,,! ,,two ,,te/s3  ,,! ,,sup]natural    
,,claims ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,tri$ ,,by   
,,two ,,( ,,its ,,own ,,rules4  ,by     
,lionel ,lisle  ,! axe is laid unto !   
root ( ! tree4  #ahgg  ,,williams ,,&   
,,norgate1  #ad ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1     
,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london2  ,,&  #bj     
,,s\? ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh4    
,,to ,,! ,,read]4  ,! foll[+ treatise 0 
n orig9ally writt5 = publication2 b z x 
fai?fully repres5ts ! process by :i* !  
m9ds ( "s1 br\ght up 9 rev]5ce &        
affection = ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 7 reliev$ f
 ! vague /ate ( d\bt t result$ on _!    
*]i%$ beliefs be+ ov]?r[n or %ak5 by !  
c\rse ( mod]n ?\ght1 x has be5 sugge/$ t
 x may1 p]haps1 be useful to o!rs 9 !   
same position4 ,al?\gh _! hold on !     
reason & intellect may h be5 lo/ or     
weak5$1 /ill ! sup]natural au?ority1 !  
hopes1 & ! t]rors ( ! gospel cont9ue to 
cl+ to ! he>t & consci5ce1 until !y are 
effectually dislodg$ by consid]ations ( 
mighti] ma/]y ov] ! he>t & consci5ce4   
',! /rong man arm$ keepe? 8 palace'     

until ! /rong] appe>s4 ,!n ! :ole       
faculties1 m5tal & moral1 are set free1 
& br\ght into accord 9 ! cause (        
,tru?4--,preface to ! ,fir/ ,issue4  ,"s
 ( ! pr9ciples ( inquiry into ! tru? or 
falsehood ( ! ,*ri/ian evid5ces laid d[n
 by ! able/ div9es ( ! la/ g5]ation are 
:olly admirable 9 !mselves1 view$ ap>t f
 ! application ( !m by ^! div9es4 ,dr4  
,*alm]s1 = in/ance1 ^: s+le-m9d$ness 9  
devotion to tru? & "r 0 on a level ) 8  
mighty intellect & /rong & cle>         
p]ceptions1 held3 ,!re is a class ( m5  
:o may feel dispos$ to ov]rate its      
evid5ces1 because !y are anxi\s to give 
e support & /ability to a sy/em :i* !y  
conceive to be mo/ intimately connect$ )
 ! de>e/ hopes & wi%es ( humanity2      
because _! imag9ation is c>ri$ away by !
 sublimity ( its doctr9es1 or _! he>t   
engag$ by t amiable morality :i* is s   
mu* calculat$ to improve & adorn ! face 
( society4 ,n[1 we are ready to admit1 t
 z ! object ( ! inquiry is n ! "* b !   
tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! philosoph] %\ld be

 c>eful to protect 8 m9d f ! delusion ( 
its *>ms4 ,he %\ld sep>ate ! ex]cises ( 
! und]/&+ f ! t5d5cies ( ! fancy or ( ! 
he>t4 ,he %\ld be prep>$ to foll[ !     
light ( evid5ce1 ?\gh x may lead him to 
conclusions ! mo/ pa9ful & melan*oly4   
,he %\ld tra9 8 m9d to all ! h>dihood ( 
ab/ract & unfeel+ intellig5ce4 ,he %\ld 
give up ev]y?+ to ! supremacy ( argum5t1
 & be able to r5\nce1 )\t a sigh1 all ! 
t5d]e/ prepossessions ( infancy1 ! mom5t
 t tru? dem&s ( him ! sacrifice4 ,dr4   
,*alm]s w\ld evid5tly see no beauty 9   
moral precepts ap>t f ! tru? ( !        
te/imony to ! au?ority on :i* !y re/4   
,aga9 he wrote3 ,) !m 78 own class (    
,*ri/ians7 ! argum5t is adduc$ to a     
n>r[] compass4 ,is ! te/imony ( !       
apo/les & fir/ ,*ri/ians suffici5t to   
e/abli% ! cr$ibility ( ! facts :i* are  
record$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,! "q is made
 to re/ exclusively on ! "* ( ?is       
te/imony1 & ! circum/ances att5d+ x1 &  
no antec$5t !ory ( _! own is suff]$ to  
m+le ) ! inve/igation4 ,if ! hi/orical  

evid5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is f\nd to be     
conclusive !y conceive ! inve/igation to
 be at an end1 & t no?+ rema9s on _! "p 
b an act ( unconditional submission to  
all its doctr9es4444 ,we pr(ess         
ourselves to belong to ! latt]          
description ( ,*ri/ians4 ,we hold by !  
insuffici5cy ( ,nature to pron\nce ^u ! 
intr9sic m]its ( any revelation1 & ?9k t
 ! au?ority ( e revelation re/s ma9ly ^u
 its hi/orical & exp]im5tal evid5ces1 & 
^u su* m>ks ( hone/y 9 ! composition    
itself z w\ld apply to any human        
p]=mance4 ,& 9 ano!r portion ( ! same   
"w3 ,we are n compet5t to judge ( !     
conduct ( ! ,almighty 9 giv5            
circum/ances4 ,"h we are preclud$ by !  
nature ( ! subject f ! b5efit (         
obs]vation4 ,!re is no antec$5t exp]i5ce
 to guide or to enlight5 u4 ,x is n =   
man to assume :at is "r or prop] or     
natural = ! ,almighty to d4 ,x is n 9 ! 
m]e _s ( piety t we say s3 x is 9 ! _s (
 ! s\nde/ exp]im5tal philosophy4        
,else:]e he pref]s ! a!i/1 or :at w\ld  

n[ be call$ ! agno/ic1 to ! dei/1 :o1   
reject+ revelation1 pr(esses belief 9 a 
,god fa%ion$ accord+ to ! con/itution ( 
8 own m9d4  ,! "q may1 ) cle>ness       
p]haps1 be ?us /at$3 ,religion1 9 its   
true & highe/ s5se1 is ! endeav\r ( man 
to place himself 9 a "r position to !   
,p[] & to ! laws ( ! ,univ]se4 ,if t    
,p[] has spok5 audibly to man1 9 man's  
language1 & reveal$ :at t "r position   
is1 we mu/ take ! message z x has be5   
giv51 & implicitly submit to & be guid$ 
by x4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 on ! s\nde/         
tru?-seek+ pr9ciples1 b1 z ,i v5ture to 
?9k1 ) imp]fect k1 & contr>y to :at 8   
conclusions w\ld h be5 _h he liv$ n[1   
decid$ t !re 0 evid5ce t ! ,p[] ( !     
,univ]se _h spok5 audibly to man1 by a  
special mess5g] f on high--! v ,son (   
,god4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 on him 01 z he  
/ates1 unconditional submission4 ,b if !
 ,p[] ( ! ,univ]se has n spok5 audibly  
to man1 9 man's language1 !n1 on ! same 
pr9ciples1 !re is no o!r position t[>ds 
t ,p[]1 possible to man1 ?an simply "o (

 ,agno/icism4 ,:at t ,p[] is no "o c    
tell4 ,! !ological me?od--t ( au?ority  
re/+ on revelation & sup]natural p[]--is
 gone2 b ! laws ( ! ,univ]se rema91--!  
laws ( ,god1 :atev] ,god may be4 ,man's 
k ( & "r position t[>ds ^! laws w !n    
dep5d solely on political1 social1 &    
sci5tific me?ods ( rese>*4 ,9 ?is case !
 truly religi\s man w be he :o rejects  
au?ority & !ological me?ods & doctr9e1 &
 foll[s ) unconditional submission !    
tea*+s ( ! wide/ exp]i5ce4  ,9 m>k$1 & 9
 my view unfav\rable1 contra/ ) !       
pr9ciples ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 ! rec5t       
address ( ,dean ,/anley to ! /ud5ts (   
,/4 ,&rews urges3 ,!re is a well-kn[n   
say+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 "o ( 8 happie/   
moods1 :i* express$ ?is s5se (          
proportion long ago3 ',we believe !     
miracles = ! sake ( ! ,gospels1 n !     
,gospels = ! sake ( ! miracles' ,fill   
y\r m9ds ) ?is say+1 view x 9 all its   
consequ5ces1 obs]ve h[ _m maxims bo? ( !
 ,bible & ( philosophy con=m to x1 & y w
 f9d y\rselves 9 a position :i* w enable

 y to treat ) equanimity half !         
p]plexities ( ?is subject4 ,"h          
equanimity1 q ap>t f _! tru? or         
falsehood1 is comm5d$ t[>ds m>vels1 v\*$
 z eye-witness$ facts1 = ! sake ( !     
,gospels4 7,see my rem>ks1 pp4 #hf1 #hg1
 p>4 comm5c+ ,paul #a47  ,ano!r in/ance1
 9 a q diff]5t pr(ession1 ( a m9d guid$ 
by a pr9ciple simil> to t ( ,dr4 ,*alm]s
 is pres5t$ by ! illu/ri\s philosoph]1  
,mr4 ,f>aday4 ,"o ( a small body (      
,*ri/ians knit toge!r 9 b&s ( love &    
peace1 & himself ! v embodim5t ( t high 
morality & love ( k9d1 s mu* prea*$ ab\t
 h[ev] practis$1 no "q appe>s to h      
cross$ 8 m9d z to ! validity ( !        
evid5ces on :i* ! gospel claims re/2 b1 
hat+ pret5ce & ev] loyal to tru?1 he    
saw1 ) habitual cle>ness ( judgm5t1 t a 
revelation1 deal+ ) :at man _c himself  
discov]1 mu/ be tak51 if true1          
implicitly z deliv]$4 ,9 8 lecture on   
,m5tal ,education be=e ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 9 
! ye> #ahed1 he said3 ,high z man is    
plac$ above ! creatures ar\nd him1 !re  

is a high] & f> m exalt$ position )9 8  
view2 & ! ways are inf9ite 9 :i* he     
occupies 8 ?\ghts ab\t ! fe>s1 or hopes1
 or expectations ( a future life4 ,i    
believe t ! tru? ( t future _c be br\ght
 to 8 k by any ex]tion ( 8 m5tal p[]s1  
h[ev] exalt$ !y may be2 t x is made kn[n
 to him by o!r tea*+ ?an 8 own1 & is    
receiv$ ?r\gh simple belief ( ! te/imony
 giv54 ,let no "o suppose = a mom5t t ! 
self-education ,i am ab\t to comm5d 9   
respect ( ! ?+s ( ?is life1 ext5ds to   
any consid]ations ( ! hope set be=e u1 z
 if man by reason+ c\ld f9d out ,god4 ,x
 w\ld be improp] "h to ent] into ?is    
subject fur!r ?an to claim an absolute  
di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & ord9>y      
belief4 ,i %all be reproa*$ ) ! weakness
 ( refus+ to apply ^? m5tal op]ations1  
:i* ,i ?9k good 9 respect ( high ?+s1 to
 ! v highe/4 ,i am cont5t to be> !      
reproa*4 ,yet1 ev5 9 e>?ly matt]s1 ,i   
believe t ! invisible ?+s ( ,him f !    
creation ( ! _w are cle>ly se51 be+     
und]/ood by ! ?+s t are made1 ev5 8     

et]nal ,p[] & ,godhead2 & ,i h nev] se5 
any?+ incompatible betwe5 ^? ?+s ( man  
:i* c be kn[n by ! _s ( man :i* is )9   
him1 & ^? high] ?+s conc]n+ 8 future :i*
 he _c "k by t _s4  ,s t ( himself1 ap>t
 f revelation1 ,mr4 ,f>aday's position 0
 agno/ic4 ,_h he se5 reason to reject   
revelation he w\ld n h be5 a dei/1 any m
 ?an  ,dr4 ,*alm]s4 ,!re is an ,et]nal  
,p[]1 b :at x is man _c div9e4 ,( ,god  
or ( a future /ate man himself c tell   
no?+4 ,& ! reproa* f ! vot>ies ( mo/    
popul> religions1 :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday ref]s
 to1 w apply equally to ! agno/ic :o    
submits to revelation ) 8 simple belief1
 & to ! agno/ic :o sees reason to reject
 x4 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 m utt]ly abhorr5t  
to ,mr4 ,f>aday ?an to h 8 "n p>ad$ &   
ref]r$ to1 z a ,*ri/ian1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* 
x is allud$ to 9 su* books z ! ,unse5   
,univ]se1 or1 s9ce 8 dea?1 by _m ( !    
cl]gy 9 _! s]mons4  ,any communications1
 f ^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( ?is         
treatise1 address$ to me1 c>e ( !       
,publi%]s1 w be gladly receiv$ & att5d$ 

to4  ,l4 ,l4  #a/ ,july1 #ahgg4         
,,introduction4  #a4 ,! belief1 conc]n+ 
! position ( mank9d 9 ?is _w & ! next1  
held by ! v>i\s ,*ri/ians1 :o cl+ to !  
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts z ! "o inspir$ &  
infallible revelation ( ! m9d & purpose 
( an ,almighty1 may be briefly summ$ up 
?us3--,t ! :ole human race1 because ( ! 
disob$i5ce ( ,adam1 is fall5 f its      
orig9al righte\sness1 & is "u           
condemnation = transgression ( ! law or 
w ( ,god2 :e!r z ,jews1 to :om ! law 0  
giv5 9 c]ta9 =ms ( words or z ,g5tiles1 
:o h ! law1 ! k ( "r & wrong1 writt5 on 
_! consci5ces3 t ! et]nal ju/ice ( ,god 
requires ! et]nal puni%m5t ( s93 t ?us  
no escape be+ possible f ! consequ5ces (
 guilt1 ! result ( ,adam's disob$i5ce & 
_! own depravity1 ! :ole human race mu/ 
h p]i%$1 _h x n be5 t ,god 9 love1 & 9  
ord] t he might place himself 9 a       
position to p>don s9 9 a way t w\ld be  
consi/5t ) et]nal ju/ice1 s5t 8 ,son--! 
sole-begott5--into ! _w1 :o became      
inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?3 t

 ,jesus fulfill$ ! w ( ,god 9 8 life3 t 
8 dea? by crucifixion has be5 acc\nt$ by
 ,god a full atonem5t = ! s9s ( all :o  
believe on him & 8 fulfilm5t ( ! law z  
if x _h be5 _! fulfilm5t3 t by 8        
atonem5t & righte\sness !y are ?us      
re/or$ to ! div9e fav\r3 t ,jesus rose f
 ! dead on ! ?ird day3 t he asc5d$ into 
heav53 t he is n[ !re wait+ until all :o
 are orda9$ unto et]nal life %all1 9    
c\rse ( "t1 be born1 :5 he w return to  
e>? 9 ! glory & p[] ( heav53 t !n ^? :o 
h believ$ 9 him w be rais$ f ! dead1 or1
 if n dead1 w receive an incorruptible  
body & a purifi$ m9d3 t ! new heav5s & !
 new e>?1 :]e9 dwelle? righte\sness1    
%all !n be inaugurat$3 t ris5 mank9d1 :o
 h believ$ on ,jesus1 w !nce=? enjoy    
et]nal bliss 9 direct communion ) ,god3 
t ^? ( mank9d :o h n believ$ 9 ,jesus w 
also be rais$ f ! dead1 b1 _! s9s be+   
unaton$ =1 !y w be puni%$ ) ev]la/+     
bani%m5t f ! pres5ce ( ,god3 t ! doom 9 
ea* case w be irrevocable1 ev]la/+4  #b4
 ,! conception ( ! ,almighty1 9 relation

 to fall5 man1 =m$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m        
believ]s1 is t ( a k+ deal+ ) rebel     
subjects :o are equally guilty1 & ^:    
lives are equally =feit4 ,he %[s m]cy to
 :om he w--^? :o are ?us fav\r$ hav+ no 
"r to ?is grace2 & :om he w he leaves to
 des]v$ dea?--^? ?us left hav+ no "r to 
compla9 ( ! p>don ( ! o!rs1 z _! own    
doom w\ld h be5 ! same :e!r ! o!rs 7    
sp>$ or n4  ,o!r believ]s1 aga91 r      
conceive ! ,almighty to be 9 ! position 
( a graci\s b5efactor1 (f]+ p>don ?r\gh 
! m]its ( ,jesus to any "o :o *ooses to 
accept ( x1 ! p>don n to take effect    
unless ! s9n] accepts x by acquiesc+ 9 !
 div9e plan ( salvation4 ,& among !     
num]\s sects into :i* believ]s are      
divid$ ?r\gh oppos+ int]pretations (    
v>i\s passages ( ! ,bible1 o!r          
conceptions ( ! ,almighty &             
modifications ( ! =ego+ /atem5t ( belief
 w be f\nd4 ,b all1 or almo/ all1 agree 
9 divid+ mank9d into ! believ+ & !      
unbeliev+1 ! elect & ! non-elect1 ! %eep
 & ! goats1 ! sav$ & ! lo/4  ,_m        

,*ri/ians ma9ta9 t ! atonem5t 0         
univ]sal2 b x is d\btful if any ma9ta9 t
 ! salvation w be univ]sal1 z belief is 
held to be a necess>y condition or a    
sign ( salvation4  ,beyond su* ideas z  
^! !re are two mom5t\s                  
consid]ations3--7#a47 ,:e!r an ,almighty
 ,mak] ( ! univ]se c\ld be su* an "o z1 
7 he to c>ry out a s*eme ( salvation = a
 condemn$ race ( 8 creatures1 w\ld d s 9
 a way to h b a p>tial effect1 or to be 
dep5d5t on ! belief or unbelief ( ^? =  
:om x 0 devis$4 7#b47 ,:e!r vic>i\s     
sacrifice c 9 any way satisfy ju/ice1   
div9e or human4 ,= :at is vic>i\s       
sacrifice8--! sub/itution ( ! innoc5t = 
! guilty1 :e!r an innoc5t lamb or an    
innoc5t *ild1 or ! innoc5t ,son ( !     
,et]nal made fle%4 ,h[ev] exalt$ !      
victim ! pr9ciple is ! same1--t (       
satisfy+ ju/ice by committ+ s gross an  
inju/ice z enjo9+ or p]mitt+ ! innoc5t  
to take ! place ( ! guilty4 ,w\ld any   
e>?ly tribunal be acc\nt$ righte\s :i*  
all[$ a self-sacrific+ "m to sub/itute  

h]self = a son1 a son = a fa!r8 ,& does 
n ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e repres5t its deity 
z ! au?or ( a proce$+ s utt]ly unju/8   
#c4 ,*ri/ian believ]s1 h[ev]1 consid]   
!mselves z1 or z hav+ be51 s9n]s "u     
div9e condemnation1 b ma9ta9 t ,god c1  
consi/5tly ) ju/ice1 on acc\nt ( ! m]its
 & dea? ( ,jesus1 freely p>don _! s92 &1
 9 ! hope t sav+ fai? has be5 giv5 !m1  
!y re/ cont5t 9 ?is belief1 seek to live
 9 ?is _w 9 subjection to ,*ri/'s       
comm&m5ts1 & await1 aft] dea?1 an       
entrance into bliss unspeakable1 &1 on  
,*ri/'s ,second com+1 a joyful          
resurrection4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is !       
pr(ession2 ! practice does n always     
correspond4 ,*ri/ians are n unkn[n to   
hi/ory1 nor possibly to ! pres5t age1 ^:
 conduct is widely at v>iance ) _!      
pr(ession4 ,b ?is is true ( o!rs besides
 believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y :o re/     
cont5t 9 ! belief & hope j m5tion$1 are 
seldom di/urb$ by misgiv+s z to !       
s\ndness ( ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian    
fai?4 ,!y h no m d\bt t ! miracul\s     

bir?1 ! miracles1 & ! resurrection (    
,jesus 7 actual witness$ ev5ts1 ?an !y h
 ( ! assass9ation ( ,julius ,caes>1 or (
 ! l&+ ( ,william ! ,conqu]or 9 ,engl&4 
,& ?is belief seems to !m to acc\nt =   
mu*4 ,t /umbl+-block to _m 9 ! way (    
own+ t a wise & b5efic5t deity c\ld be !
 au?or ( su* a _w z ?is1 ( a :ole       
creation groan+ & travail+ 9 pa91       
disappe>s1 9 _! m9ds1 9 view ( ! curse (
 ,god aga9/ s91 "u :i* ! e>? & all x    
conta9s is1 z !y believe1 lab\r+1 & ( ! 
love ( ,god 9 provid+ a way by :i* he   
c\ld be j & yet p>don s94 ,x gives !m1  
moreov]1 a def9ite1 settl+ belief1 & a  
hope = ! future1 t !re is some?+ bett] &
 diff]5t 9 /ore ?an life 9 ?is _w4      
,reg>d+ ! e>? & all ^u x z "u a curse1  
!y pr(ess to set _! he>ts on _! home 9  
heav51 on ! glori\s future reveal$4     
,alas1 !n1 if ! gr\nds on :i* ! prospect
 ( ?is glori\s future re/s are wor?less2
 if ! hope is delusive2 if its evil     
effect is1 & has cont9ually be51 to     
div]t m5 f apply+ !mselves /r5u\sly to  

make ! be/ ( ?is e>? on :i* !y live1 & f
 he>tily co-op]at+ ) _! fell[s to d !   
same2 to build up braz5 b>ri]s (        
spiritual pride & self-complac5cy t     
sund] man f man2 to fo/] va9-glory1     
/rife1 acrimony1 & intol]ance ?r\gh     
pret5ce1 z betwe5 oppos+ sects & s*ools1
 ( a sup]ior1 or a m accurate1 or a     
bett] def9$ k ( ! m9d ( ,god4  #d4 ,!   
f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are !      
sup]natural te/imonies1 z record$ 9 !   
,new ,te/am5t1 giv5 f on high to !      
sup]natural attributes claim$ = ,jesus4 
,_m !re are :o pr(ess1 or by _! mode (  
tea*+ imply1 disbelief 9 ^! sup]natural 
te/imonies or attributes1 or ignore !m  
altoge!r1 yet :o = ! sake ( _! position1
 cl]ical or o!rwise1 or to be 9 unison )
 prevail+ fa%ion1 extol ,*ri/ianity z a 
sy/em ( high moral gov]nm5t & elevat+   
t5d5cy4 ,all su*1 h[ev]1 w appe> to !   
hone/ & tru?-lov+ m9d b des]v+ (        
unmeasur$ scorn4 ,except+ ! ,jesus ( !  
,new ,te/am5t1 is !re any o!r ,jesus8   
,if ! sup]natural attributes !re claim$ 

= him are a pret5ce1 he 0 ei!r          
self-delud$ or he 0 an impo/or1 or !    
compil]s ( ! f\r gospels h borne false  
witness1 or are record]s ( inflat$      
he>say1 or ! inv5tors ( fiction1 all !  
:ile ass]t+ t !y 7 eye-witnesses1 or    
n>rators ( ! te/imony ( eye-witnesses4  
,& :at is to be said ( a sy/em f\nd$    
ei!r on self-delusion or imposition8    
,are n noble & pure doctr9es put to !   
base/ use :5 !y are made supports (     
pret5ce & falsehood1 & %\ld !y n be     
rescu$ f su* contam9ation8 ,besides1    
,jesus sc>cely claims to be ! orig9ator 
( new laws4 ,8 claim is f> m4 ,he is    
held to be ! same p]son :o gave !       
comm&m5ts to ,moses on ,s9ai2 & 8       
spiritual application & ext5sion ( ^!   
laws are to be f\nd also 9 ! books ( !  
,psalms & ! ,prophets1 alleg$ to h be5  
writt5 "u 8 own inspiration4 ,:e!r or n 
!y are to be f\nd else:]e1 9 s-call$    
hea!n writ+s1 is a consid]ation beyond !
 scope ( ?is inquiry4 ,! exhortation to 
take he$ & bew>e ( covet\sness1 = a     

man's life consi/e? n 9 ! abundance ( ! 
?+s he possesse?1 might probably be f\nd
 taught & practis$ "u o!r ?an ,*ri/ian  
sanction1--might p]haps be discov]$ n to
 h be5 ! guid+ pr9ciple ( all ,*ri/ian  
pr(essors4 ,z a sy/em1 !n1 ( moral      
gov]nm5t1 or ( high spiritual life1 !   
,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t pr(esses  
no m ?an to confirm & v]ify1 expla91    
fulfil1 & develop ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 
,b its sup]natural claims on behalf (   
,*ri/ himself1 by :i* x pret5ds to lay  
b>e ! tru? z to ! position ( mank9d 9   
?is _w & ! next1 & to give !m ! hope ( a
 new life beyond ! grave1 re/ on !      
sup]natural occurr5ces record$4 ,if ^!  
are true1 ,jesus is all he claim$ to be4
 ,he is n[ alive1 he has ! de/9ies ( !  
:ole human race 9 8 h&s1 & is to be     
wor%ipp$ z ,god4 ,if !y are n true1 he 0
 ei!r a m]e man1 delud+ or self-delud$1 
or ! hi/ory ( 8 life is a my?1 h[ev]    
orig9at$ or develop$4 ,tru? & s9c]ity   
dem& t !re be no compromise betwe5 ^!   
two positions4 ,! "t has surely gone by 

:5 s\nd morality & bro!rly k9dness      
require ! support ( sup]natural pret5ce2
 :5 religion1 9 ! words ( an anci5t     
writ]1 is to be prais$ z an impo/ure    
devis$ by wise m5 = re/ra9+ ! evil      
passions ( ! multitude4 ,let e true man 
repudiate ! libel on 8 race impli$ by ! 
mo/ unwor?y1 mo/ p]nici\s & despair+    
idea1 :i* has = s long influ5c$ human   
?\ght1 t = ! support ( high morality &  
love ( k9d x is necess>y to disreg>d or 
to trifle ) ! highe/ ( all              
morality--,tru?4  #e4 ,ord9>y sci5tific 
rese>* is ( little avail "h4 ,sci5ce (  
itself is unable ei!r to affirm or to   
d5y if any p[] beyond & supreme ov]     
,nature exi/s4 ,:e!r ,nature works      
spontane\sly1 & !re is no?+ besides     
matt] & its inh]5t organis+ p[]s2 or    
:e!r h] v>i\s op]ations are c>ri$ on 9  
fix$ modes1 & by det]m9ate =ces1 creat$ 
& su/a9$ by an ,omnipot5t & ,omnisci5t  
,be+1 ! obs]vation ( cause & effect1 & !
 induction ( g5]al laws f asc]ta9$ facts
 is ! same4 ,b 9 ! latt] case1 !        

,almighty ,"o1 if he will$1 might susp5d
 or break ?r\gh1 or alt] ! regul> c\rse 
( ,nature's work+2 & ! "q "h is1 :e!r   
!re is any valid evid5ce to %[ t !      
manife/ations1 z record$ 9 ! ,new       
,te/am5t1 ( a nature-controll+ p[]      
actually happ5$4 ,if su* an "o1         
almighty1 all-see+1 all-kn[+1 all-j1    
all-lov+1 all-m]ciful 7su* z ,exodus    
xxxiv4 #f1 #g7 exi/s1 a special         
revelation f him to m51 diff]5t f 8     
work+ 9 ! visible univ]se1 is n a ?+    
impossible3 moreov]1 assum+ ! ,*ri/ian  
doctr9e to be true1 t by s5d+ 8 son     
,jesus into ! _w he meant to save only a
 portion ( ! human race1 ! revelation   
might take place 9 a mode suit$ to ! k &
 capacities ( ^? = :om x 0 int5d$2 &    
m]ely because ! mode may appe> absurd & 
unwor?y ( a deity 7?\gh ?is consid]ation
 may n be lo/ sight (71 or because x did
 n take place 9 ! way :i* ! le>n$ &     
philosoph]s--hi!rto a small m9ority (   
mank9d--might h select$1 x is n to be   
disbeliev$ if ! evid5ce is good4 ,& x   

may fairly be argu$ t !re w\ld be no    
simpl] way by :i* an ,almighty c\ld     
reveal 8 own exi/5ce1 or atte/ ! div9e  
mission ( 8 *os5 mess5g]1 ?an by        
in/ances ( nature-controll+ p[]4 ,aga9 &
 aga91 !n1 ?is "o consid]ation presses1 
,is !re any good evid5ce to %[ t ^!     
occurr5ces did really happ51 t ?is man  
,jesus1 claim+ to be ! ,son ( ,god1     
receiv$ c]ta9 cr$5tials f a ,p[] beyond 
& supreme ov] ,nature8  #f4 ,!          
sup]natural attributes ( ,jesus1 claim$ 
by himself1 or by 8 disciples = him1 &  
held to con/itute sav+ fai?1 are--  a4  
,t he 0 alive f all et]nity1 !          
sole-begott5 ,son ( ,god1 be=e he appe>$
 9 ?is _w4  b4 ,t 8 bir? 0 ! result ( ! 
ov]%ad[+ ( 8 virg9-"m by ! p[] ( !      
,highe/4  c4 ,t :ile he soj\rn$ on e>?  
he 0 a union ( ,god & man1 a mortal     
human body ) ! m9d & p[] ( ! ,et]nal4   
d4 ,t 8 c>e] on e>? & its results 7 !   
fulfilm5t ( ! ,jewi% law & prophets4  e4
 ,t he rose f ! dead on ! ?ird day f 8  
crucifixion1 asc5d$ f e>? to heav51 & is

 n[ !re1 ev]-liv+ ,god & man unit$1 )   
all p[] 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4  f4 ,t he is to
 return 9 ! p[] ( ! ,almighty to raise !
 dead1 & to inaugurate ) 8 *os5 an      
ev]la/+ k+dom1 & to bani% 8 enemies =   
ev] f 8 pres5ce4  ,! sup]natural ev5ts  
record$ 9 ! gospels z te/imonies to ^!  
sup]natural attributes are--  7#a47 ,^? 
connect$ ) 8 bir?1 viz43--,! appe>ance (
 ! angel ,gabriel to ,za*>ias to ann\nce
 ! bir? ( ! =]unn] ,john1 & to ,m>y to  
ann\nce h] conception ( ,jesus2 ! ?ree  
appe>ances ( ! angel ( ! ,"l to ,joseph 
9 dreams2 ! visit ( ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/2 
& ! appe>ance ( ! angels & ( ! heav5ly  
ho/ to ! %eph]ds on ! pla9s ( ,be?lehem4
 7#b47 ,! heav5ly te/imonies1 viz43--,! 
voice at ! baptism4 ,! transfiguration &
 ! voice !reat4 ,! voice f heav5 7,john 
xii4 #bh-ca74 ,to :i* may be add$--  ,! 
te/imony ( ! devils4  ,! temptation by  
,satan1 & ! subsequ5t m9i/ration (      
angels4 ,! e>?quake & r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! 
temple at ! crucifixion4 7#c47 ,!       
miracles p]=m$1 :i*1 if true1 prov$ t   

,jesus & ! fir/ apo/les _h p[] ov]      
diseases & ! c\rse ( nature4  7#d47 ,!  
fulfilm5t ( prophecy4  7#e47 ,!         
resurrection f ! dead1 ! appe>ances aft]
 t ev5t1 ! asc5sion to heav51 ! gifts ( 
! apo/les1 & ! subsequ5t manife/ations  
to ,paul on 8 way to ,damascus4  #g4 ,= 
! purposes ( ?is inquiry !re are two    
simple1 & :at appe> to be conclusive1   
te/s ready to h&2 "o1 a rule ( evid5ce  
held sacr$ by ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike1 &
 ! o!r aris+ out ( ! nature ( ! claims  
made = ,jesus4  7a47 ,moses1 or1 z      
,*ri/ians affirm1 ! deity speak+ by     
,moses1 has laid d[n ?is rule ( evid5ce 
9 cases ( guilt3 ,"o witness %all n rise
 up aga9/ a man = any iniquity1 or = any
 s91 9 any s9 t he s9ne?3 at ! m\? ( two
 witnesses or at ! m\? ( ?ree witnesses 
%all ! matt] be e/abli%$4 ,?is rule is  
comm5d$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! case (    
(f5ces 7,matt1 xviii4 #af74 ,:at !n c be
 m fair to ,*ri/ianity ?an to exam9e its
 claims by a rule ( evid5ce held        
righte\s by itself8 ,=1 to put x on ! v 

l[e/ gr\nds1 ! evid5ce necess>y to      
e/abli% ev5ts o!rwise incr$ible mu/     
surely be at lea/ equally conclusive ) t
 necess>y to convict a crim9al4 ,^! are 
n ord9>y hi/orical /atem5ts1 to be      
cr$it$ or n z reasonable probability1   
fair conjecture1 or prejudice may       
det]m9e1 )\t any p5al                   
consequ5ces-:atev]1 ei!r 9 ?is _w or !  
_w to come4 ,if a man disbelieves t ,k+ 
,ar?ur1 or ,romulus1 or ev5 ,alex&] !   
,great1 or ,julius ,caes> ev] exi/$1    
does x affect 8 welf>e n[ or h]eaft]8 ,b
 ! gospels set =? extraord9>y           
occurr5ces1 disbelief ( :i* by any "o is
 said to r5d] him liable to be left to  
p]i% 9 8 s9s1 to endure ! torm5ts ( hell
 ev]more2 & w x = a mom5t be ass]t$ t a 
deity w\ld expect belief involv+ s dire 
a consequ5ce1 on evid5ce he is said to  
consid] insuffici5t = ! puni%m5t (      
common guilt8 ,if1 !n1 judg$ by ?is     
,mosaic rule ( evid5ce1 disbelief ( !   
alleg$ sup]natural te/imonies to !      
claims ( ,jesus %\ld be ! righte\s1 &   

belief ! unrighte\s result1 on ^: side  
w\ld a ,god ( tru? be8 ,w\ld he be on ! 
side ( ^? :o are sway$ by emotion & n   
evid5ce--:o imag9e t _! feel+s are 9    
unison ) facts !y h tak5 no pa9s to     
v]ify--:o pr(ess to believe because x is
 fa%ionable1 or because !y h be5 s      
taught f y\?--:o cr$it /atem5ts :i* !y  
ass]t affect _! relation to ! ,almighty 
& _! et]nal int]e/s1 on gr\nds on :i* !y
 w\ld n cr$it /atem5ts affect+ _! mo/   
trifl+ temporal int]e/8 ,w\ld a ,god (  
tru? be on _! side8 ,surely n4  7b47 ,! 
,new ,te/am5t record & doctr9e are said 
to be a developm5t & fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4
 ,! deity ( ! "o is ! deity ( ! o!r1 "u 
a diff]5t disp5sation4 ,! law 0 giv5 by 
,moses1 b grace & tru? came by ,jesus   
,*ri/4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,new ,te/am5t is %[n  
conclusively to be a developm5t &       
fulfilm5t ( ! ,old1 ?is claim w be      
su/a9$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are twi/$ 
& unt5able int]pretations ( ,old        
,te/am5t texts1 to make !m fit 9 ) ,new 
,te/am5t facts2 or if !re are practices 

or doctr9es or aught else upheld 9 !    
,new ,te/am5t1 z ( ,god1 :i* are hateful
 or =eign to ! deity ( ! ,old1 su* w\ld 
argue deception 7:e!r int5tional or n7 9
 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & %[ t1 if 
! deity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is ! true     
,god1 ! deity ( ! ,new is n4 ,*ri/ianity
 ?us ma9ta9+ t ! ,god ( ! ,jewi%        
,scriptures is ! ,et]nal1 w\ld fall by  
its own supports4  #h4 ,*ri/ian         
au?orities1 = ! mo/ "p1 hold t ! books (
 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 compos$ by ! diff]5t 
writ]s f ,moses to ,mala*i1 dur+ ! #aajj
 ye>s f ,b4,c4 #adij to ,b4,c4 #cij1 & !
 books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 dur+ ! fir/   
c5tury1 a4d41 by ! companions ( ,jesus1 
or by ^? :o receiv$ _! in=mation f 8    
companions4 ,mu* le>n+ & critical rese>*
 h be5 exp5d$ on ! "o h& 9 ma9ta9+ ?is  
position1 & on ! o!r h& 9 impugn+ x1 by 
/igmatis+ ! :ole ( "s books1 & portions 
( o!rs1 z int]polations or compositions 
( lat] times4 ,into s nice a "q z ?is1 x
 is n propos$ to ent] "h4 ,a            
consci5ce-satisfy+ belief = e>ne/ m5 c 9

 no wise re/ on ! d\btful & disput$     
conclusions & argum5ts ( v]bal critics4 
,! object ( ?is inquiry1 !n1 is to      
consid] ! evid5ce ( ! alleg$ sup]natural
 cr$5tials to ! claims ( ,jesus1 s f> z 
possible 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light 9 :i*  
!y c be pres5t$1 & !re=e x w be assum$ t
 ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7    
writt5 at ! "t g5]ally und]/ood1 & by ! 
p]sons ^: names !y be>2 & z by mo/      
believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity ^! books are held
 to be ! "o infallible au?ority1 !      
endeav\r w be n to travel beyond !m4 ,! 
alleg$ fulfilm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t        
prophecy by ,new ,te/am5t ev5ts w be    
fully consid]$ "u its own head2 & on !  
div9e inspiration claim$ = ! writ]s ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t n>ratives1 "o ^w w        
suffice4 ,to relate facts se51 or facts 
told to ! n>rator by o!rs1 requires no  
inspiration4 ,if any "o holds t !       
gospels record1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1    
facts :i* ! writ]s did n see1 or 7 n    
told (1 b :i* 7 specially reveal$ to _! 
_s by a ,god ( tru?1 z hav+ occurr$1 he 

claims m = !m ?an !y d = !mselves4 ,see 
,luke i4 #a-d2 xxiv4 #dh2 ,john i4 #ad2 
xx4 #cj1 #ca2 xxi4 #bd1 #be2 ,acts i4   
#a1 #c2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a-i2 #b ,pet] i4  
#af-ah2 #a ,john i4 #a-c4 ,! burd5 ( ^! 
passages is summ$ up 9 ! la/ "o--,t :i* 
we h se5 & he>d decl>e we unto y4 ,!    
tru? or o!rwise ( ! sup]natural ev5ts   
record$ pr(esses ?us to re/ on !        
te/imony ( human eyes & human e>s1 h[ev]
 div9ely guid$ & enlight5$4  #i4        
,assum+1 !n1 t ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 7 writt5 by ^? ^: names !y be>1 :at is 
kn[n ( ! n>rators8 ,_! "* = hone/y &    
tru/wor?9ess among _! neighb\rs &       
contempor>ies !re is no v\*] =4 ,yet1   
:ile no "o :o knew !m has left aught on 
record to _! cr$it1 !re is no?+ to !    
contr>y4 ,true1 !y !mselves confess t   
nei!r ! miracul\s pret5sions ( ,jesus   
himself1 nor _! own te/imony ) ref]5ce  
to ! sup]natural ev5ts ( 8 life1 met )  
any cr$it f by f> ! great] "p ( ^? liv+ 
at ! "t1 :o _h ! means ( satisfy+       
!mselves ( _! tru? or falsehood--means  

