,,rules ,,& ,,practice ,,= ,adju/+ ,wat*es ,,by ,,walt] ,j4 ,,kle9le9 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,wat* ,,adju/] ,,& ,,8 ,,"w ,copyright1 #aibj1 by ,walt] ,j4 ,kle9le9 ,all rights res]v$ ,,preface ,9 ! e>ly days ( horology ! appr5tice 0 taught ! art ( mak+ a complete wat*4 ,production 0 sl[1 v few duplicate wat*es 7 con/ruct$1 & x 0 necess>y t extra mat]ial be made individually by h& 9 ! same way t ! orig9al "p 0 produc$4 ,z "t pass$ ! value ( ! repair] 0 indicat$ by 8 ability to make new p>ts & to replace !m s t ! wat* w\ld aga9 be 9 runn+ condition4 ,?is 0 ! prevail+ situation = _m ye>s & ! repair] 0 judg$ accord+ to 8 skill 9 mak+ & f9i%+ ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,a simil> me?od ( judg+ ability is /ill 9 =ce among "s employ]s1 al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry into ma*9e & specializ$ "w has made _m *anges 9 reg>d to ! mo/ important duties ( ! repair]4 ,x is no long] necess>y = him to "k h[ to make a complete wat* & only on occasional in/ances is x necess>y = him to make a "p4 ,g5u9e mat]ial = mod]n wat*es is suppli$ by ! manufactur] at less exp5se ?an x c be produc$ by ! individual & 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( ! "w ! repair]'s requirem5ts h be5 v consid]ably curtail$4 ,a m exact+ & a high] /&>d ( timekeep+ has develop$1 h[ev]1 & 9 ?is field ! requirem5ts ( ! wat*mak] h increas$ to ! ext5t t x is no long] suffici5t to m]ely re/ore a good wat* to runn+ condition4 ,x mu/ keep "t4 ,?is developm5t has gr[n gradually & surely & ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s may be assum$ z ! p]iod ( greate/ advance4 ,x has be5 made possible by sci5tific & practical ref9em5ts :i* p]mit ! adju/m5t ( wat*es s t !y w keep "t )9 closely def9$ all[ances "u v>y+ conditions4 ,! l>g] problem ( ! successful repair] ( today1 !re=e1 is t ( und]/&+ ! pr9ciples gov]n+ close "t & ( kn[+ h[ & :]e to look = ! causes ( v>iation1 s t ! high] /&>d ( timekeep+ may be re/or$ 9 case ( damage s9ce ! orig9al adju/m5t4 ,x is naturally ess5tial to "k :5 mat]ial is correct1 h[ to make x fit 9 its prop] place1 & h[ to make & f9i% "s ( ! individual p>ts4 ,x is also comm5dable to be skilful 9 all classes ( la! "w1 z ?is at times ga9s pre/ige = ! workman ?r\gh re/or+ old model wat*es to runn+ condition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a disadvantage to develop "o's ability 9 mak+ p>ts = wat*es ( a bygone age & neglect+ ! tra9+ t happ5s to be mo/ ess5tial & ( daily advantage 9 repair+ mod]n wat*es s t !y w keep "t z consi/5tly aft] repairs h be5 made z !y did :5 new4 ,! object ( ?is book is to pres5t ! ess5tial po9ts ( wat* adju/+ 9 an elem5t>y & non-te*nical way t w int]e/ ! av]age wat*mak] & to enable him to h a conv5i5t s\rce ( in=mation1 cov]+ ! necess>y ref9em5ts t are fundam5tal 9 repair+1 regulat+ & adju/+ ! bett] class ( wat*es4 ,! au?or tru/s t ! exp]i5c$ successful wat*mak] w read ! book ) int]e/ & also ) pr(it & t ! novice w be enabl$ to =esee t !re is some?+ m to ! art ( wat*mak+ & repair+ ?an t ( m]ely assembl+ a wat* & mak+ x tick4 ,x s happ5s t ! au?or has _h _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 bo? factories & repair %ops & t a consid]able "p ( 8 duties h be5 devot$ to in/ruction4 ,he has = a long "t felt ! ne$ ( a book t w\ld1 above all else1 be practical 9 its description ( ! rules t an adju/] foll[s & :i* w\ld prove its value 9 actual exp]i5ce by be+ p]sonal z f> z p]missible 9 ! same s5se t detail$ %op in/ruction w\ld be4 ,s9ce writ+ ! article entitl$ ,! ,wat* ,adju/] & ,8 ,"w sev]al ye>s ago num]\s inquiries h be5 receiv$1 = ?is class ( in=mation & ! pres5t book is an ef=t to meet ?is dem& 9 a mann] t c be foll[$ )\t highly te*nical or !oretical education4 ,to promote advancem5t & int]e/ 9 ev]yday practical results is ! =emo/ consid]ation1 & to ?is end def9ite means are pres5t$ = p]sonal developm5t & = obta9+ bett] results f high grade wat*es ?an c possibly be obta9$ )\t a fair k ( ! f9al details :i* g s f> t[>d assur+ close "t4 ,,walt] ,j4 ,,kle9le91 ,july #ba1 #aibj ,wal?am1 ,mass4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4--,,! ,,adju/m5t ,,to ,,temp]ature ,,*apt] ,i ,page ,! ,comp5sation ,balance1 ,controll+ ,factor #c #a4 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,obta9+ ,results #b4 ,h[ to ,place ,screws ,:5 ! ,rate is ,ei!r ,sl[ or ,fa/ 9 ,heat ,comp>$ to ,cold4 #c4 ,composition ( & ,di/ortions ( ,comp5sation ,balances4 #d4 ,te/s & ,exp]im5ts4 #e4 ,effect ( ,%ift+ ,screws to ,diff]5t ,locations4 #f4 ,p]man5cy ( ! ,temp]ature ,adju/m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,equipm5t = ,temp]ature ,adju/+ #i #g4 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ,available4 #h4 ,electrically ,equipp$ ,ov51 ,description & ,dim5sions4 #i4 ,! ,l[] ,temp]ature ,box4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,diff]5ce 9 ,obs]vatory & ,comm]cial ,sy/ems #ac #aj4 ,obs]vatory ,sy/em4 #aa4 ,comm]cial ,sy/em4 #ab4 ,rat+ ,c>d & ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,v>iation #ac4 ,value ( ! ,normal ,p]iod ,rate4 #ad4 ,def9ition ( ! ,*>act]s ,us$ on ,rate ,c>ds = ,ga9 or ,loss 9 ,"t4 #ae4 ,increas+ or ,decreas+ ! ,extremes ( ,temp]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,"s ,practical ,me?ods ( ,correction #ai #af4 ,example ( ,ma9ta9+ a ,pleas+ ,appe>ance ( ! ,balance4 #ag4 ,correction ,v>ies ,:5 ,screws are ,above or ,bel[ ,normal ,size & ,weight #ah4 ,ov] or ,"u ,comp5sation4 #ai4 ,special ,corrections = ,ov] or ,"u ,comp5sation4 #bj4 ,example ,illu/rat+ t ,temp]ature ,v>iation is ,n ,always ,due to ! ,balance & ,spr+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,middle ,temp]ature ,error #bf #ba4 ,:y ?is ,error ,exi/s & ,:at x ,consi/s (4 #bb4 ,h[ ,nickel ,/eel ,balances ,ov]come ?is ,error4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,adju/m5ts ,,to ,,iso*ronism ,,& ,,positions ,,*apt] ,,vi ,g5]al ,consid]ation #ca #bc4 ,optional ,all[ances = ,v>iation4 #bd4 ,"s ,necess>y ,requirem5ts = ,le>n+ ,adju/+4 #be4 ,tra9 & ,escapem5t ,fre$om4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,!ory & ,practice #ci #bf4 ,!ory ( ,frictional ,errors & ! ,iso*ronal ,hairspr+4 #bg4 ,h[ ,!ory ,works ,out 9 ,practice & :at ,iso*ronism ,consi/s (4 #bh4 ,common ,causes ( ,extreme ,iso*ronal ,v>iation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,relative ,p9n+ ,po9ts ( ! ,hairspr+ #dc #bi4 ,orig9al ,spr++ ( ,wat*es4 #cj4 ,h[ ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations are ,made4 #ca4 ,ev5 ,coil ,hairspr+s ,v ,incorrect = ,"s ,wat*es4 #cb4 ,h[ to ,f9d ! ,correct ,collet ,p9n+ ,po9t = ,any ,wat*4 #cc4 ,results 9 ,v]tical ,position ,rates due to ,*ang+ ! ,p9n+ ,po9t4 #cd4 ,! ,natural ,position ,error & ,:y x ,_c be ,elim9at$4 #ce4 ,pr9ciple ( ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations4 #cf4 ,same ,pr9ciples ,apply 9 ,case ( ,am]ican ,hunt+ ,models4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,manipulation ( ! ,regulator ,p9s #ea #cg4 ,alt]+ ! ,l5g? ( ,spr+ by ,regulator ,p9s #ch4 ,me?od ( ,exam9+ ,vibration ( ,ov] ,coil ,betwe5 ! ,p9s4 #ci4 ,position ,corrections ,obta9$ by ,spread+ or ,clos+ ! ,regulator ,p9s4 ,,*apt] ,x ,factory & ,repair ,%op ,adju/+ #ec #dj4 ,r\t9e ,v>ies ,accord+ to ,circum/ances4 #da4 ,consid]+ ! ,wat*mak] 9 ! ,small ,%op ( ,"o or ,two ,workm54 #db4 ,advantages ( ,und]/&+ ,adju/+ ,ev5 ,?\gh ,wat*es are ,n ,te/$ 9 ,positions or ,iso*ronism4 #dc4 ,conc]n+ ,wat*mak]s ( ,limit$ ,exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,prelim9>y ,notes & ,practice = ,beg9n]s #ef #dd4 ,practical ,sugge/ions4 #de4 ,! ,fir/ ,po9t ( ,consid]ation 9 ,le>n+ to ,adju/4 #df4 ,causes ( ,v>iation ,betwe5 ,dial ,up & ,dial ,d[n4 #dg4 ,%ort ,motion ,g5]ally ,indicates ,:]e to ,f9d ,tr\ble4 #dh4 ,%ort ,motion ,sometimes ,caus$ by ,burr on ,opposite ,pivot4 #di4 ,exam9+ ! ,hairspr+4 #ej4 ,exceptions 9 ,reg>d to ,ga9+ ,rate & ,%ort ,motion4 #ea4 ,detail$ ,practice4 #eb4 ,:i* ,rate to ,use z ! ,unit = ,comp>ison4 #ec4 ,damag$ ,pivots1 ,pitt$ ,end ,/ones & ,me?ods ( ,correction4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,prelim9>y ,notes & ,practice on ,v]tical ,corrections #fd #ed4 ,five ,pr9cipal ,causes & ,corrections = ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation4 #ee4 ,poor ,motion1 ,cause & ,effect4 #ef4 ,regulator ,p9 ,practice = ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation4 #eg4 ,p5dant ,up ,corrections ,?r\gh ,poise ( ,balance #eh4 ,conc5tricity ( ! ,hairspr+4 #ei4 ,correct+ ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation ,?r\gh ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations4 #fj4 ,p]c5tage ( ,wat*es ,requir+ ,correction ( ,position ,rates ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,concrete ,examples ,%[+ ,def9ite ,?ree ,position ,alt]ations & ,labor ,utiliz$ #gj #fa4 ,ord] ( ,position ,tim+ & ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ! ,v>iation4 #fb4 ,example ,no4 #a1 ,?ree ,positions1 ,columbus4 #fc4 ,example ,no4 #b1 ,?ree ,positions1 ,ball4 #fd4 ,example ,no4 #c1 ,?ree ,positions1 ,elg94 #fe4 ,example ,no4 #d1 ,?ree ,positions1 ,hampd54 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,concrete ,examples ,%[+ ,def9ite ,five ,position ,alt]ations & ,labor ,utiliz$ #gg #ff4 ,:at ,five ,position ,adju/+ ,consi/s (--,detail$ ,all[ances4 #fg4 ,example ,no4 #e1 ,five ,positions1 ,hamilton4 #fh4 ,example ,no4 #f1 ,five ,positions1 ,elg91 ,b4 ,w4 ,r4 #fi4 ,example ,no4 #g1 ,five ,positions1 ,wal?am1 ,vang4 #gj4 ,example ,no4 #h1 ,five ,positions1 ,va*]on & ,con/ant94 #ga4 ,example ,no4 #i1 ,five ,positions1 ,e4 ,h[>d #gb4 ,example ,no4 #aj1 ,five ,positions1 ,ill9ois1 ,b4 ,s4 #gc4 ,causes ( ,extremely ,fa/ ,v]tical ,rates4 #gd4 ,h[ to ,locate ,defective ,ge>+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,tim+ & ,f9al ,regulation #ia #ge4 ,mean ,"t ,screws & ,tim+ ,wa%]s4 #gf4 ,importance ( ,prop]ly ,fitt$ ,regulator4 #gg4 ,effect ( ! ,middle ,temp]ature ,error4 #gh4 ,"s ,practical ,reasons = ,sl[ ,rates4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,special ,,notes ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,special ,notes #ii #gi4 ,effici5cy ( ,execution ,analyz$ 7,two ,examples7 #hj4 ,tru+ ! ,balance4 #ha4 ,pois+ ! ,balance4 #hb4 ,tru+ ,hairspr+s4 #hc4 ,treat+ a ,ru/y ,hairspr+4 #hd4 ,/opp+ by ,escapem5t ,lock+ :5 ,h&s are set ,backw>d or ,:5 ,wat* ,receives a ,j>4 #he4 ,ess5tials & ,non-,ess5tials 9 ,clean+ ,wat*es4 ,,rules ,,& ,,practice ,,= ,,adju/+ ,,wat*es ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,adju/m5t ,,to ,,temp]ature ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,comp5sation ,,balance ,,controll+ ,,factor #a4 ,g5]al ,me?od ( ,obta9+ ,results4 ,only s9ce ! introduction ( ! comp5sation balance :i* receiv$ its mo/ sub/antial e>ly exp]im5ts z rec5tly z ! ye> #ahei1 has x be5 possible to control ! v>iation 9 pocket timepieces :i* is caus$ by *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,previ\s to ?is introduction x 0 n uncommon = ! be/ wat*es to v>y z mu* z two or ?ree m9utes ) *anges ( =ty or fifty degrees ,fahr4 ,?r\gh exp]im5t & improvem5t 9 ! quality & application ( balance mat]ials1 su* advancem5t has be5 made1 t ?is v>iation has be5 r$uc$ to seconds & temp]ature adju/+ is n[ q univ]sal 9 ! production ( m$ium & high grade wat*es4 ,9 ! l>ge factories1 girls & "y m5 ( v little previ\s exp]i5ce are frequ5tly taught to make ! alt]ations & to d ! te/+1 :ile m5 ( exp]i5ce 9 wat*mak+ h&le only ! m intricate cases su* z /opp]s & radical rates t may require inve/igation ( ! inn] work+s ( ! movem5t4 ,! simplicity ( ! adju/m5t naturally becomes m app>5t ) exp]i5ce & ! g5]al alt]ations consi/ m]ely ( transf]r+ ! balance screws 9 opposite pairs1 ei!r =w>d or backw>d "o or m holes1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! correction desir$4 ,z ^! alt]ations are q positive ! adju/m5t c be und]tak5 ) consid]able c]ta9ty ( obta9+ results 9 e in/ance4 ,! repair] w n f9d z mu* daily necessity = und]/&+ temp]ature adju/+ z he w = be+ ?or\gh 9 ,position adju/+4 ,! subject is cov]$1 h[ev]1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o may desire practical exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran* ( adju/+ & also = ^? :o desire a g5]al k ( ! details4 #b4 ,h[ to ,place ,screws ,:5 ! ,rate is ,ei!r ,sl[ or ,fa/ 9 ,heat ,comp>$ to ,cold4 ,if a wat* rates sl[ 9 heat comp>$ to cold x is necess>y to %ift screws 9 opposite pairs out t[>d ! cut or free end ( ! rims2 because :5 ! metals exp& ! hairspr+ becomes weak] & produces a loss 9 "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! free ends ( ! balance rims1 c>ry+ ! transf]r$ weight are =c$ t[>d ! c5t] & produce a ga9+ rate :i* comp5sates = ! loss caus$ by ! weak5$ spr+4 ,z ! metals contract 9 cold ! free ends ( ! balance are drawn outw>d f _! true =m & ! conc5trat$ weight ( ^! screws ne> ! ends r$uces ! fa/ rate 9 cold & 9 pr9ciple works bo? ways 9 its action on ! rate4 ,%\ld ! circum/ances be j opposite1 or ! rate be fa/ 9 heat comp>$ to ! rate 9 cold1 x w be necess>y to move ! screws away f ! free end ( ! rims4 ,9 do+ ?is1 less weight w be c>ri$ t[>d ! c5t] z ! free ends curl inw>d & z a result1 ! rate 9 heat w become sl[] & ! sl[ rate 9 cold w be r$uc$4 #c4 ,composition ( & ,di/ortions ( ,comp5sation ,balances4 ,comp5sation balances are g5]ally made ( "o lay] ( brass & "o ( /eel1 ) ! brass on ! outside consi/+ ( ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! total ?ickness & ! /eel on ! inside consi/+ ( ab\t two-fif?s4 ,^! metals are firmly sold]$ toge!r & ! di/ortions 9 *anges ( temp]ature are z foll[s4 ,9 heat bo? metals exp&1 :i* inf]s t ! rims become long] z well z wid] & ?ick]4 ,brass exp&s m ?an /eel & because ( its atta*m5t to ! /eel x _c cont9ue to l5g!n 9 its true circul> =m1 due to ! fact t ! /eel does n become en\gh long] to ma9ta9 ! true curve1 & ! result is t ! free ends ( ! rims are =c$ inw>d4 ,9 cold ! brass1 contract+ m ?an ! /eel1 pulls ! rim outw>d at ! free end :i* is j 9 rev]se ( ! op]ations 9 heat4 ,! end ( ! rim :i* is atta*$ to ! balance arm always moves 9 ! opposite direction f ! free end1 or outw>d f ! c5t] ( balance1 :5 ! free end moves 91 & inw>d :5 ! free end moves out4 ,9 comp>ison1 h[ev]1 ?is movem5t is negligible z w be not$ lat] 9 ! results obta9$ 9 mov+ screws 9 t direction4 #d4 ,te/s & ,exp]im5ts4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! purpose ( ! comp5sation balance is to act 9 opposition to ! error caus$ pr9cipally by ! hairspr+4 ,! /eel hairspr+ hav+ no comp5sat+ qualities1 ei!r gr[s /rong] or weak] ) *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,:5 x becomes long]1 wid] & ?ick] 9 heat1 exp]im5ts seem to prove t ! increas$ wid? & ?ickness are n 9 proportion to ! increas$ l5g?1 = if !y 71 ! spr+ w\ld actually be /rong]2 :ile tim+ proves t x is weak] because ( ! loss 9 "t4 ,9 cold ! %ort5+ factor seems to dom9ate because ( a ga9 9 "t4 ,9 a s]ies ( te/s ) /eel spr+s on uncut /eel brass balances1 ! temp]ature error 9 ! extremes ( #dj degrees & #ij degrees ,fahr5heit 0 f\nd to be f eighty to "o hundr$ & sixty seconds4 ,) ! same balances cut ! error 0 r$uc$ f sev5ty to "o hundr$ & ?irty seconds 9 ea* in/ance1 )\t any correction ( ! balance screws4 ,a =m] te/ ) palladium spr+s on ! same balances1 previ\s to hav+ be5 cut1 %[$ a consid]ably r$uc$ error1 indicat+ t ! /eel spr+s 7 ma9ly responsible = ! temp]ature v>iations4 ,! above te/s 7 9 actual practice & results are giv5 z not$1 reg>dless ( sci5tific or e/abli%$ =mula relat+ to ! cubic measurem5t ( metals 9 *anges ( temp]ature4 #e4 ,effect ( ,%ift+ ,screws to ,diff]5t ,locations4 ,z a rule comp5sation balances g5]ally h five or six pairs ( balance screws 9 addition to two pairs ( mean "t screws4 ,high grade ,swiss & "s ,am]ican models d n h mean "t screws & are !re=e g5]ally suppli$ ) sev5 or eight pairs ( balance screws4 ,! mean "t screws are nev] di/urb$ 9 mak+ alt]ations = temp]ature1 su* alt]ations be+ conf9$ to ! balance screws only & ! mean "t screws are res]v$ = tim+4 ,= appe>ance sake ! balance screws %\ld be ev5ly di/ribut$1 al?\gh x is necess>y at times to closely assemble !m to obta9 temp]ature results & !y %\ld n be di/urb$ 9 mak+ ord9>y repairs1 z ! adju/m5t may be de/roy$ 9 s do+4 ,) ! l>g] balances ! mov+ ( "o pair ( screws = a di/ance ( "o hole1 g5]ally makes a diff]5ce ( f\r or five seconds 9 ! temp]ature rate4 ,9 ! case ( small] balances ?is alt]ation does n make z mu* diff]5ce1 al?