,,! ,,*ri/ ,,( ,,paul2  ,,or1 ,,!       
,,enigmas ,,( ,,*ri/ianity  ,,/4 ,,john 
,,nev] ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or4 ,,ir5aeus ,,! 
,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,,!    
,,frauds ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*m5 ,,( ,,!       
,,second ,,c5tury ,,expos$4  ,by ,george
 ,reb]  #ahgf4     ,,*apt] ,i4          
,dea? ( ,/eph54--,conv]sion ( ,paul4--,8
 retirem5t to      ,arabia & return to  
,damascus & ,j]usalem4  ,let ! read]    
imag9e t he is 9 ,j]usalem1 9 ,judea1   
ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #cd4 ,!re is unusual  
tumult 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,temple4 ,a l>ge 
cr[d has ga!r$1 &1 /irr$ up by "s /rong 
provocation1 is sway$ l ! bill[s 9 a    
/orm4 ,z we approa*1 we see a "y man1 :o
 is try+ to raise 8 voice above ! d94   
,!re is some?+ v /rik+ 9 8 looks4 ,he is
 pale1 b firm4 ,8 eyes gleam ) an       
une>?ly light4 ,z ! cr[d surges &       
?reat5s1 he is calm4 ,8 ?\ghts & looks  
are direct$ m to ,heav5 ?an ,e>?4  ,b 9 
?is cr[d !re is a "y man ( an entirely  
diff]5t /amp4 ,he is excit$ & angry4 ,8 
eyes are r$ ) rage1 & he is se5 mov+    

among ! cr[d l an inc5di>y4 ,! crisis   
came1 & poor ,/eph5 /ood fir/ on ! li/ (
 ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,?is little ble>$-ey$1
 angry man is n yet satisfi$4 ,l ! tig] 
t has ta/$ blood1 he ?ir/s = m4 ,he goes
 ab\t ,j]usalem l a madman4 ,he fills ! 
prisons ) m5 & wom5 :o believ$ ) ,/eph54
 ,:5 he _h done all ! injury he c\ld 9  
,j]usalem1 he ask$ & receiv$ p]mission  
to g to ,damascus on a l mission4 ,on 8 
way1 :ile he is brea?+ out ?reat5+s &   
slaught]1 he is /ruck d[n 9 8 mad c>e]4 
,he saw 9 x ! h& ( ,god4 ,ev]y?+ is     
*ang$ 9 a mom5t4 ,! fi]y /ream ( burn+  
lava1 :i* ru%$ 9 "o direction1 n[ turn$ 
& ran ) equal viol5ce ! o!r way4        
,philosoph]s may diff] z to :at befell  
,paul on 8 way to ,damascus2 b z =      
himself1 he nev] d\bt$4 ,! ,*ri/ t he   
p]secut$ _h spok5 to him4 ,8 fai? 9 :at 
he saw 9 8 vision he bore 9 8 bosom1 z  
he did 8 he>t2 & 9 a life ( toil1       
suff]+1 & sorr[1 he clung to x to ! end4
  ,we c h>dly tell :at 7 ! feel+s (     
,paul :5 he awoke to consci\sness1      

because we _c judge him z we w\ld o!r   
m54 ,he _h rais$ 8 h& aga9/ ! ,son (    
,god1 & n[1 aft] a sev]e repro(1 he 0   
appo9t$ by him to be 8 special m9i/] on 
e>?4 ,paul did j :at we might suppose he
 w\ld4 ,he )drew f ! _w1 avoid$         
,j]usalem1 &1 z he says1 w5t into       
,arabia4 ,!re1 alone1 he m$itat$ ov] !  
wond]ful sc5es ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$4 ,!
 m he ?\ght1 ! m he believ$ he _h talk$ 
) ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 & ! m he believ$
 he _h be5 select$ to spread 8 ,gospel  
?r\gh\t ! e>?4  ,once conv9c$ t 8 vision
 0 a reality1 x 0 natural = him to make 
himself believe t ^! visions 7 repeat$2 
& ?r\gh life1 9 all 8 acts & movem5ts1  
he believ$ he 0 "u ! guidance ( ! same  
h& t smote him on ! pla9s ( ,damascus4  
,he goes f place to place z a ,_s f     
above directs him1 & :5 he speaks he    
speaks n = himself1 b = ,him :o s5t him1
 ,positive & ov]be>+ by nature1 he      
imag9es himself to be ! m9i/] ( ! ,son (
 ,god1 & becomes intol]ant1 va9 &       
exact+4 ,all 8 ideas are cry/alliz$1 & w

 n b5d or yield4  ,z he 0 specially     
select$ to prea*1 he believ$ 9 ! doctr9e
 ( election4 ,:5 he believ$ at all1 he  
believ$ too mu*2 = x 0 8 nature to      
ov]run4 ,he _h witness$ ,*ri/--o!rs _h  
n2 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro(1 !y mu/         
sub/itute fai?4 ,works are no?+--fai?   
ev]y?+4 ,:at he saw & believ$1 o!rs mu/ 
believe )\t see+4  ,8 !ology1 f 8       
natural temp]am5t & ! circum/ances ( 8  
conv]sion1 took an au/]e ca/1 :i* made !
 relation betwe5 man & ! ,creator t (   
gu>dian & w>d4 ,god himself1 9 ! m9d (  
,paul1 is almo/ hide\s4 ,"s are giv5 ov]
 to damnation be=e !y are born2 :ile    
o!rs are de/9$ to be sav$ be=e !y h _h a
 *ance to s94  ,x is difficult to tell  
:e!r ! religi\s fai? ( ,paul 0 fully    
fix$ & det]m9$ be=e he left 8 retreat 9 
,arabia & return$ to ,damascus1 or :e!r 
x 0 ! gr[? ( aft] exp]i5ce & reflection4
 ,at "s p]iod ( 8 life1 & e>ly too1 he  
_h settl$ 9 8 m9d ! true relation :i*   
,*ri/ bore to humanity4 ,he _h ! be/ (  
reasons = 8 belief on t subject4 ,he 0 9

 ,j]usalem at a "t :5 x 0 n impossible t
 ,m>y h]self 0 liv+2 & if n1 he saw     
,pet] & 0 ) him fifte5 days1 :5 he _h e 
opportunity to in=m himself ab\t ! e>ly 
hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,w any "o say t ,paul1 )
 a m9d awake to ev]y?+ t relat$ to      
,*ri/1 w\ld n inquire & f9d out all t 0 
kn[n ab\t ,him :o _h spok5 to him f !   
cl\ds1 :5 he 0 9 ,j]usalem1 & c\ld "q ^?
 :o _h be5 8 companions on ?is e>?8 ,if 
!re 0 any?+ rem>kable ab\t 8 bir? or    
dea?1 ,pet] w\ld h told x1 & ,paul w\ld 
h repeat$ x all along ! %ores ( !       
,ar*ipelago1 or :]ev] he w5t4  ,b ,paul1
 f fir/ to la/1 prea*$ t ,*ri/ 0 born ( 
woman1 & 0 ( ! se$ ( ,abraham accord+ to
 ! fle%4 ,^u ?is po9t he yield$ no?+1 & 
/ood to x to ! dea?4 ,paul 0 a man (    
le>n+1 & wrote ) great p[]4 ,long9us    
class$ him among ! great m5 ( ,greece4  
,b 9 action & 9 de$s is :]e he w5t      
beyond all o!r m54 ,^u 8 %\ld]s1 z he   
believ$1 0 left ! conv]sion ( ! _w2 & he
 _h a w & en]gy equal to ! task4        
,believ+ t ! ,son ( ,god /ood at 8 side1

 z he p]=m$ ! mission :i* _h be5 assign$
 him1 he nei!r fe>$ nor trembl$1 b /ood 
up ) a bold front 9 ! pres5ce ( ,fe/us &
 ,k+ ,agrippa4 ,! unsp>+ cruelty ( ,n]o 
_h no t]rors = him4  ,aft] ,paul _h     
rema9$ 9 ,arabia long en\gh to collect 8
 ?\ghts1 & det]m9e ! c\rse he %\ld      
pursue1 he w5t back to ,damascus4 ,at   
la/ he made up 8 m9d to g to ,j]usalem &
 see ,pet]4 ,:at mu/ h be5 8 feel+s z he
 approa*$ ! holy city1 & pass$ along !  
place :]e he assi/$1 ?ree ye>s be=e1 9 !
 dea? ( ,/eph56 ,paul nev] =gave himself
 = ! "p he took 9 ?is murd]4  ,c we     
imag9e ) :at feel+s he approa*$ ,pet]1  
or :y he approa*$ him at all8 ,if he    
felt sad & griev$ at ! "p he took 9 !   
dea? ( ,/eph51 he did n feel z if he met
 ,pet] z 8 sup]ior1 = he conc$$ no?+ to 
any ( ! ,apo/les4 ,!re 0 no po9t ^u :i* 
he 0 m s5sitive4 ,paul did n visit ,pet]
 to be taught & in/ruct$ z to 8 duties1 
nor to le>n f him ! great tru?s (       
,*ri/ianity2 = he _h le>n$ all ?is f a  
high] s\rce1 & felt himself m able to   

give in/ruction ?an to receive x f o!rs4
 ,speak+ ( 8 doctr9es1 he says3 ,= ,i   
nei!r receiv$ x ( man1 nei!r 0 ,i taught
 x1 b by ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/    
7,galatians i4 #ab74 ,d\btless he came  
to le>n f ,pet] ev]y?+ he knew ( !      
p]sonal hi/ory ( ,*ri/4 ,he _h _m       
que/ions to ask ab\t 8 habits--mode (   
life--8 employm5ts--ab\t ,m>y1 ,joseph1 
& ! :ole family ( ,jesus4 ,! smalle/    
incid5t 9 8 e>ly life w\ld be de> to    
,paul1 & he w\ld lock ! remembrance ( x 
9 8 bosom1 z a sacr$ treasure4  ,9 ?is  
way fifte5 days pass$ ov]1 :5 ,paul aga9
 left ,j]usalem1 & aft]w>ds w5t into    
,syria & ,cilicia1 :]e he 0 foll[$ by   
div9e visions & revelations4 ,he sp5t ! 
ye> ,a4,d4 #db 9 ,antio*1 :]e he taught1
 assi/$ by ,b>nabas4 ,"h he took up a   
collection = ! bre?r5 ( ,judea1 :o 7    
suff]+ f ! effects ( a fam9e :i* took   
place dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius ,caes>1 &
 return$ ) x to ,j]usalem4 ,hav+ dis*>g$
 8 tru/1 he w5t back to ,antio*1        
accompani$ by ,b>nabas & ,m>k4 ,all we  

"k ) c]ta9ty ab\t ,paul1 f ?is "t =w>d1 
we mu/ ga!r1 = ! mo/ "p1 f 8 ,epi/les to
 ! *ur*es2 = all o!r s\rces ( in=mation 
are suspici\s & d\btful4 ,an act1       
especially "o ( importance connect$ ) 8 
labors z an ,apo/le1 attribut$ to him by
 o!rs1 & n spok5 ( at all by himself1   
%\ld be exclud$ f ! pages ( au!ntic     
hi/ory4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4       ,paul & 
,b>nabas />t we/ to prea* ! ,gospel4--,!
      prevail+ ideas on religion 9 ,asia
 ,m9or4--,!ology (      ,plato &        
,philo4--,! effect produc$ by ! prea*+ (
      ,paul4  ,paul1 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #de1
 ) ,b>nabas & ,m>k z 8 companions1 set 8
 face we/ 9 ! direction ( ,asia ,m9or4  
,! p :o inhabit$ ! c\ntry f ,antio* 9   
,syria along ! nor? coa/ ( !            
,m$it]ranean & ! ,a,egean1 or !         
,ar*ipelago1 to ,!ssalonica 9 ,mac$onia1
 7 = ! mo/ "p desc5dants ( ! e>ly       
coloni/s f ,greece4 ,a l>ge numb] (     
cities 7 scatt]$ along ! %ores1 :i* _h  
be5 enri*$ by comm]ce1 & 7 ! seats (    
le>n+ & luxury4 ,! ,greek ( ,asia ,m9or1

 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury1 0 n !    
,greek ( ! "t ( ,p]icles & ,epam9ondas4 
,8 levity & cunn+ _h outliv$ 8 c\rage1 8
 love ( c\ntry & /]n endurance4 ,!      
college at ,alex&ria 0 ! s\rce ( all    
light & le>n+1 & ! doctr9es ( t         
celebrat$ s*ool1 l a subtle fluid1      
p]vad$ all classes ( m54 ,x 0 "h t      
,plato took lessons :i* l$ him to       
explore ! my/]i\s nature ( ! ,deity1 &  
expose to ! eyes ( mortals ! nature ( ! 
div9e p]sons :o regulat$ ! affairs ( !  
univ]se4 ,9 8 imag9ation he populat$    
,heav51 & divid$ among ! diff]5t deities
 ! %>e ( ea* 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w4       
,accord+ to ,plato !re 0 "o ,god :o 0   
sup]ess5tial1 & 9 him 0 bl5d$ or unit$  
all t 0 p[]ful & good4 ,?is he call$ !  
,"o1 or ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ?+s4          
,proculus1 ( ! same s*ool1 says ! ,"o is
 ! ,god ( all gods1 ! ,unity ( !        
unities1 ! ,holy among ! holies4 ,plato 
comp>es him ) ! sun4 ,= z ! sun by 8    
light n only conf]s ! p[] ( be+ se5 on  
visible objects1 b is likewise ! cause (

 _! g5]ation1 nutrim5t1 & increase1 s ! 
good ( ! ,"o1 ?r\gh sup]ess5tial light1 
imp>ts be+ & p[]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 bo?  
,plato & ,py?agoras conclude t !        
imm$iate issue ( ?is ineffable ,cause   
mu/ be gods1 & ea* mu/ p>take ( ! same  
nature & h a sup]ess5tial exi/5ce4 ,t   
ev]y?+ 9 nature :i* is ! result (       
progression exi/s 9 a my/]i\s unity &   
similitude ) its fir/ cause4 ,!y are    
sup]ess5tial1 & diff] 9 no respect f !  
highe/ good4 ,f ! sup]em95t ,cause1 z f 
an exalt$ place ( survey1 we may        
contemplate ! div9e unities1 t is1 !    
gods1 fl[+ 9 admirable & ineffable ord]1
 & at ! same "t abid+ 9 pr(\nd union )  
ea* o!r1 & ) _! ,cause4  ,! fir/        
procession1 f ! fir/ ,"o1 or            
intelligible ,cause1 is ! intelligible  
,triad1 consi/+ ( ,be+1 ,life1 &        
,intellect1 :i* are ! ?ree highe/ ?+s   
aft] ! fir/ ,god4 ,plato1 9 8 ,p>m5ides1
 calls ! ,au?or ( ! ,univ]se ,intellect 
& ,fa!r1 & repres5ts him comm&+ ! junior
 gods to imitate ! p[] :i* he employ$ 9 

_! g5]ation4 ,x foll[s1 t t :i* g5]at$ f
 ! ,fa!r is (fspr+1 ,son or ,logos1     
second 9 ! ,triad4 ,! ?ird p[] or       
pr9ciple 9 ! ,triad is ,intellect1 or   
,_s ( ! ,univ]se4 ,"h we h ! ,fa!r1 !   
,logos1 & ! ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se 9 a       
my/]i\s union2 & z !y all proce$ f !    
,"o1 are "o 9 unity4 ,! au?or ( ,decl9e 
& ,fall ?us def9es ! !ology ( ,plato3 ,!
 va9 hope ( extricat+ himself f ^!      
difficulties :i* mu/ =ev] oppress !     
feeble p[]s ( ! human m9d1 might induce 
,plato to consid] ! div9e nature "u !   
?reefold modification ( ! ,fir/ ,cause1 
! ,reason or ,logos & ! ,s\l or ,_s ( ! 
,univ]se4 ,8 poetical imag9ation        
sometimes fix$ & animat$ ^! metaphysical
 ab/ractions2 ! ?ree ar*ial or orig9al  
pr9ciples 7 repres5t$ 9 ! ,platonic     
sy/em z ?ree gods1 unit$ ) ea* o!r by a 
my/]i\s & ineffable g5]ation2 & ! ,logos
 0 p>ticul>ly consid]$1 "u ! m          
accessible "* ( ! ,son ( an ,et]nal     
,fa!r1 & ! ,creator & ,gov]nor ( ! _w4  
7,vol4 ,i41 page #dch47  ,su* is an     

outl9e ( ! !ology ( ,plato1 z we le>n x 
f ! ,explanatory translation ( ,taylor  
to ! ,cratylus & o!r works ( ! great    
light ( ,greece4 ,! ideas ( ,plato1 "u !
 tea*+s ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 und]w5t   
*anges & modifications1 b 7 ! s\rce (   
all subsequ5t sy/ems ( !ology1 & we c   
readily detect 9 ea* ! g5ius ( !        
,a!nian4 ,?r\gh ! invitation ( !        
,ptolemies1 l>ge numb]s ( ,jews settl$ 9
 ! new capital ( ,egypt1 :o c>ri$ ) !m !
 laws & in/itutions ( ,moses4 ,x 0 n _m 
ye>s be=e ! religi\s ideas ( !          
desc5dants ( ! coloni/s 7 t9ctur$ & 9 "s
 degree m\ld$ aft] ! doctr9es taught at 
! s*ool ( ,alex&ria4 ,"u ! lead ( ,philo
 a new s*ool arose1 :i* 0 =m$ f a union 
( ,mosaic fai? & ,grecian philosophy1 9 
:i* ! di/9ctive features ( ea* are      
cle>ly pres]v$4  ,philo ,judaeus 0 an   
,alex&rian ,jew1 desc5d$ f a noble &    
sac]dotal family1 & 0 di/+ui%$ 9 8 day =
 8 wisdom & eloqu5ce4 ,he 0 born be=e   
,*ri/1 & surviv$ him4 ,he 0 ! au?or (   
num]\s works1 & e/eem$ "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ 

m5 ( 8 day4 ,a tumult arose 9 ,alex&ria 
betwe5 ! ,jews & ! ,greeks1 & out ( ea* 
p>ty ?ree 7 *os5 z embassadors to g to  
,rome & lay ! case be=e ,caligula1 :o 0 
!n emp]or4 ,philo 0 *os5 z "o to        
repres5t 8 c\ntrym51 & und]took to act z
 *ief spokesman 9 ! imp]ial pres5ce4 ,he
 0 treat$ ) insol5ce--ord]$ to be       
sil5t--& ! emp]or 0 s c>ri$ away by 8   
passions t p]sonal viol5ce seem$ imm95t4
 ,! equanimity ( ! philosoph] 0 n       
di/urb$1 & hav+ dis*>g$ 8 duty1 he      
quitt$ ! palace fill$ ) ! contempt = !  
tyrant :i* has load$ 8 memory 9 all     
subsequ5t ages4 7,josephus1 ,antiq41    
lib4 xviii4 *4 #h1 sec4 ,i47  ,! sy/em  
taught by ,philo disp5s$ ) ! ?ird p]son 
9 ! ,godhead1 :i* 0 compos$ ( ! ,fa!r & 
! ,logos1 a div9e ,duad1 :i* did n exi/ 
9 unity1 l ! tr9ity ( ,plato3 b ! ,logos
 ) him1 l ! ,m$iator ( ! ,hebrews1 0    
possess$ ( m$iatorial p[]s1 & 0 an      
int]cessor 9 behalf ( ! fall5 race (    
,adam4 ,x is difficult to def9e !       
relation ( ! ,logos ( ,philo ) !        

,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 :e!r he is an    
attribute :i* is made manife/ 9 creative
 p[]1 or :e!r he has a sep>ate exi/5ce4 
,he is ! ,son ( ,god1 & 0 ) ! ,fa!r be=e
 ! _w 0 creat$4 ,8 p[]s embrace !       
m$iatorial1 & he /&s betwe5 ,god & man1 
& repres5ts ! ,fa!r 9 8 provid5ces to   
our race4 ,he is n an hypo/asis1 & yet  
he 0 begott54  ,su* are "s ( ! ideas :i*
 prevail$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & o!r c\ntries 
along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :5 ,paul
 & ,b>nabas ent]$ ! c\ntry1 br++ ) !m a 
new religion4 ,x is z difficult to def9e
 :at ,paul's real belief 0 ( ! relations
 :i* ,*ri/ bore to ! ,creator1 z x is to
 det]m9e ! real belief ( ,philo on !    
same subject4 ,) ,paul1 ,*ri/ 0 ! ,son (
 ,god1 b :at 0 ! exact relation he did n
 pret5d to say4 ,he says he is less ?an 
! angels--sup]ior to ,moses 7,hebrews   
ii4 & iii472 b he n[h]e says he is equal
 to ,god4 ,paul seems to h be5 less     
conc]n$ ab\t ! nature ( ,*ri/1 & ! place
 occupi$ by him 9 ! ,godhead1 ?an he 0  
ab\t 8 m$iatorial p[]s4 ,?r\gh ! fall ( 

,adam1 all m5 7 "u condemnation1 & x 0 !
 (fice ( ,*ri/1 ?r\gh 8 blood1 to make  
atonem5t1 & once m re/ore man to ! favor
 ( ! ,creator4 ,) him ,*ri/ 0 n !       
,creator1 l ! ,logos ( ,philo1 b 0 !    
,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,he did n exi/ f !      
beg9n+1 b1 l all fle%1 f 8 natural bir?4
 ,b /ill he 01 z 0 ! ,logos ( ,philo1 ! 
,son ( ,god4  ,) su* ideas1 ,paul made 8
 way among ! ,greeks4 ,! ,jews 7 ! fir/ 
to make w> ^u him4 ,b he /ood 8 gr\nd & 
ga9$ m4 ,! small *ur*es :i* he e/abli%$ 
7 l s _m =tresses 9 an enemy's c\ntry4  
,:]ev] he w5t he />t$ discussion4 ,!    
friction betwe5 ! new & ! old ideas     
produc$ heat3 & ) heat came light4  ,b1 
aft] all1 ,paul's conv]ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 7
 f ! less in=m$ & ! middle classes4 ,!  
le>n$ turn$ away f him1 because he _h no
 tangible pro( to satisfy !m t :at he   
prea*$ 0 true4 ,! /ory ( 8 conv]sion 0  
improbable1 & c\ld be ascrib$ to !      
effects ( natural causes4  ,! "t =      
miracles _h n yet come1 & ,paul did n   
claim any?+ f !m499       99 ,_h x be5  

true t an apron :i* came 9 contact )    
,paul's p]son c\ld cure diseases1 all   
,asia w\ld h be5      conv]t$ :ile he 0 
mak+ a few hundr$ believ]s4  ,tacitus   
speaks ( ,*ri/ians z a race ( m5 dete/$ 
= _! evil practices1 & classes _!       
doctr9es among ! p]nici\s ?+s :i* fl[$  
into ,rome z into a common sew]4        
7,annals1 lib4 xv4 sec #ed47 ,/ill !    
*ur*es e/abli%$ by ,paul grew sl[ly1 b  
seem$ to require ! influ5ce ( 8 pres5ce 
& p]sonal ef=ts to keep !m alive4 ,z    
long z ! fight w5t on betwe5 ,paul & !  
,jews1 & unconv]t$ ,g5tiles1 8 l(ty     
c\rage & iron w 7 en\gh to hold him up4 
,b he soon _h tr\bles ( a diff]5t k9d4  
,he f\nd !m 9 ! *ur*es !mselves4 ,x is n
 difficult to tell :at w\ld be ! effect 
( ,paul's ideas :5 br\ght face to face )
 doctr9es ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,x 0 l !
 meet+ ( ! acid & ! alkali4 ,! fir/ sign
 ( ! eff]vesc5ce appe>s at ,cor9?1 & two
 hundr$ ye>s pass$ be=e x ceas$1 if x   
ceas$ at all4 ,f ! "t ! qu>rel comm5c$  
at ,cor9?1 betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,paul1    

until ! "t :5 ! que/ions disappe>       
altoge!r1 m5tal ph5om5a are exhibit$    
unlike any o!r 9 ! hi/ory ( man4 ,ev5 ! 
qu>rels & disputes ( ! ,reali/s &       
,nom9ali/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury be> no    
comp>ison4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! diff]5t   
sects _h all ! e>ne/ness ( a /ruggle    
betwe5 gladiators4 ,f be+ w>m           
disputants1 m5 became di%one/4 ,books 7 
=g$ entire1 o!rs 7 mutilat$1 & "s       
suppress$ & put out ( sight4 ,x 0 an age
 ( d[nright di%one/y on all sides4 ,b f 
^! d>k & discordant elem5ts arose ! true
 ,*ur*4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4              
,!rapeutae ( ,philo--& ,ess5es (        
,josephus4--,an acc\nt (      !m4--,_!  
disappe>ance f hi/ory1 & :at became (   
!m4  ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury !re    
exi/$ a sect or society :i* ex]cis$     
great influ5ce ov] ! =tune & affairs ( !
 _w2 b1 be=e ! second _h elaps$1 0      
ins5sibly lo/ 9 ! comm+l+ ( cre$s &     
sects :i* sprang up 9 ! mean "t4 ,l a   
bill[ on ! sea1 x rose high & spread f>2
 b at la/ disappe>s1 or is lo/ 9 ! great

 ocean4 ,we ref] to ! ,!rapeutae (      
,philo & ! ,ess5es ( ,josephus4 ,_!     
orig9 is lo/ 9 ! di/ant pa/2 nor is x   
prov5 :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,al?\gh !  
,!rapeutae 7 f\nd 9 e "p ( ! ,roman     
empire1 ,alex&ria 0 ! c5tre ( _!        
op]ations4 ,_! le>n+ & k 7 d]iv$ f !    
s*ools ( ,alex&ria2 & to ! climate (    
,egypt1 :i*1 by "s immutable law (      
nature1 dispos$ m5 to embrace a gloomy  
asceticism1 !y are indebt$ = _! morose &
 cruel discipl9e4 ,f ?is society 7      
furni%$ all ! monks :i* populat$ !      
des]ts ( ,africa be=e ! ,*ri/ian era    
began4  ,! ,ess5es 7 "o ( ! ?ree lead+  
sects among ! ,jews2 ! ,sadducees &     
,ph>isees =m+ ! o!r two4 ,josephus1 :o  
fully describes !m1 9 e>ly life 0 a     
memb]1 & = ?ree ye>s took up 8 abode 9 !
 des]t1 & suff]$ all ! pa9s1 & endur$   
all ! h>d%ips ( mona/ic life4 ,!y 7     
conf9$ to no locality1 b 7 f\nd 9 e city
 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,:5 travell+ f place
 to place1 !y 7 receiv$ & provid$ = by  
memb]s ( _! sect )\t *>ge1 s t :5 "o (  

!m made 8 appe>ance 9 a /range city1 he 
f\nd !re "o already appo9t$ = ! special 
purpose ( tak+ c>e ( /rang]s & provid+ =
 _! wants4 ,!y nei!r b\ght f nor sold to
 ea* o!r1 b ea* took :at 8 wants        
requir$1 z if x 7 8 own4  ,& z = _!     
piety t[>ds ,god1 says ,josephus1 x is v
 extraord9>y2 = be=e sun-ris+ !y speak n
 a ^w ab\t pr(ane matt]s1 b put up c]ta9
 pray]s :i* !y h receiv$ f _! =efa!rs1 z
 if !y made a supplication = its ris+4  
,aft] ?is1 e "o ( !m is s5t away by _!  
curators1 to ex]cise "s ( ^? arts :]e9  
!y are skill$1 9 :i* !y labor ) great   
dilig5ce till ! fif? h\r1 aft] :i* !y   
assemble !mselves toge!r 9 "o place1 &  
:5 !y h clo!d !mselves 9 :ite veils1 !y 
!n ba! _! bodies 9 cold wat]1 &1 aft] _!
 purification is ov]1 !y e "o meet      
toge!r 9 an ap>tm5t ( _! own1 into :i* x
 is n p]mitt$ to any ( ano!r sect to    
ent]2 :ile !y g aft] a pure mann] into !
 d9+-room1 z into a c]ta9 holy temple1 &
 quietly sit !mselves d[n2 ^u :i* ! bak]
 lays _! loaves 9 ord]2 ! cook also br+s

 a s+le plate ( "o sort ( food & sets x 
be=e e "o ( !m2 b a prie/ says grace    
be=e meat2 & x is unlawful = any "o to  
ta/e ( ! food be=e grace be said4 ,!    
same prie/1 :5 he has d9$1 says grace   
aga9 aft] meat2 & :5 !y beg91 & :5 !y   
end1 !y praise ,god1 z he t be/[s _!    
food ^u !m2 aft] :i* !y lay aside _!    
:ite g>m5ts1 & betake !mselves to _!    
labors aga9 until ! ev5+2 !n !y return  
home to supp]1 aft] ! same mann]4       
7,josephus1 ,w>s1 lib4 ii4 *ap4 #h1 sec4
 #e47  ,! "t all[$ = probation1 be=e    
admission to ! frat]nity1 0 ?ree ye>s1 &
 9 ! meantime ! temp] & disposition ( ! 
neophyte 7 put to ! sev]e/ te/1 & n     
until he _h giv5 ample pro( ( 8 s9c]ity 
or ability to submit to ! laws &        
ord9ances ( ! sect 0 he deem$ fit =     
admission2 b be=e he is all[$ to d s1 he
 is requir$ to swe>1 t1 9 ! fir/ place1 
he w ex]cise piety t[>ds ,god2 & !n t he
 w obs]ve ju/ice t[>ds m52 & t he w d no
 h>m to any "o1 ei!r ( 8 own accord1 or 
by ! comm& ( o!rs2 t he w always hate ! 

wick$1 & be assi/ant to ! righte\s2 t he
 w ev] %[ fidelity to all m51 &         
especially to ^? 9 au?ority1 because no 
"o obta9s ! gov]nm5t )\t ,god's         
assi/ance2 & t if he be 9 au?ority1 he w
 at no "t :atev] abuse 8 au?ority1 nor  
endeavor to out%9e 8 subjects1 ei!r 9 8 
g>m5ts1 or any o!r f9]y2 t he w be      
p]petually a lov] ( tru?1 & propose to  
himself to reprove ^? t tell lies2 & t  
he w keep 8 h&s cle> f !ft1 & 8 s\l f   
unlawful ga9s2 & t he w nei!r conceal   
any?+ f ^? ( 8 own sect1 nor discov] any
 ( _! doctr9es to o!rs--no1 n ?\gh any  
"o %\ld compel him s to d1 at ! haz>d ( 
8 life4 ,moreov]1 he swe>s to           
communicate _! doctr9es to no "o any    
o!rwise ?an z he receiv$ !m himself2 t  
he w ab/a9 f robb]y1 & w equally pres]ve
 _! books belong+ to _! sect1 & ! names 
( ! angels or mess5g]s4 ,^! are ! oa?s  
by :i* !y secure _! proselytes to       
!mselves4 7,jos41 ,w>s1 lib4 ii4 *4 #h1 
sec4 #f47  ,! foll[+ is ! acc\nt giv5 by
 ,philo ( ?is sect1 pres]v$ 9 ! pages ( 

,eusebius3--  ',?is k9d ( m5 is ev]y:]e 
scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 = ! ,greeks & b>b>ians
 %\ld %>e 9 s p]man5t a b5efit4 ,!y     
ab\nd1 h[ev]1 9 ,egypt1 9 ea* ( its     
di/ricts1 & p>ticul>ly ,alex&ria4 ,b !  
pr9cipal m5 among !m f e qu>t] emigrate 
to a place situat$ on a mod]ate         
elevation ( l& beyond ! ,lake ,m>ia1 v  
advantage\sly locat$ bo? = safety &     
temp]ature ( ! air1 z if x 7 ! native   
c\ntry ( ! ,!rapeutae4'  ,aft] describ+ 
:at k9d ( habitations !y h1 he says ( ! 
*ur*es3 ',9 e h\se !re is a sacr$       
ap>tm5t :i* !y call ! ,semneion or      
,mona/]ium1 :]e1 retir$ f m51 !y p]=m ! 
my/]ies ( a pi\s life4 ,hi!r !y br+ no?+
 ) !m1 nei!r dr9k nor food1 nor any?+   
else requisite to ! necessities ( !     
body2 !y only br+ ! law & ! inspir$     
decl>ations ( ! prophets1 & hymns1 & su*
 ?+s by :i* k & piety may be augm5t$ &  
p]fect$4' ,aft] o!r matt]s he adds3 ',! 
:ole "t betwe5 ! morn+ & ! ev5+ is a    
con/ant ex]cise2 = z !y are engag$ ) !  
sacr$ ,scriptures1 !y reason & comm5t ^u

 !m1 expla9+ ! philosophy ( _! c\ntry 9 
an allegorical mann]4 ,= !y consid] !   
v]bal int]pretation z signs indicative (
 a sacr$ s5se communicat$ 9 obscure     
intimations4 ,!y h also comm5t>ies (    
anci5t m51 :o1 z f\nd]s ( ! sect1 h left
 _m monum5ts ( _! doctr9e 9 allegorical 
repres5tations :i* !y use z c]ta9       
models1 imitat+ ! mann] ( ! orig9al     
in/itution4'  ,^! facts appe> to h be5  
/at$ by a man :o at lea/ has paid       
att5tion to ^? t h exp\nd$ ! sacr$      
writ+s4 ,b x is highly probable t !     
anci5t comm5t>ies :i* he says !y h are !
 v ,gospels & writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 &    
probably "s expositions ( ! anci5t      
prophets1 su* z are conta9$ 9 ! ,epi/le 
to ! ,hebrews1 & _m o!rs ( ,/4 ,paul's  
epi/les4 ,aft]w>ds aga91 conc]n+ ! new  
psalms :i* !y compos$1 he ?us writes3   
',?us !y n only pass _! "t 9 m$itation1 
b compose songs & hymns unto ,god1 not+ 
!m ( necessity ) measure uncommonly     
s]i\s ?r\gh e v>iety ( metres & tunes4' 
,_m o!r ?+s conc]n+ ^! p]sons1 he writes

 9 ! same book4444  ,:y ne$ we add to ^!
 an acc\nt ( _! meet+s1 & ! sep>ate     
abodes ( ! m5 & ! wom5 9 ^! meet+s1 & ! 
ex]cises p]=m$ by !m1 :i* are /ill 9    
vogue among u at ! pres5t day1 & :i*1   
especially at ! fe/ival ( our ,savi\r's 
passion1 we are accu/om$ to use 9 our   
fa/+s & wat*+s1 & 9 ! /udy ( ! div9e ^w4
 ,all ^! ! above-m5tion$ au?or has      
accurately describ$ & /at$ 9 8 writ+s1 &
 !y are ! same cu/oms t are obs]v$ by u 
alone at ! pres5t day1 p>ticul>ly !     
vigils ( ! great fe/ival1 & ! ex]cises 9
 !m1 & ! hymns t are commonly recit$    
among u4 ,he /ates t :il/ "o s+s        
gracefully ) a c]ta9 measure1 ! o!rs1   
li/5+ 9 sil5ce1 jo9 9 s++ ! f9al clauses
 ( ! hymns2 also1 t on ! above-m5tion$  
days !y lie on /raw spread on ! gr\nd1 &
 to use 8 own words1 ',!y ab/a9 altoge!r
 f w9e1 & ta/e no fle%4 ,wat] is _! only
 dr9k1 & ! reli% ( _! bread1 salt &     
hyssop4' ,besides ?is1 he describes !   
grades ( dignity among ^? :o adm9i/] !  
ecclesia/ical s]vices committ$ to !m1 ^?

 ( ! ,deacons & ! ,presid5cies ( !      
,episcopate z ! highe/4 ,b1 :osoev]     
desires to h a m accurate k ( ^! ?+s1   
may le>n !m f ! hi/ory already cit$2 b t
 ,philo1 :5 he wrote ^! /atem5ts1 _h 9  
view ! fir/ h]alds ( ! gospel1 & !      
orig9al practices h&$ d[n f ! ,apo/les1 
mu/ be obvi\s to all4 7,euseb4 ,ecc4    
,hi/41 lib4 ii4 *4 #ag47  ,!y _h _!     
*ur*es1 _! ,bi%ops 7call$ ,presid5cies (
 ! ,episcopate71 ,deacons & mona/]ies4  
,!y us$ sacr$ writ+s1 :i* !y read 9 _!  
*ur*es ) comm5ts1 & :i* !y believ$ 7    
div9ely inspir$4 ,comm5t>ies 7 writt5 on
 ^! writ+s1 z !y are on ! pres5t        
,gospels4 ,_! mode ( wor%ip 0 mu* ! same
 z 9 our own day2 & !y _h mission>ies   
all ov] ,asia1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!
 day obs]v$ by ,*ri/ians aft]w>ds z !   
fe/ival ( our ,savi\r's passion 0 obs]v$
 by !m z sacr$1 & :i* !y pass$ 9 fa/+1  
wat*+1 & ! /udy ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,all  
?is we are assur$ is true1 by ! au?ority
 ( ,josephus1 ,philo1 & ,eusebius4 ,s   
/rong is ! resemblance 9 doctr9es1 & =m 

( *ur* gov]nm5t1 betwe5 ^! anci5t       
,!rapeutae1 t ,eusebius1 because he c\ld
 n d5y ! similitude1 und]took ! task (  
prov+ t ! ,ess5es 7 ,*ri/ians1 & t _!   
sacr$ writ+s 7 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,he says3
 ,b x is highly probable t ! anci5t     
writ+s :i* he 7,philo7 says !y h1 are ! 
v ,gospels & writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 &     
probably "s expositions ( ! anci5t      
prophets1 su* z are conta9$ 9 ! ,epi/le 
to ! ,hebrews1 & _m o!rs ( ,/4 ,paul's  
epi/les4 7,eus41 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 lib4 ii4  
*4 #ag47  ,eusebius has n deceiv$       
himself--he only hop$ to deceive o!rs4  
,if ! ,ess5es 7 n ,*ri/ians1 !n x is    
evid5t t mu* :i* is claim$ z orig9al 9  
,*ri/ianity 0 copi$ f !m4 ,basnage has  
exam9$ ) ! mo/ critical accuracy !      
curi\s treatise ( ,philo1 :i* describes 
! ,!rapeutae4 ,by prov+ t x 0 compos$ z 
e>ly z ! "t ( ,augu/us1 he has          
demon/rat$1 9 spite ( ,eusebius & a cr[d
 ( mod]n ,ca?olics1 t ! ,!rapeutae 7    
nei!r ,*ri/ians nor monks4 7,decl9e &   
,fall1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #bhc1 *apt] xv41  

note #afb47  ,mu* dispute has aris5     
among ! le>n$ conc]n+ ?is sect4 ,"s h   
imag9$ !m to be ,judaiz+ ,g5tiles2 b    
,philo supposes !m to be ,jews1 by      
speak+ ( !m z a bran* ( ! sect ( !      
,ess5es1 & especially classes !m among !
 foll[]s ( ,moses4 ,o!rs h ma9ta9$ t !  
,!rapeutae 7 an ,alex&rian sect ( ,jewi%
 conv]ts to ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :o devot$  
!mselves to mona/ic 'life4 ,b ?is is    
impossible1 = ,philo1 :o wrote be=e     
,*ri/ianity appe>$ 9 ,egypt1 speaks (   
?is z an e/abli%$ fact 7,buck's         
,!ological ,diction>y4'7  ,& n[1 :at has
 become ( ! ,!rapeutae8--( _! sacr$     
writ+s8 ,:]e are _! ,eld]s1 _! ,deacons 
& ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,episcopate1 or      
,bi%ops8 ,all writ]s agree t !y soon    
disappe>$ aft] ! introduction (         
,*ri/ianity4 ,h[ long1 cont9ues ,buck1  
?is sect cont9u$1 is unc]ta91 b x is n  
improbable t aft] ! appe>ance (         
,*ri/ianity 9 ,egypt1 x soon became     
ext9ct4 ,gibbon1 9 speak+ ( !           
disappe>ance ( ?is sect f hi/ory1 says3 

,x /ill rema9s probable t !y *ang$ _!   
names1 pres]v$ _! mann]s1 & adopt$ "s   
new article ( fai?4 7,vol4 ,i4 page     
#bhc1 n4 #afb47  ,?is sect did n m+le & 
lose itself 9 ! huge mass ( ,pagans1 =  
betwe5 ! two !re 0 no neutral gr\nd on  
:i* !y might meet & agree4 ,! antagonism
 betwe5 !m _h cont9u$ too long1 & !re 0 
traditional hatr$ on bo? sides4 ,paul   
?rew ! doors ( ! *ur* wide op51 &1 z we 
%all see1 ! ,!rapeutae soon ent]$1 & by 
_! numb]s took possession1 & b>r$ !m    
aga9/ ! f\nd] & all 8 foll[]s4 ,:at did 
! ,!rapeutae d ) _! sacr$ writ+s1 :i*1  
,eusebius claims1 7 no?+ m ?an our      
pres5t ,gospels8 ,to suppose t !y ab&on$
 & de/roy$ !m altoge!r is n possible1   
consid]+ _! antiquity1 & ! v5]ation 9   
:i* !y 7 held = g5]ations4     ,,*apt]  
,,iv4  ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4  ,x  
is a "q ( great int]e/ 9 hi/ory1 if no?+
 m1 :5 & :]e x 0 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 !
 =m 9 :i* x has come d[n to u1 _h its   
orig94  ,to be sure1 !re are _m :o are  
satisfi$ ) an or?odox belief on !       

subject1 because !y h nev] que/ion$ _!  
s\rces ( in=mation4 ,b ! _w has gr[n to 
t age :5 traditional dogmas1 or :atev]  
!y may be call$1 mu/ be subject to ! te/
 :i* advanc+ k imposes4 ,tri$ by ?is    
te/1 :at is true w appe> bright]2 :at is
 false w be ?r[n (f2 & man1 reliev$ ( a 
burd5 :i* only weigh$ him d[n1 w move on
 to an improv$ & bett] life4 ,man is n  
doom$ by ! condition ( 8 nature to be   
et]nally tugg+ at ! /one (              
,sisyphus--nor is x consi/5t ) ! laws ( 
a wise & b5efic5t ,creator t mank9d1 9  
ord] to be prosp]\s & happy1 %\ld be    
compell$ to live "u a p]petual delusion4
 ,l ! s\rce ( "s riv]1 (t5 trac$ to a   
m\nta9 rill or ! ooz+ wat]s ( a morass1 
s ! beg9n+ ( ! *ur* or *ur*es ( our own 
day is to be look$ = 9 "s obscure corn] 
( hi/ory1 cov]$ by ! debris ( ages4     
,locat$ on a n>r[ i/hmus betwe5 !       
,a,egean & ,ionian seas /ood ,cor9?1 "o 
( ! pr9cipal cities ( ,greece4 ,situat$ 
:]e ! comm]ce f ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ meet 9  
transitu1 x grew 9 opul5ce & weal?1 & 0 

di/+ui%$ = ! arts1 & = ! luxury &       
lic5ti\sness ( its inhabitants4 ,"h     
,v5us _h a temple1 presid$ ov] by a ?\s&
 prie/esses1 ^: attractions increas$ !  
numb]s :o came f all p>ts ( ,greece to  
assi/ 9 celebrat+ ! ,i/hmian games4 ,x 0
 at ?is place ,paul plant$ a *ur*1      
betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #ea & ,a4,d4 #ec1 &
 :]e he rema9$ eighte5 mon?s1 work+ z no
 "o b himself c\ld "w to build up &     
/r5g!n x4  ,paul left ,cor9? = a "t =   
o!r fields ( labor1 because he belong$  
to no "o place1 b 8 mission embrac$ !   
_w4 ,! comm]ce ( ,cor9? attract$ to !   
place p f e "p ( ! empire1 ea/ & we/1 & 
) o!rs a l>ge numb] ( ,alex&rian ,jews4 
,among !m 7 _m ( ! ,!ra-peutae1 :o      
br\ght ) !m into ,greece ! doctr9es (   
,philo4  ,dur+ ,paul's abs5ce !re came  
to ,cor9? ,apollos ( ,alex&ria4 ,he 0 an
 eloqu5t man & le>n$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,x
 is a subject ( regret t we d n "k m ( 8
 hi/ory ?an we f9d 9 ! ,acts1 & 9 !     
,epi/les ( ,paul4 ,:at 7 ! doctr9es he  
taught :5 he fir/ appe>$ 9 ,ephesus1 :]e

 he sp5t "s "t be=e he w5t to ,cor9?1 we
 _c tell1 b he 0 f]v5t 9 _s1 & taught   
dilig5tly ! ?+s ( ! ,"l4 ,he _h he>d (  
,john ! ,bapti/1 = he 0 a hi/oric "*1 & 
,josephus tells h[ he baptiz$ multitudes
 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,jordan2 b he seems to h 
kn[n no?+ ab\t ,*ri/ or ! doctr9es he   
taught4 ,he spoke 9 ! synagogue1 :i*    
proves t :at he taught did n give (f5ce1
 to ! ,jews4 ,9 ,ephesus he attract$ !  
notice ( ,aquila & ,priscilla1 ,jewi%   
,*ri/ians1 :o _h be5 expell$ f ,rome by 
! ,emp]or ,claudius on acc\nt ( "s      
di/urbance gr[+ out ( qu>rels betwe5    
,jews & ,*ri/ians499 ,"u _! in/ructions 
,apollos 0 made a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity4
       99 ,see ,app5dix ,a4  ,! ,jews1 z
 has be5 %[n1 7 divid$ into ?ree        
sects--,ph>isees1 ,sadducees1 & !       
,ess5es4 ,e ,jew belong$ to or connect$ 
himself ) ! "o or ! o!r4 ,^? :o w5t to  
,alex&ria1 9 "t took ! "n ( ,!rapeutae1 
:i*1 x is claim$1 0 ! same z ! ,ess5es4 
,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,philo describes !m z
 a ,jewi% sect4 ,t ,apollos 0 "o ( !m   

may be claim$ ) great reason4 ,a ,jew1  
born 9 ,alex&ria1 he c\ld sc>cely escape
 be+ "o4 ,rais$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! college ( 
,alex&ria1 ( a f]v5t _s & a man ( ?\ght1
 he c\ld n fail to be impress$ by !     
doctr9es taught by t celebrat$ s*ool4   
,!y 7 ! prevail+ & fa%ionable doctr9es (
 ! day4 ,t he br\ght ) him to ,ephesus !
 ,logos idea ( ,philo is cle>ly prov5 by
 :at took place aft] 8 arrival4 ,x seems
 8 conv]sion to ! ,*ri/ian fai? "u !    
in/ruction ( ,aquila & ,priscilla 0     
easy1 :i* proves t ! diff]5ce :i*       
sep>at$ !m 9 ! fir/ place 0 n great4 ,l 
all ,jews1 he 0 look+ = "s k9d ( ,savi\r
 or ,deliv]]1 & !y conv9c$ him t ,*ri/ 0
 ! "o4 ,he n[ und]took to conv9ce o!rs4 
,= he mightily conv9c$ ! ,jews1 & t     
publicly1 %ew+ by ! ,scriptures t ,jesus
 0 ,*ri/4 7,acts xviii4 #bh47 ,b !      
,alex&rian notions ( ! ,logos or ,son ( 
,god soon began to %[ out 9 8 disc\rses 
& make tr\ble4 ,"s began to cry1 ,i am =
 ,paul2 & o!rs1 ,i am = ,apollos 7#a    
,cor4 iii4 #d74  ,paul's ideas on "s    

po9ts did n suit ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,! 
bir? ( ,*ri/ f human p>5ts1 9 !         
speculative m9ds ( ?is p1 /ripp$ him (  
all my/]y2 & ) !m1 on subjects l ?is1   
:]e !re is no my/]y !re is no?+ real4   
,!re c\ld be no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 !   
foll[]s ( ,paul & ,apollos1 except z to 
! orig9 & nature ( ,*ri/1 & 8 relations 
to ! ,creator2 & !re 0 none4 ,! /rife   
grew to su* dim5sions t ,paul is        
con/ra9$ to write an epi/le to ! *ur*1 9
 :i* we c see :at 0 at ! bottom ( !     
tr\ble4 ,9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le1 to !        
,cor9?ians1 ,paul names f\r p>ties ^:   
qu>rels di/urb$ ! peace ( ! ,*ur*3 !    
,paul p>ty1 :o ma9ta9$ ! doctr9es (     
,paul z to ! human orig9 ( ,*ri/2 ! p>ty
 ( ,apollos1 :o1 )\t d\bt1 taught !     
doctr9es ( ,philo2 ! p>ty ( ,cephas1 :i*
 held to ! doctr9es ( circumcision2 & ! 
,*ri/ p>ty4 ,we inf] t ! la/ 0 compos$ (
 negative m51 or ^? :o occupi$ neutral  
gr\nd--! f5ce m5 ( our day4 ,x c\ld n h 
be5 ( mu* importance1 = we nev] he> ( x 
aga94  ,x 0 nei!r ! fir/1 ?ird1 or f\r? 

( ^! p>ties t call$ out ! lett] to !    
,cor9?ians4 ,x 0 ! wisdom ( ! ,greek    
s*ool & ,apollos' excell5cy ( spee* t   
di/urb$ ,paul1 & cont9u$ to d s to ! end
 ( 8 life4 ,b see ) :at =ce he opposes  
to ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks ! revelations   
:i* came to him f ,god ,?is lett]       
displays all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,paul4 ,&  
my spee* & my prea*+ 0 n ) entic+ words 
( man's wisdom1 b 9 demon/ration ( !    
,_s1 & ( p[]3 t y\r fai? %\ld n /& 9 !  
wisdom ( m51 b 9 ! p[] ( ,god4 ,b ,god  
ha? reveal$ !m unto u by ,8 ,_s2 = ! ,_s
 se>*e? all ?+s1 yea1 ! deep ?+s ( ,god4
 ,n[ we h receiv$1 n ! _s ( ! _w1 b !   
,_s :i* is ( ,god2 t we might "k ! ?+s t
 are freely giv5 to u ( ,god4 ,:i* ?+s  
also we speak1 n 9 ! words :i* man's    
wisdom tea*e?1 b :i* ! ,holy ,gho/      
tea*e?2 comp>+ spiritual ?+s )          
spiritual4 ,b ! natural man receive? n !
 ?+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god3 = !y are fooli%ness
 unto him3 nei!r c he "k !m1 because !y 
are spiritually disc]n$4 ,b he t is     
spiritual judge? all ?+s1 yet he himself

 is judg$ ( no man4 ,= :o ha? kn[n ! m9d
 ( ! ,"l1 t he may in/ruct him8 ,b we h 
! m9d ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 *4 ii47 ,"h x is
 n ,paul t d5\nces ! wisdom ( ! ,greek  
s*ool1 b x is ,god himself4 ,su* is     
,paul4  ,x is n difficult to tell to :i*
 ( ! f\r p>ties at ,cor9? ?is epi/le 0  
address$4 ,t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,paul &  
,apollos grew out ( oppos+ op9ions z to 
! nature ( ,*ri/ admits ( little d\bt1 &
 is r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! fir/1 second1 &    
?ird *apt]s ( 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le to !      
,cor9?ians4 ,he says3 ,= o!r f\ndation c
 no man lay ?an t is laid1 :i* is ,jesus
 ,*ri/4 ,t is1 ,i h taught to y ,*ri/ z 
he is1 & x is n = any o!r man to tea*   
any?+ diff]5t4 ,he decl>es t accord+ to 
! grace ( ,god :i* is giv5 unto me1 z a 
wise ma/]-build]1 ,i h laid !           
f\ndation44444 let e man take he$ h[ he 
builde? !reon4 ,"h is a pla9 intimation 
t ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul re/$ ^u a diff]5t     
f\ndation f t ( ,apollos--! "o div9e1 ! 
o!r human4 ,i h plant$1 ,apollos wat]$4 
,t is1 ,i h plant$ ! se$ t w produce !  

true fruit1 & x is = o!rs only to       
cultivate & n\ri% :at ,i h plant$4  ,he 
tells ! ,cor9?ians t !y 7 born unto a k 
( ,*ri/ ?r\gh 8 gospel--t is1 ?r\gh 8   
prea*+2 & t if !y _h t5 ?\s& in/ructors1
 ( ^! !re w\ld n be _m :o1 z spiritual  
fa!rs1 c\ld reveal to !m ! tru? z he _h4
 ,:]e=e1 ,i besee* y1 be ye foll[]s (   
me4 ,= ?is cause h ,i s5t unto y        
,timo!us1 :o is my belov$ son1 & fai?ful
 9 ! ,"l1 :o %all br+ y into remembrance
 ( my ways :i* be 9 ,*ri/1 z ,i tea*    
ev]y:]e 9 e *ur*4 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #af1    
#ag47 ,:at m conclusive evid5ce c\ld be 
ask$ t ,apollos 0 prea*+ doctr9es       
diff]5t f ^? ( ,paul z to ! nature (    
,*ri/1 ?an t ! latt] s5t ,timo?y to     
c\nt]act !m8 & :at o!r doctr9es 0 ! =m] 
tea*+ ?an ^? ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool8 ,:5  
,paul says all ,asia _h turn$ aga9/ him1
 x c\ld only be on ! que/ions :i* _h    
sprung up betwe5 himself & ,apollos4 ,x 
c\ld n be on acc\nt ( circumcision1     
because on ?is po9t ! ,greeks w\ld agree
 ) ,paul4 ,x 0 n on acc\nt ( diff]5t    

views on ! subject ( ! resurrection1    
because t 0 reta9$ & became ! f\ndation 
( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!re 0 b a s+le po9t 
^u :i* ^? :o pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity at t   
day c\ld turn ^u ,paul1 & t is 8 ways   
:i* be 9 ,*ri/ z he taught !m 9 all !   
*ur*es4 ,! qu>rels ( ,paul ) ! ,jews on 
! subject ( circumcision di$ away 9 !   
*ur* n long aft] 8 dea?1 dr[n$ out by ! 
,greek & ,!rapeutae elem5t2 b ! cause ( 
! /rife betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,paul &      
,apollos has cont9u$ d[n1 9 "s =m1 ev5  
to our own times4  ,x c\ld n be long    
aft] 8 lett] to ! ,cor9?ians t !        
doctr9es prea*$ by ,apollos spread ?r\gh
 all ! *ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or & became !  
e/abli%$ or?odox fai?4 ,paul1 9 !       
,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 says3 ,all  
,asia has turn$ aga9/ me4 ,a m]e *ange (
 "n--,!rapeutae to ,*ri/ian--& !        
revolution 0 complete4 ,x 0 made s      
rapidly t ! _w sc>cely notic$ x4 ,!     
,!rapeutae1 :o 7 spread ov] ,europe1    
,asia1 & portions ( ,africa1 disappe>$ s
 sudd5ly t x has always be5 a problem 9 

hi/ory :at became ( !m4 ,b we c f9d "h &
 !re1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! times1 evid5ces t !
 few fri5ds ( ,paul did n give up !     
conte/ ) _! p[]ful foe )\t a /ruggle4   
,^! /ruggles come to ! surface ( hi/ory 
l ! bubbles f ! m\? ( a dr[n+ man4  ,b  
little *ange 9 doctr9es 0 requir$ to    
ju/ify ! ,!rapeutae 9 tak+ ^u !mselves !
 "n ( ,*ri/ians4 ,*ri/1 ) ,paul1 0 a    
,m$iator1 & s 0 ! ,logos ( ,philo4 ,:at 
intellig5t p]son1 says ! latt]1 :o views
 mank9d engag$ 9 unwor?y & wick$        
pursuits1 b mu/ be griev$ to ! he>t1 &  
call ^u t ,savi\r ,god1 t ^! crimes may 
be ext]m9at$1 & t by a ransom & price ( 
r$emption be+ giv5 = 8 s\l1 x may aga9  
obta9 its fre$om4 ,x pleas$ ,god1 !re=e1
 to appo9t 8 ,logos to be a ,m$iator4   
,to 8 ,^w1 ! *ief & mo/ anci5t ( all 9  
heav51 ! great ,au?or ( ! _w gave ?is   
especial gift3 t he %\ld /& z a m$ium   
7or int]cessor7 betwe5 ! ,creator & !   
creat$2 & he is accord+ly ! ,advocate ( 
all mortals4 7,jacob ,bryant1 quot$ 9   
,cl>ke's ,comm5t>ies on ,/4 ,john's     

,gospel47 ,z ! ,!rapeutae ( ,philo 7 !  
desc5dants ( a ,jewi% colony :o _h      
settl$ 9 ,egypt1 & /ill reta9$ 9 "s     
degree _! ,mosaic ideas & belief 9 !    
,old ,te/am5t1 "u ! light ( ! s*ool (   
,alex&ria1 :]e ! doctr9es ( ,philo 7    
taught1 !y readily adopt$ ! ,alex&rian  
ideas ( ! ,logos4 ,! belief 9 "s        
int]m$iate or m$iatorial p[] betwe5 ,god
 & man 0 common to ! ,jews z well z mo/ 
o!r p4 ,adam1 by 8 disob$i5ce1 _h brok5 
! law1 & if he or 8 desc5dants are ev]  
to be re/or$ to ! favor ( ! ,creator1 x 
is to be done ?r\gh ! (fice ( a         
,m$iator4 ,! notions ( ,philo on !      
nature ( ! ,logos suit$ ! ,!rapeutae mu*
 bett] ?an did ^? ( ,paul1 & aft] a %ort
 /ruggle we w discov] ! ,alex&rian      
dogmas to be ! cre$ ( ! or?odox4 ,*ri/'s
 appe>ance on e>?1 8 dea? &             
resurrection1 are :at ,paul prea*$1 &   
:at ! ,!rapeutae1 :o 7 conv]t$ by him1  
believ$4 ,^! features 7 reta9$ 9 ! *ur* 
aft] ! ,philo ideas ( ! ,logos _h       
displac$ ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul4 ,x 0 only     

,paul's doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( ,jesus f   
,m>y & ,joseph aft] ! fle% t 0 ?r[n     
aside by !m4 ,! int]v5tion ( ! ,virg91  
at a lat] p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*1 0 !
 means by :i* ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 made !  
,son ( ,god 9 ! s5se ( ! ,alex&rian     
s*ool4  ,! transition ( ! ,!rapeutae to 
,*ri/ianity 0 easy4 ,little or no *ange 
0 made 9 ! =m ( ! s]vices 9 ! *ur*4     
,accord+ to ,eusebius1 !y sang hymns4   
,!y read sacr$ books & made comm5ts on  
!m z well aft] z be=e ! *ange4 ,l ! fir/
 ,*ri/ian community1 !y held all _!     
prop]ty 9 common4 ,!y said grace at     
table bo? be=e & aft] meals1 accord+ to 
,josephus1 :i* !y cont9u$ to d aft] !y  
took ! "n ( ,*ri/ians4 ,!y made no *ange
 9 _! fa/s & fe/ivals1 & reta9$ !       
mona/]ies4 ,! transf] ( ! =m ( !        
,!rapeutae *ur* gov]nm5t to ! new *ur* 0
 ! "w ( "t1 & 0 n fully effect$ until ! 
second c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( ,paul's "n1
 ) o!r causes1 0 too /rong dur+ ! fir/  
to p]mit ! *ange4  ,a ,bi%op 9 a        
,*ri/ian *ur* is ! "w ( ! second c5tury4

 ,l e o!r new feature 9 its hi/ory1 we  
f9d ! fir/ ,bi%op at ,alex&ria4 ,gibbon 
says3 ,! ext5sive comm]ce ( ,alex&ria1 &
 its proximity to ,pale/9e1 gave an easy
 entrance to ! new religion4 ,x 0 at    
fir/ embrac$ by great numb]s ( !        
,!rapeutae1 or ,ess5ians ( ! lake       
,m>eotis1 a ,jewi% sect :i* _h abat$ mu*
 ( its rev]5ce = ! ,mosaic c]emonies4 ,!
 au/]e life ( ! ,ess5ians1 _! fa/s &    
excommunications1 ! community ( goods1 !
 love ( celibacy1 _! zeal = m>tyrdom1 & 
! w>m? ?\gh n ! purity ( _! fai?1       
already (f]$ a v lively image ( !       
primitive discipl9e4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ool (   
,alex&ria t ! ,*ri/ian !ology appe>s to 
h assum$ a regul> & sci5tific =m2 & :5  
,hadrian visit$ ,egypt he f\nd a *ur*1  
compos$ ( ,jews & ( ,greeks1 suffici5tly
 important to attract ! notice ( t      
inquisitive pr9ce4 7,*4 xv4 7#afb7      
7#afc71 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bhc4799       99   
,aft] ! au?or _h writt5 out 8 views z   
above1 he      met ) ! foll[+ passages f
 ! writ+s (      ,mi*aelis1 ! great     

,g]man critic1 quot$ 9 ,taylor's        
,diegesis4 ,( ! ,!rapeutae1 he says !y  
are a ,jewi%      sect1 :i* began to    
spread itself at ,ephesus1 & to         
?reat5 great mis*ief to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! 
"t 7or      inde$ previ\s to ! "t7 ( ,/4
 ,paul1 on :i* acc\nt1      9 8 epi/les 
to ! ,ephesians1 to ! ,colossians1 & to 
,timo?y1 he decl>es himself op5ly aga9/ 
!m4      7,diegesisy #eh47       ,aga93 
,x is evid5t f ! above-m5tion$ epi/les (
      ,paul1 t1 to ! great mortification
 ( ! apo/le1 !y      ins9uat$ !mselves v
 e>ly into ! *ur*4 7#fj47 ,!      writ] 
does n wi% to be und]/ood t !           
di/urbances      creat$ 9 ! *ur* 7      
conf9$ to ,cor9?1 & t      ,apollos 0 ! 
only "o :o taught dur+ ! life ( ,paul   
! doctr9es ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,:]ev] 
,paul _h      f\nd$ a *ur*1 !re !       
,!rapeutae elem5t 0 at "w4              
,apollos1 by 8 sup]ior eloqu5ce & le>n+1
 0      di/+ui%$ f a ho/ ( agitators1 & 
call$ =? !      special notice ( ,paul4 
elem5t 0 at "w4 ,apollos1 by 8          

sup]ior eloqu5ce & le>n+1 0 di/+ui%$ f a
      ho/ ( agitators1 & call$ =? !     
special notice (      ,paul4  ,x is safe
 to say t x 0 ! ,!rapeutae :o caus$ !   
tr\bles 9 ! *ur*es 9 ,paul's "t &       
aft]w>ds1 because no o!r sect or society
 0 s ext5d$1 & _h ! p[] to make !       
di/urbance s univ]sal4 ,paul c\ld       
compla9 ( no o!r1 & x 0 ?is sect t turn$
 all ,asia aga9/ him4 ,!re is no way to 
acc\nt = ! sudd5 & wond]ful increase (  
,*ri/ians 9 a few ye>s be=e ,paul's     
dea?1 unless we c ref] ! cause to !     
sudd5 conv]sion ( ! ,!rapeutae to ! new 
religion4 ,:5 !y are sudd5ly lo/ to     
sight1 ! small *ur*es ( ,paul h gr[n    
great 9 numb]s1 & spread ov] ,europe &  
,asia 9 an incr$ibly %ort space ( "t4   
,be=e go+ to press1 ! writ] came into ! 
possession ( ! works ( ,mi*aelis1 :]e we
 f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,b ev5 be=e      
,apollos _h receiv$ ! in/ructions (     
,aquila & ,priscilla1 he taught publicly
 9 ! synagogue at ,ephesus conc]n+ !    
,messiah4 ,h5ce x is n improbable t !   

