images ( public doma9 mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,! ,,en]gy ,,sy/em ,,( ,,matt] ,,! ,,en]gy ,,sy/em ,,( ,,matt] ,a ,,d$uction ,,f ,,t]re/rial ,,en]gy ,,ph5om5a ,,by ,,james ,,weir ,,) #ab ,,diagrams ,,longmans1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aiab ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface ,an intimate /udy ( natural ph5om5a & a l5g!n$ exp]i5ce 9 physical rese>* h result$ 9 ! =mation ( c]ta9 g5]alisations & d$uctions :i* ,i n[ pres5t 9 ?is volume4 ,i h rea*$ ! conclusion t e physical ph5om5on is due to ! op]ation ( en]gy trans=mations or en]gy transmissions embodi$ 9 mat]ial1 & takes place "u ! action or influ5ce ( incept+ en]gy fields4 ,9 any in/ance ! precise nature ( ! ph5om5a is dep5d5t on ! peculi> =m ( en]gy actively engag$1 on ! nature ( ! mat]ial to :i* ?is en]gy is appli$1 & on ! nature ( ! incept+ field :i* influ5ces ! process4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! "w sev]al concrete cases are discuss$1 9 :i* ^! features ( en]gy are illu/rat$ & expla9$ by ! use ( simple exp]im5tal app>atus4 ,x is hop$ t1 by ?is means1 ! di/9ctive diff]5ces :i* exi/ 9 ! manife/ations ( en]gy1 9 its trans=mation1 9 its transmission1 & 9 its incept+ =ms w be r5d]$ cle> to ! read]4 ,i h to express my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,james ,affleck1 ,b4,sc41 = 8 assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w = publication4 ,,james ,,weir4 ,,ov] ,,c\rance1 ,,lock]bie1 ,,scotl&4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,"p ,i ,,g5]al ,,/atem5t #a4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,natural ,,op]ations #g #b4 ,,sep>ate ,,mass ,,9 ,,space #h #c4 ,,adv5t ,,( ,,en]gy--,,di/ortional ,,effects #i #d4 ,,! ,,gravitation ,,field #aa #e4 ,,limits ,,( ,,rotational ,,en]gy--,,disruptional ,,ph5om5a #ac #f4 ,,passive ,,function ,,& ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,( ,,gravitation ,,field #ag #g4 ,,limit ,,( ,,gravitation ,,trans=mation #ah #h4 ,,int]actions ,,( ,,two ,,planet>y ,,bodies--,,equilibrium ,,ph5om5a #ai #i4 ,,axial ,,en]gy--,,second>y ,,processes #bb #aj4 ,,me*anism ,,( ,,en]gy ,,return #bg #aa4 ,,review ,,( ,,cosmical ,,sy/em--,,g5]al ,,function ,,( ,,en]gy #bi #ab4 ,,review ,,( ,,cosmical ,,sy/em--,,natural ,,conditions #ca ,,"p ,,ii ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,inception #ac4 ,,illu/rative ,,second>y ,,processes #cd #ad4 ,,incept+ ,,en]gy ,,influ5ces #dj #ae4 ,,cohesion ,,z ,,an ,,incept+ ,,influ5ce #de #af4 ,,t]re/rial ,,gravitation ,,z ,,an ,,incept+ ,,influ5ce #dh #ag4 ,,! ,,gravitation ,,field #ea #ah4 ,,! ,,!rmal ,,field #ed #ai4 ,,! ,,lum9\s ,,field #eh #bj4 ,,trans=mations--,,upw>d ,,movem5t ,,( ,a ,,mass ,,aga9/ ,,gravity #fb #ba4 ,,trans=mations--,,! ,,simple ,,p5dulum #fg #bb4 ,,/atical ,,en]gy ,,conditions #fh #bc4 ,,trans=mations ,,( ,,! ,,mov+ ,,p5dulum--,,en]gy ,,( ,,motion ,,to ,,en]gy ,,( ,,position ,,& ,,vice ,,v]sa #gb #bd4 ,,trans=mations ,,( ,,! ,,mov+ ,,p5dulum--,,frictional ,,trans=mation ,,at ,,! ,,be>+ ,,surfaces #gg #be4 ,,/ability ,,( ,,en]gy ,,sy/ems #gi #bf4 ,,! ,,p5dulum ,,z ,a ,,cons]vative ,,sy/em #ha #bg4 ,,"s ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,transmission ,,processes--,,transmission ,,( ,,heat ,,en]gy ,,by ,,solid ,,mat]ial #hd #bh4 ,,"s ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,transmission ,,processes--,,transmission ,,by ,,flexible ,,b& ,,or ,,cord #hi #bi4 ,,"s ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,transmission ,,processes--,,transmission ,,( ,,en]gy ,,to ,,air ,,masses #ib #cj4 ,,en]gy ,,ma*9es ,,& ,,en]gy ,,transmission #ie #ca4 ,,id5tification ,,( ,,=ms ,,( ,,en]gy #ajg #cb4 ,,complete ,,second>y ,,cyclical ,,op]ation #aad ,,"p ,,iii ,,t]re/rial ,,conditions #cc4 ,,gase\s ,,expansion #aah #cd4 ,,gravitational ,,equilibrium ,,( ,,gases #abd #ce4 ,,total ,,en]gy ,,( ,,gase\s ,,sub/ances #aca #cf4 ,,comp>ative ,,altitudes ,,( ,,planet>y ,,atmosph]es #ace #cg4 ,,reactions ,,( ,,composite ,,atmosph]e #aci #ch4 ,,description ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,case #adc #ci4 ,,relative ,,physical ,,conditions ,,( ,,atmosph]ic ,,con/itu5ts #aej #dj4 ,,transmission ,,( ,,en]gy ,,f ,,aque\s ,,vap\r ,,to ,,air ,,masses #aec #da4 ,,t]re/rial ,,en]gy ,,return #afj #db4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,analogy ,,& ,,demon/ration ,,( ,,! ,,g5]al ,,me*anism ,,( ,,en]gy ,,trans=mation ,,& ,,return ,,9 ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,cycle #agj #dc4 ,,application ,,( ,,p5dulum ,,pr9ciples #aha #dd4 ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,p5dulum ,,pr9ciples ,,to ,,t]re/rial ,,ph5om5a #ahh #de4 ,,conclud+ ,,review ,,( ,,t]re/rial ,,conditions--,,effects ,,( ,,influx ,,( ,,en]gy #aib ,,! ,,en]gy ,,sy/em ,,( ,,matt] ,,introduction ,! ma9 pr9ciples on :i* ! pres5t "w is f\nd$ 7 broadly outl9$ 9 ! au?or's ,t]re/rial ,en]gy 9 #ahhc1 & also 9 a lat] pap] 9 #ahib4 ,! views !n express$ h s9ce be5 amply v]ifi$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,9 ! m>* ( progress1 ! =w>d /rides ( sci5ce h be5 ( gigantic proportions4 ,its triumphs1 h[ev]1 h be5 9 ! realm1 n ( speculation or fai?1 b ( exp]im5t & fact4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 ! c>eful & sy/ematic exam9ation & co-ord9ation ( exp]im5tal facts has ev] be5 lead+ to results ( real practical value1 on ! o!r1 ! task ( ! !ori/s1 9 _! ef=ts to expla9 ph5om5a on speculative gr\nds1 has become increas+ly sev]e1 & ! results obta9$ h be5 decreas+ly satisfactory4 ,day by day x becomes m evid5t t n "o ( ! _m exi/+ !ories is adequate to ! explanation ( ! kn[n ph5om5a3 b1 9 spite ( ?is obvi\s fact1 attempts are /ill con/antly be+ made1 ev5 by mo/ em95t m51 to rule ! results ( exp]im5tal sci5ce into l9e ) ?is or t accept$ !ory4 ,! contradictions are _m & gl>+1 b speculative me?ods are /ill rampant4 ,!y h become ! fa%ion1 or r ! feti%1 ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,x w\ld seem t no exp]im5tal result c be ( any value until x is d$uctively accommodat$ to "s preconceiv$ hypo!sis1 until x is embodi$ & "u ! sway ( :at is practically sci5tific dogma4 ,^! me?ods h p]meat$ all bran*es ( sci5ce m or less1 b 9 no sph]e has ! t5d5cy to indulge 9 speculation be5 m pron\nc$ ?an 9 t :i* deals ) en]getics4 ,9 no sph]e1 also1 h ! consequ5ces ( su* indulg5ce be5 m disa/r\s4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! curr5t conceptions ( en]gy processes are crude1 fanciful1 & inconsi/5t ) ,nature4 ,!y require = _! support--9 fact1 = _! v exi/5ce--! acceptance ( equally fanta/ic conceptions ( my?ical sub/ances or e!real m$ia ( ^: real exi/5ce !re is absolutely no exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,on ! assum$ prop]ties or motions ( su* m$ia are bas$ ! _m inconsi/5t & useless attempts to expla9 ph5om5a4 ,b1 z already po9t$ out1 ,nature has unmi/akably indicat$ ! true pa? ( progress to be t ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,9 ! use ( ?is me?od only ph5om5a c be employ$1 & any hypo!sis :i* may be =mulat$ z ! result ( rese>* on ^! l9es is ( sci5tific value only 9 s f> z x is ! correct expression ( ! actual facts obs]v$4 ,by ?is me?od ( hold+ close to ,nature reliable work+ hypo!ses c1 if necess>y1 be =m$1 & real progress made4 ,x is und5iably ! me?od ( true sci5ce4 ,9 rec5t ye>s mu* att5tion has be5 devot$ to c]ta9 speculative !ories ) respect to ! orig9 & ultimate nature ( matt] & en]gy4 ,su* hypo!ses1 emanat+ z !y d f prom95t work]s1 & fo/]$ by ! inh]5t imag9ative t5d5cy ( ! human m9d1 h ga9$ consid]able /&+4 ,b x is surely unnecess>y to po9t out t all que/ions relat+ to orig9s are ess5tially outside ! pale ( true sci5ce4 ,any hypo!ses :i* may be ?us =mulat$ h n ! support ( exp]im5tal facts 9 _! conclusions2 !y belong r to ! realm ( speculative philosophy ?an to t ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! total abs5ce ( confirmatory ph5om5a1 su* !ories c1 at be/1 only be reg>d$ z plausible speculations1 to be accept$1 x may be1 )\t argum5t1 & rank+ 9 int]e/ 9 ! ord] ( _! plausibility4 ,( mod]n rese>* into ! ultimate con/itution ( matt] little requires to be said4 ,x is l>gely f\nd$ on c]ta9 radio-active & electrical ph5om5a :i*1 9 !mselves1 contribute little in=mation4 ,b aid$ by speculative me?ods & ! use ( preconceiv$ e!real hypo!ses1 v>i\s elaborate !ories h be5 =mulat$1 expla9+ matt] & its prop]ties entirely 9 t]ms ( e!real motions4 ,su* conceptions 9 _! prop] sph]e--namely1 t ( metaphysics--w\ld be no d\bt ( int]e/1 b :5 advanc$ z a sci5tific proposition or solution !y bord] on ! ridicul\s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ph5om5a be>+ on ! subject1 x w\ld seem t ! la/ resort ( ! mod]n sci5ti/ lies 9 t]m9ology4 ,to ! av]age seek] aft] tru?1 h[ev]1 ! t]m matt]1 z appli$ to ! mat]ial _w1 w /ill convey z mu* mean+ z ! m elaborate sci5tific def9itions4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is "w to add ano!r ?read to ! already tangl$ ske9 ( sci5tific !ory4 ,x is writt51 r1 ) ! conviction1 t x is impossible ev] to get really beh9d or beyond ph5om5a2 9 ! belief t ! complete description ( any natural process is simply ! complete description ( ! associat$ ph5om5a1 :i* may always be obs]v$ & co-ord9at$ b nev] ultimately expla9$4 ,ph5om5a mu/ ev] be accept$ simply z ph5om5a--z ! inscrutable manife/ations ( ,nature4 ,by induction f ph5om5a x is inde$ possible to rise to work+ hypo!ses1 & !nce1 x may be1 to g5]al conceptions ( ,nature's ord]1 & z already po9t$ out1 x is to ?is me?od1 ( accept+ ph5om5a1 & ( reason+ only f exp]im5tal facts1 t all ! advances ( mod]n sci5ce are due4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! neglect ( ?is me?od--! dep>ture1 z x 71 f ,nature--:i* has l$ to ! introduction into ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! day ( ! v>i\s e!real m$ia ) _! extreme & contradictory prop]ties4 ,! use ( su* devices really am\nts to an admission ( direct ignorance ( ph5om5a4 ,!y are1 9 reality1 an attempt to expla9 natural op]ations by a highly artificial me?od1 &1 hav+ no basis 9 fact1 _! :ole t5d5cy is to proce$1 9 ev]-increas+ degree1 f "o absurdity to ano!r4 ,x is q possible to ga9 a p]fectly true & an absolutely reliable k ( ! prop]ties ( matt] & en]gy1 & ! "p :i* ea* plays1 )\t resort+ to speculative aids4 ,all t is requir$ is simply accurate & complete obs]vation at fir/ h&4 ,! field ( rese>* is wide2 all ,nature =ms ! laboratory4 ,by ?is me?od e result a*iev$ may be te/$ & v]ifi$1 n by its concurr5ce ) any approv$ !ory1 h[ev] plausible1 b by direct ref]5ce to ph5om5a4 ,! v]dict ( ,nature w be ! f9al judgm5t on e s*eme4 ,x is on ^! pr9ciples1 alli$ ) ! great g5]alisations ) respect to ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1 t ?is "w is f\nd$4 ,z ! result ( a long1 v>i$1 & intimate acqua9tance ) ,nature1 & mu* exp]im5tal rese>* 9 _m sph]es1 ! au?or has rea*$ ! conclusion1 already =e%ad[$ 9 ,t]re/rial ,en]gy1 t ! great pr9ciple ( en]gy cons]vation is true1 n only 9 ! univ]sal & g5]ally accept$ s5se1 b also 9 a p>ticul> s5se ) respect to all really sep>ate bodies1 su* z planet>y masses 9 space4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies1 !re=e1 =ms )9 itself a completely cons]vative en]gy sy/em4 ,?is conclusion obvi\sly involves ! complete d5ial ( ! transmission ( en]gy 9 any =m across int]planet>y space1 & ! au?or1 9 ?is volume1 n[ seeks to v]ify ! conclusion by ! direct exp]im5tal evid5ce ( t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,"u pres5t-day conditions 9 sci5ce1 ! acceptance ( ! ord9>y doctr9e ( transmission across space involves likewise ! acceptance ( ! exi/5ce ( an e!real sub/ance :i* p]vades all space & =ms ! m$ium by :i* su* transmission is c>ri$ out4 ,! prop]ties ( ?is m$ium are1 ( c\rse1 precisely adapt$ to its assum$ function ( transmission4 ,^! prop]ties x is n necess>y to discuss1 = :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! transmission itself has be5 f9ally disprov$1 ! necessity = ! transmitt+ m$ium cle>ly vani%es4 ,,"p ,i ,,g5]al ,,/atem5t #a4 ,advantages ( ,g5]al ,view ( ,natural ,op]ations ,! object ( ?is /atem5t is to outl9e & illu/rate1 9 simple fa%ion1 a broad & g5]al conception ( ! op]ation & int]action ( matt] & en]gy 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,su* a conception may be ( value to ! /ud5t ( ,nature1 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 mod]n times ! g5]al t5d5cy ( sci5tific "w is ev] t[>ds specialisation1 ) its correspond+ n>r[ness ( view4 ,a broad outlook on ,nature is ?us em95tly desirable4 ,x enables ! obs]v] to p]ceive to "s ext5t ! l9ks unit+ ! app>5tly mo/ insignificant ( natural processes to ^? ( seem+ly great] magnitude & importance4 ,9 ?is way a valuable idea ( ! natural _w z a :ole may be ga9$1 :i* w1 9 turn1 t5d g5]ally to cl>ify ! aspect ( p>ticul> op]ations4 ,a broad g5]al view ( ,nature also leads to ! appreciation ( ! full significance ( ! great doctr9es ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy4 ,by its means ! complete v]ification ( ^! doctr9es1 :i* appe>s to be beyond human exp]im5t1 may be trac$ on ! face ( ,nature ?r\gh\t ! endless *a9 ( natural processes4 ,su* a view also leads to a firm grasp ( ! ess5tial nature & qualities ( en]gy itself s f> z !y are reveal$ by its g5]al function 9 ph5om5a4 #b4 ,sep>ate ,mass 9 ,space ,9 ! s*eme n[ to be outl9$1 matt] & en]gy are po/ulat$ at ! comm5cem5t )\t ref]5ce to _! ultimate orig9 or inh]5t nature4 ,!y are accept$1 9 _! div]se =ms1 precisely z !y are famili> f ord9>y t]re/rial exp]i5ce & ph5om5a4 ,= ! purpose ( g5]al illu/ration ! read] is ask$ to conceive a mass ( het]og5e\s matt]1 conc5trat$ r\nd a giv5 po9t 9 space1 =m+ a s+le body4 ,?is mass is assum$ to be assembl$ & to obta9 its coh]5t =m 9 virtue ( t univ]sal & inh]5t prop]ty ( matt]1 namely1 gravitative or c5tral attraction4 ,?is prop]ty is indep5d5t ( precise en]gy conditions1 its outw>d manife/ation be+ f\nd simply 9 ! p]si/5t t5d5cy ( matt] on all occasions to press or =ce itself into ! lea/ possible space4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all di/urb+ influ5ces1 !re=e1 ! configuration ( ?is mass ( matt]1 assum$ assembl$ r\nd ! giv5 po9t1 w\ld naturally1 "u ! influ5ce ( ?is gravitative t5d5cy1 resolve itself into t ( a p]fect sph]e4 ,! precise magnitude or dim5sions ( ! sph]ical body ?us con/itut$ are ( little mom5t 9 ! discussion1 b1 = illu/rative purposes1 x may1 9 ! meantime1 be assum$ t 9 mass x is equival5t to our kn[n sol> sy/em4 ,x is also assum$ to be completely devoid ( en]gy1 & z a mass to be "u ! influ5ce ( no ext]nal con/ra9t4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! sph]ical body may obvi\sly be assum$ z /ation>y 9 space1 or o!rwise z mov+ ) p]fectly uni=m velocity along a precisely l9e> pa?4 ,ei!r conception is ju/ifiable4 ,! body has no relative motion1 & s9ce x is absolutely uncon/ra9$ no =ce c\ld be appli$ to x & no en]gy exp5diture w\ld be requir$ = its l9e> movem5t4 #c4 ,adv5t ( ,en]gy--,di/ortional ,effects ,nature1 h[ev]1 does n furni% u ) any cele/ial or o!r body fulfill+ su* conditions4 ,absolutely l9e> motion is unkn[n1 & matt] is nev] f\nd divorc$ f en]gy4 ,to complete ! sy/em1 !re=e1 ! latt] factor is requir$1 &1 ) ! adv5t ( en]gy to ! mass1 its prototype may be f\nd 9 ! natural _w4 ,?is en]gy is assum$ to be communicat$ 9 t =m :i* we %all t]m "w en]gy 7,secs4 #ac1 #ca7 & :i*1 z a =m ( en]gy1 w be fully dealt ) lat]4 ,?is "w en]gy is assum$ to be manife/$1 9 ! fir/ place1 z en]gy ( motion4 ,z already po9t$ out1 no exp5diture ( en]gy c be associat$ ) a l9e> motion ( ! mass1 s9ce t motion is "u no re/ra9t1 b 9 virtue ( ! initial c5tral attraction or gravitative /ra91 ! =m ( en]gy fir/ communicat$ may be t ( k9etic en]gy ( rotation4 ,its transmission to ! mass w cause ! latt] to revolve ab\t "s axis ( symmetry )9 itself4 ,ea* p>ticle ( ! mass ?us pursues a circul> pa? ) ref]5ce to t axis1 & has a velocity directly proportional to its radial displacem5t f x4 ,?is en]gis$ rotat+ sph]ical mass is ?us ! primal conception ( ! en]gy s*eme n[ to be outl9$4 ,x w be readily se5 t1 z a primal conception1 x is ess5tially & entirely natural2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t any "o famili> ) rotatory motion might readily pr$ict f ord9>y exp]i5ce ! result+ ph5om5a on :i* ! s*eme is1 m or less1 bas$4 ,:5 en]gy is appli$ to ! mass1 ! fir/ ph5om5on ( note w be t1 z ! mass rotates1 x dep>ts f its orig9ally sph]ical %ape4 ,by ! action ( :at is usually t]m$ c5trifugal =ce1 ! rotat+ body w be di/ort$2 x w be flatt5$ at ! pol> or regions ( l[e/ velocity situat$ at ! extremities ( ! axis ( rotation1 & x w be correspond+ly di/5d$ at ! equatorial or regions ( highe/ velocity4 ,! sph]ical body w1 9 fact1 assume a m or less discoidal =m accord+ to ! am\nt ( en]gy appli$ to x2 !re w be a r$i/ribution ( ! orig9al sph]ical matt]2 c]ta9 portions ( ! mass w be =c$ into new positions m remote f ! c5tral axis ( rotation4 #d4 ,! ,gravitation ,field ,^! ph5om5a ( motion are ! outw>d evid5ce ( c]ta9 en]gy processes4 ,! di/ortional movem5t ( ! mat]ial is c>ri$ out aga9/ ! action & )9 ! field ( c]ta9 =ces :i* exi/ 9 ! mass ( mat]ial 9 virtue ( its gravitative or cohesive qualities4 ,x is c>ri$ out also 9 virtue ( ! application ( en]gy to ! sph]e1 :i* en]gy has be51 z x 71 trans=m$ or work$ d[n1 9 ! di/ortional movem5t1 aga9/ ! re/ra9+ action ( ?is gravitation field or influ5ce4 ,! outw>d displacem5t ( ! mat]ial f ! c5tral axis is ?us co9cid5t ) a ga9 ( en]gy to ! mass1 ?is ga9 ( en]gy be+1 ( c\rse1 at ! exp5se (1 & by ! direct trans=mation (1 ! orig9ally appli$ en]gy4 ,x is /or$ 9 ! di/ort$ mat]ial z en]gy ( position1 pot5tial en]gy1 or en]gy ( displacem5t relative to ! c5tral axis4 ,b1 9 ! di/ortive movem5t1 ! mass w also ga9 en]gy 9 o!r =ms4 ,! movem5t ( "o portion ( its mat]ial relative to ano!r w give rise 7s9ce x is c>ri$ out "u ! gravitational influ5ce7 to a fractional process 9 :i*1 z we "k f t]re/rial exp]i5ce1 heat & electrical en]gy w make _! appe>ance4 ,^! =ms ( en]gy w give rise1 9 _! turn1 to all ! ph5om5a usually att5dant on _! application to mat]ial4 ,z already po9t$ out also1 ! :ole mass ga9s1 9 v>y+ degree1 en]gy ( motion or k9etic en]gy4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t al?\gh en]gy 0 nom9ally appli$ to ! mass 9 "o =m only1 yet by its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( trans=mation x has 9 reality manife/$ itself 9 sev]al entirely diff]5t =ms4 ,x is important to note ! "p play$ 9 ^! trans=mation processes by ! gravitation field or influ5ce4 ,its action really reveals "o ( ! vital work+ pr9ciples ( en]getics4 ,?is pr9ciple may be g5]ally /at$ ?us3-- ,,e ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,en]gy ,,is ,,c>ri$ ,,out ,,by ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,en]gis$ ,,matt] ,,9 ,,! ,,l9es ,,or ,,field ,,( ,,an ,,incept+ ,,en]gy ,,influ5ce4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case we h j consid]$1 ! incept+ field is simply ! inh]5t gravitative prop]ty ( ! en]gis$ mass4 ,?is prop]ty is manife/$ z an attractive =ce betwe5 portions ( matt]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ( necessity ! only aspect ( an incept+ influ5ce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w v>i\s in/ances ( trans=mation w be pres5t$ 9 :i* ! incept+ influ5ce functions 9 a guise entirely diff]5t4 ,x is important to note t ! incept+ influ5ce itself is 9 no way *ang$1 alt]$1 or trans=m$ dur+ ! process ( trans=mation :i* x influ5ces4 #e4 ,limits ( ,rotational ,en]gy4 ,disruptional ,ph5om5a ,x is cle> t ! mat]ial at diff]5t p>ts ( ! rotat+ sph]oid w be en]gis$ to v>y+ degrees4 ,s9ce ! l9e> velocity ( ! mat]ial 9 ! equatorial regions ( ! sph]oid is great] ?an t ( ! mat]ial ab\t ! poles1 ! en]gy ( motion ( ! =m] w exce$ t ( ! latt]1 ! diff]5ce becom+ great] z ! mass is increas+ly en]gis$ & assumes m & m ! discoidal =m4 ,! "q n[ arises z to h[ f> ?is process ( en]gis+ ! mat]ial mass may be c>ri$4 ,:at are its limits8 ,! capacity ( ! rotat+ body = en]gy cle>ly dep5ds on ! am\nt ( "w :i* may be sp5t on its mat]ial 9 di/ort+ x aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! gravitative attraction4 ,! am\nt is aga9 dep5d5t on ! /r5g? ( ?is attraction4 ,b ! value ( ! gravitative attraction or gravitation field is1 by ! law ( gravitation1 9 direct proportion to ! quantity ( mat]ial or matt] pres5t1 & h5ce ! capacity ( ! body = en]gy dep5ds on its mass or on ! quantity ( matt] :i* composes x4 ,n[ if en]gy be impress$ on ?is mass beyond its capacity a new ord] ( ph5om5a appe>s4 ,di/ortion w be foll[$ by disruption & dis9tegration4 ,by ! action ( ! disruptive =ces a portion ( ! prim>y mat]ial w be project$ into space z a planet>y body4 ,! mann] ( =mation ( su* a second>y body is p]haps be/ illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! commonplace yet beautiful & sugge/ive ph5om5on ( ! sep>ation ( a drop ( wat] or o!r visc\s fluid "u ! action ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is process1 dur+ ! fir/ d[nw>d movem5t ( ! drop1 x is unit$ to its s\rce by a portion ( att5uat$ mat]ial :i* is f9ally ruptur$1 "o "p mov+ d[nw>ds & be+ embodi$ 9 ! drop :il/ ! rema9d] spr+s upw>ds t[>ds ! s\rce4 ,9 ! process ( =mation ( ! planet>y body we are confront$ ) an ord] ( ph5om5a ( some:at ! same nature4 ,! planet>y orb :i* is hurl$ into space is =m$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! drop ( visc\s fluid1 & "u ! action ( =ces ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,"o ( ^! =ces is ! bond ( gravitative attraction betwe5 planet & prim>y :i* is nev] sev]$1 & :5 complete sep>ation ( ! two masses f9ally occurs1 ! incessant comb9ation ( ?is =ce ) ! tang5tial =ce ( disruption act+ on ! planet w compel x into a fix$ orbit1 :i* x w pursue ar\nd ! c5tral axis4 ,:5 all mat]ial l9ks h ?us be5 sev]$1 ! two bodies w !n be absolutely sep>ate masses 9 space4 ,! t]m sep>ate is "h us$ 9 its mo/ rigid & absolute s5se4 ,no mat]ial connection ( any k9d :atev] exi/s1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 betwe5 ! two masses4 ,ea* "o is completely isolat$ f ! o!r by int]planet>y space1 & 9 reality1 s f> z mat]ial connection is conc]n$1 ea* "o might be ! sole occupant ( t space4 ,?is conception ( sep>ate masses 9 space is ( great importance to ! au?or's s*eme1 b1 at ! same "t1 ! condition is "o :i* _c be illu/rat$ by any t]re/rial exp]im5tal contrivance4 ,x w be obvi\s t su* a device1 z might naturally be conceiv$1 ( isolat+ two bodies by plac+ !m 9 an exhau/$ vessel or vacu\s space1 by no means complies ) ! full conditions ( true sep>ation portray$ above1 because "s mat]ial connection mu/ always exi/ betwe5 ! enclos$ bodies & ! conta9+ vessel4 ,?is aspect is m fully treat$ lat] 7,sec4 #cj74 ,! condition ( truly sep>ate masses is1 9 fact1 purely a cele/ial "o4 ,no means :atev] are exi/5t :]eby su* a condition may be fai?fully reproduc$ 9 a t]re/rial environm5t4 ,9 _! sep>ate condition ! prim>y & planet>y mass w ea* possess a def9ite & unv>y+ am\nt ( en]gy4 ,x is to be not$ also1 t s9ce ! orig9al mass ( ! prim>y body has be5 dim9i%$ by ! mass ( ! planet ca/ (f1 ! capacity = en]gy ( ! prim>y w n[ be dim9i%$ 9 a correspond+ degree4 ,any fur!r increm5t ( en]gy to ! prim>y 9 any =m has n[1 h[ev]1 no direct influ5ce on ! en]gy ( ! planet1 :i* mu/ ma9ta9 its position ( complete isolation 9 its orbit4 ,b al?\gh ?us sep>ate & di/9ct f ! primal mass 9 e mat]ial respect1 ! planet is ev] l9k$ to x by ! invisible bond ( gravitation1 & e movem5t made by ! planet 9 approa*+ or rec$+ f ! prim>y is made 9 ! field or influ5ce ( ?is attraction4 ,9 accordance1 !re=e1 ) ! g5]al pr9ciple already enunciat$ 7,sec4 #d71 ^! actions or movem5ts ( ! en]gis$ planet>y mass1 be+ made 9 ! field ( ! incept+ gravitative influ5ce1 w be accompani$ by trans=mations1 & ?us ! en]gy ( ! planet1 al?\gh unv>y+ 9 its totality1 may v>y 9 its =m or di/ribution ) ! inw>d or outw>d movem5t ( ! planet 9 its orbital pa?4 ,z ! planet rec$es f ! prim>y x ga9s en]gy ( position1 b ?is ga9 is obta9$ solely at ! exp5se1 & by ! direct trans=mation ( its own orbital en]gy ( motion4 ,its velocity 9 its orbit mu/1 !re=e1 decrease z x rec$es f ! c5tral axis ( ! sy/em1 & increase z x approa*es t axis4 ,?us f en]gy consid]ations alone x is cle> t1 if ! planet>y orbit is n precisely circul>1 ! velocity ( ! planet mu/ v>y at diff]5t po9ts ( its pa?4 #f4 ,passive ,function & ,g5]al ,nature ( ,gravitation ,field ,f ! ph5om5a describ$ above1 x w be obs]v$ t1 9 ! en]gy processes ( trans=mation occurr+ 9 bo? prim>y & planet1 ! function ( ! gravitation field or influ5ce is entirely passive 9 nature4 ,! field is1 9 tru?1 ! p]si/5t mov+ or direct+ p[] beh9d ! en]gy processes1 ! incept+ en]gy influ5ce or ag5cy :i* det]m9es ! nature ( ! trans=mation 9 ea* case )\t be+1 9 any way1 actively engag$ 9 x4 ,9 accel]at+ or ret>d+ ! trans=mation process x has ?us absolutely no effect4 ,^! features are controll$ by o!r factors4 ,nei!r does ?is incept+ ag5cy affect1 9 any way1 ! limits ( ! trans=mation process1 ^! limits be+ prescrib$ by ! physical or en]gy qualities ( ! act+ mat]ials4 ,9 g5]al nature ! gravitation field appe>s to be simply an en]gy influ5ce--a peculi> manife/ation ( c]ta9 passive qualities ( en]gy4 ,?is aspect w1 h[ev]1 become cle>] to ! read] :5 ! prop]ties ( gravitation are /udi$ 9 conjunction ) ^? ( o!r incept+ en]gy influ5ces 7,secs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai74 #g4 ,limit ( ,gravitation ,trans=mation ,9 ! case ( a planet>y body1 !re is a real limit to ! ext5t ( ! trans=mation ( its orbital en]gy ( motion "u ! influ5ce ( ! gravitation field4 ,z ! orbit ( ! planet wid5s1 & its mean di/ance f ! prim>y becomes great]1 its velocity 9 its orbital pa? mu/ correspond+ly decrease4 ,z already po9t$ out 7,sec4 #e71 ?is decrease is simply ! result ( ! orbital en]gy ( motion be+ trans=m$ or work$ d[n into en]gy ( position4 ,b s9ce ?is orbital en]gy is /rictly limit$ 9 am\nt1 a po9t mu/ ultimately be rea*$ :]e x w\ld be trans=m$ 9 its entirety into en]gy ( position4 ,:5 ?is limit+ condition is atta9$1 ! planet cle>ly c\ld h no orbital motion2 x w\ld be in/antane\sly at re/ 9 some:at ! same way z a projectile f ! e>?'s surface is at re/ at ! summit ( its flight 9 virtue ( ! complete trans=mation ( its en]gy ( motion into en]gy ( position4 ,9 ?is limit+ condition1 also1 ! en]gy ( position ( ! planet w\ld be ! maximum possible1 & its orbital en]gy z]o4 ,! scope ( ! planet>y orbital pa? is ?us rigidly det]m9$ by ! planet>y en]gy prop]ties4 ,assum+ ! r$uction ( gravity ) di/ance to foll[ ! usual law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! value ( ! displacem5t ( ! planet f ! c5tral axis :5 9 ?is /ation>y or limit+ position may be readily calculat$ if ! v>i\s con/ants are kn[n4 ,9 any giv5 case x is obvi\s t ?is limit+ displacem5t mu/ be a f9ite quantity1 s9ce ! planet>y orbital en]gy :i* is be+ work$ d[n is itself f9ite 9 am\nt4 #h4 ,int]actions ( ,two ,planet>y ,bodies--,equilibrium ,ph5om5a ,up to ! pres5t po9t1 ! cosmical sy/em has be5 assum$ to be compos$ ( "o planet>y body only 9 addition to ! prim>y mass4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t by repetition ( ! process already describ$1 ! sy/em c\ld readily evolve m ?an "o planet2 x might1 9 fact1 h sev]al planet>y masses orig9at+ 9 ! same prim>y1 ea* end[$ ) a def9ite modicum ( en]gy1 & ea* pursu+ a p]si/5t orbit r\nd ! c5tral axis ( ! sy/em4 ,s9ce ! mass ( ! prim>y decreases z ea* successive planet is ca/ (f1 its gravitative attractive p[]s w also decrease1 & ) e su* decl9e 9 ! c5tral re/ra9+ =ce ! orbits ( ! previ\sly con/itut$ planets w naturally wid54 ,by ! =mation 9 ?is way ( a s]ies ( planet>y masses1 ! mat]ial ( ! orig9al prim>y body w\ld be z x 7 di/ribut$ ov] a l>g] area or space1 & ?is sep>ation w\ld be accompani$ by a correspond+ decrease 9 ! gravitative attraction betwe5 ! sev]al masses4 ,if ! di/ributive or disruptive process 7 c>ri$ to its limit by ! cont9u\s application ( rotatory en]gy to ea* sep>ate unit ( ! sy/em1 ?is limit w\ld be dep5d5t on ! capacity ( ! sy/em = en]gy4 ,z is %[n lat] 7,sec4 #bj71 ?is capacity w\ld be det]m9$ by ! mass ( ! sy/em4 ,= simplicity1 let u consid] ! case 9 :i* !re are two planet>y bodies only 9 ! sy/em 9 addition to ! prim>y4 ,9 virtue ( ! gravitative attraction or gravitation field betwe5 ! two1 !y w mutually attract "o ano!r 9 _! motion1 & ea* w1 9 consequ5ce1 be deflect$ m or less out ( t orbital pa? :i* x w\ld normally pursue 9 ! abs5ce ( ! o!r4 ,?is attraction w naturally be greate/ :5 ! planets are 9 ! close/ proximity2 ! planet hav+ ! wide/ orbit w !n be drawn inw>ds t[>ds ! c5tral axis1 ! o!r w be drawn outw>ds4 ,! di/ance mov$ 9 ?is way by ea* w dep5d on its mass1 & on ! =ces br\ght to be> on x by ! comb9$ action ( ! two rema9+ masses ( ! sy/em4 ,mov+ ?us 9 diff]5t directions1 ! motion ( ea* planet is c>ri$ out 9 ! l9es ( ! gravitation field betwe5 ! two4 ,"o planet1 !re=e1 ga9s & ! o!r loses en]gy ( position ) respect to ! c5tral axis ( ! sy/em4 ,! "o planet c ?us influ5ce1 to "s ext5t1 ! en]gy prop]ties ( ! o!r1 al?\gh !re is absolutely no direct en]gy communication betwe5 ! two2 z %[n h]eaft]1 ! :ole action & ! en]gy *ange w be due simply to ! motion c>ri$ out 9 ! field ( ! incept+ gravitation influ5ce4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ?is influ5ce is ex]t$ on ! di/ribution ( ! en]gy1 on ! =m 9 :i* x is manife/$1 & 9 no way affects ! en]gy totality ( ei!r planet4 ,ea*1 z be=e1 rema9s a sep>ate sy/em ) cons]vative en]gy prop]ties4 ,t planet :i* loses en]gy ( position ga9s en]gy ( motion1 & is correspond+ly accel]at$ 9 its orbital pa?2 ! o!r1 9 ga9+ en]gy ( position1 does s at ! exp5se ( its own en]gy ( motion1 & is ret>d$ accord+ly4 ,! action is really v simple 9 nature :5 view$ f a purely en]gy /&po9t4 ,x has be5 dealt ) 9 "s detail 9 ord] to emphasise ! fact t !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! nature ( a transmission ( en]gy betwe5 "o planet & ! o!r4 ,tak+ a sup]ficial view ( ! op]ation1 x might be inf]r$ t1 z ! planets approa* "o ano!r1 en]gy ( motion 7or en]gy ( position7 is transmitt$ f "o to ! o!r1 caus+ "o to ret>d & ! o!r to accel]ate its movem5t1 b a real k ( ! en]gy conditions %[s t ! ph5om5on is r "o ( a simple re/oration ( equilibrium1 a r$i/ribution or trans=mation ( ! intr9sic en]gy ( ea* to suit ^! alt]+ conditions4 ,ea* planet is1 9 ! true/ s5se1 a sep>ate mass 9 space4 #i4 ,axial ,en]gy--,second>y ,processes ,pass+ n[ to ano!r aspect ( ! en]gy condition ( a planet>y body1 let ! planet be assum$ to be end[$ ) axial en]gy or en]gy ( rotation1 s t1 :ile pursu+ its orbital pa? 9 space1 x also rotates ) uni=m angul> velocity ab\t an axis )9 itself4 ,:at w be ! effect ( ! prim>y mass on ! planet "u ^! new en]gy conditions8 ,we conceive t ! effect is aga9 purely "o ( trans=mation4 ,9 ?is process ! prim>y mass functions once m z an entirely passive or incept+ ag5t1 :i*1 :ile ex]t+ a cont9u\s trans=m+ influ5ce on ! planet1 does n affect 9 any way ! inh]5t en]gy prop]ties ( ! latt]4 ,up to ! pres5t po9t we h only dealt ) "o incept+ influ5ce 9 trans=mation processes1 namely1 t ( gravitation1 :i* has always be5 manife/$ z an attractive =ce4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! only aspect 9 :i* incept+ influ5ces may be pres5t$4 ,al?