,,k ,,is ,,p[]3 ,a ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,productive ,,=ces ,,( ,,mod]n ,,society1 ,,& ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,lab\r1 ,,capital1 ,,& ,,skill4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,knight4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,woodcuts4 ,! empire ( man ov] mat]ial ?+s has = its only f\ndation ! sci5ces & ! arts4--,,bacon4 ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,,) ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,additional ,,cuts ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,processes4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet4 #ahei4 ,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,introduction4 ,)\t attempt+ to give ?is volume ! =mal %ape ( a treatise on ,political ,economy1 x is ! wi% ( ! au?or to convey ! broad p>ts ( t sci5ce 9 a some:at desultory mann]1 b "o :i* is n altoge!r devoid ( logical arrangem5t4 ,he desires especially to be und]/ood by ! "y2 = ^u _! "r appreciation ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n society w dep5d mu* ( ! security & happ9ess ( our own & ! com+ "t4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d-,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 ,,to ,,neil ,,arnott1 ,,esq41 ,m4,d41 ,,) ,,s9c]e ,,admiration ,,( ,,! ,,dis9t]e/$ ,,_s ,,9 ,,:i* ,,he ,,has ,,devot$ ,,8 ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,to ,,! ,,public ,,good2 ,,& ,,9 ,,grateful ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,8 ,,nev]-,,fail+ ,,k9dness ,,dur+ ,a ,,long ,,fri5d%ip1 ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,page #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,feeble res\rces ( civiliz$ man 9 a des]t--,ross ,cox1 ,pet] ! ,wild ,boy1 & ! ,savage ( ,aveyron--,a ,moskito ,indian on ,juan ,f]n&ez--,conditions necess>y = ! production ( utility #f ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,society a sy/em ( ex*anges--,security ( individual prop]ty ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange--,alex&] ,selkirk & ,rob9son ,crusoe--,imp]fect appropriation & unpr(itable lab\r #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,adv5tures ( ,john ,tann]--,habits ( ! ,am]ican ,indians--,_! suff]+s f fam9e1 & f ! abs5ce among !m ( ! pr9ciple ( division ( lab\r--,evils ( irregul> lab\r--,respect to prop]ty--,_! pres5t improv$ condition--,hudson's ,bay ,indians #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,prodigal--,advantages ( ! poore/ man 9 civiliz$ life ov] ! ri*e/ savage--,sav+s-banks1 deposits1 & int]e/--,progress ( accumulation--,insecurity ( capital1 its causes & results--,prop]ty1 its con/itu5ts-- ,accumulation ( capital #ch ,,*apt] ,v4 ,common int]e/s ( ,capital & ,lab\r--,lab\r direct$ by ,accumulation--,capital enhanc$ by ,lab\r--,balance ( rights & duties--,relation ( dem& & supply--,money ex*anges--,intr9sic & repres5tative value ( money #di ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,importance ( capital to ! pr(itable employm5t ( lab\r--,contra/ betwe5 ! prodigal & ! prud5t man3 ! ,dukes ( ,buck+ham & ,bridgewat]--,mak+ good = trade--,unpr(itable consumption--,w> aga9/ capital 9 ! middle ages--,evils ( corporate privileges--,condition ( ! p "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 #fj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,rights ( lab\r--,effects ( slav]y on production--,condition ( ! ,anglo ,saxons--,progress ( fre$om 9 ,engl&--,laws regulat+ lab\r--,wages & prices--,poor-law--,law ( settlem5t #ga ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,possessions ( ! diff]5t classes 9 ,engl&--,condition ( ,col*e/] 9 #acja--,tools1 /ock-9-trade1 furniture1 c4--,supply ( food--,comp>ative duration ( human life--,want ( facilities = comm]ce--,pl5ty & civilization n productive ( effem9acy--,col*e/] 9 ! pres5t day #hb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,c]ta9ty ! /imulus to indu/ry--,effects ( insecurity--,in/ances ( unpr(itable lab\r--,=m] notions ( comm]ce--,national & class prejudices1 & _! rem$y #if ,,*apt] ,x4 ,employm5t ( ma*9]y 9 manufactures & agriculture--,errone\s notions =m]ly preval5t on ?is subject--,its advantages to ! lab\r]--,spade-husb&ry--,! pr9ciple ( ma*9]y--,ma*9es & tools--,*ange 9 ! condition ( ,engl& consequ5t on ! introduction ( ma*9]y--,mod]n ,new ,zeal&]s & anci5t ,greeks-- ,h&-mills & wat]-mills #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,pres5t & =m] condition ( ! c\ntry--,progress ( cultivation--,evil influ5ce ( feudalism--,/ate ( agriculture 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--,mod]n improvem5ts--,prices ( :eat--,increas$ bread? ( l& "u cultivation--,av]age consumption ( :eat--,implem5ts ( agriculture n[ 9 use--,numb] ( agriculturi/s 9 ,great ,brita9 #abd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,production ( a knife--,manufacture ( iron--,rais+ coal--,! hot-bla/--,iron bridges--,roll+ b>-iron--,mak+ /eel--,%effield manufactures--,m9+ 9 ,great ,brita9--,numb]s engag$ 9 m9es & metal manufactures #aci ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,conveyance & ext5d$ use ( coal--,consumption at v>i\s p]iods--,condition ( ! roads 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies--,advantages ( good roads--,want ( roads 9 ,au/ralia--,turnpike-roads--,canals--,ra ilway ( #afhj--,railway /ati/ics #aeg ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,h\ses--,! ,pyramids--,me*anical p[]--,c>p5t]s' tools--,am]ican ma*9]y = build+--,bricks--,slate-- ,h\sehold fitt+s & furniture--,pap]-hang+s--,c>pets-- ,glass--,pott]y--,improvem5ts effect$ ?r\gh ! r$uction or repeal ( duties on dome/ic requirem5ts #agd ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,dwell+s ( ! p--,ob]l9--,! ,highl&]'s c&le/icks--,supply ( wat]--,london wat]works-- ,/reet-lights--,sew]s #aii ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,e>ly int]c\rse ) =eign nations--,progress ( ! cotton manufacture--,h&-sp9n+--,arkwright--,cro mpton-- ,p[]-loom--,c>twright--,especial b5efits ( ma*9]y 9 ?is manufacture #bac ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! wooll5 manufacture--,divisions ( employm5t--,e>ly hi/ory--,prohibitory laws--,! ,jacqu>d loom--,middle-age legislation--,sumptu>y laws--,! silk manufacture-- ,ribbon-weav+--,! l95 manufacture--,clo?-pr9t+-- ,blea*+ #bcc ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,hosi]y manufacture--,! /ock+-frame--,! circul> hosi]y-ma*9e--,hats--,gloves--,boots & %oes--,/raw-plat-- ,artificial fl[]s--,fans--,lace--,bobb9-net ma*9e--,p9s-- ,ne$les--,buttons--,toys--,lucif]-mat*es --,envelopes #bee ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,lab\r-sav+ contrivances--,! nick 9 ,types--,tags ( laces--,ca/+ %ot--,c&le-dipp+--,tir+ a :eel-- ,globe-mak+--,dome/ic aids to lab\r--,aids to m5tal lab\r--,effects ( sev]e bodily lab\r on heal? & duration ( life #bgf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,influ5ces ( k 9 ! direction ( lab\r & capital--,a/ronomy3 ,*ronomet]--,m>9]'s compass-- ,sci5tific travell]s--,new mat]ials ( manufactures-- ,india-rubb]--,gutta-p]*a--,palm-oil--,g eology--,inv5tions t dim9i% risk--,sci5ce rais+ up new employm5ts-- ,electricity--,galvanism--,sun-light--,m 5tal lab\r]s-- ,enlight5$ public s5tim5t #bie ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,inv5tion ( pr9t+--,effects ( t art--,a daily newspap]--,prov9cial newspap]s--,news-writ+ ( =m] p]iods--,*anges 9 ! "* ( newspap]s--,/eam conveyance--,electric telegraph--,organization ( a ,london newspap]-(fice--,! pr9t+-ma*9e--,! pap]-ma*9e--,bookb9d+--,pap]-duty #cbc ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,p[] ( skill--,*eap production--,population & production--,p>tial & tempor>y evils--,intellig5t lab\r--,division ( lab\r--,g5]al k--',! ,l[ell ,(f]+'--,union ( =ces #cdd ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,accumulation--,productive & unproductive consumption--,use ( capital--,cr$it--,security ( prop]ty--,production appli$ to ! satisfaction ( common wants--,increase ( com=ts--,relations ( capitali/ & lab\r] #cfa ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,natural law ( wages--,/ate-laws regulat+ wages--,enactm5ts regulat+ consumption--,! lab\r-fund & ! want-fund--,ratio ( capital to population--,/ate ( indu/ry at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,rise ( manufactures--,wages & prices--,turn+ ov] capital #cha ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,:at political economy tea*es--,skill$ lab\r & tru/$ lab\r--,competition ( unskill$ lab\r--,competition ( uncapitall$ lab\r--,it9]ant trad]s--,! contra/ ( organiz$ indu/ry--,factory-lab\r & g>ret-lab\r-- ,communism--,proposals = /ate organization ( lab\r-- ,social ,publi%+ ,e/abli%m5t--,practical co-op]ation #cih ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page #a4 ,african ,hut #ab #b4 ,rob9son ,crusoe 7f a design by ,/o?>d7 #bj #c4 ,dy+ lion #be #d4 ,p5n's treaty ) ! ,indians #cc #e4 ,p9e-m>t5 #cg #f4 ,treasure-f9d+ #de #g4 ,br9dley #fc #h4 ,! hock-c>t #ff #i4 ,adam ,smi? #ga #aj4 ,"u 8 own v9e #ajj #aa4 ,c5tre ( gravity #aac #ab4 ,a tool made a ma*9e #aae #ac4 ,sp9n+ a rope #aah #ad4 ,analysis ( a cable #aai #ae4 ,mill at ,guy's ,cliff #abb #af4 ,ori5tal pl\gh #abf #ag4 ,clod-cru%] #acb #ah4 ,sc>ifi] #acc #ai4 ,horse-hoe #acd #bj4 ,moveable /eam-eng9e & ?ra%+-ma*9e #ace #ba4 ,?ra%+-ma*9e ) horse-p[] #acf #bb4 ,dra9+-tile ma*9e #acg #bc4 ,! fir/ iron bridge1 ,colebrook ,dale #adg #bd4 ,roll+ b>-iron #adi #be4 ,file-cutt]s #aeb #bf4 ,cupids =g+ arr[s 7f ,albani7 #aef #bg4 ,tel=d #afb #bh4 ,mod]n ,syrian c>t #afe #bi4 ,br9dley's aqu$uct ov] ! ,irwell #afh #cj4 ,railway locomotive #aga #ca4 ,re9de] #agc #cb4 ,beav] #agd #cc4 ,pyramid & sph9x #agf #cd4 ,b\lton #agi #ce4 ,c>p5t]s & _! tools 7f an old ,g]man woodcut7 #aha #cf4 ,egyptian lab\r 9 ! brick-field #ahc #cg4 ,scot* c>pet-loom #ahh #ch4 ,%eet-glass mak+ #aib #ci4 ,pott]'s :eel ( mod]n ,egypt #aie #dj4 ,m\lds = porcela91 & ca/s #aif #da4 ,w$gwood #aig #db4 ,anci5t %ado( #bjb #dc4 ,conduit 9 ,we/*eap #bjf #dd4 ,old wat]-c>ri] ( ,london #bjh #de4 ,plug 9 a fro/ #bji #df4 ,london /reet-lights1 #agfj #baa #dg4 ,cotton2 %[+ a pod bur/+ #bad #dh4 ,di/aff #baf #di4 ,a ,h9doo woman sp9n+ cotton #bag #ej4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright #bai #ea4 ,arkwright's orig9al sp9n+-ma*9e #bbj #eb4 ,samuel ,crompton1 inv5tor ( ! sp9n+-mule #bbb #ec4 ,h9doo weav] at "w 9 a field #bbh #ed4 ,dr4 ,c>twright1 inv5tor ( ! p[]-loom #bbi #ee4 ,flemi% weav] 7f a pr9t ( #aefh7 #bcj #ef4 ,me*anism ( p[]-loom #bdb #eg4 ,jacqu>d c>ds #bdc #eh4 ,hanks ( silk #bdg #ei4 ,egyptian w9d+-reel #bdg #fj4 ,silk-w9d+ ma*9e #bdh #fa4 ,indigo-h>ve/ ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies #beb #fb4 ,gloves = ! great #bfj #fc4 ,cobbl]'s /all1 ab\t #agfj #bfa #fd4 ,m5'seg1 or ,egyptian embroid]y frame #bfc #fe4 ,bobb9-net me%es #bfd #ff4 ,ess5tial p>ts ( ! bobb9-net ma*9e #bfe #fg4 ,/amp+ ! eye ( a ne$le #bfi #fh4 ,/amp+1 press+1 & pun*+ buttons4--,elliott's factory #bga #fi4 ,envelope-mak+ ma*9e #bge #gj4 ,compositor at "w #bgg #ga4 ,ma*9e = fix+ tags to laces #bgh #gb4 ,incl9$ plane = sep>at+ %ot #bgi #gc4 ,c&le-dipp+ ma*9e #bha #gd4 ,tir+ a :eel #bha #ge4 ,h>rison #bih #gf4 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory #bii #gg4 ,l9naeus 9 8 ,lapl& dress #cjb #gh4 ,elaeis ,gu9e5sis1 & ,cocoa butyracea1 yield+ palm-oil #cjf #gi4 ,frankl9 m$al #caj #hj4 ,newton #cac #ha4 ,ambrose ,p>e #cad #hb4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott 7f ,sir ,f4 ,*antrey's bu/7 #cai #hc4 ,/atue ( ,bacon #cbb #hd4 ,old h&-gunn] #ccj #he4 ,c>ri]-pigeon #ccb #hf4 ,c[p]'s pr9t+-ma*9e #cce #hg4 ,! ',times' pr9t+-ma*9e #cch #hh4 ,papyrus #cdc #hi4 ,m$al to ,locke #chj #ij4 ,vision ( ,h5ry ,i #cha #ia4 ,iri% mud cab9 #cic #ib4 ,fe$ ! hungry 7f ,flaxman7 #dja #ic4 ,co/]mong] #djg #id4 ,pots to m5d #daa #ie4 ,/atue ( ,watt #dbd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,edition ,,is ,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,additional ,,cuts1 ,,on ,,sep>ate ,,pages1 ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,processes1 ,c41 ,,:i* ,,are ,,to ,,be ,,plac$ ,,z ,,foll[s3-- ,bur/+ ( ,dykes4 ,! =ces ( ,nature ov]com+ ! indu/ry ( ,man #ii ,mak+ ropes by ma*9]y #aai ,/eam-boil] mak+ #ade ,%e> & tilt-hamm]s--,/eel ,manufacture #aea ,anci5t lead-m9e 9 ,d]by%ire #aed ,coal-railway #aeg ,locomotive-eng9e factory #agj ,/one qu>ry1 ,portl& #agg ,timb] rafts ( ! ,tyrol #agh ,glass-cutt+ #aia ,plate-glass factory #aib ,! ,engli% pott] #aid ,mill-room ( a pott]y #aif ,cotton mule-sp9n+ #bbb ,p[]-looms #bbi ,jacqu>d p[]-looms #bda ,int]ior ( ,m>%all's flax-mill1 ,le$s #bej ,calico-pr9t+ by cyl9d] #beb ,blea*+-gr\nd at ,glasg[ #bed ,electro-gild+ #caa ,pian(orte manufactory #cbj ,bas-relief on ,gut5b]g's monum5t #cbc ,pap]-mak+ by h& #cda ,processes ( bookb9d+ #cdb ,,k ,,is ,,p[]4 ,,introduction4 ,x has be5 wisely said by a ,fr5* writ] :o has scatt]$ abroad s\nd & fooli% op9ions ) a pretty equal h&1 t x requires a great deal ( philosophy to obs]ve once :at is se5 e day4#a ,to no bran* ( human k c ?is rem>k be m fitly appli$ ?an to t :i* relates to ! commone/ ?+s ( ! _w1--namely1 ! ,wants ( ,man & ! ,means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,man1 x has be5 ma9ta9$1 has great] natural wants & few] natural means ?an any o!r animal4 ,t 8 wants are great]1 ev5 9 ! rude/ /ate ( ! species1 ?an ! wants ( any quadrup$--to say no?+ ( animals l[] 9 ! scale ( be+--!re c be no d\bt4 ,b t 8 natural means are feebl] & few] we _c believe2 = ! ex]cise ( 8 und]/&+1 9 a v>iety ( ways :i* no brute intellig5ce c rea*1 is ! greate/ ( 8 natural means1--& t p[] enables him to subdue all ?+s to 8 use4 ,x is ! almo/ unlimit$ ext5t ( ! wants ( man 9 ! social /ate1 & ! consequ5t multiplicity & complexity ( 8 means--bo? 8 wants & means proce$+ f ! range ( 8 m5tal faculties--:i* h r5d]$ x s difficult to obs]ve & expla9 ! laws :i* gov]n ! production1 di/ribution1 & consumption ( ^? articles ( utility1 ess5tial to ! subsi/5ce & com=t ( ! human race1 :i* we call ,weal?4 ,x is n m ?an a c5tury ago t ev5 ^? :o _h a great deal ( philosophy fir/ began to apply !mselves to obs]ve :at is se5 e day ex]cis+1 9 ! c\rse ( human indu/ry1 ! greate/ influ5ce on ! condition & "* ( individuals & nations4 ,! prop]ties ( light 7 asc]ta9$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton long be=e m5 7 agre$ ^u ! circum/ances :i* det]m9$ ! production ( a loaf ( bread2 & ! return ( a comet aft] an int]val ( sev5ty-six ye>s 0 pretty accurately =etold by ,dr4 ,halley1 :5 legislators 7 9 almo/ complete ignorance ( ! pr9ciple :i* regul>ly br\ght z _m cabbages to ,cov5t ,g>d5 z !re 7 pur*as]s to dem& !m4 ,s9ce ^? days imm5se ef=ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! great circum/ances ( our social condition1 :i* h su* unb\nd$ influ5ce on ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b1 unhappily = !mselves & = o!rs1 _m ( e nation /ill rema9 9 comp>ative d>kness1 ) reg>d ev5 to ! elem5t>y tru?s :i* ! lab\rs ( "s ( ! mo/ acute & b5evol5t inquir]s t ! _w has produc$ h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+4 ,some?+ ( ?is defect may be attribut$ to ! fact t subjects ( ?is nature are consid]$ difficult ( compreh5sion4 ,ev5 ! be/ educat$ sometimes %r9k f ! exam9ation ( que/ions ( political economy :5 pres5t$ 9 _! sci5tific =m4 ,*>les ,fox said t he c\ld n und]/& ,adam ,smi?4 ,& yet ,adam ,smi?'s ',weal? ( ,nations' is ess5tially an amus+ book 9 _m p>ts4 ,matt]s affect+ ! int]e/s ( e human be+1 & involv+ a v>iety ( facts hav+ relation to ! condition ( mank9d 9 e age & c\ntry1 are n necess>ily1 z has be5 suppos$1 dry & difficult to und]/&1 & consequ5tly only to be approa*$ by sy/ematic /ud5ts4 ,9 ?is belief x is propos$ 9 ?is volume to exhibit ! natural op]ation ( ! pr9ciples by :i* ,indu/ry1 z well z e o!r ex*angeable prop]ty1 mu/ be gov]n$4 ,! writ] has to apply all ! univ]sal laws :i* regulate ! ex*anges ( mank9d to ! direction ( t ex*ange :i* ! great bulk ( ! p are mo/ int]e/$ 9 c>ry+ =w>d rapidly1 c]ta9ly1 & un9t]rupt$ly--! ex*ange ( ,lab\r = ,capital4 ,b he has also to reg>d ^? laws ) especial ref]5ce to t mighty ,p[] :i* has become s absorb+ & controll+ 9 our own day--! ,p[] ( ,sci5ce appli$ to ! ,arts1 or1 9 o!r words1 ,k4 ,x is n too mu* to ass]t t1 h5ce=?1 ,lab\r mu/ take its absolute direction f t ,p[]4 ,x is n[ ! great in/rum5t ( ,capital4 ,9 "t x w be und]/ood univ]sally to be ! be/ p>tn] ( ,lab\r4 ,:]ev] education & an unre/rict$ press are all[$ full scope to ex]cise _! unit$ influ5ce1 progress & improvem5t are ! c]ta9 results1 & among ! _m b5efits :i* arise f _! jo9t co-op]ation may be rank$ mo/ prom95tly ! value :i* !y tea* m5 to place ^u intellig5t contrivance2 ! read9ess ) :i* !y cause new improvem5ts to be receiv$2 & ! impulse :i* !y ?us unavoidably give to t inv5tive _s :i* is gradually emancipat+ man f ! rude =ms ( lab\r1 & mak+ :at 7 reg>d$ z ! luxuries ( "o age to be look$ ^u 9 ! next z ! ord9>y & necess>y conditions ( human exi/5ce4#b ,! pres5t volume is f\nd$ ^u two little works :i* ! au?or wrote m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 & :i* 7 widely circulat$4 ,"o ( ^! books1 ',! ,results ( ,ma*9]y1' 0 publi%$1 9 connexion ) ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k1 at a p]iod ( great national al>m1 :5 a bl9d rage aga9/ a p[] suppos$ to int]f]e ) ! claims ( lab\r 0 g5]ally preval5t1 & l$1 9 ! s\!rn agricultural di/ricts especially1 to _m acts ( d>+ viol5ce4 ,happily t _s is pass$ away4 ,! _s ( k has aris52 & we are told n[1 by an unque/ionable au?ority1 t lab\r]s !mselves beg9 to reg>d ! t$i\s "w ( ! flail z too irksome#c--! same class t 9 #ahcj broke ! ?ra%+ ma*9es4 ,9 remodell+ t portion ( ! pres5t volume x is unnecess>y to deprecate ! evils ( ho/ility to ma*9]y2 b r to look =w>d to its m complete union ) skill$ lab\r z ! triumph ( ! productive =ces ( mod]n society4 ,9 ! o!r little book ^u :i* ?is volume is f\nd$1 ',capital & ,lab\r1' ! g5]al subject ( ! ,production ( weal? 0 popul>ly treat$1 & ! argum5t is "h c>ri$ =w>d4 ,b 9 ! pres5t "w x w be ! fur!r endeav\r ( ! writ] n to ov]look ! g5]al relations ( ,capital & ,lab\r 9 ! ,di/ribution ( weal?4 ,z ! mi/akes ab\t ,production h yield$1 9 a great degree1 to improv$ education1 s may ^? :i* belong to ,di/ribution also yield to ! progress ( ,k4 ,^! are n mi/akes :i* are conf9$ to "o class1 & t ! mo/ num]\s4 ,! fre$om ( ,indu/ry has z mu* claim to be reg>d$ z ! security ( ,capital4 ,we h di/9ct evid5ce t 9 ano!r c\ntry ^! pr9ciples are bett] und]/ood4 ,! results :i* h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ! application ( ma*9]y :]ev] x has be5 practicable to manufactures1 are r5d]$ /ill m rem>kable by ! fact t comb9ations to resi/ its introduction !re are unhe>d (4 ,! workm5 hail ) satisfaction all me*anical improvem5ts1 ! importance & value ( :i*1 z releas+ !m f ! drudg]y ( unskill$ lab\r1 !y are enabl$ by education to und]/& & appreciate4 ,) ! comp>atively sup]abundant supply ( h&s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re=e a proportionate difficulty 9 obta9+ remun]ative employm5t1 ! work+ classes h less sympa?y ) ! progress ( inv5tion4 ,_! condition is a less fav\rable "o ?an t ( _! ,am]ican bre?r5 = =m+ a j & unprejudic$ e/imate ( ! influ5ce :i* ! introduction ( ma*9]y is calculat$ to ex]cise on _! /ate & prospects4 ,i _c resi/ ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 t ! diff]5t views tak5 by our op]atives & ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^u ?is subject are det]m9$ by o!r & p[]ful causes1 besides ^? dep5d5t on ! supply ( lab\r 9 ! two c\ntries4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ought to regulate ! relations betwe5 ! employ] & ! employ$ seem to be ?or\ghly und]/ood & appreciat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & :ile ! law ( limit$ liability af=ds ! mo/ ample facilities = ! inve/m5t ( capital 9 bus9ess1 ! intellig5t & educat$ artisan is left equally free to e>n all t he c1 by mak+ ! be/ use ( 8 h&s1 )\t let or h9drance by 8 fell[s4#d ,)\t attempt+ to give ?is volume ! =mal %ape ( a treatise on ,political ,economy1 x is ! wi% ( ! au?or to convey ! broad p>ts ( 8 subject 9 a some:at desultory mann]1 b "o :i* is n altoge!r devoid ( logical arrangem5t4 ,he desires especially to be und]/ood by ! "y2 = ^u _! "r appreciation ( ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n society w dep5d mu* ( ! security & happ9ess ( our own & ! com+ "t4 ,! dang] ( our pres5t p]iod ( transition is1 t !ory %\ld expect too mu*1 & t practice %\ld d too little1 9 ! amelioration ( ! condition ( ! p4 ,a great numb] ( woodcuts h be5 = ! fir/ "t introduc$ into ?is volume1 :i* illu/rate me*anical inv5tions4 ,b ! au?or begs di/9ctly to be und]/ood t 8 object "h is n to describe processes4 ,8 notices ( !m1 m or less ext5d$1 are simply to illu/rate ! c\rse ( 8 argum5t2 & 9 t way to make ! book m useful1 because m attractive1 = purposes ( education4 #a ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 #b ,special ,report ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,:itwor? on ! ,new ,york ,indu/rial ,exhibition4 #c ,mr4 ,pusey's ,report on ,agricultural ,implem5ts4 #d ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s ,special ,report4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,feeble res\rces ( civiliz$ man 9 a des]t--,ross ,cox1 ,pet] ! ,wild ,boy1 & ! ,savage ( ,aveyron--,a ,moskito ,indian on ,juan ,f]n&ez--,conditions necess>y = ! production ( utility4 ,let u suppose a man br\ght up 9 civiliz$ life1 ca/ ^u a des]t l&--)\t food1 )\t clo!s1 )\t fire1 )\t tools4 ,we see ! human be+ 9 ! v l[e/ /ate ( helplessness4 ,mo/ ( ! k he _h acquir$ w\ld be worse ?an useless2 = x w\ld n be applicable 9 any way to 8 new position4 ,let ! l& ^u :i* he is ?r[n produce spontane\s fruits--let x be free f f]oci\s animals--let ! climate be mo/ g5ial--/ill ! man w\ld be exce$+ly p[]less & wret*$4 ,! fir/ condition ( 8 lot1 to enable him to ma9ta9 exi/5ce at all1 w\ld be t he %\ld lab\r4 ,he mu/ lab\r to ga!r ! b]ries f ! trees--he mu/ lab\r to obta9 wat] f ! rivulets--he mu/ lab\r to =m a g>m5t ( leaves1 or ( "s equally accessible mat]ial1 to %ield 8 body f ! sun--he mu/ lab\r to r5d] "s cave or holl[ tree a secure place ( %elt] f ! dews ( night4 ,!re w\ld be no int]mission ( ! lab\r necess>y to provide a supply ( food f h& to m\?1 ev5 9 ! season :5 wild fruits 7 abundant4 ,if ?is lab\r1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable season1 7 int]rupt$ = a s+le day1 or at mo/ = two or ?ree days1 by sickness1 he w\ld 9 all probability p]i%4 ,b1 :5 ! autumn 0 pa/1 & ! wild fruits 7 gone1 he mu/ prolong exi/5ce z "s savage tribes are report$ to d--by raw fi% & undress$ roots4 ,! lab\r ( procur+ ^! w\ld be inf9itely great] ?an t ( climb+ trees = fruit4 ,to cat* fi% )\t nets1 & scrat* up roots ) nak$ h&s1 is inde$ pa9ful toil4 ,! helplessness ( ?is man's condition w\ld pr9cipally be ! effect ( "o circum/ance2--he w\ld possess no accumulation ( =m] lab\r by :i* 8 pres5t lab\r might be pr(itably direct$4 ,! p[] ( lab\r w\ld 9 8 case be 9 its lea/ productive /ate4 ,he w\ld p>tly ju/ify ! ass]tion t man has ! feeble/ natural means ( any animal2--because he w\ld be utt]ly unpossess$ ( ^? means :i* ! reason ( man has accumulat$ ar\nd e individual 9 ! social /ate4 ,we ask$ ! read] to suppose a civiliz$ man 9 ! v l[e/ /ate 9 :i* ! p[] ( lab\r may be ex]cis$1 because !re is no record ( any civiliz$ man be+ = any l5g? ( "t 9 su* a /ate4 ,ross ,cox1 a ,hudson's ,bay trad]1 ^: adv5tures 7 giv5 to ! _w "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 0 9 ?is /ate = a =tnight2 & 8 suff]+s may furni% "s idea ( ! great] mis]ies ( a cont9uance 9 su* a p[]less condition4 ,hav+ fall5 asleep 9 ! woods ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,am]ica1 :i* he _h be5 trav]s+ ) a l>ge p>ty1 he miss$ ! traces ( 8 companions4 ,! wea!r be+ v hot1 he _h left ne>ly all 8 clo!s ) 8 horse :5 he rambl$ f 8 fri5ds4 ,he _h no?+ to def5d himself aga9/ ! wolves & s]p5ts b a /ick2 he _h no?+ ( :i* to make 8 b$ b long grass & ru%es2 he _h no?+ to eat b hips & wild *]ries4 ,! man w\ld d\btless h p]i%$1 unless he _h met ) "s ,indians1 :o knew bett] h[ to avail !mselves ( ! spontane\s productions ar\nd !m4 ,b ?is is n an in/ance ( ! cont9uance ( ,lab\r 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( its p[]4 ,! few individuals1 also1 :o h be5 f\nd expos$ 9 =e/s1 su* z ,pet] ! ,wild ,boy1 & ! ,savage ( ,aveyron1--:o 7 discov]$1 ! "o ab\t a c5tury ago1 9 ,g]many1 ! o!r ab\t =ty ye>s s9ce1 9 ,france1--diff]$ f ! civiliz$ man ca/ nak$ ^u a des]t %ore 9 ?is p>ticul>--_! wants 7 ( ! l[e/ nature4 ,!y 7 n rais$ above ! desires ( ! mo/ bruti% animals4 ,!y suppli$ ^? desires aft] ! fa%ion ( brutes4 ,pet] 0 entic$ f ! woods by ! sight ( two apples1 :i* ! man :o f\nd him display$4 ,he did n l bread1 b he eag]ly peel$ gre5 /icks1 & *ew$ ! r9d4 ,he _h1 d\btless1 subsi/$ 9 ?is way 9 ! woods4 ,he w\ld n1 at fir/1 we> %oes1 & delight$ to ?r[ ! hat :i* 0 giv5 him into ! riv]4 ,he 0 br\ght to ,engl&1 & liv$ _m ye>s ) a f>m] 9 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,dur+ ! ,scot* ,rebellion1 9 #agde1 he w&]$ into ,norfolk2 & hav+ be5 appreh5d$ z a suspici\s "*1 0 s5t to prison4 ,! gaol 0 on fire2 & ,pet] 0 f\nd 9 a corn]1 enjoy+ ! w>m? ( ! flames )\t any fe>4 ,! ,savage ( ,aveyron1 9 ! same mann]1 _h ! l[e/ desires & ! feeble/ p[]s4 ,he c\ld use 8 h&s1 = in/ance1 = no o!r purpose ?an to seize ^u an object2 & 8 s5se ( t\* 0 s defective1 t he c\ld n di/+ui% a rais$ surface1 su* z a c>v+1 f a pa9t+4 ,?is circum/ance ( ! l[ physical & intellectual p[]s ( ^! un=tunate p]sons prev5ts u exhibit+ !m z examples ( ! /ate :i* we ask$ ! read] to suppose4 ,let u advance ano!r /ep 9 our view ( ! p[] ( ,lab\r4 ,let u take a man 9 "o respect 9 ! same condition t we suppos$--left ^u a des]t l&1 )\t any direct social aid2 b ) "s help to 8 lab\r by a small ,accumulation ( =m] indu/ry4 ,we h in/ances on record ( ?is next /ate4 ,9 ! ye> #afha a ,moskito ,indian 0 left by accid5t on ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean2 ! ,engli% %ip 9 :i* he 0 a sailor hav+ be5 *as$ (f ! coa/ by "s ho/ile ,spani% vessels4 ,capta9 ,dampi] describes ?is man's condition 9 ! foll[+ words3-- ,?is ,indian liv$ "h alone above ?ree ye>s2 & al?\gh he 0 sev]al times s\ght aft] by ! ,spani>ds1 :o knew he 0 left on ! isl&1 yet !y c\ld nev] f9d him4 ,he 0 9 ! woods hunt+ = goats1 :5 ,capta9 ,watl9 drew (f 8 m51 & ! %ip 0 "u sail be=e he came back to %ore4 ,he _h ) him 8 gun1 & a knife1 ) a small horn ( p[d]1 & a few %ot2 :i* be+ sp5t1 he contriv$ a way1 by not*+ 8 knife1 to saw ! b>rel ( 8 gun into small pieces1 :]e) he made h>poons1 lances1 hooks1 & a long knife2 heat+ ! pieces fir/ 9 ! fire1 :i* he /ruck ) 8 gun-fl9t1 & a piece ( ! b>rel ( 8 gun1 :i* he h>d5$1 hav+ le>nt to d t among ! ,engli%4 ,! hot pieces ( iron he w\ld hamm] out & b5d z he pleas$ ) /ones1 & saw !m ) 8 jagg$ knife1 or gr9d !m to an edge by long lab\r1 & h>d5 !m to a good temp] z !re 0 occasion4#e ,) su* in/rum5ts z he made 9 t mann]1 he got su* provisions z ! isl& af=d$1 ei!r goats or fi%4 ,he told u t at fir/ he 0 =c$ to eat seal1 :i* is v ord9>y meat1 be=e he _h made hooks2 b aft]w>ds he nev] kill$ any seals b to make l9es1 cutt+ _! sk9s into ?ongs4 ,he _h a little h\se1 or hut1 half a mile f ! sea1 :i* 0 l9$ ) goat's sk92 8 c\*1 or b>becu ( /icks1 ly+ along ab\t two feet di/ance f ! gr\nd1 0 spread ) ! same1 & 0 all 8 b$d+4 ,he _h no clo!s left1 hav+ worn out ^? he br\ght f ,watl9's %ip1 b only a sk9 ab\t 8 wai/4 ,he saw our %ip ! day be=e we came to an an*or1 & did believe we 7 ,engli%2 & !re=e kill$ ?ree goats 9 ! morn+1 be=e we came to an an*or1 & dress$ !m ) cabbage1 to treat u :5 we came a%ore4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a mat]ial alt]ation 9 ! weal? ( a man left on an un9habit$ isl&4 ,he _h a regul> supply ( goats & fi%2 he _h ! means ( cook+ ?is food2 he _h a h\se l9$ ) goats' sk9s1 & b$d+ ( ! same2 8 body 0 clo!d ) sk9s2 he _h provisions 9 abundance to (f]1 prop]ly cook$1 :5 8 old companions came to him aft] ?ree ye>s' abs5ce4 ,:at gave him ?is p[] to lab\r pr(itably8--to ma9ta9 exi/5ce 9 tol]able com=t8 ,simply1 ! gun1 ! knife1 & ! fl9t1 :i* he accid5tally _h ) him :5 ! %ip sail$ away4 ,! fl9t & ! bit ( /eel :i* he h>d5$ out ( ! gun-b>rel gave him ! means ( procur+ fire2 ! gun became ! mat]ial = mak+ h>poons1 lances1 & hooks1 ) :i* he c\ld obta9 fi% & fle%4 ,till he _h ^! tools1 he 0 compell$ to eat seal's fle%4 ,! in/ant he possess$ ! tools1 he c\ld make a selection ( :at 0 mo/ agreeable to 8 ta/e4 ,x is almo/ impossible to imag9e a human be+ ) less accumulation ab\t him4 ,8 small /ock ( p[d] & %ot 0 soon sp5t1 & he _h only an iron gun-b>rel & a knife left1 ) ! means ( *ang+ ! =m ( ! gun-b>rel by fire4 ,yet ?is s+le accumulation enabl$ him to direct 8 lab\r1 z all lab\r is direct$ ev5 9 its highe/ employm5t1 to ! *ange ( =m & *ange ( place ( ! natural supplies by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,he creat$ no?+2 he only gave 8 natural supplies a value by 8 lab\r4 ,until he lab\r$1 ! ?+s ab\t him _h no value1 z f> z he 0 conc]n$2 :5 he did obta9 !m by lab\r1 !y in/antly acquir$ a value4 ,he br\ght ! wild goat f ! m\nta9 to 8 hut 9 ! valley--he *ang$ its place2 he conv]t$ its fle% into cook$ food1 & its sk9 into a l9+ = 8 b$--he *ang$ its =m4 ,*ange ( =m & *ange ( place are ! beg9n+ & end ( all human lab\r2 & ! ,moskito ,indian only employ$ ! same pr9ciple = ! supply ( 8 wants :i* directs ! lab\r ( all ! produc]s ( civiliz$ life into ! *annels ( manufactures or comm]ce4 ,b ! ,moskito ,indian1 f> remov$ z 8 situation 0 above ! condition ( ! man )\t any accumulation ( =m] lab\r--t is1 ( ! man )\t any capital ab\t him--0 only 9 ! second /age 9 :i* ! p[] ( lab\r c be ex]cis$1 & 9 :i* x is comp>atively /ill weak & p[]less4 ,he lab\r$--he lab\r$ ) accumulation--b he lab\r$ )\t t o!r p[] :i* gives ! la/ & highe/ direction to pr(itable lab\r4 ,let u /ate all ! conditions necess>y = ! production ( ,utility1 or ( :at is ess5tial to ! support1 com=t1 & pleasure ( human life3-- #a4 ,t !re %all be ,lab\r4 ,! man ?r[n ^u a des]t isl& )\t accumulation1--! half-idiot boy :o w&]$ into ! ,g]man =e/s at s e>ly an age t he =got all ! usages ( mank9d1--7 ea* compell$ to lab\r1 & to lab\r unceas+ly1 to ma9ta9 exi/5ce4 ,ev5 ) an unb\nd$ comm& ( ! spontane\s productions ( nature1 ?is condition is absolute4 ,x applies to ! inf]ior animals z well z to man4 ,! bee w&]s f fl[] to fl[]1 b x is to lab\r = ! honey4 ,! slo? hangs ^u ! bran*es ( a tree1 b he lab\rs till he has dev\r$ all ! leaves1 & !n climbs ano!r tree4 ,! condition ( ! support ( animation is lab\r2 & if ! lab\r ( all animals 7 miracul\sly susp5d$ = a season1 v %ort z comp>$ ) ! duration ( individual life1 ! reign ( animat$ nature ^u ?is globe w\ld be at an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,african ,hut4 ,! second condition 9 ! production ( utility is1-- #b4 ,t !re %all be accumulation ( =m] lab\r1 or ,capital4 ,)\t accumulation1 z we h se51 ! condition ( man is ! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( animal exi/5ce4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,man requires "s accumulation to aid 8 natural p[]s ( lab\r+2 = he is n provid$ ) in/rum5ts ( lab\r to any?+ l ! p]fection 9 :i* !y exi/ among/ ! inf]ior animals4 ,he wants ! gnaw+ tee?1 ! te>+ claws1 ! %>p bills1 ! solid m&ibles t enable quadrup$s1 & birds1 & insects to secure _! food1 & to provide %elt] 9 s _m +5i\s ways1 ea* lead+ u to admire & rev]5ce ! direct+ ,provid5ce :i* presides ov] su* manifold contrivances4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 to "w pr(itably1 accumulate in/rum5ts ( "w4 ,b he mu/ d m1 ev5 9 ! unsocial /ate1 :]e he is at p]fect lib]ty to direct 8 indu/ry z he pleases1 uncontroll$ by ! rights ( o!r m54 ,he mu/ accumulate /ores ( cov]+ & ( %elt]4 ,he mu/ h a hut & a b$ ( sk9s1 :i* are all accumulations1 or capital4 ,he mu/1 fur!r1 h a /ock ( food1 :i* /ock1 be+ ! mo/ ess5tial = human wants1 is call$ provisions1 or ?+s provid$4 ,he w\ld require ?is provision aga9/ ! accid5ts :i* may occur to 8 own heal?1 & ! ob/acles ( wea!r1 :i* may prev5t him f fi%+ or hunt+4 ,! l[e/ savages h "s /ores4 ,_m ( ! inf]ior animals display an equal c>e to provide = ! exig5cies ( ! future4 ,b /ill1 all su* lab\r is extremely limit$4 ,:5 a man is occupi$ only 9 provid+ imm$iately = 8 own wants--do+ ev]y?+ = himself1 consum+ no?+ b :at he produces himself1--8 lab\r mu/ h a v n>r[ range4 ,! supply ( ! l[e/ necessities ( our nature c only be att5d$ to1 & ^! mu/ be v ill suppli$4 ,! ,moskito ,indian _h fi%1 & goats' fle%1 & a rude hut1 & a girdle ( sk9s2 & 8 p[] ( obta9+ ?is weal? 0 insur$ to him by ! abs5ce ( o!r individuals :o w\ld h be5 8 competitors = :at ! isl& spontane\sly produc$4 ,_h o!r ,indians l&$ 9 numb]s on ! isl&1 & _h ea* set ab\t procur+ ev]y?+ = himself1 z ! active ,moskito did1 !y w\ld h soon approa*$ ! po9t ( />vation2 & !n ea* w\ld h begun to plund] f ! o!r1 unless !y _h f\nd out ! pr9ciple t w\ld h giv5 !m all pl5ty4 ,!re want$1 !n1 ano!r p[] to give ! lab\r ( ! ,indian a pr(itable direction1 besides t ( accumulation4 ,x is a p[] :i* c only exi/ :]e man is social1 z x is 8 nature to be2--& :]e ! pr9ciples ( civilization are 9 a c]ta9 degree develop$4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( all civilization4 ,x is itself civilization1 p>tial or complete4 ,x is ! la/ & ! mo/ important condition 9 ! production ( useful commodities1-- #c4 ,t !re %all be ex*anges4 ,!re c be no ex*anges )\t accumulation--!re c be no accumulation )\t lab\r4 ,ex*ange is t /ep beyond ! con/ant lab\r & ! p>tial accumulation ( ! l[] animals1 :i* makes man ! "l ( ! _w4 #e ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! ,indian c\ld conv]t ! iron gun-b>rel into /eel1 :i* x appe>s f ,dampi]'s acc\nt t he did4 ,/eel is produc$ by a sci5tific admixture ( c>bon ) iron4 ,b we assume t ! /atem5t is correct1 & t a conv]sion1 p>tial d\btless1 ( iron into /eel did take place4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,society a sy/em ( ex*anges--,security ( individual prop]ty ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange--,alex&] ,selkirk & ,rob9son ,crusoe--,imp]fect appropriation & unpr(itable lab\r4 ,society1 bo? 9 its rude/ =m & 9 its mo/ ref9$ & complicat$ relations1 is no?+ b a sy/em ( ,ex*anges4 ,an ex*ange is a transaction 9 :i* bo? ! p>ties :o make ! ex*ange are b5efit$2--&1 consequ5tly1 society is a /ate pres5t+ an un9t]rupt$ succession ( advantages = all its memb]s4 ,e "t t we make a free ex*ange we h a great] desire = ! ?+ :i* we receive ?an = ! ?+ :i* we give2--& ! p]son ) :om we make ! ex*ange has a great] desire = t :i* we (f] him ?an = t :i* he (f]s u4 ,:5 "o gives 8 lab\r = wages1 x is because he has a high] e/imation ( ! wages ?an ( ! pr(itless ease & fre$om ( rema9+ unemploy$2--&1 on ! contr>y1 ! employ] :o pur*ases 8 lab\r feels t he %all be m b5efit$ by ! results ( t lab\r ?an by reta9+ ! capital :i* he ex*anges = x4 ,9 a simple /ate ( society1 :5 "o man ex*anges a measure ( :eat = ! measure ( w9e :i* ano!r man possesses1 x is evid5t t ! "o has got a great] /ore ( :eat ?an he desires to consume himself1 & t ! o!r1 9 ! same way1 has got a great] /ore ( w9e2--! "o ex*anges some?+ to eat = some?+ to dr9k1 & ! o!r some?+ to dr9k = some?+ to eat4 ,9 a ref9$ /ate ( society1 :5 money repres5ts ! value ( ! ex*anges1 ! ex*ange betwe5 ! abundance beyond ! wants ( ! possessor ( "o commodity & ( ano!r is j z real z ! b>t] ( :eat = w9e4 ,! only diff]5ce is1 t ! ex*ange is n s direct1 al?\gh x is incomp>ably m rapid4 ,b1 h[ev] ! sy/em ( ex*ange be c>ri$ on1--:e!r ! value ( ! ?+s ex*ang$ be det]m9$ by b>t] or by a price 9 money1--all ! ex*ang]s are b5efit$1 because all obta9 :at !y want1 ?r\gh ! /ore :i* !y possess ( :at !y d n want4 ,x has be5 well said t ,man might be def9$ to be an animal t makes ex*anges4#f ,!re are o!r animals1 inde$1 su* z bees & ants among/ insects1 & beav]s among/ quadrup$s1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t are social2 t is1 !y concur toge!r 9 ! execution ( a common "w = a common good3 b z to _! individual possessions1 ea* lab\rs to obta9 :at x desires f s\rces accessible to all1 or plund]s ! /ores ( o!rs4 ,n "o insect or quadrup$1 h[ev] wond]ful may be its approa*es to rationality1 has ! lea/ idea ( mak+ a =mal ex*ange ) ano!r4 ,! modes by :i* ! inf]ior animals communicate _! ?\ghts are probably n suffici5tly det]m9ate to all[ ( any su* agreem5t4 ,! v f\ndation ( t agreem5t is a complicat$ pr9ciple1 :i* man alone c und]/&4 ,x is ! ,security ( individual ,prop]ty4 ,imm$iately t ?is pr9ciple is e/abli%$1 lab\r beg9s to "w pr(itably1 = x works ) ex*ange4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( appropriation 7 n act$ ^u at all1 !re c\ld be no ex*ange1 & consequ5tly no production4 ,! scanty b\nty ( nature might be scrambl$ = by a few mis]able individuals--& ! /ronge/ w\ld obta9 ! be/ %>e2 b ?is insecurity w\ld necess>ily de/roy all accumulation4 ,ea* w\ld ( c\rse live f h& to m\?1 :5 ! means ( liv+ 7 con/antly expos$ to ! viol5ce ( ! m p[]ful4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ! l[e/ savages1 & z x is an extreme /ate x is a r>e "o1--no security1 no ex*ange1 no capital1 no lab\r1 no production4 ,let u apply ! pr9ciple to an individual case4 ,! poet :o has attempt$ to describe ! feel+s ( a man sudd5ly cut (f f human society1 9 ,v]ses suppos$ to be writt5 by ,alex&] ,selkirk dur+ 8 solit>y abode 9 ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 repres5ts him z say+1 ,i am mon>* ( all ,i survey4#g ,alex&] ,selkirk 0 left ^u ! same isl& z ! ,moskito ,indian2 & 8 adv5tures !re h =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( ! beautiful romance ( ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,! mean+ ( ! poet is1 t ! unsocial man _h ! same "r ov] all ! natural productive p[]s ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he _h tak5 up 8 abode1 z we ea* h ov] light & air4 ,he 0 alone2 & !re=e he ex]cis$ an absolute al?\gh a b>r5 sov]eignty1 ov] ! wild animals by :i* he 0 surr\nd$--ov] ! l& & ov] ! wat]4 ,he 01 9 tru?1 ! "o proprietor--! "o capitali/1 & ! "o lab\r]--( ! :ole isl&4 ,8 absolute prop]ty 9 ! soil1 & 8 p]fect fre$om ( action1 7 bo? dep5d5t ^u "o condition--t he %\ld rema9 alone4 ,if ! ,moskito ,indian1 = in/ance1 _h rema9$ 9 ! isl&1 ,selkirk's entire sov]eignty mu/ h be5 in/antly at an end4 ,"s m def9ite pr9ciple ( appropriation mu/ h be5 e/abli%$1 :i* w\ld h giv5 to ,selkirk1 z well z to ! ,moskito ,indian1 ! "r to appropriate di/9ct p>ts ( ! isl& ea* to 8 p>ticul> use4 ,selkirk1 = example1 might h agre$ to rema9 on ! ea/]n coa/1 :ile ! ,indian might h e/abli%$ himself on ! we/]n2 & !n ! fruits1 ! goats1 & ! fi% ( ! ea/]n "p w\ld h be5 appropriat$ to ,selkirk1 z di/9ctly z ! clo!s1 ! musket1 ! iron pot1 ! c1 ! hat*et1 ! knife1 ! ma!matical in/rum5ts1 & ! ,bible :i* he br\ght on %ore4#h ,if ! ,indian's t]ritory _h produc$ some?+ :i* ,selkirk _h n1 & if ,selkirk's l& _h also some?+ :i* ! ,indian's _h n1 !y might h become ex*ang]s4 ,!y w\ld h pass$ into t condition naturally en\gh2--imp]fectly p]haps1 b /ill z easily z any b>b>\s p :o d n cultivate ! e>?1 b ex*ange h] spontane\s products4 ,! poet goes on to make ! solit>y man say1 ,my "r !re is none to dispute4 ,! condition ( ,alex&] ,selkirk 0 unque/ionably "o ( absolute lib]ty4 ,8 rights 7 n measur$ by 8 duties4 ,he _h all rights & no duties4 ,_m writ]s on ! orig9 ( society h held t man1 ^u ent]+ into union ) 8 fell[-m51 & submitt+1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is union1 to ! re/ra9ts ( law & gov]nm5t1 sacrifices a portion ( 8 lib]ty1 or natural p[]1 = ! security ( t p[] :i* rema9s to him4 ,no su* agreem5t among/ mank9d c\ld ev] h possibly tak5 place2 = man is by 8 nature1 & )\t any agreem5t1 a social be+4 ,he is a be+ ^: rights are balanc$ by ! uncontrollable =ce ( _! relation to ! rights ( o!rs4 ,! succ\r :i* ! infant man requires f its p>5ts1 to an ext5t1 & = a duration1 s mu* exce$+ t requir$ = ! nurture ( o!r creatures1 is ! natural beg9n+ ( ! social /ate1 e/abli%$ ins5sibly & by degrees4 ,! lib]ty :i* ! social man is ?us compell$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances to r5\nce am\nts only to a re/ra9t ^u 8 brute p[] ( do+ injury to 8 fell[-m53 & = ?is sacrifice1 9 itself ! cause ( ! highe/ individual & !re=e g5]al good1 he obta9s t dom9ion ov] e o!r be+1 & t control ov] ! productive =ces ( nature1 :i* alone c r5d] him ! mon>* ( all he surveys4 ,! poor sailor1 :o = f\r ye>s 0 cut (f f human aid1 & left alone to /ruggle = ! means ( support+ exi/5ce1 0 an exception1 & a v r>e "o1 to ! condition ( our species all ov] ! _w4 ,8 absolute rights plac$ him 9 ! condition ( uncontroll$ feebl5ess2 if he _h become social1 he w\ld h put on ! regulat$ /r5g? ( rights balanc$ by duties4 ,alex&] ,selkirk 0 orig9ally left ^u ! un9habit$ isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez at 8 own urg5t desire4 ,he 0 unhappy on bo>d 8 %ip1 9 consequ5ce ( disputes ) 8 capta92 & he resolv$ to ru% into a /ate :i* might probably h sep>at$ him = ev] f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,9 ! belief t he %\ld be s sep>at$1 he devot$ all 8 lab\r & all 8 +5uity to ! satisfaction ( 8 own wants alone4 ,by cont9ual ex]cise1 he 0 enabl$ to run d[n ! wild goat ^u ! m\nta9s2 & by p]sev]+ se>*1 he knew :]e to f9d ! native roots t w\ld r5d] 8 goat's fle% palatable4 ,he nev] ?\ght1 h[ev]1 ( provid+ any /ore beyond ! supply ( 8 own p]sonal necessities4 ,he _h no motive = t ?\ght2 because !re 0 no human be+ )9 8 rea* ) :om he might ex*ange t /ore = o!r /ores4 ,! v in/ant1 h[ev]1 t ! ,engli% %ips1 :i* f9ally gave him back to society1 t\*$ ^u 8 %ores1--be=e he communicat$ by spee* ) any ( 8 fell[-m51 or 0 discov]$ by !m1--he became social4 ,he saw t he mu/ be an ex*ang]4 ,be=e ! boat's crew l&$ he _h kill$ sev]al goats1 & prep>$ a meal = 8 expect$ gue/s4 ,he knew t he possess$ a commodity :i* !y did n possess4 ,he _h fre% meat1 :il/ !y _h only salt4 ,( c\rse :at he _h to (f] 0 acceptable to ! sailors2 & he receiv$ 9 ex*ange protection1 & a place among/ !m4 ,he r5\nc$ 8 sov]eignty1 & became once m a subject4 ,x 0 bett] = him1 he ?\ght1 to be surr\nd$ ) ! regulat$ p[] ( civilization1 ?an to wield at 8 own w ! unc]ta9 /r5g? ( solit>y uncivilization4 ,b1 _h he *os5 to rema9 ^u 8 isl&1 z 9 aft]-ye>s he regrett$ he _h n done1 al?\gh a solit>y man he w\ld n h be5 altoge!r cut (f f ! hopes & ! duties ( ! social /ate4 ,if he _h *os5 to rema9 aft] t visit f 8 fell[-m51 he w\ld h said to !m1 be=e !y _h left him once m alone1 ,i h hunt$ = y my goats1 ,i h dug = y my roots1 ,i h %[n y ! f\nta9s :i* issue out ( my rocks2--^! are ! res\rces ( my dom9ion3 give me 9 ex*ange = !m a fre% supply ( gunp[d] & %ot1 "s ( y\r clo!s1 "s ( ! means ( repair+ ^! clo!s1 "s ( y\r tools & implem5ts ( cook]y1 & m ( y\r books to div]t my solit>y h\rs4 ,hav+ enjoy$ ! b5efits :i* he _h be/[$1 !y w\ld1 z j m51 h paid ! debt :i* !y _h incurr$1 & ! ex*ange w\ld h be5 complet$4 ,imm$iately t !y _h quitt$ 8 %ores1 ,selkirk w\ld h look$ at 8 res\rces ) a new eye4 ,8 hut 0 rudely fa%ion$ & wret*$ly furni%$4 ,he _h fa%ion$1 & furni%$ x z well z he c\ld by 8 own lab\r1 work+ ^u 8 own mat]ials4 ,! visit :i* he _h receiv$ f 8 fell[-m51 aft] he _h ab&on$ e hope ( aga9 look+ ^u _! faces1 w\ld h l$ him to ?9k t o!r %ips w\ld come1 ) ^: crews he might make o!r ex*anges1--new clo!s1 new tools1 new mat]ials1 receiv$ z ! price ( 8 own accumulations4 ,to make ! be/ ( 8 circum/ances :5 t day %\ld arrive1 he mu/ r$\ble 8 ef=ts to increase 8 /ock ( commodities1--"s = himself1 & "s to ex*ange = o!r commodities1 if ! opportunity = ex*ange %\ld ev] come4 ,he mu/ !re=e transplant 8 vegetables1 s z to be )9 in/ant rea* :5 !y %\ld be want$4 ,he mu/ r5d] 8 goats dome/ic1 in/ead ( *as+ !m ^u ! hills4 ,he mu/ g =w>d f ! hunt+ /ate1 into ! pa/oral & agricultural4 ,illu/ration3 ,rob9son ,crusoe4 7,f a design by ,/o?>d47 ,9 ,defoe's /ory1 ,rob9son ,crusoe is repres5t$ z go+ into ?is pa/oral & agricultural /ate4 ,b he _h m res\rces ?an ,selkirk2 & he at la/ obta9$ "o res\rce :i* c>ri$ him back1 h[ev] incompletely1 into ! social condition4 ,he acquir$ a fell[-lab\r]4 ,he made a boat by 8 own unassi/$ lab\r2 b he c\ld n laun* x4 ,:5 ,friday came1 & 0 h5ce=? 8 fai?ful fri5d & will+ s]vant1 he c\ld laun* 8 boat4 ,crusoe ultimately left 8 isl&2 = ! boat _h giv5 him a great] comm& ov] 8 circum/ances4 ,b _h he cont9u$ !re 9 companion%ip ) ,friday1 !re mu/ h be5 su* a compact z w\ld h prev5t$ ei!r /ruggl+ = ! prop]ty :i* _h be5 creat$4 ,! c\rse ( improvem5t t we h imag9$ = ,selkirk supposes t he %\ld cont9ue 9 8 /ate ( exclusive proprietor--t !re %\ld be none to dispute 8 "r4 ,if o!r %ips _h come to 8 %ores--if !y _h traffick$ ) him f "t to "t--ex*ang$ clo!s & h\sehold conv5i5ces1 & implem5ts ( cultivation1 = 8 goats' fle% & roots--x is probable t o!r sailors w\ld 9 "t h desir$ to p>take 8 pl5ty2--t a colony w\ld h be5 f\nd$--t ! isl& w\ld h become popul\s4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t1 :e!r = ex*ange among/ !mselves1 or = ex*ange ) o!rs1 ! memb]s ( ?is colony c\ld n h /irr$ a /ep 9 ! cultivation ( ! l& )\t appropriat+ its produce2--& !y c\ld n h appropriat$ its produce )\t appropriat+ ! l& itself4 ,cultivation ( ! l& = a common /ock w\ld h gone to ! e/abli%m5t precisely ( ! same pr9ciple2--!y w\ld /ill h be5 ex*ang]s among/ !mselves1 & ! p>tn]%ip w\ld n h la/$ a day1 unless ea* man's %>e ( :at ! p>tn]%ip produc$ _h be5 r5d]$ p]fectly secure to him4 ,)\t security !y c\ld n h accumulat$--)\t accumulations !y c\ld n h ex*ang$--)\t ex*anges !y c\ld n h c>ri$ =w>d _! lab\rs ) any comp5sat+ productiv5ess4 ,imp]fect appropriation--t is1 an appropriation :i* respects p]sonal weal?1 su* z ! tools & conv5i5ces ( an individual1 & ev5 secures to him ! fruits ( ! e>? :5 he has ga!r$ !m1 b :i* has n rea*$ ! la/ /ep ( a division ( l&--imp]fect appropriation su* z ?is raises up ! same inv9cible ob/acles to ! production ( utility2 because1 ) ?is orig9al defect1 !re mu/ necess>ily be unpr(itable lab\r1 small accumulation1 limit$ ex*ange4 ,let u exemplify ?is by ano!r individual case4 ,we h se51 9 ! in/ances ( ! ,moskito ,indian & ( ,selkirk1 h[ little a solit>y man c d = himself1 al?\gh he may h ! mo/ unb\nd$ comm& ( natural supplies--al?\gh n an atom ( ^? natural supplies1 :e!r produc$ by ! e>? or ! wat]1 is appropriat$ by o!rs--:51 9 fact1 he is mon>* ( all he surveys4 ,let u trace ! c\rse ( ano!r man1 advanc$ 9 ! ability to subdue all ?+s to 8 use by association ) 8 fell[-m52 b c>ry+ on t association 9 ! rude & unproductive relations ( savage life2--n desir+ to repl5i% ! e>? by cultivation1 b seek+ only to appropriate ! means ( exi/5ce :i* x has spontane\sly produc$2--lab\r+1 inde$1 & ex*ang+1 b n lab\r+ & ex*ang+ 9 a way t w p]mit ! accumulation ( weal?1 & !re=e rema9+ poor & mis]able4 ,we are n ab\t to draw any fanciful picture1 b m]ely to select "s facts f a real n>rative4 #f ,dr4 ,:ately's ,lectures on ,political ,economy4 #g ,c[p]'s ,miscellane\s ,poems4 #h ,^! circum/ances are record$ 9 ,capta9 ,woodes ,rog]s' ,cruis+ ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 #agab4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,adv5tures ( ,john ,tann]--,habits ( ! ,am]ican ,indians--,_! suff]+s f fam9e1 & f ! abs5ce among !m ( ! pr9ciple ( division ( lab\r--,evils ( irregul> lab\r--,respect to prop]ty--,_! pres5t improv$ condition--,hudson's ,bay ,indians4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbh !re came to ,new ,york a :ite man nam$ ,john ,tann]1 :o _h be5 ?irty ye>s a captive among/ ! ,indians 9 ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,he 0 c>ri$ (f by a b& ( ^! p :5 he 0 a little boy1 f a settlem5t on ! ,ohio riv]1 :i* 0 occupi$ by 8 fa!r1 :o 0 a cl]gyman4 ,! boy 0 br\ght up 9 all ! rude habits ( ! ,indians1 & became inur$ to ! abid+ mis]ies & unc]ta9 pleasures ( _! w&]+ life4 ,he grew 9 "t to be a mo/ skilful huntsman1 & c>ri$ on l>ge deal+s ) ! ag5ts ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 9 ! sk9s ( beav]s & o!r animals :i* he & 8 associates _h %ot or entrapp$4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is man 0 altoge!r s curi\s1 t he 0 induc$ to furni% ! mat]ials = a complete n>rative ( 8 adv5tures2 &1 accord+ly1 a book1 fully descriptive ( !m1 0 prep>$ = ! press by ,dr4 ,edw9 ,james1 & pr9t$ at ,new ,york1 9 #ahcj4 ,x is ( c\rse n )9 ! int5t ( our little "w to furni% any regul> abridgm5t ( ,john ,tann]'s /ory2 b x is our wi% to direct att5tion to "s few p>ticul>s1 :i* appe> to u /rik+ly to illu/rate "s ( ! positions :i* we desire to en=ce1 by ?us exhibit+ _! practical op]ation4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* ?is man liv$ s _m ye>s is t imm5se t]ritory belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* at t p]iod 0 cov]$ by b\ndless =e/s :i* ! progress ( civilization _h n !n cle>$ away4 ,9 ?is region a numb] ( scatt]$ ,indian tribes ma9ta9$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce by hunt+ ! moose-de] & ! buffalo = _! supply ( food1 & by entrapp+ ! foxes & m>t5s ( ! woods & ! beav]s ( ! lakes1 ^: sk9s !y g5]ally ex*ang$ ) ! :ite trad]s ( ,europe = articles ( urg5t necessity1 su* z ammunition & guns1 traps1 axes1 & wooll5 blankets2 b too (t5 = ard5t spirits1 equally ! curse ( savage & ( civiliz$ life4 ,! contact ( savage man ) ! outskirts ( civilization p]haps afflicts him ) ! vices ( bo? /ates4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange1 imp]fectly & irregul>ly z x op]at$ among/ ! ,indians1 furni%$ "s excitem5t to _! +5uity & _! indu/ry4 ,habits ( provid5ce 7 ?us to a c]ta9 degree creat$2 x became necess>y to accumulate "s capital ( ! commodities :i* c\ld be r5d]$ valuable by _! own lab\r1 to ex*ange = commodities :i* _! own lab\r1 )\t ex*ange1 0 utt]ly unable to procure4 ,! pr9ciple ( ex*ange1 too1 be+ recognis$ among/ !m 9 _! deal+s ) =eign]s1 ! security ( prop]ty--)\t :i*1 z we h %[n1 t pr9ciple _c exi/ at all--0 "o ( ! great rules ( life among/ !mselves4 ,b /ill ^! poor ,indians1 f ! mode :i* !y propos$ to !mselves = ! atta9m5t ( prop]ty1 :i* consi/$ only 9 secur+ :at nature _h produc$1 )\t direct+ ! c\rse ( h] productions1 7 v f> remov$ f ! regul> atta9m5t ( ^? bless+s :i* civiliz$ society alone (f]s4 ,we %all exemplify ^! /atem5ts by a few details4 ,illu/ration3 ,dy+ ,lion ,! c\ntry ov] :i* ^! p rang$ occupies a surface t may be r\ghly describ$ z five or six times z l>ge z all ,engl&4 ,!y _h ! unb\nd$ comm& ( all ! natural res\rces ( t c\ntry2 & yet _! entire numb]s did n equal ! population ( a mod]ately siz$ ,engli% c\nty4 ,x may be fairly said t ea* ,indian requir$ a ?\s& acres = 8 ma9t5ance4 ,! supplies ( food 7 s scanty--a scant9ess :i* w\ld at once h ceas$ to exi/ _h !re be5 any cultivation--t if a l>ge numb] ( ^! ,indians assembl$ toge!r to co-op]ate 9 _! hunt+ exp$itions1 !y 7 v soon disp]s$ by ! urg5t desire ( satisfy+ hung]4 ,tann] says1 ,we all w5t to hunt beav]s 9 conc]t4 ,9 hunts ( ?is k9d ! proce$s are sometimes equally divid$2 b 9 ?is in/ance e man reta9$ :at he _h kill$4 ,9 ?ree days ,i collect$ z _m sk9s z ,i c\ld c>ry4 ,b 9 ^! di/ant & ha/y hunts little meat c\ld be br\ght 92 & ! :ole b& 0 soon suff]+ ) hung]4 ,_m ( ! hunt]s1 & ,i among o!rs1 = want ( food became extremely weak1 & unable to hunt f> f home4 ,:at an approa* is ?is to ! case ( ! l[] animals2 & h[ =cibly x rem9ds u ( ! passage 9 ,job 7c4 iv41 v4 #aa71 ,! fi]ce lion p]i%e? = lack ( prey4#i ,9 ano!r place he says1 ,i began to be dissatisfi$ at rema9+ ) l>ge b&s ( ,indians1 z 0 usual = !m1 aft] hav+ rema9$ a %ort "t 9 a place1 to suff] f hung]4 ,^! suff]+s 7 n1 9 _m cases1 ( %ort duration1 or ( trifl+ int5sity4 ,tann] describes "o in/ance ( fam9e 9 ! foll[+ words3--,! ,indians ga!r$ ar\nd1 "o aft] ano!r1 until we became a consid]able b&1 & !n we began to suff] f hung]4 ,! wea!r 0 v sev]e1 & our suff]+ increas$4 ,a "y woman 0 ! fir/ to die ( hung]4 ,soon aft] ?is1 a "y man1 h] bro!r1 0 tak5 ) t k9d ( delirium or madness :i* prec$es dea? 9 su* z die ( />vation4 ,9 ?is condition he _h left ! lodge ( 8 debilitat$ & despond+ p>5ts2 & :51 at a late h\r 9 ! ev5+1 ,i return$ f my hunt1 !y c\ld n tell :at _h become ( him4 ,i left ! camp ab\t ! middle ( ! night1 &1 foll[+ 8 track1 ,i f\nd him at "s di/ance1 ly+ dead 9 ! sn[4 ,?is wor/ species ( suff]+ equally exi/$ at p>ticul> p]iods1 :e!r food 0 s\ght = by l>ge or by small p>ties1 by b&s or by individuals4 ,tann] 0 travell+ ) ! family ( ! woman :o _h adopt$ him4 ,he says1 ,we _h n[ a %ort season ( pl5ty2 b soon became hungry aga94 ,x (t5 happ5$ t = two or ?ree days we _h no?+ to eat2 !n a rabbit or two1 or a bird1 w\ld af=d u a prospect ( protract+ ! suff]+s ( hung] a few days long]4 ,aga9 he says1 ,hav+ subsi/$ = "s "t almo/ entirely on ! inn] b>k ( trees1 & p>ticul>ly ( a climb+ v9e f\nd !re1 our /r5g? 0 mu* r$uc$4 ,! mis]y :i* is ?us s /rik+ly describ$ proce$$ f ! circum/ance t ! lab\r ( ! ,indians did n take a pr(itable direction2 & t ?is wa/e ( lab\r 7= unpr(itable applications ( lab\r are ! greate/ ( all wa/es7 arose f ! "o fact1 t 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s ^! ,indians lab\r$ )\t appropriation4 ,!y dep5d$ ^u ! *ance productions ( nature1 )\t compell+ h] to produce2 & !y did n compel h] to produce1 because !re 0 no appropriation ( ! soil1 ! mo/ effici5t natural in/rum5t ( production4 ,if ! ,indians _h direct$ ! productive p[]s ( ! e>? to ! gr[? ( corn1 in/ead ( to ! gr[? ( foxes' sk9s1 !y w\ld h become ri*4 ,b !y c\ld n h rea*$ ?is po9t )\t appropriation ( ! soil4 ,!y _h le>nt ! necessity ( appropriat+ ! products ( ! soil1 :5 !y _h be/[$ lab\r ^u obta9+ !m2 b ! la/ /ep t[>ds productiv5ess 0 n tak54 ,! ,indians !re=e 7 poor2 ! ,european settl]s :o _h tak5 ?is la/ /ep 7 ri*4 ,! imp]fect appropriation :i* exi/$ among/ ! ,indians1 prev5t+1 z x did1 ! accumulation ( capital1 prev5t$ ! application ( t skill & k :i* is pres]v$ & accumulat$ by ! ,division ( employm5t4 ,tann] describes a poor fell[ :o 0 w\nd$ 9 ! arm by ! accid5tal dis*>ge ( a gun4 ,z !re 0 little surgical skill among/ ! community1 because no "o c\ld devote himself to ! bus9ess ( surg]y1 ! ,indian1 z ! only *ance ( sav+ 8 life1 resolv$ to cut (f 8 own arm2 & tak+ two knives1 ! edge ( "o ( :i* he _h hack$ into a sort ( saw1 he ) 8 "r h& & arm cut (f 8 left1 & ?rew x f him z f> z he c\ld4 ,! lab\r :i* an individual mu/ g ?r\gh :5 ! /ate ( society is s rude t !re is sc>cely any division ( employm5t1 & consequ5tly sc>cely any ex*anges1 is exhibit$ 9 _m passages ( ,tann]'s n>rative4 ,we select "o4 ,i _h no pukkavi1 or mats = a lodge1 & !re=e _h to build "o ( poles & long grass4 ,i dress$ m sk9s1 made my own mocass9s & legg+s1 & ^? = my *ildr52 cut wood & cook$ = myself & family1 made my sn[-%oes1 c4 c4 ,all ! att5tion & lab\r ,i _h to be/[ ab\t home sometimes kept me f hunt+1 & ,i 0 occasionally di/ress$ = want ( provisions4 ,i busi$ myself ab\t my lodge 9 ! night-"t4 ,:5 x 0 suffici5tly light ,i w\ld br+ wood1 & att5d to o!r ?+s )\t2 at o!r times ,i 0 repair+ my sn[-%oes1 or my own or my *ildr5's clo!s4 ,= ne>ly all ! w9t] ,i slept b a v small "p ( ! night4 ,tann] 0 ?us oblig$ to d ev]y?+ = himself1 & consequ5tly to "w at v great disadvantage1 because ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange 0 s imp]fectly act$ ^u by ! p among/ :om he liv$4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ex*ange 0 imp]fectly act$ ^u1 because ! pr9ciple ( appropriation 0 imp]fectly act$ ^u4 ,! occupation ( all1 & ( ea*1 0 to hunt game1 to prep>e sk9s1 to sell !m to ! trad]s1 to make sug> f ! juice ( maple-trees1 to build huts1 & to sew ! sk9s :i* !y dress$ & ! blankets :i* !y b\ght into rude cov]+s = _! bodies4 ,e "o ( !m did all ( ^! ?+s = himself1 & ( c\rse he did !m v imp]fectly4 ,! p 7 n divid$ into hunt]s1 & furri]s1 & deal]s1 & sug>-mak]s1 & build]s1 & tailors4 ,e man 0 8 own hunt]1 furri]1 deal]1 sug>-mak]1 build]1 & tailor2 & consequ5tly1 e man1 l ,tann]1 0 s occupi$ by _m ?+s1 t want ( food & want ( re/ 7 ord9>y suff]+s4 ,he describes a man :o 0 s borne d[n & oppress$ by ^! manifold wants1 t1 9 utt] despair ( be+ able to surm\nt !m1 he w\ld lie /ill till he 0 at ! po9t ( />vation1 reply+ to ^? :o tri$ to r\se him to kill game1 t he 0 too poor & sick to set ab\t x4 ,by describ+ himself z poor1 he meant to say t he 0 de/itute ( all ! necess>ies & com=ts ^: possession w\ld enc\rage him to add to ! /ore4 ,he _h little capital4 ,! skill :i* he possess$ ( hunt+ game gave him a c]ta9 comm& ov] ! spontane\s productions ( ! =e/2 b1 z 8 p[] ( hunt+ dep5d$ ^u *ance supplies ( game1 8 lab\r necess>ily took s irregul> a direction1 & 0 !re=e s unproductive1 t he nev] accumulat$ suffici5t = 8 support 9 times ( sickness1 or = 8 com=table support at any "t4 ,he became1 !re=e1 despair+2 & _h t p]fect apa?y1 t indiff]5ce to ! future1 :i* is ! mo/ pitiable evid5ce ( extreme wret*$ness4 ,?is man felt 8 p[]less situation m ke5ly ?an 8 companions2 b ) all savage tribes !re is a want ( /eady & p]sev]+ ex]tion1 proce$+ f ! same cause4 ,sev]e lab\r is succe$$ by long fits ( idl5ess1 because _! lab\r takes a *ance direction4 ,?is is a univ]sal case4 ,habits ( idl5ess1 ( irregul>ity1 ( f]ocity1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( all ^? :o ma9ta9 exi/5ce by ! pursuit ( ! unappropriat$ productions ( nature2 :ile con/ant application1 ord]ly arrangem5t ( "t1 & civility to o!rs1 result f sy/ematic indu/ry4 ,! savage & ! poa*] are equally ! slaves ( viol5t impulses--equally disgu/$ at ! prospect ( pati5t application4 ,:5 ! support ( life dep5ds ^u *ance supplies1 ! reckless _s ( a gambl] is sure to take possession ( ! :ole man2 & ! mis]y :i* results f ^! *ance supplies produces ei!r dejection or f]ocity4 ,! au?or ( ?is book us$ to obs]ve ! habits ( a class ( su* p]sons1 :o frequ5t ! ,?ames at ,eton2 & he ?us describ$ !m 9 v]ses ( 8 boyhood3-- ,:at boat is ?is :i* creeps s lazily ,up ! /ill /ream8 ,h[ quietly falls ! drip ,( ! sl[ paddle6 ,n[ x %oots along1 ,z if t lone man fe>'d u4 ,well ,i k5 ,8 r\gh & dang]\s trade4 ,he kn[s ea* hole ,:]e ! quick-sight$ eel delights to swim ,:5 cl\ds obscure ! moon2 & !re he lays ,8 traps & g9s1 & !n he sleeps a:ile2 ,b r\ses up be=e ! pry+ dawn ,betrays 8 c\rse2 & out he cauti\sly glides ,to try 8 d\btful luck4 ,p]*ance he f9ds ,/ores t may buy him bread2 b (t'n] /ill ,8 toil is fruitless1 & deject he comes ,home to 8 emb]less he>?1 & sits him d[n1 ,idle & />v+ ?r\gh ! busy day4 ,mungo ,p>k describes ! wret*$ condition ( ! inhabitants ( c\ntries 9 ,africa :]e small p>ticles ( gold are f\nd 9 ! riv]s4 ,_! lives 7 sp5t 9 hunt+ = ! gold to ex*ange = useful commodities1 in/ead ( rais+ ! commodities !mselves2 & !y 7 consequ5tly poor & mis]able1 li/less & un/eady4 ,_! fitful indu/ry _h too mu* ( *ance mix$ up ) x to af=d a c]ta9 & g5]al pr(it4 ,! acc\nts :i* ( late ye>s we h receiv$ f ! gold-digg+s ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia exhibit ! same suff]+ f ! same cause4 ,! natives ( ,cape de la ,hogue1 9 ,norm&y1 7 ! mo/ wret*$ & f]oci\s p 9 all ,france1 because !y dep5d$ pr9cipally = support on ! wrecks t 7 frequ5t on _! coa/s4 ,:5 !re 7 no tempe/s1 !y made an easy transition f ! "* ( wreck]s to t ( robb]s4 ,a b5efactor ( 8 species taught ^! unhappy p to collect a m>9e plant to make pota%4 ,!y imm$iately became pr(itable lab\r]s & ex*ang]s2 !y obta9$ a prop]ty 9 ! g5]al intellig5ce ( civiliz$ life2 ! capital ( society rais$ !m f mis]y to weal?1 f be+ de/roy]s to be+ produc]s4 ,! ,indians1 z we ?us see1 7 poor & wret*$1 because !y _h no appropriation beyond articles ( dome/ic use2 because !y _h no prop]ty 9 l&1 & consequ5tly no cultivation4 ,yet ev5 !y 7 n ins5sible to ! importance ( ! pr9ciple1 = ! pres]vation ( ! few advantages t belong$ to _! c\rse ( life4 ,tann] says1 ,i h (t5 kn[n a hunt] leave 8 traps = _m days 9 ! woods1 )\t visit+ !m1 or feel+ any anxiety ab\t _! safety4 ,! ,indians ev5 c>ri$ ! pr9ciple ( appropriation almo/ to a division ( l&2 = ea* tribe1 & sometimes ea* individual1 _h an allott$ hunt+-gr\nd--imp]fectly appropriat$1 inde$1 by ! fir/ com]1 & (t5 conte/$ ) viol5ce by o!r hunt]s1 b /ill %[+ t !y approa*$ ! limit :i* divides ! savage f ! civiliz$ /ate1 & t1 if cultivation 7 introduc$ among/ !m1 !re w\ld be a division ( l&1 z a matt] ( necessity4 ,! security ( individual prop]ty is ! f\ndation ( all social improvem5t4 ,x is impossible to speak ( ! productive p[] ( lab\r 9 ! civiliz$ /ate1 )\t view+ x 9 connexion ) t great pr9ciple ( society :i* consid]s all capital z appropriat$4 ,:5 ',capital & ,lab\r' 0 writt5 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! ,indian tribes :o 7 abid+ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 pr9cipally 9 ! condition :i* has be5 describ$ by ,tann]4 ,! want ( res\rces 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,indians 0 s manife/1 t1 :5 commission]s f ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahjb1 ga!r$ toge!r ! *iefs ( ! v>i\s tribes ( ! ,creek ,indians 9 _! own c\ntry1 to propose to !m a plan = _! civilization1 x became necess>y to provide = ! support ( ! p s assembl$ by convey+ food into ! =e/s f ! /ores ( ! ,am]ican t[ns4 ,! ,indians h n[ vani%$ f _! old hunt+-gr\nds4 ,:]e !y s rec5tly ma9ta9$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce1 !re are popul\s cities1 navigable riv]s1 roads1 railways4 ,! cl9k ( ! hamm] is he>d 9 ! =ge1 & ! ru% ( ! /ream f ! mill-dam tells ( agriculture & comm]ce4 ,b ev5 ! ,indians !mselves h become lab\r]s4 ,!y h be5 remov$ to a l>ge tract ( c\ntry1 f> away f ! settl$ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h be5 rais$ into ! dignity ( cultivators4 ,! ,*]okees1 ! ,creeks1 & ! ,*octaws1 ) _m small] tribes1 n[ bre$ cattle in/ead ( hunt+ m>t5s4 ,!y h h\ses 9 ! place ( huts2 !y h s*ools & *ur*es4 ,in/ead ( be+ extirpat$ by fam9e or ! sword1 !y h be5 adopt$ into ! great family ( civiliz$ man4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5n's ,treaty ) ! ,indians4 ,b ?is wise & humane arrangem5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n :olly remov$ ! ,indians f ! wide regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,hudson's ,bay t]ritories ! life :i* ,tann] describ$ /ill goes =w>d4 ,! wants ( civiliz$ society--! desire to possess ! e>?--h transport$ ! ,indians f ! banks ( ! ,ohio to ! l&s wat]$ by ! ,arkansas4 ,! opposite pr9ciple has reta9$ !m on ! %ores ( ,hudson's ,bay4 ,!y are want$ !re z hunt]s1 & are n enc\rag$ z cultivators4 ,!y are kept out ( ! pale ( civilization1 & n receiv$ )9 x4 ,! rude indu/ry ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,indians is /imulat$ by ! luxury ( ,europe into an employ :i* w\ld cease to exi/ if ! p became civiliz$4 ,if agriculture 7 introduc$ among/ !m--if !y 7 to gr[ corn & keep dome/ic animals--!y w\ld cease to be hunt]s ( foxes & m>t5s1 because _! wants w\ld be mu* bett] suppli$ by o!r modes ( lab\r1 involv+ less suff]+ & less unc]ta9ty4 ,z x is1 ! trad]s1 :o want sk9s1 d n ?9k ( giv+ ! ,indians tools to "w ! gr\nd1 & se$s to put 9 x1 & c[s & %eep to bre$ o!r c[s & %eep4 ,!y avail !mselves ( ! unciviliz$ /ate ( ^! poor tribes1 to r5d] !m ! pr9cipal ag5ts 9 ! manufacture ( fur1 to supply ! luxuries ( ano!r hemisph]e4 ,b /ill ! ex*ange :i* ! hunt]s c>ry on ) ! ,european trad]s1 imp]fect z x is 9 all cases1 & unju/ z x is 9 _m1 is bett] = ! ,indians ?an no ex*ange2 al?\gh we fe> t ard5t spirits take away f ! ,indians ! great] numb] ( ! advantages :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 ) !m z ex*ang]s4 ,if ! ,indians _h no sk9s to give to ,europe1 ,europe w\ld h no blankets & ammunition to give to !m4 ,!y w\ld obta9 _! food & clo?+ by ! use ( ! b[ alone4 ,!y w\ld live entirely f h& to m\?4 ,!y w\ld h no motive = accumulation1 because !re w\ld be no ex*anges2 & !y w\ld consequ5tly be ev5 poor] & m helpless ?an !y are n[ z ex*ang]s ( sk9s4 ,!y are suff]+ f ! effects ( small accumulations & imp]fect ex*ange2 b ^! are f> bett] ?an no accumulation & no ex*ange4 ,if ! c\rse ( _! indu/ry 7 to be *ang$ by p]fect appropriation--if !y 7 consequ5tly to become cultivators & manufactur]s1 in/ead ( w&]]s 9 ! woods to hunt = wild & noxi\s animals--!y w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 h abundance ( pr(itable lab\r1 because !y w\ld h abundance ( capital4 ,?is is ! bett] lot ( ! tribes ) :om ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has made a f> nobl] treaty ?an ,p5n made ) 8 ,indians4 ,z x is1 _! accumulations are s small1 t !y _c proce$ ) _! own unc]ta9 lab\r ( hunt+ )\t an advance ( capital on ! "p ( ! trad]s2 & ?us1 ev5 9 ! rude trad+s ( ^! poor ,indians1 cr$it1 t complicat$ in/rum5t ( comm]cial ex*ange1 op]ates ^u ! direction ( _! lab\r4 ,( c\rse cr$it w\ld n exi/ at all )\t appropriation4 ,_! rights ( prop]ty are p]fect z f> z !y g2 b !y are n c>ri$ f> en\gh to direct _! lab\r into *annels :i* w\ld ensure suffici5t production = ! lab\r]s4 ,_! lab\r is unproductive because !y h small accumulations2--_! accumulations are small because !y h imp]fect ex*ange2--_! ex*ange is imp]fect because !y h limit$ appropriation4 ,we may illu/rate ?is /ate ( imp]fect production by ano!r passage f ,tann]'s /ory3-- ,! ,hudson's ,bay ,company _h n[ no po/ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ! ,indians 7 soon made consci\s ( ! advantage :i* _h =m]ly result$ to !m f ! competition betwe5 rival trad+ companies4 ,mr4 ,wells1 at ! comm5cem5t ( w9t]1 call$ u all toge!r1 gave ! ,indians a t5-gallon keg ( rum & "s tobacco1 tell+ !m at ! same "t he w\ld n cr$it "o ( !m ! value ( a s+le ne$le4 ,:5 !y br\ght sk9s he w\ld buy !m1 & give 9 ex*ange su* articles z 7 necess>y = _! com=t & subsi/5ce dur+ ! w9t]4 ,i 0 n ) ! ,indians :5 ?is talk 0 held4 ,:5 x 0 report$ to me1 & a %>e ( ! pres5ts (f]$ me1 ,i n only refus$ to accept any?+1 b reproa*$ ! ,indians = _! pusillanimity 9 submitt+ to su* t]ms4 ,!y _h be5 accu/om$ = _m ye>s to receive cr$its 9 ! fall2 !y 7 n[ entirely de/itute n ( clo?+ m]ely1 b ( ammunition1 & _m ( !m ( guns & traps4 ,h[ 7 !y1 )\t ! accu/om$ aid f ! trad]s1 to subsi/ !mselves & _! families dur+ ! ensu+ w9t]8 ,a few days aft]w>ds ,i w5t to ,mr4 ,wells1 & told him t ,i 0 poor1 ) a l>ge family to support by my own ex]tions2 & t ,i mu/ unavoidably suff]1 & p]haps p]i%1 unless he w\ld give me su* a cr$it z ,i _h always 9 ! fall be5 accu/om$ to receive4 ,he w\ld n li/5 to my repres5tation1 & told me r\ghly to be gone f 8 h\se4 ,i !n took eight silv] beav]s1 su* z are worn by ! wom5 z ornam5ts on _! dress1 & :i* ,i _h pur*as$ ! ye> be=e at j twice ! price t 0 commonly giv5 = a capote2#aj ,i laid !m be=e him on ! table1 & ask$ him to give me a capote = !m1 or reta9 !m z a pl$ge = ! paym5t ( ! price ( ! g>m5t1 z soon z ,i c\ld procure ! peltries4#aa ,he took up ! ornam5ts1 ?rew !m 9 my face1 & told me nev] to come inside ( 8 h\se aga94 ,! cold wea!r ( ! w9t] _h n yet set 91 & ,i w5t imm$iately to my hunt+-gr\nd1 kill$ a numb] ( moose1 & set my wife to make ! sk9s into su* g>m5ts z 7 be/ adapt$ to ! w9t] season1 & :i* ,i n[ saw we %\ld be compell$ to sub/itute = ! blankets & wooll5 clo!s we _h be5 accu/om$ to receive f ! trad]s4 ,?is incid5t at once %[s u t ! great bless+ ( ! civiliz$ /ate is its increase ( ! p[]s ( production4 ,"h we see ! ,indians1 surr\nd$ on all sides by wild animals ^: sk9s might be made into g>m5ts1 r$uc$ to ! extremity ( di/ress because ! trad]s refus$ to advance !m blankets & o!r necess>ies1 to be us$ dur+ ! mon?s :5 !y 7 employ$ 9 cat*+ ! animals f :i* !y might obta9 ! sk9s4 ,x is easy to see t ! ,indians 7 a long way remov$ f ! p[] ( mak+ blankets !mselves4 ,be=e !y c\ld rea* ?is po9t1 _! =e/s mu/ h be5 conv]t$ into pa/ure-gr\nds2--!y mu/ h rais$ flocks ( %eep1 & le>nt all ! v>i\s complicat$ arts1 & possess$ all ! +5i\s ma*9]y1 = conv]t+ wool into clo?4 ,by _! ex*ange ( furs = blankets1 !y obta9$ a %>e 9 ! productiv5ess ( civilization2--!y obta9$ com=table clo?+ ) mu* less lab\r ?an !y c\ld h made x out ( ! furs4 ,if ,tann] _h n consid]$ ! capote :i* he desir$ to obta9 f ! trad]s1 bett]1 & less co/ly1 ?an ! g>m5t ( moose-sk9s1 he w\ld n h c>ri$ on any ex*ange ( ! two articles ) ! trad]s4 ,! sk9s ( m>t5s & foxes 7 only valuable to ! ,indians1 )\t ex*ange1 = ! purpose ( sew+ toge!r to make cov]+4 ,!y _h a diff]5t value 9 ,europe z articles ( luxury2 & !re=e ! ,indians by ex*ange obta9$ a great] pl5ty ( sup]ior clo?+ ?an if !y _h us$ ! sk9s !mselves4 ,b ! v nature ( ! trade1 dep5d+ ^u *ance supplies1 r5d]$ x impossible t !y %\ld accumulate4 ,!y _h su* press+ ne$ ( ammunition1 traps1 & blankets1 t ! produce ( ! lab\r ( "o hunt+ season 0 n m ?an suffici5t to procure ! commodities :i* !y requir$ to consume 9 ! same season4 ,b suppos+ ! ,indians c\ld h br$ foxes & m>t5s & beav]s1 z we bre$ rabbits1 = ! supply ( ! ,european dem& = fur1 d\btless !y w\ld h !n advanc$ _m /eps 9 ! "* ( produc]s4 ,! ?+ is p]haps impossible2 b 7 x possible1 & 7 ! ,indians to h practis$ x1 !y w\ld imm$iately h become capitali/s1 to an ext5t t w\ld h soon r5d]$ !m indep5d5t ( ! cr$it ( ! trad]s4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 h previ\sly e/abli%$ a m p]fect appropriation4 ,ea* mu/ h enclos$ 8 own hunt+-gr\nd2 & ea* mu/ h rais$ "s food = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 own /ock ( beav]s1 foxes1 & m>t5s4 ,x w\ld be easi]1 d\btless1 to raise ! food = !mselves1 & ultimately to ex*ange corn = clo?+1 in/ead ( furs = clo?+4 ,:5 ?is happ5s--& x w happ5 soon] or lat]1 unless ! remnant ( ! hunt+ ,indians are extirpat$ by _! pov]ty1 :i* proce$s f _! imp]fect production--,europe mu/ g )\t ! brilliant v>iety ( sk9s :i* we procure at ! co/ ( s mu* lab\r1 accompani$ ) s mu* wret*$ness1 because ! lab\r is s unproductive to ! lab\r]s4 ,:5 ! ladies ( ,london & ,p>is are compell$ to we> boas ( rabbits in/ead ( sables1 & :5 ! hair ( ! beav] ceases to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( our hats1 ! wood$ regions ( ,hudson's ,bay w h be5 cle>$--! fur-be>+ animals w h p]i%$--corn w be gr[+ 9 ! =e/ & ! m>%--! inhabitants w be build+ h\ses in/ead ( trapp+ foxes2--!re w be appropriation & capital1 pr(itable lab\r & com=t4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& m9k & m>t5-sk9s w no long] be s5t f ^? %ores to ,london 9 "o ye>2 b ,liv]pool may s5d to ^? %ores wov5 cottons & wor/$s1 pott]y & tools1 9 ex*ange = products ^: cultivation w h ext]m9at$ ! m9ks & m>t5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9e-,m>t54 #i ,! au?oriz$ v]sion has old2 ! m correct translation is fi]ce4 #aj ,a sort ( great-coat4 #aa ,sk9s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,prodigal--,advantages ( ! poore/ man 9 civiliz$ life ov] ! ri*e/ savage--,sav+s-banks1 deposits1 & int]e/--,progress ( accumulation--,insecurity ( capital1 its causes & results--,prop]ty1 its con/itu5ts--,accumulation ( capital4 ,!re is an acc\nt 9 ,fo/]'s ,essays ( a man :o1 hav+ by a %ort c>e] ( b\ndless extravagance dissipat$ e %ill+ ( a l>ge e/ate :i* he inh]it$ f 8 fa!rs1 obta9$ possession aga9 ( ! :ole prop]ty by a c\rse :i* ! writ] well describes z a s+ul> illu/ration ( decision ( "*4 ,! un=tunate prodigal1 driv5 =? f ! home ( 8 e>ly ye>s by 8 own imprud5ce1 & r$uc$ to absolute want1 w&]$ ab\t = "s "t 9 a /ate ( almo/ unconsci\s despair1 m$itat+ self-de/ruction1 till he at la/ sat d[n ^u a hill :i* ov]look$ ! f]tile fields t he once call$ 8 own4 ,he rema9$1 says ! n>rative1 fix$ 9 ?\ght a numb] ( h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* he sprang f ! gr\nd ) a vehem5t exult+ emotion4 ,he _h =m$ 8 resolution1 :i* 01 t all ^! e/ates %\ld be 8 aga92 he _h =m$ 8 plan1 too1 :i* he in/antly began to execute4 ,we %all %[1 by & by1 h[ ?is plan work$ 9 detail2--x w be suffici5t1 j n[1 to exam9e ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$4 ,he look$ to no freak ( =tune to ?r[ into 8 lap by *ance :at he _h ca/ f him by wilfulness4 ,he nei!r tru/$ to inh]it ^? l&s f _! pres5t possessor by 8 fav\r1 nor to wr+ !m f him by a c\rse ( law4 ,he 0 n ra% & fooli% en\gh to dream ( obta9+ aga9 by =ce ^? possessions :i* he _h ex*ang$ = va9 sup]fluities4 ,b he resolv$ to become once m _! ma/] by ! op]ation ( ! only pr9ciple :i* c\ld give !m to him 9 a civiliz$ society4 ,he resolv$ to obta9 !m aga9 by ! same ag5cy ?r\gh :i* he _h lo/ !m--by ex*ange4 ,b :at _h he to ex*ange8 ,8 capital 0 gone1 ev5 to ! utt]mo/ f>?+2 he mu/ lab\r to obta9 new capital4 ,) a c\rage wor?y ( imitation he resolv$ to accept ! v fir/ "w t %\ld be (f]$ to him1 &1 h[ev] l[ ! wages ( t "w1 to sp5d only a "p ( ^? wages1 leav+ some?+ = a /ore4 ,! day t he made ?is resolution he c>ri$ x into execution4 ,he f\nd "s s]vice to be p]=m$--irksome1 d\btless1 & 9 _m eyes degrad+4 ,b he _h a purpose :i* made e occupation appe> hon\rable1 z e occupation truly is t is productive ( utility4 ,incessant lab\r & scrupul\s p>simony soon accumulat$ = him a capital2 & ! /ore1 ga!r$ toge!r ) su* en]gy1 0 a rapidly increas+ "o4 ,9 no v great numb] ( ye>s ! once de/itute lab\r] 0 aga9 a ri* proprietor4 ,he _h e>n$ aga9 all t he _h lo/4 ,! l&s ( 8 fa!rs 7 aga9 84 ,he _h accompli%$ 8 plan4 ,a man s circum/anc$--"o :o possesses no capital1 & is only ma/] ( 8 own natural p[]s--if sudd5ly ?r[n d[n f a condition ( ease1 mu/ look ^u ! _w1 at ! fir/ view1 ) deep appreh5sion4 ,he sees ev]y?+ ar\nd him appropriat$4 ,he is 9 ! v opposite condition ( ,alex&] ,selkirk1 :5 he is made to exclaim ,i am mon>* ( all ,i survey4 ,in/ead ( feel+ t 8 "r !re is none to dispute1 he kn[s t e blade ( corn t cov]s ! fields1 e animal t grazes 9 ! pa/ures1 is equally numb]$ z ! prop]ty ( "s individual own]1 & c only pass into 8 possession by ex*ange4 ,9 ! t[ns x is ! same z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! deal] 9 bread & 9 clo!s1--! victuall] f :om he w\ld ask a cup ( be] & a night's lodg+1--w give him no?+1 al?\gh !y w ex*ange ev]y?+4 ,he _c exi/1 except z a begg>1 unless he puts himself 9 ! condition to become an ex*ang]4 ,b /ill1 ) all ^! app>5t difficulties1 8 prospects ( subsi/+1 & ( subsi/+ com=tably1 are f> great] ?an 9 any o!r situation 9 :i* he mu/ lab\r to live4 ,z we h already se51 ! condition ( by f> ! great] numb] ( ! millions t con/itute ! ex*ang]s ( civiliz$ society is greatly sup]ior to t ( ! few ?\s&s :o exi/ ^u ! prec>i\s supplies ( ! unappropriat$ productions ( nature 9 ! savage life4 ,al?\gh an ex*ange mu/ always be made--al?\gh 9 v few cases ! f[l & ! brute (f] !mselves to ! wayf>+ man = 8 daily food--al?\gh no h]bs wor? ! ga!r+ c be f\nd = ! support ( life 9 ! few uncultivat$ p>ts ( a highly cultivat$ c\ntry--! aggregate ri*es are s abundant1 & ! facilities :i* exi/ = ex*ang+ capital = lab\r are !re=e s manifold1 t ! poore/ man 9 a /ate ( civilization has a mu* great] c]ta9ty ( supply+ all 8 wants1 & ( supply+ !m ) consid]ably m ease1 ?an ! ri*e/ man 9 a /ate ( uncivilization4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* he has to rely is1 t 9 a highly civiliz$ c\ntry !re is l>ge production4 ,!re is l>ge production because !re is pr(itable lab\r2--!re is pr(itable lab\r because !re is l>ge accumulation2--!re is l>ge accumulation because !re is unlimit$ ex*ange2--!re is unlimit$ ex*ange because !re is univ]sal appropriation4 ,john ,tann] 0 acc\nt$ a ri* man by ! ,indians--d\btless because he 0 m indu/ri\s ?an ! great] numb] ( !m2 b we h se5 :at privations he (t5 suff]$4 ,he suff]$ privations because !re 0 no capital1 no accumulation ( ! products ( lab\r1 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* he liv$4 ,:]e su* a /ore exi/s1 ! poore/ man has a tol]able c]ta9ty t he may obta9 8 %>e ( x z an ex*ang]2 & ! great] ! /ore ! great] ! c]ta9ty t 8 lab\r1 or p[] ( add+ to ! /ore1 w obta9 a full proportion ( :at previ\s lab\r has ga!r$ toge!r4 ,9 #ahec ! am\nt ( /ock ve/$ to ! acc\nt ( depositors 9 sav+s-banks 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 #cd1edf1dcdl4 ,s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( sav+s-banks1 #fh1hhe1bhcl4 _h be5 s inve/$2 & ! gross am\nt ( int]e/ paid to ! depositors _h be5 #be1gcc1ggal4 ,?is l>ge capital1 :i* _h s fructifi$ z to produce m ?an tw5ty-five millions z int]e/1 0 an accumulation1 p5ny by p5ny1 %ill+ by %ill+1 & p\nd by p\nd1 ( ! sav+s ( t class ( p]sons :o1 9 e c\ntry1 h ! greate/ difficulty 9 accumulat+4 ,habitual ef=ts ( self-d5ial1 & a rigid det]m9ation to po/pone tempor>y gratification to p]man5t good1 c\ld alone h enabl$ ^! accumulators to reta9 s mu* ( :at !y _h produc$ beyond ! am\nt ( :at !y consum$4 ,! capital sum ( m ?an ?irty-f\r millions n[ belong+ to ! depositors 9 #ege sav+s-banks1 repres5ts z _m products ( indu/ry z c\ld be b\ght by t sum4 ,x is a capital :i* rema9s = ! enc\ragem5t ( productive consumption2 t is1 x is n[ appli$ z a fund = sett+ o!rs to produce1--to enable !m to consume :ile !y produce1--& 9 l mann] to accumulate "s "p ( _! productions beyond :at !y consume4 ,! millions ( int]e/ :i* ! depositors h receiv$ is ! price paid = ! use ( ! capital by o!rs :o require its employm5t4 ,! :ole am\nt ( our national ri*es--! capital ( ?is & ( e o!r c\ntry--has be5 =m$ by ! same sl[ b c]ta9 process ( individual sav+s1 & ! accumulations ( sav+s1 /imulat+ new indu/ry1 & yield+ new accumulations4 ,! consumption ( any production is ! de/ruction ( its value4 ,! production 0 creat$ by indu/ry to adm9i/] to individual wants1 to be consum$1 to be de/roy$4 ,:5 a ?+ capable ( be+ consum$ is produc$1 a value is creat$2 :5 x is consum$1 t value is de/roy$4 ,! g5]al mass ( ri*es !n rema9s ! same z x 0 be=e t production took place4 ,if ! p[] to produce1 & ! disposition to consume1 7 equal & con/ant1 !re c\ld be no sav+1 no accumulation1 no capital4 ,if mank9d1 by _! intellig5ce1 _! skill1 _! division ( employm5ts1 _! union ( =ces1 _h n put !mselves 9 a condition to produce m ?an is consum$ :ile ! great body ( indu/ri\s und]tak+s is 9 progress1 society w\ld h be5 /ation>y1--civilization c\ld nev] h advanc$4 ,x may assi/ u 9 mak+ ! value ( capital m cle>1 if we take a rapid view ( ! mo/ obvi\s features ( ! accumulation ( a highly civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 a newly settl$ c\ntry is :at is t]m$ to cle> x4 ,look at a civiliz$ c\ntry1 su* z ,engl&4 ,x is cle>$4 ,! encumb]+ woods are cut d[n1 ! unheal?y m>%es are dra9$4 ,! noxi\s animals :i* 7 once ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ! l& are ext]m9at$2 & _! place is suppli$ ) useful creatures1 br$1 n\ri%$1 & dome/icat$ by human art1 & multipli$ to an ext5t exactly proportion$ to ! wants ( ! population4 ,=e/s rema9 = ! produce ( timb]1 b !y are conf9$ )9 ! limits ( _! utility2--m\nta9s :]e ! nibbl+ flocks d /ray1 h ceas$ to be b>ri]s betwe5 nations & di/ricts4 ,e vegetable t ! dilig5ce ( man has be5 able to transplant f ! mo/ di/ant regions is rais$ = food4 ,! fields are produc+ a provision = ! com+ ye>2 :ile ! /ock = imm$iate consumption is ample1 & ! laws ( dem& & supply are s p]fectly 9 action1 & ! facilities ( communication ) e region s unimp$$1 t sc>city seldom occurs1 & fam9e nev]4 ,riv]s h be5 n>r[$ to b\nds :i* limit _! inundations1 & !y h be5 made navigable :]ev] _! navigation c\ld be pr(itable4 ,! c\ntry is cov]$ ) roads1 ) canals1 & n[1 m especially1 ) railroads1 :i* r5d] di/ant prov9ces z ne> to ea* o!r = comm]cial purposes z neighb\r+ villages 9 less advanc$ c\ntries4 ,sci5ce has creat$ ! electric telegraph1 by :i* prices are equaliz$ ?r\gh e di/rict1 by an in/ant communication betwe5 produc]s & consum]s4 ,h\ses1 all possess+ "s com=ts :i* 7 unkn[n ev5 to ! ri* a few c5turies ago1 cov] ! l&1 9 scatt]$ f>m-h\ses & mansions1 9 villages1 9 t[ns1 9 cities1 9 capitals4 ,^! h\ses are fill$ ) an almo/ inconceivable numb] ( conv5i5ces & luxuries--furniture1 glass1 porcela91 plate1 l951 clo!s1 books1 pictures4 ,9 ! /ores ( ! m]*ants & trad]s ! res\rces ( human +5uity are display$ 9 e v>iety ( sub/ances & =ms t c exhibit ! multitude ( civiliz$ wants2 & 9 ! manufactories are se5 ! wond]ful adaptations ( sci5ce = satisfy+ ^? wants at ! *eape/ co/4 ,! p :o inhabit su* a civiliz$ l& h n only ! readie/ communication ) ea* o!r by ! means ( roads & canals1 b c trade by ! ag5cy ( %ips ) all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,to c>ry on _! int]c\rse among/ !mselves !y speak "o common language1 r$uc$ to c]ta9 rules1 & n brok5 into an emb>rass+ v>iety ( un9telligible dialects4 ,_! writt5 communications are convoy$ to ! obscure/ corn]s ( _! own c\ntry1 & ev5 to ! mo/ remote l&s1 ) prompt & unfail+ regul>ity1 & n[ ) a *eapness :i* makes ! poore/ & ! ri*e/ equal 9 _! p[] to connect ! di/ant ) _! ?\ghts by mutual correspond5ce4 ,:atev] is transact$ 9 su* a popul\s hive1 ! k ( :i* c af=d pr(it or amusem5t to ! community1 is record$ ) a rapidity :i* is n m a/oni%+ ?an ! g5]al accuracy ( ! record4 ,:at is m important1 ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 ! elegancies ( lit]ature1 & all t c advance ! g5]al intellig5ce1 are pres]v$ & diffus$ ) ! utmo/ ease1 exp$ition1 & security1 s t ! public /ock ( k is con/antly increas+4 ,la/ly1 ! g5]al well-be+ ( all is su/a9$ by laws--sometimes inde$ imp]fectly devis$ & exp5sively adm9i/]$1 b on ! :ole ( inf9ite value to e memb] ( ! community2 & ! prop]ty ( all is def5d$ f ext]nal invasion & f int]nal an>*y by ! p[] ( gov]nm5t1 :i* w be respect$ only 9 proportion z x advances ! g5]al good ( ! humble/ ( its subjects1 by secur+ _! capital f plund] & def5d+ _! indu/ry f oppression4 ,?is capital is ready to be won by ! p[] ( e man capable ( "w4 ,b he mu/ ex]cise ?is p[] 9 complete subjection to ! natural laws by :i* e ex*ange ( society is regulat$4 ,^! laws sometimes prev5t lab\r be+ in/antly ex*ang$ ) capital1 = an ex*ange necess>ily requires a balance to be pres]v$ betwe5 :at "o man has to supply & :at ano!r man has to dem&2 b 9 _! g5]al effect !y secure to lab\r ! c]ta9ty t !re %all be abundance ( capital to ex*ange )2 & t1 if prud5ce & dilig5ce g toge!r1 ! lab\r] may himself become a capitali/1 & ev5 pass out ( ! condition ( a lab\r] into t ( a proprietor1 or "o :o lives ^u accumulat$ produce4 ,! exp]i5ce ( e day %[s ?is process go+ =w>d--n 9 a solit>y in/ance1 z 9 t ( ! ru9$ & re/or$ man ^: tale we h j told1 b 9 ! case ( ?riv+ tradesm5 all ar\nd u1 :o 7 once s]vants4 ,b if ! lab\r] or ! great body ( lab\r]s 7 to imag9e t !y c\ld obta9 su* a proportion ( ! capital ( a civiliz$ c\ntry except z ex*ang]s1 ! /ore w\ld in/antly vani%4 ,!y might p]haps divide by =ce ! crops 9 b>ns & ! clo!s 9 w>eh\ses--b !re w\ld be no m crops or clo!s4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* all accumulation dep5ds1 t ( security ( prop]ty1 be+ de/roy$1 ! accumulation w\ld be de/roy$4 ,:atev] t5ds to make ! /ate ( society insecure1 t5ds to prev5t ! employm5t ( capital4 ,9 despotic c\ntries1 t insecurity is produc$ by ! tyranny ( "o4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! p1 hav+ be5 misgov]n$1 are badly educat$1 t insecurity is produc$ by ! tyranny ( _m4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! bulk ( ! p !mselves are ! fir/ to suff]1 :e!r by ! outrages ( a tyrant1 or by _! own outrages4 ,!y prev5t lab\r1 by driv+ away to o!r *annels ! funds :i* support lab\r4 ,9 "s ea/]n c\ntries1 :]e1 :5 a man becomes ri*1 8 prop]ty is seiz$ ^u by ! "o tyrant1 nobody d>es to av[ t he has any prop]ty4 ,capital is n employ$2 x is hidd53 & ! p :o h capital live n ^u its pr(its1 b by ! dim9ution ( ! capital itself4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ times we he> ( conceal$ ri*es4 ,9 ! book ( ,job ^? :o long = dea? are said to dig = x m ?an = hid treasures4 ,! tales ( ! ,ea/ are full ( allusions to money buri$ & money dug up4 ,! poor woodman1 9 mak+ up 8 mis]able faggot1 discov]s a trap-door1 & becomes ri*4 ,9 ,india1 :]e ! rule ( ,mohamm$an pr9ces 0 usually "o ( tyranny1 ev5 n[ ! se>* aft] treasure goes on4 ,! popul> m9d is fill$ ) ! old traditions2 & s m5 dream ( bags ( gold to be discov]$ 9 caves & places ( desolation1 & !y =?) dig1 till hope is bani%$1 & ! real treasure is f\nd 9 sy/ematic indu/ry4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! feudal times 9 ,engl&1 :5 ! "l tyranniz$ ov] 8 vassals1 & no prop]ty 0 safe b 9 ! h&s ( ! /ronge/4 ,9 ^? times p :o _h treasure buri$ x4 ,:o ?9ks ( bury+ treasure n[ 9 ,engl&8 ,9 ! plays & /ory-books :i* depict ! mann]s ( our own e>ly times1 we con/antly read ( p f9d+ bags ( money4 ,we nev] f9d bags ( money n[1 except :5 a v old ho>d1 hidd5 9 "s "t ( national tr\ble1 comes to light4 ,s little "t ago z ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 we read ( ! ,secret>y to ! ,admiralty go+ d[n f ,london to 8 c\ntry-h\se1 ) all 8 money 9 8 c>riage1 to bury x 9 8 g>d54 ,:at ,samuel ,pepys records ( 8 do+s ) 8 own money1 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ! practices ( a previ\s "t4 ,he also *ronicles1 9 sev]al places ( 8 curi\s ,di>y1 8 labori\s se>*es1 day by day1 = #gjjjl4 hid 9 butt] firk9s 9 ! cell>s ( ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,:y is money n hidd5 & n s\ght = n[8 ,because p h security = ! employm5t ( x1 & by ! employm5t ( x 9 creat+ new produce ! nation's /ock ( capital goes on h\rly increas+4 ,:5 we read 9 ,black/one's ',comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl&1' t ! concealm5t ( treasure-trove1 or f\nd treasure1 f ! k+1 is a misdemean\r puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t1 & t x 0 =m]ly a capital (f5ce1 we at once see t ?is is a law no long] = our "t2 & we le>n f ?is in/ance1 z f _m o!rs1 h[ ! progress ( civilization sil5tly repeals laws :i* belong to ano!r condition ( ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,treasure-f9d+4 ,:5 we look at ! nature ( ! accumulat$ weal? ( society1 x is easy to see t ! poore/ memb] ( x :o d$icates himself to pr(itable lab\r is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ri*--ri*1 z comp>$ ) ! unproductive & !re=e poor individuals ( any unciviliz$ tribe4 ,! v scaffold+1 if we may s express x1 ( ! social /ructure1 & ! moral =ces by :i* t /ructure 0 re>$1 & is upheld1 are to him ri*es4 ,to be ri* is to possess ! means ( supply+ our wants--to be poor is to be de/itute ( ^? means4 ,ri*es d n consi/ only ( money & l&s1 ( /ores ( food or clo?