:i* no "o at ! pres5t day possesses4 ,! 
p ( ,cap]naum1 consign$ by ,jesus to    
hell = unbelief1 or 8 own bro!rs &      
si/]s1 may1 = all t any "o n[ c tell1 h 
be5 z compet5t & tru?ful1 9 e respect1 z
 ! publican ,mat!w1 or ! fi%]m5 ,pet] & 
,john4 ,! ,roman gov]nors1 ! ,jewi%     
high-prie/s1 ,gamaliel & ! o!r rabbis1  
:y are !y to be acc\nt$ less tru/wor?y1 
less able to disc]n tru? f pret5ce1 ?an 
,paul & ,luke8 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 )   
ref]5ce to its writ]s1 are to be glean$ 
f ! ,new ,te/am5t3--  7#a47 ,mat!w1 ^:  
"n ! fir/ ,gospel be>s1 0 a tax-ga!r]1  
sitt+ at ! receipt ( cu/om 7,matt4 ix4  
#i71 9 ! ?irty-fir/ ye> ( ,jesus' life1 
:5 he became a foll[] ( ,jesus4 ,:e!r !y
 knew ea* o!r previ\sly is n m5tion$4   
,he 0 alive aft] ! crucifixion1 b no    
sep>ate m5tion is made ( him subsequ5t  
to ,acts i4 #ac4  7#b47 ,m>k1 ! writ] ( 
! second ,gospel1 is n m5tion$ be=e     
,acts xii4 #ab 7ord9>y *ronology1 a4d4  
#dc to #dg71 & !n x is z ! son ( "o     
,m>y1 to ^: h\se ,pet] w5t aft] 8       

miracul\s lib]ation f prison4 ,he       
accompani$ ,paul & ,b>nabas on _! fir/  
mission to ! ,g5tiles1 b soon left !m4  
,a qu>rel aft]w>ds occurr$ betwe5 ! two 
apo/les on 8 acc\nt4 ,paul 0 hurt at !  
way 9 :i* he _h turn$ back at ! outset1 
& object$ to take him on _! second      
mission4 ,b>nabas insi/$ t he %\ld g4 ,b
 if he is ! same ,m>k m5tion$ 9         
,colossians iv4 #aj1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa1 &
 ,philemon #bd1 a reconciliation ) ,paul
 _h tak5 place1 & he 0 alive & 9 ,rome 9
 a4d4 #ff4 ,aga91 ,pet] 9 8 fir/ epi/le 
?us ref]s to him1 ,! *ur* t is at       
,babylon1 elect$ toge!r ) y1 salute? y1 
& s do? ,m>cus my son4 ,x _c be ga!r$ f 
! ,new ,te/am5t t ,m>k 7ev5 if he _h be5
 ! "y man ) ! l95 g>m5t ab\t 8 nak$ body
 ,m>k xiv4 #ea1 #eb1 z "s fondly        
conjecture7 knew any?+ ( ,jesus         
p]sonally2 b 8 own & 8 "m's connection )
 ,pet] is %[n to h be5 an intimate "o4  
,f ! passage 9 ,philemon1 also1 x appe>s
 t he 0 at ,rome1 along ) ,luke1 9      
att5dance on ,paul4  7#c47 ,( ,luke1 !  

writ] ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts1 !   
fir/ m5tion is 9 ,acts xvi4 #aj 7ord9>y 
*ronology1 ,a4,d4 #ec71 :]e ! we fir/   
appe>s 9 ! n>rative4 ,!reaft] he 0 !    
almo/ con/ant companion ( ,paul 9 8     
j\rneys4 ,he is also m5tion$ 7#b ,tim4  
iv4 #aa7 z be+ alive 9 a4d4 #ff1 9      
att5dance on ,paul 9 ,rome4 ,al?\gh he  
claims 7,luke i4 #a-d7 a p]fect und]/&+ 
( all ?+s f ! v fir/1 he places himself 
among ^? :o receiv$ _! in=mation f !    
eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w2 s t he   
himself knew no?+ ( ,jesus or ( ! ev5ts 
( 8 life4 ,he op5s 8 ,gospel ?us3       
,=asmu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to set =? 9    
ord] a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s :i* are mo/  
surely believ$ among u4 ,9 8 "t1 !n1 !re
 7 _m diff]5t n>ratives ( ! life (      
,jesus4 ,x is n cle> :e!r ,luke consid]$
 ^! errone\s1 & requir+ correction by ! 
p]fect und]/&+ possess$ by himself1 or  
:e!r he 0 m]ely foll[+ ! example ( o!rs 
9 sett+ =? 9 ord] ! ev5ts z he himself  
und]/ood !m4  7#d47 ,john1 ^: "n ! f\r? 
,gospel be>s1 & :o is held to be ! au?or

 also ( ?ree epi/les & ! ,revelation1   
became a foll[] ( ,jesus 9 ! ?irty-fir/ 
ye> ( ,jesus' life 7,matt1 iv4 #ah1 #bb2
 ,m>k i4 #af-bj2 ,luke v4 #a-aa74 ,he   
does n claim1 nor is !re any m5tion1 t  
!y 7 acqua9t$ be=e1 unless he 0 "o ( !  
two m5tion$ 9 ,john i4 #cg4 ,he is said 
to h liv$ till a4d4 #if4 ,jesus at !    
crucifixion 7,john xix4 #be-bg7 left 8  
"m ,m>y 9 *>ge ( ,john1 :o _h ?us ! v   
be/ opportunity ( in=m+ himself ( all ! 
circum/ances )9 h] k4  7#e47 ,pet]1 if !
 fir/ ?ree ,gospels are to be foll[$1   
became a foll[] ( ,jesus at ! ,sea (    
,galilee1 at ! same "t z ! apo/le ,john1
 t is1 aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john !     
,bapti/ 7,matt4 iv4 #ah-bb2 ,m>k i4     
#af-bj2 ,luke v4 #a-aa74 ,b 9 ! f\r?    
,gospel 7,john i4 #dj-db7 bo? ,jesus &  
,pet] are m5tion$ toge!r z foll[+ !     
prea*+ ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,pet] is said 
to h di$ ab\t a4d4 #ff4  7#f47 ,paul's  
fir/ connection ) ,*ri/ianity 0 aft] 8  
p]secut+ j\rney to ,damascus 7,acts ix42
 ord9>y *ronology1 a4d4 #ce71 & x is    

believ$ t he suff]$ dea? at ,rome1 a4d4 
#fh4 ,) ! exception ( ! miracul\s       
appe>ance ( ,jesus :ile ,paul 0 on ! way
 to execute 8 p]secut+ mission at       
,damascus1 & x may be ! trance ref]r$ to
 9 #b ,cor4 xii4 #a-d1 x is n claim$ =  
him t he possess$ any k ( ! ev5ts 9 !   
life ( ,jesus beyond :at he le>n$ f     
o!rs4  ,( ! six writ]s 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 !n1 :o record facts 9         
connection ) ! life ( ,jesus1           
?ree--,mat!w1 ,john1 & ,pet]--claim to h
 be5 8 companions1 & ?ree--,m>k1 ,luke1 
& ,paul--) ! exception j m5tion$ 9 !    
case ( ! la/1 receiv$ _! in=mation f    
o!rs4  #aj4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations w    
s]ve to %[ t ?is inquiry into ! evid5ce 
on :i* re/ ! sup]natural cr$5tials said 
to h be5 giv5 to ! claims ( ,jesus to ! 
wor%ip ( mank9d1 w be proce$$ ) on ! mo/
 fav\rable view possible = ^! claims--  
7#a47 ,by adopt+ :at is held by         
,*ri/ians to be a div9e & righte\s rule 
( evid5ce1--,t at ! m\? ( two witnesses1
 or at ! m\? ( ?ree witnesses1 %all !   

matt] be e/abli%$4  7#b47 ,by exam9+ !  
claim ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to be a         
developm5t & fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4  7#c47 
,by assum+ t ! books ( ! ,old & ,new    
,te/am5ts 7 writt5 by ^? ^: names !y    
be>1 & at ! times g5]ally believ$ by    
,*ri/ians4  7#d47 ,by exam9+ ^! books "o
 ) ano!r1 & travell+ beyond !m only s f>
 z ! /rict requirem5ts ( ! subject      
necessitate4     ,,! ,,two ,,te/s4      
,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,jesus1 ,,& 
,,! ,,sup]natural ,,ev5ts ,,connect$    
,,!re)  ,luke i41 ii42 ,matt i41 ii4  a4
 ,! appe>ances ( ! angel ,gabriel to    
,za*>ias & ,m>y4 b4 ,! appe>ances ( !   
angel ( ! ,"l to ,joseph 9 dreams4  c4  
,! visit ( ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/4  d4 ,!   
appe>ance ( ! angel & ! heav5ly ho/ to !
 %eph]ds on ! pla9s ( ,be?lehem4  ,,fir/
 ,,te/4--,9 ! m\? ( two or ?ree         
witnesses %all e ^w be e/abli%$4  ,m>k &
 ,john pass by ! bir? & upbr++ ( ,jesus 
9 sil5ce4 ,john1 :o knew ,m>y1 & to ^:  
c>e ,m>y 0 consign$ by ! expir+ ,jesus1 
w\ld h be5 ! mo/ compet5t ( all to      

record h] v]sion ( ! wondr\s exp]i5ces (
 h] c\s91 h]self1 & h] husb&1 9         
connection ) ! bir?s ( ,john ! ,bapti/ &
 ( ,jesus1 yet he has n "o ^w conc]n+   
!m4 ,mat!w1 :o may h kn[n ,m>y &        
,joseph1 has only meagre /atem5ts1 v    
unlike :at w\ld be d]iv$ directly f ei!r
 ( ! p>5ts4 ,b !re is no?+ to %[ f :om  
,mat!w obta9$ 8 in=mation4 ,! detail$   
n>ration ( ! angelic appe>ances is made 
by ,luke1 :o1 s f> z is kn[n1 0 nev] at 
,j]usalem at all1 f> less ev] came into 
contact ) ,m>y4 ,:at1 !n1 h we "h8      
,john1 ! companion & be/ lov$ disciple (
 ,jesus1 ! cu/odian ( ,m>y1 ! mo/       
compet5t ( all to n>rate occurr5ces )9  
h] k1--,sil5t4  ,m>k1 ! son ( a woman   
kn[n to ,pet] & ! o!r companions (      
,jesus1 & himself a companion ( ,pet]1  
:o w\ld h be5 aw>e ( ^! occurr5ces1 if  
!y _h be5 believ$ among ! v e>lie/      
,*ri/ian circle1--,sil5t4  ,mat!w1 !    
companion ( ,jesus1 :o may h kn[n ,m>y &
 ,joseph1--,records ?ree angel-visits to
 ,joseph 9 dreams1 & ! visit ( ! wise m5

 ( ! ,ea/1 b is sil5t z to-all ! m>vels 
( ,luke4--,is sil5t z to ,mat!w's       
m>vels1 b sets =?1 9 detail1            
angel-visits to ,za*>ias & ,m>y1 & !    
appe>ance to ! %eph]ds at ,be?lehem4    
,luke1 :o n>rates ! te/imony ( o!rs1 &  
does n "n 8 in=mants1 m]ely /at+ t !y 7 
eyewitnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 & :o      
writes at lea/ fifty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts  
ref]r$ to4  ,9 ! m\? ( two1 or 9 ! m\? (
 ?ree witnesses1 nay1 ev5 9 ! m\? ( "o  
witness1 is any "o ( ^! incid5ts        
e/abli%$8  ',b let !m be exam9$         
sep>ately 9 detail3---  7a47 ,luke /ates
 t :ile ! ,jewi% prie/ ,za*>ias1 9 !    
ord] ( 8 c\rse1 0 burn+ inc5se 9 !      
temple1 ! angel ( ! ,"l appe>$1 /&+ on !
 "r side ( ! alt>4 ,! old prie/ 0 />tl$4
 ,! angel told him t 8 wife ,elizabe?   
%\ld be> a son1 :o %\ld be great 9 !    
sight ( ! ,"l1 :o %\ld turn _m ( !      
*ildr5 ( ,israel to ! ,"l _! ,god1 &    
make ready a p prep>$ = ! ,"l4 ,za*>ias 
_h a misgiv+ t ! ev5t pr$ict$ c\ld n    
well happ51 z he himself 0 an old man1 &

 8 wife well /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,:]eupon !  
angel ann\nc$ himself to be ,gabriel1 :o
 /&s 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & =?) he       
inflict$ dumbness on ,za*>ias1 to la/   
until ! *ild 0 born1 z a puni%m5t = 8 v 
reasonable d\bt4 ,h>k6 ! clank+ clog (  
prie/craft ! h>% r+ ( intol]ance6       
,puni%m5t because ( reasonable d\bt ( a 
sup]natural ev5t n v]ifi$6 ,are !       
angels1 !n1 on ! side ( ! p]secutors8   
,are !y s s5sitive ( _! ipse dixit8     
,?omas ! disciple1 x is m5tion$1        
dis-believ$ 9 ! ris5 ,jesus1 b ,jesus   
appe>$ aga9 to satisfy 8 d\bts4 ,s>ah1 !
 wife ( ,abraham1 laugh$ he>tily :5 %e  
he>d ! ,"l ann\nc+ to h] husb& t %e %\ld
 be> a son :5 h] *ild-be>+ condition 0  
pa/1 & 0 k9dly rebuk$4 ,jesus 9 ,john1 &
 ! ,"l 9 ,g5esis1 _h a t5d]ness to human
 d\bt ( a reasonable "*2 b ,luke's      
p]emptory angel 0 n = "o mom5t to be    
ga9said4 ,is ?is disposition angelic or 
e>?ly8 ,has su* a temp] ( m9d nev] be5  
kn[n among m58 ,b to return to !        
n>rative4 ,za*>ias himself 0 ! only "o  

:o saw ! angel4 ,ag$ at ! date ( ,john's
 bir?1 nei!r he nor 8 wife c\ld h be5   
alive :5 ,luke wrote4 ,:o1 !n1 came     
betwe5 ,za*>ias & ,luke8 ,^: report has 
,luke cr$it$8 ,?is is n a "q ( !        
cr$ibility ( ,za*>ias or ! cr$ibility ( 
,luke1 b ( "s unkn[n g-betwe51 "o or m4 
,& c su* unkn[n g-betwe5 be cr$it$ 9    
view ( ! sil5ce ( ,john & ,mat!w2 9 view
 ( ! sil5ce ( ,m>k1 ! companion ( ,pet]1
 :o 0 7,john i #da7 a foll[] ( ,john !  
,bapti/8 ,surely ! hesitat+ ,za*>iases1 
! d\bt+ ,?omases1 & ! mock+ ,s>ahs (    
mod]n times are to be dealt ) t5d]ly4   
,luke goes on to n>rate t1 9 ! six? mon?
 aft]w>ds1 ! same angel ,gabriel appe>$ 
to a virg9 nam$ ,m>y1 betro!d to        
,joseph1 a desc5dant ( ,k+ ,david4 ,!   
angel hail$ h] z ! div9ely fav\r$ among 
wom54 ,%e 0 v />tl$1 wond]+ :at he c\ld 
mean by ?is /yle ( address4 ,he proce$$ 
to tell h] t %e 0 to be ! "m ( a son1 to
 be call$ ! ,son ( ! ,highe/1 :o 0 to   
reign = ev]4 ,%e 7naturally en\gh1 7 x n
 t %e 0 ab\t to be m>ri$7 ask$ h[ t c\ld

 be1 9 view ( h] virg9 condition4 ,m    
graci\s to ! hesitation ( ! timid maid5 
?an to t ( ! ag$ prie/1 he repli$1 ,!   
,holy ,gho/ %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( !
 ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e2 !re=e1 also1 t
 holy ?+ :i* %all be born ( !e %all be  
call$ ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he !n told h] t h]
 ,c\s9 ,elizabe?1 hi!rto b>r51 0 9 h]   
six? mon?1 & ass]t$ t ) ,god no?+ %all  
be impossible4 ,%e made a               
sweetly-submissive spee* 9 reply1 & !   
angel w5t away4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! same    
lack ( connect+ evid5ce4 ,m>y alone saw 
! angel4 ,:o 7 ! g-betwe5s1 !           
transmitt]s ( ! tale to ,luke8 ,:y !    
sil5ce ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,john1         
especially ,john1 ,m>y's cu/odian8      
,mat!w m5tions t ,m>y 0 f\nd ) *ild by !
 ,holy ,gho/2 t ?is 0 reveal$ to ,joseph
 9 a dream2 b he has n "o ^w ( !        
angel-visit to ,m>y4 ,moreov]1 9 ! next 
*apt]1 ,luke relates a circum/ance q    
inconsi/5t ) ?is angel-visit4 ,! ag$    
,simeon made "s /rik+ /atem5ts ) ref]5ce
 to ! de/9y ( ! *ild1 :om he met 9 !    

temple2 & ,luke adds1 ,joseph & 8 "m    
m>vell$ at ^? ?+s :i* 7 spok5 ( him4 ,b 
,simeon's /atem5ts 7 f> less /rong ?an !
 angel's4 ,c ,m>y1 !n1 h =gott5 !       
angel's visit8 ,did %e n tell ,joseph ( 
x8 ,c %e h =gott5 h] memorable visit to 
,c\s9 ,elizabe?1 :5 !y congratulat$ ea* 
o!r on _! respective conditions1 & :5   
ev5 ,john ! ,bapti/1 be=e he saw !      
light1 leap$ = joy at ,m>y's salutation 
( 8 "m8 ,if n1 :]e 0 !re room = m>vel at
 ,simeon's vatic9ation8  7#f47 ,mat!w's 
acc\nt comm5ces ) ,joseph's discov]y ( !
 condition ( 8 betro!d4 ,be=e !y came   
toge!r %e 0 f\nd ) *ild ( ! ,holy ,gho/1
 ,he does n m5tion h[ ?is discov]y 0    
made2 if x 0 :5 ,m>y's condition c\ld be
 no long] hid1 or if ,m>y in=m$ him z   
soon z %e f\nd h]self pregnant1 & !n    
m5tion$ :atev] gr\nds %e _h = ass]t+ t  
?is 0 ! result ( a sup]natural ov]%ad[+4
 ,9 any case1 ,mat!w's acc\nt implies t 
at fir/ ,joseph d\bt$ h]1 & ?\ght t %e  
_h be5 unfai?ful to him2 b z he 0 a     
quiet man1 av]se to unnecess>y sc&al1 he

 resolv$ to conceal h] 9 "s way4 ,yet1  
if ,luke's angel-visit to ,m>y ev]      
occurr$1 :y 0 n ,joseph in=m$ ( x at !  
"t1 = !n !re w\ld h be5 no d\bt on 8 m9d
 t h] conception 0 sup]natural8 ,:y 0 he
 n in=m$ ( ! congratulatory visit to    
,c\s9 ,elizabe?1 ( h] spee* & ,john !   
,bapti/'s joy\s b\nd8 ,c\s9 ,elizabe?1  
accord+ to ,luke1 _h no d\bt t ,m>y 0 ! 
"m ( my ,"l4 ,joseph1 h] betro!d1       
accord+ to ,mat!w1 ?\ght some?+ q       
diff]5t4 ,:ile ,joseph 0 consid]+ ! be/ 
mode ( conceal+ ,m>y1 ! angel ( ! ,"l   
appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & direct$ him n
 to fe> to take ,m>y to wife1 = t :i* is
 conceiv$ 9 h] is ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ,& he 
obey$2 b he knew h] n till %e _h br\ght 
=? h] fir/-born4  ,luke's angel appe>$  
to ,za*>ias & ,m>y 9 "s visible %ape1 9 
broad day1 or1 at all ev5ts1 :5 !y 7    
fully awake2 b ,mat!w's angel made      
himself kn[n to ,joseph 9 dreams--:y !  
diff]5ce6--! object be+ to induce       
,joseph to become ! reput$ fa!r ( a *ild
 n 8 own1 & ?us to conceal f ! ,jewi%   

nation :at is alleg$ to be ! fulfilm5t (
 ! prophecy t a virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & 
br+ =? a son1 & !y %all call 8 "n       
,emmanuel1 c4 ,are my/]y &              
misrepres5tation1 !n1 ( div9e au?ority8 
,are unbeliev+ ,jews & ,g5tiles to be   
et]nally reprobate = n all[+ t a man 0  
o!r ?an ! son ( 8 reput$ p>5ts8 ,an     
,almighty mak] ( ! univ]se is "h        
repres5t$ z begett+ a *ild by a virg9   
unt\*$ by man1 & s f> f dispos+ t ?is   
%\ld be done 9 a way t w\ld be cle>ly   
v]ifi$ & app>5t1 ei!r to ! _w at l>ge or
 to any select portion ( x1 he--et]nal  
,god--is said to h proce$$ 9 ! cl&e/9e  
way ( direct+1 by means ( an angel :o   
manife/$ himself 9 dreams1 t ,joseph    
%\ld take ?is virg9 to wife1 & pass (f !
 div9e (fspr+ z 8 own son1 t ?us !      
wondr\s bir? on :i* s mu* dep5d$ might  
be conceal$4  ,mat!w fur!r m5tions two  
subsequ5t appe>ances ( ! angel ( ! ,"l  
to ,joseph 9 dreams1 ! fir/ direct+ him 
to take ! *ild to ,egypt to be out ( !  
way ( ,h]od's massacre1 & !n1 :5 ,h]od 0

 dead1 direct+ him to return to ,judea4 
,luke1 on ! o!r h&1 practically ignores 
,joseph 9 ! :ole transaction ( ! bir? ( 
,jesus4 ,he makes no m5tion ( ! way 9   
:i* ,m>y in=m$ h] lov]2 ( ! condition %e
 0 91 & m]ely br+s him 9 :5 ! bir? is   
ab\t to take place1 z proce$+ f ,naz>e? 
to ,be?lehem1 along ) ,m>y1 to be tax$4 
,:ile ,mat!w av]s t he 0 desir\s ( sav+ 
,m>y's good "n1 !re is no?+ 9 ,luke to  
%[ t ,joseph ev] knew ( ,m>y be+ ) *ild 
be=e he m>ri$ h]2 & = all t is !re /at$1
 he may h believ$ t ,jesus 0 8 own son2 
,luke's only lat] ref]5ce to ,joseph 9  
connection ) ,jesus1 is 9 8 acc\nt ( !  
visit to ! temple1 :5 ! boy 0 twelve    
ye>s old4 ,discov]+ t he 0 n among !    
homew>d-b\nd company1 ,joseph & ,m>y    
return$ to ,j]usalem1 & f\nd him 9 !    
temple pos+ ! doctors1 :5 8 "m said1    
,son1 :y ha/ ?\ ?us dealt ) u8 ,behold1 
?y fa!r & ,i h s\ght !e sorr[+4 ,! reply
 01 ,h[ is x ye s\ght me8 ,wi/ ye n t ,i
 mu/ be ab\t my ,fa!r's bus9ess8 & ,luke
 adds1 ,!y und]/ood n ! say+ :i* he     

spake unto !m4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! angel-visit 
to ,m>y be true1 or ! ?ree angel-visits 
to ! slumb]+ ,joseph8 ,= if ^! be n     
false1 ,joseph & ,m>y 7 ! two human be+s
 at ! "t :o did und]/& fully :o ?is     
wondr\s *ild 04  7c & d47 ,! two fur!r  
sup]natural incid5ts 9 connection ) !   
bir? ( ,jesus 7! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ & !   
appe>ance to ! ,be?lehem %eph]ds7 rema9 
to be consid]$4 ,! details ( ! "o are q 
irreconcilable ) ^? ( ! o!r4  7c7 ,mat!w
 /ates t on ! bir? ( ,jesus at          
,be?lehem1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,h]od1 c]ta9 
wise m5 f ! ,ea/ came to ,j]usalem4 ,!y 
ann\nc$ t ! object ( _! visit 0 to      
wor%ip ! new-born ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 ^:     
natal /> !y _h se5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,on he>+   
?is ,h]od 0 mu* tr\bl$1 & all ,j]usalem 
) him4 ,h]od s5t = ! prie/s to inquire (
 !m :]e ,*ri/1 ! ano9t$ "o1 0 to be     
born4 ,on ! au?ority ( ! prophecy1      
,micah v4 #b1 !y in=m$ him t ! ,rul] (  
,israel 0 to come out ( ,be?lehem4 ,h]od
 !n _h a private conf]5ce ) ! wise m51  
eag]ly ask$ :5 ! /> appe>$1 *>g$ !m to  

proce$ to ,be?lehem & se>* = ! *ild1 &  
:5 !y _h f\nd him to br+ him ^w aga9 t  
he himself might g & wor%ip him4 ,on    
leav+ ,h]od1 ! v /> !y _h se5 9 ! ,ea/  
made its appe>ance aga91 & w5t3 be=e !m 
until x became /ation>y above ! h\se :]e
 ,jesus 04 ,!y ent]$ ! h\se1 f\nd ,m>y &
 h] infant boy1 fell d[n & wor%ipp$ him1
 & (f]$ him gifts1 gold1 frank9c5se1 &  
myrrh4 ,!n be+ w>n$ ( ,god 9 a dream t  
!y %\ld n return to ,h]od1 !y w5t back  
by ano!r r\te to _! own c\ntry4 ,aft]   
?is1 & aga9 9 a dream1 ,joseph 0 w>n$ to
 take ,jesus to ,egypt1 to avoid a      
massacre :i* ,h]od ord]$1 :5 he saw t he
 0 mock$ ( ! wise m51 ( all ! *ildr5 9  
,be?lehem two ye>s old & "u1 accord+ to 
! "t :i* he _h dilig5tly inquir$ ( !    
wise m54 ,aft] ,h]od's dea?1 ,joseph 0  
direct$1 9 ano!r dream1 to return to    
,judea2 b :5 he le>n$ t ,h]od's son 0   
reign+ !re he settl$ 9 ,naz>e? (        
,galilee4  ,luke's acc\nt is t ,joseph &
 ,m>y dwelt 9 ,naz>e? be=e ! angel-visit
 to ,m>y2 t he & ,m>y w5t up f !re to   

,be?lehem to be tax$2 t ,jesus 0 born   
:ile !y 7 at4 ,be?lehem2 t he 0         
circumcis$ on ! eigh? day2 t :5 ,m>y's  
purification--?irty-?ree days--0 at an  
end !y took ! babe to ,j]usalem to      
pres5t him to ! ,"l 9 ! temple2 & t :5  
!y _h p]=m$ all ?+s accord+ to ! law ( !
 ,"l1 !y return$ to ,galilee1 to _! own 
city ,naz>e?4  ,! gl>+ contradiction "h 
betwe5 ,luke & ,mat!w ne$ sc>ce be dwelt
 on4 ,luke /ates t ,joseph & ,m>y came  
to ,be?lehem f ,naz>e?3 ,mat!w's acc\nt 
implies t !y 7 n 9 ,naz>e? until !      
return f ,egypt1 & t go+ to ,naz>e? at  
all 0 because ( a w>n+ f ,god 9 a dream4
 ,mat!w /ates t !y fl$ f ,be?lehem to   
,egypt to avoid ! wra? ( ,h]od3 ,luke1 t
 !y br\ght ! *ild to ,j]usalem1 :]e     
,h]od1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 01 & t he 0   
op5ly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! temple by ,simeon & 
,anna4 ,mat!w /ates t1 at ,h]od's dea?1 
!y w5t f ,egypt to ,naz>e?1 avoid+      
,judea2 ,luke1 t !y w5t /raight f       
,j]usalem to ,naz>e? 9 a v %ort "t aft] 
! bir? ( ,jesus4  ,mat!w places ! bir? (

 ,jesus 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,h]od2 ,luke1   
dur+ ! tax+ made :5 ,cyr5ius 0 gov]nor (
 ,syria1 :i*1 foll[+ ,josephus1 0 n till
 aft] ! dea? ( ,ar*elaus1 ,h]od's       
successor4 ,?is discrepancy has giv5 mu*
 anxi\s conc]n to ! reconcil]s &        
critics1 ! late/ solution be+ a         
conjecture1 /at$ to re/ on good gr\nds1 
t ,cyr5ius 0 twice gov]nor ( ,syria1    
fir/ t[>ds ! close ( ,h]od's life1      
aft]w>ds on ! dea? ( ,ar*elaus4 ,= !    
pres5t purpose1 x is assum$ t ,mat!w &  
,luke ref] to ! same p]iod4  ,! tale ( !
 wise m5 sugge/s _m que/ions4 ,:at came 
( !m aft]w>ds8 ,h[ _m 7 !re8 ,:]e did !y
 come f8 ,h[1 :5 !y saw ! /> 9 ! ,ea/1  
did !y "k t x indicat$ ! bir? ( a ,k+ ( 
! ,jews8 ,:at special ,jewi% appe>ance  
did x pres5t8 & :at end 0 _!            
heav5-direct$ visit to s]ve8 ,n to      
proclaim ,jesus to ! ,jews z _! k+ &    
rul]2 n to accr$it !m z witnesses to    
proclaim 8 div9ity f> & wide2 n1 s f> z 
is /at$1 to br+ _! own m9ds to ! sav+   
belief t he 0 ! ,savi\r ( ! _w2 n ev5 to

 confirm ,m>y & ,joseph's fai?--= if !  
angel-visits are true t w\ld h be5      
unnecess>y2 b to (f] to him1 ! pr(ess$  
,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 su* trump]y gifts z 7
 laid ^u ! alt>s ( ! old gods1 or       
pres5t$ to baby pr9ces ( ?is _w4  7d47  
,luke n>rates t1 at ! bir? ( ,jesus1 a  
company ( %eph]ds--h[ _m is n m5tion$--7
 wat*+ _! flocks at night 9 ! fields1 :5
 lo1 ! angel ( ! ,"l came ^u !m1 & !    
glory ( ! ,"l %one r\nd ab\t !m1 & !y 7 
sore afraid4 ,& ! angel said unto !m1   
,fe> n1 = behold ,i br+ y good tid+s (  
great joy :i* %all be to all p4 ,= unto 
y is born ?is day 9 ! city ( ,david a   
,savi\r :o is ,*ri/ ! ,"l4 ,& ?is %all  
be a sign unto y3 ye %all f9d ! babe    
wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s ly+ 9 a mang]4 ,&
 sudd5ly !re 0 ) ! angel a multitude ( !
 heav5ly ho/1 prais+ ,god & say+1 ,glory
 to ,god 9 ! highe/1 & on e>? peace1    
goodwill t[>ds m54 ,! %eph]ds =?) ha/5$ 
to ,be?lehem1 & discov]$ ,m>y1 ,joseph1 
& ! infant boy ly+ 9 a mang]4 ,f9d+ !   
vision !y _h se5 ?us exactly realis$1 !y

 spread abroad1 among _! wond]+         
c\ntrym51 ! say+ t 0 told !m conc]n+ ?is
 *ild4 ,b ,m>y kept all ^! ?+s1 & pond]$
 !m 9 h] he>t4  ,! "q "h aga9 arises3   
betwe5 ! %eph]ds1 ! eye-witnesses ( ?is 
ev5t1 & ,luke1 :o wrote at lea/ fifty   
ye>s aft]1 :o 7 ! g-betwe5s8 ,or if !   
in=mation came f ,m>y1 :y are ,mat!w1   
,m>k1 &1 above all1 ,john sil5t8 ,& :at 
became ( ! %eph]ds8 ,:5 ,jesus began 8  
public m9i/ry1 :]e 7 !y8 ,:]e ^? !y     
in=m$8 ,joseph & ,m>y1 by ,luke's       
acc\nt1 _h come f ,naz>e? to ,be?lehem  
to be tax$1 & return$4 ,?us !y w\ld h   
be5 kn[n 9 ,be?lehem z belong+ to       
,naz>e?1 & ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david4  
,!re w\ld n !n h be5 difficulty 9 keep+ 
!m 9 view4 ,& w\ld m5 :o _h se5 s       
rem>kable an appe>ance1 to :om ! angel (
 ! ,"l _h spok51 :o _h he>d ! heav5ly   
ho/ s++1 manife/ations m glori\s ?an    
be=e or s9ce h be5 v\*saf$ to any "o1 h 
lo/ sight ( ! wondr\s *ild1 or w\ld ^?  
:om !y in=m$ h lo/ sight ( him8 ,yet1   
dur+ ! ?ree ye>s' public appe>ance (    

,jesus1 n "o ( !m1 s f> z c be ga!r$1 is
 to be f\nd among 8 foll[]s4  7e & d47  
,t ! visit ( ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 & !    
appe>ance to ! %eph]ds1 c bo? be true1  
is impossible4 ,luke is v precise z to !
 l5g? ( ! /ay ( ,joseph & ,m>y 9        
,be?lehem aft] ! bir? ( ,jesus4 ,x      
ext5d$ to ! eigh? day = circumcision1 & 
to ! ?irty-?ird day aft] ?is = ,m>y's   
purification4 ,!n !y left ,be?lehem =   
,j]usalem1 !re p]=m$ all ?+s accord+ to 
! law ( ! ,"l1 & return$ /raight to     
,galilee4 ,dur+ ! =ty or =ty-"o days ( !
 /ay at ,be?lehem--five miles f         
,j]usalem--! %eph]ds 7 spread+ abroad ! 
say+ t 0 told !m conc]n+ ?is *ild4 ,t he
 0 a ,savi\r1 born 9 ! city ( ,david1   
,*ri/ ! ,"l4 ,! visit ( ! wise m5 mu/ h 
occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! =ty-"o days4 ,_! 
inquiry put all ,j]usalem 9 a f]m5t1    
r\s$ ,h]od's jeal\sy1 set him inquir+   
:]e ,*ri/ %\ld be born1 induc$ ! mo/    
eag] desire to f9d ! new-born babe1 t he
 might remove su* an ob/acle f 8 pa?1   
all ! :ile t ! %eph]ds 9 ! neighbor+    

di/rict 7 publi%+ ! glad tid+s ( 8 bir?4
 ,! wise m5 7 guid$ by a /> to ! h\se   
:]e ,joseph & ,m>y /ay$1 saw & wor%ipp$ 
! wondr\s *ild1 & 7 w>n$ ( ,god 9 a     
dream to dep>t to _! own c\ntry         
privately2 b no su* admonition to keep  
sil5ce re/ra9$ ! outspok5 %eph]ds 9 !   
close vic9ity ( ,h]od4 ,to avoid ,h]od's
 wra?1 ,joseph took ! "y *ild & 8 "m by 
night & dep>t$ into ,egypt1 j at ! "t :5
 ! days ( h] purification1 accord+ to ! 
law ( ,moses1 7 accompli%$1 !y br\ght   
him to ,j]usalem to pres5t him to ! ,"l1
 ,h]od be+ at ,j]usalem1 & hav+ _h 8    
jeal\sy r\s$ by ! tale ( ! wise m54 ,c  
aught m utt]ly irreconcilable be imag9$8
 ,z1 !n1 ! falsehood ( ! accus]s (      
,susanna 9 ! ,apocrypha 0 detect$1 :5 !y
 7 exam9$ ap>t by ,daniel1 on ! "o      
affirm+ t h] crime 0 committ$ "u a ma/ic
 tree & ! o!r "u a holm tree1 s su*     
contradiction z t betwe5 ,mat!w & ,luke 
:olly de/roys ! cr$it ( bo? n>ratives4  
,:at is !re = a consci5ce-satisfy+      
belief to re/ ^u8  ,,second ,,te/4--,!  

