,,libr>y ,,bookb9d+         ,libr>y     
,bookb9d+       by ,ar?ur ,l4 ,bailey   
,libr>ian ,wilm+ton 7,delaw>e7 ,in/itute
 ,free ,libr>y      ,illu/ration        
,,! ,h4 ,w4 ,,wilson ,,company     ,:ite
 ,pla9s1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,new ,york ,city    
#aiaf         ,publi%$ ,may1 #aiaf      
,copyright1 #aiaf     ,by ,! ,h4 ,w4    
,wilson ,company     ,,preface   ,x has 
be5 ! purpose ( ! writ] 9 ^! *apt]s on  
libr>y bookb9d+ to set =? z cle>ly z    
possible ! be/ in=mation relat+ to      
processes1 mat]ials1 r\t9e & v>i\s o!r  
less] matt]s p]ta9+ to bookb9d+ :i* mu/ 
be tak5 into consid]ation by libr>ians1 
or by assi/ants 9 *>ge ( b9d+ dep>tm5ts4
 ,al?\gh mu* ( ?is in=mation exi/s      
else:]e 9 pr9t$ =m1 x is scatt]$ ?r\gh  
v>i\s books & articles4 ,9 "s respects1 
!re=e1 ?is book is a ga!r+ toge!r (     
scatt]$ mat]ial4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t   
!re is en\gh new mat]ial to make ! book 
( int]e/ to ^? :o deal daily ) b9d+     
problems1 & t ! book z a :ole may help  
to solve "s ( ! que/ions relat+ to b9d+ 

9 libr>ies bo? l>ge & small4  ,mo/ books
 on b9d+ & all books on libr>y b9d+ h   
devot$ "s space to pap]1 its            
composition1 manufacture1 f9i% & use4 ,z
 ! subject is s fully dealt ) else:]e x 
has n be5 includ$ "h4 ,^? :o are int]e/$
 w f9d full in=mation 9 ! te*nical books
 on pap]1 9 ,mr4 ,dana's ,notes on book 
b9d+ = libr>ies1 & 9 ,messrs4 ,c\tts &  
,/eph5's ,manual ( libr>y b9d+4 ,!re is 
also an excell5t article on wood pulp   
pap] 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ( ,octob]  
#d1 #aiac4  ,nor has x seem$ desirable  
to include *apt]s on comm]cial b9d+ nor 
on hi/orical b9d+s4 ,bo? ( ^! subjects  
are treat$ adequately 9 ,c\tts &        
,/eph5's ,manual4 ,! pres5t writ] has   
limit$ 8 discussion to matt]s deal+     
directly ) ! b9d+ ( books = libr>ies4   
,9 "o or two cases ! same subject has   
be5 treat$ 9 two diff]5t *apt]s because 
! subject matt] belong$ 9 bo? places1 & 
9 nei!r case w\ld ! discussion be       
complete )\t x4  ,a4 ,l4 ,b4  ,decemb]  
#i1 #aiae4     ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts    

,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction                
#c              ,,ii4 ,selection ( a    
b9d]                      #i            
,,iii4 ,processes                       
#ac              ,,iv4 ,mat]ials        
#ea               ,v4 ,specifications   
#hg              ,,vi4 ,b9d+ be=e       
pur*ase & re9=c+  #ajc                  
,,vii4 ,co/                             
#aae            ,,viii4 ,prep>+ = !     
b9d]y                #abe               
,,ix4 ,b9d+ records & r\t9e             
#adi               ,x4 ,repair+1 recas+1
 recov]+ etc4     #afe                  
,,xi4 ,magaz9e b9d]s                    
#aii             ,,xii4 ,pamphlets      
#bje            ,,xiii4 ,b9d]y 9 !      
libr>y build+          #bji             
,app5dix ,a4 ,specifications ( ! ,u4 ,s4
 ,bureau                 ( ,/&>ds = book
 clo?s             #bag                 
,b4 ,read+ li/ on b9d+                  
#bba               ,c4 ,li/ ( te*nical  
t]ms                  #bbe              
,index                                  

#bde     ,,libr>y ,,bookb9d+            
,,libr>y ,,bookb9d+  ,,*apt] ,i         
,,introduction   ,an exam9ation ( !     
annual reports ( libr>ies 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates %[s t f f\r to eight p] c5t ( !  
total income is sp5t = b9d+2 ! am\nts   
rang+ f #b1jjj to ov] #dj1jjj a ye> =   
?is "o item4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! are 
l>ge sums & t a k ( b9d+ mat]ials &     
processes is necess>y 9 ord] to sp5d ?is
 money wisely4 ,9 _m libr>ies !         
appropriation = books includes b9d+ &   
p]iodicals4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t e    
doll> sav$ on b9d+ c be devot$ to !     
pur*ase ( books4 ,& :at libr>ian does n 
desire m money = new books8  ,9 spite ( 
! importance ( ! subject a great deal ( 
ignorance has prevail$ 9 ye>s pa/1 & f> 
too _m libr>ians ( ! pres5t day fail to 
realize t "h is "o place :]e money c be 
easily wa/$4 ,possibly "o reason = !    
ignorance ab\t b9d+ is t1 except 9 a    
m9or degree1 x does n directly affect ! 
public1 = libr>ians are quick to make   
*anges :i* w increase ! int]e/ ( !      

public 9 ! libr>y4 ,ano!r reason is t   
exp]im5ts are necess>y2 & s9ce x takes  
"t to draw conclusions f exp]im5ts1     
def9ite rules h n be5 =mulat$4  ,9 fact1
 exp]im5ts are /ill be+ tri$4 ,b :ile 9 
! pa/ !y 7 along ! l9e ( mak+ books     
/rong]1 ! exp]im5ts ( ! pres5t are r    
along ! l9e ( adapt+ diff]5t me?ods to  
diff]5t books1 accord+ to ! pap] on :i* 
!y are pr9t$1 or accord+ to ! k9d ( use 
!y w receive4 ,x is reasonably safe to  
say t pres5t me?ods ( ! be/ libr>y b9d]s
 make a book z /rong z x is possible to 
make x4 ,progress no long] lies along ! 
l9e ( /r5g?4  ,9 ord] to adm9i/] a b9d+ 
dep>tm5t wisely1 ! libr>ian or assi/ant 
9 *>ge ( b9d+ mu/ "k mat]ials1          
processes1 & books2 & especially mu/ he 
"k h[ books %\ld be b\nd to meet ! use  
!y are to receive4 ,= example1 fiction t
 is v popul> %\ld be b\nd diff]5tly f   
fiction :i* mu/ be kept on ! %elves1 b  
:i* is n popul>2 x is easily app>5t t   
,mc,cutcheon's ,grau/>k %\ld be b\nd    
diff]5tly f ,h5ry ,james' ,gold5 b[l4   

,heavy ref]5ce books con/antly consult$ 
%\ld be b\nd diff]5tly f ref]5ce books  
us$ only occasionally1 :ile x may be    
wise to b9d magaz9es diff]5tly f ei!r4  
,a libr>ian ( a ref]5ce libr>y w adopt  
me?ods diff]+ f ^? :i* are us$ 9 public 
libr>ies4 ,a good work+ k ( mat]ials &  
processes c be easily obta9$4 ,! sav+ ( 
exp5se comes 9 apply+ !m to use4  ,a    
rec5t adv]tisem5t ( a b9d] /at$ t 8     
books 7 reb\nd m times ?an ! books ( any
 o!r b9d]4 ,?is /atem5t is a sad        
comm5t>y on ! s]viceability ( 8 books & 
calls to m9d a practice ( tw5ty ye>s ago
 :i* is too preval5t ev5 at ! pres5t "t4
 ,at t "t x 0 ! recogniz$ cu/om to b9d z
 *eaply z possible books :i* circulat$  
rapidly & wore out quickly4 ,^? :o favor
 ?is cu/om fail to realize t 9 ! case ( 
books :i* are con/antly us$ ! actual co/
 ( b9d+ does n dep5d on ! initial co/ p]
 volume1 b on ! ratio ( co/ to          
circulation4 ,?is is a po9t fir/ br\ght 
out by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,dana 9 8 ,notes on 
bookb9d+ = libr>ies1 & "o on :i* x is   

impossible to lay too mu* emphasis4 ,a  
book :i* co/s #ce;c4 to b9d & :i*       
circulates #ce times has co/ "o c5t =   
ea* "t x has be5 issu$ aft] reb9d+2 :ile
 a book :i* has co/ #ej;c4 to b9d & has 
be5 issu$ #ajj times 7a fair av]age = a 
#ej;c4 b9d+7 co/s "o half c5t = ea* "t x
 has be5 issu$4 ,obvi\sly ! #ej;c4 b9d+ 
is mu* *eap]4 ,x is probable t ! #ce;c4 
book mu/ ei!r be reb\nd at an additional
 exp5se ( #ce;c4 or else a new copy mu/ 
be pur*as$ at a co/ ( #a1 :ile ! #ej;c4 
b9d+ may c>ry ! book to a po9t :]e x c  
be disc>d$ absolutely4 ,c]ta9ly x %\ld  
nev] be reb\nd aga94 ,x is important1   
!re=e1 t ! libr>ian :o does n "k :at 8  
b9d+ is co/+ p] issue %\ld keep /ati/ics
 ( circulation = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t  
to obta9 g5]al av]ages :i* w be fairly  
accurate4  ,:ile a v /rong b9d+ is      
necess>y = fiction & juv5ile books 9    
public libr>ies1 x is probable t on _m  
books ( a s]i\s "* "s ( ! /r5g!n+       
processes :i* mu/ be us$ on fiction &   
juv5iles may be omitt$4 ,x %\ld be not$ 

t :ile ?is is true ( public libr>ies1 ! 
rev]se w\ld probably be true 9 college &
 ref]5ce libr>ies :]e a mu* l>g]        
proportion ( s]i\s books %\ld be b\nd z 
/rongly z possible4  ,!re are ?ree g5]al
 k9ds ( b9d+3  7a7 ,comm]cial1 or       
edition b9d+4  7b7 ,arti/ic b9d+4  7c7  
,libr>y b9d+4  ,comm]cial b9d+ is t 9   
:i* practically all books come f !      
publi%]s4 ,= ! mo/ "p x is ! product (  
ma*9]y f beg9n+ to end1 & ! mat]ial us$ 
is g5]ally poor4 ,app>5tly ! sole object
 9 view ( mo/ publi%]s is to turn out a 
book t w attract ! eye4 ,/r5g? is n an  
elem5t = :i* !y /rive4 ,f _! po9t ( view
 !y _c be sev]ely blam$ = mak+ /r5g? a  
second>y consid]ation4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ "p
 ( _! product is sold to individuals1 & 
! /r5g? ( ! b9d+ is adequate = ! am\nt (
 use t ^! books w receive4 ,f ! libr>y  
po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 publi%]s' b9d+s are 
entirely inadequate4 ,"o _c expect1 (   
c\rse1 t ! publi%] w put a popul> novel 
into a b9d+ /rong en\gh to meet ! dem&s 
( libr>y use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o _c blame 

libr>ians = be+ exasp]at$ :5 heavy books
 ( travel1 hi/ory1 or biography "p f _! 
cov]s :5 !y h be5 9 ! h&s ( less ?an t5 
read]s4  ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics (      
comm]cial b9d+1 & at ! same "t its      
greate/ weaknesses1 are ! ma*9e sew+ & !
 insecure way 9 :i* ! book is fa/5$ into
 ! cov]4 ,v little extra exp5se ei!r 9  
mat]ial1 c>e1 or workman%ip1 w\ld make  
mo/ books outside ( fiction suffici5tly 
/rong to )/& all ! we> t !y w receive4  
,un=tunately ! publi%]s fail to realize 
?is1 & books by ! ?\s&s come f ! b9d]ies
 cov]$ on ! back ) ! co>se/ k9d ( sup]  
:i* does n ev5 ext5d to ! head or tail (
 ! book4 ,a /\t] clo?1 c>efully appli$1 
runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! back w\ld co/ v 
little m p] volume1 b w\ld /r5g!n x     
mat]ially4  ,:ile practically all       
comm]cial b9d+ is lack+ 9 /r5g?1 ?is is 
due almo/ :olly to trade conditions1 =  
comm]cial b9d+ c be made exce$+ly /rong4
 ,"o has only to turn to ! #aiab edition
 ( ! ,c5tury ,diction>y or to ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,catalog1 :i* are practically    

ma*9e b\nd ?r\gh\t1 to realize ?is fact4
 ,h[ev]1 until libr>ians are unit$ 9 _! 
dem&s = /rong] b9d+s1 we c expect to see
 ! pres5t poor "w turn$ out 9 z l>ge    
quantities z ev]4  ,!re is ano!r k9d (  
b9d+ :i* is1 if possible1 ev5 m         
unsuitable = libr>ies4 ,?is is arti/ic  
b9d+ :i* is done exclusively =          
individuals1 beauty ( appe>ance be+ !   
*ief object 9 view4 ,x diff]s f         
comm]cial b9d+ 9 be+ all h& "w in/ead ( 
ma*9e "w4 ,s9ce h& "w is us$ & ! ma9    
object 9 view is beauty1 x foll[s1 (    
c\rse1 t su* books are mu* /rong] ?an ^?
 b\nd by publi%]s4 ,b ! /r5g? ( ^! books
 is 9 _m cases n pro( aga9/ ! we> t !y  
w\ld receive 9 libr>ies4 ,no special    
me?ods ( sew+ or /r5g!n+ ! fir/ & la/   
sections are us$4 ,practically all      
arti/ic books are b\nd 9 lea!r &        
frequ5tly 9 full lea!r4 ,:5ev] ! lea!r  
us$ is any?+ o!r ?an good morocco1 x is 
an elem5t ( weakness r ?an /r5g?4 ,9    
addition to ^! objections1 arti/ic b9d+s
 are usually s exp5sive z to be beyond !

 rea* ( any libr>y4  ,9 libr>y b9d+ !   
ma9 consid]ation is /r5g?4 ,n only is   
beauty a second>y consid]ation1 x is    
sc>cely tak5 into consid]ation at all4  
,= x mu/ be confess$ t libr>y b9d+s are 
seldom attractive4 ,no libr>y c af=d to 
pay = ornam5tation ( backs & sides (    
books4 ,libr>y b9d+ is all h& "w4       
,al?\gh ma*9e b9d+ c be made exce$+ly   
/rong1 ma*9es _c be us$ on libr>y b9d+1 
because ! books v>y s mu* 9 size &      
lett]+4 ,! ma9 reason :y comm]cial b9d+ 
c be done by ma*9]y is because a l>ge   
numb] ( books are b\nd exactly alike4 ,9
 libr>y b9d+ x seldom happ5s t m ?an two
 volumes1 ! same 9 size & lett]+1 are   
b\nd at ! same "t4 ,libr>y b9d+ also    
diff]s f o!r b9d+s 9 t ! use ! book is  
to receive is made ! basis ( selection (
 mat]ials & me?ods4     ,,*apt] ,,ii    
,,selection ,,( ,a ,,b9d]   ,s9ce libr>y
 b9d+ diff]s widely f o!r k9ds ( b9d+1 x
 foll[s naturally t x is be/ to h ?is "w
 done by m5 :o und]/& its special       
requirem5ts4 ,un=tunately1 !re are      

comp>atively few b9d]s :o make a        
specialty ( ?is k9d ( "w4 ,libr>ians (  
mo/ ( ! small] libr>ies are =c$ by local
 prejudice to give _! "w to ! local b9d]
 or to ! ne>e/ outside b9d] 9 ord] to   
save ! exp5se ( transportation4 ,if ! "w
 is s5t to ! local b9d]1 x mu/ be s5t to
 "o :o is do+ o!r k9ds ( b9d+ & to :om !
 libr>y "w is1 9 a way1 a m9or          
consid]ation4 ,he w\ld object if ! "w 7 
s5t out ( t[n1 b ! total am\nt ( !      
libr>y "w is small comp>$ ) 8 o!r "w4   
,su* b9d]s usually h "o way = b9d+ all  
books 7except ^? :i* come "u ! head (   
blank-book "w7 & ! libr>y books g ?r\gh 
! regul> process ( be+ sew$ on tw9e &   
put into cov]s ) no special re9=cem5ts4 
,! mat]ials us$ are n ! be/ & !         
workman%ip is g5]ally poor4 ,local      
b9d]s1 realiz+ t ! funds are usually    
inadequate = ! ne$s ( ! libr>y1         
frequ5tly d ?is "w at a price :i* at    
fir/ sight seems *eap4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !    
poor s]vice :i* ! b9d+s give is tak5    
into consid]ation ! price is really v   

high4 ,_m ( ^! b9d]s h be5 9 bus9ess =  
ye>s2 & al?\gh !y may be good workm5 & d
 hone/ "w1 !y are v sure t !y "k m ab\t 
b9d+ ?an any libr>ian1 & x is )         
difficulty t !y c be prevail$ ^u to     
adopt sugge/ions4  ,x is only fair1 (   
c\rse1 t a libr>y :i* is support$ ei!r 9
 :ole or 9 "p by public funds %\ld1 :5  
possible1 h its "w done by resid5ts ( ! 
t[n4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 ! libr>ian   
%\ld le>n 9 j :at ways good libr>y b9d+ 
diff]s f o!r b9d+4 ,all ! good mat]ials 
& processes1 & all ! v>i\s me?ods (     
/r5g!n+ a book %\ld be /udi$ c>efully s 
t ! b9d] c be told exactly h[ ! "w %\ld 
be done4 ,! b9d] w probably rebel1 b    
p]haps he c be conv]t$ & ! ef=t is wor? 
:ile4  ,if ! b9d] fails to grasp ! ideas
 ( ! libr>ian1 or refuses to c>ry !m    
out1 ! "w %\ld be s5t out ( t[n to a    
good b9d]1 = def]5ce to local prejudice 
does n require t ! effici5cy ( ! libr>y 
be impair$4 ,:5 "w is s5t out ( t[n !   
libr>ian is some:at at a disadvantage1 =
 no exam9ation ( ! "w c be made :ile !  

books are 9 process4 ,t ! b9d] *os5 %\ld
 d hone/ "w goes )\t say+4 ,! "w ( a    
di%one/ or incompet5t b9d] always %[s 9 
! poor s]vice :i* ! books give1 b       
inasmu* z di%one/ "w is g5]ally cov]$   
up1 x takes "t to discov] x4 ,!re=e1    
great c>e mu/ be tak5 to select a good  
b9d] 9 ! fir/ place4 ,libr>ians :o are 9
 d\bt %\ld consult ! libr>ians ( l>ge   
libr>ies1 or apply to ! ,b9d+ committee 
( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association = !   
names ( reliable b9d]s4  ,:ile libr>ians
 %\ld be able to give sugge/ions to     
b9d]s :o are n accu/om$ to libr>y b9d+1 
& fail+ t %\ld ex]cise good judgm5t 9   
select+ a b9d] at a di/ance1 !y %\ld n  
expect ! impossible4 ,! writ] has se5   
books s5t to b9d]s :i* 7 9 su* bad      
condition t no b9d] c\ld b9d !m         
satisfactorily4 ,"s libr>ians expect too
 mu* ( a b9d]2 o!rs d n realize t !y are
 n dem&+ all t !y %\ld receive4  ,hav+  
select$ a compet5t b9d] ! libr>ian %\ld 
n insi/ t unimportant details be done   
accord+ to 8 own ideas4 ,if ! b9d]      

und]/&s t he may h ! "w only s long z he
 foll[s ! specifications fai?fully1 "o  
may safely leave ! details to him4  ,x  
%\ld fur!r be borne 9 m9d t good b9d+ is
 seldom obta9$ at l[ prices4 ,a libr>y  
book well b\nd requires good mat]ial1   
good workman%ip & special re9=cem5ts :i*
 take "t4 ,s9ce ! l>ge/ "p ( ! co/ ( a  
book is due to ! labor sp5t on x1 x     
foll[s t l[ prices c prevail only 9 ^?  
localities :]e ! co/ ( labor is bel[ !  
/&>d4  ,s9ce workman%ip has z mu* to d )
 good b9d+ z specifications x is n wise 
to submit specifications to diff]5t     
b9d]s = bids4 ,x is bett] to ask b9d]s  
to submit samples ( _! "w )             
specifications ( ! way 9 :i* ! books are
 b\nd4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x seems wise to ask =
 bids1 x is f> f wise to *oose ! l[e/   
bidd] unless absolutely assur$ t !      
workman%ip & mat]ial w be satisfactory4 
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,processes   ,!         
processes ( bookb9d+ h be5 s fully cov]$
 9 ! books ( ,messrs4 ,cock]ell1        
,zaehnsdorf1 ,crane1 & o!rs1 t ! ne$ (  

fur!r mat]ial ( a simil> "* is n readily
 app>5t4 ,! only excuse ! writ] has to  
(f] = discuss+ ! matt] ( processes at   
any l5g? is t !re seems to exi/ n[h]e   
any description ( ! processes t are us$ 
9 ! be/ libr>y b9d]ies4 ,mr4 ,dana 9 8  
,notes on bookb9d+ = libr>ies t\*es only
 c]ta9 po9ts ( ! processes "h & !re4    
,mr4 ,/eph5 9 ,c\tts & ,/eph5's ,manual 
( libr>y b9d+ has a *apt] on h&         
bookb9d+1 b conf9es himself closely to !
 g5]al processes t h be5 9 vogue = ye>s2
 ! modifications us$ 9 libr>y b9d+ are n
 t\*$ ^u4 ,9 o!r words ! works (        
,cock]ell1 ,zaehnsdorf1 ,crane & o!rs   
are too full1 :ile descriptions 9 books 
devot$ to libr>y b9d+ are n full en\gh4 
,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to cov]     
some:at 9 detail ! ma9 processes z !y   
are c>ri$ out 9 ! be/ libr>y b9d]ies4   
,explanations ( ! te*nical t]ms us$ w be
 f\nd 9 ! li/ ( te*nical t]ms at ! end (
 ! book4  ,)\t discuss+ ! composition ( 
pap] x is necess>y to /ate t ! pap] ( a 
book has a v important effect ^u its    

b9d+4 ,its ?ickness1 t5sile /r5g?1      
firmness1 t\ghness1 /r5g? aft] be+ saw$ 
or p]=at$ = sew+1 & /r5g? aft] fold+1   
all h an effect on its durability4      
,especial emphasis mu/ be laid ^u /r5g? 
aft] fold+1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is  
?r\gh ! fold t ! book is sew$4 ,if a    
crease or a fold 9 a piece ( pap] weak5s
 t piece ( pap]1 x w be impossible to   
make a /rong book by sew+ 9 ! ord9>y    
way4 ,if a fold has v little effect ^u !
 /r5g? ( ! pap] ord9>y sew+ may be      
satisfactory4 ,! fold+ ( pap] 9 #ie p]  
c5t ( fiction & juv5ile books weak5s x  
at ! fold ov] #ej p] c5t4 ,9 a good     
piece ( pap] ! fold weak5s x n ov] #e p]
 c5t4  ,! problem ( pap] is a mod]n "o1 
due to ! use ( wood pulp & o!r          
%ort-fibr$ mat]ials 9 pap] manufacture4 
,all b9d]s compla9 bitt]ly ( !          
impossibility ( b9d+ x prop]ly4 ,!      
libr>ian1 h[ev]1 %\ld "k ! way 9 :i* x c
 be b\nd to give ! maximum am\nt (      
s]vice & %\ld n all[ a b9d] to blame !  
pap] = faults :i* are due to 8 ignorance

 or to poor workman%ip4  ,:ile ! cu/oms 
( libr>y b9d]s v>y some:at accord+ to ! 
prejudices ( ! diff]5t m51 ! foll[+     
description cov]s ! b9d+ processes c>ri$
 out at mo/ b9d]ies4  #a4 ,,tak+ ,,ap>t 
,aft] ! books h be5 *eck$ ) ! /atem5t ( 
! libr>ian to see t ! correct numb] has 
be5 receiv$1 ea* "o is tak5 ap>t        
c>efully & all old ?reads1 glue1 pa/e1  
etc41 remov$ f ! back4 ,if ! book is 9 a
 regul> ma*9e sew$ publi%]'s cov] x w be
 comp>atively easy to remove old ?reads 
& glue f ! back4 ,if 9 an old h& sew$   
"o1 x may be a little m difficult4  ,!  
book is fir/ remov$ f ! cov]4 ,! fir/   
signature is !n turn$ back & ?reads cut 
) a %>p knife4 ,g5]ally ?is w loos5 !   
signature s t x c be sep>at$ easily f ! 
re/ ( ! volume4 ,if x is /ill held by   
glue & !re is dang] ( injur+ ! back ( ! 
signature1 a bone fold] is us$4 ,if !   
book _h a tight back & ! lea!r1 back-l9+
 pap] & glue =m a v firm back n easily  
sep>at$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 ! glue may  
be s(t5$ ) pa/e or w>m wat]1 ) c>e      

necess>y to prev5t ! dampness f p5etrat+
 ! book4  #b4 ,,collation  ,! book %\ld 
!n be collat$4 ,! be/ libr>y b9d]s make 
!mselves responsible = page collation b 
!y d n bo!r to see t all plates1        
illu/rations1 maps1 etc41 :i* may be    
call$ = by ! table ( cont5ts1 are 9     
prop] place4 ,9 ! case ( p]iodicals !y d
 n always discov] ! fact t c]ta9 p>ts1 n
 includ$ 9 ! ma9 pag+1 are miss+4 ,_!   
collation is t ( ma9 pag+ only4         
,p]iodicals mu/1 !re=e1 h title page1   
table ( cont5ts & index 9 _! prop]      
places4 ,books ) two or m ma9 pag+s or  
_m unpag$ illu/rations mu/ be collat$ at
 ! libr>y4 7,see ,prep>+ = ! b9d]y1 p4  
#abe47  #c4 ,,knock+ ,,d[n  7a7 ,backs (
 signatures are !n p\nd$ d[n s t !y may 
be z ne>ly z possible ! same ?ickness z 
! front ( ! signatures4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5
 to h a clean hamm] & to let x fall     
ev5ly on ! pap]4 ,if ! backs are n      
prop]ly p\nd$ d[n !re is likely to be   
too mu* swell 9 ! back ( ! book :5 x is 
f9ally sew$4 ,9 all ! fir/ processes (  

b9d+ ! "q ( undue swell+ ( ! back mu/ be
 tak5 into consid]ation4  7b7 ,if ! book
 mu/ be ov]ca/ :5 x comes to be sew$1 ! 
back is n only p\nd$ d[n at ?is /age1 b 
x is also put "u ! knife & entirely cut 
(f1 leav+ s+le leaves in/ead ( fold$    
sections4 ,if x is n p\nd$ x _c be cut  
prop]ly4 ,! success ( ov]ca/+ dep5ds    
l>gely on ! am\nt ( m>g9 at ! back1 s t 
c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cut m ?an is       
absolutely necess>y4  #d4 ,,m5d+        
,leaves are m5d$ ) ?9 t\gh pap]4 ,!     
libr>ian %\ld n1 h[ev]1 expect b9d]s to 
m5d books :i* h a l>ge numb] ( torn     
leaves )\t mak+ an extra *>ge4  #e4     
,,glu+  ,books :i* are to be ov]ca/ &   
:i* h _h ! backs cut (f are slightly    
glu$ to hold ! leaves toge!r4 ,a        
suffici5t numb] c !n be tak5 (f & h&l$ z
 a section )\t com+ ap>t4  #f4 ,,fly    
,,leaves ,,gu>d$  ,fly-leaves1 made (   
kraft or manila pap] runn+ ab\t #fj     
p\nds to ! ream1 :i* h previ\sly be5    
gu>d$ ) clo? are add$ to ! book4 ,9     
gu>d+1 a /rip ( clo? is pa/$ ar\nd !    

back ( ! fold$ fly-leaf cov]+ ab\t "o   
qu>t] ( an in* on ea* side4 ,:5 ! book  
is sew$ ! ne$le passes ?r\gh ! clo? z   
well z ! pap]4 ,diff]5t b9d]s use       
diff]5t mat]ials = gu>d+ fly-leaves1 end
 pap]s & signatures4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be a
 clo? ( close weave1 /rong1 & light 9   
weight4 ,! ,engli% clo? call$ jaconet1  
us$ by "s b9d]s1 is probably z          
satisfactory z any4  ,?is is "o "p (    
libr>y b9d+ :i* diff]s radically f !    
cu/om 9 ord9>y h& "w4 ,old-fa%ion$      
b9d]s1 unless prop]ly in/ruct$1 w simply
 fold a piece ( pap]1 & tip x on to !   
fir/ & la/ signatures ) pa/e1 ?us =m+ an
 elem5t ( weakness in/ead ( /r5g?4 ,:5 !
 fly-leaves are gu>d$ & prop]ly sew$ !y 
become an integral "p ( ! book & no     
tipp+ is necess>y4  #g4 ,,sections      
,,gu>d$  ,at ?is po9t x is also necess>y
 to gu>d ! fir/ & la/ signatures ( books
 :i* are to be sew$ 9 ! regul> way4     
,ov]ca/ books d n ne$ su* gu>ds4  ,gu>d+
 ( fir/ & la/ signatures is ano!r ( !   
di/9ctive features ( libr>y b9d+4 ,9 !  

case ( books b\nd 9 ! regul> fa%ion !   
sew+ inv>iably fir/ gives way at ! fir/ 
& la/ signatures4 ,gu>d+ ) jaconet      
prev5ts ! ?reads :i* lie 9 ! middle ( ! 
signatures f pull+ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,?is   
me?od is ess5tial if x is suppos$ t !   
book w be mu* us$4 ,x is n ess5tial =   
books :i* w be us$ only occasionally4   
#h4 ,,illu/rations ,,gu>d$              
,illu/rations are gu>d$ ) a ?91 t\gh    
pap]1 n ) clo?4 ,! gu>d folds ar\nd an  
adjo9+ signature & is sew$ ?r\gh4  #i4  
,,saw+  ,if ! book is n to be ov]ca/1 x 
is screw$ tightly into ! back+-press &  
saw$ to make ! grooves 9 :i* ! b&s or   
tw9es are laid :5 ! book is sew$4       
,grooves = ?ree b&s mu/ be made = books 
eight in*es high1 f\r = twelve-in* books
 & five = fifte5-in* books4 ,= fiction  
two b&s are us$4 ,!re mu/ also be two   
additional grooves1 mu* %all[] ?an !    
o!rs1 ab\t "o half in* f ! head & tail (
 ! book = ! kettle/it*4  ,aft] ! grooves
 = kettle/it* h be5 saw$ ! two grooves =
 b&s w divide ! re/ ( ! back into ?ree  

equal p>ts4 ,= f9e "w x is necess>y to  
measure ! book c>efully & m>k ) a p5cil2
 b 9 mo/ libr>y "w measurem5t by ! eye  
alone is suffici5t4 ,9 saw+1 c>e mu/ be 
tak5 n to saw too deeply1 s9ce too deep 
a cut all[s ! signature to play back &  
=? & is pla9ly visible inside4  ,!re are
 "s good libr>y b9d]s :o ov]ca/ books 9 
! mod]n way1 & yet :o sew on b&s4 ,su*  
b9d]s w at ?is po9t saw all books4 ,!re 
are also "s good libr>y b9d]s :o use no 
b&s :5 ov]ca/+ & :o sew all o!r books on
 tapes4 ,^! b9d]s omit saw+4  #aj4 ,,end
 ,,pap]s ,,add$  ,at ?is po9t x is be/  
to add end pap]s4 ,^! are always gu>d$  
on ! outside ( ! fold & sometimes on !  
inside4 ,!y %\ld be made ( good1 /rong  
pap] some:at heavi] ?an t us$ =         
fly-leaves4 ,"s b9d]s h special pap]s   
made to ord] ) a design :i* s]ves z a   
trade m>k4 ,end pap]s1 9 ! same way z   
fly-leaves1 are prep>$ ) gu>ds 9        
quantity & simply ne$ to be trimm$ to ! 
size ( ! book4 ,!y are n add$ at ! same 
"t z fly-leaves because !y mu/ n be     

saw$4 ,if ?is is done ! holes %[ ?r\gh  
aft] ! end pap] is pa/$ d[n4  #aa4      
,,sew+  ,regul> or ,b5* ,sew+4 ,:5 !    
signatures are ready = sew+1 tw9es 7or  
b&s z !y are commonly call$7 are /ret*$ 
taut on ! sew+ b5* & adju/$ s t !y w fit
 into ! saw-cuts 9 signatures4 7,fig4   
#a47  ,,figure #a4--,sew+ b5* %[+ b&s   
adju/$4  ,,figure #b4--,sew+ on sunk5   
cords4 ,bas$ on illu/ration 9 ,report ( 
! ,committee on ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ =     
,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 #aije4  ,!   
book is plac$ back ( ! sew+ b5* ) !     
=e-edge t[>d ! sew] & ) ! fir/ section  
on top4 ,! fir/ section 7i4 e4 ! end    
pap]7 to be sew$ is !n turn$ ov]1 op5$ 9
 ! middle by ! left h&1 & plac$ on !    
sew+ b5*4 ,! sew]1 z %e faces t[>d ! "r1
 ) ! "r h& passes ! ne$le f ! outside   
?r\gh ! sawcut = ! kettle/it*1 :]e x is 
tak5 by ! left h& along ! inside ( !    
section & pass$ out on ! ne> side ( !   
fir/ b&1 !n 9 aga9 on ! f> side ( ! fir/
 b&1 along ! inside ( ! section to !    
second b&1 :]e ! process is repeat$2 & s

 on1 br++ ! ne$le out 9 ! f> kettle/it*4
 7,fig4 #b47 ,! ?read is pull$ tight at 
ea* /it* & ab\t two in*es ( ?read is    
all[$ to hang f ! fir/ kettle/it*4 ,9 "s
 few cases x may be advisable to br+ !  
ne$le out on ! f> side ( ! b& & 9 aga9  
on ! ne> side1 ?us entirely encircl+ !  
b& ) ! ?read4 ,! next section 7i4 e4 !  
fly-leaves7 is !n laid on & ! process   
repeat$1 except t ! sew+ proce$s f ! f> 
end to ! ne> end4 ,:5 ! ?read is br\ght 
out ( ! kettle /it* ( ! second section !
 end ( ! ?read left project+ f ! fir/   
section is securely ti$ to x1 & ! sew]  
proce$s ) ! ?ird section4 ,?is w be !   
fir/ signature ( ! book4 ,on rea*+ ! la/
 sawcut at ! f> end 9 ! ?ird section !  
ne$le is put betwe5 ! second & fir/     
sections c>ry+ ! ?read d[n 9 su* a way z
 to =m a buttonhole /it*4 7,fig4 #c47   
,,figure #c4--,kettle /it*4  ,all o!r   
signatures are sew$ 9 ! same way1 ! la/ 
section sew$ be+ securely fa/5$ to !    
o!rs4 ,x is possible to sew a numb] (   
books "o aft] ano!r )\t remov+ !m f !   

sew+-b5*4 ,if ! back swells unduly !    
sections c be p\nd$ d[n ) a piece (     
wood1 c>e be+ tak5 n to drive !m inw>d4 
,! sew+ %\ld be nei!r too loose nor too 
tight4 ,if too loose a firm1 compact    
book _c be made2 if too tight ! ?reads  
may break 9 ! process ( back+4 ,b&s are 
all[$ to project ab\t an in* on ea* side
 ( ! book4  ,=m]ly x 0 ! practice ( "s  
b9d]s to sew 9 a way te*nically call$   
two-on4 ,?is simply means t ! sew] :5   
rea*+ ! middle ( ! signature1 passes !  
ne$le into ! correspond+ sawcut ( !     
signature above & sews ?r\gh to ! o!r   
end4 ,?is always leaves an end ( a      
signature unsew$4 ,?is way ( sew+ is    
p]missible on books :i* h a l>ge numb] (
 ?9 signatures1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ?read
 f unduly swell+ ! back4 ,x is nev]     
p]missible on o!r books4  ,! =ego+      
acc\nt gives a v brief description (    
ord9>y sew+4 ,x is easily und]/ood :5   
once se54 ,libr>ians :o h *>ge ( b9d+   
%\ld keep ! process ?or\ghly 9 m9d = x  
is ! mo/ important s+le process 9 ! mak+

 ( a book4 ,su* sew+ w be us$ on a l>ge 
numb] ( books :i* h to be reb\nd1 b a   
/ill l>g] numb]1 practically all fiction
 & juv5ile books1 %\ld be sew$ 9 a      
diff]5t mann]2 t is1 ) "s k9d ( an      
ov]ca/ /it*4  ,ov]ca/+4 ,! mod]n ov]ca/+
 /it* resembles 9 pr9ciple ! old-fa%ion$
 :ip/it*+1 b diff]s radically 9 actual  
p]=mance4 ,x is exce$+ly /rong1 :ile !  
old-fa%ion$ :ip/it*+ is n4 ,x has be5   
object$ t mod]n ov]ca/+ takes away mu* (
 ! flexibility ( a book & t books once  
sew$ 9 ?is way c nev] be reb\nd4 ,x is  
true t an ov]sew$ book is n z flexible z
 "o sew$ ?r\gh ! signatures1 yet mo/ (  
!m are m flexible ?an "o might suppose4 
,x is also true t ! book c nev] be      
reb\nd1 b if ! ov]ca/+ is prop]ly done1 
! sew+ w la/ until ! book is disc>d$4 ,x
 is = ?is reason t x is us$ on          
practically all fiction & juv5ile books4
  ,accord+ to ! old-fa%ion$ me?od (     
:ip/it*+ x 0 ! cu/om to cut (f ! backs (
 signatures1 glue !m slightly1 take a   
few leaves & sew !m ov] & ov] mak+ five 

or six /it*es to a section1 z %[n 9     
,figure #d4 ,! next section 0 !n sew$ 9 
! same way1 b x 0 n jo9$ 9 any way to ! 
section b5ea? except by ! kettle/it* &  
occasionally by a little pa/e4 ,:5 sew$ 
9 ?is way ! leaves inside ( ea* arbitr>y
 section w\ld op5 only z f> back z !    
?reads ( ! /it*es1 :ile betwe5 !        
sections ! book w\ld op5 to ! back ( !  
section4 ,if pa/e _h be5 us$ ! /ra9 (   
op5+ t5d$ to pull ! leaves ap>t4 ,if !  
book 0 subject$ to h>d we> ! ?read cut  
into ! pap]4  ,,figure #d4--,old-fa%ion$
 :ip/it*+4 ,ea* section is sew$         
sep>ately4  ,today e progressive libr>y 
b9d] has a special me?od ( ov]ca/+ & ea*
 claims t 8 me?od is ! be/4 ,libr>ians1 
h[ev]1 c see _m po9ts ( resemblance     
betwe5 !m1 & few po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,9   
actual we>+ qualities ! sew+ ( "o seems 
z good z t ( ano!r4 ,:5 prop]ly done !  
sew+ prescrib$ by all ( ! me?ods is /ill
 9 good condition :5 ! books h to be    
)drawn f circulation4  ,9 ov]ca/+1 z 9  
old-fa%ion$ :ip/it*+1 ! sew] selects a  

c]ta9 numb] ( %eets = sew+4 ,b&s are    
plac$ on ! sew+-b5* z 9 regul> sew+1    
?\gh "s b9d]s claim t x is n necess>y to
 sew ei!r on b&s or tapes4 ,! sections  
are fir/ p]=at$ by a ma*9e to facilitate
 ! "w ( ! sew] & to insure t all /it*es 
%all be equidi/ant f ! back ( ! book4 ,s
 f> z is kn[n no ma*9e = ?is purpose is 
on ! m>ket4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! be/ 
b9d]s h ma*9es = ?is purpose4 ,!y h ei!r
 design$ _! own ma*9es or h adapt$ ^?   
made = o!r purposes4 ,if ! book is pr9t$
 on ?ick1 spongy pap] x w increase      
flexibility if ! pap] is creas$ along ! 
l9e ( p]=ation4  ,,figure #e4--,"o k9d (
 mod]n ov]ca/ /it*4 ,!re are o!rs       
equally good4 ,note t ea* /it* ext5ds   
?r\gh two sections4  ,x is difficult to 
give a description ( mod]n ov]ca/+ :i* c
 be easily und]/ood by "o unfamili> )   
sew+ processes4 ,! read] w be help$ by  
look+ closely at ,figure #e :ile read+ !
 foll[+ description1 b "o c und]/& x be/
 by see+ x done or by te>+ a book ap>t &
 exam9+ ! sew+4  ,! fir/ section ( !    

book is sew$ ov] & ov] 9 ! same way z 9 
! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( :ip/it*+1 except t
 a great _m m /it*es are tak54 ,! second
 section1 :5 plac$ on ! fir/1 is also   
sew$ ov] & ov] b a c]ta9 numb] ( /it*es 
are also made :i* connect ! second      
section ) ! fir/4 ,9 ! same way ! ?ird  
section is sew$ to ! second & s on ?r\gh
 ! book1 s t :5 ! book is f9ally sew$ x 
is tight & compact2 its weakness lies 9 
! pap] itself1 n 9 ! sew+4 ,"s b9d]s add
 ?ree kettle/it*es at ! end ( ! book    
in/ead ( "o1 believ+ t :5 all           
kettle/it*es are plac$ 9 "o sawcut !    
swell at ! head & tail ( ! book is too  
great4  ,,figure #f4--;,f ,ab\t ,public 
,libr>y ,books & ,_! ,b9d+ by ,c$ric    
,*iv]s4  ,,figure #g4--,sew+ on tapes4  
,sawcuts made only = kettle /it*es4     
,bas$ on illu/ration 9 ,report ( !      
,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$
 = ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 #aije4    
,ov]ca/+ is ! mo/ exp5sive way ( sew+ a 
book1 s t x is advantage\s to b9d]s to  
place z l>ge a numb] ( leaves z possible

 9 a section4 ,! m c>eful b9d]s1 h[ev]1 
regulate ! numb] ( leaves 9 a section   
accord+ to ! k9d ( pap] 9 ! book4 ,a    
l>g] numb] ( leaves c be tak5 9 books   
pr9t$ on ?9 pap] ?an 9 ^? pr9t$ on ?ick1
 spongy or heavy pap]s4  ,,figure       
#h4--,/it*+4  ,9 decid+ h[ a book ought 
to be sew$ "o mu/ consid]3 7a7 ,! use ! 
book is to receive4 ,if x w n receive   
h>d usage sew ?r\gh ! signatures2       
o!rwise ov]ca/4 7b7 ,pap] on :i* ! book 
is pr9t$4 ,poor pap] %\ld be ov]sew$4   
7,fig4 #f47  ,tapes4 ,:5 x does n seem  
necess>y to ov]ca/ x may be advantage\s 
to sew on tapes in/ead ( b&s4 ,?is me?od
 elim9ates saw-cuts s9ce ! n>r[ tapes   
are simply laid aga9/ ! back ( ! book & 
! ne$le pass$ ar\nd !m1 z indicat$ 9    
,figure #g4 ,sew+ on tapes makes a book 
mu* m flexible ?an x c be made any o!r  
way except by sew+ on rais$ b&s4 ,music 
%\ld always be sew$ 9 ?is way4 ,until   
rec5tly x 0 suppos$ t tapes add$ /r5g?1 
b x is c]ta9 t !y d n if ! book is      
prop]ly b\nd 9 o!r respects4 ,if us$ at 

all1 tapes %\ld be n>r[4 ,wide ones take
 up a great deal ( surface & :5 glue is 
appli$ ?is surface rema9s unt\*$1 unless
 ! sew] has sew$ ?r\gh !m in/ead ( ar\nd
 !m4  ,/it*+4 ,/it*+ is ! process ( sew+
 loose leaves l5g?wise on a sew+ ma*9e1 
aft] :i* ! /it*$ sections are sew$ 9 !  
regul> way on b&s4 7,fig4 #h47 ,!       
objection made to old-fa%ion$ :ip/it*+1 
t betwe5 ! sections ! book op5s all !   
way to ! back :ile inside ! section x   
op5s only z f> z ! ?reads1 is equally   
applicable to a /it*$ book4 ,any "o :o  
has read a book sew$ 9 ?is way w rememb]
 h[ difficult x 0 to hold 9 ! h&s4      
,/it*+ makes a /rong] book ?an !        
old-fa%ion$ :ip/it*+ b _c comp>e 9 /r5g?
 ) ! mod]n ov]ca/+4 ,9 "s few cases x   
may be us$ advantage\sly on ! fir/ & la/
 signatures ( a book1 b its use on !    
entire book _c be too /rongly condemn$4 
,x may be inf]r$ by :at has be5 said    
ab\t sew+ t x is a comp>atively simple  
matt] to sew books prop]ly4 ,x is "r at 
?is po9t1 h[ev]1 t ! libr>ian & ! b9d]  

:o does n und]/& ! requirem5ts ( libr>y 
"w w come into conflict4 ,! b9d] w insi/
 t all books mu/ be sew$ on b&s4 ,:5 !  
backs ( sections are v badly worn he w  
agree to :ip/it*1 b w use ! old me?od4  
,! libr>ian w insi/ n only t n9e-t5?s ( 
fiction & juv5ile books mu/ be ov]ca/1 b
 t a special k9d ( ov]ca/+ mu/ be us$4  
,! b9d]s :o make a specialty ( libr>y "w
 d all ?is z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,at lea/  
"o b9d] te/s ! ?ickness1 t5sile /r5g? & 
o!r qualities ( ! pap] & sews ea* book 9
 ! way t exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! be/4  
,,=w>d+  ,aft] ! book is sew$ x goes to 
! =w>d] :o has *>ge ( ! book dur+ all   
processes :i* ! book passes ?r\gh betwe5
 sew+ & f9i%+4 ,=w>d+ includes trimm+1  
glu+1 r\nd+1 back+1 putt+ on back-l9+1  
mak+ ! case 7or lac+-91 see page #db71  
cas+-91 press+4  #ab4 ,,fly ,,leaves    
,,pa/$  ,! end pap]s & fly-leaves :i*   
lie toge!r are pa/$ toge!r1 mak+ "o ?ick
 fly-leaf4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t bo? end  
pap]s & fly-leaves are gu>d$ ) clo?1 x w
 be se5 t pa/+ ! two toge!r adds        

mat]ially to ! /r5g? ( ! book4  #ac4    
,,b&s ,,fray$  ,! b&s :i* project ab\t  
an in* & a half on ea* side ( ! book are
 fray$ out at ! end & pa/$ to ! end     
pap]s4 ,! fray+ is done s t !y w pa/e   
d[n flat1 & ! pa/+ s t !y w be out ( !  
way dur+ succe$+ processes4  #ad4       
,,trimm+  ,! book is squ>$ up by tapp+  
on a flat surface1 & trimm$ at ! head1  
=e-edge & tail4 ,z little z possible mu/
 be trimm$1 b b9d]s f9d t if less ?an an
 eigh? ( an in* is cut ! cutt+ ma*9e    
does n "w well4 ,trimm+ makes ! edges   
ev5 & :at is m important 9 reb\nd books1
 removes mu* dirt4  #ae4 ,,spr9kl+  ,at 
?is po9t edges are spr9kl$4 ,?is process
 is n ess5tial ei!r = /r5g? or beauty1 b
 x helps to keep ! book f becom+ soil$1 
or at lea/ f %[+ dirt4 ,x _c be expect$ 
on *eap "w4 ,! process 0 =m]ly done by  
h&1 us+ a bru% & %ak+ ! color+ matt] on 
! book4 ,x c n[ be done ) a ma*9e op]at$
 by h& :i* sprays ! color+ matt] on !   
book4 ,occasionally ! top ( ! book is   
burni%$ ) an agate or blood /one4       

,occasionally also x may be desirable to
 gild ! top ( a book :i* is be+ reb\nd4 
,:5 ?is occurs x is n a process to :i* !
 libr>ian ne$ give mu* att5tion1 except 
to be sure t good gold is us$4  #af4    
,,glu+  ,! back ( ! book is !n slightly 
glu$4 ,! glue mu/ be v hot & q ?91 & mu/
 be ?or\ghly work$ into ! back4 ,by     
plac+ books 9 a pile a numb] c be done  
at a "t4  #ag4 ,,r\nd+  ,z soon z ! glue
 has /iff5$ b be=e x is h>d ! book is   
r\nd$4 ,?is mu/ be done by exp]ts & is a
 process :i* mu/ be se5 to be und]/ood4 
,! book is plac$ on ! table ) ! =e edge 
t[>d ! workman :o !n hamm]s ! "p ( !    
back ly+ upp]mo/ 9 su* a way z to =ce ! 
upp] "p ( ! book t[>d ! workman4 ,! book
 is !n turn$ ov] & ! process repeat$4   
,aft] a few op]ations l ?is ! back ( !  
book becomes r\nd$ & ! =e edge concave4 
#ah4 ,,back+  ,! book is !n plac$ 9 a   
back+ press all[+ ab\t an eigh? ( an in*
 to project1 & screw$ v tight4 ,) a     
back+ hamm] ! r\nd+ process is cont9u$ &
 ! sides ( ! book =c$ d[n ov] ! edge ( !

 press to =m a projection aga9/ :i* !   
edge ( ! bo>d = ! side re/s1 =m+ ! jo9t4
 ,9 hamm]+1 ! workman beg9s at ! prop]  
di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! back s t he c =ce !
 backs ( ! o!r signatures ov] on ea*    
side t[>d ! edge4 7,fig4 #i47  ,,figure 
#i4--;,a book r\nd$ & back$4  ,?is      
process is ! mo/ important "o 9 =w>d+1  
call+ = skill$ labor4 ,if ! hamm] is n  
us$ 9 exactly ! "r way ! backs ( !      
signatures may be cru%$ 91 ! /it*es     
brok51 or ! pap] or b&s cut4 ,9 any case
 ! book is mat]ially weak5$4 ,a good    
workman w make a %>p jo9t & r\nd ! book 
p]fectly )\t injur+ its /r5g? 9 any way4
  #ai4 ,,back ,,l9+  ,all books h a l9+ 
( "o k9d or ano!r on ! back4 ,ma*9e-b\nd
 books are g5]ally l9$ ) a co>se sup]1 z
 x is call$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 or mull z x is
 call$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"s libr>y b9d]s use a 
?9 musl91 b ! be/ mat]ial is canton     
flannel cut 9 /rips wide en\gh to cov] !
 back ( ! book & also to project ab\t "o
 in* on ea* side4 ,! back ( ! book is   
glu$1 :ile ! nap or fuzzy side ( !      

canton flannel is pa/$ & !n put on !    
back & well rubb$ d[n4 ,x is v important
 t bo? ! glue & ! pa/e be us$4 ,exp]i5ce
 has prov$ t :5 only "o is us$ ! canton 
flannel w come (f1 b :5 bo? are us$1 x  
becomes an integral "p ( ! book4  ,!    
flannel :i* projects on ! sides mu/ be  
pa/$ to ! end pap]s4 ,:5 ! pa/e & ! glue
 h dri$1 ! canton flannel %r9ks tight to
 ! back & adds mat]ially to ! /r5g? ( ! 
book4 ,aft] dry+ ! flannel is trimm$ at 
! head & tail close to ! back4  ,if !   
book is a valuable "o t w receive h>d   
usage & !re=e %\ld be z /rong z         
possible1 ! fle% side ( a piece ( split 
goat sk9 c be us$ = back-l9+1 cov]+ !   
back f jo9t to jo9t4 ,x w seldom be     
necess>y1 h[ev]1 to employ ?is me?od4   
,p]haps no?+ bett] %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5
 old me?ods ( libr>y b9d+ & new ?an ?is 
"o item ( back-l9+4 ,9 ! old me?ods !   
b9d]s dep5d$ = /r5g? l>gely ^u ! b&s4 ,9
 ! new ! b&s are practically immat]ial  
:5 ! book is fa/5$ into ! cov]4  #bj4   
,,reback+  ,at ?is po9t "s b9d]s reback 

to make a %>p jo9t1 & to make ! book op5
 m easily4 ,:5 ! canton flannel dries x 
may pull ! back some:at out ( %ape4 ,x  
is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if reback+ is always 
necess>y4  #ba4 ,,bo>ds ,,cut  ,! book  
is !n measur$ = bo>ds :i* are cut to !  
prop] size4 ,9 measur+ x mu/ be rememb]$
 t ! bo>ds mu/ project an eigh? ( an in*
 on all edges 7except ! back7 =m+ :at is
 call$ ! squ>es4 ,x w also make a       
diff]5ce 9 measur+ if ! book is to h a  
,fr5* jo9t4 7,see page #df47  #bb4      
,,clo? ,,cut  ,if ! book is to be b\nd 9
 clo?1 ?is is cut ! prop] size4 ,if     
lea!r backs are to be us$ ! cov]+       
mat]ial consi/s ( two pieces ( clo? & "o
 ( lea!r1 all ( :i* mu/ be cut to !     
prop] size4  #bc4 ,,loose ,,back  ,if ! 
book is to be made a loose back1 a piece
 ( co>se pap] is cut ! size ( ! book f  
jo9t to jo9t & ! l5g? ( ! back4 ,?is is 
plac$ 9 ! book4  #bd4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,case 
7a7 ,! clo? = a full clo? book is n[    
glu$ all ov] on ! inside4 ,! bo>ds are  
adju/$ on ! book 7sett+ ! squ>e1 z !    