\gh ! weight & location ( ! screws has consid]able influ5ce on ! result4 ,a pair ( screws %ift$ f ! second holes f ! cuts1 to ! holes adjo9+ ! cuts1 w g5]ally make a correction f\r or five times z great z w\ld be obta9$ by %ift+ a pair ( screws f ! ?ird to ! f\r? holes f ! arms4 ,! same proportional diff]5ce is obta9$ 9 mov+ a pair ( screws f ! c5t] ( ! rims out to ! cut1 comp>$ to mov+ a pair ( screws f ! holes ne>e/ ! arms out to ! c5t] ( ! rims4 ,?is pr9ciple also obta9s 9 mov+ ! screws 9 ! opposite direction & is due to ! fact t :ile ! metals compos+ ! balance foll[ ! common laws ( expansion & contraction1 ! balance actually becomes small] 9 area dur+ expansion & l>g] dur+ contraction4 ,?is condition is made possible entirely ?r\gh jo9+ ! metals 9 prop] proportion & !n cutt+ ! rims4 ,9 ! factories :]e l>ge quantities ( a p>ticul> model hav+ a /&>d /yle balance are h&l$1 te/s are usually made to det]m9e z to j :at degree ( correction w be obta9$ by %ift+ v>i\s pairs ( screws c]ta9 di/ances4 ,?is in=mation is !n us$ 9 mak+ alt]ations ) consid]able c]ta9ty4 ,! exp]t temp]ature adju/] becomes fully in=m$ z to ! peculi>ities ( v>i\s models & is capable ( gett+ l>g] p]c5tages ( wat*es )9 ! limits ( all[ance1 aft] mak+ alt]ations1 ?an he c\ld obta9 o!rwise4 ,?r\gh und]/&+ ! v>i\s models individually1 he is also enabl$ to furni% in=mation t w cause intellig5t arrangem5t ( ! balance screws1 = ea* model1 :5 !y are orig9ally fitt$4 ,! production !reby %[+ a great] yield ( good wat*es t d n require alt]ations aft] ! fir/ te/4 #f4 ,p]man5cy ( ! ,temp]ature ,adju/m5t4 ,:5 ! orig9al temp]ature adju/m5t has be5 c>efully execut$ x is q p]man5t & unless ! screws h be5 mutilat$ or *ang$ 9 location !re w seldom be an occasion = readju/+4 ,! balance may be retru$ & repois$ _m times & ! spr+ may be retru$1 alt]$1 or ev5 *ang$1 )\t s]i\sly int]f]+ ) ! temp]ature rat+1 z long z ! screws are n %ift$4 ,9 *ang+ ! spr+1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y t ! same numb] ( coils & ! same size ( spr+ be us$1 z o!rwise readju/+ w\ld be requir$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,temp]ature ,,adju/+ #g4 ,v>i\s ,me?ods ,available4 ,two boxes are necess>y = temp]ature te/+4 ,"o fitt$ up to ma9ta9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij deg4 ,fahr4 & ! o!r ma9ta9+ a temp]ature ( ab\t #dj deg4 ,fahr4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 obta9+ ! high temp]ature v>ies 9 diff]5t /yles ( boxes1 :ile ! l[ temp]ature is always obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( ice4 ,:5 only an occasional te/ is made1 any simple me?od :]eby approximately close results 9 ! two extremes c be obta9$1 may be us$4 ,= in/ance1 ! wat* may be enclos$ 9 a t9 box & plac$ 9 s& t is kept at a temp]ature ( #ij or #ie degrees ,f4 ,a !rmomet] plac$ 9 ! s& indicates :5 ! temp]ature rises too high or falls too l[4 ,! ord9>y h\sehold refrig]ator may be us$ = te/+ ! cold4 ,te/s by ?is me?od are advisable only = %ort p]iods & = an approximate idea z to ! ext5t ( error4 ,if frequ5t te/s are made & accurate results are expect$1 x is q important t ! special boxes be us$4 ,su* boxes are (t5 con/ruct$ ) a capacity ( f\r or five hundr$ wat*es1 or !y may be con/ruct$ to receive only half a doz5 wat*es4 ,"s are made ) a z9c or copp] tank 9 :i* w>m wat] is plac$ & :i* surr\nds ! *amb] 9 :i* ! wat*es are deposit$4 ,! wat] is kept at ! desir$ temp]ature by means ( a small adju/able flame4 ,9 o!r in/ances electrical arrangem5ts are us$1 9 :i* case no wat] is requir$4 ,9 ei!r in/ance a !rmo/at controls ! s\rce ( heat4 #h4 ,electrically ,equipp$ ,ov51 ,description & ,dim5sions4 ,a v practical arrangem5t = te/+ a few wat*es at a "t 9 ! high] temp]ature is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,?is is electrically equipp$ & w ma9ta9 an ev5 temp]ature at all times4 ,! outside ( ! box is con/ruct$ ( ab\t "o-half in* lumb] & ! inside is l9$ ) asbe/os4 ,x is ab\t f\rte5 in*es high by t5 in*es wide & eight in*es deep4 ,a4 ,is an inc&esc5t lamp set 9 a porcela9 base4 ,b4 ,is a porcela9 plug ?r\gh :i* ! wires ,c ent] ! box4 ,d & ,e4 ,are metal uprights ) a ?umbscrew on ! top1 "u ea* ( :i* a wire t]m9ates4 ,f4 ,is ! comp5sat+ b>1 "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ solidly to ,d ) rivets4 ,! opposite end is free & re/s aga9/ ! end ( a ?umbscrew :i* passes ?r\gh ,e4 ,! ?umbscrew is to be adju/$ s t ! free end ( ,f w re/ aga9/ x 9 a temp]ature ( #gj deg4 ,fahr4 or any l[] temp]ature4 ,z ! temp]ature rises ! free end ( ! b> moves away f ! end ( ?umbscrew1 break+ ! circuit & ext+ui%+ ! light1 :i* cuts (f ! s\rce ( heat4 ,z ! temp]ature decreases ! b> aga9 comes into contact & creates ! circuit4 ,?is b> c be made ( v>i\s comp5sat+ metals1 "o comb9ation ( :i* is a /rip ( z9c ab\t six in*es long by ?ree eigh?s ( an in* wide & "o ?irty-second ( an in* ?ick4 ,on ! outside ( ?is s(t sold] a /rip ( t9 six in*es or a trifle less 9 l5g?1 by "o f\r? in* wide & "o ?irty-second ( an in* ?ick4 ,bo? metals %\ld be b5t to a curv$ =m be=e !y are sold]$ toge!r z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,x is g5]ally pref]able to h ! b> tap] to a slightly n>r[] wid? at its free end1 & ne> ?is free end x is necess>y to sold] a small /rip ( plat9um at ! po9t :]e ! end ( ?umbscrew comes 9 contact4 ,g1 ,h1 ,i & ,j are v5tilat+ holes "o in* 9 diamet] & cov]$ by a sw++ slide s t ! holes c be op5$ or clos$ z desir$ = regulat+ ! v5tilation4 ,k4 ,is a %elf ( brass scre5 locat$ ab\t five in*es f ! top & on :i* ! wat*es & a !rmomet] are plac$ 9 te/+4 ,l4 ,is a h&le = ! purpose ( conv5i5ce 9 c>ry+ ! box4 ,! front is to be enclos$ by a door made 9 two p>ts1 ! upp] section ( :i* is glass :i* w admit ( obs]v+ ! !rmomet]4 ,prop] adju/m5t ( ! ?umbscrew & b> makes ! box ready = use4 #i4 ,! ,l[] ,temp]ature ,box4 ,fig4 #b %[s a box specially made = te/+ wat*es 9 cold4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( wood & /&s ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es high )\t ! legs & ab\t eighte5 in*es squ>e4 ,a d\ble p>tition pack$ ) ab\t "o in* ( sawdu/ w be mo/ reliable4 ,! upp] half ( ! box %\ld conta9 a wat]tight z9c tank = hold+ crack$ ice & ab\t an in* ( space %\ld be left above = circulation ( ! air4 ,! *amb] = receiv+ ! wat*es may be ab\t six in*es squ>e & support$ by a crosspiece & atta*m5t to ! front4 ,x %\ld be cov]$ above to prev5t p>ticles ( ice f fall+ on ! wat*es :i* are to be plac$ on ! floor or on a %elf ( ! *amb]1 b ! sides may be left p>tly op5 to improve ! circulation ( cold air4 ,! door may also be fill$ ) sawdu/ b does n require glass z ! moi/ure w\ld prev5t obs]vation ( ! !rmomet] :i* %\ld be inside = *eck+ up ! temp]ature :5 ! door is op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,! bottom ( ! tank %\ld be slightly high] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 ) a "o-half in* dra9 pipe fitt$ to ! l[ side4 ,! inlet end ( ! pipe %\ld be cov]$ ) a f9e scre5 to prev5t dirt f accumulat+ 9 ! pipe & ! outlet may be ei!r at ! extreme bottom or on "o ( ! sides z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! upp] "p or cov] ( box %\ld be made s t x c be easily remov$ = fill+ & clean+ ! tank4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,obs]vatory ,,& ,,comm]cial ,,sy/ems #aj4 ,obs]vatory ,sy/em4 ,9 ! =eign obs]vatories :]e wat*es are g5]ally te/$ = competition prize1 or c]tificate purposes1 !y are subject$ to ei!r ?ree or five day te/s 9 ea* temp]ature1 prec$$ by "o int]m$iate day at normal temp]ature :i* is n consid]$ 9 mak+ ! d$uctions4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to all[ ! metals to assume ! natural condition be=e be+ plac$ 91 or *ang$ f1 "o degree ( temp]ature to ano!r4 ,aft] ! ?ree or five day te/1 accord+ to ! grade ( ! wat*1 ! av]age ( ! daily rates 9 ea* temp]ature is consid]$ 9 mak+ ! comp>ison & arriv+ at ! total v>iation4 ,! total error is !n consid]$ 9 ! summ>y1 z a fraction ( a second v>iation p] ea* degree ( temp]ature4 ,z an example we w consid] t ! total error betwe5 ! two av]ages is five seconds & t ! diff]5ce 9 ! two extremes ( temp]ature 0 fifty degrees ,f4 ,! v>iation w\ld be giv5 z "o-t5? ( a second p] ea* degree ( temp]ature4 #aa4 ,comm]cial ,sy/em4 ,9 manufactur+ wat*es = comm]cial purposes1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 ! te/s are g5]ally made = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ea* temp]ature & ! diff]5ce 9 ! rates is consid]$ z ! total error4 ,sometimes prelim9>y te/s ( f\r or six h\rs 9 ea* temp]ature are made to obta9 an e/imate z to ! ext5t ( error1 !n alt]ations are made1 aft] :i* ! wat* is subject$ to ! regul> tw5ty-f\r h\r te/4 ,!re is no?+ to be ga9$ by ?is 9 regul> "w1 al?\gh = a special ru% job a day's "t may be sav$4 ,wat*es are always expect$ to be 9 fir/-class condition & su* features z close fitt+ pivots or dirty oil w prev5t any dep5dable tim+4 ,x is also advisable to "t !m closely be=e ! te/ is made1 z too great mean "t v>iation may confuse 9 e/imat+ ! error1 especially if ! "t is n tak5 9 ea* temp]ature exactly at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! te/+ %\ld pref]ably be done 9 ! dial up position to elim9ate poise errors z mu* z possible4 ,! fir/ te/ is made 9 heat at #ij deg4 ,fahr41 !n 9 normal temp]ature ( sixty-five or sev5ty degrees & f9ally 9 ! l[] extreme ( #dj deg4 ,fahr4 ,:5 ! wat* is remov$ f ! cold box x w be cov]$ ) moi/ure :i* w imm$iately beg9 to cond5se4 ,! "t %\ld !re=e be quickly not$ & ! wat* replac$ 9 ! high] temp]ature box = f\r or five h\rs to become ?or\ghly dry & prev5t aga9/ ru/+ ( ! /eel p>ts4 #ab4 ,rat+ ,c>d & ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,v>iation4 ,a c>d rul$ simil> to ! cut %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 may be us$ = ent]+ ! rates & ! wat* ne$ only be set at ! beg9n+ ( ea* te/1 z d$uctions c be made f ! entries on ! c>d & ! v>iation accurately asc]ta9$ )\t resett+ or di/urb+ ! "t4 ,details z to ! me?ods to be foll[$ w\ld be ab\t z foll[s3 ,w9d & set ! wat* to correct "t1 place x 9 ! heat box & at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ent] ! v>iation f correct "t 9 ! upp] left h& squ>e ( ! c>d4 ,assum+ t ! "t is f\r seconds fa/1 ent] ?is z %[n 9 ! fir/ column ,fig4 #c1 !n w9d b d n set ! wat* & place x 9 normal temp]ature & at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ent] ! total v>iation not$ 9 ! second squ>e ( fir/ column4 ,assum+ ! "t to be j correct1 place a z]o z %[n4 ,next w9d ! wat* & place x 9 ! cold box1 & assum+ t ! v>iation is sixte5 seconds fa/ at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ent] ?is 9 ! l[] squ>e ( ! fir/ column z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! wat* is next plac$ 9 ! heat box to dry & ! v>iation %[n 9 ! ?ree sets ( figures 9 fir/ column are c>ri$ out z foll[s4 ,fig4 #c ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 44444444444444444444 ,make4444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,heat #d #d #b #b ---------------------------------------- --- ,,normal #j - #d #f #d ---------------------------------------- --- ,,cold #af #af #h #b ---------------------------------------- --- #ab #j ,9 ! upp] squ>e we f9d #d1 ent] ?is 9 upp] squ>e ( second column at its full value z %[n4 ,next we f9d a #j 9 ! second squ>e ( fir/ column1 & z ?is is a loss ( f\r seconds f ! entry %[n 9 ! squ>e above we c>ry x out 9 second column z -#d4 ,9 ! l[] squ>e ( fir/ column we f9d #af & z ?is is a ga9 ( sixte5 seconds ov] ! squ>e above1 x is necess>y to c>ry ?is to second column at its full value z p] illu/ration4 ,to det]m9e ! ext5t ( v>iation betwe5 heat & cold1 simply ignore ! normal rate ( -#d 9 ! second column & subtract #d1 f #af1 :i* indicates an error ( twelve seconds sl[ 9 heat comp>$ to cold4 ,or x may be det]m9$ z twelve seconds fa/ 9 cold comp>$ to heat4 ,= conv5i5ce sake x is advisable to =m ! habit ( us+ "o ( ! temp]atures z a unit = comp>ison & :]ev] l>ge quantities ( wat*es are adju/$1 x is g5]ally ! cu/om to use ! high] temp]ature = ?is purpose & ! rate is /at$ z ei!r sl[ or fa/ 9 heat4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! rate is sl[ 9 heat & x w be necess>y to %ift "o or m pairs ( screws t[>d ! cut z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] #a1 ,no4 #b4 #ac4 ,value ( ! ,normal ,p]iod ,rate4 ,! rate 9 ! normal p]iod _c be consid]$ z ( any value1 its importance consi/+ only ( all[+ ! metals to return to ! natural =m & t5sion be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! cold box4 ,?is is q important 9 obta9+ a true e/imate ( ! error1 because ( ! fact t 9 transf]r+ ! wat* imm$iately f ! extreme ( heat to ! extreme ( cold1 !re w be a p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* ! metals are readju/+ !mselves to ! natural =m1 & ! v>iation 9 "t dur+ ?is p]iod w n be acc\nt$ =1 z ! real comp>ative rate w n beg9 to develop until aft] ! natural =m & t5sion is rea*$4 ,if ! limit ( "t devot$ to te/+ is no object & if a v f9e rate is desir$ ! obs]vatory me?od is ( c\rse to be pref]r$4 ,h[ev]1 by all[+ an int]m$iate day at normal temp]ature we h ! assurance t ! hairspr+ is at ! same t5sion & t ! balance has ! same =m conc5trically :5 ! te/ beg9s 9 cold t x _h :5 ! te/ began 9 heat4 ,z ! object is to f9d ! v>iation betwe5 ! two temp]ature extremes ! e/imate w be q close en\gh & all[s ! sav+ ( _m days' "t4 ,"s au?orities advocate 9 addition to ! five days requir$ = obs]vatory te/+ 9 ea* temp]ature t ! wat* be subject$ to an int]m$iate day 9 ea*1 in/ead ( 9 normal1 be=e consid]+ ! daily rate4 ,?is seems v logical1 z ! "t not$ ea* day w\ld be tak5 at ! actual extremes 9 bo? in/ances & any outside factor 9 ! tim+ w\ld be elim9at$4 #ad4 ,def9ition ( ! ,*>act]s ,us$ on ,rate ,c>ds = ,ga9 or ,loss 9 ,"t4 ,9 mak+ entries on ! rate c>ds & 9 figur+ ! v>iations ! sign is us$ z d5ot+ t ! wat* is runn+ fa/] ?an ! /&>d "t & ! sign - is us$ z d5ot+ t x is runn+ sl[] ?an /&>d "t4 ,?is is /at$ = ! reason t 9 "s in/ances1 g5]ally =eign1 ! signs are us$ 9 rev]se1 or z indicat+ t ! wat* requires a correction ( or - ! numb] ( seconds indicat$1 to atta9 ! correct /&>d ( "t4 ,:5 ! signs are id5tical 9 a column x is necess>y to subtract ! less] f ! great] & ! result is ! v>iation4 ,!re are (t5 in/ances h[ev]1 :5 "o rate w be & ! o!r - z %[n 9 second column ( ,fig4 #d1 & 9 ^! in/ances x is necess>y to add ! figures to obta9 ! v>iation4 ,! fir/ column is always ! progressive rate & ! second column %[s ! v>iation c>ri$ out4 ,?is example %[s #h 9 heat1 ! normal rate 9 ! second squ>e is n consid]$1 = ! reason previ\sly expla9$ & ! rate 9 cold is %[n z -#a4 ,! total v>iation betwe5 ! extremes is !re=e arriv$ at by add+ #h & -#a1 :i* 9 ?is in/ance gives u a total ( n9e seconds fa/ 9 heat4 ,fig4 #d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 44444444444444444444 ,make4444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,heat #h #h ---------------------------------------- --- ,,normal #bj #ab ---------------------------------------- --- ,,cold #ai - #a ---------------------------------------- --- #i #ae4 ,increas+ or ,decreas+ ! ,extremes ( ,temp]ature4 ,! extremes ( #dj deg4 & #ij deg4 ,fahr4 h be5 us$ = ! reason t !y are be/ suit$ = g5]al purposes4 ,:5 x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t a wat* is to be us$ 9 a w>m climate ! extremes may be rais$ five or t5 degrees to advantage4 ,if ! wat* is to be us$ 9 a cold climate1 ! extremes may be l[]$ ?is am\nt4 ,! metals1 h[ev]1 c only /& ! /ra9 ( expansion & contraction to a c]ta9 degree1 & /ill ma9ta9 ! positive qualities4 ,!re=e x is q important t ! extremes be n rais$ or l[]$ v mu* beyond ^! figures4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,practical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,correction #af4 ,example ( ,ma9ta9+ a ,pleas+ ,appe>ance ( ! ,balance4 ,9 alt]+ ! location ( screws dur+ ! temp]ature adju/m5t x is (t5 possible to ei!r m> or improve ! appe>ance ( ! balance4 ,z a demon/ration ( ?is po9t ! correction made 9 reg>d to ,fig4 #c is analyz$4 ,! balance _h twelve screw holes 9 ea* rim1 ) ! space betwe5 ! fir/ & second holes f ! arms equal to d\ble ! space betwe5 any o!r two holes4 ,!re 7 sev5 screws 9 ea* rim1 equally divid$ z p] cut ,fig4 #e1 :i* indicates screws 9 ! fir/1 second1 f\r?1 six?1 eigh?1 t5? & twelf? holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,a correction ( ! rate c\ld h be5 obta9$ by %ift+ ! screws 9 ei!r ! six? or eigh? holes =w>d ?ree holes4 ,or ^? 9 ei!r ! fir/ or second holes c\ld h be5 %ift$ to ! n9? holes & ^? 9 ! f\r? holes might h be5 %ift$ to ! n9? holes ) good results possible 9 ei!r in/ance4 ,mov+ "o pair ( screws "u any circum/ances h[ev] w\ld h caus$ a mass+ ( ?ree pairs ( screws at "s po9t & a vacant space ( ?ree holes at ano!r po9t :i* w\ld n pres5t a v good appe>ance = high grade "w4 ,!re=e ! alt]ation made 0 to move ! screws f ! second to ! ?ird holes1 f\r? to sev5?1 & f ! eigh? to ! n9? holes z indicat$ by ! positions %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,exam9ation ( ! f\r? column ,fig4 #c1 :i* gives ! result ( ! second te/ w %[ t ! desir$ correction 0 obta9$ ) a bett] appe>ance ( ! balance ?an w\ld h be5 possible if only "o pair ( screws _h be5 %ift$4 ,9 foll[+ ! logic ( ! alt]ations made we mu/ consid] t ! screws mov$ f ! second to ?ird holes made no correction1 due to ! fact t ! balance rims rema9 almo/ /ation>y at ?is po9t1 ! alt]ation be+ = appe>ance only1 ^? mov$ f ! f\r? to ! sev5? holes 7 e/imat$ = a correction ( sev5 or eight seconds only1 = ! reason t ! alt]ation did n c>ry !m beyond ! c5t] ( ! rims :]e ! greate/ curvature takes place4 ,! screws mov$ f ! eigh? to ! n9? holes h[ev] 7 e/imat$ = ! full correction ( f\r or five seconds :i* is to be expect$ ?r\gh %ift+ a normal pair ( screws f "o hole to ano!r beyond ! c5t] ( ! rim on sixte5 or eighte5 size balances4 ,9 mov+ a pair ( screws "o hole betwe5 ! fir/ qu>t] & ! c5t] ( ! rims1 a correction ( f two to ?ree seconds c be expect$ & f ! c5t] to ! cut ! diff]5ce = "o hole is g5]ally f\r or five seconds1 :ile an alt]ation betwe5 ! arm & ! fir/ qu>t] seldom yields any correction4 ,! matt] ( appe>ance %\ld at all times be respect$1 = x is j z easy to obta9 results 9 mo/ in/ances & also h a well-appe>+ balance4 ,!re is also less di/urbance ( ! poise usually 9 mov+ sev]al pairs ( screws a %ort di/ance ?an !re is 9 mov+ "o pair a long] di/ance4 #ag4 ,correction ,v>ies ,:5 ,screws are ,above or ,bel[ ,normal ,size & ,weight4 ,normal corrections c only be realiz$ :5 normal screws are %ift$4 ,"s balances h "o half1 or qu>t] head screws :i* ( c\rse w n produce a correction z great z w be obta9$ by %ift+ regul> screws4 ,sometimes plat9um1 or o!r extra heavy screws w be f\nd 9 balances & ^! w produce a correction almo/ d\ble t ( ord9>y screws ( ! same size4 #ah4 ,ov] or ,"u ,comp5sation4 ,on "s occasions x w be f\nd impossible to ma9ta9 a pleas+ arrangem5t ( ! screws because ! temp]ature v>iation w make x necess>y to mass all ( ! screws ei!r 9 ! holes ne>e/ ! cuts or 9 ^? ne>e/ ! arms4 ,?is is due to ei!r ov] or "u comp5sation ( ! balance4 ,ov] comp5sation is caus$ by too l>ge a proportion ( brass 9 ! rims1 :i* causes !m to curve inw>d too f> at ! free ends 9 heat & outw>d too f> 9 cold4 ,:5 ! ext5t ( ?is error is s great t ! rate is /ill fa/ 9 heat1 ) ! screws mass$ 9 ! holes ne>e/ ! arm1 a correction c be obta9$ by fitt+ heavi] screws 9 ! holes adjac5t to ! arms & light] screws 9 ! holes ne>] ! free ends4 ,:5 ! rate 9 heat is sl[ ) ! screws mass$ at ! free ends ( rims ! balance is "u comp5sat$1 :i* is caus$ by too l>ge a proportion ( /eel comp>$ to ! proportion ( brass 9 ! rims4 ,?is prev5ts ! free ends ( rims f curv+ inw>d f> en\gh to c>ry ! weight ! prop] di/ance t[>d ! c5t] ( balance4 ,a correction = ?is c be obta9$ by fitt+ heavi] screws 9 ! holes adjac5t to ! cuts & light] screws 9 ! holes t[>d ! c5t] ( rims4 ,9 *ang+ ! weight ( screws z /at$ above x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! gross weight ( all screws mu/ rema9 ! same or ! tim+ w be s]i\sly affect$4 ,x is also important t ! poise be te/$ :5ev] a consid]able degree ( alt]ation is made1 z ?is w assi/ 9 obta9+ an accurate rate4 #ai4 ,special ,corrections = ,ov] or ,"u ,comp5sation4 ,balances hav+ ! extreme degree ( ov] or "u comp5sation w seldom be f\nd 9 high grade wat*es4 ,9 any in/ance1 h[ev]1 x is possible to obta9 a bett] di/ribution ( ! screws by fitt+ ei!r a l>g] or a small] hairspr+4 ,= in/ance1 we w assume a case ( "u comp5sation 9 :i* ! screws h all be5 mass$ at ! holes ne>e/ ! cuts4 ,if ! spr+ has sev5te5 coils1 a correction ( f five to t5 seconds c be obta9$ by