,,lib]ty ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury  ,by
 ,fr$]ic ,may ,holl&  #ahii  ,,by       
,,preface  ,,?is book is a result ( hav+
 /udi$ ! developm5t ( political &       
religi\s lib]ty = =ty ye>s4 ,h[ well ,i 
h select$ my au?orities ! read] c judge4
 ,i w m]ely say t ,i h m5tion$ no writ] 
:om ,i h n /udi$ c>efully4 ,! sun-dial  
has be5 s f> my model t victories 9 !   
cause ( fre$om are m prom95t ?an defeats
 9 ! pages t foll[4 ,x did n seem       
necess>y to give mu* space to famili>   
au?ors1 ?\gh ,i %\ld h lik$ to d ju/ice 
to ,buckle1 ,george ,eliot1 & ,sw9burne4
  ,i regret t ,i h be5 unable to tell at
 any adequate l5g? h[ ! ,republic :i* 0 
proclaim$ at ,p>is 9 #ahgj has surviv$  
long] ?an any o!r gov]nm5t set up 9     
,france dur+ ! c5tury4 ,its enemies h   
be5 vot$ d[n repeat$ly ev]y:]e2 ! s*ools
 h be5 made free f ecclesia/ical        
control2 & ! ho/ility ( ! cl]gy has be5 
suppress$ by ! ,pope4 ,! ,fr5* are /ill 
too fond ( milit>y glory1 & too ignorant
 ( ! value ( p]sonal lib]ty & local     

self-gov]nm5t2 b rapid advance 9 fre$om 
is already possible "u ! ,con/itution ( 
#ahhd4 ,n only ,france1 b also ,great   
,brita91 ,canada1 & ,au/ralia1 give pro(
 t ! "t has gone by :5 ,am]icans _h any 
"r to claim1 z !y did 9 my boyhood1 to  
be ! only p able to gov]n !mselves4  ,if
 any nation c ma9ta9 a free press1 j    
laws1 & elections ( local magi/rates1 x 
ought to enjoy ^! rights1 h[ev] slight  
may be its fitness = becom+ a real      
republic2 & ! suppression ( su* rights  
by ,cromwell & ,napoleon _c be p>don$   
consi/5tly by any fri5d to lib]ty4      
,napoleon's *ief guilt1 z ,i mu/ "h     
m5tion1 0 9 ord]+ ! expulsion f (fice by
 soldi]s1 9 #agig1 ( repres5tatives ( ! 
p :o 7 /riv+ to ma9ta9 lib]ty at home & 
e/abli% peace abroad4 ,if !re 7 any     
necessity = 8 usurpation two ye>s lat]1 
x 0 l>gely ( 8 own mak+4 ,despotism _h  
already be5 made tol]able1 h[ev]1 ev5   
dur+ ! fir/ ,republic1 by ! national    
fondness = w>4 ,?is is accord+ to a     
pr9ciple :i* is taught by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1

 & :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages by 
_m in/ances f ! hi/ory ( ,france & o!r  
nations4 ,! horrors ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror 
may be expla9$1 ?\gh n excus$1 by !     
greatness ( ! dang] f invad]s z well z  
rebels4 ,& !re 7 v few cases ( puni%+   
diff]5ces m]ely ab\t religion by !      
guillot9e4  ,i h also tri$ to %[ h[ !   
c5tralis+ t5d5cies ( a gov]nm5t are     
/r5g!n$ by ! wi% ( its citiz5s to ga9   
private advantages by /ate aid4 ,john   
,/u>t ,mill & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] h publi%$   
timely w>n+s aga9/ ! dang] ( *eck+ !    
developm5t ( individual en]gy & ability 
by m$dlesome laws4 ,:e!r ! p[] ( !      
gov]nm5t ought to be r$uc$ to ! n>r[    
limits propos$ by ^! great ?9k]s1 is a  
"q :i* has be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 my 
la/ *apt]4 ,x is !re sugge/$ t su* a    
r$uction w\ld be mu* m practicable 9 !  
case ( national ?an ( local gov]nm5ts4  
,x is n likely to be made any:]e at     
pres5t2 b x might be well = re=m]s to   
try to re/rict ! op]ations ( gov]nm5ts  
accord+ to ! foll[+ rule3 no?+ to be    

und]tak5 by a national gov]nm5t :i* c be
 done z well by municipalities2 & no?+  
to be attempt$ by ei!r a local or c5tral
 gov]nm5t :i* c be done z well by       
private citiz5s1 act+ s+ly or 9 volunt>y
 associations4 ,?is rule w\ld ju/ify    
t[ns & cities 9 tak+ su* c>e ( roads1   
/reets1 & s*ools z is n sanction$ by    
,sp5c]2 b x w\ld leave municipalities   
free to decide ! "q :e!r !y ought to    
c>ry on gas- & wat]-works1 electric     
roads1 & o!r ent]prises accord+ to !    
m]its ( ea* special case4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica 
int]nal improvem5ts seem to be ! prop]  
*>ge ( ! ,/ate1 r ?an ( ! nation2 b :e!r
 ! =m] has any "r to en=ce ,sunday laws1
 & ! latt] to impose protective t>iffs1 
are que/ions :i* ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty (   
discuss+ ?or\ghly4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] %\ld n 
be held responsible = any op9ions n     
pr9t$ pla9ly z 84 ,mo/ ( ! in/ances ( ! 
work+ ( ,sunday /atutes 7 tak5 f a      
religi\s newspap] entitl$ ,! ,am]ican   
,s5t9el4 ,among v rec5t cases are ^!4 ,a
 ,georgian 0 s5t5c$ on ,may #af1 #ahii1 

to pay a f9e ( tw5ty doll>s or sp5d six 
mon?s 9 ! *a9-gang = work+ on 8 f>m4 ,t 
same mon? a cl]gyman 0 arre/$ 9         
,mississippi1 m]ely = tak+ a little     
ex]cise ) a hoe 9 8 g>d54 ,9 #ahih1 a   
f>m] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 arre/$ =  
pick+ a few apples f "o ( 8 own trees4  
,! total numb] ( ,sabba?-break]s arre/$ 
t ye> 9 ,new ,york ,city is e/imat$ at a
 ?\s&2 & !re 7 ne>ly f\r ?\s& arre/s =  
,sunday trad+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 #ahig4
  ,! pr9ciple ( giv+ ea* citiz5 e       
opportunity ( developm5t compatible ) ! 
g5]al welf>e1 is s pla9ly irreconcilable
 ) ,socialism1 t ,i h ?\ght x well to   
give sev]al in/ances ( ! fact t a man   
seldom does 8 be/ "w except = 8 own     
b5efit & t ( 8 family4 ,ev5 !           
exceptionally en]getic & consci5ti\s    
f\nd]s ( ,new ,engl& did n raise food   
en\gh until x 0 agre$ t ,!y %\ld set    
corne1 e man = 8 own p>ticul>4 ,ano!r   
difficulty 9 ! way ( /ate ,socialism is 
t ! requisite numb] ( compet5t manag]s  
c\ld n be f\nd aft] ! abolition ( !     

competitive sy/em4 ,x is t :i* br+s =w>d
 m5 ( unusual ability & en]gy1 ?\gh     
sc>cely 9 suffici5t numb]s4 ,socialism  
w\ld increase ! dem&1 b less5 ! supply4 
,sp5c] calls x ! com+ slav]y4 ,x might  
bett] be call$ a slav]y :i* is becom+   
obsolete4 ,our exi/+ sy/em ( indu/ry    
c]ta9ly ne$s improvem5t2 b ?is w h to be
 made by foll[+ ! laws ( social sci5ce4 
,_! action has done mu* dur+ ! pres5t   
c5tury to improve ! condition ( ! poor2 
& we may tru/ t x w d m h]eaft]4 ,!     
n9ete5? might be call$ ! philan?ropic   
c5tury1 if t title did n belong also to 
! eighte5?4  ,! latt] has ! peculi> m]it
 ( do+ s mu* to aboli% p]secution t !re 
h be5 comp>atively few in/ances dur+ !  
p]iod cov]$ by ?is book4 ,mu* m has be5 
done dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s to ext5d    
political ?an religi\s lib]ty2 b ,i h n 
neglect$ to m5tion ! mo/ active *ampions
 ( ! great pr9ciple1 t human rights     
ought n to be affect$ by individual     
diff]5ces ab\t !ology4 ,if !re is too   
little agitation at pres5t = ?is        

pr9ciple 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is l>gely 
on acc\nt ( an un=tunate occurr5ce ( :i*
 ,i h writt5 at "s l5g? 9 ! la/ *apt] b 
"o4 ,"h ,i _h ! valuable assi/ance (    
,francis ,e4 ,abbot1 ,ph4,d41 au?or (   
,sci5tific ,!ism1 & ,b5jam9 ,f4         
,und]wood4 ,if ! words1 militant        
lib]als1 _h be5 us$ 9 ?is *apt]1 !y w\ld
 express my mean+ m pla9ly ?an ! t]m    
aggressive4  ,! lea/ pleasant "p ( my "w
 has be5 ! po9t+ out defects 9 a sy/em (
 philosophy1 e?ics1 & !ology :i* ,i once
 delight$ to hon\r4 ,z valuable results 
may h be5 rea*$ by ! metaphysical me?od 
z by ! sci5tific2 b if ! latt] is "r !  
=m] is c]ta9ly wrong4 ,:5 we f9d s      
consi/5t & w>mhe>t$ a ,transc5d5tali/ z 
,miss ,cobbe plac+ pan!ism & scepticism 
among ! greate/ ( s9s 7see h] ,religi\s 
,duty1 pp4 #ai1 #fe1 & #ajj71 we may    
suspect t ?is philosophy aggravat$      
,c>lyle's natural bitt]ness aga9/       
oppon5ts4 ,!re has be5 comp>atively     
little intol]ance among ,am]ican        
intuitionali/s1 ?anks to ! g5ial        

influ5ce ( ,em]son4  ,f4 ,m4 ,h4        
,augu/1 #ahii4     ,,lib]ty ,,9 ,,!     
,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury     ,,*apt] ,i4      
,,napoleon ,,& ,,8 ,,"w  ,i4 ,france _h 
be5 fre$ by ! ,revolution f _m gho/s (  
k+ly1 feudal1 & prie/ly privileges2 b %e
 0 /ill ! prey ( ! mo/ deadly (         
vampires1--milit>y glory4 ,! foll[]s (  
?is fatal guide _h driv5 ! p>ty ( peace 
& lib]ty f p[] by =ce & fraud1 & f\nd a 
rul] aft] _! own he>ts 9 ! conqu]or :o1 
9 #ahjd1 became ! ,emp]or ,napoleon4    
,?us 0 e/abli%$ :at "s metaphysicians   
suppose to be ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1--an  
enlight5$ despotism4 ,! autocrat knew t 
he _h ris5 to p[] z ! mo/ popul> *ampion
 ( political equality2 & he gave ?is    
democratic pr9ciple su* additional      
au?ority t x has cont9u$ supreme 9      
,france4 ,h] sons are /ill equals be=e !
 law1 own]s ( ! l& !y till1 exempt f    
taxes levi$ = ! b5efit ( any privileg$  
class1 & free to *oose _! own c>e] &    
mode ( wor%ip4 ,?is is due 9 great "p to
 ! usurp] :o r$uc$ repres5tative        

gov]nm5t to an empty %ell1 & :o         
c5tralis$ ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools1      
police1 /reets1 roads1 & bridges1 & all 
o!r local conc]ns ev5 m completely ?an  
_h ev] be5 done be=e ! ,revolution4  ,he
 knew ! real ne$s ( ,france well en\gh  
to give h] peace ) all h] enemies2 b    
sc>cely _h he sign$ ! la/ treaty :5 he  
took possession ( ,switz]l&1 & cont9u$  
to annex t]ritory1 9 defiance ( !       
prote/s ( ! ,briti% m9i/]s t he 0 mak+  
peace impossible4 ,w> 0 decl>$ by !m 9  
#ahjc & kept up aga9/ him = elev5 ye>s  
cont9u\sly1 ) occasional assi/ance f    
,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,spa91 & o!r
 c\ntries4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( great glory 
= ,france1 b also ( great suff]+4 ,h]   
b\nd>ies 7 enl>g$2 b h] mo/ patriotic   
citiz5s 7 slaught]$ 9 =eign l&s2 h]     
%ipp+ 0 swept away by ,briti% cruis]s2  
h] p 7 h9d]$ 9 obta9+ ,am]ican gra91    
,briti% clo?1 & o!r necess>ies ( life1 9
 ex*ange = w9e1 silk1 lace1 & o!r       
luxuries2 ! ,emp]or c\ld n sup]vise !   
prefects :o manag$1 or mismanag$1 all   

int]nal int]e/s1 & :o 7 responsible to  
him alone2 fre$om ( ! press 0 prohibit$2
 & all ! arts ( peace decay$4  ,?is 0 ! 
price :i* ,france paid = ,au/]-litz1    
,j5a1 & o!r fam\s victories ov] ,russia1
 ,au/ria1 & ,prussia1 :i* 9 #ahjg br\ght
 peace ) e enemy b ,engl&1 & made       
,napoleon ma/]1 ei!r directly ?r\gh 8   
prefects1 or indirectly ?r\gh tribut>y  
k+s1 n only ( ,france b ( ! ,ne!rl&s1   
,d5m>k1 ,switz]l&1 ,spa91 ,v5ice ) ! re/
 ( ,italy1 & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ,g]many1 
includ+ "o-half ( :at _h =m]ly be5      
,prussian t]ritory4 ,eight ye>s f !     
usurpation 9 #agii br\ght him to 8 z5i?3
 eight ye>s lat]1 he 0 at ,sa9t ,hel5a4 
,8 ,g]man1 ,swiss1 & ,italian subjects  
ga9$ political equality1 & also !       
p]man5t advantage ( ! code :i* be>s 8   
"n4 ,x _h really be5 made by 8 lawy]s1  
on f\ndations laid by ! ,conv5tion4     
,?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions1 ,jew1 ,ca?olic1 &  
,prote/ant became equals be=e ! law4 ,! 
fact t ^! re=ms surviv$ 8 au?ority      
proves t !y c\ld h be5 e/abli%$ )\t x4  

,!y 7 unavoidable results ( ! eighte5?  
c5tury4  ,h[ little he 0 influ5c$ by    
philan?ropy is %[n by 8 driv+ into exile
 a /atesman nam$ ,/e91 :o _h aboli%$    
s]fdom 9 ,prussia1 & made x equally     
possible = ! memb]s ( all classes to buy
 l& & *oose occupations4 ,! e/abli%m5t (
 ! ,empire _h be5 prec$$ by ! revival ( 
slav]y 9 sev]al colonies :]e x _h be5   
aboli%$ by ! ,conv5tion4 ,x 0 = help+ ! 
,haytians pres]ve _! indep5d5ce by h]oic
 resi/ance1 t ,t\ssa9t 0 s5t by         
,napoleon to die 9 prison4 ,! conqu]$   
nations 9 ,europe 7 h&$ ov] f "o ma/] to
 ano!r1 )\t be+ ev5 invit$ to cons5t2 b 
:at 0 /ill m oppressive 0 inability to  
ex*ange _! own products = clo? & h>dw>e 
f ,engl&1 gra9 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c(fee 
& sug> f ! ,we/ ,indies1 & _m o!r       
articles ^: lack 0 ke5ly felt4 ,?is     
tr\ble 0 l>gely due to ! blockade kept  
up by ,briti% ,%ips2 b ,napoleon 0 s    
ignorant ( ! advantage ( comm]ce to bo? 
p>ties engag$ 9 x z to suppose he c\ld  
conqu] ,engl& by a plan :i* really      

injur$ only himself & 8 subjects4 ,he   
=bade all importation f ,great ,brita9 &
 h] colonies :]ev] he _h p[] or ev5     
influ5ce2 & _m ( ! prohibit$ goods 7    
tak5 f m]*ants & de/roy$ )\t            
comp5sation4 ,g]many suff]$ also f hav+ 
h] manufactures =bidd5 to compete ) !   
,fr5*4 ,! latt] ask$ 9 va9 = fre] trade1
 & 7 told by ,napoleon t he und]/ood _! 
bus9ess bett] ?an !y did4 ,c\ntless     
outrages on prom95t individuals help$ ! 
gr[? ( disaffection4  ,,ii4 ,! ,briti%  
m9i/ry retaliat$ aga9/ ,napoleon's      
attack on ! "r to trade freely1 ) a     
success :i* l$ to a great outrage on    
individual lib]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! 
w> ) ,europe gave mu* ( ! _w's comm]ce  
to ,am]ican %ips2 b !y 7 =bidd5 by      
,great ,brita91 9 #ahjf1 to trade ) "s (
 _! be/ cu/om]s unless !y /opp$ to pay  
tribute 9 h] ports4 ,! seizures =       
disob$i5ce increas$ ! ang] :i* _h be5   
long felt aga9/ ! ,briti% = impress+    
sailors on bo>d ( ,am]ican %ips4 ,?ree  
?\s& citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5   

=c$ into a ho/ile navy be=e ! refusal ( 
our frigate1 ,*esapeake1 9 #ahjg1 to    
submit to a se>* br\ght on a bloody     
conte/4  ,napoleon 0 !n at ! height ( 8 
p[]2 & ,great ,brita9 0 fight+ aga9/ him
 s+le-h&$4 ,x 0 an unusually good "t =  
decl>+ a w> :i* soon prov$ inevitable 9 
def5ce ( m]*ants' & sailors' rights4    
,jeff]son pref]r$ to violate ^? rights  
himself1 z _h be5 done by ! ,f$]ali/s 9 
#agid1 & ,congress aid$ him 9 =bidd+    
,am]ican %ips to sail = =eign ports4    
,?is emb>go 0 s pla9ly unnecess>y t e   
capta9 :o 0 able to get out ( ,new ,york
 h>b\r did s at once )\t c>+ :at crew1  
c>go1 or pap]s he _h on bo>d4 ,fifty    
million doll>s' wor? ( %ipp+ 0 kept idle
 = m ?an a ye>2 a hundr$ ?\s& sailors & 
me*anics 7 ?r[n out ( "w2 f>ms &        
plantations ceas$ to be pr(itable2 clo?+
 & tools became ru9\sly de>2 ?irte5     
hundr$ ,new ,york]s1 :o _h be5 ru9$ by !
 emb>go1 7 imprison$ = debt2 & laws =   
protection aga9/ cr$itors 7 pass$ by !  
,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,no "o ga9$ by !

 emb>go except ! smuggl]s2 & attempts to
 suppress !m call$ out dang]\s          
manife/ations ( popul> discont5t4 ,no "o
 suff]$ less ?an ! ,briti% m]*ants4     
,,iii4 ,meantime1 ,napoleon took ! fir/ 
/ep t[>ds ru9 9 plac+ 8 bro!r on ! ?rone
 ( ,spa94 ,! ,spani>ds _h borne pati5tly
 ! loss ( %ips1 comm]ce1 & colonies2 b  
?is fre% wrong /irr$ up insurrection4 ,!
 new ,k+ 0 br\ght to ,madrid by ,fr5*   
troops2 b n a s+le ,spani>d w\ld ent] 8 
s]vice2 & he 0 soon oblig$ to leave !   
city4 ,he said to 8 bro!r1 ,y\r glory w 
be wreck$ 9 ,spa92 b ,napoleon kept on  
s5d+ 9 armies1 ^: victories made him    
hat$1 b n obey$4 ,he (f]$ to aboli%     
feudal privileges1 ! inquisition1 & !   
t>iffs :i* sep>at$ prov9ce f prov9ce4 ,!
 only result 0 to make re=m odi\s to a p
 :i* c>$ mu* m = nationality ?an        
progress4 ,! cl]gy enc\rag$ ! peasants  
to keep up a gu]illa w>1 9 :i* 8 vet]ans
 p]i%$ ignom9i\sly2 & ,briti% auxili>ies
 won victories :i* made ,well+ton fam\s4
  ,au/ria took advantage ( ! situation  

to try to reconqu] ! lo/ prov9ces4 ,!   
,tyrolese _h be5 made subjects ( ! ,k+ (
 ,bav>ia2 b !y rose at ! call ( ,h(]1 & 
ga9$ glori\s victories ov] ,fr5* &      
,bav>ian soldi]s4 ,o!r defeats 7 suff]$ 
by ,napoleon2 b he soon succe$$ 9 =c+   
,au/ria to grant him1 n only mu* m ( h] 
t]ritory1 b ! h& ( a "y pr9cess1 :o _h  
nev] ?\ght ( him b ) abhorr5ce4 ,?is    
involv$ 8 divorce f ! lov+ ,joseph9e4   
,he plead$ desire = a son :o might      
succe$ him2 b he 0 n likely to live     
until any *ild :o might be born aft] ?is
 w\ld be old en\gh to keep toge!r an    
empire ^: basis 0 conque/4  ,! ,au/rian 
pr9cess _h be5 dem&$ be=e ,napoleon's   
application = a ,russian "o _h be5      
answ]$ decisively2 8 plans = re/or+     
,pol& _h giv5 additional (f5ce to !     
,cz>2 & ! welf>e ( ,russia dem&$ fre$om 
to use ! products ( h] =e/s1 fields1 &  
m9es 9 buy+ ,briti% goods4 ,?is "r 0    
insi/$ ^u by ! ,cz>2 & ,napoleon _h only
 abuse = ! fri5ds :o w>n$ him t defeat 9
 ,russia w\ld call all ,g]many to arms  

aga9/ him4 ,he 0 already s unpopul> at  
,p>is1 t he _h to remove ) 8 ,c\rt4  ,! 
enorm\s army ) :i* he invad$ ,russia    
might easily h tak5 possession ( h]     
,poli% prov9ces1 :]e ! p 7 fri5dly4 ,he 
pref]r$ to m>* a ?\s& miles1 ?r\gh a    
ho/ile & b>r5 c\ntry1 to ,mosc[4 ,! city
 0 set on fire at 8 arrival2 b he wa/$ s
 mu* "t !re1 t w9t] help$ ! ,russians   
turn 8 retreat into a r\t4 ,hundr$s (   
?\s&s ( soldi]s p]i%$ mis]ably4  ,!     
,prussians flew to arms2 & ,au/ria dem&$
 re/oration ( h] prov9ces4 ,he repli$ t 
he %\ld n yield an in*1 & c>$ no?+ = !  
loss ( a million lives4 ,he 0 driv5 out 
( ,g]many by ! ,battle ( ! ,nations1 :i*
 0 won at ,leipsic1 9 ,octob]1 #ahac1 by
 zeal\s coop]ation ( ! ,russians )      
,prussians1 ,au/rians1 ,bav>ians1 & o!r 
,g]mans4  ,"o result 0 describ$ by say+ 
t ,! ,dut* h tak5 ,holl&4 ,ne$ ( a /rong
 gov]nm5t 9 "t ( w> _h giv5 a p[] almo/ 
mon>*ical to ! successors ( t ,pr9ce (  
,orange :o _h sav$ 8 republic f ,philip 
,,ii4 ,"o ( ^! pr9ces 0 driv5 out by a  

democratic rebellion 9 #aghg1 b re/or$  
by a ,prussian army4 ,! ,fr5*           
,revolution enabl$ ,holl& to return to  
republicanism2 b alliance ) ! ,directory
 meant cont9ual spoliation2 & !re 7     
griev\s conscriptions "u ,napoleon1 ^:  
rule 0 extremely unpopul> 9 a nation :i*
 liv$ by comm]ce4 ,:5 ! ,dut* he>d ( 8  
defeat at ,leipsic1 !y rose aga9/ him   
)\t wait+ = auxili>ies2 & ! ,fr5*       
g>risons 7 soon driv5 out by ! help (   
soldi]s f ,russia1 ,prussia1 & ,engl&4  
,! rul]s ( ^! c\ntries sanction$ !      
desire ( ! ,orange faction to make !    
pr9ce a k+4 ,! p 7 n consult$1 b 7      
reconcil$ by a con/itution1 "u :i* !re 0
 a legislature ) "s p[]1 local          
self-gov]nm5t1 fre$om ( wor%ip1         
political equality1 & lib]ty 9 comm]ce4 
,napoleon might h rema9$ emp]or2 b he   
refus$ to make any concessions1 & kept  
on fight+ until 8 g5]als ab&on$ him1 & 8
 deposition 0 vot$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,! p    
w\ld n rise = him1 z !y _h done = !     
,republic2 & ! ,p>isians refus$ to cry  

,vive l',emp]eur z he return$ f ,elba1  
to be ov]?r[n at ,wat]loo4 ,?ree million
 ,fr5*m5 p]i%$ 9 8 w>s2 & he left       
,france small] ?an he f\nd h]4 ,8       
re/rictions on comm]ce 7 remov$ s       
sudd5ly z to de/roy ! indu/ries :i* he  
_h tri$ to fo/]2 & ! proportion ( paup]s
 to ! population 0 ?ree times z great z 
9 #ahhj4  ,france 0 /ill desir\s t !    
press %\ld be free1 & t taxation %\ld be
 controll$ by repres5tatives ( ! p4     
,l\is ,,xviii4 _h to promise t he w\ld  
respect ^! rights :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h  
violat$4 ,tol]ation cont9u$2 & !        
peasants kept ! prop]ty & equality :i* !
 ,revolution _h giv5 !m1 & :i* no       
sov]eign c\ld take away4  ,napoleon is !
 mo/ fam\s ( g5]als2 b 8 greatness z a  
/atesman w\ld h be5 pla9] if he _h n    
und]tak5 s _m %[y ent]prises :i* _h     
little *ance ( success4 ,he fail$       
signally 9 f\nd+ a dyna/y1 9 mak+       
,france ! greate/ ( manufactur]s1 & 9   
giv+ h] an inv9cible navy1 ?\gh he might
 h ga9$ ! fir/ ( ^! objects by peace1 & 

! la/ by free trade4 ,he c\ld n ev5     
leave to 8 successor ! t]ritory :i* _h  
be5 conqu]$ by ! ,revolution4 ,yet ^! 7 
8 de>e/ purposes1 except ! wild dream ( 
humbl+ ,engl&4 ,0 he ! greate/ (        
ar*itects1 e "o ( ^: colossal /ructures 
fell "u _! own weight be=e !y c\ld be   
us$8 ,great] is he :o builds :at la/s = 
ages4  ,napoleon made ! tw5ty ye>s end+ 
) #ahae m glori\s ?an any lat] p]iod1 & 
mu* m wret*$4 ,we/]n ,europe 0 afflict$ 
by bloody w>s1 & impov]i%$ by           
re/rictions on comm]ce4 ,if 8 reign _h  
be5 peaceable1 he might h depriv$       
,france mu* m completely ( :at lib]ty %e
 _h enjoy$ "u ! ,directory4 ,e despot1  
h[ev] enlight5$ & b5evol5t1 mu/         
necess>ily int]f]e s mu* ) ! lib]ty ( 8 
subjects z to h9d] _! mak+ !mselves     
happy4 ,france & ,g]many lo/ no?+ 9     
fre$om & ga9$ mu* 9 prosp]ity by 8      
defeat2 = x gave ! _w _m ye>s ( peace4  
,:at he br\ght ( political & religi\s   
equality to ,prussia1 ,we/]n ,g]many1 & 
,switz]l& surviv$ him2 = x 0 "p ( 8     

inh]itance f ! ,revolution :i* he clos$ 
trea*]\sly4 ,france _h receiv$ h] legacy
 )\t 8 help2 & %e reta9$ mu* ( x 9 spite
 ( 8 int]f]5ce4 ,8 victories ov] h]$it>y
 mon>*s 7 s sugge/ive t books ab\t him  
are /ill prohibit$ 9 ,russia2 b no p lo/
 mu* by 8 ov]?r[ except ! ,italians4    
,,iv4 ,wat]loo might h be5 call$ a ( !  
,nations z well z ,leipsic2 b ! be/     
fight+ 0 "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,! ,engli%  
_h suff]$ mu* f ,napoleon1 9 spite ( 8  
nev] succe$+ 9 mak+ an invasion4 ,! wor/
 injury he did 0 9 =c+ !m to rema9 9 t  
absorption 9 w> :i* _h *eck$ ! gr[? (   
tol]ation1 democracy1 & prosp]ity 9     
#agic4 ,george ,,iii4 0 p]sonally       
popul>2 b 8 weak1 unpr9cipl$ successor 0
 m]ely a figurehead4 ,two-?irds ( !     
memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahae _h  
be5 appo9t$ by ! ,m9i/ry1 or by "s      
nobleman1 & mo/ ( ! o!rs own$ or r5t$ "s
 pocket-bor\gh almo/ de/itute (         
inhabitants4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords 0        
ov]:elm+ly oppos$ to gov]nm5t by ! p2 & 
no ,tories 7 m consi/5t ?an ^? sons or  

proteges ( noblem51 ! bi%ops4 ,!        
successors ( ! apo/les _h no sympa?y ) !
 /ruggle ( ! ,cross aga9/ ! ,cresc5t 9  
l&s :]e ,paul _h prea*$4 ,!y help$ to   
vote d[n propagation ( ! ,gospel 9      
,india1 z well z enfran*isem5t ( ,roman 
,ca?olics1 & mitigation ( laws :i*      
puni%$ pilf]+ ) dea?4 ,!y tri$ 9 va9 to 
save ! slave-trade f prohibition2 & mo/ 
( ! cl]ical & lay memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses 7 
9 league to keep ! tax on importation ( 
:eat heavy en\gh to give !m l>ge incomes
 f _! real e/ate4  ,?is t>iff & !       
depreciation ( curr5cy made food        
excessively de>4 ,! c\ntry lab\r] 0 (t5 
unable to e>n m ?an ! price ( a loaf a  
day4 ,employ]s agre$ on wages s l[ t !  
peasants _h to ask cont9ually = p>o*ial 
relief1 & c\ld n af=d to g out ( ! p>i% 
to seek high] pay4 ,_! degradation 0    
increas$ by _! almo/ univ]sal illit]acy2
 & _! misdemean\rs1 especially poa*+1 7 
puni%$ cruelly2 = ! rural magi/rate 0   
ei!r ! squire or 8 ally1 ! p>son4 ,!re 0
 little *ance ( ju/ice = ! poor aga9/ ! 

ri*2 ! rural lab\r] c\ld seldom improve 
8 position2 & ! bad h>ve/s ( #ahaf1     
#ahag1 & #ahah help$ to make him worse  
(f ?an ev] be=e or s9ce4  ,! op]atives  
_h high] wages1 b suff]$ "u ! friction (
 an indu/rial revolution1 :i* has done m
 ?an any political convulsion = human   
happ9ess4 ,! factory _h be5 enabl$ by ! 
inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e & o!r ma*9es1   
%ortly be=e #ahjj1 to take ! place ( !  
cottages 9 mak+ clo?4 ,briti% goods 7 9 
great dem& abroad dur+ ! w>1 & _h to be 
c>ri$ 9 ,briti% %ips4 ,improv$ roads &  
canals l$ m]*ants & manufactur]s to     
opul5ce4 ,! ri* grew ri*]1 z has usually
 be5 ! case2 b !re 7 "s exceptional ye>s
 dur+ :i* ! poor really grew poor]4 ,"o 
man c\ld make z mu* cotton clo? 9 a day 
z two hundr$ c\ld h done be=e2 b :at 0  
to become ( ! "o hundr$ & n9ety-n9e8    
,dem& = factory lab\r kept increas+     
until #ahae2 b population grew fa/]     
/ill4 ,wages 7 already fall+2 ! return (
 peace less5$ ! dem& abroad2 & hundr$s (
 ?\s&s ( dis*>g$ soldi]s & sailors 7    

add$ to ! multitude ( unemploy$4        
,lab\r]s 7 =bidd5 ei!r to emigrate or to
 comb9e 9 ord] to keep up wages2 & _!   
e>n+s 7 l[e/ at ! "t :5 bread 0 !       
highe/4 ,meat1 sug>1 =eign fruit1 & _m  
o!r articles n[ 9 common use 7 almo/    
unatta9able by ! poor until late 9 !    
c5tury4 ,!re 0 mu* m intellig5ce 9 !    
t[ns ?an 9 ! c\ntry2 b !re 7 no         
opportunities ( education 9 #ahah 9     
,engl& = "o-half ( ! *ildr54  ,boys &   
girls ent]$ ! factory at ! age ( six1 & 
(t5 f ! poor-h\se1 :]e !y _h be5 sold   
into slav]y4 ,! regul> "t 0 f\rte5 h\rs 
a day2 sitt+ d[n 0 seldom p]mitt$2 food 
0 scanty & bad2 puni%m5t 0 con/ant &    
cruel2 de=mity & disease 7 frequ5t2 & ! 
dea?-rate 0 unusually high4 ,t]rible    
cases occurr$ ( paup] *ildr51 kept      
sixte5 h\rs at a /ret* )\t re/ or food1 
driv5 by hung] to rob ! tr\ghs 9 !      
pig-/y1 tortur$ m]ely = amusem5t by !   
ov]se]1 & ev5 adv]tis$ = sale ) ! mill4 
,! middle class diff]$ mu* m widely ?an 
at pres5t1 bo? f ! masses on "o h& & f !

 ari/ocracy on ! o!r1 z reg>ds food1    
dress1 culture1 amusem5ts1 & political  
lib]ty4 ,taxation 0 heavy & vexati\s2   
repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t 0 notori\sly  
inadequate2 & hone/ m5 & wom5 7 /ill    
liable to imprisonm5t = debt4 ,no "o b  
an ,episcopalian _h a "r to /udy at a   
univ]sity1 ent] ,p>liam5t1 or hold any  
civil1 naval1 or milit>y (fice 9 ,engl&2
 & nei!r ,diss5t]s nor ,ca?olics c\ld   
m>ry )\t go+ ?r\gh c]emonies :i*        
consci5ce =bade4 ,! press 0 fett]$ by   
laws :i* kept ,leigh ,hunt imprison$ =  
two ye>s1 on acc\nt ( an article        
ackn[l$g+ ! unpopul>ity ( ! ,pr9ce      
,reg5t4 ,cobbett und]w5t an equally long
 imprisonm5t 9 ,newgate = blam+ !       
cruelty ( s5t5c+ insubord9ate militiam5 
to be flogg$ five hundr$ la%es4 ,no     
plays c\ld be p]=m$ 9 ,london 9 #ahad   
until !y _h be5 read & lic5s$ by ! ,"l  
,*amb]la9's deputy4  ,z soon z a /rong  
gov]nm5t ceas$ to be ne$$ = protection  
aga9/ ,napoleon1 !re broke out mu*      
agitation = relief ( ! disfran*is$ z    

well z ( ! de/itute4 ,!re 0 an          
unprec$5t$ circulation ( ! *eap         
pamphlets 9 :i* ,cobbett advis$ !       
discont5t$ to ab/a9 f lawless viol5ce1  
:i* c\ld only give !m ano!r ,robespi]re1
 & devote !mselves to /riv+ peaceably = 
_! political rights4 ,among ^! he ass]t$
 t ( e man :o paid taxes to vote =      
memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! s]i\s riots :i*  
took place 9 _m p>ts ( ,great ,brita91  
ev5 ,london1 made ! ari/ocracy consid]  
all opportunities ( address+ ! p        
dang]\s4 ,! m9i/ry 7 emp[]$ 9 #ahag to  
arre/ speak]s & au?ors )\t any w>rant1 &
 keep !m 9 prison )\t a trial4          
,prohibition ( public meet+s 0 made     
possible by an act :i* ext5d$ to        
read+-rooms1 debat+ societies1 ev5 among
 /ud5ts at ,cambridge1 & sci5tific      
lectures4  ,! m\nt$ militia 0 s5t to    
disp]se a meet+ ( fifty ?\s& un>m$ m5 & 
wom5 at ,man*e/]1 on ,augu/ #af1 #ahai1 
9 behalf ( p>liam5t>y re=m4 ,! p 7 pack$
 toge!r s closely t !y 7 unable to      
sep>ate quickly4 ,fe> t "s ( ! "y       

g5tlem5 :o _h ridd5 into ! ?rong might  
get hurt l$ ! magi/rates to ord] sev]al 
hundr$ huss>s to *>ge1 )\t notice1 into 
! d5se cr[d4 ,! meet+ 0 soon r$uc$ to   
heaps ( fall5 m5 & wom51 :o _h be5      
ov]?r[n 9 ! g5]al /ruggle to escape or  
cut d[n by ! soldi]s2 & ! field 0 cov]$ 
) bloody hats1 %awls1 & bonnets4 ,six p 
7 kill$1 & m ?an ?irty o!rs w\nd$       
sev]ely4 ,!re 0 indignation ev]y:]e     
aga9/ ?is wanton cruelty2 & ! ,common   
,c\ncil ( ,london vot$ _! c5sure2 b     
,p>liam5t pass$ laws t same ye> :i* made
 public meet+s almo/ impossible1 & put  
*eap pamphlets "u a prohibitory tax1 by 
requir+ t !y mu/ h su* an exp5sive /amp 
z kept newspap]s beyond ! rea* ( p      
g5]ally4 ,arre/s = pr9t+ & sell+ un/amp$
 publications 7 !nce=w>d frequ5t4 ,!re 7
 _m bloody riots2 & a conspiracy =      
assass9at+ ! ,m9i/ry 0 organis$ 9 #ahbj4
 ,a dang]\s revolution might !n h brok5 
out1 if food _h n be5 made pl5ty by     
abundant h>ve/s4  ,roman ,ca?olics 7    
/ill =bidd5 to hold any (fice "u !      

,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y c\ld n sit 9 ei!r
 ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t1 or be m>ri$ legally 
9 ,irel&1 :]e !y =m$ f\r-fif?s ( !      
population1 & almo/ all ! (fices on t   
isl& 7 fill$ by ,prote/ants :o _h be5   
s5t ov] f ,engl&1 or else elect$ by     
close corporations conta9+ sc>cely any  
,ca?olics4 ,! disfran*is$ nation 0 all !
 m indignant on acc\nt ( su* facts z t  
two-?irds ( ! soil ( ,irel& _h be5 tak5 
away )\t comp5sation by ,engli% invad]s 
be=e #agjj1 & t ! %>e ( ! ,iri% 9 #ahjj 
0 only "o-t5?4 ,?is 0 held mo/ly 9 great
 e/ates1 z 0 ! re/ ( ! isl&4 ,r5ts 7    
ev]y:]e high & wages l[1 = population 0 
sup]abundant2 manufactures _h be5 cru%$ 
by laws to protect ,briti% int]e/s2 ! p 
7 left ignorant1 ev5 ( agriculture2 &   
!re 7 frequ5t fam9es4 ,bo? ! l& & !     
gov]nm5t 7 mismanag$ by an anti-,iri%   
m9ority :i* took little pa9s to keep its
 own p>tisans f lawless viol5ce1 b did  
its utmo/ to extort money = a legion (  
prie/s1 :o 7 m]ely s]vants ( oppression 
to n9e-t5?s ( ! p4 ,h[ little !y c>$    

ab\t _! pr(ess$ duty may be judg$ f !   
case m5tion$ by a travell] nam$ ,+lis   
7vol4 i41 p4 #cdi71 ( a bi%op :o drew   
f\r or five hundr$ p\nds a ye> = call+  
himself rector ( a p>i% :]e !re 0 no    
pret5ce ( any public wor%ip b !         
,ca?olic4 ,indignation ( ,iri%          
,presbyt]ians _h be5 "o ma9 cause ( !   
bloody rebellion ( #agih2 & all         
patriotic ,iri%m5 7 exasp]at$ at !      
oppression ( ! poor by ! ri*4 ,removal (
 religi\s disabilities 0 urg5tly dem&$1 
& mo/ ( ! m5 7 memb]s 9 #ahbe ( an      
indep5d5t association1 :i* c\ld easily h
 turn$ ! isl& into "o va/ camp4  ,v4    
,g]many _h be5 deva/at$ by tw5ty ye>s ( 
battles2 & _m ?\s& ,g]mans _h p]i%$1    
ei!r 9 def5d+ _! homes aga9/ ,napoleon1 
or 9 s]v+ "u him 9 ,russia4 ,8 ov]?r[   
left !m 9 deep] subjection ?an ev] to a 
league ( despots1 :o diff]$ 9 pomp (    
title & ext5t ( t]ritory1 b agre$ 9     
ob/9ately d5y+ any political lib]ty to !
 p4 ,! s]vitude ( ,g]many 0 confirm$ by 
! agreem5t ( cl]gym5 & philosoph]s1 t   

absolute mon>*y 0 orda9$ ( ,god4 ,! ban 
( *ur* & univ]sity 0 on ! revolution>y  
rationalism :i* _h inspir$ ! eighte5?   
c5tury4 ,! pr$om9ant philosophy dur+ !  
fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury insi/$ on !
 infallibility ( :at 0 call$ intuition1 
b 0 (t5 m]ely tradition4 ,?is 0 already 
! case 9 ,g]many1 :]e moribund ideas (  
politics & !ology 7 wor%ipp$ z ! l(tie/ 
revelations ( pure reason4  ,dev\t      
disciples /ill hold t all e/abli%$      
in/itutions are ju/ifi$ & all k reveal$ 
by ,hegel's me?od ( d$uction f 8 own    
peculi> def9ition ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,t      
def9ition seems self-contradictory2 b   
?is is only a trifle1 comp>$ ) ! me?od's
 p]mitt+ ! ma/] to pref] absolute       
mon>*y1 & =c+ him to d5y t any nation1 n
 extremely limit$ 9 area1 c long rema9 a
 democracy4 ,hegel's indiff]5ce to !    
exi/5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 l 8 ass]t+1 
aft] ! discov]y ( ,c]es1 t ! place :]e x
 _h be5 f\nd1 & :]e hundr$s ( o!r       
planets are n[ kn[n to exi/1 mu/ be     
empty4 ,among o!r results ( 8 sy/em 7 a 

d5ial t lightn+ is electricity1 & an    
ass]tion t ra9 is m]ely a *ange ( air   
into wat]4 ,nei!r lib]ty nor k ga9s by  
disreg>d ( exp]i5ce 9 fav\r ( d$uctions 
f imag9>y intuitions4  ,un=tunately1 !  
exp]i5ce ( ,europe "u ,napoleon1 z well 
z dur+ ! ,revolution1 seem$ to ju/ify   
re/oration ( old in/itutions z well z ( 
=m] b\nd>ies4 ,! latt] purpose 0        
o/5sibly t = :i* ! conqu]ors ( ,napoleon
 met at ,vi5na1 soon aft] he _h retir$  
to ,elba2 b _! real object 0 to divide !
 spoils among !mselves4 ,! ,emp]ors (   
,russia & ,au/ria _h ! assi/ance1 or    
opposition1 ( five k+s1 & ( s _m pr9ces 
& nobles t ?ree hundr$ c>riages ( /ate 7
 kept 9 con/ant read9ess4 ,lovely ladies
 ( high rank came f _m l&s2 & x seem$ to
 ! un9itiat$ z if no?+ 0 go+ on b mask$ 
balls1 private !atricals1 hunt+ p>ties1 
/ately d9n]s1 & conc]ts4 ,bee?ov5 0     
among ! musicians4 ,!re 0 no g5]al meet+
 ( ! mon>*s & ambassadors2 b !re 7      
frequ5t conf]5ces ( ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 "o 
po9t or ano!r2 & ! "n ( ,congress (     

,vi5na 0 amply ju/ifi$ by ! numb] (     
b>ga9s & compromises4 ,! only p]sons    
nev] consult$ 7 ! ?irty millions ^:     
ma/]s 7 ?us select$4  ,belgium1 =       
in/ance1 0 =c$ into a union ) ,holl&1   
:i* l$ to civil w>2 & ! ,norwegians 7   
put "u subjection to ! ,sw$es1 aga9/ :om
 !y _h j be5 fight+4 ,t5 millions m (   
,poles 7 made subjects ( ! ,cz>2 & 8    
orig9al wi% to rule mildly 0 fru/rat$ by
 _! rebellion4 ,! ,italians _h be5      
br\ght by ,napoleon into su* unity &    
s5se ( nationality z !y _h n felt = _m  
c5turies4 ,(f]s ( great] lib]ty made    
,lomb>dy & ,v5ice take sides aga9/ him2 
!y 7 rew>d$ by be+ put "u ! mo/ hat$ (  
rul]s1 ! ,au/rians2 & ! latt] 7 made    
virtually ma/]s ( all ,italy4 ,:5 all ! 
plund] _h be5 divid$1 ! royal robb]s    
unit$ 9 a decl>ation1 ackn[l$g+ ,jesus z
 ! only sov]eign & recomm5d+ ! daily &  
univ]sal practice ( religion4  ,! only  
sov]eign :o kept 8 promise1 t he w\ld   
give 8 subjects a new con/itution if !y 
w\ld help him conqu] ,napoleon1 0       

,goe!'s patron at ,weim>4 ,he presid$   
ov] ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 :i* ,s*ill]1   
,fi*te1 & o!r pr(essors _h made ! c5tre 
( democratic influ5ce 9 ,g]many4 ,a     
secret political society 0 =m$ by /ud5ts
 :o _h f\ght at ,wat]loo2 & all !       
univ]sities 7 invit$ to help celebrate1 
on ,octob] #ah1 #ahag1 ! anniv]s>y1 n   
only ( ! victory at ,leipsic1 b ( ! op5+
 ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation4 ,five hundr$
 /ud5ts f v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many met 9 !  
,w>tburg1 ! ca/le :]e ,lu!r f\nd refuge 
aft] bidd+ defiance at ,worms to bo?    
,pope & ,emp]or4 ,x 0 agre$ t ! new     
society %\ld ext5d ?r\gh all !          
univ]sities1 & %\ld h bann]s ( black1   
r$1 & yell[4 ,^! h5ce=? 7 ! col\rs (    
lib]ty 9 ,g]many4  ,napoleon _h r$uc$   
,prussia's army to a m9imum2 among !    
prep>ations = break+ 8 yoke _h be5 !    
practice ( su* gymna/ics z are /ill kept
 up by ! ,turn]s2 & a public exhibition 
0 giv5 t ev5+ ne> ! ca/le1 be=e an      
imm5se bonfire4 ,ref]5ce 0 made !re to  
k+s :o broke _! ^w2 & z ! audi5ce broke 

up1 "s ( ! /ud5ts f$ ! blaze ) v>i\s    
emblems ( despotism1 su* z ! canes ) :i*
 soldi]s 7 flogg$ by corporals4 ,!n !y  
burn$ a numb] ( blank books1 ) titles   
copi$ f ^? ( pamphlets rec5tly publi%$ 9
 opposition to progress4  ,! ,k+ (      
,prussia _h tak5 "s /eps t[>ds          
con/itutional lib]ty1 b ^! boyi% freaks 
br\ght him completely "u ! influ5ce (   
,pr9ce ,mett]ni*4 ,?is crafty b         
k9d-he>t$ ,au/rian work$ /eadily1 f     
#ahad to #ahdh1 at mu* sacrifice ( ease 
& pleasure1 9 hope ( pres]v+            
civilisation & religion f be+ de/roy$ by
 any new revolution4 ,he 0 n[ ! real    
,emp]or ( ,g]many2 ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry 0 9
 sympa?y2 & ! ,cz>1 :o _h at fir/ be5 an
 admir] ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 0 conv]t$
 by an outrage 9 ! "n ( lib]ty on ! "r (
 free spee*4 ,"o ( ! lit]>y *ampions (  
,russian autocracy1 ,kotzebue1 0        
assass9at$1 e>ly 9 #ahai1 by a div9ity  
/ud5t :o _h be5 at ! ,w>tburg4 ,t same  
ye> ! repres5tatives ( ! lead+ ,g]man   
/ates met at ,c>lsbad1 & agre$1 ) !     

,cz>'s approval1 t all ,g]man j\rnals & 
univ]sities %\ld be "u /rict sup]vision1
 t political (f5d]s %\ld be tri$ by a   
special c5tral tribunal1 & t ! new      
col\rs %\ld be prohibit$4  ,,vi4 ,l\is  
,,xviii4 c>$ z little z ,*>les ,,ii4 (  
,engl& ab\t promises1 b 0 q z unwill+ to
 h to travel abroad4 ,he dissolv$ a     
legislature :i* 0 too reaction>y2       
subsequ5t elections return$ lib]al      
c&idates1 ?\gh only "o man 9 a hundr$   
c\ld vote2 ! ,national ,gu>d 0 reviv$2 &
 progressive ideas 7 express$ freely4   
,france 0 mov+ =w>ds until ,febru>y #ac1
 #ahbj1 :5 a ,bonap>ti/ murd]$ ! ,k+'s  
nephew1 9 hope ( cutt+ (f ! succession4 
,! legislature 0 oblig$1 two days lat]1 
to let ! press be muzzl$2 sanctions (   
individual lib]ty 7 ?r[n aside2 & a law 
0 pass$ to give ri* m5 two votes apiece4
 ,! ,lib]al ,m9i/ry 0 dismiss$2 & its   
successor put all education "u control (
 ! prie/s1 =bade ,c\s9 & ,guizot to     
lecture1 & s5t ,b]ang] to prison =      
publi%+ inc5di>y songs4 ,l\is ,,xviii41 

l ,*>les ,,ii41 left ! cr[n to a bigot$ 
bro!r1 :o _h be5 taught by ! ,jesuits to
 c>e mu* m = religion ?an human rights1 
or ! duty ( *a/ity2 & ,*>les ,x4 did 8  
utmo/ to make himself an absolute mon>*4
 ,/ill worse results ( assass9ation 9 ! 
"n ( lib]ty _h already be5 suff]$ 9     
,spa9 & ,italy4  ,no p _h really lo/ mu*
 by ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon except !       
,italians4 ,!y 7 le>n+ h[ to love ea*   
o!r z fell[-citiz5s ( "o common c\ntry1 
& h[ to c>e m = ! welf>e ( ! p ?an = t (
 ! prie/s4 ,! ,congress ( ,vi5na re/or$ 
! supremacy ( ! cl]gy1 & cut up ,italy  
once m into little pr9cipalities1 ^:    
/upid & cruel despots 7 guid$ by        
,mett]ni*4 ,! p 7 already consci\s ( !  
tie ( nationality1 desir\s to be gov]n$ 
) "s reg>d to _! own welf>e1 & de/itute 
( fai? 9 ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,few ( !m h  
be5 s pla9ly n orda9$ ( ,god z ,f]d9& ( 
,naples & ,sicily4 ,he _h run away      
basely f ! invad]s1 & be5 br\ght back to
 promise amne/y1 & to massacre m51 wom51
 & *ildr5 by ?\s&s4 ,no crim9als b      

patriots 7 wat*$ closely2 & brig&s defi$
 ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re 0 no pret5ce ( lib]ty1
 ev5 on ! /age2 & ! ,jesuits kept       
lit]ature & education d[n to m]ely      
nom9al exi/5ce4 ,! only refuge ( fre$om 
0 among ! ,c>bon>i1 or memb]s ( a secret
 society1 half a million /rong4 ,_!     
flags ( black1 r$1 & blue 7 hoi/$ 9 _m  
t[ns & villages on ,july #b1 #ahbj1 :5 !
 army l$ ! revolt4 ,! ,k+ swore on !    
,bible1 & aft] he>+ mass1 t he w\ld     
e/abli% a con/itution l ! ,fr5* "o (    
#agia1 & !n ask$ help f ,mett]ni*4 ,!   
latt] br\ght ! ,au/rian1 ,russian1 &    
,prussian mon>*s toge!r at ,troppau1    
,silesia1 :]e !y agre$1 on ,decemb] #h1 
#ahbj1 to put d[n all rebels1 especially
 9 ,italy4 ,an ,au/rian army won a      
decisive victory next ,m>* ov] !        
,neapolitans1 ^: be/ troops 7 fight+    
aga9/ an attempt at secession 9 ,sicily4
  ,au/ria took "p1 a mon? lat]1 9       
suppress+ a revolt :i* _h j brok5 out   
aga9/ ! petty despot nicknam$ ,k+ (     
,s>d9es4 ,8 fir/ /ep on 8 re/oration1 9 

#ahad1 _h be5 to reappo9t e man :o _h   
be5 9 (fice 9 #agih2 & ,napoleon's code 
gave way to anci5t /atutes :i*1 =       
in/ance1 =bade ! ,pi$montese to s5d :eat
 !y c\ld n use !mselves to ! ,savoy>ds1 
:o 7 />v+4 ,he 0 =c$ to abdicate by a   
revolt ( citiz5s :o want$ a con/itution 
& ( soldi]s :o wi%$ to free ,lomb>dy f  
,au/ria4 ,h] help enabl$ 8 successor to 
keep ! mon>*y absolute2 & h] influ5ce   
became p>am\nt 9 ,s>d9ia1 z else:]e 9   
,italy4  ,,vii4 ,! mon? ( ,april1 #ahba1
 br\ght an end ( rebellion 9 ,italy1 & !
 outbreak ( a f]oci\s revolution 9      
,greece4 ,! ,turki% rule 0 intol]ant1 & 
int5tionally oppressive4 ,exportation ( 
food & clo?+1 = in/ance1 0 =bidd5 9 hope
 ( keep+ d[n prices2 & ! result 0 to    
*eck production4 ,! c\ntry 0 full (     
brig&s2 & ! wor/ ( wrongs 7 inflict$ on 
unbeliev]s by ! (ficials4 ,prie/s &     
rul]s 9 o!r l&s refus$ to help _!       
fell[-,*ri/ians aga9/ ,moslem tyrants2 &
 ! fam\s victory won by ,bozz>is 0 ov]  
,roman ,ca?olics4 ,! new republic _h    

only nom9al au?ority4 ,indep5d5t b&s (  
patriots f\ght desp]ately2 & ! ,cresc5t 
soon gave place to ! ,cross 9 !         
,ar*ipelago z well z 9 ! ,morea1 once   
fam\s z ! ,peloponnesus2 b ! cause 0    
cont9ually disgrac$ by pillage1 p]fidy1 
massacre1 & civil w>4 ,sev]al millions (
 contributions1 ma9ly ,engli%1 7 squ&]$ 
by ! capta9s4 ,byron sacrific$ 8 life 9 
a va9 attempt to create milit>y         
discipl9e2 & lack ( any p]mitt$ ! ,morea
 to be conqu]$ 9 #ahbe by ! regul> army 
s5t ov] by ! ,pa%a ( ,egypt4  ,all      
resi/ance1 nor? ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,cor9?1 0 
soon suppress$ by ! co-op]ation (       
,egyptians & ,turks2 & ! isl&]s c\ld d  
no?+ bett] ?an ask help f =eign]s4 ,!   
only gov]nm5t :i* _h ?us f> aid$ ,greece
 0 ! ,am]ican2 & ,congress _h done mu*  
less ?an ! p to relieve di/ress4 ,an    
alliance betwe5 ,great ,brita91 ,france1
 & ,russia1 = prev5t+ ext]m9ation ( !   
,greeks1 0 br\ght ab\t by ,cann+4 ,!    
sov]eigns ( ,turkey & ,egypt 7 s ob/9ate
 t _! %ips 7 de/roy$ by ! alli$ fleet at

 ,nav>9o1 ,mess5ia1 on ,octob] #bj1     
#ahbg4 ,! ,egyptians 7 driv5 out ( !    
,morea by ,fr5* soldi]s2 & ,nor!rn      
,greece rose aga9/ ! ,turks ) a success 
:i* secur$ ! pres5t b\nd>y4 ,! ,greeks 7
 n p]mitt$ to e/abli% a republic2 b !   
mon>*y f9ally became con/itutional "u ! 
pressure ( insurrection4  ,,viii4 ,no   
nation _h be5 less capable ?an ! ,spani%
 ( appreciat+ ! advantage1 ei!r ( a     
vigor\s gov]nm5t1 or ( tol]ation1 fre$om
 ( ! press1 political equality1 &       
p]sonal lib]ty4  ,all ! "t-hon\r$ abuses
 aboli%$ by ,napoleon _h be5 at once    
re/or$ ) ! help ( ! populace2 b no?+    
effective 0 done to suppress !          
insurrections :i* _h brok5 out1 dur+ !  
w>1 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,up to t  
"t1 ! ,indians 7 s]fs & ! negroes 7     
slaves4 ,all political p[] 0 monopolis$ 
by (ficials s5t ov] f ,spa94 ,spani%    
int]e/s 7 protect$ s ?or\ghly t all     
dome/ic indu/ries 7 crippl$1 & goods (t5
 co/ six times z mu* z 9 ,europe4       
,s*ools & newspap]s 7 almo/ unkn[n2 no  

books b religi\s ones c\ld be b\ght2 &  
h]esy 0 puni%$ pitilessly4  ,! invasion 
( ,spa9 by ,napoleon gave opportunity = 
sev]al simultane\s insurrections4 ,t 9  
,v5ezuela 0 cru%$ by a great e>?quake1  
:i* 0 accept$ z a sign ( div9e wra?4    
,among ! lead]s 0 ,boliv>1 :o retreat$  
to ,colombia4 ,a ,spani% v]sion (       
,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man _h be5 circulat$ 
!re1 & ! patriots 7 fight+ gallantly4   
,!re 7 _m bloody battles 9 ,v5ezuela &  
,colombia2 b bo? c\ntries 7 f9ally made 
free by ! battle ( ,c>abolo1 won on     
,june #bd1 #ahba1 by ,boliv>4  ,on ,july
 #bh?1 9 t same ye>1 ! indep5d5ce ( ,p]u
 0 proclaim$ by ,g5]al ,san ,m>t91 :o _h
 lib]at$ ,*ili1 ?ree ye>s previ\sly1 )  
an army :i* he l$ f ! ,arg5t9e ,republic
 across ! ,&es by pa?s nev] us$ ?us     
be=e4 ,8 decisive victories 7 won by !  
help ( emancipat$ slaves4 ,*ili w\ld h  
made him h] rul]2 b he ask$ only h] help
 aga9/ ! ,spani>ds1 :o 7 conc5trat$ 9   
,p]u4 ,!re he f\nd su* disord] z l$ him 
to decl>e himself ,protector2 b ?is made

 him s unpopul> t he resign$ 8 p[] &    
left ! cont95t :i* he _h done m ?an     
anyone else to lib]ate4  ,! w> w5t on   
until ! hold ( ,spa9 on ,am]ica 0 brok5 
=ev] by a battle f\ght1 #ab1jjj feet    
above ! sea1 on ,decemb] #i1 #ahbf1 at  
,ayacu*o1 a "n giv5 long be=e by        
,indians :o _h f\ght !re among !mselves1
 & mean+ ! ,corn] ( ,dea?4 ,con/itutions
 l t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h already be5   
proclaim$2 too mu* p[] 0 held by ,boliv>
 & o!r despots2 b !y did n keep ! p 9   
su* pov]ty1 ignorance1 & apa?y z _h be5 
inflict$ by ,spa94 ,p>aguay1 h[ev]1 _h a
 tyrant :o dress$ himself aft] a        
c>icature ( ,napoleon1 & tri$ to imitate
 8 despotism1 b _h no?+ ( 8 g5ius4      
,francia 0 "o ( ,c>lyle's model rul]s1  
p]haps because he all[$ no elections1   
juries1 public meet+s1 or newspap]s1 &  
s5t ev]yone :o talk$ politics to prison4
 ,m5 :o w\ld n take (f _! hats to him 7 
cut d[n by 8 gu>ds2 & timid boys 7 se5  
runn+ ?r\gh ! /reets ) no o!r article ( 
dress4 ,!re 7 no imports or exports1    

except by special p]mission2 & goods co/
 t5 times z mu* z at ,bu5os ,ayres4     
,equality ( races 0 s\ght by degrad+ !  
:ites2 b ,francia's reign _h ! "o m]it (
 peace4  ,,ix4 ,intellig5t ,spani>ds 7  
provok$ at _! k+'s failure to suppress !
 rebellion2 & ! soldi]s :o 7 call$      
toge!r = ?is purpose 9 #ahai _h be5 s   
badly paid t !y plott$ ) ! fri5ds (     
progress4 ,a revolt broke out 9 ! camp  
on ! fir/ day ( #ahbj2 & x 0 soon foll[$
 by "o at ,madrid1 :]e ! dungeon ( !    
,inquisition 0 brok5 op54 ,! ,k+ 0 =c$  
to re/ore ! ,con/itution :i* _h be5     
fram$ by ! patriots 9 #ahab1 aft] !     
model ( ! ,fr5* in/rum5t ( #agia4 ,!    
prospect ( fre$om 9 religion made !     
cl]gy & peasantry mut9\s4 ,! reactioni/s
 9 ,france & ,spa9 f\nd fav\r ) !       
sov]eigns ( ,russia1 ,au/ria1 &         
,prussia4 ,! ,lib]al ,gov]nm5t 0 ov]?r[n
 9 ,april1 #ahbc1 by a ,fr5* army4 ,!   
peasants took sides ) ! invad]s1 & _m   
patriots 7 massacr$ by ! populace4      
,absolute mon>*y & o!r anci5t iniquities