+1 ( ma*9es & tools4 ,! p>ticul> k ( any art--! g5]al und]/&+ ( ! laws ( nature--! habit f exp]i5ce ( do+ any "w 9 ! readie/ way--! facility ( communicat+ ideas by writt5 language--! enjoym5t ( in/itutions conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( social improvem5t--! use ( ! g5]al conv5i5ces ( civiliz$ life1 su* z roads--^! advantages1 :i* ! poore/ man 9 ,engl& possesses or may possess1 con/itute individual prop]ty4 ,!y are means = ! supply ( wants1 :i* 9 !mselves are ess5tially m valuable = obta9+ 8 full %>e ( :at is appropriat$1 ?an if all ! productive p[]s ( nature 7 unappropriat$1 & if1 consequ5tly1 ^! great elem5ts ( civilization did n exi/4 ,society obta9s its almo/ unlimit$ comm& ov] ri*es by ! increase & pres]vation ( k1 & by ! division ( employm5ts1 includ+ union ( p[]4 ,9 8 d\ble capacity ( a consum] & a produc]1 ! humble/ man has ! full b5efit ( ^! means ( weal?--( ^! great in/rum5ts by :i* ! productive p[] ( lab\r is c>ri$ to its highe/ po9t4 ,b if ^! common advantages1 ^! public means ( society1 (f]+ s _m important ag5ts to ! individual = ! gratification ( 8 wants1 alone are wor? m to him ?an all ! prec>i\s p[] ( ! savage /ate--h[ incomp>ably great] are 8 advantages :5 we consid] ! wond]ful accumulations1 9 ! =m ( private weal?1 :i* are ready to be ex*ang$ ) ! lab\r ( all ^? :o are 9 a condition to add to ! /ore4 ,x has be5 truly said by ,m4 ,say1 a ,fr5* economi/1 ,x is a great mis=tune to be poor1 b x is a mu* great] mis=tune = ! poor man to be surr\nd$ only ) o!r poor l himself4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,! productive p[] ( lab\r c be c>ri$ b a v little way )\t accumulation ( capital4 ,9 a highly civiliz$ c\ntry1 capital is heap$ up on e side by ages ( toil & p]sev]ance4 ,a succession1 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 ( small advantages to individuals unceas+ly r5ew$ & c>ri$ =w>d by ! pr9ciple ( ex*anges1 has produc$ ?is prodigi\s am\nt ( ! aggregate capital ( a c\ntry ^: civilization is ( anci5t date4 ,?is accumulation ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 & ( all t makes exi/5ce com=table1 is pr9cipally result+ f ! lab\rs ( ^? :o h gone be=e u4 ,x is a /ock :i* 0 beyond _! own imm$iate wants1 & :i* 0 n ext+ui%$ ) _! lives4 ,x is our capital4 ,x has be5 produc$ by lab\r alone1 physical & m5tal4 ,x c be kept up only by ! same p[] :i* has creat$ x1 c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t ( productiv5ess by ! arrangem5ts ( society4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,common int]e/s ( ,capital & ,lab\r--,lab\r direct$ by ,accumulation--,capital enhanc$ by ,lab\r--,balance ( rights & duties--,relation ( dem& & supply--,money ex*anges--,intr9sic & repres5tative value ( money4 ,!re is an old prov]b1 t ,:5 two m5 ride on "o horse1 "o man mu/ ride beh9d4 ,capital & ,lab\r are1 z we ?9k1 de/9$ to p]=m a j\rney toge!r to ! end ( "t4 ,we h %[n h[ !y proce$ on ?is j\rney4 ,we h %[n t1 al?\gh ,lab\r is ! p>5t ( all weal?1 its /ruggles = ! conv]sion ( ! rude supplies ( nature into objects ( utility are mo/ feeble 9 _! effects till !y are assi/$ by accumulation4 ,be=e ! jo9t int]e/s ( ,lab\r & ,capital 7 at all und]/ood1 !y kept sep>ate2 :5 !y only began to be und]/ood1 z we %all %[1 !y 7 con/antly pull+ diff]5t ways1 in/ead ( giv+ a long pull1 a /rong pull1 & a pull altoge!r2 & ev5 n[1 :5 ^! int]e/s 9 _m respects are /ill imp]fectly und]/ood1 !y occasionally qu>rel ab\t ! conditions ^u :i* !y w cont9ue to travel 9 company4 ,9 ! v outset ( ! j\rney1 ,lab\r1 d\btless1 took ! lead4 ,9 ! dim morn+ ( society ,lab\r 0 up & /irr+ be=e ,capital 0 awake4 ,lab\r did n !n ride2 he travell$ sl[ly on foot ?r\gh v dirty ways4 ,capital1 at l5g?1 z sl[ly foll[$ aft]1 ?r\gh ! same mire1 b at an humble di/ance f 8 p>5t4 ,b :5 ,capital grew into /r5g?1 he saw t !re 7 quick] & m agreeable modes ( travell+ = bo?1 ?an lab\r _h f\nd out4 ,he procur$ t fleet & untir+ horse ,ex*ange2 & :5 he propos$ to ,lab\r t !y %\ld m\nt toge!r1 he claim$ ! "r1 & kept x1 = _! mutual b5efit1 ( tak+ ! direction ( ! horse4 ,= ?is reason1 z x appe>s to u1 we are call$ ^u to assign to "o ( ! companions1 accord+ to ! practice ( ! old ,knights ,templ>s1 ! privilege ( sitt+ be=e ! o!r--hold+ ! re9s1 inde$1 b 9 all respects hav+ a community ( int]e/s1 & an equality ( duties1 z well z rights1 ) 8 fell[-travell]4 ,let u endeav\r to advance ano!r /ep 9 ! illu/ration ( ^! positions1 by go+ back to ! prodigal :o _h sp5t all 8 sub/ance4 ,let u survey him at ! mom5t :5 he _h made ! wise1 & 9 _m respects h]oic1 resolution to pass f ! condition ( a consum] into t ( a produc]4 ,! /ory says1 ,! fir/ ?+ t drew 8 att5tion 0 a heap ( coals %ot out ( a c>t on ! pavem5t be=e a h\se4 ,he (f]$ himself to %ovel or :eel !m into ! place :]e !y 7 to be laid1 & 0 employ$4 ,"h1 !n1 we see t ! lab\r ( ?is man 0 :olly & imp]atively direct$ by accumulation4 ,x 0 direct$ z absolutely by ! accumulation ( o!rs z ! lab\r ( ,dampi]'s ,moskito ,indian 0 direct$ by 8 own accumulation4 ,! ,indian c\ld n lab\r pr(itably--he c\ld n obta9 fi% & goats = 8 food1 in/ead ( seal's fle%--till he _h call$ into action ! p[] :i* he possess$ 9 8 knife & 8 gun-b>rel4 ,! prodigal _h no accumulation :atev] ( 8 own4 ,he _h n ev5 ! accumulation ( peculi> skill 9 any mode ( lab\r2--= a cont9ual process ( wa/e enl>ges nei!r ! m5tal nor physical faculties1 & g5]ally leaves ! wret*$ be+ :o has to pass into ! new condition ( a produc] z helpless z ! weake/ *ild4 ,he _h no?+ b ! l[e/ p[]1 ( lab\r+ )\t peculi> k or skill4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 an int5sity & consi/5cy ( purpose :i* rais$ ?is humble p[] into real /r5g?4 ,he 0 det]m9$ nev] to g backw>d--always to g on4 ,he knew1 too1 8 duties z well z 8 rights2 & he saw t he mu/ :olly accommodate 8 p[] to ! great] p[] :i* 0 9 action ar\nd him4 ,:5 he pass$ into ! condition ( a produc]1 he saw t 8 p[]s & rights 7 :olly limit$ & direct$ by ! pr9ciples necess>y to advance production2 & t 8 own %>e ( :at he assi/$ 9 produc+ mu/ be measur$ by ! laws :i* enabl$ him to produce at all4 ,he f\nd himself 9 a position :]e 8 lab\r 0 absolutely gov]n$ by ! sy/em ( ex*anges4 ,no o!r sy/em c\ld op]ate ar\nd him1 because he 0 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,_h he be5 ?r[n ^u a des]t l& )\t food & %elt]1 8 lab\r mu/ h be5 in/antly & directly appli$ to procur+ food & %elt]4 ,he 0 equally )\t food & %elt] 9 a civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,b ! sy/em ( ex*anges be+ 9 action1 he did n apply 8 lab\r directly to ! production ( food & lodg+ = himself4 ,he add$ by 8 lab\r a new value to a heap ( coals2 he enabl$ ano!r man m readily to acquire ! means ( w>m?2 & by ?is s]vice1 :i* he ex*ang$ = a few p5ce & a small gratuity ( meat & dr9k1 he indirectly obta9$ food & lodg+4 ,he conf]r$ an additional value ^u a heap ( coals2 & t additional value 0 repres5t$ by ! few p5ce & a small gratuity ( meat & dr9k4 ,_h ! sy/em ( ex*ange be5 less advanc$1 t is1 _h society be5 less civiliz$1 he w\ld probably h ex*ang$ 8 lab\r = "s object ( utility1 by ano!r & a rud] mode4 ,he w\ld h receiv$ a portion ( ! coals z ! price ( ! lab\r by :i* he gave an additional value to ! :ole heap4 ,b m>k ! inconv5i5ce ( su* a mode ( ex*ange4 ,8 fir/ want 0 food2 8 next1 %elt]3 _h he e>n$ ! coals1 he mu/ h c>ri$ !m ab\t till he _h f\nd "s o!r p]son ready to ex*ange food & lodg+ = coals4 ,su* an occurr5ce might h happ5$1 b x w\ld h be5 a lucky accid5t4 ,he c\ld f9d all p]sons ready to ex*ange food & clo!s = money--because money 0 ready aga9 to ex*ange = o!r articles ( utility :i* !y might require1 & :i* !y w\ld m readily obta9 by ! money ?an by ! food & clo!s :i* our lab\r] _h receiv$ = !m4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! unpr(itable lab\r ( wait+ till he _h f\nd an ex*ang] :o want$ coals1 he might h p]i%$4 ,:at !n gave him ! means ( pr(itable lab\r1 & furni%$ him ) an article :i* e "o 0 ready to receive 9 ex*ange = articles ( imm$iate necessity8 ,capital 9 two =ms4 ,! heap ( coals 0 capital4 ,! coals repres5t$ a v great & v>i\s accumulation ( =m] lab\r t _h be5 employ$ 9 giv+ !m value4 ,! coals 7 altoge!r valueless till lab\r _h be5 employ$ to raise !m f ! pit1 & to convey !m to ! door ( ! man :o 0 ab\t to consume !m4 ,b ) :at v>i\s helps _h ?is lab\r work$6 ,m]e manual lab\r c\ld h done little or no?+ ) ! coals 9 ! pit4 ,ma*9es _h rais$ !m f ! pit4 ,ma*9es _h transport$ !m f ! pit to ! door ( ! consum]4 ,!y w\ld h rema9$ buri$ 9 ! e>? b = l>ge accumulations ( k1 & l>ge accumulations ( pecuni>y weal? to set t k 9 action by ex*ang+ ) x4 ,! heap ( coals repres5t$ all ?is accumulation2 & x m imm$iately repres5t$ ! ,circulat+ ,capital ( consumable articles ( utility1 :i* _h be5 paid 9 ! %ape ( wages1 at e /age ( ! lab\r ex]cis$ 9 rais+ ! coals f ! m9e1 & convey+ !m to ! spot 9 :i* ! prodigal f\nd !m laid4 ,! coals _h almo/ atta9$ _! highe/ value by a succession ( lab\r2 b "o lab\r 0 /ill want+ to give !m ! highe/ value4 ,!y 7 at _! l[e/ value :5 !y rema9$ unbrok5 9 ! coal-pit2 !y 7 at _! highe/ value :5 !y 7 deposit$ 9 ! cell> ( ! consum]4 ,= t la/ lab\r !re 0 circulat+ capital ready to be ex*ang$4 ,! man ^: c\rse ( production we h be5 trac+ imp>t$ to !m ?is la/ value1 & = ?is lab\r he receiv$ a few p5ce & a gratuity ( meat & dr9k4 ,^! consumable commodities1 & ! money :i* might be ex*ang$ = o!r consumable commodities1 7 circulat+ capital4 ,!y suppli$ 8 mo/ press+ wants ) incomp>ably m read9ess & c]ta9ty ?an if he _h be5 turn$ loose among/ ! unappropriat$ productions ( nature1 ) unlimit$ fre$om & absolute rights4 ,9 ! /ate 9 :i* he 0 actually plac$ 8 rights 7 limit$ by 8 duties1--b ?is balance ( rights & duties 0 ! *ief in/rum5t 9 ! satisfaction ( 8 wants4 ,let u exam9e ! pr9ciple a little m 9 detail4 ,an ex*ange 0 to be c>ri$ on betwe5 ! own] ( ! coals & ! man :o 0 will+ to %ovel !m into ! own]'s cell>4 ,! lab\r] did n want any di/9ct portion ( ! coals1 b he want$ "s articles ( m urg5t necessity 9 ex*ange = ! new value :i* he 0 ready to be/[ ^u ! coals4 ,! object ( ea* ex*ang] 01 t lab\r %\ld be ex*ang$ ) capital4 ,t object c\ld n h be5 accompli%$1 or x w\ld h be5 accompli%$ sl[ly1 imp]fectly1 & !re=e unpr(itably1 unless !re _h be5 int]*angeable fre$om & security = bo? ex*ang]s1--= ! ex*ang] ( capital1 & ! ex*ang] ( lab\r4 ,! fir/ "r ( ! lab\r] 01 t 8 lab\r %\ld be free2--! fir/ "r ( ! capitali/ 01 t 8 capital %\ld be free4 ,! rights ( ea* 7 built ^u ! security ( prop]ty4 ,c\ld ?is security h be5 violat$1 x might h happ5$1 ei!r t ! lab\r] %\ld h be5 compell$ to %ovel 9 ! coals--or1 t ! capitali/ %\ld h be5 compell$ to employ ! lab\r] to %ovel !m 94 ,_h ! lot ( ! un=tunate prodigal be5 ca/ 9 su* a /ate ( society z w\ld h all[$ ?is violation ( ! natural rights ( ! lab\r] & ! capitali/1 he w\ld h f\nd little accumulation to give a pr(itable direction to 8 lab\r4 ,he w\ld h f\nd production susp5d$1 or langui%+4 ,!re w\ld probably h be5 no heap ( coals want+ 8 lab\r to give !m ! la/ value2--= ! eng9es w\ld h be5 idle t rais$ !m f ! pit1 & ! m5 w\ld h be5 idle t direct$ ! eng9es4 ,! circulat+ capital t f\nd wages = ! m51 & fuel = ! eng9es1 w\ld h be5 idle1 because x c\ld n h work$ ) security4 ,accumulation1 !re=e1 w\ld h be5 susp5d$2--& all pr(itable lab\r w\ld1 9 consequ5ce1 h be5 susp5d$4 ,x 0 ! unque/ionable "r ( ! lab\r] t 8 lab\r %\ld be free2 b x 0 balanc$ by ! "r ( ! capitali/ t 8 accumulation %\ld be secure4 ,c\ld ! lab\r h seiz$ ^u ! capital1 or ! capital ^u ! lab\r1 production w\ld h be5 /opp$ altoge!r1 or 9 "p4 ,! mutual fre$om & security ( lab\r & capital compel production to g =w>d2 & lab\r & capital take _! respective /ations1 & p]=m _! respective duties1 altoge!r ) ref]5ce to ! laws :i* gov]n production4 ,^! laws are f\nd$ ^u ! natural action ( ! sy/em ( ex*ange1 c>ry+ =w>d all its op]ations by ! natural action ( ! great pr9ciple ( dem& & supply4 ,:5 capital & lab\r "k h[ to accommodate !mselves to ! direction ( ^! natural laws1 !y are 9 a heal?y /ate ) respect to _! individual rights1 & ! rights ( indu/ry g5]ally4 ,!y are 9 t /ate 9 :i* ea* is work+ to ! greate/ pr(it 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! bus9ess ( production4 ,! /ory ( ! prodigal goes on to say1 ,he !n look$ out = ! next ?+ t might *ance to (f]2 & w5t ) indefatigable indu/ry ?r\gh a succession ( s]vile employm5ts1 9 diff]5t places1 ( long] & %ort] duration4 ,"h we see ! pr9ciple ( ,dem& & ,supply /ill 9 active op]ation4 ,he look$ out = ! next ?+ t might *ance to (f]4 ,he 0 ready ) 8 supply ( lab\r imm$iately t he saw a dem& = x4 ,d\btless1 ! indefatigable indu/ry ) :i* he 0 ready ) 8 supply creat$ a dem&1 & ?us he _h 9 "s degree a control ov] ! dem&4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ! dem& w5t be=e ! supply1 & he _h ?us to wat* & wait ^u ! dem&4 ,9 _m in/ances dem& & supply ex]cise a jo9t influ5ce & control1 ea* ) reg>d to ! o!r4 ,pl9y1 ! ,roman naturali/1 relates t 9 ! ye> #ded ( ! build+ ( ,rome 7#cjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/7 a numb] ( b>b]s came ov] f ,sicily to %ave ! ,romans1 :o till t "t _h worn long be>ds4 ,b ! b>b]s came 9 consequ5ce ( be+ s5t = by a man 9 au?ority4 ,! dem& "h di/9ctly w5t be=e ! supply2 b ! supply1 d\btless1 act$ greatly ^u ! dem&4 ,dur+ a "t ( wild f9ancial speculation 9 ,p>is1 creat$ by :at is call$ ! ,mississippi bubble1 a hump-back$ man w5t daily into ! /reet :]e ! /ock-jobb]s 7 accu/om$ to assemble1 & e>n$ money by all[+ !m to sign _! contracts ^u ! natural desk ) :i* he 0 encumb]$4 ,! hump-back 0 d\btless a %rewd fell[1 & saw ! difficulty "u :i* ! /ock-jobb]s lab\r$4 ,he suppli$ :at !y appe>$ to want2 & a dem& 0 in/antly creat$ = 8 hump4 ,he 0 well paid1 says ! /ory4 ,t 0 because ! supply 0 small] ?an ! dem&4 ,if o!r m5 ) humps _h be5 attract$ by ! dem&1 or if p]sons _h come to ! /reet ) portable desks m conv5i5t ?an ! hump1 ! rew>d ( 8 s]vice w\ld naturally h become less4 ,he mu/ h yield$ to ! inevitable law by :i* ! am\nt ( circulat+ capital1 z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( lab\r]s1 prescribes ! t]ms ^u :i* capital & lab\r are unit$4 ,by foll[+ ! direction :i* capital gave to 8 indu/ry1 ! prodigal1 ^: c\rse we h trac$ up to ! po9t :5 he w5t into ! condition ( a lab\r]1 became at l5g? a capitali/4 ,he _h ga9$1 aft] a consid]able "t1 money en\gh to pur*ase1 9 ord] to sell aga91 a few cattle1 ( :i* he _h tak5 pa9s to und]/& ! value4 ,he spe$ily1 b cauti\sly1 turn$ 8 fir/ ga9s into second advantages2 reta9$1 )\t a s+le deviation1 8 extreme p>simony2 & ?us advanc$ by degrees into l>g] transactions & incipi5t weal?4 ,! f9al result 0 t he m ?an recov]$ 8 lo/ possessions1 & di$ an invet]ate mis]1 wor? #fj1jjjl4 ,he ga9$ money1 & he pur*as$ cattle4 ,9 ! simple transaction :i* has be5 record$ ( ! fir/ ex*ange ( ! prodigal's lab\r = capital1 we f9d ! circum/ances :i* repres5t e ex*ange ( lab\r = capital4 ,! prodigal want$ meat & dr9k1 & he gave lab\r 9 ex*ange = meat & dr9k2 ! capitali/ want$ ! produce ( lab\r--he want$ a new value be/[$ ^u 8 coals by lab\r--& he gave meat & dr9k 9 ex*ange = ! lab\r :i* ! prodigal _h to give4 ,b ! prodigal want$ some?+ beyond ! meat & dr9k :i* 0 necess>y = ! supply ( ! day4 ,he _h o!r imm$iate necessities beyond food2 & he _h det]m9$ to accumulate capital4 ,he !re=e requir$ a few p5ce 9 addition to ! meat & dr9k4 ,! capitali/ held t ! lab\r p]=m$ _h conf]r$ a value ^u 8 prop]ty1 :i* w\ld be fairly ex*ang$ = ! p5ce 9 addition to ! food1 & he gave1 !re=e1 9 ex*ange1 t portion ( 8 capital :i* 0 repres5t$ by ! money & by ! food4 ,?is bl5d+ ( "o sort ( consumable commodity1 & ( ! money :i* repres5t$ any o!r consumable commodity :i* ! money c\ld be ex*ang$ )1 0 an accid5t aris+ out ( ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* ! prodigal happ5$ to be plac$4 ,9 ord9>y cases he w\ld h receiv$ ! money alone1--t is1 he w\ld h receiv$ a l>g] sum ( money to enable him to ex*ange = meat & dr9k1 in/ead ( receiv+ !m 9 direct paym5t4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t z ! money repres5t$ "o portion ( ! consumable commodities :i* 7 ready to pay = ! lab\r employ$ 9 giv+ a new value to ! coals1 x might repres5t ano!r portion--! meat1 = in/ance1 )\t ! dr9k2 or x might repres5t all ! consumable commodities1 meat1 dr9k1 lodg+1 clo!s1 fuel1 :i* t p>ticul> lab\r] might want2 & ev5 repres5t ! accumulation :i* he might extract out ( 8 self-d5ial z to ! am\nt ( meat1 dr9k1 lodg+1 clo!s1 & fuel :i* he might require z a consum]2 & ! f>?+ sav$ out ( 8 money-paym5t might be ! ne/-egg :i* 0 to produce ! increase out ( :i* he pur*as$ cattle1 & di$ a ri* mis]4 ,we may be excus$ = call+ att5tion to ! fact1 :i* is a v obvi\s "o1 t if ! lab\r]1 ^: /ory we h told1 _h receiv$ a portion ( ! coals ^u :i* he _h conf]r$ a new value 9 ex*ange = ! lab\r :i* produc$ t value1 he w\ld h be5 paid 9 a way v unfav\rable = production4 ,x w\ld h requir$ a new lab\r be=e ! coals c\ld h procur$ him ! meat1 & dr9k1 & lodg+ ( :i* he _h an in/ant want2 & he !re=e mu/ h receiv$ a l>g] portion ( coals to comp5sate = 8 new lab\r1 or o!rwise 8 lab\r mu/ h be5 worse paid4 ,!re w\ld h be5 unpr(itable lab\r1 ^: loss mu/ h fall5 some:]e1--ei!r ^u ! capitali/ or ! lab\r] 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b ^u bo? ultimately1 because !re w\ld h be5 less production4 ,all ! unpr(itable lab\r employ$ 9 br++ ! ex*ange ( ! fir/ lab\r = capital to maturity w\ld h be5 s mu* p[] )drawn f ! effici5cy ( ! next lab\r to be p]=m$2 & !re=e production w\ld h be5 imp$$ to ! ext5t ( t unpr(itable lab\r4 ,! same ?+ w\ld h happ5$ if1 advanc+ a /ep =w>d 9 ! sci5ce ( ex*ange1 ! lab\r] _h receiv$ an entire paym5t 9 meat & dr9k1 in/ead ( a portion ( ! coals1 :i* he c\ld h ex*ang$ = meat & dr9k4 ,want+ lodg+1 he w\ld h _h to seek a p]son :o want$ meat & dr9k 9 ex*ange = lodg+1 be=e he c\ld h obta9$ lodg+4 ,b he _h a few p5ce1--he _h money4 ,he _h a commodity to ex*ange t he might divide & subdivide z long z he pleas$1 :il/ he 0 c>ry+ on an ex*ange1--t is1 he might obta9 z mu* lodg+ z he requir$ = an equival5t portion ( 8 money4 ,if he kept 8 money1 x w\ld n injure by keep+ z ! food w\ld4 ,he might c>ry x f place to place m easily ?an he c\ld c>ry ! food4 ,he w\ld h a commodity to ex*ange1 ^: value c\ld n be made matt] ( dispute1 z ! value ( meat & dr9k w\ld unque/ionably h be54 ,?is commodity w\ld repres5t ! same value1 ) little v>iation1 :e!r he kept x a day1 or a week1 or a mon?1 or a ye>2 & !re=e w\ld be ! only commodity ^: ret5tion w\ld advance 8 design ( accumulat+ capital ) c]ta9ty & /ead9ess4 ,x is evid5t t a commodity possess+ all ^! advantages mu/ h "s intr9sic qualities :i* all ex*ang]s w\ld recognise--t x mu/ be a /&>d ( value--at once a commodity possess+ real value1 & a measure ( all o!r values4 ,?is commodity exi/s 9 all comm]cial or ex*ang+ nations 9 ! %ape ( co9$ metal4 ,! metal itself possesses a real value1 :i* repres5ts ! lab\r employ$ 9 produc+ x2 &1 9 ! %ape ( co91 repres5ts also a measure ( o!r value1 because ! value ( ! co9 has be5 det]m9$ by ! sanction ( "s au?ority :i* all admit4 ,t au?ority is mo/ conv5i5tly express$ by a ,gov]nm5t1 z ! repres5tative ( ! aggregate p[] ( society4 ,! metal itself1 unless 9 ! %ape ( co9$ money1 w\ld n repres5t a def9ite value2 because ! metal might be depreciat$ 9 value by ! admixture ( bas] or inf]ior metals1 unless x bore ! impress ( au?ority to det]m9e its value4 ,! ex*ang]s ( ! metal = o!r articles ( utility c\ld n1 )\t great loss ( lab\r1 be con/antly employ$ 9 r$uc+ x to ! te/ ( value1 ev5 if !y _h ! k requisite = s asc]ta9+ its value4 ,x us$ to co/ #ajjjl4 a ye> to ! ,bank ( ,engl& = ! wages ( ^? :o weigh$ ! gold co9 br\ght to ! ,bank2 & x has be5 e/imat$ t #cj1jjj sov]eigns pass ov] ! ,bank c\nt] daily4 ,a ma*9e is n[ us$ at ! ,bank1 :i* sep>ates ! full-weight sov]eigns & ! light ones1 at ! rate ( #aj1jjj an h\r4 ,9 ,greece a piece ( gold 9 ! rude times 0 /amp$ ) ! figure ( an ox1 to indicate t x w\ld ex*ange = an ox4 ,9 mod]n ,engl&1 a piece ( gold1 call$ a sov]eign1 repres5ts a c]ta9 weight 9 gold unco9$1 & ! ,gov]nm5t /amp indicates its purity2 :il/ ! p]petual sep>ation ( ! light sov]eigns f ^? ( full-weight af=ds a security t v few light ones are 9 g5]al circulation4 ,a sov]eign pur*ases s _m p\nds weight ( an ox1 & a :ole ox pur*ases s _m sov]eigns4 ,! great use ( ! co9$ metal is to save lab\r 9 ex*ang+ ! ox = o!r commodities4 ,! money pur*ases ! ox1 & a portion ( ! ox aga9 pur*ases "s o!r commodity1 su* z a loaf ( bread f ! bak]1 :o obta9s a portion ( ! ox ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! money1 :i* is a /&>d ( value betwe5 ! bread & ! beef4 ,our great poetical satiri/1 ,pope1 9 conduct+ 8 invective aga9/ ! private av>ice & political corruption ( 8 day1 imag9es a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i*1 money & cr$it be+ aboli%$1 m9i/]s w\ld bribe & be brib$ 9 k9d4 ,x is a true picture ( :at w\ld be univ]sal1 if ! ex*anges ( m5 resolv$ !mselves into b>t]3 ,a /atesman's slumb]s h[ ?is spee* w\ld spoil6 ',sir1 ,spa9 has s5t a ?\s& j>s ( oil2 ,huge bales ( ,briti% clo? blockade ! door2 ,a hundr$ ox5 at y\r levee ro>4' ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,importance ( capital to ! pr(itable employm5t ( lab\r--,contra/ betwe5 ! prodigal & ! prud5t man3 ! ,dukes ( ,buck+ham & ,bridgewat]--,mak+ good = trade--,unpr(itable consumption--,w> aga9/ capital 9 ! middle ages--,evils ( corporate privileges--,condition ( ! p "u ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,if we h succe$$ 9 mak+ our mean+ cle>1 by /at+ a g5]al tru?1 n 9 an ab/ract =m1 b z br\ght out by v>i\s in/ances ( ! modes 9 :i* x is exhibit$1 we %all h l$ ! read] to ! conclusion t accumulation1 or capital1 is absolutely ess5tial to ! pr(itable employm5t ( lab\r2 & t ! great] ! accumulation ! great] ! ext5t ( t pr(itable employm5t4 ,?is tru?1 h[ev]1 has be5 d5i$ altoge!r by "s speculative writ]s2--&1 :at is m important1 has be5 practically d5i$ by ! conduct ( nations & individuals 9 ! e>li] /ate ( society1--& is /ill d5i$ by exi/+ prejudices1 d]iv$ f ! curr5t maxims ( =m] days ( ignorance & half-k4 ,) ! speculative writ]s we h little to d4 ,:5 ,r\sseau1 = in/ance1 advises gov]nm5ts n to secure prop]ty to its possessors1 b to deprive !m ( all means ( accumulat+1 x is suffici5t to "k t ! same writ] advocat$ ! savage /ate1 9 :i* !re %\ld be no prop]ty1 9 pref]5ce to ! social1 :i* is f\nd$ on appropriation4 ,kn[+ ?is1 & be+ conv9c$ t ! savage /ate1 ev5 ) imp]fect appropriation1 is "o ( extreme wret*$ness1 we may safely leave su* op9ions to "w _! own cure4 ,= x is n likely t any individual1 h[ev] dispos$ to ?9k t accumulation is an evil1 w\ld desire1 by de/roy+ accumulation1 to pass into ! condition1 describ$ by ,john ,tann]1 ( a con/ant enc\nt] ) hung] 9 its mo/ t]rific =ms3 & see+1 !re=e1 ! fallacy ( su* an op9ion1 he w also see t1 if he p>tially de/roys accumulation1 he equally imp$es production1 & equally de/roys 8 %>e 9 ! productive p[] ( capital & lab\r work+ toge!r = a common good 9 ! social /ate4 ,b1 )\t go+ ! l5g? ( wi%+ to de/roy capital1 !re are _m :o ?9k t accumulation is a positive evil1 & t consumption is a positive b5efit2 &1 !re=e1 t economy is an evil1 & wa/e a b5efit4 ,! c\rse ( a prodigal man is by _m /ill view$ ) consid]able admiration4 ,he sits up all night 9 frantic riot--he consumes :atev] c /imulate 8 satiat$ appetite--he is wait$ ^u by a cr[d ( unproductive & equally riot\s reta9]s--he breaks & de/roys ev]y?+ ar\nd him ) an unsp>+ h&--he rides 8 horses to dea? 9 ! mo/ extravagant attempts to wre/le ) "t & space2 & :5 he has sp5t all 8 sub/ance 9 ^! excesses1 & dies an outca/ & a begg>1 he is said to h be5 a he>ty fell[1 & to h made good = trade4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 a man ( =tune economizes 8 rev5ue--lives l a virtu\s & reasonable be+1 ^: fir/ duty is ! cultivation ( 8 und]/&+--eats & dr9ks ) reg>d to 8 heal?--keeps no m reta9]s ?an are suffici5t = 8 prop] com=t & dec5cy--breaks & de/roys no?+--has respect to ! inf]ior animals1 z well f motives ( prud5ce z ( m]cy--& dies )\t a mortgage on 8 l&s2 he is said to h be5 a /+y fell[ :o did n "k h[ to circulate 8 money4 ,to circulate money1 to make good = trade1 9 ! once common mean+ ( ! t]ms1 is = "o to consume unpr(itably :at1 if economiz$1 w\ld h /imulat$ production 9 a way t w\ld h enabl$ hundr$s1 in/ead ( "o1 to consume pr(itably4 ,let u (f] two hi/orical examples ( ^! two opposite modes ( mak+ good = trade1 & circulat+ money4 ,! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 hav+ be5 possess$ ( ab\t #ej1jjjl4 a ye>1 di$ 9 #afhg1 9 a remote inn 9 ,york%ire1 r$uc$ to ! utmo/ mis]y4#ab ,aft] a life ( ! mo/ wanton riot1 :i* exhau/$ all 8 pr9cely res\rces1 he 0 left at ! la/ h\r1 "u circum/ances :i* are well describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es by ,pope3-- ,9 ! wor/ inn's wor/ room1 ) mat half hung1 ,! floors ( pla/]1 & ! walls ( dung1 ,on once a flock b$1 b repair'd ) /raw1 ,) tape-ti$ curta9s nev] meant to draw1 ,! ,george & ,g>t] dangl+ f t b$ ,:]e tawdry yell[ /rove ) dirty r$2 ,great ,villi]s lies4444 ,no wit to flatt] left ( all 8 /ore1 ,no fool to laugh at1 :i* he valu$ m1 ,!re1 victor ( 8 heal?1 ( =tune1 fri5ds1 ,& fame1 ?is "l ( useless ?\s&s ends4 ,contra/ ! c\rse ( ?is unhappy man ) t ( ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 :o devot$ 8 prop]ty to really mak+ good = trade1 by con/ruct+ ! great canals :i* connect ,man*e/] ) ! coal c\ntries & ) ,liv]pool4 ,! ,duke ( ,buck+ham liv$ 9 a r\nd ( s5sual folly3 ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat] limit$ 8 p]sonal exp5diture to #djjl4 a-ye>1 & devot$ all ! rema9+ portion ( 8 rev5ues to ! con/ruction ( a magnific5t "w ( ! highe/ public utility4 ,! "o support$ a tra9 ( cooks & valets & horse-jockeys3 ! o!r call$ into action ! lab\r ( ?\s&s1 & employ$ 9 ! direction ( t lab\r ! skill ( ,br9dley1 "o ( ! greate/ eng9e]s t any c\ntry has produc$4 ,! "o di$ )\t a p5ny1 load$ ) debt1 leav+ no trace beh9d him b ! ru9 :i* 8 wa/e _h produc$3 ! o!r bequea!d almo/ ! l>ge/ prop]ty 9 ,europe to 8 desc5dants1 & op5$ a *annel = indu/ry :i* af=d$1 & /ill af=ds1 employm5t to ?\s&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,br9dley4 ,:5 a mob amus$ !mselves by break+ w9d[s1 z 0 once a common recreation on an illum9ation night1 by way ( %[+ ! am\nt ( popul> intellig5ce1 "s 7 apt to say !y h made good = trade4 ,is x n evid5t t ! capital :i* 0 repres5t$ by ! unbrok5 w9d[s 0 really s mu* de/roy$ ( ! national ri*es :5 ! w9d[s 7 brok58--= if ! w9d[s _h rema9$ unbrok51 ! capital w\ld h rema9$ to /imulate ! production ( "s new object ( utility4 ,! glazi]s1 inde$1 replac$ ! w9d[s2 b !re hav+ be5 a de/ruction ( w9d[s1 !re mu/ h be5 a necess>y retr5*m5t 9 "s o!r outlay1 t w\ld h af=d$ b5efit to ! consum]4 ,d\btless1 :5 ! glazi] is call$ into activity by a mob break+ w9d[s1 "s o!r trade suff]s2 = ! man :o has to pay = ! brok5 w9d[s mu/ retr5* some:]e1 &1 if he has less to lay out1 "s o!r p]son has less to lay out4 ,! glass-mak]1 probably1 makes m glass at ! mom5t2 b he does s to ex*ange ) ! capital t w\ld o!rwise h gone to ! mak] ( clo!s or ( furniture3 &1 !re be+ an absolute de/ruction ( ! funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r1 by an unnecess>y de/ruction ( :at =m] lab\r has produc$1 trade g5]ally is injur$ to ! ext5t ( ! de/ruction4 ,"s n[ say t a fire makes good = trade4 ,! only diff]5ce ( evil betwe5 ! fire :i* de/roys a h\se1 & ! mob :i* breaks ! w9d[s1 is1 t ! fire absorbs capital = ! ma9t5ance ( trade1 or lab\r1 9 ! proportion ( a hundr$ to "o :5 comp>$ ) ! mob4 ,"s say t w> makes good = trade4 ,! only diff]5ce ( pecuni>y evil 7! moral evils admit ( no comp>ison7 betwe5 ! fire & ! w> is1 t ! w> absorbs capital = ! ma9t5ance ( trade1 or lab\r1 9 ! proportion ( a million to a hundr$ :5 comp>$ ) ! fire4 ,if ! incessant en]gy ( production 7 con/antly repress$ by mobs1 & fires1 & w>s1 ! end w\ld be t consumption w\ld altoge!r exce$ production2 & t !n ! produc]s & ! consum]s w\ld bo? be />v$ into wis] c\rses1 & p]ceive t no?+ makes good = trade b pr(itable indu/ry & judici\s exp5diture4 ,prodigality devotes itself too mu* to ! satisfaction ( pres5t wants3 av>ice po/pones too mu* ! pres5t wants to ! possible wants ( ! future4 ,real economy is ! happy measure betwe5 ! two extremes2 & t only makes good = trade1 because1 :ile x c>ries on a /eady dem& = indu/ry1 x accumulates a portion ( ! production ( a c\ntry to /imulate new production4 ,t judici\s exp5diture consi/s 9 ,! s5se to value ri*es1 ) ! art ,t' enjoy !m4 ,! fa%ion ( mak+ good = trade by unpr(itable consumption is a relic ( ! b>b>\s ages4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury a c\nt ( ,france comm&$ 8 vassals to pl\gh up ! soil r\nd 8 ca/le1 & he s[$ ! gr\nd ) co9s ( gold1 to ! am\nt ( fifte5 hundr$ gu9eas1 t he might h all m5 talk ( 8 magnific5ce4 ,piqu$ at ! lordly prodigality ( 8 neighb\r1 ano!r noble ord]$ ?irty ( 8 mo/ valuable horses to be ti$ to a /ake & burnt alive1 t he might exhibit a m /rik+ in/ance ( contempt = accumulation4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 a ,scot* noble1 ,col9 ,campbell1 on receiv+ a visit f ! ,o',neiles ( ,irel&1 o/5tati\sly burnt d[n 8 h\se at ,inv]>y ^u _! dep>ture2 & an ,e>l ( ,a?ol pursu$ ! same c\rse 9 #aebh1 aft] hav+ ent]ta9$ ! papal legate1 ^u ! pret5ce t x 0 ! con/ant habitude ( ! high-l&]s to set on fire 9 ! morn+ ! place :i* _h lodg$ !m ! night be=e4 ,:5 ! feudal lords _h s little respect = _! own prop]ty1 x 0 n likely t !y w\ld h mu* reg>d = ! accumulation ( o!rs4 ,! ,jews1 :o 7 ! great capitali/s ( ! middle ages1 & :o really m]it ! gratitude ( ,europeans = _! av>ice1 z t almo/ alone enabl$ any accumulation to g =w>d1 & any production to increase1 71 z x is well kn[n1 p]secut$ 9 e direction by ! cr[n1 by ! nobles1 by ! p4 ,:5 a solit>y f>m] or abbot attempt$ to accumulate corn1 :i* accumulation c\ld alone prev5t ! dreadful fam9es inv>iably result+ f hav+ no /ock t might be available ^u a bad h>ve/1 ! p burnt ! ricks ( ! provid5t m51 by way ( less5+ ! evils ( sc>city4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t no p]son ?\ght ( accumulat+ at all1 & t ! price ( :eat (t5 rose1 j be=e ! h>ve/1 f five %ill+s a qu>t] to five p\nds4 ,we are accu/om$ to read & talk ( m]ry ,engl&1 b we sometimes fail to ?9k h[ mu* real suff]+ lay b5ea? ! surface ( ! m]rim5t4 ,h]rick1 "o ( our *>m+ old lyric poets1 has sung ! glories ( ! hock-c>t--! c>t t bore ! full %eaves to ! empty b>n3-- ,! h>ve/ swa9s & w5*es b\nd ,= joy1 to see ! hock-c>t cr[n'd2 ,ab\t ! c>t he> h[ ! r\t ,( rural y\ngl+s raise ! %\t1 ,press+ be=e1 "s com+ aft]1 ,^? ) a %\t1 & ^! ) laught]4 ,"s bless ! c>t1 "s kiss ! %eaves1 ,"s prank !m up ) oak5 leaves2 ,"s cross ! fill-horse1 "s ) great ,devotion /roke ! home-borne :eat4 ,assur$ly !re 0 joy & !re 0 devotion2 = ! lad5 c>t made ! diff]5ce betwe5 pl5ty & />vation4 ,be=e t h>ve/-home came !re _h be5 _m an a*+ he>t 9 ! village hovels1 = !re 0 no /ore to equalize prices1 & no communication to make ! abundance ( "o di/rict--mu* less ( "o c\ntry--mitigate ! sc>city ( ano!r4 ,x 0 n a "q ( ! rise or ! fall ( a p5ny or two 9 ! price ( a loaf ( bread2 x 0 a "q ( bread or no bread4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,hock-,c>t4 ,dur+ ^? d>k p]iods ! cr[n c>ri$ on ! w> aga9/ capital ) an indu/ry t c\ld n be exce$$ by t ( ! nobles or ! p4 ,be=e ! great *>t] ! ,commons compla9$ t ,k+ ,h5ry seiz$ ^u :atev] 0 suit$ to 8 royal pleasure--horses1 implem5ts1 food1 any?+ t pres5t$ itself 9 ! %ape ( accumulat$ lab\r4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 a /atute 0 pass$ to rem$y excessive di/resses2 f :i* x appe>$ t x 0 no unfrequ5t practice = ! k+'s (fic]s to take ! opportunity ( seiz+ ! f>m]'s ox5 at ! mom5t :5 !y 7 employ$ 9 pl\gh+1 or1 z ! /atute says1 w9n+ ! e>?1--tak+ !m (f1 & />v+ !m to dea?1 or only re/or+ !m ) new & enorm\s exactions = _! keep4 ,previ\s to ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/ no man c\ld dig a m>l-pit on 8 own gr\nd1 le/ ! k+'s horses %\ld fall into x :5 he 0 hunt+4 ,z late z ! "t ( ,james ,i4 we f9d1 f a spee* ( ! great ,"l ,bacon1 t x 0 a pretty con/ant practice ( ! k+'s purveyors to extort l>ge sums ( money by ?reat5+ to cut d[n fav\rite trees :i* grew ne> a mansion-h\se or 9 av5ues4 ,despotism1 9 all ages1 has depopulat$ ! f9e/ c\ntries1 by r5d]+ capital insecure1 & !re=e unproductive2 insomu* t ,montesquieu lays x d[n z a maxim1 t l&s are n cultivat$ 9 proportion to _! f]tility1 b 9 proportion to _! fre$om4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 ,engl&1 we f9d sums ( money vot$ = ! re/oration ( decay$ t[ns & villages4 ,j laws w\ld h re/or$ !m mu* m quickly & effectually4 ,! /ate ( agriculture 0 s l[ t ! mo/ absurd enactm5ts 7 made to compel f>m]s to till & s[ _! own l&s1 & call+ ^u e man to plant at lea/ =ty beans4 ,all ! laws = ! regulation ( lab\r]s1 at ! same p]iod1 assum$ t !y %\ld be compell$ to "w1 & n w&] ab\t ! c\ntry1--j 9 ! same way t f>m]s %\ld be compell$ to s[ & till4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t ! t[ns w\ld n h be5 depopulat$1 & gone to decay1 if ! accumulation ( capital _h n be5 ob/ruct$ by insecurity & wa/$ by ignorance1 & t ! same insecurity & ! same wa/e r5d]$ x necess>y to assume t ! f>m] w\ld n till & s[1 & ! lab\r] w\ld n lab\r1 )\t compulsion4 ,! natural /imulus to indu/ry 0 want+1 & !re=e !re 0 no indu/ry1 or only unpr(itable indu/ry4 ,! t[ns decay$1 ! c\ntry 0 uncultivat$--production langui%$--! p 7 all poor & wret*$2 & ! gov]nm5t dreamt t acts ( p>liam5t & royal ord9ances c\ld rebuild ! h\ses & cultivate ! l&1 :5 ! means ( build+ & cultivation1 namely1 ! capital ( ! c\ntry1 0 exhau/$ by inju/ice produc+ insecurity4 ,b if ! k+1 ! nobles1 & ! p ( ! middle ages conspir$ toge!r1 or act$ at lea/ z if !y conspir$1 to prev5t ! accumulation ( capital1 ! few capitali/s !mselves1 by _! mon/r\s regulations1 :i* /ill ?r[ "s d>k %ad[s ov] our own days1 prev5t$ t fre$om ( indu/ry )\t :i* capital c\ld n accumulate4 ,und\bt$ly ! comm]cial privileges ( corporations orig9ally (f]$ "s b>ri]s aga9/ ! inju/ice ( ! cr[n & ( ! nobility2 b ! good 0 always accompani$ ) an evil1 :i* r5d]$ x to a c]ta9 ext5t valueless4 ,:]e ^! privileges gave security1 !y 7 a good2 :]e !y de/roy$ fre$om1 !y 7 an injury4 ,in/ead ( enc\rag+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 "o trade & ano!r1 !y encircl$ e trade ) ! mo/ absurd monopolies & exclusive privileges4 ,in/ead ( r5d]+ comm]ce free betwe5 "o di/rict & ano!r1 !y1 ev5 9 ! same c\ntry1 encompass$ comm]ce ) ! mo/ h>ass+ re/rictions1 :i* sep>at$ c\nty f c\nty1 & t[n f t[n1 z if seas ran betwe5 !m4 ,if a man ( ,cov5try came to ,london ) 8 w>es1 he 0 enc\nt]$ at e /ep ) ! privileges ( companies2 if ! man ( ,london s\ght to trade at ,cov5try1 he 0 ob/ruct$ by ! same corporate rights1 prev5t+ ei!r ! ,london] or ! ,cov5try man trad+ ) advantage4 ,! rev5ues ( e city 7 d]iv$ f =feitures ^u trades1 almo/ all e/abli%$ ^u ! pr9ciple t1 if "o trade became too indu/ri\s or too clev]1 x w\ld be ! ru9 ( ano!r trade4 ,e trade 0 f5c$ r\nd ) secrets2 & ! commone/ trade1 z we "k f ! language ( an appr5tice's ind5ture1 0 call$ an art & my/]y4 ,all ^! follies w5t ^u ! presumption t "o man's ga9 is ano!r man's loss1 in/ead ( vani%+ be=e ! tru?1 t1 9 proportion z ! indu/ry ( all m5 is free1 s w x be productive2 & t production on all sides ensures a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* e ex*ang] is a ga9]1 & no "o a los]4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t1 :ile su* op9ions exi/$1 ! union ( capital & lab\r %\ld h be5 v imp]fect2 & t1 :ile ! capitali/s oppress$ ! lab\r]s1 9 ! same way t !y oppress$ ea* o!r1 ! lab\r]s %\ld h ?\ght x n unreasonable to plund] ! capitali/s4 ,x is /at$ by ,h>rison1 an old writ] ( cr$it1#ac t dur+ ! s+le reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 sev5ty-two ?\s& ?ieves 7 hang$ 9 ,engl&4 ,no fact c exhibit 9 a /rong] light ! univ]sal mis]y t mu/ h exi/$ 9 ^? days4 ,! :ole k+dom did n conta9 half a million gr[n-up males1 s t1 consid]+ t ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ext5d$ ov] two g5]ations1 ab\t "o man 9 t5 mu/ h be51 to use ! words ( ! same hi/orian1 dev\r$ & eat5 up by ! gall[s4 ,9 ! same reign ! fir/ /atute aga9/ ,egyptians 7gipsies7 0 pass$4 ,^! p w5t f place to place 9 great companies--spoke a cant language1 :i* ,h>rison calls ,p$l]'s ,fr5*--& 7 subdivid$ into fifty-two diff]5t classes ( ?ieves4 ,! same race ( p prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,c]vantes1 ! au?or ( ',don ,quixote1' says ( ! ,egyptians or ,bohemians1 t !y seem to h be5 born = no o!r purpose ?an t ( pillag+4 ,:ile ?is univ]sal plund] w5t =w>d1 x is evid5t t ! insecurity ( prop]ty mu/ h be5 s great t !re c\ld h be5 little accumulation1 & !re=e little production4 ,capital 0 de/roy$ on e side2 & because pr(itable lab\r _h become s sc>ce by ! de/ruction ( capital1 "o-half ( ! community s\ght to possess !mselves ( ! few goods ( ! o!r half1 n z ex*ang]s b z robb]s4 ,z ! robb]s dim9i%$ ! capital1 ! dim9ution ( capital increas$ ! numb] ( robb]s2 & if ! unconqu]able en]gy ( human indu/ry _h n gone on produc+1 sl[ly & pa9fully inde$1 b /ill produc+1 ! c\ntry w\ld h soon fall5 back to ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 a ?\s& ye>s be=e1 :5 wolves ab\nd$ m ?an m54 ,"o great cause ( all ?is plund] & mis]y 0 ! oppression ( ! lab\r]s4 #ab ,ruffhead's ,pope4 #ac ,preface to ! ,*ronicles ( ,hol9%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,adam ,smi?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,rights ( lab\r--,effects ( slav]y on production-- ,condition ( ! ,anglo-,saxons--,progress ( fre$om 9 ,engl&--,laws regulat+ lab\r--,wages & prices--,poor-law--,law ( settlem5t4 ,adam ,smi?1 9 8 great "w1 ',! ,weal? ( ,nations1' says1 ,! prop]ty :i* e man has 9 8 own lab\r1 z x is ! orig9al f\ndation ( all o!r prop]ty1 s x is ! mo/ sacr$ & inviolable4 ,! patrimony ( a poor man lies 9 ! /r5g? & dext]ity ( 8 h&s2 & to h9d] him f employ+ ?is /r5g? & dext]ity 9 :at mann] he ?9ks prop]1 )\t injury to 8 neighb\r1 is a pla9 violation ( ?is mo/ sacr$ prop]ty4 ,! "r ( prop]ty1 9 g5]al1 has be5 def9$ by ano!r writ]1 ,m4 ,say1 to be ! exclusive faculty gu>ante$ to a man1 or body ( m51 to dispose1 at _! own pleasure1 ( t :i* belongs to !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt t lab\r is entitl$ to ! same protection z a prop]ty t capital is entitl$ to4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! lab\r] has rights ov] 8 lab\r :i* no gov]nm5t & no individual %\ld presume to int]f]e )4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 z an ex*ang] ( lab\r = capital1 ! lab\r] ought to be assur$ t ! ex*ange %all 9 all respects be z free z ! ex*anges ( any o!r description ( prop]ty4 ,8 rights z an ex*ang] are1 t he %all n be compell$ to "p ) 8 prop]ty1 by any arbitr>y enactm5ts1 )\t hav+ z ample an equival5t z ! g5]al laws ( ex*ange w af=d him2 t he %all be free to use e j means1 ei!r by himself or by union ) o!rs1 to obta9 su* an equival5t2 t he %all be at full lib]ty to (f] t prop]ty 9 ! be/ m>ket t he c f9d1 )\t be+ limit$ to any p>ticul> m>ket2 t he may give to t prop]ty e modification :i* x is capable ( receiv+ f 8 own natural or acquir$ skill1 )\t be+ n>r[$ to any "o =m ( produc+ x4 ,9 o!r words1 natural ju/ice dem&s t ! work+-man %all "w :5 he please1 & be idle :5 he please1 always provid+ t1 if he make a contract to "w1 he %all n violate t engagem5t by rema9+ idle2 t no lab\r %all be =c$ f him1 & no rate ( paym5t = t lab\r prescrib$ by /atutes or ord9ances2 t he %all be free to obta9 z high wages z he c possibly get1 & unite ) o!rs to obta9 !m1 always provid+ t 9 8 union he does n violate t fre$om ( indu/ry 9 o!rs :i* is ! f\ndation ( 8 own attempts to improve 8 condition2 t he may g f place to place to ex*ange 8 lab\r )\t be+ int]f]$ ) by corporate rights or monopolies ( any sort1 :e!r ( ma/]s or workm52 & t he may turn f "o employm5t to ! o!r1 if he s ?9k fit1 )\t be+ conf9$ to ! trade he orig9ally le>nt1 or may /rike into any l9e ( employm5t )\t hav+ regul>ly le>nt x at all4 ,:5 ! work+-man has ^! rights secur$ to him by ! sanction ( ! laws1 & ! concurr5ce ( ! in/itutions & cu/oms ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he lives1 he is 9 ! condition ( a free ex*ang]4 ,he has ! full1 un9t]rupt$1 absolute possession ( 8 prop]ty4 ,he is ^u a p]fect legal equality ) ! capitali/4 ,he may lab\r *e]fully ) ! well-f\nd$ assurance t 8 lab\r w be pr(itably ex*ang$ = ! goods :i* he desires = ! satisfaction ( 8 wants1 z f> z laws & in/itutions c s provide4 ,9 a ^w1 he may assure himself t1 if he possesses any?+ valuable to (f] 9 ex*ange = capital1 ! capital w n be f5c$ r\nd ) any artificial b>ri]s1 or inve/$ ) any unnatural prepond]ance1 to prev5t ! ex*ange be+ "o ( p]fect equality1 & !re=e a real b5efit to bo? ex*ang]s4 ,we are approa*+ ?is desirable /ate 9 ,engl&4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely any legal re/riction act$ ^u :i* prev5ts ! ex*ange ( lab\r ) capital be+ completely unemb>rass$4 ,yet x is only )9 a few c5turies t ! work+-m5 ( ?is c\ntry h em]g$ f ! condition ( actual slaves into t ( free lab\r]s2 x is only a few hundr$ ye>s ago s9ce ! cultivator ( ! gr\nd1 ! dome/ic s]vant1 & sometimes ev5 ! artisan1 0 ! absolute prop]ty ( ano!r man--b\ght1 sold1 let1 )\t any w ( 8 own1 l an ox or a horse--produc+ no?+ = himself--& transmitt+ ! mis]ies ( 8 lot to 8 *ildr54 ,! progress ( civilization de/roy$ ?is mon/r\s sy/em1 9 ! same way t at ! pres5t day x is de/roy+ x 9 ,russia & o!r c\ntries :]e slav]y /ill exi/s4 ,b x 0 by a v sl[ process t ! ,engli% slave w5t =w>d to ! complete enjoym5t ( ! legal rights ( a free ex*ang]4 ,! transition exhibits v _m ye>s ( gross inju/ice1 ( bitt] suff]+1 ( absurd & ineffectual violations ( ! natural rights ( man2 & ( /ruggles betwe5 ! capitali/ & ! lab\r]1 = exclusive advantages1 p]petuat$ by ignorant lawgiv]s1 :o c\ld n see t ! int]e/ ( all classes ( produc]s is "o & ! same4 ,we may n improp]ly devote a little space to ! description ( ?is d>k & evil p]iod4 ,we %all see t :ile su* a /ruggle goes =w>d--t is1 :ile security ( prop]ty & fre$om ( indu/ry are n held z ! int]*angeable rights ( ! capitali/ & ! lab\r]--!re c be little production & less accumulation4 ,:]ev] positive slav]y exi/s--:]ev] ! lab\r]s are utt]ly depriv$ ( _! prop]ty 9 _! lab\r1 & are compell$ to dispose ( x )\t reta9+ any "p ( ! "* ( volunt>y ex*ang]s--!re are f\nd idl5ess1 ignorance1 & unskilfulness2 indu/ry is enfeebl$--! oppressor & ! oppress$ are bo? poor--!re is no national accumulation4 ,! exi/5ce ( slav]y among/ ! nations ( antiquity 0 a great imp$im5t to _! progress 9 ! arts ( life4 ,! community1 9 su* nations1 0 divid$ into a ca/e ( nobles call$ citiz5s1 & a ca/e ( lab\r]s call$ slaves4 ,! ,romans 7 ri*1 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w1 because !y plund]$ o!r nations2 b !y c\ld n produce l>gely :5 ! individual _s to indu/ry 0 want+4 ,! indu/ry ( ! freem5 0 rap9e3 ! slaves 7 ! produc]s4 ,no man w "w will+ly :5 he is to be utt]ly depriv$ ( ! p[] ( dispos+ at 8 own w ( ! fruits ( 8 lab\r2 no man w "w skilfully :5 ! same scanty pittance is dol$ out to ea* & all1 :atev] be ! diff]5ce 9 _! tal5ts & k4 ,:]ev] ! fre$om ( indu/ry is ?us violat$1 prop]ty _c be secure4 ,if ,rome _h enc\rag$ free lab\r]s1 in/ead ( bre$+ m5ial slaves1 x c\ld n h happ5$ t ! ?ieves1 :o 7 con/antly hov]+ r\nd ! suburbs ( ! city1 l vultures look+ out = c>rion1 %\ld h be5 s num]\s t1 dur+ ! insurrection ( ,catil9e1 !y =m$ a l>ge accession to 8 army4 ,b ,rome _h to enc\nt] a worse evil ?an t ( ! sw>ms ( highwaym5 :o 7 ready to plund] :atev] _h be5 produc$4 ,production itself 0 s feeble :5 c>ri$ on by ! lab\r ( slaves1 t ,columella1 a writ] on rural affairs1 says ! crops cont9u$ s gradually to fall (f t !re 0 a g5]al op9ion t ! e>? 0 gr[+ old & los+ its p[] ( productiv5ess4 ,:]ev] slav]y exi/s at ! pres5t day1 !re we f9d feeble production & national weakness4 ,pol&1 ! mo/ prolific corn-c\ntry 9 ,europe1 is unque/ionably ! poore/ c\ntry4 ,pol& has be5 p>tition$1 ov] & ov] aga91 by gov]nm5ts t knew h] weakness2 & %e has be5 said to h fall5 )\t a crime4 ,t is n correct4 ,h] crime 01 & is1 ! slav]y ( h] lab\r]s4 ,!re is no p[]ful class betwe5 ! noble & ! s]f or slave2 & :il/ ?is /ate ( ?+s endures1 ,pol& c nev] be indep5d5t1 because %e c nev] be indu/ri\s1 & !re=e nev] weal?y4 ,engl&1 z we h said1 once groan$ "u ! evils ( positive slav]y4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons _h :at !y call$ live money1 su* z %eep & slaves4 ,to ?is cause may be d\btless attribut$ ! easy conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ! ,norman invad]s1 & ! oppression t succe$$ t conque/4 ,if ! p _h be5 free1 no k+ c\ld h swept away ! entire population ( a hundr$ ?\s& s\ls t dwelt 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,humb] & ! ,tees1 & conv]t$ a di/rict ( sixty miles 9 l5g? into a dre>y des]t1 :i* rema9$ = ye>s )\t h\ses & )\t inhabitants4 ,?is ! ,conqu]or did4 ,9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! slaves ( ,engl& 7 export$ 9 l>ge numb]s to ,irel&4 ,^! slaves1 or ville9s1 z is ! case 9 ,russia & ,pol& at ! pres5t day1 diff]$ 9 ! degree ( ! oppression :i* 0 ex]cis$ t[>ds !m4 ,"s1 call$ ville9s 9 gross1 7 at ! absolute disposal ( ! "l--transf]able f "o own] to ano!r1 l a horse or a c[4 ,o!rs1 call$ ville9s reg>dant1 7 annex$ to p>ticul> e/ates1 & 7 call$ ^u to p]=m :atev] agricultural (fices ! "l %\ld dem& f !m1 n hav+ ! p[] ( acquir+ any prop]ty1 & _! only privilege be+ t !y 7 irremoveable except ) _! own cons5t4 ,^! di/9ctions are n ( mu* consequ5ce1 =1 by a happy comb9ation ( circum/ances1 ! bondm5 ( e k9d1 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury or two aft] ! ,conque/1 7 rapidly pass+ into ! condition ( free lab\r]s4 ,b /ill capital 0 accumulat$ s sl[ly1 & lab\r 0 s unproductive1 t ! l& did n produce ! t5? "p ( a mod]n crop2 & ! c\ntry 0 con/antly expos$ to ! sev]e/ inflictions ( fam9e1 :5ev] a worse ?an usual h>ve/ occurr$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ! wooll5 manufacture 0 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,x 0 at fir/ c>ri$ on exclusively by =eign]s2 b z ! trade ext5d$1 new h&s 7 want+1 & ! bondm5 ( ! villages began to run away f _! ma/]s1 & take refuge 9 ! t[ns4 ,if ! slave c\ld conceal himself successfully f ! pursuit ( 8 "l = a ye> & a day1 he 0 held free = ev]4 ,! con/ant attraction ( ! bondm5 to ! t[ns1 :]e !y c\ld "w = hire1 gradually embold5$ ^? :o rema9$ z cultivators to ass]t _! own natural rights4 ,! nobility compla9$ t ! ville9s refus$ to p]=m _! accu/om$ s]vices2 & t corn rema9$ uncut ^u ! gr\nd4 ,at l5g?1 9 #acea1 ! #be? ye> ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ! class ( free lab\r]s 0 fir/ recognis$ by ! legislature2 & a /atute 0 pass$1 oppressive inde$1 & impolitic1 b di/9ctly ackn[l$g+ ! "r ( ! lab\r] to assume ! "* ( a free ex*ang]4 ,slav]y1 9 ,engl&1 0 n :olly aboli%$ by /atute till ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii43 x 0 attempt$ 9 va9 to be aboli%$ 9 #aebf4 ,z late z ! ye> #agge1 ! colli]s ( ,scotl& 7 acc\nt$ ascripti glebae--t is1 z belong+ to ! e/ate or colli]y :]e !y 7 born & cont9u$ to "w4 ,x is n necess>y = u fur!r to notice ! exi/5ce ( ville9age or slav]y 9 ^! k+doms4 ,our bus9ess is ) ! sl[ progress ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rights ( free lab\r]s--& ?is pr9cipally to %[ t1 dur+ ! long p]iod :5 a conte/ 0 go+ =w>d betwe5 ! capitali/s & ! lab\r]s1 indu/ry 0 comp>atively unproductive4 ,x 0 n s unproductive1 inde$1 z dur+ ! p]iod ( absolute slav]y2 b z long z any man 0 compell$ to "w1 or to cont9ue at "w1 or to receive a fix$ price1 or to rema9 9 "o place1 or to foll[ "o employm5t1 lab\r c\ld n be held to be free--prop]ty c\ld n be held to be secure--capital & lab\r c\ld n h cordially unit$ = production--accumulation c\ld n h be5 c]ta9 & rapid4 ,9 ! ye> #acdi !re 0 a dreadful pe/il5ce 9 ,engl&1 :i* swept (f l>ge numb]s ( ! p4 ,^? ( ! lab\r]s t rema9$1 foll[+ ! natural c\rse ( ! great pr9ciple ( dem& & supply1 refus$ to s]ve1 unless !y 7 paid d\ble ! wages :i* !y _h receiv$ five ye>s be=e4 ,!n came ! ',/atute ( ,lab\r]s1' ( #acea1 to regulate wages2 & ?is /atute enact$ :at %\ld be paid to haymak]s1 & reap]s1 & ?ra%]s2 to c>p5t]s1 & masons1 & til]s1 & pla/]]s4 ,no p]son 0 to quit 8 own village1 if he c\ld get "w at ^! wages2 & lab\r]s & artific]s fly+ f "o di/rict to ano!r 9 consequ5ce ( ^! regulations1 7 to be imprison$4 ,good laws1 x has be5 said1 execute !mselves4 ,:5 legislators make bad laws1 !re requires a con/ant increase ( vigilance & sev]ity1 & con/ant attempts at reconcil+ impossibilities1 to all[ su* laws to "w at all4 ,9 #acfj ! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s 0 confirm$ ) new p5alties1 su* z burn+ 9 ! =ehead ) ! lett] ,f ^? workm5 :o left _! usual abodes4 ,hav+ controll$ ! wages ( indu/ry1 ! next /ep 0 = ^! bl9d lawgiv]s to det]m9e h[ ! workm5 %\ld sp5d _! scanty pittance2 & accord+ly1 9 #acfc1 a /atute 0 pass$ to compel workm5 & all p]sons n wor? =ty %ill+s to we> ! co>se/ clo? call$ russet1 & to be s]v$ once a day ) meat1 or fi%1 & ! (fal ( o!r victuals4 ,we 7 n )\t imitations ( su* absurdities 9 o!r nations4 ,an ord9ance ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 9 #adfa1 det]m9$ t good & fat meat %\ld be sold to ! ri*1 :ile ! poor %\ld be all[$ only to buy ! lean & /9k+4 ,:ile ! wages ( lab\r 7 fix$ by /atute1 ! price ( :eat 0 con/antly und]go+ ! mo/ extraord9>y fluctuations1 rang+ f #bs4 a qu>t] to #al4 #fs4 #h;d4 ,x 0 p]fectly impossible t any pr(itable indu/ry c\ld g =w>d 9 ! face ( su* unju/ & ridicul\s laws4 ,9 #acgf ! ,commons compla9$ t ma/]s 7 oblig$ to give _! s]vants high] wages to prev5t _! runn+ away2 & t ! c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) /af-/rik]s & /urdy rogues1 :o robb$ 9 e direction4 ,! villages 7 des]t$ by ! lab\r]s resort+ to ! t[ns1 :]e comm]ce knew h[ to evade ! de/roy+ regulations ( ! /atutes2 & to prev5t ! total decay ( agriculture1 lab\r]s 7 n all[$ to move f place to place )\t lett]s pat5t3--any lab\r]1 n produc+ su* a lett]1 0 to be imprison$ & put 9 ! /ocks4 ,if a lad _h be5 br\ght up to ! pl\gh till he 0 twelve ye>s ( age1 he 0 compell$ to cont9ue 9 husb&ry all 8 life2 & 9 #adjf x 0 enact$ t all *ildr5 ( p>5ts n possess$ ( l& %\ld be br\ght up 9 ! occupation ( _! p>5ts4 ,:ile ! legislature1 h[ev]1 0 pass+ ^! abom9able laws1 x 0 mo/ effectually prep>+ ! means = _! ext]m9ation4 ,*ildr5 7 all[$ to be s5t to s*ool 9 any "p ( ! k+dom4 ,:5 ! light ( education dawn$ ^u ! p1 !y c\ld n long rema9 9 ! d>kness visible t succe$$ ! night ( slav]y4 ,:5 ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry 0 ne>ly annihilat$ by ! laws regulat+ wages1 x 0 f\nd out t some?+ l a balance %\ld be pres]v$ betwe5 wages & prices2 & ! magi/rates 7 !re=e emp[]$ twice a ye> to make proclamation1 accord+ to ! price ( provisions1 h[ mu* e workman %\ld receive4 ,! sy/em1 h[ev]1 w\ld n "w well4 ,9 #adif a new /atute ( wages 0 pass$1 ! preamble ( :i* recit$ t ! =m] /atutes _h n be5 execut$1 because ! rem$y by ! said /atutes is n v p]fect4 ,!n came a new rem$y3 t is1 a new scale ( wages = all trades2 regulations = ! h\rs ( "w & ( re/2 & p5alties to prev5t lab\r be+ transport$ f "o di/rict to ano!r4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce ( a fix$ scale = wages1 came ano!r fix$ scale = regulat+ ! prices ( provisions2 till at la/1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 lawgiv]s began to op5 _! eyes to ! folly ( _! proce$+s1 & ! preamble ( a /atute says t de>?1 sc>city1 good *eap1 & pl5ty ( *eese1 butt]1 capons1 h5s1 *ick5s1 & o!r victuals necess>y = man's su/5ance1 happ5e?1 rise?1 & *ance?1 ( s _m & div]s occasions1 t x is v h>d & difficile to put any c]ta9 prices to any su* ?+s4 ,yet !y w5t on ) new scales1 9 spite ( ! h>dness ( ! task2 till at la/ "s ( ! wor/ ( ^! absurd laws 7 swept f ! /atute-book4 ,! ju/ices1 ^: pr9cipal occupation 0 to balance ! scale ( wages & lab\r1 compla9$ incessantly ( ! difficulty ( ! attempt2 & ! /atute ( ! #e? ,elizabe? ackn[l$g$ t ^! old laws c\ld n be c>ri$ into execution )\t ! great grief & burd5 ( ! poor lab\r] & hir$ man4 ,/ill new laws 7 enact$ to prev5t ! fre$om ( indu/ry work+ out pl5ty = capitali/s z well z lab\r]s2 & at l5g?1 9 #afja1 a g5]al assessm5t 0 direct$ = ! support ( ! impot5t poor1 & = sett+ ! unemploy$ poor to "w4 ,! capitali/s at l5g? paid a griev\s p5alty = _! two c5turies ( oppression2 & _h to ma9ta9 a ho/ ( paup]s1 t _h gradually fill$ ! l& dur+ ^! unnatural conte/s4 ,x w\ld be p]haps incorrect to say1 t ^! conte/s alone produc$ ! paup]s t requir$ ?is legislative protection 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?2 b c]ta9ly ! numb] ( ^? paup]s w\ld h be5 f> less1 if ! laws ( indu/ry _h tak5 _! heal?y & natural c\rse1--if capital & lab\r _h gone h& 9 h& to produce abundance = all1 & fairly to di/ribute t abundance 9 ! =m ( pr(its & wages1 ju/ly balanc$ by ! /eady op]ation ( dem& & supply 9 a free & ext5sive m>ket4 ,! :ole ( ^! absurd & iniquit\s laws1 :i* _h succe$$ ! m wick$ laws ( absolute slav]y1 proce$$ f a /ruggle on ! "p ( ! capitali/s 9 l& aga9/ ! gr[+ p[] & en]gy ( free lab\r4 ,if ! capitali/s _h rightly und]/ood _! int]e/s1 !y w\ld h se5 t ! increas$ production ( a ?riv+ & happy peasantry w\ld h amply comp5sat$ !m = all ! increase ( wages to :i* !y 7 compell$ to submit2 & t at e /ep by :i* ! condition ( _! lab\r]s 0 improv$ _! own condition 0 also improv$4 ,if !n capital _h work$ naturally & hone/ly = ! enc\ragem5t ( lab\r1 !re w\ld h be5 no lack ( lab\r]s2 & x w\ld n h be5 necess>y to pass laws to compel artific]s1 "u ! p5alty ( ! /ocks1 to assi/ 9 gett+ 9 ! h>ve/ 7#e ,eliz474 ,if ! lab\r]s 9 agriculture _h be5 adequately paid1 !y w\ld n h fl$ to ! t[ns2 & if !y _h n be5 liable to cruel puni%m5ts = ! ex]cise ( ?is _! natural "r1 ! c\ntry w\ld n h be5 cov]$ ) valiant rogues & /urdy begg>s4 ,! ,law ( ,settlem5t1 :i*1 h[ev] modifi$1 yet rema9s ^u our /atute-book1 has be5 ! curse ( indu/ry = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,all ! be/ m5 ( pa/ times h cri$ out aga9/ its oppression4 ,rog] ,nor?1 soon aft] its enactm5t1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 cle>ly en\gh %[$ its g5]al op]ation3--,:]e mo/ "w is1 !re are fewe/ p1 & e contra4 ,9 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 & ,essex1 a lab\r] ha? #ab;d4 a day2 9 ,ox=d%ire1 #h;d42 9 ! ,nor?1 #f;d41 or less2 & ,i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ t 9 ,cornwall a poor man w be ?ankful = #b;d4 a day & poor diet3 & ! value ( provisions 9 all ^! places is mu* ! same4 ,:5ce %\ld ! diff]5ce proce$8 ,ev5 f pl5ty & sc>city ( "w & m51 :i* happ5s crossgra9$ly1 s t "o _c come to ! o!r4 ,:5 m5 hone/ly w5t f home to seek "w1 !y 7 call$ vagrants1 & 7 conf\nd$ ) ! common begg>s1 = :om e sev]ity 0 provid$ by ! law--! /ocks1 ! :ip1 ! pillory1 ! br&4 ,x 0 all 9 va94 ,happy w\ld x h be5 = ! l& if ! law _h left hone/ indu/ry free1 & 9 ! case ( di%one/y _h appli$ itself to m effectual "w ?an puni%m5ts & t]ror4 ,"o ( our great judges1 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 said1 long ago1 :at we ev5 n[ too (t5 =get--,! prev5tion ( pov]ty1 idl5ess1 & a loose & disord]ly education1 ev5 ( poor *ildr51 w\ld d m good to ?is k+dom ?an all ! gibbets1 & caut]izations1 & :ipp+-po/s1 & jails 9 ?is k+dom4 ,! :ole s*eme ( legislation = ! poor 0 to set ! poor to "w by =c$ contributions f capital4 ,if ! en]gy ( ! p _h n f\nd out h[ to set !mselves to "w 9 spite ( bad laws1 we might h rema9$ a nation ( slaves & paup]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,possessions ( ! diff]5t classes 9 ,engl&--,condition ( ,col*e/] 9 #acja--,tools1 /ock-9-trade1 furniture1 c4--,supply ( food--,comp>ative duration ( human life--,want ( facilities = comm]ce--,pl5ty & civilization n productive ( effem9acy--,col*e/] 9 ! pres5t day4 ,x w be desirable to exhibit some?+ l an av]age view ( ! ext5t ( ! possessions ( all classes ( society1 & especially ( ! middl+ & lab\r+ classes1 9 ?is c\ntry1 at a p]iod :5 ! mutual rights ( capitali/s & lab\r]s 7 s little und]/ood z 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we h %[n h[1 at t "t1 !re 0 a g5]al r\nd ( oppression1 result+ f ignorance ( ! prop] int]e/s ( ! productive classes2 & x w\ld be well also to %[ t dur+ ?is p]iod ( disunion & conte/ betwe5 capital & lab\r1 ea* plund]+ ! o!r1 & bo? plund]$ by arbitr>y p[]1 :e!r ( ! nobles or ! cr[n1 production w5t on v sl[ly & imp]fectly1 & t !re 0 little to plund] & less to ex*ange4 ,x is difficult to f9d ! mat]ials = su* an inquiry4 ,!re is no v accurate record ( ! condition ( ! v>i\s classes ( society be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+2 & ev5 aft] t inv5tion we mu/ be cont5t to =m our conclusions f a few scatt]$ facts n record$ = any su* purpose z we h 9 view1 b to be ga!r$ incid5tally f slight obs]vations :i* h come d[n to u4 ,yet en\gh rema9s to enable u to =m a picture ( tol]able accuracy2 & 9 "s po9ts to e/abli% conclusions :i* _c be disput$4 ,x is 9 ! same way t our k ( ! =m] /ate ( ! physical _w mu/ be d]iv$ f relics ( t =m] /ate1 to :i* ! inquiries & comp>isons ( ! pres5t times h giv5 an hi/orical value4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t ! animals ( ! s\!rn c\ntries once ab\nd$ 9 ^! isl&s1 because we occasionally f9d _! bones 9 quantities :i* c\ld n h be5 accumulat$ unless su* animals _h be5 once native to ^! p>ts2 & ! rema9s ( sea-%ells ^u ! tops ( hills n[ "u ! pl\gh %[ u t ev5 ^! heights h be5 heav$ up f ! bosom ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! same way1 al?\gh we h no complete picture ( ! /ate ( prop]ty at ! p]iod to :i* we allude1 we h evid5ce en\gh to describe t /ate f records :i* may be appli$ to ?is end1 al?\gh pres]v$ = a v diff]5t object4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,col*e/]1 9 ,essex1 0 consid]$ ! t5? city 9 ,engl& 9 po9t ( population4 ,x !n paid a poll-tax = #biee lay p]sons4 ,9 #acja1 ab\t half a c5tury be=e1 ! numb] ( inhabitant h\sekeep]s 0 #cij2 & ! :ole h\sehold furniture1 ut5sils1 clo!s1 money1 cattle1 corn1 & e o!r prop]ty f\nd 9 ! t[n1 0 valu$ at #eahl4 #afs4 #j-c_/d;d4 ,?is valuation took place on occasion ( a subsidy or tax to ! cr[n1 to c>ry on a w> aga9/ ,france2 & ! p>ticul>s1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,rolls ( ,p>liam5t1 exhibit ) great m9ut5ess ! classes ( p]sons !n inhabit+ t t[n1 & ! sort ( prop]ty :i* ea* respectively possess$4 ,! trades ex]cis$ 9 ,col*e/] 7 ! foll[+3--bak]1 b>b]1 blacksmi?1 b[y]1 brew]1 but*]1 c>p5t]1 c>t]1 cobbl]1 cook1 dy]1 fi%]man1 full]1 furri]1 girdl]1 glass-sell]1 glov]1 l95-drap]1 m]c] & spice-sell]1 mill]1 mu/>d & v9eg> sell]1 old clo!s sell]1 saddl]1 tailor1 tann]1 til]1 weav]1 wood-cutt]1 & wool-comb]4 ,if we look at a small t[n ( ! pres5t day1 :]e su* a v>iety ( occupations are c>ri$ on1 we %all f9d t ea* tradesman has a consid]able /ock ( commodities1 abundance ( furniture & ut5sils1 clo!s 9 pl5ty1 "s plate1 books1 & _m articles ( conv5i5ce & luxury to :i* ! mo/ weal?y deal]s & me*anics ( ,col*e/] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 utt] /rang]s4 ,t _m places at t "t 7 mu* poor] ?an ,col*e/] !re c be no d\bt3 = "h we see ! division ( lab\r 0 pretty ext5sive1 & t is always a pro( t production is go+ =w>d1 h[ev] imp]fectly4 ,we see1 too1 t ! tradesm5 7 connect$ ) manufactures 9 ! ord9>y use ( ! t]m2 or !re w\ld n h be5 ! dy]1 ! glov]1 ! l95-drap]1 ! tann]1 ! weav]1 & ! wool-comb]4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a dem& = articles ( =eign comm]ce1 too1 9 ?is t[n1 or we %\ld n h _h ! spice-sell]4 ,yet1 ) all ^! v>i\s occupations1 indicat+ consid]able pr(itable indu/ry :5 comp>$ ) e>li] /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry1 ! :ole /ock ( ! t[n 0 valu$ at little m ?an #ejjl4 ,nor let x be suppos$ t ?is smallness ( capital c be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 ! /&>d ( money2 al?\gh t diff]5ce is consid]able4 ,we may inde$ satisfy ourselves ( ! small ext5t ( ! capital ( individuals at t day1 by ref]r+ to ! inv5tory ( ! articles ^u :i* ! tax we h m5tion$ 0 laid at ,col*e/]4 ,! :ole /ock ( a c>p5t]'s tools 0 valu$ at "o %ill+4 ,!y altoge!r consi/$ ( two broad axes1 an adze1 a squ>e1 & a navegor or spoke-%ave4 ,r\gh "w mu/ ! c>p5t] h be5 able to p]=m ) ^! humble in/rum5ts2 b !n let x be rememb]$ t !re 0 little capital to pay him = f9] "w1 & t v little f9e "w 0 consequ5tly requir$4 ,! ?ree hundr$ & n9ety h\sekeep]s ( ,col*e/] !n liv$ 9 mud huts1 ) a r\gh door & no *imney4 ,h>rison1 speak+ ( ! mann]s ( a c5tury lat] ?an ! p]iod we are describ+1 says1 ,!re 7 v few *imneys ev5 9 capital t[ns3 ! fire 0 laid to ! wall1 & ! smoke issu$ out at ! ro(1 or door1 or w9d[4 ,! h\ses 7 wattl$1 & pla/]$ ov] ) clay2 & all ! furniture & ut5sils 7 ( wood4 ,! p slept on /raw pallets1 ) a log ( wood = a pill[4 ,:5 ?is old hi/orian wrote1 he m5tions ! erection ( *imneys z a mod]n luxury4 ,we _h improv$ little ^u our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors 9 ! article ( *imneys4 ,9 _! "t ,alcu91 an abbot :o _h t5 ?\s& vassals1 writes to ! emp]or at ,rome t he pref]r$ liv+ 9 8 smoky h\se to visit+ ! palaces ( ,italy4 ,?is 0 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,five hundr$ ye>s _h made little diff]5ce 9 ! *imneys ( ,col*e/]4 ,! nobility _h hang+s aga9/ ! walls to keep out ! w9d1 :i* crept 9 ?r\gh ! crevices :i* ! build]'s bungl+ art _h left3 ! middle ord]s _h no hang+s4 ,%aksp]e alludes to ?is r\gh build+ ( h\ses ev5 9 8 "t3-- ,imp]ial ,caes>1 dead & turn'd to clay1 ,might /op a hole to keep ! w9d away4 ,ev5 ! nobility w5t )\t glass to _! w9d[s 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,( old "t1 says ,h>rison1 our c\ntry h\ses1 in/ead ( glass1 did use mu* lattice1 & t made ei!r ( wick] or f9e rifts ( oak1 9 *eck]wise4 ,:5 glass 0 introduc$1 x 0 = a long "t s sc>ce t at ,alnwick ,ca/le1 9 #aefg1 ! glass 0 ord]$ to be tak5 out ( ! w9d[s1 & laid up 9 safety1 :5 ! "l 0 abs5t4 ,! m]c]'s /ock-9-trade at ,col*e/] 0 mu* ^u a level ) ! c>p5t]'s tools4 ,x 0 some:at v>i\s1 b v limit$ 9 quantity4 ,! :ole compris$ a piece ( wooll5 clo?1 "s silk & f9e l951 flannel1 silk purses1 gloves1 girdles1 lea!r purses1 & ne$le-"w2 & x 0 altoge!r valu$ at #cl4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 ano!r deal] 9 clo? & l95 9 ! t[n1 ^: /ore 0 equally scanty4 ,we 7 n mu* improv$ 9 ! use ( l95 a c5tury lat]4 ,we le>n f ! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&'s h\sehold book1 ^: family 0 l>ge en\gh to consume "o hundr$ & sixty gallons ( mu/>d dur+ ! w9t] ) _! salt meat1 t only sev5ty ells ( l95 7 all[$ = a ye>'s consumption4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury none b ! cl]gy & nobility wore :ite l954 ,z indu/ry increas$1 & ! cleanl9ess ( ! middle classes increas$ ) x1 ! use ( :ite l95 became m g5]al2 b ev5 at ! end ( ! next c5tury1 :5 pr9t+ 0 inv5t$1 ! pap]-mak]s _h ! greate/ difficulty 9 procur+ rags = _! manufacture2 & s c>eful 7 ! p ( e class to pres]ve _! l951 t night-clo!s 7 nev] worn4 ,l95 0 s de> t ,%aksp]e makes ,fal/aff's %irts eight %ill+s an ell4 ,! m sumptu\s articles ( a m]c]'s /ock 7 treasur$ 9 ri* families f g5]ation to g5]ation2 & ev5 ! wives ( ! nobility did n disda9 to m5tion 9 _! wills a p>ticul> article ( clo?+1 :i* !y left to ! use ( a daught] or a fri5d4 ,! solit>y old coat ( a bak] came into ! ,col*e/] valuation2 nor is ?is to be wond]$ at1 :5 we f9d t ev5 ! soldi]s at ! battle ( ,bannockburn1 ab\t ?is "t1 7 describ$ by an old rhym] z well ne> all nak$4 ,! h\sehold furniture f\nd 9 use among/ ! families ( ,col*e/] consi/$1 9 ! m weal?y1 ( an occasional b$1 a brass pot1 a brass cup1 a gridiron1 & a rug or two1 & p]haps a t[el4 ,( *airs & tables we he> no?+4 ,we le>n f ! ,*ronicles ( ,brantome1 a ,fr5* hi/orian ( ^! days1 t ev5 ! nobility sat ^u *e/s 9 :i* !y kept _! clo!s & l954 ,h>rison1 ^: te/imony we h already giv5 to ! pov]ty ( ^! times1 affirms1 t if a man 9 sev5 ye>s aft] m>riage c\ld pur*ase a flock b$1 & a sack ( *aff to re/ 8 head ^u1 he ?\ght himself z well lodg$ z ! "l ( ! t[n1 :o p]adv5ture lay seldom on a b$ entirely ( fea!rs4 ,an old t5ure 9 ,engl&1 be=e ^! times1 b9ds ! vassal to f9d /raw ev5 = ! k+'s b$4 ,! b$s ( flock1 ! few articles ( furniture1 ! abs5ce ( *airs & tables1 w\ld h be5 ( less consequ5ce to ! com=t & heal? ( ! p1 if !y _h be5 clean2 b cleanl9ess nev] exi/s )\t a c]ta9 possession ( dome/ic conv5i5ces4 ,! p ( ,engl&1 9 ! days ( :i* we are speak+1 7 n fam$ = _! att5tion to ?is p>ticul>4 ,?omas a ,becket 0 reput$ extravagantly nice1 because he _h 8 p>l\r /rew$ e day ) clean /raw4 ,z late z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,erasmus1 a celebrat$ s*ol> ( ,holl&1 :o visit$ ,engl&1 compla9s t ! na/9ess ( ! p 0 ! cause ( ! frequ5t plagues t de/roy$ !m2 & he says1 _! floors are commonly ( clay1 /rew$ ) ru%es1 "u :i* lie unmole/$ a collection ( be]1 grease1 fragm5ts1 bones1 spittle1 excrem5ts ( dogs & cats1 & ( ev]y?+ t is nause\s4 ,! eld] ,scalig]1 ano!r s*ol> :o came to ,engl&1 abuses ! p = giv+ him no conv5i5ce to wa% 8 h&s4 ,glass vessels 7 sc>ce1 & pott]y 0 almo/ :olly unkn[n4 ,! ,e>l ( ,nor?umb]l&1 :om we h m5tion$1 breakfa/$ on tr5*]s & d9$ on pewt]4 ,:ile su* univ]sal slov5l9ess prevail$ z ,erasmus has describ$1 x is n likely t mu* att5tion 0 g5]ally paid to ! cultivation ( ! m9d4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 at ! "t ( ! valuation ( ,col*e/]1 books 9 manuscript1 f _! extreme co/l9ess1 c\ld be pur*as$ only by pr9ces4 ,! royal libr>y ( ,p>is1 9 #acgh1 consi/$ ( n9e hundr$ & n9e volumes1--an extraord9>y numb]4 ,! same libr>y n[ comprises upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ ?\s& volumes4 ,b x may fairly be assum$ t1 :]e "o book c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury by p]sons ( ! work+ classes1 f\r hundr$ ?\s& may be z easily obta9$ n[4 ,"h !n 0 a privation :i* exi/$ five hundr$ ye>s ago1 :i* deb>r$ our ance/ors f m pr(it & pleasure ?an ! want ( b$s1 & *airs1 & l952 & probably1 if ?is privation _h cont9u$1 & m5 !re=e _h n cultivat$ _! und]/&+s1 !y w\ld n h le>nt to give any really pr(itable direction to _! lab\r1 & we %\ld /ill h be5 z scantily suppli$ ) furniture & clo!s z ! good p ( ,col*e/] ( :om we h be5 speak+4 ,let u see :at accumulat$ supply1 or capital1 ( food ! inhabitants ( ,engl& _h five c5turies ago4 ,possessions 9 cattle are ! e>lie/ ri*es ( mo/ c\ntries4 ,we h se5 t cattle 0 call$ live money2 & x is suppos$ t ! ^w capital1 :i* means /ock g5]ally1 0 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w capita1 or heads ( bea/s4 ,! law-t]m *attels is also suppos$ to come f cattle4 ,^! circum/ances %[ t cattle 7 ! *ief prop]ty ( our ance/ors4 ,va/ h]ds ( sw9e con/itut$ ! great provision = ! support ( ! p2 & ^! 7 pr9cipally f$1 z !y are ev5 n[ 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 ^u acorns & bee*-ma/4 ,9 ,domesday ,book1 a valuation ( ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 x is always m5tion$ h[ _m hogs ea* e/ate c ma9ta94 ,hume ! hi/orian1 9 8 ,essays1 allud+ to ! great h]ds ( sw9e describ$ by ,polybius z exi/+ 9 ,italy & ,greece1 concludes t ! c\ntry 0 ?9ly peopl$ & badly cultivat$2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! same argum5t may be appli$ to ,engl& 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 al?\gh _m sw9e 7 ma9ta9$ 9 =e/s pres]v$ = fuel4 ,! hogs w&]$ ab\t ! c\ntry 9 a half-wild /ate1 de/roy+1 probably1 m ?an !y pr(itably consum$2 & !y 7 badly f$1 if we may judge f a /atute ( #adjb1 :i* alleges ! great decrease ( fi% 9 ! ,?ames & o!r riv]s1 by ! practice ( fe$+ hogs ) ! fry caught at ! weirs4 ,! hogs' fle% ( ,engl& 0 con/antly salt$ = ! w9t]'s food4 ,! p _h little fodd] = cattle 9 ! w9t]1 & !re=e !y only ta/$ fre% meat 9 ! summ] season4 ,! mu/>d & v9eg> sell] =m$ a bus9ess at ,col*e/]1 to furni% a reli% = ! pork4 ,/ocks ( salt$ meat are m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( _m h\ses !re1 & live hogs z commonly4 ,b salt$ fle% is n food to be eat5 con/antly1 & ) little vegetable food1 )\t sev]e injury to ! heal?4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 n a cabbage1 c>rot1 turnip1 or o!r edible root1 grew 9 ,engl&4 ,two or ?ree c5turies be=e1 c]ta9ly1 ! mona/]ies _h g>d5s ) a v>iety ( vegetables2 b ne>ly all ! g>d5s ( ! laity 7 de/roy$ 9 ! w>s betwe5 ! h\ses ( ,york & ,lanca/]4 ,h>rison speaks ( :eat5 bread z be+ *iefly us$ by ! g5try = _! own tables2 & adds t ! artific] & lab\r] are driv5 to cont5t !mselves ) horse-corn1 beans1 peason1 oats1 t>es1 & l5tils4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! av]age duration ( human life 0 at t p]iod n "o-half z long z at ! pres5t day4 ,! con/ant use ( salt$ meat1 ) little or no vegetable addition1 d\btless contribut$ to ! %ort5+ ( life1 to say no?+ ( ! l>ge numb]s con/antly swept away by pe/il5ce & fam9e4 ,till lemon-juice 0 us$ z a rem$y = scurvy among/ our seam51 :o also are compell$ to eat salt$ meat )\t gre5 vegetables1 ! de/ruction ( life 9 ! navy 0 some?+ incr$ible4 ,admiral ,hosi] buri$ 8 %ips' companies twice dur+ a ,we/ ,india voyage 9 #agbf1 p>tly f ! unheal?9ess ( ! ,spani% coa/1 b *iefly f ! ravages ( scurvy4 ,bad food & want ( cleanl9ess swept away ! p ( ! middle ages1 by ravages ^u _! heal? t ! limit$ m$ical skill ( ^? days c\ld nev] resi/4 ,mat!w ,p>is1 an hi/orian ( t p]iod1 /ates t !re 7 9 8 "t tw5ty ?\s& hospitals = lep]s 9 ,europe4 ,! sl[ accumulation ( capital 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! civilization ( a c\ntry is 9 a great measure caus$ by ! indisposition ( ! p to unite = a common good 9 public works1 & ! inability ( gov]nm5ts to c>ry on ^! works1 :5 _! pr9cipal conc]n is w>1 =eign or dome/ic4 ,! f\ndations ( ! civilization ( ?is c\ntry 7 probably laid by our ,roman conqu]ors1 :o c>ri$ roads ?r\gh ! isl&1 & taught u h[ to cultivate our soil4 ,yet improvem5t w5t on s sl[ly t1 ev5 a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,romans 7 settl$ "h1 ! :ole c\ntry 0 describ$ z m>%y4 ,= c5turies aft] ! ,romans made ! ,watl+-/reet & a few o!r roads1 "o di/rict 0 sep>at$ f ano!r by ! g5]al want ( ^! great means ( communication4 ,bracton1 a law-writ] ( ! p]iod we h be5 s con/antly m5tion+1 holds t1 if a man be+ at ,ox=d engage to pay money ! same day 9 ,london1 he %all be dis*>g$ ( 8 contract1 z he und]takes a physical impossibility4 ,we f9d1 z late z ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 t h] ,maje/y w\ld n /ay to breakfa/ at ,cambridge because %e _h to travel twelve miles be=e %e c\ld come to ! place1 ,h9*9brook1 :]e %e desir$ to sleep4 ,:]e !re 7 no roads1 !re c\ld be few or no m>kets4 ,an act ( p>liam5t ( #abgb says t ! religi\s h\ses %\ld n be compell$ to sell _! provisions--a pro( t !re 7 no consid]able /ores except 9 ! religi\s h\ses4 ,! difficulty ( navigation 0 s great1 t ,william ,longsword1 son ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 return+ f ,france1 0 dur+ ?ree mon?s toss$ ^u ! sea be=e he c\ld make a port 9 ,cornwall4 ,look+1 !re=e1 to ! want ( comm]ce proce$+ f ! want ( communication--look+ to ! small /ock ( prop]ty accumulat$ to support lab\r--& look+1 z we h previ\sly done1 to ! incessant conte/s betwe5 ! small capital & ! misdirect$ lab\r1 bo? feeble1 because !y work$ )\t skill--we _c be surpris$ t ! pov]ty ( :i* we h exhibit$ a fa9t picture %\ld h endur$ = sev]al c5turies1 & t ! indu/ry ( our =efa!rs mu/ h _h a long & pa9ful /ruggle be=e x c\ld h bequea!d to u su* magnific5t accumulations z we n[ enjoy4 ,! writ]s :o liv$ at ! p]iods :5 ,europe 0 sl[ly em]g+ f ignorance & pov]ty1 ?r\gh ! fir/ slight union ( capital & lab\r z volunt>y ex*ang]s1 compla9 ( ! increase ( com=ts z indications ( ! gr[+ luxury & effem9acy ( ! p4 ,h>rison says1 ,9 times pa/ m5 7 cont5t$ to dwell 9 h\ses build$ ( sall[1 will[1 plum-tree1 or elm2 s t ! use ( oak 0 d$icat$ to *ur*es1 religi\s h\ses1 pr9ces' palaces1 noblem5's lodg+s1 & navigation4 ,b n[1 ^! are reject$1 & no?+ b oak any :it reg>d$4 ,& yet see ! *ange2 = :5 our h\ses 7 build$ ( will[1 !n _h we oak5 m52 b n[ t our h\ses are made ( oak1 our m5 are n only become will[1 b _m1 ?r\gh ,p]sian delicacy crept 9 among u1 altoge!r ( /raw1 :i* is a sore alt]ation4 ,9 ^? days1 ! c\rage ( ! own] 0 a suffici5t def5ce to keep ! h\se 9 safety2 b n[1 ! assurance ( ! timb]1 d\ble doors1 locks1 & bolts1 mu/ def5d ! man f robb+4 ,n[ h we _m *imneys1 & our t5d]l+s compla9 ( rheums1 cat>rhs1 & poses4 ,!n _h we none b r]e-dosses1 & our heads did nev] a*e4 ,^! compla9ts g ^u ! same pr9ciple t made x a m]it 9 ,epictetus1 ! ,greek philosoph]1 to h _h no door to 8 hovel4 ,we ?9k he w\ld h be5 a wis] man if he _h contriv$ to h _h a door4 ,a /ory is told ( a ,highl& *ief1 ,sir ,evan ,cam]on1 t himself & a p>ty ( 8 foll[]s be+ b5ight$1 & compell$ to sleep 9 ! op5 air1 :5 8 son roll$ up a ball ( sn[ & laid 8 head ^u x = a pill[1 ! r\gh old man kick$ x away1 exclaim+1 ,:at1 sir6 are y turn+ effem9ate8 ,we d\bt :e!r ,sir ,evan ,cam]on & 8 m5 7 brav] ?an ! ,engli% (fic]s :o f\ght at ,wat]loo2 & yet _m ( ^! m>*$ f ! ball-room at ,brussels 9 _! holiday attire1 & won ! battle 9 silk /ock+s4 ,x is an old notion t pl5ty ( ! necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life r5d]s a nation feeble4 ,we are told t ! ,c>?ag9ian soldi]s :om ,hannibal c>ri$ into ,italy 7 sudd5ly r5d]$ effem9ate by ! abundance :i* !y f\nd ar\nd !m at ,capua4 ,! commiss>iat ( mod]n nations goes ^u ano!r pr9ciple2 & believes t unless ! soldi] has pl5ty ( food & clo?+ he w n fight ) alacrity & /ead9ess4 ,! half-/>v$ soldi]s ( ,h5ry ,v4 won ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt2 b x 0 n because !y 7 half-/>v$1 b because !y r\s$ _! native c\rage to cut _! way out ( ! p]il by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,! ,russians ( our "t _h a notion t ! ,engli% c\ld n fight on l&1 because = =ty ye>s we _h be5 a comm]cial in/ead ( a milit>y nation4 ,! battle ( ! ,alma correct$ _! mi/ake4 ,:5 we he> ( anci5t nations be+ en]vat$ by abundance1 we may be sure t ! abundance 0 almo/ entirely dev\r$ by a few tyrants1 & t ! bulk ( ! p 7 r5d]$ weak by ! de/itution :i* result$ f ! unnatural di/ribution ( ri*es4 ,we read ( ! luxury ( ! c\rt ( ,p]sia--! pomp ( ! s]aglios1 & ( ! palaces--! lights1 ! music1 ! danc+1 ! p]fumes1 ! silks1 ! gold1 & ! diamonds4 ,! p are held to be effem9ate4 ,! ,russians1 f ! h>dy nor?1 c lay ! ,p]sian mon>*y any day at _! feet4 ,is ?is national weakness caus$ by ! excess ( production among/ ! p1 giv+ !m s extravagant a comm& ov] ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life t !y h no?+ to d b dr9k ( ! full cup ( enjoym5t8 ,mr4 ,fras]1 an ,engli% travell]1 ?us describes ! appe>ance ( a "p ( ! c\ntry :i* he visit$ 9 #ahba3--,! pla9 ( ,yezid-,khau/ pres5t$ a truly lam5table picture ( ! g5]al decl9e ( prosp]ity 9 ,p]sia4 ,ru9s ( l>ge villages ?ickly scatt]$ ab\t ) ! skeleton-l walls ( c>avans>ies & g>d5s1 all tell+ ( bett] times1 /ood l mem5to moris 7remembrances ( dea?7 to k+doms & gov]nm5ts2 & ! :ole pla9 0 dott$ ov] ) small m\nds1 :i* indicate ! c\rse ( cannauts 7artificial /reams = wat]+ ! soil71 once ! s\rce ( ri*es & f]tility1 n[ all *ok$ up & dry2 = !re is nei!r man nor cultivation to require _! aid4 ,0 x ! luxury ( ! p :i* produc$ ?is decay--! increase ( _! means ( production--_! advancem5t 9 skill & capital2 or "s ext]nal cause :i* repress$ production1 & de/roy$ accumulation bo? ( outw>d weal? & k8 ,su* is ! "* ( _! rul]s1 says ,mr4 ,fras]1 t ! only measure ( _! dem&s is ! p[] to extort on "o h&1 & ! ability to give or reta9 on ! o!r4 ,:]e su* a sy/em prevails1 all accumulat$ lab\r is conceal$1 = x w\ld o!rwise be plund]$4 ,x does n freely & op5ly "w to enc\rage new lab\r4 ,burckh>dt1 ! travell] ( ,nubia1 saw a f>m] :o _h be5 plund]$ ( ev]y?+ by ! pa*a1 because x came to ! e>s ( ! savage rul] t ! unhappy man 0 9 ! habit ( eat+ :eat5 bread2 & t1 he ?\ght1 0 too great a luxury = a subject4 ,if su* oppressions _h n long ago be5 put d[n 9 ,engl&1 we %\ld /ill h be5 9 ! /ate ( ,col*e/] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:5 ^! iniquities prevail$1 & !re 0 nei!r fre$om ( indu/ry nor security ( prop]ty--:5 capital & lab\r 7 n unit$--:5 all m5 consequ5tly work$ unpr(itably1 because !y work$ )\t division ( lab\r1 accumulation ( k1 & union ( =ces--!re 0 univ]sal pov]ty1 because !re 0 feeble production4 ,sl[ & pa9ful 7 ! /eps :i* capital & lab\r _h to make be=e !y c\ld em]ge1 ev5 9 "p1 f ?is feeble & degrad$ /ate4 ,b t !y h made a wond]ful advance 9 five hundr$ ye>s w n be difficult to %[4 ,x may assi/ u 9 ?is view if we comp>e ! ,col*e/] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) ! ,col*e/] ( ! f\rte5?1 9 a few p>ticul>s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,col*e/] numb]$ #cei h\ses ( mud1 )\t *imneys1 & ) lattic$ w9d[s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahea1 x has #dade inhabit$ h\ses1 conta9+ a population ( #ai1ddc males & females4 ,! h\ses ( ! bett] class1 ^? r5t$ at t5 p\nds a ye> & upw>ds1 are commonly built ( brick1 & slat$ or til$2 secur$ aga9/ w9d & wea!r2 ) glaz$ w9d[s & ) *imneys2 & g5]ally well v5tilat$4 ,! wor/ ( ^! h\ses are suppli$1 z fixtures1 ) a great numb] ( conv5i5ces1 su* z grates1 & cupbo>ds1 & fa/5+s4 ,to _m ( su* h\ses g>d5s are atta*$1 :]e9 are rais$ vegetables & fruits t k+s c\ld n comm& two c5turies ago4 ,h\ses su* z ^! are compos$ ( sev]al rooms--n ( "o room only1 :]e ! p are compell$ to eat & sleep & p]=m e (fice1 p]haps 9 company ) pigs & cattle--b ( a kit*51 & (t5 a p>l\r1 & sev]al b$rooms4 ,^! rooms are furni%$ ) tables1 & *airs1 & b$s1 & cook+-ut5sils4 ,!re is ord9>ily1 too1 some?+ = ornam5t & some?+ = in/ruction2--a piece or two ( *9a1 silv] spoons1 books1 & n unfrequ5tly a wat* or clock4 ,! useful pott]y is abundant & ( really elegant =ms & col\rs2 dr9k+-vessels ( glass are univ]sal4 ,! inhabitants are n scantily suppli$ ) clo!s4 ,! females are dec5tly dress$1 hav+ a con/ant *ange ( l951 & g[ns ( v>i\s patt]ns & degrees ( f95ess4 ,"s1 ev5 ( ! humbl] classes1 are n ?\ght to exce$ ! prop] appe>ance ( _! /ation if !y we> silk4 ,! m5 h dec5t work+ habits1 /rong %oes & hats1 & a respectable suit = ,sundays1 ( clo? (t5 z good z is worn by ! highe/ 9 ! l&4 ,e "o is clean2 = no h\se above ! few hovels :i* /ill de=m ! c\ntry is )\t soap & b[ls = wa%+1 & x is ! bus9ess ( ! females to take c>e t ! l95 ( ! family is con/antly wa%$4 ,! *ildr51 v g5]ally1 receive in/ruction 9 "s public e/abli%m5t2 & :5 ! lab\r ( ! day is ov]1 ! fa!r ?9ks ! "t unpr(itably sp5t unless he burns a c&le to enable him to read a book or ! newspap]4 ,! food :i* is ord9>ily consum$ is ( ! be/ quality4 ,:eat5 bread is no long] conf9$ to ! ri*2 animal food is n necess>ily salt$1 & salt meat is us$ pr9cipally z a v>iety2 vegetables ( _m sorts are pl5te\s 9 e m>ket1 & ^! by a succession ( c>e are br\ght to high] p]fection ?an 9 ! c\ntries ( m g5ial climate f :i* we h import$ !m2 ! productions too ( di/ant regions1 su* z spices1 & c(fee1 & tea1 & sug>1 are univ]sally consum$ almo/ by ! humble/ 9 ! l&4 ,fuel1 also1 ( ! be/ quality1 is abundant & comp>atively *eap4 ,if we look at ! public conv5i5ces ( a mod]n ,engli% t[n1 we %all f9d ! same /rik+ contra/4 ,wat] is br\ght n only into e /reet1 b into e h\se2 ! du/ & dirt ( a family is regul>ly remov$ )\t bu/le or unpleasantness2 ! /reets are pav$1 & light$ at night2 roads 9 ! highe/ /ate ( excell5ce connect ! t[n ) ! :ole k+dom1 & by means ( railroads a man c travel sev]al hundr$ miles 9 a few h\rs1 & m readily ?an he c\ld t5 miles 9 ! old "t2 & canal & sea navigation transport ! weightie/ goods ) ! greate/ facility f ea* di/rict to ! o!r1 & f ea* t[n to ! o!r1 s t all are enabl$ to apply _! indu/ry to :at is mo/ pr(itable = ea* & all4 ,e man1 !re=e1 may satisfy 8 wants1 accord+ to 8 means1 at ! lea/ possible exp5se ( ! transport ( commodities4 ,e tradesman has a /ock ready to meet ! dem&2 & ?us ! /ock ( a v mod]ately weal?y tradesman ( ! ,col*e/] ( ! pres5t day is wor? m ?an all ! /ock ( all ! diff]5t trades t 7 c>ri$ on 9 ! same place 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! condition ( a t[n l ,col*e/]--a fl\ri%+ m>ket-t[n 9 an agricultural di/rict--(f]s a fair po9t ( comp>ison ) a t[n ( ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,c]ta9ty ! /imulus to indu/ry--,effects ( insecurity--,in/ances ( unpr(itable lab\r--,=m] notions ( comm]ce--,national & class prejudices1 & _! rem$y4 ,two ( ! mo/ t]rific fam9es t are record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w occurr$ 9 ,egypt--a c\ntry :]e !re is great] production1 ) less lab\r1 ?an is probably exhibit$ 9 any o!r region4 ,! pr9cipal lab\r] 9 ,egypt is ! riv] ,nile1 ^: p]iodical ov]fl[+s imp>t f]tility to ! ?ir/y soil1 & produce 9 a few weeks t abundance :i* ! lab\r ( ! husb&man might n hope to comm& if employ$ dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,b ! ,nile is a workman t _c be controll$ & direct$1 ev5 by capital1 ! great controll] & director ( all "w4 ,! influ5ces ( heat1 & light1 & air1 are pretty equal 9 ! same places4 ,:]e ! climate is mo/ g5ial1 ! cultivators h lea/ lab\r to p]=m 9 w9n+ ! e>?2 :]e x is lea/ g5ial1 ! cultivators h mo/ lab\r4 ,! increas$ lab\r balances ! small natural productiv5ess4 ,b ! inundation ( a great riv] _c be dep5d$ ^u l ! light & heat ( ! sun4 ,= two seasons ! ,nile refus$ to rise1 & lab\r 0 n prep>$ to comp5sate = ?is refusal2 ! gr\nd refus$ to produce2 ! p 7 />v$4 ,we m5tion ^! fam9es ( ,egypt to %[ t c]ta9ty is ! mo/ enc\rag+ /imulus to e op]ation ( human indu/ry4 ,we "k t production z inv>iably foll[s a "r direction ( lab\r1 z day succe$s to night4 ,we believe t x w be d>k to-night & light aga9 to-morr[1 because we "k ! g5]al laws :i* gov]n light & d>kness1 & because our exp]i5ce %[s u t ^? laws are con/ant & uni=m4 ,we "k t if we pl\gh1 & manure1 & s[ ! gr\nd1 a crop w come 9 due "t1 v>y+ inde$ 9 quantity accord+ to ! season1 b /ill s con/ant ^u an av]age ( ye>s1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ l>ge accumulations & consid]able lab\r to ! production ( ?is crop4 ,x is ?is c]ta9ty t we h su* a comm& ( ! productive p[]s ( nature z w abundantly comp5sate u = ! incessant lab\r ( direct+ ^? =ces1 :i* has dur+ a long c\rse ( indu/ry heap$ up our manifold accumulations1 & :i* enables production annually to g =w>d to an ext5t :i* ev5 half a c5tury ago w\ld h be5 ?