\gh attractive =ce is c]ta9ly an aspect ( "s incept+ influ5ces1 x is n a di/9ctive feature ( incept+ influ5ces g5]ally4 ,9 _m cases1 ! aspect ( =ce1 9 ! s5se ( attraction or repulsion1 is entirely awant+4 ,9 ! new ord] ( trans=mations :i* come into play 9 virtue ( ! rotatory motion ( a planet>y mass 9 ! field ( its prim>y1 we %all f9d o!r incept+ influ5ces 9 action entirely diff]5t 9 nature f ! gravitation influ5ce1 b1 nev]!less1 aris+ f ! same prim>y mass 9 a simil> way4 ,n[ ! application ( en]gy to ! planet1 caus+ x to rotate 9 ! l9es or "u ! influ5ce ( ^! incept+ fields ( ! prim>y1 br+s into exi/5ce on ! planet an entirely new ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,s long z ! planet _h no axial motion ( rotation1 "s ( ! incept+ influ5ces ( ! prim>y 7 compell$1 z x 71 to inaction2 b ) ! adv5t ( axial en]gy ! conditions are at once fav\rable to _! action1 & to ! detection ( _! trans=m+ effects4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciple already enunciat$ 7,sec4 #d71 ! action ( ! planet>y en]gis$ mat]ial 9 ! l9es ( ! v>i\s incept+ fields ( ! prim>y is productive ( en]gy trans=mations4 ,! active en]gy ( ^! trans=mations is ! axial or rotatory en]gy ( ! planet itself1 &1 9 virtue ( ^! trans=mations1 c]ta9 o!r =ms ( en]gy w be manife/$ on ! planet & associat$ ) ! v>i\s =ms ( planet>y mat]ial4 ,^! manife/ations ( en]gy1 9 fact1 con/itute planet>y ph5om5a4 ,s9ce ! action or movem5t ( ! rotat+ mat]ial ( ! planet ?r\gh ! incept+ fields ( ! prim>y is mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! equatorial or regions ( highe/ l9e> velocity1 & lea/ 9 ! regions ( l[ velocity adjo9+ ! poles ( rotation1 ! trans=m+ effect may naturally be expect$ to decrease 9 int5sity f equator to poles4 ,planet>y en]gy ph5om5a w ?us v>y accord+ to ! location ( ! act+ mat]ial4 ,x w be cle>1 also1 t ea* incept+ ag5cy or influ5ce associat$ ) ! prim>y mass w give rise to its own peculi> trans=mations ( axial en]gy on ! planet>y surface4 ,^! lead+ or prim>y trans=mations ( axial en]gy1 9 :i* ! incept+ influ5ce is associat$ ) ! prim>y mass only1 we t]m prim>y processes4 ,b x is evid5t t ! v>i\s =ms ( en]gy ?us set free on ! planet z a result ( ! prim>y processes w be communicat$ to1 & w op]ate on1 ! diff]5t =ms ( planet>y mat]ial1 & w give rise to fur!r or second>y trans=mations ( en]gy1 9 :i* ! incept+ ag5cy is embodi$ 9 or associat$ ) planet>y mat]ial only4 ,! exact nature ( ^! second>y trans=mations w v>y accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y take place4 ,ea* ( !m1 h[ev]1 z indicat$ above1 w be1 9 itself1 c>ri$ out 9 virtue ( "s action ( ! en]gis$ planet>y mat]ial 9 ! l9es or field ( :at we might t]m a second>y incept+ influ5ce4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! influ5ces ( ! prim>y4 ,x is ess5tially a planet>y ph5om5on1 an aspect ( planet>y en]gy2 x is associat$ ) ! physical or mat]ial ma*9e by means ( :i* ! second>y process ( trans=mation is c>ri$ out4 ,! nature ( ?is second>y influ5ce w det]m9e ! nature ( ! second>y trans=mation 9 ea* case4 ,its precise ext5t may be limit$ by o!r consid]ations 7,sec4 #ae74 ,z an example1 assume a portion ( ! axial en]gy to be prim>ily trans=m$ into heat 9 virtue ( ! planet's rotation 9 ! field ( an indep5d5t !rmal incept+ influ5ce ex]t$ by ! prim>y4 ,to ! action ( ?is ag5cy1 :i* we might t]m ! !rmal field1 we assume are due all prim>y heat+ ph5om5a ( planet>y mat]ial4 ,n[ ! second>y trans=mations w take place :5 ! heat en]gy ?us manife/$ is appli$ to "s =m ( matt]4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is application might be c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s ways4 ,heat may be devot$ to ! expansion ( a solid aga9/ its cohesive =ces4 ,x may be exp5d$ aga9/ ! ela/ic =ces ( a gas1 or x may be work$ d[n aga9/ *emical or electrical =ces4 ,9 e case a trans=mation ( en]gy w result1 v>y+ 9 nature accord+ to ! peculi> conditions "u :i* x is c>ri$ out4 ,9 ?is or a simil> fa%ion ea* prim>y incept+ influ5ce may give rise to a s]ies ( second>y actions m or less complex 9 nature4 ,^! second>y trans=mation processes1 alli$ ) o!r processes ( transmission1 w1 9 fact1 con/itute ! visible ph5om5a ( ! planet1 & 9 _! v>iety w exactly correspond to ^! ph5om5a4 ,) reg>d to ! gravitation field1 its g5]al influ5ce on ! rotat+ mass may be readily pr$ict$4 ,! mat]ial on t "p ( ! planet>y surface :i* is ne>e/ to or happ5s to face ! prim>y 9 rotation is1 dur+ ! %ort "t x occupies t position1 subject$ to a great] attractive influ5ce ?an ! rema9d] :i* is m remote f ! prim>y4 ,x w1 9 consequ5ce1 t5d to be m or less di/ort$ or elevat$ above its normal position on ! planet>y surface4 ,?is di/ort+ effect w v>y 9 degree accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 b ! g5]al effect ( ! di/ortional movem5t1 comb9$ ) ! rotatory motion ( ! planet1 w be to produce a tidal action or a p]iodical rise & fall ( ! m fluid mat]ial di/ribut$ ov] ! planet>y surface4 ,! di/ortion w1 ( c\rse1 be accompani$ by en]gy processes 9 :i* axial en]gy w be trans=m$ into heat & o!r =ms1 :i* w f9ally op]ate 9 ! second>y processes exactly z 9 previ\s cases4 #aj4 ,me*anism ( ,en]gy ,return ,b ! "q n[ arises1 z to h[ ?is cont9u\s trans=mation ( ! axial en]gy c be consi/5t ) t condition ( uni=mity ( rotation ( ! planet :i* 0 orig9ally assum$4 ,if ! total en]gy ( ! planet>y mass is limit$1 & if x c receive no increm5t ( en]gy f any ext]nal s\rce1 x is cle> t ! axial en]gy trans=m$ mu/1 by "s process1 be cont9u\sly return$ to its orig9al =m4 ,"s process or me*anism is evid5tly necess>y to c>ry out ?is op]ation4 ,?is me*anism we conceive to be provid$ by c]ta9 portions ( ! mat]ial ( ! planet1 pr9cipally ! gase\s matt] :i* resides on its surface1 completely envelop+ x1 & ext5d+ outw>ds into space 7,sec4 #ch74 ,9 o!r words1 ! atmosph]e ( ! planet =ms ! ma*9e or mat]ial ag5cy by :i* ?is return ( ! trans=m$ axial en]gy is c>ri$ out4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out 7,sec4 #i7 h[ ! work+ en]gy ( e second>y trans=mation is d]iv$ f ! orig9al axial en]gy ( ! planet itself4 ,ea* ( ^! second>y trans=mations1 h[ev]1 =ms b "o l9k ( "o cyclical *a9 ( second>y trans=mations1 9 :i* a def9ite quantity ( en]gy1 initially 9 ! axial =m1 passes1 9 ^! second>y op]ations1 ?r\gh v>i\s o!r =ms1 by diff]5t processes & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( diff]5t mat]ial ma*9es1 until x is ev5tually absorb$ into ! atmosph]e ( ! planet4 ,^! complete s]ies ( cyclical op]ations1 by :i* ! v>i\s portions ( axial en]gy are c>ri$ to ! atmosph]e1 may 9 "s cases be ( a v simple nature1 & may be cont9u\sly repeat$ ov] v %ort int]vals ( "t2 9 o!r cases1 ! cycle may seem obscure & complicat$1 & its complete op]ation spread ov] v long p]iods1 b 9 all cases ! f9al result is ! same4 ,! axial en]gy ab/ract$1 soon] or lat]1 recurs to ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,by its action 9 ?is ma*9e1 great masses ( gase\s mat]ial are elevat$ f ! surface ( ! planet aga9/ ! attractive =ce ( gravitation2 ! en]gy w ?us n[ appe> 9 ! =m ( pot5tial en]gy or en]gy ( position4 ,by a subsequ5t movem5t ( ^! gase\s masses ov] ! surface ( ! planet f ! regions ( high velocity t[>ds ! poles1 comb9$ ) a movem5t ( desc5t to l[] levels1 ! en]gy ( position ) :i* !y 7 end[$ is return$ once m 9 ! orig9al axial =m4 ,?is1 r\ghly1 con/itutes ! work+ ( ! planet>y atmosph]ic ma*9e1 :i*1 :ile 9 itself completely rev]sible & self-conta9$1 =ms also at ! same "t ! s\rce & ! s9k ( all ! en]gy work+ 9 ! second>y trans=mations4 ,9 ! ceaseless r\nds ( ^! trans=mations :i* =m planet>y ph5om5a x l9ks toge!r ! initial & conclud+ /ages ( ea* s]ies by a rev]sible process4 ,en]gy is ?us /or$ & re/or$ cont9u\sly4 ,! planet ?us nei!r ga9s nor loses en]gy ( axial motion2 s f> z its en]gy prop]ties are conc]n$1 x is entirely indep5d5t ( e ext]nal influ5ce4 ,its uni=mity ( rotation is absolutely ma9ta9$4 ,ea* planet ( ! sy/em w1 9 ! same way1 be an indep5d5t & cons]vative unit4 #aa4 ,review ( ,cosmical ,sy/em--,g5]al ,function ( ,en]gy ,review+ ! sy/em z a :ole1 ! important "p play$ by en]gy 9 its con/itution is readily p]ceiv$4 ,! s\rce ( ! en]gy :i* op]ates 9 all p>ts ( ! sy/em is f\nd 9 t en]gy orig9ally appli$ 7,sec4 #c74 ,:5 ! sy/em is f9ally con/itut$1 ?is en]gy is f\nd di/ribut$ among/ ! planets1 ea* ( :i* has receiv$ its %>e1 & ea* ( :i* is !reby l9k$ to ! prim>y by its influ5ce4 ,x is "p ( ?is same en]gy :i* und]goes trans=mation 9 virtue ( ! orbital movem5ts ( ! planets 9 ! field ( ! gravitative influ5ce4 ,aga91 x is f\nd 9 ! =m ( planet>y axial en]gy1 & !nce1 "u ! influ5ce ( v>i\s incept+ ag5cies1 x passes 9 v>i\s =ms ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( planet>y ph5om5a1 & f9ally functions 9 ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,e ph5om5on ( ! sy/em1 great or small1 is1 9 fact1 b ! ext]nal evid5ce ei!r ( ! trans=mation or ( ! transmission ( ?is en]gy--! outw>d manife/ation ( its *ang$ or *ang+ =ms4 ,its pres5ce1 :i* always implies its trans=mation 7,sec4 #d71 is ! simple prim>y condition atta*$ to e op]ation4 ,! primal mass orig9ally respond$ to ! application ( en]gy by ! pres5tation ( ph5om5a4 ,e mat]ial portion ( ! sy/em w simil>ly respond accord+ to circum/ances4 ,en]gy is1 9 fact1 ! work+ _s ( ! :ole cosmical s*eme4 ,x is ! influ5ce l9k+ e op]ation ( ! sy/em to ! orig9al trans=mations at ! c5tral axis1 s t all may be comb9$ into "o complete & consi/5t :ole4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t al?\gh !y h a common orig9 ! orbital en]gy ( ea* planet>y mass is entirely di/9ct f its en]gy ( axial rotation1 & is n int]*angeable !re)4 ,! trans=mation ( ! "o =m ( en]gy 9 no way affects ! totality ( ! o!r4 ,! disruption ( ! prim>y mass furni%es a view ( :at is virtually ! bir? ( gravitation z x is conceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 sep>ate bodies4 ,x may n[ be po9t$ out t ! attractive influ5ce ( gravitation is1 9 reality1 b "o ( ! _m manife/ations ( en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 an active manife/ation ( ! work+ en]gy1 b r an aspect ( en]gy z x is relat$ to ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,we h absolutely no exp]im5tal exp]i5ce ( matt] devoid ( en]gy4 ,gravitation might readily be t]m$ an en]gy prop]ty ( matt]1 entirely passive 9 nature1 & requir+ ! adv5t ( "s o!r =m 9 ord] t x may ex]cise its function z an incept+ ag5cy4 ,f a g5]al consid]ation ( ! features ( ?is sy/em1 9 :i* e ph5om5on is an en]gy ph5om5on1 x seems feasible to conclude also t e prop]ty ( matt] is likewise an en]gy prop]ty4 ,x is c]ta91 inde$1 t no reasonable or natural concept ( ei!r matt] or en]gy is possible if ! two be dissociat$4 ,! sy/em also pres5ts a direct & cle> illu/ration ( ! pr9ciples ( cons]vation 9 ! work+ ( ! :ole1 & also 9 ea* planet>y unit4 #ab4 ,natural ,conditions ,x w be not$ t1 up to ! pres5t po9t1 ! cosmical sy/em has be5 discuss$ f a purely ab/ract po9t ( view4 ,?is me?od has be5 adopt$ = a def9ite reason4 ,al?\gh able1 at all po9ts1 to br+ m or less direct evid5ce f ,nature1 ! au?or has no desire t 8 s*eme %\ld be reg>d$ 9 any way z an attempt to orig9ate or describe a sy/em ( creation4 ,! object has be51 by g5]al reason+ f already accept$ prop]ties ( matt] & en]gy1 to arrive at a true conception ( a possible natural ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! sol> sy/em =ms ! prototype ( ! sy/em describ$ above4 ,! motion ( ! e>? & o!r planets is cont9u\sly occurr+ "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 !rmal1 lum9\s1 & o!r incept+ fields :i* l9k !m to ! c5tral mass1 ! sun4 ,z a result ( ! action ( su* fields1 en]gy trans=mations arise :i* =m ! visible ph5om5a ( ! sy/em 9 all its p>ts1 ea* trans=mation1 :e!r associat$ ) animate or inanimate matt]1 be+ c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s arrangem5t ( matt] h]eaft] ref]r$ to z a mat]ial ma*9e4 ,! conditions are precisely z laid d[n above4 ,! sy/em is dom9at$1 9 its sep>ate units1 & z a :ole1 by ! great pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,ea* planet>y mass1 z x revolves 9 space1 is1 s f> z its en]gy prop]ties are conc]n$1 an absolutely cons]vative unit ( t sy/em4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ea* planet>y mass rema9s absolutely dep5d5t on ! prim>y = ^? great controll+ or incept+ influ5ces :i* det]m9e ! trans=mation ( its inh]5t en]gy4 ,9 ! special case ( ! e>?1 :i* w be dealt ) 9 "s detail1 x is ! object ( ?is "w to %[ t its prop]ty ( complete en]gy cons]vation is amply v]ifi$ by t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple f ! e>? to ! :ole planet>y sy/em has be5 made on precisely ! same gr\nds z ,newton ext5d$ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a to 8 fam\s g5]alisation ) respect to gravitation4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,inception #ac4 ,illu/rative ,second>y ,processes ,9 ?is "p ( ! "w1 an attempt w be made to place be=e ! read] "s ( ! purely t]re/rial & o!r evid5tial ph5om5a on :i* ! conclusions ( ! prec$+ ,g5]al ,/atem5t are f\nd$4 ,! complete & absolute v]ification ( t ,/atem5t is obvi\sly beyond exp]im5tal device4 ,b\nd1 z we are1 )9 ! conf9es ( "o planet1 & unable to communicate ) ! o!rs1 we c h no direct exp]im5tal acqua9tance ) really sep>ate bodies 7,sec4 #e7 9 space4 ,b1 if f purely t]re/rial exp]i5ce we c h no direct pro(s on su* matt]s1 we h /rong evid5tial conclusions :i* _c be ga9say$4 ,if ! same k9d ( en]gy op]ates ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 ! exp]im5tal k ( its prop]ties ga9$ 9 "o field ( rese>* is valuable1 & may be readily utilis$ 9 ano!r4 ,! ph5om5a :i* are available to u = /udy are1 ( c\rse1 simply ! ord9>y en]gy processes ( ! e>?--^? op]ations :i* 9 ! =ego+ ,/atem5t h be5 describ$ z second>y en]gy processes4 ,_! v>iety is inf9ite1 & ! au?or has accord+ly select$ m]ely a few typical examples to illu/rate ! sali5t po9ts ( ! s*eme4 ,! en]gy act+ 9 ^! second>y processes is1 9 e case1 d]iv$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 f ! en]gy ( rotation or axial en]gy ( ! e>?4 ,9 !mselves1 ! processes may be ei!r en]gy trans=mations or en]gy transmissions or a comb9ation ( bo? ^! op]ations4 ,:5 ! action involves ! bodily movem5t ( mat]ial mass 9 space1 ! dynamical en]gy ?us manife/$1 & :i* may be transmitt$ by ! movem5t ( ?is mat]ial1 is t]m$ me*anical or "w en]gy 7,sec4 #ca72 :5 ! en]gy active 9 ! process is manife/$ z heat1 *emical1 or electrical en]gy1 we apply to x ! t]m molecul> en]gy4 ,! significance ( ^! t]ms is readily se54 ,! op]ation ( me*anical or "w en]gy on a mass ( mat]ial may readily proce$ )\t any p]man5t alt]ation 9 ! int]nal arrangem5t or g5]al /ructure ( t mass4 ,me*anical or "w en]gy is dissociat$ f any molecul> action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! application ( su* =ms ( en]gy z heat or electrical en]gy to mat]ial leads to di/9ctly molecul> or int]nal effects1 9 :i* "s alt]ation 9 ! con/itution ( ! body affect$ may ensue4 ,h5ce ! use ( ! t]ms1 :i* ( c\rse is completely arbitr>y4 ,! pr9cipal object ( ?is "p ( ! "w is to illu/rate cle>ly ! g5]al nature1 ! work+1 & ! limits ( second>y processes4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! au?or has f\nd x be/ to ref] to c]ta9 m or less me*anical contrivances4 ,! app>atus made use ( is m]ely t utilis$ 9 ev]yday "w = exp]im5tal or o!r useful purposes4 ,x is ess5tially ( a v simple nature2 no orig9ality is claim$ = x1 & no apology is (f]$ = ! app>5t simplicity ( ! p>ticul> en]gy op]ations *os5 = discussion4 ,9 fact1 ?is feature has r l$ to _! selection4 ,9 sci5tific circles to-day1 famili>ity ) ! m common in/ances ( en]gy op]ations is apt to eng5d] ! belief t ^! processes are completely und]/ood4 ,!re is no great] fallacy4 ,9 _m cases1 no d\bt1 ! sup]ficial ph5om5a are well kn[n1 b 9 ev5 ! simple/ in/ances ! me*anism or ultimate nature ( ! process rema9s unkn[n4 ,a free & some:at loose me?od ( apply+ sci5tific t]ms is frequ5tly ! cloak :i* hides ! ignorance ( ! obs]v]4 ,no attempt w "h be made to g beyond ! simple ph5om5a4 ,! object 9 view is simply to describe su* ph5om5a1 to emphasise & expla9 c]ta9 aspects ( already well-kn[n facts1 :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 h be5 neglect$4 ,9 "s ( ! op]ations n[ to be describ$1 me*anical or "w en]gy is ! active ag5t1 & mat]ial masses are !reby caus$ to execute v>i\s movem5ts 9 ! l9es or field ( re/ra9+ influ5ces4 ,= ord9>y exp]im5tal conv5i5ce1 ! mat]ial ?us mov$ mu/ ( necessity be matt] 9 ! solid =m4 ,! illu/rative value ( our exp]im5tal devices1 h[ev]1 w be v di/9ctly improv$ if x be borne 9 m9d t ! op]ations ( me*anical en]gy are n re/rict$ to solids only1 b t ! v>i\s processes ( trans=mation & transmission "h illu/rat$ by ! motions ( solid bodies may1 9 o!r circum/ances1 be c>ri$ out 9 a precisely simil> fa%ion by ! movem5ts ( liquids or ev5 ( gases4 ,! re/rictions impos$ 9 ! me?od ( illu/ration are simply ^? due to ! limitations ( human exp]im5tal contrivance4 ,natural op]ations exhibit app>atus ( a diff]5t type4 ,by ! movem5ts ( solid mat]ials a conv5i5t means ( illu/ration is provid$1 b x is to be emphasis$ t1 s f> z ! op]ations ( me*anical en]gy are conc]n$1 ! precise =m or nature ( ! mat]ial mov$1 :e!r x be solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 is ( no consequ5ce4 ,to raise "o p\nd ( lead ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance aga9/ ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? requires no great] exp5diture ( en]gy ?an to raise "o p\nd ( hydrog5 gas ?r\gh ! same di/ance4 ,! same pr9ciple holds 9 all op]ations involv+ me*anical en]gy4 ,ano!r po9t ( "s importance :i* w be reveal$ by ! /udy ( second>y op]ations is t e en]gy process has 9 "s mann] def9ite en]gy limits impos$ ^u x4 ,9 ! work+s ( me*anical or "w en]gy x is ! mass value ( ! mov+ mat]ial :i*1 9 ?is respect1 is important4 ,! mass1 9 fact1 is ! real gov]n+ factor ( ! :ole process 7,sec4 #bj74 ,x det]m9es ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* c be appli$ to ! mat]ial1 & ?us controls ! ext5t ( ! en]gy op]ation4 ,b 9 actions involv+ ! molecul> en]gies1 ! op]ation may be limit$ by o!r consid]ations altoge!r4 ,= example1 ! application ( heat to a solid body gives rise to c]ta9 en]gy processes 7,sec4 #bg74 ,^! processes may proce$ to a c]ta9 degree ) increase ( temp]ature1 b a po9t w f9ally be atta9$ :]e *ange ( /ate ( ! heat$ mat]ial takes place4 ,?is is ! limit+ po9t ( ?is p>ticul> op]ation4 ,:5 *ange ( /ate occurs1 ! ph5om5a w assume an entirely diff]5t aspect4 ,! fir/ set ( en]gy processes w n[ be replac$ by a set ( op]ations absolutely diff]5t 9 nature1 !mselves limit$ 9 ext5t1 b by entirely diff]5t causes4 ,! fir/ op]ation mu/ ?us t]m9ate :5 ! new ord] appe>s4 ,9 ?is mann] ea* process 9 :i* ! appli$ en]gy is work$ w be conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limit+ b\nd>ies4 ,9 any *a9 ( en]gy op]ations ea* l9k w ?us h1 z x 71 a def9ite l5g?4 ,9 *emical reactions1 ! limits may be impos$ 9 v>i\s ways accord+ to ! precise nature ( ! action4 ,*emical comb9ation1 & *emical disruption1 mu/ be look$ on z op]ations :i* involve n only ! trans=mation ( en]gy b also ! trans=mation ( matt]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 *emical reactions result 9 ! appe>ance ( matt] 9 an entirely new =m--9 ! appe>ance1 9 fact1 ( actually diff]5t mat]ial1 ) physical & en]gy prop]ties absolutely di/9ct f ^? ( ! react+ con/itu5ts4 ,?is appe>ance ( matt] 9 ! new =m is usually ! evid5ce ( ! t]m9ation1 n only ( ! p>ticul> *emical process1 b also ( ! en]gy process associat$ ) x4 ,trans=mation ( en]gy may ?us be limit$ by trans=mation ( matt]4 ,examples ( ! limit+ features ( en]gy op]ations c\ld readily be multipli$4 ,ev5 a cursory exam9ation ( mo/ natural op]ations w reveal ! exi/5ce ( su* limits4 ,9 no case d we f9d 9 ,nature any body1 or any en]gy sy/em1 to :i* en]gy may be appli$ 9 unlimit$ am\nt1 b 9 e case1 rigid en]gy limits are impos$1 &1 if ^! limits are exce$$1 ! :ole en]gy "* ( ! body or sy/em is completely *ang$4 #ad4 ,incept+ ,en]gy ,influ5ces ,9 exp]im5tal & 9 physical "w g5]ally1 x has be5 cu/om>y1 9 describ+ any simple process ( en]gy trans=mation1 to take acc\nt only ( ^? en]gies or ^? =ms ( en]gy :i* play an active "p 9 ! process--! en]gy 9 its initial or appli$ =m & ! en]gy 9 its trans=m$ or f9al =m4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 requires enl>g+ s z to include ano!r feature ( en]gy trans=mation1 a feature hi!rto completely ov]look$1 namely1 t ( incept+ en]gy4 ,n[1 ?is conception ( incept+ en]gy1 or ( en]gy z an incept+ influ5ce1 is ( su* vital importance to ! au?or's s*eme1 t x is necess>y "h1 at ! v outset1 to deal ) x 9 "s detail4 ,to obta9 "s idea ( ! g5]al nature ( ^! influ5ces1 x w be necess>y to describe & review a few simple in/ances ( en]gy trans=mation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ illum9at+ = ?is purpose is p]haps ! famili> process ( dynamo-electric trans=mation4 ,a sph]ical mass ,a 7,fig4 #a7 ( copp] is caus$ to rotate ab\t its c5tral axis 9 ! magnetic field 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a long & p[]ful electro-magnet4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 c]ta9 well-kn[n trans=mations ( en]gy w take place4 ,! en]gy trans=m$ is t dynamical or "w en]gy :i* is be+ appli$ to ! sph]ical mass by ! ext]nal prime mov] caus+ x to rotate4 ,z a result ( ?is motion 9 ! magnetic field1 an electrical action takes place2 eddy curr5ts are g5]at$ 9 ! sph]ical mass1 & ! en]gy orig9ally appli$ is1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! electrical process1 f9ally conv]t$ into heat & o!r en]gy =ms4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ( ! process w be ! rise 9 temp]ature & correspond+ expansion ( ! rotat+ mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,su* is ! en]gy trans=mation4 ,let u n[ review ! conditions "u :i* x takes place4 ,pass+ ov] ! features ( ! "w en]gy appli$ & ! en]gy produc$ 9 ! trans=mation1 x is evid5t t ! prim>y & ess5tial condition ( ! :ole process is ! pres5ce ( ! magnetic field4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is influ5ce1 e o!r condition ( ?is p>ticul> en]gy op]ation might h be5 fulfill$ )\t result4 ,! magnetic field is1 9 reality1 ! det]m9+ ag5cy ( ! process4 ,b ?is field ( magnetic =ce is itself an en]gy influ5ce4 ,its exi/5ce implies ! pres5ce ( en]gy2 x is ! ext]nal manife/ation ( t en]gy 7usually describ$ z /or$ 9 ! field7 :i* is return$1 z %[n by ! sp>k1 :5 ! excit+ circuit ( ! electro-magnet is brok54 ,! trans=mation ( ! dynamical or "w en]gy 7,sec4 #ca7 appli$ to ! rotat+ sph]e is ?us c>ri$ out by ! direct ag5cy1 "u ! p[]1 or )9 ! field ( ?is magnetic en]gy influ5ce1 to :i*1 accord+ly1 we apply ! expression1 incept+ en]gy influ5ce1 or incept+ en]gy4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts to be not$ ) reg>d to ^! ph5om5a ( inception4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle> t ! en]gy :i* ?us con/itutes ! magnetic field plays no active "p 9 ! ma9 process ( trans=mation3 dur+ ! op]ation x nei!r v>ies 9 value nor 9 nature3 x is entirely a passive ag5t4 ,nei!r is any cont9u\s exp5diture ( en]gy requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ?is incept+ influ5ce4 ,x is true t ! magnetic field is prim>ily due to a circulatory curr5t 9 ! coils or w9d+ ( ! electro-magnet1 b aft] ! initial exp5diture ( en]gy 9 e/abli%+ t field is incurr$1 ! cont9u\s exp5diture ( en]gy dur+ ! fl[ ( ! curr5t is devot$ to simply heat+ ! coils4 ,a cont9u\s heat trans=mation is ?us 9 progress4 ,! magnetic en]gy influ5ce1 al?\gh closely associat$ ) ?is heat trans=mation1 yet repres5ts 9 itself a di/9ct & sep>ate en]gy feature4 ,?is la/ po9t is1 p]haps1 made m cle> if x be assum$ t1 )\t alt]+ ! sy/em 9 any way1 ! electro-magnet is replac$ by a p]man5t magnet ( precisely ! same dim5sions & magnetic p[]4 ,!re w\ld !n be no en]gy exp5diture :atev] = excitation1 b nev]!less1 ! ma9 trans=mation w\ld take place 9 precisely ! same mann] & to exactly ! same degree z be=e4 ,! incept+ en]gy influ5ce is f\nd 9 ! residual magnetism4 ,if an iron ball or sph]e 7 sub/itut$1 9 ! exp]im5t1 = ! copp] "o1 ! ph5om5a obs]v$ on its rotation w\ld be ( an exactly simil> nature to ^? describ$ above4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,s9ce ! iron is magnetic1 ! magnet pole w n[ ex]t an attractive =ce on ! iron mass1 & if ! latt] 7 9 close proximity to ! pole 7,fig4 #a71 a consid]able exp5diture ( en]gy might be requir$ to sep>ate ! two4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t 9 ! case ( iron & ! magnetic metals1 ?is magnetic influ5ce is su* t an exp5diture ( en]gy is requir$1 n only to cause ^! mat]ials to move 9 rotation s z to cut ! l9es ( ! field ( ! magnetic influ5ce1 b also to cause !m to move outw>ds f ! seat ( ! influ5ce along ! l9es ( ! field4 ,! movem5ts1 inde$1 involve trans=mations ( en]gy totally diff]5t 9 nature4 ,assum+ ! en]gy to be obta9$1 9 bo? cases1 f ! same ext]nal s\rce1 x is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 conv]t$ by rotatory motion 9 ! field into electrical & heat en]gy1 :]eas1 9 ! second case1 by ! outw>d motion ( displacem5t f ! pole1 x is trans=m$ & associat$ ) ! mass 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( position or en]gy ( displacem5t relative to ! pole4 ,s9ce ! attractive =ce betwe5 ! iron mass & ! pole may be assum$ to dim9i% accord+ to a well-kn[n law1 ! en]gy trans=mation p] unit displacem5t w also dim9i% at ! same rate4 ,! precise nature & ext5t ( ! influ5ce ( ! incept+ ag5t ?us dep5d on ! ess5tial qualities ( ! en]gis$ mat]ial "u its p[]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! magnetic metals1 su* z iron1 provide ph5om5a ( attraction :i* are notably abs5t 9 ! case ( ! dia-magnetic metals su* z copp]4 ,o!r sub/ances1 su* z wood1 appe> to be absolutely unaffect$ by any movem5t 9 ! magnetic field4 ,! precise en]gy condition ( ! mat]ials 9 ! field ( ! incept+ influ5ce is also an important po9t4 ,! incept+ en]gy might be reg>d$ z act+1 n on ! mat]ial itself1 b r on ! en]gy associat$ ) t mat]ial4 ,f ! ph5om5a already consid]$1 x is cle> t be=e ! incept+ influ5ce ( magnetism c act on ! copp] ball1 ! latt] mu/ be end[$ ) en]gy ( rotation4 ,x is on ?is en]gy1 !n1 t ! incept+ influ5ce ex]ts its trans=m+ p[]4 ,x w\ld be useless to en]gise ! copp] ball1 say by rais+ x to a high temp]ature1 & !n place x at re/ 9 ! magnetic field2 ! magnetic en]gy influ5ce w\ld n op]ate on ! heat en]gy1 & consequ5tly1 no trans=mation w\ld ensue4 ,x is easy to conceive1 also1 t 9 ! c\rse ( an en]gy trans=mation1 ! mat]ial may atta9 an en]gy condition 9 :i* ! incept+ influ5ce no long] affects x4 ,take once m ! case ( ! iron ball4 ,x is well kn[n t1 at a high temp]ature1 iron becomes non-magnetic4 ,x w\ld foll[1 !n1 t if ! rotational trans=mation 9 ! magnetic field c\ld be c>ri$ out to ! requisite degree1 s t1 by ! cont9u\s application ( t heat en]gy :i* is ! f9al product ( ! process1 ! ball _h atta9$ ?is temp]ature1 !n ! o!r trans=mation consequ5t on ! displacem5t ( ! ball f ! attract+ pole c\ld n take place4 ,no *ange has really occurr$ 9 ! incept+ en]gy conditions4 ,!y are /ill cont9u\s & p]si/5t1 b ! en]gy *anges 9 ! mat]ial itself h c>ri$ x1 to a c]ta9 degree1 beyond ! influ5ce ( ^! conditions4 #ae4 ,cohesion z an ,incept+ ,influ5ce ,o!r aspects ( incept+ en]gy may be d]iv$ f ! examples cit$ above4 ,return+ to ! case ( ! rotat+ copp] sph]e1 let x be assum$ t 9 consequ5ce ( its rotation 9 ! magnetic field x is rais$ f a l[ to a high temp]ature4 ,due to ! heat+ effect alone1 ! mass w exp& or increase 9 volume4 ,?is increase is ! evid5ce ( a def9ite en]gy process by :i* c]ta9 p>ticles or portions ( ! mass h 9 di/ortion ga9$ en]gy ( position--en]gy ( sep>ation--or pot5tial en]gy relative to ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,9 fact1 if ! mass 7 all[$ to cool back to its normal condition1 ?is en]gy might by a suitable arrangem5t be made available = "s =m ( ext]nal "w4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is new en]gy ( position or sep>ation :i* has accru$ to ! mass 9 its heat$ condition has 9 reality be5 obta9$ by ! trans=mation ( ! "w en]gy orig9ally appli$4 ,! abnormal displacem5t ( c]ta9 p>ticles or portions ( ! mass f ! c5tre ( ! sph]e is simply ! ext]nal evid5ce ( _! increas$ en]gy4 ,n[ ?is displacem5t1 or /ra91 due to ! heat expansion1 is c>ri$ out aga9/ ! action ( c]ta9 cohesive =ces or /resses exi/+ betwe5 ! p>ticles ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,^! cohesive =ces are1 9 fact1 ! ag5cy :i* det]m9es ?is trans=mation ( heat into en]gy ( position4 ,_! exi/5ce is ess5tial to ! process4 ,b ^! cohesive =ces are simply ! ext]nal manife/ation ( t en]gy by virtue ( :i* ! mass t5ds to ma9ta9 its coh]5t =m4 ,!y are ! symbol ( t en]gy :i* might be t]m$ ! cohesion en]gy ( ! mass--!y are1 9 fact1 ! symbol ( ! incept+ en]gy influ5ce ( ! trans=mation4 ,?is incept+ en]gy influ5ce ( cohesion is "o :i* holds sway ?r\gh\t all solid mat]ial4 ,x is1 !re=e1 f\nd 9 action 9 e movem5t involv+ ! int]nal displacem5t or di/ortion ( matt]4 ,x is a prop]ty ( matt]1 & accord+ly x is f\nd to v>y n only ) ! mat]ial1 b also ) ! precise physical condition or ! en]gy /ate ( ! mat]ial ) :i* x is associat$4 ,9 ?is respect1 x diff]s entirely f ! prec$+ magnetic influ5ce4 ,! latt]1 we h se51 has no direct association ) ! copp] ball1 or ) ! mat]ial :i* is ! actual v5ue ( ! trans=mation4 ,z an en]gy influ5ce1 x is itself p]si/5t1 & unaffect$ by ! en]gy /ate ( t mat]ial4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cohesion en]gy1 be+ purely a prop]ty ( ! mat]ial :i* is ! habitat ( ! en]gy process1 is directly affect$ by its en]gy /ate4 ,?is po9t w be cle>] by ref]5ce to ! actual ph5om5a ( ! heat trans=mation4 ,z ! process proce$s1 ! temp]ature ( ! mass z ! expansion increases w rise high] & high]1 until1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 ! solid mat]ial is s en]gis$ t *ange ( /ate ensues4 ,at ?is1 ! melt+-po9t ( ! mat]ial1 liquefaction takes place1 & its cohesive prop]ties almo/ vani%4 ,9 ?is fa%ion1 !n1 a limit is cle>ly impos$ on ! process ( heat trans=mation 9 ! solid body--a limit def9$ by ! cohesive or physical prop]ties ( ! p>ticul> mat]ial4 ,9 ?is limit+ p[] lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 cohesion & magnetism z incept+ influ5ces4 ,look+ at ! :ole dynamo-electric trans=mation 9 a g5]al way1 x w be cle> t ! magnetic influ5ce 9 no way limits or affects ! am\nt ( dynamical or "w en]gy :i* may be appli$ to ! rotat+ sph]e4 ,?is am\nt is limit$ simply by ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! mat]ial mass 9 rotation4 ,! magnetic influ5ce might1 9 fact1 be reg>d$ z ! prim>y or induc+ factor 9 ! sy/em1 & ! cohesion influ5ce z ! second>y or limit+ factor4 #af4 ,t]re/rial ,gravitation z an ,incept+ ,influ5ce ,! attractive influ5ce ( gravitation appe>s z an incept+ ag5cy 9 t]re/rial z well z 9 cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,9 fact1 ( all ! ag5cies :i* incept en]gy trans=mations on ! e>?1 gravitation1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is ! mo/ univ]sal & ! mo/ important4 ,gravitation be+ a prop]ty ( all matt]1 no mundane body1 animate or inanimate1 is exempt f its all-p]vad+ influ5ce1 & e movem5t ( en]gis$ matt] )9 ! field ( t influ5ce leads inevitably to en]gy trans=mation4 ,let u take a concrete illu/ration4 ,a block ( solid mat]ial is support$ on a horizontal table4 ,by means ( a cord atta*$1 en]gy is appli$ to ! block f an ext]nal s\rce1 s t x slides ov] ! surface ( ! table4 ,z a result ( ?is motion & ! associat$ frictional process1 heat en]gy w make its appe>ance at ! slid+ surfaces ( contact4 ,?is heat en]gy is obvi\sly obta9$ by ! trans=mation ( t en]gy orig9ally appli$ to ! block f ! ext]nal s\rce4 ,:at is ! incept+ influ5ce 9 ?is process ( trans=mation8 ,! incept+ influ5ce is cle>ly ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? op]at+ betwe5 ! mov+ block & ! table4 ,! frictional process1 x is well kn[n1 is dep5d5t 9 ext5t or degree on ! pressure betwe5 ! surfaces 9 contact4 ,?is pressure is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? on ! mass ( ! block4 ,if x be remov$1 say by support+ ! block f above1 ! heat-trans=mation process at ! surfaces at once t]m9ates4 ,gravity1 !n1 is ! prim>y incept+ influ5ce ( ! process4 ,! effect ( gravitation 9 trans=mation has app>5tly be5 elim9at$ by support+ ! block f above & remov+ ! pressure betwe5 block & table4 ,x is n really s1 h[ev]1 because ! pressure due to ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? on ! block has 9 reality only be5 transf]r$ to ?is new po9t ( support1 & if a movem5t ( ! block is c>ri$ out x w be f\nd t ! heat trans=mation has be5 also transf]r$ to t po9t4 ,b !re are also o!r influ5ces at "w 9 ! process4 ,! ext5t ( ! heat trans=mation dep5ds1 n only on ! pressure1 b also on ! nature ( ! surfaces 9 contact4 ,x is evid5t1 t 9 ! slid+ movem5t ! mat]ials 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! surfaces 9 contact w be m or less /ra9$ or di/ort$4 ,?is di/ortion is c>ri$ out 9 ! l9es ( ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ials1 & is ! real me*anism ( ! trans=mation ( ! appli$ "w en]gy into heat4 ,x is obvi\s t ! nature ( ! surfaces 9 contact mu/ influ5ce ! degree ( di/ortion1 t is1 :e!r !y are r\gh or smoo?2 ! cohesive qualities ( ! mat]ials 9 contact w dep5d also on ! nature ( ^! mat]ials1 & ! ext5t ( ! heat trans=mation w be limit$ by ^! cohesive prop]ties 9 precisely ! same way z describ$ = o!r examples 7,sec4 #ae74 ,! function ( gravitation 9 ?is trans=mation is1 obvi\sly1 aga9 q passive 9 nature1 & is 9 no way influ5c$ by ! ext5t ( ! process4 ,gravitation is1 z x 71 only ! ag5cy :]eby ! act+ en]gy is br\ght into communication ) ! cohesive =ces ( ! slid+ mat]ials4 ,a little reflection w convey to ! read] ! va/ ext5t ( ?is influ5ce ( gravitation 9 frictional ph5om5a1 & ! important place occupi$ by su* ph5om5a 9 ! economy ( ,nature4 ,f ! leaf :i* falls f ! tree to ! mighty tidal motions ( air1 e>?1 & sea due to ! gravitative effects ( ! sun & moon1 all movem5ts ( t]re/rial mat]ial are alike subject to ! influ5ce ( t]re/rial gravitation1 & w give rise to correspond+ heat processes4 ,^! heat processes are cont9ually 9 evid5ce 9 natural ph5om5a2 ! effect ( _! action is se5 alike on ! e>?'s surface & 9 its int]ior 7int]nal heat+74 ,( ! en]gy op]at+ 9 !m we d n propose to say any?