select+ & fitt+ a spr+ ( ! same make t w h eighte5 coils1 & ! correction obta9$ w p]mit ( %ift+ "o or two pairs ( screws back t[>d ! arms4 ,9 case ( ov] comp5sation a spr+ ( ! same make1 "o coil small]1 w p]mit ( %ift+ "o or two pairs ( screws t[>d ! free ends ( rims4 ,9 a s]ies ( te/s x 0 demon/rat$ t by duplicat+ or *ang+ spr+s ( ! same make & size1 on balances t _h previ\sly be5 comp5sat$1 !re 0 v slight diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature v>iation ( ! wat*4 ,also by *ang+ p9n+ po9ts or break+ out "o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! coil ar\nd collet & add+ weight to ! balances to correct ! mean "t ! diff]5ce 9 ! v>iation 0 almo/ negligible4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 f\nd t by replac+ ! spr+s ) o!rs ( l>g] or small] size1 v>iations ( f ?ree to t5 seconds 7 not$ 9 all in/ances4 ,9 select+ & fitt+ a spr+ t w be "o coil l>g] or small]1 x %\ld be not$ t ! inn] coil ( ! orig9al spr+ & t ( ! new spr+ are approximately ! same di/ance f ! collet4 ,= if !re 0 consid]able space betwe5 ! collet & inn] coil ( ! orig9al spr+1 & ! new spr+ 0 collet$ q close1 !re might be ! addition ( an extra coil 9 ! inside only4 ,?is 0 f\nd to produce only a v slight correction1 comp>$ to t obta9$ by ! addition ( a complete out] coil4 ,^! te/s indicate t ! proportion ( /r5g? ( ! spr+ 9 ! temp]atures v>ies ) any appreciable *ange 9 l5g? :ile slight *anges make practically no diff]5ce4 #bj4 ,example ,demon/rat+ t ,temp]ature ,v>iation is n ,always ,due to ! ,balance & ,spr+4 ,fig4 #g ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 44444444444444444444 ,make4444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --- ,,heat -#aj -#aj #d #d #a #a ---------------------------------------- --- ,,normal - #f #d #e #a #d #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,,cold #ab #ah #a - #d #g #c ---------------------------------------- --- #bh #h #b ,! foll[+ example is submitt$ to %[ t temp]ature v>iation is n always due to ! balance & spr+1 & t ! g5]al condition ( ! wat* may be responsible4 ,! second column ( ,fig4 #g1 indicates an error ( tw5ty-eight seconds sl[ 9 heat ) all screws assembl$ 9 ! holes ne>e/ ! free ends ( ! rims4 ,exam9ation prov$ t ! motion ( ! balance 9 cold 0 r$uc$ to ab\t "o-f\r? ( a turn4 ,9 heat ! arc ( motion 0 at lea/ "o full turn4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 motion 0 suffici5t to prove t !re 0 "s b9d+ 9 ! tra94 ,a v close fitt+ ( ! escape pivots 0 f\nd & ?is und\bt$ly caus$ b9d+ ( ! pivots 9 heat due to slight expansion4 ,expansion ( ! /one w\ld also t5d to close ! hole1 & :ile ! degree ( temp]ature w\ld h>dly h any be>+ on ?is po9t x is suffici5t to %[ 9 :at direction ! t5d5cy w\ld be4 ,! f\r? :eel end %ake 0 v close & probably caus$ b9d+ ( ! :eel 9 cold1 due to great] contraction ( ! bridge ?an ( ! f\r? p9ion4 ,fur!rmore ! ma9spr+ 0 only #j4jb ( a millimet] n>r[] ?an ! space 9 ! b>rel box4 ,?is no d\bt also caus$ b9d+ ?r\gh great] contraction ( ! b>rel ?an occurr$ 9 ! ma9spr+4 ,! above defects 7 rem$i$ & ! rate 0 f\nd to be eight seconds plus 9 heat z p] ?ird & f\r? columns ,fig4 #g4 ,?is made x necess>y to %ift sev]al ( ! screws away f ! cut1 9 almo/ ! same position 9 :i* !y 7 be=e ! alt]ation :i* caus$ ! close assembl+ ( ! screws 0 made4 ,! f9al rate 0 two seconds sl[ 9 heat z %[n 9 fif? & six? columns4 ,! v>iation ( ?irty-six seconds betwe5 ! second & f\r? columns 0 entirely errone\s1 & 0 due to condition ( ! wat* irrespective ( ! balance & hairspr+4 ,%\ld ! v>iation ) ! screws assembl$ h be5 by *ance )9 ! limits ( all[ance ! wat* w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 a v unreliable timepiece4 ,! errors 9 ! wat* w\ld no d\bt h be5 correct$ dur+ ! position adju/m5t lat]1 b ! l>ge error 9 temp]ature :i* w\ld h be5 introduc$ by wrongly mov+ ! screws1 w\ld h prev5t$ reliable tim+ until possibly at "s future p]iod a te/ 9 temp]ature w\ld h be5 made & ! screws replac$ 9 ! prop] positions4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,middle ,,temp]ature ,,error #ba4 ,:y ,?is ,error ,exi/s & ,:at x ,consi/s ,(4 ,9 adju/+ wat*es to temp]ature x is n always possible nor expect$ to obta9 a p]fect rate betwe5 ! two extremes1 manufactur]s g5]ally all[+ f two to t5 seconds v>iation accord+ to ! grade4 ,ev5 :5 ! rate obta9$ is p]fect x w only be s at ! two extremes & !re w always be a few seconds v>iation 9 ! middle or normal temp]ature4 ,?is v>iation w always be a ga9 ( f two to f\r seconds 9 ! high] grades ( /eel brass balances & usually m 9 *eap] balances4 ,z !re is no possible correction = ?is irregul>ity 9 ord9>y balances x has long be5 kn[n z ! middle temp]ature error & = _m ye>s 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ problems t ! manufactur] ( specially f9e timepieces _h to deal )4 ,v>i\s devices 7 orig9at$ f "t to "t = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! error b !y 7 always too inf9itely complicat$ to be ( comm]cial or sci5tific value1 & none ( !m 7 ev] adopt$ z a solution ( ! problem4 ,9 *apt] ,i1 ,no4 #c1 w be f\nd a description ( ! di/ortions ( comp5sation balances 9 ! extremes ( temp]ature & ! cause ( ! middle error is due entirely to ! fact t ^! di/ortions are n exactly equal 9 bo? directions4 ,! free ends ( ! rims are drawn outw>d f ! conc5tric =m to a slightly great] proportional degree z ! temp]ature decreases f normal & !y are n =c$ inw>d at an ev5 proportional degree ) increase ( temp]ature4 #bb4 ,h[ ,nickel ,/eel ,balances ,ov]come ! ,middle ,temp]ature ,error4 ,?r\gh ext5sive exp]im5t 9 ! =eign laboratories balances conta9+ nickel /eel h be5 f\nd to almo/ elim9ate ! middle error1 :i* is r$uc$ to "o second or less1 mak+ x possible to obta9 p]fect adju/m5t 9 v>i\s temp]atures4 ,all highe/ prize wat*es pass+ ?r\gh ! ,g5eva ,obs]vatory are equipp$ ) ^! balances & !y h be5 adopt$ = comm]cial use to a l>ge ext5t by ! manufactur]s ( ! f9] grades ( wat*es4 ,f ! same s\rce success has rec5tly be5 atta9$ 9 apply+ ?is metal to hairspr+s & us+ !m 9 connection ) uncut balances1 b ow+ to ! necess>y high co/ ( production1 _! g5]al use may be delay$ = "s ye>s to come4 ,_! g5]al use h[ev] w\ld revolutionize ! pres5t-day me?ods ( adju/+ to temp]ature z !re w\ld be practically no expansion or contraction to deal )4 ,nickel /eel balances w always be f\nd to h ! cuts ab\t "o eigh? ( ! circle di/ant f ! arms in/ead ( close to ! arms4 ,?is is made necess>y by ! fact t ! coeffici5t ( nickel /eel is ab\t t5 times less ?an t ( ord9>y /eel1 & if ! cuts 7 made close to ! arms ! brass 9 expansion w\ld =ce ! free end ( ! rims to curve inw>d to su* an ext5t t x w\ld cause an abnormally fa/ rate 9 heat4 ,by mak+ ! cuts m c5tral ! l5g? ( ! segm5ts are r$uc$1 !reby caus+ less curvature ( ! extreme ends & m ne>ly equaliz+ ! ext5t ( curvature bo? ways f ! conc5tric =m4 ,?is equalization is :at causes ! r$uction 9 ! middle error & its abs5ce 9 ord9>y balances is :at causes ! l>g] error4 ,non-magnetic or palladium balances are also cr$it$ ) a small] middle temp]ature error ?an ! ord9>y /eel brass balance1 b ow+ to ! un/able nature ( ! metal !y h n prov$ to be z reliable 9 o!r respects & are n us$ to any l>ge ext5t4 ,! middle temp]ature error is ( c\rse a small factor 9 ! l>g] s5se ( obta9+ "t f comm]cial wat*es b its influ5ce is app>5t 9 tim+ & x w !re=e be consid]$ fur!r 9 ! section devot$ to ,f9al ,regulation1 ,*apt] ,,xv1 ,no4 #gg4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,adju/m5t ,,to ,,iso*ronism ,,& ,,positions ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,g5]al ,,consid]ation #bc4 ,optional ,all[ances = ,v>iation4 ,! phrase ,adju/$ to ,iso*ronism & ,positions does n always indicate ! same high quality or ! exp5se assum$ 9 obta9+ close rat+ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wat*es4 ,"o p>ticul> model may be /amp$ ,adju/$ to ,five ,positions & ?is may indicate t ! manufactur] ( ?is model has te/$ all wat*es ( ?is grade = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ea* ( five positions & t ! extreme ext5t ( v>iation f "o position to any o!r1 among any ( ^! wat*es1 did n exce$ six seconds4 ,ano!r model may be /amp$ 9 exactly ! same way & x may indicate t all wat*es ( t p>ticul> grade h be5 te/$ 9 exactly ! same way & t ! extreme ext5t ( v>iation f "o position to any o!r1 did n exce$ tw5ty-five seconds4 ,! /atem5t reg>d+ ! numb] ( positions to :i* ! wat* has be5 adju/$ is j z legitimate 9 ! latt] in/ance z x is 9 ! =m]1 = ! wat*es are really te/$ 9 five positions & requir$ to p]=m )9 specifi$ all[ances4 ,! important diff]5ce is 9 ! e/abli%$ limits ( requirem5t1 "o dem&+ an extreme ( only six seconds v>iation & ! o!r all[+ tw5ty-five seconds4 ,bo? wat*es may h ! same numb] ( jewels & !re is no way to disc]n ! actual v>iation except ?r\gh a te/ 9 positions4 ,te*nically x w\ld be j z legitimate to /amp & adv]tise wat*es z above & h an all[ance ( fifty or m seconds1 provid+ t !y 7 actually te/$ & n all[$ to pass ) a v>iation great] ?an ?is limit4 ,close limits ( all[ance require adju/]s ( great] skill & mat]ial ( a f9] degree ( accuracy1 h[ev]1 ?an d great] all[ances1 b ! deal] & consum] are g5]ally n in=m$ 9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,"s wat*mak]s also d n und]/& ?is feature cle>ly & ! limits ( v>iation to :i* wat*es h be5 adju/$ are seldom consid]$4 ,%\ld ! diff]5ce 9 all[ances & id5tical adv]tis+ be int]pret$ z an inju/ice to ! manufactur] :o ma9ta9s close limits = 8 v>i\s grades ( wat*es1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y speak = !mselves aft] pass+ ov] ! c\nt] & into ! h&s ( satisfi$ cu/om]s4 ,8 reputation aft] a p]iod ( ye>s w be m firmly e/abli%$ ?an w t ( 8 less p>ticul> competitor 9 ! high grade field4 ,a simil> situation prevails 9 ! repair %op1 & ! fact t _m ( ! lead+ deal]s & railroad wat* inspectors require at lea/ a ?ree position adju/m5t 9 ! repair+ ( high grade wat*es1 is conv9c+ evid5ce t position rat+ demon/rates its importance 9 actual s]vice :5 appli$ to repair "w1 z surely z x does :5 appli$ to new wat*es4 ,9 plac+ limits ( all[ance = v>iation 9 v>i\s grades x is n int5d$ t all wat*es ( a p>ticul> grade w h ! extreme v>iation4 ,x is possible t an individual wat* 9 ! tw5ty-five seconds all[ance class may h an ev5 bett] rate ?an ano!r wat* t is 9 ! six seconds class4 ,x is also possible = a wat* 9 ei!r class to h a p]fect rate1 al?\gh ^! w\ld be r exceptional in/ances4 #bd4 ,"s ,necess>y ,requirem5ts = ,le>n+ ,adju/+4 ,! adju/m5ts to iso*ronism & positions are n p]man5t to ! same ext5t t ! temp]ature adju/m5t is1 & !y c be damag$ or de/roy$ entirely by ! av]age workman 9 mak+ ord9>y repairs unless he is famili> ) ! common pr9ciples gov]n+ _! production & ma9t5ance4 ,exp]i5c$ workm5 :o are famili> ) ^! pr9ciples avoid unconsci\sly do+ any damage & make practical repairs 9 a mann] t w ma9ta9 or improve ! orig9al adju/m5t & "t-keep+ qualities ( ! wat*4 ,to "k & to make use ( ^! pr9ciples does n make a putt]] ( ! workman1 9 fact ! consequ5ce is j ! rev]se1 because ! tra9+ acquir$ t5ds to elim9ate guess "w & enables him to det]m9e m readily z to j :at ! tr\ble may be1 h[ to correct x1 & z to j :at degree ( p]fection is requir$ 9 a p>ticul> in/ance4 ,c]ta9 practical requirem5ts are necess>y 9 rea*+ ?is /&>d ( workman%ip & x w\ld n be pr(itable to attempt to d adju/+ unless "o has fir/ _h a reasonable degree ( tra9+ z a wat*mak] or repair]1 especially 9 su* bran*es ( ! "w z tru+ & pois+ balances2 tru+1 level+ & c5t]+ hairspr+s2 mat*+ ! escapem5t2 f9i%+ pivots1 & prop]ly clean+ & assembl+ wat*es4 ,^! me*anical requirem5ts & exp]i5ces alone are n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( /udy mu/ be consolidat$ ) !m 9 ord] to become pr(ici5t4 ,?is /udy %\ld n deal s mu* ) ! problems ( manufacture ( ! wat*1 or its v>i\s p>ts1 z x does ) ! problems p]ta9+ to ! f9i%$ results t are to be obta9$ ?r\gh ref9em5t & intellig5t assembly ( ^! p>ts4 ,! workman's will+ness to indulge 9 su* /udy is a v l>ge asset among ! requirem5ts1 & x only rema9s = him to obta9 ! prop] class ( in/ruction & !n to consci5ti\sly foll[ correct me?ods 9 8 practice & to make p]sonal exp]im5ts1 con=m+ to ! in/ruction1 s t 8 confid5ce w become m endur+4 ,x is fur!r requir$ t he be capable ( realiz+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 g5u9e & imitation mat]ials1 especially su* ess5tials z balance /affs1 hole jewels1 ma9spr+s & roll] jewels1 :i* are ! mo/ frequ5tly *ang$ & mo/ frequ5tly sub/itut$ p>ts ( wat*es4 ,imitation mat]ials may be less exp5sive z a matt] ( fir/ co/ b /affs may h pivots & %\ld]s out ( l9e1 or out ( true2 hole jewels may be r\gh1 out ( r\nd or extremely ?ick2 ma9spr+s s(t1 or ( improp] proportion1 & roll] jewels may h %>p edges :i* cause rubb+ 9 ! =k & hang+ up :5 ! second h& is rev]s$4 ,x is mo/ satisfactory to dep5d ^u ! mat]ials suppli$ by ! manufactur] ( ! wat*1 z imitation goods are seldom any bett]4 #be4 ,tra9 & ,escapem5t ,fre$om4 ,beyond a g5]al insight ( high class wat*-"w ?is book is n int5d$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( beg9n]s4 ,x is design$ pr9cipally = wat*mak]s ( "s exp]i5ce1 & _c presume to cov] details t w\ld be ess5tial = ^? 9 e>ly appr5tice%ip4 ,x is ?\ght ess5tial1 h[ev]1 to consid] "s matt]s 9 a g5]al way & among ^! are ! subjects ( side %akes & end %akes1 & ! escapem5t1 z f> z !y p]ta9 to g5]al inspection ( ! wat* )\t consid]ation ( details t ref] to correction ( irregul>ities :i* are presum$ to h be5 acquir$ 9 e>li] tra9+4 ,?or\ghness ( me*anical ability always dem&s a sy/em ( inspection & ( mak+ corrections & x is q necess>y to foll[ "s me?od t w reveal any po9t or po9ts t may n be up to /&>d4 ,z a rule x is be/ to beg9 at ei!r end ( ! wat*1 & if x is to be tak5 d[n ! be/ place to beg9 is usually ) ! balance & exam9e ea* "p z x is remov$ until ! b>rel has be5 rea*$4 ,if x is n to be tak5 d[n1 j z good results w be obta9$ by beg9n+ ! exam9ation at ! b>rel & f9i%+ ) ! balance4 ,sometimes wat*mak]s ( consid]able ability w dem& z a basic consid]ation t pivots be fitt$ ) v little side %ake & t end %akes also be q close if close "t is to be expect$4 ,^! presum$ to be1 wide side %akes & long end %akes1 v (t5 h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! abs5ce ( a close position rate & frequ5tly are absolutely necess>y = good p]=mance ( ! wat* & prop] space = oil4 ,! importance ( reasonable limits is ( c\rse grant$1 b x is v detrim5tal to h pivots too close fitt+ & m /oppage & irregul> "t keep+ c be trac$ to lack ( fre$om ?an c be trac$ to excessive %akes4 ,if ! repair] is n famili> ) accept$ /&>ds ( side & end %akes1 he c improve 8 judgm5t by exam9+ wat*es ( ! high] grades & comp>+ ! results ) ^? f\nd 9 *eap] makes ( wat*es4 ,su* exam9ation w inv>iably disclose ! fact t f9e wat*es receive v c>eful consid]ation 9 ?is respect4 ,! c5t]1 ?ird & f\r? :eels g5]ally hav+ f #j4jc mm4 to #j4je mm4 fre$om = end %ake & #j4jae mm4 to #j4jb mm4 = side %ake4 ,! escape :eel1 pallet & balance w be f\nd to run q uni=m at f #j4jb mm4 to #j4jc mm4 fre$om = end %ake & f #j4jjge mm4 to #j4jabe mm4 = side %ake4 ,! small] & ?9n] wat*es g5]ally favor+ ! less] figures & ! l>g] & ?ick] wat*es favor+ ! high]4 ,?is uni=mity ( fre$om w be f\nd abs5t 9 *eap] wat*es2 = in/ance1 a c5t] :eel may h #j4jb mm4 end %ake & #j4ja mm4 side %ake :i* w\ld be v close fitt+ = l>ge pivots4 ,! f\r? :eel may h z mu* z #j4jh mm4 end %ake & #j4jc mm4 side %ake :i* w\ld be too great4 ,! pallet may h #j4je mm4 end %ake & ! balance #j4ja mm4 & 9 ?is in/ance ! %ort end %ake ( ! balance w\ld be m detrim5tal 9 mo/ in/ances ?an w\ld ! long] end %ake ( ! pallet4 ,! v>iation w ev5 be f\nd to exce$ ^! figures & :5 !y are f\nd 9 connection ) ?ick1 /raight hole jewels !y (t5 int]f]e ) a close position rate & ) regul>ity ( "t 9 s]vice4 ,! int]f]5ce 9 timekeep+ is consid]ably aggravat$ 9 cases :]e "o pivot has excessive side %ake & ! opposite pivot is close fitt+1 z ?is t5ds to cause almo/ c]ta9 b9d+ ( ! close fitt+ pivot z soon z ! p[] ( ! ma9spr+ is appli$4 ,! end %ake & side %ake all[ance = ! b>rel dep5ds consid]ably ^u its /yle ( con/ruction4 ,safety b>rels con/ruct$ s t ! arbor revolves ) ! ma9 :eel1 :5 ! wat* is runn+1 may h ab\t ! same end %ake & side %ake z appli$ to ! c5t]1 ?ird & f\r? :eels1 & if ! pivots ( ! arbor are q l>ge !y may h a trifle m side %ake4 ,z a rule l>g] pivots w /& m side %ake ?an small] pivots2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n apply 9 ! case ( l>ge be>+s1 su* z safety ma9 :eels t revolve ar\nd a /ation>y arbor1 or go+ b>rels :]e ! entire b>rel revolves ar\nd ! /ation>y arbor :5 ! wat* is runn+4 ,9 su* in/ances ! ma9 :eel or b>rel %\ld h f #j4jc mm4 to #j4je mm4 end %ake on ! arbor & %\ld be j free = side %ake4 ,! arbor :i* turns only :5 ! wat* is w\nd requires m]ely fre$om = end %ake betwe5 ! plates1 z well z = side %ake :]e ! pivots pass ?r\gh ! plates4 ,) ref]5ce to ! escapem5t1 good wat*mak]s (t5 h diff]5t me?ods ( exam9+ ! v>i\s po9ts & ( mak+ corrections & x is n ( s mu* importance z to j h[ correct conditions are obta9$1 z x is t !y actually be obta9$4 ,:atev] ! me?od may be x is c]ta9 t ea* escape :eel too? mu/ h positive lock+ on ea* pallet /one & t !re mu/ be positive space = drop betwe5 ! back ( ea* /one & ! po9t$ end ( ea* escape :eel too?4 ,!re mu/ also be suffici5t draw :5 ea* too? & /one are lock$ to hold ! =k aga9/ ! bank+s4 ,:5 ! lock1 drop & draw are correct x is next necess>y to see t ! =k l5g? & gu>d p9 fre$om are correct4 ,!re is only "o positive me?od ( det]m9+ z to :5 ! =k l5g? is correct1 & ?is is ?r\gh clos+ ! bank+s to drop4 ,?is c be done ei!r be=e or aft] plac+ ! balance 9 ! wat* & m]ely requires turn+ ! bank+ screws s t ! exc5tric p9s w close 9 on ! =k until ! =k arrives at ! p9s1 at ! same in/ant t ! too? drops on ! pallet /one4 ,?is elim9ates any slide ( ! /one on ! too? beyond ! actual lock+ & 9 ?is condition x is requir$ t ! roll] jewel pass ?r\gh ! =k slot & out ( ! =k horn entirely on bo? sides ) p]fect fre$om4 ,%\ld x t\* on bo? sides ( ! =k1 !n ! =k is ei!r too long or ! roll] jewel is too f> =w>d1 & if x t\*es on "o side only x may require simply equalization ( ! fre$om4 ,! gu>d p9 l5g? also mu/ be obta9$ ) ! bank+s clos$ to drop & %\ld be j free f ! safety roll] on bo? sides4 ,:5 ! inspection proves t ^! conditions h be5 prop]ly provid$ =1 x is necess>y to slightly op5 ! bank+s s t !re w be j a trifle ( slide ( ea* /one1 on ea* too?1 aft] ! lock+ takes place4 ,extremely wide side %akes ( ! escape1 pallet or balance pivots w sometimes cause /rik+ ( ! roll] jewel :5 conditions are o!rwise correct1 & ^! side %akes %\ld n be v mu* beyond ! extreme limits m5tion$ 9 ?is numb]4 ,! fact ( ?is feature1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be con/ru$ z a recomm5dation t ^! pivots be closely fitt$1 = reasonable fre$om is to be desir$ because x is positively necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice #bf4 ,!ory ( ,frictional ,errors & ! ,iso*ronal ,hairspr+4 ,!ory tea*es u 9 brief1 t ! position adju/m5t is made necess>y pr9cipally because ( frictional errors4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem t if ! wat* 0 me*anically correct !re w\ld be little or no requirem5t = position alt]ations4 ,we are also advis$ t an iso*ronal hairspr+ is "o :i* w cause ! long & %ort arcs ( ! balance to be made 9 equal "t & t to atta9 ?is1 ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! spr+ mu/ co9cide ) ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! balance & t a c]ta9 p9n+ po9t is necess>y 9 produc+ ?is result4 ,n[ if we h a wat* ( correct me*anical con/ruction & fitt$ ) an iso*ronal spr+ x w\ld seem t a close rat+ timepiece w\ld be assur$4 #bg4 ,h[ ,!ory ,works ,out 9 ,practice & ,:at ,iso*ronism ,consi/s (4 ,practical adju/+1 h[ev]1 proves t su* is n ! case1 = ev5 :5 ! con/ruction & alt]ations produce wat*es z ne>ly correct z sci5tific me?ods c det]m9e1 !re is (t5 consid]able v>iation 9 ! position rates4 ,a tw5ty-f\r h\r te/ 9 any position may prove t ! long & %ort arcs are made 9 equal "t %[+ ! spr+ to be iso*ron\s & yet ! position v>iations h n be5 acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ?is connection exp]i5ce proves t a spr+ %[+ a p]fect iso*ronal rate may h its collet p9n+ po9t *ang$1 9 relation to ! p9n+ po9t at ! /ud & t ?r\gh su* an alt]ation1 a correction 9 positions c be obta9$1 )\t 9 ! lea/ di/urb+ ! p]fect iso*ronal rate4 ,?is indicates t ! sep>ation ( ! two adju/m5ts :i* is possible 9 !ory1 does n hold good 9 practice1 because a spr+ %[+ a p]fect iso*ronal rate has be5 alt]$ = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ "s position error & !reby produc+ a practical c5t] ( gravity ( ! balance & spr+ comb9$1 in/ead ( sep>ately4 ,?is may be fur!r expla9$ z creat+ an error 9 a spr+ :i* is suppos$ to be !oretically iso*ron\s1 ) ! idea ( mak+ x act 9 opposition to ! position error & ! comb9ation ?us obta9$ produces practical iso*ronism z well z a correct$ position rate4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ^! relative p9n+ po9ts be alt]$ = ! purpose ( ov]com+ position v>iation su* z may be caus$ by dirt & gummy oil1 damag$ pivots1 or balances t are out ( poise4 ,! wat* %\ld be 9 fir/-class condition & h a good motion 9 e position & !n ! alt]ations may be safely und]tak5 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples4 ,adju/$ to iso*ronism indicates t ! wat* functions uni=mly dur+ ! entire tw5ty-f\r h\rs runn+4 ,x is immat]ial z to :e!r ! rate be p]fect or :e!r x be a ga9 or a loss1 s long z x is uni=m4 ,! wat* is n iso*ron\s if !re is bo? a ga9 & a loss 9 ! rate1 ev5 ?\gh ! "t be p]fect at ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,exp]im5t w demon/rate t wat*es c>efully adju/$ to positions w also h a v close iso*ronal rate4 ,^! iso*ronal exp]im5ts c be made by tim+ wat*es = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 any "o ( ! v]tical positions & not+ ! v>iation 9 p]iods ( f f\r to twelve h\rs & by comp>+ ! v>iation 9 ! fir/ p]iod1 dur+ :i* "t ! arc ( motion is long1 ) ! v>iation 9 ! latt] p]iod :5 ! ma9spr+ p[] is weak] & ! arc ( motion is %ort4 #bh4 ,common ,causes ( ,extreme ,iso*ronal ,v>iation4 ,! mo/ common causes ( iso*ronal v>iation ) :i* ! repair] has to deal & :i* are (t5 v de/ructive to position rates1 z well z to g5]al "t keep+1 may be f\nd 9 ! factor (1 out ( poise & unev5 motive =ce1 :i* is "o ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( adju/+4 ,?is feature %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood by all wat*mak]s1 s t z good results z possible may be obta9$ f all wat*es above l[ grade1 ev5 ?\gh no te/ = adju/m5t is to be made4 ,:5 ! balance is slightly out ( poise & ! motion is exactly "o & "o-f\r? turn dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?is out ( poise w n affect ! iso*ronism4 ,:5 ! motion v>ies & rea*es approximately "o & "o-half turn dur+ ! fir/ few h\rs aft] w9d+ & !n drops to "o & "o-qu>t] turn & f9ally to "o turn or less dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! poise error w h consid]able effect4 ,?is factor is n p]ceptible 9 ! flat positions1 b %[s up to ! full ext5t 9 ! v]tical positions & ! v>iation diff]s accord+ to ! location ( ! po9t t is heavy4 ,= example1 if ! balance is heavy on ! l[] side :5 at re/1 ! wat* w lose dur+ ! h\rs t ! arc ( motion is ov] "o & "o-f\r? turn & w ga9 :5 ! motion drops to "o turn or less4 ,%\ld ! heavy po9t be on ! top side ( balance ! result w be rev]s$ & ! wat* w ga9 :5 ! motion is ov] "o & "o-f\r? turn & w lose :5 x drops to "o turn or less4 ,! total v>iation may be ei!r seconds or m9utes1 dep5d+ ^u ! ext5t ( ! poise error & exp]im5ts w prove t s]i\s iso*ronal v>iations c be trac$ to ! simple cause ( lack ( poise & irregul> motion 9 m in/ances ?an to any o!r cause4 ,! arc ( "o & "o-f\r? turn is ! ideal motion1 z slight poise errors are neutraliz$ at ?is po9t1 b v few wat*es w ma9ta9 ?is motion = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !re=e ! poise mu/ be z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ev5 motion ( mod]n wat*es is f\nd 9 ! f9e ,swiss grades equipp$ ) /op "w1 :i* causes only ! be/ "p ( ! ma9spr+ to be utiliz$4 ,su* wat*es also receive ! mo/ exp]t att5tion z to ge>+s ( :eels & p9ions & ! tra9 :eels are specially r\nd$ up on _! respective /affs4 ,?is latt] feature has be5 adopt$ by at lea/ two ( ! ,am]ican manufactur]s ( f9e wat*es dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s ) consid]able b5efit 9 produc+ ev5 motion & ! use ( light] ma9spr+s4 ,x %\ld be def9itely und]/ood t ^! te/s ref] to ! v]tical positions ( ! wat* only & t ! horizontal positions are n affect$ 9 ! same way by lack ( poise4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,relative ,,p9n+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,! ,,hairspr+ #bi4 ,orig9al ,spr++ ( ,wat*es4 ,!ory & practice agree t diff]5t models ( wat*es h important relative po9ts ( atta*m5t ( ! spr+ to collet & /ud4 ,9 ! orig9al spr++ & adju/+ ( high grade wat*es1 ^! po9ts receive c>eful consid]ation1 & only a v small p]c5tage ev] require future alt]ations4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e ! orig9al all[ance ( position v>iation has be5 consid]able1 also m$ium grades :]e no att5tion has be5 direct$ to p9n+ po9ts & 9 :i* an occasional alt]ation may be requir$ be=e a close position rate c be obta9$4 #cj4 ,h[ ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations are ,made4 ,^! alt]ations are g5]ally made by break+ (f or lett+ out a small section ( ! inn] coil at ! collet4 ,9 mak+ su* alt]ations a qu>t] ( a coil brok5 away at ! collet w h ! same effect z w a qu>t] ( a coil brok5 (f at ! out] end & w require less weight+ ( ! balance to correct ! mean "t4 ,x w also avoid break+ & remak+ ! ov] coil & ! possible necessity ( readju/m5t to temp]ature4 ,lett+ out ! spr+ c be accompli%$ by unp9n+ & rep9n+ ! spr+ at collet ) less ( ! coil ent]$ 9 ! p9hole4 ,?is is n a positive alt]ation1 h[ev]1 because v (t5 ! segm5t 9 ! p9hole is z %ort z x c be ) safety4 ,a m sub/antial correction is t ( re=m+ ! ov] coil 9 a mann] t w cause ! end hold+ ! /ud to be %ift$ fur!r =w>d4 ,! me?od ( obta9+ ?is correction is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! brok5 l9e %[s ! orig9al =mation ( ! ov] coil ) ! /ud on ! l9e ,b4 ,! solid l9es %[ ! corrections ) ! /ud %ift$ to ! l9e ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,:5 ! collet is turn$ to replace ! spr+ 9 beat1 ! /ud w be 9 its orig9al location on ! l9e ,b4 ,?is w cause ! p9n+ po9t at collet to be %ift$ f ,a to ,b & br+ x t mu* ne>] to ! horizontal l9e ,c4 ,?is alt]ation has ! same effect z t ( lett+ out ! spr+ at ! collet or ( mov+ ! /ud =w>d on ! ov] coil1 ) ! advantage ( elim9at+ any *ange 9 ! mean "t4 ,x %\ld be def9itely und]/ood t ! objective 9 mak+ ! above alt]ations & z illu/rat$ ) ! aid ( ! foll[+ cuts1 is ! relation ( ! p9n+ po9t at collet to ! p9n+ po9t at /ud1 & t ! *ange 9 l5g? ( ! spr+ has no be>+ on ! matt] :atev] z f> z ! position rate is conc]n$4 #ca4 ,ev5 ,coil ,hairspr+s ,v ,incorrect = ,"s ,models4 ,x is (t5 suppos$ t hairspr+s hav+ exactly ev5 coils are correct = close position & iso*ronal rat+4 ,su* spr+s d approximate ! ne>e/ correct relation 9 m in/ances ?an any o!r relation4 ,!y are precisely correct = v few models1 h[ev]1 & are v incorrect = _m models1 z w be se5 ?r\gh /udy ( ! foll[+ cuts %[+ ! v>i\s po9ts ( atta*m5t & ! diff]5t results obta9able 9 ea*4 #cb4 ,h[ to ,f9d ! ,correct ,collet ,p9n+ ,po9t = ,any ,wat*4 ,a v simple me?od ( locat+ ! prop] po9t ( atta*m5t ( ! spr+ to collet is to face ! tra9 side ( ! movem5t & hold ! balance /ation>y ) a small twig1 & ) ! pallet =k j midway betwe5 ! two bank+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,presume ! exi/5ce ( a v]tical l9e ?r\gh ! c5t] ( hairspr+ & collet z %[n at ,a ,b ,fig4 #i4 ,!n presume a horizontal l9e z %[n at ,c ,d on ! same cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,! prop] p9n+ po9t is at ! int]section ( ! collet & horizontal l9e2 ! spr+ may be ei!r ov] or "u ev5 coils1 dep5d+ entirely ^u ! location ( ! /ud hole 9 ! balance bridge z demon/rat$ by ,figures #i1 #aj1 #ad1 #ae4 ,:5 ! spr+ develops to ! "r f collet z %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 = example1 ! prop] po9t ( atta*m5t is on ! "r side ( collet z %[n at ,e ,fig4 #i1 & also at ,j ,fig4 #ad4 ,if x develops to ! left z ! spr+s ( all f9e ,swiss wat*es d1 ! prop] po9t ( atta*m5t is on ! left side ( collet z %[n at ,f ,fig4 #aj4 #cc4 ,results 9 ,v]tical ,position ,rates ,due to ,*ang+ ! ,p9n+ ,po9t4 ,9 ei!r ( ! above in/ances ! spr+ w develop upw>d z x leaves ! collet4 ,^! po9ts ( atta*m5t always produce a fa/ p5dant up rate :5 comp>$ to ! opposite1 or p5dant d[n rate1 & all high grade wat*es are orig9ally fitt$ ) spr+s con=m+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,if ^! po9ts ( atta*m5t 7 *ang$ to ! opposite side ( collet s t ! spr+ w\ld develop d[nw>d z %[n at ,g ,fig4 #aa1 & ,h ,fig4 #ab1 ! results w\ld be rev]s$ & ! p5dant up rate w\ld be sl[ 9 comp>ison to ! p5dant d[n rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,?is po9t ( atta*m5t 9 :i* ! spr+ develops d[nw>d f ! collet is g5]ally kn[n z ! sl[ po9t among adju/]s1 & :5 a spr+ is p9n$ at ei!r ! sl[ or fa/ po9t ! p5dant "r & left positions g5]ally comp>e q closely to ea* o!r 9 tim+1 provid$ t ! poise & o!r conditions ( ! wat* are correct4 ,if ! p9n+ po9t 0 *ang$ to ! int]section ( ! collet & v]tical l9e z %[n 9 ,i ,fig4 #ac1 ! p5dant up & d[n rates w\ld comp>e ne>ly equal to ea* o!r & ! p5dant "r position w\ld be sl[ comp>$ to ! p5dant left position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,if x 7 p9n$ at ! int]section ( ! collet & v]tical l9e j opposite to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac1 ! p5dant left position w\ld be sl[ comp>$ to ! p5dant "r position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,! v]tical po9ts ( atta*m5t are seldom us$1 = ! reason t ! v>iation betwe5 ! p5dant "r & left positions w\ld be v difficult to control )9 close limits1 due to ! exi/5ce ( ! natural error4 ,z ^! positions1 toge!r ) ! p5dant up position are ! mo/ important ( ! f\r v]tical positions1 !y are giv5 pref]5ce1 & ! natural error is plac$ 9 ! p5dant d[n position :]e x w be ! lea/ detrim5tal to ! p]=mance ( ! wat*4 #cd4 ,! ,natural ,position ,error & ,:y x ,_c be ,elim9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,! natural error g5]ally consi/s ( f twelve to fifte5 seconds 9 f9ely con/ruct$ wat*es1 & exi/s because ( ! fact t x is impossible to p]fectly poise a spiral spr+4 ,! location ( ! heavy po9t1 h[ev]1 may be %ift$ by *ang+ ! po9t ( atta*m5t at collet z describ$ 9 ,no4 #cc1 ?is ,*apt]4 ,! ne>e/ approximation ( a pois$ spiral spr+ is probably atta9$ ?r\gh ,l4 ,lossi]'s inn] t]m9al curve4 ,results are n positive1 h[ev]1 & any deviation f ! requir$ precision makes ! curve valueless4 ,x is possible to obta9 p]fect adju/m5t betwe5 ?ree v]tical qu>t] positions & ! two horizontal positions1 b all f\r qu>t] positions _c be p]fectly adju/$ because ! natural error w %[ up 9 "o ( !m4 ,manufactur]s ( f9e wat*es d n ( c\rse presume to supply p]fect adju/m5t 9 ! five positions4 ,"s h[ev]1 h consid]ably clos] limits ( all[ance = v>iation ?an d o!rs & x is logical to presume t a l9e ( high grade wat*es hav+ a five position all[ance ( six seconds f "o position to any o!r w\ld %[ bett] results ?an ano!r l9e :i* _h ev5 a six position adju/m5t & an all[ance ( fifte5 seconds f "o position to any o!r4 #ce4 ,pr9ciple ( ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,:5 an alt]ation ( any p9n+ po9t is necess>y1 ! ext5t & direction ( ! alt]ation are det]m9$ by ! rate ( ! wat*4 ,= in/ance1 if a spr+ is p9n$ at ! fa/ po9t & if a slightly sl[] p5dant up rate is desir$1 ! spr+ c be brok5 (f at ! collet & p9n$ "o-eigh? above ! horizontal l9e4 ,if ! rate is to be made slightly fa/]1 ! spr+ c be let out a trifle at ! collet1 ! ov] coil re=m$ or ! /ud mov$ =w>d on ! ov] coil s t ! collet po9t ( atta*m5t w come slightly bel[ ! horizontal l9e :5 ! spr+ is plac$ 9 beat4 ,! =m] alt]ation causes an approa* t[>d ! sl[ po9t & 9 mak+ ! latt] alt]ation we assume t ! fa/ po9t is a trifle bel[ ! horizontal l9e on t p>ticul> wat*4 ,:5 alt]+ spr+s f ! extreme fa/ po9t to ! extreme sl[ po9t1 x is advisable to remove a trifle less ( ! inn] coil ?an ! extreme calculation4 ,?is w cause ! po9t ( atta*m5t to be slightly above ! horizontal l9e on ! sl[ side & w mo/ always produce ! result desir$ & if x does n1 !re is /ill a possibility ( fur!r alt]ation4 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 mak+ an alt]ation f ! extreme sl[ to ! extreme fa/ po9t & 9 ?is case ! po9t ( atta*m5t to collet may be j a trifle bel[ ! horizontal l9e4 ,! !ory ( ?is is t all %ort5+ ( ! coil f ! fa/ to ! sl[ po9t produces a sl[] rate p5dant up1 until ! extreme sl[ po9t is rea*$4 ,aft] pass+ ?is extreme sl[ po9t ! p5dant up rate beg9s to gr[ fa/] until ! extreme fa/ po9t is rea*$4 ,a,! designations "r & left 9 reg>d to p9n+ po9ts are us$ ) ! explicit und]/&+ t ! individual is fac+ ! tra9 side ( ! movem5t4 ,! same designations us$ z ref]r+ to position rates1 or results to be expect$ 9 positions %\ld be int]pret$ to mean ) ! individual fac+ ! dial side ( ! wat*4 #cf4 ,same ,pr9ciples ,apply 9 ,case ( ,am]ican ,hunt+ ,models4 ,! po9ts %[n 9 ,figures #ad & #ae ref] g5]ally to ,am]ican hunt+ models4 ,9 all o!r high grade wat*es ! location ( ! balance & spr+ w be f\nd ei!r to ! "r or left ( ! c5t] ( ! wat*4 ,9 ,am]ican hunt+ models ! balance & spr+ are locat$ 9 ! l[] c5t] ( ! wat*4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ,am]ican manufactur]s d n con/ruct sep>ate models = hunt+ wat*es z is done by =eign manufactur]s4 ,in/ead ( produc+ an entirely sep>ate model1 ! me?od simply calls = a *ange 9 ! con/ruction ( ! b>rel bridge by rev]s+ ! position ( ! b>rel & w9d+ :eels4 ,?is places ! w9d+ sleeve at figure ?ree on ! dial1 :i* is cu/om>y on hunt+ wat*es & causes ! entire movem5t to be %ift$ by n9ety degrees ) ! balance j ab\t opposite ! p5dant4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,important ,note4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,manipulation ,,( ,,! ,,regulator ,,p9s #cg4 ,alt]+ ! ,l5g? ( ,spr+ by ,regulator ,p9s4 ,on "s occasions :5 ! p9n+ po9ts seem to be comp>atively close & ! wat* is 9 good condition ) ! balance 9 poise1 x is possible to obta9 corrections by clos+ or op5+ ! regulator p9s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 c only be resort$ to1 to a limit$ ext5t1 z o!rwise ! value ( ! regulator may be impair$4 ,! p9s %\ld n be clos$ tight en\gh to cause k9k+ ( ! ov] coil & !y %\ld n be spread ap>t any m ?an en\gh to make ! mean rate ab\t #b seconds p] h\r sl[]4 ,"s models ( wat*es consi/5tly require t ! p9s be clos$1 :ile o!r models require t !y be slightly spread1 & x is !re=e advisable n to di/urb ! p9s :5 clean+ wat*es unless !y h be5 b5t by incompet5t h&s4 ,x is bett] to res]ve ! majority ( p9 alt]ations = su* "t z ! position rate det]m9es ! necessity ( an alt]ation4 ,:5 ! p9s are op51 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to adju/ ! coil s t its vibration w be equal4 ,correct execution 9 spread+ or clos+ ! p9s w v (t5 make x possible to obta9 a correction ( six or eight seconds betwe5 ! v]tical & horizontal positions4 #ch4 ,me?od ( ,exam9+ ,vibration ( ,ov] ,coil ,betwe5 ! ,p9s4 ,! prop] me?od ( exam9+ ?is vibration is to /op ! balance & obs]ve ! movem5t ( ! coil betwe5 ! p9s4 ,! vibration %\ld be equal at ! slighte/ oscillation ( ! balance z well z dur+ ! long] arcs4 ,! coil %\ld n re/ aga9/ "o or ! o!r ( ! p9s at any "t unless !y are bo? clos$4 ,emphasis is plac$ ^u equal vibration ( ! coil :5 ! p9s are op5 because ( its importance1 & if results are n obta9$ 7z expect$7 ! exam9ation %\ld be repeat$ to see if correct conditions h be5 atta9$4 ,exam9ation ( ?is vibration %\ld be made f bo? sides ( ! p9s & usually ! be/ e/imate c be obta9$ by look+ betwe5 ! p9s f ! /ud side4 #ci4 ,position ,corrections ,obta9$ by ,spread+ or ,clos+ ! ,regulator ,p9s4 ,:5 ! regulator p9s are tightly clos$ & ! wat* has a fa/ p5dant up position rate1 x w be possible to obta9 a sl[] rate by slightly spread+ ! p9s4 ,:5 ! p9s are spread & vibration ( ! coil betwe5 !m c be disc]n$1 & ! p5dant up rate is sl[1 a fa/] rate c be obta9$ by clos+ !m4 ,9 spread+ ! p9s !y %\ld be drawn away f ! coil equally1 z o!rwise ! coil w /rike "o p9 ) m =ce ?an ! o!r1 :i* w n produce results z expect$ & w cause unc]ta9 regulation4 ,9 clos+ ! p9s !y %\ld be drawn toge!r "o at a "t until bo? are 9 equal contact4 ,!y %\ld n be m]ely squeez$ toge!r1 z ?is causes di/ortion ( ! coil at ! po9t ( contact4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,factory ,,& ,,repair ,,%op ,,adju/+ #dj4 ,r\t9e ,v>ies ,accord+ to ,circum/ances4 ,! pr9ciples cov]+ ! adju/m5t ( wat*es are ! same 9 ! repair %op z !y are 9 ! factory & !y are equally ! same 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( high grade wat*es reg>dless z to :e!r !y are ( ,am]ican or =eign extraction4 ,! r\t9e cov]+ ! "w to be done1 h[ev]1 may v>y1 dep5d+ ^u ! quantity ( wat*es t are turn$ out4 ,9 ! factories :]e l>ge numb]s ( wat*es are adju/$ ! adju/] is tra9$ 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( wat* "w & ev5tually devotes 8 entire "t to adju/+4 ,! wat*es are g5]ally turn$ ov] to him aft] !y are all assembl$ & ready = ! f9al balance & spr+ "w1 or aft] !y h be5 f9i%$ & rat$1 9 :i* in/ance he receives only ^? t are n )9 ! requirem5ts & he !n makes ! necess>y alt]ations1 aft] :i* !y are aga9 te/$ = results4 ,9 "s repair %ops :]e l>ge numb]s ( f9e wat*es are h&l$1 a simil> sy/em is us$ & "o compet5t adju/] devotes 8 "t pr9cipally to ! "w ( tim+ & adju/+4 #da4 ,consid]+ ! ,wat*mak] 9 ! ,small ,%op ( ,"o or ,two ,workm54 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( wat*mak]s are employ$ 9 /ores hav+ only "o or two workm5 :o are requir$ to d ! clean+ & to make all repairs4 ,= ?is reason an adju/] ( equal skill c\ld n d z mu* actual adju/+ z c\ld be done 9 ei!r ( ! two previ\s in/ances1 b = ! same reason he w\ld n be expect$ to d z mu*4 ,he c1 h[ev]1 adju/ ! high grade wat*es t he repairs j z closely1 & he %\ld n p]mit himself to feel t "t & ! nature ( 8 position prohibits him f do+ s4 ,:e!r x does1 or does n prev5t him f obta9+ close rates dep5ds entirely ^u 8 tra9+ & und]/&+ ( ! necess>y details4 ,if he is skilful & accurate1 8 output ( "w 9 ! long run w n be r$uc$1 8 "w w give bett] satisfaction & he w h less comebacks to take up 8 valuable "t4 #db4 ,advantage ( ,und]/&+ ,adju/+ ,ev5 ,?