ,d we want "s "o
 to come along & gu>antee u a pr(it (   
#bj p] c5t4 on our inve/m5t if we ent] !
 field8 ,if s1 ! pat5tees ( ! diff]5t   
processes might j z well negotiate ) !  
%oe mak] z ) ! gas company4 ,i ?9k all !
 assurance we want 9 ! premises is t )  
c]ta9 app>atus we c get c]ta9 results f 
a ton ( coal 7! k9d ( coal be+          
specifi$71 or t f a ton ( coal we c get 
a c]ta9 am\nt ( available deliv]able    
heat units4  ,! balance we %\ld be      
capable ( work+ out ourselves1 su* z    
labor1 leakage1 co/ ( gas at consum]s'  
met]s1 & su* o!r data t we c]ta9ly %\ld 
be m famili> ) ?an any "o else4  ,(     
c\rse1 ! fuel gas w h to h an odor1 &   
mu/ be deliv]$ at a prop] pressure2 &   
prop] appliances = gov]n+ supply &      
insur+ p]fect safety w h to be calculat$
 on4 ,9 fact1 ! gas man mu/ try to      

improve on me?ods adopt$1 & d 8 be/ to  
ha/5 ! day :5 solid fuel 9 our homes    
%all be no m--9 o!r words1 we h to take 
hold ( ! fuel gas bus9ess 9 its infancy 
or x w get wean$ away f u4  ,mr4        
,mc,millin1 ) o!rs1 has giv5 u "s       
figures on fuel gas :i* h be5 v]ifi$ by 
practical te/s4 ,= in/ance1 he gives u z
 8 op9ion t a mix$ gas is m adapt$ =    
all-r\nd purposes ?an ei!r coal or wat] 
gas alone4  ,f exp]im5ts made we f9d t f
 a ton ( bitum9\s coal1 mak+ a mix$ gas1
 we c realize z salable gas #fc or #fd  
p] c5t4 ( ! total heat units 9 ! orig9al
 ton ( coal1 or ab\t #ag1jjj1jjj heat   
units1 besides a residue ( heat         
suffici5t to produce ! /eam = mak+ !    
above am\nt4  ,( ?is mixture #bj p] c5t4
 is coal gas1 made 9 ! ord9>y way1 :i*  
is ! only objectionable feature ! writ] 
c see 9 ! process4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t
 ,mr4 ,mc,millin r /ra9$ a po9t "h 9    
ord] n to al>m coal gas m51 or else to  
avoid a too radical *ange 9 ! app>atus  
n[ 9 vogue = mak+ coal gas4  ,by 8      

/atem5t we f9d t 9 wat] gas1 labor &    
repairs co/ b #g c5ts p] ,m1 :ile coal  
gas co/s = ! same items #ae c5ts p] ,m4 
,( c\rse1 ! proportion ( coal gas made  
by ! old me?od is ( m value 9 heat units
 ?an ! wat] gas made by ! new me?od2 b  
:at ,i wi%$ to sugge/ 0 ?is1 t if ! :ole
 process be made 9 ! cupola z wat] gas  
is n[ made1 :e!r ! result w\ld be ! same
 numb]1 or ne>ly s1 ( heat units 9 am\nt
 ( gas made1 ) a l>ge r$uction 9 labor  
mak+ ! coal gas co/ no m ?an ! wat] gas 
= ! item ( labor repairs4 ,if ! mixture 
c be made 9 ?is mann]1 & ,i h "s        
assurance t x c be done successfully1 !n
 ,i ?9k x w\ld pay any company to ab&on 
! use ( ! pres5t /yle ( gas b5*es1 & use
 ! space n[ occupi$ by !m ) m improv$   
app>atus1 r ?an use !m at a loss1 simply
 because we h !m on h&4  ,we h pictur$  
an ideal burn] = our homes 9 ! =e "p (  
?is pap]1 & ,i _c refra9 f hold+ up to  
y\r view ?is ideal fuel1 :i* has no     
smoke1 no dirt1 no a%es1 & entails on ! 
h\sewife no extra labor1 c be regulat$  

automatically to "o /eady temp]ature1 & 
does n require a work+man1 aft] do+ a   
h>d day's "w1 to come home & f9d a ton (
 coal dump$ on ! front sidewalk1 :i* has
 to be :eel$ or c>ri$ 9 be=e night comes
 on4  ,n[ t we h se5 an ideal /reet     
light1 an ideal h\se light1 & an ideal  
fuel1 we w endeavor to %[ y an ideal gas
 company2 & we _c d x 9 a m concise way 
?an to say t an ideal gas company is "o 
t keeps all ^! ideal commodities = sale 
at a reasonable price4  ,?is may look   
vision>y on my "p to "s ( y1 p]haps all 
( y2 b1 nev]!less1 ,i feel t ?is is !   
place & "t to talk ov] our future       
prospects1 & if ?is pap] is ! cause (   
any "o inve/igat+ ! subjects spok5 ( or 
br++ =? discussion reg>d+ ! same1 ,i    
%all feel ,i h n writt5 9 va94          
,,! ,,application ,,( ,,electricity ,,to
 ,,light+ ,,& ,,work+4#e                
,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,preece1 ,f4,r4,s4         
,,lecture ,i4   ,i appe> be=e y to give 
a %ort c\rse ( two lectures on !        
application ( electricity to light+ &   

work+4 ,to-night ,i %all conf9e my      
att5tion entirely to light+1 & if we    
succe$ 9 gett+ ?r\gh our subject1 we    
%all devote ourselves next ,w$nesday to 
! application ( electricity = work+     
tramways1 to ! transmission ( p[] =     
v>i\s purposes1 & g5]ally to work+4  #e 
,two juv5ile lectures rec5tly deliv]$   
be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london4--,f ! 
,j\rnal ( ! ,society4  ,_m p imag9e !   
electric light to be a cold light4 ,x is
 a delusion4 ,x is call$ a cold light   
because 9 _m ( its =ms x gives :at we   
may call a *e]less light2 x has n got ! 
w>m?1 ! com=table look1 ( o!r artificial
 means ( illum9ation4  ,! electric light
 owes its exi/5ce to ! int5se heat t !  
electric curr5t produces1 & heat lies at
 ! root ( e sy/em ( artificial          
illum9ation4 ,= in/ance1 suppose we take
 a common mat* & light x1 we light x    
simply because by ! friction ( ! two    
surfaces toge!r we g5]ate heat1 ! heat  
burns ! sub/ance ( :i* ! mat* is made4  
,we are able to light a common c&le     

because we h appli$ heat to ! wick1 !   
heat liquefies ! wax ( :i* ! c&le is    
made1 ! wax is decompos$1 x comb9es ) ! 
oxyg5 ( ! air1 int5se heat is produc$ at
 t po9t1 c>bon is consum$1 & !          
consequ5ce is light4 ,s ) all our v>i\s 
modes ( artificial illum9ation4 ,gas1 z 
y are well aw>e1 produces int5se heat1 &
 ! result ( t heat is light4 ,!re are   
v>i\s ways 9 :i* gas is appli$ to       
produce heat & ! necess>y               
consequ5ce--light4 ,"h is a ,sellon gas 
burn]1 9 :i* ! combu/ion ( gas raises ! 
temp]ature ( a f9e plat9um cap1 & !     
result is1 z y see1 a v beautiful light4
 ,9 "o lamp we h a cap or mantle1 9 !   
o!r case !re is m]ely a flat disk gauze 
( plat9um4 ,! combu/ion ( ! gas produces
 int5se heat1 :i* raises ! network to a 
v high /ate ( temp]ature1 ?\gh 9 !      
pres5t case ! light is n s good z x %\ld
 be1 probably ?r\gh ! pressure 9 !      
supply ma9 n be+ suffici5tly great4  ,9 
ano!r case we h a gas jet surr\nd$ ) a  
network ( "s vegetable matt]1 l95 or    

cambric1 /eep$ 9 a solution ( salts (   
zirconium1 & a few o!r r>e e>?s1 & !    
int5se heat ( ! gas causes a v high     
temp]ature1 &1 z y see1 a v brilliant   
effect is produc$4  ,y w see f ?is t 9  
all cases ( artificial illum9ation      
bodies h to be rais$ to a high /ate (   
temp]ature4 ,i hold 9 my h& a piece (   
magnesium wire2 x is really flat        
magnesium tape1 b x is call$ wire4 ,if  
,i heat t1 y w obs]ve t a v brilliant   
light is produc$1 due to ! v high       
temp]ature at :i* x burns4 ,n[1 if ,i   
take a lump ( coal & heat x--x requires 
to be rais$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature be=e !
 oxyg5 is direct$ ^u x--& subject x to a
 jet ( oxyg51 y w see t x burns ) v mu* 
m int5se light ?an y are accu/om$ to 9 !
 ord9>y fire4 ,if ,i take a piece ( iron
 wire & place x 9 a j> ( oxyg51 y see   
:at a v brilliant effect ! comb9ation ( 
oxyg5 & iron produces ?r\gh ! iron be+  
rais$ to a v high temp]ature4  ,i h n[  
%[n y t 9 ord] to produce light we mu/1 
by "s means or o!r1 raise ! temp]ature (

 a body4 ,b ! high temp]ature t we h to 
deal ) is n t produc$ by ! comb9ation ( 
! oxyg5 ( ! air & c>bon1 & o!r bodies   
su* z ,i h %[n y1 b x is produc$ by !   
aid ( ! electric curr5t4 ,9 all ^! cases
 ! result ( ! combu/ion y h se5 has be5 
to remove oxyg5 f ! air1 b n[ ,i want to
 %[ y h[ a body c be rais$ to a high    
/ate ( temp]ature )\t combu/ion ( any   
k9d4 ,9 front ( me ,i h a f9e plat9um   
wire4 ,9 my h& ,i hold a wire t is 9    
connection ) a batt]y up/airs1 ! o!r    
wire 9 connection ) ! batt]y is atta*$  
to ! f> end ( ! f9e plat9um wire2 n[1 :5
 ,i make contact ) ! ne> end ( ! plat9um
 wire1 y obs]ve t ! wire is rais$ to    
r$ness1 its temp]ature is high1 & z ,i  
r$uce ! l5g? ( ! plat9um wire x gets    
bright] & bright]1 ! am\nt ( electricity
 pass+ ?r\gh x is great] & great]1 &    
pres5tly ! wire is fus$4 ,i %\ld h po9t$
 out t z ! quantity ( heat g5]at$ 9 a   
wire increases1 s does ! color ( !      
light4 ,:5 heat is appli$ to a body1 t  
body is fir/ w>m$1 !n x gets gradually  

hott] & hott]1 until x becomes r$ hot1 &
 ! fir/ color t appe>s is always r$4 ,! 
temp]ature is fur!r rais$1 & ! body     
assumes ! color ( orange1 !n at a little
 high] temp]ature x appe>s yell[1 & s ! 
diff]5t colors ( ! ra9b[ are p]ceiv$    
accord+ to ! diff]5t temp]atures to :i* 
! body te/$ ) is rais$4 ,n[1 ,i want to 
%[ y ! mo/ int5se =m 9 :i* heat c be    
produc$ on ?is e>?4 ,!re is no hott]    
object t we c obta9 ?an t ( ! electric  
arc4 ,i w try & produce ?is arc4 ,y     
obs]ve t :5 ,i br+ ^! two pieces ( c>bon
 toge!r1 a curr5t ( electricity passes  
betwe5 !m1 & ! passage ( ! curr5t (     
electricity betwe5 !m creates su* an    
int5se temp]ature t a brilliant :ite    
light1 z y see1 is produc$4 ,inc&esc5t  
p>ticles ( c>bon pass betwe5 ! two      
po9ts1 =m+ a sort ( bridge or ar*1 :i*  
is call$ ! electric arc4 ,b ! temp]ature
 ( ?is arc is1 z ,i said be=e1 ! highe/ 
temp]ature t we c produce2 x has be5    
measur$1 & is f\nd to be #h1ejj deg4    
,fahr4 ,t is a temp]ature t c h>dly be  

conceiv$2 ! melt+ po9t ( iron is only   
ab\t #a1bjj deg4 ,fahr42 ! melt+ po9t ( 
plat9um1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ refractory   
metals we h1 is ab\t #c1jjj deg4 ,fahr42
 b "h 9 ! arc we h ! int5se temp]ature t
 no?+ c )/&1 equal to #h1ejj deg4 ,fahr4
 ,! color is really due to ! combu/ion t
 takes place betwe5 ! mat]ials =m+ !    
arc4 ,i h j us$ two pieces ( c>bon1 b ,i
 w n[ try o!r mat]ials--copp]1 iron1 &  
z9c4 ,y w see a diff]5ce 9 ! color ( !  
light1 due to ! fact t metal is burn$ 9 
! arc in/ead ( c>bon4 ,e metal has its  
own di/9ct & p>ticul> color1 & ! pres5ce
 ( ! diff]5t metals c be detect$ by ! "*
 ( ! small arcs produc$4  ,i h %[n y t  
we h two modes ( produc+ int5se heat1 & 
!re=e light1 by electricity4 ,i want n[ 
to %[ y h[ we produce electricity4 ,!   
fir/ ess5tial = ! production (          
electricity ) a h& ma*9e l ?is is a good
 d9n]4 ,! en]gy provid$ by beef or      
mutton enables ! op]ator to turn ! big  
:eel ( ! ma*9e1 :5ce motion is          
transmitt$ to ! app>atus = produc+ !    

electricity4 ,?is ma*9e :5 rotat$ causes
 a coil ( copp] wire to be :irl$ 9 a    
magnetic field1 & t rotation ( ! coil 9 
a magnetic field conv]ts ! en]gy d]iv$ f
 ! grass & f ! mutton ?r\gh ! ma*9e into
 electric curr5ts2 ^? electric curr5ts  
fl[ ?r\gh wires t are "u ! table1 !y w  
appe> 9 ! two wires ,i hold 9 my h&1 &  
w1 ,i hope1 reappe> 9 ! little gl[-lamps
 ,i h be=e me 9 ! %ape ( heat1 & !n (   
light :5 ,i atta* ! wires4 ,! light ( ! 
gl[-lamp is ( j ! same =m ( en]gy z t   
:i* pass$ f ! sun to ! e>?1 & by beg9n+ 
backw>d f ! lamps we h light1 heat1     
electric curr5ts1 me*anical motion1 food
 or fuel 9 ! %ape ( mutton1 grass on !  
,s\? ,d[ns1 to ! sun4 ,:i*ev] way x is  
tak51 y w f9d !re is direct action      
betwe5 ! sun & ! gl[-lamp4 ,! lamps are 
n[ burn+1 & y see t we are able to      
produce electricity to our he>ts'       
cont5t4 ,d[n-/airs !re is a gas-eng9e2 !
 gas-eng9e is at "w2 ! gas-eng9e works  
because ! gas supplies en]gy :i*1 /or$  
up 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 ! =m ( coal =    

ages & ages1 has be5 extract$2 x has be5
 conv]t$ into gas at ! l>ge gas works   
d[n ! ,riv] ,?ames1 x has be5 br\ght up 
"h1 x is burn$ 9 ! gas-eng9e1 & produces
 en]gy 9 ! gas-eng9e exactly 9 ! same   
way z ! mutton or beef produc$ en]gy j  
n[4 ,!re is a dynamo d[n-/airs exactly l
 ! dynamo t we h ^u ! plat=m1 & ! curr5t
 t is produc$ is exactly z ! curr5t we j
 obta9$1 & is s5d+ electricity ?r\gh all
 ! lamps 9 ?is room4 ,! curr5ts (       
electricity pass+ ?r\gh ! lamps are     
produc+ int5se heat1 ! heat is produc+ !
 inc&esc5ce ( a f9e c>bon filam5t1 su* z
 ,i w %[ y directly1 & ! consequ5ce is t
 we are n[ be+ light$ 9 ?is room by !   
en]gy t unmi/akably & undisputably      
arriv$ on ?is e>? millions ( ye>s ago 9 
! =m ( sun%9e4  ,we c /ore up ! en]gy 9 
batt]ies4 ,i %all %[ y to-night two or  
?ree diff]5t =ms ( batt]y4 ,"h is :at is
 call$ a prim>y batt]y4 ,! only diff]5ce
 betwe5 a prim>y batt]y & a second>y    
batt]y is ?is1 t a prim>y batt]y consi/s
 ( *emical elem5ts t at once comb9e &   

produce electricity by combu/ion1 :]eas 
a second>y batt]y involves "s ant]ior   
electrical action1 :i* prep>es !        
surfaces ( two bodies to put !m 9       
exactly ! same condition z a prim>y     
batt]y4 ,"h is a prim>y batt]y kn[n z ! 
,s*ans*ieff1 :i* is *>g$ ) a solution ( 
sulphate ( m]cury1 & into t sulphate (  
m]cury we w dip plates ( z9c & plates ( 
c>bon4 ,z9c has a great] aff9ity = !    
sulphuric acid ( ! sulphate ( m]cury ?an
 m]cury has2 ! sulphuric acid w at once 
comb9e ) ! z9c2 x w burn ! z9c j z ! gas
 burn$ j n[1 b in/ead ( burn+ ) heat &  
light 9 ! batt]y1 x burns 9 ! =m (      
electricity1 :i* appe>s 9 ! gl[-lamps   
atta*$4 ,y see t ! mom5t ! z9c & c>bons 
are plac$ 9 ! cell electricity is       
produc$1 & ! lamp is light$4 ,! =m (    
batt]y f :i* we are draw+ our           
electricity to-night is ! accumulator1  
or ! /orage or second>y batt]y4 ,!      
second>y batt]y simply consi/s ( plates 
or grids1 z !y are call$1 "o fill$ )    
li?>ge1 & ! o!r ) r$ lead2 ! "o becomes 

pure lead1 ! o!r becomes p]oxide ( lead2
 ! plates are comb9$ 9 ?is =m1 & !n     
plac$ 9 a glass cell1 & up/airs !re are 
#eb ( ^! ,e4,p4,s4 cells1 :i* h be5 *>g$
 all day long by ! gas-eng9e ( :i* ,i   
spoke1 & :i* n[ conta9 a /ore (         
electricity t ,i %all make consid]able  
use ( to-night be=e ,i f9i%4  ,i %[$ y !
 =m ( electric light :i* we call ! arc1 
& ,i h "h to-night two or ?ree diff]5t  
=ms ( arc lamps1 :i* ,i w %[ 9 action4  
,b ,i want y to see ?is arc light =     
y\rselves1 & ,i want y to feel1 z ,i    
feel1 t 9 all nature !re is no?+ m      
wond]ful & no?+ m beautiful ?an ! action
 ( electric curr5ts 9 ! arc4 ,! light   
is1 z ,i attempt$ to %[ y1 ! v same     
light t came f ! sun4 ,i c %[ y t x is (
 ! same "* z ! light ( ! sun1 & 9 !     
lant]n on ! table !re is an arc lamp !  
light ( :i* we w ?r[ on ! pap] be=e me 9
 ! =m ( a spectrum4 ,!re y see !        
spectrum 9 all its purity2 ! spectrum f 
! sun is no pur] z reg>ds light ?an :at 
y n[ see4 ,!re y see all ! colors ( !   