,ess5es introduc$ !mselves into ! *ur*  
at ,ephesus by means ( ,apollos1 :o came
 f ,alex&ria1 9 ! neighborhood ( :i*    
city1 accord+ to ,philo1 ! ,ess5es 7 n  
only num]\s b 7 held 9 high e/imation4  
7,vol4 iv4 p4 #he47 ,x w\ld seem f ?is t
 ,apollos only cont9u$ to d at ,cor9?   
:at he fir/ began at ,ephesus4  ,no man 
( any age suff]$ s mu* abuse1 nor 0 !re 
ev] "o ^: memory labor$ "u su* a weight 
( obloquy z t ( ,paul--fir/ f ! foll[]s 
( ,apollos2 & aft]w>ds f ! ,ca?olics ( !
 second c5tury1 :5 ! "m ( ,god rose l a 
new /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,! fir/ half ( !     
,acts 0 writt51 z w be %[n1 expressly to
 exalt ,pet] ov] him & degrade him f !  
rank ( an ,apo/le4 ,! ,revelation       
ascrib$ to ,/4 ,john is no?+ b a bitt]  
tirade ( d5unciation aga9/ ,paul & 8    
foll[]s4 ,he is call$ a li>1 ! false    
prophet1 :o ) ! bea/ 0 ca/ alive into a 
lake ( burn+ fire4 ,he is ! great r$    
dragon :o /ood be=e ! woman ready to    
dev\r ! *ild ,jesus z soon z he 0 born1 
& :o w>r$ ) ,mi*ael & ! angels4 ,paul is

 n only d5\nc$1 b ,*ri/ himself is made 
to decl>e 8 /atus 9 ! ,godhead4 ,i      
,jesus h s5t m9e angel to te/ify unto y 
^! ?+s 9 ! *ur*es4 7xxii4 #af47 ,:at !  
?+s 7 to :i* ! angel 0 to be> te/imony1 
suffici5tly appe>s 9 e portion ( ! book 
( ,revelation4 ,:y 0 ,paul ! subject ( s
 mu* abuse8 ,!re c be b "o answ]4 ,x 0  
because ( ! way 9 :i* he taught ,*ri/ 9 
all ! *ur*es1 :i* he _h le>n$ f !       
,apo/les 9 8 int]views ) !m at          
,j]usalem1 & probably f ,joseph & ,m>y  
!mselves1 = !y occurr$ ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4
 #dj4     ,,*apt] ,v4       ,review ( ! 
pa/4--,:at foll[s 9 ! future4  ,let u   
assume a /& at ! beg9n+ ( ,adrian's     
reign1 ,a4,d4 #aag1 & make a survey ( ! 
,*ri/ian _w z x pres5ts itself at t day4
 ,a half-c5tury has pass$ s9ce ! dea? ( 
,paul4 ,s9ce !n1 ,rome has be5 )\t a    
,*ri/ian population4 ,driv5 f ! city    
?r\gh ! cruel but*]ies ( ! tyrant1 !y   
took refuge 9 ! prov9ces1 especially    
,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y rema9$ until ! reign
 ( ,adrian & 8 successor1 ! tol]ant     

,anton9us ,pius4 ,9 ! mean "t1 !        
,!rapeutan elem5t ( ,*ri/ianity _h be5  
/eadily on ! increase1 :ile t ( ,paul _h
 correspond+ly decl9$4 ,! proclamation (
 ,adrian1 or r 8 lett] to ,fundanus1 a  
gov]nor ( "o ( ! prov9ces1 prohibit+ !  
puni%m5t ( ,*ri/ians on acc\nt ( _!     
religion1 0 ! fir/ intimation f !       
capital ( ! empire t !y c\ld return 9   
safety4 ,f ?is "t ,*ri/ians began to    
return to ,rome 9 a /eady /ream1 s t )9 
! next tw5ty ye>s !y _h s increas$ 9    
numb]s t !y once m take a place 9       
hi/ory1 & are f\nd mix$ up 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! imp]ial city4  ,b at ?is "t ,*ri/ians1
 9 _! conte/ ) ! ,pagans1 f\nd ! evid5ce
 ( ,*ri/ianity1 z x !n /ood1 n suffici5t
 to cont5d ) ! infidelity ( ! age4 ,!   
old religion ( ,rome 0 hall[$ by "t1    
support$ by ! le>n$ m5 ( t day1 & upheld
 by ! p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,gospels _h n   
yet appe>$2 ! _w 0 )\t a miracle2 ,m>y1 
! bride ( ,heav51 aft]w>ds ! c5tral     
figure 9 ! ,hi]>*y ( ! or?odox1 _h no   
place 9 hi/ory4 ,pet] _h n be5 9 ,rome1 

or ,john 9 ,asia4 ,! p]sonal influ5ce ( 
,paul & 8 imm$iate foll[]s _h kept alive
 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia2 b n[ ,paul 
is no m1 & ! influ5ce ( 8 "n has ne>ly  
pass$ away4 ,! pro( t !re ev] 7 su*     
p]sons z ,*ri/ & 8 disciples _h become  
fa9t4 ,! dim light ( tradition1 & :at   
,paul1 & 8 companion ,b>nabas1 said (   
him 9 _! epi/les1 compris$ ab\t all !   
evid5ce at t day to su/a9 ! claims (    
,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,paul himself _h n se5  
,*ri/1 except "u su* circum/ances z     
might excite suspicion ( ei!r delusion  
or fraud4 ,he _h se5 ,pet]1 & rema9$ )  
him1 9 ! fir/ place fifte5 days2 &      
aft]w>ds w5t to ,j]usalem1 :]e he saw   
all ( ! disciples :o 7 !n liv+4 ,:at    
,paul le>n$ f ! disciples1 ) 8 vision   
ne> ,damascus1 0 suffici5t to conv9ce   
him ( ! reality ( ,*ri/ & ! tru? ( !    
religion he taught4 ,b ! pro( all lay )9
 himself4 ,! g5u9e epi/les ( ,pet]1 z we
 w %[1 7 s corrupt$ by ! m5 ( ! second  
c5tury1 t we h no means ( kn[+ h[ mu* ( 
! orig9al rema9s or h[ mu* has be5 add$4

 ,! epi/le ( ,james1 :i* is ! only writ+
 by an ,apo/le1 or any "o else1 t has   
come d[n to u f ! ,apo/olic age )\t "s  
evid5ce ( fraud & corruption1 only      
speaks ( ,*ri/ z a j man1 & makes no    
m5tion ( ! prodigies & wond]s claim$ to 
h tak5 place at ! "t ( 8 bir? & dea?2   
nor does he take notice ( ! miracles &  
wond]ful ?+s spok5 ( 9 ! ,gospels4 ,!   
pro(1 :atev] x may h be51 t ,*ri/ ev]   
exi/$1 0 too weak to ov]come or ev5     
cont5d aga9/ ! skepticism ( ! age4  ,s  
f> we h said no?+ ( ! ,hebrew ,gospel ( 
,mat!w1 because x 0 ca/ to "o side1 = ! 
reason t x 0 a /&+ argum5t aga9/ !      
,alex&rian ideas ( ! ,logos--& 0 reg>d$ 
z ( no au?ority 9 ! *ur* until x _h be5 
improv$ by important additions made     
aft]w>ds1 & pass$ into ! pres5t ,greek  
v]sion4 ,) su* pro( z exi/$ at ! "t we  
write (1 ,*ri/ianity c\ld n hold its    
gr\nd aga9/ ! great pressure br\ght to  
be> x d[n--mu* less make headway aga9/  
su* p[]ful opposition4 ,! "t to supply  
new pro( ( ! reality ( ,*ri/ 0          

favorable4 ,all ! sc5es 9 8 life lay )9 
! b\nd>ies ( ,galilee1 ,sam>ia1 &       
,judea--! great] "p 9 & ab\t ,j]usalem4 
,s9ce 8 dea? ! ,legions ( ,rome _h be5  
!re1 & left no?+ /&+ except a few t[]s1 
res]v$ = milit>y def5ce4 ,! sil5ce (    
dea?1 = almo/ a half c5tury1 _h reign$ 9
 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem4 ,! great] "p ( ! 
,jewi% p _h be5 put to dea? by ! sword1 
or c>ri$ away into captivity4 ,all :o   
liv$ dur+ ! "t ( ,*ri/1 by age & !      
calamities ( w> _h gone to _! graves4   
,we %all soon see ! ,synoptics appe> 9  
int]vals su* z circum/ances dem&$1 ea*  
be>+ ! "n ( an ,apo/le1 or ! "n ( "s "o 
:o wrote at _! dictation4 ,a little     
fur!r d[n 9 ! c5tury we w f9d m5 engag$ 
9 lay+ ! f\ndation ( a *ur*1 ^: claims  
to infallibility & supremacy are bas$ on
 apo/olic succession4 ,:5 we come to ?is
 p]iod we w f9d all ecclesia/ical hi/ory
 to consi/ ( traditions1 & a "t 9 ! _w's
 life :i* is populat$ by ,bi%ops &      
high-*ur* dignit>ies1 :o pass be=e u )\t
 spee* or action1 l %ad[s on a wall4 ,we

 %all f9d ,pet] has be5 9 ,rome2 ,john  
at ,ephesus2 ,paul 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 &    
,brita94 ,we w f9d p>ties engag$ 9      
exalt+ ,pet] above all ! o!r ,apo/les--&
 ! same influ5ce at "w to put d[n ,paul4
 ,aga9 we w see ,paul re/or$ to favor1 b
 8 writ+s defac$ by =g]ies1 to con=m to 
! doctr9es ( ! day4 ,we %all also see   
,*ri/ians ent] into qu>rels among       
!mselves1 :i* cont9ue ?r\gh c5turies4   
,books are =g$1 traditions manufactur$1 
& ! works ( ! ,fa!rs %amefully alt]$ &  
corrupt$4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury1 br\ght out  
by a pressure :i* made x necess>y1 !    
f\r? ,gospel w appe>1 & ,*ri/ianity pass
 f ! ,alex&rian ,logos to ! ,inc>nate   
,god4 ,by ca/+ our eyes /ill fur!r d[n !
 c5turies1 we w see ,*ri/ianity & !     
philosophy ( ,plato /rangely alli$1 :i* 
br+s u to ! era ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,let u fir/
 inquire into ! orig9 ( ! fir/ ?ree     
,gospels4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4       ,h[ ! 
,f\r ,gospels ,orig9at$  ,! orig9 ( !   
,gospels has prov$ a ,s]bonian bog1 9   
:i* _m writ]s :o h attempt$ an          

explanation h fl\nd]$ )\t f9d+ solid    
gr\nd4 ,sc>cely two writ]s agree4 ,:y   
%\ld !re be any d\bt 9 a matt] ( s mu*  
importance1 :]e ! evid5ce c\ld s readily
 be obta9$ at ! "t !y 7 writt51 & s     
safely gu>d$ & pres]v$8 ,tru?1 9 a      
hi/oric p]iod l t 9 :i* x is claim$ !   
,gospels 7 writt51 ne$ n be left 9 !    
d>k4 ,! true difficulty has gr[n out ( !
 fact1 t writ]s :o h und]tak5 to give ! 
orig9 ( ! ,gospels h look$1 z m5 d 9 mo/
 o!r cases1 to outside s\rces =         
in=mation2 :]eas ! explanation ( ! orig9
 is to be f\nd )9 ! ,gospels !mselves1 &
 n[h]e else4 ,by look+ = light :]e none 
is to be f\nd1 writ]s on ?is subject h  
_h _! att5tion )drawn f ! direction :]e 
! tru? is to be discov]$4 ,if we be> 9  
m9d t m5 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago 7 mu* l
 m5 ( to-day1 t ! emotion or effect a   
giv5 ev5t or occurr5ce produces 9 ! m9ds
 ( m5 ( our own "t w\ld be ! same z ^u  
^? :o liv$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! second       
c5tury1 we h a compass1 su* z x is1 to  
guide u ?r\gh ?is ,cimm]ian d>kness4    

,:at w\ld excite ridicule1 or appe>     
false & improbable to intellig5t m9ds ( 
our own times1 w\ld appe> equally s to  
su* m9ds z ,pl9y & ,tacitus at _! ages (
 ! _w4  ,9 imag9ation let u take a /& at
 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 & make     
ourselves citiz5s ( ! ,roman empire "u !
 reign ( ,adrian4 ,we c well imag9e h[ !
 m9ds ( ?9k+ & intellig5t p 7 affect$ on
 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! pres5t ,greek     
v]sion ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,x set =? "s 
( ! mo/ a/\nd+ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 
& :i* ! _w he>d ( = ! fir/ "t4 ,:5 ,*ri/
 0 put to dea?1 all ! l&1 f ! six? to ! 
n9? h\r1 0 cov]$ ) d>kness2 ! veil ( !  
temple 0 r5t 9 twa9 f ! top to ! bottom2
 ! e>? did quake1 & ! rocks 7 r5t       
asund]2 ! graves 7 op5$1 & _m bodies (  
sa9ts :i* slept arose & came out ( _!   
graves1 & w5t into ! holy city & appe>$ 
unto _m4 ,suppose t "s morn+ we %\ld    
pick up our daily pap]1 & f9d "u !      
telegraph head an ann\ncem5t ( l ev5ts z
 hav+ occurr$ 9 ,london or ,p>is4 ,at   
fir/ we might be fe>fully />tl$1 b w\ld 

soon feel satisfi$ t x 0 all a hoax1    
aft] ! /yle ( ,pr(essor ,locke's /ory ( 
! ,moon4 ,if ! au?ors ( ! /ory expect$  
to accompli% any?+ by su* />tl+         
ann\ncem5ts1 !y fail$ by attempt+ too   
mu*4 ,:e!r ! e>? 0 cov]$ ) d>kness1 or 0
 %ak5 by an e>?quake1 or ! dead got out 
( _! graves & w5t d[n into ! city1 7    
facts easily inquir$ into1 9 t age ( !  
_w4  ,mat!w fur!r /ates t a /> w5t be=e 
! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 till x came & /ood  
ov] :]e ! "y *ild 04 ,h[ c\ld a /> a    
million ( miles (f lead any "o on ?is   
e>?1 & h[ c\ld x at t di/ance be 9 a    
position to indicate a spot on ! e>? :]e
 ! *ild 08 ,he also /ates1 t :5 ,h]od   
f\nd he 0 mock$ he 0 wro?1 & s5t =? &   
slew all ! *ildr5 t 7 9 ,be?lehem & all 
! coa/ !re(1 f two ye>s old & "u4 ,we c 
readily imag9e ! ,pagans1 :o compos$ !  
le>n$ & intellig5t m5 ( _! day1 at "w 9 
expos+ ! /ory ( ,h]od's cruelty1 by %[+ 
t1 consid]+ ! ext5t ( t]ritory embrac$ 9
 ! ord]1 & ! population )9 x1 ! assum$  
de/ruction ( life /amp$ ! /ory false &  

ridicul\s4 ,a ,gov]nor ( a ,roman       
prov9ce :o d>$ make su* an ord] w\ld be 
s spe$ily ov]tak5 by ! v5geance ( !     
,roman p1 t 8 head w\ld fall f 8 body   
be=e ! blood ( 8 victims _h "t to dry4  
,ar*elaus1 8 son1 0 depos$ = (f5ces n to
 be spok5 ( :5 comp>$ ) ?is massacre ( !
 infants4  ,b t "p ( ! fir/ ,gospel :i* 
relat$ to ! dream ( ,joseph & !         
conception ( ,m>y 0 :at mo/ excit$ !    
criticism & ridicule ( ! p ( t day4 ,!  
:ole & sole f\ndation ( ! new religion 0
 a dream4 ,! simplicity ( ,joseph1 too1 
provok$ a smile1 if no?+ m4 ,! /ory at !
 sepul*re 0 ov]drawn1 & ?rew discr$it   
ov] all4 ,& behold1 !re 0 a great       
e>?quake3 = ! angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f   
heav51 & came & roll$ back ! /one f !   
door1 & sat ^u x4 ,8 c\nt5ance 0 l      
lightn+1 & 8 raim5t :ite z sn[4 7,mat!w 
xxviii4 #b1 #c47 ,su* a]ial bodies are n
 giv5 to ! employm5ts assign$ to ! angel
 9 ?is case4 ,roll+ /ones1 say ! wise   
m51 by spiritual ess5ces is ridicul\s & 
absurd4 ,besides1 :o kn[s any?+ ( !     

great e>?quake8 ,we f9d no acc\nt ( x1  
nor is x ev5 m5tion$ any:]e else4  ,s m5
 reason$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago--& s !y
 w\ld to-day4 ,x is evid5t t ! au?or ( !
 fir/ ,gospel _h ov]done 8 "p1 & injur$ 
! cause he meant to advance4 ,! blund]s 
& mi/akes ( ! fir/ ,gospel made x       
necess>y t !re %\ld be a second4 ,?is   
gave rise to a second ,gospel1 n by !   
same h&1 b by "s o!r1 :o felt ! pressure
 t _h be5 br\ght to be> on ,mat!w4  ,z  
?is second ,gospel 0 writt5 ) a special 
purpose1 we mu/ expect a great          
resemblance 9 x to ! fir/1 except :]e ! 
=m] makes /atem5ts :i* 7 ! occasion ( s 
mu* criticism on ! "p ( ! philosoph]s2 &
 9 su* cases1 ! be/ c\rse to pursue w\ld
 be to say no?+4 ,nak$ contradiction    
w\ld n answ]4 ,m>k has n a ^w to say    
ab\t ! /ory ( ,joseph & ! angel4 ,he    
omits ! e>?quake at ! crucifixion1 & !  
resurrection ( ! dead1 = ^! ?+s 7       
susceptible ( dispro(2 b tells ( !      
d>kness1 & ! r5t 9 ! temple1 because !  
=m] 0 comp>ative1 & may h be5 a d>k cl\d

 9 ! heav5s2 & z to ! case ( ! temple1  
no "o c\ld disprove ! /ory1 = x 0       
de/roy$4 ,! /ory ( ! angel & /one is    
entirely omitt$1 b ! /one is remov$ f ! 
m\? ( ! sepul*re :5 ! wom5 appe>1 & a "y
 man is f\nd 9 ! inside1 :o is presum$  
to h done x4 ,mat!w says t ,joseph (    
,arima!a deposit$ ! body ( ,*ri/ 9 !    
sepul*re1 & !n roll$ a great /one to !  
door4 ,aft]w>ds ! prie/ & ,ph>isees     
caus$ ! entrance to be made secure1 =   
fe> t ! body w\ld be /ol51 & ! disciples
 !n claim t he _h ris5 f ! dead4 ,if s1 
say ! philosoph]s1 ! "w 0 n s poorly    
done t "o "y man c\ld roll ! /one f !   
door1 z /at$ by ,m>k4 ,x w\ld be beyond 
8 /r5g?4  ,luke removes ! objection2 :5 
! wom5 come to ! sepul*re 9 ! morn+ !y  
f\nd ! /one remov$1 & ! body ( ,*ri/ 0  
miss+4 ,!re 0 no "y man inside1 b two m5
 7 f\nd /&+ on ! outside1 :o1 no d\bt1 7
 compet5t to d ! "w4 ,! /ory ( ! /> :i* 
l$ ! wise m51 & ! murd] ( ! infants at  
,be?lehem1 is also omitt$4 ,we are      
ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 gett+ 

up ! fir/ ,gospel1 or ^? :o succe$$ !m1 
7 driv5 to ab&on "s false & impossible &
 improbable ?+s /at$ 9 t ,gospel1 by    
pro(1 9 "s cases1 ( _! falsehood1 & 9   
o!rs by ! =ce ( argum5t & ridicule4     
,mat!w _h relat$ ! /ory ( ,joseph & !   
angel1 & t admitt$ ( no *ange or        
modification4 ,m>k says no?+ ab\t x1 b  
sil5ce w n answ]2 = ! philosoph]s /ill  
claim t all dep5ds ^u a dream1 & !      
dreams ( ,joseph are no bett] ?an !     
dreams ( any o!r man4 ,if ! /ory c\ld n 
be modifi$1 x might be corroborat$4 ,s1 
:5 x came to ,luke's turn to speak he   
adds ! /ory ( ,za*>ias1 & ! int]view    
betwe5 ,m>y & ! angel ,gabriel4 ,all n[ 
occurs 9 daylight1 & dreams :i* _h be5 !
 subject ( s mu* ridicule are disp5s$ )4
  ,:5 ,za*>ias w5t to ! temple to burn  
inc5se1 he f\nd on ! outside a great    
multitude ( p4 ,! cr[d has no connection
 ) ! /ory1 except z ^! p are want$ =    
witness z to :at happ5$ 9 ! sanctu>y4   
,:ile ,za*>ias 0 (f]+ inc5se )91 !re    
appe>$ to him an angel /&+ on ! "r side 

( ! alt>4 ,! position ( ! angel is def9$
 ) precision1 t x might n be claim$ t   
:at appe>$ to him 0 a phantom4 ,za*>ias 
saw him & 0 afraid4  ,z fur!r evid5ce t 
! angel 0 n "s optical illusion1        
,gabriel spoke1 & gave ,za*>ias su*     
in=mation ab\t ! future bir? ( a son to 
him t he 0 dispos$ to d\bt ! tru? ( x4  
,z a puni%m5t = 8 reasonable d\bts1 he  
is /ruck dumb4 ,! int]view cont9u$ s    
long t ! cr[d on ! outside began to be  
uneasy1 & :5 ,za*>ias did come out he _h
 lo/ ! p[] ( spee*4 ,?is conv9c$ !      
multitude 7b h[1 is n /at$7 t he _h se5 
a vision 9 ! temple4 ,aft] ?is1 ,gabriel
 made a visit to ,m>y 9 op5 day1 & held 
a conv]sation1 9 :i* he ann\nc$ to h] ! 
bir? ( a son ?r\gh ! ov]%ad[+ influ5ce (
 ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o w\ld reign ov] ! h\se
 ( ,jacob =ev]4 ,!n foll[s ! sc5e betwe5
 ,m>y & h] c\s9 ,elisabe?4  ,9 ,luke's  
acc\nt ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/  
by div9e ag5cy1 ! /ory ( ,joseph is     
entirely omitt$1 & new witnesses are    
introduc$4 ,8 /ory 0 well /udi$2 e      

precaution 0 tak5 to sil5ce cavil & make
 su* a case z w\ld remove d\bts4 ,!     
blund]s ( ,mat!w 7 n to be repeat$4 ,!  
bir? ( ,*ri/ & ,john1 :o 0 aft]w>ds     
call$ ! ,bapti/1 are +5i\sly associat$ 9
 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! angel1 to give color  
to :at is said ( !m 9 ! ,gospels        
aft]w>ds4  ,:at objections 7 made by !  
philosoph]s to ! /ory ( ,luke at ! "t1  
we h no means ( kn[+2 b if any 7 made1  
!re is no subsequ5t ef=t to improve x1 &
 s x rema9s to ?is day4  ,! "q int]e/s u
 to "k :5 & f :om did ,luke get 8       
in=mation4 ,if he _h x f any "o :o _h ! 
means ( kn[+ :at he tells u1 x mu/ h be5
 f ,paul1 = we h no k t he _h any       
acqua9tance1 or relations ( any k9d1 )  
ei!r ( ! disciples4 ,he 0 ,paul's       
companion3 we f9d him ) ,paul at ,troas1
 ,a4,d4 #ej2 !nce he att5d$ him to      
,j]usalem1 cont9u$ ) him dur+ 8 tr\bles 
9 ,judea1 & sail$ 9 ! same %ip ) him :5 
he 0 s5t a prison] to ,rome1 :]e he /ay$
 ) him dur+ 8 two ye>s' conf9em5t4 ,he 0
 ) him dur+ 8 second imprisonm5t1 &1 z  

we w %[ 9 ! prop] place1 he di$ ) ,paul 
9 ,rome1 & 0 "o ( ! victims ( ,n]o's    
reign4 ,if ,paul knew :at ,luke /ates z 
to ! div9e emanation ( ,*ri/1 :y does he
 n make "s allusion to x 9 8 num]\s     
epi/les8--& h[ c we und]/& t he c\ld1 ) 
su* k1 d5y ?is div9e creation1 & prea*  
to ! la/ t ,*ri/ 0 born accord+ to      
natural law8  ,luke1 too1 made mi/akes1 
:i* ,john aft]w>ds correct$ 9 ! f\r?    
,gospel4  ,we c be/ illu/rate ! claim t 
! ?ree la/ ,gospels 7 writt5 9 ! ord] !y
 appe>$1 z a necessity to meet !        
objections & cavils ( ! philosoph]s1 by 
tak+ "s lead+ subject :i* is m5tion$ by 
all4 ,take ! case ( ! resurrection4     
,mat!w says3 ,& :5 !y saw him1 !y       
wor%ipp$ him3 b "s d\bt$4 7,matt1       
xxviii4 #ag47 ,to leave ! "q :]e ,mat!w 
leaves x w\ld be fatal4 ,9 su* a case   
!re mu/ be no d\bt4 ,m>k makes ,*ri/    
appe> ?ree times "u su* circum/ances z  
to r5d] a mi/ake next to impossible1 &  
to sil5ce ! mo/ ob/9ate skepticism4 ,he 
fir/ appe>s to ,m>y ,magdal5e1 :o 0     

conv9c$ t x 0 ,*ri/1 because %e w5t &   
told ! disciples t he _h ris51 & t %e _h
 se5 him4 ,!y disbeliev$1 nor c\ld !y be
 conv9c$ until he appe>$ to !m4 ,!y 9   
turn told x to ! o!r disciples1 :o 7    
also skeptical2 &1 t !y might be        
conv9c$1 ,*ri/ also appe>$ to !m z !y   
sat at meat1 :5 he upbraid$ !m = _!     
unbelief4  ,?is /ory is mu* improv$ 9 ! 
h&s ( ,m>k1 b1 9 ! anxiety to make a    
cle> case1 x is ov]done1 z (t5 happ5s :5
 ! object is to rem$y or correct an     
ov]sight or mi/ake previ\sly made4 ,!re 
0 a l>ge am\nt ( skepticism to be       
ov]come1 b ! pro( (f]$ 0 suffici5t to d 
x1 & remove all d\bts f ! m9ds ( !      
disciples4 ,consid]+ ,*ri/ _h told !    
disciples he w\ld rise1 :y did !y d\bt  
at all8 ,ow+ to "s /range ov]sight1     
nei!r ,mat!w nor ,m>k says 9 :at way    
,*ri/ made 8 appe>ance--:e!r x 0 9 !    
body or only 9 ! _s4 ,if 9 ! latt]1 x   
w\ld be fatal to ! :ole !ory ( !        
resurrection4 ,we conclude f :at foll[$1
 t ! philosoph]s ( t day1 :o w\ld conc$e

 no?+ to ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity1 took   
advantage ( ?is ov]sight1 & d5i$ !      
resurrection ( ,*ri/ 9 ! body4 ,x 0 !   
bus9ess ( ,luke to put ?is disput$ "q 9 
its true light1 & sil5ce ! objection4   
,he says t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$ & spoke to ! 
disciples !y 7 afraid4 ,b !y 7 t]rifi$ &
 affright$1 & suppos$ t !y _h se5 a _s4 
7,luke xxiv4 #cg47 ,*ri/ !n %[$ ! w\nds 
9 8 h&s & feet4 ,& !y gave him a piece (
 a broil$ fi%1 & ( a honeycomb3 ,& he   
took x1 & did eat be=e !m4 7,luke xxiv4 
#db1 #dc47 ,n[ :o d>e d\bt8 ,:y "s      
d\bt$1 z ,mat!w says !y did1 is h>d to  
expla94 ,! acc\nt ( ,luke %\ld h        
satisfi$ ! philosoph]s t x 0 a body & n 
a _s t appe>$ to ! disciples4 ,b we c   
believe !y 7 n1 f :at is aft]w>ds said  
on ?is subject4 ,! /ory ( ! fi% &       
honeycomb 0 incr$ible & absurd4 ,x 0 a  
fi%-/ory4 ,if true1 :y did ,mat!w & ,m>k
 fail to m5tion x8  ,luke _h ov]done !  
matt]1 & in/ead ( conv9c+ ! ,pagans1 he 
only excit$ _! ridicule4  ,n[ comes     
,john's turn4 ,he does n omit entirely !

 /ory ( ,*ri/ eat+ fi%1 = t w\ld n d1   
aft] !re _h be5 s mu* said ab\t x4 ,he  
might leave x to be inf]r$ t ,luke made 
a mi/ake1 s he modifies ! /ory & omits !
 ridicul\s "p ( x4 ,! sc5e is laid on ! 
%ores ( ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias4 ,"u !        
direction ( ,*ri/1 ,pet] drew 8 net to  
l& full ( fi%4 ,jesus sai? unto !m1     
,come & d9e4 ,& none ( ! disciples dur/ 
ask him1 ,:o art ?\8 kn[+ t x 0 ! ,"l4  
,jesus !n come?1 & take? bread1 & give? 
!m1 & fi% l wise4 7,john xxi4 #ab1 #ac47
 ,x does n appe> f ?is acc\nt t ,*ri/   
ate ( ! fi% at all4 ,he took ! fi% &    
gave to ! disciples2 ! inf]5ce is1 t !y 
7 ! ones t ate4 ,9 ,luke ! /atem5t is   
rev]s$3--! disciples gave ! fi% to      
,*ri/1 & he ate4 ,john has tak5 out ( ! 
/ory t :i* 0 absurd1 b he leaves u to   
inf] t ,luke 0 ne>sight$ or c>eless 9 8 
acc\nt ( :at took place4 ,if y leave out
 ( ,luke's acc\nt ! "p t relates to !   
fi% & honeycomb1 he fails to prove :at x
 really 0 :i* appe>$ to ! disciples4    
,*ri/1 he says1 said1 ,behold my h&s &  

my feet1 t x is ,i myself4 7,*4 xxiv4   
#ci47 ,& :ile !y yet believ$ n = joy1 & 
wond]$1 he said unto !m1 ,h ye "h any   
meat8 7,*4 xxiv4 #da47 ,x seems f ?is t 
! disciples c\ld n be conv9c$ until     
,*ri/ _h actually eat5 some?+4 ,n[ if y 
/rike out ! eat+ "p1 :i* ,john does1 &  
:i* no d\bt ! ridicule ca/ ^u x drove   
him to d1 ,luke leaves ! "q op5 j :]e he
 f\nd x4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess ( ,john to leave
 x clean1 & put an end to all cavil4    
,jesus appe>$ to ! disciples :5 !y      
assembl$ at ,j]usalem4 ,& :5 he _h s    
said1 he %ew$ unto !m 8 h&s & 8 side4   
7,john xx4 #bj47 ,!y 7 satisfi$1 & no   
d\bts 7 express$4 ,b ,?omas 0 n pres5t1 
& :5 he 0 told t ,jesus _h appe>$ to !  
disciples1 he refus$ to believe1 nor    
w\ld he1 ,except ,i %all see 9 8 h&s !  
pr9t ( ! nails1 & put my f+] into ! pr9t
 ( ! nails1 & ?ru/ my h& into 8 side1 ,i
 w n believe4 7,john xx4 #be47 ,n[ if   
,?omas c be conv9c$ ) all 8 d\bts1 x    
w\ld be fooli% aft] t to d5y t ,*ri/ 0 n
 9 ! body :5 he appe>$ to 8 disciples4  

,aft] eight days ,*ri/ aga9 appe>s1 )\t 
any object t we c discov] b to conv9ce  
,?omas4 ,!n said he to ,?omas1 ,rea*    
hi!r ?y f+]1 & behold my h&s2 & rea*    
hi!r ?y h&1 & ?ru/ x into my side2 & be 
n fai?less1 b believ+4 7,john xx4 #bg47 
,x is n /at$ :e!r he did z he 0 direct$2
 b he 0 conv9c$1 & exclaim$1 ,my ,"l &  
my ,god4  ,:at fault ! ,pagans f\nd )   
?is acc\nt we h n ! means ( kn[+2 b if  
!y /ill disbeliev$1 !y 7 m skeptical ?an
 ,?omas himself4 ,we %\ld be at a loss  
to und]/& :y ! writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree     
,gospels entirely omitt$ ! /ory (       
,?omas1 if we 7 n aw>e t :5 ,john wrote 
! /ate ( ! public m9d 0 su*1 t pro( ( ! 
mo/ unque/ionable "* 0 dem&$ t ,*ri/ _h 
ris5 9 ! body4 ,john select$ a p]son :o 
claim$ he 0 h>d to conv9ce1 & if !      
evid5ce 0 su* z to satisfy him1 x ought 
to satisfy ! balance ( ! _w4  ,john's   
s]vices are aga9 requir$ to repair !    
blund]s & ov]sights ( ! writ]s ( ! fir/ 
?ree ,gospels 9 relation to ! body (    
,*ri/ aft] ! crucifixion4 ,mat!w /ates t

 ,m>y ,magdal5e & ! o!r ,m>y w5t on !   
fir/ day ( ! week to see ! sepul*re4 ,no
 o!r purpose is express$4 ,m>k says t   
e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day ( ! week1   
,m>y ,magdal5e & ,m>y ! "m ( ,james &   
,salome br\ght spices to ano9t ! body4  
,accord+ to ,luke1 aft] ! wom5 :o _h    
foll[$ ,*ri/ f ,galilee _h se5 ! body   
deposit$ 9 ! tomb1 !y return$ & prep>$  
spices & o9tm5ts1 & re/$ ! ,sabba? day4 
,! body 0 deposit$ 9 ! tomb "s "t on    
,friday1 & rema9$ until ,sunday morn+1  
on ! fir/ day ( ! ,jewi% week4          
,d\btless1 9 ! climate ( ,syria1 ! body 
9 ! mean "t mu/ h und]gone su* a *ange z
 to make x difficult to ei!r embalm or  
ev5 ano9t x4 ,! ,pagans at t day c\ld   
h>dly fail to take advantage ( ?is      
mi/ake or blund]4 ,b ,john aga9 comes to
 ! rescue & sets ! matt] "r4 ,accord+ to
 him1 ,joseph ( ,arima!a _h p]mission to
 take ! body1 :i* he did1 & c>ri$ x     
away4 ,& !re came also ,nicodemus 7:i*  
at ! fir/ came to ,jesus by night7 &    
br\ght a mixture ( myrrh & aloes1 ab\t a

 hundr$ p\nds weight4 ,!n took !y ! body
 ( ,jesus1 & w\nd x 9 l95 clo!s ) !     
spices1 z ! mann] ( ! ,jews is to bury4 
7,john xix4 #ci1 #dj47  ,john n[ fully  
sil5c$ ! cavils ( ! enemy & tak5 ! prop]
 /eps to pres]ve ! body until ! morn+ ( 
! ?ird day4  ,! subject might be fur!r  
pursu$1 b en\gh has be5 said to furni% a
 key to ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels4 ,*ri/ians 
9 _! conte/s ) ! ,pagans resemble !     
c\rse ( a retreat+ army1 :i* falls back 
to take a /rong] position4 ,ea* "t !    
position is improv$1 until "o at la/ is 
f\nd :i* is impregnable4 ,we c readily  
see h[ x is t ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels s    
closely resemble ea* o!r1 ! exact       
language = :ole passages be+ alike 9    
all4 ,m>k copies ,mat!w1 & ,luke uses ! 
words ( bo?4 ,x is only :5 ! la/        
und]takes to improve or modify some?+   
writt5 by ^? :o wrote previ\sly1 t !    
diff]5ce becomes obvi\s4 ,t ! ,*ri/ians 
9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury _h books ( 
"s k9d be=e ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels appe>$ 
9 ! pres5t %ape is beyond all dispute4  

,! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,!rapeutae1 z we h  
%[n1 7 full ( ! mo/ s\nd morality1 &    
conta9$ all ! ess5tial pr9ciples (      
,*ri/ianity4 ,^! writ+s 7 anci5t--_h be5
 reg>d$ z sacr$ = g5]ations among !m1 & 
7 s mu* l ! pres5t ,gospels t ,eusebius 
claim$ !m to be ! same1 & t ! ,!rapeutae
 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,no d\bt ! ,hebrew ,gospel
 ( ,mat!w 0 extant1 & if x 0 reject$ by 
! ,*ri/ians ( t day1 because x did n    
conta9 ! two fir/ *apt]s ( ! ,greek     
v]sion1 !re 0 no reason :y !y %\ld      
reject ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & all !     
sublime & pure religion taught by ,*ri/4
 ,! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,!rapeutae--!      
,hebrew v]sion ( ,mat!w1 ! ,epi/le (    
,james & ! fir/ ( ,pet]--furni%$ !      
pr9ciples & doctr9es :i* n[ =m ! life ( 
,*ri/ianity2 & ! great want ( ! day--t  
is1 "s pro( ( ! actual exi/5ce ( ! p]son
 ( ,*ri/1 by ^? :o _h se5 him & 7       
famili> ) him be=e 8 dea?--0 suppli$ 9 !
 fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 by ! te/imony ( ^? 
:o claim$ to be 8 disciples1 or by ^?   
:o1 x is said1 wrote at _! dictation4   

,9 :at qu>t] ( ! globe 7 ! ,synoptics   
writt51 & by :om8 ,all t c be said on   
?is subject ) c]ta9ty is1 t ! ,greek    
v]sion ( ,mat!w1 ! s\rce ( all1 0 n     
writt5 9 ,judea1 or by "o :o knew any?+ 
( ! geography ( ! c\ntry1 or ! hi/ory ( 
! ,jews4 ,he 0 ignorant ( bo?4 ,:at     
excuse 0 !re b ignorance = mak+ ! ord] =
 ! massacre ( ! infants to include      
,be?lehem1 & all ! coa/ !re(1 :i* w\ld  
take 9 at lea/ ! "o-half ( all ,judea1 &
 involve 9 "o common slaught]1 accord+  
to ! calculations ( le>n$ m51 sev]al    
?\s& innoc5t *ildr58 ,! ,greek writ] (  
,mat!w evid5tly believ$ t ,be?lehem 0 an
 insignificant hamlet1 situat$ on ! coa/
 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]eas x is z f> 9 !  
int]ior z ,j]usalem2 & n f> f ! c5tre ( 
,judea4 ,! writ]'s ignorance ( ,jewi%   
hi/ory w appe> /ill m conspicu\s1 :5 we 
speak ( ! application :i* he makes (    
prophecy to ! p]son ( ,jesus4 ,:oev] !  
writ] may h be51 x is evid5t t he       
receiv$ 8 education at ! college at     
,alex&ria1 :]e ,m$ic9e & ,div9ity 7     

taught1 & reg>d$ z insep>able4 ,f !     
union ( ! two1 recov]y f diseases 0     
ascrib$ to sup]natural p[]s4 ,a fev] 0 a
 demon1 :i* 0 n to be expell$ by virtue 
( any mat]ial rem$y1 b by incantations1 
spells1 & magic4 ,x 0 by su* p[] ,*ri/  
cleans$ ! lep]--heal$ ! c5turion's      
s]vant--t\*$ ! h& ( ,pet]'s wife's "m & 
drove away ! fev]--expell$ ! devils f   
two m5 into sw9e1 & p]=m$ _m o!r cures4 
,! :ole ( ! fir/ ,gospel has an         
,alex&rian look n easily to be          
mi/ak5--if we except ! miracle ( !      
loaves & fi%es1 walk ( ,*ri/ on ! wat]1 
& o!r wond]s ( a l nature1 :i* is ! "w (
 "s "o lat] 9 ! c5tury4 ,! des]ts 9 !   
neighborhood ( ,alex&ria ab\nd$ )       
mona/]ies f ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( !        
,!rapeutae to ! conque/ ( ,egypt by !   
,mahometan p[]1 :i* 7 fill$ ) monks :o 7
 celebrat$ = _! piety1 _! miracles1 _!  
p[] to expel devils & heal diseases4 ,! 
pages ( ,sozom5 & ,socrates ab\nd ) !   
names ( monks :o cur$ ! palsy1 expell$  
demons1 & cur$ ! sick4 7,sozom51 ,ecc4  

,hi/41 lib4 vi41 *4 #bh47     ,,*apt]   
,,vii4       ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee nev] 
9 ,asia ,m9or4--,john !      ,presbyt]  
sub/itut$4--,! "w ( ,ir5aeus &          
,eusebius4--      ,john ! disciple has  
s]v$ to create an enigma 9              
hi/ory4--,john ( ,ephesus a my?4  ,0    
,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee ev] 9 ,asia8 ,to  
ask a "q :i* implies a d\bt on a subject
 t has be5 agre$ on = almo/ tw5ty       
c5turies1 w probably />tle _m ev5 9 ?is 
age ( inquiry & progress4 ,x may be a "q
 :e!r he :o makes a discov]y 9 sci5ce or
 ! arts :i* facilitates ! advance (     
mank9d1 or he :o contributes by 8 labors
 to remove a delusion :i* has /ood 9 !  
way ( progress1 is mo/ entitl$ to !     
gratitude ( 8 fell[-m54 ,a falsehood1 z 
long z x /&s unque/ion$1 may & does     
receive ! respect :i* is due to ! tru?2 
b !re is a "t :51 no matt] h[ ho>y )    
age1 x mu/ pass away & give place to !  
latt]4  ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee ! fi%]man1
 ^u c>eful inquiry1 c nev] be           
successfully conf\nd$ ) him ( ,ephesus4 

,8 "*1 z develop$ 9 ! ,synoptics1 is    
compos$ ( negative qualities4 ,we f9d   
him 9 ,j]usalem :5 he _h got to be fifty
 ye>s old1 )\t any evid5ce1 up to t "t1 
t he _h be5 out ( sight ( ! walls ( !   
city1 & no pro( t he said or did any?+  
wor?y ( notice4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ 9      
connection ) "s ( ! great sc5es 9 ! life
 ( ,*ri/1 b he takes no "p1 &1 l !      
sup]num]>ies on ! /age1 8 pres5ce is    
only ne$$ to fill up a requir$ numb]4   
,to be sure1 ,paul speaks ( him 9       
connection ) ,james & ,pet] z pill>s ( !
 *ur*--:i* has no significance1 z ! n9e 
o!r disciples 7 all mod]ate m51 & ! *ur*
 at ! "t few 9 numb] & easily manag$4   
,john ( ! ,synoptics is n only lymphatic
 & ( negative qualities1 b1 f 8         
condition 9 life & pursuits1 mu/ h _h b 
little le>n+ ( any k9d4 ,john ( !       
,greeks is a man ( le>n+1 & a s*ol>4 ,he
 0 ma/] ( ! ,greek1 & 0 famili> ) !     
ab/ruse & subtle philosophy ( t         
speculative p4 ,he 0 at home 9 all !    
diff]5t & v>i\s doctr9es ( ! ,gno/ics1 &

 prov$ himself ! mo/ able man ( ! age 9 
8 conte/s ) ^? num]\s sects :i* embrac$ 
! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ! second c5tury4 ,9    
f9e1 ?is ,john ( ,galilee1 ^: "n is     
seldom m5tion$1 or if s1 n = any?+ he   
said or did1 :o lives to be m ?an fifty 
)\t ! lea/ notice be+ tak5 ( him1 or    
allusion made--?is phlegmatic ,john1    
aft] he has pass$ ! m]idian ( life1 & 8 
p[]s are on ! decl9e1 has all at once   
become a tea*]1 & ! great light (       
,grecian !ology1 & wields a p5 ) ! fire 
& _s ( ,demo/h5es6 ,a *ange & complete  
trans=mation l ?is is n[h]e else to be  
f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! tru? is1 !   
,john ( ,galilee is n ! ,john (         
,ephesus4 ,! latt] is a phantom ( "s    
,greek's bra91 :i* has s]v$ to mislead  
m5 = ages4  ,if ,john ! disciple _h ev] 
pass$ out ( ,syria into ,asia ,m9or1 s  
important a fact w\ld f9d a place 9 "s  
au!ntic hi/ory2 & f ! "t he put 8 foot 9
 ! c\ntry1 8 me&]+s1 l ^? ( ,paul1 w\ld 
be well kn[n & pres]v$4 ,we leave him 9 
,j]usalem 9 ,a4,d4 #ej1 & ! next "t we  

he> ( him he is 9 ,ephesus4 ,:5 he left 
,judea1 & :5 he arriv$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 no
 "o pret5ds to "k4 ,f ! ye> =ty-eight1 &
 p]haps mu* soon]1 to ! spr+ (          
sixty-five1 ,paul sp5t n9e-t5?s ( 8 "t  
travell+ up & d[n ! ,ar*ipelago1        
e/abli%+ & visit+ ! *ur*es4 ,he made !  
circuit ?ree times1 & x 0 8 uni=m       
practice1 9 clos+ 8 epi/les to ! diff]5t
 *ur*es1 to m5tion ^? ( ! bre?r5 :o 7 ) 
him1 ev5 if !y 7 n ( mu* importance2 &  
yet 9 none ( !m does he m5tion ! "n (   
,john4 ,consid]+ t ,john 0 an ,apo/le1  
?is sil5ce ( ,paul c be acc\nt$ = only  
by ! fact t he did n he> ( or see him 9 
,asia ,m9or1 & 0 9 ,ephesus z late z !  
ye> sixty-f\r1 & /ill lat]1 sixty-five1 
& up to t "t ,john _h n be5 !re1 = ,paul
 makes no m5tion ( him4  ,:at hi/orical 
pro( is !re t is wor?y ( cr$it1 t ,john 
0 ev] 9 ,asia ,m9or8 ,! :ole /ory re/s  
on ! %\ld]s ( ,ir5aeus4  ,"h is :at he  
says3 ,!n1 aga91 ! *ur* 9 ,ephesus1     
f\nd$ by ,paul1 & hav+ ,john rema9+     
among !m p]man5tly until ! times (      

,trajan1 is a true witness ( !          
traditions4 7,book ,,iii4 sec4 #c47     
,ir5aeus cites no au?ority1 & we h a "r1
 9 a matt] ( s mu* importance1 to dem& (
 him "s evid5ce t :at he /ates is true4 
,9 ?is abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to writt5   
te/imony we h a "r to inf] t !re 0 none1
 & t !re 0 no gr\nd = ! ass]tion b      
tradition4 ,?is ,ir5aeus is =c$ to      
admit4 ,! book on h]esies 0 writt51 z we
 %all %[1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aha4 ,accord+ to 
au!ntic hi/ory1 ,paul 0 9 ,ephesus 9    
sixty-five1 ! la/ "t4 ,if ! /atem5t (   
,ir5aeus is f\nd$ on tradition1 & !re is
 no o!r1 !n ! tradition t ,paul left    
,john 9 ,ephesus is "o hundr$ & sixte5  
ye>s old4 ,we w see :at a tradition s   
old1 h&$ d[n to future ages1 is wor?1   
com+ f ,ir5aeus4 ,a tradition ov] "o    
hundr$ ye>s old1 :5 fir/ ins]t$ into !  
pages ( hi/ory by "o ( ! mo/ di%one/    
hi/orians ( any age1 is ! au?ority we h 
9 our day = believ+ a mo/ important fact
 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,!       
caption to ! section f :i* ! above      

passage 0 tak5 w expla9 ! reason :y     
,ir5aeus und]took to misrepres5t ! tru? 
( hi/ory3 ,a refutation ( ! h]etics1 f !
 fact t1 9 ! v>i\s *ur*es1 a p]petual   
succession ( ,bi%ops 0 kept up4 ,he 0   
engag$ 9 furni%+ an apo/le to ! *ur*es 9
 ,asia ,m9or & "s p>ts ( ,greece1 = an  
apo/olic succession4 ,we w f9d him      
engag$ 9 do+ a great deal ( ?is k9d (   
bus9ess be=e we are done ) him4 ,! pro( 
t ,john 0 n 9 ,ephesus is conclusive4 ,!
 language ( ,ir5aeus implies t ,paul    
plac$ ,john 9 *>ge ( ! *ur* :5 he left =
 ,rome = he says ,john rema9$4 ,?is is n
 s4 ,:5 ,paul left ,ephesus1 9 ! ye> ,a4
 ,d4 #fd or #fe1 he left ,timo?y !re 9  
*>ge ( ! *ur*1 & he rema9$ until ,paul  
got into tr\ble 9 ,rome1 9 ! fall ( ,a4 
,d4 #fe1 :5 ! latt] s5t = him4 ,w\ld    
,paul leave ! *ur* 9 ! *>ge ( ,timo?y :5
 "o ( ! ,apo/les 0 !re1 especially z he 
0 s "y t "s object$ to him on acc\nt ( 8
 age8 ,9 writ+ to ,timo?y to meet him 9 
,rome1 w\ld ,paul fail to make "s m5tion
 ( ! ,apo/le1 if he _h be5 9 ,ephesus :5

 he left8--,n "o ^w to an ,apo/le :o    
w\ld naturally take *>ge ( ! *ur*1 9 !  
abs5ce ( himself & ,timo?y8  ,x is cle>1
 !n1 t ,john _h n be5 9 ,ephesus up to !
 fall or summ] ( ,a4 ,d4 #fe1 :5 ,timo?y
 left to g to ,rome2 & ! "q is1 0 he !re
 aft] ?is8 & if s1 :58 ,polyc>p presid$ 
ov] ! *ur* at ,smyrna1 :i* 0 n f> f     
,ephesus1 & betwe5 ! two po9ts !re 0    
con/ant int]c\rse by l& & wat]2 & if    
,john _h succe$$ ,timo?y at ! latt]     
place1 w\ld n he1 ,polyc>p1 take "s     
notice ( s important a fact8 ,he speaks 
( ,paul 9 8 lett] to ! ,philippians1 &  
:y n m5tion ,john1 :o 0 "o ( ! twelve   
,apo/les8 ,polyc>p liv$ to ! end ( !    
c5tury1 & x is claim$ ,john also liv$ to
 ab\t t "t1 & z !y bo? liv$ s long 9 su*
 close proximity1 h[ natural x w\ld be t
 ! int]c\rse betwe5 !m %\ld be mo/      
intimate1 & t ! =m] %\ld m5tion ^?      
relations ) an ,apo/le 9 writ+ to !     
*ur*es he address$1 ,ir5aeus felt ! =ce 
( ?is1 & und]takes to %[ t ,polyc>p 0 ! 
he>] & disciple ( ,john4 ,he says3 ,^!  

?+s are atte/$ by ,papias1 :o 0 ,john's 
he>] & ! associate ( ,polyc>p1 an anci5t
 writ]1 :o m5tions !m 9 ! f\r? book ( 8 
works4 7,quot$ 9 ,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41
 book iii41 *ap4 #ci47 ,x is meant t x  
%\ld be und]/ood f ?is passage t bo?    
,papias & ,polyc>p _h se5 & he>d ,john !
 ,apo/le4 ,n[ ,papias nev] conv]s$ )    
,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee ! fi%]man1 & he  
says s1 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ 9 ! writ+s (
 ,eusebius4 ,aft] quot+ ! passage j cit$
 f ,ir5aeus1 ,eusebius says3 ,b ,papias 
himself1 9 ! preface to 8 disc\rses1 by 
no means ass]ts t he 0 a he>] & an      
eye-witness ( ! holy ,apo/les1 b in=ms u
 t he receiv$ ! doctr9es ( fai? f _!    
intimate fri5ds1 :i* he /ates 9 ! foll[+
 words3 ',b ,i %all n regret to subjo9  
to my int]pretations1 also = y\r b5efit1
 :atsoev] ,i h at any "t accurately     
asc]ta9$ & treasur$ up 9 my memory1 z ,i
 h receiv$ x f ! eld]s1 & h record$ x 9 
ord] to give additional confirmation to 
! tru? by my te/imony4 ,= ,i nev]1 l _m1
 delight$ to he> ^? t tell _m ?+s1 b ^? 

t tea* ! tru?2 nei!r ^? t record =eign  
precepts1 b ^? t are giv5 f ! ,"l to our
 fai?1 & t came f ! tru? itself4 ,b if  
,i met ) any "o :o _h be5 a foll[] ( !  
eld]s any:]e1 ,i made x a po9t to       
inquire :at 7 ! decl>ations ( !         
eld]s1--:at 0 said by ,&rew1 ,pet]1 or  
,philip2 :at by ,?omas1 ,james1 ,john1  
,mat!w1 or any o!r ( ! disciples ( our  
,"l2 :at 0 said by ,ari/ion1 & !        
,presbyt] ,john1 disciples ( ! ,"l2 = ,i
 d n ?9k t ,i d]iv$ s mu* b5efit f books
 z f ! liv+ voice ( ^? t are /ill       
surviv+4' ,& ! same ,papias ( :om we n[ 
speak pr(esses to h receiv$ !           
decl>ations ( ! ,apo/les f ^? t 7 9     
company ) !m1 & says also t he 0 a he>] 
( ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john4 ,=1 z he
 has (t5 m5tion$ !m by "n1 he also gives
 _! /atem5ts 9 8 own works4 7,eusebius1 
,ecc4 ,hi/41 book iii4 *ap4 #ci47  ,he  
says he nev] conv]s$ ) ,john1 b ) !     
eld]s1 & t he 0 a he>] ( ,presbyt]      
,john1 & s 0 ,polyc>p4 ,:5 ,ir5aeus says
 t ,papias conv]s$ ) ,john1 )\t tell+   

:i* ,john1 he knew t no "o w\ld be ?\ght
 ( b ! disciple2 & su* w\ld h be5 !     
case1 _h n ,eusebius pres]v$ ?is fragm5t
 f ! writ+s ( ,papias4 ,polyc>p &       
,papias bo? conv]s$ ) ! same ,john1 :o 0
 ,john ! ,presbyt]4 ,9 ano!r place      
,ir5aeus says3 ,b ,polyc>p also 0 only  
in/ruct$ by ?is ,apo/le1 & _h conv]s$ ) 
_m :o _h se5 ,*ri/4 7,book iii4 *ap4 #c1
 sec4 #c47 ,?is is a palpable falsehood1
 & s appe>s f ! passage j cit$4 ,he     
cites no au?ority1 b lets facts ( s mu* 
importance 9 hi/ory dep5d on 8 simple   
^w4 ,if :at is /at$ be true1 :y does n  
,polyc>p himself say some?+ ab\t !      
s\rces f :i* he d]iv$ 8 doctr9es8 ,no?+ 
w\ld give s great weight to 8 prea*+ z t
 he d]iv$ :at he taught f ^? :o _h li/5$
 to ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les4 ,:y speak (     
,paul1 & :at he taught1 & n ( ,jesus & 8
 disciples1 & :at !y taught8  ,! _w is  
indebt$ to ,ir5aeus = ! /ory ( :at took 
place betwe5 ,john & ,c]9?us at !       
ba?-h\se 9 ,ephesus4 ,speak+ ( ,polyc>p1
 & h[ 9 all respects he 0 sup]ior to    

,val5t9ianus & ,m>cion1 he says3 ,!re   
are also ^? :o he>d f him 7,polyc>p7 t  
,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 go+ to ba! at
 ,ephesus1 & p]ceiv+ ,c]9?us )91 ru%$   
out ( ! ba?-h\se )\t ba?+1 exclaim+1    
',let u fly1 le/ ev5 ! ba?-h\se fall    
d[n1 because ,c]9?us is )94 ' 7,book    
iii4 *ap4 #c47  ,n[ x has be5 %[n t     
,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l nev] saw       
,polyc>p1 & if any?+ ( ! k9d ev] did    
take place1 x 0 betwe5 ,polyc>p & ,john 
! ,presbyt]4 ,! latt] is a hi/oric "*1  
spok5 ( by ,polyc>p1 :o liv$ ab\t ?is   
"t1 & 0 a ,presbyt] 9 ! *ur*2 & x is    
evid5t t ,ir5aeus seeks to conf\nd !    
,apo/le ) him4 ,x is = ?is reason he    
describes him 9 ! above passage z !     
disciple ( ! ,"l1 = :i* !re 0 no reason1
 unless he meant to deceive4 ,we h prov$
 t he tri$ x once1 & :5 ! fir/ falsehood
 is utt]$ x is easy to fabricate a      
second4 ,?is is ! fir/ bl[ t 0 direct$  
by ,ir5aeus aga9/ ,c]9?us1 a lead] among
 ! ,gno/ics2 b x is only initiatory to  
/ill heavi] ones :i* are to foll[4      

,m>cion 0 a di/+ui%$ "* among !         
,gno/ics1 & he too mu/ receive "s damag+
 bl[s at ! h&s ( ,polyc>p1 ! disciple ( 
,john4 ,& ,polyc>p himself repli$ to    
,m>cion1 :o met him on "o occasion1 &   
said1 ,do/ ?\ "k me8--,i d "k !e--!     
fir/-born ( ,satan4--,su*1 cont9ues !   
writ]1 0 ! horror :i* ! ,apo/les & !    
disciples _h aga9/ hold+ ev5 a v]bal    
communication ) any ( ! corrupt]s ( !   
tru?4 7,book iii4 *ap4 #c47  ,! ,apo/le 
9 ?is case 0 ,john ! ,presbyt]1 if any  
"o1 & ! disciple ,polyc>p ! m>tyr1 :o   
_h1 9 fact1 nev] se5 any ( ! ,apo/les4  
,x is to be not$ t no au?ority is giv5  
by ,ir5aeus = ^! /ories1 ?\gh !y are    
introduc$ z "s ?+s :i* somebody _h said4
 ,su* is hi/ory4  ,! value ( tradition f
 ! au?ority ( ,ir5aeus may be judg$ ( by
 ! foll[+ /atem5t he makes1 evid5tly    
int5d$ to /r5g!n ! ass]tion he made ab\t
 ! pres5ce ( ,/4 ,john 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9
 all cases :]e he wants x to appe> t !  
,apo/le 0 !re1 he connects ! pr9cipal   
subject ) o!r /atem5ts 9 a way z if !   

ma9 fact 0 incid5tally m5tion$4 ,n[     
,jesus 01 z x 71 beg9n+ to be ?irty ye>s
 old :5 he came to receive baptism1 &   
accord+ to ^? m5 he prea*$ only "o ye>1 
reckon+ f 8 baptism4 ,on complet+ 8     
?irtie? ye> he suff]$1 be+ /ill a "y    
man1 & :o _h by no means atta9$ to      
advanc$ age4 ,n[1 t ! fir/ /age ( e>ly  
life embraces ?irty ye>s1 & t ext5ds    
onw>ds to ! =tie? ye>1 e "o w admit2 b f
 ! =tie? & fiftie? ye> a man beg9s to   
decl9e t[>ds old age1 :i* our ,"l       
possess$1 :ile he /ill fulfill$ ! (fice 
( tea*]1 ev5 z ! gospel & all ! eld]s   
te/ify4 ,^? :o 7 conv]sant 9 ,asia )    
,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l 7affirm+7 t   
,john gave to !m t in=mation4 ,& he     
rema9$ among !m up to ! "t ( ,trajan4   
,"s ( !m1 moreov]1 saw n only ,john1 b !
 o!r ,apo/les1 & he>d ! same acc\nt f   
!m1 & be> te/imony z to ! validity ( !  
/atem5t4 ,:i*1 !n1 %\ld we r            
believe8--:e!r su* z ^!1 or ,ptolemaeus1
 :o nev] saw ! ,apo/les1 & :o nev] 9 8  
dreams atta9$ to ! slighte/ trace ( an  

,apo/le8 7,book ii4 *ap4 #bb1 sec4 #e47 
,x seems t ,ir5aeus _h got into a       
dispute ) ,ptolemaeus1 & attempts to    
sil5ce him1 z he does all oppon5ts1 by !
 au?ority ( ! disciples1 & especially ( 
,john1 :o is ! only "o he names4 ,john1 
too1 0 9 ,asia at ! "t4 ,x is n said :]e
 ! o!r ,apo/les 74 ,ptolemaeus claim$1 z
 appe>s 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! same section1 t 
,*ri/ prea*$ = "o ye> only1 & !n suff]$ 
9 ! twelf? mon?4 ,! argum5t )           
,ptolemaeus 01 t ,*ri/ 0 too "y1 &      
prea*$ too %ort a "t1 to be reg>d$ z a  
tea*] ( mu* au?ority2 & 9 ?is way1 z    
,ir5aeus says1 de/roy+ 8 :ole "w1 &     
robb+ him ( t age :i* is bo? necess>y & 
m honorable ?an any o!r2 t m advanc$    
age1 ,i mean1 dur+ :i* also1 z a tea*]1 
he excell$ all o!rs4 ,! objection is put
 d[n 9 a summ>y way1 claim+ t ! "t (    
,*ri/'s prea*+ ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( t5  
ye>s4 ,?is is :at ! ,apo/les /at$1 & :at
 ,john said :ile he 0 9 ,asia1 & :o     
rema9$ !re to ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,trajan4  
,ecclesia/ical hi/ory claims ?ree ye>s  

only z ! p]iod ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 b x c  
be prov5 t ! tru? lies on ! side (      
,ptolemaeus4 ,did ,john1 :ile he 0 9    
,asia1 & ! o!r ,apo/les1 no matt] :]e1  
give rise to su* absurd & false         
traditions8 ,if ,john 0 9 ,ephesus at ! 
"t ,paul w5t to ,rome1 9 ! ye> ,a4 ,d4  
#fe1 & rema9$ to ! "t ( ,trajan1 z /at$ 
by ,ir5aeus1 he 0 9 ,asia ?irty-five    
ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t 8 hi/ory mu/ h be5 s 
int]wov5 ) ! affairs ( ! *ur*1 hold+ !  
rank ( an ,apo/le1 t no?+ c\ld be m easy
 ?an to prove 8 pres5ce 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!re
 is no difficulty 9 foll[+ ! foot/eps ( 
,paul = ea* ye> aft] he set out to prea*
 ! gospel1 :e!r 9 ,europe or ,asia2 & s 
) any real "* :o has be5 conspicu\s = 8 
tal5ts1 or f ! position he held 9 8 day4
 ,b nei!r ,ir5aeus nor ,eusebius h be5  
able to furni% ! _w ) ! lea/ evid5ce ( a
 sub/antial "* ( ! pres5ce ( ,john 9    
,asia1 al?\gh !y h und]tak5 x1 & exhau/$
 _! +5uity 9 try+ to d s4 ,if no bett]  
pro( c be giv5 ( ! pres5ce ( ,john 9    
,asia1 aft] a resid5ce ( ?irty-five     

ye>s1 ?an a grave1 :i* may z well be    
claim$ to be t ( ,hannibal z t ( ,john1 
! _w w be satisfi$ he nev] 0 !re4       
,eusebius has display$ 8 *>act]i/ic     
+5uity1 & %[n 8 usual disreg>d = tru? 9 
an ef=t to prove t ! grave ( ,john 0 9  
,ephesus1 & t x 0 id5tifi$ z late z !   
latt] "p ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird  
c5tury4 ,he travels out ( 8 way to d    
x--manife/s f ! way he does x t he is   
engag$ 9 a fraud1 &1 betwe5 ! fe> (     
detection & anxiety = success1 he makes 
poor "w ( x4 ,he causes ,polycrates1 :o 
0 ,bi%op ( ,ephesus1 to write a lett] to
 ,victor1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ) ! app>5t    
purpose ( in=m+ him t "s mighty lum9>ies
 _h fall5 asleep 9 ,asia1 b1 9 fact1 to 
give an opportunity to make m5tion ( !  
grave ( ,john z be+ !re 9 ,ephesus4 ,:o 
^! lum9>ies 7 :o _h fall5 asleep1 he    
does n "n2 b dismisses ?is "p ( !       
subject & proce$s to say3 ,moreov]1     
,john1 t re/$ on ! bosom ( our ,"l1 he  
also re/s at ,ephesus4 ,"s o!r matt]s   
are introduc$ into ! lett]1 :i* relat$  

to ! burial ( ,philip & 8 two daught]s  
at ,hi]apolis2 b ?is 0 only int5d$ to   
conceal ! real purpose & design ( !     
writ]4  ,victor 0 ,bi%op ( ,rome 9 !    
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 aft] ,john1 if  
we admit he 0 9 ,asia1 _h be5 dead "o   
hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 writ+ to ,victor ab\t   
p]sons :o _h lately di$1 & )\t say+ :o  
!y 71 :y %\ld ,polycrates make m5tion ( 
! grave ( ,john z locat$ 9 ,ephesus1    
:i*1 if true1 w\ld h be5 z well kn[n to 
all ,asia z ! tomb ( ,wa%+ton is kn[n to
 ! enlight5$ _w to be at ,m\nt ,v]non8  
,t intellig5t m5 ( ! second & ?ird      
c5turies d5i$ & disprov$ ! pres5ce (    
,john 9 ,asia1 is r5d]$ c]ta9 by !      
/ruggles & desp]ate ef=ts ( _! adv]s>ies
 to e/abli% ! affirmative4 ,!           
indications are1 t ! philosoph]s prov$ t
 ! p]son :om ! ,*ri/ians claim$ to be ! 
,apo/le ,john 0 "s o!r ,john2 9 all     
probability1 ,john ! ,presbyt]4 ,^u ?is 
po9t ! pro( seems to h be5 s conclusive 
t ! ,*ri/ians 7 driv5 to ! necessity (  
prov+ t !re 7 two ,johns--"o besides !  

presbyt]4 ,eusebius takes ?is task ^u   
himself4 ,we quote f ! above lett] (    
,polycrates to ,victor3 ,= 9 ,asia also 
mighty lum9>ies h fall5 asleep1 :i* w   
rise aga9 at ! la/ day at ! appe>ance ( 
! ,"l1 :5 he %all come ) glory f heav51 
& %all ga!r aga9 all ! sa9ts4 ,philip1  
"o ( ! twelve ,apo/les1 sleeps 9        
,hi]apolis1 & 8 two ag$ virg9 daught]s4 
,ano!r ( 8 daught]s1 :o liv$ 9 ! ,holy  
,_s1 re/s at ,ephesus4 ,moreov]1 ,john1 
t re/$ on ! bosom ( ! ,"l1 :o 0 a prie/ 
t bore ! sac]dotal plate1 & m>tyr1 &    
tea*]1 he also re/s at ,ephesus4        
7,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 book iii4 *4   
#ca47 ,ow+ ei!r to a bad translation1 or
 design on ! "p ( ! writ]1 two di/9ct   
*>act]s are s run toge!r 9 ! same       
s5t5ce1 t we w\ld suppose !m to be "o   
p]son if we did n "k t ! p]son :o lean$ 
on ! bosom ( ! ,"l c\ld n be ! "o :o    
bore ! sac]dotal plate1 & 0 a m>tyr4  ,x
 w\ld seem f ?is ef=t to make x appe> t 
!re 7 two ,johns buri$ at ,ephesus1 t ! 
philosoph]s prov$ t ! ,john :o bore !   

sac]dotal plate 0 ! "o ! ,*ri/ians 7    
attempt+ to impose on ! _w z ! real     
,john1 & t ! pro( 0 su* t !y _h to yield
 ! po9t1 & claim t !re 7 two graves--"o 
! m>tyr's1 & ! o!r ! ,apo/le's4         
,eusebius felt consci\s t x 0 n safe to 
re/ 8 case "h1 & we f9d him rea*+ out 9 
e direction = fur!r pro(1 satisfi$ )    
any?+ t w give color to ! fact he labors
 to e/abli%4  ,9 ano!r place he /ates3  
,:]e x is also prop] to obs]ve ! "n (   
,john is twice m5tion$4 ,! =m] ( :i* he 
7,papias7 m5tions ) ,pet] & ,james &    
,mat!w1 & ! o!r apo/les2 evid5tly mean+ 
! evangeli/4 ,b 9 a sep>ate po9t ( 8    
disc\rse he ranks ! o!r ,john ) ! re/ n 
includ$ 9 ! numb] ( apo/les1 plac+      
,ari/ion be=e him4 ,he di/+ui%es him    
pla9ly by ! "n ( ,presbyt]4 ,s t x is "h
 prov$ t ! /atem5t ( ^? is true :o ass]t
 !re 7 two ( ! same "n 9 ,asia1 t !re 7 
also two tombs 9 ,ephesus1 & t bo? are  
call$ ,john's ev5 to ?is day2 :i* x is  
p>ticul>ly necess>y to obs]ve           
7,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 book iii4 *ap1 

xxxix47 ,z mu* z to say to ! object+    
philosoph]s1 ,if y h prov$ t "o ,john 9 
,asia 0 ! ,presbyt] ,john1 we prove by  
,papias t !re 7 two1 & t "o ( !m 0 !    
,apo/le4 ,if ?is is s1 x is only by     
inf]5ce4 ,b x spoils ! argum5t :5 x is  
%[n t :5 ,papias speaks ( ! two ,johns1 
he does n say !y 7 9 ,asia1 or :]e !y 74
 ,he speaks at ! same "t ( all !        
,apo/les1 or ne>ly s1 by "n1 b does n   
m5tion !m1 or any ( !m1 9 connection )  
any place4 ,to subs]ve a p>ticul>       
purpose1 ,ir5aeus _h ass]t$ t ,john _h  
be5 9 ,ephesus1 :]e he rema9$ a long "t1
 )\t ! lea/ au?ority to su/a9 him4 ,x 0 
a b>e1 nak$ ass]tion )\t pro(4  ,9 !    
?ird & f\r? c5turies1 dur+ ! "t (       
,eusebius1 ?is ass]tion _h gr[n to great
 importance1 by reason t1 on ! fact t x 
0 s1 0 f\nd$ ! ,apo/olic succession (   
ne>ly all ! *ur*es 9 ,europe1 & mo/ (   
,asia4 ,to ma9ta9 ! pres5ce ( ,john 9   
,asia 0 z important z x 0 to prove t    
,pet] _h be5 9 ,rome4 ,und]/&+ !        
importance ( ?is fact1 ! philosoph]s    

direct$ _! attacks ^u x1 %[+ t ! man !  
,*ri/ians call$ ! ,apo/le 0 somebody    
else4 ,x devolv$ ^u ,eusebius1 ! mo/    
le>n$ man ( 8 day1 to def5d ! position4 
,! task exce$$ 8 ability1 b n 8         
incl9ation to deceive4 ,if we except    
,ir5aeus1 no writ] has s /udi\sly put   
himself to "w to impose falsehoods on ! 
_w z ,eusebius1 ,bi%op ( ,caes>ea4 ,8   
g5ius 0 employ$ 9 v>i\s ways1 &         
especially 9 p]v]t+ *ronology4 ,speak+ (
 a class ( m5 :o gave !mselves up to su*
 employm5ts1 ! au?or ( ! ,intellectual  
,developm5t ( ,europe1 page #adg1 says3 
,among ^? :o h be5 guilty ( ?is lit]>y  
(f5ce1 ! "n ( ! celebrat$ ,eusebius1 !  
,bi%op ( ,caes>ea 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1  
%\ld be designat$1 s9ce 9 8 *ronography 
& ,syn*ronal tables he purposely 'p]v]t$
 *ronology = ! sake ( mak+ syn*ronisms4'
 7,buns547 ,x is true1 z ,niebuhr       
ass]ts1 ',he is a v di%one/ writ]4' ,to 
a great ext5t1 ! sup]s$+ ( ! ,egyptian  
annals 0 br\ght ab\t by 8 influ5ce4 ,x 0
 =gott51 h[ev]1 t ( all ?+s *ronology is