 7 re/or$1 b n ! ,inquisition4 ,france  
w\ld h gone on to subdue ! rebels 9 ,s\?
 ,am]ica = h] own b5efit2 b ?is 0       
prev5t$ by ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry1 :i* 0 n[  
%[+ ! lib]alis+ influ5ce ( peace4       
,napoleon's despotism _h ! awful &      
baneful gr&eur ( an eruption (          
,vesuvius2 b 8 despicable enemies m]ely 
kept up ! oppression ( 8 empire )\t its 
glory4 ,_! "w complet$ 81 z ! la/ ( !   
petty emp]ors at ,rome & ,con/ant9ople  
%[$ ! legitimate t5d5cy ( ! political   
sy/em ( ! mighty f\nd]4 ,caes> &        
,napoleon _h mu* 9 common z conqu]ors2 b
 x %[$ f> m greatness to f\nd an empire 
:i* endur$ = fifte5 c5turies1 ?an "o :i*
 held toge!r = sc>cely z _m ye>s4 ,ev5 t
 l5g? ( despotism 0 sadly too long = !  
welf>e ( mank9d4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4      
,,fruits ,,( ,,peace  ,,exig5cies ( w>  
_h giv5 ! ,briti% nobles a despotic p[]1
 :i* !y reta9$ long aft] x ceas$ to be  
ne$$ = ! nation's safety4 ,! ,k+ 0 _!   
puppet & ,p>liam5t _! prop]ty4 ,! laws 7
 fram$ & adm9i/]$ = _! protection &     

emolum5t4 ,cl]gy1 army1 militia1 &      
police 7 all organis$ = keep+ ! p d[n2 &
 education c\ld d no?+ to raise ! l[ly4 
,p5sions & sal>ies1 ev5 9 ! ,*ur*1 7    
res]v$ = memb]s & s]vants ( !           
ari/ocracy1 ) little c>e = ! public     
good4 ,wages 7 l[1 food de>1 illit]acy  
common1 & paup]s num]\s4 ,ev5 ! middle  
class 0 9 great "p disfran*is$2 taxation
 0 ne$lessly sev]e2 ! press 0 re/rict$  
griev\sly2 & ,irel& 0 %amefully         
oppress$4  ,i4 ,z public att5tion ceas$ 
to be absorb$ by victori\s g5]als1 x    
turn$ to ! mis]ies ( ! poor2 & !re 0 mu*
 discussion ( plans = _! relief4 ,e>ly 9
 ! c5tury x became g5]ally kn[n t ,rob]t
 ,ow5's factories 7 unusually pr(itable1
 on acc\nt ( :at he did = ! intellig5ce1
 heal?1 & happ9ess ( ! op]atives4 ,8    
pamphlet1 publi%$ 9 #ahac1 & (t5 repr9t$
 z a ,new ,view ( ,society argu$ /rongly
 = univ]sal education z ! rem$y = pov]ty
 & crime2 public op9ion 0 mu* enlight5$ 
on ! ,cont95t1 z well z 9 ,engl&2 b a   
sagaci\s memb] ( ! ,briti% ari/ocracy   

said to him3 ,oh1 ,i see x all6 ,no?+   
c\ld be m complete = ! work+-classes2 b 
:at w become ( u8  ,ow5 compla9$ 9 ?is  
pamphlet t ,sabbat>ianism d5i$ innoc5t &
 *e]ful recreation to ! lab\r+ man2 & he
 spoke 9 public ( ! influ5ce ( religion 
on progress1 ) a ho/ility :i* sadly     
injur$ 8 popul>ity4 ,8 life 0 exam9$ ) a
 jeal\sy :i* br\ght to light only its   
elevation4 ,! opposition ( p :o ?\ght   
!mselves respectable drove him into     
agitation = :at he 0 ! fir/ to call     
,socialism4 ,he publi%$ on ,may #a1     
#ahbj1 8 plan = =m+ villages1 :]e ! p 7 
to "w "u ! sup]vision ( ! elde/1 & be   
freely p]mitt$ to receive f ! g5]al /ore
 ( ! community :atev] !y might require4 
,^! la/ words conta9 ! *>act]i/ic       
pr9ciple ( ,socialism1 t e lab\r] is to 
be paid accord+ to 8 ne$s1 :atev] !     
value ( ! "w4  ,a doz5 su* exp]im5ts 7  
made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t #ahbe2 b x 
0 f\nd impossible to unle>n ! exp]i5ce (
 ! race4 ,progress has consi/$ 9 br++   
ea* man's welf>e into m exact proportion

 to ! value ( 8 "w4 ,?is t5d5cy has nev]
 safely be5 susp5d$1 except "u su*      
co]cion z has kept up indu/ry & economy 
among monks1 ,rappites1 ,%ak]s1 & o!r   
docile en?usia/s4 ,! coop]ative /ores   
:i* ,ow5 0 among ! fir/ to op5 seem to h
 fail$ because ! sal>ies 7 n high en\gh 
to secure skilful manag]s4  ,,ii4 ,!    
pro( t a re=m] 0 be=e 8 age is ! fact t 
lat] ye>s caught up ) him2 & ?is is by  
no means s true ( ,ow5 z ( ,b5?am1 :o   
decl>$ ,socialism impracticable4 ,he 0  
"o ( ! fir/ to advocate woman suffrage  
7,works1 vol4 iii41 p4 #dfc71 sav+s     
banks1 *eap po/age1 collection (        
/ati/ics1 direction ( puni%m5t t[>ds    
re=mation1 & repeal ( usury laws4 ,8    
bulky volumes are 9 great "p occupi$ )  
sugge/ions = mak+ ! c\rts ( ju/ice less 
dilatory & unc]ta91 less exp5sive to !  
poor1 & less p>tial to ! ri*4 ,8        
,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation     
decl>$1 9 #aghg1 t ! sole end ( a rul]  
ought to be ! happ9ess ( all ! p1 & t   
?is rule %\ld be ! basis ( e?ics z well 

z politics4 ,"o ( 8 publications 9 #ahag
 claim$ ! suffrage = e man & woman :o   
c\ld read1 b insi/$ t ?is w\ld be worse 
?an no?+ )\t t %ield to fre$om1 ! secret
 ballot4 ,an oppon5t :o fe>$ t ?is w\ld 
de/roy private prop]ty 0 answ]$ ?us3    
,has he ev] he>d ( ,p5nsylvania8 ,!     
compla9t t fre$om ( ! press to expose   
corrupt (ficials might weak5 ! gov]nm5t 
0 met by %[+ t !re c be no good gov]nm5t
 )\t x4 ,to ?9k our ance/ors wis] ?an u1
 he says1 is to take x = grant$ t x is n
 exp]i5ce b inexp]i5ce t is ! "m (      
wisdom4  ,b5?am's be/ "w 0 9 s[+ se$ t 8
 fri5ds might reap ! h>ve/4 ,o!r au?ors 
7 g5]\sly assi/$ by 8 manuscripts1      
purse1 & libr>y2 & !re has be5 no /rong]
 advocate ( re=m ?an ! ,we/m9/] ,review1
 :i* he f\nd$ 9 #ahbd4 ,! fir/ numb] %[$
 t ! ,:igs 7 too mu* l ! ,tories4 ,_!   
lead]s 7 noblem5 or millionaires2 _!    
fav\rite measure1 abolition ( rott5     
bor\ghs1 0 ma9ly 9 ! int]e/ ( ! middle  
class2 & _! policy t[>ds ! masses 0 a   
seesaw betwe5 promis+ elevation &       

p]mitt+ oppression4 ,?is article 0 by   
,james ,mill1 :o %[$ 9 a lat] numb] t   
any *ur* :i* 0 e/abli%$ mu/1 on t       
acc\nt1 be bigot$4 ,8 essay ,on         
,gov]nm5t urges t ! masses _c be        
protect$ unless fully repres5t$4 ,!y _h 
n yet f\nd out all !y ne$$2 b education 
w\ld tea* x2 & occasional mi/akes w\ld n
 be s bad z sy/ematic oppression4 ,among
 8 able/ books is a def5ce ( !          
rationalism1 bequea!d by ! eighte5?     
c5tury1 aga9/ ,transc5d5talism1 :i*     
eclips$ x dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?4 
,! inspiration ( ! new philosophy 0 add$
 to t ( _m new re=ms2 & a glori\s       
lit]ature blossom$ 9 ! long summ] (     
peace4 ,wordswor?'s fe> ( too mu* lib]ty
 did n prev5t 8 enc\rag+ intellectual   
indep5d5ce mo/ impressively4 ,scott tri$
 to revive ! decl9+ _s ( loyalty2 b !   
result 0 univ]sal admiration ( rebels & 
sympa?y ) peasants4 ,_m au?ors :o adapt$
 !mselves mu* m closely & int5tionally  
to ! ne$s ( ! age ceas$ long ago1 = ?is 
v reason1 to f9d read]s4 ,?is1 =        

in/ance1 0 ! fate ( ! indefatigable     
,cobbett4  ,l&or1 on ! o!r h&1 0        
unpopul> f ! fir/1 because devotion to  
,greek & ,lat9 lit]ature made 8 /yle z  
well z "s ( 8 fav\rite topics un9t]e/+1 
except = s*ol>ly p :o 7 soon (f5d$ by   
su* rem>ks z ,law 9 ,engl& & 9 mo/ o!r  
c\ntries is ! cr[n ( inju/ice4 ,accord+ 
to h] laws & usages1 ,brutus w\ld h be5 
hang$ at ,newgate2 ,cato buri$ ) a /ake 
?r\gh 8 body 9 ! highroad2 ,cic]o       
transport$ to ,botany ,bay4 ,c]ta9 ,i   
am1 t sev]al ( ! bi%ops w\ld n h patt$  
,ca9 ^u ! back :ile he 0 ab\t to kill   
,abel4 ,a pe]age ,i consid] z ! p>k-pal+
 ( despotism4 ,9 8 ,imag9>y             
,conv]sations1 ,h(] & ,mett]ni*1 !      
emp]ors ( ,russia & ,*9a1 ! k+s ( ,spa9 
& ,portugal1 ! ,spani% prie/1 ,m]9o1 &  
_m o!r extraord9>y p]sonages tell h[    
badly ,engl& 0 gov]n$ by ! h]$it>ily    
wise1 & :at a mis=tune x 0 = all        
,europe1 to h h] rul]s enjoy su* an     
intimate & univ]sal fri5d%ip z 0 nev]   
kn[n among _! pr$ecessors4  ,no writ]   

has spok5 m mightily ?an ,byron aga9/ ! 
blasphemy ( ascrib+ div9e au?ority to ^!
 royal vampires4 ,he knew t ,napoleon _h
 be5 ! sc\rge ( ! _w2 b he 0 indignant  
to see ! m5 :o _h /ruck d[n ! lion      
kneel+ be=e wolves2 & yet he look$ =w>d 
to ! reign ev]y:]e ( equal rights &     
laws4 ,he spoke freely ( ! sac]dotal ga9
 b g5]al loss 9 sup]/ition2 & 8 own     
highe/ fai? 0 t !y :o die 9 a great     
cause w\ld       ,augm5t ! deep & sweep+
 ?\ghts      ,:i* ov]p[] all o!rs &     
conduct      ,! _w at la/ to fre$om4  ,8
 poems reveal$ ! gr&eur ( sc5]y1 z well 
z hi/ory1 & made delight 9 m\nta9s &    
?und]/orms felt z an ennobl+ influ5ce4  
,8 spee*es 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords 7 pleas = 
p>liam5t>y re=m1 ,ca?olic emancipation1 
& m]cy to riot]s infuriat$ by fam9e4 ,9 
#ahbj1 he 0 "o ( ! lead+ ,c>bon>i 9     
,italy2 he gave 8 life to help ! ,greeks
 become free2 & 8 "n is /ill a wat*word 
( revolution4  ,8 fri5d1 ,%elley1 w5t s 
f> 9 ! same direction z to call himself 
a republican1 z well z an a!i/4 ,8 life 

0 pure 9 8 own eyes2 b 8 op9ions ab\t   
divorce 7 puni%$ by a decision 9 ,*anc]y
 t he 0 unfit to be tru/$ ) 8 own       
*ildr54 ,he _h consecrat$ himself 9     
boyhood to w> aga9/ all oppressors2 & 8 
position to ! la/ 0 t ( 8 own ,prome!us1
 suff]+ cont9ually ) ! enslav$1 b       
consol$ by fai? t 8 sympa?y w ha/5 !    
glori\s day :5 e man %all be k+ ov]     
himself1 :5 wom51 free f cu/om's evil   
ta9t1 %all make e>? l heav51 :5 ?rones1 
alt>s1 judgm5t-seats1 & prisons %all    
seem z antiquat$ z ! pyramids1 & :5     
human nature %all be its own div9e      
control4 ,he took ! side ( ! poor aga9/ 
! ri* 9 a drama :i* 0 suppress$ on      
acc\nt ( its sev]ity aga9/ ,george      
,,iv41 & :i* ends ) a port5t\s sc5e1 :]e
       ,fre$om calls ,fam9e1 h] et]nal  
foe1      ,to brief alliance4  ,he spoke
 z well z wrote = ! indep5d5ce ( ,irel&2
 & he w\ld h done mu* = t ( ,greece1 if 
he _h n di$ soon aft] publi%+ a         
magnific5t trag$y1 9 :i* he %[$ :at     
cruel massacres 7 p]petrat$ :ile ! rul]s

 ( ,*ri/5dom refus$ to help ,*ri/ian    
patriots aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,byron is call$
 ! poet ( revolution2 b ,%elley 0 ! poet
 ( lib]ty4 ,"o 0 l a pa9t] :o captivat$ 
! multitude1 sometimes by 8 brilliancy (
 col\r1 sometimes by 8 tragic pa?os1 &  
sometimes by 8 amor\s w>m?4 ,! o!r 0 l a
 sculptor :o left a few /atues &        
tablets1 fanciful 9 design & maje/ic 9  
execution1 = ! delight ( connoisseurs4  
,=tunately ! m>ble is likely to outla/ !
 canvas4  ,,iii4 ,^! poets &            
philan?ropi/s help$ ! p ( ,engl& contra/
 ! wrongs !y 7 suff]+ ) ! rights !y     
ought to h4 ,t love ( lib]ty :i* drove  
out ! ,/u>ts reviv$1 z despotism 0 se5  
to increase paup]ism & excite m crime   
?an x suppress$4 ,! conflict betwe5     
republicanism & mon>*y 9 ,europe _h     
*ang$ to "o betwe5 despotism &          
con/itutionalism2 & peace made ,engl&   
free to resume ! advanc$ position %e _h 
held 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! decl>ation 
( ,presid5t ,monroe1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbc1 
t ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld n p]mit ! ,s\?   

,am]ican republics to be ov]?r[n by any 
despot 9 ,europe1 ga9$ mu* au?ority f ! 
concurr5ce ( ! ,briti% ,m9i/ry2 & !     
latt] 0 induc$ by ,cann+ to =m t        
alliance ) ,france & ,russia :i* gave   
indep5d5ce to ,greece4  ,! attack on !  
slave-trade1 :i* began :ile ,engl& 0 at 
peace ) h] neighb\rs1 _h slack5$ 9 !    
%ad[ ( ! long w>4 ,! wick$ traffic 0    
prohibit$ 9 #ahjg2 b little m c\ld be   
done be=e #ahbc4 ,!n an appeal =        
emancipation 9 ! ,we/ ,indies 0 made to 
,p>liam5t by ,wilb]=ce & o!r organis$   
abolitioni/s2 & ! agitation w5t on until
 victory 0 made possible by ! rescue ( !
 ,h\se ( ,commons f ! ari/ocrats4 ,!    
acts =bidd+ work+m5 to comb9e = high]   
wages1 or to emigrate 7 repeal$ 9 #ahbd4
 ,! crim9al laws _h already be5         
mitigat$1 & "s protection giv5 to *ildr5
 9 factories2 & ! duties on wool & raw  
silk 7 n[ r$uc$1 to ! common b5efit (   
consum]1 manufactur]1 & op]ative4  ,!   
,:igs 7 /rong en\gh 9 #ahbh to repeal ! 
,te/ ,act1 :i* _h be5 pass$ 9 #afgc1 = !

 purpose ( enabl+ ! ,episcopalians to   
hold all ! (fices1 b _h become a dead   
lett] s f> z reg>d$ ,prote/ants4 ,!     
,h\se ( ,lords gave way unwill+ly2 & "o 
( ! bi%ops secur$ su* a compromise z    
kept ,jews out ( ,p>liam5t = ! next     
?irty ye>s4 ,consci5ti\s scruples aga9/ 
tak+ oa?s 7 treat$ at ?is "t ) due      
respect2 & all ,briti% ,prote/ants      
became equals be=e ! law4 ,cann+ _h     
already made ! ,h\se ( ,commons will+ to
 emancipate ,ca?olics2 b nei!r ?is re=m 
nor t ( aboli%+ rott5 bor\ghs c\ld pass 
! b5* ( bi%ops2 & ! ,*ur* /ood 9 ! way (
 a plan = free public s*ools4 ,x 0 !    
organis$ resi/ance ( all ,irel& to      
disfran*isem5t ( ,ca?olics :i* won      
tol]ation f a ,tory ,m9i/ry4 ,its lead]1
 ,well+ton1 c>$ no?+ = public op9ion or 
! p's rights2 b he 0 too good a g5]al to
 risk a w> ) a unit$ nation4 ,ev5 !     
m9i/] ^: sympa?y ) ,orangem5 _h won !   
nickname ( ,orange ,peel decl>$ t x 0 "t
 to yield4 ,popul> prejudice aga9/      
,romanism _h be5 mu* dim9i%$ by         

gratitude = ! aid giv5 by ,ca?olic      
allies aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,! bi%ops ralli$
 ar\nd ! ,k+1 :o _h nev] be=e be5       
influ5c$ by :at he call$ religion2 b he 
0 =c$ to sign1 on ,april #ac1 #ahbi1 !  
bill :i* end$ a /rife t _h curs$ ,europe
 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,two-?irds ( !     
bi%ops resi/$ to ! la/2 & ! ,tory p>ty 0
 s badly divid$ z to be unable to prev5t
 ,engl& f foll[+ ! example set next ye> 
by ,france4  ,,iv4 ,by ! ,con/itution ( 
#ahad1 ! p[] belong$ ma9ly to ! ,p>isian
 bank]s1 m]*ants1 & manufactur]s4 ,^! m5
 pref]r$ con/itutional mon>*y to ei!r   
democracy or milit>y despotism2 b !y    
meant to ma9ta9 _! own rights2 & !y 7   
mu* (f5d$ at ! attempts ( ,*>les ,x4 to 
*eck m5tal progress & revive sup]/ition4
 ,8 plans = fett]+ ! press 7 vot$ d[n 9 
! ,*amb] ( ,nobles2 j\rnali/s prosecut$ 
by 8 ord]s 7 acquitt$ by ! c\rts2 & he  
c\ld n en=ce a law "u :i* burgl>s :o    
robb$ a ,ca?olic *ur* w\ld h m\nt$ !    
guillot9e4  ,e>ly 9 #ahcj1 he dissolv$ !
 ,legislature = decl>+ t he 0 n gov]n+  

accord+ to ! wi% ( ! p4 ,! c&idates next
 elect$ 7 two to "o aga9/ him4 ,on      
,monday1 ,july #bf1 appe>$ 8 ord9ances  
=bidd+ publication ( newspap]s )\t 8    
p]mission1 unseat+ all ! deputies j     
*os51 & ?reat5+ t subsequ5t elections   
w\ld be empty =malities4 ,! plan 0 l t (
 #agig2 b ?is "t ! soldi]s 9 ,p>is 7 few
 9 numb] & ill-suppli$ ) provisions1    
:ile _! g5]al 0 n ev5 notifi$ ( 8       
appo9tm5t4 ,! police all[$ ! j\rnali/s  
to spread ! news ?r\gh\t ,p>is & publi% 
a prote/ decl>+ t !y w\ld n obey !      
ord9ances & appeal+ to ! p = support4 ,!
 lead]1 ,?i]s1 _h already call$ = a k+  
:o w\ld reign b n gov]n4 ,lawy]s &      
magi/rates pron\nc$ ! ord9ances illegal4
 ,pr9t]s & o!r employ]s told _! m5 t !  
next day w\ld be a holiday4  ,on        
,tuesday1 ! cr[ds ( op]atives1 cl]ks1   
/ud5ts1 ragg$ m5 & boys c\ld n be       
disp]s$ by ! police4 ,m>mont took comm& 
( ! troops t aft]noon1 & %ot a few      
insurg5ts4 ,t night all ! /reet-lamps 7 
put out2 ?\s&s ( b>ricades w5t up1 aft] 

plans b rec5tly inv5t$2 & gun-%ops1     
p[d]-magaz9es1 ars5als1 & ev5 museums 7 
brok5 op54 ,on ,w$nesday1 !re 0 a new   
city gov]nm5t 9 ! ,hotel de ,ville2     
ev]y:]e hung ! tri-col\r$ bann] (       
,napoleon & ! ,republic2 & ! tocs9 call$
 out a hundr$ ?\s& rebels 9 arms4 ,!    
weapons ( ,crusad]s 7 se5 side by side )
 ! bayonets & uni=ms ( ! ,national      
,gu>d1 :i* _h be5 reviv$ by ,napoleon b 
disb&$ by ,*>les ,x4  ,m>mont's ord]s 7 
to cle> ! /reets t aft]noon2 b ! soldi]s
 7 met ev]y:]e by a heavy fire & a %[] (
 pav+ /ones & furniture4 ,"o patriotic  
girl 0 said to h sacrific$ h] piano4    
,all ! deta*m5ts 7 f9ally hemm$ 9 betwe5
 b>ricades & cr[ds ( rebels ) pikes1    
muskets1 & bayonets4 ,dur+ ! night !y 7 
conc5trat$ ar\nd ! ,tuil]ies1 :]e !y    
suff]$ greatly f hung] & ?ir/1 z !y _h  
done dur+ ! day4 ,_! ammunition 0 almo/ 
exhau/$2 & new b>ricades 7 put up ar\nd 
!m4 ,m>mont ord]$ t !re %\ld be no m    
fir+1 except 9 self-def5ce1 & tri$ 9 va9
 to make truce ) ! rebels4 ,! latt] 7   

jo9$ on ,?ursday by ! regim5ts 9 !      
,place ,v5dome4 ,?is position 0 entru/$ 
to "p ( ! ,swiss :o _h def5d$ ! ,l\vre2 
b ! o!rs 7 soon driv5 out by m5 & boys  
:o sw>m$ 9 at ungu>d$ doors & w9d[s4    
,all ! soldi]s took flight t noon f     
,p>is4  ,all ?is "t ! ,k+ 0 amus+       
himself at ,/4 ,cl\d1 & boa/+ t !re w\ld
 be no concessions4 ,he n[ (f]$ to      
dismiss 8 ,m9i/ry & revoke ! ord9ances2 
b m ?an a ?\s& lives _h be5 lo/4 ,!     
,p>isians m>*$ aga9/ him3 he abdicat$ & 
fl$3 ! ,b\rbons _h ceas$ to reign4 ,! m5
 :o _h f\ght aga9/ him call$ = a        
republic ) univ]sal suffrage & no ,/ate 
*ur*2 b ! weal?i] citiz5s 7 afraid ( w> 
) ,russia & ,au/ria4 ,a desc5dant (     
,l\is ,,xiii4 & a fri5d ( ,?i]s 0 made  
,k+ by ! ,legislature4 ,he call$ himself
 ,l\is ,philippe1 & promis$ cordially to
 c>ry out ! ,con/itution1 :i* n[ meant  
fre$om ( ! press1 & equal privileges =  
all ,*ri/ian *ur*es4 ,! supremacy (     
,rome 9 ,france 0 at an end4 ,seats 9 ! 
,upp] ,h\se c\ld no long] be inh]it$2 & 

! "r to vote = deputies 0 giv5 to twice 
z _m ,fr5*m5 z be=e4 ,patriots 9 all    
nations 7 enc\rag$2 & ! ,swiss cantons  
became m democratic2 b ,hegel 0 fright5$
 to dea?4  ,among o!r results 7         
unsuccessful revolts 9 ,rome & ,w>saw1 )
 successful ones 9 ,brussels1 ,cassell1 
& ,dresd54 ,! subjection to ,holl&1 :i* 
_h be5 impos$ by ! ,congress ( ,vi5na1 0
 hat$ by ! ,belgians1 p>tly because x   
made education secul>1 & p>tly because x
 gave !m only half ! ,legislature1 & v  
few (fices else:]e1 al?\gh !y =m$       
?ree-fif?s ( ! population4 ,prie/s 7    
active 9 /irr+ up ! revolt :i* began at 
,brussels on ,augu/ #be1 #ahcj1 aft] !  
p]=mance ( an op]a tell+ h[ ,masaniello 
_h set ,naples free4 ,! ,dut* 7 driv5   
out2 ,belgium 0 made a sep>ate          
con/itutional mon>*y by ! vote ( a      
conv5tion ( deputies2 ,france & ,engl&  
help$ h] ma9ta9 political indep5d5ce2 b 
x 0 to ! loss ( intellectual lib]ty4    
,v4 ,! success ( rebellion ) ! pressure 
( h>d times enabl$ ! ,:igs to c>ry      

,engl& = p>liam5t>y re=m4 ,peel &       
,well+ton ha/5$ _! fall by boa/+ t !re  
c\ld be no improvem5t ( a ,legislature  
:i* accept$ memb]s = places )\t any     
inhabitants1 b n = ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1    
,man*e/]1 or "s p>ts ( ,london1 & :i*   
actually enabl$ "o ,scot*man to elect   
himself z sole repres5tative ( f\rte5   
?\s& p1 9 a di/rict :]e he 0 ! only     
vot]4  ,! p 7 s discont5t$ ) ! :ole     
sy/em ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 t ?\s&s (        
sympa?is]s ga!r$ ar\nd ,cobbett 9 ,july1
 #ahca1 :5 he 0 tri$ = pr9t+ a /atem5t t
 riots ( f>m h&s 7 do+ good 9 =c+ !     
cl]gy to r$uce _! ti!s4 ,"l ,br\gham1 :o
 _h be5 made ,*ancellor1 0 among !      
witnesses to ! g5]ally pacific t5d5cy ( 
,cobbett's writ+s4 ,! jury did n agree2 
& ! ,gov]nm5t gave up ! case4 ,!re 0 b  
little m political p]secution ( ,briti% 
au?ors4  ,re=m triumph$ t autumn 9 !    
,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords w\ld
 !n h be5 conqu]$1 if ! bi%ops _h act$ l
 successors ( ! apo/les2 b tw5ty-"o out 
( tw5ty-?ree vot$ = prolong+ _! own     

dom9ion4 ,_! conduct made x unsafe = !m 
to we> _! peculi> co/ume 9 ! /reets4    
,bells toll$1 & newspap]s put on m\rn+4 
,!re 7 riots 9 all ! ca!dral t[ns4 ,a   
duke's ca/le 0 burn$1 because he insi/$ 
t ! votes ( 8 t5ants 7 8 private        
prop]ty1 & attempts to puni% !          
inc5di>ies br\ght ,bri/ol1 "o ,sunday1  
into ! h&s ( a mob :i* burn$ ! bi%op's  
palace1 ! cu/om-h\se1 & _m o!r build+s4 
,x 0 agre$ by a meet+ ( a hundr$ ?\s& p 
at ,birm+ham1 t no m taxes %\ld be paid 
until ,p>liam5t 0 re=m$2 & on v _m      
h\ses1 especially 9 ,london1 !re 0 !    
foll[+ notice3 ,to save ! ,collector    
unnecess>y tr\ble1 he is in=m$ t ,no    
,taxes on ?is h\se w be paid1 until !   
,re=m ,bill pass into a ,law4 ,x 0 at a 
meet+ to enc\rage ?is c\rse t ,sydney   
,smi?1 :o _h done good s]vice = ,ca?olic
 emancipation1 told h[ va9ly ,mrs4      
,p>t+ton tri$ to sweep back ! ,atlantic1
 dur+ a great /orm1 & add$3 ,be quiet & 
/eady4 ,y w beat ,mrs4 ,p>t+ton4  ,!    
episcopal ,p>t+tons cont9u$ to be ev5 m 

ho/ile ?an ! lay memb]s ( ! ,h\se (     
,lords2 b all f9ally yield$ to ! ?reat t
 !re w\ld be new pe]s en\gh creat$ to   
vote !m d[n4 ,a popul> song made ! ,re=m
 ,bill boa/ t1 ,tw5ty pe]s %all c>ry me1
 ,if tw5ty won't1 !n =ty w2 ,= ,i 'm 8  
,maje/y's b\nc+ ,bill4  ,! ?rone 0 !n   
fill$ by ,william ,,iv41 :o reign$ f    
#ahcj to #ahcg1 & :o gave 8 cons5t1 ?\gh
 sometimes unwill+ly1 to sev]al ( !     
greate/ re=ms ev] pass$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!    
bill :i* he sign$ on ,june #g1 #ahcb1   
enabl$ #ada memb]s ( ,p>liam5t to be    
elect$ by popul\s di/ricts hi!rto       
unrepres5t$1 in/ead ( by little bor\ghs 
:]e ! vot]s 7 s few z to be b\ght up    
easily1 or else intimidat$ con/antly2 & 
! fran*ise 0 also mu* ext5d$1 ?\gh n    
outside ( ! middle class4 ,?us ,great   
,brita9 ceas$ to be gov]n$ by a league (
 irresponsible nobles1 bi%ops1 & o!r    
lords ( va/ e/ates4  ,,vi4 ,!y _h kept !
 l[] classes ignorant1 9 ord] to secure 
ob$i5ce2 & _! me?ods 7 n giv5 up at     
once4 ,newspap]s _h already become !    

*ief tea*]s ( politics2 & !re=e !y 7 "u 
a triple tax4 ,a duty on pap] add$      
"o-f\r? to ! co/ ( publication4 ,!re 0  
also a tax ( ?ree-&-sixp5ce on ea*      
adv]tisem5t2 & m ( ?is lucrative bus9ess
 0 done by ! publi%]s 9 ,new ,york ,city
 ?an by all ^? 9 ,great ,brita94 ,a ?ird
 exaction 0 t ( f\rp5ce = a /amp on e   
copy2 & prices 7 ?us prev5t$ f fall+    
bel[ sev5-p5ce1 except 9 case (         
violation ( ! laws4 ,^! ?reat5$ f9e or  
imprisonm5t to :oev] %\ld publi% or sell
 any p]iodical co/+ less ?an sixp5ce1 & 
conta9+ news1 intellig5ce1 occurr5ces1 &
 rem>ks & obs]vations !reon1 t5d+ to    
excite hatr$ & contempt ( ! gov]nm5t &  
con/itution ( ?is c\ntry z by law       
e/abli%$1 & also to vilify religion4    
,?is purpose 0 av[$ explicitly1 9 s _m  
words1 by ,! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian1 :i* 
ann\nc$ t x 0 publi%$ contr>y to law &  
w\ld be sold = "o p5ny4 ,! circulation 0
 twice t ( ,! ,times1 & ! language (t5  
viol5t4 ,! publi%]1 ,he!r+ton1 0 s5t    
twice to prison = six mon?s2 & c\ld n g 

ab\t except disguis$ z a ,quak]4 ,8     
pap]s 7 pack$ 9 *e/s ( tea1 by an ag5t  
:o 0 aft]w>ds mayor ( ,man*e/]4 ,ano!r  
publi%]1 :o devot$ himself to reports ( 
crim9al trials1 us$ to s5d !m out 9     
c(f9s4 ,_m un/amp$ p]iodicals 7 9       
circulation4 ,"s deal]s c>ri$ !m ab\t 9 
_! hats & pockets4 ,o!rs hawk$ !m 9 !   
/reets1 & decl>$1 :5 s5t5c$ to prison1 t
 !y %\ld resume ! bus9ess on ! same spot
 z soon z !y 7 releas$4 ,paid in=m]s &  
spies help$ ! ,:ig ,gov]nm5t c>ry on m  
?an two hundr$ prosecutions 9 #ahce1 & m
 ?an five hundr$ previ\sly4             
,subscription boxes = ! relief ( !      
m>tyrs c\ld be se5 ev]y:]e4             
,remon/rances 7 sign$ & indignation     
meet+s held 9 ,london & ,man*e/]4 ,!    
,society = ! ,repeal ( ,all ,taxes on ,k
 kept up a vigor\s agitation1 :i* 0 aid$
 by ,bulw] 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,at la/ !       
publi%]s :o b\ght /amps f\nd !y c\ld n  
compete ) m5 :o b\ght none4 ,?is duty1 &
 also t on adv]tisem5ts1 7 r$uc$ 9      
#ahcf2 & ! result 0 s gratify+1 ev5 to  

publi%]s ( ! be/ p]iodicals1 t all ^!   
taxes h be5 aboli%$4  ,prote/ant bigotry
 _h n prev5t$ unsect>ian public s*ools f
 be+ op5$ 9 ,irel& 9 #ahcc2 & t ye> is  
also memorable = ! abolition ( slav]y 9 
! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ext5sion ( univ]sal   
suffrage 9 ,scotl&1 ! beg9n+ ( free     
trade ) ,india & ,*9a1 ! removal (      
disability = (fice f ,h9doo subjects (  
,great ,brita91 ! protection ( *ildr5 f 
be+ ov]work$ 9 factories1 & !           
suppression ( sup]num]>y bi%ops &       
rectors 9 ,irel&4  ,dur+ ! next ?ree    
ye>s1 ! local gov]nm5t ( mo/ ,engli%    
t[ns & cities1 ?\gh n yet ( ,london1 0  
tak5 f corrupt olig>*ies & giv5 to all  
inhabitants :o paid ev5 a mod]ate r5t2  
seam5 ceas$ to be impress$2 ,iri%       
,ca?olics & ,engli% diss5t]s 7 enabl$ to
 m>ry )\t apo/asy2 vexati\s me?ods (    
collect+ ti!s 7 aboli%$ 9 ,engl&2 !     
poor-laws 7 made less fav\rable to !    
increase ( paup]ism2 & ! gr[? (         
prosp]ity & indep5d5ce among ! poor 0   
assi/$ by ! introduction ( a sy/em (    

unsect>ian education1 9 #ahci1 ?\gh !   
bi%ops w\ld h pref]r$ t "o-?ird ( ! p ( 
,engl& %\ld rema9 illit]ate4 ,p5ny      
po/age 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdj1 ! la/ ye> :5 
,great ,brita9 0 gov]n$ by ! ,:igs4     
,p>liam5t 0 s philan?ropic & tol]ant z  
to reject repeat$ly a proposal to impose
 heavy f9es = att5d+ secul> meet+s1     
visit+ eat+-h\ses1 travell+1 fi%+1 or   
hir+ horses on ,sunday4 ,lab\r1 too1 0  
to be =bidd51 b n t ( m5ial s]vants4    
,?is bill w\ld h prev5t$ ! poor f enjoy+
 _! only holiday2 b !re 0 to be no      
int]f]5ce ) ! pleasures ( ! ri*2 & !    
fact 0 po9t$ out by a "y man1 ^:        
,pickwick ,pap]s _h j begun to appe> 9  
mon?ly p>ts4 ,8 illu/rat$ pamphlet is   
entitl$3 ,sunday z x ,is2 z ,sabba?     
,bills w\ld ,make x2 z x might be ,made4
 ,x has be5 repr9t$ ) 8 plays & poems4  
,he tells h[ mu* 0 done = ! heal? &     
happ9ess ( ,london by ^? privileges :i* 
! ,sabbat>ians 7 try+ to aboli%2 & he   
%[s :at ga9 !re w\ld be 9 k & virtue f  
op5+ all ! museums & gall]ies ,sunday   

aft]noons4  ,! pamphlet %[s t delight 9 
! bright side ( life1 & t sympa?y ) !   
pleasures ( ! poor1 :i* won popul>ity = 
,! ,pickwick ,pap]s 9 #ahcf1 & aft]w>ds 
= ,! ,old ,curiosity ,%op & ! ,*ri/mas  
,c>ol4 ,! novels mo/ l ,sunday z x ,is1 
h[ev]1 are su* prote/s aga9/ bigotry &  
cruelty z ,oliv] ,twi/1 ,ni*olas        
,nickleby1 & ,b>naby ,rudge4 ,p[]ful    
pictures ( ! gloom ( t ,briti% ,sabba?  
:i* lock$ up ev]y?+ t c\ld by any       
possibility af=d relief to an ov]work$  
p1 may be f\nd 9 ,little ,dorrit2 & !   
plot turns on ! ,sabbat>ianism ( a cruel
 fanatic :o _h made felony "p ( h]      
religion4 ,mu* 0 done by ?is novel1 z   
well z by ,pickwick & ,ni*olas ,nickleby
 t[>ds ! abolition ( imprisonm5t = debt 
9 #ahfi4 ,8 tone 0 v mild1 comp>$ ) t ( 
! popul> orators4 ,resi/ance to bad laws
 0 urg$ by ,ri*>d ,c>lile2 & a cl]gyman 
nam$ ,taylor1 :o held ! ,gospel to be a 
sol> my?1 0 imprison$ on ,octob] #bd1   
#ahbg1 = say+ t ! fir/ m>tyrs = ,jesus  
,*ri/ 7 ! ,gad>5e pigs4 ,ano!r ,london  

lectur] decl>$ on ,sunday ev5+1 ,decemb]
 #b1 #ahcb1 t ,! elective fran*ise %\ld 
belong to wom51 z a "p ( ! p1 & aga9 t  
,wom5 are qualifi$ to elect & to be     
elect$ to all public (fices4 ,any       
argum5t = exclusion is ( t k9d :i* has  
ju/ifi$ e tyranny1 says ?is disc\rse1   
:i* 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1 on ,may #aa1   
#ahcc1 9 an ,am]ican newspap]1 ,! ,free 
,enquir]4 ,its columns %[ t a "y lady _h
 already pres5t$ v advanc$ ideas z a    
lectur] at ! ,rotunda 9 ,london2 b !    
g5]al op9ion ( ! sex 0 express$ by !    
wife ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,s&=d1 ^: popul>   
book decl>$ t ,!re is some?+ unfem99e 9 
indep5d5ce4 ,a really s5sible woman444  
is consci\s ( inf]iority4 ,! ,iri% h    
support$ !mselves s successfully 9      
,am]ica1 & obey$ ! laws s g5]ally1 z to 
prove t failure to d ei!r 9 ,irel& %\ld 
n be attribut$ to _! race or _!         
religion1 b :olly to _! oppression4     
,memory ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies
 0 all ! m bitt] 9 ! n9ete5?1 because ! 
de/itution ( ! peasantry 0 increas+     

hopelessly4 ,removal ( religi\s         
disabilities & re=m ( ,p>liam5t did n   
prev5t b&s ( arm$ peasants f fight+     
aga9/ attempts to take away _! cattle 9 
paym5t ( ! ti!s exact$ by well-paid     
dignit>ies ( ! hat$ ,*ur*4 ,x sometimes 
happ5$ t a doz5 ( ! combatants 7 kill$4 
,sydney ,smi? e/imat$ t ?is way ( keep+ 
up a /ate *ur* co/ a million lives1 f   
fir/ to la/1 & ,irel& _h to be z heavily
 g>rison$ z ,india1 until a less        
vexati\s sy/em 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahch4      
,municipal gov]nm5t 0 :olly 9 ! h&s (   
little corporations1 :i* _h ! sole p[] (
 elect+ new memb]s & seldom admitt$ a   
,ca?olic4 ,! rul+ olig>*y 0 to !        
population z "o to two hundr$ 9         
,lim]ick1 & only z "o to tw5ty-five     
hundr$ 9 ,prote/ant ,belfa/4 ,! "r (    
local self-gov]nm5t 0 giv5 to ! p ( ^!  
cities & a few o!rs 9 #ahdj2 b ev5 ?is  
small & t>dy ju/ice provok$ an ,engli%  
bi%op to ?reat5 t x w\ld call d[n       
v5geance f ,god4 ,full municipal        
suffrage ?r\gh\t ! isl& & a dome/ic     

,p>liam5t 7 dem&$ by all ,irel&1 "u !   
guidance ( ! mighty orator ,o',connell2 
b ! prejudice aga9/ 8 cause 9 ,great    
,brita9 0 made inv9cible by 8 d5\nc+ !  
,saxons1 z he call$ ! ,engli%1 = !      
crimes ( _! ance/ors4  ,,vii4 ,all re=ms
 /opp$ 9 #ahda1 :5 ! ,:igs lo/ !        
supremacy4 ,x 0 n _! fault t excess 9   
speculation on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic  
_h br\ght on a panic :i* ?rew ?\s&s ( p 
out ( "w 9 ! factory t[ns1 & r$uc$ o!r  
?\s&s to e>n+ only twop5ce a day4 ,a    
succession ( bad h>ve/s1 j be=e #ahda1  
made wages v l[ on ! f>ms1 & food too   
de> ev]y:]e4 ,bread 0 sold 9 halfp5ny   
slices2 lab\r]s robb$ pigs ( swill2     
*ildr5 f\ght ) dogs = bones 9 ! /reets2 
"o p]son 9 e elev5 0 a paup]2 & ,engl&  
seem$ to ,dick5s l "o va/ poorh\se4 ,!  
old ways ( giv+ *>ity _h be5 s lavi% &  
indiscrim9ate z to enc\rage paup]ism2 ! 
new sy/em ( relief prov$ really k9d]2 b 
at fir/ x 0 adm9i/]$ too sl[ly &        
cauti\sly = ! em]g5cy2 & !re 0 "s gr\nd 
= ! compla9ts 9 ,oliv] ,twi/4 ,k t      

paup]s 7 neglect$ /r5g!n$ ! belief ( !  
work+-m51 t all !y ne$$ to make !m z    
well (f z _! bre?r5 9 ,am]ica 0 !       
ballot4 ,pa9e1 ,cobbett1 & ,he!r+ton 7  
widely read2 manhood suffrage & a secret
 ballot 7 call$ ! ,p's ,*>t]2 & !re 7 m 
?an a million signatures to ! ,*>ti/    
petition 9 #ahci4 ,^! dem&s 7 j2 b ab\t 
"o ,engli%man 9 ?ree 0 unable to write 8
 "n at ?is "t2 & _m :o _h acquir$ ?is   
accompli%m5t knew dang]\sly little ab\t 
politics4 ,:5 we ?9k h[ mu* mis*ief has 
rec5tly be5 done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by   
illit]ate & v5al votes1 we _c blame     
,engli%m5 ( ! upp] & middle classes =   
delay+ to grant univ]sal suffrage4 ,!y  
ought to h made rapid prep>ation = x1 by
 lib]al enc\ragem5t ( popul> education  
?r\gh free s*ools & a *eap press2 b ev5 
! ,:igs 7 too indignant at ! viol5ce ( !
 ,*>ti/s1 :o made bloody riots 9 #ahda4 
,h[ ignorant ^! m5 7 0 %[n by _! do+ _! 
wor/ t ye> to help c>ry ! elections     
aga9/ ! ,:igs1 :o 7 mu* less ho/ile to  
,*>tism ?an ! ,cons]vatives1 z ^?       

,tories 7 call$ :o /ill condesc5d$ to   
politics4  ,! mo/ culpable blund] ( !   
,:igs _h be5 t ( all[+ ! rev5ue to fall 
bel[ ! exp5ses2 & ! policy !y _h propos$
 = mak+ up ! deficit 0 too mu* l t      
halfhe>t$ way ( deal+ ) slav]y :i*      
br\ght ru9 ^u ! p>ty ( ! same "n 9      
,am]ica4 ,! ,briti% t>iff 0 rais$ by !  
w> aga9/ ,napoleon1 z ! ,am]ican 0 "u   
simil> pressure aft]w>ds1 s high z 9 "s 
cases to prohibit imports & actually    
*eck rev5ue4 ,ei!r t>iff c\ld h be5 us$ 
z an almo/ complete li/ ( ! _w's        
products2 & bo? 7 fram$ on ! pr9ciple ( 
protect+ ev]ybody1 except consum]s1     
aga9/ competition4 ,great ,brita9       
un=tunately c\ld produce only "p ( !    
food ne$$ by ! p2 & ! t>iff 0 s mu* 9 ! 
int]e/ ( own]s ( l& z to make bread &   
meat de>] ?an if ! isl& _h be5 b>r54    
,importation ( cattle 0 prohibit$2 & t (
 :eat & o!r gra9 0 n p]mitt$ until      
prices 7 high en\gh to cause fam9e4 ,!n 
importation w\ld beg9 sl[ly1 & keep     
increas+ until ! supply ( bo? =eign- &  

home-gr[n :eat w\ld become l>ge en\gh to
 glut ! m>ket & make f>m]s bankrupt4 ,^!
 duties on gra91 :i* 7 kn[n z ! corn    
laws1 act$ ) simil> taxes on all o!r    
necess>ies ( life 9 impov]i%+ factory   
h&s & o!r memb]s ( ! work+ class4 ,!y 7 
told t ! laws :i* kept liv+ de> kept    
wages high2 b we %all see t ?is turn$   
out n to be ! fact4 ,! only real ga9]s  
by ! corn laws 7 ^? weal?y own]s ( great
 e/ates ( :om ,p>liam5t 0 compos$       
entirely1 ) ! exception ( a few memb]s (
 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4  ,t body all[$     
,man*e/] & o!r factory t[ns to s5d      
repres5tatives :o _h f\nd out ! t5d5cy (
 protectionism f _! own bus9ess         
exp]i5ce1 z well z f /udy ( political   
economy4 ,among ^! m5 0 ,cobd51 :o _h   
already plant$ himself 9 ! road to      
weal?1 b :o pref]r$ to rema9 poor t he  
might make ,engl& ri*4 ,he & 8          
associates knew t imports are paid = by 
export+ :at c be produc$ mo/ pr(itably2 
t no?+ is import$ :i* c\ld be produc$ z 
*eaply at home2 t l>ge imports make l>ge

 exports2 t ! av]age ,engli%man kn[s h[ 
to c>ry on 8 own bus9ess2 & t !         
,gov]nm5t c\ld n enc\rage any o!rwise   
unpr(itable indu/ry )\t *eck+ ! really  
pr(itable ones4 ,on ^! facts 7 bas$ !   
foll[+ pr$ictions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 free
 trade 9 gra9 & cattle w\ld l[] ! av]age
 price ( food 9 ,engl&1 & make ! supply 
s regul> t !re w\ld be no m fam9es4     
,second1 ^? c\ntries :i* 7 all[$ to s5d 
gra9 & cattle1 cotton & o!r raw         
mat]ials1 etc41 to ,engl& w\ld buy      
,briti% manufactures 9 return4 ,?ird1   
removal ( duties f raw mat]ials w\ld    
enable factories to produce goods m     
*eaply1 & sell l>g] quantities at home z
 well z abroad4 ,!n1 f\r?1 ?is increas$ 
activity 9 manufactur+ w\ld raise wages1
 :ile remission ( duties w\ld make all !
 necess>ies ( life *eap]1 s t paup]ism  
w\ld dim9i% & prosp]ity become m g5]al 9
 ! work+ class4 ,& f9ally1 ! comm]ce (  
,engl& ) o!r c\ntries w\ld gr[ rapidly  
to _! mutual b5efit2 & ?us int]national 
relations w\ld be kept fri5dly by free  

trade4  ,9 ?is fai? ! re=m]s at ,man*e/]
 & ,birm+ham ass]t$ ! "r ( all m5 to buy
 & sell freely1 & dem&$ ! removal ( all 
duties except ^? be/ adapt$ to br+ 9    
necess>y rev5ue4 ,!y 7 wise en\gh to    
attack ! mon/r\s t>iff at its weake/    
po9t1 ! tax on bread4 ,!                
,anti-,corn-,law ,league 0 organis$ 9   
#ahci2 ! spot :]e ! ,pet]loo massacre _h
 be5 p]petrat$1 tw5ty ye>s be=e1 0 soon 
us$ = a free trade banquet 9 :i* five   
?\s& work+-m5 took "p2 & appeals to ! p 
7 made 9 all p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,!          
,cons]vatives 7 all protectioni/s2 & s  
_m ,:igs 7 on t side t ^? lead]s :o 7   
oppos$ to ! bread tax did n d>e to come 
out aga9/ x4 ,!y did propose 9 #ahda to 
meet ! deficit 9 ! rev5ue by r$uc+ "s   
duties :i* 7 s high z to prev5t         
importation1 = in/ance1 ! tax on all    
sug> n gr[n 9 ,briti% colonies4 ,!      
protectioni/ ,:igs vot$ ) !             
,cons]vatives aga9/ ! ,m9i/ry2 & x _h to
 g out ( (fice )\t hav+ done en\gh aga9/
 ! corn laws to secure ! support ( !    

,league4 ,protectioni/s1 ,*>ti/s1 &     
oppon5ts ( ! new poor-law help$ to give 
! ,cons]vatives control ( ! next        
,p>liam5t1 :]e ! free-trad]s 7 "o to    
f\r4  ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,octob]1    
#ahda1 :5 ! ,league w5t to "w m         
vigor\sly ?an be=e 9 educat+ ! p1 &     
especially vot]s ( ! poor] class4 ,dur+ 
! next twelve mon?s1 half a million     
doll>s 0 sp5t 9 ?is "w4 ,9 #ahdc1 !re 7 
f\rte5 regul> lectur]s 9 ! field1       
besides c\ntless volunte]s1 & five      
hundr$ di/ributors ( tracts4 ,! annual  
numb] ( publications 0 ab\t t5 million  
copies2 & ! annual weight exce$$ a      
hundr$ tons4 ,! diss5t+ m9i/]s did good 
"w = re=m2 b ! ,episcopalian cl]gy 7 too
 fri5dly to a tax :i* kept up ! value ( 
ti!s4 ,! ,league soon _h ! support (    
,john ,bright1 :o 0 "o ( ! greate/ (    
,briti% orators4 ,prom95t among oppon5ts
 0 ! ,*>ti/ lead]1 ,fe>gus ,o',connor2 &
 ^? ,*>ti/s :o 7 n protectioni/s held t 
_! cause ought to take ! lead4 ,public  
op9ion 0 s /rongly = free trade 9 #ahde 

t ,p>liam5t took (f ! duties f cotton & 
o!r raw mat]ials1 9 hope ( conciliat+ ! 
manufactur]s2 b ^! latt] r$\bl$ _! ef=ts
 to aboli% ! tax on food4 ,subscriptions
 7 l>g] ?an ev]2 & mu* l& 0 b\ght by    
free-trad]s :o wi%$ to qualify !mselves 
z vot]s = memb]s ( ! next ,p>liam5t1 :i*
 w\ld h to be elect$ 9 or be=e #ahdh4   
,re=m seem$ /ill di/ant1 :5 ,%elley's   
prophecy 0 fulfill$4 ,fre$om's et]nal   
foe1 ,fam9e1 came sudd5ly to h] help4   
,de>ness ( :eat & meat _h oblig$ half ( 
! ,iri% & _m ( ! ,engli% to live        
entirely on potatoes4 ,wages 7 (t5 paid 
9 ,irel& by loan ( l& = rais+ ?is crop4 
,! rot :i* began 9 ,augu/1 #ahde1 soon  
became s de/ructive t ,peel1 :o 0 !n    
,prime ,m9i/]1 propos$ 9 ,octob] t gra9 
%\ld be made free ( duty4 ,well+ton &   
o!r memb]s ( ! ,cab9et demurr$2 & ! "q  
_h to be submitt$ to ,p>liam5t4         
,disraeli insi/$ to ! la/ on keep+ up ! 
t>iff2 b fam9e 0 increas+2 & bo? ,h\ses 
f9ally agre$1 aft] long debate1 to      
accept ,peel's proposal1 t n only !     

duties on food & raw mat]ials1 b mo/ ( !
 o!rs1 %\ld be ei!r r$uc$ or aboli%$4 ,8
 cons]vatism did n keep him f see+ t !  
:ole sy/em ( protect+ home indu/ries mu/
 /& or fall toge!r4 ,prom95t among      
ob/ructioni/s 7 ! bi%ops4 ,! ,h\se (    
,lords did n agree be=e ,june #be1      
#ahdf1 to ! re=m :i* _h be5 accept$ on  
,may #ae? by ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & :i* 0
 publicly ackn[l$g$ by ,well+ton to be  
inevitable4 ,su* 0 ! exasp]ation ( !    
protectioni/s t !y help$ ! oppon5ts1 (  
co]cion 9 ,irel& to drive ,peel out (   
(fice1 by a vote :i* 0 tak5 9 ! ,h\se ( 
,commons on ! v day :5 8 plan ( t>iff   
re=m ga9$ t victory 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords  
:i* made free trade = ev] ! sy/em (     
,great ,brita94  ,ab\t "o-half ( !      
import duties are n[ levi$ on tobacco1  
"o-f\r? m on w9e & /rong dr9k2 & mo/ ( !
 re/ on tea & o!r groc]ies4 ,duties on  
articles :i* c\ld be produc$ 9 ,great   
,brita9 are (fset by int]nal-rev5ue     
taxes4 ,no monopoly is giv5 to f>m or   
factory2 no necess>y article is made too

 de> = ! poor2 & !re are no ne$less     
violations ( ! "r ( ! lab\r] to sp5d 8  
wages 9 ! be/ m>ket4  ,?is re=m made !  
relief ( ,irel& possible1 ?\gh ! loss ( 
life 0 t]rible4 ,nev] aga9 has ,engl&   
be5 s ne> to a fam9e z 9 #ahda4 ,food is
 n[ s pl5ty t five times z mu* sug> is  
us$ 9 proportion to population z 9      
#ahdb1 & m ?an twice z mu* butt] & eggs4
 ,?is does n mean t ! millionaire eats  
five times z mu* sug>1 or twice z _m    
eggs1 z be=e1 b t poor p c n[ buy freely
 :at =m]ly 7 almo/ unatta9able luxuries4
 ,! proportion ( money 9 sav+s banks 9  
,engl& & ,wales has d\bl$2 & t ( paup]s 
sank f #a 9 #aa 9 #ahdb to #a 9 #cg 9   
#ahie4 ,wages h ris5 fifty p] c5t41 :ile
 o!r prices h fall52 & ,briti% workm5   
are bett] (f ?an any o!rs 9 ,europe4 ,! 
annual value ( ,engli% exports decl9$   
/eadily f #ahae to #ahdb2 b x is n[ f\r 
times z great z 9 ! latt] ye>2 & x is m 
?an twice z l>ge 9 proportion to        
population z 9 ^? highly protect$       
c\ntries1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,france4 ,l[

 t>iffs also enable ,belgium to export  
ne>ly ?ree times z mu* = ea* inhabitant 
z ,france1 & ,new ,s\? ,wales to export 
five times z mu* z ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     
,l>ge exports d n dep5d on d5sity (     
population b on ability to import       
freely4 ,read9ess ( any c\ntry to buy   
freely ( h] neighb\rs keeps !m able &   
will+ to buy :atev] %e has to sell4     
,free trade has giv5 ,great ,brita91    
,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ,belgium _! *oice ( 
! _w's m>kets4 ,great ,brita9 has also  
be5 enabl$ to keep up mu* m fri5dly     
relations ) ! re/ ( ,europe ?an w\ld    
o!rwise h be5 ! case4 ,lib]ty ( comm]ce 
has help$ h] enjoy peace2 & peace has   
pres]v$ free in/itutions4  ,! re=ms :i* 
culm9at$ 9 free trade %[$ ,engli%m5 t !y
 c\ld "r any wrong )\t resort to        
viol5ce4 ,! attempt ( ! ,*>ti/s to      
ov]awe ,p>liam5t 9 #ahdh 0 se5 to be    
inexcusable2 & x fail$ ridicul\sly4     
,nev] s9ce !n has insurrection 9 ,engl& 
be5 ev5 possible4 ,! atmosph]e ( ?\ght  
has be5 s quiet t suffrage 0 greatly    

ext5d$ 9 #ahfg1 & made practically      
univ]sal 9 #ahid4 ,vot]s ga9$ !         
protection ( a secret ballot 9 #ahgb2 & 
municipal self-gov]nm5t 0 giv5 9 #ahid  
to e "p ( ,engl& :]e x _h n already be5 
e/abli%$4  ,no wond] t !re is little ( !
 revolution>y ardor ( ,%elley & ,byron 9
 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 & o!r rec5t poets4   
,!y h delight$ 9 progress2 b !y h se5 t 
x mu/ come ?r\gh su* peaceable *anges 9 
public op9ion1 & !n 9 legislation1 z are
 caus$ by free discussion4 ,! b5ign     
influ5ce ( peace has enabl$ !m to       
display su* brilliancy z _h n be5 se5 9 
,engl& = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s4 ,no o!r 
writ]s ev] paid s mu* att5tion to public
 heal? & ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,! able/     
?\ght ( ! c5tury has be5 devot$ to      
enri*+ human life1 & n to de/roy+ x4    
,?is has enabl$ sci5ce to make          
unprec$5t$ progress4 ,a new p]iod (     
intellectual hi/ory has be5 op5$ by     
,sp5c] & ,d>w94  ,,viii4 ,prom95t among 
re=m]s :o _h no wi% = revolution1 & no  
respect = sci5ce1 7 ,dick5s & ,c>lyle4  

,! latt]'s 7=m]'s ,ed47 av]sion to      
political economy z ! dismal sci5ce 0   
e*o$ 9 ! pages ( ,h>d ,times2 & ! abs5ce
 ( any ref]5ce 9 ,dombey & ,son to !    
great movem5t aga9/ ! corn laws is      
*>act]i/ic ( a noveli/ ^: ,pickwick     
,pap]s made fun ( sci5tific             
inve/igation4 ,:at 0 !re call$ !        
tittlebat is really t ne/-build+ fi%1 ! 
/ickleback4 ,passages ridicul+ ! use (  
/ati/ics might be quot$ at great l5g? f 
bo? au?ors4 ,dick5s _h too mu* sympa?y )
 paup]s1 especially ^? :o suff]$ "u !   
poor-law ( #ahcd2 & ,c>lyle _h mu* too  
little4 ,!y agre$ 9 opposition to model 
prisons & o!r new =ms ( philan?ropy4    
,p]haps x 0 ma9ly ! habit (             
indiscrim9ate ridicule :i* sugge/$ su*  
c>icatures z ,mrs4 ,jellaby & ,mrs4     
,p>diggle4 ,c>lyle's belief t           
abolitionism 0 an al>m+ ,devil's ,gospel
 & 8 d5unciation ( ! sug>y1 disa/r\s    
j>gon ( philan?ropy 7 legitimate results
 ( idolatry ( :at he call$ e>ly1 e>ne/  
times1 namely ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,8 sympa?y )

 m$iaeval me?ods 0 s n>r[ t he spoke ( a
 poet ( weak heal? & high culture1 :om  
he saw suff]+ "u a s5t5ce ( two ye>s 9 a
 pe/il5tial prison1 =bidd5 books or     
writ+ mat]ials1 kept mo/ ( ! "t alone & 
on bread & wat]1 b guilty ( no?+ worse  
?an a ,*>ti/ spee*1 z ma/] ( 8 own "t & 
spiritual res\rces to1 z ,i suppos$1 a  
really enviable ext5t4 ,dick5s %[s mu* m
 appreciation ( ! real sup]iority (     
mod]n times1 ?\gh p]sonal disappo9tm5ts1
 dur+ 8 visit to ,am]ica1 prev5t$ him f 
ackn[l$g+ ! m]its ( democracy4 ,c>lyle's
 rev]5ce = ! e>ly ,hebrews & o!r        
primitive b>b>ians made him pres5t      
h]o-wor%ip z ! only secure corn]-/one ( 
politics4 ,8 receipt = a p]fect gov]nm5t
 is ?is3 ,f9d 9 any c\ntry ! able/ man t
 exi/s !re2 raise him to ! supreme      
place2 & loyally rev]5ce him4 ,su* a    
gov]nm5t is n to be improv$ by vot+ or  
debat+4 ,nei!r except 9 ob$i5ce to !    
,heav5-*os5 is fre$om s mu* z           
conceivable4 ,?is !ory %[$ its own      
absurdity 9 prompt+ eulogies on ,francia

 & o!r despots2 b ,c>lyle's apologies = 
,cromwell 7 ( "s s]vice to ! cause (    
lib]ty fifty ye>s ago1 :5 ,engl& _h     
=gott5 to hon\r ! *ampions ( ! ,long    
,p>liam5t4 ,dick5s ?\ght m ab\t !       
asceticism ?an ! indep5d5ce ( !         
,puritans4 ,he & ,c>lyle h dispell$ "s (
 ! prejudices aga9/ ! h]oes ( ! ,fir/   
,republic2 b !y p]petuat$ o!rs4         
,c>lyle's be/ "w 0 9 enc\rag+ ! read]s (
 8 fir/ books to ?9k = !mselves4 ,! p[] 
( ,dick5s to call out sympa?y ) !       
un=tunate w nev] cease to bless mank9d4 
,z mu* pity = ! outca/ has be5 %[n by 8 
great rival1 ,victor ,hugo1 & ev5 m     
fell[-feel+ ) ! oppress$4 ,! _s :i* has 
made ,france free animates all 8 writ+s1
 especially ^? gr& poems :i* 7 call$ out
 by ! usurpation ( ,l\is ,napoleon      
,bonap>te4 ,8 e>ly dramas dealt s       
vigor\sly ) royal weakness & vice t     
,m>ion de ,lorme 0 suppress$ by ,*>les  
,x4 & ,le ,roi s'amuse by ,l\is         
,philippe4 ,! "w :i* has made him be/   
kn[n1 & :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfb 9 n9e        

languages1 is a plea = m]cy to crim9als1
 or 9 8 own words1 to ! mis]able4 ,!    
*ief aim is to %[ ! oppression ( laws1 &
 ! mi/ake ( aid+ ! tyranny ( ! police by
 ?9k+ too sev]ely ( ! fall54 ,he f9ds an
 opportunity to introduce an en?usia/ic 
panegyric on ! victories ( ,napoleon1   
clos+ ) ! "q3 ,:at c\ld be m gr&8 ,to be
 free1 is ! reply4 ,full ju/ice to !    
,fr5* ,revolution is done by t mo/      
dramatic ( novels1 ,n9ety-,?ree4 ,"h he 
says3 ,! agony ( ! nations end$ ) ! fall
 ( ! ,ba/ile4 ,p]haps ! ,conv5tion is ! 
culm9ation ( hi/ory4 ,x decl>$ pov]ty & 
disability sacr$4 ,x br&$ ! slave-trade1
 & fre$ ! blacks4 ,x decre$ gratuit\s   
education4 ,! object ( two-?irds ( its  
decrees 0 philan?ropic4 ,su* facts are  
all ! m wor?y ( m5tion1 because !y 7    
omitt$ by ,c>lyle4   ,,supplem5t ,,to   
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,i4 ,?omas ,c>lyle's      
prejudice aga9/ democracy 0 /r5g!n$ by !
 failure ( ! revolutions ( #ahdh4       
,con/itutional mon>*y 0 z ho/ile to re=m
 9 ,france z x 0 fri5dly 9 ,engl&4      

,only "o ,fr5*man 9 ?irty c\ld vote2 & !
 legislature c>$ no?+ = public op9ion4  
,l\is ,philippe 0 hat$ = habitual       
di%one/y4 ,!re _h be5 sev]al attempts at
 regicide & "s bloody revolts4 ,"o ( !  
latt] gave a basis f hi/ory = ,victor   
,hugo's ,mis]ables4 ,re/rictions on !   
press & on public meet+s increas$ !     
unwill+ness ( ! work+-m5 at ,p>is to be 
gov]n$ by ! ri*4 ,socialism 0 popul>1 & 
employm5t insuffici5t4 ,! prohibition ( 
a re=m banquet caus$ b>ricades to be    
?r[n up on ,febru>y #bb;d 9 ,p>is4 ,!   
militia took sides ) ! populace2 ! ,k+  
fl$ to ,engl&2 & all ,france accept$ !  
,republic1 :i* 0 proclaim$ on ,febru>y  
#bd?4 ,slav]y _h be5 ree/abli%$ 9 !     
colonies by ,napoleon2 b x 0 n[ aboli%$2
 & s 0 capital puni%m5t = political     
(f5ces4  ,! example ( ,p>is 0 foll[$ 9  
,m>* by successful insurrections at     
,b]l91 ,vi5na1 & o!r ,g]man cities1 z   
well z 9 ,lomb>dy & ,v5ice4 ,home rule 0
 dem&$ by ,hung>y & ,bohemia1 &         
con/itutional gov]nm5ts 7 soon e/abli%$ 