ra9b[1 & ,i _h int5d$1 if x 7 possible1 
to %[ y 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 9 :i* we     
rais$ plat9um wire to inc&esc5ce1 t !   
fir/ color w\ld be ! r$1 !n ! orange1 !n
 ! yell[1 !n ! gre51 !n ! blue1 !n !    
indigo1 & la/ly ! violet4 ,beyond !     
violet !re are rays ( light :i* we _c   
see2 !y are ! rays t produce !          
photographic pictures1 &1 _h "t p]mitt$ 
x1 we w\ld probably h tak5 to-night a   
picture by means ( ! arc lamps1 b x     
requires a long "t to d s1 & x really is
 no m int]e/+ ?an an ord9>y photographic
 picture4 ,!re are all ! diff]5t colors 
( ! ra9b[4 ,^? :o are anxi\s to rememb] 
! ord] ( ! colors c v easily d s if !y w
 rememb] ?is simple s5t5ce1 ,read ov]   
y\r good book 9 v]se4 ,! fir/ lett] (   
ea* ^w 9 t s5t5ce gives ! fir/ lett] ( !
 color 9 ! ord] ( ! spectrum4 ,x w\ld be
 a v good ?+ if "s ( our arti/s 7 to    
/udy & rememb] ! colors ( ! ra9b[1 = x  
is an extremely r>e ?+ inde$ to f9d a   
picture ) ! colors ( ! ra9b[ prop]ly    
depict$1 sometimes !y are upside d[n1   

sometimes !y are mix$1 & if y discuss ! 
fact ) an arti/1 he w say1 ,i d n c>e   
ab\t y\r sci5ce4 ,i simply pa9t my own  
impressions4  ,i w n[ %[ y ! arc 9 ano!r
 =m4 ,we are to-night connect$ 9 ?is    
room--,i h told y !re is a gas-eng9e    
d[n-/airs2 !re are also second>y        
batt]ies up/airs--b we are 9 connection 
) ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y 9 ,bond ,/reet4 ,!
 ,grosv5or ,gall]y has a c5tral /ation  
:]e a v l>ge dynamo is at "w1 f :i*     
electricity is suppli$ to diff]5t p>ts (
 ,london2 _m ?\s& lamps are f$1 9 a     
great _m clubs1 !at]s1 & private h\ses2 
!y are all lit up by ! curr5ts g5]at$   
und]nea? ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y4 ,!        
,grosv5or ,gall]y ,company1 ?r\gh _!    
eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,f]ranti1 h v k9dly        
und]tak5 to supply u to-night ) a       
curr5t4 ,! curr5t is suppos$ to be a v  
dang]\s "o1 9 reality x is n2 !re is no 
electric curr5t t has ev] be5 produc$ t 
is "o-t5? z dang]\s z a /eam boil]1 &   
all ^! curr5ts1 h[ev] imm5se !y may be1 
are v simply controll$1 & v easily      

br\ght )9 ! region ( safety4 ,!re is no 
d\bt t ) ! app>atus t is n[ be+ h&l$ 9  
?is room1 if anybody 7 delib]ately to   
put "o wire 9 8 m\? & ! o!r 9 8 h&1 he  
w\ld h ! fun]al s]vice p]=m$ ov] him 9  
two or ?ree days2 b ^? :o "k :at !y are 
ab\t no m h&le electric light wires     
c>elessly ?an !y put _! h&s 9 a furnace 
or _! noses 9 boil+ wat]4 ,we acquire   
exp]i5ce by practice1 & we "k by ?is "t 
pretty well h[ to deal ) electric       
curr5ts4 ,n[1 y see 9 ! l[] arrangem5t  
!re t safety cat*es are be+ put 91 :i*  
r5d] any accid5t q impossible4 ,pass+   
?r\gh ea* ( ^? boxes !re is :at is call$
 a cut-out safety fuse1 or safety valve1
 & %\ld1 f any accid5t1 any?+ g wrong 9 
?is !at]1 or 9 any way ) ! sy/em outside
 ! !at]1 ! safety fuses w\ld bur/1 &    
w\ld s remove all dang] f inside4 ,!    
swit* has n[ be5 turn$1 & by x ! curr5t 
f ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y has be5 br\ght )9 
our rea*4 ,y see an arc light produc$ by
 x1 & y see h[ int5sely bright &        
brilliant t light is4 ,i d n want y s   

mu* to see t light itself1 b ,i want y  
to see its projection1 or picture2 & if 
,mr4 ,wickham w k9dly direct x on t :ite
 pap]1 at ! end ( ! room fur!/ f !      
table1 y w see a picture ( ! c>bons :i* 
are n[ emitt+ t int5se & brilliant      
light4 ,y w see t betwe5 :at appe>s to y
 z ! top c>bon 7b :i* is 9 reality !    
bottom c>bon ( ! two7 & ! bottom "o !re 
is play+1 app>5tly1 a %[] ( m9ute       
fragm5ts ( some?+1 b :i* are 9 reality  
innum]able m9ute fla%es ( lightn+1 !re  
is a con/ant un9t]rupt$ %[] ( electric  
%ocks pass+1 t produce t int5se         
brilliancy1 & t v bright appe>ance4 ,!re
 is int5se commotion1 a t]rible surg+   
ab\t ( matt] 9 a molt5 condition4 ,well1
 t arc t y see is produc$ by ! curr5ts f
 ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y4 ,!y are alt]nat+  
curr5ts ( electricity1 curr5ts t are    
con/antly & sudd5ly circulat+ backw>d & 
=w>d4 ,! arc t we h at ?is o!r end ( !  
room is a direct curr5t "o1 & x is n[   
project$ on to ano!r %eet ( pap]1 :]e y 
see a diff]5t =m ( are altoge!r4 ,?is   

arc is produc$ by ! direct curr5t f a   
batt]y4 ,y w see ! =m is q diff]5t f t 9
 ! alt]nate curr5t arc4 ,y he>d a       
peculi> hiss+ s\nd j n[2 t is a peculi> 
ph5om5on 9 arc lamps t has attract$ a   
good deal ( att5tion f physici/s1 b     
nobody has yet arriv$ at a satisfactory 
conclusion z to ! cause4 ,! lamp        
sometimes s+s & sometimes hisses1 & :ile
 ?us behav+ x produces an int5se &      
v>iable inv]se electro-motive =ce1 t has
 to be ov]come be=e ! curr5t c produce a
 /eady & sil5t arc4 ,y w notice 9 ! upp]
 c>bon ( ?is =m ( lamp a k9d ( cup1 or  
crat]4 ,! l[] c>bon =ms a k9d ( po9t1 a 
rais$ surface1 & betwe5 ! two !re is on 
! projection t :i* appe>s z a gl[1 b :i*
 9 reality has v int5se heat1 rea*+1 z  
,i told y1 a temp]ature ( #h1ejj deg4   
,fahr4 ,9 ^? two projections y h1 ,i    
?9k1 )9 my exp]i5ce = ! fir/ "t1 be5 %[n
 9 public an alt]nate curr5t arc & a    
direct curr5t arc at ! same "t1 s t y   
are really able to see :at ,i d n ?9k   
mo/ p h se5 be=e4  ,!re are a great _m  

diff]5t arc lamps4 ,i h n "t to br+ be=e
 y all ! v>i\s lamps t ,i might h secur$
 = y\r inspection4 ,!re is ! ,bru% lamp1
 t = a long "t lit up ! /reets ( our    
city1 & ,i s9c]ely hope v soon is go+ to
 light up ! city aga94 ,!re 0 !         
,jablo*k(f lamp1 t light$ up our ,?ames 
,embankm5t1 & :i* c be se51 on go+ d[n !
 ,/r&1 at ! ,tivoli ,re/aurant1 n f> f  
"h4 ,! (fices ( ! ,daily ,telegraph1 9  
,fleet ,/reet1 & _m o!r places1 are     
light$ up by diff]5t lamps1 _m ( !m     
excell5t4 ,our exp]i5ce ( ! la/ two or  
?ree ye>s at ! exhibitions has taught u 
t !re are a great _m diff]5t k9ds ( arc 
lamps1 b all ^! arc lamps are lamps s   
con/ruct$ t !y cause ! pair ( c>bons to 
be f$1 to be kept toge!r1 z !y consume1 
at ! same rate z !y d consume4 ,!       
me*anism is ( great delicacy1 x acts )  
great promptitude1 & ! "o t we h "h     
to-night is "o ( ! la/ & "o ( ! be/2 x  
is kn[n z ! ,brockie-,pell lamp4 ,! lamp
 n[ at "w is a ,brockie-,pell1 & = ^? :o
 are int]e/$1 a diagram repres5t+ x is  

^u ! wall1 & its op]ation ,i %all be v  
happy to expla9 aft] ! lecture2 x fe$s )
 great rapidity1 ) great conv5i5ce1 & is
 "o ( ! /eadie/ lamps we h4  ,!re are   
objections to ! arc light2 x is         
extremely dazzl+ & irritat+ to ! eye4   
,al?\gh ! arc lamps we h "h to-night are
 ( ! v be/ ( _! k9d1 & are c]ta9ly almo/
 /eady1 /ill !y h little irregul>ities 9
 _! action1 & wor/ ( all1 !y ?r[ int5se 
%ad[s4 ,! light f !m is n v well        
diffus$1 /ill ! light is v brilliant1 & 
x raises ! envy ( a good _m p4 ,=       
in/ance1 ! ,bru% ,company 7 once        
e/abli%+ a light 9 ! neighborhood (     
,cork1 & an ,iri% f>m] 0 rem>kably /ruck
 by ! appe>ance & ! /ead9ess ( ! light1 
s he came to ! eng9e] 9 *>ge & ask$ him1
 z a great favor1 if he c\ld k9dly tell 
him :]e he got 8 oil f4  ,i mu/ n[ g f  
?is to ! next bran*1 ! gl[-lamp1 ! lamp 
t is burn+ s /eadily & s nicely above u4
 ,= ?is lamp we d n use plat9um1 su* z  
,i heat$ be=e y j n[1 b we use c>bon1 s 
f9e t al?\gh ,i h probably "o hundr$ or 

m 9 my h&1 !y feel no heavi] ?an a      
fea!r4 ,^! extremely f9e filam5ts (     
c>bon are made ) v great c>e f cotton4  
,i _c %[ y ! :ole op]ation ( mak+ c>bons
 & "s ( ! prelim9>y op]ations connect$ )
 ! mak+ ( ! lamp2 b ow+ to ! k9dness ( !
 ,anglo-,am]ican ,bru% ,company1 _!     
manag]1 ,mr4 ,sill>1 is "h to-night1 &  
we %all h ! pleasure ( see+ h[ ! :ole   
op]ation ( ! manufacture ( "o ( ^! gl[  
lamps1 su* z we h above u n[1 is c>ri$  
out4 ,! c>bons h already be5 =m$1 b !   
fir/ process is t ! cotton fib] is      
c>efully ti$ & wrapp$ ar\nd pieces (    
c>bon1 z y see4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a      
furnace & c>boniz$4 ,aft] be+ ?us       
prep>$1 a glass tube ( special quality  
select$ = ! purpose is us$ to =m ! glass
 globe4 ,mr4 ,donaldson w take a piece (
 ! glass tube be=e y1 & w bl[ x into !  
%ape simil> to ! lamp ,i hold1 :i* is ( 
! v famili> pe>-l =m4 ,! c>bon filam5t w
 !n be fix$ 9 ! glass bulb1 ! latt] w be
 exhau/$ & seal$1 & ! :ole process be   
pass$ ?r\gh be=e y\r eyes4 ,i mu/ fir/ (

 all %[ y :y x is necess>y to take all  
?is c>e4 ,we h 9 front ( ! bo>d "o ( ^! 
c>bon filam5ts susp5d$1 & we w n[ pass a
 curr5t ?r\gh x1 & ! c>bon filam5t is   
rais$ to inc&esc5ce1 x comb9es ) ! oxyg5
 ( ! air1 x is at once consum$1 &1 z y  
saw1 we only _h a light = a few seconds4
 ,n[1 9 ord] to make t light p]man5t1 x 
is necess>y to inclose ! c>bon filam5t 9
 a glass globe1 & to exhau/ f t glass   
globe all ! air1 or z mu* ( x z         
possible1 & !n1 in/ead ( hav+ a life ( a
 few seconds1 ! life ( a lamp frequ5tly 
cont9ues = #d1jjj or #e1jjj h\rs4 ,!    
fir/ process1 z ,i said1 9 mak+ an      
inc&esc5t lamp1 aft] ! c>bon filam5t has
 be5 prep>$1 is t ( bl[+ a glass bulb4  
,! bl[pipe has n[ be5 put on1 & ! int5se
 heat ( ! ,buns5 burn] raises ! glass to
 inc&esc5ce1 to a s(t1 pla/ic condition1
 s pla/ic t ! manipulator c d ) x j     
:atev] he likes4 ,hav+ got ! glass to   
?is p>ticul> %ape1 ! filam5t w be plac$ 
inside x1 fir/ ( all m\nt+ ! filam5t1   
:i* is an op]ation requir+ a great deal 

( c>e & great skill 9 h&l+4 ,x is an    
extremely pretty op]ation1 & ,i beg to  
call y\r att5tion to x4 ,! c>bon is fix$
 inside a f9e spiral ( plat9um1 :i* is  
at ! same "t subject$ to an int5se      
curr5t :i* decomposes ! oil or !        
hydroc>bon 9 :i* x is plac$1 ! c>bon    
deposits on ! c>bon filam5t1 & cem5ts x 
to ! plat9um spiral4 ,t is call$ m\nt+ !
 filam5t4 ,:5 t is done1 ! filam5t is   
fix$ 9 ! glass globe1 & ! plat9um &     
glass are fus$ toge!r4 ,! brilliance ( !
 plat9um c be se5 dur+ ?is op]ation1 & x
 is v pretty4 ,i d n "k h[ x w\ld h be5 
possible = u to h gl[-lamps if x _h n   
be5 = ! fact t ! coeffici5ts or rates ( 
expansion ( plat9um & glass are         
practically exactly ! same1 & ! result  
is t :5 ! plat9um & glass are comb9$    
toge!r1 z !y are 9 a gl[-lamp1 ! two    
contract & exp& at ! same rate1 & !     
result is !re is no leakage2 if !re _h  
be5 leakage ?r\gh ! glass1 x w\ld h be5 
q impossible to h made a gl[-lamp4 ,!   
success ( a gl[-lamp dep5ds ^u ! vacuum 

produc$1 & ! next process is to cem5t ! 
lamp s f> to a vacuum tube connect$ to a
 m]curial air-pump4 ,! "o be=e y is ,mr4
 ,lane ,fox's4 ,x w\ld h be5 also       
impossible to h produc$ ^! beautiful    
gl[-lamps )\t ! m]curial air-pump1 s t !
 success ( electric light+ & its        
p]fection dep5d ^u1 fir/1 ! simil>ity ( 
expansion ( glass & plat9um1 & secondly 
^u our p[] ( produc+ a vacuum4 ,z x     
takes t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r to  
c>ry out ! process ( exhau/ion1 ,i w    
proce$ ) o!r portions ( my subject1 &   
pres5tly1 :5 ! "t is ready1 ,mr4 ,sill> 
w in=m me1 & we w light up ! lamp t has 
be5 made be=e y ?is ev5+1 &1 ,i hope1 ) 
success4 ,! op]ation we h j se5 is "o t 
has be5 j z int]e/+ to me z x has be5 to
 y4 ,!re are v few :o are p]mitt$ to see
 ?is op]ation4 ,we once _h x be=e 9 ?is 
hall :5 ,g5]al ,webb] read a pap] on    
gl[-lamps1 b ) t exception ,i am n aw>e 
t ! manufacture ( gl[-lamps has ev] be5 
%[n 9 public be=e4 ,x is mo/ wond]ful to
 wat* ! m>vel\s way 9 :i* glass c be    

twi/$ & turn$ to our ways & to our      
wants1 & ! skill ) :i* ! bl[] is able to
 manipulate glass 9 its pla/ic          
condition1 & to %ape x 9 any =m he      
likes1 is an op]ation :i* nev] ceases to
 excite "o's wond]m5t4 ,! =m ( lamp t is
 be+ made be=e u is ( ! ord9>y size t we
 see us$ g5]ally1 b !re are a great _m  
diff]5t sizes ( gl[-lamps4 ,= in/ance1  
"h is a v small lamp2 above me y w see1 
if ,i may call ! small "o a dw>f1 !re is
 a giant gl[-lamp4 ,x is a lamp inv5t$  
by ! ,honorable ,*>les ,p>sons1 x is    
made by ! ,sunbeam ,lamp ,company1 (    
,gate%ead1 & is call$ ! ,sunbeam lamp2 x
 has ! same proportion to an ord9>y lamp
 t an o/ri* egg has to a h5's egg1 & !  
light f x is ( equally l>ge proportion1 
z y see n[ ! curr5t has be5 turn$ on to 
x4 ,x gives a light ( f\r hundr$ c&les1 
b x is r too brilliant ,i see by y\r    
faces1 & we w g back to our old fri5ds (
 ! ord9>y size4 ,!re are also above u   
lamps ( v>i\s sizes2 !re is a five-c&le1
 t5-c&le1 sixte5-c&le1 tw5ty-c&le1 & a  

hundr$-c&le lamp4 ,"h also are a        
fifty-c&le ,swan lamp1 a sixte5-c&le    
,swan1 & an eight-c&le ,swan lamp4 ,!re 
are ! ord9>y sixte5-c&le lamp2 ^! are   
be+ burn$ f ! ,grosv5or ,gall]y4 ,"h is 
a m9]'s lamp1 :i* is suppli$ ) a curr5t 
by ! ,s*ans*ieff batt]y1 ! same z ,i %[$
 y at fir/4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is         
arrangem5t is t :5 ! batt]y is turn$    
upside d[n ! light goes (f1 ! z9cs &    
c>bons occupy "o half ( ! cell1 & !     
solution ! o!r half1 ! z9cs & c>bons be+
 at ! bottom1 & ! batt]y is n excit$    
unless contact is made ) ! c>bons & z9c4
 ,su* a batt]y z ?is w ma9ta9 its lamp =
 #ab or #ac h\rs4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( 
! ,s*ans*ieff batt]y4 ,"h is a portable 
=m1 & lamp connect$ ) x by a flexible   
wire1 :i* c be us$ :5 travel+2 or 9 !   
night1 :5 y want to "k ! "t1 y c h a    
lamp & batt]y l ?is by y\r b$side1 & y c
 turn x upside d[n1 & produce a light1  
see ! h\r1 & turn ! batt]y back4  ,^!   
gl[-lamps are us$ = diff]5t purposes &  
ways4 ,!y may be us$ ) c>e1 !y may be   

us$ recklessly2 _! duration dep5ds a    
good deal ^u ! c>e ) :i* !y are us$4 ,a 
practic$ eye1 "o :o is accu/om$ to deal 
) electric lamps1 c tell at a glance :5 
! lamp is rais$ to a prop] inc&esc5ce2 b
 !re is a po9t 9 all lamps t is a sign (
 dang]1 & indicates break]s 7or         
breakage7 ahead4 ,:5ev] 9 an electric   
light in/allation a gl[-lamp beg9s to %[
 a blue effect1 !n break]s are ahead2 ! 
curr5t mu/ be r$uc$ or o!r /eps tak54 ,i
 want to %[ y ?is blue effect1 :i* is   
extremely pretty1 & ,i want y to see !  
gradual /ages ?r\gh :i* a lamp passes f 
long life to dea?1 or r to a v %ort &   
m]ry life4 ,we c make ! life ( a lamp j 
exactly :at we l2 we c make a lamp la/ a
 m9ute1 or we c make x la/ a hundr$     
ye>s1 & ! numb] ( ye>s ( its duration is
 simply dep5d5t ^u ! curr5t employ$4 ,i 
h "h a gl[-lamp1 & ,i pass a curr5t     
?r\gh x4 ,!re is no blue effect at      
pres5t2 ! curr5t is increas$1 & ! c>bon 
filam5t is rais$ to a high /ate (       
inc&esc5ce4 ,9 su* a /ate x w\ld n la/ =

 a long "t1 n m ?an t5 m9utes or a qu>t]
 ( an h\r2 b x does n %[ ! blue effect  
yet4 ,on fur!r increas+ ! curr5t ! blue 
effect appe>s1 ?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x is   
visible to _m ( ! audi5ce2 a little m   
curr5t is put on1 & ! blue effect is v  
m>k$1 ! globe itself looks v brilliant1 
&--!re--! curr5t has be5 increas$ until 
! filam5t has p>t$4  ,x is always bett]1
 :5 mak+ an obs]vation or exp]im5t1 to  
"k :at y are go+ to see1 s t y c direct 
y\r att5tion to exactly :at is be+ done 
or to :at y want to "k4 ,if ,i put ano!r
 lamp ?r\gh ! same exp]im5t1 y w be     
bett] able to und]/& ?is blue effect1 & 
see j t po9t :]e ! lamp is ab\t to give 
out4 ,! curr5t is n[ on1 & is be+       
gradually increas$2 ! lamp is n[        
int5sely blue1 &--!re--x has gone 9 !   
same way exactly z ! o!r "o did4 ,! way 
9 :i* lamps bur/ is sometimes v         
beautiful2 !y dis9tegrate1 !y seem to   
volatilize1 & ! sub/ance ( ! lamp is    
project$ ) great =ce aga9/ ! side ( !   
globe4 ,on ! table !re are sev]al       

beautiful specim5s %[+ ?is effect4  ,!  
gl[-lamp 9 process ( manufacture be=e y 
is n[ be+ unseal$ f ! pump2 x is n[     
exhau/$1 & we w pass a curr5t ?r\gh x s 
z to raise x to inc&esc5ce4 ,! curr5t is
 n[ on1 & y see ! lamp burns ) full     
brilliancy4 ,! next exp]im5t is r a     
cruel "o1 because x is willful          
de/ruction4 ,i w n de/roy ! lamp t has j
 be5 made be=e u1 = ,i w keep x z a     
mem5to ( ?is ev5+4 ,i want to %[ !      
safety ( ! electric lamp4 ,_m p imag9e t
 !re is a great deal ( dang] ab\t x4 ,i 
w take a h&k]*ief1 & 9 x place a light$ 
lamp1 :51 on ! globe be+ brok51 ! c>bon 
filam5t in/antly goes out1 & !re is no  
damage to ! h&k]*ief1 or ! slighte/     
appe>ance ( scor*+ or heat+ ^u x4 ,on   
break+ t lamp y he>d a report4 ,t is due
 to ! vacuum1 :i*1 on sudd5 rupture1 !  
air ru%es 9 to fill4 ,^! lamps w n only 
burn 9 air1 b w actually burn 9 wat]4   
,"h ,i h a lamp :i* on plac+ 9 a b[l (  
wat] cont9ues alight 9 ! wat] j z well z
 9 ! air4 ,y c imag9e :at an imm5se boon

 t is to our div]s & o!rs :o un=tunately
 h to "w "u wat] = our b5efit4  ,i w n  
attempt to occupy y\r "t 9 speak+ ( !   
beauties ( ?is wond]ful light1 h[ x     
removes really poison f our air1 h[ x is
 v good = sore eyes1 because x burns )  
su* /ead9ess t ^? :o "w "u x really nev]
 f9d1 9 any %ape or =m1 any inconv5i5ce 
or discom=t to ! eyes4 ,x is extremely  
cleanly2 x does n fill ! air we brea! ) 
noxi\s fumes4 ,p are little aw>e ( x1 b 
x is a v simple calculation to %[ t     
?irty gas burn]s produce a gallon ( wat]
 9 an h\r1 s t if y h ?irty burn]s 9 a  
%op1 = in/ance1 alight = six h\rs1 six  
gallons ( wat] are produc$ & ! wat] c v 
(t5 be se5 runn+ d[n ! cold w9d[s (     
%ops4 ,t wat] absorbs sulphur &         
sulphuric acid1 & :5 deposit$ on books &
 decorations de/roys !m4 ,if we c\ld    
only get ! electric light *eap1 deliv]$ 
at our doors1 !n ev]ybody :o has an idea
 ( luxury & com=t w\ld at once take x4  
,i want n[ to %[ y "s ( ! dodges ( !    
electric light4 ,fir/ ,i w %[ y t by !  