 ! lea/ suit$ to be an object (         
inspiration1 & t1 ?\gh m5 may be :olly  
indiff]5t to tru? = its own sake1 &     
consid] x n improp] to wre/ x           
unscrupul\sly to :at !y may suppose a j 
purpose1 yet t x w v9dicate itself at   
la/ ,8 "* = tru? /ood no bett] among    
writ]s ( ! fif? c5tury1 = ,socrates     
fairly *>ges t 9 8 life ( ,con/ant9e he 
_h m reg>d = 8 own advancem5t ?an he _h 
= ! tru? ( hi/ory4 7,book i4 *4 #a47 ,a 
:ole volume is devot$ to display !      
virtues & exalt ! "* ( a man :o _h      
murd]$ 8 son ,crispus--8 nephew         
,lic9ius--suffocat$ 8 wife ,fau/a 9 a   
/eam ba?1 & :o1 to rev5ge a pasqu9ade1 0
 ) difficulty re/ra9$ f ! massacre ( !  
entire population ( ,rome4  ,9 ano!r "p 
( ?is volume we w h occasion to detect &
 expose ! g5ius ( ?is ,fa!r1 9 8 attempt
 to create a *ronology s z to give      
semblance to a li/ ( m5 :o nev] exi/$1 b
 :o 7 requir$ to fill an important gap 9
 ! life ( ! *ur*4 ,no fitt] in/rum5t    
c\ld be f\nd to help consummate ! fraud 

conceiv$ by ,ir5aeus to impose a spuri\s
 ,john on ! _w ?an ,eusebius ( ,caes>ea4
     ,,*apt] ,,viii4       ,!           
,gno/ics4--,ir5aeus makes w> on !m4--,8 
mode (      w>f>e4--,! ,apo/olic        
succession & ! object4--,no      *ur* 9 
,rome to ! "t ( ,adrian4--,pet] nev] 9  
,rome--      nor ,paul 9 ,brita91 ,gaul1
 or ,spa94--,=g]ies ( ,ir5aeus4  ,be=e  
we approa* ! pr9cipal subject treat$ ( 9
 ?is section1 x w be prop] to say some?+
 ( a sect or society :i* 9 its day took 
a lead+ "p 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 b :i* has
 long s9ce disappe>$ f hi/ory1 & ^: =m] 
exi/5ce is n[ only kn[n to ! c>eful     
read]4 ,we ref] to ! ,gno/ics1 :o = !   
mo/ "p fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,!y 7 
divid$ among !mselves into m ?an fifty  
diff]5t sects4 ,! pr9cipal among !m 7   
kn[n "u ! names ( ,basilidians1         
,val5t9ians1 & ,m>cionites4 ,!y ab\nd$ 9
 ,egypt1 ,asia1 ,rome1 & 7 f\nd 9       
consid]able numb]s 9 ! prov9ces ( !     
,we/4 ,ea* ( ^! sects c\ld boa/ ( its   
,bi%ops & congregations1 ( its doctors &

 m>tyrs1 & in/ead ( ! f\r ,gospels      
adopt$ by ! *ur*1 !y produc$ a multitude
 ( hi/ories1 9 :i* ! actions & disc\rses
 ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les 7 adapt$ to _!     
respective t5ets4-- 7,decl9e & ,fall1   
*ap4 xv4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #beg47 ,!y support$
 _! op9ions by v>i\s fictiti\s &        
apocryphal writ+s ( ,adam1 ,abraham1    
,zoroa/]1 ,*ri/1 & ! ,apo/les4 ,!y 7 = !
 mo/ "p compos$ ( ,g5tiles :o d5i$ !    
div9e au?ority ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &     
reject$ ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 (
 ! orig9 & fall ( man1 & claim$ t a ,god
 0 unwor?y ( adoration1 :o = a trivial  
(f5ce ( ,adam & ,eve pron\nc$ s5t5ce (  
condemnation on all _! desc5dants4 ,!y  
ador$ ,*ri/ z an ,a,eon1 or div9e       
emanation1 :o appe>$ on ! e>? to reclaim
 man f ! pa?s ( error & po9t out to him 
! ways ( tru?2 b ) ^! op9ions !y m+l$ _m
 sublime & obscure t5ets d]iv$ f ori5tal
 philosophy4 ,?is div9e ,a,eon or       
emanation !y consid]$ 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 b
 0 inf]ior to ! ,fa!r1 & !y reject$ 8   
humanity on ! pr9ciple t ev]y?+         

corporeal is ess5tially & intr9sically  
evil4 ,!y agre$ ) ! ,*ri/ians 9 _!      
abhorr5ce ( poly!ism & idolatry1 & bo?  
reg>d$ ! =m] z a composition ( human    
fraud & error1 & demons z ! au?ors &    
patrons ( ! latt]4  ,z we h /at$1 !     
,gno/ics = ! mo/ "p sprang up 9 ! second
 c5tury & disappe>$ 9 ! f\r? & fif?1    
suppress$ by a law ( ! ,emp]or          
,con/ant9e4 ,! ,emp]or enact$ a law by  
:i* !y 7 =bidd5 to assemble 9 _! own    
h\ses ( pray]1 9 private h\ses1 or 91   
public places1 b 7 compell$ to ent] !   
,ca?olic *ur*4444 ,h5ce ! great] numb] (
 ^! sect>ians 7 l$ by fe> ( consequ5ces 
to jo9 !mselves to ! *ur*4 ,^? :o adh]$ 
to _! orig9al s5tim5ts did n at _! dea? 
leave any disciples to propagate _!     
h]esies1 =1 ow+ to ! re/rictions to :i* 
!y 7 subject$1 !y 7 prev5t$ f prea*+ _! 
doctr9es4-- 7,sozom51 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 book 
ii *4 #cb47  ,?us pass$ f hi/ory !      
,gno/ics1 ! mo/ polite1 ! mo/ le>n$ &   
mo/ weal?y ( ! ,*ri/ian "n4 7,decl9e &  
,fall1 *ap4 xv4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bef47 ,su* 

0 ! "* ( ! m5 :o1 br\ght into collision 
) ! or?odox ,*ri/ians 9 ! second c5tury1
 became involv$ 9 ! mo/ viol5t & bitt]  
/ruggles 9 :i* m5 7 ev] engag$4 ,x 0 to 
defeat & de/roy ^! m5 t ,ir5aeus devot$ 
! labor ( a lifetime1 t on _! ru9 he    
might erect ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! und]tak+
 0 ,h]culean1 b ! means employ$ 7 well  
*os51 vigor\sly & t5aci\sly pursu$1 &   
its success is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable &   
exceptional cases 9 hi/ory ( ! triumph (
 cunn+1 falsehood1 & fraud4 ,! gr& idea 
01 t ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 ! f\nd] ( !
 *ur* on e>?1 & t1 at 8 dea?1 ! p[] to  
e/abli% o!rs aft] him he conf]r$ on !   
,apo/les1 & ^u no "o else4 ,z !y might  
conf] ?is p[] on o!rs z !y _h receiv$ x 
f ,*ri/1 s ^! la/ c\ld 9 turn d ! same  
to ^? :o foll[$ !m1 & 9 ?is way cont9ue 
! *ur* ?r\gh all "t4 ,?is is :at        
,ir5aeus calls ! ,apo/olic succession4  
,a *ur* :i* c\ld n prove its connection 
) ,*ri/ ?r\gh ?is ,apo/olic *a9 0 no    
*ur* at all1 & x am\nt$ to impiety &    
vile h]esy = su* a pret5d$ *ur* to      

und]take to expla9 or und]/& 8 gospel4  
,su* a *ur* has no relation to ,*ri/1 b 
) demons & evil spirits4  ,ir5aeus f\nd 
x mu* less difficult to %[ t !re 0 no   
su* succession 9 ! ,gno/ic *ur*es ?an he
 did 9 prov+ t x exi/$ 9 8 own4 ,to d   
?is1 z we w %[ 9 ano!r place1 he 0 =c$  
to introduce on to ! /age ! names ( at  
lea/ n9e p]sons :o1 he claim$1 _h be5   
,bi%ops ( ,rome1 mo/ ( :om 7 m]e my?s & 
nev] _h an exi/5ce1 & ^? :o _h 7 nev] 9 
,rome at all4  ,*ri/1 at 8 dea?1 he     
fur!r ma9ta9s1 n only conf]r$ on !      
,apo/les ! sole "r to e/abli% *ur*es1 b 
also imp>t$ to !m "s div9e k or gifts   
:i* !y on _! dea? intru/$ to ! *ur* z a 
special deposit = ! b5efit ( all :o     
yield$ ob$i5ce to h] au?ority4 ,^!      
preci\s gifts left ) ! *ur* ,ir5aeus    
comp>es to money or ri*es deposit$ 9 a  
bank by a ri* man4 ,b we w let him speak
 = himself3 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 we h su* pro(1
 x is n necess>y to seek ! tru? among   
o!rs1 :i* is easy to obta9 f ! *ur*2    
s9ce ! ,apo/les1 l a ri* man deposit+ 8 

money 9 a bank1 lodg$ 9 h] h&s mo/      
copi\sly all ?+s p]ta9+ to ! tru?2 s t e
 man1 :osoev]1 c draw f h] ! wat] (     
et]nal life4 ,= %e is ! entrance to     
life1 & all o!rs are ?ieves & robb]s4   
7,book iii4 *ap4 #d1 sec4 ,i47 ,hav+    
e/abli%$ ! pr9cipal proposition by 8 m]e
 ass]tion 7:i* is 8 way ( mak+ hi/ory ( 
all k9ds71 ,ir5aeus next proce$s to %[ t
 ! ,gno/ics c\ld n trace any connection 
) a *ur* f\nd$ by ! ,apo/les4 ,= prior  
to ,val5t9ianus 7he says71 ^? :o foll[  
,val5t9ianus _h no exi/5ce3 nor did ^? f
 ,m>cion exi/ be=e ,m>cion2 nor1 9 %ort1
 _h any ( ^? malignant-m9d$ p1 :om ,i h 
above enum]at$1 any be+ previ\s to !    
initiators & inv5tors ( _! p]v]sity4    
7,book iii4 *ap4 #d1 sec4 #c47  ,!      
anci5t ,fa!r has1 s f>1 e/abli%$ two ( 8
 ma9 propositions3 fir/1 t a *ur* mu/   
d]ive its orig9 ?r\gh ! ,apo/les1 or "s 
"o ( !m1 to be g5u9e2 & second1 t !re 0 
no su* connection 9 ! *ur*es ( !        
,gno/ics2 & x only rema9s to %[ t ! *ur*
 claim+ to be or?odox _h4 ,he decl9es to

 po9t out ! ord] ( succession 9 all !   
*ur*es1 b cons5ts to d x 9 ! case (     
,rome1 :i*1 he says1 accord+ to         
tradition1 d]iv$ f ! ,apo/les1 0 f\nd$ &
 organiz$ at ,rome by ! two glori\s     
,apo/les1 ,pet] & ,paul4 7,book iii4    
*ap4 #c1 sec4 #b47 ,! *ur* at ,rome1    
f\nd$ by su* great lights z ,pet] &     
,paul1 ,ir5aeus cont9ues1 %\ld be reg>d$
 ( ! highe/ au?ority 9 ! *ur*1 =1 he    
says1 x is a matt] ( necessity t e *ur* 
%\ld agree ) ?is *ur*1 on acc\nt ( its  
pre-em95t au?ority1 t is1 ! fai?ful     
ev]y:]e1 inasmu* z ! apo/olical         
tradition has be5 pres]v$ cont9u\sly by 
^? fai?ful m5 :o exi/ ev]y:]e4 7,sec4   
#b47  ,z ,pet] 0 select$ to be head ( ! 
*ur*1 & ,rome ! capital ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1
 ! s*eme to e/abli% a *ur* on ! gr\nd ( 
an ,apo/olic succession mu/ fail1 unless
 x c appe> t ,pet] _h n only be5 !re at 
"s "t1 b t he 0 also ! f\nd] ( a *ur* at
 ! holy city4 ,a lett] said to h be5    
writt5 by ,clem5t1 ! ?ird ,bi%op (      
,rome1 is select$ z ! m$ium by :i* x is 

made to appe> t ,pet] _h be5 9 ,rome2 & 
,ir5aeus took ^u himself to %[ :at he 0 
engag$ 9 :ile !re4 ,at ! prop] place we 
w %[ t ?is ,clem5t is a fiction1 br\ght 
on ! /age z a l9k 9 ! ,apo/olic *a9 =g$ 
by ! great crim9al ( ! second c5tury4   
,n[ foll[s a =g]y s app>5t on its face1 
t x does n require ! skill ( an exp]t to
 detect x4  ,b n to dwell ^u anci5t     
examples1 let u come to ^? :o1 9 ^! la/ 
days1 h wre/l$ manfully = ! fai?2 let u 
take ! noble examples ( our own age4    
,?r\gh envy1 ! fai?ful & mo/ righte\s   
pill>s ( ! *ur* h be5 p]secut$ ev5 to ! 
mo/ dreadful dea?s4 ,let u place be=e   
y\r eyes ! good ,apo/les4 ,pet]1 by     
unju/ envy1 und]w5t n "o or two1 b _m   
labors3 & ?us hav+ borne te/imony unto  
dea?1 he w5t into ! place ( glory1 :i* 0
 due to him4 ,?r\gh envy1 ,paul obta9$ !
 rew>d ( pati5ce4 ,sev5 times he 0 9    
bonds2 he 0 sc\rg$2 0 /on$4 ,he prea*$  
bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/1 leav+ beh9d him
 ! glori\s report ( 8 fai?4 ,& ?us hav+ 
taught ! :ole _w ( righte\sness1 & rea*$

 ! fulle/ extremity ( ! ,we/1 he suff]$ 
m>tyrdom by ! comm& ( ! gov]nors1 &     
dep>t$ out ( ?is _w1 & w5t to ! holy    
place1 hav+ become a mo/ exempl>y patt]n
 ( pati5ce4 7,epi/le ,i4 ( ,clem5t to   
,cor9?ians1 sec4 #e47 ,by ! side ( ?is  
extract we w lay a passage ( ,ir5aeus4  
,speak+ ( ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels1 he     
says3 ,mat!w also issu$ a writt5 ,gospel
 among ! ,hebrews1 9 _! own dialect1    
:ile ,pet] & ,paul 7 prea*+ at ,rome1 & 
lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! *ur*4 7,book iii4 
*ap4 #a47 ,n[1 we ass]t ) confid5ce1 t !
 h& :i* p5n$ ! fir/ passage wrote !m    
bo?4 ,x is n said 9 s _m words1 9       
,clem5t's lett]1 t ,pet] 0 9 ,rome1 b x 
is to be inf]r$1 z 9 ! case ( ,john at  
,eph-esus4 ,ir5aeus seldom /ates any?+  
:i* is positively untrue 9 direct       
language1 b makes falsehood inf]5tial4  
,! passage we h quot$ does n conta9 a   
s+le tru?1 except z x relates to ,paul4 
,paul & ,pet] 7 nev] engag$ toge!r 9    
lay+ ! f\ndation ( a *ur*4 ,!y qu>rell$ 
9 ,damascus & c\ld nev] agree4 ,!       

doctr9e ( circumcision =m$ an impassable
 wall betwe5 !m1 &1 z we w %[1 0 nev]   
giv5 up by ,pet]4 ,besides1 x is n true 
t ,pet] _h any?+ to d 9 lay+ ! f\ndation
 ( ! *ur* at ,rome4  ,*ri/ians1 dur+ !  
reign ( ,claudius 9 ,rome1 7 too few 9  
numb] & too poor to =m a *ur*1          
especially su* an "o z w\ld require !   
(fice ( a ,bi%op4 ,r5an1 9 speak+ ( !   
*ur* 9 ! "t ( ,claudius1 says x 0       
compos$ ( a little gr\p--e "o smelt (   
g>lic4 ,^! ance/ors ( ,roman prelates 7 
poor prolet>ies1 dirty1 alike cl[ni%1   
clo!d 9 fil?y gab>d9es1 hav+ ! bad brea?
 ( p :o live badly4 ,_! retreats brea!d 
t odor ( wret*$ness exhal$ by p]sons    
meanly clo!d & f$1 & collect$ 9 a small 
room4 7,life ( ,paul1 #if47  ,we h no   
reason to believe t at any "t dur+ !    
life ( ,pet] 0 ! *ur* ( ,rome1 if !re 0 
any *ur* !re at all1 compos$ ( diff]5t  
mat]ials or great] 9 numb]s ?an at ! "t 
ref]r$ to4 ,:at 0 !re = a ,bi%op to d 9 
su* a cr[d1 or :at 0 !re to keep him f  
/>vation8 ,*ri/ians engag$ 9 riots gr[+ 

out ( ! ho/ility betwe5 !m & ! ,jews1 7 
driv5 f ,rome by an edict ( ! ,emp]or   
,claudius1 & did n return dur+ 8 reign1 
:i* ceas$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ed1 :5 t ( ,n]o     
comm5c$4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #eh !y _h n ralli$1 &
 at t "t ,rome 0 )\t a *ur*4 ,x 0 !     
practice 9 all cases ) ,paul to address 
,*ri/ians ?r\gh ! *ur*es1 :]e *ur*es 7  
e/abli%$2 b 8 ,epi/le1 9 ,a4,d4 #eh1 to 
! ,romans1 is address$ n to a *ur*1 b to
 all t be 9 ,rome ,9 8 ?ree ye>s'       
imprisonm5t 9 t city1 comm5c+ 9 ! spr+ (
 ,a4,d4 #fa1 he makes no m5tion ( a     
*ur*1 nor does he dur+ ! second1 :i*    
la/$ f ! summ] or fall ( ,a4,d4 #fe to !
 spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #ff4 ,!re is no pro( t ! 
hi/orian c discov]1 wor?y ( 8 notice1 t 
!re 0 a *ur* 9 ,rome ( any k9d1 ev5 d[n 
to ! "t ( ,adrian1 ,a4,d4 #aag1 & ev5   
lat]4 ,we are ov]run ) traditions on ?is
 subject1 ! creations ( ! second c5tury1
 to :i* ! att5tion ( ! read] w be call$ 
:5 we treat ( ! twelve traditional      
,bi%ops nam$ by ,ir5aeus4 ,adrian1 9 !  
sev5te5? ye> ( 8 reign1 knew s little   

ab\t a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 t he suppos$ !    
(fice ( a ,bi%op belong$ to ! wor%ip ( !
 god ,s]apis4 ,9 a lett] writt5 by him f
 ,alex&ria1 ,a4,d4 #acd1 to 8           
bro!r-9-law ,s]vianus1 he says3 ,!      
wor%ipp]s ( ,s]apis are ,*ri/ians1 & ^? 
are devot$ to ! god ,s]apis1 :o1 ,i f9d1
 call !mselves ,bi%op ( ,*ri/4  ,we w   
dismiss ?is "p ( ! subject = ! pres5t1 )
 ! promise to return to x 9 a subsequ5t 
*apt]1 :5 x w be demon/rat$ t !re 0 no  
,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,rome until aft] ! reign
 ( ,anton9us ,pius499       99 ,see     
,app5dix ,c  ,7 ,pet] & ,paul toge!r 9  
,rome at all8 ,paul w5t !re 9 ! spr+ (  
,a4,d4 #fa1 = ! fir/ "t1 & rema9$ until 
! spr+ or summ] ( ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,dur+ ?is 
"t he wrote f\r epi/les1 z foll[s3--to !
 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 
& to ,philemon1 &1 if we except ! fir/1 
he closes !m by nam+ ! p]sons :o are )  
him4 ,he says no?+ ab\t ,pet]1 nor does 
he m5tion 8 "n1 s f> z we "k1 dur+ !    
?ree ye>s he 0 conf9$ 9 ,rome4 ,t ,paul 
%\ld omit to m5tion ,pet]1 "o ( !       

,apo/les1 9 "s ( 8 lett]s1 is ! v be/   
pro( t he 0 n 9 ,rome at all4 ,aft] 8   
release 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #fc1 aft] mak+
 a visit to ! *ur*es 9 ,europe & ,asia1 
he return$ to ,rome aga9 9 ! fall (     
,a4,d4 #fe4 ,he _h ) him a few fri5ds :o
 /ood by him to ! la/4 ,!y 7 ,luke1     
,m>k1 ,pud5s1 ,l9us1 & ,claudia4 ,!re   
c\ld n h be5 _m o!r ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome at
 ! "t besides ^? nam$1 because ,paul1   
aft] nam+ ! above :o s5t salutations to 
,timo?y1 adds1 & all ! o!r bre?r51 :i*  
implies t !re 7 n _m ( !m4 ,paul does n 
m5tion ,pet]1 because he 0 n !re4       
,timo?y1 no d\bt1 0 ) ,paul 9 ! w9t] (  
,a4,d4 #fe & ,a4,d4 #ff1 & 0 put to dea?
 9 ! spr+ ( ! latt] ye>1 ) 8 fri5d &    
fell[-labor]4 ,we nev] he> ( him aga94  
,9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #ff1 ! labors &      
sorr[s ( ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles   
ceas$4 ,he _h f\ght ! good fight--he _h 
f9i%$ 8 "w--he _h kept ! fai?2 & n[1 by 
8 dea?1 bore te/imony to ! doctr9es he  
prea*$4 ,he 0 among ! la/ ( ,n]o's      
victims4 ,no?+ t belongs to hi/ory is   

sur] ?an t ,pet] & ,paul nev] 7 9 ,rome 
toge!r1 lay+ ! f\ndation ( a *ur*1 or   
any?+ else4  ,hav+ prov$ t "o-half ( :at
 is /at$ by ,ir5aeus 9 ! passage :i* we 
h quot$ is false1 accord+ to ! usual    
rule = te/+ ! tru? ( any /atem5t1 we    
might claim t ! rema9+ half is also     
untrue4 ,b we ask no su* advantage 9    
disprov+ any ( ! /atem5ts made by ?is   
fa!r4  ,:5 0 ,pet] 9 ,rome8 ,no writ] 9 
! fir/ or second c5tury pret5ds to give 
! "t :5 he 0 9 ,rome1 or :5 he di$4     
,ir5aeus gives ! names ( twelve ,bi%ops 
:o succe$$ ea* o!r1 comm5c+ ) ,l9us1 b  
does n give a s+le date1 s t we c tell  
:5 or h[ long any "o ( !m held ! (fice4 
,?is want ( dates1 :]e x 0 easy to give 
!m--if :at 0 /at$ 0 true--0 urg$ ) s mu*
 =ce aga9/ :at ,ir5aeus said1 t         
,eusebius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 und]took to 
fix ! "t :5 ^! traditional ,bi%ops      
succe$$ to1 & h[ long ea* held ! (fice4 
,he fails to say :5 ,pet] fir/ became   
,bi%op1 or :5 he ceas$ to be ! head ( ! 
*ur*1 b comm5ces giv+ dates f ! "t (    

,l9us1 8 successor4 ,)\t int5d+1 he has 
furni%$ ! data to det]m9e :5 ,pet] di$1 
if 8 dates are correct1 :i* is n ev5    
probable4 ,he says3 ,aft] ,vespasian _h 
reign$ ab\t t5 ye>s1 he 0 succe$$ by 8  
son ,titus2 9 ! second ye> ( ^: reign1  
,l9us1 ,bi%op ( ! *ur* ( ,rome1 :o held 
! (fice ab\t twelve ye>s1 transf]r$ x to
 ,anacletus4 7,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41   
book iii4 *4 #ac47 ,z ,l9us succe$$     
,pet]1 ! latt] mu/ h di$ j be=e 8       
successor took ! (fice4 ,titus became   
emp]or ,june #bd?1 ,a4 ,d4 #gi1 & z     
,l9us di$ two ye>s aft] ?is1 aft] hold+ 
! (fice twelve ye>s1 he became ,bi%op 9 
,a4 ,d4 #fi2 :i* mu/ h be5 ! ye> (      
,pet]'s dea?4 ,n]o di$ 9 ,june ,a4 ,d4  
#fh1 & at 8 dea? ! p]secution aga9/     
,*ri/ians ceas$ altoge!r4 ,x is n claim$
 t ,galba1 ,o?o1 ,vitellius1 ,vespasian1
 or ,titus ev] inflict$ p]secution ( any
 k9d on ,*ri/ians dur+ ! "t !y held !   
gov]nm5t ( ! empire4 ,eusebius1 9       
attempt+ to fix a date :5 ! second      
,bi%op took (fice1 answ]s ! objections  

made to ! vagu5ess ( ,ir5aeus1 b robs   
,pet] ( ! laurels ( a m>tyr4  ,b x is   
claim$ t ,l9us 0 in/all$ ,bi%op be=e !  
dea? ( ,pet]1 & ,ir5aeus pret5ds to give
 ! "t4 ,he says3 ,! bless$ ,apo/les !n  
hav+ f\nd$ & built up ! *ur*1 committ$  
unto ! h&s ( ,l9us ! (fice ( !          
,episcopate4 7,book iii4 *4 #b1 sec4    
#c47 ,! bless$ ,apo/les are ,pet] &     
,paul4 ,n[ we h j %[n t ^! ,apo/les 7   
nev] 9 ,rome toge!r1 & t !re 0 no *ur*  
to be committ$ to ! *>ge ( ,l9us or     
anybody else4 ,z x is an important "p ( 
! /ory t ,pet] di$ a m>tyr at ,rome1 ?is
 c\ld only happ5 to him betwe5 ,a4 ,d4  
#fd & ,a4 ,d4 #fh1 = ! p]secution "u    
,n]o comm5c$ dur+ ! =m] ye>1 & end$ ) 8 
dea? 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fh4 ,we h ! mo/         
conclusive pro( t ,pet] 0 n 9 ,rome 9   
,a4 ,d4 #fd1 :5 ! p]secutions "u ,n]o   
comm5c$1 nor aft]w>ds4 ,he 0 9          
,babylon--:e!r ,babylon 9 ,assyria1     
,babylon 9 ,mesopotamia or ,egypt--he 0 
9 ,babylon m ?an two ?\s& miles away4   
,pet] 0 born ab\t ! "t ( ,*ri/1 & 0     

sixty-f\r ye>s ( age :5 ! p]secutions "u
 ,n]o began4 ,he 0 m>ri$1 & :5 he wrote 
8 fir/ ,epi/le he 0 9 ,babylon & _h 8   
family ) him1 = he m5tions ! "n (       
,m>cus1 & calls him 8 son4 ,! *ur* t is 
at ,babylon1 elect$ toge!r ) y1 salute? 
y2 & s do? ,m>cus1 my son4 7#a ,pet] v4 
#ac47  ,! date ( ?is epi/le is fix$ by  
,dr4 ,l>d-n] & o!r critics at ,a4 ,d4   
#fd4 ,did ,pet]1 at ! age ( sixty-f\r1  
:5 he he>d t ,n]o 0 fe$+ ! wild bea/s ( 
! ,amphi!atre ) ! fle% & bones (        
,*ri/ians1 lur$ by ! smell ( blood1 />t 
= ,rome8 ,if ,pet] 0 9 ,babylon 9 ,a4   
,d4 #fd1 an ,apo/olic succession1 s f> z
 x dep5ds on him1 mu/ fail1 & ,rome mu/ 
surr5d] ! au?ority by :i* %e has held ! 
religi\s _w 9 subjection = ! la/ sev5te5
 c5turies4  ,b ?is %e w nev] d1 z long z
 h] audacity & cunn+ are left to hat*   
s*emes to escape f ! dilemma4 ,inspir$  
by despair1 %e n[ claims t ,pet] means  
,rome :5 he says ,babylon1 & t ! ,m>cus 
spok5 ( 0 n ! son ( ,pet]1 b ! nephew ( 
,b>nabas & companion ( ,paul6 ,j z well 

claim any?+ else1 & say ,babylon means  
,alex&ria1 & t ,m>cus 0 ! /epson ( ,n]o4
 ,"h two impressions are made3 "o t !   
lett] 0 writt5 at ,babylon1 & ! o!r t   
,pet] 0 att5d$ by 8 son4 ,are bo? false8
 ,:at did ,pet]1 or anybody else1 expect
 to ga9 by giv+ false impressions8 ,by  
an agreem5t betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 made  
e>ly & obs]v$ /rictly1 ! labors ( ! =m] 
7 limit$ to ! circumcis$1 & he f\nd !m 9
 l>ge numb]s 9 cities wat]$ by !        
,euphrates4 ,!re & 9 ,judea1 among !    
,jewi% p1 0 ! sc5e ( ,pet]'s labors1 &  
!re he di$4 ,he _h no bus9ess 9 ,rome4  
,z !re 0 no *ur* 9 ,rome 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 
x is impossible1 if ,pet] 0 !re at ! "t1
 = him to make ! salutation he does 9 8 
address to 8 c\ntrym54 ,he c\ld say1 !  
*ur* t is at ,babylon1 b n ! *ur* t is  
at ,rome1 = !re 0 none499       99 ,see 
,app5dix ,b4  ,m>k ! son ( ,pet]1 & ,m>k
 ! nephew ( ,b>nabas1 are two diff]5t   
p]sons1 :om ! g5ius ( ,ir5aeus seeks to 
conf\nd4 ,! epi/le to ,philemon 0 writt5
 9 ! latt] "p ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc1 :i* %[s t  

,paul1 ,timo?y1 & ,m>k 7 !n 9 ,rome4 ,!y
 left 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,dur+ ! w9t] (   
,a4 ,d4 #fc1 ,paul wrote ! ,colossians t
 !y might expect ,m>k to visit !m1 & x  
w\ld seem t he _h made arrangem5ts ) !m 
( "s k9d 9 reg>d to him1 :5 he arriv$   
among !m4 ,m>cus1 si/]'s son to ,b>nabas
 7t\*+ :om ye receiv$ comm&m5ts3 if he  
come unto y1 receive him47 ,col4 iv4    
#aj4  ,unless ,m>k *ang$ 8 m9d aft]w>ds1
 he w5t f ,rome to ,colosse 9 ,phrygia4 
,! next reliable in=mation we h ( ,paul 
aft] ! spr+ ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc1 except at    
,nicopolis 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 he is back 9  
,rome 9 ! fall ( ,a4 ,d4 #fe1 & 9       
prison2 & ! fir/ k we h ( ,m>k1 he is 9 
"s "p ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,timo?y & ,m>k 7   
toge!r1 & ,paul writes to ! =m] f 8     
prison1 to come to ,rome & to br+ !     
latt] ) him1 & to get !re be=e ! w9t]   
sets 92 :i* reque/ 0 compli$ )4 ,to     
suppose t ,m>k _h be5 to ,rome 9 ! mean 
"t w\ld be mo/ unreasonable1 & aga9/ all
 ! probabilities 9 ! case4 ,!re 0 no?+  
to take him !re until ,paul call$ him   

back4 ,if ,pet] 0 9 ,rome :5 he wrote 8 
fir/ epi/le1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 ,m>k !      
nephew ( ,b>nabas 0 n ) him4 ,if ,m>k   
saw ,pet] at all 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 x 0 n 9 
,rome4 ,nor did he see him t ye> 9      
,babylon 9 ,egypt1 or ,babylon 9        
,mesopotamia or ,*aldea4  ,! latt]      
,babylon 0 long kn[n = its vices &      
wick$ness1 & 0 call$ a s9k ( iniquity2 &
 z ,rome _h become corrupt & /eep$ 9    
crime ( all k9ds1 x is claim$ t ,pet]   
uses ! ^w ,babylon 9 a typical s5se :5  
he 0 writ+ f ,rome6 ,if ?is is s1 he did
 n write f ,babylon 9 ,egypt or         
,mesopotamia1 z "s h cont5d$1 = !y 7 ea*
 small & inconsid]able places ( no      
importance1 & !re c\ld be no object 9   
us+ ei!r z a type to repres5t !         
corruptions ( ,rome4 ,if ,m>k saw ,pet] 
9 ,babylon1 x 0 9 ,*aldea4 ,measur$ by  
degrees ( longitude1 ,rome & ?is        
,babylon are m ?an two ?\s& miles ap>t4 
,:y w\ld ,m>k make a visit to ,pet]     
involv+ a j\rney ( f\r ?\s& miles1 br   
half t di/ance8 ,he nev] did4 ,he c\ld  

n4 ,he w5t among ! ,colossians "u "s    
arrangem5t made by ,paul1 & no d\bt     
rema9$ ) !m until he 0 want$ at ,rome4  
,:5 ,pet] calls ,m>k 8 son1 he means j  
:at he says4 ,m>k ! companion ( ,paul1 &
 ,m>k ! son ( ,pet]1 are two diff]5t m54
  ,:at %\ld take ,pet] to ,rome or keep 
him !re :5 burn+ & tortur+ ,*ri/ians 0  
"o ( ! amusem5ts ( ,n]o8 ,_h ,pet]'s "* 
= c\rage s mu* improv$ t he w5t !re :5  
all ! ,*ri/ians _h gone1 to defy ,n]o1 &
 invite 8 de/ruction8 ,!re is some?+ 9 !
 "* ( ,pet] t makes x improbable1 if n  
impossible1 t he %\ld be 9 ,rome 9 a "t 
( dang]4 ,he 0 a man ( /rong impulses1 b
 a con/itutional c[>d4 ,he foll[$ ,*ri/ 
to ! sc5e ( ! crucifixion1 b he foll[$  
him af> (f4 7,matt4 xxvi4 #eh47 ,he _h  
pride1 & a prop] s5se ( manl9ess1 & :5  
he 0 betray$ ?r\gh a want ( c\rage into 
! commission ( a mean act1 he _h _s &   
s5se en\gh to be a%am$ ( x4 ,he d5i$    
,*ri/1 b x co/ him bitt] te>s (         
rep5tance4 ,ei!r 8 c[>dice or 8 jeal\sy 
/ood 9 ! way ( 8 com+ to ! aid ( ,paul1 

:5ev] ,paul 0 9 dang] ( 8 life4 ,:5 !   
,jews 7 ab\t to te> him to pieces 9     
,j]usalem1 & he _h to be rescu$ by !    
,roman soldi]s1 ,pet] 0 n[h]e ab\t1 & we
 d n ev5 he> ( him1 ,9 8 trials be=e !  
,roman ,gov]nors1 :5 he _h no "o to /&  
by him b a few fai?ful companions1 !    
pres5ce ( ,pet]1 at su* a "t1 w\ld h    
done mu* to aid & console ! great       
*ampion ( a common cause4 ,b 9 all ^!   
places !re 0 dang]1 & :]e dang] 0 0 no  
place = ,pet]4  ,he lack$ moral1 z he   
did physical c\rage4 ,at ,damascus he   
did n hesitate to sit at ! same table ) 
! uncircumcis$1 :5 !re 0 no "o pres5t to
 object2 b :5 ^? came f ,j]usalem :o    
c\ld n tol]ate ! lib]al ideas ( ,paul on
 circumcision1 he c[>dly sneak$ away4   
,paul took fire at ! appe>ance ( s mu*  
meanness1 & boldly reprov$ him4 ,is ?is 
! k9d ( man :o w\ld ent] ! lion's d51 & 
brave ! wra? ( ,n]o at a "t :5 ! tyrant 
0 flood+ ! /reets ( ,rome ) ! blood (   
,*ri/ians8  ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 0 born ab\t !  
ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ajj1 & 0 a native (        

,neapolis 9 ,syria4 7,apology1 sec4 ,i47
 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,anton9us     
,pius he fix$ 8 abode 9 ,rome1 &        
aft]w>ds wrote num]\s works1 pr9cipally 
devot$ to ! def5ce ( ,*ri/ians4 7,cave's
 ,life ( ,m>tyr1 vol4 #b1 *ap4 #f47 ,no 
"o _h bett] opportunities ( kn[+ ab\t   
,pet]1 & ! *ur* at ,rome1 ?an he _h1 &  
no "o :o wrote z mu* z he did :i*       
conc]n$ ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld h be5 m likely
 to m5tion him1 if :at ,ir5aeus says (  
him _h be5 true4 ,he is s oblivi\s (    
,pet] t he seems to h be5 unconsci\s ( 8
 exi/5ce4 ,no writ] 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( !   
second c5tury1 :o is entitl$ to cr$it1  
speaks ( him1 & he fir/ beg9s to figure 
9 ! pages ( ,ir5aeus :5 ! disputes ) !  
,gno/ics 7 at _! height4 ,! ,clem5t9es 7
 compos$ lat] 9 ! c5tury1 :5 ,paul9e    
,*ri/ianity 0 giv+ way to ! new s*ool1 &
 ! dogma ( an ,apo/olic succession _h   
tak5 possession ( ! *ur*4 ,dionysius1   
,bi%op ( ,cor9?1 :o liv$ & wrote dur+ ! 
reign ( ,m>cus ,anton9us & 8 son        
,commodus1 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ahj1 accord+ to

 ,eusebius1 also /ates t ,paul & ,pet] 7
 at ,rome toge!r engag$ 9 lay+ !        
f\ndation ( a *ur*4 7,eusebius1 ,ecc4   
,hi/41 lib4 ii4 *4 #be47 ,b ?is writ]   
has got out ( ! ,paul9e p]iod1 & ev5    
goes beyond ,ir5aeus1 = he /ates1       
accord+ to ! same au?ority1 t ,pet] &   
,paul laid ! f\ndation ( ! *ur* at      
,cor9?4  ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 ,melito ( 
,s>dis1 ,apoll9>ius ( ,hi]apolis1 all   
writ]s ab\t ! same "t1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahj1 l  
,ir5aeus1 take sides aga9/ ! ,gno/ics1 &
 %[ t !y 7 committ$ to ! new s*ool4 ,f  
?is "t ,ir5aeus is quot$ z ! au?ority = 
! fact t ,pet] & ,paul _h f\nd$ ! *ur*  
at ,rome1 & we are ask$ to give special 
weight to :at he says1 z he 0 !         
companion ( ,polyc>p1 :o _h se5 &       
conv]s$ ) ,john4  ,speak+ ( ,paul1      
,clem5t is made to say1 ,he prea*$ bo? 9
 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/--taught ! :ole _w    
righte\sness1 & rea*$ ! f>!/ extremity (
 ! ,we/1 & suff]$ m>tyrdom1 by ! comm& (
 ! ,gov]nors4 ,?is passage has long be5 
a /umbl+-block among le>n$ critics4 ,x  

is ! only au?ority on :i* is f\nd$ !    
/ory1 t aft] ,paul 0 dis*>g$ f prison 9 
,a4 ,d4 #fc1 he w5t into ,spa91 ,gaul1 &
 ,brita94 ,caius1 ! ,presbyt]1 9 !      
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 says3 ,writ+s n 
includ$ 9 ! canon ( ,scripture expressly
 m5tion ! j\rney f ,rome into ,spa94    
,hippolytus1 9 ! same c5tury1 says t    
,paul w5t z f> z ,illyricum1 prea*+ !   
gospel4 ,a?anasius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1    
says t ,/4 ,paul did n hesitate to g to 
,rome & ,spa94 ,j]ome1 9 ! same c5tury1 
says t ,/4 ,paul1 aft] 8 release f 8    
trial be=e ,n]o1 prea*$ ! ,gospels 9 !  
,we/]n p>ts4 7,quot$ f ,*evalli]'s      
,apo/olical ,epi/les1 note1 p4 #dhg47   
,^! is no au?ority = ,paul's travels 9 !
 ,we/]n prov9ces1 except ! passage f    
,clem5t1 & z ,ir5aeus is ! f\nd] ( !    
/ory1 x is n improv$ by ! repetition (  
subsequ5t writ]s4 ,! :ole is a transp>5t
 falsehood4 ,f ! "t ( ,paul's c>e]1     
comm5c+ ) 8 adv5ture ne> ,damascus to ! 
"t ( 8 imprisonm5t 9 ,rome1 9 ! spr+ (  
,a4 ,d4 #fa1 we h an acc\nt ( 8 travels1

 & "k :]e he 0 ea* ye> dur+ ?is "t4 ,he 
nev] 9 ?is "t w5t we/ ( ,rome4 ,9 ! spr+
 ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc1 9 company ) ,m>k1       
,titus1 ,timo?y & o!rs1 he left ,rome & 
w5t 9 all probability to ,colosse1 :]e1 
9 pursuance ( "s agreem5t he made ) ! p 
( t place1 he left ,m>k4 ,h[ long he    
rema9$ is unc]ta91 b ! next "t we he> ( 
him he is 9 ,crete1 :]e no d\bt he sp5t 
! w9t] ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc & ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 ,9 !
 mean "t he made "s conv]ts1 :om he left
 9 *>ge ( ,titus1 & 9 ! spr+ w5t we/    
into ,mac$onia4 ,"s "t 9 ! summ] or fall
 ( ,a4 ,d4 #fd we f9d him 9 ,nicopolis1 
:]e he in=m$ ,titus he meant to sp5d !  
w9t]4 ,! foll[+ spr+ or summ] he w5t to 
,rome & 0 soon imprison$4 ,if he 0 at   
,colosse or ,crete 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fc1 &     
,nicopolis 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 he c\ld n h   
gone to ,brita91 ,gaul1 & ,spa9 betwe5 !
 spr+ ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc & ! summ] ( ,a4 ,d4 
#fe1 = x w\ld n be possible4  ,b x is   
conclusive t ,paul did n g into !       
prov9ces ( ! ,we/ aft] 8 release f      
prison2 t !re is no m5tion ( 8 travels 9

 ! ,we/1 except :at is said 9 ?is       
passage f ! lett] ( ,clem5t--a ?+       
impossible1 :5 we consid] t he nev] w5t 
any:]e b he made 8 m>k1 & left 8        
footpr9ts beh9d him4 ,ev5 ,paul himself1
 9 8 subsequ5t lett]s1 makes no allusion
 to any su* travels1 :i* is acc\ntable  
^u no o!r hypo!sis ?an t he nev] made   
!m4 ,b :at 0 ga9$ 9 fabricat+ ?is       
passage8  ,! idea ( ,ir5aeus1 t !re c\ld
 be no *ur* unless its orig9 c\ld be    
trac$ to "s "o ( ! ,apo/les1 :o 7       
special bank]s ( div9e favors1 nev] left
 him4 ,he furni%$ ,rome ) ,pet]1 & ,asia
 ) ,john1 & n[ he is requir$ to furni%  
"o = ! *ur*es 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,brita94
 ,"h 7 *ur*es 9 ^! c\ntries 9 8 day1 &  
:o _h au?ority to e/abli% !m8 ,x w\ld n 
d to claim t ei!r ( ! ,twelve _h be5 9 !
 ,we/1 = ev5 falsehood has its'         
b\nd>ies4 ,paul w d4 ,he is ! great     
,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,besides1 accord+ 
to ! ,acts1 he _h submitt$ to ord9ation 
at ! h&s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! explanation ( 
! reasons :i* dictat$ ?is spuri\s       

passage 9 ,clem5t's lett] is consi/5t ) 
! acts ( ,ir5aeus1 & ! :ole curr5t ( 8  
?\ghts ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,b ?is /ory1     
inv5t$ by him1 has be5 repeat$ by o!rs1 
until x settl$ d[n--z hi/ory6 ,x is cle>
 f ! pro( "h %[n1 t ,ir5aeus has no     
claim to our belief z a writ]1 & t !    
/atem5ts he makes 9 reg>d to ,pet] 9    
,rome & ,paul 9 ! ,we/ are m]e inv5tions
 ( 8 own to assi/ him 9 8 disputes ) !  
,gno/ics1 9 :i* he 0 engag$ = ! be/ "p (
 8 life4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4       ,!     
claim ( ,ir5aeus t ,m>k 0 ! int]pret] ( 
,pet]1      & ,luke ! au?or ( ! ?ird    
,gospel1 consid]$4--,luke      & ,m>k   
bo? put to dea? ) ,paul 9 ,rome4        
,ir5aeus1 aft] /at+ t ,pet] & ,paul     
prea*$ 9 ,rome & laid ! f\ndation ( a   
*ur* at t place1 cont9ues3 ,aft] _!     
dep>ture1 ,m>k1 ! disciple & int]pret] (
 ,pet]1 did also h& d[n to u 9 writ+ :at
 _h be5 prea*$ by ,pet]4 ,luke also1 !  
companion ( ,paul1 record$ 9 a book !   
gospel prea*$ by him4 7,book iii4 sec4  
#a47 ,aga9 no "t is giv54 ,! la/ "t we  

"k any?+ ( ,m>k & ,luke t is c]ta91 or  
at all reliable1 !y 7 bo? ) ,paul 9     
,rome4 ,9 8 second lett] to ,timo?y he  
says3 ,only ,luke is ) me4 ,take ,m>k1 &
 br+ him ) !e3 = he is pr(itable to me =
 ! m9i/ry4 7#b ,timo?y iv4 #aa47 ,t     
,timo?y obey$ ?is reque/ & took ,m>k )  
him1 does n admit ( d\bt4 ,paul &       
,timo?y 7 insep>able1 & ,m>k 0 ,paul's  
ne> fri5d & companion4 ,?is mu/ h be5 9 
! fall ( ,a4 ,d4 #fe1 :5 ,paul 0 9      
prison1 ) little or no hope to escape ! 
second "t f ! fangs ( ,n]o4  ,at ! "t   
,timo?y & ,m>k ent]$ ,rome1 ! fury (    
,n]o rag$ ) all its sangu9>y cruelty4 ,x
 0 j ab\t ! "t ! conspiracy ( ,piso 0   
br\ght to light4 ,made mad by 8 fe>s1 he
 /ruck 9 all directions4 ,n cont5t ) !  
de/ruction ( ! conspirators1 he put to  
dea? all :o (f5d$ 8 vanity or mov$ 8    
jeal\sy4 ,s5eca1 a man ^: _m virtues    
add$ lu/re to ! ,roman p1 & :o 0 an     
honor to any age1 0 n suff]$ to live4 ,8
 v virtues gave (f5ce to ! tyrant4 ,lu-c
 & o!rs1 di/+ui%$ = g5ius & le>n+1 7 put

 to dea?4 ,tacitus says t at ?is "t !   
city pres5t$ a sc5e ( blood1 & fun]als  
d>k5$ all ! /reets4 7,annals1 book ,,xv4
 sec4 #ba47 ,speak+ ( ! ev5ts ( ! ye>   
#ff1 :5 ,paul 0 put to dea?1 ! same     
writ] says3 ,we h no?+ be=e u b tame    
s]vility1 & a deluge ( blood spilt by a 
tyrant 9 ! h\r ( peace4 ,! he>t recoils 
f ! dismal /ory4 ,b let x be rememb]$ by
 ^? :o may h]eaft] ?9k ^! ev5ts wor?y ( 
_! notice1 t ,i h dis*>g$ ! duty ( an   
hi/orian1 & if 9 relat+ ! fate ( s _m   
em95t citiz5s1 :o resign$ _! lives to ! 
w ( "o man1 ,i m+le te>s ) indignation1 
let me be all[$ to feel = ! unhappy4 ,! 
tru? is1 ! wra? ( ,heav5 0 b5t aga9/ !  
,roman ,/ate4 ,! calamities t foll[$ _c1
 l ! slaught] ( an army or ! sack+ ( a  
city1 be pa9t$ =? 9 "o g5]al draught4   
,repeat$ murd]s mu/ be giv5 9           
succession4 7,annals1 ,b4 ,,xvi4 sec4   
,,xvi47 ,! au?or !n proce$s to give a   
long li/ ( victims4 ,at ! "t ,paul 0 9  
prison1 & ,m>k & ,luke 8 companions 7 ) 
him1 ! ,roman legions1 "u ! comm& (     

,vespasian1 7 m>*+ to make w> ^u !      
,jews1 if !y _h n done s already4 ,!y _h
 rebell$ & defi$ ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,at ?is 
"t1 no ,jew c\ld be 9 ,rome & live4 ,n  
only 0 ! ang] ( ,n]o ar\s$ aga9/ !m1 b t
 ( ! entire p ( ,rome--& ?is feel+ did n
 abate until aft] almo/ ! entire nation 
0 de/roy$4 ,no d\bt ,timo?y1 ,luke1     
,l9us1 ,paul1 & all o!rs :o 7 ) !m1     
p]i%$ 9 ! g5]al calamity4 ,:y put to    
dea? ,paul1 & n 8 fell[-labor]s8 ,n]o   
wag$ w> n aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 b aga9/      
,*ri/ianity4 ,we trace all ^! p>ties    
inside ! gates ( ,rome1 & !n we lose _! 
trail =ev]4 ,!re is n "o s+le item (    
reliable pro( t any "o ( !m ev] left !  
doom$ city4 ,! footpr9ts ( ,*ri/ians go+
 into ,rome at ?is "t 7 l ! tracks go+  
into ! cave ( ,polyphemus--_m 7 se5 go+ 
91 b none com+ out4  ,we le>n f         
,eusebius & ,j]ome1 t ,m>k w5t to ,egypt
 & f\nd$ a *ur* at ,alex&ria1 & ! latt] 
/ates t he di$ & 0 buri$ !re 9 ! eigh?  
ye> ( ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,?is is           
impossible4 ,z ,n]o comm5c$ 8 reign     

,a4,d4 #ed1 ?is w\ld made him die 9     
,a4,d4 #fb4 ,n[ we f9d him alive ) ,paul
 9 ,a4,d4 #fe4 ,eusebius1 9 8 loose way1
 says3 ,! same ,m>k1 !y say also1 be+ ! 
fir/ t 0 s5t to ,egypt1 proclaim$ !     
gospel !re :i* he _h writt51 & fir/     
e/abli%$ *ur*es 9 ,alex&ria4 7,book ,i4 
*4 #af47 ,?is fa!r _h special reasons :y
 he want$ to get ,m>k to ,alex&ria4 ,!  
close resemblance betwe5 ,*ri/ians &    
,!rapeutae1 z we h %[n1 0 a reason ) him
 :y he %\ld insi/ t ! latt] 7 9 fact    
believ]s 9 ,*ri/ by a diff]5t "n4 ,m>k  
is s5t to be _! tea*]1 & 0 claim$ to be 
! f\nd] ( ?is new sect ( ,*ri/ians4     
,no?+ is wid] f ! tru?4 ,if ev] ,m>k or 
,luke left ,rome1 !re is no reason :y we
 %\ld n he> some?+ ( !m4 ,situat$ z !y 7
 9 _! relations ) ! f\nd]s (            
,*ri/ianity1 _h !y surviv$ ! slaught] at
 ,rome1 "o or bo? w\ld h left beh9d !m  
evid5ce1 ( "s k9d1 ( _! escape4 ,:at    
rema9$ ( ,paul1 ,timo?y1 ,m>k1 ,luke1   
,l9us & o!rs aft] !y ent]$ ,rome 9 !    
w9t] ( ,a4,d4 #fe & ,a4,d4 #ff1 c\ld    

only be f\nd aft] t "t among ! graves ( 
,n]o's victims4 ,:atev] ,m>k & ,luke    
wrote1 9 ! nature ( ,gospels1 0 writt5  
be=e !y ent]$ ! gates = ! la/ "t4  ,z   
?is 0 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fe or ,a4 ,d4 #ff1 & ! 
gospels ascrib$ to !m 7 nei!r extant nor
 kn[n be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1  
we are =c$ to look to "s o!r qu>t] = ^? 
:o wrote !m4  ,b :at pro( is !re t ,m>k 
& ,pet] 7 on su* intimate t]ms z is     
claim$ by ,ir5aeus8 ,none1 except t :i* 
is af=d$ 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet] 7#a   
,pet] v4 #ac71 :]e9 ,m>k is spok5 ( by  
,pet] z 8 son4 ,:at bett] evid5ce c we h
 ( ! /udi$ di%one/y ( ,ir5aeus1 ?an 8   
attempt to h x appe> or believ$ t ! ,m>k
 ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ ( ,pet]1 0 !        
companion ( ,paul & int]pret] ( ,pet]8  
,we h j %[n he 0 n--b an entirely       
diff]5t p]son1 & x sweeps away ! :ole   
f\ndation ^u :i* re/s ! claim t !       
,gospel ( ,m>k 0 writt5 at ! dictation (
 ,pet]4 ,:ile ,m>k 0 ) ,paul1 ei!r 9    
,rome or ,asia ,m9or1 ,pet]1 ) 8 son    
,m>k1 is prea*+ among ! ,jews ( ,*aldea4

  ,:at ,presbyt] ,john says on ?is      
subject is "h wor?y ( notice4 ,eusebius1
 speak+ ( ! writ+s ( ,papias1 says3 ,he 
also ins]t$ into 8 "w o!r acc\nts ( !   
above-m5tion$ ,ari/ion respect+ our ,"l1
 z also ! traditions ( ! ,presbyt]      
,john1 to :i* ref]r+ ^? t are desir\s ( 
le>n+ !m1 we %all n[ subjo9 to !        
extracts f him already giv5 a tradition 
:i* he1 sets =? conc]n+ ,m>k1 :o wrote !
 ,gospel1 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',& ,john ! 
,presbyt] also said ?is3 ,m>k be+ !     
int]pret] ( ,pet]1 :atsoev] he record$  
he wrote ) great accuracy1 b n 9 ! ord] 
9 :i* x 0 spok5 or done by our ,"l1 = he
 nei!r he>d nor foll[$ our ,"l1 b1 z    
be=e said1 he 0 9 company ) ,pet]1 :o   
gave him su* in/ruction z 0 necess>y1 b 
n to give a hi/ory ( our ,"l's          
disc\rses4' 7,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41    
book iii4 *ap4 #ci47 ,papias "h gives a 
tradition d]iv$ ?r\gh ,presbyt] ,john4  
,sl5d] pro( t ,pet] dictat$ ! ,gospel ( 
,m>k6 ,to rank among canonical ,gospels1
 & z a corn]-/one ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) !    

au?ority ( an inspir$ book1 ! pro( falls
 f> bel[ :at we h a "r to expect & dem&4
 ,on su* a subject x is no pro( at all4 
,x is difficult to tell :at ,m>k did    
write1 accord+ to ,papias4 ,:at he did  
write 0 n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts 9 !    
life ( ,*ri/ occurr$--nor 9 ! ord] 9 :i*
 he spoke or taught4 ,pet] w\ld n all[  
him to give ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's        
disc\rses4 ,if t is s1 !n ! ,gospel to  
:i* ,papias ref]s is n our pres5t       
,gospel ( ,m>k4 ,?is relates ! acts (   
,*ri/ 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & gives 8 disc\rses
 9 full4 ,9 ?is respect ! second ,gospel
 does n diff] f ! fir/ & ?ird4 ,x is q  
probable t ,m>k1 9 8 int]c\rse ) !      
,apo/les1 may h le>n$ _m ?+s 9 relation 
to ,*ri/ :i* he wrote out1 b :i*1 l !   
,hebrew ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 0 condemn$ or 
ca/ "o side1 z x did n help to /r5g!n ! 
new ideas 9 relation to ,*ri/1 :i*      
sprang up "s "t be=e ! dea? ( ,paul4 ,b 
we c nev] "k :at ,m>k wrote1 z ,papias  
does n claim he ev] saw x1 nor d we "k (
 any "o :o did4  ,:at is said by ,clem5t

 ( ,alex&ria & all o!r writ]s on ! orig9
 ( ! second ,gospel is d]iv$ f ! extract
 tak5 f ! works ( ,papias1 & f :at is   
said by ,ir5aeus3 _! /atem5ts d n bett] 
! case1 any m ?an a sup]/ructure w give 
/r5g? to ! base on :i* x re/s4 ,if ,m>k 
ev] wrote any?+1 x w\ld conta9 no?+ t   
did n accord ) ,paul1 = he 0 n only 8   
fell[-travell]1 b he 0 8 fell[-labor] 9 
! spread ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 & s
 ne> & de> 7 ! relations betwe5 !m1 t :5
 ,paul saw 8 end approa*1 he wrote to   
,timo?y to br+ ,m>k ) him1 z bro!r w\ld 
= bro!r1 = a p>t+ int] view4 ,:at ,paul 
taught1 ,m>k believ$--& ,paul dead or   
,paul 9 life w\ld h made no diff]5ce )  
,m>k4  ,aft] read+ ! ,gospel ( ,m>k1 :o 
w\ld suppose t he _h be5 ! companion (  
,paul & ! int]pret] ( ,pet]8 ,we w\ld   
expect to f9d "s ?\ght or expression t  
_h 9 x ! s\l ( ,paul1 z 8 v _s p5etrat$ 
all 8 foll[]s & made !m a reflex (      
himself4 ,paul drew f ! dep?s ( 8 own   
consci\sness1 :i* he took = revelations1
 ! ideas :i* =m$ ! basis ( 8 religion & 

made ,*ri/ :at he believ$ him to be4 ,x 
0 a holy fai? ) him1 disconnect$ f all  
mat]ial laws4 ,! second ,gospel is f\nd$
 on works1 & ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ prov5 by 
8 p[] ov] ! laws ( ! univ]se4 ,all      
nature b[s d[n be=e him2 ev5 demons &   
evil spirits fly be=e 8 pres5ce4 ,m>k ! 
int]pret] ( ,pet]66 ,:]e d we see ,pet] 
9 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k8 ,:at1 all at once1  
has become ( circumcision8 ,did he1 aft]
 8 qu>rel ) ,paul1 %ake (f 8 ,jewi%     
prejudice & bigotry & rise to a high]   
plane8 ,! pro( is he did n4  ,paul1     
,luke1 & ,m>k 7 z companions            
insep>able--!y 7 fell[-labor]s1 held !  
same doctr9es1 di$ = ! same cause & at !
 same "t4  ,9 ano!r *apt] we inquir$ f  
:at s\rce ,luke got 8 k ( ! wond]ful    
/atem5t he makes 9 relation to !        
visitation ( ! angel to ,m>y & ,za*>ias1
 = he did n get x f ,paul1 :o nev]      
m5tions ! "n ( ,m>y4 ,we n[ ask1 f :om  
did ,m>k le>n ! /ory ( ,john ! ,bapti/8 
,paul knew no?+ ab\t him4 ,:o _h a bett]
 opportunity ?an he to "k ev]y?+ :i*    

relat$ to him1 if he _h be5 ! p]son     
describ$ by ,m>k8 ,:at bett] pro( c be  
(f]$ to %[ t nei!r ,luke nor ,m>k wrote 
! ,gospels ascrib$ to !m1 ?an t !y are  
made to /ate matt]s :i* lay at ! bottom 
( ,*ri/ianity 9 aft]-ages1 ( :i* ,paul1 
_! tea*] & co-labor]1 knew no?+8 ,to f9d
 ! au?ors ( ^! ,gospels we mu/ look to !
 second c5tury4     ,,*apt] ,x4         
,acts ( ! ,apo/les4--,s*emes to exalt   
,pet] at ! exp5se      ( ,paul4  ,!     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les dates betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 
#adj or #aej & ,a4 ,d4 #agj4 ,! book1 z 
we n[ f9d x1 0 n 9 exi/5ce be=e ,ju/9's 
,apology1 because be=e 8 "t !re 7 no    
miracles1 z w be %[n2 :ile ! ,acts      
ab\nds 9 ^? ( ! mo/ extravagant "*4     
,betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #adj or #aej1 & ,a4 ,d4 
#ahj1 is ! "t :5 ! w> among ! diff]5t   
sects rag$ ) ! greate/ viol5ce1 & frauds
 & =g]ies 7 practis$ by all p>ties )\t  
remorse or %ame4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is "t t     
,laz>us 0 made to rise sup]ior to dea?1 
& assume 8 place among m51 aft] 8 body  
_h become putrid & began to decay4 ,!re 

0 no?+ too false or extravagant = p>ties
 to ass]t at ?is p]iod ( ! _w1 & ! only 
wond] is1 t ! absurd /ories ( ! age h   
pass$ d[n to subsequ5t g5]ations z tru?s
 ( a reveal$ religion4  ,! book ( !     
,acts1 9 its pres5t =m1 came to light   
soon aft] ! doctr9e ( ! ,apo/olic       
succession 0 conceiv$1 = x is v evid5t t
 ! fir/ half is devot$ to give prom95ce 
to ,pet] among ! ,apo/les1 :o 0 to be   
made ! corn]-/one ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z all o!r 
*ur*es are made to b[ to ! supremacy (  
,rome1 s all ! ,apo/les mu/ be          
subord9ate to ,pet]4 ,?is is s obvi\s t 
! "w is ov]done4 ,on ! day ( ,p5teco/ he
 is put =w>d to expla9 ! miracle ( !    
clov5 tongue1 & %[ t x 0 9 accordance ) 
:at ! prophet ,joel _h =etold--:i* if   
,pet] did say :at he is made to say1    
only prov$ 8 ignorance ( :at ! prophet  
meant4 ,8 miracul\s p[]s are wond]ful4  
,he cur$ a man =ty ye>s old1 :o _h be5  
lame f 8 bir?1 s t he leap$ & walk$4 ,8 
p[] ext5ds ov] dea?1 & he raises ,dorcas
 f ! grave4 ,he is n[ *ief speak]4      

,ananias & 8 wife ,sapphira fall d[n    
dead be=e him4 ,s extraord9>y is 8 p[]  
ov] diseases1 t !y br\ght =? ! sick into
 ! /reets1 & laid !m on b$s & c\*es1 t  
at ! lea/ ! %ad[ ( ,pet] pass+ by might 
ov]%ad[ "s ( !m4 7,acts v4 #ae47  ,x is 
surpris+ t ! incr$ulity ( ! ,jews did n 
give way be=e su* wond]ful works2 b x   
seems x did n1 & ! only effect produc$  
on _! m9ds 0 to s5d ,pet] to prison4    
,pet] is twice committ$ to prison = do+ 
good1 & ! sole object 9 s5d+ him !re is 
to give an opportunity to ! ,"l to      
deliv] him1 & %[ t he is "u ! special   
protection & gu>dian%ip ( ,god4 ,&      
behold1 ! angel ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 & a
 light %9$ 9 ! prison2 & he smote ,pet] 
on ! side1 & rais$ him up1 say+1 ,arise 
up quickly4 ,& 8 *a9s fell (f f 8 h&s4  
,& ! angel said unto him1 ,gird ?yself1 
& b9d on ?y s&als3 & s he did4 ,& he    
sai? unto him1 ,ca/ ?y g>m5t ab\t !e1 & 
foll[ me4 7,acts xii4 #g1 #h47 ,& :5    
,pet] 0 come to himself1 he said1 ,n[ ,i
 "k ( a surety t ! ,"l ha? s5t 8 angel1 