!re z well z 9 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & o!r 
,g]man /ates1 & 9 e "p ( ,italy4 ,! ,k+ 
( ,s>d9ia took ! lead 9 a w> = driv+    
back ! ,au/rians across ! ,alps4        
,co-op]ation ( ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,hung>ian1
 & ,italian patriots might h made all ^!
 c\ntries p]man5tly free4  ,su* a union 
w\ld h be5 difficult on acc\nt (        
int]national jeal\sies2 & x 0 made      
impossible by ! ,sociali/s at ,p>is4    
,sc>cely _h a provisional gov]nm5t be5  
set up1 :5 recognition ( ! "r (         
employm5t 0 dem&$ by a workman1 :o came 
musket 9 h&1 & 0 support$ by a multitude
 ( arm$ artisans4 ,!y extort$ a decree  
:i* promis$ e citiz5 "w en\gh = 8       
support4 ,a t5-h\r law 0 pass$4         
,co-op]ative factories 7 />t$ ) aid f ! 
city au?orities1 & _h "s success4 ,op5+ 
national work%ops 0 n advis$ by lead+   
,sociali/s2 b x 0 consid]$ necess>y by  
"s ( ! ,m9i/ry 9 ord] to keep !         
unemploy$ f revolt4 ,e applicant drew   
money con/antly1 ev5 if n at "w4 ,:at   
little lab\r 0 actually p]=m$ 0 done s  

lazily1 & paid s highly1 t ! numb] ( m5 
soon rose to #abj1jjj4 ,! exp5ses became
 enorm\s2 & ! tax-pay]s insi/$ t !y too 
_h rights4 ,9 ord] to be able to employ 
all ! lab\r]s a gov]nm5t w\ld h to own  
all ! prop]ty2 & x w\ld also h to be    
/rong en\gh to en=ce indu/ry4 ,ev5      
,victor ,hugo admitt$ t ! exp]im5t _h   
fail$4 ,! ,national ,assembly1 ( :i* he 
0 a memb]1 notifi$ ! m5 9 ! %ops t !y   
mu/ enli/ 9 ! army1 or g to "w at a safe
 di/ance f ,p>is on /ate pay1 or look   
out = !mselves4 ,!y rose 9 arms aga9/ ! 
,republic1 & took possession ( ne>ly    
"o-half ( ! city on ,june #bc1 #ahdh4   
,bread or ,lead 0 ! motto on _! r$      
flags2 & two ( _! t]rible b>ricades are 
describ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ ,"p ( ,les 
,mis]ables4 ,!y held out aga9/ regul>   
troops & cannon dur+ f\r days ( su*     
fight+ z _h nev] be5 se5 be=e 9 ,p>is4  
,m ,fr5*m5 are suppos$ to h fall5 ?an 9 
any ( ,napoleon's battles4 ,two ?\s& ( !
 soldi]s 7 sla92 b no "o kn[s h[ _m     
times t numb] ( insurg5ts p]i%$ 9 !     

fight or 9 p5al colonies4  ,!nce=? !    
,fr5* ,gov]nm5t 0 mu* m desir\s to      
repress insurrection at home ?an to     
su/a9 x abroad4 ,l\is ,napoleon         
,bonap>te 0 elect$ ,presid5t t same ye>1
 p>tly on acc\nt ( 8 "n1 & p>tly on     
acc\nt ( 8 promise t he w\ld def5d ! "r 
( private prop]ty aga9/ ,socialism4     
,au/rian g5]als ( ! r\gh & reckless type
 :i* ,c>lyle lov$ =c$ ,lomb>dy &        
,bohemia back into ! ,empire1 & re/or$  
absolute mon>*y at ,vi5na1 :ile ! ,k+ ( 
,s>d9ia 0 oblig$ to abdicate aft] su* a 
defeat 9 ,m>*1 #ahdi1 z almo/ ext+ui%$  
lib]ty 9 ,italy4 ,v5ice alone held out  
aga9/ !m "u t pure/ ( patriots1 ,man91 &
 suff]$ t]ribly dur+ a siege ( tw5ty-"o 
weeks4 ,hung>y 0 subdu$ t summ] ) ! aid 
( ,russia4 ,france did no?+ except to   
revive ! papal despotism at ,rome4      
,mazz9i's republic 0 cru%$ by t :i* _h a
 ,bonap>te = ,presid5t4 ,8 p[] _h be5   
increas$ by ! disfran*isem5t ( sev]al   
million ,fr5* vot]s ( ! poor] class4 ,8 
promise to re/ore univ]sal suffrage jo9$

 ) memory ( ! massacres ( ,june1 #ahdh1 
9 prev5t+ mu* resi/ance to 8 usurpation 
( absolute p[] on ,decemb] #b1 #ahea4   
,!re 0 a mon/r\s vote1 next ,novemb]1 = 
an empire1 :]e ! c5tralisation (        
adm9i/ration 0 complete1 & ! legislature
 m]ely ornam5tal4 ,?us ! lib]ation (    
,europe 0 prev5t$1 p>tly by race        
prejudices1 b ma9ly by attempts to      
b5efit ! poor by ov]tax+ ! ri*4 ,france 
& ,hung>y 7 left ) less political lib]ty
 ?an be=e2 & ,italy ga9$ v little2 b "s 
( ! con/itutional fre$om acquir$ 9 #ahdh
 0 reta9$ 9 ,prussia & o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n
 ,g]many4  ,,ii4 ,x 0 contr>y to ! g5]al
 t5d5cy ( w>s1 t ^? ( ! latt] half ( !  
c5tury aid$ ! gr[? ( free in/itutions 9 
,italy4 ,an hon\r$ place among nations 0
 giv5 by ! ,crimean w> to ,s>d9ia4 ,!n  
h] patriotic /atesman1 ,cav\r1 p]suad$  
,napoleon ,,iii4 to help him rescue     
,lomb>dy f ,au/ria4 ,g>ibaldi took !    
opportunity to lib]ate ,naples2 &       
,victor ,emanuel made himself ,k+ ov]   
all ,italy except ,rome & ,v5ice4 ,!    

latt] city also 0 br\ght "u a           
con/itutional & fri5dly gov]nm5t by a   
?ird great w>1 :i* made ! ,k+ ( ,prussia
 & 8 successors ,emp]ors ( ,g]many1 :ile
 ,au/ria 0 compell$ to grant home rule  
to ,hung>y4 ,! lib]ation & secul>isation
 ( ,italy 7 complet$ 9 #ahgj by !       
expulsion f ,rome ( ! ,fr5* g>rison4 ,! 
,emp]or _h lo/ 8 ?rone by wag+ w>       
wantonly aga9/ a unit$ ,g]many4  ,,iii4 
,! ,?ird ,republic 0 soon oblig$ to     
fight = h] life aga9/ ! same enemy :i*  
_h w\nd$ h] si/] mortally4 ,socialism 0 
/ill ! religion ( ! work+-m5 ( ,p>is1 :o
 n[ =m$ ! majority ( ! ,national ,gu>d4 
,indignation at ! failure ( ! new       
,gov]nm5t to repulse ! ,prussians l$1 on
 ,m>* #ah1 #ahga1 to ! capture ( all    
,p>is by :at 0 av[$ly ! revolution ( !  
workm5 aga9/ ! %opkeep]s1 9 ! "n ( !    
rights ( lab\r1 = ! suppression ( all   
monopolies1 ! reign ( lab\r in/ead (    
capital1 & ! emancipation ( ! work] by  
himself4 ,?is 0 9 h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( !  
,int]national ,work+-m5's ,association1 

:i* endors$ ! insurrection fully &      
=mally1 & :i* held ) ,k>l ,m>x t weal?  
is produc$ entirely by lab\r & belongs  
only to ! work+ class4 ,sociali/s 7     
active 9 ! rebellion2 b prop]ty-hold]s 9
 ,p>is took no "p2 & all ! re/ ( ,france
 took sides ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,:at pr(ess$ 
to be ! ris+ ( ! _m aga9/ ! few turn$   
out to be t ( ! few aga9/ ! _m4         
,impressm5t 0 necess>y = mann+ !        
b>ricades1 & pillage = rais+ money4 ,!  
g5]al clos+ ( /ores1 factories1 & (fices
 %[$ t capital _h be5 fright5$ away by !
 r$ flag4 ,"o ( ! la/ decrees ( its     
def5d]s 01 ,de/roy all factories employ+
 m ?an fifte5 work]s4 ,?is monopoly     
cru%es ! artisan4 ,?is _s w\ld h caus$ !
 confiscation ( ! funds ( ! ,national   
,bank1 if ! manag]s _h n said3 ,if y d  
t1 y w turn ! money y\r own comrades h 9
 _! pockets to wa/e pap]4 ,! priceless  
pictures & /atues 9 ! ,l\vre 7 condemn$ 
to de/ruction because !y repres5t$ gods1
 k+s1 & prie/s4 ,millions ( doll>s wor? 
( works ( art p]i%$ 9 company ) docks1  

libr>ies1 & public build+s2 b ?is       
v&alism1 l ! massacre ( prison]s1 0     
l>gely ! "w ( pr(essional crim9als4 ,!  
capture ( ,p>is1 late 9 ,may1 0         
accompani$ ) pitiless slaught] ( !      
rebels1 ?\gh _m lives 7 sav$ by ,victor 
,hugo4  ,s9ce !n ! ,fr5* ,republic has  
be5 able to keep d[n n only ! ,sociali/s
 b ! ,bonap>ti/s & ,royali/s4 ,x has    
also succe$$1 ) ! help ( writ]s l ,r5an1
 9 *eck+ ! ambition ( ! cl]gy4          
,cont9uance ( peace 9 ,europe has assi/$
 ! gr[? ( local self-gov]nm5t 9 ,france1
 & also 9 ,g]many4 ,! fam\s ,prussian   
victories seem1 h[ev]1 to h increas$ !  
p[] ( ! ,g]man ,emp]or2 & !re is /ill   
dang] t ! gr[? ( /&+ armies may *eck t (
 free in/itutions4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4   
,,democrats ,,& ,,g>risonians  ,i4 ,!   
fall ( ! ,engli% ari/ocracy 0 ha/5$ by !
 success ( democracy 9 ,am]ica4 ,n[h]e 7
 ! masses m will+ to obey ! law2 & n[h]e
 else 7 !y s intellig5t & prosp]\s4 ,!  
ga9s ( ! _m made ! c\ntry ri*2 t]ritory 
& population increas$ rapidly2 &        

,britannia f\nd a dang]\s competitor on 
e sea4 ,political lib]ty & equality 7   
secur$ by ! almo/ un9t]rupt$ supremacy (
 ! ,democratic p>ty f #ahjj to #ahfj4   
,twelve presid5tial elections out (     
fifte5 7 c>ri$ by ,jeff]son & 8         
successors2 & ! ,congress ^: t]m began 9
 #ahda 0 ! only "o out ( ! ?irty 9 :i*  
bo? ,h\ses 7 anti-,democratic4          
,political equality 0 increas$ 9 ,/ate  
aft] ,/ate by disp5s+ ) prop]ty         
qualifications = vot+ or hold+ (fice4   
,jeff]son & 8 successor1 ,madison1      
refus$ to appo9t days = fa/+ & giv+     
?anks1 or grant any o!r special         
privileges to ^? citiz5s :o held fav\r$ 
views ab\t religion4 ,congress aft]     
,congress refus$ to appo9t *apla9s2 s   
did "s ( ! ,/ates2 & a national law1    
/ill 9 =ce1 = op5+ ! po/-(fices on e day
 ( ! week1 0 pass$ 9 #ahaj4 ,_m attempts
 7 made by ,sabbat>ians to /op ! mails2 
b ! ,s5ate vot$ 9 #ahbi1 t ,our gov]nm5t
 is a civil1 & n a religi\s in/itution2 
& ! l[] ,h\se d5i$ next ye> t ! majority

 has any au?ority ov] ! m9ority except 9
 matt]s :i* reg>d ! conduct ( man to 8  
fell[-man4 ,! opposition made by !      
,f$]ali/s to ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s    
equality 9 ,connecticut1 9 #ahaf1       
increas$ ! odium :i* !y _h incurr$ by n 
support+ ! w> aga9/ ,great ,brita94 ,f\r
 ye>s lat]1 ! p>ty 0 practically ext9ct2
 & ! dise/abli%m5t ( ,congregationalism 
z ! /ate *ur* ( ,massa*usetts1 9 #ahcc1 
0 accompli%$ easily4  ,! ,nor!rn ,/ates 
7 already s /rong 9 ,congress t !y might
 h prev5t$ ,miss\ri f ent]+ ! ,union t  
ye> )\t any pl$ge to emancipate h]      
slaves4 ,! s9 ( ext5d+ ! area ( bondage 
s f> nor?w>ds 0 sc>cely palliat$ by !   
o!r conditions ( ! compromise4 ,!       
admission ( ,ma9e gave h] citiz5s no    
privileges beyond :at !y _h previ\sly z 
citiz5s ( ,massa*usetts2 & ! pl$ge t    
slav]y %\ld n aga9 be ext5d$ nor? (     
latitude ?irty-six1 ?irty1 prov$        
wor?less4  ,! ,nor? 0 s f> f be+ unit$ 9
 #ahbj t x 0 n ev5 able to raise !      
t>iff4 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,ohio

 wi%$ to exclude =eign competition 9    
manufactur+2 b ! emb>go 0 too rec5t =   
,new ,engl& to =get ! evils ( re/rict+  
comm]ce4 ,! ,salem m]*ants petition$ =  
free trade z ! sure f\ndation ( national
 prosp]ity2 & ! solid m5 ( ,bo/on decl>$
 ) ,web/] t ,a sy/em ( b\nties &        
protection w\ld h a t5d5cy to dim9i% !  
indu/ry1 imp$e ! prosp]ity1 & corrupt ! 
morals ( ! p4  ,,ii4 ,! d>k age (       
,am]ican lit]ature _h end$ 9 #agfj4     
,be=e t date !re 7 few able books except
 ab\t !ology2 & !re 7 n _m dur+ ! next  
sixty ye>s except ab\t politics4 ,!     
works ( ,frankl91 ,jeff]son1 & o!r      
/atesm5 7 m useful ?an brilliant4       
,sydney ,smi? 0 n f> wrong 9 #ahbj1 :5  
he compla9$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review t !   
,am]icans h done absolutely no?+ = !    
sci5ces1 = art1 = lit]ature4 ,he w5t on 
to ask1 ,9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 :o   
reads an ,am]ican book8 ,8 "q 0 answ]$ t
 same ye> by ! publication 9 ,london (  
,irv+'s ,rip ,van ,w9kle & ,leg5d (     
,sleepy ,hoi-l[4 ,bryant's fir/ volume (

 poems appe>$ next ye>1 z did ,coop]'s  
popul> novel1 ,! ,spy2 & ! ,nor?        
,am]ican ,review _h begun half a doz5   
ye>s be=e4 ,b ev5 9 #ahbc1 ,*ann+ c\ld n
 claim t !re really 0 any national      
lit]ature1 or mu* devotion (            
intellectual lab\r to great subjects4   
,%all ,am]ica1 he ask$1 be only an e*o (
 :at is ?\ght & writt5 9 ! ari/ocracies 
beyond ! ocean8  ,?is 0 publi%$ dur+ ! v
 ye> 9 :i* ,presid5t ,monroe decl>$ t ! 
p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld look ^u        
attempts ( ,european mon>*s to ext5d _! 
sy/em to any portion ( ?is hemisph]e z  
dang]\s to our peace & lib]ty4 ,*ann+ 0 
mu* int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ,g]man           
philosophy2 b he re/$ 8 *ief hopes ( an 
improv$ lit]ature1 on an improv$        
religion4 ,he ma9ta9$ t no man c\ld     
unfold 8 highe/ p[]s until he _h ris5   
above ! preval5t !ology1 :i* has come   
d[n to u f ! ,d>k ,ages1 & :i* 0 !n     
array$ aga9/ intellect1 leagu$ )        
oppression1 fett]+ inquiry1 & incapable 
( be+ bl5d$ ) ! sacr$ dictates ( reason 

& consci5ce4  ,unit>ianism claim$ = e   
individual1 :at ,prote/antism _h at mo/ 
ask$ = ! congregation1--! "r to ?9k =   
"o's self4 ,?is "r 0 won e>li] 9 ,europe
 ?an 9 ,am]ica1 = "h ! cl]gy kept mu* ( 
_! orig9al au?ority & popul>ity4 ,_!    
influ5ce ov] politics collaps$ )        
,f$]alism4 ,on all o!r subjects !y 7    
/ill li/5$ to z /ew>ds ( ! my/]ies (    
,god1 :o _h be5 taught all ?+s by !     
,holy ,_s1 & 7 "u a div9e call to prea* 
! tru? necess>y = salvation4 ,! cl]gyman
 0 suppos$ to h acquir$ by 8 ord9ation a
 peculi> k ( all ! rights & duties (    
human life4 ,no "o else1 h[ev] wise &   
philan?ropic1 c\ld speak ) su* au?ority 
ab\t :at books might be read & :at      
amusem5ts %\ld be %unn$4 ,sci5tific     
habits ( ?\ght1 free inquiry ab\t       
religion1 & s*ol>ly /udy ( ! ,bible 7   
put "u ! same ban ) danc+1 c>d-play+1   
read+ novels1 & travell+ on ,sunday4 ,! 
pulpit block$ ! pa? ( intellectual      
progress4 ,its influ5ce on lit]ature 0  
:olly *ang$ by ! ,unit>ian controv]sy1  

:i* 0 at its height 9 #ahbj4 ,/ill m    
b5eficial controv]sies foll[$4  ,!      
tr9it>ian cl]gym5 tri$ to reta9 _!      
imp]ill$ supremacy by gett+ up revivals4
 ,"o ( ^!1 9 ! summ] ( #ahbh1 0 c>ri$ s 
f> at ,c9c9nati t _m a woman lo/ h]     
reason or h] life4 ,^! excesses confirm$
 ! anti-cl]ical suspicions ( ,frances   
,wright1 :o _h come ov] f ,engl& to /udy
 ! negro "*1 & _h fail$1 aft] mu* lab\r 
& exp5se1 to f9d ! slaves %e b\ght = !  
purpose capable ( work+ out _! fre$om4  
,%e _h made up h] m9d t slav]y is only  
"o ( _m evils caus$ by ignorance ( !    
duties ( man to man1 t ^! duties ne$$ to
 be /udi$ sci5tifically1 & t sci5tific  
/udy1 especially among wom51 0 dang]\sly
 imp$$ by ! pulpit4  ,t autumn %e       
deliv]$ ! fir/ c\rse ( public lectures  
ev] giv5 by a woman 9 ,am]ica4 ,anne    
,hut*9son & o!r wom5 _h prea*$2 b %e 0 !
 fir/ lectur]4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( ,c9c9nati 
cr[d$ to he> ! tall1 maje/ic woman1 :o  
/ood 9 ! c\rt-h\se1 pla9ly dress$ 9     
:ite4 ,h] /yle 0 ladylike ?r\gh\t2 b %e 

compla9$ ( ! _m millions wa/$ on m]e    
tea*]s ( op9ions1 ^: occupation 0 to set
 p by ! e>s1 & ^: influ5ce 0 /ifl+ !    
brea? ( sci5ce4 ,li/51 %e said1 to !    
d5unciations ( fanaticism aga9/         
pleasures ! mo/ innoc5t1 recreations !  
mo/ necess>y to bodily heal?4 ,see x    
make ( ! p's day ( leisure a day (      
p5ance4 ,h] ma9 !me 0 ! necessity (     
e/abli%+ s*ools to tea* *ildr5 trades1 &
 also halls ( sci5ce ) museums & public 
libr>ies4  ,?is c\rse 0 repeat$ 9       
,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1  
,bo/on1 & o!r cities4 ,h] audi5ces 7    
always l>ge1 b %e *>g$ no admission fee4
 ,:at 7 call$ ,fanny ,wright societies 7
 =m$ 9 _m places4 ,a ,bapti/ *ur* 9 ,new
 ,york ,city 0 turn$ into a ,hall (     
,sci5ce1 :i* rema9$ op5 = ?ree ye>s1    
beg9n+ ) ! la/ ,sunday ( ,april1 #ahbi4 
,x conta9$ a hall = sci5tific lectures &
 !ological discussions1 a free disp5s>y1
 a gymnasium1 & a book/ore4 ,"h 0       
publi%$ ,! ,free ,enquir]1 ! only pap] 9
 ,am]ica :i* p]mitt$ ! infallibility (  

,*ri/ianity to be call$ 9 "q4 ,!        
pr9cipal editor1 ,rob]t ,dale ,ow51 son 
( ! fam\s ,sociali/1 claim$ to h tw5ty  
?\s& adh]5ts 9 t city1 & a controll+    
influ5ce 9 ,buffalo4 ,celebrations (    
,pa9e's bir?day 7 n[ frequ5t4 ,x 0      
=tunate = ! cl]gy t controv]sies ab\t   
religion soon lo/ _! int]e/ 9 ! fi]ce   
/ruggle ab\t politics4  ,,iii4 ,! fame  
won by ,jackson z a conqu]or ( ,briti%  
invad]s 9 #ahae1 bl9d$ ,am]icans to a   
fact :i* _h be5 made manife/ by bo?     
,napoleon & ,well+ton1 z x is said to h 
be5 /ill m rec5tly by ,grant4 ,! habit (
 comm&+ an army has a t5d5cy to create  
scorn ( public op9ion1 & also ( ^?      
re/rictions on arbitr>y au?ority :i* are
 necess>y = popul> gov]nm5t1 z well z = 
individual lib]ty4 ,jackson _h !        
additional defect ( hold+ slaves2 & x is
 probable t if he _h nev] done s1 nor   
ev5 _h soldi]s "u 8 ord]s1 he w\ld h be5
 sadly indiff]5t to ! rights ( 8        
fell[-citiz5s & to ! pr9ciples ( free   
gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 elect$ 9 #ahbh1 & prov$ 

en\gh ( a ,democrat to r5\nce ! policy1 
:i* _h rec5tly become popul>1 ( mak+    
local improvem5ts at ! national exp5se2 
b he 0 ! fir/ ,presid5t :o dismiss$     
exp]i5c$ (ficials1 9 ord] to appo9t 8   
own p>tisans )\t inquiry z to _!        
capacity to s]ve ! nation4 ,he 0        
especially arbitr>y ab\t a problem n yet
 fully solv$1 namely1 :at ! ,gov]nm5t   
%\ld d ) ! banks4 ,! public money 0 !n  
deposit$ 9 a ,national ,bank ^:         
con/itutionality 0 admitt$ by ! ,supreme
 ,c\rt4 ,its /ock 0 at a premium & its  
notes at p> 9 #ahbi2 & x _h five hundr$ 
(ficials 9 v>i\s ,/ates4 ,jackson ?\ght 
x _h oppos$ 8 election2 & he sugge/$ t !
 public money %\ld be remov$ to ! cu/ody
 ( a bran* ( ! ,treasury1 to be e/abli%$
 = t purpose4 ,! plan has s9ce be5      
adopt$2 b 8 fri5ds 7 too mu* int]e/$ 9  
rival banks1 & 8 oppon5ts ?\ght only (  
prev5t+ 8 re-election 9 #ahcb4 ,!y c\ld 
n1 h[ev]1 prev5t 8 obta9+ a great       
majority z ! poor man's *ampion4  ,!    
,bank _h sp5t va/ sums 9 publi%+        

campaign docum5ts1 & ev5 9 brib]y2 &    
,jackson suspect$ t x w\ld try to buy a 
new *>t]4  ,he decid$1 ) no sanction f  
,congress1 & aga9/ ! advice ( 8 own     
,cab9et1 t ! public money already 9 !   
,bank %\ld be drawn out z fa/ z x c\ld  
be sp5t1 & t no m %\ld be deposit$ !re4 
,he remov$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury =  
refus+ to c>ry out ?is plan2 & oblig$ 8 
successor to set ab\t x be=e he 0       
confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4 ,to all           
remon/rances he repli$1 ,i take !       
responsibility2 & he met ! vote ( !     
,s5ators1 t he 0 assum+ an au?ority n   
conf]r$ by ! ,con/itution1 by boa/+ t he
 0 ! direct repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican  
p4 ,web/] repli$ t ?is w\ld r$uce !     
gov]nm5t to an elective mon>*y2 & !     
oppon5ts to :at !y call$ ,jackson's     
,toryism agre$ to call !mselves ,:igs4  
,_! lead] 0 ,h5ry ,clay2 & !y believ$1 l
 ! ,f$]ali/s1 9 c5tralisation1 int]nal  
improvem5ts1 & protective t>iffs4       
,jackson 0 su/a9$ by ! ,democrats2 b _! 
qu>rel ) ! ,:igs prev5t$ ,congress f    

provid+ any safe place = ! public money4
 ,x 0 loan$ to "s ( ! ,/ate banks2 & all
 ^! in/itutions 7 enc\rag$ to increase  
_! liabilities enorm\sly4 ,speculation 0
 active & prices high4 ,t ( :eat 9      
p>ticul> rose s mu* aft] ! bad h>ve/ (  
#ahcf t !re 0 a bread riot 9 ,new ,york 
,city4 ,sc>cely _h ,jackson clos$ 8     
eight ye>s ( s]vice1 9 #ahcg1 :5 !      
failure ( a bus9ess firm 9 ,new ,orleans
 br\ght on s _m o!rs t all ! banks      
susp5d$ paym5t4 ,prices ( m]*&ise fell s
 sudd5ly z to make ! deal]s bankrupt2 _m
 ?\s& m5 7 ?r[n out ( employm5t2 & s mu*
 public money 0 lo/ t !re 0 a deficit 9 
! ,treasury1 :]e !re _h be5 a surplus4  
,,iv4 ,^! bad results ( ,jackson's      
adm9i/ration /r5g!n$ ! ,:igs4 ,!y _h n  
v5tur$ to make protectionism ! ma9 issue
 9 #ahcb2 & ,clay _h ackn[l$g$ t all !  
lead+ newspap]s & magaz9es 7 aga9/ x 9  
#ahbd4 ,its adoption t ye> 0 by close   
votes1 & 9 spite ( ,web/]'s insi/+ t    
,am]ican manufactures 7 gr[+ rapidly )\t
 any unnatural re/rictions on comm]ce4  

,! duties 7 rais$ 9 #ahbh to ne>ly five 
times _! av]age height 9 #aghi2 & !re 0 
s mu* discont5t at ! ,s\?1 t "s slight  
r$uctions _h to be made 9 ! summ] (     
#ahcb2 b ! protectioni/ purpose 0 /ill  
pr$om9ant4 ,if ! oppon5ts ( all taxation
 except = rev5ue _h done no?+ m ?an     
appeal to ! p t autumn1 !y w\ld h _h    
,congress ) !m2 ,jackson 0 already on _!
 side2 & ! "q might h be5 decid$ on its 
m]its aft] full discussion4 ,! ?reat (  
,s\? ,c>ol9a to sec$e caus$ ! r$uction1 
:i* 0 actually made 9 #ahcc1 to appe>   
too mu* l a concession made m]ely to    
avoid civil w>2 & ?is second attempt to 
pres]ve ! ,union by a compromise 0 a    
premium ^u disloyalty4 ,?is b>ga91 l t (
 #ahbj1 0 arrang$ by ,h5ry ,clay2 & "o  
condition 0 t ! rates %\ld fall         
gradually to a maximum ( tw5ty p] c5t4  
,be=e t process 0 complet$1 ! ,treasury 
0 exhau/$ by bad managem5t2 & additional
 rev5ue _h to be obta9$ by rais+ ! t>iff
 9 #ahdb4 ,! ,:igs 7 !n 9 p[]2 b !y 7   
defeat$ 9 ! presid5tial election (      

#ahdd1 :5 ! ma9 issue 0 protectionism4  
,! t>iff 0 r$uc$ 9 #ahdf by a mu* l>g]  
majority ?an t ( #ahdb 9 ! ,h\se (      
,repres5tatives2 & ! results 7 s        
satisfactory t a fur!r r$uction to an   
av]age ( tw5ty p] c5t1 0 made 9 #aheg1 )
 ! g5]al approval ( memb]s ( bo? p>ties4
 ,! rev5ue ne$$ = w> _h to be procur$ by
 increase ( taxation 9 #ahfa2 b ! c\ntry
 _h !n _h = tw5ty-eight ye>s an almo/   
un9t]rupt$ succession ( l[ t>iffs4  ,!  
univ]sal prosp]ity 9 ,am]ica betwe5     
#ahcc & #ahdb is m5tion$ by a ,fr5*     
travell]1 ,*evali]1 by a ,g]man         
philan?ropi/1 ,dr4 ,julius1 by ,miss    
,m>t9eau1 ,lyell1 & ,dick5s4 ,! noveli/ 
0 especially /ruck by ! heal?y faces &  
neat dresses ( ! factory girls at       
,l[ell1 :]e !y began to publi% a magaz9e
 9 #ahdj4 ,lyell said t ! op]atives 9 t 
city look$ l a set ( ladies & g5tlem5   
play+ at factory = _! own amusem5t4 ,our
 c\ntry _h sev5 times z _m miles (      
railroads 9 #ahdb z 9 #ahcc2 our        
factories made m ?an n9e times z _m     

doll>s' wor? ( goods 9 #ahfj z 9 #ahcj2 
& !y sold m ?an ?ree times z _m abroad z
 9 #ahdf4 ,twice z mu* capital 0 inve/$ 
9 manufactur+ 9 #ahfj z 9 #ahej2 !      
av]age wages ( ! op]atives increas$     
sixte5 p] c5t1 dur+ ^! t5 ye>s2 ,am]ica 
became fam\s = inv5tions2 h] f>ms d\bl$ 
9 value1 z did bo? h] imports & h]      
exports2 & ! tonnage ( h] vessels       
increas$ greatly4 ,su* are ! bless+s (  
lib]ty 9 comm]ce4  ,especially gratify+ 
is ! gr[? ( respect = ! "r ( free spee*4
 ,! compla9ts by ,dick5s1 ,*evali]1 &   
,miss ,m>t9eau ( ! despotism ( !        
majority 7 corroborat$ by ,tocqueville1 
:o travell$ "h 9 #ahca & publi%$ 9 #ahce
 a v valuable /atem5t ( ! results &     
t5d5cies ( democracy4 ,! de/ruction t   
ye> ( a ,ca?olic conv5t ne> ,bo/on by a 
mob is especially significant1 because !
 anniv]s>y 0 celebrat$ next ye> z a     
public holiday4 ,! wor/ suff]]s "u      
p]secution at t "t 7 ! philan?ropi/s4   
,v4 ,9 ord] to d ju/ice to all p>ties 9 
?is controv]sy we %\ld take especial    

notice ( ! am\nt ( opposition to slav]y 
ab\t #ahbe 9 :at 7 aft]w>ds call$ !     
,bord] ,/ates4 ,"h all manual lab\r c\ld
 h be5 done by :ites2 & mu* ( x 0       
actually1 especially 9 ,k5tucky4 ,!re   
slaves nev] =m$ a qu>t] ( ! population2 
& 9 ,m>yl& !y sank /eadily f "o-f\r? 9  
#ahbj to "o-eigh? 9 #ahfj4 ,( ma/]s ov] 
tw5ty or m bondm5 9 #ahef1 !re 7 only   
#bef 9 ,k5tucky & #gce 9 ,m>yl&4 ,x 0 ^!
 l>ge hold]s :o monopolis$ ! pr(its1 z  
!y did ! public (fices4 ,:ite m5 ) few  
or no slaves _h sc>cely any political   
p[]2 & _! *ance to make money1 live     
com=tably1 & educate _! *ildr51 0 mu*   
less ?an if all lab\r _h become free4   
,su* a *ange w\ld h made manufactur+    
prosp] 9 bo? ,k5tucky &  ,m>yl&2 b all  
indu/ries langui%$ except t ( bre$+     
slaves = ! ,s\?4 ,! few 7 ri* at !      
exp5se ( ! _m4 ,only "t 0 ne$$ 9 ^! &   
o!r ,/ates to make ! majority intellig5t
 en\gh to vote ! guilty ari/ocrats d[n4 
,two ?\s& citiz5s ( ,baltimore petition$
 aga9/ admitt+ ,miss\ri z a slave ,/ate 

9 #ahbj2 & sev]al av[$ abolitioni/s ran 
= ! ,legislature %ortly be=e #ahcj4 ,at 
?is "t !re 7 annual anti-slav]y         
conv5tions 9 ,baltimore1 ) prom95t ,:igs
 among ! (fic]s1 & ne>ly two hundr$     
affiliat$ societies 9 ! ,bord] ,/ates4  
,!re 7 fifty 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e two   
?\s& slaves _h be5 fre$ 9 #ahbe1 &      
?ree-fif?s ( ! :ites 7 report$ z        
fav\rable to emancipation4 ,h5ry ,clay 0
 op5ly s 9 #ahbg2 & ! ,k5tucky          
,colonisation ,society vot$ 9 #ahcj t ! 
disposition t[>ds volunt>y emancipation 
0 /rong en\gh to make legislation       
unnecess>y4 ,! abolition ( slav]y z !   
greate/ curse t ,god 9 8 wra? ev]       
inflict$ ^u a p 0 dem&$ by a doz5 memb]s
 ( ! ,virg9ia ,legislature1 z well z by 
! ,ri*mond ,inquir]1 9 #ahcb2 & simil>  
ef=ts 7 made %ortly be=e #ahej 9        
,k5tucky1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,we/]n      
,virg9ia1 ,we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ea/]n  
,t5nessee1 & ,miss\ri4  ,f #ahab to     
#ahde ! ,s5ate 0 equally divid$ betwe5  
free & slave ,/ates2 & any transf]1 ev5 

( ,delaw>e1 f "o side to ! o!r w\ld h   
enabl$ ! ,nor? to control ! upp] ,h\se z
 well z ! l[]4 ,! pla9 duty ( a ,nor!rn 
philan?ropi/ 0 to co-op]ate ) ! ,s\!rn  
emancipationi/s & accept pati5tly _!    
op9ion t abolition _h bett] take place  
gradually1 z x _h done 9 ,new ,york1 &1 
:at 0 mu* m important1 t ! own] %\ld h  
comp5sation4 ,?is _h be5 urg$ by        
,wilb]=ce 9 #ahbc1 z ju/ice to ! plant]s
 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 ! legislatures (     
,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,new4 ,j]sey     
recomm5d$1 %ortly be=e #ahcj1 t ! nation
 %\ld buy & free ! slaves2 & comp5sation
 0 actually giv5 by ,congress to loyal  
own]s ( ! ?ree ?\s& slaves 9 ! ,di/rict 
( ,columbia emancipat$ 9 #ahfb4 ,:o c   
tell ! evils :i* we %\ld h escap$1 if   
slav]y c\ld h cont9u$ aft] #ahcj to be  
aboli%$ gradually by ,/ate aft] ,/ate1 )
 pecuni>y aid f ,congress or ! ,nor?8   
,?is 0 ! hope ( ,b5jam9 ,lundy1 :o pass$
 mu* ( 8 life 9 ! ,s\?1 ?\gh he 0 born 9
 ,new ,j]sey4 ,he _h advocat$ gradual   
emancipation 9 ne>ly e ,/ate1 visit+ ev5

 ,texas & ,miss\ri1 organis+ anti-slav]y
 societies1 & tak+ subscriptions to 8   
,g5ius ( ,univ]sal ,emancipation1 :i* 0 
f\nd$ 9 ,t5nessee 9 #ahba1 b aft]w>ds 0 
issu$ weekly at ,baltimore4 ,he publi%$ 
! names ( n9e po/ma/]s among 8 ag5ts1 & 
copi$ fri5dly articles f m ?an =ty      
newspap]s4 ,"o ( 8 *ief objects 0 to    
prev5t t great ext5sion ( slav]y1 !     
annexation ( ,texas4  ,,vi4 ,! election 
( ! fir/ pro-slav]y ,presid5t1 ,jackson1
 9 #ahbh1 disc\rag$ ! abolitioni/s2 &   
,lundy 0 oblig$ to susp5d 8 pap] = lack 
( subscrib]s e>ly next ye>4 ,:5 he      
resum$ x 9 ,septemb]1 he took an        
assi/ant editor1 :o _h decl>$ on !      
previ\s ,f\r? ( ,july1 9 a fa%ionable   
,bo/on *ur*3 ,i ackn[l$ge t imm$iate &  
complete emancipation is n desirable4   
,no rational man *]i%es s wild a vision4
 ,be=e ,g>rison set foot on slave soil1 
x occurr$ to him t e slave _h a "r to   
in/ant fre$om1 & also t no ma/] _h any  
"r to comp5sation4 ,^! two ideas he     
advocat$ at once1 & ev] aft]1 z         

ob/9ately z ,george ! ,?ird insi/$ on ! 
"r to tax ,am]ica4 ,g>rison1 ( c\rse1 0 
a zeal\s philan?ropi/2 & he 0 z         
consci5ti\s z ,paul 0 9 p]secut+ !      
,*ri/ians4 ,b he seems to h be5 m anxi\s
 to free 8 own consci5ce ?an to free !  
slaves4 ,imm$iate emancipation _h be5   
advocat$ 9 ,lundy's pap] at mu* l5g?1 & 
ev5 z e>ly z #ahbe1 b s mildly z to call
 out little opposition4 ,insi/+ on no   
comp5sation 0 mu* m irritat+2 &         
,g>rison's writ+s %[ t 8 m9d 0 apt to   
free itself 9 bitt] words1 ev5 aga9/ su*
 m5 z ,:itti]1 ,*ann+1 ,longfell[1      
,d\glass1 & ,sumn]4 ,he _h be5 b ?ree   
mon?s 9 ,baltimore :5 he publi%$ a      
c5sure by "n ( ! own] & capta9 ( "o ( ! 
_m vessels :i* 7 p]mitt$ by law to c>ry 
slaves ,s\?1 z highway robb]s & murd]]s1
 :o %\ld be s5t5c$ to solit>y conf9em5t 
= life1 & :o des]v$ to occupy ! l[e/    
dep?s ( p]dition4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty (   
libel1 & imprison$ = sev5 weeks because 
he c\ld n pay a mod]ate f9e4  ,! money 0
 giv5 by a g5]\s ,new ,york]2 b         

,g>rison's "w 9 ! ,s\? 0 ov]1 & ,lundy's
 0 ( little value !nce=?4 ,! man :o     
br\ght ! libel suit 0 an influ5tial     
citiz5 ( ,massa*usetts2 & ,bo/on pulpits
 7 %ut aga9/ ,g>rison on 8 return4 ,he  
c\ld n pay = a hall2 b "o 0 giv5 him )\t
 co/ by ! anti-cl]ical society1 ^:      
lead]1 ,abn] ,knee-l&1 0 imprison$ ?irty
 days 9 #ahcd = a brief expression (    
a!ism :i* w\ld n n[ be consid]$         
blasphem\s4  ,two weeklies1 :i* 7       
unpopul> f ! fir/1 began to be publi%$  
at ,bo/on e>ly 9 #ahca4 ,kneel&'s       
,inve/igator 0 pl$g$ to cont5d = !      
abolition ( slav]y & advocate ! rights (
 wom54 ,x 0 fri5dly to lab\r re=m z well
 z to sci5tific education1 & oppos$     
capital puni%m5t1 imprisonm5t = debt1 & 
legislation ab\t religion2 b its        
pr$om9ant tone has be5 skeptical to !   
pres5t day4 ,g>rison 0 too or?odox 9    
#ahca to fav\r ! emancipation ( wom52 he
 0 9 sympa?y ) o!r re=ms2 b 8 *ief !me 0
 ! p]nici\s doctr9e ( gradual abolition4
 ,! next mi/ake ( 8 ,lib]ator 0 !       

prom95ce giv5 to negro insurrection &   
o!r crimes aga9/ :ites4 ,! ,s\!rn]s 7   
naturally afraid to h su* subjects      
m5tion$1 ev5 9 condemnation2 & guilty   
consci5ces made slave-hold]s ?9k ! dang]
 mu* great] ?an x 04 ,! fir/ numb] ( !  
,lib]ator conta9$ ,g>rison's v]ses ab\t 
! horrors ( ! revolt :i* might br+      
emancipation4 ,he ann\nc$ at ! same "t t
 he 0 go+ to review a rec5t pamphlet :i*
 he describ$ ?us3 ,a bett] promot] (    
insurrection 0 nev] s5t =? to an        
oppress$ p4 ,8 contributors spoke (t5 ( 
! "r ( slaves to resi/1 & ask$1 ,9      
,god's "n1 :y %\ld !y n cut _! ma/]s'   
?roats8 ,_m wom5 & *ildr5 7 massacr$ by 
rebel slaves 9 ,virg9ia t autumn2 &     
,g>rison promptly decl>$ t ! assass9s   
des]ve no m blame ?an our fa!rs did =   
slaught]+ ! ,briti%1 & t ,:5 ! conte/   
%all h aga9 begun1 x mu/ aga9 be a w> ( 
ext]m9ation4 ,simil> language 0 (t5 us$ 
9 ! ,lib]ator aft]w>ds4  ,g>rison 0 too 
firm a non-resi/ant to g fur!r ?an ?is2 
b ! majority ( ,nor!rn]s w\ld h agre$ ) 

! ,rev]5d ,doctor ,wayl&1 ,presid5t (   
,br[n ,univ]sity1 :o decl>$ slav]y v    
wick$1 b decl9$ to h ! ,lib]ator s5t    
him1 & wrote to ,mr4 ,g>rison t its     
t5d5cy 0 to incite ! slaves to          
rebellion4 ,( c\rse ?is 0 n ! editor's  
int5tion2 b hi/ory deals ma9ly ) causes 
& results4  ,! consequ5ces 7 especially 
bad at ! ,s\?4 ,calh\n & o!r ,democrats 
7 /riv+ to unite all h] p 9 resi/ance to
 emancipation1 z well z to              
protectionism4 ,!y appeal$ to !         
insurrection 9 #ahca1 & to ! treatm5t ( 
?is subject 9 ! ,lib]ator1 z pro(s t    
abolitionism 0 inc5di>y2 & ! feel+ 0 s  
int5se 9 ,georgia1 t ! ,gov]nor 0       
au?oris$ by ! ,legislature1 be=e ! end (
 #ahca1 to (f] five ?\s& doll>s = ! head
 ( ! editor or ( any ( 8 ag5ts 9 t      
,/ate4 ,s\!rn]s 7 g5]ally provok$ at su*
 comp>isons ( slave-hold]s to ?ieves z 7
 (t5 made 9 ! ,lib]ator & 7 incorporat$ 
into ! =mal decl>ation made by ,g>rison 
& ! o!r f\nd]s ( ! ,new ,engl&          
,anti-,slav]y ,society at ,bo/on e>ly 9 

#ahcb4 ,plant]s fri5dly to emancipation 
7 disc\rag$ by ,g>rison's insi/+ t !y   
ought n to h comp5sation1 an op9ion :i* 
0 adopt$ by ! ,am]ican ,anti-,slav]y    
,society at its organisation at         
,philadelphia 9 #ahcc4 ,su* prote/s on  
moral gr\nds 7 ( great use to           
politicians :o oppos$ any grant ( money 
= emancipation1 because !y wi%$ to      
pres]ve slav]y4 ,! national ,con/itution
 provid$ t emancipation %\ld n take     
place 9 any ,/ate :i* did n give its    
cons5t2 & ?is 0 mu* less atta9able 9    
#ahce ?an x _h be5 t5 ye>s e>li]4  ,s   
fi]ce 0 ! hatr$ ( anti-slav]y           
p]iodicals1 t _m p\nds ( !m 7 tak5 f !  
,*>le/on po/-(fice & burn$ by ! lead+   
citiz5s 9 ,july1 #ahce2 & ?is action 0  
prais$ by a public meet+1 :i* 0 att5d$  
by all ! cl]gy4 ,! pap]s 7 pr9t$ 9 ,new 
,york1 & d n seem to h be5 de/roy$ on   
acc\nt ( _! own mi/akes1 b ( ^? made by 
! ,lib]ator4 ,s\!rn po/ma/]s refus$ aft]
 ?is to deliv] any anti-slav]y matt]2 & 
_! conduct 0 approv$ by !               

,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 z well z by !          
,presid5t4 ,! legislatures ( ,nor?      
,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia dem&$1 9 ! session ( 
#ahce & #ahcf1 t all su* publications be
 suppress$ legally by ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 
,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 & ,alabama took 
! same c\rse2 & x 0 agre$ ev]y:]e t     
abolitioni/s 7 to be lyn*$4 ,loyalty to 
slav]y 0 requir$ ( all prea*]s &        
editors2 no o!r qualification = e (fice1
 9 ! s]vice ei!r ( ! nation or ( !      
,/ate1 0 exact$ s /rictly2 o!r          
controv]sies lo/ int]e/2 & m5 :o w\ld h 
ga9$ greatly f ! introduction ( free    
lab\r help$ ! slave-hold]s sil5ce ^?    
intellig5t ,s\!rn]s :o knew :at urg5t   
ne$ !re 0 9 _! section ( emancipation = 
! g5]al welf>e4  ,g>rison1 meantime1    
made bo? fri5ds & enemies at ! ,nor?4   
,he _h ! support ( ne>ly f\r hundr$     
anti-slav]y societies 9 #ahce2 b "s ( ^!
 _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,ohio by ,lundy on !    
pr9ciple ( gradual emancipation1 & o!rs 
9 ,new ,york by ,jay1 ^: ma9 objects 7  
repeal ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,act &      

emancipation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4  
,agitation = imm$iate abolition )\t     
comp5sation 0 n[h]e active at t "t1     
except 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! highe/ e/imate 
( its p>tisans 9 #ahdj 0 only two hundr$
 ?\s&2 mo/ ( !m _h already r5\nc$ !     
lead]%ip ( ,g>rison2 & !re is no reason 
to believe t ! numb] ( 8 ?or\gh go+     
foll[]s ev] rea*$ "o hundr$ ?\s&4  ,mo/ 
( ! orig9al abolitioni/s 7 *ur* memb]s2 
& ! agitation 0 nev] oppos$1 ev5 at     
fir/1 by s l>ge a proportion ( ! cl]gy  
at ! ,nor? z ( ! p g5]ally4 ,sev]al     
m9i/]s jo9$ ,g>rison at once2 #abe      
enroll$ _! names = publication z        
abolitioni/s 9 #ahcc2 & two ye>s lat] he
 _h ! op5 support ( ! ,new ,engl&       
,me?odi/ ,conf]5ce1 ! ,ma9e ,bapti/     
,conv5tion1 & ! ,detroit ,presbyt]y1 z  
well z ( _m ,congregationali/s1 & ( mo/ 
( ! ,quak]s1 ,unit>ians1 & ,free-,w     
,bapti/s4 ,prea*+ aga9/ slav]y 0 n      
common 9 d5om9ations :]e ! pa/or 0 m    
liable to be gagg$ by ecclesia/ical     
sup]iors4  ,"o reason t ?is au?ority1 z 

well z t ( public op9ion 9 ! ,nor!rn    
cities1 0 direct$ aga9/ agitation1 0 !  
pressure ( bus9ess int]e/s4 ,! ,s\? s5t 
mo/ ( h] products1 especially cotton1 to
 manufactur]s or m]*ants 9              
,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 & ,new       
,engl&4 ,?is region 9 return suppli$ h] 
) clo!s1 tools1 & furniture4 ,mu* ( h]  
food came f ! ,we/]n f>m]s2 & ^! latt] 7
 s unable to s5d gra9 or cattle ea/w>d  
until aft] #ahej1 t ! be/ road = mo/ (  
!m to m>ket 0 ! ,mississippi4 ,!        
slave-hold]s 7 su* good cu/om]s1 t p    
along ! ,ohio ,riv]1 z well z 9 ,ea/]n  
seaports & factory t[ns1 7 sl[ to see h[
 badly ! slaves 7 oppress$4             
,enlight5m5t on ?is subject1 z well z   
ab\t capacity = free lab\r1 0 also      
delay$ by prejudices ( race & col\r1    
:ile !re 0 mu* hone/ ignorance ?r\gh\t !
 ,nor?4 ,:at 0 be/ und]/ood ab\t slav]y 
0 t x 0 m]ely a ,/ate in/itution1 n to  
be aboli%$ or ev5 mu* ameliorat$ by !   
national ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ma9              
responsibility re/$ accord+ly ^u !      

,s\!rn ,/ates2 & ! dang] t ^! might be  
provok$ to sec$e c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,^!
 consid]ations prev5t$ ! majority ( !   
,nor!rn]s1 & especially ! lead+ memb]s (
 e sect1 f oppos+ slav]y z actively z !y
 w\ld o!rwise h be5 glad to d4  ,! mo/  
active p>tisan ( ! slave-hold]s 0 !     
politician :o knew !y _h votes 9        
,congress & 9 ! electoral college = all 
! :ites 9 ! ,s\? & also = ?ree-fif?s ( !
 col\r$ p4 ,! views ( ! ,democratic p>ty
 ab\t ! t>iff1 ! bank1 & ,/ate rights _h
 made x 9 #ahcb victori\s ev]y:]e s\? ( 
,m>yl& & ,k5tucky2 & its prepond]ance 9 
! cotton ,/ates1 z well z 9 ,virg9ia1   
enabl$ x long to resi/ ! gr[+           
disaffection at ! ,nor?4 ,! ,:igs w5t f>
 en\gh 9 ! same c\rse = _! own          
de/ruction2 & ! pr9ciple ( individual   
lib]ty f\nd few *ampions4  ,,vii4       
,politicians & m]*ants work$ toge!r 9   
gett+ up ! s]ies ( mobs aga9/           
abolitioni/s1 :i* began 9 #ahcc1 "u !   
lead ( a ,me?odi/ bi%op 9 ,new ,york1 & 
kept break+ out 9 t city1 ,philadelphia1

 ,c9c9nati1 ,bo/on1 & less important    
places1 until !y culm9at$ 9 ! burn+ (   
,p5nsylvania ,hall 9 #ahch4 ,aft] t ye>1
 !y 7 nei!r frequ5t nor viol5t4 ,! wor/ 
crime ( ! riot]s 0 murd]+ a cl]gyman    
nam$ ,lovejoy 9 #ahcg = try+ to save 8  
pr9t+-press4 ,mo/ ( ! ,bapti/1 ,me?odi/1
 & ,presbyt]ian prea*]s & editors 7 n[  
do+ :at !y c\ld to suppress ! agitation2
 b ! riots call$ out no indignation l t 
:i* _h p\r$ =? f all ! *ur*es 9 #ahbh   
aga9/ ,sunday mails4  ,!re 0 little     
fre$om ( spee* = unpopul> op9ions 9     
,am]ica 9 #ahce1 :5 ,*ann+ decl>$ t !   
mob aga9/ ,g>rison _h made abolitionism 
! cause ( ,fre$om4 ,!re 7 _m read]s1 ev5
 9 ! ,s\?1 = ! little book 9 :i* he     
insi/$ t ,slav]y ought to be discuss$4  
,he prote/$ aga9/ depriv+ ! slave ( 8 "r
 to improve & respect himself1 &        
v9dicat$ ! sacr$ness ( individual man4  
,he 0 ! fir/ to appeal f ! ,fugitive    
,slave ,law to t ev]la/+ & immutable    
rule ( "r reveal$ 9 consci5ce4 ,& few   
o!r cl]gym5 gave su* help to ,john      

,qu9cy ,adams1 :o 0 !n ass]t+ ! "r (    
petition & ( discussion 9 ,congress4    
,memorials ) a hundr$ & fifty ?\s&      
signatures _h be5 pres5t$ aga9/ !       
annexation ( ,texas1 & 9 fav\r (        
emancipation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1  
:5 x 0 vot$ by all ! ,s\!rn             
,repres5tatives1 z well z by ! ,nor!rn  
,democrats1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg1 t all     
petitions relat+ to slav]y %all be laid 
on ! table & no action tak5 !reon4 ,!   
ex-,presid5t1 :o 0 !n a ,repres5tative f
 ,massa*usetts1 prote/$ indignantly1 z  
did o!r ,:igs1 & !y cont9u$ to plead = !
 con/itutional rights ( ! ,nor? until   
#ahdd1 :5 ! gag-rule 0 aboli%$4 ,on     
,july #d1 #ahcg1 ,adams told ! p t      
,fre$om ( spee* is ! only safety-valve  
:i*1 "u ! high pressure ( slav]y1 c     
pres]ve y\r political boil] f a fe>ful  
explosion4 ,! numb] ( names1 includ+ _m 
repetitions1 sign$ 9 ! next two ye>s to 
anti-slav]y petitions 0 two millions4   
,emancipation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia 0
 out ( ! "q1 if only because ! ,s\? *ose

 half ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,nor? 0 /rong en\gh 9
 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives to prev5t any
 pro-slav]y legislation2 & ! annexation 
( ,texas 0 actually po/pon$ until #ahde1
 9 consequ5ce p>tly ( ! petitions &     
p>tly ( remon/rances f ! legislatures ( 
,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1
 ,ohio1 & o!r ,/ates4 ,^! bodies also   
prote/$ aga9/ ! neglect ( petitions 9   
,congress4 ,! subsid5ce ( mobs aft]     
#ahch 0 due to a g5]al feel+ at ! ,nor?1
 n only t ! riot]s 7 too viol5t1 b also 
t ! ,s\? 0 too dictatorial 9 gagg+      
,congress1 9 tamp]+ ) ! mails1 9 ask+   
,nor!rn legislatures to suppress public 
meet+s1 & 9 try+ to annex ,texas4       
,,viii4 ,on all ^! po9ts ! ,:igs 7 s f> 
9 advance ( ! ,democrats 9 #ahdj1 z to  
receive mu* support f abolitioni/s4 ,^! 
la/1 h[ev]1 7 widely & un=tunately      
divid$ among !mselves4 ,_m ( ! m5 /ill  
call$ !mselves ,democrats2 = ! old p>ty 
:i* _h be5 f\nd$ by ,jeff]son _h lib]al 
memb]s1 :o _h =m]ly be5 call$ ,fanny    
,wright m51 & 7 n[ kn[n z ,loco ,focos4 

,a few abolitioni/s took ! ,gospel      
aphorisms ab\t non-resi/ance s bl9dly z 
to say x w\ld be a s9 = !m to vote4     
,g>rison r5\nc$ ! fran*ise = consci5ce  
sake & ! slave's2 b x is h>d to see     
precisely :at any slave ga9$ by 8       
fri5ds' refus+ to vote = ,adams1 ,sumn]1
 or ,l9coln4 ,! mo/ consi/5t            
abolitioni/s vot$ regul>ly1 & select$ a 
c&idate = 8 "w 9 ! cause1 )\t reg>d to 8
 p>ty record4  ,! ,democrats took decid$
 gr\nd 9 ! national conv5tion ( #ahdj & 
aft]w>ds aga9/ abolitionism4 ,_! nom9ee1
 ,van ,bur51 0 !n at ! head ( a corrupt 
adm9i/ration4 ,! ,:ig c&idate1 ,h>rison1
 0 9 fav\r ( free spee* & hone/         
gov]nm5t4 ,he _h be5 *os5 9 pref]5ce to 
,clay1 because ( ! latt]'s attack+ !    
abolitioni/s4 ,ano!r slave-hold] :o     
want$ to lyn* !m1 _h1 h[ev]1 be5 nom9at$
 by acclamation = ,vice-,presid5t at !  
,:ig conv5tion2 & ! p>ty _h no plat=m4  
,x is h>d to see :at ought to h be5 done
 "u ^! circum/ances by abolitioni/s4 ,"s
 :o 7 aft]w>ds kn[n z ,lib]ty m5 set up 

an indep5d5t ticket1 head$ by a m>tyr to
 ! cause4 ,!y _h q z mu* "r to d ?is z  
,g>rison _h to refuse to vote4 ,he _h   
hi!rto tak5 little responsibility = !   
proce$+s ( ! national society2 b :5 !   
annual meet+ 0 held at ,new ,york 9     
,may1 #ahdj1 he br\ght on m ?an five    
hundr$ ( 8 own adh]5ts f ,new ,engl&1 9 
ord] to pack ! conv5tion4 ,?us he secur$
 ! passage ( a decl>ation t ! indep5d5t 
nom9ations 7 injuri\s to ! cause & ought
 n to be support$4 ,g>rison has ju/ly   
be5 comp>$ to ,lu!r1 & ?is 0 l ,lu!r at 
8 wor/4  ,mo/ ( ! (fic]s & memb]s sec$$ 
& organis$ a rival society :i* did good 
"w 9 sympa?y n only ) ! ,lib]ty m5 b ) !
 ,free ,soil]s2 & ^! p>ties ga9$ mo/ ( !
 new conv]ts to abolitionism4 ,9 #ahdg !
 ,lib]ator publi%$ )\t comm5t an e/imate
 t x did n repres5t ! views ( "o active 
abolitioni/ 9 t52 & a col\r$ cl]gyman ( 
high ability1 ,dr4 ,g>nett1 decl>$ 9    
#ahea t ! proportion 0 less ?an "o p]   
c5t4 ,mo/ ( ! cl]gym5 :o 7 fri5dly to   
,g>rison be=e #ahdj 7 !nce=? aga9/ him4 

,s _m pulpits 7 sudd5ly clos$ aga9/ !   
agitators1 t "o ( !m1 nam$ ,fo/]1 kept  
insi/+ on speak+ 9 meet+ )\t leave 9    
v>i\s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&4 ,he 0 usually 
dragg$ out summ>ily1 & (t5 to ! injury (
 8 coat-tails1 ?\gh nev] ( 8 temp]4     
,bo/on 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rongly anti-slav]y 
cities2 b tw5ty pa/ors out ( =ty-f\r    
refus$ to ask$ ! p to pray = a fugitive 
slave :o 0 imprison$ illegally 9 #ahdb4 
,^? :o compli$ _h comp>atively little   
influ5ce4 ,! rural cl]gy 9 ,new ,engl&1 
,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 & ,nor!rn ,ohio1  
_h mu* m sympa?y ) re=m ?an _! bre?r5 to
 ! s\?w>d1 especially 9 l>ge cities4    
,g>rison's p]sonal unpopul>ity 9 !      
*ur*es _h be5 mu* increas$ by 8 viol5t  
language aga9/ !m1 & also by 8 ass]t+ ! 
inju/ice ( ,sunday laws1 z well z ! "r (
 wom5 to speak = ! slave4 ,8 position on
 ^! po9ts w be consid]$ lat]4  ,,ix4 ,8 
wor/ mi/ake 0 ! dem&1 :i* he publi%$ 9 !
 ,lib]ator1 9 ,may1 #ahdb1 = a repeal ( 
! ,union betwe5 ,nor!rn ,lib]ty & ,s\!rn
 ,slav]y4 ,?is he call$ ess5tial =      

emancipation4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahdc1 !      
,massa*usetts ,anti-,slav]y ,society    
pass$ ! resolution :i* 0 aft]w>ds       
publi%$ regul>ly 9 ! ,lib]ator z !      
,g>risoni/ cre$4 ,x decl>$ ! ,union a   
cov5ant ) dea? & an agreem5t ) hell :i* 
%\ld be imm$iately annull$4 ,?is        
position 0 held by ,g>rison1 ,phillips1 
& _! adh]5ts until #ahfa4 ,x 0 l>gely   
due1 l _! refusal to vote1 to           
indignation at ! support giv5 to slav]y 
by ! national ,con/itution1 ! ,fugitive 
,slave ,act1 & "s rec5t legislation at  
,wa%+ton4 ,g>rison 0 also confid5t1 z he
 said at a ,disunion conv5tion 9 #aheg1 
t if ! ,s\? 7 to sec$e1 %e w\ld n be    
able to hold a s+le slave "o h\r aft] ! 
de$ is done4 ,phillips1 too1 decl>$ t   
,all ! slave asks ( u is to /& out ( 8  
way4 ,let no cem5t ( ! ,union b9d !     
slave1 & he w "r himself4 ,x is true t  
secession br\ght on emancipation2 b x   
w\ld n h done s if ,phillips & ,g>rison 
_h succe$$ 9 qu5*+ love ( ! ,union 9 !  
,nor?4 ,t patriotic feel+ bur/ out 9 a  

fi]ce flame2 & x 0 ! re/oration ( !     
,union :i* aboli%$ slav]y4 ,ano!r       
important fact is t ! *ief guilt (      
slav]y re/$ on ! ,s\?4 ,! national      
,gov]nm5t 0 only an accessory at wor/4  
,no ,nor!rn] 0 responsible = any clause 
9 ! ,con/itution :i* he _h n sanction$1 
or = any action ( ,congress :i* he _h   
done 8 be/ to prev5t4  ,! be/ "w aga9/  
slav]y :i* c\ld be done 9 #ahdc & #ahdd 
0 to defeat a new attempt to annex      
,texas4 ,?is s*eme 0 av[$ly = ! ext5sion
 ( slav]y ov] a great region :]e x _h   
be5 prohibit$ by ,mexico4 ,!re w\ld     
probably be w> ) t c\ntry2 & success    
w\ld increase ! p[] ( ! slave-hold]s 9 !
 ,s5ate4 ,"o half ( its memb]s 7 f !    
slave ,/ates 9 #ahdd2 b annexation 0    
reject$ 9 ,june by a vote ( two to "o2 &
 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 0 pla9ly on !
 same side1 ?\gh o!rwise controll$ by ! 
,democrats4  ,public w>n+ ( ! dang] to  
lib]ty _h be5 giv5 by ,adams & o!r ,:igs
 9 ,congress e>ly 9 #ahdc2 b little he$ 
0 tak5 ei!r by ! cl]gy or by !          