claim ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to repres5t !   
,jewi% ,jehovah4  #a44 ,! deity begett+ 
a mortal *ild by a mortal woman1 0 ?is a
 ,jewi% or a ,g5tile idea8 ,t x 0 n a   
,jewi% idea w be %[n :5 ! alleg$        
fulfilm5t ( ,isaiah vii4 #ad1--;,behold 
a virg9 %all conceive c41 is consid]$4  
,t x 0 a common ,g5tile idea is mo/     
manife/4 ,a gl[+ acc\nt ( ,jupit]'s     
comm]ce ) ! fair ones ( ! e>? is to be  
f\nd 9 8 amor\s address to 8 si/]-wife  
,juno 7,iliad1 ,book xiv4 #bhj-cec74 ,! 
o!r gods & goddesses 9 l mann] be/[$ _! 
fav\rs on mortals1 & begat mortal       
*ildr54 ,plato 0 said to be ! *ild ( a  
virg9 by ,apollo4 ,apollo appe>$ to h]  
betro!d 9 a dream1 & told him 8 bride 0 
) *ild1 on :i* he delay$ 8 m>riage4 ,:at
 is ?is b ! tale ( ,m>y & ,joseph 9     
ano!r =m8 ,:i* is ! orig9al8 ,plut>*    
also m5tions t a simil> notion 0 held by
 ! ,egyptians1 b ( male gods only4 ,!   
,egyptians1 inde$1 make a di/9ction 9   
?is case1 :i* !y ?9k n an absurd "o1 t x
 is n impossible = a woman to be        

impregnat$ by ! approa* ( "s div9e _s1 b
 t a man c h no corporeal int]c\rse ) a 
goddess4 ,?is is an exactly simil>      
notion to ,luke's ov]%ad[+ ( ,m>y4 ,out 
( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son1 is p]fectly 
true 9 a s5se4 ,confucius also1 9 "o ( !
 sacr$ books ( ! ,*9ese1 ref]s to !     
great ,holy ,"o1 :o w\ld appe> 9 ! latt]
 days1 born ( a virg91 ^: "n %all be !  
,pr9ce ( ,peace4  ,simil>1 too1 are !   
leg5ds ( ! fabl$ f\nd]s ( "s1 to :om s  
_m ( ! civil & religi\s in/itutions ( ! 
city 7 ascrib$4 ,romulus & ,remus 7 sons
 ( ! w>-god ,m>s4 ,_! "m ,rhea took     
refuge 9 a cave3 ! meet+ ( ! god & !    
mortal 0 att5d$ by prodigies3 ! heav5 0 
d>k5$1 ! sun eclips$3 h] cele/ial lov]  
ann\nc$ to ,rhea t %e %\ld be> tw9-sons1
 to be r5[n$ 9 arms1 & !n asc5d$ 9 a    
cl\d f ! e>?4 ,s]vius ,tullius1 also1 _h
 a l orig94 ,8 "m1 a slave 9 ! h\sehold 
( ,t>qu91 beheld a div9e appe>ance on ! 
he>?1 & aft]w>ds 0 f\nd ) *ild by ! god4
 ,! *ild1 :5 born1 0 nam$ ,s]vius1 f 8  
"m's condition4 ,dur+ its sleep %e saw  

its head surr\nd$ by flames1 :i* 7      
ext+ui%$ :5 %e awak5$ x4 ,! f\nd]1      
likewise1 ( ! ,sab9e t[n ( ,cures 0 a   
son ( ,m>s4 ,8 "m1 a virg9 ( noble      
family1 seiz$ ) div9e fav\r1 :ile danc+ 
9 ! temple1 ent]$ ! %r9e1 & became      
pregnant by ! god4 ,h] son1 %e is told1 
w\ld be ( sup]human beauty1 mat*less 9  
de$s ( arms4 ,s t a ,roman on 8         
conv]sion _h m]ely to transf] to ,jesus 
a l belief to ^? 9 :i* he _h be5 nurtur$
 ) ref]5ce to ! bir?s ( ! fabl$ f\nd]s &
 anci5t k+s ( 8 own city1 up to :om !   
political & religi\s practices :i* he _h
 be5 taught to reg>d z sacr$ 7 trac$4   
,to him !re w\ld h be5 no?+ incr$ible 9 
! /ory ( ,m>y's conception4 ,! claim ( !
 *ur* ( ,rome to be ! true *ur* ( ,*ri/ 
may ?us1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be cordially   
acquiesc$ 94  #b4 ,! ,son ( ,god1 by a  
mortal woman1 br\ght up z ! *ild ( t    
woman & h] husb&1--,is t a proce$+ prop]
 to ! deity ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,! writ+s
 & ! _s ( ,moses & ! prophets           
emphatically answ]1 ,no4  ,b x exactly  

corresponds ) ! ,grecian leg5ds ( ! fa!r
 ( gods & m54 ,! suff]+ h]o ,h]cules1   
son ( ,jupit] & ,alcm5a1 br\ght up by h]
 & h] husb& ,amphitryon1 is a memorable 
pagan tale ( a k9dr$ "*4  #c4 ,! bir? ( 
an illu/ri\s p]sonage made manife/ by a 
/>1--,is t consi/5t ) ! attributes ( !  
,jewi% ,jehovah8 ,! />s 9 ! ,old        
,te/am5t are ev] ref]r$ to z witnesses  
to ! might ( ! ,et]nal1 & ^? :o s\ght to
 div9e e>?ly ev5ts by _! c\rses1        
conjunctions1 or appe>ances1 7 treat$ ) 
d]ision4 ,let n[ ! a/rolog]s1 ! />gaz]s1
 ! mon?ly progno/icators /& up & save !e
 f ^! ?+s t %all come ^u !e4 ,?is is    
address$ by ,isaiah1 xlvii4 #ac1 to !   
daught] ( ! ,*aldeans1 ,babylon4        
,mat!w's />gaz+ wise m5 w\ld ?us h be5  
spu$ out ( ! m\? ( ! ,jewi% ,jehovah4   
,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sup]natural         
,,te/imonies ,,dur+ ,,! ,,lifetime ,,(  
,,jesus  7a47 ,! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s1 l
 a dove1 & ! voice f heav51 at 8        
baptism4 7b47 ,! transfiguration1 & !   
voice !n he>d2 also ! voice f heav51    

m5tion$ 9 ,john xii #bh-ca4 7c47 ,!     
te/imony ( ! devils4 7d47 ,! =ty days'  
fa/1 ! temptation by ,satan1 & !        
subsequ5t m9i/ration ( angels4 7e7 ,!   
e>?quake & r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! temple at !
 crucifixion4  7a47 ,! occurr5ces at !  
baptism 7,matt4 iii42 ,m>k i4 #a-aa2    
,luke iii4 #ba1 #bb2 ,john i4 #bi-cd74  
,,fir/ ,,te/4--,9 ! m\? ( two or ?ree   
witnesses %all e ^w be e/abli%$4  ,9 !  
f\r? gospel ! acc\nt giv5 is expressly  
/at$ to be ! record ( ,john ! ,bapti/4  
,x does n appe> f :om ! p>ticul>s 9 !   
o!r ?ree gospels 7 d]iv$4  ,) !         
exception ( ! angel-visit to ,za*>ias1  
at 8 bir?1 & ! dove & voice at ! baptism
 ( ,jesus1 !re is no?+ sup]natural 9    
connection ) ,john4 ,he is repres5t$ z a
 pla9-spok51 d[nright en?usia/1 held 9  
e/eem by k+ & p1 & z appropriat+ to     
himself ! prophecy ( ,isaiah--,a voice (
 "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 prep>+ ! way ( !
 ,"l1 mak+ /raight 9 ! des]t a highway =
 our ,god4 ,he liv$ a rude life 9 !     
des]t1 practis$ fa/+ & purify+1 &       

baptiz$ 8 foll[]s4 ,by 8 outspok5ness he
 incurr$ ! enmity ( ,h]odias1 ! wife (  
,h]od1 :o obta9$ 8 head z a rew>d = !   
pleasure giv5 to h] husb& by h]         
daught]'s danc+4 ,9 comp>+ !n 8 record1 
z f\nd 9 ,john1 ) ! /atem5ts ( ,mat!w1  
,m>k1 & ,luke1 "o mo/ m>k$ div]g5ce     
appe>s4 ,! latt] ass]t t1 on ,jesus com+
 to be baptiz$1 ! ,bapti/ object$1 say+1
 ,i h ne$ to be baptiz$ ( !e1 come/ ?\  
to me3 ?us imply+ a k on ,john's "p t   
,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,:]eas ! =m] po9t$ly  
/ates1 on ,john's own au?ority t he did 
n "k ,jesus z ! ,messiah until !        
sup]natural appe>ance ( ! dove occurr$4 
,i knew him n1 b he t s5t me to baptize 
) wat]1 ! same said unto me1 c44 ,if !  
acc\nt 9 ! f\r? gospel !n is true1      
,mat!w's acc\nt on ?is po9t mu/ be      
false1 & ! angel-appe>ance to ,za*>ias1 
& ,john's gladsome leap 9 8 "m's womb on
 ,m>y's salutation ( ,elizabe?1 are     
discr$it$4 ,c\s9 ,elizabe? address$ ,m>y
 z ! "m ( my ,"l2 & _h ?is be5 s1 w\ld n
 ,john h be5 br\ght up 9 ! belief t     

,jesus 0 ! ,"l1 ^: adv5t he 0 to prep>e8
 ,aga91 ! record ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 !  
f\r? gospel does n confirm or           
corroborate ! voice f heav51 ,?is is my 
belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$1 at
 ! baptism1 m5tion$ 9 ! o!r gospels4    
,john w\ld surely h he>d ^! wondr\s     
words1 & c\ld n well h =gott5 !m4       
,,second ,,te/4---,! claim ( ! ,new     
,te/am5t to repres5t ! ,jewi% ,jehovah4 
#a4 ,a po9t to be specially notic$ is   
,john's decl>ation1 t he :o s5t him to  
baptize ) wat] _h *>g$ him t ! ,messiah 
w\ld be made manife/ by ! _s ( ,god     
desc5d+ f heav5 l a dove1 & alight+ &   
rema9+ on him4 ,john affirms t he b>e   
record t ,jesus 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 because
 9 8 case ?is condition 0 fulfill$4 ,n[1
 :o s5t ,john to baptize ) wat]8 ,is !re
 any?+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t scriptures to  
give baptism ) wat] place z an ord9ance 
( ! be+ !re9 upheld z div9e1 & :om bo?  
,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus claim$ to      
repres5t8 ,n "o ^w6 ,:o1 !n1 s5t ,john  
to baptize ) wat]8 ,did he receive 8    

directions f angels 9 dreams or o!rwise8
 ,"s ( ! lu/rations 9 connection ) !    
hea!n temples 71 h[ev]1 v simil> to !   
ord9ance ( baptism s9ce practis$ among  
,*ri/ians4  #b4 ,! _s ( ! ,et]nal 9 a   
bodily %ape l a dove6 is t an ,old      
,te/am5t pr$iction1 an ,old ,te/am5t    
belief8 ,let ! foll[+ passages          
reply3--,isaiah xl4 #be1 ,to :om !n w ye
 lik5 me1 or %all ,i be equal8 sai? !   
,holy ,"o4 ,lift up y\r eyes on high1 & 
behold :o ha? creat$ ^! ?+s1 t br+e? out
 _! ho/ by numb]1 c4 ,deut4 iv4         
#ae-ag1--,take ye !re=e good he$ unto   
y\rselves2 = ye saw no mann] (          
similitude on ! day t ! ,"l spake unto y
 9 ,horeb out ( ! mid/ ( ! fire3 le/ ye 
corrupt y\rselves1 & make y a grav5     
image1 ! similitude ( any figure1 !     
lik5ess ( male or female1 ! lik5ess (   
any bea/ t is on ! e>?1 ! lik5ess ( any 
w+$ f[l t flie? 9 ! air1 c4 ,"h !n1 at !
 v outset1 are ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,jesus 
repres5t$ z connect$ ) a m>vell\s ev5t1 
utt]ly abhorr5t to ! ,old ,te/am5t      

deity1 ^: w & purpose !y claim$ to be   
fulfill+6  ,b ?\gh ! conception ( !     
deity appe>+ 9 ! %ape ( any bird or bea/
 0 :olly =eign to ! ,old ,te/am5t       
writ]s1 x 0 "o q famili> to ! hea!n _w4 
,9 ! ,iliad1 = in/ance1 ! god ,sleep1 l 
! %rill bird ( night1 alight+1 p]*$ on !
 l(tie/ fir on ,m\nt ,ida1 to aid !     
amor\s design ( ,juno on mightie/ ,jove2
 ,apollo & ,pallas 7 seat$ on a l(ty    
bee*1 l two vultures1 to wat* ! duel    
betwe5 ,ajax & ,hector4 ,! ,egyptian    
deities _h ea* _! appropriate           
symbol-bea/1 bird1 or reptile4 ,a dove1 
z an emblem ( meekness & peace1 0 no    
d\bt deem$ by ! gospel compil]s ! mo/   
fitt+ ( :at !y wi%$ to convey z !       
mission ( ,jesus2 b ! conception be+    
hea!n1 & n ,jewi%1 x discr$its ! claim (
 ,*ri/ianity1 t ! ,new ,te/am5t is a    
cont9uation & fulfilm5t ( ! ,old4  7h7  
,! transfiguration1 c4 7,matt4 xvii4    
#a-ac2 ,m>k ix1 #bdc2 ,luke ix4 #bh-cf74
 ,jesus took ,pet] & ,james & ,john     
along ) him into a high m\nta9 ap>t to  

pray4 ,:ile pray+ he 0 transfigur$ be=e 
!m2 8 face %one z ! sun2 8 raim5t       
gli/5$2 ,moses & ,elias appe>$ 9 glory  
talk+ ) him1 & spoke ( ! decease :i* he 
%\ld accompli% at ,j]usalem2 ,pet] & !  
o!rs 7 heavy ) sleep1 b :5 awake !y saw 
8 glory & ! two t 7 ) him2 ,pet]1 9     
bewild]m5t1 sugge/$ t ?ree tab]nacles be
 made1 "o = ,jesus1 "o = ,moses1 & "o = 
,elias2 a bright cl\d ov]%ad[$ !m1 & a  
voice out ( ! cl\d said1 ,?is is my     
belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well pleas$4   
,on ?is ! disciples fell on _! faces 9  
fe>1 & :5 !y reviv$ !y saw no "o except 
,jesus himself4 ,he *>g$ !m to conceal  
:at !y _h se5 until aft] 8 resurrection4
  ,john makes no m5tion ( !             
transfiguration2 b 9 *apt] xii #bh-cj1  
:5 ,jesus is at ,j]usalem exhort+ ! p1 &
 pray+1 ,fa!r1 glorify ?y "n2 !n came   
!re a voice f heav51 say+1 ,i h bo?     
glorifi$ x1 & w glorify x aga94 ,! p1   
!re-tore1 t /ood by & he>d x said t x   
?und]$1 o!rs said1 ,an angel spake to   
him4 ,jesus answ]$ & said1 ,?is voice   

came n because ( me1 b = y\r sakes4     
,pet]1 #bnd epi/le i4 #ag1--;,= he      
receiv$ f ,god ! ,fa!r hon\r & glory1 :5
 !re came su* a voice to him f !        
excell5t glory1 ,?is is my belov$ ,son1 
9 :om ,i am well pleas$4 ,& ?is voice1  
:i* came f heav51 we he>d :5 we 7 ) him 
9 ! holy m\nt4  ,! idea is an old "o t  
because light ( int5se brilliancy       
dazzles ! human eye x is !re=e !        
dwell+-place & ! raim5t ( ! inhabitants 
( heav51 pictur$ ?us z a refulg5t abode 
) refulg5t be+s4 ,:o cov]e/ ?yself )    
light z ) a g>m5t 7,psalm civ4 #b72 ,at 
l5g? d ?\ come1 we pray1 ) a cl\d ?y %9+
 %\ld]s veil$1 ,o ,augur ,apollo6       
7,horace i4 #b1 #ca17 are in/ances4     
,glory & dazzl+ light meant ! same ?+4  
,n[1 light is kn[n to be "o ( ! =ms 9   
:i* =ce manife/s itself1 conv]tible into
 ! o!r =ce-=ms1 & ! o!r =ce-=ms1        
conv]tible into x4 ,/ill1 ! acc\nt ( !  
transfiguration1 if ! evid5ce on :i* x  
re/s 7 at all tru/wor?y1 w\ld be a v    
important cr$5tial to ! sup]natural     

pret5sions ( ,jesus1 "u ! claim t su*   
special manife/ations ( a ,p[] beyond & 
supreme ov] ,nature 7 made s z be/ to   
suit ! compreh5sion ( ^? = :om !y 7     
int5d$1 & z %[+ t ,jesus c\ld s comm& ! 
=ce-=ms ( ,nature z to irradiate 8 p]son
 at w4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! evid5ce8 ,! p]sons
 :o witness$ ! occurr5ce 7 ,pet]1       
,james1 & ,john1 & :ile x la/$ !y 7 9 a 
/ate ( bewild]m5t1 & "p ( ! "t asleep4  
,jesus comm&$ !m to conceal :at !y _h   
se5 until aft] 8 resurrection4 ,mat!w1  
!re=e1 c\ld n h he>d ( x at ! "t x      
happ5$1 & he does n /ate f :om he       
receiv$ ! p>ticul>s he n>rates4 ,p]haps 
f ! =w>d ,pet]1 :o1 9 8 epi/le quot$    
above1 confirms ! acc\nt4 ,=1 /range to 
say1 ,john1 ! o!r eye-witness1 has n "o 
^w 9 support ( ! sup]natural appe>ance  
on ! m\nt ( transfiguration4 ,( ?ree    
eyewitnesses !re is only ! te/imony (   
"o1 ,pet]2 & al?\gh ,john1 "o ( ! o!rs1 
has writt5 an acc\nt ( ! life ( ,jesus1 
he passes by ?is /rik+ ev5t 9 sil5ce4 ,s
 ! evid5ce fails4 ,c x1 !n1 h be5 a     

dream ( ,pet]1 :5 ) ,jesus1 ,james1 &   
,john 9 "s lonely m\nta9 9 ,galilee8  ,b
 ?\gh ,john does n m5tion ! m>vell\s    
transfiguration1 & ! voice f heav5 !n   
he>d1 he does n>rate a some:at simil>   
occurr5ce1 9 broad day1 at ,j]usalem4 ,b
 ,mat!w1 :o w\ld h be5 pres5t1 does n   
confirm ,john's /atem5t4 ,:at1 !n1 is to
 be said8 ,:at fai? c righte\sly re/ on 
su* te/imony8  7c47 ,! te/imonies ( !   
devils 7,matt4 viii4 #bi2 xxxi4 #cb2    
,m>k i4 #bd2 i4 #cd2 iii #aa1 #ab2 v4   
#g2 ,luke iv4 #cd2 iv4 #da2 viii4 #bh74 
7#a47 ,devils1 :o came out ( _m1 cri$   
out t ,jesus 0 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 b  
he rebuk$ !m & suff]$ !m n to speak1    
because !y knew him4 7#b47 ,"s express$ 
fe> ( 8 p[] ?us1 ,let u alone1 :at h we 
to d ) !e1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,art ?\    
come to de/roy u8 to torm5t u be=e ! "t8
 ,i "k !e :o ?\ art1 ! ,holy ,"o ( ,god4
 7#c47 ,! foll[+ rem>kable ev5t is      
record$3 ,a man ) an unclean _s1        
untamable1 :o _h bur/ asund] 8 *a9s &   
fett]s1 & 0 always1 night & day1 9 !    

m\nta9s & among ! tombs1 cry+ & cutt+   
himself ) /ones1 saw ,jesus af> (f1 ran 
& wor%ipp$ him1 exclaim+1 ,:at h ,i to d
 ) !e1 ,jesus1 ! ,son ( ! mo/ high ,god8
 ,i adjure !e by ,god t ?\ torm5t me n4 
,jesus ask$ him1 ,:at is ?y "n8 & he    
repli$1 ,my "n is ,legion1 = we are _m4 
,jesus ca/ out ! legion1 &1 at _! own   
reque/1 gave c !m p]mission to ent] a   
h]d ( two ?\s& sw9e fe$+ close by1 ) !  
result t !y all ran viol5tly d[n a /eep 
place into ! sea1 & 7 *ok$4 ,:at became 
( ! devils is n m5tion$4  ,paul 7#a     
,cor4 x4 #bj7 /ates1 ,! ?+s :i* !       
,g5tiles sacrifice1 !y sacrifice to     
devils1 & n to ,god1 devils "h be+      
synonym\s ) ! idols or gods ( !         
,g5tiles4 ,9 ! foll[+ f\r passages 9 :i*
 devils are m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t   
7,lev4 xvii4 #g2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #ag2 #b  
,*ron4 xi4 #ae2 ,psalm cvi4 #cg71 ! ^w  
is us$ 9 exactly ! same s5se z by ,paul4
 ,devils1 !n1 z indwell+ unclean        
spirits1 madly sway+ _! victims1 or     
produc+ lunacy1 bl9dness1 dumbness1 or  

o!r infirmities1 are be+s or influ5ces q
 unkn[n to ! ,old ,te/am5t writ]s4      
,moreov]1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! hea!n     
gods1 ?\gh call$ devils1 are d]id$ z    
p[]less4 7,see ,elijah's mock]y ( ,baal1
 & su* passages z ,psalm cxxxv4 #ae1    
#ah47 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 too1 !re is    
sc>cely any confirmation ( ! unclean    
spirits4 ,! ,jews1 inde$1 tell ,jesus t 
he ha? a devil1 & is mad1 %[+ a belief  
on _! "p ( possession 9 "s =m2 b ,john  
does n corroborate "o s+le in/ance ( !  
devil-manife/ations & exorcisms s       
prom95tly set =? 9 ! o!r ,gospels4 ,if1 
!n1 9 ,jesus' "t !re 0 a notion curr5t  
among ! ,jews t madness & natural       
diseases & defects 7 manife/ations ( !  
s-call$ evil pr9ciple1 or 7 evil spirits
 or influ5ces1 :5ce 0 ?is mo/ errone\s  
doctr9e d]iv$8 ,c]ta9ly n f _! own ,old 
,te/am5t writ+s4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! ,old   
,te/am5t discr$its ! acc\nts 9 ,mat!w1  
,m>k1 & ,luke ( ! devils & _! influ5ces4
 ,x does n recognise be+s or p[]s act+ 9
 ! way describ$4 ,& ,john's sil5ce      

con/itutes a fatal defect 9 ! evid5ce 9 
support ( ^! manife/ations4  ,9 ! ,old  
,te/am5t 79 su* passages z ,lev4 xix4   
#ca2 xx4 #bg2 ,deut4 xviii4 #i1 #ab2    
,isa4 viii4 #ai7 ref]5ce is made to     
wiz>ds1 wit*es1 & famili> spirits4      
,al?\gh ! m ignorant & idol-affect+     
,israelites1 & ! ,god=sak5 ,saul 7      
attract$ by su* pret5ces1 x does n appe>
 t ,moses or ! prophets believ$ t !y 7  
real p[]s4 ,isaiah viii4 #ai implies !  
contr>y4 ,moses calls !m ! abom9ations (
 ^? nations :om ! ,"l 0 to drive out (  
,pale/9e f be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,!  
gift !y assum$ 0 blasphemy aga9/        
,jehovah1 usurpation ( ! pr]ogative (   
him :o alone doe? wondr\s ?+s2 & ?is be+
 s1 !y 7 to be cut (f f among 8 p4 ,b ! 
possession ( a famili> _s ) a gift (    
div9ation1 or ! p[] ( wit*craft1 or !   
evil _s :i* put diss5sion betwe5        
,abimele* & ! ,%e*emites1 or ! evil _s f
 ! ,"l manife/$ 9 ,saul's jeal\sy (     
,david1 & occasionally succumb+ to ! *>m
 ( ,david's h>p1 or ! ly+ _s put by !   

,"l 9 ! m\?s ( ! prophets ( ,ahab1 diff]
 greatly f su* evil spirits1--p]sonal1  
sep>ate f _! victims1 ent]+ 91 & com+   
out ( !m1 z ! legion m5tion$ above1 or !
 demon-torn y\? 7,luke ix4 #cg1 #db71 or
 ! devil t 0 dumb 7,luke xi4 #ad7499    
99 ,! ,assyrians & ,babylonians1 h[ev]1 
among :om !      captive ,jews 7        
aft]w>ds plac$1 believ$ t ! _w          
teem$ ) malignant spirits1 :o 7 ! au?ors
 ( !      v>i\s diseases to :i* mank9d  
are subject4 ,! ,jews (      ! ,talmud 7
 imbu$ ) ! same idea4  ,9 ! ,apocryphal 
book ( ,tobit1 also1 ! evil _s          
,asmodeus1 :o kill$ ! sev5 husb&s (     
,raguel's daught] z !y approa*$ h]1 & :o
 0 at la/ driv5 =? by ! smoke ( ! a%es (
 ! p]fumes & ( ! he>t & liv] ( a fi%1 s 
t he fl$ into ! utmo/ p>ts ( ,egypt1 & !
 angel b\nd him1 diff]s f ! ,new        
,te/am5t evil spirits 9 t he is         
repres5t$ r z att5dant on ! maid51 ?an z
 indwell+1 b has ?is simil>ity to !m t  
he is m5tion$ z a di/9ct p]son1 ex]cis+ 
a malignant influ5ce4  ,9 a /ela f\nd at

 ,!bes x is record$ t ,b>neses ,,xii41  
:ile on 8 way ?r\gh ,mesopotamia to     
collect tribute1 0 s enraptur$ ) ! *>ms 
( a *iefta9's daught] t he m>ri$ h]4 ,h]
 fa!r aft]w>ds came to ,!bes1 to beg ( !
 k+ ! s]vices ( a physician to effect ! 
cure ( a y\ng] daught] possess$ by an   
evil _s4 ,! physician s5t1 l ,jesus'    
disciples 7,luke ix4 #dj71 c\ld n ca/   
him out1 & elev5 ye>s lat] ! fa!r w5t   
aga9 to ,!bes to sue ! gods ( ,egypt = m
 effectual aid4 ,! k+ !n gave him ! use 
( ! ark ( ! god ,*ons1 :i* on arriv+ 9  
,mesopotamia1 aft] a j\rney ( eighte5   
mon?s1 imm$iately drove =? ! evil _s f  
out 8 victim4 ,on ?is ! ,mesopotamian   
*iefta9 0 unwill+ to "p ) ! ark2 b aft] 
reta9+ x ?ree ye>s & n9e mon?s1 be+ w>n$
 9 a dream 9 :i* he saw ! deity fly back
 to ,egypt 9 ! %ape ( a gold5 hawk1 he  
return$ ! ark to ,egypt1 9 ! ?irty-?ird 
ye> ( ,rameses4  ,! ,zoroa/rian         
conception ( ! pr9ce ( ! devils1        
,ahriman1 & 8 att5dant p[]s1 rem9ds     
=cibly ( ! taunt ( ! ,jews to ,jesus1   

,he ca/e? out devils ?r\gh ,beelzebub1 !
 *ief ( ! devils4 ,b h[ unlike ?is      
conception is to t ( ! impot5t god (    
,ekron ,beelzebub1 ref]r$ to 9 #b ,k+s  
i4  ,^! in/ances abundantly suffice to  
%[ t ! belief held by ! ,jews 9 ! "t (  
,jesus1 z to possession by evil or      
unclean spirits1 or demons1 or devils1 0
 a belief ga!r$ f ! nations among :om !y
 7 scatt]$ aft] ! fir/ captivity1 & t x 
w\ld h be5 held by ,moses z an          
abom9ation ( ^? nations4 ,:at1 !n1      
becomes ( ! te/imony ( ! devils to !    
claim ( ,jesus8 ,moses & ! prophets w\ld
 h held x 9 d]ision4  7d47 ,! temptation
 9 ! wild]ness 7,matt4 iv4 #a-aa2 ,m>k  
i4 #ab1 #ac2 ,luke iv4 #a1 #ac74        
,jesus1 aft] 8 baptism1 0 l$ by ! _s    
into ! wild]ness to be tempt$ ( ! devil4
 7#a47 ,he fa/$ =ty days & nights1 & 0  
!n hung]$1 :5 ! tempt] came to him      
requir+ t1 if he 7 ! son ( ,god1 he w\ld
 turn ! /ones into bread4 ,jesus repli$ 
by a v]se f ,deut]onomy1--,man %all n   
live by bread alone1 b by e ^w t        

proce$e? out ( ! m\? ( ,god4 7#b1 ,luke 
makes ?is #c47 ,!n ! devil took him to  
,j]usalem1 & sett+ him on a p9nacle ( ! 
temple1 said ,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god1   
ca/ ?yself d[n1 = x is writt51 he %all  
give 8 angels *>ge conc]n+ !e &1 9 _!   
h&s !y %all be> !e up1 le/ at any "t ?\ 
da% ?y foot aga9/ a /one4 ,jesus aga9   
repli$ by a v]se f ,deut]onomy1 ,?\ %alt
 n tempt ! ,"l ?y ,god4 7#c1 ,luke makes
 ?is #b47 ,! devil !n took him up to !  
summit ( a v high m\nta91 %[$ him all ! 
k+doms ( ! _w & _! glory1 & said1 ,all  
^! ?+s w ,i give !e if ?\ wilt fall d[n 
& wor%ip me1 ,jesus ! ?ird "t1 aft] a   
,get !e h5ce ,satan1 repli$ by a v]se f 
,deut]onomy1 ,?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y   
,god1 & him only %alt ?\ s]ve4 ,on ?is !
 devil left him1 & angels came & m9i/]$ 
to him4  ,! two p]sons "h conc]n$ 7     
,jesus & ,satan4 ,! te/imony ( ! latt]  
illu/ri\s p]sonage is out ( ! "q1 p>tly 
because he is n fam$ z a tru?tell]1     
p>tly because any int]c\rse betwe5 him &
 ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is n to be  

?\ght (4 ,if1 !n1 ,jesus gave !         
p>ticul>s to ,mat!w1 :y did ! be/-lov$  
disciple ,john n "k ( !m8 ,! details ( !
 e>li] life ( ,jesus1 prior to !        
,bapti/'s imprisonm5t1 are m ample 9 8  
,gospel ?an 9 ! o!rs2 b s f> f !re be+  
any m5tion ( ! temptation1 x w\ld       
require mu* +5uity to f9d a place = x 9 
! s]ies ( ev5ts he relates4  ,! mo/     
admirable lesson1 h[ev]1 :i* ! tale     
conveys1 or :i* may be ga!r$ f x1 t     
nei!r = daily bread nor = va9-glory1 nor
 = ! sake ( p[] & ri*es is tru? 9 aught 
to be compromis$ or sw]v$ f1 may help to
 su/a9 ^? :o g along ) ! pres5t inquiry 
to p]sev]e ) x to ! utt]mo/1 :atev] !   
consequ5ces or :atev] ! conclusions x   
may lead to1 ?9k z !y may ( ! =ty days' 
fa/1 ! wild]ness & ! wild bea/s1 ,satan 
& ! angels4  ,x w be prop] "h to contra/
 ! conception ( ,satan 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t
 ) t 9 ! ,old4  ,! ,satan ( ! temptation
 0 a be+ capable ( transport+ ,jesus f !
 wild]ness to ! p9nacle ( ! temple 9    
,j]usalem1 & aga9 to a m\nta9 summit1   

:]e1 9 a mom5t ( "t1 he %[$ him all !   
k+doms ( ! _w & _! glory1 ! disposal (  
^: dom9ion he arrogat$ to himself4      
,aga9--,matt4 xii4 #bb1 #cj--;,jesus    
ref]s to ,satan z ! k+ ( a demon k+dom  
oppos$ to ! k+dom ( ,god2 ,m>k iv4 #ae1 
z prev5t+ ! words ( life f tak+ root 9  
m5's he>ts2 ,luke x4 #ah1 z "o he       
himself _h se5 fall f heav5 l lightn+2  
,luke xiii4 #af1 z "o :o _h b\nd a woman
 ) infirmity eighte5 ye>s2 ,luke xxii4  
#ca1 z desir\s to sift ,simon ,pet] z   
:eat2 ,matt4 xiii4 #ci1 z ! enemy :o s[$
 ! t>es among ! :eat2 ,matt xxv4 #da1 z 
! be+ = :om & = ^: angels ev]la/+ fire  
has be5 prep>$2 ,john viii4 #dd1 z !    
p>5t ( ! unbeliev+ ,jews1 a murd]]1 & ! 
fa!r ( lies4 ,9 ,luke xxii4 #c1 ,john   
xiii4 #bg1 ,satan is ref]r$ to z ent]+  
into ,judas ,isc>iot to tempt him to    
betray ,jesus4  ,9 ! apo/olic writ+s he 
is m5tion$--,acts v4 #c--;z fill+ ! he>t
 ( ,ananias to lie to ! ,holy ,gho/2    
,acts xxvi4 #ah1 z a p[] ov] m5's m9ds  
oppos$ to ! p[] ( ,god2 #a ,tim4 i4 #bj1

 & #a ,cor4 v4 #e1 z "o to :om          
backslid]s 7 to be deliv]$ ov]2 #b ,cor4
 ii4 #aa1 ,eph4 vi4 #aa1 #a ,tim4 iii4  
#g1 z a wily adv]s>y2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ad1 
z trans=m$ into an angel ( light2 #a    
,!ss4 ii4 #ah1 z ?w>t+ ,paul's          
int5tions2 #b ,!ss4 ii #i1 z "o ^: work+
 is ) all p[]1 & signs1 & ly+ wond]s2 #a
 ,tim4 v4 #ae1 z "o to :om backslid]s   
turn aside2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #bf1 z an      
ensn>] ( m52 ,heb4 ii4 #ad1 z him t ha? 
! p[] ( dea?2 #a ,pet] v4 #h1 z y\r     
adv]s>y ! devil1 :o1 z a ro>+ lion1 goe?
 ab\t seek+ :om he may dev\r2 #a ,john  
iii #h1 z him :o s9ne? f ! beg9n+2 ,rev4
 ii4 #i1 #aj1 #ac-bd1 iii4 #i1 z        
possess+ a seat1 a synagogue1 & ca/+ !  
true pr(essors into prison2 ,rev4 xii4  
#i1 z ! great dragon :o 0 ca/ out 7f    
heav571 t old s]p5t call$ ! devil &     
,satan1 :o deceive? ! :ole _w3 he 0 ca/ 
out into ! e>?1 & 8 angels 7 ca/ out )  
him2 ,rev4 xii4 #aj1 z ! con/ant accus] 
( ! bre?r52 ,rev4 xx4 #b1 z be+ b\nd a  
?\s& ye>s4  ,( ?is mighty & malignant   

be+1 is !re any trace 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8
 ,is ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]son1 su* a p[]1
 cont9u\sly & successfully work+ aga9/  
,god1 consonant ) ,old ,te/am5t belief8 
,isaiah 7xlv4 #e-g7 boldly & decisively 
replies 9 ! negative3 ,i am ! ,"l1 & !re
 is none else1 !re is no ,god beside    
me4444 ,i =m ! light & create d>kness1  
,i make peace & create evil2 ,i ! ,"l d 
all ^! ?+s4 ,:o or :at1 !n1 is ! ,satan 
( ! ,old ,te/am5t8  ,! translation ( !  
,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 z x r5d]s ! same     
,hebrew ^w ,satan 9 "o place & adv]s>y 9
 o!rs1 t5ds to mislead4 ,b ! foll[+     
portions ( ,psalm cix4 w %[ h[ ! ^w 0   
employ$3--  ,v]se #f--,set ?\ a wick$   
man ov] him1 & let ,satan 7an adv]s>y7  
/& at 8 "r h&4 ,v]se #bj--,let ?is be ! 
rew>d ( my adv]s>ies 7my ,satans74 ,v]se
 #bi--,let m9e adv]s>ies 7my ,satans7 be
 clo!d ) %ame4  ,! ,old ,te/am5t ,satan1
 !re=e1 is n a p>ticul> p]son at all1 b 
a "* :i* w\ld apply to any "o act+ 9    
opposition to ano!r4 ,let ?is view be   
te/$ by ! foll[+ in/ances3--  ,numb]s   

xxii4 #bb--;,& ,god's ang] 0 k9dl$      
because he 7,balaam7 w5t1 & ! angel ( ! 
,"l /ood 9 ! way = an adv]s>y 7a ,satan7
 aga9/ him4 ,"h ! ,satan is ! angel ( ! 
,"l4 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a--;,& aga9 ! ang] 
( ! ,"l 0 k9dl$ aga9/ ,israel1 & he     
provok$ ,david to numb] ,israel4 #a     
,*ron4 xxi4 #a--;,& ,satan 7an adv]s>y7 
/ood up aga9/ ,israel1 & provok$ ,david 
to numb] ,israel4  ,^! two passages1 on 
comp>ison1 %[ t ,jehovah himself 0 !    
,satan ( ,david 9 ?is in/ance4  ,job i4 
#f-ab2 ii4 #a-h4--,on ! day :5 ! sons ( 
,god came to pres5t !mselves be=e ! ,"l1
 ,satan 7! adv]s>y7 came also among !m4 
,! ,"l ask$ :5ce he came4 ,satan 7!     
adv]s>y7 repli$1 ,f go+ to & fro on !   
e>?4 ,!n foll[$ a discussion ) ref]5ce  
to ,job's piety4 ,satan 7! adv]s>y7     
sugge/$ t ,job's s]vice ( ,god 0 n =    
n\ght2 t if ! ,"l took away 8 weal? he  
w\ld curse4 ,! ,"l repli$1 ,behold1 all 
t he ha? is 9 ?y p[]2 only on himself   
put n =? ?9e h&4 ,soon ,job lo/ 8       
cattle1 8 s]vants1 8 *ildr54 ,he        

resign$ly said1 ,! ,"l gave & ! ,"l     
take? away1 bless$ be ! "n ( ! ,"l4 ,on 
a second simil> occasion ,satan 7!      
adv]s>y7 sugge/$ t if ,job's p]son 7    
t\*$ he w\ld curse !e 7! ,"l7 to ?y     
face4 ,! ,"l said1 ,behold1 he is 9 ?y  
h&1 b sp>e 8 life4 ,satan 7! adv]s>y7   
smote ,job ) sore boils f head to foot4 
,b he said1 ,%all we receive good at !  
h& ( ,god1 & %all we n receive evil8    
,"h ,job's adv]s>y came into ! pres5ce (
 ! ,"l1 among ! sons ( ,god1 & discuss$ 
,job's case ) ,jehovah himself4 ,is !   
conception1 !n1 t he 0 a mess5g] ( !    
,"l1 walk+ up & d[n ?r\gh ! e>?1        
contemplat+ its inhabitants2 t 8        
obs]vation _h %[n him--if m5 !n 7 l :at 
!y are n[--t calamities 7 n borne )     
pati5ce1 t p5ury & compla9ts1 losses &  
curses1 w5t toge!r2 s t1 :5 ask$ 8      
op9ion ab\t ! well-to-d ,job1 he w\ld n 
give him cr$it = be+ diff]5t to 8       
fell[s8 ,9 ?is way he became 8 ,satan or
 adv]s>y4 ,?is appe>s to be :at ! writ] 
w\ld convey4 ,b h[ unlike ! ro>+ lion ( 

! ,new ,te/am5t4  ,x w be notic$ h[     
/rictly ! p[] ( ,job's adv]s>y is limit$
 to :at ,jehovah specifically p]mitt$4  
,s mu* s1 t :5 ! calamities actually    
fell on ,job he describ$ !m z f ! ,"l4  
,9 no way :atev] does ! ,satan "h       
m5tion$ act 9 opposition to ,jehovah4   
,ze*4 iii4 #a1 #b--;,& he %[$ me ,jo%ua 
! high prie/ /&+ be=e ! angel ( ! ,"l1 &
 ,satan 7! adv]s>y7 /&+ at 8 "r h& to   
resi/ him4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,satan 7! 
adv]s>y71 ,! ,"l rebuke !e1 ,o ,satan1  
ev5 ! ,"l t ha? *os5 ,j]usalem1 rebuke  
!e3 is n ?is a br& pluck$ out ( ! fire8 
,n[ ,jo%ua 0 clo!d ) fil?y g>m5ts1 &    
/ood be=e ! angel4  ,! conception "h may
 be ?is3 ,jo%ua1 ) ! fil?y g>m5ts       
7figurative ( ! s9s ( ,judah borne by ! 
high prie/1 _! repres5tative71 /&+ be=e 
! angel ( ! ,"l1 0 resi/$ by ! adv]s>y1 
or angel ( div9e ju/ice4 ,b ! latt] _h  
to give way be=e ! re/oration ( ! div9e 
fav\r4 ,or1 m probably1 ! adv]s>y may h 
be5 "o ( ^? :o oppos$ ! "w ( rebuild+   
,j]usalem1 z m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra4 

,all ^! consid]ations %[ conclusively t 
9 ! ,old ,te/am5t conception ( !        
,almighty !re is no room = su* a be+ z !
 ar*-fi5d ( ! ,new4  7e7 ,! sup]natural 
appe>ances at ! crucifixion 7,matt1     
xxvii4 #ea-ec2 ,m>k xv4 #ch2 ,luke      
xxiii4 #dd1 #de74  7#a47 ,! veil ( !    
temple r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom4  
7#b47 ,! e>?quake & r5d+ ( ! rocks4     
7#c47 ,d>kness f ! six? to ! n9? h\r4   
7#d47 ,! op5+ ( ! graves & ! ris+ ( !   
bodies ( ! sa9ts aft] 8 resurrection1 :o
 w5t into ! holy city1 & appe>$ to _m4  
,john makes no m5tion ( ^! m>vels1 b    
7xix4 #be-bg7/ates t he himself 0 pres5t
 at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus1 along )     
,m>y1 ,jesus' "m1 & ?ree o!r wom51 close
 to ! cross 7n af> (f1 z ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 &
 ,luke ass]t ( ! wom571 & yet he fails  
to confirm ! o!r ,gospels z to !        
e>?quake & d>k5+ ( ! sun4 ,! r5d+ ( !   
veil ( ! temple1 ! op5+ ( ! graves1 & ! 
appe>ance ( ! ris5 sa9ts w\ld all h be5 
kn[n to him also1 if !y _h occurr$4     
,su* prodigies z ^! are n conf9$ to !   