& ha? deliv]$ me out ( ! h& ( ,h]od1 & f
 all ! expectation ( ! p ( ! ,jews 7v]se
 #aa74  ,! p]son ov] :om ! ,"l _h       
manife/$ s mu* c>e1 mu/ c]ta9ly h be5   
set ap>t to act "s great "p 9 8         
provid5ces t[>ds our race4 ,at ! "t we  
are writ+ ab\t1 ! /ruggle betwe5 !      
foll[]s ( ,pet] & ,paul 0 rag+2 ! latt] 
claim+ t ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 0 (     
equal au?ority z to doctr9e ) ,pet] or  
any ( ! ,apo/les2 :ile ! =m] insi/$ t   
,paul _h a special commission--to conv]t
 ! ,g5tiles--& z he _h p]=m$ 8 "w1 8    
mission ceas$1 & he 0 no long] to be    
reg>d$ z an au?ority 9 ! *ur*4 ,no less 
a p]son ?an ,god himself c settle !     
dispute1 & ! cunn+ly devis$ /ories (    
,cornelius1 & ,paul's conv]sion1 are    
introduc$ into ! ,acts 9 ord] to give ! 
,"l an opportunity to decide betwe5 !   
two p>ties4  ,cornelius1 a dev\t man1 is
 labor+ "u :at is call$ religi\s        
conviction1 & is 9 d\bt :at to d4 ,he   
/&s 9 ne$ ( a spiritual advis]1 & :5 9  
?is condition ( m9d1 ,he saw 9 a vision 

evid5tly ab\t ! n9? h\r ( ! day1 an     
angel ( ,god com+ 9 to him1 & say+ unto 
him1 ,cornelius4 ,& :5 he look$ on him  
he 0 afraid1 & said1 ,:at is x1 ,"l8 ,& 
he said unto him1 ,?y pray]s & ?y alms  
are come up = a memorial be=e ,god4 ,&  
n[ s5d m5 to ,joppa1 & call = "o ,simon1
 ^: surname is ,pet]4 7,acts x4 #c1 #d1 
#e47 ,! c5turion 0 s5t to ,pet]1 because
 he 0 ! deposit>y ( div9e light1 & !    
disp5s] ( spiritual gifts--an intimation
 f ,god to all ! _w1 = all ages1 :]e m5 
mu/ look to1 to f9d ! true int]pret] &  
exp\nd] ( religi\s fai?4 ,cornelius did 
z he 0 comm&$4  ,b x 0 n en\gh t ?is 0  
true ( ,pet]2 b x mu/ be %[n t ,paul 0 b
 a simple mission>y1 ^: p[]s end$ ) 8   
dea?4 ,to d ?is1 ! /ory ( 8 conv]sion 9 
! ,acts is told1 not)/&+ x is 9 direct  
conflict ) :at ,paul says himself on !  
subject4 ,:5 ,ananias 0 reque/$ by ! ,"l
 to call on ,paul :ile he 0 /ill        
pro/rate f ! effects ( ! bl[ he receiv$ 
ne> ,damascus1 he decl9$ to d           
s--app>5tly 9 fe> ( ,paul1 on acc\nt ( 8

 previ\s treatm5t ( ,*ri/ians4 ,?is gave
 ! ,"l an opportunity to tell ,ananias1 
:y he is anxi\s to d z he 0 reque/$4 ,b 
! ,"l said unto him1 ,g ?y way3 = he is 
a *os5 vessel unto me1 to be> my "n be=e
 ! ,g5tiles1 & k+s1 & ! *ildr5 (        
,israel3 = ,i w %ew him h[ great ?+s he 
mu/ suff] = my "n's sake4 7,acts ix4    
#ae1 #af47  ,! ,"l has n[ settl$ all    
disputes betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,pet] &     
,paul1 & ! (fice ( ea* is settl$ &      
def9$4 ,"u su* a judgm5t1 pron\nc$ by   
,god himself1 no wond] ! influ5ce (     
,paul ceas$ to be felt 9 ! latt] "p ( ! 
second c5tury1 & ,pet] proportionally   
increas$ 9 weight & au?ority4 ,?is      
attempt to put up ,pet] & put d[n ,paul1
 det]m9es ! date ( ! ,acts1 & fixes x   
some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aej & ,a4,d4     
#agj1 a p]iod 9 ! c5tury prolific (     
spuri\s writ+s4 ,x may be call$ !       
,petr9e age ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,:5 ,paul   
made 8 def5ce be=e ! ,jews at ,j]usalem1
 & expla9$ to !m ! mode ( 8 conv]sion1 x
 w\ld be dang]\s1 or at lea/ suspici\s1 

to leave out ! /ory ( ,cornelius2 b z x 
diff]$ s mu* f ! "o he gives 9 second   
,cor9?ians1 x 0 necess>y to omit ! "o   
giv5 9 ! epi/le entirely4 ,b ! fraud is 
easily detect$4 ,! acc\nt z giv5 9 !    
,acts1 to ! six? v]se inclusive1 is z x 
0 d\btless deliv]$ by ,paul2 b f ?is    
po9t ! /ory div]ges f ! "o giv5 by      
himself1 & is a %e] fabrication4 ,& x   
came to pass1 t1 z ,i made my j\rney1 & 
0 come nigh unto ,damascus ab\t noon1   
sudd5ly !re %one f heav5 a great4 light 
r\nd ab\t me4 7,acts xxii4 #f47 ,!n     
accord+ to ,paul's acc\nt1 giv5 9 8     
lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1 he 0 caught up to
 ! ?ird heav51 & !re he>d unspeakable   
words :i* x 0 n lawful = man to utt]4   
,:at transpir$ betwe5 ,god & ,paul1 all 
took place 9 heav51 :]e no man c\ld be> 
witness4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! ,acts1 :i*       
comm5ces 9 ! sev5? v]se1 says t aft] !  
light %one f heav51 ,paul fell to !     
gr\nd1 & did n asc5d to heav51 b 0 l$ by
 ! same light to ,damascus4 ,?is v]sion 
is to let 9 ! /ory ( ,ananias4 ,he c\ld 

n be> witness to :at pass$ betwe5 ! ,"l 
& ,paul 9 ! ?ird heav51 b he might if ! 
sc5e 0 laid on ! e>?4 ,besides1 :at     
pass$ betwe5 ! ,"l & ,paul ! latt] does 
n pret5d to /ate1 = ! words he he>d 7   
unspeakable & n lawful = man to utt]4   
,!re is no?+ 9 ! /ory 9 ! ,acts t is    
unspeakable or unlawful to be repeat$1  
unless x is to be reg>d$ z a piece (    
blasphemy4  ,_h ,paul told ! /ory z giv5
 9 ! ,acts 9 8 def5ce1 !re 0 no?+ 9 x to
 ar\se ! ,jews to su* a pit* ( madness z
 to cause !m to insi/ t he %\ld be put  
to dea?4 ,!re 0 m 9 x to provoke a sne] 
?an to excite ang]4 ,! sc5e 9 ,j]usalem1
 :5 ,paul 0 compell$ to make 8 def5ce1 0
 9 ,a4,d4 #eh1 & he c\ld h appeal$ to   
,ananias1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( nature might   
/ill be liv+1 & o!rs1 if ! /ory 0 true4 
,x 0 n ! /ory 9 ! ,acts t inc5s$ !      
,jews4 ,:5 ,paul claim$ he 0 tak5 up to 
heav51 & !re met ! ,"l & talk$ to him   
face to face1 he _h rea*$1 9 ! m9ds ( 8 
he>]s1 a po9t 9 blasphemy t drove !m to 
fr5zy1 s t !y exclaim$3 ,away ) su* a   

fell[ f ! e>?3 = x is n fit t he %\ld   
live4 ,! ,jews li/5$ to ,/eph5 ) pati5ce
 until he exclaim$1 ,behold1 ,i see !   
heav5s op5$1 & ! ,son ( man /&+ at ! "r 
h& ( ,god1 :5 !y c\ld /& x no long]1 &  
ran ^u him ) "o accord & /on$ him to    
dea?4 ,x is cle> t ,paul's def5ce1 made 
be=e ! ,jews1 ( 8 conv]sion1 is omitt$1 
& ! /ory ( ,ananias sub/itut$1 to aid ! 
enemies ( ,paul 9 plac+ ,pet] ov] him4  
,:5 we f9d ! same /ory v>i\sly /at$ by  
,paul1 & 9 ! ,acts1 !re %\ld be no      
hesitation 9 *oos+ betwe5 ! two4 ,!     
,acts1 l ! works ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 be>s s 
_m m>ks ( =g]ies1 to suit ! em]g5cies & 
wants ( ! day1 t v little conta9$ 9 ei!r
 is ( any hi/oric value4 ,! epi/les (   
,paul _h obta9$ a l>ge circulation be=e 
! "t :5 ! m5 ( ! second c5tury          
inaugurat$ an era ( =g]ies1 & long be=e 
! ,acts 7 9 exi/5ce2 s t ! =g]s 7       
compell$ to ex]cise great caution :5 !y 
came to deal ) ! epi/les1 & only v5tur$ 
to ins]t passages into ! g5u9e writ+s to
 give ! sanction ( 8 "n to ! doctr9es ( 

! ,alex&rian or ,johannean s*ool1 or "s 
dogma ( ! day4 ,su* passages are scatt]$
 all ?r\gh ! epi/les1 b we c easily po9t
 !m out1 = !y are doctr9al & exce$+ly   
po9t$4  ,pet] disappe>s at ! end ( !    
twelf? *apt]2 b en\gh has be5 done to   
make him *ief among ! ,apo/les1 & claim 
= him a spiritual supremacy 9 all matt]s
 :i* relate to ! *ur*4 ,john1 aft]w>ds !
 great light ( ,asia1 only plays ! "p ( 
an esquire to ,pet]1 8 "l & sup]ior4 ,!y
 are (t5 toge!r1 b ,john is n suff]$ to 
speak4 ,x 0 design$ t ,john1 :o 0 to    
take ,asia 9 *>ge1 %\ld /& next to      
,pet]2 b ! writ]1 by impos+ sil5ce on   
him on all occasions1 took c>e t !      
supremacy ( ,pet] 0 n put 9 jeop>dy4 ,! 
prea*+ ( ,philip 9 ,sam>ia 0 a device to
 %[ t ,pet] & ,john 7 sup]ior to ! re/ (
 ! ,apo/les 9 _! p[] to conf] ! ,holy   
,gho/4 ,philip made _m conv]ts1 bo? m5 &
 wom51 & he baptiz$ !m--b 8 baptism 0 n 
suffici5t4 ,n[ :5 ! ,apo/les :i* 7 at   
,j]usalem he>d t ,sam>ia _h receiv$ ! ^w
 ( ,god1 !y s5t unto !m ,pet] & ,john4  

,!y laid _! h&s on !m1 & !y receiv$ !   
,holy ,gho/4--,acts viii4 #ad1 #ag4     
,accord+ to ,paul1 & ?is is made cle> by
 ! qu>rels betwe5 him & ,pet]1 z relat$ 
9 ! epi/les1 ! latt] 0 t5aci\s to ! la/ 
= ! ,jewi% rite ( circumcision1 & we h  
no evid5ce1 & no reason to believe1 t he
 ev] gave x up4 ,a sect>ian ,jew w\ld   
nev] answ] to be ! head & f\nd] ( a     
,ca?olic *ur*4 ,! sect>ian "* ( ,pet]   
mu/ be got rid (1 & we see /udi$ ef=ts 9
 ! ,acts to d s4 ,we h se5 t ,pet]1 9 ! 
fir/ words he address$ to ,cornelius1   
took ! opportunity to decl>e t he       
believ$ 9 ! doctr9e t ,god 0 no respect]
 ( p]sons4 ,b ?is 0 n en\gh1 9 ! op9ion 
( ! writ] ( ! ,acts1 or at lea/ ! fir/  
half1 & to make ,pet]'s emancipation f 8
 old ,jewi% op9ions m conspicu\s1 &     
enable him to expla9 h[ x happ5$ t !    
*ange 0 br\ght ab\t1 ! vision ( ,pet] on
 ! h\se-top is produc$4 ,he w5t up ^u ! 
h\se-top to pray1 ab\t ! six? h\r1 &    
became v hungry2 b :ile !y 7 prep>+     
some?+ = him to eat1 he _h a trance1 ,& 

saw heav5 op5$1 & a c]ta9 vessel desc5d+
 unto him1 z x _h be5 a great %eet knit 
at ! f\r corn]s1 & let d[n to ! e>?3    
:]e9 7 all mann] ( f\r-foot$ bea/s ( !  
e>?1 & wild bea/s1 & creep+ ?+s1 & f[ls 
( ! air4 ,& !re came a voice to him1    
,rise1 ,pet]1 kill & eat4 ,b ,pet] said1
 ,n s1 ,"l2 = ,i h nev] eat5 any?+ t is 
common or unclean4 ,& ! voice spake unto
 him aga9 ! second "t1 ,:at ,god ha?    
cleans$1 t call n ?\ common4 ,?is 0 done
 ?rice3 & ! vessel 0 receiv$ up aga9    
into heav54  ,! comm& ( ! ,"l to ,pet]  
to eat1 0 a comm& to give up 8 ,jewi%   
views & notions2 = t all fle% 0 alike1 &
 equally prop] to be tak5 on an empty   
/oma*4 ,pet] 0 at a loss to und]/& !    
vision1 & :ile he 0 revolv+ ! subject 9 
8 m9d1 ,cornelius & 8 p>ty came to be   
in/ruct$ by him1 9 accordance ) !       
directions ( ! ,"l4 ,:5 ,cornelius1 :o 0
 ( ! ,g5tiles1 made at kn[n ! object ( 8
 visit1 ,pet] at once und]/ood ! import 
( ! vision1 & exclaim$1 ,( a tru? ,i    
p]ceive t ,god is no respect] ( p]sons1 

& t ! gospel ( ,*ri/ is to supply !     
spiritual wants ( all nations1 z ! bea/s
 & f[ls are to furni% food = ! hungry4  
,! conv]sion ( ,pet] receives fur!r     
importance & prom95ce f ! def5ce he is  
compell$ to make be=e ! bre?r51 = 8     
disreg>d ( ! rite ( circumcision 9 !    
baptism ( ,cornelius4 ,pet] makes a     
spee*1 9 :i* he decl>es t he 0 comm&$ by
 ,god1 n less ?an ?ree times1 to give up
 8 old ,jewi% notions2 & no soon] 0 !   
comm& giv5 ?an ,cornelius1 a ,g5tile1 :o
 0 s5t to him by ,god1 made 8 appe>ance4
 ,! comm& f ,god to ,pet]1 & ! arrival (
 ! c5turion1 :o 0 in/ruct$ by ! ,"l to  
come to him1 left him no *oice 9 !      
matt]1 & t he baptiz$ ! ,g5tile1 9      
ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ! ,"l4 ,! reason 0
 suffici5t4 ,:5 !y he>d ^! ?+s1 !y held 
_! peace1 & glorifi$ ,god1 say+1 ,!n ha?
 ,god also to ! ,g5tiles grant$         
rep5tance unto life4 7,acts4 xi4 #ah47  
,! wall betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile is n[     
brok5 d[n1 & ,pet] a fit subject = !    
head ( a univ]sal or ca?olic *ur*4  ,x  

seems t ! p]son :o put ! spee* into !   
m\? ( ,pet]1 r5\nc+ circumcision1 0 n   
satisfi$ ) :at he said at ! "t4 ,some?+ 
_h be5 omitt$ or ov]look$4 ,pet] _h %$ 8
 ,jewi% sk91 b ! ,"l _h n giv5 him a    
commission to prea* ! gospel to all     
nations1 & ?is he mu/ h to be ! head ( a
 univ]sal *ur*4 ,at ! c\ncil held at    
,j]usalem by ! ,apo/les to settle ! "q (
 circumcision1 ,pet]1 accord+ to !      
,acts1 seizes ! opportunity to supply ! 
omission3 ,& :5 !re _h be5 mu* disput+1 
,pet] rose up & said unto !m1 ,m5 &     
bre?r51 ye "k h[ t a good :ile ago1 ,god
 made *oice among u1 t ! ,g5tiles1 by my
 m\?1 %\ld he> ! ^w ( ! gospel1 &       
believe4 7,acts xv4 #g47 ,n[ !re 0 no   
occasion = ,pet] to make ?is claim or   
ass]tion1 = x _h no?+ to d ) ! subject  
be=e ! c\ncil1 & 0 n true4 ,! acc\nt :i*
 ,paul gives ( :at took place at !      
c\ncil is q diff]5t1 contradictory1 & no
 d\bt true4 ,he says1 :5 he /at$ be=e ! 
c\ncil ! tr\ble & vexations :i* 7       
occasion$ by ?is rite1 & reasons :y x   

%\ld n be =c$ on ! ,g5tiles1 t ,pet]1   
,james1 & ,john agre$ ) him--gave him ! 
"r h& ( fell[%ip1 & !n ent]$ into a     
compact t he %\ld g to ! ,g5tiles1 & !y 
to ! circumcis$4 7,gal4 ii47  ,?is      
agreem5t 0 nev] dep>t$ f2 b n s ) reg>d 
to circumcision4 ,t ,pet]1 ,james1 & all
 ! disciples disreg>d$ ! ord] ( !       
,c\ncil 9 reg>d to t subject1 is r5d]$  
cle> by _! subsequ5t conduct4 ,aft] t1 z
 mu* z two ye>s1 = ! ,c\ncil 0 held 9   
,a4,d4 #di or ,a4,d4 #ej1 & ! epi/le to 
! ,galatians 0 writt5 9 ,a4 ,d4 #eb1    
,pet] w5t to ,antio*1 :]e he f\nd ,paul4
 ,he ate ) ! uncircumcis$ until "s      
,jewi% conv]ts came f ,j]usalem at !    
in/ance ( ,james1 :o f\nd fault ) 8     
c\rse4 ,pet]1 x seems1 !n *ang$ front & 
/ood up = circumcision4 ,i )/ood him to 
! face1 says ,paul1 = he 0 wrong4 ,a    
discussion spr+s up4 ,paul claim$ t m5 7
 n to be sav$ ?r\gh old rites &         
c]emonies1 nor by-works1 b by fai?4 ,at 
?is "t1 nei!r ,james nor ,pet] _h giv5  
up _! contract$ notions on ! ,jewi%     

rite4 ,nor _h ,pet] z late z ,a4 ,d4    
#eg1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4
 ,( ! f\r p>ties :i* di/urb$ ! peace ( !
 *ur* at ,cor9? at ! "t ( ,paul's fir/  
epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 :i* 0 writt5 9  
,a4 ,d4 #eg1 ! p>ty ( ,cephas 0 "o4     
,pet] 0 at ! head ( a p>ty :i* held out 
= circumcision1 sev5 ye>s aft] ! c\ncil 
at ,j]usalem2 & if he _h n giv5 x up !n1
 :5 he 0 fifty-sev5 ye>s old1 !re is no 
reason to believe he did aft] t4 ,no?+  
gave ! m5 9 ! second c5tury :o und]took 
to put ,pet] at ! head ( a univ]sal *ur*
 s mu* tr\ble z ?is ?+ ( circumcision1  
:i* we c readily detect by ! pa9s &     
labors !y h tak5 to free him f x4 ,b !  
/a9 w n wa% out4  ,! /ory told 9 ! ,acts
 ab\t ! way 9 :i* ,pet] 0 dis5?rall$ f 8
 n>r[ ,jewi% notions1 is :olly          
inconsi/5t ) ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! *ur*
 at ,j]usalem4 ,aft] ! ,"l _h tak5 s mu*
 pa9s to prove to ! disciples t a new   
disp5sation _h comm5c$1 & ! wall betwe5 
! ,jews & ,g5tiles 0 brok5 d[n1 !re 0 no
 reason :y !y %\ld n all disp5se ) !    

practice ( circumcision4 ,b !y nev] did4
 ,! fifte5 fir/ ,bi%ops ( ,j]usalem1    
comm5c+ ) ,james & includ+ ,judas1 7 all
 circumcis$ ,jews4 7,eus41 ,ex4 #gg41   
,b41 iv4 *4 v4 ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 vol4 
#aa-ca47 ,) ! twelve disciples1 jeal\sy 
( ,paul1 :o f\ght ?is ,jewi% practice to
 ! la/1 seem$ to be ! mo/ active feel+ (
 _! natures1 & we seldom he> ( !m unless
 !y 7 dogg+ 8 foot/eps1 & /irr+ up !    
,jews aga9/ him4 ,x 0 ?r\gh _! intrigues
 t ! doors ( ! synagogue 7 slamm$ 9 8   
face :]ev] he w5t4  ,! doctr9e (        
ord9ation1 ?r\gh :i* t deposit ( div9e  
ri*es :i* ,ir5aeus says ,*ri/ left ) !  
,apo/les is made to fl[ 9 an un9t]rupt$ 
curr5t ?r\gh all "t1 is conspicu\sly    
pres5t$ 9 ! ,acts4 ,:5 ,paul & ,b>nabas 
7 at ,antio*1 & ab\t to />t = ! ,we/1 on
 a mission to prea* to ! ,g5tiles1 ! ,"l
 said1 ,sep>ate me ,b>nabas & ,saul = ! 
"w :]eunto ,i h call$ !m4 ,& :5 !y _h   
fa/$ & pray$1 & laid _! h&s on !m1 !y   
s5t !m away4 7,acts xiii4 #b1 #c47 ,no?+
 c\ld impose s great a humiliation z ?is

 ^u ,paul4 ,! ,"l aga9 int]f]es &       
assigns him to a special duty1 & to make
 ?is humiliation complete1 he is ord]$  
to receive 8 commission at ! h&s ( !    
,apo/les4 ,:o laid _! h&s on ,b>nabas & 
,paul1 is n /at$1 nor is x ( any        
importance1 z ! object ( ! /atem5t is to
 make x app>5t t ! latt]1 ! great light 
( ! ,g5tiles1 submitt$ to ! rite (      
ord9ation by ! imposition ( h&s1        
adm9i/]$ by "s "o ( ! ,apo/les4 ,w any  
"o believe ?is /ory to be true8 ,if he  
does1 he does n und]/& ! "* ( ,paul4    
,!re is no?+ he w\ld res5t ) s mu*      
feel+1 z he w\ld su* an admission on 8  
"p t he 0 less ?an an ,apo/le4 ,:5 x 0  
claim$ he 0 n1 8 s\l took fire1 & 9 8   
address to ! ,galatians1 9 ! fir/ *apt]1
 he deliv]s himself 9 ?is defiant /ra93 
,paul1 an ,apo/le1 7n ( m51 nei!r by    
man1 b by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,god ! ,fa!r1 
:o rais$ him f ! dead47 ,b :5 x pleas$  
,god1 :o sep>at$ me f my "m's womb1 &   
call$ me by 8 grace1 to reveal 8 ,son 9 
me1 t ,i might prea* him among ! hea!n2 

imm$iately ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood3 
,nei!r w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 
7 ,apo/les be=e me4 7,gal4 i4 ,i1 #ae1  
#af1 #ag47 ,is ?is ! ,paul :o pati5tly  
submits to receive 8 commission f an    
,apo/le to prea* ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ to !
 nations ( ! e>? at ,antio*1 :5 he is   
ab\t to comm5ce 8 labors8  ,x is n en\gh
 t ,paul %\ld submit to receive ! ,holy 
,gho/ at ! h&s ( ! ,apo/le1 & 9 ?is way 
be au?oriz$ to prea* ! gospel2 b he     
gives ! ord9ance 8 full sanction by     
conf]r+ ord9ation on o!rs4 ,& x came to 
pass1 t1 :ile ,apollos 0 at ,cor9?1     
,paul hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! upp] coa/s1    
came to ,ephesus2 & f9d+ c]ta9          
disciples1 he said unto !m1 ,h ye       
receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/ s9ce ye believ$8  
,& !y said unto him1 ,we h n s mu* z    
he>d :e!r !re be any ,holy ,gho/4 ,& :5 
,paul _h laid 8 h&s ^u !m1 ! ,holy ,gho/
 came on !m2 & !y spake ) tongues1 &    
prophesi$4 7,acts xix4 #a1 #b1 #f47 ,no 
/rong] pro( c\ld be giv5 t ! foll[]s (  
,paul 7 oppos$ to ! ,episcopacy & !     

doctr9e ( succession & ord9ation1 &     
cont5d$ aga9/ a gov]nm5t by ,bi%ops )   
zeal to ! la/1 ?an ! labor$ & frequ5t   
ef=ts t are made to %[ t he himself gave
 8 sanction to ! ord]4  ,= ,paul's      
p]si/5ce 9 claim+ a human orig9 = ,*ri/1
 !re 0 a /udi$ ef=t 9 ! second c5tury to
 de/roy 8 claims z an ,apo/le2 b aft] 8 
epi/les _h und]gone alt]ations s z to   
make ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! s5se ( !   
,ca?olics ( ! second c5tury1 he 0 re/or$
 to favor1 & 8 p[]s wond]fully magnifi$4
 ,he is n[ able to "w miracles1 & 8 p[] 
to heal diseases is su*1 t :atev] comes 
9 contact ) 8 p]son1 is s fill$ or imbu$
 ) holy en]gy1 t its curative prop]ties 
are suffici5t to put dea? at defiance4  
,x is cle> t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is n !
 "w ( "o c5tury1 b ( two4 ,! real it9]>y
 ( ,paul comm5ces 9 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 & f
 ?is to ! end ( ! ,acts1 we c trace 8   
foot/eps 9 8 v>i\s j\rneys among !      
*ur*es1 until he f9ally ent]s ! gates ( 
,rome1 9 ! spr+ ( ,a4,d4 #fa4           
,,*apt] ,,xi4       ,mat!w ! au?or ( !  

only g5u9e ,gospel4--,reject$1          
because x did n conta9 ! fir/ two *apt]s
 ( !      pres5t ,greek v]sion4  ,mat!w1
 surnam$ ,levi1 0 a native ( ,galilee4  
,be=e 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity he 0 a 
publican1 or tax-ga!r]1 "u ! ,romans1 & 
collect$ ! cu/oms ( all goods export$ or
 import$ at ,cap]naum1 a m>itime t[n on 
! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & receiv$ tribute    
paid by pass5g]s :o w5t by wat]4 ,f !   
position ( ,mat!w1 he mu/ h be5 a man ( 
"s le>n+ & judgm5t1 & f :at we "k ( !   
e>ly lives ( ! o!r ,apo/les1 ! only "o  
among !m1 except p]haps ,pet] & ,james1 
t 0 capable ( writ+ out a correct acc\nt
 ( :at 0 said & done by ,*ri/4  ,z !    
fir/ *ur* at ,j]usalem increas$ 9 numb]1
 & new conv]ts 7 add$ to x1 !re 0 a     
necessity t !re %\ld be "s writt5 hi/ory
 giv5 ( :at 0 said & taught by ,*ri/    
be=e 8 dea?2 & z ,mat!w 0 9 e way       
qualifi$1 ! task 0 impos$ on him4 ,mat!w
 wrote ?is book ab\t ,a4,d4 #dj1 n mu*1 
if any1 m ?an sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? (   
,*ri/4 ,ev]y?+ 0 fre% 9 8 memory1 & no  

d\bt he 0 p>ticul> to give to ! new     
conv]ts a full & correct k ( all !      
doctr9es taught by ,*ri/1 & especially  
to place be=e !m 8 s]mon on ! m\nt1 s   
full ( div9e morality1 :i* 0 to =m ! s\l
 ( ! new religion4  ,f all we "k )      
c]ta9ty1 ?is ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 ! only  
acc\nt ( ,*ri/ 9 use among ! memb]s ( ! 
fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur*1 & _! only means (   
in=mation1 except :at !y le>n$ direct f 
! o!r ,apo/les4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 0 j z x    
fell f ! lips ( ,*ri/1 & _h ! odor (    
fre%-ga!r$ fl[]s4 ,h[ ! ,*ri/ians at    
,j]usalem clung to ?is ,gospel ( ,mat!w1
 _! suff]+s & p]secutions ?r\gh a p]iod 
( m ?an two c5turies w be> witness4 ,^! 
,*ri/ians1 aft]w>ds call$ by way (      
av]sion ,ebionites1 7 *>g$ ) ! alt]ation
 ( ! ,scriptures4 ,?is alt]ation1       
accord+ to ,epiphanius1 consi/$ 9 !     
omission ( ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,mat!w1  
:i* conta9 ! acc\nt ( ! miracul\s       
conception ( ,*ri/4 ,! /atem5ts (       
,epiphanius are v]ifi$ by ! fact1 t at !
 "t ^! two *apt]s 7 add$1 by ! m5 ( !   

second c5tury1 we c trace ?r\gh ! pages 
( ,ignatius1 & o!r e>ly fa!rs1 num]\s   
=g]ies & int]polations :i* are          
unmi/akable1 & 7 int5d$ to su/a9 ! new  
aspect :i* ,*ri/ianity took on 9 ! e>ly 
"p ( ! second c5tury4 ,! addition ( !   
two *apt]s1 & ! =g]ies1 belong to !     
p]iod :5 ! religion ( ,paul _h pass$ (f 
into ! ,philo-,alex&rian p]iod (        
,*ri/ianity4 ,eusebius in=ms u :at 7 !  
crimes ( ! ,ebionites3 ,!y are prop]ly  
call$ ,ebionites by ! anci5ts1 z ^? :o  
*]i%$ a l[ & mean op9ion ( ,*ri/4 ,= !y 
consid] him a pla9 & common man1 &      
ju/ifi$ 9 8 advances 9 virtue1 & t he 0 
born ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y by natural         
g5]ation4 7,eusebius1 ,ecc4 ,hi/41 book 
iii4 *ap4 #bg47  ,! views held by !     
,ebionites ( ,*ri/ 7 d]iv$ f ! ,gospel (
 ,mat!w1 & :at !y le>n$ direct f !      
,apo/les4 ,mat!w _h be5 a he>] (        
,*ri/--a companion ( ! ,apo/les1 & _h   
se5 & no d\bt conv]s$ ) ,m>y4 ,:5 he    
wrote 8 ,gospel ev]y?+ 0 fre% 9 8 m9d1 &
 !re c\ld be no object on 8 "p1 9 writ+ 

! life ( ,jesus1 to /ate falsehoods or  
omit important tru?s 9 ord] to deceive 8
 c\ntrym54 ,if :at is /at$ 9 ! two fir/ 
*apt]s 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ is true1 ,mat!w 
w\ld h kn[n ( !m2 &1 kn[+ !m1 :y %\ld he
 omit !m 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 life8 ,x 0
 impossible to pass f ! fir/ to ! second
 /age ( ,*ri/ianity1 z long z ! ,gospel 
( ,mat!w 0 recogniz$ z au?ority 9 !     
*ur*4 ,x /ood z a m\nta9 9 ! way1 & _h  
to be torn d[n & made way )4 ,! hi/ory (
 ! ,ebionites1 f ! "t !y are *>g$ )     
alt]+ ! ,scriptures1 to ! "t :5 !y      
disappe> f hi/ory1 is "o ( tyranny &    
bloody p]secution4 ,9 ! reign ( ,adrian1
 :at 0 left ( !m settl$ 9 ! little t[n (
 ,pilla1 beyond ! ,jordan1 f :5ce !y    
spread !mselves into villages adjac5t to
 ,damascus4 ,"s traces ( !m c be        
discov]$ z late z ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 !y  
ins5sibly melt$ away2 ei!r into ! *ur*  
or synagogue4 7,gibbon1 *4 xv4 vol4 ,i4 
p4 #bee47 ,) !m p]i%$ ! g5u9e ,gospel ( 
,mat!w1 ! only ,gospel writt5 by an     
,apo/le4  ,mu* useless labor has be5    

be/[$ on ! "q1 :e!r ! g5u9e ,gospel 0   
writt5 9 ! ,hebrew or ,greek language4  
,h[ ?is may be is ( little consequ5ce1  
s9ce ! g5u9e writ+ is no long] 9        
exi/5ce4 ,x is j z c]ta9 t ! pres5t     
v]sion ( ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,greek1 z t !
 g5u9e "o 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue4 
,to ! *ur* ( ,rome ! _w is indebt$ = !  
de/ruction ( ! only g5u9e ,gospel1 & ) x
 ! only au!ntic acc\nt ( ,*ri/4 ,no     
great] loss c\ld befall ! _w4 ,x 0      
writt5 9 ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity1 be=e     
corrupt & ambiti\s m5 s\ght to make     
religion a way to p[] & di/9ction4 ,!   
tru?s conta9$ 9 ?is ,gospel /ood 9 ! way
 ( a gigantic s*eme1 conceiv$ by corrupt
 & arrogant m51 :o saw 9 a *ur* e/abli%$
 by ! au?ority ( ,god1 ! road to !      
highe/ po9t ( human p[] & gr&eur4 ,!y   
succe$$1 b _! success1--       ,br\ght  
dea? into ! _w & all our woe4  ,x 0 n   
necess>y to reject all ( ,mat!w's       
,gospel1 & x is v evid5t t mu* 0        
reta9$--su* z ! disc\rses ( ,*ri/ & "s  
portions ( hi/ory4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4   

,! "* ( ,ir5aeus & probable "t ( 8      
bir?4--      ,8 p>tiality =             
traditions4--,! claim ( ! ,gno/ics1     
t ,*ri/ did n suff]1 ! orig9 ( ! f\r?   
,gospel4--,ir5aeus ! writ]4  ,! "t :5   
,ir5aeus 0 born is v>i\sly /at$4 ,9 !   
introduction to 8 works aga9/ h]esies1  
translat$ by ,alex&] ,rob]ts1 ,d4,d41 & 
! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rambaut1 ,a4 ,b41 is ! 
foll[+ passage on ?is subject3 ,we      
possess a v scanty acc\nt ( ! p]sonal   
hi/ory ( ,ir5aeus4 ,x has be5 g5]ally   
suppos$ he 0 a native ( ,smyrna1 or "s  
neighbor+ city 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,h>vey1   
h[ev]1 ?9ks t he 0 probably born 9      
,syria1 & remov$ 9 boyhood to ,smyrna4  
,he himself tells u 7lib4 iii4 sec4 #c1 
#d7 t he 0 9 e>ly y\? acqua9t$ )        
,polyc>p1 ! illu/ri\s ,bi%op ( t city4  
,a sort ( clue is ?us furni%$ z to !    
date ( 8 bir?4 ,dodwell supposes t he 0 
born z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ig1 b ?is is      
cle>ly a mi/ake1 & ! g5]al date ( 8 bir?
 is some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #abj & ,a4,d4 
#adj 7page #ah74  ,among ! _m /rong &   

repres5tative m5 :o h impress$ _! g5ius 
on ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & giv5 to x its    
di/9ctive features1 none h equall$      
,ir5aeus1 ! ,bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,x may 9   
tru? be said he 0 ! fa!r ( ! *ur*4 ,he  
assi/$ at its bir?2 took *>ge ( its     
infancy2 plant$ )9 its bosom se$s :i*   
spr\t$ & bore fruit :i* has be5 ! s\rce 
( its n\ri%m5t & /r5g? = sev5te5 hundr$ 
ye>s & m4 ,x is en\gh to say ( him1 t he
 plac$ 9 ! he>t ( ! *ur* ! se$ :i* bore 
! fruit ( ! ,inquisition4  ,f ! adoption
 ( ,trajan1 9 ,a4,d4 #ih to ! dea? ( !  
,anton9es1 9 #ahj1 a p]iod ( eighty-two 
ye>s1 has be5 select$ by ! le>n$ au?or (
 ! ,decl9e & ,fall z ! mo/ happy &      
prosp]\s p]iod 9 ! annals ( ! human     
race4 7,vol4 ,i4 page #dg47 ,_h he      
omitt$ ! la/ ( ! ,anton9es1 "u ^: reign 
,ju/9 ,m>tyr & o!r good m5 7 put to     
dea?1 ! le>n$ au?or w\ld h come ne>] !  
tru? ( hi/ory4  ,x 0 ! prospect ( peace 
& protection held out "u ?is /ate ( ?+s 
t influ5c$ ! ,*ri/ians :o _h surviv$ !  
cruelties ( o!r reigns to once m return 

to ! imp]ial city4 ,z soon z !y 7       
suffici5tly num]\s x 0 natural to adopt 
"s =m ( gov]nm5t2 b :at t =m 01 we h no 
means ( kn[+1 except by ! dang]\s light 
( tradition4 ,x mu/ be always fatal to  
tradition1 :]e x claims to be important1
 t contemporane\s hi/ory says no?+ ab\t 
x4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! un9t]rupt$ repose ( !
 *ur* to ! "t ( ,anton9us ,v]rus1 ,a4,d4
 #afa1 gave rise to disputes among      
,*ri/ians2 = :5 !y 7 reliev$ f ! fe>s ( 
an outw>d enemy1 !y soon f\nd cause =   
qu>rel among !mselves4 ,on !            
introduction ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 :i*
 happ5$ dur+ ?is "t1 z we %all prove1 ! 
"* ( ,*ri/1 or r 8 my/]i\s bir? f !     
,virg91 gave rise to numb]less          
controv]sies4  ,ir5aeus 0 born at ! "r  
"t to be ?ru/ into ! mid/ ( !m1 & z soon
 z he 0 able to compreh5d any?+1 8 e>s 7
 fill$ ) ! disputes ( ! v>i\s cont5d+   
p>ties4 ,he 0 born ) a love ( cont5tion 
plant$ 9 him1 & _h ! be/ s*ool ev]      
de-vis$ to cultivate & /r5g!n x4 ,! "* (
 8 m9d 0 bold & d>+1 & 9 support ( !    

cause he esp\s$1 he _h no scruples or   
%ame 9 resort+ to falsehood & =g]y4 ,if 
! end 0 good1 9 8 sight1 x 0 all ! same 
to him1 :e!r x 0 rea*$ by tru? or its   
opposite4 ,su*1 inde$1 0 ! prevail+     
morality ( ! age4 ,t[>ds 8 adv]s>ies he 
0 bitt] & v9dictive1 apply+ to !m l[ &  
vile language1 su* z ?ieves & robb]s4   
,he claim$ to look ) contempt ^u ^? :o  
diff]$ f him1 & took pleasure 9 !       
repeat$ use ( ! ^w h]etic4 ,:e!r he ev] 
saw ,polyc>p or n1 & x is no pro( he did
 because he says s1 he claim$ great     
advantage f x1 because1 z he decl>es    
aga9 & aga91 ,polyc>p 0 ! disciple ( !  
,apo/le ,john4 ,he is only "o remove f  
an ,apo/le1 & = :at he /ates he claim$ !
 weight ( ,apo/olic au?ority4  ,we say  
aga91 x is v d\btful :e!r he ev] saw    
,polyc>p2 & x is v c]ta9 ! latt] nev]   
saw ,john4 ,! /udi$ di%one/y ( ,ir5aeus1
 9 attempt+ to palm (f ! ,presbyt] ,john
 = ! ,apo/le1 is z d>k a piece ( knav]y 
z is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( a *ur* :i* 
has enc\rag$ su* practices f ! "t x     

claim$ to be ! depository ( all ! div9e 
weal? left by ! ,apo/les4  ,driv5 to !  
wall by ! %>p logic & sup]ior wisdom ( t
 class ( ,*ri/ians :o 7 di/+ui%$ by ! "n
 ( ,gno/ics1 8 devi\s & +5i\s m9d       
und]took to cut !m (f f all claims z    
memb]s ( a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 by int]pos+ ! 
doctr9e ( ! ,apo/olic succession4 ,?is  
/ep once tak5 involv$ ! necessity (     
repeat$ =g]ies & frauds4 ,c[>dly ,pet]  
is to be *ang$ into a h]o1--s5t to      
,rome1 :]e dea? is c]ta91 & !re die a   
,*ri/ian m>tyr4 ,john1 :o _h n life &   
=ce en\gh 9 him to rise above ! masses1 
& no m k ?an is want$ to dip a net into 
! sea1 is to be conv]t$ into a fi]y _s1 
& put =? a book :i* is to fall l a      
?und]bolt on ! heads ( ! h]etics4 ,if   
any?+ arises 9 ! c\rse ( ! debates1 :i*1
 to ord9>y m51 w\ld pres5t difficulties1
 ) ,ir5aeus !y 7 easily dispos$ ( by    
tradition4 ,he _h traditions = all      
em]g5cies1 & :5 8 adv]s>ies d>$ dispute 
him1 he /&s ready to sil5ce !m by abuse4
 ,he says3 ,b1 aga91 :5 we ref] !m to t 

tradition :i* orig9ates f ! ,apo/les1   
7&7 :i* is pres]v$ by means ( !         
successions ( ,presbyt]s 9 ! *ur*es1 !y 
object to tradition1 say+ t !y !mselves 
are wis] n m]ely ?an ! ,presbyt]s1 b ev5
 ?an ! ,apo/les1 because !y h discov]$ !
 unadult]at$ tru?4 ,x comes to ?is1     
!re=e1 t ^! m5 d n[ cons5t nei!r to     
,scripture nor to tradition4 ,su* are ! 
adv]s>ies ) :om we h to deal1 my v de>  
fri5d1 endeavor+ l slipp]y s]p5ts to    
escape at all po9ts4 7,ir5aeus1 ,vol4   
,i4 book iii4 page #bfj47  ,he br+s (t5 
& repeat$ *>ges aga9/ 8 enemies =       
=g]ies1 & at ! same "t makes m himself  
?an all ( !m put toge!r4 ,9 ! disputes  
ab\t ! tw(old nature ( ,*ri/ z he appe>s
 9 ! ,synoptics1 & z w be fully expla9$ 
h]eaft]1 ! ,gno/ics _h ! advantage 9 !  
argum5t4 ,if ,*ri/ ! ,god desc5d$ ^u !  
man ,*ri/ at ! baptism 9 ! ,jordan1 x   
left him at ! crucifixion4 ,!n1 say !   
,gno/ics1 !re is no atonem5t1 = ! ,son (
 ,god did n %$ 8 blood4 ,no o!r man1 9 t
 or any o!r age1 c\ld meet ! crisis b   

,ir5aeus2 & ! result is ! f\r? ,gospel4 
,! "t :5 ?is ,gospel fir/ appe>$ z a    
hi/orical fact1 has be5 s ?or\ghly sift$
 by late writ]s on t subject1 t x w only
 be necess>y "h to notice "s ( ! prom95t
 reasons :y its date is fix$ aft] !     
middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,all          
allusions1 or pret5d$ allusions1 f\nd 9 
! writ+s ( ! fa!rs1 on inspection w be  
f\nd to be ! "w ( ^? :o h attempt$ to   
poison ! f\nta9s ( hi/ory4 ,papias liv$ 
ne> ! age ( ,john1 & if ,john _h writt5 
he mu/ h kn[n & spok5 ab\t x1 z he      
speaks ( ,mat!w & ,m>k2 b he says no?+  
ab\t ,john or ,luke4 ,he 0 ,bi%op (     
,heliopolis ,a4 ,d4 #afe1 & in=ms u t x 
0 8 habit to inquire ( ^? :o 7 ! foll[]s
 ( ! eld]s1 :at 0 said by !m3 :at 0 said
 by ,&rew & ,pet] or ,philip2 :at by    
,?omas1 ,james1 ,john1 ,mat!w1 or any   
o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l4 7,eusebius1  
,ecc4 ,hi/41 book iii4 *ap4 #ci47  ,!   
,apology ( ,ju/9 to ! emp]or 0 writt5 "s
 "t betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4 ,d4 #acj & ,a4 ,d4
 #afj4 ,! precise "t is n kn[n1 & !re is

 "s unc]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,9 8 ,apology1    
,ju/9 makes ?irty-five di/9ct allusions 
to ,mat!w1 eighte5 to ,luke1 & five to  
,m>k1 & if he says any?+ :i* po9ts to   
,john at all1 on exam9ation x w appe> t 
! allusions are f\nd else:]e1 9 writ+s  
ant]ior to ,ju/94 ,= ,*ri/ said1        
',except ye be born aga91 ye %all n ent]
 into ! ,k+dom ( ,heav54' ,?is1 x is    
claim$1 is tak5 f ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i*   
mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce :5 ,ju/9 wrote4 ,!  
language 9 ! ,gospel is1 ,jesus answ]$ &
 said unto !m1 ,except a man be born    
aga91 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god4 7,john  
iii4 #c47 ,?is language1 imput$ to      
,*ri/1 0 drawn f a common s\rce--f !    
,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 z has be5
 fully prov51 & s 9 e o!r in/ance :]e ! 
writ] seems to allude to ! ,gospel (    
,john4  ,! new ideas conc]n+ ,*ri/ f\nd 
9 ?is ,gospel _h n yet dawn$ ^u ! _w :5 
,ju/9 wrote1 = on t subject he _h n got 
beyond :at 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,synoptics2 or1
 to speak ) great] accuracy1 8 ,logos   
idea 0 t ( ,philo1 :i* diff]$ f t (     

,john4  ,an exam9ation ( ?is subject by 
! mo/ le>n$ & c>eful writ]s1 proves t   
!re is no reliable evid5ce t ! f\r?     
,gospel 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ,a4 ,d4 #age1  
:5 a direct ref]5ce is made to x 9 !    
,clem5t9e homilies1 a production writt5 
9 praise ( ,pet] aga9/ ,m>cion4 ,!      
language quot$ is unmi/akably ! language
 ( ,john4 ,tatian1 :o wrote betwe5 ,a4  
,d4 #afj & ,a4 ,d4 #ahe1 quotes f ! f\r?
 ,gospel3 ,& ?is is :at 0 said1 ,d>kness
 does n compreh5d ! light2 ! ,logos is !
 light ( ,god4 ,9 ! n9ete5? *apt] we    
read3 ,all ?+s 7 made by him1 & )\t him 
n a ?+ 0 made4 ,^! 7 quotations f ,john 
)\t 8 be+ nam$ z ! au?or2 b ,!ophilus ( 
,antio*1 :o wrote ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #agf1    
especially ascribes ! ,gospel to him4 ,9
 ! second book ( ?is treatise address$  
to ,antolycus1 he says3 ',:5ce ! holy   
,scriptures tea* u1 & all :o c>ri$ 9 !m 
a holy _s1 ( :om ,john says1 ,9 ! beg9n+
 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4' ,x may be    
claim$ z an hi/oric fact1 t ! f\r?      
,gospel 0 extant 9 ,a4 ,d4 #age1 & t all

 ef=ts to give x an e>ly date spr+ f    
unc]ta9 data3 obscure allusions &       
d\btful inf]5ces altoge!r too vague &   
unreliable to satisfy ! m9d 9 pursuit ( 
tru?4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4       ,:y     
,ir5aeus wrote ! f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "n (  
,john4--      ,he %[s t ! ,gospels c\ld 
n be less ?an f\r1 &      proves !      
doctr9e ( ! inc>nation by ! ,old        
,te/am5t      & ! ,synoptics4--,! au?or 
( ! epi/les attribut$ to      ,/4 ,john4
  ,! zeal ( ,ir5aeus aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies  
_h c>ri$ him s f> 9 support ( ! doctr9e 
( ! inc>nation t he v5tur$ ^u a new     
,gospel1 "u ! "n & au?ority ( an        
,apo/le4 ,)\t ! au?ority ( "s "o ( !    
,apo/les to su/a9 him1 ( :at consequ5ce 
w\ld ! op9ion ( "o man be1 on a "q :i*  
involv$ ! sub/ance & ess5ce (           
,*ri/ianity8 ,no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to 
publi% a f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "n (-"s "o    
among ! disciples4 ,!y 7 all dead a     
hundr$ ye>s or m1 & ! "t & place ( _!   
dea? no "o knew4  ,b :y did ,ir5aeus    
select ! "n ( ,john8 ,x 0 8 policy to   

select f among ! twelve ! "o :o _h be5 !
 lea/ conspicu\s dur+ 8 life1 s t :at 0 
said or done by him 9 ,judea at "o "t   
%\ld n conflict ) some?+ else claim$ to 
h be5 done at ! same "t some:]e else4 ,!
 "o t said & did no?+ 9 8 own c\ntry    
might be claim$ to h said & done a great
 deal 9 ano!r4 ,if ! pro( adduc$ to     
prove t ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 0 n !   
,john ( ,ephesus1 & t ,ir5aeus 0 engag$ 
9 mak+ a false sub/itute1 we h gone a   
great way to %[ t he himself 0 ! au?or (
 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,to be sure1 ,john's   
pres5ce 9 ,asia 0 requir$ = ! ,apo/olic 
succession2 b ! man :o br\ght him !re = 
t purpose w\ld be mo/ likely to use 8 "n
 9 all o!r cases :5 x might prove       
useful4  ,! book aga9/ ,h]esies 0 writt5
 betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #ahb & ,a4 ,d4 #ahh1 s t
 ab\t eight ye>s elaps$ betwe5 !        
appe>ance ( ! ,gospel & ! "o aga9/ !    
h]etics4 ,9 ! mean "t1 no d\bt ! ,gospel
 _h be5 attack$ f m qu>t]s ?an "o1 s t x
 became necess>y t ! writ] %\ld come to 
its def5ce4 ,! book aga9/ ,h]esies is   

no?+ m ?an a supplem5t to ! ,gospel1 & !
 writ] _h 9 view its def5ce z mu*1 if n 
m1 ?an he _h ! h]esies ( ! ,gno/ics4    
,no bett] evid5ce c\ld be giv5 ( !      
viol5ce ) :i* ! f\r? ,gospel 0 attack$1 
:5 x fir/ appe>$1 ?an ! "* ( ! def5ce   
made to su/a9 x4 ,t x 0 some?+ new 9 !  
"t ( ,ir5aeus is evid5t f ! fact t he is
 call$ ^u & employ$ 8 g5ius to def5d x4 
,he is n call$ ^u to def5d ei!r ( ! o!r 
,gospels1 because :atev] d\bts !re may h
 be5 z to !m1 ! "t = discussion _h long 
pass$ away4 ,b ! f\r? ,gospel 0 some?+  
new2 x _h n gone ?r\gh t f]m5tation 9 ! 
m9ds ( m5 :i* always foll[s !           
introduction ( "s new idea or pr9ciple1 
b 0 und]go+ t process at ! "t ,ir5aeus  
wrote 9 its def5ce4 ,if ?is ,gospel _h  
be5 writt5 by ,john1 x w\ld h be51 at ! 
"t ,ir5aeus wrote1 ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s 
old1 & its claims settl$ ye>s be=e he 0 
born4 ,! v argum5ts he br+s to its      
support are pro(s t x is a fraud4 ,he   
proves t x is g5u9e because x is a      
necessity--j z pill>s are necess>y to ! 

support ( a portico4 ,9 8 mode ( argum5t
 he proves t a falsehood may be expos$  
by ! pov]ty & weakness ( ! argum5ts :i* 
are reli$ ^u = its support4  ,ir5aeus   
proves n only t ! appe>ance ( ! f\r?    
,gospel 0 some?+ new1 b t ! doctr9es x  
conta9$ 7 unhe>d ( be=e4 ,he says3 ,x is
 n possible t ! ,gospels c be ei!r m or 
few] 9 numb] ?an !y are2 = s9ce !re are 
f\r zones ( ! _w 9 :i* we live1 & f\r   
pr9cipal w9ds1 :ile ! *ur* is scatt]$   
?r\gh\t all ! _w1 & ! pill> & gr\nd ( ! 
*ur* is ! ,gospel & ! ,_s ( life1 x is  
fitt+ t %e %\ld h f\r pill>s1 brea?+ out
 immortality on e side1 & vivify+ m5    
afre%4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #h47 
,on ?is subject1 aft] draw+ _m          
illu/rations f ! ,gospels 9 pro( ( 8    
position1 he concludes z foll[s3 ,^! ?+s
 be+ s1 all :o de/roy ! =m ( ! ,gospel  
are va91 unle>n$1 & also audaci\s3 ^?   
7,i mean7 :o repres5t ! aspects ( !     
,gospel z be+ m 9 numb] ?an z a=esaid1  
or1 on ! o!r h&1 few]4 7,book ,,iii4    
*ap4 #b1 sec4 #i47  ,! f\r? ,gospel 0   

writt5 ) no o!r purpose ?an to prove !  
inc>nation1 & t purpose is s p]si/5tly  
kept up 9 e l9e & v]se1 f ! beg9n+ to ! 
end1 t if we /rike out ?is1 & ! miracles
 :i* are m]e supports ( ! ma9 idea1 !re 
is no?+ left4 ,& s ) ! ?ird book aga9/  
,h]esies--x has b "o !me4 ,! writ] sets 
out ) ! ,logos idea ( ?is ,gospel1 :i*  
is nev] lo/ sight (4 ,he f9ds pro( 9 !  
traditions ( ! *ur*--9 e page ( ! ,old  
,te/am5t--9 ! ,synoptics1 z well z 9 !  
f\r? ,gospel2 & z we read 8             
misapplication ( words & s5t5ces1 we    
w\ld conclude t he 0 a lunatic if we did
 n "k he 0 some?+ else4 ,he has no      
qu>rel ) ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 because  
he c see no?+ 9 !m t does n furni% pro( 
( :at is taught 9 ! f\r?2 & 9 ! language
 :i* makes mo/ aga9/ 8 dogmas1 he sees !
 cle>e/ pro( ( _! tru?4  ,z an example (
 8 mode ( int]pretation1 & turn+ ! pla9 
s5se ( words f _! prop] mean+ to pro(s t
 ,*ri/ 0 ,god 9 ! fle%1 we w give 8     
explanation ( ! prophecy ( ,isaiah1 :i* 
relates to 8 bir? f a virg93 ,!re=e1 !  

,"l himself %all give y a sign3 ,behold1
 a virg9 %all conceive & be> a son2 & ye
 %all call 8 "n ,emmanuel4 ,butt] &     
honey %all he eat3 be=e he kn[s or      
*ooses out ?+s t are evil1 ,he %all     
ex*ange !m = :at is good2 = be=e ! *ild 
kn[s good or evil1 ,he %all n cons5t to 
evil1 t he may *oose t :i* is good4 ,"h 
foll[ ! comm5ts3 ,c>efully1 !n1 has !   
holy ,gho/ po9t$ out1 by :at has be5    
said--,8 bir? f a virg9 & ,8 ess5ce1 =  
he is ,god 7= ! "n ( ,emmanuel indicates
 ?is74 ,& he %[s t he is a man :5 he    
says1 ',butt] & honey %all he eat2' & 9 
t he t]ms him a *ild also1 9 say+1 'be=e
 he kn[s good f evil2' = ^! are all     
tok5s ( a human infant4 ,b t he 'w n    
cons5t to evil t he may *oose :at is    
good1' ?is is prop] to ,god2 t by !     
fact1 t ,he %all eat butt] & honey1 we  
w\ld und]/& t ,he is a m]e man only--nor
 on ! o!r h& f ! "n ,emmanuel1 %\ld     
suspect him to be ,*ri/ )\t fle%4 7,book
 ill4 *4 #ba1 sec4 #d47 ,t is1 ,*ri/ is 
9 ! fle%1 because he is to eat butt] &  

honey2 & he is ,god1 because he kn[s h[ 
to di/+ui% betwe5 good & evil2 & z a    
consequ5ce1 ! div9e & human nature are  
unit$ 9 8 p]son1 & he is ! inc>nate     
,god4 ,we h %[n 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w t ! 
prophecy ( ,isaiah _h no?+ to d ) a     
future ,*ri/1 b 0 meant z a measure (   
"t1 gov]n$ by ! p]iod ( ge/ation4       
,aga93 ',! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 ,sit   
,?\ at my "r h&1 until ,i make ?9e      
enemies ,?y foot/ool4' ,"h 7!           
,scripture7 repres5ts to u ! ,fa!r      
address+ ! ,son2 ,he :o gave ,him !     
inh]itance ( ! hea!n1 & subject$ to ,him
 all 8 enemies4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! ,fa!r is
 truly ,"l1 & ! ,son truly ,"l1 ! ,holy 
,_s has fitly designat$ !m by ! title ( 
,"l4 ,& aga91 ref]r+ to ! de/ruction ( !
 ,sodomites1 ! ,scripture says1 ',!n !  
,"l ra9$ ^u ,sodom & ^u ,gomorrah fire &
 brim/one f ! ,"l out ( heav54' ,= x "h 
po9ts out t ! ,son1 :o _h also be5 talk+
 ) ,abraham1 _h receiv$ p[] to judge !  
,sodomites = _! wick$ness4 ,& ?is 7text 
foll[+7 does decl>e ! same tru?3 ',?y   

?rone1 ,o ,god1 is =ev] & ev]2 ! sceptre
 ( ?y k+dom is a "r sceptre4 ,?\ ha/    
lov$ righte\sness1 & hat$ iniquity3     
!re=e ,god1 ?y ,god1 ha? ano9t$ !e4' ,= 
! ,_s designates bo? ( !m by ! "n (     
,god--bo? ,him :o is ano9t$ z ,son1 &   
,him :o does ano9t1 t is1 ! ,fa!r4 ,&   
aga93 ',god /ood 9 ! congregation ( !   
gods1 ,he judges among ! gods4' ,he 7"h7
 ref]s to ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & ^? :o h   
receiv$ ! adoption2 b ^! are ! *ur*4 ,= 
%e is ! synagogue ( ,god1 :i* ,god--t   
is1 ! ,son ,himself--has ga!r$ by       
,himself4 ,( :om ,he aga9 speaks3 ',!   
,god ( gods1 ! ,"l ha? spok51 & ha?     
call$ ! e>?4' ,:o is meant by ,god8 ,he 
( :om ,he has said1 ',god %all come     
op5ly1 our ,god1 & %all n keep sil5ce2' 
t is1 ! ,son1 :o came manife/$ to m51 :o
 said1 ',i h op5ly appe>$ to ^? :o seek 
me n4' 7,book ill4 *ap4 #f1 sec4 #a47   
,& aga91 :5 ! ,son speaks to ,moses1 ,he
 says1 ',i am come d[n to deliv] ?is p4'
 ,= x is ,he :o desc5d$ & asc5d$ = !    
salvatipn ( m54 ,!re=e ,god has be5     

decl>$ ?r\gh ! ,son1 :o is 9 ! ,fa!r1 & 
has ! ,fa!r 9 ,himself--,he :o is1 !    
,fa!r be>+ witness to ! ,son1 & ! ,son  
ann\nc+ ! ,fa!r4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 #f1 
sec4 #b47  ,he quotes _m passages f !   
,gospel ( ,mat!w to prove 8 doctr9e4 ,b 
,mat!w says1 t ! ,magi1 com+ f ! ,ea/1  
exclaim$1 ',= we h se5 8 /> 9 ! ea/1 &  
are come to wor%ip ,him2' & t1 hav+ be5 
l$ by ! /> into ! h\se ( ,jacob to      
,emmanuel1 !y %[$1 by ^? gifts :i* !y   
(f]$1 :o x 0 t 0 wor%ipp$3 myrrh1       
because x 0 ,he :o %\ld die & be buri$ =
 ! mortal human race2 gold1 because ,he 
0 a k+1 '( ^: k+dom is no end2' &       
frank9c5se1 because ,he 0 ,god1 :o also 
'0 made kn[n 9 ,judea1' & 0 'decl>$ to  
^? :o s\ght ,him n4' 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 
#i1 sec4 #b47 ,& !n1 7speak+ ( ,87      
baptism1 ,mat!w says3 ',! heav5s 7 op5$1
 & ,he saw ! ,_s ( ,god1 z a dove1 com+ 
^u ,him3 & lo a voice f heav51 say+1    
,?is is my belov$ ,son1 9 :om ,i am well
 pleas$4' ,= ,*ri/ did n at t desc5d ^u 
,jesus1 nei!r 0 ,*ri/ "o & ,jesus ano!r3

 b ! ,^w ( ,god--:o is ! ,savi\r ( all1 
& ! rul] ( heav5 & e>?1 :o is ,jesus1 z 
,i h already po9t$ out1 :o did also take
 ^u ,him fle%1 & 0 ano9t$ by ! ,_s f !  
,fa!r--0 made ,jesus ,*ri/4 7,book      
,,iii4 *ap4 #i1 sec4 #c47  ,! foll[+ is 
pro( d]iv$ f ,luke4 ,z ,za*>ias1 also1  
recov]+ f ! /ate ( dumbness :i* he _h   
suff]$ on acc\nt ( unbelief1 hav+ be5   
fill$ ) a new _s1 did bless ,god 9 a new
 mann]4 ,= all ?+s _h ent]$ ^u a new    
phase1 ! ,^w arrang+ aft] a new mann] ! 
adv5t 9 ! fle%1 t ,he might w9 back to  
,god t human nature 7hom9em7 :i* _h     
dep>t$ f ,god4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap4 #aj1  
sec4 #b47  ,_m citations ( a l nature   
are tak5 f ,luke & ,m>k to prove !      
,logos doctr9e ( ,john's ,gospel4       
,ir5aeus ev5 br+s ,john ^u ! /& to prove
 ! doctr9e ( an inc>nate ,*ri/6 :i*     
,john himself 0 ! fir/ to communicate4  
,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 prea*es ?is  
fai?1 & seeks1 by ! proclamation ( !    
,gospel1 to remove t error :i* by       
,c]9?us _h be5 dissem9at$ among m51 & a 

long "t previ\sly by ^? t]m$            
,nicolaitans1 :o are an (fset ( t 'k'   
falsely s call$1 t he might conf\nd !m1 
& p]suade !m t !re is b "o ,god1 :o made
 all ?+s by ,8 ,^w2 & n1 z !y allege1 t 
! ,creator 0 "o1 b ! ,fa!r ( ! ,"l      
ano!r2 & t ! ,son ( ! ,creator 01 =soo?1
 "o1 b ! ,*ri/ f above ano!r4444 ,!     
disciple ( ! ,"l1 !re=e1 desir+ to put  
an end to all su* doctr9es1 & to e/abli%
 ! rule ( tru? 9 ! *ur*1 t !re is "o    
,almighty ,god1 :o made all ?+s by ,8   
,^w1 bo? visible & invisible2 %[+ at !  
same "t1 t by ! ,^w1 ?r\gh :om ,god made
 ! creation1 ,he also be/[$ salvation on
 ! m5 includ$ 9 ! creation3 ?us comm5c$ 
,8 tea*+ 9 ! ,gospel3 ',9 ! beg9n+ 0 !  
,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4' 
7,bopkm4 *ap4 #aa1 sec4 #a47  ,he makes 
_m ref]5ces to ,john1 & sums up 8       
compla9ts aga9/ ! ,gno/ics 9 ! foll[+   
words3 ,b accord+ to ! op9ion ( no "o ( 
! h]etics 0 ! ,^w ( ,god made fle%4 ,=  
if any "o c>efully exam9es ! sy/ems ( !m
 all1 he w f9d t ! ,^w ( ,god is br\ght 

9 by all ( !m z n hav+ become inc>nate  
7s9e c>ne7 & impassible1 z is also !    
,*ri/ f above4 7,book ,,iii4 *ap1 91    
sec4 #c47 ,! writ] cites _m passages f !
 epi/le ( ,pet]1 all confirm+ ! ,logos  
doctr9es ( ,john4  ,! foll[+ is ! head+ 
( *ap4 xxii4 book ,,iii43 ,*ri/ assum$  
actual fle%1 conceiv$ & born ( ! ,virg94
 ,9 ?is *apt] ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation  
is elaborately argu$1 & pro( suppli$ f  
_m qu>t]s2 b z !re is a great sam5ess 9 
! argum5t ?r\gh\t1 x w\ld only tire !   
read] to pursue ! subject any fur!r4  ,!
 ?ird book aga9/ ,h]esies conta9s       
tw5ty-five *apt]s1 :i* are ext5d$ ?r\gh 
"o hundr$ & sev5te5 pages1 & ?r\gh\t !re
 is b "o idea pres5t$1 & ! pro( (f]$ 9  
its support2 & f ! fir/ to ! la/1 !re is
 a /udi$ ef=t to turn ! pla9 import (   
biblical passages f _! true mean+ into !
 support ( ! doctr9es 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 
,?us ?is fa!r ( ! *ur*1 9 ab\t sev5 ye>s
 aft] ?is ,gospel appe>$1 came to its   
def5ce1 & = t purpose wrote a book1 :i* 
mu/ h co/ him mu* "t & /udy1 = 9 its way

 x is a "w ( great rese>*1 & requir$ an 
intimate acqua9tance ) ! ,old & ,new    
,te/am5ts1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,gno/ics1 :i* 
7 num]\s 9 8 day4 ,f ! zeal :i* is %[n  
?r\gh\t1 x is evid5t t ! writ] _h "s    
p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & t he 0    
def5d+ 8 own doctr9es1 & n ^? ( ,/4     
,john or any "o else4  ,we d n detect 9 
! "w aga9/ ,h]esies ! l(ty & sublime    
tone ( ! ,gospel1 &1 f ! nature ( !     
subject1 x c\ld n be expect$4 ,he is    
engag$ 9 an attempt to impose on ! _w1 &
 z :at he decl>es to be ! "w ( an       
,apo/le has no f\ndation 9 tru?1 nor !  
doctr9es x tea*es1 he /ruggles l a man 9
 a morass1 :o is compell$ to seize ^u   
any?+ to keep him f s9k+4 ,no d\bt he 0 
press$ h>d by 8 adv]s>ies1 & he seems 9 
8 def5ce ( ! f\r? ,gospel l a gor$ bull 
) a pack at 8 front & heels4 ,we c      
detect ! ke5 lance ( 8 adv]s>y1 pi]c+   
him to ! quick1 9 ! repeat$ cry (       
,anti*ri/1 :i* is ! favorite weapon :5  
h>d press$ by 8 enemies4  ,z he fights  
all 8 battles 9 ! "n ( ,/4 ,john1 he>   

him exclaim1 9 ! fir/ & second epi/les1 
:i* he falsely ascribes to ! ,apo/le3   
,little *ildr51 x is ! la/ "t3 & z ye h 
he>d t ,anti*ri/ %all come1 ev5 n[ are  
!re _m ,anti*ri/s2 :]eby we "k t x is ! 
la/ "t4 ,:o is a li> b he t d5ie? t     
,jesus is ! ,*ri/8 ,he is ,anti*ri/ t   
d5ie? ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 7#a ,john ii4   
#ah1 #bb47 ,h]eby "k ye ! ,_s ( ,god3 ,e
 _s t confesse? t' ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 
9 ! fle%1 is ( ,god3 & e _s t confesse? 
n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is n 
( ,god4 ,& ?is is t _s ( ,anti*ri/1 :]e(
 ye h he>d t x %\ld come2 & ev5 n[      
already is x 9 ! _w4 7#a ,john iv4 #b1  
#c47 ,= _m deceiv]s are ent]$ into ! _w1
 :o confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 !
 fle%4 ,?is is a deceiv]1 & an          
,anti*ri/4 ,look to y\rselves1 t we lose
 n ^? ?+s :i* we h wr\ght1 b t we       
receive a full rew>d4 ,:osoev]          
transgresse?1 & abide? n 9 ! doctr9e (  
,*ri/1 ha? n ,god4 ,he t abide? 9 !     
doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 he ha? bo? ! ,fa!r & ! 
,son4 ,if !re come any unto y1 & br+ n  

?is doctr9e1 receive him n into y\r     
h\se1 nei!r bid him ,god spe$3 = he t   
bidde? him ,god spe$ is p>tak] ( 8 evil 
de$s4 7#b ,john #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa47  
,! _s t dictat$ ! =ego+ d5unciations (  
^? :o disbeliev$ ! dogma ( ,*ri/        
inc>nate1 also gave bir? to :at foll[s3 
,b aga91 ^? :o ass]t t he 0 simply a m]e
 man1 begott5 by ,joseph1 rema9+ 9 !    
bondage ( ! old disob$i5ce1 are 9 a /ate
 ( dea?2 hav+ be5 n z yet jo9$ to ! ,^w 
( ,god ! ,fa!r1 nor receiv+ lib]ty ?r\gh
 ! ,son1 z ,he does himself decl>e3 ',if
 ! ,son %all make y free1 ye %all be    
free inde$4' ,b1 be+ ignorant ( ,him :o 
f ! ,virg9 is ,emmanuel1 !y are depriv$ 
( ,8 gift1 :i* is et]nal life2 & n      
receiv+ ! incorruptible ,^w1 !y rema9 9 
mortal fle%1 & are debtors to dea?1 n   
obta9+ ! antidote ( life4 ,to :om ! ,^w 
says1 m5tion+ ,8 own gift ( grace3 ',i  
said1 ye are all ! sons ( ! ,highe/1 &  
gods2 b ye %all die l m54' ,he speaks   
und\bt$ly ^! words to ^? :o h n receiv$ 
! gift ( adoption1 b :o despise !       

inc>nation ( ! pure g5]ation ( ! ,^w (  
,god1 defraud human nature ( promotion  
into ,god1 & prove !mselves ungrateful  
to ! ,^w ( ,god1 :o became fle% = !m4   
7,book iii4 *ap4 #ai1 sec4 ,i47         
,,*apt] ,,xiv4       ,f\r di/9ct eras 9 
,*ri/ianity f ,paul to ! ,c\ncil      ( 
,nice4--,! epi/les ( ,paul & ! works ( !
 fa!rs      *ang$ to suit ea* era4--,!  
di%one/y ( ! times4  ,f ! "t ,paul      
comm5c$ 8 labors1 to ! latt] "p ( !     
second c5tury1 we c trace ?ree eras or  
p]iods 9 ! /ate & "* ( ,*ri/ianity1 z   
m>k$ & di/9ct z ! v>i\s /rata ( ! e>?   
:i* indicate ! diff]5t ages ( _!        
=mation4 ,fir/1 ! ,paul9e2 second1 !    
,philo-,alex&rian1 :i* includes ! "t ( !
 fir/ ?ree ,gospels2 ?ird1 !            
,inc>nation1 :i* includes ! f\r?        
,gospel4 ,z we approa* ! end ( ! ?ird   
c5tury1 we may include a f\r? p]iod--t (
 ! ,tr9ity4  ,we h /at$ else:]e1 t !    
di/+ui%+ feature betwe5 ! ,logos (      
,philo & ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul 01 t ! =m] 0   
coexi/5t 9 po9t ( "t ) ! ,creator or    

,fa!r1 :ile 9 case ( ! latt]1 !re 0 a "t
 he did n exi/4 ,!re 0 /ill ano!r       
diff]5ce3 ! ,logos 0 begott5 9 heav51 b 
,*ri/ 0 born on ! e>?1 ( e>?ly p>5ts4   
,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 
:o _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by !   
prea*+ ( ,paul1 ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul 0 made  
to give way1 9 "t1 to ! ,logos ( ,philo4
 ,?is *ange c be trac$ 9 ! =g]ies :i*   
are f\nd int]l>d$ ?r\gh ! epi/les (     
,paul1 & ! writ+s ( ! e>ly fa!rs4 ,we   
trace ! gradual & /eal?y dep>ture f !   
fir/ to ! second /ages ( ,*ri/ianity 9 !
 use ( t]ms 9 ,paul's epi/les :i* 7     
employ$ among ! ,gno/ics & o!rs 9 ! e>ly
 "p ( ! second c5tury4 ,! epi/les to !  
,ephesians & ,colossians h be5 pron\nc$ 
by able critics to be spuri\s1 because (
 "s v]se :i* h an ,alex&rian look2 :5 x 
is easy to discov] t ^! v]ses are m]e   
ins]tions into ! orig9al text4 ,! t]m   
pl]oma1 or fulness1 0 a favorite phrase 
among ! ,gno/ics1 & n[ we f9d x scatt]$ 
"h & !re ?r\gh ! epi/les3 ,= x pleas$ ! 
,fa!r1 t 9 him %\ld all fulness dwell4  