+ fur!r at ?is /age1 except t x is l>gely communicat$ to ! atmosph]ic air masses4 #ag4 ,! ,gravitation ,field ,! =ego+ examples ( trans=mation s]ve to place be=e ! read] "s idea ( ! g5]al nature & function ( an incept+ en]gy influ5ce4 ,b = ! broade/ aspects ( ! latt] ag5cies x is necess>y to rev]t once m to cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,z already indicat$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,/atem5t1 ! prim>y trans=mations ( planet>y axial en]gy are /imulat$ by c]ta9 ag5cies inh]5t to1 & aris+ f1 ! c5tral mass ( ! sy/em4 ,^! en]gy ag5cies or effects op]ate ?r\gh space1 & are entirely passive 9 nature4 ,!y are 9 no way associat$ ) en]gy transmission2 !y are m]ely ! det]m9+ causes ( ! en]gy-trans=m+ processes :i* !y induce1 & d n 9 ! lea/ affect ! cons]vative en]gy prop]ties ( ! planet>y masses ov] :i* _! influ5ce is ca/4 ,( ! precise numb] & nature ( su* influ5ces ?us ex]t$ by ! prim>y mass we c say no?+4 ,! en]gy trans=mations :i* are ! direct result ( _! action are s ext5sive & s v>i$ 9 "* t we w\ld hesitate to place any limit on ! numb] ( ! influ5ces at "w4 ,"s ( ^! influ5ces1 h[ev]1 be+ associat$ ) ! ph5om5a ( ev]yday exp]i5ce1 are m readily detect$ 9 action ?an o!rs & m accessible to /udy4 ,x is to ^! t we naturally turn 9 ord] to ga9 g5]al ideas = application to m obscure cases4 ,( ! _m incept+ influ5ces1 !re=e1 :i* may emanate f ! prim>y mass !re are ?ree only :i* w be dealt ) "h4 ,ea* ex]ts a pr(\nd action on ! planet>y sy/em1 & ea* may be readily /udi$ & its work+ v]ifi$ by ! obs]vation ( common ph5om5a4 ,^! influ5ces are respectively ! gravitation1 ! !rmal1 & ! lum9\s fields4 ,! g5]al nature & prop]ties ( ! gravitation field h to "s ext5t be5 already =e%ad[$ 7,secs4 #d1 #f1 #af74 ,o!r examples w be dealt ) lat]1 & x is unnecess>y to g into fur!r detail "h4 ,! diff]5t aspects1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! influ5ce has be5 pres5t$ may be po9t$ out4 ,fir/ly1 9 ! sep>ate body 9 space1 z an inh]5t prop]ty ( matt] 7,sec4 #b72 secondly1 z an attractive influ5ce ex]t$ across space betwe5 prim>y & planet1 bo? absolutely sep>ate bodies 7,sec4 #e72 & ?irdly1 z a purely planet>y or second>y incept+ influ5ce 7,sec4 #af74 ,9 e case alike we f9d its function to be ( an entirely passive nature4 ,its mo/ p[]ful effect on planet>y mat]ial is p]haps manife/$ 9 ! tidal actions 7,sec4 #i74 ,) respect to ^! movem5ts1 x may be po9t$ out t ! planet>y mat]ial p]iodically rais$ f ! surface is itself elevat$ aga9/ ! inh]5t planet>y gravitative =ces1 & also1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 aga9/ ! cohesive =ces ( planet>y mat]ial4 ,ea* ( ^! resi/+ influ5ces functions z an incept+ ag5cy1 & ?us ! elevation ( ! mass involves a trans=mation ( en]gy 7,sec4 #d74 ,! s\rce ( ! en]gy ?us trans=m$ is ! axial en]gy ( ! planet1 & ! new =ms 9 :i* x is manife/$ are en]gy ( position or pot5tial en]gy relative to ! planet>y surface1 & heat en]gy4 ,on ! return ( ! mat]ial to its normal position1 its en]gy ( position1 due to its elevation1 w be return$ 9 its orig9al =m ( axial en]gy4 ,9 ! case ( ! heat trans=mation1 h[ev]1 x is to be not$ t ?is process w take place bo? z ! mat]ial is elevat$ & also z x s9ks once m to its normal position4 ,! heat trans=mation ?us op]ates cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! entire movem5t4 ,! uprais+ ( ! mat]ial 9 ! tidal action is br\ght ab\t entirely at ! exp5se ( inh]5t planet>y axial en]gy4 ,! gravitative & cohesive prop]ties ( ! planet>y mat]ial make su* a trans=mation process possible4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ^! prop]ties t en]gy may be appli$ to or exp5d$ on ! mat]ial 9 ?is way4 ,! tidal action on ! planet>y surface is1 9 fact1 simply a huge second>y process 9 :i* axial en]gy is conv]t$ into heat4 ,! prim>y incept+ p[] is cle>ly gravitation4 ,( ! aspect ( gravitation z a purely planet>y influ5ce 7,sec4 #af7 little requires to be said4 ,! ph5om5a are s prom95t & famili> t ! read] may be left to multiply in/ances = himself4 #ah4 ,! ,!rmal ,field ,! !rmal field :i* is induc$ by & emanates f ! prim>y mass diff]s f ! gravitation field 9 t1 s f> z we "k1 x is unaccompani$ by any manife/ation ( =ce1 attractive or o!rwise4 ,its action on ! rotat+ planet>y mass may be comp>$ to t ( ! electro-magnet on ! rotat+ copp] sph]e 7,sec4 #ad72 ! electro-magnet ex]ts no =ce on ! sph]e1 b an en]gy exp5diture is1 nev]!less1 requir$ to rotate ! latt] ?r\gh ! field ( ! magnetic influ5ce4 ,to ?is !rmal field1 !n1 9 :i* ! planets rotate1 we ascribe all prim>y planet>y heat+ ph5om5a4 ,! mode ( action ( ! !rmal field appe>s to be simil> to t ( o!r incept+ influ5ces4 ,by its ag5cy ! en]gy ( axial rotation ( planet>y mat]ial is directly conv]t$ into ! heat =m4 ,z already %[n 7,sec4 #ag71 heat en]gy may be develop$ 9 planet>y mat]ial z a result ( ! action ( o!r incept+ ag5cies1 su* z gravitation4 ,^! processes are1 h[ev]1 m or less indirect 9 nature4 ,b ! op]ation due to ! !rmal field is a direct "o4 ,! heat en]gy is d]iv$ f ! direct trans=mation ( planet>y axial en]gy ( rotation )\t pass+ ?r\gh any int]m$iate =ms4 ,9 common p>lance1 ! !rmal field is ! ag5cy :]eby ! prim>y mass heats ! planet>y sy/em4 ,no idea ( transmission1 h[ev]1 is "h impli$ 9 su* phraseology2 ! heat+ effect produc$ on any planet>y mass is entirely ! result ( ! trans=mation ( its own en]gy2 ! !rmal field is purely & simply ! incept+ influ5ce ( ! process4 ,n[1 9 virtue ( ! configuration ( ! rotat+ planet>y masses1 _! mat]ial 9 equatorial regions is mu* m highly en]gis$ ?an ! mat]ial 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! poles1 & w1 accord+ly1 move ) mu* great] l9e> velocity ?r\gh ! !rmal field4 ,! heat trans=mation w v>y accord+ly4 ,x w be mu* m pron\nc$ at ! equator ?an at ! poles1 & a wide diff]5ce 9 temp]ature w be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! two regions4 ,! !rmal field1 also1 does n necess>ily produce ! same heat+ effect on all planet>y mat]ial alike4 ,"s mat]ials appe> to be peculi>ly susceptible--o!rs mu* less s4 ,?is we may v]ify f t]re/rial exp]i5ce4 ,inve/igation %[s ! opaque sub/ances to be g5]ally mo/ susceptible1 & ! transp>5t mat]ials1 su* z glass1 rock-salt1 t\rmal9e1 c4 almo/ insusceptible1 to ! heat+ effect ( ! sun4 ,! influ5ce ( ! !rmal field c1 9 fact1 op]ate ?r\gh ! latt] mat]ials4 ,a /ill m /rik+ & important ph5om5on may be obs]v$ 9 ! v>y+ action ( ! !rmal field on matt] 9 its diff]5t =ms4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out t1 9 ! c\rse ( trans=mation 9 ! field ( an incept+ influ5ce1 a mat]ial may atta9 a c]ta9 en]gy /ate 9 :i* x is no long] susceptible to t influ5ce4 ,?is has be5 exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! iron ball 7,sec4 #ad7 & a ph5om5on ( ! same g5]al nature is reveal$ 9 ! cele/ial trans=mation4 ,a piece ( solid mat]ial ( l[ melt+-po9t is br\ght f ! pol> regions ( ! e>? to ! equator4 ,due to ! m rapid movem5t across ! sun's !rmal field1 & ! consequ5t increas$ action ( t field1 a trans=mation ( ! axial en]gy ( rotation ( ! body takes place1 :]eby x is heat$ & f9ally liquefi$4 ,9 ! liquid /ate ! mat]ial is /ill susceptible to ! !rmal field1 & ! trans=mation process accord+ly proce$s until ! mat]ial f9ally assumes ! gase\s =m4 ,at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t ! op]ation is susp5d$2 ! mat]ial1 9 assum+ ! gase\s /ate1 has n[ atta9$ a condition 7,sec4 #ae7 9 :i* ! !rmal field has no fur!r incept+ or trans=m+ influ5ce ^u x4 ,no trans=mation ( its axial en]gy into ! heat =m is n[ possible by ?is means2 inde$1 s f> z ! direct heat+ effect ( ! sun is conc]n$1 ! free gase\s mat]ial on ! planet>y surface is entirely unaffect$4 ,all ! evid5ce ( ,nature po9ts to ! conclusion t all gase\s mat]ial is absolutely transp>5t to ! direct !rmal influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,matt] 9 ! gase\s =m rea*es1 z x 71 an ultimate or limit+ condition 9 ?is respect4 ,?is fact1 t en]gis$ mat]ial 9 ! gase\s =m is n susceptible to ! !rmal field1 is ( v great importance 9 ! g5]al economy ( ,nature4 ,x is1 9 reality1 ! means :]eby ! great prim>y process ( ! trans=mation ( ! axial en]gy ( ! e>? into ! heat =m is limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,z w be expla9$ lat]1 x is ! device :]eby ! planet>y en]gy /ability is cons]v$4 ,x w be app>5t1 ( c\rse1 t heat en]gy may be readily appli$ to gase\s masses by o!r means1 su* z conduction or radiation f purely t]re/rial s\rces4 ,! po9t :i* we wi% "h to emphasise is1 simply1 t gase\s mat]ial end[$ ) axial en]gy on ! planet>y surface _c h ?is axial en]gy directly trans=m$ into heat ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! !rmal field ( ! prim>y4 #ai4 ,! ,lum9\s ,field ,! planet>y bodies are indebt$ to ! prim>y mass n only = heat ph5om5a1 b also = ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,^! light ph5om5a are due to a sep>ate & di/9ct en]gy influ5ce 7or influ5ces7 :i* we t]m ! lum9\s field4 ,! mode ( action ( ! lum9\s field is simil> to t ( o!r incept+ influ5ces4 ,x op]ates f ! prim>y1 & is entirely passive 9 nature4 ,l ! !rmal field1 x does n appe> to be accompani$ by any manife/ation ( physical /ress or =ce1 except1 inde$1 ! exp]im5tal demon/rations ( ! pressure ( light c be reg>d$ z su*4 ,9 any case1 ?is 9 no way affects ! g5]al action ( light z an incept+ ag5cy4 ,its action on en]gis$ planet>y mat]ial gives rise to c]ta9 trans=mations ( en]gy1 trans=mations exclusive & peculi> to its own influ5ce4 ,we w ref] to t]re/rial ph5om5a = illu/rations ( its work+4 ,p]haps ! commone/ example ( trans=mation 9 :i* ! lum9\s field appe>s z ! incept+ ag5cy is se5 9 ! gr[? ( plant life on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( vegetation & plants g5]ally is ! outw>d evid5ce ( c]ta9 en]gy trans=mations4 ,! processes ( gr[?1 h[ev]1 are ( su* a complex nature t x is impossible to /ate ! gov]n+ en]gy conditions 9 _! entirety1 b1 consid]+ !m m]ely 9 g5]al fa%ion1 x may be said t en]gy 9 v>i\s =ms 7pot5tial1 *emical1 c47 is /or$ 9 ! tissues ( ! gr[+ mat]ial4 ,n[ ! s\rce ( ?is en]gy is ! axial en]gy ( ! e>?1 &1 z /at$ above1 ! lum9\s field is an incept+ factor 7!re may be o!rs7 9 ! process ( trans=mation1 a factor :]eby ?is axial en]gy is conv]t$ into c]ta9 new =ms4 ,x is well kn[n t1 among/ ! factors :i* influ5ce ! gr[? ( vegetation1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t is t ( light4 ,! pres5ce ( sunlight is "o ( ! ess5tial conditions = ! successful work+ ( c]ta9 trans=mations ( plant life1 & ^! trans=mations v>y n only 9 degree b 9 nature1 accord+ to ! v>iation ( ! impos$ light 9 int5sity & quality4 ,"s ( ! processes ( gr[? are no d\bt *emical 9 nature4 ,"h1 aga91 light may be readily conceiv$ to h a direct det]m9+ influ5ce ^u !m1 exactly z 9 ! cases ( its well-kn[n action 9 *emical ph5om5a--= in/ance1 z 9 photography4 ,o!r examples w readily occur to ! read]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! action ( light on ! eye itself4 ,x may be po9t$ out inde$ t light is1 fir/ & =emo/1 a ph5om5on ( vision4 ,:atev] may be its intr9sic nature1 x is prim>ily an influ5ce affect+ ! eye4 ,b ! action ( see+1 l all o!r =ms ( human activity1 involves a c]ta9 exp5diture ( bodily en]gy4 ,?is en]gy is1 ( c\rse1 prim>ily d]iv$ f ! axial en]gy ( ! e>? ?r\gh ! m$ium ( plant & animal life & ! physico-*emical processes ( ! body itself4 ,its pres5ce 9 "o =m or ano!r is1 9 fact1 ess5tial to all ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,! action ( see+ accord+ly involves ! trans=mation ( a c]ta9 modicum ( ?is en]gy1 & ! influ5ce :i* incepts ?is trans=mation is ! lum9\s field :i* orig9ates 9 & emanates f ! c5tral mass ( ! sy/em1 ! sun4 ,9 a simil> way1 planet>y mat]ial "u c]ta9 conditions may become ! s\rce ( an incept+ lum9\s field4 ,x is ?is light influ5ce or lum9\s field :i*1 9 common p>lance1 is said to ent] ! eye4 ,9 t organ1 !n1 is f\nd ! me*anism or ma*9e 7,sec4 #cj71 a complicat$ "o1 no d\bt1 :]eby ?is process ( trans=mation is c>ri$ out :i* makes ! light influ5ce p]ceptible to ! s5ses4 ,( ! precise nature ( ! action little c be said4 ,! !me is r "o = a treatise on physiology4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ! process ( trans=mation1 t ,dew> has already demon/rat$ ! fact t :5 light falls on ! ret9a ( ! eye1 an electric curr5t is set up 9 ! optic n]ve4 ,! en]gy associat$ ) ?is curr5t is1 ( c\rse1 obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! bodily en]gy ( ! obs]v]1 & ?is en]gy1 aft] pass+1 x may be1 ?r\gh a l>ge numb] ( trans=mation processes1 w f9ally be return$ to ! s\rce f :i* x 0 orig9ally d]iv$1 namely1 ! axial en]gy ( ! e>?4 ,! lum9\s field1 also1 l ! !rmal field1 has no trans=m+ effect :atev] on ! en]gy ( c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,x may pass completely ?r\gh "s & be reflect$ by o!rs )\t any sign ( en]gy trans=mation4 ,its prop]ties are1 9 fact1 simply ! prop]ties ( light1 & mu/ be accept$ simply z ph5om5a4 ,n[1 x is v important1 9 /udy+ matt]s ( ?is k9d1 to realise t x is impossible ev] to get beyond or beh9d ph5om5a4 ,x may be po9t$ out t 9 no sph]e ( physics has ! influ5ce ( s-call$ explanatory me*anical hypo!ses be5 /rong] ?an 9 t deal+ ) ! prop]ties ( light4 ,new !ories are be+ exp\nd$ almo/ daily 9 attempts to expla9 or dissect simple ph5om5a4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,9 :at does our really useful k ( light consi/8 ,simply 9 our k ( ph5om5a4 ,beyond ?is1 "o _c g4 ,we may attempt to expla9 ph5om5a1 b to create = ?is purpose ela/ic e!real m$ia or sub/ances )\t direct evid5tial ph5om5a 9 support is n to advance real k4 ,!re are c]ta9 prop]ties peculi> to ! lum9\s z to all o!r incept+ fields1 c]ta9 conditions "u :i* ea* respectively w act1 & ! true me?od ( ga9+ real insight into ^! ag5cies is by ! /udy ( ^! actual prop]ties 7or ph5om5a7 & conditions1 & n by attempts to ultimately expla9 !m4 ,x w be evid5t t 9 mo/ cases ( natural en]gy op]ations !re is m ?an "o en]gy influ5ce 9 action4 ,z a rule !re are sev]al4 ,9 a gr[+ plant1 = example1 we h ! !rmal1 lum9\s1 gravitation1 & cohesive influ5ces all 9 op]ation at ! same "t1 ea* p]=m+ its peculi> function 9 trans=mation1 ea* contribut+ its own peculi> en]gy ph5om5a to ! :ole4 ,?is feature adds some:at to ! complexity ( natural op]ations & to ! difficulties 9 ! precise description ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ) :i* !y are associat$4 #bj4 ,trans=mations--,upw>d ,movem5t ( a ,mass aga9/ ,gravity ,:5 ! significance ( en]gy inception & ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( ! v>i\s ag5cies h be5 grasp$1 x becomes mu* easi] to deal ) c]ta9 o!r aspects ( en]gy processes4 ,to illu/rate ^! aspects x is1 !re=e1 n[ propos$ to discuss a few simple second>y op]ations embodi$ 9 exp]im5tal app>atus4 ,a few examples ( ! op]ations ( trans=mation & transmission ( en]gy w be consid]$4 ,! object 9 view is to %[ ! g5]al nature ( ^! processes1 & m especially ! limits impos$ ^u !m by ! v>i\s factors or prop]ties ( ! mat]ial ma*9es 9 :i* !y are ( necessity embodi$4 ,! read] is ask$ to be> 9 m9d also ! obs]vations already made 7,sec4 #ac7 ) respect to exp]im5tal app>atus g5]ally4 ,! fir/ op]ation = discussion is t ( ! upw>d movem5t ( a mass ( mat]ial aga9/ ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>?4 ,?is movem5t involves "o ( ! mo/ simple & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ important ( second>y en]gy processes4 ,z a concrete illu/ration1 consid] ! case ( a body project$ v]tically upw>ds ) great velocity f ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! ph5om5a ( its motion w be some:at z foll[s3--,z ! body rec$es f ! e>?'s surface 9 its upw>d flight1 its velocity suff]s a cont9u\s decrease1 & an altitude is f9ally atta9$ :]e ?is velocity becomes z]o4 ,! projectile1 at ?is po9t1 is in/antane\sly at re/4 ,its motion !n *anges2 x comm5ces to fall1 & to proce$ once m t[>ds ! />t+-po9t ) cont9u\sly increas+ velocity4 ,neglect+ ! effect ( ! air 7,sec4 #bi7 & ! rotational movem5t ( ! e>?1 x may be assum$ t ! ret>dation ( ! projectile 9 its upw>d flight is num]ically equal to its accel]ation 9 its d[nw>d flight1 & t x f9ally returns to ! />t+-po9t ) velocity num]ically equal to ! initial velocity ( projection4 ,! process !n obvi\sly involves a complete trans=mation & return ( en]gy4 ,at ! e>?'s surface1 :]e its flight comm5ces & t]m9ates1 ! body is possess$ ( en]gy ( motion to a v high degree4 ,at ! highe/ po9t ( flight1 ?is =m ( en]gy has entirely vani%$2 ! body is at re/4 ,its en]gy prop]ties are !n repres5t$ by its position ( displacem5t f ! e>?'s surface2 its en]gy ( motion 9 disappe>+ has assum$ ?is =m ( en]gy ( position1 en]gy ( sep>ation1 or pot5tial en]gy4 ,! mov+ body has ?us be5 ! me*anism ( an en]gy trans=mation4 ,at ea* /age ( its upw>d progress1 a def9ite modicum ( its orig9al en]gy ( motion is conv]t$ into en]gy ( position4 ,betwe5 ! extreme po9ts ( its flight1 ! en]gy ( ! body is comp\nd$ ( ^! two =ms1 "o ( :i* is increas+ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ! summit ( flight is rea*$ ! conv]sion into en]gy ( position is complete4 ,9 ! d[nw>d motion1 ! action is completely rev]s$1 & :5 ! body rea*es ! />t+-po9t its en]gy ( position has aga9 be5 completely trans=m$ into en]gy ( motion4 ,x might be well to draw att5tion "h to ! fact1 (t5 ov]look$1 t ?is en]gy ( position ga9$ by ! ris+ mass is1 9 reality1 a =m ( en]gy1 sep>ate & di/9ct1 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! trans=mation & disappe>ance ( ! en]gy ( ! mov+ mass4 ,en]gy ( position is z truly a =m ( en]gy z heat or k9etic en]gy4 ,! trans=mation "h depict$ is cle>ly a simple process1 yet we "k absolutely no?+ ( its ultimate nature1 ( ! :y or :]e=e ( ! op]ation4 ,our k is conf9$ to ! circum/ances & conditions "u :i* x takes place4 ,let u n[1 !re=e1 deal ) ^! conditions4 ,! trans=mation is cle>ly c>ri$ out 9 virtue ( ! movem5t ( ! body 9 ! l9es or field ( an incept+ influ5ce4 ,?is influ5ce is t ( gravitation1 :i* l9ks ! body cont9ually to ! e>?4 ,n[ ! function ( gravitation 9 ?is process1 z 9 o!rs already describ$1 is t ( a completely passive incept+ ag5t4 ,! active en]gy :i* suff]s *ange 9 ! process is cle>ly ! orig9al "w en]gy 7,sec4 #ca7 communicat$ to ! project$ body4 ,! :ole process is1 9 fact1 a purely me*anical op]ation1 & z 9 ! case ( o!r processes involv+ me*anical en]gy1 x is limit$ by ! mass value ( ! mov+ mat]ial4 ,x is cle> t ! great] ! am\nt ( en]gy communicat$ to ! projectile at ! />t+-po9t1 ! great] w be ! altitude x w atta9 9 its flight4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy1 h[ev]1 :i* c ?us be communicat$ is dep5d5t on ! maximum =ce :i* c be appli$ to ! projectile4 ,b ! maximum =ce :i* c be appli$ to any body dep5ds entirely on ! resi/ance (f]$ by t body1 & 9 ?is case ! resi/+ =ce is ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? on ! projectile1 :i* attraction is aga9 a direct function ( its mass4 ,! great] ! mass1 ! great] ! gravitative =ce1 & ! great] ! possibility ( trans=mation4 ,! ultimate limit ( ! process w\ld be rea*$ if ! project$ mass 7 s great z to equal half ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! e>? be+ assum$ to be divid$ into two equal masses1 ! maximum limit+ value ( ! gravitative attraction w\ld cle>ly be atta9$4 ,any increase ( ! "o mass ov] ! o!r w\ld aga9 lead1 h[ev]1 to a dim9ution 9 ! attractive =ce & a correspond+ decrease 9 ! en]gy limit = trans=mation4 ,! precise mann] 9 :i* ! op]ations ( me*anical en]gy are limit$ by ! mass w n[ be cle>4 ,! pr9ciple is q g5]al1 & applicable to all mov+ bodies4 ,mass is ev] a direct measure ( en]gy capacity4 ,a graphical me?od ( repres5t+ en]gy trans=mations ( ?is k9d1 by a sy/em ( co-ord9ates1 w\ld enable ! read] to appreciate m fully ! quantitative relations ( ! =ms ( en]gy involv$ & also _! v>i\s limits4 #ba4 ,! ,simple ,p5dulum ,! rema9+ op]ations ( trans=mation = discussion are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ simple app>atus4 ,a sph]ical metallic mass ,m 7,fig4 #b7 is support$ by a rod ,p :i* is rigidly connect$ to a horizontal sp9dle ,,hs z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,! sp9dle is support$ & free to revolve 9 ! be>+s ,b#a & ,b#b :i* =m "p ( ! support+ framework ,v re/+ on ! gr\nd2 ! be>+ surfaces at ,b#a & ,b#b are lubricat$1 & ! mass ,m is free to p]=m1 9 a v]tical plane1 complete revolutions ab\t ! axis ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! sp9dle4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is motion its pa? w be circul>1 z %[n at ,,dcfe2 ! :ole arrangem5t is m]ely an adaptation ( ! simple p5dulum4 ,z con/itut$1 ! app>atus may =m ! seat ( c]ta9 en]gy op]ations4 ,"s ( ^! w only take place ) ! application ( en]gy ( motion to ! p5dulum f an ext]nal s\rce1 !reby caus+ x to vibrate or to rotate3 o!rs1 aga91 might be said to be inh]5t to ! app>atus1 s9ce !y arise naturally f its con/ruction & configuration4 ,we %all deal ) ! latt] fir/4 #bb4 ,/atical ,en]gy ,conditions ,! p5dulum ) its sp9dle has a def9ite mass value1 &1 assum+ x to be at re/ 9 ! be>+s ,b#a & ,b#b1 x is act$ ^u by gravitation1 or 9 o!r words1 x is "u ! influ5ce or )9 ! field ( ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>?'s mass ^u x4 ,! effect ( ?is field is directly proportional to ! mass ( ! p5dulum & sp9dle1 & to its action is due t be>+ pressure :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! lubricant to ! be>+ surfaces & !nce to ! support+ arms ,n#a & ,n#b ( ! framework4 ,be>+s & columns alike are ?us subject$ to a d[nw>d ?ru/ or pressure4 ,be+ ( ela/ic mat]ial1 !y w be m or less di/ort$4 ,?is di/ortion w proce$ until ! d[nw>d =ces are balanc$ by ! upw>d or reactive =ces call$ into play 9 virtue ( ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! /ra9$ mat]ial4 ,correspond+ to a slight d[nw>d movem5t ( ! p5dulum & sp9dle 9 ?us /ra9+ or compress+ !m1 ! support+ columns w be decreas$ 9 l5g?4 ,?is d[nw>d movem5t is ! ext]nal evid5ce ( c]ta9 en]gy op]ations4 ,9 virtue ( _! elevation above ! e>?'s surface1 ! p5dulum & sp9dle possess1 to a c]ta9 degree1 en]gy ( position1 & any free d[nw>d movem5t w\ld lead to ! trans=mation ( ?is en]gy into en]gy ( motion 7,sec4 #bj74 ,b ! d[nw>d motion ( p5dulum & sp9dle is n free4 ,x is made aga9/ ! resi/ance ( ! mat]ial ( ! support+ columns1 & ! en]gy ( position1 in/ead ( assum+ ! =m ( en]gy ( motion1 is simply work$ d[n or trans=m$ aga9/ ! oppos+ cohesive =ces ( ! support+ mat]ials4 ,?is en]gy1 !re=e1 n[ resides 9 ^! mat]ials 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( /ra9 or di/ortion4 ,9 g5]al nature1 ?is /ra9 en]gy is ak9 to en]gy ( position 7,sec4 #bj74 ,c]ta9 portions ( ! mat]ial ( ! columns h be5 =c$ into new positions aga9/ ! int]nal =ces ( cohesion :i* are ev] t5d+ to pres]ve ! orig9al configuration ( ! columns4 ,?is movem5t ( mat]ial 9 ! field ( ! cohesive influ5ce involves ! trans=mation ( en]gy 7,sec4 #d71 & ! ext]nal evid5ce ( ! en]gy process is simply ! /ra9$ or di/ort$ condition ( ! mat]ial4 ,if ! latt] be releas$1 & all[$ to resume its natural =m once m1 ?is /or$ en]gy ( /ra9 w\ld be entirely giv5 up4 ,9 reality1 ! mat]ial c be said to play ! "p ( a ma*9e or me*anism = ! en]gy process ( /orage & re/oration4 ,no en]gy process1 9 fact1 ev] takes place unless associat$ ) matt] 9 "s =m4 ,! support+ arms1 9 ?is case1 =m ! mat]ial factor or ag5cy 9 ! en]gy op]ation4 ,all su* en]gy ma*9es1 also1 are limit$ 9 ! ext5t ( _! op]ation1 by ! qualities ( ! mat]ial factors4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! en]gy compass ( ! ma*9e is re/rict$ by c]ta9 physical prop]ties ( ! mat]ial1 by ! maximum value ( ^! cohesive or ela/ic =ces call$ into play 9 di/ortion4 ,^! =ces are !mselves ! evid5ce ( en]gy1 ( t en]gy by virtue ( :i* ! mat]ial possesses & ma9ta9s its coh]5t =m4 ,9 ?is case ?is en]gy is also ! factor controll+ ! trans=mation1 & appe>s z a sep>ate & di/9ct incept+ ag5cy4 ,if ! process is to be a rev]sible "o1 s t ! en]gy orig9ally /or$ 9 ! mat]ial z /ra9 en]gy or en]gy ( di/ortion may be completely return$1 ! mat]ial mu/ n be /ress$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,only a limit$ am\nt ( "w c be appli$ to x1 only a limit$ am\nt ( en]gy c be /or$ 9 x4 ,too mu* en]gy appli$--too great a weight on ! support+ columns--gives rise to p]man5t di/ortion or cru%+1 & an entirely new ord] ( ph5om5a4 ,?is en]gy limit = rev]sibility is !n impos$ by ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! mat]ial or by its ela/ic limits4 ,up to ?is po9t en]gy /or$ 9 ! mat]ial may be return$--! process is rev]sible 9 nature--b above ?is ela/ic limit any en]gy appli$ mu/ op]ate 9 an entirely diff]5t mann]4 ,a little consid]ation w %[ also1 t ! /ate ( di/ortion1 or en]gy /ra91 is n conf9$ to ! mat]ial ( ! support+ columns alone4 ,action & reaction are equal4 ,! same /resses are appli$ to ! sp9dle ?r\gh ! m$ium ( be>+s & lubricant4 ,9 fact1 e mat]ial sub/ance ( :i* ! p5dulum ma*9e is built up is ?us1 m or less1 /ra9$ aga9/ int]nal =ces2 all possess1 m or less1 cohesion or /ra9 en]gy4 ,x w be evid5t1 also1 t ?is condition is n peculi> to ?is or any o!r =m ( app>atus4 ,x is ! en]gy /ate or condition ( e /ructure1 ei!r natural or artificial1 :i* is built up ( ord9>y mat]ial1 & :i*1 on ! e>?'s surface1 is subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ! gravitation field4 ,?is cohesion or /ra9 en]gy is "o ( ! =ms 9 :i* en]gy is mo/ widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t mat]ial4 ,9 review+ ! /atical condition ( ! above app>atus1 ! p5dulum itself has be5 assum$ to be hang+ v]tically at re/ "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation4 ,if en]gy be n[ appli$ to ! sy/em f "s ext]nal s\rce s t ! p5dulum is caus$ to vibrate1 or to rotate ab\t ! axis ( susp5sion1 a new set ( en]gy processes make _! appe>ance4 ,! movem5t ( ! p5dulum mass1 9 its circul> pa? ar\nd ! c5tral axis1 is productive ( c]ta9 en]gy reactions1 z foll[s3-- a4 ,a trans=mation ( en]gy ( motion into en]gy ( position & vice v]sa4 b4 ,a frictional trans=mation at ! be>+ surfaces4 ,^! processes w ea* be 9 cont9u\s op]ation s long z ! motion ( ! p5dulum is ma9ta9$4 ,_! g5]al nature is q indep5d5t ( ! ext5t ( t motion1 :e!r x be m]ely vibratory ?r\gh a small arc1 or completely rotatory ab\t ! c5tral axis4 ,9 ! articles :i* imm$iately foll[1 ! processes w be treat$ sep>ately4 #bc4 ,trans=mations ( ! ,mov+ ,p5dulum--a4 ,en]gy ( ,motion to ,en]gy ( ,position & ,vice ,v]sa ,9 ?is simple trans=mation ! motion ( ! p5dulum ab\t ! axis ( susp5sion may be ei!r vibratory or circul>1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( en]gy ext]nally appli$4 ,9 ea* case1 e p]iodic movem5t ( ! app>atus illu/rates ! :ole en]gy op]ation4 ,! g5]al conditions ( ! process are almo/ id5tical ) ^? 9 ! case ( ! upw>d movem5t ( a mass aga9/ gravity 7,sec4 #bj74 ,gravitation is ! incept+ en]gy influ5ce ( ! op]ation4 ,if ! p5dulum simply vibrates ?r\gh a small arc1 !n1 at ! highe/ po9ts ( its flight1 x is in/antane\sly at re/4 ,its en]gy ( motion is "h1 !re=e1 z]o2 its en]gy ( position is a maximum4 ,at ! l[e/ po9t ( its flight1 ! conditions are exactly rev]s$4 ,"h its en]gy ( motion is a maximum1 :ile its en]gy ( position passes ?r\gh a m9imum value4 ,! same g5]al conditions hold :5 ! p5dulum p]=ms complete revolutions ab\t ! c5tral axis4 ,if ! en]gy ( motion appli$ is j suffici5t to raise x to ! highe/ po9t ,e 7,fig4 #b71 ! mass w !re aga9 be in/antane\sly at re/ ) maximum en]gy ( position4 ,z ! mass falls d[nw>ds 9 complet+ ! circul> movem5t1 its en]gy ( position once m assumes ! k9etic =m1 & rea*es its maximum value at ,c 7,fig4 #b71 ! l[e/ position4 ,! mov+ p5dulum mass1 s f> z its en]gy prop]ties are conc]n$1 behaves 9 precisely ! same mann] z a body v]tically project$ 9 ! field ( ! gravitative attraction 7,sec4 #bj74 ,?is simple en]gy op]ation ( ! p5dulum is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ famili> ( en]gy processes4 ,by its means1 h[ev]1 x is possible to illu/rate c]ta9 g5]al features ( en]gy reactions ( great importance to ! au?or's s*eme4 ,! en]gy processes ( ! p5dulum sy/em are c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! mat]ial p5dulum ma*9e1 & are limit$1 bo? 9 nature & degree1 by ! prop]ties ( t ma*9e4 ,z ! p5dulum vibrates1 ! trans=mation ( en]gy ( motion to en]gy ( position or vice v]sa is an example ( a rev]sible en]gy op]ation4 ,! en]gy active 9 ?is op]ation cont9ually alt]nates betwe5 two =ms ( en]gy3 trans=mation is cont9ually foll[$ by a correspond+ return4 ,neglect+ 9 ! meantime all frictional & o!r effects1 we w assume complete rev]sibility1 or t ! en]gy ( motion ( ! p5dulum1 aft] pass+ completely into ! =m ( en]gy ( position at ! highe/ po9t1 is aga9 completely return$1 9 its orig9al =m1 9 ! desc5t4 ,n[1 = any giv5 p5dulum1 ! am\nt ( en]gy :i* c ?us op]ate 9 ! sy/em dep5ds on two factors1 namely1 ! mass ( ! p5dulum & ! v]tical height ?r\gh :i* x rises 9 vibration4 ,if ! mass is fix$1 !n ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy w be op]at+ 9 ! rev]sible cycle :5 ! p5dulum is p]=m+ complete revolutions r\nd its axis ( susp5sion4 ,! maximum height ?r\gh :i* ! p5dulum c rise1 or ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy ( position :i* ! sy/em c acquire1 is ?us dep5d5t on ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum arm4 ,^! two factors1 !n1 ! mass & ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum arm1 are simply prop]ties ( ?is p5dulum ma*9e1 prop]ties by :i* its en]gy compass is re/rict$4 ,let u n[ exam9e ^! limit+ factors m m9utely4 ,x is obvi\s t en]gy c\ld readily be appli$ to ! p5dulum sy/em 9 su* a degree z to cause x to rotate ) consid]able angul> velocity ab\t ! axis ( susp5sion4 ,n[ ! motion ( ! p5dulum mass 9 ! l9es ( ! gravitation field1 al?