action ( a cut-out an excess ( curr5t is
 prev5t$ f injur+ ! lamps4 ,a cut-out is
 ins]t$ s z to protect a gr\p ( lamps   
"h1 & on a l>ge curr5t be+ s5t y he> a  
crack1 & ! lamps h gone out2 ! safety   
fuse has p]i%$ 9 p]=m+ its duty4 ,to    
prove ?is we w r5ew ! cut-out1 & on !   
prop] curr5t be+ turn$ on1 y see ! lamps
 are s\nd4 ,"h is an electric cig>      
light]4 ,i raise ?is up & ! wire 9 front
 ( x comes to a /ate ( inc&esc5ce1 & ,i 
h !re1 z y see1 suffici5t heat to light 
my cig>ette4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,i _h my     
daught]'s doll h\se1 :i* 0 furni%$ by   
h]self1 fitt$ up ) ! electric light1 &  
,i ?\ght t "s ( my y\ng] he>]s to-night1
 :o 7 /ill 9 ! doll age1 w\ld appreciate
 ! way 9 :i* a doll's h\se c be light$  
up by electricity4 ,y n[ see ! doll's   
h\se illum9at$2 x has a hall door lamp  
:i* lights up on ! op5+ ( ! door2 ! h\se
 has rooms furni%$1 occupi$ ) h&some    
dolls1 & fitt$ ) e k9d ( contrivance2 ! 
doll :o occupies ! draw+ room has !     
conv5i5ce ( a portable lamp1 :i* %e c   

move ab\t :]ev] %e likes1 & ea* room & !
 kit*5 has a p>ticul> =m ( lamp4  ,i h  
also "h a model ( t fam\s %ip ! ,capta91
 :i* 0 wreck$ (f ,cape ,f9i/]re4 ,!     
model has be5 fitt$ ) electric light1 & 
y n[ see ! ma/ head-light1 ! r$ light = 
! port side1 & ! gre5 light = ! />bo>d  
side2 !re are high j9ks go+ on 9 !      
saloon by ! aid ( ! electric light1 &   
!re is also a se>* light :i* c be us$ = 
look+ = ! advance ( ! enemy4 ,a         
beautiful phosphoresc5t effect is       
produc$ ^u ! wat]1 :i* is cov]$ ) blue  
cotton wool1 9 :i* a lamp is plac$1     
caus+ really a v pretty illu/ration (   
:at ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea is l4  ,"h 
,i h an app>atus = heat+ curl+ tongs by 
electricity2 "h is a flat iron treat$ 9 
! same way1 & "h is a kettle 9 :i* !    
curr5t is c>ri$ to boil wat]4 ,i travel 
a good deal1 & ,i always c>ry 9 my      
travel+ bag a batt]y l ?is1 :i* is "o ( 
,pitk9's second>y batt]ies2 x is light &
 extremely conv5i5t4 ,i c /rap x on my  
%\ld] l an op]a glass4 ,to ?is is atta*$

 a read+ lamp :i* ,i fix 9 my wai/coat1 
& to ! a/oni%m5t ( my fell[ travel]s1 :5
 ! %ades ( ev5+ are beg9n+ to set1 ,i   
take out ! lamp & put x 9 op]ation--s4  
,my read+ lamp is ?us provid$1 & x is   
fix$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t position1 = !     
light falls j :]e x is want$1 x does n  
(f5d ! eye1 & enables me to read !      
smalle/ pr9t4 ,i h always got ) me my   
own light1 p]haps mu* to ! annoyance (  
my fell[ pass5g]s1 & ) ! electric light 
ma*9]y at my own h\se1 ,i h little or no
 tr\ble 9 re*>g+ ! batt]y1 or keep+ x 9 
ord]4 ,! ,pitk9 batt]y is also appli$ to
 a m9]'s lamp4       ,,effect ,,(       
,,*lor9e ,,on ,,! ,,electro-,,motive    
,,=ce ,,( ,a ,,voltaic ,,c\ple4#f       
,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,s4   ,if !   
electro-motive =ce ( a small voltaic    
c\ple ( unamalgamat$ magnesium & plat9um
 & di/ill$ wat] is balanc$ ?r\gh ! coil 
( a mod]ately s5sitive galvanomet] (    
ab\t #ajj ohms resi/ance1 by means ( t (
 a small ,daniells cell1 plus t ( a     
suffici5t numb] ( c\ples ( iron & ,g]man

 silv] ( a suitable !rmo-electric pile  
7see ,proc4 ,birm4 ,phil4 ,soc41 vol4   
iv41 p4 #acj71 ! degree ( pot5tial be+  
not$1 & suffici5tly m9ute quantities ( v
 dilute *lor9e wat] are !n add$ 9       
succession to ! di/ill$ wat]1 ! degree (
 electro-motive =ce ( ! c\ple is n      
affect$ until a c]ta9 def9ite proportion
 ( *lor9e has be5 add$2 ! pot5tial !n   
sudd5ly comm5ces to increase1 & cont9ues
 to d s ) ea* fur!r addition )9 a c]ta9 
limit4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! exp]im5t by add+
 *lor9e wat]1 x may be made by gradually
 dilut+ a v weak aque\s solution (      
*lor9e4  #f ,read be=e ! ,royal         
,society1 ,may #c1 #ahhh4  ,! m9imum    
proportion ( *lor9e necess>y to cause   
?is sudd5 *ange ( electro-motive =ce is 
extremely small2 9 my exp]im5ts x has   
be5 "o "p 9 #ag1jjj million p>ts (      
wat]2#g or less ?an #a_/gjjj "p ( t     
requir$ to yield a b>ely p]ceptible     
opacity 9 t5 times ! bulk ( a solution (
 sal-ammoniac by means ( nitrate (      
silv]4 ,! quantity ( liquid requir$ =   

act+ ^u ! c\ple is small1 & x w\ld be   
easy to detect ! effect ( ! above       
proportion or ( less ?an "o t5-?\s&     
million? "p ( a gra9 ( *lor9e 9 "o t5? (
 a cubic c5timet] ( di/ill$ wat] by ?is 
process4 ,! same k9d ( action occurs )  
o!r electrolytes1 b requires l>g]       
proportions ( dissolv$ sub/ance4  #g ,z 
"o "p ( *lor9e 9 #ag1fab million p>ts ( 
wat] _h no visible effect1 & "o 9       
#ag1jjj million _h a di/9ct effect1 !   
influ5ce ( ! diff]5ce1 or ( "o "p 9     
#ejj1jjj millions1 has be5 detect$4  ,z 
! degree ( s5sitiv5ess ( ! me?od appe>s 
extreme1 ,i add ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,!     
orig9al solution ( wa%$ *lor9e 9 di/ill$
 wat] 0 prep>$ 9 a d>k place by ! usual 
me?od f hydro*loric acid & manganic     
oxide1 & 0 kept 9 an opaque1 well-/opp]$
 bottle 9 ! d>k4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is liquid 0
 f\nd by means ( volumetric analysis ) a
 /&>d solution ( arg5tic nitrate 9 !    
usual mann]4 ,! accuracy ( ! silv]      
solution be+ prov$ by means ( a kn[n    
weight ( pure *loride ( sodium4 ,!      

*lor9e liquid conta9$ #b4c milligrammes 
or #j4jcefe gra9 ( *lor9e p] cubic      
c5timet]1 & 0 j ab\t ?ree-f\r?s         
saturat$4  ,"o t5? ( a cubic c5timet] ( 
?is solution 7,no4 #a7 or #j4jjcefe gra9
 ( *lor9e 0 add$ to #i4i c4 c4 ( di/ill$
 wat] & mix$4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( ?is  
second liquid 7,no4 #b71 or #j4jjjcefe  
gra9 ( *lor9e1 0 add$ to #ii c4 c4 (    
wat] & mix$2 ! result+ liquid 7,no4 #c7 
conta9$ #j4jjjjjcefe gra9 ( *lor9e p]   
cubic c5tim4 ,to make ! solutions 7,no4 
#d7 = excit+ voltaic c\ple1 successive  
portions ( #a_/aj or #a_/bj c4 c4 ( ,no4
 #c liquid 7 add$ to #ijj cubic         
c5timet]s ( di/ill$ wat] & mix$4  ,i h  
employ$ ! =ego+ me?od = exam9+ ! /ates &
 degrees ( comb9ation ( dissolv$        
sub/ances 9 electrolytes1 & am also     
inve/igat+ its v>i\s relations4         
,,! ,,wim%ur/ ,,influ5ce ,,ma*9e4   ,9  
our la/ numb] we gave illu/rations ( ?is
 ma*9e1 9 :i* #ab plates #cj 94 9       
diamet] are us$1 & sp>ks ne>ly #ad 94 9 
l5g? are obta9$4 ,! engrav+1 f          

photographs1 %[s sp>ks #ac-a_/b 94 9    
l5g?1 obta9$ f ?is ma*9e4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,dis*>ge ,,f ,,! ,,wim%ur/ ,,influ5ce 
,,ma*9e4                                
,,sanitation ,,9 ,,massa*usetts4   ,?is 
subject 0 prom95tly consid]$ by ,dr4 ,h4
 ,p4 ,walcott1 ( ,bo/on1 9 8 address on 
/ate m$ic9e1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican    
,m$ical ,association rec5tly4 ,! vital  
/ati/ics ( ,massa*usetts1 he said1 %[$ a
 decl9+ dea? rate = ! la/ ?irty-six     
ye>s1 "u ! influ5ce ( /ate sanitation4  
,! mo/ m>k$ decrease _h be5 obs]v$ 9 !  
mortality f zymotic diseases2 !re _h be5
 a less decid$ r$uction ( t f           
con/itutional diseases2 t f local       
diseases _h increas$2 & t f m5tal       
diseases & f viol5ce _h rema9$ /ation>y4
 ,9 #ahgf !re 0 n a s+le dea? f         
small-pox4 ,typhoid fev] _h dim9i%$ mo/ 
9 cities hav+ a good sy/em ( sew]age &  
wat] supply1 & lea/ 9 t[ns )\t su*      
improvem5ts4 ,diph!ria1 :i* rea*$ its   
maximum 9 #ahgg1 _h s9ce decl9$1 until x
 n[ caus$ only "o p] c5t4 ( ! total     

mortality4 ,ov>iotomy sav$ m lives ?an  
any o!r surgical op]ation1 b1 tak+      
,som]ville z a basis ( calculation1 !   
asc]ta9$ results ( prev5tive m$ic9e _h  
sav$ m lives 9 t5 ye>s1 among ?irty ?\s&
 p1 ?an ov>iotomy w\ld save 9 ! same "t 
among two millions4 ,great att5tion 0   
giv5 to small-pox1 :i* _h kill$ b #e1ejj
 p]sons 9 ,massa*usetts 9 ?irty-six     
ye>s1 & to *ol]a1 :i* _h de/roy$ only   
#b1jjj2 b too little he$ 0 giv5 to      
sc>let fev]1 ) its mortality ( #cg1jjj1 
& to typhoid fev]1 ) its mortality (    
#de1jjj4--,n4 ,y4 ,m$4 ,j\r4            
,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,eyes4#h             
,by ,pr(4 ,,david ,,web/]1 ,m4,d4       
,,spectacles4   ,a va/ am\nt ( popul>   
misappreh5sion & prejudice exi/s z to ! 
use ( spectacles4 ,_m p]sons :o ne$ !m  
object to we>+ !m = v>i\s reasons4 ,"s  
fe> t x w lead _! fri5ds to suspect t !y
 are gett+ old4 ,o!rs ?9k x w cause !m  
to be suspect$ ( wi%+ to appe> le>n$ or 
cultur$4 ,"s p]sons d n want to beg9 to 
we> !m le/1 hav+ acquir$ ! habit1 !y may

 n be able to leave !m (f or to see well
 )\t !m4 ,o!rs aga9 object to glasses   
only on acc\nt ( _! inconv5i5ce4 ,i h   
p]sonally met ) _m ( all ^! classes (   
p]sons1 b ,i h frequ5tly he>d ( ano!r   
class t ,i h nev] met )1 namely1 ^? :o d
 n ne$ glasses1 b :o we> !m j = effect &
 to attract att5tion4 ,n[1 ! simple tru?
 is t !re are j two good reasons = we>+ 
spectacles1 & only two4 ,"o is t we may 
see bett]1 ! o!r is t our eyes may be   
reliev$ ( /ra94 ,(t5 bo? ^! reasons are 
comb9$ 9 ! same case4 ,_m *ildr5 beg9 to
 be ne>-sight$ aft] !y h att5d$ s*ool a 
few ye>s4 ,!y fir/ f9d x out by obs]v+ t
 !y _c see lett]s or figures on !       
blackbo>d z f> z ! o!r *ildr54 ,!y c use
 _! eyes z mu* z !y want to )\t fatigue 
or blurr+1 or sm>t+1 or burn+1 or it*+1 
or pa9 9 ! eyes1 or heada*e4 ,9 %ort1 !y
 %[ no symptoms ( eye /ra94 ,!y simply d
 n see di/ant objects di/9ctly4 ,su*    
*ildr5 %\ld be fitt$ ) glasses at once t
 w enable !m to see z well z o!rs at a  
di/ance1 & ^! glasses %\ld be worn      

con/antly4 ,! *ild %\ld be in/ruct$ to  
take !m (f only :5 necess>y to wipe !m  
or to wipe or ba! ! eyes & on go+ to b$4
 ,! soon] ! eyes get accu/om$ to !m !   
less likely is ! ne>-sight$ness to      
increase4 ,moreov]1 ! *ild :o sees      
cle>ly only a few feet away f him loses 
a v important "p ( 8 education4 ,our    
eyes ga!r in=mation = u :5 we are lea/  
?9k+ ( x1 by tak+ cognizance ( ! _m     
objects t come )9 our field ( vision j z
 our e>s ga!r mat]ial = ! prop]         
developm5t ( our m9ds 9 li/5+ to g5]al  
conv]sation or to ! s\nds ( nature & (  
busy life ab\t u4 ,x is ! duty ( e "o to
 make ! be/ possible use ( ! faculties !
 ,creator has be/[$ ^u him4 ,!          
ne>-sight$ p]son :o does n h 8 vision   
correct$ by glasses fails 9 ! p]=mance (
 ?is duty4  #h ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1  
,no4 #fdg1 page #ajcdb4  ,f a pap] by   
,david ,web/]4 ,m4,d41 pr(essor (       
oph?almology 9 ! ,new ,york ,polycl9ic &
 surgeon to ! ,manhattan ,eye & ,e>     
,hospital1 ,new ,york4  ,aga91 ! "t     

comes 9 ! life ( e "o :o is n           
ne>-sight$1 & :o lives to a good old    
age1 :5 he _c see ne> objects well )\t  
glasses4 ,betwe5 ! ages ( #dj & #ej1 !  
cry/all9e l5ses ( 8 eyes hav+ h>d5$     
along ) ! o!r tissues ( 8 body1 he f9ds 
x impossible to focalize z he us$ to4   
,he holds 8 book f>!r & f>!r away f 8   
eyes1 & f9ally he f9ds t he _c read f9e 
pr9t at all1 or )\t /ra9+ 8 eyes4 ,!n he
 mu/ accept ! unpleasant fact t he is   
gett+ old-sight$1 & if he wi%es to use1 
& n abuse1 8 eyes1 he mu/ get glasses to
 take ! place ( 8 lo/ accommodation & ) 
:i* he c read easily4 ,"s p]sons :o are 
ne>-sight$ 9 "o eye & f>-sight$ 9 ! o!r 
nev] ne$ glasses1 b always d _! read+ & 
o!r ne> "w ) ! ne>-sight$ eye & _!      
di/ant see+ ) ! f>-sight$ eye4 ,i       
believe ,i read a long "t ago1 9 an     
article by himself 9 ! ,new ,york ,l$g]1
 t ?is 0 ! case ) ! late ,rev4 ,h5ry    
,w>d ,bee*]4 ,b ! va/ majority ( p]sons 
:o we> glasses1 bo? = ! di/ance & = !   
ne>1 c see q z well )\t !m4 ,!y d n we> 

!m 9 ord] to be able to see1 b 9 ord] to
 h ! /ra9 remov$ f _! eyes1 & to be     
reliev$ f ! _m disagreeable symptoms1   
bo? direct & reflex1 t result f eye     
/ra94                                   
,,focalization4  ,! act ( focalization  
is a muscul> act & requires an ef=t1 an 
output ( n]v\s en]gy1 j z mu* 9         
proportion z any o!r muscul> act1 su* z 
lift+ a weight or %ov+ a saw or a jack  
plane4 ,! eye t is normally %ap$ =ms    
pictures ( objects1 m ?an a few feet    
di/ant1 on its back wall )\t any muscul>
 ef=t1 & has to focalize only :5 engag$ 
9 ne> "w4 ,b ! ov]sight$ eye is compell$
 to d ?is extra "w all ! "t1 except :5  
clos$4 ,if x did n focalize1 x w\ld see 
indi/9ctly4 ,?is x refuses to d1        
indep5d5tly ( any volition on ! "p ( its
 own]4 ,! eye t c see di/9ctly w see    
di/9ctly1 no matt] h[ great ! /ra91 &   
?is by a volition app>5tly entirely its 
own4 ,! results are heada*e1 v]tigo1    
nausea1 n]v\sness1 irritability1 & o!r  
disagreeable reflex conditions1 besides 

! pa9 & inflammation1 & o!r symptoms    
manife/$ 9 ! eyes !mselves4 ,( c\rse1 ! 
only rem$y 9 su* cases is glasses1 & ^! 
glasses %\ld be c>efully select$ by a   
compet5t p]son1 & %\ld be worn z mu* ( !
 "t z is necess>y to relieve ! eye /ra94
 ,i f9d 9 ,tagg>t's ,times1 ,febru>y #e1
 #ahhh1 ! foll[+3 ,a ,fr5* philosoph]   
has said t a man :o we>s gold-b[$       
spectacles always admires himself1 & x  
w\ld seem z ?\gh spectacles 7 becom+ a  
sort ( badge ( di/9ction1 s9ce "y & old 
:o h ! slighte/ excuse = us+ !m put !m  
on4                                     
,,heada*e4  ,:5 "o suff]s f heada*e1 he 
is told t he ov]/ra9s ! n]ves ( ! eyes1 
& mu/ relieve ?is by ! use ( spectacles4
 ,:5 ?+s dance be=e ! sight1 ! cure = t 
is also spectacles2 & :5 tir$ ) close   
att5tion to "w1 ! cure = we>i$ eyes is n
 re/1 b spectacles4  ,p :o live mu* out 
( doors are usually v ke5-sight$1 ow+   
probably to ! ev]-v>y+ impressions made 
on ! eyes1 & ?is might reasonably sugge/
 t ! prop] relief = a great _m eye      

tr\bles w\ld be a *ange f ov]work4  ,i c
 only say t ! p]son :o wrote x seems n  
only to be prejudic$ aga9/ glasses1 b to
 "k v little ( ! anatomy & physiology ( 
! eye4 ,! fact is t ov]sight$ &         
a/igmatic eyes1 ne$+ glasses to relieve 
! con/ant & sev]e /ra9 ^u !             
accommodative muscul> app>atus1 are     
b5efit$ by re/ & by *ange ( air &       
occupation only to a limit$ degree4     
,real re/ = su* eyes is possible only f 
! use ( glasses4 ,moreov]1 x is n       
possible = all :o suff] f fatigue ( !   
eyes to take ! "t = re/4 ,x is necess>y 
= _m to use _! eyes daily & almo/       
con/antly 9 ord] to make a liv+ =       
!mselves & = ^? dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,!re is  
mu* m good s5se 9 ! p>agraphs :i* foll[ 
& :i* are extract$ f ! same article4  ,x
 is n surpris+ t s _m s*ool *ildr5 suff]
 ) weak eyes :5 we consid] ! conditions 
"u :i* !y are =c$ to use !m4 ,! v fact t
 ! light 9 _m s*ool rooms is twice /ra9$
 ?r\gh glass p>titions be=e x p5etrates 
! inside rooms is 9 itself a sev]e te/ (

 sight4 ,! prepond]ance ( sa%-wood ov] !
 panes ( glass is any?+ b propiti\s to  
cle> see+4 ,) heads b5t ov] desks do+   
ari?metical examples1 or /udy+ ! f9e    
pr9t$ s*ool books1 or read+ _! own      
imp]fect h&writ+ f :i* _m ( ! lessons   
mu/ be le>n$1 ! only wond] is t all !   
little ones are n purbl9d be=e !y rea* !
 gramm> s*ools4                         
,,fluffy ,,bangs4  ,b ?is is n all4     
,girls we> long & fluffy bangs1         
int]cept+ ! sight1 & bo? boys & girls   
seldom ba! _! faces ) cle> cold wat]4 ,9
 ! matut9al face wa%+ ! eyes are usually
 clos$1 :ile a wet t[el is delicately   
pass$ ov] ! eyelids4 ,few p]sons c be> !
 pa9 ( op5+ _! eyes wide 9 a bas9 ( cold
 wat]1 yet ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,spangl] told1 9
 8 int]e/+ lecture on ,nassau1 h[ !     
native population w\ld dive to ! bottom 
( ! sea & br+ up %ells1 sponges1 etc41 t
 _h be5 po9t$ out to !m by curi\s       
visitors ?r\gh a sea glass4 ,n only m5  
div]s1 b also little boys & girls c\ld  
keep _! eyes op5 9 ! wat] & se>* = c5ts 

:i* _h be5 ?r[n 9 = !m to pick up4 ,?is 
%[s t ev5 salt wat] is n injuri\s to    
eyes accu/om$ to x1 & t habit makes !   
eye unnaturally s5sitive4  ,z to !      
/atem5t t p :o live mu* out ( doors are 
usually v ke5-sight$1 x is an expression
 ( a popul> idea1 b1 l mo/ popul> ideas1
 is true only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,! fact
 is t p]sons :o d n live mu* out ( doors
 g5]ally use _! eyes m = ne> "w1 su* z  
read+1 sew+1 draw+1 etc41 & h5ce are m  
likely to develop ne>-sight$ness4       
,p]sons liv+ indoors :o are n ne>-sight$
 are able to see z well & z f> z ^? :o  
live outdoors4 ,x is true t ! old sailor
 w recognize a %ip 9 ! horizon1 or any  
o!r di/ant object at sea1 soon] ?an a   
l&sman4 ,b x is n because he is any m   
ke5-sight$4 ,x is because he kn[s j :at 
to look =4 ,he has se5 su* objects amid 
simil> surr\nd+s a ?\s& times1 &        
recognizes !m1 ev5 ?\gh 8 vision be     
consid]ably impair$ by disease4 ,i h (t5
 f\nd1 on te/+ ! vision ( su* p]sons1 t 
x 0 n m ?an "o-half ! normal1 & yet !y  

decl>$1 &1 ,i believe1 consci5ti\sly s1 
t !y c\ld disc]n a %ip at sea z f> z any
 "o4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! ,nor?     
,am]ican ,indians1 :o live mu* out (    
doors1 h poor sight f inflammatory      
diseases ( _! eyes caus$ by exposure to 
smoke 9 _! wigwams1 & by contagi\s eye  
diseases1 ! propagation ( :i* is favor$ 
by _! unsanit>y me?ods ( liv+4 ,b1 no   
d\bt1 _m ( !m c disc]n di/ant objects ^u
 ! prairies & 9 ! =e/s f>!r ?an _! :ite 
bro!rs because ( _! great] famili>ity ) 
! appe>ances ( su* objects4  ,x seems to
 me t ! practice ( op5+ ! eyes "u wat]  
is n to be specially recomm5d$1 except 9
 cases ( necessity4 ,:ile _m be> x well1
 to o!rs x is m or less pa9ful &        
irritat+4 ,moreov]1 nature furni%es a   
fluid ) :i* to wa% ! eyeballs1 & applies
 x h]self4 ,x is only necess>y to keep !
 eyelids scrupul\sly clean1 & especially
 ! edges ( ! eyelids :]e ! eyela%es gr[ 
out4 ,= ba?+ ! eyelids :5 un9flam$1 no?+
 is bett] ?an pure cold wat]4 ,:5 ! eyes
 become r$ & inflam$1 ! be/ dome/ic     

rem$y is salt & wat]1 ab\t a teaspoonful
 to ! p9t1 & appli$ w>m or cold1 or at  
:atev] temp]ature seems mo/ agreeable to
 ! eyes 9 any p>ticul> case4            
,,no ,,p\ltices4  ,"u no circum/ances   
%\ld p\ltices be appli$ to ! eyes unless
 ord]$ by a physician4 ,i h se5 _m cases
 9 :i* a simple inflammation ( ! inside 
l9+ ( ! eyelids _h be5 greatly aggravat$
 by bread & milk p\ltices1 or tea       
leaves1 b\nd ^u ! clos$ eyelids & left  
on ov]night4 ,9 fact1 a di/+ui%$        
pr(essor ( diseases ( ! eye has =mulat$ 
! results ( 8 obs]vations ?us3 ,p\ltices
 spoil eyes4  ,all pat5t eye wa%es1 eye 
salves1 & o!r rem$ies adv]tis$ to cure  
all diseases ( ! eye %\ld be avoid$4    
,diff]5t diseases require diff]5t       
rem$ies4 ,:at w b5efit "o may injure    
ano!r4 ,:5 "o gets some?+ ! matt] ) 8   
eyes & resorts to ! use ( a pat5t m$ic9e
 = its relief1 he is 9 dang] ( los+     
valuable "t4 ,he may lose an eye f want 
( prop] treatm5t at ! outset ( !        
disease4 ,9 a great city l ,new ,york1 e

