file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #chcbi-;h4htm or #chcbi-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #chcbi_/pg#chcbi-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#chcb i_/chcbi-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/romanc e(9du/r#jj;co* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,images h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 ,mix$ fractions are repres5t$ us+ =w>d sla% & hyph5 9 ?is text v]sion2 = example1 #c-a_/b repres5ts ?ree & a half4 ,no o!r *anges h be5 made f ! orig9al text4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ru% = ! ,gold-fields4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,inv5tion ,select$ by ,,rob]t ,,co*rane ,editor ( ',great ,?9k]s & ,work]s1' ',b5efic5t & ,useful ,lives1' ',adv5ture & ,adv5tur]s1' ',rec5t ,travel & ,adv5ture1' ',good & ,great ,wom51' ',h]oic ,lives1' c4 ,philadelphia ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company #ahig ,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,limit$4 ,,preface4 ,our national indu/ries lie at ! root ( national progress4 ,! fir/ ,napoleon taunt$ u ) be+ a nation ( %opkeep]s2 t1 h[ev]1 is n[ less true ?an t we are a nation ( manufactur]s--coal1 iron1 & /eel1 & our textile indu/ries1 tak5 along ) our enorm\s c>ry+-trade1 =m+ ! backbone ( ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,a romantic int]e/ belongs to ! rise & progress ( mo/ ( our indu/ries4 ,v (t5 ?is lies 9 ! c>e] ( ! inv5tor1 :o /ruggl$ t[>ds ! p]fection & recognition ( 8 inv5tion aga9/ heavy difficulties & disc\ragem5ts2 or x may lie 9 ! int]e/+ processes ( manufacture4 ,e fre% lab\r] 9 ! field adds "s l9k to ! *a9 ( progress1 & br+s x ne>] p]fection4 ,"s ( ! small beg9n+s h increas$ 9 a m>vell\s way4 ,su* are *ronicl$ "u ,bessem] & ,siem5s1 :o h va/ly increas$ ! possibilities ( ! /eel indu/ry2 9 ! sections devot$ to ,krupp1 ( ,ess52 ,sir ,w4,g4 ,arm/rong1 ( ! ,elswick ,works1 :]e #ah1jjj m5 are n[ employ$ alone 9 ! ars5al2 ,maxim1 ( ,maxim ,gun fame2 ! rise & progress ( ! cycle indu/ry2 t ( ! gold & diamond m9+ indu/ry2 & ! c>ry+-trade ( ! _w4 ,_m ( ! *apt]s 9 ?is book h be5 select$ f a weal? ( su* mat]ial contribut$ f "t to "t to ! pages ( ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal1 b additions & fre% mat]ial h be5 add$ :]e necess>y4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,! ,ru% = ! ,gold-fields ,frontispiece ,nasmy?'s ,/eam-hamm] #ai ,bessem] ,conv]t+ ,vessel #bh ,bessem] ,process #cj ,krupp's #ae4f ,bree*-load+ ,gun 7bree* op57 #dg ,josiah ,w$gwood #eb ,w$gwood at ,"w #ef ,portl& ,vase #fb ,! ,worce/] ,porcela9 ,works #fd ,*9ese ,porcela9 ,vase #ga ,wool-sort]s at ,"w #hb ,cotton ,plant #aja ,! ,h&-cradle ,me?od ( extract+ ,gold #ajc ,welcome ,nugget #ajf ,hydraulic ,gold-m9+ #aae ,prospect+ = ,gold #abe ,squ>e-cut ,brilliant1 ,r\nd-cut ,brilliant1 ,rose-cut ,diamond #acf ,kimb]ley ,diamond-m9e #aci ,"s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,diamonds ( ! ,_w #ade ,! ,great ,h>ry #aec ,gatl+ ,gun on ,field ,c>riage #afc ,nord5felt-,palmcrantz ,gun m\nt$ on ,%ip's ,bulw>k #afd ,"l ,arm/rong #aff ,rifle-calibre ,maxim ,gun #agh ,"o ( ! ',wood5 ,walls ( ,old ,engl&' #ahd ,! ,maje/ic #ahf ,section ( ! ,g\bet ,subm>9e ,boat #aij ,! ,d&y-horse #bjd ,! ,great ,ea/]n & ! ,p]sia #bcb ,! ,campania #bcg ,clipp] ,sail+-%ip ( #ahej-fj #bda ,la ,france #bdf ,! ,great ,ea/]n pay+ out ! ,atlantic ,cable #bha ,edison ) 8 ,phonograph #bia ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,,page ,pione]s ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,indu/ry--,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]-- ,sir ,william ,siem5s--,w]n] von ,siem5s--,! ,krupps ( ,ess5 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela94 ,josiah ,w$gwood & ! ,w$gwood ,w>e--,worce/] ,porcela9 #ea ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sew+ ,,ma*9e4 ,?omas ,sa9t--,?imonni]--,hunt--,elias ,h[e--,wilson--,morey-- ,s+] #gb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wool ,,& ,,cotton4 ,,wool4--,:at is ,wool8--,*emical ,composition--,fibre--,antiquity ( ,%eph]d ,life--,v>ieties ( ,%eep--,introduction into ,au/ralia--,spani% ,m]9o--,wool ,weal? ( ,au/ralia--,imports & ,exports ( ,wool & ,wooll5 ,produce--,wooll5 ,manufacture #ha ,,cotton4--,cotton ,plant 9 ! ,ea/--,m&eville's ,fables ab\t ,cotton--,cotton 9 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt--,columbus f9ds ,cotton-y>n & ,?read 9 #adib--;,9 ,africa--,manufacture ( ,clo? 9 ,engl&--,! ,am]ican ,cotton ,plant #ia ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gold ,,& ,,diamonds4 ,,gold4--,h[ widely di/ribut$--,alluvial ,gold-m9+--,ve9 ,gold-m9+--,nuggets--,treatm5t ( ,ore & ,gold 9 ! ,transvaal--,/ory ( ,s\? ,african ,gold-fields--,gold-production ( ! ,_w--,johannesburg ! ,gold5 ,city--,coolg>die ,gold-fields--,bayley's discov]y ( ,gold !re #ajb ,,diamonds4--,composition--,diamond-cutt +--,diamond-m9+-- ,fam\s ,diamonds--,cecil ,j4 ,rhodes & ! ,kimb]ley ,m9es #ace ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,big ,,guns1 ,,small-,,arms1 ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,woolwi* ,ars5al--,enfield ,small-arms ,factory--,"l ,arm/rong & ! ,elswick ,works--,te/+ ,guns at ,%oeburyness--,hiram ,s4 ,maxim & ! ,maxim ,ma*9e ,gun--,! ,colt ,automatic ,gun-- ,ironclads--,subm>9e ,boats #aeb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,cycle4 ,9 praise ( ,cycl+--,numb] ( ,cycles 9 ,use--,m$ical ,op9ions--,pione]s 9 ! ,inv5tion--,james ,/>ley--,cycl+ ,t\rs #aib ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/eam]s ,,& ,,sail+-,,%ips4 ,e>ly ,%ipp+--,m$it]ranean ,trade--,rise ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 & o!r ,l9es--,transatlantic ,l9es--,india & ! ,ea/--,e>ly ,/eam%ips--,fir/ ,/eam] to cross ! ,atlantic--,rise ( ,atlantic ,%ipp+ ,l9es--,! ,great ,ea/]n & ! ,new ,cun>d]s ,campania & ,lucania comp>$--,sail+-%ips #bje ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,po/-,,(fice--,,telegraph--,,telephone- -,,phonograph4 ,r[l& ,hill & ,p5ny ,po/age--,a ,visit to ! ,po/-(fice-- ,! ,po/-(fice on ,:eels--,e>ly ,telegraphs--,:eat/one & ,morse--,! ,/ate & ! ,telegraphs--,atlantic ,cables-- ,telephones--,edison & ! ,phonograph #bdg ,illu/ration ,,romance ,,( ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,inv5tion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,pione]s ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,indu/ry--,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]--,sir ,william ,siem5s--,w]n] von ,siem5s--,! ,krupps ( ,ess54 ,francis ,horn]1 writ+ e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 said t ',iron is n only ! s\l ( e o!r manufacture1 b ! ma9spr+ p]haps ( civilis$ society4' ,cobd5 has said t 'our weal?1 comm]ce1 & manufactures grew out ( ! skill$ lab\r ( m5 work+ 9 metals4' ,accord+ to ,c>lyle1 ! epic ( ! future is n to be ,arms & ! ,man1 b ,tools & ! ,man4 ,we all "k t iron 0 m9$ & smelt$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 ?is isl& z f> back z ! "t ( ! ,romans2 & we *]i% a vague notion t iron mu/ h be5 m9$ & smelt$ "h ev] s9ce on a progressively increas+ scale4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k & speak ( ourselves z fir/ among all nations1 at ! smelt+-furnace1 9 ! smi?y1 & amid ! ,titanic lab\rs ( ! me*anical work%op1 t we op5 l>ge eyes :5 we are told :at a rec5t conque/ all ?is sup]iority is6 ,!re 01 inde$1 "s c5turies lat] ?an ! ,roman occupation1 a p]iod com+ d[n to q mod]n times1 dur+ :i* ,engli% iron-m9es 7 left almo/ unwork$4 ,9 ,edw>d ,,iii4's reign1 ! pots1 spits1 & fry+-pans ( ! royal kit*5 7 class$ among 8 maje/y's jewels4 ,= ! plann]s ( ! ,armada ! great] abundance & excell5ce ( ,spani% iron comp>$ ) ,engli% 0 an important elem5t 9 _! calculations ( success4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! home m>ket look$ to ,spa9 & ,g]many = its supply bo? ( iron & /eel4 ,aft] t1 ,sw$5 came prom95tly =w>d2 & f h]1 z late z ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 no less ?an f\r-fif?s ( ! iron us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 import$6 ,! reason ( ?is m>vell\s neglect ( :at has s9ce prov$ "o ( our ma9 s\rces ( weal? lay 9 ! enorm\s consumption ( timb] :i* ! old smelt+ processes entail$4 ,! *>coal us$ 9 produc+ a s+le ton ( pig-iron repres5t$ f\r loads ( wood1 & t requir$ = a ton ( b>-iron repres5t$ sev5 loads4 ,( c\rse1 ! neighb\rhood ( a =e/ 0 an ess5tial condition to ! e/abli%m5t ( ironworks2 b :]ev] su* an e/abli%m5t 0 effect$1 ! =e/ disappe>$ ) port5t\s rapidity4 ,at ,lamb]hur/1 on ! bord]s ( ,k5t & ,sussex1 ) s trifl+ a produce z five tons p] week1 ! annual consumption ( wood 0 two hundr$ ?\s& cords4 ,! timb] weal? ( ,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex--:i* c\nties 7 !n ! c5tres ( our iron indu/ry--seem$ m5ac$ ) spe$y annihilation4 ,9 ! de/ruction ( ^! great =e/s1 t ( our m>itime p[] 0 suppos$ to be intimately involv$2 s t x is easy to und]/& h[1 9 ^? days1 ! developm5t ( ! iron manufacture came to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a national calamity1 & a fitt+ subject = re/rictive legislation6 ,v>i\s ,acts 7 pass$ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury prohibit+ smelt+-furnaces )9 tw5ty-two miles ( ,london1 & _m ( ! ,sussex ma/]s f\nd !mselves compell$1 9 consequ5ce1 to break up _! works4 ,dur+ ! civil w>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a sev]e