\ght impossible4 ,! long succession ( lab\r1 :i* has cov]$ ?is c\ntry ) weal?1 has be5 appli$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( ! productive =ces ( nature1 & ! re/ra9t ( ! de/roy+4 ,no "o c d\bt t1 ! in/ant ! lab\r ( man ceases to direct ^? productive natural =ces1 ! de/roy+ =ces imm$iately come into action4 ,take ! mo/ famili> in/ance--a cottage ^: neat ?at* 0 nev] brok51 ^: lattic$ w9d[s 7 always entire1 ^: :itewa%$ walls 7 ev] clean1 r\nd ^: por* ! honeysuckle 0 tra9$ 9 regulat$ luxuriance1 ^: g>d5 bore no?+ b :at ! own] plant$4 ,remove t own]4 ,%ut up ! cottage = a ye>1 & leave ! g>d5 to itself4 ,! ?at*$ ro( is torn (f by ! w9d & dev\r$ by mice1 ! w9d[s are driv5 9 by /orms1 ! walls are soak$ ?r\gh ) damp & are crumbl+ to ru91 ! honeysuckle ob/ructs ! entrance :i* x once adorn$1 ! g>d5 is cov]$ ) we$s :i* ye>s ( aft]-lab\r w h difficulty to de/roy3-- ,x 0 a plot ,( g>d5-gr\nd run wild1 its matt$ we$s ,m>k'd ) ! /eps ( ^? :om1 z !y pass'd1 ,! gooseb]ry-trees t %ot 9 long lank slips1 ,or currants1 hang+ f _! leafless /ems ,9 scanty /r+s1 _h tempt$ to o'erleap ,! brok5 wall4 ,apply ?is pr9ciple ^u a l>ge scale4 ,let ! productive en]gy ( a c\ntry be susp5d$ ?r\gh "s great cause :i* prev5ts its lab\r cont9u+ 9 a pr(itable direction4 ,let x be ov]run by a conqu]or1 or plund]$ by dome/ic tyranny ( any k9d1 s t capital ceases to "w ) security4 ,! fields sudd5ly become inf]tile1 ! t[ns lose _! inhabitants1 ! roads gr[ to be impassable1 ! canals are *ok$ up1 ! riv]s break d[n _! banks1 ! sea itself swall[s up ! l&4 ,%aksp]e1 a great political reason] z well z a great poet1 has describ$ su* effects 9 t "p ( ',h5ry ,v4' :5 ! ,duke ( ,burgundy exhorts ! rival k+s to peace3-- ,let x n disgrace me1 ,if ,i dem&1 be=e ?is royal view1 ,:at rub1 or :at imp$im5t1 !re is1 ,:y t ! nak$1 poor1 & mangl$ peace1 ,de> nurse ( arts1 pl5ties1 & joyful bir?s1 ,%\ld n1 9 ?is be/ g>d5 ( ! _w1 ,our f]tile ,france1 put up h] lovely visage8 ,alas6 %e ha? f ,france too long be5 *as'd2 ,& all h] husb&ry do? lie on heaps1 ,corrupt+ 9 its own f]tility4 ,h] v9e1 ! m]ry *e]] ( ! he>t1 ,unprun$1 dies2 h] h$ges ev5-plea*'d1 ,l prison]s wildly ov]gr[n ) hair ,put =? disord]'d twigs3 h] fall[ leas1 ,! d>nel1 hemlock1 & rank fumitory ,do? root ^u2 :ile t ! c\lt] ru/s1 ,t %\ld d]ac9ate su* savag]y3 ,! ev5 mead1 t er/ br\ght sweetly =? ,! freckl$ c[slip1 burnet1 & gre5 clov]1 ,want+ ! scy!1 all uncorrect$1 rank1 ,conceives by idl5ess2 & no?+ teems ,b hateful docks1 r\gh ?i/les1 kecksies1 burs1 ,los+ bo? beauty & utility3 ,& z our v9ey>ds1 fall[s1 meads1 & h$ges1 ,defective 9 _! natures1 gr[ to wildness2 ,ev5 s our h\ses1 & ourselves & *ildr51 ,h lo/1 or d n le>n1 = want ( "t1 ,! sci5ces t %\ld become our c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,dykes ( ,holl&3 de/ruction by bur/+4 ,we h he>d x said t ,t5t]d5 /eeple 0 ! cause ( ,goodw9 ,s&s4 ,! mean+ ( ! say+ is1 t ! capital :i* 0 appropriat$ to keep out ! sea f t "p ( ! ,k5ti% coa/ 0 div]t$ to ! build+ ( ,t5t]d5 /eeple2 & !re be+ no funds to keep out ! sea1 x wa%$ ov] ! l&4#ad ,! ,goodw9 ,s&s rema9 to %[ t man mu/ c>ry on a p]petual conte/ to keep 9 subjection ! =ces ( nature1 :i*1 z is said ( fire1 "o ( ! =ces1 are good s]vants b bad ma/]s4 ,b ^! examples %[1 also1 t 9 ! social /ate our control ( ! physical =ces ( nature dep5ds ^u ! "r control ( our own moral =ces4 ,!re 0 inju/ice1 d\btless1 9 misappropriat+ ! funds :i* re/ra9$ ! sea f dev\r+ ! l&4 ,till m5 "k t !y %all "w ) ju/ice on e side1 !y "w feebly & unpr(itably4 ,engl& did n beg9 to accumulate l>gely & rapidly till ! rights bo? ( ! poor man & ! ri* 7 to a c]ta9 degree e/abli%$--till indu/ry 0 free & prop]ty secure4 ,our great dramatic poet has describ$ ?is security z ! be/ *>act]i/ic ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?3-- ,9 h] days e man %all eat 9 safety ,"u 8 own v9e :at he plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,"u 8 own v9e ,%aksp]e d]iv$ 8 image f ! ,bible1 :]e a /ate ( security is frequ5tly indicat$ by direct allusion to a man sitt+ "u ! %ade ( 8 own fig-tree or 8 own v9e4 ,9 ! days ( ,elizabe?1 z comp>$ ) previ\s eras1 !re 0 safety1 & a man might s+ ,! m]ry songs ( peace to all 8 neighb\rs4 ,we h gone on con/antly improv+ ^! bless+s4 ,b let any circum/ances aga9 arise :i* may be p[]ful en\gh to de/roy1 or ev5 mole/1 ! fre$om ( indu/ry & ! security ( prop]ty1 & we %\ld "w once m )\t c]ta9ty4 ,! elem5ts ( prosp]ity w\ld n be con/ant & uni=m4 ,we %\ld "w ) ! appreh5sion t "s hurricane ( tyranny1 no matt] f :at p[]1 w\ld arise1 :i* w\ld sweep away accumulation4 ,:5 t hurricane did n rise1 we might h comp>ative abundance1 l ! p ( ,egypt dur+ ! inundation ( ! ,nile4 ,we !n %\ld h an inundation ( tranquillity4 ,b if ! tranquillity 7 n pres5t--if lawless viol5ce /ood 9 ! place ( ju/ice & security--we %\ld be l ! p ( ,egypt :5 ! ,nile did n ov]fl[4 ,we %\ld suff] ! extremity ( mis]y2 & t possible extremity w\ld produce an av]age mis]y1 ev5 if tranquillity did return1 because security _h n return$4 ,we %\ld1 if ?is /ate ( ?+s long abid$1 by degrees g back to ! condition ( ,col*e/] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & !nce to ! univ]sal m>% ( two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! place :]e ,london /&s w\ld be1 z x once 01 a wild]ness = h[l+ wolves4 ,! few t produc$ w\ld aga9 produce labori\sly & pa9fully1 )\t skill & )\t division ( lab\r1 because )\t accumulation2 & x w\ld probably take ano!r ?\s& ye>s1 if m5 aga9 saw ! absolute ne$ ( security1 to re-create :at security has accumulat$ = our pres5t use4 ,f ! mom5t t ! indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry began to "w ) security1 & capital & lab\r appli$ !mselves 9 union--p]haps n a p]fect union1 b /ill 9 union--to ! great bus9ess ( production1 !y work$ ) less & less exp5diture ( unpr(itable lab\r4 ,!y cont9u$ to lab\r m & m pr(itably1 z !y lab\r$ ) k4 ,! lab\r ( all rude nations1 & ( all uncultivat$ individuals1 is lab\r ) ignorance4 ,pet] ! wild boy1 :om we h already m5tion$1 c\ld nev] be made to p]ceive ! "r direction ( lab\r1 because he c\ld n trace x ?r\gh its circuit\s c\rses = ! production ( utility4 ,he w\ld "w "u control1 b1 if left to himself1 he w\ld n "w pr(itably4 ,hav+ be5 tru/$ to fill a c>t ) manure1 he lab\r$ ) dilig5ce till ! "w 0 accompli%$2 b no "o be+ at h& to direct him1 he set to "w z dilig5tly to unload ! c>t aga94 ,he ?\ght1 z too _m ?9k ev5 n[1 t ! good 0 9 ! lab\r1 & n 9 ! results ( ! lab\r4 ,! same ignorance exhibits itself 9 ! unpr(itable lab\r & unpr(itable application ( capital1 ev5 ( p]sons f> remov$ beyond ! half-idiocy ( ,pet] ! wild boy4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury _m ( ! prov9ces ( ,france 7 ov]run ) rats1 & ! p1 in/ead ( vigor\sly hunt+ ! rats1 7 p]suad$ to c>ry on a process aga9/ !m 9 ! ecclesia/ical c\rts2 & !re1 aft] ! cause ( ! injur$ p & ! injur+ rats 0 solemnly debat$1 ! rats 7 decl>$ curs$ & excommunicat$ if !y did n retire 9 six days4 ,! hi/orian does n add t ! rats obey$ ! injunction2 & d\btless ! f>m]s 7 less prep>$ to resort to ! pr(itable lab\r ( *as+ !m to dea? :5 !y _h paid ! ecclesia/ics = ! unpr(itable lab\r ( _! excommunication4 ,!re is a curi\s in/ance ( unpr(itable lab\r giv5 9 a book on ! ,coal ,trade ( ,scotl&1 writt5 z rec5tly z #ahab4 ,! p ( ,ed9burgh _h a passion = buy+ _! coals 9 imm5se lumps1 &1 to gratify ?is passion1 ! greate/ c>e 0 tak5 n to break ! coals 9 any ( ! op]ations ( convey+ !m f ! pit to ! cell> ( ! consum]4 ,a wall ( coals 0 fir/ built )9 ! pit1 ano!r wall "u ! pit's m\?1 ano!r wall :5 !y 7 rais$ f ! pit1 ano!r wall 9 ! waggon :i* convey$ !m to ! port :]e !y 7 %ipp$1 ano!r wall 9 ! hold ( ! %ip1 ano!r wall 9 ! c>t :i* convey$ !m to ! consum]1 & ano!r wall 9 ! consum]'s cell>2 & ! result ( ^! sev5 diff]5t build+s-up & tak+s-d[n 01 t aft] ! consum] _h paid ?irty p] c5t4 m = ^! squ>e masses ( coal ?an = coal %ovell$ toge!r 9 l>ge & small pieces1 8 s]vant _h daily to break ! l>ge coals to bits to enable him to make any use ( !m4 ,x seems extraord9>y t su* wa/e ( lab\r & capital %\ld h exi/$ among/ a highly acute & ref9$ community )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,!y1 p]haps1 ?\ght !y 7 mak+ good = trade1 & !re=e submitt$ to ! evil2 :ile ! ,glasg[ p1 on ! contr>y1 by sav+ ?irty p] c5t4 9 _! coals1 _h t ?irty p] c5t4 to be/[ ^u new ent]prises ( indu/ry1 & = new enc\ragem5ts to lab\r4 ,! unpr(itable applications ( capital & lab\r :i* ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! civilization ( e p has to record1 & :i*1 among/ _m1 h subsi/$ ev5 :il/ !y held !mselves at ! height ( ref9em5t1 h be5 fo/]$ by ! ignorance ( ! great1 & ev5 ( ! le>n$1 z to ! causes :i*1 advanc+ production or ret>d+ x1 advanc$ or ret>d$ _! own int]e/s1 & ! int]e/s ( all ! community4 ,pr9ces & /atesm51 prelates & philosoph]s1 7 equally ignorant ( ,:at makes a nation happy1 & keeps x s2 ,:at ru9s k+doms1 & lays cities flat4 ,x 0 en\gh = !m to consume2 !y ?\ght x b5ea? !m to obs]ve ev51 mu* less to assi/ 91 ! direction ( production4 ,?is 0 ignorance z gross z t ( ,pet] ! wild boy1 or ! excommunication ( rats4 ,x has always be5 ! fa%ion ( ignorant greatness to despise ! me*anical arts4 ,! pride ( ! ,*9ese m&>9s 0 to let _! nails gr[ z long z _! f+]s1 to %[ t !y nev] work$4 ,ev5 ,european nobles once s\ght ! same absurd di/9ction4 ,9 ,france1 "u ! old mon>*y1 no desc5dant ( a nobleman c\ld emb>k 9 trade )\t ! highe/ disgrace2 & ! pr9ciple 0 s g5]ally recognis$ z j1 t a ,fr5* writ]1 ev5 z rec5tly z #ageh1 reproa*es ! sons ( ! ,engli% nobility = ! contr>y practice1 & asks1 ) an air ( triumph1 h[ c a man be fit to s]ve 8 c\ntry 9 ,p>liam5t aft] hav+ m$dl$ ) su* paltry conc]ns z ^? ( comm]ce8 ,montesquieu1 a writ] 9 mo/ respects ( enl>g$ views1 holds t x is b5ea? ! dignity ( gov]nm5ts to int]f]e ) su* trump]y ?+s z ! regulation ( weights & measures4 ,society might h well sp>$ ! int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5ts ) weights & measures if !y _h be5 cont5t to leave all comm]ce equally free4 ,b1 9 tru?1 ! regulation ( weights & measures is almo/ a solit>y exception to ! great pr9ciple :i* gov]nm5ts ought to practise1 ( n int]f]+1 or int]f]+ little1 ) comm]ce4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 did n wa/e m capital & lab\r by 8 ru9\s w>s1 & by 8 cov]+ ,france ) =tifications & palaces1 ?an by ! p]petual int]f]5ces ( himself & 8 pr$ecessors ) ! fre$om ( trade1 :i* compell$ capital & lab\r to "w unpr(itably4 ,! naturally sl[ progress ( pr(itable indu/ry is r5d]$ m sl[ by ! p]petual incl9ation ( ^? 9 au?ority to div]t indu/ry f its natural & pr(itable *annels4 ,x 0 !re=e wisely said by a committee ( m]*ants to ,colb]t1 ! prime m9i/] ( ,france 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :5 he ask$ !m :at measures gov]nm5t c\ld adopt to promote ! int]e/s ( comm]ce1--,let u alone1 p]mit u quietly to manage our own bus9ess4 ,x is und5iable t ! int]e/s ( all are be/ promot$ :5 ea* is left free to att5d to 8 own int]e/s1 "u ! necess>y social re/ra9ts :i* prev5t him do+ a positive injury to 8 neighb\r4 ,x is ?us t agriculture & manufactures are ess5tially alli$ 9 _! int]e/s2 t unre/ra9$ comm]ce is equally ess5tial to ! real & p]man5t int]e/s ( agriculture & manufactures2 t capital & lab\r are equally unit$ 9 _! int]e/s1 :e!r appli$ to agriculture1 manufactures1 or comm]ce2 t ! produc] & ! consum] are equally unit$ 9 _! mo/ ess5tial int]e/1 :i* is1 t !re %\ld be *eap production4 ,:ile ^! pr9ciples are n und]/ood at all1 & :ile !y are imp]fectly und]/ood1 z !y /ill are by _m classes & individuals1 !re mu/ be a va/ deal ( unpr(itable exp5diture ( capital1 a va/ deal ( unpr(itable lab\r1 a va/ deal ( bick]+ & he>t-burn+ betwe5 individuals :o ought to be unit$1 & classes :o ought to be unit$1 & nations :o ought to be unit$2 & z long z x is n felt by all t _! mutual rights are und]/ood & w be respect$1 !re is a feel+ ( insecurity :i* m or less affects ! prosp]ity ( all4 ,! only rem$y = ^! evils is ! ext5sion ( k4 ,l\is ,,xv4 proclaim$ to ! ,fr5* t ! ,engli% 7 _! v]itables ennemis1 _! true enemies4 ,:5 k is triumphant x w be f\nd t !re are no v]itables ennemis1 ei!r among nations1 or classes1 or individuals4 ,! prejudices by :i* nations1 classes1 & individuals are l$ to believe t ! int]e/ ( "o is oppos$ to ! int]e/ ( ano!r1 are1 n9e times out ( t51 z utt]ly absurd z ! reason :i* a ,fr5*man once gave = hat+ ! ,engli%--:i* 01 t !y p\r$ melt$ butt] on _! roa/ veal2 & ?is 0 n m ridicul\s ?an ! old d5unciation ( ! ,engli% aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 t !y ate frogs1 & wore wood5 %oes4 ,:5 ! _w is disabus$ ( ! belief t ! weal? ( "o nation1 class1 or individual mu/ be creat$ by ! loss ( ano!r's weal?1 !n1 & !n only1 w all m5 /eadily & h>moni\sly apply to produce & to enjoy--to acquire prosp]ity & happ9ess--lift+ !mselves to ! possession ( good ,by ,reason's light1 on ,resolution's w+s4 #ad ,grey's ,notes to ,hudibras4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,employm5t ( ma*9]y 9 manufactures & agriculture--,errone\s notions =m]ly preval5t on ?is subject--,its advantages to ! lab\r]--,spade-husb&ry-- ,! pr9ciple ( ma*9]y--,ma*9es & tools--,*ange 9 ! condition ( ,engl& consequ5t on ! introduction ( ma*9]y--,mod]n ,new ,zeal&]s & anci5t ,greeks--,h&-mills & wat]-mills4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ effects ( ! want ( k produc+ disunions among/ mank9d t are injuri\s to ! int]e/s ( ea* & all1 is ! belief :i* /ill exi/s among/ _m well-mean+ b unreflect+ p]sons1 t ! p[]s & arrangem5ts :i* ,capital has creat$ & devis$ = ! advancem5t ( production are injuri\s to ! great body ( work+-m5 9 _! "* ( produc]s4 ,! great =ces by :i* capital & lab\r n[ "w1--=ces :i* are ga!r+ /r5g? e day1--are accumulation ( skill & division ( employm5ts4 ,x w be = u to %[ t ! applications ( sci5ce to ! manufactur+ arts h ! effect ( ensur+ *eap production & increas$ employm5t4 ,^! applications ( sci5ce are pr9cipally display$ 9 ! use ( ,,ma*9]y2 & we %all endeav\r to prove t1 al?\gh individual lab\r may be p>tially displac$1 or unsettl$ = a "t1 by ! use ( ?is *eap] & bett] p[] ?an unassi/$ manual lab\r1 all are great ga9]s by ! g5]al use ( t p[]4 ,?r\gh t p[] all pr9cipally possess1 h[ev] poor !y may be1 _m ( ! com=ts :i* make ! diff]5ce betwe5 man 9 a civiliz$ & man 9 a savage /ate2 & fur!r1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ma*9]y hav+ r5d]$ productions ( all sorts *eap]1 & !re=e caus$ !m to be m univ]sally pur*as$1 x has really increas$ ! dem& = t manual lab\r1 :i* x appe>s to "s1 reason+ only f a few in/ances1 x has a t5d5cy to dim9i%4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 0 appo9t$ to exam9e into ! subject ( ,emigration4 ,! fir/ p]son exam9$ be=e t ,committee 0 ,joseph ,fo/]1 a work+ weav] ( ,glasg[4 ,he told ! ,committee t he & _m o!rs1 :o _h =m$ !mselves into a society1 7 9 great di/ress2 t numb]s ( !m work$ at ! h&-loom f eighte5 to n9ete5 h\rs a day1 & t _! e>n+s1 at ! utmo/1 did n am\nt to m ?an sev5 %ill+s a-week1 & t sometimes !y 7 z l[ z f\r %ill+s4 ,t tw5ty ye>s be=e t "t !y c\ld readily e>n a p\nd a-week by ! same indu/ry2 & t z p[]-loom weav+ _h increas$1 ! di/ress ( ! h&-weav]s also _h increas$ 9 ! same proportion4 ,! ,committee !n put to ,joseph ,fo/] ! foll[+ que/ions1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ answ]s3-- ,q4 ,are ! ,committee to und]/& t y attribute ! insuffici5cy ( y\r remun]ation = y\r lab\r to ! introduction ( ma*9]y8 ,a4 ,yes4 ,q4 ,d y consid]1 !re=e1 t ! introduction ( ma*9]y is objectionable8 ,a4 ,we d n4 ,! weav]s 9 g5]al1 ( ,glasg[ & its vic9ity1 d n consid] t ma*9]y c or ought to be /opp$1 or put d[n4 ,!y "k p]fectly well t ma*9]y mu/ g on1 t x w g on1 & t x is impossible to /op x4 ,!y are aw>e t e implem5t ( agriculture or manufacture is a portion ( ma*9]y1 &1 inde$1 ev]y?+ t goes beyond ! tee? & nails 7if ,i may use ! expression7 is a ma*9e4 ,i am au?oriz$1 by ! majority ( our society1 to say t ,i speak _! m9ds1 z well z my own1 9 /at+ ?is4 ,x is wor?y ( note h[ ! common s5se ( ?is work+-man1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 saw cle>ly ! great pr9ciple :i* ov]?r[s1 9 ! outset1 all unreason+ ho/ility to ma*9]y4 ,let u foll[ out 8 pr9ciple4 ,among/ ! _m acc\nts :i* ! newspap]s 9 ,decemb]1 #ahcj1 gave ( ! de/ruction ( ma*9]y by agricultural lab\r]s1 we obs]v$ t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,aylesbury a b& ( mi/ak5 & un=tunate m5 de/roy$ all ! ma*9]y ( _m f>ms1 d[n ev5 to ! common drills4 ,! m5 conduct$ !mselves1 says ! c\nty newspap]1 ) civility2 & su* 0 _! consid]ation1 t !y mov$ ! ma*9es out ( ! f>m-y>ds1 to prev5t injury aris+ to ! cattle f ! nails & spl9t]s t flew ab\t :ile ! ma*9]y 0 be+ de/roy$4 ,!y c\ld n make up _! m9ds z to ! propriety ( de/roy+ a horse-*urn1 & !re=e t ma*9e 0 pass$ ov]4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury has made a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! feel+s1 ev5 9 ! lea/ in=m$1 ) reg>d to ma*9]y4 ,! majority ( ! p n[ "k1 z ! weav]s ( ,glasg[ knew 9 #ahbg1 t ma*9]y mu/ g on1 t x w g on1 & t x is impossible to /op x4 ,we !re=e1 adapt+ ?is volume to ! improv$ times 9 :i* x is n[ publi%$1 ?9k x ne$less to urge1 z fully z we once did1 any ( ! notions ( ! lab\r]s ( ,aylesbury to _! inevitable conclusions4 ,x is suffici5t briefly to %[1 t1 if ! lab\r]s _h be5 successful 9 _! c>e]1 _h brok5 all ^? +5i\s implem5ts :i* h aid$ 9 r5d]+ ,briti% agriculture ! mo/ p]fect 9 ! _w1 !y w\ld n h advanc$ a s+le /ep 9 obta9+ m employm5t1 or be+ bett] paid4 ,we w suppose1 !n1 t ! f>m] has yield$ to ?is viol5ce2 t ! viol5ce has _h ! effect :i* x 0 meant to h ^u him2 & t he takes on all ! h&s :i* 7 out ( employ1 to ?ra% & w9n[1 to cut *aff1 to plant ) a dibb] in/ead ( ) a drill1 to d all ! "w1 9 fact1 by ! de>e/ mode in/ead ( ! *eape/4 ,b he employs j z _m p z are absolutely necess>y1 & no m1 = gett+ 8 corn ready = m>ket1 & = prep>+1 9 a slov5ly way1 = ! se$-"t4 ,9 a mon? or two ! victori\s de/roy]s f9d t n a s+le h& ! m ( !m is really employ$4 ,& :y n8 ,!re are no dra9+s go+ =w>d1 ! h$ges & dit*es are neglect$1 ! dung-heap is n turn$ ov]1 ! *alk is n fet*$ f ! pit2 9 fact1 all ^? lab\rs are neglect$ :i* belong to a /ate ( agricultural indu/ry :i* is br\ght to p]fection4 ,! f>m] has no funds to employ 9 su* lab\rs2 he is pay+ a great deal m ?an he paid be=e = ! same1 or a less1 am\nt ( "w1 because 8 lab\r]s *oose to d c]ta9 lab\rs ) rude tools in/ead ( p]fect ones4 ,we w imag9e t ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9ues till ! next spr+4 ,all ?is :ile ! price ( gra9 has be5 ris+4 ,_m f>m]s h ceas$ to employ capital at all ^u ! l&4 ,! neat inv5tions1 :i* enabl$ !m to make a liv+ out ( _! bus9ess1 be+ de/roy$1 !y h ab&on$ ! bus9ess altoge!r4 ,a day's "w w n[ no long] pur*ase z mu* bread z be=e4 ,! horse1 x might be probably f\nd out1 0 z great an enemy z ! drill-pl\gh2 =1 z a horse w d ! field-"w ( six m51 !re mu/ be six m5 employ$1 )\t d\bt1 in/ead ( "o horse4 ,b h[ w\ld ! fact turn out8 ,if ! f>m] /ill w5t on1 9 spite ( all ^! losses & crosses1 he might employ m5 9 ! place ( horses1 b n a s+le man m ?an ! numb] t w\ld "w at ! price ( ! keep ( "o horse4 ,to d ! "w ( ea* horse turn$ adrift1 he w\ld require six m52 b he w\ld only h ab\t a %ill+ a-day to divide betwe5 ^! six--! am\nt :i* ! horse consum$4 ,z ! ye> advanc$1 & ! h>ve/ approa*$1 x w\ld be discov]$ t n "o-t5? ( ! l& 0 s[n3 = al?\gh ! pl\ghs 7 gone1 because ! horses 7 turn$ (f1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( lab\r = ^? :o *ose to lab\r = its own sake1 or at ! price ( horse-lab\r1 ?is amaz+ employm5t = human h&s1 someh[ or o!r1 w\ld n q answ] ! purpose4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! p[] ( horses1 ox51 c41 employ$ 9 husb&ry 9 ,great ,brita9 is t5 times ! am\nt ( human p[]4 ,if ! human p[] insi/$ ^u do+ all ! "w ) ! wor/ tools1 ! c]ta9ty is t n ev5 "o-t5? ( ! l& c\ld be cultivat$4 ,:]e1 !n1 w\ld all ?is madness end8 ,9 ! />vation ( ! lab\r]s !mselves1 ev5 if !y 7 all[$ to eat up all !y _h produc$ by su* imp]fect means4 ,!y w\ld be j 9 ! condition ( any o!r b>b>\s p1 t 7 ignorant ( ! inv5tions t con/itute ! p[] ( civilization4 ,!y w\ld eat up ! little corn :i* !y rais$ !mselves1 & h no?+ to give 9 ex*ange = clo!s1 & coals1 & c&les1 & soap1 & tea1 & sug>1 & all ! _m com=ts :i* ^? :o are ev5 ! wor/ (f are n :olly depriv$ (4 ,all ?is may appe> z an extreme /atem5t2 & c]ta9ly we believe t no su* evils c\ld h happ5$3 = if ! laws _h be5 passive1 ! mo/ ignorant ( ! lab\r]s !mselves w\ld1 if !y _h proce$$ to c>ry _! own pr9ciple mu* f>!r ?an !y _h done1 see 9 _! v excesses ! real "* ( ! folly & wick$ness to :i* x _h l$1 & w\ld lead !m4 ,:y %\ld ! lab\r]s ( ,aylesbury n h de/roy$ ! h>r[s z well z ! drills8 ,:y leave a ma*9e :i* sep>ates ! clods ( ! e>?1 & break "o :i* puts se$ into x8 ,:y delib]ate ab\t a horse-*urn1 :5 !y 7 resolv$ aga9/ a w9n[+-ma*9e8 ,! tru? is1 ^! poor m5 p]ceiv$1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( _! excesses1 ! gross deception ( ! reasons :i* induc$ !m to commit !m4 ,_! motive 0 a natural1 &1 if lawfully express$1 a prop] impati5ce1 "u a condition :i* _h c]ta9ly _m h>d%ips1 & ^? h>d%ips 9 great "p produc$ by ! want ( pr(itable lab\r4 ,b 9 imput+ ^? h>d%ips to ma*9]y1 !y 7 at once emb>rass$ :5 !y came to draw di/9ctions betwe5 "o sort ( ma*9e & ano!r4 ,?is emb>rassm5t decid$ly %[s t !re 7 fe>ful mi/akes at ! bottom ( _! furi\s ho/ility to ma*9]y4 ,x has be5 said1 by p]sons ^: op9ions are wor?y att5tion1 t spade-husb&ry is1 9 "s cases1 bett] ?an pl\gh-husb&ry2--t is1 t ! e>?1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances ( soil & situation1 may be m fitly prep>$ = ! influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e by digg+ ?an by pl\gh+4 ,x is n our bus9ess to ent] into a consid]ation ( ?is "q4 ,! gr[? ( corn is a manufacture1 9 :i* man employs ! *emical prop]ties ( ! soil & ( ! air 9 conjunction ) 8 own lab\r1 aid$ by c]ta9 tools or ma*9es1 = ! production ( a crop2 & t p[]1 :e!r ( *emi/ry or ma*9]y1--:e!r ( ! salt1 or ! *alk1 or ! dung1 or ! guano1 :i* he puts ^u ! e>?1 or ! spade or ! pl\gh :i* he puts into x1--t p[] :i* does ! "w easie/ is necess>ily ! be/1 because x dim9i%es ! co/ ( production4 ,if ! pl\gh does n d ! "w s well z ! spade1 x is a less p]fect ma*9e2 b ! less p]fect ma*9e may be pref]r$ to ! m p]fect1 because1 tak+ o!r conditions into consid]ation1 x is a *eap] ma*9e4 ,if ! spade1 appli$ 9 a peculi> mann] by ! /r5g? & judgm5t ( ! man us+ x1 m completely turns up ! soil1 breaks ! clods1 & removes ! we$s ?an ! pl\gh1 :i* receives "o uni=m direction f man ) ! assi/ance ( o!r animal p[]1 !n ! spade is a m p]fect ma*9e 9 its comb9ation ) human lab\r ?an ! pl\gh is1 work$ ) a less] degree ( ! same comb9ation4 ,b /ill x may be a ma*9e :i* _c be us$ ) advantage to ! produc]1 & is !re=e n desirable = ! consum]4 ,all su* que/ions mu/ be det]m9$ by ! co/ ( production2 & t co/ 9 agriculture is made up ( ! r5t ( l&1 ! pr(it ( capital1 & ! wages ( lab\r--or ! portions ( ! produce belong+ to ! l&lord1 ! f>m]1 & ! lab\r]4 ,:]e r5t is high1 z 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns1 x is important to h ! lab\r p]=m$ z c>efully z possible1 & ! succession ( crops /imulat$ to ! utmo/ ext5t by manure & lab\r4 ,x is economy to turn ! soil to ! greate/ acc\nt1 & ! l& is cultivat$ z a g>d54 ,:]e r5t is l[1 x is important to h ! lab\r p]=m$ ^u o!r pr9ciples1 because "o acre cultivat$ by h& may co/ m ?an two cultivat$ by ! pl\gh2 & ?\gh x may be ! true/ policy to c>ry ! productiv5ess ( ! e>? z f> z possible1 field cultivation & g>d5 cultivation mu/ h ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,9 "o case1 ! ma*9e call$ a spade is us$2 9 ! o!r1 ! ma*9e call$ a pl\gh is employ$4 ,! use ( ! "o or ! o!r belongs to practical agriculture1 & is a "q only ( relative co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,c5tre ( gravity ,& ?is br+s u to ! great pr9ciple ( all ma*9]y4 ,a tool ( ! simple/ con/ruction is a ma*9e2 a ma*9e ( ! mo/ curi\s con/ruction is only a complicat$ tool4 ,!re are _m cases 9 ! arts1 & !re may be cases 9 agriculture1 9 :i* ! human arm & h&1 ) or )\t a tool1 may d "w t no ma*9e c s well p]=m4 ,!re are processes 9 poli%+1 & !re is a process 9 copp]-plate pr9t+1 9 :i* no sub/ance has be5 f\nd to /& 9 ! place ( ! human h&4 ,&1 if !re=e ! man ) a spade alone does a c]ta9 agricultural "w m completely ?an a man guid+ a pl\gh1 & a team ( horses dragg+ x 7:i* we d n affirm or d5y71 ! only reason = ?is is1 t ! man ) ! spade is a bett] ma*9e ?an ! man ) ! pl\gh & ! horses4 ,! mo/ /upid man t ev] exi/$ is1 beyond all comp>ison1 a ma*9e m cunn+ly made by ! h&s ( 8 ,creator1 m p]fect 9 all 8 sev]al p>ts1 & ) all 8 p>ts m exquisitely adapt$ to ! regulat$ movem5t ( ! :ole body1 less liable to accid5ts1 & less injur$ by we> & te>1 ?an ! mo/ beautiful ma*9e t ev] 01 or ev] w be1 inv5t$4 ,!re is no possibility ( supply+ 9 _m cases a sub/itute = ! simple/ movem5ts ( a man's body1 by ! mo/ complicat$ movem5ts ( ! mo/ +5i\s ma*9]y4 ,! laws ( me*anism are ! same :e!r appli$ to a man1 or to a lev]1 or a :eel2 b ! man has m pliability ?an any comb9ation ( :eels & lev]s4 ,:5 a port] c>ries a burd51 ! attitude ( ! body mu/ accommodate itself to ! position ( ! common c5tre ( gravity ( himself & 8 load4 ,?us1 9 ! accompany+ figures x w be obs]v$ t :5 ! man /&s upright ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! man ,g falls )9 ! base ( support2 & if 8 load ,l falls )\t ! base1 z does likewise g1 ! common c5tre ( gravity ( ! man & load1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t he w\ld fall backw>ds2 b ?is is prev5t$1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! po9t g is br\ght )9 ! base by ! man b5d+ 8 body =w>d4#ae ,:at is call$ ! lay figure ( ! pa9t]--a wood5 image ) _m jo9ts--may be b5t "h & !re2 b ! arti/ :o want$ to draw a port] ) a load c\ld n put a hundr$weight ^u ! back ( 8 image & keep x ^u its legs4 ,! natural ma*9]y by :i* a man ev5 lifts 8 h& to 8 head is at once s complex & s simple1 s app>5tly easy & yet s entirely dep5d5t ^u ! "r adju/m5t ( a great _m contr>y =ces1 t no automaton1 or ma*9e imitat+ ! actions ( man1 c\ld ev] be made to effect ?is seem+ly simple motion1 )\t %[+ t ! contrivance 0 imp]fect1--t x 0 a m]e imitation1 & a v clumsy "o4 ,:at an easy ?+ x appe>s to be = a f>m+ man to ?ra% 8 corn ) a flail2 & yet :at an exp5sive arrangem5t ( :eels is necess>y to produce ! same effects ) a ?ra%+-ma*9e6 ,! tru? is1 t ! man's arm & ! flail =m a mu* m curi\s ma*9e ?an ! o!r ma*9e ( :eels1 :i* does ! same "w2 & ! real "q z reg>ds ! value ( ! two ma*9es is1 :i* ma*9e 9 ! great] degree less5s ! co/ ( production8 ,we /ate ?is pr9ciple broadly1 9 our exam9ation into ! value ( ma*9]y 9 dim9i%+ ! co/ ( produc+ human food4 ,a ma*9e is n p]fect because x is made ( :eels or cyl9d]s1 employs ! p[] ( ! screw or ! lev]1 is driv5 by w9d or wat] or /eam1 b because x be/ assi/s ! lab\r ( man1 by call+ into action "s p[] :i* he does n possess 9 himself4 ,if we c\ld imag9e a man entirely dispossess$ ( ?is p[]1 we %\ld see ! feeble/ ( animal be+s4 ,he has no tools :i* are a "p ( himself1 to build h\ses l ! beav]1 or cells l ! bee4 ,he has n ev5 le>nt f nature to build1 in/9ctively1 by c]ta9 & un*angeable rules4 ,8 p[] is 9 8 m9d2 & t m9d tea*es him to subject all ! physical _w to 8 dom9ion1 by avail+ himself ( ! =ces :i* nature has spread ar\nd him4 ,to act ^u mat]ial objects he arms 8 weakness ) tools & ) ma*9es4 ,z we h be=e said1 tools & ma*9es are 9 pr9ciple ! same4 ,:5 we /rike a nail ^u ! head ) a hamm]1 we avail ourselves ( a p[] :i* we f9d 9 nature--! effect produc$ by ! concussion ( two bodies2 :5 we employ a wat]-:eel to beat out a lump ( iron ) a mu* l>g] hamm]1 we /ill avail ourselves ( ! same p[]4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! in/rum5ts1 al?\gh we call ! "o a tool1 & ! o!r a ma*9e4 ,nei!r ! tool nor ! ma*9e has any =ce ( itself4 ,9 "o case ! =ce is 9 ! arm1 9 ! o!r 9 ! weight ( wat] :i* turns ! :eel4 ,! di/9ctions :i* h be5 tak5 betwe5 a tool & a ma*9e are really s trivial1 & ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r is s slight1 t we c only speak ( bo? z common in/rum5ts = add+ to ! effici5cy ( lab\r4 ,! simple/ application ( a pr9ciple ( me*anics to an e-day h&-tool may conv]t x into :at is call$ a ma*9e4 ,take a ?ree-prong$ =k--"o ( ! univ]sal tools2--fa/5 a rope to ! end ( ! h&le2 put a log "u ! =k z a fulcrum2 & we h a lev]1 :5 pull$ d[n by ! rope1 :i* w grub up a /rongly-root$ l>ge %rub 9 a few m9utes4 ,! lab\r] has call$ 9 a p[]ful ally4 ,! tool has become a ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tool made a ma*9e ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 man 9 a rude1 & man 9 a civiliz$ /ate ( society is1 t ! "o wa/es 8 =ce1 :e!r natural or acquir$1--! o!r economizes1 t is1 saves x4 ,! man 9 a rude /ate has v rude in/rum5ts2 he !re=e wa/es 8 =ce3 ! man 9 a civiliz$ /ate has v p]fect ones2 he !re=e economizes x4 ,%\ld we n laugh at ! g>d5] :o w5t to hoe 8 potatoes ) a /ick hav+ a %ort crook at ! end8 ,x w\ld be a tool1 we %\ld say1 fit only = *ildr5 to use4 ,yet su* a tool 0 d\btless employ$ by "s v anci5t nations2 = !re is an old m$al ( ,syracuse :i* repres5ts ?is v tool4 ,! common hoe ( ! ,engli% g>d5] is a mu* m p]fect tool1 because x saves lab\r4 ,c\ld we h any d\bt ( ! madness ( ! man :o w\ld propose t all iron hoes %\ld be aboli%$1 to furni% m ext5sive employ to lab\r]s :o %\ld be provid$ only ) a crook$ /ick cut out ( a h$ge8 ,! tru? is1 if ! work+ m5 ( ,engl& _h no bett] tools ?an crook$ /icks1 !y w\ld be 9 a /ate ( actual />vation4 ,"o ( ! *iefs ( ,new ,zeal&1 be=e t c\ntry _h be5 coloniz$ by u1 told ,mr4 ,m>sd51 a mission>y1 t 8 wood5 spades 7 all brok51 & he _h n an axe to make any m2--8 canoes 7 all brok51 & he _h n a nail or a gimlet to m5d !m )2--8 potato-gr\nds 7 uncultivat$1 & he _h n a hoe to break !m up )2--& t = want ( cultivation he & 8 p w\ld h no?+ to eat4 ,?is %[s ! /ate ( a p )\t tools4 ,! man _h se5 ,engli% tools1 & knew _! value4 ,ab\t ?ree or f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 f ! times ( k+ ,h5ry ,,iv4 to ^? ( k+ ,h5ry ,,vi41 &1 inde$1 long be=e ^! reigns1 !re 7 (t51 z we h already m5tion$1 griev\s fam9es 9 ?is c\ntry1 because ! l& 0 v wret*$ly cultivat$4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 p]i%$ ( actual hung] by ?\s&s2 & ^? :o surviv$ kept !mselves alive by eat+ ! b>k ( trees1 acorns1 & pig-nuts4 ,!re 7 no ma*9es !n2 b ! condition ( ! lab\r]s 0 s bad1 t !y c\ld n be kept to "w ^u ! l& )\t ^? v sev]e & tyrannical laws notic$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii41 :i* absolutely =bade !m to leave ! /ation 9 :i* !y 7 born z lab\r]s1 = any hope ( bett]+ _! condition 9 ! t[ns4 ,!re 7 n lab\r]s en\gh to till ! gr\nd1 = !y work$ )\t any skill1 ) weak pl\ghs & awkw>d hoes4 ,!y 7 j z badly (f z "s ( ! p ( ,portugal & ,spa91 :o are mis]ably poor1 because !y h bad ma*9es2 or z ! ,*9ese lab\r]s1 :o h sc>cely any ma*9es1 & are ! poore/ 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( lab\r to be p]=m$1 b ! tools 7 s bad1 & ! want ( agricultural k s univ]sal1 t ! l& 0 nev] half cultivat$1 & !re=e all classes 7 poorly (f4 ,!y _h little corn to ex*ange = manufactures1 & 9 consequ5ce ! lab\r] 0 badly clo!d1 badly lodg$1 & _h a v indiff]5t %>e ( ! scanty crop :i* he rais$4 ,! condition ( ! lab\r] w\ld h proce$$ f bad to worse1 _h agricultural improvem5t n gone =w>d to improve ! g5]al condition ( all classes4 ,commons 7 enclos$2 arable l& 0 laid d[n to pa/ure2 %eep 7 kept ^u grass-l& :]e wret*$ crops _h be=e be5 gr[+4 ,?is 0 sup]s$+ lab\r to a great ext5t1 & mu* clam\r 0 rais$ ab\t ?is plan1 & probably a l>ge am\nt ( real di/ress 0 produc$4 ,b m>k ! consequ5ce4 ,al?\gh ! money wages ( lab\r 7 l[]$1 because !re 7 m lab\r]s 9 ! m>ket1 ! real am\nt ( wages 0 high]1 = bett] food 0 creat$ by pa/urage at a *eap] rate4 ,! lab\r] !n got meat :o _h nev] ta/$ x be=e2 & :5 ! use ( animal food became g5]al1 !re 7 cattle & corn en\gh to be ex*ang$ = manufactur$ goods1 & ! lab\r] got a coat & a pair ( %oes1 :o _h =m]ly gone half nak$4 ,/ep by /ep h we be5 go+ 9 ! same direction = two c5turies2 & ! agricultural indu/ry ( ,great ,brita9 is n[ z mu* direct$ to ! production ( meat1 milk1 butt]1 *eese1 z to ! gr[? ( corn & o!r c]eals4 ,! once simple husb&ry ( our =efa!rs has become a sci5tific manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,sp9n+4 ,!re may be "s p]sons /ill :o object to ma*9]y1 because1 hav+ gr[n up surr\nd$ ) ! b5efits x has conf]r$ ^u !m1 )\t und]/&+ ! s\rce ( ^! b5efits1 !y are some?+ l ! *ild :o sees no?+ b evil 9 a ra9y day4 ,! p ( ,new ,zeal& v r>ely came to u2 b :5 !y did come !y 7 acute en\gh to p]ceive ! advantages :i* ma*9]y has conf]r$ ^u u1 & ! great di/ance 9 po9t ( com=t betwe5 _! /ate & ours1 pr9cipally = ! reason t !y h no ma*9]y1 :ile we h a great deal4 ,"o ( ^! m5 bur/ into te>s :5 he saw a rope-walk2 because he p]ceiv$ ! imm5se sup]iority :i* ! process ( sp9n+ ropes gave u ov] 8 own c\ntrym54 ,he 0 +5i\s en\gh1 & s 7 _m ( 8 fell[ isl&]s1 to h twi/$ ?reads toge!r aft] a rude fa%ion2 b he knew t he 0 a long way (f f mak+ a rope4 ,! ,new ,zeal&] saw ! sp9n] 9 ! rope-walk1 mov+ away f a :eel1 & gradually =m+ ! hemp r\nd 8 body into a /rong cord4 ,by ! op]ation ( ! :eel he is enabl$ s to tw9e toge!r a numb] ( sep>ate fibres1 t no "o fibre c be sep>at$ f ! mass1 b =ms "p ( a h>d & compact body4 ,a s]ies ( ^! op]ations produces a cable1 su* z may hold a b>ge at an*or4 ,! twi/$ fibres ( hemp become y>n2 _m y>ns become a /r&2 ?ree /r&s make a rope2 & ?ree ropes make a cablet1 or small cable4 ,by c>efully untwi/+ all its sep>ate p>ts1 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x is con/ruct$ is evid5t4 ,! op]ation is a complex "o2 & ! rope-mak] is a skill$ workman4 ,rope-mak+ ma*9]y is n[ c>ri$ mu* f>!r4 ,b ! :eel t twi/$ ! hemp into y>n 0 a prodigy to ! inquir+ savage4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ ,ropes by ,hudd>t's ,ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,analysis ( a ,cablet4 ,ano!r ( ^! ,new ,zeal&]s1 & he 0 a v %rewd & intellig5t p]son1 c>ri$ back to 8 c\ntry a small h&-mill = gr9d+ corn1 :i* he priz$ z ! greate/ ( all e>?ly possessions4 ,& well might he prize x6 ,he _h no ma*9e = conv]t+ corn into meal1 b two /ones1 su* z 7 us$ 9 ! remote p>ts ( ! highl&s ( ,scotl& "s ye>s ago4 ,& to beat ! gra9 into meal by ^! two /ones 7a ma*9e1 rememb]1 h[ev] imp]fect7 w\ld occupy ! lab\r ( "o-f\r? ( 8 family1 to procure subsi/5ce = ! o!r ?ree-f\r?s4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 _h improv$ ^u ! ma*9]y ( ! h&-/ones1 = !y _h h&-mills4 ,b ,hom]1 ! old ,greek poet1 describes ! unhappy condition ( ! slave :o 0 always employ$ 9 us+ ?is mill4 ,! groans ( ! slave 7 unhe$$ by ^? :o consum$ ! produce ( 8 lab\r2 & su* 0 ! necessity = meal1 t ! wom5 7 compell$ to turn ^! mills :5 !re 7 n slaves en\gh tak5 9 w> to p]=m ?is irksome (fice4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( lab\r !n to be p]=m$1 ev5 ) ! ma*9]y ( ! h&-mill2 b ! slaves & ! wom5 did n consid] t lab\r 0 a good 9 itself1 & !re=e !y bitt]ly groan$ "u x4 ,by & bye ! und]/&+s ( m5 f\nd out t wat] & w9d w\ld d ! same "w t ! slaves & ! wom5 _h done2 & t a l>ge quantity ( lab\r 0 at lib]ty to be employ$ = o!r purposes4 ,does any "o ask if society 0 9 a worse /ate 9 consequ5ce8 ,we answ]1 lab\r is wor? no?+ )\t results4 ,its value is only to be measur$ by :at x produces4 ,if1 9 a c\ntry :]e h&-mills c\ld be _h1 ! p 7 to g on beat+ gra9 betwe5 two /ones1 all w\ld pron\nce !m fools1 because !y c\ld obta9 an equal quantity ( meal ) a mu* less exp5diture ( lab\r4 ,"s h a g5]al prejudice aga9/ t sort ( ma*9]y :i* does its "w ) v little human assi/ance2 x is n q s c]ta91 !re=e1 t !y w\ld agree t a p w\ld be equal fools to use ! h&-mill :5 !y c\ld employ ! w9d-mill or ! wat]-mill4 ,b we believe !y w\ld ?9k t1 if fl\r c\ld drop f heav51 or be _h l wat] by :oev] *ose to seek x1 x w\ld be ! height ( folly to h /ones1 or h&-mills1 or wat]-mills1 or w9d-mills1 or any ma*9e :atev] = manufactur+ fl\r4 ,does any "o ev] ?9k ( manufactur+ wat]8 ,! co/ ( wat] is only ! co/ ( ! lab\r :i* br+s x to ! place 9 :i* x is consum$4 ,yet ?is admission ov]turns all objections aga9/ ma*9]y4 ,we admit t x is desirable to obta9 a ?+ ) no lab\r at all2 c we !re=e d\bt t x is desirable to obta9 x ) ! lea/ possible lab\r8 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 no lab\r & a little lab\r is ! diff]5ce ( ! co/ ( production4 ,& ! only diff]5ce betwe5 little lab\r & mu* lab\r is precisely ! same4 ,9 procur+ any?+ t adm9i/]s to 8 necessities1 man makes an ex*ange ( 8 lab\r = ! ?+ produc$1 & ! less he gives ( 8 lab\r ! bett] ( c\rse is 8 b>ga94 ,to return to ! h&-mill & ! wat]-mill4 ,an ord9>y wat]-mill = gr9d+ corn w gr9d ab\t ?irty-six sacks a day4 ,to d ! same "w ) a h&-mill w\ld require #aej m54 ,at two %ill+s a day ! wages ( ^! m5 w\ld am\nt to #ael41 :i*1 reckon+ six work+ days1 is #ijl4 a week1 or #dfhjl4 a ye>4 ,! r5t & taxes ( a mill w\ld be ab\t #aejl4 a ye>1 or #ajs4 a work+ day4 ,! co/ ( ma*9]y w\ld be c]ta9ly m = ! h&-mills ?an ! wat]-mill1 !re=e we w n take ! co/ ( ma*9]y into calculation4 ,to produce1 !re=e1 ?irty-six sacks ( fl\r by h& we %\ld pay #ael42 by ! wat]-mill we %\ld pay #ajs43 t is1 we %\ld pay ?irty times z mu* by ! "o process z by ! o!r4 ,! actual sav+ is some?+ ab\t ! price ( ! fl\r 9 ! m>ket2 t is1 ! consum]1 if ! corn 7 gr\nd by h&1 w\ld pay d\ble :at he pays n[ = fl\r gr\nd at a mill4 ,b if ! sy/em ( gr9d+ corn by h& 7 a v rec5t sy/em ( society1 & ! introduction ( s great a b5efit z ! wat]-mill _h all at once displac$ ! h&-gr9d]s1 z ! sp9n+ ma*9]y displac$ ! sp9n+-:eel1 :at mu/ become1 x is said1 ( ! "o hundr$ & fifty m5 :o e>n$ ! #ael4 a-day1 ( :i* sum ! consum] has n[ got #adl4 #ajs4 9 8 pocket8 ,!y mu/ g to o!r "w4 ,& :at is to set !m to t "w8 ,! same #adl4 #ajs42 :i*1 be+ sav$ 9 ! price ( fl\r1 gives ! poor man1 z well z ! ri* man1 m animal food & fuel2 a great] quantity ( clo!s1 & ( a bett] quality2 a bett] h\se ?an 8 h&-lab\r+ ance/ors us$ to h1 mu* z 8 h\se might yet be improv$2 bett] furniture1 & m ( x2 dome/ic ut5sils2 & books4 ,to produce ^! ?+s !re mu/ be m lab\r]s employ$ ?an be=e4 ,! quantity ( lab\r is1 !re=e1 n dim9i%$1 :ile its productiv5ess is mu* increas$4 ,x is z if e man among u _h become sudd5ly mu* /rong] & m indu/ri\s4 ,! ma*9es lab\r = u1 & are yet satisfi$ )\t ei!r food or clo?+4 ,!y increase all our com=ts1 & !y consume none !mselves4 ,! h&-mills are n gr9d+1 x is true3 b ! %ips are sail+ t br+ u =eign produce2 ! looms are mov+ t give u m clo!s2 ! pott]1 & glass-mak]1 & jo9]1 are ea* employ$ to add to our h\sehold goods2 we are ea* ( u elevat$ 9 ! scale ( society2 & all ^! ?+s happ5 because ma*9]y has dim9i%$ ! co/ ( production4 ,illu/ration3 ,mill at ,guy's ,cliff4 ,! wat]-mill is1 h[ev]1 a simple ma*9e comp>$ ) "s mills ( mod]n times4 ,we are famili> ) ! village-mill4 ,z we walk by ! side ( "s g5tle /ream1 su* z t :i* turns ! mill at ,guy's ,cliff1 9 ,w>wick%ire1 we he> at a di/ance ! murmur ( wat] & ! gr[l ( :eels4 ,we come ^u ! old mill1 su* z x has /ood = a c\ple ( c5turies4 ,no peasant qu>rels ) ! mill4 ,x is an object almo/ ( 8 love2 = he kn[s t x *eap5s 8 food4 ,x seems a "p ( ! natural sc5]y amid/ :i* he has be5 re>$4 ,b let a m effici5t ma*9e = gr9d+ corn be introduc$1 su* z ! ,am]icans h at ,pittsburgh1 & ! peasant might ?9k t ! work+ mill]s w\ld be ru9$4 ,& yet ! mill at ,pittsburgh is mak+ fl\r *eap] 9 ,engl&1 by t competition :i* "h =ces onw>d improvem5t 9 mill-ma*9]y2 & by increas+ ! consumption ( fl\r calls into action m sup]9t5d+ lab\r = its production4 ,t p>ticul> ,am]ican mill produces #ejj b>rels ( fl\r p] day1 ea* conta9+ #aif lbs41 & x employs =ty manag+ p]sons4 ,x produces *eap fl\r by sav+ lab\r 9 all its processes4 ,x /&s on ! bank ( a navigable riv]--a high build+ into :i* ! corn = gr9d+ mu/ be remov$ f boats alongside4 ,is ! gra9 necess>y to produce ^! #ejj b>rels ( fl\r p] day1 am\nt+ to #ih1jjj lbs41 c>ri$ by man's lab\r to ! topmo/ floor ( t high mill8 ,x is rais$ by an elevator consi/+ ( an endless b&1 to :i* are fix$ a s]ies ( metal cans revolv+ 9 a long wood5 tr\gh1 :i* is l[]$ ?r\gh ! respective hat*ways into ! boat1 & is connect$ at its upp] end ) ! build+ :]e its belt is driv54 ,! l[] end ( ! tr\gh is op51 &1 z ! endless b& revolves1 six or eight m5 %ovel ! gra9 into ! asc5d+ cans1 :i* raise x s rapidly t #djjj bu%els c be lift$ & deposit$ 9 ! mill 9 an h\r4#af ,! drudg+ & unskill$ lab\r]s :o w\ld h toil$ 9 c>ry+ up ! gra9 are free to d "s skill$ lab\r1 ( :i* ! am\nt requir$ is con/antly increas+2 & ! co/ sav$ by ! elevator goes t[>ds ! great univ]sal fund1 out ( :i* m lab\r & bett] lab\r are to f9d ! means ( employm5t4 #ae ,see an article by ,mr4 ,bi%op1 on ',locomotion ( ,animals1' 9 ',engli% ,cyclopa$ia4' #af ,:itwor?'s ,special ,report4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,pres5t & =m] condition ( ! c\ntry--,progress ( cultivation--,evil influ5ce ( feudalism--,/ate ( agriculture 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--,mod]n improvem5ts--,prices ( :eat--,increas$ bread? ( l& "u cultivation--,av]age consumption ( :eat--,implem5ts ( agriculture n[ 9 use--,numb] ( agriculturi/s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,x is ! rem>k ( =eign]s1 z !y travel f ! sea-coa/ to ,london1 t ! c\ntry is a g>d54 ,x has tak5 n9ete5 c5turies to make x su* a g>d54 ,! m>%es 9 :i* ! legions ( ,julius ,caes> _h to fight1 up to _! lo9s1 ) ! ,britons1 to :om ^! swamps 7 habitual1 are n[ dra9$4 ,! d5se woods 9 :i* ! ,druids wor%ipp$ are n[ cle>$4 ,popul\s t[ns & *e]ful villages (f] !mselves on e side4 ,:]ev] ! eye rea*es !re is cultivation4 ,in/ead ( a few scatt]$ families pa9fully e>n+ a subsi/5ce by ! *ace1 or by till+ ! l& )\t ! k & ! in/rum5ts t sci5ce has giv5 to ! aid ( manual lab\r1--t cultivation is c>ri$ on ) a sy/ematic r\t9e t improves ! f]tility ( a good season1 & dim9i%es ! evils ( a bad4 ,in/ead ( ! c\ntry be+ divid$ among/ ho/ile tribes1 :o h little communication1 ! :ole t]ritory is cov]$ ) a network ( roads1 & canals1 & navigable riv]s1 & railroads1 ?r\gh :i* means !re is an univ]sal m>ket1 & :]ev] !re is dem& !re is in/ant supply4 ,rightly consid]$1 !re is no bran* ( production :i* has s l>gely b5efit$ by ! p[] ( k z t ( agriculture4 ,x 0 ages be=e ! great physical *anges 7 accompli%$ :i* we n[ behold on e side2 & we are /ill 9 a /ate ( progress t[>ds ! p]fection ( ^? results :i* an ov]-rul+ ,provid5ce _h 9 /ore = ! human race1 9 ! gradual manife/ation ( ^? discov]ies :i* h already s *ang$ our condition & ! condition ( ! _w4 ,! hi/ory ( cultivation 9 ,great ,brita9 is full ( in/ruction z reg>ds ! ineffici5cy ( m]e traditional practice & ! sl[ness ) :i* sci5tific improvem5t e/abli%es its dom9ion4 ,x is no "p ( our plan to foll[ out ?is hi/ory2 b a few scatt]$ facts may n be )\t _! value4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,! pl\gh4 #b4 ,! pole4 #c4 ,! %>e 7v>i\s74 #d4 ,! h&le1 or pl\gh-tail4 #e4 ,yokes4 ,! oppressions ( t5ants t 7 p]petrat$ "u ! feudal sy/em1 :5 ignorant lords ( manors imp$$ production by e species ( extortion1 may be e/imat$ by "o or two circum/ances4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! prosp]ity ( a t5ant is ! be/ security = ! l&lord's due %>e ( ! produce ( ! l&4 ,)\t manure1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! l& _c be f]tiliz$3 ! l&lords knew ?is1 b !y requir$ to h a monopoly ( ! f]tility4 ,_! t5ants kept a few %eep1 b ! l&lords res]v$ to !mselves ! exclusive privilege ( hav+ a %eepfold2 s t ! little t5ants c\ld n fold _! own %eep on _! own l&s1 b 7 oblig$ to let !m be fold$ ) ^? ( _! "l1 or pay a f9e4#ag ,! fl\r-mill 0 ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! manorial "l1 :e!r lay or ecclesia/ical2 & :atev] ! di/ance1 or h[ev] bad ! road1 ! t5ant c\ld gr9d n[h]e b at ! "l's mill4 ,no d\bt ! r5t ( l& 0 exce$+ly l[1 & ! "l 0 oblig$ to ma9ta9 himself & 8 dep5d5ts by add+ some?+ consid]able to 8 means by _m =ms ( legaliz$ extortion4 ,! r5t ( l& 0 s l[ because ! produce 0 inconsid]able1 to an ext5t :i* w be sc>cely compreh5d$ by mod]n husb&m54 ,9 ! law-comm5t>y call$ ',fleta1' writt5 ab\t ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! au?or says ! f>m] w be a los] unless corn be de>1 if he obta9s f an acre ( :eat only ?ree times ! se$ s[n4 ,he calculat$ ! l[ produce at six bu%els an acre3 ! av]age produce 0 p]haps little high]2 we h di/9ct records ( its be+ no high] a c5tury aft]w>ds4 ,9 #acij1 at ,haw/$1 ne> ,bury1 ! produce ( ! manor-f>m 0 =ty-two qu>t]s ( :eat1 or ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-six bu%els1 f fifty-sev5 acres2 & ^u an av]age ( ?ree ye>s sixty-"o acres produc$ only sev5ty qu>t]s1 or five hundr$ & sixty bu%els4 ,sir ,john ,cullum1 :o collect$ ^! details f ! records ( 8 own prop]ty1 says1 no p>ticul> de>ness ( corn foll[$1 s t1 probably1 ^? v scanty crops 7 ! usual & ord9>y effects ( ! imp]fect husb&ry !n practis$4 ,! husb&ry 0 s imp]fect t an unfav\rable season = corn-crops1 :i* 9 our days w\ld h be5 comp5sat$ by a great] production ( gre5 crops1 0 foll[$ by fam9e4 ,:5 ! gr\nd 0 too h>d1 ! se$ c\ld n be s[n = want ( ! suffici5t ma*9e-p[] ( pl\gh & h>r[4 ,! *ief in/rum5t us$ 0 z weak & imp]fect z ! pl\gh :i* we see depict$ 9 ,egyptian monum5ts1 & :i* is /ill f\nd 9 p>ts ( ,syria4 ,! ,ori5tal pl\ghman 0 ) su* an in/rum5t oblig$ to b5d ov] 8 pl\gh1 & load x ) all ! weight ( 8 body1 to prev5t x m]ely scrat*+ ! gr\nd in/ead ( turn+ x up4 ,8 lab\r 0 great & 8 c>e incessant1 z we may judge f ! words ( our ,savi\r1--,no man hav+ put 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,latim]1 ! ,prote/ant m>tyr1 9 8 ',s]mon ( ! ,pl\gh1' 9 :i* he holds t prea*+ ( ! ,gospel is "o ( ,god's pl\gh-works1 & ! prea*] is "o ( ,god's pl\ghm51 describes ! lab\r ^u :i* he raises 8 p>allel3 ,= z ! pl\ghman fir/ sette? =? 8 pl\gh1 & !n tille? 8 l& & breake? x 9 furr[s1 & sometimes ridge? x up aga92 & at ano!r "t h>r[e? x & clotte? x1 & sometimes dunge? x & h$ge? x1 digge? x & we$e? x1 purge? x & make? x clean1--s ! prelate1 ! prea*]1 ha? _m div]s (fices to d4 ,latim] 0 ! son ( a ,liece/]%ire f>m]1 & knew practically :at he 0 talk+ ab\t4 ,he knew t ! l& w\ld n be> an adequate crop )\t all ?is v>i\s & (t5-repeat$ lab\r4 ,& yet ! lab\r 0 s inadequately p]=m$1 t a few ye>s aft] he _h prea*$ ?is fam\s s]mon1 we are told by a cr$ible writ] ( ! times ( ,que5 ,m>y--,william ,bulleyn1 a physician & botani/--t 9 #aeee bread 0 s scant1 insomu* t ! pla9 poor p did make v mu* ( acorns4 ,a few ye>s onw>d a great impulse 0 giv5 to husb&ry ?r\gh v>i\s causes1 among/ :i* ! increas$ abundance ( ! preci\s metals ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! m9es ( ,s\? ,am]ica _h no inconsid]able influ5ce4 ,! indu/ri\s _s ( ,engl& 0 fairly r\s$ f a long sleep 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,h>rison1 9 8 ',description ( ,brita91' says1 ,! soil is ev5 n[ 9 ^! our days gr[n to be mu* m fruitful ?an x ha? be5 9 times pa/4 ,?is hi/orian ( mann]s saw ! reason4 ,9 times pa/ !re 0 idle & neglig5t occupation2 b :5 he wrote 7#aeic7 our c\ntrym5 are gr[n to be m pa9ful1 skilful1 & c>eful1 ?r\gh recomp5se ( ga94 ,! cultivators _h _! %>e ( ! b5efits ( cultivation2 !y _h _! recomp5se ( ga94 ,capital _h be5 spread among/ ! class ( t5ants3 !y 7 no long] mis]able dep5d5ts ^u _! grasp+ lords4 ,= a c5tury or s onw>d ! improvem5ts 9 agriculture 7 n v decid$4 ,! rotation ( crops 0 unkn[n2 & w9t] food = %eep & cattle n be+ rais$1 ! great] numb] 7 slaught]$ & salt$ at ,m>t9mas4 ,! fleeces 7 wret*$ly small1 = ! few %eep nibbl$ ! /ubbles & commons b>e till ! spr+-"t4 ,! c>cases ( beef 7 n half _! pres5t size4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury ! turnip cultivation 0 introduc$1 & 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury ! horse-hoe+ husb&ry came into use4 ,our agricultural revolution 0 fairly begun a hundr$ ye>s ago2 & yet = _m ye>s ! value ( manure 0 v imp]fectly und]/ood1 & ev5 up to our own "t x has be5 wa/$ 9 e direction4 ,!re is giv5 9 ,sir ,john ,cullum's book an ab/ract ( ! lease ( a f>m 9 #agec4 ,! t5ant 0 to be all[$ two %ill+s = e load ( manure t he br\ght f ,bury1 ab\t f\r miles di/ant4 ,dur+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ! l&lord 0 *>g$ ) only "o load4 ,at t p]iod all agriculture 0 9 a great degree traditional4 ,!re 7 no agricultural societies--no special j\rnals = ?is great bran* ( national indu/ry4 ,ar?ur ,"y appli$ 8 %rewd & obs]v+ tal5t to ! dissem9ation ( f>m+ k2 b ! agricultural m9d1 ) v few exceptions1 reject$ book-k z va9 & imp]t95t4 ,*emi/ry appli$ to ! soil 0 z unkn[n to ! cultivator z ! p]turbations ( ! planets4 ,geology 0 an affair ( conjecture1 & _h assum$ no =m ( utility4 ,meteorology ent]$ into no f>m]'s mode ( e/imat+ ! comp>ative value ( "o site & ano!r4 ,sir ,john ,cullum made a mo/ curi\s & in/ructive e/imate ( ! sci5ce ( ! ,suffolk f>m]s 9 #aghd1 :5 he wrote1--,! f>m-h\ses are 9 g5]al well furni%$ ) e conv5i5t accommodation4 ,into _m ( !m a b>omet] has ( late ye>s be5 introduc$--a mo/ useful in/rum5t = ! husb&man1 & :i* is m5tion$ "h z a /rik+ in/ance ( ! intellig5ce ( ?is p]iod4 ,! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & ! high prices consequ5t ^u ! almo/ utt] abs5ce ( =eign supplies1 gave a /imulus to agriculture1 :i* pr9cipally display$ itself 9 ! ef=t to br+ wa/e l&s into cultivation4 ,f #agij to #ahai1 a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 !re 7 two ?\s& "o hundr$ & sixty-n9e ,inclosure ,bills pass$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( ?is p]iod ! av]age price ( :eat _h increas$ t5 %ill+s above ! av]age ( ! t5 ye>s f #aghj to #aghi4 ,9 ! second t5 ye>s x _h increas$ ?irty-six %ill+s above t av]age4 ,9 ! ?ird t5 ye>s x 0 v ne>ly d\ble1 be+ #hhs4 #h;d4 f #ahaj to #ahai1 & #des4 #i;d4 f #aghj to #aghi4 ,a portion ( ^! prices1 h[ev]1 mu/ be attribut$ to a depreciat$ curr5cy4 ,dur+ t p]iod ( ?irty ye>s1 v few ( ! great sci5tific improvem5ts :i* h *eap5$ production _h be5 introduc$1 al?\gh bett] modes ( cultivation unque/ionably prevail$4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahbj to #ahci !re 7 only ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o ,inclosure ,bills pass$2 & ! price ( :eat _h fall5 to ab\t ! av]age ( ! t5 ye>s f #agij to #agii1 & x cont9u$ at t av]age = ano!r t5 ye>s4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahdj to #ahdi1 we _c ga!r ! am\nt ( l& br\ght into new cultivation f ! numb] ( ,inclosure ,bills1 z !re 0 a ,g5]al ,inclosure ,act pass$ 9 #ahce1 to prev5t ! exp5se ( p>ticul> bills = small tracts ( l&4 ,b x has be5 calculat$ t1 :ile m ?an ?ree million acres 7 br\ght into cultivation 9 ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahjj to #ahai1 ab\t "o million acres only 7 inclos$ 9 ! ?irty ye>s f #ahbj to #ahdi4ah ,if we look !n1 z we %all briefly d1 at ! wond]fully increas$ production ( ,great ,brita91 we %all be naturally l$ to ! conclusion t "s cause1 mu* m effici5t ?an ! inclosure ( wa/e l&s1 has giv5 u ! means ( fe$+ a population :i* has d\bl$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,?is production is ! result ( ! :ole c\rse ( improvem5t effect$ by sci5ce1 & /imulat$ by capital4 ,! ,b$=d ,level 0 dra9$ by our ance/ors4 ,! f5s ( ,cambridge%ire & ,l9coln%ire h be5 dra9$ effectually 9 our "t4 ,t luxuriant flat n[ rejoices 9 wav+ corn-crops ov] _m a mile4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 a l& ( /agnant dit*es2 :]e little w9d-mills1 t look$ to ! solit>y travell] ?r\gh t cold di/rict l ! toys ( *ildr51 lift$ ! wat] out ( ! tr5*es1 & left an isolat$ acre or two ( dry e>? = man to toil 94 ,n[ mighty /eam-pumps c>ry ! wat] into artificial riv]s1 & ! :ole region is unrivall$ = f]tility4 ,x is e/imat$ by "s /ati/s t ! av]age consumption ( :eat = ea* individual ( ! population is eight bu%els4 ,o!rs e/imate t consumption at six bu%els4 ,x w be suffici5t = a broad view ( ! increase ( production1 z comp>$ ) ! increase ( population1 to take ! consumption at eight bu%els1 or a qu>t] ( :eat p] head4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahja to #ahaj1 d$uct+ an annual av]age ( #fjj1jjj qu>t]s ( =eign :eat & fl\r import$1 ! population 9 #ahaa be+ #aa1gfi1gbe1 ! numb] f$ by :eat ( home gr[? 0 some:at above elev5 millions4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahda to #ahej1 d$uct+ an annual av]age ( #c1jjj1jjj qu>t]s ( =eign :eat & fl\r1 ! population 9 #ahea be+ #ba1aba1ifg1 ! numb] f$ by :eat ( home gr[? 0 some:at above eighte5 millions4 ,! productive p[] ( ! c\ntry _h increas$1 9 ! c\rse ( fifty ye>s1 to ! enorm\s ext5t ( giv+ subsi/5ce1 9 "o article ( agricultural produce alone1 to sev5 millions ( p4 ,! population 9 #agea 0 e/imat$ at little m ?an sev5 millions4 ,x has trebl$ 9 a c5tury2 & we may be p]fectly sure t ! production ( ! l& has f> m ?an trebl$ 9 t p]iod4 ,! probability is t x has quadrupl$2 = !re is no d\bt t ! great bulk ( ! p are bett] f$ ?an 9 #agea1 :5 rye-bread 0 ! common su/5ance ( ! great body ( lab\r]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,let u endeav\r to take a rapid view ( ! implem5ts ( agriculture 9 common use at ! pres5t "t--implem5ts :i* h be5 describ$ z int5d$ n to br+ ab\t new conditions ( soil1 nor to yield new products ( any k9d1 b to d ) m c]ta9ty & *eapness :at _h be5 done hi!rto by employ+ ! rude implem5ts ( =m] c5turies4 ,su* are ! words ( ,mr4 ,pusey's admirable ,report on ! ,agricultural ,implem5ts 9 ! ',exhibition ( ! ,works ( ,indu/ry ( all ,nations4' ,we _c d bett] ?an furni% a few slight notices ( ! lead+ subjects ( ?is report4 ,! pl\gh & ! h>r[ 7 ! sole in/rum5ts ( tillage at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,bloomfield1 9 8 ',f>m]'s ,boy1' describes !m3-- ,! pl\ghs move heavily1 & /rong ! soil1 ,& clogg+ h>r[s ) augm5t$ toil ,dive deep4 ,! old pl\gh us$ to be drawn ) f\r horses2 & !y 7 ne$$4 ,x 0 a cumbr\s in/rum5t1 adapt$ to ! clay soils :5 ^? soils 7 ! *ief s\rce ( corn to ! c\ntry1 & _h be5 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son1 aft] ! heavy l&s _h be5 widely laid d[n to graz+-gr\nd1 & ! =m] d[ns _h become our pr9cipal arable l&4 ,! mod]n pl\gh is an implem5t con/ruct$ on ma!matical pr9ciples1 :i*1 by its m\ld-bo>d1 rais+ ea* slice ( e>? 7furr[-slice7 f its flat position1 ?r\gh an upright "o1 lays x ov] half incl9$ on ! prec$+ slice4 ,! p]fect in/rum5t produces ! skill$ lab\r]4 ,a good pl\ghman w set up a pole a qu>t] ( a mile di/ant1 & trace a furr[ s true up to t goal t no eye c detect any div]g5ce f absolute /raightness4 ,mr4 ,pusey ju/ly says t ?is is a triumph ( art4 ,) an agriculture t p]mits no wa/e1 mu* ( ! picturesque has fl$ f our fields4 ,bloomfield describes ! repose ( ! pl\ghman aft] he has driv5 8 team to ! b\nd>y ( 8 furr[3-- ,welcome gre5 headl&6 firm b5ea? 8 feet2 ,welcome ! fri5dly bank's refre%+ seat2 ,!re1 w>m ) toil1 8 pant+ horses br[se ,_! %elt]+ canopy ( p5d5t b\ghs4 ,gone is ! gre5 headl&2 gone ! c[slip bank2 gone ! p5d5t b\ghs4 ,! furr[ runs up to ! extreme/ po9t ( a va/ field )\t h$ges4 ,gone1 too1 are ! gre5 slips betwe5 ! l&s ( common fields4 ,_! v names ( balk & fea!r are obsolete4 ,^! adornm5ts ( ! l&scape are inconsi/5t ) ! dem&s ( a population t d\bles itself 9 half a c5tury4 ,! lab\r] has small re/1 & ! soil has less4 ,"u ! old husb&ry1 be=e ! culture ( ! gre5 crops1 "o-?ird ( ! arable l& 0 always idle4 ,two ye>s ( gra9-crop1 & "o ye> ( fall[1 0 ! inv>iable rule4 ,look h[ ! l& is work$ n[4 ,! pl\gh & ! h>r[ turn up & pulv]ize ! soil1 b !y d x mu* m effectually ?an ( old4 ,! roll] is a noble iron in/rum5t1 in/ead ( an old poll>d4 ,mod]n +5uity has add$ ! clod-cru%]4 ,b some?+ 0 /ill want+ = ! bett] prep>ation ( l& = se$--?is is ! sc>ifi] or cultivator2 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,pusey1 w save "o half ( ! horse-lab\r employ$ ^u ! pl\gh4 ,into ! details ( ?is sav+ x is no "p ( our purpose to ent]4#ai ,we give a cut ( ! implem5t1 cov]+ z mu* gr\nd 9 wid? z #h-a_/b pl\ghs4 ,illu/ration3 ,clod-cru%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,sc>ifi]4 ,we proce$ to ,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ! ,cultivation ( ,crops4 ,mr4 ,pusey tells u t ! s[] ) 8 se$-lip has almo/ vani%$ f s\!rn ,engl&1 driv5 out by a complicat$ ma*9e1 ! drill1 deposit+ ! se$ 9 r[s1 & drawn by sev]al horses4 ,we miss ! s[]2 & ! next g5]ation may require a comm5t>y ^u ! _m religi\s & moral images t arose out ( 8 primitive occupation4 ,:5 ,james ,montgom]y says ( ! se$ ( k1 broadca/ x o'er ! l&1 "s may "o day ask :at broadca/ means4 ,b ! drill does n only s[ ! se$2 x deposits artificial manures = ! reception ( ! se$4 ,! bones t 7 ?r[n ^u ! dunghill are n[ cru%$4 ,! m\nta9s ( f]tiliz+ matt] t h be5 accumulat$ ?r\gh ages on isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 f ! deposits ( birds re/+ 9 _! flight ^u rocks ( t ocean1 & :i* we call guano1 n[ =m a great article ( comm]ce4 ,sup]phosphate1 prep>$ f bones1 or f ! animal rema9s ( geological ages1 is ano!r ( ! preci\s du/s :i* ! drill economizes4 ,!re are ev5 drills = dropp+ wat] comb9$ ) sup]phosphate4 ,su*1 says ,mr4 ,pusey1 is ! ela/ic yet accurate pliability ) :i*1 9 agriculture1 me*anism has second$ *emi/ry4 ,! sy/em ( horse-hoe+1 :i* is ! great pr9ciple ( mod]n husb&ry1 entirely dep5ds ^u ! use ( ! drill4 ,! horse-hoe _c be work$ unless ! plants are 9 r[s4 ,su* a hoe z ?is w clean at once n9e r[s ( :eat1 six ( beans1 & f\r ( turnips4 ,to manage su* an in/rum5t requires a /eady & cool h&4 ,! skill$ lab\r] is z ess5tial z ! beautiful ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,horse-hoe4 ,( in/rum5ts = ga!r+ ! h>ve/1 ! mo/ important are reap+-ma*9es4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y are sold to a great ext5t4 ,mr4 ,m',cormick1 :o complet$ 8 inv5tion 9 #ahde1 /ates t ! dem& rea*es to a ?\s& annually4 ,mr4 ,pusey says ( ?is ma*9e t1 9 bad di/ricts & late seasons1 x may (t5 enable ! f>m] to save ! crop4 ,9 ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl& ,mr4 ,bell's reap+-ma*9e is com+ into ext5sive use4 ,! ,am]icans h also _! m[+-ma*9es1 drawn by two horses1 :i* m[1 ^u an av]age1 six acres ( grass p] day4 ,! haymak+ ma*9es1 z lab\r-sav+ in/rum5ts1 are n uncommon 9 ,engl&4 ,ma*9es = prep>+ corn = m>ket are among/ ! mo/ important inv5tions ( mod]n times4 ,"h1 inde$1 agriculture assumes _m ( ! ext]nal features ( a manufacture4 ,/eam comes prom95tly into action4 ,9 _m l>ge f>ms !re is fix$ /eam-p[]2 & mo/ effici5t x is4 ,b ! moveable /eam-eng9e comes to ! aid ( ! small f>m]2 & 9 "s di/ricts t p[] is let out to ^? :o want x4 ,by ?is little eng9e appli$ to a ?ra%+-ma*9e1 corn is ?ra%$ at once f ! rick1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ into ! b>n4 ,"h is a repres5tation ( ! comb9$ /eam-eng9e & ?ra%+-ma*9e4 ,! ?ra%+-ma*9e ) horse-p[] is t g5]ally us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,r>ely1 n[1 c ! beautiful description ( ,c[p] be realiz$3-- ,?ump aft] ?ump res\nds ! con/ant flail1 ,t seems to sw+ unc]ta91 & yet falls ,full on ! de/9$ e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,moveable /eam-eng9e & ?ra%+-ma*9e4 ,few n[ wield t anci5t in/rum5t4 ,nor is ! *aff n[ sep>at$ f ! corn by ! action ( ! w9d1 :i* 0 call$ w9n[+1 b we h ! w9n[+-ma*9e1 by :i* =ty qu>t]s ( :eat c be tak5 f ! ?ra%+-ma*9e & prep>$ = ! m>ket 9 five h\rs4 ,b ma*9]y does n end "h4 ,! food ( /ock is prep>$ by ma*9es4 ,fir/1 !re is ! turnip-cutt]4 ,our ',f>m]'s ,boy' w tell u h[ 8 %eep & k9e 7 f$ 9 ! w9t] fifty ye>s ago3-- ,illu/ration3 ,?ra%+-ma*9e ) horse-p[]4 ,no t5d] ewe c break h] nightly fa/1 ,nor heif] /rong beg9 ! cold repa/1 ,till ,giles ) pond]\s beetle =emo/ g1 ,& scatt]+ spl9t]s fly at e bl[2 ,:51 press+ r\nd him1 eag] = ! prize1 ,f _! mix'd brea? w>m exhalations rise4 ,we are told t lambs f$ ) a turnip-cutt] w\ld be wor? m at ! end ( a w9t] by eight %ill+s a head ?an lambs f$ on :ole turnips4 ,! *aff-cutt] is an in/rum5t equally valuable4 ,! la/ ma*9e :i* we %all m5tion is connect$ ) ! greate/ ( all improvem5ts 9 ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ,briti% l&--! sy/em ( tile-dra9+4 ,pipes are n[ made by ma*9]y2 & l& may be effectually dra9$ at a co/ ( #dl4 p] acre4 ,illu/ration3 ,dra9+-tile ma*9e4 ,! f>m]s ( ,engl& h made :at we may fairly call h]oic ef=ts to meet =eign competition2 b _! ef=ts w\ld h be5 comp>atively va9 _h sci5ce n come to ! aid ( production4 ,accord+ to ! ,c5sus ( #ahea1 ! total population ( ,great ,brita9 is #bj1iei1dgg--;9 r\nd numb]s1 tw5ty-"o millions4 ,9 ! ',return ( ,occupations1' "o-half ( ?is entire population is f\nd "u ! family designation--su* z *ild at home1 *ild at s*ool1 wife1 daught]1 si/]1 niece1 ) no p>ticul> occupation attribut$ to !m4 ,!y are important memb]s ( ! /ate2 !y are gr[+ into future produc]s1 or !y preside ov] ! h\sehold com=ts1 )\t :i* !re is little sy/ematic indu/ry4 ,b !y are n direct produc]s4 ,( ?is half ( ! entire population1 "o-fif? belong to ! class ( cultivators1 viz43-- ,male4 ,female4 ,hold]s ( f>ms #bge1fgf #bh1jdd ,f>m]s' relatives1 9-door #acg1ddf ,out-door lab\r]s #a1jjf1gbh #gj1hii ,f>m-s]vants1 9-door #bce1idc #abh1bea ,%eph]ds1 out-door #ai1jge ,woodm5 #i1hcb ,g>d5]s #gh1dfb #b1dhd ,f>m bailiffs #ab1hje ,grazi]s #c1jcf #a1ggi1jjc #bbi1fgh ,?is total 79 :i* we omit ! f>m]s' wives & daught]s1 am\nt+ to ab\t #bdj1jjj7 %[s t "o-fif? ( ! work+ population provide food1 ) ! exception ( =eign produce1 = !mselves & families & ! o!r f\r-fif?s ( ! population4 ,su* a result c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t ! appliances ( sci5tific p[] :i* we h describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ! e>ly /eps ( ,briti% society a v small proportion ( lab\r c\ld be sp>$ = o!r purposes ?an ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,x has be5 held t a community is consid]ably advanc$ :5 x c sp>e "o man 9 ?ree f work+ ^u ! l&4 ,only tw5ty-six p] c5t ( our adult males are agricultural--t is1 ?ree m5 lab\r at "s o!r employm5t1 :ile "o cultivates ! l&4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ! proportion ( agricultural employm5t1 9 comp>ison ) manufactur+ & comm]cial1 has be5 con/antly decreas+2 & is n[ ab\t tw5ty p] c5t41 :]eas 9 #ahaa x 0 ?irty-five p] c5t4 ( all occupations4 #ag ,cullum's ',hi/ory ( ,haw/$4' #ah ,see v>i\s tables 9 ,port]'s ',progress ( ! ,nation4' #ai ,see ',j\rnal ( ,royal ,agricultural ,society1' vol4 xii4 p4 #eie4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,production ( a knife--,manufacture ( iron--,rais+ coal--,! hot-bla/--,iron bridges--,roll+ b>-iron--,mak+ /eel--,%effield manufactures--,m9+ 9 ,great ,brita9--,numb]s engag$ 9 m9es & metal manufactures4 ,we h be5 speak+ some:at fully ( agricultural in/rum5ts & agricultural lab\r1 because !y are at ! root ( all o!r pr(itable indu/ry4 ,bread & beef make ! bone & s9ew ( ! workman4 ,pl\ghs & h>r[s & drills & ?ra%+-ma*9es are comb9ations ( wood & iron4 ,rude nations h wood5 pl\ghs4 ,unless ! ,engli% lab\r] made a pl\gh out ( two pieces ( /ick1 & c>ri$ x ^u 8 %\ld] to ! field1 z ! toil-worn & poor p ( ,india d1 he mu/ h "s iron ab\t x4 ,he _c get iron )\t ma*9]y4 ,he _c get ev5 8 knife1 8 tool ( all-"w1 )\t ma*9]y4 ,f ! fir/ /ep to ! la/ 9 ! production ( a knife1 ma*9]y & sci5tific appliances h done ! *ief "w4 ,p t h no sci5ce & no ma*9]y %>p5 a /one1 or bit ( %ell or bone1 & cut or saw ) x 9 ! be/ way !y c2 & aft] !y h become v clev]1 !y fa/5 x to a wood5 h&le ) a cord ( b>k4 ,an ,engli%man exam9es two or ?ree doz5s ( knives1 selects :i* he ?9ks ! be/1 & pays a %ill+ = x1 ! sell] ?ank+ him = 8 cu/om4 ,! man :o has no?+ b ! bone or ! %ell w\ld gladly toil a mon? = t :i* does n co/ an ,engli% lab\r] half a day's wages4 ,& h[ does ! ,engli%man obta9 8 knife ^u su* easy t]ms8 ,f ! v same cause t he obta9s all 8 o!r accommodations *eap]1 9 comp>ison ) ! ord9>y wages ( lab\r1 ?an ! inhabitant ( mo/ o!r c\ntries--t is1 f ! op]ations ( sci5ce1 ei!r 9 ! mak+ ( ! ?+ itself1 or 9 procur+ t )\t :i* x c\ld n be made4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t1 if we c\ld n get ! mat]ials )\t sci5tific application1 x w\ld be impossible = u to get :at is made ( ^? mat]ials--ev5 if we _h ! p[] ( fa%ion+ ^? mat]ials by ! rude/ lab\r4 ,keep+ ?is 9 m9d1 let u see h[ a knife c\ld be obta9$ by a man :o _h no?+ to dep5d ^u b 8 h&s4 ,ready-made1 )\t ! lab\r ( "s o!r man1 a knife does n exi/2 b ! iron1 ( :i* ! knife is made1 is to be _h4 ,v little iron has ev] be5 f\nd 9 a native /ate1 or fit = ! blacksmi?4 ,! little t has be5 f\nd 9 t /ate has be5 f\nd only v lately2 & if human art _h n be5 able to procure any 9 addition to t1 gold w\ld h be5 *eap z comp>$ ) iron4 ,iron is1 no d\bt1 v abundant 9 nature2 b x is always mix$ ) "s o!r sub/ance t n only r5d]s x unfit = use1 b hides its qualities4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( :at is call$ iron-/one1 or iron-ore4 ,sometimes x is mix$ ) clay1 at o!r times ) lime or ) ! e>? ( fl9t2 & !re are also cases 9 :i* x is mix$ ) sulphur4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* iron is frequ5tly met )1 x is a mu* m likely sub/ance to be *os5 = pav+ a road1 or build+ a wall1 ?an = mak+ a knife4 ,b suppose t ! man kn[s ! p>ticul> ore or /one t conta9s ! iron1 h[ is he to get x out8 ,m]e =ce w n d1 = ! iron & ! clay1 or o!r sub/ance1 are s nicely mix$1 t1 ?\gh ! ore 7 gr\nd to ! f9e/ p[d]1 ! gr9d] is no ne>] ! iron ?an :5 he _h a lump ( a ton weight4 ,a man :o has a block ( wood has a wood5 b[l 9 ! he>t ( x2 & he c get x out too by lab\r4 ,! knife w d x = him 9 "t2 & if he take x to ! turn]1 ! turn] ) 8 ma*9]y1 8 la!1 & 8 g\ge1 w "w x out = him 9 half an h\r4 ,! man :o has a lump ( iron-ore has j z c]ta9ly a knife 9 ! he>t ( x2 b no m]e lab\r c "w x out4 ,%ape x z he may1 x is n a knife1 or /eel1 or ev5 iron--x is iron-ore2 & dress x z he w1 x w\ld n cut bett] ?an a brickbat--c]ta9ly n s well z ! %ell or bone ( ! savage4 ,!re mu/ be k be=e any?+ c be done 9 ?is case4 ,we mu/ "k :at is mix$ ) ! iron1 & h[ to sep>ate x4 ,we _c d x by m]e lab\r1 z we c *ip away ! wood & get out ! b[l2 & !re=e we h rec\rse to fire4 ,9 ! ord9>y mode ( us+ x1 fire w\ld make matt]s worse4 ,if we put ! mat]ial into ! fire z a /one1 we %\ld probably receive x back z slag or dross4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 prep>e our fuel4 ,our fire mu/ be hot1 v hot2 b if our fuel be wood we mu/ burn x into *>coal1 or if x be coal into coke4 ,! *>coal1 or coke1 answ]s = "o purpose2 b we h /ill ! clay or o!r e>? mix$ ) our iron1 & h[ are we to get rid ( t8 ,pure clay1 or pure lime1 or pure e>? ( fl9t1 rema9s /ubborn 9 our hotte/ fires2 b :5 !y are mix$ 9 a prop] proportion1 ! "o melts ! o!r4 ,s *>coal or coke1 & iron-/one or iron-ore1 & lime/one1 are put into a furnace2 ! *>coal or coke is light$ at ! bottom1 & w9d is bl[n into ! furnace1 at ! bottom also4 ,if t w9d is n s5t 9 by ma*9]y1 & v p[]ful ma*9]y too1 ! effect w be little1 & ! "w ( ! man great2 b /ill x c be done4 ,9 ?is furnace ! lime & clay1 or e>? ( fl9t1 unite1 & =m a sort ( glass1 :i* floats ^u ! surface4 ,at ! same "t ! c>bon1 or pure *>coal1 ( ! fuel1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! lime/one1 mixes ) ! /one1 or ore1 & melts ! iron1 :i*1 be+ heavi] ?an ! o!r matt]s1 runs d[n to ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & rema9s !re till ! workman lets x out by a hole made at ! bottom ( ! furnace = t purpose1 & plugg$ ) s&4 ,:5 ! workman kn[s !re is en\gh melt$1 or :5 ! appo9t$ "t arrives1 he displaces ! plug ( s& ) an iron rod1 & ! melt$ iron runs out l wat]1 & is convey$ into furr[s made 9 s&1 :]e x cools1 & ! pieces =m$ 9 ! pr9cipal furr[s are call$ s[s1 & ^? 9 ! furr[s bran*+ f !m pigs4 ,we are n[ advanc$ a consid]able way t[>ds ! production ( a knife4 ,we h ! mat]ials ( a knife4 ,we h ! iron extract$ out ( ! iron-ore4 ,be=e we trace ! progress ( a knife to its f9al poli%1 let u see :at /up5d\s ef=ts ( ma*9]y h be5 requir$ to produce ! ca/ iron4 ,9 e "p ( ! op]ation ( mak+ iron--9 smelt+ ! iron out ( ! ore2 9 m\ld+ ca/ iron into ^? articles = :i* x is be/ adapt$2 9 work+ malleable iron1 & 9 apply+ x to use aft] x is made2 no?+ c be done )\t fire1 & ! fuel t is us$ 9 almo/ e /age ( ! bus9ess is coal4 ,! coal trade & ! iron trade are ?us s intimately connect$1 s v mu* dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r1 t nei!r ( !m c\ld be c>ri$ on to any ext5t )\t ! o!r4 ,! coal-m9es supply fuel1 & ! iron-works give m9+ tools1 pumps1 railroads1 :eels1 & /eam-eng9es1 9 return4 ,a little coal might be got )\t ! iron eng9es1 & a little iron might be made )\t coals1 by ! *>coal ( wood4 ,b ! quantity ( bo? w\ld be trifl+ 9 comp>ison4 ,! wond]ful am\nt ( ! production ( iron 9 ,great ,brita91 & ! *eapness ( iron1 z comp>$ ) ! ext5t ( capital requir$ = its manufacture1 arises f ! fact t ! coal-b$s & ! b$s ( iron-ore lie 9 juxta-position4 ,! iron-/ones alt]nate ) ! b$s ( coal 9 almo/ all our coal-fields2 & ?us ! same m9+ und]tak+s furni% ! ore out ( :i* iron is made & ! fuel by :i* x is smelt$4 ,if ! coal 7 9 ! nor?1 & ! fuel 9 ! s\?1 ! c>riage ( ! "o to ! o!r w\ld d\ble ! co/4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 iron 0 made 9 ?is c\ntry ) v little ma*9]y4 ,iron 0 manufactur$ "h 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans2 b x 0 made ) great manual lab\r1 & 0 consequ5tly v de>4 ,hutton1 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,birm+ham1' tells u t !re is a l>ge heap ( c9d]s ne> t t[n :i* h be5 produc$ by an anci5t iron-furnace2 & t f ! quantity ( c9d]s1 z comp>$ ) ! me*anical p[]s possess$ by our =efa!rs1 ! furnace mu/ h be5 con/antly at "w f ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,a furnace ) a /eam bla/ w\ld produce z l>ge a heap 9 a few ye>s4 ,at pres5t a cottag] 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 :]e !re is no coal 9 ! e>?1 may h a bu%el ( good coals deliv]$ at ! door ( 8 cottage = eighte5 p5ce2 al?\gh t is f> m ?an ! price ( coal at ! pit's m\?4 ,if he _h ev5 ! means ( transport+ himself & 8 family to ! coal di/rict1 he c\ld n1 )\t ma*9]y1 get a bu%el ( coals at ! price ( a ye>'s "w4 ,let u see h[ a resolute man w\ld proce$ 9 su* an und]tak+4 ,! ma*9]y1 we w say1 is gone4 ,! m9es are fill$ up1 :i* ! great] "p ( !m w\ld be1 ) wat]1 if ! ma*9]y 7 to /op a s+le week4 ,let u suppose t ! adv5tur\s lab\r] kn[s exactly ! spot :]e ! coal is to be f\nd4 ,?is k1 9 a c\ntry t has nev] be5 se>*$ = coals be=e1 is no easy matt]1 ev5 to ^? :o und]/& ! subject be/3 x is ! prov9ce ( geology to give t k4 ,b we %all suppose t he gets ov] t difficulty too1 = aft] x !re is pl5ty ( difficulty be=e him4 ,well1 he comes to ! exact spot t he seeks1 & places himself "r ov] ! seam ( coal4 ,t seam is only a hundr$ fa?oms bel[ ! surface1 :i* dep? he w1 ( c\rse1 rea* 9 good "t4 ,to "w he goes2 p>es (f ! gre5 sod ) 8 %ovel1 loos5s ! e>? ) 8 pickaxe1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( a week1 is tw5ty feet d[n into ! loose e>? & gravel1 & cle>s ! rock at ! bottom4 ,he re/s dur+ ! ,sunday1 & comes refre%$ to 8 "w on ,monday morn+2 :51 behold1 !re are twelve feet ( wat] 9 8 pit4 ,suppose he n[ calls 9 ! aid ( a bucket & rope1 & t he bales away1 till1 z night closes1 he has l[]$ ! wat] ?ree feet4 ,next morn+ x is up a foot & a half3 b no matt]2 he has done some?+1 & next day he r$\bles 8 ef=ts1 & br+s ! wat] d[n to only f\r feet4 ,t is enc\rag+2 b1 f ! dep?1 he n[ works 8 bucket ) m difficulty1 & x is aga9 a week be=e 8 pit is dry4 ,! wea!r *anges2 ! ra9 comes d[n heavily2 ! surface on :i* x falls is spongy2 ! rock :i* he has rea*$ is wat]-tight2 & 9 twelve h\rs 8 pit is fill$ to ! brim4 ,x is 9 va9 to g on4 ,! s9k+ ( a pit1 ev5 to a less dep? ?an a hundr$ fa?oms1 sometimes dem&s1 not)/&+ all ! improvem5ts by ma*9]y1 a sum ( n less ?an a hundr$ p\nds a fa?om1 or t5 ?\s& p\nds = ! :ole pit2 & !re=e1 suppos+ x possible = a s+le man to d x at ! rate ( eighte5 p5ce a day1 ! "t :i* he w\ld require w\ld be betwe5 f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ ye>s4 ,:5ce comes x t ! lab\r ( betwe5 f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ ye>s is r$uc$ to a s+le day8 & t :i*1 indep5d5tly ( ! c>riage1 w\ld h co/ t5 ?\s& p\nds1 is got = eighte5 p5ce8 ,x is because man jo9s ) man1 & ma*9]y is employ$ to d ! drudg]y4 ,nations t h no ma*9]y h no coal fires1 & are ignorant t !re is hidd5 "u ! e>? a sub/ance :i* contributes m1 p]haps1 to ! heal? & com=t ( ! inhabitants ( ,brita9 ?an any o!r commodity :i* !y enjoy4 ,no nations h work$ coal to any?+ approa*+ ! ext5t 9 :i* x has be5 work$ by our c\ntrym54 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ,france1 ,belgium1 ,spa91 ,prussia1 ,bohemia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 d n annually produce m ?an sev5te5 million tons ( coal1 :i* is ab\t half ( our annual produce4#bj ,illu/ration3 ,/eam-,boil] mak+4 ,! great] "p ( ! coal n[ rais$ 9 ,brita9 is produc$ by ! employm5t ( ! mo/ enorm\s me*anical p[]4 ,!re are 9 "s places %all[ & n>r[ pits1 :]e coals may be rais$ to ! surface by a w9dlass2 & !re are o!rs :]e horse-p[] is employ$4 ,b ! numb] ( m5 t c "w at a w9dlass1 or ! numb] ( horses t c be yok$ to a g91 is limit$4 ,! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9e is limit$ only by ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is =m$4 ,! p[] ( a hundr$ horses1 or ( five hundr$ m51 may be v easily made by ! /eam-eng9e to act con/antly1 & on a s+le po9t2 & ?us !re is sc>cely any?+ 9 ! way ( m]e =ce :i* ! eng9e _c be made to d4 ,we h se5 a pit 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :i* h>dly gave coal en\gh to ma9ta9 a cottag] & 8 family1 = he work$ ! pit ) imp]fect ma*9]y--) a half-/>v$ ass appli$ to a w9dlass4 ,a mile (f 0 a /eam-eng9e ( #bjj-;horse p[]1 rais+ tons ( coals & pump+ out riv]s ( wat] ) a =ce equal to at lea/ a ?\s& m54 ,?is va/ =ce act$ ^u a po9t2 & !re=e no advantage 0 ga9$ ov] ! ma*9e by ! oppos+ =ce ( wat]1 or ! weight ( ! mat]ial to be rais$4 ,be=e ! /eam-eng9e 0 inv5t$1 ! produce ( ! coal-m9es b>ely paid ! exp5se ( work+ & keep+ !m dry2 & _h x n be5 = ! /eam-eng9es & o!r ma*9]y1 ! supply w\ld long be=e n[ h dw9dl$ into a v small quantity1 & ! price w\ld h become t5 or tw5ty times its pres5t am\nt4 ,! quantity ( coal rais$ 9 ,great ,brita9 0 e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,an/$ 9 #ahea at ?irty-five million tons2 & ! value at n9e millions /]l+ at ! pit-m\?1 & eighte5 millions at ! place ( consumption4 ,! capital engag$ 9 ! coal trade 0 !n valu$ at t5 millions4 ,9 #ahdg ! annual value ( all ! preci\s metals rais$ ?r\gh\t ! _w 0 e/imat$ at ?irte5 millions /]l+4 ,t value has be5 increas$ )9 a few ye>s4 ,b ! coal ( ,great ,brita91 z e/imat$ by ! co/ at ! pit's m\?1 is above two-?irds ( ?is value ( ! preci\s metals sev5 ye>s ago2 & ! mean annual value1 at ! furnace1 ( iron smelt$ by ,briti% coal be+ eight millions /]l+1 ! value toge!r ( our iron & our coal exce$s ! value ( all ! gold & silv] ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,cali=nia1 & ,au/ralia1 h[ev] l>ge t am\nt has n[ become4 ,h[ ! value ( our ca/ iron has be5 increas$ by mod]n sci5ce may be 9 "s degree e/imat$ by a consid]ation ( :at ! hot-bla/ has accompli%$4 ,! hot-bla/ bl[s hot air into ! iron-furnace in/ead ( cold air4 ,! notion seems simple1 b ! results are wond]ful4 ,! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,neilson1 has se5 s9ce #ahbg ! production ( iron rais$ f less ?an sev5 hundr$ ?\s& tons to two million two hundr$ ?\s& tons4 ,! iron is greatly *eap] ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 = only ab\t "o-half ! coal =m]ly us$ is necess>y = its production4 ,t production is almo/ unlimit$ 9 am\nt4 ,9 #aghh we produc$ only sixty ?\s& tons1 or "o-?irty-six? "p ( :at we n[ produce4 ,! beautiful iron bridge ( ,colebrook-dale1 erect$ 9 #aggi1 consum$ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-eight tons ( ca/ iron4 ,! wond]ful ,britannia ,bridge :i* has be5 c>ri$ ov] ! ,m5ai ,/rait1 hung 9 mid air at ! height ( a hundr$ feet above ! /ream1 has requir$ t5 ?\s& tons ( iron = its completion4 ,if *emi/ry & ma*9]y _h n be5 at "w to produce m iron & *eap] iron1 h[ w\ld our great mod]n improvem5ts h /opp$ %ort--our railroads1 our wat]-pipes1 our gas-pipes1 our /eam-%ips6 ,h[ %\ld we h lack$ ! great mat]ial ( e useful implem5t1 f ! gigantic an*or t holds ! man-(-w> firm 9 h] moor+s1 & ! mighty gun t1 9 ! la/ resort1 ass]ts a _s )\t :i* all mat]ial improvem5t _c av]t a nation's decay1--to ! /eel p5 ) :i* ?\ghts are ex*ang$ betwe5 fri5ds at ! opposite ends ( ! e>?1 & ! ne$le by :i* ! poor seam/ress 9 h] g>ret ma9ta9s h] place among/ compet+ numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ iron bridge1 ,colebrook ,dale4 ,ne>ly all ! p n[ engag$ 9 iron-works are support$ by ! improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 ! manufacture1 by ma*9]y1 s9ce #aghh4 ,yes1 :olly by ! ma*9]y2 = be=e !n ! quantity made by ! *>coal ( wood _h fall5 (f "o-f\r? 9 =ty-five ye>s4 ,! wood = *>coal 0 becom+ exhau/$1 & no?+ b ! p[]ful bla/ ( a ma*9e w make iron ) coke4 ,)\t ! aid ( ma*9]y ! trade w\ld h become ext9ct4 ,! iron & ! coal employ$ 9 mak+ x w\ld h rema9$ useless 9 ! m9es4 ,& n[1 hav+ se5 :at is requir$ to produce a pig ( ca/ iron1 let u return to ! knife1 ^: c\rse ( manufacture we trac$ a little way4 ,! lump ( ca/ iron z x leaves ! furnace has _m processes to g ?r\gh be=e x becomes fit = mak+ a knife4 ,x _c be work$ by ! hamm]1 or %>p5$ to a cutt+ edge2 & s x mu/ be made into malleable iron1--into a k9d ( iron :i*1 in/ead ( melt+ 9 ! fire1 w s(t51 & admit ( be+ hamm]$ into %ape1 or unit$ by ! process ( weld+4 ,! me?ods by :i* ?is is accompli%$ v>y2 b !y 9 g5]al consi/ 9 keep+ ! iron melt$ 9 a furnace1 & /irr+ x ) an iron rake1 till ! bla/ ( air 9 ! furnace burns ! great] "p ( ! c>bon out ( x4 ,by ?is means x becomes t\gh2 &1 )\t cool+1 is tak5 f ! furnace & repeat$ly beat5 by l>ge hamm]s1 or squeez$ ?r\gh l>ge roll]s1 until x becomes ! b>-iron ( :i* s mu* use is made 9 e art ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,roll+ b>-iron4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! great improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( b>-iron 0 introduc$ by pass+ x ?r\gh groov$ roll]s1 in/ead ( hamm]+ x on ! anvil2 b 9 our own "t ! inv5tion has become mo/ important4 ,! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,coet1 sp5t a =tune on ! ent]prise & di$ poor4 ,8 son1 9 #ahab1 petition$ ,p>liam5t to assign him "s rew>d = ! great gift t 8 fa!r _h be/[$ ^u ! nation4 ,he ask$ 9 va94 ,x is ! common fate ( ! +5i\s & ! le>n$2 & x is well t life has "s o!r consolations = ! man t has ex]cis$ 8 intellect m pr(itably = ! _w ?an = himself1 ?an ! pride ( ! m]e capitali/1 :o ?9ks accumulation1 & accumulation only1 ! *ief bus9ess ( exi/5ce4 ,roll+ b>-iron is "o ( ! great lab\r-sav+ pr9ciples t especially prevail 9 e bran* ( manufacture 9 metals4 ,! unaid$ /r5g? ( all ! m5 9 ,brita9 c\ld n make all ! iron :i* is at pres5t made1 ?\gh !y did no?+ else4 ,ma*9]y is !re=e resort$ to2 & wat]-:eels1 /eam-eng9es1 & all sorts ( p[]s are set to "w 9 mov+ hamm]s1 turn+ roll]s1 & draw+ rods & wires ?r\gh holes1 till e workman c h ! p>ticul> =m :i* he wants4 ,if x 7 n = ! ma*9]y t is employ$ 9 ! manufacture1 no man c\ld obta9 a spade = less ?an ! price ( a ye>'s lab\r2 ! yokes ( a horse w\ld co/ m ?an ! horse himself2 & ! f>m] w\ld h to return to wood5 pl\gh-%>es1 & hoes made ( /icks ) crook$ ends4 ,aft] all ?is1 ! iron is n yet fit = a knife1 at lea/ = su* a knife z an ,engli%man may buy = a %ill+4 ,_m nations w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ?ankful = a little bit ( x1 & nations too 9 ^: c\ntries !re is no want ( iron-ore4 ,b !y h no k ( ! me?od ( mak+ iron1 & h no furnaces or ma*9]y4 ,:5 our %ips sail among ! p ( ! ea/]n isl&s1 ^? p d n ask = gold4 ,iron1 iron6 is ! call2 & he :o c ex*ange 8 be/ commodity = a ru/y nail or a bit ( iron hoop is a =tunate individual4 ,we are n satisfi$ ) t 9 ! be/ =m1 :i* is a treasure to ^? p 9 ! wor/4 ,we mu/ h a knife1 n ( iron1 b ( /eel1--a sub/ance t w be> a ke5 edge )\t ei!r break+ or b5d+4 ,9 ord] to get t1 we mu/ aga9 *ange ! nature ( our mat]ial4 ,h[ is t to be done8 ,! (t5] t iron is heat$ & hamm]$1 x becomes ! s(t] & m ductile2 & z ! heat+ & hamm]+ =c$ ! c>bon out ( x1 if we give x ! c>bon back aga91 we %all h>d5 x2 b x happ5s t we also give x o!r prop]ties1 by re/or+ its c>bon1 :5 ! iron has once be5 9 a ductile /ate4 ,= ?is purpose1 b>s or pieces ( iron are buri$ 9 p[d]$ *>coal1 cov]$ up 9 a vessel1 & kept at a r$ heat = a great] or less numb] ( h\rs1 accord+ to ! object desir$4 ,!re are niceties 9 ! process1 :i* x is n necess>y to expla91 t produce ! peculi> quality ( /eel1 z di/+ui%$ f ca/ iron4 ,if ! op]ation ( heat+ ! iron 9 *>coal is cont9u$ too long1 or ! heat is too great1 ! iron becomes ca/ /eel1 & _c be weld$2 b if x is n melt$ 9 ! op]ation1 x c be work$ ) ! hamm] 9 ! same mann] z iron4 ,9 ea* case1 h[ev]1 x has acquir$ ! prop]ty ^u :i* ! ke5ness ( ! knife dep5ds2 & ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! ca/ /eel1 & ! /eel t c be> to be hamm]$ is1 t ca/ /eel takes a ke5] edge1 b is m easily brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,%e> & ,tilt ,hamm]s3 ,/eel-manufacture4 ,! prop]ty :i* x has acquir$ is t ( be>+ to be temp]$4 ,if x be made v hot1 & plung$ into cold wat]1 & kept !re till x is q cool$1 x is s h>d t x w cut iron1 b x is brittle4 ,9 ?is /ate ! workman bright5s ! surface1 & lays ! /eel ^u a piece ( hot iron1 & holds x to ! fire till x becomes ( a col\r :i* he kn[s f exp]i5ce is a te/ ( ! prop] /ate ( ! process4 ,!n he plunges x aga9 into wat]1 & x has ! degree ( h>dness t he wants4 ,! gr9d+ a knife1 & ! poli%+ x1 ev5 :5 x has acquir$ ! requisite prop]ties ( /eel1 if !y 7 n done by ma*9]y1 w\ld co/ m ?an ! :ole price ( a knife ^u :i* ma*9]y is us$4 ,a travell+ knife-gr9d]1 ) 8 treadle & :eels1 has a ma*9e1 b n a v p]fect "o4 ,! ,%effield knife-mak] gr9ds ! knife at fir/ ^u :eels ( imm5se size1 turn$ by wat] or /eam1 & mov+ s quickly t !y appe> to /& /ill--! eye _c foll[ ! motion4 ,) ^! aids ! orig9al gr9d+ & poli%+ co/ sc>cely any?