 "o may easily avail himself ( ! s]vices
 ( ! mo/ skillful physician4 ,if unable 
to visit !m at _! (fices & pay _! fees1 
!y may consult !m at ! num]\s           
disp5s>ies1 hospitals1 & m$ical s*ools &
 colleges1 :]e x w co/ !m no?+4         
,,use ,,( ,,inflam$ ,,eyes4  ,a lesson t
 is v difficult = _m ( u to le>n is t   
inflam$ eyes %\ld n be us$ actively4    
,*ildr5 ) sore eyes %\ld n be all[$ to g
 to s*ool = two reasons4 ,fir/1 ! use ( 
_! eyes 9 read+ w prev5t or ret>d _!    
recov]y4 ,secondly1 sore eyes are       
usually communicable1 & "o su* *ild may 
infect a :ole s*ool4 ,x is highly       
important t all p]sons ) inflam$ eyes   
%\ld use only _! own wa% bas9s1 t[els1 &
 h&k]*iefs1 & s avoid spread+ ! disease4
 ,we n infrequ5tly see a cat>rhal       
inflammation ( ! eyes run ?r\gh a :ole  
family4 ,( c\rse1 !y cat* x "o f ano!r1 
&1 z !re is no disease ( ! eye :i* is1 l
 measles1 or sc>let fev]1 or smallpox1  
communicable ?r\gh ! air1 su* spread ( !
 disease might easily be prev5t$ by     

prop] c>e ( ! p]son fir/ affect$4       
,p]sons ^: eyes are s5sitive to light   
%\ld n be kept 9 d>k rooms1 :i* are     
always unheal?y4 ,!y may h _! eyes      
protect$ by %ades or by smoke color$    
glasses1 b %\ld keep !m op5 & expos$ to 
! air1 & %\ld rema9 out ( doors z mu* z 
possible4                 ,,effect ,,(  
,,alcohol ,,& ,,tobacco ,,^u ,,! ,,eyes4
  ,i mu/ n close )\t w>n+ my he>]s aga9/
 ! baneful effects ( alcohol & tobacco  
^u ! eyes4 ,x is n uncommon = ! eye     
surgeon to meet ) p]sons :o h become    
p>tially bl9d f ! effects ( ^! poisons  
^u _! optic n]ves4 ,( c\rse1 only a     
small proportion ( ^? :o use alcohol &  
tobacco to excess are affect$ 9 ?is way1
 b ?is r5d]s x none ! less c]ta9 t      
impair$ sight is "o ( ! dang]s t we may 
avoid by ab/a9+ f ! use ( ^! unnecess>y 
& poison\s luxuries4                    
,,tumors ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4              
,,diagnos$ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,!         
,,electro-,,endoscopic ,,cy/oscope4     
,by ,dr4 ,,max ,,nitze4   ,9 ! foll[+   

l9es ,i wi% to direct ! att5tion ( my   
,engli% confr]es to ! value ( !         
electro-endoscopic mode ( exam9ation ( !
 male ur9>y bladd]1 inv5t$ by me4 ,i    
believe ,i c\ld n h *os5 a m suitable   
!me = t purpose ?an a %ort report ( !   
bladd] tumors diagnos$ by me            
cy/oscopically2 = ! diagnosis ( ^! new  
=mations (f]s ! greate/ difficulty1 & 9 
mo/ cases x has be5 impossible till n[  
to prove _! exi/5ce ) accuracy )\t      
digital exploration ( ! bladd]4 ,by !   
new me?od ( cy/oscopical exam9ation !   
conditions h entirely *ang$4 ,"o look   
into ! bladd]1 illum9at$ z if by        
daylight1 is g5]ally suffici5t to af=d  
means = =m+ an op9ion ( all ! que/ions  
com+ into consid]ation--viz41 size1 =m1 
& site ( ! tumor4 ,! accompany+ diagrams
 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d7 may give an    
idea ( ! appe>ances :i* ! diff]5t =ms ( 
bladd] tumors pres5t endoscopically4 ,i 
regret t !y _c %[ ! brightness ( ! light
 by :i* "o sees ! tumors dur+           
exam9ation4 ,! celebrat$ ,vi5na         

speciali/1 ,v4 ,dittel1 is "r 9 say+ t  
!y (f] sometimes truly *>m+ pictures2   
especially c]ta9 k9ds ( vill\s tumors1  
^: long sl5d] villi float+ 9 ! liquid   
(t5 pres5t a spl5did appe>ance4 ,!      
foll[+ are ! cases cy/oscopically       
diagnos$ by me4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#a4  ,case #a4--;,a man1 ag$ fifty-five1
 "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,*4 ,may]1 suff]$ f    
attacks ( haematuria = ?irty ye>s4 ,dur+
 ! la/ six ye>s he has _h dysuria &     
inability to empty ! bladd] completely4 
,! pati5t _h be5 exam9$ by ! s\nd       
repeat$ly by em95t surgeons &           
speciali/s1 b none c\ld give a c]ta9    
diagnosis4 ,on ,nov4 #aa1 #ahhf1 ,i     
und]took ! cy/oscopic exam9ation4 ,i    
f\nd on ! ant]ior wall ( ! bladd] a     
puffy swell+ cov]$ ) :ite masses (      
mucus4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,! trigone 0    
cov]$ by a mass consi/+ ( po9t$         
papillae4 ,on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( !   
pati5t extirpation 0 impossible4 ,!     
pati5t became weak] & weak]1 & di$ 9    
,june1 #ahhg4 ,! po/ mortem exam9ation  

%[$ ! int]nal orifice ( ! ure?ra        
surr\nd$ by a swell+ repres5t+ a        
cont9u\s tumor z l>ge z a small apple4  
,x 0 f\nd t ! in/rum5t _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh
 ! middle ( ?is swell+1 :i* bl$ easily  
on pressure4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! cle>ness 
( ! picture 0 n int]f]$ ) 9 ! lea/4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  ,case #b4--;,a
 man1 ag$ fifty1 0 oblig$ to ex]t a     
/rong pressure 9 ord] to empty ! bladd]4
 ,! fl[ ( ur9e (t5 /opp$4 ,he himself   
introduc$ a ca!t]1 & on )draw+ x a piece
 ( vill\s tissue 0 f\nd4 ,on ,dec4 #aj1 
#ahhf1 ,i saw1 on cy/oscopical          
exam9ation1 directly & imm$iately ov] ! 
int]nal orifice ( ! ure?ra1 a vill\s    
swell+ hang+ f ! ant]ior wall ( !       
bladd]4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,on ,jan4 #ae1 
#ahhg1 extirpation ( ! tumor by means ( 
! high section 0 p]=m$ by ,pr(essor v4  
,b]gmann4 ,! size ( ! tumor 7:i* 0 z    
l>ge z a pigeon's egg7 & its position   
correspond$ exactly to ! endoscopic     
picture4 ,! pati5t recov]$4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4  ,case #c4--;,a

 pati5t "u ! c>e ( ,pr(essor ,madelung1 
ag$ fifty-five1 suff]$ f attacks (      
haematuria4 ,exam9ation by s\nd & rectal
 palpation _h giv5 me negative results4 
,on ,feb4 #bj1 #ahhg1 cy/oscopical      
exam9ation 0 made4 ,on ! left side ( !  
trigone a tumor ) a broad base 0 se51   
:i* resembl$ some:at a /rawb]ry 9 size &
 =m4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,on ,m>* #a1      
,pr(essor ,madelung und]took !          
extirpation ( ! tumor4 ,! appe>ance     
correspond$ exactly to ! cy/oscopic     
picture4 ,! pati5t recov]$4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4  ,case         
#d4--,?is 0 a pati5t on :om ,dr4 ,israel
 _h p]=m$ ! high section a long "t be=e1
 on acc\nt ( a bladd] tumor4 ,! ext5t 0 
s great t only its mo/ prom95t "p c\ld  
be remov$4 ,! microscopical exam9ation  
prov$ ! diagnosis ( canc]4 ,quick heal+ 
took place4 ,! pati5t became free f pa91
 & ! ur9e became cle>4 ,9 ord] to see   
:at _h become ( ! rema9+ "p1 !          
cy/oscopical exam9ation 0 und]tak5 on   
,april #c4 ,x 0 easy to see t ! "r      

lat]al wall 0 cov]$ to an ext5t ( f ?ree
 to f\r c5timet]s ) ?ick masses (       
v]ruc\s & fungi=m excresc5ces4 7,see    
,fig4 #d47  ,we omit ! description ( !  
additional cases4  ,! above %ortly      
describ$ fifte5#i cases ( bladd] tumors 
h be5 diagnos$ by me cy/oscopically dur+
 ! la/ sixte5 mon?s4 ,?is is a pro(1 on 
! "o h&1 ( ! value ( ! cy/oscopic       
exam9ation2 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! fact t !   
new =mations 9 "q are n ( s r>e         
occurr5ce z has be5 hi!rto ?\ght4 ,i    
w\ld l to emphasize t ! important       
results 7 (t5 obta9$ "u ! mo/ difficult 
circum/ances4 ,9 sev]al cases ! ext]nal 
orifice ( ! ure?ra 0 f\nd abnormally    
small2 9 o!rs 7,cases #h & #aa7 !       
exam9ation 0 made dur+ ! occurr5ce ( a  
cont9u\s hemorrhage f ! tumor2 9 "o case
 7,case #a7 ,i introduc$ ! in/rum5t     
?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! tumor1 :i* bl$ on !    
slighte/ pressure4 ,9 spite ( ?is !     
appe>ances 7 se5 satisfactorily4 ,9 !   
fir/ case a po/ mortem exam9ation 0     
made2 9 eight o!r cases 7,cases #b1 #c1 

#i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 & #ae7 ! tumor 0
 extirpat$1 sev5 times by ! high        
section--9 "o case1 t ( a woman1 ?r\gh !
 dilat$ ure?ra4 ,9 ^! n9e cases !       
endoscopic appe>ances 7 9 e important   
respect confirm$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4  
,9 e case my op9ion reg>d+ ! size1      
position1 & =m 0 f\nd to be correct4 ,x 
is only 9 ^? cases :]e ! edges ( ! tumor
 ov]lap ! %ort p$icle t ! latt] _c be   
obs]v$4 ,besides1 ! relative good       
results ( ! op]ations und]tak5 on acc\nt
 ( ! cy/oscopic appe>ance may be        
emphasiz$4 ,( ! eight pati5ts f :om !   
tumors _h be5 extirpat$1 none di$ f !   
result ( ! op]ation4 ,case #i prov$     
fatal on acc\nt ( ! progressive ext5sion
 ( ! gr[?4 ,9 ! elev5? case !re 0 a     
recurr5ce1 b ! pati5t is /ill alive4    
,five pati5ts 7,cases #b1 #c1 #aj1 #ac1 
#ad7 mu/ be consid]$ entirely cur$4     
,case #ae is /ill "u treatm5t1 &1 z !   
conditions ( ! pati5t are at pres5t 7n9?
 day aft] op]ation7 9 e way             
satisfactory1 a complete recov]y is     

anticipat$4  #i ,! fir/ eight cases are 
m fully describ$ 9 ! ,ar*4 fur          
,*irurgie1 vol4 xxxvi41 ,"p #c 7,dr4    
,nitze1 ,beitrage zur ,endoscopie d]    
mannli*5 ,h>nblase74 ,! full acc\nt ( ! 
la/ sev5 cases w be publi%$ soon4       
,f9ally1 on comp>+ ! above cy/oscopic   
appe>ances ) ! results obta9$ by o!r    
me?ods ( exam9ation1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t !
 exam9ation ( ! ur9e1 9 mo/ cases       
c>efully made1 _h only 9 two cases %[n !
 pres5ce ( vill\s tissue1 :i* 9 "o      
in/ance 0 br\ght out by ! ca!t]4 ,!     
rectal palpation1 :5 made1 _h always    
giv5 negative results4 ,fur!r1 !        
exam9ation by means ( ! s\nd _h be5 made
 9 n9e cases be=e ! cy/oscopic          
exam9ation4 ,9 none ( ! cases _h ! s\nd 
reveal$ ! pres5ce ( a tumor 7:i* 9 two  
_h atta9$ ! size ( a small apple71      
al?\gh ! exam9ation 0 made by mo/       
exp]i5c$ surgeons & em95t speciali/s4   
,^? cases %[ h[ imp]fect an in/rum5t !  
s\nd is = ! diagnosis ( bladd] tumors4  
,only "o me?od c comp>e ) ! cy/oscope 9 

giv+ valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! size & 
nature ( a bladd] tumor--viz41 ! digital
 exploration ( ! int]nal surface ( !    
bladd] aft] a previ\s b\tonni]e1 or !   
high section4 ,! sup]iority ( !         
cy/oscopic me?od ov] ! latt]1 on acc\nt 
( ! small] am\nt ( inconv5i5ce x causes 
! pati5t1 ne$ n be insi/$ on4 ,! latt]  
involves a cutt+ op]ation n free f      
dang]1 z well z deep n>cosis1 :ile !    
cy/oscopic me?od is simil> to a simple  
ca!t]ization4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 
,! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #e7 %[s !  
in/rum5t us$ by me = cy/oscopic         
exam9ation4 ,x has be5 made by ! ,b]l9  
in/rum5t mak]1 ,h>twig1 accord+ to my   
in/ructions4 ,! s\rce ( ! light 7,mignon
 lamp7 is cem5t$ 9 a silv] capsule1 :i* 
is screw$ into ! di/al end ( !          
cy/oscope4 ,?is in/rum5t is sup]ior to t
 made by ,leit]1 ! ,vi5na in/rum5t mak]1
 because ( its great] simplicity 9      
con/ruction1 :i* all[s ! lamp to be     
easily replac$ :5 necess>y1 & also on   
acc\nt ( ! great] l5g? ( ! %aft4  ,i    

m5tion ?is because x diff]s f !         
explanation :i* ,mr4 ,f5wick gave 9 8   
spee* conc]n+ my me?od ( exam9ation at !
 meet+ ( ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london on
 ,jan4 #bc1 #ahhh4 ,i mu/ also /rongly  
contradict ,mr4 ,f5wick's /atem5ts      
conc]n+ ! %>e :i* he attribut$ to !     
,vi5na in/rum5t mak] 9 ! con/ruction ( !
 in/rum5t4 ,leit]'s connection ) our    
in/rum5t w be be/ expla9$ :5 ,i say t he
 _h to buy ! pat5t#aj f me fir/ 9 ord]  
to be all[$ to make ! in/rum5t4 ,leit]  
has _h no %>e 9 ^? peculi>ities :i*     
*>act]ize x z new4 ,! introduction ( !  
s\rce ( light into ! organ _h be5       
practically br\ght ab\t1 ! optical      
app>atus enl>g+ ! view design$1 ! :ole  
con/ruction p]fect$1 ! in/rum5t _h prov$
 itself useful 9 exam9+ pati5ts1 & _h   
be5 demon/rat$ by me 9 ! ,sae*sis*es    
,l&es ,m$ic9al ,collegium be=e ,leit] _h
 any idea ( ! new inv5tion6 ,also !     
ev5tual replacem5t ( ! fir/ s\rce (     
light 7plat9um wire7 _h be5 provid$     
=4#aa ,leit] has only made a few        

te*nical modifications on ! f9i%$       
in/rum5t4 ,i prote/ mo/ emphatically    
aga9/ ! incorrect explanations giv5 by  
,mr4 ,f5wick1 & aga9/ e connection (    
,leit]'s "n ) my in/rum5ts4 ,i hope to  
obta9 9 ,engl& ! same g5]\s recognition 
( my labors 9 ?is field t has be5       
accord$ to me 9 ,g]many4--,lancet4  #aj 
,deuts*e ,pat5ts*rifte1 ,no4 #f1 #hec4  
#aa ,ibid4                              
,,papillomat\s ,,tumor ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]1
 ,,demon/rat$ ,,by                      
,,means ,,( ,,li/]',s                   
,,electro-,,cy/oscope4      ,by ,f4 ,n4 
,otis1 ,m4,d41 ,cl9ical ,pr(essor1      
,college ( ,physicians &                
,surgeons1 ,new ,york4   ,a4 ,g----1 ag$
 tw5ty-?ree1 ,unit$ ,/ates2 s+le2 b>b]4 
,! "y man 0 ref]r$ to me by 8 =m] m$ical
 att5dant1 ,m>* #af1 #ahhc4 ,8 ur9e 0   
f\nd to be slightly b di/9ctly t+$ )    
blood1 & conta9$ "s small clots z well z
 "s pus & mucus4 ,he compla9$ (         
exquisite pa9 on ur9ation1 increas$ at !
 close1 recurr+ e half h\r4 ,?r\gh      

exam9ation p] rectum 7a po/]iori7       
unusual t5d]ness 0 f\nd4 ,di/9ct        
increase 9 ! d5sity & ?ickness ( ! "r   
inf]ior section ( ! bladd] 0 recogniz$  
by ! bimanual t\*2 a ca!t] 0 introduc$1 
& ?ree ounces ( bloody ur9e remov$4 ,!  
bladd] 0 !n irrigat$ g5tly ) a saturat$ 
solution ( boric acid until ! fluid     
return$ cle>4 ,! ca!t] 0 !n )drawn1     
leav+ ab\t f\r ounces ( ! solution1 ( a 
temp]ature ( #hj deg41 9 ! bladd]1 z a  
prep>ation = its exam9ation by !        
electro-cy/oscope ( ,li/]4 ,! requir$   
curr5t 0 furni%$ by ! small six-cell    
batt]y ( ! ,galvano-,f>adic ,co4 ,!     
cy/oscope 0 !n introduc$ into ! bladd]1 
& ! curr5t turn$ on4 ,! illum9ation 0   
complete4 ,?r\gh ! slightly rosy m$ium !
 small blood vessels 9 ! bladd] muc\s   
membrane 7 di/9ctly se54 ,on ! "r side a
 deep r$1 granul>-look+ mass1 ) a wavy  
outl9e1 0 !n di/9ctly obs]v$1 cov]+ ab\t
 "o-f\r? ( ! cy/oscopic field4 ,?is     
appe>ance 0 v]ifi$ by ,drs4 ,abbe1      
,bangs1 & ,w4 ,k4 ,otis--! unanim\s     

op9ion be+ t x repres5t$ a papillomat\s 
gr[?1 to "s ext5t cov]$ by coagulat$    
blood4 ,two days lat] a simil>          
exam9ation 0 made1 "u ! influ5ce ( an   
anae/hetic1 :i* corroborat$ ! previ\s   
obs]vations 9 e p>ticul>4 7,see         
illu/ration47  ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram  
,,( ,,bladd]1 ,,%[+ ,,location ,,(      
,,tumor ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,cy/oscope4 
,"s small filam5ts 7 subsequ5tly remov$ 
) ! li?otrite1 b on microscopical       
exam9ation no?+ ( diagno/ic importance 0
 discov]$4 ,f lack ( ! capacity ( !     
bladd]1 ! field 0 necess>ily limit$1    
nev]!less1 a v excell5t view ( ! tumor  
c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is is %[n 9 !         
illu/ration1 f a sket* made at ! "t ( ! 
fir/ exam9ation4 ,x repres5ts ! position
 ( ! tumor & cy/oscope :5 ! be/ view ( x
 0 obta9$4  ,on ! foll[+ ,monday !      
pati5t ent]$ ,/4 ,luke's ,hospital1 & 0 
op]at$ ^u by my associate1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,b4 
,bangs1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,mc,burney assi/+4  
,! high op]ation 0 p]=m$1 & ! bladd] be+
 exam9$ by means ( an electric light1   

introduc$ ?r\gh ! suprapubic incision1 !
 diagnosis made by ! cy/oscope 0 v]ifi$ 
9 e p>ticul>4 ,! gr[? 0 !n remov$1 z f> 
z possible1 ) ! scissors1 & ! surface   
caut]iz$ ) ! ,paquel9 caut]y4 ,at !     
pres5t writ+ ! pati5t is go+ on t[>d a  
satisfactory recov]y4 ,! pa?ological    
exam9ation made by ,dr4 ,frank ,f]guson1
 pa?ologi/ ( ,/4 ,luke's ,hospital1 %[$ 
! neoplasm to be a simple papilloma4    
,?is case is des]v+ ( especial int]e/ z 
be+ ! fir/ tumor ( ! bladd] diagno/icat$
 9 ?is c\ntry by means ( ! cy/oscope1 & 
v]ifi$ by subsequ5t op]ation1 & adds "o 
m to ! li/ ( sixte5 cases s made out by 
=eign obs]v]s1 & two by ,dr4 ,f5wick1 ( 
,engl&4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! in/rum5t       
des]ves p>ticul> cr$it1 z o!r me?ods _h 
completely fail$ 9 ! practice ( compet5t
 obs]v]s4  ,?is consi/s ( a metal tube1 
ab\t sev5 in*es long1 ( a calib] ( #bb  
,fr5*1 hav+ at ! proximal end a funnel  
%ap$ ocul> op5+2 at ! di/al1 a %ort     
beak1 simil> to t ( ! ca!t] c\de4 ,a    
w9d[ ( rock cry/al is set 9 ! end ( ?is 