,gospels1--,9 ! mo/ high & palmy /ate ( 
,rome1 ,a little ere ! mightie/ ,julius 
fell1 ,! graves /ood t5antless1 & !     
%eet$ dead ,did squeak & gibb] 9 !      
,roman /reets1 c4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,!
 ,,miracles  #a4 ,! miracles ascrib$ to 
,jesus are1--  ,illu/ration3 table #jee 
,illu/ration3 table #jef  ,! heal+ p[]  
claim$ = ,jesus 9 ! passages m>k$ 7a7   
embraces all mann] ( sickness1 disease1 
& d]angem5t4 ,cures 7 effect$ by 8 ^w or
 8 t\*1 or ^u ! pati5t lay+ hold ev5 ( !
 hem ( 8 g>m5t4 ,! contemporane\s       
unbelief 7,matt4 xi4 #bj-bd47 ( 8       
pret5sions1 ) su* in/ances ( sup]human  
p[] op5ly manife/$ f> & wide 7,matt4 iv4
 #bc-be1 & ix4 #ce7 among ! cities &    
villages ( ,galilee1 is ! cr[n+ m>vel ( 
all4  ,! special in/ances ( 8           
wond]-work+ & disease-cur+ p[]1 m>k$    
7#f71 7c71 7d71 & 7e71 comprise all t   
are record$ 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,!        
agreem5t betwe5 ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1  
bo? z to ! incid5ts & ! mann] (         
n>ration1 is mo/ m>k$4 ,! rais+ ( ! son 

( ! wid[ ( ,na91 ! miracul\s draught (  
fi%es at ! call+ ( ,pet]1 ,james1 &     
,john1 a cure ( dropsy & "o ( infirmity 
are giv5 by ,luke alone4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
,luke has n ! walk+ on ! sea1 ! fe$+ ( !
 f\r ?\s&1 ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree1 or !   
cur+ ( ! ,canaanite's demon-possess$    
daught]1 f\nd 9 ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,& ,mat!w
 alone n>rates ! cat*+ ( ! fi% ) !      
tribute money4 ,b 9 ! o!r in/ances !    
agreem5t betwe5 !m is almo/ complete--s 
complete z to sugge/ _m que/ions z to ! 
real tru? ) ref]5ce to ! compilation ( !
 fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 que/ions :i*       
probably w nev] be solv$4 ,:at1 h[ev]1  
conc]ns ! pres5t purpose is t ( ! ?ree !
 only eye-witness is ,mat!w1 ,! s\rce f 
:i* ,m>k & ,luke d]iv$ _! in=mation is  
unkn[n1 & ev] w rema9 s4 ,if n f ,mat!w 
7always assum+ him to be ! writ] ( !    
fir/ ,gospel71 or f ! same s\rce z      
,mat!w1 x w\ld be rem>kable t _! mode ( 
n>rat+ ^! details 0 s simil> to 84 ,h[  
f> !n1 does ,john1 ! o!r eye-witness1   
be> out ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke8 ,/range  

to relate1 he has n "o ^w ( ! ca/+ out (
 devils1 or ( ! cures ( bodily di/resses
 m5tion$ by ! o!r ?ree4 ,nor does he    
confirm ! rais+ ( ,jairus' daught]1     
al?\gh he himself & ,james & ,pet] 7 !  
only ?ree said to h be5 admitt$ by      
,jesus to witness ?is ev5t1 nor !       
resuscitation ( ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na91  
nor ! calm+ ( ! /orm1 nor ! fe$+ ( ! f\r
 ?\s&1 nor ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree1 nor !  
fi% ) ! tribute money1 nor ! miracul\s  
haul ( fi%es at 8 own call+ to be a     
disciple4 ,! miracles he does m5tion are
 sev5 9 all1 & ( ^! five are net 9 ! o!r
 gospels1 al?\gh ( ! mo/ /rik+ "*4 ,!y  
are1  #a4 ,! rais+ ( ,laz>us1 f\r days  
dead4  #b4 ,turn+ wat] into w9e4  #c4   
,cur+ a nobleman's son1 at a di/ance1 ( 
fev]4  #d4 ,cur+ a man bl9d f 8 bir?4   
#e4 ,cur+ a man1 at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 ) 
an infirmity ( ?irty-eight ye>s' /&+4   
,( ! tw5ty-f\r miracles record$ by      
,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1 ,john1 said to h 
be5 ! eye-witness ( all1 confirms only  
two--viz41 ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s&1 & !    

walk+ on ! sea4  ,^! two miracles are   
?us a *ronological break1 9 all !       
,gospel n>ratives1 ( ! movem5ts (       
,jesus1 by :i* a cle> comp>ison c be    
made1 ?us3--  ,illu/ration3 table #jeh  
,illu/ration3 table #jei  ,z to !       
subsequ5t ev5ts1 f ! entrance into      
,j]usalem to ! crucifixion1 ! f\r       
gospels agree 9 ! ma91 ?\gh !y diff] 9  
sev]al important p>ticul>s4 ,b f !      
entrance into ,j]usalem back to ! fe$+ (
 ! five ?\s&1 h[ utt] ! div]g5ce6 ,&1   
aga91 f ! fe$+ ( ! five ?\s& back to    
,john's baptism1 h[ irreconcilable !    
acc\nts ( ! two pr(ess$ eyewitnesses    
repres5t$ z fell[-travell]s ov] ! great]
 "p ( ! j\rney+s m5tion$6 ,! fir/ ?ree  
gospels place all ,jesus' m9i/ry &      
miracles1 & ! call+ ( 8 disciples1 z to 
"t1 aft] ,john's imprisonm5t1 z to      
place1 9 ,galilee & its neighb\rhood1   
until he w5t up once = all to ,j]usalem1
 f :i* he nev] return$4 ,john1 on !     
contr>y1 makes 8 m9i/ry comm5ce be=e !  
,bapti/'s imprisonm5t1 places ! call+ ( 

two ( ! same disciples1 ,&rew & ,pet]1  
:ile ,jesus 0 a foll[] ( ! ,bapti/1 &   
m5tions ?ree or f\r visits to ,j]usalem 
be=e ! f9al entry on ! back ( an ass4   
,moreov]1 ! disc\rses record$ 9 ,john   
are v unlike ! disc\rses 9 ! o!r ?ree   
n>ratives1 &1 :at /rikes z v rem>kable1 
!re are no p>ables 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4    
,"h1 !n1 are two witnesses1 foll[]s (   
,jesus1 giv+ diff]5t & irreconcilable   
acc\nts ( 8 m9i/ry1 8 w&]+s1 8 public   
utt]ances1 8 miracles2 agree+1 inde$1   
?us f>1 t !y bo? record two ( ! la/1 b  
ev5 ) ^! two 7see ! two p>agraphs m>k$  
#i & i above7 at v>iance ) ea* o!r 9    
sev]al details4 ,( two ord9>ily         
intellig5t eye-witnesses c x be t "o    
w\ld repres5t ,jesus z s5d+ ! multitude 
away1 & ! o!r z dep>t+ f !m1 & !        
multitude next day be+ 9 ! same place8  
or w\ld "o ass]t t he con/ra9$ 8        
disciples to take %ip & ! o!r t he left 
8 disciples1 & t !y took %ip aft]w>ds ( 
_! own accord8 ,& yet ?is is :at two1 n 
ord9>ily intellig5t--= z to t no?+ is   

kn[n--b div9ely inspir$ & div9ely guid$ 
eye-witnesses affirm4  ,! miracles      
record$ 9 ! f\r gospels are all ( a     
b5evol5t "*1 except ! curs+ ( ! fig-tree
 & ! p]mission giv5 to ! devils to g    
into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,b not)/&+ ! good-w  
to m5 ?us display$1 ! ,gospels av[ t    
,jesus' wond]-work+ fail$ to conv9ce or 
to captivate by f> ! great] "p ( 8      
contempor>ies4 ,*oraz91 ,be?saida1      
,tyre1 ,sidon1 & ,cap]naum are all      
d5\nc$1 & assign$ a doom m t]rible ?an t
 ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 because ( _!     
unbelief4 ,& aga9/ ?is g5]al            
contemporane\s unbelief :at is !re to   
place8 ,! s+le te/imony ( ,mat!w !      
publican = a score ( miracles :i* he is 
said to h witness$1 confirm$ by ! he>say
 te/imony ( ,m>k & ,luke1 b q unsupport$
 by ! te/imony ( ,john ! ,galilean      
fi%]man1 :o is also said to h witness$  
!m4 ,aga91 ! s+le te/imony ( ,john1     
unsupport$ by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1 =  
five mo/ m>vell\s ev5ts1 includ+ ! rais+
 f ! dead ( a man :o _h be5 "s "t buri$4

 ,! unit$ te/imony1 weak5$ by div]g5ce 9
 detail1 ( ,mat!w & ,john1 = only two ( 
! alleg$ miracles1 & ! he>say acc\nt (  
,luke = ! rais+ f ! dead ( ! son ( !    
wid[ ( ,na91 q unsupport$ by ei!r ,mat!w
 or ,john4 ,& !n recurs ! "q3 ,w\ld an  
,almighty mak] ( ! univ]se1 wi%+ to %[  
compassion to 8 creatures1 & to accr$it1
 n only to ! m5 liv+ at ! "t ( 8        
appe>ance1 b to all subsequ5t ages1 by  
und\bt$ te/imonies1 a mess5g] f himself 
7! son ( 8 own "r h&71 & to accr$it him1
 moreov]1 by su* te/imonies z 7 mo/     
suit$ to ! compreh5sion ( m51 h all[$ ! 
record ( ^! cr$5tials1 on belief or     
unbelief on :i* ! et]nal doom ( ea*     
individual man h5ce=? w\ld dep5d1 to re/
 on evid5ce s wor?less--tak5 at its v   
be/--z ?is8  #b4 ,! foll[+ miracul\s    
ev5ts are ascrib$ to ! apo/les3--       
,acts ii4 #a-ac4 ,! gift ( tongues4     
ii4 #dc4 ,wond]s & signs g5]ally4       
iii4 #a-aa4 ,cure ( lame man by ,pet] & 
,john4      v4 #a-aa4 ,! yield+ up !    
gho/ by ,ananias & ,sapphira            

at ! ^w ( ,pet]4      v4 #ae1 #af4      
,cures at ! lea/ %ad[ ( ,pet]4      v4  
#ag-bj4 ,op5+ ( ! prison = ,pet] & ,john
 by ! angel                  ( ! ,"l4   
vi4 #h4 ,/eph5's wond]s & miracles4     
viii4 #e-h4 ,cures by ,philip ( unclean 
spirits1 & ( ! palsi$                   
& lame4      ix4 #ac-bb4 ,ananias cures 
,saul ( bl9dness4      ix4 #cb-ce4 ,cure
 by ,pet] ( "o sick ( ! palsy4      ix4 
#cf-dc4 ,pet] re/ores ,dorcas to life4  
,acts x4 #a-dh4 ,angel-appe>ance to     
,cornelius2 trance ( ,pet]4      xii4   
#g-aj4  ,op5+ ( ! prison = ,pet] by an  
angel ( ! ,"l4      xiii4 #h-aa4 ,bl9d+ 
( ,elymas by ,paul4      xiv4 #c4 ,signs
 & wond]s g5]ally by ,paul & ,b>nabas4  
xiv4 #h-aj4 ,cure ( a cripple by ,paul4 
xvi4 #af-ah4 ,cur+ a damsel possess$ by 
a _s ( div9ation4      xvi4 #be-bg4     
,e>?quake :ile ,paul & ,silas 7 s++     
praises                    to ,god 9 !  
/ocks at ,philippi4      xix4 #f4       
,disciples at ,ephesus speak+ ) tongues 
:5 ,paul                laid 8 h&s on   

!m4      xix4 #aa1 #ab4  ,diseases &    
evil spirits expell$  by aprons &       
h&k]*iefs tak5 f  ,paul's body4         
xix4 #ae4 ,te/imony ( ! evil _s to      
,jesus & ,paul4     xx4 #i-ab4          
,re/oration ( ,euty*us by ,paul4        
xxviii4 #d4   ,vip]   %ak5 (f ,paul's h&
 )\t hurt+ him4     xxviii4 #h4 ,bloody 
flux & o!r diseases cur$4  ,^! wondr\s  
occurr5ces re/ on ! record ( ,luke      
alone4 ,! e>li] portion1 if n ! :ole (  
!m1 _h tak5 place be=e ! ,gospels 7     
writt54 ,! gift ( tongues w\ld h be5    
vividly pres5t to ! m9ds ( ,mat!w &     
,john1 :o 7 among ! recipi5ts ( ?is     
m>vell\s end[m5t4 ,m>k 7,acts xii4 #ab7 
w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 aw>e ( ! grave ev5ts 
connect$ ) ! dea?-doom+1 life-re/or+1   
prison-op5+ ,pet]4 ,a s+le *apt] at !   
end ( ! gospel ( ei!r ,mat!w1 ,john1 or 
,m>k w\ld h be5 suffici5t to conta9 !   
confirmation ( ! m important ( ^!       
wond]s1 & surely s mu* might h be5      
expect$ f ! div9ely-*os5 witnesses1 ^?  
^: mission x 0 to decl>e ! :ole c\nsel (

 ,god1 to te/ify to ea* div9e           
confirmation )9 _! k ( ! tru? ( !       
,gospel4 ,:at1 !n1 c be said ( _!       
sil5ce8 ,:o 0 ,luke t !y %\ld h left s  
important a duty to him8  ,previ\s to   
,acts xvi4 #aj 7:]e ! we 9 ! n>rative   
comm5ces71 ,luke 0 n1 s f> z c be ga!r$1
 an eye-witness ( any ( ! ev5ts he      
relates1 & 8 in=mant is unkn[n4 ,nor    
does he pr(ess to h be5 an eye-witness (
 ! ,ephesian disciples speak+ ) tongues1
 ! cures1 & ! te/imony ( ! evil _s      
m5tion$ 9 ,acts xix4 #f1 #ae4 ,he 0     
pres5t at ! re/oration ( ,euty*us1 b x  
is n altoge!r cle> :e!r he means to     
describe ?is z a miracle4 ,! only o!rs (
 :i* he 0 an eye-witness are ! ca/+ out 
( ! _s ( div9ation 7,acts xvi4 #af-ah71 
& :at are m5tion$ 9 *ap1 xxviii4 ,8     
ref]5ce to ! _s ( div9ation z a real p[]
 %[s t he 0 imbu$ ) ! common sup]/ition1
 t he recognis$ ! abom9ations ( ^?      
nations d5\nc$ by ,moses4 ,9 *ap1       
xxviii4 ! innocu\s vip] c sc>cely be    
reg>d$ z a miracle1 & possibly ! bloody 

flux & o!r diseases may h giv5 way to   
o!r treatm5t ov] & above ! pray+ & lay+ 
on ( ,paul's h&s4 ,! g5]al contradiction
 betwe5 ,luke 9 ! ,acts & ,paul 9 8     
,epi/les ) ref]5ce to ,paul's movem5ts1 
w be fully detail$ 9 consid]+ !         
te/imonies to ! resurrection ( ,jesus4  
,at ! v be/1 !re=e1 sc>cely any "o ( !  
apo/olic miracles c be said to re/ on ! 
te/imony ( a s+le eye-witness4 ,!y are  
discr$it$ by ! sil5ce ( ! actual        
eye-witnesses1 ,mat!w & ,john1 ^:       
records1 x is "h assum$1 exi/2 & ,luke's
 cr$ibility is1 moreov]1 greatly affect$
 by ! s]i\s conflict ( te/imony betwe5  
himself & ,paul4 7,see ,*ap4 ,v47  ,!   
heal+ p[] claim$ = ! apo/les q rivals t 
( ,jesus4 ,cures 7 effect$ by ! lea/    
%ad[ ( ,pet]1 & by h&k]*iefs & aprons f 
,paul's body4 ,two ( ! miracles1 h[ev]1 
diff] f ^? ( ,jesus 9 t !y are ( a      
v9dictive nature4 ,^! are ! doom (      
,ananias & ,sapphira1 & ! bl9d+ (       
,elymas4 ,a m effective weapon = prie/ly
 dom9ation & exaction ?an ! sudd5 dea? (

 ,ananias & ,sapphira--no "t = rep5tance
 all[$--because !y deceiv$ ! apo/les z  
to ! price _! prop]ty fet*$1 c\ld n h   
be5 devis$4 ,pet]'s "q1 ,sold ye ! l& = 
s mu*1 %[s ! inquisitorial t5d5cy1 s    
wond]fully develop$ "u ! ,*ri/ian "n    
among all sects & cre$s 9 lat] times4 ,s
 f> z c be ga!r$ f ! ,gospels1 ! f>e on 
:i* ,jesus & 8 disciples liv$ 0 a poor  
"o4 ,bread & fi% are m5tion$2 w9e only  
once1 at ! la/ supp]2 b ?is is n        
confirm$ by ,john4 ,& h[ _! food 0 come 
by is left d\btful4 ,luke /ates t c]ta9 
wom5 foll[$ ,jesus1 :o m9i/]$ to him (  
_! sub/ance4 ,& ,john relates t z soon z
 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead became kn[n1
 ! *ief prie/s s\ght to arre/ ,jesus1 :5
 he w5t away to ! city ,ephraim1 ne> to 
! wild]ness1 & !re cont9u$ ) 8          
disciples4 ,"h 0 a rem>kable %r9k+ f !  
*ief prie/s ( "o :o _h p[] to re/ore    
life to ! dead4 ,six days be=e !        
,passov] he came aga9 to ,be?any1 :]e he
 _h supp] ) ! rais$ ,laz>us & 8 si/]s1  
,m>?a & ,m>y4 ,m>?a s]v$2 ,m>y ano9t$ 8 

feet ) co/ly o9tm5t1 & wip$ 8 feet ) h] 
hair4 ,judas ,isc>iot grumbl$ at ! wa/e3
 ,:y1 he said1 0 n ?is o9tm5t sold =    
?ree hundr$ p5ce & giv5 to ! poor8      
,jesus repli$ t %e _h done x aga9/ ! day
 ( 8 bury+4 ,! n>rator--,john1 z we     
assume1 a companion ( ,jesus--adds1 ,?is
 he said n t he c>$ = ! poor1 b because 
he 0 a ?ief1 & _h ! bag1 & b>e :at 0 put
 !re94 ,mo/ m>vell\s6 = :at d su*       
expressions z to ! vocation ( ,judas    
imply8 ,0 he b a type ( ^? :o1 "u !     
au?ority ( ! "n & sup]natural pret5sions
 ( 8 ma/]1 "u v>i\s l(ty titles1 f holy 
to rev]5d1 ) int5sify+ adjectives       
prefix$1 h s9ce impos$ ^u mank9d1       
controll$ rul]s & delud$ nations1 oppos$
 fre$om & d5\nc$ enlight5m5t1 = ! sake (
 _! ord]1 _! influ5ce1 _! position1 _!  
emolum5ts8  ,b1 9 :atev] way !y ma9ta9$ 
!mselves1 _! life 0 a poor "o4 ,! ,son (
 man _h n :]e to lay 8 head4 ,:51 !re=e1
 ! apo/les f\nd t _! te/imony to !      
resurrection ( ,jesus br\ght ab\t su* a 
result z is describ$ ,acts iv4 #cb-ce1 !

 *ange mu/ h be5 a mo/ agreeable "o to  
!m4 ,& ! multitude ( !m t believ$ 7 ( "o
 he>t & ( "o s\l2 nei!r said any ( !m t 
ought ( ! ?+s :i* he possess$ 0 8 own2 &
 !y _h all ?+s common4 ,& ) great p[]   
gave ! apo/les witness ( ! resurrection 
( ! ,"l ,jesus2 & great grace 0 ^u !m   
all4 ,nei!r 0 !re any among !m t lack$2 
= z _m z 7 possessors ( l&s or h\ses    
sold !m1 & br\ght ! prices ( ! ?+s t 7  
sold1 & laid !m d[n at ! apo/les' feet2 
& di/ribution 0 made unto e man accord+ 
z he _h ne$4  ,"h 7 !y 7assum+ ,luke's  
acc\nt to be true7 lead]s ( a communi/ic
 society1 :]e all 7 well c>$ =1 in/ead (
 e>n+ a h>d livelihood z fi%]m51 or w&]+
 ab\t ,galilee & ,judea z m5dicants or  
o!rwise2 & ev5 ) ! p]secution x is said 
to h br\ght f ! ,jewi% rul]s1 ! *ange   
mu/ h be5 9 e way pref]able4 ,:at m     
fav\rable opportunity ?an ?is c\ld h be5
 f\nd1 :ile !y 7 giv+ !mselves          
cont9ually to pray] & ! m9i/ry ( ! ^w1  
too busy ev5 to att5d to ! di/ribution (
 *>ity1 to settle ! acc\nts !y 7 to     

propagate ( ,jesus' life & tea*+1 8     
miracul\s de$s1 8 resurrection &        
asc5sion1 & to m\ld !m1 s f> z possible1
 9 accordance ) ! ,jewi% prophecies ( ! 
,messiah8 ,b :e!r ! wond]s ( ! f\r      
gospels orig9at$ ?us or o!rwise1 ,tru?1 
ev] triumphant 9 ! end1 conf\nds !      
devices ( design+1 z well z ! illusions 
( weak-m9d$ m51 & reveals to h]         
wor%ipp]s ! flaws & ! holl[ness t       
inv>iably *>act]ise evid5ce 9 support ( 
sup]human pret5ce1 int5d$ to ex]cise    
sway ov] ! consci5ces ( m54     ,,*apt] 
,,iv4 ,,! ,,fulfilm5t ,,( ,,prophecy    
,if x be assum$ t ! canonical books ( ! 
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7 writt5 by ^? ^: 
names !y be>1 & t !y h be5 h&$ d[n      
intact1 prophecies utt]$ f ,moses to    
,mala*i1 b4c4 #aejj to ,b4,c4 #djj1     
fulfill$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus 9 s complete
 a mann] z to %[ t !y c\ld ref] 9 _!    
entirety to no "o else1 w\ld be n only a
 mo/ tru/wor?y cr$5tial to ,jesus       
himself1 b also a conclusive pro( ( !   
div9e inspiration ( ^? :o utt]$ !m1 !   

p[] ( =etell+ ! remote future--all ! m (
 =etell+ ! sup]natural--be+ cle>ly an   
attribute ( an ,almighty alone4 ,pet]   
ref]s to ! m sure ^w ( prophecy1 :]eunto
 ye d well to take he$1 z unto a light t
 %9e? 9 a d>k place1 & he /ates t holy  
m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy  
,gho/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! prophecies   
arrogat$ to ,jesus are prop]ly          
applicable to ev5ts altoge!r unconnect$ 
) 8 life & alleg$ mission1 & if !re are 
/ra9$ & unt5able appropriations ( ,old  
,te/am5t passages by ! writ]s ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t1 ! claim ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to  
be a developm5t & fulfilm5t ( ! ,old w  
be altoge!r de/roy$1 & ! c&\r ( its     
writ]s discr$it$4 ,?is portion ( !      
inquiry1 !re=e1 is ( v great importance4
  ,9 ! writ+s ( ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy1 almo/ 
e incid5t record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is  
expla9$ by "s me?od1 m or less +5i\s1 z 
typical ( ! ,messiah z repres5t$ by     
,jesus4 ,b ! pres5t inquiry1 ) two or   
?ree exceptions1 w be conf9$ to !       
in/ances claim$ by ! writ]s ( ! ,new    

,te/am5t z fulfilm5ts ( ,jewi% prophecy4
 ,x is cle> t if ^! _c' be ma9ta9$1     
nei!r c any subsequ5t int]pretations4   
7a47 ,prophecies claim$ = ,john !       
,bapti/  ,fir/4--,mala*i iii4 #a2 ,luke 
vii4 #bg4  ,9 ! passage 9 ,mala*i !re   
are ?ree designations3--  #a4 ,my       
mess5g]1 i4e41 ! angel ( ! ,"l4  #b4 ,! 
,"l :om ye seek4  #c4 ,! mess5g] 7angel7
 ( ! cov5ant :om ye de-light 94  ,& !   
words ,he %all come indicate t all ^!   
titles are meant = ! same p]son4  ,n[1 9
 ,exodus !re are v>i\s allusions to !   
angel ( ! ,"l prec$+ 8 p ,israel4 ,*ap4 
xiv4 #ai1--;,& ! angel ( ,god1 :i* w5t  
be=e ! camp ( ,israel1 remov$ & w5t     
beh9d !m4 ,*ap1 xxiii4 #bj1--;,behold1  
,i s5d an angel be=e !e1 to keep !e 9 ! 
way1 & to br+ !e into ! place :i* ,i h  
prep>$4 ,bew>e ( him444 = my "n is 9    
him4 ,simil> passages are ,exodus xxxii4
 #cd2 xxxiii4 #b-ad2 ,numb]s xx4 #af4   
,! manife/ation1 !re=e1 expect$ by      
,mala*i 0 ( ! dread angel ( ! cov5ant s 
rev]$ 9 ! ,mosaic writ+s4 ,mo/ ,*ri/ians

 believe t ?is angel 0 ,jesus ! ,messiah
 himself4 ,b ,luke1 alt]+ ! quotation f 
me to !e1 affirms t ,jesus himself      
appli$ x to ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,if !      
quotation 9 ,luke is n f ,mala*i1 b "p (
 ,exodus xxiii4 #bj j ref]r$ to1 !e is  
correct1 b x /ill implies t ,john !     
,bapti/ & ! angel ( ! ,exodus 7 "o4 ,:o 
has made ! mi/ake8 ,jesus 9 ascrib+ ?is 
quotation to ,john1 or ,luke 9 mak+     
,jesus s ascribe x8  ,second4--,mala*i  
iv4 #e2 ,luke i4 #af1 #ag2 ,mat!w xi4   
#ad2 xvii4 #aa-ac2 ,m>k ix4 #aa-ac4  ,! 
,elijah ( ,mala*i 0 to come to y        
7,israel71 7#a47 ,be=e ! great & t]rible
 day ( ! ,"l2 7#b47 to turn ! he>t ( !  
fa!rs to ! *ildr51 & ! he>t ( ! *ildr5  
to _! fa!rs2 7#c47 le/ ,i 7! ,"l7 come &
 smite ! e>? ) a curse4  ,luke's        
au?oritative angel pr$ict$ t ,john 01   
7#a47 ,to g be=e him 7,jesus7 9 ! _s &  
p[] ( ,elias2 7#b47 to turn ! he>ts ( ! 
fa!rs to ! *ildr51 & ! disob$i5t to !   
wisdom ( ! j2 7#c47 to make ready a p   
prep>$-= ! ,"l4  ,jesus /ates ( ,john1  

7#a47 ,if ye w receive x1 ?is is ,elias 
:i* 0 = to come2 7#b47 ,elias truly %all
 fir/ come & re/ore all ?+s4 ,b ,i say  
unto y1 t ,elias is come already1 & !y  
knew him n1 b h done unto him :atsoev]  
!y li/$1 ,m>k adds1 z x is writt5 ( him4
  ,x is c]ta9ly n[h]e writt5 79 ! ,old  
,te/am5t7 t ! p ,elijah is to be s5t    
among are to d to him :atsoev] !y li/4  
,! ,elijah ( ,mala*i is to turn !m1 &   
?is1 by ! acc\nt ( ! ,new ,te/am5t      
writ]s1 ,john ! ,bapti/ did n accompli%4
  ,?ird4--,isa4mh4 xl4 #c2 ,matt4 iii4  
#c2 ,m>k i4 #b1 #c2 ,luke iii4 #d-f2    
,john i4 #bc4  ,if ,isaiah's doctr9e    
implies t be=e ! maje/y ( ! et]nal1 !   
inf9ite1 univ]se1 ! di/9ctions (        
brief-liv$ mortals disappe>1 & t its    
glory & its op]ations are op5 to all    
fle% alike to behold & to inve/igate2 t 
?\gh we %all p]i%1 x1 9 "o or o!r ( its 
v>i\s =ms1 w ev]more endure1--!n ! voice
 ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness may /ill refre%
 & *e] ! human he>t1 :e!r x be ! voice (
 ,isaiah1 ,john ! ,bapti/1 or any o!r   

se] or man4 ,:at x proclaims is !       
h]itage ( all4  7b47 ,claim ( ,jesus to 
be ! se$ ( ! woman :o bruis$ ! s]p5t's  
head4  ,g5esis iii4 #ae2 ,matt4 iii4    
#ag2 xiii4 #ch2 xxiii4 #cc2 ,john viii4 
#dd2 #a ,john iii4 #h2 ,heb4 ii4 #ad1   
#ae2 ,kev4 xii4 #i2 xx4 #b4 ,by believ]s
 t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/ ! passage 9 ,g5esis
 is held to be a prophecy t receiv$ its 
fulfilm5t 9 him4 ,he 0 ! se$ ( ! woman  
:o bruis$ ! head ( ! s]p5t1 by re/or+ t 
portion ( ! human race :o believe 9 him 
to ! div9e fav\r lo/ ?r\gh ! wiles ( !  
s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t is ,satan1 8 se$ mank9d 
9 _! natural /ate2 !y bruis$ ! heel 7n a
 deadly "p7 ( ! se$ ( ! woman by        
crucify+ ,*ri/4 ,jesus1 :o m]ely laid   
d[n 8 life t he might take x aga91 & ?us
 expiat$ ! s9s ( 8 p1 9 turn bruis$ !   
head 7a deadly "p7 ( ! s]p5t4 ,su* is ! 
mean+ ( ,g5esis iii4 #ae1 indicat$ by ! 
writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t f\r ?\s& ye>s  
aft] ! words are said to h be5 utt]$ by 
,god4  ,w ! passage !n be> any su*      
int]pretation8  ,! s]p5t tempt$ ,eve to 

eat ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( ! k ( good &   
evil2 %e induc$ h] husb& to d ! same4 ,=
 ?is ! ?ree 7 s5t5c$ ?us3--  #a4 ,! man1
 t he %\ld eat bread by ! sweat ( 8 br[ 
?r\gh culture ( ! gr\nd1 curs$ = 8 sake1
 until 8 return to ! du/ f :5ce he came4
  ,?is is p]fectly cle>3 x admits ( no  
d\ble int]pretation4  #b4 ,! woman1 t %e
 %\ld br+ =? 9 pa91 & be 9 subjection to
 h] husb&4  ,?is is also q pla91 & 9    
accordance ) natural fact1 :e!r ! cause 
be ! eat+ ( ! =bidd5 fruit or n4  #c4 ,!
 s]p5t1 t he %\ld g ^u 8 belly1 t he    
%\ld eat du/1 t he %\ld hate mank9d1 t  
mank9d %\ld hate him1 t m5 %\ld bruise 8
 head1 t he %\ld bruise m5's heel4  ,is 
!re any?+ "h beyond natural fact m ?an 9
 ! case ( ! man or woman8 ,m5 trample on
 s]p5ts1 s]p5ts bite m5 f heel to knee2 
!y _c z a rule /rike high]4  ,:at else1 
!n1 c be said ( all ^! passages1 ?an t  
!y are exact descriptions ( ! lot on e>?
 ( m51 wom51 & s]p5ts1 :e!r or n caus$  
by eat+ ! =bidd5 fruit8  ,:at is c]ta91 
h[ev]1 is t ?is lot has n be5 rev]s$1 or

 ev5 alleviat$ by ! com+ ( ,jesus4 ,m5  
live on ! fruits ( ! gr\nd br\ght =? by 
culture1 until !y decay & die2 wom5 be> 
*ildr5 9 pa92 s]p5ts crawl along ! gr\nd
 z be=e4 ,if ^! are ! works ( ! devil1  
:y has ,jesus n de/roy$ !m8 ,:y s9ce 8  
adv5t d !y exi/ z be=e8 ,he has expiat$ 
guilt1 he has asc5d$ into heav51 all p[]
 is 8 9 heav5 & 9 e>?4 ,:y !n does !    
devil /ill triumph on e>?8 ,:y d !      
s-call$ curses1 :i* ! s]p5t's temptation
 ( ,eve br\ght1 cont9ue4  ,jesus1 x is  
said1 is to de/roy ! works ( ! devil1 b 
only 9 ^? :o believe 9 him1 & ev5 9 _!  
case n 9 ?is _w4 ,:5 he comes aga9 9    
glory he is to raise _! bodies1 he is to
 give !m a new heav5 & a new e>?1 ^? n[ 
exi/+ be+ de/roy$4 ,! bodies ( ^? :o d n
 believe are also to be rais$1 b are to 
be giv5 ov] to ev]la/+ fire4  ,! devil1 
!n1 s f> z dea?1 toil1 & suff]+ are     
conc]n$1 is to triumph on e>? ov] all   
mank9d till ! end ( "t2 & to all et]nity
 he is to triumph ov] ! great] "p1 or a 
v great "p ( ! human race1 :o ?r\gh 8   