\gh ,wat*es are ,n ,te/$ 9 ,positions or ,iso*ronism4 ,to und]/& position adju/+ ?or\ghly is ( ! greate/ advantage 9 obta9+ satisfactory "t f any m$ium or high grade wat*es ev5 ?\gh !y are n to be te/$ 9 positions because vital po9ts w receive intellig5t obs]vation :]e !y w\ld o!rwise be ov]look$4 #dc4 ,conc]n+ ,wat*mak]s ( ,limit$ ,exp]i5ce4 ,! previ\s notes & rules cov]+ p9n+ po9ts ( ! hairspr+ z detail$ by ! cuts & descriptions1 toge!r ) ! concrete adju/+ examples to foll[ w\ld no d\bt be ( suffici5t note = wat*mak]s ( consid]able exp]i5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m ambiti\s workm5 :o h n devot$ any "t :atev] to ! /udy or practice ( adju/+ & to :om "s elem5t>y /udy & practice may be q indisp5sable4 ,to be ( s]vice to ?is class ( workm5 *apt]s ,,xi & ,,xii are devot$ to prelim9>y notes & practice lessons4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! *apt]s c be work$ out 9 practice by almo/ any workman :o is capable ( hold+ a position z wat*mak] & x is sub/antially necess>y t !y be ma/]$ be=e f9i%$ results are to be expect$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,prelim9>y ,,notes ,,& ,,practice ,,= ,,beg9n]s #dd4 ,practical ,sugge/ions4 ,exp]i5ce w ev5tually prove t mo/ ( ! v>iations 9 positions are caus$ by app>5tly insignificant details4 ,! mi/ake made by ! av]age repair] is g5]ally t ( fail+ to detect ^! details & to make slight corrections :]e necess>y1 z he proce$s ) ! ord9>y clean+ & repair+ ( ! wat*4 ,?is ov]sight (t5 prev5ts :at w\ld o!rwise be excell5t results 9 timekeep+ & makes x necess>y to utilize extra "t & labor 9 ! ef=t to obta9 m consi/5t timekeep+4 #de4 ,! ,fir/ ,po9t ( ,consid]ation 9 ,le>n+ to ,adju/4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 position adju/+ %\ld be direct$ t[>d equaliz+ ! "t 9 ! two horizontal positions4 ,?is equalization %\ld be accompli%$ entirely by att5tion to details t c be pla9ly se5 be=e arriv+ at ! po9t ( actual tim+ ( ! wat*4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5t = equal "t betwe5 dial up & dial d[n is equal arc ( motion ( ! balance 9 ea* ( ! two positions1 & ! adju/] %\ld become capable ( obta9+ ?is equal arc ( motion be=e attempt+ to obta9 close rat+ 9 ! o!r positions4 #df4 ,causes ( ,v>iation ,betwe5 ,dial ,up & ,dial ,d[n4 ,v>iations betwe5 dial up & dial d[n may be due to "o or m ( ! foll[+ causes :i* h be5 arrang$ 9 two gr\ps1 ! fir/ gr\p consi/+ ( ! mo/ frequ5t & common causes1 :ile ! second gr\p consi/s ( causes equally detrim5tal b less common4 ,gr\p ,no4 #a #a4 ,dirt or ?ick oil 9 "o or bo? balance jewels4 #b4 ,burr$ or m>r$ balance pivots4 #c4 ,end ( "o balance pivot flat or r\gh & opposite pivot poli%$4 #d4 ,ends ( bo? balance pivots poli%$ b n same =m4 #e4 ,balance pivot b5t4 #f4 ,hairspr+ rubb+ balance arm or /ud4 #g4 ,hairspr+ concave or convex 9 =m in/ead ( p]fectly level4 #h4 ,ov] coil rubb+ "u balance cock4 #i4 ,ov] coil rubb+ c5t] :eel4 7,"s wat*es74 ,gr\p ,no4 #b #aj4 ,balance pivots fitt$ too close 9 jewels4 #aa4 ,"o pivot hav+ excessive side %ake & ! opposite close fitt+4 #ab4 ,escape or pallet pivots b5t or damag$4 #ac4 ,balance end /one pitt$ or badly out ( flat4 #ad4 ,ov] coil rubb+ outside coil1 at po9t :]e x curves ov] spr+4 #ae4 ,balance arm or screw t\*+ pallet bridge4 #af4 ,balance screw out too f>1 t\*+ bridge or tra9 :eel4 #ag4 ,safety roll] rubb+ dial plate or jewel sett+4 #ah4 ,=k rubb+ impulse roll]4 #ai4 ,gu>d p9 rubb+ edge ( safety roll]4 #bj4 ,roll] jewel long & rubs gu>d p94 #dg4 ,%ort ,motion ,g5]ally ,indicates ,:]e to ,f9d ,tr\ble4 ,any ( ! above irregul>ities w cause a v>iation 9 motion betwe5 dial up & dial d[n & inv>iably ! tr\ble w be f\nd on ! side :i* has ! %ort] motion4 ,= in/ance1 a pivot t is flat or r\gh on ! end w cause a %ort] motion1 :5 x is d[n1 ?an w ! opposite pivot :5 x is d[n1 provid$ t its end is slightly r\nd$ & highly poli%$4 ,! same is true :5 ! oil is gummy or dirty 9 "o jewel & ! opposite jewel is clean & fre%ly oil$4 ,capp$ escape or pallet pivots :5 flat or r\gh on "o end h ! same effect to a less] degree4 ,x is nev] prop] to make ! end ( a pivot flat or r\gh & !reby %ort5 & equalize ! motion4 ,nei!r %\ld ! ends ( bo? balance pivots be flatt5$ at any "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ends ( pivots %\ld always be slightly r\nd$ & highly poli%$3 !re is no logical reason = hav+ !m o!rwise4 #dh4 ,%ort ,motion ,sometimes ,caus$ by ,burr on ,opposite ,pivot4 ,!re are occasionally in/ances :]e a poor motion on "o pivot is caus$ by a slight burr on ! opposite pivot4 ,?is is usually due to ! fact t :ile ! burr$ pivot is runn+ on its own end /one1 !re is space en\gh betwe5 ! end /one & jewel to give ! burr cle>ance1 b :5 ! position ( ! wat* is rev]s$1 ! balance end %ake all[ance causes ! burr to rub on ! top ( jewel hole & prev5ts p]fect fre$om ( motion :5 ! good pivot is d[nw>d4 #di4 ,exam9+ ! ,hairspr+4 ,! hairspr+ may be true & level b x %\ld be c>efully exam9$ to see t !re is no possibility ( t\*+ at any po9t4 ,! obs]vation %\ld take place dur+ ! full arc ( motion ( ! balance1 = !re are "s in/ances 9 :i* no rubb+ takes place until ! motion accel]ates4 ,! wat* %\ld be held at diff]5t angles & ! space betwe5 ! balance arm & spr+1 & ! /ud & spr+1 closely scrut9iz$ = possible contact4 ,! space betwe5 ! spr+ & ov] coil at ! po9t :]e ! ov] coil rises & curves ov] ! spr+ %\ld be at lea/ equal to ! wid? ( ! coils & c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! ov] coil j be=e ! po9t ( ris+ has ! usual space betwe5 x & ! next coil4 ,ei!r position 9 :i* ! hairspr+ may rub w h a %ort] motion & a ga9 9 "t comp>$ to ! opposite position 9 :i* !re is no int]f]5ce4 #ej4 ,exceptions 9 ,reg>d to ,ga9+ ,rate & ,%ort ,motion4 ,inv>iably ! arc ( motion :i* is ! %orte/ w ga9 "t comp>$ to ! opposite position :i* has a long] motion4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s few in/ances 9 :i* !re are exceptions to ?is rule1 & k ( ^! exceptions is q valuable 9 prev5t+ confusion & d\btfulness 9 ! c]ta9ty ( mak+ specific alt]ations4 ,z an example 9 ! horizontal positions2 if bo? end /ones are p]fect & ! fre$om ( "o pivot 9 ! jewel is correct :ile ! opposite pivot has entirely too mu* fre$om1 ! motion may be some:at %ort] ) ! prop] fitt+ pivot d[nw>d :ile ! rate may be sl[] comp>$ to ! opposite position4 ,?is is caus$ by ! balance describ+ a l>g] circle :5 ! l>ge hole jewel is upw>d1 z ! pivot is all[$ to travel a great] di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! hole z x wav]s f side to side dur+ ! oscillations4 ,:5 ! wat* is rev]s$ ! weight ( ! balance prev5ts ! pivot f wobbl+ 9 ! l>ge hole & elim9ates ! possibility ( comp5sat+ = ! l>g] circle describ$ by ! balance 9 ! opposite position4 ,! same results are possible :5 ! fre$om ( bo? pivots is correct & :5 "o end /one is pitt$1 z ! pit 9 ! /one causes a %ort motion :5 d[nw>d & prev5ts ! pivot f hav+ any side play :atev]1 :ile ! opposite pivot enjoys full play to :atev] fre$om !re may be & ?r\gh ?is caus+ a some:at l>g] circle to be describ$ by ! balance & a sl[] rate 9 "t4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ?is does n ref] to in/ances :]e ! end /one surface is m]ely slightly worn1 b to pitt+s 9 :i* ! surface ( ! /one has be5 actually pi]c$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ( slight we> ! motion w be %ort] & ! rate fa/ :i* con=ms to ! g5]al rule cov]+ rate & motion4 #ea4 ,detail$ ,practice4 ,= prelim9>y practice 9 position adju/+1 select a wat* ( ab\t #ag jewels :i* has j be5 clean$ & put 9 ord] to ! be/ ( "o's ability4 ,regulate x s t x w "t )9 t5 seconds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!n run x dial up = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & make a notation z to ! numb] ( seconds ei!r fa/ or sl[4 ,next run x dial d[n = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & make note ( ! numb] ( seconds fa/ or sl[ 9 ?is position4 ,if !re is a v>iation 9 "t betwe5 ! two positions x w be f\nd t ! position hav+ ! fa/] rate ( ! two w also h a %ort] arc ( motion4,b ,! exact arc ( motion 9 ea* position c be kn[n by obs]v+ ! arms ( ! balance & comp>+ ! ext5t ( ! arc ) "s po9t on ! pallet bridge4 ,a v>iation ( "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 motion w g5]ally make a diff]5ce ( f\r or five seconds 9 ! rate & great] v>iations w make correspond+ increases 9 ! diff]5ce4 ,:5 a wat* is 9 good ord] a correct motion = ! horizontal positions is g5]ally consid]$ to be t ( "o & "o-half turn1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a revolution ( ! balance 9 ea* direction4 ,%\ld ! motion be v mu* bel[ ?is1 9 bo? positions1 !re may be some?+ wrong ) ! g5]al condition ( ! wat* or possibly !re may be a weak ma9spr+ at fault1 or an imitation spr+ t is too long & ?ick may take up too mu* room 9 ! b>rel & cause poor motion z surely z w "o t is two weak4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! motion is good 9 "o position & drops (f 9 ! o!r1 x is q probable t only an ord9>y position correction w be requir$ & ! imm$iate problem to be consid]$ is t ( caus+ ! %ort arc ( motion to accel]ate en\gh to equal ! long] arc4 ,! precise correction requir$ w mo/ probably be f\nd among ! causes li/$ 9 ,no4 #df1 ?is ,*apt]4 #eb4 ,:i* ,rate to ,use z ! ,unit = ,comp>ison4 ,! horizontal position :i* has ! sl[] rate ( ! two %\ld be consid]$ z ! unit :i* is correct & x w always h ! long] motion ( ! two1 b>r+ ! occasional exception z describ$ 9 ,no4 #ej4 ,?is long] arc ( motion is univ]sally due to a bett] condition1 :ile ! %ort] motion indicates t some?+ is wrong1 & x %\ld always be ! aim ( ! adju/] to improve "s condition t is bel[ /&>d1 r ?an to make "s good condition a little worse 9 ord] to equalize ! rates4 ,x may be possible to equalize horizontal rates by flatt5+ ! ends ( pivots1 b x does n require mu* m "t to improve ! motion 9 "o position ?an x does to make x a little worse 9 ano!r4 ,! advantage is all "o way & results ei!r good or bad dep5d entirely ^u ! viewpo9t ( ! work] & h[ he applies himself to ! situation4 #ec4 ,damag$ ,pivots1 ,pitt$ ,end ,/ones & ,me?ods ( ,correction4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( pivots1 end /ones & jewels1 x is necess>y to use a /rong] glass ?an ! "o us$ = ord9>y "w4 ,damag$ pivots c (t5 be detect$ by look+ ?r\gh ! end /one ) a /rong glass :ile ! balance is mov+4 ,if imp]fect !y w appe> d>k or display a slight wav] or fla% & if !y are 9 good condition !y w appe> bright & seem to /& /ill4 ,!y c also be exam9$ 9 ! la! & a good true enclos$ balance *uck is ( imm5se value 9 detect+ burrs1 *ipp$ edges1 r+s on ! sides1 slight b5ds & poorly %ap$ ends4 ,! complete balance & spr+ c be ins]t$ & ! pivots c be ref9i%$ )\t di/urb+ ! roll] or hairspr+4 ,! *uck %\ld be revolv+ v sl[ly :5 mak+ ! exam9ation & mov+ ! belt ) ! h& w enable "o to see m ?an c be se5 :5 ! la! is runn+ at regul> spe$4 ,"s wat*mak]s use small b[ la!s = exam9+ & f9i%+ pivots1 or ! ,jacot la!1 :i* is excell5t = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,an end /one t has be5 deeply pitt$ %\ld always be disc>d$ & a new "o suppli$4 ,if ! hole is v slight1 h[ev]1 x c be remov$ entirely & ! surface ( ! /one re-poli%$ on a lap *>g$ ) ,no4 #e diamond p[d]1 b ! /one & sett+ %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$ by bru%+ & pi?+ be=e replacem5t4 ,%\ld a slight p>ticle ( diamond or any o!r h>d /one p[d] possibly rema9 on ! /one or 9 ! bezel x might ev5tually ent] ! end ( pivot & aga9 cause pitt+4 ,9 case t ! end /one is ( ! type t is flat & highly poli%$ on bo? sides1 su* z is usually f\nd on deta*able dome =eign wat*es1 x c be pun*$ out ) a piece ( brass wire or peg wood & replac$ 9 rev]se position1 aft] :i* ! bezel c be clos$ & ! /one w be j z s]viceable z a new "o4 ,pivots t h be5 runn+ on pitt$ end /ones are g5]ally r\gh on ! end :i* is *>g$ ) "s h>d sub/ance4 ,!y require special treatm5t to remove ! cause ( ! pitt+ & ! foll[+ me?od ( ref9i%+ is v good4 ,place ! balance 9 ! la! & draw a s(t ,arkansas oil /one ov] ! end ( pivot ) pressure en\gh to remove a bit ( ! metal4 ,?is w drag out any h>d p>ticles t may be lodg$ 9 ! end & aft] ?is has be5 done ! pivot %\ld be pi!d clean & poli%$ ) a smoo? h>d /eel burni%] cov]$ ) oil4 ,a h>d /one su* z sapphire or jasp]1 or a /eel burni%] %\ld n be us$ on ! pivot until ! ,arkansas /one has fir/ done its "w1 because a h>d in/rum5t ( ?is description w =ce ! small p>ticles t cause ! pitt+ fur!r into ! end ( ! pivot in/ead ( remov+ !m entirely4 ,a pivot t has be5 treat$ 9 ?is way w n pit ! end /one a second "t unless c>elessness 9 ! use ( h>d p[d] p]mits additional p>ticles to come 9 contact ) ! pivot or end /one4 ,!re are "s in/ances 9 :i* ! /eel is highly c>boniz$ b manufactur]s g5]ally use ! be/ /eel obta9able = balance /affs & excessive c>bon c g5]ally be detect$ ) a magnify+ glass4 ,free use ( diamond p[d] & em]y :eel du/ are m (t5 responsible4 ,! holes ( jewels %\ld nev] be enl>g$ or poli%$ ) diamond p[d] aft] ! jewels h once be5 plac$ 9 _! p]man5t sett+s1 z ?is all[s ! p[d] to lodge betwe5 ! jewel & ! sett+ :]e x _c be remov$ by clean+ b :]e x w be drawn out by ! oil & *>ge any pivot t may be run 9 ! jewel4 ,! grey p[d] 9 su* in/ances may be se5 ?r\gh ! top ( jewel ) a /rong glass4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,b3 ,note ,exceptions 9 ,no4 #ej4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,prelim9>y ,,notes ,,& ,,practice ,,on ,,v]tical ,,corrections #ed4 ,five ,pr9cipal ,causes & ,corrections = ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation4 ,! fir/ ( ! v]tical positions to be consid]$ is t ( ,p5dant ,up & to und]/& ! causes ( & corrections = v>iations 9 ?is position completes :at is kn[n z ?ree position adju/+4 ,! usual causes ( v>iation 9 ! p5dant up position z comp>$ to ! horizontal positions are z foll[s4 ,poor ,motion ,p5dant ,up4 ,regulator ,p9s n prop]ly adju/$4 ,balance n 9 poise4 ,hairspr+ n 9 circle4 ,hairspr+ n p9n$ at prop] po9t4 #ee4 ,poor ,motion1 ,cause & ,effect4 ,among ^! causes t ( ,poor ,motion cov]s a numb] ( tr\bles su* z roll] jewel rubb+ 9 =k1 gu>d p9 rubb+ roll]1 /rong lock on ! escapem5t1 or no lock on "s tee?4 ,su* causes may n prev5t close rat+ betwe5 ! horizontal positions because ( non-int]f]5ce until ! position ( ! wat* is *ang$4 ,! p5dant up motion %\ld !re=e be ! fir/ v]tical po9t ( inve/igation & if at fault ! cause %\ld be elim9at$4 ,9 ?is connection x %\ld n be expect$ t ! arc ( motion 9 ! p5dant up or any o!r v]tical position w be z long z x w be 9 ! horizontal positions1 = :5 a wat* is 9 excell5t condition 9 e p>ticul> ! v]tical arcs are always approximately "o-f\r? ( a turn %ort] ?an ! horizontal4 ,?is is due to frictions & is impossible ( correction & !re=e %\ld n be confus$ ) a poor motion ( great] ext5t :i* has removable causes t are practical ( execution4 ,a good motion is to be consid]$ z "o ( ! results to be expect$ 9 ov]haul+ & putt+ a wat* 9 good ord] & x %\ld n be und]/ood t x is p>ticul>ly to be associat$ ) adju/+ only1 nor %\ld any wat* be slight$ 9 clean+ & assembl+ ) ! idea t adju/+ w correct x 9 a few m9utes' "t4 ,on ! o!r h& x %\ld be und]/ood z fundam5tal t no wat* c be a close "t keep] unless x has a good motion & no good adju/] w attempt to obta9 close "t 9 "o position or a close rate 9 diff]5t positions until ! motion is fir/ :at x %\ld be4 ,if x is :at x %\ld be1 ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! necess>y "w requir$ = obta9+ close position rates w h be5 complet$4 #ef4 ,regulator ,p9 ,practice = ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation4 ,:5 ! wat* is 9 reasonably satisfactory condition & a ?ree position te/ proves t ! p5dant up position has a v>iation ( f t5 to tw5ty seconds ei!r fa/ or sl[ comp>$ to ! horizontal positions1 ! regulator p9s may be ! fir/ po9t ( exam9ation4 ,if !re is consid]able vibration ( ! coil betwe5 !m1 & ! p5dant rate is sl[1 x w be necess>y to close ! p9s & if ! rate is fa/ & ! p9s are f\nd to be clos$ s t !re is no vibration ( ! coil1 x w be necess>y to spread !m slightly4 ,clos+ ! p9s w ( c\rse make ! g5]al tim+ ( ! wat* fa/] & spread+ !m w make x sl[] & !re=e x w be necess>y to regulate ! wat* = "o or two seconds p] h\r be=e aga9 te/+ x 9 positions4 ,! result ( ei!r op]ation1 h[ev]1 w be to cause ! rate 9 ! p5dant up position to con=m m closely to ! horizontal rates4 ,prelim9>y & pr(itable two position exp]im5ts c be made betwe5 dial up & p5dant up1 by hav+ ! p9s clos$ on mo/ any wat* t is 9 good ord] & tim+ x )9 five or t5 seconds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n rat+ x 9 ^! two positions4 ,next spread ! p9s slightly1 re-"t ! wat* & rate x 9 ! same two positions & comp>e ! v>iations4 ,a few exp]im5ts ( ?is description w soon demon/rate z to ! ext5t ( correction t c be obta9$ 9 ?is way4,c ,! rule ( equal vibration ( ! coil betwe5 ! p9s aft] !y h be5 spread mu/ be rigidly en=c$4 #eg4 ,p5dant ,up ,corrections ,?r\gh ,poise ( ,balance4 ,assum+ t ! motion & regulator p9s seem to be satisfactory1 ! next po9t ( inve/igation %\ld be ! poise ( balance4 ,! hairspr+ %\ld be remov$ & ! pivots kn[n to be /raight & poli%$ be=e te/+4 ,! roll]s are ( c\rse a "p ( ! balance & are n to be remov$4 ,a p]fectly pois$ balance c be /opp$ at any po9t on ! tool & x %\ld at lea/ rema9 /ation>y at ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( its circumf]5ce4 ,no4 #bh1 ,*apt] ,,vii1 %\ld be consult$ = details on poise corrections4 #eh4 ,conc5tricity ( ! ,hairspr+4 ,! next po9t ( consid]ation may be ! conc5tricity ( ! hairspr+1 & x is q important t ! spr+ be c5t]$ z ne>ly p]fect z ! tra9$ eye c det]m9e4 ,any unusual pressure ( ! spr+ 9 "o direction w cause undue friction & a fa/ rate comp>$ to ! opposite direction4 ,!re are sev]al easy te/s = det]m9+ z to h[ ne>ly ! spr+ may be c5t]$4 ,"o ( ^! is to look /raight d[n ^u ! spr+ & exam9e ! space betwe5 ! coils t ext5d beyond ! circumf]5ce ( ! dome4 ,?is te/ may be made 9 ?ree ways1 "o ) ! balance at re/1 "o ) ! coils ( ! spr+ w\nd up & ! ?ird ) ! coils unw\nd4 ,) ! balance at re/ & ! spr+ c5t]$ !re w be ! same space betwe5 ! coils all ar\nd z ?