\gh productive ( ! same trans=mation process1 diff]s f t ( a body mov+ v]tically upw>d 9 t1 :ile ! latt] has a l9e> movem5t1 ! =m] is con/ra9$ into a circul> pa?4 ,?is re/ra9t is impos$ 9 virtue ( ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! mat]ial ( ! p5dulum arm1 & x is ! pres5ce ( ?is re/ra9+ influ5ce t really di/+ui%es ! p5dulum ma*9e f ! ma*9e 9 :i* ! mov+ mass is con/ra9$ by gravity alone 7,sec4 #bj74 ,x has be5 %[n t ! en]gy capacity ( a body project$ v]tically aga9/ gravity is limit$ by its mass only2 ! en]gy capacity ( ! p5dulum ma*9e may be likewise limit$ by its mass1 b ! additional re/ra9+ factor ( cohesion also imposes ano!r limit4 ,9 ! c\rse ( rotation1 en]gy is /or$ 9 ! mat]ial ( ! p5dulum aga9/ ! int]nal =ces ( cohesion4 ,! action is simply t ( :at is usually t]m$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,z ! velocity increases1 ! p5dulum arm l5g!ns correspond+ly until ! ela/ic limit ( ! mat]ial 9 t5sion is rea*$4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! p5dulum may be said to h rea*$ ! maximum l5g? at :i* x c op]ate 9 t rev]sible process ( trans=mation 9 :i* en]gy ( motion is conv]t$ into en]gy ( position4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy :i* w\ld n[ be work+ 9 t process may be t]m$ ! limit+ en]gy = rev]sibility4 ,?is limit+ en]gy is ! absolute maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* c op]ate 9 ! rev]sible cycle4 ,x is co9cid5t ) ! maximum l5g? ( ! p5dulum arm 9 di/ortion4 ,:5 ! /ress 9 ! mat]ial ( t arm rea*es ! ela/ic limit1 x is cle> t ! trans=mation aga9/ cohesion w also h atta9$ its limit+ value = rev]sibility4 ,?is trans=mation1 if ! velocity ( ! p5dulum is con/ant1 is ( ! nature ( a /orage ( en]gy4 ,s long z ! velocity is con/ant ! en]gy /or$ is con/ant4 ,if ! ela/ic limit+ /ress ( ! mat]ial has n be5 exce$$1 ?is en]gy--neglect+ c]ta9 m9or processes 7,secs4 #ae1 #bi7--w be return$ 9 its orig9al =m z ! velocity decreases4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mat]ial be /ress$ beyond its ela/ic p[]s1 ! excess en]gy appli$ w simply lead to p]man5t di/ortion or disruption ( ! p5dulum arm1 & to a complete breakd[n & *ange 9 ! "* ( ! ma*9e & ! associat$ en]gy processes 7,sec4 #e74 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! mat]ial ?us limit ! en]gy capacity ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is limit+ feature1 z already indicat$1 is n peculi> to ! p5dulum ma*9e alone4 ,e en]gy process embodi$ 9 a mat]ial ma*9e is limit$ 9 a simil> fa%ion by ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! act+ mat]ials4 ,e rev]sible process is c>ri$ out )9 limits ?us cle>ly def9$4 ,nature pres5ts no exception to ?is rule1 no example ( a rev]sible en]gy sy/em on :i* en]gy may be impress$ 9 unlimit$ am\nt4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! evid5ce po9ts to limitation ( ! /ricte/ ord] 9 su* processes4 #bd4 ,trans=mations ( ! ,mov+ ,p5dulum--b4 ,frictional ,trans=mation at ! ,be>+ ,surfaces ,! motion ( ! p5dulum1 :e!r x be completely rotatory or m]ely vibratory 9 nature1 inv>iably gives rise to heat+ at ! be>+s or support+ po9ts4 ,s9ce ! heat+ effect is only evid5t :5 motion is tak+ place1 & s9ce ! heat c only make its appe>ance z ! result ( "s en]gy process1 x w\ld appe> t ?is p]si/5t heat ph5om5on is ! result ( a trans=mation ( ! orig9al en]gy ( motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,! g5]al en]gy conditions ( ! app>atus already adv]t$ to 7,sec4 #ba7 /ill hold1 & ! lubricat+ oil employ$ 9 ! app>atus be+ assum$ to h suffici5t capill>ity or adhesive p[] to sep>ate ! metallic surfaces ( be>+s & j\rnals at all velocities1 !n e action ( ! sp9dle on ! be>+s mu/ be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! lubricant4 ,! latt] is1 !re=e1 /ra9$ or di/ort$ aga9/ ! int]nal cohesive or visc\s =ces ( its mat]ial4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! rotatory motion ( ! sp9dle w be to produce a motion ( ! mat]ial ( ! lubricant 9 ! field ( ^! incept+ =ces4 ,to ?is motion ! heat trans=mation is prim>ily due4 ,o!r conditions be+ ! same1 ! ext5t ( ! trans=mation tak+ place1 9 any giv5 case1 is dep5d5t on ! physical prop]ties ( ! lubricant1 su* z its viscosity1 its cohesive or capill>y p[]1 always provid$ t ! metallic surfaces are sep>at$1 s t ! action is really c>ri$ out 9 ! l9es or field ( ! int]nal cohesive =ces ( ! lubricant4 ,9 itself1 ?is trans=mation is n a rev]sible process2 no me*anism appe>s by :i* ?is heat en]gy evolv$ at ! be>+ surfaces c\ld be return$ once m to its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( motion4 ,x may be1 9 fact1 communicat$ by conduction to ! metallic masses ( ! be>+s1 & !nce1 by conduction & radiation1 to ! air masses surr\nd+ ! app>atus4 ,its action 9 ^! masses is dealt ) bel[ 7,sec4 #bi74 ,! op]ation ( be>+ friction1 ?\gh 9 itself n a rev]sible process1 really =ms "o l9k ( a complete *a9 7,sec4 #i7 ( second>y op]ations 7transmissions & trans=mations7 :i* toge!r =m a compreh5sive & complete cyclical en]gy process 7,sec4 #cb74 ,:5 no lubricant is us$ 9 ! app>atus1 s t ! metallic surfaces ( be>+s & j\rnals are 9 contact1 ! heat process is ( a precisely simil> nature to t describ$ above 7see also ,sec4 #af74 ,di/ortion ( ! metals 9 contact takes place 9 ! surface regions1 s t ! mat]ial is /ra9$ aga9/ its int]nal cohesive =ces4 ,! trans=mation w ?us dep5d on ! physical prop]ties ( ^! metals1 & w be limit$ by ^! prop]ties4 ,diff]5t metallic or o!r comb9ations w consequ5tly give rise to q diff]5t results ) respect to ! am\nts ( heat en]gy evolv$4 #be4 ,/ability ( ,en]gy ,sy/ems ,! ratio ( ! maximum or limit+ en]gy = rev]sibility to ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em may v>y 9 value4 ,if ! p5dulum vibrates only ?r\gh a v small arc1 !n1 neglect+ ! m9or processes 7,secs4 #bd1 #bi71 practically ! :ole en]gy ( ! sy/em op]ates 9 ! rev]sible trans=mation4 ,?is condition is ma9ta9$ z ! l5g? ( ! arc ( vibration increases1 until ! p5dulum is j p]=m+ complete revolutions ab\t ! c5tral axis4 ,aft] ?is1 ! ratio w alt] 9 value1 because ! great] "p ( any fur!r increm5t ( en]gy does n ent] into ! rev]sible cyclical process1 b m]ely goes to increase ! velocity ( rotation & ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,! small am\nt ( en]gy :i* ?us ent]s ! rev]sible cycle z ! velocity increases1 does s 9 virtue ( ! increas+ l5g? ( ! p5dulum arm 9 di/ortion4 ,to produce ev5 a slight di/ortion ( ! arm1 a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy w require to be appli$ to & /or$ 9 ! sy/em1 & ?us1 at high velocities ( rotation1 ! en]gy :i* op]ates 9 ! rev]sible cycle1 ev5 at its limit+ value1 may =m only a v small proportion ( ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,at l[ velocities or l[ values ( ! total en]gy1 say :5 ! p5dulum is n p]=m+ complete rotations1 practically ! :ole en]gy ( ! sy/em is work+ 9 ! rev]sible cycle2 b1 9 ^! circum/ances1 x is cle> t ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 is all work+ 9 ! rev]sible process1 is mu* less ?an ! maximum or limit+ am\nt ( en]gy :i* might s "w 9 t process4 ,"u ^! conditions1 :5 ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em is less ?an ! limit+ value = rev]sibility1 s t ?is total en]gy 9 its entirety is free to take "p 9 ! rev]sible process1 !n ! en]gy sy/em may be t]m$ /able ) respect to t process4 ,/ability1 9 an en]gy sy/em1 ?us implies t ! op]ation consid]$ is n be+1 z x 71 c>ri$ out at full en]gy capacity1 b )9 c]ta9 rev]sible en]gy limits4 ,we h emphasis$ ?is po9t 9 ord] to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! great rev]sible processes :i* are pres5t$ to our notice 9 natural ph5om5a are all em95tly /able 9 "*4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ example ( a natural rev]sible process is f\nd 9 ! work+ ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e 7,secs4 #aj1 #ch74 ,! en]gy 9 ?is case is limit$ by ! mass1 b 9 actual op]ation its am\nt is well )9 ! maximum limit+ value4 ,! ma*9e1 9 fact1 is /able 9 nature4 ,o!r natural op]ations1 su* z ! orbital movem5ts ( planet>y masses1 7,sec4 #h7 illu/rate ! same conditions4 ,nature1 al?\gh app>5tly prodigal ( en]gy 9 its totality1 yet rigidly def9es ! b\nd+ limits ( h] active op]ations4 #bf4 ,! ,p5dulum z a ,cons]vative ,sy/em ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! rev]sible en]gy cycle produces an important effect on ! rotatory motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 let x be assum$ t ! p5dulum is an isolat$ & cons]vative sy/em end[$ ) a def9ite am\nt ( rotatory en]gy4 ,9 its circul> movem5t1 ! upw>d motion ( ! p5dulum mass is accompani$ by a ga9 9 its en]gy ( position4 ,?is ga9 is1 9 ! giv5 circum/ances1 obta9$ solely at ! exp5se ( its inh]5t rotatory en]gy1 :i*1 accord+ly1 suff]s a correspond+ decrease4 ,! manife/ation ( ?is decrease w be simply a ret>dation ( ! p5dulum's rotatory motion4 ,its angul> velocity w1 !re=e1 decrease until ! highe/ altitude ,e 7,fig4 #b7 is atta9$4 ,aft] ?is1 on ! d[nw>d pa?1 ! process w be rev]s$4 ,accel]ation w take place f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ po9t ( flight1 & ! en]gy /or$ z en]gy ( position w be completely return$ 9 its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( motion4 ,! effect ( ! work+ ( ! rev]sible cycle1 !n1 on ! rotatory sy/em1 "u ! giv5 conditions1 is simply to produce alt]nately a ret>dation & a correspond+ accel]ation4 ,n[1 x is to be p>ticul>ly not$ t ^! *anges 9 ! velocity ( ! sy/em are produc$1 n by any ab/raction f or return ( en]gy to ! sy/em1 :i* is itself cons]vative1 b simply 9 consequ5ce ( ! trans=mation & re-trans=mation ( a c]ta9 portion ( its inh]5t rotatory en]gy 9 ! work+ ( a rev]sible process embodi$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,! same features may be obs]v$ 9 o!r sy/ems :]e ! conditions are some:at simil>4 ,9 ! natural _w1 we f9d processes ( ! same g5]al nature 9 con/ant op]ation4 ,:5 any mass ( mat]ial is elevat$ f ! surface ( a rotat+ planet>y body aga9/ ! gravitative attraction1 x !reby ga9s en]gy ( position 7,sec4 #bj74 ,?is en]gy1 on ! body's return to ! surface 9 ! c\rse ( its cycle1 reappe>s 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( motion4 ,n[ ! mat]ial mass1 9 ris+ f ! planet>y surface1 is n1 9 reality1 sep>at$ f ! planet4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! planet =ms an integral portion ( its mat]ial1 p>takes ( its rotatory motion1 & is b\nd to ! solid core by ! mutual gravitative =ces4 ,any mass1 !n1 on ! solid surface ( a planet is1 9 reality1 9 ! planet>y int]ior1 & ! ris+ ( su* a mass f t surface does n imply any actual sep>ative process1 b simply ! radial movem5t1 or displacem5t ( a portion ( ! planet>y mat]ial f ! c5tral axis4 ,if ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! upraisal ( ! mass is d]iv$ at ! exp5se ( ! inh]5t rotatory en]gy ( ! planet1 z x w\ld be if ! latt] 7 a /rictly cons]vative en]gy sy/em1 !n ! rais+ ( ?is portion ( planet>y mat]ial f ! surface w\ld h a ret>d+ effect on ! planet>y motion ( rotation4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! en]gy ( su* a mass z x fell t[>ds ! planet>y surface 7 conv]t$ once m into its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( axial motion1 exactly equival5t 9 am\nt to its en]gy ( position1 x is evid5t t ! process w\ld be productive ( an accel]at+ effect on ! planet>y motion ( rotation1 :i* w\ld 9 magnitude exactly balance ! previ\s ret>dation4 ,9 su* a process x is evid5t t en]gy nei!r ent]s nor leaves ! planet4 ,x simply works 9 an en]gy ma*9e embodi$ 9 planet>y mat]ial4 ,?is po9t w be m fully illu/rat$ lat]4 ,! read] w readily see ! resemblance ( a sy/em ( ?is nature to t :i* has already be5 illu/rat$ by ! rotat+ p5dulum4 ,9 ! meantime1 x may be po9t$ out t matt] displac$ f ! planet>y surface ne$ n necess>ily be matt] 9 ! solid =m4 ,all ! op]ations m5tion$ above c\ld be q readily--9 fact1 m readily--c>ri$ out by ! movem5ts ( gase\s mat]ial1 :i* is admirably adapt$ = e k9d ( ris+1 fall+1 or fl[+ motion relative to ! planet>y surface 7,sec4 #ac74 #bg4 ,"s ,ph5om5a ( ,transmission ,processes--,transmission ( ,heat ,en]gy by ,solid ,mat]ial ,! p5dulum ma*9e describ$ above furni%es c]ta9 out/&+ examples ( ! op]ation ( en]gy trans=mation4 ,x w be not$1 h[ev]1 t x also portrays c]ta9 processes ( en]gy transmission4 ,9 ?is respect x is n peculi>4 ,mo/ ( ! mat]ial ma*9es 9 :i* en]gy op]ates w furni% examples ( bo? en]gy transmissions & en]gy trans=mations4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! pr$om9ant op]ation seems to be trans=mation1 9 o!rs1 transmission2 & ! ma*9es may be classifi$ accord+ly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 l>gely a matt] ( t]m9ology1 s9ce bo? op]ations are usually f\nd closely associat$ 9 "o & ! same ma*9e4 ,! app>atus n[ to be consid]$ is design$ prim>ily to illu/rate ! op]ative features ( c]ta9 en]gy transmissions1 b ! description ( ! ma*9es ) _! alli$ ph5om5a w %[ t en]gy trans=mations also play a v important "p 9 _! con/itution & work+4 ,a cyl9drical metallic b> ab\t twelve in*es long1 say1 & "o in* 9 diamet]1 is plac$ ) its ends imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 two sep>ate vessels1 ,a & ,b1 some:at z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,by ! application ( heat en]gy1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! vessel ,a is rais$ to a po9t say #ajj deg4 ,f4 above t ( ,b1 & /eadily ma9ta9$ at t po9t4 ,x is assum$ t ,b is also kept at ! con/ant l[] temp]ature4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 a transmission ( heat en]gy takes place f ,a to ,b ?r\gh ! metallic b>4 ,:5 ! /eady temp]ature condition is rea*$1 ! transmission w be cont9u\s & uni=m2 ! rate at :i* x is c>ri$ out w be det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! b>1 by ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$1 & by ! temp]ature diff]5ce ma9ta9$ betwe5 its ends4 ,n[ :at has really happ5$ is t by a comb9ation ( ph5om5a ! b> has be5 conv]t$ into a ma*9e = ! transmission ( heat en]gy4 ,a full description ( ^! ph5om5a is1 9 reality1 ! description ( ?is ma*9e1 & vice v]sa4 ,let u1 !re=e1 n[ try to outl9e "s ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! fir/ feature ( note is ! gradi5t ( temp]ature :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ends ( ! b>4 ,fur!r rese>* is necess>y reg>d+ ! real nature ( ?is gradi5t--x appe>s to diff] greatly 9 diff]5t mat]ials--b ! exi/5ce ( su* a gradi5t is "o ( ! ma9 features ( ! en]gy ma*9e1 "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( ! transmission process4 ,ano!r feature is t ( ! expansive motion ( ! b> itself4 ,! expansion ( ! b> due to ! heat+ v>ies 9 value along its l5g?1 f a maximum at ! hot end to a m9imum at ! cool end4 ,! expansion1 also1 is ! evid5ce ( a trans=mation ( en]gy4 ,! b> has be5 con/ra9$ into its new =m aga9/ ! action ( ! int]nal molecul> or cohesive =ces ( its mat]ial 7,sec4 #af74 ,! en]gy employ$ & trans=m$ 9 produc+ ! expansion is a "p ( ! orig9al heat en]gy appli$ to ! b>1 & be=e any transmission ( ?is heat en]gy takes place betwe5 its extreme ends1 a def9ite modicum ( ! appli$ en]gy has to be completely trans=m$ = ! sole purpose ( produc+ ?is di/ortive movem5t or expansion aga9/ cohesion4 ,?is prelim9>y /ra9+ ( ! b> is1 9 fact1 a "p ( ! process ( build+ up or con/itut+ ! en]gy transmission ma*9e1 & mu/ be completely c>ri$ out be=e any transmission c take place4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t concurr5t ) ! gradi5t ( temp]ature1 !re also exi/s1 along ! b>1 :at might be t]m$ a gradi5t ( en]gy /or$ aga9/ cohesion1 & t bo? are *>act]i/ic & ess5tial features ( ?is p>ticul> en]gy ma*9e4 ,a po9t ( "s importance to note is ! p]man5cy ( ^! features4 ,once ! ma*9e has be5 con/itut$ ) a con/ant temp]ature diff]5ce1 ! transmission ( en]gy w take place cont9u\sly & at a uni=m rate4 ,b no fur!r trans=mation aga9/ cohesion takes place2 no fur!r exp5diture ( en]gy aga9/ ! int]nal =ces ( ! mat]ial is necess>y4 ,neglect+ c]ta9 losses due to possible ext]nal conditions1 ! :ole en]gy appli$ to ! ma*9e at ! "o end is transmitt$ 9 its entirety to ! o!r1 )\t influ5c+ 9 any way ei!r ! temp]ature or ! en]gy gradi5t4 ,su* is ! g5]al con/itution ( ?is ma*9e = en]gy transmission4 ,its mat]ial f\ndation is1 inde$1 ! metallic b>1 b ! temp]ature & en]gy gradi5ts may be t]m$ ! true det]m9+ factors ( its op]ation4 ,z already indicat$1 ! magnitude ( ! trans=mation is dep5d5t on ! temp]ature diff]5ce betwe5 ! ends ( ! b>4 ,b ?is applies only )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,) respect to ! cool end1 ! temp]ature may be z l[ z we please--s f> z we "k1 ! limit is absolute z]o ( temp]ature2 b ) ! hot end1 ! case is entirely diff]5t1 because "h ! limit is v /rictly impos$ by ! melt+-po9t ( ! mat]ial ( ! b>4 ,:5 ?is melt+ temp]ature is atta9$1 ! melt+ ( ! b> indicates1 simply1 t ! heat en]gy /or$ or trans=m$ aga9/ ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ial has rea*$ its limit+ value2 *ange ( /ate ( ! mat]ial is tak+ place1 & ! ma*9e is !reby be+ de/roy$4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! en]gy :i* is actually be+ transmitt$ has itself no effect :atev] 9 re/rict+ ! action or scope ( ! transmission ma*9e4 ,x is1 9 reality1 ! residual en]gy /or$ aga9/ ! cohesive =ces :i* imposes ! limits on ! work+4 ,x is ! maximum en]gy :i* c be trans=m$ 9 ! field ( ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ial :i* det]m9es ! p[] ( t mat]ial z a transmitt+ ag5t4 ,?is maximum w1 ( c\rse1 be diff]5t = diff]5t mat]ials accord+ to _! physical con/itution4 ,x is atta9$ 9 ?is ma*9e 9 ea* case :5 melt+ ( ! b> takes place4 #bh4 ,"s ,ph5om5a ( ,transmission ,processes--,transmission by ,flexible ,b& or ,cord ,?is me?od is (t5 adopt$ :5 en]gy ( motion1 or me*anical en]gy1 is requir$ to be transmitt$ f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,= illu/ration1 consid] ! case ( two p>allel sp9dles or %afts1 ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #d71 ea* hav+ a pulley securely key$ ^u x4 ,sp9dle ,a is connect$ to a s\rce ( ( me*anical en]gy1 & x is desir$ to transmit ?is en]gy across ! int]v5+ space to sp9dle ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,?is1 ( c\rse1 might be accompli%$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b "o ( ! mo/ simple1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o ( ! mo/ effici5t1 is ! direct drive by means ( a flexible b& or cord4 ,! b& is plac$ tightly r\nd1 & adh]es closely to bo? pulleys2 ! coeffici5t ( friction betwe5 b& & pulleys may1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be assum$ to be suffici5tly great to prev5t slipp+ ( ! b& up to ! highe/ /ress :i* x is capable ( su/a9+ 9 normal work+4 ,connect$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! sp9dles w rotate 9 unison1 & me*anical en]gy1 if appli$ at ,a1 may be directly transmitt$ to ,b4 ,! mat]ial op]ator 9 ! transmission is ! connect+ flexible b&1 & associat$ ) ?is mat]ial are c]ta9 en]gy processes :i* are also ess5tial features ( ! en]gy ma*9e4 ,:5 transmission ( en]gy is tak+ place1 a def9ite t5sion or /ress exi/s 9 ! connect+ b&1 & neglect+ c]ta9 inevitable losses due to be>+ friction 7,sec4 #bd7 & w9dage 7,sec4 #bi71 practically ! :ole ( ! me*anical or "w en]gy communicat$ to ! "o sp9dle is transmitt$ to ! o!r4 ,n[ ! true me?od ( /udy+ ?is or any en]gy process is simply to describe ! con/itution & pr9cipal features ( ! ma*9e by :i* x is c>ri$ out4 ,^! are f\nd 9 ! ph5om5a ( transmission4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important is ! peculi> /ate ( /ra9 or t5sion exi/+ 9 ! connect+ b&4 ,?is1 z already indicat$1 is an absolutely ess5tial condition ( ! :ole op]ation4 ,no transmission is possible )\t "s /ress or pull 9 ! b&4 ,?is pull is ex]t$ aga9/ ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ial ( ! b&1 s t be=e transmission takes place x is di/ort$ & a def9ite am\nt ( ! orig9ally appli$ "w en]gy is exp5d$ 9 /ra9+ x aga9/ ^! =ces4 ,?is en]gy is accord+ly /or$ 9 ! =m ( /ra9 en]gy or en]gy ( sep>ation 7,sec4 #bb71 &1 if ! velocity is uni=m1 ! magnitude ( ! transmission is proportional to ?is pull 9 ! b&1 or to ! quantity ( en]gy ?us /or$ aga9/ ! int]nal =ces ( its mat]ial4 ,b1 9 e case1 a limit to ?is am\nt ( en]gy is cle>ly impos$ by ! /r5g? ( ! b&4 ,! latt] mu/ n be /ra9$ beyond its limit+ ela/ic /ress4 ,s long z en]gy is be+ transmitt$1 a c]ta9 trans=mation & return ( en]gy ( /ra9 or sep>ation is tak+ place 9 virtue ( ! diff]+ values ( ! t5sions 9 ! two sides ( ! b&2 & if ! latt] 7 /ress$ beyond ! ela/ic limit1 p]man5t di/ortion or disruption ( ! mat]ial w\ld take place4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! rev]sible en]gy process1 involv+ /orage & re/oration ( /ra9 en]gy z ! b& passes r\nd ! pulleys1 w\ld be impossible1 & ! en]gy transmission ma*9e w\ld be completely disorganis$4 ,! magnitude ( ! en]gy op]ation is ?us limit$ by ! physical prop]ties ( ! connect+ b&4 ,ano!r important feature ( ?is en]gy transmission ma*9e is ! velocity1 or r ! k9etic en]gy1 ( ! b&4 ,! magnitude ( ! transmission process is directly proportional to ?is velocity1 & is1 !re=e1 also a function ( ! k9etic en]gy4 ,at any giv5 rate ( transmission1 ?is k9etic en]gy1 l ! en]gy /or$ aga9/ ! cohesive influ5ce1 w be con/ant 9 am\nt1 & l t en]gy also1 w h be5 obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! orig9ally appli$ en]gy4 ,?is k9etic en]gy is an important feature 9 ! con/itution ( ! transmission ma*9e4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! /ra9 en]gy1 its maximum value is /rictly limit$1 & ?us imposes a limit on ! g5]al op]ation ( ! ma*9e4 ,=1 at v high velocities1 ow+ to ! action ( c5trifugal =ce1 x is n possible to keep ! b& 9 close contact ) ! surface ( ! pulleys4 ,:5 ! spe$ rises above a c]ta9 limit1 al?\gh ! en]gy actually be+ transmitt$ may n h atta9$ ! maximum value possible at l[] spe$s ) great] t5sion 9 ! b&1 ! latt] w1 9 virtue ( ! /ra9 impos$ by c5trifugal action1 be =c$ radially outw>ds f ! pulley4 ,! coeffici5t ( friction w be !reby r$uc$2 slipp+ w ensue1 & ! transmission may cease ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,9 ?is way ! velocity or k9etic en]gy limit is impos$4 ,! ma*9e = en]gy transmission may ?us be limit$ 9 its op]ation by two diff]5t factors4 ,! precise way 9 :i* ! limit w be appli$ 9 any giv5 case w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! circum/ances ( work+4 #bi4 ,"s ,ph5om5a ( ,transmission ,processes--,transmission ( ,en]gy to ,air ,masses ,! movem5t ( ! p5dulum 7,sec4 #bc7 is accompani$ by a c]ta9 transmission ( en]gy to ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,:5 ?is m$ium is a gase\s "o su* z air1 ! am\nt ( en]gy ?us transmitt$ is relatively small4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 has a real exi/5ce4 ,to illu/rate its g5]al nature1 let x be assum$ t ! motion ( ! p5dulum is c>ri$ out1 n 9 air1 b 9 a highly visc\s fluid1 say a heavy oil4 ,obvi\sly1 a p5dulum fall+ f its highe/ position to its l[e/1 9 su* a m$ium w\ld transmit its en]gy almo/ 9 its entirety to ! m$ium1 & w\ld rea* its l[e/ position almo/ devoid ( en]gy ( motion4 ,! en]gy ( position ) :i* x 0 orig9ally end[$ w\ld ?us be trans=m$ & transmitt$ to ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! ag5t by :i* ! transmission is c>ri$ out is ! mov+ mat]ial ( ! p5dulum1 :i*1 z x passes ?r\gh ! fluid1 di/orts t fluid 9 ! l9es or field ( its int]nal cohesive or visc\s =ces :i* (f] a cont9u\s resi/ance to ! motion4 ,z ! p5dulum passes d[n ?r\gh ! liquid1 ! succe$+ lay]s ( ! latt] are ?us alt]nately di/ort$ & releas$4 ,! di/ortive movem5t takes place 9 virtue ( ! communication ( en]gy f ! mov+ p5dulum to ! liquid1 & dur+ ! movem5t en]gy is /or$ 9 ! fluid z en]gy ( /ra9 & z k9etic en]gy4 ,at ! same "t1 a trans=mation ( ! appli$ en]gy into heat takes place 9 ! di/ort$ mat]ial4 ,! release ( ?is mat]ial f /ra91 & its movem5t back t[>ds its orig9al /ate1 is also accompani$ by a simil> trans=mation1 9 :i* ! /or$ /ra9 en]gy is1 9 turn1 conv]t$ into ! heat =m4 ,! :ole op]ation is simil> 9 nature to t frictional process already describ$ 7,sec4 #af7 9 ! case ( a body mov+ on a r\gh horizontal table4 ,! f9al action ( ! heat en]gy ?us communicat$ to ! fluid is to exp& ! latt] aga9/ ! int]nal cohesive or visc\s =ces ( its mat]ial1 & also aga9/ ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>?4 ,n[ :5 ! p5dulum moves 9 air1 ! action tak+ place is ( ! same nature1 & ! f9al result is ! same z 9 oil4 ,x diff]s m]ely 9 degree4 ,comp>$ ) ! oil1 ! air masses (f] only a slight resi/ance to ! motion1 & ?us only an exce$+ly small "p ( ! p5dulum's en]gy is transmitt$ to !m4 ,! p5dulum1 h[ev]1 does set ! surr\nd+ air masses 9 motion1 & by a process simil> 9 nature to t 9 ! oil1 a modicum ( ! en]gy ( ! fall+ p5dulum is conv]t$ into heat1 & !nce by ! expansion ( ! air into en]gy ( position4 ,9 ! d[nw>d motion f re/1 ! fir/ /age ( ! process is a trans=mation peculi> to ! p5dulum itself1 namely1 en]gy ( position into en]gy ( motion4 ,! transmission to ! fluid is a necess>y second>y result4 ,x is important to note t ?is transmission is c>ri$ out 9 virtue ( ! actual movem5t ( ! mat]ial ( ! p5dulum1 & t ! en]gy transmitt$ is 9 reality me*anical or "w en]gy 7,sec4 #ca74 ,?is me*anical or "w en]gy1 !n actually leaves or is transmitt$ f ! p5dulum sy/em1 & is f9ally absorb$ by ! surr\nd+ air masses 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( position4 ,consid]$ z a :ole1 !re is evid5tly no aspect ( rev]sibility ab\t ! op]ation1 b x w be %[n lat] 7,sec4 #cb7 t ) ! introduction ( o!r factors1 x really =ms "p ( a compreh5sive cyclical process4 ,x is itself a process ( direct transmission4 ,x is c>ri$ out by means ( a def9ite mat]ial ma*9e :i* embodies c]ta9 en]gy trans=mations1 & :i* is /rictly limit$ 9 ! ext5t ( its op]ations by c]ta9 physical factors4 ,^! factors are ! cohesive prop]ties ( ! mov+ p5dulum mass & ! fluid ) :i* x is 9 contact 7,sec4 #af74 ,x is cle>1 also1 t 9 an app>atus 9 :i* ! motion is c>ri$ out 9 oil1 any heat en]gy communicat$ to ! oil w\ld inevitably f9d its way to ! surr\nd+ air masses by conduction & radiation4 ,! f9al result ( ! p5dulum's motion w\ld !re=e be ! same 9 ?is case z 9 air2 ! heat en]gy w\ld1 :5 communicat$ to ! surr\nd+ air masses1 cause an expansive movem5t aga9/ gravity4 #cj4 ,en]gy ,ma*9es & ,en]gy ,transmission ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,! v>i\s examples ( en]gy trans=mation & transmission :i* h be5 discuss$ above 7,secs4 #ac-bg7 w suffice to %[ ! ess5tial diff]5ces :i* exi/ 9 ! g5]al nature ( ^! op]ations4 ,b !y w also s]ve ano!r purpose 9 portray+ "o /rik+ & important aspect 9 :i* ^! processes are alike4 ,f ! descriptions giv5 above1 x w be amply evid5t t ea* ( ^! processes1 :e!r trans=mation or transmission1 requires z an ess5tial condition ( its exi/5ce1 ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( matt]2 ea* process is ( necessity associat$ ) & embodi$ 9 a def9ite physical & mat]ial ma*9e4 ,?is mat]ial ma*9e is simply ! contrivance provid$ by ,nature to c>ry out ! en]gy op]ation4 ,x diff]s 9 con/ruction & 9 "* = diff]5t processes1 b 9 e case !re mu/ be 9 its con/itution "s mat]ial sub/ance1 p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 ) :i* ! act+ en]gy is intimately associat$4 ,?is fact is b ano!r aspect ( ! pr9ciple t en]gy is nev] f\nd dissociat$ f matt] 7,sec4 #aa74 ,9 e en]gy ma*9e1 ! mat]ial sub/ance or op]ator =ms ! real f\ndation or basis ( ! en]gy op]ation1 b besides ?is !re are also always o!r ph5om5a ( a second>y nature1 totally diff]5t1 x may be1 f ! ma9 en]gy op]ation1 :i* comb9e ) t op]ation to con/itute ! :ole4 ,^! subsidi>y en]gy ph5om5a are ! incept+ factors1 & are mo/ important *>act]i/ics4 ,_! pres5ce is j z ess5tial 9 en]gy transmission z x is 9 en]gy trans=mation4 ,z demon/rat$ above1 !y are usually associat$ ) ! physical peculi>ities ( ! basis or act+ mat]ial ( ! en]gy ma*9e1 & _! peculi> function is to cons]ve or limit ! ext5t ( its action4 ,a complete description ( ^! ph5om5a1 9 any giv5 case1 w\ld n only be equival5t to a complete description ( ! ma*9e1 b w\ld also s]ve z a complete description ( ! ma9 en]gy op]ation embodi$ 9 t ma*9e4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! description ( ! ma*9e is a matt] ( extreme difficulty1 & may be1 9 fact1 impossible ow+ to ! lack ( a full k ( ! intimate ph5om5a conc]n$4 ,an illu/rative example ( ?is is provid$ by ! famili> ph5om5on ( heat radiation4 ,take ! case ( two isolat$ solid bodies ,a & ,b 7,fig4 #e7 9 close proximity on ! e>?'s surface4 ,if ! body ,a at a high temp]ature be suffici5tly ne> to ,b at a l[] temp]ature1 a transmission ( en]gy takes place f ,a to ,b4 ,?is transmission is usually attribut$ to radiation1 b1 aft] all1 ! use ( ! t]m radiation is m]ely a descriptive device :i* hides our ignorance ( ! op]ation4 ,x is kn[n t a transmission takes place1 b ! intimate ph5om5a are n kn[n1 &1 accord+ly1 x is impossible to describe ! ma*9e or me*anism by :i* x is c>ri$ out4 ,f g5]al consid]ations1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ! mat]ial basis ( ?is ma*9e is to be f\nd 9 ! air m$ium :i* surr\nds ! two bodies4 ,exp]im5t %[s1 inde$1 t if ?is int]v5+ mat]ial m$ium ( air be ev5 p>tially )drawn or remov$1 ! transmission is imm5sely r$uc$ 9 am\nt4 ,9 fact1 ?is latt] ph5om5on is l>gely tak5 advantage ( 9 ! s-call$ vacuum flasks or o!r devices to ma9ta9 bodies at a temp]ature ei!r above or bel[ t ( ! ext]nal surr\nd+ bodies4 ,! device adopt$ is1 simply1 z f> z practicable to )draw all mat]ial connection betwe5 ! body :i* x is desir$ to isolate !rmally & its surr\nd+s4 ,b x is cle>ly impossible to isolate completely any t]re/rial body 9 ?is way4 ,!re mu/ be "s mat]ial connection rema9+4 ,z already po9t$ out 7,sec4 #e71 we h no exp]im5tal exp]i5ce ( really sep>ate bodies or ( an absolute vacuum4 ,x is to be not$ t any vacu\s space :i* we c exp]im5tally arrange does n ev5 approximately reproduce ! conditions ( true sep>ation prevail+ 9 int]planet>y space4 ,any arrangem5t ( sep>ate bodies :i* might ?us be contriv$ is necess>ily entirely surr\nd$ or enclos$ by t]re/rial mat]ial :i*1 9 virtue ( its /ress$ condition1 con/itutes an en]gy ma*9e ( ! same nature z ^? already describ$ 7,sec4 #ba74 ,ev5 al?