7,col4 i4 #ai47 ,= 9 him dwelle? all !  
fulness ( ! ,godhead bodily4 7,col4 ii4 
#i47 ,& ha? put all ?+s "u 8 feet1 &    
gave him to be ! head ( all ?+s to !    
*ur*1 :i* is 8 body1 ! fulness ( him t  
fille? all 9 all4 7,eph4 i4 #bb1 #bc47  
,& to "k ! love ( ,*ri/1 :i* passe? all 
k1 t ye might be fill$ ) all ! fulness (
 ,god4 7,eph4 iii4 #ai47 ,! preexi/5ce (
 ,*ri/1 & 8 rank z ,god1 is n[ op5ly    
av[$4 ,= by him 7 all ?+s creat$1 t are 
9 heav51 & t are 9 e>?1 visible &       
invisible1 :e!r !y be ?rones1 or        
dom9ions1 or pr9cipalities1 or p[]s3 all
 ?+s 7 creat$ by him1 & = him4 ,& he is 
be=e all ?+s1 & by him all ?+s consi/4  
7,col4 i4 #af1 #ag47 ,"h ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul
 disappe>s1 l ! great ,apo/le himself4  
,! works ( ! fa!rs are n[ mutilat$ by ! 
same ru?less h&1 to ma9ta9 ! new phase  
:i* ,*ri/ianity is =c$ to assume4       
,ignatius1 :o is call$ ,!ophorus to !   
*ur* :i* is at ,ephesus 9 ,asia1        
des]v$ly happy1 be+ bless$ ?r\gh !      
greatness & fulness ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 &   

pr$e/9at$ be=e ! _w began1 t x %\ld be  
always unto an endur+ & un*angeable     
glory2 be+ unit$ & *os51 ?r\gh actual   
suff]+1 accord+ to ! w ( ! ,fa!r &      
,jesus ,*ri/ our ,god1 all happ9ess by  
,jesus ,*ri/ & 8 undefil$ grace4        
7,epi/le to ,eptsic]is1 sec4 #a4 #ag47  
,! balance ( ?is section1 :i* w be cit$ 
9 a subsequ5t page1 0 add$ 9 ! ?ird or  
f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,*ri/ianity put on its  
f\r? phase4 ,= ?is cause !y 7 p]secut$  
also1 be+ inspir$ by 8 grace1 fully to  
conv9ce ! unbeliev]s t !re is "o ,god1  
:o ha? manife/$ himself by ,jesus ,*ri/ 
8 ,son1 :o is 8 et]nal ,^w1 n com+ =? f 
sil5ce1 :o 9 all ?+s 0 well pleas$ 9 him
 t s5t him4 99 7,sec4 #h47       99 ,!  
^w sil5ce is a ^w :i* grew 9 use among !
      ,gno/ics long aft] ! "t (         
,ignatius1 & af=ds      unmi/akable pro(
 ( ! fraudul5t int]polation4            
,val5t9ianus1 a ,gno/ic ( ! second      
c5tury1 held t      !re is a c]ta9 ,dyad
 7tw(old be+71 :o is      inexpressible 
by "n1 ( :om "o "p %\ld be call$        

,anhetus1 unspeakable1 & ! o!r ,sil5ce4 
,! ^w1 9      ! connection 9 :i* x is   
f\nd 9 ! passage f      ,ignatius1      
speak+ ab\t :at relat$ to a lat] age1   
has      be5 ! occasion ( mu*           
discussion3 "s cont5d+ t      x has     
ref]5ce to ! ,sil5ce ( ,val5t9ianus1 :i*
      proves ! passage spuri\s2 o!rs1 t 
x relates to !      errone\s op9ions (  
h]etics ant]ior to ,val5t9ianus4        
,:at h]etics6 7,see ,*evali]'s          
,apo/olical ,gospels1 note      #f47    
,su* passages z we h cit$1 & o!rs ( a l 
nature :i* might be cit$1 h l$ critics  
to ! conclusion t ! writ+s :i* conta9 !m
 are =g]ies2 b if exam9$ 9 connection ) 
! texts1 x w be f\nd t !y are           
int]polations1 =c$ into ! places !y     
fill4 ,z ! writ+s ( ,paul n[ /&1 !y     
pres5t ,*ri/ 9 two di/9ct *>act]s or    
aspects3 8 own z ! ,son ( ,man1 f :i* he
 nev] wav]$2 & ! o!r t ( ,philo4 ,all   
?r\gh 8 epi/les we f9d passages :i*     
inculcate doctr9es ) :i* he combat$ dur+
 8 :ole life4 ,all t is ess5tial to1 or 

t is embrac$ 91 ! writ+s ( ,philo1 z to 
! nature ( ! ,logos1 may be f\nd 9 !    
epi/les ( ,paul4 ,we w give a few       
examples :i* we ga!r f ! "w ( ,jacob    
,bryant1 & f\nd among ! notes ( ,adam   
,cl>ke 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ,/4 ,john4    
,philo4 ,fir/ begott5 ( ,god4           
,,colossians i4 #ae4 ,:o is ! image ( ! 
invisible ,god1 ! fir/-born ( e         
creature4  ,,hebrews i4 #f4 ,& aga91 :5 
he br+e? 9 ! fir/ begott5 into ! _w1 he 
sai?1 ,& let all ! angels ( ,god wor%ip 
him4  ,,philo4 ,by :om ! _w 0 creat$4   
,hebrews i4 #b4 ,ha? 9 ^! la/ days spok5
 unto u by 8 ,son1 :om he ha? appo9t$   
heir ( all ?+s1 by :om also he made !   
worlds4  #a ,cor9?ians viii4 #f4 ,b to u
 !re is b "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are   
all ?+s1 & we 9 him2 & "o ,"l ,jesus    
,*ri/1 by :om are all ?+s1 & we by him4 
,philo4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ,god's works1 & 
be=e all ?+s4  #b ,timo?y i4 #i4 ,:o ha?
 sav$ u1 & call$ u ) an holy call+1 n   
accord+ to our works1 b accord+ to 8 own
 purpose & grace1 :i* 0 giv5 u 9 ,*ri/  

,jesus be=e ! _w began4  ,philo4 ,e/eem$
 ! same z ,god4 ,,philippians ii4 #f4   
,:o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ?\ght x n robb]y
 to be equal ) ,god4 ,philo4 ,he unites1
 supports1 pres]ves1 & p]fects ! _w4    
,,coloss4 i4 #ag4 ,& he is be=e all ?+s1
 & by him all ?+s consi/4  ,philo4 ,free
 f all ta9t ( s91 volunt>y & involunt>y4
  ,hebrews vii4 #bf4 ,= su* an high     
prie/ became u1 :o is holy1 h>mless1    
undefil$1 sep>ate f s9n]s1 & made high] 
?an ! heav5s4  ,philo4 ,! ,logos !      
f\ndation ( wisdom4  #a ,cor9?ians i4   
#bd4 ,b unto !m :i* are call$1 bo? ,jews
 & ,greeks1 ,*ri/ ! p[] ( ,god1 & !     
wisdom ( ,god4  ,,coloss4 ii4 #c4 ,9 :om
 are hid all ! treasures ( wisdom & k4  
,philo4 ,m5 be+ fre$ by ! ,logos f all  
corruption1 %all be entitl$ to          
immortality  #a ,cor9?ians xv4 #eb1 #ec4
 ,9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 at !  
la/ trump3 = ! trumpet %all s\nd1 & !   
dead %all be rais$ incorruptible1 & we  
%all be *ang$4 ,= ?is corruptible mu/   
put on 9-corruption1 & ?is mortal mu/   

put on immortality4  ,inconsi/5cy _c be 
claim$ to be "o ( ! faults ( ,paul2 b if
 we place ^! passages by ! side ( ^? 9  
:i* he decl>es1 9 unmi/akable language1 
8 belief 9 ! nature ( ,*ri/1 we mu/ ei!r
 admit inconsi/5cy or fraud4 ,! influ5ce
 ( ,paul _h lo/ mu* ( its =ce be=e 8    
dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #ff2 & :5 ,hadrian assum$ 
! gov]nm5t ( ! empire1 ,a4,d4 #aag1 !   
,paul9e era _h ne>ly ceas$4 ,speak+ ( ! 
great ,apo/le1 ,r5an says3 ,aft] 8      
disappe>ance f ! sc5e ( 8 apo/olic      
/ruggles1 we %all f9d him soon =gott54  
,8 dea? 0 probably reg>d$ z ! dea? ( an 
agitator4 ,! second c5tury sc>cely      
speaks ( him1 & app>5tly endeavors to   
sy/ematically blot out 8 memory4 ,8     
epi/les are !n slightly read1 & only    
reg>d$ z au?ority by r a sl5d] gr\p4    
7,life ( ,paul4 page #cbg47  ,b ! same  
au?or tells u1 on ! same page1 :at      
hi/ory confirms1 t ,paul1 9 ! ?ird      
c5tury1 wond]fully rises 9 ! e/imation (
 ! *ur*1 & resumes ! place f :i* he _h  
be5 depos$4 ,!re is a good & obvi\s     

reason = ! *ange4 ,dur+ ?is int]val     
betwe5 ! fall & rise ( 8 influ5ce1 8    
epi/les _h be5 subject$ to ! mo/ gl>+   
=g]ies1 9 ord] to make !m con=m to !    
,philo-,alex&rian ideas :i* 9 ! mean "t 
prevail$4  ,x is to be rem>k$ at ?is    
place1 t ! ,logos idea ( ,philo enc\nt]$
 difficulties1 :5 appli$ to ! p]son (   
,jesus4 ,x c\ld n be d5i$ t he 0 ! son (
 ,m>y2 b x might be1 t he 0 n ! son (   
,joseph4 ,he is !re=e born n ( man4 ,!  
influ5ce ( a div9e en]gy is sub/itut$4  
,no soon] is ?is new feature introduc$  
into ! second /age ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?an   
new ideas prevail1 & are f\nd scatt]$   
?r\gh ! works ( ! fa!rs4 ,& ! pr9ces ( !
 _w "k n ! virg9ity ( ,m>y1 & him :o 0  
born ( h]1 & ! dea? ( ! ,"l3 ?ree       
my/]ies nois$ abroad1 yet done by ,god 9
 sil5ce4 ,:]e is ! wise & :]e is !      
disput]8 ,:]e is ! boa/+ ( ^? :o are    
call$ m5 ( und]/&+8 ,= our ,god1 ,jesus 
,*ri/1 0 born 9 ! womb ( ,m>y1 accord+  
to ! disp5sation ( ,god4 7,ignatius to  
,eph4 sees4 #ah1 #ai47  ,! =ego+ are m]e

 specim5s4 ,*ri/ is n[ ! ,son ( ,god2 b 
= a "t he is all humanity4 ,he gr[s f   
infancy to manhood1 & manife/s 9 himself
 ! appetites & infirmities :i* belong to
 ! fle%4 ,8 m9d develops e>ly2 b1 z )   
o!r mortals1 x grew & exp&$ z he advanc$
 9 ye>s4 ,b ! "t came :5 ! heav5s 7 op5$
 unto him1 & he saw ! ,_s ( ,god desc5d+
 l a dove1 & light+ ^u him4 7,matt4 iii4
 #af47 ,he 0 !re proclaim$ by a voice f 
heav51 to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,"h is      
some?+ ,paul nev] he>d (4 ,! new ,logos 
( ! gospel1 l ! ,logos ( ,philo1 0 )\t  
beg9n+1 f ev]la/+2 b f ?is po9t !y      
div]ge4  ,! ,logos ( ! ,alex&rian 0 n an
 hypo/asis1 or a p]son1 b a div9e       
emanation or _s2 ( a nature             
unconceivable1 :i* hov]$ ov] ! e>?1 b   
nev] t\*$ x4 ,! new ,*ri/ desc5d$ f     
heav5 z a _s1 took up its my/]i\s abode 
9 ! human =m1 :]e x dwelt until its     
m9i/ry 0 complete1 :51 ) ! body :i*     
conta9$ x1 x enc\nt]$ dea?--w5t d[n into
 ! grave--b on ! ?ird day broke ! *a9s (
 dea?1 & triumphantly asc5d$ into heav51

 f :5ce x came4  ,! t5d5cy ( ! m9ds ( m5
 at t day t[>ds ! discussions (         
metaphysical & un9telligible subjects1  
soon l$ to endless disputes1 gr[+ out ( 
?is new feature ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,h[  
?is my/]i\s union ( ,god & man c\ld &   
did exi/1 & :5 & h[ x 0 dissolv$1 7     
que/ions :i* caus$ mu* angry feel+ &    
acrimoni\s discussion among ,*ri/ians1  
:i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! second1 & ev5 to !  
f\r? c5tury1 :51 accord+ to ! le>n$     
au?or ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 !y di$ out by
 ! preval5ce ( m fa%ionable             
controv]sies1 & by ! sup]ior asc5dant ( 
! reign+ p[]4 7,gib-bon1 vol4 ,i4 p4    
#beg47  ,! idle & pr(itless disputes ( !
 second era ( ,*ri/ianity 7 =c$1 at a   
lat] day1 to give way to ^? ( ! ?ird4   
,c]9?us1 & o!r ,gno/ics1 ma9ta9$ t !    
,son ( ,god desc5d$ on ! day ( baptism 9
 ! =m ( a dove1 & rema9$ 9 its human    
receptacle until ! "t ( ! crucifixion1  
:5 x took its flight1 leav+ to ! human  
=m all ! agonies & suff]+s ( dea?4 ,if  
?is 7 s1 !re is no atonem5t3 ! ,son (   

,god has n (f]$ himself z a sacrifice4  
,! ,gno/ics _h ! advantage ( consi/5cy4 
,if ,*ri/ 0 a creature1 l o!r m51 :5 !  
,_s desc5d$ ^u him1 & exi/$ ap>t f !    
fle%1 !n dea? c\ld only rea* ! body1 &  
:5 t 0 put to dea?1 or ab\t to be1 & !  
,_s lo/ its tab]nacle or abid+-place1 x 
mu/ aga9 return to ! cele/ial abode4  ,!
 p]plexities & int]m9able disputes1     
caus$ by su* un9telligible subjects1 at 
la/ l$ to ! ?ird p]iod 9 ! ,*ri/ian     
religion3 ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation4 ,!  
,^w 0 made fle% & dwelt among u1 :o 0 n 
born ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god4
 7,john i4 #ac1 #ad47 ,god took ^u      
himself ! =m ( man1 & 0 ,god 9 man4 ,!  
,logos ( ,philo has become an hypo/asis1
 & walks ^u ! e>?4 ,! w> ) ! ,gno/ics   
has *ang$ gr\nd4 ,! ,son ( ,god did n   
come d[n & take up 8 abode 9 ! mortal =m
 ( ,*ri/1 b 0 ,jesus himself1 & :5 he   
came to suff] dea? !re 0 no sep>ation ( 
div9e & human natures1 b ! real ,son (  
,god %$ 8 blood1 suff]$1 & di$ on !     
cross z a sacrifice = ! s9s ( our race4 

,! pat]nal solicitude ( ,ir5aeus 9      
support ( ?is new phase ( ,*ri/ianity is
 conspicu\sly display$ 9 ! ?ird book ( 8
 "w aga9/ ,h]esies4 ,b1 accord+ to ^!   
m51 nei!r 0 ! ,^w made fle%1 nor ,*ri/1 
nor ! ,savi\r 7,sot]71 :o 0 produc$ f ! 
jo9t contributions ( all ! ,a,eons4 ,=  
!y w h x t ! ,^w & ,*ri/ nev] came into 
?is _w2 t ! ,savi\r1 too1 nev] became   
inc>nate1 nor suff]$1 b t he desc5d$ l a
 dove ^u ! disp5sational ,jesus2 & t1 z 
soon z ,he _h decl>$ ! unkn[n ,fa!r1 ,he
 did aga9 asc5d into ! ,pl]oma4444      
,!re=e ! ,"l's disciple1 po9t+ !m all   
out z false witnesses1 says3 ',& ! ,^w 0
 made fle%1 & dwelt among u4' 7,*ap4 xi4
 sec4 #c47 ,z x has be5 cle>ly          
demon/rat$ t ! ,^w1 :o exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+ 
) ,god1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 :o 0 also
 always pres5t ) mank9d1 0 9 ^! la/     
days1 accord+ to ! "t appo9t$ by !      
,fa!r1 unit$ to ,8 own workman%ip1      
inasmu* z ,he became a man liable to    
suff]+1 x foll[s t e objection is set   
aside ( ^? :o say1 ',if our ,"l 0 born  

at t "t1 ,*ri/ _h !re=e no previ\s      
exi/5ce4' ,= ,i h %[n t ! ,son ( ,god   
did n !n beg9 to exi/1 be+ ) ! ,fa!r f !
 beg9n+2 b :5 ,he became inc>nate1 & 0  
made man1 ,he comm5c$ afre% ! long l9e (
 human be+s1 & furni%$ u1 9 a brief1    
compreh5sive mann]1 ) salvation2 s t :at
 we _h lo/ 9 ,adam--namely1 to be       
accord+ to ! image & lik5ess ( ,god--t  
we might recov] 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 7,*ap1  
xviii4 sec4 #a47 ,! =g]s are aga9 at _! 
"w4 ,! anci5t fa!rs mu/ be made to      
subscribe to ! new cre$4 ,= "s !re are  
:o are wont to c>ry ab\t ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 
deceitful-ness1 b d ?+s unwor?y ( ,god1 
:om y mu/ avoid z ye w\ld wild bea/s4 ,=
 !y are rav+ dogs1 :i* bite secretly1 ( 
:om y mu/ be aw>e1 z m5 h>dly to be     
cur$4 ,!re is "o physician1 bo? c>nal & 
spiritual1 create & increate1 ,god      
manife/ 9 ! fle%2 bo? ( ,m>y & ( ,god2  
fir/ capable ( suff]+--!n liable to     
suff] no m4 7,ignatius to ,eph4 sec4    
#g47 ,= :osoev] confesse? n t ,jesus    
,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% is ,anti*ri/2 &  

:osoev] confesse? n 8 suff]+s ^u ! cross
 is f ! devil4 ,& :osoev] p]v]ts !      
oracles ( ,god1 he is ! fir/-born (     
,satan4 7,polyc>p to ,philippians1 sec4 
#g47  ,! above citations are a few ( _m 
o!rs ( a l "* scatt]$ ?r\gh ! works ( ! 
fa!rs1 ins]t$ long aft] _! dea?1 &      
evid5tly int5d$ to combat ! idea (      
,c]9?us & o!rs1 t ,*ri/ did n suff] on !
 cross1 & s x c\ld n be claim$ t by 8   
dea? he made an atonem5t = ! s9s ( man4 
,bo? ( ^! fa!rs liv$ ne> ! "t ( ,paul1 &
 believ$ ! doctr9es he prea*$3 ,ye are !
 passage ( ^? t are kill$ = ,god2 :o h  
be5 in/ruct$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! gospel )   
,paul1 :o 0 sanctifi$ & bore te/imony   
ev5 unto dea?1 & is des]v$ly mo/ happy2 
at ^: feet ,i w\ld t ,i might be f\nd :5
 ,i %all h atta9$ unto ,god1 :o ?r\gh   
all 8 epi/les makes m5tion ( y 9 ,*ri/4 
7,ignatius to ! ,ephesians1 sec4 #ab47  
,= nei!r c ,i1 nor any o!r su* z ,i am1 
come up to ! wisdom ( ! bless$ & r5[n$  
,paul1 :o be+ among/ y1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^?
 :o !n liv$1 taught ) exactness &       

s\ndness ! ^w ( tru?2 :o 9 8 abs5ce also
 wrote an epi/le to y1 unto :i*1 if y   
dilig5tly look1 y may be able to be     
edifi$ 9 ! fai? deliv]$ unto y1 :i* is !
 "m ( u all4 7,polyc>p to !             
,philippians1 sec4 #c47  ,paul taught t 
,*ri/ 0 born ( woman1 "u ! law2 &       
,ignatius1 t he 0 truly ( ! race (      
,david1 accord+ to ! fle%4 7,lett] to ! 
,eph41 sec4 #a47  ,! lett]s ( ,polyc>p &
 ,ignatius seem$ a k9d ( a free commons 
:]e =g]ies might be committ$ by all2 &  
!y h be5 s (t5 us$ = ?is purpose1 9 ord]
 to secure ! au?ority ( _! names to !   
doctr9es ( ! day1 t !re is v little ( ! 
orig9als left4 ,all p>ties 7 engag$ 9 ! 
practice2 & ea* *>g$ 8 adv]s>y ) do+ ! v
 ?+ t he 0 do+ himself4  ,z we read :ole
 pages 9 ,ir5aeus1 *>g+ 8 adv]s>ies )   
=g]ies & false int]polations1 we smile  
at ! impud5ce & audacity ( ! man1 :o has
 done m to pollute ! pages ( hi/ory ?an 
any o!r1 & ^: foot-pr9ts we c foll[     
?r\gh ! :ole c5tury1 l ! slime ( a      
s]p5t4  ,speak+ ( ! =g]ies ( ?is c5tury1

 ,casaubon says3 ,& 9 ! la/ place1 x    
mightily affects me to see h[ _m !re 7 9
 ! e>lie/ times ( ! *ur*1 :o consid]$ x 
a capital exploit to l5d to heav5ly tru?
 ! help ( _! own inv5tions1 9 ord] t !  
new doctr9e might be m readily all[$ by 
! wise among ! ,g5tiles4 ,^! (fici\s    
lies1 !y 7 wont to say1 7 devis$ = a    
good end2 f :i* s\rce1 beyond "q1 sprang
 ne>ly innum]able books1 :i* t & !      
foll[+ age saw publi%$ by ^? :o 7 f> f  
be+ bad m5 7= we are n speak+ ( ! books 
( ! h]etics71 "u ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus    
,*ri/ & ( ! ,apo/les1 & ( o!r sa9ts4    
7,casaubon1 quot$ by ,l>dn]47 ,l>dn] is 
=c$ to admit t ,*ri/ians ( or ! ,enigmas
 ( ,*ri/ianity1 all sorts 7 guilty ( ?is
 fraud--inde$1 we may say x 0 "o great  
fault ( ! times4 7,vol4 iv4 page #ed47  
,9 an age :]e falsehood 0 e/eem$ a m]it1
 ! tru? _c be expect$4 ,be=e we close   
:at we h to say on ! ?ird p]iod (       
,*ri/ianity1 we _c fail to notice :at a 
wide gulf has gr[n up betwe5 ! religi\s 
fai? ( ,paul & 8 foll[]s1 & ^? :o gave  

_! ass5t to ! doctr9es ( ! f\r? ,gospel4
 ,b1 wide z is ! gulf1 ^? :o call       
!mselves ,*ri/ians c /& on ! opposite   
banks & clasp h&s z believ]s 9 a common 
fai?4 ,:y is ?is8 ,skilful artisans1 9 !
 second c5tury & subsequ5t ages1 h be5  
busy 9 bridg+ ov] ?is va/ abyss1 by add+
 to & tak+ away f :at ,paul taught1     
until to cross ov] is nei!r difficult   
nor dang]\s4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4       ,! 
,tr9ity1 or f\r? p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity4   
,if we may judge ( ! opposition made to 
! doctr9es ( ! f\r? ,gospel by !        
vehem5ce & bad feel+ ) :i* !y 7 def5d$1 
we conclude t if !y 7 n successfully    
refut$1 !y did n escape j & sev]e       
criticism4 ,! sudd5 *ange f ! ,logos (  
,philo to ! hypo/asis ( ,john--f ,*ri/ a
 _s :o _h desc5d$ f ,heav5 & tak5 up a  
tempor>y abode 9 ! human =m1 & a ,*ri/  
:o 0 born a ,god1 liv$ & rema9$ su*     
?r\gh dea? & ! resurrection--0 too great
 a *ange to be sudd5ly tak51 )\t provok+
 ! sne]s & animadv]sions ( ! enemies ( !
 new fai?1 :o 7 on ! look\t to expose   

its weaknesses1 & ridicule its          
inconsi/5cies4 ,:at gave =ce & po9t to  
_! attacks 01 t ! *ange f ! ,logos ( !  
,synoptics to t ( ! f\r? ,gospel 0 "o ( 
necessity1 =c$ ^u ,*ri/ians by ! tactics
 ( ! ,gno/ics1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a       
pr9ciple :i* lay at ! f\ndation ( _!    
religion3 t is1 ! atonem5t4  ,9 ! w>    
wag$ betwe5 !m & _! enemies1 ,*ri/ians  
f\nd x a s\rce ( great relief &         
satisfaction1 to le>n t ! doctr9es (    
,john's ,gospel1 :i* 7 ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ 
v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt]1 7 9 h>mony ) !    
!ology ( ,plato4 ,:atev] inconsi/5cies  
might be imput$ to !m on acc\nt ( !     
*ange ( _! ideas z to ! nature ( ,*ri/1 
_! pres5t views 7 ! same z ^? held by ! 
great philosoph] ( ,greece1 ^: wisdom _h
 entitl$ him to be call$ ,plato !       
,div9e4 ,! /udy ( ! works ( ! ,a!nian by
 ,*ri/ians ( ?is p]iod 0 ! natural      
result ( ?is feel+1 & we discov] a      
con/ant increase ( ?is admiration until 
8 asc5d5cy is complete1 & ! nature ( !  
,godhead det]m9$ by 8 g5ius4 ,! foll[]s 

( ,plato 7 no less gratifi$ to f9d t !  
doctr9es ( ! f\r? ,gospel 7 9 h>mony ) !
 s*ool ( _! great tea*]2 s mu* s t x    
remov$1 ! prejudice1 & r$uc$ ! di/ance  
:i* =m]ly sep>at$ !m f ! ,*ri/ians499   
99 ,"s pro(s ( ! respect :i* ! ,*ri/ians
      ent]ta9$ = ! p]son & doctr9es (   
,plato1 may be      f\nd 9 ,de la ,mo!  
le ,vag]1 torn4 v4 p4 #ace1 & ,basnage1 
tom4 ,,iv4 p4 #bi-gi4    ,decl9e &      
,fall1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ddj1 note      #bi4 
,accord+ to ,john1 ! ,^w exi/$ ) ! ,fa!r
 f ! beg9n+--0 equal to ! ,fa!r1 & 0 !  
,creator ( all ?+s4 ,! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & 
! ,holy ,gho/ 7 co-equal & co-et]nal4 ,)
 ,plato1 ! ,fa!r1 or ,fir/ ,cause1 !    
,logos1 & ,_s ( ! ,univ]se1 exi/$ f !   
beg9n+1 & 7 end[$ ) co-ord9ate p[]s2 b1 
accord+ to him1 all div9e natures fl[ f 
! ,"o1 or ,fir/ ,cause1 z light fl[s f !
 sun1 & are b\nd 9 unity1 & are "o2 s ! 
?ree p]sons 9 ! ,godhead ( ,plato are   
"o1 & con/itute a triad 9 unity4  ,!    
!ology ( ! f\r? ,gospel approa*$ s ne>  
to t ( ,plato1 t x 0 natural t "o %\ld  

ins5sibly run into ! o!r1 & 0 :at might 
h be5 expect$4 ,! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy  
,gho/ are equal1 z ! ,fir/ ,cause1 !    
,logos1 & ! ,_s ( ! ,univ]se are equal4 
,z ! two proce$ f ! ,"o1 or ,fir/       
,cause1 ) ,plato1 & are unit$1 s ! two  
proce$ f ! ,fa!r1 & are "o1 & 9 bo?     
cases =m a tr9ity 9 unity4  ,! circle is
 n[ complete4 ,paul 0 de?ron$ by !      
,alex&rian ,philo1 & 8 ,*ri/ology 9 turn
 is ov]?r[n by ! mix$ !ology ( ,john &  
,plato4 ,we c readily detect ! viol5ce  
done ! works ( ! fa!rs1 9 ord] to give !
 au?ority ( _! names to ?is new phase ( 
,*ri/ianity4 ,:]e=e come all ye toge!r z
 to "o temple ( ,god--z to "o alt>--z to
 "o ,jesus ,*ri/--:o proce$s f ,"o      
,fa!r1 & exi/s 9 "o & is return$ to ,"o 
7,ignatius to ,magnesians1 sec4 #g47    
,?is language expresses ! ,platonic idea
 9 all its complet5ess4 ,x c\ld h>dly be
 expect$ t ,*ri/ianity c\ld take ^u     
itself ?is new phase )\t op5+ ! door =  
new causes = dispute1 z w always be !   
case :5 m5 presume to reason on         

spiritual g5]ation1 & f negative ideas  
attempt to draw positive conclusions4   
,sabellius1 ( ,egypt1 und]took to f9d a 
middle gr\nd1 & :ile he admitt$ ! triad 
9 unity1 he claim$ t !re 0 b "o p]son 9 
! ,godhead1 & t ! ,^w & ,_s are only    
virtues or emanations ( ! ,deity4 ,b 8  
doctr9e conc$$ too mu* to ! !ology ( !  
,greek to suit ! foll[]s ( ,arius1 & n  
en\gh to satisfy ! or?odox2 & s1 aft] a 
va9 /ruggle1 ,sabellius & 8 doctr9e8 7  
swall[$ up & lo/ sight ( 9 ! /rife      
creat$ by ! oppos+ views :i* sudd5ly    
sprang up 9 ! *ur* at ,alex&ria4 ,we    
give ! orig9 ( ! dispute 9 ! words (    
,socrates1 a writ] ( ! fif? c5tury4     
,aft] ,pet]1 ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 _h     
suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,diocletian1 ,a*illes
 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,episcopal (fice1 :om    
,alex&] succe$$1 dur+ ! p]iod ( peace   
above ref]r$ to4 ,he1 9 ! fe>less       
ex]cise ( 8 functions = ! in/ruction &  
gov]nm5t ( ! *ur*1 attempt$ "o day1 9 ! 
pres5ce ( ! presbyt]y & ! re/ ( 8 cl]gy1
 to expla91 ) p]haps too philosophical  

m9ut5ess1 t great !ological my/]y1 !    
,unity ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity4 ,a c]ta9 "o ( 
! ,presbyt]s "u 8 jurisdiction1 ^: "n 0 
,arius1 possess$ ( no inconsid]able     
logical acum51 imag9+ t ! ,bi%op        
ent]ta9$ ! same view ( ?is subject z    
,sabellius ! ,libyan1 controv]t$ 8      
/atem5ts ) excessive p]t9acity1 advanc+ 
ano!r error :i* 0 directly oppos$ inde$ 
to t :i* he suppos$ himself call$ ^u to 
refute4 ',if1' said he1 '! ,fa!r begat !
 ,son1 he t 0 begott5 _h a beg9n+ (     
exi/5ce3 & f ?is x is evid5t1 t !re 0 a 
"t :5 ! ,son 0 n 9 be+4 ,x !re=e        
necess>ily foll[s1 t he _h 8 exi/5ce f  
no?+4' 7,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 book i4 
*ap4 #e47  ,f a little sp>k1 cont9ues ! 
writ]1 a l>ge fire 0 k9dl$1 :i* ran     
?r\gh\t all ,egypt1 ,libya1 ! upp]      
,!bes1 & f9ally ?r\gh ,asia & ,europe4  
,aft] di/urb+ ! peace ( ! _w = f\rte5   
hundr$ ye>s1 ! dispute :i* comm5c$ at   
,alex&ria rema9s unsettl$ to ?is day4   
,we n[ approa* a new era4 ,up to ?is "t 
! religion ( a p _h no connection ) !   

p[]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,con/ant9e is ! fir/ to 
set an example4 ,indebt$ to ! ,*ri/ians 
= _! assi/ance 9 ! civil w> betwe5      
himself & ,lic9ius1 "u ! pretext (      
pres]v+ ! peace ( ! *ur*1 he wrote an   
epi/le to ,alex&] & ,arius1 admoni%+ !m 
to =be> & cease to qu>rel ab\t ?+s !y c 
nei!r expla9 or compreh5d4 ,?us comm5c$ 
a connection betwe5 *ur* & ,/ate :i* has
 prov$ s ru9\s to ! cause ( true        
religion1 & ! peace ( ! *ur* ev] s9ce4  
,?is int]f]5ce 0 cont9u$ by ,con/ant9e  
?r\gh\t 8 reign1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? !   
affairs ( ! *ur* & ,/ate 7 s int]wov5 t 
x became difficult1 at times1 to di/+ui%
 betwe5 ! (fice ( a ,bi%op & ! p[]s ( ! 
,emp]or4 ,! _s ( faction 9 ! *ur* prov$ 
sup]ior to ! au?ority ( ,con/ant9e1 & 9 
ord] to re/ore peace1 he 0 =c$ to call  
an assembly ( ,bi%ops1 ,presbyt]s1 &    
,deacons f e "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,:at 0 
meant to re/ore h>mony1 only furni%$    
fre% subjects = dispute1 s t ! progress 
( mank9d has r be5 ret>d$ ?an assi/$ by 
! piety & wisdom ( ! ,nic5e fa!rs4 ,!   

attempt to fix a /&>d ( fai? by !       
decrees ( c\ncils has prov5 to be !     
greate/ folly 9 :i* m5 7 ev] engag$1 z x
 has be5 ! s\rce ( ! greate/ mis]y &    
suff]+2 & proves1 by ! evils :i* fl[ f  
x1 t all su* ef=ts are va9 &            
presumptu\s4 ,z well und]take to fix a  
/&>d = ! f9e arts1 & det]m9e by a decree
 ! comb9ation ( colors1 & h[ ! lights & 
%ades %all be m+l$ 9 mak+ a picture to  
please ! eye1 & satisfy ! ta/e ( all4   
,t :i* foll[$ :at 0 done at ! ,c\ncil ( 
,nice1 %[s ( :at little value are !     
decrees ( su* bodies 9 e/abli%+ or 9    
assi/+ ! cause ( tru?4 ,c\ncil foll[$   
c\ncil1 )\t arriv+ any ne>] to !        
settlem5t ( ! dispute4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury 
alone1 !re 7 =ty-five c\ncils2 ( ^!1    
?irte5 decid$ aga9/ ,arius1 fifte5 9 8  
favor1 & sev5te5 = ! ,semi>ians4        
7,drap]'s ,intellectual ,developm5t1    
page #bbb47 ,! divisions & qu>rels among
 ,*ri/ians sapp$ ! /r5g?1 & f9ally l$ to
 ! disruption ( ! ,roman empire1 &      
prep>$ ! way = ! armies ( ,p]sia1 & !   

conque/ ( ,mahomet4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi4  
,! ,ca?olic ,epi/les4  ,! ,ca?olic      
,epi/les1 z !y are call$1 if g5u9e1 %\ld
 be reg>d$ z ( ! highe/ au?ority 9      
ev]y?+ :i* relates to ! e>ly age (      
,*ri/ianity4 ,t "s are ! real           
productions ( an ,apo/le1 "s s 9 "p1 &  
o!rs :olly spuri\s1 is susceptible ( !  
mo/ satisfactory pro(4 ,! epi/le (      
,james1 & ! fir/ ( ,pet]1 if we except  
c]ta9 p>ts ( ! latt]1 h /rong claims to 
be treat$ z ! works ( ! writ]s ^: names 
!y be>2 :ile ! second ( ,pet]1 ! fir/1  
second1 & ?ird ( ,john1 & ! "o ascrib$  
to ,jude1 c>ry on _! face unmi/akable   
m>ks ( =g]y4  ,! writ] ( ! fir/ epi/le (
 ,pet] 0 a ,jew1 n a ,greek1 & x 0      
address$ to ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,8 m9d      
dwells on ev5ts 9 ,jewi% hi/ory1 = he   
speaks ( ,s>ah1 ,abraham1 & ,moses1 &   
ref]s to ! traditions ( ! ,jewi% rabb9s 
& eld]s4 7#a ,pet4 i4 #ah47 ,al?\gh     
address$ to /rang]s1 ! epi/le 0 meant = 
,jews1 :o1 ?r\gh p]secution 9 ,judea1   
fl$ into =eign c\ntries2 = to ,pet] 0   

committ$ ! m9i/ry ( ! circumcision4     
7,gal4 ii4 #i47 ,besides1 ! p]sons to   
:om ,pet] writes are /yl$ a *os5        
g5]ation1 a royal prie/hood1 a holy     
nation1 a peculi> p 7#a ,pet] ii4 #i71  
:i* c only apply to ! ,jewi% nation4 ,& 
ye %all be unto me a k+dom ( prie/s1 & a
 holy nation4 7,exodus xix4 #f47  ,!    
lett] %[s t ,pet] 0 /ill a ,jew1 &      
altoge!r proves t he _h n *ang$ 8 views 
on circumcision4 ,! vision on ! h\se-top
 _h n yet tak5 place4 ,b !re is a _s (  
pure morality runn+ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( 
! epi/le1 :i* br+s x ne> ! "t ( ,*ri/1 &
 makes x out ( place 9 a lat] p]iod (   
,*ri/ianity4 ,x is conclusive pro( ( its
 canonical au?ority1 t x is ins]t$ 9 !  
,syriac v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1       
execut$ at ! close ( ! fir/ or e>ly 9 ! 
second c5tury2 & x is equally conclusive
 aga9/ ! second ( ,pet]1 t x is n       
includ$ 9 ! same "w4 ,h]mas has n few]  
?an sev5 allusions to ! fir/ epi/le1 :i*
 is suffici5t to prove its antiquity4   
,?is epi/le 0 also writt5 be=e ! ord] ( 

,bi%ops 0 recogniz$ 9 ! *ur*1 &         
,*ri/ians _h n dep>t$ f _! fir/ simple  
ideas ( ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t4 ,pet]   
himself claim$ to be no?+ m ?an eld]4 ,!
 eld]s :i* are among y ,i exhort1 :o am 
also an eld] 7i ,pet] v4 ,i47  ,! place 
:]e ! lett] be>s date corresponds ) our 
ideas ( ! movem5ts ( ,pet]1 = 8 labors1 
:atev] !y may h be51 7 conf9$ to ,asia1 
n f> beyond ! conf9es ( ,judea4  ,b if !
 fir/ ( ,pet] is 9 ! ma9 g5u9e1 x did n 
escape corruption at ! h&s ( ! poison]s 
( tru? 9 ! second c5tury4 ,:o v]ily 0   
=e-orda9$ be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 b 0  
manife/ 9 ^! la/ times = y4 7i ,pet] i4 
#bj47 ,=asmu* !n z ,*ri/ ha? suff]$ = u 
9 ! fle%1 arm y\rselves likewise ) !    
same m9d3 = he t ha? suff]$ 9 ! fle% ha?
 ceas$ f s94 7#a ,pet] iv4 ,i47 ,:5 ^!  
v]ses 7 writt51 ,*ri/ianity _h pass$    
into its ?ird p]iod1 = "h is ann\nc$ a  
,*ri/ :o 0 co-et]nal ) ! ,fa!r1 & 0     
inc>nate4  ,mo/ ( ! fir/ *apt]1 if n    
all1 is und\bt$ly spuri\s4 ,! boa/ful _s
 ) :i* x comm5ces2 ! doctr9al           

ann\ncem5ts1 & ! tone 9 :i* !y are      
deliv]$ are entirely diff]5t f t %[n 9 !
 foll[+ *apt]s4 ,x is writt5 z some?+ to
 be us$ aga9/ an adv]s>y1 &1 l all      
=g]ies ins]t$ into g5u9e writ+s = su*   
purposes1 mu* is cr[d$ into a small     
space4  ,9 ?is *apt] is decl>$ !        
preexi/5ce ( ,*ri/1 or ! ,alex&rian     
,logos2 ! resurrection2 =ekn[l$ge &     
election1 & sanctification--all disput$ 
po9ts 9 !ology1 :i* requir$ ! au?ority (
 an ,apo/le to settle3 b nei!r ( :i* _h 
any?+ to d ) ,*ri/ or ! religion he     
taught4 ,x w be notic$1 t ! crucifixion 
is m5tion$ twice3 once 9 connection ) ! 
tw5tie? v]se1 :i* ass]ts ! et]nity ( !  
,logos1 & ! o!r 9 close connection ) !  
second v]se1 :i* holds to ! doctr9e (   
election4 ,z ! preexi/5ce ( ,*ri/ 0 no  
"p ( ,*ri/ianity :5 ,pet] wrote1 :i* 01 
accord+ to ,l>dn] & o!rs1 9 ,a4,d4 #fd1 
b belongs to a lat] p]iod2 & z ! subject
 m5tion$ 9 ! tw5tie? & tw5ty-fir/ v]ses 
is ! same1 & _c be sep>at$1 x foll[s t  
bo? are spuri\s4  ,s we w\ld say ( !    

m5tion ( ! resurrection 9 ! ?ird v]se4  
,x is connect$ ) a doctr9al po9t :i* _h 
no exi/5ce 9 ,pet]'s "t1 &1 if x _h1 0 9
 dispute1 & 0 ins]t$ into ?is *apt] to  
give x ,apo/olic au?ority4 ,! m5tion ( !
 resurrection 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ v]se ( !   
?ird *apt]1 holds also a suspici\s      
connection ) ! doctr9e ( baptism4  ,!   
true comm5cem5t ( ?is epi/le w be f\nd 9
 ! fir/ v]se ( ! second *apt]4 ,"h we   
discov] q a diff]5t _s4 ,"h comm5ce !   
pla91 simple & pure doctr9es ( !        
,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* 9 ! end w secure !   
victory4 ,pet] & ,james are ea* examples
 to prove t a m9d w$d$ to a s+le idea1  
:i* _h = ages ent]$ into ! religion ( a 
p1 may be contract$ & fett]$ by x1 & yet
 be free to exp& "u ! influ5ce ( ! true 
g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity1 & become lib]al on 
o!r subjects4 ,nei!r ,pet] nor ,james   
c\ld %ake (f ! ,jewi% notion (          
circumcision1 = x began ) ! fa!r ( t p  
by ! comm& ( ,god1 & 0 to be b9d+ on 8  
desc5dants to ! end ( "t4 ,) !m1 l all !
 laws ( ,god1 ! law ( circumcision 0    

un*angeable4 ,b not)/&+ all ?is1 !y ea* 
_h he>t en\gh to take 9 ! great tru?s ( 
,*ri/ianity z decl>$ by ! lips ( its    
f\nd]4 ,^! m51 :o 7 slaves to "o idea1  
:o dogg$ ! foot/eps ( ,paul because he  
taught ! doctr9e ( ! uncircumcision1    
c\ld yet tea* m5 ! duty to love ?y      
neighbor z ?yself4 7,james ii4 #h47  ,no
 two writ+s c be m unlike ?an ! two     
epi/les ascrib$ to ,pet]4 ,! second is  
fill$ ) ! boa/+ & controv]sial bitt]ness
 ( ! times ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,9 ! primitive 
*ur*es ! au!nticity ( ?is epi/le 0 a    
subject ( d\bt4 ,x 0 n1 z /at$1 includ$ 
9 ! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1   
:i* _c be acc\nt$ =1 except t x 0 n 9   
exi/5ce :5 x 0 compil$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! 
second c5tury4 ,b ! int]nal evid5ce     
furni%$ by ! epi/le itself is suffici5t 
to prove t x nev] 0 writt5 by ,pet]4  ,!
 foll[+ conta9s ! _s ( ,ir5aeus :5 he   
speaks ( 8 intimacy ) ,polyc>p3 ,& ?is  
voice :i* came f heav5 we he>d1 :5 we 7 
) him 9 ! holy m\nt4 7#b ,pet] i4 #ah47 
,b !re 7 false prophets also among ! p1 

ev5 z !re %all be false tea*]s among y1 
:o privily %all br+ 9 damnable h]esies1 
ev5 d5y+ ! ,"l t b\ght !m1 & br+ ^u     
!mselves swift de/ruction4 7#b ,pet] ii4
 #a47 ,& ?r\gh covet\sness %all !y )    
feign$ words make m]*&ise ( y3 ^:       
judgm5t n[ ( a long "t l+]e? n1 & _!    
damnation slumb]e? n4 7,*ap4 ii4 #c47 ,b
 ^!1 z natural brute bea/s1 made to be  
tak5 & de/roy$1 speak evil ( ! ?+s t !y 
und]/& n2 & %all utt]ly p]i% 9 _! own   
corruption4444 ,spots !y are & blemi%es1
 sport+ !mselves ) _! own deceiv+s :ile 
!y fea/ ) y4 7,*ap4 ii4 #ab1 #ac47 ,= x 
_h be5 bett] = !m n to h kn[n ! way (   
righte\sness1 ?an1 aft] !y h kn[n x1 to 
turn f ! holy comm&m5t deliv]$ unto !m4 
,b x is happ5$ unto !m accord+ to ! true
 prov]b1 ,! dog is turn$ to 8 own vomit 
aga92 &1 ,! s[ t 0 wa%$ to h] wall[+ 9 !
 mire4 7,*ap4 ii4 #ba1 #bb47 ,! lett] is
 fill$ ) all ! v5om & bitt]ness ( !     
,gno/ic qu>rels4  ,we h already said    
en\gh to prove ! two epi/les ( ,john    
spuri\s1 & :o x 0 t wrote !m4 ,t :i* 0 f

 ! beg9n+1 :i* we h he>d :i* we h se5 ) 
our eyes1 :i* we h look$ ^u1 & our h&s h
 h&l$1 ( ! ,^w ( life2 = ! life 0       
manife/$1 & we h se5 x1 & %ew unto y t  
et]nal life :i* 0 ) ! ,fa!r1 & 0        
manife/$ unto u4 7#a ,john i4 #a1 #b47  
,ira5eus1 9 a lett] to ,flor9us1 says1 9
 speak+ ( ,polyc>p3 ,well1 !re=e1 c\ld  
,i describe ! v place 9 :i* ! bless$    
,polyc>p sat & taught2 8 go+ out & com+ 
92 ! :ole t5or ( 8 life2 8 p]sonal      
appe>ance2 ! disc\rses :i* he made to ! 
p4 ,h[ w\ld he speak ( ! conv]sations   
:i* he _h held ) ,john & o!rs :o _h se5 
! ,"l4 ,h[ did he make m5tion ( _!      
words1 & :atsoev] he _h he>d f !m       
respect+ ! ,"l4 ,all ?is he c say )\t a 
blu%2 al?\gh ,polyc>p nev] saw ,john1 & 
9 all 8 lett]s1 :i* are num]\s1 he nev] 
claims he did4 ,he saw ,paul1 b n ,john4
 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,john is made to speak (
 ,*ri/ is mu* ! same z ,ir5aeus makes   
m5tion ( ,polyc>p4 ,effect is meant to  
be giv5 to :at 0 /at$ 9 bo? cases1 by   
dwell+ on details4  ,aft] hav+ qualifi$ 

himself z witness 9 ?is boa/ful _s1 he  
proce$s to deal out bl[s on ! heads ( 8 
adv]s>ies3 ,he t sai?1 ,i "k him1 &     
keepe? n 8 comm&m5ts1 is a li>1 & ! tru?
 is n 9 him4 7i ,john ii4 #d47 ,:o is a 
li> b he t d5ie? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/8   
,he is ,anti*ri/1 t d5ie? ! ,fa!r & !   
,son4 7,*ap4 ii4 #bb47 ,e _s t confesse?
 t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is (  
,god3 & e _s t confesse? n t ,jesus     
,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is n ( ,god4    
7,*ap4 iv4 #b1 #c47 ,su* is ! _s ?r\gh\t
 ! two epi/les ascrib$ to ,john4 ,!     
,apo/le is =c$ on ! /age to make w> on !
 ,gno/ics1 & ma9ta9 ! dogma ( !         
inc>nation 9 ! language ( a blackgu>d4  
,! epi/le ( ,jude is no?+ b a bolt hurl$
 at ! head ( ,paul1 f ! h& ( "o :o      
assum$ ! "n ( an apo/le4  ,:at is said (
 ! fir/ epi/le ( ,pet] may be said ( t  
:i* is attribut$ to ,james4 ,x 0 writt5 
by a ,jew1 = he says3 ,0 n ,abraham our 
fa!r ju/ifi$ by works1 :5 he _h (f]$    
,isaac 8 son ^u ! alt>8 7,james ii4     
#ba47 ,! text %[s x 0 writt5 dur+ !     

,paul9e p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 ! "w ( 
,james1 or "s "o else1 9 reply to ,paul1
 :o claim$ t fai? )\t works 7 suffici5t 
= salvation4 ,x makes no allusion to !  
disput$ dogmas ( ! second c5tury1 & l ! 
fir/ ( ,pet]1 brea!s a _s ( ,*ri/ianity 
:i* approa*$ ne> ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,!       
frequ5t allusions to x by ,h]mas are 9  
favor ( an e>ly date3 x is includ$ 9 !  
,syriac v]sion1 :i* leaves its antiquity
 )\t "q4  ,we _c fail to be /ruck ) !   
fact1 t ,pet] & ,james1 bo? ,jews1 :o 7 
! disciples & companions ( ,*ri/1 are   
free f doctr9al dogmas1 & prea* doctr9es
 l ^? ( _! ,great ,tea*]1 full ( *>ity1 
k9dness1 & love4 ,x is only :5 we come  
to ! writ+s & =g]ies ( ! ,greek t we    
enc\nt] subtle & un9telligible dogmas1  
:i* involv$ m5 9 endless disputes1      
excit$ ! mo/ viol5t passions1 & t]m9at$ 
9 w>s & di/urbances ( all k9d4  ,:at is 
rem>kable1 too1 nei!r ( ^! ,jewi% writ]s
 makes any ref]5ce to ! ,gospels1 nor to
 ! miracles or prodigies spok5 ( 9 !m2  
nor does ei!r make m5tion ( ! miracul\s 

conception & bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,all ^! ?+s  
sprang f ! ,greeks4 ,to be sure1 ,paul  
prea*$ ! resurrection2 b he believ$     
because he saw ,*ri/ aft] ! crucifixion1
 9 a vision1 ,james is sil5t on !       
greate/ ev5t s9ce ! creation1 ( :i*1 if 
true1 he 0 a witness4 ,! h& ( ! spoil]  
fail$ to leave 8 m>k on ! pages ( ,james
 ! son ( ,alpheus4 ,address$ to !       
,twelve tribes :i* are scatt]$ abroad1 !
 epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n _h obta9$ too wide
 a circulation1 & 0 9 ! h&s ( too _m1   
be=e ! age ( =g]y comm5c$1 to be an easy
 subject = mutilation4 ,x 0 writt5 9    
,judea1 & address$ to ! :ole ,jewi% p4  
,x 0 = !m alone1 & 9 _! special cu/ody1 
& if x comes d[n to u )\t a spot or /a91
 z x came f ! p5 ( ! writ]1 x is because
 x 0 too well gu>d$ & protect$ by its   
fri5ds to admit ( corruption4 ,:y did   
,james )hold f ! twelve tribes ! great  
fact t ,*ri/ _h ris5 f ! dead8 ,he      
speaks ( 8 cruel dea?2 :y n m5tion !    
/ill m important fact1 t he rose sup]ior
 to ! grave1 & put dea? "u 8 feet8 ,ye h

 condemn$ & kill$ ! j2 & he do? n resi/ 
y4 7,james v4 #f47     ,,*apt] ,,xvii4  
,no ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome f ,a4 ,d4 #ff to  
,a4 ,d4 #aag4  ,f ! dea? ( ,paul 9 ,a4  
,d4 #ff1 z we h be=e /at$1 to ! reign ( 
,adrian 9 ,a4 ,d4 #aag1 ,rome 0 )\t a   
,*ri/ian population4 ,su* is hi/ory :5  
prop]ly r5d]$4 ,! c\rse ( ,n]o fill$ !m 
) horror1 & at ! "t ( 8 dea? ,rome 0    
des]t$ by !m4 ,aft] he ceas$ to reign   
!re foll[$ ! civil w>s1 ! mo/ fe>ful 9 !
 annals ( ,rome4 ,galba1 aft] all       
ob/acles 9 8 way to p[] _h be5 remov$ by
 ! sword1 ent]$ ! city ?r\gh a sc5e (   
blood1 & m5 expect$ no?+ less ?an !     
r5ewal ( all ! cruelties ( ,n]o's reign4
 7,annals ( ,tacitus1 ,app5dix to book  
xvi47 ,!n comm5c$ ! civil w> betwe5     
,vespasian & ,vitellius1 :i* 0 ! cause (
 untold mis]y to ! ,roman p4 ,! city (  
,rome 0 burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,f ! f\ndation
 ( ! city to t h\r1 ! ,roman p _h felt  
no calamity s deplorable1 no disgrace s 
humiliat+4 7,tacitus1 book iii4 sec4    
#bb47  ,! condition ( ! times is truly  

depict$ 9 ! concise & eloqu5t language (
 ! au?or ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall3 ,dur+     
f\rscore ye>s 7except+ only ! %ort &    
d\btful respite by ,vespasian's reign7  
,rome groan$ b5ea? an unrel5t+ tyranny  
:i* ext]m9at$ ! anci5t families ( !     
,republic1 & 0 fatal to almo/ e virtue &
 e tal5t t arose dur+ t unhappy p]iod4  
7,vol4 ,i4 page #dg7  ,obsc5e rites     
alleg$ to be practis$ by ,*ri/ians2 _!  
indiff]5ce t[>ds all :o diff]$ f !m 9 _!
 ideas on religion2 _! isolation f ! re/
 ( mank9d1 _h excit$ ! hatr$ ( ! ,pagan 
_w2 s t 9 l>ge cities1 :]e ! population 
0 lawless & difficult to re/ra91 !y 7   
liable to be attack$ & torn to pieces   
)\t notice & )\t provocation4 ,all !    
evils :i* befell ! empire 7 ref]r$ to ! 
,*ri/ians1 & 7 reg>d$ z pro( t ! ,roman 
p _h1 by tol]at+ !m1 incurr$ ! ang] (   
heav54 ,_! pres5ce 0 consid]$ a curse ^u
 ! e>?4 ,t]tullian exclaims3 ,if ! ,tib]
 rises aga9/ ! walls ( ! city1 or !     
,nile does n ov]fl[ its banks2 if !re is
 a dr\ght1 or e>?quake1 or fam9e1 or    

pe/il5ce1 ! cry at once is1 ,take !     
,*ri/ians to ! ,lion4 7,apology1 *ap1   
xl47  ,x 0 ?is /ate ( feel+ t made x    
dang]\s1 especially dur+ ! civil w>1 =  
,*ri/ians to rema9 9 ,rome4 ,domitian1 !
 son ( ,vespasian1 comm5c$ 8 reign 9 ,a4
 ,d4 #ha1 & 0 assass9at$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #if4 
,t we h no acc\nt ( any ,*ri/ians be+   
put to dea? "u 8 reign is pro( t !y _h n
 return$ f ! prov9ces4 ,x is ! fa%ion ) 
hi/orians to allege great cruelty t[>ds 
,*ri/ians dur+ ?is reign4 ,we h se>*$ = 
! evid5ce1 b h fail$ to f9d x4          
,suetonius liv$ dur+ 8 reign2 _h p]sonal
 k ( _m ?+s he describes2 gives ! names 
( num]\s victims & _! (f5ces2 m5tions ! 
cruelties inflict$ on ! ,jews2 b does n 
ev5 make use ( ! ^w ,*ri/ian1 or give ! 
"n ( any "o :o suff]$ on acc\nt ( 8     
religion4 ,! cruelty ( ,domitian sp5t   
itself on ^? :o 7 guilty ( political    
(f5ces2 b ! int]e/$ & p>tisan traditions
 ( ! second c5tury delight to make him a
 mon/] :o took pleasure 9 %$d+ ,*ri/ian 
blood4 ,he did n fail to p]secute       

,*ri/ians because he _h no incl9ation to
 d s--= he puni%$ :at he call$ impiety  
to ! gods ) sev]ity--b because !re 0    
none 9 ,rome dur+ 8 reign to p]secute499
       99 ,see ,app5dix ,d4  ,trajan    
succe$$ to ! empire 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ih4 ,dur+
 8 reign1 :i* cont9u$ to ,a4 ,d4 #aag1  
:at pro( !re is on ! subject t5ds to %[ 
t ,*ri/ians _h n yet return$ to !       
capital4 ,s little did ,trajan "k ab\t  
!m1 t ,pl9y1 9 writ+ to him = advice z  
to h[ he %\ld deal ) !m1 is compell$ to 
describe to him _! doctr9es1 practices &
 =ms ( wor%ip4 ,_h !re be5 any 9 ,rome  
at ! "t1 !re w\ld h be5 no necessity =  
?is2 & besides1 _h !re be5 any !re1 !   
mode ( treatm5t ( !m by ! emp]or w\ld   
af=d a prec$5t = ,pl9y )\t call+ =      
special in/ructions4 ,b we c affirm )   
confid5ce t no ,*ri/ian d>$ live 9 ,rome
 dur+ ?is reign1 :i* cont9u$ = n9ete5   
ye>s1 = ! reason t to be "o dur+ ?is "t 
0 a crime puni%able by dea?4  ,9 answ]  
to ,pl9y's lett]1 9 speak+ ( ,*ri/ians1 
,trajan writes3 ,if !y be br\ght be=e y1

 & are convict$1 let !m be capitally    
puni%$1 yet ) ?is re/riction1 t if any  
"o w r5\nce ,*ri/ianity & ev9ce 8       
s9c]ity by supplicat+ our gods1 h[ev]   
suspect$ he may be 9 ! pa/1 he %all     
obta9 p>don = ! future on 8 rep5tance4  
,x is n at all a/oni%+ t ,pl9y1 9 writ+ 
,trajan ab\t 8 mode ( treat+ ,*ri/ians1 
_h to tell him :o !y 71 & describe ! way
 9 :i* !y conduct$ !mselves4 ,f ,a4,d4  
#fd1 :5 ,tacitus speaks ( !m 9          
connection ) ! great fire1 & _! suff]+s 
at ! "t1 no hi/orian makes any m5tion ( 
!m1 z dwell]s 9 ,rome1 to ! end ( !     
c5tury4 ,! obscure allusion to !m by    
,juv5al & ,m>tial1 9 a satirical ve91   
relates solely to _! conduct "u torture1
 inflict$ by ,n]o at ! "t ,rome 0 burn$4
  ,suetonius1 :o 0 secret>y to ! ,emp]or
 ,adrian1 wrote ! life & times ( !      
,emp]ors f ,augu/us to ,domitian2 & if  
we except ! d\btful allusion to !m 9 !  
reign ( ,claudius1 he does n ev5 make   
use ( ! ^w ,*ri/ian1 or speak ( any?+ 9 
connection ) !m4 ,dur+ ! "t ( :i* we h  

be5 speak+1 liv$ & wrote ,qu9tilian1    
,juv5al1 ,/atius1 & ,m>tial4     ,,*apt]
 ,,xviii4       ,! (fice ( ,bi%op =eign 
to *ur*es e/abli%$ by      ,paul1 :i* 7 
too poor & too few 9 numb] to support   
! ord]4--,?ird *apt] ( ! second ,epi/le 
to ,timo?y1      & ! "o to ,titus1      
=g]ies4--,! writ+s ( !      ,fa!rs      
corrupt$4  ,eld]s or ,s5iors1 9 anci5t  
,jewi% polity1 7 p]sons :o 7 select$ on 
acc\nt ( _! age & exp]i5ce to adm9i/]   
ju/ice among ! p1--:o also held ! fir/  
rank 9 ! synagogue z presid5ts4 ,! (fice
 ( ! ,eld]1 ) ! ,jews1 comm5c$ ) ,moses1
 & 0 cont9u$ until aft] ! days ( !      
,apo/les4 ,!y 7 select$ ) ref]5ce to age
 & k1 )\t reg>d to any?+ else4 ,x is    
evid5t t ! ,apo/les did n dep>t f !     
,jewi% =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 b adopt$ &   
cont9u$ x du r+ _! lives4 ,! epi/le (   
,james 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #fa4 ,at t "t !
 *ur* 0 gov]n$ by ,eld]s4  ,is any sick 
among y8 let him call = ! ,eld]s ( !    
*ur*2 & let !m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him 
) oil 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l4 7,james v4 #ad47  

,9 ,a4,d4 #fd1 ,pet] 0 an ,eld]1 = t is 
! date ( ! fir/ epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,!
 ,eld]s :i* are among y ,i exhort1 :o am
 also an ,eld]4 7#a ,pet] vi4 #a47  ,we 
he> no?+ ( ! (fice ( ,bi%op until we    
ent] ! second age ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 !   
,!rapeutae _h tak5 possession ( ! *ur*1 
got ! upp]-h& ( ,paul & 8 foll[]s1 &    
introduc$ _! gov]nm5t ( ! ,episcopacy4  
,did ,paul in/itute a gov]nm5t = !      
*ur*es e/abli%$ by him1 diff]5t f t (   
,pet] & ,james8  ,paul _h no place = !  
(fice ( ,bi%op 9 ! *ur*es :i* he f\nd$ &
 organiz$4 ,9 all cases except "o he    
addresses 8 epi/les to ! *ur*1 & ^? t   
are sanctifi$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,! lett] to !    
,romans is address$1 ,to all t be 9     
,rome1 belov$ ( ,god4 ,! fir/ to !      
,cor9?ians1 ,unto ! *ur* ( ,god :i* is  
at ,cor9?2 second ,cor9?ians1 ,unto !   
*ur* ( ,god :i* is at ,cor9?1 ) all !   
sa9ts :i* are 9 all ,a*aia2 ,galatians1 
,& all ! bre?r5 :i* are ) me1 unto !    
*ur*es ( ,galatia2 ,ephesians1 ,to !    
sa9ts :i* are at ,ephesus1 & to !       

fai?ful 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 ,!ssalonians1   
,unto ! *ur* ( ! ,!ssalonians1 :i* is 9 
,god4 ,only 9 "o in/ance does ,paul make
 any o!r or diff]5t address4 ,8 epi/le  
to ! ,philippians is address$1 ,to all !
 sa9ts 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus :i* are at        
,philippi1 ) ! ,bi%ops & ,deacons3 a    
simple spuri\s addition to ! =ms (      
address 9 all o!r cases4  ,! lett] to ! 
,philippians 0 writt5 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fb or  
,a4 ,d4 #fc1 :5 ,paul 0 9 ,rome4 ,!     
epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians 0 writt5 9 ,a4 
,d4 #eb1 :ile he 0 9 ,cor9?4 ,= t5 ye>s 
,paul _h be5 writ+ lett]s to ! diff]5t  
*ur*es1 & 9 8 epi/le to ! ,philippians  
he uses ! ^w ,bi%op = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ?is 
epi/le ! "n ( ! ,bi%op is n giv51 :i* is
 significant4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is lett] %[ 
t !re 0 no ,bi%op at ,philippi at ! "t x
 0 writt54  ,:5 ,paul 0 a prison] 9     
,rome ! fir/ "t1 ! *ur* at t place s5t  
,epaphroditus to visit him1 ) means to  
supply 8 wants4  ,?ankful = !           
remembrance 9 :i* he 0 held1 he s5t !   
lett] spok5 (1 & z "s return = _!       

k9dness1 he promis$ to s5d to !m        
,timo?y4 ,b ,i tru/ 9 ! ,"l ,jesus to   
s5d ,timo!us %ortly unto y1 t ,i also   
may be ( good com=t1 :5 ,i "k y\r /ate4 
7,phil4 ii4 #ai47 ,him !re=e ,i hope to 
s5d pres5tly1 s soon z ,i %all see h[ x 
w g ) me1 7,*ap4 ii4 #bc47 ,if !re 0 a  
,bi%op 9 ! *ur* at ,philippi1 :y n      
m5tion 8 "n8 or :y s5d ,timo?y to !m at 
all to supply _! spiritual wants8  ,h[  
_m memb]s compos$ ! *ur* at ,philippi to
 require ! s]vices ( a ,bi%op & deacons8
 ,paul _h be5 !re once1 & p]haps !      
second "t4 ,he 0 call$ !re = ! fir/ "t  
by a vision2 b he soon got into tr\ble1 
& ev5 into prison1 & rema9$ b a %ort "t4
 ,! au?or ( ! life ( ,paul 7,r5an7      
claims t he w5t into ,mac$onia ! second 
"t1 & rema9$ ab\t six mon?s1 f ,june to 
,novemb] 7page #bfa74 ,! same writ]     
says3 ,a c\ntry 0 reput$ evangeliz$ :5 !
 "n ( ,jesus 0 pron\nc$ !re & half a    
score ( p]sons _h be5 conv]t$4 ,a *ur*  
frequ5tly conta9$ no m ?an twelve or    
fifte5 memb]s4 ,probably all ! conv]ts (

 ,/4 ,paul 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,mac$onia1 &  
,greece did n exce$ "o ?\s&4 ,( ?is     
numb]1 9 a note to ! tw5ty-second *apt]1
 he assigns two hundr$ to ! *ur*es 9    
,mac$onia4 ,z ,paul _h num]\s *ur*es 9  
,mac$onia1 we are safe to assign to !   
*ur* at ,philippi ! "o-half ( ! :ole    
numb] ( 8 foll[]s 9 t c\ntry4 ,! fir/   
conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity 7 f ! poor] class
 ( p1 & 7 n able to ev5 support ,paul1 s
 t he _h to ma9ta9 himself by manual    
labor z a t5t-mak]4 ,! "q may well be   
ask$1 :at necessity 0 !re = a ,bi%op &  
deacons at ,philippi1 & h[ 7 !y to be   
support$8 ,lucian1 9 8 dialogue entitl$ 
,philopatris1 :ile he no d\bt exagg]ates
 ! pov]ty & mean appe>ance ( ,paul's    
foll[]s1 he at ! same "t ?r[s mu* light 
on _! true condition4 ,he speaks ( !m z 
a set ( tatt]demalions1 almo/ nak$1 )   
fi]ce looks4 7,taylor's ,diegesis1      
#cgf47 ,! tru? is1 all ! *ur*es :i* owe 
_! orig9 to ,paul 7 s small & s poor1 t 
_! gov]nm5t 0 ( ! mo/ simple &          
economical k9d4 ,! fir/ epi/le ( ,paul  

to ,timo?y is int5d$ to settle !        
position & claims ( a ,bi%op 9 ! *ur*1 &
 give ! au?ority ( ,paul to ! ord]4 ,x  
is by su* obvi\s =g]ies z ?is1 & o!rs we
 w produce1 t we are able to =m any idea
 ( ! viol5ce ( ! qu>rels among ! e>ly   
,*ri/ians1 z to ! rights or /&+ ( a     
,bi%op 9 ! *ur*4  ,:at ar\ses suspicion1
 & at la/ conv9ces u1 t ! ?ird *apt] ( !
 fir/ epi/le to ,timo?y is a =g]y1 is t 
!re is too mu* on ! subject ( ,bi%ops f 
,paul all at once4 ,if ! episcopate =m (
 gov]nm5t und]laid or 0 at ! bottom (   
,paul's mode ( gov]nm5t1 x surely w\ld h
 come to ! surface or made itself kn[n  
be=e x sudd5ly />ts up 9 ! fir/ to      
,timo?y2 = he _h be5 engag$ 9 build+ up 
*ur*es = at lea/ fifte5 ye>s be=e t4  ,x
 is *>act]i/ic ( ! =g]ies ( ! second    
c5tury1 :5 !y are ins]t$ into g5u9e     
writ+s1 to make _! appe>ance 9 ! =m (   
b\ld]s1 v mu* cond5s$1 b out ( place4   
,!re is no?+ diffusible ab\t !m1 & we   
nev] suspect _! pres5ce until we /umble 
^u or ov] !m4 ,! way ! subject ( ,bi%ops

 is introduc$1 at once creates          
suspicion4 ,?is is a true say+4 ,if a   
man desire ! (fice ( a bi%op1 he desires
 a good ?+4 ,x is int5d$ to convey !    
idea 9 ! />t1 t ! (fice _h be5 long 9   
exi/5ce1 & t ! pr(its 7 su* z to excite 
! cupidity ( m54 ,! (fice ( ,bi%op1 9 ! 
"t ( ,paul1 ev5 if su* an (fice _h any  
exi/5ce1 0 n1 z we h %[n1 a good ?+1 b !
 opposite2 b 9 ! second c5tury1 :5 !    
=g]y 0 p]petrat$1 x 04 ,good critics h  
pron\nc$ ! :ole ( ! fir/ ( ,timo?y a    
=g]y4 ,! weight ( ! evid5ce is 9 favor (
 ?is belief4 ,z to ! ?ird *apt]1 !re c  
be no "q4  ,! ef=t to make x appe> t    
,paul recogniz$ ! episcopate =m ( *ur*  
gov]nm5t is repeat$ 9 ! epi/le to       
,titus4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ?is ef=t is
 only made 9 ! la/ epi/les writt5 by    
him4 ,! fir/ ( ,timo?y 0 writt5 9 ,a4   
,d4 #fd2 t to ,titus 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fe4 ,all
 ! epi/les betwe5 ,a4 ,d4 #eb & ,a4 ,d4 
#fb1 h no?+ to say on ! subject (       
,bi%ops4 ,^? writt5 betwe5 ^! two       
p]iods1 at ,paul's dea? _h obta9$ a wide

 circulation among all ! *ur*es ( ,asia 
& ,europe1 :i* made x impossible = ^? :o
 7 engag$ 9 corrupt+ 8 writ+s to make   
*anges t c\ld be easily detect$ &       
expos$4 ,z long z he liv$ x c\ld n be   
done4 ,b ! rev]se is true ( ^? :i* 7    
writt5 j be=e 8 dea?4 ,besides1 !       
,!rapeutae elem5t did n beg9 to "w until
 ,a4 ,d4 #eg1 & _h n gr[n bold & /rong  
en\gh to v5ture on ! corruptions (      
,paul's writ+s until "s "t aft] 8 dea?4 
,! inf]5ce t is meant to be drawn f p>ts
 ( 8 epi/le is t ,titus 0 a ,bi%op :5   
,paul left him 9 ,crete4 ,comp>$ ) o!r  
c\ntries :]e ,paul _h *ur*es1 ,crete 0  
comp>atively insignificant1 & if ,paul's
 conv]ts 9 ,europe & ,asia did n exce$  
"o ?\s&1 & we h no reason to ?9k !y did1
 :at portion ( ?is numb] c we assign to 
! *ur* at ,crete1 if !re 0 "o !re at    
all8 ,r5an says1 ,a *ur* frequ5tly      
conta9$ no m ?an twelve or fifte5       
memb]s4 7,life ( ,*ri/1 page #cbf47     
,twelve or fifte5 ,*ri/ians & n m1 if t 
_m1 compos$ ! *ur* at ,crete4 ,did t    

numb] require ! pres5ce ( a ,bi%op &    
eld]s8  ,! real tru? ( ! matt] is easily
 discov]$4 ,paul1 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 made a 
visit to all ! *ur*es 9 company ) ,titus
 & o!rs1 & /opp$ at ,crete1 :i* 0 ! fir/
 "t he 0 ev] on ! isl&1 s f> z we h any 
pro( on ! subject4 ,aft] mak+ "s few    
conv]ts1 he left ,titus to cont9ue ! "w 
7,titus i4 #e71 :ile he proce$$ we/ 9 ! 
direction ( ,mac$onia4 ,! epi/le to     
,titus 0 writt5 f ,nicopolis 9 ! summ]  
or fall ( ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 & says3 ,= ?is   
cause left ,i !e 9 ,crete1 t ?\ %\lde/  
set 9 ord] ! ?+s t are want+1 & orda9   
eld]s 9 e city1 z ,i _h appo9t$ !e4     
7,*ap4 i4 #e47 ,t is1 to organize *ur*es
 & appo9t ! eld]s4  ,_h ?is subject ab\t
 *ur* organization ceas$ at ?is po9t1   
!re w\ld n be mu* to compla9 (1 al?\gh !
 ^w orda9 _h no place 9 ! vocabul>y (   
,paul4 ,he orda9$ no "o1 aft] any =m or 
c]emony1 nor did he pret5d to imp>t to 8
 foll[]s any b 8 own _s & p[]4  ,9 !    
sev5? v]se he proce$s to address ,titus 
z ,bi%op1 & to give him advice4 ,titus 0

 no ,bi%op :5 ,paul left him 9 ,crete1  
nor did he hold any (fice1 b 0 simply a 
fell[-labor]1 l ,luke1 ,m>k1 & ,timo?y4 
,! m5 ( ! second c5tury w\ld h x        
und]/ood t ,paul 0 surr\nd$ by a galaxy 
( ,bi%ops4 ,= a bi%op mu/ be blameless1 
z ! /ew>d ( ,god2 n self-will$1 n soon  
angry1 n giv5 to w9e1 no /rik]1 n giv5  
to fil?y lucre4 7,titus i4 #g47 ,0 x    
necess>y to give su* advice to ,titus1  
m9e own son aft] ! common fai?8 ,! =g]y 
is a clumsy "o because x is out ( place1
 & evid5tly ins]t$ = a purpose4 ,titus 0
 direct$ by ,paul to leave ,crete & meet
 him 9 ,nicopolis1 :]e he meant to sp5d 
! w9t]4  ,z has be5 /at$1 ! only means  
we h ( judg+ ( ! resi/ance made to !    
claims ( ! ,bi%op is f ! extravagance ( 
^! dem&s1 & ! viol5ce ) :i* !y are      
ass]t$4 ,:]e=e x becomes y to run       
toge!r1 accord+ to ! w ( y\r ,bi%op1 ev5
 z also ye d4 ,= y\r r5[n$ ,presbyt]1   
wor?y ( ,god1 is fitt$ z exactly to !   
,bi%op z ! /r+s are to ! h>p4 7,ignatius
 to ! ,eph41 sec4 #d47 ,let no man      

deceive himself3 ,except a man be )9 !  
alt> he is depriv$ ( ! bread ( life4    
7,ib41 sec4 #e47 ,i exhort y1 t y /udy  
to d all ?+s 9 a div9e concord1 y\r     
,bi%op presid+ 9 ! place ( ,god1        
7,ignatius to ,magnesians1 sec4 #f47 ,x 
is !re=e necess>y t y d no?+ )\t y\r    
,bi%op1 ev5 z ye are wont4 ,9 l mann]1  
let all rev]5ce ! ,deacons z ,jesus     
,*ri/1 & ! ,bi%ops z ! ,fa!r2 )\t ^! !re
 is no *ur*4 ,:]e=e gu>d y\rselves aga9/
 su* p]sons3 ,& t ye w d1 if ye are n   
puff$ up1 b cont9ue insep>able f ,jesus 
,*ri/ our ,god2 & f y\r ,bi%op & f !    
comm&s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he t is )9 ! alt> 
is pure4 ,b he t is )\t1 is n pure4 ,t  
is1 he t doe? any?+ )\t ! ,bi%op & !    
,presbyt]s & ,deacons is n pure 9       
consci5ce4 7,ignatius to ,trallians1    
secs4 #b1 #c1 #g47 ,b ! ,_s spake1 say+ 
9 ?is wise3 ,d no?+ )\t ! ,bi%op2 ,b    
,god =gives all t rep5t1 if !y return to
 ! unity ( ,god & to ! c\ncil ( ! bi%op 
7,ignatius to ,phil41 sec4 #h47 ,see t  
ye all foll[ y\r ,bi%op z ,jesus ,*ri/ !