b9d]s call x7 z !y ought to be :5 ! book
 is f9ally b\nd1 & ! book is plac$ on ! 
"r-h& side ( ! glu$ clo?1 ) ! back t[>d 
! middle ( ! case1 leav+ en\gh clo?     
project+ on all sides to turn 94 ,! o!r 
side ( ! case is !n drawn up ov] ! bo>d 
on top & press$ d[n firmly en\gh s t :5 
x is laid back aga91 ! bo>d :i* has be5 
upp]mo/ goes ) x4 ,! book itself is laid
 aside4 ,! pap] :i* is to prev5t ! glu$ 
clo? f /ick+ to ! back ( ! book is !n   
plac$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! two bo>ds1 &   
all edges ( ! clo? turn$ 9 on ! bo>ds4  
,?is =ms ! complete cov] or case4  7b7  
,if ! book is to h a lea!r back1 ! bo>ds
 are tipp$ lightly ) pa/e to ! end      
pap]s1 all[+ = ! ,fr5* jo9t4 ,! lea!r is
 pa/$ & ! book is !n laid on ! lea!r 9 !
 "r position s t ! re/ ( ! lea!r c be   
pull$ up ov] ! back on ! top bo>d4 ,!   
top cov] is !n laid back1 ! pap] =m+ a  
loose back ins]t$1 ! lea!r turn$ 91 &   
clo? sides put on & turn$ 94  #be4      
,,mak+ ,,( ,a ,,fr5* ,,jo9t  ,! book is 
n[ set back 9 ! cov] j describ$ & !     

space betwe5 ! bo>ds & ! back is creas$ 
) a bone fold] :ile ! clo? or lea!r is  
damp4 ,?is =ms ! ,fr5* jo9t4  #bf4      
,,pa/+ ,,d[n ,,end ,,pap]s  ,end pap]s  
are !n pa/$ d[n to ! bo>ds & ! book1 s  
f> z /r5g? is conc]n$1 is f9i%$4 ,x w be
 rememb]$ t ! end pap]s 7 gu>d$ ) musl91
 or jaconet1 t ! b&s project$ beyond !  
sides & 7 pa/$ to ! end pap]s1 & t !    
canton flannel also project$ beyond !   
sides & 0 pa/$ to ! end pap]s4 ,!re=e1  
:5 ! end pap] is pa/$ to ! bo>d x c>ries
 ) x fir/ ! canton flannel1 !n ! b&s &  
la/ly ! jaconet gu>d4 ,?is is z true (  
lea!r-back$ books z ( full clo?4        
,/rictly speak+1 ?is makes :at is       
te*nically kn[n z a cas$ book1 i4 e41 ! 
case is made 9 "o :ole piece & ! book   
fa/5$ into x4 ,because lea!r b\nd books 
h always be5 consid]$ /rong] ?an o!rs1 &
 because !y h always be5 lac$-9 to !    
bo>ds 7see page #db7 be=e ! lea!r has   
be5 put on1 a prejudice aga9/ cas$ books
 has aris54 ,if ! prejudice be direct$  
aga9/ ! usual comm]cial b9d+ x is       

ju/ifi$1 b if direct$ aga9/ libr>y books
 prop]ly cas$ x is n ju/ifi$4  #bg4     
,,press+  ,at ?is /age ! book is put "u 
heavy pressure 9 ! /&+ press until dry4 
,a numb] ( books are plac$ 9 ! press at 
"o "t1 sep>at$ by back+ bo>ds hav+ metal
 projections :i* fit into ! ,fr5* jo9ts4
 ,!y %\ld be left twelve h\rs at lea/1  
long] if necess>y4 ,aft] press+1 ! book 
goes ?r\gh a g5]al clean+ process4 ,9   
apply+ ! glue or pa/e !re are _m *ances 
( soil+ ! book4 ,! great pressure :i* is
 appli$ also squeezes out glue at ! head
 & tail4 ,?is mu/ all be clean$ (f be=e 
! book goes to ! f9i%]4   ,,f9i%+  #bh4 
,,gild+  ,! gild+ ( a libr>y book is a  
simple matt] comp>$ ) t ( books b\nd =  
individuals4 ,su* books are usually     
meant to be arti/ic & _! cov]s be>      
elaborate designs 9 gold1 g5]ally limit$
 only by ! size ( ! own]'s pocketbook or
 by 8 ta/e4#a ,9 libr>y b9d+ gild+ is   
conf9$ to ! furni%+ ( necess>y          
in=mation4 ,tool+ ( all k9ds1 ) !       
possible exception ( t :i* divides !    

back into panels1 is unnecess>y4 ,a     
description ( f9i%+ processes is        
unnecess>y "h s9ce !y add no?+ to !     
/r5g? ( a book4 ,a description ( ! me?od
 ( gild+ call numb]s w be f\nd on page  
#aid4  ,!re are ?ree diff]5t ways (     
lett]+ books b\nd 9 light color$ clo?s  
on :i* gold _c be us$3 7a7 ,9 gold on   
lea!r labels pa/$ to ! back4 7b7 ,9 gold
 on panels :i* h be5 /a9$ black4 7c7 ,9 
black ink directly on ! back4 ,! fir/   
two me?ods make m attractive-look+ books
 b ! process adds to ! exp5se1 & 9 !    
fir/ case ! labels h a t5d5cy to peel   
(f4 ,! la/ me?od is ! "o g5]ally us$4   
,9 ?is description ( processes num]\s   
details h be5 omitt$1 because !y w\ld   
add little1 if any?+1 to ! libr>ian's   
ability to criticize prop]ly ! "w be+   
done by 8 b9d]4#b ,9 "s respects ! ord] 
"h outl9$ may diff] 9 diff]5t b9d]ies1 b
 ! majority foll[ x closely4  ,!        
processes z outl9$ are ^? :i* %\ld be   
us$ 9 libr>y b9d+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1     
sev]al additional po9ts relat+ to b9d+  

processes ) :i* x is well to be famili>4
      ,footnote #a3 ,f9i%+ f ! arti/ic  
po9t ( view ) an     excell5t           
description ( tools1 mat]ials &         
processes w be     f\nd 9 ,cock]ell's   
,b9d+ & ! c>e ( books1 ,*apt] #ad4      
,footnote #b3 ,= in/ructions to ! b9d]  
ab\t type1 space1     lett]+1 etc41 see 
"u ,lett]+1 page #ada4   ,,rais$ ,,b&s  
,9 look+ at _m old books b\nd 9 !       
eighte5? or e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 
or at books b\nd )9 rec5t ye>s =        
individuals1 "o w f9d _m t h ! back     
divid$ by ridges4 ,^! are kn[n z rais$  
b&s4 ,!y are =m$ by sew+ ! book         
diff]5tly f ei!r ( ! me?ods describ$ up 
to ?is po9t4  ,accord+ to ?is me?od !   
b&s are n plac$ 9 grooves :i* s9k !m    
bel[ ! surface ( ! back1 b are simply   
laid aga9/ ! back4 ,9 sew+ ! ?read may  
come out at ! ne> side ( ! b& & 9 at !  
f> side1 ?us go+ ar\nd ! b& on ! back ( 
! book2 or x may come out at ! f> side &
 9 at ! ne> side1 ?us entirely encircl+ 
! b&4 ,9 ei!r case ! sew+ is exce$+ly   

/rong4 ,s9ce ! b&s are entirely on !    
surface1 ! leaves op5 all ! way to !    
back ( ! signatures & great] flexibility
 c be obta9$ !reby4 7,fig4 #aj47        
,,figure #aj4--,sew+ on rais$ b&s4 ,no  
saw cuts except = kettle /it*es4 ,bas$  
on illu/ration 9 ,report ( ! ,committee 
on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society
 ( ,arts1 ,london1 #aije4  ,z x is mu* m
 difficult to sew & =w>d books ) rais$  
b&s1 !y are n us$ 9 ord9>y libr>y "w4 ,x
 may be advisable1 h[ev]1 to use !m     
occasionally on a few l>ge ref]5ce books
 su* z diction>ies1 :]e great           
flexibility comb9$ ) /r5g? is ess5tial4 
,9 fact ! m]its ( b9d+ 9 ?is way are n  
recogniz$ z g5]ally z !y %\ld be4  ,_m  
books look z if !y 7 sew$ on rais$ b&s  
:5 9 reality !y are sew$ 9 ! ord9>y way1
 ) false rais$ b&s pa/$ on ! back4 ,!y  
add no?+ to /r5g? & h no place 9 libr>y 
b9d+4   ,,lac+-,,9  ,lac+-9 is a me?od (
 atta*+ ! b&s to ! book1 :i* is 9 g5]al 
use = all lea!r books b\nd by h&4 ,?is  
me?od requires t ! bo>ds :i* h be5 cut  

to ! prop] size be laid aga9/ ! grooves 
=m$ 9 back+ & m>ks be made ab\t half an 
in* 9 f ! back1 opposite ea* b&4 ,at ^! 
po9ts holes are pun*$ ?r\gh ! bo>d :i*  
is !n turn$ ov] & o!r holes are pun*$   
ab\t half an in* f ! fir/ ones4 ,x is   
g5]ally desirable to cut a groove 9 !   
bo>d f ! fir/ holes to ! edge ( ! bo>d1 
= ! b&s to lie 91 s t !re w n be an     
unsightly protub]ance :5 ! book is b\nd4
 ,! b&s :i* h be5 fray$ out are !n      
?read$ ?r\gh ! fir/ holes f ! outside ( 
! bo>d inw>d & aga9 ?r\gh ! second      
holes4 ,!y are drawn up tightly en\gh s 
t ! bo>d w fit close to ! jo9t1 b n     
en\gh to prev5t x f ly+ flat4 ,! ends ( 
! b&s are spread out fan-wise1 pa/$1 &  
hamm]$ d[n smoo? on ! bo>d4 ,be=e any   
back-l9+ has be5 put on1 ! bo>ds are    
atta*$ to ! book simply by ^! b&s4      
7,fig4 #aa47  ,,figure #aa4--;,b&s lac$ 
91 & ends fray$ out4 ,bas$ on           
illu/ration 9 ,report ( ! ,committee on 
,lea!r = ,bookb9d+4 ,edit$ = ,society ( 
,arts1 ,london1 #aije4  ,:5 b&s are     

lac$-9 x is n cu/om>y to use any?+      
/rong] ?an pap] = back l9+2 ! /r5g? ( ! 
book lies 9 ! b&s & ! lea!r :i* cov]s ! 
back4 ,z long z ! lea!r rema9s /rong & !
 book does n receive h>d usage ?is me?od
 is satisfactory4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z !   
lea!r beg9s to dis9tegrate m /ra9 is    
plac$ ^u ! b&s4 ,:5 ! lea!r breaks      
completely ! b&s be> ! entire burd5 at !
 jo9t1 & ev5tually break4 ,) ! process z
 outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages "o ne$ nev] fe>
 t ! book w come out ( ! cov]1 or t !   
sides w break at ! jo9t4 ,ev5 if ! lea!r
 %\ld break ! canton flannel w hold4 ,! 
be/ libr>y b9d]s d no lac+-9 at ! pres5t
 "t4  ,,figure #ab4--,split bo>ds4 ,9   
actual "w ! back-l9+ w\ld cov] ! entire 
back4   ,,split ,,bo>ds  ,:ile ! old    
me?od ( lac+-9 is n desirable 9 libr>y  
b9d+1 ! me?od ( us+ split bo>ds makes a 
v /rong book4 ,in/ead ( mak+ a case (   
clo?1 or clo? & lea!r1 ! back l9+ & !   
b&s 7or tapes7 are ins]t$ 9 bo>ds :i* h 
be5 split1 or betwe5 two ?9 bo>ds glu$  
toge!r ) a space left unglu$ = ?is      

purpose4 ,! cov]+ mat]ial is put on aft]
 ! book is 9 bo>ds & ! book is made     
tight back$4 ,?is is probably ! /ronge/ 
me?od ( atta*+ a book to ! bo>ds4 ,9    
fact x is /rong] ?an is necess>y = any  
except v heavy books :i* receive h>d    
we>4 7,fig4 #ab47   ,,tight ,,& ,,loose 
,,backs  ,= ye>s !re has be5 a c]ta9    
mild controv]sy reg>d+ ! relative m]its 
( tight & loose backs = lea!r b\nd      
books4 ,tight backs are ^? 9 :i* !      
mat]ial us$ = cov]+ ! book is pa/$ or   
glu$ to ! back4 ,loose backs are ^? :i*1
 by means ( fold$ pap] or a piece ( pap]
 put 9 z describ$ on page #cg1 are      
prev5t$ f adh]+ to ! back4 ,:5 ! book is
 op5$ ! back spr+s out4 7,fig4 #ac47  ,!
 tight back book always =ms a h+e at !  
place :]e ! book is op5$4 ,s9ce ! place 
( ! h+e is con/antly *ang+ ! back ( !   
book aft] mu* use becomes concave in/ead
 ( convex1 & ! appe>ance ( ! book is    
s]i\sly m>r$4 ,also ! con/ant creas+ ( !
 back t5ds to erase ! gold lett]+1 s t x
 becomes indi/9ct4 ,if labels are put on

 !y spe$ily come (f4 ,x is cu/om>y to   
use tight backs on v heavy books1 ?\gh  
!re are cases :]e su* books h be5 put 9 
loose backs4  ,,figure #ac4--,tight back
 & loose back4  ,! loose-back book      
always pres]ves its %ape & good         
appe>ance1 ev5 :5 ! pap] on ! inside may
 be s badly worn t ! book %\ld be       
)drawn4 ,! /ra91 h[ev]1 always comes at 
! jo9t2 !re=e if poor lea!r is us$ x w  
quickly we> out at ?is po9t4  ,ea* me?od
 has its advocates1 b s f> z ! pres5t   
writ] c le>n1 !re seems to be little to 
*oose f ! /&po9t ( /r5g?4 ,x might seem 
t ! tight-back book w\ld be ! /rong]1 b 
z a matt] ( fact 9 actual we> loose-back
 books seem to hold _! own ) ! o!rs4 ,9 
fact :5 ! s(t1 spongy pap]s are us$ !   
loose backs are obvi\sly /rong]4 ,x     
seems cle> t !re is little *oice "o way 
or ! o!r1 & ! "q mu/ be decid$ by !     
p]sonal pref]5ce ( ! libr>ian4   ,,jo9ts
  ,9 libr>y b9d+ ,fr5* jo9ts are n[ us$ 
9 place ( regul> jo9ts4 ,figure #ad %[s 
pla9ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,9 !    

regul> jo9t x w be notic$ t :5 ! book is
 op5$ !re is a %>p crease 9 "o l9e f    
head to tail4 ,9 ! ,fr5* jo9t ! /ra9 is 
di/ribut$ ov] a mu* great] area4 ,9     
regul> jo9ts ! lea!r is sometimes p>$ at
 ! jo9ts to p]mit ( easi] op5+ ( ! book4
 ,9 ,fr5* jo9ts ! full ?ickness ( !     
lea!r c be us$4 ,fr5* jo9ts are made by 
sett+ ! bo>ds away f ! back ab\t        
"o-eigh? ( an in*4 ,:5 ! cov] is put on 
x is necess>y to crease betwe5 ! bo>d & 
! back :ile ! lea!r is /ill damp4  ,an  
excell5t illu/ration %[+ ! anatomy ( a  
jo9t may be f\nd on page #ea ( ,dana's  
,notes on bookb9d+ = libr>ies1 ed4 #b4  
,illu/ration3 ,a ,section ( an ,ord9>y  
,jo9t ) ! bo>d op5 %[s t ! creas+ ( !   
lea!r is conc5trat$ on "o l9e4          
,illu/ration3 ,a ,section ( a ,fr5*     
,jo9t %[s h[ ?is creas+ is di/ribut$ ov]
 a great surface1 & s enables suffici5t 
flexibility to be obta9$ ) mu* ?ick]    
lea!r ?an c be us$ ) an ord9>y jo9t4    
,,figure #ad4--;,fr5* jo9t4 ,f ,report (
 ! ,committee on ,lea!rs = ,bookb9d+4   

,edit$ = ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1     
#aije4   ,,corn]s  ,corn]s on libr>y    
books %\ld be r\nd$ to prev5t ! bo>d f  
break+ if ! book falls & to prev5t !    
clo? f we>+ ?r\gh at ?is po9t4 ,r\nd$   
corn]s are peculi> to libr>y b9d+4 ,z a 
rule !y are n made by cutt+ (f a corn] (
 ! bo>d1 b by turn+ 9 ! clo? diagonally 
f ! corn] & !n f ! side & end4          
,sometimes bo? me?ods are adopt$4 ,if   
gov]nm5t specification clo? is us$ x is 
probable t libr>y corn]s w n be         
necess>y4  ,9 "s libr>ies pieces ( lea!r
 or vellum are put on corn]s4 ,lea!r is 
put on 9 ord] to raise ! bottom ( !     
bo>ds f ! %elf1 :ile vellum is us$ to   
make ! corn]s h>d & prev5t !m f break+  
or %[+ signs ( we>4 ,:ile bo? s]ve !    
purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 ! process (
 putt+ !m on adds mat]ially to ! exp5se1
 & 9 mo/ cases ?is is n w>rant$ by !    
increas$ use ( ! book4   ,,trimm+       
,b9d]s %\ld be in/ruct$ to trim z little
 z possible4 ,?is is important = all    
books1 b mo/ ( all = p]iodicals4 ,9     

fiction & juv5ile books x is important  
to h wide m>g9s1 because ! text w rema9 
legible = a long] p]iod ( "t if protect$
 by a m>g9 f ! contact ( h&s4           
,non-fiction books :i* are likely to    
rema9 9 use = a long] p]iod ( ye>s may  
ne$ to be reb\nd & trimm$ aga94 ,!re=e  
wide m>g9s are ess5tial to good we> z   
well z to good appe>ance4  ,x is cu/om>y
 to b9d front cov]s ( p]iodicals4       
,sometimes x is desirable to b9d        
adv]tis+ pages1 & x is necess>y to d s  
:5 ! publi%]s foll[ ! p]nici\s practice 
( cont9u+ regul> articles on adv]tis+   
pages4 ,cov]s & adv]tis+ pages are      
g5]ally pr9t$ ) mu* n>r[] m>g9s ?an !   
body ( ! magaz9e & unless great c>e is  
tak5 9 trimm+ p>ts ( ! pr9t$ matt] w be 
cut (f4   ,,headb&s  ,cotton headb&s c  
be add$ dur+ ! =w>d+ b inasmu* z !y are 
simply pa/$ on !y add no?+ to ! /r5g? & 
v little to ! beauty ( ! book4 ,:5 silk 
headb&s are c>efully sew$ on !y add bo? 
/r5g? & beauty4 ,an excell5t description
 ( ! process ( putt+ on headb&s w be    

f\nd 9 ,cock]ell's ,b9d+ & ! c>e (      
books1 page #adg4   ,,h[ ,,to           
,,recognize ,a ,,well ,,b\nd ,,book  ,! 
ability to recognize a well b\nd book is
 necess>y :5 comp>+ ! "w ( diff]5t      
b9d]s4 ,a book %\ld be b\nd 9 mat]ial   
suitable = ! use :i* ! book is to       
receive & 9 su* a way z to give !       
maximum am\nt ( s]vice4 ,x %\ld also be 
z attractive 9 appe>ance z is compatible
 ) ^! two requirem5ts4 ,9 decid+ :e!r a 
book is suitably b\nd = libr>y use !    
foll[+ po9ts %\ld be kept 9 m9d3  #a4 ,a
 volume mu/ %[ evid5ce ( neat & c>eful  
workman%ip4  #b4 ,if ! book is to be us$
 con/antly lea!r is ess5tial2 if        
occasionally only1 lea!r is an elem5t ( 
weakness4  #c4 ,all books t receive h>d 
usage %\ld h end pap]s & fly-leaves     
gu>d$ ) clo?4 ,if sew$ regul>ly ! fir/ &
 la/ signatures also %\ld be gu>d$4  #d4
 ,saw cuts %\ld n be deep4  #e4 ,! book 
%\ld be flexible & /ay flat :]ev] op5$4 
7,?is is n always possible 9 ! case (   
ov]ca/ books or books pr9t$ on /iff1    

brittle pap]47  #f4 ,:5 ! book is ly+   
flat ! top %\ld rema9 flat4 ,:5 /&+ on  
end ! sections %\ld n sep>ate slightly  
at ! back4  #g4 ,! book %\ld feel firm &
 compact to ! h&4  #h4 ,:5 op5$ ! volume
 %\ld n make a crackl+ noise due to too 
mu* glue on ! back4  #i4 ,! book %\ld h 
a well r\nd$ back & ! cov] %\ld fit well
 at ! jo9t4 ,flat backs are n desirable4
  #aj4 ,m>g9s %\ld be wide & cut        
/raight4 ,p]iodicals %\ld n be trimm$ s 
t pr9t+ on cov]s or adv]tisem5ts is cut 
(f4  #aa4 ,! book %\ld h ,fr5* jo9ts4   
#ab4 ,! cov] %\ld n sep>ate easily f !  
book :5 pressure is appli$4  #ac4       
,lett]+ on ! back %\ld be legible & put 
on /raight4  #ad4 ,on op5+ ! book       
sections at ! back %\ld be p]fectly     
smoo?1 %[+ t !y h n be5 cru%$ 9 back+4  
#ae4 ,gu>ds = plates1 maps1 sections1   
etc41 %\ld be s appli$ z to leave ! pap]
 unwr9kl$4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,mat]ials 
,9 a rec5t pamphlet issu$ by ! ,gov]nm5t
 ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 conta9+ a li/ ( mat]ials
 & articles us$ 9 ! pr9t+ & b9d+ (      

public docum5ts1 ! numb] ( items = b9d+ 
alone rea*es ! surpris+ total ( #aga4   
,_m ( ^! are mat]ials us$ 9 m>bl+1 o!rs 
indicate slight v>iations ( color &     
weight 9 /&>d lea!rs & clo?s4 ,b        
exclusive ( all ^! ! numb] ( mat]ials   
call$ = is ov] =ty4  ,x is n ! writ]'s  
purpose to discuss all ( ^! =ty or m    
mat]ials1 b x seems necess>y to m5tion t
 _m mat]ials o!r ?an ^? us$ 9 cov]+     
books 7always "s k9d ( clo? or lea!r7   
are us$ 9 b9d+4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /r5g? ( ! 
book aft] x is b\nd w dep5d almo/ z mu* 
^u ! mat]ials us$ 9 its inn] con/ruction
 z ^u ^? us$ 9 cov]+ x4 ,! inn]         
mat]ials1 if n wisely select$ z to      
quality or 9 ref]5ce to ! k9d ( s]vice  
:i* ! book is to receive1 may cause an  
o!rwise excell5tly b\nd book to give    
poor s]vice4  ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 a ref]5ce
 to b9d+ mat]ials means ^? :i* are us$ 9
 cov]+ books4 ,x is ! cov] :i* r5d]s a  
book attractive or unattractive1 & :i*  
contributes m ?an any o!r "o item1      
except possibly sew+1 to ! long life ( !

 book4 ,we %\ld !re=e "k ! initial co/ (
 diff]5t cov]+ mat]ials & ! l5g? (      
s]vice :i* ea* mat]ial w give "u diff]5t
 conditions4 ,:5 !y are n imitations we 
%\ld be able to recognize ! be/-kn[n    
mat]ials1 ei!r on or (f ! books4 ,an    
unscrupul\s b9d] c easily take advantage
 ( ignorance ( ^! matt]s4  ,s f> z !    
libr>ian is conc]n$ only two classes (  
mat]ials ne$ be consid]$ = ! cov]s (    
books--lea!rs & book clo?s4 ,?is does n 
indicate a re/riction ( *oice1 = :5 we  
consid] t lea!r comes f a l>ge numb] (  
animals1 t !re are a great _m diff]5t   
k9ds ( clo?1 t clo?s & lea!rs c be      
obta9$ 9 a great v>iety ( colors1 !re   
seems to be an emb>rassm5t ( ri*es4 ,z a
 matt] ( fact mo/ libr>ians conf9e      
!mselves to f\r k9ds ( lea!r & f\r or   
five k9ds ( clo?1 ea* 9 ?ree or f\r     
diff]5t %ades4   ,,lea!r  ,! mo/        
exp5sive mat]ials us$ 9 cov]+ books & ^?
 :i* v>y mo/ 9 quality are lea!rs1 !    
sk9s ( animals :i* h be5 tann$ & made   
flexible4 ,! be/ bookb9d+ lea!rs are ^? 

:i* are flexible bo? 9 ! sk9 & on books1
 & ! surface ( :i* is n easily damag$ by
 friction4 ,ow+ to ! _m k9ds ( lea!rs & 
_! v>iation 9 quality1 x is difficult to
 le>n to "k !m well4  ,! sk9s ( all     
sorts ( animals h be5 us$ = cov]+ books4
 ,c]ta9 ones1 n suitable = libr>y b9d+1 
are /ill us$ = ! purpose 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 
! c\ntry1 s t libr>ians ne$ to become   
exp]t 9 _! k ( :i* lea!rs may be employ$
 & :i* ought to be reject$4  ,v>iations 
9 ! same k9ds ( lea!rs are caus$ by3    
7a7 ,age4 ,sk9s ( animals :i* h n rea*$ 
full gr[? %\ld n be us$ = b9d+ libr>y   
books4 ,s9ce !y are immature1 ! fibres h
 n become t\gh1 & !y h n rea*$ _!       
maximum ?ickness4 ,if ! sk9s :i* ! b9d] 
is us+ are exceptionally small1 x is    
probable t ! animals f :i* !y 7 obta9$ 7
 too "y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sk9s ( v old   
animals %\ld n be us$1 s9ce ! fibres ( !
 sk9s h lo/ some?+ ( _! flexibility &   
/r5g?4 ,!y _c be readily detect$1 b !y  
are sure to give poor s]vice4 ,z an     
illu/ration ( ! effect :i* age has ^u   

lea!r x w be suffici5t to note !        
well-kn[n fact t calf sk9 is useless =  
libr>y purposes1 :ile c[hide )9 c]ta9   
well-def9$ limits is exce$+ly useful4   
7b7 ,! sex ( ! animal4 ,x has be5 prov$ 
beyond "q t ! sk9 f ! female ( "s       
animals1 notably goats1 does n we> z    
well z t f ! male4  7c7 ,c\ntry f :i* !y
 come4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ! sk9 ( a
 %eep :i* comes f ,p]sia is n ! same k9d
 ( a sk9 z t ( a %eep :i* is rais$ 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t
 sk9s f animals inhabit+ w>m c\ntries   
are m likely to be s]viceable ?an ^? f !
 same k9d ( animals inhabit+ cold       
c\ntries4 ,9 ! cold c\ntries m ( ! /r5g?
 goes into ! fur or hair :i* protects x1
 :ile 9 w>m c\ntries a great] am\nt (   
/r5g? goes into ! sk9 itself4  ,9       
addition to v>iations due to ^! causes  
!re is likely to be a c]ta9 am\nt (     
v>iation 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same sk94 ,t
 "p ( ! sk9 :i* comes f ! back ( !      
animal is t\gh] ?an t :i* comes f !     
abdom54 ,! diff]5ce is v noticeable 9 ! 

sk9s ( "s animals1 less s 9 o!rs4       
,decay ( ,lea!r4 ,( late ye>s !re has   
be5 mu* dissatisfaction express$ ov] !  
decay ( mod]n lea!rs4 ,9 _m cases lea!rs
 #ajj ye>s old or m are 9 a fair /ate ( 
pres]vation1 :ile _m lea!rs--p]haps we  
%\ld say mo/ lea!rs--#cj1 #bj or ev5 #aj
 ye>s old1 %[ signs ( decay1 & "s h     
rott$ away almo/ entirely4 ,9 no way is 
! decay ( mod]n lea!rs %[n m            
conclusively ?an 9 a long file ( !      
%eep-b\nd set ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public 
,docum5ts4 ,! e>li] volumes1 cov]+ !    
#ae? ,congress up to ! #cf?1 w 9 g5]al  
be f\nd to be 9 a good /ate (           
pres]vation4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahfj1 h[ev]1  
m>k$ det]ioration appe>s4 ,9 "s cases x 
seems z if ! backs _h entirely          
dis9tegrat$4 ,:ile a %eep-b\nd set is ! 
be/ example ( ! decay ( mod]n lea!rs1 _m
 libr>ies h be5 greatly annoy$ by !     
decay ( o!r lea!rs :i* are suppos$ to be
 mu* /rong] ?an %eepsk94  ,s great 0 !  
dissatisfaction ) mod]n lea!rs t 9 ! ye>
 #aijj ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,london     

appo9t$ a committee to inve/igate mod]n 
lea!rs & to asc]ta9 ! be/ me?ods =      
prep>+ lea!rs = b9d+4 ,! report ( ?is   
committee 0 publi%$ 9 #aije1 & a g5]al k
 ( its cont5ts is necess>y = ^? :o wi%  
to "k :y lea!rs decay & h[ !y may be    
pres]v$4 ,ano!r valuable "w :i* %\ld be 
c>efully /udi$ is entitl$ ,lea!rs =     
libr>ies1 publi%$ by ! ,s\nd ,lea!r     
,committee ( ! ,libr>y ,association 9   
,engl&4 ,9 a *apt] ( ?is book ,j4       
,gordon ,p>k]1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,director ( !  
,london ,lea!r ,indu/ries ,rese>*       
,laboratories1 tells u t ! *ief causes (
 decay are z foll[s3      #a4 ,!        
introduction ( tann+ mat]ials o!r ?an   
oak & sumac1     /rong] 9 tann91 & m    
rapid 9 _! action4 ,_m ( ^!     tann+   
mat]ials are un/able1 & ! lea!r produc$ 
dis9tegrates on exposure to light & air4
  ,tann+ is ! process ( *ang+ hides1 :i*
 are animal matt] subject to decay1 into
 mat]ial :i* is /rong & flexible & :i*  
is n subject to decay4 ,!re are two     
gr\ps ( tann+ mat]ials4 ,! "o call$ !   

pyrogallol gr\p1 :i* includes sumac1    
gall nuts & oak b>k1 is comm5d$ by !    
,committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,! o!r 
is call$ ! cate*ol gr\p & is /rongly    
condemn$4 ,among ! mat]ials belong+ to !
 cate*ol gr\p are hemlock b>k & l>*1 us$
 *iefly 9 ?is c\ntry1 & turw> b>k us$   
l>gely 9 tann+ ,ea/ ,indian goat & %eep 
sk9s4  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+
 ,(fice proposals call = lea!rs tann$ ) 
a pyrogallol tann91 s9ce x has be5 prov$
 t su* lea!rs prove mo/ resi/ant to !   
evil effects ( light1 heat & gas4 ,if a 
sk9 has be5 tann$ ) sumac1 or sumac 9   
comb9ation ) oak b>k1 x has receiv$ !   
be/ possible prep>ation = its life z a  
bookb9d+ lea!r4  ,x is n possible1 nei!r
 is x necess>y1 to h all lea!rs tann$ ) 
sumac4 ,^? lea!rs :i* are int5d$ to     
rema9 on ! %elves = _m decades1 %\ld be 
9 ?is tannage4 ,^? :i* w be disc>d$ 9 a 
few ye>s may be tann$ 9 a less exp5sive 
mann]4 ,ev5 "s ( ! quick1 mod]n         
mat]ials1 :i* accompli% 9 a few h\rs :at
 once w\ld h tak5 weeks1 are n too poor 

= lea!rs :i* are n to be kept           
indef9itely4  ,ev5 ! exp]t _c detect    
sk9s :i* h n be5 tann$ & dy$ prop]ly1 b 
lea!rs :i* la/ a %ort "t may be suspect$
 ei!r ( be+ improp]ly tann$ or ( hav+ "s
 k9d ( injuri\s acid 9 _! composition4  
#b4 ,! use ( dri$ & cur$ sk9s ( v>iable 
s\ndness import$     f abroad4 ,goat1   
calf & %eep sk9s are import$ into ?is   
c\ntry 7,engl&7 f all ov] ! _w2 "s are  
simply dri$ 9     ! sun1 "s salt$1 :il/ 
o!rs are cur$ ) v>i\s     +r$i5ts4      
#c4 ,! use ( infusions ( acids & o!r    
blea*+ ag5ts to     produce bright & ev5
 %ades ( col\r4  ,sk9s tann$ ) sumac are
 light-color$ & c be dy$ any desir$     
color4 ,mo/ o!r tann+ mat]ials1 h[ev]1  
make d>k]-color$ sk9s1 :i* c be dy$ only
 ) d>k colors4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible 
to sc\r & blea* sk9s ) sulphuric acid & 
to re-tan ) sumac4      #d4 ,! use (    
sulphuric or o!r m9]al acids = ! purpose
 (     develop+ ! dep? ( col\r dur+ !   
process ( dye+4  ,sulphuric acid is !   
cause ( decay ( ov] #ij ( mod]n bookb9d+

 lea!rs4 ,hav+ once be5 us$1 x _c be    
:olly remov$ )\t ! use ( o!r *emicals4  
#e4 ,! %av+ & splitt+ ( sk9s = produc+  
an ev5     sub/ance4  ,9 splitt+ & %av+1
 ! long1 /ronge/ fibres ( ! sk9 are torn
 or cut (f1 & ! "p :i* rema9s = b9d+    
purposes is ! weake/ "p ( ! sk94        
#f4 ,pr9t+ & emboss+ gra9s ^u lea!r1    
toge!r ) o!r     me?ods ( f9i%+ n[ 9    
common use4  ,!re are v>i\s ways ( br++ 
out ! natural gra9 ( lea!rs :i* are     
p]fectly legitimate & :i* d no h>m4 ,!  
dang] 9 gra9+ comes :5 ! gra9 is emboss$
 by means ( a plate1 :i* is heat$ &     
press$ on ! sk94 ,no good lea!r %\ld ev]
 be emboss$4      #g4 ,! /ripp+1 sc\r+1 
s\r+ & re-tann+ ( ,ea/ ,india     lea!rs
 7,p]sians74  ,"s import$ sk9s are only 
p>tially tann$1 & x is necess>y to wa%  
out ! tann9 ) "s k9d ( alkali1 :i* also 
takes out mu* ( ! natural grease ( !    
sk94 ,!y are !n treat$ ) sulphuric acid 
& re-tann$4 ,!y are always poor & are   
seldom sold z re-tann$ sk9s4      #h4 ,!
 removal ( ! natural grease or n\ri%m5t 

( ! sk94  ,! =ego+ eight causes ( decay 
are beyond our direct control4 ,! lea!rs
 are manufactur$ & put on ! m>ket1 & !  
b9d] has to use su* z he is able to     
obta94 ,no matt] h[ mu* ! libr>ian may  
insi/ ^u lea!rs free-f-acid1 he is      
helpless if ! b9d] _c obta9 !m4 ,all t  
he c d is to insi/ t lea!rs )\t acid mu/
 be us$1 if obta9able4  ,al?\gh ^!      
causes ( decay are beyond ! libr>ian's  
control1 !re are sev]al causes ( decay q
 )9 8 p[] to avoid4 ,!y are ! foll[+1   
due to improp] me?ods us$ 9 b9d+1 or to 
physical conditions aft] ! book is on ! 
%elf3  #a4 ,direct sunlight4  #b4 ,gas  
fumes4 ,?is evil is h>d to gu>d aga9/ if
 !re are gas pipes 9 ! build+4 ,!re is  
sure to be m or less leakage1 & ev5 a   
small am\nt ( gas 9 ! air has a bad     
effect ^u lea!r4  #c4 ,tobacco smoke4   
,?is is n likely to be v detrim5tal 9   
libr>ies1 s9ce ! rules g5]ally =bid     
smok+4  #d4 ,excessive dampness1 :i*    
enc\rages mildew4  #e4 ,extreme dry     
heat4 ,a temp]ature mu* 9 excess ( #gj  

deg4 ,fahr5heit is likely to dry up !   
oil :i* gives flexibility to lea!r4  #f4
 ,undue wett+ or /ret*+ ! lea!r 9 cov]+4
 ,"s b9d]s soak ! lea!rs & /ret* !m 9   
plac+ !m on ! books4 ,:5 ! lea!rs dry !y
 %r9k1 ! fibres are /ra9$ & ! life ( !  
lea!r %ort5$4  #g4 ,use ( poor pa/e 9   
b9d+4 ,?is frequ5tly sets up a          
f]m5tation t is v h>mful to lea!rs4  #h4
 ,du/1 especially 9 conjunction )       
dampness1 is v injuri\s to lea!r4       
,d\btless !re are o!r ?+s :i* h a       
delet]i\s effect ^u lea!rs 9 libr>ies2 b
 if a libr>y is well v5tilat$1 if       
lea!r-cov]$ books are n kept 9 cell>s or
 basem5ts t are v damp1 or :]e direct   
sunlight c fall ^u !m1 & if ! b9d] uses 
good pa/e & prop] c>e 9 cov]+ ! books1  
we may reasonably place ! responsibility
 ( undue decay ( lea!rs ^u !            
manufactur]s4  ,! v>i\s reports quot$ s 
f> h dealt ) qualities ( lea!rs due to  
tann+1 manufacture1 me?od ( b9d+ & "t 9 
use4 ,natural or me*anical qualities (  
lea!rs h n be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,^? :o are      

int]e/$ 9 ?is phase ( ! "q %\ld read !  
report ( ,mr4 ,c$ric ,*iv]s on ,!       
relative value ( lea!rs & o!r b9d+      
mat]ials1 made at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican  
,libr>y ,association at ,pasad5a 9      
#aiaa4 ,mr4 ,*iv]s employ$ ,mr4 ,alfr$  
,seym\r ,jones1 9 ,engl&1 to make te/s  
:i* w\ld %[ ! te>+ & break+ /ra9 ( v>i\s
 lea!rs4 ,^! natural qualities ( lea!rs 
are obvi\sly important1 b too mu* /ress 
mu/ n be laid ^u !m4 ,x is possible t a 
lea!r naturally /rong & t\gh :5 new w\ld
 rapidly det]iorate ) age4 ,! records z 
pres5t$ 9 ,mr4 ,*iv]s' report mu/ be    
tak5 9 conjunction ) facts det]m9$ by ! 
inve/igation ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,9 ! 
ma91 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd t lea!rs :i* be/
 /ood ! te/s ( ! ,society ( ,arts also  
%[$ ! greate/ resi/ance to ! te>+ &     
break+ /ra9s made by ,mr4 ,*iv]s4       
,pres]vation ( ,lea!r4 ,v>i\s attempts h
 be5 made bo? by libr>ians & o!rs to    
discov] "s sub/ance :i* w\ld pres]ve    
lea!r effectually aft] ! book is b\nd4  
,"s ( ^! attempts h be5 tempor>ily      

successful1 b "t alone w tell :e!r      
lea!rs are p]man5tly pres]v$ by !       
treatm5ts us$1 or :e!r applications ( ! 
pres]vative mu/ be frequ5tly made4 ,ow+ 
to ! fact t 9 law libr>ies practically  
all ! books publi%$ previ\s to #aijj 7  
b\nd 9 %eepsk91 ! la/+ qualities (      
lea!rs is a "q t affects law libr>ies m 
?an any o!r4 ,dr4 ,wire1 ( ! ,worce/]   
7,mass47 ,c\nty ,law ,libr>y1 :o has    
made a c>eful /udy ( ! problem1 advises 
! use ( vasel9e or "s o!r simil>        
by-product ( petroleum well rubb$ into !
 lea!r ) ! b>e h& & all[$ to dry 9 ! air
 until ! lea!r has absorb$ x4 ,bett]    
results 7 obta9$ by all[+ ! volumes to  
dry 9 ! summ] by natural heat in/ead (  
artificial heat 9 ! w9t]4 ,= "s books   
,dr4 ,wire makes use ( a bookb9d]'s     
v>ni% aft] ! s(t5+ product has ?or\ghly 
p5etrat$ ! lea!r4 ,a full description ( 
! processes may be obta9$ f ,dr4 ,wire's
 pamphlet1 ,lea!r pres]vation1 publi%$ 9
 #aiaa4  ,"s ( ! disadvantages ( ,dr4   
,wire's me?od are3  #a4 ,! necessity (  

rubb+ 9 ! pres]vative f ?ree to five    
times1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! lea!r 
at ! "t ( fir/ treatm5t4  #b4 ,! c>e    
necess>y to prev5t ! mat]ial us$ f sme>+
 tables1 trucks1 floor1 %elves & clo?+  
at "t ( application2 also :5 books are  
back on ! %elves ! c>e requir$ to keep f
 rubb+ aga9/ !m & ! necessity ( wip+ !m 
(f :5 !y are h&$ to read]s4  #c4 ,!     
t5d5cy ( books to swell at ! back :5    
fir/ treat$ 9 ?is way1 dem&+ extra c>e  
le/1 9 an ef=t to pull out "o book1 a   
:ole %elf-full fall to ! floor4  #d4 ,! 
repetition ( ! process aft] t5 ye>s4  ,x
 is possible t ^! drawbacks w be        
suffici5t to dissuade all except ! mo/  
/\t-he>t$ f us+ ?is me?od ( pres]v+     
lea!r4 ,reb9d+ 9 clo? seems to be mu* m 
simple &1 on ! :ole1 n mu* m exp5sive4  
,! "q ( a pres]vative is discuss$ 9 !   
,report ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 f :i* !   
foll[+ quotation is tak53    ,enquiries 
h frequ5tly be5 made z to ! use (       
pres]vative pa/es ^u old b9d+s4 ,x has  
be5 m5tion$   t ! season+s ( :ite ( egg 

or blood album5 usually   employ$ 9     
f9i%+ lea!r h "s pres]vative effect1   &
 no h>m c arise f ! application ( v ?9  
coat+s ( :ite ( egg4 ,! use ( ammonia to
 ?9 or   pres]ve ! solution mu/ be      
avoid$1 b ! :ites1 aft]   ?or\gh beat+1 
may be r5d]$ antiseptic by ! addition   
( a small quantity ( camphor1 ?ymol1 or 
"s ess5tial oil4   ,vasel9e has be5     
employ$ z a dress+1 &1 if o!rwise       
suitable1 w no d\bt h a pres]vative     
effect ^u !   lea!r4 ,a v mod]ate use ( 
! wax1 soap1 & turp5t9e   prep>ations   
made z %oe pa/es1 is also likely to be  
b5eficial1 & no d\bt a special          
prep>ation might be made   on ^! l9es   
:i* w\ld be /ill m suitable4 ,p>aff9 wax
   dissolv$ 9 b5z9e is also h>mless1 & !
 surface to   :i* x has be5 appli$ takes
 a good poli% ) a flannel   aft] dry+4  
,pr(essor ,proctor has exp]im5t$ ) a    
f9i% introduc$ by ! ,b]l9 ,anil9e       
,company "s ye>s   ago = col\r$ lea!rs1 
) app>5tly satisfactory results4   ,!   
prep>ation is practically a v h>d /e>9e 

soap )   excess ( /e>ic acid1 & is made 
by boil+ #h p>ts (   /e>ic acid ) #a "p 
( cau/ic soda & #ej p>ts ( wat]   until 
?or\ghly dissolv$1 & !n add+ #aej p>ts (
 cold   wat] & /irr+ till ! mat]ial sets
 to a jelly4 ,x is   appli$ v ?9ly ) a  
sponge or rag1 & aft] ?or\gh   dry+ is  
poli%$ ) a s(t bru% or flannel4 ,!      
alkali   pres5t 9 ! soap is useful 9    
neutralis+ any m9]al acids   conta9$ 9 !
 lea!r4 ,9 v acid lea!rs x has be5      
notic$ t ! sodium sulphate s =m$ w      
sometimes   appe> ^u ! surface z a :ite 
film1 b ?is is easily   remov$ ) a damp 
clo?1 & ! surface1 aft] dry+1   repoli%$
 ) flannel4  ,old books :i* x is        
desirable to pres]ve z long z possible 9
 _! orig9al b9d+s & books :i* w be us$ v
 little may be treat$ ) "s =m (         
pres]vative4 ,if ! book is to be mu*    
us$1 x w\ld bett] be reb\nd4 ,dr4       
,wire's exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on        
exclusively ) law books4 ,:e!r ! same   
processes c\ld be us$ on books b\nd 9   
morocco or pigsk9 is some?+ t has n yet 

be5 det]m9$4 ,mo/ lea!r-b\nd books break
 fir/ at ! jo9t4 ,! %eep b9d+s 9 a law  
libr>y w\ld %[ signs ( dis9tegration    
long be=e ! lea!r rea*$ ! break+ po9t1  
:]eas ! libr>ian w\ld fir/ notice t     
morocco 0 decay+ :5 ! lea!r actually    
crack$4 ,once crack$1 no am\nt (        
pres]vative w\ld d any good4   ,,k9ds   
,,( ,,lea!r#c  ,! lea!rs t h be5 us$ 9  
b9d+ books h come f all sorts ( animals1
 b s f> z ! libr>ian is conc]n$ ! sk9s (
 f\r animals only ne$ be tak5 into      
consid]ation--! %eep1 ! c[1 ! pig & !   
goat4 ,9 ,engl& "s exp]im5ts h be5 made 
) sealsk91 b x has n be5 us$ long en\gh 
to give any def9ite idea ( its resi/ance
 to ! encroa*m5ts ( "t4      ,footnote  
#c3 ,! prices ( lea!rs giv5 9 ! text are
 ^?     :i* prevail$ dur+ ! summ] (     
#aiae4  ,,%eepsk9  ,%eepsk9 is a s(t1   
flexible lea!r ) weak fibres1 & ) a     
surface easily abrad$4 ,x has be5 us$ = 
b9d+s practically ev] s9ce books 7 put  
into lea!rs2 &1 "u ! old me?ods ( tann+ 
& manufactur+1 prov$ satisfactory4 ,9 _m

 libr>ies x is possible to see lea!r    
books b\nd 9 %eep 9 ! #ag? c5tury :i*   
are 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,ev5 ! 
%eep ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury is      
frequ5tly well pres]v$4 ,s9ce #ahfj1    
h[ev]1 ! quality ( %eep has greatly     
det]iorat$4 ,?is is bad en\gh1 b        
un=tunately %eep likes to masqu]ade "u !
 "n ( morocco & o!r lea!rs ( a bett]    
grade1 s t its use is mu* m ext5sive ?an
 appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,9 ! process (   
imitation ! gra9 ( ! lea!r imitat$ is   
/amp$ on ! sk94 ,:5 ?is is done x       
g5]ally takes an exp]t to detect ! fact 
t ! lea!r is n :at x pret5ds to be1 &   
ev5 exp]ts are sometimes deceiv$ aft] ! 
lea!r is on a book4  ,! /ronge/ %eepsk9s
 are made :5 tann$ ) oak b>k4 ,sumac1   
:i* is su* a valuable tann+ mat]ial )   
o!r lea!rs1 is "h inf]ior to oak4  ,!re 
are two k9ds ( %eepsk91 ! wool %eep :i* 
is kn[n to all1 & ! hair %eep :i* is n  
f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :i* 9 reality 
is a cross betwe5 a %eep & a goat4 ,!   
hair %eep comes f ,india1 ,*9a1 ,s\?    