\gh ! spr+ 7 out ( ! wat* entirely & lay+ on ! b5*4 ,if x is n prop]ly c5t]$ !re w be m space betwe5 ! coils on "o side ?an !re w be on ! opposite4 ,! same conditions w be app>5t :5 ! spr+ is w\nd up1 al?\gh ! coils w all be ne>] to ea* o!r ?an !y 7 ) ! balance at re/1 & :5 !y are unw\nd ! coils w all be f>!r ap>t ) ! same app>5t diff]5ce on opposite sides :5 ! c5t]+ is n correct4 ,! w9d+ & unw9d+ ( ! spr+ is alt]nat+ & almo/ in/antane\s1 z ! balance oscillates f "o extreme to ! o!r4 ,= obs]vation ( ! spr+ :5 x is w\nd or unw\nd x is necess>y to /op ! balance ) ! f+] or camel's hair bru% z x rea*es its extreme arc ( motion1 !n hold x /ation>y = a few seconds :ile ! space betwe5 ! coils is be+ exam9$4 ,! balance %\ld !n be all[$ to sw+ to ! opposite extreme1 :5 x %\ld aga9 be held = exam9ation ( ! coils4 ,9 "o ( ^! extremes ! coils w be w\nd & 9 ! o!r !y w be unw\nd & aft] a few exp]im5ts 9 /opp+ & />t+ ! balance x w be f\nd t ! entire exam9ation w n require ov] t5 seconds' "t4 ,:5 ! spr+ is n prop]ly c5t]$ ! reason is ( c\rse f\nd 9 "s curve ( ! ov] coil & ! mo/ usual po9t at fault is ! section or curve on :i* ! regulator p9s act4 ,if ! coils op5 too wide on ! side :]e ! regulator p9s are locat$ ?is section ( ! coil w be too ne> ! c5t] & %\ld be mov$ outw>d1 possibly equal to "o-half or "o full space ( ! coils4 ,if ! coils are too close on ! side :]e ! p9s are x w probably be f\nd t ! section requires %ift+ t[>d ! c5t] slightly4 ,! balance %\ld be remov$ f ! wat* 9 ei!r in/ance & ! coil circl$ ) ! ov]-coil+ tweez]1 al?\gh exp]i5c$ workm5 c frequ5tly make excell5t corrections ) a f9e po9t$ tweez] )\t remov+ ! balance4 ,f9ely adju/$ wat*es w always be f\nd to h spr+s z ne>ly p]fectly c5t]$ z x is possible = exp]t workm5 to get !m & x is q int]e/+ & in/ructive to obs]ve ! vibration ( a p]fect spr+ by any "o int]e/$ 9 ! "w4 ,"s wat*mak]s c5t] ! spr+ on ! balance cock be=e x is /ak$ on ! balance & v good results c be obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! balance cock is plac$ on ! b5* 9 ! inv]t$ position :i* makes x easy to locate ! po9t or curve requir+ alt]ation4 #ei4 ,correct+ ,p5dant ,up ,v>iation ,?r\gh ,p9n+ ,po9t ,alt]ations4 ,%\ld mo/ c>eful inve/igation ( ! condition ( ! wat* indicate t ! ,motion1 ,regulator ,p9s1 ,poise ( ,balance & ,c5t]+ ( ! ,hairspr+ z well z ! g5]al condition ( ! wat* are satisfactory & ! rat+ %[ t !re is /ill consid]able v>iation betwe5 ! horizontal positions & ! p5dant up position !re is /ill "o s\rce ?r\gh :i* positive correction may be obta9$4 ,?is ref]s to ! relative positions ( ! collet & /ud p9n+ po9ts :i* is def9$ ) explanatory cuts & =mula 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #fj4 ,p]c5tage ( ,wat*es ,requir+ ,correction ( ,position ,rates4 ,9 con/ruct+ ?is *apt] & ! prec$+ "o x has be5 pref]r$ to g into detail = ! purpose ( def9+ ! possible corrections & alt]ations1 toge!r ) ! results to be expect$4 ,n e wat* dem&+ position correction w\ld require ! ext5t ( inve/igation & possible alt]ation t is po9t$ out & 9 mo/ in/ances ! direct cause w be disclos$ ) v little inve/igation4 ,9 fact1 ! exp]i5c$ adju/] c tell almo/ imm$iately :]e to look = tr\ble by m]ely obs]v+ ! position rate z ent]$ on ! c>d4 ,x %\ld also be cle>ly und]/ood by ! /ud5t t :5 ! repair+ & clean+ ( high grade wat*es is done by "o :o und]/&s ! details ( adju/+1 !re w be only a v small proportion ( ! wat*es requir+ position corrections4 ,z a rule among exp]i5c$ adju/]s !re w be ab\t sev5ty p] c5t ( ! wat*es t w h v close rates4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o hundr$ wat*es are put 9 ord] & te/$ 9 positions !re %\ld be sev5ty t d n require any correction1 :ile ab\t ?irty w require ei!r m9or or major alt]ation4 ,! "t requir$ = mak+ alt]ations on ?is ?irty p] c5t ( ! wat*es w be (fset by a small] p]c5tage ( unsatisfactory returns & a bett] reputation = do+ good "w4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,c3 ,see ,*apt] ,,ix1 on ,regulator ,p9 ,alt]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,concrete ,,examples ,,%[+ ,,def9ite ,,?ree ,,position ,,alt]ations ,,& ,,labor ,,utiliz$ #fa4 ,ord] ( ,position ,tim+ & ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ! ,v>iation4 ,9 submitt+ ! previ\s *apt]s x is assum$ t ! av]age ambiti\s wat*mak] w ga9 en\gh k f ! v>i\s details to enable him to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! adju/m5t ( wat*es1 ! causes ( v>iations & ! pr9cipal alt]ations = obta9+ corrections4 ,!re are _m features cov]$ t w enable him to develop 9 practice & to exp]im5t 9 individual po9ts ( importance1 )\t runn+ up aga9/ ma!matical d$uctions t halt & disc\rage fur!r int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,to und]/& ! pr9ciples con/itutes a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! qualifications requir$ & to be able to execute ! practical alt]ations & corrections requir$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( v>iations completes ! g5]al qualifications4 ,x w\ld h>dly be suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to conclude ! "w at ?is po9t )\t giv+ m def9ite examples = comp>ison1 toge!r ) "s indication z to ! approximate "t t may ord9>ily be utiliz$ 9 do+ ! "w & also %[+ "s in/ances ( a possible *oice ( sev]al alt]ations & :y a p>ticul> alt]ation is advisable4 ,= ?is reason ! foll[+ examples w be f\nd to h an important "p 9 fulfill+ ! mission ( ?is book4 ,9 select+ ^! examples ! f95ess ( results has n be5 ! pr9cipal consid]ation4 ,! decid+ factor 0 ! diff]5ces 9 v>iation & alt]ations1 & ! fact t !y cov] ! wide/ field = g5]al in/ruction t c\ld be select$ f hundr$s ( equally good rates among v>i\s models ( wat*es :i*1 ) ?ree exceptions1 7 put 9 ord] = railroad s]vice4 ,! me?od ( comput+ ! v>iation f "o position to any o!r is simil> to t us$ 9 temp]ature adju/+ z describ$ 9 ,*apt] #c1 ,no4 #ac4 ,! wat* %\ld fir/ be tim$ closely & !n rat$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ea* position4 ,x %\ld be w\nd be=e be+ />t$ 9 ea* position b %\ld be set only on ! fir/ day s t ! "t is nev] di/urb$4 ,! fir/ position to be rat$ is univ]sally ,dial ,up1 !n 9 succession ,dial ,d[n1 ,p5dant ,up1 ,p5dant ,"r & ,p5dant ,left4 ,! daily total numb] ( seconds fa/ or sl[ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! fir/ column ( ! rate c>d aft] ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs run4 ,?is column !n con/itutes ! progressive rate f :i* ! actual v>iation betwe5 ! diff]5t positions is asc]ta9$4 ,! figure 9 ! upp] squ>e is fir/ c>ri$ out to ! adjo9+ column at its full value & !n ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is figure & t ( ! second squ>e is ent]$ 9 ! second squ>e ( second column1 & s on until ! diff]5ce betwe5 ea* ( ! succe$+ squ>es ( fir/ column is regi/]$ 9 ! second column4 ,if ! figure 9 a squ>e ( fir/ column is great] ?an t 9 ! prec$+ squ>e ! c>ri$ out figure w\ld be ent]$ 9 second column z ,if ! figure is less ?an ! prec$+ squ>e x w\ld be c>ri$ out z-4 ,! total v>iation 9 positions is obta9$ f ! figures ent]$ 9 second column4 ,if ^! figures are all ent]$ z ei!r plus or m9us x is necess>y to m]ely subtract ! less] figure f ! great]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s figures are ent]$ z plus & o!rs z m9us x w be necess>y to add ! great] figure ( ea* ( ! two d5om9ations4 #fb4 ,example ,no4 #a1 ,?ree ,positions4 ,columbus1 ,no4 #cehhdf1 ,op5 ,face1 #ag ,jewels4 ,repairs ,made4 ,new balance /aff1 two balance screws *ang$1 hairspr+ tru$ & clean$4 ,aft] tim+ ! wat* closely x 0 te/$ 9 ?ree positions & f\nd to h a v>iation ( elev5 seconds fa/ p5dant up z p] second column1 ,fig4 #af4 ,fig4 #af ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #cehhdf ,make ,columbus ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #a #a #d #d ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #j - #a #g #c -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #aj #aj #ad #g ---------------------------------------- --- #aa #d ,inve/igation %[$ ! hairspr+ to be p9n$ ne>ly correct1 true level & 9 circle2 balance true2 regulator p9s clos$ & motion satisfactory4 ,a correction c\ld h be5 made 9 "o ( sev]al ways2 ei!r by mak+ a slight alt]ation ( ! p9n+ po9t at ! collet2 correct+ a possible slight error 9 poise or by slightly spread+ ! regulator p9s4 ,z ! ext5t ( v>iation did n indicate any s]i\s error at any p>ticul> po9t = a wat* ( ?is description ! possible poise error & ! slight v>iation 9 ! p9n+ po9t 7 waiv$ & ! regulator p9s 7 spread j en\gh s t slight equal vibration ( ! coil c\ld be se5 ) a d\ble eyeglass4 ,aft] ?is alt]ation ! mean "t 0 f\nd to be "o second p] h\r sl[ :i* 0 correct$ on ! mean "t screws & ! next te/ %[$ t ! v>iation _h be5 r$uc$ to f\r second z p] f\r? column1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! "t consum$ 9 mak+ ! alt]ation aside f ! repair+ 0 less ?an t5 m9utes4 #fc4 ,example ,no4 #b1 ,?ree ,positions4 ,ball ,no4 ,b#jfjhaf1 ,op5 ,face1 #ag ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,ref9i%$ balance pivots & clean$4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 positions disclos$ a v>iation ( ?irty-five seconds z p] second column ,fig4 #ag4 ,inve/igation f\nd ! balance true2 hairspr+ true1 level & circle2 regulator p9s v ne>ly clos$ & ! motion "o & "o-eigh? turn4 ,?is rate l example ,no4 #a1 0 also fa/ 9 ! p5dant up position1 b ! great] ext5t ( ! error indicat$ t !re mu/ be "s s]i\s poise error1 & ^u inve/igation ?is 0 f\nd to be ! case4 ,a screw on ! roll] jewel side or at ! bottom :5 ! balance 0 at re/ 0 f\nd to be heavy4 ,?is 0 correct$ & ! next te/ %[$ a mu* improv$ rate al?\gh !re 0 /ill a v>iation ( eight seconds fa/ p5dant up z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #ag4 ,fig4 #ag ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 ,b#jfjhaf ,make ,ball ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #b #b #g #g #g #g ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #b #j #ad #g #ad #g -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #cg #ce #bi #ae #bd #aj ---------------------------------------- --- #ce #h #c ,a bett] rate ?an ?is 0 desir$ & fur!r exam9ation prov$ t ! lock+ ( ! pallet /ones & escape tee? 0 q /rong & caus$ ! p5dant up motion to h a %ort] arc ?an w\ld h be5 entirely desirable4 ,an alt]ation 0 made by pu%+ ! receiv+ /one fur!r back into ! slot & rebank+ ! escapem5t4 ,! ?ird position te/ %[$ an improv$ motion & a v>iation ( ?ree seconds z p] six? column4 ,! total "t requir$ = mak+ ! alt]ations 0 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 #fd4 ,example ,no4 #c1 ,?ree ,positions4 ,elg9 ,no4 #gdegdhh4 ,op5 ,face1 #ba ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,clean$2 poli%$ pivots & new ma9spr+ fitt$4 ,! fir/ position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( n9ete5 seconds z p] second column1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,x w be not$ t ?is example diff]s f ,nos4 #a & #b1 9 t ! rate is sl[ 9 ! p5dant up position4 ,exam9ation %[$ all po9ts satisfactory except t ! regulator p9s 7 spread consid]ably & all[$ too mu* fre$om ( vibration = ! coil4 ,_h ?is vibration be5 slight x w\ld h be5 advisable to exam9e ! poise4 ,z x 0 consid]able1 h[ev]1 ! alt]ation made 0 to close ! p9s s t only slight vibration 0 visible ) a /rong glass4 ,fig4 #ah ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #gdegdhh ,make ,elg9 ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u - #i - #i #e #e ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d -#ah - #i #h #c -------------------------------------- ,p ,u -#df -#bh #i #a ---------------------------------------- --- #ai #d ,?is wat* 0 n equipp$ ) mean "t screws & x 0 !re=e necess>y to fit a pair ( ?9 tim+ wa%]s because clos+ ! p9s caus$ a ga9+ rate ( two seconds p] h\r 9 ! mean "t4 ,! next position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( f\r seconds z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #ah4 ,! "t consum$ 9 mak+ ! alt]ation & fitt+ ! wa%]s 0 ab\t t5 m9utes4 #fe4 ,example ,no4 #d1 ,?ree ,positions4 ,hampd5 ,no4 #adchfgf1 ,op5 ,face1 #ba ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,new balance /aff & hole jewel fitt$ & clean$4 ,! fir/ position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( twelve seconds sl[ p5dant up z p] second column ,fig4 #ai4 ,fig4 #ai ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #adchfgf ,make ,hampd5 ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #b #b #b #b ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #d #b #f #d -------------------------------------- ,p ,u - #f -#aj #i #c ---------------------------------------- --- #ab #b ,inve/igation f\nd all po9ts su* z balance true1 hairspr+ true1 level & circle & ! regulator p9s reasonably satisfactory4 ,! motion1 h[ev]1 0 n z good z x %\ld h be5 :5 ! spr+ 0 ne>ly w\nd up4 ,x 0 let d[n to :]e x w\ld ord9>ily be aft] ab\t tw5ty-h\rs run & f\nd to h b>ely "o turn p5dant up & a trifle ov] "o turn 9 ! flat positions4 ,?is prov$ t ! motion 0 n satisfactory = a wat* t _h j be5 put 9 ord] & all pivots 7 exam9$ = close end or side %ake2 !y 7 f\nd to be satisfactory & ! ma9spr+ 0 remov$ = exam9ation & f\nd to be some:at set & ab\t #j4ja mm4 ?9n] ?an ^? g5]ally us$ = ?is grade wat*4 ,a new ma9spr+ 0 fitt$ & ! motion 0 improv$ by ab\t "o-f\r? ( a turn & ! next position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( two seconds z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #ai4 ,! "t consum$ 9 exam9ation & *ang+ ! ma9spr+ 0 ab\t tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,! ?ree position limit ( v>iation all[$ by mo/ manufactur]s & railroad inspectors is sev5 seconds f "o position to any o!r4 ,records ( ?\s&s ( wat*es on :i* ! "w has be5 c>efully done 9 putt+ ! wat*es 9 ord]1 %[ t ab\t sev5ty p] c5t ( ! wat*es w rate )9 five seconds 9 ! ?ree positions )\t mak+ alt]ations & t only t5 p] c5t w be close to ! limit ( sev5 seconds1 :ile ab\t tw5ty p] c5t w require alt]ations su* z %[n 9 ! f\r examples above4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xii1 ,no4 #fj47 ,"o or two m examples might be introduc$ to %[ v>iations & corrections betwe5 dial up & dial d[n2 ?is feature has be5 pretty well cov]$ h[ev] 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 & five position example ,no4 #i also %[s a v>iation ( ! horizontal rates ) correction4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,concrete ,,examples ,,%[+ ,,def9ite ,,five ,,position ,,alt]ations ,,& ,,labor ,,utiliz$ #ff4 ,:at ,five ,position ,adju/+ ,consi/s (--,detail$ ,all[ances4 ,five position adju/+ consi/s ( a fur!r ref9em5t ( ! condition ( ! wat*4 ,! fact t a v close rate is %[n 9 ! fir/ ?ree positions is n an indication t ! wat* w be an excell5t timepiece "u all conditions4 ,9 fact !re are in/ances :]e !re may be an excell5t ?ree position rate & a fur!r te/ 9 ! p5dant "r & left positions may disclose "s error t w\ld positively prev5t close tim+ 9 s]vice4 ,ev5 "u ! five position te/ ! limit ( all[ance mu/ be reasonably close or unfavorable conditions may exi/ & cause irregul>ity 9 tim+4 ,a popul> all[ance = v f9e wat*es among ,swiss & "s ,am]ican manufactur]s is six seconds v>iation = ! five positions z an extreme limit1 & = m$ium high grades t5 seconds extreme v>iation is consid]$ a fair all[ance4 ,^! all[ances are graduat$1 h[ev]1 & a six seconds extreme all[ance wat* w\ld h an all[ance n exce$+ ?ree seconds 9 ! horizontal positions1 ) two seconds additional 9 ! p5dant up position & "o second additional 9 ei!r ! p5dant "r or p5dant left positions4 ,wat*es hav+ an extreme all[ance ( t5 seconds may be p]mitt$ to h n m ?an five seconds v>iation betwe5 ! two horizontal positions1 ) two seconds additional = ! p5dant up position & /ill ?ree seconds additional 9 ei!r ! p5dant "r or left positions4 ,x w be not$ t !re is consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 six or t5 second all[ances ( ?is description & /raight limits ( six or t5 seconds4 ,"s manufactur]s h great] limits ( all[ance1 sometimes z great z tw5ty-five seconds = ! five positions1 b z a rule ! fir/ ?ree positions are requir$ to rate )9 sev5 seconds & ! diff]5ce ( eighte5 seconds is divid$ betwe5 ! "r & left positions4 ,"u limits ( ?is description a wat* t w\ld n be tol]at$ "u ! six or t5 seconds class w\ld be consid]$ z good4 ,wat*es hav+ su* l>ge all[ances1 h[ev]1 & rat+ close to ! limit are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 be+ consid]$ z adju/$ to five positions4 ,! fact t !y are s consid]$ h[ev]1 is ! reason :y wat*mak]s w sometimes f9e wide v>iation 9 new wat*es be=e !y h be5 damag$ or mi%&l$4 ,! foll[+ five position examples 7 select$ ) ! same c>e z 7 ! ?ree position specim5s & w be f\nd to cov] a wide field ( v>iation = comp>ison ) rates t ! adju/] may desire to correct4 #fg4 ,example ,no4 #e4 ,hamilton1 ,no4 #bdhjbg2 ,op5 ,face1 #ba ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,new balance /aff & clean$4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 five positions %[$ a v>iation ( tw5ty seconds z p] second column ,fig4 #bj4 ,x w be not$ t 9 f\r ( ! positions ! rate 0 q close & t ! p5dant "r position _h an extremely fa/ rate4 ,a casual inve/igation indicat$ t all po9ts relat+ to ! spr+1 regulator p9s & balance 7 reasonably satisfactory b t !re 0 a slight fall+ (f 9 motion 9 ! p5dant "r position4 ,fur!r inve/igation ( ?is feature disclos$ a slight /rik+ s\nd :5 ! wat* 0 held to ! e> 9 ?is position4 ,! dial 0 remov$ & ! bank+s 7 clos$ to drop :]eupon x 0 discov]$ t ! =k 0 long on ! inside1 or :5 ! receiv+ /one 0 lock$ on ! escape tee?4 ,?is prev5t$ ! roll] jewel f pass+ ?r\gh ! =k freely z x did on ! opposite side4 ,! balance pivots _h ! limit ( all[ance = side %ake :i* aid$ ! cause ( ! roll] jewel 9 /rik+4 ,fig4 #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #bdhjbg ,make ,hamilton ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #a #a #c #c ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #b #a #g #d -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #d #b #h #a -------------------------------------- ,p ,r #bb #ah #ab #d -------------------------------------- ,p ,l #bj - #b #h - #d ---------------------------------------- --- #bj #h ,aft] correct+ ! roll] jewel %ake & readju/+ ! slide & gu>d p9 fre$om ! next te/ %[$ a v>iation ( eight seconds 9 ! five positions z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #bj4 ,! side %ake ( ! balance pivots 0 n detrim5tal aft] ! real cause ( ! v>iation _h be5 remov$ & !re=e no correction 0 requir$ 9 ?is respect4 ,if ! error 9 ! escapem5t _h n exi/$ & if ! wat* _h %[n ! same rate ) all po9ts appe>+ to be satisfactory1 ! tr\ble w\ld mo/ likely h be5 f\nd 9 ! poise ( balance ) ! upp] side heavy 9 ! p5dant "r position4 ,! "t consum$ 9 mak+ ! correction 0 ab\t "o half h\r4 #fh4 ,example ,no4 #f4 ,elg94 ,b4 ,w4 ,raymond4 ,no4 #d1aji1edc1 ,op5 ,face1 #ae ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,new f\r? p9ion2 new end /one2 ma9spr+2 ref9i%$ balance pivots & clean$4 ,note t ?is 0 only a #ae-;,jewel wat*4 ,x belong$ to a railroad eng9e]1 h[ev]1 :o want$ x plac$ 9 fir/ class condition1 z x _h n be5 satisfactory4 ,! fir/ five position te/ %[$ an error ( tw5ty-f\r seconds z p] second column ,fig4 #ba4 ,exam9ation ( ! motion1 pivots1 regulator p9s1 escapem5t & poise prov$ !m to be satisfactory4 ,! hairspr+ h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be p9n$ at ! sl[ p5dant up po9t z p] illu/ration 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,fig4 #ba ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #dajiedc ,make ,elg9 ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #h #h #b #b ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #af #h #c #a -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #j -#af #b - #a ---------------------------------------- --- ,p ,r #d #d - #a - #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,p ,l - #a - #e - #f - #e ---------------------------------------- --- #bd #g ,! alt]ation made 0 to break out "o-half ( ! inn] coil at collet s t x 0 p9n$ at ! fa/ po9t z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a pair ( balance screws 7 remov$ & a heavi] pair fitt$ to correct ! mean "t1 :i* w\ld h be5 ab\t t5 m9utes fa/ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs because ( %ort5+ ! spr+4 ,! balance 0 repois$ & ! next te/ 9 positions %[$ a v>iation ( sev5 seconds z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #ba4 ,! "t requir$ = mak+ ! alt]ation 0 ab\t "o half h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,?is wat* 0 a full plate model ) ! tra9 develop+ to ! left f ! c5t] & illu/rations ,no4 #bb & #bc are giv5 to %[ t1 :ile ! tra9 foll[s ! ,swiss developm5t1 ! spr+ foll[s ! ,am]ican me?od & develops to ! "r f ! collet ev5 ?\gh x is locat$ to ! left ( ! wat* c5t]4 ,! pr9ciple rema9s ! same z t illu/rat$ by ,figs4 #i & #aa & expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #fi4 ,example ,no4 #g4 ,wal?am4 ,no4 #ajejdaab4 ,op5 ,face1 ,vangu>d model1 #bc ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,clean$ & new hole jewel4 ,fir/ five position te/ %[$ a v erratic rate z p] second column ,fig4 #bd4 ,inve/igation prov$ t ! motion dropp$ (f consid]ably aft] a few h\rs run & t ! ma9spr+ 0 too weak = ?is grade ( wat*4 ,a prop] ma9spr+ 0 fitt$ :i* 9 turn correct$ ! motion1 b ! next te/ 9 positions prov$ t !re 0 /ill a v>iation ( eighte5 seconds z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #bd4 ,fig4 #bd ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #ajejdaab ,make ,wal?am ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #j #j - #b - #b - #a - #a ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #j #j - #e - #c - #a #j -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #ad #ad -#ba -#af - #d - #c -------------------------------------- ,p ,r #d -#aj -#ai #b - #e - #a -------------------------------------- ,p ,l #af #ab -#be - #f - #c #b ---------------------------------------- --- #bd #ah #e ,! balance & spr+ 7 remov$ & consid]able poise tr\ble 0 discov]$4 ,! tr\ble 0 at diff]5t po9ts ( ! balance & no "o location seem$ to be heavy at all times4 ,! balance pivots 7 c>efully gaug$ ) a metric micromet] & f\nd to be out ( r\nd1 or to be exact1 m oval 9 =m ?an cyl9drical4 ,a new /aff ) r\nd pivots 0 fitt$1 aft] :i* ! balance 0 easily pois$ & ! next te/ %[$ a v>iation ( five seconds z p] six? column ,fig4 #bd4 ,! total "t requir$ = mak+ ! exam9ation & alt]ations 0 ab\t "o h\r4 #gj4 ,example ,no4 #h4 ,va*]on & ,con/ant94 ,no4 #bgb1hed1 ,op5 ,face1 #ba ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,new balance /aff1 hole jewel1 cap jewel1 glass1 & clean$4 ,! fir/ te/ aft] mak+ ! repairs %[$ a v>iation ( twelve seconds z p] second column ,fig4 #be4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! rates 9 ! horizontal positions are on ! fa/ side & ^? 9 ! v]tical positions are on ! sl[ side4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! hairspr+ develop$ to ! left f ! collet simil> to ! illu/ration %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 page #de4 ,fig4 #be ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #bgbhed ,make ,v4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #b #b - #d - #d ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d #e #c - #h - #d -------------------------------------- ,p ,u - #a - #f -#ad - #f -------------------------------------- ,p ,r - #h - #g -#ba - #g -------------------------------------- ,p ,l -#ag - #i -#be - #d ---------------------------------------- --- #ab #c ,inve/igation f\nd ! escapem5t1 regulator p9s & p9n+ po9t satisfactory2 ! motion 0 "o & "o-f\r? turn 9 ! v]tical positions :5 fully w\nd & only a trifle less :5 p>tially let d[n4 ,9 ! flat positions1 h[ev]1 ! motion 0 v little bett] ?an 9 ! v]tical1 :i* indicat$ ei!r pivot or end /one tr\ble z "u normal conditions ! flat motion w\ld be ab\t "o-f\r? turn great] ?an t ( ! v]tical4 ,inspection ( ! end /ones prov$ t !y 7 satisfactory b ! ends ( ! balance pivots 7 f\nd to be some:at flat & n p]fectly poli%$4 ,! ends ( ! pivots 7 slightly r\nd$ & highly poli%$1 ! jewels & end /ones clean$ & reoil$ & ! balance replac$1 aft] :i* ! motion 9 ! flat positions 0 "o & "o-half turn ) ! ma9spr+ fully w\nd & only slightly less :5 p>tially let d[n4 ,! motion 9 ! v]tical positions 0 also slightly improv$ & ! next te/ 9 position %[$ a v>iation ( ?ree seconds z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #be4 ,"t requir$ = mak+ ! above alt]ation 0 ab\t "o-half h\r4 ,9 ! /udy ( ?is example x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t :5 ! ends ( balance pivots are flat1 burr$ or n well poli%$1 or :5 ! end /ones are dry or dirty ! motion 9 ! horizontal positions w be %ort] ?an normal & ?is w always cause ! rate to be fa/] ?an x %\ld be4 ,accel]ation ( ! motion 9 su* in/ances by means ( ref9i%+ ! pivot ends or by clean+ & reoil+ ! jewels & end /ones w always produce a sl[] rate ?r\gh caus+ a long] arc ( motion4 ,?is po9t is cov]$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,no4 #dg4 #ga4 ,example ,no4 #i4 ,e4 ,h[>d4 ,no4 #a1aaf1gce4 ,op5 ,face1 #bc ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,new balance /aff2 hole jewel2 ma9spr+ & clean$4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 positions %[$ a v>iation ( elev5 seconds4 ,! rate 9 all positions 0 fa/ ) ! exception ( ! dial d[n rate1 :i* 0 sl[4 ,see ,fig4 #bf4 ,at fir/ glance x might appe> t by caus+ a fa/] rate ( six or sev5 seconds 9 ! dial d[n position ! wat* w\ld h a v good rate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be consi/5t unless ! rate 0 due to ! exception ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,xi1 ,no4 #ej4 ,exam9ation ( ! motion 9 ! horizontal positions prov$ t x 0 ab\t "o f\r? turn bett] 9 ! dial d[n position ?an x 0 9 ! dial up position :i* rate comp>$ v closely ) ! v]tical positions4 ,x 0 !re=e evid5t t ! dial up rate 0 n true & inve/igation f\nd ! oil 9 ! upp] jewel _h become ?ick5$ by ! entrance ( dirt :i* caus$ ! %ort motion & fa/ rate :5 ! balance 0 runn+ on ?is end /one4 ,fig4 #bf ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #aaafgce ,make ,e4 ,h[>d ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u #b #b - #e - #e #b #b ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d - #c - #e -#aj - #e #d #b -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #a #d - #f #d #i #e -------------------------------------- ,p ,r #g #f #j #f #aj #a -------------------------------------- ,p ,l #i #b #b #b #ad #d ---------------------------------------- --- #aa #aa #d ,aft] ?or\ghly clean+ ! jewel1 end /one & pivot1 ! motion 9 ! dial up position 0 improv$ & equal$ t ( ! dial d[n position4 ,! next position te/ %[$ ! horizontal rates to be equal b ! v>iation ( elev5 seconds 9 ! five positions /ill exi/$ z p] f\r? column ,fig4 #bf4 ,! v]tical rates 7 all fa/ comp>$ to ! horizontal2 ! regulator p9s 7 f\nd to be slightly op5 :i* prev5t$ a correction at ?is po9t4 ,! lock+ ( ! escapem5t 0 exam9$ & f\nd to be satisfactory1 s ! balance 0 aga9 remov$ & te/$ = poise :i* 0 also f\nd satisfactory4 ,! hairspr+ 0 p9n$ at ! usual fa/ po9t z p] illu/ration 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! mo/ positive alt]ation to be made "u ! circum/ances 0 to break (f ! spr+ at ! collet & rep9 x at ab\t #de deg4 above ! horizontal l9e4 ,?is w\ld be slightly approa*+ ! sl[ po9t z expla9$ 9 detail 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ,no4 #ce4 ,! mean rate ( ! wat* w\ld necess>ily be fa/] aft] %ort5+ ! spr+2 ! mean "t screws 7 f\nd to be turn$ 9 close to ! rim & 7 ea* turn$ out ab\t "o full turn to comp5sate = ! ga94 ,! poise 0 te/$ & f\nd to rema9 correct & ! next position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( f\r seconds z p] six? column ,fig4 #bf4 ,! total "t requir$ = ! alt]ations 0 ab\t "o h\r4 #gb4 ,example ,no4 #aj4 ,ill9ois4 ,no4 #a1dhc1jbc1 ,op5 ,face1 #ba ,jewels4 ,repairs made4 ,tru$ & pois$ balance1 new balance jewel & clean$4 ,?is example has be5 select$ = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ a te/ 9 ! six? or p5dant d[n position & to give a practical demon/ration %[+ t ! rates 9 ! p5dant d[n & p5dant up positions c be rev]s$1 ) positive results1 ?r\gh rev]s+ ! collet p9n+ po9t ( ! spr+1 z cov]$ 9 ,relative ,p9n+ ,po9ts ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,?is alt]ation c be und]tak5 ) assurance ( results ev5 ?\gh !re may be s]i\s errors ( con/ruction 9 ! wat*4 ,! fir/ five position te/ prov$ t ! rate p5dant up 0 extremely fa/ comp>$ to all o!r rates z p] second column ,fig4 #bg4 ,inve/igation prov$ t ! hairspr+ 0 prop]ly c5t]$ & p9n$ at ! fa/ p5dant po9t & t ! regulator p9s 7 slightly spread ) equal vibration ( ! coil betwe5 !m4 ,! motion 0 ab\t "o & "o-f\r? turn p5dant up & ov] "o & "o-half turn 9 ! horizontal positions :5 ! ma9spr+ 0 ne>ly full w\nd4 ,! ends ( balance pivots 7 f\nd to be p]fectly flat1 :i* 0 no d\bt due to an ef=t to produce a fa/] rate 9 ! flat positions to cause !m to comp>e m favorably ) ! p5dant up rate4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 unsuccessful z indicat$ by ! rate4 ,x is q possible t if ! wat* ev] 0 closely rat$ x 0 due to c\nt]poise ( ! balance z ) ! pres5t rate ! poise1 escapem5t & regulator p9s 7 satisfactory & did n admit ( fur!r corrections t w\ld be ( advantage4 ,by exam9+ ! ,p4 ,u4 rate 9 second column ,fig4 #bg1 x w be f\nd to be twelve seconds fa/ & !n by ref]r+ to ! sep>ate ,p4 ,d4 7,p5dant ,d[n7 rate at ! bottom1 x w be f\nd to be f\r seconds sl[4 ,add+ ^! figures gives a total v>iation ( sixte5 seconds betwe5 ^! two positions4 ,fig4 #bg ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #adhcjbc ,make ,ill9ois ---------------------------------------- --- ,d ,u - #c - #c - #a - #a ,p -------------------------------------- ,d ,d - #h - #e - #b - #a -------------------------------------- ,p ,u #d #ab - #f - #d -------------------------------------- ,p ,r #j - #d - #d #b -------------------------------------- ,p ,l - #f - #f - #g - #c ---------------------------------------- --- ,p4,d4 - #d #aa ------------------------------- ,n[ if ^! rates 7 rev]s$ & ! ,p4 ,d4 rate 0 9 ! place ( ! ,p4 ,u4 rate ! wat* w\ld h %[n a v good position rate 9 ! fir/ five positions & ! great] "p ( ! sixte5 seconds v>iation w\ld h be5 9 ! p5dant d[n position :]e x w\ld be ( ! lea/ disadvantage4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ?is condition ! collet p9n+ po9t 0 *ang$ f ! fa/ to ! sl[ po9t1 or f ,e1 ,fig4 #i1 to ,g1 ,fig4 #aa1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a pair ( heavi] screws 7 fitt$ to ! balance to comp5sate = ! diff]5ce 9 "t caus$ by %ort5+ ! spr+ & ! next five position te/ %[$ a v>iation ( six seconds4 ,a sep>ate p5dant d[n te/ prov$ t ! p5dant up & p5dant d[n rates _h be5 practically rev]s$ z %[n 9 ! f\r? column4 #gc4 ,causes ( ,extremely ,fa/ ,v]tical ,rates4 ,extremely fa/ p5dant up rates are n p>ticul>ly unusual1 al?\gh ! causes & corrections may be widely diff]5t4 ,= in/ance1 ! poise & motion feature1 ,no4 #bh1 ,*apt] ,,vii1 may be responsible1 or ! balance may be 9 poise & ! collet hav+ a wide slot may cause out ( poise & be responsible if ! slot is locat$ at ! prop] po9t4 ,a defective escapem5t or regulator p9s tightly clos$ may also be responsible4 ,%\ld ^! po9ts be f\nd satisfactory1 h[ev]1 ! rate is g5]ally due to "o ( ?ree causes4 #a4 ,excessive side friction ( pivots because ( be+ too l>ge 9 diamet]4 #b4 ,tra9 :eels & p9ions be+ ( incorrect proportion & caus+ irregul> motion & affect+ ! v]tical positions mo/ly4 #c4 ,c5trifugal =ce1 :i* w\ld cause ! balance rims to spr+ outw>d 9 ! long] arcs ( vibration & !reby produce an abnormal sl[ rate 9 ! horizontal positions :]e ! arc ( motion is always longe/4 ,?is is due to ! balance rims be+ too heavy 9 proportion to ! arms or c5t] b>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! ?ree conditions are f\nd !re w be o!rs among ! same lot ( wat*es1 b z a rule !y are only f\nd on old] wat*es made be=e correct proportions 7 firmly e/abli%$4 ,tra9 dep?+s c (t5 be improv$ if ! workman is equipp$ ) a r\nd+ up ma*9e & kn[s h[ to use x4 ,o!rwise ! wat* c be s5t to ! factory = correction & ! only alt]native ( ! repair] is to cut ! spr+ to ! sl[ po9t1 or c\nt]poise1 ) ! int5tion ( elim9at+ exp5se & gett+ z good results z c be expect$ = ! f9ancial returns t are to be receiv$4 #gd4 ,h[ to ,locate ,defective ,ge>+s4 ,defective ge> or dep?+ ( :eels c be detect$ 9 two ways1 "o by obs]v+ ! engag+ surfaces ( ! :eel tee? & ano!r by te/+ ! engagem5t ( :eel & p9ion4 ,if ! ge>+ is correct1 obs]vation w %[ t ! engag+ surfaces ( ! :eel tee? are smoo? & ei!r d>k or possibly poli%$ f we>+ away ( ! plat+4 ,if ! ge>+s are n correct ! engag+ surfaces w h cuts or ridges crosswise :i* h be5 produc$ by ! p9ion leaves4 ,! cause ( ?is cutt+ is due to ei!r a faulty con/ruction ( ! tee? or to ! fact t ! pit* circle ( ! :eel is too small :ile t ( ! p9ion is too l>ge4 ,te/+ ! ge>+ 9 ! wat* is accompli%$ by plac+ ! engag+ :eel & p9ion 9 ! wat* s t !y are free to turn )\t engag+ ) any o!r :eel4 ,a piece ( ivory or celluloid sev]al in*es long & ab\t ! diamet] ( a piece ( peg wood %\ld be po9t$ at "o end & ?is end %\ld be held betwe5 ! upp] pivot & oil cup ( ! jewel1 ) en\gh pressure ( ! left h& to cause friction 9 turn+ ! p9ion4 ,! l>g] :eel %\ld !n be turn$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x revolves :5 runn+2 ?is is accompli%$ ) a piece ( peg wood held 9 ! "r h&4 ,if ! ge>+ is p]fect !re w be smoo?ness z ! :eel & p9ion turn & if x is imp]fect !re w be a butt+ effect 9 ! action4 ,%\ld !re be a slight int]mitt5t /epp+ action due to drop ( ! :eel tee? on ! p9ion leaves x %\ld n be mi/ak5 = butt+ z ?is is n detrim5tal & w n cause cutt+ ( ! tee?4 ,wat*es t h bel[ /&>d tra9 ge>+s require consid]ably /rong] ma9spr+s ?an d ^? :i* h correct ge>+ & !y w seldom take a reasonably good motion )\t a /rong spr+4 ,a safe way to judge ge>+s if 9 d\bt is by ! motion & ! engag+ surfaces ( ! :eel tee?4 ,if ! motion is /eady & ! tee? are n cut by ! p9ion leaves !y may be consid]$ z satisfactory4 ,if ! motion is /eady = a "t & !n sudd5ly drops (f !re is g5]ally some?