\gh ! air c\ld be absolutely exhau/$ f a vessel1 x is /ill q impossible to enclose any body p]man5tly )9 t vessel )\t "s mat]ial connection betwe5 ! body & ! enclos+ walls4 ,if = example1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,,cc repres5ts a sph]ical vessel1 completely exhau/$1 & hav+ two bodies1 ,a & ,b at diff]5t temp]atures1 9 its int]ior1 x is obvi\s t if ^! bodies are to ma9ta9 cont9u\sly _! relative positions ( sep>ation1 ea* mu/ be unit$ by "s mat]ial connection to ! conta9+ vessel4 ,b :5 su* a connection is made1 say z %[n at ,d & ,e 7,fig4 #g71 x is cle> t ,a & ,b are no long] sep>ate bodies 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! ^w1 b are n[ 9 direct communication ) "o ano!r ?r\gh ! supports at ,d & ,e & ! enclos+ sides ( ! vessel ,,cc4 ,! practicable conditions are ?us f> f ^? ( sep>ate bodies 9 a complete vacuum4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 to be beyond human exp]im5tal contrivance to reproduce su* conditions 9 _! entirety4 ,s f> z ^! conditions c be a*iev$1 h[ev]1 & judg+ solely by ! exp]im5tal results already atta9$ ) respect to ! effect ( exhau/ion on radiation1 x may be q ju/ly av]r$ t1 if ! conditions portray$ 9 ,fig4 #f c\ld be realis$1 no transmission ( en]gy w\ld take place betwe5 two bodies1 su* z ,a & ,b1 completely isolat$ f "o ano!r 9 a vacu\s space4 ,x appe>s1 9 fact1 to be a q reasonable & logical d$uction f ! exp]im5tal evid5ce t ! en]gy op]ation ( transmission ( heat f "o body to ano!r by radiation is dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce betwe5 ^! bodies ( a real & mat]ial sub/ance :i* =ms 9 "s way 7at pres5t unkn[n7 ! transmitt+ m$ium or ma*9e4 ,! difficulty :i* arises 9 ! description ( ?is ma*9e is due1 z already expla9$ above1 simply to lack ( k ( ! intimate ph5om5a ( its work+4 ,_m o!r en]gy processes w1 no d\bt1 occur to ! read] 9 :i* ! same difficulty pres5ts itself1 due to ! same cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,9 deal+ ) t]re/rial op]ations g5]ally1 & p>ticul>ly :5 transmission processes are "u consid]ation1 x is important to recognise cle>ly ! precise nature ( ^! op]ations & ! peculi> conditions "u :i* !y "w4 ,x mu/ ev] be borne 9 m9d t ! t]re/rial atmosph]e is a real & mat]ial portion ( ! e>?'s mass1 ext5d+ f ! surface = a limit$ di/ance into space 7,sec4 #cd71 & :atev] its condition ( gase\s t5uity1 completely occupy+ t space 9 ! mann] peculi> to a gase\s sub/ance4 ,:5 ! :ole mass ( ! planet1 includ+ ! atmosph]e1 is tak5 into consid]ation1 x is readily se5 t all en]gy op]ations embodi$ 9 or associat$ ) mat]ial on :at is usually t]m$ ! surface ( ! e>? take place at ! bottom ( ?is atmosph]ic ocean1 or1 9 reality1 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! op]ations !mselves are ! manife/ations ( purely t]re/rial en]gy1 :i*1 by its work+ 9 v>i\s devices or arrangem5ts ( mat]ial is be+ trans=m$ & transmitt$ f "o =m ( matt] to ano!r4 ,z w be fully demon/rat$ lat] 7,"p ,,iii471 ! nature ( ! t]re/rial en]gy sy/em makes x impossible = ?is en]gy ev] to escape beyond ! conf9es ( ! planet>y atmosph]ic envelope4 ,^! are briefly ! g5]al conditions "u :i* ! /udy ( t]re/rial or second>y en]gy op]ations is ( necessity conduct$1 & x is specially important to notice ^! conditions :5 x is s\ght to apply ! results ( exp]im5tal "w to ! discussion ( cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,x mu/ ev] be borne 9 m9d t ev5 ! direct obs]vation ( ! latt] mu/ always be c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! encircl+ planet>y atmosph]ic mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,9 ?is portion ( ! "w x is propos$ to inve/igate 9 ! light ( kn[n ph5om5a ! possibility ( en]gy transmission betwe5 sep>ate masses4 ,z expla9$ above1 ! t]m sep>ate is "h meant to convey ! idea ( p]fect isolation1 & ! only masses 9 ,nature :i* truly satisfy ?is condition are ! cele/ial & planet>y bodies1 sep>at$ z !y are f "o ano!r by int]planet>y space & 9 virtue ( _! en]gis$ condition 7,sec4 #e74 ,s9ce ?is /ate ( sep>ation _c be exp]im5tally realis$ "u t]re/rial conditions1 x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t no purely t]re/rial en]gy process c be advanc$ ei!r z direct v]ification or direct dispro( ( a transmission ( en]gy betwe5 su* truly sep>ate masses z ! cele/ial bodies4 ,b z we are unable to exp]im5t directly on ^! bodies !mselves or across int]planet>y space1 we are =c$ ( necessity to rely1 = exp]im5tal facts & conclusions1 on ! t]re/rial en]gy ph5om5a to :i* access is possible4 ,z already indicat$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,/atem5t 7,sec4 #aa71 ! same en]gy is be/[$ on all p>ts ( ! cosmical sy/em1 & by ! close obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( its action 9 famili> op]ations ! true/ guidance may be obta9$ z to its g5]al nature & work+4 ,9 su* inve/igations1 h[ev]1 only ! actual ph5om5a ( ! op]ation are ( sci5tific or in=mative value4 ,!re is no ga9 to real k 9 assum+1 say 9 ! exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( magnetic attraction betwe5 two bodies1 t ! "o is urg$ t[>ds ! o!r by /resses 9 an int]v5+ e!real m$ium1 :5 absolutely no ph5om5al evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a m$ium is available4 ,x may be urg$ t ! conception ( an e!real m$ium is adapt$ to ! explanation ( ph5om5a1 & appe>s 9 _m in/ances to fulfil ?is function4 ,b z already po9t$ out 7see ,introduction71 x is absolutely impossible to expla9 ph5om5a4 ,s-call$ explanations mu/ ev] resolve !mselves simply into revelations ( fur!r ph5om5a4 ,:ile ! value ( true work+ hypo!ses _c be d5i$1 x is surely evid5t t su* hypo!ses1 unless !y embody & are "u ! limitation ( controll+ facts1 are n only useless1 b1 f ! mislead+ ideas !y are apt to convey1 may ev5 be dang]\s factors 9 ! se>* = tru?4 ,n[1 if all speculative ideas or hypo!ses are bani%$ f ! m9d1 & reliance is plac$ solely on ! evid5tial ph5om5a ( ,nature1 ! /udy ( t]re/rial en]gy op]ations leads inevitably to c]ta9 conclusions on ! "q ( en]gy transmission4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ lead to ! d5ial ( :at has be5 virtually ! great prim>y assumption ( mod]n sci5ce1 namely1 t a mass ( mat]ial at a high temp]ature isolat$ 9 int]planet>y space w\ld radiate heat 9 all directions ?r\gh t space4 ,su* a conception is unsupport$ by our exp]im5tal or real k ( radiation4 ,! fact t heat radiation takes place f a hot to a cold body 9 :atev] direction ! latt] is plac$ relatively to ! =m]1 does n ju/ify ! assumption t su* radiation takes place 9 all directions 9 ! abs5ce ( a cold body4 ,& s9ce !re is absolutely no manife/ation ( any real mat]ial m$ium occupy+ int]planet>y space1 no sign ( ! mat]ial ag5cy or ma*9e :i* ! results ( direct exp]im5t h l$ u to conclude is a necessity = ! transmission process ( heat radiation1 ! :ole conception mu/ be reg>d$ z at lea/ d\btful4 ,ev5 ) our limit$ k ( radiation1 ! doctr9e ( heat radiation ?r\gh space /&s controv]t$ by ord9>y exp]im5tal exp]i5ce4 ,) ?is doctr9e mu/ fall also ! alli$ conception ( ! transmission ( heat en]gy by radiation f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t only ! actual transmission ( heat en]gy f ! sun to ! e>? is inadmissible2 ! heat+ effect ( ! sun on ! e>?1 :i* leads to ! manife/ation ( t]re/rial en]gy 9 ! heat =m1 is a cont9u\s op]ation readily expla9$ 9 ! light ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( en]gy trans=mation already enunciat$ 7,sec4 #d74 ,) respect to o!r possible processes ( en]gy transmission betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? or across int]planet>y space1 ! same g5]al me?ods ( exp]im5tal inve/igation mu/ be adopt$4 ,! transmission ( en]gy "u t]re/rial conditions is c>ri$ out 9 _m diff]5t =ms & by ! work+ ( a l>ge v>iety ( ma*9es4 ,9 e case1 no matt] 9 :at =m ! en]gy is transmitt$1 t en]gy mu/ be associat$ ) a def9ite arrangem5t ( t]re/rial mat]ial con/itut+ ! transmission ma*9e4 ,ea* en]gy process ( transmission has its own peculi> conditions ( op]ation :i* mu/ be completely satisfi$4 ,by ! /udy ( ^! conditions & ! alli$ ph5om5a x is possible to ga9 a real k ( ! precise circum/ances 9 :i* ! process c be c>ri$ out4 ,n[ let u apply ! k ( transmission processes ?us ga9$ to ! g5]al cele/ial case1 to ! "q ( en]gy transmission betwe5 truly sep>ate bodies1 & p>ticul>ly to ! case ( ! sun & ! e>?4 ,d we f9d 9 ?is case any evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a ma*9e = en]gy transmission8 ,x is impossible1 )9 ! limits ( ?is "w1 to deal ) all ! =ms 9 :i* en]gy may be transmitt$1 b let ! read] review any in/ance ( ! transmission ( en]gy "u t]re/rial conditions1 or any en]gy-transmission ma*9e ) :i* he is famili>1 not+ p>ticul>ly ! ess5tial ph5om5a & mat]ial arrangem5ts1 & let him ask himself if !re is any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a ma*9e ( ?is k9d 9 op]ation betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? or across int]planet>y space4 ,we v5ture to ass]t t ! answ] mu/ be 9 ! negative4 ,! real k ( t]re/rial processes ( en]gy transmission at comm&1 on :i* all our d$uctions mu/ be bas$1 does n w>rant 9 ! slighte/ degree ! assumption ( transmission betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,! mo/ plausible ( su* assumptions is und\bt$ly t :i* attributes transmission to heat radiation1 b ?is has already be5 %[n to be at v>iance ) well-kn[n facts4 ,! "q ( light transmission w (f] no difficulty if x be borne 9 m9d t light is n 9 itself a =m ( en]gy1 b m]ely a manife/ation ( en]gy z an incept+ influ5ce1 :i* l o!r incept+ influ5ces ( a simil> nature1 c readily op]ate across ei!r vacu\s or int]planet>y space 7,sec4 #ai74 ,on ^! g5]al consid]ations1 d$uc$ f ! obs]vation ( t]re/rial ph5om5a1 alli$ ) ! conception ( en]gy ma*9es & sep>ate masses 9 space1 ! au?or bases "o aspect ( ! d5ial ( en]gy transmission betwe5 cele/ial masses4 ,! doctr9e ( transmission _c be su/a9$ 9 ! face ( legitimate sci5tific d$uction f natural ph5om5a4 ,9 ! lat] p>ts ( ?is "w1 & f a m positive po9t ( view1 ! d5ial is completely ju/ifi$4 #ca4 ,id5tification ( ,=ms ( ,en]gy ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( en]gy transmission1 !re are /ill "o or two int]e/+ features to be consid]$4 ,al?\gh en]gy1 z already po9t$ out1 is ev] f\nd associat$ ) matt]1 ?is association does n1 9 itself1 always furni% ph5om5a suffici5t to di/+ui% ! precise phase 9 :i* ! en]gy may be manife/$4 ,"s means mu/1 z a rule1 be adopt$ to isolate & id5tify ! v>i\s =ms4 ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important features ( ! process ( en]gy transmission is t x usually provides ! direct means = ! id5tification ( ! act+ en]gy4 ,en]gy1 z x 71 9 movem5t1 9 ! process ( transmission1 is capable ( be+ detect$ 9 its diff]5t phases & recognis$ 9 ea*4 ,! ph5om5a ( transmission usually s]ve1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 to portray ! precise nature ( ! en]gy tak+ "p 9 ! op]ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ direct in/ances ( ?is is provid$ by ! transmission ( heat en]gy4 ,= illu/rative purposes1 let x be assum$ t a body ,a1 possess$ ( heat en]gy to an exce$+ly high degree1 is isolat$ )9 a sph]ical glass vessel ,,cc1 some:at z already %[n 7,fig4 #f74 ,if x be assum$ t ! space )9 ,,cc is a p]fect vacuum1 & t no mat]ial connection exi/s betwe5 ! walls ( ! vessel & ! body ,a1 ! latt] is completely isolat$1 & no means :atev] are available = ! detection ( its heat qualities 7,sec4 #cj74 ,x may seem t1 if ! temp]ature ( ! body ,a 7 suffici5tly high1 its en]gy /ate might be detect$1 & 9 a mann] e/imat$1 by its effect on ! eye or by its lum9\s prop]ties1 b we take ?is opportunity ( po9t+ out t lum9osity is n inv>iably associat$ ) high temp]ature4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m bodies are f\nd 9 ,nature1 bo? animate & inanimate1 :i* are lum9\s & affect ! eye at comp>atively l[ temp]atures4 ,h[ !n is ! en]gy condition ( ! body to be def9itely asc]ta9$8 ,! only means :]eby x is possible to id5tify ! en]gy ( ! body is by transmitt+ a portion ( t en]gy to "s o!r body & obs]v+ ! resultant ph5om5a4 ,suppose1 !n1 ano!r body1 su* z ,b 7,fig4 #f71 at a l[] temp]ature ?an ,a1 is br\ght into contact ) ,a1 s t a transmission ( heat en]gy ensues betwe5 ! two4 ,! ph5om5a :i* w\ld result 9 su* circum/ances w be exactly z already describ$ 9 ! case ( ! transmission ( en]gy ?r\gh a solid 7,sec4 #bg74 ,among/ o!r manife/ations x w\ld be noticeable t ! mat]ial ( ,b 0 exp&$ aga9/ its inh]5t cohesive =ces4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( a sph]ical body su* z ,b1 a m]curial !rmomet] 7 utilis$1 ! ph5om5a w\ld be ( precisely ! same nature4 ,a def9ite portion ( ! heat en]gy w\ld be transmitt$ to ! !rmomet]1 & w\ld produce expansion ( ! conta9$ fluid4 ,by ! am\nt ( ?is expansion x becomes possible to e/imate ! en]gy condition & prop]ties ( ! body ,a1 relative to its surr\nd+s or to c]ta9 g5]ally accept$ /&>d conditions4 ,!rmometric measurem5t is1 9 fact1 m]ely ! employm5t ( a process ( en]gy transmission = ! purpose ( id5tify+ & e/imat+ ! heat-en]gy prop]ties ( mat]ial sub/ances4 ,9 ev]yday life1 r\gh ideas ( heat en]gy are con/antly be+ obta9$ by ! aid ( ! s5ses4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 only ano!r aspect ( transmission1 = x w be cle> t ! s5sations ( heat & cold are1 9 !mselves1 b ! evid5ce ( ! trans=mation ( heat en]gy to or f ! body4 ,! process ( en]gy transmission by a flexible b& or cord 7,sec4 #bh7 also provides evid5ce lead+ to ! id5tification ( ! peculi> =m ( en]gy :i* is be+ transmitt$4 ,at fir/ sight1 x w\ld appe> z if ?is en]gy 7 simply en]gy ( motion or k9etic en]gy4 ,a little reflection1 h[ev]1 on ! g5]al conditions ( ! process mu/ dispel ?is idea1 = x is cle> t ! precise nature ( ! en]gy transmitt$ has no real connection ) ! k9etic prop]ties ( ! sy/em4 ,! latt]1 truly1 influ5ce ! rate ( transmission & impose c]ta9 limits1 b evid5tly1 if ! pull 9 ! b& increases )\t any increase 9 its velocity1 ! actual am\nt ( en]gy transmitt$ by ! sy/em w\ld increase )\t alt]+ 9 any respect ! k9etic prop]ties4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !n1 to di/+ui% cle>ly ! en]gy inh]5t to1 or z x 71 lat5t 9 ! sy/em1 f ! en]gy actually transmitt$ by ! sy/em1 to recognise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! en]gy transmitt$ by mov+ mat]ial & ! en]gy ( t mat]ial4 ,9 ?is special in/ance1 to id5tify ! =m ( en]gy transmitt$ x mu/ ( necessity be associat$ ) ! peculi> ph5om5a ( transmission4 ,n[ ! en]gy is evid5tly transmitt$ by ! movem5t ( ! connect+ belt or b&4 ,be=e any transmission c take place1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy mu/ be /or$ 9 ! mov+ sy/em1 p>tly z cohesion or /ra9 en]gy & p>tly z en]gy ( motion or k9etic en]gy4 ,x is ?is prelim9>y /orage ( en]gy :i*1 9 reality1 con/itutes ! transmission ma*9e1 & = a giv5 rate ( transmission1 ! en]gy ?us /or$ w be con/ant 9 value4 ,x is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! appli$ en]gy1 &1 neglect+ c]ta9 m9or processes1 w be return$ 7or transmitt$7 9 its entirety :5 ! mov+ sy/em once m comes to re/4 ,?is /or$ en]gy1 9 fact1 works 9 a rev]sible process4 ,b :5 ! transmission ma*9e is once con/itut$1 ! en]gy transmitt$ is !n t en]gy :i* is be+ cont9ually appli$ at ! sp9dle ,a 7,fig4 #d7 & z cont9ually )drawn at ! sp9dle ,b4 ,x mu/ be emphasis$ t ! en]gy ?us transmitt$ is absolutely diff]5t f ! k9etic or o!r en]gy associat$ ) ! mov+ mat]ial ( ! sy/em4 ,x is ! function ( ?is en]gis$ mat]ial ( ! b& to transmit ! en]gy f ,a to ,b1 b ?is is ! only relation%ip :i* ! transmitt$ en]gy be>s to ! mat]ial4 ,! en]gy ?us transmitt$ by ! mov+ mat]ial we t]m me*anical or "w en]gy4 ,we may ?us def9e me*anical or "w en]gy z t =m ( en]gy transmitt$ by matt] 9 motion4 ,! idea ( "w is usually associat$ ) t ( a =ce act+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,! =m ( en]gy ref]r$ to above z "w en]gy is1 9 ! same way1 always associat$ ) ! idea ( a ?ru/ or ( a pressure ( "s k9d act+ on mov+ mat]ial4 ,"w en]gy ?us be>s two aspects1 :i* really correspond to ! famili> product ( pressure & volume4 ,bo? aspects are manife/$ 9 transmission4 ,s9ce "w en]gy is inv>iably transmitt$ by matt] 9 motion1 e ma*9e = its transmission mu/ possess en]gy ( motion z "o ( its ess5tial features4 ,z %[n above 7see also ,sec4 #bh71 ?is en]gy ( motion is really obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! orig9ally appli$ "w en]gy1 & z x rema9s unalt]$ 9 value dur+ ! progress ( a uni=m transmission1 x may be reg>d$ z simply trans=m$ "w en]gy1 /or$ or lat5t 9 ! sy/em1 :i* w be return$ 9 its entirety & 9 its orig9al =m at ! t]m9ation ( ! op]ation4 ,! en]gy /or$ aga9/ cohesion or o!r =ces may be reg>d$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is really ! manife/ation ( ! pressure or ?ru/ aspect ( ! "w en]gy1 j z ! k9etic en]gy is ! manife/ation ( ! translational or velocity aspect4 ,our def9ition ( "w en]gy giv5 above enables u to recognise its op]ation 9 _m famili> processes4 ,take ! case ( a gas at high pressure conf9$ 9 a cyl9d] beh9d a movable pi/on4 ,we c at once say t ! en]gy ( ! gas is "w en]gy because ?is en]gy may q cle>ly be transmitt$ f ! gas by ! movem5t ( ! pi/on4 ,if ! latt] =m "p ( a /eam-eng9e me*anism ( rods & crank1 ! en]gy may1 by ! motion ( ?is me*anism1 be transmitt$ to ! crank %aft1 & !re utilis$4 ,?is is em95tly a case 9 :i* en]gy is transmitt$ by matt] 9 motion4 ,! mov+ mat]ial comprises ! pi/on1 pi/on-rod1 & connect+-rod1 :i* are1 "o & all1 end[$ ) bo? cohesive & k9etic en]gy qualities1 & =m toge!r ! transmission ma*9e4 ,s long z ! pi/on is at re/ only "o aspect ( ! "w en]gy ( ! gas is app>5t1 namely1 ! pressure aspect1 b imm$iately motion & transmission take place1 bo? aspects are pres5t$4 ,! "w en]gy ( ! gas1 obta9$ 9 ! boil] by a trans=mation ( heat en]gy is ?us1 by matt] 9 motion1 transmitt$ & made available at ! crank %aft4 ,! %aft itself is also commonly utilis$ = ! fur!r transmission ( ! "w en]gy appli$4 ,by ! application ( ! en]gy at ! crank1 x is ?r[n into a /ate ( /ra91 & at ! same "t is end[$ ) k9etic en]gy ( rotation4 ,x ?us =ms a ma*9e = transmission1 & ! "w en]gy appli$ at "o po9t ( ! %aft may be )drawn at ano!r po9t m remote4 ,! transmission is1 9 reality1 effect$ by ! movem5t ( ! mat]ial ( ! %aft4 ,s long z ! %aft is /ation>y1 x is cle> t no actual transmission c be c>ri$ out1 no matt] h[ great may be ! /ra9 impos$4 ,if our eng9e me*anism 71 by a *ange 9 design1 adapt$ to ! use ( a liquid sub/ance z ! work+ mat]ial in/ead ( a gas1 x is cle> t no *ange w\ld be effect$ 9 ! g5]al conditions4 ,! en]gy ( a liquid "u pressure is aga9 simply "w en]gy1 & x w\ld be transmitt$ by ! mov+ me*anism 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,f ! =ego+1 x w n[ be evid5t to ! read] t ! en]gy orig9ally appli$ to ! prim>y mass 7,sec4 #c7 ( our cosmical sy/em mu/ be "w en]gy4 ,x is ?is =m ( en]gy also :i* is inh]5t to ea* unit ( ! planet>y sy/em associat$ ) ! prim>y4 ,9 ?is sy/em x is ( c\rse pres5t$ outw>dly 9 ! two phases ( k9etic en]gy & en]gy ( /ra9 or di/ortion4 ,x is app>5t1 also1 t "w en]gy c\ld be transmitt$ f ! prim>y mass to ! sep>ate planets on "o condition only1 t is1 by ! movem5t ( "s mat]ial sub/ance connect+ ea* planet to ! prim>y4 ,s9ce no su* mat]ial connection is admitt$1 ! transmission ( "w en]gy is cle>ly impossible4 #cb4 ,complete ,second>y ,cyclical ,op]ation ,a g5]al outl9e ( ! conditions ( work+ & ! relation%ips ( second>y processes has already be5 giv5 9 ! ,g5]al ,/atem5t 7,sec4 #i71 b x /ill rema9s to indicate1 9 a broad way1 ! g5]al me?ods :]eby ^! op]ations are l9k$ to ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,9 ! example ( ! simple p5dulum1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! en]gy processes giv+ rise to heat+ at ! be>+ surfaces & transmission ( en]gy to ! air masses are n directly rev]sible processes1 b really =m "p ( a m ext5sive cyclical op]ation1 9 itself1 h[ev]1 complete & self-conta9$4 ,?is cyclical op]ation may be reg>d$ z a typical illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* sep>ate processes ( en]gy transmission or trans=mation1 su* z already describ$1 are comb9$ or unit$ 9 a cont9u\s *a9 =m+ a complete :ole4 ,x has be5 assum$1 9 all ! exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 t ! op]at+ en]gy is initially communicat$ f an outside s\rce1 say ! h& ( ! obs]v]4 ,?is en]gy is1 !re=e1 ! act+ en]gy :i* mu/ be trac$ ?r\gh all its v>i\s phases f its orig9 to its f9al de/9ation4 ,at ! outset1 x may be po9t$ out t ?is en]gy1 appli$ by h&1 is obta9$ f ! orig9al rotational en]gy ( ! e>? by c]ta9 def9ite en]gy processes4 ,due to ! influ5ces ( v>i\s incept+ fields :i* emanate f ! sun 7,secs4 #ag-ai71 a portion ( ! e>?'s rotational en]gy is trans=m$ into t =m ( plant en]gy :i* is /or$ 9 plant tissue1 & :i*1 by ! physico-*emical processes ( dige/ion1 is 9 turn conv]t$ into heat & ! v>i\s o!r =ms ( en]gy associat$ ) ! human frame4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ! en]gy communicat$ to ! p5dulum4 ,its progress ?r\gh t ma*9e has already be5 describ$ 9 detail 7,secs4 #ba-bf74 ,! trans=mation ( en]gy ( motion to en]gy ( position :i* takes place is 9 itself a rev]sible process & may 9 ! meantime be neglect$4 ,b ! f9al result ( ! op]ations1 at ! be>+ surfaces & 9 ! air masses surr\nd+ ! mov+ p5dulum1 0 %[n to be1 9 ea* case1 t heat en]gy 0 communicat$ to ^! air masses4 ,! effect ( ! heat en]gy ?us impress$1 is to cause ! expansion ( ! air & its elevation f ! surface ( ! e>? 9 ! l9es or field ( ! gravitative attraction1 s t ?is heat en]gy is trans=m$1 & resides 9 ! air masses z en]gy ( position4 ,! en]gy !n1 orig9ally drawn f ! rotational en]gy ( ! e>?1 has ?us work$ ?r\gh ! p5dulum ma*9e1 & is n[ /or$ 9 ! air masses 9 ?is =m ( en]gy ( position4 ,to make ! process complete & cyclical ?is en]gy mu/ n[1 !re=e1 be return$ once m to ! e>? 9 its orig9al rotational =m4 ,?is f9al /ep is c>ri$ out 9 ! atmosph]ic ma*9e 7,sec4 #da74 ,9 ?is ma*9e1 !re=e1 ! en]gy ( position possess$ by ! air masses is1 9 _! desc5t to _! orig9al positions at l[] levels1 trans=m$ once m into axial or rotational en]gy4 ,9 ?is fa%ion ?is s]ies ( second>y processes1 involv+ bo? trans=mations & transmissions1 is l9k$ to ! great atmosph]ic process4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy :i* op]ates ?r\gh ! p>ticul> *a9 ( processes we h describ$ is1 ( c\rse1 exce$+ly small1 b 9 ?is or a simil> mann] all second>y op]ations1 great or small1 are associat$ ) ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,in/ances c\ld readily be multipli$1 b a little reflection w %[ h[ almo/ e en]gy op]ation1 no matt] :at may be its nature1 :e!r physical1 *emical1 or electrical1 leads inevitably to ! communication ( en]gy to ! atmosph]ic air masses & to _! consequ5t upraisal4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! infallible t5d5cy ( en]gy to rev]t to its orig9al =m ( axial en]gy1 or en]gy ( rotation1 by means ( ! air ma*9e4 ,all ,nature be>s witness to ?is t5d5cy1 & al?\gh ! pa? ( en]gy ?r\gh ! maze ( t]re/rial trans=mation (t5 appe>s tortu\s & unc]ta91 its f9al de/9ation is always sure4 ,! second>y op]ations are ?us int]l9k$ into "o great :ole by _! association 9 ! t]re/rial en]gy cycle4 ,_m ( ^! second>y op]ations are ( %ort duration2 o!rs ext5d ov] long p]iods ( "t4 ,en]gy1 9 "s cases1 appe>s to slumb]1 z 9 ! coal seams ( ! e>?1 until an appropriate /imulus is appli$1 :5 x ent]s into active op]ation once m4 ,! cyclical op]ations are ?us long or %ort accord+ to ! duration ( _! con/itu5t second>y en]gy processes4 ,b ! balance ( ,nature is ev] pres]v$4 ,axial en]gy1 trans=m$ by ! work+ ( "o cyclical process1 is be+ z cont9u\sly return$ by ! simultane\s op]ation ( o!rs4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,t]re/rial ,,conditions #cc4 ,gase\s ,expansion ,be=e proce$+ to ! g5]al description ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e 7,sec4 #aj71 x is desirable to consid] "o or two features ( gase\s reaction :i* h a some:at important be>+ on its work+4 ,let x be assum$ t a mass ( gase\s mat]ial is conf9$ )9 ! l[] portion ( a n>r[ tube ,,abcd 7,fig4 #h7 assum$ to be !rmally non-conduct+2 ! upp] portion ( ! tube is 9 free communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! gas )9 ! tube is assum$ to be isolat$ f ! atmosph]e by a movable pi/on ,,ef1 free to move v]tically 9 ! tube1 & = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 assum$ also frictionless & weightless4 ,) ^! assumptions1 ! pressure on ! conf9$ gas w simply be t due to ! atmosph]e4 ,if heat en]gy be n[ appli$ to ! gas1 its temp]ature w rise & expansion w ensue4 ,?is expansion w be c>ri$ out at con/ant atmosph]ic pressure2 ! gase\s mat]ial1 z x exp&s1 mu/ lift ) x ! :ole ( ! sup]impos$ atmosph]ic column aga9/ ! d[nw>d attractive =ce ( ! e>?'s gravitation on t column4 ,"w is ?us done by ! exp&+ gas1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is "w done1 a def9ite quantity ( atmosph]ic mat]ial ga9s en]gy ( position or pot5tial en]gy relative to ! e>?'s surface4 ,at ! same "t1 ! rise ( temp]ature ( ! gas w indicate an accession ( heat en]gy to its mass4 ,^! famili> ph5om5a ( expansion "u con/ant pressure s]ve to illu/rate ! important fact t1 :5 heat en]gy is appli$ to a gase\s mass1 x really manife/s itself !re9 9 two aspects1 namely1 heat en]gy & "w en]gy4 ,! increm5t ( heat en]gy is indicat$ by ! increase 9 temp]ature1 ! increm5t ( "w en]gy by ! increase 9 pressure4 ,9 ! example j quot$1 h[ev]1 !re is no increase 9 pressure1 because ! "w en]gy1 z rapidly z x is appli$ to ! gas1 is trans=m$ or work$ d[n 9 displac+ ! atmosph]ic column re/+ on ! upp] side ( ! mov+ pi/on4 ,! en]gy appli$1 9 ! =m ( heat f ! outside s\rce1 has 9 reality be5 introduc$ into a def9ite en]gy ma*9e1 a ma*9e 9 ?is case adapt$ = ! complete trans=mation ( "w en]gy into en]gy ( position4 ,z already indicat$1 :5 ! expansive movem5t is complet$1 ! volume & temp]ature ( ! gase\s mass are bo? increas$ b ! pressure rema9s unalt]$4 ,:ile ! increase 9 temp]ature is ! measure & index ( a def9ite increase 9 ! heat en]gy ( ! gas1 x is important to note t1 s f> z its "w en]gy is conc]n$1 ! gas is f9ally 9 precisely ! same condition z at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation4 ,"w en]gy has be51 by ! work+ ( ?is en]gy ma*9e1 z x 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! gase\s mass into ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! pressure ( ! gas is ! true index ( its "w en]gy prop]ties4 ,s long z ! pressure rema9s unalt]$1 ! inh]5t "w en]gy ( ! mat]ial rema9s absolutely unaffect$4 ,a brief consid]ation ( ! nature ( "w en]gy z already portray$ 7,sec4 #ca7 w make ?is cle>4 ,"w en]gy has be5 def9$ z t =m ( en]gy transmitt$ by matt] 9 motion1 & x is cle> t pressure is ! ess5tial factor 9 any transmission ( ?is nature4 ,temp]ature has no direct be>+ on x :atev]4 ,x is common k1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! application ( heat en]gy to a gase\s sub/ance1 ! two aspects ( pressure & temp]ature _c be really dissociat$4 ,!y are mutually dep5d5t4 ,any increm5t ( heat en]gy to ! gas is accompani$ by an increm5t ( "w en]gy1 & vice v]sa4 ,! precise mode ( action ( ! "w en]gy w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! g5]al circum/ances ( ! en]gy ma*9e 9 :i* x op]ates4 ,9 ! case j consid]$ ! "w en]gy does n f9ally reside 9 ! gase\s mass itself1 b1 by ! work+ ( ! ma*9e1 is communicat$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 heat en]gy 7 appli$ 9 ! same fa%ion to a mass ( gas 9 a completely enclos$ vessel1 t is to say at con/ant volume in/ead ( at con/ant pressure1 ! g5]al ph5om5a are m]ely alt]$ 9 degree accord+ to ! *ange 9 ! precise nature ( ! en]gy ma*9e4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! nature ( ! en]gy ma*9e 0 su* t ! "w en]gy communicat$ 0 exp5d$ 9 its entirety aga9/ gravitation4 ,"u :at is usually t]m$ con/ant volume conditions1 only a portion ( ! total "w en]gy communicat$ is trans=m$1 & ! trans=mation ( ?is portion is c>ri$ out1 n aga9/ gravitation1 b aga9/ ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ial ( ! enclos+ vessel :i* re/ra9s ! expansion4 ,no matt] h[ great may be ! ela/ic prop]ties ( ?is mat]ial1 x w be di/ort$1 m or less1 by ! application ( "w en]gy4 ,?is di/ortional movem5t is ! ext]nal evid5ce ( ! en]gy process ( trans=mation4 ,en]gy is /or$ 9 ! mat]ial aga9/ ! =ces ( cohesion 7,sec4 #ae74 ,b ! en]gy ?us /or$ is only a small proportion ( ! total "w en]gy :i* accrues to ! gas 9 ! heat+ process4 ,! rema9d] is /or$ 9 ! gas itself1 & ! evid5ce ( su* /orage is f\nd simply 9 ! increase ( pressure4 ,diff]5t en]gy ma*9es ?us (f] diff]5t facilities = ! trans=mation or ! /orage ( ! appli$ en]gy4 ,9 e case :]e ! "w en]gy appli$ has no opportunity ( exp5d+ itself1 its pres5ce w be indicat$ by an increase 9 ! pressure or "w function ( ! gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! above ph5om5a c readily be appli$ to o!r cases ( gase\s expansion4 ,x is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce t if a giv5 mass ( gase\s mat]ial be introduc$ into a vessel :i* has be5 exhau/$ by an air-pump or o!r device = ! production ( a vacuum1 ! :ole space )9 ! vessel is in/antly p]meat$ by ! gas1 :i* w exp& until its volume is precisely t ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,fur!r ph5om5a ( ! op]ation are t ! exp&+ gas suff]s a decrease 9 temp]ature & pressure correspond+ to ! degree or ratio ( ! expansion4 ,be=e ! expansive process took place ! gase\s mass1 z indicat$ by its initial temp]ature & pressure1 is end[$ ) a def9ite quantity ( en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat & "w en]gy4 ,aft] expansion1 ^! quantities are dim9i%$1 z indicat$ by its f9al & l[] temp]ature & pressure4 ,! op]ation ( expansion has ?us involv$ an exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,?is exp5diture takes place 9 virtue ( ! movem5t ( ! gase\s mat]ial 7,sec4 #d74 ,x is obvi\s t if ! volume ( ! :ole is to be increas$1 ea* portion ( ! exp&+ gas requires to move relatively to ! rema9d]4 ,?is movem5t is c>ri$ out 9 ! l9es ( ! e>?'s gravitative attraction1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ov] ! surface ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,9 "s respects1 x ?us corresponds simply to ! movem5t ( a body ov] ! e>?'s surface 7,sec4 #af74 ,x is also c>ri$ out aga9/ ! visc\s or frictional =ces exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! gase\s mat]ial itself 7,sec4 #bi74 ,assum+ no influx ( en]gy f )\t1 ! en]gy exp5d$ 9 ! movem5t ( ! gase\s mat]ial mu/ be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! inh]5t heat & "w en]gy ( ! gas1 & ^! two functions w decrease simultane\sly4 ,! heat & "w en]gy ( ! gas or its inh]5t en]gy is ?us tak5 to provide ! en]gy necess>y = ! expansive movem5t4 ,?is en]gy1 h[ev]1 does n leave ! gas1 b /ill resides !re9 9 a =m ak9 to t ( en]gy ( position or sep>ation4 ,x w be cle> also1 t ! rev]se op]ation _c1 9 ?is case1 be c>ri$ out2 ! gas _c move back to its orig9al volume 9 ! same fa%ion z x exp&$ into ! vacuum1 s t ! en]gy utilis$ 9 ?is way = sep>ation _c be directly return$4 ,! expansion ( ! gas has be5 assum$ above to take place into a vacu\s space1 b a little consid]ation w %[ t ?is condition _c be prop]ly or ev5 approximately fulfill$ "u ord9>y exp]im5tal conditions4 ,! smalle/ quantity ( gas introduc$ into ! exhau/$ vessel w at once completely fill ! vacu\s space1 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! :ole expansion ( ! gas does n 9 reality take place 9 vacuo at all4 ,to /udy ! action ( ! gas "u ! latt] conditions1 x is necess>y to look on ! op]ation ( expansion 9 a m g5]al way1 :i* might be pres5t$ z foll[s4 #cd4 ,gravitational ,equilibrium ( ,gases ,consid] a planet>y body1 9 g5]al nature simil> to ! e>?1 b1 unlike ! e>?1 possess+ no atmosph]e :atev]4 ,! space surr\nd+ su* a cele/ial mass may !n be consid]$ z a p]fect vacuum4 ,n[ let x be fur!r assum$ t 9 virtue ( "s *ange 9 ! conditions1 a portion ( ! mat]ial ( ! planet>y mass is volatilis$ & a mass ( gas !reby lib]at$ ov] its surface4 ,! gas is assum$ to correspond 9 temp]ature to t portion ( ! planet's surface ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,x is cle> t1 9 ! circum/ances1 ! gas1 9 virtue ( its ela/ic & en]getic prop]ties1 w exp& 9 all directions4 ,x w completely envelop ! planet1 & x w also move radially outw>ds into space4 ,9 ^! respects1 its expansion w correspond to t ( a gas introduc$ into a vacu\s space ( unlimit$ ext5t4 ,! "q n[ arises z to ! nature ( ! action ( ! gase\s sub/ance 9 ^! circum/ances4 ,x is cle> t ! radial or outw>d movem5t ( ! gas f ! planet>y surface is made directly aga9/ ! gravitative attraction ( ! planet on ! gase\s mass4 ,9 o!r words1 matt] or mat]ial is be+ mov$ 9 ! l9es or field ( ?is gravitative =ce4 ,?is movem5t1 accord+ly1 w be productive ( an en]gy trans=mation 7,sec4 #d74 ,9 its initial or surface condition ea* portion ( ! gase\s mass is possess$ ( a p]fectly def9ite am\nt ( en]gy indicat$ by & dep5d5t on t condition4 ,z x moves upw>ds f ! surface1 x does "w aga9/ gravity 9 ! rais+ ( its own mass4 ,b z ! mass is ?us rais$1 x is ga9+ en]gy ( position 7,sec4 #bj71 & z x has absolutely no communication ) any ext]nal s\rce ( en]gy 9 its asc5t1 ! en]gy ( position ?us ga9$ c only be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( its initial inh]5t heat & "w en]gy4 ,! op]ation is1 9 fact1 a simple trans=mation ( ?is inh]5t en]gy into en]gy ( position1 a trans=mation 9 :i* gravity is ! incept+ ag5cy4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce ( trans=mation w be a fall 9 temp]ature ( ! mat]ial4 ,s9ce ! action is exactly simil> = all asc5d+ p>ticles1 x is evid5t t z ! altitude ( ! gase\s mass increases ! temp]ature w correspond+ly dim9i%4 ,?is dim9ution w proce$ s long z ! gase\s p>ticles cont9ue to asc5d1 & until an elevation is f9ally atta9$ at :i* _! inh]5t en]gy is entirely conv]t$ into en]gy ( position4 ,! expansion ( ! gas1 & ! associat$ trans=mation ( en]gy1 ?us leads to ! erection ( a gase\s column 9 space1 ! temp]ature ( :i* /eadily dim9i%es f ! base to ! summit4 ,at ! latt] elevation1 ! inh]5t en]gy ( ! gase\s p>ticles :i* atta9 to x is completely trans=m$ or work$ out aga9/ gravity 9 ! asc5t2 ! en]gy possess$ by ! gas at ?is elevation is1 !re=e1 entirely en]gy ( position2 ! en]gy prop]ties ( heat & "w h entirely vani%$1 & ! temp]ature w1 !re=e1 at ?is elevation1 be absolute z]o4 ,x is important to note also t 9 ! build+ ( su* a column or gase\s sph]ical envelope r\nd ! planet1 ! total en]gy ( any gase\s p>ticle ( t column w rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,no matt] :]e ! p>ticle may be situat$ 9 ! column1 its total en]gy mu/ always be express$ by its heat & "w en]gy prop]ties toge!r ) its en]gy ( position4 ,?is sum is always a con/ant quantity4 ,= if ! p>ticle desc5ds f a high] to a l[] altitude1 its total en]gy is /ill un*ang$1 because a def9ite trans=mation ( its en]gy ( position takes place correspond+ to its fall1 & ?is trans=m$ en]gy duly appe>s 9 its orig9al =m ( heat & "w en]gy 9 accordance ) ! decreas$ altitude ( ! p>ticle4 ,s9ce ! temp]ature ( ! column rema9s un*ang$ at ! base surface & only decreases 9 ! asc5t1 x is cle> t ! entire heat & "w en]gy ( ! orig9ally lib]at$ gase\s mass is n exp5d$ 9 ! movem5t aga9/ gravity4 ,e gase\s p>ticle--except+ ^? on ! absolute out] surface ( ! gase\s envelope--has /ill ! prop]ty ( temp]ature4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t 9 ! con/itution ( ! column1 only a portion ( ! total orig9al heat & "w en]gy ( ! gase\s sub/ance is trans=m$ into en]gy ( position4 ,! space into :i* ! gas exp&s has be5 ref]r$ to z unlimit$ 9 ext5t4 ,b al?