,am]ica & ,africa1 g5]ally f m\nta9\s   
di/ricts4 ,x has a mu* t\gh] fibre & is 
a bett] we>+ sk9 ?an t ( ! wool %eep4   
,un=tunately mo/ ( ^! sk9s1 :i* are all 
import$1 are made into %oe lea!r4 ,:5   
prop]ly tann$ !y are v suitable = libr>y
 b9d+1 & _! use = t purpose is increas+4
  ,! wool %eepsk9 9 its natural color   
has be5 us$ = _m ye>s = b9d+ law books4 
,x is seldom us$ = any?+ except gov]nm5t
 docum5ts & law books1 & = ?is reason is
 kn[n z law-%eep4  ,roan4 ,roans1 ! t]m 
us$ = %eepsk9s aft] !y are dy$1 c be us$
 advantage\sly on books :i* w be h&l$ a 
great deal1 & :i* 9 any ev5t w n /ay on 
! %elves indef9itely4 ,prop]ly tann$ &  
dy$1 !y make a satisfactory lea!r = a   
"t1 b _! life "u ! be/ ( conditions     
seldom exce$s t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,:ile  
?is is true ( good roans1 x un=tunately 
rema9s true t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at     
lea/1 x is difficult to get roans t are 
prop]ly tann$ & dy$4 ,!re=e1 unless "o  
is sure t ! quality ( ! sk9 is ! be/1 he
 %\ld use no %eep "u any conditions4    

,skiv]4 ,skiv] is ! outside ( a %eepsk9 
:i* has be5 split1 ! inn] side be+ kn[n 
z ! fle%]4 ,x is a lea!r mu* us$ =      
comm]cial b9d+1 b s9ce ! splitt+ process
 takes away a great "p ( ! /r5g? ( !    
sk91 leav+ x n mu* /rong] ?an /rong     
pap]1 skiv] is :olly unfitt$ = libr>y   
use4  ,,c[hide  ,c[hide1 sometimes kn[n 
z ,am]ican russia1 is a lea!r :i* has   
increas$ enorm\sly 9 use 9 ! la/        
tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,x is a ?ick1 co>se    
lea!r1 r unattractive 9 appe>ance1 /rong
 :5 new1 b ) age rapidly det]iorat+ 9   
quality1 ev5 :5 no delet]i\s sub/ance   
has be5 us$ 9 tann+ or dye+4 ,x is a    
h>d] lea!r to "w ?an roan1 b ! quality  
is mu* m uni=m & x c be us$             
advantage\sly = b9d+ fiction & o!r books
 :i* w be mu* us$4 ,9 its natural /ate  
7undy$7 x c be us$ 9 place ( law-%eep = 
law books1 b has a t5d5cy to become d>k4
 ,x c be obta9$ 9 _m colors4 ,s9ce x is 
too ?ick a lea!r to be us$ 9 full       
?ickness1 practically all sk9s are      
split1 & ! am\nt ( fle% left ) ! gra9   

det]m9es ! weight ( ! lea!r4 ,a great]  
or less am\nt is tak5 (f accord+ to !   
purpose = :i* ! lea!r is int5d$4        
,bookb9d+ c[hide co/+ #bj;c to #be;c4 a 
squ>e foot is ! lighte/ weight lea!r t  
has ! "r to be call$ c[4#d ,! life (    
c[hide is f five to twelve ye>s4        
,buff+4 ,buff+ is practically only !    
gra9 ( c[sk9 f :i* almo/ all ! fle% has 
be5 split4 ,x is n suitable = libr>y    
books1 s9ce x is v ?9 & beg9s to        
dis9tegrate 9 less ?an five ye>s4 ,aft] 
x is on ! volume x is h>d to detect1 s t
 "s libr>y b9d]s h be5 tempt$ to use x  
in/ead ( c[4 ,b z buff+ is nev] sold z  
c[1 ! libr>y b9d] has no excuse = keep+ 
x 9 /ock4      ,footnote #d3 ,?is is !  
normal price ( c[4 ,! ,european w> has  
_h ! disa/r\s effect ( rais+ ! price &  
l[]+ !     quality4 ,until conditions   
become normal aga9 all c[hide %\ld be   
%unn$4  ,,pigsk9  ,pigsk9 is "o ( !     
/ronge/ lea!rs1 hav+ a h>d1 resi/+      
surface & a good1 t\gh fibre4 ,9 ! gra91
 ! holes :i* 7 left :5 bri/les 7 remov$ 

are pla9ly visible1 giv+ ! lea!r a      
di/9ctive appe>ance1 :i* c be imitat$   
successfully1 b :i* is mu* less (t5     
imitat$ ?an ! gra9 ( morocco4 ,if !re be
 d\bt ( ! g5u95ess ( pig1 soak a piece (
 ! lea!r until x has absorb$ a quantity 
( wat]1 & !n /ret* x4 ,if ! gra9 pulls  
out1 x is imitation2 if g5u9e1 ! bri/le 
holes /ill %[ pla9ly4 ,oak b>k tann+ is 
! be/ = ?is lea!r1 &1 s9ce x is m ne>ly 
gri/le 7less fibr\s7 ?an o!r lea!rs1    
dyes & *emicals %\ld n be us$ :i* w     
int]f]e ) its quality ( resi/+ friction4
 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 its natural color     
:5ev] possible4  ,pigsk9 frequ5tly comes
 9 sk9s :i* are too ?ick = ! b9d] to "w 
easily1 or :i* are v unev5 9 ?ickness4  
,9 su* cases ! p>+ d[n ( ! sk9 is likely
 to injure its /r5g?4 ,because ( its    
?ickness pig is g5]ally suppos$ to be m 
suitable = l>ge ?an = small books1 b    
inasmu* z sev]al b9d]s h us$ x          
successfully = ye>s on small books1 x   
may be tak5 = grant$ t x c be us$ ) good
 results on all books1 l>ge or small1   

:i* are to receive h>d usage4 ,x ne$s   
con/ant h&l+1 & ! absorption ( a c]ta9  
am\nt ( oil f ! h&s to keep x pliable4  
,o!rwise x dries rapidly & cracks along 
! jo9t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is true ( all      
lea!rs to a great] or less ext5t4 ,pig  
co/s f #dj;c4 to #de;c4 a squ>e foot4   
,,goat  ,! lea!r :i* makes ! /ronge/ &  
mo/ attractive b9d+ comes f ! sk9s (    
goats & is call$ morocco1 because x     
orig9ally came f t c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 
"t goat sk9s f o!r c\ntries 7 tann$ )   
sumac 7orig9ally a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic (
 a g5u9e morocco71 b ! same "n 0 appli$ 
s t we n[ h ! p>adoxical t]ms1 ,turkey  
morocco1 ,levant morocco1 etc4 ,moroccos
 h a beautiful gra91 are flexible1 s(t &
 pliable to ! h&1 & resi/ h>d we>2      
qualities :i* contribute to _! great    
popul>ity4  ,morocco v>ies greatly 9    
quality z well z 9 appe>ance4           
,un=tunately ! sk9s :i* are be/ 9       
quality1 consid]+ ! l5g? ( "t !y w we>1 
are n always ^? be/ 9 appe>ance4 ,! sk9s
 ( goats ) long hair f ! cold] c\ntries 

make beautiful b9d+s2 b ! sk9s ( goats f
 ! hot c\ntries1 su* z ! int]ior (      
,africa1 hav+ %ort hair1 :ile n s       
attractive 9 appe>ance1 are t\gh] & we> 
long]4 ,9 addition to ! _m grades (     
g5u9e morocco !re are z _m m imitations 
( x made f %eepsk91 c[hide1 etc4 ,only !
 exp]t c detect "s ( !m 9 ! sk91 & ev5  
he may be deceiv$ :5 ! lea!r is on !    
back ( ! book4  ,9 g5]al x %\ld be said 
t g5u9e morocco is ! mo/ exp5sive lea!r 
t a libr>y c use1 & t x c be us$ to !   
greate/ advantage only occasionally4 ,x 
makes an excell5t b9d+ = l>ge ref]5ce   
books :i* are con/antly h&l$1 = art     
books :i* mu/ be attractively b\nd1 & = 
"s p]iodicals :i* are mu* us$ 9 ref]5ce 
"w4 ,x is n us$ ne>ly s mu* 9 libr>ies  
to-day z x 0 t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago1 & x 
is q safe to say t x w be us$ less t5   
ye>s f to-day ?an x is n[4  ,levant     
morocco1 made f ! sk9s ( ,angora goats1 
is ! mo/ exp5sive & mo/ beautiful lea!r 
us$ 9 b9d+4 ,x has a l>ge1 prom95t gra91
 b is f> too exp5sive = any libr>y to   

use1 especially :5 x mu/ be conc$$ t 9  
its we>+ quality x does n equal t ( "s  
less exp5sive moroccos4 ,mr4 ,*iv]s' te/
 %[$ t s f> z t5sile /r5g? goes1 ?is    
lea!r is v mu* weak] ?an _m lea!rs mu*  
less exp5sive4 ,:5 ! sk9 has be5        
subject$ to pressure until ! surface is 
smoo? x is kn[n z cru%$ levant4  ,turkey
 morocco1 made ( sk9s ( goats f ,turkey1
 is a v /rong1 durable lea!r :i* all    
libr>ies w f9d occasion to use f "t to  
"t4 ,x is v easily imitat$4 ,"u exposure
 to atmosph]ic conditions exi/+ 9 _m    
libr>ies its life may n ext5d beyond    
?irty ye>s4 ,9 "o libr>y at lea/1 :]e   
conditions ( light & heat 7 poor1 ! be/ 
,turkey morocco t ! m>ket af=d$ %[$     
signs ( dis9tegration )9 twelve ye>s4   
,good ,turkey morocco c be obta9$ =     
#ce;c4 a squ>e foot4  ,p]sian morocco1  
:i* comes f ! sk9 ( a ,p]sian %eep 7n   
goat71 is n p>ticul>ly attractive 9     
appe>ance & is v poor 9 quality4 ,x is  
us$ ext5sively = comm]cial "w1 b is     
absolutely valueless = libr>y b9d+4     

,nig] morocco is a goat sk9 :i* comes f 
! int]ior ( ,africa1 g5]ally by way (   
,tripoli1 & is by no means a rec5t      
discov]y1 ?\gh we knew little ab\t x    
five ye>s ago4 ,x is tann$ by natives   
accord+ to "s me?od ( vegetable tann+ n 
completely kn[n at ?is "t4 ,:ile 9      
appe>ance x is n s attractive z "s o!r  
moroccos1 because ( blemi%es due to     
c>elessness 9 h&l+ & to ! imp]fect      
removal ( "s ( ! hairs1 x has be5 prov$ 
by ! te/s made "u ! direction ( ,mr4    
,*iv]s to be /rong] ?an all o!r         
moroccos2 ! inf]5ce is t x is m durable4
 ,until rec5tly x has be5 v h>d to obta9
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,bock morocco is n 
a morocco b a split ,p]sian %eep s poor 
9 quality t x is m5tion$ only to be     
condemn$4  ,,calfsk9  ,calfsk9 9 all its
 v>i\s *>act]s1 su* z div9ity1 kip1     
m>bl$1 mottl$1 smoo?1 tree1 or j pla9   
calf is a v beautiful lea!r mu* us$ 9 ! 
pa/ = b9d+ books = individuals4 ,= ?is  
purpose x has1 ( late ye>s1 be5 cr[d$   
out by ,levant morocco4 ,x has a s(t1   

smoo? surface :i* dis9tegrates rapidly  
"u ! action ( heat & gas & has little   
/r5g? ev5 = tempor>y use4 ,= ! libr>y x 
is useless4  ,,russia ,,lea!r  ,?is is a
 br[ni%-r$ lea!r made f ! sk9s ( diff]5t
 animals1 tann$ ) will[ b>k & fill$ ) a 
prep>ation ( bir* oil :i* gives x its   
peculi> odor4 ,nei!r 9 its g5u9e =m nor 
9 imitation is x a useful lea!r =       
libr>ies4  ,,sealsk9  ,al?\gh exp]im5ts 
h be5 made ) x 9 "s ,engli% libr>ies    
sealsk9 has nev] be5 mu* us$ 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates = libr>y b9d+4 ,x is made f !    
sk9s ( ! hair seal1 ! supply com+ f all 
p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean4        
,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d\glas ,cock]ell & o!r
 b9d+ exp]ts 9 ,engl&1 ! sk9 is         
peculi>ly suit$ = libr>y use4 ,x is     
report$ to be a h>d-we>+ lea!r1 t\gh &  
pliable1 ev5 9 quality s t no "p ( ! sk9
 mu/ be disc>d$ because too ?9 or too   
weak1 & possess+ a beautiful gra94 ,!   
price ranges f a po9t some:at high] ?an 
t ( ! poor] moroccos to "o some:at l[]  
?an ! high] prices4 ,un=tunately x c be 

easily imitat$4  ,,vellum  ,probably no 
discussion ( lea!r is complete )\t      
m5tion+ vellum1 a b9d+ mat]ial :i* does 
n resemble lea!r1 b :i* nev]!less is    
made f calfsk9 or sometimes f goat sk94 
,x is prep>$ by ! use ( lime1 & z f> z !
 actual we> on flat surface is conc]n$1 
is p]haps bett] ?an any lea!r4 ,x is1   
h[ev]1 v susceptible to moi/ure1 :i*    
makes x w>p2 & to light1 :i* makes x h>d
 & brittle4 ,s9ce x is v h>d1 does n b5d
 easily & is h>d to "w1 its *ief use is 
on ! corn]s ( books to protect !m & make
 !m less likely to break or rub4 ,l>ge  
libr>ies h us$ x some:at = ?is purpose1 
b ! use is dy+ out4  ,9 mak+ a /udy (   
lea!rs x is well to obta9 samples ( all 
k9ds1 includ+ ^? :i* are unsuitable =   
libr>y use1 & to exam9e !m c>efully1    
not+ ! appe>ance ( ! gra91 ?ickness (   
sk91 flexibility1 & s(tness ( surface4  
,p]haps m money c be wa/$ ?r\gh         
ignorance ( ! comp>ative values (       
diff]5t k9ds ( lea!r :i* x is p]missible
 to use 9 libr>y b9d+1 ?an 9            

mismanagem5t ( any o!r "p ( b9d+4       
,,clo?  ,clo? is fully z important z    
lea!r 9 ! economy ( b9d+4 ,sev]al ye>s  
ago x 0 ! cu/om to b9d p]iodicals & o!r 
books :i* 7 us$ comp>atively seldom 9   
lea!r1 :ile fiction1 juv5ile & o!r books
 :i* wore out quickly 7 b\nd 9 clo?4    
,rec5tly ! opposite c\rse has be5 m     
favor$4 ,books :i* receive unusually h>d
 usage & are 9 ! h&s ( read]s con/antly 
are b\nd 9 lea!r2 :ile ^? :i* are us$   
seldom1 includ+ p]iodicals1 are b\nd 9  
"s k9d ( clo?4 ,)\t d\bt ! *ange is a   
wise "o4 ,ev5 ! be/ ( lea!r dis9tegrates
 9 "t "u ! action ( heat1 gas1 light1   
etc41 & to-day _m a volume b\nd 9 lea!r 
t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago has p>t$ f its    
sides1 necessitat+ reb9d+ or recov]+4   
,_h x be5 b\nd 9 a good quality ( clo? x
 w\ld to-day be 9 good condition1 &     
probably w\ld rema9 9 good condition = a
 hundr$ ye>s4 ,x requires consid]able   
c\rage to *ange ! b9d+ ( a good set ( a 
/&>d p]iodical1 su* z ! ,atlantic or    
,h>p]'s1 f an attractive half morocco   

b9d+ to an unattractive buckram4        
,unque/ionably1 if economy is an object1
 ! *ange %\ld be made1 except possibly 9
 ! case ( a libr>y :i* uses ^!          
p]iodicals daily4 ,e libr>ian mu/ decide
 ea* case = himself /rictly accord+ to !
 use ! set is to receive1 always be>+ 9 
m9d ! fact t lea!r dis9tegrates ) "t1   
:]eas clo? does n unless expos$ to      
excessive moi/ure4  ,no clo? :i* is     
suitable = libr>y use is p]fectly       
satisfactory because x has n ! /r5g? (  
good lea!r1 _c be us$ advantage\sly on v
 heavy books1 soils easily & ) use gr[s 
s(t & flabby1 especially along ! jo9ts4 
,b on ! o!r h& ev5 ^? n suitable =      
libr>ies :i* are us$ by ! publi%] on    
*eap books are mu* bett] ?an poor grades
 ( lea!rs1 su* z skiv]1 bock1 buff+1    
etc4  ,! requisite qualities ( a good   
clo? are3  7a7 ,endurance :5 fold$ back 
& =? 9 ! same place1 s t x may )/& ! we>
 at ! jo9t caus$ by op5+ ! book4  7b7   
,smoo?ness1 s t !re w be a comp>atively 
small am\nt ( friction :5 )draw+ a book 

f betwe5 two o!rs on ! %elf4  7c7       
,ability to )/& con/ant rubb+ back & =? 
on tables4  7d7 ,color t is fa/ :5      
expos$ to light2 if possible x %\ld be  
fa/ to wat] also1 ?\gh ?is is less      
important4  7e7 ,color %\ld be dy$ 9 !  
piece1 n press$ 9 by ma*9]y4  ,_m clo?s 
h "s ( ^! qualities b few h all ( !m4 ,s
 f> z is kn[n to ! writ] only ! grade ( 
clo? describ$ on page #gg has ! la/     
qualification4  ,practically all clo?   
us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is made ( cotton4 
,! be/ clo?s are manufactur$ by ,!      
,holli/on ,mills1 ,norwood1 ,mass42 ,!  
,int]lak5 ,mills1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,!  
,joseph ,bancr(t  ,sons ,company1       
,wilm+ton1 ,del41 & by ! ,w9t]bottom    
,company & ! ,man*e/] ,book ,clo?       
,company 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce a numb] (      
grades are made 9 sev]al diff]5t patt]ns
 & a great numb] ( %ades = ea* grade &  
ea* patt]n1 a v>iety ( *oice is p]mitt$4
 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 mo/ libr>ians
 select a good grade ) a regul> weave & 
conf9e !mselves to a few /&>d %ades1 su*

 z d>k gre51 br[n1 r$1 d>k blue1 & tan4 
,s9ce ! /r5g? ( ! w>p is mu* great] ?an 
t ( ! weft1 x is advisable :5 possible  
to cov] books ) ! w>p runn+ across !    
cov]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may entail "s h>d%ip 
on ! b9d] = x may frequ5tly happ5 t 9   
ord] to cut 8 cov] economically he mu/  
make ! w>p run l5g?wise ( ! book4 ,if a 
/rong clo? is us$ ! advantage is n great
 en\gh to be insi/$ ^u4  ,ea* ( !       
,am]ican firms m5tion$ makes ?ree di/9ct
 grades1 all ( :i* libr>ies may use4    
,ea* firm uses a diff]5t "n = ea* grade4
 ,9 o!r words1 !re are no g5]al names   
:i* c be us$ = ! correspond+ grade 9 all
 makes4 ,!re=e = ! purposes ( ?is *apt] 
^! clo?s w be consid]$ "u ! heads (     
,grades #a1 #b & #c1 b x mu/ be rememb]$
 t ?is is an arbitr>y designation n kn[n
 to ! trade4 ,"u ea* grade w be giv5 !  
specific names us$ by ! ?ree            
manufactur]s4  ,,grade #a  ,grade "o (  
clo?1 ! *eape/ t a libr>ian may use1 is 
n made ( ! be/ quality ( cotton ?read & 
%\ld nev] be us$ "u any circum/ances =  

full b9d+4 ,x may be us$ on ! sides (   
books b\nd 9 lea!r2 if ?is be done !    
corn]s %\ld be cov]$ ) vellum1 = ?is    
clo? does n )/& h>d usage & is likely to
 fray at ! corn]s4 ,x is a clo? commonly
 us$ by publi%]s1 b %\ld be us$ sp>+ly  
by ! libr>ian4 ,art vellum made by !    
,int]lak5 ,mills1 ,ald9e vellum made by 
! ,holli/on ,mills1 & ,l95 f9i% made by 
! ,joseph ,bancr(t  ,sons ,company1 come
 )9 ?is grade4  ,,grade #b  7a7 ,grade  
two is made ( a bett] grade ( cotton & )
 a clos] weave ?an ! prec$+1 b is n     
suffici5tly /rong to be us$ = full b9d+4
 ,x c be us$ m satisfactorily ?an !     
prec$+ on ! sides ( books b\nd 9 lea!r  
or duck4 ,9 common ) all clo?s1 except !
 buckram made accord+ to ! gov]nm5t     
specifications 7:i* w be discuss$ lat]71
 ! diff]5t colors are n made1 z "o might
 suppose1 by dye+ ! clo? aft] x is wov51
 b by mix+ ! color ) ! siz+ or />* :i*  
is us$ 9 f9i%+ ! clo?1 & press+ x into !
 clo? by ma*9]y4 ,z a natural result !  
color rubs (f ) we> & ! natural gray ( !

 orig9al clo? z fir/ wov5 appe>s4 ,art  
canvas made by ! ,int]lak5 ,mills1      
,classic buckram made by ! ,holli/on    
,mills1 & ,poli%$ buckram1 by ! ,joseph 
,bancr(t  ,sons ,company come )9 ?is    
grade4  7b7 ,buckram4 ,"u ! "n ( buckram
 v>i\s grades ( clo? are manufactur$ :i*
 resemble to a great] or less degree ^? 
m5tion$ "u ,grade #b 7a74 ,g5]ally x is 
a co>sely wov5 clo? /iff5$ ) glue or    
siz+1 & ! t]m orig9ally indicat$ t !    
clo? 0 made ( l954 ,at ! pres5t "t l95  
buckram made 9 ,engl& c be obta9$1 b all
 t is manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is  
made ( cotton4 ,l95 buckram co/s mu* m  
?an cotton & x is d\btful if x is any m 
s]viceable4 ,all ( ! ?ree manufactur]s  
m5tion$ make buckrams4  ,,grade #c      
,prior to #aijg ! ,congressional set (  
gov]nm5t docum5ts di/ribut$ to !        
depository libr>ies _h be5 b\nd 9       
%eepsk9 & ! lea!r on ! volumes _h       
dis9tegrat$ s mu* z to make ! set a h>d 
"o to c>e =4 ,9 #aijg ! ,congressional  
,pr9t+ ,inve/igation ,commission ask$   

libr>ians ( depository libr>ies to      
sugge/1 )\t consid]+ co/1 suitable b9d+ 
mat]ials = ,gov]nm5t ,docum5ts4 ,! numb]
 ( replies receiv$ 0 #abd1 embody+      
sugge/ions z foll[s3 full %eep1 #aa2    
half-russia1 #gh2 clo?1 #be2 buckram1   
#gj2 l95 duck1 #bj2 canvas1 #ai4 ,"s    
libr>ians express$ m ?an "o pref]5ce1 s 
t ! total numb] ( pref]5ces 0 great] ?an
 ! total ( ^? reply+4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o      
favor$ %eep did s because ( _! desire = 
uni=mity4 ,^? :o favor$ half-russia     
und\bt$ly desir$ half ,am]ican russia1  
or c[hide4 #acd express$ pref]5ce = "s  
=m ( clo?4  ,aft] receiv+ ! replies f   
libr>ians ! ,pr9t+ ,inve/igation        
,commission obta9$ samples ( clo? f     
v>i\s clo? manufactur]s 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates & ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds made a s]ies
 ( *emical & physical te/s to det]m9e ! 
durability ( ^! clo?s4 ,*emical te/s 7  
made to discov] :e!r ! colors 7 fa/ :5  
expos$ to light4 ,x is to be regrett$   
p]haps t no te/s 7 made to det]m9e :e!r 
! clo?s 7 fa/ to wat] & t ?is           

qualification 0 n includ$ 9 ! f9al      
specifications4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 t a    
clo? :i* is fa/ to sun & wat] bo? is a  
valuable clo? = bookb9d+1 x is evid5t t 
! quality ( fa/ness to wat] is n a      
vitally important "o = clo? us$ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! total numb] ( books   
injur$ by wat] is s small z to make     
insi/5ce ^u ?is quality entirely        
unnecess>y4 ,if books become s soil$ t  
!y ne$ to be wa%$ !y %\ld be b\nd 9     
wat]pro( clo?4  ,because _m volumes (   
,gov]nm5t ,docum5ts are s5t to ,porto   
,rico & ! ,philipp9es :]e insects eat   
almo/ any?+ ( an animal or vegetable "*1
 ! desirability ( ! clo? z an article ( 
diet = insects1 0 also te/$4  ,!        
physical te/s indicat$3  a4 ,numb] (    
?reads p] in* ( w>p & weft4  b4         
,absorption ( moi/ure4  c4 ,weight p]   
y>d4  d4 ,t5sile /r5g?4  e4 ,am\nt (    
/ret*4  f4 ,am\nt ( friction develop$ by
 rubb+ two pieces ( clo? toge!r4  ,?is  
te/ 0 made because ! friction develop$ 9
 tak+ a book f betwe5 two o!rs is an    

important matt] :5 a %elf is full (     
books4 ,if ! friction is great ! we> on 
! back ( ! book is correspond+ly        
excessive4  g4 ,endurance :5 fold$ back 
& =? 9 ! same place4  h4 ,endurance "u  
extraord9>y conditions ( rubb+4  ,"s (  
^! qualities1 su* z t5sile /r5g?1 am\nt 
( /ret*1 etc41 7 comp>atively           
unimportant1 b ! te/s = all 7 sev]e &   
contribut$ mu* to our k ( ! qualities   
:i* %\ld ent] into ! composition (      
durable book clo?s4  ,aft] a v c>eful   
consid]ation ( ! results ( ! te/s & a   
?or\gh exam9ation ( ! samples submitt$1 
a committee ( libr>ians & gov]nm5t      
(ficials unanim\sly *ose ?ree samples z 
! be/ ( all ^? submitt$ by !            
manufactur]s4 ,( ^! ?ree samples ! clo? 
numb]$ #fff 0 consid]$ ! mo/            
satisfactory4  ,al?\gh ^! ?ree samples 7
 excell5t1 !y all _h "o defect--! color 
0 press$ 9 by ma*9]y1 n dy$ 9 ! piece4  
,aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts _h be5 made by !  
manufactur]s ?is defect 0 rem$i$4 ,!    
,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice !n adv]tis$ =   

bids on clo?s :i* w\ld meet !           
,specifications drawn up by ! ,bureau ( 
,/&>ds 7,see ,app5dix ,a74 ,s9ce t "t   
all ! ,gov]nm5t docum5ts :i* cont9ue !  
old %eep-b\nd set h be5 s5t to          
depository libr>ies b\nd 9 clo? made    
accord+ to ^! specifications4  ,?is clo?
 is kn[n sometimes z ,gov]nm5t          
,specification ,clo?1 b is manufactur$  
"u ! specific "n ( ,libr>y buckram by ! 
,holli/on ,mills1 ,art buckram by !     
,int]lak5 ,mills1 & ,legal buckram by ! 
,joseph ,bancr(t  ,sons ,company4 ,!    
fir/ two are made 9 pieces ab\t #dj y>ds
 long & #ch in*es wide1 ! ,bancr(t clo? 
9 pieces #dc y>ds long & #dc in*es wide4
 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is clo? is n q s  
attractive 9 appe>ance z "s ( ! old     
clo?s :i* are n s durable4 ,"s b9d]s    
claim t x is h>d to use4 ,on ! :ole1    
h[ev]1 x supplies a long felt want & is 
! /ronge/ clo? made t is at all         
attractive 9 appe>ance4  ,,duck  ,duck  
or canvas1 a r\gh1 heavy clo? mu* ! same
 9 quality z sail clo?1 is ! /ronge/    

clo? us$ 9 b9d+1 b has "s v decid$      
drawbacks :i* militate aga9/ its use1   
except :5 ! "q ( /r5g? ov]%ad[s all     
o!rs4 ,x always makes an                
unattractive-look+ volume--"s ( ! m     
fa/idi\s libr>ians rebel aga9/ its use2 
& x readily absorbs dirt & moi/ure1 mak+
 x disagreeable to h&le if ! book has   
be5 mu* us$4 ,duck hav+ a d\ble twi/$   
?read 9 ! weft is mu* m compact &       
absorbs dirt & moi/ure mu* less rapidly 
?an o!r k9ds4 ,x %\ld be us$ on ! backs 
7nev] = full b9d+7 ( newspap]s & su*    
p]iodicals z are too heavy to put 9     
libr>y or legal buckram4  ,,imp]ial     
,,morocco ,,clo?  ,imp]ial morocco clo?1
 manufactur$ by ! ,w9t]bottom ,book     
,clo? ,company 9 ,engl&1 is made ( l95  
?read & f9i%$ ) a gra9 to resemble      
lea!r4 ,! k9d mo/ us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
resembles a /raight-gra9$ morocco4 ,x is
 an excell5t clo? 9 appe>ance1 z well z 
9 durability1 b its co/ is #ej great]   
?an t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,specification      
,clo?4 ,x may be us$ on semi-popul>     

books :i* w n receive a great am\nt (   
use1 b :i* %\ld be z attractive 9       
appe>ance z possible4  ,,wat]-,,pro(    
,,clo?s  ,!re are sev]al clo?s :i* are  
wat]pro( & !re=e easily clean$ :5 !     
cov]s become soil$4 ,! be/ ( ^! are     
durabl9e1 us$ exclusively by ,c$ric     
,*iv]s2 rex9e & pluvius91 us$ almo/     
exclusively 9 ,engl&2 k]atol1 made 9    
,new>k1 ,new ,j]sey2 & fabrikoid1 made  
by ! du ,pont ,p[d] ,company1 ,wilm+ton1
 ,delaw>e4 ,all ( ^! clo?s are said to  
be acid1 alkali & g]m pro(1 d n absorb  
grease & c be wa%$ ) soap & wat]4 ,!y   
are /rong1 durable clo?s1 b !y h at fir/
 a disagreeable odor1 are h>d to "w &   
h>d to lett] 9 gold4 ,9 ! application ( 
pa/e to mo/ wat]pro( clo?s1 ei!r 9 !    
process ( b9d+ or 9 atta*+ labels to !  
back1 x is fir/ necess>y to break d[n ! 
surface ( ! clo? or ! pa/e w n hold4    
,?is disadvantage no long] exi/s 9 !    
case ( fabrikoid4 ,k]atol & fabrikoid   
are made to imitate lea!r & are frankly 
sold z su*4 ,probably ! use ( ^! clo?s 9

 libr>ies w always be comp>atively      
small4 ,because !y c be easily clean$ !y
 may be us$ on ! sides ( juv5ile books1 
& 9 r>e cases = full b9d+4   ,,glue  ,no
 v def9ite rules c be laid d[n z to :at 
k9d ( glue %\ld be us$4 ,! matt] mu/ be 
left l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! b9d]1 :o mu/ see
 t x is /rong1 yet flexible2 n too poor 
9 quality nor yet ! mo/ exp5sive k9d :i*
 is g5]ally us$ on furniture4 ,?is is   
too brittle = bookb9d+ use4  ,! be/ glue
 = bookb9d+ is made f sk9s & %[s a d>k  
w9e color 9 ! cake4 ,light color$ glues 
are made *iefly f bones & are n usually 
s good4 ,to prep>e glue = use1 soak     
small pieces 9 wat] ov] night & 9 !     
morn+ melt 9 ! glue pot4 ,x %\ld nev] be
 boil$4 ,a c>eful b9d] w see t ut5sils  
are kept clean & t glue is us$ 9 ! prop]
 ?ickness4  ,flexible glue1 :i* does n  
become too h>d ei!r be=e or aft] use1 is
 made by mix+ glyc]9e ) good glue4 ,x   
has no special advantages = use by      
b9d]s1 b c be us$ 9 ! libr>y itself = "s
 ( ! repairs :i* assi/ants may h to     

make4   ,,pa/e  7,= pa/e us$ 9 m5d+1 see
 p4 #afg74  ,! be/ pa/e is t made 9 !   
ord9>y way ) fl\r & wat]4 ,! pa/e %\ld  
be fre%1 = if x is n a c]ta9 f]m5tation 
takes place :i* is injuri\s to ! book1  
especially to lea!r4   ,,bo>ds  ,n !    
lea/ important "p ( ! make-up ( a f9i%$ 
book are ! bo>ds =m+ ! sides4 ,!re are  
practically f\r grades ( bo>ds :i* are  
kn[n z /rawbo>ds2 b9d]s1 clo? or        
millbo>ds2 semi-t>1 & t> bo>ds4 ,!      
*eape/ grade is ! /rawbo>d1 = :i* !re is
 no place 9 libr>y "w4  ,mill or clo?   
bo>ds1 us$ = practically all libr>y "w1 
are g5]ally made f wa/e pap]s ( all     
k9ds1 ?\gh "s may h an admixture ( rags4
 ,clay is also mix$ ) ! wa/e pap] pulp &
 ! :ole subject$ to heavy pressure 9 !  
f9al /ages ( manufacture4 ,!y are made 9
 two sizes1 #bj x #cj & #bc x #bi in*es1
 & are put up 9 #ej-p\nd bundles1 !     
numb] ( %eets 9 ! bundle indicat+ !     
?ickness ( ! bo>d4 ,! ?icke/ is a ,no4  
#ab :i* has #ab %eets 9 a #ej-p\nd      
bundle4 ,!y may h z _m z #gj %eets 9 a  

bundle1 :i* makes a v ?9 bo>d4 ,a #bj or
 #be bo>d %\ld be us$ = fiction &       
juv5ile books & a #af or #ah = heavi]   
books su* z magaz9es4 ,prices ( good    
clo? bo>ds run f #dj to #ej a ton4      
,semi-t> bo>ds1 made f bett] grade /ock 
?an mill bo>d1 %\ld h 9 _! composition a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( rags & hemp or naval     
cordage4 ,!y come 9 ! same sizes &      
weights1 co/+ ab\t #gj a ton4  ,t> bo>ds
 are ! be/ bo>ds obta9able4 ,made (     
naval cordage1 !y are v t\gh & h>d to   
"w4 ,_m ( !m are all[$ to season1 9 mu* 
! same way z lumb] seasons1 9 ord] to   
prev5t w>p+4 ,!y are mu* too exp5sive = 
libr>y use1 sometimes co/+ z mu* z #aaj 
a ton4  ,! matt] ( bo>ds is n "o ab\t   
:i* ! libr>ian ne$ ex]cise great        
wat*fulness4 ,b9d]s g5]ally use a v good
 quality1 ?\gh !y sometimes use too ?9 a
 bo>d on a heavy book1 su* z a newspap] 
or l>ge folio4 ,9 su* cases a bo>d (    
suitable ?ickness c be made by pa/+ or  
glu+ two or m toge!r4   ,,?read  ,at "o 
"t !re 0 no "q b t ! be/ ?read to be us$

 9 b9d+ 0 l954 ,9 ! light ( pres5t k x  
may be d\bt$ if ?is is true "u all      
circum/ances4 ,all comm]cially b\nd     
books1 )\t exception1 are sew$ ) cotton 
?read4 ,ev5 su* l>ge books z ! ,c5tury  
,diction>y1 ,web/]'s ,diction>y & !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,catalog ( #aiab are sew$ 
) cotton ?read4 ,s9ce x 0 unque/ionably 
! aim ( ! publi%]s ( all ^! books to    
issue !m 9 ! /ronge/ possible b9d+s1 x  
is reasonable to suppose t l95 w\ld h   
be5 us$ if x 7 really ! be/ = ! purpose4
 ,! ma9 reason l95 ?read has be5 advis$ 
= s long is because its t5sile /r5g? is 
mu* great] ?an t ( cotton4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 x is j z true t :at we may call ! fray+
 resi/ance ( a cotton ?read is great]   
?an t ( l954 ,take two ?reads ( ! same  
size1 "o cotton & ! o!r l951 make a loop
 ( ea* ?read ) "o inside ! o!r1 saw back
 & =?1 & ! cotton w always cut ! l95    
?read4 ,fur!rmore1 l95 ?read det]iorates
 9 quality unless v c>efully /or$4 ,!   
publi%]s soon discov]$ ^! facts1 & s9ce 
t5sile /r5g? is n an important attribute

 9 a ?read t is be+ us$ 9 a book        
sew+-ma*9e1 !y use a cotton ?read )     
?or\ghly satisfactory results4  ,9 !    
case ( libr>y b9d+1 h[ev]1 ! books are  
always sew$ by h& & ! sew]1 z %e draws !
 ?read tight1 is oblig$ to use "s /r5g?2
 = ?is reason t5sile /r5g? is an        
important attribute4 ,hayes' ,iri% l95  
?read is g5]ally specifi$4 ,! ,b>b\r    
?read is ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,dana & by   
o!rs1 b ! writ] is n famili> ) its use4 
,o!r mat]ials us$ 9 b9d+ are gold leaf1 
pap] = end pap]s1 tape1 headb&s1 cord & 
v>i\s concoctions us$ 9 f9i%+ ! books4  
,gold leaf %\ld be #ah to #bb k>at1 &   
nei!r alum9um nor silv] leaf %\ld be    
us$4 ,pap] = end pap]s w v>y some:at ) !
 size ( ! book1 b %\ld nev] be light] 9 
weight ?an a #fj-p\nd manila4 ,l>ge     
libr>ies may f9d x desirable to h an end
 pap] specially made = _! own use4      
,tapes %\ld be l95 & n ov] ?ree-eigh?s (
 an in* wide4 ,cord = use 9 sew+ 9 !    
regul> way 7n ov]ca/+7 is a s(t tw9e :i*
 c be obta9$ f all deal]s 9 bookb9d+    

supplies4 ,= all books less ?an twelve  
in*es 9 height use f\r-ply cord2 = l>g] 
books1 five-ply4     ,,*apt] ,v         
,,specifications   ,aft] ! libr>ian has 
def9itely decid$ ^u ! b9d] :om he wi%es 
to employ he mu/1 especially 9 deal+ )  
b9d]s :o are n accu/om$ to libr>y "w1   
draw up specifications z to ways 9 :i*  
he wi%es diff]5t classes ( books b\nd4  
,if he has employ$ a b9d] :o ?or\ghly   
und]/&s libr>y b9d+1 he may make use ( !
 b9d]'s k 9 draw+ up ! specifications4  
,"u c]ta9 circum/ances x may be wise to 
ent] into a contract ) ! b9d]1 b        
ord9>ily 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates su* a c\rse w
 n be necess>y4 ,aft] ! specifications h
 be5 prep>$ & a s*$ule ( prices agre$   
^u1 ! libr>ian always has ! "r to refuse
 to pay = books n b\nd accord+ to       
specifications4 ,!re=e1 a def9ite legal 
contract is n necess>y4 ,! libr>ian1    
except 9 ! case ( a few libr>ies :i*    
accord+ to law mu/ give _! "w to /ate   
(ficials1 is always at lib]ty to take 8 
cu/om f "o b9d] & give x to ano!r4 ,?us 

suffici5t pressure is br\ght to be> on !
 b9d]4  ,al?\gh ! pres5t *apt] gives    
def9ite specifications = ! b9d+ ( v>i\s 
classes ( books1 x is always wise to %[ 
a c]ta9 latitude 9 ! use (              
specifications4 ,local conditions1 !    
pap]s us$ 9 bookmak+ :i* seem to become 
poor] & poor] ) ea* succe$+ ye>1 & ! k9d
 ( a libr>y :i* is to use !             
specifications--all ^! mu/ be tak5 into 
consid]ation :5 specifications are drawn
 up4 ,moreov]1 ! be/ specifications w   
accompli% little if !y are n foll[$ by !
 b9d] 9 a workmanlike mann]1 :ile good  
workman%ip w sometimes make up =        
omission ( important details 9 !        
specifications4  ,9 ! ma91 x w be f\nd t
 ! foll[+ specifications may be us$ z a 
guide1 except possibly 9 ! case ( "s    
ref]5ce & college libr>ies :i* d n issue
 books = home use4 ,x has seem$ be/ to  
place fir/ g5]al specifications :i*     
apply to all books1 foll[$ by additional
 specifications = ea* k9d ( books       
treat$4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! specifications  

are c>ri$ out is describ$ 9 ! *apt] on  
,processes4   ,,g5]al ,,specifications  
#a4 ,! b9d] is responsible = all books  
consign$ to 8 c>e & mu/ replace or pay =
 all books lo/ or injur$4 ,:5 "o        
consid]s ! l>ge numb] ( volumes pass+   
?r\gh a b9d]y1 com+ f _m diff]5t        
libr>ies1 ! numb] ( books = :i* ! b9d]  
is unable to acc\nt is surpris+ly small4
  #b4 ,! libr>ian is ! judge ( :e!r !   
book is b\nd accord+ to !               
specifications4 ,s9ce he has submitt$ ! 
specifications & ! b9d] has agre$ to !m 
he %\ld be ! sole judge ( ! result4  #c4
 ,! b9d] w be all[$ to dep>t f any      
specification if x is desirable 9 !     
int]e/s ( good b9d+4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1    
prove t he is ju/ifi$ 9 s do+4  #d4     
,books mu/ be paid = accord+ to a s*$ule
 ( prices agre$ ^u by ! b9d] & libr>ian4
  #e4 ,! size %\ld be det]m9$ by measur+
 at ! back ( ! volume aft] x is b\nd4 ,x
 might be wis]1 p]haps1 to measure !    
book be=e ! bo>ds are put on1 s t b9d]s 
w\ld be sure to trim ! book z little z  

possible4 ,x is ! univ]sal cu/om1 h[ev]1
 to pay accord+ to ! measure ( ! book ) 
! bo>ds on4 ,?is may possibly tempt !   
b9d] to increase ! squ>e ( ! book j     
en\gh to gr\p x ) ! next l>g] size s t  
he c *>ge m = x4  #f4 ,all items n cov]$
 9 ! s*$ule ( prices may be *>g$ = at ! 
regul> rates ( ! b9d] = su* "w4  #g4    
,all books n ov]sew$ are to be sew$     
all-along ) ,hayes' ,iri% l95 ?read1    
suit+ ! size ( ! ?read to ! requirem5ts 
( ! book2 ,no4 #be = light1 ,no4 #bj =  
m$ium & ,no4 #af = heavy sections4   #h4
 ,clo? mu/ be us$ = sides ( all books   
b\nd 9 half-lea!r or half-duck4 ,nev]   
use m>bl$ pap] except occasionally on   
newspap]s4  #i4 ,unless o!rwise         
specifi$1 clo? :i* con=ms to !          
specifications ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 or 
,imp]ial morocco clo?1 mu/ be us$ = full
 b9d+4 ,= sides ( lea!r b\nd books a    
some:at *eap] grade may be us$4  #aj4   
,duck %\ld h a twi/$1 d\ble ?read 9 !   
weft4  #aa4 ,moroccos or pigsk9s mu/ be 
gu>ante$ by ! manufactur] to be         

free-f-acid4  #ab4 ,glue mu/ be be/     
quality ( b9d]s' or flexible glue1 & mu/
 be us$ sp>+ly4  #ac4 ,poor mat]ials (  
any k9d mu/ n be us$4  #ad4 ,9 tak+     
books ap>t1 all old glue1 pa/e1         
back-l9+1 pap]1 etc41 %\ld be c>efully  
remov$4  #ae4 ,! b9d] %\ld expect to d a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( m5d+ ( torn pages & gu>d+
 ( weak signatures1 b %\ld be all[$ to  
*>ge extra :5 ! am\nt is excessive4     
#af4 ,! text ( all books mu/ be collat$ 
by b9d] & imp]fect books return$ to !   
libr>y4 7,see "u ,processes1 ,collation1
 p4 #ae74  #ag4 ,all illu/rations (     
:atev] "* pr9t$ on s+le leaves mu/ be   
gu>d$ ) ?91 t\gh pap] & ! gu>d fold$    
ar\nd ! adjo9+ sections4  ,"s libr>ians 
& b9d]s advocate ! use ( clo? gu>ds b   
?is seems h>dly necess>y4 ,! clo? gu>ds 
t5d to swell ! back ( ! book1 especially
 if !re be _m plates1 :ile ! ?91 t\gh   
pap] is /rong en\gh = ord9>y books4     
,fold$ plates %\ld nev] be sew$ ?r\gh ! 
middle ( ! fold1 b %\ld be m\nt$ on     
gu>ds s t ! plates w op5 out ne>ly flat 

:5 ! book is op5$4 ,fold$ maps1 or o!r  
fold$ plates :i* may be consult$ (t5    
%\ld1 unless o!rwise specifi$1 be gu>d$ 
) clo? :i* is z wide z ! book1 s t !y   
may be ?r[n entirely outside ! book &   
lie flat on a table4  #ah4 ,illu/rations
 :i* are fold$ m ?an once1 su* z maps1  
%\ld be c>efully cut & m\nt$ on ?9 clo? 
9 su* a way z to all[ = ! fold+ to come 
on ! clo? alone1 n on ! pap]4  #ai4     
,/it*+ 7t is1 sew+ signatures l5g?wise )
 a sew+-ma*9e7 or old-fa%ion$ :ip/it*+1 
is n p]mitt$ = any books2 ) ! possible  
exception ( newspap]s4  #bj4 ,9 sew+    
?ree b&s or tapes mu/ be us$ = eight-in*
 books1 f\r = twelve-in*1 etc4  #ba4    
,tapes1 or b&s1 & back-l9+ mu/ project  
at lea/ an in* & a qu>t] on ea* side ( !
 book4  #bb4 ,all books %\ld be l9$ on !
 back ) canton flannel z describ$ 9 !   
*apt] on ,processes1 except 9 a few     
cases :]e x may be advisable to use duck
 or a fle%]4 ,?is elim9ates lac+-on (   
bo>ds4  #bc4 ,adjo9+ leaves ( fly leaves
 & end pap]s mu/ always be pa/$ toge!r4 

#bd4 ,books mu/ be trimm$ z little z    
possible4  #be4 ,all books %\ld h r\nd$ 
corn]s4  #bf4 ,all books mu/ h ,fr5*    
jo9ts4  #bg4 ,all books1 unless o!rwise 
specifi$1 w be fa/5$ f9ally into ! cov]s
 by pa/+ d[n end pap]s4 ,tight-back     
books w 9 addition h ! back glu$ to !   
book4  #bh4 ,books %\ld be loose-back   
unless o!rwise specifi$4  #bi4 ,edges   
%\ld be spr9kl$ unless ! libr>y         
specifies gild+ on top4 ,! color us$ may
 be v>i$ to h>monize ) ! color ( ! book4
  #cj4 ,books mu/ be press$ until       
?or\ghly dry4  #ca4 ,b9d]s mu/ keep a   
record ( ea* book1 :e!r p]iodical or n1 
:i* has a volume numb]4  ,?is record1   
commonly kn[n z a rub or rub-(f1 %[s !  
size ( ! book1 k9d ( b9d+ & exact       
lett]+4 ,:5ev] o!r volumes ( ! same "w  
or same p]iodical are receiv$ !y w be   
b\nd accord+ to ?is record1 unless !    
libr>ian has specifi$ a diff]5t mat]ial1
 or diff]5t lett]+4 ,9 su* a case !     
matt] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! libr>ian be=e !
 book is b\nd4 ,if a b9d] receives a    

book ) a volume numb] & has no record ( 
previ\s volumes1 he %\ld ask ! libr>ian 
= a sample volume1 unless x is obvi\sly 
a book = :i* !re c\ld be no sample1 su* 
z ! fir/ volume ( a p]iodical giv+      
contempor>y dates4  #cb4 ,! b9d] is     
expect$ to pa/e 9 book-pockets &        
book-plates :5 furni%$ by ! libr>y b may
 *>ge extra = ! "w4  #cc4 ,! be/ gold   
leaf mu/ be us$ 9 lett]+ unless cov] is 
light en\gh 9 color to take ink4 ,lea!r 
labels %\ld nev] be us$4   ,,fiction ,,&
 ,,juv5ile ,,books  ,x seems to be      
fairly well prov5 t all fiction &       
juv5ile books %\ld be b\nd 9 "s k9d (   
lea!r1 pref]ably c[hide4#e ,objections  
to ?is are he>d f "t to "t1 b !         
objections come *iefly f ! l>ge /eel    
t[ns :]e ! sulphur 9 ! air has a bad    
effect on lea!rs4 ,9 mo/ communities    
lea!r w outwe> clo? & 9 any ev5t clo?   
becomes %abby1 ev5 :5 p]fectly /rong1   
mu* m quickly ?an lea!r4 ,:5 ! ,fr5*    
jo9t is us$ ! lea!r ne$ n be p>$ &      
ord9>ily w outwe> ! pap] ( ! book4      

,foll[ g5]al specifications z outl9$    
above1 supplem5t$ by ! foll[+3  #a4     
,books %\ld be b\nd 9 "o-half c[hide    
7,am]ican russia74 ,roan may be us$ if !
 libr>ian is sure t x is good4  #b4     
,fly-leaves %\ld be made ( :ite book    
pap]1 #gj p\nds to ! ream & gu>d$ )     
jaconet4  ,x is app>5t t :5 fly-leaves  
are gu>d$ ) clo? !y are sew$ z a sep>ate
 section & n tipp$ on z is done 9 ord9>y
 b9d+4 ,s9ce practically all fiction &  
juv5ile books are ov]sew$1 x w n be     
necess>y to c>ry ! gu>d ar\nd to ! inn] 
side ( ! fold4  #c4 ,end pap]s may be   
made ( pap] specially made = ! b9d]1 b x
 %\ld be equal 9 /r5g? to an #hj-p\nd   
manila pap] & %\ld be gu>d$ ) jaconet on
 ! outside ( ! fold 9 ! same way z      
fly-leaves4  #d4 ,if book is n ov]sew$ !
 fir/ & la/ sections mu/ be gu>d$ )     
jaconet4  #e4 ,ne>ly all books %\ld be  
sew$ ) "s mod]n me?od ( ov]ca/+4  ,x is 
probable t 9 e lot ( books s5t to ! b9d]
 !re w be "s fiction & juv5ile books :i*
 c\ld be sew$ 9 ! regul> way ?r\gh !    

signatures ei!r on b&s or on tapes1 b ! 
numb] is s small t ! b9d] f9ds x easi]  
to sew all ! books alike4 ,9 any ev5t   
only ^? :i* h ! backs ( ! sections      
unbrok5 ! entire l5g? & :i*1 9 addition1
 are seldom us$1 %\ld be sew$ 9 ! regul>
 way4      ,footnote #e3 ,see footnote1 
page #ff4   ,,non-,,fiction  #a4 ,books 
%\ld be b\nd 9 full clo?4  #b4 ,books 9 
:i* ! backs ( sections are n injur$1 or 
:i* _c be easily m5d$ may be sew$       
regul>ly4 ,! re/ mu/ be ov]sew$4  #c4 ,9
 all o!r respects ! prec$+              
specifications %\ld be foll[$4          
,,p]iodicals  ,!re is no place 9 a small
 libr>y :]e good judgm5t w d m to make !
 libr>y effici5t at a m9imum co/ ?an 9 !
 b9d+ ( p]iodicals4 ,! use ( libr>ies = 
ref]5ce purposes is increas+ & ! use (  
p]iodicals is made easy by means ( !    
p]iodical indexes4 ,! en?usia/ic        
libr>ian :o wi%es to answ] all que/ions 
w be tempt$ to b9d m p]iodicals ?an are 
really ne$$1 ?us impair+ ! effici5cy ( !
 book fund4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to "s ! co/ ( 

b9d+ may seem s great t "s useful       
p]iodicals w rema9 unb\nd4 ,b x is n    
necess>y to ?r[ away unb\nd p]iodicals4 
,if !y are to be us$ only n[ & !n 9     
ref]5ce "w1 x is a good plan to wrap !m 
9 /\t manila pap] ) /iff bo>ds on !     
outside1 lett] c>efully on ! back & file
 away on ! %elves 9 _! regul> places    
among o!r p]iodicals4  ,supplem5t !     
g5]al specifications by ! foll[+3  #a4  
,fly-leaves %\ld be made ( :ite book    
pap]1 #hj p\nds to ! ream1 gu>d$ )      
jaconet on bo? sides4  #b4 ,end pap]s   
may be made ( special pap]s us$ by !    
b9d]1 b x is wise to h a #ajj-p\nd      
manila gu>d$ ) jaconet on ! outside &   
also on ! inside ( ! fold4  #c4 ,fir/ & 
la/ sections mu/ be gu>d$ ) jaconet4    
#d4 ,books #aj in*es 9 height %\ld be   
sew$ regul>ly on f\r b&s or on tapes    
"o-qu>t] ( an in* wide2 l>g] volumes on 
five b&s or tapes4 ,sew all-along1 pass+
 ne$le ?r\gh c5t] ( tapes4  #e4 ,a      
millbo>d z heavy z ! weight ( ! book w  
all[ mu/ be us$4  #f4 7a7 ,books %\ld be

 b\nd 9 full clo? made accord+ to !     
specifications ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,z 
light colors1 :i* may be lett]$ 9 ink1  
%[ dirt v readily x seems bett] to use a
 d>k color & lett] 9 gold4  7b7 ,9 l>ge 
ref]5ce or college libr>ies !re are     
c]ta9 p]iodicals t receive con/ant use4 
,x w\ld be a mi/ake to b9d su* volumes 9
 clo?1 because no clo? w endure ! we> t 
!y receive4 ,!y %\ld be b\nd 9 lea!r1   
pref]ably ,turkey or ,nig] morocco4 ,on 
no acc\nt %\ld ,am]ican russia be us$4  
#g4 ,if lea!r is us$ ! sides %\ld be    
cov]$ ) ,bureau ( ,/&>ds clo?4          
,,newspap]s  ,because newspap]s are     
pr9t$ on wret*$ pap] :i* x is freely    
admitt$ w dis9tegrate 9 a comp>atively  
%ort "t1 ! "q :5 to b9d & :5 to ?r[ away
 is a h>d "o to decide4 ,= ! small      
libr>y x is surely unwise to b9d any    
except ! local pap]1 :i* w be us$ f "t  
to "t = local hi/ory4 ,9 _m cases x may 
be wis] simply to wrap ! volumes to     
protect !m f ! light & file !m          
*ronologically4 ,! libr>ian ( ! l>ge    

libr>y1 h[ev]1 no matt] h[ disgu/$ he   
may be ) ! poor quality ( pap] us$ f9ds 
x necess>y to b9d a numb] ( newspap]s4  
,:5 b\nd !y w la/ tw5ty-five ye>s or m1 
dur+ :i* "t !y are sure to be us$       
suffici5tly to w>rant b9d+4  ,newspap]s 
mu/ be kept away f light1 heat &        
moi/ure4 ,if possible1 keep 9 a d>k     
closet until ready = b9d+4 ,publi%]s (  
local pap]s ought to give a copy = b9d+4
  #a4 ,newspap]s mu/ be b\nd 9 "o-half  
duck1 be/ quality4  ,x is nev] "u any   
circum/ances wise to b9d newspap]s 9    
lea!r4 ,duck1 to be sure1 ga!rs dirt    
easily1 b x seems to be ! only mat]ial  
suffici5tly /rong & long-liv$ = b9d+    
newspap]s4  #b4 ,fly-leaves & end pap]s 
%\ld be made ( extra heavy pap] well    
gu>d$ inside & outside ! fold4  #c4 ,x  
is p]missible to /it* sections l5g?wise 
be=e sew+ regul>ly on b&s1 b ov]sew+ is 
pref]able4  #d4 ,bo>ds ( d\ble ?ickness 
mu/ be us$4 ,x is be/1 p]haps1 to make !
 bo>ds by glu+ or pa/+ two bo>ds (      
ord9>y ?ickness toge!r4  #e4 ,corn]s    