,g>risoni/s4 ,bo? 7 too busy ) _! own   
plans4 ,*ann+ di$ 9 #ahdb2 & ,p>k] w5t  
to ,europe 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdc4 ,x 0 n   
until two mon?s lat] t ! ,lib]ator f\nd 
room = ,texas4 ,g>rison nev] spoke aga9/
 annexation until too late2 & x 0       
sc>cely m5tion$ 9 ! ,may meet+s ( #ahdc 
at ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 9 ! "o hundr$   
anti-slav]y conv5tions :i* 7 held t     
summ] 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 &     
,indiana1 ) ! p[]ful aid ( ,fr$]ick     
,d\glass1 or 9 ! "o hundr$ conv5tions 9 
,massa*usetts e>ly 9 #ahdd4 ,at ! ,may  
meet+ 9 ,new ,york1 ,fo/] said he %\ld  
rejoice to see ,texas annex$2 &         
,phillips exult$ 9 ! prospect t ?is w\ld
 provoke ! ,nor? to trample on !        
,con/itution4 ,annexation _h be5 oppos$ 
by ?ree c&idates = ! presid5cy3 ,birney1
 :o _h already be5 select$ by ! ,lib]ty 
m52 ,van ,bur51 :o 0 reject$ soon aft]  
on ?is acc\nt by ! ,democrats2 & ,clay1 
:o _h already be5 accept$ by ! ,:igs4   
,all ?ree 7 =mally c5sur$1 "u v>i\s     
pretexts1 9 company ) ,john ,qu9cy      

,adams1 at ?is & o!r ga!r+s ( !         
,g>risonians4 ,_! conv5tion soon aft] 9 
,bo/on vot$ t5 to "o = disunion1 & clos$
 on ,june #a/ ) ! pres5tation to        
,g>rison ( a r$ flag be>+ on "o side !  
motto1 ,no ,union ) ,slave-hold]s1 & on 
! o!r an eagle wrapp$ 9 ! ,am]ican flag 
& trampl+ on a pro/rate slave4 ,two     
mon?s lat]1 & ?ree be=e ! election1 ?is 
bann] 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh gaily decorat$      
/reets 9 ,h+ham1 amid r++ ( *ur* bells1 
to a meet+ att5d$ by sev]al ?\s&        
disunioni/s4 ,! ,g>risonians ?\ght s mu*
 ab\t gett+ out ( ! ,union1 t !y _h no?+
 to say 9 fav\r ( keep+ out ,texas4     
,among ! few abolitioni/s :o saw ! duty 
( ! h\r 7 ,:itti] & ,l[ell4 ,! full =ce 
( _! poetry 0 n mu* felt be=e #ahej2 b  
among ! /irr+ publications e>ly 9 #ahdb 
0 a ,rally+-,cry = ,new ,engl& aga9/ !  
,annexation ( ,texas1 :i* ,l[ell s5t =? 
anonym\sly4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 ,h>p]'s      
,weekly = ,april #bc1 #ahib1 b n 9 !    
e>li] editions ( ! poems4 ,among ! mo/  
/rik+ l9es are ^!3       ,rise up ,new  

,engl&1 buckle on y\r mail ( pro(       
sublime1      ,y\r /]n old hate (       
tyranny1 y\r deep contempt ( crime4     
,"o fl\ri% ( a p51      ,& fett]s %all  
be rivet$ on millions m ( m54       ,"o 
drop ( ink to sign a "n1 & ,slav]y %all 
f9d      ,= all h] surplus fle% & blood 
a m>ket to h] m9d4       ,awake ,new    
,engl&6 ,:ile y sleep1 ! foe advance _! 
l9es1      ,already on y\r /ronghold's  
wall _! bloody bann] %9es4       ,awake 
& hurl !m back aga9 9 t]ror & despair6  
,! "t has come = e>ne/ de$s3 we 've n a 
man to sp>e4  ,if ! ,:igs _h nom9at$    
,web/] t ,may1 on a plat=m oppos+ bo?   
annexation & disunion1 !y w\ld h ga9$ m 
votes at ! ,nor? ?an !y w\ld h lo/ at ! 
,s\?4 ,!y might possibly h c>ri$ t      
election2 & _! /r5g? 9 ! ,bord] ,/ates  
w\ld h enabl$ !m1 soon] or lat]1 to *eck
 ! ext5sion ( slav]y )\t br++ on civil  
w>4 ,_! plat=m 0 sil5t ab\t ,texas1 z   
well z ab\t ! ,union2 _! *ief c&idate1  
,clay1 _h already made compromises 9 !  
int]e/ ( ! ,s\? 9 #ahbj & #ahcc2 he did 

s aga9 9 #ahej2 & he admitt$1 soon aft] 
! conv5tion1 t he %\ld be glad to see   
,texas annex$1 if x c\ld be done )\t w>4
 ,?is failure ( ! ,:igs to oppose !     
ext5sion ( slav]y1 toge!r ) _! hav+ made
 ! t>iff highly protective 9 #ahdb1 co/ 
!m s _m votes 9 ,new ,york & ,mi*igan t 
!y lo/ ! election4  ,neglig5ce &        
diss5sion at ! ,nor? _h enabl$ ! ,s\? to
 set aside ,van ,bur5 9 fav\r ( ,polk at
 ! ,democratic conv5tion4 ,! p>ty 0     
pl$g$ to annex ,texas2 & ,nor!rn memb]s 
7 appeas$ by a crafty promise t all :i* 
0 wor? hav+ 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 we/ ( !  
,rocky ,m\nta9s1 %\ld be acquir$ also4  
,! decl>ation 9 ! plat=m ( #ahdj1 t !   
gov]nm5t ought n to fo/] "o bran* (     
indu/ry to ! detrim5t ( o!rs1 0 repeat$ 
9 #ahdd1 z (t5 aft]w>ds1 b x 0 s cunn+ly
 expla9$ away 9 ,p5nsylvania t ?is ,/ate
 vot$ = ! ,presid5t :o sign$ ! l[-t>iff 
bill ( #ahdf4  ,! election ( #ahdd      
/r5g!n$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,s\?4 ,texas 0   
soon annex$ by ! same ,congress :i* _h  
refus$ to d s previ\sly1 & 0 admitt$ l  

,florida1 z a slave ,/ate1 9 spite (    
remon/rances made by ! legislatures (   
,massa*usetts & ,v]mont1 z well z by    
two-?irds ( ! ,unit>ian m9i/]s4  ,9     
,m>*1 #ahdf1 ,polk's army invad$        
,mexico2 h] soldi]s resi/$2 ! ,democrats
 9 ,congress vot$ t %e _h begun ! w>1   
:i* la/$ = ! next eighte5 mon?s2 & !    
,:igs ass5t$ reluctantly4 ,mo/ ( !      
volunte]s 7 ,s\!rn]s1 & !re 0 mu*       
opposition at ! ,nor? to w>f>e = !      
ext5sion ( slav]y4 ,! indignation 0     
increas$ by ! publication ( ,:itti]'s   
pa!tic poem1 ,! ,angels ( ,bu5a ,vi/a1 z
 well z ( t s]ies ( p[]ful satires1     
,l[ell's ,bigl[ ,pap]s1 ,! greate/      
a*ievem5t ( lit]>y g5ius ?us f> 9       
,am]ica 0 ! creation ( ,bird(re-dom     
,saw92 & no book except ,mrs4 ,/[e's    
fam\s novel did s mu* = emancipation4   
,a =emo/ place among abolitioni/s 0 tak5
 by ,p>k] 9 #ahde1 :5 he began to prea* 
9 ,bo/on4 ,8 fir/ s]mon aga9/ ! w> )    
,mexico 0 deliv]$ ! same mon? z !       
publication ( ! fir/ ( ! ,bigl[ ,pap]s1 

,june1 #ahdf4  ,e>ly 9 #ahdg he spoke ) 
su* sev]ity1 at an indignation meet+ 9  
,faneuil ,hall1 t 8 life 0 ?reat5$ by   
drunk5 volunte]s4 ,o!r prea*]s t ye> 9  
,massa*usetts foll[$ 8 example s g5]ally
 z to w9 praise f ! ,g>risonians1 z well
 z f ! mo/ patriotic abolitioni/s2 &    
great effect 0 produc$ by 8 ,lett] to ! 
,p1 :i* %[$1 e>ly 9 #ahdh1 t slav]y 0   
ru9+ ! prosp]ity1 z well z ! morals1 ( !
 ,s\?4 ,m ab\t 8 "w may be f\nd 9 ,*apt]
 ,v4 ,!re we %all see h[ active !       
,transc5d5tali/s 7 9 c>ry+ on ! revolt  
begun by ,*ann+4 ,! mo/ important       
victory = lib]ty record$ 9 ?is *apt] 0 t
 ( #ahdd ov] ! protectioni/s4 ,! defeat 
( ! ,g>risonians 0 due l>gely to _!     
mi/akes2 & !re 0 urg5t ne$ ( a new      
anti-slav]y movem5t on broad] gr\nd4    
,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,emancipation  ,,!       
revolution>y movem5ts ( #ahdh did mu* to
 enc\rage love ( lib]ty 9 ,am]ica1 :]e !
 anti-slav]y agitation 0 n[ becom+      
prom95t 9 politics4 ,! indignation aga9/
 ! ,mexican w> increas$ z x 0 f\nd t    

no?+ w\ld be done to keep ! promise (   
#ahdd1 t ,great ,brita9 %\ld be exclud$ 
f ! ,pacific4 ,! purpose ( ! ,s\?1 to   
enl>ge ! area ( slav]y b n t ( fre$om1 0
 s pla9 t ! nor!rn ,democrats propos$ ! 
,wilmot ,proviso1 by :i* slav]y w\ld h  
be5 =bidd5 9 all t]ritory acquir$ f     
,mexico2 & !y actually c>ri$ x ?r\gh !  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ) ! help ( !   
,:igs1 9 #ahdf4 ,simil> action 0 tak5 by
 ! legislatures ( ,new ,york1 ,ohio1    
,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 & sev5 o!r      
,/ates4 ,! ,s5ate 0 s unwill+ to h      
slav]y prohibit$ any:]e z to oppose1    
m]ely on ?is acc\nt1 a bill = giv+ a    
t]ritorial gov]nm5t to ,oregon4  ,i4 ,_m
 ( ! ,new ,york delegates to ! national 
,democratic conv5tion 9 #ahdh came pl$g$
 to uncompromis+ ho/ility to ! ext5sion 
( slav]y1 & 7 s badly treat$ t !y )drew4
 ,cass 0 nom9at$ z a fri5d to ! ,s\?2 ! 
,mexican w> 0 decl>$ j & necess>y2 &    
abolitionism 0 d5\nc$1 z x _h be5 9     
#ahdj & #ahdd4 ,van ,bur5 0 nom9at$ soon
 aft] by ! anti-slav]y ,democrats4 ,a   

simil> movem5t _h already be5 made by   
,sumn]1 ,wilson1 & o!r m5 :o 7 kn[n z   
consci5ce ,:igs1 & :o _h "s support f   
,clay & ,web/]4 ,bo? ^! c&idates = !    
presid5cy 7 set aside 9 fav\r ( a       
slave-hold]1 :o _h be5 v successful 9   
conqu]+ ,mexico1 b nev] ca/ a vote4 ,9  
fact1 ,g5]al ,taylor _h tak5 s little   
int]e/ 9 politics1 t he 0 support$ 9 !  
,nor? z a fri5d1 & 9 ! ,s\? z an enemy1 
to ! ,wilmot ,proviso4 ,no op9ion on ?is
 or any o!r "q c\ld be extort$ f !      
majority2 ,wilson decl>$ 9 ! conv5tion t
 he %\ld d all he c\ld to defeat its    
nom9ee2 ! consci5ce ,:igs made an       
alliance ) ! ,van ,bur5 ,democrats2 & ! 
new movem5t 0 jo9$ by ! ,lib]ty m51 ^:  
vote ( sixty ?\s& _h decid$ ! election (
 #ahdd4 ,?us 0 =m$ ! ,free ,soil p>ty1  
^: fundam5tal idea1 l t aft]w>ds held by
 ! ,republicans1 0 pres]vation ( !      
,union by *eck+ ! ext5sion ( slav]y4    
,d\glass & o!r ,g>risoni/s 7 pres5t at !
 ,free ,soil conv5tion1 :]e he 0 invit$ 
to speak4 ,! new p>ty pl$g$ itself to   

,free ,soil1 ,free ,spee*1 ,free ,lab\r1
 & ,free ,m54 ,! national ,gov]nm5t 0 to
 relieve itself ( all responsibility =  
slav]y1 & beg9 by prohibit+ its         
ext5sion4 ,!re %\ld be no m slave       
,/ates1 no m slave t]ritory1 & no m     
compromises ) slav]y4 ,! conv5tion also 
dem&$ t ,oregon %\ld be organis$ z a    
t]ritory ) free lab\r only2 & ?is 0     
grant$ at once by ,presid5t ,polk & bo? 
,h\ses ( ,congress4 ,mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! 
conv5tion 7 ,transc5d5tal en\gh to ?9k t
 wisdom mu/ be spontane\s2 & _! scorn ( 
political ma*9]y left x to be us$ = mak+
 ,van ,bur5 ! c&idate4 ,l[ell1 :o 0 !n  
at 8 height ( productiv5ess1 compla9$ t1
       ,he a9t half anti-slav'ry 'n\gh2 
b ,:itti] exclaim$1 t ,septemb]3        
,n[ joy & ?anks =ev] m6      ,! dre>y   
night has well-nigh pass$3      ,!      
slumb]s ( ! ,nor? are o'er3      ,!     
giant /&s erect at la/6  ,! anti-slav]y 
vote 0 ne>ly five times z l>ge z 9      
#ahdd4 ,cass w\ld h be5 elect$ if !     
,free ,soil]s _h support$ him 9 ,new    

,york4 ,_! ho/ility gave t ,/ate1 z well
 z ,v]mont & ,massa*usetts1 to ,taylor1 
:o ?us became ,presid5t4 ,he also c>ri$ 
,georgia & sev5 o!r ,s\!rn ,/ates2 b !  
,we/ 0 solidly ,democratic4 ,x 0 n an   
anti-slav]y victory1 b a pro-slav]y     
defeat4  ,,ii4 ,! fir/ "q be=e ! new    
,presid5t & ,congress 0 ab\t ,cali=nia4 
,! discov]y ( gold1 be=e ! c\ntry 0 c$$ 
by ,mexico1 _h br\ght 9 cr[ds ( settl]s1
 b sc>cely any slaves4 ,unwill+ness to h
 ano!r free ,/ate prev5t$ ,polk & 8     
,s5ate f all[+ ,cali=nia to h any bett] 
gov]nm5t ?an a milit>y "o2 & ?is 0      
depriv$ ( all au?ority by ! des]tion ( !
 soldi]s to ! digg+s4 ,! settl]s knew ! 
value ( a free gov]nm5t1 & made "o      
indep5d5tly4 ,! con/itution :i* !y      
complet$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahdh1 0 s          
anti-slav]y t x 0 n sanction$ = ne>ly   
two ye>s by ,congress4 ,meantime !re 0  
no legal au?ority 9 ,cali=nia to levy   
taxes1 or organise fire dep>tm5ts1 or   
arre/ crim9als4 ,robb]ies &             
conflagrations 7 num]\s2 ! mu%room      

cities 7 n grad$1 pav$1 or light$2 !    
unc]ta9ty ( titles to l& caus$ fights 9 
:i* lives 7 lo/2 & crim9als became s    
desp]ate t sev]al 7 lyn*$ by a          
,vigilance ,committee4  ,! duty (       
admitt+ ,cali=nia z a free ,/ate 0 urg$ 
^u ! new ,congress 9 ,decemb]1 #ahdi1 by
 ,taylor1 :o promis$ to make an         
unexpect$ly good ,presid5t4 ,?is plan _h
 become s popul> at ! ,nor? t x 0       
recomm5d$ by ! ,democratic ,/ate        
conv5tions ( ,massa*usetts & ,wiscons91 
z well z by ! legislature ( e ,nor!rn   
,/ate1 except ,i[a4 ,! ,h\se (          
,repres5tatives c\ld easily h be5 c>ri$2
 = ! ,:igs & ,free ,soil]s con/itut$ a  
majority1 & w\ld h _h "s help f ,nor!rn 
,democrats4 ,! ,s5ate w\ld probably n h 
cons5t$ until aft] ano!r appeal to ! p2 
b ?is might h be5 made ) success at !   
elections ( #ahej4  ,taylor _h c>ri$    
,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,l\isiana1         
,florida1 ,georgia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1      
,m>yl&1 & ,delaw>e4 ,! la/ two ,/ates _h
 p]mitt$ "s ,free ,soil votes to be ca/2

 ?is 0 also ! case 9 ,virg9ia2 &        
anti-slav]y meet+s _h be5 held publicly 
9 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! pro-slav]y defeat 9     
#ahdh enc\rag$ ,s\!rn]s :o knew !       
advantage ( free lab\r to agitate =     
emancipation4 ,! conv5tion held = ?is   
purpose 9 ,k5tucky1 9 #ahdi1 0 att5d$ by
 delegates f tw5ty-f\r c\nties2 & its   
decl>ation t slav]y 0 injuri\s to !     
prosp]ity ( ! ,commonweal?1 0 endors$ by
 ,s\!rn newspap]s4 ,clay himself propos$
 a plan ( gradual emancipation2 & su* a 
measure 0 call$ =1 accord+ to ! ,ri*mond
 ,s\!rn] 7quot$ 9 ,hoi/'s ,con/itutional
 ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii41 p4 #dcc71 by       
two-?irds ( ! p ( ,virg9ia4 ,admissions 
t ,k5tucky mu/ be free1 t ,delaw>e &    
,m>yl& are n[ 9 a transition1 prep>atory
 to becom+ free ,/ates1 & t             
,emancipation is inevitable 9 all ! f>m+
 ,/ates1 :]e free lab\r c be            
advantage\sly us$1 7 publi%$ 9 #ahec1 at
 ,new ,orleans1 9 ,de ,b['s ,indu/rial  
,res\rces ( ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates    
7vols4 i41 p4 #djg2 ii41 p4 #caj2 ,hi41 

p4 #fj74 ,a book :i* 0 writt5 soon aft] 
by a ,nor? ,c>ol9ian nam$ ,help]1 &     
d5\nc$ viol5tly 9 ,congress1 %[s h[ mu* 
^? ,s\!rn]s :o did n hold slaves w\ld h 
ga9$ by emancipation2 & :at 0 s pla9ly =
 ! int]e/ ( ! majority ( ! vot]s w\ld h 
be5 e/abli%$ by !m1 soon] or lat]1 if x 
_h n be5 = ! break+ out ( civil w>4  ,h[
 mu* dang] !re 01 ev5 9 #ahdi1 to       
slave-hold]s is %[n by _! ?reats to     
sec$e4 ,!y wi%$ to increase ! ho/ility  
betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? 9 ord] to *eck !    
spread s\?w>ds ( ,nor!rn views4 ,x 0 9  
?is _s t ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives f ! 
cotton ,/ates dem&$ a m effici5t law =  
return+ fugitives4 ,mo/ ( ! ?irty ?\s&  
!n at ! ,nor? _h come f ,m>yl&1         
,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,miss\ri2 & ^!    
,/ates 7 invit$ to act ) _! s\!rn       
neighb\rs aga9/ abolitionism4  ,!re 7 v 
few secessioni/s at ?is "t1 except 9    
,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,mississippi1 & ,texas4   
,presid5t ,taylor 0 s popul> at ! ,s\?1 
& s av[$ly ready to take comm& himself  
aga9/ rebels1 t no army c\ld h be5 rais$

 to resi/ him4 ,web/] decl>$1 9         
,febru>y1 #ahej1 t !re 0 no dang] (     
secession2 & ! same op9ion 0 held by    
,b5ton ( ,miss\ri1 ,sew>d1 & o!r        
,s5ators4 ,!re 0 n en\gh al>m at ! ,nor?
 to affect ! /ock-m>ket4 ,all t ! ,:igs 
ne$$ to d = ! ,union 0 to su/a9 x ) all 
! /r5g? :i* !y c\ld use = t purpose at !
 ,s\?4 ,if !y _h also insi/$ t ,cali=nia
 %\ld be admitt$ unconditionally1 !y    
w\ld soon h _h support en\gh f ,nor!rn  
,democrats 9 ,congress4 ,! dem& = a     
national p>ty ( fre$om 0 urg5t4 ,! ,free
 ,soil]s 7 too sectional2 b ! ,:igs _h s
 mu* influ5ce at ! ,s\? t !y c\ld h     
*eck$ ! ext5sion ( slav]y )\t blood%$2 &
 ?is w\ld h ensur$ ! progress (         
emancipation4  ,,iii4 ,all ?is might h  
be5 done if ,clay's hatr$ ( !           
abolitioni/s1 :o _h refus$ to make him  
,presid5t1 _h n made him try to cripple 
!m by ano!r compromise4 ,he propos$ t   
,cali=nia %\ld be admitt$ at once & )\t 
slav]y2 t x %\ld be left to ! settl]s 9 
,utah & ,new ,mexico to decide :e!r ^!  

t]ritories %\ld ultimately become free  
or slave ,/ates2 t ,texas %\ld receive a
 l>ge sum ( money1 z well z a great     
tract ( l& :i* %e _h ?reat5$ to take f  
,new ,mexico by =ce2 &1 wor/ ( all1 t a 
new fugitive-slave bill %\ld be pass$4  
,! law !n on ! /atute books left ! "q   
:e!r ! def5dant %\ld be enslav$ to be   
decid$ by a magi/rate elect$ by ! p or  
appo9t$ by ! gov]nor2 & ! c\rt 0 s apt  
to be re/rict$ by local legislation or  
public op9ion1 t recov]y ( fugitives 0  
practically impossible 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!
 new law reta9$ ! wor/ provision ( ! old
 "o2 namely1 t no jury c\ld be ask$ to  
decide :e!r ! def5dant _h ev] be5 a     
slave4 ,! pr9cipal *ange 0 t ! judge 0  
to come into su* close relations ) !    
national adm9i/ration z to be indep5d5t 
( ! p ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 %ort1 fugitive      
slaves 7 to be puni%$1 & disloyal       
,texans rew>d$1 9 ord] t ,cali=nia might
 get h] rights4  ,?is plan 0 approv$ by 
,web/]1 :o hop$ t ! grateful ,s\? w\ld  
make him ,presid5t1 & !n help him re/ore

 ^? protective duties :i* _h be5 remov$ 
9 #ahdf4 ,o!r ,nor!rn]s call$ !         
compromise "o-sid$2 & s did m5 f ^?     
cotton ,/ates :i* 7 to ga9 sc>cely      
any?+4 ,presid5t ,taylor w\ld yield no?+
 to ?reats ( rebellion4 ,x 0 n until    
aft] 8 dea? t ,clay's proposals c\ld be 
c>ri$ ?r\gh ,congress2 & x 0 necess>y to
 pres5t !m "o by "o4 ,! bill by :i*     
,cali=nia 0 admitt$1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahej1
 0 s&wi*$ 9 betwe5 ^? ab\t ,texas & !   
fugitives4 ,! latt] 7 put "u a law by   
:i* _! fri5ds 7 liable to be f9$ or     
imprison$2 b ! new ,fugitive ,slave ,act
 _h only ?ree votes f ! nor!rn ,:igs 9 !
 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 & !re 7 only  
f\r ,s5ators :o actually cons5t$ to all 
,clay's propositions4  ,! compromise    
seem$ at fir/ to h sil5c$ bo?           
secessioni/s & abolitioni/s4 ,! latt] 7 
assail$ by worse mobs 9 ,bo/on & ,new   
,york ?an _h be5 ! case 9 ^! cities = _m
 ye>s4 ,! riot]s 7 su/a9$ by public     
op9ion2 en?usia/ic ,union meet+s 7 held 
9 ! l>ge cities2 & ,web/]'s c\rse 0     

prais$ by lead+ m9i/]s ( all            
d5om9ations1 ev5 ! ,unit>ian4           
,abolitionism _h app>5tly be5 r$uc$ to  
su* a position t x c\ld lead to no?+ b  
civil w>4 ,p>k] compla9$1 9 ,may1 #ahej1
 t ! cl]gy 7 des]t+ ! cause4 ,phillips  
spoke at ?is "t z if !re 7 no           
anti-slav]y m9i/]s left4 ,i once he>d   
fri5dly he>]s int]rupt him by %\t+ out  
names l ,p>k]'s & ,bee*]'s4 ,he smil$1 &
 began c\nt+ up "n aft] "n on ! f+]s ( 8
 left h&2 b he soon toss$ x up1 & said )
 a laugh1 ,i h n got "o h& full yet4    
,web/]'s fri5ds boa/$ t ,satan 0 trodd5 
und]foot2 b ! compromise 0 tak5 z an    
admission by ! ,:igs t _! p>ty _h c>$   
too little ab\t slav]y4 ,_m ( its       
adh]5ts w5t ov]1 soon] or lat]1 to !    
,democratic p>ty1 :i* _h at lea/ ! m]it 
( consi/5cy4 ,ab\t half ( ! ,free       
,soil]s des]t$ :at seem$ to be a lo/    
cause2 b few if any w5t back to help !  
,:igs4 ,! latt] did n elect ev5         
?ree-f\r?s z _m memb]s ( ,congress 9    
,novemb]1 #ahej1 z !y did 9 #ahdh2 & !y 

f>$ /ill worse 9 #aheb4 ,democratic aid 
enabl$ ! ,free ,soil]s 9 #ahea to s5d   
,sumn] to repres5t !m 9 ! ,s5ate1 9     
company ) ,hale & ,*ase4 ,sew>d _h      
already be5 s5t !re by ! anti-slav]y    
,:igs1 & _h met ,web/]'s plea = !       
con/itutionality ( ! new ,fugitive      
,slave ,law by decl>+ t ,!re is a high] 
law ?an ! ,con/itution4 ,sumn] ma9ta9$ 9
 ,wa%+ton1 z he _h done 9 ,bo/on1 t !   
,con/itution z well z ! moral law =bade 
help+ kidnapp]s4 ,he 0 nev] a           
disunioni/2 b he insi/$ t ,unju/ laws   
are n b9d+2 & he 0 support$ by ! mighty 
influ5ce ( ,em]son4  ,! effects (       
,transc5d5talism w be s fully consid]$ 9
 ! next *apt] b "o1 t ,i ne$ speak "h   
m]ely ( :at x did to enc\rage resi/ance 
to ! new law :i* made philan?ropy a     
crime4 ,! p5alties on *>ity to fugitives
 7 s sev]e z to call out mu* indignation
 f ! rural cl]gy at ! ,nor?4 ,9         
,novemb]1 #ahej1 ! ,me?odi/ m9i/]s (    
,new ,york ,city agre$ to dem& ! repeal 
( ! law2 & ,p>k] wrote to ,fillmore1 :o 

_h be5 made ,presid5t by ,taylor's dea?1
 t among eighty ,prote/ant pa/ors 9     
,bo/on !re 7 n five :o w\ld refuse      
hospitality to a slave4 ,! fir/ hunt]s (
 m5 :o came !re met su* a resi/ance t !y
 did n try to capture ! fugitives4 ,a   
negro :o 0 arre/$ 0 tak5 by col\r$      
fri5ds f ! c\rt-h\se2 & a second rescue 
0 prev5t$ only by fill+ ! build+ ) arm$ 
hirel+s1 surr\nd+ x ) heavy *a9s "u :i* 
! judges 7 oblig$ to /oop1 & f9ally     
call+ out ! militia to gu>d ! victim    
?r\gh ! /reets ( ,bo/on4 ,a slavehold]  
:o 0 suppos$ to be try+ to drag 8 own   
son back to bondage1 0 %ot dead by      
col\r$ m5 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,o!r fugitives
 7 rescu$ 9 ,milwaukee & ,syracuse4 ,!  
new law lo/ mu* ( its p[] 9 twelve mon?s
 ( su* conflicts2 & x 0 r$uc$ almo/ to a
 dead lett] by ,p]sonal ,lib]ty bills1  
:i* 7 enact$ 9 ne>ly e ,nor!rn ,/ate4 ,!
 compromise 0 n mak+ ! ,nor? & ,s\?     
fri5ds1 b enemies4  ,! ho/ility 0       
increas$ by ! publication ( ! mo/       
influ5tial book ( ! c5tury4 ,uncle      

,tom's ,cab9 _h attract$ mu* att5tion z 
a s]ial2 & ?ree ?\s& copies 7 sold on ! 
day x appe>$ 9 book =m1 ,m>* #bj1 #aheb4
 ,!re 0 a sale t ye> ( two hundr$ ?\s&  
copies1 :i* 7 equally welcome 9 p>l\r1  
nurs]y1 & kit*54 ,dramatic v]sions _h a 
great run2 & "o actress play$ ,little   
,eva at m ?an ?ree hundr$ consecutive   
p]=mances4 ,"s ( ! mo/ effective sc5es 7
 int5d$ to excite sympa?y ) fugitive    
slaves4  ,! total numb] ( votes = all   
p>ties did n increase "o-?ird z fa/     
betwe5 #ahdh & #aheb z betwe5 #aheb &   
#ahef1 :5 _m ( ,uncle ,tom's admir]s w5t
 to ! polls = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,:igs 7 s   
mu* a%am$ ( _! p>ty1 t !y p]mitt$ e     
,/ate1 except ,massa*usetts1 ,v]mont1   
,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee to be c>ri$ by !  
,democrats4 ,! latt] _h ! advantage1 n  
only ( unity & consi/5cy z reg>ds       
slav]y1 b ( hav+ made _! l[ t>iff s mu* 
( a success t !re 0 ano!r r$uction 9    
#aheg4 ,! two p>ties _h be5 made ne>ly  
equal 9 ,congress by ! election ( #ahdh2
 b ! proportion 0 *ang$ f\r ye>s lat]1  

to two to "o1 & ! beat5 p>ty soon w5t to
 pieces4  ,! ,free ,soil c&idates &     
plat=m 7 s+ul>ly good 9 #aheb2 yet !    
vote 0 b little m ?an "o-half z l>ge z 9
 #ahdh4 ,!re 0 no election betwe5 #ahce 
& #ahfe :5 anti-slav]y votes seem$ s    
little likely to d any imm$iate good4 ,!
 compromise look$ l an irrep>able error2
 & _m re=m]s ?\ght !y c\ld d no?+ bett] 
?an vote ) ! ,democrats = free trade4   
,,iv4 ,! victors 9 #aheb might h _h _m  
ye>s ( supremacy1 if !y _h kept true to 
! ,jeff]sonian pr9ciple ( ,/ate rights4 
,!y 7 consi/5t 9 hold+ t ! position (   
col\r$ p 9 ea* ,/ate ought to be det]m9$
 by ! local majority4 ,! rights (       
,nor!rn]s _h be5 invad$ by ! new law1   
:i* =bade hospitality to fugitives &    
dem&$ p>ticipation 9 kidnapp+2 b ?is    
wrong might h be5 endur$ if ! ,s\? _h n 
d5i$ ! "r ( ,kansas to become a free    
,/ate4 ,?is 0 gu>ante$ by ! compromise (
 #ahbj1 :i* _h be5 kept by ! ,nor?4     
,e>ly 9 #ahed1 ,s5ator ,d\glas (        
,ill9ois propos$ t ! compact %\ld be    

repudiat$1 & t x %\ld be left = future  
settl]s to decide :e!r !re %\ld be      
fre$om or slav]y 9 a region t5 times z  
l>ge z ,massa*usetts1 ) a f]tile soil & 
a climate w>m en\gh = negro lab\r4  ,!re
 0 su* prompt & int5se indignation      
?r\gh\t ! ,nor? at ?is brea* ( fai?1 t  
,d\glas said he c\ld f9d 8 way f ,*icago
 to ,bo/on by ! light ( ! bonfires 9 :i*
 he 0 burn$ 9 effigy4 ,! diff]5ce (     
op9ion betwe5 city & c\ntry cl]gy ceas$ 
at once4 ,an ,episcopalian bi%op head$ !
 remon/rance :i* 0 sign$ by ne>ly e     
m9i/] 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,two o!r      
bi%ops sign$ ! ,new ,engl& prote/ 9     
company ) ! presid5ts ( ,yale1 ,br[n1   
,williams1 & ,amh]/1 ) ! lead]s ( e     
,prote/ant sect1 & ) s _m o!r cl]gym5 t 
! sum total rose above ?ree ?\s&1 :i* 0 
f\r-fif?s ( ! :ole numb]4 ,five hundr$  
m9i/]s 9 ! ,nor?-we/ sign$ a remon/rance
 :i* ,d\glas 0 oblig$ to pres5t2 & s _m 
su* memorials came 9 f all ! free       
,/ates1 z to %[ t !re 0 v little        
pro-slav]y feel+ left among ! cl]gy1    

except 9 ! black belt nor? ( ! ,ohio4   
,"o-half ( ! ,nor!rn ,democrats 9 !     
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives refus$ to foll[ 
,d\glas4 ,lead+ m5 f all p>ties unit$ to
 =m ! new "o1 :i* took ! "n (           
,republican on ,july #f1 #ahed1 & ga9$  
control ( ! next ,h\se (                
,repres5tatives4 ,x 0 all ! m popul>    
because x began on ! sole basis ( !     
non-ext5sion ( slav]y4 ,victory ov] !   
,s\? c\ld be ga9$ only by unit+ ! ,nor?2
 b ,g>rison /ill kept on say+1 ,if we   
w\ld see ! slave-p[] ov]?r[n1 ! ,union  
mu/ be dissolv$4 ,on ,july #d1 #ahed1   
two days be=e ! ,republican p>ty adopt$ 
its "n1 he burn$ ! ,con/itution ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates amid sev]al ?\s&          
spectators4 ,!n x 0 t ,?oreau publicly  
d5i$ 8 allegiance to ,massa*usetts1 :i* 
0 already do+ its be/ to save ,kansas4  
,emigrants f ,new ,engl& 7 s5t into t   
t]ritory s rapidly t ! ,d\glas plan     
seem$ likely to ha/5 ! "t :5 x w\ld be a
 free ,/ate4 ,! ,s\? _h insi/$ on !     
rights ( ! settl]s2 b !y 7 outvot$1 9   

,novemb]1 #ahed1 & aft]w>ds1 by b&s (   
arm$ ,miss\rians1 :o m>*$ (f :5 !y _h   
c>ri$ ! election4 ,! ,free ,/ate m5 7 !n
 suppli$ ) rifles2 & an anti-slav]y     
con/itution 0 adopt$ by ! majority (    
actual resid5ts4 ,! m9ority 7 support$  
by ! ,presid5t1 z well z by !           
bord]-ruffians2 two rival gov]nm5ts 7   
set up2 & civil w> began e>ly 9 #ahee4  
,lawr5ce1 ! pr9cipal t[n 9 ,kansas1 0   
sack$ by comm& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m>%al1
 ! mo/ important build+s burn$1 & mu*   
private prop]ty /ol54 ,five settl]s1 ^: 
?reats ( viol5ce _h (f5d$ ,john ,br[n1 7
 sla9 9 cold blood by him & 8 m51 9     
retaliation = ! ,lawr5ce outrage1 9     
,may1 #ahef4 ,an>*y cont9u$2 b ! new    
,/ate 0 n admitt$ until #ahfa4  ,prom95t
 among ! ,nor!rn]s :o insi/$ on ! "r (  
,kansas to gov]n h]self1 0 ,sumn]4 ,8   
spee* 9 ! ,s5ate 9 ,may1 #ahef1 0 s     
p[]ful t half a million copies 7 pr9t$ z
 campaign lit]ature1 & ,:itti] said1 ,x 
has sav$ ! c\ntry4 ,! orator _h attack$ 
"s ( 8 colleagues ) ne$less sev]ity2 &  

on ! day aft] ! sack ( ,lawr5ce1 he 0   
assault$ by a ,repres5tative f ,s\?     
,c>ol9a 9 ! ,s5ate ,*amb] ) su* f]ocity 
t he c\ld n return to 8 seat be=e #ahfj4
 ,?is cruel outrage aga9/ fre$om ( spee*
 0 univ]sally applaud$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\?4  
,!re 0 indignation en\gh at ! ,nor? 9   
#ahef to h giv5 ! election to !         
,republicans1 if ! field _h be5 cle>2 b 
,prote/ant bigotry enabl$ ! ,s\? to     
*oose ! ,presid5t :o fail$ to oppose    
rebellion4 ,! ,ca?olics _h object$ z    
e>ly z #ahdj to ! ,prote/antism :i* 0   
taught1 9 "p at _! exp5se1 to _! *ildr5 
9 ! public s*ools4 ,"s ways 9 :i* ?is 0 
done !n h s9ce be5 ab&on$2 b ! pr9cipal 
controv]sy has be5 ab\t us+ a book :i*  
is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be a bulw>k (
 ,prote/antism4 ,!re w\ld n be s mu*    
zeal at pres5t = hav+ x read daily 9 !  
s*ools1 if x has no religi\s influ5ce2 &
 our ,ca?olic citiz5s h a "r to pref] t 
_! *ildr5 %\ld be taught religion 9 ways
 n =bidd5 by _! ,*ur*4 ,pupils h n _h   
mu* moral or ev5 religi\s b5efit f      

s*ool-books aga9/ :i* _! consci5ce      
rebell$1 h[ev] unreasonably4  ,!        
,ca?olic position 9 #ahda1 accord+ to   
,bi%op ,hughes1 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op1 0   
?is3 ,we d n ask money f ! s*ool        
fund2--all our desire is t x %\ld be    
adm9i/]$ 9 su* a way z to promote !     
education ( all & leave ! v>i\s         
d5om9ations ea* 9 ! full possession (   
its religi\s rights ov] ! m9ds ( its own
 *ildr54 ,if ! *ildr5 are to be educat$ 
promiscu\sly1 z at pres5t1 let religion 
9 e %ape & =m be exclud$4  ,! ,ca?olics 
soon *ang$ _! gr\nd1 & dem&$ t _!       
p>o*ial s*ools %\ld be support$ by      
public money4 ,?is call$ out !          
opposition ( a secret society1 :i*      
insi/$ on keep+ ! ,bible 9 ! s*ools &   
exclud+ ,ca?olics f (fice4 ,! ,"k ,no?+s
 _h ! aid ( s _m ,:igs 9 #ahed z to     
elect a l>ge numb] ( c&idates1 mo/ ( :om
 7 fri5dly to ! ,republicans4 ,! lead]s 
wi%$ to rema9 neutral betwe5 ,nor? &    
,s\?2 b x is h>d to say :e!r ! pl$ge (  
loyalty to ! ,union did n facilitate !  

capture ( ! organisation by ! insatiable
 ,s\? e>ly 9 #ahef4 ,bee*] _h already   
decl>$ t ! ,"k ,no?+ lodges 7 catacombs 
( fre$om 9 :i* indignation aga9/ slav]y 
0 /ifl$4  ,! presid5tial election %[$ t 
! outbur/ ( bigotry _h done m h>m to    
fri5ds ?an enemies ( lib]ty4 ,!         
,democrats lo/ ,m>yl&1 b ga9$           
,p5nsylvania & f\r o!r ,nor!rn ,/ates4  
,?is enabl$ !m to reta9 ! ,presid5cy & !
 ,s5ate1 z well z to recov] ! ,h\se (   
,repres5tatives1 :]e !y _h become weak] 
?an ! ,republicans4 ,! p>ty ( fre$om    
poll$ eight times z _m votes z 9 #aheb1 
& made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! electoral 
colleges4 ,x c>ri$ elev5 ,/ates4 ,!     
,:igs _h accept$ ! ,"k ,no?+ nom9ee2 &  
bo? ^! neutral p>ties soon dissolv$4    
,an>*y 9 ,kansas _h be5 suppress$ by    
,unit$ ,/ates dragoons2 b !y did n      
prev5t ! adoption ( a pro-slav]y        
con/itution by bogus elections4 ,bu*anan
 promptly advis$ ,congress to admit     
,kansas z a slave ,/ate1 & decl>$ %e 0  
already z mu* "o z ,georgia or ,s\?     

,c>ol9a4 ,?is op9ion he bas$ on ! ,dr$  
,scott decision by ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 t  
,congress _h no p[] to prohibit slav]y 9
 any t]ritory4 ,d\glas insi/$ on ! "r ( 
! p ( ,kansas to vote slav]y up or d[n4 
,!y 7 enabl$ by ! jo9t ef=ts (          
,republicans & ,nor!rn ,democrats to h a
 fair *ance to say :e!r !y wi%$ to      
become a slave ,/ate or rema9 a         
t]ritory2 & ! latt] 0 pref]r$ by        
f\r-fif?s ( ! vot]s4  ,v4 ,! ,s\? call$ 
,d\glas a traitor2 b lead+ ,republicans 
help$ ! ,ill9ois ,democrats1 9 #aheh1 to
 elect ! ,legislature :i* gave him ano!r
 t]m 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,he might h become !   
next ,presid5t if 8 oppon5t 9 !         
s5atorial conte/1 ,abraham ,l9coln1 _h n
 l$ ! ,republican p>ty into ! road t[>ds
 emancipation4 ,on ,june #af1 #aheh1 he 
said1 9 ! ,/ate conv5tion3 ,a h\se      
divid$ aga9/ itself _c /&4 ,i believe   
?is gov]nm5t _c endure p]man5tly half   
slave & half free4 ,i d n expect !      
,union to be dissolv$--,i d n expect !  
h\se to fall--b ,i d expect x w cease to

 be divid$4 ,x w become all "o ?+ or all
 ! o!r4 ,sew>d took ! same position1 f\r
 mon?s lat]1 9 8 spee* ab\t !           
irrepressible conflict4 ,l9coln held t  
summ] & autumn a s]ies ( jo9t debates ) 
8 oppon5t1 be=e audi5ces "o ( :i* 0     
e/imat$ at tw5ty ?\s&4 ,! spee*es 7     
circulat$ by ! ,republicans z campaign  
docum5ts2 & ,l9coln's 7 rem>kable1 n    
only = 8 giv+ no ne$less provocation to 
! ,s\?1 b = 8 prov+ t slav]y ought n to 
be introduc$ into any new t]ritory or   
,/ate by local elections4 ,he repres5t$ 
,d\glas z really hold+ t if "o man      
*ooses to enslave ano!r no ?ird man has 
any bus9ess to int]f]e2 & he repudiat$ !
 decision 9 ! ,dr$ ,scott case1 t col\r$
 p _h no rights :i* ! :ite man 0 b\nd to
 respect4 ,he _h m votes t fall ?an     
,d\glas2 b ! latt]'s fri5ds 7 enabl$ by 
! di/rict sy/em to control !            
,legislature4 ,d\glas 0 s5t back to !   
,s5ate4 ,l9coln ga9$ ! national         
reputation :i* made him ,presid5t4  ,!  
congressional elections 7 m fav\rable to

 ! ,republicans ?an 9 #ahef1 = ,nor!rn  
indignation 0 gr[+ "u ! /imulus1 n only 
( ! new wrong to ,kansas1 b ( attempts  
to annex ,cuba & revive ! slave trade4  
,plans = emancipation 7 /ill discuss$ 9 
! ,s\?2 & ! agitation _h rea*$ ev5      
,texas4 ,help]'s ,imp5d+ ,crisis _h ga9$
 circulation en\gh 9 8 own ,/ate1 ,nor? 
,c>ol9a1 to al>m ! slavehold]s4 ,!y knew
 t !y con/itut$ only ?ree-t5?s ( !      
,s\!rn vot]s1 & t ! proportion 0 less   
?an "o-six? 9 ,m>yl&4 ,help] prov$ t    
emancipation w\ld be greatly to !       
advantage ( _m m5 :o held slaves1 z well
 z ( all :o did n4 ,:5 ?is 0 f\nd out by
 ! majority 9 any ,s\!rn ,/ate1 slav]y  
w\ld beg9 to fall by its own weight4 ,x 
_h be5 kept up by popul> ignorance2 b ! 
prop 0 crumbl+ away4 ,?is way (         
emancipation might h be5 long2 b x w\ld 
h l$ to fri5dly relations betwe5 :ites &
 blacks1 z well z betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?4  
,:at 0 mo/ ne$$ 9 #ahei 0 t all fri5ds (
 fre$om %\ld "w toge!r1 & t no ne$less  
pretext %\ld be giv5 = secession4       

,g>rison /ill insi/$ on disunion1 &     
pr$ict$ t ! ,s\? w\ld n be able to hold 
a s+le slave "o h\r aft] ! de$ is done1 
b he also ma9ta9$1 z mo/ abolitioni/s   
did1 t no?+ w\ld be m fooli% ?an try+ to
 excite a slave insurrection4 ,precisely
 ?is greate/ ( blund]s 0 committ$ at    
,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 ,if ! attempt _h be5 made
 six mon?s lat]1 or _h _h ev5 a few     
weeks ( success1 x might h enabl$ !     
slavehold]s to elect at lea/ "o m       
,presid5t4 ,! bad effect1 9 divid+ !    
,nor?1 0 mu* dim9i%$ by ,john ,br[n's   
h]oism at 8 trial & execution2 b great  
provocation 0 giv5 to ! ,s\?1 &         
especially to ,virg9ia1 :i* soon turn$  
out to be ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! rebel       
,/ates4 ,bus9ess m5 7 driv5 ,nor? by !  
doz5 f cities :i* 7 prep>+ = w>4  ,!    
qu>rel betwe5 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn          
,democrats kept gr[+ fi]c]2 & ! p>ty    
broke up at ! conv5tion = #ahfj into two
 sectional factions ) antagoni/ic       
plat=ms & c&idates4 ,d\glas /ill l$ !   
opposition to ^? ,s\!rn]s :o ma9ta9$ t !

 nation ought to protect slav]y 9 !     
t]ritories4 ,a ?ird ticket 0 adopt$ by  
neutrals :o _h be5 ,:igs or ,"k ,no?+s1 
& :o n[ pr(ess$ no pr9ciple b a vague   
patriotism4 ,! ,republicans rema9$ pl$g$
 to exclude slav]y f ! t]ritories2 b !y 
condemn$ ,john ,br[n1 & said no?+ aga9/ 
! ,fugitive ,slave ,law or 9 fav\r (    
emancipation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4  
,_! lead]s _h fav\r$ free trade 9 #aheg2
 b ! plat=m 0 n[ made protectioni/1 9   
ord] to prev5t ,p5nsylvania f be+ c>ri$ 
aga9 by ! ,democrats4 ,ill9ois &        
,indiana 7 secur$ by ! nom9ation (      
,l9coln4 ,he 0 support$ en?usia/ically  
by ! "y m5 ?r\gh\t ! ,nor?3 public      
meet+s 7 l>ge & frequ5t2 tor*light      
processions 7 a prom95t feature ( !     
campaign4 ,! weal? & intellect ( !      
nation1 z well z its consci5ce1 7 n[    
array$ aga9/ slav]y2 b ! cl]gy are said 
to h be5 less active ?an 9 #ahef4       
,l9coln _h ! majority 9 e ,nor!rn ,/ate1
 except ,new ,j]sey1 ,cali=nia1 &       
,oregon4 ,he also _h #ag1jbh votes 9    

,miss\ri1 & #hjdb 9 o!r slave ,/ates :i*
 _h s5t delegates to ! ,republican      
conv5tion4 ,n "o ( ! ,s\!rn electors 0 =
 ,l9coln2 b he w\ld h become ,presid5t  
if all 8 oppon5ts _h comb9$ aga9/ him4  
,,vi4 ,! ,s\? _h no?+ to fe> f ,congress
 be=e #ahfc1 b %e _h lo/ control ( !    
,nor?4 ,kansas w\ld c]ta9ly be admitt$  
soon] or lat]2 & !re w\ld nev] be ano!r 
slave ,/ate1 = ! ,republican plan = !   
t]ritories 0 confirm$ by _! geographical
 position4 ,! free ,/ates might soon    
become s num]\s & popul\s z to prohibit 
! return ( fugitives1 aboli% slav]y 9 ! 
,di/rict ( ,columbia1 repeal ! clause ( 
! ,con/itution :i* all[$ repres5tation =
 slaves1 & =bid _! transportation f     
,/ate to ,/ate4 ,x 0 also probable1 9 ! 
op9ion ( ,salmon ,p4 ,*ase1 aft]w>ds    
,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & ( _m lead+   
,s\!rn]s1 t "u ,f$]al patronage !re     
might soon be a majority = emancipation 
9 ,m>yl&1 ,k5tucky1 & o!r ,/ates 7see   
,life ( ,!odore ,p>k]1 by ,weiss1 vol4  
ii41 pp4 #bbi1 #eai74 ,! vote ( ?anks   

giv5 to ,p>k] 9 #ahee by ! he>]s ( 8    
anti-slav]y lecture 9 ,delaw>e1 %[$ t   
abolitionism w\ld ev5tually become      
pr$om9ant 9 ! ,s5ate1 z x 0 already 9 ! 
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4  ,?is prospect 
0 especially al>m+ to ! comp>atively few
 m5 :o own$ s _m slaves t !y c\ld n af=d
 emancipation on any t]ms4 ,_! weal? &  
leisure gave !m complete control (      
politics1 bus9ess1 public op9ion1 &     
social life 9 ! cotton ,/ates2 :]e bo?  
press & pulpit 7 9 bondage4 ,_! influ5ce
 0 mu* less 9 ! f>m+ ,/ates ?an 9 #ahej2
 b !y _h s9ce come into su* p]fect union
 among !mselves1 z to con/itute ! mo/   
p[]ful ari/ocracy !n extant4 ,_! numb]  
may be judg$ f ! fact t !re 7 9 #ahej   
ab\t six ?\s& p 9 ! cotton ,/ates :o    
own$ fifty slaves or m ea*4  ,x 0 9 !   
int]e/ ( ^! b>ons ( slav]y t ,s\?       
,c>ol9a sec$$ soon aft] ! election1 & t 
h] example 0 foll[$ by ,georgia & all ! 
,gulf ,/ates be=e ,l9coln 0 inaugurat$4 
,! ,g>risoni/s wi%$ to h !m dep>t 9     
peace2 b !re 0 a /rong & g5]al pref]5ce 

= ano!r compromise4 ,l9coln & o!r       
,republicans insi/$ t ! t]ritories %\ld 
be kept sacr$ to fre$om1 & t ,! ,union  
mu/ be pres]v$4 ,! "q 0 settl$ by ^?    
aggressions on national prop]ty :i*     
culm9at$ 9 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,=t ,sumt]4    
,l9coln's call to arms 0 answ]$ by a    
great upris+ ( ! unit$ ,nor?4 ,loyalty  
to ! nation bur/ =? 9 s fi]ce a flame t 
abolitioni/s :o _h be5 try+ = _m ye>s to
 ext+ui% x n[ welcom$ x z ! de/9$       
de/roy] ( slav]y4  ,w> _h be5 decl>$ = !
 sole purpose ( suppress+ rebellion2 &  
no?+ m c\ld at fir/ h be5 attempt$ )\t  
violat+ ! ,con/itution4 ,fugitives 7 s5t
 back promptly by ,f$]al g5]als1 &      
anti-slav]y songs =bidd5 9 ! camps4 ,?is
 policy seem$ necess>y to keep ! ,nor?  
unit$1 & prev5t secession ( d\btful     
,/ates4 ,"s ( ^? already 9 revolt might 
?us1 x 0 hop$1 be induc$ to return      
volunt>ily1 or be conqu]$ easily4 ,^!   
expectations 7 soon disappo9t$4 ,a few (
 ! slave ,/ates 7 kept 9 subjection by  
milit>y =ce2 b ! p ( ! o!rs unit$ 9 a   

desp]ate resi/ance1 ) ! aid ( ! slaves1 
:o suppli$ ! armies ) food & lab\r$ )\t 
compla9t 9 camps & =ts4 ,b little 0     
accompli%$ by ! imm5se armies rais$ at !
 ,nor?2 = ! discipl9e 0 at fir/ lax1 & !
 g5]als 7 ineffici5t4 ,_m defeats (     
,union armies by inf]ior =ces %[$ h[    
difficult x is = a nation t has enjoy$  
_m ye>s ( peace to turn conqu]or4       
,,vii4 ,! innate incompatibility ( w> & 
lib]ty 0 disclos$ by ! un=tunate fact t 
ev5 ,l9coln 0 oblig$ to cons5t unwill+ly
 to w> measures ( a v que/ionable sort2 
= in/ance1 ! conscription & t ,legal    
,t5d] ,act :i* 0 really a =c$ loan1 &   
:i* has done mu* to enc\rage subsequ5t  
violations ( ! "r ( prop]ty by bo?      
,republicans & ,democrats 9 ,congress4  
,m h>m ?an good 0 done to ! ,union cause
 by arbitr>y arre/s = talk+ & writ+     
aga9/ ! w>4 ,phillips decl>$1 9         
,decemb]1 #ahfa1 t ,! "r ( free meet+s &
 a free press is susp5d$ 9 e squ>e mile 
( ! republic4 ,at ?is mom5t "o ?\s& m5  
are ba/ill$4 ,hale & o!r ,republican    

,s5ators remon/rat$2 & s patriotic an   
au?or z ,holmes said t teapots might be 
dang]\s1 if ! lids 7 %ut4 ,all political
 prison]s b spies 7 releas$ by !        
,presid5t e>ly 9 #ahfb2 & !re 7 no m    
arbitr>y arre/s except "u plea ( milit>y
 necessity4  ,failures ( ,union g5]als  
enc\rag$ opposition to ! w> f m5 :o /ill
 pref]r$ compromise2 & _! disaffection 0
 increas$ by ! passage1 9 ,m>*1 #ahfc1 (
 a bill e/abli%+ a conscription & putt+ 
all ! p "u m>tial law4 ,! comm&] ( !    
milit>y di/rict t includ$ ,ohio issu$   
ord]s :i* =bade decl>+ sympa?y = !      
enemy1 & ?reat5$ ) dea? all p]sons )9   
our l9es :o h>b\r1 protect1 fe$1 clo!1  
or 9 any way aid ! enemies4 ,^! ord]s 7 
d5\nc$ z uncon/itutional at a public    
meet+ be=e m ?an t5 ?\s& citiz5s4 ,_m   
wore badges cut f ! l>ge copp] co9s !n 9
 use & be>+ ! sacr$ image &             
sup]scription ( ,lib]ty4 ,?is practice  
br\ght ! nickname ,copp]heads ^u p :o   
long$ to h ! ,s\? invit$ back on h] own 
t]ms4 ,su* a policy 0 recomm5d$ at !    

meet+ by ,vall&igham1 :o _h rec5tly     
repres5t$ ,ohio 9 ,congress4 ,he call$  
^u ! p to vote aga9/ ! wick$ w>1 & said 
he w\ld nev] obey ord]s aim$ aga9/      
public discussion4  ,= ?is spee* he 0   
arre/$ at night1 by soldi]s :o broke    
into 8 h\se1 tri$ by c\rt-m>tial1 &     
s5t5c$ on ,may #g1 #ahfc1 to imprisonm5t
 dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! w>4 ,a writ ( habeas
 corpus 0 refus$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,c\rt1 :i* admitt$ itself p[]less to    
en=ce ob$i5ce4 ,at ! clang ( w>1 laws   
are sil5t4  ,indignation meet+s 9 great 
cities vot$ t ,! ,union _c be re/or$ )\t
 fre$om ( spee*4 ,loyal newspap]s       
regrett$ t ,vall&igham 0 "u a p5alty :i*
 w make him a m>tyr4 ,a petition = 8    
release 0 s5t to ,l9coln1 :o _h n ord]$ 
! arre/ & admitt$ t x 0 n ju/ifi$ by !  
spee*4 ,he conclud$ t ! culprit's       
behavi\r t[>ds ! army _h be5 s dang]\s t
 he _h bett] be s5t ,s\?1 beyond ! l9es4
 ,?is 0 done at once2 b ! agitator 0    
all[$ to return ?r\gh ,canada 9 ! la/   
summ] ( ! w>4 ,ev5 ,l9coln f\nd x       

difficult to respect individual lib]ty  
"u ! pressure ( milit>y necessity4 ,a   
/rong gov]nm5t 0 ne$$2 & t fact has op5$
 ! way = ,congress to int]f]e ) private 
bus9ess1 = in/ance 9 *ang+ ! t>iff1 dur+
 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury mu* m frequ5tly &
 ext5sively ?an _h be5 done be=e4 ,ano!r
 significant fact is t ! old controv]sy 
ab\t int]nal improvem5ts has di$ away   
s9ce our gov]nm5t 0 c5tralis$ by w>2 &  
mu* money is wa/$ "u t pretext by       
,congress4  ,,viii4 ,! impossibility (  
putt+ d[n ! rebellion )\t int]f]+ )     
slav]y gradually became pla91 ev5 to m5 
:o _h =m]ly hat$ abolitionism4 ,! only  
"q 0 h[ to turn :at 0 ! /r5g? ( !       
,conf$]acy into its weakness4 ,9 ,m>*1  
#ahfb1 ,congress =bade ! army to return 
fugitives2 & _m ?\s& fl$ into ! ,union  
camps1 :]e !y did good s]vice1 n only z 
team/]s & lab\r]s1 b ev5 z soldi]s4 ,!  
numb] "u arms am\nt$ f9ally to m ?an a  
hundr$ ?\s&2 & !y did "s ( ! be/ fight+ 
t took place dur+ ! w>4 ,! col\r        
prejudice at ! ,nor? yield$ sl[ly2 b !  

lead+ ,republicans saw n only ! ne$ ( m 
soldi]s1 b ! ju/ice ( sett+ free ! wives
 & *ildr5 ( m5 :o 7 risk+ dea? = !      
nation4 ,an ,emancipation ,league 0 =m$ 
dur+ ! fir/ gloomy w9t] ( ! w>2 &       
,fr$]ick ,d\glass said on ! ,f\r? (     
,july amid great applause3 ,y mu/ aboli%
 slav]y1 or ab&on ! ,union2 = slav]y is 
! life ( ! rebellion4  ,l9coln 0 already
 ?9k+ ( sett+ free ! slaves 9 all !     
,/ates :i* %\ld cont9ue 9 rebellion aft]
 ! close ( ! ye>2 & 8 draft ( a         
proclamation1 ann\nc+ ?is purpose1 0    
read to ! ,cab9et on ,july #bb1 #ahfb4  
,! army 9 ,virg9ia _h be5 s un=tunate t 
summ] z to cause a po/ponem5t2 b !      
victory ( ,antietam 0 foll[$ by !       
publication1 on ,septemb] #bb;d1 ( !    
=mal notice t emancipation might be     
proclaim$ on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y4 ,h[       
welcome ! new policy 0 to loyal citiz5s 
may be judg$ f ! approbation express$ by
 ! cl]gy ( all d5om9ations1 ev5 ! ,new  
,s*ool ,presbyt]ian1 ,episcopalian1 &   
,roman ,ca?olic4 ,:5 ,new ,ye>'s ,day   

dawn$ !re 0 mu* d\bt :e!r ! promise w\ld
 be fulfill$4 ,abolitioni/s & col\r$ p  
met 9 ,bo/on & o!r cities1 & wait$ h\r  
aft] h\r1 hop+ pati5tly4 ,x 0 ev5+ be=e 
! proclamation began to pass ov] !      
wires4 ,x promis$ fre$om to all slaves 9
 ,arkansas1 ,texas1 ,mississippi1       
,alabama1 ,florida1 ,georgia1 ,s\?      
,c>ol9a1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 besides mo/ ( 
^? 9 ,l\isiana & ,virg9ia4 ,t5nessee &  
"s o!r ,/ates 7 n m5tion$1 because held 
to h be5 br\ght back into ! ,union4 ,!re
 0 to be fre$om !nce=? :]ev] ! ,/>s &   
,/ripes wav$4 ,no wond] t ! news caus$  
great audi5ces to %\t or weep ) joy1 &  
_m to sp5d ! night 9 praise & pray]4 ,! 
,nor? 0 n[ inspir$ by motives amply     
suffici5t to ju/ify ev5 a w> ( conque/2 
& h] m5 & money 7 giv5 freely1 until    
sup]iority 9 res\rces enabl$ ,g5]al     
,grant to close ! w> 9 ,april1 #ahfe4 ,!
 revolt$ ,/ates came back1 "o by "o1 &  
left slav]y beh9d4 ,ev5 :]e x _h n be5  
=mally aboli%$1 x 0 practically ext9ct4 
,d\glass 0 "r 9 say+ ,x 0 n !           

de/ruction1 b ! salvation ( ! ,union1 t 
sav$ ! slave4  ,an am5dm5t to !         
,con/itution1 :i* swept away ! la/      
ve/iges ( slav]y1 & made x = ev]        
impossible 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 adopt$  
on ,decemb] #ah1 #ahfe4 ,x _h be5       
propos$ two ye>s be=e2 b ! ass5t (      
sev]al ,/ates !n actually 9 revolt w\ld 
h be5 necess>y to secure ! majority (   
?ree-f\r?s necess>y = adoption ( an     
am5dm5t4 ,x 0 by no means c]ta9 t ev5 ! 
nom9ally loyal ,/ates w\ld all vote     
unanim\sly = emancipation4 ,9 ord] to   
increase ! majority = ! ,?irte5?        
,am5dm5t1 ! admission ( ,nevada &       
,colorado z ,/ates 0 vot$ by ,congress1 
despite "s opposition by ! ,democrats1 9
 ,m>*1 #ahfd4 ,nevada _h a population ( 
less ?an #dc1jjj 9 #ahgj4 ,!re 7 n      
#df1jjj p !re 9 #ahij1 & !re _h be5 a   
decl9e s9ce #ahhj4 ,x is n likely t h]  
inhabitants w ev] be num]\s en\gh to    
ju/ify h] hav+ z mu* p[] 9 ! ,s5ate z   
,new ,york or ,p5nsylvania4 ,s5ators :o 
repres5t millions ( con/itu5ts h        

actually be5 prev5t$ f pass+ necess>y   
laws by ,s5ators :o did n repres5t ev5  
tw5ty-five ?\s& p ea*4 ,nevada is /ill !
 wor/ in/ance ( su* inju/ice2 b x is by 
no means ! only "o2 & ^! wrongs c nev]  
be right$1 = ! ,con/itution provides t4 
,no ,/ate1 )\t its cons5t1 %all be      
depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4
 ,! ,?irte5? ,am5dm5t did n1 ,i ?9k1    
come into =ce a day e>li] ?an x w\ld h  
done if ,nevada _h nev] be5 admitt$1 = !
 bona-fide ,/ates came =w>d ) unexpect$ 
will+ness4 ,colorado 0 n fully admitt$  
be=e #ahgf4 ,l9coln's fav\r+ ! bills =  
admitt+ ^! ,/ates 0 a s]i\s error1 ?\gh 
! motive 0 patriotic4 ,8 beauty & gr&eur
 ( "* make ! brighte/ feature ( ^? d>k1 
sad ye>s4 ,no "n /&s high] among m>tyrs 
= fre$om4  ,,ix4 ,!re is no gr&] ev5t 9 
all hi/ory ?an ! emancipation ( f\r     
million slaves4 ,?is 0 all ! m          
picturesque because done by a conqu]+   
army2 b x 0 all ! m hateful to ! =m]    
own]s4 ,!y refus$ to educate or         
enfran*ise ! fre$m51 & tri$ to r$uce !m 

to s]fdom by heavy taxes & cruel        
puni%m5ts = petty crimes4 ,! ,/ates :i* 
_h sec$$ 7 kept "u milit>y dictators    
aft] ! w> 0 ov]2 & _! p 7 =c$ to accept 
! ,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t1 :i* gave protection
 to col\r$ p z citiz5s ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates4  ,9 #ahfg !re 7 tw5ty-"o ,nor!rn
 ,/ates2 b only ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 &
 ,v]mont gave ! ballot freely to        
illit]ate negroes )\t prop]ty4          
,massa*usetts _h an educational te/ =   
all vot]s2 !re 7 o!r re/rictions        
else:]e2 & no col\r$ m5 c\ld vote 9     
,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 or !         
,nor?-we/4 ,9 fact1 v few _h ev] vot$   
any:]e :5 ,congress gave ! suffrage to  
all ! fre$ m5 = _! own protection1 ) no 
discrim9ation aga9/ illit]acy4  ,!      
result ( ?is measure 9 ! ,di/rict (     
,columbia 0 t unscrupul\s politicians   
ga9$ /rong support f ne$y & ignorant    
vot]s ( all col\rs4 ,public money 0 sp5t
 recklessly2 taxation became oppressive2
 & ! public debt grew to al>m+ size4 ,on
 ,june #ag1 #ahgd1 :5 ,grant 0 ,presid5t

 & ea* bran* ( ,congress 0 m ?an        
two-?irds ,republican1 ! ,h\se (        
,repres5tatives vot$1 t5 to "o1 9 fav\r 
( tak+ away ! suffrage1 n only f !      
blacks :o _h receiv$ x sev5 ye>s be=e1 b
 ev5 f ! :ites :o _h ex]cis$ x s9ce !   
beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,all local gov]nm5t 0
 entru/$ to ?ree commission]s appo9t$ by
 ! ,presid5t & confirm$ by ! ,s5ate4    
,!re 0 no opposition2 = ! arrangem5t    
seem$ only tempor>y4 ,x prov$ p]man5t4  
,ev5 taxation )\t repres5tation has be5 
?\ght bett] ?an negro suffrage2 & !     
citiz5s ( ! national capital rema9 9    
#ahii )\t any voice 9 _! own municipal  
gov]nm5t4  ,! problem has be5 /ill m    
difficult 9 ^? elev5 ,/ates :i* _h to   
accept negro suffrage1 9 or aft] #ahfg1 
z a condition ( re/oration to ! ,union4 
,! ext5sion ( fran*ise made 9 all !     
,/ates by ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t1 9 #ahgj1 
seem$ su* a bless+ to ! ,republicans t  
,fr$]ick ,d\glass 0 mu* c5sur$ = hold+ t
 x might possibly h be5 atta9$ )\t      
special sup]natural assi/ance4 ,x soon  

became pla91 h[ev]1 t ,congress ought to
 h giv5 ! spell+-book e>li] ?an !       
ballot4 ,! suffrage prov$ no protection 
to ! fre$man2 = 8 :ite neighb\rs f\nd t 
he c\ld be m easily intimidat$ ?an      
educat$4 ,congress tri$ to prev5t murd] 
( col\r$ vot]s by hav+ ! polls gu>d$ by 
,f$]al troops & ! elections sup]vis$ by 
,unit$ ,/ates m>%als4 ,! ,habeas ,corpus
 ,act 0 susp5d$ by ,presid5t ,grant 9   
di/ricts :]e ! blacks outnumb]$ ! :ites4
 ,x 0 h>d to see :at lib]ty _h ga9$4  ,!
 negro's wor/ enemies 7 8 own c&idates4 
,!y _h enorm\s majorities 9 ,s\?        
,c>ol9a2 & !re1 z ,bla9e admits1 !y     
br\ght %ame ^u ! ,republican p>ty1 & ?us
 wr\ght = ! cause ( free gov]nm5t &     
equal suffrage 9 ! ,s\? incalculable    
h>m4 ,betwe5 #ahfh & #ahgb !y add$ t5   
millions by wanton extravagance to !    
,/ate debt4 ,l>ge sums 7 /ol52 taxes    
rose to six p] c5t42 & l& 0 assess$ f>  
above its value1 ) ! av[$ purpose ( tak+
 x away f ! :ites4 ,su* managem5t 0     
agre$ at a public meet+ ( col\r$ vot]s  