means are to suff] ! angui% ( !         
bottomless pit4 ,h[ !n c x be said t    
,*ri/ 0 manife/$ t he might de/roy !    
works ( ! et]nally triumphant devil4 ,h[
 has ! se$ ( ! woman bruis$ ! head ( !  
s]p5t1 if ,jesus 0 ! se$ & ! devil !    
s]p5t8 ,x is cle>1 if ,*ri/ian doctr9e  
be true1 t ! devil1 by ! curses he has  
br\ght on m5--dea?1 toil1 *ild-be>+     
pangs--is to reign victori\s on e>? ov] 
! :ole human race1 & is also 9 et]nity  
to reign victori\s ov] a great "p ( !   
human race doom$ to ev]la/+ angui%4 ,s !
 dom9ion ( ! evil ,"o is to be et]nal1  
,jesus & :at he has done not)/&+4  ,x   
may "h1 p]haps1 )\t impropriety1 be     
po9t$ out t probably !re is no m /rik+  
illu/ration ( :at has be5 reg>d$ z !    
p]fection ( ! art ( fiction-fram+ ?an ! 
,mosaic acc\nt ( ! fall ( man4 ,ari/otle
 7,poet1 *ap1 xiv47 ascribes ?is art to 
,hom] 9 ! highe/ degree1--t he taught   
o!rs h[ to feign 9 a prop] mann]1 by    
mak+ a true consequ5t foll[ a false     
antec$5t2 s t ! m9d1 kn[+ ! consequ5t to

 be true1 is l$ to believe t ! antec$5t 
is true z well4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 see h[
 ! natural facts ( decay & dea?1        
necess>y lab\r1 *ild-be>+ pa91 &        
s]p5t-crawl+ & v5om\sness1 are made to  
foll[ z results ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 !     
s]p5t's v9dictiv5ess1 & ,eve & ,adam's  
surr5d]2 s t m51 kn[+ ! natural facts to
 be true1 h be5 captivat$ into believ+ t
 ! assign$ causes are also true4  7c47  
,claim ( ,jesus to be ! se$ ( ,abraham1 
9 :om all nations %\ld be bless$        
7,g5esis xii4 #c2 xviii4 #ah2 xxii4 #ah2
 ,acts iii4 #be2 ,galatians iii4 #h74   
,! promise said to h be5 made by ,god to
 ,abraham1 t 9 8 se$ all nations ( ! e>?
 %\ld be bless$1 is claim$ = ,jesus & = 
^? :o believe 9 him4 ,8 r$eem$ are to   
come out ( e nation1 k9dr$1 p1 & tongue1
 & ?r\gh 8 m]cy & m]its !y are to inh]it
 ! mansions ( bliss ev]more4 ,he is ?us 
! se$ 9 :om all nations 7i4e41 ! believ+
 portion ( all nations7 ( ! e>? 7i4e41 n
 on ! e>? b 9 heav57 %all be bless$4    
,by myself h ,i sworn1 sai? ! ,"l1 =    

because ?\ ha/ done ?is ?+1 & ha/ n     
)held ?y son1 ?9e only son2 t 9 bless+  
,i w bless !e1 & 9 multiply+ ,i w       
multiply ?y se$ z ! />s ( heav51 & z !  
s& :i* is ^u ! sea-%ore1 & ?y se$ %all  
possess ! gate ( 8 enemies2 & 9 ?y se$  
%all all nations ( ! e>? be bless$1     
because ?\ ha/ obey$ my voice4  ,^! l(ty
 phrases 7 ! expression ( ! high        
aspiration & fond belief ( ! ,jewi% p1  
ei!r "u ! sway ( _! lawgiv] ,moses      
7always on ! assumption t he 0 ! writ] (
 ,g5esis71 lead+ !m triumphantly on to !
 conque/ ( ,canaan1 ! home ( _!         
traditional ance/or1 or :5 !y 7 settl$ z
 a nation 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 ?y se$ all     
nations ( ! e>? %all be bless$ is1      
fur!r1 an expectation ( ! com+          
subjection ( ! human race to ! law &    
revelation ( ,moses4 ,! ,gibeons pres5t$
 !mselves ?us3 ,f a v f> c\ntry ?y      
s]vants are come because ( ! "n ( ! ,"l 
?y ,god2 & ! foll[+ passage is brimful (
 ! same hope3 ,& x %all come to pass 9 !
 la/ days t ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l's h\se %all

 be e/abli%$ on ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 &    
%all be e/abli%$ above ! hills1 & all   
nations %all fl[ into x4 ,& _m p %all g 
& say1 ,come ye1 & let u g up to !      
m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 to ! h\se ( ! ,god (    
,jacob1 & he w tea* u ( 8 ways1 & we w  
walk 9 8 pa?s2 = out ( ,zion %all g =? !
 law1 & ! ^w ( ! ,"l f ,j]usalem4  ,!   
expectation t ,pale/9e w aga9 be re/or$ 
to ! ,jews1 t _! temple s]vice at       
,j]usalem w be re-e/abli%$ 9 all its    
glory1 & t ! o!r nations ( ! e>? w flock
 ?i!r = enlight5m5t1 & be guid$ by !    
precepts ( ! ,jewi% lawgiv]s1 has       
c]ta9ly s f> n be5 realis$ on e>?4 ,!   
,jewi% race1 to ! pres5t day1 live 9    
hope ( its fulfilm5t4 ,*ri/ians expla9  
its fulfilm5t figuratively by ! p[] &   
attributes !y ascribe to ,jesus4 ,b sob]
 fact %[s t x is a fond &1 z x has      
prov$1 futile patriotic aspiration4     
,are ! qualities ( ! ,jewi% race su* z  
to w>rant _! high claim to be lead]s (  
m5--! nation :i*1 fir/ 9 div9e fav\r &  
k1 %\ld /&1 z x 71 betwe5 ! ,almighty & 

! o!r nations ( ! e>?8 ,! utmo/ t5acity 
( purpose1 unfail+ fai? 9 _! de/9y1     
triumphant endurance ( rev]ses1 skill & 
aptitude1 n only = ord9>y worldly       
int]c\rse & deal+1 b = ! arts :i* *>m ! 
s\l & elevate life2 exalt$ conception ( 
! omnipot5ce ( ! deity1 9 s f> z to view
 ) int5se abhorr5ce t he %\ld be lik5$  
to any visible creature1 &1 al?\gh ta9t$
 by giv+ a m9d to ! ,almighty l _! own  
7= ! deity ( ! ,p5tateu*1 9 _m respects1
 is b an almighty ,israelite1 blood?ir/y
 & unsp>+ to ali5s 9 race & cre$71 /ill 
an exalt$ conception z comp>$ to ! gods 
( o!r nations1--all ^! qualities are    
!irs4 ,:]e9 d !y fail8 ,:at is _!       
defect8 ,! defect ( ! c[>d--want ( moral
 c\rage4 ,deceit & /ratagem r ?an op5   
conduct are _! *>act]i/ics4 ,abraham1 = 
fe> ( 8 life 7,g5esis x4 #ab-bj71 li$ & 
risk$ 8 wife's di%on\r4 ,isaac 7xxvi4   
#f-aa7 did ! same4 ,jacob by vile deceit
 obta9$ 8 fa!r's bless+ 7xxvii4 #a-bi71 
& supplant$ 8 bro!r4 ,jacob's sons      
7xxxvii4 #ah-bf71 to rid !mselves ( _!  

bro!r ,joseph1 ( :om !y 7 jeal\s1 sold  
him z a slave1 & by a /ratagem l$ _!    
fa!r to ?9k t he 0 kill$ by a wild bea/4
 ,joseph xliv4 #a-ac deta9$ 8 bro!rs by 
a trick4 ,9 ! ,exodus xi #a-c2 xii4 #ce1
 #cf ! ,israelites1 by direction ( ! ,"l
 to ,moses1 "u pret5ce ( borr[+1 spoil$ 
! ,egyptians ( _! jewels ( gold & silv]4
 ,! w>rior ,joab 7#b ,sam4 iii4 #bg7    
trea*]\sly slew ! valiant ,abn]4 ,david 
7#b ,sam4 xi4 #b-ag7 direct$ t ,uriah ! 
,hittite1 a self-d5y+ soldi]1 %\ld be   
plac$ 9 ! =efront ( ! battle1 :]e dea? 0
 c]ta91 9 ord] t1 ! husb& be+ remov$1 ! 
k+ might m>ry ! wife he _h already      
s$uc$4 ,david too1 on 8 dea?b$ 7#a ,k+s 
ii4 #a-aj71 *>g$ 8 son ,solomon to      
violate ! oa? he himself _h sworn by !  
,"l to sp>e ,%imei ! ,b5jamite2 & also  
*>g$ him n to let ! ho> head ( 8 own    
g5]al1 ,joab1 g d[n to ! grave 9 peace2 
& ,solomon1 f9d+ speci\s pretexts1 s5t 8
 but*]1 ,b5aiah 7#a ,k+s ii4 #ab-df71 to
 fall on ^! two old m51 & on 8 own bro!r
 ,adonijah4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( !     

,jews1 :e!r z a nation or z a disp]s$ p1
 exhibits ! same /rik+ qualities1 ) !   
same fatal defect4 ,f> be x f ! nations 
( ! e>? ev] to submit to su* lead]%ip4  
,may n ?is rem>kable p r s]ve z a w>n+ (
 :at ! highe/ qualities1 unaccompani$ ) 
c\rage & op5 conduct1 produce4  7d47    
,claim ( ,jesus to be ! ,%iloh ( ,g5esis
 7,g5esis xlix4 #aj74  ,! sceptre %all n
 dep>t f ,judah1 nor a lawgiv] f betwe5 
8 feet1 until ,%iloh come2 & unto him   
%all ! ga!r+ ( ! p be4  ,?is prophecy1  
put by ,moses into ! m\? ( ! dy+ ,jacob 
9 ! ye> b4c4 #afhi1 is n claim$ = ,jesus
 by ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b is    
usually ref]r$ to by ,*ri/ians ( !      
pres5t day1 z "o ( ! mo/ conclusive     
in/ances ( ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy by !  
adv5t ( ,jesus4 ,jacob's vatic9ation    
is1--  #a4 ,t nei!r ! sceptre nor a     
lawgiv] %all dep>t f ,judah4  ,?is      
implies t at ! "t ( ! prophecy ,judah _h
 a sceptre & a lawgiv]1 :i* 0 n ! case4 
,b x w be affirm$ t ,jacob's ass]tion 0 
prophetical1 t he =esaw ! "t :5 ,judah  

w\ld h ! k+ly p[] among 8 bre?r51 :i*   
did n occur till ! "t ( ,david4  #b4    
,until ,%iloh 7he ^: x is7 come4  #c4 ,&
 unto him %all ! ga!r+ ( ! p be1 i4e41  
at ! com+ ( ,%iloh1 ! k+%ip1 & lawgiv+1 
& ! p's allegiance %all be transf]r$ f  
,judah to him4  ,j]eboam1 "u :om all    
,israel1 except+ ,judah & ,b5jam91      
revolt$ f ! h\se ( ,david1 has probably 
! be/ claim to be ! ,%iloh ( ,g5esis2 b 
! consid]ation ( ?is po9t1 involv+1 z x 
does1 inquiry into ! actual date ( !    
augury & ! purpose = :i* x 0 promulgat$1
 is q outside ! pres5t purpose4         
,*ri/ians1 9 ma9ta9+ t ,jesus is !      
,%iloh1 expla9 t ! tribe ( ,judah did n 
lose self-gov]nm5t until ,ar*elaus 0    
bani%$ by ,augu/us 9 a4d4 #f1 & ,judea  
!n annex$ to ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,!     
sceptre & ! lawgiv] !n dep>t$ f ,judah3 
x 0 transf]r$ to ! wondr\s *ild1 & ! p  
ga!r$ unto him ref]s n to ! ,jewi%      
nation1 b to believ]s 9 ,jesus ?r\gh\t !
 _w4  ,let1 !n1 ! ass]tion t ! sceptre &
 a lawgiv] did n dep>t f ,judah until ! 

"t ( ,jesus be comp>$ ) ! utt]ances ( ! 
prophet ,j]emiah on ! ,babyloni%        
captivity 7,lam4 i4 #f2 il #i2 v4       
#aa-af7--;,h] k+ & h] pr9ces are among !
 ,g5tiles3 ! law is no m is ! burd5 ( ^!
 passages4 ,x mu/ surely be admitt$ t   
,j]emiah 0 a m compet5t au?ority =      
det]m9+ :5 ! sceptre & a lawgiv] dep>t$ 
f ,judah1 ?an ,*ri/ians ( ! pres5t day4 
,cle>ly1 !n1 ! ,%iloh ( ,jacob 7:omev]  
or :atev] ,%iloh may ref] to7 mu/ h come
 be=e ! ,babyloni% captivity1 or        
,jacob's prophecy has be5 falsifi$4  ,z 
,g5esis xlix4 #aj1 h[ev]1 is n claim$ by
 ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s = ,jesus1 !     
discrepancy 9 ?is in/ance betwe5        
,j]emiah's views & ^? ( mod]n ,*ri/ians 
does n affect _! position4  7e47 ,claim 
( ,jesus to be ! successor ( ,moses     
7,deut4 xviii4 #ae-bb2 ,acts iii4 #bb1  
#bc74  ,i w raise !m up a prophet f     
among _! bre?r51 l unto !e1 c4  ,moses 9
 ?is passage s cle>ly ref]s to ,jo%ua   
7see ,jo%ua i4 #a-i71 :o 0 to take 8    
place z lead] ( ! ,israelites1 t any o!r

 con/ruction is entirely %ut out4 ,!    
ass]tion t ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 despis$ by 
8 c\ntrym51 homeless1 & poor 7ev5 if he 
_h be5 ! son ( ! ,et]nal 9 disguise71 9 
any way resembl$ ,moses ! successful    
w>rior & lawgiv]1 0 well put into ! m\? 
( ! ra%-spok5 ,pet]4  7f#a47 ,claim (   
,jesus to be ! ,son ( ,david ,to e/abli%
 ! desc5t ( ,jesus f ,david1 two diff]5t
 detail$ g5ealogies are giv5 by ,mat!w &
 ,luke4  #a4 ,mat!w 7i4 #a-ag7 traces ! 
desc5t ( ,joseph1 ! reput$ fa!r (       
,jesus1 f ,abraham1 ?r\gh ,david &      
,solomon1 d[n to ,sala?iel & ,zorobabel1
 & f !m to ,joseph1 & /ates t !re 7     
f\rte5 g5]ations f ,abraham to ,david1 !
 same numb] f ,david to ! captivity1 & !
 same numb] f ! captivity to ,jesus4 ,! 
f\rte5 names giv51 f ,abraham to ,david 
inclusive1 agree ) ! ,hebrew ,*ronicles2
 b to r$uce to f\rte5 ! names f ,solomon
 to ,je*onias1 k+ ( ! fir/ captivity1   
inclusive1 no few] ?an f\r p]sons1 to   
wit1 ,ahaziah2 ,joa%1 & ,amaziah1 !     
six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? f ,solomon1 &      

,jehoiakim1 ! fa!r ( ,je*onias1 are     
omitt$1 7#a ,*ron4 iii47 ,see1 = !      
utt]ly pu]ile fancy ( break+ up ,*ri/'s 
desc5t into ?ree equal p]iods ( f\rte5  
g5]ations1 h[ ! compil] scruples n to   
mutilate a g5ealogy1 ! :ole ( :i* mu/ h 
be5 be=e him2 = x _c be suppos$ t he 0  
unacqua9t$ ) ! books ( ,k+s & ,*ronicles
 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t6 ,! f\rte5 names f   
,je*onias to ,jesus !re is no means (   
asc]ta9+ f :om ,mat!w receiv$4 ,joseph1 
be+ ( ! h\se & l9eage ( ,david1 may h _h
 a record ( 8 desc5t1 & ,mat!w may h    
receiv$ x ei!r f ,joseph or f "o ( !    
bro!rs ( ,jesus1 or ! mutilator ( !     
second set ( f\rte5 may readily h f\nd !
 ?ird4  #b4 ,! g5ealogy giv5 by ,luke   
7iii4 #bc-ch7 conta9s s /rik+ a div]g5ce
 f t ( ,mat!w1 t _m pr(ess$ believ]s 9 !
 pl5>y inspiration & ^w-infallibility ( 
! ,new ,te/am5t scriptures h endeav\r$  
to expla9 x away by v>i\s consid]ations1
 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 to any tru?-lov+ m9d
 w\ld appe> satisfactory4 ,luke traces !
 desc5t f ,joseph backw>ds to ,zorobabel

 & ,sala?iel ?r\gh eighte5 p]sons1 n "o 
( ^: names agrees ) any ( ! n9e 9 ,mat!w
 :o cov] ! same p]iod1 unless x be t ( !
 gr&fa!r ( ,joseph1 :o is call$ 9 ! "o  
li/ ,mat?an & 9 ! o!r ,mat?at4 ,x has   
be5 sugge/$ t ! "o li/ conta9s ,joseph's
 own ance/ors1 ! o!r 8 ance/ors 9 "r ( 8
 wife--i4e41 ,m>y's ance/ors4 ,b ?is    
explanation fails 9 view ( ! fur!r      
div]g5ce ( trac+ ,sala?iel's desc5t     
back1 n to ,solomon ?r\gh ! k+ly l9e1 z 
,mat!w does1 b to ,na?an1 ano!r son (   
,david4 ,luke or ,luke's1 in=mant is "h 
also at v>iance ) ! ,old ,te/am5t       
,*ronicles1 :i* trace ,sala?iel's desc5t
 to ,solomon1 & ! names he ins]ts betwe5
 ,sala?iel & ,na?an are n f\nd 9 any o!r
 record4  ,on ! "q ( ,jesus' g5ealogy   
!re rema9s ?is fur!r consid]ation3 ,if  
,joseph 0 n 8 real fa!r1 ,joseph's      
desc5t w\ld n make ,jesus ( ! se$ (     
,david accord+ to ! fle%4 ,:5ce !n      
sprung 8 "m ,m>y8 ,! gospels are sil5t  
,c\s9 ,elizabe? 0 ( ! daught]s ( ,a>on1 
b 0 ,m>y ( ! daught]s ( ,a>on or ( !    

daught]s ( ,david8  7f#b47 ,claim (     
,jesus to be ! ,son ( ,david 7,psalm ex4
 #a2 ,matt4 xxii4 #da-df74  ,! ,"l said 
unto my "l1 c4 ,jesus ask$ ! ,ph>isees4 
,if !n ,david 9 _s call$ ,*ri/ ,"l1 h[  
is he 8 son8 ,& no man 0 able to answ]  
him a ^w1 c4  ,! ,ph>isees mu/ h be5 v  
ignorant ( _! own scriptures1 if !y 7   
unable to answ] ! "q ( ,jesus4 ,my "l1 9
 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is frequ5tly appli$ to
 sup]iors4 ,hannah call$ ! high prie/   
,eli my "l4 ,! same designation 0 giv5  
by ,david to ,saul1 by ,abigail to      
,david1 by ,abn] to ,david4 ,s>ah1 !    
wife ( ,abraham1 is specially comm5d$ 9 
! ,new ,te/am5t = ! respect %e %[$ to h]
 husb& 9 call+ him "l4 ,joseph appli$ ! 
same title to himself1 ,god ha? made me 
"l ( all ,egypt4 ,& ,potiph> is call$   
,joseph's ma/]1 ! same ^w translat$     
else:]e "l4 ,psalm ex4 is ?us a flatt]+ 
effusion to ,david1 :om ! s+] designates
 my "l1 describ+ 8 fav\r ) ! ,"l        
7,jehovah71 8 rul+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 enemies1
 8 simil>ity to ! prie/-k+ ,mel*is$ek1 &

 8 success 9 w>4  7g47 ,claim ( ,jesus  
to be ,immanuel 7,isaiah vii4 #aj-af2   
viii4 #a-h2 ,matt4 i4 #ba-bc74  ,!      
prophecy 9 ,isaiah ref]s to a sign to be
 giv5 to ,ahaz1 ,k+ ( ,judea1 to        
enc\rage him "u ! invasion1 or ?reat5$  
invasion1 ( 8 c\ntry by ! k+s ( ,syria &
 ,israel4 ,! sign 0 to be1--#a4 ,!      
conception by a virg9 ( a son2 #b4 t %e 
%\ld call 8 "n ,immanuel1 translat$ ,god
 ) u2 #c4 ! removal ( ! k+s ( ,syria &  
,israel be=e ! *ild em]g$ f infancy4    
,foll[+ on ?is1 & 9 cont9uation ( ! same
 subject1 ,isaiah n>rates1--#a4 ,t he   
w5t unto ! prophetess1 ! result be+ t %e
 bore a son2 #b4 t ! ,"l told him to    
call 8 "n ,mab]-%alal-ha%-baz1 translat$
 mak+ spe$ to ! spoil he ha/5e? ! prey2 
#c4 ! removal by ! sup]ior =ce ( !      
,assyrian mon>* ( ! ri*es ( ,damascus & 
! spoils ( ,sam>ia1 be=e ! *ild c\ld cry
 fa!r or "m4  ,! pla9 mean+1 !n1 ( all  
?is is t ! sign 0 to be giv5 to         
,ahaz1--if realis$1 x mu/ necess>ily h  
be5 realis$ 9 8 lifetime2 also t !      

ov]?r[ ( ,syria & ,israel 0 to take     
place dur+ ! infancy ( ! *ild4 ,to      
affirm1 z ,mat!w does1 t x is a prophecy
 fulfill$ by a bir? t occurr$ sev5      
c5turies aft] ! ev5ts x ref]s to1 surely
 requires an unb\nd$ cr$ulity4  ,does ! 
prophet ref] to two *ildr51 ,immanuel & 
,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz8 ,or 0 ! prophetess 
! virg91 & ^! two names be/[$ on h]     
*ild8 ,! condition apply+ equally to bo?
 names1 t ,syria & ,israel 7 to be      
ov]run dur+ ! infancy ( ! *ild1 is almo/
 conclusive 9 fav\r ( ! latt]           
con/ruction4 ,isaiah _h ?us tak5        
imm$iate /eps to ensure ! fulfilm5t ( 8 
prophecy4 ,! ^w translat$ virg9 is n !  
same z is us$ 9 su* passages z ,g54     
xxiv4 #af1 ,lev4xxi4 #c1 & may h be5    
applicable to any mode/ & *a/e m>ri$    
woman4  ,! "m 9 call+ ! *ild ,immanual1 
foll[$ ! common ,hebrew cu/om ( =m+     
names by comb9+ an appropriate phrase ) 
! ^w ,el1 ,god4 ,?us ,hag> 0 direct$ by 
! angel 9 ! wild]ness to call h] son    
,i%mael1 ,god :o he>s4 ,hannah too nam$ 

! son %e _h long$ & pray$ = ,samuel1    
ask$ ( ,god4 ,! sign to ,ahaz 0 ?us1 9 !
 extremity he 0 reliev$ f1 mo/          
appropriately nam$ ,immanuel1 ,god ) u1 
or ,god on our side2 & ! same "n 9 !    
next *apt] 7,isaiah viii4 #h7 is appli$ 
to ! deity himself1 ! bread? ( ?y l&1 ,o
 ,immanuel1 i4e41 ,god on our side4  ,9 
any read+ ( ,isaiah's prophecy x _c be  
inf]r$ t ! conception ( ! virg9 0 to be 
by sup]natural p[]4 ,nor f "o end ( !   
,jewi% scriptures to ! o!r is !re !     
slighte/ support to su* a notion z !    
deity begett+ a mortal *ild by a mortal 
woman4  7h47 ,claim ( ,jesus to be !    
,great ,light se5 by ! dwell]s 9        
,zebidon & ,naphtali1 & ! ,wond]ful1 !  
,c\nsellor1 ! ,e/abli%] ( ! ?rone (     
,david c4 7,isaiah ix4 #a-g2 ,matt4 iv4 
#ab-af2 ,luke i4 #cb1 #cc2 ,psalm xvi4  
#aj2 ,acts ii4 #bi-ca2 xiii4 #ce-cg47   
,zebulon & ,naphtali 7 ! two mo/ nor!rly
 tribes ( ,israel4 ,_! t]ritories ext5d$
 f ! bord]s ( ! k+dom ( ,syria s\?w>ds1 
on ! we/ ( ,jordan1 to r bel[ ! po9t :]e

 t riv] issues f ! ,lake ( ,galilee4 ,9 
w>like exp$itions !y 7 g5]ally          
associat$3 ,zebulon & ,naphtali 7 a p t 
jeop>d$ _! lives unto ! dea? 9 ! high   
places ( ! field 7,judges v4 #ah74 ,?us 
situat$1 _! c\ntry 0 always ! fir/ to be
 ov]run 9 an invasion f ! nor?4 ,isaiah 
ix4 #a ref]s to two su* invasions1 !    
second m sev]e ?an ! fir/4 ,!n 7ix4     
#b-e7 he glorifies ,jehovah 7?\ w be    
held to apply to ,jehovah7 = a          
deliv]ance f an oppression ( ,judah 9 "s
 degree simil>1 ?\gh n s sev]e z !      
second affliction ( ,zebulon &          
,naphtali4 ,?is deliv]ance ref]s ei!r to
 ! retreat ( ! k+s ( ,syria & ,israel f 
be=e ,j]usalem 7,isaiah vii4 #a71 or m  
probably relief f ! ov]fl[+ ( ! k+ (    
,assyria 7,isaiah viii4 #g1 #h74 ,!     
entire prophecy ( ,isaiah1 x mu/ be kept
 9 view1 _h ref]5ce to ,judah &         
,j]usalem 7,isaiah i4 #a74 ,x w be      
notic$ t ,isaiah 9 all ?is is ref]r+ to 
pa/ ev5ts4  ,!n 7*ap4 ix4 #g1 #h7 he    
ref]s to ! bir? ( a *ild :i* _h already 

tak5 place1 :o is to be call$ ,wond]ful1
 ,c\nsellor1 ! ,mighty ,god1 ! ,ev]la/+ 
,fa!r1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 c4 ,9 two ( ^!
 expressions he foll[s ! ,hebrew cu/om  
already m5tion$1 ( =m+ names by comb9+  
an adjective or o!r phrase ) !          
designation ( ! ,almighty4  ,he goes on 
to affirm t ?is *ild %all rule 9 ,judah 
on ! ?rone ( ,david2 t !re %all be no   
end ( 8 gov]nm5t & peace2 t he w ord] & 
e/abli% ! k+dom ) judgm5t & ju/ice =    
ev]more4  ,:at *ild is ! prophet ref]r+ 
to8--,immanuel ( ! sev5? *apt]1 or      
,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz ( ! eigh? *apt]8    
,cle>ly n2 = if !y are two names ( !    
same *ild1 he 0 ! son ( ,isaiah & !     
prophetess1 :]eas ! *ild ( ! n9? *apt]  
is to sit on ! ?rone ( ,david4  ,0 !    
ref]5ce !n to ,hezekiah1 writt5 9 8 y\?1
 :5 indications ( ! zeal = ! law &      
ritual ( ,moses1 :i* di/+ui%$ 8 reign1  
may h appe>$8 ,mo/ likely2 b :e!r or n1 
x is cle> t ! *ild ref]r$ to 0 born :5  
,isaiah wrote1 & _h n yet begun to      
reign4  ,! phrases no end & h5ce=? ev5 =

 ev]1 may be comp>$ ) ,psalm lxxxix4 #c1
 #d1--;,i h made a cov5ant ) my *os51 ,i
 h sworn unto ,david my s]vant1 ?y se$ w
 ,i e/abli% = ev]1 & build up ?y ?rone  
to all g5]ations4 ,^! l(ty anticipations
 h n be5 realis$4 ,:]e is ! ?rone (     
,david8  ,! two fir/ v]ses ( ! n9? *apt]
 ( ,isaiah are claim$ = ,jesus by       
,mat!w4 ,9 quot+ !m he leaves out !     
portion ref]r+ to ! invasion ( ,zebulon 
& ,naphtali4 ,galilee ( ! nations1 or   
popul\s ,galilee1 is call$ ,galilee ( ! 
,g5tiles1 & is ref]r$ to z ! same z     
,zebulon & ,naphtali2 :]eas ,isaiah     
makes a di/9ction1 ,galilee 9 8 view    
probably be+ ! s\!rn "p ( ,zebulon      
we/w>d to ! sea1 includ+ ,a%]4  ,mat!w1 
h[ev]1 boldly affirms t ! visit ( ,jesus
 to ,cap]naum 0 ! fulfilm5t ( ,isaiah   
ix4 #a1 #b1--! fulfilm5t1 t is1 ( :at   
,isaiah1 :5 he wrote1 consid]$ already  
pa/4 ,b if ! citiz5s ( ,cap]naum 9      
,jesus' "t 7 ! p t walk$ 9 d>kness1 &   
,jesus 0 ! great light :i* !y saw %9+ ^u
 !m 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea? 7! contra/   

betwe5 ! passage 9 ,isaiah & ?is pu]ile 
s-call$ fulfilm5t ( x is too absurd to  
be discuss$ s]i\sly71 !y n[ise          
appreciat$ _! good =tune4 ,%ortly ,jesus
 d5\nc$ ! city ?us1--,& ?\1 ,cap]naum1  
:i* art exalt$ unto heav51 %alt be      
br\ght d[n to hell3 = if ! mighty works1
 :i* h be5 done 9 !e1 _h be5 done 9     
,sodom1 x w\ld h rema9$ unto ?is day4   
,c]ta9ly !re _h be5 no deliv]ance =     
,cap]naum4  ,! passage 9 ,luke i4 #cb1  
#cc1 implies1 & x is held by ,*ri/ians  
g5]ally1 t ! promises ( ,jehovah by !   
m\? ( 8 prophets to ,david1 ) ref]5ce to
 ! /ability ( 8 k+dom1 7 fulfill$ 9     
,jesus4 ,^! promises occur 9 ! ,old     
,te/am5t 9 _m =ms1 ?us3--  #a4 ,t aft]  
,david's dea? 8 se$ %\ld succe$ to 8    
?rone1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 )\t end  
7#b ,sam4 vii4 #ab-af2 ,psalm lxxxix4   
#bj-cg74 ,he 0 ,god's holy "o1 :o %\ld n
 see corruption2 8 s\l w\ld n be left 9 
hell 7! grave74 ,to ,david's l9e w\ld be
 applicable ev]more :at is said ( ! k+ (
 our own c\ntry1 :o nev] dies1 ,! k+ is 

dead3 long live ! k+4  #b4 ,t if 8      
desc5dants %\ld break ! div9e laws1 !y  
w\ld be *a/5$1 b n put away f ! k+dom1 z
 9 ! case ( ,saul 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #ad1   
#de2 ,psalm lxxxix4 #cj-cg74  ,n[1 z    
und\bt$ matt] ( fact1 ! ,babyloni%      
captivity 0 ! falsification ( all su*   
vatic9ations1 m p>ticul>ly ( t :i*      
affirm$ t ! desc5dants ( ,david %\ld n  
be treat$ z ,saul 04 ,if !y s9n$ !y 7 to
 be *a/5$1 n depos$4 ,9 ! return f      
,babylon1 ,z]ubbabel is ! only desc5dant
 ( ,david m5tion$ z 9 au?ority1 & aft]  
him !re is no?+ to %[ t ev5 "o ( ! royal
 l9e1 f> less any succession ( ! royal  
l9e1 ex]cis$ sway ov] ! ,jews4 ,!       
gov]nm5t pass$ to ! high prie/s4        
,jehovah _h n sworn 9 tru? unto ,david4 
,b leap+ ov] ! indubitable falsification
 ( ! pr$iction by ! ov]?r[ ( ! ?rone (  
,david 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s invasion1 & !  
fact t f ! "t ( ,z]ubbabel ! l9e (      
,david _h sunk into obscurity1 x is     
claim$ = ,jesus t he 0 ! real son (     
,david ref]r$ to1 t he has ris5 f ! dead

 & has asc5d$ into heav54 ,he saw no    
corruption2 he reigns n[ 9 ! he>ts ( 8  
p4 ,he w be _! k+ = ev]more1 :5 he      
returns to e>? to take to him 8 great   
p[] & reign4  ,is ?is gr& hope ( !      
,*ri/ian1 !n1 to prove z mislead+ z !   
,jewi% anticipation ( ! ev]la/+ ?rone ( 
,david8 or has ,jesus actually ris5 f ! 
dead8 ,! consid]ation ( ! evid5ce ( !   
resurrection w =m ,*ap4 ,v4 ( ?is       
inquiry4  7i47 ,prophecies claim$ 9     
connection ) ! bir? ( ,jesus1 #a4 ,micah
 v4 #b2 ,matt4 ii4 #d-f4 ,comp>e ,micah 
) ,psalm cxxxii41 :]e ,david v[s1 ,i w n
 give sleep to my eyes1 or slumb] to my 
eyelids1 until ,i f9d out a place = !   
,"l1 an habitation = ! mighty ,god (    
,jacob4 ,lo1 we he>d ( x at ,ephratah1  
we f\nd x 9 ! fields ( ! wood4444       
,arise1 ,o ,"l1 into ?y re/1 ?\1 & ! ark
 ( ?y /r5g?4 ,! mighty ,god ( ,jacob    
corresponds to ! rul] ( ,israel1 ^: go+s
 =? h be5 ( old f ev]la/+4 ,micah may be
 ref]r+ to ! deity 9 "s connection1 n n[
 at all cle>1 ) 8 habitation he>d ( at  

,ephratah1 :5ce 8 laws1 or o!r          
manife/ations ( 8 p[]1 7 to proce$4  ,! 
passage 9 ,mat!w is 9 connection ) !    
incr$ible /ory ( ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/2 & x
 repres5ts ! ,jewi% prie/s assur+ ,h]od 
t ! ,rul] ( ,israel1 ^: go+s =? 7 ( old 
f ev]la/+1 0 to be born 9 ,be?lehem1 n1 
z ! prophecy /ates1 t he 0 to come =? f 
!re to be rul]4 ,! twi/+ ( ! passage is 
v dis+5u\s4  #b4 ,hosea ii4 #ae2 xi4 #a2
 ,matt4 ii4 #ad4 ,hosea cle>ly ref]s to 
! exodus "u ,moses3 8 expressions are 9 
! pa/ t5se4 ,mat!w's application ( !m to
 ,jesus requires no comm5t4  #c4        
,j]emiah xxxi4 #ae2 ,matt4 ii4 #ag1 #ah4
 ,ramah 0 9 ! c\ntry ( ,b5jam91 ^:      
desc5dants are call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,ra*el1 
8 "m4 ,j]emiah's prophecy cle>ly ref]s  
to _! captivity 9 ,babylon & _! expect$ 
return4 ,:at c be said ( ,mat!w's       
application ( x to an alleg$ massacre at
 ,be?lehem 9 ! c\ntry ( ,judah1 six     
c5turies aft] ! captivity8 ,9 no s5se 7 
! desc5dants ( ,judah ! *ildr5 ( ,ra*el4
 ,ra*el di$1 & 0 buri$ at or ne>        

,be?lehem2 b surely no "o1 n ev5 ! mo/  
cr$ul\s ,*ri/ian1 w ass]t t ?is makes h]
 ! "m ( ! l9e ( ,judah1 aft]w>ds settl$ 
!re4 ,moreov]1 ,j]emiah's ref]5ce is to 
,ramah1 & _c apply to ,be?lehem4  #d4   
,matt4 ii4 #bc4 ,because ,jesus 0 tak5 z
 a *ild to ,naz>e?1 & br\ght up !re1 x  
is ass]t$ t he fulfill$ :at 0 spok5 by !
 prophets1 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e4 
,n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t c ?is be f\nd4 
,if a ,naz>ite is meant--"o un%av51 & an
 ab/a9] f w9e & /rong dr9k--! "* does n 
apply to ,jesus1 :o came eat+ & dr9k+4  
,b a ,naz>ite 0 ! designation ( an ord]1
 n a "n = ! dwell] 9 any p>ticul>       
locality4 ,naz>5e 0 ! e>li] designation 
( ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,!y 7 call$     
,*ri/ians fir/ at ,antio* 7,acts xi4    
#bf74  7j47 ,! temple-purg+ 7,psalm     
lxix4 #i2 ,john ii4 #ag74  ,!           
circum/ance ref]r$ to 9 ! passage f     
,john is t ,jesus at passov]-"t1 be=e ! 
,bapti/'s imprisonm5t1 w5t up to        
,j]usalem1 ent]$ into ! temple1 & let   
loose 8 indignation by driv+ out !      