 ,fa!r4 7,ignatius to ,smyrnaeus1 sec4  
#h47 ,x is good to h due reg>d bo? to   
,god & to ! ,bi%op4 7,ib41 sec4 #i47    
,^! passages prove1 t !re 0 a p>ty 9 !  
*ur* t 0 oppos$ to ! ord] ( ,bi%ops1    
introduc$ by ! ,!rapeutae1 & t p>ty no  
d\bt 7 ! foll[]s ( ,paul4 ,to sil5ce !m1
 ! ,epi/les ( ,paul & ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs
 7 fill$ ) =g]ies & alt]ations s        
extravagant & obvi\s t !y h defeat$ !   
object 9 view4  ,x is h>dly necess>y to 
ask ! "q1 :]e x 0 ! ,!rapeutae =m (     
gov]nm5t1 by ,bi%ops1 0 fir/ organiz$4  
,alex&ria seems to h be5 ! common "m (  
all t is new 9 religion4 ,x is "h :]e h 
sprung up1 9 all ages1 ^? subtle        
que/ions :i* h l$ ! m9ds ( m5 f s5se &  
reason to pursue mis*iev\s phantoms4 ,we
 inf] f ! writ+s ( ,eusebius1 & f o!r   
s\rces1 t ! ,!rapeutae ,*ri/ians 9      
,alex&ria 7 num]\s at an e>ly date4 ,!  
lett] ( ,adrian f ,alex&ria1 9 ,a4 ,d4  
#acd1 is ! fir/ notice we h ( a *ur* ) a
 ,bi%op at its head4 ,x 0 ?is lett] t l$
 ! au?or ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall1 aft] a    

c>eful survey ( ! subject1 ) a          
p5etration t no?+ escap$1 & an indu/ry  
:i* left no gr\nd unexplor$1 to conclude
 t ! fir/ regul> ,*ri/ian *ur* gov]nm5t 
0 in/itut$ at ,alex&ria4 ,if ,*ri/ian   
*ur*es are n indebt$ to ! ,!rapeutae =  
_! =m ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 f :at s\rce d !y 
d]ive x8 ,n ,f ! ,jews2 n f ,paul2 n f !
 ,apo/les4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4           
,l9us nev] ,bi%op ( ,rome4--,clem5t1    
?ird ,bi%op1 & 8      successors to ! "t
 ( ,anicetus1 my?s4--,*ronology (       
,eusebius expos$1 also t ( ,ir5aeus4    
,at :at "t 0 ,l9us1 said to be !        
successor ( ,pet]1 made ,bi%op ( ,rome8 
,! la/ trace we h ( him1 he 0 ) ,paul1 9
 ,rome1 9 ! fall ( ,a4 ,d4 #fe4 ,aft]   
?is we "k no?+ ( him1 except f vague & m
 ?an d\btful tradition4 ,accord+ to     
,ir5aeus1 x 0 :5 ,pet] & ,paul 7 9 ,rome
 toge!r1 aft] !y _h laid ! f\ndation ( !
 *ur* at t place4 ,paul w5t to ,rome = !
 fir/ "t 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fa1 :]e he rema9$ to
 ! spr+ ( ,a4 ,d4 #fc4 ,we h %[n t dur+ 
?is "t ,pet] 0 n !re4 ,paul rema9$ abs5t

 until ! summ] or fall ( ,a4 ,d4 #fe1 & 
soon aft] 8 return 0 committ$ to prison4
 ,9 ,a4 ,d4 #fd1 ,pet] 0 9 ,babylon1 two
 ?\s& miles away4 ,z ,ir5aeus is ! f\nd]
 ( ! /ory1 & ! only au?ority 9 subsequ5t
 ages1 :5 x 0 t ,l9us 0 appo9t$ ov] !   
*ur* ( ,rome z ! successor ( ,pet]1 x   
devolves on ^? :o pret5d to believe him 
to %[ :5 x 0 t ,pet] & ,paul 7 toge!r 9 
,rome1 lay+ ! f\ndation ( a *ur*1 or    
any?+ else4 ,?is c nev] be done2 & if n1
 x de/roys ! fir/ l9k 9 ! ,apo/olic *a91
 & :at is left is wor?less4  ,!         
importance atta*$ to ,clem5t z ! ?ird   
,bi%op ( ,rome w be a suffici5t excuse =
 a critical exam9ation1 z to :o he 01 :5
 he liv$1 & ! position he occupi$4 ,!   
au?ority t ,clem5t 0 ,bi%op ( ,rome is !
 same we h 9 any o!r case = l9ks to keep
 up ! ,apo/olic succession2 = ,ir5aeus n
 only supplies an ,apo/le f :om to />t1 
b also ! int]m$iate l9ks 9 ! *a91 to !  
"t ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,9 ?is he f9ds     
great assi/ance 9 8 ready inv5tion (    
traditions1 :i* we are requir$ to       

believe )\t "q1 = fe> ( incurr+ ! s9 (  
unbelief1 & subject ourselves to be+    
call$ slipp]y eels1 try+ to evade !     
tru?4 ,! x foll[+ is 8 language3 ,!     
bless$ ,apo/les1 !n1 hav+ f\nd$ & built 
up ! *ur*1 committ$ into ! h&s ( ,l9us !
 (fice ( ! episcopate4 ,( ?is ,l9us1    
,paul makes m5tion 9 ! epi/les to       
,timo?y4 ,to him succe$$ ,anacletus2 &  
aft] him1 9 ! ?ird place f ! ,apo/les1  
,clem5t 0 allott$ ! bi%opric4 ,?is man1 
z he _h se5 ! bless$ ,apo/les1 & _h be5 
conv]sant ) !m1 might be said to h !    
prea*+ ( ! ,apo/les /ill e*o+ 79 8 e>s71
 & _! traditions be=e 8 eyes4 7,ir5aeus1
 book iii4 *ap4 #c1 sec4 #c47  ,x may be
 affirm$ ) confid5ce1 t we "k no?+ ( !  
p]son :o is call$ ,clem5t1 & made ?ird  
,bi%op 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,if he _h held
 ! (fice at ! "t x is claim$ he did--!  
latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury--x w\ld h be5 9
 ! p[] ( ,ir5aeus to give u a full      
acc\nt ( him3 :5 he took ! (fice1 & :5  
he di$2 = if he _h be5 a real "*1 !re   
mu/ h be5 p]sons liv+1 at ! "t ,ir5aeus 

fl\ri%$1 :o _h se5 & kn[n him1 s t !    
hi/orian _h ample mat]ial to in=m       
po/]ity ( ev]y?+ :i* relat$ to ! life ( 
! ?ird ,bi%op4 ,b he gives no           
in=mation--does n give a date--or !     
s\rce f :i* he d]ives 8 au?ority1 b has 
left ! _w to grope 9 d>kness ev] s9ce4  
,we h 8 ^w1 & t is all4  ,x is          
impossible t a p]son %\ld fill an (fice 
( importance 9 ! *ur* 9 ,rome1 at ! end 
( ! fir/ c5tury1 )\t leav+ "s tangible  
evid5ce t he _h once an exi/5ce2 b      
,clem5t1 l a %ad[1 passes ov] ! e>?1 )\t
 a s+le m>k ( any k9d to prove he ev]   
liv$4 ,!re is a dispute1 z to :5 & h[ he
 di$4 ,"s say he 0 bani%$ into ! ,crimea
 by ,trajan1 & !re suff]$ m>tyrdom by   
dr[n+4 ,o!rs t he di$ a peaceful dea?1  
,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,!re is no?+ kn[n ab\t him1
 & = t reason1 ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns him is
 v>i\sly /at$4 ,?is c\ld n be1 _h he be5
 a real "* 9 hi/ory4 ,x is only fictions
 ( ! bra9 t elude y1 :5 y attempt to    
grasp !m4  ,we are n told :5 he fir/    
fill$ ! (fice :i* x is claim$ he did4   

,eusebius /ates1 t he succe$$ ,anacletus
 9 ! twelf? ye> ( ,domitian's reign1 ,a4
 ,d4 #ic4 ,cave1 9 8 life ( ,clem5t1 f !
 be/ light he c\ld get1 adopt$ !        
conclusion ( ,dodwell1 t he became bi%op
 ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fd or ,a4 ,d4 #fe4 ,!    
reason ( ?is confusion is readily       
expla9$4 ,! ,clem5t ref]r$ to by ,paul  
has be5 made to fill ! place ( an       
imag9>y ,clem5t at ! end ( ! c5tury--a  
p]son :o only exi/$ 9 ! bra9 ( ,ir5aeus2
 & 9 try+ to fix "t & dates1 ! real &   
imag9>y ,clem5t create confusion4       
,ir5aeus has purposely left ! subject 9 
d>kness1 z he does ! "t :5 ,pet] w5t to 
,rome1 & ,john to ,asia4 ,dates are     
always fatal to falsehood &             
misrepres5tations4 ,! real ,clem5t is   
ref]r$ to by ,paul 9 ! f\r? *apt] & ?ird
 v]se ( ! epi/le to ! ,philip-pians1 :i*
 0 writt5 f ,rome 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fc4 ,?is is
 ! only notice t is tak5 ( him1 & he is 
made ! ?ird ,bi%op ( ,rome by ,ir5aeus1 
simply because 8 "n is f\nd among o!rs 9
 "o ( ,paul's epi/les1 z x 0 9 ! case ( 

,l9us1 :o 0 made fir/4 ,:o 0 x t wrote !
 lett] to ! ,cor9?ians ascrib$ to       
,clem5t8 ,we _c tell :o wrote all1 b we 
c :o did write a "p4 ,! address ( ?is   
lett] by a p]son :o1 x is claim$1 0 at !
 "t a ,bi%op1 to a *ur* outside ! city1 
:i*1 x 0 said1 appeal$ to him = advice1 
is ! fir/ bold attempt1 on ! "p ( ! ,see
 ( ,rome1 to en=ce an ackn[l$gm5t ( !   
supremacy ( ! ,papal au?ority4 ,c any   
reason be giv5 :y ! *ur* at ,cor9?1 dur+
 ! fir/ c5tury1 %\ld appeal to ,rome =  
advice on any subject8 ,! *ur* at ,cor9?
 0 ! olde/1 & aft] ,paul's dea? knew (  
no high] au?ority ?an itself4 ,!re are  
no signs ( a *ur* to :i* an appeal c\ld 
be made to ! end ( ! c5tury1 except ^?  
manufactur$ by ! aid ( tradition1 :i* d 
n des]ve to be m5tion$ :5 m5 mean to be 
s]i\s4  ,?is lett]1 l ev]y?+ else       
suspici\s1 has no date4 ,we c fix ! date
 ) almo/ entire c]ta9ty to e lett]      
writt5 by ,paul1 & !re is no reason :y a
 date %\ld n be giv5 to ! "o to !       
,cor9?ians1 except t !re is some?+ wrong

 ab\t x1 & a date w\ld expose ! fraud4  
,ar*bi%op ,wake supposes x to h be5     
writt5 soon aft] ! t]m9ation ( !        
p]secution "u ,n]o1 betwe5 ! ye>s ,a4   
,d4 #fd & ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 ,l>d-n] ref]s x  
to ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #if4 7,*evalli] ,h4 ,e4
 ,introduction47 ,! writ] ( ?is epi/le 0
 c>eful to leave no int]nal evid5ce by  
:i* its date c\ld be det]m9$1 & :at !re 
is ( t "* is ins]t$ app>5tly to mislead 
or af=d gr\nds = dispute4  ,we h a "r to
 dem& ! lett] ( ! ,cor9?ians to ,clem5t1
 to :i* 8 is ! answ]2 = x is m probable 
t a lett] receiv$ at ,rome ( s mu*      
importance w\ld be pres]v$1 ?an "o s5t  
away into a di/ant c\ntry4 ,we n only h 
n ! lett]1 b we _c le>n :at x 0 ab\t4   
,!re c be no d\bt ( ! e>ly date ( !     
lett]1 = x makes no allusion to !       
,gospels1 & 0 writt5 dur+ ! lives ( !   
fir/ fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 su* z ,polyc>p &   
,ignatius4 ,x has b little ( ! odor ( ! 
second c5tury ab\t x4  ,f all ! light we
 c collect on ?is p]plex+ "q1 we w\ld   
say t ! lett] itself 0 writt5 by "s ( ! 

e>ly fa!rs1 & made aft]w>ds1 ) "s       
alt]ations1 to con=m to ! purposes = :i*
 x 0 want$--t is1 ! ent]+ w$ge ( ,papal 
supremacy4 ,x is evid5t t ,ir5aeus is   
attempt+ to make ! ,clem5t ( ,paul take 
! place ( a creature ( 8 own creation1 &
 ?us impose ^u ! _w1 z he did 9 ! case (
 ,john & ,m>k4  ,9 manipulat+ ! lett] he
 provid$ = ,pet] 9 ,rome & ,paul 9 !    
,occid5t4 ,9 nam+ ! successors to       
,clem5t1 ,ir5aeus says3 ,to ?is ,clem5t 
!re succe$$ ,ev>i/us4 ,alex&] foll[$    
,ev>i/us2 !n1 six? f ! ,apo/les1 ,sixtus
 0 appo9t$2 aft] him ,telesphorus1 :o 0 
glori\sly m>tyr$2 !n ,hyg9us2 aft] him1 
,pius2 !n aft] him1 ,anicetus4 ,sot]    
hav+ succe$$ ,anicetus1 ,eleu!rus does  
n[1 9 ! twelf? place f ! ,apo/les1 hold 
! inh]itance ( ! episcopate4 ,9 ?is     
ord]1 & by ?is succession1 !            
ecclesia/ical tradition f ! ,apo/les1 & 
! prea*+ ( ! tru?1 h come d[n to u4 ,&  
?is is mo/ abundant pro( t !re is "o & !
 same vivify+ fai?1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 
9 ! *ur* f ! ,apo/les until n[1 & h&$   

d[n 9 tru?4  ,includ+ ,l9us &           
,anacletus1 "h are twelve traditional   
bi%ops 9 succession4 ,:y traditional8   
,= ! reason t mo/ ( !m1 & all1 except ! 
?ree la/1 are n real or hi/orical       
*>act]s4  ,comm5c+ ) ,n]o1 ab\t ! "t :5 
! tradition comm5ces1 & com+ d[n to1 &  
includ+ ,commodus1 cotempor>y )         
,eleu!rus1 !re are ?irte5 emp]ors1 "o m 
?an ! numb] ( ,bi%ops 9 ! same "t1 &    
hi/ory gives ! "t :5 ea* 0 born1 :5 ea* 
became a rul]1 :5 ea* ceas$ to reign1 ! 
mann] ( 8 dea?1 & ! qualities = :i* ea* 
0 di/+ui%$4 ,x 0 an age ( *ronology1 :5 
dates ( important ev5ts 7 z c>efully    
pres]v$ z 9 our own day2 & yet ,ir5aeus 
has fail$ to give a s+le date 9         
connection ) 8 twelve traditional       
,bi%ops4 ,we d n ev5 "k !re 0 su* a     
tradition1 except t he says s1 & we are 
v c]ta9 t !re 0 no *ur* 9 ,rome to      
pres]ve x1 if !re 04  ,?is vagu5ess &   
unc]ta9ty--:]e c]ta9ty1 if ! /atem5ts 7 
true1 c\ld be easily atta9$1 b easily   
expos$1 if false--mu/ h be5 us$ ) great 

effect1 by ! philosoph]s ( ! ?ird       
c5tury1 aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 = x =c$        
,eusebius to fix up dates = ea* ( ^!    
traditional bi%ops4 ,he makes ea* appe> 
9 ord]1 l s _m %ad[s1 & he rem9ds u1 z  
he goes ?r\gh ! roll1 ( ! %[man 9 a     
panorama1 :o expla9s ea* figure z x     
takes its place on ! canvas4 ,:at       
,ir5aeus d>$ n d 9 ! second1 ,eusebius  
d>$ d 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,on su* subjects1
 8 :ole hi/ory proves1 he _h no         
scruples2 & he admits1 indirectly1 t he 
has relat$ :atev] might r$\nd to !      
glory1 & suppress$ all t c\ld t5d to !  
disgrace ( religion4  ,x w be notic$ t  
he gives no au?ority = 8 dates1 = !     
reason t he has none4 ,ir5aeus c\ld f9d 
none 9 ! second c5tury4 ,x is n probable
 ,eusebius w\ld be any bett] suppli$ 9 !
 f\r?4 ,x is evid5t he w5t to "w &      
divid$ ! :ole "t 9 :i* x is claim$ !    
twelve ,bi%ops liv$1 betwe5 !m1 s z to  
make ea* appe> at a giv5 "t1 m>k$ by !  
accession ( ! emp]ors :o reign$ dur+ !  
traditional era4 ,we w give 8 /atem5ts z

 he makes !m himself3--  ,aft]          
,vespasian _h reign$ ab\t t5 ye>s1 he 0 
succe$$ by 8 son ,titus2 9 ! second ye> 
( ^: reign1 ,l9us1 ,bi%op ( ! *ur* at   
,rome1 :o _h held ! (fice ab\t twelve   
ye>s1 transf]r$ x to ,anacletus4 7,ecc4 
,hi/41 book iii4 *ap4 #ac47 ,9 ! twelf? 
ye> ( ! same reign1 aft] ,anacletus _h  
be5 ,bi%op ( ,rome twelve ye>s1 he 0    
succe$$ by ,clem5t4 7,ib41 book iii4    
*ap4 #d47 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( !             
above-m5tion$ reign 7,trajan's71        
,clem5t1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 committ$ !     
episcopal *>ge to ,eu>i/us1 & dep>t$ ?is
 life1 aft] sup]9t5d+ ( ! div9e ^w n9e  
ye>s4 7,ib41 book iii4 *ap4 #cd47 ,ab\t 
! twelf? ye> ( ! reign ( ,trajan1       
,eu>i/us _h complet$ ! eigh? ye> z      
,bi%op ( ,rome1 & 0 succe$$ 9 8         
episcopal (fice by ,alex&]4 7,ib41 book 
iv4 *ap4 #a47 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! same    
reign 7,adrian's71 ,alex&]1 ,bi%op (    
,rome1 di$1 hav+ complet$ ! t5? ye> ( 8 
m9i/ration4 ,xy/us 0 8 successor4 7,ib41
 book iv4 *ap4 #d47 ,& ,adrian be+ n[ 9 

! twelf? ye> ( 8 reign1 ,xy/us1 :o _h n[
 complet$ ! t5? ye> ( 8 episcopate1 0   
succe$$ by ,telesphorus4 7,id41 book iv4
 *ap4 #e47 ,! ,emp]or ,adrian1 hav+     
f9i%$ 8 mortal c>e] aft] ! tw5ty-fir/   
ye> ( 8 reign1 is succe$$ by ,anton9us1 
call$ ,pius1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,romans4  
,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ?is reign1 & 9 ! elev5? 
ye> ( 8 episcopate1 ,telesphorus dep>t$ 
?is life1 & 0 succe$$ 9 *>ge ( ! ,roman 
*ur* by ,hyg9us4 7,ib41 book iv4 *ap4   
#aj47 ,hyg9us dy+ aft] ! f\r? ye> ( 8   
(fice1 ,pius receiv$ ! episcopate4      
7,ib41 book iv4 *ap4 #aa47 ,pius dy+ at 
,rome 9 ! fifte5? ye> ( 8 episcopate1 ! 
*ur* 0 gov]n$ by ,anicetus4 7,ib41 book 
iv4 *ap4 #aa47 ,x 0 9 ! eigh? ye> ( !   
above-m5tion$ reign1 to wit1 t ( ,v]us1 
t ,anicetus1 :o held ! episcopate (     
,rome = elev5 ye>s1 0 succe$$ by ,sot]4 
7#c41 book iv4 *ap4 #ai47 ,sot]1 ,bi%op 
( ,rome1 di$ aft] hav+ held ! episcopate
 eight ye>s4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,eleu!rus4
 7,ib41 book v4 ,introduction47 ,9 ! t5?
 ye> ( ! reign ( ,commodus1 ,eleu!rus1  

:o _h held ! episcopate ?irte5 ye>s1 0  
succe$$ by ,victor4 7,ib41 book v4 *ap4 
#bb47  ,we give a li/ ( ! emp]ors1 & !  
"t ( accession ( ea* to ! gov]nm5t ( !  
,empire1 comm5c+ ) ,vespasian1 com+ d[n 
to ! "t ( ,commodus3  ,illu/ration3     
,table ( ,emp]ors #bgh  ,! foll[+ tabul>
 /atem5t %[s ! ye> 9 :i* ea* ,bi%op took
 ! (fice1 accord+ to ! /atem5t (        
,eusebius1 & ! numb] ( ye>s :i* ea* held
 x3--  ,illu/ration3 ,table (           
,traditional ,roman ,bi%ops #bgi;a      
,illu/ration3 ,table ( ,traditional     
,roman ,bi%ops #bgi;a  ,f ,a4,d4 #fi1 :5
 ,l9us became ,bi%op1 to ! t5? ye> (    
,commodus1 :5 ,victor succe$$ ,eleu!rus1
 ! true "t is "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o ye>s4
 ,! "t1 tak+ ! p]iod assign$ to ea*     
traditional ,bi%op1 is "o hundr$ &      
tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,9 mak+ a dead         
calculation "u ! circum/ances1 :ile we  
w\ld n expect to f9d any gross mi/akes1 
we w\ld expect to discov] en\gh to      
detect ! true "* ( ! "w1 = tru? c nev]  
be s skilfully c\nt]feit$1 b t we c     

readily di/+ui% x f t :i* is false &    
spuri\s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! skilful   
c\nt]feit & ! g5u9e bill is (t5 slight1 
s mu* s t none b exp]ts c detect x2 b x 
is ?is diff]5ce :i* t]m9es its "*4  ,if 
! "t occupi$ by ! ,bi%ops _h fall5 %ort 
two ye>s1 we might acc\nt = x on !      
pr9ciple ( an int]regnum2 b :]e ! "t is 
9 excess1 x is pro( ( a blund] or       
mi/ake1 on ! "p ( "s "o :o is engag$ 9 a
 di%one/ employm5t4  ,clem5t became     
,bi%op 9 ,a4,d4 #ia1 & fill$ ! (fice =  
n9e ye>s4 ,?is leaves 8 successor to    
take 8 place 9 ,a4,d4 #ajj1 :]eas he    
took x 9 ,a4,d4 #aja1 "o ye> aft] !     
(fice 0 vacant4 ,eu>i/us took ! (fice 9 
,a4,d4 #aja1 held x eight ye>s1 to      
,a4,d4 #aji2 8 successor took 8 place 9 
,a4,d4 no1 leav+ a gap ( "o ye>4        
,telesphorus became ,bi%op 9 ,a4,d4     
#abi1 & s]v$ elev5 ye>s1 :i* w\ld leave 
! (fice vacant 9 ,a4,d4 #adj2 b 8       
successor takes x 9 ,a4,d4 #ach1 two    
ye>s be=e ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor4        
,anicetus took ! (fice 9 ,a4,d4 #aeg1 & 

s]v$ elev5 ye>s1 to ,a4,d4 #afh4 ,8     
successor1 ,sot]1 took ! (fice 9 ! eigh?
 ye> ( ,v]us1 :i* w\ld be ,a4,d4 #afi4  
,"h is a cle> gap ( "o ye>4  ,x 0 int5d$
 t ! "t assign$ to ! ,bi%ops %\ld       
correspond ) ! true hi/oric p]iod1 & be 
#aba in/ead ( #abc ye>s4 ,!re are ?ree  
ye>s ( vacancies1 & a lap ( two ye>s 9 !
 case ( ,telesphorus & ,hyg9us4 ,if we  
d$uct ?is lap1 x w /& "o hundr$ &       
tw5ty-"o1 ! true "t4  ,eusebius meant   
well & int5d$ no (f5ce to *ronology1 b  
blund]$1 & 9 fix+ twelve dates only     
makes f\r mi/akes4 ,dur+ a "t :5        
accuracy ( dates is m important ?an at  
any o!r1 !re seems to h be5 less c>e    
ex]cis$ ?an 9 ! same space ( "t 9 any   
p]iod ( hi/ory2 & inde$1 s9ce !         
f\ndation ( ,rome1 ov] sev5 hundr$ ye>s 
be=e ,*ri/1 to ! end ( ! empire1 !re h n
 be5 s _m mi/akes & contradictions z to 
dates :i* relate to successive rul]s1 z 
dur+ ?is p]iod ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o   
ye>s4 ,b su* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 true &
 g5u9e1 & false & spuri\s hi/ory4  ,( ! 

twelve traditional ,bi%ops ( ,ir5aeus1  
,telesphorus is select$ = ! honors (    
m>tyrdom4 ,no p]iod 9 ,roman hi/ory c\ld
 h be5 select$ m unlikely & improbable =
 ! dea? ( a ,*ri/ian ,bi%op at ,rome on 
acc\nt ( 8 religion1 ?an ! reign (      
,anton9us ,pius4 ,n "o drop ( ,*ri/ian  
blood 0 spilt 9 ,rome dur+ 8 reign (    
tw5ty-?ree ye>s4 ,n only 0 !re no blood 
spilt 9 ,rome1 b he =bade ! p]secution (
 ,*ri/ians 9 ! prov9ces by an express   
edict4 ,a mod]n writ]1 speak+ ( him1    
says3 ,op5 to conviction1 uncorrupt$ by 
! va9 & *im]ical philosophy ( ! times1  
he 0 desir\s ( do+ ju/ice to all mank9d4
 ,asia propria 0 /ill ! sc5e ( vital    
,*ri/ianity & cruel p]secution4 ,^!     
,*ri/ians appli$ to ,anton9us1 &        
compla9$ ( ! _m injuries !y su/a9$ f ! p
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,e>?quakes1 x seems1 _h    
lately happ5$1 & ! pagans 7 mu* t]rifi$1
 & ascrib$ !m to ! v5geance ( ,heav5    
aga9/ ,*ri/ians4 7,miln]1 ,c4 ,h41 vol4 
,i41 page #ajj47  ,"h foll[s ! edict ( !
 pi\s ,emp]or1 address$ to ! enemies ( !

 ,*ri/ians3 ,z to ! e>?quakes :i* h     
happ5$ 9 pa/ times1 or lately1 is x n   
prop] to rem9d y ( y\r own despond5cy :5
 !y happ5$1 & to desire y to comp>e y\r 
_s ) !irs1 & obs]ve h[ s]5ely !y confide
 9 ,god8 ,y live 9 practical ignorance (
 ! ,supreme ,god himself--y h>ass &     
p]secute to dea? ^? :o wor%ip him1      
,conc]n+ ^! same m51 "s o!rs ( !        
prov9cials wrote to our div9e ,hadrian1 
to :om he return$ answ]1 t !y %\ld n be 
mole/$ unless !y appe>$ to attempt      
some?+ aga9/ ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,_m also
 h signifi$ to me conc]n+ ^! m51 to :om 
,i h return$ an answ] agreeable to !    
maxims ( my fa!rs4 ,b if any p]son w    
/ill p]si/ 9 accus+ ! ,*ri/ians m]ely z 
su*1 let ! accus$ be acquitt$1 ?\gh he  
appe> to be a ,*ri/ian1 & let ! accusor 
be puni%$4 ,set up at ,ephesus 9 !      
common assembly ( ,asia4  ,is x possible
 t ,telesphorus 0 put to dea? 9 ,rome "u
 ! mild & g5tle reign ( su* a man8  ,if 
! p]sons :o are nam$ by ,ir5aeus z      
,bi%ops 7 real & n fictiti\s1 h[ is x t 

!re 0 n some?+ done or said by "s or all
 ( !m1 s z to connect !m ) ! ev5ts :i*  
transpir$ dur+ _! lives8 ,!y liv$1 if !y
 liv$ at all1 dur+ ! mo/ ev5tful p]iod (
 ,roman hi/ory4 ,x 0 dur+ ! p]iod ( !   
civil w>1 :5 ,rome 0 r$uc$ to a%es--:5 !
 ,jewi% nation 0 almo/ de/roy$ by !     
legions ( ,titus1 ,j]usalem r5d]$ a     
des]t place1 & ! victori\s armies (     
,trajan add$ ,arm5ia1 ,mesopotamia1 &   
,assyria to ! ,empire4 ,dur+ a p]iod (  
sev5ty ye>s1 fill$ ) ! mo/ excit+ sc5es 
& mighty ev5ts ! _w has ev] kn[n1 we h  
at lea/ n9e ,bi%ops 9 ,rome1 ^: pres5ce 
is no m felt 9 ! hi/ory ( ! times1 ?an s
 _m m5 :o 7 dead & quietly re/+ 9 _!    
graves4 ,!y d n ev5 ca/ _! %ad[s on !   
e>?4  ,! fir/ p]son on ! li/ ( ^!       
traditional ,bi%ops :o /eps =? into !   
light1 s t we see some?+ real &         
tangible1 is ,anicetus4 ,hegisippus     
says1 ,aft] com+ to ,rome1 ,i made my   
/ay ) ,anicetus1 ^: deacon 0 ,eleu!rus4 
,tak+ ! =ego+ data z correct1 ,anicetus 
held ! (fice ( ,bi%op ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aeg4

 ,if ! /atem5t ( ,hegisippus is true1   
:i* we are incl9$ to believe1 n because 
he says s1 b because x is probable1 he  
is ! fir/ p]son :o _h ev] se5 & talk$ ) 
any ( ! traditional ,bi%ops ( ,ir5aeus1 
& he is t5? 9 ord] ( succession4 ,b x is
 n until we come to ,eleu!rus t we h a  
hi/oric "*1 ^: acts c be trac$ & f\nd 9 
! hi/ory ( ! times4 ,"h we "p company ) 
spectres & deal ) real life2 b z we     
leave an age populat$ by phantoms1 we   
ent] into ano!r /a9$ ) =g]ies & fraud4  
,,*apt] ,,xx4       ,! prophetic        
p]iod4--,! f\rte5? v]se ( ! sev5?       
*apt] ( ,isaiah expla9$4  ,! claims (   
,*ri/ to be ! ,logos or ,son ( ,god1 9 !
 ,alex&rian s5se1 are made manife/ by   
prophecy & miracles4 ,! ,jews1 influ5c$ 
by ! prophets ( _! nation1 believ$ t a  
deliv]] w\ld "s day appe>1 :o w\ld      
deliv] !m out ( ! h&s ( all _! enemies1 
& e/abli% a temporal k+dom on ! e>?4 ,b 
up to ! "t :5 ,*ri/ appe>$1 & ev5 to !  
pres5t day1 no "o _h %[n himself :o     
realiz$ _! idea ( ?is div9e mission4 ,! 

,*ri/ians at ! "t ( ,*ri/ believ$ t he 0
 ! "o spok5 ( by ! old prophets1 & t a  
spiritual deliv]]1 "o :o 0 to deliv] m5 
f ! p[] ( ,satan1 _h be5 mi/ak5 = "o :o 
) temporal p[] w\ld rescue ! ,jewi% p f 
! h&s ( _! foes4  ,b>nabas1 ! companion 
( ,paul1 firmly believ$ ?is to be s1 &  
took pa9s to cite _m texts f ! ,old     
,te/am5t to prove x4 ,he cites num]\s   
passages f ,daniel1 & all ! prophets1 & 
especially se>*$ ! pages ( ,isaiah1 :]e 
he claims to h f\nd at lea/ sixte5      
diff]5t ref]5ces made to ,*ri/ z ! com+ 
,savi\r4 ,b 9 all 8 ref]5ces to !       
prophecies he makes none to ! celebrat$ 
passage 9 ! sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah1 on   
:i* is f\nd$ ! doctr9e ( ! div9e        
conception ( ,*ri/ f a ,virg94 ,he makes
 no allusion to ! f\rte5? v]se ( ! *apt]
 at all1 s t he 0 ignorant ( ! v        
f\ndation on :i* ! ,*ri/ianity ( !      
second c5tury 0 re>$4 ,nor does ,polyc>p
 or ,ignatius1 except :]e _! writ+s h   
be5 cle>ly defac$ by ! =g]ies ( m51 :o  
wi%$ to e/abli% ! new ideas ( ! day by !

 au?ority ( ! fa!rs4  ,b :5 we come d[n 
to ! second c5tury1 z f> z ! times (    
,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 we f9d pages 9 ! writ+s ( 
! day fill$ ) a new class ( citations f 
! ,old ,te/am5t1 all ( :i* =e%ad[ !     
appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 8 bir? f a virg91 &  
po9t him out z ! "o =etold by !         
prophets4 ,9 8 ,apology to ! emp]or1    
,ju/9 ,m>tyr quotes num]\s passages f ! 
,old & ,new ,te/am5ts to prove ! div9e  
mission ( ,*ri/1 & speaks ( 8 miracul\s 
conception f ! ,virg94 7,apology1 sec4  
#dc7  ,we n[ ent] a new era1 fill$ ) new
 ideas1 & passages ( ,scripture :i* be=e
 _h be5 ov]look$1 b :i* all at once 7   
discov]$ to conta9 a mean+ :i* conc]n$ !
 et]nal int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,! ,synoptics 
are n[ spread out be=e ! _w1 &          
,*ri/ianity1 arm$ by ! voice ( !        
prophets ( ,god1 is prep>$ to make a new
 />t4 ,"o fact w appe> cle> z we approa*
 ! end ( ?is subject1 t all ! m5 :o     
und]took to /r5g!n ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity
 by ! application ( prophecy to ! p]son 
( ,*ri/ 7 ignorant ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 &   

ei!r w(ully misund]/ood ! language ( !  
prophets1 or fooli%ly attempt$ to p]v]t 
x4  ,!re are f\r prophecies cit$ 9 !    
,gospel ( ,mat!w f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* 
x is claim$ po9t out ,*ri/ z ! "o =etold
 by ! old ,jewi% prophets4 #a/4 ,behold1
 a virg9 %all be ) *ild1 & %all br+ =? a
 son1 & !y %all call 8 "n ,emmanuel1 :i*
 be+ int]pret$ is1 ,god ) u4 7,matt4 i4 
#bc47 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 z has be5  
be=e /at$1 t :5 ! new idea ( ! ,logos 0 
/>t$1 x 0 f\nd necess>y 9 "s way to make
 ,*ri/ m ?an mortal4 ,to be ! ,son (    
,god 9 ! ,alex&rian s5se he mu/ h ,god =
 8 fa!r1 & ?is c\ld be only br\ght ab\t 
?r\gh a virg9 ov]%ad[$ by 8 div9e       
pres5ce4 ,9 ! zeal ( ^! m51 :o und]took 
to prove x1 !y select$ a passage f      
,isaiah :i* _h no application to any?+  
outside ( ! ,jewi% hi/ory ( ! day4      
,rez91 k+ ( ,syria1 & ,pekah1 k+ (      
,israel1 unit$ & made w> on ,ahaz1 k+ ( 
,ju-dah1 & m>*$ ^u ,j]usalem4 ,ahaz     
became al>m$ at ! comb9ation1 & fe>$ !  
capture ( ! holy city & ! de/ruction ( 8

 k+dom4 ,! ,"l took compassion on him & 
8 p1 & s5t ,isaiah to him ) an ord] to  
meet him at ! end ( ! conduit ( ! upp]  
pool1 :]e he w\ld in=m him :at w\ld be !
 fate ( ,judah & h] enemies4  ,!n said !
 ,"l unto ,isaiah1 ,g =? n[ to meet     
,ahaz1 ?\1 & ,%e>ja%ub ?y son1 at ! end 
( ! conduit ( ! upp] pool 9 ! highway ( 
! full]'s field2 & say unto him1 ,take  
he$1 & be quiet2 fe> n1 nei!r be        
fa9t-he>t$ = ! two tails ( ^! smok+     
firebr&s1 = ! fi]ce ang] ( ,rez9 )      
,syria1 & ( ! son ( ,remaliah4 ,because 
,syria1 ,ephraim1 & ! son ( ,remaliah1 h
 tak5 evil c\nsel aga9/ !e1 say+1 ,let u
 g up aga9/ ,judah1 & vex x1 & let u    
make a brea* !re9 = u1 & set a k+ 9 !   
mid/ ( x1 ev5 ! son ( ,tabeal4 ,?us sai?
 ! ,"l ,god1 ,x %all n /&1 nei!r %all x 
come to pass4 ,= ! head ( ,syria is     
,damascus1 & ! head ( ,damascus is      
,rez93 & )9 ?reescore & five ye>s %all  
,ephraim be brok51 t x be n a p4 ,& !   
head ( ,ephraim is ,sam>ia1 & ! head (  
,sam>ia is ,remaliah's son4 ,if ye w n  

believe1 surely ye %all n be e/abli%$4  
,moreov]1 ! ,"l spake aga9 unto ,ahaz1  
say+1 ,ask !e a sign ( ! ,"l ?y ,god2   
ask x ei!r 9 ! dep?1 or 9 ! height      
above4 ,b ,ahaz said1 ,i w n ask1 nei!r 
w ,i tempt ! ,"l4 ,& he said1 ,he> ye   
n[1 ,o h\se ( ,david2 ,is x a small ?+ =
 y to we>y m51 b w ye we>y my ,god also8
 ,!re=e ! ,"l himself %all give y a     
sign3 behold1 a virg9 %all conceive1 &  
be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel4  
,butt] & honey %all he eat1 t he may "k 
to refuse ! evil1 & *oose ! good4 ,=    
be=e ! *ild %all "k to refuse ! evil1 & 
*oose ! good1 ! l& t ?\ abhorre/ %all be
 =sak5 ( bo? h] k+s4 ,! ,"l %all br+ ^u 
!e1 & ^u ?y p1 & ^u ?y fa!r's h\se1 days
 t h n come1 f ! day t ,ephraim dep>t$ f
 ,judah2 ev5 ! k+ ( ,assyria4 7,isaiah  
vii4 #c-ag47  ,! ,"l told ,ahaz n to fe>
 or be fa9!>t$1 & he und]took to tell   
him h[ long x w\ld be be=e ,rez9 &      
,pekah w\ld be defeat$ & driv5 away4 ,9 
fix+ ! "t1 ,isaiah indulges 9 a poetic  
lic5se1 & purposely r5d]$ x obscure4 ,! 

language us$ expresses ?is mean+3 ,if a 
virg9 %\ld conceive f t "t1 ! day :5 !  
,"l spoke to ,ahaz1 ! *ild w\ld be born 
be=e 8 enemies w\ld be subdu$ or driv5  
away2 b n a great :ile be=e1 = :5 !y 7  
driv5 away1 ! *ild w\ld /ill be s "y z n
 to "k h[ to refuse ! evil & *oose !    
good4 ,if ! ,"l did n tell ,ahaz 9 "s   
way :5 8 enemies w\ld be subdu$1 !n !   
object ( ! int]view entirely fail$2 = t 
0 j :at ,ahaz want$ to "k1 & :i* ! ,"l  
promis$ to disclose to him4 ,be n       
fa9t-he>t$1 nei!r be afraid1 = 9 su* a  
"t y\r deliv]ance %all come4 ,if ! ,"l  
wi%$ to in=m him t he w\ld be deliv]$ f 
,rez9 & ,pekah1 aft] ! ,messiah spok5 ( 
9 ! ,scriptures %\ld come1 :i* happ5$   
sev5 hundr$ ye>s lat]1 he w\ld "k no m  
aft]1 ?an he did be=e he conv]s$ ) !    
,"l4 ,! ,"l did n tell him ! precise    
day1 b furni%$ ,ahaz ! data by :i* he   
might make 8 own calculations4  ,a v    
simple answ] is purposely obscur$ by    
connect+ "s ?+s ) x :i* h a remote be>+ 
on ! subject1 & o!rs :i* h no connection

 ) x at all4 ,butt] & honey %all he eat1
 t he may "k to refuse ! evil & *oose ! 
good1 is an obscure allusion to ! age ( 
! *ild3 & 8 "n %all be call$ ,immanuel1 
is ( no significance1 = he might z well 
be call$ by any o!r "n4 ,:5 we fir/ read
 ! passage1 we see no?+ di/9ct3 all is 9
 a k9d ( p5umbra2 b aft] look+ = a %ort 
"t1 z 9 a curi\sly %ad$ picture1 an     
image1 an idea1 %[s or appe>s on !      
gr\nd-"w1 well m>k$ & def9$4  ,!        
explanation we h giv5 ( ! passage f     
,isaiah is ju/ifi$ & made app>5t by !   
language us$ 9 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird   
v]ses ( ! eigh? *apt] ( ?is prophet4 ,x 
seems ! ,"l wi%$ to prove to ,ahaz1 by  
actual demon/ration1 t :at he promis$   
%\ld be fulfill$ to ! lett]4 ,! prophet 
says1 he took ) him two fai?ful         
witnesses & w5t 9 to ! prophetess 7:o 0 
! virg97 & %e conceiv$ & b>e a son4 ,!n 
:5 ! son 0 born1 ! ,"l said to !        
prophet1 t be=e ! *ild c\ld pron\nce !  
"n ( fa!r or "m1 ! ri*es ( ,damascus & !
 spoil ( ,sam>ia %all be tak5 away be=e 

! k+ ( ,assyria4 ,tigla? ,piles]1 k+ ( !
 ,assyrians1 did come to ! aid ( ,ahaz1 
& made w> on ! ,syrians--laid _! c\ntry 
wa/e--took ,damascus1 & slew ,rez94 ,he 
afflict$ ! l& ( ,israel1 & c>ri$ ! p    
away captives4 7,josephus1 ,antiq41 book
 ix4 *ap4 #ab1 sec4 #c47 ,all ?is too )9
 ! "t promis$ ,ahaz1 accord+ to ,isaiah4
  ,! my/ical language us$ by ,isaiah 9 !
 f\rte5? v]se ( ! sev5? *apt]1 :i* has  
be5 ! cause ( s mu* speculation & false 
int]pretation1 spr+s f ! poetic elem5t (
 ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,_h ,isaiah liv$ 9 our  
day1 8 sublime g5ius w\ld h produc$ a   
,p>adise ,lo/2 b 9 8 own c\ntry1 & 9 8  
own times1 8 imag9ation dwelt ^u ideas &
 ?\ghts :i* _h _! root 9 ! he>ts ( !    
,jewi% p4 ,! ,hebrew poets f\nd subjects
 )9 ! hi/ory ( _! own nation be/ suit$  
to ar\se _! g5ius1 & move ! he>ts ( ! p4
 ,! sorr[s & afflictions br\ght on !    
nation by h] enemies1 & h] f9al         
deliv]ance by ! h& ( ! ,"l1 are favorite
 !mes1 & inspire h] poets ) ?\ghts full 
( t5d]ness1 & ) d5unciations :i* are    

sublime & (t5 t]rific4 ,! h>p ( ,zion 9 
! h&s ( ! daught]s ( ,judah1 z !y weep  
by ! wat]s ( ,babylon1 gives =? no s\nds
 b ^? ( sorr[2 b ! g5ius ( h] prophets1 
inspir$ by a consci\sness t a "t (      
deliv]ance w come1 deals out ?und]bolts 
on ! heads ( _! oppressors4  ,:at are   
call$ ! prophecies ( ,isaiah are no?+ m1
 _m ( !m1 ?an s _m epic poems1 l !      
,iliad ( ,hom]1 to celebrate sc5es &    
real occurr5ces 9 ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,! w>  
^u ,ahaz1 k+ ( ,judah1 by ,rez9 &       
,pekah1 k+s ( ,israel & ,syria1 took    
place dur+ ! life ( ,isaiah3 & ! poet   
und]takes to commemorate ! hi/ory ( !   
times1 9 ! =m ( a ,jewi% epic4 ,he      
speaks ( ! pa/1 & n ( ?+s to come4 ,!   
,jews 7 taught to believe t _! nation 0 
! favorite p ( ,god1 & f ! "t ( ,moses  
to ! la/ ( h] prophets1 h] poets did n  
hesitate to introduce ! ,"l1 & cause him
 to take "p 9 a ,jewi% epic1 any m ?an  
,hom] hesitat$ to introduce ,jupit] &   
all ! hea!n gods into ! /ory ( ! ,iliad4
 ,! meet+ ( ! ,"l & ,ahaz at ! end (    

conduit ( ! upp] field1 & :at aft]w>ds  
takes place1 is ! poetic lic5se ( !     
poet1 z he und]takes to n>rate a portion
 ( ! hi/ory ( 8 own "t4     ,,*apt]     
,,xxi4       ,be?lehem ! bir?place (    
,*ri/1 z =etold by !                    
prophets4--,cyrus1 ! deliv]] & rul]     
ref]r$ to by      ,micah ! prophet4--,! 
,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah spok5 (      by 
,mat!w 7,*ap4 ii4 #ah71 ref]s to !      
,jews1 & n to      ! massacre ( !       
infants by ,h]od4  ,:5 ,h]od inquir$ ( !
 wise m5 :]e ,*ri/ %\ld be born1 !y said
 unto him1 ,9 ,be?lehem ( ,judea3 = ?us 
x is writt5 by ! prophet1 ,& ?\         
,be?lehem1 9 ! l& ( ,juda1 art n ! lea/ 
among ! pr9ces ( ,juda3 = out ( !e %all 
come a ,gov]nor1 t %all rule my p       
,israel4 7,matt4 ii4 #e1 #f47  ,!       
passage is tak5 f ! prophet ,micah1 :o 0
 a cotempor>y ) ,j]emiah1 & prophesi$ "u
 ! reigns ( ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 
k+s ( ,judah4 ,he liv$ dur+ ! "t (      
,nebu*adnezz>1 ! great enemy ( ! ,jewi% 
nation1 & witness$ a l>ge %>e ( !       

mis]ies he inflict$ ^u t p4 ,we w\ld    
inf] f ! fir/ v]se ( ! fif? *apt]1 t 8  
book 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! armies ( ! k+
 ( ,babylon 7 encamp$ ar\nd ! walls (   
,j]usalem4  ,n[ ga!r ?yself 9 troops1 ,o
 daught] ( troops3 he ha? laid siege    
aga9/ u2 !y %all smite ! judge ( ,israel
 ) a rod ^u ! *eek4 ,look+ =w>d to ! "t 
:5 ! ,jewi% p w be deliv]$ f ! p[] (    
,nebu*adnezz> & ! ,assyrian nation1 & ( 
_! conque/ by "s o!r p[]1 ! prophet1    
ar\s$ by a prophetic _s1 ann\nces t ! "t
 is com+ :5 ,israel %all aga9 be free3  
,b ?\1 ,be?lehem ,ephratah1 ?\gh ?\ be  
little among ! ?\s&s ( ,judah1 yet opt (
 !e %all he come =? unto me t is to be  
rul] 9 ,israel2 ^: go+s =? h be5 f (    
old1 f ev]la/+4 ,!re=e w he give !m up1 
until ! "t t %e :i* travaile? ha? br\ght
 =?3 !n ! remnant ( 8 bre?r5 %all return
 unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel4 ,& he %all /& 
& fe$ 9 ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l1 9 ! maje/y ( ! 
"n ( ! ,"l 8 ,god2 & !y %all abide2 = n[
 %all he be great unto ! ends ( ! e>?4  
7,micah v4 #b1 #c1 #d47  ,9 ! t5? v]se (

 ! f\r? *apt]1 ! captivity ( ! ,jews1 & 
_! transportation to ,babylon1 is       
di/9ctly ann\nc$1 & !y are told t :ile 9
 ! h&s ( ! ,assyrians1 !y %all be z a   
woman 9 travail2 b t1 l h]1 !y %\ld 9 "t
 be deliv]$ f suff]+4 ,! ?ird v]se ( !  
fif? *apt] decl>es t ,god w n int]f]e 9 
! mean "t1 & t !y mu/ wait = deliv]ance1
 & submit to _! suff]+s1 z unavoidable z
 9 ! case ( ! woman2 t at ! appo9t$ "t a
 deliv]] w\ld come1 :o w\ld save & br+  
back a remnant ( ! p1 :o %all gr[ p[]ful
 & be great to ! ends ( ! e>?4  ,n[ x is
 deliv]ance f ,assyrian captivity t is  
ref]r$ to1 & x is to violate ! fitness (
 "t1 place1 hi/ory1 & ! /ate ( ! ,jews  
to apply x to any?+ else4 ,amid/ ! awful
 fate imp5d+ ov] ! ,jewi% p1 !y want$   
some?+ to enc\rage & su/a9 !m2 & !      
prophet und]took to d s1 by a promise1 t
 9 "t _! captivity %\ld cease1 & !y be  
all[$ to return to _! own c\ntry4  ,b   
deliv]ance is to come f ,be?lehem       
,ephratah--words :i* suffici5tly        
indicate f :at qu>t] ! deliv]] 0 to     

come2 & to give a false direction ! ^w  
,ephratah is omitt$ 9 ! text 9 ,mat!w4  
,be?lehem 9 ,judea is surely n int5d$1 b
 ! c\ntry wat]$ by ! riv] ,euphrates4 ,a
 little poetic lic5se to create         
obscurity--a peculi>ity ( ! ,jewi%      
prophets--does n at all r5d] ! mean+    
d\btful4 ,cyrus 0 k+ ( all ! c\ntry     
wat]$ by ! ,euphrates2 & ! ,assyrian    
empire ceas$ to exi/ :5 he re/or$ !     
,jews to _! own c\ntry4 ,cyrus 0 a rul] 
9 ,israel4 ,he took ! direction ( _!    
affairs1 ord]$ ! temple to be rebuilt1 &
 direct$ h[ ! means 7 to be provid$ to  
pay ! exp5se4 7,lett] ( ,cyrus to       
,sis9nes & ,sa?rab\zanes4 ,josephus1    
,antiq41 book xi4 *ap4 #a1 sec4 #c47    
,cyrus is ! rul] allud$ to1 & n ,*ri/4  
,! deliv]] 0 to be at ! head ( a v      
anci5t p--! ,m$es & ,p]sians--:o h be5 f
 old--f ev]la/+4 ,:5 did ,*ri/ rule ov] 
,israel8 ,nev]4  ,t ,jesus liv$ at      
,naz>e? until he grew to be a "y man    
c\ld n be disput$1 & no d\bt ! fact 0   
/at$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,gospel ( ,mat!w4 ,he  

might live !re1 b he mu/ be born 9      
,be?lehem1 & "s excuse mu/ be _h to get 
,m>y !re at ! precise "t :5 8 bir? took 
place4 ,! device ( ! tax to take h] !re 
at ! "t is weak & pu]ile1 & proves t ^? 
:o got x up 7 nei!r wise nor le>n$4     
,mat!w b>ely alludes to ,be?lehem z !   
place ( ,*ri/'s bir?4 ,n[ :5 ,jesus 0   
born 9 ,be?lehem ( ,judea1 9 ! days (   
,h]od ! k+1 behold1 !re came wise m5 f !
 ea/ to ,j]usalem4 ,luke is m specific4 
,& x came to pass 9 ^? days t !re w5t   
out a decree f ,caes> ,augu/us1 t all ! 
_w %\ld be tax$4 7,luke ii4 #a47 ,& all 
w5t to be tax$1 e "o into 8 own city4 ,&
 ,joseph also w5t up f ,galilee1 out ( !
 city ( ,naz>e?1 into ,judea1 into !    
city ( ,david1 :i* is call$ ,be?lehem   
7because he 0 ( ! h\se & l9eage (       
,david71 to be tax$ ) ,m>y 8 esp\s$     
wife1 be+ great ) *ild4 7,luke ii4 #c1  
#d1 #e47  ,! ,jews 7 tax$ at ! place :]e
 _! prop]ty1 real or p]sonal1 0 at ! "t 
( tax+1 & n :]e _! ance/ors happ5$ to be
 born4 ,a law or decree ( ! k9d m5tion$ 

w\ld involve a movem5t ( almo/ ! entire 
population ( ,judea1 & = no reason1     
unless x 0 to give ! p a *ance to       
defraud ! tax-ga!r] by conceal+ _!      
effects4  ,! ,cyr5ius m5tion$ 0 s5t out 
by ,caes> to be a judge ( t nation 7!   
,jews7 & take an acc\nt ( _! sub/ance4  
7,josephus1 ,antiq41 book xviii4 *ap4   
#a1 sec4 ,i47 ,x w\ld n be necess>y =   
,joseph to g to ,be?lehem1 sev5ty-five  
miles away1 :]e he _h no?+1 to give an  
acc\nt ( 8 sub/ance1 :5 all he _h 0 9   
,naz>e?4 ,besides1 ,judea 0 at ?is "t "u
 ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome1 & if !re ev] _h be5
 a law among ! ,jews requir+ ea* "o ( !m
 to g to 8 native city to be tax$1 !    
,romans c\ld n h any object 9 en=c+ x4  
,admit t ,joseph 0 requir$ to g to      
,be?lehem because ,david 0 born !re     
sev]al hundr$ ye>s be=e1 to be tax$3 :y 
0 x necess>y = ,m>y to g ) him8 ,he 0 to
 give to ! ,roman (fic] an acc\nt ( 8   
sub/ance3 & did ?is require ! pres5ce ( 
,m>y8  ,! writ] ( ,luke fixes ! "t :5   
?is tax 0 to be levi$4 ,x 0 :5 ,cyr5ius 

0 ,gov]nor ( ,syria4 ,n[ ?is ,cyr5ius1  
accord+ to ,josephus1 0 a ,roman s5ator1
 :o 0 s5t to ,judea to take an acc\nt ( 
! sub/ance ( ! p1 z a basis ( taxation4 
,?is 0 aft] ,ar*elaus1 ! son ( ,h]od1 _h
 be5 depos$1 & t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? (    
,h]od4 ,*ri/ 0 t5 ye>s old :5 ,cyr5ius 0
 made ,gov]nor1 s t ! j\rney ( ,joseph &
 ,m>y to ,be?lehem 0 t5 ye>s be=e !     
decree to tax 0 made4 ,! foll[+ are !   
words ( ,josephus3 ,n[ ,cyr5ius1 a      
,roman s5ator1 & "o :o _h gone ?r\gh o!r
 magi/racies & _h pass$ ?r\gh !m till he
 _h be5 ,consul1 & "o :o1 on o!r        
acc\nts1 0 ( great dignity1 came at ?is 
"t into ,syria1 ) a few o!rs s5t by     
,caes>1 to be a judge ( t nation1 & to  
take an acc\nt ( _! sub/ance4           
7,josephus1 ,antiq41 book xviii4 *ap4   
,i1 sec4 ,i47  ,_h ! writ] ( ,mat!w kn[n
 any?+ ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 he nev] w\ld h  
made s gross a blund]1 & sav$ ! imm5se  
am\nt ( labor t x has tak5 to expla9    
away ! effects ( 8 ignorance4 ,"o       
explanation ( ?is mi/ake is1 t !re 7 two

 assessm5ts--"o ab\t ! "t ,jesus 0 born1
 & ! o!r t5 ye>s aft]4 ,! fir/ has be5  
prov5 to be a =g]y1 & 0 nev] made4      
7,r5an's ,life ( ,*ri/1 *ap4 ,i4 ,see   
note47 ,9 ,ramah 0 !re a voice (        
lam5tation & weep+ & great m\rn+4 ,ra*el
 weep+ = h] *ildr5 & w\ld n be com=t$4  
,?is1 x is claim$1 ref]r$ to ! cruelties
 ( ,h]od1 to escape f :i* ,joseph &     
,*ri/ 7 =c$ to fly into ,egypt2 s t 8   
subsequ5t return to ,naz>e? w\ld answ]  
to ! prophecy1 :i* says1 ,behold1 f     
,egypt ,i h call$ my ,son4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 ! /ory ( ,h]od's cruelties 9 !   
case ( ! infants is an inv5tion1 )\t !  
lea/ claim to tru?1 & 0 a lame excuse1 z
 we h j /at$1 to get ,*ri/ into ,egypt4 
,!n ,h]od1 :5 he saw he 0 mock$ ( ! wise
 m51 0 exce$+ wro?1 & s5t =? & slew all 
! *ildr5 t 7 9 ,be?lehem & 9 all ! coa/s
 !re(1 f two ye>s old & "u1 accord+ to !
 "t :i* he _h dilig5tly inquir$ ( ! wise
 m54 ,a v %ort "t1 n m ?an two or ?ree  
days1 elaps$ aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 :5    
,h]od1 n he>+ f ! wise m51 gave ! comm& 