%\ld be cov]$ ) vellum tips4  #f4 ,tight
 backs mu/ be us$4  #g4 ,sides mu/ be   
cov]$ ) pap]4  ,?is facilitates ! h&l+ (
 ! volumes4 ,if clo? sides are us$ on   
newspap]s x increases enorm\sly ! labor 
9 %elv+ !m & ev5 ( us+ !m on ord9>y     
libr>y tables4 ,9 libr>ies t c af=d to  
%elve newspap]s on pat5t %elv+ ) roll]s1
 clo? sides are pref]able4  #h4         
,libr>ies t c af=d x %\ld use a         
fibre-fill+ pres]vative on ! edges4     
7,see page #aaf ( ! ,bullet9 ( !        
,am]ican ,libr>y ,association = #aiab47 
,,ref]5ce ,,books  ,ref]5ce books %\ld  
be b\nd 9 ! same way z fiction or       
juv5ile books1 except t morocco1 in/ead 
( c[hide1 %\ld be us$ = books con/antly 
h&l$4 ,books us$ only occasionally %\ld 
be cov]$ ) clo? made accord+ to !       
,specifications ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,v
 heavy1 ?ick volumes1 su* z diction>ies1
 %\ld h all ! /r5g!n+ devices &         
especially %\ld h ! b&s & canton flannel
 on ! back plac$ 9 split bo>ds or betwe5
 two bo>ds glu$ toge!r4 ,x is impossible

 to b9d su* books too /rongly4 ,9 r>e   
cases x may be well to sew heavy books  
con/antly us$ on rais$ b&s1 to h lea!r  
corn]s1 & a /rip ( lea!r along ! bottom 
( ea* bo>d4   ,,law ,,books  ,"s ( !    
pr(essions h conv5tional ways ( b9d+    
pr(essional books4 ,9 ! law1 = example1 
x 0 =m]ly cu/om>y to b9d all law books 9
 full %eep ( ! natural color4 ,:5 %eep  
fell into disrepute1 ! law publi%]s     
began to sub/itute clo? simil> 9 %ade to
 ! %eep g5]ally us$--a decid$ ga9 = law 
libr>ies4  ,supplem5t ! g5]al           
specifications by ! foll[+3  #a4 ,end   
pap]s & fly-leaves mu/ be gu>d$ )       
jaconet1 z describ$ 9 specifications =  
fiction & juv5ile books1 page #ic4  #b4 
,fir/ & la/ sections mu/ be gu>d$ )     
jaconet4  #c4 ,all maps & *>ts mu/ be   
back$ ) musl9 & n fold$ unless necess>y4
  #d4 7a7 ,bancr(t ,legal buckram 7!    
lighte/ %ade made71 or ,holli/on ,mills 
,libr>y buckram ,no4 #cb1 %\ld be us$ = 
cov]+4  7b7 ,books us$ con/antly %\ld be
 b\nd 9 half ,turkey morocco or ,nig]   

morocco4   ,,music  #a4 ,! mo/ ess5tial 
quality ( a well-b\nd book ( music is   
its ability to lie flat :]ev] op5$4 ,x  
is unwise !re=e to use any k9d ( an     
ov]ca/ /it* 9 sew+4 ,regul> sew+ on     
tapes1 in/ead ( b&s1 mu/ be us$4  #b4 ,!
 squ>e at ! bottom ( ! book %\ld be     
great] ?an at ! top s t leaves w n cat* 
on ! music-rack :5 turn$ ov]4  #c4      
,imp]ial morocco clo? %\ld be us$ =     
cov]+4 ,if h>d usage is expect$ half    
c[hide1 ) sides ( "s k9d ( wa%able clo?1
 is pref]able4  #d4 ,"p music = v>i\s   
in/rum5ts or solos ) accompanim5t mu/ h 
"o /rong b9d+ = ! "p :i* takes ! mo/    
space1 ) pocket on ! inside ( ! back    
cov] to hold ! o!r p>ts4 ,if ^! are     
bulky comp5sat+ gu>ds %\ld be ins]t$ 9 !
 back ( ! book4   ,,books ,,(           
,,illu/rations  ,e libr>y f9ds x        
necess>y to b9d a few books1 su* z      
,rac9et's ,le co/ume hi/orique1 :i* h v 
little text & a great numb] (           
illu/rations4 ,x is evid5t t !          
illu/rations 9 su* books are mo/ useful 

if kept 9 unb\nd =m 9 portfolios1 b :5  
kept 9 su* a way !y are likely to be    
lo/1 torn1 mutilat$ or misplac$4  #a4   
,ea* plate %\ld be gu>d$ ) ?91 t\gh pap]
 & ! gu>ds ov]ca/4  ,?is insures a good 
/rong sew+2 9 addition ! gu>d =ms a h+e 
:]e x meets ! plate & ! plate w lie flat
 & c easily be exam9$ :5 ! book is op5$4
  #b4 ,because ( ! arti/ic nature ( su* 
books1 !y %\ld be b\nd 9 "o-half        
morocco1 tak+ extra c>e to see t        
acid-free lea!r is us$4  #c4 ,canton    
flannel & b&s1 or tapes1 %\ld be ins]t$ 
betwe5 split bo>ds4 ,if ! book is v     
heavy1 x w\ld be wise to l9e ! back )   
duck or a fle%] r ?an ) canton flannel4 
,,comm]cial ,,b9d+ ,,= ,,ref]5ce ,,books
  ,:ile !y are n a "p ( libr>y b9d+1 x  
may n be amiss to include specifications
 = comm]cial b9d+ ( heavy ref]5ce books1
 su* z diction>ies1 cyclop$ias1 etc4 ,x 
is done ) ! hope t libr>ians w ex]t     
pressure ^u ! publi%]s to induce !m to  
adopt ^! or o!r specifications :i* w    
produce equally good results4  #a4 ,f\r 

tapes %\ld be us$ 9 sew+2 ! tapes mu/   
ext5d on ea* side ( ! book at lea/ two  
in*es4 ,! book %\ld conta9 z _m /it*es z
 possible1 us+ ! be/ f\r-/r& cotton     
?read4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ?read w dep5d    
some:at ^u ! numb] ( pages 9 a          
signature4 ,books %\ld be sew$ all along
 ) no splitt+ ( signatures at head or   
tail4  #b4 ,fir/ & la/ signatures %\ld  
be re9=c$ inside & outside ( ! fold ) a 
/rip ( /rong1 ?9 musl9 :i* passes ar\nd 
! outside ( ! end pap]s4 ,! ,engli% clo?
 call$ jaconet is ! be/ = ?is purpose4  
#c4 ,! second signature & ! next to !   
la/ %\ld be re9=c$ ) musl9 on ! inside (
 ! fold4  #d4 ,! end pap]s %\ld also be 
l9$ on ! inside4  #e4 ,illu/rations %\ld
 be gu>d$ ) musl9 :i* is fold$ ar\nd !  
next signature4  #f4 ,books %\ld be l9$ 
) a m$ium grade ( canton flannel1 ) !   
fuzzy side to ! back & ext5d+ f "o-half 
in* f ! head to )9 "o-half in* ( ! tail 
( ! book1 lapp+ ov] at lea/ two in*es on
 ! side4  #g4 ,! flannel1 toge!r ) !    
tapes1 %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 split      

bo>ds4  #h4 ,ov] ! canton flannel1 b n  
ext5d+ ov] to ! sides1 !re %\ld be pa/$ 
a good quality ( l951 rope or manila    
pap] ( suffici5t ?ickness to make ! book
 firm4 ,9 putt+ on ?is l9+ pap] pa/e    
in/ead ( glue mu/ be us$4  #i4 ,volumes 
%\ld h ,fr5* jo9ts4  #aj4 ,! be/ quality
 millbo>d ( suitable ?ickness ) r\nd$   
corn]s %\ld be us$4  #aa4 ,lea!r %\ld be
 made1 if possible1 accord+ to !        
specifications ( ! ,london ,society (   
,arts4 ,nig] morocco is probably ! be/4 
,volumes %\ld h lea!r corn]s z well z   
backs4  #ab4 ,= clo? sides1             
,w9t]bottom's ,imp]ial morocco clo?1    
,bancr(t's ,legal buckram1 or           
,holli/on's ,libr>y buckram %\ld be us$4
     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,b9d+ ,,be=e        
,,pur*ase ,,& ,,re9=c+   ,"o way (      
economiz+ 9 libr>ies is to buy books t h
 be5 b\nd 9 /rong b9d+ be=e !y come to !
 libr>y4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a univ]sal     
panacea :i* w r$uce b9d+ bills to a     
m9imum4 ,on ! contr>y1 if n us$ )       
caution1 ?is plan w result 9 !          

exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money = :i* !  
libr>y w nev] receive a return 9 actual 
we> ( ! books4 ,libr>y b9d]s :o adopt   
?is s*eme buy books 9 ! %eets f !       
publi%]s1 put !m into a /rong b9d+ &    
sell !m directly to ! libr>y4 ,mr4      
,c$ric ,*iv]s ( ,ba?1 ,engl&1 0 ! fir/  
to adopt ?is plan4 ,lat] he />t$ a b9d]y
 9 ?is c\ntry1 & s9ce !n o!r b9d]s h    
foll[$ 8 practice4 ,= ! libr>ian !re are
 sev]al advantages 9 ?is me?od ( buy+   
books4  #a4 ,books c be b\nd accord+ to 
! libr>y's special ne$s be=e !y h       
receiv$ any we>1 :ile ! pap] is fre% &  
clean4 ,books pr9t$ on v ?ick1 spongy   
pap] mu/ be sew$ v /rongly & receive    
special re9=cem5ts t are n necess>y on  
pap] :i* is m suitable = b9d+4 ,if a    
good libr>y b9d] buys ! %eets f !       
publi%]s1 he c te/ ! pap] to see :at k9d
 ( treatm5t x %\ld receive1 & he c !n   
b9d x suitably = libr>y we>4 ,if ! book 
is us$ 9 ! orig9al publi%]s' b9d+ x     
det]iorates mu* m rapidly ?an :5 prop]ly
 b\nd at ! beg9n+4  #b4 ,! book c rema9 

9 circulation at ! "t :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 
,=m]ly "o ( ! greate/ trials 9 public   
libr>ies 0 ! necessity ( )draw+ f !     
%elves practically all ! copies ( a     
popul> novel 9 ord] to s5d !m to ! b9d]y
 :]e !y rema9$ f f\r to six weeks1 !    
public mean:ile hurl+ ana!mas at !      
libr>ian = n provid+ suffici5t copies ( 
! book4 ,n only 7 ! books out (         
circulation :5 mo/ ne$$1 b mu* "t 0 us$ 
9 prep>+ !m = ! b9d]y1 *eck+ !m up on   
return1 putt+ on ! libr>y m>ks (        
own]%ip1 mak+ c>ds1 m>k+ pockets1 etc41 
all ( :i* add$ to ! exp5se4 ,today1 9 ! 
case ( new novels :i* are sure to be    
popul>1 su* tr\bles are unnecess>y4     
,in/ead ( buy+ ! orig9al publi%]s' b9d+1
 ! wise libr>ian buys a suffici5t numb] 
( copies b\nd f ! %eets2 if ! b9d+ is   
prop]ly done1 he ne$ pay no m att5tion  
to !m until !y are worn out4 ,he has    
done :at he c\ld to prev5t ! public f   
becom+ dissatisfi$1 & he has sav$ ! co/ 
( ! "w requir$ to s5d !m to ! b9d]y4    
#c4 ,n only has he s]v$ 8 public bett] &

 sav$ ! "t ( assi/ants1 b 9 mo/ cases he
 has actually sav$ money on 8 b9d+      
bills4 ,let u suppose t he pays #a4ej = 
a book b\nd f ! %eets2 & suppose t he   
also buys a copy ( ! same book 9 !      
publi%]'s cov] at a co/ ( #a4bb1 :i*1   
aft] x has be5 issu$ tw5ty times1 has to
 be b\nd at a co/ ( #ej c5ts1 mak+ a    
total co/ ( #a4gb4 ,if !y are issu$ !   
same numb] ( times !re is a cle> sav+ ( 
#bb c5ts 9 favor ( ! book b\nd f !      
%eets4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1        
/ati/ics kept by ! ,wilm+ton ,in/itute  
,free ,libr>y indicate t ! fir/ book w  
be issu$ #abe times be=e x is disc>d$1 &
 ! second #ajj times--tw5ty be=e b9d+ & 
eighty aft]w>d4 ,if ?is be true1 x is   
cle> t !re is a fur!r sav+1 provid$ t   
bo? h to be replac$ :5 f9ally worn out4 
,:ile ^! advantages are well wor?       
consid]+1 ! libr>ian %\ld n necess>ily  
get all 8 books 9 ?is =m4 ,x is a plan  
:i* is peculi>ly advantage\s 9 ! case ( 
fiction & ^? few o!r books :i* are 9    
con/ant use4 ,9 ! case ( juv5ile books  

"o mu/ be cauti\s4 ,juv5ile books1      
p>ticul>ly books = boys1 become soil$ s 
mu* m quickly ?an ! adult books t !y    
frequ5tly h to be disc>d$ because !y are
 dirty r ?an because !y are worn out4   
,if ! books 7 b\nd be=e pur*ase ! libr>y
 may h lo/ money1 because "o c frequ5tly
 buy a publi%]'s book & reb9d x m *eaply
 ?an he c pur*ase ! book b\nd f ! %eets4
  ,mo/ books 9 ! classes %\ld be pur*as$
 9 ! regul> publi%]'s b9d+ unless !y are
 con/antly us$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! use a   
book is to receive is ! te/ ( :e!r x    
%\ld be b\nd f ! %eets be=e pur*ase4    
,hav+ decid$ t ! use ( a book w>rants   
b9d+ f ! %eets1 x is well to consid] o!r
 facts4  #a4 ,x may n always be wise to 
b9d f ! %eets all ! copies ( a new book 
by a well-kn[n au?or ^: works are always
 popul> & likely to cont9ue s = ye>s4   
,if t5 copies are approximately         
suffici5t = use dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 x is   
safe to say t 9 mo/ cases !y w be too _m
 = ! ne$s ( ! libr>y dur+ ! second &    
?ird ye>s4 ,if !y are b\nd 9 lea!r be=e 

pur*ase !y w n we> out & dur+ ! ?ird &  
succe$+ ye>s a numb] ( !m may be        
deadwood on ! %elves4 ,x is !re=e wis]  
to buy a few copies 9 lea!r b9d+ & !    
o!rs ei!r 9 a regul> publi%]s' b9d+1 or 
9 "s publi%]'s cov] re9=c$4 ,:5 ^!      
volumes h come to ! po9t :]e !y ne$ b9d+
 ! p]iod ( greate/ popul>ity may h pass$
 & !y may be )drawn1 ?us sav+ ! libr>y !
 exp5se ( b9d+4  #b4 ,:5 ! book is      
f9ally worn out & mu/ be )drawn f       
circulation1 ! "q always arises1 mu/ x  
be replac$ ) a new copy8 ,! majority (  
fiction & juv5ile books s replac$ are   
books ( wide popul>ity4 ,occasionally a 
book1 su* z ,h5ry ,james' ,pr9cess      
,casamassima1 or ,w4 ,d4 ,h[ells' ,mod]n
 in/ance1 is replac$ because ! libr>y   
mu/ h x on ! %elves1 n because x is     
popul>4 ,b ord9>ily ! popul>ity ( a book
 is ! det]m9+ factor 9 replac+ worn-out 
copies4 ,! decision to replace c>ries ) 
x ! decision to keep a book on ! %elves 
indef9itely4 ,s9ce ! book has prov$ its 
wor? & is to receive h>d we>1 ! reasons 

:i* prevail$ aga9/ buy+ x 9 a /rong b9d+
 :5 x 0 new no long] exi/4 ,! /ronge/   
b9d+ t c be obta9$ suit$ to ! /r5g? ( ! 
pap] is none too /rong4  ,p]haps ! mo/  
vehem5t objection to books b\nd f !     
%eets comes f ^? libr>ians :o h a /rong 
s5se ( ae/hetic values & :o claim t ^!  
books are n s attractive to ! eyes z !  
regul> books 9 _! bright & gay publi%]s'
 cov]s4 ,! objection is valid4 ,x mu/ be
 admitt$ t ! lea!r-cov]$ books h !      
appe>ance ( /r5g? & s]viceability1 b n (
 beauty4 ,if a read] kn[s t he wi%es a  
p>ticul> book1 he w n be prev5t$ f tak+ 
x because ( its appe>ance1 b if x is    
b\nd 9 lea!r & he kn[s no?+ ab\t x1 he w
 v likely pass x ov] & select "s book   
:i* has a bright1 attractive cov]4 ,?is 
is true ev5 ( adults1 :ile ( *ildr5 x is
 d\bly true4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! popul>ity ( 
t well-kn[n book1 ,fight+ a fire1 is due
 to ! attractive cov] :i* almo/ always  
excites ! int]e/ ( boys :o happ5 to see 
x4  ,al?\gh ! fir/ co/ ( books b\nd f ! 
%eets is always great] ?an t ( books 9 !

 regul> publi%]s' cov]s1 x is hop$ t !  
economy ( buy+ !m "u c]ta9 conditions   
has be5 made cle>4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a    
*eap] way ( buy+ "s books :i* "o w\ld   
o!rwise obta9 9 ?is =m4 ,e ye> _m copies
 ( popul> fiction & juv5ile books f9d _!
 way to ! %elves ( second-h& book       
deal]s4 ,"s ( ^! copies %[ signs ( we>1 
:ile "s ( !m are 9 excell5t condition4  
,9 any ev5t x is always wise to submit a
 li/ ( replacem5ts to "s l>ge deal] 9   
second-h& books2 to buy su* books z may 
be obta9$ f him 7g5]ally at consid]ably 
less ?an "o-half ! publi%$ price72 & to 
s5d !m at once to a good libr>y b9d] =  
reb9d+ be=e plac+ ^u ! %elves ( !       
libr>y4 ,9 ?is way "o %\ld get f #be p] 
c5t to #cc-a_/c p] c5t ( fiction        
replacem5ts 9 a sub/antial b9d+ at a co/
 mu* less ?an ! co/ ( a book 9 ! orig9al
 publi%]s' b9d+4   ,,re9=c$ ,,books  ,= 
^? :o wi% /rong b9d+s1 b :o wi% !m      
attractive also1 re9=c$ b9d+s c be      
recomm5d$4 ,re9=c$ books are ^? :i* h   
be5 /r5g!n$ ei!r by ! publi%]s 9 !      

regul> c\rse ( manufacture1 or by "s    
b9d] :o takes ! book z x comes f !      
publi%]1 removes ! cov]1 /r5g!ns ! book 
& puts x back into ! same cov]4 ,a      
re9=c$ book g5]ally appe>s 9 !          
attractive publi%]'s cov]1 & x always   
appe>s 9 "s =m ( clo?1 nev] 9 lea!r4    
,ow+ to ! small numb] ( times :i* books 
9 ! orig9al publi%]s' b9d+ 7 issu$1 !   
committee on b9d+ ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y  
,association made an ef=t 9 #aijf to    
induce ! publi%]s to issue a special    
edition = libr>y use4 ,z x 0 recogniz$ t
 ! publi%]s w\ld n take k9dly to        
elaborate specifications = /rong] b9d+s1
 ! improvem5ts ask$ = 7 made z few 9    
numb] z possible4 ,!y 7 ! foll[+3  #a4  
,sew$ on ?ree tapes 7v small books sew$ 
on two tapes74  #b4 ,fir/ & la/         
signatures re9=c$ ) musl94  #c4 ,clo?   
/rip 9 jo9ts pa/$ on fly leaf & sew$    
?r\gh4  #d4 ,?9 /rong musl9 ov] backs4  
,an attempt to dem& h&-sew$ books 0     
ab&on$ :5 x 0 discov]$ t ?is /ipulation 
add$ greatly to ! co/ ( ! b9d+ )\t      

noticeably increas+ its /r5g?4 ,! ma9   
/r5g? ( a book b\nd accord+ to ^!       
specifications lay 9 ! gu>d+ ( ! fir/ & 
la/ signatures4  ,! honor ( issu+ ! fir/
 re9=c$ book = libr>y use belongs to    
,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons ,co41 :o 9 !    
summ] ( #aijf b\nd #aejj copies ( ,f4   
,hopk9son ,smi?'s ,tides ( ,b>negat4 ,_!
 specifications1 bas$ on ^? submitt$ by 
! ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 committee on b9d+1 requir$
 t3  #a4 ,signatures conta9 n m ?an     
sixte5 pages2  #b4 ,fir/ & la/          
signatures be gu>d$ ) musl9 be=e sew+2  
#c4 ,fir/ & la/ signatures be ov]sew$   
7actually !y 7 run ?r\gh a sew+ ma*9e72 
#d4 ,l9+ pap]s be gu>d$ ) /rong drill & 
sew$ ?r\gh2  #e4 ,! book be sew$ on two 
tapes2  #f4 ,highe/ grade sup] be us$ = 
back-l9+2  #g4 ,books be glu$ to ! back 
( ! cov]2 mak+ a tight back book2  #h4  
,buckram be us$ = ! cov]s in/ead ( !    
regul> publi%]'s cov]4  ,! extra co/ ( !
 book 0 t5 c5ts1 & x 0 an excell5t piece
 ( "w4 ,9 actual we> ! books f> exce$$ !
 hopes ( ^? :o favor$ ! plan1 = !y all  

w5t ?r\gh ! p]iod ( greate/ popul>ity   
)\t be+ )drawn f circulation4 ,:5 !y    
came to ! po9t :]e !y c\ld no long] be  
circulat$1 mo/ ( !m 7 disc>d$ in/ead (  
be+ s5t to ! b9d]y4  ,! initial success 
( ! plan induc$ o!r publi%]s to try !   
exp]im5t4 ,9 #aijh "o hundr$ & tw5ty    
diff]5t books c\ld be obta9$ 9 re9=c$   
b9d+s f sev5te5 publi%]s4 ,among ^!     
publi%]s 7 ! firms ( ,c5tury ,company1  
,h>p]1 ,h\ghton1 ,little ,br[n          
,company1 ,mc,clurg1 ,putnam1           
,scribn]'s1 ,/okes1 & ,w>ne4 ,"s ( ^!   
books 7 well-b\nd1 ! publi%]s evid5tly  
mak+ a consci5ti\s ef=t to meet ! dem&s 
( ! committee2 o!rs 7 make%ifts n wor?  
"o-half ! extra co/4  ,! success (      
,tides ( ,b>negat enc\rag$ ,*>les       
,scribn]'s ,sons to give ! exp]im5t     
fur!r trial1 & f "t to "t dur+ a p]iod (
 sev]al mon?s ?is firm issu$ books b\nd 
9 ?is way4 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 0 !       
initial success repeat$4 ,aft] !        
exp]im5ts _h be5 tri$ by ! diff]5t      
publi%]s = sev]al mon?s ! ob/acles to ! 

plan1 sev]al ( :i* _h be5 =ese51 grew   
great] r ?an less1 & 9 ! end ! publi%]s 
gave up ! plan ( provid+ special        
editions ( new fiction & juv5ile books =
 libr>y use4  ,! ma9 ob/acle to !       
successful culm9ation ( ! plan lay 9 !  
inability ( libr>ians to ord] books be=e
 publication1 & 9 ! inability ( publi%]s
 to make special editions aft] ! book _h
 be5 publi%$4 ,! success ( ,tides (     
,b>negat 0 due l>gely to ! fact t !     
au?or & book 7 well kn[n 9 advance (    
publication4 ,libr>ians knew at once t  
!y want$ ! book & ! ord]s 7 fil$        
promptly4 ,9 ! case ( ne>ly e o!r book  
:i* ,scribn] publi%$ 9 ?is way libr>ians
 c\ld n decide until !y _h actually se5 
! book1 or at lea/ _h se5 reviews ( x4  
,q naturally !y s5t 9 few ord]s = !     
books4 ,on ! o!r h& ,scribn] did n c>e  
to b9d a l>ge numb] ( books 9 special   
b9d+ unless !y _h "s assurance t ! books
 w\ld be sold2 & !y c\ld n at any "t    
af=d to manufacture a v small numb]4 ,x 
seem$ impossible to bridge ?is gap :i*  

exi/$ betwe5 ! publi%] & ! libr>ian4    
,o!r reasons :i* work$ aga9/ ! success (
 ! plan 73  7a7 ,! apa?y ( ! libr>y _w 9
 g5]al4 ,9 spite ( ef=ts made bo? by    
publi%]s & by ^? libr>ians specially    
int]e/$2 9 spite ( ! prov$ success &    
economy ( ! be/ re9=c$ b9d+s1 libr>ians 
9 g5]al paid little att5tion to !m4  7b7
 ,! opposition ( booksell]s4 ,?is       
opposition 0 n viol5t at any "t2 b a    
special edition = "o class ( buy]s      
inevitably entail$ m labor ^u jobb]s &  
booksell]s ) no f9ancial return1 s9ce   
!re 0 no disc\nt on ! #aj;c4 extra co/4 
,x foll[$ t ord]s f libr>ians = !       
special libr>y editions 7 fill$ by "s   
jobb]s ) regul> editions2 & ! "t requir$
 to ex*ange ! copy ( a regul> edition = 
"o ( a special edition 0 g5]ally        
suffici5t to prev5t ! libr>ian f return+
 ! books4 ,_h x be5 possible to h "o    
c5tral bureau to bun* ord]s & to        
di/ribute !m1 great] success might h    
result$4  ,:ile ! ef=t to induce        
publi%]s to issue special libr>y        

editions & to keep !m 9 /ock 0 a        
failure1 !re 7 nev]!less good results f 
! v5ture4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! comm]cial b9d+s 
are no bett] to-day ?an !y 7 t5 ye>s    
ago1 yet ! publi%]s "k t some?+ bett] is
 ne$$ = libr>y use4 ,small books :i* are
 us$ by *ildr5 & receive h>d usage are z
 a rule mu* /rong] b\nd ?an =m]ly1 & w  
la/ z long z !y are ne$$4 ,z "o direct  
result ( ! agitation1 ! well-kn[n       
,ev]yman's set c n[ be obta9$ 9 a libr>y
 b9d+4 ,c]ta9 l>ge ref]5ce books1 su* z 
,web/]'s & ! ,c5tury diction>ies1 ,u4   
,s4 ,catalog1 etc41 h be5 put into !    
/ronge/ possible b9d+4 ,9 ^! cases !    
publi%]s h tri$ to meet ! dem&s (       
libr>ians4  ,:5 ! publi%]s ceas$ to make
 special editions = libr>ies sev]al     
libr>y b9d]s und]took to supply books 9 
?is =m4 ,_! me?od 0 to buy ! books f !  
publi%]s1 remove ! cov]s1 resew ! books 
9 ! mo/ approv$ libr>y /yle & replace ! 
books 9 ! publi%]'s cov]s4 ,:5 ?is cov] 
we>s out ! sew+ is s good t x is only   
necess>y to recov] ei!r ) a regul>      

lea!r-back b9d]'s cov]1 or ) a home-made
 clo? cov]4 ,by ?is me?od ! libr>ian is 
assur$ ( a book 9 ! same cov] z ! regul>
 edition1 ! necessity ( s5d+ ord]s 9    
advance ( publication is obviat$1 & !   
publi%]s1 jobb]s & booksell]s d n h to  
keep a /ock ( a special edition4 ,9     
practice ! plan works well4  ,libr>ians 
= ye>s h be5 annoy$ because c]ta9 books1
 su* z ! ,br[nie books1 h giv5 su* poor 
s]vice no matt] h[ !y 7 b\nd4 ,9 !      
orig9al bo>ds !y w5t to pieces v quickly
 & ! pap] 0 ( su* a "* t !y 7 h>d to    
reb9d4 ,! /rong lea!r b9d+s b\nd f !    
%eets 7 too /rong because ! pap] wore   
out long be=e ! b9d+4 ,9 #aiab books (  
?is "*1 ?r\gh ! initiative ( ,mr4 ,h4   
,r4 ,huntt+ 9 ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1
 7 sew$ by ! ,samson-back me?od1 a /rong
 ma*9e sew+2 !y 7 !n cov]$ ) clo? & !   
pap] cov]s1 s attractive to *ildr51 pa/$
 on ! outside4 ,! co/ ( ! books 0 mu*   
less ?an t ( ! lea!r-back b9d+ & !y 7   
mu* m attractive4 ,! ,samson-back me?od 
( re9=cem5t !re=e practically solv$ !   

problem ( b9d+ l>ge ?9 books ) wide     
m>g9s at ! back1 precisely ! books t _h 
giv5 libr>ians ! mo/ tr\ble4     ,,*apt]
 ,,vii  ,,co/   ,b9d+ is a "w ( repair1 
n "o ( expansion1 & consequ5tly ! am\nt 
sp5t = ?is purpose adds little to !     
res\rces ( ! libr>y4 ,! mod]n libr>ian  
does n begrudge money = sal>ies2 heat1  
light & ! g5]al up-keep are items t _c  
be r$uc$ mat]ially 9 mo/ libr>ies4 ,b   
money sp5t on b9d+ r$uces ! funds       
available = new books4 ,!re=e1 a /udy ( 
! _m ways 9 :i* b9d+ bills c be made    
small] is well wor? :ile4  ,two elem5ts1
 mat]ial & labor1 ent] into ! co/ (     
b9d+1 labor ( c\rse =m+ ! l>g] "p4 ,s9ce
 ! co/ ( labor v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 x is impossible to give  
figures ( co/ applicable to all places4 
,fur!rmore1 z ! co/ ( bo? mat]ial &     
labor is increas+ con/antly any /atem5t 
made at ! pres5t "t might be wrong a ye>
 f n[4  ,s f> z figures ( co/ are       
conc]n$1 x !re=e seems be/ to discuss   
maximum & m9imum figures4 ,on ?is basis 

x is fair to assume t x w n be necess>y 
at any "t 9 ! ne> future to pay m ?an   
fifty c5ts a book = fiction & juv5ile   
books eight in*es or less 9 height1 b\nd
 9 c[hide1 gov]nm5t clo?1 or ! m        
exp5sive imp]ial morocco clo?4 ,= ?is   
am\nt ! libr>ian %\ld get ! be/ b9d+    
obta9able4 ,z high a price z ?is is     
actually *>g$ by a few b9d]s only1 "s ( 
:om are ju/ifi$ 9 s do+ because !y give 
full value = ! money1 or because ! co/ (
 _! labor is high4  ,if less ?an        
?irty-five c5ts is paid = fiction &     
juv5ile books eight in*es high1 x is    
probable t ! b9d+ is n s]viceable &     
!re=e n economical2 b 9 r>e cases b9d+s 
co/+ ?irty c5ts a volume w give excell5t
 s]vice4 ,:5 l[ prices are *>g$ !       
libr>ian %\ld be sure t1 tak+ ! ratio ( 
co/ to circulation into consid]ation1 he
 is gett+ full value4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be
 said t he :o gets fiction & juv5ile    
books well b\nd = less ?an =ty c5ts a   
volume is to be congratulat$4           
,naturally1 ?is /atem5t does n apply to 

! l>ge libr>ies :i* b9d a l>ge numb] (  
books e mon?1 & c !re=e obta9 bett]     
rates ?an ! small] libr>ies4  ,= books  
b\nd 9 c[hide or clo?1 ! co/ increases  
at ! rate ( f fifte5 to tw5ty c5ts a    
volume = e two in*es 9 height4  ,! price
 ( ! smalle/ volumes b\nd 9 morocco is  
consid]ably great] ?an ( ^? b\nd 9 o!r  
mat]ials1 & ! increase accord+ to size  
is also some:at great]4 ,"o doll> is !  
highe/ price paid )9 ! k ( ! writ] = an 
eight-in* morocco book1 & sixty c5ts !  
l[e/ price4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( ! "w
 ab\t corresponds to ! diff]5ce 9 price4
  ,p]iodicals b\nd 9 gov]nm5t clo?1 or  
duck1 may co/ f fifty-five c5ts to      
eighty c5ts a volume t5 in*es or less 9 
height1 increas+ fifte5 c5ts to tw5ty   
c5ts a volume = e two in*es 9 height4   
,newspap]s well b\nd %\ld n co/ less ?an
 #b4jj a volume1 nor ov] #d4jj4 ,m      
v>iations w be f\nd 9 ! prices =        
newspap]s ?an 9 any o!r k9d ( b9d+4     
,mo/ b9d]s are paid a c]ta9 am\nt =     
books eight in*es high or less1 ! prices

 diff]+ accord+ to ! mat]ial us$4 ,!    
price 9 a few cases increases ) ea* in* 
or fraction !re( 9 height to t5 in*es2 9
 mo/ cases ! increase is = ea* two in*es
 or fraction4 ,= example1 a book :i*    
measures eight & "o qu>t] in*es 9 height
 is *>g$ = at ! t5 in* rate4 ,"o :i*    
measures t5 & "o qu>t] in*es at ! twelve
 in* rate4 ,sometimes an extra *>ge =   
books :i* are mu* ?ick] ?an usual is    
ju/ifi$4  ,! foll[+ s*$ule cov]s        
practically all ! diff]5t sizes &       
mat]ials :i* ! libr>ian mu/ take into   
consid]ation4 ,! prices giv5 are ^?     
actually *>g$ by a good libr>y b9d]4    
,,reb9d+  ,adult & ,juv5ile &           
,miscellane\s ,books ,n ,exce$+ #b      
,in*es 9 ,?ickness                      
#h 94  #i 94  #aj 94  #ab 94     ,half  
,pigsk9 or ,c[hide        #de     #ee   
#fe      #he     ,full ,clo? 7,libr>y   
,buckram7   #dj     #ej      #fj        
#hj     ,full ,imp]ial ,morocco ,clo?   
#de     #ee      #fe      #he           
,extra sizes                            

#ad 94  #af 94   p] in*     ,half       
,pigsk9 or ,c[hide        #a4aj    #a4cj
    #bj c5ts     ,full ,clo? 7,libr>y   
,buckram7   #a4jj    #a4bj    #ae c5ts  
,full ,imp]ial ,morocco ,clo?    #a4aj  
#a4cj    #bj c5ts      ,books ov] #b    
in*es ?ick *>g$ at rate ( size above4   
,magaz9es1 ,p]iodicals1 ,%eet & ,folio  
,music ,n ,exce$+ #d ,in*es 9 ,?ickness 
#h 94  #i 94  #aj 94  #ab 94     ,full  
,clo? 7,lib4 ,buck47 or ,full ,duck     
#de     #ee      #fe      #he     ,full 
,imp]ial ,morocco ,clo?             #ej 
#fj      #gj      #ie     ,half ,c[hide 
#ej     #fe      #he    #a4aj     ,half 
,pigsk9 7,engli%7                  #ee  
#gj      #ij    #a4ae     ,half ,pigsk9 
7,am]ican7                 #ej     #fe  
#he    #a4aj     ,half ,morocco         
#fe     #hj    #a4jj    #a4be     ,half 
,duck 7,wat]pro( sides7            #de  
#ee      #fe      #he                   
,extra sizes                            
#ad 94  #af 94   p] in*     ,full ,clo? 
,lib4 ,buck4 or ,full ,duck    #a4aj    

#a4ce    #ae c5ts     ,full ,imp]ial    
,morocco ,clo?           #a4bj    #a4de 
#bj c5ts     ,half ,c[hide              
#a4cj    #a4fj    #bj c5ts     ,half    
,pigsk9 7,engli%7                #a4ce  
#a4fe    #bj c5ts     ,half ,pigsk9     
7,am]ican7               #a4cj    #a4fj 
#bj c5ts     ,half ,morocco             
#a4ej    #a4he    #be c5ts     ,half    
,duck 7,wat]pro( sides7          #a4aj  
#a4ce    #ae c5ts  ,above prices include
 all lett]+ on books4  ,books ov] #d    
in*es ?ick *>g$ at rate ( size l>g]4    
,newspap]s n ov] #cj in*es1 9 half      
libr>y buckram or half duck #b4be1 or 9 
full duck1 #b4dj4  ,special prices =    
diction>ies1 cyclop$ias & o!r sizes n 9 
above s*$ules4   ,,sugge/ions ,,=       
,,r$uc+ ,,co/  ,foll[+ is a /atem5t (   
plans = cutt+ d[n ! co/ ( b9d+1 a few ( 
!m be+ obvi\sly make%ifts = ! b5efit (  
poor or v small libr>ies4  ,,books      
,,b\nd ,,be=e ,,pur*ase  ,"u ?is head w 
be f\nd 79 ,*apt] #f7 a full /atem5t (  
reasons = buy+ books b\nd f ! %eets4    

,,repr9ts ,,b\nd ,,be=e ,,pur*ase  ,!   
*eap repr9ts ( popul> novels :i* co/    
less ?an "o-half z mu* z ! orig9al      
edition1 al?\gh attractive 9 appe>ance1 
are v poorly b\nd & if b\ght 9 orig9al  
cov]s mu/ be reb\nd )9 a %ort "t aft] !y
 are fir/ plac$ on ! %elves4 ,"s        
libr>ians f9d t x pays to s5d ord]s =   
books :i* c be obta9$ 9 *eap repr9ts    
directly to _! b9d]s1 :o buy ! books &  
reb9d !m 9 ! regul> half-lea!r b9d+ :i* 
! libr>y uses = its reb\nd fiction &    
juv5ile4 ,he bills ! books to ! libr>y  
at ! co/ ( ! volume plus ! co/ ( b9d+1 !
 total 9 any ev5t be+ consid]ably less  
?an "o doll>4 ,n ov] n9ety c5ts %\ld be 
paid & eighty-five c5ts is ! g5]al price
 = su* books4 ,9 ?is way ! libr>y gets a
 book 9 a good1 /rong libr>y b9d+ = less
 ?an ! co/ ( ! orig9al edition 9        
publi%]'s cov]4 ,fur!rmore all labor    
involv$ 9 s5d+ ! book to ! b9d]y &      
receiv+ x aga9--no inconsid]able        
item--is elim9at$4  ,,second-,,h&       
,,books  ,ak9 to ! =ego+ plan is !      

practice :i* "s libr>ies h ( s5d+ li/s (
 replacem5ts to deal]s 9 second-h& books
 & hav+ all books obta9$ 9 ?is way      
reb\nd at once be=e putt+ !m into       
circulation4 ,moreov] ?is arrangem5t    
elim9ates ! "t & labor necess>y to s5d a
 book to ! b9d]y4 ,b9d]ies 9 l>ge cities
 c und]take to supply second-h& books1 )
 advantages bo? to !mselves & to !      
libr>ies employ+ !m4 ,! libr>y is       
reliev$ f ! necessity ( se>*+ =         
second-h& volumes1 :ile ! b9d] c well   
af=d to d ?is s]vice = a /at$ price p]  
volume :i* w be reasonable f ! libr>y   
po9t ( view1 b :i* w all[ ! b9d] pr(it  
on all books :i* he c f9d at v *eap     
prices4 ,:5 su* a plan is adopt$ ! b9d] 
%\ld und]/& t ! libr>y wants nei!r !    
*eap books pr9t$ on wret*$ pap] & hav+ v
 small pr9t1 nor ! v f9e editions )     
color$ illu/rations4  ,,re9=cem5ts  ,a  
re9=c$ book is "o :i* has be5 remov$ f !
 orig9al publi%]'s cov]1 /r5g!n$ 9 v>i\s
 ways & put back into ! same cov]4 7,see
 *apt] on ?is subject1 page #ajh47 ,9   

its be/ =m x means ! complete resew+ ( !
 book ) an ov]ca/ /it*4 ,x is advisable 
to buy su* books frequ5tly1 s9ce !y     
pres]ve ! attractive publi%]'s cov] &   
s9ce !y c also be recov]$ by ! libr>y   
itself )\t resew+4 ,/ati/ics kept by !  
,wilm+ton ,in/itute ,free ,libr>y %[ t  
su* books :5 prop]ly recov]$ give z good
 relative s]vice z ^? :i* h be5 b\nd    
be=e pur*ase4 ,! ma9 advantage lies 9 ! 
elim9ation ( ! "t necess>y to s5d !m to 
! b9d]y & ! great] l5g? ( s]vice :i* !y 
give at ! height ( _! popul>ity4        
,,recov]+ ,,at ,,! ,,libr>y  ,_m books  
:i* come to ! b9d+ dep>tm5t require     
reb9d+ 9 ord] to put !m into ! be/      
condition1 b ! books w be us$ s little t
 reb9d+ w\ld n pay4 ,9 ! num]\s cases 9 
:i* ! sew+ is 9 good condition x w be   
possible to recov] !m at ! libr>y &     
lett] !m by h&4 ,9 cases :]e ! sew+ is  
poor x w be possible to resew & recov]4 
,su* books are nei!r s /rong nor s      
attractive z books :i* h be5 :olly      
reb\nd1 b !y c be recov]$ at an         

exp5diture ( less ?an fifte5 c5ts a     
volume1 z aga9/ =ty to fifty c5ts a     
volume = b9d+1 & are 9 suffici5tly good 
condition to we> a long "t1 p]haps z    
long z ! libr>y ne$s !m4 7,= description
 ( ! process ( recov]+ see page #ahe47  
,,disc>d+ ,,valueless ,,books  ,9 !     
prec$+ case x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! 
books 9 "q add some?+ to ! res\rces ( ! 
libr>y & t !y mu/ be kept4 ,books t h   
outliv$ _! usefulness because !y h be5  
sup]s$$ by lat] editions1 or by o!r     
books m au?oritative1 9 all except !    
l>ge/ libr>ies %\ld be disc>d$4 7,=     
argum5ts 9 favor ( ?is see ,*apt] #h1 p4
 #aca47  ,,lea!r ,,vs4 ,,clo?  ,not)/&+ 
t he is repeat+ himself1 ! writ] wi%es  
to emphasize "o po9t4 ,x may almo/ be   
made a g5]al rule1 ?\gh l o!r rules1 x w
 n "w well at all times4 ,nev] b9d a    
seldom us$ book 9 lea!r1 or a mu* us$ "o
 9 clo?4  ,,*eap ,,editions  ,money may 
be sav$ by replac+ books :i* ne$ reb9d+ 
) good editions *eap] ?an ! co/ ( b9d+4 
7,see 7f71 page #abi47  ,,prop] ,,c>e   

,! life ( ! book 9 ! libr>y may be      
prolong$ 9 sev]al ways4  #a4 ,9 op5+ !  
leaves ( uncut books at ! top ! pap]    
knife %\ld be c>ri$ to ! back ( ! book1 
us+ a dull knife t is ?91 long & tap]+4 
#b4 ,_m books %\ld be c>efully op5$ be=e
 be+ plac$ on ! %elves4 ,?is is done by 
re/+ ! book on its back & dropp+ ! cov]s
 on ! table4 ,tak+ a few leaves at a "t 
fir/ at ! front & !n at ! back1 press !m
 d[n c>efully until ! middle ( ! book is
 rea*$4 ,if ?is be done !re is little   
*ance t ! back ( ! book w be brok5 if ! 
book is sudd5ly op5$4  #c4 ,books %\ld n
 be press$ tightly toge!r on ! %elves4  
#d4 ,!y %\ld n be pil$ on o!r books re/+
 on _! =e-edge4  #e4 ,!y %\ld n be pull$
 f ! %elves by ! head b&s4  #f4 ,!y %\ld
 be du/$ frequ5tly4  #g4 ,!y %\ld be    
kept upright on ! %elves in/ead (       
half-fall5 ov]4  #h4 ,9 e way !y %\ld be
 h&l$ z if !y 7 books1 n bricks4        
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,! ,,b9d]y
   ,to decide prop]ly :at books %\ld be 
reb\nd & h[ !y %\ld be reb\nd is n a    

simple matt] nor "o :i* %\ld be left to 
an inexp]i5c$ or un$ucat$ assi/ant4 ,9  
addition to a good work+ k ( mat]ials & 
processes ! assi/ant 9 *>ge ( ?is "w    
%\ld h a g5]al k ( books--pap]1         
editions1 prices1 lit]>y value1         
timel9ess1 etc4--& good judgm5t 9 decid+
 :e!r a book %\ld be b\nd or :e!r x %\ld
 be m5d$1 recas$1 wrapp$ 9 pap]1        
recov]$1 or ?r[n away4 ,! b9d+1 !re=e1  
%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( an assi/ant :o und]/&s
 ! dem&s ( ?is dep>tm5t ( libr>y s]vice1
 & = economy's sake z well z = ! sake ( 
effici5cy x %\ld n be %ift$ f "o p]son  
to ano!r4  ,mr4 ,dana has %[n 9 8 ,notes
 on bookb9d+ = libr>ies h[ ess5tial x is
 t b9d+ assi/ants %\ld "k books4 ,cr$it 
= mu* ( :at "h appe>s 9 support ( t     
viewpo9t is due him & is h]e) ackn[l$g$4
  ,9 consid]+ ! b9d+ ( fiction & juv5ile
 books ! foll[+ are "s ( ! que/ions :i* 
! b9d+ assi/ant mu/ ask & decide be=e   
det]m9+ :e!r a book is to g to ! %elves 
9 a new dress1 or to ! junk-man z wa/e  
pap]3  7a7 ,is ! book 9 su* poor        

condition t x _c be reb\nd or recas$8   
,if s1 x mu/ be disc>d$4 ,:ile ?is      
decision is g5]ally easy to make1 x is  
sometimes made difficult by books :i*   
are 9 too good condition to ?r[ away & 9
 too poor condition to reb9d4 ,9 su*    
cases ! decision mu/ dep5d on !         
popul>ity ( ! book4 ,if v popul>1 x may 
be wise to reb9d x1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t good libr>y b9d]s c accompli% wond]s )
 books t are 9 poor condition4          
,sometimes ! "q arises :e!r ! book is 9 
poor en\gh condition to ne$ reb9d+4     
,p]haps x w survive a few m issues j z x
 /&s4 ,if ! book is a trifle %aky 9 its 
cov]s1 ! decision %\ld be to reb9d4 ,!  
b9d] c d a bett] job at ?is "t ?an he c 
:5 ! book becomes m worn1 & ! life ( !  
book w be prolong$ by prompt b9d+4 ,if !
 assi/ant decides n to reb9d x1 ! book w
 be issu$ only a few m times be=e x w h 
to be )drawn f circulation & s5t to !   
repair room aga94 ,! result is a great] 
loss ( "t ) no actual ga9 9 we>4  7b7   
,is ! book mu* read8 ,if x is an old "o 

t is evid5tly popul>1 x is reasonable to
 suppose t x is ! policy ( ! libr>y to  
supply ! dem& = ?is book1 & ! book w be 
reb\nd z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,a decision   
ab\t new books :i* are popul> is h>d] to
 make because x is fair to ask3  7c7 ,is
 ! dem& fall+ (f8 ,x is "h t ! assi/ant 
mu/ %[ good judgm5t4 ,x may be t ! book 
c be reb\nd easily ) pr(it1 if !re is a 
suffici5t dem& to keep all ! copies 9   
circulation4 ,x may be t ! book is wan+ 
9 popul>ity & t o!r copies 9 ! libr>y   
are ample to supply pres5t dem&s4 ,if !y
 are1 ! copy 9 h& %\ld be cancel$1 s9ce 
! co/ ( b9d+ w !n be sav$4 ,b ! assi/ant
 %\ld asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! rema9+    
copies4 ,let u take ! case ( a novel :i*
 has be5 )drawn f circulation because x 
ne$s reb9d+4 ,! assi/ant looks at !     
record ( circulation on ! book c>d or   
pocket & discov]s t la/ ye> ! book 0    
issu$ f\r times a mon?1 :ile n[ x is    
issu$ only twice a mon?4 ,he f9ds also t
 !re are f\r o!r copies4 ,^! f\r copies 
%\ld be suffici5t to meet pres5t dem&s1 

& ! book 9 h& may be )drawn4 ,b suppose 
t fur!r inve/igation %[s t two ( ! f\r  
copies are 9 v poor condition & _c be   
reb\nd4 ,if he )draws ! "o 9 h&1 only   
two good copies w rema91 & p]haps ^! are
 n suffici5t to supply ! dem&4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 x is possible t !y are suffici5t to
 supply ! dem&4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! situation
 is "o :i* requires a k ( ! book itself1
 its popul>ity ) ! public1 & g5]al good 
judgm5t4 ,! "q may be summ$ up 9 ?is    
way3  #a4 ,x is *eap] to reb9d a book   
?an x is to disc>d x & lat] be oblig$ to
 buy a new copy4  #b4 ,x is *eap] to    
disc>d a book :5 x seems assur$ t !     
book's popul>ity is ov]1 ?an to b9d x & 
h x rema9 = ye>s unus$4  7d7 ,if ! book 
is mu* us$1 is x a book t ! libr>y wi%es
 to circulate8 ,e libr>y has c]ta9 books
 on its %elves ( :i* ^? 9 au?ority      
some:at disapprove1 b :i* are v popul> &
 n poor en\gh to be done away )         
altoge!r4 ,x is sometimes ! policy to   
supply only p>tially ! dem& = su* books2
 sometimes to disc>d !m entirely :5 worn

 out4 ,! good b9d+ assi/ant w rememb] ! 
titles ( ^! books & use good judgm5t 9  
deal+ ) !m :5 !y come into 8 h&s4  7e7  
,if ! book is n mu* read1 is x a /&>d   
"w8 ,= example1 9 ! case ( a "w (       
,an?ony ,trollope ! assi/ant discov]s t 
x 0 issu$ only once dur+ ! la/ ye> & t x
 is ! only copy 9 ! libr>y4 ,if he does 
n "k books1 he w be l$ to believe t !   
book has no value & w cancel x4 ,9 a    
l>ge libr>y an action ( ?is sort w\ld be
 unwise2 9 a small libr>y ! decision    
w\ld dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> title4 ,mo/    
libr>ies keep a book ( ?is p>ticul>     
class 9 ord] to supply ! occasional dem&
 = x4 ,!re are _m books n writt5 by m5 )
 ! reputation ( ,an?ony ,trollope :i*1  
nev]!less1 h intr9sic wor? & h a small  
circle ( admir]s4 ,!y may n h great     
m]it1 b on no acc\nt %\ld ! libr>y be   
)\t !m4 ,z examples ( books ( ?is k9d we
 may take ,mrs4 ,bru%'s ,colonel's op]a 
cloak & ,!odore ,w9?rop's ,john ,br5t4  
7f7 ,c ! book be replac$ ) a good repr9t
 :i* w we> z long z a new b9d+ & co/    

less8 ,:ile !re are n _m cases 9 :i* ?is
 c be done1 ! assi/ant %\ld wat* = !m4  
,! mo/ notewor?y repr9ts :i* w meet ^!  
requirem5ts are ! volumes 9 ,ev]yman's  
,libr>y4 ,9 ! orig9al ,ev]yman's edition
 ^! 7 entirely unsuit$ = libr>y use1 b 9
 #aiaj !y 7 all put into a /rong libr>y 
b9d+4 ,9 ! clo? edition !y sell =       
?irty-five c5ts a volume & c easily be  
issu$ f =ty to fifty times be=e be+     
disc>d$4 ,?is makes ! co/ = ea* issue z 
small z c be obta9$ by b9d+ high]-pric$ 
editions4  ,! foll[+ case1 :i* actually 
happ5$1 illu/rates ! po9t1 al?\gh !     
books are n fiction4 ,grote's ,hi/ory ( 
,greece1 9 twelve volumes1 0 9 bad      
condition2 sev]al ( ! clo? backs 7 torn 
& ! sew+ ( all ! volumes 0 loose4 ,x 0  
decid$ to s5d ! books to be reb\nd at a 
co/ ( #e4dj4 ,be=e do+ s1 ! li/ (       
,ev]yman's ,libr>y 0 consult$ & x 0 f\nd
 t ! "w c\ld be obta9$ 9 t =m 9 twelve  
volumes at a co/ ( #d4bj1 a cle> sav+ ( 
#a4bj1 or ov] #bj p] c5t4 ,! "w 0 seldom
 us$1 yet x 0 necess>y to h ! set on !  