+2 :ile ! travell+ knife-gr9d] *>ges two p5ce = ! lab\r ( himself & 8 :eel 9 j %>p5+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,file-cutt]s4 ,! ,%effield :ittle is z old z ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 z we "k f ! poet ,*auc]4 ,%effield is /ill ! metropolis ( /eel4 ,x is 9 ! *ange ( iron into /eel by a due admixture ( c>bon--by hamm]+1 by ca/+1 by melt+--t ! natural p[]s ( ,%effield1 h] wat] & h] coal1 h become ( su* value4 ,:]ev] !re is a /ream ) a fall1 !re is ! gr9d+-:eel at "w3 & 9 hundr$s ( work%ops ! nic] lab\r ( ! artific] is fa%ion+ ! /eel into e in/rum5t :i* ! art ( man c devise1 f ! scy! ( ! m[] to ! lancet ( ! surgeon4 ,! ma*9]y t made ! /eel has call$ into action ! skill t makes ! file-cutt]4 ,no ma*9e c make a file4 ,! file-cutt] ) a small hamm] c cut not* aft] not* 9 a piece ( s(t5$ /eel1 )\t a guide or gauge1--ev5 to ! numb] ( a hundr$ not*es 9 an in*4 ,x is "o out ( _m ?+s 9 :i* skill$ lab\r triumphs ov] ! uni=mity ( op]ation :i* belongs to a ma*9e4 ,! cutt+ ( files alone 9 ,great ,brita9 gives employm5t to m ?an six ?\s& p]sons4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m in/ances 9 :i* x is evid5t t ! application ( ma*9]y to ! arts calls into action an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( h&icrafts4 ,an ord9>y workman c obta9 a knife = ! price ( a few h\rs' lab\r4 ,! causes are easily se54 ,e "p ( ! lab\r t c be done by ma*9]y is s done4 ,"o turn ( a :eel1 "o /roke ( a /eam-eng9e1 "o p9* ( a pair ( roll]s1 or "o bl[ ( a die1 w d m 9 a second ?an a man c\ld d 9 a mon?4 ,"o man1 also1 has b "o ?+ to d 9 connexion ) ! ma*9]y2 & :5 ! "w ( ! h& succe$s to ! "w ( ! :eel or ! roll]1 ! "o man1 l ! file-cutt]1 has /ill b "o ?+ to d4 ,9 c\rse ( "t he comes to d tw5ty times z mu* z if he 7 con/antly %ift+ f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,! value ( ! "w t a man does is n to be measur$ 9 all cases by ! "t & tr\ble t x co/ him individually1 b by ! m>ket value ( :at he produces2 :i* value is det]m9$1 z f> z lab\r is conc]n$1 by ! price paid = do+ x 9 ! be/ & mo/ exp$iti\s mode4 ,& does n all ?is ma*9]y1 & ?is economy ( lab\r1 x may /ill be said1 deprive _m workm5 ( employm5t8 ,no4 ,by ^! means ! iron trade gives bread to hundr$s1 :]e o!rwise x w\ld n h giv5 bread to "o4 ,!re are m h&s employ$ at ! iron-works ?an !re w\ld h be5 if !re _h be5 no ma*9]y2 because )\t ma*9]y m5 c\ld n produce iron *eap en\gh to be g5]ally us$4 ,! ma*9]y t is n[ employ$ 9 ! iron trade1 n only enables ! p to be suppli$ *eaply ) all sorts ( articles ( iron1 b x enables a great numb] ( p to f9d employm5t1 n 9 ! iron trade only1 b 9 all o!r trades1 :o o!rwise c\ld n h be5 employ$2 & x enables ev]ybody to d m "w ) ! same ex]tion by giv+ !m bett] tools2 :ile x makes all m com=table by furni%+ !m ) m commodi\s dome/ic ut5sils4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( families on ! face ( ! e>?1 t w\ld be glad to ex*ange all !y h = a t9 kettle1 or an iron pot1 :i* c be b\ght any:]e 9 ! ?ree k+doms = a %ill+ or two4 ,& c\ld ! poor man 9 ?is c\ntry b once see h[ ev5 ! ri* man 9 "s o!r places mu/ toil day aft] day be=e he c scrape or gr9d a /one s z to be able to boil a little wat] 9 x1 or make x s]ve = a lamp1 he w\ld acc\nt himself a poor man no m4 ,an ,engli% gipsy c>ries ab\t ) him m ( ! conv5i5ces ( life ?an are enjoy$ by ! *iefs or rul]s 9 c\ntries :i* naturally h mu* f9] climates ?an t ( ,engl&4 ,b !y h no ma*9]y1 & !re=e !y are wret*$4 ,great ,brita9 is a c\ntry ri* 9 o!r m9]als ?an iron-/one & coal4 ,our e>lie/ ance/ors are record$ to h ex*ang$ t9 ) m>itime p :o came to our %ores4 ,!y _h lead also1 :i* 0 ca/ into oblong blocks dur+ ! ,roman occupation ( ! isl&1 & :i* be> ! imp]ial /amp4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury we work$ t9 into pewt]1 :i*1 9 ! %ape ( plates1 _h sup]s$$ wood5 tr5*]s4 ,b we rais$ & smelt$ no copp]1 import+ x unwr\ght4 ,! valuable t9 & copp] m9es ( ,cornwall 7 imp]fectly work$ 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 because ! wat] :i* ov]fl[$ !m 0 only remov$ by hydraulic eng9es1 ! be/ ( :i* 0 introduc$ 9 #agjj4 ,:5 ,watt _h recon/ruct$ ! /eam-eng9e1 /eam-p[] began to be employ$ 9 dra9+ ! ,cornwall m9es4 ,9 #aghj1 #bd1ddc tons ( copp]-ore 7 rais$1 produc+ #bicb tons ( copp]4 ,9 #ahej1 #aee1jbe tons ( ore 7 obta9$1 produc+ #ab1bed tons ( copp]4 ,! t9-m9es produc$ #afjj tons 9 #agej1 & #aj1gai tons 9 #ahdi4 ,! produce ( ! lead-m9es has n be5 accurately e/imat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,entrance to ! ,m9e ( ,od91 an anci5t ,lead-m9e 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,9 all m9+ op]ations1 conduct$ z !y are 9 mod]n times1 & 9 our own c\ntry1 we mu/ ei!r g )\t ! article produc$1 :e!r coal1 or iron1 or lead1 or copp]1 if ! ma*9es 7 aboli%$1--or we mu/ employ human lab\r1 9 works ! mo/ pa9ful1 at a price :i* w\ld n only r5d] exi/5ce unbe>able1 b de/roy x altoge!r4 ,! p1 9 t case1 w\ld be 9 ! condition ( ! unhappy natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :5 ! ,spani>ds resolv$ to get gold at any co/ ( human suff]+4 ,! ,spani>ds _h no ma*9es b pickaxes & spades to put 9 ! h&s ( ! poor ,indians4 ,!y compell$ !m to lab\r incessantly ) ^!1 & half ! p 7 de/roy$4 ,)\t ma*9]y1 9 places :]e p c obta9 ev5 valuable ore = no?+1 ! collection & prep>ation ( metals is h>dly wor? ! lab\r4 ,mungo ,p>k describes ! sad condition ( ! ,africans :o are always wa%+ gold-du/2--& we h se5 9 ,d]by%ire a poor man sep>at+ small p>ticles ( lead f ! lime/one1 or sp>1 ( t c\ntry1 & unable to e>n a %ill+ a day by ! process4 ,a man ( capital erects lead-works1 & 9 a ye> or two obta9s an adequate pr(it1 & employs _m lab\r]s4 ,x may enable u1 9 addition to our slight notices ( quantities produc$1 to =m some?+ l an accurate conception ( ! va/ m9]al indu/ry ( ?is c\ntry1 if we give ! aggregate ( m5 employ$ z m9]s & metal-work]s1 accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahea4 ,( coal-m9]s !re 7 #baf1cff2 ( iron-m9]s1 #bg1jih2 ( copp]-m9]s1 #ah1dfh2 ( t9-m9]s1 #ab1iab2 ( lead-m9]s1 #ba1fag4 ,?is is a total ( #bif1dfa4 ,9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s articles ( iron & /eel1 9 addition to ! iron & coal m9]s1 :o _c be accurately di/+ui%$1 !re are employ$ #bha1egh male work]s1 & #ah1hjg female2 & 9 ! manufacture ( articles ( brass & o!r mix$ metals1 #df1jgf2 ( :i* numb] #hcgj are females4 ,! work]s 9 metal ?us enum]at$ am\nt to #edb1ibb4 ,we may add1 f ! class ( p]sons engag$ 9 me*anic productions1 9 :i* we f9d #dh1jej eng9e & ma*9e mak]s1 & #gdbi gunsmi?s1 a numb] t w raise ! aggregate ( m9]s & work]s 9 metals to #fjj1jjj p]sons4 ,! boldness ( "s ( ! op]ations :i* are conduct$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( indu/ry1 ! v>i\s skill ( ! lab\r]s1 & ! va/ness ( ! aggregate results1 impress ! m9d ) a s5se ( p[] t almo/ belongs to ! sublime4 ,! fables ( my?ology are tame :5 comp>$ ) ^! realities ( sci5ce4 ,vulcan1 ) 8 anvils 9 ,a,etna1 is a feeble in/rum5t by ! side ( ! /eam-hamm] t =ges an an*or1 or ! hydraulic press t lifts a bridge4 ,a knot ( ,cupids co-op]at+ = ! fabrication ( _! b>b$ arr[s is ! poetry ( pa9t+ appli$ to ! arts4 ,b !re is high] poetry 9 t triumph ( k1 & skill1 & union ( =ces1 :i* fills a furnace ) fifty ?\s& p\nds ( molt5 iron1 & conducts ! r$-hot /ream to ! enorm\s m\ld :i* is to produce a cyl9d] )\t a flaw4 ,illu/ration3 ,cupids =g+ arr[s4 ,f ,albani4 ,illu/ration3 ,coal-,railway f ,s\? ,hetton to ,seaham ,h>b\r1 ) ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ ,tra9s4 #bj ,see a table by ,pr(essor ,an/$ 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ,catalogue1 vol4 i4 p4 #aha4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,conveyance & ext5d$ use ( coal--,consumption at v>i\s p]iods--,condition ( ! roads 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies--,advantages ( good roads--,want ( roads 9 ,au/ralia--,turnpike-roads--,canals--,ra ilway ( #afhj--,railway /ati/ics4 ,we h se5 h[ by ma*9]y m ?an ?irty-five million tons ( coal--n[ become "o ( ! v fir/ necess>ies ( life--are obta9$1 :i* )\t ma*9]y c\ld n be obta9$ at all 9 ! ?\s&? "p ( ! quantity2 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 w\ld be a ?\s& times ! price--w\ld1 9 fact1 be preci\s /ones1 in/ead ( common fuel4 ,eng9es or ma*9es1 ( "s k9d or o!r1 n only keep ! pits dry & raise ! coals to ! surface1 b convey !m to ! %ip ^u railroads2 ! %ip1 itself a ma*9e1 c>ries !m r\nd all p>ts ( ! coa/2 b>ges & boats convey !m along ! riv]s & canals2 &1 )9 ^! few ye>s1 railways h c>ri$ ! coals ( ! nor? into remote places 9 ! s\!rn & o!r c\nties1 :]e :at 0 call$ sea-coal1 f its be+ c>ri$ coa/wise1 0 sc>cely kn[n z an article ( dome/ic use4 ,! inhabitants ( su* places _h no *oice b to consume wood & turf = e dome/ic purpose4 ,?r\gh ! g5]al consumption ( wood in/ead ( coal1 a fire = dome/ic use 9 ,france is a great deal de>] ?an a fire 9 ,engl&2 because1 al?\gh ! coal-pits are n to be f\nd at e man's door1 nor )9 _m miles ( ! doors ( "s m51 ma*9]y at ! pits1 & %ips & b>ges1 & railways1 :i* are also ma*9]y1 enable mo/ m5 to enjoy ! bless+s ( a coal fire at a mu* *eap] rate ?an a fire ( wood1 :i* is n limit$ 9 its gr[? to any p>ticul> di/rict4 ,)\t ! ma*9]y to br+ coals to 8 door1 n "o man out ( fifty ( ! pres5t population ( ,engl& c\ld h _h ! p[] ( w>m+ himself 9 w9t]2 any m ?an )\t ! ma*9es & implem5ts ( f>m+ he c\ld obta9 food1 or )\t ^? ( ! arts he c\ld procure clo?+4 ,! suff]+s produc$ by a want ( fuel _c be e/imat$ by ^? :o h abundance4 ,9 ,norm&y1 v rec5tly1 su* 0 ! sc>city ( wood1 t p]sons engag$ 9 v>i\s works ( h&1 z lace-mak+ by ! pill[1 absolutely sat up ?r\gh ! w9t] nights 9 ! b>ns ( ! f>m]s1 :]e cattle 7 litt]$ d[n1 t !y might be kept w>m by ! animal heat ar\nd !m4 ,!y slept 9 ! day1 & 7 w>m$ by be+ 9 ! same ou?\se ) c[s & horses at night2--& ?us !y work$ "u e disadvantage1 because fuel 0 sc>ce & v de>4 ,coals 7 consum$ 9 ,london 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 b _! use 01 no d\bt1 v limit$4 ,%aksp]e1 :o always ref]s to ! cu/oms ( 8 own "t1 makes ,dame ,quickly speak ( sitt+ 9 my ,dolph9-*amb] at ! r\nd table1 by a sea-coal fire1 on ,w$nesday 9 ,:itsun week4 ,b ,mrs4 ,quickly 0 a luxuri\s p]son1 :o _h plate & tape/ry & gilt goblets4 ,h>rison1 9 8 ',description ( ,brita91' at ! same p]iod1 says1 t coal is us$ 9 ! cities & t[ns t lie ab\t ! coa/2 b he adds1 ,i m>vel n a little t !re is no trade ( ^! into ,sussex & ,s\?ampton%ire2 = want !re( ! smi?s d "w _! iron ) *>coal4 ,he adds1 ) great tru?1 ,i ?9k t f> c>riage be ! only cause4 ,! consumption ( coal 9 ,london 9 ! la/ ye> ( ,*>les ,,ii4 7#afhe7 am\nt$ to ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& tons4 ,?is 0 really a l>ge consumption1 h[ev] insignificant x may s\nd :5 comp>$ ) ! mod]n dem& ( ! metropolis4 ,9 #ahja !re 7 import$ into ,london ab\t a million tons ( coals4 ,9 #ahej1 ?ree million six hundr$ ?\s& tons 7 br\ght to ! ,london m>ket4 ,! av]age contract price 9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahaj 0 #des4 #f;d42 9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahej x 0 #ahs4 #f;d4 ,b 9 #ahbd ! oppressive duty ( #gs4 #f;d4 p] ton on seaborne coals 0 r$uc$ to #ds42 & 9 #ahca ! duty 0 :olly repeal$4 ,x is ! boa/ ( our pres5t fiscal sy/em t ! *ief mat]ials ( manufacture1 & ! great necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life1 are no long] made de> by injudici\s taxation4 ,! *ief p[] :i* produces coal & iron *eap is t ( ma*9]y4 ,x is ! same p[] :i* di/ributes ^! bulky articles ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & equalizes ! co/ 9 a consid]able degree to ! man :o lives 9 ,london & ! man :o lives 9 ,durham or ,/af=d%ire4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ is ! price ( transport2 & ma*9]y1 appli$ 9 v>i\s improv$ ways1 is e ye> less5+ ! co/ ( conveyance1 & ?us equaliz+ prices ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,! same applications ( me*anical p[] enable a man to move f "o place to ano!r ) equal ease1 *eapness1 & rapidity4 ,quick travell+ has become *eap] ?an sl[ travell+4 ,! "t sav$ rema9s = pr(itable lab\r4 ,ab\t a hundr$ & n9ety ye>s ago1 :5 ! fir/ turnpike-road 0 =m$ 9 ,engl&1 a mob broke ! toll-gates1 because !y ?\ght an unju/ tax 0 be+ put ^u !m4 ,!y did n p]ceive t ?is small tax = ! use ( a road w\ld conf] ^u !m innum]able com=ts1 & d\ble & treble ! means ( employm5t4 ,if !re 7 no road1 & no bridge1 a man w\ld take six mon?s 9 f9d+ 8 way f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 if inde$ he f\nd x at all4 ,he w\ld h to keep ! l9e ( ! hills1 9 ord] t he might come ^u ! riv]s at p>ticul> spots1 :]e he w\ld be able to jump ov] !m ) ease1 or wade ?r\gh !m )\t dang]4 ,:5 a man has gone up ! bank ( a riv] = twelve miles 9 "o direction1 9 ord] to be able to cross x1 he may f9d t1 be=e he proce$s "o mile 9 ! l9e ( 8 j\rney1 he has to g along ! bank ( ano!r riv] = twelve miles 9 ! opposite direction2 & ! c\rses ( ! riv]s may be s crook$ t he is really f>!r f 8 j\rney's end at night ?an he 0 9 ! morn+4 ,he may come to ! side ( a lake1 & n "k ! end at :i* ! riv]1 too broad & deep = him to cross1 runs out2 & he may g tw5ty miles ! wrong way1 & ?us lose =ty4 ,difficulties su* z ^! are felt by e travell] 9 an unciviliz$ c\ntry4 ,9 read+ books ( travels1 9 ,africa = in/ance1 we sometimes wond] h[ x is t ! adv5tur] proce$s a v few miles ea* day4 ,we =get t he has no roads4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago--ev5 "o hundr$ ye>s ago--9 "s places fifty ye>s ago--! roads ( ,engl& 7 :olly unfit = g5]al traffic & ! conveyance ( heavy goods4 ,pack-horses mo/ly c>ri$ on ! communication 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,! roads 7 z unfit = mov+ commodities ( bulk1 su* z coal1 wool1 & corn1 z ! s&y roads ( ,pol& 7 ?irty ye>s ago1 & z _m /ill are4 ,mr4 ,jacob1 :o w5t ^u ! cont95t to see :at /ores ( :eat exi/$1 f\nd t 9 _m p>ts ! orig9al price ( :eat 0 d\bl$ by ! price ( l& conveyance = a v few miles4 ,9 #affc ! fir/ turnpike act1 :i* 0 s (f5sive to "s ( ! p1 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ,p>liam5t4 ,x 0 = ! repair ( ! anci5t highway & po/-road lead+ f ,london to ,york1 :i* 0 decl>$ to be v ru9\s1 & become almo/ impassable4 ,?is 01 on _m acc\nts1 "o ( ! mo/ important l9es ( ! c\ntry4 ,let u see 9 :at /ate x 0 sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! pass+ ( ! act4 ,9 ! ',di>y ( ,ralph ,?oresby1' "u ! date ( ,octob]1 #afhj1 we h ?is entry3--,to ,w>e1 tw5ty-miles f ,london1 a mo/ pleasant road 9 summ]1 & z bad 9 w9t]1 because ( ! dep? ( ! c>t-ruts4 ,take ano!r road a little lat]4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #agjc1 ,*>les ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,spa91 slept at ,petwor? on 8 way f ,portsm\? to ,w9dsor1 & ,pr9ce ,george ( ,d5m>k w5t to meet him !re by desire ( ! ,que54 ,! di/ance f ,w9dsor to ,petwor? is ab\t =ty miles4 ,9 ! relation ( ! j\rney giv5 by "o ( ! pr9ce's att5dants1 he /ates1--,we set out at six 9 ! morn+1 by tor*light1 to g to ,petwor?1 & did n get out ( ! coa*es 7save only :5 we 7 ov]turn$ or /uck fa/ 9 ! mire7 till we arriv$ at our j\rney's end4 ',twas a h>d s]vice = ! ,pr9ce to sit f\rte5 h\rs 9 ! coa* t day )\t eat+ any?+1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! wor/ ways ,i ov] saw 9 my life4 ,we 7 ?r[n b once inde$ 9 go+1 b our coa*1 :i* 0 ! lead+ "o1 & 8 ,highness's body-coa*1 w\ld h suff]$ v mu*1 if ! nimble poors ( ,sussex _h n frequ5tly pois$ x1 or support$ x ) _! %\ld]s1 f ,godalm+ almo/ to ,petwor?1 & ! ne>] we approa*$ ! duke's h\se ! m inaccessible x seem$ to be4 ,! la/ n9e miles ( ! way co/ u six h\rs' "t to conqu] !m4 ,f ,hor%am1 ! c\nty-t[n ( ,sussex1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 ! roads 7 nev] 9 su* a condition z to all[ %eep or cattle to be driv5 on !m to ! ,london m>ket2 & consequ5tly1 !re n be+ suffici5t dem& at home to give a remun]at+ price1 ! beef & mutton 7 sold at a rate f> bel[ ! av]age to ! small population 9 ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 ?us isolat$ f ! common *annels ( dem& & supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,tel=d4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! communication f "o di/rict to ano!r 0 att5d$ ) su* difficulty & dang]1 t "s ( ! c\nties 7 excus$ f s5d+ jurors to ! circuit to assi/ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! poor p inhabit+ ^! di/ricts 7 almo/ entirely cut (f f int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! ,highl&s 7 ( less advantage to ! ,briti% empire ?an ! mo/ di/ant colony4 ,p>liam5t resolv$ to rem$y ! evil2 &1 accord+ly1 f #ahjb to #ahag1 ! sum ( two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds 0 laid out 9 mak+ roads & bridges 9 ^! m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,m>k ! important consequ5ces to ! p ( ! ,highl&s1 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d1 ! eng9e] ( ! roads3-- ,s9ce ^! roads 7 made accessible1 :eelwrights & c>twrights h be5 e/abli%$1 ! pl\gh has be5 introduc$1 & improv$ tools & ut5sils are us$4 ,! pl\gh 0 n previ\sly us$ 9 g5]al2 9 ! int]ior & m\nta9\s p>ts !y frequ5tly us$ crook$ /icks ) iron on !m1 drawn or pu%$ along4 ,! moral habits ( ! great mass ( ! work+ classes are *ang$2 !y see t !y may dep5d on _! own ex]tions = support4 ,?is goes on sil5tly1 & is sc>cely p]ceiv$ until app>5t by ! results4 ,i consid] ^! improvem5ts "o ( ! greate/ bless+s ev] conf]r$ ^u any c\ntry4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds has be5 grant$ 9 fifte5 ye>s4 ,x has be5 ! means ( advanc+ ! c\ntry at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,!re are _m p>ts ( ,irel& :i* su/a9$ ! same mis]ies & inconv5i5ces f ! want ( roads z ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& did at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 #ahbc ,mr4 ,nimmo1 ! eng9e]1 /at$ to p>liam5t1 t ! f]tile pla9s ( ,lim]ick1 ,cork1 & ,k]ry1 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a des]t$ c\ntry1 pres5t+ an impassable b>ri] betwe5 !m4 ,?is region 0 ! retreat ( smuggl]s1 robb]s1 & culprits ( e description2 = ! tract 0 a wild1 neglect$1 & des]t$ c\ntry1 )\t roads1 culture1 or civilization4 ,! gov]nm5t ord]$ roads to be made ?r\gh ?is b>r5 di/rict4 ,we w take "o example ( ! imm$iate effect ( ?is road-mak+1 z describ$ by a witness be=e ,p>liam5t3--,a hatt]1 at ,ca/le-isl&1 _h a small field ?r\gh :i* ! new road pass$2 ?is "p next ! t[n 0 n op5$ until #ahbf4 ,9 mak+ arrangem5ts ) him = 8 damages1 he said t he ought to make me 7! eng9e]7 a pres5t ( all ! l& he _h1 = t ! second ye> ,i 0 at ! roads he sold m hats to ! p ( ! m\nta9s alone ?an he did = sev5 ye>s be=e to ! high & l[ l&s toge!r4 ,al?\gh he nev] work$ a day on ! roads1 he got com=t & prosp]ity by !m4 ,! hatt] ( ,ca/le-isl& got com=t & prosp]ity by ! roads1 because ! man :o _h to sell & ! man :o _h to buy 7 br\ght clos] to ea* o!r by means ( ! roads4 ,:5 !re 7 no roads1 ! hatt] kept 8 goods ^u ! %elf1 & ! lab\r] 9 ! m\nta9s w5t )\t a hat4 ,:5 ! lab\r] & ! hatt] 7 br\ght toge!r by ! roads1 ! hatt] soon sold (f 8 /ock1 & ! manufactur] ( hats w5t to "w to produce him a new /ock2 :ile ! lab\r]1 :o f\nd ! advantage ( hav+ a hat1 also w5t to "w to e>n m money1 t he might pay = ano!r :5 he %\ld require x4 ,x became a fa%ion to we> hats1 & ( c\rse a fa%ion to "w h>d1 & to save "t1 to be able to pay = !m4 ,?us ! road creat$ indu/ry on bo? sides1--on ! side ( ! produc] ( hats & t ( ! consum]4 ,in/ances su* z ^! ( ! want ( communication betwe5 "o di/rict & ano!r are n[ v r>e inde$ 9 ^! isl&s4 ,b if we look to c\ntries intimately connect$ ) our own1 we %all f9d no lack ( examples ( a /ate ( comm]cial int]c\rse att5d+ a want ( roads4 ,! gold-fields ( ,au/ralia h l>gely /imulat$ ! export ( manufactur$ goods f ,great ,brita94 ,"o ( ! coloni/s at ,sydney writes ?us to ! *ief organ ( intellig5ce 9 ,engl&3--,! roads ?r\gh\t ! colony1 bad z !y 71 are n[ worse ?an ev]4 ,! inl& mails _c run by night1 & /ick fa/ & upset 9 all directions by day4 ,communication ) ! int]ior t[ns is possible only at enorm\s co/4 ,! price ( convey+ a ton ( goods f ,sydney to ,ba?ur/1 ab\t #acj miles1 is eight times ! freight ( ! same quantity f ,london to ,sydney4 ,9 co/ ( conveyance ,london & ,liv]pool are1 9 fact1 only sixte5 miles f ,sydney by l&1 ?\gh ! di/ance by sea is #af1jjj4 ,we "h see daily ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? t ',seas b jo9 ! regions !y divide4' ,c>goes are p\r$ into ! seaports ) ! greate/ facility1 & !n ! di/ribution is sudd5ly *eck$4 ,h5ce ! enorm\s r5ts ( /ores1 cessation ( dem&1 & ! necessity ( =c$ sales1 ) ! natural consequ5ce--heavy losses to ! export]s1 :o p]haps wond] h[ trade ) ,au/ralia c be s unpr(itable1 sc>cely suspect+ "o ( ! ma9 causes ( its unc]ta9ty4 ,engli% m]*ants might d worse ?an help to op5 up ! int]nal communications ( ?is cont95t4 ,! city ( ,sydney has a :>fage two miles 9 ext5t4 ,! communication f ! port to ! int]ior is ?us describ$3--,imag9e ! ,great ,we/]n ,railroad1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ 9 a spl5did /ation1 ) e means ( convey+ & remov+ goods to roads 9 e direction1 end+ sudd5ly 9 swamp1 =e/1 & s&1 ?r\gh :i*1 by d9t ( la%+1 & swe>+1 & unload+1 & reload+1 a team ( bullocks & a dray drag _! ,man*e/] goods t5 miles p] diem1 at #ejl4 or #hjl4 p] ton = ! j\rney4 ,! *annel ( trade is all t civilization1 sci5ce1 & capital c make x1 f ! ?re%old ( ! ,man*e/] factory to ! edge ( ! ,sydney :>f4 ,!re x breaks sudd5ly1 & beyond all is primitive1 rude1 & b>b>\s 9 ! means ( conveyance4 ,! bale ( goods la/ unload$ f ! railway tra9 is transf]r$ to ! bullock dray1 to beg9 its 'crawl' up ! c\ntry1 co/+ all its freight f ,engl& = e tw5ty miles4 ,x _c be o!rwise4 ,!re are no passable roads4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,syrian ,c>t4 ,x is impossible to h a m vivid picture ?an ?is ( ! sudd5 imp$im5t :i* ! comm]cial ent]prise ( "o c\ntry receives f ! want ( ! commone/ means ( communication 9 ano!r4 ,! bullock-c>t ( ,syria1 & ! ,au/ralian bullock-c>t1 w\ld be useful in/rum5ts if !y _h roads to "w 94 ,b !re mu/ be g5]al civilization be=e !re are ext5sive roads4 ,c>ts & bullocks are ( readi] creation ?an roads4 ,x has tak5 eighte5 c5turies to make our ,engli% roads1 & ! ,romans1 ! k+s ( ! _w1 7 our great road-mak]s1 ^: works /ill rema93-- lab\r+ pione]s1 ,a multitude ) spades & axes arm'd1 ,to lay hills pla91 fell woods1 or valleys fill1 ,or :]e pla9 0 raise hill1 or ov]lay ,) bridges riv]s pr\d1 z ) a yoke4--,,p>adise ,,rega9$4 ,:at ! ,romans 7 to ,engl&1 ! coloniz$ ,engli% mu/ be to ,au/ralia4 ,b ! discov]y ( great natural weal?1 ! vig\r ( ! race1 ! int]c\rse ) comm]cial nations ( ! old & new _w1 ! free in/itutions :i* h be5 transplant$ !re )\t any arbitr>y m$dl+ or *ill+ patronage1 w effect 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury :at ! p>5t p1 /ruggl+ ) ignorant rul]s & feeble res\rces1 h be5 ages 9 accompli%+4 ,x is enc\rag+ to all nations to see :at we h accompli%$ 9 ?is direction4 ,9 #ahci ! turnpike-roads ( ,engl& & ,wales am\nt$ to #ba1ifb miles1 & 9 ,scotl& to #cfff miles2 :ile 9 ,engl& & ,wales ! o!r highways am\nt$ to #ajd1ggb miles4 ,! turnpike-roads 7 ma9ta9$ at a co/ ( a million a ye>2 & ! p>i% highways at a co/ ( ab\t twelve hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,!re 7 at t "t ne>ly eight ?\s& toll-gates 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,!re _h be5 two ?\s& miles ( turnpike-roads1 & t5 ?\s& miles ( o!r highways1 add$ to ! numb] exi/+ 9 #ahad4 ,b ! improvem5ts ( all our roads dur+ t p]iod _h be5 enorm\s4 ,sci5ce 0 br\ght to be> ^u ! turnpike l9es4 ,common s5se *ang$ _! =m & re-organiz$ _! mat]ial4 ,! mo/ beautiful eng9e]+ 0 appli$ to raise valleys & l[] hills4 ,m\nta9s 7 cross$ ) ease2 riv]s 7 spann$ ov] by massive pi]s1 or by bridges :i* hung 9 ! air l fairy plat=ms4 ,! names ( ,m',adam & ,tel=d became h\sehold words2 & ev5 p>i% surveyors1 /imulat$ by example1 took ?\ght h[ to m5d _! ways4 ,! ,canals ( ,engl& date only = a hundr$ ye>s back4 ,! fir/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t = ! con/ruction ( a canal 0 pass$ 9 #agee4 ,! ,duke ( ,bridgewat] obta9$ 8 fir/ ,act ( ,p>liam5t 9 #agei1 = ! con/ruction ( ^? noble works :i* w connect 8 memory ) ^? :o h be5 ! greate/ b5efactors ( _! c\ntry4 ,! great manufactur+ prosp]ity ( ,engl& dates f ?is p]iod2 & x w be = ev] associat$ ) ! names ( ,watt1 ! improv] & almo/ ! inv5tor ( ! /eam-eng9e1--( ,arkwright1 ! presid+ g5ius ( cotton-sp9n+1--& ( ,br9dley1 ! great eng9e] ( canals4 ,9 ! conception ( ! va/ works :i* ,br9dley und]took = ! ,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 !re 0 an orig9ality & boldness :i* may h be5 c>ri$ fur!r 9 rec5t eng9e]+1 b :i* a c5tury ago 7 ! creators ( works :i* 7 look$ ^u z m>vels4 ,to cut tunnels ?r\gh hills--to c>ry m\nds across valleys--to build aqu$ucts ov] navigable riv]s--7 reg>d$ !n z wild & impracticable conceptions4 ,ano!r eng9e]1 at ,br9dley's desire1 0 call$ 9 to give an op9ion z to a propos$ aqu$uct ov] ! riv] ,irwell4 ,he look$ at ! spot :]e ! aqu$uct 0 to be built1 & exclaim$1 ,i h (t5 he>d ( ca/les 9 ! air1 b nev] be=e 0 %[n ! place :]e any ( !m 7 to be erect$4 ,br9dley's ca/le 9 ! air /ill /&s firm2 & 8 example1 & t ( 8 truly illu/ri\s employ]1 h cov]$ our l& ) _m su* fabrics1 :i* owe _! orig9 n to ! gov]nm5t b to ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,br9dley's ,aqu$uct ov] ! ,irwell4 ,! navigable canals ( ,engl& are m ?an two ?\s& miles 9 l5g?4 ,= ! sl[ transport ( heavy goods !y hold _! place aga9/ ! competition ( railroads1 & cont9ue to be important in/rum5ts ( int]nal comm]ce4 ,:5 railways 7 fir/ project$ x is said t an eng9e]1 be+ ask$ :at w\ld become ( ! canals if ! new mode ( transit 7 adopt$1 answ]$ t !y w\ld be dra9$ & become ! b$s ( railways4 ,l _m o!r pr$ictions connect$ ) ! la/ great m$ium ( int]nal communication1 ! eng9e] 0 :olly mi/ak5 9 8 prophecy4 ,! great pr9ciple ( ex*ange betwe5 "o "p ( ?is empire & ano!r "p1 :i* has ceas$ to be an affair ( re/rictions & jeal\sies1 has cov]$ ! isl& ) good roads1 ) canals1 & f9ally ) railways4 ,! railway & ! /eam-c>riage h c>ri$ ! pr9ciple ( dim9i%+ ! price ( conveyance1 & !re=e ( commodities1 by ma*9]y1 to an ext5t :i* makes all o!r illu/rations almo/ unnecess>y4 ,a road ) a waggon mov+ on x is a me*anical comb9ation2 a canal1 ) its locks1 & t[+-pa?s1 & boats glid+ along almo/ )\t ef=t1 is a high] me*anical comb9ation2 a railway1 ) its locomotive eng9e1 & c>riage aft] c>riage dragg$ along at ! rate ( ?irty or =ty miles an h\r1 is ! highe/ ( su* me*anical comb9ations4 ,! =ce appli$ ^u a level turnpike-road1 :i* is requir$ to move #ahjj lbs41 if appli$ to drag a canal-boat w move #ee1ejj lbs41 bo? at ! rate ( #b-a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,b we want economy 9 "t z well z economy 9 ! application ( motive p[]4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to apply spe$ to canal travell+4 ,up to f\r miles an h\r ! canal c convey an equal weight m economically ?an a railroad2 b aft] a c]ta9 velocity is exce$$1 t is #ac-a_/b miles an h\r1 ! horse on ! turnpike-road c drag z mu* z ! canal-team4 ,!n comes 9 ! great advantage ( ! railroad4 ,! same =ce t is requir$ to draw #aijj lbs4 ^u a canal1 at a rate above #ac-a_/b miles an h\r1 w draw #ad1djj lbs4 ^u a railway1 at ! rate ( #ac-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,! produc]s & consum]s are ?us br\ght toge!r1 n only at ! lea/ co/ ( transit1 b at ! lea/ exp5diture ( "t4 ,! road1 ! canal1 & ! railway h ea* _! di/9ctive advantages2 & x is wor?y ( note h[ !y "w toge!r4 ,f e railway /ation !re mu/ be a road to ! adjac5t t[ns & villages1 & a bett] road ?an 0 once ?\ght necess>y4 ,horses are requir$ z mu* z ev]1 al?\gh mails & po/-*aises are no long] ! glories ( ! road2 & ! po/ f9ds its way into e hamlet by ! unit$ ag5cy ( ! road & ! railway4 ,rog] ,nor? describ$ a ,newca/le railway 9 #afhj3--;,ano!r ?+ t is rem>kable is _! way-leaves2 = :5 m5 h pieces ( gr\nd betwe5 ! colli]y & ! riv]1 !y sell leave to lead coals ov] _! gr\nd2 & s de> t ! own] ( a rood ( gr\nd w expect #bjl4 p] annum = ?is leave4 ,! mann] ( ! c>riage is by lay+ rails ( timb]1 f ! colli]y d[n to ! riv]1 exactly /raight & p>allel2 & bulky c>ts are made ) f\r r[lets fitt+ ^! rails2 :]eby ! c>riage is s easy t ! horse w draw d[n f\r or five *aldron ( coals1 & is an imm5se b5efit to ! coal-m]*ant4 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght t ?is contrivance w\ld h l$ to no l>ge results till a hundr$ & fifty ye>s _h pass$ away8 ,:o c\ld h believ$ t ! rails ( timb]1 exactly /raight & p>allel1 & ! bulky c>ts ) f\r r[lets exactly fitt+ ! rails1 w\ld h *ang$ ! face1 & to a great degree ! de/9ies1 ( ! _w8 ,if we add to ! road1 ! canal1 & ! railway1 ! /eam-boat traffic ( our own coa/s1 we _c hesitate to believe t ! :ole t]ritory ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& is m compact1 m closely unit$1 m accessible1 ?an 0 a s+le c\nty two c5turies ago4 ,x may be said1 )\t exagg]ation1 t x w\ld n[ be impossible = a travell] 9 ,engl& to set himself d[n 9 any accessible situation :]e ! po/ f ,london w\ld n rea* him 9 twelve h\rs4 ,:5 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',results ( ,ma*9]y' 0 publi%$ 9 #ahca1 we said t ! po/ f ,london w\ld rea* any "p ( ,engl& 9 ?ree days2 & t1 fifty ye>s be=e1 su* a quickness ( communication w\ld h be5 consid]$ beyond ! compass ( human means4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r ye>s we h s dim9i%$ ! practical am\nt ( di/ance betwe5 "o "p ( ,great ,brita9 & ano!r1 t ! po/ f ,london to ,ab]de5 is c>ri$ five hundr$ & =ty miles 9 little m ?an tw5ty h\rs4 ,x is ?is wond]ful rapidity ( communication1 9 connection ) ! *eapness ( po/age1 :i* has multipli$ lett]s five-fold s9ce #ahci1 :5 ! p5ny rate 0 introduc$4 ,9 t ye> ! numb] ( *>geable & frank$ lett]s di/ribut$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 eighty-two millions2 9 #ahec x 0 f\r hundr$ & t5 millions4 ,illu/ration3 ,locomotive-,eng9e ,factory4 ,! annual returns ( our railways furni% "s ( ! mo/ a/\nd+ figures ( mod]n /ati/ics4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #ahed !re 7 op5 9 ,engl& #ehaa miles ( railway2 9 ,scotl&1 #iie miles2 9 ,irel&1 #hcd miles4 ,9 #ahec !re 7 "o hundr$ & two million pass5g]s convey$1 :o travell$ "o billion five hundr$ million miles1 be+ an av]age ( ne>ly fifte5 miles to ea* pass5g]4 ,9 ,engl& consid]ably less ?an "o-half ( ! pass5g]s 7 by p5ny-a-mile & o!r ?ird-class tra9s2 9 ,irel& "o-half2 & 9 ,scotl& two-?irds4 ,! receipts f goods traffic exce$ ^? ( ! pass5g] traffic 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 b are less 9 ,irel&4 ,^! are inde$ wond]ful results f a sy/em :i* 0 :olly exp]im5tal tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,railway ,locomotive4 ,:5 ,william ,hutton1 9 ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 />t$ f ,nott+ham 7:]e he e>n$ a scanty liv+ z a bookb9d]7 & walk$ to ,london & back = ! purpose ( buy+ tools1 he 0 n9e days f home1 six ( :i* 7 sp5t 9 go+ & return+4 ,he travell$ on foot1 dread+ robb]s1 & /ill m dread+ ! co/ ( food & lodg+ at public-h\ses4 ,8 :ole exp5ses dur+ ?is toilsome exp$ition 7 only t5 %ill+s & eight p5ce2 b he cont5t$ himself ) ! b>e/ necess>ies1 keep+ ! money = 8 tools sew$ up 9 8 %irt-coll>4 ,if ,william ,hutton _h liv$ 9 ^! days1 he w\ld1 ^u %e] pr9ciples ( economy1 h gone to ,london by ! ,nott+ham tra9 at a co/ ( tw5ty %ill+s = 8 transit1 9 "o =5oon1 & return$ 9 ano!r4 ,! tw5ty %ill+s w\ld h be5 sacrific$ = 8 conveyance1 b he w\ld h _h a week's lab\r free to g to "w ) 8 new tools2 he ne$ n h sew$ 8 money 9 8 %irt-coll> = fe> ( ?ieves2 & 8 %oes w\ld n h be5 worn out & 8 feet bli/]$ 9 8 toilsome m>* ( two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,a v few ye>s ago x 0 n uncommon to he> m5 say t ?is wond]ful communication1 ! greate/ triumph ( mod]n skill1 0 n a bless+2--= ! ma*9]y _h put somebody out ( employ4 ,b>on ,humboldt1 a travell] 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 tells u t1 ^u a road be+ made ov] a "p ( ! great *a9 ( m\nta9s call$ ! ,&es1 ! gov]nm5t 0 petition$ aga9/ ! road by a body ( m5 :o = c5turies _h ga9$ a liv+ by c>ry+ travell]s 9 baskets /rapp$ ^u _! backs ov] ! fe>ful rocks1 :i* only ^! guides c\ld cross4 ,:i* 0 ! bett] c\rse--to make ! road1 & create ! ?\s& employm5ts belong+ to fre$om ( int]c\rse1 = ^! v c>ri]s ( travell]s1 & = all o!r m52 or to leave ! m\nta9s )\t a road1 t ! poor guides might ga9 a premium = risk+ _! lives 9 an unnecess>y p]il8 ,b1 look+ at _! direct results1 we h no d\bt t railroads h greatly multipli$ ! employm5ts connect$ ) ! conveyance ( goods & pass5g]s4 ,9 #ahec !re 7 eighty ?\s& p]sons employ$ ^u ! railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 v>i\s capacities4 ,we d n include ^? employ$ 9 work+ ^u l9es t are n op5 = traffic1 :i* class 9 ,engl& am\nt$ to tw5ty-five ?\s& p]sons 9 #ahec4 ,b ! indirect occupations call$ into activity by railroads are s num]\s z to defy all attempts at calculat+ ! numb]s engag$ 9 !m4 ,no d\bt _m occupations 7 *ang$ by railroads2--!re 7 few] coa*m51 gu>ds1 po/boys1 waggon]s1 & o!rs1 on su* a po/-road z t f ,london to ,york4 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t ?r\gh\t ! k+dom !re are f> m p]sons employ$ 9 conduct+ ! int]nal communication ( ! c\ntry1 effect+ t great addition to its productive p[]s1 )\t :i* all o!r production w\ld langui% & decay4 ,! c5sus returns ( #ahea give ! numb] ( ?ree hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& males s employ$1 includ+ ^? engag$ on our riv]s1 canals1 & coa/ traffic4 ,illu/ration3 ,re9de]4 ,! va/ ext5sion1 & ! new *annels1 ( our =eign comm]ce h be5 greatly affect$ by ! prodigi\s facilities ( our int]nal communication4 ,!y h creat$1 9 a measure1 special dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry1 :i* c be mo/ advantage\sly pursu$ 9 p>ticul> localities2 b :i* railways & /eam-vessels h unit$ ) ! :ole k+dom1 ) its colonies1 ) ! habitable globe4 ,! re9de] connects ! ,lapl&] ) ! m>kets ( ,sw$51 & draws 8 sl$ge ov] ! froz5 wilds at a spe$ & p[] ( cont9uance only rivall$ by ! locomotive4 ,! same b5efic5t ,provid5ce :i* has giv5 ?is animal to ! inhabitant ( ! pol> regions1--n only = food1 = clo?+1 b = transport to associate him ) "s civilization1--has be/[$ ^u u ! mighty p[] ( /eam1 to connect u ) ! entire _w1 f :i* we 7 once held to be :olly sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,beav]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,h\ses--,! pyramids--,me*anical p[]--,c>p5t]s' tools--,am]ican ma*9]y = build+--,bricks--,slate-- ,h\sehold fitt+s & furniture--,pap]-hang+s-- ,c>pets--,glass--,pott]y--,improvem5ts effect$ ?r\gh ! r$uction or repeal ( duties on dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,! beav] builds 8 huts ) ! tools :i* nature has giv5 him4 ,he gnaws pieces ( wood 9 two ) 8 %>p tee?1 s %>p t ! tee? ( a simil> animal1 ! ag\ti1 =m ! only cutt+-tool :i* "s rude nations possess4 ,:5 ! beav]s desire to move a l>ge piece ( wood1 !y jo9 9 a body to drag x along4 ,man has n tee? t w cut wood3 b he has reason1 :i* directs him to ! *oice ( mu* m p]fect tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,pyramid & sph9x ,"s ( ! great monum5ts ( antiquity1 su* z ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 are con/ruct$ ( enorm\s blocks ( /one br\ght f di/ant qu>ries4 ,we h no means ( e/imat+1 ) any accuracy1 ! me*anical k possess$ by ! p engag$ 9 ^! works4 ,x 01 probably1 v small1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! human lab\r employ$ 9 su* edifices 0 n only enorm\s 9 quantity1 b exce$+ly pa9ful to ! workm54 ,! ,egyptians1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 a ,greek writ] :o liv$ two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 hat$ ! memory ( ! k+s :o built ! pyramids4 ,he tells u t ! great pyramid occupi$ a hundr$ ?\s& m5 = tw5ty ye>s 9 its erection1 )\t c\nt+ ! workm5 :o 7 employ$ 9 hew+ ! /ones1 & 9 convey+ !m to ! spot :]e ! pyramid 0 built4 ,h]odotus speaks ( ?is "w z a torm5t to ! p2 & d\btless ! lab\r engag$ 9 rais+ huge masses ( /one1 t 0 ext5sive en\gh to employ a hundr$ ?\s& m5 = tw5ty ye>s1 :i* is equal to two millions ( m5 = "o ye>1 mu/ h be5 fe>fully torm5t+ )\t ma*9]y1 or ) v imp]fect ma*9]y4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ab\t half ! /eam-eng9es ( ,engl&1 work$ by ?irty-six ?\s& m51 w\ld raise ! same quantity ( /ones f ! qu>ry1 & elevate !m to ! same height z ! great pyramid1 9 ! %ort "t ( eighte5 h\rs4 ,! p ( ,egypt groan$ = tw5ty ye>s "u ?is enorm\s "w4 ,! lab\r]s groan$ because !y 7 sorely tax$2 & ! re/ ( ! p groan$ because !y _h to pay ! lab\r]s4 ,! lab\r]s liv$1 x is true1 ^u ! wages ( _! lab\r1 t is1 !y 7 paid 9 food--kept l horses--z ! rew>d ( _! "w4 ,h]odotus says t x 0 record$ on ! pyramid t ! onions1 radi%es1 & g>lic :i* ! lab\r]s consum$1 co/ sixte5 hundr$ tal5ts ( silv]3 an imm5se sum1 equival5t to sev]al million p\nds4 ,b ! onions1 radi%es1 & g>lic1 ! bread1 & clo!s ( ! lab\r]1 7 wrung out ( ! pr(itable lab\r ( ! re/ ( ! p4 ,! build+ ( ! pyramid 0 an unpr(itable lab\r4 ,!re 0 no imm$iate or future s\rce ( produce 9 ! pyramid2 x produc$ nei!r food1 nor fuel1 nor clo!s1 nor any o!r necess>y4 ,! lab\r ( a hundr$ ?\s& m5 = tw5ty ye>s1 /upidly employ$ ^u ?is monum5t1 )\t an object beyond t ( gratify+ ! pride ( ! tyrant :o rais$ x1 0 a direct tax ^u ! pr(itable lab\r ( ! re/ ( ! p4 ,in/ead ( useful works1 l nature great1 ,enorm\s cruel wond]s cru%'d ! l&4 ,b admitt+ t x is sometimes desirable = nations & gov]nm5ts to erect monum5ts :i* are n ( direct utility1--:i* may h an indirect utility 9 record+ ! memory ( great exploits1 or 9 produc+ feel+s ( rev]5ce or devotion1--x is cle>ly an advantage t ^! works1 z well z all o!r works1 %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! *eape/ mann]2 t is1 t human lab\r %\ld d]ive e possible assi/ance f me*anical aid4 ,we w give an illu/ration ( ! diff]5ces ( ! application ( me*anical aid 9 "o ( ! fir/ op]ations ( build+1 ! mov+ a block ( /one4 ,! foll[+ /atem5ts are ! result ( actual exp]im5t ^u a /one weigh+ t5 hundr$ & eighty p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,portl& ,qu>ry4 ,to drag ?is /one along ! smoo!d floor ( ! qu>ry requir$ a =ce equal to sev5 hundr$ & fifty-eight p\nds4 ,! same /one dragg$ ov] a floor ( planks requir$ six hundr$ & fifty-two p\nds4 ,! same /one plac$ on a plat=m ( wood1 & dragg$ ov] ! same floor ( planks1 requir$ six hundr$ & six p\nds4 ,:5 ! two surfaces ( wood 7 soap$ z !y slid ov] ea* o!r1 ! =ce requir$ to drag ! /one 0 r$uc$ to "o hundr$ & eighty-two p\nds4 ,:5 ! same /one 0 plac$ ^u roll]s ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 x requir$1 to put x 9 motion along ! floor ( ! qu>ry1 a =ce only ( ?irty-f\r p\nds2 & by ! same roll]s ^u a wood5 floor1 a =ce only ( tw5ty-eight p\nds4 ,)\t any me*anical aid1 x w\ld require ! =ce ( f\r or five m5 to set t /one 9 motion4 ,) ! me*anical aid ( two surfaces ( wood soap$1 ! same weight might be mov$ by "o man4 ,) ! m p]fect me*anical aid ( roll]s1 ! same weight might be mov$ by a v little *ild4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x mu/ be evid5t t ! co/ ( a block ( /one v mu* dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( lab\r necess>y to move x f ! qu>ry to ! place :]e x is want$ to be us$4 ,we h se5 t ) ! simple/ me*anical aid lab\r may be r$uc$ sixty-fold4 ,) m p]fect me*anical aid1 su* z t ( wat]-c>riage1 ! lab\r may be r$uc$ inf9itely l[]4 ,?us1 ! /reets ( ,london are pav$ ) granite f ,scotl& at a mod]ate exp5se4 ,! co/ ( timb]1 :i* ent]s s l>gely into ! co/ ( a h\se1 is 9 a great degree ! co/ ( transport4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re are great =e/s1 timb]-trees are wor? no?+ :]e !y gr[1 except !re are ready means ( transport4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! great difficulty :i* ! p f9d is 9 cle>+ ! l& ( ! timb]4 ,! f9e/ trees are n only wor?less1 b are a positive incumbrance1 except :5 !y are gr[+ ^u ! banks ( a great riv]2 9 :i* case ! logs are ?r[n into ! wat]1 or =m$ into rafts1 be+ float$ sev]al hundr$ miles at sc>cely any exp5se4 ,! same /ream :i* c>ries !m to a seaport turns a mill to saw ! logs into planks2 & :5 sawn into planks ! timb] is put on %ipbo>d1 & c>ri$ to di/ant c\ntries :]e timb] is want$4 ,?us me*anical aid alone gives a value to ! timb]1 & by s do+ employs human lab\r4 ,! /ream t floats ! tree1 ! saw+-mill t cuts x1 ! %ip t c>ries x across ! sea1 enable m5 pr(itably to employ !mselves 9 work+ x4 ,)\t ! /ream1 ! mill1 & ! %ip1 ^? m5 w\ld h no lab\r1 because none c\ld af=d to br+ ! timb] to _! own doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,timb] ,rafts ( ! ,tyrol4 ,:at an inf9ite v>iety ( ma*9es1 9 comb9ation ) ! human h&1 is f\nd 9 a c>p5t]'s *e/ ( tools6 ,! skilful h& ( ! workman is ! p[] :i* sets ^! ma*9es 9 motion2 j z ! w9d or ! wat] is ! p[] ( a mill1 or ! ela/ic =ce ( vap\r ! p[] ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,b\lton1 ! p>tn] ( ! great ,james ,watt1 wait$ ^u ,george ,,iii4 to expla9 "o ( ! improvem5ts ( ! /eam-eng9e :i* !y _h effect$1 ! k+ said to him1 ,:at d y sell1 ,mr4 ,b\lton8 & ! hone/ eng9e] answ]$1 ,:at k+s1 sire1 are all fond (--p[]4 ,!re are p at ,birm+ham :o let out p[]1 t is1 !re are p :o h /eam-eng9es :o w l5d ! use ( !m1 by ! day or ! h\r1 to p]sons :o require t sav+ ( lab\r 9 _! v>i\s trades2 s t a p]son :o wants ! /r5g? ( a horse1 or half a horse1 to turn a :eel = gr9d+1 or = sett+ a la! 9 motion1 hires a room1 or "p ( a room1 9 a mill1 & has j z mu* z he requires4 ,! p[] ( a c>p5t] is 9 8 h&1 & ! ma*9es mov$ by t p[] are 9 8 *e/ ( tools4 ,e tool :i* he possesses has = its object to r$uce lab\r1 to save mat]ial1 & to ensure accuracy--! objects ( all ma*9es4 ,:at a quantity ( wa/e bo? ( "t & /uff is sav$ by 8 foot-rule6 & :5 he *alks a bit ( /r+ & /ret*es x f "o end ( a plank to ! o!r1 to j]k (f ! *alk f ! /r+1 & ?us produce an un]r+ l9e ^u ! face ( ! plank1 he makes a little ma*9e :i* saves him great lab\r4 ,e "o ( 8 hundr$s ( tools1 capable ( application to a va/ v>iety ( purposes1 is an inv5tion to save lab\r4 ,)\t "s tool ! c>p5t]'s "w c\ld n be done at all by ! human h&4 ,a knife w\ld d v labori\sly :at is done v quickly by a hat*et4 ,! lab\r ( us+ a hat*et1 & ! mat]ial :i* x wa/es1 are sav$ tw5ty times ov] by ! saw4 ,b :5 ! m delicate op]ations ( c>p5try are requir$--:5 ! workman uses 8 planes1 8 rabbet-planes1 8 filli/]s1 8 bevels1 & 8 c5tre-bits--:at an inf9itely great] quantity ( lab\r is economiz$1 & h[ beautifully t "w is p]=m$1 :i*1 )\t !m1 w\ld be r\gh & imp]fect6 ,e boy ( me*anical +5uity has tri$ ) 8 knife to make a boat2 & ) a knife only x is ! "w ( weeks4 ,give him a *isel1 & a g\ge1 & a vice to hold 8 wood1 & ! little boat is ! "w ( a day4 ,let a boy try to make a r\nd wood5 box1 ) a lid1 hav+ only 8 knife1 & he mu/ be exp]t inde$ to produce any?+ t w be neat & s]viceable4 ,give him a la! & *isels1 & he w le>n to make a tidy box 9 half an h\r4 ,no?+ b absolute necessity c r5d] x exp$i5t to use an imp]fect tool in/ead ( a p]fect4 ,we sometimes see exhibitions ( c>v+1 all done ) ! common p5knife4 ,pr(essor ,willis has truly said1 ) ref]5ce to su* weak boa/+1 ,s f> f admir+1 we %\ld pity ! vanity & folly ( su* a display2 & ! m1 if ! "w %\ld %[ a natural aptitude 9 ! workman3 = x is c]ta9 t1 if he has made good "w ) a bad tool1 he w\ld make bett] ) a good "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,b\lton4 ,! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ord]$ a woodcut to be engrav$ t %\ld repres5t ! c>p5try op]ations ( 8 "t & c\ntry4 ,?is pr9ce 01 no d\bt1 pr\d ( ! advance ( ,g]many 9 ! useful arts4 ,if ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ?us to record ! advance ( ! republic ( :i* he is ! *ief1 he w\ld %[ u 8 saw-mills & 8 plan+-mills4 ,! ,g]man c>p5t]s1 z we see1 are r$uc+ a great slab ( wood into %ape by ! saw & ! adze4 ,! ,am]icans h plan+-mills1 ) cutt]s t make #djjj revolutions1 & :i* plane bo>ds eighte5 feet long at ! rate ( fifty feet1 p] m9ute2 & :ile ! face ( ! bo>d is plan$1 x is tongu$ & groov$ at ! same "t--t is1 "o bo>d is made to fit closely into ano!r4 ,b ! ,am]icans c>ry ma*9]y mu* f>!r into ! bus9ess ( c>p5try4 ,mr4 ,:itwor? tells u t _m works 9 v>i\s t[ns are occupi$ exclusively 9 mak+ doors1 w9d[-frames1 or /aircases1 by means ( self-act+ ma*9]y1 su* z plan+1 t5on+1 mortic+1 & jo9t+ ma*9es4 ,!y are able to supply build]s ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! wood-"w requir$ 9 build+ at a mu* *eap] rate ?an !y c produce !m 9 _! own work%ops )\t ! aid ( su* ma*9]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>p5t]s & _! tools4 7,f an old ,g]man woodcut47 ,by ! use ( ^? ma*9es we are told t tw5ty m5 c make panell$ doors at ! rate ( a hundr$ a day--t is1 "o man c make five doors4 ,a panell$ door is a v exp5sive "p ( an ,engli% h\se2 & s are w9d[-frames & /aircases4 ,if doors & w9d[s & /aircases c be made *eap]1 m h\ses & bett] h\ses w be built2 & ?us m c>p5t]s w be employ$ 9 build+ ?an if ^? p>ts ( a h\se 7 made by h&4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ma*9es z to tools4 ,if c>p5t]s _h n tools to make h\ses1 !re w\ld be few h\ses made2 & ^? t 7 made w\ld be z r\gh z ! hut ( ! savage :o has no tools4 ,! p w\ld g )\t h\ses1 & ! c>p5t] w\ld g )\t "w1--to say no?+ ( ! p1 :o w\ld also g )\t "w1 t n[ make tools = ! c>p5t]4 ,we build 9 ?is c\ntry m ( brick ?an ( /one1 because brick-e>? is f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e1 & /one fit = build+ is f\nd only 9 p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,bricks us$ to pay ! /ate a duty ( five %ill+s & t5 p5ce a ?\s&2 & yet at ! kilns !y 7 to be b\ght "u =ty %ill+s a ?\s&1 :i* is less ?an a halfp5ny apiece4 ,! gov]nm5t wisely resolv$1 9 #ahej1 to repeal ! excise-duty on bricks4 ,9 #ahde ! duty on glass 0 repeal$4 ,9 #ahdg ! timb]-duties 7 r$uc$2 & 9 #ahdh !y 7 fur!r r$uc$4 ,! ev]-pres5t necessities ( ! p--! absolute want ( h\se-accommodation = a population increas+ s rapidly--r5d]$ x a p>am\nt duty ( ! gov]nm5t no long] to let tax int]f]e ) ! *eap build+ ( h\ses4 ,e inv5tion t adds to *eapness acts 9 ! same direction2 = al?\gh ! direct taxes cease to press ^u ! v>i\s trades ( build+1 ! con/ant dem& keeps bricks & timb] at a price almo/ z high z be=e ! removal or mitigation ( ! tax4 ,b bricks1 reg>d$ z ! production ( a va/ am\nt ( lab\r1 are intr9sically *eap4 ,& :y8 ,because !y are made by :at is truly ma*9]y2 z !y 7 made ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago by ! ,egyptians4 ,! clay is gr\nd 9 a horse-mill2 ! wood5 m\ld1 9 :i* e brick is made s+ly1 is a copy+ ma*9e4 ,"o brick is exactly l ano!r brick4 ,e brick is ( ! =m ( ! m\ld 9 :i* x is made4 ,)\t ! m\ld ! workman c\ld n make ! brick ( uni=m dim5sions2 & )\t ?is uni=mity ! aft] lab\r ( putt+ bricks toge!r w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,)\t ! m\ld ! workman c\ld n =m ! bricks quickly2--8 own lab\r w\ld be increas$ t5-fold4 ,! simple ma*9e ( ! m\ld n only gives employm5t to a great _m brickmak]s :o w\ld n be employ$ at all1 b also to a great _m bricklay]s :o w\ld also want employm5t if ! orig9al co/ ( production 7 s enorm\sly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian lab\r 9 ! brick-field4 ,!re is ano!r mat]ial = build+ :i* 0 little us$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! consumption ( slate 9 ,london alone 01 9 #ahea1 f ?irty ?\s& to =ty ?\s& tons p] annum4 ,! qu>ries ( ,wales pr9cipally supply ?is imm5se quantity2 b "s slates are %ipp$ f ,lanca%ire & ,we/morl&1 & f ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,9 ! production ( ?is "o mat]ial1 eight ?\s& qu>ri]s are employ$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,slates are n only us$ = ro(+ h\ses1 b 9 slabs = ci/]ns & *imney-pieces4 ,! great increase ( ! supply ( wat] to h\ses by ma*9]y l$ to a dem& = a saf] & *eap] mat]ial ?an lead = ci/]ns2 & slate suppli$ ! want4 ,h[ great a v>iety ( ?+s are conta9$ 9 an ironmong]'s %op6 ,half 8 /ore consi/s ( tools ( "o sort or ano!r to save lab\r2 & ! o!r half consi/s ( articles ( conv5i5ce or elegance mo/ p]fectly adapt$ to e possible want ( ! build] or ! mak] ( furniture4 ,! unciviliz$ man is delight$ :5 he obta9s a nail1--any nail4 ,a c>p5t] & jo9]1 :o supply ! wants ( a highly civiliz$ community1 are n satisfi$ unless !y h a *oice ( nails1 f ! f9e/ brad to ! l>ge/ clasp-nail4 ,a savage ?9ks a nail w hold two pieces ( wood toge!r m completely ?an any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t he c af=d to put x to su* a use4 ,if x is l>ge en\gh1 he makes x into a *isel4 ,an ,engli% jo9] kn[s t screws w d ! "w m p]fectly 9 "s cases ?an any nail2 & !re=e we h z great a v>iety ( screws z ( nails4 ,! commone/ h\se built 9 ,engl& has h+es1 & locks1 & bolts4 ,a great numb] are f9i%$ ) ornam5t$ knobs to door-h&les1 ) bells & bell-pulls1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s t h gr[n up into necessities1 because !y save dome/ic lab\r1 & add to dome/ic com=t4 ,& _m ( ^! ?+s really are necessities4 ,m4 ,say1 a ,fr5* writ]1 gives u an example ( ?is2 & z 8 /ory is an amus+ "o1 besides hav+ a moral1 we may z well copy x3-- ,be+ 9 ! c\ntry1 says he1 ,i _h an example ( "o ( ^? small losses :i* a family is expos$ to ?r\gh neglig5ce4 ,= ! want ( a lat*et ( small value1 ! wicket ( a b>n-y>d lead+ to ! fields 0 (t5 left op54 ,e "o :o w5t ?r\gh drew ! door to3 b z !re 0 no?+ to fa/5 ! door )1 x 0 always left flapp+2 sometimes op51 & sometimes %ut4 ,s ! cocks & h5s1 & ! *ick5s1 got out1 & 7 lo/4 ,"o day a f9e pig got out1 & ran (f into ! woods2 & aft] ! pig ran all ! p ab\t ! place1--! g>d5]1 & ! cook1 & ! dairymaid4 ,! g>d5] fir/ caught sight ( ! runaway1 &1 ha/5+ aft] x1 spra9$ 8 ankle2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! poor man 0 n able to get out ( ! h\se aga9 = a =tnight4 ,! cook f\nd1 :5 %e came back f pursu+ ! pig1 t ! l95 %e _h left by ! fire _h fall5 d[n & 0 burn+2 & ! dairymaid hav+1 9 h] ha/e1 neglect$ to tie up ! legs ( "o ( h] c[s1 ! c[ _h kick$ a colt1 :i* 0 9 ! same /able1 & brok5 its leg4 ,! g>d5]'s lo/ "t 0 wor? tw5ty cr[ns1 to say no?+ ( ! pa9 he suff]$4 ,! l95 :i* 0 burn$1 & ! colt :i* 0 spoil$1 7 wor? z mu* m4 ,"h1 !n1 0 caus$ a loss ( =ty cr[ns1 z well z mu* tr\ble1 plague1 & vexation1 = ! want ( a lat* :i* w\ld n h co/ ?ree-p5ce4 ,m4 ,say's /ory is "o ( ! _m examples ( ! tru? ( ! old prov]b--= want ( a nail ! %oe 0 lo/1 = want ( a %oe ! horse 0 lo/1 = want ( a horse ! man 0 lo/4 ,ne>ly all ! great v>iety ( articles 9 an ironmong]'s %op are made by ma*9]y4 ,)\t ma*9]y !y c\ld n be made at all1 or !y w\ld be sold at a price :i* w\ld prev5t !m be+ commonly us$4 ,"s ( ! f9] articles1 su* z a ,bramah lock1 or a ,*ubb's lock1 c\ld n be made at all1 unless ma*9]y _h be5 call$ 9 to produce t wond]ful accuracy1 ?r\gh :i* no "o ( a hundr$ ?\s& locks & keys %all be exactly l ano!r lock & key4 ,) ma*9]y1 ! manufacture ( ironmong]y employs l>ge numb]s ( artisans :o w\ld be o!rwise unemploy$4 ,!re are hundr$s ( +5i\s m5 at ,birm+ham :o g into bus9ess ) a capital acquir$ by _! sav+s z workm51 = ! purpose ( manufactur+ "s "o s+le article us$ 9 f9i%+ a h\se1 su* z ! knob ( a lock4 ,all ! heavy "w ( _! trade is done by ma*9]y4 ,! *eapness ( ! article creates workm52 & ! sav+s ( ! workm5 accumulate capital to be exp5d$ 9 l>g] works1 & to employ m workm54 ,! furniture ( a h\se1 "s may say--! *airs1 & tables1 & b$/eads--is made ne>ly altoge!r by h&4 ,true4 ,b tools are ma*9es2 & fur!r1 we owe x to :at m5 g5]ally call ma*9]y1 t su* furniture1 ev5 9 ! h\se ( a v poor man1 is m ta/eful 9 its con/ruction1 & ( f9] mat]ial1 ?an t possess$ by a nobleman a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,ma*9]y 7t is %ips7 has br\ght u mu* f9] woods ?an we gr[ ourselves2 & o!r ma*9]y 7! saw+-mill7 has taught u h[ to r5d] t f9e wood v *eap1 by economis+ ! use ( x4 ,at a v5e]+-mill1 t is1 a mill :i* cuts a mahogany log into ?9 plates1 mu* m delicately & truly1 & 9 inf9itely less "t1 ?an !y c\ld be cut by ! h&1 two hundr$ & =ty squ>e feet ( mahogany are cut by "o circul> saw 9 "o h\r4 ,a v5e]1 or ?9 plate1 is cut (f a piece ( mahogany1 six feet six in*es long1 by twelve in*es wide1 9 tw5ty-five seconds4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce ( ?is8 ,a mahogany table is made almo/ z *eap z a deal "o2 & ?us ! humble/ family 9 ,engl& may h "s article ( mahogany1 if x be only a tea-caddy4 ,& let x n be said t deal furniture w\ld af=d z mu* happ9ess2 = a desire = com=t1 & ev5 = "s degree ( elegance1 gives a ref9em5t to ! "*1 &1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 raises our self-respect4 ,diog5es1 :o is said to h liv$ 9 a tub1 0 a great philosoph]2 b x is n necess>y to live 9 a tub to be wise & virtu\s4 ,nor is t ! likelie/ plan = becom+ s4 ,! probability is1 t a man w be m wise & virtu\s 9 proportion z he /rives to surr\nd himself ) ! com=ts & dec5t ornam5ts ( 8 /ation4 ,x is a circum/ance wor?y to be borne 9 m9d by all :o seek ! improvem5t ( ! p1 t :atev] raises n only ! /&>d ( com=t1 b ( ta/e1 has direct effects ( utility :i* might n at fir/ be p]ceiv$4 ,we w take ! case ( pap]-hang+s4 ,_! v "n %[s t !y 7 a sub/itute = ! arras1 or hang+s1 ( =m] times1 :i* 7 susp5d$ f ! ceil+s to cov] ! imp]fections ( ! walls4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! h\ses ( ! ri*4 ,! poor man 9 8 hut _h no su* device1 b mu/ ne$s pat* a hole to keep ! w9d away4 ,till #ahcj1 :at1 9 ! language ( ! excise1 0 call$ /a9$ pap]1 0 enorm\sly de>1 = a heavy tax greatly imp$$ its production4 ,:5 x 0 de>1 _m walls 7 /5cill$ or daub$ ov] ) a rude patt]n4 ,! pap]-hang+s !mselves 7 n only de>1 b (f5sive to ! eye1 f _! want ( h>mony 9 col\r & ( beauty 9 design4 ,! old pap]s rema9$ on walls = half a c5tury2 & x 0 n till pap]-hang+s became a p5ny a y>d1 or ev5 a halfp5ny1 t ! l&lord or t5ant ( a small h\se ?\ght ( re-pap]+4 ,! eye at l5g? got (f5d$ by ! dirty & ugly old pap]4 ,! walls 7 recov]$ ) neat patt]ns4 ,b :at _h (f5d$ ! eye _h be5 prejudicial to ! heal?4 ,! old pap]s1 t 7 saturat$ ) damp f )\t & bad air f )91 7 recipi5ts & hold]s ( fev]4 ,:5 ! b$-room became neat x also became heal?ful4 ,! duty on pap] 0 #a-c_/d;d4 p] y>d1 :5 ! pap]-hang] us$ to pa/e toge!r y>d aft] y>d1 made by h& at ! pap]-mill1 & /amp$ by block4 ,! pap]-ma*9e :i* gave long rolls ( pap] enabl$ hang+s to be pr9t$ by cyl9d]1 z calico is pr9t$4 ,! abs5ce ( tax1 & ! improvem5t ( ! manufacture by ma*9]y1 h enabl$ e man to repap] 8 fil?y & noxi\s room = almo/ z little z its :itewa%+ or col\r+ w co/ him4 ,look1 aga91 at ! c>pet4 ,contra/ x 9 all its v>ieties1 f ! gorge\s ,p]sian to ! neat ,kidd]m9/]1 ) ! ru%es ( our =efa!rs1 amid/ :i* ! dogs hunt$ = ! bones t _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! floor4 ,! clean ru%es 7 a r>e luxury1 nev] ?\ght ( b ^u "s fe/ive occasion4 ,! c>pet manufacture 0 little kn[n 9 ,engl& at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury2 z we may judge f our /ill call+ "o ( ! mo/ commonly-wov5 ,engli% c>pets by ! "n ( ,brussels4 ,!re are twelve ?\s& p]sons n[ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( c>pets 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,scot* c>pet is ! *eape/ ( ! produce ( ! c>pet-loom2 & x may be suffici5t to %[ ! connection ( ma*9]y ) ! commone/ z well z ! f9e/ ( ^! productions by an engrav+ ( ! loom4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful inv5tions ( man1 ! ,jacqu>d app>atus 7s call$ f ! "n ( its inv5tor71 is ext5sively us$ 9 e bran* ( ! c>pet manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,scot* c>pet-loom4 ,let u see :at me*anical +5uity c effect 9 produc+ ! mo/ useful & ornam5tal articles ( dome/ic life f ! common e>? :i* may be _h = digg+4 ,)\t *emical & me*anical skill we %\ld nei!r h ,glass nor ,pott]y2 & )\t ^! articles1 h[ mu* l[]$ b5ea? 8 pres5t /ation1 9 po9t ( com=t & conv5i5ce1 w\ld be ! humble/ peasant 9 ! l&6 ,! co/ ( glass is almo/ :olly ! wages ( lab\r1 z ! mat]ials are v abundant1 & may be said to co/ almo/ no?+2 & glass is mu* m easily work$ ?an any o!r sub/ance4 ,h>d & brittle z x is1 x has only to be heat$1 & any =m t ! workman pleases may be giv5 to x4 ,x melts2 b :5 s hot z to be m susceptible ( =m ?an wax or clay1 or any?+ else t we are acqua9t$ )1 x /ill1 reta9s a degree ( t\ghness & capability ( ext5sion sup]ior to t ( _m solids1 & ( e liquid2 :5 x has become r$-hot all its brittl5ess is gone1 & a man may d ) x z he pleases4 ,he may press x into a m\ld2 he may take a lump ( x ^u ! end ( an iron tube1 &1 by bl[+ into ! tube ) 8 m\? 7keep+ ! glass hot all ! "t71 he may swell x out into a holl[ ball4 ,he may m\ld t ball into a bottle2 he may draw x out l5g?ways into a pipe2 he may cut x op5 into a cup2 he may op5 x ) %e>s1 :irl x r\nd ) ! edge 9 ! fire1 & ?us make x into a circul> plate4 ,he may also roll x out into %eets1 & sp9 x into ?reads z f9e z a cobweb4 ,9 %ort1 s t he keeps x hot1 & away f sub/ances by :i* x may be de/roy$1 he c d ) x j z he pleases4 ,all ?is1 too1 may be done1 & is done ) l>ge quantities e day1 9 less "t ?an any "o w\ld take to give an acc\nt ( x4 ,9 ! "t t ! readie/ speak] & cle>e/ describ] 7 tell+ h[ "o qu>t bottle is made1 an ord9>y set ( workm5 w\ld make "s doz5s ( bottles4 ,b ?\gh ! mat]ials ( glass are among ! *eape/ ( all mat]ials1 & ! sub/ance ! mo/ ob$i5t to ! h& ( ! workman1 !re is a great deal ( k necess>y be=e glass c be made4 ,x c be made pr(itably only at l>ge manufactories1 & ^? manufactories mu/ be kept con/antly at "w night & day4 ,glass does n exi/ 9 a natural =m 9 _m places4 ,! sight ( native cry/al1 probably1 l$ m5 to ?9k orig9ally ( produc+ a simil> sub/ance by art4 ,! fabrication ( glass is ( high antiquity4 ,! hi/orians ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,t>t>y speak ( glass manufactories exi/+ !re m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,an ,egyptian mummy two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s old1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london1 0 ornam5t$ ) little fragm5ts ( col\r$ glass4 ,! writ+s ( ,s5eca1 a ,roman au?or :o liv$ ab\t ! "t ( our ,savi\r1 & ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o liv$ five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 speak ( glass be+ us$ 9 w9d[s4 ,x is record$ t ! ,prior ( ! conv5t ( ,weym\?1 9 ,dorset%ire1 9 ! ye> #fgd1 s5t = ,fr5* workm5 to glaze ! w9d[s ( 8 *apel4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ! art ( mak+ glass 0 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,yet x is v d\btful :e!r glass 0 employ$ 9 w9d[s1 except+ ^? ( *ur*es & ! h\ses ( ! v ri*1 = sev]al c5turies aft]w>ds2 & x is q c]ta9 t ! p]iod is comp>atively rec5t1 z we h %[n1#ba :5 glass w9d[s 7 us$ = exclud+ cold & admitt+ light 9 ! h\ses ( ! great body ( ! p1 or t glass vessels 7 to be f\nd among/ _! ord9>y conv5i5ces4 ,! manufacture ( glass 9 ,engl& n[ employs twelve ?\s& p1 because ! article1 be+ *eap1 is ( univ]sal use4 ,! gov]nm5t has wisely tak5 (f ! duty on glass2 & z ! article becomes /ill *eap]1 s w ! p employ$ 9 its manufacture become m num]\s4 ,ma*9]y1 z we commonly und]/& ! t]m1 is n mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass2 b *emi/ry1 :i* saves z mu* lab\r z ma*9]y1 & p]=ms "w :i* no ma*9]y c\ld accompli%1 is v l>gely employ$4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* glass is made are s&1 or e>?1 & vegetable matt]1 su* z kelp or burnt seawe$1 :i* yield alkali4 ,= ! f9e/ glass1 s& is br\ght f great di/ances1 ev5 f ,au/ralia4 ,^! mat]ials are put 9 a /ate ( fusion by ! heat ( an imm5se furnace4 ,x requires a r$ heat ( sixty h\rs to prep>e ! mat]ial ( a common bottle4 ,ne>ly all glass1 except glass = mirrors1 is :at is call$ bl[n4 ,! ma*9]y is v simple1 consi/+ only ( an iron pipe & ! lungs ( ! workman2 & ! process is p]fect$ 9 all its /ages by great subdivision ( lab\r1 produc+ extreme neatness & quickness 9 all p]sons employ$ 9 x4 ,= in/ance1 a w9e-glass is made ?us3--,"o man 7! bl[]7 takes up ! prop] quantity ( glass on 8 pipe1 & bl[s x to ! size want$ = ! b[l2 !n he :irls x r\nd on a reel1 & draws out ! /alk4 ,ano!r man 7! foot]7 bl[s a small] & ?ick] ball1 /icks x to ! end ( ! /alk ( ! bl[]'s glass1 & breaks 8 pipe f x4 ,! bl[] op5s t ball1 & :irls ! :ole r\nd till ! foot is =m$4 ,!n a boy dips a small rod 9 ! glass-pot1 & /icks x to ! v c5tre ( ! foot4 ,! bl[]1 /ill turn+ ! glass r\nd1 takes a bit ( iron1 wets x 9 8 m\?1 & t\*es ! ball at ! place :]e he wi%es ! m\? ( ! glass to be4 ,! glass sep>ates1 & ! boy takes x to ! f9i%]1 :o turns ! m\? ( x2 &1 by a peculi> sw+ t he gives x r\nd 8 head1 makes x p]fectly circul>1 at ! same "t t x is s h>d5$ z to be easily snapp$ f ! rod4 ,la/ly1 ! boy takes x on a =k$ iron to ! anneal+ furnace1 :]e x is cool$ gradually4 ,illu/ration3 ,glass-cutt+4 ,all ^! op]ations require ! greate/ nicety 9 ! workm52 & w\ld take a long "t 9 ! p]=mance1 & n be v neatly done aft] all1 if !y 7 all done by "o man4 ,b ! quickness ) :i* !y are done by ! division ( lab\r is p]fectly wond]ful4 ,! *eapness ( glass = common use1 :i* *eapness is produc$ by *emical k & ! division ( lab\r1 has set ! +5uity ( man to "w to give great] beauty to glass z an article ( luxury4 ,! employm5t ( %>p-gr9d+ :eels1 put 9 motion by a treadle1 & us$ 9 conjunction ) a v nice h&1 produces cut glass4 ,cut glass is n[ comp>atively s *eap1 t sc>cely a family ( ! middle ranks is )\t "s beautiful article ( ?is manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,%eet-glass mak+4 ,b ! repeal ( ! duty on glass1 & ( ! tax ^u w9d[s1 has _h ! effect ( improv+ ! ar*itecture ( our h\ses to a degree :i* no "o w\ld h ?\ght possible :o _h n /udi$ h[ ! op]ation ( a tax imp$es production4 ,we h n[ plate-glass ( ! l>ge/ dim5sions1 giv+ light & beauty to our %ops2 & %eet-glass1 ne>ly z effective z plate1 adorn+ our private dwell+s4 ,%eet-glass1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* an am\nt ( +5uity is ex]cis$ :i* w\ld h be5 ?\ght impossible 9 ! e>ly /ages ( glass-mak+1 is do+ = ! ord9>y purposes ( build+ :at plate-glass did =m]ly = ! ri*4 ,a portion ( melt$ glass1 weigh+ twelve or f\rte5 p\nds1 is1 by ! ex]cise ( ?is skill1 conv]t$ into a ball1 & !n into a cyl9d]1 & !n into a flat plate2 & ?us two cry/al palaces h be5 built1 :i* h consum$ z mu* glass1 weight by weight1 z 0 requir$ = all ! h\ses 9 "o-f\r? ( ! area ( ,great ,brita9 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate-glass ,factory4 ,!re are two k9ds ( pott]y--common pott]s' w>e1 & porcela94 ,! fir/ is a pure k9d ( brick2 & ! second a mixture ( v f9e brick & glass4 ,almo/ all nations h "s k ( pott]y2 & ^? ( ! v hot c\ntries are sometimes satisfi$ ) di%es =m$ by _! f+]s )\t any tool1 & dri$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,9 ,engl& pott]y ( e sort1 & 9 all c\ntries good pott]y1 mu/ be bak$ or burnt 9 a kiln ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,vessels = hold+ meat & dr9k are almo/ z indisp5sable z ! meat & dr9k !mselves2 & ! two qualities 9 !m t are mo/ valuable are1 t !y %all be *eap1 & easily clean$4 ,pott]y1 z x is n[ produc$ 9 ,engl&1 possesses bo? ( ^! qualities 9 ! v highe/ degree4 ,a :ite bas91 hav+ all ! useful prop]ties ( ! mo/ co/ly vessels1 may be pur*as$ = twop5ce at ! door ( any cottage 9 ,engl&4 ,!re are v few sub/ances us$ 9 human food t h any effect ^u ^! vessels2 & x is only r9s+ !m 9 hot wat]1 & wip+ !m ) a clo?1 & !y are clean4 ,! mak+ ( an e>!n b[l w\ld be to a man :o made a fir/ attempt no easy matt]4 ,let u see h[ x is done s t x c be c>ri$ two or ?ree hundr$ miles & sold = twop5ce1 leav+ a pr(it to ! mak]1 & ! :olesale & retail deal]4 ,! common pott]y is made ( pure clay & pure fl9t4 ,! fl9t is f\nd only 9 ! *alk c\nties1 & ! f9e clays 9 ,devon%ire & ,dorset%ire2 s t1 ) ! exception ( "s clay = co>se w>e1 ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! pott]y is made h to be c>ri$ f ! ,s\? ( ,engl& to ,/af=d%ire1 :]e ! pott]ies are situat$4 ,! great advantage t ,/af=d%ire possesses is abundance ( coal to burn ! w>e & supply ! eng9es t gr9d ! mat]ials4 ,! clay is work$ 9 wat] by v>i\s ma*9]y till x conta9s no s+le piece l>ge en\gh to be visible to ! eye4 ,x is l cream 9 consi/5ce4 ,! fl9ts are burn$4 ,!y are fir/ gr\nd 9 a mill1 & !n work$ 9 wat] 9 ! same mann] z ! clay1 ! l>ge pieces be+ return$ a second "t to ! mill4 ,:5 bo? are f9e en\gh1 "o "p ( fl9t is mix$ ) five or six ( clay2 ! :ole is work$ to a pa/e1 aft] :i* x is knead$ ei!r by ! h&s or a ma*9e2 & :5 ! knead+ is complet$1 x is ready = ! pott]4 ,he has a little :eel :i* lies horizontally4 ,he lays a portion ( clay on ! c5tre ( ! :eel1 puts "o h&1 or f+] if ! vessel is to be a small "o1 9 ! middle1 & 8 o!r h& on ! outside1 &1 z ! :eel turns rapidly r\nd1 draws up a holl[ vessel 9 an in/ant4 ,) 8 h&s1 or ) v simple tools1 he br+s x to ! %ape he wi%es1 cuts x f ! :eel ) a wire1 & a boy c>ries x (f4 ,! pott] makes vessel aft] vessel1 z fa/ z !y c be c>ri$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,engli% ,pott]4 ,! pott]'s :eel is an in/rum5t ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,9 ! book ( ,ecclesia/icus we read--,s do? ! pott]1 sitt+ at 8 "w1 & turn+ ! :eel ab\t ) 8 feet1 :o is always c>efully set at 8 "w1 & make? all 8 "w by numb]3 he fa%ione? ! clay ) 8 arm1 & b[e? d[n 8 /r5g? be=e 8 feet2 he applie? himself to lead x ov]1 & is dilig5t to make clean ! furnace4--7c4 xxxix41 v4 #bi1 #cj47 ,at ! pres5t day ! ori5tal pott] /&s 9 a pit1 9 :i* ! l[] ma*9]y ( 8 :eel is plac$4 ,he works z ! pott] ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,z ! pott] produces ! vessels !y are p>tially dri$2 aft] :i* !y are turn$ on a la! & smoo!d ) a wet sponge :5 necess>y4 ,only r\nd vessels c be made on ! :eel2 ^? ( o!r %apes are made 9 m\lds ( pla/]4 ,h&les & o!r solid p>ts are press$ 9 m\lds1 & /uck on :ile !y & ! vessels are /ill wet4 ,illu/ration3 ,pott]'s :eel ( mod]n ,egypt4 ,! vessels ?us =m$ are fir/ dri$ 9 a /ove1 &1 :5 dry1 burnt 9 a kiln4 ,!y are 9 ?is /ate call$ biscuit4 ,if !y are f9i%$ :ite1 !y are glaz$ by ano!r process4 ,if !y are figur$1 ! patt]ns are engrav$ on copp]1 & pr9t$ on co>se pap] rubb$ ) s(t soap4 ,! ink is made ( "s col\r t w /& ! fire1 gr\nd ) e>?y matt]4 ,^! patt]ns are moi/5$ & appli$ to ! por\s biscuit1 :i* absorbs ! col\r1 & ! pap] is wa%$ (f1 leav+ ! patt]n on ! biscuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\lds = porcela91 & ca/s4 ,! employm5t ( ma*9]y to d all ! heavy "p ( ! "w1 ! division ( lab\r1 by :i* ea* workman acquires wond]ful dext]ity 9 8 dep>tm5t1 & ! conduct+ ( ! :ole ^u a l>ge scale1 give bread to a va/ numb] ( p1 make ! pott]y *eap1 & enable x to be sold at a pr(it 9 almo/ e m>ket 9 ! _w4 ,x is n n9ety ye>s s9ce ! fir/ pott]y ( a good quality 0 ext5sively made 9 ,engl&2 & be=e t "t :at 0 us$ 0 import$1--! common w>e f ,delft1 9 ,holl& 7f :i* x acquir$ its "n71 & ! porcela9 f ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,mill-room1 :]e ! ,+r$i5ts = ,pott]y are mix$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! manufacture ( porcela9 af=ds u two examples ( p]sev]+ +5uity--( int5se devotion to "o object--:i* h few p>allels 9 :at "s may consid] ! high] walks ( art4 ,palissy & ,w$gwood are names t ought to be v5]at$ by e artisan4 ,! "o be/[$ ^u ,france h] manufacture ( porcela91 s long ! almo/ exclusive admiration ( ! weal?y & ! ta/eful4 ,! o!r gave to ,engl& h] m ext5sive production ( e>!nw>e1 comb9+ ) great *eapness ! imitation ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms ( anci5t art4 ,! pott]ies ( ,/af=d%ire may be almo/ said to h be5 creat$ by ,josiah ,w$gwood4 ,9 8 work%ops we may trace ! comm5cem5t ( a sy/em ( improv$ design :i* made 8 w>e s sup]ior to any o!r t _h be5 produc$ 9 ,europe = common uses4 ,9 o!r bran*es ( manufacture ?is sy/em f\nd few imitators2 & we 7 too long cont5t$1 9 our textile fabrics especially1 ) patt]ns t 7 unequall$ = ugl9ess--mis]able imitations ( =eign goods1 or comb9ations ( =m & col\r outrag+ e pr9ciple ( art4 ,we h se5 high] ?+s attempt$ 9 ! pres5t day2 b = ! great] "p ( a c5tury ! w>es ( ! ,/af=d%ire pott] 7 ! only attempts to %[ t ta/e 0 z valuable a quality 9 association ) ! v>i\s articles :i* are requir$ = dome/ic use1 z good mat]ials & clean workman%ip4 ,x 0 long be=e we discov]$ t ta/e _h an appreciable comm]cial value4 ,illu/ration3 ,w$gwood4 ,we ?9k t1 ) reg>d to build+s & ! furniture ( build+s1 x w be admitt$ t ma*9]y1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w1 has increas$ ! means ( e man to procure a %elt] f ! elem5ts1 & to give him a multitude ( conv5i5ces )9 t %elt]4 ,mo/ w agree t a great] numb] ( p]sons are pr(itably employ$ 9 af=d+ ?is %elt] & ^! conv5i5ces1 ) tools & ma*9es1 ?an if !y possess$ no su* me*anical aids to _! indu/ry4 ,9 #ahea !re 7 a hundr$ & eighty-two ?\s& c>p5t]s & jo9]s2 ?irty-"o ?\s& brickmak]s2 sixty-eight ?\s& bricklay]s2 sixty-two ?\s& pa9t]s1 plumb]s1 & glazi]s2 eighte5 ?\s& pla/]]s2 a hundr$ ?\s& masons 7"s ( :om 7 pavi\rs72 =ty-two ?\s& glass & e>!nw>e mak]s2 besides an almo/ innum]able v>iety ( subord9ate trades--engag$ 9 ! production ( h\ses1 _! fitt+s1 & _! ut5sils4 #ba ,*apt] viii4 pp4 #he & #hg4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,dwell+s ( ! p--,ob]l9--,! ,highl&]'s c&le/icks--,supply ( wat]--,london wat]works-- ,/reet-lights--,sew]s4 ,x is satisfactory to obs]ve t ! increase ( h\ses has kept pace ) ! increase ( population4 ,9 #ahja1 9 ,great ,brita91 !re 0 a population ( t5 million five hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 & "o million eight hundr$ ?\s& inhabit$ h\ses4 ,9 #ahea !re 7 tw5ty million eight hundr$ ?\s& p]sons1 & ?ree million eight hundr$ ?\s& inhabit$ h\ses4 ,! numb]s1 9 ea* case1 _h1 z ne>ly z may be1 d\bl$4 ,b x is n equally satisfactory to "k t ! improvem5t 9 ! quality ( ! h\ses 9 :i* ! great body ( ^? :o lab\r = wages abide is n comm5surate ) ! increase 9 _! quantity4 ,x is n fitt+1 t1 :il/ ! g5]al progress ( sci5ce is rais+1 z unque/ionably x is rais+1 ! av]age condition ( ! p--& t :il/ education is go+ =w>d1 sl[ly inde$1 b /ill advanc+--! bulk ( ^? s progress+ %\ld be bel[ _! prop] /&>d ( physical com=t1 f ! too common want ( dec5t h\ses to surr\nd !m ) ! sanctities ( home4 ,9 ! great bus9ess ( ! improvem5t ( _! dwell+s ! work+-m5 require lead]s--n demagogues1 ^: bus9ess is to subv]t1 & n to build up--b lead]s l ! noble pa/or1 ,ob]l91 :o conv]t$ a b>r5 di/rict into a fruitful1 by ! example ( 8 unremitt+ en]gy4 ,?is di/rict 0 cut (f f ! re/ ( ! _w by ! want ( roads4 ,close at h& 0 ,/rasburg1 full ( all ! conv5i5ces ( social life4 ,!re 0 no money to make roads--b !re 0 abundant p[] ( lab\r4 ,!re 7 rocks to be bla/$1 embankm5ts to be rais$1 bridges to be built4 ,! undaunt$ cl]gyman took a pickaxe1 & w5t to "w himself4 ,he work$ alone1 till ! p 7 a%am$ ( see+ him s "w4 ,!y came at la/ to p]ceive t ! ?+ 0 to be done1 & t x 0 wor? ! do+4 ,9 ?ree ye>s ! road 0 made4 ,if !re 7 an ,ob]l9 to lead ! inhabitants ( e fil?y /reet1 & ! families ( e wret*$ h\se1 to _! own prop] "w ( improvem5t1 a t]rible evil w\ld be soon remov$1 :i* is z great an imp$im5t to ! productive p[]s ( a c\ntry1 & !re=e to ! happ9ess ( its p1 z ! want ( ready communication1 or any o!r appliance ( civilization4 ,! enormity ( ! evil w\ld be appall+1 if ! capability ( its removal 9 "s degree 7 n equally c]ta94 ,:atev] a gov]nm5t may attempt--:atev] municipalities or b5evol5t associations--!re c be no?+ s effectual 9 ! uphold+ to a prop] m>k ! dome/ic com=t ( ! work+-m5 ( ?is c\ntry1 z _! firm resolve to uphold !mselves4 ,/ill1 unhappily1 x is an und\bt$ fact t ! mo/ indu/ri\s m5 9 l>ge cities are too (t5 unable to procure a fit dwell+1 h[ev] able to pay = x & desir\s to procure x4 ,! h\ses h be5 built ) no ref]5ce to su* increas+ wants4 ,! idle & ! dilig5t1 ! pr(ligate & ! prud5t1 ! crim9al & ! hone/1 ! diseas$ & ! heal?ful1 are !re=e ?ru/ into close neighb\rhood4 ,!re is no escape4 ,is ?is t]rible evil incapable ( rem$y8 ,to discov] t rem$y1 & apply x1 is truly a national conc]n2 = assur$ly !re is no capital ( a c\ntry s wor? pres]v+ 9 ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy z ! capital x possesses 9 an indu/ri\s population4 ,!re is a noble moral 9 a passage ( ,scott's romance1 ',! ,leg5d ( ,montrose4' ,a ,highl& *ief _h bett$ ) a m luxuri\s ,engli% b>onet :om he _h visit$1 t he _h bett] c&le/icks at home ?an ! six silv] ones :i* ! ri*] man _h put ^u 8 d9n]-table4 ,! ,engli%man w5t to ! *ief's ca/le 9 ! hills1 :]e ! own] 0 mis]able ab\t ! issue ( 8 bragg+ bet4 ,b 8 bro!r _h a device :i* sav$ ! hon\r ( ! clan4 ,! att5dant ann\nc$ t ! d9n] 0 ready1 & ! c&les light$4 ,beh9d ea* *air = ! gue/s /ood a gigantic ,highl&] ) 8 drawn sword 9 8 "r h&1 & a blaz+ tor* 9 8 left1 made ( ! bog-p9e2 & ! bro!r exclaim$ to ! />tl$ company--',w\ld y d>e to comp>e to ,,!m 9 value ! ri*e/ ore t ev] 0 dug out ( ! m9e8' ,we may naturally pass f ^! consid]ations to a mo/ important bran* ( ! great subject ( ! exp5diture ( capital = public objects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! p :o live 9 small villages1 or 9 scatt]$ habitations 9 ! c\ntry1 h c]ta9ly n s _m direct b5efits f ma*9]y z ! inhabitants ( t[ns4 ,!y h ! articles at a *eap rate :i* ma*9es produce1 b !re are n s _m ma*9es at "w = !m z = d5se populations4 ,f want ( k !y may be unable to p]ceive ! connexion betwe5 a *eap coat1 or a *eap tool1 & ! ma*9es :i* make !m pl5tiful1 & !re=e *eap4 ,b ev5 !y1 :5 ! sav+ ( lab\r by a ma*9e is a sav+ :i* imm$iately affects !m1 are n sl[ to ackn[l$ge ! b5efits !y d]ive f t be/ ( economy4 ,! ,scriptures allude to ! pa9ful condition ( ! hew]s ( wood & ! draw]s ( wat]2 & c]ta9ly--9 a /ate ( society :]e !re are no ma*9es at all1 or v rude ma*9es--to cut d[n a tree & cleave x into logs1 & to raise a bucket f a well1 are v labori\s occupations1 ! exi/5ce ( :i*1 to any ext5t1 among/ a p1 w\ld m>k !m z rema9+ 9 a wret*$ condition4 ,imm$iately t ! p h ! simple/ me*anical contrivance1 su* z ! load$ lev]1 to raise wat] f a well1 :i* is f\nd repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian sculpture1 & also 9 our own ,anglo-,saxon draw+s1 !y are advanc+ to ! condition ( rais+ wat] by ma*9]y4 ,! ori5tal %ado( is a ma*9e4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 at ! pres5t day1 !re are n _m h\ses1 9 situations :]e wat] is at h&1 t h n ! w9dlass1 or1 :at is bett]1 ! pump1 to raise ?is great necess>y ( life f ! well4 ,"s cottag]s1 h[ev]1 h no su* ma*9es1 & bitt]ly d !y lam5t ! want ( !m4 ,we once met an old woman 9 a c\ntry di/rict tott]+ "u ! weight ( a bucket1 :i* %e 0 lab\r+ to c>ry up a hill4 ,we ask$ h] h[ %e & h] family 7 (f 9 ! _w4 ,%e repli$1 t %e c\ld d pretty well ) !m1 = !y c\ld all "w1 if x 7 n = "o ?+--x 0 "o p]son's lab\r to fet* wat] f ! spr+2 b1 said %e1 if we _h a pump h&y1 we %\ld n h mu* to compla9 (4 ,?is old woman v wisely _h no love ( lab\r = its own sake2 %e saw no advantage 9 ! lab\r ( "o ( h] family be+ giv5 = ! atta9m5t ( a good :i* %e knew might be atta9$ by a v common inv5tion4 ,%e want$ a ma*9e to save t lab\r4 ,su* a ma*9e w\ld h set at lib]ty a c]ta9 quantity ( lab\r :i* 0 previ\sly employ$ unpr(itably2 9 o!r words1 x w\ld h left h] or h] *ildr5 m "t = m pr(itable "w1 & !n ! family e>n+s w\ld h be5 increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,%ado(4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ( view 9 :i* ?is ma*9e w\ld h b5efit$ ! good woman & h] family4 ,wat] is n only necess>y to dr9k & to prep>e food )1 b x is necess>y = cleanl9ess1 & cleanl9ess is necess>y = heal?4 ,if !re is a sc>city ( wat]1 or if x requires a great deal ( lab\r to obta9 x1 7:i* comes to ! same ?+ z a sc>city17 ! uses ( wat] = cleanl9ess w be :olly or 9 "p neglect$4 ,if ! neglect becomes a habit1 :i* x is sure to d1 disease1 & t ( ! wor/ sort1 _c be prev5t$4 ,:5 m5 ga!r toge!r 9 l>ge bodies1 & inhabit t[ns or cities1 a pl5tiful supply ( wat] is ! fir/ ?+ to :i* !y direct _! att5tion4 ,if t[ns are built 9 situations :]e pure wat] _c be readily obta9$1 ! inhabitants1 & especially ! poor] sort1 suff] ev5 m mis]y ?an results f ! want ( bread or clo!s4 ,9 "s cities ( ,spa91 = in/ance1 :]e ! p und]/& v little ab\t ma*9]y1 wat]1 at p>ticul> p]iods ( ! ye>1 is z de> z w9e2 & ! lab\r+ classes are consequ5tly 9 a mo/ mis]able condition4 ,9 ,london1 on ! contr>y1 wat] is s pl5tiful1 t1 z x appe>s f a return ( ! v>i\s wat] companies1 ! daily av]age ( wat]-supply is sixty-two million gallons1 be+ an av]age ( ab\t two hundr$ & two gallons to ea* h\se & o!r build+s1 :i* am\nt to ?ree hundr$ & t5 ?\s&4 ,?is seems an enorm\s supply2 b !re are reasons = ?9k+ t ! quantity ought to be increas$1 & ! arrangem5ts made s p]fect1 t !re %\ld be a p]petual /ream ( wat] ?r\gh ! pipes ( ea* h\se1 l t ?r\gh ! art]ies f ! he>t4 ,! condition ^u :i* ! pres5t wat] companies are all[$ to cont9ue _! functions is1 t !y %all1 be=e ! expiration ( ano!r ye>1 provide a l>g] & a pur] supply4 ,yet1 incomplete z ^! arrangem5ts are1 !y are wondr\s :5 comp>$ ) ! wat]-supply ( o!r times2 & x is satisfactory to "k t !re are v few ( our great t[ns :i* are n suppli$ z well z1 & _m mu* bett] ?an1 ,london4 ,!re are v few l>ge places 9 ,great ,brita9 :]e1 by ma*9]y1 wat] is n only deliv]$ to ! kit*5s & wa%h\ses on ! gr\nd-floors1 :]e x is mo/ want$1 b is s5t up to ! v tops ( ! h\ses1 to save ev5 ! comp>atively little lab\r ( fet*+ x f ! bottom4 ,! co/ ( ?is greatly v>ies 9 p>ticul> localities2 & 9 mo/ places ! supply is af=d$ m *eaply ?an 9 ! metropolis4 ,!re are natural difficulties 9 ,london1 z 9 o!r va/ cities1 :i* h be5 *iefly creat$ ?r\gh ! unexampl$ increase ( ! p4 ,! sanit>y arrangem5ts ( our great t[ns--! supply ( wat]1 ! dra9age--h foll[$ ! gr[? ( ! population & n prec$$ x4 ,z ! necessity has aris5 = su* a m9i/ration to ! absolute wants ( a community1 x has inevitably become a sy/em ( exp$i5ts4 ,we are wis] n[ :5 we build ^u new gr\nd4 ,we fir/ con/ruct our l9es ( /reet1 ) sew]s1 & wat]-pipes1 & gas-pipes1 & !n we build our h\ses4 ,:at a diff]5t affair is x to manage ^! matt]s effectually :5 ! h\ses h be5 previ\sly built ) v slight ref]5ce to su* conditions ( social exi/5ce6 ,z long ago z ! ye> #abcf1 :5 a great want ( wat] 0 felt 9 ,london1 ! little spr+s be+ block$ up & cov]$ ov] by build+s1 ! rul+ m5 ( ! city caus$ wat] to be br\ght f ,tyburn1 :i* 0 !n a di/ant village1 by means ( pipes2 & !y laid a tax ^u p>ticul> bran*es ( trade to pay ! exp5se ( ?is great bless+ to all4 ,9 succe$+ times m pipes & conduits1 t is1 m ma*9]y1 7 e/abli%$ = ! same good purpose2 & two c5turies aft]w>ds1 ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,six? gave 8 aid to ! same sort ( works1 9 grant+ p>ticul> advantages 9 obta9+ lead = mak+ pipes4 ,! reason = ?is aid to su* works 01 z ! royal decree set =?1 t !y 7 = ! common utility & dec5cy ( all ! city1 & = ! univ]sal advantage1 & a v true reason ?is 04 ,z ?is great t[n m & m increas$1 m wat]works 7 f\nd necess>y2 till at la/1 9 ! reign ( ,james ! ,fir/1 :i* 0 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] t ( ,h5ry ! ,six?1 a mo/ +5i\s & ent]pris+ man1 & a great b5efactor to 8 c\ntry1 ,hugh ,myddleton1 und]took to br+ a riv] ( pure wat] above ?irty-eight miles out ( its natural c\rse1 = ! supply ( ,london4 ,he p]sev]$ 9 ?is imm5se und]tak+1 9 spite ( e difficulty1 till he at la/ accompli%$ t great good :i* he _h propos$1 ( br++ :olesome wat] to e man's door4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,new ,riv]1 :i* 0 ! "w ( ,hugh ,myddleton1 supplies m ?an sev5te5 millions ( gallons ( wat] e day2 & ?\gh ! orig9al projector 0 ru9$1 by ! und]tak+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! difficulty :i* he _h 9 procur+ prop] support1 su* is n[ ! g5]al conviction ( ! advantage :i* he procur$ = 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & s desir\s are ! p to possess t advantage1 t a %>e 9 ! ,new ,riv] ,company1 :i* 0 at fir/ sold at "o hundr$ p\nds1 is n[ wor? ?ree ?\s& p\nds4 ,be=e ! p ( ,london _h wat] br\ght to _! own doors1 & ev5 into _! v h\ses1 & into e room ( _! h\ses :]e x is desirable to br+ x1 !y 7 oblig$ to s5d = ?is great article ( life--fir/1 to ! few spr+s :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! city & its neighb\rhood1 &1 secondly1 to ! conduits & f\nta9s1 :i* 7 imp]fect me*anical contrivances = br++ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,conduit 9 ,we/*eap4 ,! s]vice-pipes to ea* h\se are m p]fect me*anical contrivances2 b !y c\ld n h be5 r5d]$ s p]fect )\t eng9es1 :i* =ce ! wat] above ! level ( ! s\rce f :i* x is tak54 ,:5 ! inhabitants fet*$ _! wat] f ! spr+s & conduits !re 0 a great deal ( human lab\r employ$2 & z 9 e l>ge community !re are always p ready to p]=m lab\r = money1 _m p]sons obta9$ a liv+ by c>ry+ wat]4 ,:5 ! ,new ,riv] _h be5 dug1 & ! pipes _h be5 laid d[n1 & ! eng9es _h be5 set up1 x is p]fectly cle> t !re w\ld h be5 no fur!r ne$ = ^! wat]-c>ri]s4 ,:5 ! p ( ,london c\ld obta9 two hundr$ gallons ( wat] = twop5ce1 !y w\ld n employ a man to fet* a s+le bucket f ! riv] or f\nta9 at ! same price4 ,!y w\ld n1 = ! m]e love ( employ+ human lab\r directly1 cont9ue to buy an article v de>1 :i*1 by me*anical aid1 !y c\ld buy v *eap4 ,if !y _h resolv$1 f any mi/ak5 notions ab\t ma*9]y1 to cont9ue to employ ! wat]-c>ri]s1 !y mu/ h be5 cont5t$ ) "o gallon ( wat] a day in/ead ( two hundr$ gallons4 ,or if !y _h consum$ a l>g] quantity1 & cont9u$ to pay ! price ( br++ x to !m by h&1 !y mu/ h d5i$ !mselves o!r necess>ies & com=ts4 ,!y mu/ h gone )\t a c]ta9 portion ( food1 or clo?+1 or fuel1 :i* !y are n[ enabl$ to obta9 by ! sav+ 9 ! article ( wat]4 ,to h _h = ea* h\se two hundr$ gallons ( wat]1 &1 9 hav+ ?is two hundr$ gallons ( wat]1 to h _h ! cleanl9ess & heal? :i* result f its use1 w\ld h be5 utt]ly impossible4 ,! supply ( "o gallon1 in/ead ( two hundr$ gallons to ea* h\se1 w\ld at pres5t am\nt to #caj1jjj gallons daily2 :i* at a p5ny a gallon w\ld co/ #abial4 p] day2 or #ijcgl4 p] week2 or #dfi1gbdl41 or v ne>ly half a million1 p] ye>4 ,^u ! assumption t "o man1 )\t any me*anical arrangem5t besides 8 c1 c\ld c>ry tw5ty gallons a day1 ?us e>n+ t5 %ill+s a week1 ?is w\ld employ no few] ?an #ah1jgd p]sons--a v army ( wat]-c>ri]s4 ,to supply t5 gallons a day to ea* h\se w\ld co/ ne>ly five millions a ye>1 & w\ld employ #ahj1gdj p]sons4 ,to supply two hundr$ gallons a day w\ld require #c1fad1hjj p]sons--a numb] exce$+ ! total population ( ,london4 ,! :ole numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ! wat]works' s]vice ( all ,great ,brita9 is "u #ajjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,old wat]-c>ri] ( ,london4 ,!re is n[1 c]ta9ly1 no lab\r to be p]=m$ by wat]-c>ri]s4 ,b suppose t five hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 !re 7 a small numb] ( p]sons :o ga9$ _! liv+ by su* drudg]y1 !y _h det]m9$ to prev5t ! br++ ( wat] by pipes into ,london4 ,suppose also t !y _h succe$$2 & t up to ! pres5t day we _h no pipes or o!r me*anical aids = supply+ ! wat]4 ,x is q evid5t t if ?is mis=tune _h happ5$--if ! welf>e ( ! _m _h be5 ret>d$ 7= x nev] c\ld h be5 f9ally /opp$7 by ! ignorance ( ! few--,london1 z we h already %[n1 w\ld n h _h a tw5tie? "p ( its pres5t population2 & ! population ( e o!r t[n1 dep5d+ z population does ^u ! increase ( pr(itable lab\r1 c\ld nev] h gone =w>d4 ,h[ !n w\ld ! case h /ood z to ! am\nt ( lab\r engag$ 9 ! supply ( wat]8 ,a few hundr$1 at ! utmo/ a few ?