money-*ang]s1 ! cattle-deal]s1 &        
dove-sell]s ) a sc\rge ( small cords1   
upsett+ _! tables1 & p\r+ out _! money4 
,take ^! ?+s h5ce1 he said1 make n my   
,fa!r's h\se a h\se ( m]*&ise4  ,mat!w  
xxi4 #ab1 #ac2 ,m>k xi4 #ae-ag2 & ,luke 
xix4 #de1 #df1 diff] f ,john1 9 s f> t  
!y place ?is temple-purg+ at ! "t (     
,jesus' f9al entry into ,j]usalem4 ,c\ld
 su* an extraord9>y brea* ( ! peace h   
occurr$ 9 any c\ntry "u a ,roman        
gov]nor1 )\t summ>y ju/ice on ! (f5d]8  
,upsett+ money-deal]s' tables1 p\r+ out 
_! money1 ov]turn+ ! seats ( ! sell]s ( 
doves1 & driv+ !m f _! /&s1 = :i* mo/   
probably !y paid cu/om1 if n to ! /ate1 
to ! temple-prie/s1 & ! di/urb] all[$ to
 g away scot-free 9 any ord]ly          
community6 ,utt]ly incr$ible4 ,& su*    
conduct ascrib$ to "o = :om ! p[] &     
attributes ( ! ,almighty are claim$6    
7k47,! entrance into ,j]usalem on ! back
 ( an ass 7,ze*4 ix4 #i2 ,matt4 xxi4    
#d-f74 ,! meekness ( ,jesus on ?is      
occasion is sc>cely borne out by ! sc5e 

ref]r$ to 9 la/ p>agraph 7j47 :i*1      
accord+ to ,mat!w1 foll[$ imm$iately on 
8 entrance into ! city4  ,! prophecy (  
,ze*>iah 0 dur+ ! build+ ( ! second     
temple1 & mo/ probably ref]r$ to ! l[ly 
appe>ance made by ,z]ubbabel1 ! pr9ce ( 
,judah1 z comp>$ to t ( 8 royal         
ance/ors4  7#a47 ,! sc5e 9 ! synagogue (
 ,naz>e? 7,isaiah lxi2 #a2 ,luke iv4    
#af-ba74 ,isaiah's high-s\nd+ prophecy  
is said to h be5 fulfill$ ?us--  #a4    
,jesus w5t to ,naz>e?1 :]e he _h be5    
br\ght tip1 & z 8 cu/om 0 he ent]$ !    
synagogue on ! sabba? day1 & /ood up to 
read4 ,! book ( ! prophet ,esaias be+   
deliv]$ to him1 he read "p ( ?is        
passage4 ,!n he clos$ ! book1 gave x    
aga9 to ! m9i/]1 & sat d[n4  #b4 ,! eyes
 ( all 9 ! synagogue 7 fa/5$ on him1 &  
he began to decl>e1 ,?is day is ?is     
scripture fulfill$ 9 y\r e>s4 ,wond]+ at
 ^! graci\s words1 !y inquir$1 ,is n ?is
 ,joseph's son8  #c4 ,he retort$ t no   
prophet is accept$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 &    
cit$ cases f ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e1 9     

times ( extremity1 no m ?an "o fav\r$   
individual 0 reliev$ by ! timely arrival
 ( a prophet s5t f ,god4 7,contra/ ?is )
 ! prophecy1 to com=t all t m\rn47  #d4 
,r\s$ to wra? by ?is intimation1 !y     
s\ght to ca/ him headlong f ! rock on   
:i* _! city 0 built2 b he pass+ ?r\gh ! 
mid/ ( !m1 w5t 8 way4  ,words h no      
mean+1 if su* a sc5e z ?is c be call$ ! 
fulfilm5t ( ,isaiah's prophecy4  7m47 ,!
 bruis$ re$ & ! smok+ flax 7,isaiah     
xlii4 #a2 ,matt4 xii4 #ad-ba74 ,h[ c\ld 
! s]vant upheld by ,jehovah fulfil !    
prophecy by %r9k+ f ! ,ph>isees 9 ! way 
,jesus is report$ by ,mat!w to h done8  
7n47 ,eyes to see1 & see n2 e>s to he>1 
& he> n 7,isa4 vi4 #i-ab2 xxix4 #aj2    
,j]4 v4 #ba2 ,ezek4 xii4 #b2 ,matt4     
xiii4 #aj-ag2 ,john xii4 #ci-da2 ,acts  
xxviii4 #bd-bh2 ,rom4 xi4 #h-aj74 ,!    
prophets prophesi$ to a he$less p4      
,jesus & 8 foll[]s are report$ to h done
 ! same4 ,s h _m o!rs at v>i\s times4 ,!
 appropriation to ,jesus ( ! language 9 
:i* ! ,jewi% prophets express$ _!       

disappo9tm5t is no pro( t t language 0  
meant to apply to him r ?an to !mselves4
  ,hab4 i4 #e1 #f2 ,acts xiii4 #dj1 #da4
 ,habakkuk & ! bitt] & ha/y ,*aldeans   
contra/ /rangely ) ,paul & 8 w>n+ to !  
,jews n to disbelieve 8 ass]tions )     
ref]5ce to ,jesus4  7o47 ,i w op5 my m\?
 9 p>ables 7,psalm lxxviii4 #b2 ,matt4  
xiii4 #cd1 #ce74 ,?is is a v flagrant   
in/ance ( misquotation & misapplication4
 ,! ,psalmi/ says t he w utt] d>k say+s 
( old1 :i* we h he>d & kn[n1 & our fa!rs
 h told u4 ,jesus is describ$ by ,mat!w 
z fulfill+ a prophecy to ! effect t he  
w\ld utt] ?+s :i* h be5 kept secret f ! 
f\ndation ( ! _w4  7p47 ,! /one reject$ 
by ! build]s 7,psalm cxviii42#bb2 ,matt4
 xxi4 #db1 #dc2 ,m>k xii4 #aj2 ,luke xx4
 #ag2 ,acts iv4 #aa74 ,psalm cxviii4 is 
writt5 by "o :o 0 prais+ ! ,"l = "s     
triumph he _h obta9$ ov] dang] &        
difficulty2 :o _h secur$ 8 end aga9/ 8  
enemies1 :o _h atta9$ ! head ( ! corn]1 
?\gh reject$ by ! build]s4 ,!           
application 9 ,mat!w is t ,jesus1       

reject$ by ! ,jews1 %\ld be accept$ by !
 ,g5tiles1 or by ano!r nation ?an !     
,jews4 ,?is has come to pass4 ,8 own    
c\ntrym51 ev5 8 own bre?r51 :o 7 9 a    
position to judge ( ! tru? ( 8          
sup]natural claims1 reject$ him4 ,!     
nations ( ,europe1 :o 7 n 9 a position s
 to judge1 h1 "u v>i\s =ms1 call$       
!mselves by 8 "n1 & ador$ him z _! ,god4
 ,b ?is 9 no way %[s t ,psalm cxviii4 0 
writt5 ) ref]5ce to any o!r ?an ! p]son 
:o compos$ x4  7q47 ,! betrayal by      
,judas ,isc>iot 7,ze*4 xi4 #aa-ac2      
,psalm lxix4 #be2 cix4 #h2 ,matt1 xxvii4
 #i1 #aj2 ,acts i4 #af-bj74 ,pet] ?us   
n>rates ! fate ( ,judas3 ,n[ ?is man    
pur*as$ a field ) ! rew>d ( 8 iniquity  
7! ?irty pieces ( silv]71 & fall+       
headlong he bur/ asund] 9 ! mid/1 & all 
8 b[els gu%$ out4 ,& x 0 kn[n to all !  
dwell]s 9 ,j]usalem1 insomu* z t field  
is call$ 9 _! prop] tongue1 ,aceldama1 t
 is to say1 ! field ( blood4  ,comp>e   
?is ) ,mat!w1 :o /ates t ,judas1 rep5t+ 
( 8 conduct1 took back ! ?irty pieces ( 

silv] to ! *ief prie/s2 said he _h      
betray$ innoc5t blood2 !y answ]$1 ,:at  
is t to u8 see ?\ to t4 ,on ?is he ca/  
d[n ! money 9 ! temple1 & w5t & hang$   
himself4 ,! *ief prie/s w\ld n put !    
money 9 ! treasury1 because x 0 ! price 
( blood1 b laid x out 9 pur*as+ !       
pott]'s field to bury /rang]s 94  ,mat!w
 & ,pet] are ?us q irreconcilable4 ,bo? 
7 companions ( ,jesus & ,judas2 bo? 7   
pres5t at & cognisant ( ! :ole          
circum/ances ( ! betrayal2 ,mat!w 0     
pres5t dur+ ,pet]'s spee* record$ 9 !   
,acts2 & yet ! discrepancy betwe5 !m is 
su* z entirely to discr$it bo? _!       
/atem5ts4  ,! circum/ances allud$ to 9  
,ze*>iah are unkn[n4 ,! passages f !    
,psalms are applicable to ,saul1 or "s  
o!r ( ,david's enemies2 inde$1 !y may be
 us$ by any "o aga9/ a traitor or enemy4
  7r47 ,! passion 7,ze*4 xiii4 #g2      
,matt4 xxvi4 #ca74 ,ze*>iah is writ+    
dur+ ! tr\bl$ times1 :5 ,j]usalem 0     
rebuilt4 ,! p>ticul> ev5t he allud$ to  
is unkn[n4 ,no con/ruction ( ! passage c

 make x applicable to ! des]tion ( !    
disciples :5 ,jesus 0 arre/$4  ,deut4   
xxi4 #bc2 ,gal4 iii4 #ac4 ,hang+ on a   
tree is n crucifixion1 :i* 0 a ,roman1 n
 a ,jewi% practice4  ,exodus xii4 #df2  
,psalms xxxiv4 #bj2 ,john xix4 #cf4 ,!  
passage 9 ,exodus c]ta9ly ref]s to !    
,pas*al lamb2 ! passage 9 ! ,psalms to !
 c>e ! ,almighty is said to take ( !    
righte\s1 s t pres]v+ 8 bones :ole is   
equival5t to ! o!r expression1 ,!re %all
 no evil befall !e4 ,! incid5t record$  
by ,john is n confirm$ by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 
& ,luke1 :o make no m5tion ( ! disciples
 at ! crucifixion1 & say t ! wom5 beheld
 af> (f4 ,john1 on ! contr>y1 says t he1
 along ) ! wom51 0 by ! cross1 s ne> t  
,jesus spoke to himself & ,m>y4 ,?is    
incid5t1 s po9t$ly giv5 z an            
eye-witness$ fact1 seems to h be5 devis$
 to give ! crucifixion "s resemblance to
 ! lamb ( ! ,passov]4 ,b ! modes ( dea? 
surely 7 v diff]5t4 ,if any su*         
resemblance 0 necess>y1 %\ld x n h be5  
complete8  ,ze*4 xii4 #i2 ,john xix4    

#cg4 ,! _s ( grace & supplication p\r$  
out on ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem dur+ ! 
crucifixion ( ,jesus1 :5 !y cri$1 ,n ?is
 man1 b ! robb] ,b>abbas1 is a wondr\s  
contradiction4  ,psalm xxij4 #ah2 ,matt1
 xxvii4 #ce2 ,m>k xv4 #bd2 ,luke xxiii4 
#cd2 ,john xix4 #bc4 ,! practice ( ca/+ 
lots = ! clo!s ( ! crucifi$ may h be5 a 
common "o among ! ,roman soldi]s at !   
"t1 & x corresponds admirably to "o (   
,david's expressions :5 he 0 9 adv]sity 
& tr\ble4  7s47 ,daniel's sev5ty weeks  
7,daniel ix4 #ba-bg74 ,! only allusion 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t to ?is prophecy is 9   
,matt4 xxiv4 #ad1 #ae2 ,m>k xv4 #ac1    
#ad1 :]e ,jesus directs 8 disciples to  
flee to ! m\nta9s :5 !y see ! abom9ation
 ( desolation1 spok5 ( by ,daniel !     
prophet1 /& on ! holy place4 ,betwe5    
,nebu*adnezz> & ,titus1 h[ev]1 !re 7    
two1 if n m1 abom9ations ( desolation1  
equally answ]+ to ,daniel's description4
  ,s f> z x relates to ! ,messiah1 !    
,pr9ce1 or ! ,ano9t$ ,pr9ce1 x is n     
claim$ = ,jesus by any ( ! ,new ,te/am5t

 writ]s4 ,b by mod]n ,*ri/ians x is held
 to be a prophecy ( ! exact "t t elaps$ 
betwe5 ! edict to re/ore ,j]usalem & !  
dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,ea* week is said to be a 
week ( ye>s3 ?us sev5ty weeks are #dij  
ye>s1 & f ! lett] ( ,artax]xes grant$ to
 ,ezra 7,ezra vii471 b4c4 #deg1 to !    
dea? ( ,jesus1 a4d4 #cc1 !re are exactly
 #dij ye>s4 ,:at is ?is b a m]e reckon+ 
back ( #dij ye>s f a4d4 #cc1 s t !      
*ronology has be5 fix$ by ! prophecy1 n 
! tru? ( ! prophecy prov$ by !          
*ronology8  ,b ! lett] ( ,artax]xes to  
,ezra 0 n a comm&m5t to rebuild         
,j]usalem3 x 0 giv5 to him to fur!r him 
on 8 way f ,babylon to ,j]usalem1       
already rebuilt4 ,! comm&m5t to re/ore &
 rebuild ,j]usalem 0 t ( ! fir/ ( ,cyrus
 alone 7ord9>y ,*ri/ian *ronology1 b4c4 
#ecf72 ! prophecy ass]ts t x w5t =? at !
 beg9n+ ( ,daniel's supplication1 & !   
subsequ5t decrees 7 only confirmations (
 ! orig9al "o1 7,ezra vi47  ,! /atem5t (
 ,gabriel is 9 answ] to ,daniel's       
supplication = m]cy & fav\r to be %[n to

 ,j]usalem1 &1 comm5c+ ) a comm&m5t to  
rebuild1 ends 9 doleful desolation4 ,b z
 ! ,messiah1 ! ano9t$ "o ref]r$ to1 is n
 ass]t$ by ,new ,te/am5t writ]s to be   
,jesus1 x is suffici5t "h to po9t out ! 
unt5able gr\nd on :i* mod]n ,*ri/ians   
make ?is claim on 8 behalf4  7t47 ,!    
fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,?is *apt]  
may mo/ fairly be int]pret$ z hav+      
ref]5ce to ,hezekiah 9 ! v>i\s tr\bles (
 8 reign & life1 describ$ #b ,k+s xix4 &
 xx42 #b ,*ron4 xxx4 & xxxii41 & ,isaiah
 xxxvi41 xxxvii41 & xxxviii4 ,isaiah 0 !
 se] ( ! "t4 ,hezekiah cut (f out ( ! l&
 ( ! liv+ ref]s to ! s5t5ce ( dea?1     
aft]w>ds po/pon$1 aga9/ him = 8 p's     
backslid+1 ?\gh he himself wr\ght t :i* 
0 good1 & "r1 & tru? be=e ! ,"l 8 ,god4 
,8 p\r+ out 8 s\l unto dea? agrees ) !  
expression1 ,9 ^? days ,hezekiah 0 sick 
unto dea?4 ,& he 0 numb]$ ) !           
transgressors1 & b>e ! s9 ( _m1 & made  
int]cession = ! transgressors1 also     
agree )1 ,& ! ,"l he>k5$ to ,hezekiah1 &
 heal$ ! p2 & )1 ,not)/&+ ,hezekiah     

humbl$ himself = ! pride ( 8 he>t1 bo?  
he & ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem1 s t !   
wra? ( ! ,"l came n ^u !m 9 ! days (    
,hezekiah4 ,if ! exact circum/ances 9   
:i* ,isaiah liii4 0 writt5 7 fully kn[n1
 all ! se]'s allusions w\ld be v        
intelligible2 z x is1 _! application to 
,hezekiah & 8 times--always assum+ t    
,isaiah 0 ! writ]--is ! mo/ probable4   
,! portions ( ?is *apt] claim$ = ,jesus 
9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are ! foll[+3--       
,mat!w viii4 #af1 #ag4 ,"h 8 be>+ our   
griefs is appli$ by ,mat!w to ,jesus'   
disease-cur+ wond]s4 ,b ?is diff]s f !  
view ( mod]n ,*ri/ians4 ,!y hold t x    
applies to 8 dea? on ! cross z an       
expiation = s94  ,john xii4 #cg1 #ch4   
,:o ha? believ$ our report may be us$ by
 any "o ^: pret5sions are treat$ )      
incr$ulity4 ,:at reason is !re = imag9+ 
t ,esaias meant any o!r ?an 8 own       
report8  ,m>k xv4 #bg1 #bh2 ,luke xxii4 
#cg4 ,! numb]+ among ! transgressors is 
equally true ( any "o :o suff]s p5ally =
 8 belief1 or :o1 innoc5t or little to  

blame himself1 %>es ! fate ( an (f5d+   
community4 ,! applicability ( ! passage 
to ,hezekiah 9 ! latt] s5se has j be5   
notic$4  7u47 ,! gospel message 7,luke  
xxiv4 #dd-dh74 ,"h a /atem5t1 utt]ly    
untrue1 is put by ,luke into ! m\? ( !  
ris5 ,jesus4 ,n[h]e 9 ,moses1 !         
prophets1 or ! ,psalms is x writt5 t !  
ano9t$ "o is to suff] & to rise f ! dead
 on ! ?ird day4  7v47 ,! gift ( tongues 
7,joel ii4 #bh-cj2 ,acts ii4 #a-d74     
,joel's prophecy is said to h be5       
fulfill$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/ foll[+ !   
resurrection1 :5 ! apo/les 7 all ) "o   
accord 9 "o place4  #a4 ,a s\nd came f  
heav5 z ( a mighty ru%+ w9d1 & fill$ !  
h\se :]e !y 7 sitt+4  #b4 ,clov5        
tongues1 l tongues ( fire1 sat on ea* ( 
!m4  #c4 ,!y 7 all fill$ ) ! ,holy      
,gho/1 & began to speak ) tongues z !   
,_s gave !m utt]ance4  ,joel1 ! son (   
,pe?uel1 w\ld probably be surpris$ at   
,pet]'s appropriation ( 8 prophecy4 ,no 
d\bt x is applicable to any g5]al       
religi\s awak5+ or excitem5t 9 any l& or

 at any "t4 ,b ,joel is ref]r+ to "s    
invasion1 or ?reat5$ invasion1 ( ,judea1
 & to a deliv]ance accompani$ ) a       
religi\s revival & ?anksgiv+4 ,! exact  
circum/ances 9 :i* he wrote1 if kn[n1   
w\ld make 8 obscure allusions cle>4 ,!  
incid5ts1 h[ev]1 ( ! mighty ru%+ w9d & !
 clov5 fi]y tongues receive no support f
 8 prophecy4  7w47 ,! call+ ( ! ,g5tiles
 7,amos ix4 #aa1 #ab2 ,acts xv4 #ac-af74
 ,amos' prophecy has be5 falsifi$ by !  
ev5t4 ,! ,jews1 :o 7 no m to be pull$   
out ( ! l& ! ,"l _h giv5 !m1 7 pull$ out
 ( x eighte5 c5turies ago1 & s rema94 ,!
 dis+5u\s way 9 :i* ,james applies to ! 
conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles :at is cle>ly a  
ref]5ce to a return f captivity is v    
/rik+4     ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,!              
,,resurrection ,,& ,,asc5sion ,,(       
,,jesus  #a4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus is
 ! key/one ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! c5tral /ay
 on :i* ! /ructure re/s4 ,if ?\ %alt    
confess ) ?y m\? ! ,"l ,jesus1 & believe
 9 ?9e he>t t ,god rais$ him f ! dead1  
?\ %alt be sav$4 ,:at a glori\s hope =  

all mank9d w\ld lie 9 su* a fact z t "o1
 a fell[-man1 _h be5 kill$ because ( 8  
sup]natural claims2 _h la9 = a "t 9 !   
grave1 & on ! ?ird day1 z pr$ict$ by    
himself1 _h ris5 f ! dead6 ,s m>vell\s  
an in/ance ( nature-controll+ p[] might 
well be held to e/abli%1 9 ! mo/        
conclusive mann]1 ! validity ( ! claims 
( ! p]son resuscitat$2 x w\ld %[ t ,god 
0 ) him 9 an especial mann]1 t 8 words 7
 true1 t 8 promises w\ld n fail4  #b4   
,:at1 !n1 are ! evid5ces ( ?is s glori\s
 an ev5t8  7a47 ,! f\r gospels agree 9  
n>rat+ t1 :ile ,jesus hung lifeless on !
 cross1 a ri* man1 ,joseph ( ,arima!a1  
himself a disciple ( ,jesus1 w5t to     
,pilate & obta9$ p]mission to take *>ge 
( ! body2 t he laid x 9 8 own new tomb1 
hewn out ( a rock2 t c]ta9 wom5 saw :]e 
! body 0 laid1 & t a great /one 0 roll$ 
to ! door ( ! tomb4  7b47 ,mat!w alone  
av]s t1 ) ,pilate's cons5t1 ! *ief      
prie/s & ,ph>isees _h ! /one seal$1 & a 
wat* 7( ,roman soldi]s7 set4  7c47 ,?us 
! tomb rema9$ f ! ev5+ ( ! day ( !      

crucifixion ov] ! next day1 ! ,jewi%    
sabba?4  7d47 ,b e>ly on ! morn+ ( !    
foll[+ day1 ! fir/ day ( ! week1 ,jesus 
arose f ! dead4 ,( ?is ev5t--s entirely 
! rev]se ( all human exp]i5ce1 b ( ! la/
 importance to ea* mortal man if x      
happ5$--! witnesses1 ( ^: p]sonal "*    
among _! neighb\rs = v]acity & g5]al    
tru/wor?9ess no?+ is kn[n1 ?us pres5t   
!mselves3--  ,mat!w & ,john1            
eye-witnesses ( ! ris5 ,jesus3  ,m>k1   
companion ( ,pet]1 an eye-witness3      
,luke1 companion ( ,paul1 :o _h         
int]c\rse ) eyewitnesses1 & :o himself  
pr(esses to n>rate ! te/imony (         
eye-witnesses 7,luke i4 #b73  ,& :at !y 
av] is analys$ & comp>$ 9 ! foll[+      
p>agraphs3--  #c4 ,! empty tomb4--,all  
f\r agree t 9 ! morn+ 7at dawn1 at sun  
ris+1 v e>ly1 :5 x 0 yet d>k7 ( ! fir/  
day ( ! week ! tomb 0 f\nd empty by ^?  
:o w5t to visit x4  #d4 ,visitors to !  
tomb4--,mat!w m5tions ,m>y ,magdal5e & !
 o!r ,m>y2 ,m>k1 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,m>y ! 
"m ( ,james1 & ,salome2 ,luke1 ,m>y     

,magdal5e1 ,joanna1 ,m>y ! "m ( ,james1 
& o!r ,galilean wom51 & aft]w>ds1 on !  
report ( ! wom51 ,pet]2 ,john1 ,m>y     
,magdal5e only1 & aft]w>ds1 on h]       
report1 himself 7,john7 & ,simon ,pet]1 
,m>y ,magdal5e return+ aft] !m4  #e4    
,appe>ances at ! tomb4--7a47 ,! great   
e>?quake & ! awful appe>ance ( ! angel  
to ! wat*--c\nt5ance l lightn+1 raim5t  
:ite z sn[2 & ! effect on ! />tl$       
soldi]s1 :o swoon$ away z dead m51 z    
also ! subsequ5t report ( ! wat* & _!   
acceptance ( a bribe 7l>ge money7 f !   
*ief prie/s to publi% a falsehood &     
confess t !y--,roman soldi]s--_h slept  
at _! po/1 are m5tion$ by ,mat!w alone4 
,mat!w does n "n 8 in=mant1 :e!r x 0 a  
*ief prie/ or "o ( ! soldi]s :o betray$ 
8 own & 8 comrades' infamy4  7b47 ,!    
/one secur+ ! tomb 0 roll$ away4 ,s all 
f\r affirm4 ,?is 0 "o object ( ! angel's
 visit4 ,jesus rose f ! dead1 b !       
angel's assi/ance 0 necess>y to op5 !   
tomb4  7c47 ,mat!w ass]ts t ! angel sat 
on ! /one1 outside ! tomb4 ,m>k1 t he   

appe>$ z a "y man sitt+ )9 ! tomb1 on ! 
"r side1 clo!d 9 a long1 :ite g>m5t4    
,luke has two m5 9 glitt]+ g>m5ts1 :o   
made !mselves manife/ z ! p]plex$ wom5 7
 gaz+ at ! empty tomb4 ,john /ates t    
,m>y ,magdal5e1 on h] second visit1 saw 
two angels1 "o sitt+ at ! head ! o!r at 
! feet1 :]e ! body ( ,jesus _h la94 ,:51
 accord+ to ,luke1 ,pet] visit$ ! tomb1 
or accord+ to ,john1 :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e 9
 ! fir/ in/ance1 & !n ,pet] & ,john1 on 
he>+ h] report1 w5t !re1 no su* m>vell\s
 angelic be+ 0 manife/4 ,! appe>ance 0  
to p]plex$ & timid wom54 ,:]e9 did !y   
diff] f o!r weak wom51 t _! te/imony    
receiv$ at second h& %\ld be held       
tru/wor?y8 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 t x _h  
be5 ! "y man ) ! l95 g>m5t ab\t 8 nak$  
body 7,m>k xiv4 #ea1 #eb71 seat$ )9 !   
tomb1 w\ld n _! excit$ imag9ations h    
trans=m$ him into a mess5g] f heav58    
#f4 ,ann\ncem5ts ( ! angels at !        
tomb4--7a47 ,mat!w's dread angel ann\nc$
 to ! wom5 t ,jesus _h ris5 f ! dead1   
direct$ !m to g at once & in=m 8        

disciples t he goe? be=e y into         
,galilee1 !re %all ye see him4 ,trembl+ 
& joyful !y ran away at once to br+ 8   
disciples ^w4  7#f47 ,m>k's :ite-clad "y
 man made ! same ann\ncem5t ( ,jesus    
prec$+ 8 disciples to ,galilee2 b in/ead
 ( obey+ ! angel's direction z to in=m+ 
! disciples1 !y w5t out quickly & fl$ f 
! sepul*re1 = !y trembl$ & 7 amaz$1     
nei!r said !y any?+ to any man1 = !y 7  
afraid4  7c47 ,luke's two bright-clad m5
 ann\nc$ t ,jesus 0 ris51 z he _h told  
!m :ile yet 9 ,galilee4 ,!y rememb]$ 8  
words1 & return$ f ! sepul*re1 & told   
all ^! ?+s to ! elev5 & to all ! re/4   
,!re is no m5tion "h ( ,jesus go+ be=e 8
 disciples into ,galilee4  7d47 ,john's 
two angels ask$ ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,woman1 
:y weepe/ ?\8 ,%e repli$1 ,because !y h 
tak5 away my "l1 & ,i "k n :]e !y h laid
 him4 ,"h1 :olly ignorant t he 0 alive1 
/ood beside ! tomb "o ( ! v wom5 to :om 
,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke's angels ann\nc$ t
 ,jesus 0 ris5 f ! dead4 ,if ,mat!w's   
acc\nt be true1 bo? he & ,john 7 pres5t 

:5 ! wom5 told ! disciples t ,jesus 0   
ris51 & gave !m ! direction to g to     
,galilee2 & yet ,john n>rates ?is       
circum/ance1 "o q at v>iance ) ,mat!w's 
angel's ann\ncem5t to ! wom54  #g4      
,effect on ! disciples ( ! fir/         
ann\ncem5t ( ! resurrection4--7a47      
,mat!w /ates t !n 7on ! report ( ! wom57
 ! elev5 disciples w5t away into        
,galilee1 into a m\nta9 :]e ,jesus _h   
appo9t$ !m4  7b47 ,m>k xvi4 #a-h1 & xvi4
 #i-bj1 seem to conta9 two diff]5t      
acc\nts ( ! resurrection4 ,x is         
difficult to reconcile !m4 ,v]ses #i-bj1
 n be+ f\nd 9 ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts1 
are held by _m to be spuri\s4 ,b _!     
g5]al agreem5t ) ,luke's n>rative is 9  
fav\r ( ^! v]ses be+ ( ! same age1 or   
emanat+ f ! same set ( believ]s4 ,let   
v]ses #a-h1 !n1 = ! pres5t purpose1 be  
di/+ui%$ z ,m>k's fir/ n>rative1 & v]ses
 #i-bj z ,m>k's second n>rative4  ,m>k's
 fir/ n>rative1 z already %[n1 agrees ) 
,mat!w z to ! t]ms ( ! angel's          
ann\ncem5t1 b seems to imply t !        

t]ror-/ruck wom5 did n deliv] ! angel's 
message to ! disciples4  ,m>k's second  
n>rative /ates t ,jesus fir/ appe>$ to  
,m>y ,magdal5e1 :o w5t & told !         
disciples2 & !y1 :5 !y _h he>d t he 0   
alive1 & _h be5 se5 ( h]1 believ$ n4 ,no
 dep>ture = ,galilee is m5tion$4  7c47  
,luke affirms t ! ann\ncem5t to !       
disciples 0 by ! :ole ( ! wom52 & _!    
words seem$ to !m z idle tales1 & !y    
believ$ !m n4 ,pet] alone 0 mov$ to run 
to ! sepul*re1 :]e he f\nd ! empty tomb 
& ! ca/-(f grave-clo!s1 & dep>t$1 wond]+
 9 himself at t :i* 0 come to pass4 ,!  
:ole ( ,luke's /atem5t is q inconsi/5t )
 ,mat!w's ass]tion t ! disciples w5t    
away to ,galilee to f9d ,jesus !re4     
7d47 ,john /ates t :5 ,m>y ,magdal5e    
fir/ report$ t ! tomb 0 empty1 ,pet] &  
himself ran to ! sepul*re1 t he outran  
,pet]1 t he look$ 9 & saw ! l95 clo!s   
ly+1 t ,pet] :5 he came up w5t 91 t !n  
he 7,john7 w5t 9 also1 & t :5 he saw !  
ca/-(f grave-clo!s he saw & believ$3 = z
 yet !y knew n ! ,scripture t he mu/    

rise f ! dead4 ,if s !n ,mat!w xvi4 #ba2
 xvii4 #bb1 #bc2 ,m>k viii4 #ca2 ix4    
#ca2 ,luke ix4 #bb1 mu/ all be errone\s4
 ,! burd5 ( ^! passages is1 t :ile 9    
,galilee ,jesus in=m$ 8 disciples t he  
w\ld be kill$1 & rise aga9 on ! ?ird    
day4 ,! v *ief prie/s1 too1 9 sett+ !   
wat* 7,mat!w xxvii4 #fc71 did s because 
( ?is well-kn[n ass]tion ( ,jesus4  ,:51
 on h] second visit to ! tomb1 ,m>y     
,magdal5e saw & conv]s$ ) ,jesus        
himself1 %e came & told ! disciples t %e
 _h se5 ! ,"l1 & t he _h spok5 ^! ?+s   
unto h]4 ,! effect is n m5tion$4 ,b !   
:ole ( ,john's /atem5t is inconsi/5t )  
,mat!w's dep>ture ( ! elev5 = ,galilee1 
& ?is dep>ture aga9 z inconsi/5t )      
,john's /atem5t4  #h4 ,appe>ances ( !   
ris5 ,jesus4--7a47 ,mat!w xxviii4 #i1   
#aj4 ,:ile ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! o!r ,m>y 7
 runn+ to deliv] ! angel's message to ! 
disciples1 !y 7 met by ,jesus himself1  
:o greet$ !m ) an all hail4 ,!y held him
 by ! feet & wor%ipp$ him4 ,he confirm$ 
! angel's message to 8 disciples1 &     

direct$ !m to g to ,galilee3 !re %all !y
 see me4  ,m>k xvi4 #i-aa4 ,jesus1 :5 he
 _h ris5 e>ly ! fir/ day ( ! week1      
appe>$ fir/ to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 out ( :om
 he _h ca/ sev5 devils4 ,%e in=m$ 8     
m\rn+ disciples1 :o did n believe h]4   
,luke has no incid5t at all correspond+ 
to ?is4  ,john xx4 #ad-ah4 ,m>y         
,magdal5e rema9$ weep+ at ! tomb1 aft]  
,pet] & ,john _h left1 :5 ,jesus made   
himself kn[n to h]4 ,recognis+ him1 %e  
turn$ & call$ him1 ,ma/]4 ,he said1 ,t\*
 me n1 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ to my ,fa!r2
 b g to my bre?r51 & say unto !m1 ,i    
asc5d unto my ,fa!r & y\r ,fa!r1 & to my
 ,god & y\r ,god4 ,m>y ,magdal5e came & 
told ! disciples t %e _h se5 ! ,"l1 & t 
he _h spok5 ^! ?+s unto h]4  ,"h !re are
 sev]al grave contradictions betwe5     
,mat!w & ,john4  #a4 ,mat!w makes ! fir/
 appe>ance ( ,jesus to ! two ,m>ies1    
:ile !y are ha/5+ f ! tomb to c>ry to 8 
disciples ! glad news ( 8 resurrection1 
:i* !y _h le>n$ f ! angel2 ,john1 :ile  
,m>y ,magdal5e is by h]self at ! tomb & 

is unaw>e ( 8 resurrection4  #b4 ,mat!w 
m5tions t ! two ,m>ies held him by !    
feet & wor%ipp$ him2 ,john1 t ,m>y      
,magdal5e 0 comm&$ by ,jesus n to t\*   
him4  #c4 ,mat!w /ates t ,jesus direct$ 
8 disciples to g to  ,galilee1 :]e !y   
w\ld f9d him2 ,john1 t he ann\nc$ to    
,m>y1 ,i asc5d to my ,fa!r1 c4 ,n "o ^w 
( a j\rney to ,galilee4  7#f47 ,mat!w   
xxviii4 #af-bj4 ,!n ! elev5 disciples   
w5t away into ,galilee into a m\nta9 :]e
 ,jesus _h appo9t$ !m4 ,& :5 !y saw him1
 !y wor%ipp$ him1 b "s d\bt$4 ,& ,jesus 
came & spake unto !m1 say+1 ,all p[] is 
giv5 unto me 9 heav5 & 9 e>?1 c4  ,mat!w
 "h n>rates t on receiv+ ! direction ( !
 wom51 ! elev5 w5t away to a m\nta9 9   
,galilee fix$ on be=e ,jesus' dea?4     
7,mat!w xxvi4 #cb1 he _h said1 ,aft] ,i 
am ris5 aga91 ,i w g be=e y into        
,galilee47 ,h[ or 9 :at =m !y saw him   
!re is left untold4 ,mo/ ( !m ador$1 b  
"s d\bt$4 ,! appe>ance1 !re=e1 c\ld n h 
be5 a close "o1 su* z 0 v\*saf$ to      
,?omas 7,john xx4 #bg71 = !n no "o c\ld 

h d\bt$4 ,belief 9 su* cases is n matt] 
( *oice4 ,h[ ,jesus vani%$ aft] 8       
appe>ance on ! ,galilean m\nt is n      
m5tion$4 ,mat!w 0 a witness ( ! asc5sion
 ( ,jesus1 if ,m>k & ,luke's acc\nts be 
true1 b he passes by ?is mo/ /rik+ ev5t 
9 sil5ce4 ,m>k's second n>rative1 too1 9
 no way confirms ! j\rney to ,galilee4  
,on ! contr>y1 x /ates t ! p>t+ *>ge (  
,jesus & 8 asc5sion took place aft] he  
_h appe>$ & spok5 to ! elev5 z !y sat at
 meat4 ,:]e ?is occurr$1 & on :at day1  
is some:at ambigu\s2 b ! inf]5ce is t x 
0 at ,j]usalem1 & on ! day ( !          
resurrection4 ,luke1 h[ev]1 is q        
explicit on ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to him on
 ! v day 7,luke xxiv4 #ac1 #cc1 #cf1    
#ej1 #ea7 ( ! resurrection ,jesus appe>$
 to ! elev5 at ,j]usalem1 gave !m 8 p>t+
 *>ge1 l$ !m out to ,be?any1 & 0 !re    
p>t$ f !m & c>ri$ into heav54 ,s f> f   
!re be+ any j\rney to ,galilee1 !y 7    
expressly comm&$ 7*ap4 xxiv4 #di7 to    
t>ry at ,j]usalem4 ,"h ,luke1 ! record] 
( ! reports ( eye-witnesses1 /ates t !  

disciples 7 ord]$ to t>ry 9 ,j]usalem on
 ! v day :51 accord+ to ,mat!w1 an      
eye-witness1 !y 7 ord]$ to proce$ to    
,galilee4 ,& ,john1 ! o!r eyewitness1 "o
 ( ! elev51 makes no m5tion ( a j\rney  
to ,galilee imm$iately foll[+ ! fir/    
ann\ncem5t ( ! resurrection1 or ( !     
appe>ance ( ,jesus on ! m\nta9 !re1 b1  
on ! contr>y1 affirms t ,jesus appe>$ to
 8 disciples at ,j]usalem on ! ev5+ ( ! 
day ( ! resurrection1 & also on t day   
week4  7c47 ,m>k xvi4 #ab1 #ac4 ,he     
appe>$ 9 ano!r =m to two ( !m 9 a c\ntry
 walk3 !y told ! re/1 :o 7 /ill         
incr$ul\s4  ,luke xxiv4 #ac-ce4 ,jesus t
 same day1 i4e41 ! day ( ! resurrection1
 jo9$ two ( !m on _! way to ! village ( 
,emmaus1 ne> ,j]usalem2 at fir/ !y did n
 "k him1 b on break+ bread !y recognis$ 
him4 ,on ?is he vani%$4  ,john does n   
confirm ^! appe>ances1 & !y are         
inconsi/5t ) ,mat!w's j\rney ( ! elev5  
to ,galilee4  7d47 ,m>k xvi4 #ad-bj4 ,!n
 he appe>$ to ! elev5 z !y sat at meat1 
reproa*$ !m ) _! unbelief1 gave !m !    