"u ,f$]al protection1 9 ,*>le/on1 9     
#ahgd1 to h ru9$ our p & disgrac$ our   
,/ate4 ,negro suffrage 0 decl>$ by !    
,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/ to h result$ 9    
organis+ ! ignorance & pov]ty ( ! ,/ate 
aga9/ its prop]ty & intellig5ce4  ,?is  
took place all ov] ! ,s\?1 & also 9     
,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 & o!r nor!rn 
cities4 ,"h ! illit]ate vote 0 l>gely   
,european2 & ! corruption ( politics 0  
facilitat$ by ! absorption (            
prop]ty-hold]s 9 bus9ess4 ,!re 0 great  
ne$ t intellig5t citiz5s ( all races1   
p>ties1 & sections %\ld "w toge!r to    
re=m political me?ods suffici5tly to    
secure hone/ gov]nm5t4 ,"s progress has 
already be5 made1 b by no means s mu* z 
might h be5 ga9$ if ! plund]$ taxpay]s  
at ! ,s\? _h made common cause ) ^? at !
 ,nor? 9 e/abli%+ con/itutional bulw>ks 
aga9/ all sw9dl]s ^: /r5g? 0 9 !        
illit]ate & v5al vote4  ,un=tunately1   
prejudice aga9/ negroes enc\rag$        
intimidation2 & fraud 0 us$ freely by   
bo? p>ties4 ,:5 elections 7 d\bt$1      

,republican c&idates 7 seat$ by ,f$]al  
(ficials & ,unit$ ,/ates soldi]s4 ,^!   
latt] 7 n resi/$2 b ! ,s\!rn ,democrats 
made bloody attacks on ! negro militia4 
,"o su* fight at ,new ,orleans1 on      
,septemb] #ad1 #ahgd1 co/ ne>ly ?irty   
lives4 ,:at 0 call$ a ,republican       
adm9i/ration collaps$ t day ?r\gh\t     
,l\isiana2 b x 0 soon set up aga9 by !  
army :i* _h br\ght x into p[]4  ,at la/ 
! negroes f\nd out t1 :oev] might conqu]
 9 ?is civil w>1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly lose4  
,!y grew tir$ ( hav+ ho/ile p>ties      
fight+ ov] !m1 & dropp$ out ( politics4 
,! ,republicans held full possession ( !
 presid5cy1 bo? bran*es ( ,congress1 !  
,f$]al c\rts1 ! army1 ! (fices 9 !      
nation's s]vice1 & mo/ ( ! ,/ate        
gov]nm5ts2 b !y c\ld n prev5t ! ,s\? f  
becom+ solidly ,democratic4 ,! new      
gov]nm5ts prov$ m economical1 & ! lives 
( ! col\r$ p m secure4 ,! la/ important 
result ( negro suffrage 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a &
 ,l\isiana 0 an al>m+ dispute z to :o 0 
elect$ ,presid5t 9 #ahgf4 ,! ballot has 

n be5 s great a bless+ to ! fre$m5 z x  
might h be5 if x _h be5 prec$$ by       
national s*ools1 & giv5 volunt>ily by   
,/ate aft] ,/ate4  ,^! consid]ations    
ju/ify deep regret t emancipation 0 n   
ga9$ peaceably & gradually4 ,facts h be5
 giv5 to %[ t x might h be5 if !re _h   
be5 m philan?ropy among ! cl]gy1 m      
pr9ciple among ! ,:igs1 & m wisdom among
 ! abolitioni/s4     ,,*apt] ,v4        
,,em]son ,,& ,,o!r ,,transc5d5tali/s    
,i4 ,! be/ "w = lib]ty has be5 done by  
m5 :o lov$ h] too wisely to vitup]ate   
anyone = diff]+ f !m1 or to =e/all !    
f9al v]dict ( public op9ion by appeal+  
to an ordeal by battle4 ,su* 7 ! m5 :o  
took ! lead 9 e/abli%+ fre$om ( ?\ght 9 
,am]ica4 ,v little individual indep5d5ce
 ( op9ion 0 f\nd !re by ,tocqueville 9  
#ahca2 & ! flood ( new ideas :i* _h     
already bur/ =? 9 ,engl& 0 n z yet fe$+ 
! gr[? ( orig9ality 9 ,am]ican          
lit]ature4 ,?is /]ility 0 l>gely due to 
preoccupation ) bus9ess & politics2 b   
ev5 ! be/ educat$ m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7

 repress$ by ! dead weight ( ! popul>   
!ology2 & ,*ann+ compla9$ t ! or?odox   
*ur*es 7 array$ aga9/ intellect4 ,!     
sil5ce ( ! pulpit ab\t slav]y is only "o
 in/ance ( ! g5]al indiff]5ce ( ! cl]gy 
to new ideas4 ,we %all see t at lea/ "o 
o!r re=m 0 oppos$ mu* m zeal\sly4 ,!    
circulation ( new books & magaz9es f    
,europe 0 ret>d$ by w>n+s aga9/         
infidelity2 & colleges 7 c>efully gu>d$ 
aga9/ ! invasion ( new tru?4  ,int]c\rse
 ) ,europe 0 =tunately close en\gh = !  
brightness ( h] lit]ature & art to      
attract _m long+ eyes f ,new ,engl&4    
,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,fi*te1 ,jean ,paul1    
,mme4 de ,/ael1 & ,r\sseau won read]s 9 
! orig9al1 z well z 9 translations2 & ! 
influ5ce ( ,%elley1 ,wordswor?1         
,col]idge1 & ,c>lyle increas$ rapidly4  
,plato & ,kant f\nd _m wor%ipp]s1 & a   
few /ud5ts4 ,! pla9 incapacity (        
or?odoxy to solve ! press+ moral &      
intellectual problems ( ! day p]mitt$ "y
 p :o knew no?+ ab\t sci5ce to welcome !
 idea t ! highe/ tru? is reveal$ by     

intuitions :i* transc5d exp]i5ce & %\ld 
sup]s$e logic4 ,?is sy/em is peculi>ly t
 ( ,s*ell+1 :o 0 !n exp\nd+ x 9 ,g]many2
 b ! cr$it = x 9 ,am]ica 0 giv5 to 8    
disciples1 & especially to ,col]idge4 ,a
 few admir]s ( ^! au?ors =m$ !          
,transc5d5tal ,club 9 ,bo/on1 9         
,septemb]1 #ahcf2 & ! new philosophy    
made conv]ts rapidly4 ,sev]ity ( climate
 & lack ( social amusem5ts fav\r$       
introspection4 ,?9k]s welcom$ release f 
! tyranny ( books4 ,lov]s ( art 7 glad (
 ! prospect ( a broad] culture ?an 0    
possible 9 ! %ad[ ( ,puritanism4 ,re=m]s
 seiz$ ! opportunity ( appeal+ f        
pro-slav]y texts & con/itutions to a    
high] law4 ,fri5ds ( religion hop$ t !  
gloom ( ! popul> !ology w\ld be dispell$
 by a new revelation com+ direct f ,god 
into _! s\ls4  ,,ii4 ,a mighty          
decl>ation ( religi\s indep5d5ce 0 made 
on ,july #ae1 #ahch1 :5 ,em]son said to 
! ,unit>ian m9i/]s3 ,! ne$ 0 nev] great]
 ( new revelation ?an n[4 ,x _c be      
receiv$ at second h&4 ,!re has be5      

noxi\s exagg]ation ab\t ! p]son (       
,jesus4 ,ca/ aside all con=mity1 &      
acqua9t m5 at fir/ h& ) ,deity4 ,! old  
is = slaves4 ,mu* controv]sy 0 call$ out
 by ! publication ( ?is address4 ,x 0   
prec$$ by ano!r 9 :i* educat$ m5 7 told 
t !y mu/ believe !mselves inspir$ by !  
,div9e ,s\l :i* inspires all m54 ,!re c 
be no s*ol> )\t ! h]oic m9d4 ,ea* age   
mu/ write its own books4 ,em]son _h also
 s5t out 9 #ahcf a pamphlet entitl$     
,nature2 & "o ( its fir/ read]s has     
call$ x an 'op5 sesame' to all ?\ght1 & 
! fir/ we _h ev] _h4 ,/ill m important 7
 ! essays on ,h]oism & ,self-,reliance1 
:i* 7 "p ( a volume publi%$ 9 #ahda4 ,!n
 ,em]son's read]s 7 awak5$ f ! torpor ( 
submission to popul> cl]gym5 &          
politicians by ! /]n words3 ,:oso w\ld  
be a man mu/ be a noncon=mi/4 ,insi/ on 
y\rself3 nev] imitate4 ,! s\l looke?    
/eadily =w>ds4 ,x is no foll[]3 x nev]  
appeals f itself4 ,! ,russian ,gov]nm5t 
0 s well aw>e ( ! value ( ^! essays z to
 imprison a /ud5t = borr[+ !m4 ,a ,"l   

,mayor 9 ,engl& ackn[l$g$ t _! influ5ce 
_h rais$ him out ( pov]ty & obscurity4  
,bradlaugh's fir/ impulse to d battle = 
fre$om 9 religion came f ,em]son's      
exhortation to self-reliance4  ,!       
au?or's influ5ce 0 all ! great]1 because
 he 0 already an impressive lectur]4    
,!re 0 mu* m dem&1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9     
,am]ica1 betwe5 #ahcj & #ahfj1 = lit]>y 
culture & useful k ?an 0 suppli$ by !   
magaz9es & public libr>ies4 ,! ,am]icans
 7 peculi>ly de/itute ( public          
amusem5ts4 ,danc+1 play+ c>ds1 & go+ to 
! !atre 7 /ill "u ! ban2 & !re 0 n yet  
culture en\gh = conc]ts to be popul>4   
,!re 0 at ! same "t mu* m int]e/1       
especially 9 ,new ,engl&1 9 !           
anti-slav]y movem5t ?an has be5 call$   
out = lat] re=ms2 = ^! h be5 mu* less   
picturesque4 ,! p[] ) :i* ,phillips &   
,p>k] plead$ = ! slave 0 en\gh to make  
lectures popul>2 b ,i h kn[n c\rses     
att5d$1 ev5 9 #ahee1 by "y p :o w5t     
m]ely because !re 0 n[h]e else to g1 &  
:o came away 9 blissful ignorance ( !   

subjects4 ,deep] ?an all o!r ne$s lay t 
( a live religion4 ,em]son 0 among !    
fir/ to satisfy ?is dem&4 ,8 e>lie/     
lecture1 9 #ahcc1 took a sci5tific      
subject1 z 0 !n cu/om>y2 b he soon f\nd 
t he _h ! be/ possible opportunity =    
decl>+ t ,f )91 or f beh9d1 a light %9es
 ?r\gh ^u ?+s & makes u aw>e t we are   
no?+1 b ! light is all4 ,invitations 7  
frequ5t z e>ly z #ahdd1 ?\gh ! audi5ce 0
 usually small2 & 8 g5ius became g5]ally
 recognis$ aft] 8 return1 9 #ahdh1 f a  
visit to ,engl&4 ,!re s*ol>%ip 0 high   
en\gh to give him1 z e>ly z #ahdd1 ?\s&s
 ( read]s = t little book on ,nature1 ( 
:i* only a few hundr$ copies _h be5 sold
 9 ,am]ica4 ,invitations to lecture came
 f all p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 & 9 su*   
numb]s t _m _h to be decl9$4 ,!         
ari/ocracy ( rank z well z ( intellect  
help$ to cr[d ! halls 9 ,man*e/]1       
,ed9burgh1 & ,london4 ,once at lea/1 he 
_h m ?an two ?\s& he>]s4 ,! newspap]s   
report$ 8 lectures at su* l5g? t mu* ( 8
 "t 0 sp5t 9 writ+ new ones4 ,he _h n   

int5d$ to be anyone's gue/2 b           
invitations 7 s num]\s & cordial1 t he  
c\ld seldom escape into solitude4 ,he   
wrote to 8 wife1 ,my reception "h is    
really a premium on au?or%ip4  ,success 
9 ,engl& increas$ 8 opportunities1 z    
well z 8 c\rage1 to speak 9 ,am]ica4    
,invitations grew m & m frequ5t1 &      
comp5sation m lib]al4 ,8 ?rill+ voice 0 
(t5 he>d1 !nce=?1 9 ! t[ns & cities (   
,new ,engl&4 ,9 #ahej1 he w5t to lecture
 at ,/4 ,l\is1 & met audi5ce aft]       
audi5ce on ! way4 ,dur+ ! next tw5ty    
ye>s he sp5t at lea/ two mon?s (        
discom=t1 e w9t]1 lectur+ 9 city aft]   
city ?r\gh\t ! free ,/ates4 ,ev]y:]e he 
gave 8 be/ ?\ght1 & z mu* z possible (  
x1 9 e lecture4 ,logical ord] seem$ less
 important2 & he sp5t mu* m "t 9 cond5s+
 ?an 9 arrang+ ! s5t5ces select$ f 8    
note-books4 ,/rik+ly orig9al ideas1 :i* 
_h fla%$ ^u him at v>i\s times1 7       
pres5t$ "o aft] ano!r z if ea* 7        
complete 9 itself4 ,! int]mixture (     
quotations & anecdotes did n save !     

g5]al "* f becom+ (t5 *aotic2 b ! *aos 0
 always full ( p[] & light4 ,/> aft] /> 
rose rapidly ^u 8 a/oni%$ & delight$    
he>]s4 ,!y sometimes c\ld n und]/& him2 
b !y always felt lift$ up4 ,p>k]        
describ$ him 9 #ahci z p\r+ =? a /ream (
 gold5 atoms ( ?\ght2 & ,l[ell call$ him
 "s tw5ty ye>s lat] ! mo/ /eadily       
attractive lectur] 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! "y m5 
& o!rs ( l aspirations walk$ long       
di/ances to visit him or he> him speak 9
 public4 ,! influ5ce ( 8 lectures       
increas$ t ( ! books into :i* !y f9ally 
cry/allis$4 ,9 #ahfj1 he _h made 8 way (
 ?9k+ s common t 8 ,conduct ( ,life _h a
 sale ( #bejj copies 9 two days4 ,8     
read]s 7 n[h]e num]\s1 outside ( ,bo/on2
 b !y 71 & are1 to be f\nd ev]y:]e4     
,lov]s ( lib]ty on bo? sides ( !        
,atlantic 7 br\ght into clos] fell[%ip  
by books s+ul>ly free f anti-,briti%    
prejudice2 b he 0 s ?or\ghly ,am]ican t 
he decl>$1 ev5 9 ,london1 t ! true      
ari/ocracy mu/ be f\nd$ on m]it1 = ,bir?
 has be5 tri$ & fail$4 ,?is lecture 0   

(t5 repeat$1 & 0 f9ally giv5 9 #ahha z 8
 la/ ^w 9 public4 ,introspective &      
retir+ habits kept him = "s "t f engag+ 
actively 9 ! re=ms :i* 7 9 full bla/    
ab\t #ahdj2 b ,l[ell said he 0 ! sleep+ 
p>tn] :o has suppli$ a great "p ( _!    
capital4 ,8 words ab\t slav]y 7 few &   
cold be=e ! ,fugitive ,slave ,bill 0    
pass$ 9 #ahej4 ,indignation at ?is comm&
 to kidnap made him publicly advise 8   
neighb\rs to break ! wick$ law4 ,he     
spoke 9 support ( a ,free ,soil c&idate 
9 #aheb1 & = ! ,republican p>ty 9 #ahed2
 b ,john ,br[n call$ out mu* m ( 8      
praise ?an any o!r abolitioni/4 ,!      
attempt ( ! ,g>risonians to p]suade !   
,nor? to suff] ! sec$]s to dep>t 9 peace
 won 8 active aid2 b ! spee* :i* he tri$
 to deliv] on _! plat=m1 e>ly 9 #ahfa1 0
 made inaudible by a mob ( en?usia/s =  
ma9ta9+ ! ,union by w>4 ,he rejoic$ 9   
emancipation2 b x 0 n a*iev$ until he _h
 lo/ mu* ( 8 m5tal vig\r4 ,?is1 9 fact1 
0 at its height betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej4 ,8
 la/ volumes 7 9 great "p made up ( 8   

e>lie/ writ+s4 ,!re 0 no *ange 9 8      
op9ions2 & 8 address 9 #ahch 0 fully    
approv$ by him :5 he re-read x %ortly   
be=e 8 dea?4  ,8 mo/ useful contribution
 to ! cause ( re=m 0 ! *>act]i/ic !ory  
:i* und]lies all he wrote4 ,9 ! essays  
publi%$ 9 #ahda1 he /ates x ?us3 ,e man 
kn[s t to 8 involunt>y p]ceptions a     
p]fect fai? is due4444 ,we "k tru? :5 we
 see x4 ,f fir/ to la/ he held t ,books 
are = ! s*ol>'s idle h\rs4444 ,a s\nd   
m9d w d]ive its pr9ciples f insight4444 
,tru? is always pres5t2 x only ne$s to  
lift ! iron lids ( ! m9d's eye to read  
its oracles4 ,?is 0 a doctr9e mu* m     
revolution>y ?an ,lu!r's4 ,em]son       
proclaim$ indep5d5ce ( ! ,bible z well z
 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 innate rev]5ce 0 express$
 9 su* say+s z ,! relations ( ! s\l to !
 div9e _s are s pure1 t x is pr(ane to  
int]pose helps4 ,love ( spontaneity made
 him decl>e t ,cre$s are a disease ( !  
intellect4 ,x 0 9 8 indignation at !    
,fugitive-,slave ,law t he said1 ,we    
%\ld n =give ! cl]gy = tak+ on e issue !

 immoral side4 ,8 treatm5t ( religi\s   
in/itutions 0 n p]fectly consi/5t2 b !  
aim ( all 8 writ+s 0 to enc\rage h]oic  
?\ght4 ,he wrote ! ,gospel (            
,noncon=mity4 ,p]sonal k ( 8 influ5ce   
ju/ifi$ ,bi%op ,hunt+ton 9 say+ t he has
 done m to unsettle ! fai? ( ! educat$  
"y m5 ( our age & c\ntry 9 ! ,*ri/ianity
 ( ! ,bible ?an any o!r tw5ty m5 comb9$4
  ,h[ desir\s ,em]son 0 to h ! inn]     
light obey$ promptly & fully may be     
judg$ f 8 describ+ 8 own habit ( writ+ z
 foll[s3 ,i w\ld n degrade myself by    
ca/+ ab\t = a ?\ght1 nor by wait+ =     
x4444 ,if x come n spontane\sly1 x comes
 n rightly at all4 ,mu* ( ! peculi> *>m 
( 8 books is due to 8 hav+ compos$ !m   
?us4 ,aga9 & aga9 he says3 ,x is really 
( little importance :at blund]s 9       
/atem5t we make1 s only t we make no    
wilful dep>ture f ! tru?4444 ,:y %\ld ,i
 give up my ?\ght1 because ,i _c answ]  
an objection to x8444 ,) consi/5cy1 a   
great s\l has simply no?+ to d4444      
,speak :at y ?9k n[ 9 h>d words1 &      

to-morr[ speak :at to-morr[ ?9ks 9 h>d  
words aga91 ?\gh x contradict ev]y?+ y  
said to-day4444 ,i hope 9 ^! days we h  
he>d ! la/ ( con=mity & consi/5cy4 ,let 
! words be444 ridicul\s h5ce=w>d4 ,?is  
is n meant = m]e !ory4 ,we are told (t5 
t ,virtue is ! spontaneity ( ! w4444    
,our spontane\s action is always !      
be/4444 ,! only "r is :at is aft] my own
 con/itution1 ! only wrong :at is aga9/ 
x4  ,,iii4 ,! passages quot$ 9 ! la/    
p>agraph are ( great importance2 = !y   
did m ?an any o!rs to aboli% slav]y4    
,its def5d]s appeal$ to ! ,bible z      
confid5tly z to ! national ,con/itution2
 b ! ,g>risonians decl>$ ) ,em]son1 t ,!
 highe/ virtue is always aga9/ ! law4   
,!y 7 confid5t t !y knew ! tru? z soon z
 !y saw x1 & _h no ne$ to answ]         
objections4 ,! same fai? 9 spontane\s   
impressions inspir$ ! suffragi/s1 ( :om 
! next *apt] w give "s acc\nt4          
,agitations aga9/ e/abli%$ in/itutions  
sprang up ?ickly "u ! fir/ /ep (        
,transc5d5talism4 ,*ur*1 ,/ate1 family  

ties1 & bus9ess relations seem$ all     
likely to be brok5 up4 ,l[ell says t    
,ev]ybody _h a mission 7) a capital ,m7 
to att5d to ev]ybody else's bus9ess4444 
,conv5tions 7 held = e hi!rto           
inconceivable purpose4 ,communities 7   
e/abli%$ :]e ev]y?+ 0 to be 9 common b  
common s5se4 ,! popul> au?ors ab\t #ahdj
 7 mo/ly ,transc5d5tali/s2 & ne>ly e    
,transc5d5tali/ 0 a ,sociali/4 ,"s =ty  
communities 7 />t$ almo/ simultane\sly2 
b n "o-half la/$ ?r\gh ! second ye>4 ,"o
 ( ! fir/ failures 0 l$ by a man :o _h  
be5 work+ actively aga9/ slav]y1 b :o _h
 come to ?9k t ! only way to attack x 0 
to try to d away ) all private prop]ty  
:atev]4 ,brook ,f>m la/$ half a doz5    
ye>s1 ) a success due p>tly to ! high   
culture ( ! inmates1 & p>tly to "s      
recognition ( ! "r ( private own]%ip4 ,!
 g5]al exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 0 t a           
,transc5d5tali/ 0 mu* m will+ to make   
plans = o!r p1 ?an to con=m 9 8 own     
daily life to regulations propos$ by    
anyone else4 ,! v multiplicity ( !      

re=ms1 />t$ 9 ! light ( ! new           
philosophy1 did mu* to prev5t mo/ ( !m f
 atta9+ success4 ,we h se5 h[ slav]y 0  
aboli%$2 b no "o %\ld regret ! failure (
 mo/ ( ! ,transc5d5tali/ s*emes4  ,!    
subsid5ce ( ,socialism 0 especially     
=tunate on acc\nt ( ! frankness ) :i*   
matrimony 0 repudiat$ by ! sy/em mo/ 9  
vogue1 t ( ,f\ri]4 ,he _h foll[$ !      
spontane\s & in/9ctive impulses ( man ) 
! utmo/ consi/5cy4 ,o!r ,sociali/s h be5
 m cauti\s2 b ! problem ( reconcil+     
family ties ) communal life has n be5   
solv$4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% ,transc5d5tali/s 
publi%$ a pamphlet recomm5d+ sy/ematic  
enc\ragem5t ( lic5ti\sness2 & an        
,am]ican philosoph]1 :o turn$ ,roman    
,ca?olic 9 #ahdd1 decl>$ t free love 0  
,transc5d5talism 9 full bloom4 ,! t]m   
high] law 0 us$ to support ! pret5ce (  
"s obligation m b9d+ ?an m>riage4 ,a    
free-love conv5tion 0 held 9 ,new ,york 
ab\t #aheg2 & v lax ideas _h be5 already
 ann\nc$ by active apo/les ( spontaneity
 kn[n z ,spirituali/s4  ,no writ] has   

done m to enc\rage purity ( ?\ght ?an   
,em]son4 ,8 life 0 /a9less2 b p]haps !  
be/ pro( ( ?is is 8 say+1 ,our moral    
nature is vitiat$ by any int]f]5ce ( our
 w2 & aga91 ,if ! s+le man plant himself
 indomitably on 8 in/9cts1 & !re abide1 
! huge _w w come r\nd to him4 ,no man   
ev] wrote ?us :o 0 n ei!r notori\sly    
corrupt or s+ul>ly innoc5t4 ,policem5 & 
jail]s exi/ l>gely = ! purpose ( prev5t+
 p f plant+ !mselves on _! in/9cts--=   
in/ance1 ^? :i* lead to !ft1 drunk5ness1
 & murd]4 ,socialism w\ld p]haps be     
practicable if indu/ry 7 z natural z    
laz9ess4 ,almo/ all morali/s h ?\ght x  
necess>y to insi/ on con/ant int]f]5ce )
 ! in/9cts4 ,s e>ne/ & able a           
,transc5d5tali/ z ,miss ,cobbe gives ^! 
def9itions 9 h] elaborate treatise on   
,intuitive ,morals3 ,happ9ess is !      
gratification ( all ! desires ( our     
nature4 ,virtue is ! r5unciation ( su* (
 !m z are =bidd5 by ! moral law4 ,!odore
 ,p>k] insi/$ on ! duty ( subord9at+ !  
l[ qualities to ! high]1 b ,em]son held1

 z already m5tion$1 t ,virtue is !      
spontaneity ( ! w4  ,su* language 0     
l>gely due to 8 p]ception t all         
activity1 h[ev] innoc5t1 ( ?\ght & feel+
 _h be5 too mu* repress$ by !           
,puritanical *ur*es1 9 ^: %ad[ he 0     
br\ght up4 ,! same mi/ake 0 made 9 !    
,d>k ,ages2 & ! reaction f t asceticism 
0 notori\s dur+ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! e>ly  
,unit>ians ov]rat$ human nature 9 _!    
ho/ility to ! ,tr9it>ians1 :o und]rat$  
x2 & ,em]son w5t beyond 8 orig9al       
associates 9 ! ,unit>ian m9i/ry because 
he 0 m ,transc5d5tal4 ,! elevation ( 8  
own "* enc\rag$ him to hope t our high] 
qualities are s /rong z to ne$ only     
fre$om to be enabl$ to keep all impure  
desire 9 subjection4 ,x 0 a m>k$ *ange (
 tone :5 9 #ahgf he all[$ ^! words to be
 pr9t$ 9 "o ( 8 books3 ,self-control is 
! rule4 ,y h 9 y !re a noisy1 s5sual    
savage :i* y are to keep d[n1 & turn all
 8 /r5g? to beauty4 ,simil> passages1   
especially a c5sure ( ! pruri5cy (      
,f\ri]ism1 occur 9 essays :i* 7 probably

 writt5 "s ye>s e>li]1 b 7 n publi%$    
until aft] 8 dea?4 ,mo/ ( !             
,transc5d5tali/s h =tunately ackn[l$g$ !
 duty ( self-control mu* m pla9ly &     
readily4 ,x is a fair "q :e!r !y 7 m    
consi/5t4 ,h[ does anyone "k :i* ( 8    
in/9cts & impulses to control & :i* to  
cultivate8 ,:at bett] light has he ?an  
is giv5 ei!r by 8 own exp]i5ce or by t (
 8 p>5ts & o!r tea*]s8 ,i ackn[l$ge !   
p[] ( consci5ce2 b its dictates diff] s 
mu* 9 diff]5t individuals z to be pla9ly
 due to e>ly education4 ,?us ev5 a      
,transc5d5tali/ has to submit himself to
 exp]i5ce2 z he w\ld n d if x 7 really  
transc5d$ by 8 philosophy4  ,em]son     
himself 0 s+ul>ly =tunate 9 8 involunt>y
 p]ceptions4 ,^? ( mo/ m5 are d>k )     
sup]/ition & prejudice4 ,x is :at we h  
he>d e>lie/ & (t5e/ t recurs mo/        
spontane\sly4 ,if all mank9d _h cont9u$ 
satisfi$ to tru/ ! in/9ct to ! end ?\gh 
x c r5d] no reason1 we %\ld /ill believe
 9 ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & ! supremacy (    
evil spirits4 ,!re w\ld h be5 v little  

p]secution if m5 c\ld h kn[n tru? :5 !y 
saw x4 ,p>k] believ$ dev\tly 9 !        
intuitions1 b he said t ,em]son         
exagg]at$ _! accuracy to su* an ext5t t 
he disc\rages h>d & cont9u\s ?\ght4 ,"s 
( 8 foll[]s w be m fai?ful ?an he to !  
false pr9ciples :i* he lays d[n1 & w ?9k
 !mselves wise because !y d n /udy1 &   
inspir$ because !y say :at outrages     
common s5se4 ,! dang] ( foll[+ in/9ctive
 impressions 9 reg>d to ! curr5cy has   
be5 %[n 9 rec5t ,am]ican politics4      
,anyone :o is famili> ) sci5tific me?ods
 w see :]e ,em]son's fail$4 ,x is true t
 he priz$ highly _m ( ! results (       
sci5ce1 especially ! !ory ( evolution z 
x 0 taught by ,lam>ck & o!r =]unn]s (   
,d>w94 ,8 inability to see ! value (    
inve/igation & v]ification is disclos$  
pla9ly2 & he pref]r$ to h p try to build
 sci5ce on ideas4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t too   
mu* "t 0 giv5 to ,lat9 & ,greek 9       
college2 b 8 wi%es 9 reg>d to /udy ( !  
sci5ces 7 s old-fa%ion$ z to call out a 
remon/rance f ,agassiz4  ,,iv4 ,h[      

little sci5tific culture !re 0 be=e     
#ahfj may be judg$ f ! rapid gr[? (     
,spiritualism4 ,transc5d5talism _h %[n  
trem5d\s /r5g? 9 help+ p escape f ! old 
*ur*es2 b x 0 ( little use 9 build+ new 
ones4 ,*ur*es exi/ = ! express purpose (
 enabl+ believ]s 9 a common fai? to     
unite 9 public wor%ip4 ,no society c\ld 
be s holy z solitude to a s9c]e         
,transc5d5tali/2 & ! beliefs ( 8        
neighb\rs seem$ mu* less sacr$ ?an 8 own
 peculi> intuitions4 ,exceptional       
eloqu5ce might make him pa/or ( a l>ge  
society2 b x began to decl9e :5 he ceas$
 to speak4 ,transc5d5talism 0 excell5t  
mat]ial = wea!rcocks1 b x _h to be      
t\gh5$ by adult]ation ) bas] metal be=e 
x suppli$ any solid f\ndation = a new   
temple4  ,mo/ ( ! p :o _h lo/ fai? 9 !  
old *ur*es 7 long+ aft] "s bett] way (  
receiv+ k ab\t ! heav5ly _w4 ,millions (
 ,am]icans & ,europeans rejoic$ to he> t
 spirits _h begun to communicate by     
my/]i\s raps at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 on !  
la/ day ( ,m>*1 #ahdh4 ,messages f !    

dep>t$ 7 soon receiv$ 9 _m places2 b !  
"o ?+ ne$ful 0 t ! room be fill$ )      
believ]s2 & a cr[d$ hall 0 peculi>ly    
likely to be fav\r$ ) /range s\nds &    
sights4 ,"h 0 ! social elem5t necess>y =
 f\nd+ a new religion4 ,x appeal$ z     
confid5tly z its rivals to miracles &   
prophecies1 :ile x _h ! peculi>         
attraction ( be+ prea*$ ma9ly by "y     
wom54 ,in/9ctive impulses 7 reg>d$ z    
revelations f ! _s-l&1 b n consid]$     
infallible except by ! v sup]/iti\s4 ,! 
highe/ au?ority ( an intellig5t         
,spirituali/ has usually be5 8 own      
individual intuition4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/    
lectures on t plat=m _h little fai? 9   
any?+ b sci5ce1 & put _! ma9 /r5g? into 
ann\nc+ ^? revelations ( geology :i* h  
de?ron$ ,g5esis4 ,"o ( ! fir/ tea*]s (  
evolution 9 ,am]ica 0 a ,spirituali/    
nam$ ,d5ton1 :o held a public debate 9  
,ohio1 9 #aheh1 :5 he def5d$ ! !ory (   
man's gradual developm5t f l[] animals  
aga9/ a prea*] nam$ ,g>field1 :o became 
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s em95t  

sci5ti/s h become conv]ts to            
,spiritualism2 b its g5]al lit]ature has
 %[n little influ5ce f sci5tific me?ods 
( ?\ght4  ,! advocates ( ! new religion 
h ow$ mu* ( _! success to impassion$    
eloqu5ce4 ,opposition to ,*ri/ianity has
 be5 express$ boldly & frequ5tly4 ,girls
 ( sev5te5 h decl>$1 be=e l>ge audi5ces1
 t all ! cre$s & c]emonies ( ! *ur*es   
are m]e idolatry4 ,among ! e>lie/       
communications :i* 7 publi%$ z dictat$  
by angels 9 ! new disp5sation 7 d5ials (
 ! miracles ( ,jesus1 & d5unciations ( !
 cl]gy z ! deadlie/ foes ( progress4 ,an
 em95t ,unit>ian div9e decl>$ 9 #ahef1 t
 ! doctr9es pr(ess$ly reveal$ by a      
majority ( ! spirits1 ^: words we h se5 
quot$1 are at op5 w> ) ! ,new ,te/am5t4 
,"s mod]ate ,spirituali/s h kept 9      
fri5dly relations ) lib]al *ur*es2 b _m 
o!rs h be5 9 active co-op]ation ) ! mo/ 
aggressive ( unbeliev]s 9 religion4 ,!  
speak]s at ! ,spirituali/ anniv]s>y 9   
#ahig said to "o ano!r1 ,y & ,i are     
,*ri/s1 j z ,jesus 01 & claim$ pla9ly t 

our religion 0 di/9ct f e ,*ri/ian      
d5om9ation4 ,spirituali/s h all1 ,i ?9k1
 be5 9 fav\r ( woman suffrage2 & !      
majority 7 abolitioni/s4 ,"s (          
,g>rison's companions1 h[ev]1 des]t$ 9 !
 heat ( ! battle1 say+ t !re 0 no?+ m to
 d1 = ! spirits w\ld free ! slaves4     
,anti-slav]y lectur]s 9 ! ,nor?-we/ f\nd
 !mselves cr[d$ out ( halls &           
s*ool-h\ses by trance-speak]s & m$iums4 
,"o ( ! mo/ em95t ( conv]ts made by !   
latt]1 ,judge ,edmonds1 0 prom95t among 
! def5d]s ( slav]y 9 ! free ,/ates4     
,fre$om f any def9ite cre$ or rigid code
 ( morality jo9$ ) ! con/ant supply (   
ev]-v>y+ miracles 9 attract+ conv]ts4   
,^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 soon e/imat$ 9  
millions4 ,spiritualism swept ov] ,great
 ,brita9 s rapidly t x 0 decl>$ by !    
,we/m9/] ,review to give q z mu* promise
 z ,*ri/ianity _h done1 at ! same age1 (
 becom+ a univ]sal religion4 ,no        
imp>tial obs]v] expects t n[4 ,believ]s 
are /ill to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,europe
 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & !y are especially    

num]\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,proselytes d 
n seem to be com+ 9 any:]e v ?ickly2 & !
 numb] ( intellig5t m5 & wom5 :o h      
r5\nc$ ,spiritualism1 aft] a brief      
trial1 is kn[n to be l>ge4 ,! new       
religion has foll[$ ! old ones into !   
policy ( /&+ on ! def5sive4  ,"o in/ance
 ( ?is is ! opposition to inve/igation4 
,a ,m$iums' ,national ,def5ce           
,association 0 9 op5 op]ation be=e      
#ahij4 ,a lead+ ,spirituali/ pap]       
sugge/$ 9 #ahgf1 t ! w\ld-be inquir]    
%\ld be ti$ securely h& & foot1 & plac$ 
9 a /rong iron cage1 ) a rope or small  
*a9 put tightly ab\t 8 neck1 & fa/5$ to 
an iron r+ 9 ! wall4 ,e>ly 9 #ahig1 "s  
"y m5 :o claim$ to h expos$ an impo/or1 
be=e a l>ge audi5ce 9 ! ,spirituali/    
,temple 9 ,bo/on1 7 prosecut$ by 8      
admir]s on ! *>ge ( hav+ di/urb$ public 
wor%ip4  ,v4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( !      
c5tury1 free love has be5 mu* less      
prom95t ?an be=e 9 ,spirituali/ic       
tea*+s2 b ! only ,am]icans :o 7 able to 
proclaim lib]ty )\t enc\rag+            

self-indulg5ce1 prior to #ahgj1 7 !     
logical & s*ol>ly ,transc5d5tali/s4     
,!odore ,p>k]1 = in/ance1 is to be      
reckon$ among ! foll[]s ( ,hegel r ?an (
 ,s*ell+2 = he tri$ by h>d /udy & deep  
?\ght to build up a consi/5t sy/em (    
religion & morality by mak+ d$uctions f 
a few c5tral pr9ciples :i* he rev]$ z   
great prim>y intuitions1 held always &  
ev]y:]e sacr$4 ,8 fai? 9 8 ideas ( ,god1
 duty1 & immortality 0 v firm2 & he did 
8 be/ to live & ?9k accord+ly4 ,he began
 to prea* 9 #ahcf1 ! ye> ( ! publication
 ( ,em]son's fir/ book1 b soon f\nd 8 "w
 h9d]$ by an idolatry ( ! ,bible1 !n    
preval5t ev5 among ,unit>ians4          
,famili>ity ) ,g]man s*ol>%ip enabl$ him
 to tea* 8 p to ?9k rationally4  ,8     
bre?r5 9 ! ,unit>ian m9i/ry 7 al>m$2 & a
 s]mon :i* he prea*$ 9 ,bo/on aga9/ !   
m$iator%ip ( ,jesus made x impossible = 
him to occupy an influ5tial pulpit4 ,!  
lectures :i* he deliv]$ t ye> 9 a hall 9
 ! city1 & publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 won !       
support ( _m seek]s = a new religion4   

,!y vot$ t he %\ld h a *ance to be he>d 
9 ,bo/on2 & on ,febru>y #af1 #ahde1 he  
prea*$ 9 a l>ge hall to :at soon became 
a p]man5t & fam\s congregation4  ,?i!r1 
z ,p>k] said1 he came to build up piety 
& morality2 to pull d[n only :at cumb]$ 
! gr\nd4 ,8 ma9 purpose to ! la/ 0 to   
tea* ! naturalness ( religion1 !        
adequacy ( man = 8 functions )\t prie/ly
 aid1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 t         
sup]iority ( ! real ,deity to ! pictures
 drawn 9 ! or?odox cre$s1 :i* ,p>k]     
call$ ! inf9ite p]fection ( ,god4 ,he 0 
s+ul>ly successful 9 awak5+ ! _s (      
religion 9 m5 :o 7 liv+ )\t x1 b !      
pla9ness ) :i* he /at$ 8 fai?1 9 s]mons 
:i* _h a l>ge circulation1 call$ out _m 
attacks4 ,pray]s 7 publicly (f]$ up 9   
,bo/on1 ask+ t ! ,"l w\ld put a hook 9  
?is man's jaws1 s t he may n be able to 
prea*1 or else remove him out ( ! way & 
let 8 influ5ce die ) him4 ,no controv]sy
 h9d]$ 8 lab\r+ sy/ematically = ! moral 
improvem5t ( 8 he>]s1 :o sometimes      
am\nt$ to ?ree ?\s&4 ,8 s]mons are full 

( def9ite appeals = self-control &      
self-culture2 & 8 p]sonal int]e/ 9 e    
individual :o c\ld be help$ 0 s active t
 he soon _h sev5 ?\s& names on 8 pa/oral
 visit+ li/4 ,appeals = advice came f   
/rang]s at a di/ance1 & 7 nev] neglect$4
  ,n "o ( ! great national s9s1 h[ev]   
popul>1 escap$ 8 sev]e rebuke2 & he     
became prom95t z e>ly z #ahde among !   
prea*]s aga9/ slav]y4 ,he 0 active 9 _m 
ways z an abolitioni/1 b 0 n a          
disunioni/4 ,he seldom quitt$ 8 pulpit  
)\t speak+ = ! slave2 & e phase ( !     
anti-slav]y movem5t is illu/rat$ 9 8    
publi%$ works4 ,pro-slav]y politicians 7
 z bitt] z or?odox cl]gym5 aga9/ him2 & 
he describes himself z cont9ually fir$  
^u = _m ye>s f ! b>room & pulpit4 ,8    
resi/ance to ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law    
caus$ him to be arre/$ & prosecut$1 9   
company ) ,w5dell ,phillips1 by !       
(ficials ( ! national ,gov]nm5t4        
,desire to awak5 ! p to ! dang] t lay 9 
! gr[? ( ! national s9 made him beg9 to 
lecture 9 #ahdd4 ,invitations fl[$ 9    

freely2 & he said1 aft] he _h brok5 d[n 
"u ! jo9t burd5 ( ov]work & ( exposure 9
 travell+3 ,s9ce #ahdh1 ,i h lectur$    
eighty or a hundr$ times ea* ye>1 9 e   
,nor!rn ,/ate ea/ ( !                   
,mississippi1--once also 9 a slave ,/ate
 & on slav]y itself4 ,?is 0 8 fav\rite  
subject1 b he nev] miss$ an opportunity 
( enc\rag+ intellectual indep5d5ce2 & he
 f\nd he c\ld say :at he pleas$4 ,!     
total numb] ( he>]s exce$$ half a       
million2 among !m 7 ! mo/ influ5tial m5 
9 ! ,nor?2 & he nev] fail$ to make      
himself und]/ood4 ,no "o else did s mu* 
to develop t love ( ! p = ,union &      
,lib]ty :i* secur$ emancipation4 ,8     
works h no su* brilliancy z ,em]son's2 b
 !y burn$ at ! "t ( ne$ ) a mu* m w>m & 
/eady light4 ,no words did m to melt !  
*a9s ( millions ( slaves4 ,no excess (  
individualism made him %r9k back1 l     
,em]son1 f jo9+ ! abolitioni/s2 or      
discr$it !m1 z ,?oreau did1 by publicly 
r5\nc+ 8 allegiance to ,massa*usetts 9  
#ahed1 :5 t ,/ate /ood =emo/ on ! side (

 fre$om4  ,! acc\nt ( a solit>y life 9 !
 woods1 :i* ,?oreau publi%$ t ye>1 has  
done mu* to enc\rage indep5d5ce ( public
 op9ion2 & ,am]icans ( t g5]ation ne$$  
sadly to be told t !y took too little   
amusem5t1 especially out ( doors1 & made
 too great ha/e to get ri*4 ,_! hi/ory1 
h[ev]1 l t ( ! ,swiss1 ,scot*1 & anci5t 
,a!nians1 proves t x is ! indu/ri\s1    
ent]pris+1 money-mak+ nations t are be/ 
fitt$ = ma9ta9+ free in/itutions4 ,z =  
individual indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action1 
! av]age man w enjoy mu* m ( x1 :ile he 
keeps himself 9 com=table circum/ances  
by regul> b n excessive "w1 ?an he c\ld 
if he 7 to foll[ ! advice ( an au?or :o 
prid$ himself on n work+ m ?an ab\t six 
weeks 9 a ye>1 & on endur+ privations   
:i* app>5tly %ort5$ 8 days4  ,?oreau's  
self-d5ial 0 h]oic2 b he sometimes fail$
 to see ! "r ( 8 neighb\rs to indulge m 
exp5sive ta/es ?an 8 own4 ,! necess>y   
conditions ( heal? & com=t = diff]5t    
individuals v>y mu* m ?an he realis$4   
,_m a w\ld-be re=m] /ill compla9s ( !   

luxury ( p :o f9d physical re/ or m5tal 
culture 9 innoc5t ways1 n p>ticul>ly to 
8 own fancy4 ,su* c5sures are really    
intol]ant4 ,!y are survivals ( t        
m$dlesome disposition :i* has sadly     
re/rict$ fre$om ( trade1 amusem5t1 &    
wor%ip4  ,we h _h only "o ,em]son2 b _m 
s*ol>ly ,transc5d5tali/s h lab\r$ to    
con/ruct ! new morality ne$$ 9 ! n9ete5?
 c5tury4 ,p>k]'s "w has peculi> int]e/1 
because done 9 a t]rible em]g5cy2 b o!rs
 h toil$ z pr(itably ?\gh less fam\sly4 
,! se>* aft] fundam5tal intuitions has  
l$ to a curi\s v>iety ( /atem5ts :i*    
agree only 9 ! assumption (             
infallibility2 b ! result has be5 !     
g5]al agreem5t ( lib]al prea*]s 9 tea*+ 
a sy/em ( e?ics at once free f          
sup]/ition1 bigotry1 or asceticism1 & at
 ! same "t vigor\s en\gh to repress     
impure desire & enc\rage active         
philan?ropy4 ,!ology has improv$ 9      
lib]ality1 z well z 9 claim+ less       
prom95ce4 ,?us ! cl]gy h come into mu* m
 fri5dly relations ) ! philosoph]s ?an 9

 ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,our popul>       
prea*]s quote ,em]son2 b really !y      
foll[1 ?\gh (t5 unconsci\sly1 ! me?ods (
 ,hegel & ,kant4 ,?is increases _!      
sympa?y ) ,p>k]1 :o has ! advantage ov] 
,em]son ( hav+ believ$ /rongly 9 p]sonal
 immortality4 ,8 works are circulat$ by 
! v d5om9ation :i* ca/ him out4 ,! mo/  
popul> prea*]s 9 _m sects op5ly accept  
him & ,em]son among _! highe/           
au?orities4 ,transc5d5talism has become 
! f\ndation ( lib]al ,*ri/ianity4  ,?is 
agreem5t is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y & may n  
be p]man5t4 ,hegel's great success 0 9  
br++ =w>d ! old dogmas ) new claims to  
infallibility4 ,:5 "s ( 8 disciples %[$ 
t 8 me?ods 7 equally well adapt$ = !    
de/ruction ( or?odoxy1 ,s*ell+ gave 8   
la/ lectures 9 its def5ce4 ,! s+ul>     
fitness ( traditions = acceptance z     
intuitions has be5 prov$1 late 9 !      
c5tury1 by ! ,rev4 ,joseph ,cook 9      
,bo/on z well z by _m speak]s at !      
,concord ,s*ool ( ,philosophy4 ,!       
reaction>y t5d5cy is already s /rong t x

 may yet become pr$om9ant4 ,we mu/ n    
=get t ,%elley call$ himself an a!i/1 or
 t among ,hegel's mo/ fam\s foll[]s 7   
,/rauss & ,r5an4 ,:o c say :e!r         
unbelief1 or?odoxy1 or lib]al           
,*ri/ianity is ! legitimate outcome (   
?is ubiquit\s philosophy8               
,transc5d5talism has be5 ! inspiration (
 ! c5tury4 ,its influ5ce has be5 mighty 
9 behalf ( political lib]ty & social    
progress4 ,b !re 0 no inconsi/5cy 9     
,hegel's oppos+ ! education ( wom51 &   
d5y+ ! possibility ( a great republic1  
or 9 ,c>lyle's def5d+ absolute mon>*y & 
*attel slav]y1 or 9 ,p>k]'s successor 9 
,bo/on try+ to ju/ify ! ,russian        
despotism4 ,transc5d5talism is a        
swivel-gun1 :i* c be fir$ easily 9 any  
direction4 ,p]haps x c be us$ mo/ easily
 aga9/ sci5ce4 ,! diff]5ce 9 me?ods1 (  
c\rse1 is irreconcilable1 z is se5 9    
,em]son2 & ! brilliant results atta9$ by
 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] h be5 sadly disp>ag$ by  
lead+ ,transc5d5tali/s 9 ! conv5tions ( 
! ,free ,religi\s ,association1 z well z

 9 sessions ( ! ,concord ,s*ool (       
,philosophy4  ,,vi4 ,! necess>y t5d5cy (
 ,transc5d5talism may be se5 9 !        
agitation aga9/ vivisection1 :i* 0 begun
 9 #ahfc by ,miss ,cobbe4 ,%e 0 aid$ by 
,c>lyle1 ,br[n+1 ,rusk91 ,lecky1        
,m>-t9eau1 & o!r ,transc5d5tali/s1 "o ( 
:om1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,*ann+1 _h be5       
prom95t 9 ,am]ica ab\t #ahej4 ,mo/ ( !  
active anti-vivisectioni/s1 h[ev]1      
belong to ! sex :i* has be5 peculi>ly   
ready to adopt unsci5tific me?ods (     
?\ght4 ,x is l>gely due to wom5 ) a ta/e
 = metaphysics or !ology t ! agitation  
/ill goes on 9 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4  ,attempts ought c]ta9ly to be 
made to prev5t torture ( animals by     
inexp]i5c$ /ud5ts1 or by tea*]s :o m]ely
 wi% to illu/rate ! work+ ( well-kn[n   
laws4 ,!re ought to be little difficulty
 9 secur+ ! univ]sal adoption ( su*     
/atutes z 7 pass$ by ,p>liam5t 9 #ahgf4 
,vivisection 0 !n =bidd51 except :5     
c>ri$ out = ! purpose ( important       
discov]ies1 by compet5t inve/igators    

duly lic5s$1 & 9 regul> laboratories4 ,x
 0 fur!r requir$ t complete protection  
aga9/ suff]+ pa9 be giv5 by anae/hetics1
 ?\gh ^! la/ c\ld be disp5s$ ) 9        
exceptional cases cov]$ by a special    
lic5se4  ,! animal mu/ at all ev5ts be  
kill$ z soon z ! exp]im5t 0 ov]4 ,?is   
law actually put a /op to attempts to   
f9d "s antidote to ! poison ( ! cobra1  
:i* slays ?\s&s ( ,h9doos annually4     
,pr(essor ,f]ri]1 :o 0 discov]+ ! real  
functions ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra91 0      
prosecut$ 9 #ahha by !                  
,anti-,vivisection ,society = op]at+ )\t
 a lic5se ^u monkeys2 b ! *>ge turn$ out
 to be false4  ,! real "q s9ce #ahgf has
 be5 z to :e!r vivisection %\ld be      
tol]at$ z an aid to sci5tific & m$ical  
discov]y4 ,d>w9's op9ion on ?is po9t is 
all ! m valuable1 because he hat$ all   
cruelty to animals4 ,9 ,april1 #ahha1 he
 wrote to ,! ,times z foll[s3  ,i "k t  
physiology _c possibly progress except  
by means ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals2 & 
,i feel ! deepe/ conviction t he :o     

ret>ds ! progress ( physiology commits a
 crime aga9/ mank9d4444 ,no "o1 unless  
he is grossly ignorant ( :at sci5ce has 
done = mank9d1 c ent]ta9 any d\bt ( !   
incalculable b5efits :i* w h]eaft] be   
d]iv$ f physiology1 n only by man b by !
 l[] animals4 ,look1 = in/ance1 at      
,pa/eur's results 9 modify+ ! g]ms ( !  
mo/ malignant diseases1 f :i*1 z x s    
happ5s1 animals w 9 ! fir/ place receive
 m relief ?an man4 ,let x be rememb]$ h[
 _m lives1 & :at a fe>ful am\nt (       
suff]+1 h be5 sav$ by ! k ga9$ (        
p>asitic worms1 ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts (     
,vir*[ & o!rs ^u liv+ animals4  ,ano!r  
high au?ority1 ,c>p5t]1 says t          
vivisection has greatly aid$ physicians 
9 cur+ he>t disease1 z well z 9 prev5t+ 
blood-poison+ by tak+ antiseptic        
precautions4 ,mu* has be5 le>n$ z to !  
value ( hypod]mic injections1 & also (  
bromide ( potassium1 *loral1 salicylic  
acid1 coca9e1 amyl1 digitalis1 &        
/ry*nia4 ,"s ( ^! drugs are s poison\s t
 !y w\ld nev] h be5 adm9i/]$ to human   

be+s if !y c\ld n h be5 tri$ previ\sly  
on ! l[] animals4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 "q h   
rec5tly assi/$ 9 cur+ yell[ fev]1       
sun/roke1 diabetes1 epilepsy1           
erysipelas1 *ol]a1 consumption1 &       
tri*9osis4 ,! ,g]man pr(essors ( m$ic9e 
te/ifi$ 9 a body t vivisection has      
reg5]at$ ! heal+ art4 ,simil> te/imony 0
 giv5 9 #ahha by ! ?ree ?\s& memb]s ( ! 
,int]national ,m$ical ,congress2 & !    
,briti% ,m$ical ,association has tak5 ! 
same position4  ,! facts are s pla9 t an
 ,engli% judge1 :o 0 a vice-presid5t (  
,miss ,cobbe's society1 admitt$ t       
vivisection enl>ges k2 b he condemn$ x z
 ''displeas+ to ,almighty ,god4'' ,x 0  
said to g h& 9 h& ) a!ism2 & sev]al ( ! 
,episcopalian bi%ops1 toge!r ) ,c>d9al  
,mann+1 oppos$ x z irreligi\s4          
,transc5d5tali/s are compell$ by _!     
philosophy to decide on ! morality ( all
 actions solely by ! inn] light1 & n    
p]mitt$ to pay any att5tion to          
consequ5ces4 ,_m ( !m 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica
 agre$ to dem& ! total suppression (    

vivisection1 ev5 %\ld x *ance to prove  
useful4 ,?is gr\nd 0 tak5 9 #ahgg by    
,miss ,cobbe's society2 & %e decl>$1    
five ye>s lat]1 9 ,! ,=tnightly1 t %e 0 
det]m9$ to /op ! torture ( animals1 a   
grave moral (f5ce1 ) ! consequ5ces (    
:i*--be !y =tunate or ! rev]se--we are  
no m conc]n$ ?an ) ^? ( any o!r evil    
de$4 ,lat] %e said3 ,into controv]sies  
conc]n+ ! utility ( vivisection1 ,i = "o
 refuse to ent]2 & %e publi%$ a leaflet 
advis+ h] si/]s to foll[ h] example4    
,rusk9 took ! same gr\nd4 ,^! ha/y      
en?usia/s 7 equally indiff]5t to ano!r  
fact1 :i* ought n to h be5 ov]look$1    
namely1 t suff]+ 0 usually prev5t$ by ! 
use ( anae/hetics1 :i* are indisp5sable 
= ! success ( _m exp]im5ts4 ,! bill =   
prohibit+ any vivisection 0 br\ght into 
! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahgi2 ,b 0 oppos$ by
 a nobleman :o presid$ ov] ! ,society = 
! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals2 & x
 0 lo/ by #af votes aga9/ #ig4 ,! ,h\se 
( ,commons refus$ ev5 to take action on 
! subject1 despite f\r ye>s ( agitation4

 ,?us ! "r ( sci5tific rese>* 0 f9ally  
secur$4  ,miss ,cobbe 0 "o ( ! noble/ ( 
wom52 b ev5 %e 0 made bl9d by h]        
philosophy to ! "r ( p :o pref]         
sci5tific me?ods to act up to _!        
convictions4 ,g>rison1 too1 0 notori\sly
 unable to d ju/ice to anyone1 ev5 an   
abolitioni/1 :o did n agree ) him4 ,!re 
is no?+ 9 ,transc5d5talism to prev5t    
intol]ance4 ,?is philosophy has done    
imm5se s]vice to ! philan?ropy z well z 
! poetry ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b human    
lib]ty w ga9 by ! discov]y t no su*     
sy/em ( metaphysics c be any?+ bett] ?an
 a tempor>y bridge = pass+ out ( !      
swamps ( sup]/ition1 across ! deep &    
furi\s torr5t ( scepticism1 into a l& ( 
heal?y happ9ess & cle>1 /eady light4    
,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,plat=m ,,v]sus ,,pulpit 
,,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! au?ority (    
prea*]s & pa/ors has dim9i%$ pla9ly2 &  
?is is l>gely due to a fact ( :i*       
,em]son spoke ?us3 ,we %\ld n =give !   
cl]gy = tak+ on e issue ! immoral side4 
,?is 0 true 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! great re=ms 

7 a*iev$ = ! b5efit ( ! masses1 & aga9/ 
! int]e/ ( ! class to :i* mo/ cl]gym5   
belong$4 ,! ,am]ican pa/or seldom diff]$
 f 8 p>i%ion]s1 unless he 0 m           
philan?ropic4 ,he 0 usually 9 fav\r ( ! 
agitation aga9/ drunk5ness2 & he _h a "r
 to say t ! disunionism ( ,phillips &   
,g>rison1 toge!r ) _! sy/ematically     
repell+ sympa?y 9 ! ,s\?1 w5t f> to     
(fset _! claim = 8 support4 ,x 0        
difficult1 dur+ _m ye>s1 to see :at     
ought to be done 9 ! ,nor?4 ,:5 a       
practical issue 0 made by ! attack on   
,kansas1 ! cl]gy took ! side ( fre$om   
almo/ unanim\sly 9 ,new ,engl&1 & q     
g5]ally 9 rural di/ricts ?r\gh\t ! free 
,/ates4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ! m9i/]s to     
abolitionism1 be=e #ahed1 0 p>tly due1  
h[ev]1 to _! almo/ univ]sal opposition  
to a k9dr$ re=m1 :i* !y might easily h  
help$4  ,i4 ,x 0 be=e ,g>rison began 8  
agitation t ,frances ,wright d5\nc$ !   
cl]gy = h9d]+ ! intellectual            
emancipation ( h] sex2 & h] fir/ ally 0 
n ,! ,lib]ator1 b ,! ,inve/igatory ?\gh 

bo? began almo/ simultane\sly4 ,%e      
plead$ p[]fully = ! rights ( slaves1 z  
well z ( m>ri$ wom51 be=e l>ge audi5ces 
9 ! middle ,/ates z e>ly z #ahcf1 :5 ^! 
re=ms 7 also advocat$ by ,mrs4 ,erne/9e 
,l4 ,rose1 a lib]al ,jewess4 ,^! ladies 
spoke to m5 z well z wom52 & s next     
summ] did ,miss ,angel9a ,grimke1 ^:    
zeal aga9/ slav]y _h lo/ h] h] home 9   
,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,h] fir/ public lecture 0 
9 ,massa*usetts2 & ! ,congregationali/  
m9i/]s ( t ,/ate promptly issu$ a       
decl>ation t !y _h a "r to say :o %\ld  
speak to _! p>i%ion]s1 & t ! ,new       
,te/am5t =bade any woman to become a    
public re=m]4 ,_! action call$ out !    
spirit$ poem 9 :i* ,:itti] said3        
,:at m>vel if ! p le>n      ,to claim ! 
"r ( free op9ion8      ,:at m>vel if at 
times !y spurn      ,! anci5t yoke ( y\r
 dom9ion8  ,g>rison n[ came out 9 fav\r 
( ! rights ( wom51 & ?us lo/ mu* ( !    
support :i* he 0 receiv+ f ! c\ntry     
cl]gy g5]ally 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! f9al    
brea* 0 9 ,may1 #ahdj1 at ! meet+ ( !   