%elves2 ! ,ev]yman's edition answ]$ e   
purpose1 & w und\bt$ly la/ z long z !   
reb\nd set w\ld h done4 ,un=tunately1   
ow+ to copyright provisions1            
comp>atively few ( ! books :i* are      
con/antly we>+ out c be obta9$ 9 ?is    
edition4  7g7 ,is x an old edition1 )   
poor pap] & poor type8 ,a book ( ?is    
sort %\ld nev] be reb\nd b %\ld be      
disc>d$ & a new copy pur*as$ ev5 if !   
co/ ( a new copy be mu* great] ?an t (  
reb9d+4  7h7 ,if ! book is ! only copy 9
 ! libr>y & is read n (t5] ?an once 9 t5
 ye>s1 %\ld x be kept because x is      
important hi/orically8 ,good examples ( 
?is class ( unus$ books are ! works (   
,*>les ,brockd5 ,br[n4 ,!y are n int]e/+
 at ! pres5t "t1 b :5 fir/ publi%$ 7 mu*
 read4 ,e /ud5t ( ,am]ican lit]ature    
%\ld read !m1 & !y %\ld be on ! %elves (
 all except ! small libr>ies4 ,"h aga9  
good judgm5t is call$ = on ! "p ( !     
assi/ant4  7i7 ,is ! book us$ s seldom t
 x c be recas$ or recov]$ by ! libr>y8  
,! process ( recas+ 7describ$ on page   

#ahd7 c be us$ 9 ! case ( small-siz$    
books :i* h cov]s %[+ little evid5ce (  
we>1 & :i* d n receive h>d usage4 ,!    
process ( recov]+ 7describ$ on page     
#ahe7 c be us$ on lea!r-b\nd books :i* h
 crack$ at ! jo9ts4 ,9 ei!r case ! sew+ 
mu/ be p]fectly s\nd4  7j7 ,f9ally1 let 
u suppose t we h ask$ all ! =ego+       
que/ions & are /ill undecid$ :at to d4  
,!re w be v few cases ( ! k9d4 ,p]haps !
 be/ solution is to wrap ! book 9 pap]1 
lett] x ) au?or1 title & call numb]1 &  
transf] x f ! fiction %elves to ! regul>
 lit]ature %elves4 ,x may /ay !re = ye>s
 unus$ & yet be at h& :5 f9ally call$ =4
  ,) books o!r ?an fiction & juv5ile _m 
( ! same que/ions mu/ be ask$4 ,9       
addition1 h[ev]1 x is sometimes necess>y
 to ask ! foll[+3  7a7 ,are !re lat]    
editions :i* are m valuable8 ,?is "q w  
arise ) frequ5cy especially 9 ! case (  
sci5tific1 te*nical & ref]5ce books1 &  
c>eful judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 mak+    
decisions4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a lat]       
edition ( a te*nical book has little m  

value ?an ! "o :i* prec$es x2 frequ5tly 
x entirely sup]s$es ! e>li] edition4 ,9 
! "o case ! book c be reb\nd ) pr(it1 9 
! o!r x is be/ to disc>d x & buy ! late/
 edition4 ,"s libr>ies keep all !       
editions ( a book = hi/orical purposes2 
b mo/ libr>ies1 especially ! small]     
ones1 w d bett] to disc>d old] editions 
:5 !y are sup]s$$ by lat] ones4         
,sometimes a book has no lat] edition1 b
 its place has be5 entirely tak5 by ! "w
 ( o!r au?ors4 ,9 su* cases x %\ld be   
rememb]$ t an out-(-date te*nical book 9
 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ p]son frequ5tly  
causes m h>m ?an good4 ,x may co/ m to  
buy a new book ?an to reb9d an old "o2  
yet ?is is exactly :at %\ld be done 9 e 
su* case if ! funds ( ! libr>y p]mit4   
7b7 ,may n ! libr>y be bett] (f )\t ei!r
 ! book or a sub/itute8 ,9 ! pa/        
libr>ians h hesitat$ to disc>d any book 
:i* has once be5 plac$ on ! %elves4 ,!y 
h believ$ t all pr9t$ matt] has value & 
t a book :i* belongs to ! libr>y is     
sacr$ & mu/ on no acc\nt be de/roy$4 ,x 

is difficult to def5d su* an attitude4  
,if we admit = ! "t be+ t ! libr>ian    
nev] makes mi/akes 9 acquir+ books1 /ill
 x is sure to happ5 t _m books w outlive
 _! usefulness1 except z a "p ( ! hi/ory
 or bibliography ( ! subject4 ,:y %\ld  
!y be kept on ! %elves :5 !y are n us$ &
 ought n to be us$8 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 be  
admitt$ t ! libr>ian makes no mi/akes 9 
acquir+ books2 e libr>y 9 ! c\ntry w %[ 
examples ( poor selection4 ,:y1 aft] a  
mi/ake has be5 made1 refuse to admit x8 
,if ! orig9al pur*ase 7or acceptance ( a
 gift7 0 a mi/ake1 to keep ! book on !  
%elves simply p]petuates ! mi/ake & adds
 to ! exp5se ( ma9t5ance4 ,x is no crime
 to disc>d a book4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 _m  
cases1 x is ! only s5sible ?+ to d4 ,9  
d\btful cases1 h[ev]1 ! book %\ld be    
kept4   ,,arrangem5t  ,if ! f9al        
decision is to b9d ! book ! next /ep is 
to arrange ! book 9 ! way 9 :i* x %\ld  
be b\nd4 ,! "q ( collation is "o on :i* 
!re has be5 a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,"s    
libr>ians h claim$ t x is be/ to collate

 books at ! libr>y 9 ord] to prev5t     
imp]fect books be+ b\nd1 s9ce x is      
always disappo9t+ to discov]1 aft] a    
book has be5 b\nd1 t x is incomplete4 ,9
 ! great majority ( cases1 h[ev]1       
collation is a wa/e ( "t1 s9ce good     
b9d]s refuse to b9d imp]fect volumes4 ,9
 ! case ( v valuable books1 especially  
^? ) _m plates1 & ev5 9 ! case ( less   
valuable books :i* h _m illu/rations n  
pag$-91 x may be be/ to collate at !    
libr>y s9ce x is obvi\sly unfair to !   
b9d] to expect him to be responsible =  
any?+ except ! ma9 pag+4 ,fiction or    
juv5ile books may sometimes be b\nd :5  
"o or two pages are miss+4 ,juv5ile     
books1 especially1 (t5 g to ! b9d]y )   
miss+ pages4 ,_m times ^! miss+ pages   
are n especially important & 9 ^! cases 
x seems m economical to b9d ! book ?an  
to buy a new copy4 ,if ! numb] ( miss+  
pages is n too great !y may be          
typewritt5 f o!r copies4 ,books o!r ?an 
fiction or juv5ile %\ld seldom be b\nd 9
 an imp]fect condition4  ,ano!r         

exception to ! rule ( s5d+ books        
uncollat$ is 9 ! case ( popul>          
p]iodicals1 su* z ,scribn]'s1 ,h>p]'s1  
,c5tury1 etc41 :]e ! libr>y has only "o 
copy :i* x b9ds4 ,s9ce p]iodicals       
frequ5tly become torn & mutilat$ & mu/  
be replac$ x w save delay 9 hav+ !      
volumes b\nd1 if ! collation is done at 
! libr>y4  ,b :ile collation is g5]ally 
unnecess>y1 arrangem5t 9 prop] ord] is  
ess5tial4 ,9 deal+ ) p]iodicals ?is is n
 always an easy task4 ,!y %\ld fir/ be  
exam9$ to see t all ! numb]s are 9 h&1 &
 t !re is a title-page & an index4 ,x   
w\ld seem z if !re 7 little *ance to g  
a/ray 9 do+ ?is1 yet ! vag>ies (        
p]iodicals are innum]able & no?+ mu/ be 
tak5 = grant$4 ,if only five mon?ly     
numb]s are f\nd :5 !re %\ld be six to   
complete ! volume1 x is n be/ to        
conclude ha/ily t x is incomplete4      
,sometimes ! cov] indicates t two numb]s
 are publi%$ 9 "o4 ,if x is n s indicat$
 "o mu/ look at ! pag+4 ,if ! pag+ is   
consecutive1 & !re is a title-page &    

index1 x is safe to assume t ! volume is
 complete1 ev5 if a numb] is app>5tly   
miss+4  ,! g5]al rule = arrang+         
p]iodicals is3 ,place title page at !   
beg9n+1 foll[$ by table ( cont5ts1 text1
 & index at ! end4 ,p]iodicals 9 ,engli%
 are g5]ally easy to arrange1 ?\gh ev5 9
 ?is case "o mu/ "k :e!r ! p]iodical 9  
h& is 9 ! habit ( publi%+ supplem5ts :i*
 are pag$ sep>ately1 b :i* are call$ =  
by ! table ( cont5ts4 ,if su* supplem5ts
 are omitt$ ! volume is incomplete4 ,an 
example ( a p]iodical ( ?is class 0 !   
,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy (         
,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 be=e x    
*ang$ to its me?od ( issu+ ea* numb] z a
 sep>ate volume4 ,_m volumes ( ,engli%  
p]iodicals su* z ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1     
,h\sehold ,words1 etc41 h be5 b\nd )\t !
 ,*ri/mas supplem5ts1 :i* ^? p]iodicals 
always issu$4 ,a few p]iodicals 9       
,engli% h two or m sets ( pag+s ei!r 9  
ea* numb]1 or 9 "s ( ! numb]s & n 9     
o!rs4 ,:5 ! numb]s are tak5 ap>t & !    
prop] pag+s gr\p$ toge!r1 ! table (     

cont5ts w g5]ally indicate h[ ^! %\ld be
 arrang$4 ,b if n1 x is usually readily 
app>5t :i* is ! ma9 pag+ & :i* ! m9or   
pag+ or pag+s4  ,?\gh r>ely f\nd 9      
p]iodicals pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 ?is         
exasp]at+ condition ( affairs frequ5tly 
exi/s 9 =eign p]iodicals4 ,! ,g]mans are
 especially fond ( pr9t+ sev]al diff]5t 
p>ts 9 ! same numb]4 ,frequ5tly a long  
monograph w beg9 9 ! fir/ numb] ( a     
volume & ext5d ?r\gh two or m volumes4  
,:5 complet$ x may or may n h a special 
title-page & index ( its own4 ,p]haps ! 
table ( cont5ts ( ! la/ volume 9 :i* "p 
( x has appe>$ w call = x z a supplem5t 
to t volume4 ,p]haps x does n4 ,9 any   
ev5t ! pag+ mu/ be remov$ f ! fir/ &    
succe$+ volumes until ! monograph is    
f9ally complete4 ,if x is n call$ = by  
any regul> title-page or table (        
cont5ts1 x may be b\nd sep>ately4       
,sometimes a p]iodical w appe> 9 two or 
m p>ts ea* mon?1 ea* "p cov]+ "s phase (
 ! l>g] subject indicat$ by ! g5]al     
title ( ! p]iodical4 ,^! p>ts w be pag$ 

sep>ately & numb]$ diff]5tly b w h !    
same k9d ( cov]1 & c>e mu/ be us$ to    
keep ! prop] p>ts toge!r4 ,peculi>ities 
& irregul>ities ( ?is sort make         
p]iodicals v]itable puzzles1 "s ( :i* x 
may take mon?s to solve4  ,9 arrang+    
p]iodicals1 front cov]s hav+ a diff]5t  
color f ! text mu/ be kept to facilitate
 use4  ,adv]tisem5ts z a rule %\ld n be 
b\nd4 ,s9ce !y are a "p ( ! hi/ory ( !  
times1 x is desirable = a few ( ! l>ge/ 
libr>ies to b9d ! adv]tis+ pages ( "o or
 two numb]s a ye> 9 ea* p]iodical4 ,o!r 
libr>ies %\ld ?r[ !m away4 ,x is n      
necess>y to remove !m entirely be=e s5d+
 ! volumes to ! b9d]y2 te>+ d[n two or  
?ree in*es on pages :i* are to be       
disc>d$ is suffici5t indication to !    
b9d] t !y are n to be b\nd4  ,sev]al    
magaz9es1 su* z ,mc,clure's &           
,ev]ybody's1 h1 = sev]al ye>s1 made a   
practice ( leav+ articles unf9i%$ 9 !   
ma9 pag+ & cont9u+ !m on adv]tis+ pages4
 ,?is is an annoy+ practice s9ce great  
c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t all text matt] 

is complete1 ev5 if x becomes necess>y  
to b9d all adv]tis+ pages4  ,_m         
p]iodicals1 especially ^? ( a sci5tific 
"*1 conta9 plates :i* are n pag$-94 ,if 
^! are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! text !y may be   
all[$ to /ay !re1 b if !y are gr\p$     
toge!r at ! end ( ea* numb] !y %\ld be  
plac$ toge!r 9 prop] ord] at ! end ( !  
complete volume4  ,! vag>ies ( p]iodical
 publi%]s are %[n z mu* 9 ! way 9 :i* !y
 issue 7or d n issue7 title-pages &     
indexes z 9 any o!r way4 ,! prop] way1  
:i* is seldom done1 is to issue bo?     
title-page & index 9 ! la/ numb] ( ea*  
volume4 ,"s publi%]s issue !m 9 ! fir/  
numb] ( ! next volume2 "s at v>i\s times
 dur+ ! publication ( ! succe$+ volume4 
,"s publi% a title-page at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
fir/ numb] ( a volume & an index :5 ! _s
 moves4 ,"s publi% a title-page b no    
index or table ( cont5ts4 ,o!rs publi% a
 title-page & table ( cont5ts b d n s5d 
!m unless reque/$ to d s4 ,_m publi%    
nei!r title-page nor index1 & p]fectly  
reputable p]iodicals :i* h publi%$ ^!   

ess5tial p>ts ( a p]iodical = tw5ty ye>s
 or m w sudd5ly cease publi%+ !m4 ,x is 
evid5t t title-pages & indexes are      
nuisances 9 prep>+ p]iodicals = ! b9d]y4
  ,! assi/ant 9 *>ge %\ld keep a record 
%[+ 7a7 :i* publi%]s mu/ be ask$ to s5d 
title-pages & indexes1 & ?is %\ld be    
done z soon z possible aft] ! volumes   
are complete2 7b7 9 :i* numb] ( a       
p]iodical title-pages & indexes may be  
look$ = if !y come regul>ly2 7c7 :i*    
p]iodicals d n publi% title-pages &     
indexes4  ,if lack ( funds makes x      
impossible to b9d p]iodicals & !y mu/ be
 wrapp$ 9 pap] x is highly important t  
title-pages & indexes be includ$1 s9ce x
 may be impossible to obta9 !m :5 funds 
p]mit b9d+4  ,*anges 9 ! size (         
p]iodicals are a cause ( annoyance4 ,!  
annoyance is n great :5 ! *ange is f a  
l>ge qu>to to an octavo1 = ! co/ ( b9d+ 
an octavo is consid]ably less ?an t ( a 
qu>to4 ,un=tunately1 ! pres5t t5d5cy is 
almo/ :olly ! o!r way4 ,_m p]iodicals1 =
 ye>s publi%$ 9 a com=table octavo size 

h be5 *ang$ to a mu* l>g] size4 ,?is 9  
itself is exasp]at+1 b 9 addition !     
publi%]s app>5tly make no ef=t to *ange 
! size ) ! beg9n+ ( a new volume1 s t "p
 ( a volume w be ( "o size & "p ( ano!r4
 ,9 su* cases ! tr\bles ( ! b9d+        
assi/ant may be readily imag9$4  ,:ile x
 is highly important to b9d only        
complete volumes ( p]iodicals1 x is     
occasionally p]missible to b9d volumes )
 gu>ds = miss+ numb]s :i* may be ins]t$ 
lat] if !y are obta9$4 ,?is me?od makes 
x possible to put a volume into p]man5t 
=m bett] suit$ = use ?an unb\nd numb]s1 
& prev5ts fur!r loss ( numb]s already 9 
h&4 ,x c be done only :5 ! numb]s are v 
?91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( newspap]s4  ,q
 a numb] ( p]iodicals h s few pages 9   
ea* numb] t a complete volume makes a v 
?9 book4 ,9 su* cases x is be/ to b9d   
two volumes 9 "o at ! co/ ( "o4  ,among 
o!r mat]ial :i* passes ?r\gh ! h&s ( a  
b9d+ assi/ant are ! annual reports (    
v>i\s organizations--religi\s1 *>itable1
 frat]nal1 gov]nm5tal1 etc4 ,9 l>ge     

libr>ies ^! mu/ be b\nd = p]man5t       
pres]vation4 ,9 small libr>ies ! annual 
reports ( all local organizations %\ld  
be b\nd if funds p]mit1 o!rs wrapp$ 9   
pap] & lett]$ on ! wrapp]4 ,:e!r !y are 
to be b\nd or wrapp$ 9 pap]1 !y %\ld be 
gr\p$ by regul> p]iods1 pref]ably five  
or t5 reports 9 a volume1 accord+ to    
size1 foll[+ ! decades or half decades4 
,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,b9d]  ,hav+    
decid$ t ! volume mu/ be b\nd & hav+    
arrang$ x 9 its prop] ord]1 ! next /ep  
is to indicate to ! b9d] h[ x is to be  
b\nd & lett]$4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 us$  
to indicate /yle & lett]+4 ,"s libr>ies 
h an elaborate b9d+ slip1 giv+ on "o    
side ! diff]5t mat]ials1 colors1 etc41 &
 hav+ ! o!r divid$ into panels = lett]+4
 ,a slip is made = ea* book & ! b9d]    
foll[s x c>efully4 ,"s libr>ies arrange 
an arbitr>y sy/em ) ! b9d] mak+ "o lett]
 or figure indicate mu* t o!rwise w\ld h
 to be writt5 9 full4 ,= example1 ,c "u 
su* an arrangem5t might mean ,b9d 9     
"o-half r$ c[hide ) gre5 clo? sides4 ,"s

 libr>ians give a g5]al blanket ord] to 
b9d all fiction 9 "o way & all juv5ile  
books 9 ano!r4  ,= mo/ books 9 ,engli%1 
except p]iodicals1 lett]+ ne$ n be      
indicat$ on a b9d+ slip4 ,all t is      
necess>y is to und]score lightly on !   
title page ! fir/ lett] ( words :i* mu/ 
be us$4 ,! call numb] may be put on a   
b9d+ slip enclos$ 9 ! book1 or 9 ! case 
( fiction & juv5ile books1 x may be     
p5cil$ lightly on ! title page1 ?us do+ 
away altoge!r ) ! b9d+ slip4 ,if !re is 
a *ance = misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ! f9i%]1 
or if an au?or's real "n mu/ be us$     
in/ead ( a pseudonym :i* appe>s on !    
title page1 a b9d+ slip mu/ be fill$ out
 giv+ exact lett]+4  ,:ile exact lett]+ 
on a b9d+ slip is n ess5tial = ord9>y   
books1 x is necess>y = p]iodicals1 ea*  
set ( :i* %\ld be b\nd & lett]$ uni=mly4
 ,?is may be assur$ by mak+ out a b9d+  
slip giv+ 9 full ! title1 dates cov]$1  
volume numb] & call numb]1 if "o is us$4
 ,! slip goes to ! b9d]y ) ! book1 & :5 
! volume is return$ is fil$ s t :5 !    

next volume is to be b\nd ! slip c be   
consult$ & a new "o writt5 ) ! necess>y 
*anges 9 volume numb] & dates4 ,! *ief  
value ( ! slip is to %[ exactly h[ !    
previ\s volume has be5 b\nd1 s t !      
foll[+ volumes c be made uni=m if       
possible4  ,a c>bon copy ( b9d+ slips = 
p]iodicals %\ld be made1 to be kept at !
 libr>y = *>g+ purposes4  ,:5 b9d+      
volumes :i* are a "p ( a set1 o!r ?an a 
p]iodical1 a slip mu/ be made to be kept
 on file s t :5 ano!r volume ( ! set    
comes to h& x w n be necess>y to visit !
 %elves to see :e!r o!r volumes h be5   
b\nd & h[ !y h be5 b\nd4  ,9 f9i%+      
p]iodicals ! position ( lett]+ & ! size 
( type us$ may be kept uni=m if ! b9d]  
takes :at is call$ a rub or rub-(f ( !  
book aft] x is lett]$ & keeps x on file 
at ! b9d]y4 ,?is c easily be made by    
lay+ a %eet ( ?91 b t\gh1 pap] ov] !    
back & rubb+ x ) %oemak]'s heel-ball :i*
 w %[ :ite lett]+ on a black backgr\nd4 
,:5 ! next volume comes to ! b9d]y !    
rub-(f %[s exact height ( bo>ds1 exact  

position ( lett]+ & size ( type4  ,a few
 libr>ies h _h a dummy back made = ea*  
p]iodical %[+ color & k9d ( mat]ial 9   
addition to o!r details4 ,b ! co/ ( a   
dummy is n slight & a new "o mu/ be made
 :5ev] any *ange 9 title or size occurs4
 ,l>ge college or ref]5ce libr>ies may  
ne$ dummy backs = _! num]\s sets ( =eign
 p]iodicals hav+ v>i\s m>ks1 su* z      
umlauts1 etc41 ov] or "u lett]s4 ,:5 a  
libr>y op]ates its own b9d]y x is       
possible to s5d ! la/ b\nd volume z a   
sample4 ,:ile ?is adds mu* to ! r\t9e1  
its ma9 advantage is t x elim9ates !    
possibility ( mi/akes due to defective  
dummy or indi/9ct rub-(f4   ,,lett]+  ,x
 is necess>y t b9d]s und]/& exactly h[  
books are to be lett]$1 :at k9d ( type  
to use & ! position on ! back ( ! book  
:i* ea* item ( in=mation mu/ h4 ,!re are
 diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! be/ ways (   
lett]+1 b x is ess5tial t e libr>ian h  
uni=mity 9 8 own libr>y1 ev5 if he      
disagrees ) 8 fell[ work]s4 ,9 all      
lett]+ a bold1 cle> type %\ld be us$1 & 

all figures %\ld be 9 ,arabic1 s9ce x is
 pla9] ?an ,roman4  ,9 mo/ lea!r b9d+s !
 back is divid$ into five or six panels1
 mak+ x possible to obta9 uni=mity by   
sett+ aside ea* panel = a def9ite       
purpose4 ,if desir$1 ano!r n>r[ panel   
may be made 9 :i* to /amp a m>k (       
own]%ip4 ,panel+ is a useful device 9 ! 
case ( books :i* are eight in*es or m 9 
height1 b 9 ! case ( juv5ile books &    
fiction x may be omitt$ entirely4 ,z mo/
 ( ^! books require simply au?or1 title 
& call numb]1 if "o be us$1 ! device (  
panel+ adds to ! labor 9 b9d+ & s]ves no
 useful purpose 9 ! libr>y4 ,x %\ld be  
us$ on mo/ o!r books b\nd 9 lea!r & on  
all p]iodicals b\nd 9 clo? or duck4     
,:i* %all g at ! top ( ! book1 au?or or 
title8 ,9 favor ( ! title x c be claim$ 
t all publi%]s lett] ! title fir/ ) !   
au?or second2 & s9ce 9 non-fiction !    
books 9 publi%]s' cov]s on ! %elves w   
outnumb] ! reb\nd books1 x is advisable 
to put ! title fir/ 9 ord] to h         
uni=mity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c be claim$ t 

! arrangem5t "u ! class is by au?or1 t  
mo/ libr>y assi/ants look = ! au?or r   
?an ! title1 & t x is !re=e advisable to
 put ! mo/ important item ( in=mation at
 ! top 9 ! position ( greate/ prom95ce4 
,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] ?is advantage     
outweighs any o!r4  ,x may be assum$1   
!re=e1 t ! be/ arrangem5t is au?or1     
title1 volume numb] if necess>y1 & call 
numb]4 ,9 ! case ( fiction1 juv5ile     
books & all o!r books f :i* x seems     
desirable to omit panels1 ^! items w be 
put on ) suffici5t space betwe5 to make 
!m indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,! bottom ( !   
call numb] %\ld be #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b   
in*es f ! tail ( ! book on all books 9 !
 libr>y1 except ov]siz$ books1 :i* %\ld 
h ! call numb] at ! top 7,fig4 #af74 ,if
 panels are us$1 ! au?or's "n %\ld be   
ne> ! bottom ( ! fir/ panel1 ! title 9 !
 second1 volume numb] 9 ! f\r? & call   
numb] 9 ! fif? 7,fig4 #ae74  ,if two    
books are b\nd toge!r1 lett]1 au?or &   
title ( ! second book 9 ! ?ird panel    
7,fig4 #ag74  ,:5 a "w is 9 m ?an "o    

volume ) sep>ate titles = ea* volume1   
place ! au?or's "n 9 ! fir/ panel1 g5]al
 title 9 ! second1 volume 9 ! ?ird & !  
title ( ! p>ticul> volume 9 ! f\r?      
7,fig4 #ah74  ,if six panels are us$1   
ea* item is dropp$ "o panel4  ,9 mo/    
cases ! au?or's la/ "n is suffici5t1 b  
occasionally x may be necess>y to use   
initials to di/+ui% betwe5 au?ors hav+ !
 same "n4 ,use bo? surnames ( jo9t      
au?ors 7,fig4 #ai74 ,= pseudonyms use ! 
=m adopt$ by ! catalog+ dep>tm5t4 ,=    
example1 if ! catalog entry is "u       
,clem5s in/ead ( ,twa91 lett] ,clem5s on
 ! book4 ,bo? real "n & pseudonym may be
 put on ! back1 b x does n seem         
necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( ! classics add !  
"n ( translator or editor 9 ! panel "u !
 title 7,fig4 #bj74    ------------     
------------  ------------  ------------
                    #iad4e              
,bee*]        q,j #bc         ,patton   
,bancr(t                      ,james    
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          

,home                        ,s]mons    
,italian      ,& ,s*ool      ,works     
,h\rs        ,sew+                      
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
,r>]                                    
,hot ,wea!r      #cj                    
,di%es                     ------------ 
------------  ------------  ------------
                                        
#a                                      
,oregon                                 
#b         ------------  ------------   
------------  ------------              
#beb                         #fda       
#igi4e         ,b #cih                  
,r #fid          ,b #bb                 
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------       ,fig4 #ae          
,fig4 #af         ,fig4 #ag        ,fig4
 #ah     ------------  ------------     
------------  ------------     ,kipl+   
,national                    ,bale/i]   

,plato       ,conf]5ce                  
on ,city                                
,plann+                   ------------  
------------  ------------  ------------
                                        
,n9ete5?     ,naulahka      ,dialogues  
,proce$+s    ,c5tury                    
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
,j[ett           #a                     
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
#a           ,*icago                    
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
,jan4-,june                       #hhh  
#ceb           #ahid           ,k #ege  
,p #fi         ,n #bc           #ce     
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------       ,fig4 #ai          
,fig4 #bj         ,fig4 #ba             
,fig4 #bb    ------------  ------------ 
------------  ------------              

,nature                                 
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
,national      ,littel's                
,municipal      ,liv+      ,indep5d5t   
,review          ,age                   
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------    ,nov4 #ahie           
,apr4 #ahif                             
#ec                                     
------------   ------------             
------------  ------------   ,apr4-,june
                                        
,july-,sep4       #aijc                 
#aiac          #ahhh           #ee      
#b           #agh          ,"p #b       
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------                          
,s]ies #e                               
#fc                        ------------ 
------------  ------------  ------------
                                        
------------  ------------  ------------
  ------------       ,fig4 #bc          
,fig4 #bd         ,fig4 #be             

,fig4 #bf     ------------      ------  
------------  ------------              
,griggs                                 
------------                ------------
  ------------                      ,use
       ,h>p]'s                          
,pun*            (       ,magaz9e       
,moni/                          !       
------------      ,m>g9    ------------ 
------------                            
#agj-;,g                                
------------        #hg                 
------------  ------------              
#ahhb                        ,index     
#aijh           #hb-hc                  
#a-dj          #ah         ------------ 
------------  ------------              
,index                                  
#a-ag        ------------               
------------  ------------              
------------      ------    ------------
  ------------       ,fig4 #bg          
,fig4 #bh       ,fig4 #bi         ,fig4 
#cj  ,:5 ! names ( =eign cities or      
c\ntries mu/ be plac$ 9 ! au?or panel1  

use ! ,engli% =m4 ,names ( gov]nm5t     
dep>tm5ts1 bureaus1 etc41 %\ld be inv]t$
 if necess>y to br+ ! di/9ctive ^w fir/4
 ,= example1 use ,heal? bureau1 n       
,bureau ( heal?4  ,9 lett]+ titles x is 
seldom desirable to omit ! fir/ "p ( !  
title 9 ord] to use words :i* are m     
di/9ctive1 9 o!r words1 to use a b9d]'s 
title4 ,if x is necess>y x %\ld be done 
) c>e & discrim9ation4 ,ord9>ily1 give  
fir/ words1 omitt+ articles4 ,v long    
titles mu/ be cond5s$1 sometimes at !   
exp5se ( cle>ness4  ,proce$+s (         
organizations :i* meet 9 diff]5t cities 
%\ld h ! "n ( ! place ( ! meet+ lett]$ 9
 ! ?ird panel 7,fig4 #ba74  ,on         
p]iodicals1 ! au?or panel is left vacant
 & ! title ( ! p]iodical giv5 9 full 9 !
 second panel4 ,"h x is nev] p]missible 
to omit fir/ words1 except articles4    
,lett] ,am]ican review ( reviews1 n     
,review ( reviews4 ,9 case ( =eign      
p]iodicals x may be necess>y to place a 
sub-title 9 ! ?ird panel :5 a p]iodical 
is issu$ 9 two or m p>ts & ea* "p b\nd  

sep>ately ) a di/9ct title page4 ,) ?is 
exception1 leave ! ?ird panel vacant &  
lett] date & volume numb] 9 ! f\r?      
panel4 ,place fir/ ! mon?s cov]$ by !   
volume1 foll[$ by ! ye> 7,figs4 #bb &   
#bc47 ,use ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ea*     
mon?1 except ,june & ,july1 :i* %\ld be 
giv5 9 full4 ,on =eign p]iodicals use ! 
,engli% abbreviations = mon?s4 ,if !    
volume cov]s ! cal5d> ye> ! mon?s may be
 omitt$ 7,fig4 #bd74 ,9 ! same panel    
place ! volume numb] b5ea? ! ye>4  ,if !
 p]iodical has m ?an "o s]ies give dates
 & total volume numb]1 plac+ und]nea? ! 
s]ies numb] & volume ( s]ies 7,fig #be74
  ,if ! unb\nd volume ( a p]iodical is  
too l>ge to be b\nd 9 "o book1 b9d x 9  
two volumes & lett] ! exact mon?s 9 ea* 
"p1 plac+ ,"p #a & ,"p #b und]nea? !    
volume numb] 7,fig4 #bf74  ,if two      
volumes are b\nd 9 "o give ! inclusive  
volume numb]s 7,fig4 #bg74  ,9 ! case ( 
p]iodicals hav+ m ?an "o s]ies & :i* are
 index$ 9 ,poole's index or ! ,read]s'  
guide1 ! volume numb] giv5 fir/ %\ld    

correspond ) ! "o giv5 9 ! indexes4  ,?9
 volumes mu/ be lett]$ l5g?wise 9 ! same
 ord] z outl9$ above4 ,always lett] f   
head to tail4 ,?is facilitates read+ on 
! %elves1 s9ce %elves are naturally read
 f left to "r4 ,9 lett]+ l5g?wise place 
! book numb] bel[ ! class numb]1 if !re 
is room1 if n1 aft] ! class numb] ) a   
hyph5 betwe5 7,fig4 #bh74  ,ov]siz$     
books :i* mu/ be %elv$ on _! sides %\ld 
also be lett]$ f head to tail4  ,if !   
book is an index complete 9 itself lett]
 ! ^w ,index 9 ! f\r? panel1 foll[$ by !
 inclusive volume numb]s cov]$ by !     
index 7,fig4 #bi74  ,if a p]iodical     
index cov]+ sev]al volumes is includ$ at
 ! end ( "o ( ! volumes1 place ! ^w     
,index & ! inclusive volume numb]s      
und]nea? ! dates & regul> volume numb]  
7,fig4 #cj74  ,o!r que/ions are sure to 
arise1 b !y c be solv$ satisfactorily if
 x be rememb]$ t ! ess5tials are        
def9it5ess & cle>ness4     ,,*apt] ,,ix 
,,b9d+ ,,records ,,& ,,r\t9e   ,b9d+    
records mu/ be z simple z possible1 b !y

 %\ld  #a4 ,in/ruct ! b9d]4  #b4 ,%[ :at
 books are 9 ! b9d]y & :5 !y 7 s5t4  #c4
 ,%[ h[ previ\s volumes ( a set h be5   
b\nd4  #d4 ,act z a *eck on books :5    
return$4  #e4 ,%[ ! co/ ( b9d+4  ,"s    
libr>ians keep a record ( all books     
b\nd1 call$ a b9d+ book4 ,to ! writ] !  
ne$ ( a p]man5t regi/] ( books b\nd is n
 app>5t4 ,x is mu* easi] to keep 9 o!r  
ways a record ( books actually 9 ! b9d]y
 & aft] ! books h be5 b\nd & return$ to 
! libr>y ! value ( hav+ ! fact record$ 9
 any o!r place ?an on ! accession book  
is negligible4 ,9 ! case ( popul> books 
easily replac$ we may ev5 "q ! necessity
 ( record+ 9 ! accession book ! fact t a
 book has be5 b\nd4 ,any o!r p]man5t    
record seems useless4  #a4 ,:5 books are
 s5t to ! b9d]y ! b9d] mu/ be told3  a4 
,9 :at mat]ial ea* book is to be b\nd4  
b4 ,h[ ea* book is to be lett]$4  ,! be/
 way to indicate lett]+1 etc41 has be5  
%[n 9 ! *apt] ,prep>+ = ! b9d]y4 ,!     
designation ( mat]ial & color c         
frequ5tly be done by giv+ a blanket ord]

 if ! books are ( ! same "*4 ,= example1
 if all ! books are fiction x is        
p]fectly feasible to s5d a writt5 ord]1 
/at+ t !y are all to be b\nd 9 half br[n
 c[hide ) r$ clo? sides1 ,fr5* jo9ts1   
etc4 ,if ! %ipm5t is a miscellane\s "o (
 p]iodicals1 ref]5ce books1 fiction &   
juv5ile books x may be necess>y to /ate 
on ! b9d+ slips h[ ea* book is to be    
b\nd4  #b4 ,= public libr>ies ! "q (    
keep+ a record ( books t are 9 ! b9d]y  
is a simple "o4 ,! use ( book c>ds =    
*>g+ purposes is practically univ]sal4  
,all t is necess>y is to remove ! book  
c>d f ! book1 /amp ! "n or fir/ initial 
( ! b9d]'s "n & ! date aft] ! la/ *>g+  
date 7,z#be;,ap#ad71 & file ! c>ds j z  
!y are fil$ at ! loan desk4 ,if a book  
_c be f\nd on ! %elves or 9 circulation1
 x takes b a few seconds to discov] :e!r
 or n x is 9 ! b9d]y4 ,:5 ! book is     
return$ ! c>d is replac$ 9 ! book4 ,?is 
is ! easie/ way ( keep+ ?is record & %[s
 at once h[ _m times a book circulat$ 9 
! publi%]'s cov]s be=e x ne$$ to be     

b\nd4  ,= books :i* h no book c>ds1 su* 
z ref]5ce books & p]iodicals1 x w be    
necess>y to write a slip :i* c be fil$ z
 a record ) ! book c>ds4 ,if a b9d+ slip
 mu/ be s5t to ! b9d]y1 by us+ c>bon    
pap] bo? slips c be made at ! same "t4  
,! b9d] %\ld be notifi$ if books h n be5
 return$2 if unable to f9d !m he mu/ pay
 = !m4  ,x is possible t "s may ?9k ?is 
me?od ( keep+ records unduly lax2 t )\t 
a p]man5t record 9 book =m _m errors w  
creep 9 & t books w be lo/4 ,! answ] to 
su* a criticism is t 9 ! ,wilm+ton      
,in/itute ,free ,libr>y x has work$ = a 
p]iod ( t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ t "t m ?an       
#be1jjj volumes h be5 b\nd by five      
diff]5t b9d]s1 & ! writ] does n recall t
 a s+le volume has gone a/ray or t !re h
 be5 any errors :i* w\ld h be5 avoid$ if
 a record _h be5 kept :i* requir$ a     
c>eful invoic+ ( ea* volume s5t to !    
b9d]y4 ,:5 ! books are %ipp$ a /atem5t  
is s5t to ! b9d] t s _m volumes are 9 ! 
%ipm5t & x is 8 bus9ess to keep ! books 
9 ?is %ipm5t toge!r & return all at !   

same "t4 ,x is 8 responsibility1 n t ( !
 libr>ian4  #c4 ,records %[+ h[ previ\s 
volumes ( a set are b\nd %\ld be kept z 
outl9$ "u ,prep>+ = ! b9d]y1 page #adj4 
,! b9d+ slip = ! la/ volume ( !         
p]iodical w %[ h[ x is b\nd4 ,z an      
alt]native to ! c>bon slip = p]iodicals 
x may be possible to keep a record (    
volumes 9 ! b9d]y on ! p]iodical        
*eckli/1 if t be kept on %eets4 ,a      
simil> record %\ld be kept = all books )
 volume numb]s4 ,= example1 if volume   
#aj ( ,smi?'s works comes to ! b9d+     
assi/ant a b9d+ slip %\ld be made out   
:i* records ! mat]ial & color 9 :i* !   
book is to be b\nd1 toge!r ) exact      
lett]+ us$4 ,:5 return$ f ! b9d]y ?is   
slip %\ld be fil$ & ref]r$ to :5 ano!r  
volume ( ! same "w ne$s to be b\nd4     
,unless ?is is done x w be necess>y to g
 to ! %elves to see :e!r o!r volumes h  
be5 b\nd4 ,if only "o volume has be5    
b\nd & t is 9 ! h&s ( a read] x w be    
necess>y to wait until x is return$1 all
 ( :i* means loss ( "t4 ,no book ) a    

volume numb] %\ld be s5t to ! b9d]y )\t 
consult+ ! file ( b9d+ slips4 ,if !re is
 no record t a previ\s volume has be5   
b\nd x may be advisable = ! assi/ant to 
g to ! %elves to see if !re are o!r     
volumes ( ! same set :i* ne$ b9d+4 ,x is
 little m "w to s5d five volumes ?an to 
s5d "o4  #d4 ,f :at has be5 said x c    
readily be se5 :at sort ( a *eck is     
plac$ ^u ! b9d]4 ,books s5t to him are  
*>g$ to him z if deliv]$ to a borr[]4   
,if he does n return !m he mu/ pay = !m4
 ,let ! me?od be elaborate or simple1   
?is is all t x am\nts to4 ,x behooves ! 
libr>ian1 !re=e1 to make 8 *>g+ z simple
 z is compatible ) safety4  #e4 ,records
 ( co/ may be kept 9 v>i\s ways1 b !    
ess5tial facts :i* x is be/ to record   
are3  a4 ,numb] ( volumes reb\nd2  b4   
,numb] newly b\nd2  c4 ,numb] resew$ or 
recas$2  d4 ,numb] repair$ at ! libr>y2 
e4 ,total co/4  ,if desir$1 ! co/ ( ea* 
( ! =ego+ items may be kept4 ,a l>ge    
libr>y w also ne$ to keep a record ( !  
b9d+ = ea* bran*1 & possibly = ea*      

dep>tm5t 9 ! ma9 libr>y4  ,9 mo/ cases x
 is n necess>y = ! b9d] to s5d a bill   
itemiz$ by au?or & title4  ,x w be      
suffici5t if he bill ! books 9 "s su*   
way z ?is3      #eb vols4 ,c[hide       
#h 94  4#de #bc4dj     #af vols4        
,buckram                #aj 94  4#fe    
#aj4dj     #f vols4 ,imp]ial morocco    
clo?   #h 94  4#ej   #c4jj     #b vols4 
,morocco                  #h 94  4#gj   
#a4dj                                   
------                                  
#ch4bj  ,books may m easily be *eck$ )  
su* a bill ?an ) an itemiz$ "o4 ,!      
in=mation may !n be drawn (f on a %eet1 
all[+ a column = ea* mat]ial & size1    
mon?ly & ye>ly /ati/ics be+ easily      
compil$ f ^! %eets4 ,if x is ! policy ( 
! libr>y to s5d an itemiz$ invoice (    
books to be b\nd ! b9d] %\ld return !   
invoice ) prices = ea* volume add$4  ,9 
l>ge libr>ies1 su* z ! l>ge college &   
ref]5ce libr>ies & public libr>ies ) _m 
bran*es1 m elaborate b9d+ records ?an ^?
 j outl9$ are necess>y4 ,college        

libr>ies1 :i* d n z a rule h book c>ds1 
w f9d x necess>y to make out a slip ( "o
 k9d or ano!r = *>g+ purposes4 ,9 l>ge  
libr>y sy/ems books %\ld be s5t directly
 f ! bran* to ! b9d] & return$ to !     
bran*4 ,a record %\ld be s5t to ! head (
 ! b9d+ dep>tm5t at ! ma9 libr>y1 %[+ ! 
numb] ( volumes s5t ) ! date1 also !    
date :5 ! books 7 return$ to ! bran*4   
,ea* bran* %\ld1 ( c\rse1 keep records 9
 mu* ! same way z a s+le small libr>y1 b
 ! ne$s ( /ati/ics require fur!r records
 at ! ma9 libr>y4  ,x is probable t ea* 
l>ge libr>y w h to "w out =ms suitable =
 its own ne$s1 b ! foll[+ are sugge/$ z 
feasible4                               
----------------------------------------
----                                    
,volumes                                
#a_/b ,mor4                             
------------------------------          
,lib4 ,buck4                            
,clo?                                   
------------------------------          
#a_/b ,duck                             

#a_/b ,pig                              
------------------------------          
,light ,br[n                            
,d>k ,br[n                              
------------------------------          
,black                                  
,d>k ,blue                              
------------------------------          
,d>k ,gre5                              
,r$                                     
----------------------------------------
----              ,b9d+ slip4 ,size     
#fx#d 94  ,mat]ial & color are indicat$ 
on ! left by und]l9+4 ,au?or1 title1    
volume numb]1 etc41 are writt5 9 prop]  
panels4                                 
----------------------------------------
-------              ,blankton ,public  
,libr>y                                 
,bran*                  ,date           
,foll[+ books are ready = b9d+3         
444444 vols4 to be b\nd 9 #a_/b morocco4
            444444 vols4 to be b\nd 9   
libr>y buckram4        444444 vols4 to  
be b\nd 9 #a_/b duck4                   

444444 vols4 z samples4                 
444444 vols4 to be repair$4             
444444 vols4 = corrections4             
4444444444444444444444444444            
,bran* ,libr>ian4                       
----------------------------------------
-------                     ,size #e x  
#c 94  ,?is slip is fill$ out by ! bran*
 libr>ian & s5t to sup]visor ( b9d+1 :o 
decides :o %all b9d ! books & s5ds !    
ord] to ! b9d]4                         
----------------------------------------
-------------               ,blankton   
,public ,libr>y                         
,ord] ,no4 #ajjb4                       
44444444444#aia                         
,messrs4 44444444444444444444444444     
,please s5d to 444444444444444444444    
,bran*             = ! foll[+ books3    
444444 vols4 to be reb\nd4              
444444 vols4 samples4                   
444444 vols4 to be repair$4             
444444 vols4 = corrections4             
,b9d accord+ to specifications1 foll[+  
in/ructions = /yle on b9d]'s slip 9 ea* 

book4                                   
,please return books ) bill to ! ,bran*4
                                        
4444444444444444444444444444444         
,sup]visor4                             
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,size #e x #c 94  ,:5 books are return$ 
to ! bran* !y are *eck$ up ) ! bill4 ,if
 !re are no discrepancies ! bill is s5t 
to ! b9d+ sup]visor4                    
----------------------------------------
-----       ,ord] ,no4 #ajjb4           
,s5t44444444444 #aia                    
f 444444444444444444444 ,bran*          
to 4444444444444444444444444444444444   
444444 vols4 to be reb\nd4              
444444 vols4 samples4                   
444444 vols4 to be repair$4             
444444 vols4 = corrections4             
,return$ 44444444444 #aia  ,amt4        
44444444                                
,blankton ,public ,libr>y4              
----------------------------------------
-----                        ,size #e x 

#c 94  ,?is slip1 made out at ! c5tral  
libr>y ^u advice f bran* libr>ian t     
books h be5 %ipp$1 is fil$ num]ically4  
,:5 bill is receiv$1 ! in=mation is     
drawn (f on a mon?ly %eet4 ,a simil>    
slip c be us$ to keep records = ea*     
bran* sep>ately4  ,! weekly or mon?ly   
/ati/ics %eets ought to give 9 v]tical  
columns ! numb] ( volumes & co/ ( ea*   
k9d ( b9d+ & repair "w us$ by ! libr>y4 
,!y w include "o-half c[hide1 "o-half   
morocco1 libr>y buckram1 "o-half duck1  
re9=c+1 recas+1 lett]+1 etc4 ,! fir/    
column at ! left w h ! names ( diff]5t  
dep>tm5ts & bran*es4 ,! la/ column on ! 
"r w give ! total exp5diture = ea*      
dep>tm5t & bran*1 & ! foot+s ( columns w
 give ! co/ ( ea* k9d ( "w4 ,if necess>y
 ?is %eet c also indicate numb] (       
volumes reb\nd & ! numb] ( volumes newly
 b\nd4   ,,b9d+ ,,r\t9e  ,9 prep>+ books
 = ! b9d]y & keep+ b9d+ records a regul>
 r\t9e %\ld be adopt$ :i* %\ld be foll[$
 z closely z possible 9 ord] to avoid   
errors4 ,ea* libr>y %\ld adopt a r\t9e  

suit$ to its ne$s1 modify+ :5 necess>y !
 foll[+ sugge/ions4  ,b9d+ ,r\t9e =     
,small ,libr>y  #a4 ,exam9e book1 notic+
 condition1 complet5ess1 title pages1   
indexes1 etc41 & decide h[ book is to be
 b\nd4  #b4 ,und]l9e on title page !    
fir/ lett] ( words :i* mu/ be lett]$ on 
back4 ,p5cil call numb] on rev]se (     
title page4  #c4 ,if volume is a        
p]iodical or a volume 9 a set make out  
b9d+ slip giv+ volume numb] & dates4    
#d4 ,file book c>ds at loan desk4  #e4  
,s5d books to b9d]y4  #f4 ,:5 books are 
return$ *eck bill ) books to see t no   
mi/ake has be5 made 9 *>ges4  #g4       
,replace book c>ds 9 books4  #h4 ,file  
slips = p]iodicals4  ,b9d+ ,r\t9e =     
,m$ium-,siz$ ,libr>y  #a4 ,exam9e books 
= b9d+ notic+ condition1 complet5ess1   
plates1 title pages1 indexes1 numb] &   
condition ( copies1 editions & v>i\s o!r
 po9ts not$ "u ,prep>+ = ! ,b9d]y4  #b4 
,if ! book is a p]iodical f9d title page
 & index4 ,a special record ought to %[ 
:5 ^! are due & :i* p]iodicals d n      

publi% !m4 ,arrange exactly z ! book is 
to be b\nd4  #c4 ,if ! book is a        
p]iodical consult file %[+ h[ previ\s   
volumes h be5 b\nd & make out a b9d+    
slip ) c>bon copy1 mak+ su* *anges z are
 requir$ by *anges 9 title1 date &      
volume numb]4 ,! b9d+ slip %\ld be laid 
9 ! front ( ! book4  #d4 ,if ! book is  
"o ( a set see if o!r volumes h be5     
b\nd4  #e4 ,= books1 n p]iodicals1      
indicate lett]+ by und]l9+ on ! title   
page ! fir/ lett] ( ea* ^w t is to g on 
! back4  #f4 ,indicate color1 mat]ial1  
volume numb]1 call numb]1 etc41 on a    
b9d+ slip :i* %\ld be laid 9 front ( !  
book4 ,if ! %ipm5t is all fiction & no  
call numb] is us$ x w n be necess>y to  
make out any slip ( in/ruction4 ,a      
blanket ord] may be made say+ t all     
books are to be b\nd 9 a c]ta9 way4  #g4
 ,:5 ready to s5d to ! b9d]y1 remove    
book c>d or c>bon copy ( b9d+ slip4     
,leave slips conta9+ in=mation = ! b9d] 
9 ! book4  #h4 ,pack books & s5d to !   
b9d]1 notify+ him ( ! date ( %ipm5t & ! 

numb] ( volumes s5t z foll[s3       #if 
vols4 to be reb\nd4      #be vols4 (    
p]iodicals4       #c vols4 to be recas$4
       #d vols4 ( corrections4       #b 
vols4 ( samples4     ---     #acj  7,x  
sometimes happ5s t a volume ( a set is  
go+ to a b9d] :o did n b9d ! previ\s    
volumes4 ,9 su* a case ! second b9d] has
 no rubb+ & a sample volume or a rubb+  
mu/ be s5t47  #i4 ,/amp c>bon slips1 &  
book c>ds aft] ! la/ *>g+ date1 ) ! "n  
or initial ( ! b9d] & ! date s5t4  #aj4 
,file book c>ds & c>bon slips           
alphabetically by au?or1 or fir/ ^w (   
title 9 ! case ( p]iodicals4  #aa4 ,:5  
books are return$ f ! b9d]y see t bill  
is correct4  #ab4 ,see t books are      
lett]$ correctly1 return+ su* z are     
incorrect4  #ac4 ,remove book c>ds f !  
file & place 9 ! books4  #ad4 ,lett]    
book pockets or book plates ) call numb]
 & accession numb]1 if ?is is ! cu/om ( 
! libr>y4  #ae4 ,s5d p]iodicals & o!r   
books :i* h n be5 prop]ly record$ to !  
ord] or accession dep>tm5t to foll[     

regul> r\t9e = new books4 ,books t h be5
 reb\nd may g directly to ! %elves4     
#af4 ,file b9d+ slips = p]iodicals &    
de/roy slips = previ\s volumes4  #ag4   
,if x is ! cu/om ( ! libr>y to ent] co/ 
( b9d+ 9 ! accession book x w be        
necess>y to put ! accession numb] & co/ 
on ! b9d+ slip4 ,^! slips may !n be     
arrang$ num]ically by accession numb] & 
! co/ ent]$ 9 ! accession book4   ,r\t9e
 = ,l>ge ,college & ,ref]5ce ,libr>ies  
,! r\t9e j giv5 is z simple z c be made 
)\t endang]+ ! safety ( books4 ,x is n  
suffici5tly accurate = ! l>ge libr>ies1 
especially ! college libr>ies :i* b9d a 
l>ge numb] ( p]iodicals belong+ to _m   
dep>tm5ts1 ea* dep>tm5t be+ oblig$ to   
pay = its own b9d+4 ,?is requires       
complex records 9 ! b9d+ dep>tm5t4 ,9   
ord] to elim9ate z _m mi/akes z possible
 x w be necess>y to h a b9d+ c>d = ea*  
p]iodical & = sets4 7,see ,fig4 #ca7    
,?is c>d has a l9e = ! title1 a place = 
! description ( ! b9d+1 & is rul$ on bo?
 sides4 ,on ! "r-h& side x is rul$ 9    

?ree columns--price1 s5t1 return$4 ,!   
lett]+ may be indicat$ by v]tical l9es 9
 ! title1 "o = *ange ( l9e 9 ! same     
panel1 two = *ange ( panel4  ,h>p]'s    
,magaz9e                                
,color         ,/yle                    
,volumes            ,price   ,s5t       
,ret'd                                  
----------------------------------------
---------                               
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------
--------                                
----------------------------------------