\s&1 c>ri]s ( wat] w\ld h be5 employ$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom2 :ile ! smelt]s & f\nd]s ( iron ( :i* wat]-pipes are made1 ! lab\r]s :o lay d[n ^! pipes1 ! f\nd]s ( lead :o make ! s]vice-pipes1 & ! plumb]s :o apply !m2 ! c>ri]s1 :e!r by wat] or l&1 :o are engag$ 9 br++ !m to ! t[ns1 ! manufactur]s ( ! eng9es :i* raise ! wat]1 ! build]s ( ! h\ses 9 :i* ! eng9es /&--^!1 & _m o!r lab\r]s & me*anics :o directly & indirectly contribute to ! same public advantage1 c\ld nev] h be5 call$ into employm5t4 ,to h cont9u$ to use ! p[] ( ! wat]-c>ri]s w\ld h r5d]$ ! commodity two hundr$ times de>] ?an x is suppli$ by me*anical p[]4 ,! pres5t *eapness ( production1 by me*anical p[]1 supplies employm5t to an inf9itely great] numb] ( p]sons ?an c\ld h be5 requir$ by a p]sev]ance 9 ! rude & wa/eful sy/em :i* belong$ to =m] ages ( ignorance & wret*$ness4 ,:5 a sev]e fro/ *okes up ! small wat]-pipes t conduct ! useful /ream into ea* h\se1 :at anxiety & tr\ble is !re 9 e ?or\ghf>e6 ,! ma9 pipes are n froz52 & ! supply is to be got 9 pails & pit*]s f a plug 9 ! pavem5t1 :]e a tempor>y cock is ins]t$4 ,h[ gladly is ?is device resort$ to6 ,b imag9e x to be ! lab\r ( e day1 & :at an am\nt ( pr(itable "t w\ld be d$uct$ f dome/ic employ6 ,illu/ration3 ,plug 9 a fro/4 ,:5 society is m p]fectly organiz$ ?an x is at pres5t1 & :5 ! great body ( ! p und]/& ! value ( co-op]ation = procur+ advantages t individuals _c atta91 public ba?s w be e/abli%$ 9 e t[n1 & 9 e di/rict ( a t[n4 ,! great ,roman p _h public ba?s = all ranks2 & rema9s ( _! ba?s /ill exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! great ,briti% p h only ?\ght )9 ^! few ye>s t public ba?s 7 a necessity4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( public wa%h\ses1 9 connexion ) ba?s1 hav+ e advantage ( ma*9]y & economical arrangem5ts1 are real bless+s to ! few :o n[ use !m4 ,x is little m ?an ?irty ye>s s9ce ,london 0 light$ ) gas4 ,pall ,mall 0 ?us light$ 9 #ahjg1 by a *>t]$ company1 to ^: claims = support ! majority ( h\sehold]s 7 utt]ly oppos$4 ,!y _h _! old oil-lamps1 :i* 7 ?\ght absolute p]fection4 ,! ma9 pipes :i* convey gas to ! ,london h\ses are n[ fifte5 hundr$ miles 9 l5g?4 ,!re are1 we believe1 ne>ly a ?\s& proprietory gas-works 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! noble/ prospect 9 ! _w is ,london f ,hamp/ead ,hea? on a bright w9t]'s ev5+4 ,! />s are %9+ 9 heav51 b !re are ?\s&s ( e>?ly />s glitt]+ 9 ! city !re spread be=e u3 & z we look into any small space ( t wondr\s illum9ation1 we c trace long l9es ( light los+ !mselves 9 ! g5]al spl5dor ( ! di/ance1 & we c see dim %apes ( mighty build+s af> (f1 %[+ _! d>k masses amid/ ! gl[+ atmosph]e t hangs ov] ! capital = miles1 ) ! edges ( flick]+ cl\ds gild$ z if !y 7 t\*$ by ! fir/ sunlight4 ,?is is a spectacle t m5 look n ^u1 because x is common2 & s we walk amid/ ! nightly spl5d\rs ( ! ,/r&1 & =get :at x 0 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury--! days ( d>kness visible1 "u ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ! tw9kl+ lamp1 ! wat*man's lant]n1 & ! vagabond's l9k4 ,! la/1 b 9 _m respects "o ( ! mo/ useful ( public works 9 ,great ,brita91 to :i* a l>ge am\nt ( capital has be5 devot$1 is ! con/ruction ( sew]s 9 our cities & t[ns4 ,popul> intellig5ce & (ficial p[] h be5 v sl[ly awak5$ to ! p]=mance ( ?is duty4 ,& yet ! consequ5ces ( neglect h be5 felt = c5turies4 ,9 #abij ! monks ( ,:ite ,fri>s & ( ,black ,fri>s compla9$ to ! k+ t ! exhalations f ! ,fleet ,riv] ov]came ! pleasant od\r ( ! frank9c5se :i* burn$ on _! alt>s1 & occasion$ ! dea?s ( ! bre?r54 ,?is 0 ! pollut$ /ream t 9 "t came to be kn[n z ,fleet ,dit*1 :i* ,pope describ$ z ,! k+ ( dykes1 ?an :om no sluice ( mud ,) deep] sable blots ! silv] flood4 ,illu/ration3 ,london /reet-lights1 #agfj4 ,fleet ,dit* became su* a nuisance t x 0 p>tly fill$ up by act ( p>liam5t soon aft] ^! l9es 7 writt54 ,! ,london]s _h !n _! res]voirs ( fil?1 call$ lay/alls1 9 v>i\s p>ts ne> ! riv]2 & ! pe/il5t accumulations spread disease all ov] ! city4 ,! sy/em ( sew]s 0 begun 9 #agef1 & f t "t to ! pres5t sev]al hundr$s ( miles ( sew]s h be5 con/ruct$4 ,b1 alas1 ! ,?ames itself is n[ ! k+ ( dykes1 & ! metropolis1 heal?y z x is1 w nev] atta9 ! sanit>y /ate ( :i* x is capable till ! :ole sy/em ( ! outfall ( ! sew]s is *ang$4 ,! necess>y "w w\ld involve ! exp5diture ( millions4 ,b ! millions mu/ be sp5t4 ,9 ! mean "t x is satisfactory to "k t 9 t[ns ( small] population1 :]e ! evil is f> less va/1 & ! natural difficulties ( removal greatly less1 ! "w ( purification is go+ on rapidly4 ,public op9ion has gone s /rongly 9 ! direction ( a ?or\gh re=mation1 t ! duty c no long] be neglect$4 ,e ?\s& p\nds ( public capital s exp5d$ is an addition to "o ( ! be/ accumulations ( national weal?4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,e>ly int]c\rse ) =eign nations--,progress ( ! cotton manufacture--,h&-sp9n+--,arkwright--,cro mpton-- ,p[]-loom--,c>twright--,especial b5efits ( ma*9]y 9 ?is manufacture4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! p ( ,engl& 7 v inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ( ,france1 & ( ,g]many1 9 v>i\s productions ( manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,we fir/ gave an impulse to our wooll5 trade1 :i* = sev]al c5turies 0 ! great /aple ( ! c\ntry2 by procur+ =eign workm5 to tea* our p _! craft4 ,be=e t p]iod ! nations on ! ,cont95t _h a prov]b aga9/ u4 ,!y said1 ! /rang] buys ( ! ,engli%man ! sk9 ( ! fox = a groat1 & sells him ! tail aga9 = a %ill+4 ,! prov]b meant t we _h n skill to conv]t ! raw mat]ial into an article ( use1 & t we paid a l>ge price = ! lab\r & +5uity :i* made our native mat]ial available to ourselves4 ,b /ill our int]c\rse1 su* z x 0 !n1 ) ! /rang] 0 bett] ?an no int]c\rse4 ,we gave ! r\gh & /9k+ fox's sk9 = a groat1 & we got ! nicely dress$ tippet = a %ill+4 ,! next be/ ?+ to dress+ ! sk9 ourselves 0 to pay o!r p = dress+ x4 ,)\t =eign communication we %\ld n h got t article ( clo?+ at all4 ,all nations t h made any consid]able advance 9 civilization h be5 comm]cial nations4 ,! arts ( life are v imp]fectly und]/ood 9 c\ntries :i* h little communication ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly ! inhabitants are poor & wret*$2--_! condition is n bett]$ by ! ex*ange ) o!r c\ntries1 ei!r ( goods or ( k4 ,!y h ! fox's sk91 b !y d n "k h[ to conv]t x into value1 by be+ furri]s !mselves1 or by communication ) /rang] furri]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton2 %[+ a pod bur/+4 ,! p ( ! ,ea/1 among/ :om a c]ta9 degree ( civilization has exi/$ f high antiquity1 7 n only ! gr[]s ( _m productions :i* 7 unsuit$ to ! climate & soil ( ,europe1 b !y 7 ! manufactur]s also4 ,cotton1 = in/ance1 0 cultivat$ f "t immemorial 9 ,h9du/an1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,p]sia1 & 9 ,egypt4 ,cotton 0 a mat]ial easily gr[n & collect$2 & ! pati5t indu/ry ( ! p by :om x 0 cultivat$1 _! simple habits1 & _! few wants1 enabl$ !m to s5d into ,europe _! manufactur$ /uffs ( a f9e & durable quality1 "u e disadvantage ( l&-c>riage1 ev5 f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,be=e ! discov]y1 h[ev]1 ( ! passage to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 cotton goods 9 ,europe 7 articles ( great price & luxury4 ,m4 ,say well obs]ves t1 al?\gh cotton /uffs 7 *eap] ?an silk 7:i* 0 =m]ly sold = its weight 9 gold71 !y 7 /ill articles :i* c\ld only be pur*as$ by ! mo/ opul5t2 & t1 if a ,grecian lady c\ld awake f h] sleep ( two ?\s& ye>s1 h] a/oni%m5t w\ld be unb\nd$ to see a simple c\ntry girl clo!d ) a g[n ( pr9t$ cotton1 a musl9 k]*ief1 & a col\r$ %awl4 ,:5 ,india 0 op5 to ! %ips ( ,europe1 ! ,portuguese1 ! ,dut*1 & ! ,engli% sold cotton goods 9 e m>ket1 9 consid]able quantities4 ,^! /uffs bore _! ,indian names ( calicoes & musl9s2 &1 :e!r blea*$ or dy$1 7 equally valu$ z among/ ! mo/ useful & ornam5tal articles ( ,european dress4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,france began to manufacture into /uffs ! raw cotton import$ f ,india1 z ,italy _h done a c5tury be=e4 ,a cruel act ( despotism drove ! be/ ,fr5* workm51 :o 7 ,prote/ants1 into ,engl&1 & we le>n$ ! manufacture4 ,! same act ( despotism1 ! revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 caus$ ! settlem5t ( silk-manufactur]s 9 ,spitalfields4 ,we did n make any consid]able progress 9 ! art1 nor did we use ! mat]ial ( cotton exclusively 9 mak+ up ! goods4 ,! w>p1 or longitud9al ?reads ( ! clo?1 7 ( flax1 ! weft only 0 ( cotton2 = we c\ld n twi/ x h>d en\gh by h& to s]ve bo? purposes4 ,?is weft 0 spun entirely by h& ) a di/aff & sp9dle--! same process 9 :i* ! wom5 ( ,engl& _h be5 engag$ = c5turies2 & :i* we see repres5t$ 9 anci5t draw+s4 ,our manufacture1 9 spite ( all ^! disadvantages1 cont9u$ to increase2 s t ab\t #agfj1 al?\gh !re 7 fifty ?\s& sp9dles at "w 9 ,lanca%ire alone1 ! weav] f\nd ! greate/ difficulty 9 procur+ a suffici5t supply ( ?read4 ,nei!r weav+ nor sp9n+ 0 !n c>ri$ on 9 l>ge factories4 ,!y 7 dome/ic occupations4 ,! wom5 ( a family work$ at ! di/aff or ! h&-:eel1 & !re 7 two op]ations necess>y 9 ?is dep>tm5t2 rov+1 or co>se sp9n+1 r$uc$ ! c>d$ cotton to ! ?ickness ( a quill1 & ! sp9n] aft]w>ds drew out & twi/$ ! rov+ into weft f9e en\gh = ! weav]4 ,! sp9/]s ( ,engl& 7 c>ry+ on ! same op]ation z ! sp9/]s ( ,india4 ,9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gue/1 a writ] on ! cotton-manufacture1 v few weav]s c\ld procure weft en\gh to keep !mselves con/antly employ$4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+1 he says1 = a weav] to walk ?ree or f\r miles 9 a morn+1 & call on five or six sp9n]s1 be=e he c\ld collect weft to s]ve him = ! rema9d] ( ! day2 & :5 he wi%$ to weave a piece 9 a %ort] "t ?an usual1 a new ribbon or g[n 0 necess>y to quick5 ! ex]tions ( ! sp9n]4 ,illu/ration3 ,di/aff4 ,t ! manufacture %\ld h fl\ri%$ 9 ,engl& at all "u ^! difficulties is hon\rable to ! indu/ry ( our c\ntry2 = ! ma*9]y us$ 9 weav+ 0 also ( ! rude/ sort1 s t1 if ! web 0 m ?an ?ree feet wide1 ! lab\r ( two m5 0 necess>y to ?r[ ! %uttle4 ,engli% cotton goods1 ( c\rse1 7 v de>1 & !re 0 little v>iety 9 !m4 ,! clo? made ( flax & cotton 0 call$ fu/ian2 = :i* article ,man*e/] 0 fam\s1 z well z = laces4 ,we /ill1 receiv$ ! calicoes & pr9t$ cottons f ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,h9doo woman sp9n+ ,cotton4 ,9 a c\ntry l ours1 :]e m5 h le>n$ to ?9k1 & :]e +5uity !re=e is at "w1 a defici5cy 9 mat]ial or 9 lab\r to meet ! dem& ( a m>ket is sure to call =? inv5tion4 ,x is a c5tury ago s9ce x 0 p]ceiv$ t sp9n+ by ma*9]y might give ! supply :i* human lab\r 0 inadequate to produce1 because1 d\btless1 ! remun]ation = t lab\r 0 v small4 ,! "w ( ! di/aff1 z x 0 c>ri$ on at t p]iod1 9 di/ricts p>tly agricultural & p>tly comm]cial1 01 g5]ally1 an employm5t = ! sp>e h\rs ( ! "y wom51 & ! easy indu/ry ( ! old4 ,x 0 a lab\r t 0 to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ ! family1--n a complete means = _! ma9t5ance4 ,! supply ( y>n 0 !re=e insuffici5t1 & +5i\s m5 appli$ !mselves to rem$y t insuffici5cy4 ,sp9n+-mills 7 built at ,nor?ampton 9 #agcc1 9 :i*1 x is said1 al?\gh we h no precise acc\nt ( x1 t an app>atus = sp9n+ 0 erect$4 ,a ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,e>n%aw1 ( ,mottram1 9 ,*e%ire1 is record$ to h inv5t$ a ma*9e1 9 #agec1 to sp9 & reel cotton at "o op]ation2 :i* he %[$ to 8 neighb\rs & !n de/roy$ x1 ?r\gh ! g5]\s appreh5sion t he might deprive ! poor ( bread4 ,we mu/ admire ! motive ( ?is good man1 al?\gh we are n[ enabl$ to %[ t 8 judgm5t 0 mi/ak54 ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 a b>b] ( ,pre/on1 inv5t$1 9 #agfi1 ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ma*9]y = sp9n+ cotton1 & by s do+ he gave bread to ab\t two millions ( p in/ead ( fifty ?\s&2 &1 assi/$ by subsequ5t inv5tions1 rais$ ! importation ( cotton-wool f less ?an two million p\nds p] annum to a ?\s& million p\nds2 has enabl$ u to supply o!r nations ) cotton manufactures to ! enorm\s am\nt ( ?irty-?ree million p\nds /]l+1 9 "o ye>1 #ahec2 has rais$ ! annual produce ( ! manufacture f two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds /]l+ to at lea/ sixty million p\nds /]l+2 & has giv5 direct employm5t to half a million ( m51 wom51 & "y p]sons4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright4 ,& h[ did ,arkwright effect ?is great revolution8 ,he ask$ himself :e!r x 0 n possible1 in/ead ( a :eel :i* sp9s a s+le ?read ( cotton at a "t1 & by means ( :i* ! sp9n] c\ld obta9 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ab\t two ounces ( ?read1--:e!r x might n be possible to sp9 ! same mat]ial ^u a great numb] ( :eels1 f :i* _m hundr$s ( ?reads might issue at ! same mom5t4 ,! difficulty 0 9 giv+ to ^! num]\s :eels1 sp9n+ s _m ?reads1 ! peculi> action ( two h&s :5 !y p9*1 at a little di/ance f ea* o!r1 a lock ( cotton1 r5d]+ x f9] z x is drawn out4 ,x 0 necess>y1 also1 at ! same "t1 to imitate ! action ( ! sp9dle1 :i* twi/$ toge!r ! filam5ts at ! mom5t !y _h atta9$ ! necess>y degree ( f95ess4 ,x w\ld be extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to give an adequate idea1 by words1 ( ! complex ma*9]y by :i* ,arkwright accompli%$ 8 object4 ,s9ce ,arkwright's "t prodigi\s improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! ma*9]y = cotton-sp9n+2 b ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same1 namely1 to enable roll]s to d ! "w ( human f+]s1 ) mu* great] precision1 & incomp>ably *eap]4 ,we w attempt briefly to describe ?is *ief portion ( ! great inv5tion4 ,we mu/ suppose t1 by ! previ\s op]ation ( c>d+1 ! cotton-wool has be5 s comb$ & prep>$ z to be =m$ into a long untwi/$ l9e ( ab\t ! ?ickness ( a man's f+]4 ,?is l9e s =m$ 7aft] x has be5 introduc$ into ! sp9n+-ma*9e7 is call$ a rov+1 ! old "n 9 h&-sp9n+4 ,illu/ration3 ,arkwright's orig9al sp9n+-ma*9e4 ,9 ord] to conv]t ?is rov+ into a ?read1 x is necess>y t ! fibres1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p curl$ up1 & :i* lie 9 all directions1 %\ld be /ret*$ out & laid l5g?wise1 side by side2 t !y %\ld be press$ toge!r s z to give !m a m compact =m2 & t !y %\ld be twi/$1 s z to unite !m all firmly toge!r4 ,9 ! orig9al me?od ( sp9n+ by ! di/aff1 ^? op]ations 7 p]=m$ by ! f+] & ?umb1 & !y 7 aft]w>ds effect$ ) great] rapidity1 b less p]fectly1 by means ( ! long :eel & sp9dle4 ,= ! same purpose1 ,arkwright employ$ two pairs ( small roll]s1 ! "o pair be+ plac$ at a little di/ance 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,! l[] roll] 9 ea* pair is furr[$ or flut$ l5g?wise1 & ! upp] "o is cov]$ ) lea!r2 s t1 z !y revolve 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 !y take fa/ hold ( ! cotton :i* passes betwe5 !m4 ,bo? pairs ( roll]s are turn$ by ma*9]y1 :i* is s contriv$ t ! second pair %all turn r\nd ) mu* m swiftness ?an ! fir/4 ,n[ suppose t a rov+ is put betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( roll]s4 ,! imm$iate effect is m]ely to press x toge!r into a m compact =m4 ,b ! rov+ has b j pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ pair ( roll]s1 :5 x is receiv$ betwe5 ! second pair2 & z ! roll]s ( ! second pair revolve ) great] velocity ?an ^? ( ! fir/1 !y draw ! rov+ =w>ds ) great] rapidity ?an x is giv5 out by ! fir/ pair4 ,consequ5tly1 ! rov+ w be l5g!n$ 9 pass+ f "o pair to ! o!r2 & ! fibres ( :i* x is compos$ w be drawn out & laid l5g?wise side by side4 ,! increase ( l5g? w be exactly 9 proportion to ! increas$ velocity ( ! second pair ( roll]s4 ,two or m rov+s are g5]ally unit$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,?us1 suppose t two rov+s are introduc$ toge!r betwe5 ! fir/ pair ( roll]s1 & t ! second pair ( roll]s moves ) twice ! velocity ( ! fir/4 ,! new rov+ ?us =m$ by ! union ( ! two w !n be ( exactly twice ! l5g? ( ei!r ( ! orig9al ones4 ,x w !re=e conta9 exactly ! same quantity ( cotton p] y>d4 ,b its p>ts w be v diff]5tly arrang$1 & its fibres w be drawn out longitud9ally1 & w be ?us mu* bett] fitt$ = =m+ a ?read4 ,?is op]ation ( d\bl+ & draw+ is repeat$ z (t5 z is f\nd necess>y1 & ! requisite degree ( twi/ is giv5 by a ma*9e simil> to ! sp9dle & fly ( ! common flax-:eel4 ,! sp9n+-mule1 inv5t$ by ,samuel ,crompton1 c>ri$ ! me*anism ( ! cotton-factory _m /eps 9 advance4 ,long aft] ,crompton1 came ! self-act+ mule4 ,x is a c>riage "s tw5ty or ?irty feet long1 travell+ to & fro1 & draw+ out ! mo/ delicate ?reads ?r\gh hundr$s ( sp9dles1 :irl+ at a rate :i* sc>cely p]mits ! eye to trace _! motion4 ,mr4 ,:itwor? says1--,s great are ! improvem5ts effect$ 9 sp9n+ ma*9]y1 t "o man c att5d to a mule conta9+ #ajhh sp9dles1 ea* sp9n+ #c hanks1 or #cbfd hanks 9 ! aggregate p] day4 ,9 ,h9du/an1 :]e !y /ill sp9 by h&1 x w\ld be extravagant to expect a sp9n] to accompli% "o hank p] day2 s t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,great ,brita9 also we f9d ! same am\nt ( manual lab\r1 by improv$ ma*9]y1 do+ m ?an #cjjj times ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,samuel ,crompton1 inv5tor ( ! sp9n+-mule4 ,( ! rapidity ) :i* "s portions ( ! ma*9]y op]ate1 we may =m an idea f ! fact t ! v f9e/ ?read :i* is us$ 9 mak+ lace is pass$ ?r\gh ! /rong flame ( a lamp1 :i* burns (f ! fibres )\t burn+ ! ?read itself4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! ?read moves is s great1 t we _c p]ceive any motion at all4 ,! l9e ( ?read1 pass+ (f a :eel ?r\gh ! flame1 looks z if 7 p]fectly at re/2 & x appe>s a miracle t x is n burnt4 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton ,mule-sp9n+4 ,! inv5tion ( ,arkwright--! sub/itution ( roll]s = f+]s--*ang$ ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* a man1 or woman1 or ev5 *ild1 c\ld produce two hundr$ ?reads :]e "o 0 produc$ be=e1 caus$ a *eapness ( production mu* great] ?an t ( ,india1 :]e human lab\r is sc>cely wor? any?+4 ,b ! fabric ( cotton 0 also inf9itely improv$ by ! ma*9]y4 ,! h& ( ! sp9n] 0 unequal to its op]ations4 ,x sometimes produc$ a f9e ?read1 & sometimes a co>se "o2 & !re=e ! quality ( ! clo? c\ld n be reli$ ^u4 ,! y>n :i* is spun by ma*9]y is sort$ ) ! greate/ exactness1 & numb]$ accord+ to its quality4 ,?is circum/ance alone1 :i* c\ld only result f ma*9]y1 has a direct t5d5cy to dim9i% ! co/ ( production4 ,ma*9]y n only adds to human p[]1 & economizes human "t1 b x works up ! mo/ common mat]ials into articles ( value1 & equalizes ! use ( valuable mat]ials4 ,?us1 9 l95 ( :i* ! ?read is spun by ! h&1 a ?ick ?read & a ?9 ?read w be f\nd side by side2 &1 !re=e1 n only is mat]ial wa/$1 b ! fabric is less durable1 because x we>s unequally4 ,^! circum/ances--! dim9i%$ co/ ( cotton goods1 & ! add$ value to ! quality--h r5d]$ x impossible = ! *eap lab\r ( ,india to come into ! m>ket aga9/ ! ma*9]y ( ,europe4 ,! trade 9 ,indian cotton goods is gone = ev]4 ,n ev5 ! caprices ( fa%ion c h an excuse = pur*as+ ! de>] commodity4 ,we make x *eap]1 & we make x bett]4 ,! trade 9 cotton1 z x exi/s 9 ! pres5t day1 is ! great triumph ( human +5uity4 ,we br+ ! raw mat]ial f ! c\ntry ( ! p :o gr[ x1 on ! o!r side ( our globe2 we manufacture x by our ma*9es into articles :i* we us$ to buy f !m ready-made2 & tak+ back ^? articles to _! own m>kets1 encumb]$ ) ! co/ ( transport = f\rte5 ?\s& miles1 we sell ! cotton to ^! v p *eap] ?an !y c produce x !mselves1 & !y buy x !re=e ) eag]ness4 ,ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft] ,arkwright _h begun to sp9 by ma*9]y1 t is 9 #aghf1 ! price ( a p>ticul> sort ( cotton-y>n mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( calico 0 ?irty-eight %ill+s a p\nd4 ,t same y>n 9 #ahcb 0 two %ill+s & elev5 p5ce a p\nd4 ,9 #ahad ! sell+ price ( a piece ( calico di/+ui%$ by ! trade z #gb-g_/h 0 tw5ty-eight %ill+s2 9 #ahdd x 0 six %ill+s & n9e p5ce4 ,x is probably less at ?is day4 ,if cotton goods 7 worn only by ! few ri*1 z !y 7 worn 9 anci5t times1 & ev5 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 t diff]5ce ( price w\ld n be a great object2 b ! price is a v important object :5 e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has to pay x4 ,calico is f\r times z *eap z x 0 =ty ye>s ago4 ,!re are no v c]ta9 data = ! produce ( our looms1 =1 happily1 no tax exi/s ^u ! great necess>ies ( life :i* !y produce4 ,b x has be5 calculat$ t ! home consumption ( cotton clo? is equal to tw5ty-six y>ds = e individual ( ! population2 & tak+ ! total numb] at tw5ty-sev5 millions1 ! quantity requir$ w\ld be sev5 hundr$ million y>ds4 ,at five p5ce a y>d1 ! sev5 hundr$ million y>ds ( clo? am\nt to above f\rte5 million p\nds /]l+4 ,at half-a-cr[n a y>d1 :i* we w take z ! av]age price ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 !y w\ld am\nt to eighty-f\r millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,at twelve or f\rte5 times ! pres5t price1 or six %ill+s a y>d1 :i* proportion we get by kn[+ ! price ( y>n sev5ty ye>s ago & at ! pres5t day1 ! co/ ( sev5 hundr$ million y>ds ( cotton clo? w\ld be "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five millions ( p\nds /]l+4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t no su* sum ( money c\ld be paid = cotton goods1 & t 9 fact1 in/ead ( betwe5 f\rte5 & fifte5 millions be+ sp5t 9 ?is article ( clo?+ by p]sons ( all classes1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *eapness ( ! commodity1 we %\ld g back to v ne>ly ! same consumption t exi/$ be=e ,arkwright's inv5tion1 t is1 to ! consumption ( ! ye> #agej1 :5 ! :ole am\nt ( ! cotton manufacture ( ! k+dom did n exce$ ! annual value ( two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,at t rate ( value1 ! quantity ( clo? manufactur$ c\ld n h be5 equal to "o five-hundr$? "p ( t :i* is n[ manufactur$ = home consumption4 ,:]e "o p]son a c5tury ago consum$ "o y>d1 ! consumption p] head has ris5 to ab\t tw5ty-six y>ds4 ,?is va/ diff]5ce 9 ! com=ts ( e family1 by ! ability :i* !y n[ possess ( easily acquir+ w>m & heal?ful clo?+1 is a cle> ga9 to all society1 & to e "o z a portion ( society4 ,x is m especially a ga9 to ! females & ! *ildr5 ( families1 ^: condition is always degrad$ :5 clo?+ is scanty4 ,! p[] ( procur+ *eap clo?+ = !mselves1 & = _! *ildr51 has a t5d5cy to raise ! condition ( females m ?an any o!r addition to _! /ock ( com=t4 ,x cultivates habits ( cleanl9ess & dec5cy2 & ^? are little acqua9t$ ) ! human "* :o c d\bt :e!r cleanl9ess & dec5cy are n only great aids to virtue1 b virtues !mselves4 ,john ,wesley said t cleanl9ess 0 next to godl9ess4 ,!re is little self-respect amid/ dirt & rags1 & )\t self-respect !re c be no f\ndation = ^? qualities :i* mo/ contribute to ! good ( society4 ,! p[] ( procur+ useful clo?+ at a *eap price has rais$ ! condition ( wom5 among/ u1 & ! influ5ce ( ! condition ( wom5 ^u ! welf>e ( a community c nev] be too highly e/imat$4 ,t ! manufacture ( cotton by ma*9]y has produc$ "o ( ! great results = :i* ma*9]y is to be desir$1 namely1 *eapness ( production1 _c1 we ?9k1 be d\bt$4 ,if increas$ employm5t ( human lab\r has gone along ) t *eapness ( production1 ev5 ! mo/ prejudic$ c h no d\bt ( ! advantages ( ?is ma*9]y to all classes ( ! community4 ,at ! "t t ,arkwright comm5c$ 8 ma*9]y1 a man nam$ ,h>greave1 :o _h set up a less p]fect inv5tion1 0 driv5 out ( ,lanca%ire1 at ! p]il ( 8 life1 by a comb9ation ( ! old sp9n]s by ! :eel4 ,9 #aghi1 :5 ! sp9n+ ma*9]y 0 introduc$ into ,norm&y1 ! h&-sp9n]s !re also de/roy$ ! mills1 & put d[n ! manufacture = a "t4 ,lanca%ire & ,norm&y are n[1 9 ,engl& & ,france1 ! great seats ( ! cotton manufacture4 ,! p ( ,lanca%ire & ,norm&y _h n =m]ly ! means1 z we h n[1 ( kn[+ t *eap production produces increas$ employm5t4 ,!re 7 _m examples ( ?is pr9ciple =m]ly to be f\nd 9 arts & manufactures2 b ! p 7 badly educat$ ^u su* subjects1 pr9cipally because /udi\s & inquir+ m5 _h ?\ght su* matt]s b5ea? _! att5tion4 ,we live 9 times m fav\rable = ^! rese>*es4 ,! p ( ,lanca%ire & ,norm&y1 at ! p]iod we m5tion1 be+ ignorant ( :at w\ld conduce to _! real welf>e1 put d[n ! ma*9es4 ,9 bo? c\ntries !y 7 a v small portion ( ! community t attempt$ su* an illegal act4 ,! weav]s 7 int]e/$ 9 gett+ cotton y>n *eap1 s ! comb9ation 0 oppos$ to _! int]e/s2 & ! sp9n]s 7 *iefly old wom5 & girls1 v few 9 numb]1 & ( little influ5ce4 ,yet !y & _! fri5ds1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france1 made a viol5t clam\r2 & b = ! protection ( ! laws1 ! manufactories 9 ea* c\ntry w\ld nev] h be5 set up4 ,:at 0 ! effect ^u ! condition ( ?is v population8 ,m4 ,say1 9 8 ',complete ,c\rse ( ,political ,economy1' /ates1 ^u ! au?ority ( an ,engli% manufactur] ( fifty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 t1 9 t5 ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! ma*9es1 ! p employ$ 9 ! trade1 sp9n]s & weav]s1 7 m ?an =ty times z _m z :5 ! sp9n+ 0 done by h&4 ,! sp9n+ ma*9]y ( ,lanca%ire alone n[ produces z mu* y>n z w\ld require m ?an ! entire population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to produce ) ! di/aff & sp9dle4 ,?is imm5se p[] might be suppos$ to h sup]s$$ human lab\r altoge!r 9 ! production ( cotton y>n4 ,x did no su* ?+4 ,x gave a n[ direction to ! lab\r t 0 =m]ly employ$ at ! di/aff & sp9dle2 b x increas$ ! quantity ( lab\r altoge!r employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( cotton1 at lea/ a hundr$ fold4 ,x increas$ x too :]e an increase ( lab\r 0 mo/ desirable4 ,x gave con/ant1 easy1 & n unpleasant occupation to wom5 & *ildr54 ,9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( cotton sp9n+1 & 9 _m ( ^? ( weav+ by ! p[]-loom1 wom5 & *ildr5 are employ$4 ,!re are degrees1 ( c\rse1 9 ! agreeable nature ( ! employm5t1 p>ticul>ly z to its be+ m or less cleanly4 ,b !re are ext5sive ap>tm5ts 9 l>ge cotton-factories1 :]e great numb]s ( females are daily engag$ 9 processes :i* w\ld n soil ! nice/ f+]s1 dress$ ) ! greate/ neatness1 & clo!d 9 mat]ials 7z all wom5 are n[ clo!d7 t 7 set ap>t = ! highe/ 9 ! l& a c5tury ago4 ,& yet !re are "s :o regret t ! ag$ crones no long] sit 9 ! cottage *imney1 e>n+ a few p5ce daily by _! rude indu/ry at ! :eel6 ,illu/ration3 ,h9doo weav] at "w 9 a field4 ,! creation ( employm5t among/ ourselves by ! *eapness ( cotton goods produc$ by ma*9]y1 is n to be consid]$ z a m]e *ange f ! lab\r ( ,india to ! lab\r ( ,engl&4 ,x is a creation ( employm5t1 op]at+ j 9 ! same mann] z ! ma*9]y did = pr9t+ books4 ,! ,indian1 x is true1 no long] s5ds u 8 calicoes & 8 col\r$ /uffs2 we make !m ourselves4 ,b he s5ds u fifty times ! am\nt ( raw cotton t he s5t :5 ! ma*9]y 0 fir/ set up4 ,! workman on ! banks ( ! ,ganges is no long] weav+ calicoes = u1 9 8 loom ( re$s "u ! %ad[ ( a palm-tree2 b he is ga!r+ = u fifty times z mu* cotton z he ga!r$ be=e1 & mak+ fifty times z mu* indigo = u to col\r x )4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[]-looms4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,c>twright1 inv5tor ( ! p[]-loom4 ,! *ange t has be5 produc$ ^u ! lab\r ( ,india by ! ma*9]y employ$ = sp9n+ & weav+ cotton1 has a p>allel 9 ! alt]$ condition ( ! h&-loom weav]s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aghe ,dr4 ,c>twright produc$ 8 fir/ p[] loom4 ,x 0 a rude ma*9e comp>$ ) ! ref9em5ts t h successively c>ri$ on 8 pr9ciple4 ,e resi/ance 0 made to ! introduction to ?is new p[]4 ,! mill own]s 7 sl[ to p]ceive its advantages2 ! fir/ mills 9 :i* ^! looms 7 introduc$ 7 burnt4 ,! h&-loom weav]s work$ at a ma*9e :i* little v>i$ f t ) :i* _! ,flemi% in/ructors _h work$ ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,b no prejudice & no viol5ce c\ld prev5t ! progress ( ! new ma*9e4 ,! object = :i* ma*9es are e/abli%$1 & ! object :i* !y d effect1 is *eapness ( production4 ,ma*9es ei!r save mat]ial1 or dim9i% lab\r1 or bo?4 ,:i* is ! *eape/1 said ! committee to ,joseph ,fo/]1 a piece ( goods made by a p[]-loom1 or a piece ( goods made by a h&-loom8 ,he answ]$1 a p[]-loom is ! *eape/4#bb ,?is answ] 0 decisive4 ,! h&-loom weav]s h cont9u$ to /ruggle1 ev5 up to ?is "t1 ) ! great] productive p[] ( ! p[]-loom2 b ! /ruggle is ne>ly ov]4 ,x w\ld h be5 t]m9at$ long ago1 if ! mis]able wages :i* ! h&-loom weav] obta9$1 _h n be5 ek$ out by p>o*ial contributions4 ,x 0 ! duty ( society to break ! fall ( ! workm5 :o 7 ?ru/ out ( _! place by ! inv5tion2 b _h society attempt$ to int]pose betwe5 ! new ma*9es & ! old1 s z to h kept ! old work]s to _! less pr(itable employm5t1 !re w\ld h be5 f> m d]angem5ts ( lab\r to mitigate4 ,^u ! introduction ( ! sp9n+ ma*9]y !re 0 great tempor>y di/ress ( ! h&-sp9n]s1 ) riot+ & de/ruction ( sp9n+-mills4 ,if ^! modes ( resi/ance to inv5tion _h gone on to prev5t altoge!r ! manufacture ( cotton ?read by ! sp9n+ ma*9]y1 ! consumption ( cotton clo? w\ld h be5 little increas$1 & ! numb] ( p]sons engag$ 9 ! manufacture w\ld h be5 tw5ty1 ?irty or ev5 =ty times less ?an ! pres5t numb]4 ,b !re w\ld h be5 ano!r result4 ,w\ld ! great body ( ! p ( ,europe h *os5 to we> = _m ye>s de> clo? in/ead ( *eap clo?1 t a few ?\s& sp9n]s might h be5 kept at _! anci5t :eels 9 ,lanca%ire8 ,capital c easily %ift its place1 & inv5tion foll[s :]e capital goes be=e4 ,! p ( ,france1 & ,g]many1 & ,am]ica1 w\ld h employ$ ! *eap ma*9e in/ead ( ! de> "o2 & ! p ( ,engl& w\ld h _h *eap clo? in/ead ( de> clo? f !nce4 ,we _c build a wall ( brass r\nd our isl&s2 & ! ?9 walls ( prohibitive duties are v easily brok5 ?r\gh4 ,a pr(it ( f tw5ty to ?irty p] c5t4 w p\r 9 any giv5 quantity ( smuggl$ goods t a nation liv+ "u prohibitive laws c dem&4 ,bonap>te1 9 ! height ( 8 p[]1 pass$ ! celebrat$ ,b]l9 decree = ! exclusion ( all ,engli% produce f ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,b our m]*ants laugh$ at him4 ,! :ole coa/ ( ,france1 & ,holl&1 & ,italy1 became "o imm5se receiv+ place = smuggl$ goods4 ,if he _h l9$ ! :ole coa/ ) all ! six hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s t he m>*$ to ,russia1 in/ead ( a few cu/om-h\se (fic]s1 he c\ld n h /opp$ ! introduction ( ,engli% produce4 ,x 0 aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s t ! p :o _h be5 accu/om$ to *eap goods %\ld buy de> ones2 or t !y %\ld g )\t any article1 :e!r ( necessity or luxury1 ^: use _h become g5]al4 ,m>k1 !re=e1 if ! cotton-sp9n]s ( ,lanca%ire _h triumph$ eighty ye>s ago ov] ,arkwright's ma*9]y1 !re w\ld n h be5 a s+le man1 woman1 or *ild ( ^? sp9n]s employ$ at all1 )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] t mo/ fatal triumph4 ,! manufacture ( cotton w\ld h gone to o!r c\ntries2 cotton sp9n+ 9 ,engl& w\ld h be5 at an end4 ,! same ?+ w\ld h happ5$ if ! p[]-loom1 fifty ye>s ago1 _h be5 put d[n by comb9ation2 o!r c\ntries w\ld h us$ ! inv5tion :i* we %\ld h be5 fooli% en\gh to reject4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,am]ica _h adopt$ ! p[]-loom4 ,illu/ration3 ,flemi% weav]4 ,f a pr9t ( #aefh4 ,9 ! cotton manufacture1 :i* f its imm5se am\nt possesses ! means ( rew>d+ ! smalle/ improvem5t1 inv5tion has be5 at "w1 & mo/ successfully1 to make ma*9es1 t make ma*9es1 t make ! cotton ?read4 ,!re is a "p ( ! ma*9]y us$ 9 cotton-sp9n+ call$ a re$4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( pieces ( wire1 set side by side 9 a frame1 resembl+1 z f> z su* ?+s admit ( comp>ison1 a comb ) two backs4 ,^! re$s are ( v>i\s l5g?s & degrees ( f95ess2 b !y all consi/ ( cross pieces ( wire1 fa/5$ at regul> int]vals betwe5 longitud9al pieces ( split cane1 into :i* !y are ti$ ) wax$ ?read4 ,a ma*9e n[ does ! "w ( re$-mak+4 ,! mat]ials ent] ! ma*9e 9 ! %ape ( two or ?ree y>ds ( cane1 & _m y>ds ( wire & ?read2 & ! ma*9e cuts ! wire1 places ea* small piece ) unfail+ regul>ity betwe5 ! canes1 twi/s ! ?read r\nd ! cane ) a knot t _c slip1 e "t a piece ( wire is put 91 & does sev]al y>ds ( ?is extraord9>y "w 9 less "t ?an we h tak5 to write ! description4 ,!re is ano!r ma*9e = mak+ a "p ( ! ma*9e = cotton-sp9n+1 ev5 m wond]ful4 ,! cotton wool is comb$ by circul> c>ds ( e degree ( f95ess2 & ! c>d-mak+ ma*9e1 receiv+ only a supply ( lea!r & wire1 does its own "w )\t ! aid ( h&s4 ,x pun*es ! lea!r--cuts ! wire--passes x ?r\gh ! lea!r--cl9*es x beh9d--& gives x ! prop] =m ( ! too? 9 front--produc+ a complete c>d ( sev]al feet 9 circumf]5ce 9 a wond]fully %ort "t4 ,all m5 feel ! b5efit ( su* inv5tions1 because !y less5 ! co/ ( production4 ,! necessity = !m always prec$es _! use4 ,!re 7 n re$-mak]s & c>d-mak]s en\gh 9 ,engl& to supply ! dem&s ( ! cotton ma*9]y2 s inv5tion w5t to "w to see h[ ma*9es c\ld make ma*9es2 & ! consequ5t dim9i%$ co/ ( ma*9]y has dim9i%$ ! price ( clo?+4 #bb ,see p4 #ajg4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,! wooll5 manufacture--,divisions ( employm5t--,e>ly hi/ory--,prohibitory laws--,! ,jacqu>d loom--,middle-age legislation--,sumptu>y laws--,! silk manufacture-- ,ribbon-weav+--,! l95 manufacture--,clo?-pr9t+-- ,blea*+4 ,^? :o h n tak5 ! tr\ble to witness1 or to inquire into1 ! processes by :i* !y are surr\nd$ ) ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( civiliz$ life1 c h no idea ( ! va/ v>iety ( ways 9 :i* inv5tion is at "w to less5 ! co/ ( production4 ,! p ( ,india1 :o sp9 _! cotton :olly by h&1 & weave _! clo? 9 a rude loom1 w\ld d\btless be a/oni%$ :5 !y fir/ saw ! effects ( ma*9]y1 9 ! calico :i* is return$ to _! own %ores1 made f ! mat]ial br\ght f _! own %ores1 *eap] ?an !y !mselves c\ld make x4 ,b _! indol5t habits w\ld n p]mit !m to inquire h[ ma*9]y produc$ ?is wond]4 ,!re are _m among/ u :o only "k t ! wool gr[s ^u ! %eep's back1 & t x is conv]t$ into a coat by lab\r & ma*9]y4 ,!y d n e/imate ! prodigi\s p[] ( ?\ght--! pati5t lab\r--! unceas+ wat*fulness--! frequ5t disappo9tm5t--! unc]ta9 pr(it--:i* _m h _h to enc\nt] 9 br++ ?is ma*9]y to p]fection1 & 9 organiz+ ! modes ( its work+1 9 connection ) lab\r4 ,fur!r1 _! k ( hi/ory may h be5 conf9$ to le>n+ by rote ! dates :5 k+s began to reign1 ) ! names ( ! battles !y f\ght or ! rebels !y execut$4 ,( ! progress ( comm]ce & ! arts !y may h be5 taught little4 ,! records ( wool con/itute a real "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl&2 & =m1 9 our op9ion1 a subject ( f> m p]man5t importance ?an ! sc&al\s annals ( ! wives ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 or ! mi/resses ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,let u fir/ take a broad view ( ! m prom95t facts t belong to our wooll5 manufacture2 & !n proce$ to notice ^? ( o!r textile fabrics4 ,! read] w rememb] t :5 ! fur-trad]s refus$ to advance to ,john ,tann] a supply ( blankets = 8 w9t] consumption1 he appli$ himself to make g>m5ts out ( moose-sk9s4 ,! sk9 0 ready manufactur$ to 8 h&s :5 he _h kill$ & /ripp$ ! moose2 b /ill ! blanket br\ght f ,engl& across ! ,atlantic 0 to him a *eap] & a bett] article ( clo?+ ?an ! moose-sk9 :i* he _h at h&2 & he felt x a privation :5 ! trad] refus$ x to him ^u ! accu/om$ cr$it4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to ?9k ( manufactur+ a blanket2 al?\gh he 0 9 "s respects a manufactur]4 ,he 0 a manufactur] ( sug>1 among/ ! v>i\s trades :i* he foll[$4 ,he us$ to travel ab\t ! c\ntry till he _h f\nd a grove ( maple-trees2 & "h he w\ld sit d[n = a mon? or two till he _h extract$ sug> f ! maples4 ,:y did he n attempt to make blankets8 ,he _h n t ,accumulat$ ,k1 & he did n "w ) t ,division ( ,lab\r1 :i* are ess5tial to ! manufacture ( blankets--bo? ( :i* pr9ciples are c>ri$ to _! highe/ p]fection :5 capital enables ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo?1 or any o!r article1 to be c>ri$ =w>d ^u a l>ge scale4 ,we w endeav\r to trace :at accumulations ( skill1 & :at divisions ( employm5t1 7 necess>y to enable ,tann] to clo! himself ) a piece ( wooll5 clo?4 ,we %all n /op to inquire :e!r ! skill has produc$ ! division ( employm5t1 or ! division ( employm5t has produc$ ! skill4 ,x is suffici5t = u to %[1 t ! two pr9ciples are 9 jo9t op]ation1 unit$ly c>ry+ =w>d ! bus9ess ( production 9 ! mo/ pr(itable mann]4 ,x is en\gh = u to "k1 t :]e !re is no skill !re is no division ( employm5t1 & :]e !re is no division ( employm5t !re is no skill4 ,skill & division ( employm5t are insep>ably w$d$4 ,if !y c\ld be sep>at$1 !y w\ld 9 _! sep>ation cease to "w pr(itably4 ,!y are kept toge!r by ! con/ant en]gy ( capital1 devis+ ! mo/ pr(itable direction = lab\r4 ,be=e a blanket c be made1 we mu/ h ! mat]ial = mak+ a blanket4 ,tann] _h n ! mat]ial1 because he 0 n a cultivator4 ,be=e wool c be gr[n !re mu/ be1 z we h %[n1 appropriation ( l&4 ,:5 ?is appropriation takes place1 ! own] ( ! l& ei!r cultivates x himself1 :i* is ! e>lie/ /age 9 ! division ( agricultural employm5t1--or he obta9s a portion ( ! produce 9 ! %ape ( corn or cattle1 or 9 a money paym5t4 ,h5ce a t5antry4 ,b ! t5ant1 to manufacture wool at ! greate/ advantage1 mu/ possess capital1 & c>ry =w>d ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( employm5t by hir+ lab\r]s4 ,we use ! ^w manufacture ( wool advis$ly2 = all f>m+ processes are manufactur+ processes1 & inv>iably r$uce !mselves to *ange ( =m1 z all comm]cial processes r$uce !mselves to *ange ( place4 ,if ! capital ( ! f>m] is suffici5t to enable him to f>m ^u a l>ge scale1 he divides 8 lab\r]s2 & "o becomes a %eph]d1 "o a pl\ghman1--"o s[s ! gr\nd1 & "o wa%es & %e>s ! %eep1 m skilfully ?an ano!r4 ,if he has a consid]able f>m1 he divides 8 l&1 also1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 & has pa/ure1 & arable1 & rotation ( crops4 ,by ^! divisions he is enabl$ to manufacture wool *eap] ?an ! f>m] ^u a small scale1 :o employs "o man to d ev]y?+1 & has n a prop] proportion ( pa/ure & arable1 or a due rotation ( crops4 ,at e division ( employm5t skill mu/ be call$ =? 9 a high] p]fection ?an :5 two or m employm5ts 7 jo9$ toge!r2 & ! *ief director ( ! skill1 ! capitali/ himself1 or f>m]1 mu/ require m skill to make all ! p>ts :i* compose 8 manufactury "w toge!r h>moni\sly4 ,b we h new divisions ( employm5t to trace be=e ! wool c be got to ! manufactur]4 ,^! employm5ts are creat$ by :at may be call$ ! local division ( lab\r4 ,x is conv5i5t to re> ! %eep ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,wales1 because !re ! %ort & ?ymy pa/ures are fitt$ = ! gr[? ( wool4 ,x is conv5i5t to manufacture ! wool into clo? at ,le$s1 because coals are !re at h& to give p[] to ! /eam-eng9es1 ) :i* ! manufacture is c>ri$ on4 ,! f>m] 9 ,wales1 & ! manufactur] ( clo? at ,le$s1 mu/ be br\ght into connection4 ,9 ! infancy ( comm]ce "o or bo? ( !m w\ld make a j\rney to e/abli% ?is connection2 b ! co/ ( t j\rney w\ld add to ! co/ ( ! wool1 & !re=e less5 ! consumption ( wooll5 clo?4 ,! division ( employm5t goes on to ! creation ( a wool-factor1 or deal] 9 wool1 :o ei!r pur*ases directly f ! gr[]1 or sells to ! manufactur] = a commission f ! gr[]4 ,! gr[]1 !re=e1 s5ds ! wool direct to ! factor1 ^: bus9ess x is to f9d out :at manufactur] is 9 want ( wool4 ,if ! factor did n exi/1 ! manufactur] w\ld h to f9d out1 by a great deal ( p]sonal ex]tion1 :at f>m] _h wool to sell2 or ! f>m] w\ld h to f9d out1 ) ! same ex]tion1 :at manufactur] want$ to buy wool4 ,! factor receives a commission1 :i* ! sell] & buy] ultimately unite 9 pay+4 ,!y co-op]ate to e/abli% a wool-factor1 j z we all co-op]ate to e/abli% a po/man2 & j z ! po/man1 :o deliv]s a numb] ( lett]s to a great _m individuals1 does t s]vice at little m co/ to all1 ?an ea* individual w\ld pay = ! deliv]y ( a s+le lett]1 s does ! wool-factor ex*ange ! wool betwe5 ! gr[] & ! manufactur]1 at little m co/ to a l>ge numb] ( ! gr[]s :o employ him1 ?an ea* w\ld be oblig$ to pay 9 exp5ses & loss ( "t to travel f ,wales to ,le$s to sell 8 wool4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a great _m m divisions ( employm5t to foll[ out be=e ! wool is convey$ f ,wales to ,le$s or ,brad=d4 ,if ! packs are tak5 on %ipbo>d1 & c>ri$ d[n ! ,m]sey to ,liv]pool1 we h all ! v>iety ( occupations1 involv+ diff]5t degrees ( skill1 :i* make up ! life ( a m>9]2 if !y g =w>d ^u ! railroad to ,man*e/]1 we h all ! high] degrees ( skill involv$ 9 _! transport :i* belong to ! bus9ess ( an eng9e]2 or if !y f9ally rea* _! de/9ation by canal1 we h ano!r division ( lab\r t adju/s itself to ! managem5t ( boats 9 canals4 ,b ! %ip1 ! railroad1 ! canal1 :i* are creat$ by ! necessity ( transport+ commodities f place to place1 h be5 =m$ aft] ! mo/ labori\s ex]cise ( ! highe/ sci5ce1 work+ ) ! greate/ me*anical skill2 & !y exi/ only ?r\gh ! en]gy ( prodigi\s accumulations ( capital1 ! gr[? ( c5turies ( pati5t & pa9ful lab\r & economy4 ,we h at l5g? ! wool 9 a manufactury at ,le$s or ,brad=d4 ,! fir/ class ( p]sons :o prep>e ! wool1 are ! sort]s & pick]s4 ,x is _! bus9ess to sep>ate ! f9e f ! co>se locks1 s t ea* may be suit$ to diff]5t fabrics4 ,!re is judgm5t requir$1 :i* c\ld n exi/ )\t division ( lab\r2 & ! bus9ess1 too1 mu/ be done rapidly1 or ! co/ ( sort+ & pick+ w\ld outweigh ! advantage4 ,! second pr9cipal op]ation is sc\r+4 ,"h ! m5 are con/antly employ$ 9 wa%+ ! wool1 to free x f all impurities4 ,x is evid5t t ! same man c\ld n pr(itably pass f ! bus9ess ( sort+ to t ( sc\r+1 & back aga91--f dry "w to wet1 & f wet to dry4 ,:5 ! wool is out ( ! h&s ( ! sc\r]s x comes into ^? ( ! dy]s1 :o col\r x ) ! v>i\s *emical ag5ts appli$ to ! manufacture4 ,! c>d]s next receive x1 :o te> x ) ma*9es till x atta9s ! requisite f95ess4 ,f ! c>d]s x passes to ! slubb]s1 :o =m x into t\gh loose ?reads2 & !nce to sp9n]s1 :o make ! ?reads f9] & /rong]4 ,!re are subdivisions ( employm5t :i* are n ess5tial = u to notice1 to give an idea ( ! great division ( employm5t1 & ! consequ5t accumulation ( peculi> skill1 requir$ to prep>e wool to be made into y>n1 to be made into wooll5 clo?4 ,! next /ages 9 ! manufacture are ! sp9n+1 ! w>p+1 ! siz+1 & ! weav+4 ,^! are all di/9ct op]ations1 & are all c>ri$ =w>d ) ! mo/ elaborate ma*9]y1 adapt$ to ! division ( lab\r :i* x en=ces1 & by :i* x is en=c$4 ,b !re is a great deal /ill to be done be=e ! clo? is fit to be worn4 ,! clo?1 n[ wov51 has to be sc\r$ z ! wool 04 ,!re is a subsequ5t process call$ burl+1 at :i* females are con/antly employ$4 ,! boil+ & mill+ come next1 9 :i* ! clo? is aga9 expos$ to ! action ( wat]1 & beat5 s z to give x t\ghness & consi/5cy4 ,dress]s1 call$ gigg]s1 next take x 9 h&1 :o also "w ) ma*9]y ^u ! wet clo?4 ,x has !n to be dri$ 9 h\ses :]e ! temp]ature is sometimes z high z #acj degrees1 & :]e ! m5 "w almo/ nak$4 ,x is evid5t t ! boil]s & dress]s c\ld n pr(itably "w 9 ! dry-h\ses3 & t !re mu/ be division ( employm5t to prev5t ^? sudd5 transitions :i* w\ld de/roy ! human frame mu* m quickly ?an a regul> exposure to cold or heat1 to damp or dryness4 ,! clo? mu/ be next cropp$ or cut ^u ! face1 to remove ! %r$s ( wool :i* de=m ! surface 9 e direction4 ,:5 cut1 x has to be bru%$ dry by ma*9]y1 to get out ! cropp+s :i* rema9 9 its texture4 ,?is done1 x is dy$ 9 ! %ape ( clo?1 z x 0 =m]ly dy$ 9 ! %ape ( wool4 ,!n come a v>iety ( processes1 to increase ! delicacy ( ! fabric3--s+e+1 by pass+ ! clo? )9 a burn+ di/ance ( r$-hot cyl9d]s2 friz+1 to raise a nap ^u ! clo?2 gloss+1 by c>ry+ ov] x heavy heat$ plates ( iron2 press+1 9 :i* op]ation ( ! press r$-hot plates are also employ$2 & draw+1 9 :i* m51 ) f9e ne$les1 draw up m9ute holes 9 ! clo? :5 x has pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ op]ation4 ,!n comes ! pack+2 & aft] all ^! processes x mu/ be b\ght by a :olesale deal]1 & aga9 by a retail]1 be=e x rea*es ! consum]4 ,betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! fleece ( wool1 & ! completion ( a coat by a skilful tailor1--:o1 x is affirm$1 puts five-&-tw5ty ?\s& /it*es into x1--:at an inf9ite division ( employm5ts6 :at inv5tions ( sci5ce6 :at ex]cises ( +5uity6 :at unwe>i$ application6 :at pa9ful1 & too (t5 unheal?y lab\r6 ,& yet if m5 are to be clo!d well & *eaply1 all ^! manifold processes are n 9 va92 & ! individual injury 9 "s bran*es ( ! employ is n to be comp>$ to ! suff]+ t w\ld ensue if clo? 7 n made at all1 or if x 7 made at su* a co/ t ! mo/ weal?y only c\ld af=d to we> x4 ,b = ! accumulation ( k1 & ! division ( employm5ts1 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( clo?1 & set 9 op]ation by l>ge capital1 we %\ld ea* be oblig$ to be cont5t$ ) a blanket su* z ,john ,tann] desir$1 & v few inde$ w\ld ev5 obta9 t blanket3 = if skill & division ( lab\r 71 n to g on 9 "o bran*1 !y w\ld n g on 9 ano!r1 & !n we %\ld h no?+ to give 9 ex*ange = ! blanket4 ,! individual injury to heal?1 also1 produc$ by ! division ( lab\r1 is n s great1 ^u ! av]age1 z if !re 7 no division4 ,all ! returns ( human life 9 ?is c\ntry %[ an extremely little diff]5ce 9 ! effect ^u life1 ev5 ( :at we consid] ! mo/ unheal?y trades2 & ?is proce$s f t extraord9>y p[] ( ! human body to adapt itself to a habit1 h[ev] app>5tly injuri\s1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful evid5ces ( ! comp5sat+ pr9ciple :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! moral _w4 ,! wool manufacture ( ,great ,brita9 employs v ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ?\s& p]sons2 9 ! v>i\s processes connect$ ) ! production ( clo?1 wor/$1 flannel1 blankets1 & c>pets4 ,:at a contra/ to all ?is v>iety ( lab\r is ! hi/ory ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo?4 ,x is unnecess>y to g back to ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 :5 ! production ( wool 0 9 su* an imp]fect /ate ?r\gh flocks ( %eep be+ scatt]$ ov] imm5se tracts ( wa/e l&1 t a manor 9 ,surrey 0 held "u ! cr[n by ! t5ure ( ga!r+ wool = ! ,que54 ,accord+ to ! record1 ,pet] de ,baldewyn 0 to ga!r ! wool f ! ?orns t _h torn x f ! %eep's back2 & if he did n *oose to ga!r x he 0 to =feit tw5ty %ill+s4#bc ,9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 accord+ to ,full]1 9 8 ',*ur* ,hi/ory1' ! ,engli% clo?i]s 7 :olly unskilful2 kn[+ no m :at to d ) _! wool ?an ! %eep :i* we> x1 z to any artificial & curi\s drap]y1 _! be/ clo? be+ no bett] ?an frieze1 su* _! co>s5ess = want ( skill 9 ! mak+4 ,:5 ! ,flemi% clo?i]s came into ,engl&1 ! manufacture improv$2 9 spite ( ! regulat+ p[] ( ! /ate1 :i* 0 p]petually int]f]+ ) mat]ial1 quality1 & wages4 ,9 "t wool became ! *ief commodity ( ,engl&4 ,! woolsack ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 0 typical ( ?is /aple indu/ry2 & ( ! mode also 9 :i* ! maje/y ( legislation sat heavy ^u ! produce4 ,to enc\rage ! manufacture no?+ 0 to be wov5 b wool4 ,f ! cradle to ! grave all 7 to be wrapt 9 wool4 ,! g5ius ( prohibition prev5t$ ! ex*ange ( wool ) o!r manufactur$ commodities2 &1 !re=e1 to keep up r5ts1 ,n>cissa 0 odi\s 9 wooll51 & a ,holl& %irt--= ,briti% l95 did n exi/--0 a r>e commodity1 *eap at eight %ill+s an ell1 z 9 ! days ( ,dame ,quickly4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s at ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 & some:at lat]4 ,! manufactur]s clam\r$ aga9/ ! exportation ( wool2 & ! agriculturi/s at ! same "t resi/$ ! importation ( ,iri% & ,scot* cattle4 ,! p>liam5t li/5$ to bo? sets ( clam\r]s4 ,x said to ! p3--,y ( trade %all n be ru9$ by ! l& sell+ wool to =eign]s--!re %all be no competition2 y %all buy ! wool at ! l[e/ price4 ,& !n p>liam5t turn$ r\nd to ! compla9+ grazi]1 & said1--! clo?-mak] & 8 m5 %all n ru9 y by buy+ meat *eap--no ,iri% cattle or ,scot* %eep %all come "h to l[] y\r prices4 ,f #affd to #ahbd ! exportation ( wool 0 /rictly prohibit$4 ,! importation 0 sometimes prev5t$ by high duties--sometimes enc\rag$ by l[4 ,! manufacture 0 con/antly /ruggl+ ) ^! attempts ( ! /ate to hold a balance betwe5 :at 7 s univ]sally consid]$ z conflict+ int]e/s4 ,9 #ahdd ! :ole sy/em 0 ab&on$4 ,9 #ahec1 we import$ "o hundr$ & sev5te5 million lbs4 ( %eep & lamb's wool--( :i* ?ree-fif?s came f ,au/ralia--& two million ( alpaca & llama wool4 ,! wool-gr[]s at home /ill f\nd a ready m>ket2 ! great body ( ! population _h good coats & flannels & blankets2 &1 9 addition1 we export$ t5 million p\nds /]l+ ( wooll5 manufactures4 ,illu/ration3 ,jacqu>d ,p[]-looms3 ,/uff-manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,me*anism ( p[]-loom4 ,! employm5t ( wool 9 ! manufacture ( broadclo? & flannel 01 a few ye>s ago1 almo/ ! entire bus9ess ( ! wooll5 factories4 ,! novel uses to :i* wool is n[ appli$1 & ! almo/ innum]able v>ieties ( articles ( clo?+ :i* are produc$ f long wool & %ort wool--f comb9ations ( alpaca wool & co>se wool1 ( wool ) cotton1 ( wool ) silk--toge!r ) ! introduction ( brilliant dyes & ta/eful designs1 =m]ly unkn[n--h e/abli%$ va/ seats ( manufacture :i* are almo/ peculi> to our c\ntry1 & h conv]t$1 9 a few ye>s1 humble villages into great cities4 ,! f9e/ ,paisley %awls rival ! elaborate h&icraft ( ,h9du/an2 &1 :at is ( m importance1 ! humble/ female may pur*ase a ta/eful article ( dress at a price :i* a few ye>s ago w\ld h be5 ?\ght fabul\s4 ,! wond]ful v>iety ( patt]ns :i* we see 9 ^! & o!r productions ( mod]n skill are effect$ by ! ,jacqu>d app>atus1 9 :i* ! patt]n dep5ds ^u ! disposition ( holes pi]c$ 9 sep>ate bits ( pa/ebo>d4 ,9 common weav+1 ! weft ?reads pass alt]nately "u & ov] ! entire w>p ?reads1 :i* are lift$ up to all[ ! weft 9 ! %uttle to trav]se f "o side to ! o!r4 ,! ,jacqu>d app>atus det]m9es1 by ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! holes 9 ! c>ds1 :i* ( ! sep>ate w>p ?reads %all be s lift$2 = at e ?r[ ( ! %uttle ! blank "p ( ea* c>d moves a s]ies ( lev]s :i* raise c]ta9 w>p ?reads2 :ile o!r lev]s1 pass+ into ! holes 9 ! c>d1 d n affect ! o!r w>p ?reads4 ,9 ?is way1 patt]ns ( ! greate/ complexity are wov5 9 cotton1 & wor/$1 & silk2 s t ev5 a m9ute "w ( art1 su* z a portrait or a l&scape1 may be produc$ f ! loom4 ,e patt]n requires a sep>ate set ( c>ds4 ,we d n expect ?is brief notice to be readily und]/ood4 ,^? :o w\ld compreh5d ! ext5t ( +5uity involv$ 9 ! pr9ciple ( ?is inv5tion1 & ! beautiful results ( :i* x is capable1 %\ld witness its op]ation 9 a ,halifax p[]-loom4 ,9 a bobb9-net ma*9e ! c>ds are connect$ ) a revolv+ p5tagonal b>1 ea* side ( :i* is pi]c$ ) holes1 correspond+ ) ! p9s or lev]s above4 ,:5 a c>d comes ov] ! topmo/ side ( ! p5tagon ! lev]s drop2 b ^? p9s only :i* ent] ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! c>d affect ! patt]n :i* is be+ work$4 ,any "o :o views ?is complicat$ arrangem5t 9 a ,nott+ham lace-ma*9e1 requires no small am\nt ( att5tion to compreh5d its my/]i\s movem5ts2 & :5 ! connection is p]ceiv$ betwe5 t *a9 ( dropp+ c>ds1 & ! fl[] t is be+ work$ 9 ! lace1 a vague s5se ( ! manifold p[] ( inv5tion comes ov] ! m9d--we _h almo/ said an awful s5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,jacqu>d c>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if !re be "o ?+ m rem>kable ?an ano!r 9 ! visible condition ( ! p ( ,great ,brita91 x is ! univ]sality ( useful1 elegant1 & *eap clo?+4 ,!re is v small di/9ction 9 ! ord9>y coat & tr[s]s ( ! pe] & ! be/ dress ( ! artisan2 & n a great deal m 9 ! g[n & %awl ( ! high-born lady & ^? ( ! h&maid ( h] toilet4 ,p]haps ! abs5ce ( m]e f9]y1 & ! ta/e :i* is an accompanim5t ( sup]ior education1 con/itute ! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! dress ( v>i\s ranks4 ,?is feature ( ! pres5t times is a "p ( our social hi/ory4 ,= sev]al c5turies ! dome/ic trade ( ! c\ntry 0 hemm$ r\nd & fett]$ by laws aga9/ extravagance 9 dress1 :i* _h always be5 a fav\rite subject = ! exp]im5taliz+ ( b>b>\s legislation4 ,an act ( #adfc1 recites t ! ,commons pray _! "l ! k+ to rememb] t 9 ! times ( 8 noble prog5itors1 ord9ances & /atutes 7 made = ! app>el & array ( ! commons1 z well ( m5 z ( wom51 s t none ( !m %\ld use or we> any inord9ate or excessive app>el1 b only accord+ to _! degrees4 ,h[ev]1 we f9d t all ^! ord9ances _h be5 utt]ly fruitless4 ,! p>liam5t makes new ord9ances4 ,! nobles1 accord+ to ^!1 may we> :atev] !y please2 knights & _! wives 7 to we> no clo? ( gold1 or fur ( sables2 no p]son "u ! /ate ( a "l to we> any purple silk2 no esquires or g5tlem5 & _! wives any silk at all2 no p]sons n hav+ possessions ( ! ye>ly value ( =ty p\nds1 any fur2 &1 :at is cruel inde$1 no wid[ b su* z ha? possessions ( ! value ( =ty p\nds1 %all we> any fur1 any gold or silv] girdle1 or any k]*ief t _h co/ m ?an ?ree %ill+s & f\r-p5ce2 p]sons n hav+ =ty %ill+s a-ye> 7 d5i$ ! enjoym5t ( fu/ian & sc>let clo?2 ! yeoman 0 to h no /uff+ 9 8 d\blet2 nor s]vants 9 husb&ry1 broadclo? ( a high] price ?an two %ill+s a y>d4 ,! l5g? ( g[ns1 jackets1 & cloaks1 0 prescrib$ by ! same /atute2 & ! unhappy tailor :o exce$$ ! l5g? by ! bread? ( 8 nail1 0 to be mulct$ 9 ! same p5alties z ^? :o flaunt$ 9 skirts ( m ?an ne$ful longitude4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( ! my/]y & workman%ip ( silk pref] _! pite\s compla9t to p>liam5t1 t silk-"w ready wr\ght is br\ght into ! realm4 ,if x _h occurr$ to !m to petition t ! g5tlem5 & _! wives might be p]mitt$ to we> sat91 z well z ! lords1 _! pite\s compla9t ( want ( occupation might h be5 m easily r$ress$ ?an by =eign prohibition4 ,sumptu>y laws h long be5 aboli%$2 b to !m succe$$ ! laws ( cu/om1 :i* prescrib$ "o sort ( dress to "o condition ( p1 & ano!r to ano!r4 ,we _c d\bt :i* /ate gives mo/ employm5t to manufactur]s1 ! law ( exclusiv5ess or ! law ( univ]sality4 ,if ! lab\r] & artific] 7 /ill re/rict$1 by enactm5t or by cu/om1 to ! we>+ ( clo? ( a c]ta9 price p] y>d1 we may be q sure t ! manufacture ( ! f9] clo?s w\ld be 9 no fl\ri%+ condition2 & if ! s]vant-maid c\ld n put on h] ,sunday g[n ( silk1 we may be equally cle> t ! silk-trade w\ld cont9ue to be ! small ?+ t x 0 half a c5tury ago1 :5 x _h ! full b5efit ( re/riction1 in/ead ( be+1 z x is n[1 "o ( ! great /aple trades ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! frame-"w knitt]s ( silk /ock+s petition$ ,oliv] ,cromwell = a *>t]1 !y said1 ! ,engli%man buys silk ( ! /rang] = tw5ty m>ks1 & sells him ! same aga9 = "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,! high] pride ( ! pres5t day is t we buy sev5 million p\nds ( raw silk f ! /rang]1 employ a hundr$ & f\rte5 ?\s& ( our own p 9 ! manufacture ( x by ! aid ( ma*9]y1 & sell x to ! /rang]1 & our own p1 at a price z l[ z t ( ! calico ( half a c5tury ago4 ,9 #ahec ! exports ( silk manufactures1 includ+ ^? ( silk mix$ ) o!r mat]ials1 silk-y>n & silk-twi/1 am\nt$ to ! enorm\s sum ( two millions /]l+1 hav+ d\bl$ s9ce #ahdi4 ,9 #ahbf1 :5 ! ru9 ( our silk-trade 0 boldly prophesi$ z ! sure result ( ! r$uction ( ! prohibitive duties on =eign silk1 ! exports ( our silk manufactures did n rea* two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,william ,huskisson1 ! great /atesman :o produc$ ?is mighty *ange1 0 !n d5\nc$ 9 p>liam5t z an ins5sible & h>d-he>t$ metaphysician4 ,illu/ration3 ,hanks ( silk4 a1 ,b5gal2 b1 ,italian2 c1 ,p]sian2 d1 ,br\ssa4 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian w9d+-reel4 ,:5 a boy :o keeps silk-worms ^u mulb]ry leaves1 puts a sp9n+-worm into a little pap] bag1 & f9ally obta9s an oval ball ( silk1--he does1 ^u a small scale1 :at is done 9 ! silk-gr[+ c\ntries ^u a l>ge scale4 ,:5 he w9ds (f 8 cocoon ( silk ^u a little reel1 he is engag$ 9 ! fir/ process ( silk mak+4 ,!re mu/ be myriads ( silk-worms re>$ to produce ! sev5 million p\nds ( raw silk t ,great ,brita9 manufactures4 ,! s*ool-boy1 f ?ree or f\r silk-worms1 c obta9 a little ske9 ( silk1 :i* he c>efully puts betwe5 ! leaves ( a book1 & looks at x aga9 & aga91 9 delight at its glossy beauty4 ,p]haps he does n take ! tr\ble to ?9k h[ _m su* ske9s w\ld be requir$ to produce a pair ( silk /ock+s4 ,z ! s*ool-boy puts 8 ske9 into a book1 s ! silk-produc]s ( ,india1 ,italy1 ,p]sia1 & ,turkey1 s5d u _! hanks ( silk1 :i* we call by v>i\s names1 made up z %[n 9 ! opposite page4 ,9 ,egypt1 a silk-produc+ c\ntry1 a woman has a simple ma*9e = prep>+ ! hanks ( silk = ! purposes ( comm]ce4 ,%e w9ds ! silk ^u a reel4 ,%e has no mov+ p[] b t ( h] h& & arm4 ,9 ,engl& a woman also att5ds to a w9d+-ma*9e1 by :i* ! silk is transf]r$ to bobb9s1 = ! purpose ( be+ spun to v>i\s degrees ( f95ess4 ,%e has no lab\r to p]=m1 beyond provid+ a supply ( mat]ial to be w\nd1 remov+ a bobb9 :5 x is fill$1 plac+ an empty "o 9 its place1 & occasionally piec+ a brok5 ?read4 ,%e is do+ :at ! ma*9e _c d--adju/+ h] op]ations to _m v>y+ circum/ances4 ,! ma*9e is mov$ by ! /eam-eng9e2 b ! /eam-eng9e1 ! reels1 & ! bobb9s w\ld "w unavail+ly1 )\t ! guidance ( ! m9d t waits ^u & wat*es !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,silk w9d+-ma*9e4 ,! peculi>ity 9 ! manufacture ( silk-twi/1 or ?read1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( cotton1 or flax1 or wool1 is t x is produc$ naturally 9 "o un9t]rupt$ l5g?4 ,! object ( ! ma*9]y ( a silk-mill is1 n to comb9e %ort fibres 9 a cont9u\s ?read by sp9n+1 b to w9d & twi/1 s z to unite _m slight ?reads already =m$ into "o ?read ( suffici5t /r5g? = ! purpose ( weav+1 or ( sew+4 ,! subsequ5t processes are ! same z ) ! fibr\s sub/ances4 ,! ma*9]y by :i* ^! processes are c>ri$ on has be5 improv$1 by successive degrees1 s9ce ,?omas ,lombe erect$ ! fir/ silk-mill at ,d]by1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,he obta9$ a pat5t :i* expir$ 9 #agcb2 & p>liam5t1 refus+ to r5ew 8 pat5t1 grant$ him a comp5sation1 ^u ! condition t he %\ld deposit an exact model ( 8 ma*9]y 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,t model 0 %[n to ! visitors ( ! ,t[] 9 ! pres5t c5tury2 &1 by comp>ison ) ! va/ array ( sp9dles 9 a mod]n silk-mill1 w\ld seem z ineffici5t z ! flail comp>$ ) ! ?ra%+-ma*9e4 ,ribbon-weav+ is a bran* ( ! silk manufacture1 9 :i* our c\ntry is rapidly atta9+ an excell5ce z reg>ds beauty ( design1 :i* may fairly compete ) ! be/ productions ( ! ,fr5* looms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?omas ,firm91 a philan?ropic writ]1 :o publi%$ ',proposals = ! ,employm5t ( ! ,poor1' 9 #afha1 says1 ,x is a ?+ greatly to be wi%$ t we c\ld make l95 clo? "h z *eap z !y s5d x u f abroad4 ,he ?\ght ! poor might !n be employ$2 b he despair+ly adds1 if t _c be done1 nor any o!r way f\nd out to employ our poor p1 we _h mu* bett] lose some?+ by ! lab\r ( our poor1 ?an lose all _! lab\r2 & s he proposes to give ^? :o 7 idle flax & hemp to sp9 9 spaci\s workh\ses4 ,! notion 0 a b5evol5t "o2 & x 0 ! fav\rite s*eme1 = half a c5tury1 to de/roy idl5ess & begg>y 9 ,engl&1 by sett+ up manufactories at ! public co/4 ,defoe saw ! fallacy ( ! pr9ciple1 & resi/$ x ) 8 /rong common s5se3 ,suppose n[ a workh\se = ! employm5t ( poor *ildr5 sets !m to sp9n+ ( wor/$4 ,= e ske9 ( wor/$ ^! poor *ildr5 sp91 !re mu/ be a ske9 ! less spun by "s poor p]son or family t spun x be=e4 ,defoe saw t !re c\ld be no pr(itable increase ( lab\r )\t increase ( consumption2 & he argues t if ! ,cz> ( ,muscovy w\ld ord] 8 p to we> /ock+s1 & we c\ld supply !m1 ! poor might !n be set to "w4 ,! increase ( consumption1 all ov] ! _w1 is produc$ by ! inv5tions :i* dim9i% ! co/ ( production4 ,we n[ make l95 clo? "h *eap] ?an x is s5t to u f abroad2 & ! result is t 9 #ahec we export$ our l95 manufactures to ! ext5t ( six million p\nds /]l+2 & employ$ a hundr$ ?\s& p]sons 9 ! manufacture4 ,9 ! flax-mill ( ,messrs4 ,m>%all1 at ,le$s1 :]e all ! op]ations ( sp9n+ are c>ri$ on 9 "o enorm\s room1 five times z l>ge z ,we/m9/]-hall1 sev5ty ?\s& lbs4 ( flax are work$ up weekly into y>n4 ,! "q ( flax-cultivation 9 ^! k+doms has be5 agitat$ ( late ye>s2 & ! c\rse ( political ev5ts has r5d]$ ! consid]ation ( an increas$ home supply1 a matt] ( press+ importance4 ,x is n an easy matt] to provide = ! dem&4 ,! great flax-mill at ,le$s w\ld require ! flax-cultivation ( six ?\s& acres1 to keep its sp9dles at "w = "o ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ( ,m>%all's ,flax-,mill1 ,le$s4 ,hav+ ?us notic$ ! lead+ processes ( ! manufacture ( cotton1 ( wool1 ( silk1 ( l951 we may conclude ?is *apt] ) a brief m5tion ( ! art t gives to _m ( ! fabrics produc$ _! *ief beauty--! art ( pr9t+ clo? 9 col\rs4 ,?is art applies to ! f9e/ z well z ! commone/ productions ( ! loom2 & ! sci5ce ( ! ,briti% dy]1 ! beauty ( 8 patt]ns1 & ! p]fection ( 8 ma*9]y1 h n[ giv5 u an em95ce 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( indu/ry :i* c only be pres]v$ by con/ant ef=ts t[>ds p]fection ( design & durable brilliancy ( col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,indigo-h>ve/ 9 ,we/ ,indies4 ,!re is a /rik+1 al?\gh natural p>allel1 betwe5 pr9t+ a piece ( clo? & pr9t+ a %eet ( a book1 or a newspap]4 ,block-pr9t+ is ! impress ( ! patt]n by h&2 z block-books 7 made f\r c5turies ago4 ,we h no block-books n[2 = ma*9]y has bani%$ t t$i\s process4 ,b block-pr9t+ is us$ = co/ly %awls & velvets1 :i* require to h _m col\rs produc$ by repeat$ impress f a l>ge numb] ( blocks1 ea* c>ry+ a diff]5t col\r4 ,except = exp5sive fabrics1 ?is mode is sup]s$$ by block-pr9t+ ) a sort ( press1 9 :i* sev]al blocks are set 9 a frame4 ,"h aga9 is some:at ( a simil>ity to ! op]ation ( ! book-press4 ,la/ly1 we h cyl9d]-pr9t+1 resembl+ ! rapid work+ ( ! book-pr9t+ ma*9e1 ea* produc+ ! same *eapness4 ,z ! patt]n has to be obta9$ f sev]al cyl9d]s1 ea* hav+ its own col\r1 !re is great nicety 9 ! op]ation2 & ! mo/ beautiful me*anism is necess>y = fe$+ ! cyl9d] ) col\r2 mov+ ! clo? to meet ! revolv+ cyl9d]2 & giv+ to ! cyl9d] its p[] ( impression4 ,b ^? :o witness ! op]ation see little ( ! ultimate effect to be obta9$ 9 ! subsequ5t processes ( dye+4 ,fa/ col\rs are produc$ by ! use 9 ! patt]n ( sub/ances call$ mordants2 :i* may be col\rless !mselves b receive ! col\r ( ! dye-ba?1 :i* col\r is only fix$ 9 ! p>ts t\*$ by ! mordant1 & is wa%$ out f ! p>ts n t\*$4 ,:5 :at is call$ a sub/antive col\r is at once impress$ ^u ! :ite clo?1 mu* ( ! beauty is also d]iv$ f subsequ5t processes4 ,! *emi/1 ! ma*9i/1 ! design]1 & ! engrav]--sci5ce & art--set ! calico-pr9t+ works 9 activity2 & ! c>ry+ on ^! complicat$ processes c only be pr(itably done ^u a l>ge scale4 ,9 ! e>li] days ( our cotton manufacture !re 7 small pr9t-works 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 :]e ! imp]fect ma*9]y 0 turn$ by wat]-p[]4 ,! /eam-eng9e ( "o ,lanca%ire factory n[ produces m pr9t$ cottons & musl9s ?an all ! riv]s ( s\!rn ,engl& 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! calico-pr9t]s n[ numb] ab\t tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& p]sons4 ,b no direct enum]ation c be made ( ! employm5ts t are requir$ m]ely to produce ! dyes ) :i* ! calico-pr9t] works4 ,! m9]al & vegetable k+doms1 & ev5 ! animal k+dom1 comb9e _! natural productions 9 ! col\rs ( a lady's dress4 ,! sulphur-m9] ( ,sicily1 ! salt-work] ( ,*e%ire1 ! hew] ( wood 9 ! ,brazils1 ! ,negro 9 ! indigo plantations ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ! cultivator ( madd] 9 ,france1 & ! ga!r] ( ! co*9eal insect 9 ,mexico1 are all lab\r]s = ! pr9t-works ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 9 comb9ation ) ! exp]i5ce ( practice1 has set all ?is indu/ry 9 motion1 & has giv5 a value to innum]able productions ( nature :i* w\ld o!rwise be useless & unemploy$4 ,b ^! dem&s ( manufactures d m--!y create modes ( cultivation :i* are important s\rces ( national prosp]ity4 ,jean ,al!n1 a ,p]sian ( great family1 br$ up 9 e luxury1 became a slave 9 ,anatolia1 :5 ,k\li-,khan ov]?rew ! ,p]sian empire4 ,= f\rte5 ye>s he work$ 9 ! cotton & madd]-fields4 ,he !n escap$ to ,france1 c>ry+ ) him "s madd]-se$s4 ,long did he lab\r 9 va9 to attract ! att5tion ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,,xv4 to 8 plans4 ,at l5g?1 hav+ sp5t all ! =tune :i* he _h acquir$ by m>riage ) a ,fr5* heiress1 he obta9$ ! patronage ( ! ,m>quis de ,caumont1 9 8 attempts to introduce ! cultivation ( madd] into ! dep>tm5t ( ,vaucluse4 ,8 life 0 clos+ 9 comp>ative indig5ce :5 a new bran* ( indu/ry 0 develop$ 9 8 adopt$ c\ntry4 ,! di/rict 9 :i* he creat$ a new indu/ry has increas$ a hundr$-fold 9 value4 ,! debt ( gratitude 0 paid by a tablet to 8 memory1 erect$ sixty ye>s aft] he 0 ins5sible to human rew>ds4 ,we />ve our b5efactors :5 !y are liv+2 & satisfy our consci5ces by votive monum5ts4 ,al!n's daught] di$ z poor z h] fa!r4 ,! tablet 0 erect$ at ,avignon :5 ! family 0 ext9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,calico-pr9t+ by ,cyl9d]4 ,!re is a process connect$ ) ! production ( clo?+ :i* we mu/ briefly ref] to1 z "o ( ! signal examples ( ! axiom ( our title--',k is ,p[]4' ,let u suppose t *emi/ry _h n discov]$ & organis$ ! modes 9 :i* blea*+ is p]=m$2 & t ! ?\s&s ( millions ( y>ds ( calico & l95 :i* we weave 9 ?is c\ntry _h /ill to be blea*$1 z blea*+ 0 accompli%$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,we knew no?+ ab\t ! matt]1 & our l95 0 !n s5t ov] to ,holl& to g ?r\gh ?is op]ation4 ,! ,dut* /eep$ ! bundles ( clo? 9 ley made by wat] p\r$ ^u wood a%es--!n soak$ !m 9 butt]milk--& f9ally spread !m ^u ! grass = sev]al mon?s4 ,^! 7 all natural ag5cies :i* dis*>g$ ! col\r+ matt] )\t any *emical sci5ce4 ,x 0 at l5g? f\nd out t sulphuric acid w\ld d ! same "w 9 "o day :i* ! butt]milk did 9 six weeks2 b ! sun & ! air _h /ill to be ! *ief blea*+ p[]s4 ,a ,fr5* *emi/ !n f\nd out t a new gas1 *lor9e1 w\ld sup]s$e ! necessity = spread+ out ! l95 = sev]al mon?s2 & s ! acres ( blea*+ gr\nd :i* we 7 us+ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&--= we _h left (f s5d+ ! br[n & yell[ clo? to ,holl&--7 free = cultivation4 ,b ! *lor9e 0 poison\s to ! workm51 & imp>t$ a fil?y od\r to ! clo?4 ,*emi/ry aga9 w5t to "w1 & f9ally obta9$ ! *loride ( lime1 :i* is ! univ]sal blea*+ p[d] ( mod]n manufactures4 ,:at us$ to be ! "w ( eight mon?s is n[ accompli%$ 9 an h\r or two2 & s a bag ( d+y raw cotton may be 9 ,new ,york on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 & be conv]t$ into ! :ite/ calico be=e ! mon? is at an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,blea*+-gr\nd at ,glasg[4 #bc ,bl\nt's ',anci5t ,t5ures1' ed4 #aghd1 p4 #ahc4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,hosi]y manufacture--,! /ock+-frame--,! circul> hosi]y-ma*9e--,hats--,gloves--,boots & %oes-- ,/raw-plait--,artificial fl[]s--,fans--,lace--,bobb9-net ma*9e--,p9s--,ne$les--,buttons--,toys--, lucif]-mat*es-- ,envelopes4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ /ock+-ma*9e1 9 ! ye> #aehi1 by ,william ,lee1 a cl]gyman1 none b ! v ri* wore /ock+s1 & _m ( ! mo/ weal?y w5t )\t /ock+s at all1 t "p ( dress be+ sewn toge!r by ! tailor1 or _! legs be+ cov]$ ) b&ages ( clo?4 ,! cov]+ = ! leg 0 call$ a ne!r-/ock1 or l[] /ock+4 ,philip ,/ubbes1 a trem5d\s declaim] aga9/ e species ( luxury1 ?us describes ! exp5sive /ock+s ( 8 "t1 #aehe3-- ,!n h !y ne!r-/ocks to ^! hos51 n ( clo? 7?\gh nev] s f9e71 = t is ?\ght too base1 b ( j>nsey1 wor/$1 crewell1 silk1 ?read1 & su* l1 or else at ! lea/ ( ! f9e/ y>n t c be got1 & s curi\sly knit ) op5 seam d[n ! leg1 ) quirks & clocks ab\t ! ancles1 & sometime1 haply1 int]lac$ ) gold or silv] ?reads1 z is wond]ful to behold4 ,& to su* impud5t insol5cy & %ameful outrage x is n[ gr[n1 t e "o1 almo/1 ?\gh o!rwise v poor1 hav+ sc>ce =ty %ill+s ( wages by ! ye>1 w n /ick to h two or ?ree pair ( ^! silk ne!r-/ocks1 or else ( ! f9e/ y>n t may be got1 ?\gh ! price ( !m be a ryall1 or tw5ty %ill+s1 or m1 z commonly x is2 = h[ c !y be less1 :5 z ! v knitt+ ( !m is wor? a noble or a ryall1 & "s mu* m8 ,! "t ha? be5 :5 "o might h clo!d 8 body well = less ?an a pair ( ^! ne!r-/ocks w co/4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ^? :o _h only =ty %ill+s a ye> wages c\ld exp5d tw5ty %ill+s ^u a pair ( knit /ock+s4 ,x is q cle> !y 7 = ! ri* only2 & t v few p]sons 7 employ$ 9 knitt+ & embroid]+ /ock+s4 ,william ,lee /ruggl$ to make /ock+s *eap4 ,he made a pair ( /ock+s by ! frame1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,k+ ,james ,i42 b su* 0 ! prejudice ( ^? times1 t he c\ld get no enc\ragem5t = 8 inv5tion4 ,8 inv5tion 0 disc\nt5anc$1 ^u ! plea t x w\ld deprive ! indu/ri\s poor ( _! subsi/5ce4 ,he w5t to ,france1 :]e he met ) no bett] success1 & di$ at la/ ( a brok5 he>t4 ,! great !n c\ld disc\nt5ance an inv5tion1 because its application 0 limit$ to !mselves4 ,!y only wore /ock+s3 ! poor :o made !m _h none to we>4 ,/ock+s 7 n *eap en\gh = ! poor to we>1 & !re=e !y w5t )\t4 ,( ! millions ( p n[ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ few are )\t /ock+s6 ,:at a mis]able exception to ! com=t ( ! re/ ( ! ,engli% p does x appe> :5 we see a begg> 9 ! /reets )\t /ock+s6 ,we consid] su* a p]son to be 9 ! l[e/ /age ( want & suff]+4 ,two c5turies ago1 n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& wore /ock+s2--"o c5tury ago1 n "o p]son 9 five hundr$ wore !m2--n[1 n "o p]son 9 a ?\s& is )\t !m4 ,:o made ?is great *ange 9 ! condition ( ! p ( ,engl&1 &1 inde$1 ( ! p ( almo/ all civiliz$ c\ntries8 ,william ,lee--:o di$ at ,p>is ( a brok5 he>t4 ,& :y did he die ( grief & p5ury8 ,because ! p ( 8 own days 7 too ignorant to accept ! bless+s he _h prep>$ = !m4 ,we ask ) confid5ce1 _h ! t]ror ( ! /ock+-frame any real f\ndation8 ,7 any p ?r[n out ( employm5t by ! /ock+-frame8 ,! knitt]s 9 ! sun1 ,& ! free maids :o weave _! ?read ) bones1 z ,%aksp]e describes ! c\ntry lasses ( 8 day1 _h to *ange _! employm5t2 b !re 0 f> m employm5t = ! mak]s ( /ock+s1 = !n e "o began to we> /ock+s4 ,! hosi]y manufacture furni%es employm5t to _m p]sons besides ^? :o "w at ! /ock+-ma*9e4 ,! frame-work]1 9 _m cases1 makes ! knit-"w 9 a piece adapt$ = a /ock+1 & does n make a f9i%$ /ock+2 ! seam] makes ! /ock+ out ( ! piece s produc$4 ,:5 we speak ( ! /ock+-frame1 we speak ( a ma*9e :i* knits e article ( hosi]y4 ,9 ?is manufacture !re 7 employ$1 9 #ahea1 sixty-five ?\s& five hundr$ p]sons1 ( :om ?irty ?\s& 7 females4 ,suppose t ! ignorance & prejudice :i* prevail$ at ! "t ( ,james ,i4 ^u ! subject ( ma*9]y _h cont9u$ to ! pres5t day2 & t n only ! fir/ /ock+-frame ( ,william ,lee _h nev] be5 us$1 b t all ma*9es employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( hosi]y _h nev] be5 ?\ght (2 & !y c\ld n h be5 ?\ght ( if ! fir/ ma*9es _h be5 put d[n4 ,! great] numb] ( u1 9 t case1 w\ld h be5 )\t /ock+s4 ,b !re w\ld h be5 a great] evil ?an ev5 ?is4 ,we might all h f\nd sub/itutes = /ock+s1 or h gone )\t !m4 ,b ! progress ( +5uity w\ld h be5 /opp$4 ,! inv5tive pr9ciple w\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,we h n rea*$ ! end ( our c>e] ( improvem5t4 ,civilization is n de/9$ to run a backw>d race4 ,william ,lee's /ock+-frame work$ well = two c5turies & a half4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful contrivances ( our "t has n[ greatly sup]s$$ x4 ,! circul> hosi]y ma*9e--m prop]ly call$ a ma*9e = manufactur+ loop$ fabrics--works at su* a rate t "o girl att5d+ ^u ! revolutions ( ?is wond]ful in/rum5t c produce 9 "o day ! mat]ial = two hundr$ & =ty pairs ( /ock+s4 ,%e turns a little h&le1 ) ! ease ) :i* %e w\ld turn a b>rel-organ2 &1 z ! ma*9e revolves1 hundr$s ( ne$les cat* ! ?read & loop x into ! *a9 :i* =ms ! /ock+-clo?1 or x makes ! fa%ion$ /ock+4 ,! new hosi]y-ma*9es h d\bl$ ! employm5t ( ! /ock+-mak]s1 by enabl+ u to meet ! competition ( =eign c\ntries4 ,! ,engli% 7 work+ ^u ! old sl[ /ock+-frame1 :ile ! ,fr5* & ,belgians 7 us+ ! rapid circul> ma*9e4 ,! m>kets ( ! _w w\ld h be5 soon clos$ to u if we _h clung to ! old ma*9e1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( any popul> prejudice aga9/ a new ma*9e4 ,!re is no portion ( ! export trade ( ?is c\ntry :i* has increas$ ) su* extraord9>y rapidity )9 ! la/ six ye>s z t ( hosi]y4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( ! decl>$ value ( /ock+s export$ s9ce #ahdh w suffici5tly indicate ! effects ( improv$ ma*9]y 9 *eap5+ production3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,/ock+s export$4 #ahdh4 #ahej4 #aheb4 #ahec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,l ,l ,l ,l ,cotton #gg1jie #ajd1dcd #bdc1iid #dfa1did ,silk #bd1cbd #bj1bef #be1adj #bc1egi ,wor/$ #dj1dac #gd1dhb #aag1cdi #bfa1adj ,silk mix$ ) o!r mat]ial #ci #c1cbg #d1gje #aj1dfd ---------------------------------------- #ada1hga #bjb1dii #cia1ahh #gef1fgg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! hosi]y ( ,saxony 0 sup]s$+1 a few ye>s ago1 f its extreme *eapness1 ! %ipm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( goods made at ,nott+ham4 ,! *eapness 9 ,saxony 0 produc$1 n by ! employm5t ( l>ge capital & ! application ( ! mo/ exp5sive ma*9]y1 b by ! mis]ably l[ wages ( lab\r4 ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,port] t1 9 #ahcg1 a man ( ,saxony1 ) 8 wife & ?ree *ildr51 work+ incessantly at ! /ock+-loom1 c\ld only e>n #es4 #d;d4 weekly4 ,9 ! pr9cipal manufactur+ di/ricts ( t c\ntry1 ! food ( ! artisans is ( ! co>se/ k9d1 & ( ! mo/ limit$ supply4 ,! comp>ative ease & com=t ( ! work]s 9 our hosi]y di/ricts is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory pro(s t inv5tion is z great a b5efit to ! lab\r] z to ! capitali/4 ,z ! ne!r-/ocks ( our ance/ors 7 = ! great & weal?y1 s 7 _! ,hats4 ,old ,/ubbes writes1 ,sometimes !y use !m %>p on ! cr[n1 pe>k+ up l ! spe> or %aft ( a /eeple1 /&+ a qu>t] ( a y>d above ! cr[n ( _! heads1 "s m1 "s less1 z please ! phantasies ( _! incon/ant m9ds4 ,o!r "s be flat & broad on ! cr[n1 l ! battlem5ts ( a h\se4 ,ano!r sort h r\nd cr[ns1 sometimes ) "o k9d ( b&1 sometimes ) ano!r1 n[ black1 n[ :ite1 n[ russet1 n[ r$1 n[ gre51 n[ yell[1 n[ ?is1 n[ t1 nev] cont5t ) "o col\r or fa%ion two days to an end4 ,& ?us 9 vanity !y sp5d ! ,"l 8 treasure1 consum+ _! gold5 ye>s & silv] days 9 wick$ness & s94 ,& z ! fa%ions be r>e & /range1 s is ! /uff :]e( _! hats be made div]s also2 = "s are ( silk1 "s ( velvet1 "s ( taffeta1 "s ( s>s5et1 "s ( wool1 &1 :i* is m curi\s1 "s ( a c]ta9 k9d ( f9e hair2 ^! !y call beav] hats1 ( #bj1 #cj1 or #dj %ill+s price1 fet*$ f beyond ! seas1 f :5ce a great sort ( o!r vanities d come besides4 ,"h1 !n1 we see t ! beav] hat 0 9 ^? days an article ( great price4 ,! commonalty _h _! pla9 /atute caps ( wool4 ,9 our "t ! beav] hat 0 ! common we> ( ! middle classes until ! la/ few ye>s1 :5 ! *eap] silk hat became almo/ univ]sal4 ,we import f ,france "s plu% = mak+ hats2 b mu* ( ?is silk mat]ial is also prep>$ 9 our own factories4 ,hats h !re=e become intimately associat$ ) ! mat]ial produc$ by ! loom4 ,! manufacture ( ,gloves is connect$1 9 a v l>ge dep>tm5t1 ) ! hosi]y manufactory4 ,! use ( ?read gloves & cotton gloves has _h ! effect1 9 "s degree1 ( less5+ ! consumption ( lea!r gloves4 ,! importation ( lea!r gloves & mitts 0 prohibit$ until #ahbe4 ,we n[ import ?ree million pairs annually2 & ! home manufacture1 in/ead ( be+ ru9$ z 0 pr$ict$1 0 nev] m prosp]\s4 ,! ,fr5* gloves1 once s sup]ior to our own1 h improv$ ! ,engli%1 by ! natural =ce ( competition2 & ! manufactur]s n only pur*ase bett] lea!r ?an =m]ly1 b ! cottage-workwom5 t lab\r 9 ! glove di/ricts h become neat] & m c>eful sew]s4 ,! consumption ( gloves has ceas$ to be exclusively = ! ri*4 ,! p]fum$ & embroid]$ glove ( ! #af? c5tury is no long] requir$4 ,! use ( gloves has become univ]sal among/ bo? sexes ( ! middle classes4 ,! female dome/ic w\ld ?9k x unbecom+ to g to *ur* )\t h] gloves2 & ! well-dress$ artisan holds x no?+ effem9ate to use a cov]+ = 8 h&s1 :i* 8 =efa!rs ?\ght a di/+ui%+ appurt5ance ( ! high-born & luxuri\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,gloves = ! great4 ,our home-manufacture ( ,boots & ,%oes has receiv$ an imm5se impulse f =eign competition4 ,! numb] ( m5's & wom5's boots & %oes :i* we import is n mu* above two hundr$ ?\s&4 ,b we also import six hundr$ ?\s& boot-fronts f ,france1 :i* our own p "w up4 ,al?\gh ! boot & %oe manufacture c sc>cely be consid]$ a factory process1 x has n[ adapt$ itself to c]ta9 localities1 su* z ,nor?ampton4 ,! articles made 9 ! prov9ces 7 orig9ally di/+ui%$ = _! *eapness m]ely4 ,!y n[ unite ! *>act]s ( goodness & *eapness4 ,?is *iefly arises f ! trade be+ c>ri$ on1 at ,nor?ampton especially1 ^u a l>ge scale--^u a pr9ciple ! v rev]se ( ! old famili> spectacle ( ! cobbl] 9 8 /all4 ,illu/ration3 ,cobbl]'s /all1 ab\t #agfj4 ,! ,/raw-plat is a dome/ic manufacture1 *iefly c>ri$ on 9 ! midl& & ea/]n c\nties4 ,x employs ?irty-two ?\s& p]sons1 ( :om tw5ty-eight ?\s& are females4 ,! /raw hat & bonnet mak]s am\nt to tw5ty-two ?\s&1 ( :om m ?an tw5ty ?\s& are females4 ,! art ( /raw-platt+ has be5 greatly improv$ among/ u ( late ye>s2 b ! ,italian /raw1 be+ ( a f9] nature1 is 9 great] dem& = ! high] pric$ bonnets4 ,! beautiful production ( ,artificial ,fl[]s has1 9 v rec5t ye>s1 be5 mu* increas$ 9 ,engl&4 ,france1 ) its sup]ior ta/e1 long suppli$ u ) ^! ornam5ts1 :i* _h ! brilliancy ( natural fl[]s )\t _! p]i%abl5ess4 ,b ?ree ?\s& females1 & five hundr$ males1 are n[ engag$ ) u 9 ?is bran*4 ,! ,fan-mak]s ( ,engl& are only ?irty 9 numb]4 ,9 ,france ?is is a l>ge bran* ( manufacture4 ,9 ! ,jury ,report on ! ,exhibition ( ,indu/ry 9 #ahea !re is a notice ( ! fan-trade ( ,p>is1 :i* is curi\s z %[+ ! jo9t influ5ces ^u *eapness1 ( ma*9]y1 & ( ! multiplication ( works ( art by engrav+4 ,! fan-mak]s ( ,p>is 9 #ahdg employ$ five hundr$ & sev5ty-five "w-p--! numb] ( ! sexes be+ pretty equally divid$4 ,! m5 7 = ! mo/ "p copp]-plate engrav]s & pr9t]s1 li?ographic draughtsm5 & pr9t]s1 pa9t]s1 & col\r]s2 ! wom5 7 m\nt]s1 illum9ators1 pa9t]s1 col\r]s1 & ov]look]s4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s x appe>s t ! produce 9 fans _h increas$ 9 value ne>ly ?reefold1 :il/ ! numb] ( "w-p _h dim9i%$ "o-half4 ,?is *ange is attribut$ to ! employm5t ( ma*9]y1 especially ( ! fly press1 9 /amp+ out & emboss+ ! ribs1 & ! ext5sive employm5t ( *romo-li?ography1 an art n practis$ at ! =m] p]iod4 ,by ^! means ! ,fr5* h be5 enabl$ greatly to increase _! exports by ! production ( *eap fans1 to compete ) ^? made by ! ,*9ese4 ,dekk]1 9 8 ',gull's ,hornbook1' pr9t$ 9 #afji1 advises ! gallant ( 8 day to exhibit a wr\ght h&k]*ief4 ,a h&k]*ief1 spott$ ) /rawb]ries1 0 ,o!llo's fir/ gift to ,desdemona4 ,x 0 an embroid]$ h&k]*ief1 su* z is produc$ 9 ! pres5t day at ,cairo by ! ,egyptian ladies 9 _! private ap>tm5ts4 ,! embroid]$ %irts ( ! "t ( ,elizabe? are ?us notic$ by ,/ubbes3-- ,^! %irts 7sometimes x happ5e?7 are wr\ght ?r\gh\t ) ne$le-"w ( silk1 & su* l1 & curi\sly /it*$ ) op5 seam1 & _m o!r knacks besides1 m ?an ,i c describe2 9 s mu* z ,i h he>d ( %irts t h co/ "s t5 %ill+s1 "s tw5ty1 "s =ty1 "s five p\nd1 "s tw5ty nobles1 & 7:i* is horrible to he>7 "s t5 p\nd apiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,m5'seg1 or ,egyptian embroid]y-frame4 ,! embroid]y-frame 0 9 "t sup]s$$ by ! lace-pill[1 :i* is /at$ to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 ,saxony 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! production ( ,lace ext5d$ to ,belgium & ,france2 & we are /ill famili> ) ! names ( ,brussels1 ,me*l91 ,lisle1 ,val5ci5nes1 & ,al5con lace4 ,until ! pres5t c5tury no lace 0 he>d ( b pill[-lace1--a dome/ic manufacture1 ( :i* ,honiton 0 ! mo/ fam\s seat4 ,a /ock+-weav] ( ,nott+ham adapt$ 8 /ock+-frame to ! mak+ ( lace ab\t #aggj2 & ! bobb9-frame 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahji4 ,x 0 nev] ext5sively us$ till ! expiration ( ! pat5t2 & ! produce ( ?is ma*9e 0 kept at s high a price by ! pat5tees t x int]f]$ little ) ! lab\r ( ! lace-mak]s 9 ! cottages ( ! midl& c\nties4 ,illu/ration3 ,bobb9-net me%es4 ,b a "t 0 com+ :5 z mu* bobb9-net z ! pat5tees ( ! fir/ frame *>g$ five p\nds = w\ld be sold = half-a-cr[n2 & :51 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is *eapness1 lace-mak+ z a dome/ic employm5t w\ld :olly cease1 or be conf9$ to ! production ( an exp5sive article1 suppos$ to be sup]ior to ma*9e-made lace4 ,t ! old h&-lab\r c\ld compete ) ! ma*9e 0 an impossibility4 ,lace ( an ord9>y figur$ patt]n us$ to be made on ! pill[ at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree me%es p] m9ute4 ,a bobb9-net ma*9e w produce simil> lace at ! rate ( tw5ty-f\r ?\s& me%es p] m9ute1 "o p]son only be+ requir$ to wait ^u ! ma*9e4 ,^? :o h wat*$ ! cottage lace-mak]1 work+ ) h] bobb9s & p9s1 7 unable1 )\t long obs]vation1 to und]/& ! pr9ciple ^u :i* %e int]tw9$ ! ?reads4 ,b to expla9 ! m rapid work+ ( ! bobb9-net ma*9e w\ld require su* a m9ute acqua9tance ) all its p>ts z belongs to ! bus9ess ( ! practical ma*9i/1 & :i* words are inadequate to exhibit4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ (f]s ! be/ notion we c furni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,ess5tial p>ts ( ! bobb9-net ma*9e4 ,! w>p1 asc5d+ f ! beam ,a1 passes ?r\gh small holes 9 a guide-b> ,b1 & !nce to ! po9t ,c1 :]e ! bobb9s 9 _! respective combs1 driv5 by ! l$ges on ! two b>s b5ea?1 trav]se ! w>p to & fro1 & int]lace ! ?reads z %[n at ,d2 ! po9ts ,e assi/+ to ma9ta9 ! =ms ( ! me%es4 ,in/ead ( ,engl& be+ n[ suppli$ ) lace f ,france & ,belgium1 we are n[ an export+ lace-c\ntry4 ,9 #ahdh we export$ cotton lace & net to ! am\nt ( #cfc1beel42 9 #ahec to ! am\nt ( #eif1eghl4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #ahea1 ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! lace manufacture 0 #fc1ffj2 ( :om #ed1jhj 7 females4 ,! same returns give ! numb] ( #dfeh embroid]]s4 ,!re is an article employ$ 9 dress :i* is at once s necess>y & s beautiful t ! highe/ lady 9 ! l& uses x1 & yet s *eap t ! poore/ peasant's wife is enabl$ to procure x4 ,! quality ( ! article is z p]fect z art c make x2 & yet1 f ! enorm\s quantities consum$ by ! great mass ( ! p1 x is made s *eap t ! poor c pur*ase ! be/ k9d1 z well z ! ri*4 ,x is an article ( univ]sal use4 ,unit$ ) ma*9]y1 _m hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s1 are employ$ 9 mak+ x4 ,b if ! ma*9]y 7 to /op1 & ! article 7 made by human h&s alone1 x w\ld become s de> t ! ri*e/ only c\ld af=d to use x2 & x w\ld become at ! same "t s r\gh 9 its appe>ance1 t ^? v ri* w\ld be a%am$ ( us+ x4 ,! article we mean is a ,p94 ,x is n necess>y = u to describe ! ma*9]y us$ 9 p9-mak+1 to make ! read] compreh5d its effects4 ,a p9 is made ( brass4 ,we h se5 h[ metal is obta9$ f ore by ma*9]y2 & !re=e we w n g ov] t gr\nd4 ,b suppose ! mo/ skilful workman has a lump ( brass ready by 8 side1 to make x into p9s ) common tools1--) a hamm] & ) a file4 ,he heats x ^u an anvil1 till x becomes ne>ly ?9 en\gh = 8 purpose4 ,a v f9e hamm]1 & a v f9e t\*1 mu/ he h to produce a p9 ( any sort1--ev5 a l>ge cork+-p96 ,b ! p9 made by ma*9]y is a p]fect cyl9d]4 ,to make a metal1 or ev5 a wood5 cyl9d]1 ( a consid]able size1 ) files & poli%+1 is an op]ation s difficult t x is nev] attempt$2 b ) a la! & a slid+ re/ x is done e h\r by a great _m workm54 ,h[ mu* m difficult w\ld x be to make a p]fect cyl9d] ! size ( a p98 ,a p9 hamm]$ out by h& w\ld pres5t a numb] ( r\gh edges t w\ld te> ! clo!s1 z well z hold !m toge!r4 ,x w\ld n be mu* m useful or ornam5tal ?an ! skew] ( bone ) :i* ! woman ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s fa/5s h] mats4 ,b ! wire ( :i* p9s are made acquires a p]fectly cyl9drical =m by ! simple/ ma*9]y4 ,x is =cibly drawn ?r\gh ! circul> holes ( a /eel plate2 & ! hole be+ small] & small] ea* "t x is drawn ?r\gh1 x is at l5g? r$uc$ to ! size requir$4 ,! head ( a p9 is a m difficult ?+ to make ev5 ?an ! body4 ,x is =m$ ( a small piece ( wire twi/$ r\nd s z to fit ^u ! o!r wire4 ,x is said t by a ma*9e fifty ?\s& heads c be made 9 an h\r4 ,we %\ld ?9k t a man w\ld be v skilful to make fifty 9 an h\r by h&1 9 ! r\ghe/ mann]2 if s1 ! ma*9e does ! "w ( a ?\s& m54 ,! ma*9e1 h[ev]1 does n d all ! "w4 ,! head is atta*$ to ! body ( a p9 by ! f+]s ( a *ild1 :ile ano!r ma*9e rivets x on4 ,! op]ations ( cutt+ & po9t+ ! p9s are also done by ma*9]y2 & !y are poli%$ by a *emical process4 ,x is by ^! processes1--by ^! comb9ations ( human lab\r ) me*anical p[]1--t x occurs t fifty p9s c be b\ght = "o halfp5ny1 & t !re=e f\r or five ?\s& p9s may be consum$ 9 a ye> by ! mo/ economical h\sewife1 at a mu* less price ?an fifty p9s ( a rude make co/ two or ?ree c5turies ago4 ,a woman's all[ance 0 =m]ly call$ h] p9-money1--a pro( t ! p9s 7 a suffici5tly de> article to make a l>ge item 9 h] exp5ses4 ,if p9s n[ 7 to co/ a halfp5ny apiece in/ead ( be+ fifty = a halfp5ny1 ! great] numb] ( females w\ld adopt o!r modes ( fa/5+ _! dress1 :i* w\ld probably be less neat & conv5i5t ?an p9s4 ,no su* circum/ance c\ld happ5 :ile ! ma*9]y ( p9-mak+ 0 9 use4 ,ne$les are n s *eap z p9s1 because ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made is m exp5sive1 & ! processes _c be execut$ s fully by ma*9]y4 ,b )\t ma*9]y h[ c\ld t mo/ beautiful article1 a f9e ne$le1 be sold at ! rate ( six = a p5ny8 ,z 9 ! case ( p9s1 ma*9]y is at "w at ! fir/ =mation ( ! mat]ial4 ,)\t ! tilt-hamm]1 :i* beats out ! b> ( /eel1 fir/ at ! rate ( t5 /rokes a m9ute1 & la/ly at t ( five hundr$1 h[ c\ld t b> be prep>$ = ne$le-mak+ at any?