,national ,association ( ,abolitioni/s 9
 ,new ,york ,city4 ,!re came ,g>rison ) 
m ?an five hundr$ foll[]s f ,new ,engl&4
 ,!y ga9$ by a close vote a place on !  
bus9ess committee = t noble woman1 ,abby
 ,kelley4 ,m9i/]s & *ur* memb]s sec$$ & 
/>t$ a new anti-slav]y society1 :i*     
c>ri$ away mo/ ( ! memb]s & ev5 ! (fic]s
 ( ! old "o4 ,! qu>rel 0 embitt]$ by !  
vote ( c5sure1 pass$ at ?is meet+ ^u ^? 
abolitioni/s :o _h d>$ to nom9ate a     
c&idate ( _! own = ! presid5cy )\t leave
 f ,mr4 ,g>rison2 b ! *ief tr\ble came f
 ! prejudice :i*1 t same summ]1 caus$   
mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,_w's ,anti-,slav]y  
,conv5tion 9 ,london1 to refuse places  
to ,h>riet ,m>t9eau & o!r ladies z      
delegates4 ,?is exclusion 0 fav\r$ by   
all ! eight cl]gym5 :o spoke1 & by no   
o!r speak]s s e>ne/ly4 ,among ! reject$ 
delegates 7 ,mrs4 ,lucretia ,mott &     
,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,cady ,/anton2 & !y     
resolv$1 t night1 to hold a conv5tion = 
! b5efit ( _! sex 9 ,am]ica4  ,! volume 
( essays :i* ,em]son publi%$ 9 #ahdd    

prais$ ! new *ivalry 9 behalf ( woman's 
rights2 & ! o!r ,transc5d5tali/s 9      
,am]ica came1 "o aft] ano!r1 to ! same  
position4 ,mrs4 ,/anton & ,mrs4 ,mott   
call$ _! conv5tion 9 t ye> (            
revolutions1 #ahdh1 on ,july #ai?4 ,!   
place 0 ! ,me?odi/ *ur* at ,s5eca       
,falls1 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,! re=m]s  
f\nd ! door lock$ aga9/ !m2 & a little  
boy _h to climb 9 at ! w9d[4 ,!         
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 adopt$ on    
,july #d1 #aggf1 furni%$ a model = a    
prote/ aga9/ ! exclusion ( girls f high 
s*ools & colleges1 ! clos+ ( almo/ e    
remun]ative employm5t aga9/ ! sex1 & !  
laws =bidd+ a m>ri$ woman to own any    
prop]ty1 :e!r e>n$ or inh]it$ by h]1 ev5
 h] own clo?+4 ,?is decl>ation 0 adopt$ 
unanim\sly2 b a dem& = ! suffrage _h    
only a small majority4 ,n a s+le m9i/]  
is kn[n to h be5 pres5t2 b !re 7 two at 
a second conv5tion1 t ,augu/1 9 ,ro*e/]1
 :]e ! ,unit>ian *ur* 0 full ( m5 &     
wom54  ,!re 7 m ?an tw5ty-five ?\s&     
m9i/]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b only ?ree   

are m5tion$ among ! memb]s ( ! national 
conv5tion1 held at ,worce/]1            
,massa*usetts1 9 ,octob]1 #ahej1 by     
delegates f elev5 ,/ates4 ,z ,phillips 0
 return+ f ?is meet+1 ,!odore ,p>k] said
 to him1 ,w5dell1 :y d y make a fool (  
y\rself8 ,! great prea*] came out a few 
ye>s lat] 9 behalf ( ! rights ( wom52 b 
x 0 long be=e a s+le religi\s newspap]  
caught up ) ,! ,inve/igator4  ,h[ !     
cl]gy g5]ally felt 0 %[n 9 #ahea1 at    
,akron1 9 nor!rn ,ohio4 ,!re            
,episcopalian1 ,presbyt]ian1 ,bapti/1   
,me?odi/1 & ,univ]sali/ m9i/]s appeal$  
to ! ,bible 9 ju/ification ( !          
subjugation ( wom54 ,!re 0 no reply     
until !y began to boa/ ( ! intellectual 
sup]iority ( _! own sex4 ,!n an         
illit]ate old woman :o _h be5 a slave   
arose & said3 ,:at 's dat got to d )    
wom5's rights1 or nigg]s' rights ei!r8  
,if my cup won't hold b a p9t1 & y\rn   
holds a qu>t1 w\ld n't ye be mean n to  
let me h my little half-measure full8 ,!
 conv5tion 0 ) h]2 b ! ,bible argum5t 0 

n to be dispos$ ( easily4 ,! g5]al tone 
( bo? ,te/am5ts is 9 h>mony ) ! famili> 
texts attribut$ to ,paul & ,pet]4 ,^!   
latt] passages 7 writt51 9 all          
probability1 :5 ! position ( wom5 0     
*ang+ = ! bett] ?r\gh\t ! ,roman        
,empire3 & ! orig9al words1 ass]t+ !    
au?ority ( husb&s1 are ! same z are us$ 
9 reg>d to ! p[] ( ma/]s ov] slaves4    
,su* language _h all ! m weight1 because
 ! m9i/]s _h be5 br\ght up z memb]s ( ! 
rul+ sex4 ,!y may h also be5 biass$ by !
 fact t _! pr(ession dep5ds1 m ?an any  
o!r1 = success ^u ! unpaid s]vices 9 _m 
ways ( devot$ wom54 ,emancipation 0 by  
no means likely to promote "w = ! ,*ur*4
 ,!re 0 an audi5ce ( two ?\s& at        
,syracuse1 9 #aheb1 :5 :at 0 call$ !    
,bloom] ,conv5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! %ort  
dresses worn by "s memb]s1 took up a    
resolution1 decl>+ t ! ,bible recognises
 ! rights ( wom54 ,mrs4 ,rose said t !  
re=m _h m]its en\gh ( its own1 & ne$$ no
 ju/ification by any book4 ,a lett] 0   
read f ,mrs4 ,/anton1 say+ t among !    

cl]gy we f9d our mo/ viol5t enemies1 ^? 
mo/ oppos$ to any *ange 9 woman's       
position4 ,! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t 0   
readily admitt$1 aft] a rev]5d g5tleman 
_h d5\nc$ ! infidelity ( ! movem5t1 9 a 
spee* describ$ z indec5t & co>sely      
(f5sive 9 ! ,new ,york ,h]ald2 & !      
resolution 0 lo/4  ,! lady :o (f]$ x 0  
orda9$ soon aft] = ! ,congregationali/  
m9i/ry2 b %e 0 oblig$ to confess1 at !  
,woman's ,rights' ,conv5tion1 9 #ahec1 t
 ! ,*ur* has s f> ca/ me (f1 t to a     
great ext5t ,i h be5 oblig$ to g to j   
su* infidels z ^? ar\nd me = aid to     
prea* my ,*ri/ian views4 ,x 0 at ?is    
meet+ t a doctor ( div9ity1 & pa/or ( a 
prom95t society1 d5\nc$ ! re=m s        
viol5tly t ,mr4 ,g>rison call$ him a    
blackgu>d & a r[dy1 ) ! result ( hav+ 8 
nose pull$ by ! *ampion ( ! ,*ur*       
militant4 ,!re 7 _m su* unseemly        
manife/ations ( cl]ical wra?4 ,! ,hi/ory
 ( ,woman ,suffrage1 :i* 0 edit$ by     
,mrs4 ,/anton & o!r lead+ re=m]s1 said1 
9 #ahha3 ,! deadlie/ oppon5ts to !      

recognition ( ! equal rights ( wom5 h   
ev] be5 among ! or?odox cl]gy4 ,!       
,unit>ians 7 m fri5dly2 b ,i d n ?9k t !
 re=m 0 op5ly fav\r$1 ev5 z late z      
#ahfj1 by "o cl]gyman 9 a ?\s& out ( !  
:ole numb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!        
proportion 0 ev5 small] 9 ,europe4  ,ev5
 z late z #ahgh1 x 0 resolv$ by ! ,woman
 ,suffrage ,conv5tion at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4   
,y41 t z ! fir/ duty ( e individual is  
self-developm5t1 ! lessons (            
self-sacrifice & ob$i5ce taught woman by
 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* h be5 fatal1 n only to
 h] own vital int]e/s b ?r\gh h] to ^? (
 ! race4 ,influ5ces 7 already at "w1    
h[ev]1 :i* h made ! relations ( plat=m &
 pulpit comp>atively fri5dly 9 ?is      
respect4  ,! wom5 ( ! ,nor? %[$ _!      
patriotism1 dur+ ! great w>1 by e/abli%+
 & manag+ ! ,sanit>y ,commission1 !     
,fre$man's ,bureau1 & ! ,woman's ,loyal 
,national ,league4 ,important elections 
7 c>ri$ 9 #ahfb by ! eloqu5ce ( ,anna   
,e4 ,dick9son1 = ! ,republican p>ty2 & x
 has (t5 s9ce _h simil> help4 ,! success

 ( ! ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,temp]ance ,union 
& o!r p>tly philan?ropic & p>tly        
religi\s organisations1 has prov$ !     
ability ( wom5 to ?9k & act indep5d5tly4
 ,_m ( _! dem&s h be5 grant$1 "o by "o2 
& public op9ion has *ang$ s mu* 9 _!    
fav\r1 t !y ceas$ long ago to enc\nt]   
any g5]al ho/ility f ! cl]gy 9 ! ,nor!rn
 ,/ates4  ,ev5 !re1 h[ev]1 wom5 /ill f9d
 x mu* too difficult = !m to ent] a     
peculi>ly easy1 hon\rable1 & lucrative  
pr(ession4 ,_! elocution>y p[]s are %[n 
on ! /age z well z ! plat=m4 ,_!        
capacity = writ+ s]mons is pla9 to e "o 
famili> ) rec5t lit]ature4 ,_! ability  
to prea* is recognis$ cordially 9 !     
,salvation ,army1 z well z by           
,spirituali/s1 ,quak]s1 ,unit>ians1 &   
,univ]sali/s4 ,mu* ( ! pa/oral "w is    
done by wom51 9 actual fact2 & m ought  
to be4 ,! ,sunday-s*ool1 *oir1 social   
ga!r+1 & o!r important auxili>ies to !  
pulpit are almo/ entirely 9 female h&s4 
,wom5 enjoy practically ! monopoly ( ^? 
k9ds ( *ur* "w = :i* !re is no pay2 & _!

 exclusion f ! k9d :i* is paid highly1 9
 ! l>ge/ & weal?ie/ d5om9ations1 looks  
too mu* l a pref]5ce ( cl]gym5 to look  
aft] ! int]e/ ( _! own sex4 ,! mo/      
or?odox *ur*es are ! mo/ exclusive2 & ! 
same =ces :i* are driv+ bigotry out ( ! 
pulpits are br++ wom5 94  ,?is re=m is  
"o ( _m 9 :i* a mu* m advanc$ position  
has be5 tak5 by ,new ,engl& & ! f> ,we/ 
?an by ! ,s\?2 & ! ,am]ican             
,transc5d5tali/s l$ public op9ion 9 !   
section :]e mo/ ( !m liv$4 ,9 ,great    
,brita9 ! /ruggle has be5 c>ri$ on 9 !  
int]e/ ( ! middle & l[] classes1 & "u   
mu* opposition f ! class to :i* mo/     
admir]s ( philosophy belong$4 ,no wond] 
t "o ( ! ke5e/ critics (                
,transc5d5talism 0 prom95t among !      
*ampions 9 ,engl& ( ! oppress$ sex4     
,john ,/u>t ,mill decl>$1 9 8 widely    
circulat$ book on ,! ,subjection (      
,wom51 t nobody ev] arriv$ at a g5]al   
rule ( duty by intuition4 ,he held t !  
legal subjection ( wives to husb&s bore 
m resemblance1 z f> z ! laws 7 conc]n$1 

to slav]y1 ?an did any o!r relation%ip  
exi/+ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahfi4 ,he did 
n argue f any !ory ( natural rights1 b  
po9t$ out ! advantage to society (      
wom5's develop+ _! capacities freely4   
,he also insi/$ on ! duty ( gov]nm5t n  
to re/rict ! lib]ty ( any woman1 except 
:5 necess>y to prev5t h] dim9i%+ t ( h] 
neighb\rs4 ,?is la/ proposition w be    
exam9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! fact t ,mill's
 great "w = fre$om 0 done ?r\gh ! press1
 & n on ! plat=m1 makes x unnecess>y to 
say m ab\t him 9 ?is place4  ,,ii4      
,cl]gym51 l ,transc5d5tali/s1 9 ,engl& 7
 g5]ally cons]vative1 or reaction>y2 & !
 fri5ds ( re=m 7 mu* m irreligi\s ?an 9 
,am]ica4 ,_! appeal aga9/ ! au?ority (  
,*ur* & ,bible 0 n to intuition b to    
sci5ce2 & !y 7 aid$ by ,lyell's         
demon/ration1 9 #ahcj1 t geology _h     
sup]s$$ ,g5esis4 ,work+-m5 7 w>n$ 9     
lectures1 tracts1 & newspap]s aga9/     
immorality 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ev5 !   
,new 0 said to disc\rage resi/ance to   
oppression & ef=ts to promote heal?1    

com=t1 & k4  ,! mo/ popul> ( ^! *ampions
 aga9/ sup]/ition & tyranny 0           
,bradlaugh4 ,he began to lecture 9      
#ahej1 :5 only sev5te51 & cont9u$ = =ty 
ye>s to speak & write dilig5tly4 ,8     
a!ism oblig$ him to und]go pov]ty = _m  
ye>s1 & mu* h>d%ip4 ,he *>g$ no fee =   
lectur+1 w5t will+ly to ! smalle/ &     
poore/ places1 & 0 satisfi$ ) :atev] 0  
br\ght 9 by sell+ tickets1 (t5 = only   
twop5ce ea*4 ,he once travell$ six      
hundr$ miles 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 to deliv]
 f\r lectures :i* did n repay 8 exp5ses4
 ,_m a hall :i* he _h engag$ 0 clos$    
aga9/ him2 & he 0 ?us oblig$ to speak 9 
! op5 air "o ra9y ,sunday1 :5 he _h two 
?\s& he>]s4 ,at su* times 8 voice peal$ 
out l a trumpet2 8 in=mation 0 always   
accurate2 opposition quick5$ ! fl[ (    
ideas2 & he _h p]fect comm& ( ! p's     
,engli%4 ,8 great physical /r5g? 0 (t5  
ne$$ to def5d him aga9/ viol5ce1        
sometimes in/igat$ by ! cl]gy4 ,he _h   
mu* to say aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b no  
/ruggle = political lib]ty1 :e!r at home

 or abroad1 fail$ to receive 8 support2 
& he 0 especially active = t great      
ext5sion ( suffrage :i* took place 9    
#ahfg4 ,8 k t wom5 w\ld vote aga9/ him  
did n prev5t 8 advocat+ _! "r to !      
ballot2 b x 0 9 ! "n ( ! great mass ( ! 
,engli% p t he 0 an e>ly support] ( !   
cause ( ,union & ,lib]ty aga9/ !        
slave-hold]s :o sec$$4  ,9 #ahff he     
became presid5t ( ! ,national ,society (
 ,secul>i/s1 :o believe only 9 !        
religion ( ! pres5t life4 ,mo/ ( !      
memb]s 7 agno/ics2 & "o ( ,bradlaugh's  
_m debates 0 ) ,holyoake1 ! f\nd] (     
secul>ism1 on ! "q :e!r t t]m ought to  
be us$ in/ead ( a!ism4 ,! society 0 s   
well organis$ t only a telegram f !     
manag]s 0 ne$$ to call out a public     
meet+ any:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,among           
,bradlaugh's he>]s 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahgc 7  
,em]son1 ,sumn]1 ,g>rison1 ,phillips1 & 
,o4 ,b4 ,fro?+ham4 ,he won soon aft] a  
p[]ful ally 9 a cl]gyman's wife1 :o _h  
be5 driv5 f h] home by h] husb& because 
%e w\ld n p>take ( ! communion4 ,mrs4   

,besant began to lecture 9 #ahgd1 & )   
views l ,bradlaugh's2 b h] *ief int]e/ 0
 9 woman suffrage4 ,bo? held /rict views
 ab\t ! obligation ( m>riage2 & _!      
relations 7 blameless4  ,bradlaugh's    
place 9 hi/ory is ma9ly z a *ampion ( ! 
"r ( a!i/s to sit 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,he 0    
elect$ by ! %oemak]s ( ,nor?ampton 9    
#ahhj1 :5 oa?s ( allegiance 7 exact$ 9 !
 ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,quak]s1 h[ev]1 c\ld 
affirm2 & he ask$ ! same privilege4 ,z  
?is 0 refus$1 he (f]$ to take ! oa?1 &  
decl>$ t ! ess5tial "p w\ld be b9d+ ^u  
my hon\r & consci5ce4 ,?is1 too1 0      
=bidd52 b !re 0 mu* discussion1 n only 9
 ,p>liam5t b ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 z to 8 "r  
to affirm4 ,8 fri5ds held two hundr$    
public meet+s 9 a s+le week1 & s5t 9    
petitions ) two hundr$ ?\s& signatures  
dur+ twelve mon?s4 ,! lib]al newspap]s 7
 on 8 side2 b ! ,me?odi/ & ,episcopalian
 pulpits res\nd$ ) d5ials ( ! "r ( a!i/s
 to ent] ,p>liam5t on any t]ms4 ,among !
 exp\nd]s ( ?is view 9 lead+ p]iodicals 
7 ,c>d9al ,mann+ & o!r prom95t          

ecclesia/ics4 ,!y _h ! support ( !      
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 z well z ( _m   
petitions f ,sunday-s*ools4 ,public     
op9ion %[$ itself s pla9ly t ,brad-laugh
 0 f9ally all[$ by a close vote to make 
affirmation & take 8 seat4 ,he 0 soon   
=c$ to leave x by an adv]se decision ( !
 judges1 b 0 promptly re-elect$4  ,aga9 
he (f]$ 9 va9 to take ! oa?4 ,aft]      
sev]al mon?s ( litigation1 & _m appeals 
to audi5ces :i* he made almo/ unanim\s1 
he gave notice t he %\ld try to take 8  
seat on ,augu/ #c1 #ahha1 unless prev5t$
 by =ce4 ,x took f\rte5 m5 to keep him  
out2 & he 0 dragg$ d[n-/airs ) su*      
viol5ce t he fa9t$ away4 ,8 clo!s 7     
badly torn2 & ! /ruggle br\ght on an    
al>m+ attack ( erysipelas4 ,a great     
multitude _h foll[$ him to ,we/m9/]     
,hall1 & !re w\ld h be5 a dang]\s riot1 
if x _h n be5 = ! entreaties ( ,mrs4    
,besant1 :o spoke at ,bradlaugh's       
reque/4 ,8 next move 0 to take ! oa? )\t
 hav+ x prop]ly adm9i/]$4 ,he 0 expell$ 
9 consequ5ce1 b re-elect$ at once4 ,?us 

! conte/ w5t on1 until ! ,speak] decid$ 
t e memb] _h a "r to take ! oa? :i* c\ld
 n be set aside4 ,bradlaugh 0 admitt$   
accord+ly1 on ,janu>y #ac1 #ahhf2 & two 
ye>s lat] he br\ght ab\t ! passage ( a  
bill by :i* unbeliev]s 7 enabl$ to ent] 
,p>liam5t by mak+ affirmation4 ,! ,iri% 
memb]s _h tri$ to keep him out2 b ?is   
did n prev5t 8 advocat+ home rule =     
,irel&1 & also = ,india4 ,f fir/ to la/ 
he f\ght fe>lessly & /eadily = fre$om ( 
spee* & ( ! press4 ,8 beauty ( "*       
increas$ 8 influ5ce4 ,mrs4 ,besant is "r
 9 say+3 ,t m5 & wom5 are n[ able to    
speak z op5ly z !y d1 t a broad] _s is  
visible 9 ! *ur*es1 t h]esy is no long] 
reg>d$ z morally disgraceful--^! ?+s are
 v l>gely due to ! active & militant    
propag&a c>ri$ on "u ! lead]%ip ( ,*>les
 ,bradlaugh4  ,,iii4 ,simil> ideas to 8 
h be5 pres5t$ ev] s9ce #ahgj to imm5se  
audi5ces1 compos$ mo/ly ( "y m51 9      
,*icago1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 & o!r      
,am]ican cities1 by ,rob]t ,g4 ,+]soll4 
,burn+ hatr$ ( all tyranny & cruelty (t5

 makes him d5\nce ! ,bible ) a pa?os l  
,r\sseau's or a brilliancy l            
,voltaire's4 ,he 0 decid$ly orig9al :5  
he ask$ :y ,jesus1 if he knew h[        
,*ri/ianity w\ld develop1 did n say t 8 
foll[]s ought n to p]secute "o ano!r4 ,9
 prote/+ aga9/ subord9at+ reason to     
fai?1 ,+]soll says3 ,ought ! sailor to  
?r[ away 8 compass & dep5d entirely on !
 fog8 ,among o!r *>act]i/ic passages are
 ^!3 ,bani% me f ,ed5 :5 y w1 b fir/ let
 me eat ( ! tree ( k6444 ,religion has n
 civilis$ man3 man has civilis$         
religion4444 ,miracles are told simply  
to be believ$1 n to be und]/ood4        
,+]soll is n m]ely a de/roy] b an e>ne/ 
plead] = :at he calls ! gospel (        
*e]fulness & good heal?1 ! gospel ( wat]
 & soap1 ! gospels ( education1 lib]ty1 
ju/ice1 & humanity4 ,he reg>ds m>riage z
 ! holie/ in/itution among m52 b holds t
 ! woman is ! equal ( ! man4 ,%e has all
 ! rights ,i h & "o m2 & t is ! "r to be
 protect$4 ,he believes fully 9 !       
democracy ( ! family1 & 9 all[+ ! *ildr5

 to ?9k = !mselves4 ,he is n s mu*      
int]e/$ z ,bradlaugh 0 9 political re=m 
& social progress1 b has (t5 tak5 !     
cons]vative side2 & 8 speak+ 9 public   
has be5 m l an occasional recreation ?an
 a life-"w4 ,"s ( 8 lectures h _h an    
imm5se circulation z pamphlets2 & 8     
,biblical articles 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican   
,review attract$ mu* notice4 ,he is nev]
 at 8 be/1 h[ev]1 )\t an audi5ce be=e   
him2 & he sometimes writes too rapidly  
to be /rictly accurate4  ,,iv4 ,a bett] 
p>allel to ,bradlaugh is furni%$ by ,mr4
 ,b4 ,f4 ,und]wood1 :o 0 only eighte5 :5
 he began to lecture 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! 
great revival ( #aheg 0 9 full bla/2 &  
he %[$ its evils ) an en]gy :i* call$   
d[n mu* d5unciation f ! pulpit4 ,he     
spoke f ! fir/ z an evolutioni/1 ?\gh   
,d>w9 _h n yet demon/rat$ ! fact4 ,to & 
fro ?r\gh ! ,connecticut valley w5t ! "y
 iconocla/1 speak+ :]ev] he c\ld f9d    
he>]s1 ask+ only = repaym5t ( exp5ses1 &
 sometimes fail+ to receive ev5 t4 ,8 "w
 0 int]rupt$ by ! w>1 9 :i* he took an  

active & hon\rable "p4 ,:5 peace 0      
re/or$1 he /udi$ ?or\ghly ! ,orig9 (    
,species & ! ,desc5t ( ,man2 & he began 
9 #ahfh to give c\rse aft] c\rse (      
lectures on ,d>w9ism 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new
 ,york1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,! new view _h  
be5 n9e ye>s be=e ! public1 b _h receiv$
 little or no support f any cl]gyman 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any j\rnal except ,! 
,inve/igator4  ,= ?irty ye>s ,mr4       
,und]wood has be5 busily propagat+      
evolutionism on ! plat=m1 z well z 9    
pr9t4 ,no o!r ,am]ican has done s mu* to
 make ! sy/em popul>1 or has reproduc$  
,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s /atem5ts ) su* fidelity4
 ,he has tak5 especial pa9s to prove t  
evolution disposes ( ! !ory t ! idea (  
,god is innate1 z well z ( ! once mighty
 argum5t f design4 ,he has said a great 
deal ab\t ! ,bible & ,*ri/ianity1 b 9 a 
m con/ructive _s ?an ei!r ,bradlaugh or 
,+]soll4 ,he has discr$it$ old books by 
unfold+ new tru?4 ,among 8 fav\rite     
subjects h be53 ,:at ,free ,?\ght ,gives
 u 9 ,place ( ! ,cre$s1 ,! ,positive    

,side ( ,mod]n ,lib]al ,?\ght1 ,if y    
,take away ,religion1 :at w y ,give 9   
its ,place8 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,civilisation
 on ,*ri/ianity4 ,he has always %[n     
himself 9 fav\r ( ! int]e/s ( work+-m51 
& also ( wom5's rights & o!r bran*es (  
political re=m4 ,dur+ ! twelve ye>s end+
 9 #ahha1 he lectur$ five or six times a
 week = at lea/ n9e mon?s out ( twelve1 
(t5 travell+ f ,canada to ,arkansas &   
,oregon4 ,occasionally he spoke e night 
= a mon?2 b he has seldom lectur$ 9     
summ]1 except :5 on ! ,pacific coa/4  ,8
 lectures 9 ,oregon 9 #ahga on evolution
 awoke mu* opposition 9 ! pulpits4 ,two 
ye>s aft]w>ds he held a debate 9 t ,/ate
 aga9/ a cl]gyman :o 0 presid5t ( a     
college1 & :o d5\nc$ evolution z 9      
conflict ) ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,su* views 7 !n
 preval5t 9 t city2 b 9 #ahhh x 0 f\nd  
by ,mr4 ,und]wood to h become ! seat ( !
 ,/ate ,univ]sity1 :]e ! new sy/em 0    
taught regul>ly4 ,und]wood1 l           
,bradlaugh1 has always *all5g$          
discussion1 & he has held ov] a hundr$  

public debates4 ,! fir/ 0 9 #ahfg2 & "s 
h occupi$ tw5ty ev5+s4 ,mo/ ( 8 oppon5ts
 h be5 cl]gym52 & a hundr$ & fifty ( !  
pr(ession 7 9 ! audi5ce at "o conte/ 9  
,ill9ois 9 #ahgj4 ,h[ mu* public op9ion 
diff]s 9 v>i\s ,/ates ( ! ,union is %[n 
by ! fact t n9e ye>s lat] ! doors ( a   
hall :i* _h be5 engag$ = him 9          
,p5nsylvania 7 clos$ aga9/ him1 m]ely   
because he 0 an infidel4 ,8 fri5ds broke
 9 )\t 8 cons5t2 & he 0 f9$ #gj4 ,! fir/
 lecture :i* he tri$ to give 9 ,canada 0
 prev5t$ by simil> di%one/y4 ,ano!r hall
 0 hir$ = ! next night at great exp5se2 
b mu* int]ruption 0 made by cl]gym52 &  
:5 suit 0 br\ght = damages ?r\gh brea* (
 contract1 ! c\rts decid$ t b>ga9s )    
unbeliev]s 7 n b9d+ 9 ,canada4  ,bo?    
,bradlaugh & ,und]wood h usually spok5  
extempore1 b bo? h be5 busy j\rnali/s4  
,! ,am]ican agitator wrote z e>ly z     
#ahef = bo? ,! ,lib]ator & ,!           
,inve/igator4 ,8 connection ) ! latt]   
pap] la/$ until ! "t :5 a s]i\s diff]5ce
 ( op9ion arose betwe5 ^? aggressive    

unbeliev]s :o call$ !mselves free?9k]s1 
or ev5 infidels1 & ^? mod]ate lib]als :o
 belong to ! ,free ,religi\s            
,association1 & =m]ly support$ ,!       
,index4 ,?is j\rnal came 9 #ahha "u !   
managem5t ( ,mr4 ,und]wood4 ,8          
colleague1 ,rev4 ,w4 ,j4 ,pott]1 0      
nom9ally 8 equal 9 au?ority2 b ,i "k1 f 
p]sonal acqua9tance ) bo? g5tlem51 t !  
real editor f fir/ to la/ 0 ,mr4        
,und]wood4 ,x 0 ma9ly due to him t mu*  
att5tion 0 giv51 bo? 9 ! columns ( !    
j\rnal & 9 ! meet+s ( ! association1 to 
ef=ts = secul>is+ ! ,/ate4 ,he 0 9 *>ge 
( ,! ,index until x /opp$ at ! end (    
#ahhf4 ,9 #ahhb he held a discussion 9  
,bo/on ) ! presid5t ( ,williams         
,college1 & ,pr(essor ,gray1 ! great    
botani/1 on ! relations betwe5 evolution
 & evangelical religion4 ,ab\t f\r      
hundr$ or?odox cl]gym5 7 pres5t4 ,9     
#ahig ,mr4 ,und]wood 0 /ill 9 8 orig9al 
occupation4 ,e>ly t ye> he lectur$ 9    
,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1    
,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 

,massa*usetts1 & ,canada4 ,he n[        
believes1 l ,em]son1 9 a high] orig9 =  
ev5ts ?an ! w ,i call m9e4  ,v4 ,!      
diff]5ce ( op9ion among lib]als1 j      
ref]r$ to1 grew out ( ! agitation = a   
free ,sunday1 :i* _h be5 begun by       
,frances ,wright 9 #ahbh4 ,a call = an  
anti-,sabba? conv5tion 9 ,bo/on 0 issu$ 
by "s ,transc5d5tali/s 9 #ahdh1 :5 m5 _h
 rec5tly be5 imprison$ 9 ,massa*usetts =
 gett+ 9 hay1 & 9 ,p5nsylvania = sell+  
anti-slav]y books4 ,*ur*es 7 clos$ on   
,sunday aga9/ lectur]s = any re=m1 h[ev]
 popul>2 & ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t amusem5t 0 
prohibit$ by public op9ion4 ,only a     
mod]ate prote/ _h any *ance ( a he>+2 b 
,g>rison & ! o!r manag]s insi/$ 9 ! call
 t ! fir/ day ( ! week is no holi] ?an  
any o!r1 & refus$ to all[ anyone :o did 
n believe ?is to speak4 ,v little 0 said
 ab\t :at ! ,sunday laws really 72 b mo/
 ( ! "t 0 occupi$ ) argum5ts t ! ,sabba?
 0 only = ! ,jews1 & t keep+ ,sunday is 
n a religi\s duty4 ,?is la/ ass]tion    
call$ out an e>ne/ remon/rance f ,!odore

 ,p>k]2 b 8 resolutions 7 vot$ d[n4 ,!  
,g>risonians insi/$1 z usual1 t ! big   
end ( ! w$ge ought to g 9 fir/2 & _!    
conv5tion 0 a failure4 ,tw5ty-eight ye>s
 w5t by )\t any prote/ ( importance     
aga9/ ,sunday laws 9 ,am]ica4  ,meantime
 ! ,free ,religi\s ,association 0       
organis$ 9 ,bo/on by ,unit>ian cl]gym5  
:o 7 indignant at ! rec5t introduction  
into _! d5om9ation ( a doctr9al         
condition ( fell[%ip4 ,! fir/ public    
meet+1 on ,may #cj1 #ahfg1 call$ out an 
imm5se audi5ce4 ,em]son 0 "o ( !        
speak]s2 & he held 8 place among !      
vice-presid5ts z long z he liv$4 ,a     
simil> position 0 (f]$ to ,lucretia     
,mott1 b %e decl9$ on ! plat=m4 ,h]     
reason 0 t practical "w 0 subord9at$ to 
!ological speculation by ! ann\ncem5t 9 
! con/itution t ! association 0 organis$
 to promote ! int]e/s ( pure religion1  
to enc\rage ! sci5tific /udy ( !ology1 &
 to increase fell[%ip 9 ! ,_s4 ,^!      
phrases 7 alt]$ aft]w>ds2 b !           
association has always be51 9 ! words ( 

"o ( its lead+ memb]s a voice )\t a h&4 
,free religi\s conv5tions h regul>ly    
increas$ ! confusion ( tongues 9 t ye>ly
 ,bo/on ,babel call$ ,anniv]s>y ,week2 &
 !re h be5 _m simil> ga!r+s 9 v>i\s     
cities2 b n "o 9 f\r ( ^! meet+s has    
giv5 mu* att5tion to any practical      
subject1 l ! use ( ! ,bible 9 ! public  
s*ools4 ,a vigor\s discussion ( !       
,sunday laws ( ,massa*usetts took place 
9 #ahgf1 "u peculi> circum/ances to be  
describ$ 9 ! next section2 b !re 0 no   
o!r until #ahhg4 ,! ,index />t$ 9 #ahgj2
 b x 0 l>gely occupi$ ) vague           
speculations ab\t !ology2 & its         
discont9uance 9 #ahhf left ! association
 )\t any organ ( frequ5t communication  
among its memb]s1 or ev5 an (fice =     
bus9ess4 ,dr4 ,adl]1 :o became presid5t 
9 #ahgh1 tri$ to awak5 an int]e/ 9      
unsect>ian education1 & especially 9    
e?ical culture2 b he resign$ on acc\nt (
 lack ( support2 & ! ,e?ical ,culture   
societies 7 />t$ outside ( !            
association4 ,comp>atively few ( its    

memb]s took any int]e/ 9 ! petitions    
pres5t$ by its direction to !           
,massa*usetts ,legislature 9 #ahhd &    
#ahhe1 ask+ = taxation ( *ur*es1        
protection ( witnesses f mole/ation on  
acc\nt ( unbelief1 & rescue ( ! ,sunday 
law f giv+ sanctu>y to fraud4 ,!        
presid5t ackn[l$g$ 9 #ahib t !re _h be5 
a g5]al debility = practical "w4 ,!re   
seems to h be5 a lack ( en]gy among !   
manag]s2 & "s ( ! memb]s 7 too anxi\s to
 pres]ve _! individuality1 :ile o!rs _h 
too mu* reg>d = ecclesia/ical int]e/s4  
,! ,p>liam5t ( ,religions next ye>1     
h[ev]1 %[$ :at good ! association _h    
done by insi/+ cont9ually on fell[%ip 9 
religion1 & keep+ its plat=m op5 to     
,jews1 ,h9doos1 & unbeliev]s1 z well z  
to ,*ri/ians ( e sect4  ,,vi4 ,prom95t  
among ! f\nd]s ( ! ,free ,religi\s      
,association 0 ,francis ,e4 ,abbot1 :o  
lo/ 8 place soon aft] z pa/or ( an      
indep5d5t society1 because ! ,supreme   
,c\rt ( ,new ,hamp%ire decid$1 on !     
reque/ ( "s ,unit>ians = an injunction  

aga9/ him1 t 8 op9ions 7 subv]sive ( !  
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 
0 ! fir/ editor ( ,! ,index2 & !re      
appe>$ 9 ,april1 #ahgb1 8 /atem5t ( :at 
are g5]ally recognis$ z   ,,! ,,dem&s   
,,( ,,lib]alism  #a4 ,we dem& t *ur*es &
 o!r ecclesia/ical prop]ty %all no long]
 be exempt f j taxation4  #b4 ,we dem& t
 ! employm5t ( *apla9s 9 ,congress1 9   
,/ate legislatures1 9 ! navy & militia1 
& 9 prisons1 asylums1 & all o!r         
in/itutions support$ by public money1   
%all be discont9u$4  #c4 ,we dem& t all 
public appropriations = educational &   
*>itable in/itutions ( a sect>ian "*    
%all cease4  #d4 ,we dem& t all religi\s
 s]vices n[ su/a9$ by ! ,gov]nm5t %all  
be aboli%$2 & especially t ! use ( !    
,bible 9 ! public s*ools1 :e!r o/5sibly 
z a text-book or av[$ly z a book (      
religi\s wor%ip1 %all be prohibit$4  #e4
 ,we dem& t ! appo9tm5t1 by ! ,presid5t 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by ! ,gov]nors ( !
 v>i\s ,/ates1 ( all religi\s fe/ivals &
 fa/s %all :olly cease4  #f4 ,we dem& t 

! judicial oa? 9 ! c\rts & 9 all o!r    
dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t %all be aboli%$1
 & t simple affirmation "u ! pa9s &     
p5alties ( p]jury %all be e/abli%$ 9 its
 /ead4  #g4 ,we dem& t all laws directly
 or indirectly en=c+ ! obs]vance (      
,sunday z ! ,sabba? %all be repeal$4    
#h4 ,we dem& t all laws look+ to !      
en=cem5t ( ,*ri/ian morality %all be    
abrogat$1 & t all laws %all be con=m$ to
 ! requirem5ts ( natural morality1 equal
 rights1 & imp>tial lib]ty4  #i4 ,we    
dem& t n only 9 ! ,con/itutions ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 b   
also 9 ! practical adm9i/ration ( !     
same1 no privilege or advantage %all be 
conc$$ to ,*ri/ianity or any o!r special
 religion2 t our entire political sy/em 
%all be f\nd$ & adm9i/]$ on a purely    
secul> basis2 & t :atev] *anges %all    
prove necess>y to ?is end %all be       
consi/5tly1 unfl9*+ly1 & promptly made4 
,he knew h[ unlikely x 0 t !            
,association w\ld agitate = any?+2 & 9  
,janu>y1 #ahgc1 he publi%$ a call =     

organisation ( lib]al leagues1 9 ord] to
 obta9 ! fre$om already ask$4 ,su*      
leagues 7 soon =m$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates1 z  
well z 9 ,g]many & ,canada4 ,among !    
memb]s 7 ,phillips1 ,g>rison1 ,lucretia 
,mott1 ,higg9son1 & o!r fam\s           
abolitioni/s1 ,k>l ,he9z5 & o!r radical 
,g]mans1 sev]al ,rabbis & editors (     
,jewi% pap]s1 ,+]-soll1 ,und]wood1 !    
editor ( ,! ,inve/igatory & o!r active  
agitators1 sev]al weal?y m5 ( bus9ess1  
,colly]1 ,savage1 & o!r ,unit>ian       
cl]gym54 ,hundr$s ( newspap]s support$ !
 movem5t2 & eight hundr$ memb]s _h be5  
enroll$ be=e a conv5tion ( ! ,national  
,lib]al ,league met 9 ,philadelphia1 on 
! fir/ f\r days ( ,july1 #ahgf4 ,!      
manag]s ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition 9 
t city _h already decid$ t x %\ld be    
clos$ on ,sunday1 9 violation ( !       
rights1 & aga9/ ! wi%es1 ( ! ,jews1     
unbeliev]s1 & _m o!r citiz5s4 ,! ,free  
,religi\s ,association _h be5 reque/$ 9 
va91 at a rec5t meet+1 to remon/rate    
aga9/ ?is iniquity4 ,! ,league pass$ a  

/rong vote ( c5sure )\t opposition1 &   
appo9t$ a committee to pres5t a prote/  
:i* _h be5 circulat$ dur+ ! conv5tion4  
,resolutions 7 also pass$ ass]t+ ! "r ( 
all ,am]icans to enjoy on ,sunday !     
public libr>ies1 museums1 p>ks1 & simil>
 in/itutions = ! support ( :i* !y are   
tax$1 & dem&+ t all religi\s ex]cises   
%\ld be prohibit$ 9 ! public s*ools4  ,x
 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is example t ! ,free
 ,religi\s ,association held a special  
conv5tion on ,novemb] #ae1 #ahgf1 to    
prote/ aga9/ ! ,sunday laws (           
,massa*usetts4 ,a ,jewi% ,rabbi compla9$
 t m ?an two ?\s& ,hebrew *ildr5 9      
,bo/on 7 prev5t$ f keep+ holy ! day set 
ap>t = re/ & wor%ip 9 ,exodus &         
,deut]onomy1 & _m ( !m actually oblig$  
by _! tea*]s to break ! ,sabba?4 ,?is 0 
! effect ( ! law comm&+ !m to g to s*ool
 on ,saturday1 :i* is t sev5? day ^:    
obs]vance is requir$ by ! f\r? comm&m5t4
 ,o!r speak]s decl>$ t no legislation 0 
ne$$ to ensure ,sunday's rema9+ a day ( 
re/4 ,m5tion 0 made ( ! fact t any game1

 sport1 play1 or public div]sion1 n     
specially lic5s$1 on ,saturday ev5+1    
made all p]sons pres5t liable to be f9$4
 ,?is 0 already a dead lett]2 & ! !atres
 _h ann\nc$ ) p]fect safety tw5ty ye>s  
be=e1 9 _! playbills1 ,we defy ! law4 ,a
 few mon?s aft] ?is conv5tion1 its      
influ5ce 0 %[n 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,art ,museum
 free ( *>ge to ! p ( ,bo/on1 ,sunday   
aft]noons4  ,?us ! ,association began to
 co-op]ate ) ! ,national ,league2 & !   
latt] soon _h ! support ( m ?an sixty   
local organisations4 ,! movem5t =       
e/abli%+ ,equal ,rights 9 ,religion 0   
unit+ ,lib]al ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1         
indep5d5t !i/s1 ,spirituali/s1          
mat]iali/s1 evolutioni/s1 agno/ics1 &   
a!i/s4 ,all 7 will+ to call !mselves    
,free?9k]s & "w toge!r z !y h nev] done 
s9ce #ahgg4 ,!n ! ,league felt itself   
/rong en\gh to call = taxation ( *ur*   
prop]ty1 secul>isation ( public s*ools1 
abrogation ( ,sabbat>ian laws1 & also = 
woman suffrage1 z well z compulsory     
education ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/eps

 7 tak5 t[>ds nom9at+ ,+]soll on ?is    
plat=m = ,presid5t ( ! ,republic4  ,^!  
plans _h to be ab&on$2 ! agitation      
subsid$2 & ! h>mony betwe5 lov]s (      
lib]ty f v>i\s /&po9ts 0 lo/4 ,a fatal  
diff]5ce ( op9ion 0 manife/ 9 #ahgh1 9  
reg>d to ^? ,acts ( ,congress call$ !   
,com/ock laws4  ,^! /atutes =bade s5d+  
obsc5e lit]ature ?r\gh ! mails2 & !re _h
 be5 m ?an a hundr$ rec5t convictions4  
,"s ( ! prosecutions 7 said to h be5    
prompt$ by religi\s bigotry2 & !re seems
 to h be5 unju/ifiable exam9ation ( mail
 matt]4 ,! mo/ important "q 0 :e!r !    
laws ought to be en=c$ aga9/ newspap]s &
 pamphlets ab\t free love & m>ital      
tyranny1 :i* 7 n meant to be indec5t b  
really 7 s occasionally4 ,a publi%] 9   
,massa*usetts 0 s5t5c$ 9 ,june1 #ahgh1  
to two ye>s ( imprisonm5t = try+ to mail
 su* a pamphlet2 b he 0 soon releas$4 ,m
 sev]e puni%m5t has be5 inflict$ rec5tly
 = simil> (f5ces4 ,! majority ( p 9     
,am]ica & ,engl& fav\r$ ! exclusion by  
law ( indec5t lit]ature f circulation2 &

 ?is c\rse has be5 consid]$ necess>y on 
acc\nt ( ! kn[n frailty ( human nature4 
,! memb]s ( ! ,free ,religi\s           
,association 7 will+ to h ! ,com/ock    
laws *ang$1 b n repeal$2 & !y vot$1 e>ly
 9 #ahgh1 to take no "p 9 :at ?reat5$ to
 be an un=tunate controv]sy4 ,! ,league1
 h[ev]1 0 divid$ on ! "q :e!r ^! laws   
ought to be am5d$ or repeal$4 ,abbot1   
,und]wood1 & o!r prom95t memb]s decl>$ t
 lit]ature ought to be exclud$ f ! mails
 or admitt$ accord+ z x 0 int5tionally &
 ess5tially indec5t1 or only accid5tally
 s4 ,?us ,+]soll said3 ,we want all     
na/9ess suppress$ = ev]2 b we also want 
! mails op5 to all dec5t p4 ,o!r memb]s 
held t ! ,com/ock laws ought to be      
repeal$ entirely1 & no re/riction put on
 ! circulation ( any lit]ature except by
 public op9ion4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$ to  
agree ) ! pr9ciple t ea* "o ought to h  
all ! lib]ty consi/5t ) ! equal lib]ty (
 ev]yone else2 b ?is application ( !    
!ory _c be consid]$ politic 9 agitat+ = 
religi\s fre$om4 ,! ,inve/igator1       

,tru?seek]1 & o!r aggressive pap]s1     
h[ev]1 call$ = complete repeal2 & a     
petition ) ?is object receiv$ sev5ty    
?\s& signatures4  ,! ,national ,league  
_h vot$1 9 #ahgf1 t legislation aga9/   
obsc5e publications 0 absolutely        
necess>y1 b t ! exi/+ laws ne$$ am5dm5t4
 ,! "q :e!r ?is position %\ld be        
ma9ta9$1 0 ann\nc$ z ! pr9cipal bus9ess 
to be settl$ 9 ! conv5tion :i* met at   
,syracuse on ,octob] #bf1 #ahgh4 ,mr4   
,abbot1 ! presid5t1 & o!r prom95t (fic]s
 decl>$ t !y %\ld n be c&idates =       
re-election if ! position assum$ two    
ye>s be=e 0 n kept4 ,sc>cely _h !       
conv5tion met1 :5 its managem5t pass$   
into ! h&s ( ! fri5ds ( repeal4 ,!y     
all[$ ,judge ,hurlbut1 =m]ly on ! b5* 9 
! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,/ate1 to argue 9  
fav\r ( clos+ ! mails aga9/ publications
 manife/ly design$ or ma9ly t5d+ to     
corrupt ! morals ( ! "y4 ,mu* respect 0 
due to ! au?or ( a book :i* decl>$1 9   
#ahej1 t m>ri$ wom5 _h a "r to vote &   
hold prop]ty1 z well z t ! ,/ate _c     

rightfully compel any man to keep       
,sunday z a religi\s in/itution2 nor c x
 compel him to cease f lab\r or         
recreation on t day2 s9ce x _c be %[n t 
! ord9>y ex]cise ( ! human faculties on 
t day is 9 any way an infr+em5t ^u !    
rights ( mank9d4 ,on ,sunday morn+1     
,octob] #bg?1 x 0 agre$ t ! "q ( repeal 
or re=m %\ld be po/pon$ until ! next    
annual conv5tion2 b ! decision 0 made a 
=egone conclusion t aft]noon1 :5        
?ree-fif?s ( ! memb]s vot$ n to re-elect
 ,mr4 ,abbot & o!r *ampions ( re=m4 ,!  
defeat$ c&idates left ! conv5tion at    
once1 z did ,mr4 ,und]wood & _m o!r     
memb]s1 ,judge ,hurlbut tak+ ! lead4 ,a 
new league 0 organis$ by ! sec$]s2 b x 0
 n a success4  ,! movem5t = am5d+1 b n  
repeal+1 ! ,com/ock laws 0 giv5 up2 &   
mo/ ( ^? :o _h fav\r$ x took sides ) ^? 
:o _h refus$ to agitate4 ,!re 0 little  
int]e/ 9 ,! ,dem&s ( ,lib]alism !nce=?  
among ! ,lib]al ,*ri/ians1 ,re=m$ ,jews1
 ,transc5d5tali/s1 & evolutioni/s4 ,^! &
 o!r mod]ate lib]als refuse to call     

!mselves ,free?9k]s2 & !y make little   
attempt at collective & di/9ctive       
action4 ,! ,free ,religi\s ,association 
did no?+ t[>ds secul>is+ ! laws (       
,massa*usetts betwe5 #ahgf & #ahhd4 ,!  
agitation :i* began 9 ! latt] ye> end$  
on ,may #bg1 #ahhg1 :5 ! ,sunday laws 7 
discuss$ at ,bo/on 9 a l>ge & en?usia/ic
 conv5tion4 ,! ,legislature _h j pass$ a
 bill to legalise ,saturday ev5+        
amusem5ts1 z well z boat+1 sail+1 driv+1
 use ( telegraph1 & sale ( milk1 bread1 
newspap]s1 & m$ic9es on ,sunday2 !      
signature ( ! ,gov]nor _h n yet be5     
giv52 b x 0 agre$ t ^! *anges mu/ be    
made1 & = ! reason t ! old re/rictions  
c\ld n be en=c$4 ,judge ,putnam1 ( !    
,/ate ,di/rict ,c\rt1 told ! conv5tion t
 ! ,sunday law1 s call$1 has n 9 a long1
 long "t be5 en=c$1 except by a         
prosecution "h & !re2 & t if x 7 to be  
en=c$ /rictly1 ! prosecutions w\ld      
occupy ne>ly all ! week4 ,he oppos$ any 
re/ra9t on ent]ta9m5ts n ( an immoral   
t5d5cy4 ,mr4 ,g>rison1 son ( ! fam\s    

abolitioni/1 decl>$ t ,sunday ought to  
be ! holiday ( ! week4 ,capta9 ,adams1 (
 ,montreal1 said3 ,?is is n a m]e "q h[ 
mu* m5 may d or enjoy on ,sunday3 x is a
 "q ( human lib]ty1 a "q :e!r           
ecclesia/ical tyranny %all /ill put its 
yoke on our necks4 ,! tone 0 bold1 b    
?or\ghly practical f fir/ to la/4  ,an  
e>ne/ prote/ aga9/ clos+ ! ,*icago      
,exposition on ! p's day ( leisure 0    
made by ! ,f4 ,r4 ,a41 9 ,may1 #ahic2 & 
an important victory 9 behalf ( religi\s
 lib]ty 0 won 9 #ahih 9 ,massa*usetts4  
,! ,sunday laws ( ?is ,/ate h be5 s     
improv$ z to p]mit :at are call$ *>ity  
conc]ts1 & are n made up entirely (     
ecclesia/ical music1 to be giv5 = !     
pecuni>y b5efit ( *>itable & religi\s   
societies on ,sunday ev5+s4 ,!          
,legislature :i* met e>ly 9 #ahih 0 ask$
 by repres5tatives ( ! ,monday ,conf]5ce
 ( ,unit>ian ,m9i/]s1 ! ,wom5's ,*ri/ian
 ,temp]ance ,union1 & sev]al o!r        
religi\s organisations to alt] ! law s z
 to prev5t any b sacr$ music f be+ he>d 

on ! only ev5+ :5 _m p 9 ,bo/on c g to  
conc]ts4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 made 
a =mal reque/ to be he>d by a committee 
( ! ,legislature ?r\gh c\nsel1 :o prov$ 
t ! *>ity conc]ts 7 really              
unobjectionable1 & t ! opposition to !m 
0 due entirely to zeal = an anci5t text 
=bidd+ ,hebrews to lab\r on ,saturday 9 
,pale/9e4  ,! inju/ice ( /ret*+ ?is     
prohibition s f> z to try to /op conc]ts
 on ,sunday ev5+s 9 ,am]ica 0 po9t$ out 
by repres5tatives1 n only ( ! ,f4 ,r4   
,a41 b also ( ! ,int]national ,religi\s 
,lib]ty ,association1 :i* has be5 =m$ to
 protect ,*ri/ians :o h kept ! ,sabba?  
on ! orig9al day set ap>t 9 ,exodus &   
,deut]onomy1 f be+ puni%$ = n prolong+  
_! re/ f hone/ lab\r ov] an additional  
day1 fir/ select$ by an emp]or ^:       
decrees are n wor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,?is     
association has (fices 9 ,*icago1 ,new  
,york ,city1 ,toronto1 ,london1 ,basel1 
& o!r cities2 & its pr9ciples are ably  
advocat$ 9 a weekly pap] entitl$ !      
,am]ican ,s5t9el4 ,repres5tatives ( ?is 

organisation assi/$ ^? ( ! ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 9
 =c+ ! *>ity conc]ts "q to be decid$ on 
its own m]its1 indep5d5t ( anci5t texts4
 ,! memb]s ( ! legislative committee    
made a unanim\s report aga9/ suppress+  
^! h>mless amusem5ts2 & _! op9ion 0     
su/a9$ by _! colleagues4 ,?is victory 0 
duly celebrat$ at ! annual conv5tion ( !
 ,f4 ,r4 ,a41 9 ,bo/on1 on ,may #bg1    
#ahih4 ,among ! speak]s t aft]noon 0 !  
secret>y ( ! ,i4,r4,l4 ,a41 :o said3 ,if
 any nation "u heav5 has ! "r to        
confiscate "o-sev5? ( my "t1 & tell h[  
,i %all & h[ ,i %all n use t1 !n ! :ole 
pr9ciple ( inh]5t rights is d5i$1 & x n[
 is simply a matt] ( policy :e!r x %all 
n confiscate two-sev5?s1 ?ree-sev5?s1 or
 sev5-sev5?s1 & take away all my lib]ty4
  ,s9ce #ahgh1 ! agitation = religi\s   
equality has be5 c>ri$ on ma9ly by      
mat]iali/ic a!i/s & agno/ics1 ) "s      
assi/ance f ,spirituali/s4 ,^!          
aggressive lib]als cont9ue to call      
!mselves to ,lib]ty 9 ! ,n9ete5?        
,c5tury4  ,free?9k]s1 & to support !    

,inve/igatory ,tru?seek]1 & o!r pap]s   
:i* h mu* to say aga9/ ,sunday laws1    
religi\s use ( ! ,bible 9 public s*ools1
 & exemption ( *ur*es f taxation4 ,!y   
(t5 repr9t ,! ,dem&s ( ,lib]alism2 & "o 
( ^! reque/s has be5 s am5d$ 9 ,canada z
 to ask = ! repeal ( all laws directly  
or indirectly en=c+ ! obs]vance (       
,sunday or ! ,sabba?4 ,! attack on !    
,com/ock laws has subsid$2 & no ref]5ce 
0 made to !m 9 #ahig 9 ! call = a       
conv5tion ( ! organisation :i* took !   
place ( ! :ole sy/em ( national & local 
leagues 9 #ahhe4 ,! "n !n *os5 0 ,!     
,am]ican ,secul> ,union4 ,! words1 &    
,free?\ght ,f$]ation 7 add$ 9 #ahie1 :5 
two k9dr$ associations 7 consolidat$4 ,x
 0 "u /rong & con/ant pressure f ^!     
aggressive lib]als t ! great museums (  
art & natural hi/ory 9 ,new ,york 7 ?r[n
 op5 on ,sundays to long+ cr[ds4 ,"o ( !
 petitions 0 sign$ by repres5tatives ( a
 hundr$ & twelve lab\r organisations4 ,!
 tru/ees ( ! ,art ,museum 7 induc$ to   
op5 x 9 ! summ] ( #ahia by !            

contribution ( #cjjj1 :i* _h be5        
collect$ by "s "y ladies = meet+ extra  
exp5ses4 ,?irty-eight ?\s& p took       
advantage1 9 ,augu/1 #ahib1 ( _! fir/   
opportunity to visit ! ,museum (        
,natural ,hi/ory on _! "o day ( leisure2
 & ^! visitors 7 rem>kable = good       
behavi\r4 ,!re has be5 a simil> exp]i5ce
 9 ! ,bo/on ,art ,museum ev] s9ce !     
,sunday op5+ 9 #ahgg4  ,,vii4 ,an excit+
 conte/ took place at ,*icago 9 #ahic4  
,m ?an fifty nations 7 co-op]at+ ) ! p (
 e "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 commemorat+ ! 
discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,disreputable       
politicians _h p]suad$ ,congress to pass
 a bill1 by :i* clos+ ! ,exposition on  
,sundays 0 made a condition ( receiv+   
aid f ! ,national ,treasury4 ,! p (     
,*icago _h giv5 ?ree times z mu*1 h[ev]1
 z ,congress2 & !re 0 mu*               
dissatisfaction among ^? citiz5s :o _h  
b\ght /ock 9 ! ent]prise4 ,! gr\nds _h  
be5 kept op5 to visitors = "s mon?s1    
,sunday aft] ,sunday1 until ! build+s 7 
=mally ?r[n op5 on ,may #a/2 & !        

receipts _h be5 lib]al en\gh to prove t 
cont9uance ( ?is c\rse w\ld be greatly  
to ! advantage ( ^! %>ehold]s1 :ile     
,sunday clos+ might result 9 heavy loss4
 ,dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ,sundays ( ,may !    
gates 7 kept %ut by ord] ( ! ,bo>d (    
,national ,commission]s1 made up (      
memb]s f e ,/ate4 ,_! action & t (      
,congress _h be5 sanction$ by petitions 
be>+ millions ( signatures2 b x is a    
significant fact t ! alleg$ sign]s 9    
,p5nsylvania 7 ?ree times z _m z !      
entire population ( ! ,/ate4 ,_m p _h   
be5 c\nt$ aga9 & aga9 z memb]s ( diff]5t
 organisations2 & ?is fraud 0 committ$ 9
 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,no attempt to f9d
 out :at ! p really wi%$ 0 made except 9
 ,texas2 & !re ! majority 0 9 fav\r (   
op5+ ! gates4 ,sabbat>ians ackn[l$g$    
publicly t !y got little support f !    
secul> press2 & mu* opposition 0 made to
 !m by "s ( ! great dailies1 z well z by
 ! organs ( aggressive lib]alism4       
,sunday aft] ,sunday 9 ,may ! gates 7   
surr\nd$ by imm5se cr[ds :o wait$ !re   

va9ly1 h\r aft] h\r4 ,_m ( !m c\ld      
evid5tly n come on o!r days2 & ! numb] 0
 s l>ge t ! local directors1 :o _h be5  
elect$ by ! %>ehold]s1 vot$ on ,may #af?
 = op5+ bo? gates & doors4 ,?is action 0
 w>mly approv$ by ! lead+ citiz5s (     
,*icago at a public meet+2 b            
,sabbat>ians dem&$ t visitors be kept   
out by ,f$]al bayonets4 ,! ,national    
,commission]s1 h[ev]1 p]mitt$ ! entrance
 ( a hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p on ! la/     
,sunday ( ,may4 ,on ,monday1 ! #bi?1 a  
judge ( ,hebrew race1 9 a ,/ate c\rt1   
pron\nc$ ! contract ) ,congress null &  
void1 because ! money _h n be5 fully    
paid4 ,he decid$1 accord+ly1 t !re 0 no 
excuse = violat+ ! ,ill9ois law1 :i*    
gu>ante$ ! "r ( ! citiz5s to visit on   
,sunday ! p>k :]e ! ,exposition 0 held4 
,?is ensur$ ! admission ( visitors on   
,june #d?1 & = tw5ty ( ! rema9+ tw5ty-"o
 ,sundays4 ,! ,gov]nm5t build+s & _m    
o!rs1 h[ev]1 7 clos$2 num]\s exhibits1 =
 in/ance1 "o ( ,bibles1 7 %r\d$ 9 :ite2 
ma*9]y 0 n all[$ to run2 !re 7 no *eap  

conveyances ab\t ! gr\nd2 & !re 0 little
 opportunity to get food or dr9k4 ,no   
wond] t ! ,sunday att5dance 0           
comp>atively small2 b !re 7 "o hundr$ & 
=ty ?\s& pay+ visitors on ,octob] #bb;d 
& #bi?4  ,?is 0 a victory ( ! press r   
?an ! plat=m4 ,!re has be5 no successor 
to ! orig9al ,lib]ty ,league1 & no rival
 to ! ,sunday ,society4 ,! latt] 0      
organis$ 9 #ahge 9 ,engl&1 :]e !re has  
be5 con/ant agitation s9ce #ahec = op5+ 
! ,briti% ,museum1 ,cry/al ,palace1 &   
o!r public in/itutions to _! own]s on   
,sunday4 ,dean ,/anley 0 presid5t ( ?is 
society2 & among its memb]s h be5 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,*>les      
,reade1 ,lecky1 ,miss ,cobbe1 ,mrs4     
,craik1 & _m prom95t cl]gym54 ,! real   
issue 0 /at$ cle>ly at "o ( ! public    
meet+s by ,tyndall z foll[s3 ,we only   
ask a "p ( ! ,sunday = intellectual     
improvem5t4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is reque/ has  
be5 s f> admitt$ t on ,may #bd1 #ahif1  
all ! national museums & gall]ies 9     
,london 7 op5$ = ! fir/ "t on ,sunday4  

,among ^! educational in/itutions f :i* 
! own]s are no long] %ut out are !      
,national ,gall]y & ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton1    
,briti%1 & ,natural ,hi/ory ,museums4   
,_m libr>ies & museums 9 o!r p>ts (     
,engl& 7 op5$ "s ye>s e>li]4  ,,viii4   
,n[h]e has ! plat=m done s mu* to       
reg5]ate ! pulpit z 9 ,*icago4 ,religi\s
 hi/ory has be5 l>gely a record ( /rife4
 ,!re 0 little bro!rly feel+ betwe5     
cl]gym5 ( diff]5t sects 9 ,am]ica be=e  
#ahfj2 b !y 7 (t5 br\ght into           
co-op]ation by ! great w>4 ,ev5         
,unit>ians 7 %ock$ to he> ,em]son speak 
) rev]5ce ( ,zoroa/] 9 #ahch2 b he won  
only applause 9 #ahfi :5 he spoke ( !   
*>m ( f9d+ id5tities 9 all ! religions (
 m54 ,?is 0 at a conv5tion ( ! ,free    
,religi\s ,association1 :i* has plead$ f
 ! fir/ = fell[%ip 9 religion1 & (t5    
made ?is real ^u its plat=m4 ,!         
secret>y1 ,mr4 ,pott]1 said 9 #ahgb1 t  
"s ( 8 he>]s w\ld live to see a peace   
conv5tion ( repres5tatives f all ! great
 religions ( ! globe4 ,*icago 0 s       

peculi>ly cosmopolitan t ! local manag]s
 ( ! ,columbian ,exposition 7 glad to h 
products ( ! v>i\s intellectual         
activities ( mank9d exhibit$ freely4    
,ample provision 0 made = conv5tions 9  
behalf ( education & re=m2 b :at 0 to be
 done = religion8  ,an or?odox citiz5 ( 
,*icago1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,c>roll ,bonney1   
took c\nsel 9 #ahia ) ,rev4 ,j4 ,,li4   
,jones1 a ,unit>ian1 :o has be5 prea*+ =
 tw5ty ye>s ! ess5tial on5ess ( all     
religions4 ,rabbis1 bi%ops1 & doctors ( 
div9ity 7 consult$ also2 & ?us 0 =m$ !  
committee :i* invit$ ! lead+            
repres5tatives ( ! great hi/oric        
religions ( ! _w = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1  
to meet 9 fri5dly conf]5ce & %[ :at !y  
hold & tea* 9 common1 z well z !        
important di/9ctive tru?s claim$ = ea*  
religion4 ,?us ! ,columbian ,exposition 
(f]$ an opportunity to promote & deep5 !
 _s ( human bro!rhood among religi\s m5 
( div]se fai?s1 to inquire :at light ea*
 religion has af=d$ or may af=d to ! o!r
 religions ( ! _w1 &1 f9ally1 to br+ !  

nations ( ! e>? into a m fri5dly        
fell[%ip 9 ! hope ( secur+ a p]man5t    
int]national peace4 ,?us 0 ann\nc$ !    
,p>liam5t ( ,religions4 ,all ! memb]s 7 
to meet z equals2 & !re 0 to be nei!r   
controv]sy nor dom9ation4 ,! ,ar*bi%op (
 ,cant]bury & "s lead+ ,prote/ants 9    
,am]ica prote/$ aga9/ ab&on+ ! exclusive
 claims made = ,*ri/ianity2 & simil>    
objections 7 (f]$ by ! ,sultan (        
,turkey4 ,! ,jews1 ,buddhi/s1 & o!r     
believ]s 9 ! anci5t religions welcom$ ! 
invitation1 z did ! dignit>ies ( !      
,greek ,*ur*1 & also ! ,prote/ants on ! 
cont95t ( ,europe1 & _m memb]s ( e      
,*ri/ian sect 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!     
,ca?olic ar*bi%ops ( ,am]ica appo9t$ a  
delegate2 & _m ,me?odi/ & ,episcopalian 
bi%ops agre$ to att5d ! ,p>liam5t4  ,!  
sessions 7 held 9 ! p]man5t build+      
erect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,*icago to           
accommodate ! intellectual portion ( !  
,exposition4 ,f\r ?\s& p assembl$ on    
,monday1 ,septemb] #aa1 #ahic1 to see a 
,roman ,ca?olic c>d9al m\nt ! plat=m at 