\gh 9 "o s5se x may be correctly describ$ ?us1 yet 9 ano!r1 & p]haps 9 a tru] s5se1 ! space is v /rictly limit$4 ,x is true !re is no enclos+ vessel or b\nd+ surface1 b nev]!less ! expansion ( ! gas is re/ra9$ 9 two ways or limit$ by two factors4 ,! position ( ! b\nd+ surface ( ! sph]ical gase\s envelope dep5ds1 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! orig9al en]gy ( ! gas z d$uc$ f its initial temp]ature & its o!r physical prop]ties1 & secondly on ! value ( ! gravitative attraction ex]t$ on ! gas by ! planet>y body4 ,look+ at ! fir/ factor1 x is obvi\s t s9ce ! gase\s mass initially possesses only a limit$ am\nt ( en]gy1 & s9ce only a c]ta9 portion ( ?is en]gy is really available = ! trans=mation1 ! :ole process is !reby limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,! complete trans=mation & disappe>ance ( t available portion ( ! gase\s en]gy 9 ! process ( erection ( ! atmosph]ic column w correspond to a def9ite & limit$ increase ( en]gy ( position ( gase\s mat]ial4 ,s9ce ! en]gy ( position is ?us re/rict$ 9 its totality1 & ! mass ( mat]ial = elevation is con/ant1 ! height ( ! column or ! b\nd>y ( expansion ( ! gas is likewise rigidly def9$4 ,9 ?is fa%ion1 ! en]gy prop]ties ( ! gase\s mat]ial limit ! expansive process4 ,look+ at ! op]ation f ano!r /&po9t1 x is cle> t ! maximum height ( ! sph]ical gase\s envelope mu/ also be dep5d5t on ! resi/ance aga9/ :i* ! upw>d movem5t ( ! gas is c>ri$ out1 t is1 on ! value ( ! gravitative attraction4 ,! exp5diture ( en]gy 9 ! asc5t v>ies directly z ! oppos+ =ce2 if ?is =ce be increas$ ! ultimate height mu/ decrease1 & vice v]sa4 ,ea* p>ticle might be reg>d$ z mov+ 9 ! asc5t aga9/ ! action ( an invisible spr+1 /ret*+ x s t ) increase ( altitude m & m ( ! en]gy ( ! p>ticle is trans=m$ or /or$ 9 ! spr+ 9 ! ext5sion4 ,:5 ! p>ticle desc5ds to its orig9al position1 ! op]ation is rev]s$2 ! spr+ is n[ contract+1 & yield+ up ! /or$ en]gy to ! p>ticle 9 ! contraction4 ,! action ( ! spr+ w\ld "h be m]ely t ( an app>atus = ! /orage & return ( en]gy4 ,9 ! case ( ! gase\s mass1 we conceive ! action ( gravitation to be exactly analog\s to t ( a spr+ (f]+ an approximately con/ant resi/ance to ext5sion4 7,! value ( gravity is assum$ approximately con/ant1 & indep5d5t ( ! p>ticle's displacem5t47 ,! en]gy /or$ or trans=m$ 9 ! asc5sion aga9/ gravity is return$ on ! desc5t 9 a precisely simil> fa%ion4 ,! op]ation is a completely rev]sible "o4 ,! range ( motion ( ! gase\s mass or ! ultimate height ( ! gase\s column w ?us dep5d on ! value ( ! oppos+ attractive =ce controll+ ! motion or1 9 o!r words1 on ! value ( gravity4 ,?is value is ( c\rse def9$ by ! relative mass ( ! planet 7,sec4 #bj74 ,x is evid5t t ! sph]ical envelope :i* w\ld ?us enwrap ! planet>y mass possesses c]ta9 peculi> prop]ties :i* are n associat$ ) gase\s masses "u ord9>y exp]im5tal conditions4 ,x by no means corresponds to any ord9>y body ( gase\s mat]ial1 hav+ a homog5e\s con/itution & a precise & det]m9ate pressure & temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,on ! contr>y1 its prop]ties are some:at complex4 ,?r\gh\t ! gase\s envelope ! physical condition ( ! sub/ance is cont9ually *ang+ ) *ange ( altitude4 ,! extremes are f\nd at ! inn] & out] b\nd+ surfaces4 ,at any giv5 level1 ! gase\s pressure is simply ! result ( ! attractive action ( gravitation on ! mass ( gase\s mat]ial above t level--or1 m simply1 to ! weight ( mat]ial above t level4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 decrease 9 ! value ( ! gravitative attraction ) increase ( altitude1 b )9 ! limits ( atmosph]ic height obta9$ by ord9>y gase\s sub/ances 7,sec4 #cf7 ?is decrease may be neglect$1 & ! weight ( unit mass ( ! mat]ial assum$ con/ant at diff]5t levels4 ,increase ( atmosph]ic altitude is ?us accompani$ by decrease 9 atmosph]ic pressure4 ,b decrease 9 pressure mu/ be accompani$ by a correspond+ decrease 9 d5sity ( ! gas1 s t1 if uni=m temp]ature 7 = ! "t be+ assum$1 x w\ld be necess>y at ! high] levels to rise ?r\gh a great] di/ance to exp]i5ce ! same decrease 9 pressure ?an at ! l[] levels4 ,9 fact1 giv5 uni=m conditions ( temp]ature1 if diff]5t altitudes 7 tak5 9 ari?metical progression ! respective pressures & d5sities w\ld dim9i% 9 geometrical progression4 ,b we h se5 t ! en]gy conditions absolutely preclude ! condition ( uni=mity ( temp]ature1 & accord+ly1 ! decreas+ pressure & d5sity mu/ be c\nt]act$ to "s ext5t at lea/ by ! decreas+ temp]ature4 ,! conditions are some:at complex2 b ! g5]al effect ( ! decreas+ temp]ature factor w\ld seem to be by increas+ ! d5sity to cause ! available gase\s en]gy to be completely work$ d[n at a some:at l[] level ?an o!rwise1 & ?us to less5 to "s degree ! height ( ! gase\s envelope4 ,x is to be not$ t a gase\s column or atmosph]e ( ?is nature w\ld be 9 a /ate ( complete equilibrium "u ! action ( ! gravitative attraction--provid$ !re 7 no ext]nal di/urb+ influ5ces4 ,! peculi> feature ( su* a column is t ! total en]gy ( unit mass ( its mat]ial1 :]ev] t mass may be situat$1 is a con/ant quantity4 ,9 virtue ( ?is prop]ty1 ! equilibrium ( ! column might be t]m$ neutral or /atical equilibrium4 ,! gas may !n be describ$ z 9 ! neutral or /atical condition4 ,?is /atical condition ( equilibrium ( a gas is ( c\rse a purely hypo!tical "o4 ,x has be5 describ$ 9 ord] to introduce c]ta9 ideas :i* are ess5tial to ! discussion ( en]gy *anges & reactions ( gases 9 ! l9es ( gravitational =ces4 ,^! reactions w n[ be dealt )4 #ce4 ,total ,en]gy ( ,gase\s ,sub/ances ,s9ce ! maximum height ( a planet>y atmosph]e is dep5d5t on ! total en]gy ( ! gase\s sub/ance or sub/ances ( :i* x is compos$1 x becomes necess>y1 9 det]m9+ ?is height1 to e/imate ?is total en]gy4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,by ! total en]gy is "h meant ! entire en]gy possess$ by ! sub/ance1 t en]gy :i* x w\ld yield up 9 cool+ f its giv5 condition d[n to absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,on exam9ation ( ! record$ prop]ties ( ! v>i\s gase\s sub/ances famili> to u1 x w be f\nd t 9 no s+le in/ance are ! p>ticul>s available = any?+ m ?an an exce$+ly r\gh e/imate ( ?is total en]gy4 ,ea* sub/ance1 9 proce$+ f ! gase\s condition t[>ds absolute z]o1 passes ?r\gh _m physical phases4 ,9 mo/ cases1 !re is a lack ( exp]im5tal ph5om5a or data ( any k9d relat+ to c]ta9 ( ^! phases2 ! necess>y in=mation on c]ta9 po9ts1 su* z ! values & v>iations ( lat5t & specific heats & o!r physical quantities1 is1 9 ! meantime1 n accessible4 ,exp]im5tal rese>* 9 regions ( l[ temp]ature may be said to be 9 its infancy1 & ! prop]ties ( matt] 9 ^! regions are accord+ly m or less unkn[n4 ,! rese>*es ( ,m5deleef & o!rs t5d to %[1 also1 t ! comp>atively simple laws successfully appli$ to gases "u normal conditions are entirely dep>t$ f at v l[ temp]atures4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 x is necess>y1 9 attempt+ to e/imate1 by ord9>y me?ods1 ! total en]gy ( any sub/ance1 to be> 9 m9d t ! quantity f9ally obta9$ may only be a r\gh approximation to ! true value4 ,^! approximations1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ( little value z precise measurem5ts1 may be ( v great importance = c]ta9 g5]al comp>ative purposes4 ,keep+ 9 view ^! g5]al consid]ations1 x is n[ propos$ to e/imate1 "u ord9>y t]re/rial atmosph]ic conditions1 ! total en]gy prop]ties ( ! ?ree gase\s sub/ances1 oxyg51 nitrog51 & aque\s vap\r4 ,! in=mation relative to ! en]gy calculation :i* is 9 ! meantime available is %[n bel[ 9 tabul> =m4 ,z f> z possible all ! heat & o!r en]gy prop]ties ( ea* sub/ance z x cools to absolute z]o h be5 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,table ( ,prop]ties ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,specific ,evaporation ,heat at ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,approximate ,lat5t ,vap\r ,gas ,con/ant at ,atmosph]ic ,lat5t ,heat ,heat (,pressure4 ,pressure4 ,pressure4 ( ,gas #ej deg4 ,f4,liquid4 #ej deg4 ,f4 deg4,f4 deg4,f4 7,abs47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,oxyg5 #j4bage -#bif #afd #ajj 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,nitrog5 #j4bdch -#cbj #ada #ajj 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,aque\s ,vap\r #j4d #bab #fgc #ajhj #add #j4agf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s9ce no reliable data c be obta9$ ) reg>d to ! values & v>iations ( specific heats at extremely l[ temp]atures1 !y are assum$ = ! purpose ( our calculation to be 9 ea* case t ( ! gas1 & to be con/ant "u all conditions4 ,lat5t heats are utilis$ 9 e case :5 available4 ,) ^! res]vations1 ! total en]gy1 ref]r$ to absolute z]o1 ( "o p\nd ( oxyg5 gas at normal temp]ature ( #ej deg4 ,f4 or #eaa deg4 ,f4 7,abs47 w be approximately 7#eaa x #j4bage7 #ajj #baa ,!rmal ,units ,fahr5heit4 ,?is 9 "w units is r\ghly equival5t to #baa x #ggh #afd1jjj ft4 lbs4 ,adopt+ ! same me?od ) nitrog5 gas1 its en]gy at ! same initial temp]ature w be1 p] unit mass1 #agd1fjj ft4 lbs4 ,!re is ?us a some:at close resemblance1 n only 9 ! g5]al temp]ature conditions b also 9 ! en]gy conditions1 ( ! two gases oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,x w be readily se51 h[ev]1 t "u ! same conditions ! en]gy /ate ( aque\s vap\r diff]s v consid]ably f ei!r1 = by ! same me?od z be=e ! en]gy p] p\nd ( aque\s vap\r is equal to 7#eaa x #j4d7 #ajhj #add x #ggh #a1aaa1jjj ft4 lbs4 ,"u ord9>y t]re/rial atmosph]ic conditions1 ! en]gy ( aque\s vap\r p] unit mass is ?us ne>ly sev5 times z great z t ( ei!r oxyg5 or nitrog5 gas4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 also1 t ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is en]gy ( ! vap\r "u ! giv5 conditions is pres5t 9 ! =m ( lat5t en]gy ( ! gas1 or :at we h already t]m$ "w en]gy4 ,! values ( ! v>i\s temp]atures & o!r physical features1 :i* we h includ$ 9 ! ,table ( ,prop]ties above1 & :i* w be utilis$ ?r\gh\t ?is discussion1 are m]ely ^? 9 ev]yday use 9 sci5tific "w4 ,!y =m simply ! accessible in=mation on ! respective mat]ials4 ,!y are ! records ( ph5om5a1 & on ^! ph5om5a are bas$ our en]gy calculations4 ,fur!r rese>* may reveal ! true values ( o!r factors :i* up to ! pres5t we h be5 =c$ to assume1 & s lead to m accurate computation ( ! en]gy 9 ea* case4 ,su* inve/igation1 h[ev]1 is unlikely to affect 9 any way ! g5]al object ( ?is "p ( ! "w1 :i* is simply to portray 9 an approximate mann] ! relative en]gy prop]ties ( ! ?ree gase\s sub/ances "u c]ta9 assum$ conditions4 #cf4 ,comp>ative ,altitudes ( ,planet>y ,atmosph]es ,! total en]gy ( equal masses ( ! gases oxyg51 nitrog51 & aque\s vap\r1 z e/imat$ by ! me?od above1 are respectively 9 ! ratios #a 3 #a4jf 3 #f4h ,ref]r+ back once m to ! ph5om5a describ$ ) ref]5ce to ! gravitational equilibrium ( a gas1 let x be assum$ t ! gase\s sub/ance lib]at$ on ! surface ( ! planet>y body is oxyg51 & t ! planet>y body itself is ( approximately ! same con/itution & dim5sions z ! e>?4 ,! oxyg5 gas ?us lib]at$ w exp& aga9/ gravity1 & envelop ! planet 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7,sec4 #cd74 ,n[ ! total en]gy ( a mass ( "o p\nd ( oxyg5 has be5 e/imat$ "u c]ta9 assumptions 7,sec4 #ce7 to be #afd1jjj ft4 lbs4 ,! value ( ! gravitative attraction ( ! planet on ?is mass is ! same z "u ord9>y t]re/rial conditions1 s t if ! entire en]gy ( "o p\nd ( ! gas 7 utilis$ 9 rais+ itself aga9/ gravity1 ! height ?r\gh :i* ?is mass w\ld be rais$1 & at :i* ! mat]ial w\ld atta9 ! level ( absolute z]o ( temp]ature1 assum+ gravity con/ant ) increas+ altitude1 w\ld be simply #afd1jjj ft4 or approximately #ca miles4 ,! :ole en]gy w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be exp5d$ 9 ! expansive movem5t2 only ! out]mo/ surface mat]ial ( ! planet>y gase\s envelope atta9s to absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,9 e/imat+ ! altitude ( ?is surface1 h[ev]1 ! precise mass ( gase\s sub/ance assum$ = ! purpose ( calculation is ( little or no importance4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( ! mass assum$1 its total en]gy & ! gravitative attraction ( ! planet>y body on x are bo? alike entirely & directly dep5d5t on t mass value4 ,x is !re=e cle> t no matt] h[ ! mass "u consid]ation be dim9i%$1 ! height at :i* its en]gy w\ld be completely work$ d[n1 & at :i* its temp]ature w\ld be absolute z]o1 is ! same1 namely #ca miles4 ,at ! planet's surface1 ! total en]gy ( an inf9itesimally small portion ( ! gase\s mass is proportional to t mass4 ,?is am\nt ( en]gy is1 h[ev]1 all t is available = trans=mation aga9/ gravitation 9 ! asc5t4 ,b at ! same "t1 ! gravitative =ce on ! p>ticle1 t =ce :i* resi/s its upw>d movem5t1 is proportionately small correspond+ to ! small mass1 s t ! p>ticle w 9 reality require to rise to ! same altitude ( #ca miles 9 ord] to completely trans=m its en]gy & atta9 absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,:5 ! expansive process is complet$1 ! out] surface ( ! sph]ical gase\s envelope surr\nd+ ! planet is !n =m$ ( matt] 9 ?is condition ( absolute z]o2 ?is height ( #ca miles is !n ! altitude or dep? ( ! /atical atmosph]ic column at a po9t on ! planet>y surface :]e ! temp]ature is #ej deg4 ,f4 ,x is to be p>ticul>ly not$ t ?is height is entirely dep5d5t on ! gravitation1 temp]ature1 & en]gy conditions assum$4 ,) respect1 also1 to ! assumption made above1 ( con/ant gravitation ) increas+ altitude1 ! v>iation 9 ! value ( gravity )9 ! height limits 9 :i* ! gas op]ates is s slight1 t ! en]gy ( ! exp&+ sub/ance is completely work$ d[n long be=e ! v>iation appreciably affects ! e/imat$ altitude ( absolute z]o4 ,9 any case1 be>+ 9 m9d ! approximate nature ( ! e/imate ( ! en]gy ( ! gases !mselves1 ! v>iation ( gravity is evid5tly a factor ( little mom5t 9 our s*eme ( comp>ison4 ,kn[+ ! maximum height to be #ca miles1 a uni=m temp]ature gradi5t f ! planet>y surface to ! out]mo/ surface ( ! atmosph]ic mat]ial may be readily calculat$4 ,9 ! case ( oxyg51 ! decrease ( temp]ature ) altitude w be at ! rate ( #af deg4 ,f4 p] mile1 or #a deg4 ,f4 p] #ccj ft4 ,if ! planet>y atmosph]e 7 compos$ ( nitrog5 in/ead ( oxyg51 ! height ( ! /atical atmosph]ic column "u ! giv5 conditions w\ld !n be approximately #ca x #a4jf #cc miles1 & ! gradi5t ( temp]ature #ae4e deg4 ,f4 p] mile4 ,9 ! case ( aque\s vap\r1 :i* is possess$ ( mu* m p[]ful en]gy prop]ties ?an ei!r oxyg5 or nitrog51 ! height ( ! /atical column1 to correspond to ! en]gy ( ! mat]ial1 is no less ?an #baj miles & ! temp]ature gradi5t only #b4d deg4 ,f4 p] mile4 ,ea* ( ! gases1 !n1 if sep>ately associat$ ) ! planet>y body1 w\ld =m an atmosph]e ar\nd x dep5d+ 9 height on ! peculi> en]gy prop]ties ( ! gas4 ,a po9t to be obs]v$ is t ! actual or total mass ( any gas ?us lib]at$ at ! planet's surface has no be>+ on ! ultimate height ( ! atmosph]e :i* x w\ld con/itute4 ,:5 ! expansive motion is complet$1 ! d5sity prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e w\ld ( c\rse dep5d on ! initial mass ( gas lib]at$1 b = any giv5 value ( gravity x is ! en]gy prop]ties ( ! gas p] unit mass1 or :at might be t]m$ its specific en]gy prop]ties1 :i* really det]m9e ! height ( its atmosph]e4 #cg4 ,reactions ( ,composite ,atmosph]e ,x is n[ possible to deal ) ! case 9 :i* n only "o gas b sev]al gases are initially lib]at$ on ! planet>y surface4 ,s9ce ! gases are diff]5t1 !n at ! giv5 surface temp]ature ( ! planet !y possess diff]5t am\nts ( heat en]gy1 & = ea* gas consid]$ /atically1 ! temp]ature-altitude gradi5t w be diff]5t f any ( ! o!rs4 ,! limit+ height ( ! gase\s column = ea* gas1 consid]$ sep>ately1 w also dep5d on ! total en]gy ( t gas p] unit mass1 at ! surface temp]ature4 ,b x is evid5t t 9 a composite atmosph]e1 ! sep>ate /atical conditions ( sev]al gases c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,9 su* a mixture1 sep>ate temp]ature-altitude gradi5ts w\ld be impossible4 ,absolute z]o ( temp]ature c\ld cle>ly n be atta9$ at m ?an "o altitude1 & x is evid5t t ! temp]ature-altitude gradi5t ( ! mixture mu/1 9 "s way1 settle d[n to a def9ite value1 & absolute z]o ( temp]ature mu/ occur at "s det]m9ate height4 ,?is c only be br\ght ab\t by en]gy ex*anges & reactions betwe5 ! atmosph]ic con/itu5ts4 ,:5 ^! reactions h tak5 place1 ! atmosph]e z a :ole w h atta9$ a condition analog\s to t ( /atical equilibrium 7,sec4 #cd74 ,ea* ( its con/itu5ts1 h[ev]1 w h decid$ly dep>t$ f ?is latt] condition4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! mutual en]gy reactions1 "s w lose a portion ( _! en]gy4 ,o!rs w ga9 at _! exp5se4 ,all are 9 equilibrium z con/itu5ts ( ! composite atmosph]e1 b none approa* ! condition ( /atical equilibrium peculi> to an atmosph]e compos$ ( "o gas only 7,sec4 #ce74 ,! precise en]gy op]ations :i* w\ld ?us take place 9 any composite atmosph]e w\ld ( c\rse dep5d 9 nature & ext5t on ! physical prop]ties ( ! react+ con/itu5ts4 ,if ! latt] 7 closely alike 9 g5]al prop]ties1 ! en]gy *anges are likely to be small4 ,a /rong div]g5ce 9 en]gy prop]ties w give rise to m p[]ful reactions4 ,a concrete in/ance w p]haps make ?is m cle>4 ,let x be assum$ 9 ! fir/ place t ! planet>y atmosph]e is compos$ ( ! two gases oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,f previ\s consid]ations1 x w be cle> t ! natural decrease ( temp]ature ( nitrog5 gas ) increase ( altitude is1 9 virtue ( its slightly sup]ior en]gy qualities1 correspond+ly sl[] ?an t ( oxyg54 ,! approximate rates are #ae4e deg4 ,f4 & #af deg4 ,f4 p] mile respectively4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! nitrog5 is !re=e to transmit a portion ( its en]gy to ! oxyg54 ,su* a transmission1 h[ev]1 w\ld increase ! height ( ! oxyg5 column & correspond+ly decrease ! height ( ! nitrog54 ,:5 ! balance is f9ally obta9$1 ! height ( ! atmosph]ic column does n correspond to ! en]gy prop]ties ( ei!r gas1 b to ^? ( ! comb9ation4 ,9 ! case ( ^! two mat]ials1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 ! en]gy reactions necess>y to produce ! condition ( equilibrium are comp>atively small 9 magnitude on acc\nt ( ! some:at close resemblance 9 ! en]gy prop]ties ( ! two sub/ances4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 ! two gases might readily be assum$ to behave z "o gas compos+ ! planet>y atmosph]e4 ,b :at1 !n1 w be ! effect ( introduc+ a quantity ( aque\s vap\r into an atmosph]e ?is nature8 ,! g5]al ph5om5a w be ( ! same ord] z be=e1 b ( mu* great] magnitude4 ,f ! approximate figures obta9$ 7,secs4 #ce1 #cf71 ! inh]5t en]gy ( aque\s vap\r p] unit mass is se5 to be1 "u ! same conditions1 enorm\sly great] ?an t ( ! o!r two gases4 ,9 /atical equilibrium 7,sec4 #cd71 ! altitude ( ! gase\s column =m$ by aque\s vap\r is almo/ sev5 times z great z t ( ! oxyg5 or nitrog5 ) :i*1 9 ! composite atmosph]e1 x w\ld be int]mix$4 ,9 ! giv5 circum/ances1 !n1 aque\s vap\r w\ld be =c$ by ^! conditions to give up a v l>ge portion ( its en]gy to ! o!r atmosph]ic con/itu5ts4 ,! latt] w\ld ?us be /ill fur!r exp&$ aga9/ gravity2 ! aque\s vap\r itself w\ld suff] a loss ( en]gy equival5t to ! "w transmitt$ f x4 ,x is !re=e cle> t 9 a composite atmosph]e =m$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 any gas possess$ ( en]gy prop]ties sup]ior to ! o!r con/itu5ts is =c$ ( necessity to transmit en]gy to ^! con/itu5ts4 ,?is ph5om5on is m]ely a consequ5ce ( ! natural disposition ( ! atmosph]ic gase\s sub/ances t[>ds a condition ( equilibrium ) m or less uni=m temp]ature gradation4 ,! great] ! inh]5t en]gy qualities ( any "o con/itu5t relative to ! o!rs1 ! great] w be ! quantity ( en]gy transmitt$ f x 9 ?is way4 #ch4 ,description ( ,t]re/rial ,case ,be>+ 9 m9d ! g5]al consid]ations :i* h be5 advanc$ above ) respect to planet>y atmosph]es1 x is n[ possible to place be=e ! read] a g5]al descriptive outl9e ( ! circum/ances & op]ation ( an atmosph]ic ma*9e 9 actual work+4 ,! ma*9e to be describ$ is t associat$ ) ! e>?4 ,9 ! e>? is f\nd an example ( a planet>y body ( sph]oidal =m pursu+ a cle>ly def9$ orbit 9 space & at ! same "t rotat+ ) absolutely uni=m velocity ab\t a c5tral axis )9 itself4 ,! /ructural details ( its surface & ! g5]al di/ribution ( mat]ial !reon w be m or less famili> to ! read]1 & x is n1 !re=e1 propos$ to dwell on ^! features "h4 ,att5tion may be drawn1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t a v l>ge proportion ( ! surface ( ! e>? is a liquid surface4 ,( all ! mat]ial famili> to u f t]re/rial exp]i5ce !re is none :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 s l>ge a proportion z wat]4 ,9 ! free /ate1 or 9 comb9ation ) o!r mat]ial1 wat] is f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! liquid condition x is widely di/ribut$4 ,al?\gh ! liquid or sea surface ( ! planet ext5ds ov] a l>ge "p ( ! :ole1 ! real wat] surface1 t is1 ! wett$ surface1 if we except p]haps a few des]t regions1 may be said to comprise practically ! entire surface area ( ! planet4 ,& wat] is f\nd n only on ! e>?'s cru/ b ?r\gh\t ! gase\s atmosph]ic envelope4 ,! rese>*es ( mod]n *emi/ry h reveal$ ! fact t ! atmosph]e by :i* ! e>? is surr\nd$ is n only a mixture ( gases1 b an exce$+ly complex mixture4 ,! relative proportions ( ! r>] gases pres5t are1 h[ev]1 exce$+ly small1 & _! prop]ties correspond+ly obscure4 ,tak5 broadly1 ! atmosph]e may be said to be compos$ ( air & wat] 79 ! =m ( aque\s vap\r7 9 v>y+ proportion4 ,! =m] con/itu5t exi/s z a mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 gases ( fairly con/ant proportion ov] ! entire surface ( ! globe4 ,! latt] is pres5t 9 v>y+ am\nt at diff]5t po9ts accord+ to local conditions4 ,?is mixture ( gase\s sub/ances1 =m+ ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 resides on ! surface ( ! planet & =ms1 z already describ$ 7,sec4 #cd71 a column or envelope completely surr\nd+ x2 ! quantity ( gase\s mat]ial ?us heap$ up on ! planet>y surface is su* t x ex]ts almo/ uni=mly ov] t surface ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure ( approximately #ad4g lb4 p] sq4 in*4 ,x is advisable1 also1 at ?is /age to po9t out & emphasise ! fact t ! planet>y atmosph]e mu/ be reg>d$ z ess5tially a mat]ial portion ( ! planet itself4 ,al?\gh ! atmosph]e =ms a movable %ell or envelope1 & is compos$ ( purely gase\s mat]ial1 x w /ill p>take ( ! same complete orbital & rotatory axial motion z ! solid core1 & w also be subject$ to ! same ext]nal & int]nal influ5ces ( gravitation4 ,su* are ! g5]al planet>y conditions4 ,let u n[ turn to ! p>ticul> ph5om5a ( axial revolution4 ,9 virtue ( ! unv>y+ rotatory movem5t ( ! planet>y mass 9 ! l9es ( ! v>i\s incept+ fields ( its prim>y ! sun1 trans=mations ( ! axial or me*anical en]gy ( ! planet w be 9 cont9u\s op]ation 7,secs4 #ag-ai74 ,al?\gh ! gase\s atmosph]ic envelope ( ! planet p>takes ( ?is g5]al rotatory motion "u ! influ5ce ( ! incept+ fields1 ! latt] h app>5tly no action ^u x4 ,! sun's influ5ce p5etrates1 z x 71 ! atmosph]ic veil1 & op]at+ on ! solid & liquid mat]ial bel[1 provokes ! num]\s & v>i$ trans=mations ( planet>y en]gy :i* con/itute planet>y ph5om5a4 ,at ! equatorial b&1 :]e ! velocity or axial en]gy prop]ties ( ! surface mat]ial is greate/1 ^! effects ( trans=mation w naturally be mo/ pron\nc$4 ,9 ! pol> regions ( l[ velocity !y w be less evid5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! trans=m+ effects may be t]m$ ! heat+ action ( ! prim>y on ! planet--a process :i* takes place 9 great] or less degree ov] ! entire planet>y surface1 & :i* is ! result ( ! direct trans=mation ( axial en]gy into ! =m ( heat 7,sec4 #ah74 ,9 virtue ( ?is heat trans=mation1 or heat+ effect ( ! sun1 ! temp]ature ( mat]ial on ! e>?'s surface is ma9ta9$ 9 v>y+ values f regions ( high velocity to ^? ( l[--f equator to poles--accord+ to latitude or accord+ to ! displacem5t ( t mat]ial1 9 rotation1 f ! c5tral axis4 ,ow+ to ! irregul> di/ribution ( matt] on ! e>?'s surface1 & o!r causes to be ref]r$ to lat]1 ?is v>iation 9 temp]ature is n necess>ily uni=m ) ! latitude4 ,?is heat+ effect ( ! sun on ! e>? w provoke on ! t]re/rial surface all ! famili> second>y processes 7,sec4 #i7 associat$ ) ! heat+ ( mat]ial4 ,mo/ ( ^! processes1 9 comb9ation ) ! op]ations ( radiation & conduction1 w lead ei!r directly or indirectly to ! communication ( en]gy to ! atmosph]ic masses 7,sec4 #bg74 ,closely associat$ ) ! heat trans=mation1 !re is also 9 op]ation ano!r en]gy process ( great importance4 ,?is process is "o ( evaporative trans=mation4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! va/ ext5t ( ! liquid or wett$ surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is surface =ms ! seat ( evaporation1 & ! action ( ! sun's incept+ influ5ce on ! liquid ( ?is surface is to induce a direct trans=mation ( ! e>?'s axial or me*anical en]gy into ! ela/ic en]gy ( a gas1 or 9 o!r words into ! =m ( "w en]gy4 ,by ?is process1 !re=e1 wat] is conv]t$ into aque\s vap\r4 ,imm$iately ! sub/ance atta9s ! latt] or gase\s /ate x becomes unaffect$ by1 or transp>5t to1 ! incept+ influ5ce ( ! sun 7,sec4 #ah74 ,& ! action ( evaporation is n re/rict$ 9 locality to ! e>?'s surface only4 ,x may proce$ ?r\gh\t ! atmosph]e4 ,:]ev] cond5sation ( aque\s vap\r takes place & wat] p>ticles are !reby susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 ^! p>ticles are imm$iately susceptible to ! sun's incept+ field1 & if ! conditions are o!rwise fav\rable1 re-evaporation w at once ensue4 ,l ! ord9>y heat+ action also1 t ( trans=mation w take place ) great] int5sity 9 equatorial ?an 9 pol> regions4 ,^! two planet>y second>y processes1 ( heat+ & evaporation1 are ( vital importance to ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,b1 z already po9t$ out else:]e 7,secs4 #aj1 #cb71 e second>y op]ation is 9 "s fa%ion l9k$ to t ma*9e4 ,o!r incept+ influ5ces1 su* z light1 are 9 action on ! planet1 & produce trans=mations peculi> to !mselves4 ,^!1 9 ! meantime1 w n be consid]$ except to po9t out t 9 e case ! en]gy active 9 !m is ! axial en]gy ( ! e>? itself op]at+ "u ! direct incept+ influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,! g5]al conditions ( planet>y revolution & trans=mation are ?us intimately associat$ ) ! op]ation ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,9 ?is ma*9e is embodi$ a huge en]gy process1 9 ! work+ ( :i* ! axial en]gy ( ! e>? passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( en]gy *anges :i*1 9 comb9ation1 =m a complete cyclical op]ation4 ,9 _! p]haps mo/ natural sequ5ce ^! processes are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! direct trans=mation ( t]re/rial axial en]gy into ! "w en]gy ( aque\s vap\r4 #b4 ,! direct transmission ( ! "w en]gy ( aque\s vap\r to ! g5]al atmosph]ic masses1 & ! consequ5t elevation ( ^! masses f ! e>?'s surface aga9/ gravity4 #c4 ,! desc5t ( ! atmosph]ic air masses 9 _! movem5t t[>ds regions ( l[ velocity1 & ! return 9 ! desc5t ( ! initially trans=m$ axial en]gy to its orig9al =m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! processes is c>ri$ out ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! aque\s mat]ial ( ! e>?4 ,x is simply ! evaporative trans=mation ref]r$ to above4 ,by t evaporative process a portion ( ! en]gy ( motion or axial en]gy ( ! e>? is directly communicat$ or pass$ into ! aque\s mat]ial4 ,its =m1 9 t mat]ial1 is t ( "w en]gy1 or ! ela/ic en]gy ( aque\s vap\r1 &1 z already po9t$ out1 ?is process ( evaporative trans=mation rea*es its greate/ int5sity 9 equatorial or regions ( highe/ velocity4 ,9 ^! regions also1 9 virtue ( ! work+ ( ! heat process already ref]r$ to above1 ! temp]ature conditions are em95tly fav\rable to ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( aque\s vap\r4 ,! t5sion or pressure ( ! vap\r1 :i* really dep5ds on ! quantity ( gase\s mat]ial pres5t1 is directly proportional to ! temp]ature1 s t 9 equatorial regions n only is ! g5]al action ( trans=mation 9 ! aque\s mat]ial mo/ int5se1 b ! surr\nd+ temp]ature conditions 9 ^! regions are su* z to fav\r ! cont9u\s pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( ! aque\s vap\r :i* is ! direct product ( ! action ( trans=mation4 ,! equatorial regions ( ! e>?1 or ! regions ( high velocity1 are ?us em95tly adapt$1 by ! natural conditions1 to be ! seat ( ! mo/ p[]ful trans=mations ( axial en]gy4 ,z already po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 ^! same trans=mations take place ov] ! entire t]re/rial surface 9 v>y+ degree & int5sity accord+ to ! locality & ! temp]ature or o!r conditions :i* may prevail4 ,n[ ?is trans=mation ( axial en]gy :i* takes place ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! evaporative process is a cont9u\s op]ation4 ,! en]gy involv$1 :i* passes into ! aque\s vap\r1 augm5t$ by ! en]gy ( o!r second>y processes 7,sec4 #cb71 is ! en]gy :i* is appli$ to ! atmosph]ic air masses 9 ! second /age ( ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! description ( ?is /age1 h[ev]1 x is absolutely necess>y to po9t out c]ta9 v important facts ) ref]5ce to ! en]gy condition ( ! atmosph]ic con/itu5ts 9 ! peculi> circum/ances ( _! normal work+4 #ci4 ,relative ,physical ,conditions ( ,atmosph]ic ,con/itu5ts ,x w be evid5t t no matt] :]e ! evaporation ( ! aque\s mat]ial takes place1 x mu/ be c>ri$ out at ! temp]ature correspond+ to t location1 & s9ce ! aque\s vap\r itself is n sup]heat$ 9 any way 7be+ transp>5t to ! sun's influ5ce71 ! axial en]gy trans=m$ & ! "w en]gy /or$ 9 ! mat]ial p] unit mass1 w be simply equival5t to ! lat5t heat ( aque\s vap\r "u ! temp]ature conditions :i* prevail4 ,9 virtue ( ! relatively high value ( ?is lat5t heat "u ord9>y conditions1 ! gas may be reg>d$ z comp>atively a v highly en]gis$ sub/ance4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t s9ce ! gas is work+ at its precise temp]ature ( evaporation1 ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* x c possibly yield up at t temp]ature is simply ?is lat5t heat ( evaporation1 & if ?is en]gy be by any means )drawn1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 !n cond5sation correspond+ to ! en]gy )drawal w at once ensue4 ,! condition ( ! aque\s vap\r is 9 fact t ( a true vap\r1 or ( a gase\s sub/ance op]at+ exactly at its evaporation temp]ature1 & unable to su/a9 ev5 ! slighte/ ab/raction ( en]gy )\t an equival5t cond5sation4 ,no matt] 9 :at mann] ! ab/raction is c>ri$ out1 :e!r by ! direct transmission ( heat f ! sub/ance or by ! expansion ( ! gas aga9/ gravity1 ! result is ! same2 "p ( ! gase\s mat]ial returns to ! liquid =m4 ,9 ! case ( ! m /able or p]man5t con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 namely oxyg5 & nitrog51 _! physical conditions are entirely diff]5t f t ( ! aque\s vap\r4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,table ( ,prop]ties 7p4 #acc7 %[s t ! evaporation temp]atures ( ^! two sub/ances "u ord9>y conditions ( atmosph]ic pressure are z l[ z -#bif deg4 ,f4 & -#cbj deg4 ,f4 respectively4 ,at an ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]ature ( say #ej deg4 ,f4 ^! two gases are !re=e s f> above _! evaporation temp]ature t !y are 9 ! condition ( :at might be t]m$ true gase\s sub/ances4 ,al?