beak1 beh9d :i* a small electric lamp1  
controll$ by a swit* at ! ocul> end1 is 
plac$4 ,a rectangul> prism1 ! hypo!nuse 
plane ( :i* is silv]$1 is plac$ 9 ! end 
( ! /raight portion ( ! tube1 its       
sup]ior face be+ se5 j ant]ior to !     
angle =m$ by ! beak4 ,! di/5d$ bladd] is
 illum9at$ by ! electric lamp1 ! rays   
reflect$ f its wall fall+ on ! prism    
exp]i5ce total reflection1 an inv]t$    
image be+ =m$ )9 ! tube4 ,! size ( !    
field ?us obta9$ is greatly increas$ by 
means ( a telescope introduc$ into !    
tube4 ,! image se5 ?r\gh ! cy/oscope is 
an inv]t$ image1 b "r & left are n      
transpos$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!           
,,cy/oscope4  ,!re c be no "q z to !    
great prospective value ( !             
electro-cy/oscope 9 diagnosis ( _m      
difficulties to :i* ! bladd] is subject4
 ,a v>iety ( =eign bodies h already be5 
report$ z made out by use ( ?is         
in/rum5t4 ,! locality1 size1 & color (  
vesical calculi h be5 demon/rat$ 9 my   
own exp]i5ce4 ,9 "o in/ance two /ones 7 

se5 :]e only "o _h be5 previ\sly f\nd1 b
 ?is ( c\rse might ) c>e h be5 effect$  
by means ( ! li?otrite4 ,b x is 9 !     
diagnosis ( ! tumors1 & ency/$ or       
impact$ calculi1 t ! mo/ ess5tial s]vice
 may be anticipat$ f ! use ( !          
cy/oscope4 ,! orifices ( ! uret]s are q 
readily br\ght into ! cy/oscopic field1 
& x is m ?an probable t 7p]haps ?r\gh ! 
introduction ( "s cle> fluid ) :i* blood
 does n readily m+le--glyc]9e1 =        
in/ance7 ! true s\rce ( a previ\sly     
d\btful haematuria w be                 
demon/rat$4--,m$ical ,record4           
,,di/ance ,,& ,,con/itution ,,( ,,!     
,,sun4   ,s _m qu]ies ab\t ! sol> sy/em1
 or ! memb]s ( x1 h come rec5tly to !   
att5tion ( ^? 9 *>ge ( ?is j\rnal1 f    
v>i\s s\rces1 t x is ?\ght be/ to make a
 brief /atem5t ( ! pres5t /ate ( k t    
a/ronomy has ( ! sol> neighborhood 9 :i*
 we live4  ,naturally we beg9 ) ! sun1 &
 ! olde/ & mo/ important problem :i* !  
/udy ( ?is body (f]s is ! det]m9ation ( 
its di/ance f ! e>? 9 t]re/rial units ( 

measure4 ,?is di/ance is important      
because ! k ( all ! ph5om5a ( all !     
heav5ly bodies1 except ^? ( ! moon1     
dep5d directly or indirectly on its     
value4 ,! problem ( ! sun's di/ance is  
difficult because ! data giv5 = det]m9+ 
x are insuffici5t to enable ! a/ronom]  
to apply ! pr9ciples ( trigonometry     
directly to x4 ,he is1 !re=e1 compell$  
to use indirect me?ods ( solution1 :i*1 
at be/1 give only approximations to !   
true di/ance1 aris+ *iefly f small      
errors 9 obs]vation1 :i*1 at ! pres5t   
"t1 seem unavoidable4 ,a famili>        
illu/ration w make our mean+ cle>4 ,! k 
we h ( ! sun's di/ance dep5ds on !      
accurate measurem5t ( a small angle =m$ 
by draw+ two l9es f a po9t at ! sun to !
 extremities ( ! e>?'s radius4 ,t angle 
is call$ ! sun's p>allax4 ,ptolemy ?\ght
 t ?is angle 0 #c' ( arc1 b we n[ "k t  
its value is v ne> #h4hj ( arc1 & t !   
error ( ?is am\nt f ! true angle        
probably is n m ?an #j4jb4 ,to measure  
?is small angle has be5 ! a/ronom]'s    

great tr\ble s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/>*us1 & he
 does n yet "k its value accurately4 ,8 
problem is l t ( a surveyor attempt+ to 
measure a ball1 ^: real diamet] is "o   
foot1 at ! di/ance ( #d4d miles ne>ly2 &
 unless he c det]m9e ! diamet] ( ! ball 
s t he %all n be unc]ta9 9 8 measure to 
! am\nt ( #j4jc ( an in*1 8 "w w n add  
any?+ useful to pres5t k4  ,if we       
suppose ! angle ( p>allax to be kn[n1 ! 
computation ( ! di/ance ( a cele/ial    
body is easy4 ,multiply e>?'s radius by 
#bjf1bfe 7seconds ( arc 9 ! unit        
radius71 & divide ! product by ! angle (
 p>allax 9 seconds ( arc4 ,! mean       
equatorial radius ( ! e>?1 z giv5 9     
,cl>k's ,geodesy1 is #cifc4c ,engli%    
miles4 ,! sun's di/ance = a p>allax (   
#h4gh w\ld be    #bjf1bfe x #cifc4c     
-----------------   #ic1ajh1jjj miles4  
#h4gh    ,= p>allax ( #h4hj  #ib1hig1jjj
 miles4   ,= p>allax ( #h4hb            
#ib1fhf1jjj miles4  ,! range ( error 9  
p>allax1 z "h giv51 is #j4jd1 & ! *ange 
( ! di/ance ( ! sun 9 all[+ = ?is error 

is ne>ly half a million ( miles4 ,if    
#h4hj be ! assum$ p>allax1 ) - #j4jb z  
probable error1 !n ! unc]ta9ty ( ! sun's
 di/ance is /ill ne>ly a qu>t] ( a      
million ( miles4  ,s f> a/ronom]s are   
pretty g5]ally agre$1 unless x be 9 !   
value ( ! e>?'s radius us$ above4 ,9 8  
excell5t "w1 entitl$ ,! ,sun1 we notice 
t ,pr(essor ,"y gives #c1ifb4gb ,engli% 
miles z ! late/ & mo/ reliable          
det]m9ation 7page #bb71 :ile he seems to
 use ,bessel's value ( #c1ifb4hj 9      
obta9+ #ib1hhe1jjj4 ,?is may be because 
! la/ nam$ value is /ill 9 mo/ g5]al    
use1 ?\gh less accurate und\bt$ly ?an t 
( ,cl>ke4  ,s9ce ! transit ( ,v5us1 (   
#ahgd1 ! det]m9ation ( ! sol> p>allax   
has n be5 v mu* improv$4 ,! transit (   
#ahhb1 s f> z kn[n1 has giv5 surpris+ly 
discordant results1 & probably !y w be (
 v little s]vice 9 improv+ our k ( !    
di/ance ( ! sun4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is    
unc]ta9ty ( late "w1 9 ord9>y me?ods two
 ways ( /udy+ ! problem %[ results almo/
 exactly alike4 ,!y are obta9$ f late   

improv$ measures ( ! velocity ( light1 &
 f measures by ! heliomet]4 ,! p>allax f
 ^! s\rces is #h4gid4 ,! ,brazilian     
results ( transit ( ,v5us = #ahhb1 by   
,wolf & ,&re1 rec5tly publi%$1 make !   
p>allax #h4hjh4 ,! ,am]ican r$uctions = 
! la/ transit are n yet complet$4  ,f ! 
above brief /atem5t ( results1 x seems t
 ! value ( ! sol> p>allax is likely to  
be a trifle "u #h4hj1 r ?an above x1    
mak+ ! di/ance ( ! sun probably v ne>   
#ic1jjj1jjj miles4  ,! next mo/         
important problem p]ta9+ to ! sun is its
 con/itution1 :i* is usually consid]$ "u
 f\r heads3  #a4 ,! c5tral portion1     
?\ght to be made up *iefly ( int5sely   
heat$ gases4  #b4 ,t "p :i* is se5 by ! 
aid ( ! telescope1 call$ ! photosph]e1  
consi/+ ( a %ell ( lum9\s cl\ds =m$ by !
 cool+ & cond5sation ( ! cond5sible     
vapors at ! surface :]e expos$ to ! cold
 ( out] space4 7,"y47  #c4 ,outside ( ! 
photosph]e is a %all[ /ratum1 call$ !   
*romosph]e1 compos$ ma9ly ( uncond5sible
 gases 7conspicu\sly hydrog57 left beh9d

 by ! =mation ( ! photosph]ic cl\ds1 &  
be>+ some?+ ! same relation to !m t !   
oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( our own atmosph]e d to
 our own cl\ds4 7,"y47 ,&--  #d4 ,!     
corona1 :i* is ! beautiful halo se51 ) !
 nak$ eye1 outside ( all1 dur+ ! "t ( a 
total eclipse ( ! sun4 ,?is curi\s halo 
) all its /ream]s & rifts is ?\ght to be
 compos$ *iefly ( an inc&esc5t mat]ial1 
9 a f> m att5uat$ /ate ?an t ( hydrog51 
! r>e/ gas kn[n1 because x yields freely
 9 ! spectroscope a c]ta9 l9e1 #adgd ,k1
 :i* mo/ agree c mean no?+ else1 al?\gh 
no "o kn[s :at ! gas or metallic vapor  
is4 ,hydrog5 is also f\nd 9 ! corona    
ext5d+ to ! height ( #fjj1jjj miles     
above ! photosph]e1 & possibly          
#a1bjj1jjj miles4 ,susp5d$ 9 ?is mixture
 ( vapors1 & fall+ into1 or project$ f1 
! sun is a l>ge quantity ( solid or     
liquid mat]ial1 :i* is at su* a         
temp]ature z to be self-lum9\s4 ,x is   
?is :i* yields ! cont9u\s spectrum1 free
 f d>k l9es4  ,besides ^! compon5ts 9 ! 
out] envelope1 !re is pres5t matt] :i*  

reflects or diffuses light mu* z our own
 atmosph]e does4  ,to ?is is attribut$ !
 p>tial radial pol>ization ( ! corona4  
,! /ream]s & rifts indicate matt]       
repell$1 9 v>i\s quantities1 f ! sun by 
=ces :i* may be electrical4 7,ha/+s47   
,^! are ! views advanc$ by a/ronom]s &  
physici/s1 z !ories or work+ hypo!ses1  
until some?+ bett] or m c]ta9 c be kn[n4
 ,!y are n held z facts by any1 because 
( insuffici5t pro( to e/abli% !m z su*1 
& because !re are v grave objections to 
"s ( !m :i* are at pres5t unansw]able4  
,= example1 ! spectroscope %[s t !      
gase\s pressure at ! limit ( !          
*romosph]e is v small1 al?\gh t is at ! 
base ( an atmosph]e f #fjj1jjj to       
#a1bjj1jjj miles deep1 & "u ! influ5ce (
 a =ce ( gravity m ?an tw5ty-sev5 times 
z great z t 9 action at ! surface ( !   
e>?4  ,optically1 ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?   
ceases at a height ( =ty-five miles1 b  
bodies at twice t altitude1 mov+ at !   
rate ( tw5ty-sev5 miles p] second1 meet 
resi/ance ( air en\gh to r5d] !m        

inc&esc5t almo/ in/antly4 ,b ! evid5ce  
seems cle> t1 f> )9 ! corona1 !         
resi/ance to mov+ bodies is mu* less ?an
 9 our atmosph]e at a height ( sixty    
miles4 ,! great comet ( #ahhb pass$     
?r\gh ! coronal atmosph]e )9 #cjj1jjj   
miles ( ! sun1 ) a velocity "o hundr$ & 
eighty times t ( ! e>? 9 its orbit4 ,!  
comet 0 n /opp$1 nor de/roy$1 nor its   
orbit di/urb$1 z subsequ5t obs]vations  
%[$4 ,! same ?+ 0 true1 s f> z kn[n1 ( !
 comet ( #ahdc1 :i* pass$ /ill ne>] !   
sol> surface4 ,^! facts are tr\blesome  
to expla9 on ! hypo!sis ( a coronal     
atmosph]e4  ,/ill fur!r3 if ! sun be    
surr\nd$ by a gase\s envelope1 its      
d5sity1 z a=esaid1 ought to dim9i% f !  
sol> surface outw>d to its upp] limits2 
b ! fact is1 ! mat]ial ( #adgd ,k l9e   
always appe>s 9 ! spectrum ( *romosph]e1
 :i* w\ld seem to indicate1 by its      
place1 t x is z mu* m d5se ?an hydrog5 z
 is magnesium vapor1 or ev5 ! vapor (   
iron4 ,b ! evid5ce ( ! spectroscope     
makes ?is #adgd ,k mat]ial f> less d5se 

?an t ( hydrog51 & ?is is a             
contradiction t is v tr\blesome to !    
/ud5t ( sol> physics4  ,9 /udy+ !       
pol>ization ( ! light ( ! corona1 x is  
cle> t ! am\nt ( pol>iz$ light reflect$ 
f a p>ticle at ! surface ( ! sun is     
no?+1 because ! lum9\s s\rce !re is a   
surface ) an angul> subt5se ( #ahj deg42
 h5ce pol>ization ( ! corona ne> ! limb 
( ! moon ought to be small1 f>!r away1  
l>g]4 ,b obs]vation %[s t ! contr>y is  
true1 i4 e41 ! p]c5t4 ( pol>iz$ light   
increases z ! corona is obs]v$ ne>] !   
limb ( ! moon dur+ totality4  ,^! are a 
few ( ! difficult que/ions t /& 9 ! way 
( accept+ ! =ego+ !ories z facts p]ta9+ 
to1 or well gr\nd$ k (1 ! con/itution ( 
! sun4 ,!y are by no means all1 or      
possibly ! mo/ important ones4 ,!y are  
c]ta9ly among ^? t are receiv+ v g5]al  
att5tion at ! h&s ( physici/s at !      
pres5t "t4--,sid]eal ,mess5g]4          
,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,/ell> ,,heav5s4      
,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,gore1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41       
,honor>y ,associate & ,vice-,presid5t ( 

!                      ,liv]pool        
,a/ronomical ,society4   ,if we look up 
at ! />ry heav5s on a cle>1 moonless    
night1 all seems /ill1 lifeless1 &      
devoid ( en]gy & motion4 ,all ( u       
are--or at lea/ %\ld be--famili> ) !    
app>5t diurnal motion ( ! /> sph]e1     
caus$ by ! actual rotation ( ! e>? on   
its axis1 & ) ! sl[] annual motion1 due 
to ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! sun1 :i*   
br+s diff]5t con/ellations into view at 
diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,^! motions1   
due to ! great & univ]sal law (         
gravitation1 discov]$ & s ably exp\nd$  
by ! fam\s ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 are (   
c\rse wond]ful & ord]ly 9 _! regul>ity1 
& be> sil5t te/imony to ! amaz+ p[]1    
maje/y1 & goodness ( a great & glori\s  
,creator4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r motions &
 *anges1 ev5 /ill m wond]ful1 go+ on 9 !
 dep?s ( space1 :i*1 ?\gh unp]ceiv$ by !
 ord9>y obs]v]1 h be5 reveal$ to ! eye &
 contemplation ( ! a/ronom] by !        
accurate in/rum5ts & me?ods ( rese>* :i*
 mod]n sci5ce has plac$ at 8 disposal4  

,"s acc\nts ( ^! m>vel\s discov]ies may 
prove ( int]e/ to ! read]4 ,! fix$ />s  
are s call$ because !y app>5tly hold a  
fix$ position ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r on ! 
concave surface ( ! cele/ial vault1 & d 
n1 z f> z ! unaid$ eye c judge1 *ange _!
 relative positions z ! planets d4 ,_m  
/>s h1 h[ev]1 :at is te*nically call$ a 
prop] motion1 :i*1 ?\gh ( c\rse v m9ute1
 & only to be detect$ by ! aid ( ref9$ &
 accurate in/rum5ts1 yet accumulate 9 ! 
c\rse ( ages1 & s5sibly alt] _! position
 9 ! sky4 ,! l>ge/ prop] motion hi!rto  
detect$ 7ab\t sev5 seconds ( arc p]     
annum7 is t ( a small /> 9 !            
con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 kn[n to      
a/ronom]s z ,no4 #ahcj ( ,groonbridge's 
catalogue4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ?is />
 is ru%+ ?r\gh space ) ! amaz+ & almo/  
inconceivable velocity ( #bjj miles p]  
second6--a velocity :i* w\ld c>ry x f ! 
e>? to ! sun 9 ab\t #e-a_/b days & to ! 
moon 9 #bj m9utes6 ,! well-kn[n d\ble />
 #fa ,cygni has a prop] motion ( ab\t   
five seconds ( arc p] annum1 bo?        

compon5ts mov+ ?r\gh space toge!r4 ,?is 
is1 z f> z yet kn[n1 ! ne>e/ /> to ! e>?
 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,its p>allax1 z  
det]m9$ by ,sir ,r4 ,s4 ,ball1 is       
#j4dfgf ( a second ( arc1 & by ,pr(4    
,prit*>d 7by photography7 #j4dc ( a     
second4 ,tak+ ! mean ( ^! values1 its   
di/ance f ! e>? w\ld be ab\t #dfj1jjj   
times ! e>?'s mean di/ance f ! sun1 &   
its actual velocity ab\t #cc miles p]   
second4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! motion at "r
 angles to ! l9e ( sight1 b z x may also
 h a motion 9 ! l9e ( sight1 ei!r to or 
f ! eye1 its real velocity is probably  
great] ?an ?is4 ,! rem>kable triple />  
#dj ,eridani has a prop] motion ( f\r   
seconds annually4 ,! compon5ts are a    
f\r? magnitude /> accompani$ by a di/ant
 d\ble companion :i* is a b9>y 7or      
revolv+ d\ble />71 & accompanies !      
bright /> 9 its flight ?r\gh space4 ,!re
 are two o!r fa9t & di/ant companions   
:i* d n p>take 9 ! motion ( ! t]n>y />4 
,9 ! ye> #ahfd ! bright /> 0 situat$ to 
! ea/ ( a l9e jo9+ ^! fa9t companions1 b

 ow+ to its l>ge prop] motion x is n[ to
 ! we/ ( !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! triple />    
,/ruve #aeaf1 "o ( ! companions1 :i* 0  
to ! we/ ( ! prim>y /> 9 #ahca1 is1 ow+ 
to ! prop] motion ( ! bright />1 n[ to !
 ea/ ( x4 ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall has f\nd a 
p>allax = #dj ,eridani ( #j4bbc ( a     
second4 ,?is1 comb9$ ) ! obs]v$ prop]   
motion1 indicates an actual velocity (  
ab\t #ed miles p] second4 ,! /> ,mu     
,cassiopeiae has also a l>ge prop]      
motion4 ,?is />1 ab\t #d1jjj ye>s ago1  
mu/ h be5 close to ,alpha ,cassiopeiae1 
& might h be5 s se5 by ! anci5t         
a/ronom]s4 ,! prop] motion ( ! bright />
 ,arcturus is s consid]able t 9 ! c\rse 
( ab\t #cj1jjj ye>s x w be ne> !        
equator1 & ab\t #aj deg4 to ! nor? ( !  
bright /> ,spica1 f :i* x is at pres5t  
sep>at$ by ov] #cj deg4 ,^! motions are 
( c\rse ^? :i* take place across ! face 
( ! sky4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 motions 9 !   
l9e ( sight--bo? t[>d & f ! eye--:i* h (
 late ye>s be5 reveal$ to u by !        
spectroscope1 t wond]ful in/rum5t (     

mod]n sci5tific rese>*1 by ! aid ( :i*  
sev]al new metals h be5 discov]$1 & :i* 
has be5 f\nd s useful 9 *emical         
analysis1 & ev5 9 ! manufacture ( /eel  
by ! ,bessem] process4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1   
,dr4 ,hugg9s1 ! em95t spectroscopi/1    
f\nd t ! bright /> ,sirius1 ! mon>* ( ! 
skies1 0 rec$+ f ! e>? at ! rate ( ab\t 
#bj miles a second4 ,lat] obs]vations at
 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory %[$ t ?is motion 0
 gradually dim9i%+1 & )9 ! la/ few ye>s 
x has be5 f\nd t ! motion ( recession   
has be5 actually *ang$ into a motion (  
approa*1 %[+ t ?is giant sun is probably
 travel+ 9 a mighty orbit r\nd "s z yet 
unkn[n c5t] ( gravity4  ,f a            
consid]ation ( /ell> prop] motions1 x   
has be5 conclud$ t ! sun--& !re=e ! :ole
 sol> sy/em--is mov+ ?r\gh space4 ,rec5t
 inve/igations make ! velocity (        
translation ab\t #ai miles p] second    
7#cj kilomet]s74 ,! ,gre5wi* obs]vations
 place ! apex ( ! sol> motion 7z ! po9t 
t[>d :i* ! sun is mov+ is call$7 betwe5 
,rho & ,sigma ,cygni1 :ile ,dr4 ,hugg9s'

 results fix a po9t ne> ,beta ,cephei4  
,bo? ^! po9ts are ne> ! ,milky ,way4    
,!re are o!r />tl+ *anges :i* h         
occasionally tak5 place among ! />s1 &  
:i* mu/ be look$ ^u almo/ 9 ! light (   
cata/rophes4 ,at r>e int]vals 9 ! hi/ory
 ( a/ronomy tempor>y or new />s h       
sudd5ly blaz$ out 9 ! heav5s :i* 7      
previ\sly ei!r unkn[n to a/ronom]s1 or  
else 7 invisible1 except 9 ! telescope4 
,"s ( ^! 7 ( great brilliancy4 ,9 ,a4,d4
 #agc a bright /> is record$ 9 ! ,*9ese 
annals z hav+ appe>$ betwe5 ,alpha &    
,beta ,c5tauri 7two bright />s 9 ! s\!rn
 hemisph]e74 ,x rema9$ visible = sev5 or
 eight mon?s1 & is describ$ z resembl+ a
 l>ge bamboo mat 767--a n v lucid       
description4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t !re  
exi/s at ! pres5t "t1 close to ! spot   
indicat$1 an int]e/+ v>iable />1 :i* may
 possibly be id5tical ) ! bright /> ( ! 
second c5tury4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable (
 ^! wond]ful objects 0 t obs]v$ by !    
fam\s ,ty*o ,brahe 9 #aegb1 9           
,cassiopeia1 & call$ ! ,pilgrim4 ,x 0 s 