#aj ,a4,m41 9 company ) ! ,%9to         
high-prie/1 an ar*bi%op ( ! ,greek      
,*ur*1 a ,h9doo monk1 a ,confucian m&>91
 & a long array ( ,buddhi/s & ,taoi/s f 
! f> ,ea/4 ,all ^! dignit>ies wore      
gorge\s robes ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,) !m 7 a 
,p>see girl1 a ,!osophi/1 a ,moslem     
magi/rate f ,india1 a ,ca?olic ar*bi%op 
f ,new ,zeal&1 a ,russian & an ,african 
pr9ce1 a negro bi%op1 sev]al            
,episcopalian prelates1 ,rabbis1 &      
,jewesses1 mission>ies return$ f _m l&s1
 doctors ( div9ity ( v>i\s ,prote/ant   
sects1 & ! lady manag]s ( ! great ,fair4
 ,a prom95t ,presbyt]ian pa/or took !   
*air1 & cordial decl>ations ( !         
bro!rhood ( religions 7 made by ,ca?olic
 ar*bi%ops1 ! ,%9to high-prie/1 a       
,buddhi/ delegate1 & ! ,confucian s5t by
 ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,full he>+ 0 giv5 9  
subsequ5t sessions to advocates ( ! ,ja9
 religion1 :i* is p]haps ! olde/1 z well
 z ( ! ,p>see1 ,jewi%1 ,moslem1 ,taoi/1 
& ,v$ic fai?s1 besides a score ( ! lead+
 ,*ri/ian d5om9ations4 ,! ,p>liam5t la/$

 sev5te5 days2 & ! audi5ces 7 s l>ge t  
mo/ ( ! essays 7 repeat$ 9 ov]fl[       
meet+s4 ,!re 7 also "s =ty congresses   
held 9 small] halls = speak]s :o c\ld n 
f9d room on ! great plat=ms4 ,"o ( ^!   
meet+s 0 held by ,jewesses1 ( :om n9ete5
 spoke4 ,"s ( !m 7 also he>d f ! plat=m 
( ! ,p>liam5t2 z 7 _m cl]gy wom54  ,mr4 
,und]wood presid$ at ! ,congress (      
,evolutioni/s4 ,!re 0 also a conv5tion (
 ! ,free ,religioni/s1 9 connection ) ! 
,p>liam5t :i* !y _h made possible2 b ,! 
,free?\ght ,f$]ation c\ld get no *ance  
to meet 9 ! great build+1 or ev5 to sell
 pamphlets4 ,mr4 ,bonney _h propos$ a   
union ( all religions aga9/ irreligion2 
& ?is w\ld h be5 9 h>mony ) ! policy    
adopt$ by _m ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union4
 ,_! ,sunday laws & simil> /atutes %[ a 
purpose ( enc\rag+ all ! popul> sects   
alike1 ) little reg>d = ! rights (      
citiz5s outside ( ^! fav\r$             
associations4 ,mo/ ( ! speak]s 9 !      
,p>liam5t1 especially ! ,buddhi/s1 7 s  
zeal\s = ! bro!rhood ( man1 t !y prote/$

 aga9/ any discrim9ation on acc\nt (    
!ology4 ,! great audi5ces gave mo/      
applause to ! broade/ decl>ations2 & !  
few utt]ances ( ,prote/ant bigotry 7    
pla9ly out ( place4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! 
,p>liam5t 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( recognis+ 
! equal rights ( all mank9d1 )\t reg>d  
to belief or unbelief4 ,all legislation 
inconsi/5t ) ?is pr9ciple w be swept    
away1 soon] or lat]1 by t great wave (  
public op9ion :i* broke =? dur+ !       
,p>liam5t ( ,religions4 ,!re ! gold5 age
 ( religion began1 & w> mu/ give place  
to peace4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,!        
,,evolutioni/s  ,,we h se5 h[ !         
,transc5d5tali/s tri$ to suppress       
vivisection1 9 spite ( all x has done = 
! heal? & happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,! sangu9>y
 intol]ance ( ,robespi]re & o!r         
disciples ( ,r\sseau 0 describ$ e>li] 9 
?is volume4 ,& ! notori\s inability (   
,c>lyle & ,g>rison to argue calmly ) ^? 
:o diff]$ ) !m fur!r illu/rates ! t5d5cy
 ( confid5ce 9 "o's own infallibility4  
,only he :o kn[s t he may be wrong c    

admit consi/5tly t ^? :o reject 8       
fav\rite beliefs may be "r4 ,! ,p>liam5t
 ( ,religions %[$ t !re has be5 a gr[+  
conviction ( ! equal rights ( hold]s (  
all =ms ( belief & unbelief2 ?is        
conviction has be5 promot$ by           
recognition ( two great facts3 fir/1 t k
 is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 &1 second1 t no   
"o's life is s complete t he has no?+ to
 le>n f o!r p4 ,if !y d n believe z he  
does1 x may be m]ely because exp]i5ce   
has taught !m tru? :i* he /ill ne$s to  
le>n4 ,ea* "o kn[s only 9 "p2 & !re=e no
 "o c af=d to take x = grant$ t anyone  
else is completely 9 error4  ,i4 ,?is   
tol]ant me?od ( ?\ght has ga9$ greatly 9
 popul>ity s9ce ,d>w9 prov$ its capacity
 to solve ! problem ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,! 
possibility t all =ms ( life1 ev5 !     
highe/1 are results ( a natural process 
( gradual developm5t has (t5 be5 sugge/$
 by poets & philosoph]s4 ,! probability 
0 mu* discuss$ by m5 ( sci5ce e>ly 9 !  
n9ete5? c5tury2 b x 0 n until #aheh t   
suffici5t evid5ce 0 pres5t$ to ju/ify   

acceptance ( evolution z any?+ bett] ?an
 m]ely a !ory4 ,tw5ty-"o ye>s _h !n     
elaps$ s9ce ,d>w9 began a long s]ies (  
inve/igations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he      
collect$ an irresi/ible numb] ( cases ( 
! influ5ce ( environm5t 9 caus+         
v>iations 9 /ructure1 & ( ! t5d5cy ( su*
 v>iations to be inh]it$4 ,mo/ m5 :o    
accept$ ^! propositions admitt$ _!      
insuffici5cy to acc\nt = ! multiplicity 
( species2 b ! explanation became       
complete :5 ,d>w9 discov]$ t any plant  
or animal :i* is peculi>ly fit =        
survival 9 ! cont9ual /ruggle = exi/5ce 
is likely to become l>gely repres5t$ 9 !
 next g5]ation4 ,a spontane\s v>iation  
:i* prolongs ! life ( its possessor may 
?us become n only m common b m firmly   
fix$ 9 successive g5]ations1 until a new
 species is e/abli%$4  ,to ?is t5d5cy   
,d>w9 gave ! "n natural selection2 b ?is
 t]m lit]ally implies a delib]ate *oice 
by "s sup]human p[]4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]      
propos$ ! phrase1 survival ( ! fitte/2 b
 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! fitness is n     

necess>ily t ( great] moral wor?4  ,!re 
may be m]ely su* a sup]iority 9 /r5g? & 
cunn+ z enables savages to dev\r a      
mission>y4 ,sp5c] says t ! expression1  
'survival ( ! fitte/1' m]ely means !    
leav+ alive ( ^? :i* are be/ able to    
utilise surr\nd+ aids to life1 & be/    
able to combat or avoid surr\nd+ dang]s4
 ,we$s are fitt] ?an fl[]s = natural    
gr[?2 & ,joan ( ,arc prov$ unfit to     
survive 9 ! conte/ aga9/ wick$ m54  ,?is
 discov]y ( ,d>w9's made x 8 duty to av[
 a view :i* 0 s unpopul> t he felt z if 
he 7 ab\t confess+ a murd]4 ,he 0 mak+ a
 big book out ( ! facts he _h collect$1 
:5 a manuscript /atem5t ( conclusions l 
8 own 0 s5t him by ,wallace1 :o _h      
discov]$ indep5d5tly ! great fact ( !   
survival ( ! fitte/4 ,d>w9 wi%$ at fir/ 
to resign all claim to orig9ality2 b 8  
fri5ds insi/$ on 8 tak+ a %>e ( ! hon\r 
( ! discov]y4 ,accord+ly an essay1 :i*  
he _h writt5 9 #ahdd1 0 read 9 company )
 t s5t him by ,wallace be=e ! ,l9naean  
,society1 9 ,london1 on ,july #a1 #aheh4

 ,! importance ( ! new view 0 s well    
und]/ood t ! entire fir/ edition1 am\nt+
 to #abej copies1 ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 (    
,species1 :i* book he wrote soon aft]1 0
 sold on ! day ( publication1 ,novemb]  
#bd1 #ahei4 ,o!r editions foll[$        
rapidly1 ) translations into _m         
languages4 ,no book ( ! c5tury has be5 m
 revolution>y4  ,,ii4 ,!ologians /ill   
insi/$ on ! sup]natural creation ( ea*  
species ( plant or animal1 & especially 
( ! human race1 9 its f9al =m4 ,!       
inf]5ce t man _h be5 develop$ by natural
 processes out ( "s l[] animal1 0 easily
 drawn f ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ?\gh n    
expressly /at$ !re92 & !re 0 great al>m 
among ! cl]gy4 ,an ,anglican bi%op1 :o 0
 nicknam$ ,soapy ,sam on acc\nt ( 8     
subs]vi5cy to public op9ion1 decl>$ 9 a 
lead+ qu>t]ly t ,d>w9 held views        
absolutely incompatible ) ! ,bible1 &   
t5d+ to bani% ,god f nature4 ,o!r       
prom95t ,episcopalians call$ ! new book 
an attempt to de?rone ,god1 & propagate 
infidelity4 ,c>d9al ,mann+ d5\nc$ !     

brutal philosophy :i* taught t ,!re is  
no ,god1 & ! ape is our ,adam4 ,bo?     
,ca?olics & ,prote/ants />t$            
anti-,d>w9ian societies 9 ,london1 &1 9 
#ahfc1 ,huxley saw ! :ole artill]y ( !  
pulpit br\ght ^u ! doctr9e ( evolution &
 its support]s4 ,! example ( ,engl& 0   
foll[$ promptly by ,france & ,g]many4   
,am]ica 0 di/ract$ by civil w>2 & h] m5 
( sci5ce 7 s few & timid t !            
d5unciations ( ,d>w9ism :i* 7 prompt$ by
 ! !ological & metaphysical prejudices (
 ,agassiz 7 g5]ally accept$ z f9al      
decisions4 ,! position ( ! ,unit>ians & 
,transc5d5tali/s may be judg$ f ! fact  
t1 dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree ye>s aft] !
 publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 no?+
 0 said ab\t ,d>w9ism 9 ! extremely     
lib]al div9ity s*ool :]e ,i 0 !n a      
/ud5t4 ,evolutionism _h to look =       
advocates 9 ,am]ica to ,spirituali/s l  
,d5ton or unbeliev]s l ,und]wood at t   
p]iod4  ,cl]ical opposition increas$ !  
g5]al unwill+ness ( sci5tific m5 to     
snat* up new views4 ,z e>ly z #ahfc1    

h[ev]1 ,d>w9 receiv$ ! support ( ! fam\s
 geologi/1 ,lyell1 z well z ( a y\ng]   
naturali/ de/9$ to a*ieve ev5 m         
brilliant success4 ,huxley has di/+ui%$ 
himself 9 argum5ts aga9/ ! sci5tific    
value ( ! ,bible4 ,among 8 o!r exploits 
0 a demon/ration t a *a91 9 :i* no l9k  
is miss+1 connects ! horse ) a small1   
ext9ct quadrup$ possess$ ( comp>atively 
few equ9e peculi>ities4 ,9 ?is case1    
trans=mation ( species is an und5iable  
fact4 ,o!r "y naturali/s 9 ,engl&1 z    
well z 9 ,g]many1 gradually became will+
 to pu% ! new view to its la/ results2 &
 ,d>w9 0 enc\rag$ to publi%1 9 #ahga1 8 
elaborate acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( our race1  
entitl$ ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,! wra? ( !  
*ur*es blaz$ =? once m2 & ,glad/one     
ent]$ ! ar5a4 ,engli%m5 v5tur$ no long] 
to say mu* ab\t ! diff]5ces betwe5      
,moses & ,d>w92 = ! obvi\s retort w\ld h
 be51 ,s mu* ! worse = ,moses4 ,a ,g]man
 ,lu!ran1 h[ev]1 bade 8 congregation    
*oose betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,d>w92 & !         
infallibility ( ,moses 0 ass]t$ s       

zeal\sly by a ,p>isian ,ca?olic z to w9 
=mal ?anks f ! ,pope4  ,am]ica 0 n[ wide
 awake2 irreligi\s t5d5cies 7 assign$ to
 evolutionism by ! presid5t ( ,yale1 z  
well z by "s ,pr9ceton pr(essors2 & "o (
 ^! latt] w>n$ believ]s 9 ! developm5t (
 man t !y w\ld be puni%$ z infidels aft]
 dea?4 ,! v]dict ( m5 ( sci5ce has at   
la/ be5 pron\nc$ s pla9ly z to be       
accept$ by ?or\ghly educat$ p 9 !       
,nor!rn ,/ates2 b ! ,s\!rn]s are m      
bigot$4 ,ev5 s late z #ahid1 a pr(essor 
( biology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,texas 0    
dismiss$1 9 violation ( contract1 =     
tea*+ evolutionism4 ,a simil> (f5ce _h  
be5 f\nd suffici5t1 t5 ye>s be=e1 by !  
,presbyt]ians ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = driv+ a 
dev\t memb] ( _! own sect f 8 *air 9 a  
!ological sem9>y4 ,t popul> writ] on    
geology1 ,w9*ell1 0 reque/$ 9 #ahgh by a
 ,me?odi/ bi%op to resign a pr(essor%ip 
at ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 :]e he _h      
express$ d\bt ( ! desc5t ( all m5 f     
,adam4 ,! geologi/ refus$ to resign1 & !
 *air 0 suppress$4  ,voltaire's *ief    

grievance 0 ! intol]ance ( ,*ri/ianity4 
,pa9e & ,bradlaugh compla9$ t !re 0 mu* 
immorality 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! mo/    
damag+ ( rec5t attacks h be5 made 9 ! "n
 ( sci5ce4 ,g5esis & geology _h be5 f\nd
 irreconcilable be=e ! appe>ance (      
,d>w9ism2 b ! new sy/em wid5$ ! brea*4  
,! mo/ s]i\s (f5ce to ! !ologian1 h[ev]1
 0 t he c\ld n long] po9t )\t dang] (   
contradiction to b5eficial peculi>ities 
9 ! /ructure ( plants & animals1 z m>ks 
( ! div9e h&4 ,! old argum5t ab\t design
 0 met by a demon/ration t su*          
peculi>ities 7 apt to arise             
spontane\sly1 & become p]man5t "u !     
pressure ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!      
!ologian has _h to retreat to ! position
 t ,d>w9ism has n acc\nt$ = ! s\l1 !    
intellect1 & especially ! intuitions4   
,,iii4 ,:e!r ,d>w9 succe$$ or n 9 ?is "p
 ( 8 "w is n s important z ! fact t1    
sev]al ye>s be=e he ann\nc$ 8 great     
discov]y1 an elaborate acc\nt ( !       
process by :i* ! p[]s ( ?\ght & feel+ h 
be5 develop$ gradually out ( ! l[e/ =ms 

( consci\sness 0 giv5 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 
,! fir/ edition ( 8 ,pr9ciples (        
,psy*ology1 publi%$ 9 #ahee1 c>ri$ !    
explanation s f> z to %[ ! real orig9 & 
value ( ! intuitions4 ,_! importance _h 
be5 almo/ ignor$ by ?9k]s :o reli$      
entirely on individual exp]i5ce1 &      
greatly ov]rat$ by ! ,transc5d5tali/s2 b
 nei!r set ( philosoph]s c\ld expla9 ^! 
my/]i\s ideas4 ,! infallibility (       
consci5ce is n to be reconcil$ ) su*    
facts z t ,paul ?\ght x 8 duty to       
p]secute ! ,*ri/ians1 or t ,g>rison1    
,sumn]1 ,john ,br[n1 & ,/onewall        
,jackson 7 among ! mo/ consci5ti\s m5 ( 
! c5tury4 ,! anci5t ,greeks agre$ 9     
recognis+ ju/ice1 b n b5evol5ce1 among !
 c>d9al virtues2 precisely ! opposite   
error 0 made by ,kant & ,miss ,cobbe2 & 
a tabul> view ( all ! li/s ( fundam5tal 
intuitions :i* h be5 made out by not$   
metaphysicians might be mi/ak5 = a relic
 f ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,em]son's religi\s  
in/9cts 7 n s mu* impress$ z ,p>k]'s ) !
 p]sonality ( ,god & immortality2 b !   

diff]5ce seems almo/ insignificant :5 we
 rememb] :at ideas ( !ology arose       
spontane\sly 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,h[ widely !
 intuition ( beauty v>ies may be judg$ f
 ! inability ( ae/hetic ,*9am5 to admire
 ! :ite tee? & rosy *eeks ( an ,engli%  
belle4 ,intuition is pla9ly n an        
infallible oracle2 b is x m]ely a       
mislead+ prejudice8  ,! puzzle 0 solv$  
:5 ,sp5c] %[$ t intuition is a result ( 
! exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,c\rage1 = in/ance1
 0 s important = ! survival ( a         
primitive tribe 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ its   
neighb\rs1 t e man f\nd 8 com=t &       
reputation dep5d ma9ly on 8 pr[ess4 ,if 
he f\ght desp]ately he ga9$ weal?1      
hon\r1 & pl5ty ( wives2 b c[>ds 7       
maltreat$ by o!r m5 & scorn$ ev5 by !   
wom54 ,! brave/ man left ! l>ge/ numb] (
 (fspr+2 & e boy 0 told s e>ly & e>ne/ly
 to be c\rage\s z to develop a pugnaci\s
 in/9ct1 :i* has come d[n to ! pres5t   
day 9 mu* great] /r5g? ?an is ne$$ = !  
ord9>y dem&s ( civilis$ life4 ,we love  
w> too mu*1 because our ance/ors 7 9    

dang] ( n lov+ x en\gh = _! own safety4 
,z c\rage ceas$ to be ! "o all-important
 excell5ce1 indu/ry1 fidelity1 & hone/y 
7 f\nd s useful z to be enc\rag$ ) a c>e
 :i* has done mu* to m\ld consci5ce into
 its pres5t %ape4 ,o!r virtues 7        
inculcat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! welf>e ( !   
family 0 f\nd to dep5d l>gely on !      
fidelity ( wife to husb&2 & ! result 0 t
 *a/ity has held a mu* high] place 9 !  
fem99e ?an 9 ! mascul9e consci5ce4 ,s   
our religi\s in/9cts owe mu* ( _! /r5g? 
to ! zeal ) :i* our ance/ors s\ght to   
av]t ! div9e wra?4 ,?us we h ideas :i* 7
 orig9ally only vague inf]5ces f        
primitive exp]i5ce1 b :i* h gradually   
ga9$ su* /r5g? & def9it5ess1 t !y h mu* 
m p[] ?an if we _h ?\ght !m out unaid$  
by ! pa/4 ,sp5c] himself says1 ,!re h   
be51 & /ill are1 develop+ 9 ! race c]ta9
 fundam5tal moral intuitions :i* are !  
results ( accumulat$ exp]i5ces (        
utility1 gradually organis$ & inh]it$1 b
 h come to be q indep5d5t ( consci\s    
exp]i5ce4 ,!y h no app>5t basis 9 !     

individual exp]i5ces ( utility2 & ?us   
consci5ce has acquir$ its *>act]i/ic    
dis9t]e/$ness4  ,:5 we feel ?is inn]    
prompt+ to a brave or hone/ action :i*  
mu/ be done promptly or left undone1 x  
is our duty to act )\t hesitation or    
reg>d to our own int]e/4 ,we are s]v+   
our race 9 ! way :i* its exp]i5ce has   
taught4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t !re is "t    
en\gh = delib]ation1 & t we see a       
possibility ( h>m to our neighb\rs1 our 
family1 or ev5 to our own highe/ welf>e4
 ,9 ?is case1 we ought to comp>e ! good 
& evil results c>efully4 ,we %\ld also d
 well to consid] :at 0 ! decision ( !   
consci5ces ( ! be/ & wise/ m5 "u simil> 
circum/ances4 ,if we neglect ^!         
precautions1 we may be 9 dang] ( foll[+ 
n consci5ce b passion4 ,!re is also a   
possibility t consci5ce may embody only 
su* primitive ideas ( duty z h s9ce be5 
f\nd incorrect4 ,?is has (t5 be5 ! case 
) p]secutors & mon>*i/s4  ,g5]osity is  
/ill too apt to take an impulsive &     
reckless =m :i* p]petuates paup]ism4    

,sp5c] has taught u t consci5ce is wor?y
 n only ( ob$i5ce1 b ( education4       
,sp5c]'s attempt to sub/itute a ?\ghtful
 = a ?\ghtless goodness ( "* has be5 mu*
 aid$ by 8 prote/ aga9/ su*             
undiscrim9at+ exhortations to           
self-sacrifice z are con/antly he>d f ! 
pulpit4 ,good p1 & especially good wom51
 welcome ! idea ( giv+ up innoc5t       
pleasure & endur+ ne$less pa94 ,! glory 
( m>tyrdom bl9ds !m to ! fact t1 z      
,sp5c] says 9 8 ,psy*ology1 ,pa9s are ! 
correlatives ( actions injuri\s to !    
organism1 :ile pleasures are !          
correlatives ( actions conducive to its 
welf>e4 ,9 o!r words1 ,pleasures are !  
inc5tives to life-support+ acts1 & pa9s 
! det]r5ts f life-de/roy+ acts4 ,ab/95ce
 f pleasure may involve loss ( heal?4   
,self-sacrifice is sc>cely possible )\t 
"s injury to m9d or body2 z is ! case ) 
p :o make x a religi\s duty to read no  
int]e/+ books & take sc>cely any ex]cise
 on ,sunday4 ,x is fur!r true t ,!      
cont9ual acceptance ( b5efits at !      

exp5se ( a fell[-be+ is morally         
injuri\s2 z ,! cont9ual giv+ up (       
pleasures & cont9ual submission to pa9s 
are physically injuri\s4 ,bl9d          
self-sacrifice curses giv] &            
receiv]--physically det]iorates ! "o &  
morally det]iorates ! o!r1 ! outcome ( !
 policy be+ de/ruction ( ! wor?y 9 mak+ 
worse ! unwor?y4 ,no wond] t m5 are     
/rong]1 & also m selfi%1 ?an wom54      
,almo/ all self-sacrifice involves loss 
( individual lib]ty4 ,! subjection (    
wom5 has be5 deep5$ by _! read9ess to   
sacrifice !mselves to ^? !y love2 _!    
fondness = m>tyrdom (t5 leads !m into ! 
s9 ( m>ry+ )\t love2 & g5]osity ( he>t  
facilitates ru94 ,wom5 w\ld really be m 
virtu\s if !y felt less obligation to _!
 lov]s & m to _! race4  ,,iv4 ,sp5c]'s  
psy*ological discov]ies 7 coroll>ies to 
t great pr9ciple ( evolution ( :i* he   
made ! foll[+ ann\ncem5t z e>ly z #aheg 
9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,aft] decl>+ 8    
belief 9 t div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race
 :i* we inf]r$ mu/ h cont9ually be5     

occurr+ dur+ geologic "t1 he /at$ t ,!  
law ( all progress is to be f\nd 9 ^!   
v>i$ evolutions ( ! homog5e\s into !    
het]og5e\s1 or 9 o!r words1 out ( !     
simple into ! complex4 ,! discov]ies (  
,d>w9 & ,wallace 7 n ann\nc$ be=e #aheh1
 b ,sp5c] av[$ 9 #aheb 8 belief 9 ! !ory
 ( evolution or developm5t hypo!sis1    
accord+ to :i* complex organic =ms may h
 aris5 by successive modifications out (
 simple ones4 ,x 0 )\t any aid or       
sugge/ion f ,d>w9 t ,sp5c]'s /atem5t ( !
 law ( evolution 0 br\ght into ! f9al =m
 publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,evolution 0 !n       
describ$ z *ange1 n only f ! simple to !
 complex1 b also f ! *aotic to !        
conc5tric & consolidat$1 or1 9 ,sp5c]'s 
own words1 f an indef9ite incoh]5t      
homog5eity to a def9ite coh]5t          
het]og5eity4 ,progress1 he says1 consi/s
 9 integration z well z diff]5tiation4  
,!re is an increase 9 p]man5ce &        
def9it5ess z well z 9 v>iety4 ,high] =ms
 are n only m complex & unlike ?an l[]  
ones1 b also m /able & m /rongly m>k$4  

,sp5c] has be5 repres5t$ by "s          
,transc5d5tali/s z ,d>w9's pupil2 b !   
:ole sy/em j describ$ w\ld1 9 all       
probability1 h be5 built up 9           
sub/antially its pres5t =m1 if bo? ,d>w9
 & ,wallace _h kept _! discov]ies to    
!mselves4 ,! only diff]5ce w\ld h be5 t 
,sp5c] c\ld n h be5 su/a9$ by su* a     
great mass ( evid5ce4 ,all ^! facts 7   
collect$ by ,d>w9 m]ely to prove !      
physical developm5t ( m5 & o!r animals f
 l[] =ms ( life2 b ,sp5c] %[$ t all !   
ph5om5a ( ?\ght & feel+1 z well z (     
a/ronomy1 geology1 & *emi/ry1 are       
results ( ! great laws ( integration &  
diff]5tiation4 ,all human hi/ory &      
social relations c be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is   
way4 ,& if ?is ext5sion _h n be5 giv5 to
 ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 ,d>w9's        
discov]ies might soon h ceas$ to h mu*  
int]e/1 except = /ud5ts ( natural       
hi/ory4 ,ea* ( ! two great evolutioni/s 
help$ ! o!r ga9 influ5ce2 b _!          
co-op]ation 0 almo/ z un9t5tional z t ( 
two lum9>ies :i* =m a d\ble />4  ,v4    

,sp5c] has done mu* to dim9i%           
intol]ance1 by tea*+1 z e>ly z #ahfb1 t 
all religions are necess>y /eps 9 !     
upw>d m>* ( evolution4  ,he has also    
attempt$ to reconcile religion & sci5ce1
 by tea*+ t ! "o all-ess5tial belief is 
9 a great unkn[able reality1 :i* is n   
only inscrutable b inconceivable4 ,9    
writ+ ab\t ?is supreme p[]1 he uses     
capitals ) a con/ancy :i* w\ld look l an
 assumption ( k1 if ! same habit 7 n    
foll[$ 9 reg>d to _m o!r words ( mu*    
less importance4 ,he admits t ,we _c    
decide betwe5 ! alt]native suppositions1
 t ph5om5a are due to ! v>i\sly         
condition$ work+s ( a s+le =ce1 & t !y  
are due to ! conflict ( two =ces4 ,matt]
 _c be conceiv$1 he says1 except z      
manife/+ =ces ( attraction & repulsion2 
b he also says t ^! antagoni/ic &       
conflict+ =ces mu/ n be tak5 z realities
 b z our symbols ( ! reality1 ! =ms "u  
:i* ! work+s ( ! unkn[able are          
cognisable4 ,?is cre$ is accept$ by _m  
,am]ican evolutioni/s4 ,x is ! doctr9e (

 "o ( ,sp5c]'s mo/ elaborate & brilliant
 int]pret]s1 ,pr(essor ,john ,fiske1 (  
su* popul> cl]gym5 z ,doctors ,m9ot ,j4 
,savage & ,lyman ,abbott1 & ( _m ( !    
memb]s ( t en]getic organisation1 ,!    
,brooklyn ,e?ical ,association4 ,! ,op5 
,c\rt ( ,*icago & o!r p]iodicals are    
work+ av[$ly = ! ,religion ( ,sci5ce2 b 
t is n to be e/abli%$ )\t mu* clos]     
con=mity to ! old-fa%ion$ cre$s &       
c]emonies ?an has be5 made by ,sp5c]4 ,8
 lat] works seem m or?odox ?an 8 e>li]  
ones2 b 8 f9al decision is t ,! v       
notions1 orig91 cause1 & purpose1 are   
relations belong+ to human ?\ght1 :i*   
are probably irrelevant to ! ultimate   
reality4 ,he has also admitt$ t !       
proposition1 ,evolution is caus$ by m9d1
 _c be r5d]$ into ?\ght4 ,& he is "r 9  
say+ t he has n[h]e sugge/$ wor%ip4     
,:e!r he has propos$ a reconciliation1  
or only a compromise1 :e!r evolutionism 
w ev] be z popul> 9 ! pulpit z          
,transc5d5talism1 & :e!r !re is n m     
reality 9 ! =ces ( attraction &         

repulsion ?an 9 ,sp5c]'s great          
unkn[able1 are problems :i* ,i w n      
discuss4 ,d>w9 0 an agno/ic l ,huxley1  
:o held t ,we "k no?+ ( :at may be      
beyond ph5om5a1 & ,sci5ce commits       
suicide :5 %e adopts a cre$4 ,huxley    
pron\nc$ ! c\rse ( nature nei!r moral   
nor immoral1 b non-moral1 & decl>$ t ,! 
e?ical progress ( society dep5ds n on   
imitat+ ! cosmic process b on combat+ x4
 ,! sev]ity ( 8 criticism ( ! ,gospel   
n>ratives call$ out ?reats ( prosecution
 = blasphemy4 ,he av[$ entire concurr5ce
 ) ,haeckel1 :o holds t belief 9 a      
p]sonal ,god & an immortal s\l are      
incompatible ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
evolution4 ,! ,g]man sci5ti/ argues 9 8 
elaborate hi/ory ( ! developm5t (       
animals1 t life is no manife/ation (    
div9e p[]1 work+ ) b5evol5t purpose1 b  
m]ely ! necess>y result ( unconsci\s    
=ces1 inh]5t 9 ! *emical con/itution &  
physical prop]ties ( matt]1 & act+      
me*anically accord+ to immutable laws4  
,! position ( ,haeckel & ,huxley is all 

! m significant because ,fr$]ic ,h>rison
 kn[s ( no s+le ?9k] 9 ,europe :o has   
come =w>d to support ?is religion ( an  
unkn[n cause4  ,,vi4 ,a mu* m important 
controv]sy has be5 call$ out by ,sp5c]'s
 !ory ( ! limits ( gov]nm5t4 ,z e>ly z  
#ahdb he propos$ ! limitation ( /ate    
action to ! ma9t5ance ( equitable       
relations among citiz5s4 ,8 ,social     
,/atics dem&$1 9 #ahej1 z a necess>y    
condition ( high developm5t1 ! lib]ty ( 
ea*1 limit$ only by ! l lib]ty ( all4 ,8
 ideal w\ld be a gov]nm5t :]e e man has 
fre$om to d all he wills1 provid$ he    
infr+es n ! equal fre$om ( any o!r man4 
,^! propositions are repeat$ 9 ! revis$ 
edition ( #ahib1 :i* diff]s f ! e>li] "o
 9 omitt+ a d5ial ( ! "r ( private      
prop]ty 9 l&1 & also a dem& = female    
suffrage4 ,h[ f> ,sp5c] _h *ang$ 8 views
 may be se5 9 8 volume on ,ju/ice4 ,bo? 
editions ( ,social ,/atics d5y ! "r (   
gov]nm5ts to support *ur*es1 public     
s*ools1 bo>ds ( heal?1 poorh\ses1       
ligh?\ses1 or m9ts4 ,sp5c] w\ld h titles

 to l& gu>ante$ by ! ,/ate1 &           
prop]ty-hold]s protect$ aga9/ unju/     
lawsuits2 b o!rwise ! gov]nm5t ought to 
conf9e itself1 he ?9ks1 to manag+ !     
army1 navy1 & police4  ,?is position is 
def5d$ by an appeal to ! fact t ! citiz5
 is mo/ en]getic & intellig5t :]e he is 
mo/ free to act = himself4 ,no ,am]ican 
is z helpless be=e pe/il5ce or fam9e z a
 ,russian peasant1 or z afraid to g to a
 burn+ h\se until summon$ by ! police4  
,a despotism may beg9 ) a /rong army2 b 
x ends1 l ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! weakness
 :i* x has br\ght on by cru%+ ! _s ( its
 soldi]s4 ,/rong gov]nm5ts make weak m54
 ,nev] 0 !re a mighti] army ?an 0 giv5  
by ! ,fr5* ,republic to ,napoleon4      
,indu/rial prosp]ity dep5ds ev5 m       
closely ?an milit>y glory on ! en]gy (  
m5 :o h be5 at lib]ty to ?9k & act      
freely4 ,p develop mo/ vigor\sly :]e !y 
are lea/ m$dl$ )4 ,! av]age man kn[s mu*
 m ?an 8 rul]s d ab\t 8 own private     
bus9ess2 & he is active to promote x 9  
ways :i* secure ! g5]al welf>e4  ,great 

/ress is laid n only 9 ,social ,/atics b
 9 ,sp5c]'s book on ,! ,man v]sus !     
,/ate1 & 9 sev]al essays1 on ! _m times 
t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has increas$ an   
evil by try+ to cure x4 ,:at is said    
ab\t its extravagance w n surprise any  
,am]ican :o rememb]s :at va/ sums are   
squ&]$ by ,congress4 ,! po/-(fice is (t5
 spok5 ( z pro( t our ,gov]nm5t c\ld run
 our railroads2 b "o ( ,bo/on's be/     
po/ma/]s said1 ,no private bus9ess c\ld 
be manag$ l ?is )\t go+ into bankruptcy4
 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has a monopoly ( !
 telegraph2 & introduction ( ! telephone
 0 v difficult 9 consequ5ce4 ,9         
,victoria1 ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al has abus$ 8
 privileges s mu* z to appo9t a sport+  
ag5t to telegraph ! results ( a         
horse-race2 & ?is same highly           
protectioni/ colony has _h laws =bidd+  
any %op to be op5 aft] #g ,p4,m41 except
 on ,saturday1 & any woman to "w m ?an  
=ty-eight h\rs a week 9 any factory4 ,h[
 gov]nm5ts int]f]$ 9 =m] c5turies ) p's 
"r to fe$1 clo!1 employ1 & amuse        

!mselves1 seems almo/ inconceivable at  
pres5t4  ,p]secution 0 "o among _m =ms (
 mis*iev\s m$dl+4 ,locke1 9 argu+ =     
tol]ation 9 #afhi1 0 oblig$ to take !   
gr\nd t ,! :ole jurisdiction ( !        
magi/rate rea*es only to secur+ unto all
 ! p life1 lib]ty1 heal?1 & also outw>d 
?+s su* z money1 l&s1 h\ses1 furniture1 
& ! l4 ,gov]nm5t1 he said1 ha? no end b 
pres]vation1 & !re=e c nev] h a "r to   
de/roy1 enslave1 or design$ly to        
impov]i% ! subject4 ,cle>] language 0   
us$ by ^? ,fr5* patriots :o decl>$ 9 !  
,con/itution ( #agia t lib]ty consi/s 9 
ability to d ev]y?+ :i* br+s no h>m to  
o!rs2 &1 two ye>s aft]w>ds1 t ! lib]ty (
 ea* citiz5 %\ld ext5d to :]e t ( "s o!r
 citiz5 beg9s4 ,ne>ly fifty ye>s lat]1 a
 !ory v l ,sp5c]'s 0 publi%$ by ,wilhelm
 von ,humboldt1 bro!r ( ! great         
naturali/4 ,among ! _m writ]s :o h held 
t gov]nm5t ought n to be m]ely limit$ b 
repudiat$ totally 0 ,?oreau4 ,x 0 9     
#ahed t ?is zeal\s abolitioni/ publicly 
r5\nc$ 8 allegiance to a great          

anti-slav]y commonweal?1 & t he ass]t$1 
9 ,wald51 ! necessity ( pres]v+         
individual lib]ty by con=m+ z little z  
possible to any social usages1 ev5 t (  
work+ regul>ly 9 ord] to support "o's   
self & family 9 com=t4 ,t same ye>1     
,sp5c] %[$ 9 8 essay on ,mann]s &       
,fa%ion ! diff]5ce betwe5 a regulation  
by :i* public op9ion tries to prev5t    
rude p f mak+ !mselves unnecess>ily     
disagreeable to _! neighb\rs1 & "o :i*  
enc\rages dissipation by arbitr>ily     
*eck-+ innoc5t amusem5t4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] 
case1 h[ev]1 !re is1 z he says1 b little
 ga9 f any solit>y noncon=mity4 ,re=m   
mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 co-op]ation4  ,t      
p[]ful assailant ( ,transc5d5talism1    
,john ,/u>t ,mill1 0 n an evolutioni/2 b
 x 0 l>gely due to 8 lib]al aid t !     
sy/em ( diff]5tiation & integration 0   
publi%$4 ,?is g5]osity 0 consi/5t ) 8   
own position1 t all op9ions ought to h a
 he>+1 & especially ^? :i* are novel &  
unpopul>1 = !y are peculi>ly likely to  
conta9 "s exposure ( anci5t error or    

revelation ( new tru?4 ,?is fact 0 set  
=? ) su* ability 9 8 book1 ,on ,lib]ty1 
9 #ahei1 t sev]al long passages 7 quot$ 
9 ! public prote/1 deliv]$ 9 ,ohio five 
ye>s lat] by ,vall&igham1 aga9/ ! w> !n 
c>ri$ on = br++ back ! sec$$ ,/ates4    
,mill holds t nei!r gov]nm5t nor public 
op9ion ought to int]f]e ) any           
individual1 except to prev5t do+ h>m to 
o!rs4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t !re w\ld be
 no tyranny 9 =c+ p>5ts to let _! *ildr5
 h education en\gh to become safe memb]s
 ( society4 ,su* a law c\ld sc>cely be  
ju/ifi$ by ! pr9ciple ( giv+ all !      
lib]ty to ea* compatible ) ! l lib]ty ( 
all4 ,among ! re/rictions :i* ,mill     
m5tions z oppressive are ^? 9 ,engl& &  
,am]ica aga9/ sell+ liquor1 gambl+1 &   
,sunday amusem5ts4 ,he admits !         
difficulty ( decid+ h[ f> lib]ty may be 
legitimately invad$ = ! prev5tion (     
crime4  ,,vii4 ,x 0 9 full con=mity ) ! 
pr9ciples ( ,mill1 ,sp5c]1 & ,locke t ! 
,con/itution ( ,l\isiana1 z revis$ 9    
#ahgi1 decl>$ t ! only legitimate object

 ( gov]nm5t is to protect ! citiz5 9 !  
enjoym5t ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty4 ,:5 
x assumes o!r functions1 x is usurpation
 & oppression4 ,simil> s5tim5ts h be5   
occasionally express$ 9 political       
plat=ms4 ,su* n>r[ limits h n1 s f> z ,i
 "k1 ev] be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or
 9 any o!r civilis$ l&4 ,few p love     
lib]ty s mu* z n to be will+ t ! /ate   
%\ld give !m security aga9/             
conflagration & contagi\s disease4 ,!re 
is also a g5]al dem& = su* safety z is  
giv5 by roads1 /reets1 bridges1         
ligh?\ses1 & life-sav+ /ations4 ,!      
necessity ( hospitals1 asylums1 &       
poorh\ses is manife/4 ,if all ?is exp5se
 _h to be met by public-spirit$         
individuals1 x is probable t _! weal?   
w\ld prove insuffici5t4 ,x is fur!r     
necess>y = ! public safety t !re %\ld be
 compulsory vacc9ation dur+ epidemics ( 
smallpox1 conf9em5t ( dang]\s lunatics &
 tramps1 rescue ( *ildr5 f vici\s p>5ts1
 & ma9t5ance ( :at ought n to be call$  
compulsory b gu>ante$ education4        

,m>riage has to be made b9d+ = !        
protection ( mo!rs z well z *ildr54 ,!  
?ir/ = dr9k ne$s at lea/ z mu* re/ra9t z
 is kept up 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,& ! t5d5cy (  
bad money to drive out good is /rong    
en\gh to ju/ify laws aga9/ circulation (
 depreciat$ curr5cy4  ,public s*ools are
 p>ticul>ly important 9 ,am]ica1 :]e    
presid5tial & congressional elections   
are apt to turn on f9ancial issues :i* c
 sc>cely be und]/ood by m5 n ?or\ghly   
educat$4 ,sp5c]'s objections apply m    
closely to ! ,european sy/em1 t (       
c5tralisation ( managem5t1 ?an to !     
,am]ican4 ,x is well to "k also t he 0  
misl$ by a ha/y ref]5ce1 p]haps by "s   
assi/ant1 to an ,engli% /ati/ician nam$ 
,flet*]4 ,?is high au?ority did admit1 9
 #ahdi1 t he f\nd a sup]ficial evid5ce  
aga9/ in/ruction4 ,he w5t on1 h[ev]1 to 
say mu* :i* is n m5tion$ 9 ,social      
,/atics1 & :i* prov$ ! evid5ce to be    
only sup]ficial4 ,by classify+ crimes   
accord+ to enormity1 he %[$ t ! wor/ 7  
mo/ frequ5t 9 ! lea/ educat$ di/ricts4  

,he also discov]$ t ^? c\nties 9 ,engl& 
:]e ability to sign ! m>riage regi/] 0  
mo/ common 7 mo/ free f paup]s1 dang]\s 
crim9als1 & illegitimate *ildr54 ,!     
conclusion is !re=e irresi/ible1 says   
,flet*]1 t education is ess5tial to !   
security ( mod]n society4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r  
te/imony br\ght =w>d 9 ,social ,/atics  
is invalidat$ by ,flet*]'s me?od2 &     
,sp5c] add$ no?+ 9 ! second edition to !
 insuffici5t /atem5ts 9 ! fir/4  ,briti%
 education has improv$ greatly 9 bo?    
quality & quantity s9ce #ahgf2 b !      
prisons ( ,engl& & ,wales _h only       
two-?irds z _m inmates 9 #ahij z 9      
#ahgh1 & only "o-half z l>ge a "p ( !   
population4 ,! mo/ dang]\s prison]s 7   
only "o-?ird z num]\s 9 #ahij & #ahia z 
=ty-five ye>s e>li]2 & ! p]c5tage ( =g]s
 only "o-t5? z great z 9 #aheg4 ,we     
ought fur!r to rememb] ! almo/ complete 
unanimity ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( free       
education :]ev] x is univ]sal4  ,public 
s*ools 9 ,am]ica are all ! m useful     
because !y are sup]9t5d$ by t[n & city  

(ficials1 elect$ 9 great "p by m5 :o "k 
!m p]sonally4 ,?is is also ! case ) !   
bo>ds ( heal?1 & ! manag]s ( poorh\ses1 
cemet]ies1 public libr>ies1 & p>ks4     
,among o!r subjects ( local             
self-gov]nm5t are ! roads1 bridges1     
/reets1 & sew]s4 ,our l>ge cities are   
notori\sly misgov]n$1 b x w be easi] to 
raise ! "* ( ! (ficials ?an to contract 
_! p[]s4 ,mu* is to be hop$ f civil     
s]vice re=m1 proportional repres5tation1
 & nonp>tisan elections4 ,t[n affairs   
are usually s c>efully look$ aft] by p n
 9 (fice z to be manag$ = ! public      
welf>e4 ,bo? 9 t[ns & cities ! t5d5cy is
 to enl>ge r ?an contract ! functions ( 
! gov]nm5t4 ,a proposal t any city %\ld 
let t5em5ts or sell coal m *eaply ?an is
 done by individuals1 w\ld seem to be = 
! advantage ( ev]ybody except a few     
pay]s ( heavy taxes4 ,! majority ( vot]s
 w\ld c>e little ab\t increase (        
taxation1 9 comp>ison ) ! prospect ( m  
dem& = lab\r & great] activity 9        
bus9ess4 ,x is easy to make extravagance

 popul> :]e ! majority rules4 ,our ,/ate
 con/itutions w\ld probably make x      
impossible = coal to be sold or t5em5ts 
let by cities & t[ns2 b ^! latt] (t5    
c>ry on gas-works1 wat]-works1 electric 
roads1 & o!r highly b5eficial indu/ries4
 ,?is may be necess>y to *eck ! rapacity
 ( corporations2 b o!rwise !re is too   
mu* dang] ( extravagance1 disc\ragem5t (
 individual ent]prise1 & delay 9 improv+
 ! processes monopolis$ by !            
municipality4 ,"s evils w\ld be less5$  
by a transf] ( ! control ( ligh?\ses &  
life-sav+ /ations f ! national ,gov]nm5t
 to t ( ! ne>e/ cities1 or else ( s+le  
,/ates4  ,our p are mu* bett] able to   
judge ( ! success ( ,/ate ?an ( ,f$]al  
legislation & managem5t4 ,( c\rse ! *ief
 duties ( ! ,/ate are to pass laws = !  
protection ( life & prop]ty aga9/ crime1
 & to manage su* indisp5sable p5al1     
*>itable1 & educational in/itutions z   
are n provid$ by ! municipalities4 ,x is
 /ill necess>y = ! ,/ates ( our ,union  
to keep up ! militia2 b p]haps ! be/ ?+ 

t c\ld be done = ! public safety w\ld be
 to h tramps kept f crime1 & assi/$ to  
employm5t by a ,/ate police4 ,own]%ip ( 
real e/ate w\ld be m secure1 & sale     
easi]1 if titles 7 gu>ante$ by ! ,/ate2 
& x w\ld also d well1 z ,sp5c] sugge/s1 
to help p ( mod]ate means resi/ lawsuits
 br\ght to extort money4 ,x seems1 at   
all ev5ts1 well t our ,/ates keep up _! 
bo>ds ( heal?1 & _! sup]vision ( banks1 
railroads1 /eamboats1 & factories4 ,!re 
are a great _m unnecess>y laws1 z1 =    
in/ance1 0 "o 9 ,massa*usetts = sell+   
coal bel[ m>ket price4 ,?is 0 =tunately 
decid$ to be uncon/itutional2 b :e!r ?is
 commonweal? ought to cont9ue to supply 
free text-books1 especially 9 high      
s*ools1 seems to me que/ionable4 ,_m    
individuali/s object to laws aga9/      
gambl+1 sell+ liquor1 & o!r conduct :i* 
does no direct injury except to ^? :o   
take "p volunt>ily4 ,!re are vici\s     
t5d5cies en\gh 9 human nature1 ,i ?9k1  
to ju/ify attempts to keep temptation   
out ( sight4  ,no advantage ( ?is k9d c 

be claim$ = ! ,sunday laws 9 our ,ea/]n 
& ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x is c]ta9ly desirable
 to h "o day a week ( re/ f lab\r &     
bus9ess2 b x is equally true t a man's  
pl\gh+ 8 field or we$+ 8 g>d5 does n    
infr+e on ! lib]ty ( 8 neighb\rs1 dim9i%
 _! security ( p]son & prop]ty1 or      
enc\rage _! vici\s prop5sities1 ev5 on  
,sunday4 ,x is sett+ a bad example to   
break any law2 b ,i d n ?9k t any citiz5
 ( ,massa*usetts 0 s]i\sly corrupt$ by  
resi/+ ! ,fugitive ,slave ,act2 & ,i    
d\bt if any ,v]mont] 0 morally ! worse =
 break+ ! law 9 t ,/ate aga9/ ,sunday   
visits f h\se to h\se1 except f motives 
( humanity or *>ity1 or = moral &       
religi\s edification4 ,x is bett] to h !
 laws obey$ intellig5tly ?an bl9dly2 &  
^? really wor?y ( respect w\ld h m      
au?ority if e prohibition :i* is nev]   
en=c$1 except out ( malice1 7 repeal$4  
,mu* aid is giv5 to morality by su*     
religi\s obs]vances z are volunt>y &    
consci5ti\s2 b compulsory obs]vance     
bre$s bo? slaves & rebels4  ,h[ f> our  

,sunday laws are meant to enc\rage !    
peculi> usages ( ! popul> sects is se5 9
 ! fact t1 s9ce #ahgg1 ab\t #aej pr(ess$
 ,*ri/ians1 :o _h kept ! ,sabba? on !   
day set ap>t 9 ! ,bible1 7 arre/$ on !  
*>ge ( hav+ pr(an$ ,sunday by su*       
actions z pl\gh+ a retir$ field1 we$+ a 
g>d51 cutt+ wood ne$$ = imm$iate use1 or
 mak+ a dress4 ,!y refus$ to pay any    
f9e2 mo/ ( !m 7 imprison$ accord+ly2 9  
"o case ! conf9em5t la/$ #abi days2 two 
dea?s 7 ha/5$ by inc>c]ation2 & 9 !     
summ] ( #ahie eight ( ^! ,saturd>ians1 z
 !y 7 nicknam$1 7 work+ 9 a *a9-gang on 
! roads 9 ,t5nessee4 ,"o ( ! eight 0 a  
cl]gyman4 ,among ! commonweal?s :i*     
prosecut$ obs]v]s ( ! orig9al ,sabba? z 
,sabba?-break]s 7 ,georgia1 ,m>yl&1     
,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,ohio1             
,p5nsylvania1 ,massa*usetts1 & sev5 o!r 
,/ates4 ,su* prosecutions 7 too mu* l   
p]secutions2 = p :o kept nei!r ,saturday
 nor ,sunday 7 n s mu* mole/$4 ,if !    
,sunday laws 7 really meant = ! public  
welf>e1 e citiz5 w\ld be all[$ to *oose 

8 own ,sabba?1 & no "o :o kept ,saturday
 sacr$ w\ld be requir$ to re/ on ,sunday
 also4 ,su* lib]al legislation has      
actually be5 pass$ by ,rhode ,isl& & _m 
o!r ,/ates4  ,h[ /rict ! law is aga9/   
do+ bus9ess on ,sunday may be judg$ f ! 
fact t 9 #ahif a decrepit old woman 0   
s5t to jail 9 ,new ,york ,city = sell+ a
 c\ple ( bananas1 & a boy ( fifte5 0    
arre/$ = sell+ five c5ts' wor? ( coal 9 
,janu>y4 ,?ree m5 7 f9$ = sell+         
umbrellas 9 ! /reet on a ra9y ,sunday 9 
#ahie1 & o!rs 7 arre/$ = sell+ five     
c5ts' wor? ( ice4 ,p :o h no            
refrig]ators suff] "u ! difficulty (    
buy+ ice1 fruit1 & meat on a hot ,sunday
 9 our ,ea/]n cities4  ,sunday laws &   
cu/oms diff] s widely 9 our v>i\s       
,/ates1 t !y _c all be wise & j4 ,re/ f 
lab\r & bus9ess is secur$ 9 ,s\!rn      
,cali=nia1 )\t ,/ate legislation1 by !  
action ( public op9ion2 & 7 ?is to      
become too weak1 x w\ld be re9=c$ by !  
trades-unions4 ,p]sonal lib]ty is n     
necess>ily violat$ by laws prohibit+    

di/urbance ( public wor%ip2 b x w\ld be 
if anyone 7 compell$ to te/ify 9 c\rt1  
or sit on ! jury1 or d any o!r bus9ess  
else:]e1 on any day set ap>t = re/ by 8 
consci5ce & religion4 ,!re seems to be  
little necessity = o!r legislation1     
except "u peculi> local circum/ances to 
:i* t[n & city magi/rates are bett] able
 ?an memb]s ( ,/ate & national          
legislatures to d ju/ice4 ,! "q1 :at    
places ( bus9ess t h no vici\s t5d5cies 
ought to be all[$ to op5 on ,sunday1    
might settle itself1 z does ! "q h[ e>ly
 !y are to close on o!r days ( ! week4  
,!re ne$s no law to prev5t bus9ess be+  
done at night4 ,/ores :i* c\ld (f] no?+ 
t _m p ne$ to buy on ,sunday1 w\ld h s  
few cu/om]s t ! proprietors c\ld ill    
af=d to op5 _! doors4 ,:]e ! dem& is z  
great & innoc5t z x is = fre% meat &    
fruit 9 hot wea!r1 ! int]e/ ( !         
proprietor is no m pla9 ?an is ! duty ( 
! legislator & magi/rate4 ,p employ$ 9  
hotels1 /ables1 telegraph (fices1       
libr>ies1 museums1 & p>ks1 c1 ( c\rse1  

protect !mselves f ov]work1 z dome/ic   
s]vants d1 by /ipulat+ = holidays &     
half-holidays4  ,:atev] may be ! ga9 to 
public heal? f cessation ( lab\r &      
bus9ess on ,sunday1 !re is no su*       
advantage1 b r injury1 f ! prohibition (
 heal?y recreations & amusem5ts1 :i* are
 ackn[l$g$ to be p]fectly innoc5t on at 
lea/ six days ( ! week4 ,sunday is by no
 means s /rictly obs]v$1 especially 9   
?is respect1 on ! cont95t ( ,europe z 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sabbat>ianism is      
peculi>ly an ,am]ican & ,briti%         
in/itution2 & ?is fact ju/ifies !       
position t x is by no means a necess>y  
condition ( ! security1 or ev5 ! welf>e1
 ( civilis$ nations4 ,if our ,sunday    
laws _c be prov$ to be necess>y1 !y mu/ 
be admitt$ to be oppressive4            
,ov]-taxation is b a slight grievance   
comp>$ ) ! tyranny ( s5d+ m5 & wom5 to  
jail = inability or unwill+ness to pay !
 f9es impos$ 9 #ahie by ! ,/ate (       
,t5nessee = work+ on _! f>ms1 or 9      
,massa*usetts soon aft] = play+ c>ds 9  

_! own rooms4 ,fur!r consid]ation ( !   
"q1 :at amusem5ts %\ld be p]mitt$ on    
,sunday1 w be f\nd 9 an app5dix4  ,su*  
problems are peculi>ly unfit = treatm5t 
by our c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,its *ief duty1
 ( c\rse1 is protection ( our p aga9/   
invasion & rebellion2 & ! au?ority ( !  
,presid5t & ,congress ought n to be     
weak5$ by va9 attempts to settle        
disputes :i* w\ld be dealt ) mu* m      
satisfactorily by ! cities & t[ns4 ,a   
,sunday law too lax = ,p5nsylvania might
 be too /rict = ,cali=nia4 ,! sy/em (   
po/-(fices is too well adapt$ = ! g5]al 
welf>e to be giv5 up ha/ily2 b !        
,gov]nm5t ought to surr5d] ! monopoly   
:i* n[ makes x almo/ impossible =       
citiz5s to free !mselves f dep5d5ce on  
disoblig+ or incompet5t po/ma/]s4 ,i h  
no?+ to say aga9/ ! ,c5sus1 ,education1 
,heal?1 & ,pat5t ,bureaus1 nor aga9/ !  
,smi?sonian ,museum1 except t our       
citiz5s h a "r to use _! own prop]ty z  
freely on ,sunday z on any o!r day ( !  
week4 ,i d n see :y our ,gov]nm5t %\ld h

 m ?an t ( o!r nations to d ) ! issue ( 
pap] money2 b ,i leave ! bank "q to abl]
 p5s4  ,! t>iff is a mu* pla9] issue4   
,we are told 9 ,social ,/atics t ,a     
gov]nm5t tr5*es ^u m5's lib]ties (      
action 9 ob/ruct+ comm]cial int]c\rse2 &
 by s do+ directly rev]ses its function4
 ,to secure = ea* man ! fulle/ fre$om to
 ex]cise 8 faculties1 compatible ) ! l  
fre$om ( all o!rs1 we f9d to be ! /ate's
 duty4 ,n[ trade-prohibitions &         
trade-re/rictions n only d n secure ?is 
fre$om1 b !y take x away1 s t 9 en=c+ !m
 ! /ate is trans=m$ f a ma9ta9] ( rights
 into a violator ( rights4 ,! ob/acles  
to importation delib]ately set up by    
,am]ican t>iffs1 indirectly *eck        
exportation2 = unwill+ness to buy f any 
o!r nation dim9i%es n only its will+ness
 b its ability to buy our products 9    
return4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates are actually   
export+ l>ge am\nts ( cattle1 :eat1 &   
cotton1 z well z ( boots & %oes1        
agricultural implem5ts1 /eel rails1     
h>dw>e1 wat*es1 & cotton clo?4 ,^!      

commodities are produc$ by ,am]icans :o 
c defy =eign competition4 ,9 "s cases ! 
t>iff enables !m to raise _! prices at  
home1 to ! loss ( _! fell[-citiz5s4     
,prices abroad _c be rais$ by our       
,gov]nm5t4 ,:at x c & does d is to burd5
 bo? f>ms & factories by duties on      
lumb]1 glass1 coal1 wool1 wooll5 goods1 
& _m o!r imports4 ,! rates are arrang$ )
 a view to increase1 n individual lib]ty
 or public security1 b ! pr(its (       
manag]s ( ent]prises :i* w\ld n pay )\t 
su* help4 ,m5 :o are c>ry+ on pr(itable 
indu/ries h to make up "p ( :at is lo/ 9
 unpr(itable ones4 ,9 fact1 ! co/ ( liv+
 is increas$ ne$lessly = all our        
citiz5s1 except ! privileg$ few4  ,!re  
w\ld be less inju/ice 9 aid+ new        
ent]prises by b\nties2 b ! prop]        
au?orities to decide h[ mu* money %\ld  
be vot$ = su* purposes are ! cities &   
t[ns4 ,"s ( ! mak]s ( our national      
,con/itution wi%$ to make t>iff         
legislation 9 ,congress impossible      
except by a majority ( two-?irds2 & ?is 

might prop]ly be requir$ = all measures 
n plann$ 9 behalf ( individual lib]ty or
 ! public safety4 ,mu* ( ! bus9ess n[   
done by ! nation ought to be transf]r$  
to ! ,/ates4 ,!y took ! lead betwe5     
#ahcj & #ahgj 9 improv+ riv]s & h>b\rs1 
build+ railroads1 & digg+ canals4 ,!    
result ( transf]r+ su* "w to ,congress 0
 t 9 #ahij x vot$ #be1jjj1jjj to c>ry on
 #dce und]tak+s1 m ?an "o-f\r? ( :i* _h 
be5 judg$ unnecess>y by eng9e]s4 ,two   
ye>s lat]1 f\r times z _m new jobs 7    
vot$ z _h be5 recomm5d$ by ! ,h\se      
committee4 ,among ^! plans 0 "o1 9 reg>d
 to ! ,hudson ,riv]1 :i* 0 ! prop]      
bus9ess ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,!      
extravagance ( our p5sion sy/em is      
notori\s4 ,if ! re/riction propos$ by   
,sp5c] is applicable any:]e1 x is to    
c5tral r ?an local gov]nm5ts4  ,,viii4  
,great z are ! evils ( unnecess>y laws1 
,sp5c]'s rem$y is too sweep+ to be      
univ]sally support$ by evolutioni/s4    
,huxley prote/s aga9/ x z adm9i/rative  
,nihilism1 & decl>es t if 8 next-door   

neighb\r is all[$ to br+ up *ildr5      
untaught & untra9$ to e>n _! liv+1 he is
 do+ 8 be/ to re/rict my fre$om1 by     
increas+ ! burd5 ( taxation = ! support 
( gaols & workh\ses :i* ,i h to pay4 ,8 
conclusion is t ,no limit is or c be    
!oretically set to /ate int]f]5ce4 ,!   
impossibility ( draw+ a h>d & fa/ l9e is
 admitt$ ev5 by s extreme an            
individuali/ z ,wordswor? ,doni/horpe1  
:o compla9s t ,crimes g unpuni%$ 9      
,engl&1 :ile ! ,great ,national         
,pickpocket is busy read+ ?r\gh all !   
com$ies & burlesques br\ght out 9 !     
!atres1 runn+ aft] little boys :o d>e to
 play pit*-f>?+1 or go+ on sl$g+        
exp$itions to ! ,nor? ,pole4  ,lecky    
agrees s f> ) ,sp5c] & ,mill z to say1 9
 ,democracy & ,lib]ty1 t puni%m5t %\ld  
be conf9$1 z a g5]al rule1 to acts :i*  
are directly injuri\s to o!rs1 &        
accord+ly t ,) ,sunday amusem5ts 9      
private life1 ! legislator %\ld h no    
conc]n4 ,z a *eck to ov]-legislation1 he
 recomm5ds bi5nial sessions1 in/ead (   

annual2 & he prote/s aga9/ ! despotism (
 trades-unions4 ,8 /ronge/ po9t aga9/   
,sp5c] is t sanit>y legislation has add$
 sev]al ye>s to ! av]age l5g? ( life 9  
,engl& & ,wales1 prev5t$ m ?an eighty   
?\s& dea?s !re 9 a s+le ye>1 & actually 
r$uc$ ! dea?-rate ( ! army 9 ,india by m
 ?an f\r-fif?s4  ,,ix4 ,sp5c] has       
succe$$ 9 increas+ ! numb] (            
individuali/s s mu*1 t ,doni/horpe says 
!y c be c\nt$ by ! ?\s&1 ?\gh !re 7     
sc>cely en\gh 9 #ahge 9 ,engl& to fill  
an omnibus4 ,transc5d5talism _h made    
individualism comp>atively common long  
be=e 9 ,am]ica4 ,! pr9ciple ( n int]f]+ 
) o!r p1 except to prev5t _! wrong+ u1  
is fully applicable1 z ,sp5c] says1 to !
 relation ( husb& ) wife1 & also to t ( 
p>5t & tea*] ) *ild4 ,x c\ld also be    
foll[$ ) great advantage 9 ! case (     
dome/ic s]vants4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( !  
correctness ( ! position1 tak5 9 !      
,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 t delight 9 w> 
has a t5d5cy to /ifle love ( lib]ty4    
,sp>ta1 ,russia1 & ! new ,g]man ,empire 

%[ t :]e ! ideal ( a nation is milit>y  
glory1 ,! individual is own$ by ! ,/ate4
 ,! citiz5s are s grad$1 t ,all are     
ma/]s ( ^? bel[ & subjects ( ^? above4  
,! work]s mu/ live = ! b5efit ( !       
fight]s1 & bo? be controll$ closely by !
 gov]nm5t4 ,armies fl\ri% on ! decay (  
individual rights4 ,h[ difficult x 0 to 
avoid ?is1 dur+ "s bloody ye>s1 ev5 9   
,am]ica1 has be5 %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,a  
nation ( %opkeep]s is bett] fitt$ ?an a 
nation ( soldi]s to develop free        
in/itutions4  ,"o ( ,sp5c]'s objections 
to ,socialism is t x w\ld end 9 milit>y 
despotism4 ,no?+ else c\ld replace      
competition s f> z to keep a nation     
indu/ri\s4 ,sp5c] is "r 9 say+1 ,b5efit 
& wor? mu/ v>y toge!r1 :i* means t wages
 & sal>ies %\ld correspond to value (   
"w4 ,o!rwise1 ,! society decays f       
increase ( its lea/ wor?y memb]s &      
decrease ( its mo/ wor?y memb]s4  ,^!   
facts are s g5]ally kn[n already1 t !re 
is less dang] ?an is ?\ght by ,sp5c]1 ( 
ei!r ! national e/abli%m5t ( ,socialism 

or ( a ru9\s ext5sion ( gov]nm5tal      
int]f]5ce4 ,! av]age ,am]ican is        
altoge!r too will+ to h 8 weal?y        
neighb\rs tax$ = 8 own b5efit2 b he kn[s
 t he c make himself & 8 family m       
com=table by 8 own ex]tions ?an 8 poor  
neighb\rs are2 & he is n go+ to let any 
gov]nm5t =bid 8 do+ s4 ,he does n object
 to public libr>ies1 & p]haps w\ld n to 
free !atres2 b he w\ld vote d[n any plan
 :i* w\ld prev5t 8 us+ 8 money & "t to 8
 own greate/ advantage4 ,he is sometimes
 misl$ by plausible excuses = wa/+      
public money1 & arre/+ innoc5t p2 b he  
insi/s on at lea/ "s bett] pretext ?an 0
 made = ! old-fa%ion$ m$dl+ ) food1     
clo?+1 bus9ess1 & religion4 ,he may n   
call himself an individuali/2 b he w    
nev] practise ,socialism4  ,?is sort (  
man is already pr$om9ant 9 ,great       
,brita91 z well z 9 ,am]ica2 &          
multiplication ( ! type else:]e is fo/]$
 by mighty t5d5cies4 ,! duty ( treat+ e 
=m ( religion accord+ to e?ical & n     
!ological /&>ds is rapidly becom+ !     