*>ge to prea* ! gospel2 & !n1 aft] he _h
 spok51 he 0 receiv$ into heav51 & sat  
on ! "r h& ( ,god4  ,luke xxiv4 #cf-ec4 
,! same h\r 9 :i* ! two1 :o _h recognis$
 ,jesus 9 break+ ( bread at ,emmaus1    
return$ to ,j]usalem1 & :ile !y 7 in=m+ 
! elev5 & ! re/ ( :at _h happ5$1 ,jesus 
himself /ood 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 & said1     
,peace be unto y4 ,!y 7 t]rifi$ at 8    
appe>ance4 ,he %[$ !m 8 h&s & 8 feet1   
told !m to h&le him1 & ate be=e !m2     
direct$ !m to t>ry at ,j]usalem till !y 
7 endu$ ) p[] f on high4 ,& he l$ !m out
 z f> z ,be?any1 & he lift$ up 8 h&s &  
bless$ !m4 ,& x came to pass :ile he    
bless$ !m1 he 0 p>t$ f !m1 & c>ri$ up   
into heav54  ,john xx4 #ai-bc4 ,! same  
day 7i4e41 ! resurrection day71 at ev51 
:5 ! doors 7 %ut :]e ! disciples 7      
assembl$ = fe> ( ! ,jews1 ,jesus appe>$1
 say+1 ,peace be unto y4 ,he %[$ !m 8   
h&s & 8 side4 ,!y 7 glad ( 8 appe>ance4 
,"h !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( agreem5t     
betwe5 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 z to an    
appe>ance to ! elev5 at ,j]usalem on !  

day ( ! resurrection4 ,b ?is occurr5ce  
conflicts ) ,mat!w4 ,if1 z he /ates1    
,jesus w5t be=e 8 disciples to ,galilee1
 or if !y set out = ,galilee on !       
direction deliv]$ by ! wom51 nei!r ! "o 
nor ! o!rs c\ld h be5 9 ,j]usalem4  ,!  
mo/ rem>kable po9t "h1 h[ev]1 is t nei!r
 ,mat!w nor ,john confirm1 9 any =m1 !  
asc5sion m5tion$ by ,m>k & ,luke4       
,eye-witnesses z !y 71 special          
mission>ies to te/ify to m5 t ,jesus 0  
alive1 s wondr\s an ev5t !y pass by 9   
sil5ce4  7e47 ,john xx4 #bd-bi4 ,on !   
eigh? day aft] ! previ\s occurr5ce1 he  
appe>$ among 8 disciples1 ! doors be+   
%ut z be=e1 & 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,?omas1 :o 
0 n pres5t on ! fir/ occasion1 z 8 ,"l &
 8 ,god4 ,?is is q at v>iance ) ,m>k &  
,luke's /atem5t t ,jesus asc5d$ to heav5
 on ! day ( ! resurrection1 & x is      
unnecess>y aga9 to allude to its        
inconsi/5cy ) ,mat!w's acc\nt4  7f47    
,john xxi4 #a-be4 ,jesus' ?ird appe>ance
 to 8 disciples 0 at ! sea ( ,tib]ias   
:ile !y 7 fi%+4 ,pet]1 ,?omas1          

,na?anael1 ,james & ,john1 & two o!r    
disciples 7 pres5t4 ,he direct$ ,pet] h[
 to ca/ 8 net1 & ensur$ a l>ge haul3 he 
!n d9$ ) !m1 & aft]w>ds gave ,pet] a    
*>ge to fe$ 8 lambs & 8 %eep1 & return$ 
a dubi\s answ] ab\t ! l5g? ( ,john's    
life4  ,?is also re/s m]ely on ,john's  
n>rative4 ,m>k1 ev51 ! companion (      
,pet]1 :o 0 specially conspicu\s on ?is 
occasion1 9 no way confirms x4 ,on !    
contr>y1 8 second n>rative implies t    
,jesus asc5d$ to heav5 on ! day ( !     
resurrection4  7g47 ,luke 9 ,acts i4    
#a-aa4 ,jesus %[$ himself alive aft] 8  
passion by _m infallible pro(s3 0 se5 by
 8 disciples =ty days1 & spoke to !m (  
?+s p]ta9+ to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,he comm&$
 !m n to dep>t f ,j]usalem1 b to await  
!re ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,!n1 on     
,m\nt ,olivet1 :5 he _h giv5 ! la/ *>ge1
 :ile !y beheld1 he 0 tak5 up1 & a cl\d 
receiv$ him out ( _! sight4 ,z !y 7 gaz+
 upw>ds1 two m5 9 :ite app>el appe>$1 :o
 said1 ,ye m5 ( ,galilee1 :y /& ye gaz+ 
up into heav58 ,?is same ,jesus :o is   

tak5 up f y into heav5 %all s come 9 l  
mann] z ye h se5 him g into heav54      
,mat!w & ,john1 ! two eye-witnesses1 are
 sil5t z to ! asc5sion to heav54 ,!y1 ^:
 special1 div9ely-conf]r$ mission x 0 to
 te/ify to ! resurrection ( ,jesus & !  
foll[+ glory1 to ma9ta9 t he 0 alive =  
ev]more1 to decl>e ! :ole c\nsel ( ,god1
 make no m5tion ( ?is cr[n+ wond]4 ,su* 
comp>atively trifl+ matt]s z ! wom5     
hold+ him by ! feet 7,matt1 xxviii4 #i71
 or ,simon's nak$ condition 7,john xxi4 
#g71 or ! fire ( coals1 & fi% laid !reon
 & bread 7,john xxi4 #i71 7 deem$ wor?y 
( record1 b ! asc5sion to heav5 !y      
altoge!r ignore4  ,m>k & ,luke1 :o write
 :at !y he>d f o!rs1 m5tion ! asc5sion 9
 _! ,gospels1 & _! n>rative mo/ cle>ly  
implies t x took place on ! day ( !     
resurrection4 ,m>k expressly /ates t he 
0 receiv$ into heav51 !n aft] he _h     
spok5 to ! elev5 z !y sat at meat4 ,&   
c\ld any "o imag9e t betwe5 ,luke xxiv4 
#di & xxi v4 #ej !re 0 an int]val ( =ty 
days1 z ass]t$ by ! same writ] 9 !      

,acts8 ,w\ld ! omission ( all m5tion (  
su* an int]val be consi/5t ) ! p]fect   
und]/&+ ( all ?+s f ! v fir/ pr(ess$ by 
,luke8 ,cle>ly !re _h be5 an            
amplification ( detail dur+ ! "t t      
elaps$ betwe5 ! compilation ( ! gospel  
by ,luke & ! compilation ( ! ,acts4     
,jesus1 ! writ] 9 ! ,acts affirms1 0 se5
 by 8 disciples =ty days1 & spoke to !m 
( ?+s p]ta9+ to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,:y1 !n1
 are none ( 8 say+s pres]v$1 if ! %ort  
ann\ncem5ts 7"o ( :i*--,luke xxiv4      
#dd-dh--;has already be5 %[n to be      
false7 at ! end ( ! gospels be except$8 
,7 ! disc\rses ( ! ris5 ,jesus n m      
important1 7 !y less impressive ?an ^?  
utt]$ 9 8 lifetime8  7h47 ,acts ix4     
#a-i4 ,z ,paul 0 on ! way to ,damascus1 
) au?ority f ! high prie/s to !         
synagogues !re1 to arre/ & to br+ to    
,j]usalem all :o pr(ess$ to believe on  
,jesus1 a brilliant light %one ar\nd    
him1 :]eupon he fell to ! e>?1 & he>d a 
voice say+1 ,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/  
?\ me8 ,paul repli$1 ,:o art ?\1 ,"l8 ,!

 voice answ]$1 ,i am ,jesus1 :om ?\     
p]secute/3 x is h>d = !e to kick aga9/ !
 pricks4 ,& he1 trembl+ & a/oni%$1 said1
 ,"l1 :at wilt ?\ h me to d8 ,& ! ,"l   
said unto him1 ,arise1 & g into ! city1 
& x %all be told !e :at ?\ mu/ d4 ,on   
gett+ up he f\nd himself bl9d1 & 0 l$ by
 ! h& to ,damascus4 ,! m5 :o 7 ) him    
/ood spee*less4 ,!y he>d a voice1 b !y  
saw no man4  ,acts xxii4 #f-ba4 ,?is    
passage conta9s an address said to h be5
 deliv]$ by ,paul himself1 9 :i* ! =ego+
 wondr\s ev5t is relat$1 b ) "o         
important contradiction1--,!y t 7 ) me  
saw inde$ ! light1 & 7 afraid1 b !y he>d
 n ! voice ( him t spake to me4  ,acts  
xxvi4 #ae-ah4 ,paul "h ass]t$ t ! voice 
f heav5 utt]$ ! foll[+3--,i am ,jesus1  
:om ?\ p]secute/4 ,b rise & /& ^u ?y    
feet1 = ,i h appe>$ to !e = ?is purpose1
 to make !e a m9i/] & a witness1 c4 ,?is
 is v diff]5t f ,acts ix41 :]e he is    
direct$ to g into ! city1 & t !re x w\ld
 be told him :at he %\ld d4 ,paul 7,acts
 xxvi4 #ai-bj7 add$1 ,:]eupon1 ,o k+    

,agrippa1 ,i 0 n disob$i5t unto !       
heav5ly vision2 b %[$ fir/ unto !m at   
,damascus1 & at ,j]usalem1 & ?r\gh\t all
 ! coa/s ( ,judea1 & !n to ! ,g5tiles1  
c4  ,^! are ,luke's /atem5ts1 9 ! ,acts1
 ) ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to   
,paul4 ,! subsequ5t movem5ts ( ! apo/le1
 on ! same au?ority1 71--  7,luke1 #a47 
,aft] be+ cur$ ( 8 bl9dness by ! lay+ on
 ( ! h&s ( ,ananias1 he prea*$ 9        
,damascus t ,jesus 0 ,*ri/4  7,luke1    
#b47 ,! ,jews be+ desir\s ( kill+ him1  
he fl$ to ,j]usalem4 ,! disciples at    
fir/ 7 *>y ( _! quondam p]secutor1 b1   
assur$ by ,b>nabas1 :o took-him & br\ght
 him to ! apo/les1 !y receiv$ him into  
_! fell[%ip4  7,luke1 #c47 ,he disput$  
aga9/ ! ,grecians 7,hell5is$ ,jews871 :o
 w5t ab\t to-slay him4 ,on ?is he 0 tak5
 by ! bre?r5 to ,caes>ea1 & !nce s5t on 
to ,t>sus4  7,luke1 #d47 ,p]secution =c$
 _m ,*ri/ian ,jews to leave ,judea & to 
settle at ,antio*4 ,b>nabas 0 s5t by !  
,*ur* at ,j]usalem to visit !m4 ,he     
rejoic$ at _! livel9ess 9 ! fai?1 & !n  

w5t to ,t>sus to f9d ,paul1 :om he      
br\ght back to ,antio*4 ,!y 7 !re toge!r
 a :ole ye>4 ,! disciples 7 call$       
,*ri/ians fir/ 9 ,antio*4  7,luke1 #e47 
,paul & ,b>nabas convey$ a contribution 
f ! bre?r5 at ,antio* to ^? at          
,j]usalem4 ,return+ f ,j]usalem !y took 
) !m ,john1 ^: surname 0 ,m>k4  7,luke1 
#f47 ,dur+ _! m9i/ry at ,antio* ! ,holy 
,gho/ said1 ,sep>ate me ,b>nabas & ,saul
 = ! "w :]eunto ,i h call$ !m4 ,!y !n   
/>t$ on _! mission to ! ,g5tiles4  ,n[1 
,luke 0 ,paul's companion1 8 att5dant on
 8 travels1 8 fai?ful fri5d 9 tr\ble 7#b
 ,tim4 iv4 #aa71 surely1 !n1 8 /atem5ts 
) ref]5ce to ,paul w be f\nd to tally   
exactly ) ?is apo/le's allusions to 8   
own life & m9i/ry2 x _c be b t ! ,acts &
 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul are 9 p]fect h>mony4
 ,n s1 h[ev]2 !y are q irreconcilable4  
7,paul1 #a47 ,9 #b ,cor4 xi4 & xii4     
,paul br+s =w>d ! v>i\s claims he       
possess$ to be reg>d$ z no :it beh9d ! v
 *iefe/ apo/les4 ,he alludes to 8 ardu\s
 lab\rs1 j\rneys1 & suff]+s = ! gospel's

 sake4 ,& !n he comes to visions &      
revelations ( ! ,"l4 ,does he m5tion !  
wondr\s incid5t on ! way to ,damascus8  
,no6 n "o ^w1 ei!r "h or else:]e4 ,:at  
he does m5tion is a man 9 ,*ri/         
7evid5tly himself71 :o1 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s
 previ\sly1 0 caught up into ! ?ird     
heav5--:e!r 9 ! body or out ( ! body1   
,god only knew--caught up into p>adise1 
& !re he>d unspeakable words1 unutt]able
 by man4 ,n[1 "h1 9 disc\rs+ ( 8 v claim
 to apo/le%ip1 he is sil5t on :at 9 !   
,acts is s /rongly put =? z 8 miracul\s 
call+ to t (fice4 ,! incid5t 9 :i* !    
ris5 ,jesus ann\nc$1 ,i h appe>$ to !e =
 ?is purpose to make !e a m9i/] &       
witness1 c41 is q ignor$ by ,paul       
himself 9 p>ticul>is+ 8 claims to be t  
m9i/] & witness4 ,! necess>y conclusion 
is1 t :5 ! ,second ,epi/le to !         
,cor9?ians 0 writt51 ! m>vel relat$ 9   
,acts ix41 xxii41 & xxvi4 _h n be5 ?\ght
 (4 ,by comp>ison ) ,paul's epi/les ?is 
und\bt$ in/ance ( inv5tion or           
appropriation c be br\ght home to !     

writ] ( ! ,acts4 ,x %[s :at ! compil]s (
 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 capable (1 :5 a      
sup]natural ev5t 0 requir$ to give      
sanction & support to any doctr9e1 or   
practice1 or claim :i* !y advocat$4 ,!  
object1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 0 to place  
,paul1 z an apo/le1 on an equal foot+ 9 
e respect ) ! apo/les :o 7 companions ( 
,jesus himself1 & :o _h se5 him alive   
aft] 8 resurrection4 ,if ! ,new ,te/am5t
 is read 9 ! light :i* ?is incid5t      
af=ds1 its v>i\s n>ratives become       
abundantly cle>4 ,x is se5 t its        
au?oritative claims & its doctr9es1 )   
ref]5ce to ! de/9y ( man1 s f> f be+    
bas$ on ! sup]natural ev5ts record$1 are
 m]ely :at ^! ev5ts 7 devis$ to e/abli% 
& en=ce4  7,paul1 #b47 ,9 ,galatians he 
/ates t1 :5 x pleas$ ,god1 :o sep>at$ me
 f my "m's womb1 & call$ me by 8 grace1 
to reveal 8 son 9 me1 t ,i might prea*  
him among ! ,g5tiles--7,?is /yle ( writ+
 seems q inconsi/5t ) su* an appe>ance (
 ,jesus himself z is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts3 
,paul "h uses language descriptive (    

ord9>y conv]sion1 radically diff]5t f ! 
effect ( a vision ( ! ris5 ,son ( ,god )
 p[]-conf]r+ comm&s71--imm$iately ,i    
conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood1 nei!r w5t ,i  
up to ,j]usalem to !m :o 7 apo/les be=e 
me 7,luke1 p>4 #b above1 expressly      
affirms t he did g to ,j]usalem71 b ,i  
w5t into ,arabia1 & return$ aga9 to     
,damascus 7q irreconcilable ) ,luke1    
p>s4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 above74 ,!n1 aft]
 ?ree ye>s1 ,i w5t up to ,j]usalem to   
see ,pet]1 & abode ) him fifte5 days4 ,b
 o!r ( ! apo/les saw ,i none1 save      
,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,n[1 ! ?+s :i* ,i
 write unto y1 behold1 be=e ,god ,i lie 
n4 7,if he does n lie1 :at c be said (  
,b>nabas ,luke1 p>4 #b above tak+ & br++
 him to ! apo/les1 or ( ! j\rney ,luke1 
p>4 #e above ( ,paul & ,b>nabas to      
convey relief to ! fam9e-?reat5$ bre?r5 
:o dwelt 9 ,judea47 ,aft]w>ds ,i w5t    
into ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia1 & 0 
unkn[n by face unto ! *ur*es ( ,judea   
:i* 7 9 ,*ri/2 b !y _h he>d only t he :o
 p]secut$ u 9 times pa/ n[ prea*e? !    

fai? :i* once he de/roy$4 ,& !y glorifi$
 ,god 9 me4 ,comp>e ?is ) ,acts ix4     
#bh--,luke1 p>4 #b above--,& he 0 ) !m  
com+ 9 & go+ out at ,j]usalem2 ) !      
fam9e-relief embassy ( himself &        
,b>nabas2 &1 m />tl+ /ill1 ) !          
decl>ation 9 ! ,acts be=e k+            
,agrippa1--,o k+ ,agrippa1 ,i 0 n       
disob$i5t unto ! heav5ly vision1 b %[$  
fir/ to !m at ,damascus1 & at ,j]usalem1
 & ?r\gh\t all ! coa/s ( ,judea1 & !n to
 ! ,g5tiles c4  ,x is q beyond ! scope (
 ?is inquiry to ent] into conjectures z 
to ! cause ( su* s]i\s discrepancies    
betwe5 ! two fell[-travell]s1 ! apo/le &
 8 fai?ful foll[]4 ,&1 inde$1 all su*   
conjectures w\ld be va9 & unpr(itable1 =
 !re are no means n[ ( det]m9+ ! "q4    
,:at /&s =? cle>1 h[ev]1 is1 t no       
consci5ce-satisfy+ belief1 or ev5 ord9>y
 hi/orical probability1 c re/ :]e su*   
conflict ( te/imony appe>s4  7i47 ,9 #a 
,cor4 xv4 #d-h1 ,paul ?us gives 9 detail
 ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] 8           
resurrection z ^! _h be5 report$ to     

him3--  7#a47 ,t he 0 se5 ( ,cephas4    
,:]e8 ,luke m5tions an appe>ance to     
,pet] 7*ap4 xxiv4 #cd71 b gives no      
p>ticul>s4 ,m>k & ,john agree t ! fir/  
appe>ance 0 to ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,no      
sep>ate appe>ance to ,pet] is m5tion$ by
 !m or by ,mat!w4  7#b4 7 ,!n ( !       
twelve4 ,:]e8 ,91 ! ,galilean m\nt1     
accord+ to ,mat!w1 or at ,j]usalem1     
accord+ to ,luke & ,john8  7#c47 ,aft] t
 he 0 se5 ( above five hundr$ bre?r5 at 
once2 ( :om ! great] "p rema9 unto ?is  
pres5t1 b "s are fall5 asleep4  ,x is   
mo/ rem>kable t ,mat!w & ,john make no  
m5tion ( ?is4 ,nor ,m>k nor ,luke ei!r4 
7#d47 ,aft] t he 0 se5 ( ,james4 ,no "o 
b ,paul says s4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 z     
,pet] claim$ a special visit ( ! ris5   
,jesus = himself1 s did ,james1 & ,paul 
foll[$ _! example2 =1  7#e47 ,aft]      
m5tion+ t ,jesus 0 next se5 ( all !     
apo/les1--he does n m5tion :]e or :5--he
 /ates1  7#f47 ,la/ ( all he 0 se5 ( me 
also1 z ( "o born out ( due "t4 ,also #a
 ,cor4 ix4 #a1 ,h ,i n se5 ,jesus ,*ri/ 

our ,"l8 ,h[ or :]e he saw him he leaves
 untold4 ,comp>+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ) #b ,cor4 
xii1 x is probable t he ref]s to ! "t :5
 he 0 caught up into p>adise & he>d     
unspeakable words1 unutt]able by man4 ,x
 has already be5 %[n t ! appe>ance on ! 
way to ,damascus _h n be5 ?\ght ( :5 !  
second epi/le 0 writt51 & dur+ ?is      
appe>ance ,paul did n see ,jesus4 ,he   
he>d a voice1 & saw a brilliant light4  
,b !re is no?+ 9 ,paul's writ+s to      
indicate t he ev] laid claim to s dread 
an ev5t 9 connection ) himself4  #i4 ,c 
! m9d1 !n1 eag]ly /ra9+ to f9d 9 ^!     
acc\nts ( ! resurrection ( ,jesus gr\nds
 = a s9c]e belief t "o has ris5 f !     
dead2 rais+ no "q z to ! au!nticity ( ! 
gospels1 b tak+ !m z !y are1 & putt+ !  
faire/ con/ruction on ! words &         
n>rative2 mo/ desir\s n to ab&on a hope 
*]i%$ f ! lessons ( y\?1 a hope tw9$ ) !
 fonde/ reflections ( manhood1--c ! m9d 
once ar\s$ to d\bt & inquiry1 s /ra9+1  
descry aught on :i* to re/8 ,f> o!rwise2
 = h[ rapidly ^! tales ( ! resurrection1

 & ! o!r sup]natural occurr5ces claim$ =
 ,jesus1 crumble away1 l a long-buri$   
corpse expos$ to light1 be=e ! t\* ( !  
simple/ te/s ( evid5ce6  #aj4 ,x rema9s 
to consid] ! resurrection ( ,jesus 9    
connection ) ,old ,te/am5t ideas1 & ) ^?
 ( ! surr\nd+ ,g5tile nations4  #aa4 ,9 
,g5esis ,adam 0 doom$ to return unto !  
gr\nd1 = out ( x wa/ ?\ tak53 = du/ ?\  
art1 & unto du/ %alt ?\ return4 ,he di$ 
:5 he _h liv$ s _m ye>s1 is ! brief     
record ( 8 dea?1 & ( t ( all ! o!r      
primeval patri>*s1 ) ! s+le exception ( 
,eno*1 :o walk$ ) ,god1 & he 0 n1 = ,god
 took him4 ,! writ] ( ! ,hebrews /ates t
 he 0 translat$ t he %\ld n see dea?4   
,he is ?us repres5t$ z escap+ ! curse ( 
,adam1 & z made immortal1 contr>y to !  
common doom4 ,! /atem5t 9 ,g5esis is s  
loose1 h[ev]1 t ! exact mean+ ( ! writ] 
w ev] rema9 unc]ta94 ,! dea?s (         
,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob are ref]r$ to 
?us3 t !y gave up ! gho/1 full ( ye>s1 &
 7 ga!r$ unto _! p4 ,!y return$ to ! du/
 f :5ce !y came1 z _! fa!rs be=e !m4 ,& 

:5 ,joseph di$1 be+ #aaj ye>s old1 he is
 n ga!r$ unto 8 p1 b embalm$ & put 9 a  
c(f9 9 ,egypt4  #ab4 ,9 ,exodus1        
,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 & ,deut]onomy1 !   
books t imm$iately conc]n ,moses1 !re is
 no m5tion ( any future /ate ( exi/5ce4 
,! precepts1 ! ritual1 ! rew>ds1 & !    
puni%m5ts all h ref]5ce to ! pres5t     
life4 ,beyond ! grave is no?+ness3 no   
hope1 no fe>4 ,:at a />tl+ fact ?is is1 
& h[ intimately x conc]ns ! subject n[  
"u consid]ation1 appe>s :5 contra/$ ) ! 
prevail+ contempor>y ,egyptian belief4  
,moses l$ ! ,israelites out ( ,egypt4   
,!y _h be5 !re upw>ds ( two c5turies4   
,he himself 0 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( !  
,egyptians4 ,he _h be5 br\ght up z ! son
 ( ,ph>aoh's daught]4 ,n[1 ! mo/ prom95t
 belief ( ! ,egyptian religion1 z %[n by
 ! monum5ts & ritual1 0 ! immortality ( 
! s\l & a /ate ( exi/5ce beyond ! grave1
 & x mu/ h be5 vividly be=e !           
,israelites dur+ _! soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,! 
god ,osiris became inc>nate on e>?1     
work$ all mann] ( good = mank9d2 0 sla9 

?r\gh ! malignity ( ! evil "o1 ! s]p5t  
,typhon1 b rose aga9 f ! dead1 & 0 made 
! 'judge ( s\ls2 ! disembodi$ spirits 7 
weigh$ 9 8 balances2 ! j1 aft] expiat+  
_! v5ial s9s by _m sev]e trials1 9 :i*  
!y 7 accompani$ & su/a9$ by ,osiris1 :o 
_h himself pass$ ?r\gh ! same           
ordeal--be5 tempt$ 9 all po9ts l z !y   
7--%>$ ! bliss ( ! god2 ! reprobate 7   
condemn$ to l5g!n$ torm5ts1 came back to
 e>? z evil spirits1 dwelt 9 ! bodies ( 
unclean animals1 & 7 ultimately to be   
annihilat$4 ,9 addition1 also1 to !     
symbolic idolatr\s religion1 by :i* !   
deity 0 repres5t$ to ! p 9 num]\s       
phases1 all probably conceptions (      
natural ph5om5a1 h[ev] incongru\s mo/ ( 
! manife/ations n[ appe>1 !re 0 ! hidd5 
religion ( ! prie/s & ( ! initiat$2 & ! 
ma9 conception ( ?is hidd5 religion 0 ( 
! "o liv+1 indep5d5t1 uncreat$ god--,nuk
 pu ,nuk1 ,i am t ,i am4 ,a h]$it>y     
prie/hood1 animal sacrifices1           
circumcision1 & ab/95ce f sw9e's fle%1 7
 likewise ,egyptian in/itutions4 ,s 0 ! 

sev5?-day re/4 ,^! & m9or practices 7   
cont9u$ among ! ,israelites1 & !        
,egyptian ,nuk pa ,nuk became ! ,jewi%  
,jehovah2 b ! symbolical idolatr\s      
wor%ip1 lik5+ ! ,creator to ! creature1 
& ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 7   
reject$ by ,moses4 ,!y h no place 9 8   
sy/em4 ,! =m] he d5\nc$1 ! latt] he     
ignor$4 ,8 conception ( ! unity &       
omnipot5ce ( ,god 0 int5se1 & he        
indelibly /amp$ ?is belief on ! m9d ( 8 
nation1 %unn+ ! example ( ! prie/s (    
,egypt1 :o enc\rag$ ! p 9 idolatr\s     
poly!i/ic rites1 :ile ! pur] fai? rema9$
 conceal$ among !mselves4 ,contr>y to ! 
practice ( all prie/craft1 anci5t &     
mod]n1 he did n keep 8 foll[]s 9        
ignorance1 t he himself might1 by a     
sup]ior und]/&+1 reta9 an exalt$        
position 9 _! sight1 b he s\ght to br+  
!m up to ! level ( 8 own k & belief4 ,h[
 f> _m ( ! ,egyptian practices reta9$ by
 ! ,israelites1 & "s ( ! m unwor?y      
conceptions ( ! deity--su*1 = in/ance1 z
 ! ev]-liv+ omnipot5t ,god work+ six    

days 9 creat+ ! _w1 & re/+ ! sev5?2 or 8
 ord]+ ! enemies ( ,israel to be        
massacr$1 man1 woman1 & *ild2 or 8      
exact+ animal sacrifices1 z if he1 !    
s\rce ( life1 c\ld be appeas$ by !      
de/ruction ( ! v life he _h br\ght into 
be+--7 =c$ by ! nation ^u ,moses1 r ?an 
by ,moses ^u ! nation1 _c n[ be         
asc]ta9$4 ,j]4 vii4 #bb1 #bc1 seem to   
indicate t ! animal sacrifices1 at lea/1
 7 n ( ,mosaic orig94 ,b 8 /]n          
prohibition ( idolatry1 & 8 ignor+ a    
future life1 con/itut$ ! pr9cipal       
diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mosaic & ! ,egyptian
 sy/ems4 ,!y 71 inde$1 radical          
diff]5ces4 ,_h n ,moses se5 9 ,egypt h[ 
! pret5d$ immortality ( ! s\l1 & !      
sev]al connect$ doctr9es & practices1 9 
! h&s ( a poli%$ prie/hood1 _h be5 us$ s
 z to keep t v s\l 9 ?is _w 9 a /ate (  
vague fe> & abject sup]/ition3 h[ !     
t]rors or expectation ( ! life to come  
_h l$ to mis]y & misdirection ( ! life  
on e>?3 h[ ! dead _h be5 c>$ = to !     
neglect ( ! liv+8 ,& 0 !re any good     

gr\nd = ?is expectation ( a future life8
 ,on ! contr>y1 0 n man1 9 8 view1 doom$
 to return to ! du/ :5ce he came8 ,0 n !
 pret5ce ( ! s\l be+ immortal an        
assumption ( an attribute ( ! et]nal    
,jehovah8 ,& s he taught t ! ,"l he is  
,god1 9 heav5 above1 & 9 ! e>? b5ea?2   
!re is none else4 ,?\ %alt !re=e keep 8 
/atutes & 8 comm&m5ts1 :i* ,i comm& !e  
?is day1 t x may g well ) !e1 & ) ?y    
*ildr5 aft] !e1 & t ?\ maye/ prolong ?y 
days ^u ! e>? :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give?   
!e1 = ev] 7,deut4 iv4 #ci1 #dj74 ,!     
rules ( conduct 7 ^? :i*1 9 ! judgm5t ( 
,moses1 l$ to long life & e>?ly         
prosp]ity2 _! neglect w\ld inevitably   
br+ disa/] & woe2 !re 0 no o!r rew>d1 no
 o!r dread4 ,& 9 ,psalm xc1 describ$ z a
 pray] ( ,moses1 ! man ( ,god1 :5 he    
m5tions t ! days ( our ye>s are         
?reescore & t51 or if1 p]*ance1 by      
reason ( /r5g?1 f\rscore1 yet t /r5g?   
lab\r & sorr[1 s f> is he f arriv+ at   
,paul's conclusion--,:at advantage? x me
 if ! dead rise n8 ,let u eat & dr9k1 = 

to-morr[ we die--t he makes ! brevity ( 
man's life ! gr\nd ( ! petition1 ,s-tea*
 u to numb] our days1 t we may apply our
 he>ts unto wisdom4 ,let u be up & do+1 
= our own & our bre?r5's sakes2 !re is  
no "t to be lo/2 let u /rive & pond] h[ 
to pass our brief life on e>? wisely &  
well4 ,! dead1 moreov]1 7 buri$ out (   
sight1 & any bodily disfigurem5t 7,lev4 
xix4 #bh2 ,deut4 xiv4 #a7 or (f]+s      
7,deut4 xxvi4 #ad7 = !m 7 prohibit$4    
#ac4 ,n[1 if ! ,jewi% ,jehovah ?us      
repres5t$ by ,moses be "o & ! same be+ )
 ! ,god ( ,peace1 t br\ght aga9 f ! dead
 our ,"l ,jesus1 ^: k+dom 0 n ( ?is _w1 
^: rew>d 0 et]nal life1 ^: foll[]s 7 (  
all m5 ! mo/ mis]able if 9 ?is life only
 !y _h hope 9 ,*ri/1 !n ! ,almighty 9 "o
 disp5sation left 8 *os5 p to ignore !  
possession ( an immortal s\l & ! hope ( 
et]nal life--doctr9es fully kn[n &      
recognis$ by ! ,egyptians & o!r nations 
surr\nd+ !m--b 9 ! o!r reveal$1 little  
modifi$1 z 8 own1 ^! prevail+ beliefs ( 
! hea!n nations1 ?us mak+ ,*ri/ianity   

practically little else ?an ! ,mosaic   
religion )\t ! sacrifices1 jo9$ to !    
,egyptian belief 9 ! s\l's immortality &
 a /ate ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 :i*
 ,moses reject$2 9 "o disp5sation he    
plac$ 8 s]vice 9 ! foll[+ ( ^? rules (  
life :i* lead to mak+ ! be/ ( ! good e>?
 on :i* m5 live1 )\t any o!r rew>d2 9 ! 
o!r1 he t hate? 8 life 9 ?is _w %all    
keep x unto life et]nal1 & ^? are d5\nc$
 :o m9d e>?ly ?+s1 = our conv]sation is 
9 heav51 f :5ce also we look = our      
,savi\r1 ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,a wondr\s 
contradictory ,almighty6  #ad4 ,9 !     
hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f    
,jo%ua to ,e/h]1 !re is no?+ to indicate
 t a belief 9 a future life 0 held by   
any ( ! repres5tatives ( ,jehovah1 :e!r 
judge1 k+1 prophet1 or prie/1 7a47 ,!   
ag$ ,jo%ua 7,jo%4 xxiii4 #ad7 & ! dy+   
,david 7#a ,k+s ii4 #b7 affirm t !y are 
ab\t to g ! way ( all ! e>?4 ,!y express
 nei!r hope ( heav5 nor fe> ( hell4 ,!  
writ] 9 ,judges 7ii #aj7 /ates1 all t   
g5]ation 0 ga!r$ unto _! fa!rs4 ,! k+s (

 ,israel & ,judah all slept ) _! fa!rs4 
7b47 ,! ,god=sak5 ,saul 7#a ,sam4       
xxviii4 #g-be7 w5t to inquire ( ! wit* (
 ,endor1 & ask$ h] to br+ up ,samuel1 :o
 appe>$ 7visible1 z ! n>rative implies1 
only to ! wit*7 z an old man cov]$ ) a  
mantle--t is to say1 8 %ade _h !        
appe>ance ( himself 9 old age1 dress &  
all--& said1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me to 
br+ me up4 ,saul told 8 extremity4      
,samuel's wrai? affirm$ t ! k+dom 0     
transf]r$ to ,david1 t ,saul's army w\ld
 be defeat$ by ! ,phili/9es1 & t        
to-morr[ %alt ?\ & ?y sons be ) me4 ,!  
,god-fav\r$ ,samuel & ! ,god-=sak5 ,saul
 w\ld be toge!r4 ,"h is c]ta9ly a belief
 9 a future life1 & 9 ! p[] ( a wit* to 
br+ up to e>? a s\l at re/--n 9 bliss or
 9 mis]y1 if ,samuel's :y ha/ ?\ ?us    
disquiet$ me may be s con/ru$2 b t x 0 n
 an or?odox ,jewi% belief is made cle>  
by #a ,*ron4 x4 #ac3 ,s ,saul di$ = 8   
transgression :i* he committ$ aga9/ !   
,"l1 ev5 aga9/ ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 :i* he kept
 n1 & also = ask+ c\nsel ( "o t _h a    

famili> _s1 to inquire ( x1 & inquir$ n 
( ! ,"l3 !re=e he slew him1 & turn$ !   
k+dom to ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse4 7c47 ,!
 wise woman ( ,tekoah1 :om ,joab s5t    
disguis$ to k+ ,david1 express$ !       
recognis$ belief :5 %e said1 = we mu/   
ne$s die1 & are z wat] spill$ on !      
gr\nd1 :i* _c be ga!r$ up aga94 7d47    
,elijah 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #ba1 #bb7 rais$ f
 ! dead ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,z>epha?1 &    
,eli%a 7#b ,k+s iv4 #cb-ce7 ! son ( !   
,%unammite4 ,eli%a w5t up & lay ^u !    
*ild1 & put 8 m\? ^u 8 m\?1 & 8 eyes ^u 
8 eyes1 & 8 h&s ^u 8 h&s1 & he /ret*$   
himself ^u ! *ild1 & ! fle% ( ! *ild    
wax$ w>m4 ,elijah1 too1 /ret*$ himself  
on ! *ild ?ree times1 & he pray$1 ,o ,"l
 my ,god1 let ?is *ild's s\l 7or life1  
same ^w z ,g5esis i4 #cj7 come into him 
aga92 & ! ,"l he>d ! voice ( ,elijah1 & 
! s\l 7or life7 ( ! *ild came into him  
aga91 & he reviv$4 ,x w\ld be h>d f ^!  
/atem5ts to det]m9e :e!r ,elijah &      
,eli%a consid]$ ! *ild's s\l or life z  
m]ely ! action ( an organism1 or z s mu*

 vital =ce exi/+ only z =ce outside !   
body1 or z a sep>ate consci\s s\l s5t   
back to e>? at _! reque/4 ,mo/ probably 
nei!r !y nor ! n>rator ( _! wond]-work+ 
_h any def9ite op9ion on ! subject4     
,eli%a's bones1 also1 _h su* virtue t :5
 a dead man let d[n into 8 sepul*re 7#b 
,k+s xiii4 #ba7 _h t\*$ !m1 he reviv$ & 
/ood up on 8 feet4 ,x is /range t !     
bones c\ld n d s mu* = !mselves4 ,nei!r 
?is man1 h[ev]1 nor ! resuscitat$       
*ildr51 appe> to h be5 made immortal on 
e>?1 any m ?an ! son ( ! wid[ ( ,na91 or
 ! rais$ ,laz>us ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,s1 
wret*$ ones1 !y _h to suff] dea? twice2 
& :5 !y 7 br\ght back to life1 :at did  
!y tell _! wond]+ fri5ds ( ! condition (
 ! disembodi$ s\l8 ,! _w has be5 none ! 
wis] ( _! revisit1 7e47 ,! m>vell\s     
dep>ture ( ,elijah 7#b ,k+s ii4 #aa7 0  
probably told to prev5t any sort (      
wor%ip at 8 tomb1 conceal$1 9 all       
likelihood1 z t ( ,moses1 d\btless at 8 
own desire1 04  #ae4 ,! au?oris$ v]sion 
gives rise to consid]able misappreh5sion

 by translat+ ! ,hebrew ^w %eol z hell 9
 "s places1 & ! grave 9 o!rs1 7a47 ,!   
passage 7,g5esis xxxvii4 #ce7 be=e      
ref]r$ to1 :]e ,jacob says1 ,i w g d[n  
into ! grave 7%eol7 unto my son m\rn+1  
if translat$1 ,i w g d[n into hell1 c1  
w\ld h convey$ to ! m9d ( a mod]n       
,*ri/ian t ,joseph 0 9 ! place ( torm5t4
 ,x 0 q necess>y "h1 !re=e1 to r5d] ! ^w
 ! grave4 ,g5esis xlii4 #ch is1 simil>ly
 treat$1 7b7 ,prov]bs xxiii4 #ac1 #ad1  
is an example ( ! o!r r5d]+ ( ! same ^w3
 ,)hold n correction f ! *ild3 = if ?\  
beate/ him ) ! rod1 he %all n die4 ,?\  
%alt beat him ) ! rod1 & %alt deliv] 8  
s\l f hell 7f %eol74 ,"h no?+ m is meant
 ?an t by co]c+ a y\? to foll[ ! lessons
 ( exp]i5ce1 he w\ld be sav$ f an e>ly  
grave2 b by translat+ %eol hell1 !      
notion t et]nal woe is to be av]t$ by ! 
unsp>+ use ( ! rod is errone\sly impli$1
 7c47 ,! ,hebrew ^w kibr is usually     
employ$ to designate a specific         
bury+-place 7a grave1 z di/+ui%$ f !    
grave71 z 9 ,g5esis xxiii4 #db2 xxxv4   