brilliant t x rival$ ! planet ,v5us at  
its brighte/1 & 0 visible at noonday4 ,x
 rema9$ visible = ov] a ye> & !n        
disappe>$4  ,a small /> close to its    
record$ position has be5 obs]v$ 9 rec5t 
ye>s1 & z x is ?\ght to be slightly     
v>iable 9 its light1 x may possibly be  
id5tical ) ! long lo/ /> ( ,ty*o ,brahe4
 ,ano!r new /> ( almo/ equal brilliancy 
0 obs]v$ 9 ,octob]1 #afjd1 9 ,ophiu*us1 
a few degrees s\!a/ ( ! /> ,eta         
,ophiu*i4 ,! planets ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 &   
,saturn 7 close toge!r 9 ?is vic9ity1 & 
"o ev5+ ,mo/l91 a pupil ( ,kepl]'s1     
rem>k$ t a new & v brilliant /> _h jo9$ 
! gr\p4 ,:5 fir/ se5 x 0 :ite1 & exce$$ 
9 brightness ,m>s & ,jupit]1 & 0 ev5    
?\ght to rival ,v5us 9 spl5dor6 ,x      
gradually dim9i%$1 h[ev]1 & 9 six mon?s 
0 n equal 9 lu/] to ,saturn2 9 ,m>*1    
#afjf1 x _h entirely disappe>$4 ,9 #afgj
 a /> ( ! ?ird magnitude 0 obs]v$ by    
,an!lm ne> ,beta ,cygni4 ,x rema9$      
visible = ab\t two ye>s1 & increas$ &   
dim9i%$ sev]al times be=e x f9ally      

disappe>$4 ,flam/e$'s />1 ,no4 #aa (    
,vulpecula1 has be5 suppos$ to be       
id5tical ) ,an!lm's />1 b ,baily c\ld n 
f9d t su* a /> exi/s4 ,a small /> has1  
h[ev]1 be5 obs]v$ at ,gre5wi* )9 "o     
m9ute ( arc ( ! place assign$ to !      
tempor>y /> by ,pic>d's obs]vations4    
,v>iability has be5 suspect$ 9 ?is fa9t 
/>1 & accord+ to ,h9d x has a hazy1     
ill-def9$ appe>ance ab\t x1 :i* may     
p]haps sugge/ t x may be a small        
planet>y nebula1 simil> to ,s*midt's new
 /> ( #ahgf 9 ,cygnus4 ,a small new /> 0
 obs]v$ by ,h9d 9 ,ophiu*us on ,april   
#bh1 #ahdh4 ,:5 fir/ notic$ x 0 ab\t !  
fif? magnitude4 ,x aft]w>d rose to ab\t 
f\r? magnitude1 b v soon fad$ away1 &1  
al?\gh /ill visible 9 ! telescope1 has  
become v fa9t 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,a new /> ( 
sev5? magnitude 0 f\nd by ,pogson on    
,may #bh1 #ahfj1 9 ! well-kn[n /> clu/] 
kn[n z #hj ,messi] 9 ,scorpio4 ,! light 
( ! /> :5 fir/ se5 obscur$ ! light ( !  
nebula4 ,on ,june #aj ! /> _h ne>ly     
disappe>$1 & ! nebula 0 aga9 se5 %9+ )  

great brilliancy4  ,a v int]e/+ tempor>y
 />--kn[n z ! ,blaze ,/>--sudd5ly appe>$
 9 ,corona ,borealis 9 ,may1 #ahff4 ,x 0
 fir/ se5 by ! late ,mr4 ,birm+ham1 (   
,tuam1 ,irel&1 on ! night ( ,may #ab1 :5
 x 0 ( ! second magnitude & equal 9     
brightness to ,alphecca1 ! brighte/ /> 9
 ! well-kn[n ,coronet4 ,x mu/ h made its
 appe>ance v sudd5ly1 = ,dr4 ,s*midt1 ! 
director ( ! ,a!ns obs]vatory1 /at$ t he
 0 obs]v+ ?is region ( ! heav5s a few   
h\rs previ\sly1 & notic$ no?+ unusual4  
,x rapidly dim9i%$ 9 brightness1 & on   
,may #bd ( ! same ye> 0 r$uc$ to ne>ly !
 n9? magnitude4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t !  
/> _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$1 & its place 
regi/]$ by ! great ,g]man a/ronom]1     
,argel&]1 z ( magnitude #i-a_/b1 s t x  
is possibly a v>iable /> ( irregul>     
p]iod & fitful v>iability4 ,:5 ne> its  
maximum brilliancy1 its light 0 exam9$  
by ,dr4 ,hugg9s ) ! spectroscope1 :i*   
%[$ ! bright l9es ( inc&esc5t hydrog5   
gas 9 addition to ! ord9>y /ell>        
spectrum4 ,?is implies t ! great        

increase 9 its light 0 due to a sudd5   
outbur/ ( hydrog5 9 ! />'s atmosph]e4   
,"s obs]v]s rem>k$ t :5 view$ ) ! nak$  
eye x decid$ly tw9kl$ m ?an o!r />s 9 ! 
neighborhood1 :i* r5d]$ a correct       
e/imate ( its relative brightness       
some:at difficult4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahff to
 #ahgf1 ,s*midt detect$ v>iations (     
light :i* seem$ to %[ a p]iod ( ab\t #id
 days1 & ^! obs]vations 7 confirm$ by   
,s*onfeld4  ,on ! ev5+ ( ,novemb] #bd1  
#ahgf1 ! late ,dr4 ,s*midt1 ( ,a!ns1    
discov]$ a new /> ( ! ?ird magnitude1   
ne> ,rho ,cygni1 9 a spot :]e he 0 c]ta9
 t no bright /> 0 visible f\r nights    
previ\sly4 ,:5 fir/ se51 x 0 some:at    
bright] ?an ,eta ,pegasi4 ,x did n1     
h[ev]1 rema9 long at ?is degree (       
brightness1 b rapidly decreas$1 & on    
,novemb] #cj _h fad$ to fif? magnitude4 
,x aft]w>d dim9i%$ v regul>ly1 & 9      
,septemb]1 #ahhe1 0 e/imat$ only fifte5?
 magnitude ) ! #ae-a_/b in* refractor ( 
,mr4 ,wiggleswor?'s obs]vatory4 ,! /> 0 
exam9$ ) ! spectroscope a few days aft] 

its discov]y1 & %[$ bright l9es simil>  
to ! ,blaze ,/> 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,"o (
 ^! bright l9es 0 believ$ to be id5tical
 ) ,kir*h(f's ,no4 #adgd1 :i* has be5   
obs]v$ 9 ! spectrum ( ! sol> corona dur+
 total eclipses ( ! sun4 ,?is /> w\ld   
seem to be q new1 z !re is no /> 9 any (
 ! catalogues 9 its position4 ,9        
,septemb]1 #ahgg1 x 0 exam9$ ) !        
spectroscope at ,"l ,craw=d's           
obs]vatory1 & its light 0 f\nd to be    
almo/ entirely mono*romatic 7( only "o  
color71 %[+ t ! /> _h *ang$ into a      
planet>y nebula ( small angul> diamet]  
767  ,9 ,augu/1 #ahhe1 a /> ( ab\t sev5?
 magnitude made its appe>ance close to !
 nucleus ( ! ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a--a
 well-kn[n object visible to ! nak$ eye1
 & :i* has be5 well call$ ! ,que5 ( !   
,nebulae4 ,! new /> 0 indep5d5tly       
discov]$ by sev]al obs]v]s t[>d ! end ( 
,augu/1 b seems to h be5 fir/ c]ta9ly   
se5 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,w>d1 ( ,belfa/1 on 
,augu/ #ai1 at #aa ,p4,m4 ,at ,gre5wi*  
obs]vatory ! spectrum ( ! new /> 0 f\nd 

( precisely ! same "* z t ( ! nebula1 i4
 e41 x 0 p]fectly cont9u\s1 no l9es1    
ei!r bright or d>k1 be+ visible1 & ! r$ 
end 0 want+4 ,dr4 ,hugg9s1 h[ev]1 on    
,septemb] #i1 ?\ght he c\ld see f ?ree  
to five bright l9es 9 its spectrum4 ,!  
/> gradually fad$ away1 & on ,febru>y   
#g1 #ahhf1 0 e/imat$ only sixte5?       
magnitude 9 ! #bf in* refractor ( !     
naval obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton4 ,f a s]ies
 ( measures by ,pr(4 ,asaph ,hall he    
f\nd no c]ta9 indications ( any p>allax1
 s t evid5tly ! /> & ! nebula1 9 :i* x  
probably lies1 are situat$ at an imm5se 
di/ance f ! e>?4 ,pr(4 ,seelig] has     
inve/igat$ ! decrease 9 light ( ! /> on 
! hypo!sis t x 0 a cool+ body1 :i* _h   
be5 sudd5ly rais$ to an int5se heat by !
 %ock ( a collision1 & f9ds a fair      
agreem5t betwe5 !ory & obs]vation4      
,anw]s po9ts out ! simil>ity betwe5 ?is 
outbur/ & ! new /> ( #ahfj 9 ! clu/] #hj
 ,messi]1 & ?9ks x v probable t bo?     
ph5om5a 7 due to physical *anges 9 !    
nebulae 9 :i* !y occurr$4  ,) ref]5ce to

 ! colors ( ! />s1 "s ( ! r$ />s h be5  
suspect$ to v>y 9 color4 ,! bright />   
,sirius is suppos$--f ! description ( x 
by anci5t a/ronom]s--to h be5 orig9ally 
r$1 b ?is seems v d\btful4 ,! ,p]sian   
a/ronom] ,al ,sufi1 9 8 ,description ( !
 ,heav5s1 writt5 9 ! t5? c5tury1        
describes ! well-kn[n v>iable /> ,algol 
di/9ctly z a r$ />4 ,x is n[ :ite1 & ?is
 is p]haps ! be/ atte/$ in/ance on      
record ( *ange ( color 9 a bright       
/>4--,naturali/s' ,mon?ly4              
,,! ,,common ,,d&elion4                 
,by ,,fr$]ick ,,l]oy ,,s>g5t4   ,9 !    
v>i\s names :i* ! d&elion has receiv$1  
we see express$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ei!r a     
ref]5ce to ! too?-l recurv$ lobes ( !   
leaves1 ,fig4 #a1 or an allusion to !   
m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! plant4 ,?us1 our  
,engli% "n is a modifi$ =m ( ! ,fr5* d5t
 de lion1 mean+ lion's too?1 & 9 ,g]man 
we h ! same idea express$ 9 ,loew5zahn4 
,fifty ye>s ago ?is plant appe>$ 9 !    
botanies z ,leontodon t>axicum1 ! g5]ic 
"n be+ d]iv$ f ! ,greek leon1 lion1 &   

odons1 too?1 & ! specific f ! ,greek    
t>asso1 to /ir up1 9 ref]5ce to ! effect
 ( a dose4 ,9 lat] works we f9d ! g5us  
,leontodon1 includ+ ! fall d&elion 7,l4 
autumnale71 b n ! true d&elion1 :i* n[  
appe>s 9 a g5us by itself "u ! "n       
,t>axicum ,d5sleonis4 ,"h ! specific "n 
is m]ely lion's too? aga91 9 ,lat94     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4  ,f9ally1 9 !  
late/ works our plant is giv5 z         
,t>axicum (fic9ale1 s9ce ?is has be5    
f\nd to be ! "n :i*1 accord+ to ! rules 
( botanical nom5clature1 takes prec$5ce 
( all o!rs4 ,an allusion to ! tee? is   
?us no long] reta9$1 ! only ref]5ce     
rema9+ be+ to ! plant's (fic9al use4    
,to ! majority ( p ! m5tion ( ! d&elion 
calls to m9d n s mu* its m$ic9al        
prop]ties z its use = food4 ,al?\gh its 
cultivation1 ei!r z a spr+ pot h]b or z 
a salad ) blan*$ leaves1 is comp>atively
 mod]n1 ! wild plant seems to h be5 long
 valu$ z a vegetable4 ,!re is reason to 
believe t ! ,romans made use ( x z a pot
 h]b1 & ,*9ese writ]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury

 m5tion its be+ eat5 9 _! c\ntry1 al?\gh
 !re is no evid5ce ( cultivation at t   
"t4  ,!re are b few ( our fl[]+ plants t
 gr[ s widespread ov] ! _w4 ,x occurs 9 
,nor? ,am]ica f ! ,atlantic to !        
,pacific coa/1 9 ,europe1 9 ,asia1 & 9 !
 ,arctic regions4 ,?is ext5sive range   
may 9 "p be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t our   
plant belongs to ! l>ge & aggressive    
family ( ! ,compositae1 & is ?us relat$ 
to su* invad]s z daisies1 burdocks1 &   
?i/les4 ,/ill1 ! d&elion has m to       
recomm5d x ?an m]e family connection2 =1
 despite its l[ly aspect1 x is no poor  
relation1 b1 z we %all hope to %[ 9 !   
pres5t article1 x has _m virtues ( its  
own :i* entitle x to respect4  ,prom95t 
among ^! is its adaptability to !       
diff]5t conditions "u :i* x gr[s4 ,x    
seems to make ! be/ ( ev]y?+4 ,if by    
*ance a se$ falls ^u poor1 ?9 soil1 ! "y
 plant s5ds =?1 z rapidly z possible1 a 
rosette ( leaves press$ close to ! e>?4 
,& ?us1 on ! pr9ciple t possession is   
n9e po9ts ( ! law1 x secures = its roots

 ! use ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( t]ritory q safe
 f ! encroa*m5ts ( o!r plants4 ,9 ri*   
gr\nd ! case is q diff]5t1 = "h !re is s
 mu* nutrim5t 9 a small quantity ( e>?1 
t ! /ruggle = soil is n su* a life &    
dea? matt] z 9 ! less favor$ localities4
 ,consequ5tly we f9d a l>ge numb] (     
plants cr[d$ toge!r z close z !y c /&2 &
 x is obvi\s t if1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !
 d&elion %\ld develop a flat rosette (  
leaves1 ! grass & o!r plants gr[+ ar\nd 
w\ld soon ov]%ad[ x1 & x w\ld h small   
*ance = life4  ,our plant1 !re=e1 ext5ds
 its leaves upw>d1 & does its be/ to    
elongate !m s z to keep pace ) ! gr[? ( 
its rivals4 ,b z ^! are = ! mo/ "p      
grasses & plants :i* gr[ by elongation (
 ! /em1 ! race = sun%9e is r 9 favor (  
^! o!r plants1 = ! reason t a giv5 am\nt
 ( mat]ial put into a /em makes a /iff] 
organ ?an :5 put into a leaf4 ,/ill1 ev5
 ) ^! odds aga9/ x1 ! d&elion seems well
 able to hold its own1 = x probably     
d]ives m or less advantage f ! recurv$  
lobes1 or tee?1 :i* give ! plant its "n4

 ,^! are admirably fitt$ to act 9 mu* ! 
same mann] z a rat*et2 & :5 ! neighbor+ 
grasses are bl[n aga9/ ! d&elion1 a     
blade may slide along ! m>g9 ( ! leaf   
t[>d ! base2 b1 z x spr+s back f its own
 ela/icity1 x _c slide 9 ! opposite     
direction1 = a too? w cat* x1 & ?us =ce 
x to help support ! leaf1 & hold x up to
 ! sun%9e4 ,we ne$ n /op to consid] h[ !
 d&elion behaves 9 soil :i* is nei!r v  
ri* nor v poor1 = en\gh has be5 said to 
%[ t x has n mu* to fe> f any rivals x  
may meet "u ord9>y circum/ances4  ,x is 
n only aga9/ ! aggressions ( neighbor+  
plants1 h[ev]1 t our d&elion ne$s to be 
prep>$4 ,x is at lea/ equally important 
= its welf>e t x h "s means ( protection
 aga9/ h]bivor\s animals--n only su* z  
might eat its leaves1 b also ! m /eal?y 
ones t live ^u ! food :i* plants /ore   
und]gr\nd4 ,all su* foes x ?w>ts by a   
means z simple z x is effici5t4 ,e "p ( 
! plant conta9s a milky juice :i* is    
int5sely bitt]1 & a fir/ ta/e is q en\gh
 to conv9ce ! mo/ /upid animal t raw    

d&elion is n good eat+1 & mo/ animals "k
 en\gh to let x sev]ely alone4 ,curi\sly
 en\gh1 h[ev]1 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 
x happ5s t :at 9 nature acts to det]    
animals f eat+ ! plant1 ) man (f]s !    
*ief attraction1 = x is ?is v bitt]     
pr9ciple 7t>axac97 :i* gives to d&elion 
gre5s _! peculi> flavor1 & af=ds !      
ess5tial elem5t 9 ! extract :i*         
physicians prescribe4  ,! /ore ( food1  
ref]r$ to above1 :i* ! d&elion          
accumulates 9 its root1 n infrequ5tly   
enables x to pass1 almo/ unh>m$1 ?r\gh  
dang]s t ) less provid5t plants w\ld    
surely prove fatal4 ,= example1 x mu/   
(t5 happ5 t f dr\ght or f be+ trampl$ ^u
 by animals1 ! leaves become :olly or 9 
"p de/roy$4 ,n[1 if !re 7 no res]ve /ore
 ( food1 ! plant w\ld h no *ance (      
rally+2 b z x is1 ?is food supplies !   
mat]ial = new gr[?1 & ^u ! return (     
favorable conditions1 fre% leaves are   
develop$1 & ! plant lives on z be=e4    
,prim>ily1 ( c\rse1 ! purpose ( ?is     
/orage ( food is to enable ! plant to   

live on f ye> to ye>1 re/+ 9 ! w9t]1 & 9
 ! spr+ beg9n+ "w aga9 ) a good />t4  ,9
 comp>+ ! high] ) ! l[] plants1 !       
sup]iority ( ! =m] is mo/ beautifully   
%[n 9 ! bett] provision :i* is made = ! 
welf>e ( (fspr+2 & 9 ?is reg>d our      
d&elion /&s among ! highe/4 ,be=e we c  
und]/& ! ways 9 :i* our little plant    
p]=ms ?is "p ( its life "w1 we mu/      
briefly consid] ! /ructure ( ! blossom4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  ,if ) a %>p   
knife we cut a blossom 9 halves1 f ! /em
 upw>d1 ! p>ts repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b w be
 disclos$4 ,surm\nt+ ! /alk is a        
cu%ion-l receptacle1 ,r1 f ! top ( :i*  
arise a numb] ( t9y fl[]s1 ,f1 :ile f ! 
side gr[ out a s]ies ( gre5 scales1 ,s1 
=m+ an involucre ar\nd ! :ole4 ,a s+le  
"o ( ^! florets1 ,fig4 #c1 exhibits !   
foll[+ p>ts3 ,fir/1 a bright yell[      
corolla1 ,c ,o1 tubul> bel[1 b /rap-%ap$
 above1 z if a tube _h be5 split = "p ( 
! way on "o side1 & ! upp] "p flatt5$4  
,second1 five /am5s1 ,s ,k1 atta*$ by   
sl5d] filam5ts1 ,f ,m1 to ! tubul> "p ( 

! corolla1 & ) _! an!rs or poll5 sacs1  
,a ,n1 jo9$ toge!r by ! edges to =m a   
tube4 ,?ird1 a s+le pi/il hav+ a long   
/yle1 ,s ,y1 :i*1 above1 passes ?r\gh ! 
an!r tube1 & be>s at its end two div]g+ 
/igmas1 ,s ,g1 & bel[ connects by a %ort
 neck1 ,n1 ) ! small ov>y1 ,o1 :i*      
conta9s a solit>y ovule4 ,f\r?1 a calyx1
 ,c ,x1 compos$ ( num]\s sl5d] bri/les4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4  ,! purpose (  
^! complex /ructures is1 ( c\rse1 9 "o  
way or ano!r to secure ! developm5t ( ! 
ovule into a se$ fitt$ to produce a new 
plant4 ,?is developm5t w proce$ only    
aft] ! ovule has be5 influ5c$ 7i4 e41   
f]tiliz$7 by poll5 plac$ ^u ! /igma2 b  
:5 once ! my/]i\s process ( f]tilization
 has tak5 place1 !n !re foll[s          
imm$iately ^? wond]ful *anges 9 !       
blossom :i* culm9ate 9 ! rip5+ ( !      
fruit4  ,!re are b two possible ways 9  
:i* f]tilization may be secur$2 ei!r !  
poll5 :i* affects ! ovule mu/ come f !  
same fl[] 7!n call$ close f]tilization71
 or ! poll5 mu/ come f ano!r fl[] ( !   