practice ( all civilis$ gov]nm5ts2 &    
p]secution is peculi> to ,turkey &      
,russia4 ,^! two despotisms =m1 )       
,g]many1 ! pr9cipal exceptions to ! rule
 t political lib]ty is on ! increase    
?r\gh\t ,europe1 especially 9 ! =m (    
local self-gov]nm5t4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury  
has made ev5 ! poore/ p m secure ?an ev]
 be=e f oppression & lawless viol5ce1 z 
well z f pe/il5ce & fam9e4 ,de/itution  
is reliev$ m amply & wisely1 :ile       
indu/ry & intellig5ce are enc\rag$ by   
opportunity to enjoy com=ts & luxuries  
once almo/ or altoge!r out ( ! rea* (   
mon>*s4 ,! fett]s =m]ly laid on trade ( 
cities ) _! own suburbs h be5 brok52 & !
 examples ( ,great ,brita9 & ,new ,s\?  
,wales are prov+ t nations pr(it m by   
help+ ?an h9d]+ "o ano!r 9 ! broad pa?s 
( comm]ce4 ,indu/rial effici5cy has     
c]ta9ly be5 mu* promot$ by ! t5d5cy1 n  
only ( sci5tific education b ( manual   
tra9+1 to sub/itute k ( realities =     
qu>rels ab\t ab/ractions4 ,all ^! *anges
 fav\r ! ext5sion ( free in/itutions &  

also ( individual lib]ty1 :]ev] peace c 
be ma9ta9$4 ,indu/rial nations ga9 m ?an
 w>like ones by enc\rag+ intellectual   
indep5d5ce2 b ! g5]al advantage is great
 en\gh to ensure ! f9al triumph (       
lib]ty4     ,,app5dix3 ,,sunday         
,,recreation  ,,?is is mu* m common 9   
,new ,engl& & ,great ,brita9 ?an x 0 9 !
 eighte5? c5tury4 ,! d9n] has become !  
be/1 in/ead ( ! wor/ 9 ! week4 ,sc>cely 
anyone rises e>ly2 & nobody is %ock$ at 
read+ novels4 ,!re is an enorm\s        
circulation 9 bo? ,engli% & ,am]ican    
cities ( ,sunday pap]s ^: aim is simply 
amusem5t4 ,!re is pl5ty ( lively music 9
 ! p>l\rs1 z well z ( m]ry talk 9 :i*   
cl]gym5 are ready to lead4 ,p :o h      
com=table homes c easily make ,sunday ! 
pleasant-e/ day ( ! week4  ,= p :o _c   
get mu* recreation at home1 !re are     
increas+ opportunities to g to conc]ts1 
picture-gall]ies1 & museums4 ,among !   
read+-rooms ?r[n op5 on ,sunday 9       
,am]ica ab\t #ahgj 0 t ( ! ,bo/on       
,public ,libr>y2 & no diff]5ce is n[    

made 9 ?is great in/itution among ! sev5
 days1 except t m *ildr5's books &      
magaz9es are accessible on ,sunday4 ,:at
 important museums are n[ op5 9 ,london1
 ,bo/on1 & ,new ,york h be5 already     
m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,^! opportunities
 are /ill limit$2 b !re is no ob/acle1  
except t ( bad wea!r1 to excursions on  
foot or bicycle1 beh9d horse or         
locomotive1 9 electric c> or /eamboat1  
to bea*es1 ponds1 & o!r places (        
amusem5t4 ,! public p>ks are cr[d$ all  
day long 9 summ]2 & p :o g to *ur* 9 !  
morn+ h no scruple ab\t walk+ or rid+ = 
pleasure 9 ! aft]noon4 ,^! practices 7  
expressly sanction$ by ,massa*usetts 9  
#ahhg1 & by ,new ,j]sey 9 #ahic2 & ! old
 law aga9/ ,sunday visit+ has be5       
repeal$ s9ce #ahhj 9 ,v]mont4  ,! new]  
,/ates h tak5 c>e n to pass su* absurd  
/atutes4 ,i believe t ! majority ( our p
 7 will+1 z = in/ance 0 t prom95t       
,episcopalian1 ,bi%op ,pott]1 to h !    
,*icago ,exposition op5 on ,sundays4    
,!atres & baseball gr\nds attract cr[ds 

( visitors 9 our cities1 especially ^?  
we/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,:atev] *anges are
 made 9 ! ,ea/ w probably be 9 !        
direction ( great] lib]ty4 ,! only "q is
 h[ fa/ ! pres5t opportunities (        
recreation ought to be increas$4  ,no "o
 w\ld n[ agree ) ,dr4 ,*alm]s 9 call+ ! 
,sabba? an exp$i5t = pacify+ ! jeal\sies
 ( a ,god ( v5geance4 ,good p h ceas$ to
 ?9k1 z ! ,puritans did1 t ,pleasures   
are mo/ c>efully to be avoid$ on e day (
 ! week1 or t ,amity to ourselves is    
enmity aga9/ ,god4 ,prea*]s no long]    
recomm5d ab/a9+ n only f unlawful       
pleasures1 b also f lawful delights4    
,popul> cl]gym5 n[ say ) ,dr4 ,bell[s3  
,amusem5t is n only a privilege b a     
duty1 indisp5sable to heal? ( body &    
m9d1 & ess5tial ev5 to ! be/ developm5t 
( religion itself4 ,i put amusem5t among
 ! necess>ies & n ! luxuries ( life4 ,x 
is z good a fri5d to ! *ur* z to !      
!atre1 to s\nd morals & unsup]/iti\s    
piety z to heal? & happ9ess1444 an      
int]e/ ( society :i* ! religi\s class   

in/ead ( reg>d+ ) ho/ility & jeal\sy1   
ought to enc\rage & direct4 ,!re is     
h>dly a m baleful error 9 ! _w ?an t :i*
 has produc$ ! feud betwe5 morality &   
amusem5t1 piety & pleasure4  ,! fact is 
t pleasure means heal?4 ,z ,i h said 9 a
 newspap] entitl$ ,! ,index3 ,x is a    
violation ( ! laws ( heal? = anyone1 n  
absolutely b$-ridd5 or cru%$ by fatigue1
 to sp5d ?irty-six h\rs )\t "s active   
ex]cise 9 ! op5 air4 ,try+ to take en\gh
 on ,saturday to la/ until ,monday1 is  
dang]\s1 & mo/ p h little *ance = heal?y
 ex]cise except on ,sunday4 ,! poor1    
ignorant girl :o has _h no fre% air =   
six days ought to be enc\rag$ to take x 
freely on ! sev5?4 ,& we all ne$ our    
daily ex]cise j z mu* z our regul> food 
& sleep4 ,! two ?\s& delegates :o ask$1 
9 behalf ( n9ety ?\s& work+ m51 9 #ahec1
 to h ! ,cry/al ,palace op5 on ,sundays1
 7 "r 9 decl>+ t ',physical recreation  
is z necess>y to ! work+ man z food &   
dr9k on ! ,sabba?4' ,! fact is t        
pleasure is naturally heal?y ev5 :5 n   

involv+ active ex]cise4 ,d>k ?\ghts bre$
 disease l d>k rooms4 ,! man :o nev]    
laughs has some?+ wrong ab\t 8 dige/ion 
or 8 consci5ce4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has prov$ 
t our pleasant actions are b5eficial1   
:ile pa9ful ones are injuri\s bo? to    
ourselves & to our race4  7,pr9ciples ( 
,psy*ology1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bgh-bhf2 ,am4 
,ed474 ,?us ,sunday amusem5ts are ne$$ =
 ! g5]al heal?4  ,!y are also necess>y =
 ! pres]vation ( morality4 ,?is consi/s 
9 p]=m+ ! actions :i* b5efit ourselves &
 our neighb\rs1 9 o!r words1 pleasant   
ones1 & ab/a9+ f :atev] is pa9ful &     
injuri\s4 ,x is only 9 exceptional cases
 t we c make o!rs happy by suff]+ pa9   
ourselves4 ,n[ & !n ! pa?s ( virtue &   
pleasure div]ge2 b !y always come toge!r
 aga94 ,z a rule1 !y trav]se precisely !
 same gr\nd & 9 exactly ! same          
direction4 ,?is is v =tunate2 = if      
pleasure 7 always vici\s1 virtue w\ld be
 hateful & impossible4 ,! mo/ bless$ (  
all peacemak]s is he :o keeps virtue &  
pleasure f fall+ out4 ,!re is no bett]  

text ?an t :i* ! little girl said %e _h 
le>n$ at ,sunday-s*ool3 ',*a9 up a *ild 
& away %e w g6' ,ev5 s /rict a man z    
,dr4 ,johnson said3 ',i am a great fri5d
 to public amusem5ts1 = !y keep p f     
vice4' ,is !re no ne$ ( !m on ! day :5  
!re is m dr9k+1 gambl+1 & o!r gross vice
 ?an on any o!r8 ,ne$ ,i say :at day    
keeps our policem5 & crim9al c\rts mo/  
busy1 or cr[ds our hospitals ) suff]]s f
 riot\s brawls8 ,has n ! exp]i5ce ( two 
hundr$ & fifty ye>s ju/ifi$ ^? ,engli%  
/atesm5 :o %[$ !mselves mu* wis] ?an _! 
,puritan contempor>ies 9 recomm5d+      
ar*]y1 danc+1 & o!r div]sions on        
,sunday1 because =bidd+ !m 'sets up     
fil?y tippl+ & drunk5ness8' ,to keep a  
man :o does n c>e to g to *ur* f gett+  
any amusem5t1 is to pu% him t[>ds !     
saloon4 ,& n only ! laws aga9/ liquor   
sell+1 b o!rs ev5 m necess>y = our      
safety1 w\ld be mu* bett] en=c$ if we   
did n enc\rage lawlessness by keep+ up  
/atutes :i* our be/ m5 & wom5 violate   
)\t scruple & ) impunity1 or :i*        

actually prev5t good p f tak+ su*       
recreation z !y "k !y ought to h4       
,outgr[n ord9ances %\ld n be suff]$ to  
drag j & necess>y laws d[n into         
contempt4 ,nobody wants to revive ^? old
 laws ( ,massa*usetts ,bay :i* =bade p  
to we> lace1 or buy =eign fruit1 or *>ge
 m ?an a fix$ price = a day's "w4 ,no m 
,quak]s w ev] sw+ f a ,bo/on gall[s     
m]ely = prea*+4 ,b our laws aga9/       
,sunday amusem5ts are 9 ! same _s z t   
:i* hung ,m>y ,dy]4 ,9 old times1       
gov]nm5t kept cont9ually tell+ p :at to 
d1 & took especial pa9s to make !m g to 
*ur* on ,sunday4 ,if !y /ay$ away1 !y 7 
f9$2 if !y did n become memb]s1 !y 7 n  
all[$ to vote2 if !y got up rival       
s]vices1 !y 7 hung2 if !y took any      
amusem5t on ,sunday1 !y 7 :ipp$4 ,all   
f\r classes ( laws = ! same unju/ end h 
pass$ away1 except t aga9/ ,sunday      
recreation4 ,?is /ill survives 9 a      
modifi$ =m4 ,b ev5 9 ?is %ape x is      
utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! fundam5tal    
pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t4 ,all ,am]ican 

legislation1 f ! ,decl>ation (          
,indep5d5ce1 re/s on ! great tru? t our 
gov]nm5t is f\nd$ 9 ord] to secure u 9  
our unali5able rights to life1 lib]ty1 &
 ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,our ,/ate is a  
limit$ p>tn]%ip = mutual protection4 ,we
 c>ry x on 9 ord] to make our fre$om m  
complete2 & we tol]ate no re/rictions on
 ourselves except su* z are necess>y    
conditions ( ! greate/ possible lib]ty4 
,^! pr9ciples are already fully         
ackn[l$g$ on six days ( ! week1 b only  
p>tly on ! sev5?4 ,/ill1 !re is a gr[+  
recognition ( ! lik5ess betwe5 laws     
aga9/ ,sunday amusem5ts & su*           
prohibitions ( eat+ meat 9 ,l5t z once  
caus$ p to be burn$ alive4  ,a weekly   
day ( re/ is a bless+2 b ,david ,sw+ is 
"r 9 say+ t ,absolute re/1 p]fectly     
satisfactory to horse & dog1 is n       
adequate to ! high nature ( man4        
,complete torpor ( m9d & body is m      
*>act]i/ic ( a ,h9doo fakir ?an ( a     
,*ri/ian sa9t4 ,%\ld ^? :o wi% to re/ z 
mu* z possible on ,sunday sleep 9 *ur*8 

,!re is no?+ irreligi\s 9 fre% air4 ,!  
t5d5cy ( outdoor ex]cise to purify &    
elevate our ?\ghts is s /rong t ,k+sley 
actually def5d$ play+ cricket on ,sunday
 z a c>ry+ out ( ! div95ess ( ! ,sabba?4
 ,if !re is no ho/ility betwe5 religion 
& amusem5t on six days ( ! week1 !re _c 
be mu* on ! sev5?4  ,no ,prote/ants are 
m religi\s ?an ! ,sw$es & ,norwegians4  
,ev]ybody goes to *ur*2 !re is !ological
 tea*+ 9 ! public-s*ools2 & advocacy (  
lib]al religi\s views 0 puni%$ 9 #ahhh )
 imprisonm5t4 ,no ,sc&9avian objects1 s 
f> z ,i "k1 to indoor games1 croquet1   
danc+1 or go+ to ! !atre on ,sunday2 &  
^! amusem5ts are ackn[l$g$ to be        
p]fectly prop] ?r\gh\t cont95tal        
,europe4 ,no "o :o all[s himself any    
ex]cise or recreation on ,sunday has a  
"r to say t 8 neighb\rs d n ne$ m ?an he
 does4 ,lyman ,bee*] c\ld n prea* 8 be/ 
on any day :5 he did n "w h>d at saw+   
wood or %ovell+ s& 9 8 cell>4 ,!re w\ld 
be less dyspepsia on ,monday if !re 7 m 
ex]cise on ,sunday4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] tells 

u t ,happ9ess is ! mo/ p[]ful ( tonics4 
,by accel]at+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 x
 facilitates ! p]=mance ( e function2 & 
s t5ds alike to increase heal? :]e x    
exi/s1 & to re/ore x :5 x has be5 lo/4  
,h5ce ! ess5tial sup]iority ( play to   
gymna/ics4  ,a ,bible ,danc+ ,class is  
said to h be5 organis$1 9 def]5ce to su*
 facts1 9 ,new ,j]sey by an             
,episcopalian pa/or1 :o p]haps wi%es to 
accompli% ,j]emiah's pr$iction ( !      
,messianic k+dom1 ,!n %all ! virg9      
rejoice 9 ! dance4 ,among o!r lib]al    
cl]gym5 is ,brooke ,h]=d1 :o says3 ,we  
want ,sunday to be ! happie/ day 9 all !
 week4 ,keep x free f lab\r1 b free =   
all quiet1 innoc5t recreations4 ,rev4   
,*>les ,voysey wrote me 9 #ahhg1 lam5t+ 
! immorality aris+ f ! curse ( hav+ no?+
 to d or n[h]e to g on ,sunday aft]noons
 & ev5+s4 ,"y p]sons especially1 he     
said1 w\ld be bett]1 & morally m safe1 =
 great] opportunities ( innoc5t pleasure
 & games at ! h\rs ( en=c$ idl5ess on ! 
,sunday4  ,! _s ( ! legislators is *ang+

 l t ( ! cl]gy4 ,! fir/ laws aga9/      
,sunday amusem5t 7 pass$ by m5 :o ?\ght 
all pleasure vici\s on e day ( ! week4  
,our pres5t /atutes are kept 9 =ce by p 
:o l amusem5t1 & get all !y want ( x2 b 
:o make x almo/ impossible = _! poor    
neighb\rs1 9 ord] to conciliate         
ecclesia/ical prejudice4 ,!y b9d heavy  
burd5s & griev\s to be borne & lay !m on
 m5's %\ld]s2 b !y !mselves d n feel !  
weight4  ,:atev] may be ! advantage (   
keep+ ,sunday1 x _c be kept religi\sly  
:5 x is kept compulsorily4 ,re/ f       
unnecess>y lab\r & bus9ess on "o day e  
week may be = ! public welf>e2 b ?is re/
 is n made m secure by indiscrim9ate    
prohibitions ( amusem5t4 ,! idle/ man is
 ! mo/ easily tempt$ to di/urb 8        
neighb\rs4 ,no man's prop]ty is m safe  
or 8 p]sonal lib]ty m secure because 8  
neighb\rs are liable to be f9$ = play+  
golf4 ,laws aga9/ ,sunday recreation d n
 protect b violate individual lib]ty4 ,a
 free gov]nm5t has no bus9ess to int]f]e
 ) ! "r ( ! citiz5s to take heal?y      

ex]cise & innoc5t amusem5t :5ev] !y     
*oose4  ,^! consid]ations w\ld ju/ify a 
prote/1 n only aga9/ ! ,sunday laws made
 by ,congress = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 
b also aga9/ ! /atutes ( e ,/ate 9 !    
,union1 except ,arizona1 ,cali=nia1     
,idaho1 ,l\isiana1 & ,wyom+4 ,:oev] is  
pres5t at any sport1 game1 play1 or     
public div]sion1 except a conc]t ( sacr$
 music1 or an ent]ta9m5t giv5 by a      
religi\s or *>itable society1 ! proce$s 
( :i*1 if any1 are to be devot$         
exclusively to a religi\s or *>itable   
purpose1 on :at is call$ ! ,"l's day 9  
,massa*usetts is liable to a f9e ( five 
doll>s2 ! p5alty = tak+ "p may be fifty 
doll>s2 & ! proprietor or manag] may be 
f9$ z mu* z five hundr$ doll>s4 ,new    
,j]sey /ill keeps h] old law aga9/ s++1 
fiddl+1 or o!r music = ! sake ( m]rim5t2
 & express prohibitions ( any sport are 
/ill ma9ta9$ by ,connecticut1 ,ma9e1 &  
,rhode ,isl&4 ,prom95t among o!r ,/ates 
:i* =bid amusem5ts ackn[l$g$ innoc5t on 
six days ( ! week1 are ,new ,hamp%ire1  

,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,v]mont4 ,_m
 ( our ,/ates %[ p>ticul> ho/ility to   
c>d-play+1 danc+1 & !atre-go+4 ,! fact t
 fi%+ 0 practis$ by "s ( ! ,apo/les on  
,sunday has n sav$ ?is quiet recreation 
f be+ prohibit$ by m ?an tw5ty          
commonweal?s4  ,if e ,sunday law 7 a    
dead lett]1 x ought to be repeal$1      
because x t5ds to br+ ne$$ laws into    
contempt2 b among rec5t results (       
,sunday legislation are ! foll[+4 ,9    
#ahgf "s *ildr5 7 f9$ = play+ ball 9    
,rhode ,isl&2 s1 ab\t ?is "t1 9         
,massa*usetts1 7 a boy = skat+1 a "y man
 = play+ lawn-t5nis1 & a m]*ant = fi%+ )
 8 little son4 ,9 #ahid two m5 7 f9$ #aj
 ea* = play+ golf on a lonely hill1 9 ! 
commonweal? j m5tion$2 five boys "u     
fifte5 arre/$ = play+ m>bles 9 ,new     
,york ,city2 & e memb] ( a baseball club
 9 ,p5nsylvania f9$4 ,9 #ahie a man & a 
boy ( fifte5 7 f9$ #bj ea* = fi%+ 9 ,new
 ,york2 & ! attempt ( "s cl]gym51 aid$  
by police1 to break up a %[ 9 ,miss\ri1 
caus$ a tumult 9 :i* m5's heads 7 brok5 

by clubs1 :ile wom5 & *ildr5 7 trampl$  
und]foot4 ,on ! fir/ ,sunday t ! ,london
 gall]ies & museums 7 ?r[n op5 to _!    
own]s1 ,may #bd1 #ahif1 two m5 7 %ot    
dead 9 ,attleboro1 ,mass41 by a         
policeman :o _h be5 ord]$ to break up a 
clambake4 ,9 t same ye> & ,/ate1 a      
manag] 0 f9$ #gj = all[+ ,yankee ,doodle
 to be p]=m$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,!atre2 ?ree m5 
7 arre/$ = b[l+2 half a doz5 ,jews :o _h
 be5 play+ c>ds 9 a private h\se 7 f9$  
#aj or #bj ea*1 & ^? :o c\ld n pay 7 s5t
 to jail4 ,among ! ,sabba?-break]s      
arre/$ 9 #ahig 7 a numb] ( newsboys at !
 national capital1 n9e golf]s 9         
,massa*usetts1 a "y man = hold+ "o end (
 a rope ov] :i* "s little girls 7 skipp+
 9 ,new ,york ,city1 & also ! manag] ( a
 %[ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 :o sp5t t5 days 9    
jail4 ,f9es 7 levi$ 9 #ahih = play+ golf
 9 ,connecticut1 & tw5ty-five fi%]m5 7  
arre/$ on "o ,sunday 9 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4
 ,su* are ! risks :i* /ill accompany    
innoc5t & heal?y amusem5ts 9 ! ,ea/]n   
,/ates4 ,_m su* arre/s are made 9 ord]  

to collect fees1 or gratify malice2 &   
nei!r motive ought to be enc\rag$ by !  
fri5ds ( religion4  ,"s magi/rates 9    
,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y41 are believ$1 :ile 
/ill hold+ t baseball breaks ! ,sabba?1 
to h discov]$ t golf does n4 ,x is fur!r
 said t on ,july #i1 #ahii1 "s baseball 
m5 :o _h be5 play+ a ,sunday game to a  
l>ge cr[d sav$ !mselves f arre/ by us+  
_! bats & balls to imitate golf+ z soon 
z a policeman appe>$ 9 _! gr\nds4  ,none
 ( ! ,sunday laws is s mis*iev\s z !    
decree ( ,mrs4 ,grundy aga9/ all =ms (  
recreation n practis$ by ! weal?y &     
fa%ionable4 ,^! p h s mu* "t on six days
 ( ! week = active outdoor sport &      
indoor public ent]ta9m5ts1 t !y make    
little attempt to indulge 9 su*         
recreations on ,sunday4 ,p :o h only ?is
 "o *ance ( play+ ball1 or danc+1 or go+
 to /]eopticon lectures1 conc]ts1 &     
op]as1 suff] 9 heal? by hav+ ^!         
recreations made unpopul> z well z      
illegal4 ,! climate ( ,new ,engl& & ,new
 ,york1 z well z ( ,great ,brita9 &     

,canada1 has un=tunately be5 s arrang$ t
 !re are a great _m cold & ra9y         
,sundays1 :5 mu* "t _c be sp5t          
pleasantly 9 walk+ or rid+4 ,?is matt]s 
little to p :o get all ! amusem5t !y    
want 9 _! p>l\rs4 ,b :at becomes ( p :o 
h no p>l\rs8 ,= in/ance1 ( s]vant-girls 
:o h no place :]e !y c s+ or ev5 laugh8 
,%op-girls & factory-girls f9d _! little
 rooms1 ,sunday aft] ,sunday1 too mu* l 
prisons4 ,"y m5 are p]haps ev5 m        
un=tunate2 = !y g to ! saloon1 ?\gh ?is 
is (t5 clos$ )\t any bett] place (      
amusem5t be+ op5$4 ,:y %\ld e week 9 a  
democratic c\ntry beg9 ) an ari/ocratic 
,sunday1 a day ^: pleasures are ma9ly = 
! ri*8  ,libr>ies & museums are bless$  
places ( refuge2 b ,:at are !y among s  
_m8 ,! resid5ts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia
 are p>ticul>ly un=tunate1 z !          
,smi?sonian ,museum1 ,national ,libr>y1 
& o!r build+s1 :i* are op5 dur+ six     
days1 are kept %ut on ,sunday4 ,congress
 seems to be ( ! op9ion t work+ p ne$ no
 k ( natural hi/ory1 except :at !y c get

 f s]mons ab\t ,jonah's :ale & ,noah's  
ark4 ,wa%+ton is n ! only city ^: ri* m5
 ought to rememb] ! w>n+ ( ,heb]        
,newton3 ,ev]y?+ t t5ds to fo/] among   
our work+ p ! notion ( class privilege  
is mak+ aga9/ ! true/ morality 9 our    
mid/4 ,z !y look ^u ! case1 x is !      
weal?y p1 ^: homes are private libr>ies 
& gall]ies ( art1 :o prote/ aga9/ ! op5+
 ( our libr>ies & museums to ^? :o c    
af=d no libr>ies & buy no pictures4     
,sabbat>ianism is build+ v dang]\s fires
 to-day4  ,we %\ld all be glad to h m   
intellectual culture giv5 on ,sunday4   
,"o way ( giv+ x w\ld be = ! *ur*es to  
op5 public read+-rooms 9 ! aft]noon4    
,?is w\ld be decid$ly = _! own int]e/2 &
 s w\ld be deliv]y ( ev5+ lectures on   
hi/ory1 biography1 & lit]ature4 ,!      
,sunday-s*ools 9 ,engl& f\nd x necess>y1
 ev5 z late z #ahej1 to give mu* "t to  
tea*+ read+ & writ+ z well z ! high]    
bran*es4 ,sunday-s*ool rooms 9 ,am]ica1 
:i* n[ are left useless aft] ,sunday    
noon1 might be employ$ 9 tea*+ ,engli%  

to ,g]man1 ,italian1 & ,sc&9avian       
immigrants dur+ ! aft]noon & ev5+4      
,classes might also be =m$ 9 vocal      
music1 light gymna/ics1 ,am]ican &      
,engli% hi/ory & lit]ature1 physiology1 
sociology1 & political economy4 ,su*    
*anges w\ld make our *ur*es all ! m     
wor?y ( ! f\nd]1 :o w5t ab\t do+ good4  
,! obs]vance ( ,sunday z a day ( re/ f  
lab\r & bus9ess w be all ! m popul> z x 
is made preci\s to irreligi\s p4 ,!y are
 num]\s en\gh to h a "r to ask t !      
public s*ool-h\ses be op5$ = free       
classes 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 draw+1 &       
modell+2 botany1 *emi/ry1 & bird-lore2  
cook+1 sew+1 & wood-"w4 ,if tea*]s ( ^! 
bran*es 7 employ$ on ,sunday by our     
cities1 less money w\ld be ne$$ =       
police4 ,our indu/rial int]e/s w\ld     
c]ta9ly ga9 by hav+ ?is sy/em c>ri$ out 
z f>1 = in/ance1 z is done by ,lyons &  
,milan1 :i* h special ,sunday-s*ools =  
tea*+ weav+4 ,goldsmi?s are in/ruct$ by 
simil> s*ools 9 ,au/ria1 & blacksmi?s 9 
,saxony4 ,! full advantage ( ,sunday    

classes ( ! v>i\s k9ds "h sugge/$ might 
n p]haps be se5 until a ta/e = !m c\ld  
be made g5]al1 b do+ ?is w\ld g f> to   
dim9i% ! ta/e = saloons4  ,! fir/ /ep1  
h[ev]1 :i* ought to be tak5 by our      
legislatures is ! repeal ( all laws     
h9d]+ ! sale ( tickets on ,sunday to    
exhibitions ( pictures or curiosities1  
conc]ts1 /]eopticon lectures1 or o!r    
in/ructive ent]ta9m5ts :i* are ackn[l$g$
 in(f5sive dur+ ! re/ ( ! week4 ,h[ f>  
dramatic p]=mances & o!r v attractive   
=ms ( public amusem5t %\ld be p]mitt$ to
 take place on ,sunday is a "q :i* ought
 to be settl$ by municipal au?orities1 )
 due ref]5ce to ea* special case4 ,! p  
^: feel+s ought to be consid]$ are n ^? 
:o wi% to /ay away f su* places4 ,!y c  
easily d t )\t help f ! police4 ,! p :o 
ought to be he>d1 fir/ & la/1 are ^? :o 
wi% to get innoc5t amusem5t on _! "o day
 ( leisure2 & ! only ?+ :i* ! police ne$
 d is to see t !y d get x )\t be+       
defraud$ or tempt$ into vice4 ,only !   
actual exi/5ce ( su* temptation c ju/ify

 int]f]5ce ) danc+ or c>d-play+ 9 a     
private h\se4 ,! ,sunday re=ms mo/ ne$$1
 h[ev]1 are ^? :i* w promote out-door   
ex]cise & m5tal culture4     ,,li/ ,,(  
,,dates  #aggf4 ,decl>ation ( ,am]ican  
indep5d5ce1 ,july #d?4  #aghj4          
,emancipation 9 ,massa*usetts &         
,p5nsylvania4  #aghc4 ,peace betwe5 ,,il
 ,s4 ,a4 & ,great ,brita91 ,septemb]    
#c;d4  #aghe4 ,great prosp]ity ( ,briti%
 factories ab\t ?is "t4  #aghg4 ,slav]y 
prohibit$ nor? ( ,ohio ,riv]2           
slave-trade oppos$ 9 ,engl&2 ,b5?am's   
,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation     
publi%$4  #aghh4 ,con/itution ( ,u4 ,s4 
,a4 ratifi$ by a suffici5t numb] (      
,/ates1 ,june #ba/4  #aghi4 ,ba/ille    
tak51 ,july #ad?4  #agia4 ,pa9e's       
,rights ( ,man1 ,"p ,l1 publi%$1 ,m>*   
#ac?2 ,l\is ,,xvi4 accepts ! new        
con/itution1 ,septemb] #ad?4  #agib4    
,france a republic1 ,septemb] #ba/4     
#agic4 ,slav]y aboli%$ 9 ,fr5* colonies1
 ,febru>y #d?4  #agie4 ,insurrection 9  
,p>is cru%$ by ,bonap>te1 ,octob] #e?2  

free public s*ools f\nd$ ?r\gh\t        
,france4  #agif4 ,bonap>te comm&] ( army
 ( ,italy1 ,m>* #d?4  #agig4 ,fr5*      
,directory makes itself absolute1       
,septemb] #d?2 ,v5ice c$$ by ,france to 
,au/ria4  #agih4 ,iri% rebellion1 ,may  
#bc;d4  #agii4 ,usurpation by ,bonap>te1
 ,novemb] #aj?4  #ahjj4 ,election (     
,jeff]son2 ,s*ell+'s ,transc5d5tal      
,idealism publi%$4  #ahja4 ,inauguration
 ( ,jeff]son1 ,m>* #d?4  #ahjb4 ,bir? ( 
,victor ,hugo1 ,febru>y #bf?2 ,lam>ck's 
,re*]*es publi%$4  #ahjc4 ,hayti decl>es
 h]self indep5d5t1 ,janu>y #b;d2 dea? ( 
,t\ssa9t 9 prison1 ,april #bg?2 bir? (  
,em]son1 ,may #be?2 ,emmet's            
insurrection 9 ,irel&1 ,july #bc;d4     
#ahjd4 ,! ,code ,napoleon ann\nc$1      
,janu>y2 ,napoleon pro-,lib]ty 9 !      
,n9ete5? ,c5tury claim$ ,emp]or1 ,may   
#ah?2 cr[n$1 ,decemb] #b;d2 ,s*ill]'s   
,william ,tell publi%$4  #ahje4 ,battle 
( ,au/]litz1 ,decemb] #b;d4  #ahjf4     
,dea? ( ,s*ill]1 ,may #i?2 bir? ( ,j4   
,s4 ,mill1 ,may #bj?2 battle ( ,j5a1    

,octob] #ad?2 ,b]l9 decree ( ,napoleon  
aga9/ comm]ce ) ,great ,brita91 ,novemb]
 #ba/4  #ahjg4 ,slave-trade prohibit$ by
 ,great ,brita91 ,m>* #be?2 ,peace (    
,tilsit1 ,july #g?1 raises ,napoleon to 
height ( p[]2 emb>go laid by ,u4 ,s4    
,a41 ,decemb] #bb;d2 ,ok5 ann\nces !    
v]tebral analogy ( ! skull2 ,hegel's    
,pha5om5ologie des ,gei/es publi%$4     
#ahjh4 ,rebellion ( ,spani>ds aga9/     
,fr5* rule2 wit*craft mob 9 ,engl&2     
,goe!'s ,fau/1 ,"p ,l1 publi%$4  #ahji4 
,bir? ( ,d>w91 ,febru>y #ab?2 revolt (  
,tyrolese "u ,h(]1 ,april #h?2 /ates ( !
 ,*ur* annex$ to ,france1 ,may #ag?2    
dea? ( ,pa9e1 ,june #h?2 ,pope          
imprison$1 ,july #f?2 divorce (         
,joseph9e1 ,decemb] #ae?2 ,lam>ck's     
,philosophie ,zoologique publi%$4       
#ahaj4 ,h(] %ot1 ,febru>y #bj?2 m>riage 
( ,napoleon ) ,au/rian ,ar*du*ess1      
,april #a/2 po/-(fices requir$ to op5 e 
,sunday 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,april #cj?2     
revolt aga9/ ,spani% rule ( ,bu5os      
,ayres1 ,may #be?1 & ( ,*ili1 ,septemb] 

#ah?4  #ahaa4 ,nott+ham riots aga9/     
ma*9]y1 ,novemb]4  #ahab4 ,bir? (       
,dick5s1 ,febru>y #g?2 w> aga9/ ,great  
,brita9 decl>$ by ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,june    
#ah?2 ,well+ton ent]s ,madrid1 ,augu/   
#ab?2 ,mosc[ burn$1 ,septemb] #ad?2     
,byron's ,*ilde ,h>old1 ,col]idge's     
,fri5d1 & ,hegel's ,logik publi%$4      
#ahac4 ,well+ton invades ,france1       
,octob] #g?2 battle ( ,leipsic1 ,octob] 
#af?1 #ah?1 & #ai?2 ,francia rul] (     
,p>aguay2 ,unit>ian disabilities remov$ 
9 ,engl&2 ,%elley's ,que5 ,mab & ,ow5's 
,new ,view ( ,society publi%$4  #ahad4  
,napoleon is depos$ by ,s5ate1 ,april   
#a/1 & abdicates1 ,april #aa?2 lib]al   
con/itution introduc$ by ,l\is ,,xviii41
 ,may2 ,wa%+ton tak5 & burn$ by ,briti%1
 ,augu/ #bd?2 ,peace ( ,gh5t betwe5 ,u4 
,s4 ,a4 & ,great ,brita91 ,decemb] #bd?2
 ,congress ( ,vi5na op5s ,novemb] #c;d2 
graves ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau violat$4  
#ahae4 ,battle ( ,new ,orleans1 ,janu>y 
#h?2 ,wat]loo1 ,june #ah?2 controv]sy ( 
,unit>ians & ,tr9it>ians 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a42 

la/ h]etic burn$ 9 ,mexico2 ,lam>ck     
publi%es ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/oire     
,naturelle4  #ahag4 ,%elley's *ildr5    
tak5 f him on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions1 ,m>*  
#bf?2 demon/ration at ! ,w>tburg1       
,octob] #ah?2 unusual pov]ty 9 ,engl&2  
h] au?ors & orators made liable to      
imprisonm5t )\t a trial2 ,b5-?am dem&s  
suffrage = m5 & wom5 n illit]ate2       
,%elley's ,revolt ( ,islam publi%$4     
#ahah4 ,*ili lib]at$ by battle ( ,maipu1
 won by ,san ,m>t91 ,april #e?2 religi\s
 te/s aboli%$ 9 ,connecticut2 ,hannah   
,m4 ,crock]'s ,rights ( ,wom5 publi%$4  
#ahai4 ,assass9ation ( ,kotzebue1 ,m>*  
#bc;d2 ,c>lsbad ,conf]5ce1 ,augu/ #a/2  
,pet]loo massacre at ,man*e/]1 ,augu/   
#af?2 ,%elley's ,prome!us ,unb\nd       
publi%$4  #ahbj4 ,revolution 9 ,spa91   
,janu>y #a/2 & at ,naples1 ,july #b;d2  
assass9ation ( ,fr5* pr9ces1 ,febru>y   
#ac?1 causes reaction aga9/ lib]alism2  
bir? ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,april #bg?2      
,ow5's plan ( ,socialism propos$1 ,may  
#a/2 conf]5ce ( ,troppau1 ,decemb] #h?2 

,miss\ri ,compromise2 ,sydney ,smi?     
asks1 ,:o reads an ,am]ican book82      
,irv+'s ,rip ,van ,w9kle & ,leg5d (     
,sleepy ,holl[ publi%$4  #ahba4 ,brazil 
beg9s a revolt1 ,janu>y #a/1 z d ,greece
 & ,s>d9ia 9 ,april1 & ,p]u 9 ,july2    
dea? ( ,napoleon1 ,may #e?2 ,v5ezuela & 
,colombra made free by battle (         
,c>abolo1 won ,june #bd?1 by ,boliv>2   
,au/ria supreme 9 ,italy2 ,lundy beg9s 8
 ,g5ius ( ,univ]sal ,emancipation4      
#ahbb4 ,dea? ( ,%elley1 ,july #h?2      
indep5d5ce ( ,brazil proclaim$1         
,septemb] #h?2 massacre at ,scio2       
,f\rri]'s book on ,association publi%$4 
#ahbc4 ,spani% patriots cru%$ by ,fr5*  
army1 ,april2 ,monroe ,doctr9e ann\nc$1 
,decemb] #a/2 ,briti% ,anti-,slav]y     
,society =m$2 ,victor ,hugo's ,odes &   
,ballads publi%$4  #ahbd4 ,mexico a     
republic1 ,janu>y #ca/2 ,boliv>1        
dictator ( ,f]u1 ,febru>y #aj?1 defeats 
,spani>ds at ,aya*uco1 ,decemb] #i?2    
dea? ( ,byron1 ,april #ai?2 accession ( 
,*>les ,x41 ,septemb] #af?2 repeal (    

/atutes =bidd+ ,engli% lab\r]s to comb9e
 or emigrate2 ,we/m9/] ,review f\nd$4   
#ahbe4 ,mu* opposition to slav]y 9      
,k5tucky1 ,m>yl&1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 _m   
sociali/ communities f\nd$ 9 ,u4 ,s4    
,a42 elective c\rses ( /udy at ,h>v>d   
,college1 & also at ! ,univ]sity (      
,virg9ia1 :]e att5dance at religi\s     
ex]cises is made volunt>y2 ,col]idge's  
,aids to ,reflection publi%$4  #ahbf4   
,citiz5s ( ,new ,york petition = repeal 
( ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 & =            
emancipation 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4  
#ahbg4 ,battle ( ,nav>9o1 ,octob] #bj?2 
,taylor s5t to prison = blasphemy1      
,octob] #bd?4  #ahbh4 ,te/ ,act repeal$2
 ,frances ,wright lectures aga9/ cl]gy4 
#ahbi4 ,jackson inaugurat$ ,m>* #d?2    
,ca?olic ,emancipation ,act sign$1      
,april #ac?2 ,miss ,wright op5s a ,hall 
( ,sci5ce 9 ,new ,york ,city on ,sunday1
 ,april #be?2 ,james ,mill's ,analysis &
 ,f\rri]'s ,indu/rial ,new ,_w publi%$4 
#ahcj4 ,indep5d5ce ( ,greece ackn[l$g$  
by ,turkey1 ,april #be?2 accession (    

,william ,,iv41 ,july #bf?2 revolution  
at ,p>is beg9s ,july #bg?2 ,k+'s troops 
driv5 out1 ,july #bi?2 he is succe$$ by 
,l\is ,philippe1 ,augu/ #i?2 revolts 9  
,brussels1 ,w>saw1 & ,dresd52 indep5d5ce
 ( ,belgium ackn[l$g$1 ,decemb] #bf?2   
,he!r+ton s5t to prison = six mon?s =   
publi%+ ,! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian2       
,victor ,hugo's ,h]nani act$2 ,t5nyson's
 ,poems & ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology
 publi%$4  #ahca4 ,fir/ numb] ( ,!      
,lib]ator ,janu>y #a/1 & ( ,!           
,inve/igator1 ,april #b;d2 ,c>lile s5t  
to prison = 8 writ+s1 ,janu>y #aj?2     
,cobbett tri$ & acquitt$1 ,july #ca/2   
massacre ( fifty-five :ite m51 wom51 &  
*ildr5 by slaves 9 ,virg9ia1 ,sunday1   
,augu/ #ba/2 ,w>saw surr5d]s to         
,russians1 ,septemb] #g?2 ,re=m ,bill   
defeat$ by bi%ops1 ,octob] #g?2 ,jamaica
 insurrection1 ,decemb] #bb;d2 free     
trade conv5tion 9 ,philadelphia2 ,victor
 ,hugo's ,notre ,dame de ,p>is publi%$4 
#ahcb4 ,new ,engl& ,anti-,slav]y        
,society f\nd$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,janu>y #a/    

7becomes ,mass4 ,a4 ,s4 9 #ahcf72 dea? (
 ,goe!1 ,m>* #bb;d2 ! insurrection at   
,p>is describ$ 9 ,les ,mis]ables1 ,june 
#e? & #f?2 ,re=m ,bill pass$ & sign$1   
,june #g?2 ,jackson re-elect$1 ,novemb] 
#f?2 woman suffrage lecture 9 ,london1  
,decemb] #b;d2 ,jackson's proclamation  
aga9/ attempt ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a to sec$e1  
,decemb] #aa?2 bloody resi/ance to ti!s 
9 ,irel&2 ,elliott's ,corn ,law ,rhymes 
publi%$4  #ahcc4 ,gradual r$uction (    
t>iff vot$ by ,congress1 ,m>* #a/2 dea? 
( ,b5?am1 ,june #f?2 ,act ( ,p>liam5t = 
emancipation 9 ,we/ ,indies pass$ ,augu/
 #bh?2 ,am]ican ,anti-,slav]y ,society  
f\nd$ at ,philadelphia1 ,decemb]2       
pro-slav]y mobs !re & 9 ,new ,york      
,city2 municipal suffrage ext5d$ 9      
,scotl&2 unsect>ian public s*ools 9     
,irel&2 fir/ free t[n libr>y 9 ,u4 ,s4  
,a4 f\nd$ at ,pet]boro1 ,n4 ,h41 & op5$ 
,sundays !nce=?2 ,em]son's fir/ lecture2
 ,c>lyle's ,s>tor ,res>tus publi%$4     
#ahcd4 ,emancipation 9 ,we/ ,indies     
takes place1 ,augu/ i/2 new poor law 9  

,engl&1 ,augu/ #ad?2 insurrection head$ 
by ,mazz9i 9 ,italy4  #ahce4 ,dea? (    
,cobbett1 ,june #af?2 anti-slav]y       
p]iodicals tak5 f po/-(fice at ,*>le/on1
 ,s4 ,c1 & burn$ by mob1 ,july2 conv5t  
at ,*>le/[n1 ,mass41 burn$ by a mob1    
,augu/2 ,g>rison mobb$ 9 ,bo/on1 & o!r  
abolitioni/s 9 ,new ,york & ,v]mont1    
,octob] #ba/2 ext5sion ( municipal      
suffrage 9 ,engl&2 ,tocqueville's       
,democracy 9 ,am]ica & ,/rauss's ,life (
 ,jesus publi%$4  #ahcf4 ,transc5d5tal  
,club f\nd$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,septemb]2 ,p>k]  
beg9s to prea*2 ti!s commut$ 9 ,engl&2  
taxes on newspap]s r$uc$2 diss5t]s      
p]mitt$ to m>ry )\t disob$i5ce to       
consci5ce2 ,em]son's ,nature & ,dick5s' 
,pickwick ,pap]s publi%$4  #ahcg4       
,discussion ( slav]y 9 ,h\se (          
,repres5tatives suppress$1 ,janu>y2     
,miss ,grimke's anti-slav]y lectures1   
,june2 ,em]son's address on ,! ,am]ican 
,s*ol>1 ,augu/ #ca/2 ,anti-,slav]y      
,conv5tion ( ,n4 ,e4 ,me?odi/s1 ,octob] 
#be?2 ,c>lyle's ,fr5* ,revolution       

publi%$4  #ahch4 ,em]son's ,div9ity     
,s*ool ,address1 ,july #ae?2 ,kneel&    
imprison$ sixty days1 t same summ]1 =   
blasphemy2 ,p5nsylvania ,hall burn$ by a
 pro-slav]y mob2 ,iri% ti! sy/em re=m$2 
dagu]reotypes inv5t$2 ,atlantic cross$  
by /eam2 railroad f ,london to          
,birm+ham2 ,*ann+'s ,self-,culture      
publi%$4  #ahci4 ,anti-,corn-,law       
,league organis$1 ,m>* #bj?2 unsect>ian 
common s*ools 9 ,engl&2 great ,*>ti/    
petition2 ,pope =bids att5dance at !    
sci5tific congress at ,pisa4  #ahdj4    
,p5ny po/age1 ,janu>y #aj?2 nom9ation ( 
c&idate = ,presid5t1 ,april i/1 by      
,lib]ty p>ty3 qu>rels 9 ,may among      
abolitioni/s2 ,_w's ,anti-,slav]y       
,conv5tion at ,london1 9 ,june1 refuses 
seats to female delegates2 local        
self-gov]nm5t 9 ,iri% cities2 prote/ (  
,am]ican ,ca?olics aga9/ sect>ianism (  
public s*ools2 ,! ,dial beg9s2 ,c>lyle's
 ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip publi%$4  #ahda1 
,he!r+ton imprison$ 9 ,engl& = publi%+  
,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy1 & ! editor ( !     

,oracle ( ,reason = attack+ ! ,bible2   
,em]son's fir/ volume ( ,essays publi%$4
  #ahdb4 ,g>rison calls on free ,/ates  
to sec$e1 ,may2 dea? ( ,*ann+1 ,octob]  
#b;d2 ,brook ,f>m />t$1 z are _m        
communties ab\t ?is "t2 ,sp5c]'s !ory ( 
! limits ( gov]nm5t publi%$1 #ahdd4     
,morse proves value ( telegraph by      
ann\nc+ nom9ation ( ,frel+huys5 =       
,vice-,presid5t by ,:igs1 ,may #a/2     
disunion bann] publicly accept$ by      
,g>rison1 ,june #a/2 annexation ( ,texas
 & r$uction ( t>iff decid$ by election  
on ,novemb] #e?2 rule aga9/ discuss+    
slav]y repeal$ by ,h\se (               
,repres5tatives2 ,l[ell's ,poems        
publi%$4  #ahde4 ,p>k] beg9s to prea*   
regul>ly 9 ,bo/on1 ,febru>y #af?2 potato
 rot 9 ,irel&1 ,augu/2 ,ve/iges (       
,creation publi%$4  #ahdf4 ,mexico      
invad$ by ,u4 ,s4 troops1 ,m>*2 free    
trade e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&1 ,june #be?1 &  
bill to r$uce ,am]ican t>iff sign$1     
,june #bf?2 fir/ volume ( ,grote's      
,greece & fir/ numb] ( ,l[ell's ,bigl[  

,pap]s publi%$4  #ahdg4 ,mexicans       
defeat$ at ,bu5a ,vi/a by ,g5]al        
,taylor1 ,febru>y #bb;d & #bc;d2 dea? ( 
,o',connell1 ,may #ae?4  #ahdh4         
,revolution 9 ,p>is1 ,febru>y #bb;d2 ,k+
 abdicates1 ,febru>y #bd?2 insurrections
 9 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,v5ice1 &     
,milan 9 ,m>*1 aft]w>ds 9 o!r cities2 _s
 rapp+s at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 beg9 ,m>*   
#ca/2 ,*>ti/ demon/ration at ,london1   
,april #aj?2 ,emancipation decre$ by    
,fr5* ,republic1 ,april #bg?2 sociali/  
insurrection at ,p>is1 ,june #bc;d1     
#bd?1 #be?1 & #bf?2 ,woman's ,rights    
,conv5tion at ,s5eca ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41   
,july #ai?2 revolt 9 ,irel&1 ,july #bi?2
 ,buffalo ,conv5tion ( ,free ,soil]s1   
,augu/ #i?2 ,kossu? dictator ( ,hung>y1 
,septemb] #be?2 ,/ate con/itution & t[n 
ord9ances made 9 ,octob] by citiz5s (   
,cali=nia )\t ,f$]al sanction2          
pro-slav]y defeat at election ( ,taylor1
 ,novemb] #g?2 flight ( ,pope f ,rome1  
,novemb] #bd?2 ,l\is ,napoleon presid5t 
( ,france1 ,decemb] #aj?2 ,l[ell's      

,vision ( ,sir ,launfal1 ,fable =       
,critics1 & ,bigl[ ,pap]s publi%$1      
#ahdi4 ,defeat ( ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia by       
,au/rians at ,nov>a1 ,m>* #bc;d1 prev5ts
 lib]ation ( ,italy2 ,rome captur$ by   
,fr5*1 ,july #c;d2 ,hung>ian army       
surr5d]$ to ,russians by ,gorgei1 ,augu/
 #ac?2 ,v5ice tak5 by ,au/rians1 ,augu/ 
#bh?2 ,emancipation ,conv5tion 9        
,k5tucky4  #ahej4 ,dea? ( ,wordswor?1   
,april #bd?1 & ( ,presid5t ,taylor1     
,july #i?2 ,fugitive ,slave ,bill sign$1
 ,septemb] #ah?2 fir/ national ,woman's 
,rights ,conv5tion at ,worce/]1 ,mass41 
,octob] #bc;d & #bd?2 ,bradlaugh's fir/ 
lecture2 ,haw?orne's ,sc>let ,lett]1    
,sp5c]'s ,social ,/atics1 & ,t5nyson's  
,9 ,memoriam publi%$4  #ahea4 ,london   
,great ,exhibition op5s ,may i/2 a      
fugitive slave rescu$ at ,bo/on1        
,sunday1 ,febru>y #af?1 ano!r at        
,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,octob] i/2         
usurpation ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 ,decemb]  
#b;d1 #ahea4  #aheb4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9
 publi%$1 ,m>* #bj?2 dea? ( ,frances    

,wright1 & accession ( ,napoleon ,,iii41
 ,decemb] #b;d2 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ann\nces !
 pr9ciple ( ,diff]5tiation4  #ahed4     
,repeal ( ,miss\ri ,compromise propos$  
by ,d\glas1 ,janu>y #bc;d2 return (     
,burns1 a fugitive slave1 f ,bo/on1     
,june #b;d2 ,u4 ,s4 ,con/itution        
publicly burn$ by ,g>rison1 ,july #d?2  
,kansas election c>ri$ by bord]         
ruffians1 ,novemb] #bi?2 ,?oreau's      
,wald5 publi%$4  #ahee4 ,sp5c]'s        
,pys*ology & ,walt ,:itman's ,leaves (  
,grass publi%$1 #ahef4 ,sumn] assault$1 
,may #bb;d44  #aheg4 ,disunion          
,conv5tion1 ,worce/]1 ,mass41 ,janu>y   
#ae?2 dea? ( ,b]ang]1 ,july #af?1 & (   
,comte1 ,septemb] #e?2 t>iff r$uc$ tw5ty
 p] c5t1 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a42 ,buckle's       
,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 vol4 i41       
publi%$4  #aheh4 ,essays by ,d>w9 &     
,wallace read 9 public1 ,july i/2 ,jews 
admitt$ to ,p>liam5t by act pass$ ,july 
#bc;d2 dea? ( ,rob]t ,ow51 ,novemb]     
#ag?2 ,l9coln & ,d\glas campaign 9      
,ill9ois4  #ahei4 ,au/rians defeat$ at  

,mag5ta1 ,june #d?1 & ,solf]9o4  ,june  
#bd?2 ,lomb>dy annex$ to ,s>d9ia by     
treaty ( ,villafranca1 ,july n?2 ,john  
,br[n takes possession ( ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 
,sunday1 ,octob] #af?1 & is tri$        
,novemb] #b;d2 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species
 publi%$1 ,novemb] #bd?2 ,john ,br[n    
hung1 ,decemb] #b;d4 #ahfj4 ,split (    
,democratic p>ty1 ,april #cj?2 dea? (   
,!odore ,p>k]1 ,may #aj?2 ,g>ibaldi     
ent]s ,naples1 ,septemb] #g?2 election (
 ,l9coln1 ,novemb] #f?2 secession ( ,s\?
 ,c>ol9a1 ,decemb] #bj?2 annexation (   
two ,sicilies to ,s>d9ia1 ,decemb] #bf?2
 ,mill on ,lib]ty publi%$4  #ahfa4      
,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica organis$1   
,febru>y #h?2 protective t>iff pass$1   
,m>* #b;d2 ,russian s]fs emancipat$1    
,m>* #c;d2 ,l9coln inaugurat$1 ,m>* #d?2
 ,victor ,emmanuel ,k+ ( ,italy1 ,m>*   
#ag?2 ,=t ,sumt] bomb>d$1 ,april #ab?1  
surr5d]$1 ,april #ac?2 ,l9coln's        
proclamation1 ,monday1 ,april #ae?1     
calls all ! ,nor? to arms2 dea? (       
,cav\r1 ,june #f?2 ,union defeat at     

,bull ,run1 ,sunday1 ,july #ba/4  #ahfb4
 ,pap] money made legal t5d] 9 ,u4 ,s4  
,a41 ,febru>y #be?2 return ( fugitives f
 slav]y by army or navy =bidd51 ,m>*    
#ac?2 negro soldi]s1 ,april2 dea? (     
,?oreau1 ,may #f?1 & ( ,buckle1 ,may    
#bi?2 disa/r\s campaign ( ,mc,clellan 9 
,virg9ia ends by 8 retreat1 ,july #h?2  
,union victory at ,antietam1 ,septemb]  
#ai?2 emancipation ann\nc$ z a possible 
w> measure by ,l9coln1 ,septemb] #bb;d2 
,union defeat at ,fr$]icksburg1 ,decemb]
 #ac?2 ,victor ,hugo's ,les ,mis]ables  
publi%$1 also ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 
conta9+ 8 full !ory ( ,integration &    
,diff]5tiation4  #ahfc4 ,l9coln         
proclaims emancipation1 ,janu>y #a/2    
signs bills susp5d+ ,habeas ,corpus ,act
 & e/abli%+ conscription1 ,m>* #c;d2    
,union defeat at ,*ancellorsville1 ,may 
#c;d2 ,vall&igham s5t5c$1 ,may #g?2     
battle ( ,gettysburg1 ,july #a/1 #b;d1 &
 #c;d1 end+ 9 a ,union victory2         
,vicksburg surr5d]$ to ,g5]al ,grant1   
,july #d?2 ,mississippi op5$ by surr5d] 

( ,port ,hudson1 ,july #i?2 ,union      
victories at ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,novemb]  
#bd?1 & ,*attanooga1 ,novemb] #be?2     
,f5ian ,conv5tion at ,*icago1 ,novemb]  
#be?2 ,d>w9ism mu* oppos$ by ,european  
cl]gy ab\t ?is "t4  #ahfd4 ,g5]al ,grant
 takes comm& ( all ! ,union armies1 ,m>*
 #ab?2 undecisive battles 9 ! ,wild]ness
 & at ,spottsylvania1 ,may #e?-#aj?2    
,fugitive ,slave ,act repeal$1 ,june    
#bc;d2 ,nevada admitt$1 ,octob] #ca/2   
,l9coln re-elect$1 ,novemb] #h?2 ,%]man 
m>*es f ,atlanta1 ,novemb] #af?1 & ent]s
 ,savannah1 ,decemb] #bb;d4  #ahfe4     
,dea? ( ,cobd51 ,april #b;d2 ,ri*mond   
ent]$ by col\r$ cavalry1 ,april #c;d2   
,lee surr5d]s1 ,april #i?2 ,l9coln %ot1 
,good ,friday1 ,april #ad?1 dies ,april 
#ae?2 slav]y aboli%$ by ,?irte5?        
,am5dm5t1 ,decemb] #ah?2 ,lecky's       
,rationalism publi%$4  #ahff4 ,prussian 
victory ov] ,au/ria at ,koniggratz1     
,july #c;d2 ,v5ice "p ( ,k+dom ( ,italy1
 ,novemb] #d?4  #ahfg4 ,fir/ conv5tion (
 ! ,free ,religi\s ,association1 ,may   

#cj?2 suffrage ext5d$ 9 ,engl&1 ,augu/  
#ae?2 ,home ,rule 9 ,hung>y4  #ahfh4    
,f\rte5? ,am5dm5t 9 =ce1 ,july #bh?2    
,cuban decl>ation ( indep5d5ce1 ,octob] 
#aj?4  #ahfi4 ,iri% ,*ur* dise/abli%$1  
,july #bf?2 witnesses all[$ to affirm 9 
,great ,brita94  #ahgj4 ,dea? ( ,dick5s1
 ,june #i?2 ,napoleon ,,iii4 defeat$ at 
,s$an1 ,septemb] #a/2 ,france a         
republic1 ,septemb] #d?2 ,rome "p ( !   
k+dom ( ,italy1 ,octob] #i?2 ,+]-soll   
beg9s to lecture2 ,home ,rule agitation 
9 ,irel&1 #ahga4 ,p>is surr5d]$ to      
,prussians1 ,janu>y #bh?2 ,communi/s    
supreme !re1 ,m>* #ah?1 suppress$1 ,may 
#bh?2 emancipation 9 ,brazil2 ,d>w9's   
,desc5t ( ,man publi%$4  #ahgb4 ,dea? ( 
,mazz9i1 ,m>* #aj?2 secret ballot 9     
,engl&2 ,abbot's ,dem&s ( ,lib]alism    
publi%$ 9 ,! ,index 7:i* began ,janu>y  
#a1 #ahgj74  #ahgc4 ,spa9 a republic1   
,febru>y #aa?2 dea? ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1    
,may #h?2 ,am]ican ,lib]al ,league1     
,septemb] #a/4  #ahgd4 ,milit>y         
usurpation at ,madrid1 ,janu>y #c;d2    

dea? ( ,sumn]1 ,m>* #aa?2 citiz5s (     
,di/rict ( ,columbia disfran*is$1 ,june 
#ag?2 ,alphonso ,,xii4 k+ ( ,spa91      
,decemb] #cj?2 ,mrs4 ,besant beg9s to   
lecture2 ,victor ,hugo's ,n9ety-,?ree   
publi%$4  #ahge4 ,sunday ,society       
organis$ at ,london4  #ahgf4 ,c5t5nial  
,exhibition at ,philadelphia op5s1 ,may 
#aj?1 & conv5tiom ( ,lib]al ,league1    
,july #a/2 disput$ election = ,presid5t1
 ,novemb] #g?2 ,sunday conv5tion 9      
,bo/on1 ,novemb] #ae?2 vivisection      
re/rict$ 9 ,engl&2 ,cuban rebellion     
suppress$1 #bdb ,lib]ty 9 ! ,n9ete5?    
,c5tury4  #ahgg4 ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts 9 
,bo/on op5 9 & aft] ,m>* on ,sundays4   
#ahgh4 ,anti-cl]ical resolution pass$ by
 ,woman ,suffrage ,conv5tion1 ,ro*e/]1  
,n4 ,y41 ,july2 split ( ,lib]al ,league 
at ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 ,sunday1 ,octob] 
#bg?2 ,pr(essor ,w9*ell oblig$ to leave 
,na%ville1 ,t5n41 = evolutionism4       
#ahgi4 ,specie paym5t resum$ 9 ,u4 ,s4  
,a41 ,janu>y #a/2 dea? ( ,g>rison1 ,may 
#bd?2 ,h5ry ,george's ,progress &       

,pov]ty publi%$4  #ahhj4 ,bradlaugh     
refus$ 8 seat 9 ,p>liam5t1 ,may #ba/2 _m
 patriots bani%$ to ,sib]ia4  #ahha4    
,cz> ,alex&] ,,ii4 assass9at$1 ,m>*     
#ac?1 anti-,jewi% mobs on & aft] ,april 
#bg?2 ,bradlaugh exclud$ by =ce1 ,augu/ 
#a/4  #ahhb4 ,dea? ( ,longfell[1 ,m>*   
#bd?1 ( ,d>w91 ,april #ah?1 ( ,em]son1  
,april #bg?1 & ( ,g>ibaldi1 ,june #b;d4 
#ahhc4 ,foote & ,ramsay1 ,engli%        
j\rnali/s1 s5t5c$ respectively to twelve
 & n9e mon?s 9 prison = blasphemy4      
#ahhd4 ,dea? ( ,w5dell ,phillips2       
,febru>y #b;d2 ,clevel& elect$          
,presid5t1 ,novemb] #d?2 ,pr(essor      
,woodr[ dismiss$ f ,presbyt]ian         
,!ological ,sem9>y at ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c1
 = tea*+ evolution1 ,decemb] #ab?4      
#ahhe4 ,dea? ( ,victor ,hugo1 ,may #bj?1
 & ( ,g5]al ,grant1 ,july #bc;d4  #ahhf4
 ,bradlaugh takes 8 seat1 ,janu>y #ac?2 
railroad /rike 9  ,miss\ri suppress$ by 
,f$]al troops1 ,m>*2 bloody conflict (  
,*icago an>*i/s ) police1 ,may #d?2     
/atue ( ,lib]ty unveil$ 9 ,new ,york    

,h>b\r1 ,octob] #bh?4  #ahhg4 ,*icago   
an>*i/s hung1 ,novemb] #aa?4  #ahhh4 ,u4
 ,s4 t>iff r$uc$ by ,mills ,bill1 ,july 
#ba/2 ,clevel& defeat$1 ,novemb] #f?2   
imprisonm5t 9 ,sw$5 = blasphemy2        
,bellamy's ,look+ ,backw>d publi%$4     
#ahhi4 ,brazil a republic1 ,novemb]     
#ae?2 dea? ( ,br[n+1 ,decemb] #ab?4     
#ahij4 ,au/ralian ballot tri$ 9 ,rhode  
,isl&1 ,april #b;d2 ,u4 ,s4 t>iff rais$ 
by ,mc,kinley ,bill1 pass$ by ! #d      
,billion ,doll>s ,congress1 & sign$     
,octob] #a/4  #ahia4 ,dea? ( ,bradlaugh1
 ,janu>y #cj?1 & ( ,l[ell1 ,augu/ #ab?2 
,jews expell$ f ,mosc[ 9 ,april1 & mu*  
p]secut$ ?is ye> & 9 #ahib2 ,new ,york  
,museum ( ,art op5$ on ,sunday1 ,may    
#ca/1 to #aj1jjj visitors4  #ahib4 ,dea?
 ( ,walt ,:itman1 ,m>* #bf?1 ( ,:itti]1 
,septemb] #g?1 & ( ,t5nyson1 ,octob]    
#f?2 bill exclud+ ,*9ese f ,u4 ,s4 ,a4  
sign$1 ,may #e?2 ,congress votes = clos+
 ,*icago ,exposition on ,sundays1 ,july 
#ai?2 ,clevel& re-elect$1 ,novemb] #h?2 
,new ,york ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory   

op5 ,sundays2 revis$ edition ( ,sp5c]'s 
,social ,/atics publi%$4  #ahic4 ,*icago
 ,exposition =mally op5$ ,may i/1 fir/  
op5 ,sunday1 ,may #bh?2 ,p>liam5t (     
,religions beg9s ,monday1 ,septemb] n?1 
#aj a4m4  #ahid4 ,dea? ( ,kossu?1 ,m>*  
#bj?1 ( ,holmes1 ,octob] #g?1 (  ,lucy  
,/one1 ,octob] #ah?1 & ( ,tyndall1      
,decemb] #d?2 ,debs1 lead] ( a riot 9   
,*icago1 enjo9$ by ,u4 ,s4 judges1 ,july
 #b;d1 & put d[n by ,f$]al troops2      
r$uction ( ,u4 ,s4 t>iff1 ,augu/ #b;d2  
,home ,rule approv$ by ,h\se ( ,commons1
 ,septemb] i/1 refus$ by ,h\se ( ,lords1
 ,septemb] #h?2 univ]sal suffrage &     
ext5sion ( local self-gov]nm5t 9 ,engl&2
 a pr(essor 9 ,univ]sity ( ,texas       
dismiss$ = evolutionism4  #ahie4 ,dea? (
 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass1 ,febru>y #bj?1 & (  
,huxley1 ,june #bi?2 rebellion 9 ,cuba2 
m5 arre/$ 9 ,new ,york ,city = sell+    
ice1 umbrellas1 etc41 on ,sunday2 eight 
m5 :o _h work$ on t day1 aft] keep+     
,saturday z ! ,sabba?1 =c$ to lab\r 9 ! 
*a9-gang 9 ,t5nessee4  #ahif4 ,briti%   

,museum1 ,national ,gall]y1 & o!r       
in/itutions op5$ to ! public on ,sunday1
 ,may #bd?1 & aft]w>ds2 two             
,sabba?-break]s %ot dead t same day by a
 policeman 9 ,massa*usetts2 dea? (      
,william ,morris1 ,octob] #c;d2         
,democratic c&idates defeat$ on a       
free-silv] plat=m1 ,novemb] #c;d4       
#ahig4 ,d+ley ,bill to increase t>iff1  
sign$ ,july #bd?2 dea? ( ,h5ry ,george1 
,octob] #bg?4  #ahih4 ,w> decl>$ by ,u4 
,s4 ,a4 aga9/ ,spa91 ,april #ba/2 dea? (
 ,glad/one1 ,asc5sion ,day1 ,may #ai?2  
indep5d5ce ( ,cuba secur$ by treaty1    
,augu/ #ab?4  #ahii4 ,dea? ( ,+]soll1   
,july #ba/4