\gh only at a temp]ature ( #ej deg4 ,f41 !y may be truly describ$ z highly sup]heat$ gases1 & x is evid5t t !y may be readily cool$ f #ej deg4 ,f4 ?r\gh wide ranges ( temp]ature1 )\t any dang] ( _! cond5sation or liquefaction4 ,oxyg5 & nitrog5 gases ?us pres5t 9 _! physical condition & qualities a /rong contra/ to aque\s vap\r1 & x is ?is diff]5ce 9 prop]ties1 p>ticul>ly ! diff]5ce 9 evaporation temp]atures1 :i* is ( vital importance 9 ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,! two gases oxyg5 & nitrog5 are1 h[ev]1 s closely alike 9 _! g5]al en]gy prop]ties t1 9 ! meantime1 ! atmosph]ic mixture ( ! two c be conv5i5tly assum$ to act simply z "o gas--atmosph]ic air4 ,f ^! consid]ations ( ! ord9>y atmosph]ic physical prop]ties ( air & aque\s vap\r x may be readily se5 h[ ea* is em95tly adapt$ to its function 9 ! atmosph]ic process4 ,! peculi> duty ( ! aque\s vap\r is ! absorption & transmission ( en]gy4 ,its relatively enorm\s capacity = en]gy1 ! high value ( its lat5t heat at all ord9>y atmosph]ic temp]atures1 & ! fact t x mu/ always op]ate precisely at its evaporation temp]ature makes x admirably suit$ = bo? functions4 ,?us1 9 virtue ( its peculi> physical prop]ties1 x =ms an admirable ag5t = ! /orage ( en]gy & = its transmission to ! surr\nd+ air masses4 ,! l[ temp]ature ( evaporation ( ^! air masses ensures _! p]man5cy 9 ! gase\s /ate4 ,!y are ?us p]fectly adapt$ = expansive & o!r movem5ts1 = ! conv]sion ( _! en]gy aga9/ gravity into en]gy ( position1 or = any o!r reactions involv+ temp]ature *ange )\t cond5sation4 #dj4 ,transmission ( ,en]gy f ,aque\s ,vap\r to ,air ,masses ,! work+ ( ! second or transmission /age ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e involves c]ta9 en]gy op]ations 9 :i* gravitation is ! incept+ factor or ag5cy4 ,let x be assum$ t a mass ( aque\s vap\r lib]at$ at its surface ( evaporation by ! trans=mation ( axial en]gy1 exp&s upw>ds aga9/ ! gravitative attraction ( ! e>? 7,secs4 #cd1 #ch74 ,z ! gase\s p>ticles asc5d & ?us ga9 en]gy ( position1 !y d "w aga9/ gravity4 ,?is "w is done at ! exp5se ( _! lat5t en]gy4 ,s9ce ! aque\s mat]ial is always work+ precisely at its evaporation temp]ature1 ?is ga9 9 en]gy ( position & consequ5t loss ( lat5t en]gy w be accompani$ by an equival5t cond5sation & conv]sion ( ! ris+ vap\r into ! liquid =m4 ,?is cond5sation w ?us be ! direct evid5ce & measure ( "w done by ! aque\s mat]ial aga9/ ! gravitational =ces1 & ! en]gy exp5d$ or work$ d[n 9 ?is way may n[1 accord+ly1 be reg>d$ z /or$ 9 ! cond5s$ mat]ial or liquid p>ticles 9 virtue ( _! new & exalt$ position above ! e>?'s surface4 ,x is ?is en]gy :i* is f9ally transmitt$ to ! atmosph]ic air masses4 ,! transmission process is c>ri$ out 9 ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! liquid p>ticles4 ,! latt]1 9 _! exalt$ positions1 are at a l[ temp]ature correspond+ to t position--t is1 correspond+ to ! "w done--& provid$ no en]gy 7 transmitt$ f !m to ! surr\nd+ air masses1 _! temp]ature w\ld gradually rise dur+ ! desc5t by ! trans=mation ( ?is en]gy ( position4 ,9 fact ! ph5om5a ( desc5t1 suppos+ no transmission ( en]gy f ! aque\s mat]ial1 w\ld simply be ! rev]se ( ! ph5om5a ( asc5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! en]gy ( position :i* ! liquid p>ticles possess is transmitt$ f !m to ! atmosph]ic masses1 !n x foll[s t ?is natural increase 9 _! temp]ature w\ld n occur 9 ! desc5t4 ,a new ord] ( ph5om5a w\ld n[ appe>4 ,s9ce ! evaporative process is a cont9u\s "o1 ! liquid p>ticles 9 _! d[nw>d movem5t mu/ be 9 intimate contact ) ris+ gase\s mat]ial1 & ^! liquid p>ticles w1 accord+ly1 at ea* /age ( ! desc5t1 absorb f ?is ris+ mat]ial ! :ole en]gy necess>y to raise _! temp]ature to ! values correspond+ to _! decreas+ elevation4 ,9 virtue ( ?is absorption ( en]gy !n1 f ! ris+ mat]ial1 ^! liquid p>ticles are enabl$ to rea* ! level ( evaporation at ! precise temp]ature ( t level4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! process z a :ole1 x w be readily se5 t = any giv5 mass ( aque\s mat]ial ?us elevat$ f & return$ to a surface ( evaporation1 !re mu/ be a def9ite exp5diture ( en]gy 7axial en]gy7 at t surface4 ,s9ce ! mat]ial always rega9s ! surface at ! precise temp]ature ( evaporation1 ?is exp5diture is obvi\sly1 9 total1 equal to ! lat5t heat ( aque\s vap\r at ! surface temp]ature4 ,x may be divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o portion ( ! axial en]gy--! transmitt$ portion--is utilis$ 9 ! elevation ( ! mat]ial aga9/ gravity2 ! rema9d] is exp5d$1 z expla9$ above1 9 ! heat+ ( ! return+ mat]ial4 ,! :ole op]ation takes place betwe5 two precise temp]atures1 a high] temp]ature1 :i* is t ( ! surface ( evaporation1 & a l[] temp]ature1 correspond+ to ! "w done1 & s relat$ to ! high] t ! :ole ( ! en]gy exp5d$ by ! work+ aque\s sub/ance--9 heat+ ! return+ mat]ial & 9 transmitt$ "w--is exactly equival5t to ! lat5t heat ( aque\s vap\r at ! high or surface temp]ature4 ,b1 z w be demon/rat$ lat]1 ! :ole en]gy transmitt$ f ! aque\s mat]ial to ! air masses is f9ally return$ 9 its entirety z axial en]gy1 & is ?us once m made available 9 ! evaporative trans=mation process4 ,! en]gy exp5d$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! work+ mat]ial return+ to ! surface ( evaporation is obvi\sly return$ ) t mat]ial4 ,bo? portions ( ! orig9al exp5diture are ?us return$ to ! s\rce 9 diff]5t ways4 ,! :ole op]ation is1 9 fact1 completely cyclical 9 nature2 we are 9 reality describ+ ,nature's ,p]fect ,eng9e1 :i* is completely rev]sible & :i* has ! highe/ possible effici5cy4#a ,al?\gh ! high] temp]ature at ! evaporation surface may v>y ) diff]5t locations ( t surface1 9 e case ! l[] temp]ature is s relat$ to x z to make ! total exp5diture precisely equal to ! lat5t heat at t evaporation temp]ature4#b ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d also1 t all ! cond5s$ mat]ial 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e mu/ n ( necessity return to ! planet>y liquid surface4 ,on ! contr>y1 imm$iately cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r takes place & ! mat]ial leaves ! gase\s /ate1 no matt] :]e t mat]ial is situat$1 x is once m susceptible to ! incept+ influ5ces ( ! sun4 ,re-evaporation may ?us readily take place ev5 at high altitudes1 & complete cyclical op]ations may be c>ri$ out !re4 ,^! op]ations w1 h[ev]1 be c>ri$ out 9 e case betwe5 precise temp]ature limits z expla9$ above4 #a ,! conception ( ,nature's ,p]fect ,eng9e 0 orig9ally arriv$ at by ! au?or f consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,review ( 8 "w 7#ahie7 illu/rates ! v>i\s /ages :i* f9ally lead to t conclusion3-- ,my fir/ /eps 9 ! "r direction came ab\t ?us4 ,i _h always be5 work+ ) a cyl9d] & pi/on1 & c\ld make no progress1 till at l5g? x /ruck me to make my cyl9d] high en\gh to d )\t a pi/on--t is1 to leave ! /eam to itself & obs]ve its behavi\r :5 left to "w aga9/ gravity4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i _h to settle 0 ! height ( my cyl9d]4 ,& ,i f\nd1 by calculation f ,regnault's exp]im5ts t x w\ld require to be v high1 & t ! exact height w\ld dep5d on ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! boil] :i* 0 ! bottom ( ?is ideal cyl9d]4 ,n[1 at any ord9>y temp]ature ! height 0 s great t x 0 impossible to get kn[n mat]ial to support its own weight1 & ,i did n wi% to use a hypo!tical sub/ance 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is eng9e4 ,f9ally1 ! only c\rse left me 0 to aboli% ! cyl9d] z ,i _h done ! pi/on4 ,i !n discov]$ t ! eng9e ,i _h be5 try+ to evolve--! p]fect eng9e--0 n ! ideal ?+ ,i _h be5 grop+ aft] b an actual reality1 9 full work+ ord]1 its op]ations tak+ place e day be=e my eyes4 ,e natural ph5om5on fitt$ 9 exactly2 x _h its function to p]=m1 & ! p]=mance ( its function con/itut$ ! ph5om5on4 ,let me trace ! analogy 9 a few ( its details4 ,! sea corresponds to ! boil]2 its cyl9d] surr\nds ! e>?2 x has = its fuel ! axial en]gy ( ! e>?2 x has no cond5s] because x has no exhau/2 ! "w x p]=ms is all exp5d$ 9 produc+ ! fuel4 ,e op]ation 9 ! cycle is b an en]gy trans=mation1 & ^! v>i\s trans=mations con/itute ! visible life ( ! _w4 #b ,= def9ite num]ical examples see ! au?or's ,t]re/rial ,en]gy 7,*ap4 #a474 ,x w be evid5t1 f a g5]al consid]ation ( ?is process ( transmission ( en]gy f ! aque\s vap\r1 t relatively l>ge quantities ( t vap\r are n requir$ 9 ! atmosph]e = ! work+ ( ! gase\s ma*9e4 ,! peculi> prop]ty ( ready cond5sation ( ! aque\s vap\r makes ! evaporative process a cont9u\s "o1 & ! highly en]gis$ aque\s mat]ial1 al?\gh only pres5t 9 comp>atively small am\nt1 contributes a cont9u\s fl[ ( en]gy1 & is ?us able to /eadily convey a v l>ge quantity to ! atmosph]ic masses4 ,= ! same reason1 ! great] "p ( ! en]gy transmission f ! aque\s vap\r to ! air w take place at comp>atively l[ altitudes & betwe5 reasonably high temp]atures4 ,! work+ ( any evaporative cycle may also be spread ov] v l>ge t]re/rial areas by ! free movem5t ( ! act+ mat]ial4 ,aque\s vap\r ris+ 9 equatorial regions may f9ally return to ! e>? 9 ! =m ( ice-cry/als at ! poles4 ,9 e complete cycle1 h[ev]1 ! total exp5diture p] unit mass ( mat]ial initially evaporat$ is always ! lat5t heat at ! high] or evaporation temp]ature2 9 ! f9al or return /ages ( ! cycle1 any en]gy n transmitt$ to ! air masses is devot$ to ! heat+ ( return+ aque\s mat]ial4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! transmitt$ en]gy1 & speak+ 9 ! broade/ fa%ion1 ! function ( ! aque\s vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e may be lik5$ to t ( ! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] ( a /eam-eng9e4 ,9 bo? cases ! aque\s mat]ial works 9 a def9ite ma*9e = en]gy transmission4 ,9 ! case ( ! /eam-eng9e "w en]gy is transmitt$ 7,sec4 #ca7 f ! /eam ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! mov+ pi/on & rotat+ %aft1 & !nce may be fur!r div]t$ to useful purposes4 ,9 ! planet>y atmosph]ic ma*9e ! "w en]gy ( aque\s vap\r is likewise transmitt$ by ! ag5cy ( ! mov+ air masses1 n to any ext]nal ag5t1 b back once m to its orig9al s\rce1 :i* is ! planet>y axial en]gy4 ,9 nei!r case are we able to expla9 ! precise nature ( ! transmission process 9 its ultimate details4 ,we _c say h[ ! /eam transmits its "w en]gy by ! mov+ pi/on1 nor yet by :at ag5cy ! elevat$ p>ticles ( aque\s mat]ial transmit _! en]gy to ! air masses4 ,our k is conf9$ entirely to ! ph5om5a1 &1 =tunately1 ^! are 9 "s degree accessible4 ,nature pres5ts direct evid5ce t su* transmissions actually take place4 ,?is evid5ce is to be f\nd1 9 bo? cases1 9 ! cond5sation ( ! aque\s mat]ial :i* su/a9s ! loss ( its "w en]gy4 ,9 ! eng9e cyl9d] cond5sation takes place due to "w be+ transmitt$ f ! /eam2 9 ! atmosph]e ! visible ph5om5a ( cond5sation are likewise ! ev] pres5t evid5ce ( ! transmission ( "w en]gy f ! aque\s vap\r to ! air masses4 ,9 virtue ( ?is accession ( en]gy ^! masses w1 accord+ly1 be exp&$ upw>ds aga9/ ! gravitational attractive =ces4 ,?is upw>d movem5t1 be+ made entirely at ! exp5se ( en]gy communicat$ f ! aque\s vap\r1 is n accompani$ by ! normal fall ( temp]ature due to ! expansion ( ! air4 ,planet>y axial en]gy1 orig9ally absorb$ by ! aque\s vap\r1 9 ! "w =m1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! air masses 9 ! same =m1 & is n[1 aft] ! expansive movem5t1 resid5t 9 ^! masses 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( position4 ,x is ! function ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e 9 its f9al /age to return ?is en]gy 9 ! orig9al axial =m4 #da4 ,t]re/rial ,en]gy ,return ,let x be assum$ t an atmosph]ic mass has be5 rais$1 by ! transmission ( "w en]gy1 to a high altitude 9 ! equatorial regions ( ! e>?4 ,! assumption ( locality is made m]ely = illu/rative purposes2 x w be evid5t to ! read] t ! transmission ( "w en]gy to ! atmosph]ic masses & _! consequ5t elevation w be cont9u\sly proce$+1 m or less1 ov] ! :ole planet>y surface4 ,to replace ! gase\s mat]ial ?us rais$1 a correspond+ mass ( air w move at a l[] level1 t[>ds ! equator f ! m temp]ate zones adjo9+4 ,a circulatory motion w ?us be set up 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! upp] regions ! elevat$ & en]gis$ air masses move t[>ds ! poles2 at l[] levels ! replac+ masses move t[>ds ! equator1 & 9 _! passage may be op]at$ on by ! aque\s vap\r :i* !y enc\nt]1 en]gis$1 & rais$ to high] levels4 ,! movem5t w be cont9u\s4 ,9 _! transf]5ce f equatorial t[>ds pol> regions1 ! atmosph]ic masses are leav+ ! surfaces or regions ( high l9e> velocity = ^? ( l[1 & mu/ 9 consequ5ce lose or return 9 ! passage a portion ( t natural en]gy ( motion :i* !y possess 9 virtue ( _! high l9e> velocity at ! equator4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! replac+ air masses1 :i* are travell+ 9 ! opposite direction f poles to equator1 mu/ ga9 or absorb a correspond+ am\nt ( en]gy4 ,! "o op]ation ?us balances ! o!r1 & ! planet>y equilibrium is 9 no way di/urb$4 ,b ! atmosph]ic masses :i* are mov+ f ! equator 9 ! pol> direction w possess1 9 addition1 t en]gy ( position :i* has be5 communicat$ to !m ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! aque\s vap\r & by ! work+ ( ! second /age ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,^! masses1 9 ! circulatory pol> movem5ts1 move d[nw>ds t[>ds ! planet>y surface4 ,9 ?is d[nw>d motion 7z 9 ! d[nw>d motion ( a p5dulum mass vibrat+ "u ! action ( gravitation7 ! en]gy ( position ( ! air mass is conv]t$ once m into en]gy ( motion--t is1 into its orig9al =m ( axial en]gy ( rotation4 ,9 equatorial regions ! really important en]gy prop]ty ( ! atmosph]ic mass 0 indicat$ by its elevation or its en]gy ( position4 ,9 ! desc5t ?is en]gy is ?us entirely trans=m$1 & rev]ts once m to its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( rotation4 ,! cont9ual trans=mation ( axial en]gy by ! aque\s vap\r1 & ! conv]sion ( t en]gy by ! upw>d movem5t ( ! air masses into en]gy ( position1 naturally t5ds to produce a ret>dative effect on ! motion ( revolution ( ! e>?4 ,b ?is ret>dative effect is 9 turn completely neutralis$ or balanc$ by ! correspond+ accel]ative effect due to ! equally cont9u\s return z ! en]gy ( ! air masses rev]ts 9 ! cont9u\s pol> movem5t to its orig9al axial =m4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! equatorial regions1 or ! regions ( high velocity1 are ! location ( ! mo/ p[]ful trans=mation or ab/raction ( axial en]gy by ! aque\s vap\r4 ,conv]sely1 ! pol> or regions ( l[ velocity are ! location ( ! greate/ return ( en]gy by ! air4 ,z no en]gy return is possible unless by ! transf]5ce ( ! atmosph]ic mat]ial f regions ( high to regions ( l[ velocity1 ! configuration ( ! planet 9 rotation mu/ con=m to ?is condition4 ,! sph]oidal =m ( ! e>? is ?us exquisitely adapt$ to ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,z already po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 ! en]gis+ & rais+ ( atmosph]ic masses is by no means conf9$ to equatorial regions1 b takes place m or less ov] ! :ole planet>y surface4 ,! same applies to ! en]gy return4 ,! complete cycle may be c>ri$ out 9 temp]ate zones2 gase\s masses1 also1 leav+ equatorial regions at high altitudes d n necess>ily rea* ! pol> regions1 b may atta9 _! l[e/ levels at int]m$iate po9ts4 ,nei!r d su* masses necess>ily proce$ to ! regions ( l[ velocity by purely l9e> pa?s4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y may & d move bo? t[>ds ! poles & d[nw>ds by circuit\s & ev5 vortical pa?s4 ,9 fact1 z w be readily app>5t1 _! precise pa? is ( absolutely no mom5t 9 ! consid]ation ( en]gy return4 ,x might naturally be expect$ t su* movem5ts ( ! atmosph]ic air masses z h be5 describ$ above w\ld give rise to great atmosph]ic di/urbance ov] ! e>?'s surface1 & t ! transf] ( gase\s mat]ial f pole to equator & vice v]sa w\ld be productive ( viol5t /orms ( w9d4 ,su* /orms1 h[ev]1 are ph5om5a ( some:at r>e occurr5ce2 ! atmosph]e1 on ! :ole1 appe>s to be 9 a /ate ( comp>ative tranquillity4 ,?is s]5ity ( ! atmosph]e is1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to ! l[] /rata1 & may be ascrib$ to an inh]5t /ability possess$ by ! air mass z a :ole 9 virtue ( ! accession ( en]gy to x at high levels4 ,z already expla9$1 ! transf] ( en]gy f ! vap\r to ! air masses is accompli%$ at comp>atively l[ altitudes1 & :5 ?is reaction is tak+ place ! :ole t5d5cy ( ! en]gis$ mat]ial is to move upw>ds4 ,9 s mov+ x t5ds to leave beh9d x ! cond5s$ aque\s vap\r1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 rise to ! high] altitudes 9 a comp>atively dry condition4 ,?is dryness is acc5tuat$ by ! fur!r loss ( aque\s vap\r by cond5sation z ! air moves t[>d regions ( l[ velocity4 ,t air :i* actually atta9s to ! poles w be practically dry1 & hav+ also return$1 9 its entirety1 ! surplus en]gy obta9$ f ! aque\s vap\r1 x w be 9 ?is region practically 9 ! condition ( /atical equilibrium ( a gas aga9/ gravity 7,sec4 #cd74 ,b ! g5]al /ate ( ! atmosph]e 9 o!r regions :]e a transf]5ce ( en]gy f ! aque\s vap\r has tak5 or is tak+ place is v diff]5t f ?is condition ( natural /atical equilibrium :i* is approa*$ at ! poles4 ,9 ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e ! condition 9 "s cases may approximate to ! latt]1 b 9 ! upp] /rata x is possess$ ( en]gy qualities q abnormal to /atical equilibrium4 ,its condition is r "o ( ! nature ( /able equilibrium4 ,x is 9 a condition simil> to t ( a liquid heat$ 9 its upp] lay]s2 !re is absolutely no t5d5cy to a direct or v]tical d[nw>d circulation4 ,9 /atical equilibrium1 any d[nw>d movem5t ( an air mass w\ld simply be accompani$ by ! natural rise 9 temp]ature correspond+ to ! trans=mation ( its en]gy ( position1 b 9 ?is condition ( /able equilibrium any motion d[nw>ds mu/ involve1 n only ?is natural temp]ature rise1 b also a return1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ( ! en]gy absorb$ f ! aque\s vap\r4 ,! natural conditions are !re=e aga9/ any direct v]tical return4 ,^! conditions1 h[ev]1 fav\r 9 e respect ! circulatory motion ( ! highly en]gis$ upp] air masses t[>ds regions ( l[ velocity4 ,all circum/ances comb9e1 9 fact1 to conf9e ! m p[]fully en]gis$ & highly mobile air masses to high altitudes4 ,9 ! l[] atmosph]e1 ow+ to ! cont9u\s action ( ! aque\s vap\r on ! air masses mov+ f regions ( l[ to ^? ( high velocity1 ! circulation t5ds l>gely to be a v]tical "o1 s t ?is locality is on ! :ole pres]v$ 9 comp>ative tranquillity4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t ow+ to *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( aque\s vap\r1 or o!r causes1 ?is natural /ability ( ! atmosph]e may be di/urb$ ov] c]ta9 regions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! circum/ances w !n fav\r a direct or m or less v]tical return ( ! en]gy ( ! air masses 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! regions4 ,?is return w !n take ! =m ( viol5t /orms ( w9d1 usually ( a cyclonic nature1 & af=d+ direct evid5ce ( ! t5d5cy ( ! air masses to pursue vortical pa?s 9 _! movem5t t[>ds l[] levels4 ,"u normal conditions1 h[ev]1 ! op]ation ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e is smoo? & cont9u\s4 ,! e>?'s axial en]gy1 "u ! sun's incept+ influ5ce1 /eadily fl[s at all p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface ?r\gh ! aque\s vap\r into ! atmosph]ic masses1 & ! latt]1 ris+ f ! t]re/rial surface1 ) a motion some:at l t ( a column ( smoke1 spread out & spe$ t[>ds regions ( l[] velocity1 & travell+ by devi\s & l5g!n$ pa?s t[>ds ! surface1 /eadily return ! ab/ract$ en]gy 9 its orig9al =m4 ,e op]ation is exactly balanc$2 en]gy exp5diture & en]gy return are complem5t>y2 ! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e z a :ole works )\t j> or discont9uity1 & ! e>?'s motion ( rotation is ma9ta9$ ) absolute uni=mity4 ,l e o!r en]gy ma*9e1 ! atmosph]ic ma*9e has cle>ly-def9$ en]gy limits4 ,! total quantity ( en]gy 9 op]ation is /rictly limit$ by ! mass ( ! act+ mat]ials4 ,x is well1 also1 to note ! purely me*anical nature ( ! ma*9e4 ,e op]ation is 9 reality ! op]ation ( me*anical en]gy1 & involves ! movem5t ( matt] 9 "s way or o!r relative to ! e>?'s surface & "u ! incept+ action ( ! e>?'s gravitation 7,secs4 #af1 #bj74 ,! mov+ gase\s masses h z real an exi/5ce z masses ( lead or o!r solid mat]ial1 & require z real an exp5diture ( en]gy to move !m relative to ! t]re/rial surface 7,sec4 #ah74 ,?is aspect ( ! planet>y ma*9e w be m fully treat$ lat]4 ,?r\gh\t ?is description we h con/antly assum$ ! atmosph]ic mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 to act z "o gas1 & at ord9>y temp]atures ! respective en]gy prop]ties ( ! two sub/ances 7,sec4 #ce7 make ?is assumption ju/ifiable4 ,bo? gases are !n work+ f> above _! respective evaporation temp]atures4 ,b1 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e v l[ temp]atures prevail1 a po9t or altitude w be rea*$ :]e ! temp]ature corresponds to ! evaporation or cond5sation temp]ature ( "o ( ! gases4 ,s9ce oxyg5 appe>s to h ! highe/ temp]ature ( evaporation 7see ,table ( ,prop]ties1 p4 #acc71 x w\ld naturally be ! fir/ to cond5se 9 ! asc5t4 ,b imm$iately cond5sation takes place1 ! mat]ial w become susceptible to ! incept+ influ5ce ( ! sun1 & work+ z x does at its temp]ature ( evaporation x w convey its en]gy to ! surr\nd+ nitrog5 9 precisely ! same fa%ion z ! aque\s vap\r conveys ! en]gy to ! a]ial mixture 9 ! l[] atmosph]e4 ,! :ole action is made possible simply by ! diff]5ce exi/+ 9 ! respective evaporation temp]atures ( ! two gases4 ,x w give rise to ano!r cyclical atmosph]ic en]gy process exactly z already describ$ = l[] altitudes4 ,axial en]gy ( rotation w be communicat$ to ! nitrog5 by ! work+ mat]ial1 :i* is n[ ! oxyg51 & by ! movem5t ( ! nitrog5 masses t[>ds regions ( l[ velocity1 ?is transmitt$ en]gy w be f9ally return$ to its orig9al axial =m4 ,x has be5 already expla9$ 7,secs4 #aj1 #cb7 h[ all t]re/rial en]gy processes1 also1 great or small1 are soon] or lat] l9k$ to ! g5]al atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 pres5ts 9 e phase ( its work+ completely clos$ en]gy circuits4 ,9 no aspect ( its op]ation c we f9d any evid5ce (1 or inde$ any necessity =1 an en]gy transmission ei!r to or f any ext]nal body or ag5t su* z ! sun4 ,e ph5om5on ( ,nature is1 9 fact1 a direct d5ial ( su* transmission4 ,! /ud5t ( t]re/rial ph5om5a w readily f9d cont9u\s & ample evid5ce 9 ,nature ( ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,9 ! ris+ vap\r & ! fall+ ra9 he w recognise ! visible signs ( ! op]ation ( t great second>y process ( transmission by :i* ! inh]5t axial en]gy ( ! e>? is communicat$ to ! air masses4 ,! movem5ts ( bodies1 animate & inanimate1 on ! e>?'s surface1 ! ph5om5a ( gr[? & decay1 & 9 fact almo/ e exp]i5ce ( ev]yday life1 w reveal to him ! p]si/5t t5d5cy ( ! en]gy ( second>y processes to rev]t to ! atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,& 9 ! w9ds t trav]se ! face ( ! globe he w also witness ! me*anism ( t en]gy return :i* completes ! atmosph]ic cyclical process4 ,x may be po9t$ out "h also t ! t]re/rial cyclical en]gy processes are n necess>ily all embodi$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! au?or has reason to believe1 & ph5om5al evid5ce is n awant+ to %[1 t ! circulatory motions ( ! atmosph]e are 9 "s degree reproduc$ 9 ! sea4 ,! read] w readily p]ceive t z reg>ds /ability ! wat] compos+ ! sea is 9 precisely ! same condition z ! atmosph]e1 namely1 t ( a liquid heat$ 9 its upp] /rata1 & any circulatory motion ( ! wat] mu/ !re=e be accompani$ by correspond+ trans=mations ( en]gy4 ,t su* a circulatory motion takes place is und\bt$1 & 9 ! mov+ mass ( sea-wat] we h !re=e a p]fectly rev]sible en]gy ma*9e ( ! same g5]al nature z ! atmosph]ic ma*9e1 b work+ at a v mu* sl[] rate4 ,x is n beyond ! limits ( legitimate sci5tific d$uction to trace also ! work+ ( a simil> ma*9e 9 ! solid mat]ial ( ! e>?4 ,! latt] is1 aft] all1 b an agglom]ation ( loose mat]ial b\nd by ! =ce ( gravitation into coh]5t =m4 ,by ! action ( v>i\s erosive ag5cies a movem5t ( solid mat]ial is cont9ually tak+ place ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,! mat]ial ?us transport$1 x may be1 f m\nta9 *a9s1 & deposit$ on ! sea-b$1 causes a di/urbance ( t gravitational equilibrium :i* def9es ! exact =m ( ! e>?4 ,! =ces t5d+ to ma9ta9 ?is equilibrium are s enorm\s comp>$ ) ! cohesive =ces ( ! mat]ial =m+ ! e>? t readju/m5t cont9u\sly takes place1 z evid5c$ by ! tremors obs]v$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,:]e ! /ructure ( ! latt] is ( su* a nature z to (f] great resi/ance to ! gravitational =ces1 ! readju/m5t may take ! =m ( an e>?quake4 ,geological evid5ce1 z a :ole1 /rongly po9ts to a cont9u\s knead+ & fl[ ( t]re/rial mat]ial4 ,! /ructure ( igne\s rocks1 also1 is exactly t :i* w\ld be produc$ f alluvial deposits subject$ dur+ ^! cyclical movem5ts to ! enorm\s pressure & consequ5t heat+ caus$ by sup]impos$ mat]ial4 ,! occurr5ce ( coal 9 pol> regions1 & ( glacial residue 9 ! tropics1 may be reg>d$ z fur!r corroborative evid5ce4 ,f ?is po9t ( view also1 x becomes unnecess>y to po/ulate a g5esis = ! e>?1 z e kn[n geological =mation is %[n to be capable ( production "u pres5t conditions 9 ,nature1 & 9 fact to be 9 actual process ( production at all times4 #db4 ,exp]im5tal ,analogy & ,demon/ration ( ! ,g5]al ,me*anism ( ,en]gy ,trans=mation & ,return 9 ! ,atmosph]ic ,cycle ,9 ! prec$+ articles1 ! atmosph]ic ma*9e has be5 reg>d$ m or less f ! purely physical po9t ( view4 ,! purpose ( ?is demon/ration is n[ to place be=e ! read] :at might be t]m$ ! me*anical aspects ( ! ma*9e2 to give an outl9e1 us+ simple exp]im5tal analogies1 ( its nature & op]ation :5 consid]$ purely & simply z a me*anism = ! trans=mation & return ( me*anical en]gy4 ,famili> app>atus is us$ 9 illu/ration4 ,9 all cases1 x is m]ely "s adaptation ( ! simple p5dulum 7,sec4 #ba74 ,its m9ute /ructural details are really ( slight importance 9 ! discussion1 & h accord+ly be5 ignor$1 b ! app>atus g5]ally1 & ! en]gy op]ations embodi$ !re91 are s famili> to physici/s & eng9e]s t ! exp]im5tal results illu/rat$ c be readily v]ifi$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,x is ( great importance1 also1 9 consid]+ ^! results1 to be> 9 m9d ! pr9ciples already enunciat$ 7,secs4 #ac1 #bj7 ) ref]5ce to ! op]ation ( me*anical en]gy on ! v>i\s =ms ( matt]4 ,! g5]al work+ conditions ( en]gy sy/ems ) respect to en]gy limits1 /ability1 & rev]sibility 7,sec4 #bc7 %\ld also be kept 9 view4 ,z an introductory /ep we %all review fir/ a simple sy/em ( rotat+ p5dulums4 ,two simple p5dulums ,,cm & ,,dm#a 7,fig4 #i7 are m\nt$ by means ( a circul> coll> ,,cd ^u a v]tical sp9dle ,,ab1 :i* is support$ at ,a & ,b & free to rotate4 ,:5 ! c5tral sp9dle ,,ab is at re/ ! p5dulums hang v]tically2 :5 en]gy is appli$ to ! sy/em1 & ,,ab is !reby caus$ to rotate1 ! sph]ical masses ,m & ,m#a w rise by circul> pa?s ab\t ,c & ,d4 ,?is upw>d movem5t1 consid]$ ap>t f ! c5trifugal influ5ce produc+ x1 corresponds 9 itself to ! upw>d movem5t ( ! simple p5dulum 7,sec4 #ba7 aga9/ gravity4 ,x is repres5tative ( a def9ite trans=mation1 namely1 ! trans=mation ( ! "w en]gy orig9ally appli$ to ! sy/em & manife/$ 9 its rot>y motion1 into en]gy ( position4 ,! movem5ts ( ! rotat+ p5dulums w also be accompani$ by o!r en]gy op]ations associat$ ) be>+ friction & w9dage 7,secs4 #bc1 #bi71 b ^! op]ations be+ "p ( a sep>ate & complete cyclical en]gy process 7,sec4 #cb71 !y w 9 ?is case be neglect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,x w be readily se51 h[ev]1 t ! work+ ( ?is rotat+ p5dulum ma*9e1 :5 consid]$ z a :ole1 is ( a nature some:at diff]5t f t ( ! simple p5dulum ma*9e 9 t ! en]gy ( position ( ! =m] 7z measur$ by ! v]tical displacem5t ( ,m & ,m#a 9 rotation7 & its en]gy ( rotation mu/ increase concurr5tly1 & also 9 t ! absolute maximum value ( ?is en]gy ( position w be atta9$ :5 ! p5dulum masses rea* m]ely ! horizontal level ,,hl 9 rotation4 ,! ma*9es are alike1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect1 t ! trans=mation ( en]gy ( motion into en]gy ( position is 9 ea* case a completely rev]sible process4 ,9 ! work+ ( ! rotat+ p5dulums ! limit+ am\nt ( en]gy :i* c op]ate 9 ?is rev]sible process is dep5d5t on & rigidly def9$ by ! maximum l5g? ( ! p5dulum arms2 ! long] ! arms1 ! great] is ! possible height ?r\gh :i* ! masses at _! extremities mu/ rise to atta9 ! horizontal position 9 rotation4 ,x w be cle> also t x is n possible = ! :ole en]gy ( ! rotat+ sy/em to "w 9 ! rev]sible process z 9 ! case ( ! simple p5dulum4 ,z ! p5dulum masses rise1 ! ratio ( ! limit+ en]gy = rev]sibility to ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em becomes 9 fact small] & small]1 until at ! horizontal or position ( maximum en]gy x rea*es a m9imum value4 ,?is is m]ely an aspect ( ! exp]im5tal fact t1 z ! p5dulum masses approa* ! ultimate horizontal position1 a mu* great] increm5t ( en]gy to ! sy/em is necess>y = _! elevation ?r\gh a giv5 v]tical di/ance ?an at ! l[] levels4 ,a l>g] proportion ( ! appli$ en]gy is1 9 fact1 /or$ 9 ! mat]ial ( ! sy/em 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( /ra9 or di/ortion4 ,! two po9ts :i* ?is sy/em is design$ to illu/rate1 & :i* x is desirable to emphasise1 are ?us z foll[s4 ,fir/ly1 z ! :ole sy/em rotates1 ! movem5t ( ! p5dulum masses ,m & ,m#a f ! l[] to ! high] levels1 or f ! regions ( l[ to ^? ( high] velocity1 is productive ( a trans=mation ( ! rotatory en]gy ( ! sy/em into en]gy ( position--a trans=mation ( ! same nature z 9 ! case ( ! simple p5dulum sy/em4 ,neglect+ ! m9or trans=mations 7,secs4 #bd1 #bi71 ?is en]gy process is a rev]sible "o1 & consequ5tly1 ! return ( ! masses f ! high] to ! l[] positions w be accompani$ by ! complete return ( ! trans=m$ en]gy 9 its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( rotation4 ,secondly1 ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* c "w 9 ?is rev]sible process is always less ?an ! total en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 con=ms to ! g5]al condition ( /ability 7,sec4 #be74 ,b ?is arrangem5t ( rotat+ p5dulums may be ext5d$ s z to include o!r features4 ,to elim9ate or 9 a mann] replace ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 & to pres]ve ! en]gy ( position ( ! sy/em--relative to ! e>?'s surface--at a con/ant value1 ! p5dulum arms may be assum$ to be duplicat$ or ext5d$ to ! po9ts ,k & ,r 7,fig4 #aj7 respectively1 :]e p5dulum masses equal to ,m & ,m#a are atta*$4 ,! arms ,,mk & ,m#a,r are ?us cont9u\s4 ,ea* arm is assum$ to be pivot$ at its middle po9t ab\t a horizontal axis ?r\gh ,n1 & z ! l[] masses ,m & ,m#a rise 9 ! c\rse ( ! rotatory movem5t ab\t ,,ab ! upp] masses ,k & ,r w fall by correspond+ am\nts4 ,! total en]gy ( position ( ! sy/em--ref]r$ to ! e>?'s surface--?us rema9s con/ant :atev] may be ! position ( ! masses 9 ! sy/em4 ,! re/ra9+ influ5ce on ! movem5t ( ! masses1 =m]ly ex]cis$ by gravitation1 is n[ furni%$ by means ( a c5tral spr+ ,f4 ,a coll> ,,cd1 connect$ z %[n to ! p5dulum arms1 slides on ! sp9dle ,,ab & compresses ?is spr+ z ! masses move t[>ds ! horizontal level ,,hl4 ,z ! masses return t[>ds ,a & ,b ! spr+ is releas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,if en]gy be appli$ to ! sy/em1 s t x is caus$ to rotate ab\t ! c5tral axis ,,ab1 ! p5dulum masses w t5d to move outw>ds f t axis4 ,_! movem5t may be said to be c>ri$ out ov] ! surface ( an imag9>y sph]e ) c5tre on ,,ab at ,n4 ,! motion ( ! masses1 z ! velocity ( rotation increases1 is f ! region ( l[] p]iph]al velocity1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! axis ,,ab1 to ! regions ( high] velocity1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,h & ,l4 ,?is outw>d movem5t f ! c5tral axis t[>ds ,h & ,l is repres5tative ( a trans=mation ( en]gy ( an exactly simil> nature to t describ$ above 9 ! simple case4 ,"p ( ! orig9al en]gy ( rotation ( ! sy/em is n[ /or$ 9 ! p5dulum masses 9 virtue ( _! new position ( displacem5t4 ,b 9 ?is case1 ! movem5t is made1 n aga9/ gravity1 b aga9/ ! c5tral spr+ ,f4 ,! en]gy1 !n1 :i* 9 ! =m] case might be said to be /or$ aga9/ gravitation 7act+ z an invisible spr+7 is 9 ?is case /or$ 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( /ra9 or cohesion 7,sec4 #ae7 9 ! c5tral spr+1 :i* ?us z x 7 takes ! place ( gravitation 9 ! sy/em4 ,z 9 ! previ\s case also1 ! op]ation is a rev]sible en]gy process4 ,if ! p5dulum masses move 9 ! opposite direction f ! regions ( high] velocity to ^? ( l[] velocity1 ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! spr+ w be return$ to ! sy/em 9 its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( motion4 ,a vibratory motion ( ! p5dulums to & f ! c5tral axis w\ld ?us be productive ( an alt]nate /orage & return ( en]gy4 ,x is obvi\s also1 t due to ! action ( c5trifugal =ce1 ! p5dulum masses w\ld t5d to move radially outw>ds on ! arms z !y move t[>ds ! regions ( highe/ velocity4 ,let ?is radial movem5t be c>ri$ out aga9/ ! action ( f\r radial spr+s ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 ,s#d1 z %[n 7,fig4 #aa74 ,9 virtue ( ! radial movem5t ( ! masses1 ^! spr+s w be compress$ & en]gy /or$ 9 !m 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( /ra9 or cohesion 7,sec4 #ae74 ,! radial movem5t implies also t ! masses w be elevat$ f ! surface ( ! imag9>y sph]e ov] :i* !y are assum$ to move4 ,! elevation f ?is surface w be greate/ 9 ! regions ( high velocity 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,h & ,l1 & lea/ at ,a & ,b4 ,z ! masses move1 !re=e1 f ,h & ,l t[>ds ! axis ,,ab1 !y w also move inw>ds on ! p5dulum arms1 reliev+ ! spr+s1 s t ! en]gy /or$ 9 !m is free to be return$ to ! sy/em 9 its orig9al =m ( en]gy ( rotation4 ,e movem5t ( ! masses f ! c5tral axis outw>ds aga9/ ! spr+s is ?us made at ! exp5se ( ! orig9al en]gy ( motion1 & e movem5t inw>ds provokes a correspond+ return ( t en]gy to ! sy/em4 ,e movem5t also aga9/ ! spr+s =ms "p ( a rev]sible op]ation4 ,! sum total ( ! en]gy :i* works 9 ^! rev]sible op]ations is always less ?an ! complete en]gy ( ! rotatory sy/em1 & ! latt] is always /able 7,sec4 #be71 ) respect to its en]gy prop]ties4 ,let x n[ be assum$ t ! complete sy/em z describ$ is possess$ ( a precise & limit$ am\nt ( en]gy ( rotation1 & t ) ! p5dulum masses 9 an int]m$iate position z %[n 7,fig4 #aa7 x is rotat+ ) uni=m angul> velocity4 ,! condition ( ! rotatory sy/em might n[ be describ$ z t ( equilibrium4 ,a def9ite am\nt ( its orig9al rotatory en]gy is n[ /or$ 9 ! c5tral spr+ & also 9 ! radial spr+s4 ,if n[1 )\t alt]ation 9 ! intr9sic rotatory en]gy ( ! sy/em1 ! p5dulum masses 7 to execute a vibratory or p5dulum motion ab\t ! position ( equilibrium s t !y move alt]nately to & f ! c5tral axis1 !n z !y move inw>ds t[>ds t axis ! en]gy /or$ 9 ! spr+s w\ld be return$ to ! sy/em 9 ! orig9al =m ( en]gy ( rotation4 ,?is inw>d motion w\ld1 accord+ly1 produce accel]ation4 ,b1 9 ! outw>d movem5t f ! position ( equilibrium1 ret>dation w\ld ensue on acc\nt ( en]gy ( motion be+ )drawn f ! sy/em & /or$ 9 ! spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,"u ! giv5 conditions1 !n1 any vibratory motion ( ! p5dulum masses to & f ! c5tral axis w\ld be accompani$ by alt]nate ret>dation & accel]ation ( ! mov+ sy/em4 ,! /orage ( en]gy 9 ! spr+s 7c5tral & radial7 produces ret>dation1 ! re/oration ( ?is en]gy gives rise to a correspond+ accel]ation4 ,! angul> velocity ( ! sy/em w\ld rise & fall accord+ly4 ,^! are ! natural conditions ( work+ ( ! sy/em4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! motion ( ! p5dulum masses may be reg>d$ z execut$ ov] ! surface ( an imag9>y sph]e4 ,_! motion aga9/ ! radial spr+s w\ld !re=e correspond to a displacem5t outw>ds or upw>ds f ! sph]ical surface4 ,a def9ite "p ( ! effect ( ret>dation is1 ( c\rse1 due to ?is outw>d or radial displacem5t ( ! masses4 ,assum+ /ill ! prop]ty ( con/ancy ( en]gy ( rotation1 let x n[ be suppos$ t 9 su* a vibratory movem5t ( ! p5dulum masses z describ$ above1 ! en]gy requir$ m]ely = ! displacem5t ( ! masses aga9/ ! radial spr+s is n )drawn f & obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! orig9al rotatory en]gy ( ! sy/em1 b is obta9$ f "s en]gy ag5cy1 completely ext]nal to ! sy/em1 & to :i* en]gy _c be return$4 ,! ret>dation1 normally due to ! outw>d displacem5t ( ! masses aga9/ ! radial spr+s1 w\ld n !n take place4 ,b ! en]gy is1 nev]!less1 /or$ 9 ! spr+s4 ,x n[1 !re=e1 =ms "p ( ! en]gy ( ! sy/em1 & consequ5tly1 on ! return+ or inw>d movem5t ( vibration ( ! masses t[>ds ! c5tral axis1 ?is en]gy1 receiv$ f ! ext]nal s\rce1 w\ld pass directly f ! spr+s to ! rotational en]gy ( ! sy/em4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t :ile ! introduction ( en]gy 9 ?is fa%ion f an ext]nal s\rce has 9 "p elim9at$ ! effect ( ret>dation1 ! accel]at+ effect mu/ /ill op]ate z be=e4 ,ea* vibratory movem5t ( ! p5dulum sy/em1 "u ! giv5 conditions1 w lead to a def9ite increase 9 its en]gy ( rotation by ! am\nt /or$ 9 ! radial spr+s4 ,if ! vibratory movem5t is cont9u\s1 ! rotatory velocity ( ! sy/em w /eadily increase 9 value4 ,en]gy once /or$ 9 ! radial spr+s c only be releas$ by ! return movem5t ( ! masses & 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( rotation2 ! nature ( ! me*anical ma*9e is1 9 fact1 su* t if any increm5tal en]gy is appli$ to ! displacem5t ( ! masses aga9/ ! radial spr+s1 x c only be return$ 9 ?is =m ( en]gy ( motion4 ,^! features ( ?is exp]im5tal sy/em are ( vital importance to ! au?or's s*eme4 ,!y may be illu/rat$ m completely1 h[ev]1 & 9 a =m m suitable = _! mo/ g5]al application1 by ! hypo!tical sy/em n[ to be describ$4 ,?is sy/em is1 ( c\rse1 devis$ = purely illu/rative purposes1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples ( work+ ( p5dulum sy/ems & ( en]gy return1 z demon/rat$ above1 w be assum$4 #dc4 ,application ( ,p5dulum ,pr9ciples ,! movem5ts ( ! p5dulum masses describ$ 9 ! previ\s article h be5 reg>d$ z c>ri$ out ov] ! surface ( an imag9>y sph]e4 ,let u n[ proce$ to consid] ! ph5om5a ( a simil> movem5t ( mat]ial ov] ! surface ( an actual sph]ical mass4 ,! precise dim5sions ( ! sph]e are ( little mom5t 9 ! discussion1 b = ! purpose ( illu/ration1 its mass & g5]al outl9e may be assum$ to correspond to t ( ! e>? or o!r planet>y body4 ,?is sph]ical mass ,a 7,fig4 #ab7 rotates ) uni=m angul> velocity ab\t an axis ,,ns ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,associat$ ) ! rotat+ sph]e are f\r auxili>y sph]ical masses1 ,m#a1 ,m#b1 ,m#c1 ,m#d1 also ( solid mat]ial1 :i* are assum$ to be plac$ symmetrically r\nd its circumf]5ce z %[n4 ,^! masses =m an inh]5t "p ( ! sph]ical sy/em2 !y are assum$ to be unit$ to ! ma9 body ( mat]ial by ! attractive =ce ( gravitation 9 precisely ! same fa%ion z ! atmosph]e or o!r surface mat]ial ( a planet is unit$ to its inn] core 7,sec4 #cd72 !y w !re=e p>take completely ( ! rotatory motion ( ! sph]e ab\t its axis ,,ns1 mov+ 9 pa?s simil> to ^? ( ! rotat+ p5dulum masses already describ$ 7,sec4 #db74 ,! re/ra9+ action ( ! p5dulum arms is1 h[ev]1 replac$ 9 ?is cele/ial case by ! action ( gravitation1 :i* is ! c5tral =ce or influ5ce ( ! sy/em4 ,opposite masses are ?us only unit$ ?r\gh ! attractive influ5ce ( ! mat]ial ( ! sph]e4 ,! place ( ! spr+s1 bo? c5tral & radial1 9 our p5dulum sy/em is n[ tak5 by ?is c5tripetal =ce ( gravitative attraction1 :i* !re=e =ms ! re/ra9+ influ5ce or det]m9+ factor 9 all ! associat$ en]gy processes4 ,:ile ! auxili>y masses ,m#a ,m#b1 c41 p>take ( ! g5]al motion ( revolution ( ! ma9 sph]ical mass ab\t ,,ns1 !y may also be assum$ to revolve simultane\sly ab\t ! axis ,,we1 p]p5dicul> to ,,ns1 & also pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! sph]e4 ,ea* ( ^! masses w ?us h a peculi> motion1 a def9ite velocity ov] ! surface ( ! sph]e f pole to pole--ab\t ! axis ,,we--comb9$ ) a velocity ( rotation ab\t ! c5tral axis ,,ns4 ,! value ( ! latt] velocity is1 at any in/ant1 directly proportional to ! radius ( ! circle ( latitude ( ! po9t on ! surface ( ! sph]e :]e ! mass happ5s to be situat$ at t in/ant 9 its rotatory motion f pole to pole2 ?is velocity accord+ly dim9i%es z ! mass )draws f ! equator1 & becomes z]o :5 x actually rea*es ! poles ( rotation at ,n & ,s2 & ! en]gy ( ea* mass 9 motion1 s9ce its l9e> velocity is ?us con/antly v>y+1 w be itself a cont9u\sly v>y+ quantity1 increas+ or dim9i%+ accord+ly z ! mass is mov+ to or f ! equatorial regions1 atta9+ its maximum value at ! equator & its m9imum value at ! poles4 ,n[1 s9ce ! masses ?us mov+ are assum$ to be a mat]ial & inh]5t portion ( ! sph]ical sy/em1 ! s\rce ( ! en]gy :i* is ?us alt]nately suppli$ to & return$ by !m is ! orig9al en]gy ( motion ( ! sy/em2 ?is orig9al en]gy be+ assum$ /rictly limit$ 9 am\nt1 ! increase ( ! en]gy ( ea* mass z x moves t[>ds ! equator w1 !re=e1 be productive ( a ret>dative effect on ! revolution ( ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,b1 9 a precisely simil> mann]1 ! en]gy ?us ga9$ by ! mass w\ld be fully return$ on its movem5t t[>ds ! pole1 & an accel]ative effect w\ld be produc$ correspond+ to ! orig9al ret>dation4 ,9 ! arrangem5t %[n 7,fig4 #ab71 ! mov+ masses are assum$ to be situat$ at ! extremities ( diamet]s at "r angles4 ,) ?is symmetrical di/ribution1 ! trans=mation & return ( en]gy w\ld take place concurr5tly4 ,ret>dation is cont9ually balanc$ by accel]ation1 & ! motion ( ! sph]e w\ld1 !re=e1 be approximately uni=m ab\t ! c5tral axis ( rotation4 ,x w be cle> t ! movem5ts ?us describ$ ( ! masses w be v simil> 9 nature to ^? ( ! p5dulum masses 9 ! exp]im5tal sy/em previ\sly discuss$4 ,! fact t ! motion ( ! auxili>y masses ov] ! surface ( ! sph]e is assum$ to be completely circul> & n vibratory1 z 9 ! p5dulum case1 has no be>+ on ! g5]al en]gy ph5om5a4 ,^! are readily se5 to be id5tical 9 nature ) ^? ( ! simpl] sy/em4 ,9 ea* case e movem5t ( ! masses implies ei!r an exp5diture ( en]gy or a return1 accord+ly z ! direction ( t movem5t is to or f ! regions ( high velocity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,! pa?s ( ! mov+ auxili>y masses h be5 consid]$1 s f>1 only z p>allel to ! surface ( ! sph]e1 b ! g5]al en]gy conditions are 9 no way alt]$ if !y are assum$ to h 9 addition "s motion normal to t surface2 if1 = example1 !y are repell$ f ! surface z !y approa* ! equatorial regions1 & return t[>ds x once m z !y approa* ! poles4 ,su* a movem5t ( ! masses normal to ! sph]ical surface really corresponds to ! movem5t aga9/ ! radial spr+s 9 ! p5dulum sy/em2 x w\ld n[ be made aga9/ ! attractive or re/ra9+ influ5ce ( gravitation1 & a def9ite exp5diture ( en]gy w\ld ?us necess>ily be requir$ to produce ! displacem5t4 ,en]gy1 =m]ly /or$ 9 ! spr+s1 corresponds n[ to en]gy /or$ z en]gy ( position 7,sec4 #bj7 aga9/ gravitation4 ,if ?is en]gy is obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! inh]5t rotatory en]gy ( ! sph]e1 !n its conv]sion 9 ?is fa%ion into en]gy ( position w aga9 be productive ( a def9ite ret>dative effect on ! revolution ( ! sy/em4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t if ea* mass desc5ds to ! surface level once m 9 mov+ t[>ds ! poles1 !n 9 ?is op]ation its en]gy ( position1 orig9ally obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! rotatory en]gy ( ! sph]e1 w be gradually b completely return$ to t s\rce4 ,9 a balanc$ sy/em1 su* z we h assum$ above1 ! desc5t ( "o mass 9 rotation w\ld be accompani$ by ! elevation ( ano!r at a diff]5t po9t2 ! ab/raction & return ( ! en]gy ( rotation w\ld !n be equival5t1 & w\ld n affect ! prim>y condition ( uni=mity ( rotation ( ! sy/em4 ,9 ! circum/ances assum$1 ! :ole en]gy process :i* takes place 9 ! movem5t ( ! masses f poles to equator & normal to ! sph]ical surface w\ld obvi\sly be ( a cyclical nature & completely rev]sible4 ,x w\ld be ! work+ ( me*anical en]gy 9 a def9ite mat]ial ma*9e1 & 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples already outl9$ 7,sec4 #bj7 ! maximum am\nt ( en]gy :i* c op]ate 9 ?is ma*9e is /rictly limit$ by ! mass ( ! mat]ial involv$ 9 ! movem5t4 ,! en]gy ma*9e has ?us a def9ite capacity1 & z ! maximum en]gy op]at+ 9 ! rev]sible cycle is assum$ to be )9 ?is limit1 ! ma*9e w\ld be completely /able 9 nature 7,sec4 #be74 ,! movem5ts ( ! auxili>y masses h hi!rto also be5 consid]$ z tak+ place ov] some:at re/rict$ pa?s1 b ?is conv5tion is "o :i* c readily be disp5s$ )4 ,! g5]al direction ( motion ( ! masses mu/ ( c\rse be f equator to pole or vice v]sa2 b x is q obvi\s t ! exact pa?s pursu$ by ! masses 9 ?is g5]al motion is ( no mom5t 9 ! consid]ation ( en]gy return1 nor yet ! precise region 9 :i* !y may happ5 to be re/or$ once m to ! surface level4 ,:atev] may be its position at any in/ant1 ea* mass is possess$ ( a def9ite am\nt ( en]gy correspond+ to t position2 ?is am\nt w always be equal to ! total en]gy ab/ract$ by t mass1 less ! en]gy return$4 ,! nature ( ! en]gy sy/em is1 h[ev]1 su* t ! v>i\s en]gy phases ( ! diff]5t masses w be completely co-ord9at$4 ,s9ce ! ess5tial feature ( ! sy/em is its prop]ty ( uni=mity ( rotation1 any return ( en]gy 9 ! rotational =m at any "p ( ! sy/em--due to ! desc5t ( mat]ial--produces a def9ite accel]at+ effect on ! sy/em1 :i* effect is1 h[ev]1 at once neutralis$ or absorb$ by a correspond+ ret>dative effect due to t en]gy :i* mu/ be extract$ f ! sy/em 9 equival5t am\nt & devot$ to ! uprais+ ( mat]ial at a diff]5t po9t4 ,= simplicity 9 illu/ration only f\r masses h be5 consid]$ 9 motion ov] ! surface ( ! sph]e1 b x w be cle> t ! numb] :i* may s op]ate is really limit$ only by ! dim5sions ( ! sy/em4 ,! sph]ical surface might be completely cov]$ ) mov+ mat]ial1 n necess>ily ( sph]ical =m1 n necess>ily ev5 mat]ial 9 ! solid =m 7,sec4 #ac71 :i* w\ld rise & fall relative to ! surface & fl[ to & f ! poles exactly 9 ! fa%ion already illu/rat$ by ! mov+ masses4 ,! capacity ( ! rev]sible en]gy ma*9e--:i* dep5ds on ! mass--w\ld be alt]$ 9 ?is case1 b n ! g5]al nature ( ! ma*9e itself4 ,if ! sy/em 7 en]gis$ to ! requisite degree1 e en]gy op]ation c\ld be c>ri$ out z be=e4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! dom9at+ feature ( a sph]ical sy/em su* z we h j describ$ w\ld be ess5tially its prop]ty ( en]gy cons]vation manife/$ by its uni=mity ( rotation4 ,all its op]ations c\ld be c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( ! direct action ( any ext]nal en]gy influ5ces4 ,= if x be assum$ t ! en]gy ga9$ by ! auxili>y mov+ surface mat]ial 9 virtue ( its displacem5t normal to ! sph]ical surface be d]iv$1 n f ! inh]5t rotational en]gy ( ! sph]e itself1 b by an influx ( en]gy f "s s\rce completely ext]nal to ! sy/em1 !n s9ce !re has be5 no en]gy ab/raction !re w be no ret>dative effect on ! revolution due to ! uprais+ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,b ! influx ( en]gy ?us /or$ 9 ! mat]ial mu/ ( necessity "w ?r\gh ! en]gy ma*9e4 ,9 ! movem5t t[>ds ! poles ?is en]gy w\ld !re=e be appli$ to ! sy/em 9 ! =m ( en]gy ( rotation1 & w\ld produce a def9ite accel]ative effect4 ,if ! influx ( en]gy 7 cont9u\s1 & no means 7 exi/5t = a correspond+ efflux1 ! rotatory velocity ( ! sy/em w\ld /eadily increase4 ,! ph5om5a w\ld be ( precisely ! same nature z ^? already allud$ to 9 ! case ( ! sy/em ( rotat+ p5dulums 7,sec4 #db74 ,accel]ation w\ld take place )\t correspond+ ret>dation4 ,a direct contribution w\ld be cont9u\sly made to ! rotatory en]gy ( ! sy/em1 & w\ld "u ! giv5 conditions be manife/$ by an increase 9 its velocity ( revolution4 #dd4 ,ext5sion ( ,p5dulum ,pr9ciples to ,t]re/rial ,ph5om5a ,! en]gy ph5om5a illu/rat$ by ! exp]im5tal devices above are to be obs]v$1 9 _! aspects ( greate/ p]fection1 9 ! natural _w4 ,9 ! e>?1 unit$ to its encircl+ atmosph]e by ! invisible bond ( gravitation1 we f9d ! prototype ( ! hypo!tical sy/em j describ$4 ,its uni=mity ( rotation is an e/abli%$ fact ( c5turies1 & ov] its sph]oidal surface we h1 correspond+ to ! motion ( our illu/rative sph]ical masses1 ! movem5t ( enorm\s quantities ( atmosph]ic air 9 ! g5]al directions f equatorial to pol> regions & vice v]sa4 ,?is circulatory movem5t1 & ! int]nal en]gy reactions :i* x involves1 h be5 already fully dealt ) 7,sec4 #hh72 we h n[ to consid] x 9 a some:at m compreh5sive fa%ion1 9 ! light ( ! p5dulum sy/ems describ$ above4 ,z already expla9$ 7,sec4 #ac71 ! op]ation ( me*anical en]gy is n conf9$ to solid & liquid masses only1 b may likewise be manife/$ by ! movem5ts ( gase\s masses4 ,! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e provides an out/&+ example4 ,9 its work+ conditions1 & 9 ! g5]al nature ( ! en]gy op]ations involv$1 ! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e is v cle>ly repres5t$ by ! rotat+ p5dulum sy/em 7,sec4 #db74 ,! analogy is /ill clos] 9 ! case ( ! hypo!tical sy/em j describ$4 ,! actual t]re/rial en]gy ma*9e diff]s f bo? only 9 t ! en]gy processes1 :i* !y illu/rate by ! movem5ts ( solid mat]ial1 are c>ri$ out 9 ! c\rse ( its work+ by ! motion ( gase\s masses4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is 9 no way affects ! inh]5t nature ( ! en]gy processes !mselves4 ,!y are c>ri$ out q z completely & effici5tly--9 fact1 m completely & m effici5tly--by ! motions ( gase\s z by ! motions ( solid mat]ial4 ,! atmosph]ic circulation1 !n1 may be readily reg>d$ z ! movem5t1 ov] ! t]re/rial surface1 ( gase\s masses :i* absorb & return en]gy 9 regions ( high & l[ velocity exactly 9 ! fa%ion expla9$ above = solid mat]ial4 ,9 _! movem5t f pol> t[>ds equatorial regions ^! masses1 by ! action ( ! aque\s vap\r 7,sec4 #ch71 absorb en]gy 7axial en]gy7 & exp& upw>ds aga9/ gravity4 ,"h we h an en]gy op]ation id5tical 9 nature ) t embodi$ 9 ! movem5ts ( a p5dulum mass simultane\sly ov] a sph]ical surface & aga9/ radial spr+s z 9 ! sy/em ( rotat+ p5dulums1 or id5tical ) ! equatorial & radial movem5t ( ! auxili>y masses 9 ! hypo!tical sy/em4 ,! return movem5t ( ! a]ial masses ov] ! t]re/rial surface 9 ! opposite direction f equatorial to pol> regions provides also exactly ! same ph5om5a ( en]gy return z ! return movem5t ( ! masses 9 our illu/rative sy/ems4 ,^! sy/ems1 9 fact1 portray ! g5]al op]ation ( me*anical en]gy precisely z x occurs 9 ! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,b obvi\sly !y _c illu/rate ! natural conditions 9 _! entirety4 ,! passage or fl[ ( ! atmosph]ic air masses ov] ! e>?'s surface is a movem5t ( an exce$+ly complex nature1 impossible to illu/rate by exp]im5tal app>atus4 ,& inde$1 su* illu/ration is q unnecess>y4 ,z already po9t$ out 7,sec4 #ch71 no matt] :at may be ! precise pa? ( an a]ial mass 9 its movem5t t[>ds ! planet>y surface ! f9al en]gy return is ! same4 ,soon] or lat] its en]gy ( position is re/or$ 9 ! orig9al axial =m4 ,! t]re/rial atmosph]ic ma*9e w be ?us readily recognis$ z ess5tially a mat]ial me*anical ma*9e correspond+ 9 g5]al nature to ! illu/rative examples describ$ above4 ,! comb9ation ( its v>i\s en]gy processes is embodi$ 9 a complete cyclical & rev]sible op]ation4 ,its en]gy capacity1 z 9 ! simpl] cases1 is /rictly limit$ by ! total mass ( ! op]at+ mat]ial4 ,! active or work+ en]gy is well )9 ! limit = rev]sibility 7,sec4 #bc71 & ! ma*9e is !re=e ess5tially /able 9 nature4 ,! cont9u\s ab/raction ( axial en]gy by ! aque\s vap\r is balanc$ by an equally cont9u\s return f ! air masses1 & ! sy/em1 s f> z its en]gy prop]ties are conc]n$1 is absolutely cons]vative4 ,en]gy transmission f or to any ext]nal s\rce is nei!r admissible nor necess>y = its work+4 #de4 ,conclud+ ,review ( ,t]re/rial ,conditions--,effects ( ,influx ( ,en]gy ,! aspect ( ! e>? z a sep>ate mass 9 space1 & its en]gy relation%ip to its prim>y ! sun & to ! associat$ planet>y masses ( ! sol> sy/em h be5 broadly pres5t$ 9 ! ,g5]al ,/atem5t 7,secs4 #a-ab74 ,9 t /atem5t1 bas$ entirely on ! univ]sally accept$ prop]ties ( matt] & en]gy1 an ord] ( ph5om5a is describ$ :i* is 9 /rict accordance ) obs]v$ natural conditions1 & :i* portrays ! e>? & ! o!r planet>y bodies1 s f> z _! mat]ial or en]gy prop]ties are conc]n$1 z absolutely isolat$ masses 9 space4 ,! sci5tific v]ification ( ?is position mu/ ( necessity be f\nd$ on ! t]re/rial obs]vation ( ph5om5a4 ,s f> z ! orbital movem5ts ( ! planet are conc]n$ ^! are admitt$ly ord]ly2 ea* planet>y mass :eels its flight ?r\gh space ) unv>y+ regul>ity2 ! en]gy processes1 also1 associat$ ) ! v>iations ( planet>y orbital pa?1 & :i* atta9 limit+ conditions at p]ihelion & aphelion1 are readily ackn[l$g$ to be rev]sible & cyclical 9 nature4 ,9 fact1 ev5 a slight obs]vation ( ! movem5ts ( cele/ial masses inevitably leads to ! conviction t ! great en]gy processes ( ! sol> sy/em are inh]5tly cyclical 9 nature1 t e movem5t ( its mat]ial & e manife/ation ( its en]gy is "p ( "s complete op]ation4 ,! :ole appe>s to be b ! natural or mat]ial embodim5t ( ! great pr9ciple ( en]gy cons]vation4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! objects ( ?is "w to %[ t ! cyclical nature ( ! en]gy op]ations ( ! sol> sy/em is n conf9$ only to ! m prom95t en]gy ph5om5a1 b t x p5etrates & is exhibit$ 9 ! work+ ( ev5 ! mo/ insignificant planet>y processes4 ,ea* "o ( ! latt] 9 reality =ms "p ( an unbrok5 s]ies or *a9 ( en]gy ph5om5a4 ,ea* planet =ms 9 itself a complete1 p]fect1 & self-conta9$ en]gy sy/em4 ,e manife/ation ( planet>y en]gy1 great or small1 :e!r associat$ ) animate or inanimate matt]1 is b "o phase or aspect ( t en]gy z x pursues its cyclical pa?4 ,x is a some:at rem>kable fact t 9 ?is age ( sci5tific reason ! obs]vation ( ! /rictly ord]ly arrangem5t ( ph5om5a 9 ! sol> sy/em z a :ole %\ld n h l$ to "s idea 9 ! m9ds ( philosophical work]s ( a simil> ord] ( ph5om5a 9 its sep>ate p>ts1 b ! explanation lies g5]ally 9 ! cont9ual attempts to br+ natural ph5om5a into l9e ) c]ta9 preconceiv$ hypo!ses1 & m p>ticul>ly to ! almo/ univ]sal acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ! direct transmission ( en]gy f ! sun to ! e>? & ! f9al rejection or radiation ( ?is en]gy into space4 ,!re is no d5y+ ! em95t plausibility ( ?is doctr9e4 ,! evid5ce ( ,nature prima facie may ev5 appe> to completely sub/antiate x4 ,b we w\ld submit t ! g5]al circum/ances 9 :i* ?is doctr9e is n[ s readily accept$ are v simil> to ^? :i* prevail$ 9 m anci5t times1 :5 ! revolution ( ! sun & />s r\nd ! e>? 0 ! univ]sal t5et ( natural philosophy4 ,?is conception1 alli$ to ! belief t ! sole function ( ! cele/ial bodies 0 to provide light & heat to ! t]re/rial mass1 appe>$ to be 9 /rict accordance ) obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & held undi/urb$ possession ( ! m9ds ( m5 = c5turies1 until x 0 f9ally demoli%$ by ,cop]nicus z ! result ( simple & accurate obs]vation ( & d$uction f natural ph5om5a4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! some:at v5]able belief 9 ! transmission ( en]gy 9 v>i\s =ms f ! sun to ! e>? appe>s at fir/ sight to be support$ by actual facts4 ,b a m rigid scrut9y ( ! evid5ce & ( ! m5tal processes mu/ inevitably lead ! unbiass$ m9d to ! conclusion t ?is belief has no real f\ndation on truly sci5tific obs]vation1 b is entirely unsupport$ by natural ph5om5a4 ,e op]ation ( ,nature1 9 fact1 :5 consid]$ 9 its true relation%ips is an absolute d5ial ( ! :ole conception4 ,l its pr$ecessor relat+ to ! motion ( ! sun & />s r\nd ! e>?1 ! doctr9e ( en]gy transmission betwe5 sep>ate masses 9 space su* z ! sun & ! e>? _c be su/a9$ 9 ! face ( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,?is doctr9e is f\nd on inve/igation to be support$ n by ph5om5a b by ! conception ( an ela/ic e!real m$ium1 ( ^: exi/5ce !re is absolutely no evid5tial pro(1 & ! necessity = :i* disappe>s along ) ! hypo!sis x supports4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n propos$ to discuss 9 any detail ei!r ! suppos$ transmission ( en]gy f ! sun to ! planets or ! arbitr>y prop]ties ( ! transmitt+ m$ium1 b r to adopt a m positive me?od ( criticism by summ>is+ briefly ! evid5tial ph5om5a :i* %[ ! cyclical nature ( ! :ole t]re/rial en]gy process1 & :i* remove ! basis ( belief 9 su* a transmission4 ,to recapitulate ! m g5]al conditions1 we f9d ! e>?1 alike ) o!r planet>y masses1 pursu+ a def9$ orbital pa?1 & rotat+ ) uni=m angul> velocity 9 ! l9es or "u ! influ5ce ( ! gravitation1 !rmal1 lum9\s1 & o!r incept+ fields 7,secs4 #ag1 #ah1 #ai7 :i* orig9ate 9 ! sun4 ,its axial rotation1 9 ^! circum/ances1 gives rise to all ! second>y trans=mations 7,sec4 #i7 ( t]re/rial axial en]gy1 :i* 9 _! op]ation provide ! v>i$ panorama ( t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,t]re/rial axial en]gy is ?us div]t$ into t]re/rial second>y processes4 ,ea* ( ^! processes is f\nd to be unit$ to or embodi$ 9 a def9ite mat]ial ma*9e 7,secs4 #bg-cj71 & is1 accord+ly1 limit$ 9 nature & ext5t by ! physical prop]ties & incept+ factors associat$ ) ! mat]ials ( :i* ! ma*9e is compos$4 ,by ord9>y me?ods ( transmission1 en]gy may pass f "o mat]ial to ano!r1 t is to say f "o ma*9e to ano!r1 & by ?is means def9ite *a9s ( en]gy processes are con/itut$1 ?r\gh :i*1 !re=e1 passes ! axial en]gy orig9ally trans=m$ by ! action ( ! sun4 ,^! s]ies or *a9s ( en]gy processes are also f\nd to be "o & all l9k$ at "s /age ( _! progress to ! g5]al atmosph]ic ma*9e 7,sec4 #bi74 ,! en]gy op]at+ 9 !m is1 9 e case1 aft] _m or few vicissitudes accord+ to ! nature ( ! int]m$iate op]ations1 communicat$ to ! gase\s atmosph]ic mat]ial4 ,by ! movem5t ( ?is mat]ial 9 ! work+ ( ! atmosph]ic ma*9e 7,sec4 #ch7 ! en]gy is f9ally return$ 9 its orig9al =m ( axial en]gy ( rotation4 ,! sun's action is ?us 9 a mann] to =ce ! inh]5t rotatory en]gy ( ! planet into ! cyclical second>y op]ations1 all ( :i* conv]ge alike t[>ds ! g5]al atmosph]ic me*anism ( return4 ,! passage ( ! en]gy ?r\gh ! complete second>y op]ations1 & its re-conv]sion into its orig9al axial =m1 may be rapid or sl[ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 equatorial regions1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ! sun's incept+ fields is mo/ int5se1 we f9d t ! inh]5t planet>y axial en]gy is communicat$ ) great rapidity ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! aque\s vap\r to ! air masses4 ,by ! movem5t ( ! latt] x may be j z rapidly return$1 & ! :ole op]ation complet$ 9 a comp>atively %ort int]val ( "t4 ,9 ! same equatorial regions1 ! trans=mations ( axial en]gy :i* are manife/$ 9 plant life atta9 _! greate/ p]fection & vig\r4 ,b 9 ?is case ! complete return ( ! op]at+ en]gy may be v sl[4 ,! /or$ en]gy ( tropical vegetation may /ill 9 great "p rema9 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 await+ an appropriate /imulus to be communicat$ to m active mat]ial = ! conclud+ /ages ( t cyclical process :i* _h its comm5cem5t 9 ! absorption ( axial en]gy into plant tissue4 ,! duration ( ! complete second>y op]ation has1 h[ev]1 absolutely no be>+ on ! cons]vative en]gy prop]ties ( ! planet4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! sy/em is p]fectly balanc$4 ,e trans=mation or absorption ( rotatory en]gy1 great or small1 = long or %ort p]iods ( "t1 is c\nt]act$ by a correspond+ return4 ,absolute uni=mity ( planet>y axial rotation is ?us /eadily ma9ta9$4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y at ?is /age to po9t out t ! v]ification ( ?is description ( natural op]ations lies simply & entirely 9 ! obs]vation ( ,nature's work+ at fir/ h&4 ,! description is bas$ on no !ory & obscur$ by no preconceiv$ ideas1 x is f\nd$ entirely on direct exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,! field ( /udy & ( v]ification is n re/rict$1 b comprises ! :ole realm ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 a lifetime ( obs]vation ! au?or has fail$ to disc]n a s+le contradictory ph5om5on2 e natural op]ation is 9 reality a direct confirmation4 ,! conception ( en]gy1 work+ only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( def9ite mat]ial ma*9es ) _! incept+ & limit+ ag5cies1 is "o :i* is ( great value n only 9 natural philosophy b also 9 practical life4 ,by its means x is possible 9 _m cases to co-ord9ate ph5om5a1 app>5tly antagoni/ic1 b 9 reality only diff]5t phases ( en]gy ma*9es4 ,x aids mat]ially also 9 ! obta9+ ( a true grasp ( ! inexorable pr9ciple ( en]gy cons]vation & its application to natural conditions1 & x emphasises ! indef5sible nature ( su* ideas z ! radiation ( en]gy into space4 ,x w be evid5t t 9 a planet>y sy/em su* z describ$ above !re is no room = any transmission ( en]gy to ! sy/em f an ext]nal s\rce4 ,! nature ( ! sy/em is1 9 fact1 su* t a transmission ( ?is k9d is entirely unnecess>y4 ,z already demon/rat$1 e ph5om5on & e en]gy op]ation c be c>ri$ out indep5d5tly ( any su* transmission4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 h[ev]1 x may be assum$ t su* a communication ( en]gy does take place2 t accord+ to ! accept$ doctr9es ( mod]n sci5ce ! sun p\rs en]gy 9 a cont9u\s /ream into ! t]re/rial sy/em4 ,n[1 no matt] 9 :at =m ?is en]gy is communicat$1 x is cle> t once x is associat$ ) or atta*$ to ! v>i\s planet>y mat]ials x is1 z x 71 incorporat$ or embodi$ 9 ! planet>y en]gy ma*9es1 & mu/ ( necessity "w ?r\gh ! second>y en]gy op]ations4 ,b ^! op]ations h be5 %[n to be naturally & irresi/ibly connect$ to ! g5]al atmosph]ic ma*9e4 ,into ?is ma*9e1 !n1 ! increm5tal en]gy mu/ be c>ri$1 & x w be !re directly conv]t$ into ! =m ( axial en]gy ( rotation4 ,once ! increm5tal en]gy is actually 9 ! planet1 once x is actually communicat$ to planet>y mat]ial1 ! nature ( ! sy/em absolutely =bids its escape4 ,! effect ( a direct & cont9u\s influx su* z we h assum$ w\ld inevitably be an increase 9 ! angul> velocity ( ! sy/em4 ,?is effect has already be5 v]ifi$ f an exp]im5tal po9t ( view by consid]ation ( ! ph5om5a ( a rotat+ p5dulum sy/em 7,secs4 #db1 #dc74 ,:il/ ! influx ( en]gy proce$s1 !n 9 virtue ( ! increas+ velocity ( ! planet>y mat]ial 9 ! l9es ( ! v>i\s incept+ fields ( ! sun1 all t]re/rial ph5om5a involv+ ! trans=mation ( rot>y or axial en]gy w\ld be increas$ 9 magnitude & int5sifi$ 9 degree4 ,! planet w\ld ?us rapidly atta9 an un/able condition2 its mat]ial w\ld soon become en]gis$ beyond its normal capacity1 & ! natural /ability 7,sec4 #be7 ( its con/itu5t en]gy ma*9es w\ld be de/roy$2 ! sy/em z a :ole w\ld /eadily proce$ t[>ds disruption4 ,b1 happily1 ,nature pres5ts no evid5ce ( su* a c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! e>? sp9s on its axis ) quiet & p]si/5t regul>ity2 ! unv>y+ uni=mity ( its motion ( axial rotation has be5 v]ifi$ by ! obs]vations ( g5]ations ( philosoph]s4 ,its temp]ature gradations %[ no evid5ce ( *ange or decay 9 its ess5tial heat qualities1 & ! recurr5ce ( natural ph5om5a is ma9ta9$ )\t visible sign ( increase ei!r 9 _! int5sity or multiplicity4 ,! f+] ( ,nature ev] po9ts to clos$ en]gy circuits1 to ! e>? z a complete & cons]vative sy/em 9 :i* en]gy1 mutable to ! highe/ degree ) respect to its plurality ( =m1 atta9s to ! p]fection ( p]man5ce 9 its ess5tial "* & am\nt4 ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,9 ?is pla9-text v]sion1 num]ical subscripts h be5 transcrib$ )9 brackets1 su* z3 ,m#a4 ,obvi\s typographical errors f ! orig9al pr9t$ v]sion ( ?is book h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,footnotes 9 ! pla9-text v]sion h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! p>agraph 9 :i* ! footnote tag appe>s4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ to ! ne>e/ p>agraph break4