same k9d 7cross f]tilization74 ,n[1 :ile
 ei!r ( ^! me?ods w insure ! production 
( a se$1 num]\s exp]im5ts g to %[ t ^?  
(fspr+ :i* result f cross f]tilization  
are 9 _m ways sup]ior to ^? :i* are     
produc$ f close f]tilization2 & x is to 
! advantages ( cross f]tilization t we h
 to look = an explanation ( !           
significance ( _m peculi> /ructures1 n  
only ( ! d&elion1 b ( fl[]s 9 g5]al4  ,x
 is obvi\s t1 to secure cross           
f]tilization1 !re mu/ be "s ag5t to     
transf] ! poll5 f "o plant to ano!r4    
,mo/ commonly1 ei!r ! w9d is tak5       
advantage ( = ?is purpose1 z ) elms1    
p9es1 grasses1 etc41 or else fly+       
insects are induc$ to p]=m ! (fice1 z is
 ! case ) ! majority ( our famili>      
fl[]s4 ,! w9d is a v wa/eful c>ri]1 s t 
= e gra9 t is prop]ly plac$1 ?\s&s1 or  
ev5 millions1 may be lo/4 ,insects1 on !
 contr>y1 wa/e b little2 &1 moreov]1 z  
,ari/otle s %rewdly obs]v$1 !y          
habitually conf9e _! visits1 = a numb] (
 trips1 exclusively to ! fl[]s ( "o     

species4  ,! d&elion seems to fully     
appreciate ! great advantages ( secur+ !
 s]vices ( insects1 = x appeals mo/     
/rongly to _! love ( bright colors & _! 
passion = sweets4 ,z ! fl[]s op51 ea*   
t9y gold5 cup is fill$ to ! brim ) pure/
 nect>1 & he mu/ be a v dull insect1    
inde$1 t _c see ! brilliant head ( fl[]s
 z f> z he c see any?+4 ,at any rate1 x 
is n ! d&elion's fault if he does n1 = !
 blossom is plac$ :]e x w be z          
conspicu\s z possible4 ,if ! surr\nd+   
h]bage is tall1 ! fl[] /alk is elongat$1
 s t ! cr[n ( fl[]s may n be obscur$4   
,if ! plants ar\nd are l[-ly+1 x w\ld be
 wa/eful to h a long /alk1 s x has a    
%ort "o1 sometimes s %ort t ! blossom   
looks l a button 9 ! c5t] ( ! leaf      
rosette4 ,economy ( mat]ial is fur!rmore
 %[n 9 ! fact t ! /alk is always holl[1 
= x is a pr9ciple well kn[n to build]s  
t1 :5 !re is requir$ a pill> ( a giv5   
/r5g?1 less mat]ial is ne$$ = ! tubul>  
=m ?an = ! solid cyl9d]4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #d4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4  ,b

 to return to our fl[]4 ,we h next to   
consid] h[ ! visits ( insects are       
utiliz$ to secure cross f]tilization4   
,if we exam9e ! an!r tube ( a fl[] t has
 j op5$1 ,fig4 #d1 we %all see t ! /yle 
has n yet protrud$1 b fills ! entire    
cavity1 except su* space z is occupi$ by
 a quantity ( poll5 :i* ! an!rs h %$4 ,s
 mu* ( ! /yle z is )9 ! tube is ?ickly  
beset ) hairs t po9t upw>d2 & :5 ! l[]  
portion elongates1 ?is hairy "p bru%es !
 poll5 out ( ! tube1 & protrudes1 cov]$ 
) ! yell[ du/1 ,fig4 #e4 ,at ?is /age1  
an insect com+ = nect> mu/ rub aga9/ !  
/yle1 & s become m or less cov]$ )      
poll54 ,none ( x1 h[ev]1 c get ^u !     
/igmas1 = !y are n yet expos$4 ,aft] a  
%ort "t has elaps$1 dur+ :i* mu* ( !    
poll5 has probably be5 rubb$ (f1 ! /yle 
is se5 to split at ! top2 & z ! halves  
sep>ate & roll back1 ,fig4 #c1 _! inn]  
faces 7! /igmas7 are expos$4 ,if1 n[1 ! 
fl[] be visit$ by an insect :i* has     
previ\sly be5 to a y\ng] fl[]1 ! poll5  
he br+s w be deposit$ ^u ! /igmas z he  

rubs aga9/ !m1 & cross f]tilization w be
 effect$4  ,let u suppose1 h[ev]1 t no  
insect visits ! blossom--& ?is mu/ (t5  
happ5 to su* z appe> v e>ly 9 ! spr+ or 
late 9 ! fall1 :5 h>dly any insects are 
ar\nd4 ,9 su* cases we f9d t se$s are   
produc$1 & !re=e we mu/ inf] t          
f]tilization has 9 "s way or o!r be5    
secur$4 ,an exam9ation ( a fl[] /ill    
old] ?an any we h consid]$1 ,fig4 #f1 w 
%[ u :at takes place4 ,"h x w be se5 t1 
aft] ! /igmas h div]g$1 !y cont9ue to   
roll back1 until a coil ( "o or m turns 
has be5 made2 & z a result ( ?is !      
/igmatic surface comes 9 contact ) !    
hairs on ! /yle1 & t\*es ! poll5 gra9s  
entangl$ by !m4 ,/ill1 ! close          
f]tilization ?us accompli%$ is only a   
la/ resort1 & x c only occur 9 ! ev5t ( 
insects' visits hav+ fail$2 = :5 poll5 f
 ano!r fl[] has once fall5 on ! /igma1  
no poll5 com+ aft]w>d c h ! lea/ effect4
 ,?us1 we h ano!r in/ance ( ! d&elion's 
ability to make ! be/ ( its surr\nd+s4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4  ,x ev5 adapts 

itself to ! wea!r2 = :5 ! sun %9es1 !   
scales ( ! involucre b5d back1 & !      
blossom is exp&$ to its fulle/ ext5t2 b 
9 dull wea!r1 or at night1 ! scales b5d 
inw>d1 & ! blossom is tightly clos$4 ,! 
advantages ( ?is rem>kable movem5t1 )   
its impli$ s5sitiv5ess1 is obvi\s :5 we 
consid] t insects are abroad only 9     
sun%9e1 :ile at o!r times !re is dang] (
 dew or ra9 gett+ into ! nect>1 & s     
spoil+ x = ! insects4  ,aft]            
f]tilization has be5 accompli%$ ?r\gh\t 
! blossom1 ! involucre closes1 & rema9s 
clos$ dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 ,! *anges 
:i* n[ take place are z foll[s3 ,9 ea*  
fl[] ! corolla1 /am5s1 & /yle1 be+ ( no 
fur!r use1 )]1 & sev] _! connection ) ! 
ov>y2 ! ovule develops into a se$       
conta9+ a t9y plantlet well provid$ )   
food = its use dur+ g]m9ation2 ! ov>y   
gr[s to keep pace ) ! se$1 its tissues  
become h>d5$1 & a numb] ( sp9e-l        
projections develop ne> ! upp] "p2 &    
f9ally ! %ort neck :i* be>s ! calyx     
bri/les elongates1 pu%+ upw>d ! )]$ p>ts

 ( ! fl[]4 ,at ?is /age ! involucral    
scales b5d back ?r\gh an arc ( ab\t #ahj
 deg41 ! cu%ion-l receptacle becomes    
almo/ sph]ically convex1 ! fruits       
radiate 9 all directions1 ! bri/les     
spread1 & a beautiful clu/] ( little    
p>a*utes is pres5t$ to ! w9d4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #h4  ,ev5 a glance at "o ( ^!    
fruits1 ,fig4 #g1 is suffici5t to       
discov] a wond]ful fitness =            
transportation by w9d1 & m c>eful /udy  
%[s t ?is fitness p]vades e detail4 ,=  
example1 on exam9+ ! bri/les            
microscopically1 ,fig4 #h1 x is %[n t !y
 are n simple ?reads1 b ea* is holl[ &  
has num]\s projections ext5d+ on ei!r   
side1 all ( :i* s]ves to increase !     
buoyancy 9 a v effective way4  ,!       
exp]i5ce ( a]onauts has %[n t a highly  
important "p 9 ! equipm5t ( a balloon1  
aft] ! atta9m5t ( buoyancy1 is !        
provision ( "s means ( arre/+ !         
balloon's progress :5 ! de/9ation has   
be5 rea*$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful means 

:i* !y employ is ! grappl+ hook2 & z we 
f9d ! base ( our dim9utive p>a*ute      
provid$ ) a numb] ( upw>dly direct$     
sp9es1 x seems fair to conclude t ^!    
s]ve to arre/ ! fruit ^u favorable soil4
 ,if x comes to re/ ^u a smoo?          
surface--:i*1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be b>r5--!  
next breeze w\ld easily bl[ x away2 b if
 x *ance to fall on soil or among o!r   
plants1 ! effect ( ! sp9es w\ld be to   
reta9 x aga9/ ! p[] ( ev5 a /rong w9d4  
,?us1 we may leave x safely l&$ ^u good 
soil1 ready to beg9 "u favorable        
conditions ! cycle ( its wond]ful       
life4--,popul> ,sci5ce ,news4           
,,sy/ematic ,,relations ,,(             
,,platypsyllus1 ,,z ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,!  
,,l>va4#ab                              
,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,,riley4   ,!re is    
always a great deal ( int]e/ atta*+ to  
organisms :i* are unique 9 "* & :i*     
sy/emati/s f9d difficulty 9 plac+ 9 any 
( _! s*emes ( classification4 ,a numb] (
 in/ances w occur to e work+ naturali/1 
& ,i ne$ only ref] to ,limulus1 & !     

ext5sive lit]ature devot$1 dur+ ! pa/   
decade1 to ! discussion ( its true      
position1 z a m>k$ & well-kn[n          
illu/ration4 ,9 hexapods ! common e>wig 
& flea are famili> illu/rations4 ,^!    
osculant or ab]rant =ms occur mo/ among 
p>asitic gr\ps1 z ! ,/ylopidae1         
,hippoboscidae1 ,pulicidae1 ,mallophaga1
 etc4 ,probably no hexapod1 h[ev]1 has m
 int]e/$ entomologi/s ?an ,platypsyllus 
ca/oris ,ritsema1 a p>asite ( ! beav]4  
,i _c bett] illu/rate ! div]sity (      
op9ion respect+ its true position 9     
zoology ?an by giv+ an epitome ( ! m    
important lit]ature ^u x4  #ab ,read at 
! meet+ ( ! ,national ,academy (        
,sci5ces1 ,april #bj1 #ahhh4  ,j4       
,ritsema1 9 ,petites ,n\velles          
,entomologiques = ,septemb] #ae1 #ahfi1 
describ$ ! species z ,platypsyllus      
ca/oris4 ,he f\nd x on "s ,am]ican      
beav]s 7,ca/or canad5sis7 9 ! zoological
 g>d5 ( ,rott]dam4 ,he consid]$ x to    
und\bt$ly belong to ! ,suctoria ( ,de   
,ge]1 & to =m a new g5us ( ,pulicidae4  

,9 ! same ye>1 9 ! ,tijds*rift voor     
,entomologie1 #b;d s]41 vol4 v41 p4 #ahe
 7:i* ,i h n se571 ! same au?or publi%es
 :at is app>5tly a r$escription ( !     
insect4 ,he gives 8 views m fully z to  
its sy/ematic position1 consid]+ t x    
belongs to ! ,aphanipt]a1 & is equival5t
 to ! ,pulicidae4  ,9 ! same ye>1 ,pr(4 
,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood 7hav+ previ\sly read a 
description ( ! species1 ,novemb] #i1   
#ahfh1 be=e ! ,a%molean ,society (      
,ox=d7 publi%$ 9 ! ,entomologi/'s       
,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 vol4 vi41 ,octob]1    
#ahfi1 pp4 #aah-aai1 a full             
*>act]ization ( ! insect "u ! "n (      
,platypsyllus ca/or9us4 ,a new ord]1    
,a*reiopt]a1 is e/abli%$ ^u ! species1  
:i* he v aptly lik5s1 9 g5]al appe>ance1
 to a cross betwe5 a flatt5$ flea & a   
dim9utive cockroa*4 ,! abnormal economy 
( ! insect1 its rem>kable /ructure1 !   
app>5t want ( m&ibles1 our ignorance (  
its trans=mations1 & ! possibility t !  
creature may be homomorph\s 9 ! l>va &  
pupa /ates1 are ! reasons assign$ =     

e/abli%+ ! new ord]1 & "h ,pr(4 ,we/wood
 is p]fectly consi/5t1 z 9 8 fam\s      
,introduction to ! ,classification (    
,insects ! ,=ficulidae are plac$ 9 !    
ord] ,euplexopt]a2 ! ,?ripidae 9 ! ord] 
,?ysanopt]a2 ! ,phryganeidae 9 ! ord]   
,?ri*opt]a2 ! ,/ylopidae 9 ! ord]       
,/repsipt]a2 & ! ,pulicidae 9 ! ord]    
,aphanipt]a4  ,9 #ahgb1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,le
 ,conte publi%$ 8 pap] ,on              
,platypsyllidae1 a ,new ,family (       
,coleopt]a 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 (       
,london = #ahgb1 pp4 #ggi-hjd1 pl4      
lxviii471 9 :i* he %[s t ,platypsylla is
 und\bt$ly coleopt]\s & _c possibly be  
ref]r$ to ! ,aphanipt]a4 ,c>eful        
descriptions & figures ( anatomical     
details are giv51 & he f9ds t its       
aff9ities are v composite1 b 9 !        
direction ( ! ,adephag\s & ,clavicorn   
s]ies4 ,its mo/ conv5i5t place is %[n to
 be betwe5 ! ,hydrophilidae &           
,lept9idae4 ,!re seems to be no good    
reason :y ! "n ,platypsyllus is "h *ang$
 to ,platypsylla1 a spell+ adopt$ by mo/

 subsequ5t ,am]ican writ]s4  ,9 #ahgd1  
,pr(4 ,we/wood1 9 ! ,!saurus            
,entomologicus ,oxoni5sis 7,ox=d1       
#ahgd71 p4 #aid1 pl4 xxxvii41 gives     
figures ) details2 repr9ts 8 previ\s    
diagnosis1 & ma9ta9s 8 previ\s c\rse 9  
erect+ a new ord] = ! insect1 )\t giv+  
any additional reasons4  ,9 #ahhj1 ,p4  
,megn91 9 ,les ,p>asites et les maladies
 p>asitaires1 etc41 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 gives 
7pp4 #ff-fg7 a description ( ! family   
,platypsyll9es )\t express+ an op9ion   
conc]n+ ! sy/ematic position4 ,he also  
describes & figures ! species4  ,9      
#ahhb1 ,dr4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,horn 7,trans4    
,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 x41 #ahhb-hc2 ,mon?ly
 ,proc41 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahhb1 p4 ii47      
exhibit$ draw+s illu/rat+ ! anatomy (   
,platypsylla & ,lept9us1 & %[$ t a close
 relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ^! g5]a4      
,lat]1 9 8 ,notes on ,"s ,little ,kn[n  
,g5]a & ,species ( ,coleopt]a 7,trans4  
,am]4 ,ent4 ,soc41 x41 #ahhb-hc1 pp4    
#aac-abf1 pl4 v41 #aad-aaf71 he reviews 
! *>act]s1 & expla9s & illu/rates !     

anatomical details4 ,! diff]5ces he     
po9ts out betwe5 8 obs]vations & ^? (   
,le ,conte are m p>ticul>ly 9 ! m&ibles4
 ,9 connection ) ?is pap] he also       
describes & illu/rates ! /ructure (     
,lept9illus1 :i* he sep>ates f ,lept9us1
 & demon/rates _! close relation%ip )   
,platypsyllus4  ,9 #ahhc1 ,le ,conte &  
,horn1 9 _! ,classification ( !         
,coleopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,wa%+ton1   
,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #ahhc71 give   
7pp4 #ac-ae7 a full description ( !     
family *>act]s1 a little modifi$ f ,le  
,conte's fir/ description1 b su/a9+ 8   
views on ! sy/ematic position (         
,platypsyllidae4  ,9 #ahhc1 ,alphonse   
,bonh\re 7,ann4 ,soc4 de ,france1 #ahhc2
 ,bull1 des ,seances1 p4 cxxvi47        
exhibit$ draw+s & specim5s (            
,platypsyllus ca/oris f\nd 9 !          
,dep>tem5t des ,b\*es du ,rhone4  ,9    
#ahhd1 ,edm4 ,reitt]1 9 ,platypsylla    
ca/oris ,rits4 als ,v]tret] e9] neu]    
europais*5 ,coleopt]5-,familie 7,wi5]   
entom4 ,zeit4 iii41 #ahhd1 pp4 #ai-ba7  

gives a l5g?y description ( ! species ) 
special reg>d to ! sexual diff]5ces4 ,he
 %[s t ! ,european insect is n          
specifically di/9ct f ! ,am]ican =m1 b  
he does n express an op9ion on !        
position ( ! family among ! ,coleopt]a4 
,9 ! same ye>1 ,bonh\re 7,ann4 ,soc4    
,ent4 de ,france1 #ahhd1 pp4 #adc-aec7 m
 fully records its discov]y on ,ca/or   
fib] tak5 9 ! ,petit-,rhone4 ,x is a "q 
:e!r ?is ,european beav]1 n[ q r>e1 is  
di/9ct f ours4 ,he gives a v good review
 ( ! subject1 ) a plate ( ! mo/         
important details1 aft] ,horn1 & he     
fully indorses ! coleopt]ological       
position ( ! insect4  ,9 ! same ye>     
,ritsema 7,tijds*rift voor ,entomologie1
 #ahhc-hd1 lxxxvi47 ref]s to ,bonh\re's 
discov]y ( ,platypsylla 9 ,france1 &    
corrects ,reitt] 9 "s unimportant       
details4  ,9 #ahhe1 ,reitt]1 9          
,coleopt]ologis*e ,notiz5 xiii4 7,wi5]  
entomolog4 ,zeit41 vol4 iv41 #ahhe1 p4  
#bgd71 answ]s ,ritsema's criticism4  ,9 
! same ye>1 ,dr4 ,fri$]i* ,brau]1 9 8   

ma/]ly ,sy/ematis*-zoologis*e ,/udi5    
7,sitzh4 d] ,kais4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*41 
xci41 p4 #cfd71 speaks ( ! relation%ip 9
 ! ?oracic *>act]s betwe5 ,mallophaga & 
,coleopt]a z illu/rat$ by ,platypsyllus1
 by inf]5ce admitt+ ! coleopt]\s nature 
( ! latt]1 b recogniz+ t x has          
mallophag\s aff9ities4  ,9 #ahhf1 ,h4   
,j4 ,kolbe1 9 8 ,ueb] die ,/ellung von  
,platypsyllus im ,sy/em 7,b]l9 entom4   
,zeits*41 xxx41 #ahhf1 pp4 #ajc-aje71   
discusses ! subject1 )\t any new        
evid5ce1 h[ev]4 ,he concludes t mo/ (   
its *>act]i/ics relate x to !           
,corrod5tia1 & p>ticul>ly to ! sub-ord] 
,mallophaga1 9 :i* x has its close/     
k9%ip 9 ,lio!idae4 ,! rem>kable         
trip>tite m5tum he ?9ks %\ld n be comp>$
 ) ! bip>tite m5tum ( ,lept9us1 & calls 
att5tion to ! fact t 9 ,anci/rona 9     
,mallophaga x is also trilob$4  ,! above
 are ! m important pap]s on ! subject1  
?\gh ! insect has be5 ref]r$ by o!r     
au?ors to bo? ,neuropt]a & ,or?opt]a4   
,,*>act]s ,,( ,,platypsyllus4           

,illu/ration3 ,,l>va ,,( ,,platypsyllus 
,,ca/oris--,,dorsal ,,view4             
,illu/ration3 ,,platypsyllus ,,ca/oris4 
,:]e ! *>act]s ( ! image h be5 s (t5    
describ$1 x is unnecess>y to ref] to !m 
9 detail1 & ,i w only call att5tion to !
 m /rik+ /ructural features & to "s     
omissions by1 or diff]5ces betwe51      
previ\s au?ors4 ,a glance at !          
illu/rations :i* ,i h prep>$ w %[ !     
prevail+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is int]e/+      
creature1 its g5]al ovoid & flatt5$ =m1 
& m p>ticul>ly ! flatt5$ semicircul>    
head4 ,dorsally1 we notice ! r prom95t  
occiput fr+$ beh9d ) %ort & broad       
depress$ sp9es or tee? :i* =m a sort (  
comb1 ! pro?orax trapezoidal & b v      
slightly curv$1 ) side m>g9s /rongly    
groov$4 ,!re is a v di/9ct scutellem1 & 
! two elytra are r\nd$ at ! tip & )\t   
v5ation4 ,h9d w+s & eyes are bo? want+4 
,! abdom5 %[s five segm5ts1 ea* ) a r[ (
 depress$ bri/les4  ,on ! v5tral surface
 we f9d among ! m curi\s *>act]i/ics1   
fir/ ! ant5nae2 ^! 7 orig9ally describ$ 

by ,we/wood z ?ree-jo9t$1 ! club be+    
annulat$4 ,le ,conte c\ld n di/9ctly    
make out ! numb] ( annul> jo9ts ^u ?is  
club1 ?\gh he ?\ght he detect$ sev51 :i*
 made n9e jo9ts to ! :ole ant5na4 ,!    
club is receiv$ 9 ! deep cup-%ap$       
excavation ( ! second jo9t4 ,horn ?\ght 
he detect$ a division ( ! second jo9t1 &
 resolv$ b six segm5ts 9 ! club1 mak+   
also n9e jo9ts to ! :ole ant5na1 b 9 a  
some:at diff]5t fa%ion f ,le ,conte4    
,we/wood's figure %[s eight annuli to ! 
club4 ,he fail$ to f9d any trace ( !    
m&ibles1 b ,le ,conte describ$ !m z     
small1 flat1 subquadrate1 ) ! inn] side 
deeply cr5ulate1 & resembl+ ^? (        
,corylophus2 ! /ipes well develop$1 &   
bi>ticulate4 ,horn c\ld n entirely make 
out ! m&ibles z describ$ by ,le ,conte1 
& r conclud$ t :at ,le ,conte describ$  
is really "o ( ! granules :i* occur     
beh9d ! labrum4 ,he consid]$ t ! piece  
c\ld h>dly be ev5 an abort$ m&ible1     
because ( its dim9utive size4           
,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,l>va4  ,:at all    

au?ors h agre$ 9 call+ ! m5tum is v     
noticeable1 be+ l>ge & broad1 & trilob$ 
beh9d4 ,! maxillae are /rong1 )         
complicat$ /ipes & ) two flat1 ?9 lobes1
 ! inn] "o small] ?an ! out] & r\nd$ at 
! tip1 bo? lobes be+ ciliate4 ,!        
maxill>y palpi are f\r-jo9t$1 ! labial  
palpi ?ree-jo9t$4 ,! pro/]num is v l>ge1
 subtriangul>1 conceal+ ! ins]tion ( !  
coxae1 & ext5d+ ov] ! front "p ( !      
meso/]num1 z does ?is ov] ! front ( !   
meta/]num4 ,six v5tral segm5ts ( !      
abdom5 are visible beh9d ! po/]ior      
coxae1 :i* conceal two & ! base ( a     
?ird4 ,! coxae are flat & n at all      
prom95t4 ,! legs are *>act]iz$ by broad 
& flatt5$ tibiae & femora1 & ! /rong    
sp9es ) :i* !y are arm$4 ,! t>si are    
five-jo9t$1 ! front & middle pair ) a r[
 ( clavi=m membrane\s app5dages ea*     
side1 :i* ,le ,conte f\nd only 9 ! male4
  ,am]ican entomologi/s h be5 satisfi$  
to foll[ ,le ,conte & ,horn z to !      
position ( ,platypsyllus4 ,yet ) su*    
div]sity ( op9ion on ! subject among    

high ,european au?orities1 ! importance 
( a k ( ! adolesc5t /ates has be5       
recogniz$1 z ! "* ( ei!r ! l>va or pupa 
w\ld settle ! "q4  ,dur+ a /ay at ,we/  
,po9t1 ,neb41 9 ,octob]1 #ahhf1 ,i le>n$
 f "o ( my ag5ts1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,brun]1 
t !re 0 a beav] 9 a creek n f> f t po9t1
 & ,i at once made arrangem5ts = him to 
trap ! beav]1 & to look p>ticul>ly =    
liv+ specim5s ( ,platypsyllus on ! sk91 
& especially ! e>li] /ages4 ,he succe$$ 
9 captur+ ! beav] & s5t me "s fifte5    
specim5s ( ! l>va & also "s imagos1 b   
nei!r eggs nor pupae 7 f\nd4 ,a glance  
at ! l>va satisfi$ me at once ( its     
coleopt]\s nature2 b z we h1 wait+ to be
 work$ up & publi%$1 an emb>ras de      
ri*esses entomologiques 9 ! collections 
( ! ,national ,museum1 & z circum/ances 
l>gely decide ! prec$5ce1 ,i %\ld       
probably n h call$ att5tion to ?is l>va 
= "s "t1 _h x n be5 t at ! la/ mon?ly   
meet+ ( ! ,entomological ,society (     
,wa%+ton1 ,dr4 ,horn1 :o 0 pres5t1      
ann\nc$ ! f9d+1 ! pres5t spr+1 by "o ( 8

 correspond5ts1 ( ?is v l>va1 & exhibit$
 a specim54 ,"s po9ts ab\t x1 &         
especially ! position ( ! spiracles1 be+
 yet r obscure 9 8 m9d1 he reque/$ me to
 exam9e my mat]ial1 :i* ,i h ?us be5 l$ 
to d4 ,i h made a figure ( ?is l>va :i* 
w suffici5tly indicate its nature4  ,!  
g5]al =m ( ! trophi1 & p>ticul>ly ! anal
 c]ci1 fully settle ! disput$ po9t1 &   
remove ?is insect completely f !        
,mallophaga 7none ( :i* possess !m71 &  
confirm its position 9 ! ,clavicorn     
s]ies ( ! ,coleopt]a4 ,yet 9 ! l>va1 z 9
 ! imago1 ! effects ( its p>asitic life 
are %[n 9 c]ta9 modifications :i*       
approa* ! runn+ section ( ! ,mallophaga4
 ,)\t go+ into details ,i may say t1    
besides its g5]al & m decid$            
coleopt]ological features1 ?is l>va is  
di/+ui%$ by ! %ortness & /\tness ( its  
legs1 by ! size & /\tness ( ! ant5nae1  
by ! /iff & long depress$ hairs on !    
dorsal & m p>ticul>ly on ! v5tral       
surface1 & by ! dorsal position ( !     
abdom9al spiracles1 all *>act]s approa*+