------------                ,,figure    
#ca4 ,size #e x #c 94  ,:5 no volume ( a
 set is at ! b9d]y ! c>d is left 9 a    
p]man5t file ( b9d]y c>ds4 ,:5 a volume 
is s5t to ! b9d]y ! c>d is transf]r$ to 
a tempor>y file1 %[+ :at p]iodicals are 
at ! b9d]y4  #a4 ,exam9e volumes =      
complet5ess2 see t all numb]s (         
p]iodicals are includ$ & arrang$ 9 prop]
 ord]4 ,9 ! case ( books exam9e quickly 
= miss+ signatures4 ,) bo? books &      
p]iodicals leave page collation to !    
b9d]4  #b4 ,make *>g+ slip & s5d to !   
loan desk4 ,books = dep>tm5ts %\ld be   
*>g$ 9 ! dep>tm5ts & n at ! loan desk4  
#c4 ,if a p]iodical1 f9d title-page &   
index 7if "o is n publi%$ !re %\ld be a 
note to t effect on ! b9d+ c>d72 & if   
sep>ate1 lay inside ! volume4  #d4 ,if  
volume is "p ( a set exam9e b9d+ records
 to see if o!r volumes h be5 b\nd4 ,if  
no record is f\nd 9 b9d+ files look 9   
catalog & ord] records to see if o!r    
volumes are already 9 ! libr>y1 or h be5
 rec5tly b\ght & are n yet catalog$4 ,if

 x is desirable to mat* exactly old sets
 b\nd else:]e1 make a rub-(f = ! b9d] & 
indicate ! mat]ial & color4 ,if ! volume
 is "o ( a new set make decision 9 reg>d
 to /yle ( b9d+ & ord] a sample back4   
#e4 ,if a p]iodical1 get old c>d f b9d+ 
return$ file4 ,9 ! case ( new p]iodicals
 & books a c>d mu/ be made1 & ! b9d]    
in/ruct$ to make a sample back = future 
use4 ,ent] volume on c>d 7"o volume a   
l9e1 unless sev]al volumes are to be    
b\nd toge!r74  #f4 ,fill out b9d+ slip  
7see page #aed71 indicat+ full lett]+1  
prop] spac+1 /yle & mat]ial4 ,also make 
note on bottom ( slip = su* directions z
 make sample back1 include all front    
cov]s1 no title page or index publi%$1  
etc4  #g4 ,9 ! case ( sep>ate books x w 
be necess>y to make out a c>d simil> to 
! p]iodical b9d+ c>d to be us$ 9 s5d+   
invoice ( %ipm5t to ! b9d]4  #h4 ,place 
b9d+ slip 9 front ( volume2 tie up      
p]iodicals & lay aside ) ! volumes wait+
 to be %ipp$4  #i4 ,:5 %ipm5t is ready  
to be s5t1 arrange c>ds3  a4 ,by        

dep>tm5ts :i* are responsible = ! co/ ( 
b9d+2  b4 ,alphabetically by au?or or   
title "u dep>tm5ts4  #aj4 ,make         
typewritt5 li/ 9 triplicate 7or m if    
necess>y7 ( volumes = ea* dep>tm5t2 "o  
copy = fil+1 "o = ! b9d] & "o to g to ! 
ord] dep>tm5t ) an e/imate ( ! co/ to   
s]ve z a *>ge aga9/ ! prop] dep>tm5t4   
,if ! dep>tm5ts aga9/ :i* *>ges mu/ be  
made are _m x may be simpl] to li/ !    
books z !y come1 ev5 if sev]al dep>tm5ts
 are on "o page1 & to draw (f f ?is !   
*>ges = ! ord] dep>tm5t4 ,:]e dep>tm5ts 
are num]\s & ! record ( ea* dep>tm5t is 
kept on a sep>ate %eet !re are a great  
numb] ( %eets to h&le1 caus+ annoyance  
bo? 9 ! b9d+ dep>tm5t & 9 ! b9d]y4 ,two 
li/s may be s5t to ! b9d] s t he may add
 prices to "o :5 ! books are return$4   
,?is saves 8 "t & also t ( ! b9d+       
assi/ant4  #aa4 ,/amp date on ! b9d+ c>d
 9 ! column m>k$ s5t4  #ab4 ,/amp "n (  
b9d] on b9d+ c>d if ! "w is divid$ among
 diff]5t b9d]s4  ,if all ! "w ( ! libr>y
 goes to "o b9d] ?is w n be necess>y4   

#ac4 ,%ip ! books4  #ad4 ,file "o copy (
 ! li/ made out z not$ 9 ,no4 #aj1 s5d  
"o copy to ! b9d]1 & add ! e/imat$ co/  
to ! ?ird li/ :i* is s5t to ! ord]      
dep>tm5t4  #ae4 ,file c>ds 9 b9d+ s5t   
file4  #af4 ,:5 books are return$       
itemiz$ bills are s5t by ! b9d] made out
 to ea* dep>tm5t4  #ag4 ,*eck books ) ! 
bills1 arrang+ books 9 ord] ( bills4    
#ah4 ,take c>ds out ( b9d+ s5t file 9   
ord] ( bills s t bills1 books & c>ds are
 9 ! same ord]4  #ai4 ,comp>e lett]+ )  
slip to see if correct1 lay aside su* z 
are incorrect to be return$ to ! b9d]4  
,de/roy slips4  #bj4 ,see if *>ge is    
correct & ent] on b9d+ c>d 9 column m>k$
 price4 ,if !re is a sample back1 ent] !
 co/ & lett]s ,s4 ,b4 above ! l9e ( !   
volume = :i* x is made4  #ba4 ,/amp date
 ( bill on c>d 9 column m>k$ return$4   
#bb4 ,/amp date ( bill & co/ 9 book on  
fir/ recto aft] title page3 #bg ,june   
#aiad ,b9d+ #ge4  #bc4 ,s5d books to !  
catalog+ dep>tm5t = catalog+1 %elf-li/+1
 etc4  #bd4 ,draw (f on /ati/ics %eet   

numb] ( volumes & co/4  #be4 ,s5d bills 
to ! ord] dep>tm5t4  #bf4 ,file c>ds =  
p]iodicals & all books ) volume numb]s 9
 p]man5t file4 ,de/roy c>ds = s+le      
books4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,repair+1       
,,recas+1 ,,recov]+1 ,,etc4             
,practically all repairs to a book %ort 
( reb9d+ %\ld be made 9 ! libr>y1 s9ce !
 "w requires little space & no ma*9]y1 &
 ! books may spe$ily be replac$ on !    
%elves = g5]al use4 ,l>ge or m$ium siz$ 
libr>ies c well af=d to hire "o or m    
girls z m5d]s1 :ile ! small libr>y mu/  
utilize ! sp>e "t ( regul> assi/ants4   
,:5 books are s5t to ! b9d+ dep>tm5t !y 
%\ld be sort$ into ! foll[+ gr\ps3      
,books to be 7a7 reb\nd1 7b7 recas$1 7c7
 recov]$1 7d7 m5d$1 7e7 disc>d$2 to h   
7f7 new sides1 7g7 new labels1 7h7 new  
book c>ds or pockets4  ,:5 m5d]s are    
employ$ all except ^? 9 ! fir/ gr\p may 
be c>$ = 9 ! libr>y4  ,9 sort+ ! books !
 "q ( :e!r to reb9d or repair at !      
libr>y mu/ be decid$ = all books1 except
 ^? 9 ! disc>d$ class & ^? :i* ne$ new  

records 7tags1 pockets1 book c>ds1      
etc474 ,! decision is n always an easy  
"o to make4 ,! k9d ( libr>y 9 "q1 :e!r  
public1 college1 subscription1 etc41 w  
influ5ce ! decision1 z well z ! actual  
condition ( ! book4 ,a few g5]al rules  
ab\t m5d+ may help 9 mak+ decisions4    
#a4 ,if ! book has nev] be5 reb\nd & 9  
all probability mu/ g to ! b9d]y 9 a few
 mon?s' "t1 s5d to ! b9d]y at once4     
,m5d+ n only adds no?+ to ! life ( ?is  
book1 b may easily %ort5 x4  #b4 ,m5d   
books :i* h be5 reb\nd once b :i* x w\ld
 n pay to reb9d aga94 ,judici\s m5d+ (  
su* books may keep !m 9 s]vice = a long 
"t1 b !re comes a day :5 ! use ga9$ does
 n pay = ! "t put ^u !m4  #c4 ,m5d books
 :i* h ne>ly outliv$ _! usefulness or   
:i* are to be )drawn absolutely :5 worn 
out4 ,! "q ne$ be decid$ only :5 ! book 
is fairly clean1 = if v soil$ x %\ld be 
)drawn at once4  #d4 ,m5d books :i* mu/ 
be on ! libr>y %elves1 b :i* are seldom 
us$4  #e4 ,m5d books pr9t$ on heavily   
load$ pap]s :i* w n pay to reb9d4 ,!re  

are1 un=tunately1 _m ( !m4  #f4 ,m5d+ _c
 be done if ! sew+ is completely brok51 
?\gh x is sometimes possible to ins]t   
signatures :i* are loose4  #g4 ,books ) 
brok5 corn]s mu/ be reb\nd4  #h4 ,recase
 books :i* h sew+ intact & cov]s 9 good 
condition1 if !y w be us$ comp>atively  
seldom4  #i4 ,recov] books :i* h worn   
cov]s b firm sew+4   ,,m5d+ ,,mat]ials  
,,adhesives  ,pa/e4 ,home-made pa/es are
 *eape/4 ,:ile !re are v>i\s recipes =  
pa/e1 ei!r ( ! foll[+ w give            
satisfaction3                  7#a7     
,:eat fl\r1         #h oz4     ,p[d]$   
alum1     #a_/d oz4     ,glyc]9e1       
#a-a_/b oz4     ,oil w9t]gre51   #a     
dram4     ,wat]1          #a-a_/b pts4  
,dissolve ! alum 9 wat] & mix gradually 
) ! fl\r into a smoo?1 ?9 pa/e2 cook 9 a
 d\ble boil] until smoo? & cle>2 take f 
! fire & add ! glyc]9e & oil ( w9t]gre54
 ,?is quantity w make ab\t "o qu>t4 ,if 
aft] /&+ a day a wat]y fluid collects1  
/ir x into ! pa/e4 ,keep ?is pa/e cov]$4
                   7#b7      #a_/d p\nd 

( fl\r 7#a cup74     #a   teaspoonful ( 
alum1 dissolv$4     #a   g5]\s f\r?     
teaspoonful ( oil ( clove4     #d   cups
 ( boil+ wat]4  ,mix ! fl\r well ) a    
little cold wat]1 beat+ until p]fectly  
smoo?4 ,add ! alum dissolv$ 9 a little  
cold wat]4 ,p\r on two cups ( ! boil+   
wat]1 /ra9 ?r\gh a wire sieve4 ,add !   
rema9d] ( ! boil+ wat] & cook1 /irr+    
con/antly until p>tially cle>4 ,add !   
oil ( clove & put into a clean1 cov]$   
e>!n j>4 ,! pa/e ?ick5s z x cools4 ,take
 out small quantities = use4 ,! mat]ials
 = ?is pa/e co/ less ?an #b c5ts = a    
hundr$ books4  ,to all pa/es x is be/ to
 add a spoonful ( c>bolic acid or       
=maldehyde to prev5t spoil+4 ,a small   
quantity ( corrosive sublimate w make   
pa/e unattractive to bugs4  ,al?\gh     
home-made pa/es are *eape/1 !y are a    
bo!r to make & ! sav+ ( exp5se ov]      
comm]cial pa/es is n wor? :ile except 9 
! v small libr>y4 ,besides pa/e 9 bulk  
:i* c be obta9$ f ! local b9d] !re are  
_m k9ds ( comm]cial pa/e4 ,"s may be    

b\ght 9 p[d]s2 o!rs1 design$ prim>ily = 
m\nt+ photographs1 9 glass j>s2 /ill    
o!rs 9 cans ready to use4 ,! p[d]s are  
*eap1 keep indef9itely1 b :5 ne$$ mu/ be
 mix$ ) wat]1 & z a rule are n v        
satisfactory4 ,higg9s' & o!r photo-m\nt+
 pa/es are exp5sive & dry too quickly1 b
 keep indef9itely4 ,9 ! long run ! mo/  
satisfactory pa/es are ^? 9 t9 cans )   
tight lids2 ^! are ready to use1 d n dry
 up & ! pres]vative :i* !y conta9 keeps 
!m indef9itely4 ,! ,arabol ,manufactur+ 
,company1 #ajj ,william ,/reet1 ,new    
,york1 makes sev]al v>ieties4 ,_! ,sph9x
 pa/e1 :i* gives excell5t satisfaction1 
c be b\ght 9 six "o-gallon c lots at #ge
 c5ts a gallon1 f4 o4 b41 & 9 l>g]      
quantities at slightly r$uc$ rates4     
,great c>e %\ld be us$ to avoid hav+ !  
pa/e s ?9 t x makes ! pap] /ret*4       
,al?\gh pa/e is a necessity 9 e libr>y1 
!re is a t5d5cy to use too mu* ( x1 & to
 use x :5 x is n necess>y4 ,ord9>ily x w
 injure ! book less ?an o!r adhesives1 b
 x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly on books t mu/ be 

reb\nd4 ,:5 appli$ to ! backs ( loose   
signatures !y become brittle2 !n :5 !   
book goes to ! b9d]y a mu* l>g] am\nt   
mu/ be cut f ! back ?an w\ld o!rwise be 
! case4  ,if pa/e is to be appli$ to "p 
( ! pap] only1 ! easie/ way is to lay ! 
pap] on a bo>d1 place ano!r piece ( pap]
 ov] x1 leav+ expos$ ! surface to :i*   
pa/e is to be appli$4 ,x c be spread m  
ev5ly ) ! f+]1 fa/] ) a s(t1 long-h&l$  
bru%4 ,! l>g] libr>ies w f9d a          
pa/+-ma*9e a great "t-sav]4 ,book       
labels1 book pockets1 new end pap]s to  
fre%5 soil$ books--any?+ :i* ne$s to h !
 entire surface cov]$--is pa/$ on !     
ma*9e 9 "o-t5? ! "t requir$ by h&4      
,glue4 ,= ord9>y m5d+1 glue %\ld nev] be
 us$4 7,see ,mat]ials1 p4 #hb47         
,flexible glue1 h[ev]1 is a necessity = 
recas+ & recov]+ books4 ,x keeps        
indef9itely1 c be us$ easily by ^? :o   
acquire ! knack ( us+ x1 & x /icks      
ev]la/+ly4  ,mucilage4 ,mucilage has no 
real place 9 a libr>y4 ,if pa/e is n !  
suitable mat]ial to use1 sub/itute      

flexible glue1 nev] mucilage4  ,,clo?   
,*eeseclo?4 ,?is well-kn[n clo? is us$  
:5 press+ d[n pap] or book labels aft]  
!y h be5 pa/$ & appli$1 & = quickly     
clean+ ! h&s ( sup]flu\s pa/e or glue4  
,x %\ld be cut 9 pieces ( conv5i5t size 
& n us$ _m times be=e be+ disc>d$4      
,jaconet4 ,a ?91 /rong musl9 w be ne$$ =
 gu>d+ sections & occasionally = =m+    
jo9ts4 ,jaconet is ! be/ & may be obta9$
 f a few libr>y b9d]s4  ,canton flannel4
 ,a m$ium grade ( ?is clo? is us$ =     
back-l9+4  ,book clo?4 ,if recov]+ or   
re-sid+ is done ! libr>y mu/ h a supply 
( book clo?s 9 ! %ades pref]r$4 ,=      
re-sid+1 any clo? 9 grade #a 7see page  
#ge7 is suffici5tly good4 ,= recov]+    
clo?s 9 ! grade :i* meets ! requirem5ts 
( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds are none too good4 
,if mu* recov]+ is done x is be/ to buy 
! clo? by ! piece4  ,crepel9e4 ,?is v ?9
 cotton clo?1 also call$ m\ssel9e1 ?r\gh
 :i* pr9t is easily read1 is sometimes  
pa/$ ov] ! entire surface ( pages :i*   
receive v h>d usage1 & :i* w\ld o!rwise 

be lit]ally ?umb$ to pieces long be=e ! 
re/ ( ! book4  ,specially prep>$ clo?4  
,! ,gaylord ,bros41 ( ,syracuse1 & !    
,multum 9 ,p>vo ,b9d] ,co41 (           
,philadelphia1 manufacture h+es made (  
clo?4 ,:ile ^! are (t5 useful !y _c be  
us$ "u any & all conditions1 z "o might 
be l$ to believe f ! claims ( !         
manufactur]s4  ,,pap]s  ,onion sk94     
,onion sk9 is a v ?91 t\gh pap]1 us$ =  
m5d+ torn pages1 illu/rations1 etc41 :]e
 pr9t mu/ %[ ?r\gh4 ,:ile x may be      
obta9$ gumm$ on "o side1 v little is    
ga9$1 = x is ne>ly z easy to pa/e !     
ungumm$ onion sk9 z to moi/5 ! gumm$4 ,=
 te>s :i* d n run into ! text2 a ?91    
/rong bond pap] w be satisfactory4      
,kraft or manila pap]4 ,a #cjx#dj       
#fj-p\nd kraft pap] makes good end pap]s
 9 recas+ & recov]+4 ,a #gj-p\nd manila 
pap] may be us$ in/ead ( kraft1 if      
desir$4  ,r$ rope manila4 ,?is is a v   
/rong1 t\gh fibr$ c>dbo>d :i* may       
sometimes be us$ z cov]s = books t x w  
sc>cely pay to put into /\t] cov]s4 ,x  

may be obta9$ 9 sev]al weights1 ! light]
 weights be+ suffici5tly /rong = libr>y 
use4  ,,?read  ,ev5 if no resew+ is     
done1 ?read is necess>y = mak+ v>i\s    
repairs4 ,! be/ are ,hayes' l95 ?read   
,no4 #be1 & ,b>b\r's ,no4 #dj4          
,,ammonia  ,?is is necess>y = break+ d[n
 surfaces ( highly glaz$ clo?s s t      
labels w /ick4  ,,%ellac  ,aft] labels  
or ! backs ( books h be5 lett]$ 9 :ite  
or black ink !y %\ld h a cov]+ ( %ellac4
 ,a supply ( ! be/ :ite %ellac may be   
obta9$ f ! local pa9t deal]4            
,occasional use is f\nd = v>i\s o!r     
mat]ials1 su* z p[d]$ pumice /one1      
sponge rubb]1 ,india rubb] eras]s & art 
gum4   ,,tools  ,,fold]s  ,sev]al b9d]'s
 bone fold]s1 co/+ fifte5 c5ts ea*1 %\ld
 be kept 9 ! b9d+ dep>tm5t4  ,,knives   
,a long knife1 broad at ! po9t1 ?9-blad$
 b dull1 is ne$$ = cutt+ pap] aft] x is 
fold$ & = v>i\s o!r uses4 ,a %>p1 po9t$ 
knife is ne$$ = remov+ books f ! cov]s1 
or old labels f ! back4  ,,scissors     
,long1 ?9-blad$1 be/ quality4  ,,ne$les 

,regul> book-sew+ ne$les4  ,,hamm]  ,a  
broad-fac$ hamm] may be requir$ = beat+ 
d[n ! backs ( sections1 or ! entire book
 :5 x is difficult to replace x 9 its   
old cov]4  ,,press  ,books wet ) pa/e or
 glue mu/ be press$4 ,an old-fa%ion$    
lett]-press :i* screws d[n by h& w answ]
 all purposes 9 a small libr>y4 ,z !y   
are n[ out-(-date1 second-h& ones c be  
pur*as$ = a small sum4 ,!re are "o or   
two inexp5sive small presses :i* are n s
 heavy z ! lett]-press1 b :i* hold a    
l>g] numb] ( books & are fairly         
satisfactory4 ,! mo/ satisfactory press 
is a /ation>y "o :i* holds a numb] (    
books & :i* w ex]t great pressure4 ,on  
acc\nt ( lack ( space & ! co/ x is      
inadvisable to use ?is 9 a m5d+ room1 & 
make%ifts are g5]ally necess>y4         
,,press-,,bo>d  ,a few press-bo>ds )    
projections :i* w fit into ! jo9ts (    
books may be necess>y4 ,!y may be obta9$
 f any deal] 9 b9d]s' supplies4  ,,sew+ 
,,b5*  ,if any resew+ is done a sew+ b5*
 is a necessity4 ,ord9>ily books ne$+   

resew+ %\ld be s5t to ! b9d]y4          
,,glue-,,pot  ,a d\ble-boil] glue-pot is
 a necessity if recov]+ or recas+ is to 
be done4 ,x %\ld be kept clean4         
,,bru%es  ,a long-h&l$1 small-siz$ bru% 
) s(t bri/les w be us$ = pa/+1 :ile glue
 w require a l>ge1 r\nd bru% su* z is   
commonly us$ 9 b9d]ies4  ,,pa/+ ,,ma*9e 
,a good pa/+ ma*9e w co/ ab\t t5 doll>s1
 b x is a great "t sav]4 ,!re are sev]al
 on ! m>ket4 ,9 ! ,wilm+ton ,libr>y !   
,univ]sal is us$ & gives satisfaction 9 
all cases :5 a ma*9e c be us$4          
,,cutt+-,,bo>d  ,a small-siz$           
cutt+-bo>d1 su* z is us$ by             
photograph]s1 is useful 9 ! m5d+ room z 
well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! libr>y4   ,,clean+
  ,a "p ( ! duty ( ! m5d+ dep>tm5t is to
 remove su* dirt or /a9s z c readily be 
remov$ )\t injury to ! books4  ,,pages  
,v>i\s mat]ials may be us$ = clean+     
books :i* %[ soil$ pages "h & !re1 b :i*
 are 9 ! ma9 fairly clean4 ,a r$ rubb]  
or a sponge rubb] is mu* bett] ?an an   
,india rubb] eras]4 ,! latt] %\ld nev]  

be us$ unless ! pap] is excell5t 9      
quality4 ,bread crumbs roll$ 9 a ball or
 p[d]$ pumice /one put on ) a dry clo? w
 (t5 give good results4 ,if ! book is   
mu* soil$1 or has mud /a9s1 x may be    
advisable to use ivory soap & wat] ) a  
few drops ( ammonia1 appli$ ) a piece ( 
*eeseclo? well wrung out4  ,if ! pap] is
 ( good quality x may be wa%$ ) ,javelle
 wat]1 a prep>ation us$ 9 ,fr5*         
laundries4 ,?is may be made by ! foll[+ 
recipe3  ,to "o p\nd ( *loride ( lime   
add f\r & a half p9ts ( wat]1 & put 9 a 
j> ) tight cov]4 ,9 a sep>ate vessel1   
dissolve #bj oz4 ( ord9>y wa%+ soda 9   
f\r & a half p9ts ( boil+ wat]1 &       
imm$iately p\r x into ! fir/ mixture4   
,:5 cold add en\gh wat] to make elev5   
p9ts 9 all4 ,/ra9 ?r\gh musl91 settle1 &
 p\r (f ! cle> solution4 ,aft] us+ x c>e
 mu/ be tak5 to r9se ! pap] ?or\ghly )  
wat]1 z x t5ds to rot pap]4  ,9 ! clean+
 ( pages c>e %\ld be tak5 n to erase any
 m>ks made by ! catalog+ or accession   
dep>tm5ts4 ,rubb+ mu/ be done sl[ly & ! 

pages held flat to prev5t te>+4 ,rub f !
 inside outw>d4 ,all traces ( pumice    
/one1 rubb]1 etc41 %\ld be c>efully     
remov$4 ,if wat] & soap h be5 us$1 x may
 be necess>y to put a press+ t9 "u !    
leaf1 plac+ blott+ pap] on ea* side4    
,fox m>ks may be remov$ by imm]s+ !     
leaves 9 a weak solution ( *lor9e wat] &
 !n transf]r+ to a hot ba? ( v weak     
hydro*loric acid4  ,to remove creases f 
leaves accid5tally fold$1 place ! leaves
 betwe5 moi/5$ blott]s enclos$ betwe5   
dry blott]s & press4 ,?is c be repeat$  
until ! crease is entirely remov$4      
,sometimes creases may be iron$ out ) a 
hot iron4  ,ink /a9s c be remov$ by any 
"o ( ! /&>d eradicators 7oxalic acid    
foll[$ by *loride ( lime74 ,/a9s f pad  
ink us$ = dat+ /amps c be remov$ )      
b5z9e4  ,! edges ( leaves on v soil$    
books may be s&pap]$4 ,9 ?is case ! book
 %\ld be held v firm1 if possible 9 a   
vise4  ,to ,prev5t ,mildew or ,mold     
,occasionally books are accid5tally     
soak$ ) wat]4 ,9 _m a fire m damage is  

done by wat] ?an by fire4 ,9 su* cases x
 may be a wa/e ( "t & money to reclaim  
ord9>y books :i* c easily be replac$4 ,x
 is a diff]5t matt] :5 x comes to r>e   
books & especially to manuscripts :i* _c
 be replac$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,i4 ,wy]1 ,jr41   
director ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,libr>y1 9
 8 annual report = #aiaa describes z    
foll[s ! me?od us$ 9 t libr>y aft] !    
disa/r\s fire ( t ye>4       ,! fir/ /ep
 0 to remove all cov]s4 ,ea* volume 0 !n
 tak5      ap>t leaf by leaf1 & ea* %eet
 0 laid betwe5 pr9t pap] =      dry+4   
,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs e leaf 0 aga9 h&l$ 
&      plac$ betwe5 heavy blott+ pap]2  
aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs "h1      ea* leaf 0 
aga9 remov$ to a second blott+ pap]4 ,at
 all (      ^! /ages pressure 0 appli$  
to facilitate ! dry+ & keep      !      
docum5ts f wr9kl+4444 ,:5 ea* leaf _h   
?us pass$      ?r\gh ^! ?ree dry+       
processes1 ^? belong+ to ! same         
volume 7 collect$ & c>efully ti$ up 9   
boxes or sep>ate      packages to wait  
until all ! manuscripts 7 ?us treat$4444

      ,:5 all 7 dri$1 ! manuscripts 7   
arrang$ 9 volumes4444      ,! r>e/      
pieces w 9 "t be m5d$1 ne>ly all w be   
cov]$ ) crepel9e1 all w be m\nt$ on fre%
 pap] &      c>efully b\nd into new     
volumes4  ,,cov]s  ,cov]s may be clean$ 
by ! same mat]ials z ^? us$ on pages1 b 
! be/ me?od is to wa% !m ) soap & wat]4 
,= ?is reason ! use ( a wa%able clo? =  
cov]s1 su* z k]atol1 durabl9e1 or       
fabrikoid1 is an advantage4 ,miss       
,m>g>et ,br[n1 9 h] pamphlet on m5d+1   
,libr>y h&book ,no4 #f1 advises ! use ( 
a wa% z foll[s3 ,two p>ts good v9eg> &  
"o "p wat]4 ,apply ) a clean clo? & rub 
h>d until dirt is remov$1 !n place      
upright to dry4 ,?is %\ld n be us$ on   
lea!r4  ,grease spots may be remov$ f   
bo? lea!r & clo? by cov]+ ) a blott] &  
iron+ ) a hot iron4 ,! same me?od w     
p>tially remove pa9t or v>ni%4  ,= a    
great v>iety ( cleans+ receipts see     
,c\tts & ,/eph5's ,manual ( libr>y      
bookb9d+1 ,*apt] ,x4  ,cov]s t h w>p$   
mu/ be damp5$ & put "u pressure4        

,%ellack+ ( cov]s has be5 advocat$ by "s
 libr>ians1 b x is d\btful if x pays4 ,x
 may be us$ 9 ! int]e/s ( cleanl9ess on 
books b\nd 9 light color$ clo? & on     
books 9 t[ns :]e ! atmosph]e is v smoky4
 ,x is a process :i* takes "s "t s9ce   
two coats ( %ellac mu/ be appli$1 & x   
does n increase ! we> ( ! clo? to any   
great ext5t4 ,z a regul> "p ( prep>+ !  
book = use x takes m "t & mat]ial ?an x 
is wor?4  ,sometimes a book becomes     
wond]fully rejuv5at$ simply by hav+ its 
cov] & edges clean$ & a new pocket pa/$ 
9 ! back4   ,,m5d+  ,x is v desirable t 
m5d+ %\ld n be done by inexp]i5c$       
assi/ants1 = an un9/ruct$ beg9n] may d z
 mu* h>m z good4  ,,torn ,,pages  ,torn 
pages may be m5d$ 9 any "o ( ! foll[+   
ways3  #a4 ,if ! te> does n affect !    
pr9t+1 cut a /rip ( ?91 t\gh bond pap]  
"o-half in* wide1 a little long] ?an !  
te> to be cov]$1 put ?r\gh pa/+-ma*9e & 
cov] ! te>1 trimm+ ! ov]hang ev5 ) !    
page4  #b4 ,if ! page is torn into !    
text1 & ! book is n valuable            

comm]cially1 use ungumm$ onion sk9 ab\t 
"o-half in* wide & apply z above4 ,if   
onion sk9 is n available a v ?91 t\gh   
bond pap] w d v well4 ,use a ?9 coat+ ( 
pa/e1 fir/ putt+ a piece ( :ite pap] "u 
! page to absorb extra pa/e4  #c4 ,if   
torn 9 ! text & x is desirable to make z
 good a job z possible1 use ! foll[+    
me?od3  ,rub a v little pa/e on ! torn  
edges1 & place !m toge!r4 ,!n take a r  
l>ge piece ( ord9>y tissue pap] & rub x 
g5tly along ! te> s t ! tissue pap] w   
adh]e to ! torn edges4 ,put "u ! press2 
:5 dry ! sup]flu\s tissue pap] %\ld be  
torn (f1 tak+ c>e to pull always t[>d ! 
te> & f bo? sides at ! same "t4 ,!      
delicate fibre ( ! tissue pap] acts z an
 adhesive 9 su* a way t x is almo/      
impossible to disc]n h[ ! m5d+ 0 done4  
#d4 ,if ! m>g9 ( ! leaf ( a valuable    
book is torn 9 sev]al places1 take two  
%eets ( pap] ! size ( ! leaf1 cut out f 
! middle ( ea* a piece a little l>g] ?an
 ! lett]-press ( ! book2 trim ! torn    
leaf s t x rema9s some:at l>g] ?an !    

space cut out ( ! blank leaves2 place x 
betwe5 ^! two leaves & pa/e d[n1 ?us =m+
 new m>g9s4  ,books t h torn leaves m5d$
 may be put into ! press1 b x is n      
/rictly necess>y4 ,:5 v mu* ( ?is m5d+  
is done press+ is impossible unless a   
/&+ press is at h&4  ,a few books su* z 
,grang]'s ,index & "s ( ! ,poole's      
,index volumes %\ld h ! fir/ few pages  
entirely re9=c$ ) clo?4 ,! be/ clo? =   
?is purpose is crepel9e1 ?r\gh :i* !    
text c be easily read4 ,:5 apply+ x put 
a ?9 lay] ( pa/e on ! leaf & !n put on !
 clo?4 ,! book %\ld !n be press$1 fir/  
protect+ adjo9+ pages ) pap]4  ,,loose  
,,leaves  ,loose leaves may be ins]t$ 9 
sev]al ways3  #a4 ,lay a piece ( :ite   
pap] ov] ! leaf1 all[+ "o-eigh? ( an in*
 ( back m>g9 ( ! leaf to project4 ,pa/e 
?is expos$ surface & atta* x to ! adjo9+
 leaf 9 ! book1 press+ d[n firmly4 ,?is 
c be done only :5 adjo9+ leaves are     
firm4  #b4 ,sometimes ! leaf :5 ins]t$ w
 ext5d beyond ! =e edge ( ! book4       
,trimm+ ( ei!r back m>g9 or =e edge is  

inadvisable4 ,x is possible to turn ov] 
ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ( back m>g91 us+ 
"s k9d ( /raight edge = ?is purpose4    
,apply pa/e to turn$ ov] "p & press !   
fold well d[n into ! book4 ,?is w give m
 fre$om to ! leaf ?an if "o-eigh? ( an  
in* has be5 cut (f & ano!r eigh? ( an   
in* pa/$4  #c4 ,fold /rips ( ?9 bond    
pap] cut ) ! gra91 ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9
 wid?1 ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,pa/e ! outside4   
,atta* ! loose leaf to "o side & atta* !
 o!r side to ! adjo9+ leaf 9 ! book4 ,x 
w be necess>y to "w quickly because !   
pap] /rips :5 wet w cause a wr9kl+ ( !  
leaf4 ,?is me?od c be us$ only if adjo9+
 leaf is firm1 b c nev] be employ$ )    
ov]ca/+4  #d4 ,if necess>y to use z     
little pa/e z possible1 apply pa/e to a 
piece ( common s(t /r+ by draw+ x ov] a 
bo>d cov]$ ) pa/e4 ,!n draw ! /r+ ?r\gh 
! book at ! back4 ,! leaf may !n be     
ins]t$4  ,,loose ,,signatures  ,ord9>ily
 :5 "o signature becomes loose o!rs     
spe$ily foll[1 & ! book mu/ be s5t to ! 
b9d]y unless x is )drawn absolutely4    

,sometimes1 h[ev]1 "o section w become  
loose :5 ! re/ ( ! book is firm & solid1
 sometimes also ! use a book w receive  
does n w>rant b9d+4 ,9 su* cases1 if !  
book has a loose back1 op5 ! section 9 !
 middle & place x 9 its prop] place 9 ! 
book4 ,?read a d>n+-ne$le ) ,hayes' ,no4
 #be ?read 7or ,b>b\r ,no4 #dj71 pass ! 
ne$le ?r\gh ! hole at top ( ! section 7!
 kettle/it* hole7 9 su* a way z to br+ x
 out at ! top ( ! book betwe5 ! book & !
 loose back4 ,draw ?read ?r\gh1 all[+ a 
few in*es to rema9 inside ! section4    
,drop ne$le ?r\gh ! loose back1 ins]t x 
f ! back ?r\gh ! kettle/it* hole at tail
 ( ! book4 ,! ?read c !n be ti$ to !    
?read project+ at ! upp] kettle/it*     
hole4 ,?is is a make%ift1 b may answ] if
 ! book is n to receive h>d usage4 ,if !
 back ( ! signature is badly worn1 m5d x
 by gu>d+ ) jaconet on ! outside1 or by 
pa/+ a /rip ( bond pap] d[n ?r\gh ! c5t]
 ( ! fold4  ,tight ,backs  ,= tight     
backs cut a gu>d ( firm1 ?9 clo?1 su* z 
cambric or jaconet1 ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an

 in* wide & z long z ! book4 ,sew !     
section to ! middle ( ! gu>d1 & pa/e !  
gu>d to ! book1 "o-half to ea* ( !      
adjo9+ leaves4 ,press ?is gu>d well back
 into ! book4 ,?is c be done only :5 !  
adjo9+ pages are securely held4  ,,loose
 ,,jo9ts  ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a book 9
 ! orig9al publi%]'s cov] becomes loose 
at ! jo9t1 because ! sup] us$ z back-l9+
 _c /& ! /ra9 put ^u x4 ,ord9>ily1 a    
book defective 9 ?is mann] %\ld be b\nd 
at once2 b if x is deem$ be/ to attempt 
m5d+ x1 a /rip ( jaconet %\ld be cut    
#a-a_/d in*es wide & ! l5g? ( ! book4   
,pa/e "o-half ( ?is to ! cov] & ! o!r to
 ! adjo9+ fly-leaf1 ?us transf]r+ ! /ra9
 f ! sup] to ! fly-leaf4 ,?is me?od c   
also be us$ to m5d a break 9 ! middle ( 
a book1 b %\ld nev] be us$ if ! book mu/
 ev5tually be reb\nd4  ,ano!r me?od (   
m5d+ a loose jo9t is to remove ! book   
entirely f ! cov]1 sew on new end pap]s 
gu>d$ ) musl91 & cov] ! back ( ! book ) 
canton flannel :i* ext5ds ?ree-f\r?s (  
an in* on ea* side4 ,:5 dry1 pa/e !     

entire back ( book & sides & put ! book 
back into ! cov]1 pa/+ d[n ! new end    
pap]4 ,?is is1 9 effect1 recas+4 7,see  
page #ahd47  ,sometimes books :i* are   
loose at ! jo9ts & h loose signatures   
may be m5d$ by apply+ pa/e ) a long-h&l$
 pa/e bru% to ! backs ( ! signatures4   
,?is mu/ nev] be done if x is possible t
 ! book w ne$ to be reb\nd lat]4        
,,fly-,,leaves  ,to add new fly-leaves1 
cut pap] suitable = ?is purpose ! same  
l5g? z ! old fly-leaves & "o-half in*   
wid]4 ,fold ov] ?is "o-half in*1 pa/e x 
on ! outside & atta* x to ! old         
fly-leaf4 ,if necess>y1 ?is may be us$ z
 a new end pap] & pa/$ to ! cov] ov] !  
old end pap]4 ,if us$ z an end pap]1 !  
book %\ld be press$ promptly to prev5t x
 f w>p+4  ,,repair ,,( ,,maps  ,all old 
or mutilat$ maps or *>ts mu/ be flatt5$ 
out by plac+ ! maps betwe5 l>ge         
millbo>ds ) heavy weights ov] !m1 be=e  
!y c be ins]t$ 9 books4 ,repairs may be 
made ) onion sk9 pap] or any o!r ?91    
t\gh pap]1 ! same z is done ) torn      

leaves 9 books4 ,if ! map is v old &    
valuable1 x may be advisable to use pap]
 :i* resembles 9 a way ! texture & color
 ( ! map itself4  ,x is advisable to    
m\nt all maps on "s k9d ( clo?4 ,x is   
be/ to h ?is done by a regul> b9d]1 b x 
may be done 9 ! libr>y if !re is        
suffici5t room4  ,if ! map is to g on   
roll]s1 a piece ( cotton clo? is tack$  
to a l>ge table1 ! top ( ! clo? pa/$1 & 
! map plac$ on top1 back d[n1 all       
wr9kles hav+ be5 remov$4 ,millbo>ds or  
/rawbo>ds are !n plac$ on ! map &       
weights plac$ on top until x is dry4    
,?is may take "s "t1 aft] :i* x may be  
tack$ to ! roll]s4  ,if x is a fold+ map
 or *>t1 x may be necess>y to cut ! map 
into sections be=e m\nt+4 ,:5 m\nt$ !re 
w be "o-eigh? ( an in* space betwe5     
sections1 s t ! map itself w n be defac$
 ?r\gh con/ant fold+4 ,! m\nt+ ( su*    
maps is a difficult task & %\ld be done 
only by an exp]t4   ,,recas+ ,,books    
#a4 ,remove book f ! cov]2 cut out old  
sup] f ! back ( ! cov]2 ?or\ghly clean !

 back ( ! book ( sup] & glue )\t injur+ 
! backs ( ! signatures4 ,lift ! l9+-pap]
 f ! back & front bo>ds ( ! cov] &      
remove ! old sup]4 ,scrape ) a knife !  
glue :i* does n come (f ) ! sup]4 ,if ! 
back ( ! book seems to be mu* ?ick] ?an 
! =e edge1 p\nd d[n ) a back+-hamm]4    
#b4 ,cut /rips ( musl9 7or canton       
flannel7 a little %ort] ?an ! height ( !
 book1 wide en\gh to cov] ! back & to   
ext5d ov] ! bo>ds #a-a_/d in*es on ea*  
side4  #c4 ,cut en\gh flexible glue to  
fill a d\ble-boil] glue pot half full :5
 dissolv$4 ,:5 ! wat] comes to a boil ! 
glue1 :i* mu/ be us$ hot to get good    
results1 w g5]ally be ready to use4 ,if 
x is /ill too ?ick1 add a little hot    
wat] to ?9 x4  #d4 ,turn back ! l9+ pap]
 on front & back cov]s1 spread ! glue on
 ! inside ( ! back ( ! cov] & on ! bo>ds
 :]e ! l9+ has be5 turn$ back4  #e4 ,put
 ! /rip ( musl9 9 ! place j glu$2 !n rub
 d[n ! l9+ pap] ov] ! musl94  #f4 ,ev5  
up ! book by tapp+ x on ! table s t no  
leaves w project at ! top1 bottom or    

front4  #g4 ,hold+ ! book firmly 9 ! h&1
 glue ! back4  #h4 ,place ! back on !   
musl9 l9+ previ\sly glu$ to ! back ( !  
cov]1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t ! book is n 
put 9 upside d[n4  #i4 ,fold ov] ! cov] 
&1 tak+ ! entire book firmly 9 ! left   
h&1 ) ! "r h& pu% ! book firmly back    
into ! cov]4 ,?is w prev5t x f becom+   
concave4  #aj4 ,crease ! jo9ts ) a bone 
fold] & rub d[n ! back4  #aa4 ,:5 ! book
 is dry1 op5 x &1 if necess>y1 pa/e new 
pap]s ov] ! inside cov]s4 ,?is is       
necess>y1 because x is frequ5tly        
impossible to turn back ! l9+ & remove !
 old sup] )\t mak+ an unsightly piece ( 
"w4   ,,recov]+  ,rules = recov]+ c be  
us$ only :5 books d n ne$ to be resew$4 
#a4 ,remove cov] f ! ma9 "p ( ! book4   
#b4 ,remove ) a dull knife ! clo? f !   
outside & inside ( ! cov] until ! two   
bo>ds are clean1 be+ c>eful n to cut    
into ! bo>d itself4 ,x is n wor? :ile to
 remove old pap] sides or end pap]s4    
#c4 ,remove sup]flu\s glue1 sup]1 etc41 
f ! back4 ,if ! book has be5 ov]ca/1 &  

small /rips ( lea!r h be5 plac$ ov] !   
back1 pa/e ! ends ( ^! /rips ( lea!r to 
! end pap]s4 ,su* a book w also h end   
pap]s gu>d$ :i* w rema9 z an integral "p
 ( ! book4  #d4 ,if ! book has n be5    
ov]ca/1 x w be necess>y to add end      
pap]s4 ,?is c be done by us+ two %eets  
:i* :5 fold$ once w be ! size ( ! leaves
 ( ! book4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be a #fj-p\nd &
 ! o!r an #hj-p\nd manila pap]1 bo?     
gu>d$ entirely ar\nd ! fold ) jaconet4  
,:ip/it* ! #fj-p\nd fly-leaves to ! fir/
 & la/ sections ( ! book1 !n :ip/it* !  
#hj-p\nd1 be+ c>eful to pass ! ne$le    
back ?r\gh ! fir/ section4 ,pa/e "o ( ! 
fly-leaves & "o ( ! end pap]s toge!r4   
,if ! book has be5 ov]sew$1 cut ! end   
pap]s ( #hj-p\nd manila or #fj-p\nd     
kraft pap] ! size ( ! book & pa/e on !  
entire surface ( ! fly leaves :i* are   
integral p>ts ( ! book4 ,x w n be       
necess>y to gu>d ^! new end pap]s4  #e4 
,trim ! new fly leaves & end pap]s !    
exact size ( ! book4  #f4 ,m>k ! bo>ds &
 book ) correspond+ numb]s s z to       

id5tify !m4  #g4 ,place bo>ds on ! book 
to )9 "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! back & m>k !
 di/ance f ! back4  #h4 ,measure exactly
 ! di/ance across ! back betwe5 m>ks j  
made on ! end pap]s4  #i4 ,select !     
prop] clo? ) :i* to cov] ! book4 ,place 
! bo>ds on ! clo?1 all[+ ! wid? necess>y
 = ! back z measur$ 9 ,no4 #h4  #aj4    
,m>k ar\nd bo>ds on clo?4  #aa4 ,cut    
clo?1 all[+ approximately an in* & a    
qu>t] all ar\nd outside edge ( ! bo>ds4 
#ab4 ,glue ! entire surface ( ! clo?4   
#ac4 ,place bo>ds on m>k+s previ\sly    
made1 press+ d[n firmly on ! glu$ clo?4 
#ad4 ,put /iff pap]1 previ\sly cut to ! 
prop] size1 on ! glu$ clo? betwe5 !     
bo>ds1 to prev5t ! glue f /ick+ to !    
back ( ! book4 ,?is %\ld n be done if ! 
book mu/ h a tight back4  #ae4 ,turn 9 !
 corn]s z foll[s3 ,take ! exact corn] ( 
! clo? & turn x /raight 9 ov] ! corn] ( 
! bo>d4 ,next turn 9 ! end & !n ! side4 
,rub d[n well ) a bone fold]4  #af4 ,)  
bone fold]1 r\nd ! corn]s1 & crease !   
jo9ts at ! back4  #ag4 ,put ! case s =m$

 into a press = a few m9utes4  #ah4 ,cut
 a /rip ( ?91 t\gh musl9 or canton      
flannel "o-half in* %ort] ?an ! height (
 ! book & wide en\gh to ext5d an in* on 
ea* side ( ! book4  #ai4 ,glue ! back ( 
! book & put on ! musl9 or canton       
flannel4  #bj4 ,glue ! entire surface ( 
! complet$ case4  #ba4 ,) ! =e edge 9 ! 
"r h&1 lay book 9 its prop] place on !  
"r-h& cov]1 draw up ! left-h& cov] & lay
 x on top4 ,op5 ! book1 rub d[n ! end   
pap]s well ) bone fold]1 & rub d[n !    
back2 also crease ! jo9ts4  #bb4 ,put   
book 9 press ov] night4  #bc4 ,lett] by 
h& ei!r ) black or :ite ink z ! case    
dem&s4   ,,re-,,sid+  ,_m books :i* h   
be5 reb\nd ) lea!r backs come to ! b9d+ 
dep>tm5t ) ! clo? sides badly fray$ at !
 corn]s or edges4 ,if ! sew+ is good & !
 book is clean1 x is wor? :ile to put on
 new sides4  #a4 ,remove clo? sides &   
smoo? (f ! inside ( ! bo>d ) a dull     
knife4  #b4 ,cut two pieces ( clo? a    
little l>g] ?an ! sides4  #c4 ,glue !   
inn] surface ( ! clo? & place on ! book1

 turn+ 9 ! corn]s z describ$ 9 #ae on   
page #ahg4  #d4 ,put book 9 ! press4    
#e4 ,aft] book is dry1 pa/e a s+le end  
pap] ov] ! inside ( ea* cov]4   ,,re9=c+
  ,9 ,*apt] #f w be f\nd a discussion ( 
! advisability ( pur*as+ books b\nd f ! 
%eets or 9 re9=c$ publi%]'s cov]s4 ,:ile
 x is advisable on ! :ole to h re9=c+   
done by regul> libr>y b9d]s1 ! "w c be  
done 9 l>ge libr>ies t h prop] equipm5t 
& labor4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( re9=c+ 
are ! same 9 all libr>ies t practice x1 
?\gh !y may diff] z to m9or details4 ,! 
foll[+ me?od has prov$ satisfactory4    
#a4 ,remove ! book f its cov]1 :i* is   
laid aside = future use4 ,if ! call     
numb] is to be gild$ x w be easi] to d x
 be=e ! cov] is remov$ ?an aft] x is    
replac$4  #b4 ,make end pap]s &         
fly-leaves ( #fj-p\nd kraft pap] or     
#hj-p\nd manila1 gu>d$ ) jaconet on "o  
side ( ! %eet4 ,end pap]s %\ld be gu>d$ 
on ! inside ( ! fold4  #c4 ,ov]sew !    
fly-leaves to ! fir/ & la/ sections ( ! 
book1 be+ c>eful t /it*es are n ov]     

"o-eigh? ( an in* deep4  #d4 ,sew ! end 
pap]s to ! fly-leaves :i* h j be5       
ov]sew$1 & pa/e fly-leaves & end pap]s  
toge!r4  #e4 ,apply a ?9 coat+ (        
flexible glue to ! back ( ! book & put  
ov] x a piece ( ?9 canton flannel cut z 
long z ! book & wide en\gh to ext5d an  
in* on ea* side4 ,?is %\ld be well rubb$
 d[n4  #f4 ,pa/e ! canton flannel :i*   
projects on ! side to ! end pap]s4  #g4 
,glue "o side ( ! book & place x on !   
prop] side ( ! cov]4 ,glue ! side rema9+
 upp]mo/ & draw ! cov] up ov] x4   #h4  
,rub bo? sides & back until sure t !    
glue is well =c$ into !m4  #i4 ,if      
desir$1 ! book may be giv5 a coat ( :ite
 %ellac & "o ( v>ni%1 aft] :i* x %\ld be
 wip$ ) a p>aff9e clo?4   ,,magaz9e ,,or
 ,,pamphlet ,,cov]+  #a4 ,cut r$ rope   
manila c>dbo>d ! exact size ( ! two     
cov]s plus ! wid? ( ! back4  #b4 ,remove
 ! cov] ( magaz9e or pamphlet1 if       
possible keep+ x 9 "o piece4  #c4 ,fit !
 r$ rope cov] ov] ! magaz9e1 creas+     
c>efully at ! jo9ts ) a fold] s t x w   

lie flat across ! back z well z ov] !   
sides4  #d4 ,glue ! back ( ! magaz9e )  
flexible glue & press x firmly into !   
improvis$ cov]4 ,rub d[n ! back ) a     
fold]4  #e4 ,?read a ne$le ) /\t l95    
?read &1 us+ x d\ble1 at ! middle ( !   
book put ! ne$le ?r\gh f ! inside to !  
outside4 ,leave ab\t two in*es ( ?read  
project+ on ! inside4  #f4 ,put ! ne$le 
?r\gh f ! outside ab\t an in* f ! head (
 ! book4 ,! ne$le mu/ come ?r\gh 9 !    
same section :]e ! ?read is project+4   
#g4 ,c>ry ! ?read ?r\gh to ab\t ! same  
di/ance f ! tail ( ! book & aga9 put !  
ne$le ?r\gh f ! inside to ! outside4    
#h4 ,return ! ne$le at ! same place :]e 
! fir/ /it* 0 tak5 & tie to ! ?read left
 project+ 9 su* a way z to hold fa/ !   
long ?read ?r\gh ! c5t]4  #i4 ,pa/e !   
pap] cov] previ\sly remov$ on to ! new  
cov]4  ,?is me?od c be us$ = all        
pamphlets "o-half in* or m ?ick2 ev5 =  
^? two in*es ?ick1 provid$ t ! use !y w 
receive is slight4 ,9 ! case ( ! ?ick]  
unb\nd books1 x is necess>y to sew !m 9 

two or ?ree places4   ,,label+  ,few    
libr>ies c af=d to h all call numb]s    
gild$4 ,!re=e x is necess>y ei!r to     
lett] directly on ! book1 or to put call
 numb]s 9 ink on a :ite label :i* has   
fir/ be5 plac$ on ! book4 ,mu* objection
 exi/s to ^! gumm$ labels1 because x is 
claim$ t !y come (f v easily & ! "w soon
 has to be done ov] aga94 ,und\bt$ly ?is
 is true if ! labels are n prop]ly put  
on2 b if c>e be tak51 !re is no reason  
:y ! :ite gumm$ labels %\ld n la/ until 
x is necess>y to reb9d a book1 :5 (     
c\rse ! call numb] w be gild$4  ,two    
po9ts mu/ be rememb]$ 9 apply+ labels4  
#a4 ,!y mu/ be put on at an ev5 di/ance 
f ! bottom ( ! book4 ,p]haps no?+ else w
 give a libr>y su* an unsightly         
appe>ance z unev5 labels--"s at ! top1  
"s 9 ! middle & "s at ! bottom4 ,! exact
 di/ance f ! bottom ( ! book is n "o (  
great importance1 b ! bottom ( ! label  
%\ld n be less ?an #a-a_/d in*es f !    
bottom ( ! book1 nor m ?an two in*es4   
,:atev] di/ance is adopt$1 x w be       

necess>y to h a piece ( c>dbo>d :i* may 
be us$ z a measure :5 apply+ ! label4   
#b4 ,labels mu/ be fa/5$ s securely t !y
 w n come (f4 ,?is seems suffici5tly    
obvi\s1 b z a matt] ( fact _m assi/ants 
:o d ?is "w d n sp5d suffici5t "t to d x
 "r4  ,! foll[+ directions %\ld be      
foll[$3  a4 ,if ! book is new1 x w be   
necess>y to break d[n ! glaz$ surface ( 
! clo? or lea!r :]e ! label is to be    
plac$4 ,to d ?is1 use ammonia dilut$    
some:at ) wat]4 ,use a bru% ab\t ! wid? 
( ! label & draw across ! back ( ! book 
at ! prop] place4 ,aft] hav+ done t5 or 
a doz5 books1 x is be/ to wipe (f !     
ammonia ) a piece ( *eeseclo? :i* br+s )
 x ! glaze4  b4 ,labels are n put on    
until books are dry4 ,use labels made ( 
extra heavy pap]1 s t !y w n turn d>k :5
 %ellac is appli$ lat]4 ,!y may be      
moi/5$ on a wet sponge or on "s "o ( !  
num]\s moi/5]s1 or bett] /ill1 !y may be
 dipp$ quickly 9 hot wat] ) a pair (    
tweez]s4 ,9 us+ "s labels x is n        
inadvisable to cov] ! gumm$ surface ) a 

?9 coat+ ( pa/e4 ,z soon z ! label is   
pa/$ on ! book /raight & 9 prop]        
alignm5t1 x %\ld be press$ firmly d[n ) 
a piece ( *eeseclo?4 ,?is "p ( !        
op]ation %\ld n be hurri$ & consid]able 
pressure %\ld be us$ until ! label has  
firmly adh]$4  c4 ,:5 dry1 lett] )      
,india ink & cov] label ) a v ?9 coat+ (
 :ite %ellac4 ,lat]1 :5 ! fir/ coat+ is 
?or\ghly dry1 cov] ) a ?ick] coat+ (    
%ellac4 ,?is %\ld be done quickly &     
neatly4 ,if ! l9e ( %ellac is unev5 !   
book has an unsightly appe>ance4  d4 ,if
 books are ?91 x is be/ to put labels on
 l5g?wise4 ,if v ?91 put labels on front
 cov]s1 ne> ! back4 ,if labels project  
ov] ! back1 trim ) scissors4  ,if books 
h be5 us$ or h already _h labels1 !     
process is ! same1 except t no ammonia  
ne$ be us$4  ,old labels :i* h be5      
%ellac$ are h>d to remove4 ,! be/ way is
 to apply ammonia & wat] to ! label1    
all[+ x to soak 94 ,:5 ?or\ghly moi/5$1 
remove ) a dull knife4 ,remov+ dry      
labels by scrap+ ) a knife injures !    

back ( ! book4   ,,lett]+  ,,by ,,h&  ,x
 is sometimes feasible to lett] ) ink on
 ! back ( a book in/ead ( putt+ on a    
label :i* holds ! lett]+4 ,if ! surface 
be glaz$1 x c be brok5 d[n ) dilut$     
ammonia1 or sometimes m]ely a damp clo? 
w be suffici5t4  ,s f> z possible1 lett]
 ) black ,india ink4 ,c>t]'s :ite ink is
 ! be/ = lett]+ d>k color$ clo?s4 ,x is 
sometimes difficult = a novice to use   
:ite ink1 b x c be h&l$ satisfactorily  
if "o uses a /ub p5 :i* is kept p]fectly
 clean & is always wip$ be=e be+ dipp$ 9
 ! ink4 ,%ake ! bottle (t5 & add wat] if
 ink is too ?ick4 ,gold ink %\ld nev] be
 us$4  ,:5 lett]+ is dry1 apply %ellac z
 describ$ "u ,label+4  ,,) ,,type  ,"s (
 ! l>g] libr>ies h f\nd x economic to h 
a b9d]'s pr9t+ outfit = lett]+ call     
numb]s on all books1 ev5 :5 ! libr>y    
does n b9d books4 ,su* an outfit may be 
us$ ( c\rse = lett]+ au?or & title1 b   
!re w be little occasion to d ?is except
 9 connection ) a regul> b9d]y4 ,call   
numb]s1 h[ev]1 are s mu* m legible &    

p]man5t :5 put on ) type t x %\ld always
 be done :5ev] ! numb] ( accessions is  
suffici5tly l>ge to w>rant ! employm5t (
 "s p]son to d ! "w4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1  
ne$ exp]i5c$ f9i%]s &1 if "t p]mits1 may
 be done by regul> libr>y assi/ants aft]
 "s in/ruction & practice4 ,x w be      
discov]$1 h[ev]1 t lett]+ 9 gold on clo?
 is m difficult ?an on lea!r4 ,= !      
b5efit ( ^? :o wi% to try x ! foll[+    
description is giv54  ,tools4 ,! tools  
necess>y are a pallet to hold ! type2   
f\r fonts ( brass type 7lead1 or type   
o!r ?an brass %\ld nev] be us$72        
long-blad$ knife ) /raight edge = cutt+ 
gold leaf2 cutt+ pad2 gas burn] simil>  
to ! burn]s on cook /oves2 & a frame )  
wood5 screws 9 :i* to hold ! book :ile x
 is be+ /amp$4  ,mat]ials4 ,! mat]ials  
ne$$ are ! be/ ,am]ican gold leaf1      
cotton batt+1 sweet oil1 "s specially   
prep>$ rubb] = remov+ ! excess gold     
leaf1 & glaire4  ,! tools or mat]ials   
:i* are us$ exclusively by b9d]s c be   
obta9$ f any b9d]s' supply h\se4 ,glaire

 is easily made z foll[s3  ,take :ites (
 ?ree eggs2 add ?ree teaspoonfuls (     
v9eg> & beat until x is a light fro?4   
,let /& a few h\rs & /ra9 ?r\gh a piece 
( musl9 into a bottle4 ,if kept cork$   
glaire w keep = "s "t4  ,process4 #a4   
,place on f9i%+ b5*1 backs up1 books on 
:i* call numb]s are to be gild$4  #b4 ,)
 a small sponge1 apply ! glaire to ! "p 
( ! back :i* is to receive ! call numb]1
 tak+ c>e to draw ! sponge ev5ly across 
! back1 leav+ a /raight l9e4 ,if !      
application ( glaire makes t "p ( ! book
 appe> radically diff]5t f ! re/ ( !    
back1 ! glaire may be appli$ to ! entire
 back4 ,x %\ld n be all[$ to run ov] on 
! sides4 ,all[ ! glaire to dry ?or\ghly4
  #c4 ,) a long-blad$ knife1 transf] a  
%eet ( gold leaf to ! cutt+ pad :i* mu/ 
be ?or\ghly protect$ by scre5s f all    
draughts4 ,if ! gold leaf does n lie    
unwr9kl$ on ! cutt+ pad brea! on x      
lightly4 ,) ! knife1 cut ! leaf 9 prop] 
size = "w to be done1 be+ c>eful to make
 ! cuts clean1 n ragg$4  #d4 ,arrange   

type 9 ! pallet1 beg9n+ at ! "r1 & put  
type 9 ! gas to heat4  #e4 ,screw book1 
back up1 firmly 9 ! frame4  #f4 ,)      
cotton batt+1 apply sweet oil to ! "p to
 be /amp$1 be+ c>eful to cov] ?or\ghly  
?is surface ) ! oil4 ,?is is done to    
make ! gold /ick4  #g4 ,apply a piece ( 
cotton1 slightly oil$1 to ! gold leaf   
:i* w in/antly /ick4 ,x c !n be         
transf]r$ to ! book1 :]e ! sweet oil w  
hold x securely4  #h4 ,te/ ! type =     
heat4 ,a little practice w soon tea* !  
novice :5 ! type is hot en\gh4 ,! object
 ( heat+ ! type is to make ! gold comb9e
 ) ! glaire 9 su* a way z to cause !    
gold to adh]e4 ,x is bett] to h ! type  
too cold r ?an too hot4 ,if x is too    
cold1 ! gold w n /ick & ! "w mu/ be done
 ov] aga92 if too hot1 x burns ! lea!r  
or clo? & ! damage is irrem$iable4 ,=   
clo? "w ! type c be us$ hott] ?an =     
lea!r4  #i4 ,apply type to ! book1      
press+ d[n firmly4 ,! pressure makes an 
ind5tation4 ,if ! mat]ials are ( ! "r   
quality1 ! "w c>efully done & ! type ( !