+ wrong 9 ! ge>+4 ,! :eel & p9ion 9 error c be det]m9$ by not+ at :at p>ticul> int]vals ! motion decreases4 ,9 ne>ly all in/ances ?is condition w cause a ga9+ rate 9 ! v]tical positions because ( ! fact t ! v]tical arcs are %ort] & comp>atively m easily affect$ ?an ! horizontal arcs4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,tim+ ,,& ,,f9al ,,regulation #ge4 ,mean ,"t ,screws & ,tim+ ,wa%]s4 ,9 ! g5]al ov]haul+ ( wat*es1 *ang+ /affs1 retru+ & repois+ ( balances x is (t5 necess>y to make corrections ( sev]al m9utes p] day 9 ! mean "t4 ,= ?is reason & = ! conv5i5ce ( ! future "s manufactur]s h provid$ f two to f\r mean "t screws 9 ! balances4 ,a complete revolution ( ^! screws ei!r 9 or out1 g5]ally corrects any v>iation t may be requir$ & frequ5tly consid]ably less is all t is requir$ 9 br++ ! wat* to "t4 ,x is ( c\rse necess>y t ^! screws be turn$ 9 opposite pairs z well z equal di/ances & t !y be fitt$ ) en\gh friction to prev5t loos5ess & n too tight to cause b5d+ ( ! pivots :5 !y are turn$4 ,if prop]ly us$ = ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$ !y are ( ine/imable value to ! repair+ frat]nity 9 produc+ results4 ,! manufactur]s ( "s wat*es d n supply mean "t screws ) ! balances & ! repair] is oblig$ to dep5d entirely ^u tim+ wa%]s = fa/ corrections1 = x is1 ( c\rse1 n to be expect$ t repair %ops w c>ry an assortm5t ( all diff]5t k9ds ( screws su* z ! factories are able to ma9ta94 ,occasionally a jewel] or wat*mak] w be f\nd :o has /r5u\s objections to ! use ( tim+ wa%]s 9 any s5se1 b unless !y are suppli$ ) a l>ge assortm5t ( ! v>i\s makes & weights ( screws & are will+ to use ! extra "t requir$ = prop]ly *ang+ ! screws x is difficult to see j :at legitimate alt]native !y c adopt4 ,inve/igation ( ?is po9t disclos$ ! fact t ! me?od employ$ by "s wat*mak]s 0 to spread ! regulator p9s1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse make ! mean "t sl[] b w\ld c]ta9ly de/roy ! adju/m5t to positions & make x practically impossible to obta9 results f ! regulator4 ,x is admitt$ly poor workman%ip to use ill-fitt+ wa%]s & poor ta/e to use brass wa%]s on high grade gold screw balances1 b ! fact %\ld n be ov]look$ t ! manufactur]s ( _m f9e wat*es use wa%]s to a limit$ ext5t1 ev5 :5 an abundance ( balance screws are available & v f9e ,swiss models are (t5 suppli$ ) a pair ( ?9 plat9um wa%]s :i* are n easily detect$4 ,! regulator %\ld n be mov$ f ! c5t] ( ! index 9 correct+ ! mean "t b %\ld be us$ = m9or f9al regulation only4 ,! l5g? ( ! hairspr+ %\ld also n be di/urb$ 9 correct+ ! mean "t ( an adju/$ wat* & :ile a sl[ rate c be correct$ by r$uc+ ! weight ( a pair ( balance screws x is necess>y to use ei!r heavi] screws or wa%]s = correct+ a fa/ rate4 #gf4 ,importance ( ,prop]ly ,fitt$ ,regulator4 ,f9al regulation ( wat*es is necess>y aft] mak+ repairs reg>dless z to :e!r !y h be5 adju/$ to positions or n4 ,position rat+ does n necess>ily sugge/ t ! tim+ has be5 complet$ z ! object is only to limit ! v>iations f "o position to any o!r & a te/ ( ?ree or f\r days %\ld always be made 9 "o position aft] ! position rat+ has be5 complet$4 ,?is additional tim+ has = its purpose ! close regulation ( ! wat* ei!r 9 ! p5dant up position or 9 ! position x is c>ri$4 ,! la/ column on ! rate c>d is res]v$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ?is respect ! repair] :o comes 9 contact ) ! cu/om] may ga9 consid]able advantage by not+ 9 :i* pocket ! wat* is usually c>ri$ & !n be+ guid$ 9 ! f9al regulation by ?is k4 ,! me?od ( do+ ?is regulat+ consi/s g5]ally ( mov+ ! regulator :i* requires c]ta9 att5tion to be effective :5 x is mov$4 ,! regulator %\ld be c>efully fitt$ ar\nd ! dome & all atta*m5ts 9 connection %\ld be tightly fitt$ to ! plate or bridge s t !y w rema9 rigid :5 regulation takes place4 ,! t5sion ar\nd ! dome %\ld be ev5 & if a t5sion spr+ is us$ 9 connection x %\ld be /rong en\gh to keep ! regulator aga9/ ! screw con/antly )\t /ick+ at any po9t z ! screw is mov$ =w>d & backw>d4 ,x %\ld also be closely exam9$ to see t !re is no %ake4 ,?is c be det]m9$ by lightly tak+ hold ( ! segm5t hold+ ! regulator p9s & mov+ x up & d[n & side ways be=e ! t5sion spr+ is fitt$4 ,?is %\ld be exam9$ ) a glass & a correction made if any loos5ess is not$4 #gg4 ,effect ( ! ,middle ,temp]ature ,error4 ,9 ! f9al regulation ( wat*es x is important t ! middle temp]ature error receive due consid]ation4 ,?is error is always a few seconds fa/ z expla9$ 9 temp]ature adju/+ ,*apt] ,v1 ,no4 #ba1 & is ( "s consequ5ce 9 ! l>g] numb] ( compla9ts reg>d+ los+ rates 9 ! pocket1 comp>$ to compla9ts ( ga9+ rates4 ,! position rat+ z well z ! f9al regulation is g5]ally done 9 normal temp]ature :i* produces a rate f two to f\r seconds fa/] ?an ! heat extreme & x is to be expect$ t ! pocket rate w be sl[] because ! temp]ature w be high] ?an normal4 ,?is loss may n be ! full am\nt ( ! middle error z x w\ld dep5d ^u ! actual temp]ature enc\nt]$ = ! entire tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ! wat* may only be subject$ to ! pocket temp]ature = a "p ( ?is p]iod4 ,?is works 9 exactly ! same way 9 a l[] temp]ature1 z ! v>iation is a loss 9 ei!r direction f ! middle or normal temp]ature & 9 case t ! wat* %\ld be subject$ to a freez+ temp]ature at night ! result w be a loss dur+ t p]iod4 ,z an example we w assume ! regulation ( a wat* 9 :i* ! temp]ature rate at ! extremes ( #dj deg4 & #ij deg4 ,fahr4 is p]fect1 :ile at ! temp]ature ( #gj deg4 x w "t f\r seconds fa/4 ,n[ if ?is wat* is regulat$ to no v>iation 9 ! normal temp]ature x w be pla9ly se5 t !re w be a loss ( f\r seconds p] day if ! wat* is plac$ 9 s]vice at ei!r ( ! temp]ature extremes4 ,if x _h be5 regulat$ to run f\r seconds fa/ 9 ! middle or normal temp]ature x w\ld "t m ne>ly correct 9 ! pocket4 ,x is safe to assume t ! wat* w lose its proportional rate ) a less] *ange 9 temp]ature & = ?is reason x is ( advantage to f9ally regulate all wat*es f two to f\r seconds fa/ 9 ! rack r ?an to "t !m j correct4 #gh4 ,"s ,practical ,reasons = ,sl[ ,rates4 ,!re are additional reasons = ! sugge/ion ( tim+ wat*es a few seconds fa/ r ?an j correct4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ! fact t _m wat*es are c>ri$ 9 ! left ve/ pocket1 & t 9 ?is in/ance !y v (t5 assume ! p5dant "r position :i* is g5]ally a trifle sl[ comp>$ to p5dant up 9 mo/ wat*es ( close adju/m5t4 ,magnetism to any ext5t :atev] always causes a sl[ rate & ?is w h its effect :5ev] ! balance1 hairspr+1 regulator1 regulator spr+ or pallet are slightly effect$ or :5 ! ma9spr+1 l>ge w9d+ :eels or case spr+s are consid]ably *>g$ & exp]im5ts h %[n t 9 no in/ance has a fa/ rate be5 produc$ f ?is cause4 ,! gradual weak5+ or loss ( ela/ic =ce ( ! hairspr+ is also a factor to be consid]$4 ,!re are "s influ5ces :i* cause a ga9+ rate t to "s ext5t may (fset ^! losses1 al?\gh 9 ! abs5ce ( necessity = clean+ or o!r repairs ^! influ5ces are slight 9 comp>ison to ! natural & possible causes = a sl[ rate4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,special ,,notes ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,special ,,notes #gi4 ,effici5cy ( ,execution ,analyz$ 7,two ,examples74 ,9 p]=mance ( ! v>i\s alt]ations & corrections t h be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to position adju/+ !re are "s po9ts t des]ve special note4 ,?is ref]s to positive execution ( ! correction :i* ! wat*mak] sets out to make4 ,z an example we may analyze ! simple feature ( poli%+ a pivot & clean+ & reoil+ a jewel to improve ! motion 9 "o ( ! horizontal positions4 ,ord9>ily ?is w\ld seem to be a v simple proce$+ requir+ no additional rem>ks4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible to g ?r\gh all ( ! op]ations ( remov+1 clean+ & reoil+ ! jewel & poli%+ ! pivot & !n f9d t no improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! motion4 ,inv>iably ! workman ( mod]ate exp]i5ce w say t he has j clean$ & reoil$ ! jewel & poli%$ ! pivot & t x mu/ be all "r4 ,inve/igation1 h[ev]1 w sometimes %[ t ! pivot has aga9 be5 m>r$ or t a p>ticle ( dirt has f\nd its way into ! jewel hole dur+ replacem5t ei!r ?r\gh du/ 9 ! oil or ?r\gh cl++ to ! end ( ! pivot :5 ! balance 0 lay+ on ! b5*4 ,?is exp]i5ce is "o t comes occasionally to ! be/ & mo/ c>eful adju/]s & if x is f\nd t results h n be5 obta9$ ! fir/ "t x w be necess>y to g ov] ! op]ations a second "t4 ,x is possible to almo/ entirely elim9ate ?is duplication ( "w if prop] c>e is ex]cis$ 9 exam9+ ! pivot & jewel ) a good glass be=e replac+ & 9 us+ oil f a clos$ receptacle 9 :i* x has n be5 possible = du/ to collect4 ,! po9t rais$ 9 ?is in/ance is t ! improvem5t desir$ is n assur$ because ( m]ely go+ ?r\gh ! op]ations ( do+ ! "w4 ,x is necess>y to actually remove ! cause & !n keep x remov$4 ,! pro( is f\nd 9 ! improv$ motion & x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile to rete/ 9 positions until ?is improvem5t 0 obta9$4 ,prop] curvature ( ! ov] coil )9 ! range ( ! regulator p9s is ano!r feature t may be correct$ & ! correction unconsci\sly de/roy$ 9 replac+ ! balance or 9 c5t]+ ! spr+4 ,a slight k9k 9 ! coil close to ! regulator p9s may cause ! spr+ to be =c$ out ( c5t] :5 ! regulator is mov$1 or x may cause ! coil to lay aga9/ "o p9 & cease vibrat+ betwe5 ! p9s4 ,?is w\ld cause a ga9 ( "s seconds p] day :5 ! regulator _h actually be5 mov$ to cause a sl[] rate4 ,^! two examples are introduc$ to convey ! idea t x is necess>y to actually produce ! corrections or alt]ations 9 any in/ance & t close tim+ & close position rates dep5d m ^u ?is practical execution & und]/&+ z display$ by ! wat* repair] ?an !y d ^u a high degree ( te*nical k4 ,p]sonal in/ruction ( wat*mak]s 9 adju/+ has demon/rat$ 9 mo/ in/ances t ! ref9em5ts are n consid]$ s]i\sly en\gh at fir/1 b t consi/5t practice & ref]5ce to ! rules soon make ! prop] impression1 aft] :i* results are atta9$ 9 less "t ?an 0 at fir/ requir$ = faulty execution4 #hj4 ,tru+ ! ,balance4 ,! balance %\ld inv>iably be true 9 ! r\nd & flat & always 9 poise be=e x is plac$ 9 ! wat*4 ,x is at times p>donable to pass a balance t is n p]fectly true 9 ! r\nd1 especially :5 ! wat* has be5 repair$ on sev]al occasions & x is not$ t ! rims h a t5d5cy to become set slightly inw>d or outw>d aft] hav+ be5 p]fectly tru$4 ,?is %[s a natural t5d5cy ( ! metals to f9d a p]man5t position :i* may be slightly away f ! true conc5tric =m4 ,a balance ( ?is description may be pois$ z x is & (t5 w produce bett] tim+ results ?an w\ld be ga9$ by p]fect tru+ & subsequ5t regulation dur+ readju/m5t ( ! metals4 ,x is advisable to always h ! flat true z by do+ s any slightly b5t pivots w be detect$ ?r\gh wav]+ ( ! balance & ! flat is n v frequ5tly affect$ by sett+ ( ! metals4 ,balances %\ld g5]ally be tru$ & pois$ 9 normal or slightly above normal temp]ature4 ,if !y are tru$ 9 a l[ temp]ature !y w be out ( true & possibly out ( poise 9 ! temp]ature to :i* !y are mo/ly subject$4 ,comp5sation balances are n presum$ to be true 9 ! r\nd "u v>iations ( temp]ature & !re=e inspection = true is necess>y 9 some:]e ne> ! same temp]ature 9 :i* !y are tru$4 #ha4 ,pois+ ! ,balance4 ,9 pois+ balances x is necess>y to consid] ! mean rate ( ! wat* & sev]al details 9 connection !re)4 ,if ! rate is kn[n to be fa/1 weight %\ld be add$ to ! light side1 & if x is kn[n to be sl[ weight may be remov$ f ! heavy side4 ,if ! rims ( ! balance h be5 tru$ outw>d x is a safe rule to remove weight f ! heavy side 9 pois+ & if !y h be5 b5t inw>d to get ! balance true1 weight %\ld be add$ to ! light side 9 pois+4 ,a balance t is 9 p]fect poise c be br\ght to a p]fect /op on a f9e jewel$ pois+ tool at any po9t ( its circumf]5ce4 ,= ord9>y "w x is g5]ally consid]$ z satisfactory if x c be br\ght to a p]fect /op at ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s4 ,:5 ! heavy po9t seems to be fir/ at "o place & !n j opposite x is pro( t ei!r a pivot is b5t or oval 9 =m in/ead ( r\nd4 ,9 "s in/ances balances w be f\nd to sw+ slightly & /op at sev]al diff]5t places4 ,?is is usually an indication t !re are sev]al flat places on "o or bo? pivots & if ! wat* is a f9e "o ! /aff w require *ang+ or ! pivots may be r\nd$ up on a ,jacot ,la!4 ,a f9e edge jewel$ pois+ tool is be/ = f9e "w z defects 9 pivots & v>iations 9 poise c be m easily discov]$ ?an ) calip]s4 #hb4 ,tru+ ,hairspr+s4 ,orig9al tru+ ( ! hairspr+ is made necess>y by ! fact ( atta*+ ! collet to its c5t]4 ,:5 spr+s are turn$ out by ! manufactur] !y are p]fectly true1 t is1 ! coils are level & p]fectly spiral 9 =m & ! deviation f ?is spiral =m1 made necess>y 9 atta*+ ! collet1 is :at dem&s c]ta9 =m+ ( ! inn] t]m9al s t x w bl5d ) ! o!r coils ( ! spr+ :i* h n be5 di/urb$4 ,9 atta*+ ! collet x is fir/ necess>y to h ! spr+ level be=e ! p9 is =c$ tightly 9 place4 ,?is c be fairly well det]m9$ by sight+ across ! flat ( ! spr+ & focus+ ^u ! inn] coil to see t x is level = at lea/ "o half ( its l5g? f ! po9t ( exit4 ,aft] ?is op]ation has be5 complet$ & ! p9 has be5 set up tight1 ) ! surplus ends cut (f flu% ) ! collet x w be necess>y to slightly pull ! coil up or d[n1 provid+ x is n p]fectly level4 ,! next op]ation w be t ( tru+ ! r\nd & all "w & b5d+ ( ! spr+ = ?is op]ation is conc5trat$ )9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! coil f its po9t ( atta*m5t & x is seldom ev] necess>y to make any b5ds beyond ! fir/ eigh? ( ! coil f ! atta*$ po9t4 ,figure #bh may be ( "s value 9 ga9+ an idea z to j h[ ?is inn] coil %\ld appe> :5 x has be5 tru$4 ,! brok5 l9es illu/rate a condition aft] collet+ & be=e tru+4 ,! heavy l9es illu/rate two positions into ei!r ( :i* ! coil may be =m$ 9 gett+ ! spr+ true4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,! out] black l9e %[s ! mo/ adaptable =m = mo/ in/ances4 ,! inn] black l9e %[s ! mo/ practical =m = use 9 in/ances :]e !re is unusual space betwe5 ! collet & ! inn] coil4 ,x w be not$ t ^! two =ms bl5d into ! true spiral =m ( ! spr+ at ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! coil di/ant f ! collet4 ,^! =ms may be us$ z a basis = tru+ ! spr+ 9 any in/ance 9 :i* x has be5 b5t or mi%&l$ ar\nd ! collet aft] its orig9al tru+4 ,exp]ts always true spr+s aft] !y h be5 /ak$ to ! balance & a light weight calip]s tap]$ on "o end to a small] diamet] ?an ! collet is us$ = sp9n+ ! balance1 mak+ obs]vations1 & corrections4 ,consid]able progress c be made by "s wat*mak]s 9 remov+ ! spr+ f ! balance & plac+ x on a collet+ tool or tap]$ broa* & !n tru+ ! flat & r\nd z good z possible1 aft] :i* x %\ld be p]fect$ 9 ! calip]s4 ,:5 ! balance is sp9n+ 9 ! calip]s & ! spr+ is true 9 ! flat !re w be no jump+ or quiv]+ ( ! coils z obs]vation is made across ! top ( ! inn] f\r or five coils4 ,:5 x is p]fectly true 9 ! r\nd & ! balance is sp9n+ 9 "o direction ! coils w seem to be :irl+ into a hole ( :i* ! collet is ! c5t]4 ,:5 sp9n+ ! balance 9 ! opposite direction ! effect ( ! coils w be simil> to ! waves produc$ by dropp+ a small /one 9 /ill wat] & !y w appe> to be :irl+ away f ! c5t]4 ,?is effect 9 bo? in/ances is caus$ by ! eye foll[+ ! spiral =m ( ! coils z ! spr+ revolves4 #hc4 ,treat+ a ,ru/y ,hairspr+4 ,:5 ru/ beg9s its attack ^u any po9t ( a hairspr+ !re w be a con/ant loss 9 "t until its advance is /opp$4 ,%\ld consid]able headway h be5 made by ! ru/ be=e ! wat*mak]'s att5tion is enli/$ = an exam9ation x may be necess>y to *ange ! spr+ entirely be=e good results c aga9 be obta9$4 ,!re are _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 9 :i* prop] c>e at ! "r "t w produce z good results z w a new spr+4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ru/ is g5]ally indicat$ by "o or m spots ( a light br[n %ade & 9 su* in/ances x has h>dly attack$ ! metal to any s]i\s ext5t1 al?\gh usually en\gh to cause a slightly los+ rate4 ,at ?is /age ! spots may be scrap$ ) a piece ( peg wood aft] :i* ! spr+ c be plac$ 9 a small copp] pan conta9+ l>d oil to a dep? ( ab\t "o-f\r? in*4 ,?is pan %\ld !n be held ov] an alcohol lamp until ! oil becomes hot en\gh to smoke1 aft] :i* ! spr+ %\ld be remov$1 imm]s$ 9 b5z9e = ab\t ?irty seconds & !n dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,?is treatm5t w /op fur!r ru/ & ! only indication ( previ\s ru/ may be a removal ( ! color f ! spot :i* _h be5 affect$4 ,9 case t ! ru/ has rea*$ a /age f> en\gh advanc$ to s]i\sly pit ! metal1 good results _c be expect$ f ! spr+ ev5 ?\gh fur!r ru/+ may be prev5t$4 #hd4 ,/opp+ by ,escapem5t ,lock+ ,:5 ,h&s are ,set ,backw>d1 or ,:5 ,wat* ,receives a ,j>4 ,?is is sometimes a v annoy+ tr\ble & :ile x %\ld n occur on high grade wat*es at all1 x does %[ up j (t5 en\gh to cause a c]ta9 degree ( unpleasantness = ! own] ( ! wat* z well z = ! wat*mak]4 ,!re are two pr9cipal causes = ! difficulty4 ,"o is due to ! back ( dis*>g+ pallet /one hav+ a v %>p corn] comb9$ ) a slightly r\gh edge on ! back ( ! escape :eel tee? & :5 ! two factors meet ) "s slight =ce1 su* z is caus$ by rev]sal ( ! tra9 :eels ! %>p corn] ( ! /one w$ges itself into ! r\gh surface ( ! too? & holds until pull$ away by "s small in/rum5t4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by remov+ ! %>p edge ( ! /one on a diamond *>g$ poli%+ lap & a v slight correction is suffici5t4 ,! second pr9cipal cause is due to %>p edges on ! roll] jewel4 ,fir/ quality roll] jewels always h ^! edges r\nd$1 z o!rwise !y may w$ge into ! horn ( ! =k & (t5 w n release ?r\gh ord9>y %ak+ ( ! wat*4 ,a %ort gu>d p9 c also cause ! tr\ble by all[+ ! roll] jewel to cat* on ! end ( ! =k horn be=e x ent]s1 or ! gu>d p9 may cat* on ! edge ( ! cresc5t on ! safety roll]1 b ! two causes m5tion$ above w all[ hang+ up ev5 :5 ! gu>d p91 roll] jewel & all o!r %akes are correct4 ,:5 ! above conditions are correct & all sett+ connections are prop]ly fitt$1 ! h&s may be set ei!r =w>d or backw>d )\t 9 any way di/urb+ ! "t4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e ! wat* w /op :5 ! h&s are rev]s$ & at times ! second h& w actually turn backw>d al?\gh ! wat* w imm$iately beg9 to run z soon z ! backw>d pressure on ! h&s is discont9u$4 ,?is is caus$ by ! cannon p9ion be+ s tightly fitt$ t turn+ x backw>d w require m =ce ?an t :i* is suppli$ by ! ma9spr+4 ,a condition ( ?is description is m pron\nc$ :5 ! ma9spr+ is ne>ly run d[n & sometimes x w happ5 at su* times & w n occur :5 ! spr+ is fully w\nd4 #he4 ,ess5tials & ,non-,ess5tials 9 ,clean+ ,wat*es4 ,x w\ld be difficult to sugge/ a be/ me?od = g5]al clean+ ( wat*es4 ,diff]5t wat*mak]s h diff]5t me?ods & good results are atta9$ 9 m ?an "o way4 ,:atev] ! me?od1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 def9ite requirem5ts t are fundam5tal4 ,among ^! are ! ?or\gh cleans+ ( pivots1 jewels1 p9ion leaves1 :eel tee?1 ma9spr+ & w9d+ p>ts4 ,x is n suffici5t to dep5d ^u r\t9e & simply dip ! p>ts 9 v>i\s solutions1 bru% & reassemble ! wat*4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* ! oil becomes gummy & /icks to ! jewels & pivots to su* an ext5t t peg wood & pi? mu/ be appli$ ) consid]able en]gy to obta9 p]fectly clean surfaces & holes4 ,! ess5tial feature is t ( actually remov+ e p>ticle ( dirt f ! contact surface4 ,x is n ess5tial t ! plate & bridges %\ld h a high lu/re1 z ?is does n facilitate ! runn+4 ,if x is desir$ & if facilities are available1 ! plates & bridges may be dipp$ 9 b5z9e & dri$ 9 sawdu/1 !n wa%$ & bru%$ 9 a solution ( hot wat]1 borax & ca/ile soap1 !n r9s$ 9 fre% wat]1 dipp$ 9 alcohol & dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,?is produces a lu/re to ! plate bridges & :eels4 ,:5 x is n conv5i5t to use hot wat] ! p>ts may be dipp$ & bru%$ 9 b5z9e = at lea/ "o m9ute & dri$ 9 sawdu/1 !n dipp$ 9 alcohol & aga9 dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,9 ei!r ev5t ?or\gh pegg+ & pi?+ ( ! jewels1 pivot holes & pivots is necess>y z well z bru%+ & exam9+ all :eel tee? & p9ion leaves4 ,! /eel p>ts %\ld be exam9$ & gummy oil elim9at$4 ,fre% oil %\ld be appli$ 9 prop] quantities 9 ! prop] places4 ,?is requires "s /udy1 z ei!r too mu* or too little oil is detrim5tal4 ,:5 a wat* is clean$ annually by ! same workman x is n necess>y t ! ma9spr+ be remov$ & reoil$ ea* "t1 = a ma9spr+ prop]ly oil$ w la/ = two or ?ree ye>s be=e requir+ clean+ & reoil+4 ,x is well kn[n t ma9spr+s frequ5tly break %ortly aft] be+ remov$ & clean$ & ?is annoyance may be avoid$ 9 _m in/ances by intellig5t use ( ?is rule4 ,balances %\ld n be dipp$ 9 acid solutions1 z ! liquid ga!rs "u ! screws & w (t5 cause !m to discolor 9 a %ort "t4 ,x is bett] to poli% !m ) f9e r\ge & cotton ?read arrang$ on a wire b[ z ! lu/re w be m la/+4