 ! ,mallophaga4 ,! fir/ pair ( spiracles
 is lat]al1 & may be said to be         
meso?oracic1 be+ plac$ on ! meso?oracic 
jo9t1 b on a di/9ct fold4 ,! eight      
abdom9al spiracles are plac$ on ! sides 
( ! dorsum1 & 9 ?is respect recall !    
p>asitic triungul9 ( ! meloid l>vae4 ,! 
m&ibles are b>ely corne\s1 & !y are m   
elongate & curv$ 9 ! y\ng] ?an 9 ! old] 
l>va1 :ile ! legs are also relatively   
/\t]1 m curv$1 & ) a mu* long] & %>p]   
claw 9 ! y\ng] l>va1 :i* seems well     
fitt$ = grasp+ ! hairs ( its ho/4  ,!re 
c no long] be any d\bt1 !re=e1 ab\t !   
true position ( ,platypsyllus4 ,! eggs w
 probably be f\nd atta*$ 9 "s way to !  
hairs ( ! animal !y are laid on1 mu* z  
!y are 9 ,mallophaga1 & ! pupa is       
probably =m$ 9 ! ne/s ( ! ho/1 & n ^u ! 
sk91 :i* w expla9 ! reason = its n      
occurr+ ) ! l>va & imago ^u ! beav]1    
ei!r 9 ! case ( my specim5s or ^? ( ,dr4
 ,horn4  ,! greate/ resemblance (       
,platypsyllus 9 ! imago /ate to !       
,mallophaga is f\nd 9 ! sp9\s comb on ! 

h9d bord] ( ! occiput1 ! arrangem5t ( ! 
sp9es on ! abdom51 & ! sup]ficial       
ant5nal /ructure1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! broad
 trilob$ m5tum4 ,all ( ! o!r *>act]i/ics
 are readily ref]able to ! ,coleopt]a1  
?\gh1 z ,le ,conte po9t$ out1 !y are    
composite1 recall+ 9 ! ant5nae !        
,grynidae1 9 ! pronotum ! ,silphidae1 9 
! meso/]num ,limulodes1 9 ! elytra !    
,/aphil9dae1 9 ! legs ! ,anisotomidae1 &
 9 ! m&ibles ! ,corylophidae4 ,!        
scutellum & ! five-jo9t$ t>si at once   
remove x f ,mallophaga1 & x is a wond] t
 ,le ,conte & ,horn h n m fully insi/$  
on ?is fact4 ,! trophi are v complicat$1
 & !re are v>i\s details ( /ructure n   
notic$ or n m5tion$ by any ( ! writ]s ^u
 ! subject hi!rto4  ,i h be5 l$ to v    
c>efully exam9e ! imago1 & ! m closely  
,i h done s1 ! m completely ,i realize !
 accuracy ( ,le ,conte's orig9al "w4 ,! 
m&ibles are visible or n1 accord+ z !y  
are expos$ or )drawn1 & _! exi/5ce may  
dep5d on ! sex1 z1 s f> z my mat]ial    
ju/ifies conclusion1 !y are visible 9 ! 

male only4 ,:]e f\nd !y correspond to   
,le ,conte's description4 ,ev5 9 ! l>va 
!y are weak & ( d\btful s]vice 9        
ma/ication1 :ile 9 ! imago !y are1 z is 
also ! labrum1 q rudim5t>y1 :i* fact    
h>dly ju/ifies u1 h[ev]1 9 argu+ _!     
non-exi/5ce4  ,z confirmatory ( !       
aff9ities ( ,platypsyllus1 z "h prov$1 x
 may be m5tion$ t ,lept9us te/ace\s     
,mull41 ! only species ( its g5us1 is   
kn[n to be p>asitic on mice1 z x has be5
 f\nd ^u !m 9 ,philadelphia by ,dr4     
,jno4 ,a4 ,ryd]1 & ,i h tak5 x 9 ! ne/s 
( a common field m\se ne> ,wa%+ton4 ,b  
/ill m int]e/+ is ! fact t ,lept9illus  
validus ,horn 7also ! only species ( its
 g5us7 is an associate p>asite (        
,platypsyllus on ! beav]1 a numb] ( bo? 
hav+ be5 tak5 by "o ( my ag5ts1 ,mr4 ,a4
 ,koebele1 9 ,san ,francisco1 f beav]   
sk9s br\ght f ,alaska4  ,illu/ration3   
,,l>va ,,( ,,platypsyllus ,,ca/oris4  ,9
 ref]5ce to ! classificatory value t    
%\ld be atta*$ to an ab]rant type l ?is1
 ,i h already express$ my op9ion 9 a    

pap] on ,mega?ymus1 a ,lepidopt]on t    
connects 9 _m ways ! two great divisions
 ( butt]flies & mo?s1 publi%$ 9 !       
,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( 
,/4 ,l\is1 volume iii41 #ahgf1 & w take 
! lib]ty ( read+ a few passages !refrom3
      ,betwe5 all classificatory        
divisions1 f v>iety to k+dom1     !     
sep>at+ l9es we draw get m & m brok5 9  
proportion z our k ( =ms1 pa/ & pres5t1 
increases4 ,e /ep 9 advance t[>d a true 
conception ( !     relations ( animals  
br+s ! diff]5t gr\ps clos]     toge!r1  
until at la/ we p]ceive an almo/        
cont9u\s *a94     ,ev5 ! old] naturali/s
 _h an appreciation ( ?is fact4         
,l9naeus' not$ dictum1 ',natura saltus  
non facit' implies x2     & ,kirby &    
,sp5ce ju/ly obs]ve t 'x appe>s to be ! 
op9ion ( mo/ mod]n physiologi/s t !     
s]ies (     aff9ities 9 nature is a     
concat5ation or cont9u\s s]ies2     & t 
?\gh an hiatus is "h & !re obs]vable1   
?is has     be5 caus$ ei!r by !         
annihilation ( "s orig9al gr\p or       

species1 or t ! objects requir$ to fill 
x up are /ill 9     exi/5ce b h n yet   
be5 discov]$4'      ,mod]n naturali/s   
f9d 9 ?is m or less gradual bl5d+     _!
 /ronge/ argum5ts 9 favor ( community ( 
desc5t2 &     speculation z to ! orig91 
or outcome r1 9 ! ne>     pres5t or     
remote pa/ ( exi/+ =ms is naturally & v 
g5]ally indulg$1 ev5 by ^? :o a few ye>s
 back 7 m     incl9$ to ridicule ?an    
accept ,d>w9ian doctr9e4 ,%all we     !n
 say t ! old divisions mu/ be disc>d$   
because n     absolute8 ,z well might we
 argue = ! abolition ( ! f\r     seasons
 because !y diff] ) ! latitude1 or      
because !y     gradually bl5d into ea*  
o!r4 ,entomologi/s w always speak     ( 
mo?s & butt]flies1 h[soev] arbitr>y !   
gr\ps may     come to be look$ ^u1 or   
h[ev] num]\s ! int]m$iate               
gradations4      ,families %\ld1 ,i ?9k1
 be made z compreh5sive z possible1     
& n unduly multipli$2 & 9 consid]+      
ab]rant =ms1     ! objects (            
classification are be/ subs]v$ by reta9+

     !m 9 :atev] division c claim !     
balance ( *>act]s4     ,x is bett] to   
wid5 ?an to re/rict 9 ! high] gr\ps4 ,le
     ,conte does bett] s]vice 9 br++    
,platypsylla among !     ,coleopt]a ?an 
does ,we/wood 9 creat+ a new ord]--     
,a*reiopt]a--= x4 ,phyllox]a1 9         
,homopt]a1 is mu* m     wisely reta9$ 9 
! ,aphididae ?an made ! type ( a new    
family4  ,platypsyllus1 !re=e1 is a good
 ,coleopt]on1 & 9 all ! *>act]s 9 :i* x 
s /rongly approa*es ! ,mallophaga x (f]s
 m]ely an illu/ration ( modification due
 to food habit & environm5t4 ,9 ?is     
p>ticul> x is1 h[ev]1 ( v great int]e/ z
 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ illu/rations we h (   
v>iation 9 simil> l9es ?r\gh ! influ5ce 
( purely ext]nal or dynamical           
conditions1 & :]e g5etic connection &   
h]$ity play no "p :atev]4 ,x is at !    
same "t int]e/+ because ( its syn!tic   
*>act]i/ics1 be+ evid5tly an anci5t type
 f :i* we get a v good idea ( !         
connection 9 ! pa/ ( "s ( ! pres5t      
well-def9$ ord]s ( insects4  ,we/wood1  

?\gh n[ an octog5>ian1 may safely be    
call$ ,engl&'s mo/ em95t entomologi/ by 
virtue ( ! "* & volume ( ! "w :i* he has
 accompli%$4 ,dr4 ,le ,conte 01 facile  
pr9ceps1 ,am]ica's lead+ coleopt]i/4 ,i 
d n "k t any great] tribute c\ld be add$
 to ! s\nd judgm5t & deep k possess$ by 
t late di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,academy ?an !
 confirmation ( 8 views z oppos$ to !   
views ( ,we/wood & o!r ,european        
au?orities :i* ! discov]y ( ?is l>va n[ 
gives u4                             ,,!
 ,,spectra ,,( ,,oxyg54   ,! au?or has  
obs]v$ a fact :i* furni%es a rem>kable  
demon/ration ( ! law ( ! production ( ! 
d>k b&s :i* he has detect$ 9 ! spectrum 
( oxyg54 ,! ph5om5a ( elective          
absorption 9 oxyg5 gas are manife/$ 9   
two mutually di/9ct spectral sy/ems4 ,a 
fir/ sy/em1 =m$ ( f9e rays1 foll[s ! law
 ( ! product ( ! gase\s sy/em trav]s$ by
 its d5sity4 ,! second sy/em is =m$ (   
b&s mu* less easily resolv$1 is gov]n$  
by ! law ( ! product ( ! ?ickness by !  
squ>e ( ! d5sity4 ,?is second law be+ q 

novel 9 spectral analysis1 ! au?or has  
in/itut$ exp]im5ts necess>y to prove t  
?is sy/em ( obscure b&s really belongs  
to oxyg54 ,^! exp]im5ts range f         
pressures ( #ajj atmosph]es d[n to ^? ( 
a few units1 & ) l5g?s ( tubes f #j4db  
met] to #fj met]s4 ,at ! same "t        
prolong$ obs]vations h be5 made ^u !    
atmosph]e1 br\ght into connection ) !   
exp]im5ts 9 ! tubes4 ,^! obs]vations1 & 
especially ^? made dur+ autumn la/ on ! 
,pic du ,midi1 prove t all ! b&s ( !    
spectrum ( oxyg5 are f\nd 9 ! spectrum (
 ! sol> light if x is all[$ to trav]se a
 suffici5t ?ickness ( ! atmosph]ic      
m$ium4 ,fur!r1 on comp>+1 by ! aid (    
photography1 ! int5sities ( ! b&s ( !   
atmosph]ic spectrum ) ^? giv5 9 ! tubes1
 ! au?or has f\nd t ! int5sities ( ^!   
atmosph]ic b&s fulfill ! law ( ! squ>e4 
,x appe>s f ,wi$emann's ,annal5 t ,m4   
,olszewski1 :5 liquefy+ oxyg51 exam9$   
its spectrum & asc]ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( !   
b&s 9 "q ) a /ratum ( #g mm4 ( liquid   
oxyg54--,j4 ,jans54            ,,on ,a  

,,!ory ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,sudd5 ,,loss ,,( 
,,magnetic ,,prop]ties                  
,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,nickel4                
,by ,mr4 ,h4 ,,toml9son1 ,b4,a4         
,exp]im5ts by himself & o!r obs]v]s h   
%[n t ! temp]atures at :i* iron & nickel
 lose _! magnetic prop]ties dep5d on !  
specim5s us$ & ! magnetiz+ =ces employ$2
 b ! temp]atures at :i* !y beg9 to lose 
^! prop]ties are def9ite--= nickel ab\t 
#cjj deg4 ,c41 & iron ab\t #fhj deg4 ,c4
 ,! au?or's own exp]im5ts on            
,recalesc5ce ( ,iron %[ two critical    
temp]atures2 & ,p9*on has %[n by        
calorimetric measurem5t t betwe5 #ffj   
deg4 & #gbj deg4 ,c41 & betwe5 #a1jjj   
deg4 & #a1jej deg4 ,c41 heat becomes    
lat5t4 ,all ^! facts seem to indicate a 
molecul> re>rangem5t ab\t ^!            
temp]atures4  ,9 8 propos$ !ory he      
assumes t ! molecules ( iron 7say7      
conta9 magnetic atoms capable ( motions 
( translation & ( rotation4 ,^! t5d to  
=m clos$ magnetic circuits1 b at ord9>y 
temp]atures are unable to d s on acc\nt 

( ! close proximity ( _! c5t]s4 ,on     
rais+ ! temp]ature _! c5t]s are fur!r   
sep>at$1 till at ab\t #fhj deg4 ,c4 _!  
pol> extremities ru% toge!r1 =m+        
complete circuits & exhibit+ no ext]nal 
magnetic prop]ties4 ,on cool+ d[n1 !    
c5t]s approa* until ! gravitation       
attraction ov]comes ! magnetic          
attraction ( _! poles1 :5 ! magnetic    
prop]ties reappe>4  ,pr(4 ,ayrton ask$  
:e!r ! au?or _h made exp]im5ts on !     
reappe>ance ( magnetic prop]ties :5     
rais$ to a :ite heat1 & ,pr(4 ,?ompson  
inquir$ :e!r cobalt _h be5 te/$4 ,bo?   
que/ions 7 answ]$ negatively4           
,,poison ,,( ,,! ,,somalis1 ,,extract$  
,,f ,,! ,,wood ,,( ,,! ,,ouabaio4   ,!  
pr9ciple 9 "q1 ouaba9e1 =ms rectangul>  
plates1 v sl5d]1 ( a nacre\s appe>ance4 
,x is absolutely :ite1 inodor\s1 & n    
appreciably bitt]4 ,x conta9s no        
nitrog51 & does n react ) color+ matt]s4
 ,at a boil+ heat1 9 pres5ce ( dilute   
acids1 x is split up1 yield+ a r$uctive 
sug>4 ,its composition is               

,c#ij;,h#de,o#ab4 ,x is poison\s if     
introduc$ into ! circulation1 b n if    
swall[$4--,m4 ,arnaud1 9 ,comptes       
,r5dus4                                 
7,adv]tisem5ts47                    ,a  
,new ,catalogue ( ,valuable ,pap]s      
,conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican        
,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free
 ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn  ,,co41  
#cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican               
,ar*itects & ,build]s ,edition4         
#b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4   
,?is is a ,special ,edition ( !         
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on 
! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s 
ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t
 two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1     
practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,magaz9e (
 ,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant   
plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1       
illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n
 ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$     
subjects4  ,a special feature is !      

pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( !  
late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1  
city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate   
co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9    
p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) 
full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1    
,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 
,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 
details1 & specifications regul>ly      
pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4      
,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ 
on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/  
ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process (          
con/ruction4  ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 &   
,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+  
fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o       
contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or 
erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 
?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ 
& be/ examples f :i* to make selections1
 ?us sav+ "t & money4  ,_m o!r subjects1
 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1      
,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out (
 ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an      
ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s'    

,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/  
reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1   
,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances  
are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( 
! mak]s1 etc4  ,! fullness1 ri*ness1    
*eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x
 ! ,l>ge/ ,circulation ( any            
,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4       
,,munn  ,,co41 ,publi%]s1               
#cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4  ,a         
,catalogue ( valuable books on          
,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1        
,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1       
,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry    
p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$   
free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,build+ ,plans & ,specifications4  ,9   
connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ 
,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1    
,messrs4 ,munn  ,co4 furni% plans &     
specifications = build+s ( e k9d1       
includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1       
,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4  
,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able &       

exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1        
details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s     
build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be       
suppli$4  ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or 
:o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add  
to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay 
w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to    
communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w      
ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4          
,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly     
prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address         
,,munn  ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new   
,,york4         99       99       99    
99       99                             
,,!                      ,sci5tific     
,am]ican ,supplem5t4                    
,,publi%$ ,,weekly4                     
,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4  ,s5t  
by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9
 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4   
,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any 
=eign c\ntry4  ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! 
,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1
 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4  
,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c 

likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are   
issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej 
/it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff      
cov]s4  ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy (   
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy (       
,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o   
ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4  ,a lib]al disc\nt 
to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 
,,munn  ,,co41 ,publi%]s1               
#cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,useful ,eng9e]+ ,books  ,manufactur]s1 
,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1      
,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 &    
pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good 
books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4   
,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits !        
transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v 
small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue (  
useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an
 fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5
 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice
 ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names
 ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only  
to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4       

,address1                     ,,munn    
,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,pat5ts4  ,9 connection ) ! ,sci5tific 
,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn  ,,co4 are    
solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 
h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ 
e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on
 ! be/ t]ms4  ,a special notice is made 
9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( all inv5tions 
pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n &       
resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se     
circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is
 direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 &    
sales or introduction (t5 easily        
effect$4  ,any p]son :o has made a new  
discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free (  
*>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1
 by writ+ to ,,munn  ,,co4  ,we also s5d
 free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1
 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _!    
co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address            
,,munn  ,,co41                          
#cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4             
,bran* ,(fice1 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/41      

,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4         99       99   
99       99       99                    
,transcrib]'s ,am5dm5ts   ,transcrib]'s 
,note3 ,"s illu/rations may h be5 mov$4 
,we h r5d]$ consi/5t on a p]-^w-pair    
basis ! hyph5ation or spac+ ( su* pairs 
:5 repeat$ 9 ! same grammatical context4
 ,! table ( cont5ts has be5 mov$ to !   
front4  ,o!r *anges are li/$ bel[4 ,!   
li/$ s\rce publication page numb] also  
applies 9 ?is reproduction except = !   
table ( cont5ts s9ce x has be5 mov$4    
,page          ,*ange    #ajcdc  ,fig4  
#a r$rawn slightly to r$uce ! read]'s   
confusion4   #ajcde  ,,nature4,head+    
delet$4   #ajcde  #ab1fjj lb4 p] squ>e  
in*7psi74also 9 foll[+ l9es4   #ajcdf   
,fir/ l9e ( head+ mov$ to footnote4     
#ajcdg  z mu* z a plank ( ! same size   
#ajcdg  ,= ^! upp] floors               
h>d-woodh>dwood plank1   #ajcdi  ass]t$ 
pretty g5]ally ?\gh\t?r\gh\t ! c\ntry   
#ajcdi  employesemployees w no long] be 
kn[n z gas h\se   #ajcej  reappe> 9 !   
little gl[ lampgl[-lampmultiple in/ances

   #ajcea  ?r\gh?\gh ,i d\bt :e!r x is  
visible   #ajcea  due to ! vacumvacuum1 
#ajcea  & to ! atoni%m5ta/oni%m5t ( my  
fell[   #ajceb  ! _m disagreeable       
symptonssymptoms1   #ajceb  ,"p ( ,c>e (
 ,! ,eyes head] mov$ to footnote4       
#ajced  b on miscroscopicalmicroscopical
 exam9ation   #ajced                    
neigborhoodneighborhood 9 :i* we live4  
#ajcee  ,x,its p>allax1 z det]m9$ by    
,sir ,r4 ,s4 ,ball1   #ajcee  ,! well   
kn[nwell-kn[n d\ble /> #fa ,cygni       
#ajcef  ,fig4 #c3 ,illegible text       
re-compos$4   #ajceh  ,adv]tisem5ts     
head] add$4   #ajceh  ,table ( cont5ts  
mov$ to front ( publication4   #ajceh   
,! ,"o ,hundr$ & ,tw5ty ,foot,ton ,%e>s 
,table ( ,cont5ts         99       99   
99       99       99