#bj1 b is sometimes also us$ 9 ! same   
s5se z %eol1 z ,psalm vi4 #e1 ,9 ! grave
 7%eol7 :o %all give !e ?anks3 ,psalm   
lxxxviii4 #aj1 ,%all ?y lov+-k9dness be 
decl>$ 9 ! grave 7kibr78 ,%eol1 h[ev]1  
almo/ inv>iably means m ?an a m]e burial
 place3 sometimes x is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ! 
p[] ( dea? 7,isaiah xiv4 #i71 sometimes 
( ! unfa?omable abyss ( d>kness1        
errone\sly believ$ 9 ^? days to be "u ! 
e>? 7,psalm cxxxix4 #h2 ,amos ix4 #b72 b
 usually x implies ! /ate t foll[s dea?2
 & t ?is /ate 0 held to be "o ( end$    
exi/5ce1 non-exi/5ce1 or no?+ness1 is z 
cle> a conclusion z words c convey4 ,!  
repriev$ ,hezekiah 7,isaiah xxxviii4    
#ah7 says1 ,= ! grave 7%eol7 _c praise  
!e1 dea? _c celebrate !e3 !y t g d[n to 
! pit _c hope = ?y tru?4 ,! liv+1 !     
liv+1 he %all praise !e1 z ,i d ?is day4
 ,s ,psalm cxv4 #ag1 ,! dead praise n ! 
,"l1 nei!r any t g d[n into sil5ce2 &   
,eccles4 ix4 #e1 ,= ! liv+ "k t !y %all 
die1 b ! dead "k n any?+2 also ix4 #aj1 
= !re is no "w1 nor device1 nor k1 nor  

wisdom 9 ! grave 7%eol71 :i!r ?\ goe/4  
,job1 too 7vii4 #i71 ,z ! cl\d is       
consum$ & vani%e? away1 s he t goe? d[n 
to ! grave 7%eol7 %all come up no m4    
,psalm xlix4 #ab1 ,nev]!less1 man be+ 9 
hon\r abide? n3 he is l ! bea/s t p]i%4 
,?us also ,eccles4 iii4 #ai1 ,= t :i*   
befalle? ! sons ( m5 befalle? bea/s2 ev5
 "o ?+ befalle? !m3 z ! "o die?1 s die? 
! o!r3 yea1 !y h all "o brea? 7i4e1 same
 ^w z translat$ _s 9 v]se #ba1 & *ap4   
xii4 #g72 s t a man ha? no pre-em95ce   
above a bea/3 = all is vanity4 7#bj7    
,all g unto "o place2 all are ( ! du/1 &
 all turn to du/ aga94 7#ba7 ,:o kn[e? !
 _s 7or brea?7 ( man t goe? upw>d1 & !  
_s 7or brea?7 ( ! bea/ t goe? d[nw>d to 
! e>?8 ,is ?is la/ v]se an answ] to any 
objection tak5 to :at is /at$ 9 v]se    
#ai1 t man & bea/ h all "o _s 7brea?78  
,aga91 ,eccles4 xii #g1 ,!n %all ! du/  
return to ! e>? z x 01 & ! _s %all      
return to ,god :o gave x4 ,?is passage  
is q conclusive aga9/ a sep>ate consci\s
 exi/5ce ( ! s\l 9 any "o place set ap>t

 = its reception1 or ( "o s\l go+ to "o 
place & ano!r to ano!r4 ,man is dissolv$
 into du/ & _s3 ! du/ m+les aga9 ) !    
e>?2 ! _s 9 l mann]1 z _s1 returns to   
,god3 9 o!r words1 ! life z life returns
 to its s\rce4 ,su* seems ! idea4 ,aga91
 ! m]cy ( ,jehovah is %[n 9 consid]ation
 ( ! brief span ( man's life1 z ,psalm  
lxxviii4 #ci1 ,= he rememb]$ t !y 7 b   
fle%2 a w9d t passe? away & come? n     
aga93 ciii4 #ad1 ,he kn[e? our frame1 he
 rememb]e? t we are du/2 & ,psalm       
lxxxvii4 #e m5tions ! sla9 t lie 9 !    
grave 7kibr71 :om ?\ 7,jehovah7         
rememb]e/ no m4 ,h[ utt]ly oppos$ are   
all ^! cle> /atem5ts to ! p>adise (     
unspeakable bliss1 & ! hell ( unutt]able
 woe1 & ! immortal s\l & ! bodily       
resurrection ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4  #af4   
,yet !re are a few v]ses ( ! ,old       
,te/am5t1 ! pr9cipal ,job xix4 #be-bg2  
,isaiah xxvi4 #ai2 ,ezek4 xxxvii4 #ab1  
#ac2 ,daniel xii4 #b1 t1 z translat$ 9 !
 au?oris$ v]sion1 seem to express ! hope
 ( a bodily resurrection4 ,all ^!       

passages are ( a highly poetical "* 7t (
 ,daniel is 9 connection ) ! great      
,jewi% pr9ce ,mi*ael71 & if read 9 !    
light ( ! explicit decl>ations j quot$1 
x w be felt t !y mu/ be op5 to o!r      
con/ructions1 & probably to o!r r5d]+s  
?an ^? 9 ! pres5t translation4 ,b x is  
no "p ( ! pres5t purpose to reconcile   
discrepancies1 app>5t or real2 & 9 any  
case1 x is cle> t ev5 ^! la/-nam$       
passages d n c\nt5ance su* conceptions z
 ! heav5 & hell ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!   
,*ri/ian cl]gy1 fully alive to !        
importance1 = uphold+ ! div9e orig9 :i* 
!y claim = _! cre$1 ( mak+ ,new ,te/am5t
 ideas a developm5t & fulfilm5t ( !     
,old1 & ( %[+ t ! deities1 ,mosaic &    
,*ri/ian1 are ! same1 & n contradictory1
 h display$ mu* +5uity 9 reconcil+      
incongruities & 9 discov]+ resemblances 
9 ways & by reason+s t w\ld n h occurr$ 
to ord9>y tru?-seek+ m52 b no unbiass$  
inquir] c fail to p]ceive ! utt]        
div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t  
doctr9e & practice1 z reg>ds a future   

life1 & h[ impossible x is t bo? sets ( 
ideas c h emanat$ f ! same m9d or _s1   
mortal or immortal4 ,!re are ?us only   
?ree possible conclusions3 7#a47 ,!     
,mosaic deity is ! true ,god1 n !       
,*ri/ian2 7#b47 ! ,*ri/ian deity is !   
true ,god1 n ! ,mosaic2 b ?is           
contradicts ! ,*ri/ian deity himself1 :o
 says ! ,mosaic deity 0 himself2 or1    
7#c47 nei!r is ,god1 9 :i* case !re has 
be5 no revelation1 & all t is left = m5 
is ei!r to assume ! exi/5ce & attributes
 ( a ,god :o has nev] reveal$ himself1  
or to disbelieve 9 su* exi/5ce2 or to   
ackn[l$ge t ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god is
 "o beyond ! rea* ( ! human faculties to
 det]m9e4  #ag4 ,if !n ! resurrection ( 
,jesus & ! ,new ,te/am5t decl>ations z  
to a future life1 are ?us :olly oppos$  
to ,old ,te/am5t ideas1 d !y pres5t any 
resemblance to ! belief ( hea!ndom8     
7a47 ,! fai? & practice ( ! ,egyptians1 
9 connection ) _! god ,osiris1 h already
 be5 ref]r$ to 9 prec$+ p>agraph #ab4 ,x
 has be5 well said t ! anci5t           

,egyptians1 9 _! vivid anticipations ( !
 life to come1 liv$ r 9 ! next _w ?an on
 ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! bodily           
resurrection also _h a place 9 _! sy/em4
 ,! belief 9 ! dea?lessness ( s\ls has  
be5 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,turanian 
races1 :e!r repres5t$1 z _m hold1 by !  
,egyptians1 ,etruscans1 & ,lydians (    
aid1 or by ! ,*9ese1 ,mongols1 & ,f9ns (
 ! pres5t day4 ,! ,etruscan sepul*ral   
pa9t+s repres5t ! disembodi$ s\ls on _! 
way to ! l& ( spirits4 ,"s are calm &   
resign$1 ) rods 9 _! h&s3 "s full (     
horror & dismay3 att5dant spirits1 good 
& evil1 cont5d = _! possession2 ! good  
spirits are col\r$ r$1 ! evil spirits   
black2 ! heads ( ! latt] are wrea!d )   
s]p5ts1 & !y be> 9 _! h&s a hamm] or    
mallet1 :i* is sometimes rais$ z 9 ! act
 ( /rik+ ! woe-begone s\l on ! knee     
va9ly implor+ m]cy1 7b47 ,9 !           
,z5d-a-,ve/a1--! anci5t ,p]sian         
,scriptures1--a n>r[ passage1 call$ !   
bridge ( ! ga!r]1 is said to be ext5d$  
ov] ! middle ( hell1 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead

 are assembl$ on ! day aft] ! ?ird night
 f _! decease4 ,! wick$ fall into ! gulf
 b5ea?1 ! gloomy k+dom ( ,ahriman1 & are
 doom$ to fe$ ^u poison$ food4 ,! good1 
su/a9$ by b5ign angels & spirits & !    
pray]s ( surviv+ fri5ds1 cross ov] 9    
safety1 & are greet$ on ! o!r side by ! 
ar*angel1 z hav+ pass$ f mortality to   
immortality4 ,!nce !y rise to p>adise1  
:]e ,ormuzd & 8 six holy ones sit on    
gold5 ?rones1 & at once jo9 9 ! conflict
 aga9/ ,ahriman & ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,at 
! la/ day !y w %>e ! glory ( ! triumph (
 ,ormuzd1 :5 ,ahriman & 8 angels1 f9ally
 r\t$ & ov]come1 w be driv5 into _!     
native d>kness1 & virtue1 h>mony1 &     
bliss w ev]more prevail 9 ! univ]se4 ,! 
resurrection ( ! body is also conta9$ 9 
! ,z5d-a-,ve/a1 & x likewise =ms "p ( ! 
cre$ ( ! ,magi4 7c47 ,( ! sects into :i*
 ! ,jews 7 divid$ aft] ! return f !     
captivity 9 ,babylon1 ! writ] ( ! ,acts 
/ates3 ,= ! ,sadducees say t !re is no  
resurrection1 nei!r angel1 nor _s2 b !  
,ph>isees confess bo?3 & ,josephus      

writes conc]n+ ! latt]1 ,!y believe t   
s\ls h an immortal vig\r 9 !m1 & t "u ! 
e>? !re w be rew>ds or puni%m5ts1       
accord+ z !y h liv$ virtu\sly or        
vici\sly 9 ?is life2 & ! latt] are to be
 deta9$ 9 an ev]la/+ prison1 b t ! =m]  
%all h p[] to revive1 & live aga94      
,else:]e he %[s t ^! beliefs 7          
traditional m]ely3 ,:at ,i w\ld n[      
expla9 is ?is1 t ! ,ph>isees h deliv]$  
to ! p a great _m obs]vances by         
succession f _! fa!rs1 :i* are n writt5 
9 ! law ( ,moses2 & = t reason x is t ! 
,sadducees reject !m1 & say t we are to 
e/eem ^? obs]vances to be obligatory1   
:i* are 9 ! writt5 ^w1 b are n to obs]ve
 :at are d]iv$ f ! traditions ( our     
=e-fa!rs4  #ah4 ,! belief ( classical   
antiquity z to ! condition ( s\ls aft]  
dea?1 is beautifully summ$ up by ,horace
 9 ! ,ode 7i4 #aj7 to ,m]cury1 date ab\t
 b4c4 #bd2 ,grateful alike to ! gods    
sup]nal & inf]nal1 x is ?9e to place    
pi\s s\ls 9 blissful abodes1 & to co]ce 
! airy cr[d ) ?y gold5 w&4 ,hom]1 inde$1

 ^: poems are c]ta9ly prior to ! eigh?  
c5tury b4c41 has no ,elysian fields 9 ! 
l& ( spirits2 all is indet]m9ate1       
gloomy1 uncom=table4 ,! %ade ( ,a*illes 
says3       ,talk n ( rul+ 9 ?is dolor\s
 gloom1      ,nor ?9k va9 words 7he     
cri$7 c ease my doom2      ,r ,i'd *oose
 labori\sly to be>      ,a weight ( woes
 & brea! ! vital air1      ,a slave to  
"s poor h9d t toils = bread1      ,?an  
reign ! sceptr$ mon>* ( ! dead4  ,b1    
:e!r f contact ) ! ,ea/ & ,egypt or     
o!rwise1 m def9ite conceptions ( ! abode
 ( disembodi$ spirits 7 aft]w>ds =m$1   
:i* h f\nd be/ expression 9 ,virgil's   
,a,eneid1 writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #bj4 ,!re  
,! gates ( hell are op5 night & day1    
,smoo? ! desc5t1 & easy is ! way2  j z 9
 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1--,wide is ! gate1 & 
broad is ! way t leade? to de/ruction1 &
 _m !re be :i* g 9 !reat4  ,at a c]ta9  
po9t hell is ?us divid$3       ,! "r to 
,pluto's gold5 palace guides2      ,!   
left to t unhappy region t5ds      ,:i* 
to ! dep?s ( ,t>t>us desc5ds4  ,s 9 !   

,new ,te/am5t1 ! %eep 7! sav$7 are on ! 
"r1 ! goats 7! lo/7 on ! left h& ( !    
,son ( man sitt+ on ! ?rone ( 8 glory4  
,! region to ! left is ?us describ$3    
,^! are ! realms ( unrel5t+ fate1       
,& awful ,rhadaman?us rules ! /ate2     
,he he>s & judges ea* committ$ crime1   
,inquires into ! mann]1 place1 & "t3    
,! consci\s wret* mu/ all 8 acts reveal 
7,lo? to confess1 unable to conceal7    
,f ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 vital brea?      ,to
 8 la/ h\r ( unrep5t+ dea?4             
,/raight o'er ! guilty wret* ! ,fury    
%akes      ,! s\nd+ :ip1 & br&i%es h]   
snakes1      ,& ! pale s9n]1 ) h] si/]s1
 takes4      ,all ^! )9 ! dungeon's dep?
 rema91      ,despair+ p>don1 & expect+ 
pa94  ,f> o!r ! region to ! "r3         
,^! holy rites p]=m$1 !y took _! way    
,:]e long-ext5d$ fields ( pleasure lay2 
,! v]dant fields ) ^? ( heav5 may vie1  
,) e!r ve/$ & a purple sky1      ,!     
blissful seats ( happy s\ls bel[1       
,/>s ( _! own1 & _! own suns !y "k4     
#ai4 ,plut>* 7ab\t a4d4 #ij71 ref]r+ to 

! tradition ( ! my/]i\s disappe>ance (  
,romulus & ! suspicions ( regicide ar\s$
 aga9/ ! patricians1 wrote1--,:ile ?+s 7
 9 ?is disord]1 a s5ator1 we are told1 (
 great di/9ction1 & fam$ = sanctity (   
mann]s1 ,julius ,proculus by "n1 :o came
 f ,alba ) ,romulus1 & _h be5 8 fai?ful 
fri5d1 w5t into ! ,=um1 & decl>$1 ^u !  
mo/ solemn oa?s1 be=e all ! p1 t z he 0 
travell+ on ! road1 ,romulus met him 9 a
 =m m noble & augu/ ?an ev]1 & clad 9   
bright & dazzl+ arm\r4 ,a/oni%$ at !    
sight1 he said to him1 ',= :at          
misbehavi\r ( ours1 ,o k+1 or by :at    
accid5t1 h y s untimely left u to lab\r 
"u ! heavie/ calumnies1 & ! :ole city to
 s9k "u inexpressible sorr[8' ,to :i* he
 answ]$1 ',x pleas$ ! gods1 my good     
,proculus1 t we %\ld dwell ) m5 = a "t2 
& aft] hav+ f\nd$ a city :i* w be ! mo/ 
p[]ful & glori\s 9 ! _w1 return to      
heav51 f :5ce we came4 ,f>ewell1 !n1 &  
g1 tell ! ,romans t by ! ex]cise (      
temp]ance & =titude !y %all atta9 !     
highe/ pit* ( human greatness2 & ,i1 !  

god ,quir9us1 w ev] be propiti\s to y4' 
,?is1 by ! "* & oa? ( ! relat]1 ga9$    
cr$it ) ! ,romans1 :o 7 caught ) !      
en?usiasm1 z if !y _h be5 actually      
inspir$2 & f> f contradict+ :at !y _h   
he>d1 bade adieu to all _! suspicions ( 
! nobility1 unit$ 9 ! deify+ ( ,quir9us1
 & address$ _! devotions to him4 ,?is is
 v l ! ,grecian fables conc]n+ ,ari/eas1
 ! ,proconnesian1 & ,cleora$es1 !       
,a/ypalesian4 ,= ,ari/eas1 z !y tell u1 
expir$ 9 a full]'s %op2 & :5 8 fri5ds   
came to take away ! body1 x c\ld n be   
f\nd4 ,soon aft]1 "s p]sons com+ 9 f a  
j\rney1 said !y met ,ari/eas travell+   
t[>ds ,croton4 ,z = ,cleom$es1 _! acc\nt
 ( him is t he 0 a man ( gigantic size &
 /r5g?2 b behav+ 9 a fooli% & frantic   
mann]1 he 0 guilty ( _m acts ( viol5ce4 
,at la/ he w5t into a s*ool1 :]e he     
/ruck ! pill> t support$ ! ro( ) 8 fi/1 
& broke x asund]1 s t ! ro( fell 9 &    
de/roy$ ! *ildr54 ,pursu$ = ?is1 he took
 refuge 9 a great *e/1 & hav+ %ut ! lid 
^u him1 he held x d[n s fa/ t _m m5     

toge!r c\ld n =ce x op52 :5 !y _h cut ! 
*e/ 9 pieces1 !y c\ld n f9d him ei!r    
dead or alive4 ,/ruck ) ?is /range      
affair1 !y s5t to consult ! oracle at   
,delphi1 & _h f ! prie/ess ?is answ]3-- 
',! race ( h]oes ends 9 ,cleom$es4' ,x  
is likewise said1 t ! body ( ,alcm5a 0  
lo/ z !y 7 c>ry+ x to ! grave1 & a /one 
0 se5 ly+ on ! bi] 9 its /ead4 ,_m su*  
improbable tales are told by writ]s :o  
want$ to deify be+s naturally mortal4   
#bj4 ,dio ,cassius relates t ,livia1    
ab\t a4d4 #ad1 gave a l>ge rew>d to     
,num]icus ,atticus1 a s5ator1 :o affirm$
 t he _h se5 h] husb&1 ! ,emp]or        
,augu/us1 asc5d+ to heav5 9 ! same mann]
 z ,romulus _h be5 se5 by ,proeulus4    
#ba4 ,x is ?us cle>ly manife/ t !       
beliefs ( ! ,g5tile nations ( antiquity 
) ref]5ce to a future life1 are simil>  
to ! ,new ,te/am5t ideas2 9 fact1 ! same
 beliefs "u diff]5t guises4 ,s1 also1 ! 
resurrection ( ,jesus f ! dead1 8       
subsequ5t appe>ances1 & 8 asc5sion to   
heav51 are n )\t p>allels 9 prec$+ &    

contempor>y fame4 ,! alleg$ appe>ances (
 ,jesus to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,pet]1       
,james1 ,paul1 & ! o!rs1 re/ on no      
evid5ce intr9sically /rong] ?an !       
appe>ance ( ,romulus to ,julius         
,proeulus1 or ( ,augu/us to ,num]icus   
,atticus4 ,! fact ( ,livia pay+ money to
 "o :o report$ t he _h se5 ,augu/us     
asc5d to heav5 %[s h[ deeply ?is idea 0 
root$ 9 ,roman belief4 ,all1 !re=e1 :o 7
 sway$ by ! curr5t ,roman traditions    
w\ld h se5 no?+ incr$ible 9 ,jesus & 8  
claims4 ,^! exactly correspond$ to :at  
!y _h be5 taught f *ildhood4 ,!y _h     
m]ely to transf] to ,jesus m>vels simil>
 to ^? :i* _h =m$ _! e>ly fai?4 ,! rise 
( ,*ri/ianity to be ! dom9ant-religion (
 ! ,roman empire is (t5 ref]r$ to z a   
pro( ( its div9e orig9 & guidance2 b    
unit+1 z x did1 ! discipl9e1            
organisation1 e>ne/ness1 moral          
au?oritative-ness1 & exclusive claim to 
! fav\r ( ,god 7transf]r+ to believ]s ( 
e race1 b to believ]s alone1 t div9e    
fav\r :i* 0 previ\sly ! peculi>         

possession ( ! se$ ( ,abraham71--all    
d]iv$ f ! synagogue1--unit+ ^! ) !      
anci5t fundam5tal beliefs1 "u ano!r "n1 
( ! v>i\s ,g5tile nations1 x is n       
difficult to disc]n ! causes ( its      
triumph1 9 an age unaccu/om$ to weigh   
evid5ce1 & at a "t :5 anci5t =ms 7 los+ 
_! hold on ! fai? & allegiance ( !      
masses4 ,ev5 9 mod]n religi\s revivals1 
! mo/ common manife/ations are (        
convictions :i* _h lo/ _! hold on ! m9d1
 or :i* _h become practically p[]less to
 /ir "u regul> m9i/rations1 spr++ up    
into r5ew$ vig\r & int5sity 9 "s novel  
guise1 or ?r\gh a description ( prea*+  
or s]vice out ( ! common4  #bb4 ,& ?is  
belief 9 a life beyond ! grave1 &       
pret5d$ k ( its conditions--"u "o =m or 
o!r "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & widespread      
conceptions ( ! human race--:at has x l$
 to8 ,inhumanity 9 "t pa/1 inhumanity   
n[2 blood%$ & mis]y1 d>k delusion1      
degrad+ sup]/ition1 prie/ly pret5ce1    
p]secution & intol]ance1 cre$           
exclusiv5ess & bigot$ zeal1 misdirect$  

f]v\r & vision>y hopes--all ! (fspr+ (  
?is conviction--fill ! records ( mank9d4
  #bc4 ,among b>b>\s races ! vivid      
realisation ( ! spiritual _w has l$ to  
su* sad misguidance ( ! life on e>? z ! 
foll[+2--7a47 ,! cu/om1 preval5t bo? 9  
anci5t & mod]n times1 ( sacrific+ wives1
 fri5ds1 & slaves at fun]als to supply !
 wants ( ! deceas$ 9 ! l& ( spirits1 or 
to accompany him ?i!r1 7b47 ,m5 kill+ _!
 relations out ( love1 z soon z !y %[$  
signs ( decrepitude1 "u ! belief t 9 !  
next _w ! spirits w be vigor\s or       
o!rwise1 correspond+ to ! /ate ( ! body 
at "t ( dea?1 7c47 ,incitem5t to blood%$
 & w> by ! belief t ! enemies a man     
kill$ 9 ?is _w1 or ^? ( ^: skulls or    
scalps he obta9$ possession1 w\ld s]ve  
him z slaves 9 ! next2 or by ! m manly  
conviction t a w>r+ life on e>? & a     
glori\s dea? 9 battle 7 ! be/           
prep>ations = ! future /ate1 7d47 ,!    
practice1 /ill c>ri$ on to a frightful  
ext5t among "s ( ! ,african races1 (    
kill+ m5 to s]ve z mess5g]s to _! dep>t$

 k9dr$ 9 ! o!r _w1 7e47 ,! v>i\s gloomy 
& degrad+ delusions ?r\gh ! arts (      
_s-m$iums1 sorc]]s1 wit*es1 or o!r      
pret5d]s to int]c\rse ) or control ov] !
 _s-_w4  #bd4 ,among nations m advanc$1 
! union ( assurance ( a blissful or     
woeful immortality1 ) adh]5ce or        
non-adh]5ce to any p>ticul> bann]1 sect1
 or cre$1 has l$--7a47 ,to bloody       
religi\s w>s1 su* z ^? wag$ = ! spread (
 ,islam1 ! ,mohamm$an believ+ t if he   
fell 9 battle he w\ld imm$iately possess
 a p>adise ( e s5sual delight2 or su* z 
! ,crusades1 :]e ! r$ cross 0 held to be
 ! symbol ( sure salvation4 7#f47 ,to ^?
 inhuman p]secutions :]e m51 9 ! "n (   
religion & 9 ! int]e/ ( _! own s\ls1    
condemn$ _! fell[-m5 to ! dungeon1 !    
/ake1 ! gibbet1 & ! sword1 but*]s &     
but*]$ bo? believ+ t !y 7 do+ ,god      
s]vice4 ,:]e ! suff]]s 9 su* cases 7    
sacrific$ solely to ! intol]ance ( _!   
adv]s>ies1 & !mselves wi%$ = no m ?an   
fre$om ( ?\ght--sad _! lot6 ,b imp>tial 
inquiry reveals t1 9 mo/ in/ances1 !    

p]secut$ w\ld h dealt ! same measure to 
_! p]secutors1 if ! conditions ( p[] _h 
be5 rev]s$1 all alike hold+ t ^? ^:     
belief 01 9 _! eyes h]etical _h no "r to
 %>e ei!r ! *equ]$ happ9ess ( ?is life  
or ! bliss ( ! _w to come4 ,heirs (     
salvation on "o side1 heirs ( damnation 
on ! o!r4  #be4 ,! belief t ! immortal  
s\l1 :ile on e>?1 is en*a9$ or imprison$
 9 a corrupt body1 & t ! m ! body is    
att5uat$ & exhau/$ ! pur]1 ! s\l w be1 &
 ! m fitt$ = ! contemplation ( div9e    
?+s1 has l$ m5 & wom5 to sep>ate        
!mselves f _! k9d1 to pass unnatural    
lives 9 p5it5tial ex]cises &            
mortifications1 ei!r 9 solitude or among
 communities ap>t f ! _w4 ,ab/95ce f    
m>riage has be5 a condition common to   
almo/ all ^! devotees1 s t = ! sake ( ! 
s\l1 fondly believ$ to be immortal1 !y  
=be> ! enjoym5t ( ! only means = !      
cont9uance ( human life--viz41 t ( liv+ 
ov] aga9 9 *ildr5 & desc5dants4 ,myriads
 ( lives h be5 utt]ly wa/$ & p]v]t$ by  
?is =m ( ! delusion1 _! folly receiv+1 =

 ! mo/ "p1 ! c\nt5ance1 support1 &      
rev]5ce ( bl9d$ contempor>ies4  #bf4 ,! 
ideas h&$ d[n f pa/ ages1 & /ill widely 
preval5t1 t !re are c]ta9 ord]s ( m5 :o 
h ! keys ( heav5 & hell1 :o possess su* 
fav\r or influ5ce ) ! invisible p[]s z  
to be able to ensure a happy or a wret*$
 immortality1 or ev5 to alt] ! condition
 ( ! s\l aft] dea?2 or1 9 o!r qu>t]s1 t 
c]ta9 ord]s ( m5 are ! div9ely appo9t$  
tea*]s ( t doctr9e or belief1 on !      
correct acceptance or appreciation ( :i*
 ! /ate ( ! future life dep5ds2 or1     
among o!rs1 t ap>t f any p>ticul>       
cl]ical ord] !re is a sav+ doctr9e or   
belief1 & t on its correct reception or 
und]/&+1 or o!rwise1 et]nal bliss or woe
 w result2--to :at d su* ideas t5d8 ,!y 
are n new or peculi> to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! 
wor%ipp]s "u ! anci5t ,p]sian religion  
are ?us exhort$3--,to obta9 !           
acceptation ( ?is guide to salvation 7! 
prie/71 y mu/ fai?fully pay him ti!s (  
all y possess1 ( y\r goods1 ( y\r l&s1 &
 ( y\r money4 ,if ! prie/ be satisfi$   

y\r s\l w escape hell tortures2 y w     
secure praise 9 ?is _w & happ9ess 9 !   
next4 ,= ! prie/s are ! tea*]s (        
religion2 !y "k all ?+s & deliv] all m54
 ,?is is explicit & /raight=w>d1 &      
contra/s fav\rably ) ! m gu>d$ phrase 9 
:i* mod]n cl]gy advocate simil> claims1 
or claims f\nd$ on ! same idea1 t _!    
m9i/ration1 9 "o way or o!r1 is connect$
 ) ! future lot ( _! he>]s4 ,! rem$y ( !
 s\l "u "o =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 !          
advancem5t ( ! cause ( ,*ri/1 :o w repay
 de$s done 9 8 s]vice ) ! ri*es ( grace 
& glory1 "u ano!r1 are & h be5 ! two    
rul+ motives by :i* ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful 
fl[ into ! c(f]s ( ! cl]gy1 = !         
e/abli%m5t1 :e!r by /ates or            
individuals1 ( ord]s ( m5 claim+ titles 
( rev]5ce f1 moral control ov]1 &       
direction & limitation ( ! k & pr(ess$  
belief ( _! fell[s1 all "u ! prevail+   
idea ( a life to come1 to happ9ess 9 :i*
 _! m9i/rations & c\nsel are believ$ to 
be safe guides4 ,?us1 unsp>+ g5]osity1  
/eadfa/ devotion1 self-sacrific+        

en?usiasm1 intellectual p[]1 love ( k9d1
 & o!rs ( ! highe/ & be/ human traits1  
in/ead ( be+ turn$ t[>ds rem$y+ ! evils 
& inequalities ( ! life on e>?1 & (     
improv+ x to ! utmo/1 h be5 utt]ly      
p]v]t$ & wa/$ on ord]s ( m5 &           
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts1 & obs]vances 
& doctr9es1 all m or less connect$ ) a  
future /ate1 ! fond hope ( misguid$     
mortals4  #bg4 ,su* & s great1 !n1 9    
brief1 are among ! m prom95t evils t h  
aris5 out ( ! anci5t & widespread belief
 9 a life to come1 ( :i* ! resurrection 
( ,jesus1 & ! connect$ doctr9es &       
practices1 con/itute "o important       
developm5t2 to :i* ! religion ( ,moses 0
 antagoni/ic1 n1 z ,*ri/ians claim1     
antec$5t1 b :i*1 "u "o =m or o!r1 has   
ex]cis$ a p[]ful sway "u almo/ all1 if n
 all1 ! o!r anci5t religions4           
,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,conclusion  #a4 ,!      
results1 !n1 ( ?is inquiry are3--  7a47 
,x has be5 %[n t none ( ! sup]natural   
occurr5ces m5tion$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z 
te/imonies to ! sup]natural claims (    

,jesus1 re/ on ! accordant te/imony (   
two or ?ree witnesses2 t !re is also !  
mo/ s]i\s v>iance betwe5 ! acc\nts ( !  
diff]5t writ]s1--n t v>iance result+ 9  
sub/antial agreem5t :i* (t5 *>act]ises !
 /atem5ts ( two indep5d5t eye-witnesses 
relat+ diff]5t impressions ( ! same     
ev5t1 b t v>iance :i* *>act]ises        
illusion & man-deify+ fable4 ,?us1 a    
condition ( ord9>y pro(1 requir$ by !   
deity ( ! ,mosaic z well z by ! deity ( 
! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 is n fulfill$4 ,f>    
less does ! evid5ce satisfy t mo/       
righte\s dem& ev] put =w>d by ea* e>ne/ 
man1 = pro( ( ! highe/ & /ricte/ k9d1   
be=e he yields a consci5ce-approv$ ass5t
 to occurr5ces & to claims pr(ess+ to be
 specially repres5tative ( a be+ held to
 be beyond & supreme ov] ,nature4 ,h[   
else b by ! dem& = /ricte/ pro( c\ld    
special manife/ations ( a true ,god 7if 
any su* _h occurr$ or 7 to occur7 be    
di/+ui%$ f pret5ce & impo/ure8 ,ea*     
religi\s sy/em judges ! pret5sions ( all
 o!rs by sev]e te/s ( evid5ce & rightful

 incr$ulity1 b refuses to apply ^! to   
its own4 ,& :at sort ( be+ c !y conceive
 an ,almighty to be :o affirm t he n    
only comm&s & approves belief 9         
sup]natural ev5ts1 on su* evid5ce & on  
su* gr\nds z are put =? by ! ,new       
,te/am5t compil]s1 or on ! impassion$   
utt]ances ( prea*]s or o!r emotional    
influ5ces1 b also t he has left ^? to   
p]i% 9 _! s9s :o d n s believe4 ,he1 an 
,almighty mak] ( ! univ]se1 approve     
cr$ulity1 disapprove rightful incr$ulity
 & ke5 inquiry1 orda9 belief )\t        
consci5ce-satisfy+ evid5ce1 less        
reg>dful ( tru?1 less righte\s ?an man6 
7b7 ,x has also be5 made cle> t ! ,new  
,te/am5t deity is altoge!r diff]5t f !  
,mosaic1 & t ! v>i\s conceptions )      
ref]5ce to ! sup]natural claims ( ,jesus
 are ( hea!n 7i4e41 non-,mosaic7 orig94 
,a woman conceiv+ a *ild ?r\gh direct   
int]c\rse ) ! deity1 t *ild br\ght up z 
! reput$ son ( h] husb&1 ! tale ( !     
/>-gaz+ wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 ! _s ( !      
,et]nal appe>+ 9 a bodily %ape l a dove1

 ! ord9ance ( baptism1 ! ar*-fi5d ,satan
 & 8 subject demons1 ! heav5 & hell ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t1 ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 
8 subsequ5t appe>ances1 8 asc5sion1 !   
doctr9e ( a future life1 all1 x has be5 
f\nd1 correspond$ to ! prom95t religi\s 
beliefs ( ! v>i\s ,g5tile nations1 & 7  
:olly oppos$ to or ignor$ by ,mosaic    
tea*+4 ,! claim ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re=e1 to
 be ! repres5tative ( ! ,mosaic deity is
 ?us de/roy$1 & ! alleg$ fulfilm5t (    
,jewi% prophecy 9 ! ev5ts ( ! life (    
,jesus is also se51 on c>eful exam9ation
 ( ! details1 to be altoge!r )\t        
f\ndation4 ,!re is ?us no gr\nd = t     
consci5ce-satisfy+ belief :i* might     
o!rwise h re/$ on valid evid5ce ( ! p[]1
 & wond]-work+1 & special revelations1 &
 fai?fully fulfill$ pr$ictions ( "o & ! 
same be+ cont9u$ d[n ?r\gh _m g5]ations 
( m54  #b4 ,:at1 !n1 is left to ^? :o _h
 *]i%$ ^! beliefs1 & re/$ on !m1 :5 _!  
fond fai? & hope are ov]?r[n by fairly  
prosecut$ inquiry8 ,:at1 r1 is n left8  
,_! own life on e>?2 _! fell[-m5 9 _!   

v>i\s relations2 ! good e>? on :i* man  
holds ! highe/ position & subdues to 8  
own use2 ! k & und]/&+ ( ! mat]ial &    
moral laws ( ! univ]se & its h>mony &   
ord]2 ! application ( ^! laws1 s f> z !y
 affect ! well-be+ ( man1 to !          
alleviation ( mis]y1 to ! diffusion (   
com=t1 & to g5]al progress1 physical1   
moral1 & intellectual1--all ^!          
rema91--s\rces ( rejoic+ & ?ankfulness1 
objects ( affection1 ( solicitude1 (    
admiration--ample scope = ! ex]cise ( e 
useful & lov+ & noble quality ( ! race4 
,s1 !n1 may we be taught to numb] ! days
 ( our brief life t we may apply our    
he>ts unto wisdom4