 "r degree ( heat1 ! gold w be firmly   
emb$d$4  #aj4 ,) ! specially prep>$     
rubb] remove ! wa/e gold4 ,:5 ! rubb]   
has absorb$ all ! gold t x is capable ( 
tak+ up1 x may be s5t to a deal] :o w   
ref9e x & give cr$it = ! gold :i* x     
conta9s4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! orig9al co/ (
 ! gold %\ld be obta9$ f ! sale ( !     
wa/e4  ,:5ev] books are b\nd 9 light    
color$ clo?s on :i* gold does n readily 
%[ use a black ink specially made = ?is 
purpose4 ,x is mu* easi] to use ?an     
gold1 s9ce ! ink is ev5ly spread on a   
smoo?1 h>d surface & ! type is us$ cold4
 ,no glaire is necess>y4     ,,*apt]    
,,xi  ,,magaz9e ,,b9d]s   ,"o ( ! vex+  
que/ions :i* prop]ly comes "u ! head (  
b9d+ is t ( magaz9e b9d]s us$ on curr5t 
p]iodicals 9 read+ rooms4 ,! b9d+ (     
curr5t numb]s = circulation is describ$ 
on page #aij4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t no    
b9d] on ! m>ket is p]fectly             
satisfactory4 ,"s hold ! p]iodicals     
satisfactorily b are h>d to adju/4 ,o!rs
 are easy to adju/ b ! magaz9es slip out

 easily1 or c ) ease be surreptiti\sly  
remov$4 ,"s h keys :i* become lo/ or w n
 "w2 "s are clumsy2 & "s h projections  
:i* scrat* tables4 ,all are h>d to hold 
9 ! h&s4 ,on an av]age a new b9d] is put
 on ! m>ket ea* ye> ) ! assurance ( !   
mak] t all faults h be5 elim9at$4 ,a    
trial soon conv9ces ! libr>ian t x is no
 bett] ?an o!rs & t ! p]fect b9d] does n
 exi/4  ,= ! small libr>y ! problem is n
 an important "o1 s9ce x is entirely    
feasible 9 su* libr>ies to place curr5t 
numb]s )\t cov]s on read+ room tables1  
or to cov] !m ) t\gh pap]4 ,mr4 ,dana   
advocates us+ mo/ magaz9es )\t b9d]s ev5
 9 ! read+ room ( a l>ge libr>y4        
,possibly ?is may be done advantage\sly 
9 "s libr>ies1 b x w dep5d ^u !         
atmosph]e ( ! city1 ! "* ( ^? :o use !  
libr>y & ! ease ) :i* assi/ants c keep  
all read]s "u obs]vation4 ,libr>ians = !
 mo/ "p w cont9ue to believe t a        
tempor>y b9d] ( "o k9d or ano!r is      
necess>y = curr5t p]iodicals 9 ! g5]al  
read+ room4  ,b9d]s 9 ! read+ room s]ve 

two purposes4 ,!y protect ! magaz9e & !y
 help to rem9d read]s t ! magaz9es are  
public prop]ty4 ,"s magaz9es--!         
,sci5tific ,am]ican1 = example--are v ?9
 & may be easily fold$ & put into an    
inside pocket4 ,a b9d] does n prev5t    
!ft1 b its t5d5cy is to r$uce x4  ,!    
qualifications ( a good b9d] are3  #a4  
,ease ( fa/5+1 toge!r ) difficulty 9    
remov+ magaz9es by ! un9itiat$4  #b4    
,comp>ative ease ( hold+ 9 ! h&4  #c4   
,durability ( surface & ( device us$ =  
fa/5+ ! magaz9e4  #d4 ,pres]vation ( !  
magaz9e )\t injury4  #e4 ,firmness :5   
f9ally fa/5$4  ,ev5 ! be/ magaz9e b9d]s 
are f> f be+ p]fect 9 any ( ^!          
requirem5ts1 except 9 ease ) :i* !y are 
fa/5$4  ,!re are _m k9ds ( magaz9e      
b9d]s4 ,mr4 ,dana1 9 ! second edition ( 
8 ,notes on bookb9d+ = libr>ies1 m5tions
 by "n twelve diff]5t makes2 & z _m m1  
"s ( :i* are equally good1 are kn[n to !
 writ]4 ,b 7 !re twice z _m x is        
probable t !y w\ld fall1 z !y d n[1 into
 five classes4  #a4 ,spr+ back4  #b4    

,eyelet & tape4  #c4 ,sew$4  #d4 ,rod4  
#e4 ,clamp :i* is screw$ up tight4  ,!  
well kn[n spr+-back v>iety is1 9        
pr9ciple1 a semi-circul> /eel tube long]
 ?an ! magaz9e to be held1 to :i* bo>d  
sides are atta*$4 ,:5 ! cov] is clos$ ! 
jaws ( ! /eel are close toge!r4 ,9 ord] 
to ins]t ! magaz9e ! cov]s are b5t back 
t[>d ea* o!r4 ,?is op5s wide ! jaws & ! 
magaz9e is slipp$ 94 ,:5 ! cov]s are    
releas$ ! /eel tube is firmly fa/5$ to !
 back ( ! magaz9e4 ,?is k9d ( b9d] is   
probably ! easie/ ( all to adju/4 ,x is1
 h[ev]1 equally easy to remove1 is      
clumsy & is h>d] to hold 9 ! h& ?an     
o!rs4  ,9 ! eyelet & tape class !re are 
holes 9 ! back ( ! cov]4 ,9 fa/5+ !     
magaz9e1 tape or cord 7g5]ally a %oe    
/r+7 is pass$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! magaz9e1 
lac$ into ! eyelet & ti$4 ,! ma9        
objections to ?is k9d ( a b9d] are t x  
takes "s "t to fa/5 !m & ! magaz9e is   
g5]ally loose 9 ! b9d] :5 fa/5$4  ,b9d]s
 :i* require sew+ h holes 9 ! sides ne> 
! back4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( pass+ ! cord  

?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! magaz9e1 holes         
correspond+ to holes 9 ! b9d] are pun*$ 
directly ?r\gh ! magaz9e at ! back1 "o  
ne> ! head1 "o ne> ! tail & ano!r 9 !   
middle4 ,! b9d] is !n sew$ on ?r\gh ^!  
holes4 ,! *ief m]it ( ^! b9d]s is t !y  
are inexp5sive2 b x takes long] to atta*
 !m ?an o!r b9d]s & ! magaz9e is injur$ 
by ! holes :i* h be5 pun*$4  ,!re are   
v>i\s k9ds ( b9d]s :i* use /eel rods or 
b>s ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! magaz9e4 ,"s use "o
 r heavy rod :i* is h+$ at "o end1 &    
hook$ or fa/5$ into a slot at ! o!r end 
:5 ! magaz9e has be5 ins]t$4 ,"s h two  
or m ?9 /eel rods h+$ or pivot$ at "o   
end & held by a p9 or a lock at ! o!r   
end4 ,& "o at lea/ has /eel b>s n       
p]man5tly atta*$1 ! ends ( :i* are 9 !  
=m ( a semi-circle1 :i* are dropp$      
betwe5 rigid uprights & prev5t$ f slipp+
 (f by caps screw$ on ! uprights4  ,!   
writ] kn[s ( only two b9d]s :i* use a   
clamp :i* mu/ be screw$ tightly 9 ord]  
to hold ! magaz9e firmly4 ,! great m]it 
( ^! b9d]s is t !y hold ! magaz9e       

firmly1 s t x c by no possibility be    
remov$ except by ! assi/ant :o has !    
key4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 clumsy & unduly    
l>ge at ! back & x takes "s "t to fa/5  
!m to ! magaz9e4  ,tak+ into            
consid]ation all po9ts ( excell5ce x is 
probable t "s =m ( rod b9d] is ! be/4   
,rod b9d]s are n h>d to apply2 !y       
require "s ef=t to remove !m--^? :i*    
lock _c be remov$ )\t a key2 !y are firm
 :5 appli$2 & _m ( !m d n injure !      
magaz9e4 ,ne>ly e libr>ian has 8 own    
p]sonal pref]5ce among su* b9d]s4  ,s9ce
 b9d]s receive v h>d we> x is important 
t !y %\ld be made ( good mat]ial4 ,^?   
:i* are us$ = popul> magaz9es %\ld h    
c[hide backs & buckram or imitation     
lea!r 7k]atol or fabrikoid7 sides4 ,a   
full lea!r b9d+ w\ld help solve ! "q (  
dirt1 b x is equally well & less        
exp5sively solv$ by us+ imitation lea!r 
on ! side4 ,9 read+ rooms frequ5t$ only 
by educat$ p]sons b9d]s ) flexible lea!r
 cov]s are desirable & are greatly      
enjoy$ by read]s4 ,! *eap] grades (     

clo?1 su* z are us$ by ! publi%]s1 %\ld 
nev] be us$1 z !y soon we> ?r\gh at !   
edges & corn]s4 ,9 _m cases x is wise to
 use pigsk9 or morocco on ! back1 ?\gh  
if ?is is done1 ! clo? sides & ! bo>ds  
!mselves may become disreputable be=e ! 
back is worn4 ,9 ne>ly all b9d]s !      
me*anism c be remov$ f ! bo>ds :5 !y    
become %abby1 & new cov]s atta*$4 ,?is w
 save "s ( ! exp5se ( a new b9d]4 ,a    
clev] m5d] c d su* "w s t x ne$ n be s5t
 to a regul> libr>y b9d]4 ,! bo>ds %\ld 
n be made ( mill bo>ds1 b ( semi-t> or  
t> bo>ds4     ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,pamphlets
   ,=tunately x is n necess>y to decide 
"h ! ev]-vex+ "q ,:5 is a pamphlet n a  
pamphlet8 ,f ! b9d+ viewpo9t any pr9t$  
matt] ( m ?an f\r pages :i* does n h a  
/iff cov] is a pamphlet & x is )9 !     
prov9ce ( ! b9d+ assi/ant to prep>e x = 
! %elves4  ,unb\nd mat]ial 9 libr>ies is
 ( ?ree k9ds3 p]iodicals2 s]ial         
publications :i* are n p]iodicals su* z 
annual reports1 bullet9s ( societies or 
gov]nm5t bureaus1 etc42 & sep>ate       

pamphlets n numb]$1 ( a monographic "*4 
,! b9d+ ( p]iodicals =ms "p ( ! regul>  
r\t9e & is discuss$ else:]e 9 ?is book4 
,annual reports & o!r publications ( a  
s]ial "* %\ld be fil$ 9 pamphlet boxes  
on ! regul> %elves at ! end ( ! b\nd    
set4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( reports h  
collect$ !y may be b\nd 9 clo? by       
decades or half-decades1 accord+ to !   
?ickness ( ! reports4 ,9 _m libr>ies mo/
 ( su* publications ne$ n be b\nd at    
all1 b w answ] e purpose if wrapp$ 9    
pap] & lett]$ by h&4 ,s]ials o!r ?an    
annual reports g5]ally give "s          
indication ( :i* numb]s %\ld be b\nd    
toge!r1 if b\nd at all4 ,if !re be no   
*ange ( numb]+ or no completion ( volume
 numb]s to indicate a sep>ation1 !y %\ld
 be arbitr>ily gr\p$ 9 volumes ( a      
conv5i5t size1 con=m+ if possible to "o 
or m cal5d> ye>s1 & b\nd or wrapp$ 9    
pap]4 ,if s]ies are n to be kept toge!r 
!y %\ld be treat$ z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ 
p>agraphs4  ,monographic works 9 unb\nd 
=m range 9 size f ^? ( a doz5 pages to  

^? ( sev]al hundr$4 ,probably ! be/     
arrangem5t = a l>ge "p ( ?is mat]ial is 
to assign a subject head+ or a class    
numb] & keep 9 a v]tical file           
alphabetically or by class numb]4 ,) ?is
 ! b9d+ dep>tm5t has no conc]n1 b !re   
are always a numb] ( pamphlets :i* h    
p]man5t value = ! libr>y & :i* %\ld be  
treat$ 9 ! same way z a book ) /iff     
cov]s4  ,und\bt$ly ! *eape/ way to      
prep>e pamphlets n ov] "o-half in* ?ick 
= ! %elves is to put !m into ,gaylord   
b9d]s4 ,^! are made ( bo>d sides        
connect$ at ! back by a /rip ( clo? &   
hav+ on ! inside gumm$ flaps :i* c be   
atta*$ to ! back ( ! pamphlet4 ,!re are 
?irty diff]5t sizes rang+ f #e by #g    
in*es to #ab-a_/b by #ag in*es4 ,!y are 
made 9 two qualities1 ! photo-m\nt co/+ 
f #c4ae to #ac4fj p] hundr$ & press bo>d
 co/+ f #d4be to #ag4fj a hundr$4#f ,if 
! pamphlet has a cov] z well z a title  
page1 ! cov] %\ld be tak5 (f & pa/$ to !
 outside ( ! front cov] ( ! b9d]4 ,9    
addition to moi/5+ & atta*+ ! gumm$     

flaps1 x w be f\nd necess>y 9 _m cases  
ei!r to wire ?r\gh ! back ( ! pamphlet )
 "s k9d ( a /apl+ ma*9e1 or to sew ?r\gh
 z describ$ on page #aij = atta*+ r$    
rope manila to circulat+ magaz9es4      
,footnote #f3 ,prices increas$ #aj p]   
c5t ,april #aj1 #aiaf4  ,:5 ! pamphlet  
is firmly atta*$ 9 ! b9d] x %\ld be     
lett]$ 9 :ite ink along ! back4 ,if !   
pamphlet is v ?9 x w be necess>y to     
lett] au?or1 title & call numb] along ! 
back edge ( ! front cov]1 close to !    
back4 ,if ! orig9al cov] has n be5 pa/$ 
on ! outside x w also be necess>y to    
lett] au?or & title across ! front cov]4
  ,pamphlets :i* are too big to g into !
 b9d]s c be b\nd 9 regul> book =m if _! 
use w w>rant ! exp5se4 ,if ! use w be   
slight !y c be made v s]viceable by us+ 
! r$ rope manila z describ$ on page     
#aij4  ,v l>ge libr>ies keep all        
pamphlets p]man5tly4 ,^? :i* are n      
suffici5tly important to treat z books  
are g5]ally kept 9 classifi$ ord] 9     
tempor>y cases4 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] h 

be5 collect$ on any subject !y may be   
b\nd toge!r 9 volumes ( prop] size4 ,s  
f> z possible pamphlets ( ! same size   
%\ld be b\nd toge!r 9 clo?1 b !y may v>y
 a little if !y are level on top4 ,!    
exp5se ( b9d+ 9 ?is way is1 ( c\rse1 mu*
 less ?an if ea* pamphlet _h be5 put 9 a
 b9d]4 ,small] libr>ies may p]haps be   
well advis$ to b9d 9 ?is way pamphlets  
hav+ a local int]e/ :i* mu/ be kept     
p]man5tly4  ,x is n necess>y to discuss 
"h ! v>i\s k9ds ( tempor>y homes (      
pamphlets1 su* z manila fold]s1         
envelopes1 wood5 or pa/ebo>d boxes1     
,ball>d klips1 etc4 ,!y all h _! uses1 &
 ea* libr>ian mu/ "w out :atev] s*eme   
seems be/ to him4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii    
,,b9d]y ,,9 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,build+   ,h[ 
l>ge an am\nt ( b9d+ mu/ a libr>y h be=e
 x becomes economical to e/abli% a b9d]y
 9 ! libr>y build+8 ,?is "q is frequ5tly
 ask$ & is difficult to answ]4 ,9 ! fir/
 place1 local conditions mu/ be tak5    
into consid]ation4 ,is !re 9 ! same city
 a libr>y b9d]y :i* does satisfactory "w

 at reasonable prices1 or mu/ "w be s5t 
a long di/ance away8 ,is !re ample room 
9 ! build+ & is x easily adapt$ to b9d+ 
purposes8 ,c a good =eman be employ$8   
,is ! local rate ( wages s high z to    
make ! co/ ( ! b9d+ 9 ! libr>y equal !  
co/ 9 a good b9d]y outside ! city8 ,^!  
are "s ( ! que/ions :i* mu/ be consid]$4
  ,"s ( ! advantages 9 hav+ a b9d]y 9 ! 
build+ are z foll[s3  #a4 ,x is m       
conv5i5t4 ,:5 books are mu* ne$$ !y c be
 f\nd & g5]ally us$1 ev5 if incompletely
 b\nd4  #b4 ,!re is less *ance ( los+   
books4 ,:5 books are s5t to a b9d] :o   
does ! "w ( o!r libr>ies also !re is    
always a *ance ( loss4 ,! b9d]1 ( c\rse1
 is responsible1 b "o w\ld always r h ! 
book ?an ! ca% value4  #c4 ,!re is no   
*ance ( damage to books 9 transit4  #d4 
,repairs :i* are too difficult = !      
ord9>y libr>y m5d] to make c easily be  
done 9 ! libr>y b9d]y at slight co/4    
#e4 ,! books ne$ n z a rule sp5d s long 
a "t 9 ! b9d]y4 ,if p]*ance ! b9d]y     
becomes clogg$ ) extra "w ! libr>ian c  

ru% ! books t are ne$$ mo/4 ,if su*     
books are 9 ano!r b9d]y1 especially :5 t
 b9d]y is outside ! city1 x is difficult
 to get ! books t are ne$$ fir/4  #f4   
,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( competition :i* 
works to advantage if "p ( ! books h to 
be b\nd outside4 ,! outside b9d] kn[s t 
! libr>ian :o op]ates a b9d]y 9 8 own   
build+ kn[s some?+ ab\t ! co/ ( b9d+1 & 
he realizes t unless 8 prices are       
reasonable & 8 "w good he ne$ n expect  
to be favor$4  #g4 ,! libr>ian c at all 
times inspect mat]ials on h& & see !    
books 9 ! process ( b9d+4 ,! b9d]y      
outside ! build+ c sometimes sub/itute  
inf]ior mat]ials )\t fe> ( detection =  
_m mon?s4  #h4 ,:5 ! "w rea*es a c]ta9  
am\nt x c be done at r$uc$ co/ 9 !      
libr>y1 s9ce ! ord9>y pr(its ( ! b9d]y w
 accrue to ! libr>y4  #i4 ,x is mu*     
easi] to make exp]im5ts ) new mat]ials  
or new processes4 ,:ile ! outside b9d]  
does n c>e to get a small quantity ( a  
new mat]ial1 ! libr>y :i* owns its own  
b9d]y c d s easily4  #aj4 ,a b9d]y 9 !  

libr>y c d mu* "w1 su* z ! m\nt+ ( maps 
or photographs1 gild+ ( call numb]s &   
book-m5d+1 :i* ne$s skill$ workm54 ,su* 
"w frequ5tly rema9s undone1 ei!r because
 ! regul> libr>y =ce has no "t to d x or
 because x seems unwise to s5d x outside
 ! libr>y4  ,su* are "s ( ! b5efits1 b  
only ! l>g] libr>ies :i* b9d _m ?\s&s ( 
volumes c take advantage ( !m           
successfully f ! f9ancial /&po9t4 ,9    
ord] to be adm9i/]$ economically !re mu/
 be suffici5t "w to keep sev]al workm5  
busy4 ,x probably is n wise to op5 a    
b9d]y :5 ! annual exp5diture = b9d+ is  
less ?an #d1jjj4  ,!re are two ways 9   
:i* a libr>y b9d]y may be adm9i/]$4 ,"u 
! fir/ plan ! libr>y buys all mat]ial & 
hires all ! workm51 employ+ a =eman on  
sal>y to take *>ge4 ,a s*$ule ( prices  
:i* is l[] ?an ! prices paid to outside 
b9d]s %\ld be adopt$1 & ! total value ( 
b9d+ 9 a ye> bas$ on ?is s*$ule mu/     
equal ! co/ ( mat]ial1 wages &          
depreciation on ! value ( ! plant4 ,"u  
?is plan ! "w may be unexcell$ 9        

quality1 b !re is no inc5tive to produce
 x 9 quantity4 ,s long z ! "w turn$ out 
balances ! outlay ! employees1 unless !y
 are exceptionally consci5ti\s1 are     
satisfi$4 ,!re is also ! add$ difficulty
 ( f9d+ a compet5t =eman4 ,any man :o is
 able to manage a libr>y b9d]y          
successfully is able to manage any b9d]y
 successfully & he w n be will+ to "w = 
! sal>y :i* ! libr>y c af=d to pay4 ,!  
libr>ian himself1 h>ass$ z he is ) _m   
problems1 mu/ ( necessity leave su*     
matt]s z ! pur*ase ( mat]ial & ! hir+ ( 
workm5 to ! =eman 9 :om he mu/ h        
implicit confid5ce4 ,! libr>ian _c      
assume ! same attitude t[>d 8 b9d]y     
=eman t ! proprietor ( a regul> b9d]y   
may assume4 ,he is n skill$ 9 ! craft1  
does n "k ab\t mat]ials1 especially     
lea!rs1 & _c direct ! "w4  ,"u ! second 
plan ! libr>y lets ! "w out by contract 
to "s b9d] :o agrees to d ! "w 9 !      
build+4 ,! contractor is "u no exp5se = 
r5t1 heat & light1 & 9 arrang+ prices   
?is is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,x is    

obvi\s t x is to ! int]e/ ( ! b9d] to   
turn out z l>ge a numb] ( books z       
possible4 ,s9ce ! libr>ian has safegu>d$
 ! libr>y 9 ! contract by specify+ t all
 mat]ials & "w mu/ meet ) 8 approval1   
?is plan is m advantage\s to him ?an !  
=m] plan4 ,! contract %\ld all[ =       
frequ5t revision ( s*$ule4  ,"u ! fir/  
plan ! libr>ian w be oblig$ to buy all  
ma*9]y1 tools & mat]ials1 & to hire !   
workm54 ,"u ! second plan he may h to   
buy ! ma*9]y & tools1 b ! pur*ase (     
mat]ials & ! hir+ ( labor w be 9 ! h&s (
 ! contractor4  ,a good b9d+ plant w    
conta9 ! articles 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,^?   
m>k$ 99 are necess>y1 ev5 :5 ! am\nt (  
"w turn$ out is small3      99 #a sew+  
frame      99 #a /&+ press      99 #d   
doz5 press-bo>ds 7all sizes7      99 #a 
glue pot      99 #c hamm]s      99 #a   
bo>d %e>s      99 #a lev] pap] cutt]    
#a p]=at+ ma*9e        #b extra cutt+   
knives      99 #a hamm]+-block ) plate  
#a gr9d/one      99 #a p>+ /one      99 
#a oil /one      99 #b pairs ( %e>s     

99 #b p>+ knives      99 #h bone fold]s 
99 #d bru%es      99 #a monkey wr5*     
#a s&/one      99 #b saws      99 #a    
book-back+ ma*9e      99 #b doz5 sew+   
ne$les        #a rul]      99 #a screw  
driv]        #a ly+ press      99 #a    
f9i%+ press        #a /eel squ>e      99
 #a pair pli]s        #b /raight-edges  
99 #c awls      99 #a iron divid]       
99 #a oil c      99 #a pa/e bucket      
99 #a complete set ( brass type      99 
#a pallet      99 #a gold cu%ion      99
 #a gold knife      99 #f gild+ rolls   
99 #a impr9t /amp      99 #a s+le fillet
        #a two-l9e fillet      99 #a    
f9i%+ gas /ove      99 #a t5-draw] type 
cab9et        #a flat agate poli%]      
#a flat /eel poli%]        #a r\nd agate
 poli%]        #a gas /ove = heat+ glue 
99 #a =w>d]'s b5*      99 #a sew+ table 
99 #a f9i%]'s b5*        #a small table 
#a b& nipp]s        #a creas]  ,! total 
co/ ( ! plant w v>y 9 v>i\s sections ( !
 c\ntry1 b x ought n to co/ m ?an #hjj4 
,if second-h& cutt+ ma*9es1 b5*es1 etc41

 c be obta9$ x is possible t ! co/ may  
be r$uc$ to #fej or less4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is  
,public ,libr>y rec5tly equipp$ a b9d]y 
at a co/ ( #ehg4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ) a  
=ce ( fifte51 x turn$ out "w to ! value 
( #i1fji4     ,,app5dixes     ,,app5dix 
,a  ,,specifications ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4    
,,bureau ,,( ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,book ,,clo?s 
,,fabric  ,! fabric %all be made f      
fir/-quality /aple cotton1 uni=mly wov5 
& ( a grade kn[n z fir/s4 ,! weave %all 
be two up & two d[n 9 ! w>p & "o up & "o
 d[n 9 ! weft4  ,! gray clo? %all consi/
 ( f #cc to #cf ?reads p] c5timet] 7#he 
to #ij p] in*7 9 ! w>p1 & #ab to #ae    
?reads p] c5timet] 7#cj to #ch p] in*7 9
 ! weft4  ,! surface %all be f9i%$ smoo?
 & h>d & %[ no t5d5cy to /ick :5 fold$  
^u itself4   ,,?ickness1 ,,t5sile       
,,/r5g? ,,& ,,weight  ,! ?ickness ( !   
f9i%$ fabric %all n exce$ #j4cj         
millimet] 7#j4jab in*7 or be less ?an   
#j4bj millimet] 7#j4jjh in*74 ,! t5sile 
/r5g? ( ! gray clo? %all be n less ?an  
#ah kilograms p] c5timet] 7#ajj p\nds p]

 in*7 ( wid? 9 ! w>p1 & #i kilograms p] 
c5timet] 7#ej p\nds p] in*7 9 ! weft4 ,!
 av]age value = ! w>p & weft 9 ! f9i%$  
fabric mu/ %[ an increase ov] ! av]age  
value = ! w>p & weft 9 ! gray clo? ( at 
lea/ #aj p] c5t ( ! /r5g? ( ! gray clo?4
  ,! f9i%$ fabric1 :5 dry1 %all weigh n 
m ?an #bej grams p] squ>e met] 7#j4e    
p\nd p] y>d71 or less ?an #bjj grams p] 
squ>e met] 7#j4d p\nd p] y>d74          
,,absorption ,,( ,,moi/ure  ,at a normal
 relative humidity ( #fe p] c5t x %all n
 absorb m ?an #e p] c5t ( moi/ure1 or   
exp& 7an av]age ( bo? directions7 to    
exce$ #j4de p] c5t1 & :5 subject$ 9 a   
clos$ case to a saturat$ atmosph]e = two
 h\rs at a temp]ature ( #bj deg4 ,c4    
7#fh deg4 ,f47 %all n absorb m ?an #aj  
p] c5t ( moi/ure or exp& 7an av]age (   
bo? directions7 to exce$ #b p] c5t4 ,all
 increases to be comput$ on ! basis ( ! 
dry weight & dim5sions4   ,,fold+       
,,endurance  ,! fold+ endurance1 z      
det]m9$ by ! ,s*opp] fold]1 %all be n   
less ?an #fe1jjj d\ble folds = ! w>p & n

 less ?an #aj1jjj = ! weft4   ,,color   
,be=e coat+1 ! fabric mu/ be dy$ ) a    
purely m9]al or inorganic color 7su* z  
iron salts71 s z to imitate ! color ( ! 
f9i%$ clo?1 b some:at light] 9 %ade1 s z
 to give ! desir$ l95 effect4 ,all      
coal-t>1 anil9e1 vegetable1 or o!r      
organic dyes & lakes mu/ be /rictly     
exclud$ f bo? fabric & coat+1 ev5 9     
traces2 except :]e necess>y to mat*     
color1 lake may be us$ 9 r$1 blue1 or   
br[n4 ,! foll[+ sub/ances mu/ be also   
exclud$3 ,*rome yell[ & o!r *romates1   
ultram>9e1 br[ns conta9+ bitum9\s or o!r
 organic matt]1 comp\nds ( lead &       
ars5ic4  ,! color ( ! f9i%$ fabric %\ld 
be slightly d>k] ?an ! /&>d sample1 :i* 
w be furni%$ on application1 & x mu/ n  
%[ ! slighte/ *ange ( color aft]        
exposure "u prescrib$ conditions to     
direct sunlight1 or to ! action (       
ammonia gas1 sulphurett$-hydrog5 gas1   
sulphur-dioxide gas1 or illum9at+ gas4  
,,resi/ance ,,to ,,mold ,,& ,,insects   
,! f9i%$ fabric %all be immune to ! gr[?

 ( mold or ! attack ( insects4   ,,te/s 
,physical & *emical te/s to v]ify !     
prop]ties requir$ by ^! specifications w
 be made accord+ to ! ,/&>d me?od = te/+
 book clo?s z us$ by ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1
 copies ( :i* c be obta9$ on            
application4     ,,app5dix ,b  ,,read+  
,,li/ ,,on ,,b9d+   ,adam1 ,paul4       
,practical bookb9d+4 #aijc4 ,van ,no/r&4
 #a4be4      ,a translation ( a ,g]man  
"w4  ,am]ican libr>y association4       
,committee on bookb9d+4 ,b9d+ =         
libr>ies4 #aiae4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publi%+   
,bo>d4 4#ae4 7,libr>y h&book ,no4 #e4   
,second edition1 revis$47      ,b9d+    
specifications :i* may be us$ by l>ge z 
well z small     libr>ies4  ,bailey1 ,a4
 ,l4 ,bookb9d+4 #aiaa4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4      
,publi%+ ,bo>d4 4#aj4      ,prepr9t (   
,manual ( libr>y economy1 ,*apt] #bf4   
,b9d]y talk4 #aiab-ac4 v4 #a-b4 ,all    
publi%$4      ,a p]iodical publi%$ by   
,w4 ,e4 ,reavis1 ,los ,angeles1         
,cali=nia1     cov]+ v>i\s phases (     
libr>y b9d+4  ,bliss1 ,h4 ,e4 ,bett]    

bookb9d+ = libr>ies4 ,libr>y ,j\rnal1   
#aije1 #cj3hdi-eg4      ,brief article  
on me?ods & mat]ials4  ,br[n1 ,j4 ,d4   
,bookb9d+ & repair+4 ,9 8 ,manual (     
libr>y economy1 pp4 #cbh-dh4            
,valuable *iefly = its section on       
lett]+4  ,br[n1 ,m4 ,w4 ,m5d+ & repair (
 books4 ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,publi%+ ,bo>d4     
4#ae4 7,libr>y h&book ,no4 #f47         
,caldwell1 ,m4 ,r4 ,prep>+ = ! b9d]4    
,public ,libr>ies1 #aijf1 #aa3cjb-c4    
,*iv]s1 ,c$ric4 ,pap] & b9d+ ( l5d+     
libr>y books4 ,am]ican ,libr>y          
,association4 ,bullet94 #aiji1          
#c3bca-ei4      ,also publi%$ sep>ately 
by ,mr4 ,*iv]s4 ,a record ( exp]im5ts   
& te/s ( mod]n book pap]s4  ,*iv]s1     
,c$ric4 ,relative value ( lea!rs & o!r  
b9d+ mat]ials4 #aiaa4 ,publi%$ by !     
au?or4      ,a record ( te/s ( lea!rs4  
,practically ! same article w be        
f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y  
,association = #aiaa1     p4 #afd4      
,cock]ell1 ,d\glas4 ,bookb9d+ & ! c>e ( 
books4 #aijb4 ,appleton4 #a4be4         

,be/ g5]al book on b9d+ processes1 b    
does n cov] all     libr>y requirem5ts4 
,c\tts1 ,h4 ,t41 & ,/eph51 ,g4 ,a4      
,manual ( libr>y bookb9d+4 #aiaa4       
,libraco ,limit$4 #gs4 #f;d4 net4       
,a valuable book = all libr>ies4 ,gives 
! ,engli% po9t ( view4  ,crane1 ,w4 ,j4 
,e4 ,bookb9d+ = amateurs4 #aijc4        
,scribn]4 4#fe4  ,cundall1 ,joseph1 ed4 
,on bookb9d+s1 anci5t & mod]n4 #ahha4   
,bell1 ,lond4 #ab4      ,w be us$ ma9ly 
by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory & arti/ic      
side ( bookb9d+4  ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,notes 
on bookb9d+ = libr>ies4 ,ed4 #b4 #aiaj4 
,libr>y ,bureau4 #a4      ,! be/ s+le   
book = ! libr>ian4  ,drury1 ,f4 ,k4 ,w4 
,on protect+ pamphlets4 ,libr>y ,j\rnal1
 #aiaj1 #ce3 #aah-ai4  ,field1 ,c4 ,book
 repair+4 ,cali=nia ,news ,notes1 #b3   
#aje-h4  ,hasluck1 ,p4 ,n41 ed4         
,bookb9d+4 #aijc4 ,mc,kay4 4#ej4        
,practical h&book4 ,does n cov] /rong   
b9d+ = libr>ies4  ,horne1 ,h4 ,p4 ,b9d+ 
( books4 #ahid4 ,scribn]4 #b4      ,= ^?
 int]e/$ 9 ! arti/ic side ( b9d+4       

,hulme1 ,e4 ,w41 & o!rs4 ,lea!r =       
libr>ies4 #aije4 ,libr>y ,supply ,co41  
,london4 #bs4 #f;d4 net4  ,l[e1 ,j4 ,a4 
,p]man5t book m>k+4 ,libr>y ,j\rnal4    
#aiaj1 #ce3 #ae-ag4  ,macleod1 ,r4 ,d4  
,pres]vation ( books 9 libr>ies4 ,libr>y
 ,_w1 #aa3 #bef1 #cca1 #cfh1 #dag4      
,deals ) g5]al repairs1 etc4 ,! second  
"p 7p4 #cca7 is     especially valuable 
= ! l>ge numb] ( clean+ recipes4        
,memor&a relative to b9d+ publications =
 di/ribution to /ate & t]ritorial       
libr>ies & depositories4 #aijh4 ,u4 ,s4 
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts4      ,an acc\nt
 ( ! te/s ( book clo?s made by ! ,bureau
 (     ,/&>ds4  ,philip1 ,a4 ,j4 ,!     
bus9ess ( bookb9d+ f ! viewpo9t ( !     
b9d]1 ! publi%]1 ! libr>ian & ! g5]al   
read]4 #aiab4 ,s4 ,paul4 #fs4 net4      
,9 spite ( ! title ! viewpo9t is t ( !  
libr>ian4  ,prideaux1 ,s4 ,t4 ,hi/orical
 sket* ( bookb9d+s4 #ahic4 ,lawr5ce1    
,london4 #a4ej net4  ,sawy]1 ,h4 ,p4 ,h[
 to c>e = books 9 a libr>y4 #aiab4      
,democrat ,pr9t+ ,co41 ,madison1 ,wis4  

4#aj4      ,a good article on m5d+4     
,society ( arts4 ,report ( ! ,committee 
on lea!rs = bookb9d+4 #aije4 ,bell4     
#ajs4 #f;d4  ,/eph51 ,g4 ,a4 ,comm]cial 
bookb9d+4 #aiaj4 ,/onhill1 ,london4 #bs4
 #f;d4      ,! be/ book on ?is subject4 
----4 ,ma*9e book-sew+4 #aijh4 ,ab]de5  
,univ]sity ,press4      ,repr9t$ f !    
,libr>y association record1 ,june #aijh4
  ----4 ,notes on mat]ials = libr>y     
bookb9d+4 ,libr>y ,assi/ant1 #aije-g1   
#e3adc-f1 #afb-d4  ,swezey1 ,a4 ,d4     
,b9d+ records4 ,public ,libr>ies1 #aiji1
 #ad3 #e-g4  ,worce/] 7,mass47 ,c\nty   
law libr>y4 ,lea!r pres]vation4 #aiaa4  
----4 ,a small b9d+ plant 9 ! build+4   
#aiab4  ,zaehnsdorf1 ,joseph4 ,bookb9d+4
 ,macmillan4 #a4ej4  ,zahn1 ,otto4 ,on  
art b9d+4 #aijd4 ,to(  ,co41 ,memphis4  
#a4ej4      ,by a well kn[n arti/ic     
bookb9d]4     ,,app5dix ,c  ,,li/ ,,(   
,,te*nical ,,t]ms   ,9 ?is li/ t]ms     
relat+ to pap]1 to mat]ials describ$ 9 !
 body ( ?is "w & to hi/orical b9d+s1 &  
t]ms seldom us$ h be5 omitt$4  ,acid    

free lea!r4 ,lea!r :i* is manufactur$   
)\t us+ acid4 ,z int]pret$ by "s deal]s1
 x means lea!r f :i* all acid has be5   
remov$4  ,ald9e /yle4 ,decorative design
 consi/+ ( solid face ornam5ts )\t %ad+4
 ,fir/ us$ by ,aldus & o!r e>ly ,italian
 pr9t]s4  ,all-along4 ,9 h&-sew+ :5 !   
?read passes f kettle/it* to kettle/it* 
9 ea* signature x is sew$ all-along4    
,antique4 ,see ,bl9d-tool$4  ,arabesque4
 ,decorative design consi/+ ( _m        
int]wov5 l9es & curves arrang$ 9        
conv5tional patt]ns4 ,sometimes appli$  
to a design consi/+ ( int]wov5 plants1  
animals1 birds1 etc4  ,arm+ press4 ,see 
,block+ press4  ,a/]isk4 ,?is well kn[n 
sign is sometimes us$ to indicate t !   
pr9t$ matt] on :i* x appe>s is to take !
 place ( pages previ\sly pr9t$4  ,awl4  
,see ,bodk94  ,azure tools4 ,tools ) a  
s]ies ( horizontal l9es p>allel on _!   
faces4  ,back l9+4 ,clo? or pap] glu$ to
 ! back ( a book to help hold !         
signatures toge!r4  ,back+4 ,=c+ ov] !  
folds on ea* side at ! back to =m       

grooves into :i* bo>ds fit1 =m+ ! jo9t4 
,back+ bo>ds4 ,us$ = back+ or =m+ !     
jo9t4 ,made ( h>dwood sometimes fac$ )  
iron4 ,h a bevel$ edge1 ov] :i* ! pap]  
is =c$ by hamm]+ & are ?ick] at ?is edge
 ?an at ! o!r1 s t :5 plac$ "o on ea*   
side ( ! book & all are plac$ 9 ! ly+   
press1 ! p[] ( ! press is br\ght to be> 
on ! "p ( ! book ne>e/ ! back4  ,back+  
hamm]4 ,has a broad1 flat face & %ort   
h&le4 ,us$ 9 r\nd+ & back+4  ,back+     
ma*9e4 ,ma*9e run by p[] us$ 9 edition  
"w = back+ books4  ,back+ press4 ,a     
press hav+ v]tical /eel plates br\ght   
toge!r ) a screw4 ,:5 ! book is plac$ 9 
x ) ! back slightly project+ x c be     
back$ 9 exactly ! same way z if back+   
bo>ds 7 us$4  ,b&-driv]4 ,us$ 9 =w>d+ to
 elim9ate irregul>ities ( rais$ b&s4    
,b& nipp]4 ,p9c]s us$ aft] lea!r has be5
 put on ov] rais$ b&s 9 ord] to /raight5
 !m4  ,b&+4 ,decorat+ by means (        
horizontal /ripes4  ,b>k skiv]4 ,tann$ )
 oak b>k4  ,ba/>d title4 ,see ,half     
title4  ,bead+4 ,small twi/ or roll =m$ 

:5 w9d+ ! cotton or silk 9 head-b&+4    
,beat+4 ,process ( flatt5+ & smoo?+ out 
! fold$ %eets to make ! leaves lie      
closely toge!r4  ,beat+ hamm]4 ,heavy1  
%ort-h&l$ hamm] us$ = beat+ books to    
make ! leaves lie closely toge!r4       
,beat+ /one4 ,/one or iron b$ on :i*    
books are beat54  ,bevel$ bo>ds4 ,heavy 
bo>ds ) bevel$ edges1 sometimes us$ = ! 
sides ( v heavy or l>ge books4  ,b9d]4  
#a4 ,case us$ = ! tempor>y protection ( 
pamphlets & p]iodicals4 ,c be deta*$ &  
us$ on succe$+ numb]s4 #b4 ,"o ^:       
bus9ess x is to b9d books4  ,b9d]'s     
title4 ,title lett]$ on ! back ( a book4
 ,frequ5tly diff]s f t on ! title page4 
,b9d]'s bo>d4 ,see ,bo>ds4  ,b9d+ slip4 
,%eet ( pap] conta9+ in/ructions to !   
b9d] ins]t$ 9 ea* book s5t to ! b9d]y4  
,blanks4 ,books ) blank leaves ( good   
pap] us$ = keep+ records :i* are m or   
less p]man5t4 ,! b9d+ ( su* books is a  
special trade4  ,ble$4 ,:5 books are    
trimm$ s t "p ( ! pr9t is cut (f !y are 
said to ble$4  ,bl9d-tool$4 ,books on   

:i* impressions h be5 made by tools )\t 
! use ( gilt are bl9d-tool$4 ,sometimes 
call$ ,antique tool+4  ,block4 ,! solid 
metal /amp us$ = impress+ a design on a 
book cov]4  ,block+4 ,/amp+ ! design 9  
gold or o!r mat]ial on book cov]s4      
,block+ press4 ,us$ 9 /amp+ designs on  
clo? book cov]s or back4 ,kn[n also z   
/amp+ press & arm+ press4  ,bo>d pap]s4 
,! p>ts ( end pap]s pa/$ to ! bo>ds4    
,bo>d %e>s4 ,heavy %e>s ) a gauge1 =    
cutt+ bo>ds = ! sides ( books4  ,bo>ds4 
,bo>ds = ! sides ( books are call$ clo? 
bo>d1 b9d]'s bo>d1 mill bo>d1 t> bo>d4  
,!y are call$ bo>ds 9 ! full size & also
 :5 cut = sides4  ,bodk94 ,an awl us$ = 
pun*+ holes 9 bo>ds ?r\gh :i* ! b&s are 
lac$4  ,body4 ,ma9 "p ( ! book1 f ,*apt]
 ,i to ! end ( ! text4  ,bolt4 ,! fold$ 
edge ( signatures at ! head1 =e edge &  
tail ( books4  ,book c>d1 or ,book slip4
 ,c>d kept 9 ! book1 us$ 9 *>g+ ! book  
:5 x is borr[$4  ,book label4 ,see      
,label4  ,book pocket4 ,a pocket made ( 
pap]1 g5]ally pa/$ on ! la/ fly-leaf to 

hold ! book c>d :5 ! book is on ! %elf1 
or to hold ! read]'s c>d :5 ! book is   
borr[$4  ,bosses4 ,metal ornam5ts fa/5$ 
on ! bo>ds ( books4  ,brok54 #a4 ,pap]  
fold$ ov]4 #b4 ,! back ( a book :i* has 
be5 crack$ op5 f head to tail is brok54 
,brok5 up 7or ov]74 ,plates are brok5 up
 :5 !y are fold$ ov] a %ort di/ance f ! 
back be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! book4  ,burni%4 
,! gloss produc$ by ! application ( a   
burni%] to ! edges ( a book4  ,burni%]4 
,piece ( agate or blood-/one set 9 h&les
 & us$ to produce a gloss on ! edges (  
books4  ,cal5d]$ pap]4 ,pap] ) a highly 
poli%$ surface4  ,cancels4 ,leaves      
conta9+ errors :i* are to be replac$ )  
correct$ pages4 ,! replacem5ts are      
frequ5tly m>k$ ) an a/]isk4  ,canvas4   
,same z duck4 ,see page #hj4  ,caps4    
,cov]+s :i* protect ! edges ( books dur+
 ! processes ( cov]+ & f9i%+4  ,case4   
#a4 ,a cov] = a book made indep5d5tly ( 
! book1 i4 e4 ! bo>ds are n lac$ 94 #b4 
,cov] made to fit ov] book already b\nd 
9 ord] to protect x4  ,case b9d+s4      

,books 9 :i* ! bo>ds & cov]+ mat]ials   
are made into a case & ! book glu$ into 
x4 ,t]m g5]ally appli$ to comm]cial "w1 
:i* is practically all done by ma*9]y4  
,cas+-94 ,! op]ation ( putt+ a sew$ &   
=w>d$ book into its case4  ,cat*word4 ,9
 old books & 9 a few mod]n books ! fir/ 
^w ( a page is pr9t$ "u ! la/ l9e on !  
prec$+ page4 ,?is is call$ ! cat*word4  
,c5t] tools4 ,specially-cut tools =     
ornam5t+ ! c5t]s ( panels4  ,circuit    
edges4 ,project+ flexible cov]s turn$   
ov] to protect ! leaves ( ! book4 ,us$  
almo/ :olly on ,bibles & pray] books4   
,sometimes call$ div9ity edges4  ,clasp4
 ,a cat* = fa/5+ ! cov]s ( a book       
toge!r4  ,cle>+-out4 ,! process ( remov+
 ! wa/e pap] & p>+ away sup]flu\s lea!r 
on ! inside ( ! cov]s be=e pa/+ d[n end 
pap]s4  ,clo? bo>ds4 #a4 ,bo>ds cov]$ ) 
clo?4 #b4 ,bo>ds us$ = ! sides are      
sometimes call$ clo? bo>ds in/ead ( mill
 bo>ds4  ,collation4 ,an exam9ation ( a 
book to see if x is complete4 ,may be   
done by signatures be=e book is b\nd4   