+ l a reasonable price8 ,9 all ! processes ( ne$le-mak+1 lab\r is sav$ by contrivance & ma*9]y4 ,:at human t\*1 )\t a ma*9e1 w\ld be accurate en\gh to make ! eye ( ! f9e/ ne$le1 ?r\gh :i* ! mo/ delicate silk is ) difficulty pass$8 ,!re are two ne$les to be =m$ out ( "o piece ( wire2 9 ! previ\s prep>ation ( :i* ! eyes are m>k$4 ,! workman1 hold+ 9 8 h& sev]al wires1 drops "o at a "t on ! b$-iron ( ! ma*9e1 adju/s x to ! die1 br+s d[n ! upp] die ^u x by ! action ( ! foot1 & all[s x to fall into a little di% :5 done4 ,?is he does ) su* rapidity t "o /amp] c /amp f\r ?\s& wires1 equival5t to eight ?\s& ne$les1 9 an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,/amp+ ! eye ( a ne$le4 ,ne$les are made 9 su* l>ge quantities1 t x is ev5 important to save ! "t ( ! *ild :o lays !m all "o way :5 !y are complet$4 ,mr4 ,babbage1 :o is equally di/+ui%$ = 8 pr(\nd sci5ce & 8 me*anical +5uity1 has describ$ ?is process z an example ( "o ( ! simple/ contrivances :i* c come "u ! d5om9ation ( a tool4 ,x is necess>y to sep>ate ! ne$les into two p>cels1 9 ord] t _! po9ts may be all 9 "o direction4 ,?is is usually done by wom5 & *ildr54 ,! ne$les are plac$ sideways 9 a heap1 on a table1 9 front ( ea* op]ator4 ,f five to t5 are roll$ t[>ds ?is p]son by ! =ef+] ( ! left h&2 ?is sep>ates !m a v small space f ea* o!r1 & ea* 9 its turn is pu%$ l5g?ways to ! "r or to ! left1 accord+ z its eye is on ! "r or ! left h&4 ,?is is ! usual process1 & 9 x e ne$le passes individually "u ! f+] ( ! op]ator4 ,a small alt]ation exp$ites ! process consid]ably2 ! *ild puts on ! =ef+] ( its "r h& a small clo? cap or f+]-/all1 &1 roll+ f ! heap f six to twelve ne$les1 x keeps !m d[n by ! =ef+] ( ! left h&2 :il/ x presses ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& g5tly aga9/ ! ends ( ! ne$les1 ^? :i* h _! po9ts t[>ds ! "r h& /ick into ! f+]-/all2 & ! *ild1 remov+ ! f+] ( ! left h&1 all[s ! ne$les /ick+ into ! clo? to be slightly rais$1 & !n pu%es !m t[>ds ! left side4 ,^? ne$les :i* _h _! eyes on ! "r h& d n /ick into ! f+]-cov]1 & are pu%$ to ! heap on ! "r side previ\s to ! repetition ( ! process4 ,by means ( ?is simple contrivance1 ea* movem5t ( ! f+]1 f "o side to ! o!r1 c>ries five or six ne$les to _! prop] heap2 :]eas1 9 ! =m] me?od1 frequ5tly only "o 0 mov$1 & r>ely m ?an two or ?ree 7 transport$ at "o movem5t to _! place4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p are employ$1 at ,birm+ham *iefly1 9 ! manufacture ( buttons4 ,! c5sus return gives ab\t sev5 ?\s&4 ,9 ! manufacture ( a s+le button !re is great division ( lab\r among/ pi]c]s1 cutt]s1 /amp]s1 gild]s1 & burni%]s4 ,! engrav+ exhibits ! op]ations ( /amp+1 press+1 & pun*+1 z c>ri$ on 9 a great factory4 ,! %ank ( a button is made by v complicat$ ma*9]y z a di/9ct class ( manufacture1 & ! button-mak]s buy ! %anks4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ?ree firms 9 ,birm+ham annually make six hundr$ million ( button-%anks4 ,illu/ration3 ,/amp+1 press+1 & pun*+ buttons4--,elliott's factory4 ,! application ( ma*9]y1 or ( peculi> sci5tific modes ( work+1 to su* app>5tly trifl+ articles z p9s1 ne$les1 buttons1 & tr9kets1 may appe> ( little importance4 ,b let x be rememb]$1 t ! manufacture ( su* articles furni%es employm5t to _m ?\s&s ( our fell[-c\ntrym52 &1 enabl+ u to supply o!r nations ) ^! products1 af=ds u ! means ( receiv+ articles ( m intr9sic value 9 ex*ange4 ,9 #ahec our exports ( h>dw>e & cutl]y am\nt$ to m ?an ?ree millions & a half /]l+4 ,no article ( ready atta9m5t1 & !re=e ( g5]al consumption1 :e!r x be a lab\r]'s spade or a *ild's m>ble1 is unimportant 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,! wood5 figures ( horses & %eep t may be b\ght = twop5ce 9 ! toy-%ops furni% employm5t to cut !m1 dur+ ! long w9t] nights1 to a l>ge portion ( ! peasantry ( ! ,tyrol4 ,! ,swiss peasant cuts a piece ( :ite wood into a boy or a cottage1 z he is t5d+ 8 h]d on ! side ( a m\nta94 ,^! become consid]able articles ( export4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,sonneb]g1 ne> ! =e/ ( ,?ur+ia1 f\r ?\s& inhabitants are pr9cipally employ$ 9 ! toy-trade1 & also f9d employm5t = ! neighb\r+ villag]s4 ,mr4 ,osl]1 ( ,birm+ham1 "s ye>s ago1 address+ a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons ^u ! subject ( 8 beads & tr9kets1 said1--,on my fir/ j\rney to ,london1 a respectable-look+ man 9 ! ,city ask$ me if ,i c\ld supply him ) dolls' eyes2 & ,i 0 fooli% en\gh to feel half (f5d$4 ,i ?\ght x d]ogatory to my new dignity z a manufactur] to make dolls' eyes4 ,he took me into a room q z wide & p]haps twice ! l5g? ( ?is 7"o ( ! l>ge rooms = ,committees 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons71 & we _h j room to walk betwe5 /acks1 f ! floor to ! ceil+1 ( p>ts ( dolls4 ,he said1 ',^! are only ! legs & arms--! trunks are bel[4' ,b ,i saw en\gh to conv9ce me t he want$ a great _m eyes2 & z ! article appe>$ q 9 my own l9e ( bus9ess1 ,i said ,i w\ld take an ord] by way ( exp]im5t2 & he %[$ me sev]al specim5s4 ,i copi$ ! ord]4 ,he ord]$ v>i\s quantities & ( v>i\s sizes & qualities4 ,on return+ to ! ,tavi/ock ,hotel1 ,i f\nd t ! ord] am\nt$ to upw>ds ( five hundr$ p\nds4 ,mr4 ,osl] tells ?is /ory to %[ ! importance ( trifles4 ,! mak+ ( dolls' eyes af=d$ subsi/5ce to _m +5i\s workm5 9 glass toys2 & 9 ! same way ! mo/ m9ute & app>5tly insignificant article ( g5]al use1 :5 r5d]$ *eap by *emical sci5ce or ma*9]y1 produces a return ( _m ?\s& p\nds1 & sets 9 motion lab\r & lab\r]s4 ,)\t ! sci5ce & ! ma*9]y1 :i* r5d] ! article *eap1 ! lab\r]s w\ld h _h no employ1 = ! article w\ld n h be5 consum$4 ,:at a pretty article is a common tobacco-pipe1 ( :i* millions are us$6 ,x is made *eap & beautiful 9 a m\ld--a ma*9e = copy+ pipes4 ,if ! pipe 7 made )\t ! m\ld1 & o!r contrivances1 x w\ld co/ at lea/ a %ill+ in/ead ( a halfp5ny3--! tobacco-smok] w\ld g )\t 8 pipe1 & ! pipe-mak] )\t 8 employm5t4 ,among/ articles ( great dem& t h become ( importance1 ?\gh app>5tly insignificant1 9 our own day1 !re is no?+ m wor?y ( notice ?an ! ,lucif]-,mat*4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago *emi/ry aboli%$ ! t9d]-box2 & ! burnt rag t made ! t9d] w5t to make pap]4 ,sl[ly did ! inv5tion spread4 ,! use ( ! lucif]-mat* is n[ s e/abli%$ t ma*9es are inv5t$ to prep>e ! spl9ts4 ,9 ,london "o saw-mill annually cuts up f\r hundr$ l>ge timb]-trees = mat*es4 ,! ,engli% mat*es are g5]ally squ>e1 & ?us ?irty ?\s& spl9ts are cut 9 a m9ute4 ,! ,am]ican mat*es are r\nd2 & ! process ( %ap+ be+ m elaborate1 f\r ?\s& five hundr$ spl9ts are cut 9 a m9ute4 ,we w foll[ a bundle ( eighte5 hundr$ ( ! squ>e spl9ts1 ea* f\r in*es long1 ?r\gh its conv]sion into ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ lucif]-mat*es4 ,)\t be+ sep>at$1 ea* end ( ! bundle is fir/ dipp$ into sulphur4 ,:5 dry1 ! spl9ts1 adh]+ to ea* o!r by means ( ! sulphur1 mu/ be p>t$ by :at is call$ du/+4 ,a boy1 sitt+ on ! floor ) a bundle be=e him1 /rikes ! mat*es ) a sort ( mallet on ! dipp$ ends till !y become ?or\ghly loos5$4 ,!y h n[ to be plung$ into a prep>ation ( phosphorus or *lorate ( pota%1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! mat*4 ,! phosphorus produces ! pale1 noiseless fire2 ! *lorate ( pota%1 ! %>p crack+ illum9ation4 ,aft] ?is application ( ! m inflammable sub/ance1 ! mat*es are sep>at$1 & dri$ 9 racks4 ,?or\ghly dri$1 !y are ga!r$ up aga9 into bundles ( ! same quantity1 & are tak5 to ! boys :o cut !m2 = ! read] w h obs]v$ t ! bundles h be5 dipp$ at ea* end4 ,!re are few ?+s m rem>kable 9 manufactures ?an ! extraord9>y rapidity ( ?is cutt+-process & t :i* is connect$ ) x4 ,! boy /&s be=e a b5*1 ! bundle on 8 "r h&1 a pile ( half-op5$ empty boxes on 8 left4 ,! mat*es are to be cut1 & ! empty boxes fill$1 by ?is boy4 ,a bundle is op5$2 he seizes a portion1 kn[+ by long habit ! requir$ numb] ) suffici5t exactness2 puts !m rapidly into a sort ( frame1 knocks ! ends ev5ly toge!r1 conf9es !m ) a /rap :i* he tight5s ) 8 foot1 & cuts !m 9 two p>ts ) a knife on a h+e1 :i* he br+s d[n ) a /rong lev]age4 ,! halves lie project+ ov] ea* end ( ! frame2 he grasps ! left portion & ?ru/s x into a half-op5 box1 :i* slides into an out] case2 & he repeats ! process ) ! mat*es on 8 "r h&4 ,?is s]ies ( movem5ts is p]=m$ ) a rapidity almo/ unexampl$2 = 9 ?is way1 two hundr$ ?\s& mat*es are cut1 & two ?\s& boxes fill$1 9 a day1 by "o boy4 ,x is a law ( ?is manufacture t ! dem& is great] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]4 ,! increas$ summ] dem& = ! lucif]-mat*es %[s t ! great consumption is among ! masses--! lab\r+ population--^? :o make up ! va/ majority ( ! contributors to duties ( cu/oms & excise4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! weal?y !re is always fire2 9 ! h\ses ( ! poor1 fire 9 summ] is a ne$less h\rly exp5se4 ,!n comes ! lucif]-mat* to supply ! want--to light ! c&le to look 9 ! d>k cupbo>d--to light ! aft]noon fire to boil ! kettle4 ,x is n[ unnecess>y to run to ! neighb\r = a light1 or1 z a desp]ate res\rce1 to "w at ! t9d]-box4 ,! lucif]-mat*es sometimes fail1 b !y co/ little1 & s !y are freely us$1 ev5 by ! poore/4 ,_! value 0 suffici5tly %[n :5 an (fic] 9 camp at ,balaclava wrote home t no want 0 great] ?an t ( ! ready means ( procur+ fire & light1 & t he %\ld hold a box ( lucif]-mat*es *eap at half-a-cr[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,envelope-mak+ ma*9e4 ,we may notice "o o!r article ( almo/ univ]sal use1 :i* is ( v rec5t introduction--! ,envelope4 ,x is a lab\r-sav+ contrivance = ! writ] ( lett]s4 ,! use ( ! envelope has be5 ma9ly creat$ by ! p5ny po/age4 ,we f9d1 9 ! c5sus1 t sev5 hundr$ p]sons1 *iefly females1 are employ$ 9 mak+ envelopes4 ,b !re is a beautiful ma*9e also = mak+ !m1 at ! rate ( tw5ty-five ?\s& a day4 ,! envelope-mak+ ma*9e 0 "o ( ! mo/ attractive objects 9 ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,lab\r-sav+ contrivances--,! nick 9 types--,tags ( laces--,ca/+ %ot--,c&le-dipp+--,tir+ a :eel--,globe-mak+--,dome/ic aids to lab\r--,aids to m5tal lab\r--,effects ( sev]e bodily lab\r on heal? & duration ( life4 ,we drew att5tion 9 ! la/ *apt] to a p>ticul> process 9 ne$le-mak+--! sort]'s %ea?--to %[ t great sav+ ( lab\r may be effect$ by :at is n popul>ly call$ ma*9]y4 ,9 mod]n times1 :]ev] "w is c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 ! division ( lab\r is appli$2 by :i* "o man att5d+ to "o ?+ le>ns to p]=m t "o ?+ m p]fectly ?an if he _h att5d$ to _m ?+s4 ,he ?us saves a consid]able portion ( ! :ole am\nt ( lab\r4 ,e skilful workman has individually "s mode ( work+ peculi> to himself1 by :i* he less5s 8 lab\r4 ,an exp]t blacksmi?1 = in/ance1 w n /rike "o m bl[ ^u ! anvil ?an is necess>y to produce ! effect he desires4 ,a compositor1 or pr9t] :o arranges ! types1 is a swift workman :5 he makes no unnecess>y movem5t ( 8 arms or f+]s 9 lift+ a s+le type into :at is call$ 8 compos+-/ick1 :]e ! types are arrang$ 9 l9es4 ,!re is a v simple contrivance to less5 ! lab\r ( ! compositor1 by prev5t+ him putt+ ! type into 8 compos+-/ick ! wrong side outw>ds4 ,x is a nick1 or two or ?ree nicks1 on ! side ( ! type :i* corresponds ) ! l[] side ( ! face ( ! lett]4 ,by ?is nick or nicks he is enabl$ to see by "o glance ( 8 eye on :i* side ! lett] is fir/ to be grasp$1 & !n to be arrang$4 ,if ! nick 7 n !re he w\ld h to look at ! face ( e lett] be=e he c\ld prop]ly place x4 ,?is is a lab\r-sav+ contrivance2 & if ! lab\r 7 n ?us sav$1 two compositors w\ld c]ta9ly be requir$ to d ! "w ( "o2 & ! natural & inevitable effect w\ld be t1 z ! funds = ! paym5t ( ! compositor's lab\rs w\ld n be increas$1 ! wages ( ea* compositor w\ld be dim9i%$ by "o-half4 ,! new lab\r t w\ld be requir$ w\ld ent] into competition ) ! old lab\r1 & depreciate its value1 because ea* individual lab\r] _h lo/ "o-half ( 8 effici5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,compositor at "w4 ,contrivances to economize lab\r1 su* z t ( ! ne$le-sort]'s %ea?1 & ! nicks 9 ! type ( ! compositor1 are con/antly occurr+ 9 manufactures4 ,! tags ( laces1 :i* are made ( ?9 t91 are sometimes b5t into _! requisite =m by ! same movem5t ( ! arm t cuts !m4 ,a piece ( /eel1 adapt$ to ! side ( ! %e>s1 gives !m at once _! prop] %ape4 ,! writ] c rememb] t :5 he 0 a boy1 & 0 fitt$ ) a pair ( lac$ boots1 he us$ to wait ) pati5ce 9 ! %oemak]'s %op1 :il/ he clumsily b5t a piece ( t9 into ! =m ( a tag1 & !n z clumsily hamm]$ x r\nd ! lace4 ,9 a silk manufactory boot-laces are n[ prep>$ ) tags made by ma*9]y4 ,"o ma*9e cuts & holl[s ! tags mu* m effici5tly ?an ! %e>s m5tion$ above2 & at ano!r ma*9e1 work$ by a boy1 ! tags are fitt$ to ! laces ) a rapidity :i* is acquir$ by cont9u$ practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,ma*9e = fix+ tags to laces4 ,if ! small %ot :i* is us$ by sportsm5 7 ea* ca/ 9 a m\ld1 ! price w\ld be enorm\s2 b by p\r+ ! melt$ lead1 ( :i* ! %ot is made1 ?r\gh a sort ( cull5d]1 plac$ at ! top ( a t[]1 high en\gh = ! lead to cool 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air1 be=e x rea*es ! gr\nd1 ! %ot is =m$ 9 a sph]ical or r\nd %ape by ! m]e act ( pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,"s ( ! %ots ?us =m$ are n p]fectly sph]ical--!y are pe>-%ap$4 ,if ! selection ( ! p]fect f ! imp]fect %ots 7 made by ! eye1 or ! t\*1 ! process w\ld be v t$i\s & insuffici5t1 & ! price ( ! article mu* increas$4 ,! simple/ contrivance 9 ! _w divides ! bad f ! good4 ,! %ots are p\r$ d[n an incl9$ plane1 &1 )\t any tr\ble ( selection1 ! sph]ical ones run /raight to ! bottom1 :ile ! pe>-%ap$ ones tumble (f on "o side or ! o!r ( ! plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,incl9$ plane = sep>at+ %ot4 ,9 speak+ ( su* contrivances we are con/antly pass+ ov] ! n>r[ l9e :i* sep>ates !m f :at we popul>ly t]m ma*9]y4 ,let u take an example ( ! read9ess ) :i* a small aid to manual lab\r gradually becomes p]fect$ into a ma*9e1 requir+ little impulse f human action4 ,! dipp]s ( c&les h gradually1 9 small e/abli%m5ts1 made sev]al improvem5ts 9 _! art = ! purpose ( dim9i%+ lab\r4 ,!y us$ to hold ! rods betwe5 _! f+]s1 dipp+ ?ree at a "t2 !y next connect$ six or eight rods toge!r by a piece ( wood at ea* end1 hav+ holes to receive ! rods2 & !y n[ susp5d ! rods s arrang$ ^u a sort ( balance1 ris+ & fall+ ) a pulley & a weight1 s z to relieve ! arms ( ! workman almo/ entirely1 :ile ! "w is done m quickly & ) m precision4 ,b 9 l>ge c&le-factories ! pr9ciple is c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,! wicks1 hav+ be5 cut by ma*9]y ( ! requisite l5g?1 in/ead ( be+ cut "o at a "t1 are arrang$ ^u a rod4 ,= ! sort ( c&le call$ twelves1 or twelve to a p\nd1 tw5ty-f\r wicks are susp5d$ on "o ( ^! rods4 ,?irty rods are connect$ toge!r 9 a frame1 :i* ?us holds sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty wicks4 ,atta*$ to ! ma*9e are ?irty-six ( ^! frames4 ,! :ole numb] ( wicks is !re=e tw5ty-five ?\s& n9e hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,! ma*9e1 z x revolves1 dips "o frame into a vessel ( melt$ tall[2 & s on till ! ?irty-six frames h ea* be5 once dipp$1--& ! process is cont9u$ till ! c&les are fully =m$4 ,"o man & a boy complete ?is numb] ( c&les 9 a work+-day ( t5 h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,dipp+-ma*9e4 ,walk+ by a :eelwright's %op 9 "s quiet village1 did our read]s ev] see ! op]ation ( tir+ a :eel8 ,! wood-"w ( ! :eel is entirely =m$2 b ! jo9ts ( ! felloes are imp]fectly fitt$ toge!r4 ,!y us$ to be drawn close by sep>ate /raps ( iron appli$ ) great lab\r4 ,! :eel re/s ^u "s rais$ bricks4 ,out f ! =ge ru% ?ree or f\r m5 be>+ a r$-hot iron hoop4 ,x is laid ^u ! out] rim ( ! wood-"w1 burn+ its way z x is hamm]$ d[n ) ! unit$ =ce ( ! :eelwrights4 ,:5 x is ne>ly fitt$1 floods ( wat] are ?r[n ^u x1 till x no long] burns4 ,! k ( ! simple fact t ! iron %r9ks z x cools1 & ?us knits ! :ole :eel into a firm body1 taught ! :eelwright h[ to accompli% ! difficult task ( giv+ ! la/ /r5g? to 8 :eel ) ! lea/ possible lab\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,tir+ a :eel4 ,! manufacture ( a globe (f]s an example ( ! production ( a mo/ beautiful piece ( "w by ! (t5 repeat$ application ( a s]ies ( processes1 ea* requir+ v little lab\r4 ,a globe is n a ball ( wood2 b a holl[ sph]e ( pap]s & pla/]4 ,! m\ld1 if we may s express x1 ( a globe is turn$ out ( a piece ( wood4 ,?is sph]e ne$ n be ma!matically accurate4 ,x is = r\gh "w1 & flaws & cracks are ( little consequ5ce4 ,?is wood5 ball has an axis1 a piece ( iron wire at ea* pole4 ,& "h we may rem>k1 t1 at e /age ( ! process1 ! revolution ( a sph]e ^u its axis1 "u ! h&s ( ! workman1 is ! "o great pr9ciple :i* r5d]s e op]ation "o ( comp>ative ease & simplicity4 ,! lab\r w\ld be enorm\sly multipli$ if ! same class ( op]ations _h to be p]=m$ ^u a cube4 ,! solid m\ld1 !n1 ( ! embryo globe is plac$ on its axis 9 a wood5 frame4 ,9 a v %ort "t a boy w =m a pa/ebo>d globe ^u its surface4 ,he fir/ cov]s x entirely ) /rips ( /rong pap]1 ?or\ghly wet1 :i* are 9 a tub ( wat] at 8 side4 ,! slight inequalities produc$ by ! ov]-lapp+ ( ! /rips are immat]ial4 ,! saturat$ pap] is n suff]$ to dry2 b is imm$iately cov]$ ov] ) a lay] ( pa/$ pap]1 also cut 9 long n>r[ slips4 ,a ?ird lay] ( simil>ly pa/$ pap]--br[n pap] & :ite be+ us$ alt]nately--is appli$2 & !n1 a f\r?1 a fif?1 & a six?4 ,"h ! pa/+ process ends = globes ( mod]ate size4 ,= ! l>ge ones x is c>ri$ fur!r4 ,?is wet pa/ebo>d ball has n[ to be dri$--plac$ ^u its axis 9 a rack4 ,if we 7 det]m9$ to foll[ ! progress ( ?is individual ball ?r\gh all its /ages1 we %\ld h to wait a =tnight be=e x advanc$ ano!r /ep4 ,b 9 a l>ge factory !re are _m scores ( globes all roll+ onw>d to p]fection2 & ?us we may witness ! next op]ation p]=m$ ^u a pa/ebo>d sph]e t began to exi/ "s weeks e>li]1 & is n[ h>d to ! core4 ,! wood5 ball1 ) its solid pap] cov]+1 is plac$ on its axis4 ,a %>p cutt+ in/rum5t1 fix$ on a b5*1 is br\ght into contact ) ! surface ( ! sph]e1 :i* is made to revolve4 ,9 less "t ?an we write ! pa/ebo>d ball is cut 9 half4 ,!re is no adhesion to ! wood5 m\ld1 = ! fir/ coat+ ( pap] 0 simply wett$4 ,two b[ls ( ?ick c>d n[ lie be=e u1 ) a small hole 9 ea*1 made by ! axis ( ! wood5 ball4 ,b a junction is v soon effect$4 ,)9 e globe !re is a piece ( wood--we may lik5 x to a r\nd rul]--( ! exact l5g? ( ! inn] surface ( ! sph]e f pole to pole4 ,a ?ick wire runs ?r\gh ?is wood1 & orig9ally project$ "s two or ?ree in*es at ea* end4 ,?is /ick is plac$ upright 9 a vice4 ,! semi-globe is nail$ to "o end ( ! /ick1 ^u :i* x re/s1 :5 ! wire is pass$ ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,x is n[ rev]s$1 & ! edges ( ! c>d rapidly cov]$ ) glue4 ,! edges ( ! o!r semi-globe are in/antly br\ght into contact1 ! o!r end ( ! wire pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre 9 ! same way1 & a simil> nail+ to ! /ick tak+ place4 ,we h n[ a pap] globe1 ) its own axis1 :i* w be its companion = ! :ole t]m ( its exi/5ce4 ,! pap] globe is next plac$ on its axis 9 a frame1 ( :i* "o side is a semicircul> piece ( metal2--! horizon ( a globe cut 9 half w\ld %[ its =m4 ,a tub ( :ite composition1 a comp\nd ( :it+1 glue1 & oil1 is on ! b5*4 ,! workman dips 8 h& into ?is gruel ?ick & slab1 & rapidly applies x to ! pap] sph]e ) tol]able ev5ness2 b z x revolves1 ! semicircle ( metal cle>s (f ! sup]flu\s portions4 ,! ball ( pap] is n[ a ball ( pla/] ext]nally4 ,"t aga9 ent]s l>gely into ! manufacture4 ,! fir/ coat+ mu/ ?or\ghly dry be=e ! next is appli$1 & s aga9 till ! process has be5 repeat$ f\r or five times4 ,?us1 :5 we visit a globe-work%op1 we are at fir/ surpris$ at ! numb] ( :ite balls1 f ?ree in*es 9 diamet] to ?ree feet1 :i* occupy a l>ge space4 ,!y are all /eadily advanc+ t[>ds completion2 & z !y advance to ! dignity ( p]fect sph]es1 increas$ pa9s are tak5 9 ! application ( ! pla/]4 ,at la/ !y are poli%$4 ,_! surface is z f9e & h>d z ivory4 ,b beautiful z !y are1 !y may1 l _m o!r beautiful ?+s1 want a due equipoise4 ,!y mu/ be p]fectly balanc$4 ,!y mu/ move ^u _! poles ) ! utmo/ exactness4 ,a few %ot1 let 9 "h & !re1 correct all irregul>ities4 ,& n[ ! pap] & pla/] sph]e is to be endu$ ) intellig5ce4 ,! sph]e is m>k$ ) l9es ( direction = ! purpose ( cov]+ x ) engrav$ slips4 ,we h n[ a globe ) a pla9 map4 ,an arti/ col\rs x by h&4 ,we h giv5 ^! examples ( sev]al modes ( production1 9 :i* k & skill h dim9i%$ lab\r1 = ! purpose ( %[+ t n only ma*9]y & sci5tific applications are con/antly t5d+ to ! same end1 b t ! m]e practice ( ! me*anical arts necess>ily leads to lab\r-sav+ inv5tions4 ,e "o ( u :o ?9ks at all is con/antly endeav\r+ to dim9i% 8 individual lab\r by ! use ( "s little contrivance :i* exp]i5ce has sugge/$4 ,m5 :o c>ry wat] 9 buckets1 9 places :]e wat] is sc>ce1 put a circul> piece ( wood to float on ! wat]1 :i* prev5ts its spill+1 & consequ5tly less5s ! lab\r4 ,a boy :o makes pap] bags 9 a groc]'s %op s arranges !m t he pa/es ! edges ( tw5ty at a "t1 to dim9i% ! lab\r4 ,! port]s ( ,am/]dam1 :o draw heavy goods ^u a sort ( sl$ge1 e n[ & !n ?r[ a greas$ rope "u ! sl$ge1 to dim9i% its friction1 & !re=e to less5 ! lab\r ( dragg+ x4 ,o!r port]s1 9 ! same city1 h a little b>rel conta9+ wat]1 atta*$ to ea* side ( ! sl$ge1 out ( :i* ! wat] sl[ly drips l ! wat] ^u a /one-cutt]'s saw1 to dim9i% ! friction4 ,9 ! dome/ic arrangem5ts ( a well-regulat$ h\sehold1 :e!r ( a poor man or ( a ri* man1 "o ( ! *ief c>es is to save lab\r4 ,e contrivance to save lab\r t +5uity c sugge/ is eag]ly adopt$ :5 a c\ntry becomes highly civiliz$4 ,9 =m] times1 9 our own c\ntry1 :5 su* contrivances 7 little kn[n1 & mat]ials z well z "t 7 con/antly wa/$ 9 e direction1 a great ,b>on 0 surr\nd$ ) a hundr$ m5ial s]vants2 b he _h c]ta9ly less real & useful lab\r p]=m$ = him ?an a tradesman ( ! pres5t day obta9s f ?ree s]vants4 ,are !re few] s]vants n[ employ$ ?an 9 ^? times ( b>b>\s /ate8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! middle classes among/ u c get a great deal done = !m 9 ! way ( dome/ic s]vice1 at a small exp5se1 because s]vants are assi/$ by manifold contrivances :i* d mu* ( ! "w = !m4 ,! contrivances r5d] ! article ( s]vice *eap]1 & !re=e !re are m s]vants4 ,! "w be+ done by few] s]vants1 9 consequ5ce ( ! contrivances1 ! s]vants !mselves are bett] paid ?an if !re 0 no co/ sav$ by ! contrivance4 ,! common jack by :i* meat is roa/$ is describ$ by ,mr4 ,babbage z a contrivance to enable ! cook 9 a few m9utes to ex]t a =ce 79 w9d+ up ! jack7 :i* ! ma*9e retails out dur+ ! succe$+ h\r 9 turn+ ! load$ spit1 ?us enabl+ h] to be/[ h] undivid$ att5tion on h] o!r duties4 ,we h se51 ye>s ago1 9 f>m-h\ses1 a man employ$ to turn a spit ) a h&le2 dogs h be5 us$ to run 9 a :eel = ! same purpose1 & h5ce a p>ticul> bre$ s us$ are call$ turnspits4 ,:5 "s +5i\s s]vant-girl discov]$ t1 if %e put a skew] ?r\gh ! meat & hung x be=e ! fire by a ske9 ( wor/$1 x w\ld turn ) v little att5tion1 %e made an approa* to ! pr9ciple ( ! bottle-jack4 ,all ^! contrivances dim9i% lab\r1 & ensure regul>ity ( movem5t2--& !re=e !y are valuable contrivances4 ,a bell :i* is pull$ 9 "o room & r+s 9 ano!r1 & :i* !re=e e/abli%es a ready communication betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( a h\se1 is a contrivance to save lab\r4 ,9 a l>ge family ! total want ( bells w\ld add a f\r? at lea/ to ! lab\r ( s]vants4 ,:]e ?ree s]vants are kept n[1 f\r s]vants w\ld be requir$ to be kept !n4 ,w\ld ! de/ruction ( all ! bells !re=e add "o-f\r? to ! dem& = s]vants8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! funds employ$ 9 pay+ = s]vice w\ld n be increas$ a s+le f>?+2 &1 !re=e1 by ! de/ruction ( bells1 all ! families ( ! k+dom w\ld h "s "w left undone1 to make up = ! additional lab\r requir$ ?r\gh ! want ( ?is useful contrivance3 or all ! s]vants 9 ! k+dom w\ld be m h>dly work$1--w\ld h to "w sixte5 h\rs a day in/ead ( twelve4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! natives h a v rude contrivance to m>k ! progress ( "t4 ,a ?9 metal cup1 ) a small hole 9 its bottom1 is put to float 9 a vessel ( wat]2 & z ! wat] rises ?r\gh ! hole ! cup s9ks 9 a giv5 "t--9 #bd m9utes4 ,a s]vant is set to wat* ! s9k+ ( ! cup1 & :5 ?is happ5s he /rikes ^u a bell4 ,half a c5tury ago1 almo/ e cottage 9 ,engl& _h its h\r-glass--an imp]fect in/rum5t = regi/]+ ! progress ( "t1 because x only indicat$ its c\rse betwe5 h\r & h\r2 & an in/rum5t :i* requir$ a v wat*ful att5tion1 & "s lab\r1 to be ( any use at all4 ,! univ]sal use ( wat*es or clocks1 9 ,india1 w\ld :olly displace ! lab\r ( ! s]vants :o note ! progress ( "t by ! fill+ ( ! cup2 & ! same cause has displac$1 among/ u1 ! equally unpr(itable lab\r employ$ 9 turn+ ! h\r-glass1 & wat*+ its movem5t4 ,almo/ e h\se 9 ,engl& has n[ a clock or wat* ( "s sort2 & e h\se 9 ,india w\ld h ! same1 if ! natives 7 m enlight5$1 & 7 n engag$ 9 s _m modes ( unpr(itable lab\r to keep !m poor4 ,8 pr(itable lab\r has giv5 ! ,engli% me*anic ! means ( gett+ a wat*4 ,ma*9]y1 us$ 9 e possible way1 has made ?is wat* *eap4 ,! lab\r =m]ly employ$ 9 turn+ ! h\r-glass1 or 9 runn+ to look at ! *ur* clock1 is transf]r$ to ! mak+ ( wat*es4 ,! us] ( ! wat* obta9s an accurate regi/] ( "t1 :i* tea*es him to "k ! value ( t mo/ preci\s possession1 & to economize x2 & ! produc]s ( ! wat* h abundant employm5t 9 ! univ]sal dem& = ?is valuable ma*9e4 ,a wat* or clock is an in/rum5t = assi/+ an op]ation ( ! m9d4 ,)\t "s in/rum5t = regi/]+ "t1 ! m9d c\ld v imp]fectly atta9 ! end :i* ! wat* atta9s1 n requir+ any m5tal lab\r4 ,! obs]vation ( ! progress ( "t1 by ! situation ( ! sun 9 ! day1 or ( p>ticul> />s at night1 is a lab\r requir+ great att5tion1 & v>i\s sorts ( accurate k4 ,x is !re=e nev] attempt$1 except :5 m5 h no ma*9es = regi/]+ "t4 ,9 ! same mann] ! lab\rs ( ! m9d h be5 sav$1 9 a ?\s& ways1 by o!r contrivances ( sci5ce4 ,! foot-rule ( ! c>p5t] n only gives him ! /&>d ( a foot measure1 :i* he c\ld n exactly asc]ta9 by any exp]i5ce1 or any m5tal process1 b x is also a scale ( ! proportions ( an in*1 or sev]al in*es1 to a foot1 & ( ! p>ts ( an in* to an in*4 ,:at a quantity ( calculations1 & ( divid+ by compasses1 does ?is little in/rum5t save ! c>p5t]1 besides ensur+ a mu* great] degree ( accuracy 9 all 8 op]ations6 ,! common rules ( ari?metic1 :i* almo/ e boy 9 ,engl& n[ le>ns1 are p>ts ( a great inv5tion = sav+ m5tal lab\r4 ,! high] bran*es ( ma!matics1 ( :i* sci5ce ari?metic is a portion1 are also inv5tions = sav+ lab\r1 & = do+ :at c\ld nev] be done )\t ^! inv5tions4 ,!re are in/rum5ts1 & v curi\s ones1 = less5+ ! lab\r ( all ari?metical calculations2 & tables1 t is1 ! results ( c]ta9 calculations1 :i* are ( practical use1 are con/ruct$ = ! same purpose4 ,:5 we buy a jo9t ( meat1 we (t5 see ! but*] turn to a little book1 be=e he tells u h[ mu* a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds & ounces am\nts to1 at a c]ta9 price p] p\nd4 ,?is book is 8 ',ready ,reckon]1' & a v useful book x is to him2 = x enables him to despat* 8 cu/om]s 9 half ! "t t he w\ld o!rwise require1 & ?us to save himself a great deal ( lab\r1 & a great deal ( inaccuracy4 ,! inv5tions = sav+ m5tal lab\r1 9 calculations ( ari?metic1 h be5 c>ri$ s f>1 t ,mr4 ,babbage _h almo/ p]fect$ a calculat+ ma*9e1 :i* n only did its "w ( calculation )\t ! possibility ( error1 b absolutely 0 to arrange pr9t+ types ( figures1 9 a frame1 s t no error c\ld be produc$ 9 copy+ ! calculations be=e !y are pr9t$4 ,we m5tion ?is curi\s ma*9e1 to %[ h[ f> sci5ce may g 9 dim9i%+ m5tal lab\r1 & ensur+ accuracy4 ,! want ( gov]nm5t funds prev5t$ its completion4 ,to all :o read ?is book x is no difficulty to c\nt a hundr$2 & mo/ "k ! relation :i* a hundr$ be>s to a ?\s&1 & a ?\s& be>s to a million4 ,mo/ are able1 also1 to read (f ^? numb]s1 or p>ts ( ^? numb]s1 :5 !y see !m m>k$ d[n 9 figures4 ,!re are _m unciviliz$ p 9 ! _w :o _c c\nt tw5ty4 ,!y h no idea :atev] ( numb]s1 beyond p]haps z f> z ! numb] ( _! f+]s1 or _! f+]s & _! toes4 ,h[ h we obta9$ ?is great sup]iority ov] ^! poor savages8 ,because sci5ce has be5 at "w1 = _m c5turies1 to dim9i% ! am\nt ( our m5tal lab\r1 by tea*+ u ! easie/ modes ( calculation4 ,& h[ did we le>n ^! modes8 ,we le>nt !m f our s*oolma/]s4 ,if any foll[ up ! false reason+ :i* has l$ "s to ?9k t :atev] dim9i%es lab\r dim9i%es ! numb] ( lab\r]s1 !y might conclude1 t1 z !re is less m5tal "w to be done1 because sci5ce has dim9i%$ ! lab\r ( t "w1 !re w\ld1 !re=e1 be few] m5tal workm54 ,?ank ,god1 ! great] facilities t h be5 giv5 to ! cultivation ( ! m9d1 ! great] is ! numb] ( ^? :o ex]t !mselves 9 t cultivation4 ,! effects ( sav+ unpr(itable lab\r are ! same 9 all cases4 ,! use ( ma*9]y 9 aid ( bodily lab\r has set t bodily lab\r to a ?\s& new employm5ts2 & has rais$ ! "* ( ! employm5ts1 by transf]r+ ! l[e/ ( ! drudg]y to :eels & pi/ons4 ,! use ( sci5ce 9 ! assi/ance ( m5tal lab\r has conduct$ t lab\r to inf9itely m num]\s fields ( ex]tion2 & has elevat$ all intellectual pursuits1 by mak+ _! common] processes ! play ( *ildhood1 in/ead ( ! toil ( manhood4 ,we _c d\bt t any inv5tion :i* gives assi/ance to ! ?9k+ p[]s ( mank9d1 &1 !re=e1 by disp5s+ ) mu* m5tal drudg]y1 leads ! m9d =w>d to nobl] ex]tions1 is a b5efit to all4 ,x is n m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 t ! use ( ,arabic num]als1 or figures1 began to be g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! fir/ date 9 ^? num]als said to exi/ 9 ,engl&1 is ^u a brass plate 9 ,w>e *ur*1 #aded4 ,! same date 9 ,roman num]als1 :i* 7 9 use be=e ! ,arabic ones1 w\ld be express$ by eight lett]s1 ,,mccccliv4 ,! introduction ( figures1 !re=e1 0 an imm5se sav+ ( "t 9 ! commone/ op]ations ( ari?metic4 ,h[ puzzl$ we %\ld be1 & :at a quantity ( lab\r we %\ld lose1 if we 7 compell$ to reckon e>n+s & m>ket+s by ! long mode ( notation1 in/ead ( ! %ort "o6 ,?is book is easily read1 because x is writt5 9 words compos$ ( tw5ty-f\r lett]s4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e !re are no lett]s 9 use1 e ^w 9 ! language is express$ by a diff]5t "*4 ,few p 9 ,*9a write or read2 & ^? :o d1 acquire v little k1 except ! m]e k ( writ+ & read+4 ,all ! "t ( _! le>n$ m5 is occupi$ 9 acquir+ ! means ( k1 & n k itself2 & ! bulk ( ! p get v little k at all4 ,x w\ld be j ! same ?+ if !re 7 no ma*9es or eng9es = dim9i%+ manual lab\r4 ,^? :o _h any prop]ty w\ld occupy all _! "t1 & ! "t ( _! imm$iate dep5d5ts1 9 rais+ food & mak+ clo!s = !mselves1 & ! re/ ( ! p w\ld g )\t any food or clo!s at all2 or r1 :i* comes to ! same ?+1 !re w\ld be no re/ ( ! p2 ! "l & 8 vassals w\ld h all ! produce2--!re w\ld be half a million ( p 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom in/ead ( tw5ty-sev5 millions4 ,:5 a boy has got hold ( :at we call ! rudim5ts ( le>n+1 he has possess$ himself ( ! mo/ useful tools & ma*9es :i* exi/ 9 ! _w4 ,he has obta9$ ! means ( do+ t ) extreme ease1 :i*1 )\t ^! tools1 is done only ) extreme lab\r4 ,he has e>n$ ! "t :i*1 if rightly employ$1 w elevate 8 m9d1 & !re=e improve 8 condition4 ,j s is x ) all tools & ma*9es = dim9i%+ bodily ex]tion4 ,!y give u ! means ( do+ t ) comp>ative ease1 :i*1 )\t !m1 c only be done ) extreme drudg]y4 ,!y set at lib]ty a great quantity ( m]e animal p[]1 :i*1 hav+ !n leisure to unite ) m5tal p[]1 produces +5i\s & skilful workm5 9 e trade4 ,b !y d m ?an ?is4 ,!y dim9i% human suff]+--!y improve ! heal?--!y increase ! t]m ( life--!y r5d] all occupations less pa9ful & labori\s2--&1 by do+ all ?is1 !y elevate man 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce4 ,a late ,pa%a ( ,egypt1 9 "o ( ^? fits ( caprice :i* x is ! nature ( tyrants to exhibit1 ord]$1 a few ye>s ago1 t ! male population ( a di/rict %\ld be set to cle> out "o ( ! anci5t canals :i* 0 !n fill$ up ) mud4 ,! p _h no tools1 & ! ,pa%a gave !m no tools2 b ! "w 0 requir$ to be done4 ,s to "w ! poor wret*es w5t1 to ! numb] ( fifty ?\s&4 ,!y _h to plunge up to _! necks 9 ! fil?ie/ slime1 & to bale x out ) _! h&s1 & _! h&s alone4 ,!y 7 f$1 x is true1 dur+ ! op]ation2 b _! food 0 ( a quality proportion$ to ! little pr(itable lab\r :i* !y p]=m$4 ,!y 7 f$ on horse-beans & wat]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "o ye>1 m ?an ?irty ?\s& ( ^! unhappy p p]i%$4 ,if ! tyrant1 in/ead ( giv+ lab\r to fifty ?\s& p1 _h possess$ ! means ( sett+ up /eam-eng9es to pump out ! wat]1 & scoop out ! mud1--or if he _h provid$ ! pump1 :i* is call$ ,ar*im$es' screw1 & 0 inv5t$ by t philosoph] = ! v purpose ( dra9+ l& 9 ,egypt1--or if ! p _h ev5 _h scoops & %ovels1 in/ead ( be+ degrad$ l bea/s1 to ! employm5t ( _! unassi/$ h&s1--! "w might h be5 done at a fiftie? ( ! co/1 ev5 ( ! mis]able pittance ( horse-beans & wat]2 & ! money t 0 sav$ by ! tools & ma*9es1 might h gone to furni% pr(itable lab\r to ! ?\s&s :o p]i%$ amid/ ! mis]y & degradation ( _! unpr(itable lab\r4 ,"s may say t ?is is a case :i* does n apply to u2 because we are free m51 & _c be compell$ to p]i%1 up to our necks 9 mud1 ^u a pittance ( horse-beans1 dol$ out by a tyrant4 ,exactly s4 ,b :at has made u free8 ,k4 ,k1--:i*1 9 rais+ ! moral & intellectual "* ( e ,engli%man1 has rais$ up b>ri]s to oppression :i* no p[] c ev] break d[n4 ,k1--:i* has set +5i\s m5 ?9k+ 9 e way h[ to increase ! pr(itable lab\r ( ! nation1 & !re=e to increase ! com=ts ( e man 9 ! nation4 ,! p ( ,engl& h gone on increas+ v rapidly dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s2 & ! av]age l5g? ( life has also gone on increas+ 9 ! same rem>kable mann]4 ,m5 :o h att5d$ to subjects ( political economy h always be5 desir\s to procure accurate returns ( ! av]age duration ( life at p>ticul> places1 & !y c\ld pretty well e/imate ! condition ( ! p f ^! returns4 ,savages1 x is well kn[n1 are n long liv]s2 t is1 al?\gh !re may be a few old p1 ! majority ( savages die v "y4 ,:y is ?is8 ,_m ( ! savage nations t we "k h mu* f9] climates ?an our own2 b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 !y su/a9 privations :i* ! poore/ man among/ u nev] feels4 ,_! supply ( food is unc]ta91 !y want clo?+1 !y are badly %elt]$ f ! wea!r1 or n %elt]$ at all1 !y und]go v sev]e lab\r :5 !y are lab\r+4 ,f all ^! causes savages die "y4 ,is x n reasonable1 !re=e1 to inf] t if 9 any p>ticul> c\ntry ! av]age duration ( life goes on increas+2 t is1 if few] p1 9 a giv5 numb] & a giv5 "t1 die n[ ?an =m]ly1 ! condition ( t p is improv$2 t !y h m ( ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life1 & lab\r less sev]ely to procure !m8 ,n[ let u see h[ ! p ( ,engl& /& 9 ?is respect4 ,! av]age mortality 9 a ye> ab\t a c5tury ago 0 reckon$ to be "o 9 ?irty1 & n[ x is "o 9 =ty-six4 ,?is result is1 d\btless1 produc$ 9 "s degree by improvem5t 9 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 & p>ticul>ly by ! use ( vacc9ation4 ,b mak+ e all[ance = ^! b5efits1 ! fact furni%es ! mo/ und5iable tru?1 t ! p ( ,engl& are mu* bett] f$1 clo!d1 & lodg$ ?an !y 7 a c5tury ago1 & t ! lab\r :i* !y p]=m is f> less sev]e4 ,! effect ( cont9u$ viol5t bodily ex]tion ^u ! duration ( life might be illu/rat$ by _m in/ances2 we %all m5tion "o4 ,! late ,mr4 ,edgewor?1 9 8 ,memoirs1 repeat$ly speaks ( a boatman :om he knew at ,lyons1 z an old man4 ,8 hair1 says ,mr4 ,edgewor?1 0 grey1 8 face wr9kl$1 8 back b5t1 & all 8 limbs & features _h ! appe>ance ( ^? ( a man ( sixty2 yet 8 real age 0 b tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,he told me t he 0 ! olde/ boatman on ! ,rhone1 t 8 y\ng] bro!rs _h be5 worn out be=e !y 7 tw5ty-five ye>s old2 su* 7 ! effects ( ! h>d%ips to :i* !y 7 subject f ! nature ( _! employm5t4 ,t employm5t 01 by int5se bodily ex]tion1 & ) ! daily *ance ( be+ upset1 to pull a boat across "o ( ! mo/ rapid riv]s 9 ! _w1-- ,! swift & arr[y ,rhone1 z "o ( our poets calls x4 ,h[ mu* happi] w\ld ^! boatm5 h be5 dur+ _! lives1 & h[ mu* long] w\ld !y h liv$1 c\ld _! lab\r h be5 reliev$ by "s me*anical contrivance6 & )\t d\bt1 ! same contrivance w\ld h d\bl$ ! numb] ( boatm51 by caus+ ! passage to be m us$4 ,z x 01 !y 7 few 9 numb]1 !y liv$ only a few ye>s1 & ! only gratification ( ^? few ye>s 0 an inord9ate /imulus ( br&y4 ,?is is ! case 9 all trades :]e imm5se ef=ts ( bodily p[] are requir$4 ,! ex]tion itself we>s out ! p1 & ! dram1 :i* gives a mom5t>y impulse to ! ex]tion1 we>s !m out /ill m4 ,! coal-heav]s ( ,london1 heal?y z !y look1 are b a %ort-liv$ p4 ,! heavy loads :i* !y c>ry1 & ! quantity ( liquor :i* !y dr9k1 bo? toge!r make sad havoc ) !m4 ,viol5t bodily lab\r1 9 :i* ! muscul> p[] ( ! body is unequally appli$1 g5]ally produces "s peculi> disease4 ,ne>ly all ! pressm5 :o 7 accu/om$ to pr9t newspap]s ( a l>ge size1 by h&1 7 ruptur$4 ,! pr9t+-ma*9e n[ does ! same description ( "w4 ,:at is ! effect ^u ! condition ( pressm5 g5]ally by ! introduction ( ! pr9t+-ma*9e to d ! heavie/ lab\r ( pr9t+8 ,t ! trade ( a pressman is daily becom+ "o m ( skill ?an ( drudg]y4 ,at ! same "t t ! pr9t+-ma*9e 0 inv5t$1 "o ( ! pr9ciples ( t ma*9e1 t ( ink+ ! types ) a roll] in/ead ( two l>ge cu%ions1 call$ balls1 0 introduc$ into h&-pr9t+4 ,! pressm5 7 delight$ ) ?is improvem5t4 ,ay1 said !y1 ?is saves our lab\r2 we are reliev$ f ! h>d "w ( di/ribut+ ! ink ^u ! balls4 ,:at ! roll] did = ! individual pressman1 ! ma*9e1 :i* c only be b5eficially appli$ to rapid & to v heavy pr9t+1 does = ! great body ( pressm54 ,x removes a c]ta9 portion ( ! drudg]y1 :i* degrad$ ! occupation1 & r5d]$ x pa9ful & injuri\s to heal?4 ,we h se5 two pressm5 work+ a daily pap] aga9/ "t3 x 0 always necess>y1 be=e ! introduction ( ! ma*9es1 to put an imm5se quantity ( bodily en]gy into ! lab\r ( work+ a newspap]1 t x might be publi%$ at ! prop] h\r4 ,"t1 9 ?is case1 0 driv+ ! pressman z fa/ z ! rapid /ream drove ! boatman ( ! ,rhone2 & ! spe$ ) :i* !y work$ 0 kill+ !m z quickly4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,influ5ces ( k 9 ! direction ( lab\r & capital--,a/ronomy--,*ronomet]--,m>9]'s compass--,sci5tific travell]s--,new mat]ials ( manufactures--,india-rubb]--,gutta-p]*a- -,palm-oil-- ,geology--,inv5tions t dim9i% risk--,sci5ce rais+ up new employm5ts--,electricity--,galvanism--,s un-light-- ,m5tal lab\r]s--,enlight5$ public s5tim5t4 ,"l ,bacon1 ! great ma/] ( practical wisdom1 has said t ! ef=t to ext5d ! dom9ion ( man ov] nature is ! mo/ heal?y & mo/ noble ( all ambitions4 ,! empire ( man1 he adds1 ov] mat]ial ?+s has = its only f\ndation ! sci5ces & ! arts4#bd ,a great deal ( ! k :i* con/itutes ?is dom9ion has be5 ! prop]ty ( society1 h&$ d[n f ! e>lie/ ages4 ,no "o c tell1 = in/ance1 h[ ! art ( leav5+ bread 0 introduc$ among/ mank9d2 & yet ?is process1 n[ s famili> to all1 contributes z mu*1 if n m1 ?an any o!r art to ! :olesome & agreeable prep>ation ( our food4 ,leav5+ bread is a bran* ( *emi/ry1 &1 l t process1 _m o!r processes ( *emi/ry h be5 ! common prop]ty ( civiliz$ man f "t immemorial4 ,)9 a few c5turies1 h[ev]1 sci5ce has appli$ its discov]ies to ! p]fection ( ! arts2 & 9 proportion z capital has be5 at h& to enc\rage sci5ce1 has ! progress ( ! application be5 c]ta9 & rapid4 ,! old ,al*emi/s1 or hunt]s aft] ! philosoph]'s /one1 s\ght to create capital by _! discov]ies4 ,!y c\ld n make gold1 b !y discov]$ c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* h done z mu* = ! creation ( utility 9 a few hundr$ ye>s z ! rude manual lab\r ( all mank9d dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,let x n be suppos$ t we wi% to depreciate manual lab\r4 ,we only wi% to %[ t lab\r is incomp>ably m prolific :5 direct$ by sci5ce4 ,mahomet ,bey1 ! rul] ( ,tunis1 0 de?ron$ by 8 subjects4 ,he _h ! reputation ( possess+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 or ! art ( turn+ common metals into gold4 ,! ,dey ( ,algi]s re/or$ him to 8 ?rone ^u condition t ! secret %\ld be communicat$ to him4 ,mahomet1 ) great pomp & solemnity1 s5t ! ,dey ( ,algi]s a pl\gh4 ,?is 0 s f> well4 ,he intimat$ t to compel production by lab\r is to make a nation ri*4 ,b _h he be5 able to transmit "s ( ! sci5ce :i* n[ controls & guides ! op]ations ( ! pl\gh--! *emical k :i* tea*es ! prop] application ( manures to soils--! rotation ( crops introduc$ by ! turnip-husb&ry1 :i* r5d]s x unnecess>y t ! gr\nd %\ld ev] be idle1--he w\ld h gone f>!r t[>ds communicat+ ! real philosoph]'s /one4 ,! indirect influ5ce1 too1 ( a g5]al advance 9 k ^u ! p>ticul> advance ( any bran* ( lab\r1 is und5iable2--= ! inquir+ _s ( an age spreads itself on all sides1 & improvem5t is c>ri$ into ! mo/ obscure recesses1 ! d>ke/ *9ks & corn]s ( a nation4 ,x has be5 wisely & beautifully said1 ,we _c reasonably expect t a piece ( wooll5 clo? w be wr\ght to p]fection 9 a nation :i* is ignorant ( a/ronomy1 or :]e e?ics are neglect$4#be ,! positive influ5ce ( sci5ce 9 ! direction ( lab\r is *iefly exhibit$ 9 ! op]ations ( me*anics & *emi/ry appli$ to ! arts1 9 ! %ape ( ma*9es = sav+ mat]ials & lab\r1 & ( processes = atta9+ ! same economy4 ,we h describ$ ! effects ( "s ( ^! manifold inv5tions 9 ! improvem5t ( ! condition bo? ( produc]s & consum]s4 ,b !re are _m p>ticul>s 9 :i* k has lab\r$1 & is /ill lab\r+1 = ! advance ( ! physical & moral condition ( u all1 :i* may h escap$ att5tion2 because ^! lab\rs op]ate remotely & indirectly1 ?\gh n )\t ! highe/ ultimate c]ta9ty & effici5cy1 9 aid+ ! great bus9ess ( production4 ,^! are ! influ5ces ( sci5ce ^u lab\r1 n s direct z ! me*anical skill :i* has contriv$ ! /eam-eng9e1 or s indirect z ! op]ation ( e?ics ^u ! manufacture ( a piece ( wooll5 clo?2 b :i* conf] a c]ta9 & 9 "s in/ances enorm\s b5efit ^u production1 by ! op]ation ( causes :i*1 ^u a sup]ficial view1 appe> to be only matt]s ( labori\s b unpr(itable speculation4 ,if we succe$ 9 po9t+ out ! ext5t & importance ( ^? aids :i* production d]ives f ! lab\rs ( m51 :o h n be5 ord9>ily class$ among/ work+ m51 b :o h be5 truly ! h>de/ & mo/ pr(itable work]s :i* society has ev] possess$1 we %all %[ :at an intimate union subsi/s among/ ^? classes ( society :o appe> ! mo/ sep>at$1 & t ^! m5 really lab\r ) all o!rs mo/ effectually 9 ! advancem5t ( ! great int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,h>rison4 ,:5 ,hume ?\ght t a nation w\ld be beh9d 9 ! manufacture ( clo? t _h n /udi$ a/ronomy1 he p]haps did n mean to g ! l5g? ( say+1 t ! /udy ( a/ronomy has a real influ5ce 9 mak+ clo? *eap]1 9 less5+ ! co/ ( production1 & 9 !re=e increas+ ! numb] ( consum]s4 ,b look at ! direct influ5ce ( a/ronomy ^u navigation4 ,a seaman1 by ! guidance ( pr9ciples laid d[n by ! great m9ds t h direct$ _! ma!matical p[]s to ! /udy ( a/ronomy--su* m9ds z ^? ( ,newton & ,la ,place--measures ! moon's app>5t di/ance f a p>ticul> />4 ,he turns to a page 9 ! ',nautical ,almanac1' &1 by a calculation direct$ pr9cipally by ?is table1 c det]m9e :]eab\t he is ^u ! broad ocean1 al?\gh he may n h se5 l& = ?ree mon?s4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o unites to ! greate/ sci5tific reputation ! r>e desire to make ! va/ possessions ( ! _w ( sci5ce accessible to all1 has giv51 9 8 ',disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1' an in/ance ( ! accuracy ( su* lun> obs]vations1 9 an acc\nt ( a voyage ( eight ?\s& miles1 by ,capta9 ,basil ,hall1 :o1 )\t a s+le l&m>k dur+ eighty-n9e days1 ran 8 %ip into ! h>b\r ( ,rio z accurately1 & ) z little deviation1 z a coa*man drives 8 /age into an inn-y>d4 ,b navigation n only dep5ds ^u lun> di/ances1 b ^u an in/rum5t :i* %all keep p]fect "t "u e *ange ( temp]ature produc$ by v>iety ( climate4 ,t in/rum5t is a *ronomet]4 ,e "o :o possesses a wat*1 h[ev] good1 mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! effects ( heat or cold ^u its accuracy1 9 mak+ x g fa/] or sl[]--p]haps a m9ute 9 a week4 ,n[ if !re 7 n an in/rum5t t w\ld measure "t s exactly t betwe5 ,london & ,new ,york n a m9ute1 or l>ge fraction ( a m9ute1 w\ld be lo/ or ga9$1 ! voyage w\ld be "o ( difficulty & unc]ta9ty4 ,a ,york%ire jo9]1 ,john ,h>rison1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 f\nd out ! pr9ciple ( ! *ronomet]1 :i* consi/s 9 ! union 9 ! balance-spr+ ( two metals1 "o :i* contracts "u increas$ temp]ature1 & "o :i* exp&s2 & on ! contr>y "u dim9i%$ temp]ature4 ,h>rison work$ = fifty ye>s at 8 discov]y2 & he obta9$ a p>liam5t>y rew>d ( #bj1jjjl4 ,illu/ration3 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,! ,engli% *ronomet]s are set by :at is call$ ,gre5wi* "t4 ,at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory a ball falls f a /aff exactly at "o o'clock2 & by ! application ( electricity1 a simil> ball falls at ! same in/ant at ,*>+ ,cross4 ,! beautiful in/rum5ts t are con/antly at "w1 & ! labori\s calculations :i* are daily proce$+1 at ! ,obs]vatory1 are ess5tially necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( a comm]ce t embraces ! :ole habitable globe4 ,b :at has ?is1 x may be said1 to d ) ! price ( clo?+8 ,exactly ?is3 "p ( ! price arises f ! co/ ( transport4 ,if !re 7 no lun> di/ances 9 ! ',nautical ,almanac1' or *ronomet]s1 ! voyage f ,new ,york to ,liv]pool might require ?ree mon?s in/ead ( a =tnight4 ,b g a /ep f>!r back 9 ! influ5ce ( sci5ce ^u navigation4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 %ips c\ld h>dly v5ture to leave ! %ore4 ,9 ! days ( our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors1 a m]*ant :o w5t ?ree times ov] sea ) 8 own craft1 0 entitl$ to rank z a !gn1 or nobleman4 ,long aft] ?is e>ly p]iod ( ,engl&'s navigation1 voyages across ! ,atlantic c\ld nev] h be5 attempt$4 ,t 0 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! m>9]'s compass2 b ev5 aft] t inv5tion1 :5 a/ronomy 0 n sci5tifically appli$ to navigation1 long voyages 7 consid]$ 9 ! highe/ degree dang]\s4 ,! crews bo? ( ,vasco de ,gama1 :o discov]$ ! passage to ,india1 & ( ,columbus1 pr9cipally consi/$ ( crim9als1 :o 7 p>don$ on condition ( und]tak+ a s]vice ( su* p]il4 ,! discov]y ( magnetism1 h[ev]1 *ang$ ! :ole pr9ciple ( navigation1 & rais$ seaman%ip to a sci5ce4 ,if ! m>9]'s compass _h n be5 inv5t$1 ,am]ica c\ld nev] h be5 discov]$2 & if ,am]ica1 & ! passage to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 _h nev] be5 discov]$1 cotton w\ld nev] h be5 br\ght to ,engl&2 & if cotton _h nev] be5 br\ght to ,engl&1 we %\ld h be5 z badly (f = clo?+ z ! p ( ! middle ages1 & ! million ( work+ m5 & wom51 manufactur]s ( cotton1 & deal]s 9 cotton goods1 w\ld h be5 )\t employm5t4 ,a/ronomy1 !re=e1 & navigation1 bo? sci5ces ! results ( long ages ( pati5t inquiry1 h op5$ a communication betwe5 ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! e>?2 & !re=e h _h a sl[1 b c]ta9 effect ^u ! production ( weal?1 & ! consequ5t diffusion ( all ! necess>ies1 com=ts1 & conv5i5ces ( civiliz$ life4 ,! connexion betwe5 manufactures & sci5ce1 practical comm]ce & ab/ract speculation1 is s intimate t x might be trac$ 9 a ?\s& /rik+ in/ances4 ,columbus1 ! discov]] ( ,am]ica1 satisfi$ 8 m9d t ! e>? 0 r\nd2 & :5 he _h got ?is ab/ract idea firmly 9 8 head1 he next became satisfi$ t he %\ld f9d a new cont95t by sail+ 9 a we/]ly c\rse4 ,! ab/ract notion :i* fill$ ! m9d ( ,columbus t ! e>? 0 a sph]e1 ultimately *ang$ ! condition ( e liv+ be+ 9 ! ,old ,_w t !n exi/$1 or has s9ce exi/$4 ,9 ! ye> #adhh1 ! fir/ geographical maps & *>ts t _h be5 se5 9 ,engl& 7 br\ght hi!r by ! bro!r ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,if ^! maps _h n be5 con/ruct$ by ! unceas+ lab\rs ( m5 9 _! closets1 ,columbus w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( discov]+ ! unkn[n l& :i* occupi$ 8 :ole s\l4 ,if ! scanty k ( geography :i* exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,columbus _h n receiv$ imm5se additions f ! subsequ5t lab\rs ( o!r /ud5ts ( geography1 ,engl& w\ld n h tw5ty-sev5 ?\s& m]*ant %ips ready to trade :]ev] m5 h any?+ to ex*ange1--t is1 :]ev] m5 are enabl$ to give ( _! abundance = our abundance1 ea* be+ imm5sely b5efit$ by ! int]c\rse4 ,a map n[ appe>s a common ?+1 b x is impossible to ov]rate ! ext5t ( ! accumulat$ obs]vations t g to make up a map4 ,an almanac seems a common ?+1 b x is impossible to ov]rate ! prodigi\s accumulations ( sci5ce t g to make up an almanac4 ,) ^! accumulations1 x is n[ no v difficult matt] to con/ruct a map or an almanac4 ,b if society c\ld be depriv$ ( ! accumulations1 & we _h to re-create & remodel ev]y?+ = ! =mation ( our map & our almanac1 x w\ld p]haps require _m c5turies be=e ^! accumulations c\ld be built up aga92 & all ! arts ( life w\ld g backw>d1 = want ( ! guidance ( ! pr9ciples ( :i* ! map & ! almanac are ! int]pret]s = popul> use4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9naeus 9 8 ,lapl& dress4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 man _h s complete possession ( ! planet :i* he inhabits z ! pres5t4 ,mu* ( ! globe has yet to be explor$2 b h[ mu* is famili> to u t 0 comp>atively unkn[n ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,h[ ?or\ghly dur+ t p]iod h we acclimat$ _m ( ! plants ( di/ant l&s1 :i* are n[ ! common beauties ( our g>d5s & gre5h\ses4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( timb]-trees com+ to rapid maturity 9 our p>ks & pleasure-gr\nds :i* ?irty ye>s ago grew only 9 ! solitudes ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia4 ,"o ent]pris+ man1 ,james ,d\glas1 ^: fa!r 0 a work+ mason at ,scone1 be/[$ ^u ?is c\ntry1 ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 two hundr$ new species ( plants :i* are n[ ( common culture1 & he gave u a tree ( ! p9e-tribe1 call$ aft] 8 "n1 :i* w 9 all probability become "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( our timb]s1 f its /r5g?1 its rapid gr[?1 & its enorm\s size4 ,:at impell$ ,james ,d\glas1 & hundr$s ( o!r travell]s ( a simil> "*1 to enc\nt] ! p]ils ( travel 9 des]t regions1 b ! ab/ract love ( sci5ce1 :i* made !m naturali/s 9 _! closets be=e !y 7 explor]s & discov]]s8 ,we are famili> ) ! "n ( ,l9naeus1 & ! ,l9nean sy/em ( botany2 & "s may ?9k t ?is great naturali/ 0 n do+ mu* = k :5 he classifi$ & arrang$ :at we call ! vegetable k+dom4 ,:5 v "y1 ,l9naeus und]w5t _m h>d%ips 9 travell+ ?r\gh ,lapl&1 9 se>* ( plants4 ,s f>1 "s may say1 he 0 well employ$4 ,he 0 equally well employ$ :5 he made su* an inv5tory1 to use a famili> t]m1 ( all ! kn[n plants ( 8 "t1 z w\ld enable succe$+ naturali/s to "k a di/9ct species f an accid5tal v>iety1 & to give a precision to all future botanical inve/igation4 ,o!r naturali/s h produc$ o!r sy/ems1 :i* may be m simple & conv5i5t2 b ! impulse :i* ,l9naeus gave to botanical discov]y1 & !nce to ! increase ( ! vegetable weal? ( ,europe1 c nev] be too highly appreciat$4 ,9 e bran* ( natural hi/ory ! /udy ( ! sci5ce1 9 its manifold =ms ( classification1 is con/antly lead+ to ! mo/ valuable discov]ies connect$ ) our means ( exi/5ce4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago all ! timb] ( ! ,h>tz ,=e/ 9 ,g]many 0 de/roy$ by a species ( beetle1 :i*1 gnaw+ completely r\nd ! b>k1 prev5t$ ! sap f ris+4 ,?is de/ructive animal made its appe>ance 9 ,engl&2 & sci5ce v soon discov]$ ! cause ( ! evil1 & provid$ = its removal4 ,if !re _h be5 no k ( natural hi/ory "h1 n a tree w\ld h be5 left 9 our woods3 & :at !n w\ld h be5 ! co/ ( timb]4 ,! naturali/ is n[ c>ry+ 8 inve/igations1 ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 into ! l[e/ dep>tm5ts ( animal life4 ,he f9ds ! causes ( blight & mildew1 & kn[s ! species ( ! m9ute/ insect t m>s ! hopes ( ! f>m] & ! g>d5]4 ,! *emi/ /eps 92 & ! ravag] is de/roy$ or r5d]$ less noxi\s4 ,x is to ! sci5tific travell]s t we owe ! successive introduction ( new mat]ials ( manufactures4 ,( ! enorm\s ext5t 9 :i* su* new mat]ials affect production1 we may =m "s adequate notion f ! m5tion ( ?ree--,india-rubb]1 ,gutta ,p]*a1 & ,palm-oil4 ,9 #ahec we import$ #a1idj1jjj lbs4 ( ca\t*\c or ,india-rubb]4 ,! gum ( a ,brazilian-tree1 discov]$ by "s sci5tific ,fr5*man 9 #agce1 _h be5 employ$ = ne>ly a c5tury = no high] purpose ?an rubb+ out p5cil-m>ks4 ,aft] #ahbj ! mode ( apply+ ! sub/ance = ! production ( wat]-pro( g>m5ts 0 discov]$4 ,b ev5 9 #ahcj we only import$ #ej1jjj lbs4 ,s9ce !n ca\t*\c has become "o ( our great mat]ials ( manufacture1 appli$1 n only to clo?+1 b to useful articles ( e description4 ,its great prop]ty ( ela/icity has r5d]$ x available 9 numb]less in/ances beyond ^? ( mak+ clo? wat]-pro( & air-tight4 ,:5 we discov]$ h[ to make ,india-rubb] soluble by _s1 we obta9$ our wat]-pro( clo!s1 our air-cu%ions1 & wat]-b$s4 ,:5 ma*9]y drew out ! lump ( gum into ! f9e/ ?reads1 & connect$ !m ) cotton1 flax1 silk1 or wor/$1 9 a braid+-ma*9e1 we became provid$ ) e species ( ela/ic web t c r5d] dress at once tight & easy4 ,b *emi/ry has c>ri$ ! use ( ,india-rubb] fur!r ?an ! _s :i* dissolves x1 or ! ma*9]y :i* splits x into m9ute ?reads4 ,*emi/ry has comb9$ x ) sulphur1 & ?us add$ 9 a rem>kable degree to its /r5g? & its ela/icity4 ,x has made x indep5d5t ( temp]ature4 ,x has d\bl$ its utility4 ,vulcaniz$ ,india-rubb] is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( rec5t inv5tions4 ,x is a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( our age1 & p>ticul>ly z comp>$ ) ! p]iod :5 ,india-rubb] 0 fir/ s5t to ,europe1 t ! application ( gutta p]*a to ! arts imm$iately foll[$ ! discov]y ( ! sub/ance4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,dr4 ,montgom]ie 0 obs]v+ a wood-cutt] at ,s+apore at 8 ord9>y lab\r4 ,look+ at ! man's axe he saw t ! h&le 0 n ( wood1 b ( "s mat]ial t he _h n previ\sly kn[n4 ,! woodman told ,dr4 ,montgom]ie t1 h>d z ! h&le 01 x became q s(t 9 boil+ wat]1 & c\ld be m\ld$ into any =m1 :5 x w\ld aga9 become h>d4 ,x 0 a gum f a tree gr[+ 9 v>i\s isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ar*ipelago1 call$ p]t%a4 ,specim5s 7 imm$iately s5t to ! ,society ( ,arts2 & ! inquir+ surgeon to ! ,presid5cy at ,s+apore receiv$ ! ,society's gold-m$al4 ,9 #ahdb-c1 ,mr4 ,lobb1 visit+ ^! isl&s to collect botanical specim5s1 also discov]$ ! same tree1 & ! gum :i* issues f x4 ,9 twelve ye>s ! wond]ful utility ( ?is new mat]ial has be5 e/abli%$ 9 v v>i\s applications4 ,b ! gum w\ld h rema9$ comp>atively useless b = ! inv5tive _s :i* has subdu$ e difficulty ( a new manufacture4 ,! sub/ance is n[ appli$ to ! humble/ z well z ! highe/ purposes4 ,x is a clo!s' l9e defy+ ! wea!r2 x is a buff] = a railway c>riage4 ,x is a /opp+ = a holl[ too?2 x is a %ea?+ = ! wire t conveys ! electric sp>k across ! ,*annel4 ,x is a cricket-ball2 x is a life-boat 9 ! ,arctic seas4 ,x is a noiseless curta9-r+2 x is a sanit>y wat]-pipe4 ,x resi/s ! action ( _m *emical sub/ances1 & is ?us l>gely employ$ = vessels 9 blea*+ & dye+ factories2 x is capable ( be+ m\ld$ into ! mo/ beautiful =ms1 & ?us becomes "o ( ! mo/ effici5t mat]ials = multiply+ works ( ornam5tal art4 ,! collection ( gutta p]*a has giv5 a new /imulus to ! feeble indu/ry ( ! inhabitants ( ,java & ,sumatra1 & ,borneo1 & a new direction to ! comm]ce ( ,s+apore4 ,x has br\ght ! p ( ! ,indian ar*ipelago into m direct contact ) ,european civilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,elaeis ,gu9e5sis1 & ,cocos butyracea1 yield+ ,palm-oil4 ,:at ! use ( gutta p]*a is do+ = ! ,malays1 ! use ( palm-oil is do+ = ! ,africans4 ,a great comm]ce has sprung up on ! ,african coa/s1 9 :i* /atesm5 & philan?ropi/s see ! com+ de/ruction ( ! slave-trade4 ,9 #ahec we import$ sev5ty-"o million lbs4 ( palm-oil & eighte5 million lbs4 ( cocoa-nut oil4 ,! great] "p ( ?is oil is = mak+ c&les4 ,x is equal to ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! tall[ we import4 ,:at has creat$ ?is enorm\s manufacture ( "o ( ! mo/ improv$ articles ( dome/ic utility8 ,k4 ,! palm-oil c&les h be5 br\ght to _! pres5t p]fection by *emical & me*anical appliances1 work+ ) ! mo/ complete division ( lab\r1 c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! nice/ economy result+ f great adm9i/rative skill4 ',price's ,c&le ,company' is a factory1 or r a numb] ( factories1 9 :i*1 9 ! exact proportion t ! heal?1 ! com=t1 & ! intellig5ce ( ! work]s is ma9ta9$ 9 ! highe/ effici5cy1 ! pr(its ( ! capitali/ are increas$4 ,! sup]ior quality ( ! products ( ! oil-c&le factories is ! result ( *emi/ry4 ,a ,fr5* *emi/ discov]$ t fats1 su* z oil1 7 compos$ ( ?ree inflammable acids--two ( :i*1 call$ /e>ic & m>g>ic1 are solid2 & "o call$ oleic1 fluid4 ,ano!r sub/ance call$ glyc]9e is also pres5t4 ,! oil is n[ fre$ f ! oleic acid & ! glyc]9e1 :i* int]f]e ) its p[] ( produc+ light1 & ! two solid acids are cry/aliz$4 ,:at are call$ /e>9e & composite c&les are ?us produc$1 at a co/ :i* is really less ?an t ( ! old tall[-c&les1 :5 we consid] t !y burn long] & ) great] brilliancy1 besides be+ fre$ f a disagreeable smell & f a t5d5cy to gutt]4 ,c&les f animal fat h also be5 greatly improv$ by *emical appliances 9 ! prep>ation ( ! tall[4 ,sci5ce1 we ?us see1 connects di/ant regions1 & r5d]s ! _w "o great comm]cial m>ket4 ,sci5ce is1 !re=e1 a *ief in/rum5t 9 ! production ( comm]cial weal?4 ,b we h a _w b5ea? our feet :i* sci5ce has only j n[ begun to explore4 ,we want fuel & metallic ore to be rais$ f ! b[els ( ! e>?2 &1 till )9 a v few ye>s1 we us$ to dig at r&om :5 we desir$ to dig a m9e1 or confid$ ! outlay ( ?\s&s ( p\nds to be us$ 9 digg+1 to "s quack ^: pret5sions to k 7 ev5 m deceptive ?an a reliance ^u *ance4 ,! sci5ce ( geology1 almo/ )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 has be5 able1 ^u c]ta9 pr9ciples1 to det]m9e :]e coal especially c be f\nd1 by kn[+ 9 :at /rata ( e>? coal is =m$2 & ?us ! exp5se ( digg+ ?r\gh e>? to se>* = coal1 :5 sci5ce w\ld1 at once pron\nce t no coal 0 !re1 has be5 altoge!r )drawn f ! am\nt ( capital to be exp5d$ 9 ! rais+ ( coal4 ,t ?is sav+ has n be5 small1 we may "k f ! fact1 t eighty ?\s& p\nds 7 exp5d$ fruitlessly 9 digg+ = coal at ,bexhill1 9 ,sussex1 n _m ye>s ago1 :i* exp5se geology w\ld h in/antly prev5t$2 & h ?us accumulat$ capital1 & giv5 a pr(itable /imulus to lab\r1 by sav+ _! wa/e4 ,b geological sci5ce has n only prev5t$ ! exp5sive se>* = coal :]e x does n exi/1 b has %[n t x does exi/ :]e1 a few ye>s ago1 x 0 held impossible to f9d x4 ,! practical m51 z !y are call$1 ma9ta9$ t coal c\ld n be f\nd b5ea? ! magnesian lime/one4 ,a sci5tific geologi/1 ,dr4 ,william ,smi?1 held a contr>y op9ion2 & ! result ( 8 ab/ract conviction is1 t ! great ,hetton colli]ies h be5 call$ into action1 :i* supply a va/ am\nt ( coal to ! ,london m>ket1 f\nd b5ea? ?is dread$ b>ri] ( magnesian lime/one4 ,geology--h[ev] scanty its facts at pres5t are1 comp>$ ) :at !y w be :5 m9]s h be5 accu/om$ to look at _! op]ations f ! sci5tific po9t ( view--geology c tell pretty accurately 9 :i* /rata ( ! e>? ! v>i\s metals are likely to be f\nd2 & kn[+1 to "s ext5t1 ! /rata ( diff]5t c\ntries1 c judge ( ! probability ( f9d+ ! preci\s metals z well z ! m common4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 #ahdd1 express$ 8 belief1 9 a public address1 t gold exi/$ 9 ! great ,ea/]n ,*a9 ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 #ahdi1 an iron-work] 9 ,au/ralia1 read+ ?is op9ion1 se>*$ = gold1 & f\nd x4 ,! discov]y 0 neglect$1 till an ent]pris+ man came f ,cali=nia1 & complet$ ! realization ( ! sci5tific pr$iction4 ,! gold-digg+s ( ,au/ralia are produc+1 by _! attraction to emigrants1 *anges 9 ! am\nt & value ( lab\r 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 :i* may mat]ially affect ! condition ( e work] 9 ! p>5t-l&2 & !y h giv5 an imm5se impulse to our home indu/ry4 ,! importance ( gold1 m]ely z a mat]ial ( manufacture1 may be e/imat$ f ! fact t 9 ,birm+ham alone a ?\s& ounces ( f9e gold are work$ up e week2 & t t5 ?\s& ounces are annually us$ 9 ! porcela9 works ( ,/af=d%ire4 ,:atev] dim9i%es ! risk to life or heal?1 9 any me*anical op]ation1 or any ex]tion ( bodily lab\r1 less5s ! co/ ( production1 by dim9i%+ ! premium :i* is *>g$ by ! produc]s to cov] ! risk4 ,! safety-lamp ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 by dim9i%+ ! wa/e ( human life employ$ 9 rais+ coals1 dim9i%$ ! price ( coals4 ,! contrivance is a v simple "o1 ?\gh x 0 no d\bt ! result ( anxi\s & pati5t ?\ght4 ,x is a common oil-lamp1 9 :i* ! flame is surr\nd$ ) a f9e wire-gauze4 ,! flame _c pass ?r\gh ! gauze2 & ?us if ! de/ructive gas ( a coal-m9e ent]s ! gauze & ignites1 ! flame _c pass aga9 out ( ! gauze1 & ignite ! surr\nd+ gas4 ,sometimes ! inn] flame burns ) a t]rible blue light4 ,x is ! symptom ( dang]4 ,if ! lamp 7 an op5 flame ! fire-damp w\ld %ake ! pit ) "o dreadful explosion4 ,! safety-lamp yields a feeble light2 & ?us1 un=tunately1 ! m9] sometimes exposes ! flame1 & p]i%es4 ,! magnetic mask1 :i* prev5ts iron-fil+s escap+ d[n ! ?roats ( gr9d]s & poli%]s1 & ?us prev5ts ! consumption ( ! lungs1 to :i* ^! trades are peculi>ly obnoxi\s1 w\ld dim9i% ! price ( /eel goods1 if ! workm5 did n pref] receiv+ ! premium 9 ! %ape ( high] wages1 to ! heal? & long life :i* !y w\ld get1 )\t ! premium1 by ! use ( ! mask4 ,?is is n wisdom on ! "p ( ! workm54 ,b :e!r !y are wise or n1 ! natural & inevitable influ5ce ( ! discov]y1 soon] or lat]1 to less5 ! co/ ( production 9 t trade1 by less5+ ! risk ( ! lab\r]s1 mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,! lightn+ conductor ( ,frankl91 :i* is us$ v g5]ally on ! ,cont95t1 & almo/ univ]sally 9 %ipp+1 dim9i%es ! risk ( prop]ty1 9 ! same way t ! safety-lamp dim9i%es ! risk ( life2 &1 by ?is dim9ution1 ! rate ( insurance is less5$1 & ! co/ ( production !re=e less5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,frankl9 m$al4 ,we h giv5 _m examples ( lab\r-sav+ processes produc$ by sci5ce4 ,we may reg>d x z a comp5sat+ pr9ciple t sci5ce is con/antly rais+ up new employm5ts4 ,9 #agih1 ,galvani1 an ,italian physician1 accid5tally discov]$ t ! muscles ( a dead frog 7 convuls$ by ! body com+ 9 contact ) two metals4 ,soon aft]1 ,volta1 ano!r ,italian physician1 produc$ electric curr5ts by a comb9ation ( metals 9 :at 0 call$ ! voltaic-pile4 ,:o c\ld h imag9$ t ! pati5t work+-out ( ! sci5tific pr9ciple t 0 evolv$ 9 ! movem5t ( ,galvani's dead frog1 %\ld h rais$ up new bran*es ( human indu/ry1 ( ! mo/ ext5sive & v>i$ utility8 ,galvanic batt]ies us$ to be consid]$ among/ ! toys ( sci5ce4 ,!y n[ s5d an in/antane\s message f ,london to ,p>is2 & fill our h\ses ) ! mo/ beautiful articles ( metallic manufacture1 electro-plate4 ,ab\t sixte5 ye>s ago x 0 discov]$ t a piece ( metal might receive a f9e p]man5t coat+ ( ano!r metal by ! ag5cy ( galvanism4 ,! discov]y creat$ a /rong int]e/ 9 m5 ( sci5ce1 & _m small exp]im5ts 7 tri$ to fix a coat+ ( copp] to "s o!r metal4 ,manufactur+ ent]prize saw ! value ( ! discov]y2 :i* has be5 simply describ$ 9 a popul> "w3-- ,dilut$ sulphuric acid is p\r$ into a por\s vessel2 ?is is plac$ 9 a l>g] vessel conta9+ a solution ( sulphate ( copp]2 a piece ( z9c is plac$ 9 ! =m]1 & a piece ( silv] or ( copp] 9 ! latt]1 & bo? pieces are connect$ by a wire4 ,!n does ! wondr\s ag5t1 electricity1 beg9 its "w2 a curr5t sets 9 f ! z9c to ! acid1 !nce ?r\gh ! por\s vessel to ! sulphate1 !nce to ! silv] or copp]1 & !nce to ! conduct+ wire back aga9 to ! z9c2 & s on 9 an endless circuit4 ,b electricity nev] makes su* a circuit )\t di/urb+ ! *emical relations ( ! bodies ?r\gh :i* x passes2 ! z9c1 ! silv] or copp]1 ! sulphuric acid1 ! oxyg51 & ! hydrog5--all are s f> affect$ t ! z9c becomes eat5 away1 :ile a beautiful deposit ( metallic copp]1 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! sulphate1 appe>s on ! surface ( ! silv] or copp]4 ,copp] is n ! only metal :i* c be ?us precipitat$2 gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 & o!r metals may be simil>ly treat$4#bf ,illu/ration3 ,electro-gild+4 ,:5 exp]im5t _h prov$ t e imag9able =m ( *eap metal c\ld be coat$ ) silv] or gold1 by ! ag5cy ( electro-*emi/ry1 an imm$iate dem& 0 creat$ = design]s1 modell]s1 & m\ld]s4 ,vases ( ! mo/ beautiful =ms 7 to be produc$ 9 metal :i* %\ld h ! prop]ties ( solid silv] )\t its co/l9ess4 ,! common metal vase is dipp$ into a tank conta9+ a solution ( silv]4 ,x is plac$ 9 connection ) ! wires ( ! galvanic batt]y4 ,atom aft] atom ( ! silv] 9 solution cl+s to ! vase1 :i* soon comes out p]fectly silv]$4 ,! burni%] completes its beauty4 ,x is ! same ) a solution ( gold4 ,! pride ( ri*es may boa/ ! value ( ! solid plate1 :i* tempts ?ieves to break 9 & /eal4 ,! nobl] gratification ( ta/e may secure ! beauty )\t ! exp5se or risk ( loss4 ,b ! great pr9ciple ?us br\ght into practical use is c>ri$ f>!r 9 ! realms ( art4 ,x becomes a copy+ process4 ,x c multiply copies ( ! mo/ m9ute engrav+ )\t 9 ! slighte/ degree det]iorat+ ! beauty ( ! engrav]'s "w4 ,! copy is z good z ! orig9al4 ,! same pr9ciple ( deposit+ "o metal ^u ano!r 9 m9ute atoms has produc$ galvaniz$ t9n$-iron--iron :i* w n ru/ ^u exposure to wea!r1 & ?us applicable to _m purposes ( build+--& iron :i* c be appli$ to _m objects ( utility ) great] advantage ?an t9-plate4 ,!re are few h\ses n[ )\t _! dagu]reotype portraits ( "s memb] ( ! family4 ,?is is a portrait copi$ f ! human face by a sunbeam4 ,! "n dagu]reotype is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5*man ,dagu]re1 :o ann\nc$ 8 discov]y at ! "t :5 our c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot1 0 engag$ 9 work+ out ! same wond]ful problem4 ,we notice ?is bran* ( rec5t inv5tion m]ely to po9t out h[ sci5ce & art call =? me*anical lab\r4 ,:5 e h\se has its little portrait1 !re w naturally be a great dem& = frames4 ,! manufacture ( dagu]reotype-frames1 bo? "h1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has furni%$ a new field ( employm5t4 ,e sci5tific discov]y1 su* z photography1 is a /ep 9 advance ( prec$+ discov]y4 ,if ,newton _h n discov]$ ! fundam5tal prop]ties ( light1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we %\ld1 9 all likelihood1 h _h no photography 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,ab/ract sci5ce is ! p>5t ( practical art4 ,illu/ration3 ,newton4 ,x has be5 said by an ,am]ican writ]1 :o has publi%$ sev]al treatises well-calculat$ to give ! workman an elevat$ idea ( 8 rights & duties1 t ! man :o w g into a cotton-mill1--:o w obs]ve ! p>ts ( ! ma*9]y1 & ! v>i\s processes ( ! fabric1 till he rea*es ! hydraulic press1 ) :i* x is made into a bale1 & ! canal or railroad by :i* x is s5t to m>ket1 may f9d e bran* ( trade1 & e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 lit]ally cross$1 int]tw9$1 int]wov5 ) e o!r1 l ! wo( & ! w>p ( ! article manufactur$4#bg ,?is cross+ & int]tw9+ ( ! ab/ract & practical sci5ces1 ! me*anic skill & ! manual lab\r1 :i* are s /rik+ 9 ! manufacture ( a piece ( calico1 prevail ?r\gh\t e dep>tm5t ( indu/ry 9 a highly-civiliz$ community4 ,e "o :o lab\rs at all pr(itably lab\rs = ! production ( utility1 & sets 9 motion ! lab\r ( o!rs4 ,look at ! lab\r ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,john de ,gaddesd5 treat$ a son ( ,edw>d ,,ii4 = ! small-pox by wrapp+ him up 9 sc>let clo?1 & hang+ sc>let curta9s r\nd 8 b$2 &1 z a rem$y = epilepsy1 ! same physician c>ri$ 8 pati5ts to *ur* to he> mass4 ,! m$ical art 0 s little und]/ood 9 ^? days1 t ! pr(essors ( m$ic9e _h made no impression ^u ! und]/&+ ( ! p2 & !y consequ5tly tru/$ n to m$ic9e1 b to va9 *>ms1 :i* sup]/itions ! ignorance ( ! practition]s !mselves kept alive4 ,! surgical practition]s ( ,europe1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 put _! unhappy pati5ts to ! mo/ dreadful torture by _! mode ( treat+ w\nds & brok5 limbs4 ,:5 !y amputat$ a leg or an arm !y appli$ ! actual caut]y1 or r$-hot iron1 to /op ! effusion ( blood4 ,ambrose ,p>e1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,fr5* surgeons ( t p]iod1 :o accompani$ ! army to ! siege ( ,tur91 9 #aecf1 ?us describes ! mode 9 :i* he f\nd 8 surgical bre?r5 deal+ ) gun-%ot w\nds3 ,illu/ration3 ,ambrose ,p>e4 ,i 0 !n v raw & inexp]i5c$1 hav+ nev] se5 ! treatm5t ( gun-%ot w\nds4 ,x is true t ,i _h read 9 ! ,treatise ( ,jean de ,vigo on w\nds 9 g5]al1 t ^? inflict$ by fire-arms p>take ( a poison\s nature on acc\nt ( ! p[d]1 & t !y %\ld be treat$ ) hot oil ( eld]1 mix$ ) a little !riacum4 ,see+1 !re=e1 t su* an application mu/ ne$s put ! pati5t to extreme pa91 to assure myself be=e ,i %\ld make use ( ?is boil+ oil1 ,i desir$ to see h[ x 0 employ$ by ! o!r surgeons4 ,i f\nd _! me?od 0 to apply x at ! fir/ dress+1 z hot z possible1 )9 ! w\nd1 ) t5ts & setons2 & ?is ,i made bold to d likewise4 ,at l5g? my oil fail$ me1 & ,i 0 fa9 to sub/itute a dige/ive1 made ( ! yolk ( eggs1 rose-oil1 & turp5t9e4 ,at night ,i c\ld n re/ 9 my b$ 9 peace1 fe>+ t ,i %\ld f9d ! w\nd$1 9 ^: cases ,i _h be5 compell$ to ab/a9 f us+ ?is caut]y1 dead ( poison3 ?is appreh5sion made me rise v e>ly 9 ! morn+ to visit !m2 b beyond all my hopes1 ,i f\nd ^? to :om ,i _h appli$ ! dige/ive1 suff]+ little pa91 & _! w\nds free f inflammation2 & !y _h be5 refre%$ by sleep 9 ! night4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i f\nd ^? to :om ! a=esaid oil _h be5 appli$1 fev]i%1 9 great pa92 & ) swell+ & inflammation r\nd _! w\nds4 ,i resolv$1 !re=e1 t ,i w\ld nev] burn un=tunate suff]]s f gun-%ot 9 t cruel mann] aga94 ,francis ,i41 k+ ( ,france1 hav+ a p]suasion t1 because ! ,jews 7 ! mo/ skilful physicians ( t day1 ! virtue 0 9 ! ,jew1 & n 9 ! sci5ce :i* he pr(ess$1 s5t to ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa9 = a ,jewi% physician2 b f9d+ t ! man :o arriv$ _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 he refus$ to employ him1 ?9k+ ! virtue ( heal+ _h !re=e dep>t$ f him4 ,a /atute ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 says1 ,= z mu* z ! sci5ce & cunn+ ( physic & surg]y is daily )9 ?is realm ex]cis$ by a great multitude ( ignorant p]sons1 ( :om ! great] "p h no insight 9 ! same1 nor 9 any o!r k9d ( le>n+3 "s1 also1 con no lett]s on ! book1 s f> =?1 t common artific]s1 z smi?s1 & weav]s1 & wom51 boldly & accu/omably1 take ^u !m great cures1 9 :i* !y p>tly use sorc]y & wit*craft1 p>tly apply su* m$ic9es to ! disease z be v noxi\s1 & no?+ meet1 to ! high displeasure ( ,god1 great infamy to ! faculty1 & ! griev\s damage & de/ruction ( div]se ( ! k+'s p4 ,:5 su* ignorance prevail$1 diseases ( ! slighte/ k9d mu/ h be5 v (t5 fatal2 & ! p[] ( all m5 to lab\r pr(itably mu/ h be5 greatly dim9i%$ by ! ravages ( sickness4 ,^! ravages are n[ *eck$ by m$ical sci5ce & m$ical lab\r4 ,b ev5 )9 our own times h[ greatly has g5]al ignorance ret>d$ ! ex]tions ( m$ical sci5ce to dim9i% suff]+ & to r$uce ! am\nt ( mortality6 ,! prejudices aga9/ vacc9ation h r5d]$ x extremely difficult to eradicate small-pox1 h[ev] c]ta9 ! result ( ! great discov]y ( ,j5n]4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t law1 all *ildr51 born 9 ,engl& & ,wales aft] ,augu/ #a1 #ahec1 mu/ be vacc9at$ at ! public exp5se4 ,su* a law w\ld h be5 v difficult ( execution tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! p _h !n se5 ! sc>r$ faces f small-pox disappe>+ among/ !m4 ,!y _h le>nt t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 vacc9ation1 or ! puncture ( ! sk9 ) matt] orig9ally obta9$ f ! c[1 0 root+ out ! small-pox1 :i* us$ to de/roy1 n m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ?irty-six ?\s& p]sons annually1 9 ?is k+dom4 ,b yet !y _h prejudices4 ,no m$ical man w\ld practise inoculation--a great bless+ 9 its day--because ! disease 0 ?us kept among/ u4 ,b /ill _m ignorant p]sons did n avail !mselves ( ! law pass$ f\rte5 ye>s ago1 "u :i* _! *ildr5 might be vacc9at$ at ! public co/4 ,! und\bt$ te/imony ( ! :ole m$ical pr(ession proves t vacc9ation 9 almo/ all cases prev5ts small-pox1 & 9 all cases mitigates its evil4 ,b t te/imony fur!r proves t if vacc9ation 7 univ]sal1 small-pox w\ld :olly disappe>2 & t is ! reason :y vacc9ation is n[ compulsory4 ,b we may reg>d ! influ5ces ( k ^u ! direction & aid ( pr(itable lab\r1 ev5 f a high] po9t ( view4 ,! sci5ces & arts _c be c>ri$ =w>d except 9 a c\ntry :]e ! laws ( ,god are respect$1 :]e ju/ice is upheld2 :]e intellect g5]ally is cultivat$1 & ta/e is diffus$4 ,! religi\s & moral tea*]1 !re=e1 :o lifts ! m9d to a contemplation ( ! duties ( man1 z !y are f\nd$ ^u a belief 9 ! ,provid5ce ( an all-wise & all-p[]ful ,creator1 is a pr(itable lab\r]4 ,! in/ructor ( ! "y1 :o d$icates 8 "t to advanc+ ! =mation ( "r pr9ciples1 & ! acquirem5t ( s\nd k1 by 8 pupils1 is a pr(itable lab\r]4 ,! writ] :o applies 8 und]/&+ to ! discov]y & dissem9ation ( moral & political tru?1 is a pr(itable lab\r]4 ,! int]pret] & adm9i/rator ( ! laws1 :o upholds ! reign ( ord] & security1 def5d+ ! innoc5t1 puni%+ ! guilty1 & v9dicat+ ! rights ( all f outrage & oppression1 is a pr(itable lab\r]4 ,^! lab\r]s1 x may be said1 are /ill direct produc]s ( utility1 b t ^? :o address !mselves to ! imag9ation--! poets1 ! noveli/s1 ! pa9t]s1 & ! musicians--9 e poli%$ society1 are unpr(itable lab\r]s4 ,"o ^w is suffici5t = an answ]4 ,^! m5 advance ! g5]al intellect ( a c\ntry1 & !y !re=e indirectly advance ! production ( articles ( necessity4 ,we h already %[n h[ ! /udy ( ! high] ma!matics1 ^u :i* a/ronomy is f\nd$1 has an influ5ce ^u ! production ( a piece ( wooll5 clo?2 & we beg our read]s to be> ?is connection 9 m9d :5 !y he> x said1 z !y sometimes may1 t an ab/ract /ud5t1 or an elegant writ]1 is n a produc]1--is1 9 fact1 an idl]4 ,! mo/ illu/ri\s writ]s ( e c\ntry1 ! great poets1 ,high notions & high passions be/ describ+1 h1 next to ! inspirations ( religion1 lift$ mank9d1 m ?an any o!r class ( intellectual workm51 to _! noble/ pursuits ( k & virtue4 ,ev5 ^? :o especially devote !mselves to give pleasure & amusem5t1 call into action "s ( ! highe/ & pure/ s\rces ( enjoym5t4 ,!y lead ! m9d to seek its recreations 9 m ennobl+ pursuits ?an ^? ( s5suality2 _! arts connect !mselves by a ?\s& associations ) all t is beautiful 9 ! natural _w2 !y are z useful = ! promotion ( pure & innoc5t delight z ! fl[]s t gladd5 u by _! beauty & fragrance by ! side ( ! corn t n\ri%es u4 ,an entire community ( poets & arti/s w\ld be z unpr(itable z if an entire c\ntry 7 d$icat$ to ! cultivation ( violets & roses2 b ! poets & ! arti/s may1 z ! roses & ! violets1 furni% ! graces & ornam5ts ( life1 )\t injury1 & inde$ ) positive b5efit1 to ! classes :o m especially d$icate !mselves to :at is some:at exclusively call$ ! production ( utility4 ,! "r direction ( ! tal5ts :i* are d$icat$ to art & lit]ature is all t is requir$ f ^? :o address !mselves to ^! pursuits4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o beguiles a vacant h\r ( its t$i\sness1 by "s ef=t ( intellect :i* captivates ! imag9ation )\t poison+ ! morals1--& he :o by ! ex]cise ( 8 art produces =ms ( beauty :i* awak5 9 ! m9d t pr9ciple ( ta/e :i*1 m ?an any o!r faculty1 requires cultivation1--h ea* be/[$ b5efits ^u ! _w :i* may be accurately en\gh measur$ ev5 by ! sev]e limitations ( political economy2--!y are pr(itable lab\r]s & b5efactors ( _! species4 ,! positive influ5ce ( ! lab\rs ( ! poet & ! arti/ ^u ! advance ( o!r lab\r might be easily %[n4 ,9 _! productions1 especially1 supply goes be=e dem&1 & creates dem&4 ,x has be5 calculat$ by an ,am]ican writ]1 t ! numb] ( workm5 :o h be5 set 9 action--pap]-mak]s1 pr9t]s1 b9d]s--by ! writ+s ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott alone1 9 all c\ntries1 w\ld1 if ga!r$ toge!r1 =m a community t w\ld fill a l>ge t[n4 ,! ,pott]ies ( ,etruria1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 c\ld n h exi/$ unless ,mr4 ,w$gwood _h introduc$ into our manufacture ( *9a ! =ms ( ,grecian art1 bequea!d to u by ! ta/e ( two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ?us creat$ a dem& :i* has furni%$ pr(itable lab\r to ?\s&s4 ,!re are f\r ?\s& musical-in/rum5t mak]s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:at has giv5 _! indu/ry its *ief impulse8 ,! div9e art ( ,h&el1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 ,web]1 ,ross9i1 ,m5delsohn4 ,if ^! great compos]s1 & _m o!rs1 _h n rais$ music into some?+ high] & m capable ( produc+ enjoym5t ?an ! rude melodies ( unciviliz$ tribes1 !re w\ld h be5 no trade 9 pian(ortes4 ,illu/ration3 ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,f ,sir ,f4 ,*antrey's ,bu/4 ,we h ent]$ into ^! details1 pr9cipally to %[ t !re are o!r & high] produc]s 9 society ?an ! m]e manual lab\r]s4 ,x 0 an ignorant fa%ion among/ ! m5tal lab\r]s ( o!r days to despise ! class ( ! physical lab\r]s4 ,!y h le>nt to "k _! value2 & !re %\ld be a reciprocal k4 ,bo? classes are work+-classes4 ,no "o c say t ! m5tal lab\r]s are n work]s4 ,!y are1 we may truly affirm1 tak5 z a class1 ! h>de/ work]s 9 ! community4 ,no "o ev] rea*$ em95ce 9 ^! pursuits )\t unwe>i$ indu/ry3 ! mo/ em95t h be5 univ]sally despis]s ( ease & slo?1 & h felt _! highe/ pleasures 9 ! absorb+ devotion ( _! entire m9ds to ! duties ( _! high call+4 ,!y h woo$ ,k z a mi/ress t c\ld n be won )\t ye>s ( unwe>i$ assiduity4 ,! mo/ em95t1 too1 h be5 practical m51 despis+ no inquiry1 h[ev] trifl+ x might appe> to common eyes1 & %r9k+ f no occupation1 h[ev] t$i\s1 z long z x 0 connect$ ) _! high] duties4 ,illu/ration3 ,pian(orte ,manufactory4 ,!re is no high] duty ?an t ( endeav\r+ s to lead public op9ion1 z t ! g5]al m9d ( ! community %all be direct$ to noble & unselfi% ends4 ,! poet1 ! hi/orian1 ! essayi/1 ! noveli/1 h ! responsibility ( keep+ alive ! love ( fre$om1 ! hatr$ ( oppression1 ! cultivation ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,!re nev] 0 a truly great nation t _h a l[ lit]ature4 ,x is ! glory ( our nation t its lit]ature is among/ its be/ possessions2 & t ! g5]al scope & t5d5cy ( t lit]ature are calculat$ to raise & *]i% an enlight5$ public s5tim5t4 ,:atev] be ! am\nt ( national weal?--h[ev] v>i\s ! com=ts & luxuries :i* private ri*es may comm&--x is q c]ta9 t )\t t c\rage & intellig5ce :i* make a p free & keep !m s1 ! public & private accumulations are comp>atively wor?less4 ,!re is a beautiful ,ea/]n /ory :i* may bett] illu/rate ?is position ?an any l5g!n$ argum5t4#bh ,illu/ration3 ,/atue ( ,bacon4 ,x is relat$ t a man ( ! pilgrims slept a long sleep1 & !n awoke1 & saw no trace ( ! o!r pilgrims4 ,s he arose & walk$ on2 b he w&]$ f ! way1 & he proce$$ until he saw a t5t1 & an old woman at its door1 & he f\nd by h] a dog asleep4 ,he approa*$ ! t5t1 salut$ ! old woman1 & begg$ ( h] "s food2 :]eupon %e said to him1 ,g to yon valley1 & cat* z _m s]p5ts z w suffice !e1 t ,i may broil "s ( !m = !e4 ,! man repli$1 ,i d>e n cat* s]p5ts1 & ,i nev] ate !m4 ,! old woman !re=e said1 ,i w g ) !e1 & cat* "s ( !m1 & fe> ?\ n4 ,!n %e w5t ) him1 & ! dog foll[$ h]1 & %e caught z _m ( ! s]p5ts z w\ld suffice1 & proce$$ to broil "s ( !m4 ,! pilgrim c\ld n refra9 f eat+2 = he fe>$ hung] & emaciation3 s he ate ( ^? s]p5ts4 ,& aft] ?is1 be+ ?ir/y1 he dem&$ ( ! old woman "s wat] to dr9k2 & %e said to him1 ,g to ! spr+1 & dr9k ( x4 ,accord+ly he w5t to ! spr+2 b he f\nd its wat] bitt]2 yet he c\ld n refra9 f dr9k+ ( x1 not)/&+ its exce$+ bitt]ness1 on acc\nt ( ! viol5ce ( 8 ?ir/4 ,he !re=e drank1 & !n return$ to ! old woman1 & said to h]1 ,i wond] at !e1 ,o ?\ old woman1 & at ?y resid+ 9 ?is place1 & ?y fe$+ ?yself ) ?is food1 & ?y dr9k+ ( ?is wat]4--,h[ !n1 said ! old woman1 is y\r c\ntry8 ,he answ]$ h]1 ,v]ily1 9 our c\ntry are spaci\s & ample h\ses1 & ripe & delici\s fruits1 & abundant sweet wat]s1 & excell5t vi&s1 & fat meats1 & num]\s %eep1 & ev]y?+ good1 & bless+s ( :i* ! l exi/ n save 9 ! ,p>adise t ,god 7^: "n be exalt$67 ha? describ$ to 8 j s]vants4--,all ?is1 repli$ ! old woman1 ,i h he>d2 b tell me1 h y any ,sultan :o rule? ov] y1 & oppresse? 9 8 rule :ile ye are "u 8 au?ority2 & :o1 if any "o ( y committe? an (f5ce1 take? 8 weal?1 & de/roye? him1 & :o1 if he desire1 turne? y out f y\r h\ses1 & eradicate? y utt]ly8 ,! man answ]$ h]1 ,t do? sometimes happ54 ,& ! old woman rejo9$1 ,if s1 by ,allah1 t da9ty food & elegant life1 & ^? delightful com=ts1 ) oppression & tyranny1 are p5etrat+ poison2 & our food1 ) safety1 is a salut>y antidote4 ,illu/ration3 ,bas-,relief on ,gut5b]g's ,monum5t3 ,comp>+ a pr9t$ ,%eet ) a ,manuscript4 #bd ,we h tak5 ?is s5t5ce z a motto :i* may po9t to ! g5]al scope ( ?is volume4 #be ,hume's ,essays4 #bf ',curiosities ( ,indu/ry4' ,by ,george ,dodd4 #bg ',ev]ett's ,work+ ,man's ,p>ty4' ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k1 #ahca4 #bh ,note 9 ,mr4 ,lane's admirable translation ( ! ',?\s& & ,"o ,nights1' orig9al edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,inv5tion ( pr9t+--,effects ( t art--,a daily newspap]--,prov9cial newspap]s--,news-writ+ ( =m] p]iods--,*anges 9 ! "* ( newspap]s--,/eam conveyance--,electric telegraph--,organization ( a ,london newspap]-(fice--,! pr9t+-ma*9e--,! pap]-ma*9e--,bookb9d+--,pap]-duty4 ,! art ( pr9t+ (f]s "o ( ! readie/ & mo/ =cible illu/rations ( ! advantages t h be5 be/[$ ^u ! _w by sci5tific discov]y & by me*anical p[]4 ,al?\gh !re is1 happily1 little occasion n[ to combat any wide-spread ho/ility to ma*9]y1 ! argum5t = its use d]iv$ f pr9t+ may be v briefly /at$4 ,x is ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! art ( pr9t+ books 0 inv5t$4 ,be=e t "t all books 7 writt5 by ! h&4 ,!re 7 _m p]sons employ$ to copy out books1 b !y 7 v de>1 al?\gh ! copi]s _h small wages4 ,a ,bible 0 sold = ?irty p\nds 9 ! money ( t day1 :i* 0 equal to a great deal m ( our money4 ,( c\rse1 v few p _h ,bibles or any o!r books4 ,a mode 0 inv5t$ ( imitat+ ! writt5 books by cutt+ ! lett]s on wood1 & tak+ (f copies f ! wood5 blocks by rubb+ ! %eet on ! back4 ,soon aft]1 ! idea 0 c>ri$ f>!r by ca/+ metal types or lett]s1 :i* c\ld be arrang$ 9 words1 & s5t5ces1 & pages1 & volumes2 & !n a ma*9e1 call$ a pr9t+-press1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( a screw1 0 made to /amp impressions ( ^! types s arrang$4 ,!re 0 an end1 !n1 at once to ! trade ( ! p5-&-ink copi]s2 because ! copi]s 9 types1 :o c\ld press (f sev]al hundr$ books :ile ! writ]s 7 produc+ "o1 drove !m out ( ! m>ket4 ,a s+le pr9t] c\ld d ! "w ( at lea/ two hundr$ writ]s4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems a h>d%ip1 = a hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p might h be51 & probably 71 ?r[n out ( _! accu/om$ employm5t4 ,b :at 0 ! consequ5ce 9 a ye> or two8 ,:]e "o writt5 book 0 sold1 a ?