= ! :olesale murd] ( ! infants4 ,x 0    
c]ta9ly giv+ ,h]od m cr$it = cruelty ?an
 0 necess>y1 ev5 on t occasion1 = z     
,*ri/ 0 only a few days old :5 ! ord] 0 
giv51 x 0 useless murd] to include all  
"u two ye>s3 n9ety-five p] c5t1 ( !     
infants might z well h be5 sp>$ z n4  ,x
 is a matt] ( surprise t ,josephus1 !   
,jewi% hi/orian1 :o suff]s no?+ des]v+  
notice to escape 8 p51 has made no      
m5tion ( a fact :i*1 if true1 w\ld h    
fill$ ,be?lehem & ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t x )
 m\rn+4 ,he c\ld af=d to make m5tion ( !
 qu>rels 9 ,h]od's family2 b n "o ^w to 
say ab\t ! :olesale slaught] ( !        
infants4 ,! /ory is s absurd1 s easily  
expos$1 & ( no possible use1 t x is     
omitt$ 9 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4  ,b if ! 
/ory is true1 :at has x to d ) ! tr\bles
 ( ,ra*el8 ,! passage f ,j]emiah ref]s  
to a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews :5         
,j]usalem 0 tak5 & held by ! ,assyrians1
 & a great numb] ( t p _h tak5 refuge 9 
,egypt4 ,! ,jews 7 und]go+ great        
afflictions1 & ,god1 ?r\gh ,j]emiah1    

und]takes to console & com=t !m4 ,! ,"l1
 9 pla9 language1 says3 ,i "k t !re is  
great suff]+ 9 ,ramah--mu* lam5tation & 
bitt] weep+4 ,israel has lo/ _m ( h]    
*ildr51 & %e suff]s great sorr[ & grief4
 ,?us sai? ! ,"l3 ,refra9 ?y voice f    
weep+1 = ?y "w %all be rew>d$1 sai? !   
,"l2 & !y %all come aga9 f ! l& ( !     
enemy4 7,j]emiah xxxi4 #ae1 #af47 ,:at  
has ?is to d ) ! cruelty ( ,h]od8  ,we h
 /at$ t ! massacre ( ! infants 0 an     
inv5tion to =m an excuse to get ,jesus  
into ,egypt2 = 8 return f t c\ntry w\ld 
s]ve to prove t he 0 ! "o ref]r$ to :5 !
 ,"l is made to say1 ,out ( ,egypt ,i h 
call$ my son4 ,"h1 we confess1 we are at
 a loss to express our a/oni%m5t4 ,9 !  
elev5? *apt] ( ,hosea1 ! ,"l compla9s ( 
! +ratitude ( ! ,jewi% nation1 & rem9ds 
!m :at he _h done = !m 9 times pa/4 ,he 
expresses ! love he _h = !m :5 ! nation 
0 "y1 & requir$ ! p[] ( 8 arm to protect
 !m4 ,:5 ,israel 0 a *ild1 !n ,i lov$   
him1 & call$ my son out ( ,egypt        
7,hosea4 #a47 ,x ne$ n be said1 t ?is   

ref]s to ! deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f ! h&s 
( ,ph>aoh4 ,israel is ! son spok5 ( :o  
_h already pass$ out ( ,egypt4 ,& he    
came & dwelt 9 a city call$ ,naz>e?1 t x
 might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by !     
prophets1 ,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e4  
7,mat!w ii4 #bc47 ,!re is no su*        
prophecy to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4  
,,*apt] ,,xxii4       ,*ri/ & ,john !   
,bapti/  ,,! beg9n+ ( ! gospel ( ,jesus 
,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god2 ,z x is writt5 9 !
 prophets1 ,behold1 ,i s5d my mess5g]   
be=e ?y face1 :i* %all prep>e ?y way    
be=e !e4 ,! voice ( "o cry+ 9 !         
wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1    
make 8 pa?s /raight4 7,m>k i4 #a1b1 #c47
 ,z 9 ,mat!w1 at ! v outset1 ! second   
,gospel />ts out to %[ t ,*ri/ is ! "o  
=etold by ! prophets1 & t a direct      
ref]5ce is made to him by ,isaiah1 z "o 
:o 0 to be prec$$ by ano!r :o 0 to      
prep>e ! way = 8 adv5t4 ,cotemporane\s  
hi/ory1 & a critical exam9ation ( !     
words ( ! prophet1 w dispel ! delusion4 
,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,judea1 0 improvid5t    

en\gh to %[ to ! son ( ! k+ ( ,babylon1 
!n on a visit to him1 all 8 treasures1 &
 ri*es ( e description2 & !re 0 no?+ 9 8
 h\se1 nor 9 all 8 dom9ion1 t ,hezekiah 
%ew$ him n4 ,:5 ,isaiah 0 told by ! k+  
himself :at he _h done1 ! prophet spoke 
& said3 ,he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l ( ho/s3       
,behold1 ! days come1 t all t is 9 ?9e  
h\se1 & t :i* ?y fa!rs h laid up 9 /ore 
until ?is day1 %all be c>ri$ to         
,babylon3 no?+ %all be left1 sai? ! ,"l4
 ,& ( ?y sons t %all issue f !e1 :i* ?\ 
%alt beget1 %all !y take away2 & !y %all
 be eunu*s 9 ! palace ( ! k+ ( ,babylon4
 ,!n said ,hezekiah to ,isaiah1 ,good is
 ! ^w ( ! ,"l :i* ?\ ha/ spok54 ,he said
 moreov]1 ,= !re %all be peace & tru? 9 
my days4 7,isaiah xxxix4 ,s1 #f1 #g1    
#h47 ,! ,babylonian captivity-is "h     
ref]r$ to4  ,isaiah !n proce$s to decl>e
 t aft] great suff]+1 9 _! s]vitude "u !
 ,assyrians1 ! ,"l w\ld deliv] ! ,jewi% 
p1 & t !y %\ld aga9 be a great &        
prosp]\s nation4 ,com=t ye1 com=t ye my 
p1 sai? y\r ,god4 ,speak ye com=tably to

 ,j]usalem1 & cry unto h]1 t h] w>f>e is
 accompli%$1 t h] iniquity is p>don$3 = 
%e ha? receiv$ ( ! ,"l's h& d\ble = all 
h] s9s4 ,! voice ( him t crie? 9 !      
wild]ness1 ,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1    
make /raight 9 ! des]t a highway = our  
,god4 ,e valley %all be exalt$1 & e     
m\nta9 & hill %all be made l[3 & !      
crook$ %all be made /raight1 & ! r\gh   
places pla94 7,isaiah xl4 #a1b1 #c1 #d47
  ,) :at t5d]ness ! prophet speaks to 8 
c\ntrym51 to assure !m t _! captivity w 
n la/ =ev]6 ,dive/$ ( poetical language 
& figures1 ! ,"l says3 ,9 y\r lo/       
condition 9 slav]y 7wild]ness7 y %all   
he> ! voice ( ! ,"l to com=t y4 ,be     
prep>$1 = he w provide ! means 7highway7
 = y\r deliv]ance f captivity4 ,! words 
wild]ness1 des]t1 & highway are         
symbolical t]ms1 repres5t+ ! lo/        
condition ( ! ,jews & ! promise made by 
! ,"l1 t he w\ld provide means = _!     
deliv]ance f _! enemies4 ,:at foll[s1   
holds =? to ! ,jews a glori\s future4 ,e
 valley %all be exalt$1 & e m\nta9 &    

hill %all be made l[4 ,t is1 !          
d[n-trodd5 & oppress$ *ildr5 ( ,israel  
%all once m take ! /& ( an indep5d5t    
nation2 & ! pr\d & l(ty ,assyrian %all 9
 8 turn be humbl$1 & come "u ! yoke ( ! 
conqu]or4 ,! idea :i* und]lies !        
language ( ! prophet is1 t ! ,jews w be 
ultimately re/or$ to _! own c\ntry1 &   
aga9 become a prosp]\s p2 & z is        
*>act]i/ic ( all ^! ,jewi% prophecies1 !
 expressions1 & ! crook$ %all be made   
/raight1 & ! r\gh places pla91 are m]e  
expletives1 to obscure ! s5se1 &        
increase ! ambiguity4 ,l ! oracles (    
,greece1 a simple idea is conceal$ b5ea?
 figures & metaphors1 & ! m9d di/ract$  
by ! introduction ( ?\ghts t h no mean+1
 & no connection ) ! subject4           
,josephus1 aft] giv+ a full acc\nt ( ?is
 prophecy f ,isaiah says1 x 0           
subsequ5tly fulfill$ 9 ! captivity &    
re/oration ( ! ,jews1 & t :5 he wrote1 !
 words ( ! prophet _h pass$ into hi/ory4
 7,antiq41 book x4 *ap4 #b1 sec4 #b47 ,!
 ,"l1 by ! prophet1 is address+ ! ,jews 

( t day ab\t matt]s :i* directly conc]n$
 !m1 & :at 0 said _h no m to d ) ,john !
 ,bapti/ prea*+ on ! ,jordan1 9 !       
neighborhood ( ! ,arabian des]t1 ?an x  
_h ) ! travels ( ,liv+/one ov] ! s&s (  
,africa4 ,! ,john ref]r$ to 9 ,m>k is a 
hi/oric "*1 & all we "k ab\t him we le>n
 ?r\gh ,josephus4  ,9 8 day he 0 a      
re=m]4 ,%ock$ at ! l[ condition ( !     
,jews1 :o _h rea*$ ! l[e/ deep 9 crimes 
& vices ( all k9ds1 ?r\gh ! corruption (
 ! prie/hood1 & tyranny ( _! civil      
,gov]nors1 he und]took to re=m abuses1 &
 elevate ! moral /&>d ( ! nation4 ,/&+  
on ! banks ( ! ,jordan1 cr[ds f !       
surr\nd+ c\ntry came to he> him d5\nce !
 s9s ( ! p1 & be baptiz$4 ,he prea*$    
rep5tance1 & ^? :o did rep5t he purifi$ 
) ! my/ic wat]s ( ! ,jordan4  ,9 ! "t ( 
,john1 ! ,jewi% p _h become re/ive1 &   
*af$ "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,rome4 ,! elem5ts (
 rebellion 7 !n at "w1 :i*1 a few ye>s  
lat]1 l$ to op5 revolt1 & ! total ru9 ( 
! nation4 ,:ile ! ,jews ov]ran )        
discont5t1 ! ,roman ,gov]nors 7 fill$ ) 

suspicion4 ,h]od took al>m at ! c\rse ( 
,john1 & caus$ him to be seiz$ & conf9$ 
9 ! ca/le ( ,ma*]us1 situat$ on ! bord]s
 ( ! des]t1 :]e he 0 aft]w>ds put to    
dea?4 ,all t is kn[n ( him is f\nd 9 !  
foll[+ extract f ,josephus3  ,n[1 "s ( !
 ,jews ?\ght t ! de/ruction ( ,h]od's   
army came f ,god1 & t v ju/ly1 z a      
puni%m5t ( :at he did aga9/ ,john1 t 0  
call$ ! ,bapti/2 = ,h]od slew him1 :o 0 
a good man1 & comm&$ ! ,jews to ex]cise 
virtue1 bo? z to righte\sness t[>ds "o  
ano!r1 & piety t[>ds ,god1 & s to come  
to baptism2 = t wa%+ ) wat] w\ld be     
acceptable to him if !y made use ( x1 n 
9 ord] to ! putt+ away or remission ( "s
 s9s only1 b = ! purification ( ! body2 
suppos+ /ill t ! s\l 0 ?or\ghly purifi$ 
be=eh& by righte\sness4 ,n[1 :5 _m o!rs 
came 9 cr[ds ab\t him1 = !y 7 greatly   
mov$ or pleas$ by he>+ 8 words1 ,h]od1  
:o fe>$ le/ ! great influ5ce ,john _h   
ov] ! p might put x into 8 p[] &        
incl9ation to raise a rebellion 7= !y   
seem$ ready to d any?+ he %\ld advise71 

?\ght x be/1 by putt+ him to dea?1 to   
prev5t any mis*ief he might cause1 & n  
br+ himself into difficulties1 by sp>+ a
 man :o might make him rep5t ( x :5 x   
%\ld be too late4 ,accord+ly he 0 s5t a 
prison]1 out ( ,h]od's suspici\s temp]1 
to ,ma*]us1 ! ca/le ,i be=e m5tion$1 & 0
 !re put to dea?4 ,n[ ! ,jews _h an     
op9ion t ! de/ruction ( ?is army 0 s5t z
 a puni%m5t ^u ,h]od1 & a m>k ( ,god's  
displeasure aga9/ him4 7,josephus1      
,antiq41 book xviii4 *ap4 #e1 sec4 #b47 
,x 0 ?is passage1 & ! "o f ,isaiah1 ,!  
voice ( him t crie? 9 ! wild]ness1      
,prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 t sugge/$ !   
/ory ( ,*ri/ com+ f ,galilee to !       
,jordan to be baptiz$ by ,john1 & !     
sc5es t foll[$4 ,z ,josephus1 9 !       
passage j quot$1 speaks ( :at ,john 0   
do+ on ! ,jordan1 & :at occurr$ !re1 x  
is /range he takes no notice ( !        
wond]ful ?+s :i* took place at ! "t     
,*ri/ 0 baptiz$1 z describ$ 9 ,mat!w4   
,b1 z we h %[n1 ! prophecy ( ,isaiah has
 no?+ to d ) ,john ! ,bapti/4  ,! /ory t

 ! life ( ,john 0 ! price paid = a jig  
danc$ be=e ,h]od1 is n only false &     
absurd1 b 9 "o s5se impossible4 ,h]od 0 
a ,roman (fic]1 & receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t f 
,rome4 ,z ! ,gov]nor ( a prov9ce1 he    
act$ "u1 & 0 gov]n$ by law4 ,to take    
life )\t suffici5t cause1 f m]e         
wantonness or caprice1 subject$ him to  
puni%m5t & removal f (fice4 ,h]od might 
put ,john to dea? z a promot] ( s$ition1
 b n to gratify ! spite ( a woman :o _h 
be5 accus$ ( ince/4 ,pilate d>$ n deliv]
 ov] ,*ri/ to be crucifi$1 until aft] he
 0 *>g$ by ! ,jews ) conspir+ aga9/ !   
gov]nm5t ( ,caes>4 ,8 claim to be k+ ( !
 ,jews1 :i* 0 made a *>ge aga9/ him1 0 !
 w>rant :i* ,pilate _h to surr5d] him to
 a m]ciless mob1 :i* w\ld n be satisfi$ 
) any?+ less ?an 8 blood4 ,! au?or (    
,mat!w1 x is cle>1 0 ignorant ( !       
topography ( ,judea1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1
 & knew no?+ ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
! ,roman law4     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4      
,! miracle ( ! clov5                    
tongues4--,misapplication ( a           

prophecy ( ,joel4  ,9 ! ,acts ( !       
,apo/les1 a passage f ,joel ! prophet is
 spok5 ( by ,pet]1 z =etell+ :at is     
call$ ! miracle ( tongues3 ,at ! end (  
=ty days ,*ri/ appe>$ to 8 disciples at 
,j]usalem1 & be+ assembl$ toge!r ) !m1  
!y 7 comm&$ n to dep>t f ,j]usalem until
 c]ta9 ?+s %\ld take place4 ,n[ ! writ] 
( ! ,acts =got :at he said 9 8 ,gospel1 
if he wrote bo?1 = he !re tells u t     
,*ri/ asc5d$ ! day ( 8 resurrection1 or 
at mo/1 ! day aft]4 ,tak+ :at we c glean
 f ! f\r ,gospels1 & tak+ !             
probabilities ( ! case into ! acc\nt1 ! 
disciples1 a v %ort "t aft] ! dea? (    
,jesus1 return$ to ,galilee4 ,! public  
m9d 0 greatly mov$ aga9/ ,jesus1 :i* 0 m
 or less direct$ aga9/ 8 foll[]s1 & z   
none ( !m 7 rem>kable = c\rage1 x is    
h>dly probable t !y w\ld t>ry 9         
,j]usalem1 especially z !re 0 no?+ to   
keep !m4 ,b accord+ to ! writ] 9 ,luke1 
at ! end ( ! =ty days !y 7 /ill 9 !     
city1 & 7 comm&$ n to leave until c]ta9 
?+s took place4  ,he next says1 ,& :5 ! 

day ( ,p5teco/ 0 fully come1 !y 7 all ) 
"o accord 9 "o place4 ,& sudd5ly !re    
came a s\nd f heav51 z ( a ru%+ mighty  
w9d1 & x fill$ all ! h\se :]e !y 7      
sitt+4 ,& !re appe>$ unto !m clov5      
tongues l z ( fire1 & x sat ^u ea* ( !m4
 ,& !y 7 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 & began 
to speak ) o!r tongues1 z ! ,_s gave !m 
utt]ance4 7,acts ii4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d47   
,?is is some?+ truly wond]ful1 & we are 
a/oni%$ t s /range & important an ev5t  
has f\nd no place 9 hi/ory--especially z
 a report ( x mu/ h be5 circulat$ f> &  
wide1 = ! writ] says1 t !re 7 dwell+ at 
,j]usalem1 ,jews out ( e nation "u      
heav51 :o came to see = !mselves4 ,!    
writ] includes o!r p besides ,jews f e  
nation1 & says3 ,n[ :5 ?is 0 nois$      
abroad1 ! multitude came toge!r1 & 7    
conf\nd$2 & among ^! 7 ,p>?ians1 ,m$es1 
,elamites1 & ! dwell]s 9 ,mesopotamia1 &
 9 ,judea1 & ,cappadocia--p f ,phrygia1 
,pamphylia1 ,cretans & ,arabians--& all 
he>d spok5 ! language ( _! native       
c\ntries4  ,josephus liv$ n long aft]   

?is "t1 & if he did n reside 9          
,j]usalem1 he mu/ h be5 (t5 9 ! ,jewi%  
capital1 & if any?+ s wond]ful z ?is _h 
tak5 place1 he c]ta9ly mu/ h he>d ( x1 &
 x 0 n possible = him to =get x :5 he   
came to write 8 hi/ory1 especially z ?+s
 ( no comp>ative importance are fully   
not$ by him4  ,^! ?+s are s wond]ful1 t 
x is necess>y to expla9 !m by ! direct  
action ( ! ,deity1 9 fulfilm5t (        
prophecy4 ,! writ] has ,pet] make a     
spee*1 & ,pet] tells ! cr[d t !y ne$ n  
be surpris$1 = :at _h j happ5$ _h all   
be5 =etold1 & 0 no?+ m ?an ! fulfilm5t (
 a prophecy ( ,joel1 :o said3 ,& x %all 
come to pass 9 ! la/ days1 sai? ,god1 ,i
 w p\r put my ,_s ^u all fle%3 & y\r    
sons & y\r daught]s %all prophesy1 & y\r
 "y m5 %all see visions1 & y\r old m5   
%all dream dreams4 ,& on my s]vants & on
 my h&maids ,i w p\r out 9 ^? days ( my 
,_s2 & !y %all prophesy3 & ,i w %ew     
wond]s 9 heav5 above1 & signs 9 ! e>?   
b5ea?2 blood1 & fire1 & vapor ( smoke3 !
 sun %all be turn$ into d>kness1 & !    

moon into blood1 be=e t great & notable 
day ( ! ,"l come4 7,acts ii4 #ag1 #ah1  
#ai1 #bj47  ,all ?is has no?+ m to d )1 
or has no m ref]5ce to1 ! miracle ( !   
clov5 tongues ?an x has to !            
assass9ation ( ,julius ,caes> 9 ! ,roman
 ,s5ate4 ,! ,jews1 at ! "t ref]r$ to by 
,joel1 7 suff]+ "u great afflictions4   
,!re _h be5 a mo/ sev]e dr\ght1 & ! l&  
_h be5 dev\r$ by ! locu/1 ! cank]-worms 
& cat]pill>4 ,z all calamities :i*      
befell ! ,jewi% p 7 ref]r$ by !m to !   
displeasure ( ,god on acc\nt ( _! s9s1  
,joel exhorts !m to rep5t1 & promises1  
if !y d1 ! ,"l w come to ! rescue4 ,!n w
 ! ,"l be zeal\s = 8 l& & pity ! p4 ,he 
w s5d d[n ra91 & ! floors %all be full (
 :eat1 & ! vats %all ov]fl[ ) w9e & oil4
 ,& ,i w re/ore to y ! ye>s t ! locu/ _h
 eat51 ! canc]-worm & cat]pill> &       
palm]-worm1 my great army :i* ,i s5t    
among y4 ,& y %all eat 9 pl5ty & be     
satisfi$1 & praise ! "n ( ! ,"l y\r     
,god1 t ha? dealt wondr\sly ) y4 ,& ye  
%all "k t ,i am 9 ! mid/ ( ,israel1 & t 

,i am ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & none else3 & my 
p %all nev] be a%am$4  ,n[ foll[s :at   
,pet] 0 made to say 0 ! prophecy :i*    
=etold ! miracle ( ! clov5 tongues4 ,& x
 %all come to pass aft]w>ds t ,i w p\r  
out my ,_s on all fle%2 & y\r sons & y\r
 daught]s %all prophesy1 y\r old m5 %all
 dream dreams1 & y\r "y m5 %all see     
visions4 ,:i* means1 ,i w p\r out my    
bless+s 7,_s7 on all fle%1 includ+ !    
s]vants & h&maids--!y %all be univ]sal1 
& n conf9$ to any class4 ,!n all ! "y & 
! old %all rejoice & be happy4 ,_!      
happ9ess %all be ( ! mo/ exalt$ k9d1    
unalloy$ ) c>e1 l delightful dreams &   
visions4 ,z ! prophet _h said 9 ! beg9n+
 ( ?is *apt]3 ,bl[ ye ! trumpet 9 ,zion1
 & s\nd an al>m 9 my holy m\nta93 let   
all ! inhabitants ( ! l& tremble3 = !   
day ( ! ,"l come?1 = x is nigh at h&2 a 
day ( d>kness & ( gloom9ess1 a day (    
cl\ds & ( ?ick d>kness1 z ! morn+ spread
 ^u ! m\nta9s3 a great p & a /rong2 !re 
ha? n be5 ev] ! l1 nei!r %all be any m  
aft] x1 ev5 to ! ye>s ( _m g5]ations4   

7,joel ii4 #a1 #b47  ,ref]r+ to ?is     
t]rible calamity :i* 0 to come1 t ! fe> 
( x might n int]rupt ?is g5]al /ate (   
happ9ess :i* is spok5 (1 ! ,"l tells ! p
 t he w give !m timely notice1 t !y may 
be prep>$3 ,& ,i w %ew wond]s 9 ! heav5s
 & 9 ! e>?1 blood1 & fire1 & pill>s (   
smoke4 ,! sun %all be turn$ into        
d>kness1 & ! moon into blood1 be=e !    
great & ! t]rible day ( ! ,"l come4     
7,joel ii4 #cj1 #ca47 ,!re c\ld n be a  
/ate ( univ]sal joy among ! p1 su* z is 
describ$1 z long z ! great & t]rible day
 ( ! ,"l might ov]take !m any mom5t4    
,!re c\ld be no happ9ess :]e !re 0      
con/ant fe>4 ,! ,"l promis$ t a timely  
w>n+ %\ld be giv54 ,n[ :at has ?is      
beautiful & sublime poem to d ) !       
miracle ( ! clov5 tongues8     ,,*apt]  
,,xxiv4       ,miracles4  ,x is 9 va9 to
 d5y ! tru? ( a miracle on ! gr\nd t x  
is impossible1 & contrav5es !           
well-e/abli%$ laws ( ! univ]se4 ,! p[]  
to create1 implies ! p[] to susp5d2 & z 
! p]=mance ( a miracle is ! ex]cise (   

creative en]gy1 x is j z easy to ex]cise
 x 9 "o case z ano!r4 ,all ef=ts to     
demon/rate ! impossibility ( miracles h 
fail$ ev5 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,hume1     
because m5 reason on su* subjects 9 a   
circle4 ,/ill x w\ld be /range if !re 0 
no way to expose a false miracle1       
especially :]e ! results claim$ f x are 
calculat$ to lead m5 into error4 ,:5 "s 
unusual & extraord9>y ev5t :i* am\nts to
 a miracle is said to h occurr$ "o      
hundr$ ye>s ago1 at a "t :5 intellig5t &
 inquisitive m9ds 7 ar\nd1 & no notice  
is tak5 ( x by !m 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( _! 
own times1 nor by any "o else1 x is safe
 to conclude t x nev] did take place1 & 
t ^? :o ass]t x = ! fir/ "t at ! end ( !
 hundr$ ye>s are engag$ 9 an attempt to 
impose "s fraud on _! fell[-m54  ,f !   
dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,a4,d4 #cc1 to "s "t ne>  
,a4,d4 #adj1 we claim t no writ] (      
pr(ane or *ur* hi/ory makes m5tion or   
speaks ( ! miracles describ$ 9 ! fir/   
?ree ,gospels1 & n ^? ( ! f\r? until    
long aft]w>ds4 ,x is by negative        

te/imony alone t we c arrive at ! tru?4 
,9 ! fir/ place1 did ! great ,apo/le ( !
 ,g5tiles p]=m ! miracles t are ascrib$ 
to him 9 ! ,acts8 ,x is /at$ t at ,ly/ra
 he cur$ a man :o _h be5 crippl$ f 8    
bir? by 8 simple ^w2 he exorcis$ ! evil 
_s t 0 9 ,lydia2 he rais$ ,euty*us1 :o  
_h fall5 f a w9d[2 ca/ f 8 h&1 unhurt1 !
 deadly vip]2 & su* miracul\s p[]s did  
he possess1 t f 8 body 7 br\ght unto !  
sick h&k]*iefs or aprons1 & ! diseases  
dep>t$ f !m1 & ! evil spirits w5t out ( 
!m4 7,acts xix4 #ab47  ,paul1 9 8       
epi/les1 does n m5tion or ref] to any ( 
^! wond]ful ?+s1 & does any man suppose1
 if true1 he w\ld fail to make "s       
allusion to !m8 ,he nei!r m5tions !     
miracles ascrib$ to himself1 nor ^?     
describ$ 9 ! f\r ,gospels4 ,p]haps he   
did n disbelieve 9 ! possibility (      
miracles1 = su* belief 0 common to !    
age2 b to believe !m possible1 & believe
 t "o has be5 p]=m$1 is ano!r ?+4 ,truly
 ! signs ( an ,apo/le 7 wr\ght among y 9
 all pati5ce1 9 signs & wond]s1 & mighty

 de$s4 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ab47 ,! signs &  
wond]s "h spok5 ( 7 made to appe> to !  
,cor9?ians alone1 & h no ref]5ce to     
miracles describ$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 nor
 d we "k :at !y 71 = no notice ( !m is  
tak5 9 ! ,acts4 ,9 ! #ah? *apt] & #i?   
v]se1 he says t he _h a vision :i* told 
him n to be afraid to speak1 & n hold 8 
peace4 ,! mighty de$s ref]s to 8 works z
 an ,apo/le1 & ! signs & wond]s r to !  
fruits ( 8 prea*+ ?an to any display (  
miracul\s p[]4  ,_h ,paul possess$ ! p[]
 attribut$ to him 9 ! ,acts1 x w\ld h   
be5 easi] = him to h conv]t$ ! _w ?an to
 make ! few conv]ts he made aft] ! labor
 ( a life4 ,!re 7 ^? liv+ :o 9 ! c\rse (
 nature might h se5 ,laz>us1 or he>d ( 8
 resurrection1 & _h x be5 9 ! p[] (     
,paul to h cit$ 8 case1 or any ( !      
miracul\s cures claim$ = ,*ri/ or any ( 
8 disciples1 ! conv]sion ( mank9d w\ld h
 be5 z rapid z ! movem5ts ( ! e>?4 ,e   
pagan temple & alt> w\ld h be5 des]t$1 &
 _! prie/s h fall5 pro/rate at ! feet ( 
,paul4 ,a few pret5d$ miracles &        

revelations on ! "p ( ,mahomet e/abli%$ 
8 claim to be ! prophet ( ,god1 & 7 !   
means1 back$ by ! scimit>1 ( fix+ ! fai?
 ( millions4 ,paul is sil5t on ! subject
 ( ! miracles4 ,b>nabas 0 a companion & 
fell[-prea*] ) ,paul4  ,no docum5t      
extant to-day :i* relates to ! ,apo/olic
 age is entitl$ to m1 if z mu* confid5ce
 & cr$it1 z ! epi/le :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,=  
"s reason1 x be>s less evid5ce on its   
face ( fraudul5t manipulation ?an any   
o!r writ+ ( t "t1 & x is ?is evid5ce (  
its purity :i* excludes x f ! li/ (     
canonical ,gospels ?is day4 ,x has be5  
ref]r$ to by a long li/ ( fa!rs1 comm5c+
 ) ,orig51 & com+ d[n to writ]s ( our   
day1 z ! g5u9e production ( ! companion 
( ! great ,apo/le4 ,no "o1 n ev5 !      
,apo/les !mselves1 _h m fai? 9 ,*ri/ ?an
 he1 & x seems to be ! burd5 ( 8 epi/le 
to prove t he 0 ! ,savi\r :o _h be5     
=etold by ! prophets1 & :om ! ,jews 7   
anxi\sly expect+4 ,_h ,*ri/1 9 8 m9i/ry 
among m51 done or p]=m$ any act out ( ! 
c\rse ( nature :i* prov$ him sup]ior to 

o!r m5 9 8 p[] ov] ! laws (             
nature--any?+ l comm& ov] diseases1     
sickness1 to say no?+ ( dea?--,b>nabas  
w\ld n h fail$ to dwell ^u ev]y?+ ( !   
k9d ) en]gy & zeal1 because su* p[]s    
w\ld e/abli% :at he aim$ to prove3 t is1
 t ,*ri/ 0 ! "o spok5 ( by ! prophets4  
,b1 :ile he makes ! mo/ labor$          
application ( ! prophecies to ,*ri/1 he 
makes no allusion to any wond]ful "w he 
p]=m$ :ile he 0 on ! e>?4 ,he has n "o  
^w to say on ! subject ( ! miracles     
ascrib$ to ,*ri/ 9 ! ,gospels4  ,mu* may
 be inf]r$ f ! sil5ce ( ,apollos on !   
subject ( miracles4 ,! int]c\rse betwe5 
! ,jews at ,alex&ria & ,judea 0 con/ant4
 ,no?+ ( importance c\ld occur 9        
,j]usalem )\t its be+ kn[n 9 a %ort "t  
on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,! hi/ory ( ,john 
! ,bapti/1 ! works he did at ! ,jordan1 
& ! mann] ( 8 dea?1 7 all kn[n to       
,apollos f "s s\rce1 be=e ,josephus     
wrote 8 hi/ory ( ! ,jews2 b x seems he  
_h nev] he>d ( ,*ri/ or any ( 8 wond]ful
 works4 7,acts xviii47 ,aft] 8 conv]sion

 he taught t ,*ri/ 0 ! "o expect$ by !  
,jews1 & he und]took to prove x by !    
prophecies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x w\ld h 
be5 f> easi] to e/abli% ?is by ! m5tion 
( ! "o-half ! miracles ascrib$ to ,*ri/ 
9 ! ,gospels ?an by argum5ts drawn f    
prophecy1 :i* 7 vague1 obscure1 &       
d\btful4 ,b he _h nev] he>d ( !         
resurrection ( ,laz>us1 nor ( ! miracles
 ( ! loaves & fi%es1 nor ( ! wond]ful   
?+s t happ5$ to ! sw9e 9 ! c\ntry ( !   
,gad>5es4  ,!re are n[ extant1 writ+s   
:i* le>n$ m5 ref] to ! ,apo/olic age1   
:i* h no value except z !y may ?r[ "s   
light on ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,we   
may m5tion ! epi/le ( ,paul to !        
,laodiceans2 ! epi/les ( ,paul to       
,s5eca1 ) ,s5eca's to ,paul1 & ! ,acts  
,paul & ,!cla4 ,9 none ( ^! writ+s is   
any m5tion made ( ! miracles ( ,paul1 or
 ^? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! sil5ce ( su* 
works is only ( consequ5ce z x %[s !    
univ]sal ignorance ( antiquity1 or !    
,apo/olic age1 on ! subject2 = x is n to
 be suppos$ t ^? ?+s :i* 7 /&+ !mes =   

disc\rses & books 9 ! second c5tury1    
w\ld be unnotic$ 9 ! fir/1 if !y did    
exi/1 z well at "o "t z ! o!r4 ,h[ c we 
acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* on 
?is subject8 ,ignatius & ,polyc>p 7 s   
ne> to ! "t ( ,paul & ! disciples1 & ev5
 ,*ri/1 t no?+ :i* conc]n$ any "o ( !m 0
 unkn[n1 & if ! miracles ascrib$ to !m  
_h be5 real occurr5ces1 no?+ c\ld be m  
effective 9 ! h&s ( ^! fa!rs = ! spread 
( ! religion ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,b !re is n
 only no m5tion by any "o ( !m ( !      
miracles1 b ! ,gospels h n yet appe>$4  
,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury1 !re is 
no m5tion or ref]5ce made 9 any writ+1  
ei!r to ! ,gospels1 or ! miracles !y    
describe4 ,allusions are made 9 "s cases
 to ! ,scriptures1 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms2 &
 z ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s 7 call$       
,scriptures1 & !re 0 ! ,hebrew ,gospel (
 ,mat!w1 & ! epi/les ( ,b>nabas1 ,james1
 ,pet]1 & ,paul1 to :i* ! t]m ,scripture
 might apply1 ! ref]5ce is ( no value 9 
fix+ ! date ( ! ,gospels4 ,! fir/ di/9ct
 & unequivocal notice ( ! fir/ ?ree     

,gospels is f\nd 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyrs        
,apology2 & he1 :o speaks ( !m = ! fir/ 
"t1 dilates on _! cont5ts1 & ref]s to   
,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke ea* by "n3 to     
,mat!w n9ete51 to ,m>k f\r1 & to ,luke  
f\rte5 times4 ,f ?is "t to ! pres5t h\r1
 e book ab\nds 9 ref]5ces to ^!         
,gospels4  ,z yet ! ,gospel ( ,john _h n
 appe>$4 ,:at is rem>kable 9 ! ,gospels1
 ref]r$ to by ,ju/91 :o makes a mo/     
elaborate disquisition on ! prophecies1 
cit+ _m passages to prove t ,*ri/ 0 a   
div9e p]son1 ^: adv5t _h be5 pr$ict$1 he
 does n make m5tion ( any ( 8 miracles1 
or ( ^? ( any ( 8 disciples4 ,he speaks 
( ,*ri/'s bir? f ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 8       
miracul\s conception1 & all ! lead+ acts
 ( 8 life1 z describ$ 9 ,mat!w & o!rs1 b
 seems to h _h no k ( ! miracul\s works 
he p]=m$4  ,! sil5ce ( ,ju/9 on !       
subject ( miracles1 & 8 ext5d$ notice ( 
! prophecies1 c only be expla9$ by !    
fact t !re 0 no?+ said ab\t !m 9 !      
,gospels1 & t !y 7 ins]t$ at a lat] day4
 ,z ! qu>rels among ,*ri/ians 9 ! second

 c5tury int5sifi$1 & z ! au?ority ( !   
*ur* grew to be p>am\nt z we approa* !  
d>k ages1 no d\bt ! ,gospels und]w5t a  
revision1 & ! miracles 7 add$ z a means 
to excite ! awe & comm& ! belief ( !    
,pagan _w4 ,! _s = ! creation ( miracles
 comm5c$ 9 ! *ur* be=e ! end ( ! second 
c5tury--0 enc\rag$ by x1 & has be5      
cont9u$ d[n to our own times1 & =m$ !   
mo/ effective weapon = ! conv]sion ( !  
hordes ( ! ,nor?1 & = ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! 
foll[]s ( ,arius4 ,ea* age _h its own   
miracles1 9 ea* ( :i* 0 apportion$ !    
am\nt ( div9e en]gy requir$ to subdue ! 
ob/9acy & unbelief to be ov]come4  ,!   
sil5ce ( :at are call$ pr(ane writ]s on 
! subject ( ! miracles is equally       
unacc\ntable--if !y are to be reg>d$ z  
real occurr5ces 9 hi/ory--& none z mu* s
 z t ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 ,josephus4 ,( 
sac]dotal extraction1 & ( royal desc5t1 
,flavius ,josephus 0 born ,a4,d4 #cg4   
,he 0 alive 9 ,a4,d4 #if1 b ! "t & mann]
 ( 8 dea? is unkn[n4 ,8 works comprise a
 complete hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 & omit no?+ 

t 0 wor?y ( notice4 ,he 0 a y\? ( great 
ability & promise1 & says ( himself1 ,:5
 ,i 0 a *ild1 & ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 
,i 0 comm5d$ by all = ! love ,i _h =    
le>n+1 on :i* acc\nt ! high prie/ &     
pr9cipal m5 ( ! city came frequ5tly to  
me toge!r1 9 ord] to "k my op9ion ab\t !
 accurate und]/&+ ( po9ts ( law4 7,life 
( ,josephus1 sec4 ,i47  ,"h we h a      
hi/orian ( ! "r k9d1 liv+ s ne> ! "t t  
he mu/ h se5 & conv]s$ ) ^? :o _h se5 & 
kn[n ,*ri/ & 8 disciples4 ,h[ are we to 
reg>d 8 sil5ce8 ,_h ,*ri/ be5 ! "* :i*  
_m suppose he 01 a tea*] end[$ beyond   
all o!r m51 ) a div9e g5ius to decl>e ! 
doctr9es :i* are to gov]n man 9 8       
relations t[>ds ! ,creator & t[>ds ea*  
o!r1 we c well und]/& :y1 9 ,a4,d4 #ic1 
:5 ,josephus wrote ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1  
he fail$ to notice him4 ,8 m9i/ry ext5d$
 ?r\gh a p]iod ( only "o ye>1 at a "t :5
 ! ,jewi% p 7 *af+ "u ! yoke ( !        
,romans1 & 7 prep>+ = a f9al /ruggle ) !
 conqu]ors4 ,at su* a "t1 ! pres5ce (   
su* a p]son z ,*ri/1 :o taught m5 to    

=give _! enemies1 to love _! neighbors z
 !mselves1 & to cultivate feel+s :i*    
dispose mank9d to peace & *>ity1 w\ld   
mo/ likely pass unnotic$4 ,if ,*ri/ 0 m 
?an a great tea*]--if he 7 ! second     
p]son 9 ! ,godhead1 :o condesc5d$ to    
visit ! e>? to in/ruct mank9d1 & :ile "h
 p]=m$ ! wond]ful works spok5 ( 9 !     
,gospels1 !n !re is no way 9 :i* we c   
acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian4  
,we are =c$ to admit t ! ,son ( ,god1 :o
 took up 8 abode among m5 to conv9ce &  
in/ruct !m1 fail$ to make 8 pres5ce kn[n
 & felt s z to attract ! notice ( him :o
 und]took to give a m9ute acc\nt ( :at  
happ5$ at ! "t1 & 9 ! c\ntry :]e he     
prea*$ & taught4  ,! attempt 9 ! f\r?   
c5tury to =ce into hi/ory1 betwe5 !     
regul> c\rse ( ev5ts1 a passage int5d$  
to break ! =ce ( total unconsci\sness on
 ! "p ( ,josephus t !re 0 su* a p]son z 
,*ri/1 to ! eye ( ! critic is inf9itely 
m damag+ ?an complete sil5ce4 ,a qu>rel1
 :i* l$ to a s$ition1 sprang up 9       
,j]usalem1 ab\t ! use made by ,pilate ( 

sacr$ money1 to br+ wat] into ! city4   
,ab\t ! same "t1 also1 ano!r sad        
calamity happ5$1 :i* put ! ,jews into   
disord]4 ,a ,roman woman call$ ,paul9a1 
?r\gh ! connivance ( "s ( ! gods (      
,isis1 0 s$uc$ by a p]son ( ! "n (      
,mundus4 7,antiq41 book xviii4 *ap4 #c47
 ,betwe5 ^! two ev5ts1 is w$g$1 or =c$  
91 a p>agraph :i* conta9s all ! great   
hi/orian has to say ( ,*ri/1 & ! ev5ts (
 8 life4 ,tw5ty-n9e l9es are tak5 to    
tell ab\t ! tr\bles gr[+ out ( !        
misapplication ( ! sacr$ money2 "o      
hundr$ & ?irty-"o ab\t ,paul9a & h]     
mis=tunes1 & sixte5 are all t ! hi/orian
 requires to in=m u ( all he kn[s ab\t  
,*ri/4 ,mu* bett] _h he said no?+4  ,if 
,josephus makes no m5tion ( ,*ri/ & 8   
miracles1 :]e mu/ we look8 ,x is 9 va9  
to se>* among ! writ]s ( ,greece &      
,rome4 ,out ( ! n9e reasons giv5 by ,dr4
 ,l>dn] = believ+ ! passage f ,josephus 
9 relation to ,*ri/ spuri\s1 ! fir/ is  
suffici5t3 x 0 nev] quot$1 or ref]r$ to1
 by any writ] previ\s to ,eusebius1 :o  

wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury4     ,,*apt]      
,,xxv4       ,epi/le ( ,paul to !       
,hebrews4  ,,?is epi/le has be5 ! s\rce 
( m controv]sy ?an any o!r book ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t4 ,x has be5 ! cause ( mu*     
useless labor & unpr(itable rese>*4 ,9 !
 fir/ place1 0 ,paul ! au?or8 ,t]tullian
 ascribes x to ,b>nabas2 ,grotius to ,/4
 ,luke1 & ,lu!r ! re=m] ?\ght x 0 writt5
 by ,apollos1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts2 b !    
te/imony ( ecclesia/ical antiquity is   
all 9 favor ( ,paul z ! au?or4          
,allusions are made to x 9 ! epi/les (  
,ignatius ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #ajg4 ,x is also 
ref]r$ to by ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna 
9 ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #ajh4  ,int]nal evid5ce1
 suppli$ by ! epi/le itself1 is         
conclusive t ,paul 0 ! writ]4 ,no "o    
bett] ?an he und]/ood ! v5]ation 9 :i* !
 ,levitical law 0 held by ! ,jewi% p1 & 
! t5acity ) :i* !y adh]$ to x4 ,z he    
believ$ t ?is law _h pass$ away1 & t !  
,"l _h made a new cov5ant ) ! ,jewi%    
nation1 x 0 natural = him to labor to   
op5 ! eyes ( 8 c\ntrym51 & br+ !m "u !  

light ( ! new disp5sation4 ,x 0 = ?is   
reason1 :5 he ent]$ into a place = !    
fir/ "t1 t he always began to tea* 9 !  
synagogue4 ,if ,paul wrote to ! ,hebrews
 at all1 x w\ld be j su* an epi/le z !  
"o ascrib$ to him1 except c]ta9         
portions1 :i* 7 cle>ly writt5 aft] !    
,paul9e p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity _h pass$    
away4  ,aga91 x has be5 a "q z to !     
language 9 :i* ?is epi/le 0 fir/ writt54
 ,at ! "t ( ,paul1 ! orig9al ,hebrew 0  
und]/ood by few1 & _h ceas$ to be !     
language ( ! ,jews4 ,! orig9al ,hebrew 0
 brok5 9 ^u by sev]al dialects--su* z ! 
,ea/ ,aramaean1 or ,*aldee1 & ! ,we/    
,aramaean1 or ,syriac4 ,! univ]sal      
language ( ! day 0 ,greek1 & no d\bt    
,paul adopt$ x 9 writ+ to ! ,hebrews1 :o
 7 disp]s$ ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & p>ts ( 
,africa4  ,z ! initiatory =mula usual 9 
! epi/les ( ,paul is want+ 9 ?is1 x has 
be5 que/ion$ :e!r x 0 really an epi/le1 
or only a disc\rse int5d$ = ! g5]al     
read]4 ,! want ( ! usual =mula c be     
easily acc\nt$ =1 :5 ! m9d becomes      

conv9c$ t ! fir/ *apt] is n ! production
 ( ,paul4 ,t x 0 writt5 z x n[ /&s by ! 
=g]s ( ! second c5tury admits ( no d\bt4
 ,! design ( ! writ] is expos$ 9 ! v    
fir/ & second v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt]4     
,god1 :o at sundry times & 9 div]s      
mann]s spake 9 "t pa/ unto ! fa!rs by ! 
prophets1 ha? 9 ^! la/ days spok5 unto u
 by 8 ,son1 :om he ha? appo9t$ heir (   
all ?+s1 by :om also he made ! worlds4  
,"h ,*ri/ is made ! ,creator by :om !   
worlds 7 made4 ,aga93 ,:o be+ !         
brightness ( 8 glory1 & ! express image 
( 8 p]son1 & uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( 8
 p[]1 :5 he _h by himself purg$ our s9s1
 sat d[n on ! "r h& ( ! ,maje/y on high2
 be+ made s mu* bett] ?an ! angels1 z he
 ha? by inh]itance obta9$ a m excell5t  
"n ?an !y4 ,= unto :i* ( ! angels said  
he at any "t1 ,?\ art my ,son1 ?is day h
 ,i begott5 !e8 ,& aga91 ,i w be to him 
a ,fa!r1 & he %all be to me a ,son8 ,&  
aga91 :5 he br+e? 9 ! fir/-begott5 into 
! _w1 he sai?1 ,& let all ! angels (    
,god wor%ip him4 7,heb4 i4 #c-f47  ,"h  

we f9d cond5s$ into a few v]ses1 &      
decl>$ 9 ! mo/ po9t$ language1 ! ,god%ip
 ( ,*ri/1 fir/ proclaim$ by ! m5 ( !    
second c5tury1 & :i* is 9 direct        
conflict ) ! rema9d] ( ! ,epi/le1 & )   
:at ,paul taught dur+ 8 :ole life4      
,comm5c+ at ! n9? v]se ( ! second *apt]1
 ,paul says3 ,b we see ,jesus1 :o 0 made
 a little l[] ?an ! angels = ! suff]+ ( 
dea?1 cr[n$ ) glory & honor2 t he by !  
grace ( ,god %\ld ta/e dea? = e man4 ,= 
v]ily he took n on him ! nature (       
angels2 b he took on him ! se$ (        
,abraham4 7,*ap4 ii4 #af47 ,:]e=e1 holy 
bre?r51 p>tak]s ( ! heav5ly call+1      
consid] ! ,apo/le & ,high ,prie/ ( our  
pr(ession1 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 :o 0 fai?ful to
 him :o appo9t$ him1 z also ,moses 0    
fai?ful 9 all 8 h\se4 ,= ?is man 0      
acc\nt$ wor?y ( m glory ?an ,moses1     
inasmu* z he :o ha? build$ ! h\se ha? m 
honor ?an ! h\se4 ,= e h\se is build$ by
 "s man2 b he t built all ?+s is ,god4  
7,*ap4 iii4 #a-e47  ,on ! fif?1 six?1   
sev5? & eigh? v]ses ( ! second *apt]1   

,paul decl>es t to angels is giv5 !     
gov]nm5t ( ! _w to come2 & to man1 :o 0 
made b little l[] ?an ! angels1 0       
consign$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! e>?4 ,all m51   
accord+ to ,paul1 l ,jesus1 7 born b    
little l[] ?an ! angels--& ,*ri/ by him 
is put on a level ) all humanity4 ,x is 
evid5t t ! fir/ *apt]1 z writt5 by      
,paul1 has be5 suppress$1 & ! "o :i* has
 desc5d$ to u is made to take its place4
 ,x is n possible t ,paul wrote ! fir/ &
 second *apt]s z !y n[ /&4 ,9 ! "o case 
,*ri/ is made m ?an ! angels2 & 9 ! o!r 
case he is made less4 ,9 ! "o case he is
 ! ,creator ( ! _w1 uphold+ all ?+s by !
 ^w ( 8 p[]2 9 ! o!r he is a ,high      
,prie/ ( ! ord] ( ,mel*is$ec1 & "o ( !  
desc5dants ( ,abraham4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]  
he =m$ ! _w1 & 9 ! ?ird *apt] x is said1
 ,he :o built all ?+s is ,god4 ,!       
doctr9es "h decl>$ are unreconcilable1 b
 x is n difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? (
 ,paul & ^? ( ! m5 ( ! second c5tury4   
,paul speaks ( ?ree ord]s ( ! prie/hood3
 t ( ,mel*is$ec1 t "u ! ,levitical law1 

& t "u ! new cov5ant1 ) ,*ri/ at ! head4
 ,:at 0 ! "* ( ! prie/hood ( ! ord] (   
,mel*is$ec1 ,paul does n say--nor d we  
"k :]e to look = in=mation on ! subject4
 ,he 0 )\t fa!r1 )\t "m1 )\t desc5t1    
hav+ nei!r beg9n+ ( days1 nor end (     
life2 b made l unto ! ,son ( ,god3      
abide? a prie/ cont9ually4 7,*ap4 vii4  
#c47 ,:5 we are in=m$ 9 ! same *apt] t  
,*ri/ is a prie/ aft] ! ord] (          
,mel*is$ec1 :o is made1 n aft] ! law ( a
 c>nal comm&m5t1 b aft] ! p[] ( an      
endless life 7v]4 #af71 we detect !     
insidi\s & subtle poison ( ! ,johannian 
s*ool4  ,"h we h a ,logos1 :o 0 9 !     
beg9n+1 & :o w\ld cont9ue ?r\gh all "t1 
:i* c\ld nev] be true ( any ( !         
desc5dants ( ,abraham4 ,! prie/hood "u !
 ,levitical law1 ,paul claim$1 _h pass$ 
away1 & 0 succe$$ by a mu* bett] "o )   
,*ri/ z its head4 ,! la/ 0 sup]ior to ! 
old because x w\ld cont9ue =ev]1 an     
un*angeable prie/hood4 7,*ap4 vii4 #bd47
 ,9 ?is new & bett] disp5sation1 ,*ri/  
is z sup]ior to ,moses & ,a>on1 z ! new 

cov5ant is sup]ior to ! old4 ,*ri/ is   
call$ a ,high ,prie/1 a m9i/] ( !       
sanctu>y1 & ( ! true tab]nacle1 :i* !   
,"l pit*$1 & n man4 7,*ap4 viii4 #b47   
,if ,*ri/ 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 born ( a     
virg91 :5 ,paul 0 in/ruct+ 8 c\ntrym5 9 
! my/]ies ( ! new cov5ant1 & 0 po9t+ out
 to !m ! relation :i* ,*ri/ bore to !   
same1 z comp>$ ) ,moses "u ! old1 h[    
happ5$ x t he fails to make m5tion ( ?is
 important fact altoge!r8 ,h[ c we      
acc\nt = ! sil5ce ( ,paul at su* a "t on
 a subject ( su* vital importance8 ,he 0
 a man ( le>n+1 & well v]s$ 9 all t 0   
writt5 by ! ,hebrew prophets2 & if !    
f\rte5? v]se ( ! sev5? *apt] ( ,isaiah  
_h any application to ,*ri/1 or any o!r 
prophecy 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :y did he n 
po9t !m out to 8 c\ntrym51 & 9 ?is way  
prove t ,*ri/ 0 n only sup]ior to       
,moses1 b to ! angels8 ,:y call him a   
,high ,prie/1 & admit 8 ,jewi% desc5t1 f
 ! fa!r ( ! ,hebrew nation8 ,:o s well z
 ,paul c\ld def9e ! /atus ( ,*ri/ "u !  
new cov5ant8 ,8 num]\s visits to        

,j]usalem1 n long aft] ,*ri/'s dea?1 8  
intimacy ) all ! disciples1 gave him e &
 ample means = in=mation2 & ! deep      
int]e/ he took 9 e p>ticul> :i* relat$  
to ,*ri/ /imulat$ inquiry2 & :atev] he  
f\nd t 0 important to be kn[n z a "p ( !
 new fai?1 he w\ld n fail to proclaim 9 
tones ( ?und]1 f ! ,euphrates to !      
,tib]4  ,we c well imag9e 8 a/oni%m5t :5
 ! doctr9es ( ! ,greek s*ool fir/ began 
to make headway 9 8 little *ur*es4 ,we c
 =m "s idea ( 8 feel+s by read+ ! elev5?
 & twelf? *apt]s 9 ! second epi/le to ! 
,cor9?ians3 ,w\ld to ,god ye c\ld be> ) 
me a little 9 my folly3 & inde$ be> )   
me4 ,= ,i am jeal\s ov] y ) godly       
jeal\sy3 = ,i h esp\s$ y to "o husb&1 t 
,i may pres5t y z a *a/e virg9 to ,*ri/4
 ,b ,i fe>1 le/ by any means1 z ! s]p5t 
beguil$ ,eve ?r\gh 8 subtilty1 s y\r    
m9ds %\ld be corrupt$ f ! simplicity t  
is 9 ,*ri/4 ,= if he t come? prea*e?    
ano!r ,jesus :om we h n prea*$1 or if ye
 receiv$ ano!r _s1 :i* ye h n receiv$1  
or ano!r gospel1 :i* ye h n accept$1 ye 

might well be> ) him4 7#b ,cor4 xi4     
#a-d47 ,r5d]$ into pla9 language1 he    
says3 ,w\ld to ,god y w\ld p>don my zeal
 & anxiety on y\r acc\nt4 ,hav+ in/ruct$
 y 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/1 ,i am jeal\s & 
ov]-anxi\s t y %\ld /& z examples ( pure
 ,*ri/ianity1 & n surr5d] y\r pure &    
virg9 fai? 9 ,*ri/1 c>ri$ away by !     
subtle doctr9es ( cunn+ m54 ,if any "o  
speaks ( ,*ri/1 & claims t he is any?+  
diff]5t f :at ,i h taught y--or if any  
"o has prea*$ to y a diff]5t religion or
 a diff]5t gospel1 f t :i* y le>n$ ( me1
 y %[ y\r =be>ance if y d n visit y\r   
ang] ^u !m1 :o ?us labor to mislead &   
deceive y4  ,?r\gh\t ^! two *apt]s ,paul
 %[s deep sorr[ on acc\nt ( ! progress (
 ! new fai?1 & ) 8 expressions ( regret1
 he m+les words ( repro(4 ,! tr\bles    
gr[+ out ( x foll[$ him ?r\gh life4 ,!y 
h>ass$ him 9 8 prison4 ,he liv$ to see  
all ,asia turn$ away f him4 ,) an a*+   
he>t he makes "o la/ reque/ ( ,timo?y3  
,& ! ?+s t ?\ ha/ he>d ( me among _m    
witnesses1 ! same commit ?\ to fai?ful  

m51 :o %all be able to tea* o!rs also4  
7#b ,tim4 ii4 #b47     ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4  
,! controv]sy betwe5 ,ptolemaeus &      
,ir5aeus z to !      l5g? ( ,*ri/'s     
m9i/ry4--,*ri/ 0 9 ,j]usalem b      once
 aft] he began to prea*1 accord+ to !   
fir/ ?ree      ,gospels1 b ?ree times   
accord+ to ,john4--,if !      /atem5ts  
made 9 ! fir/ ?ree are true1 ev]y?+     
/at$ 9 ! f\r? c\ld only happ5 aft] !    
dea? (      ,*ri/4  ,x w be rememb]$ t  
,ptolemaeus ass]t$ t ! "t ( ,*ri/'s     
m9i/ry did n exce$ ! p]iod ( "o ye>4    
,?is drove ,ir5aeus to claim t x cont9u$
 = ! space ( t5 ye>s1 on ! au?ority ( a 
tradition d]iv$ f ,john4 ,! precise "t  
:51 & :at1 ,ptolemaeus wrote1 we h no   
means 9 our day ( f9d+ out2 = 8 writ+s1 
l all ^? ( ! ,gno/ics1 d\btless p]i%$ "u
 ! de/ructive edict ( ! ,emp]or         
,con/ant9e4 ,we are at lib]ty to        
conclude t he wrote be=e ! f\r? ,gospel 
appe>$1 z he limits ! "t to "o ye>1 :i* 
agrees 9 t respect ) ! ,synoptics4 ,_h  
he _h any k ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 he might1 

by adopt+ ! mode ( reason+ on ?is       
subject us$ by ! or?odox1 h made ! "t   
?ree ye>s in/ead ( "o4 ,x w be not$ t   
,ir5aeus1 9 8 controv]sy ) ,ptolemaeus1 
makes no m5tion ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 b     
falls back on a tradition4 ,9 a dispute 
) a %>p-witt$ adv]s>y1 he f\nd x saf] to
 rely on a tradition1 z evasive z !     
mirage ( ! des]t1 ?an ! au?ority ( !    
f\r? book ( ,john4 ,! reason = ?is      
pref]5ce w be readily se5 :5 ! subject  
is und]/ood4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w1 aft] ! 
temptation 9 ! wild]ness1 ,*ri/ return$ 
to ,naz>e?1 9 ,galilee4 ,he left ,naz>e?
 & came & dwelt 9 ,cap]naum1 9 ! bord]s 
( ,zabulon & ,neph?alim1 z spok5 by     
,esaias3 ,! l& ( ,zabulon & ! l& (      
,neph?alim1 by ! way ( ! sea1 beyond    
,jordan1 ,galilee ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! p :i*
 sat 9 d>kness saw great light2 & to !m 
:i* sat 9 ! region & %ad[ ( dea? light  
is sprung up4 ,f t "t ,jesus began to   
prea*1 & to say1 ,rep5t3 = ! k+dom (    
heav5 is at h&4 7,*apt] iv4 #ae1 #af1   
#ag47  ,"h ! place :]e ,*ri/ comm5c$ to 

prea* is cle>ly def9$2 & z ! spot _h be5
 po9t$ out by ,isaiah sev5 hundr$ ye>s  
be=e1 !re c\ld be no mi/ake1 unless !   
inspiration ( ! great ,hebrew prophet 0 
at fault4 ,m>k & ,luke sub/antially     
agree ) ,mat!w2 s1 accord+ to all ?ree1 
,*ri/ began 8 labors at ,cap]naum4 ,!   
precise "t 9 ! ye> we _c tell1 b x mu/ h
 be5 %ortly aft] ! f\rte5? ( ,m>*       
7,nisan71 :5 ! celebration ( ! ,passov] 
comm5c$4 ,at ! foll[+ fe/ival1 z we w   
%[1 ,*ri/ 0 put to dea?4 ,9 ! meantime  
he _h p]=m$ ! great] "p ( 8 "w1 :i* w\ld
 require n mu* less ?an a ye>4 ,t ,*ri/ 
%\ld g to ,j]usalem to celebrate ! fir/ 
,passov] aft] he began to prea* is n    
only probable b almo/ c]ta94 ,ev]y?+ %[s
 t he did4 ,! laws ( ,moses comm&$ e    
,jew to obs]ve ?is fea/2 & al?\gh no    
place is specifi$1 all deem$ x ! highe/ 
religi\s duty to g to ,j]usalem = t     
purpose4 ,on su* occasions an innum]able
 multitude came hi!r out ( ! c\ntry--_m 
beyond its limits1 accord+ to ,josephus4
 ,h5ce ! great de/ruction ( ! ,jewi% p1 

:o _h come up to ! holy city to         
celebrate1 :5 x 0 de/roy$ by ,titus4    
,*ri/ c\ld h>dly fail to be pres5t at ! 
fir/ celebration aft] he began to prea*1
 especially z he 0 accu/om$ to g e ye> f
 *ildhood ) 8 p>5ts1 accord+ to ,luke4  
,if ,*ri/ att5d$ ! fir/ fe/ival aft] he 
began 8 "w1 8 m9i/ry cont9u$ = less ?an 
"o ye>1 = he w5t !re b once aft] he     
began to prea*4 ,! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e] 0   
solely pass$ 9 ,galilee1 accord+ to     
,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke4 ,8 labors 7 conf9$
 to 8 own c\ntry1 mo/ly 9 ! neighborhood
 ( ! sea ( ,tib]ias4 ,at l5g?1 z ! "t = 
! celebration ( ! ,passov] approa*$1 8  
?\ghts 7 direct$ t[>d ! city ( ,david4  
,at ,caes>ea ,philippi he conclud$ at   
la/ to g to ,j]usalem4 ,f t "t =? began 
,jesus to %ew unto 8 disciples h[ t he  
mu/ g unto ,j]usalem1 & suff] _m ?+s ( !
 eld]s & *ief prie/s & scribes1 & be    
kill$1 & be rais$ aga9 ! ?ird day4      
7,matt4 xvi4 #ba47 ,at l5g? he dep>t$ f 
,galilee & came into ! coa/s ( ,judea   
beyond ,jordan4 7,*ap4 xix4 ,i47 ,& :5  

he 0 come into ,j]usalem all ! city 0   
mov$1 say+1 ,:o is ?is8 7,*ap4 xxi4     
#aj47 ,w\ld t "q h be5 ask$ if he _h be5
 !re ! ye> be=e8 ,t ?is 0 ,*ri/'s fir/  
visit to ,j]usalem1 accord+ to ! fir/   
?ree ,gospels1 w n admit ( a d\bt4 ,"h  
he taught & prea*$ until he 0 h&$ ov]   
b\nd into ! h&s ( ,pilate4 ,he nev] aft]
 ?is left ! city until 8 immortal _s    
took its flight f ,calv>y4 ,! it9>y (   
,*ri/1 z we h x 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 
r5d]s x impossible t he made any visit  
to ,j]usalem except ! "o above m5tion$4 
,we c trace him1 /ep by /ep1 f ! beg9n+ 
to ! end ( 8 c>e]4 ,he began to prea* at
 ,cap]naum1 & f !re he travel$ all ov]  
,galilee4 ,9 ! meantime he deliv]$ 8    
div9e ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,f ! ,m\nt he  
return$ to ,cap]naum4 ,f "h he ent]$ a  
%ip & rebuk$ ! sea4 ,he next cross$ ov] 
to ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>9es4 ,f !re he     
recross$ ! sea & w5t into 8 own city4   
,once m he travels ov] ,galilee1 prea*+1
 & heal+ diseases4 ,on ! %ores (        
,tib]ias he deliv]$ ! p>able ( ! s[]1 & 

aga9 w5t back to 8 own c\ntry4 ,:ile !re
 he he>d ( ! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/2 :5 
he cross$ ov] ! sea ( ,tib]ias1 & on !  
ea/ %ore f$ ! multitude4 ,aft] ev5ts :i*
 are fully decl>$1 he & 8 disciples     
cross$ ! sea & w5t to ! l& ( ,g5nes>et4 
,f !re he dep>t$ unto ! coa/ ( ,tyre &  
,sidon4 ,he return$ unto ! sea (        
,galilee1 & w5t up into a m\nta9 & aga9 
f$ ! multitude4 ,f "h he w5t unto ! coa/
 ( ,magdala1 & f !re to ,caes>ea        
,philippi1 :5 he made up 8 m9d at la/ to
 g to ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! meantime x 0 n    
possible = him to h made a visit to !   
,holy ,city4 ,he _h n ev5 be5 9 ,judea4 
,accord+ to ,john1 ,*ri/ did n manife/ 8
 div9e p[] at ,cap]naum1 b at ,cana4    
,?is 0 n a great :ile be=e ! fea/ ( !   
,passov]1 = he w5t f ,cana to ,cap]naum1
 :]e he rema9$ n _m days b w5t to       
,j]usalem to celebrate4 ,z ,john & !    
writ]s ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels h ,*ri/   
att5d ! fir/ fe/ival aft] he began 8    
m9i/ry1 x foll[s1 accord+ to ,john1 t   
,*ri/ at t "t _h j begun to tea*2 :ile1 

if we believe ! o!r ?ree writ]s1 he _h  
ne>ly p]=m$ 8 "w1 & came to ,j]usalem to
 meet 8 dea?4 ,! ,gospel ( ,john causes 
,*ri/ to make ?ree di/9ct visits to     
,j]usalem3 fir/1 soon aft] ! miracle at 
,cana1 ! same m5tion$ by ,mat!w1 ,m>k & 
,luke2 ! second1 :5 he att5d$ a fea/ ( !
 ,jews1 :i* ,dr4 ,rob]tson & o!r le>n$  
writ]s claim 0 ! ,passov]2 & a ?ird1 :5 
he w5t to witness ! fea/ ( ! ,tab]nacle4
 ,n[1 if ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels are true1 
!n ev]y?+ /at$ 9 ! f\r? z ! works (     
,*ri/ mu/ h be5 p]=m$ aft] 8 dea?6 ,e   
day1 f ! "t he set out f ,cap]naum to   
tea*1 to 8 fir/ & la/ entrance into     
,j]usalem1 is acc\nt$ = 9 ! fir/ ?ree   
,gospels4 ,?is second visit 0 n )\t a   
special significance4  ,s /rong 0 ! pro(
 9 ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury t ,john 
_h nev] be5 to ! we/]n coa/ ( !         
,m$it]ranean1 t ,ir5aeus & o!rs ( t     
c5tury d>e n ass]t t ! f\r? ,gospel 0   
writt5 by him 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,on ?is    
po9t ! great crim9al is sil5t4 ,b1 9 !  
,gospel itself1 !re is an evid5t ef=t   

made to h x appe> t x 0 writt5 be=e !   
fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,ev5 ! le>n$ ,basnage 
& ,lampe 7 betray$ into ?is belief1 & s 
7 o!rs4 ,l>dn] fixes ! date 9 ! ye> #fh1
 ,ow5 #fi1 & ! le>n$ ,mi*aelis 9 #gj4 ,t
 su* m5 %\ld h fall5 into ?is belief is 
truly wond]ful1 = its fallacy is app>5t 
at fir/ view4 ,?is ,gospel1 z none      
dispute1 0 writt5 9 reply to ! ,gno/ics1
 & z none ( t sect1 z w be %[n1 0 kn[n  
to be 9 exi/5ce until ! second c5tury1 x
 at once disposes ( ! "q4 ,*ryso/om1    
,epiphanius1 ,mills1 ,fabricius & ,bi%op
 ,toml9e1 ) o!rs1 saw ! dilemma1 & fix$ 
! date ( ! ,gospel at a lat] p]iod--"s  
at #ig1 & o!rs at #ih4  ,t "p ( ?is     
,gospel by :i* ,dr4 ,l>dn] & o!rs 7     
misl$ is z foll[s3 ,n[ !re is at        
,j]usalem1 by ! %eep-m>ket1 a pool :i*  
is call$ 9 ! ,hebrew tongue ,be!sda1    
hav+ five por*es4 ,f ! language "h us$1 
!y conclude t ,j]usalem 0 /&+ :5 !      
,gospel 0 writt51 z ! pres5t is us$     
in/ead ( ! pa/ t5se4 ,few ?+s tr\bl$ !  
,ca?olics ( ! second c5tury m ?an to f9d

 a conv5i5t date = ,john's ,gospel4 ,if 
x 0 writt5 be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 :]e 
!re 0 a %eep m>ket hav+ five por*es /ill
 /&+1 x 0 too e>ly1 by _m ye>s1 =       
,cor9?us & o!r lead+ ,gno/ics4 ,if its  
date 7 fix$ at ! end ( ! c5tury :5 ,john
 0 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,ca?olics 7 met ) pro(
 t ,john nev] 0 !re4 ,! /ory ( ! angel1 
& ! man :o _h an infirmity =            
eight-&-?irty ye>s1 0 a clumsy inv5tion 
to make way = ! deception z to ! e>ly   
date ( ! ,gospel4 ,if !re 0 9 fact su* a
 pool z repres5t$1 ^: m$ical prop]ties 7
 dep5d5t ^u ! visitation ( an angel1 &  
:i* _h prop]ties to cure all diseases1 x
 0 ! only "o ( ! k9d1 or any?+ l x1 ev] 
kn[n to man2 its fame w\ld h spread f> &
 wide1 & ,jewi% hi/orians1 :o delight to
 dwell ^u any?+ :i* belongs to _!       
c\ntry1 w\ld h emphasiz$ a ph5om5on l ! 
pool ( ,be!sda1 z pro( ( div9e favor %[n
 to _! nation4 ,x excites ! ang] (      
comm5tators1 & ,doddridge among ! re/1 t
 ,josephus has fail$ to notice x2 &     
among ! extraord9>y motives assign$ = 8 

sil5ce is a fe> t he w\ld disgu/ 8 pagan
 read]s6 ,! same comm5tator says3 ,x is 
probable t ! miracle 0 n wr\ght = any   
l5g? ( "t1 & p]haps ceas$ on ?is        
occasion4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! surpris+  
sil5ce ( ,josephus 9 a /ory :i* made s  
mu* = ! honor ( 8 nation4 ,he himself 0 
n born :5 x happ5$1 &1 ?\gh he might h  
he>d ! report ( x1 he w\ld1 p]haps 79 ! 
mod]n way71 oppose speculation &        
hypo!sis to fact4 ,j5ks1 ano!r          
comm5tator1 says3 ,x is true ! ,jewi%   
hi/orians1 :o are n sp>+ 9 praise (     
,j]usalem1 d none ( !m m5tion ?is pool1 
= :i*1 p]haps1 ?is is ! reason3 t x 0   
tak5 z a presage ( ! approa* ( !        
,messiah1 &1 !re=e1 !y :o d5i$ him to be
 come indu/ri\sly conceal$ su* an       
indication ( 8 com+4 ,no "o has ev]     
pret5d$ to h f\nd ?is pool1 al?\gh pi\s 
travel]s h f\nd e o!r spot consecrat$ by
 ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,hel5a1 ! "m (  
,con/ant9e1 z e>ly z ,a4 ,d4 #cbf1 made 
a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,city to discov]
 ! places made sacr$ by sc5es 9 ! life (

 ! ,savi\r2 & :5 human en]gy & skill    
fail$1 %e call$ to h] assi/ance ! aid ( 
! miracul\s4 ,b ! p[]s t enabl$ h] to   
f9d ! true cross1 aft] a wa/e 9 ! e>? ( 
ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & detect ! place (
 ! ,"l's sepul*]1 & o!r sacr$ spots :i* 
,infidel hatr$ va9ly attempt$ to        
oblit]ate1 fail$ to discov] ! place :]e 
! angel ( m]cy f\nd gr\nd to re/ h] feet
 :5 %e desc5d$ f heav51 load$ ) bless+s 
= ! bl9d1 halt & )]$4  ,x is admitt$ by 
all writ]s1 & especially ,mi*aelis 7vol4
 iii4 "p ,i1 p4 #bhj71 t ! ,gospel (    
,john 0 writt5 9 answ] to ! ,gno/ics1 & 
especially ,cor9?us1 :o liv$ 9 ! la/    
ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,x 0 possible to  
sp9 out ! life ( ,john to ! end ( !     
c5tury1 & ?us br+ him ne> ! "t :5       
,cor9?us fl\ri%$2 b x is fatal to !     
claim1 set up by ,ir5aeus & o!rs1 t     
,john 0 ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 t !   
qu>rels :i* grew out ( ! writ+s (       
,cor9?us fail$ to attract notice until  
"s "t ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4  
,y may look 9 va9 among all ! writ+s ( !