,mu/ be done page by page 9 books :i*   
are to be reb\nd4  ,combs4 ,an in/rum5t 
) wire tee? us$ 9 m>bl+4  ,comp5sat+    
gu>ds4 ,%ort /ubs b\nd 9 ! back to      
equalize space tak5 up by ?ick fold$    
plates4  ,creas]4 ,! tool us$ 9 m>k+ on 
ea* side ( rais$ b&s4 ,g5]ally made (   
/eel4  ,cropp$4 ,t]m appli$ to books :i*
 h be5 trimm$ too mu*4  ,cru%$4 ,t]m    
appli$ to lea!r1 g5]ally morocco1 :i*   
has be5 press$ s t ! surface1 naturally 
gra9$1 is made smoo?4  ,cut edges4 ,see 
,edges cut4  ,cut flu%4 ,9 v *eap b9d+ !
 book is trimm$ aft] ! cov] is on &     
edges ( bo>ds are cut flu% ) ! leaves4  
,cutt]1 or ,cutt+ ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e us$ = 
trimm+ ! edges ( books4 ,sometimes call$
 guillot9e4  ,cutt+ bo>ds4 ,bo>ds simil>
 to back+ bo>ds1 except t !y are n      
bevel$4 ,us$ 9 trimm+4  ,cutt+ 9 bo>ds4 
,see ,9 bo>ds4  ,cutt+ press4 ,! ly+    
press turn$ ov] s t ! runn]s are        
upp]mo/4  ,deckle edge4 ,! r\gh untrimm$
 edge ( h&-made pap]4  ,d5telle4 ,a =m (
 book ornam5t :i* suppos$ly repres5ts   

lace4  ,d]ome4 ,a /yle ( ornam5t hav+   
d5telle bord] ) small birds among !     
arabesques4  ,diap]4 ,a =m ( ornam5t    
consi/+ ( a small patt]n repeat$ 9      
geometrical =m4  ,div9ity calf4 ,d>k    
br[n calfsk9 bl9d-/amp$ & )\t gild+1    
=m]ly us$ 9 b9d+ religi\s books4        
,div9ity edges4 ,see ,circuit edges4    
,die4 ,an engrav$ /amp us$ = /amp+ a    
design4  ,d\ble4 ,see ,d\blure4  ,d\bl$4
 ,a design is d\bl$ :5 ! f9i%] tries to 
make a second impression & ! tool does n
 q foll[ ! l9es ( ! fir/ impression4    
,d\blure4 ,! l9$ & decorat$ inside face 
( bo>ds on f9e b9d+s4 ,:5 s l9$ ! cov]  
is said to be d\ble4  ,dummy4 #a4 ,a    
book made up ( blank leaves to %[ /yle (
 b9d+ & grade ( workman%ip4 #b4 ,a piece
 ( lea!r or clo? m\nt$ on a bo>d to %[  
exact size & lett]+ ( a p]iodical4      
,duodecimo4 ,book pr9t$ on pap] fold$   
into twelve leaves4 ,g5]ally writt5     
#abmo4 ,loosely appli$ to books f six to
 eight in*es high4  ,dut* metal4 ,an    
imitation ( gold leaf :i* soon t>ni%es4 

,edges cut4 ,a book :i* has all edges   
trimm$ smoo?4  ,edges gilt4 ,all edges  
trimm$ smoo? & gild$4  ,edges op5$4 ,a  
book :i* has ! folds ( leaves cut by h& 
) a pap] knife1 has its edges op5$4     
,edges roll$4 ,! edges ( ! cov]s are    
m>k$ ) a roll4  ,edges trimm$4 ,edges   
cut some:at1 b n en\gh to cut all !     
folds4  ,edges uncut4 ,uncut edges h n  
be5 trimm$ 9 any way1 ?\gh !y may h be5 
op5$ ) a pap] knife4  ,edition de luxe4 
,f9e editions ( books pr9t$ on l>ge pap]
 & h&somely b\nd4 ,_m books s-call$ are 
9 reality *eaply b\nd4  ,eighte5mo4 ,a  
book pr9t$ on pap] fold$ into eighte5   
leaves4 ,n (t5 f\nd4  ,elephant folio4  
,see ,folio4  ,emboss+4 ,! process (    
produc+ rais$ designs by means ( /amps4 
,us$ 9 imitat+ lea!rs4  ,end pap]s4     
,fold$ %eets at ! beg9n+ & end ( books1 
half ( :i* are pa/$ to ! bo>ds4         
,sometimes call$ l9+ pap]s4  ,eve /yle4 
,decorative design consi/+ ( geometrical
 figures jo9$ by int]lac$ circles4 ,!   
figures conta9 fl[]s & ! space surr\nd+ 

!m conta9s scroll "w & bran*es ( laurel 
& palm4  ,extra b9d+4 ,trade t]m = ! be/
 "w4  ,fanf>e /yle4 ,leafy spirals      
int]wov5 ) a delicate trac]y ov] ! cov]4
  ,fa/4 ,colors are fa/ to sunlight if  
!y d n fade2 to wat] if !y d n wa% (f4  
,fillet4 #a4 ,pla9 l9es /amp$ ^u ! back 
or cov] ( ! book4 #b4 ,! tool ) :i* ! "w
 is done4  ,fill+4 ,see ,weft4  ,f9i%+4 
#a4 ,all processes aft] ! book leaves ! 
h& ( ! =w>d] are kn[n z f9i%+ processes4
 #b4 ,! ornam5ts /amp$ on a book4       
,f9i%+ press4 ,a small wood5 press )    
wood5 screws :i* holds a book ) ! back  
up4  ,f9i%+ /ove4 ,a small gas or       
electric /ove us$ = heat+ f9i%+ tools4  
,flexible4 ,a =m ( b9d+ 9 :i* ! book is 
sew$ on rais$ b&s1 ! ?read be+ pass$    
entirely ar\nd ! b&s4  ,flu% cut4 ,see  
,cut flu%4  ,fly leaves4 ,blank leaves  
at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! book betwe5 end   
pap]s & ! book itself4  ,fold]4 #a4     
,small flat piece ( bone us$ 9 fold+    
%eets & 9 o!r b9d+ processes4 #b4 ,p]son
 engag$ 9 fold+ %eets4  ,fold+ ma*9es4  

,p[] ma*9e = fold+ %eets4  ,folio4 #a4  
,a book pr9t$ on pap] fold$ 9 two       
leaves--f\r pages4 ,loosely appli$ to   
books ov] fifte5 in*es high4 ,v l>ge    
books are sometimes call$ elephant      
folios4 #b4 ,consecutive page numb]s ( a
 book4  ,=e-edge4 ,! front edge ( !     
leaves ( a book4  ,font4 ,! complete    
numb] ( lett]s1 figures1 etc41 =m+ a set
 ( type4  ,=mat4 ,size & %ape ( a book4 
,=w>d+4 #a4 ,all processes betwe5 sew+ &
 f9i%+4 #b4 ,! dep>tm5t :i* takes *>ge (
 books dur+ ^! processes4 ,^? :o "w 9 x 
are call$ =w>d]s4  ,fox$4 ,books hav+   
leaves /a9$ by dampness are said to be  
fox$4  ,fr5* gu>d4 ,! back edge ( an    
illu/ration turn$ ov] & fold$ ar\nd !   
adjo9+ signature4  ,fr5* jo9t4 ,jo9t =m$
 by sett+ ! bo>ds a %ort di/ance away f 
! back4 ,see page #df4  ,fr5* morocco4  
,a v inf]ior quality ( levant morocco4  
,_m sk9s s-call$ are %eep sk9s or       
c[hide4  ,frontispiece4 ,illu/ration    
fac+ ! title page4  ,full-b\nd4 ,t]m    
applies to books entirely cov]$1 back & 

sides1 ) ! same mat]ial1 :e!r clo? or   
lea!r4  ,gascon /yle4 ,! di/+ui%+       
*>act]i/ic ( ?is /yle ( decoration is t 
dott$ l9es are us$ in/ead ( l9es :i* are
 cont9u\s4  ,ga!r+4 ,collect+ ! fold$   
%eets1 or signatures1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 
are b\nd4  ,gaufre edges4 ,edges :i* h  
_h impressions made by f9i%+ tools aft] 
! edges h be5 gild$4  ,gauge4 ,a tool   
us$ = obta9+ ! correct size ( a volume 9
 ord] to m>k x on bo>ds = squ>+4  ,gild+
 press4 ,same z ! f9i%+ press4  ,gilt   
edge4 ,see ,edges gilt4  ,gilt tops4    
,top edges gild$4  ,glaire4 ,a liquid   
made by beat+ :ites ( eggs4 ,us$ 9      
lett]+ & gild+4 ,see page #aie4  ,g(f]$ 
edges4 ,see ,gaufre edges4  ,gold       
cu%ion4 ,lea!r cu%ion on :i* ! f9i%]    
cuts gold leaf4  ,gold knife4 ,a long   
/raight knife us$ 9 cutt+ gold leaf4    
,gold leaf4 ,gold beat5 v ?91 us$ =     
lett]+ & gild+4  ,g\ge4 ,a f9i%+ tool   
us$ to /amp ! segm5t ( a circle on a    
book4  ,gra94 ,! out] surface ( a piece 
( lea!r f :i* ! hair has be5 remov$4    

,g5]ally us$ ) adjectives :i* indicate !
 appe>ance ( ! gra9 9 "q4  ,gra9+4 #a4  
,process ( br++ up ! natural gra9 (     
lea!r by artificial means4 #b4 ,process 
( emboss+ lea!r to produce a fictiti\s  
gra94  ,grat]4 ,tool us$ = rubb+ backs  
aft] !y are pa/e-wa%$4  ,groli]4 ,an    
elaborate /yle ( ornam5t consi/+ (      
scroll "w ) int]wov5 squ>es1 circles &  
diamonds1 p>ts ( ! design be+ /udd$ )   
gold dots4  ,grooves4 ,projections at ! 
back aga9/ :i* bo>ds re/ to =m ! jo9t4  
,made by ! back+ hamm]4 ,sometimes call$
 jo9ts4  ,gu>ds4 #a4 ,n>r[ /rips ( pap] 
b\nd 9 books to :i* plates or leaves are
 atta*$ lat]4 #b4 ,n>r[ /rips ( clo? or 
pap] us$ to re9=ce ! folds ( signatures1
 or pa/$ to s+le leaves & fold$ ar\nd   
adjo9+ signatures4  ,guides4 ,! grooves 
9 :i* ! pl\gh moves on ! face ( ! cutt+ 
press4  ,guillot9e4 ,see ,cutt]1 or     
,cutt+ ma*9e4  ,half-b\nd4 ,t]m indicat+
 t lea!r is us$ on ! back1 ) clo? or    
pap] on ! sides4 ,if small pieces (     
lea!r are plac$ on ! corn]s ! book is   

/ill half-b\nd4 ,if ! corn] pieces are  
l>ge ! book is ?ree-qu>t]s b\nd4        
,half-title4 ,brief title on ! leaf     
prec$+ ! ma9 title page4 ,also call$    
,ba/>d title4  ,h& lett]s4 ,s+le lett]s 
affix$ to h&les & us$ 9 lett]+4  ,head4 
,! top ( ! back ( ! book4  ,headb&4 ,a  
silk or cotton b& atta*$ to ! head ( !  
book to /r5g!n x1 improve its appe>ance1
 & make ! back ev5 9 ?ickness ) ! bo>ds4
  ,head cap4 ,fold ( lea!r ov] ! headb&4
  ,heel-ball4 ,%oemak]'s prep>ation (   
wax us$ = tak+ rubb+s ( ! backs ( books4
  ,hole+4 ,pi]c+ ! bo>ds ) an awl s t   
b&s c be lac$-94  ,holl[ back4 ,see     
,loose back4  ,imp]fections4 ,9         
comm]cial b9d]ies1 %eets reject$ because
 imp]fect4  ,9 bo>ds4 #a4 ,t]m us$ :5   
books are cut aft] bo>ds h be5 atta*$4  
#b4 ,/yle ( b9d+ :i* has a v n>r[ clo?  
back & pap] cov]$ sides4  ,9 pr9t4      
,obta9able f ! publi%]s4  ,india-rubb]$4
 ,:5 ! backs ( books consi/+ ( s+le     
leaves are cov]$ ) a solution ( india   
rubb] in/ead ( be+ sew$ !y are said to  

be ,india-rubb]$4 ,n practicable =      
p]man5t b9d+s4  ,inlaid4 ,! cov] ( a    
book b\nd 9 lea!r 9 :i* lea!r ( a       
diff]5t k9d or color has be5 inlaid4  ,9
 quires4 ,unb\nd books 9 %eets4  ,inset4
 ,a fold$ %eet laid inside ( ano!r4  ,9 
%eets4 ,a book is said to be 9 %eets    
be=e x has be5 b\nd1 :e!r ! %eets are   
fold$ or n4  ,inside m>g94 ,! bord] made
 by ! turn$-9 lea!r on ! inside face ( !
 bo>ds4  ,inside t9s4 ,%eets ( t9       
sometimes plac$ 9 books :i* are to      
receive heavy pressure4  ,jans5 /yle4 ,a
 /yle ( decoration 9 :i* ! book is      
absolutely pla9 on ! outside except =   
lett]+4 ,! inside cov]s1 h[ev]1 may be  
elaborately decorat$4  ,jo9ts4 ,! "p ( !
 book :i* b5ds :5 ! book is op5$4 ,see  
also ,grooves2 ,fr5* jo9t4  ,kettle/it*4
 ,! /it* made at ! head & tail ( ! book 
fa/5+ a signature at ^! po9ts to !      
prec$+ signature4  ,keys4 ,small metal  
objects :i* fa/5 ! b&s to ! "u side ( ! 
sew+ b5*4  ,kip calf4 ,made f ! sk9 ( a 
heif]4 ,/rong] ?an calfsk94  ,knock+-d[n

 iron4 ,iron plate on :i* books are     
plac$ :5 x is necess>y to hamm] d[n !   
ends ( lac$-9 b&s to prev5t !m f %[+4   
,label4 ,a piece ( pap] or lea!r affix$ 
to ! back ( a book on :i* to lett]      
in=mation4  ,lac+-94 ,process ( atta*+ !
 ends ( b&s to bo>ds ?r\gh holes made ) 
an awl4 ,see page #db4  ,l>ge-pap]      
edition4 ,copies ( a book pr9t$ on pap] 
) wide m>g9s4  ,lay+ press4 ,see ,ly+   
press4  ,law %eep4 ,uncolor$ %eepsk94   
,s-call$ because at "o "t x 0 g5]ally   
us$ on law books4 ,see page #fe4  ,lay  
cords4 ,! b&s :5 /ret*$ on ! sew+ b5*   
ready = ! signatures4  ,lea!rette4      
,imitation lea!r1 g5]ally made ( clo?4  
,lett]+ block4 ,a dummy book made ( wood
 on :i* lea!r labels t are to be lett]$ 
are plac$ = great] ease 9 gild+4        
,lett]+ box4 ,t "p ( ! pallet 9 :i* type
 is screw$ up be=e lett]+4  ,limp lea!r4
 ,books b\nd 9 full lea!r )\t /iff bo>ds
 are said to be b\nd 9 limp lea!r4  ,l9+
 pap]s4 ,see ,end pap]s4  ,loose back4  
,books are loose back$ :5 ! cov]+       

mat]ial is n glu$ to ! back1 b spr+s out
 :5 ! book is op5$4 ,call$ holl[ back 9 
,engl&4  ,ly+ press4 ,! "u side ( !     
cutt+ press us$ 9 back+4 ,sometimes     
call$ lay+ press4  ,magaz9e b9d]4 ,see  
,b9d]4  ,maioli /yle4 ,decoration =m$ ( 
%ields or m$allions ) scroll "w runn+   
?r\gh !m4  ,m>bl$ calf4 ,calfsk9 treat$ 
) acid s t x resembles m>ble4  ,m>bl+4  
,process ( /a9+ ! pap] or ! edges (     
books ) colors irregul>ly comb9$1 simil>
 to ! irregul> color+s & m>k+s 9 m>ble4 
,m>k]4 ,piece ( ribbon fa/5$ to ! headb&
 & us$ z a book m>k4 ,also call$        
,regi/]4  ,m>k+-up4 ,m>k+ ! position ( !
 cords on ! back4  ,millbo>d4 ,see      
,bo>ds4  ,millbo>d ma*9e4 ,us$ = cutt+ &
 squ>+ bo>ds4  ,mitr$4 ,t]m indicat+ t  
l9es 9 f9i%+ meet+ ea* o!r at "r angles1
 cont9ue b d n ov]run ea* o!r4  ,mosaic 
b9d+4 ,a lea!r b9d+ ornam5t$ by designs 
made ( inlaid pieces ( lea!r or o!r     
mat]ial ( diff]5t colors4  ,mottl$ calf4
 ,light br[n calf treat$ ) acid to give 
x a mottl$ appe>ance4  ,mull4 ,see      

,sup]4  ,octavo4 ,book pr9t$ on pap]    
fold$ into eight leaves4 ,usually writt5
 #hvo4 ,loosely us$ to indicate t ! size
 ( a book is betwe5 eight & t5 in*es 9  
height4  ,(f & on4 ,t]m us$ 9 ma*9e     
sew+1 mean+ t c]ta9 /it*es 9 ea*        
signature are skipp$4  ,(f-set4 ,m>ks   
made on opposite page because ! pr9t]'s 
ink _h n become ?or\ghly dry4 ,9 case ( 
illu/rations tissue pap] is frequ5tly   
ins]t$ to prev5t ?is4 ,also call$       
set-(f4  ,op5$ edges4 ,see ,edges op5$4 
,out ( bo>ds4 ,a book trimm$ be=e !     
bo>ds h be5 fa/5$ to x4  ,out ( pr9t4 ,n
 obta9able f ! publi%]s4  ,ov]ca/+4     
,process ( sew+ s+le leaves ov] & ov]4  
,also call$ :ip/it*+4 ,see page #bc4    
,pallet4 ,a tool us$ 9 lett]+ hav+ an   
adju/able box = hold+ type securely1 ) a
 h&le atta*$4  ,panel4 #a4 ,space betwe5
 rais$ b&s1 or betwe5 /amp$ l9es on !   
back4 #b4 ,a squ>e or rectangul> space  
on ! side ( a book1 :e!r sunk5 or       
enclos$ by bevel$ edges or gild$ l9es4  
,pap]+-up4 ,cov]+ ! leaves ( a book1    

especially if x has gild$ edges1 to     
protect x dur+ fur!r processes4         
,p>*m5t4 ,a mat]ial simil> to vellum1 b 
n s ?ick4  ,p>+4 ,process ( ?9n+ ! edges
 ( lea!r ) a %>p knife1 s t !re w n be a
 r\gh edge :5 x is on ! book4 ,sometimes
 call$ skiv+4  ,pa/ewa%4 ,pa/e dilut$ ) 
wat]4  ,pa/+-d[n4 ,op]ation ( pa/+ end  
pap]s to ! bo>ds4  ,payne1 ,rog]4 ,/yle 
( decoration di/+ui%$ by gold-tool$     
corn] pieces & by ! grace & fre$om (    
ornam5tation4  ,pebble-gra9$4 ,cov]+    
mat]ial gra9$ 9 an irregul> mann]4      
,pegamoid4 ,an imitation lea!r made 9   
,engl&4  ,p]=at+ ma*9e4 ,a ma*9e :i*    
pun*es holes 9 sections s t !y c be m   
easily ov]ca/4  ,petits f]s4 ,small h&  
tools us$ 9 f9i%+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! /amps 
or blocks us$ 9 a press4  ,piec$4 ,any  
space on ! cov] ( a book :i* has a piece
 ( ano!r mat]ial atta*$ to x4 ,mo/ (t5  
us$ to mean lea!r :i* is us$ z labels = 
titles2 also call$ titl$4  ,plate4 #a4  
,illu/ration pr9t$ f a plate4 ,! t]m is 
(t5 us$ incorrectly = wood cuts4 #b4 ,9 

libr>y usage any full-page illu/ration n
 pag$-94  ,pl\gh4 ,a tool us$ = trimm+  
books4  ,pluvius94 ,an imitation lea!r  
made 9 ,engl&4  ,pocket4 ,an envelope   
made ( pap] or c>dbo>d g5]ally atta*$ to
 ! inside ( ! back cov] & us$ to hold   
loose maps or plates4 ,see also ,book   
pocket4  ,po9tille /yle4 ,a =m (        
decoration 9 :i* ! design is m>k$ )     
small dots or po9ts4  ,po9ts4 ,holes    
made 9 %eets dur+ ! process ( pr9t+ :i* 
s]ve z guides 9 regi/]+ & fold+4        
,poli%]4 ,a /eel tool us$ to give a     
gloss to lea!r aft] f9i%+4  ,portfolio4 
,a case made = hold+ loose plates or    
maps4  ,p[d]1 ,seme4 ,a =m ( decoration 
9 :i* a small figure is repeat$         
regul>ly4  ,prelim9>y matt]4 ,half      
title1 title1 table ( cont5ts & preface1
 & all o!r matt] prec$+ ! ma9 "p ( !    
book4  ,press p94 ,an iron b> us$ to    
turn ! screws ( /&+ presses4  ,presses4 
,= v>i\s k9ds see ,ly+ press2 ,cutt+    
press2 ,f9i%+ press2 ,block+ press4     
,press+ bo>ds4 ,wood5 bo>ds plac$ betwe5

 books 9 ! /&+ press4 ,brass /rips :i*  
project ov] ! edges ( ! bo>d fit into ! 
grooves ( ! jo9t4  ,press+ plates4      
,japann$ or nickel$ plates1 :i*1 :5     
plac$ next to lea!r b9d+s "u heavy      
pressure give !m a f9i%4  ,pull$4 ,a    
book tak5 f its cov] & ! signatures     
sep>at$ is said to be pull$4  ,puppy4 ,!
 specially prep>$ rubb] us$ to remove   
sup]flu\s gold leaf f a book is         
sometimes call$ ! puppy4  ,qu>to4 ,a    
book pr9t$ on pap] fold$ into f\r leaves
 7eight pages74 ,g5]ally writt5 #dto4   
,loosely appli$ to books betwe5 t5 &    
fifte5 in*es high4  ,quire4 ,tw5ty-f\r  
%eets4  ,rais$ b&s4 ,see ,b&s4  ,recas+4
 ,replac+ a book 9 its orig9al cov]1    
ei!r ) or )\t resew+4  ,recto4 ,"r h&   
page ( an op5 book4  ,regi/]4 #a4       
,ribbon atta*$ to a book to be us$ z a  
book m>k4 #b4 ,t]m indicat+ t ! pr9t on 
! v]so falls exactly ov] t on ! recto4  
,rex9e4 ,an imitation lea!r made 9      
,engl&4  ,roll4 ,f9i%+ tool ) brass :eel
 hav+ a design on ! circumf]5ce4 ,us$ 9 

decorat+ lea!r b\nd books4  ,roll$      
edges4 ,see ,edges roll$4  ,roll+ ma*9e4
 ,us$ 9 publi%]'s b9d+ to press ! leaves
 firmly toge!r4  ,r\lette bord]4 ,bord] 
design made ) a roll4  ,r\nd+ hamm]4    
,heavy hamm] us$ 9 r\nd+4  ,r\ndlet4    
,small circle 9 gold us$ 9 decorat+     
books4  ,roxburgh b9d+4 ,pla9 lea!r     
back$ book1 lett]+ ne> ! top enclos$ 9  
gold l9es1 gilt top1 & clo? or pap]     
sides4  ,rub-(f1 or ,rubb+4 ,a copy ( ! 
back ( a book %[+ exact lett]+4 ,made by
 plac+ a %eet ( ?9 /rong pap] on ! back 
& rubb+ x ) a piece ( heel-ball until   
all lett]+ is fully outl9$4  ,run-up4 ,!
 back ( a book ) a fillet f head to tail
 n mitr$ at ! b&s is said to be run-up4 
,runn+ title4 ,%ort title ( a book or   
*apt] appe>+ at ! head ( ! page ?r\gh\t 
! book or *apt]4  ,saddle /it*+4 ,a     
ma*9e process :i* ei!r sews or /aples   
pamphlets ( "o signature4  ,saw+-94     
,saw+ ! back ( a book to make grooves 9 
:i* ! b&s w re/ :5 ! book is sew$4      
,section4 ,see ,signature4  ,seme4 ,see 

,p[d]4  ,set-(f4 ,see ,(f-set4  ,sett+ !
 headb&4 ,adju/+ ! lea!r s t x cov]s !  
headb& ) a k9d ( cap4  ,sew]4 ,! p]son  
:o sews ! signatures toge!r on a sew+   
b5* to =m a book4  ,sew+ b5*4 ,a bo>d   
ab\t two feet long hav+ at ea* end on ! 
front edge an upright4 ,^! are connect$ 
by a b> :i* is adju/able 9 height &     
betwe5 :i* & ! bo>d are /ret*$ ! b&s or 
tapes on :i* ! book is sew$4            
,sextodecimo4 ,see ,sixte5mo4  ,%e>s4   
,see ,bo>d %e>s4  ,%eets 94 ,see ,9     
%eets4  ,signature4 #a4 ,! lett] or     
figure on ! fir/ page ( ea* fold$ %eet  
to ensure its prop] place 9 ! book :5   
b\nd4 #b4 ,! fold$ %eet itself4 ,(t5    
call$ section4  ,sixte5mo4 ,a book pr9t$
 on %eets fold$ into sixte5 leaves4     
,g5]ally writt5 #afmo4  ,size4 ,a       
prep>ation us$ 9 gild+ & f9i%+4  ,skiv+4
 ,see ,p>+4  ,slips4 ,! pieces ( b&s or 
tapes project+ beyond ! book aft] x is  
sew$4  ,smoo? calf4 ,pla91 undecorat$   
calf4  ,split bo>ds4 #a4 ,bo>ds split at
 ! edge to admit slips & back-l9+4 #b4  

,bo>ds made ( two bo>ds glu$ toge!r1    
leav+ a space = ins]tion ( slips &      
back-l9+4  ,spr9kl$ calf4 ,calf treat$ )
 acid s t x looks z if x _h be5 spr9kl$ 
) dye4  ,spr9kl$ edges4 ,edges :i* h be5
 color$ by %ak+ or spray+ color+ matt]  
on !m4  ,squ>es4 ,! p>ts ( ! bo>d       
project+ beyond ! edges ( ! leaves ( !  
book4  ,/abb+4 #a4 ,process ( fa/5+     
toge!r ! signatures ( a pamphlet ) wire4
 #b4 ,pi]c+ ! bo>ds = lac+-94  ,/abb$4  
,a pamphlet is said to be /abb$ :5 !    
signatures are held toge!r by wire      
/aples driv5 9 v]tically ne> ! back &   
cl9*$ on ! o!r side4  ,/amp+ press4 ,see
 ,block+ press4  ,/amps4 ,blocks or dies
 us$ to impress designs ^u lea!r4  ,/&+ 
press4 ,a l>ge fix$ press capable (     
hold+ _m books4  ,/>t4 ,sections :i*    
aft] cutt+ project beyond ! o!rs1 are   
said to h />t$4  ,/eamboat+4 ,cutt+ a   
numb] ( books at ! same "t4  ,/it*+4    
,process ( sew+ signatures l5g?wise ) a 
sew+ ma*9e4 ,see also ,saddle /it*+4    
,/rawbo>d4 ,v s(t pap] bo>d easily brok5

 or cut4 ,sometimes us$ 9 *eap "w4      
,sup]4 ,a ?91 co>sely wov5 cotton clo?  
us$ = back-l9+4 ,call$ mull 9 ,engl&4   
,tacky4 ,glue t is /ill /icky b n wet is
 tacky4  ,tail4 ,! bottom ( ! back ( !  
book4  ,t> bo>d4 ,see ,bo>ds4           
,?irty-twomo4 ,a book pr9t$ on %eets    
fold$ into ?irty-two leaves4 ,writt5    
#cbmo4  ,?ree-qu>t]s b\nd4 ,see         
,half-b\nd4  ,?r[n out4 ,fold$ maps or  
diagrams :i* are likely to be us$ a     
great deal c be m\nt$ on clo? gu>ds !   
wid? ( ! book4 ,:5 op5$ !y w be entirely
 outside ! book & are said to be ?r[n   
out4  ,tight back4 ,a book on :i* !     
cov]+ mat]ial is glu$ to ! back4 ,see   
page #dd4  ,title4 ,space betwe5 ! b&s  
^u :i* ! title is lett]$4  ,title skiv]4
 ,v ?9 skiv] us$ z labels on :i* to gild
 lett]+4  ,titl$4 ,see ,piec$4  ,tool+4 
,! decoration ( lea!r made by /amp+     
designs 9 gold leaf ^u x4  ,tools4      
,brass /amps us$ 9 tool+4  ,top gilt4   
,indicates t only ! top edge ( ! book is
 gild$4  ,tree calf4 ,imitation ( !     

trunk & bran*es ( a tree made ) acid on 
! sides ( a book b\nd 9 full calf4      
,trimm$4 #a4 ,books :i* h only ! edges (
 project+ leaves1 n ! folds1 cut (f are 
said to be trimm$4 #b4 ,9 libr>y b9d+ ! 
t]m g5]ally means t all edges h be5     
trimm$ ev54  ,tr9dle4 ,a small tool us$ 
to take out ! r\nd ( a book :5 x is be+ 
cut4  ,tub4 ,/& support+ ! ly+ press4   
,=m]ly a tub us$ to cat* ! pap] cut f ! 
edges4  ,turn+ up4 ,:5 books are cut 9  
bo>ds x is necess>y to take ! r\nd out (
 ! back4 ,! process is assi/$ by ! use (
 tr9dles & is call$ turn+ up4           
,twelvemo4 ,see ,duodecimo4             
,tw5ty-f\rmo4 ,a book hav+ tw5ty-f\r    
leaves to a %eet4  ,two on4 ,see page   
#bc4  ,ty+ up4 ,:5 lea!r cov]s are put  
on ov] rais$ b&s x is necess>y to tie !m
 ) tw9e s t ! lea!r w /ick to ! sides ( 
! b&s4  ,uncut4 ,see ,edges uncut4      
,unop5$4 ,:5 ! folds ( signatures h n   
be5 cut ! book is unop5$4  ,v>ni%4      
,bookb9d]'s v>ni% is us$ to give a gloss
 to lea!r4 ,x is claim$ t x acts z a    

pres]vative also4  ,v]so4 ,left h& page 
( an op5 book4  ,w>p4 ,! ?reads runn+   
l5g?wise 9 clo?4  ,wa/e pap]s4 ,! "p ( !
 end pap]s or fly leaves :i* 9 "s k9ds (
 "w are remov$ :5 ! end pap] is pa/$ to 
! cov]4 ,! t]ms end pap]s1 fly leaves & 
wa/e pap]s are us$ 9 diff]5t b9d]ies )  
mu* ! same mean+4  ,wat]pro( %eets4     
,%eets ( wat]pro( c>dbo>d sometimes laid
 9 or betwe5 books :5 press+4  ,weft4 ,!
 ?reads runn+ crosswise 9 clo?4 ,also   
call$ wo(1 & fill+4  ,:ipp+1 or         
:ip/it*+4 ,see ,ov]ca/+4  ,:ole b\nd4   
,t]m indicat+ t a book is b\nd 9 full   
lea!r4 ,see also ,full b\nd4  ,wire     
sew+4 ,sew+ ! signatures ( a book to    
clo? by means ( wire /aples driv5 ?r\gh 
_! c5t]s4  ,wir$4 ,pamphlets held toge!r
 by wire /aples driv5 ?r\gh & cl9*$ ne> 
! back edge1 are said to be wir$4       
,witness4 ,! leaves ( a book :i* %[ !   
orig9al size ( ! %eet1 al?\gh o!r %eets 
h be5 trimm$1 are a witness to ! fact t 
! book has n be5 cut d[n4  ,wo(4 ,see   
,weft4     ,,index      ,acid-free      

lea!r1                                  
#eh1 #ij      ,acids us$ 9 dye+1        
effects1                          #eg   
,adhesives1                             
#afg      ,adv]tisem5ts1 :5 to b9d1     
#ace      ,age ( animals1 effect on     
lea!r1                      #ec         
,ald9e vellum1                          
#gf      ,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,committee on      
,b9d+1                          #aa     
,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,specifications = re9=c$    
books1          #aji      ,am]ican      
russia1                                 
#fe      ,ammonia1                      
#aga      ,angora goatsk91              
#fi      ,arrangem5t = b9d+1            
#acb      ,art canvas1                  
#gf      ,art vellum1                   
#gf      ,arti/ic b9d+1                 
#g      ,back-l9+1                      
#cd      ,back+1                        
#cc      ,backs1 loose1 m5d+1           
#aha      ,backs1 tight1 m5d+1          
#aha      ,backs1 tight & loose1        
#dd      ,b&s1                          

#ai      ,b&s1 fray$1                   
#cb      ,b&s1 numb] necess>y1          
#ah1 #ia      ,b&s1 rais$1              
#dj      ,b>b\r's ?read1                
#he      ,b5* sew+1                     
#ai      ,bibliography ( b9d+1          
#bba      ,bids = b9d+1                 
#aa      ,b9d]1 in/ructions =1          
#aci      ,b9d]s' bo>ds1                
#hc      ,b9d]s = magaz9es1             
#aii      ,b9d]s ignorant ( libr>y b9d+1
                     #i      ,b9d]y 9 ! 
libr>y1                                 
#bji      ,b9d]y1 equipm5t1             
#bac      ,b9d+ be=e pur*ase1           
#ajc      ,b9d+ records1                
#adi      ,b9d+ r\t9e1                  
#aeg      ,b9d+ slip1 use (1            
#aci1 #adj      ,bo>ds1                 
#hc      ,bo>ds1 cut1                   
#cf      ,bock1                         
#gj      ,bone fold]s1                  
#agb      ,bookb9d+ t]ms1               
#bbe      ,books1 disc>d+ (1            
#aca      ,books1 op5+ (1               

#abb      ,books1 prop] c>e1            
#abb      ,booksell]s1 oppose re9=c$    
books1                  #aab            
,br[nie books1 /rong b9d+1              
#aac      ,bru%es1                      
#agc      ,buckram1                     
#gf      ,buff+1                        
#ff      ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1              
,specifications = clo?1         #bag    
,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 te/s ( clo?1          
#gh      ,burni%+1                      
#cb      ,calfsk91                      
#gj      ,calfsk9 vs4 c[hide1           
#ec      ,call numb]1 location (1       
#adc      ,call numb]s gild$1           
#ci      ,canton flannel = l9+1         
#ce      ,canvas1                       
#hj      ,c>e ( books1                  
#abb      ,case1 mak+ (1                
#cf      ,cas$ books1                   
#ch      ,cate*ol gr\p1                 
#ef      ,*eeseclo?1                    
#agj      ,*iv]s1 ,c$ric1 b9d+ f %eets1 
#ajc      ,*iv]s1 te/s ( lea!r1         
#fj      ,*iv]s1 te/ ( levant morocco1  

#fi      ,classic buckram1              
#gf      ,clean+ cov]1                  
#agg      ,clean+ pages1                
#agd      ,climate1 effect on lea!r1    
#ed      ,clo?1                         
#gb      ,clo? bo>ds1                   
#hc      ,clo?1 cutt+ (1                
#cf      ,clo? = sides1                 
#hi      ,clo?1 gov]nm5t specifications1
                  #gi1 #bag      ,clo?1 
grades (1                               
#ge      ,clo? gu>ds1                   
#ij      ,clo?1 manufactur]s (1         
#gd      ,clo?1 qualities (1            
#gd      ,clo?1 te/s (1                 
#gh      ,clo? us$ 9 m5d+1              
#agj      ,clo? vs4 lea!r1              
#abb      ,collation1                   
#ae1 #acc      ,comm]cial b9d+1         
#f      ,comm]cial b9d+1 specifications1
                    #ajj      ,copy+    
press1                                  
#agc      ,corn]s ( vellum1             
#gb      ,corn]s r\nd$1                 
#dg      ,co/ ( b9d+1                   

#e1 #aa1 #aae      ,co/ ( b9d+1 records 
(1                           #aeb       
,co/ ( b9d+1 sugge/ions = r$uc+1        
#ajd1 #aai      ,cotton vs4 l95 ?read1  
#he      ,cov]s1 h[ clean$1             
#agg      ,cov]s ( p]iodicals1 :5 to    
b9d1                   #ace             
,c[hide1                                
#fe      ,c[hide = fiction & juv5ile1   
#ic      ,creases1 h[ remov$1           
#age      ,creas+ = flexibility1        
#be      ,crepel9e1                     
#agj1 #agi      ,cru%$ levant1          
#fi      ,cutt+ bo>d1                   
#agd      ,dampness1 effect on lea!r1   
#ei      ,decay ( lea!r1                
#ed      ,disc>d+ books1                
#aba1 #aca      ,duck1                  
#hj1 #ij      ,duck = newspap]s1        
#ig      ,dummy backs1                  
#ada      ,durabl9e1                    
#ha      ,emboss+ lea!r1                
#eg      ,end pap]s1                    
#ai      ,end pap]s & fly leaves pa/$   
toge!r1              #ca      ,end pap]s

 pa/$ d[n1                              
#cg      ,end pap]s1 quality1           
#he      ,engli% buckram1               
#gg      ,ev]yman's libr>y1 libr>y      
edition1              #aab1 #abi        
,eyelet & tape b9d]s1                   
#bja      ,fabrikoid1                   
#ha1 #hb      ,fibre-fill+ pres]vative1 
#ig      ,fiction1 specifications1      
#ic      ,f9i%+1                        
#ci      ,fle%] = back-l9+1             
#ce      ,flexible glue1                
#hb      ,flexible sew+1                
#dj      ,fly leaves & end pap]s pa/$   
toge!r1              #ca      ,fly      
leaves gu>d$1                           
#ag      ,fly leaves tipp$ on1          
#ag      ,fly leaves1 r5ewal1           
#ahc      ,fold$ plates1 gu>d$1         
#ij      ,fold]s1 bone1                 
#agb      ,=w>d+1                       
#ca      ,fox m>ks1 h[ remov$1          
#age      ,fr5* jo9ts1                  
#cg1 #df1 #ia      ,gall nuts = tann+1  
#ee      ,gas1 effect on lea!r1         

#eh      ,gaylord b9d]s1                
#bjf      ,gild+1                       
#ci      ,gild+ tops1                   
#cc      ,glaire1                       
#aie      ,glue1                        
#hb1 #afi      ,glue1 flexible1         
#hb      ,glue pot1                     
#agc      ,glue1 remov$ f back ( books1 
#ae      ,glu+1                         
#cc      ,glu+ = ov]ca/+1               
#ag      ,goatsk9s1                     
#fh      ,gold leaf1                    
#he      ,gov]nm5t clo?1                
#gg      ,gov]nm5t clo?1 specifications1
                      #bag              
,gov]nm5t docum5ts1 b9d+ (1             
#ed1 #gg      ,gov]nm5t docum5ts1       
mat]ials us$ 9 b9d+1        #ea         
,gra9+ lea!r1                           
#eg      ,grease 9 lea!r1               
#eh      ,grease spots1 h[ remov$1      
#agg      ,gu>d+ fly leaves1            
#ag      ,gu>d+ illu/rations1           
#ah      ,gu>d+ signatures1             
#ag      ,hair %eep1                    

#fd      ,hayes' ?read1                 
#he      ,headb&s1                      
#di      ,heat1 effect on lea!r1        
#ei      ,hemlock b>k1                  
#ef      ,home b9d]ies1                 
#bji      ,huntt+1 ,h4 ,r41 ,samson-back
 sew+1                   #aac           
,illu/rations gu>d$1                    
#ah1 #ij      ,illu/rations m\nt$ on    
clo?1                         #ia       
,imitation ( morocco1                   
#fd1 #fh      ,imp]fect books1 :5 to    
b9d1                         #acc       
,imp]ial morocco clo?1                  
#ha1 #ij      ,incomplete volumes1 :5 to
 b9d1                      #ach         
,index1 :]e to place1                   
#acd      ,index volumes1 lett]+ (1     
#adg      ,ink /a9s1 h[ remov$1         
#agf      ,in/ructions to b9d]1         
#aci      ,jaconet1                     
#ag1 #agj      ,javelle wat]1           
#age      ,jo9t au?ors1 lett]+1         
#adc      ,jo9ts1                       
#df      ,juv5ile books b\nd f %eets1   

#aje      ,juv5ile books1               
specifications1                         
#ic      ,k]atol1                       
#ha1 #hb      ,kettle/it*1              
#bb      ,kettle/it*1 saw+ =1           
#ah      ,kettle/it*1 ?ree = ov]ca/     
books1                 #bg      ,knives1
                                        
#agb      ,knock+ d[n1                  
#af      ,kraft pap]1                   
#aga      ,kraft pap] = fly leaves1     
#ag      ,label+1 process1              
#aia      ,labels made ( lea!r1         
#ci      ,labels on tight-back books1   
#de      ,labels1 removal (1            
#aic      ,labor1 effects on co/ ( b9d+1
                     #aae      ,lac+-91 
#ch1 #db      ,l>*1 = tann+1            
#ef      ,law books1 specifications1    
#ih      ,law %eep1                     
#fe      ,lea!r1                        
#eb      ,lea!r1 causes ( v>iation 91   
#ec      ,lea!r corn]s1                 
#dh      ,lea!r1 decay (1               
#ed1 #gc      ,lea!r1 emboss$1          

#eg      ,lea!r = back-l9+1             
#ce      ,lea!r imitation (1            
#ha      ,lea!r k9ds (1                 
#fc      ,lea!r labels1                 
#ci      ,lea!r1 me*anical qualities1   
#fj      ,lea!r1 pres]vation (1         
#fj      ,lea!r vs4 clo?1               
#abb      ,legal buckram1               
#hj      ,lett]+1 arrangem5t1           
#ada      ,lett]+ by h&1                
#aic      ,lett]+1 h[ indicat$1         
#aci      ,lett]+ 9 :ite ink1           
#aic      ,lett]+1 jo9t au?ors1         
#adc      ,lett]+1 ov]siz$ books1       
#adg      ,lett]+1 pamphlets1           
#bjg      ,lett]+1 p]iodicals1          
#adf      ,lett]+1 pseudonyms1          
#adc      ,lett]+1 ?9 volumes1          
#adg      ,lett]+1 two books 9 "o1      
#adc      ,lett]+ ) type1               
#aid      ,levant morocco1              
#fi      ,libr>y b9d]ies1               
#bji      ,libr>y b9d]ies1 adm9i/ration1
                     #baa      ,libr>y  
b9d]ies1 co/ (1                         

#bad      ,libr>y b9d+1                 
#h      ,libr>y buckram1                
#hj      ,l95 buckram1                  
#gg      ,l95 f9i% clo?1                
#gf      ,l95 vs4 cotton ?read1         
#he      ,loose back1                   
#cf1 #dd      ,loose jo9ts1 h[ m5d$1    
#ahb      ,loose leaves1 ins]t+1        
#ahj      ,loose signatures1 ins]t+1    
#aha      ,ma*9e-b\nd books1            
#f      ,magaz9e b9d]s1                 
#aii      ,mak+ ! case1                 
#cf      ,manila pap]1                  
#aga      ,manila pap] = fly leaves1    
#ag      ,maps1 repair (1               
#ahc      ,mat]ials1                    
#ea      ,mat]ials = lett]+1            
#aie      ,mat]ials = repair+1          
#afg      ,m5d+1                        
#af1 #agh      ,m5d+ by b9d]1           
#ij      ,m5d+ mat]ials1                
#afg      ,m5d+1 rules =1               
#aff      ,mildew1 h[ prev5t$1          
#agf      ,millbo>ds1                   
#hc      ,morocco1                      

#fh      ,morocco1 bock1                
#gj      ,morocco1 imitation (1         
#fd      ,morocco1 ,levant1             
#fi      ,morocco1 ,nig]1               
#gj      ,morocco1 ,p]sian1             
#gj      ,morocco1 ,turkey1             
#fi      ,mucilage1                     
#afi      ,music1 specifications =1     
#ii      ,newspap]s1 specifications1    
#if      ,newspap]s1 wrapp$ 9 pap]1     
#if      ,nig] morocco1                 
#gj      ,non-fiction1 specifications1  
#id      ,oak b>k1                      
#ee1 #ef      ,oak b>k = pigsk91        
#fg      ,oak b>k = %eepsk91            
#fd      ,onion sk91                    
#aga      ,ov]ca/ books1 cut be=e sew+1 
#af      ,ov]ca/+1                      
#bc1 #be      ,ov]ca/+1 saw+ =1         
#ai      ,ov]siz$ books1 lett]+1        
#adg      ,pages1 clean+ (1             
#agd      ,pages1 h[ m5d$1              
#agh      ,pages miss+1                 
#acc      ,pamphlets1 b9d+1             
#bje      ,pamphlets1 b9d+ s+le copies1 

#aij      ,pamphlets1 lett]+1           
#bjg      ,panels1                      
#adb      ,panels1 /a9+ (1              
#ci      ,pap]1 effect ( fold+1         
#ad      ,pap]1 effect on b9d+1         
#ad      ,p>k]1 ,j4 ,gordon1 on causes (
 decay 9 lea!rs1      #ee      ,pa/e1   
#hc1 #afg      ,pa/e1 poor1 effect on   
b9d+1                         #ei       
,pa/+ d[n1                              
#cg      ,pa/+ ma*9e1                   
#afi1 #agd      ,p]=at+ ma*9e1          
#be      ,p]iodicals1 arrangem5t (1     
#af1 #acd      ,p]iodicals1 b9d+ s+le   
copies1                    #aij         
,p]iodicals1 lett]+1                    
#adf      ,p]iodicals1 specifications1  
#id      ,p]iodicals1 two volumes 9 "o1 
#ach      ,p]iodicals1 vag>ies (1       
#acd      ,p]iodicals1 :5 to b9d        
incomplete1                  #ach       
,p]sian morocco1                        
#gj      ,plates1 fold$1 gu>d+1         
#ij      ,plates1 unpag$1 :]e to place1 
#acf      ,prep>+ = ! b9d]y1            

#abe      ,press us$ 9 m5d+1            
#agc      ,press+1                      
#ch      ,pigsk91                       
#fg      ,pluvius91                     
#ha      ,poli%$ buckram1               
#gf      ,pres]vation ( lea!r1          
#fj      ,prices1 s*$ule (1             
#aah      ,pr9t+ ,inve/igation          
,committee1                       #gg   
,processes1                             
#ac      ,pseudonyms1 lett]+1           
#adc      ,publi%]s' b9d+1              
#f      ,publi%]s' re9=c$ books1        
#aji      ,publi%]s' re9=c$ books1      
failure (1              #aaa            
,pyrogallol gr\p1                       
#ee      ,que/ions b9d+ assi/ants mu/   
ask1                 #abe      ,rais$   
b&s1                                    
#dj      ,ratio ( co/ to circulation1   
#e      ,read+ li/1                     
#bba      ,reback+1                     
#cf      ,recas+ in/ead ( reb9d+1       
#acj      ,recas+1 process1             
#ahd      ,records = l>ge libr>ies1     

#aec      ,records ( b9d+1              
#adi      ,records ( previ\s volumes1   
#adj1 #aea      ,recov]+1               
#aba      ,recov]+1 process1            
#ahe      ,r$ rope manila1              
#aga      ,ref]5ce books1               
specifications1                         
#ih      ,regul> sew+1                  
#ai      ,re9=c$ books1                 
#ajh1 #abj      ,re9=c$ books1          
specifications1                         
#aji      ,re9=c+1 process1             
#ahh      ,repair+1                     
#afe      ,reports1 b9d+ (1             
#ach1 #bje      ,repr9ts1 b\nd be=e     
pur*ase1                       #aai     
,repr9ts1 use in/ead ( reb9d+1          
#abi      ,resew$ comm]cial books1      
#aac      ,re-sid+1 process1            
#ahh      ,retann+1                     
#eh      ,rex9e1                        
#ha      ,roan1                         
#fe      ,rod b9d]s1                    
#bjb      ,r\nd+1                       
#cc      ,r\t9e ( b9d+1                 

#aeg      ,royal ,society ( ,arts1      
inve/igation ( lea!r1        #ee        
,rub or rub-(f1                         
#ib1 #adj      ,russia lea!r1           
#ga      ,samson-back sew+1             
#aac      ,saw+1                        
#ah      ,sci5tific books1 :5 to reb9d1 
#aca      ,scribn]'s1 ,*>les1 ,sons     
,co41 re9=c$ books1       #aji          
,sealsk91                               
#fc1 #ga      ,second-h& books1 reb\nd  
be=e us+1          #ajh1 #abj           
,selection ( b9d]1                      
#i      ,semi-t> bo>ds1                 
#hd      ,sett+ ! squ>e1                
#cf      ,sew+1                         
#ai      ,sew+1 affect$ by pap]1        
#ad      ,sew+ b5*1                     
#bj      ,sew+ on tapes1                
#cj      ,sew+ two-on1                  
#bc      ,sex ( animals1 effect on      
lea!r1                      #ec         
,%av+ ( sk9s1                           
#eg      ,%eep-b\nd set ( ,u4 ,s4       
docum5ts1                     #ed       

,%eepsk91                               
#fc      ,%eets1 b9d+ f1                
#ajc      ,%ellac1                      
#agb      ,%ellack+ ( cov]s1            
#agg      ,signatures1 gu>d+ (1         
#ag-ah      ,size1 basis = prices1      
#hi      ,skiv]1                        
#fe      ,society ( ,arts1 inve/igation 
( lea!r1              #ee      ,society 
( ,arts1 on pres]vation ( lea!r1        
#fb      ,s\nd ,lea!r ,committee ( !    
,libr>y ,association1     #ee           
,specifications1                        
#hg      ,specifications1 books (       
illu/rations1                #ajj       
,specifications1 comm]cial b9d+1        
#ajj      ,specifications1 fiction1     
#ic      ,specifications1 g5]al1        
#hh      ,specifications1 juv5ile1      
#ic      ,specifications1 law books1    
#ih      ,specifications1 music1        
#ii      ,specifications1 newspap]s1    
#if      ,specifications1 non-fiction1  
#id      ,specifications1 p]iodicals1   
#id      ,specifications1 ref]5ce books1

                        #ih             
,specifications1 re9=c$ books1          
#aji      ,split bo>ds1                 
#dd      ,split c[hide1                 
#ff      ,split %eepsk9s1               
#fe      ,splitt+ ( sk9s1               
#eg      ,spr+-back b9d]s1              
#bja      ,spr9kl+1                     
#cb      ,squ>es1                       
#cf      ,/a9$ labels1                  
#ci      ,/it*+1                        
#ia      ,/rawbo>ds1                    
#hc      ,sulphuric acid1               
#eg1 #eh      ,sumac1                   
#ee1 #ef1 #eg      ,sumac = %eepsk91    
#fd      ,sunlight1 effect on lea!r1    
#eh      ,sup]1                         
#ce      ,supplem5ts to p]iodicals1     
#acd      ,tak+ ap>t1                   
#ae      ,tann+ mat]ials1               
#ee      ,tapes1                        
#he      ,tapes1 sew+ on1               
#cj      ,t> bo>ds1                     
#hd      ,te*nical books1 :5 to reb9d1  
#aca      ,te*nical t]ms1               

#bbe      ,?read1                       
#hd1 #aga      ,tides ( ,b>negat1       
re9=c$1                         #aji    
,tight backs1                           
#dd      ,tight backs1 m5d+1            
#aha      ,title page1 :]e to place1    
#acd      ,title pages1 vag>ies (1      
#acf      ,tobacco smoke1 effect on     
lea!r1                       #eh        
,tool+1                                 
#ci      ,tools = repair+1              
#agb      ,tools us$ 9 lett]+1          
#aid      ,tools us$ 9 m5d+1            
#agb      ,torn leaves1 m5d+1           
#agh      ,trimm+1                      
#cb1 #dh      ,turkey morocco1          
#fi      ,turw> b>k1                    
#ef      ,two-on1 sew+1                 
#bc      ,use det]m9es k9d ( b9d+1      
#d      ,valueless books1 disc>d+ (1    
#aba      ,vasel9e = lea!rs1            
#fa      ,vellum1                       
#ga      ,vellum corn]s1                
#dh      ,w>p1 /r5g? (1                 
#ge      ,wat]pro( clo?s1               

#ha      ,weft1 /r5g? (1                
#ge      ,well-b\nd book1 h[ to         
recognize1                      #di     
,:ip/it*+1                              
#bd      ,:ite ink1 :5 us$1             
#aic      ,wire1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e41 on       
pres]vation ( lea!r1            #fj     
,wool %eep1                             
#fd