\s& pr9t$ books 7 requir$4 ,! old books 7 multipli$ 9 all c\ntries1 & new books 7 compos$ by m5 ( tal5t & le>n+1 because !y c\ld !n f9d num]\s read]s4 ,! pr9t+ press did ! "w m neatly & m correctly ?an ! writ]1 & x did x inf9itely *eap]4 ,:at !n8 ,! writ]s ( books _h to turn _! h&s to "s o!r trade1 x is true2 b type-f\nd]s1 pap]-mak]s1 pr9t]s1 & bookb9d]s1 7 set to "w1 by ! new art or ma*9e1 to at lea/ a hundr$ times great] numb] ( p]sons ?an ! old way ( mak+ books employ$4 ,b !re is a f> m important mode ( view+ ?is matt] ?an any consid]ation result+ out ( ! increas$ employm5t t ! art ( pr9t+ unque/ionably has creat$4 ,if pr9t+1 :i* is a *eap & a rapid process1 c\ld by possibility be sup]s$$ by writ+1 :i* is an exp5sive & a sl[ op]ation1 no book1 no newspap]1 c\ld be produc$ = ! use ( ! p4 ,k1 ^u :i* e hope ( bett]+ _! condition mu/ ultimately re/1 w\ld aga9 become ! prop]ty ( a v few2 & mank9d w\ld lose ! great] "p ( t p[] :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 civilization & b>b>ism4 ,! art ( pr9t+ has gone on m & m adapt+ itself to ! increase ( our population1 dur+ ! ?ree c5turies & a half 9 :i* x has be5 ex]cis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,h]e9 consi/s1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mightie/ diff]5ces betwe5 our condition & t ( e g5]ation :i* has prec$$ u4 ,?r\gh t art1 no idea c n[ p]i%4 ,?r\gh t art1 k is fa/ becom+ ! common possession ( all4 ,?r\gh t art1 :at ! p h ga9$ 9 ! pa/ is secur$ = ! future4 ,x has e/abli%$ ! empire ( public op9ion4 ,!re is possibly no m /rik+ example ( ! manifold comb9ations ( m5tal lab\r1 ( sci5tific p[]1 ( me*anical inv5tion1 & ( ! use ( rapid means ( communication1 ?an ! =ces n[ call$ into action = ! issue ( a ,london daily newspap]4 ,nor is !re any production ( lit]>y indu/ry :i* m po9t$ly illu/rates ! di/9ctive qualities ( pr9t+ z comp>$ ) writ+--! rapidity1 ! *eapness1 & ! g5]al diffusion4 ,let u endeav\r to supply a rapid sket* ( ! wond]ful organization t is requir$ to produce ?is great necess>y ( mod]n society4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a newspap] is news4 ,x may be philosophical1 or critical1 or imag9ative--x may p\r =? treasures ( le>n+ or eloqu5ce1 to live b a few h\rs & !n be too readily =gott5--b no am\nt ( ability w give x curr5cy if x be defici5t 9 news4 ,x is ! imp]ative dem& = news1 embrac+ e movem5t ( human life 9 e class & e c\ntry1 t sets 9 action ! wondr\s organization t produces a daily newspap]4 ,its m9i/]s ( communication are almo/ ubiquit\s4 ,!y are 9 ! ,b[-/reet police-(fice1 wat*+ ! effront]y ( ! detect$ felon2--!y are on ! heights ( ,ink]mann1 to /ir our he>ts z ) a trumpet1 & fill our eyes ) te>s z !y tell u ,h[ sleep ! brave1 :o s9k to re/ ,by all _! c\ntry's wi%es ble/4 ,!y are at ! city fea/1 :]e all is bl&i%m5t & turtle2--!y are at ! coron]'s inque/ ^u a /reet-/>v$ paup]4 ,!y furni% news to all ! _w2 & !y receive news f all ! _w4 ,b !re are simil> organizations go+ =w>d ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,! increase 9 numb] ( ! prov9cial pap]s1 & _! ef=ts to procure intellig5ce1 are equally rem>kable4 ,! ,london editors h ! n v easy task ( glanc+ ov] ! five hundr$ local pap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,^! are1 9 ord9>y cases1 ! vehicles f :i* !y obta9 _! home intellig5ce4 ,if any local matt] ( g5]al int]e/ is to be specially att5d$ to1 _! own correspond5t1 or _! own report]1 furni%es ! details4 ,"s unexpect$ ev5t puts1 occasionally1 ! electric telegraph 9 motion1 to tell ! _w ( ,london1 on ,saturday morn+1 :at occurr$ at ,liv]pool on ,friday night2 & ! ,liv]pool m]*ant reads on ! ,ex*ange at noon ( t ,saturday1 9 ! newspap] pr9t$ at a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles1 "s notice ( an arrival 9 8 own port dur+ ! h\rs :5 he 0 sleep+4 ,ev5 ! /ate ( ! wea!r at diff]5t p>ts ( ! k+dom is ?us daily transmitt$4 ,b ! ,london editors1 & "s ( ! prov9cial1 h to look out = news at a great] di/ance ?an is compris$ 9 our nook-%ott5 isle ( ,albion4 ,!y h to se>* ! pap]s ( e l& & e p--:e!r writt5 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,greek1 or ,turki%4 ,( c\rse translators are always at h&4 ,= ! ,london daily pap]s ! electric telegraph is ?r[+ its %ad[s be=e ! au!ntic h]alds ( com+ ev5ts4 ,= !m is ! /eam] br++ ! special correspond5ce f ! gold-digg+s 9 ,au/ralia1 & f ! camp 9 ! ,crimea4 ,= !m d ! p's repres5tatives make long spee*es to empty b5*es1 secure t !re is a m$ium ( communication = unnumb]$ eyes1 al?\gh ! e>s be %ut ( ^? :o li/5 n to ! voice ( ! *>m]s4 ,= !m d great m9i/]s g into obscure places1 &1 address+ an en?usia/ic d9n]-table1 or a solemn corporation1 speak to ! _w4 ,= !m does e discov]] ( a private grievance claim public r$ress4 ,= !m is produc$1 9 lett]s to ! editor1 t great *aotic accumulation ( fact & !ory1 ( wisdom & folly1 ( calculation & impulse1 ^: atoms f9ally resolve !mselves into a solid mass call$ public op9ion4 ,! m5tal lab\rs att5dant ^u ! prov9cial newspap]s are m n>r[$4 ,b !y are nev]!less v important2 & ! ext5sion ( _! functions by ! enorm\s ext5sion ( ! facilities = obta9+ intellig5ce is equally /rik+4 ,! old c\nty pap]s1 circulat+ /eadily ?r\gh ! rural di/ricts1 & duly *ronicl+ session & assize1 m>kets & misdemean\rs1 h be5 /irr$ into activity by newspap]s issu+ f great comm]cial & manufactur+ c5tres1 :i* h aris5 ) ! imm5se developm5t ( our indu/ry4 ,liv]pool _h two pap]s 9 #ahjc1--;x has n[ t52 ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 ,d]by1 ,leice/]1 ,nott+ham1 :i* _h ea* "o at t p]iod1 h n[ ea* f\r4 ,_m t[ns t _h "o pap] at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury h n[ two4 ,!re are ab\t eighty prov9cial ,engli% pap]s n[ publi%$ 9 t[ns :i* _h no j\rnal at t p]iod4 ,"s belong to manufactur+ di/ricts :i* !n conta9$ a small population2 su* z ,bolton1 ,brad=d1 ,hanley1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,macclesfield1 ,/ockport1 ,sund]l&1 ,wakefield1 ,wolv]hampton4 ,o!rs1 to places ( fa%ion & luxury :i* h gr[n up out ( *anges ( society1 su* z ,brighton & ,*elt5ham4 ,o!rs1 to new local c5tres1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! great mod]n facilities ( communication1 c circulate _! weekly %eets at little exp5se1 in/ead ( s5d+ _! own mess5g]s ?r\gh\t ! small t[ns & villages4 ,! local *anges 9 ^! vehicles ( intellig5ce are /rik+ly connect$ ) ! o!r great social *anges :i* h be5 notic$ 9 ?is volume4 ,x is satisfactory to "k t ! prov9cial press is no imp]fect repres5tative ( an age ( progress4 ,! hi/ory ( news-writ+ & news-publi%+ is a mirror ( _m ( ! *anges 9 social necessities & conv5i5ces4 ,9 #afbe1 ,b5 ,jonson's play ( ',! ,/aple ( ,news' exhibit$ a c\ntrywoman go+ to an (fice ( news1 & say+ to ! manag]1 :o sits 9 /ate ) 8 regi/]s & exam9]s1-- ,i w\ld h1 sir1 ,a groatswor? ( any news1 ,i c>e n :at1 ,to c>ry d[n ?is ,saturday to our vic>4 ,?is 0 writt5 news4 ,9 ,london1 be=e a newspap] exi/$1 !re 7 private gazette]s1 :o made a liv+ by pick+ up scraps ( intellig5ce 9 tav]ns & b>b]s' %ops4 ,?is class ( p]sons cont9u$ ev5 :5 !re 7 newspap]s2 = ! news-lett]1 z x 0 call$1 is ?us describ$ 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ',ev5+ ,po/1' issu$ 9 #agji3--,!re mu/ be #cl4 or #dl4 p] ann4 paid by ^? g5tlem5 t are out ( t[n = writt5 news1 :i* is s f> g5]ally f hav+ any probability or matt] ( fact 9 x1 t x is frequ5tly /uff$ up ) a ',we he>1' or ',an em95t ,jew m]*ant has receiv$ a lett]4' ,! same ',ev5+ ,po/' adds1--,we read m ( our own affairs 9 ! ,dut* pap]s ?an 9 any ( our own4 ,sir ,rog] ,l',e/range1 :o publi%$ ',! ,intellig5c]1' ) privilege1 9 #affc1 says t he %all publi% once a week1 to be publi%$ e ,?ursday1 & f9i%$ ^u ! ,tuesday night1 leav+ ,w$nesday entire = ! pr9t+ x (f4 ,! fir/ adv]tisem5t 9 an ,engli% pap] appe>$ 9 #afdi4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury ! public us$ to look ) wond] ^u _! folio ( f\r pages1 & contra/ x ) ! scanty *ronicles ( ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,anne4 ,we ( ! pres5t "t1 9 ! same way1 contra/ our newspap]s ) ! meagre records ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce has be5 produc$ by /eam navigation1 by railways1 by ! ext5sion ( ! po/1 dep5d5t ^u bo? applications ( /eam1 & by ! electric telegraph4 ,! same sci5tific =ces & adm9i/rative organization t br+ ! writt5 news f e region ( ! e>?1 re-convey ! pr9t$ news to e region4 ,x is suffici5t to glance at ! li/s ( =eign mails1 & ! l[ rates ( po/age f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 to see ! enorm\s ext5t ( t int]c\rse :i* enables our gov]nm5t1 by ! packet s]vice1 to transmit a lett] = sixp5ce to ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 to ,hong-kong to our ,nor? ,am]ican colonies1 to ,belgium2 to ne>ly all ! ,g]man ,/ates1 by an uni=m ,briti% & =eign rate1 = eightp5ce2 to ,france1 ,alg]ia1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 = t5 p5ce2 to ! ,italian ,/ates = a trifle m2 to ,turkey 9 ,europe = "o %ill+ & five p5ce2 & to ,india = "o %ill+ & t5 p5ce4 ,) ?is c]ta9 & rapid int]c\rse1 x is n likely t ! lea/ ent]pris+ newspap] editor w\ld h to repeat ! d\bt ( ,l',e/range1 :o says1 ,once a week may d ! bus9ess2 yet if ,i %all f9d1 :5 my h& is 91 & aft] ! plant+ & secur+ my correspond5ts1 t ! matt] w fairly furni% m1 ,i %all keep myself free to d\ble at pleasure4 ,x is ! ext]nal communication s wond]ful 9 our own times1 we repeat1 :i* has *iefly *ang$ ! "* ( our newspap]s4 ,:5 we read 9 a ,london daily pap] ! "o l9e1--,! ,ov]l& ,mail--by electric telegraph1--we h two facts ( ! highe/ significance4 ,! ,ov]l& ,mail w\ld appe>1 ( itself1 a m>vel great en\gh = "o age4 ,! ,ov]l& ,mail has br\ght ,london )9 a mon? ( ,bombay4 ,x has jo9$ ,india mo/ effectually to ,engl& = all comm]cial & /ate purposes4 ,x gives u ! news ( ,india1 by ! aid ( ! electric telegraph1 9 z little "t z we ord9>ily receiv$ news f ,vi5na at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! /eam] & ! electric telegraph made ! blood ( ,engl& beat quick] 9 e he>t1 :5 our newspap]s record$1 on ! #ac? ( ,novemb]1 ! mo/ sangu9>y & h]oic battle ( mod]n times1 f\ght 9 ! ,crimea only a week previ\s4 ,:5 ,m>lbor\gh 0 sett+ out = 8 campaign ( #agji1 & s _m political1 if n patriotic1 hopes1 7 fix$ ^u ! probable issue1 ',! ,tatl]1' !n a newspap]1 _h ! foll[+ p>agraph3--,we le>n f ,brussels1 by lett]s dat$ ! #bj?1 t on ! #ad?1 9 ! ev5+1 ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh & ,pr9ce ,eug5e arriv$ at ,c\rtray1 ) a design to proce$ ! day foll[+ to ,lisle1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* city ! conf$]ate army 0 to arrive ! same day4 ,! acc\nt ( ! movem5t ( ! great alli$ g5]als 0 transmitt$ f ,brussels six days aft] ! movem5t _h tak5 place1 ,c\rtray be+ only di/ant =ty-six miles2 & ! important news f ,brussels1 ( ! #bj? ,may1 0 publi%$ 9 ,london on ! #bh?1 ,london be+ di/ant "s two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! di/ance f ,balaclava to ,london is ab\t ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,old h&-gunn]4 ,! function ( a great newspap]1 9 connexion ) ! positions ( armies & ! ev5ts ( siege & battle1 is z diff]5t f ! function ( ! j\rnali/ ( fifty ye>s ago1 z ! rapid fir+ ( ! soldi] ( ! ,alma ) 8 ,m9ie rifle contra/s ) ! sl[ evolutions ( ! old h&-gunn]4 ,9 ! w> ) ,russia ! pres5ce ( ! newspap] report] gives a new feature1 /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( our times & our c\ntry4 ,x is necess>y to h ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ detail$ acc\nts ( ?is ev5tful conte/2 = ! p1 "o & all1 und]/& t !y are deeply int]e/$ 9 its issue1 & t1 if _! c\ntry fails to ass]t ! sup]iority ( fre$om & intellig5ce ov] slav]y & b>b>ism1 ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( t c\ntry c be ( no long duration4 ,wisely1 !re=e1 did ! ,london daily pap]s ea* s5d _! active1 fe>less1 & eloqu5t correspond5ts1 to endure "s ( ! h>d%ips ( ! m>* & ! biv\ac--to obs]ve ! battle-field1 n secure f its dang]s--to write ( victories1 surr\nd$ by ! dead & dy+--to be ! hi/orians ( a day1 & ?us to furni% ! be/ mat]ials = all future hi/orians4 ,! life ( a ,london report]1 al?\gh a life ( con/ant lab\r1 is g5]ally accompani$ by mu* ease & com=t4 ,! s5ate does n ackn[l$ge 8 pres5ce2 b x provides ! /rang] ) ! be/ seat4 ,he takes 8 place at ! public d9n] z an hon\r$ gue/--"o ^: abs5ce w\ld be m regrett$ ?an t ( ! city's mayor or ! bor\gh's patron4 ,b 9 a campaign1 :]e 8 duties are new1 he mu/ fight 8 way ?r\gh e difficulty4 ,8 function is recognis$ 9 an age :5 x w\ld be useless to suppress intellig5ce1 ev5 if x 7 possible4 ,he f9ds a ready mess 9 e t5t :]e a scanty meal is set out2 he /&s by ! side ( ! comm&]1 & gazes ) him ^u ! curr5ts ( ! heady fight4 ,h[ he we>s aft] two mon?s ( unusual s]vice we h "s slight notion1 :5 we read1 9 a lett] to ',! ,times' ( ,novemb] #cj1 t ! writ] _h se5 an (fic] :o _h lately p>t$ f ! special correspond5t4 ,! *ances ( w> _h depriv$ him ( ne>ly all 8 g>m5ts2 & :5 la/ se5 he 0 walk+ ab\t 9 a rifleman's jacket1 mu* too small = 8 portly p]son2 & 8 ne!r g>m5ts _h be5 conv]t$ into bree*es by a con/ant scrambl+ among/ rocks & bri]s4 ,let u n =get our obligations to ! m5 :o1 9 p]il & suff]+1 h made h]oic action m famili> to u2 & h contribut$ no mean "p 9 giv+ a moral impulse to our c\ntry1 z ess5tial to future safety & hon\r z ! mat]ial weal? :i* has made u a p among/ ! =emo/ ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>ri]-pigeon4 ,:at ! c>ri]-pigeon 0 9 ! conveyance ( intellig5ce 9 ! middle ages1 & ev5 )9 a few ye>s1 ! electric telegraph is 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! c>ri]-pigeon w5t out f a besieg$ ca/le1 to ask = succ\r1 9 ea/]n c\ntries1 five c5turies ago4 ,! electric telegraph1 l& & subm>9e1 br+s ! tid+s ( slaught] & sickness f ,seba/opol1 & ,engl& & ,france s5d in/ant re9=cem5ts4 ,! c>ri]-pigeon1 9 ! la/ c5tury1 0 despat*$ by ! m]*ants ( ! ,engli% factory1 f ,sc&]oon to ,aleppo1 to ann\nce ! arrival ( ! company's %ips4 ,! electric telegraph communicates to ,london ! arrival ( an ,au/ralian packet at ,s\?ampton4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s "o ( ! annual exp5ses ( a ,london newspap] 0 #ahjjl4 = pigeon expresses4 ,! pigeons h lo/ _! employm5t4 ,! price ( /ocks & %>es 9 ',*ange-alley is kn[n e qu>t] ( an h\r ^u ! ex*anges ( our great comm]cial m>ts2 & ! clos+ price ( ! ,fr5* funds is 9 type be=e midnight at our daily newspap]-(fices4 ,! c>ri]-pigeon travell$ sixty miles an h\r4 ,! "t :i* x takes to transmit a message by ! electric telegraph is inappreciable4 ,! newspap]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates employ ! electric telegraph f> m ext5sively ?an our ,engli% pap]s2 = ! di/ances betwe5 "o ,/ate & "o city & ano!r ,/ate & ano!r city are s great1 t /eam travell+ w\ld n accompli% ! object ( communication ) suffici5t rapidity4 ,! d5sity ( our population r5d]s ! employm5t ( ! telegraph less necess>y = ! ord9>y transmission ( intellig5ce4 ,b private curiosity1 9 a "t ( great public int]e/1 /eps 92 & "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable exhibitions ( our prov9cial t[ns at ! "t at :i* we are writ+--:5 an agoniz+ anxiety = ! =tunes ( our h]oic def5d]s 9 ! ,black ,sea is ! *ief ?\ght ( millions--is ! cr[d ab\t ! telegraph-(fice to "k some?+ m ?an ! morn+ pap]1 br\ght by railway spe$1 c furni% to ?is univ]sal excitem5t4 ,9 ,am]ica ! di/ance betwe5 ,quebec & ,new ,orleans1 a di/ance ( ?ree ?\s& miles1 is ov]leap$ by ! electric telegraph4 ,two l9es1 ea* two ?\s& miles long1 connect ,new ,york ) ,new ,orleans2 & ov] ?is space messages are transmitt$1 & answ]s receiv$1 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,:5 we read long p>agraphs 9 ! ,london morn+ pap]s1 receiv$ by electric telegraph aft] midnight f ,p>is1 we wond] h[ ?is is accompli%$4 ,eighte5 words1 :i* are equal to ab\t two newspap] l9es1 are transmitt$ e m9ute2 & ! full message f ,dov]1 c>efully transcrib$1 is 9 ! h&s ( ! newspap] editor 9 half an h\r4 ,to c>ry out all ?is sci5tific conque/ ( "t & space1 by ! mo/ p]fect m5tal & me*anical arrangem5ts 9 ! newspap]-(fice itself1 appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 almo/ z great a wond] z ! rapid communication4 ,no?+ b ! mo/ p]fect organization ( ! division ( lab\r c\ld accompli% ! feat4 ,!re is1 aft] midnight1 9 ! (fice ( a morn+ pap]1 a con/ant necessity = adapt+ ! lab\r ( e qu>t] ( an h\r to ! requirem5ts ( ! in/ant "t4 ,mu* ( ! newspap] matt] may h be5 9 type 9 ! ev5+2 "s portion may be q ready = pr9t+ (f4 ,b new necessities may d]ange mu* ( ?is prep>ation4 ,say t ! ,p>liam5t is sitt+4 ,! report]s are 9 ! gall]y at ! meet+ ( ! ,h\se1 & ea* arrives at ! (fice ) 8 assign$ portion ( ! debate4 ,a heavy night is n expect$1 & ! e>ly report]s write ) comp>ative fulness4 ,sudd5ly an unexpect$ turn is giv5 to ! proce$+s4 ,a great debate spr+s up1 out ( a m9i/]ial /atem5t or an opposition objection4 ,!n come reply & rejo9d]4 ,column aft] column is p\r$ 94 ,small] matt]s mu/ give way to great]4 ,! intellig5ce t w keep is put aside = ! in=mation t is press+4 ,! debate is prolong$ till "o or two o'clock1 & ! pap] is approa*+ its completion4 ,b an electric telegraph communication has arriv$--p]haps an important express4 ,away goes m news4 ,adv]tisem5ts1 law reports1 police reports1 correspond5ce--all retire into obscurity = "o day4 ,!re is pl5ty ( manipulat+ p[] 9 ! great body ( compositors to effect ^! *anges4 ,b n 9 any dep>tm5t is !re any app>5t bu/le4 ,nor is !re any neglect 9 ! lab\rs t wait ^u ! "w ( ! compositors4 ,"o ^w is n put = ano!r4 ,! read]s are z vigilant to correct e error--to h no false spell+ & no inaccurate punctuation--z if !y 7 be/[+ _! vigilance ^u a book to be publi%$ next season4 ,! report]s are z c>eful to make no slips :i* w\ld indicate a want ( k1 z if !y 7 calmly writ+ 9 _! libr>ies aft] breakfa/4 ,! "o-presid+ m9d ( ! editor is wat*ful ov] all4 ,at f\r or five o'clock ! morn+ pap] goes to press4 ,illu/ration3 ,c[p]'s ma*9e4 ,b !re are _m hundr$ copies to be despat*$ by ! morn+ mails4 ,man*e/] & ,glasg[ w\ld be fright5$ f _! propriety1 if ! daily ,london pap]s did n arrive at ! accu/om$ h\r4 ,! ,london m]*ant1 bank]1 lawy]1 w\ld g unwill+ly to 8 morn+ lab\r1 if he _h n _h "o pass+ glance at ! division 9 ! ,h\se1 ! /ate ( ! money-m>ket1 ! la/ =eign intellig5ce4 ,late z ! pap] may h be5 9 its m5tal completion1 ,man*e/]1 ,glasg[1 & ,london w n be kept )\t t illum9ation :i* has become almo/ z necess>y z sunlight4 ,ma*9]y has be5 creat$ by ! dem&1 to c>ry ! dem& f>!r ?an ! w>me/ imag9ation c\ld h anticipat$4 ,9 #ahad1 ,ko5ig1 a ,g]man1 erect$ ! fir/ pr9t+-ma*9e at ! ,times ,(fice1 & produc$ eighte5 hundr$ impressions an h\r on "o side4 ,! ma*9e sup]s$$ ! duplicates ( ! type :i* 7 once necess>y1 pa9fully & labori\sly to keep up a small supply1 work$ by m51 ) relays1 at ! rate ( five hundr$ an h\r4 ,9 #ahah ,edw>d ,c[p] produc$ 8 cyl9d]-ma*9e1 :i* effect$ a revolution 9 ! comm]ce ( books2 &1 9 connexion ) ! pap]-ma*9e1 enabl$ ! pr9ciple ( *eapness to cont5d aga9/ an impolitic & oppressive tax4 ,?is is /ill ! ma*9e 9 g5]al use = _m newspap]s & mu* book-pr9t+4 ,we w briefly describe ! op]ation ( pr9t+ a %eet ( pap] on bo? sides by ?is in/rum5t4 ,^u ! solid /eel table at ea* end ( ! ma*9e lie ! pages :i* pr9t "o side ( ! %eet4 ,at ! top ( ! ma*9e1 :]e ! lay+-on boy /&s1 is a heap ( wet pap]4 ,! signal be+ giv5 by ! director ( ! "w1 ! lay+-on boy turns a small h&le1 & ! mov+-p[] ( ! /rap connect$ ) a /eam-eng9e is imm$iately communicat$4 ,"s t5 or tw5ty spoil$ %eets are fir/ pass$ ov] ! types to remove any dirt or moi/ure4 ,if ! director is satisfi$1 ! boy beg9s to lay on ! :ite pap]4 ,he places ! %eet ^u a flat table be=e him1 ) its edge ready to be seiz$ by ! app>atus = convey+ x ^u ! drum4 ,at ! fir/ movem5t ( ! great :eel1 ! ink+-app>atus at ea* end has be5 set 9 motion4 ,! /eel cyl9d] atta*$ to ! res]voir ( ink has begun sl[ly to move1--! doctor1 or m prop]ly ductor1 has ris5 to t\* t cyl9d] = an in/ant1 & ?us receive a supply ( ink1--! ink+-table has pass$ "u ! doctor & c>ri$ (f t supply1--& ! di/ribut+-roll]s h spread x equally ov] ! surface ( ! table4 ,?is surface1 hav+ pass$ "u ! ink+-roll]s1 communicates ! supply to !m2 & !y 9 turn imp>t x to ! =m :i* is to be pr9t$4 ,all ^! beautiful op]ations are accompli%$ 9 ! sixte5? "p ( a m9ute1 by ! travell+ backw>d & =w>d ( ! c>riage or table ^u :i* ! =m re/s4 ,ea* roll] revolves ^u an axis :i* is fix$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! =m at ! back ( ! ma*9e is pass+ "u ! ink+-roll]1 ! %eet1 :i* ! boy has c>efully laid ^u ! table be=e him1 is caught 9 ! web-roll] & convey$ to ! endless b&s or tapes :i* pass x ov] ! fir/ impress+ cyl9d]4 ,x is "h seiz$ tightly by ! b&s1 :i* fall betwe5 ! pages & on ! out] m>g94 ,! mom5t aft] ! %eet is seiz$ ^u ! fir/ cyl9d]1 ! =m passes "u t cyl9d]1 & ! pap] be+ br\ght 9 contact ) x receives an impression on "o side4 ,to give ! impression on ! o!r side ! %eet is to be turn$ ov]1 & ?is is effect$ by ! two drums 9 ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e4 ,! endless tapes nev] lose _! grasp ( ! %eet1 al?\gh !y all[ x to be rev]s$4 ,:ile ! impression has be5 giv5 by ! fir/ cyl9d]1 ! second =m ( types at ! o!r end ( ! table has be5 ink$4 ,! drums h convey$ ! %eet dur+ ?is ink+ ^u ! second cyl9d]2 x is br\ght 9 contact ) ! types1 & ! op]ation is complete4 ,ko5ig's ma*9e1 :i* 0 a v complicat$ in/rum5t1 0 supplant$ at ! ',times' (fice by a modification ( ,applega?'s & ,c[p]'s ma*9e1 :i* pr9t$ f\r ?\s& %eets an h\r on "o side4 ,b t has be5 sup]s$$ by a v]tical ma*9e1 :i* pr9ts t5 ?\s& copies an h\r1 on "o side4 ,! sep>ate columns ( type are fix$ on a l>ge type-drum1 two hundr$ in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! drum is surr\nd$ by eight impress+ cyl9d]s2 ! ink is appli$ to ! surface ( ! type by roll]s :i* "w betwe5 ^! cyl9d]s2 & ! %eets are laid on ^u eight tables1 7h1 h1 h17 :i*1 by a mo/ +5i\s me*anism1 c>ry ea* %eet to a po9t :]e its position is sudd5ly *ang$1 & x is impress$ betwe5 ! type & ! cyl9d]2 ! pap] be+ !n susp5d$ by tapes1 f :i* x is releas$ z x passes =w>d1 to be laid ^u ! heap :i* w be scatt]$1 9 a few h\rs1 to e corn] ( ! k+dom4 ,illu/ration3 ,times ,pr9t+-,ma*9e4 ,! pr9t+ ma*9es1 :i* h be5 9 full op]ation = little m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 h call$ into action an am\nt ( employm5t :i* 0 almo/ :olly unkn[n :5 k 0 = ! few4 ,pap]-mak]s1 type-f\nd]s1 wood-engrav]s1 bookb9d]s1 booksell]s1 h be5 rais$ up by ?is ext5sion ( ! art ( pr9t+1 9 numb]s :i* f> exce$ ^? ( any =m] p]iod4 ,b ! pr9t+ ma*9e w\ld h work$ feebly & imp]fectly )\t ! pap] ma*9e4 ,t mo/ complete inv5tion has n only *eap5$ pap] itself1 b x has *eap5$ ! subsequ5t op]ations ( pr9t+1 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,x has enabl$ "o revolution ( ! cyl9d] ( ! pr9t+ ma*9e to produce f\r %eets in/ead ( "o1 or a surface ( pr9t equal to f\r %eets4 ,:5 pap] 0 altoge!r made by h&1 ! usual pap] = books 0 call$ demy2 & a %eet ( demy produc$ sixte5 octavo pages ( a book4 ,! pap] c\ld n h be5 economically made l>g] by h&4 ,a %eet ( pap] equal to f\r %eets ( demy is n[ work$ at ! newspap] ma*9e2 & sixty-f\r pages ( an octavo book might be s work$1 if x 7 ne$ful = *eap5+ production4 ,d\ble demy is con/antly work$ = books4 ,?us1 "o economical arrangem5t ( sci5ce produces ano!r contrivance2 & ma*9es 9 "o direction comb9e ) ma*9es hav+ a diff]5t object1 to produce legitimate *eapness1 injuri\s to no "o1 b b5eficial to all4 ,let u attempt to convey a notion ( ! beautiful op]ations ( ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,9 ! :ole range ( ma*9]y1 !re is1 p]haps1 no s]ies ( contrivances :i* s =cibly address !mselves to ! s5ses4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s 9 ! op]ation2 we at once see ! beg9n+ & ! end ( x4 ,at "o extremity ( ! long range ( :eels & cyl9d]s we are %[n a /ream ( pulp1 n ?ick] ?an milk & wat]1 fl[+ ov] a mov+ plane2 at ! o!r extremity ! same /ream has n only become p]fectly solid1 b is w\nd ^u a reel 9 ! =m ( h>d & smoo? pap]4 ,?is is1 at fir/ sight1 z miracul\s z any ( ! fancies ( an ,arabian tale4 ,aladd9's wond]ful lamp1 by :i* a palace 0 built 9 a night1 did n 9 tru? produce m extraord9>y effects ?an sci5ce has done ) ! pap]-ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,pap]-mak+ by ,h&4 ,at "o extremity ( ! ma*9e is a *e/1 full ( /uff or pulp4 ,we m\nt ! /eps by its side1 & see a long beam roll+ incessantly r\nd ?is capaci\s vessel1 & ?us keep+ ! fibres ( l951 :i* look l sn[ flakes1 p]petually mov+1 & consequ5tly equally susp5d$1 9 ! wat]4 ,at ! bottom ( ! *e/1 & above ! vat1 !re is a cock ?r\gh :i* we obs]ve a cont9u\s /ream ( pulp fl[+ into ! vat2 :i* is1 always1 !re=e1 fill$ to a c]ta9 height4 ,f ! upp] to ! l[] "p ( ?is vat a portion ( ! pulp fl[s ^u a n>r[ wire frame1 :i* con/antly jumps up & d[n ) a noise resembl+ a *]ry-clack4 ,hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! sift]1 ! pulp fl[s /ill onw>d to a l$ge1 ov] :i* x falls 9 a regul> /ream1 l a %eet ( wat] ov] a smoo? dam4 ,"h we see x caught ^u a plane1 :i* pres5ts an un9t]rupt$ surface ( five or six feet1 ^u :i* ! pulp seems ev5ly spread1 z a napk9 ^u a table4 ,a m accurate inspection %[s u t ?is plane is con/antly mov+ onw>ds ) a gradual pace2 t x has also a %ak+ motion f side to side2 & t x is p]=at$ all ov] ) little holes--9 fact1 t x is an endless web ( ! f9e/ wire4 ,if we t\* ! pulp at ! end ( ! plane1 ^u :i* x fir/ desc5ds1 we f9d x fluid2 if we draw ! f+] ov] its edge at ! o!r end1 we p]ceive t x is /ill s(t--n s h>d1 p]haps1 z wet blott+-pap]1--b s completely =m$1 t ! t\* w leave a hole1 :i* we may trace =w>d till ! pap] is p]fectly made4 ,! pulp does n fl[ ov] ! sides ( ! plane1 we obs]ve1 because a /rap1 on ea* side1 con/antly mov+ & pass+ ^u its edges1 regulates ! wid?4 ,aft] we pass ! :eels ^u :i* ^! /raps t]m9ate1 we p]ceive t ! pap] is suffici5tly =m$ n to require any fur!r b\nd>y to def9e its size2--! pulp has ceas$ to be fluid4 ,b x is yet t5d] & wet4 ,! pap] is n yet completely (f ! plane ( wire2 be=e x quits x1 ano!r roll]1 :i* is clo!d ) felt1 & ^u :i* a /ream ( cold wat] is con/antly fl[+ subjects x to pressure4 ,! pap] has at l5g? left :at may be call$ ! region ( wire1 & has ent]$ t ( clo?4 ,a tight surface ( flannel1 or felt1 is mov+ onw>ds ) ! same regul> m>* z ! web ( wire4 ,l ! wire1 ! felt is :at is call$ endless1--t is1 unit$ at ! extremities1 z a jack-t[el is4 ,we see ! %eet travell+ up an incl9$ plane ( ?is /ret*$ flannel1 :i* gradually absorbs its moi/ure4 ,x is n[ seiz$ betwe5 two roll]s1 :i* p[]fully squeeze x4 ,x goes travell+ up ano!r incl9$ plane ( flannel1 & !n passes ?r\gh a second pair ( press+-roll]s4 ,x has n[ left ! region ( clo?1 & has ent]$ t ( heat4 ,! pap]1 up to ?is po9t1 is q =m$2 b x is fragile & damp4 ,x is 9 ! /ate 9 :i*1 if ! ma*9]y 7 to /op "h1 z x did ^u its fir/ inv5tion1 x w\ld require 7hav+ be5 w\nd ^u a reel7 to be p>t$ & dri$ z h&-made pap] is4 ,b 9 a few seconds m x is subject$ to a process by :i* all ?is lab\r & "t is sav$4 ,f ! la/ pair ( clo?-press+ roll]s1 ! pap] is receiv$ ^u a small roll] :i* is guid$ ov] ! poli%$ surface ( a l>ge heat$ cyl9d]4 ,! s(t pulp tissue n[ beg9s to smoke2 b ! heat is proportion$ to its increas+ p[] ( resi/ance4 ,f ! fir/ cyl9d]1 or drum1 x is receiv$ ^u a second1 consid]ably l>g]1 & mu* hott]4 ,z x rolls ov] ?is poli%$ surface1 we see all ! r\ghness ( its appe>ance1 :5 9 ! clo? region1 gradually vani%+4 ,at l5g?1 hav+ pass$ ov] a ?ird cyl9d]1 /ill hott] ?an ! second1 & hav+ be5 subject$ to ! pressure ( a blanket1 :i* conf9es x on "o side1 :ile ! cyl9d] smoo?s x on ! o!r1 x is caught ^u ! la/ roll]1 :i* h&s x ov] to ! reel4 ,! la/ process ( ! ma*9e is to cut ! roll ( pap] into %eets4 ,illu/ration3 ,v>i\s processes ( ,bookb9d+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! *eap] production ( ! press1 & ! consequ5t ext5sion ( ! dem& = books1 bookb9d+ has become a l>ge manufacture1 c>ri$ on ) _m sci5tific applications4 ,we h roll+-ma*9es1 to make ! book solid2 cutt+-ma*9es1 to sup]s$e ! h&-lab\r ( ! little in/rum5t call$ a pl\gh2 emboss+ ma*9es1 to produce elaborate rais$ patt]ns on lea!r or clo?2 emboss+ presses1 to give ! gilt ornam5t & lett]+4 ,^! contrivances1 & o!r simil> inv5tions1 h n only *eap5$ books1 b h enabl$ ! publi%] to give !m a p]man5t in/ead ( a tempor>y cov]1 ornam5tal z well z useful4 ,!re are elev5 ?\s& bookb9d]s n[ employ$1 ( :i* "o-?ird are females4 ,! numb] employ$ has be5 quadrupl$ by ^! inv5tions4 ,9 #ahcj1 ! j\rneym5 bookb9d]s ( ,london oppos$ ! introduction ( ! roll+-ma*9e4 ,books 7 =m]ly beat ) l>ge hamm]s ^u a /one1 to give !m solidity4 ,! workm5 7 reliev$ f ! drudg]y ( ! beat+-hamm] by ! easy op]ation ( ! roll+-ma*9e4 ,!y soon discov]$ ! weak f\ndation ( _! objection to an in/rum5t :i*1 9 tru?1 _h a t5d5cy1 above all o!r ?+s1 to elevate _! trade1 & to make t an art :i* 9 "o division ( x 0 a m]e lab\r4 ,if ! pa9t] 7 compell$ to gr9d 8 own col\rs & make 8 own frames1 he w\ld no long] foll[ an art1 b a trade2 & he w\ld receive ! wages ( a lab\r] in/ead ( ! wages ( an arti/1 n only s f> z relat$ to ! gr9d+ & frame-mak+1 b z affect+ all 8 occupations1 by ! drudg]y att5d+ a portion ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,papyrus4 ,! comm]ce ( lit]ature has be5 d\bl$ 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,b x w\ld be sc>cely too mu* to ass]t t ! influ5ce ( ! press1 9 =m+ public op9ion1 & caus+ x to op]ate ^u legislation1 has d\bl$ almo/ e o!r employm5t4 ,to t public op9ion1 *iefly s =m$1 we owe ! successive removals ( re/rictions ^u trade1 :i* h c>ri$ =w>d our exports f ?irty-six millions /]l+ 9 #ahca to n9ety millions 9 #ahec4 ,to t public op9ion we owe ! abolition ( prohibitive duties ^u =eign produce1 :i* has giv5 u a f> wid] range ( b5eficial consumption4 ,to t public op9ion we owe ! repeal ( ! oppressive excise duties ^u salt1 lea!r1 c&les1 glass1 bricks--:i* duties imp$$ production ev5 m effectually ?an ! extortions & tyrannies ( ! middle ages4 ,/range x is1 t ! p[] ( ! press1 :i* has done s mu* = ! removal ( o!r fiscal imp$im5ts to indu/ry1 %\ld h be5 able to effect s little = itself2--t ! tax ^u pap] %\ld /ill int]f]e ) ! comm]ce ( lit]ature1 :5 g5]al education has no long] to enc\nt] any misgiv+s 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o gov]n an e>ne/ & patriotic p4 ,! difficulty ( procur+ ! mat]ial ( pap] has become a s]i\s imp$im5t to ! *eap diffusion ( k2 & ! pap]-tax works 9 ! same evil direction4 ,!re h be5 innum]able ob/acles to ! ext5sion ( k s9ce ! days :5 books 7 writt5 on ! papyrus--ob/acles equally rais$ up by despotic bl9dness & popul> ignorance4 ,b x is n fitt+ t ei!r ( su* causes %\ld /ill be 9 action 9 ! days ( ! pr9t+-ma*9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,p[] ( skill--,*eap production--,population & production--,p>tial & tempor>y evils--,intellig5t lab\r--,division ( lab\r--,g5]al k--,! ,l[ell ,(f]+--,union ( =ces4 ,we h ?us1 )\t pret5d+ to any approa* to complet5ess1 tak5 a rapid view ( _m ( ! great bran*es ( indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we h exhibit$ capital work+ ) accumulation ( k2 we h %[n lab\r work+ ) skill4 ,we desire to %[ t ! c\nt]-control to ! absorb+ p[] ( capital is ! rapidly develop+ p[] ( skill--= t1 also1 is capital4 ,k is p[]1 because k is prop]ty4 ,mr4 ,:itwor?1 ^: ,report on ,am]ican ,manufactures we h sev]al times quot$1 says t ! workm5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ educat$1 p]=m _! duty ) less sup]vision ?an is requir$ :5 dep5d5ce is to be plac$ ^u un$ucat$ h&s4 ,he adds1 ,x r>ely happ5s t a workman1 :o possesses peculi> skill 9 8 craft1 is disqualifi$ to take ! responsible position ( sup]9t5d5t1 by ! want ( education & g5]al k1 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is a reproa* :i* e "y p]son 9 our l& ought1 z spe$ily z possible1 to wipe out4 ,! means ( education may n be q s univ]sal "h z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b !y are ample to produce a l>ge increase ( t skill & t tru/wor?9ess :i* are ! mo/ effici5t p[]s :i* ^? :o "w = _! liv+ c possibly comm&1 = elevat+ _! individual positions1 & = elevat+ ! great body ( work]s ?r\gh\t ! realm4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial /eps t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ?is elevation is ! conviction t manual lab\r1 to be effective1 mu/ adapt itself almo/ :olly to ! direction ( sci5ce2 & t "u t direction unskill$ lab\r necess>ily becomes skill$1 & limit$ tru/ enl>ges into influ5tial responsibility4 ,^? :o h tak5 a sup]ficial view ( ! "q ( sci5tific application say1 t1 only :5ev] !re is a great] dem& ?an ! exi/+ means c supply1 is any new discov]y 9 me*anics a b5efit to society1 because x gives ! means ( satisfy+ ! exi/+ wants2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] ! ?+s produc$ are suffici5t = ! consum]s1 ! discov]y is a calamity1 because x does n add to ! enjoym5ts ( ! consum]s2 x only gives !m a bett] m>ket1 :i* bett] m>ket is b\ght at ! price ( ! exi/5ce ( ! produc]s4 ,all su* reason+ is false 9 pr9ciple1 & unsupport$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no su* ?+1 nor1 if ma*9es w5t on improv+ = five hundr$ ye>s at ! rate !y h done = ! la/ c5tury1 c\ld !re be any su* ?+1 z a limit to ! wants ( ! consum]s4 ,! great mass ( facts :i* we h br\ght toge!r 9 ?is book mu/ h %[n1 t ! *eap] an article ( necessity becomes1 ! m ( x is us$2 t :5 ! mo/ press+ wants are suppli$1 & suppli$ amply by *eapness1 ! consum] has money to lay out ^u new wants2 t :5 ^! new wants are suppli$ *eaply1 he goes on aga9 & aga9 to o!r new wants2 t !re are no limits1 9 fact1 to 8 wants z long z he has any capital to satisfy !m4 ,be> 9 m9d ?is2 t ! fir/ great object ( e inv5tion & e improvem5t is to conf] a b5efit ^u ! consum]s1--to make ! commodity *eap & pl5tiful4 ,! work+ man /&s 9 a d\ble "*2 he is bo? a produc] & a consum]4 ,b we w be bold to say t ! "q ( *eapness ( production is a mu* m important "q to be decid$ 9 8 fav\r z a consum]1 ?an ! "q ( de>ness ( production to be decid$ 9 8 fav\r z a produc]4 ,! tru? is1 e man tries to get z mu* z he c = 8 own lab\r1 & to pay z little z he c = ! lab\r ( o!rs4 ,if a me*anic1 succe$+ 9 /opp+ ! ma*9e us$ 9 8 own trade1 by any /range deviation f ! natural c\rse ( ?+s 7 to get high] wages = a "t1 he himself w\ld be ! mo/ injur$ by ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple4 ,:5 he f\nd 8 loaf co/ him two %ill+s in/ead ( sixp5ce2 :5 he 0 oblig$ to g to ! riv] ) 8 bucket = 8 supply ( wat]2 :5 8 coals co/ a gu9ea a bu%el in/ead ( eighte5 p5ce2 :5 he 0 told by ! hosi] t 8 wor/$ /ock+s 7 advanc$ f a %ill+ a pair to five %ill+s2 :51 9 fact1 ! price ( e article t he uses %\ld be d\bl$1 trebl$1 &1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 put beyond ! possibility ( atta9m5t2--:at1 we ask1 w\ld be ! use to him ( 8 advance 9 wages8 ,let u nev] =get t x is n = ! employm5t ( lab\r]s1 b = ! b5efit ( consum]s1 t lab\r is employ$ at all4 ,! /eam-eng9es are n work+ 9 ! coal-pits ( ,nor?umb]l&1 & ! %ips sail+ f ! ,tyne to ! ,?ames1 to give employm5t to colli]s & to sailors1 b to make coals *eap 9 ,london4 ,if ! p ( ,london c\ld h ! coals )\t ! /eam-eng9es & ! %ips1 x w\ld be bett] = !m1 & bett] = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,if !y c\ld get coals = no?+1 !y w\ld h m produce to ex*ange = money to sp5d ^u o!r ?+s2 & ! com=ts1 !re=e1 ( e "o ( u w\ld be increas$4 ,?is increase ( com=t1 "s may say1 is a "q t m affects ! ri* ?an x affects ! great mass4 ,?is aga9 is a mi/ake4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ! improvem5ts ( ! la/ f\r hundr$ ye>s has n only be5 to lift ! meane/1 9 reg>d to a great _m com=ts1 f> above ! condition ( ! ri* f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 b absolutely to place !m1 9 _m ?+s1 ^u a level ) ! ri* ( _! own day4 ,!y are surr\nd$1 z we h con/antly %[n ?r\gh\t ?is book1 ) an inf9ite numb] ( com=ts & conv5i5ces :i* _h no exi/5ce two or ?ree c5turies ago2 & ^? com=ts & conv5i5ces are n us$ only by a few1 b are )9 ! rea* ( almo/ all m54 ,e day is add+ some?+ to our com=ts4 ,our h\ses are bett] built--our clo!s are *eap]--we h a numb] ( dome/ic ut5sils1 ^: use ev5 0 unkn[n to our ance/ors--we c travel *eaply f place to place1 & n only travel at less exp5se1 b travel t5 times quick] ?an ! ri*e/ man c\ld travel two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! bulk ( society is n only advanc+ /eadily to ! same level 9 po9t ( _m com=ts ) ! ri*1 b is ga9+ t k :i* 0 =m]ly _! exclusive possession4 ,let all ( u :o are produc]s keep fa/ hold ( t la/ & be/ p[]4 ,we h endeav\r$ to %[ ?r\gh\t ?is book t ! "o great result ( ma*9]y1 & ( e improvem5t 9 art1 is to less5 ! co/ ( production2 to increase ! b5efit to ! consum]4 ,b x is a mo/ =tunate arrangem5t ( ! social /ate1 z we h also %[n1 t *eap production gives increas$ employm5t4 ,! same class ( false reason]s :o consid] t ! wants ( society are limit$1 cry out1 x is bett] to h a population ( m5 ?an ( /eam-eng9es4 ,t might be true1 if ! /eam-eng9es did put out ! m52 b inasmu* z !y increase ! productions by :i* m5 are ma9ta9$1 !y increase ! m54 ,:at has increas$ ! population ( ,engl& ne>ly t5-fold dur+ ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 b ! improvem5t ( ! arts ( life1 :i* has enabl$ m m5 to live )9 ! l&8 ,!re is no tru? s cle>1 t z ! productions ( indu/ry multiply1 ! means ( acquir+ ^? productions multiply also4 ,! productions :i* are creat$ by "o produc] furni% ! means ( pur*as+ ! productions creat$ by ano!r produc]2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is d\ble production1 ! necessities ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r are bett] suppli$4 ,! multiplication ( produce multiplies ! consum]s ( produce4 ,!re are1 probably1 ^u ! av]age1 no m hats made 9 ! ye> ?an !re are heads to we> !m2 b z !re are tw5ty-"o millions ( heads ( ! ,briti% subjects ( ,que5 ,victoria1 & !re 7 only five millions ( ! ,briti% subjects ( ,que5 ,anne1 x is self-evid5t t ! hat-mak]s h f\r times z mu* "w z !y _h a c5tury & a half ago4 ,:at has giv5 ! hat-mak]s f\r times z mu* "w8 ,! quadrupl+ ( ! population4 ,& :at has quadrupl$ ! population8 ,! quadrupl+ ( produce--! quadrupl+ ( ! means ( ma9ta9+ t population4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 d]iv$ f ! (ficial returns1 t :il/ our exports ( home produce & manufactures h increas$ ab\t tw(old 9 price s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! c5tury1 !y h increas$ eight-fold 9 quantity4 ,_! real or decl>$ value indicates ! price4 ,:at is call$ ! (ficial value indicates ! quantity4 ,:at is true ( our exports is also true ( our home-consumption4 ,! great multiplication ( produce is accompani$1 proportionately1 ) a f> great] dim9ution ( price4 ,!re is a j & eloqu5t passage 9 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's ,report ^u ! ,c5sus ( #ahea1 :i* we gladly copy3-- ,) all t we n[ see ar\nd u1 x is difficult to place ourselves 9 ! position ( ! p ( #agea2 & to und]/& ei!r ! simplicity ( ! means1 or ! greatness ( ! task :i* has s9ce be5 a*iev$ by ! p ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t if ! :ole t !y h accompli%$ _h be5 propos$ z a project1 or be5 held out z ! policy ( ! greate/ m9i/] !n liv+1 its difficulty & gr&eur w\ld h ov]:elm$ him ) confusion4 ,if 9 ! height ( p[] he _h ?us address$ ! p ( ,brita91 w\ld he n h be5 he>d ) ju/ifiable incr$ulity8--',^! isl&s & ,irel& are occupi$ by ! m5 ( _m sep>ate /ates t are n[ happily unit$4 ,aft] ! settlem5t on ! l& ( tribes1 fleets1 & armies ( ,celts1 ( ,saxons1 ( ,danes1 & ( ,normans--& aft] c5turies ( pati5t culture1 its f]tile soil su/a9s sev5 millions ( p 9 its :ole l5g? f ! ,isle ( ,wight to ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,we _c--= ! mighty p[] is n giv5 u--say1 let !re be on ! ,european %ores ( ! ,atlantic ocean--?ree ,great ,brita9s4 ,b ! means exi/ = creat+ on ?is l&1 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 two m nations1 ea* 9 numb] equal to ! exi/+ population1 & ( di/ribut+ !m1 ov] its fields1 9 cottages1 f>ms1 & t[ns1 by ! banks ( its riv]s1 & ar\nd its immemorial hills3 & !y w ?us be nei!r sep>at$ by long] roads1 nor wid] seas1 b be neighb\rs1 fell[-work]s1 & fell[-c\ntrym5 on ! old t]ritory2 wield+ by ma*9es ! =ces ( nature1 t %all s]ve !m ) ! /r5g? ( ?\s&s ( horses1 on roads1 & seas1--9 m9es1 manufactories1 & %ips4 ,subsi/5ce %all be z abundant z x is n[1 & luxuries1 :i* are conf9$ to ! few1 %all be enjoy$ by multitudes4 ,! weal? ( ! c\ntry--its /ock & its produce--%all increase 9 a fa/] ratio ?an ! p4 ,all ?is %all be accompli%$ )\t any miracul\s ag5cy1 by ! progress ( society1--by ! diffusion ( k & morals1--by improvem5ts1--& improvem5ts *iefly 9 ! in/itution ( m>riage--'t true s\rce ( human (fspr+1' :5ce1 ',f\nd$ 9 reason1 loyal1 j1 & pure1 ,relations de>1 & all ! *>ities ,( fa!r1 son1 & bro!r1 fir/ 7 kn[n4' ,if ! read] has rightly consid]$ ! v>i\s facts :i* we h pres5t$1 he w long be=e ?is h come to ! conclusion1 t x1 is = ! g5]al int]e/s ( society t e inv5tion1 :i* has a t5d5cy to dim9i% ! co/ ( production1 %all h ! mo/ p]fect fre$om to g =w>d4 ,he w also h p]ceiv$1 t ! ex]cise ( ?is natural "r1 ?is pr\d di/9ction1 ( man1 to c>ry on ! "w ( improvem5t to ! fulle/ ext5t ( 8 capacity & k1 c nev] be :olly /opp$1 h[ev] x may be oppos$4 ,x may be susp5d$ by ! ignorance ( a gov]nm5t--x may be clam\r$ d[n by ! prejudice ( a p2 b ! liv+ pr9ciple :i* is 9 x c nev] be de/roy$4 ,to d5y t ?is bless+1 z well z _m o!r bless+s :i* we enjoy1 is n productive ( any p>ticul> evil1 w\ld be unc&id & unwise4 ,e *ange produc$ by ! sub/itution ( a p]fect ma*9e in/ead ( an imp]fect "o1 ( a *eap ma*9e in/ead ( a de> "o1 is an inconv5i5ce to ^? :o h be5 associat$ ) ! imp]fect & ! de> ma*9es4 ,x is a *ange t m or less affects ! int]e/s ( capitali/s z well z ( workm54 ,9 a comm]cial c\ntry1 9 a highly civiliz$ community1 improvem5t is h\rly produc+ "s *ange :i* affects "s int]e/s4 ,e new patt]n :i* is introduc$ 9 h>dw>e d]anges = a mom5t ! int]e/s ( ! proprietors ( ! old m\lds4 ,e new book1 ^u any specific subject ^u :i* books h =m]ly be5 writt51 less5s ! value ( ! copyright ( ^? exi/+ books4 ,:at !n8 ,is e improvem5t1 :i* ?us produces a slight p>tial injury1 to be disc\nt5anc$1 because ( ?is inevitable condition :i* we f9d at e /ep 9 ! m>* ( society8 ,or r1 ought we n to feel t e improvem5t br+s heal+ ^u its w+s1 ev5 to ^? = :om x is a mom5t>y evil2--t if x displaces _! lab\r or _! capital = a season1 x gives new spr+s to ! g5]al indu/ry1 & calls =? all lab\r & all capital to high] & m successful ex]tions8 ,at e advance :i* improvem5t makes1 ! p>tial & tempor>y evils ( improvem5t are m & m less5$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( social ref9em5t1 :5 a ma*9e = greatly dim9i%+ lab\r is = ! fir/ "t introduc$1 its effects 9 displac+ lab\r = an in/ant may be se5 9 ! condition ( great masses ( p4 ,x is ! fir/ /ep :i* is ! mo/ try+4 ,?us1 :5 pr9t+ sup]s$$ ! copies ( books by writ+1 a l>ge body ( p 7 put out ( employ2--!y _h to seek new employ4 ,x 0 ! same ) ! introduction ( ! sp9n+ ma*9]y1--! same ) ! p[]-loom4 ,x w\ld be presumptu\s to say t no su* great *anges c\ld aga9 happ5 9 any ( ! pr9cipal bran*es ( human indu/ry2 b x may be said1 t ! difficulty ( sup]s$+ our pres5t exp$iti\s & *eap modes ( manufacture is daily increas+4 ,! m ma*9es are multipli$1 t is1 ! m society approa*es t[>ds p]fection1 ! less room is !re = ^? great inv5tions :i* *ange ! face ( ! _w4 ,we %all /ill g on improv+1 d\btless2 b +5uity w h a mu* n>r[] range to "w 94 ,x may p]fect ! ma*9es :i* we h got1 b x w inv5t few] orig9al ma*9es4 ,& :o c d\bt1 t ! ne>] we approa* to ?is /ate1 ! bett] w x be = ! g5]al condition ( mank9d8 ,:o c d\bt :e!r1 in/ead ( a /ate ( society :]e ! lab\r]s 7 few & wret*$1 wa/+ human /r5g?1 unaid$ by art1 9 lab\rs :i* c\ld be bett] p]=m$ by w9d1 & wat]1 & /eam1--by ! screw & ! lev]1--x w\ld n be bett] to approa* z ne>ly z we c to a /ate ( society :]e ! lab\r]s w\ld be _m & lightly task$1 ex]t+ human p[] 9 its noble/ occupation1 t ( giv+ a direction by its intellig5ce to ! m]e physical p[] :i* x _h conqu]$8 ,surely1 a nation s advanc$ z to apply ! lab\r ( its p to occupations :]e a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce 0 requir$1 leav+ all t 0 purely me*anical to ma*9es & to inf]ior animals1 w\ld produce = itself ! greate/ numb] ( articles ( necessity & conv5i5ce1 ( luxury & ta/e1 at ! *eape/ co/4 ,b x w\ld d m4 ,x w\ld h its population increas+ ) ! increase ( ^? productions2 & t population employ$ 9 ^? lab\rs alone :i* c\ld n be c>ri$ on )\t t great p[] ( man by :i* he subdues all o!r p[] to 8 use1--8 reason4 ,b x is n only sci5ce :i* has det]m9$1 & is m & m det]m9+1 ! condition ( ! great body ( op]atives1 b ! organization ( indu/ry ^u ! factory pr9ciple1 s univ]sal & s p[]ful1 has r5d]$ x impossible = ! future t ! l>g] am\nt ( ! lab\r ( a c\ntry %\ld be reg>d$ z an insulat$ =ce4 ,x mu/ "w 9 conjunction ) high] & m p[]ful =ces4 ,9 ,france1 :i*1 z a comm]cial & manufactur+ c\ntry1 0 consid]ably beh9d ! advance ( ,engl&1 x 0 a common practice1 9 _m villages & small t[ns1 n v long ago1 = ! weav]s to make ! looms & o!r implem5ts ( _! trade4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 9 ! same c\ntry1 be=e an appr5tice c\ld be admitt$ to ! privilege ( a ma/]-weav]1 x 0 n only necess>y = him to prove t he und]/ood 8 trade z a weav]1 b t he 0 able to con/ruct all ! ma*9es & tools ) :i* he c>ri$ on 8 craft4 ,^? :o "k any?+ ( ! bus9ess ( weav+ w v readily come to ! conclusion t ! appr5tice ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ^: skill 0 put to su* a pro(1 0 bo? an indiff]5t weav] & an indiff]5t me*anician2--t 9 ! attempt to unite two su* opposite trades1 he mu/ h excell$ 9 nei!r2--& t 9 fact ! regulation 0 "o ( ^? mon/r\s violations ( ! fre$om ( indu/ry1 :i* our ance/ors *ose to devise = ! support ( indu/ry4 ,c>ry+ ! pr9ciple ( a division ( lab\r to ! o!r extreme po9t1 we h se5 t a va/ numb] ( p]sons are engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( a piece ( clo?1#bi :o1 if individually set to c>ry ! workman%ip ( t piece ( clo? ?r\gh all its /ages1 w\ld be utt]ly incompet5t to produce x at all1 mu* less to produce x z durable & beautiful z ! clo? :i* we all daily consume4 ,h[ w\ld ! sort] ( ! wool1 = example1 "k h[ to p]=m ! bus9ess ( ! sc\r]1 or ( ! dy]1 or ( ! c>d]8 or ! c>d] t ( ! sp9n] or ! weav]8 or ! weav] t ( ! mill]1 or boil]1 or dy]1 or bru%]1 or cutt]1 or press]8 ,we mu/ be q sure t1 if any arbitr>y p[] or regulation1 su* z compell$ ! weav] ( ! fifte5? c5tury to make 8 own loom1 71 on ! o!r h&1 to compel a man engag$ 9 any "o bran* ( ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo? to c>ry t manufacture ?r\gh all its /ages1 ! production ( clo? w\ld be utt]ly susp5d$2 & t ! workm5 be+ incompet5t to g on1 ! wages ( ! workm5 c\ld no long] be paid2--= ! wages ( lab\r are paid by ! consum] ( ! produce ( lab\r1 & "h !re w\ld be no?+ to consume4 ,! great pr9ciple1 !re=e1 :i* keeps ! division ( lab\r 9 full activity is1 t ! pr9ciple is necess>y to production ^u a scale t w ma9ta9 ! numb] ( lab\r]s engag$ 9 work+ 9 ! *eape/1 because mo/ economical mann]1 ?r\gh ! application ( t mode ( work+4 ,! lab\r]s1 ev5 if ! pr9ciple 7 injuri\s to _! individual prosp]ity & happ9ess1 :i* we ?9k x is n1 c\ld n disp5se ) ! pr9ciple1 because x is ess5tial to economical production2 & if de> production 7 to take ! place ( economical production1 !re w\ld be a proportionately dim9i%$ dem& = products1 & a proportionate dim9ution ( ! numb] ( produc]s4 ,! same laws ( necessity :i* r5d] x impossible = ! work+ m5 to cont5d aga9/ ! op]ation ( ! division ( lab\r1--ev5 if x 7 desirable t !y %\ld cont5d aga9/ x1 z f> z _! individual int]e/s are conc]n$1--r5d] x equally impossible t !y %\ld cont5d aga9/ ! op]ation ( accumulation ( k 9 ! direction ( _! lab\r4 ,! mode 9 :i* accumulation ( k influ5ces ! direction ( _! lab\r is1 t x furni%es me*anical & *emical aids to ! capitali/ = c>ry+ on ! bus9ess ( production4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ^? me*anical & *emical aids w\ld susp5d production1 & n 9 ! slighte/ degree increase1 b greatly dim9i%1 & ultimately de/roy1 ! p[] ( manual lab\r1 seek+ to "w )\t ^? me*anical & *emical aids4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! division ( lab\r w\ld "w ! same effects4 ,!re w\ld be incomp>ably less produc$ on all sides2 & ! workm5 on all sides1 exp]i5c+ 9 _! fulle/ ext5t ! evils :i* result f dim9i%$ production1 w\ld all fall back 9 _! condition1 & day by day h less comm& ( ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life1 till !y sank into utt] de/itution4 ,we dwell pr9cipally on ! effects ( accumulation ( k & division ( lab\r on ! work+ man z a consum]1 because x is ! m imm$iate object ( ?is volume to consid] su* que/ions ) ref]5ce to production4 ,b ! condition ( ! work+ man z a produc] is1 tak+ ! av]age ( all ranks ( produc]s1 greatly advanc$ by ! direction :i* capital gives to lab\r1 by call+ 9 accumulation ( k & division ( lab\r4 ,if ! fre$om ( lab\r 7 n e/abli%$ ^u ! same imp]i%able basis z ! security ( prop]ty1 we might1 inde$1 ?9k t x 0 a pitiable ?+ = a man to lab\r ?r\gh life at "o occupation1 & believe t x 0 debas+ to ! human intellect & morals to make = ev] ! eye ( a ne$le1 or raise a nap ^u wooll5 clo?4 ,! ,h9doos1 :5 !y in/itut$ _! ca/es1 :i* compell$ a man to foll[1 )\t a possibility ( em]g+ f x1 ! trade ( 8 fa!rs1 saw ! g5]al advantage ( ! division ( lab\r2 b !y de/roy$ ! pr9ciple :i* c\ld make x endurable to ! individual4 ,!y de/roy$ ! ,fre$om ( ,indu/ry4 ,to limit indu/ry or g5ius1 & n>r[ ! field ( individual ex]tion by any artificial means1 is an injury to human nature ( ! same k9d z t br\ght on by a community ( possessions4 ,:]e !re is no /imulus to indu/ry1 ?+s are wor/2 :]e indu/ry is circumscrib$1 !y _c prosp]2 & are !n only 9 a heal?y /ate1 :5 e av5ue to p]sonal advantage is op5 to e tal5t & disposition4 ,a /ate ( equality is an in/ance ( ! fir/ case2 ! division ( ! p into ca/es1 z among ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 & /ill among ! ,h9doos1 ( ! second4 ,?is division has be5 consid]$ by all intellig5t travell]s z "o p[]ful cause ( ! /ation>y "* ( ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry3 & ! effect w\ld h be5 /ill m p]nici\s1 if "t or necessity _h n introduc$ "s relaxation into ! rigor\s re/rictions orig9ally e/abli%$1 & s anci5t z to be attribut$ to ,siva4 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z ! rule is g5]ally adh]$ to1 t a man ( a l[] class is re/rict$ f ! bus9ess ( a high] class1 s long1 we may safely pr$ict1 ,india w cont9ue :at x is 9 po9t ( civilization4 ,an approa* to ! same effect may be witness$ 9 ! limitation ( hon\rs1 privileges1 & immunities 9 "s c\ntries ( ,europe4#cj ,9 ^? manufactures & trades :]e ! division ( lab\r is c>ri$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 su* z ! cotton & silk trades1 workm5 readily *ange f "o bran* to ! o!r1 )\t mole/ation1 & )\t any great difficulty ( adapt+ !mselves to a new occupation4 ,! simpl] ! process 9 :i* a workman has be5 engag$--& e process is r5d]$ m simple by ! division ( lab\r--! easi] ! transition3 & ! pr9cipal quality :i* is requir$ to make ! transition is1 t /ock ( g5]al k :i* ! division ( lab\r enables a man to atta93 & :i*1 9 po9t ( fact1 is atta9$ 9 mu* high] p]fection 9 a l>ge manufactory1 ?an 9 t rude /ate :]e "o man is m or less compell$ to d ev]y?+ = 8 body1 & !re=e has no leisure to d any?+ = 8 m9d4 ,!re are evils1 und\bt$ly1 9 c>ry+ ! division ( lab\r to an extreme po9t2 b we ?9k t ^? v evils correct !mselves1 because !y de/roy ! great object ( ! pr9ciple1 & give imp]fect in/ead ( p]fect production4 ,! moral evils :i* "s h dread$ may assur$ly be correct$ by g5]al education1 & 9 fact are correct$ by ! union ( numb]s 9 "o employm5t4 ,:at %>p5s ! intellect ought1 und\bt$ly1 to elevate ! morals2 &1 inde$1 x is only false k :i* debases ! morals4 ,k & virtue1 we believe1 are ! close/ allies2 & wisdom is ! fruit ( k & virtue4 ,! same pr9ciples z to ! c\rse :i* ! division ( lab\r %\ld lead ! lab\r] to pursue1 apply to ! high] occupations ( indu/ry4 ,no man ( le>n+ has ev] v greatly add$ to ! /ock ( human k1 )\t devot+ himself1 if n exclusively1 ) some?+ l an especial d$ication ( 8 "t & tal5ts1 to "o bran* ( sci5ce or lit]ature4 ,9 ! /udy ( nature we h ! ma!matician1 ! a/ronom]1 ! *emi/1 ! botani/1 ! zoologi/1 & ! physician engag$1 ea* 9 8 diff]5t dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! exposition ( moral & political tru?s1 we h ! metaphysician1 ! !ologian1 ! /atesman1 ! lawy]1 occupi$ ea* 9 8 peculi> /udy or pr(ession4 ,a m5tal lab\r]1 to excel 9 any "o ( ^! bran*es1 mu/ "k some?+ ( e o!r bran*4 ,he mu/ direct inde$ ! p[] ( 8 m9d to "o dep>tm5t ( human k2 b he _c conqu] t dep>tm5t )\t a g5]al1 &1 9 _m respects1 accurate k ( e o!r dep>tm5t4 ,! same pr9ciple produces ! same effects1 :e!r appli$ to ! solution ( ! highe/ problem 9 geometry1 or ! poli%+ ( a p94 ,! division ( lab\r mu/ be regulat$ by ! acquisition ( g5]al k4 ,!re 0 probably no m /rik+ example ev] giv5 ( ! union ( factory lab\r ) a ta/e = k & an ard\r = m5tal improvem5t1 ?an 0 pres5t$ by ! "y wom5 work+ 9 ! cotton-manufactories ( ,l[ell1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y wrote & publi%$ = _! own amusem5t1 a magaz9e1 call$ ',! ,l[ell ,(f]+1' 9 :i* ! writ]s exhibit$ rem>kable atta9m5ts1 & no common facility ( composition4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t volume made a selection f ',! ,l[ell ,(f]+1' :i* he introduc$ to ,engli% notice by a preface1 "o passage ( :i* may be extract$ z an illu/ration ( ! argum5t be=e u3-- ,9 dwell+ ^u ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1 9 fix+ _! own ?\ghts ^u "s def9ite object1 ^! factory girls h lift$ !mselves up into a high] region ?an is atta9$ by ^?1 :atev] be _! rank1 ^: m9ds are n fill$ ) images ( :at is natural & beautiful & true4 ,!y h rais$ !mselves out ( ! sph]e ( ! p>tial & ! tempor>y1 into ! broad expanse ( ! univ]sal & ! et]nal4 ,dur+ _! twelve h\rs ( daily lab\r1 :5 !re 7 easy b automatic s]vices to p]=m1 wait+ ^u a ma*9e--) t slight degree ( skill :i* no ma*9e c ev] atta9--= ! repair ( ! accid5ts ( its unv>y+ progress1 !y may1 )\t a neglect ( _! duty1 h be5 elevat+ _! m9ds 9 ! scale ( be+ by *e]ful look+s-out ^u nature2 by pleasant recollections ( books2 by imag9>y conv]se ) ! j & wise :o h liv$ be=e !m2 by consol+ reflections ^u ! inf9ite goodness & wisdom :i* regulates ?is _w1 s un9telligible )\t su* a dep5d5ce4 ,^! habits h giv5 !m *e]fulness & fre$om amid/ _! un9t]rupt$ toils4 ,we see no rep9+s aga9/ _! twelve h\rs' lab\r1 = x has _h its solace4 ,ev5 dur+ ! l[ wages ( #ahdb1 :i* !y m5tion ) sorr[ b )\t compla9t1 ! same cultivation goes on2 ',! ,l[ell ,(f]+' is /ill produc$4 ,to u ( ,engl& ^! ?+s ought to be enc\rag+4 ,to ! imm5se body ( our factory op]atives ! example ( :at ! girls ( ,l[ell h done %\ld be especially valuable4 ,x %\ld tea* !m t _! /r5g?1 z well z _! happ9ess1 lies 9 ! cultivation ( _! m9ds4 ,to ! employ]s ( op]atives1 & to all ( weal? & influ5ce among/ u1 ?is example ought to manife/ t a /rict & dilig5t p]=mance ( daily duties1 9 "w prolong$ ev5 m ?an 9 our own factories1 is no imp$im5t to ! ex]cise ( ^? faculties1 & ! gratification ( ^? ta/es1 :i*1 :atev] 0 once ?\ght1 c no long] be held to be limit$ by /ation4 ,!re is a conte/ go+ on among/ u1 z x is go+ on all ov] ! _w1 betwe5 ! h>d imp]i\s laws :i* regulate ! production ( weal?1 & ! aspirations ( b5evol5ce = ! increase ( human happ9ess4 ,we d n deplore ! conte/2 = out ( x mu/ come a gradual subjection ( ! iron necessity to ! holy influ5ces ( love & *>ity4 ,su* a p]iod _c1 inde$1 be ra%ly anticipat$ by legislation aga9/ pr9ciples :i* are second>y laws ( nature2 b "o ?+ nev]!less is c]ta9--t su* an improvem5t ( ! op]ative classes1 z all good m5--& we s9c]ely believe among/ !m ! great body ( manufactur+ capitali/s1--ard5tly pray =1 & desire to lab\r 9 _! sev]al sph]es to atta91 w be br\ght ab\t 9 a p>allel progression ) ! elevation ( ! op]atives !mselves 9 m5tal cultivation1 & consequ5tly 9 moral excell5ce4#ca ,! division ( lab\r 9 c>ry+ =w>d ! "w ( production is inv>iably comm&$1 because x is p]fect$1 by ! union ( =ces1 or co-op]ation4 ,! process ( manufactur+ a piece ( wooll5 clo? is c>ri$ on by division ( lab\r1 & by union ( =ces1 work+ toge!r4 ,9 fact1 if !re 7 n t ultimate co-op]ation1 ! division ( lab\r w\ld be n only less productive ?an lab\r )\t division1 b x w\ld n be productive at all4 ,! p[] ( l>ge capital is ! p[] :i*1 z society is arrang$1 compels ?is division ( p>ts = ! m complete production ( a :ole4 ,a l>ge clo? manufactory1 z we h se51 exhibits itself to ! eye *iefly 9 ! division ( lab\r2 b all t division ends 9 a co-op]ation = ! production ( a piece ( clo?4 ,a %ip1 ) five hundr$ m5 on bo>d1 ea* engag$ 9 v>i\s duties1 & hold+ diff]5t ranks1 is an example ( ! division ( lab\r2 b ! division ends 9 a co-op]ation to c>ry ! %ip f "o port to ano!r1 &1 if x be a %ip ( w>1 to def5d x f ! attacks ( an enemy4 ,^? :o w\ld direct ! pr9ciple ( co-op]ation into a diff]5t *annel1 by remodell+ society into l>ge p>tn]%ips1 d n1 because !y _c1 dep>t1 9 ! lea/ degree1 f ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n4 ,!y mu/ h production1 & !re=e !y mu/ h division ( lab\r2 ! division ( lab\r involves degrees ( skill2 ! :ole requires to be c>ri$ on ) accumulation ( =m] lab\r or capital1 or x c\ld n exi/4 ,! only diff]5ce propos$ is1 t ! lab\r]s %all be ! capitali/s1 & t ea* %all d]ive a %>e 9 ! production1 p>tly f :at n[ is repres5t$ z 8 pr(its z a capitali/1 & p>tly f :at is repres5t$ z 8 wages z a lab\r]2 b t all sep>ate prop]ty %all be swall[$ up 9 jo9t prop]ty4 ,b we m5tion ?is subject "h to %[ t ev5 ^? :o aspire to remodel society _c *ange ! elem5ts ) :i* x is n[ con/ruct$1 & mu/ "w ) ! same pr9ciples1 h[ev] diff]5t may be ! names ( ^? pr9ciples1 & h[ev] v>i$ 9 _! application4 ,?is is 9 fav\r ev5 ( ! ultimate success ( ! pr9ciples ( co-op]ation1 if !y %\ld be f\nd practically to "w = ! increase ( ! happ9ess ( mank9d2 :i* w\ld n be effect$ by equaliz+ ! di/ribution ( weal?1 if1 at ! same "t1 its production 7 mat]ially *eck$4 ,?is view ( ! subject goes to %[ t no sudd5 or viol5t *ange is necess>y4 ,9 _m ?+s society has always act$ on ! pr9ciples ( co-op]ation4 ,z civilization ext5ds1 ! numb] ( in/ances has hi!rto increas$2 & if !re is no natural maximum to ! adoption ( ^! pr9ciples 7:i* rema9s to be se571 m5 may gradually slide m & m into !m1 & realize all sane expectations1 )\t any recon/ruction ( _! social sy/em1--any pull+ d[n & build+ up aga9 ( _! morals or _! h\ses4#cb ,x is ?is union ( =ces :i*1 :e!r x prevail 9 a s+le manufactory1 9 a manufactur+ t[n view$ 9 connexion ) t manufactory1 9 an agricultural di/rict view$ 9 connexion ) a manufactur+ t[n1 9 a capital view$ 9 connexion ) bo?1 9 a k+dom view$ 9 connexion ) all its p>ts1 & 9 ! :ole _w view$ 9 connexion ) p>ticul> k+doms2--x is ?is union ( =ces :i* connects ! humble/ ) ! highe/ 9 ! production ( utility4 ,! poor lad :o t5ds %eep ^u ! d[ns1 & ! capitali/ :o sp5ds ?\s&s ( p\nds = c>ry+ =w>d a process to make ! wool ( ^! %eep into clo?1 ?\gh at diff]5t extremities ( ! scale1 are ea* unit$ = ! production ( utility4 ,! diff]5ces ( p[] & enjoym5t 7& ! diff]5ces ( enjoym5t are mu* less ?an appe> ^u ! surface7 betwe5 ! %eph]d boy & ! great clo?-manufactur]1 are app>5tly necess>y = ! end ( enabl+ bo? ! %eph]d boy & ! capitali/ to be f$1 & clo!d1 & lodg$1 by ex*anges ) o!r produc]s4 ,!y are also necess>y = keep+ alive t univ]sal1 &1 !re=e1 z x w\ld appe>1 natural desire = ! improvem5t ( our condition1 :i*1 indep5d5tly ( ! necessity = ! satisfaction ( imm$iate wants1 m or less influ5ces ! indu/ry ( e civiliz$ be+ z to ! hopes ( ! future4 ,x is ?is union :i* con/itutes ! real dignity ( all useful employm5ts1 & may make ! poore/ lab\r] feel t he is advanc+ ! welf>e ( mank9d z well z ! ri*e/ capitali/2 & t1 /&+ ^u ! solid f\ndation ( free ex*ange1 ! rights ( ! "o are z p>am\nt z ! rights ( ! o!r1 & t ! rights ( ea* h no control b ! duties ( ea*4 ,we believe t ! int]e/s ( ea* are also insep>ably unit$1 & t ! causes :i* advance or ret>d ! prosp]ity ( ea* are "o & ! same4 #bi ,see ,*apt] ,,xvii4 #cj ,sumn]'s ',records ( ! ,creation4' #ca ',m9d among/ ! ,sp9dles2' 9 ! s]ies call$ ',knight's ,weekly ,volume4' #cb ,! subject is exam9$ m fully 9 ,*apt]s ,,xxv4 & ,,xxvi4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,accumulation--,productive & unproductive consumption--,use ( capital--,cr$it--,security ( prop]ty--,production appli$ to ! satisfaction ( common wants--,increase ( com=ts--,relations ( capitali/ & lab\r]4 ,dr4 ,william ,bulleyn1 :o liv$ ?ree c5turies ago1 fir/ gave curr5cy to ! say+1 t great ri*es 7 l muckhills1 a bur!n to ! l&1 & (f5sive to ! inhabitants !re(1 till _! heaps are ca/ abroad1 to ! pr(it ( _m4 ,! wor?y physician belong$ to an age :5 ! class call$ mis]s ext5sively prevail$2 & :5 ^? :o l5t out money ^u int]e/ 7 d5om9at$ usur]s4 ,!y 7 g5]ally objects ( public obloquy1 & _! function 0 n und]/ood4 ,!re are pl5ty ( m5 /ill among/ u :o1 9 ,dr4 ,bulleyn's view ( ! matt]1 are imp]sonations ( ! muck t is n spread4 ,! muck-spread]s1 accord+ to ! old notion1 7 ^? ^: consumption 0 always endeav\r+ to out/rip ! production t 0 go+ =w>d ar\nd !m4 ,! latt] is by f> ! l>g] class at ! pres5t day2 ! =m]1 ! m p[]ful4 ,let u endeav\r1 some:at m ) ref]5ce to practical results ?an we h already attempt$1 to look at "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples exi/+ 9 mod]n society :i* det]m9e ! exi/5ce1 & regulate ! employm5t1 ( capital4 ,:atev] is sav$ & accumulat$ is a sav+ & accumulation ( commodities :i* h be5 produc$4 ,! value ( ! accumulation is mo/ conv5i5tly express$ by an equival5t 9 money2 b only a v small "p ( ! accumulation is actually money4 ,a few millions ( bullion are suffici5t to c>ry on ! transactions ( ?is c\ntry4 ,its accumulations1 or capital1 :i* h be5 consid]$ to am\nt to tw5ty-two hundr$ million p\nds /]l+1 c\ld n be pur*as$ by sev]al times ! am\nt ( all ! bullion t exi/s 9 ! _w4 ,a great "p ( :at is sav$1 !re=e1 is an accumulation ( products suitable = consumption4 ,! mom5t t !y are appli$ to ! enc\ragem5t ( production1 !y beg9 to be consum$4 ,!y enc\rage production only z f> z !y enable ! produc]s to consume :ile !y are 9 ! act ( produc+4 ,accumulation1 !re=e1 is no h9drance to consumption4 ,x enc\rages consumption z mu* z exp5diture ( rev5ue unaccompani$ by accumulation4 ,x enables ! ?+s consum$ to be replac$1 in/ead ( be+ utt]ly de/roy$4 ,:atev] is consum$ by ^? :o are c>ry+ =w>d ! bus9ess ( production has be5 call$ productive consumption4 ,:atev]1 on ! o!r h&1 is consum$ by ^? :o are n engag$ 9 re-produc+1 has be5 call$ unproductive consumption4 ,! diff]5ce may be ?us illu/rat$3--,a %oemak]1 we w say1 r5ts a %op1 works up lea!r & o!r mat]ials1 uses v>i\s tools1 burns out c&les1 & is himself f$ & clo!d :ile 9 ! act ( produc+ a pair ( %oes4 ,?is is productive consumption2--= ! pair ( %oes repres5ts ! value ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 !m1 ! commodities consum$ by ! %oemak] dur+ _! production1 & ! we> & te> ( ! tools appli$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,if ! %oes repres5t a high] value ?an :at has be5 consum$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! productiv5ess ( ! lab\r ( ! %oemak]1 ! diff]5ce is net produce1 :i* may be sav$1 &1 ) o!r sav+s1 become capital4 ,b fur!r3--,! %oemak]1 we w suppose1 accumulates pr(its suffici5t to enable him to live )\t mak+ %oes1 or apply+ himself to any o!r bran* ( indu/ry4 ,he n[ uses no mat]ials1 he employs no tools1 b he consumes = ! support & enjoym5t ( exi/5ce1 )\t add+ any?+ to ! gross produce ( society2 ?is is call$ unproductive consumption4 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 betwe5 productive & unproductive consumption admit ( consid]able qualification4 ,we h already describ$ ! c\rse ( a sp5d?rift1 & ( a man ( =tune :o lives virtu\sly & economically4#cc ,:atev] may be ! sci5tific def9ition1 no "o c say t ^!1 ev5 view$ f ! indu/rial po9t1 c be class$ toge!r z unproductive consum]s4 ,productive consumption1 accord+ to ! /rict def9ition ( ! e>li] economi/s1 is consumption directly appli$ to ! creation ( "s mat]ial product4 ,b a new elem5t 0 introduc$ into ! "q by ,mr4 ,mill's def9ition--t lab\r & exp5diture are also productive1 :i*1 )\t hav+ = _! direct object ! creation ( any useful natural product1 or bodily or m5tal faculty or quality1 yet lead indirectly to promote "o or o!r ( ^? ends4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unproductive consumption consi/s ( lab\r & exp5diture ex]t$ or incurr$ uselessly1 or 9 pure wa/e1 & yield+ nei!r direct enjoym5t nor p]man5t s\rces ( enjoym5t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,coop]1 an ,am]ican pr(essor1 t ! p>able ( ! t5 tal5ts1 9 ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel1 po9ts to ! employm5t ( capital = future production4 ,= ! k+dom ( heav5 is z a man travell+ into a f> c\ntry1 :o call$ 8 own s]vants1 & deliv]$ unto !m 8 goods4 ,& unto "o he gave five tal5ts1 to ano!r two1 & to ano!r "o2 to e man accord+ to 8 sev]al ability2 & /raightway took 8 j\rney4 ,!n he t _h receiv$ ! five tal5ts w5t & trad$ ) ! same1 & made !m o!r five tal5ts4 ,& likewise he t _h receiv$ two1 he also ga9$ o!r two4 ,b he t _h receiv$ "o1 w5t & digg$ 9 ! e>?1 & hid 8 "l's money4 ,! la/ 0 ! wick$ & slo?ful1 because unpr(itable1 s]vant4 ,8 0 ! s9 ( omission4 ,he ought to h put out ! money to ! ex*ang]s1 ev5 if he _h be5 afraid to trade ) x4 ,adam ,smi? has laid x d[n z an axiom t ! proprietor :o encroa*es ^u 8 capital by extravagance & wa/e1 is a positive de/roy] ( ! funds de/9$ = ! employm5t ( productive lab\r4 ,no d\bt ?is is1 9 _m respects1 true4 ,he1 also1 has buri$ 8 "o tal5t4 ,b ! common op9ion ( :at are call$ ! money-mak+ classes ( our "t goes some:at fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x is said t1 among/ ! middle class ( ?is c\ntry1 ! life ( a man :o leaves no prop]ty or family provision1 ( 8 own acquir+1 at 8 dea?1 is felt to h be5 a failure4#cd ,!re are _m modes 9 :i* ! life ( an indu/ri\s1 provid5t1 & able man may h be5 f> o!r ?an a failure1 ev5 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 :5 he leaves 8 family ) no great] money inh]itance ?an t ) :i* he began ! _w himself4 ,he may h pres]v$ 8 family1 dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* he has liv$ among/ !m1 9 ! highe/ po9t ( effici5cy = future production4 ,he may h consum$ to ! full ext5t ( 8 income1 produc+1 b accumulat+ no money capital = reproductive consumption2 &1 indirectly1 b n less c]ta9ly1 he may h accumulat$ :il/ he has consum$1 s z to enable o!rs to consume pr(itably4 ,if he h _h sons1 :om he has tra9$ to manhood1 be/[+ ^u !m a lib]al education2 br++ !m up1 by hone/ example1 9 all tru/wor?9ess2 & caus+ !m to be dilig5tly in/ruct$ 9 "s call+ :i* requires skill & exp]i5ce--he is an accumulator4 ,if he h _h daught]s1 :om he has br\ght up 9 habits ( ord] & frugality--apt = all dome/ic employm5ts--in/ruct$ !mselves1 & capable ( c>ry+ =w>d ! duties ( in/ruction--he has re>$ ^? :o 9 ! hon\rable capacity ( wife1 "m1 & mi/ress ( a family1 influ5ce ! indu/rial p[]s ( ! m direct lab\r]s 9 no small degree2 &1 be+ ! great promot]s ( all social dignity & happ9ess1 create a noble & virtu\s nation4 ,by ! capital ?us sp5t 9 enabl+ 8 *ildr5 to be valuable memb]s ( society1 he has accumulat$ a fund out ( 8 consumption :i* may be productive at a future day4 ,he has po/pon$ 8 money contribution to ! g5]al /ock2 b he has n )held x altoge!r4 ,he has n be5 ! wick$ & slo?ful s]vant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m a man1 ^: life1 accord+ to ! m]e capitali/ doctr9e1 has n be5 a failure1 & :o has taught 8 family to atta* only a money-value to e object ( creation1 bequea?s to ! _w successors ^: rapacity1 ignorance1 unskilfulness1 & improvid5ce1 w be s _m *>ges ^u ! capital ( ! nation4 ,! muckhill w by !m be ca/ abroad1 b x w be devot$ to ! m]e pursuit ( s5sual indulg5ce1 los+ half its f]tiliz+ p[]1 & too (t5 burn+ up ! soil t its judici\s application w\ld /imulate4 ,he t has be5 weak en\gh1 accord+ to ?is middle-class doctr9e1 n to believe t ! :ole bus9ess ( man is to make a muckhill1 may h sp5t exi/5ce 9 lab\rs1 public or private1 = ! b5efit ( 8 fell[ creatures2 b 8 life is a failure6 ,! great] "p ( ! cl]gy1 ( ! b>1 ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 ( ! m5 ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 ( ! def5d]s ( _! c\ntry1 ( ! resid5t g5try1 ( ! ari/ocracy1 devote _! m9ds to high duties1 & "s to h]oic ex]tions1 )\t be+ inord9ately anxi\s to gu>d !mselves aga9/ su* a failure4 ,x w\ld p]haps be well if "s ( ^? :o believe t all virtue is to be resolv$ into p\nds /]l+1 7 to consid] t society dem&s f ! money-mak+ classes a m ?an ord9>y contribution--n to indiscrim9ate b5evol5ce1 b to ^? public in/rum5ts ( production--educational in/itutions--improv$ sanit>y arrangem5ts--:i* are be/ calculat$ to dim9i% ! int]val betwe5 ! v ri* & ! v poor4 ,:atev] t5ds to enlight5 ! great body ( ! p facilitates individual accumulation4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! productions ( indu/ry1 especially among/ ! humbl] classes ( ! community1 is wa/$1 9 addition to t portion :i* is enjoy$4 ,e consumption t is sav$ by habits ( ord]1 by kn[+ ! be/ way ( sett+ ab\t a ?+1 by economy 9 ! use ( mat]ials1 is s mu* sav$ ( ! national capital2 & :at is sav$ rema9s to give new enc\ragem5t to ! lab\r ( ! produc]1 & to be/[ an increase ( com=ts ^u ! consum]4 ,aga91 ! m t pr(essional skill ( e sort is bas$ ^u real k1 ! m productive w be ! indu/ry ( e class ( lab\r]s4 ,above all1 s\nd morals1 & pure & simple ta/es1 are ! be/ pres]vatives f wa/eful exp5diture1 bo? 9 ! ri*1 & 9 ! poor2 & he t limits 8 individual gratification to objects wor?y ( a rational be+1 has ! be/ *ance ( acquir+ a suffici5cy = 8 wants1 & ( lay+ by some?+ to provide a fund = t productive consumption by :i* ! wants ( o!rs are suppli$4 ,) ^! g5]al rem>ks ^u accumulation & consumption1 let u proce$ to consid] "s po9ts connect$ ) ! application ( capital4 ,! use ( capital consi/s 9 its advance4 ,x goes be=e all op]ations ( lab\r & trade4 ,x is ! p[] t sets lab\r & trade 9 motion2 j z ! p[] ( w9d1 or wat]1 or /eam1 gives movem5t to :eels & pi/ons4 ,let u briefly see h[ capital op]ates ^u ! ?ree great bran*es ( human indu/ry1 namely1 ^u agriculture1 manufactures1 & comm]ce4 ,a f>m] hav+ acquir$ capital1 ei!r by ! =m] sav+s ( himself or 8 fa!rs1 or by borr[+ f ! sav+s ( o!rs1 takes a c]ta9 numb] ( acres ( l&4 ,he *anges 8 capital ( money into o!r ?+s :i* are equally capital2--into horses1 & c[s1 & %eep1 & agricultural in/rum5ts1 & se$4 ,he makes an advance 9 ! hope ( produc+ a pr(it4 ,he !re=e sets 8 horses to "w2--he gets milk f 8 c[s2--he %e>s 8 %eep2--he fatt5s 8 ox52--& he put 8 tools into ! h&s ( lab\r]s1 to prep>e ! gr\nd = ! reception ( 8 se$4 ,he is pay+ money away on e side1 :i* he w\ld n d if he did n expect a return1 ) a pr(it4 ,by all ^! op]ations--by ! "w ( 8 horses & 8 lab\r]s--by ! increase 9 numb]1 & ! increase 9 value ( 8 flocks & h]ds1--& by ! h>ve/ aft] ! se$-"t1--new produce is creat$ :i* produces a return ( capital1 & ought to produce a pr(it if t capital is prop]ly exp5d$4 ,! hope ( pr(it sets ! capital to "w1 & ! capital sets ! lab\r to "w4 ,if !re 7 no capital !re w\ld be no lab\r4 ,capital gives ! lab\r] ! p[]1 :i* he has n 9 himself1 ( work+ = a pr(it4 ,a capitali/ desires to set up a cotton manufactory4 ,he erects build+s1 he pur*ases ma*9es1 he buys cotton-wool1 he engages workm54 ,! annual value ( ! build+s & ( ! ma*9es1--t is ! int]e/ ^u _! co/1 add$ to _! loss by we> & te>--! price ( ! raw mat]ial1 & ! wages ( ! workm51 are all calculat$ to be paid out ( ! price at :i* ! cotton ?read w be sold4 ,to engage 9 su* l>ge und]tak+s1 9 :i* ! returns are sl[1 !re mu/ be great accumulation ( capital4 ,to engage 9 su* l>ge und]tak+s1 9 :i* ! risk is consid]able1 !re mu/ be abundant ent]prise4 ,)\t ext5sive accumulations ( capital1 :i* produce ent]prise1 !y c\ld n be engag$ 9 at all4 ,capital employ$ 9 comm]ce circulates ?r\gh ! _w 9 a ?\s& =ms2 b x all comes back 9 produce to ! c\ntry t s5ds x out4 ,nations t h no accumulat$ /ock1 t is no capital1 h no comm]ce2 & :]e !re is no comm]ce !re are no %ips & no sailors2 & !re are no com=ts besides ^? :i* spr+ up at ! feet ( ! m =tunate individuals ( su* nations4 ,9 all ^! op]ations ( capital ^u ! ent]prises ( agriculture1 manufactures1 & comm]ce1 ano!r p[]1 :i* is ! result ( accumulation1 is m or less1 9 mo/ cases1 call$ into action4 ,t p[] is ,cr$it4 ,cr$it1 ^u a l>ge scale1 arose f ! difficulty ( transmitt+ co9$ money f place to place1 & p>ticul>ly f "o c\ntry to ano!r2 & h5ce ! inv5tion ( bills ( ex*ange4 ,a bill ( ex*ange is an ord] by "o p]son on ano!r1 to pay to a specifi$ p]son1 or 8 ord]1 a sum ( money specifi$1 at a c]ta9 "t & a c]ta9 place4 ,x is evid5t t ! bill ( ex*ange travels z mu* m conv5i5tly ?an a bag ( money1 z ! bag ( money travels m conv5i5tly ?an ! goods :i* x repres5ts4 ,= in/ance a box ( h>dw>e f ,birm+ham might be ex*ang$ = a case ( w9e f ,bordeaux1 by a direct b>t] betwe5 ! tradesman at ,birm+ham & ! tradesman at ,bordeaux2 b ?is sort ( op]ation mu/ be a v limit$ "o4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( m]*ants1 ! h>dw>e f9ds x way to ,bordeaux1 & ! w9e to ,birm+ham1 )\t any direct ex*ange betwe5 ei!r place1 or )\t ei!r hav+ m ( ! commodity want$ ?an is requir$ by ! m>ket1--t is1 ! supply proportion$ to ! dem& ( ea* t[n4 ,?r\gh ! division ( lab\r1 ! m]*ant :o exports ! h>dw>e to ,bordeaux1 & ! m]*ant :o imports ! w9e f ,bordeaux1 are diff]5t p2 & !re are o!r p engag$ 9 c>ry+ on o!r transactions at & ) ,bordeaux1 ) :om ^! m]*ants come 9 contact4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! m]*ant at ,bordeaux has to pay = ! h>dw>e 9 ,engl&1 he obta9s a bill ( ex*ange f "s o!r m]*ant :o has to receive money f ,engl&1 = ! w9e :i* he has s5t !re4 ,& ?us n only is !re no direct b>t] betwe5 ! gr[] ( ! w9e & ! manufactur] ( ! h>dw>e1 b ! w9e & ! h>dw>e are ea* paid = )\t any direct remittance ( co9$ money f ,france to ,engl&1 b by a transf] ( ! debt due f "o p]son to ano!r 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,by ?is transf]1 ! transaction betwe5 ! buy] & ! sell] is at once br\ght to maturity2 & by ?is op]ation ! buy] & sell] are ea* b5efit$1 because ! ex*ange :i* ea* desires is r5d]$ incomp>ably m easy1 because m spe$y & complete4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to transactions betwe5 comm]cial m5 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,! ord] = paym5t1 :i* /&s 9 ! place ( co9$ money 9 "o case1 is call$ a ,=eign bill ( ex*ange2 9 ! o!r an ,inl& bill ( ex*ange4 ,! op]ation ( cr$it 9 a c\ntry ^: indu/ry is 9 an advanc$ /ate ( activity1 is ext5d$ ov] all its comm]cial transactions1 by ! necessity ( obta9+ circulat+ capital = ! c>ry+ =w>d ! production ( any commodity1 f its fir/ to its la/ /ages4 ,a manufactur] has a l>ge sum exp5d$ 9 work%ops1 w>eh\ses1 ma*9]y1 tools4 ,?is is call$ 8 plant1 or fix$ capital4 ,he has capital inve/$ also 9 ! raw mat]ial :i* he int5ds to conv]t into "s article ( utility4 ,he works up 8 raw mat]ial2 he makes advances = ! lab\r requir$ 9 work+ x up4 ,! article is at l5g? ready = ! m>ket4 ,! :olesale deal]1 :o pur*ases ( ! manufactur]1 sells to a retail]1 :o is 9 ! habit ( buy+ ^u cr$it1 long or %ort1 because ! article rema9s a c]ta9 "t 9 8 h&s be=e x rea*es ! consum]1 :o ultimately pays = x4 ,f ! "t :5 a fleece ( wool is tak5 f ! %eep's back 9 ,au/ralia1 till x is pur*as$ 9 ! %ape ( a coat 9 ,london1 !re are ext5sive outlays 9 e dep>tm5t1 :i* c\ld n be c>ri$ on /eadily unless !re 7 facilities ( cr$it f "o p]son conc]n$ 9 ! production to ano!r p]son conc]n$ 9 ! production1--! :ole cr$it be+ gr\nd$ ^u ! belief t ! debt contract$ 9 s _m /ages w be repaid by ! sale ( ! clo? to ! consum]4 ,! l>g] op]ations ( ?is cr$it are repres5t$ by bills ( ex*ange1 or engagem5ts to pay at a giv5 date2 & ^! bills be+ conv]t$ into ca% by a bank]1 furni% a con/ant supply ( consumable commodities to all p>ties conc]n$ 9 advanc+ ! production1 till ! produce arrives 9 ! h&s ( ! consum]4 ,to judge ( ! ext5t to :i* cr$it is c>ri$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is only necess>y to m5tion1 t five millions /]l+ are daily paid 9 bills & *eques by ! ,london bank]s alone2 t ! ,bank ( ,engl& alone1 9 #ahec1 disc\nt$ bills to ! am\nt ( tw5ty-five millions /]l+2 & t ! note circulation ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ab\t =ty millions4 ,cr$it1 und\bt$ly1 if conduct$ ^u fair pr9ciples1 repres5ts "s capital actually 9 exi/5ce1 & !re=e does n really add to ! accumulation or capital ( ! produc]s4 ,b x enables m5 9 trade at once to h /ock & circulat+ capital--to use ev5 _! h\ses & %ops & manufactories & implem5ts2 & to give1 at ! same "t1 a security to o!rs ^u t fix$ capital4 ,?is process is1 z x 71 z if !y co9$ t fix$ capital4 ,! cr$it1 :i* is r5d]$ z secure z possible 9 all its /ages by ! accumulat+ securities ( ! draw]1 acceptor1 & endors]s ( a bill ( ex*ange1 br+s capital into activity1--x c>ries x directly to ^? *annels 9 :i* x may be pr(itably employ$1--x conducts x to ^? *annels by a sy/ematic mode ( paym5t = its use1 :i* we call int]e/1 or disc\nt2--& x !re=e c>ries =w>d accumulation to its highe/ po9t ( productiv5ess4 ,if ! read] w turn to ! passage 9 our ?ird *apt]1 :]e ,tann] describes ! refusal ( ! trad]s to give him cr$it1 he w see h[ capital1 advanc$ ^u cr$it1 sets indu/ry 9 motion4 ,! ,indians _h accumulat$ no /ore ( sk9s to ex*ange = ! trad]'s /ore ( guns1 ammunition1 traps1 & blankets4 ,! trad]1 al?\gh he possess$ ! articles :i* ! ,indians want$1 refus$ to advance !m ^u ! usual cr$it2 & !y 7 consequ5tly z useless to ! ,indians z if !y _h rema9$ 9 a w>eh\se at ,liv]pool or ,glasg[4 ,:5 ! cr$it 0 tak5 away f ! ,indians1 !y c\ld no long] be ex*ang]s4 ,_! own necessities = clo?+ 7 too urg5t to enable !m to turn _! att5tion f t supply to accumulate capital = ex*ange1 aft] ! w9t] _h pass$ away4 ,!y hunt$ only = !mselves4 ,! trad] w5t )\t 8 sk9s1 & ! ,indians )\t _! blankets4 ,d\btless1 ! ke5ness ( comm]cial activity soon saw t ?is /ate ( ?+s 0 injuri\s ev5 to ! m p[]ful p>ty1 = ! accu/om$ cr$it 0 pres5tly re/or$ to ! ,indians4 ,x 0 ! only means by :i* t balance ( p[] c\ld be quickly re/or$ :i* w\ld enable ! p>ties aga9 to become ex*ang]s4 ,e ex*ange presupposes a c]ta9 equality 9 ! ex*ang]s2 & cr$it1 !re=e1 f ! capitali/ to ! non-capitali/1 mu/1 9 _m cases1 be ! fir/ /ep t[>ds any transaction ( mutual pr(it4 ,if ! ,indians _h adopt$ ! resolution ( ,tann]1 to d )\t ! blankets = ! w9t]1 & _h sub/itut$ ! m imp]fect clo?+ ( sk9s1--& if ! trad]s _h p]sev]$ 9 _! sy/em ( refus+ cr$it1 t is1 ( advanc+ capital1--! ex*ange ( furs mu/ h be5 susp5d$1 until1 by incessant indu/ry1 & repeat$ self-d5ial1 ! ,indians _h become capitali/s !mselves4 ,!y probably1 aft] a long s]ies ( labori\s accumulations1 might h done )\t ! cr$it--t is1 h n consum$ ! goods :i* !y receiv$ be=e !y 7 9 a condition to give _! own goods z equival5ts2 & !n1 z x usually happ5s 9 ! ex*anges ( civiliz$ society1 !y w\ld h ensur$ a high] rew>d = _! lab\r4 ,! cr$it r5d]$ ! lab\r ( ! ,indians loss sev]e1 inasmu* z x all[$ !m to "w ) ! aid ( ! accumulations ( o!rs1 in/ead ( ) _! own accumulations4 ,b x d\btless gave ! trad]s advantage1 & ju/ly s1 9 ! t]ms ( ! ex*ange4 ,if ! ,indians _h br\ght _! furs to ! m>t :]e ! deal]s _h br\ght _! blankets1 !re w\ld h be5 ex*ange ( capital = capital4 ,z ! ,indians _h n accumulat$ any furs1 & 7 only hop+ to accumulate1 !re 01 on ! "p ( ! :ite trad]s1 an advance ( a pres5t good = a remote equival5t4 ,! trad]s _h d\btless suff]$ by ! casualties :i* prev5t$ ! ,indians complet+ _! engagem5ts4 ,!y made a sudd51 & !re=e an unju/1 *ange 9 _! sy/em4 ,! =be>ance ( ! ,indians %[s _! respect = ! rights ( prop]ty1 & _! consequ5t appreciation ( _! own int]e/s4 ,!y might1 possess+ ! physical sup]iority1 h seiz$ ! blankets & ammunition ( ! trad]s4 ,if s1 _! ex*anges w\ld h be5 at an end2 ! capital w\ld h gone to /imulate o!r indu/ry2 ! ,indians w\ld h ripp$ up ! goose ) ! gold5 eggs4 ,x is easy to see t ! employm5t ( capital1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( cr$it1 9 all ! m9ute *annels ( advanc$ comm]ce1 mu/ :olly dep5d ^u ! fai? :i* "o man has 9 ! /ability & ! hone/y ( ano!r2 & also ^u ! c]ta9ty ( ! protection ( ! laws :i* e/abli% security ( prop]ty1 to en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( ! contract4 ,x is necess>y to e/abli% ?is po9t ( ! security ( prop]ty1 z "o ( ! rights1 & we may add z ! greate/ "r1 ( indu/ry2--& !re=e1 at ! risk ( be+ ?\ght t$i\s1 we may call att5tion to ! g5]al /ate ( ! argum5t 9 reply to "s :o hold t ! rights ( prop]ty1 & ! rights ( lab\r1 are antagoni/ic4 ,! value ( an article produc$ is ! lab\r requir$ = its production4 ,capital1 ! accumulation ( pa/ lab\r1 repres5ts ! entire am\nt ( t lab\r :i* is n consum$2--x is ! old lab\r /or$ up = ex*ange ) new lab\r4 ,^? :o atta* an exclusive value to new lab\r z di/+ui%$ f old lab\r--or lab\r z di/+ui%$ f capital--say t ! new production %all be /imulat$ by ! old production1 )\t all[+ ! old production to be ex*ang$ aga9/ ! new2--t is1 t ! old production %all be an in/rum5t = ! rew>d ( new lab\r1 b n a pr(itable "o to its possessor4 ,! doctr9e !re=e am\nts to ?is2 t lab\r %all be ex*ang$ ) lab\r1 b n ) ! produce ( lab\r1--or t !re %all be no ex*ange :atev]2--= if ! pres5t lab\r]s are to h ! sole b5efit ( ! capital1 ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange1 9 :i* bo? ex*ang]s b5efit1 is de/roy$4 ,!re mu/ be an end ( all ex*anges :5 ! ?+s to be ex*ang$ are n equally desir$ by bo? p>ties4 ,if ! capitali/ is to l5d or give ! capital to ! lab\r] )\t a pr(it1 or )\t a p]fect fre$om :i* w\ld entitle him to )hold x if no pr(it c\ld be obta9$1 ! balance is de/roy$ betwe5 capital & lab\r4 ,accumulation is !n at an end2 because ! security ( ! ?+ accumulat$ to ! accumulator is at an end4 ,! security is at an end1 because if ! new lab\r is to h ! advantage ( ! old lab\r )\t comp5sation or ex*ange1 ! new lab\r mu/ take ! old lab\r by =ce or fraud2 = ! new _c proce$ )\t ! old2--lab\r _c /ir )\t capital4 ,accumulation1 !re=e1 be+ at an end1 lab\r = an object beyond ! wants ( an h\r is at an end4 ,society resolves itself into its fir/ elem5ts4 ,/rabo1 ! anci5t geograph]1 has describ$ a tribe among/ :om ! title ( ! prie/ to ! prie/hood 0 acquir$ by hav+ murd]$ 8 pr$ecessor2 & consequ5tly ! bus9ess ( ! prie/ 9 possession 0 n to dis*>ge ! duties ( ! prie/hood1 b to wat* sword 9 h&1 to def5d himself aga9/ ! new claimant to ! (fice4 ,if ! pr9ciple 7 to be recogniz$1 t ! accumulation ( =m] lab\r belongs to ! pres5t lab\r]s2 & t ! be/ title to ! accumulation is to h add$ no?+ t[>ds x1 b only to be will+ to add1--! title ( ! lab\r]s 9 possession w\ld require to be ma9ta9$ by a con/ant enc\nt] ) new claimants2 z ! prie/ ( ,/rabo1 :o _h dispossess$ ! previ\s prie/1 _h to dread a simil> expulsion f 8 (fice1 by a new viol5ce4 ,! c\rse ( national mis]y result+ f national disord]s always beg9s ) f9ancial emb>rassm5t2 by ! de/ruction ( capital1 or its )drawal f all useful works4 ,capital 0 circulat$ only because x c\ld be circulat$ ) security4 ,if ! pres5t capitali/s 7 driv5 away1 z "s reason]s w\ld imply might easily be done1 & ! lab\r]s 7 left to "w ! tools & /eam-eng9es--to lab\r 9 ! manufactories1 & to inhabit ! h\ses ( ! pres5t capitali/s1--production c\ld n g on an h\r1 unless ! appropriation ( ! plund] 7 secur$ to ! individual plund]]s4 ,9 speak+ ( cr$it1 !n1 we naturally turn to ! only f\ndation ^u :i* cr$it re/s--! security ( prop]ty4 ,comm]cial m51 :o "k h[ easily cr$it is de/roy$ by individual guilt or imprud5ce1 also "k h[ easily x is int]rupt$1 g5]ally by a comb9ation ( circum/ances ov] :i* an individual1 ap>t f a nation1 has no control4 ,! in/ant t any circum/ances take place :i* weak5 ! g5]al confid5ce 9 ! security ( prop]ty1 cr$it is )drawn4 ,! plant rema9s--! tools & w>eh\ses /&--! %ops are op52 b production langui%es1 lab\r is susp5d$4 ,! /ocks ( consumable commodities = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r may /ill 9 "p exi/1 b !y d n rea* ! lab\r] ?r\gh ! usual *annels4 ,!n m5 say1 & say truly1 confid5ce is %ak52 ! usual relations ( society are di/urb$4 ,capital f5ces itself r\nd ) prud5ce--hesitates to g on accumulat+--refuses to put its exi/5ce 9 p]il--)draws 9 great "p f production-- ,spreads its light w+s1 & 9 a mom5t flies4 ,)9 ^! six ye>s we h _h be=e our eyes a fe>ful example ( ! univ]sal evil creat$ by ! sudd5 loss ( confid5ce 9 ! security ( prop]ty2 ,! revolution ( #ahdh1 :i* ov]?rew ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,philippe1 0 associat$ ) a g5]al belief t ! :ole fabric ( society 0 ab\t to be %ak5 9 ! ov]?r[ ( capital4 ,! capital 0 in/antly )drawn f circulation2 !re 0 no ex*ange2 !re 0 no lab\r4 ,! m imm$iate suff]]s 7 ! workm5 !mselves2 & ! mode 9 :i* ! rul+ p[] reliev$ !m by giv+ =c$ employm5t 0 :olly unavail+1 except z a tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,aft] sev]al dreadful mon?s ( tumult & blood%$1 a little confid5ce 0 re/or$ by ! pressure ( an arm$ =ce2 & :5 at l5g? a gov]nm5t 0 e/abli%$ t re/$ ^u security ( prop]ty1 x 0 hail$ z ! greate/ ( all bless+s1 al?