 ,fa!rs & o!rs ( ! fir/ c5tury to f9d ! 
"n ( ,cor9?us or any ( 8 writ+s1 al?\gh 
we c trace ,gno/icism1 9 its primitive  
/ages1 z e>ly z ! fir/ ye>s 9 ! second4 
,/ill1 x assum$ b little importance 9   
its conte/s ) ,*ri/ianity until "s "t   
aft] ! ye> ,a4 ,d4 #aag4 ,buck says t   
,_m p]sons 7 infect$ ) ! ,gno/ic h]esy 9
 ! fir/ c5tury2 ?\gh ! sect did n r5d]  
itself conspicu\s1 ei!r = numb]s or     
reputation1 be=e ! reign ( ,adrian1 :5  
"s writ]s errone\sly date its rise8 ,!re
 0 no call or dem& = ! f\r? ,gospel     
until ,*ri/ians & ,gno/ics comm5c$ _!   
qu>rels1 :i* 0 long aft] ,john's dea?1  
ev5 admitt+ t he liv$ to be a hundr$    
ye>s old4 ,!re 0 no help 9 ! em]g5cy :i*
 !n arose1 b to ant$ate ! f\r? ,gospel1 
to conf\nd ! "t :5 ,c]9?us wrote ) ! "t 
:5 ! spread ( 8 doctr9es creat$         
discussion among ,*ri/ians4     ,,*apt] 
,,xxvii4       ,! phase assum$ by       
,*ri/ianity 9 ! f\r? ,gospel      dem&$ 
a new class ( miracles f ^? giv5 9 !    
fir/ ?ree4--,a labor$ ef=t 9 ?is ,gospel

 to s9k !      humanity ( ,*ri/4--,8    
address to ,m>y4--,! temptation 9      !
 wild]ness ignor$1 & ! la/ supp] betwe5 
him &      8 disciples                  
suppress$4--,int]view betwe5 ,*ri/ & !  
wom5 & m5 ( ,sam>ia4--,a labor$ ef=t to 
connect      ,*ri/ ) ,moses expos$4  ,:5
 ! inc>nation became a lead+ feature (  
,*ri/ianity1 its :ole _s und]w5t a *ange
 f :at x 0 9 ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels4 ,!   
miracles :i* !y describe are too tame = 
! new phase :i* ,*ri/ is made to assume4
 ,none ( ! five1 except "o1 9 ! ,gospel 
( ,john1 are m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree1 = ! 
app>5t reason t ^? 9 ! ,synoptics all   
fall %ort ( uphold+ ! claims set up =   
,*ri/ 9 ! f\r?4 ,! subsid5ce ( ! sea at 
,tib]ias1 at 8 comm&1 0 "s pro( t he    
held control ( ! w9d & waves1 b a lucky 
co9cid5ce might acc\nt = "p1 & ocul>    
deception = ! re/4 ,b1 9 t case1 !      
con/itu5ts ( ! wat] 7 n *ang$4 ,n s ) ! 
wat] at ! fea/ at ,cana4 ,! re/oration (
 ! wid['s son at ,na91 & ( ! daught] (  
,jairus1 might admit ( d\bt1 = ! fir/ _h

 n %[n signs ( decid$ dea?1 & ! latt]   
may h be5 a case ( coma--,= ! maid is n 
dead1 b sleepe?4 7,matt4 ix4 #bd47 ,b 9 
! case ( ,laz>us !re c\ld be no mi/ake4 
,= f\r days ! seal ( dea? sat ^u 8 br[1 
& fle% & blood 7 fa/ return+ to _!      
native du/4 ,*ri/1 9 ! fir/ ?ree        
,gospels1 heals diseases & cures ! bl9d2
 b h[ mu* 0 to be ref]r$ to 8 p[] z a   
god1 & h[ mu* to ! skill ( a            
,!ra-peutae1 might invite discussion4 ,b
 9 ! cases ( ! man :o _h an infirmity = 
eight-&-?irty ye>s1 & ! "o born bl9d1   
!re c\ld be no gr\nd = dispute4 ,!      
miracles select$ prov$ all t 0 claim$ = 
,*ri/ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,gospel4 ,he 0    
ma/] ( ! elem5ts1 dea? he>d & obey$ 8   
voice1 & he held ! av5ues :i* l$ f fife 
to ! grave4 ,! miracle ( ! loaves &     
fi%es is ! only "o 9 ! fir/ ?ree        
,gospels repeat$ by ,john1 because x    
prov$ 8 p[] ov] nature2 = if he did n   
*ange ! elem5ts1 z he did at ,cana1 he  
multipli$ !m4 ,we see 9 ?is ,gospel a   
/udi$ ef=t to avoid any?+ l a human     

p>5tage = ,*ri/1 z /at$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree   
,gospels4 ,! trip to ,be?lehem1 ! bir? 9
 ! mang]1 ! j\rney ( ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/1
 are all omitt$4 ,! "n ( ,m>y 9 ?is     
,gospel is /udi\sly kept 9 ! backgr\nd4 
,%e is b>ely m5tion$ twice1 once at !   
fea/ ( ,cana3 ,& :5 !y want$ w9e1 ! "m (
 ,jesus sai? unto him1 ,!y h no w9e2    
,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,woman1 :at h ,i to
 d ) !e8 ,! true answ] int5d$ by ! "q   
0--no?+4 ,*ri/ c\ld n be entirely       
oblivi\s ( e>?ly ties4 ,he _h liv$ "u ! 
same ro( ) ,m>y4 ,he _h receiv$ f h] _m 
acts ( k9dness2 & if nature 0 all[$ h]  
empire ov] ! he>t2 he mu/ h felt = h] ! 
affection ( a son4 ,= him %e _h all !   
feel+s ( a "m4 ,%e foll[$ & /ood by him 
at ! cross4 ,z %e /ood & wept 9 8 sight1
 ! only words ( consolation & ende>m5t  
he c\ld give h] 7 z cold & he>tless z a 
,lapl& w9d3 ,woman1 behold ?y son6 ,! ^w
 woman 0 ev] on 8 lips4 ,:5 he recomm5ds
 h]1 at ! la/ sc5e1 to ! c>e ( !        
disciples1 he is /udi$ & gu>d$ 9 8      
language3 ,!n sai? he to ! disciple1    

,behold ?y "m4 ,! sc5es at ! cross 7 too
 solemn to p]mit ! /udi$ purpose ( an   
artful bigot to muzzle ! voice ( nature4
 ,tru? turns away f ! /ory4  ,! design (
 ?is ,gospel to keep out ( view ! c>nal 
nature ( ,*ri/1 z x appe>s 9 ! fir/ ?ree
 ,gospels1 is m>k$ ) ,jesuitical cunn+4 
,he :o 0 born1 n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! 
fle%1 b ( ,god1 mu/ be s con/itut$ z to 
be above ! weaknesses & frailties ( ^?  
:o are born ( e>?4 ,! temptations 9 !   
wild]ness1 :i* supply ! mo/ rem>kable   
sc5es 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 &1 z giv5 9 !   
fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 prov$ ! p[] ( ! ,son
 ( ,god ov] ! ,p[]s ( ,d>kness1 are     
:olly unnotic$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,he 
:o 0 all ,god1 )\t a l9k to connect him 
) humanity1 mu/ be s sup]ior to ,satan z
 to be above 8 arts ( s$uction4 ,john w 
n all[ ,*ri/ to be tempt$1 because he 0 
above x2 b1 9 s9k+ 8 humanity to favor a
 dogma1 he keeps out ( sight ! mo/      
sublime & god-l portion ( 8 "*--! p[] to
 rise above ! allurem5ts ( weal?1 p[]1 &
 dom9ion4 ,x 0 by su* ?+s he prov$      

himself a god4 ,! design ( ! f\r?       
,gospel is ov]done4 ,9 mak+ ,*ri/ all   
,god1 no *ord ( sympa?y is left betwe5  
him & man4 ,ev5 9 ! la/ supp]1 dwelt ^u 
) s mu* t5d]ness by ,mat!w1 ,m>k &      
,luke1 we detect1 by ! sil5ce ( ,john1 !
 _s ( ! ,jesuit4 ,he makes no m5tion (  
x4 ,:o c mi/ake ! reason ( ?is sil5ce8  
,! t5d] sc5es ( ?is la/ int]view betwe5 
,*ri/ & 8 disciples are sacrific$ to    
make way = a s5seless & he>tless dogma4 
,9 ! la/ supp]1 giv5 9 ! ,synoptics1 !  
bread & w9e are m]e symbols ( ! dea? &  
suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ?is symbolic "* ( 
! sacram5t t ! writ] ( ,john wi%$ to    
avoid4 ,z ! ,"l's supp] is ) ,john a    
real sacrifice1 ea* repetition is a fre%
 atonem5t1 & ! bread & w9e1 by a        
miracul\s conv]sion1 are made fle% &    
blood4 ,!re c\ld be no sacrifice ( !    
body ( ,*ri/ until dea?1 &1 = t reason1 
! la/ supp] betwe5 him & 8 disciples    
be=e ! crucifixion is omitt$4 ,?is      
miracul\s conv]sion ( ! elem5ts has be5 
"o ( ! holy my/]ies ( ! ,*ur* = ages    

pa/4 ,x has be5 ! bigot's w&4 ,millions 
h fall5 d[n be=e ! ,ho/4 ,x l$ !        
crusades4 ,! fair fields ( ,europe &    
,asia h be5 :it5$ by ! bones ( its      
victims4 ,9 f9e1 x has be5 ! armory 9   
:i* fanaticism has =g$ h] mo/ fatal &   
dang]\s weapons4 ,) ,john1 ! body (     
,*ri/ is nev] dead--! grave _c hold x2 b
 x exi/s 9 a my/]i\s union ) ! ,*ur*1 s 
t e "t ! dev\t believ] eats ( ! bread1  
or t\*es ! sacr$ cup to 8 lips1 he      
p>takes ( ! fle% & dr9ks ! blood ( !    
,son ( ,god4 ,su* is ! dogma :i* took   
its rise 9 ! la/ half ( ! second c5tury1
 ! (fspr+ ( a bitt]1 heat$ controv]sy   
:i* dem&s t reason be /rangl$ to make   
room = fai?4 ,x is ! fate ( ?is dogma1 z
 x is ( all l x1 to be associat$ ) o!rs 
equally false & absurd4 ,x c h no       
fell[%ip ) tru?4 ,speak+ ( ,*ri/1 ,john 
says3 ,! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all 
?+s 7 made by him1 & )\t him 0 n any?+  
made t 0 made4 7,*ap4 i4 #b1 #c47 ,*ri/ 
says ( himself3 ,= ,i came d[n f heav51 
n to d m9e own w1 b ! w ( him t s5t me4 

7,*ap4 vi4 #ch47 ,he 0 on e>? ?irty-?ree
 ye>s4 ,9 :at bus9ess 0 ?is creator (   
worlds engag$ = ?irty ye>s ( ?is "t8 ,if
 any?+1 s f> z we c "k1 x 0 ! bus9ess ( 
a c>p5t]4 ,did he d 8 ,heav5ly ,fa!r's  
bus9ess all ?is "t8 ,?is is :at he says 
himself he 0 s5t to d4 ,! fir/ pro( he  
gave ( ! p[] ( a god1 :ile "h1 0 at     
,cana4 ,x 0 "h t he fir/ manife/$ =? 8  
glory1 & inspir$ 8 disciples ) fai?4 ,! 
fir/ ?ree ,gospels leave ,*ri/ to 8     
humanity to ! "t ! angels took *>ge (   
him1 & subject him1 l o!r mortals1 to   
human employm5ts4 ,9 ,john1 a god ) p[] 
to create worlds is b\nd up 9 ! fate (  
mortals = ?irty ye>s1 & only escapes    
?ralldom :5 ! spell is brok5 at !       
m>riage fea/4 ,w\ld he1 :o 0 ) ,god 9 ! 
beg9n+1 ^: ^w 0 suffici5t to create     
worlds1 submit to a fate l ?is8  ,!     
int]view betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! woman (       
,sam>ia af=ds abundant evid5ce ( !      
spuri\s "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & t ! writ]
 0 "s ,greek :o 0 ignorant ( ! religion 
( ,moses & ! ,jews4  ,! temple (        

,j]usalem be+ de/roy$ by ,nebu*adnezz>1 
! ,sam>itans propos$ to jo9 ! ,jews aft]
 _! captivity 9 rebuild+ x2 b ! ,jews   
refus$ ! coalition4 7,ezra iv4 #a-c47   
,?is gave rise to o!r causes ( dispute1 
until ! mo/ invet]ate hatr$ grew up     
betwe5 ! two peoples4 ,at l5g?1 by      
p]mission ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 !         
,sam>itans erect$ a temple at ,m\nt     
,g]izim1 9 opposition to ! "o at        
,j]usalem4 ,! same wor%ip 0 obs]v$ 9 bo?
 cities1 & bo? p avoid$ ! idolatry (    
surr\nd+ nations4 ,all ! foll[]s (      
,moses 9 ,judea %>$ alike 9 ! calamities
 :i* befell ! ,jewi% p2 s all %>$ a     
common belief t ,god w\ld at "s "t1 by !
 h& ( a deliv]]1 re/ore to !m all !y _h 
lo/4 ,if by ! h& ( ,cyrus ! p[] ( !     
,assyrian empire _h be5 torn d[n1 !     
,temple rebuilt1 & ! ,jews & ,sam>itans 
plac$ back 9 _! homes 9 ,judea2 s1 if "s
 l calamity %\ld befall !m1 ! same h&   
w\ld aga9 re/ore !m to lib]ty & ! l& (  
_! inh]itance4 ,! ,jews & ,sam>itans1   
?\gh divid$ on "s ?+s1 7 alike ! *os5 p 

( ,god1 & ! promises made to "o 7 made  
to bo?4 ,at ! "t ,*ri/ made 8 appe>ance 
9 ,sam>ia1 ! p ( t c\ntry _h settl$     
convictions z to :at !y might expect f !
 promises made to !m by ,jehovah ?r\gh  
,moses1 _! great lawgiv] & prophet4 ,^! 
convictions1 l ! concretion ( ages1 _h  
solidifi$1 & made up ! ,jewi% &         
,sam>itan "*4 ,:atev] might befall !m1  
!y _h no expectations ( a spiritual     
deliv]] ( any k9d4 ,!y recogniz$ no     
spiritual bondage gr[+ out ( ! s9s ( !  
fir/ p>5ts1 l ! believ]s 9 ,*ri/ianity1 
= ,moses taught no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,a p]sonal
 sacrifice1 l t ( ,*ri/1 to save m5 f ! 
condemnation ( a brok5 law1 nev] ent]$  
into ! m9d ( ei!r ,jew or ,sam>itan4    
,nei!r 0 cosmopolitan1 & ) !m a deliv]] 
0 a deliv]] to ! ,jews & n ! ,g5tiles4  
,aft] ,*ri/ _h conv9c$ ! woman at ! well
 t he 0 a prophet1 by tell+ h] pa/ life1
 %e is made to say3 ,i "k t ,messiah    
come? :i* is call$ ,*ri/2 :5 he is come 
he w tell u all ?+s4 ,jesus sai? unto   
h]1 ,i t speak unto !e am he4 ,x is said

 t ! woman believ$2 if s1 did %e und]/& 
him8 ,) ,*ri/1 he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 equal
 ) ! ,fa!r2 0 ) him 9 ! beg9n+1 & by him
 ! univ]se 0 made--he 0 ! ,creator4 ,we 
ask aga91 did ! woman believe 9 su* a   
,messiah1 & did %e believe t he :o spoke
 to h]1 & told h] h[ _m husb&s %e _h _h1
 0 t augu/ ,be+8 ,if !re is room 9 !    
brea/ ( any p = a hope or expectation ( 
su* a p]son z ,*ri/ claim$ to be1 n a   
%ade ( ei!r c\ld be f\nd 9 ! he>ts ( !  
foll[]s ( ,moses4 ,let a belief 9 su* a 
,be+ h made its way into ! ,jewi% m9d1 &
 ! :ole /ructure1 z x 0 re>$ by _! great
 lead]1 w\ld fall l a baseless t[]4     
,/rike out ! ,semitic idea :i* 0 ?und]$ 
f ,s9ai1 & t v ?+ :i* co/ ! ,jews ages (
 p]secution w\ld ) x be ?r[n away4  ,!  
woman 0 conv9c$ by ! arts ( a           
=tune-tell]1 "s ( ! ,sam>itans by :at   
befell ! woman1 & o!rs1 because ( :at !y
 saw & he>d !mselves1 believ$ t ,*ri/ 0 
! ,savi\r ( ! _w6 ,"h we rea* a climax3 
did ! ,sam>itans1 9 s %ort a "t1 r5\nce 
,moses & ! in/itutions ( _! fa!rs8 ,*ri/

 claim$ be=e ! ,jews t he liv$ be=e     
,abraham4 ,?is !y c\ld n /&1 b took up  
/ones & ca/ !m at him1 &1 because he    
prea*$ ! end ( ! ,mosaic law1 !y        
crucifi$ & put him to dea?4  ,!re are   
/ill "s ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,sam>itans at
 ,naplosa 7! anci5t ,%e*-em71 at ,gaza1 
,damascus & ,cairo1 :o /ill reta9 ! fai?
 held by _! fa!rs 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/--a liv+
 prote/ aga9/ ! tru? ( ! /ory ( ! wom5 &
 m5 ( ,sam>ia4 ,let him :o wi%es to be  
conv9c$ g among ! remnant ( ?is p]secut$
 race1 witness _! pov]ty1 _! sad &      
c>eworn faces1 ! "w ( c5turies (        
inju/ice & oppression1 & ask !m if !y   
believe ! /ory ( ! woman at ! well4 ,!y 
w po9t y to two ?\s& ye>s ( suff]+ = _! 
,mosaic fai?1 en\gh to br+ te>s d[n     
,pluto's wan *eeks1 & ask y1 ) a look ( 
scorn1 if ! ance/ors ( su* a p c\ld ev] 
be apo/les4  ,9 talk+ to ! ,jews1 ,*ri/ 
is made to say3 ,= _h ye believ$ ,moses1
 ye w\ld h believ$ me3 = he wrote ( me4 
,b if ye believe n 8 writ+s1 h[ %all ye 
believe my words8 7,john v4 #df1dg47    

,*ri/ "h und]takes to make ! ,jews      
believe t he 0 ! "o :o _h be5 =ese5 &   
spok5 ( 9 ages pa/1 & especially by !   
great prophet ( ! ,hebrew p4 ,_h any    
,jew 9 ! "t ( ,moses set up ! claim t at
 "s future day !re w\ld arise "o among 8
 p :o w\ld be equal ) ,god1 b :o w\ld   
suff] dea? at _! h&s1 z a ransom = !    
salvation n only ( ! ,jews b ( !        
,g5tiles1 he w\ld h ord]$ t su* a       
prophet be /on$ to dea?4 ,by him &  !   
,jews no su* ,savi\r 0 expect$ or       
requir$4 ,adam & ,eve 7 ! fir/ to break 
! law1 b ,god pron\nc$ judgm5t ^u !m    
be=e !y left ! ,g>d54 ,! e>? 0 curs$ )  
?orns & ?i/les1 = ,adam's sake4 ,by !   
sweat ( 8 br[ he 0 b\nd to eat ( its    
fruits 9 sorr[ all 8 days4 ,^u ,eve 7   
impos$ ! pa9s & suff]+s ( *ildbir?1 & ! 
duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,all ?is endur$1 bo? 7  
to return to ! du/ f :5ce !y came4 ,?is 
0 all ! puni%m5t & all ! atonem5t ,god  
dem&$4 ,he ask$ no m4 ,) ,moses1 dea? 0 
! end ( puni%m5t4 ,^? :o committ$ ! fir/
 s9 made _! own atonem5t1 & s h all _!  

desc5dants1 9 ! eyes ( ,moses & ! ,jews4
 ,_h ye believ$ 9 ,moses1 ye w\ld h     
believ$ 9 me4 ,rev]se ?is1 & we h !     
exact tru?3 ,if ye believe 9 ,moses1 x  
is impossible to believe 9 me4 ,h[ c\ld 
!y8 ,moses wrote ( me4 ,:at did he      
write8 ,to connect ,*ri/ ) prophecy1    
language ( ! mo/ indef9ite "* is select$
 f all p>ts ( ! ,hebrew scriptures4 ,!  
se$ ( ! woman %all bruise ! s]p5t's     
head4 ,*ri/ ( ! f\r? ,gospel is n ( !   
se$ ( ! woman4 ,! ,^w 0 made fle%8 & 0 n
 born ( blood1 nor ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ! w
 ( man1 b ( ,god4 ,! scept] %all n dep>t
 f ,judah1 nor a lawgiv] f betwe5 8     
feet1 until ,%iloh come4 7,g51 xlix4    
#aj74 ,! ,jews ceas$ to be an indep5d5t 
p1 & ! scept] dep>t$ f ,judah at ! "t   
,pompey invad$ ! c\ntry1 seiz$ ^u !     
,temple1 depos$ ,ari/obulus1 ! high     
prie/1 & put ,hyrcanus 9 8 place4       
7,josephus1 ,w>s1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 vii4   
sec4 #f47 ,he depriv$ ! ,jews ( all _!  
conque/s1 re/or$ ! conqu]$1 & plac$     
,syria1 toge!r ) ,judea & ! c\ntry z f> 

z ,egypt & ,euphrates1 "u ! comm& (     
,scaurus4 7,ibid1 sec4 #g47  ,9 view (  
^! ev5ts1 ,josephus bitt]ly lam5ts !    
results1 & says3 ,we lo/ our lib]ty'1 & 
became subject to ! ,romans1 & 7 depriv$
 ( t c\ntry :i* we _h ga9$ by our arms f
 ! ,syrians1 & 7 compell$ to re/ore x to
 ! ,syrians4 ,moreov]1 ! ,romans exact$ 
( u1 9 a little "t1 above t5 ?\s&       
tal5ts4 7,josephus1 ,antiquities1 ,book 
,,xiv4 *4 iv4 sec4 v47 ,:5 did ! ,jews1 
aft] ! conque/ ( ,pompey1 %ake (f ! yoke
 ( ! ,romans8 ,betwe5 8 conque/ & ! bir?
 ( ,*ri/ at lea/ sixty-sev5 ye>s _h     
int]v5$4 ,9 ! meantime ,caes> cross$ !  
,rubicon1 0 assass9at$ 9 ! s5ate2 !     
empire 0 di/ract$ by civil w>s2 ,m>k    
,antony & ,augu/us tri$ ! =tune ( battle
 ) ,brutus & ,cassius1 on ! field at    
,philippi1 & ! fir/ ( ! ,roman emp]ors  
_h ne>ly complet$ a long reign (        
f\r-&-=ty ye>s4 ,:5 ,*ri/ 0 born1 !     
scept] _h dep>t$ f ,judea1 & ! ,jews 7 a
 nation ( slaves4  ,space w n all[ u to 
pursue ?is subject f>!r4 ,?r\gh\t !     

,gospel ( ,john we discov] ! mo/ /udi$ &
 labor$ ef=t to connect ,*ri/ ) !       
religion ( ,moses1 s t x may appe> t 9  
himself he is only ! response to ! _m   
prophesies conta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew          
scriptures4 ,?is ,gospel is full (      
in/ances :]e ! ,jews1 ^u ,*ri/'s b>e    
^w--& sometimes n ev5 t--gave up ev]y?+1
 & foll[$ him1 ev5 to ! cross4 ,! day   
foll[+ ! baptism1 z ,john /ood by ! side
 ( ! disciples1 ,jesus walk$ by1 :5 !   
,bapti/ exclaim$3 ,behold ! ,lamb (     
,god6 ,?is 0 suffici5t to induce two ( !
 disciples to foll[ ,*ri/1 & "o ( !m 0 s
 c>ri$ away t he hunt$ up 8 bro!r1 :o 0 
,pet]1 & told him !y _h f\nd ! ,messiah1
 :o 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,on ! next day1 ,*ri/ w5t
 to ,galilee1 & f\nd ,philip1 :om he    
direct$ to foll[ him2 & soon ,philip    
f\nd ,na?aniel1 & told him1 ,we h f\nd  
him ( :om ,moses1 9 ! law1 & ! prophets1
 did write4 ,!y _h f\nd no su* ?+4 ,!   
conv]sion ( ,paul =m$ a new era 9       
religi\s hi/ory4 ,we may well say1 t :5 
he left ,judaism1 he left ! twelve      

disciples beh9d him1 = !y c\ld nei!r    
climb ov] or break d[n ! wall (         
circumcision :i* sep>at$ ! ,jews f !    
,g5tiles4 ,paul qu>rel$ ) & !n left !m1 
b took along ) him en\gh ( ! ,mosaic    
fai? to keep up a connection betwe5 !   
old & new religion1 s t we c trace !    
features ( ! *ild 9 ^? ( ! p>5t4 ,he    
c>ri$ ) him ,mono!ism1 b x 0 qualifi$ 9 
! gl>e ( 8 vision at ,damascus s t1 9 "s
 s5se1 ,*ri/ 0 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,"h 0 a   
cle> dep>ture f ,moses1 = :i* ! ,jews   
always despis$ him4 ,!n foll[$ ,paul's  
tug ) ! ,greeks4 ,9 spite ( him1 !y     
e/abli%$ a dual gov]nm5t 9 ,heav54 ,!   
,son 0 equal ) ! ,fa!r1 ,at ?is po9t !re
 %\ld h be5 an et]nal sep>ation betwe5  
,jewry & ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ne>ly two ?\s& 
ye>s1 ! ,jews h prote/$ aga9/ an        
alliance1 :ile1 on ! o!r side1 ,*ri/ians
 h /riv5 to ma9ta9 x4 ,! two p>ties1 9 !
 meantime1 7 kept sep>ate by an ocean ( 
blood :i* fl[$ betwe54 ,no bridge c\ld  
ev] span x--no bridge ev] c4 ,9         
conclusion ( ?is bran* ( ! subject1 we  

repeat1 t great ef=ts are made to h x   
appe> 9 ?is ,gospel t ,*ri/ is 9 h>mony 
) ,moses & ! prophets1 :]eas !re is     
sc>ce a ^w 9 x :i* decl>es 8 equality ) 
! ,fa!r 7& x tea*es little else7 n met )
 a d5ial f ,s9ai1 amid ?und]s & lightn+s
 & ! voice ( ! trumpet3 ,?\ %alt h no   
o!r gods be=e me8 ,moses is sublime 9   
?reats & d5unciations aga9/ ^? :o dep>t 
f ! true & only ,god4 ,! m5 ( ! second  
c5tury knew no?+ ( ! _s ( ! ,mosaic     
fai?1 or !y nev] w\ld h /ultifi$        
!mselves by su* a "w z ! f\r? ,gospel4  
,,*apt] ,,xxviii4       ,! fir/ two     
*apt]s ( ,mat!w n 9 exi/5ce dur+      ! 
"t ( ,paul & ,apollos4--,a compromise 0 
made betwe5      _! foll[]s at ! c\ncil 
at ,smyrna1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajg4--,!      cre$ 
( ! ,*ur* z x exi/$ at t day det]m9$1   
& h[ ,*ri/ 0 made manife/4--,ca?olics ( 
! second      c5tury repudiate ?is cre$ 
& abuse ,paul4--,fur!r pro(      t      
,ir5aeus nev] saw ,polyc>p4--,injuries  
inflict$ ^u      ! _w by ! f\r? ,gospel4
  ,we h %[n 9 ano!r place t n long aft] 

,apollos arriv$ at ,cor9? he came 9     
collision ) ,paul on "s "q :i* relat$ to
 ,*ri/4 ,j :at t diff]5ce 01 x is h>d 9 
?is age ( ! _w to det]m9e2 b x w be     
suffici5t = our purpose at ?is "t to %[ 
:at x 0 n4 ,_h x be5 claim$ by ,apollos 
& 8 foll[]s t ,*ri/ 0 born 9 ! way 9 :i*
 x is /at$ 9 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 ,paul1   
in/ead ( wa/+ a :ole lifetime 9 fight+ 8
 enemies1 w\ld h gone /raight to        
,j]usalem1 & prov$ by liv+ witnesses t  
!re 0 n a ^w ( tru? 9 ?is ,gospel :i*   
relat$ to ! sup]natural bir? ( ,*ri/4   
,paul's tr\bles ) ,apollos & 8 s*ool    
comm5c$ z e>ly z #eg4 ,at t "t !re 7    
?\s&s ^u ?\s&s :o 7 born ab\t ! "t ,*ri/
 01 & 7 comp>atively "y m5 :5 he 0 put  
to dea?4 ,x 0 be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 &
 be=e any great calamity _h befall5 !   
,jewi% p4 ,_m ( ! disciples may h be5   
/ill liv+4 ,pet] we "k 01 = 9 #fd we f9d
 him prea*+ 9 ,*aldea4 ,d\btless !re 7  
/ill liv+1 9 ,naz>e?1 wom5 :o grew up ) 
,m>y1 & 7 acqua9t$ ) h] entire hi/ory4  
,! ,greeks did n cont5d1 z long z ,paul 

liv$1 = any?+ /at$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s (
 ,mat!w on ! subject ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 =
 t reason !re is no m5tion ( ,m>y by    
,paul 9 any ( 8 epi/les4 ,:at1 !n1 0 !  
tr\ble8 ,) ,philo1 ! ,logos 0 born 9    
,heav51 & f !nce he desc5d$ to e>?4 ,)  
,paul1 ,*ri/ 0 born on ! e>?1 & 9 ?is   
respect did n diff] f o!r mortals4 ,if !
 ,logos 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 & came d[n f   
heav51 by :at in/rum5talities did he    
rea* ! e>?8 ,x 0 = ,apollos to %[ h[ ?is
 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,no?+ is m difficult 9 !
 hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ?an to f9d out :at
 0 ,apollos belief z to ! way by :i* !  
,logos is connect$ or id5tifi$ ) ! man  
,*ri/4 ,! /ory ( ! desc5t ( ! ,_s 9 ! =m
 ( a dove1 at ! ,jordan1 0 n kn[n until 
a long "t aft] ,paul's dea?4 ,paul c\ld 
n disprove x1 = dur+ 8 life no "o ass]t$
 x4 ,to e/abli% ?is connection1 we ga!r 
f ,paul t ! s*ool ( ,apollos _h "s      
subtle mode ( reason+1 ! di/illation (  
,greek wisdom & cunn+4 ,he nev] says :at
 x 01 b comp>es x to ! subtle sophi/ry )
 :i* ! s]p5t deceiv$ ,eve4 ,to ! wisdom 

( ! ,greeks ,paul has no?+ to oppose b  
direct revelations f ,god4 ,he sits 9   
opposition to ,hell5ic sophi/ry1 8 p[] &
 wisdom d]iv$ f above4 ,:5 he talks to !
 ,jews1 be=e !y w believe :at he tells  
!m1 !y dem& t a sign %all be giv5 unto  
!m--some?+ tangible to ! s5ses4 ,b !    
,greeks requir$ no pro( ( ?is k9d4      
,conviction ) !m z to ,*ri/ 0 :olly     
dep5d5t ^u "s device1 d\btless an       
outgr[? ( ,platonic philosophy4 ,f :at  
is said h]eaft]1 we c v5ture ! belief t 
) ,apollos ! ,logos 0 made ,*ri/ simply 
by ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,h[ ?is provid5ce
 0 ex]t$ to br+ ab\t ?is result1 0 a    
prop] subject to employ ! cunn+1 !      
wisdom & sophi/ry ( ! ,greek s*ool4     
,aft] ,paul's dea?1 & aft] ! fall (     
,j]usalem1 ! *ange f ! ,logos f on high 
to ! ,*ri/ ( ! e>?1 simply by !         
provid5ce ( ,god & ! !ory ( ,apollos1 0 
too indef9ite1 & ! reason+ ( ! ,greeks  
too weak1 to satisfy ! m9ds ( m54 ,9 !  
second c5tury1 ,*ri/ianity _h work$ we/1
 & ! ,lat9 elem5t began to make itself  

felt 9 ! ,*ur*1 & we %all soon see !    
means employ$ by ,provid5ce to br+ !    
,logos into ! _w4 ,we c readily see :y1 
9 ! disputes betwe5 ,paul & ! ,greeks1 z
 !y /ood 9 8 day1 ! "n ( ,m>y is n[h]e  
m5tion$4 ,!re 0 no necessity = x4       
,ignatius1 "o ( ! olde/ ,fa!rs ( !      
,*ur*1 0 ,bi%op ( ,antio* 9 ! ye> #gj4  
,:5 ,trajan set out on 8 exp$ition aga9/
 ! ,p>?ians1 he /opp$ = a %ort "t 9 ?is 
city4 ,z he _h refus$ to sacrifice to ! 
gods = ! safety ( ! ,emp]or1 & 0        
outspok5 aga9/ ! pagans1 ev5 9 ! royal  
pres5ce1 ,ignatius 0 condemn$1 & ord]$  
to be s5t to ,rome to be dev\r$ by !    
wild bea/s ( ! amphi!atre4 ,?is1 z "s   
say1 0 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg2 b "s writ]s1 )    
great] plausibility1 fix ! "t z late z  
#aae4 ,we w err on ! "r side1 & adopt ! 
=m] p]iod4 ,on 8 way to ,rome he /ay$ "s
 "t at ,smyrna1 :]e he wrote lett]s to !
 *ur*es 9 ,asia1 z a k9d ( legacy1 9 :i*
 he imp>ts to !m a k ( ! doctr9es ( !   
,*ur*1 & ! f\ndation on :i* !y 7 bas$4  
,no man ( 8 day 0 bett] in=m$ on su*    

subjects ?an ,ignatius1 & ! cruel fate t
 await$ him on 8 arrival 9 ,rome 0 an   
e>ne/ t 9 :at he said he 0 s9c]e4 ,9 8  
lett] to ! ,ephesians he tells h[1 9 !  
fir/ place1 ,*ri/ came into ! _w4 ,he 0 
born 9 ! womb ( ,m>y accord+ to !       
disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 ( ! se$ (     
,david1 yet by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,"h is a  
plat=m to :i* ,paul himself c\ld h>dly  
object4 ,t t :i* ,ignatius decl>es to be
 ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ came into ! _w 0 !   
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* 9 8 day1 & = "s "t    
aft]1 _c be que/ion$4 ,on 8 way to ,rome
 he /opp$ at ,smyrna1 :]e ,polyc>p1 :o 0
 !n ,bi%op at t place1 liv$1 & x 0 !re t
 ,ignatius wrote 8 lett] to !           
,ephesians4 ,polyc>p /ood at 8 side :5 !
 lett] 0 writt51 & knew its cont5ts1 &  
probably took *>ge ( x1 = he himself    
says3 ,! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius :i* he    
wrote unto u & o!rs1 z _m z we h ) u1 we
 h s5t unto y accord+ to y\r ord]1 :i*  
are subjo9$ to ?y epi/le1 f :i* ye may  
be greatly pr(it$2 = !y treat ( fai? &  
pati5ce1 & ( all ?+s :i* port5d to      

edification 9 our ,"l4 7,epi/le to      
,philippians74 ,on 8 way to ,rome1      
,ignatius /opp$ at diff]5t places1 &    
ev]y:]e ! *ur*es s5t _! bi%ops & o!r    
mess5g]s to visit & console ! v5]able   
,fa!r on 8 way to ! wild bea/s2 &       
ev]y:]e he taught ,*ri/ z we f9d x at   
?is day 9 8 lett] to ! ,ephesians4 ,"h  
we h ! doctr9es or cre$ ( ! ,*ur* 9 !   
beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury z to ! /atus ( 
,*ri/1 z x 0 decl>$ by ,polyc>p1        
,ignatius1 & all ! *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,t   
,paul1 at ?is "t1 0 held 9 great        
e/imation is evid5t f :at ,polyc>p &    
o!rs say ( him 9 writ+ to ! *ur*es4     
,polyc>p alone ref]s to 8 epi/les       
tw5ty-six times1 & 9 speak+ ( him says3 
,= nei!r c ,i1 nor any o!r su* z ,i am1 
come up to ! wisdom ( ! bless$ & r5[n$  
,paul1 :o1 be+ among/ y 9 ! pres5ce ( ^?
 :o !n liv$1 taught ) exactness &       
s\ndness ! ^w ( tru?2 :o 9 8 abs5ce also
 wrote an epi/le to y1 unto :i*1 if y   
dilig5tly look1 y may be able to be     
edifi$ 9 ! fai? deliv]$ unto y1 :i* is !

 "m ( u all4 7,polyc>p to !             
,philippians1 sec4 #c74 ,inde$1         
,polyc>p's lett] to ! ,philippians is   
made up ( quotations f ! lett] ( ! great
 apo/le4 ,! bitt] feel+ :i* exi/$ betwe5
 ! foll[]s ( ,paul & ,apollos _h 9 a    
great measure di$ away at ! close ( !   
fir/ c5tury4 ,:atev] diff]5ce ( op9ion  
!re may h be5 betwe5 ^! two great       
lead]s1 x seem$ to be m]g$ 9 ! cre$ ( ! 
,*ur* 9 ! days ( ,polyc>p & o!r tea*]s (
 8 "t4 ,) ,paul & ^! m51 ,*ri/ 0 born ( 
woman & ( ! se$ ( ,david2 b1 ) ! latt]1 
x 0 by ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?r\gh ! provid5ce 
( ,god4 ,z ,paul has n[h]e decl>$ h[ & 9
 :at way ,*ri/ 0 ! son ( ,god1 b believ$
 him to be su* f :at he le>n$ 9 8 vision
 at ,damascus & o!r places1 8 foll[]s   
might readily accept ! belief decl>$ by 
,ignatius & all ! ,fa!rs 9 8 day4       
,mutual concessions seem to h be5 made 9
 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury2 & :ile !   
foll[]s ( ,apollos conc$$ ! desc5t (    
,*ri/ f ,david1 ! fri5ds ( ,paul c\ld   
readily admit t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god ?r\gh

 ! ,holy ,gho/ by ! disp5sation ( ,god4 
,! viol5t animosity aga9/ ,paul :i*     
sprang up aft]w>d 9 ! ,*ur* 0 an outgr[?
 ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 ?is c5tury1 ,paul
 becomes a li> & a h]etic4 ,to make     
,*ri/ :at ! m5 ( ?is c5tury wi%$ to h   
him appe> 9 _! qu>rels ) ! ,gno/ics &   
o!rs1 x 0 necess>y to assail ! great    
apo/le4 ,to admit t ,*ri/ 0 born 9 !    
womb ( ,m>y1 ( ! se$ ( ,david1 w\ld n   
admit ! claim t he 0 conceiv$ 9 ! womb (
 ,m>y by ! ,holy ,gho/ alone4 ,x 0 ^u   
?is po9t t ,paul _h ?r[n ob/ructions 9 !
 way ( m5 :o 7 engag$ 9 build+ up a     
,*ur* controll+ exclusively ! highway to
 heav51 & :i* 9 "t 0 to gov]n ! _w4 ,"h 
let me ask if ! mo/ acute intellect c   
detect 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 z decl>$ 
by ,polyc>p & o!rs at ! beg9n+ ( !      
second c5tury1 ! fa9te/ trace ( !       
inc>nation ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 or !       
,tr9ity1 ,bo? ( ^! dogmas1 :i* h        
convuls$ ! _w = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 7  
unborn :5 ! ,fa!rs ( all ! *ur*es (     
,asia1 at ,smyrna1 decl>$ :at 0 ! fai? (

 ! ,*ur*4  ,we h select$ ?is place to   
settle a "q ( v]acity betwe5 ! writ] &  
,ira5eus4 ,he says he saw ,polyc>p4 ,we 
say he nev] did4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( 
! ,gospels1 especially ! f\r?1 great    
importance has be5 atta*$ to ! fact t   
,polyc>p 0 a disciple ( ,john1 & t      
,ir5aeus _h be5 in/ruct$ by ! =m]4      
,speak+ ( ,ir5aeus1 ,horn1 9 8          
introduction1 says3 ,8 te/imony to !    
g5u95ess & au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 
is ! mo/ important & valuable1 because  
he 0 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 :o 0 a      
disciple ( ,john4 7,vol4 ,i4 #hc47 ,n[  
,polyc>p nev] m5tions ,john1 b speaks ( 
,paul4 ,if he did see ,john1 ,john nev] 
taught him ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation z   
decl>$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,polyc>p nev]  
he>d ( ! inc>nation1 & x foll[s z a     
matt] ( c\rse he nev] taught ,ir5aeus   
any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,_h he taught !          
inc>nation1 he nev] w\ld h indors$      
,paul4 ,?is attempt1 on ! "p ( ! s-call$
 ,bi%op ( ,lyons1 to trace ! doctr9es   
conceiv$ & writt5 by himself to a       

disciple1 is a /up5d\s fraud1 :i* has   
co/ ! _w m mis]y ?an all causes ( suff]+
 s9ce 8 day comb9$4 ,?is ,gospel has be5
 ! means ( defeat+ ! mission ( ,*ri/ on 
e>?--peace & good-w to all m54 ,!re is n
 "o ^w 9 x to enc\rage virtue or reprove
 vice--n "o = ^? :o sorr[ or are        
afflict$2 no *>ity = any except ! woman 
caught 9 adult]y4 ,love = "o ano!r he   
entreat$ ( 8 disciples1 b none = ! _w4  
,! b\ndless love1 ! univ]sal *>ity1 :i* 
%9e =? 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & w>m !   
he>t1 s t !re fl[s f x all t is good 9  
our natures--z ! beautiful fl[]s ( ! e>?
 are made to spr+ & bloom "u ! g5ial    
heat ( ! sun--f9ds no place 9 ! ,gospel 
( ,john4 ,:at is said & taught 9 ?is    
,gospel1 :5 comp>$ ) ! tea*+s on !      
,m\nt1 are z holl[ groans f ! cav]n (   
,av]nus comp>$ ) sweet s\nds f ! lyre ( 
,orpheus4 ,x is belief--or damnation4   
,he t believe? on ,him is n condemn$1 b 
he t believe? n is condemn$ already1    
because he ha? n believ$ 9 ! "n ( ! only
 begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,x 0 ?is ,gospel  

:i* gave bir? to t bigotry & fanaticism 
:i* has br\ght on ! _w all ! suff]+s &  
mis]y caus$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,x       
de/roy$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury all ! gr& &     
beautiful temples & works ( ar*itecture 
( ,asia & ,europe4 ,! ,pan!on b>ely     
escap$4 ,x appli$ ! tor* to ! libr>y at 
,alex&ria4 ,x k9dl$ ! fires ( p]secution
 9 e age2 & z x came d[n ! c5turies1 l a
 blaz+ comet1 x c>ri$ ) x pe/il5ce & w>4
 ,x makes ,*ri/ cold & selfi%4 ,he cures
 diseases to exalt himself4 ,a man 0    
depriv$ ( 8 sight f 8 bir?1 )\t any s9  
on 8 "p1 t he may h an opportunity to   
make kn[n 8 p[]4 ,he ?anks ,god = answ]+
 8 pray] = ! dea? ( ,laz>us1 t he might 
%[ ! _w t he 0 ma/] ( ! grave4 ,?is     
,gospel makes ,*ri/ va9 & boa/ful4 ,aga9
 & aga9 he ass]ts t he is ! ,son ( !    
,fa!r2 t ! ,fa!r _h s5t him2 t he came  
to save ! _w1 & t ! _w 0 to be judg$ by 
him3 & yet1 ) all ^! pret5sions1 he c\ld
 f9d b few t believ$ him4 ,all important
 ev5ts told ( 9 ?is ,gospel1 are        
unnatural4 ,"s :o /ood by & saw ,laz>us 

come =? f ! tomb ) ! habilim5ts ( !     
grave /ill ^u him1 z if "s great crime  
_h be5 committ$1 ran = ! police--= to   
in=m ! ,ph>isees 0 ab\t ! same ?+4 ,:5 !
 ,ph>isees he>d ( x1 !y call$ toge!r !  
prie/s1 & held a c\ncil1 to devise "s   
plan to /op t k9d ( proce$+4 ,:at 0 !   
objection to rais+ a dead man to life8  
,x w\ld give (f5se to ! ,romans4 ,c     
anyone give a reason :y8 ,= ?is act1    
:i*1 if true1 w\ld fill ! heav5s & ! e>?
 ) awe1 ,*ri/ 0 compell$ to fly to !    
wild]ness4 ,if ! sc5e at ! grave (      
,laz>us1 z relat$1 0 true1 h[ diff]5t   
w\ld h be5 ! conduct ( ^? :o witness$ x4
 ,all w\ld h be5 /ruck dumb & fall5     
pro/rate at ! feet ( him :o held ! keys 
( life & dea?4 ,! ,ph>isees w\ld %ake & 
c[]1 = fe> t at any mom5t !y might be   
/ruck dead by a bolt f heav54 ,!re w\ld 
n h be5 a dry eye 9 all ,j]usalem4 ,:at 
intellig5ce did ,laz>us br+ u f ! _s l&8
 ,"o ^w f ! o!r _w w\ld be wor? all ?is 
_w ( ours2 b ! _w has ga9$ no?+ f !     
resurrection ( ,laz>us4 ,?is ,gospel    

takes f ,god 8 omnipot5ce4 ,:5 ! ,"l ( !
 univ]se conceiv$ a plan to prove to    
mank9d t ,*ri/ 0 8 ,son & _! ,savi\r1 we
 mu/ believe t he :o made ! heav5s & !  
e>?1 :o regulates ! />s 9 _! c\rses1 &  
:o said1 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0     
light1 c\ld n fail 9 8 purpose4 ,b !    
resurrection ( ,laz>us 0 a failure4 ,x  
accompli%$ no?+4 ,! tomb ( ,laz>us at   
,be?any 0 9 sight f ! cross on ,calv>y4 
,we h /at$ t at ,smyrna 7 decl>$ !      
doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! ye>     
#ajg1 z !y 7 und]/ood & taught by       
,polyc>p1 ,ignatius1 & all ! great      
lights ( ,asia4 ,& n[ we %all %[ :at    
assurances ^! ,fa!rs gave to ! _w--:y !y
 knew t ,*ri/ 0 truly ! ,son ( ,god4    
,?is is made manife/ by signs 9 !       
heav5s4 ,ignatius fir/ decl>es ! belief 
( ! ,*ur* on ?is subject1 & proce$s to  
ask ?is "q3 ,h[ 0 he made manife/ to !  
_w8 ,a /> %one 9 heav5 above all o!r    
/>s2 & its light 0 inexpressible1 & its 
novelty /ruck t]ror4 ,all ! re/ ( ! />s1
 ) ! sun & moon1 7 ! *orus to ?is />1 t 

s5t =? its light above all4 ,& !re 0    
tr\ble1 :5ce ?is novelty came s unlike  
all ! o!rs4 ,h5ce all ! p[] ( magic 0   
dissolv$2 & e bond ( wick$ness 0        
de/roy$2 ignorance 0 tak5 away & ! old  
k+dom 0 aboli%$3 ,god made manife/ 9 !  
=m ( man1 = ! r5ewal ( et]nal life4     
,!nce began :at ,god prep>$4 ,f !nce=?  
all ?+s 7 di/urb$1 =asmu* z he design$  
to aboli% dea?4 7,epi/le to ,ephesians1 
sec4 #ai47 ,?is 0 ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ made
 himself manife/ to ! _w1 z taught 9 all
 ! *ur*es 9 ,a4,d4 #ajg4 ,! /ory ( ! /> 
:i* l$ ! wise m5 to ,be?lehem 0 an      
aft]?\ght4 ,at ! "t ,ignatius decl>$ !  
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 z to ! way by :i*    
,*ri/ 0 br\ght into ! _w & h[ he 0 made 
manife/1 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w _h n yet    
appe>$2 =1 if x _h1 he w\ld h giv5 !    
/ory ( ! />1 & ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 r ?an
 t ( ! sun1 moon1 & all ! />s1 = ! =m] 0
 ! mo/ probable & mo/ s5sible ( ! two4  
,:y %\ld he give "o /ory :i* 0 false &  
impossible on its face1 if he c\ld give 
ano!r :i*1 if false1 0 n manife/ly      

absurd4 ,x is q easy to tell :y ! /ory (
 ! />s & moon leav+ _! orbits to dance  
att5dance to a bright p>ticul> /> 0     
ab&on$4 ,su* a commotion ( ! heav5ly    
bodies w\ld h put ! univ]se out ( jo9t2 
& z ! /> project$ its light above all ! 
o!r />s1 & all ! o!r />s & ! moon & sun 
sang *orus to x1 ! display w\ld h be5   
app>5t to all ! _w4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4     
#ajg1 "s few might h be5 alive :o 7 liv+
 at ! "t ! ph5om5on is said to h        
occurr$2 & if n1 !n ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o    
liv$ at ! "t w\ld h pres]v$ ! tradition 
fre% 9 _! m9ds1 to say no?+ ( hi/ory4 ,b
 z no "o liv+ witness$ ! sc5e enact$ 9 !
 heav5s1 & none ( _! desc5dants _h he>d 
( x1 & no hi/orian _h record$ x1 ! m5 ( 
! day laugh$ x d[n4 ,"o s+le /> might h 
be5 se5 by ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 & no "o  
else2 & if ! /ory 0 inv5t$1 z ! wise m5 
7 dead be=e x 0 told1 !re 0 no dang] (  
contradiction4 ,if ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 
n extant ,a4,d4 #ajg1 x is fatal to all 
! prophecy 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t z to ! fall
 ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gj1      

,j]usalem fell4 ,! ,roman /&>ds wav$ ov]
 its ru9s4 ,! daught]s ( ,israel wept   
ov] ! a%es ( _! homes4 ,! holy city 0 no
 m1 & he :o wrote ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w z x
 n[ /&s wrote hi/ory4 ,h[ mu* is !      
,*ri/ianity ( ! ,gospels indebt$ to !   
prophecies :i* =etold ! fall ( ! ,jewi% 
capital8 ,9 e age & 9 e c\ntry :]e      
,*ri/ianity f\nd a foo?old1 !y 7 !      
corn]-/one ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ! h\r (
 d\bt & despair1 :5 ! heav5s look$ black
 & ! e>? seem$ to be a h\se ( m\rn+1 !  
,*ri/ian c\ld draw consolation f ! te>s 
%$ by ,*ri/ z he wept ov] ! fall ( !    
holy city4 ,b ,tru? is inexorable4 ,h]  
triumphant c> moves on1 ?\gh %e leaves 9
 h] wake ! wreck ( ! brighte/ hopes1 !  
mo/ *]i%$ cre$s1 & ! mo/ ambiti\s       
s*emes4 ,s %e has done = ages4 ,& h]    
pa?way is m>k$ by ! ov]?r[ ( dogmas by  
:i* man va9ly und]took to enslave ! m9d4
 ,to-day %e is z mighty & p[]ful z ev]4 
,,app5dix4  7,a47  ,few passages f      
hi/ory h giv5 rise to m discussion ?an !
 foll[+ f ,suetonius3 ,he1 mean+ !      

,emp]or ,claudius1 bani%$ all ! ,jews1  
:o 7 cont9ually mak+ di/urbance1 at !   
in/igation ( "o ,cre/us4 7,life (       
,claudius1 sec4 #be47 ,! orig9al is z   
foll[s3 ,judaeos1 impulsore ,*re/o1     
assidue tumultuantes1 ,roma expulit4    
,does ?is ord] ( bani%m5t ref] to !     
,*ri/ians8 ,dr4 ,l>dn] & o!rs ?9k n4    
,all difficulties vani% :5 we be> 9 m9d1
 t ! ,*ri/ians !n at ,rome 7 ,jewi%     
conv]ts f ,judea4 ,! writ] knew little  
ab\t ,*ri/ians1 & kn[+ !m to be ,jews1  
he says all ,jews 7 bani%$1 :i* includ$ 
! ,jewi% conv]ts z well z ^? :o oppos$  
,*ri/ianity4 ,all engag$ 9 ! riot 7     
includ$1 & none b ,jews 74 ,^! ,jews 7  
con/antly mak+ di/urbance at !          
in/igation ( "o ,cre/us3 t is1 !y 7     
qu>rell+ ab\t ,cre/us1 :i* 0 a cont9ual 
subject ( qu>rel among ! conv]t$ &      
unconv]t$ ,jews ev]y:]e4 ,! writ] knew s
 little ab\t ,*ri/ t he fail$ to get !  
"n correct1 or !re may h be5 a mi/ake on
 ! "p ( ! transcrib]s4   7,b47  ,z a    
pro( t ! mo/ le>n$ s*ol>s & correct     

?9k]s1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( an e>ly bias1 
are liable to ! mo/ gross mi/akes &     
delusions1 ! foll[+ writ]s h giv5 !     
au?ority ( _! names to ! belief1 t ,pet]
 uses ! "n ,babylon 9 a figurative s5se3
 ,grotius1 ,macknight1 ,hale1 ,bi%op    
,toml9e1 ,:itby1 & ,l>dn]4 ,b a l>ge    
majority ( writ]s hold to ! lit]al      
mean+4 ,bi%op ,pe>son1 ,le ,cl]k1 &     
,mills ?9k t ,pet] speaks ( ,babylon 9  
,egypt4 ,beza1 ,erasmus1 ,drusius1 ,dr4 
,cave1 ,lightfoot1 ,basnage1 ,beausobre1
 ,dr4 ,b5son1 ,a4 ,cl>ke ?9k t ,pet]    
int5d$ ,babylon 9 ,assyria2 ,mi*aelis1 t
 ,babylon 9 ,mesopotamia 0 meant4 ,!    
frequ5t use ( ! ^w ,babylon 9 !         
,revelation attribut$ to ,/4 ,john1 :i* 
!re /&s = ,rome1 is ! pr9cipal argum5t  
us$ by ^? :o cont5d = a figurative s5se4
 ,?is book is ! mo/ impi\s & malignant  
production among all ! =g]ies ( ! second
 c5tury1 & its design c be readily      
expos$1 if x 0 wor? ! "t to d x4 ,*ri/1 
^: la/ words 7 us$ 9 pray] = ! =giv5ess 
( 8 enemies1 is made ?r\gh ,/4 ,john to 

p\r =? feel+s full ( hatr$ aga9/ ^? :o  
disagre$ ) ! writ] on matt]s ( doctr9e1 
especially ! foll[]s ( ,paul4 ,he hurls 
8 env5om$ %aft at ! he>t ( ! great      
,apo/le4 ,x 0 at ,ephesus :]e ! w> 0    
w>me/ betwe5 ,paul's fri5ds & ! foll[]s 
( ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,to ! *ur* at t   
place1 ,*ri/ is made to say3 ,i "k ?y   
works1 & ?y labor1 & ?y pati5ce1 & h[ ?\
 can/ n be> !m :i* are evil3 & ?\ ha/   
tri$ !m :i* say !y are ,apo/les1 & are  
n1 & ha/ f\nd !m li>s4 7,revelation ii4 
#b47 ,:o c\ld use su* language b a      
malignant p>tisan8 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1
 is made to use ! language ( a b>-room  
bully4 ,:5 w ^? :o pr(ess to be         
,*ri/ians1 le>n t ,*ri/ 0 all k9dness1  
g5tl5ess1 & love4 ,!y admit ! au!nticity
 & div9e orig9 ( writ+s t prove ! ,son (
 ,god 0 n ev5 a g5tleman4   7,c47  ,!   
writ+s ascrib$ to ! ,fa!rs1 especially  
,polyc>p & ,ignatius1 are entitl$ to    
little consid]ation2 = no?+ is cle>] ?an
 t _! names 7 us$ by ! m5 ( ! second    
c5tury to supply pro( :5 disputes sprang

 up1 or give au?ority to doctr9es :5    
divisions arose4 ,! introduction to !   
epi/le ( ,ignatius1 address$ to ! *ur*  
at ,rome1 is a b>e-fac$ attempt to prove
 t !re 0 a *ur* at ,rome dur+ ! reign ( 
,trajan1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 
,x 0 writt5 n only to prove t !re 0 a   
*ur* at ,rome at t "t1 b t x 0 ! bank or
 depository ( div9e ri*es1 :olly fill$ )
 ! grace ( ,god1 & entirely cleans$ f   
any o!r doctr9e4 ,b we submit ! :ole    
passage to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4         
,ignatius1 :o is also call$ ,!ophorus1  
to ! ,*ur* :i* ha? obta9$ m]cy 9 !      
maje/y ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,fa!r1 & 8 only   
,son ,jesus ,*ri/1 belov$ & illum9at$   
?r\gh ! w ( him :o wille? all ?+s1 :i*  
are accord+ to ! love ( ,jesus ,*ri/1   
our ,god2 7to ! *ur*7 :i* presides also 
9 ! place ( ! region ( ! ,romans1 wor?y 
( ,god1 & ( all honor & bless+ & praise2
 wor?y to receive t :i* %e wi%es1 *a/e1 
& pre-em95t 9 *>ity1 be>+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ &
 ( ! ,fa!r1 :i* ,i salute 9 ! "n (      
,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! ,fa!r3 to ^? :o

 are unit$ bo? 9 fle% & _s to all 8     
comm&s1 & :olly fill$ ) ! grace ( ,god1 
& entirely cleans$ f ! /a9 ( any o!r    
doctr9e1 be all undefil$ joy 9 ,jesus   
,*ri/ our ,god4  ,! =g] ov]did ! "w 9   
:i* he 0 engag$4 ,?is language1 address$
 to a *ur* illum9at$ ) all ?+s accord+  
to ! w ( ,*ri/ & ,god1 & wor?y to       
receive all bless+s & praise1 proves t !
 passage 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! dogma ( !
 ,apo/olic succession 0 9 vogue1 & ,rome
 0 putt+ =? claims to spiritual         
supremacy499 ,no "t 0 m unpropiti\s to  
prove t !re 0 su* a *ur* at ,rome1 ?an t
 ,goog embrac$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 :5  
,*ri/ianity 0 a crime1 :i* subject$ !   
believ] to ! p5alty ( dea?4 ,!re be+ no 
,*ri/ians 9 ,rome f ! dea? ( ,paul to ! 
"t ( ,hadrian1 x leaves ! "t to be tak5 
up by traditions1 :i* 0 gladly seiz$ ^u 
by ,ir5aeus1 :o populat$ x ) ,bi%ops &  
o!rs1 ! (fspr+ ( 8 own imag9ation4      
99 ,! /rong probability is1 t ! lett] ( 
,ignatius is      a =g]y ?r\gh\t1 & 0   
gott5 up = ! sake ( !      introduction4

 ,condemn$ by ,trajan1 & ord]$ to be    
c>ri$      to ,rome to be dev\r$ by wild
 bea/s1 = ! amusem5t (      ! p1 x is   
claim$ ! lett] 0 writt5 on 8 way      to
 t city4 ,:y he %\ld write to ! *ur* at 
,rome      :ile on 8 way !re1 is some?+ 
rem>kable1 s9ce !re      is no?+ 9 !    
lett] t 0 important to be kn[n to      !
 ,*ri/ians1 if !re 7 any !re1 be=e 8    
arrival4      ,! epi/le brea!s a _s :i* 
is unnatural &      repugnant to e feel+
 ( humanity4 ,! foll[+ is a      specim5
 ( ! :ole4 ,may ,i enjoy ! wild bea/s   
:i*      are prep>$ = me2 & pray t !y   
may be f\nd ready      = me3 :i* ,i w   
ev5 enc\rage to dev\r me all at         
once1 & n fe> to t\* me1 z !y h "s o!rs 
,&      if !y refuse1 & w n1 ,i w compel
 !m4 7,sec4 #e47      ,:y w\ld ,ignatius
 write an epi/le ( ?is "* to !          
,romans :ile he 0 on ! way to ,rome     
himself8 especially      z he 0 press$  
by ! soldi]s to arrive at ! great       
city be=e ! public spectacle1 t he might
 be deliv]$      to ! wild bea/s4 ,:y   

import a ,*ri/ian ,bi%op f      ,antio* 
= ! wild bea/s ( ! ,amphi!atre1 if !re  
0 "o to be f\nd 9 ! mean "t 9 ,rome8    
,:]e 0      ,clem5t1 ! ?ird ,bi%op8 ,our
 confid5ce is n increas$      9 !       
g5u95ess ( ?is lett]1 t ! fir/ di/9ct   
ref]5ce is made to x by ,ir5aeus4       
7,d47  ,,writ]s 9 ! ?ird & f\r?         
c5turies1 = reasons suffici5tly obvi\s1 
take pleasure 9 sc&aliz+ ! "n (         
,domitian z ! p]secutor ( ,*ri/ians1 & !
 great enemy ( ! ,*ri/ian cause4 ,x is  
claim$ he put to dea? _m p]sons accus$ (
 ,a!ism1 ! common *>ge aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 
on acc\nt ( _! refusal to (f] inc5se or 
to wor%ip ! anci5t gods ( ,rome4        
,flavius ,clem5s1 8 c\s91 is giv5 z an  
in/ance4 ,n[ he> :at a co-tempor>y      
hi/orian has to say on ! subject3       
,flavius ,clem5s1 8 c\s9-g]man1 a man   
contemptible = 8 indol5ce1 ^: sons1 !n (
 t5d] age1 he _h av[$ly de/9$ = 8       
successor1 & tak+ f !m 8 =m] names1 _h  
ord]$ "o to be call$ ,vespasian1 & ! o!r
 ,domitian1 he sudd5ly put to dea? ^u "s

 slight suspicion1 almo/ be=e ! fa!r 0  
put out ( 8 consul%ip1 7,suet1 ,life (  
,domitian1 sec4 #ae47 ,z ! tyrant       
affect$ great rev]5ce = ! gods1 he w\ld 
n fail to visit ! mo/ sev]e puni%m5t on 
^? :om he judg$ guilty ( irrev]5ce1 & z 
! ,*ri/ians ( t day 7 bold 9 ! face ( ! 
mo/ imm95t dang]1 !y c\ld n escape !    
v5geance ( ! tyrant1 _h !re be5 any 9   
,rome ^u :om he c\ld lay 8 h&s4 ,) a    
disposition t 0 will+ to furni% any     
numb] ( victims1 ,eusebius has succe$$ 9
 giv+ ! "n ( a s+le "o4 ,he says1 ,at ! 
same "t1 = pr(ess+ ,*ri/1 ,flavius      
,domitilla1 ! niece ( ,flavius ,clem5s1 
"o ( ! consuls ( ,rome at t "t1 0       
transport$1 ) _m o!rs1 to ! ,isle (     
,pontia4 7,eus41 ,e4 ,h41 book iii4 *ap4
 #ah47 ,! tru?ful fa!r has succe$$ 9    
giv+ ! "n ( "o ,*ri/ian :o _h suff]$ "u 
! reign ( ,domitian1 & t 0 a case (     
bani%m5t4  ,z to ! expression1 & _m     
o!rs1 x is only an easy way ( convey+ a 
falsehood )\t incurr+ ! risk (          
detection4 ,! /ory ( ,john's bani%m5t to

 ! ,isle ( ,pat-mos1 l ev]y?+ else :i*  
relates to ?is ,apo/le1 is f\nd$ on a   
tradition ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & is unwor?y 
( s]i\s notice4 ,! /ory told by         
,hegesippus1 ( ! treatm5t receiv$ by !  
gr&*ildr5 ( ,jude1 call$ ! bro!r (      
,jesus1 at ! h&s ( ,domitian1 if entitl$
 to any cr$it at all1 only goes to      
refute ! *>ges made aga9/ him4 ,z ! /ory
 runs1 ^! *ildr5 7 br\ght be=e him on ! 
*>ge ( be+ ,*ri/ians4 ,aft] he>+ :at !y 
_h to say1 ,domitian dismiss$ !m--made  
no reply--b treat+ !m ) contempt z      
simpletons1 comm&$ !m to be dismiss$1 &1
 by a decree1 ord]$ ! p]secution to     
cease4 ,?us deliv]$1 !y rul$ ! *ur*es1  
bo? z witnesses & relations ( ! ,"l4    
,su* is ! /atem5t ( ,hegesippus1 says   
,eusebius 7book iii4 *ap4 #bj74  ,"h is 
a cle> case = p]secution2 b proce$+s are
 dismiss$1 & ^? :o 7 ! objects ( x      
treat$ ) contempt4  ,suetonius makes    
special m5tion ( ! p]secution ( ! ,jews 
"u ! reign ( ,domitian1 :o 0 gov]n$1 9  
_! case1 by 8 love ( money r ?an 8 reg>d

 = ! cause ( religion4 ,! va/ am\nt (   
money exp5d$ by him 9 ! erection (      
palaces & public edifices _h ru9$ 8     
f9ances1 :i* he und]took to relieve by !
 confiscation ( ! l>ge e/ates & weal? 9 
! h&s ( ?is p4 ,to 8 rapacity !re 0 no  
limit 9 su* cases1 %ort ( ! ru9 ( 8     
victims4 ,x is 9 va9 to attempt to      
relieve ! memory ( ! son ( ,vespasian & 
bro!r ( ,titus f ! ignom9y ( ! mo/ odi\s
 & dete/able crimes4 ,f ,augu/us to     
,trajan1 no "o :o bore ! "n ( emp]or is 
m ju/ly entitl$ to ! "n ( mon/]4 ,he put
 to dea? 8 own c\s91 ,flavius ,sab9us1  
because1 ^u 8 be+ *os5 at ! consul>     
election to t (fice1 ! public cri] _h1  
by a blund]1 decl>$ him to ! p--n       
consul1 b emp]or4 ,virtue z well z vice 
/ood 9 awe 9 8 pres5ce4  ,! g5ius &     
le>n+ ( ,tacitus & ,pl9y made x unsafe =
 !m to rema9 9 ,rome1 & bo? avoid$ dang]
 by seek+ obscurity4 ,b to 8 o!r crimes 
are n to be add$ ! murd] ( ,*ri/ians1 :o
 7 wise & cauti\s en\gh to avoid 8      
pres5ce4  ,! foll[+ dates are assign$ to

 ! epi/les ( ,paul by ,dr4 ,l>dn] &     
o!rs3--  ,illu/ration3 ,table #djf