\gh accompani$ ) "s evils to :i* ,engli%m51 especially1 _c %ut _! eyes4 ,:5 capital & lab\r c\ld once m "w 9 a safe union1 ,france quickly develop$ ^? great natural res\rces ) :i* %e is bless$2 & ! +5uity ( h] p 0 aga9 call$ into activity1 to c>ry =w>d & p]fect ^? res\rces by high] & high] ex]tions ( sci5ce & skill4 ,:5 ! great body ( ! p ( a c\ntry are s g5]ally educat$ z to "k t x is ! int]e/ ( ! humble/ & ! poore/ t prop]ty %all be secure1 !re w be little occasion = f5c+ r\nd prop]ty ) gu>ds1 aga9/ ! secret viol5ce ( ! midnight robb]1 or ! op5 d>+ ( ! noonday mob4 ,x is an enlight5$ moral public s5tim5t t mu/ spread its w+s ov] our dwell+s1 & plant a wat*man at our doors4#ce ,a v little insecurity de/roys ! work+ ( capital4 ,! clo? trade ( ,v]vi]s1 a t[n 9 ,france1 0 utt]ly ru9$1 because ! morals ( ! p 9 ! t[n 7 s bad1 & ! police s ineffectual1 t ! !fts 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! manufacture am\nt$ to eight p] c5t4 ^u ! :ole quantity produc$4 ,! trade ( ! place1 !re=e1 0 de/roy$2 & ! capital w5t to enc\rage lab\r 9 places :]e ! rights ( prop]ty 7 bett] respect$4 ,b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! security ( prop]ty is n s mu* weak5$ by plund]1 z by ^? incessant cont5tions :i* h>ass ! m>* ( capital & lab\r2 & keep up an irritation betwe5 ! classes ( ! capitali/s & ! lab\r]s1 :o ought to be unit$ 9 ! mo/ intimate compact = a common good4 ,^! irritations mo/ frequ5tly exhibit !mselves 9 ! %ape ( comb9ations = ! advance ( wages4 ,we h no hesitation 9 decl>+ our op9ion t x is ! positive duty ( ! work+-man to obta9 z high wages z he c extract out ( ! jo9t products ( capital & lab\r2 & t he has an equal "r to unite ) o!r workm5 9 mak+ z good a b>ga9 z he c1 consi/5tly ) ! rights ( o!rs1 = 8 contribution ( indu/ry to ! bus9ess ( production4 ,b x is also necess>y = u to decl>e our conviction t1 9 too _m cases1 ! work+ m5 attempt an object :i* no s+le ex]tion1 & no union h[ev] =midable or complete1 c ev] accompli%4 ,!y attempt to =ce wages beyond ! po9t at :i* !y c\ld be ma9ta9$1 ) ref]5ce to ! dem& = ! article produc$2--& if !y succe$ !y ext+ui% ! dem&1 & !re=e ext+ui% ! p[] ( work+ at any wages4 ,!y drive ! dem&1 & !re=e ! supply1 into new *annels2--& !y ?ru/ out capital f among/ !m1 to "w 9 o!r places :]e x c "w ) fre$om & security4 ,above all1 su* comb9ations1 & ! resi/ance :i* !y call up1 h a t5d5cy to loos5 ! bonds ( mutual reg>d :i* ought to subsi/ betwe5 capitali/s & lab\r]s4 ,_! real int]e/s are "o & ! same4 ,all m5 are unit$ 9 "o bond ( int]e/s1 & rights1 & duties2 & al?\gh ea* ( u h p>ticul> int]e/s1 ! p>ts :i* we play 9 society are s frequ5tly *ang+1 t "u "o aspect we h ea* an int]e/ contr>y to t :i* we h "u ano!r aspect4 ,x is 9 ?is way t we f9d ourselves sudd5ly b\nd closely ) ^? aga9/ :om we ?\ght ourselves oppos$ a mom5t be=e2 & ?us no class c ev] be said to be inimical to ano!r class4 ,9 ! mid/1 too1 ( all ^! in/antane\s conflicts & unions1 we are all int]*angeably relat$ 9 ! d\ble int]e/ ( capitali/s & consum]s1--t is1 we h ea* & all an int]e/ t prop]ty %all be respect$1 & t production %all be c>ri$ =w>d to its utmo/ po9t ( p]fection1 s z to make its products accessible to all4 ,! p[] ( production1 9 its greate/ developm5ts ( indu/ry1 is really address$ to ! satisfaction ( ! commone/ wants4 ,if production1 z 9 despotic c\ntries1 7 pr9cipally lab\r+ t "s m5 might we> clo? ( gold :il/ o!rs w5t nak$1 !n we %\ld say t production 0 exclusively = ! ri* oppressor4 ,b1 ?ank ,god1 ! man :o exclusively we>s purple & f9e l95 e day has ceas$ to exi/4 ,! looms d n "w = him alone1 b = ! great mass ( ! p4 ,x is to ! /aple articles ( consumption t ! capitals ( manufactures & comm]ce address _! employm5t4 ,_! employm5t dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! great body ( ! p to pur*ase :at !y produce4 ,! c\rti]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,france c>ri$ boxes ( sug>-plums 9 _! pockets1 :i* !y (f]$ to ea* o!r z a con/ant complim5t2 ! c\rti]s ( ! next age c>ri$ g+]bread 9 ! same way2 & la/ly1 ! luxury ( snuff drove out ! sug>-plums & ! g+]bread4 ,b ! consumption ( tobacco w\ld nev] h furni%$ employm5t to ?\s&s1 & a l>ge rev5ue to ! /ate1 if ! use ( snuff _h re/$ ) ! c\rti]s4 ,! produc]s1 consequ5tly1 hav+ f\nd ! l>ge/1 & !re=e ! mo/ weal?y class ( consum]s among/ ! work+ m51 c>e little :e!r ! ,pe] we>s a silk or a velvet coat1 s t ! ,peasant has a clean %irt4 ,:5 capital & lab\r "w ) fre$om & security1 ! wants ( all are suppli$1 because !re is *eap production4 ,x is a bad /ate ( society :]e ,"o flaunts 9 rags1 "o flutt]s 9 brocade4 ,^? :o l ! brocade may /ill we> x 9 a /ate ( ?+s :]e ! rights ( indu/ry are und]/ood2 b ! rags1 tak+ ! av]age condition ( ! memb]s ( society1 are bani%$ to ! l&s f :i* capital is driv51--:ile ^? :o lab\r ) skill1 & !re=e ) capital1 h dec5t clo!s1 com=table dwell+s1 :olesome food1 abundant fuel1 m$ical aid 9 sickness1 ! com=t & amusem5t ( books 9 heal?4 ,^! goods1 we h no hesitation 9 say+1 all dep5d ^u ! security ( prop]ty2 & he t w\ld de/roy t security by =ce or fraud is ! real de/roy] ( ! com=ts ( ^? humbl] classes ^: rights he pret5ds to advocate4 ,! pr9ciples :i* we ma9ta91 t ! int]e/s ( all m51 & ( ! poor] classes especially1 are necess>ily advanc$ 9 a con/antly increas+ measure by ! increase ( capital & skill1 h be5 put s /rik+ly by a philosophical writ]1 t we _c =be> quot+ s valuable an au?ority 9 support & illu/ration ( our op9ions3-- ,! advantage conf]r$ by ! augm5tation ( our physical res\rces1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( increas$ k & improv$ art1 h ?is peculi> & rem>kable prop]ty1--t !y are 9 _! nature diffusive1 & _c be enjoy$ 9 any exclusive mann] by a few4 ,an ea/]n despot may extort ! ri*es & monopolize ! art ( 8 subjects = 8 own p]sonal use2 he may spread ar\nd him an unnatural spl5d\r & luxury1 & /& 9 /range & prepo/]\s contra/ ) ! g5]al p5ury & discom=t ( 8 p2 he may glitt] 9 jewels ( gold & raim5t ( ne$le-"w2 b ! wond]s ( well-contriv$ & execut$ manufacture :i* we use daily1 & ! com=ts :i* h be5 inv5t$1 tri$1 & improv$ ^u by ?\s&s1 9 e =m ( dome/ic conv5i5ce1 & = e ord9>y purpose ( life1 c nev] be enjoy$ by him4 ,to produce a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ! physical advantages ( civiliz$ life c exi/ 9 a high degree1 ! /imulus ( increas+ com=ts & con/antly elevat$ desires mu/ h be5 felt by millions2 s9ce x is n 9 ! p[] ( a few individuals to create t wide dem& = useful & +5i\s applications1 :i* alone c lead to great & rapid improvem5ts1 unless back$ by t aris+ f ! spe$y diffusion ( ! same advantages among ! mass ( mank9d4#cf 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 look+ back ^u all ! v>i\s circum/ances :i* we h exhibit$ z necess>y = c>ry+ indu/ry to ! greate/ po9t ( productiv5ess1 we ?9k t we mu/ h e/abli%$ satisfactorily t ! two great elem5ts :i* concur 9 r5d]+ lab\r 9 ! highe/ degree b5eficial1 are1 #a/1 ! accumulat$ results ( pa/ lab\r1 & #bnd1 ! contrivances by :i* manual lab\r is assi/$1--^? contrivances be+ d]iv$ f ! accumulations ( k4 ,capital & skill1 !re=e1 are ess5tial to ! productive p[] ( lab\r4 ,! diff]5t degrees 9 :i* ea* possesses capital & skill make ! diff]5ce betwe5 an ,engli% manufactur] & a ,nor? ,am]ican savage2 & ! less /rik+ gradations 9 ! productive p[] ( ! ,engli% manufactur] ( ! pres5t "t1 & ! ,engli% manufactur] ( five hundr$ ye>s ago1 may be all resolv$ into ! fact t ! "o has at 8 comm& a v l>ge am\nt ( capital & skill1 & t ! o!r c\ld only comm& a v small am\nt ( ! same great elem5ts ( production4 ,we ?9k1 also1 t we h %[n t ! accumulation ( =m] lab\r 9 ! %ape ( tangible weal?1 & ! accumulation ( =m] lab\r 9 ! %ape ( ! no less real weal? ( k1 are processes :i* g on toge!r1 ea* support+1 direct+1 & regulat+ ! o!r4 ,k is ! (fspr+ ( "s leisure result+ f a m easy supply ( ! physical wants2 & t leisure _c exi/ unless capital exi/s2 :i* all[s "s m5 to live ^u =m] accumulations4 ,capital1 !re=e1 may be said to be ! p>5t ( skill1 z capital & skill unit$ are ! enc\rag]s & directors ( pr(itable lab\r4 ,we h %[n t ! only f\ndation ( accumulation is security ( prop]ty--we h %[n1 too1 t lab\r is ! mo/ sacr$ ( prop]ties4 ,x results1 !re=e1 t 9 any /ate ( society 9 :i* ! laws did n equally protect ! capitali/ & ! lab\r] z free ex*ang]s1 ea* hav+ ! mo/ absolute comm& ov] 8 prop]ty1 compatible ) a due reg>d to ! rights ( ! o!r1--9 su* a /ate1 :]e !re 0 no real fre$om & no real security1 !re w\ld be v imp]fect production2 & production be+ imp]fect1 all m51 ! capitali/s & ! lab\r]s1 w\ld be equally de/itute1 weak1 ignorant1 & mis]able4 ,x is "u ^! sev]al conditions1 all work+ toge!r ) unit$ =ce1 t ! entire lab\r ( ?is c\ntry1 & inde$ ( all o!r c\ntries advanc$ 9 civilization1 mu/ n[ be direct$4 ,! enorm\s increase ( productiv5ess :i* we h exhibit$1 9 s _m op]ations ( indu/ry1 is *iefly ! result ( production c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale1 & work+ ) e possible application ( sci5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,k is ,p[]2 & skill$ lab\r is a "p ( t p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$al to ,locke ,! mode 9 :i* ! respective proportions ( capitali/ & lab\r] are assign$ 9 ! division ( ! products ( indu/ry1 are call$ by "o ,pr(it1 by ! o!r ,wages4 ,if we 7 writ+ a treatise on ,political ,economy1 we %\ld h to reg>d ,r5t z di/9ct f ! pr(its ( capital4 ,b = our purpose ?is is unnecess>y4 ,we proce$1 !n1 to consid] ! practical relations ( ,pr(it & ,wages1 z !y exi/ among/ u4 ,unque/ionably ! only solid f\ndation = ^! relations mu/ be equal ju/ice2 )\t :i* !re c be nei!r p]man5t prosp]ity nor increas+ intellig5ce4 ,a m$al to our great philosoph]1 ,locke1 exhibits ,ju/ice & ,pl5ty en?ron$ toge!r4 #cc ,see p4 #fa4 #cd ,an ,essay on ! ',relations betwe5 ,lab\r & ,capital4' ,by ,c4 ,morison1 p4 #cd4 #ce ,ev]ett's ',address to ! ,work+ ,man's ,p>ty4' #cf ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ',disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy4' ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,natural law ( wages--,/ate-laws regulat+ wages--,enactm5ts regulat+ consumption--,! lab\r-fund & ! want-fund--,ratio ( capital to population--,/ate ( indu/ry at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--,rise ( manufactures--,wages & prices--,turn+ ov] capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,vision ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,! old *ronicl]s relate t our ,norman k+1 ,h5ry ,i41 _h once a t]rible vision1 ( soldi]s1 & prie/s1 & peasants1 surr\nd+ 8 b$1 "o b& succe$+ ano!r1 & ?reat5+ to kill him4 ,! leg5d became ! subject ( illum9at$ draw+s 9 an anci5t ,,ms4 pres]v$ at ,ox=d1 & "o ( ^! repres5t$ ! till]s ( ! l&1 ) spade1 & =k1 & scy!1 dem&+ ju/ice4 ,! cultivators 7 load$ ) heavy exactions1 s great t ! t5ants ( ! cr[n ev5 (f]$ to give up _! pl\ghs to ! k+4 ,!y pl\gh$1 b !y reap$ n !mselves4 ,9 su* a /ate ( ?+s !re c\ld be no accumulation1 & no pr(itable lab\r4 ,! funds = supply+ ! wages ( lab\r 7 exhau/$4 ,! c\ntry 0 depopulat$4 ,dur+ ! next two c5turies1 ! condition ( ! p _h be5 mat]ially improv$4 ,capital _h increas$1 & s _h population4 ,b capital _h increas$ fa/] ?an population1 & h5ce ! improvem5t4 ,! class ( free lab\r]s _h = ! mo/ "p succe$$ to ! old class ( ville9s4 ,lab\r]s = hire1 )\t und]/&+ ! great pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! rate ( wages1 any m ?an did _! ma/]s1 w\ld practically seek to measure _! e>n+s accord+ to ^? pr9ciples4 ,! lawgiv]s det]m9$ ! contr>y4#cg ,! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s1 #bcrd ,edw>d ,,iii41 says3--,because a great "p ( ! p1 & especially ( workm5 & s]vants1 late di$ ( ! pe/il5ce1 _m1 see+ ! necessity ( ma/]s & great sc>city ( s]vants1 w n s]ve unless !y receive excessive wages4 ,!y 7 !re=e to be compell$ to s]ve1 & !y 7 to s]ve at ! same wages :i* !y _h receiv$ ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,! ratio ( population1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pe/il5ce1 _h fall5 consid]ably bel[ ! ratio ( accumulat$ capital seek+ to employ lab\r4 ,"u ! natural laws ( dem& & supply1 ! sc>city ( lab\r]s & ! excess ( capital w\ld h rais$ ! wages ( lab\r4 ,^! laws 7 n to op]ate4 ,=ty ye>s aft] ?is enactm5t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 comes ! /atute ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 :i* says t ,s]vants & lab\r]s w n1 nor by a long season w\ld1 s]ve & lab\r )\t outrage\s & excessive hire1 & mu* m ?an ha? be5 giv5 to su* s]vants & lab\r]s 9 any "t pa/1 s t = sc>city ( ! said s]vants & lab\r]s ! husb&s & l&-t5ants may n pay _! r5ts1 nor sc>cely live ^u _! l&s4 ,"h 0 a di/9ct conflict betwe5 ! capitali/s seek+ pr(its & ! lab\r]s seek+ wages4 ,! law-mak]s resolv$ t ! hires ( ! s]vants & lab\r]s %\ld be put 9 c]ta9ty2 & !y fix$ ! rate ( wages ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,!y settl$ ! conte/ 9 fav\r ( pr(its1 arbitr>ily4 ,to avoid ?is int]f]5ce ) ! due paym5ts ( _! lab\r 9 proportion to ! ratio ( capital & lab\r1 ! husb&m5 might h fl$ to ! t[ns1 & "s did s4 ,b !y 7 met !re by ! enactm5t t ! artific]s %\ld be subject to ! same controll+ p[]1 & t ! boy :o _h lab\r$ at ! pl\gh & c>t till he 0 twelve ye>s old %\ld cont9ue s to lab\r = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 truly slav]y )\t ! "n4 ,"s su* m>vell\s folly & inju/ice w5t on = sev]al c5turies4 ,b1 regulat+ wages1 ! laws also und]took to regulate ! co/ ( food & ( clo?+--_! quality1 & _! consumption--h[ mu* p %\ld eat1 & :at coats !y %\ld we>4 ,^! absurdities also w5t on = c5turies--( c\rse "u a p]petual sy/em ( op5 violation or secret evasion4 ,! p1 we may safely conclude1 nev] fully believ$ :at _! rul]s told !m ( _! prodigi\s k9dness 9 manag+ private affairs s mu* bett] ?an individuals c\ld !mselves4 ,mr4 ,s]geant ,?orpe1 judge ( assize = ! nor!rn circuit1 9 a *>ge to ! gr& jury 9 #afdh1 tells !m to be vigilant aga9/ s]vants tak+ high] wages ?an ^? all[$ by ! ju/ices1--to en=ce ! laws aga9/ ev]ybody :o b\ght e ?+ = ! su/5ance ( man1 ) int5t to make a pr(it by x--aga9/ e tradesman :o did n produce 8 w>es 9 con=mity ) ! /atutes2--wond]ful laws1 :i* w\ld n p]mit ! tann] to sell a piece ( lea!r t _h n be5 kept twelve mon?s 9 ! tan-pit1 & :i* =bade ! clo?-mak] to use lime 9 :it5+ l95 clo?4 ,& ?us y see1 says solemn ,mr4 ,s]geant ,?orpe1 h[ ! wisdom ( ! common laws ( ?is nation1 & ( ! p>liam5ts1 f "t to "t1 ha? provid$ = ! security & ease ( ! p2 & ha? furni%$ u ) a salve = e sore2 & gives u rules & in/ructions h[ to gov]n ourselves1 t we may be helpful & useful to "o ano!r4#ch ,in/ead ( provid+ ! salve1 x probably w\ld h be5 bett] n to h made ! sore4 ,b1 aft] all1 x is sc>cely c&id to laugh at ! wisdom ( ! good old times 9 regulat+ trades1 :5 9 our own day1 we h _h excise laws :i* int]f]$ 9 ! mo/ absurd way ) production1 & "s ( :i* /ill int]f]e4 ,nor c we look ) p]fect complac5cy at ! manife/ impolicy & inju/ice ( fix+ ! rate ( wages1 :51 )9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 we h _h ju/ices at "w all ov] ! c\ntry to keep d[n ! wages ( lab\r1 by pay+ lab\r]s n 9 proportion to _! e>n+s1 b accord+ to _! necessities2 & rais+ up a fund = ! enc\ragem5t ( idl5ess & improvid5ce1 by a div]sion ( ! real funds = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r4 ,! ,poor ,laws1 z !y 7 adm9i/]$ 9 ! beg9n+ & middle ( ! la/ half c5tury1 did ?is evil1 & a great deal m2 & p]sons ( influ5ce1 ) ! mo/ b5evol5t int5tions1 c\ld see no diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>i% all[ance to able-bodi$ lab\r]s1 & ! wages :i* !y c\ld h really comm&$ = _! lab\r if ?is oppos+ fund _h n be5 call$ into action4 ,9 ^? times1 & ev5 aft] a /r5u\s ef=t _h be5 made to br+ ab\t an improvem5t1 educat$ g5tlem5 us$ to say--some?+ mu/ be done to give ! lab\r]s employm5t ^u fair wages2 & !y 7 accu/om$ to believe t "s plan %\ld be devis$ :]eby "w %\ld be at h&4#ci ,^! g5tlem51 & _m o!rs1 did n und]/& t !re is a natural fund = ! ma9t5ance ( lab\r :i* is to produce su* b5eficial results2 t ?is fund _c be increas$ b by ! addition ( ! results ( m pr(itable lab\r2 t :atev] is paid out ( ! fund = ! support ( unpr(itable lab\r has a direct t5d5cy to l[] ! rate at :i* ! pr(itable lab\r is paid1--to prev5t ! paym5t ( fair wages2 & t !re is a plan :i* requires no devis+1 because our necessities are con/antly call+ x into op]ation1--! natural law ( ex*ange1 :i* makes "w at h& :]ev] !re is capital to pay = x4 ,su* reason]s also held t ! lab\r]s 7 n to seek = ! fund ab\t ! c\ntry on an unc]ta9ty2 b t ! "w = ! lab\r]s %\ld be at h&--x %\ld be c]ta94 ,?is cle>ly 0 n ! ord9>y lab\r-fund4 ,t is nei!r always at h&1 nor is x always c]ta94 ,x %ifts its place accord+ to its necessity = use2 x is unc]ta9 9 its di/ribution 9 proportion to ! dem& ^u x4 ,! fund :i* 0 to "w ?is good 0 cle>ly n ! lab\r-fund--x 0 ! want-fund2 & ! mi/ake t ^! g5tlem5 & _m o!rs fell into 0 t ! want-fund _h qualities ( f> great] p[]s ( usefulness ?an ! lab\r-fund2 t ! p>i% purse 0 ! purse ( ,=tunatus1 always full2 t ! p>i% lab\r field 0 l ! t5t ( ! ,indian que5 9 ! ,arabian tale--y c\ld c>ry x 9 ! palm ( y\r h&1 & yet x w\ld give %elt] to an army ( ?\s&s4 ,all ^! fallacies are n[1 happily1 z mu* explod$ z ! laws = ! regulation ( wages & ! price ( commodities4 ,! real lab\r-fund--! accumulation ( a portion ( ! results ( pa/ lab\r--is ! only fund :i* c f9d pr(itable "w & pay fair wages4 ,x is extremely difficult to asc]ta9 ! ratio ( ,capital to ,population at any p>ticul> p]iod2 yet "s approximations may be made1 :i*1 9 a degree1 may indicate ! activity or ! in]tness ( ! lab\r-fund1 9 reg>d to ! condition ( ! lab\r]4 ,at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ab\t half ! l& ( ,engl& & ,wales 01 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 held to be "u cultivation1 ei!r z arable or pa/ure4 ,z ! :ole area ( ,engl& & ,wales is ab\t ?irty-sev5 millions ( acres1 ?is w\ld %[ a cultivation ( eighte5 million five hundr$ ?\s& acres4 ,! entire quantity ( :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 pease1 beans1 & vet*es1 gr[n ^u ^! eighte5 million & a half acres1 0 e/imat$ at less ?an t5 millions ( qu>t]s1 :eat be+ little m ?an a six? ( ! :ole produce4 ,! quantity ( /ock annually fatt5$ = food 0 ev5 m inconsid]able4 ,we may safely assume t 9 a c5tury & a half ! am\nt ( agricultural produce 9 ,engl& has increas$ five-fold4 ,two-?irds ( ! :ole area ( ,engl& & ,wales are n[ "u cultivation2 = 9 ! c5sus returns ( #ahea we h tw5ty-five million acres ( f>m hold+s1 occupi$ by two hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& f>m]s4 ,9 ! calculations ( ,gregory ,k+1 9 #afhh1 ! numb] ( f>m]s 0 giv5 at a hundr$ & fifty ?\s&2 b ! numb] ( less] freehold]s1 :o 7 d\btless cultivators1 0 also a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&4 ,! produce ( ! l& has increas$ at a great] rate ?an ! increase ( population4 ,accord+ to ! commonly receiv$ e/imates1 ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales 0 ab\t five millions & a half1 p]haps six millions1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 x is n[ eighte5 millions4 ,! inhabit$ h\ses1 accord+ to ! he>?-books ( #afij1dj 7 "o million ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&4 ,9 #ahea !y 7 ?ree million two hundr$ & sev5ty-eight ?\s&4 ,! he>?-books ( #afhe %[ t1 ( ! h\ses ( ! k+dom1 five hundr$ & fifty-f\r ?\s& _h only "o *imney--!y 7 m]e hovels4 ,gregory ,k+ has giv5 ',a ,s*eme ( ! ,income & ,exp5se ( ! sev]al ,families 9 ,engl&1 calculat$ = ! ye> #afhh4' ,he consid]s t1 9 ! aggregate1 !re 7 five hundr$ ?\s& families :o 7 accumulators--t is to say1 ^: annual exp5se 0 less ?an _! income4 ,he values ?is accumulation at ?ree millions4 ,! numb] ( p]sons compris$ 9 ! accumulat+ families 0 two million six hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s&4 ,( ?is numb] only "o-fif? belong$ to ! trad+ classes--m]*ants1 %opkeep]s & tradesm51 artisans & h&icrafts4 ,! rema9d] 7 ! l&hold]s1 f>m]s1 lawy]s1 cl]gy1 hold]s ( (fice1 & p]sons 9 lib]al arts & sci5ces4 ,b !re 0 a l>ge non-accumulat+ class1 consi/+ ( two million eight hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s&1 :om he puts d[n z decreas+ ! weal? ( ! k+dom1--t is to say1 t _! annual exp5se exce$$ _! income2 & ?is excess he computes at six hundr$ & tw5ty-two ?\s& p\nds1 :i* r$uces ! annual national accumulation to two million f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,! positive plund]]s ( ! national capital 7 ?irty ?\s& vagrants1 su* z gipsies1 ?ieves1 & begg>s4 ,we 7 9 a happi] condition ?an ,scotl& at ! same p]iod2 :]e1 accord+ to ,flet*] ( ,salt\n1 !re 7 two hundr$ ?\s& p begg+ f door to door1 out ( a population ( "o million1 = ^: suppression he saw no rem$y b slav]y4 ,we 7 m fav\r$1 too1 ?an ,france2 :]e1 z ,vauban records1 9 #afih1 m ?an a t5? "p ( ! population ( sixte5 millions 7 begg>s1 9 ! extremity ( hung] & nak$ness4#da ,b we may be sure t 9 ,engl& ! two million eight hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& lab\r+ p1 out-s]vants1 cottag]s1 & paup]s1 :o are put d[n by ,gregory ,k+ z non-accumulators1 7 work+ ^u v insuffici5t means1 & t !y 7 con/antly press+ ^u ! fund = ! ma9t5ance ( pr(itable lab\r4 ,x is a curi\s fact t he classes cottag]s & paup]s toge!r2 b we c acc\nt = x :5 we consid] h[ mu* ( ! l& ( ! c\ntry 0 un9clos$1 & h[ _m p]sons d]iv$ a scanty subsi/5ce f ! commons1 ^u :i* !y 7 squatt]s1 liv+ 9 mean huts ) "o *imney4 ,! small numb] ( artisans & h&icrafts1 compris+ only sixty ?\s& families1 is ( itself a suffici5t indication t our manufactures1 prop]ly s call$1 7 ( v trifl+ am\nt4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is volume we h incid5tally m5tion$ h[ sl[ly ! great indu/ries ( ?is c\ntry grew into importance4 ,at ! p]iod ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 ne>ly e article ( clo?+ 01 9 _m di/ricts1 ( dome/ic production1 & 0 ess5tially connect$ ) ! tillage ( ! l&4 ,! flax & ! wool 7 spun at home2 ! /ock+s 7 knit2 ! %oes 7 (t5 untann$ hide nail$ ^u heavy clogs4 ,furniture !re 0 little beyond ! r\gh b5* & ! /raw b$4 ,! fuel came f ! woods & h$ges4 ,ab\t =ty ?\s& ( ! cottages m5tion$ 9 ! he>?-books _h "s l& belong+ to !m2 &1 to prev5t ! gr[? ( a squatt] population1 x 0 ! bus9ess ( ! ,gr& ,jury to pres5t1 z a nuisance1 all newly-erect$ cottages t _h n f\r acres ( l& atta*$ to !m4 ,!re 0 a conte/ p]petually go+ on betwe5 ! m fav\r$ portion :o _h regul> means ( subsi/5ce1 & ! unhappy _m :o 7 press+ ^u ^? means1 9 all ! v>i\s =ms ( paup]ism4 ,"o ( ! means ( keep+ d[n ?is class 0 to prev5t !m hav+ dwell+s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !n1 we see t !re 0 "s accumulation ( capital1 h[ev] small4 ,!re 0 !n a vague feel+ among/ ! accumulators t some?+ might be sav$ by sett+ ! unemploy$ & ! />v+ to o!r "w ?an 0 provid$ = !m 9 ! fields4 ,population 0 press+ h>d ^u ,capital4 ,x press$1 *iefly1 9 ! %ape ( increas+ dem&s ^u ! poor-rate4 ,! rem$y univ]sally propos$ 0 to set ! poor to "w4 ,! notion 0 extremely crude z to ! mode 9 :i* ?is 0 to be effect$2 b !re 0 a sort ( univ]sal agreem5t express$ by sob] economi/s z well z vision>y projectors1 t ! m g5]al introduction ( manufactures w\ld rem$y ! evil4 ,( c\rse1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done 0 to prohibit =eign manufactures by enorm\s duties2 & !n we 7 to g to "w vigor\sly at home1 kn[+ v little ( ! arts 9 :i* =eign]s 7 greatly our sup]iors4 ,b we 7 to g to "w1 n 9 ! ord9>y way ( pr(itable indu/ry1 by ! capitali/ work+ = pr(it employ+ ! lab\r] = wages1 b by )hold+ f ! poor ! great] "p ( ! want-fund1 & conv]t+ x into a lab\r-fund1 by sett+ up manufactures "u ! managem5t ( ! poor-law adm9i/rators4 ,"h1 9 ^! workh\ses 0 ! l95 trade to be cultivat$4 ,mr4 ,firm9 set up a workh\se 9 ,ald]sgate ,/reet1 ( ! results ( :i*1 aft] f\r ye>s1 he ?us speaks3--,?is1 ,i am sure1 is ! wor/ t c be said ( x1 t x ha? n be5 yet br\ght to be> its own *>ges4 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale 0 = sett+ up a public manufactory ( co>se clo?1 ( :i* ! *>ges = mat]ials & lab\r 9 produc+ ?irty-two y>ds w\ld be #aal4 #aes4 ,he calculat$ t ! clo?1 if sold1 w\ld only yield #abl4 ,! excell5t ,judge does n make any calculation ( ! co/ ( implem5ts1 or r5t1 or sup]9t5d5ce4 ,he desires to employ fifty-six poor p1 :o are paid by ! p>i% #djjl4 p] annum1 & by ?is clo? manufacture he w give !m ! #djjl4 = _! "w1 & save ! p>i% _! co/4 ,"o ?+ is =gott54 ,! paup] lab\r yield+ no pr(it1 & consequ5tly prev5t+ any accumulation1 ! lab\r]s mu/ be kept d[n to ! m9imum ( subsi/5ce1 :i* appe>s to be ab\t sev5 p\nds p] annum = ea* lab\r]4 ,! e>n+s ( ! artisan & h&icraft are e/imat$ by ,gregory ,k+ at ?irty-eight p\nds p] annum4 ,^! 7 ! wages ( skill$ lab\r]s4 ,! paup] lab\r]s 7 unskill$4 ,if ^! s*emes _h n brok5 d[n by _! own weight1 & workh\se manufactories _h gone on produc+ a competition ( unskill$ lab\r]s ) skill$1 ! rate ( wages w\ld h be5 m & m det]iorat$1 & ! am\nt ( poor seek+ workh\se employm5t z a la/ res\rce m & m increas$4 ,exp]i5ce has v satisfactorily demon/rat$ t ^! s*emes = employ+ ! poor ought to be /rictly limit$ to ! production ( articles ( necessity = _! own consumption4 ,ev5 ! production ( su* articles is sc>cely remun]at+1--t is1 ! produce sc>cely returns ! co/ ( mat]ials & sup]9t5d5ce4 ,ev5 ! boa/$ ,free & ,paup] ,colonies ( ,holl& h turn$ out to be comm]cial failures4 ,!y are n self-su/a9+4 ,! want ( skill 9 ! coloni/s1 & _! dis9cl9ation to lab\r1 hav+ no imm$iate individual b5efit f _! lab\rs1 h comb9$ to produce ! result t "o good day-lab\r] is wor? five coloni/s work+ 9 common4 ,!re are also t5ants ( small colonial f>ms1 at a l[ r5t1 & hav+ _m advantages4 ,!y are n s prosp]\s z ! little f>m]s out ( ! colony1 :o pay a high] r5t1 & h no incid5tal b5efits4 ,! solution ( ! "q is ?us giv53--,! c]ta9ty t ! society w ma9ta9 !m1 :e!r !y save or n1 has an unfav\rable influ5ce on _! habits4#db ,! increase ( population 0 v small dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x absolutely decl9$ at "o p]iod4 ,! two million f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds t 7 calculat$ by ,gregory ,k+ z annual sav+s1 7 probably m & m tr5*$ ^u by paup]ism & w>1 by malice dome/ic1 =eign levy1 "u a disput$ succession4 ,! upp] classes 7 lic5ti\s & extravagant2 ! lab\r]s 9 t[ns 7 drunk>ds to an excess t n[ seems h>dly cr$ible4 ,hog>?'s ',g9 ,lane' 0 sc>cely an exagg]ation ( ! de/itution & mis]y t att5d$ ?is national vice4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 or soon aft]1 sprang up _m ( ! great me*anical improvem5ts :i* made u a manufactur+ p2 & :i*1 9 half a c5tury1 add$ a ?ird to ! population4 ,9 spite ( ! mo/ exp5sive w> 9 :i* ,engl& _h ev] be5 engag$1 ! accumulat$ capital1 *iefly 9 consequ5ce ( ^! discov]ies & improvem5ts1 _h increas$ z fa/ z ! population 9 ! second fifty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury ! population has d\bl$ 9 fifty ye>s2 & ! accumulat$ capital has m ?an d\bl$4 ,population has be5 rec5tly increas+ at ! rate ( "o & a half p] c5t42 capital has be5 increas+ at ! rate ( two & a half p] c5t4#dc ,x is ?is accumulation :i* has be5 /eadily rais+ ! rate ( wages 9 _m employm5ts ( indu/ry2 :il/ ! *emical & me*anical arts1 ! abundant means ( rapid transit1 ! abolition or r$uction ( duties ^u great articles ( consumption1 & ! fre$om ( comm]cial int]c\rse1 h giv5 all ! receiv]s ( wages a greatly increas$ comm& ( articles ( necessity1 & ev5 ( :at us$ to be ?\ght luxuries4 ,!re is no?+ m difficult 9 economical inquiries ?an ! attempt to asc]ta9 :at 0 ! actual rate ( wages at any giv5 p]iod4 ,! fluctuations 9 ! value ( money ent] into ?is "q1 m or less1 at e p]iod ( our hi/ory4 ,we f9d ! nom9al rate ( wages con/antly increas+1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 b we _c at all be c]ta9 t ! real rate is increas+4 ,t nom9al rate always requires to be comp>$ ) ! prices ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,:at p]ta9s to wages p]ta9s to all fix$ money-paym5ts4 ,a ,fell[ ( a college appli$ to ,bi%op ,fleetwood to "k if he c\ld consci5ti\sly hold 8 fell[%ip1 :5 ! /atutes ( ! college1 made 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 say t no "o %all s hold :o has an e/ate ( #el4 a ye>4 ,! ,fell[ _h an e/ate ( mu* l>g] nom9al am\nt4 ,! ,bi%op made a v valuable collection ( ! prices ( commodities1 & he ?us answ]s ! consci5ti\s inquir]3-- ,if = #bj ye>s toge!r 7f #addj to #adfj7 ! common price ( :eat 7 #fs4 #h;d4 ! qu>t]2 & if f #afhf to #agjf ! common price ( :eat 7 #djs4 ! qu>t]2 'tis pla9 t #el4 9 ,h4 ,,vi4 "t w\ld h pur*as$ #ae qu>t]s ( :eat2 = :i* y mu/ h paid1 = ^! la/ #bj ye>s1 #cj p\nd4 ,s t #cj p\nd n[1 w\ld be no m ?an equival5t to #e p\nd 9 ! reign ( ,h4 ,,vi4 ,?us if oats1 f #addj to #adfj1 7 g5]ally at #bs4 ! qu>t]1 & f #afhf to #agjf 7 at #abs4 ! qu>t]1 'tis manife/ t #abs4 n[ w\ld be no m ?an equival5t to #bs4 !n1 :i* is b a six? "p ( x4 ,?us1 if beans 7 !n #es4 & n[ #cjs4 ! qu>t]1 ! same proportion w\ld be f\nd betwixt #el4 & #cjl4 ,b y mu/ n expect t ev]y?+ w answ] ?us exactly4 ,ale1 = in/ance1 01 dur+ ! "t ( y\r f\nd]1 at ?ree-halfp5ce ! gallon2 b x has be51 ev] s9ce y 7 born1 at #h;d4 at ! lea/3 :i* is b five times m1 & a little ov]4 ,s t #el4 h]et(ore 7betwixt #addj & #adfj7 w\ld pur*ase no m ale ?an some:at above #bel4 w\ld n[4 ,aga91 good clo?1 su* z 0 to s]ve ! be/ doctor 9 y\r ,univ]sity = 8 g[n1 0 7betwe5 #addj & #adfj7 at #cs4 #g;d4 ! y>d2 at :i* rate1 #el4 w\ld h pur*as$ #bi y>ds1 or !reab\ts4 ,n[ y may pur*ase t quantity ( f9e clo? at some:at less1 ,i ?9k1 ?an #bel4 ,s t #bel4 n[ w\ld be an equival5t to y\r #el4 !n1 #bej ye>s s9ce1 if y pay ab\t #ahs4 ! y>d = y\r clo?4 ,i ?9k ,i h good reason to believe t beef1 mutton1 bacon1 & o!r common provisions ( life1 7 six times z *eap 9 ,h4 ,,vi4 reign z !y h be5 = ^! la/ #bj ye>s4 ,& !re=e ,i c see no cause :y #bh or #cjl4 p] ann4 %\ld n[ be acc\nt$ a great] e/ate ?an #el4 0 h]et(ore betwixt #addj & #adfj4dd ,b we are n to inf] f ^! consid]ations t ! wages ( lab\r ought to fluctuate ) ! prices ( commodities1 or t practically !y d s fluctuate4 ,if ?is 7 ! pr9ciple ( wages1 e improvem5t :i* l[]s ! price ( commodities w\ld l[] ! rew>ds ( lab\r4 ,almo/ e article ( necessity is *eap] n[ ?an x 0 t5 ye>s ago1 tak+ ! av]age ( ye>s2 & ! l>g] am\nt ( ?is *eapness has be5 produc$ by improvem5ts 9 manufactures1 by facilities ( communication1 & by ! removal ( taxation4 ,at ! same "t1 tak+ ! av]age ( ye>s & ( employm5ts1 wages h ris54 ,!re mu/ be "s g5]al cause 9 op]ation to produce ?is result4 ,illu/ration3 ,iri% ,mud-cab94 ,! wages ( lab\r _c be r$uc$ bel[ ! /&>d necess>y to support ! lab\r] & 8 family :il/ he produces4 ,if he _c obta9 ?is support he ceases to be a produc]4 ,he is />v$ out ( exi/5ce2 or he falls ^u ! public fund = ! support ( want2 or he becomes a begg> or a ?ief4 ,9 /ates ( society :]e !re is no accumulat+ capital1 ! lab\r] necess>ily receives l[ wages1 because he ma9ta9s himself at ! m9imum ( subsi/5ce4 ,our poet ,sp5s]1 writ+ ne>ly ?ree c5turies ago ^u ! mis]ies ( ,irel&1 describes ! cotti]s z inhabit+ sw9e-/ies r ?an h\ses4 ,swift1 long aft]1 describes ! same /ate ( ?+s3--,!re are ?\s&s ( poor wret*es :o ?9k !mselves bless$ if !y c obta9 a hut worse ?an ! squire's dog-k5nel1 & an acre ( gr\nd = a potato plantation4 ,?is condition ( society unhappily la/$ up to our own day4 ,if ! ,iri% cotti] _h be5 a lab\r] = wages in/ead ( d]iv+ 8 mis]able liv+ direct f ! l&1 he w\ld h be5 no bett] (f1 unless 8 desire = some?+ high] ?an ! co>se/ food1 & ! mo/ wret*$ lodg+1 _h set "s limit to ! increase ( population beyond ! increase ( capital4 ,population necess>ily increases fa/] ?an subsi/5ce :5 !re is no re/ra9t ^u ! increase by ! disposition to accumulate on ! "p ( ! lab\r]4 ,!re may be accumulation 9 ! =m ( 8 money-sav+s2 & !re may be accumulation 9 an increase ( ! conv5i5ces ( life by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,:5 !re is nei!r money sav$ nor com=ts increas$--:5 !re is no accumulation = ! gratification ( o!r wants ?an t ( food--competition is driv+ ! lab\r]s to ! l[e/ po9t ( mis]y4 ,! competition 9 ,irel& 0 = ! possession ( l&1 at an extravagant r5t1 out ( ! lab\r ^u :i* ! cotti] c\ld only obta9 ! v l[e/ am\nt ( necess>ies = 8 subsi/5ce4 ,if1 9 ! habits ( ! :ole body ( ! peasantry1 clo!s & furniture _h be5 z necess>y z potatoes1 ! oppressive exactions ( ! l&lords mu/ h yield$ to :at !n w\ld h be5 ! natural rate1 :e!r we call x pr(it or wages1 necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( t peasantry2 & ! necessity1 on _! "p1 = ma9ta9+ ! av]age /atus ( _! class1 w\ld 9 a consid]able degree h kept d[n ! inord9ate increase ( ! p4 ,a c5tury ago ! great body ( ! work+-p ( ,engl& ate rye bread1 :i* is *eap] ?an :eat54 ,if all ! work]s 7 to come back to rye-bread1 ! rate at :i* !y c\ld be com=tably ma9ta9$ w\ld be some:at less2 & unless ! accumulation f ! economy 7 exp5d$ univ]sally 9 "s improv$ accommodation1 lab\r]s w\ld gradually arise :o w\ld be cont5t$ ) ! small] am\nt necess>y = subsi/5ce1 & ! great] numb] ( lab\r]s seek+ = wages w\ld depress ! am\nt paid to ea* individual lab\r]4 ,9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 says ,mr4 ,morison1 ! classes liv+ by wages =m ! majority ( ! population4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,greg t ! annual am\nt paid 9 wages is a hundr$ & =ty millions /]l+2 to :i* may be add$ tw5ty millions = ! bo>d ( dome/ic s]vants4 ,! pr(its ( all ! op]ations ( indu/ry to ! capitali/s are e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,morison at n9ety millions4 ,! c5sus returns %[ t !re 7 ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r ?\s& ma/]s 9 trades1 & f>m]s1 employ+ f\rte5 hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,?is gives a proportion ( ab\t f\r m5 employ$ to "o employ]4 ,comp>$ ) ! e/imate ( pr(its x %[s t ea* employ]1 assum+ ! calculation to be correct1 w\ld d]ive a rev5ue ( two hundr$ & fifty p\nds a ye> z ! recomp5se ( 8 capital1 skill1 & risk4 ,?is is n s l>ge an aggregate pr(it z is ord9>ily suppos$4 ,! m5 employ$ w\ld ea* receive a rev5ue ( "o hundr$ a ye>4 ,b we mu/ add a l>ge numb] to ! m5 receiv+ wages1 :o w\ld n be return$ by _! employ]s2 & ! calculation ( paym5ts mu/ be fur!r dim9i%$ by ! consid]ation t 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 & 9 factory lab\r especially1 a v l>ge numb] ( females are employ$1 z well z boys4 ,b ! fact ( ! g5]al proportion ( wages to pr(its is suffici5tly /rik+ to %[ t ! inequality ( ! condition ( ! lab\r] & ! employ] is n s extravagantly great z we h be5 accu/om$ ( late ye>s to he> ass]t$4 ,9 look+ back ^u ! hi/orical evid5ce :i* we possess1 imp]fect z x is1 ( ! condition ( society at v>i\s p]iods ( our indu/rial progress1 we _c d\bt t !re has be5 a process con/antly go+ =w>d by :i* ! circum/ances ( all classes h be5 /eadily rais$4 ,9 ! table ( ,gregory ,k+1 :i* we h sev]al times ref]r$ to1 ! av]age income ( t5 ?\s& m]*ants is put d[n at ?ree hundr$ a ye>2 ( %opkeep]s & tradesm5 at =ty-five p\nds2 ( f>m]s at =ty-two p\nds2 & ( lab\r+ p at fifte5 p\nds4 ,! income ( g5tlem5 is tak5 at two hundr$ & eighty p\nds a ye>4 ,! increase ( ! means ( ^! v>i\s classes at ! pres5t day z comp>$ ) ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has c]ta9ly be5 ?reefold4 ,if we turn to ! passage :i* we h quot$ f ! ',*ronicon ,preciosum1' orig9ally publi%$ 9 #agjg1 we may at once comp>e ! advantages :i* a ?reefold increase ( means w procure4 ,:eat is n six p\nds a qu>t]1 nor broadclo? two p\nds f\rte5 %ill+s a y>d1--:i* w\ld be ! case if we trebl$ ! prices ( #agjg4 ,we h abundance ( conv5i5ces & com=ts ( :i* ! p ( ,que5 ,anne's reign _h no notion1 :i* h be5 be/[$ ^u u by manufactures1 & comm]ce1 & sci5tific agriculture4 ,we h already /at$ & illu/rat$ ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! wages ( lab\r are det]m9$ by ! accumulations ( capital1 comp>$ ) ! numb] ( lab\r]s4 ,h5ce x necess>ily results t1 z has be5 =cibly express$1 ! additional capital1 :5ev] x is productively employ$1 w t5d z c]ta9ly to ! b5efit ( ! work+ population at l>ge z if ! own] 7 a tru/ee = _! b5efit4#de ,b ! pr(itable employm5t ( capital dep5ds v greatly ^u activity1 k1 & =esight on ! "p ( ! capitali/4 ,x 0 = ! want ( ^! qualities t all ! old s*emes = provid+ lab\r out ( a common /ock *iefly broke d[n4 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale1 9 8 plans = employ+ paup]s 9 sp9n+ flax & weav+ clo?1 knew !oretically ! tru? t ! am\nt ( capital available = ! paym5t ( lab\r w\ld be l>gely increas$ by ! rapidity ) :i* x might be turn$ ov]4 ,he says1 ,if x c\ld be suppos$ t ! clo? c\ld be sold z soon z made1--:i* is n1 ,i confess1 reasonably to be expect$--!n a /ock ( #bdl4 w\ld1 by its cont9ual return1 provide mat]ials & pay ! workm5 = "o loom's "w 9 p]petuity4 ,! if expresses ! diff]5ce betwe5 individual comm]cial activity & k1 & (ficial sluggi%ness & incapacity4 ,b x also expresses ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! comm]ce ( our days1 & t ( ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,)\t roads1 or canals1 or railroads1 h[ difficult 0 x to br+ ! sell] & ! buy] toge!r6 ,all manufactures w\ld be1 = ! mo/ "p1 local4 ,! clo?s ( ,k5dal might g to ! neighb\r+ fairs on packhorses2 & !nce sl[ly spread ?r\gh ! c\ntry by p$l]s & o!r small deal]s2 & ! proce$s might return to ! manufactur] at ! end ( a ye>4 ,b ! rapid turn+ ov] ( capital :i* beg9s ) buy+ a bale ( cotton at ,new ,york1 & hav+ x 9 ,sydney 9 ! %ape ( calico 9 ?ree mon?s1 ) ! bill t is to pay = x drawn at ,man*e/]1 accept$ 9 ,sydney1 & disc\nt$ 9 ,london 9 ano!r ?ree mon?s1 is a turn+ ov] ( capital :i* 0 sc>cely imag9$ by ! projectors & practical trad]s ( a c5tury ago4 ,?is rapid turn+ ov] ( capital1 & ! consequ5t m rapid accumulation ( ! lab\r-fund1 dep5ds ^u ! confid5ce ( ! capitali/ t 8 capital w "w to a pr(it4 ,x w n s "w if he is to be und]sold4 ,if wages c\ld press ^u pr(it beyond a c]ta9 asc]ta9$ limit1 he w\ld be und]sold4 ,! home competition ( localities & individuals is p]petually =c+ on ! mo/ economical arrangem5ts 9 production4 ,! =eign competition is do+ s /ill m4 ,if we h increas$ productiv5ess "h1 ?r\gh sci5tific application1 ! same increas$ productiv5ess1 f ! same causes1 is go+ =w>d else:]e4 ',price-,curr5ts' supply a p]petual b>omet] ( indu/rial cl\d or sun%9e2 & ! manufactur] & m]*ant h con/antly to unfurl or furl _! sails accord+ to ! indications4 ,:5ev] !re is %ipwreck1 ! %ip's crew & ! capta9 p>take ( a common calamity2 & ! calamity is always precipitat$ & made m on]\s :51 f any cause1 !re is n cordial sympa?y & agreem5t4 #cg ,we h already notic$ ! anci5t oppressive laws = ! regulation ( lab\r1 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,we recur to !m "h m p>ticul>ly1 z illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( ,wages4 #ch ,see ! full ',*>ge' 9 ! ',h>leian ,miscellany4' #ci ,see ! ,evid5ce on ,poor-laws be=e a ,committee ( ,h\se ( ,commons1 #ahcg4 #dj ,he>?-money 0 a tax ^u h\ses accord+ to ! numb] ( *imneys1 at ! rate ( two %ill+s a *imney1 = e h\se hav+ m ?an two *imneys4 #da ,see ! passage 9 ,dunoy]1 ',lib]te du ,travail1' tom4 i4 p4 #daf4 #db ,sir ,john ,m',neill's ',report on ,free & ,paup] ,colonies 9 ,holl&4' #ahec4 #dc ,morison1 ',lab\r & ,capital1' ,app5dix ,b4 #dd ,*ronicon ,preciosum1 #agde1 p4 #acf4 #de ,morison1 ',lab\r & ,capital1' p4 #bd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,:at political economy tea*es--,skill$ lab\r & tru/$ lab\r--,competition ( unskill$ lab\r--,competition ( uncapitall$ lab\r--,it9]ant trad]s--,! contra/ ( organis$ indu/ry--,factory-lab\r & g>ret-lab\r-- ,communism--,proposals = /ate organisation ( lab\r-- ,social publi%+ e/abli%m5t--,practical co-op]ation4 ,!re is a passage 9 ,wordswor?'s ',excursion' 9 :i* he describes ! b5evol5t & philosophical h]o ( 8 poem1 a p$l]1 li/5+ to ! compla9ts ( pov]ty1 & se>*+ into ! causes ( ! evil3-- ,nor 0 he lo? to ent] ragg$ huts1 ,huts :]e 8 *>ity 0 ble/2 8 voice ,he>d z ! voice ( an exp]i5c$ fri5d4 ,&1 sometimes1 :]e ! poor man held dispute ,) 8 own m9d1 unable to subdue ,impati5ce1 ?r\gh inaptness to p]ceive ,g5]al di/ress 9 8 p>ticul> lot2 ,or *]i%+ res5tm5t1 or 9 va9 ,/ruggl+ aga9/ x1 ) a s\l p]plex'd ,& f9d+ 9 h]self no /eady p[] ,to draw ! l9e ( com=t t divides ,calamity1 ! *a/isem5t ( ,heav51 ,f ! inju/ice ( our bro!r m52 ,to him appeal 0 made z to a judge2 ,:o1 ) an und]/&+ he>t1 allay'd ,! p]turbation2 li/5'd to ! plea2 ,resolv'd ! dubi\s po9t2 & s5t5ce gave ,s gr\nd$1 s appli$1 t x 0 he>d ,) s(t5'd _s--e'en :5 x condemn'd4 ,! poor man is accu/om$ to hold dispute ) 8 own m9d2 he ?9ks 8 p>ticul> lot is worse ?an ! g5]al lot2 8 s\l is p]plex$ 9 consid]+ :e!r 8 condition is produc$ by a common law ( society1 or by ! inju/ice ( 8 fell[-m52 ! exp]i5c$ fri5d li/5s1 discusses1 argues1--b he argues 9 a temp] t produces a s(t5$ _s4 ,! advis] soo!s r ?an inflames1 by deal+ ) su* que/ions ) an und]/&+ he>t4 ,he unites ! sympa?is+ he>t ) ! reason+ und]/&+4 ,n[1 we may fairly inquire if1 dur+ ! _m un=tunate occasions t are con/antly aris+ ( conte/s = :at are call$ ! rights ( lab\r aga9/ :at is call$ ! tyranny ( capital1 ^? :o are ! mo/ imm$iate suff]]s 9 ! conte/ are address$ ) ! und]/&+ he>t8 ,if argum5t be us$ at all1 ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! relations betwe5 capital & lab\r are put too (t5 dictatorially or patronis+ly be=e !m1 z dry1 ab/ract propositions4 ,!y are n set =? z matt]s ( calm inquiry1 ^: tru?s1 :5 dispassionately exam9$1 may be f\nd to lead to ! conclusion t a /eadily-increas+ rate ( wages1 af=d+ ! employ$ a great] am\nt ( com=ts & conv5i5ces1 is ! inevitable result ( increas+ capital1 "u conditions :i* dep5d ^u ! work]s !mselves4 ,! result is g5]ally su* z took place 9 a rec5t ,lanca%ire /rike1 :]e "o ( ! lead]s exclaim$1 ,! soon] we c r\t political economy f ! _w1 ! bett] x w be = ! work+-classes4 ,x might1 inde$1 z well be said1 ! soon] we c r\t ac\/ics f ! _w1 ! bett] x w be = ^? :o h e>s to he>2 b ! absurdity w\ld n be correct$ by a ma!matical demon/ration to ^? :o did n compreh5d ma!matics4 ,! same p]son held t political economy 0 incompatible ) ! gospel precept ( do+ unto o!rs z we w\ld be done unto1 because x enc\rages buy+ 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell+ 9 ! de>e/2 & he necess>ily assum$ t political economy recomm5ds ! capitali/ to buy lab\r *eap & sell x de>4 ,we h n le>nt t calmly & k9dly he 0 told1 9 ! real _s ( political economy1 t x is impossible t1 by any individual or local advantage ! capitali/ may possess1 he c long depress wages bel[ ! rate ( ! :ole c\ntry1 because o!r capitali/s w\ld ent] into competition = ! employm5t ( lab\r1 & raise ! av]age rate4 ,if ,wordswor?'s exp]i5c$ fri5d _h he>d ?is p]v]sion ( ! mean+ ( ! axiom ab\t m>kets1 he w\ld h said1 we ?9k1 t to buy 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell 9 ! de>e/ simply means1 9 comm]ce1 to buy an article :]e its *eapness repres5ts abundance1 & to sell x 9 a place :]e its de>ness repres5ts a want ( x & a consequ5t dem&1--ev5 z he1 ! p$l]1 b\ght a piece ( clo? at ,k5dal1 :]e !re 0 pl5ty ( clo?1 & sold x = a pr(it at ,grasm]e1 :]e !re 0 little clo?4 ,! bus9ess ( m]cantile k & ent]prise is to discov] & apply ^! conditions2 s t1 if a trad] 7 to buy hides 9 ,smi?field & c>ry !m to ,bu5os ,ayres1 he w\ld rev]se ^! conditions1--he w\ld buy 9 ! de>e/ m>ket & sell 9 ! *eape/4 ,political economy--! declaim] aga9/ x might h be5 told--says t to produce *eap is ess5tial to l>ge dem&1 & con/antly-increas+ dem&2 b x does n say t *eap production necess>ily implies dim9i%$ wages4 ,x says t *eap production1 z a consequ5ce ( increas$ production1 dep5ds ^u ! con/antly-increas+ use ( capital 9 production1 & ! con/antly-dim9i%+ am\nt ( m]e manual lab\r comp>$ ) ! quantity produc$--:i* result is effect$ by ! successive application ( all ! appliances ( sci5ce to ! means ( production4 ,at e /ep ( sci5tific improvem5t !re is a dem& = lab\r ( a high] "* ?an exi/$ )\t ! sci5ce4 ,at e ext5d$ organization ( indu/ry1 result+ f an ext5d$ dem&1 n only skill$ lab\r1 b tru/$ lab\r1 becomes m & m 9 reque/2 & ! av]age am\nt ( all lab\r is bett] paid4 ,a bricklay] is paid m ?an ! man :o mixes 8 mort>1 because "o is a skill$ lab\r]1 & has le>nt 8 art by "s exp5diture ( "t1 :i* is capital4 ,! m]*ant's bookkeep] is paid m ?an 8 port]1 because ! "o has an (fice ( high tru/ & responsibility1 & ! o!r a duty to p]=m ( less importance1 & = :i* a f> great] numb] ( m5 want+ hire are fitt$4 ,we c\ld wi% t n only 9 ragg$ huts1 b 9 well-appo9t$ h\ses1 7 ! ?+s bett] und]/ood t political economy really does say4 ,illu/ration3 ,fe$ ! hungry4 ,! process :i* has be5 /eadily go+ on among/ u = increas+ ! dem& = skill & tru/wor?9ess has no d\bt produc$ a dim9ution ( ! funds = employ 9 :i* nei!r skill nor tru/ is requir$4 ,?us a great am\nt ( suff]+ is con/antly pres5t$ to our view1 :i* b5evol5ce has set ab\t reliev+1 9 our "t1 ) a zeal :i* %[s h[ fully x is ackn[l$g$ t ! great pr9ciple1 to ,love "o ano!r1 is n to evaporate 9 s5tim5t1 b is to be rip5$ 9 action4 ,z a nation1 ,engl& 0 nev] indiff]5t to ! comm&1 ,fe$ ! hungry4 ,! art ( ,flaxman has %[n ?is act ( m]cy 9 its mo/ direct =m4 ,b ! und]/&+ he>t has discov]$ t _m ( ! mis]ies ( society may be reliev$ by o!r modes z effectually z by alms-giv+1 & p]haps mu* m effectually4 ,:e!r "s ( ^! ef=ts may be misdirect$1 9 no degree detracts f ! value ( ! pr9ciple :i* seeks ! prev5tion ( mis]y r ?an ! relief4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s =ms 9 :i* mis]y has pres5t$ itself 9 our l>ge cities1 & especially 9 ,london1 has aris5 f ! competition among/ lab\r :i* may be call$ unskill$1 because !re are a num]\s unemploy$ body ( lab\r]s at h& to d ! same "w1 9 :i* !re is no special skill4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ! semp/resses ( ,london2 & ! fam\s ',song ( ! ,%irt' /ruck a note to :i* !re 0 a respond+ *ord 9 e bosom4 ,b ! t]rible evils ( ! l[ wages ( %irt-mak+ w\ld n h be5 reliev$ by an univ]sal agreem5t ( ! community to pur*ase none b %irts t1 by _! price1 c\ld af=d to give high] wages to ! %irt-mak]s4 ,! high] wages w\ld h infallibly attract$ m wom5 & m *ildr5 to ! bus9ess ( %irt-mak+4 ,! /raw-platt]s1 ! embroid]]s1 ! mill9]s w\ld h ru%$ to %irt-mak+2 &1 unless !re _h be5 a con/antly-increas+ rate ( price *>g$ to ! we>]s ( %irts1 & !re=e a con/ant =c$ contribution to ! capital devot$ to %irt-mak+1 ! paym5t to "o %irt-mak] w\ld h come to be divid$ among/ two2 & ! :ole body1 ?us d\bl$ by a rate ( wages disproportion$ to ! rate ( o!r lab\r requir+ little peculi> skill1 w\ld h be5 9 a worse condition 9 ! end ?an 9 ! beg9n+4 ,:atev] suff]+ may arise out ( ! competition t mu/ exi/ betwe5 m]e manual lab\r1 & also betwe5 t lab\r :i* is display$ 9 ! practice ( "s art easily le>nt1 capable ( ex]cise by bo? sexes1 & 9 :i* v "y *ildr5 may readily engage--x is sc>cely fair t ^? :o witness ! suff]+ ( ! employ$ at v l[ wages %\ld in/antly conclude t ! employ]s are extortion]s & oppressors4 ,a bran* ( trade :i* seems inconsid]able z reg>ds ! article produc$ is (t5 f\nd 9 a p>ticul> locality1 & furni%es employm5t to l>ge numb]s4 ,9 ! ,london p>i% ( ,cripplegate !re are great quantities ( too?bru%es made4 ,! h&le is =m$ by ! la!1 9 :i* skill$ lab\r is employ$4 ,! hair is cut by ma*9]y4 ,! holes 9 ! h&le 9 :i* ! hair is ins]t$ are also pi]c$ by ma*9es4 ,b ! ins]tion ( ! hair1 & ! fa/5+ x by wire1 are done by h&4 ,excell5t p1 :o1 ) a /rong s5se ( ,*ri/ian duty1 ent] ragg$ huts to relieve & to advise1 see a numb] ( wom5 & *ildr5 daily lab\r+ at ! "o task ( fa/5+ ! hair 9 too?bru%es2 & !y le>n t ! wages paid are mis]ably l[4 ,!y imm$iately conclude t ! wages %\ld be high]2 because 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! retail price ( a too?bru% & ! manufactur+ co/ !re mu/ necess>ily be l>ge pr(its4 ,!y say1 !re=e1 t ! :olesale manufactur] is unju/ 9 n giv+ high] wages4 ,b ! retail price ( too?bru%es1 h[ev] high1 does n enable ! manufactur]1 necess>ily1 to give a paym5t m consid]able ?an ! av]age ( su* lab\r to ! wom5 & *ildr5 :o v quickly le>n ! art ( fa/5+ ! hair4 ,! price he c pay is to be measur$ by ! av]age price ( su* lab\r all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ unlikely t ! manufactur] 9 ,cripplegate may n receive a f\r? ( ! price at :i* a too?bru% is sold 9 ,sa9t ,james's4 ,! pr(its are det]m9$ by ! av]age ( all 8 transactions4 ,he has to sell z *eaply z possible = ! export trade4 ,if he sell de>1 ! export-trad] w see if he _c buy a hundr$ ?\s& too?bru%es at ,havre in/ead ( ,london4 ,x is no?+ to ! export] :e!r he obta9 a pr(it out ( ,fr5* or ,engli% too?bru%es4 ,aga94 ,! manufactur] s5ds a hundr$ ?\s& too?bru%es to a :olesale deal] at ,glasg[1 :o supplies ! retail]s ?r\gh\t ,scotl&4 ,b be=e ! ,scot* w>eh\seman w repeat ! ord]1 he w asc]ta9 :e!r he c buy ! article *eap] at ,birm+ham2 & "o p] c5t4 l[] w decide aga9/ ,cripplegate4 ,n[1 9 all ^! dome/ic lab\rs involv+ small skill1 ! "q is :e!r ! mis]ably-paid work]s c d any?+ m pr(itable4 ,mr4 ,mayhew says t "s l>ge classes d n obta9 a fair liv+ price = _! "w1 because1 z 9 ! case ( ! ne$le-work]s & o!r dome/ic manufactur]s1 _! livelihood is suppos$ to be provid$ = !m by ! husb& or fa!r2 & h5ce ! remun]ation is view$ r z an aid to ! family income ?an z an absolute means ( support4 ,x is n :at is suppos$1 or :at is view$1 t det]m9es ! "q4 ,x is :at really is4 ,su* employ may1 unhappily1 be s\ght by _m z an absolute means ( support4 ,b if !re be an almo/ unlimit$ numb] :o seek x z an aid to ! family income1 !re is no possibility ( prev5t+ a competition1 p]fectly equal z reg>ds ! wages ( lab\r1 b wret*$ly unequal 9 ! application ( ^? wages4 ,! mis]ies t are s frequ5tly result+ f ! competition ( unskill$ lab\r are also results f :at we w v5ture to call uncapitall$ lab\r1 attempt+ to unite wages ) pr(its4 ,^u a l>ge scale1 ! mis]ies ( ,irel&1 :i* f9ally collaps$ 9 ! t]rible fam9e1 7 produc$ by lab\r tr5*+ ^u ! functions ( capital )\t possess+ capital4 ,9 #ahdg !re 7 9 ,irel& five hundr$ ?\s& acres ( l& 9 m ?an ?ree hundr$ ?\s& hold+s1 ?us supply+ ! only means ( ma9t5ance to ?ree hundr$ ?\s& male lab\r]s & _! families1 b av]ag+ little m ?an an acre & a half to ea* t5ant4 ,!re are n m ?an n9e hundr$ ?\s& lab\r]s & f>m]s to ! tw5ty-five million cultivat$ acres 9 ,engl& & ,wales--ab\t "o lab\r] to e ?irty-eight acres1 & ab\t "o f>m] capitali/ to e hundr$ & t5 acres4 ,nor is ! effect ( uncapitall$ & unskill$ lab\r--= uncapitall$ lab\r is = ! mo/ "p unskill$--less rem>kable 9 manufactures ?an 9 agriculture4 ,_m are famili> ) ! m9ute details ( l[ wages & suff]+--( ! oppressions attribut$ to ma/]s & middle-m5--:i* are conta9$ 9 a s]ies ( pap]s by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,mayhew1 publi%$ 9 ',! ,morn+ ,*ronicle' 9 #ahdi-ej1 "u ! title ( ',london ,lab\r1 & ,london ,poor4' ,no?+ c\ld be m laudable ?an ! g5]al object ( ^! pap]s1 :i*1 9 ! preface to a collect$ edition ( a portion ( !m1 0 to give ! ri* a m intimate k ( ! suff]+s1 & ! frequ5t h]oism "u ^! suff]+s1 ( ! poor2 & to cause ^? ( :om mu* is expect$1 to be/ir !mselves to improve _! condition4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x w\ld be difficult to say h[ ! condition ( p>ticul> classes ( ^! suff]]s 0 to be improv$1 except by su* g5]al ef=ts z w\ld raise up ! :ole body ( ! p 9 k & virtue1 & by direct+ ! lab\rs ( ^? :o1 )\t skill or capital1 7 /ruggl+ aga9/ skill & capital1 into c\rses ( indu/ry m consonant ) ! great modes ( productiv5ess all ar\nd !m4 ,"o example may illu/rate our mean+--t ( ! g>ret-ma/]s ( ! cab9et-trade4 ,! writ] we h m5tion$ says t wages _h fall5 #djj p] c5t4 9 t trade1 betwe5 #ahca & #ahej2 b he also says t ! trade 0 depress$ by ! increase ( small ma/]s--t is to say1 by a class ( workm5 possess$ ( j suffici5t capital to buy _! own mat]ials1 & to support !mselves :ile mak+ !m up4 ,tak+ ! :ole rate ( wages1--! paym5t to ! unskill$ z well z ! skill$ workm5--x w\ld be difficult n to believe t ! av]age r$uction 0 q z great z repres5t$4 ,a cab9et-mak] tells ?is tale3-- ,"o ( ! inducem5ts1 he said1 = m5 to take to mak+ up = !mselves is to get a liv+ :5 ?r[n out ( "w until !y c he> ( some?+ bett]4 ,if !y c\ld get into regul> j\rneywork !re a'n't "o man z w\ldn't pref] x--x w\ld pay !m a deal bett]4 ,ano!r ( ! reasons = ! m5 turn+ small ma/]s is ! little capital t x requires = !m to />t !mselves4 ,if a man has got 8 tools he c beg9 z a ma/]-man ) a c\ple ( %ill+s4 ,if he goes 9 = mak+ l>ge tables1 !n f #cjs4 to #ces4 w d him1 & x's ! small bit ( money x takes to />t ) 9 our l9e t br+s _m into ! trade :o w\ldn't be !re if m t9 0 want$ to beg9 ^u4 ,_m works = !mselves1 because nobody else won't employ !m1 _! "w is s bad4 ,_m weav]s has took to our bus9ess ( late4 ,t's q common n[--_! own's s bad2 & "s t us$ to hawk he>?/ones ab\t is turn$ ,pembroke tablemak]s4 ,:e!r ! mode 9 :i* ?is workman expresses himself correctly indicates1 or n1 ! am\nt ( 8 education1 x is q c]ta9 t he _h got to ! root ( ! evil ( :i* he compla9s4 ,! competition t is only limit$ by ! capacity ( endurance betwe5 ! unskill$ workman & ! uncapitall$ workman--ea* /riv+ aga9/ ! o!r1 & /riv+1 9 va9 aga9/ capital & skill--has be5 go+ on = c5turies 9 ! di/ribution ( commodities4 ,! retail] ) small capital has always _h to c>ry on an unequal conte/ ) ! retail] ) l>ge capital4 ,9 our "t1 small %ops are swall[$ up 9 magnific5t w>eh\ses1 9 :i* e article ( dress especially c be pur*as$ "u "o ro(--f a p5ny y>d ( ribbon to a hundr$-gu9ea %awl4 ,9 spl5d\r ^! baza>s1 ) "o proprietor1 rival ! ori5tal ) _m competitors4 ,b _! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is ! f>-see+ organization1 by :i* ! capital is turn$ ov] ) unexampl$ rapidity1 & no unsaleable /ock is kept on h&4 ,x is easy to und]/& t ! l>g] pr(its ( ! small retail] h v little *ance ( accumulation aga9/ ! small] pr(its ( ! l>ge retail]4 ,b ?is conte/ ( small capital aga9/ l>ge 0 =m]ly c>ri$ on 9 ! /ruggle ( ! it9]ant trad]s aga9/ ! %opkeep]s4 ,x is n[ c>ri$ on 9 a /ruggle among/ !mselves4 ,! c5sus returns %[ sev5 ?\s& co/]mong]s1 huck/]s1 & g5]al-deal]s4 ,mr4 ,mayhew says !re are t5 ?\s& 9 ,london4#df ,illu/ration3 ,co/]mong]4 ,! co/]mong] is a travell+ %opkeep]4 ,we enc\nt] him n 9 ,cornhill1 or ,holborn1 or ! ,/r&3 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! great m>kets & well-/or$ %ops he travels n4 ,b 8 voice is he>d 9 "s sil5t /reets /ret*+ into ! suburbs2 & !re 8 donkey-c>t /&s at ! door1 z ! d+y s]vant-maid *eap5s a bundle ( caulifl[]s4 ,he has monopoliz$ all ! trades t 7 anci5tly repres5t$ by su* ,london cries z ,buy my arti*okes1 mi/ress2 ,ripe c[cumb]s2 ,:ite onions1 :ite ,/4 ,?omas' onions2 ,:ite radi%2 ,ripe "y beans2 ,any bak+ pe>s2 ,ripe sp]agas4 ,he w\ld be indignant to enc\nt] su* petty *apm5 int]f]+ ) 8 :olesale op]ations4 ,mr4 ,mayhew says t ! regul> or ?or\ghbr$ co/]mong]s repudiate ! num]\s p]sons :o only sell nuts or oranges 9 ! /reets4 ,no d\bt !y rail aga9/ ^! inf]ior competitors1 z ! city %opkeep]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies rail$ aga9/ it9]ant trad]s ( e d5om9ation4 ,9 ! days ( ,elizabe?1 !y decl>e by act ( common c\ncil1 t 9 anci5t times ! op5 /reets & lanes ( ! city h be5 us$1 & ought to be us$1 z ! common highway only1 & n = huck/]s1 p$l]s1 & haggl]s1 to /& & sit to sell _! w>es 91 & to pass f /reet to /reet hawk+ & (f]+ _! w>es4 ,9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,*>les ,i4 ! same au?orities d5\nce ! oy/]-wives1 h]b-wives1 tripe-wives1 & ! l1 z unruly p2 & !y *>ge !m1 some:at unju/ly z x mu/ appe>1 ) fram+ to !mselves a way :]eby to live a m easy life ?an by lab\r4 ,h[ busy is ! man ! _w calls idle6 ,! evil1 z ! citiz5s t]m x1 seems to h increas$2 = 9 #afid ! common c\ncil ?reat5$ ! p$l]s & petty *apm5 ) ! t]rors ( ! laws aga9/ rogues & /urdy begg>s1 ! lea/ p5alty be+ :ipp+1 :e!r = male or female4 ,! reason = ?is t]rible d5unciation is v c&idly put3 ! citiz5s & %opkeep]s are greatly h9d]$ & prejudic$ 9 _! trades by ! hawk]s & p$l]s4 ,su* d5unciations z ^! _h little %>e 9 putt+ d[n ! it9]ant trad]s4 ,!y cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 because society requir$ !m2 & !y vani%$ f our view :5 society requir$ !m no long]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury !y 7 fairly e/abli%$ z rivals to ! %opkeep]s4 ,dr4 ,johnson1 ?an :om no man knew ,london bett]1 ?us writes 9 ! ',adv5tur]3' ,! att5tion ( a newcom] is g5]ally fir/ /ruck by ! multiplicity ( cries t /un him 9 ! /reets1 & ! v>iety ( m]*&ise & manufactures :i* ! %opkeep]s expose on e h&4 ,! %opkeep]s h n[ ru9$ ! it9]ants--n by putt+ !m d[n by fi]y p5alties1 b by ! competition among/ !mselves to h e article at h&1 = e man's use1 :i* %all be bett] & *eap] ?an ! w>es ( ! it9]ant4 ,a curi\s p>allel might be c>ri$ out betwe5 ! it9]ant occupations :i* ! progress ( society has imp]fectly susp5d$1 & ^? :i* ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ civilization is compell$ to reta94 ,= example1--! wat]-c>ri] is gone4 ,x is impossible t ,london c ev] aga9 see a man b5t b5ea? ! weight ( a yoke & two enorm\s pails1 vocif]at+ ,new ,riv] ,wat]4 ,b ! cry ( ,milk1 or ! rattle ( ! milk-pail1 w nev] cease to be he>d 9 our /reets4 ,!re c be no res]voirs ( milk1 no pipes ?r\gh :i* x fl[s into ! h\ses4 ,! m ext5sive ! great capital becomes1 ! m active mu/ be ! individual ex]tion to c>ry ab\t ?is article ( food4 ,! old cry 01 ,any milk "h8 & x 0 sometimes m+l$ ) ! s\nd ( ,fre% *eese & cream2 & x !n pass$ into ,milk1 maids1 bel[2 & x 0 !n %ort5$ into ,milk bel[2 & 0 f9ally corrupt$ into ,mio1 :i* "s wag int]pret$ into mi-eau--demi-eau--half-wat]4 ,b x mu/ /ill be cri$1 :atev] be ! cry4 ,! supply ( milk to ! metropolis is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ beautiful comb9ations ( indu/ry we h4 ,! days are long s9ce pa/ :5 ,f9sbury _h its pleasant groves1 & ,cl]k5well 0 a village1 & !re 7 gre5 pa/ures 9 ,holborn1 & ,/4 ,pancras boa/$ only a little *ur* /&+ 9 mead[s1 & ,/4 ,m>t9's 0 lit]ally 9 ! fields4 ,sl[ly b surely does ! bak$ clay /ride ov] ! clov] & ! butt]cup2 & yet e family 9 ,london may be suppli$ ) milk by eight o'clock e morn+ at _! own doors4 ,:]e d ! c[s abide8 ,!y are congregat$ 9 wondr\s masses 9 ! suburbs2 & ?\gh 9 spr+-"t !y g out to pa/ure 9 ! fields :i* lie "u ! ,hamp/ead & ,highgate hills1 or 9 ! vales ( ,dulwi* & ,syd5ham1 & !re crop ! t5d] blade1 ,:5 pr\d pi$ ,april1 dress'd 9 all 8 trim1 ,ha? put a _s ( y\? 9 ev]y?+1 yet = ! re/ ( ! ye> ! co>se grass is c>t$ to _! /alls1 or !y dev\r :at ! brew]ies & di/ill]ies _c extract f ! gra9-h>ve/4 ,long be=e ! unfold+ /> wakes up ! %eph]d are ! ,london c[s milk$2 & ! great :olesale v5d]s ( ! commodity be> x 9 c>ts to e "p ( ! t[n1 & di/ribute x to hundr$s ( it9]ants1 :o are wait+ l ! wat]-c>ri]s at ! old conduits4 ,b ! :olesale v5d]s h ceas$ to dep5d ^u ! suburban c[s4 ,! railways br+ milk 9 enorm\s cans to e /ation4 ,! suburb has ext5d$1 practically1 to a circle ( fifty miles in/ead ( five4 ,x is evid5t t a p]i%able commodity :i* e "o requires at a giv5 h\r mu/ be rapidly di/ribut$4 ,! di/ribution has lo/ its romance4 ,misson1 9 8 ',travels1' publi%$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 tell u ( ! ,may-games ( ! pretty "y c\ntry girls t s]ve ! t[n ) milk4 ,alas6 ! ,may-games & pretty "y c\ntry girls h bo? dep>t$1 & a milkwoman has become a v unpoetical p]sonage4 ,!re are few inde$ ( milkwom5 :o rema94 ,s x is ) mo/ ( ! occupations t associate ,london ) ! c\ntry4 ,! cry ( ,wat]-cresses us$ to be he>d f "s b>efoot nymph ( ! brook1 :o at sunrise _h dipp$ h] feet into ! bubbl+ runnel1 to c>ry ! gre5 luxury to ! citiz5s' breakfa/-tables4 ,wat]-cresses are n[ gr[n l cabbages 9 g>d5s4 ,( ! /reet trades t are pa/ & =gott51 ! small-coal man 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,he tells a tale ( a city ) few fires2 = :o c\ld n[ imag9e a man e>n+ a liv+ by bawl+ ,small coals f door to door1 )\t any supply b t 9 ! sack :i* he c>ries on 8 %\ld]s8 ,8 cry 01 h[ev]1 a rival ) ,wood to cleave4 ,9 a metropolis full ( hab]da%]s1 l>ge & small1 :at *ance w\ld an ag$ man n[ h ) 8 flatt]+ solicitation ( ,pretty p9s1 pretty wom58 ,he :o c>ries a b>rel on 8 back1 ) a measure & funnel at 8 side1 bawl+ ,f9e writ+-ink1 is want$ nei!r by cl]ks nor au?ors4 ,!re is a groc]'s %op at e turn2 & :o !re=e ne$s him :o salutes u ) ,lily-:ite v9eg>8 ,! hi/ory ( cries is a hi/ory ( social *anges4 ,! work+ trades1 z well z ! v5d]s ( ?+s t c be b\ght 9 e /reet1 are n[ bani%$ f our ?or\ghf>es4 ,old *airs to m5d /ill salutes u 9 "s retir$ suburb2 & we /ill see ! knife-gr9d]'s :eel2 b :o vocif]ates ,any "w = ,john ,coop]8 or ,a brass pot or an iron pot to m5d8 ,! trades are gone to ^? :o pay scot & lot4 ,illu/ration3 ,pots to m5d4 ,!re are "s occupations ( ! /reets1 h[ev]1 :i* rema9 ess5tially ! same1 ?\gh ! =m be some:at v>i$4 ,! sell]s ( food are ( c\rse among/ ^!4 ,hot peascods1 & hot %eep's-feet1 are n popul> delicacies1 z 9 ! "t ( ,lydgate4 ,hot w>d5s1 & ,hot codl+s1 are n ! cries :i* invite u to ta/e ( /ew$ pe>s & bak$ apples4 ,b we h /ill apples hiss+ ov] a *>coal fire2 & potatoes /eam+ 9 a %9+ app>atus1 ) sav\ry salt-butt] to put betwe5 ! fruit :5 x is cut2 & *e/nuts roa/$2 & greasy sausages1 r$ol5t ( onions & m>joram2 & crisp br[n fl\nd]s2 & ! mutton-pie-man1 ) 8 toss = a p5ny4 ,rice-milk1 furmety1 b>ley-bro?1 & saloop are no long] 9 reque/4 ,! greate/ improvem5t ( ,london 9 our own day has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( c(fee-%ops1 :]e ! artisan may take 8 breakfa/ ) com=t1 & ev5 ) luxury2 :]e a good breakfa/ may be _h = ?ree-p5ce2 :]e no intoxicat+ liquors are sold2 & :]e ! newspap]s & ! be/ p]iodical works may be regul>ly f\nd4 ,if we lam5t ov] ! g5]al decay ( ! it9]ant trad]s--_! unc]ta9 ga9s1 _! privations f con/ant exposure1 _! want ( home com=ts1 _! temptation to drive _! *ildr5 into ! /reets to make m sales--we lam5t ov] :at is an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! g5]al progress ( society4 ,c we correct ^! evils by say+ t ! pr(its ( ! it9]ant trad]s ought to be rais$8 ,_! l[ condition is a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! c>ry+ on a sy/em ( indu/ry :i* is at v>iance ) ! g5]al sy/em ( civilization4 ,!y may h _! uses 9 di/ricts ) a scatt]$ population1 because !y br+ articles ( consumption to ! door ( ! consum]4 ,b 9 d5sely populat$ di/ricts !y mu/ inevitably be sup]s$$ by ! %opkeep]s4 ,!y c>ry on _! indu/ry by a s]ies ( individual ef=ts1 :i* are int]f]$ ) by num]\s *ances & accid5ts4 ,we are told t ! class is ext5d+ ye>ly4 ,b x _c ext5d pr(itably4 ,9 _m cases x assumes only ano!r =m ( m5dicity4 ,x is a prec>i\s occupation4 ,x c c\nt ^u no regul> returns4 ,its ga9s1 su* z !y are1 are l all o!r unc]ta9 ga9s--! impulse to occasional pr(ligacy 9 connection ) habitual mis]y4 ,! co/]mong]s1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mayhew1 are drunk>ds & gambl]s1--liv+ )\t religion or ! family ties4 ,_! *ildr5 are :olly un$ucat$4 ,^! are br\ght up to assi/ v e>ly 9 obta9+ _! prec>i\s liv+2 & !y cleave to a w&]+ 9 place ( a settl$ life4 ,dissociat$1 ?us1 f all regul> indu/ry1 !y become ! outca/s ( ! p2 & g on swell+ ! numb] ( ^? :o1 9 ,france1 are call$ ! dang]\s classes4 ,all classes are dang]\s 9 :om !re is none ( t self-respect :i* goes along ) dome/ic com=t--) sobriety1 ) cleanl9ess1 ) a ta/e = "s pursuit t has a t9cture ( ! intellectual4 ,h[ is su* a class to be dealt )8 ,! adult are almo/ pa/ hope2 ! "y1 tak5 e>ly en\gh1 may be tra9$ into some?+ bett]4 ,b ! v la/ ?+ t society has to d is to enc\rage1 by any =c$ & unnatural process1 ! accession ( numb]s to ! body1 always d]iv+ new competitors f ! un=tunate & ! idle :o h fall5 out ( regul> occupation4 ,^? :o le>n ! necessity ( be+ provid5t cease to be co/]mong]s4 ,) "s1 inde$1 ! pr(itable sale ( an article 9 ! /reets may be ! fir/ /ep 9 an accumulation :i* w lead to ! m pr(itable sale ( an article at a /all1 & !nce1 onw>d1 to ! possession ( a %op4 ,!re h be5 su* in/ances2 & we knew ( a rem>kable "o 9 a boy :o w5t to a tea-deal]1 & said if he c\ld be tru/$ ) "o p\nd ( tea he c\ld make a liv+4 ,he 0 tru/$4 ,9 "t he want$ no cr$it1 & 0 a regul> & valuable cu/om] to 8 fir/ patron4 ,he pass$ out ( ! it9]ant life into ! settl$2 & ultimately became a fl\ri%+ %opkeep]4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ! v>i\s =ms ( unskill$ lab\r & irregul> trad+ :i* we h notic$1 may be m5tion$ an indu/ry :i* 9 ,london has a v p]fect organization4 ,9 ,cl]k5well & ! neighb\r+ p>i% ( ,sa9t ,luke's1 !re are sixte5 hundr$ wat*mak]s4 ,^! are n ! artisans :om we see z we pass along ! /reets ( ! metropolis1 & ( ! prov9cial t[ns1 sitt+ 9 front ( ! %op-w9d[ dilig5tly repair+ or putt+ toge!r ! works ( a wat*1 by ! light ( day or ( a brilliant lamp1 ea* ) a magnify+ glass press$ "u 8 eyebr[4 ,nor are !y ! work]s 9 metal :o manufacture ! movem5ts1--t is1 ! :eels--( a wat*1 = ^! *iefly dwell 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,! ,london wat*mak]s1 ?us closely pack$ 9 a di/rict :i* is small comp>$ ) ! :ole area ( ! metropolis1 are ^? :o put ! movem5ts toge!r1 & supply all ! delicate p>ts ( ! me*anism1 su* z ! spr+ & ! escapem5t4 ,!y provide also ! case & ! dial-plate4 ,! degree ( ! skill$ lab\r employ$ 9 ^! sev]al bran*es necess>ily v>ies1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! in/rum5t to be produc$1 f ! ord9>y metal wat* to ! mo/ luxuri\s repeat]4 ,) "s exceptions1 ! artisans d n "w 9 l>ge factories4 ,!y are subdivid$ accord+ to _! respective qualities1 among/ small e/abli%m5ts1 :]e a ma/] has sev]al m5 receiv+ wages = p]=m+ "o p>ticul> bran* ( "w2 or ! artisan himself1 9 8 own home1 may be an escapem5t-mak]1 a spr+-mak]1 a fusee-mak]1 a mak] ( h&s1 an enamell]1 an eng9e-turn]1 a jewell$ pivot-hole mak]4 ,all ?is beautiful subdivision ( employm5ts has be5 f\nd necess>y = ! p]fection & ! *eapness ( wat*es4 ,! capitali/1 :o is ess5tially ! wat* manufactur]1 organizes all ^! dep>tm5ts ( indu/ry4 ,engli% wat*es1 by ?is economical sy/em ( production1 keep _! place aga9/ ! competition ( =eign wat*es2 ( :i* we import$1 9 #ahec1 fifty-f\r ?\s&4 ,! skill$ workm51 9 all ! v>i\s subdivisions ( ! manufacture1 are well paid1 & take _! due rank among/ ! great & increas+ body ( intellig5t me*anics4 ,)9 ^! few ye>s ,am]ican clocks h be5 ext5sively sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,p w\ld once h ?\ght t ! bus9ess ( clockmak+ 9 ,engl& w\ld be at an end1 if x _h be5 pr$ict$ t 9 #ahec we %\ld import1 z we did1 a hundr$ & =ty ?\s& clocks4 ,! goodness & *eapness ( ,am]ican clocks h c>ri$ a clock into _m a h\se1 t )\t !m w\ld h be5 defici5t ( ?is in/rum5t = keep+ all indu/ry 9 accordance ) ! extraord9>y punctuality :i* has be5 =c$ ^u u z an indisp5sable quality4 ,we owe ! g5]al ex]cise ( ?is virtue to ! po/ & ! railroads4 ,no "o ne$s n[ to be told1 z our gr&fa!rs 7 some:at r\ghly told by ! sun-dial 9 ! ,temple1 ,be gone ab\t ?y bus9ess4 ,! ,am]ican clocks are produc$ by factory lab\r4 ,9 ,connecticut two hundr$ & fifty m5 are employ$ 9 "o e/abli%m5t1 9 mak+ six hundr$ clocks a-day1 ! price v>y+ f "o doll> to t51 & ! av]age price be+ ?ree doll>s4 ,ea* clock passes ?r\gh sixty diff]5t h&s2 b 9 e /age ! mo/ sci5tific applications ( ma*9]y *iefly produce ! excell5ce & ! *eapness4 ,betwe5 ! factory-lab\r requir$ to produce an ,am]ican clock1 :i* lab\r af=ds ample wages to e lab\r] employ$1 & ample security to ! capitali/ t he w n e/abli% exp5sive ma*9]y1 & pay con/ant wages1 )\t pr(it1--betwe5 ?is factory-lab\r1 & ! g>ret-lab\r :i* produces a rickety ,pembroke-table1 ) bad mat]ials & imp]fect tools1 at ! l[e/ rate ( pr(it to ! workman1--! diff]5ce really consi/s 9 ! application or non-application ( capital4 ,! !ori/ !n /eps 9 at ?is /age ( ! evid5ce1 & says t ! g>ret-lab\r] ought to be provid$ ) capital4 ,8 !ory resolves itself into :at is call$ ,communism2 & x seeks to be ma9ta9$ by exhibit+ ! aggregate evils ( ,competition4 ,! !ori/ does n d5y t competition has produc$ an imm5se developm5t ( weal?2 b he affirms t ! result ( ! /ruggle has be51 to fill ! h&s t 7 already too full1 & to take away f ! h&s t 7 already ne>ly empty4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! lab\r+ classes h be5 m & m decl9+ ) e increase ( ! g5]al ri*es2 & t1 at e /op 9 :i* indu/ry advances1 ! proportion ( ! wret*$ to ! great mass ( ! population z c]ta9ly increases4 ,we %all n attempt to reply to ^! declamations by any c\nt] declamation4 ,we po9t to ! great body ( facts conta9$ 9 ?is volume2 & ^u !m re/s our unqualifi$ ass]tion t ! doctr9es ( ,communism are :olly untrue1 & are oppos$ to ! :ole body ( evid5ce t enables u to judge ( ! av]age condition ( ! p1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,to rem$y ! evils :i* x alleges to exi/1 ,communism proposes associations work+ ^u a common capital1 & divid+ ! produce ( all ! lab\r ( ! community4 ,to make a :ole c\ntry lab\r 9 ?is way1 by a confiscation ( all ! capital ( ! c\ntry1 pres5ts1 necess>ily1 great difficulties2 & !re=e !re mu/ be small] communities 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,b ^! communities mu/ produce ev]y?+ )9 !mselves1 or !y mu/ deal ) o!r communities4 ,!re w\ld be competition 9 ^! communi/ic deal+s betwe5 "o community & ano!r4 ,ev5 if ! :ole _w 7 to become communi/ic1 !re w\ld be competition betwe5 "o nation & ano!r nation4 ,! ma9 objection to ! !ory ( ,communism 7! objections to its application are obvi\s en\gh7 is t1 9 propos+ to h a common fund = all lab\r1 x w>s aga9/ ! natural pr9ciple ( individuality1 & de/roys ! effici5cy ( production1 by conf\nd+ ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s degrees ( skill & indu/ry4 ,if x give high] rew>ds to skill$ lab\r ?an to unskill$1 x does exactly :at is done 9 ! pres5t /ate ( society4 ,if ! unskill$ & idle 7 ! l>g] numb] "u a sy/em ( ,communism1 !y w\ld soon degrade ! skill$ & ! indu/ri\s to _! own level4 ,if !y 7 ! less p[]ful numb]1 ! skill$ & ! indu/ri\s w\ld soon br+ back ! law ( competition1 & drive ! unskill$ & idle to ! m9imum po9t ( subsi/5ce4 ,b ,communism1 to meet su* difficulties1 sets up a sy/em ( exp$i5ts4 ,x invokes ! aid ( ! ,/ate z a regulat+ p[]2 &1 hav+ ma9ta9$ t ! ,/ate is b\nd to f9d employ = e "o will+ to lab\r1 h[ev] ineffici5tly1 & to supply ! necess>y funds = all lab\r1 x makes ! ,/ate ! great heal] ( diff]5ces1 ev5 z ,mr4 ,s]geant ,?orpe held t ! ,/ate c\ld provide a salve = e sore4 ,let u take "o example ( ! mode 9 :i* ,communism proposes to dis*>ge its functions4 ,!re is a little treatise1 9 ,italian1 by ,c\nt ,pec*io1 on ! ,application ( ! ,g5]al ,laws ( ,production to ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,publications4 ,x consid]s t lit]>y-lab\r is gov]n$ by ! same laws z any o!r lab\r2 t ! capital ( a man ( lett]s consi/s 9 8 /ores ( acquir$ k2 t1 z !re is no equality 9 lit]>y tal5t--z !re is a great range ( tal5t betwe5 ! mo/ skill$ & ! lea/ skill$ lit]>y lab\r]--s ! rew>ds ( lit]>y indu/ry are proportionally unequal2 t ! wages ( lit]>y lab\r dep5d ^u ! usual conditions ( dem& & supply2 t1 "u a sy/em ( competition 9 an op5 m>ket1 ! lit]>y lab\r] is m sure ( 8 rew>d1 h[ev] l>ge may be ! numb] ( lab\r]s1 ?an 9 ! old days ( patronage = ! few2 t ,/ate enc\ragem5t is n necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( a high & endur+ lit]ature2 t :5 lit]>y indu/ry is free--:5 x is nei!r fo/]$ by b\nties1 nor cramp$ & annihilat$ by prohibitions--:5 !re is nei!r patronage nor c5sor%ip--x is 9 ! mo/ fav\rable condition = its prosp]\s developm5t4 ,^! pr9ciples1 appli$ to lit]>y production1 are 9 _m respects applicable to all production4 ,e "o has he>d ( ! ',organization ( ,lab\r1' :i* "s philosoph]s ( a neighb\r+ c\ntry 7 attempt+ to transf] f ! !ories ( ! closet to ! exp]im5ts ( ! work%op1 9 #ahdh4 ,x is n our object1 z we h said1 to discuss :e!r a va/ sy/em ( national co-op]ation = univ]sal production be a wise ?+ or a practical ?+4 ,let u /ate only a small "p ( t sy/em1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ',organisation du ,travail1' by ,monsieur ,l\is ,blanc1 ! second "p ( :i* is devot$ to ! "q ( lit]>y prop]ty4 ,all ! b5eficial results contemplat$ by ! organiz]s ( a univ]sal social indu/ry are to be obta9$ = lit]>y indu/ry1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 by ! f\ndation ( a ,social ,publi%+ ,e/abli%m5t1 :i* is ?us describ$3 ,x w\ld be a lit]>y manufacture belong+ to ! ,/ate )\t be+ subject to ! ,/ate4 ,?is in/itution w\ld gov]n itself1 & divide among/ its memb]s ! pr(its obta9$ by ! common lab\r4 ,accord+ to its orig9al laws1 :i* w\ld be laid d[n by ! ,/ate1 ! ,social ,publi%+ ,e/abli%m5t w\ld n h to pur*ase any au?or's "r 9 8 works4 ,! price ( books w\ld be det]m9$ by ! ,/ate1 ) a view to ! utmo/ possible *eapness2 all ! exp5ses ( ! impression w\ld be at ! *>ge ( ! ,social ,e/abli%m5t4 ,a committee ( enlight5$ m51 *os5 & remun]at$ by ! ,social ,e/abli%m5t1 w\ld receive ! works4 ,! writ]s ^: works ! ,social ,e/abli%m5t w\ld publi% w\ld acquire1 9 ex*ange = _! rights z au?ors1 :i* !y w\ld :olly resign1 ! "r ( exclusively compet+ = national recomp5ses4 ,!re w\ld be 9 ! annual national budget1 a fund provid$ = su* recomp5se1 = au?ors 9 e sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,e "t ! fir/ "w ( an au?or 0 deem$ wor?y ( a national recomp5se1 a premium w\ld also be giv5 to ! ,social ,e/abli%m5t1 t x might be indemnifi$ = ! possible loss :i* x _h su/a9$ 9 giv+ its support to y\?ful tal5t4 ,e ye> ! repres5tatives ( ! p w\ld "n1 = e bran* ( intellectual ex]tion1 a citiz5 :o w\ld exam9e ! works issu+ f ! social presses4 ,he w\ld h a :ole ye> to exam9e !m ?or\ghly2 to read all ! criticisms ^u !m2 to /udy ! influ5ce :i* !y _h produc$ ^u society2 to int]rogate public op9ion ?r\gh its organs1 & n judge by ! bl9d multitude ( buy]s2 & f9ally to prep>e a report4 ,! national rew>ds w\ld !n be di/ribut$ 9 ! mo/ solemn mann]4 ,we ?us /ate briefly b fairly ! plan :i* is to put an end to t lit]>y competition :i* x is proclaim$ comm5ces 9 di%on\r & ends 9 mis]y2 :i* is to de/roy bad books & enc\rage good2 :i*1 x is affirm$1 is no long] to make ! publication ( good books dep5d ^u ! speculators1 :o h r>ely any o!r intellig5ce ?an a comm]cial aptitude1 b ^u compet5t m51 :om x int]e/s 9 ! success ( e useful & comm5dable "w4 ,we truly believe t ?is w\ld be a practicable plan--provid$ two conditions 7 secur$1 :i* at pres5t seem to be left out ( ! acc\nt4 ,!y are simply ^!--t !re %\ld be unlimit$ funds at h& = ! purpose ( rew>d+ au?ors1 & unlimit$ wisdom & hone/y 9 _! adm9i/rators4 ,b unhappily1 z we und]/& x1 ! entire plan is a confusion ( pr9ciple--reject+ mu* t is valuable 9 competition1 & adopt+ mu* t is positively h>mful 9 co-op]ation4 ,^? au?ors :o are pr(it+ l>gely by ! competitive sy/em are to give up _! pr(its to ! common fund1 :i* is to support ^? :o c\ld n make pr(its "u t sy/em4 ,?is is ! social work%op notion ( equality4 ,b 9 ! lit]>y work%op ! ,/ate is to /ep 9 & re/ore ! anci5t condition ( inequality1 by exclusive rew>ds to ! mo/ des]v+ ( ! competitors4 ,x is a practical satire ^u ! :ole s*eme ( a new social arrangem5t4 ,) a s9c]e disposition to speak fav\rably ( e plan = promot+ ! welf>e ( our fell[-creatures :i* is n f\nd$ ^u a de/ruction ( ! security ( prop]ty1 we h no desire to ma9ta9 t all ! d5\nc]s ( competition are weak & dang]\s advis]s ( ! great body ( work+ p4 ,we believe t ! entire sy/em ( any propos$ co-op]ation t w\ld set aside competition is a delusion1--out ( :i*1 inde$1 "s small good might be sl[ly & pa9fully evok$1 b :i* c nev] ma9ly affect ! great work+s ( individual indu/ry1 :il/ its futile attempts may relax ! spr+s ( all j & hone/ action4 ,b we d n 9 any degree seek to oppose any practical =m ( co-op]ation t is built ^u ! natural & inevitable work+s ( capital1 t5d+ to produce1 9 a mann] n less fav\rable = production ?an a sy/em entirely competitive4 ,co-op]ation is n a new ?+ 9 ,engl&4 ,two c5turies & a half ago1 ,%aksp]e became a consid]able l&-proprietor at ,/rat=d1 out ( 8 %>e ( ! pr(its ( a co-op]ative ent]prise2 &1 9 ! same pr(ession ( a play]1 ,all5 acquir$ a suffici5t =tune to f\nd ,dulwi* ,college4 ,9 ^? companies ( play]s ( ! ,elizabe?an era !re 7 %>ehold]s ) v>y+ int]e/s--"s hav+ a capital 9 ! build+ & prop]ties ( a !atre1 comb9$ ) _! o!r capital ( hi/rionic skill4 ,! jo9t proprietors liv$ 9 great h>mony toge!r1 & treat$ ea* o!r ) affection z fri5ds & fell[s4 ,! co-op]ation :i* _m e>ne/ ?9k]s hold to be desirable to e/abli% 9 ,engl& is precisely ?is sort ( unit$ indu/ry4 ,!y h no desire to attempt ! introduction ( a fallaci\s equality1 su* z communism proposes2 b !y ask to h ! legal p[] ( comb9+ m5 9 common lab\rs1 accord+ to _! respective degrees & qualifications4 ,he :o br\ght to ! und]tak+ capital only %\ld receive a %>e ( pr(its proportion$ to its value & haz>d--! we> & te> ( implem5ts--! det]ioration ( /ock4 ,he :o br\ght great adm9i/rative skill1 & took ! high] (fice ( tru/ & responsibility1 %\ld also receive a %>e 9 proportion to ! r>ity ( ^! qualities2 & s ( ^? :o 7 skilful & tru/wor?y 9 a less] degree4 ,! great body ( ! work]s w\ld receive _! due %>es "u a scale f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce4 ,b capitali/1 inv5tor1 manag]1 & lab\r]s1--all w\ld h "s ultimate int]e/ 9 ref]5ce to pr(its4 ,! ,que51 9 op5+ ! ,session ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahef1 ann\nc$ t a measure w\ld be br\ght =w>d = am5d+ ! law relat+ to ,p>tn]%ip4 ,dur+ t ,session ,! ,jo9t-,/ock ,companies ,act 0 pass$1 by :i* x 0 provid$ t sev5 or m associat$ p]sons1 by comply+ ) ! =ms ( ! ,act ) reg>d to ,regi/ration1 might =m !mselves into an ,incorporat$ ,company1 ) or )\t limit$ liability4 ,"u ?is act _m ,companies h be5 =m$2 &1 z might h be5 expect$1 v>i\s crude projects h ?us be5 born--quickly to die4 ,a bill = am5d+ ! law ( ,p>tn]%ip 0 br\ght =w>d2 b x met ) s mu* opposition t x 0 )drawn4 ,)\t ! ma*9]y ( a ,jo9t-,/ock ,company1 p>tn]%ip liability rema9s z be=e4 ,:at is risk$ by ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! law ( ,p>tn]%ip1 & :at might be ga9$ by its modification1 are cle>ly put by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,ludl[1 an em95t b>ri/]3--,! example ( ^? /rikes :i* h be5 fir/ agitat+ & !n desolat+ ! c\ntry = ! la/ half-ye> 7#ahec7 is surely mo/ in/ructive on ?is head4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t1 f ! en]gies ( ! work+ classes hav+ be5 hi!rto direct$1 x may be said1 to ! sole economic object ( high wages1 bo? ! be/ paid & mo/ prud5t workm5 h (t5 be5 dragg$1 will+ly or unwill+ly1 into ^! conflicts1 ( :i* "s at lea/ ( ! mo/ b5evol5t employ]s h 9 l mann] _h to be> ! brunt4 ,b suppose a p[] giv5 to ! work+ m51 by a relaxation ( ! laws ( p>tn]%ip1 to inve/ _! sav+s z comm&ite p>tn]s 9 _! employ]'s conc]n1 h[ diff]5t might h be5 ! result6 ,:5ev] an employ] _h really des]v$ ! confid5ce ( 8 "w-p1 all ! mo/ indu/ri\s among/ !m might h gr[n b\nd up z comm&ite p>tn]s ) ! int]e/s ( ! e/abli%m5t1 hav+ no long] = _! object ! rais+ ( _! own wages1 b ! prosp]ity ( t bus9ess 9 ! pr(its ( :i* !y w\ld h a %>e--able on ! "o h&1 z receiv]s ( wages1 to c\nsel ! employ]1 _! manag+ p>tn]1 z to any wise advance2 able1 on ! o!r1 z receiv]s ( pr(its1 to dissuade _! fell[-work]s f any injuri\s dem&4#dg ,let u also he> ! op9ion ( a practical m]*ant--,mr4 ,george ,w>de ,norman1 a ,director ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&3 ,! extreme difficulty1 if n ! legal impossibility 9 ,engl&1 ( giv+ cl]ks or workm5 a sal>y proportion$ to ! pr(its ( an employ]1 )\t mak+ !m p>tn]s 9 ! wide/ s5se1 ,i consid] a va/ practical evil4 ,x seems to me t ! sy/em ?us *eck$ is ( s highly b5eficial a nature1 t x m]its e enc\ragem5t t ! law c give x4 ,x w\ld at once enable an e>ne/ wi% on ! "p ( a portion ( ! op]ative class to be met 9 a way mo/ satisfactory to _! feel+s4#dh ,h[ev] e>ne/ & ?9k+ m5 may diff] z to ! legislative means ( effect+ a m p]fect union ( skill & capital1 x is a pray] 9 :i* all good m5 unite1 t ! condition ( ! work+-classes may be m & m improv$1--t _! outw>d circum/ances may be made bett] & bett]4 ,b ^? :o lab\r ! /eadie/1 & ! mo/ zeal\sly1 9 ! endeav\r to realize ?is hope1 feel t ! day ( ?is amelioration is f> remov$ by p]petual conte/s betwe5 ! employ$ & ! employ]s1 :i* imp$e production & dim9i% ! funds = ! support ( lab\r4 ,!y "k t e improvem5t 9 ! arts ( life improves also ! condition ( ! humble/ work+-man 9 ! l&2 & !y also "k t e successive improvem5t has a t5d5cy to less5 ! inequality 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,b1 if ! condition ( ! work+-m5 ( ^! k+doms is to be p]man5tly improv$1--if !y are to obta9 a full %>e ( ! bless+s :i* sci5ce & indu/ry conf] ^u mank9d1--!y mu/ w9 ^? bless+s by _! own moral elevation4 ,!y _c snat* !m by viol5ce2 !y _c accompli% !m sudd5ly by clam\r2 !y _c ov]?r[ a ?\s& oppos+ circum/ances to a great & rapid rise ( wages2 !y mu/ w9 !m by peaceful & /eady ex]tion4 ,:5 ! work+-m5 ( ?is c\ntry %all feel1 z ! l>g] portion ( !m already feel1 t ,k is ,p[]1 !y w next set ab\t to see h[ t p[] %all be ex]cis$4 ,! fir/ tyranny :i* t p[] mu/ hold 9 *eck is ! tyranny ( evil habits--^? habits :i*1 look+ only to ! pres5t h\r1 at "o "t plunge "s into all ! ?\ghtless extravagance :i* belongs to a /ate ( high wages--at ano!r1 ?r[ !m pro/rate be=e _! employ]s1 9 all ! mis]y & degradation :i* accompany a /ate ( l[ wages1 )\t a provision = t /ate4 ,x is = !m1 & = !m alone1 to equalize ! two conditions4 ,! *anges ( trade1 9 a highly comm]cial c\ntry l ?is1 mu/ be incessant4 ,x is = ! workm5 !mselves to put a gov]nor on ! comm]cial ma*9e1 z f> z !y are conc]n$2 9 a season ( prosp]ity to accumulate ! p[] ( capital--9 a season ( adv]sity to use effectively1 because temp]ately1 t p[] :i* !y h won = !mselves4 ,b !re are o!r duties to be p]=m$1 9 ano!r direction--! duties ( employ]s4 ,t duty does n consi/ 9 mak+ s]vants p>tn]s1 if ! employ]s h no incl9ation !reto4 ,x does n consi/ 9 attempt+ any private b5evol5ce1 by rais+ ! rate ( wages paid by _! own firms beyond ! av]age rate1 :i* attempt w\ld be ru9\s to bo? classes int]e/$4 ,b x does consi/ 9 ex]cis+ ! means )9 _! p[] to b5efit ! condition ( all 9 _! employ1 by cultivat+ e sympa?y ) !m t may be ! real expression ( a community ( int]e/s4 ,su* sympa?y is manife/$ :5 l>ge firms devote a consid]able portion ( _! pr(its to ! education ( ! "y p]sons employ$ 9 _! factories2 :5 !y cultivate ! intellig5t pleasures ( _! adult "w-p2 :51 9 a ^w1 !y make ! factory sy/em a beautiful in/rum5t = rais+ ! :ole body ( _! lab\r]s into a real equality1 9 all ! moral & intellectual conditions ( our nature1 ) !mselves ! capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,:5 ^? duties are att5d$ to1 !re may be common mis=tunes2 dem& may fall (f2 ! ma*9]y1 :e!r ( /eam or ( m9d1 may be imp]fectly 9 action2 ! season ( adv]sity may br+ discom=t4 ,b x w n br+ animosity4 ,!re may be deep anxieties on "o "p1 & sev]e privations on ! o!r1 b !re w n be hatr$s & jeal\sies1--! cold neglect1 & ! grim despair4 ,we "k ! ardu\s /rife1 ! et]nal laws1 ,to :i* ! triumph ( all good is giv53 ,high sacrifice1 & lab\r )\t pause1 ,ev5 to ! dea?4 #df ,! subject ( it9]ant trad]s is treat$ fully 9 an article by ! au?or ( ',k is ,p[]1' 9 a pap] 9 ',london1' vol4 i4 ,a portion ( t article is "h repr9t$1 ) "s alt]ations4 #dg ,fir/ ,report ( ,m]cantile ,law ,commission1 #ahed4 #dh ,ibid4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib] ,,notes3 ,page x3 illu/ration #ie 0 n includ$ 9 ?is edition4 ,page #fa3 se+ *ang$ to see+ 7& see+1 !re=e1 ! fallacy74 ,page #hc3 cobl] *ang$ to cobbl] 7c>p5t]1 c>t]1 cobbl]1 cook74 ,page #aee3 ,p>ke *ang$ to ,p>k 7,mungo ,p>k describes ! sad condition74 ,page #aif3 ,delf *ang$ to ,delft 7! common w>e f ,delft74 ,page #bbg two places3 calicos *ang$ to calicoes 7no long] s5ds u 8 calicoes7 & 7is n long] weav+ calicoes = u74 ,page #bdh3 delet$ ! 7beyond provid+ a supply ( mat]ial74 ,illu/ration caption prec$+ page #cba3 ,manufctory *ang$ to ,manufactory 7,pian(orte ,manufactory74 ,page #cib3 an4 *ang$ to ann4 7#cj p] ann4 %\ld n[ be74 ,page #cif3 dif]5ce *ang$ to diff]5ce 7x also expresses ! diff]5ce betwe574