bl[ 0 giv5 to ! trade by ! de/ruction ( all furnaces belong+ to royali/s2 & aft] ! ,re/oration we f9d ! cr[n itself demoli%+ its own works 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 on ! old plea t ! supply ( %ipbuild+ timb] 0 !reby imp]ill$4 ,betwe5 #agbj & #agcj ! ironworks ( ,worce/]%ire & ! ,=e/ ( ,dean consum$ #ag1cej tons ( timb] annually1 or five tons = ea* furnace4 ',f ?is "t' 7! ,re/oration71 says ,mr ,smiles1 '! iron manufacture ( ,sussex1 z ( ,engl& g5]ally1 rapidly decl9$4 ,9 #agdj !re 7 only fifty-n9e furnaces 9 all ,engl&1 ( :i* t5 7 9 ,sussex2 & 9 #aghh !re 7 only two4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 & ! ,sussex iron-furnaces 7 bl[n out altoge!r4 ,f>nhur/ 9 ,we/]n1 & ,a%burnham 9 ,ea/]n ,sussex1 witness$ ! total ext9ction ( ! manufacture4 ,! d9 ( ! iron hamm] 0 hu%$1 ! gl>e ( ! furnace fad$1 ! la/ bla/ ( ! bell[s 0 bl[n1 & ! di/rict return$ to its orig9al rural solitude4 ,"s ( ! furnace-ponds 7 dra9$ & plant$ ) hops or will[s2 o!rs =m$ beautiful lakes 9 retir$ pleasure-gr\nds2 :ile ! rema9d] 7 us$ to drive fl\r-mills1 z ! /reams 9 ,nor? ,k5t1 in/ead ( driv+ full+-mills1 7 employ$ to "w pap]-mills4' ,! pl5tifulness ( timb] 9 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s expla9s ! e/abli%m5t ( smelt+-furnaces1 9 #agec1 by an ,engli% company at ,bunawe 9 ,argyll%ire1 :i!r ! iron 0 br\ght f ,furness 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,few ( our read]s c be unacqua9t$ ) ! fact t iron-smelt+ at ! pres5t day is p]=m$ n ) wood b ) coal4 ,x w readily1 !n1 be und]/ood t ! sub/itution ( ! "o description ( fuel = ! o!r mu/ h =m$ ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% iron manufacture4 ,?is sub/itution1 h[ev]1 0 br\ght ab\t v sl[ly4 ,! prejudice aga9/ coal 0 = a long p]iod extreme2 its use = dome/ic purposes 0 pron\nc$ detrim5tal to heal?2 &1 ev5 = purposes ( manufacture1 x 0 g5]ally condemn$4 ,nev]!less1 z wood became sc>c] & de>]1 a clos] exam9ation into ! capabilities ( coal came naturally to be made2 & "h1 z 9 almo/ e o!r indu/rial pa?1 we f9d a =eign] act+ z our pione]4 ,! ,g]mans _h long be5 exp]i5c$ 9 m9+ & metallurgy2 & x 0 a ,g]man1 ,simon ,/urtevant1 :o fir/ took out a pat5t = smelt+ iron ) coal4 ,b 8 process prov$ a failure1 & ! pat5t 0 cancell$4 ,o!r ,g]mans1 naturalis$ "h1 foll[$ 9 ,/urtevant's foot/eps1 b ) no bett] results2 until at la/ an ,engli%man1 ,dud ,dudley 7#aeii-afhd71 took up ! idea1 & gave x practical success4 ,! t[n ( ,dudley 0 ev5 !n a c5tre ( ! iron manufacture1 & ,dud's noble fa!r1 ,"l ,dudley1 own$ sev]al furnaces4 ,b "h1 also1 ! =e/-weal? ( ! di/rict 0 fa/ melt+ away1 & ! trade already langui%$ "u ! dread ( imp5d+ dissolution4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 mean:ile1 coal 0 abundant1 ) iron/one & lime/one 9 close proximity to x4 ,dud1 :o1 z a *ild1 _h haunt$ & scrut9is$ 8 fa!r's ironworks ) wond]+ delight1 0 plac$ j at ?is juncture 9 *>ge ( a furnace & a c\ple ( =ges1 & imm$iately turn$ 8 en]getic m9d to ! "q ( smelt+ ) coal4 ,"s c>eful exp]im5ts succe$$ s well t he wrote to 8 fa!r1 reque/+ him to take out a pat5t = ! process2 & ?is pat5t1 regi/]$ 9 ,"l ,dudley's "n1 & dat$ ! #bb;d ,febru>y #afbj1 prop]ly inaugurat$ ! great metallurgic revolution :i* _h made ! ,engli% iron trade :at x n[ is4 ,&rew ,y>ranton 0 ano!r pione] 9 ! iron & t9-plate indu/ry1 & wrote a rem>kable "w on ,engl&'s ,improvem5t by ,sea & ,l& 7#afgg-ha74 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ) ?is positive success on record1 ! in]t insul> m9d long refus$ to foll[ ! pa? cle>$ = x4 ,dud's discov]y '0 nei!r appreciat$ by ! iron-ma/]s nor by ! workm52' & all s*emes = smelt+ ore ) any o!r fuel ?an wood-*>coal 7 reg>d$ ) incr$ulity4 ,8 secret seems to h be5 bequea!d to no "o1 & = _m ye>s aft] 8 dea? ! old1 mu*-abus$1 =e/-dev\r+ sy/em w5t tott]+ on4 ,/]n necessity1 h[ev]1 taught its h>d lesson at la/1 & a p]iod ins5sibly arriv$ :5 ! employm5t ( coal 9 smelt+ processes became ! rule r ?an ! exception1 & might be se5 "h & !re on an unusually l>ge scale--especially at ! celebrat$ ,coalbrookdale works1 9 ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 ,%rop%ire4 ,! f\nd] ( ! ,coalbrookdale indu/ries 0 a ,quak]--,abraham ,d>by 7#afgg-agag74 ,a small furnace _h exi/$ on ! spot ev] s9ce ! days ( ! ,tudors1 & ?is small furnace =m$ ! nucleus ( t indu/rial activity :i* ! visitor ( ,coalbrookdale surveys ) su* wond] at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ,d>by's "t1 ! pr9cipal cook+ ut5sils ( ! poor] classes 7 pots & kettles made ( ca/-iron4 ,b ev5 ?is primitive w>e 0 beyond native skill1 & mo/ ( ! ut5sils 9 "q 7 import$ f ,holl&4 ,ex]cis+ an ef=t ( judgm5t1 :i*1 mod]ate z x 01 seems to h be5 hi!rto unexampl$1 ,d>by resolv$ to pay t c\ntry a visit1 & asc]ta9 9 p]son :y x 0 t ,dut* ca/+s 7 s good & ,engli% s bad4 ,! use ( dry s& in/ead ( clay = ! m\lds compris$1 he f\nd1 ! :ole secret4 ,on return+ to ,engl&1 ,d>by took out a pat5t = ! new process1 & 8 ca/+s soon acquir$ repute4 ,! use ( pit-coal 9 ! ,coalbrookdale furnaces is n suppos$1 h[ev]1 to h become g5]al until ! wor?y ,abraham _h be5 succe$$ by 8 son2 b :5 x once did become s1 ! impetus !reby giv5 to ! iron trade & to coal-m9+ 0 imm5se4 ,x is ! latt] indu/ry :i* may pre-em95tly claim to h call$ ! /eam-eng9e into exi/5ce4 ,! dem& = pump+-p[] adequate to ! dra9age ( deep m9es set ,newcom5's bra9 to "w2 & ! eng9e r\gh-sket*$ by 8 +5uity1 & p]fect$ by ! g5ius ( ,watt1 soon increas$ enorm\sly ! production ( iron by r5d]+ coal m accessible & ! bla/-furnace m effici5t4 ,a son-9-law ( ,abraham ,d>by's1 ,ri*>d ,reynolds by "n1 made a great /ride t[>ds ! mod]n railway by sub/itut+ iron = wood on ! tramways :i* connect$ ! diff]5t works at ,coalbrookdale2 & x 0 a gr&son ( ! same ,abraham :o design$ & erect$ ! fir/ iron bridge4 ,engl&1 we h se51 borr[$ ! idea ( h] smelt+ processes & iron-ca/+s f ,g]many & ,holl&2 b ! discov]y ( t important mat]ial1 ca/-/eel1 belongs1 at lea/1 to "o ( h] own sons4 ,yet ev5 "h ! relation%ip is a m]ely conv5tional "o1 = ,b5jam9 ,huntsman 7#agjd-aggf7 0 ! *ild ( ,g]man p>5ts :o _h settl$ 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,huntsman's orig9al call+ 0 t ( a clock-mak]2 b 8 rem>kable me*anical skill1 8 %rewdness1 & 8 practical s5se1 soon gave him ! repute ( ! 'wise man' ( ! di/rict1 & br\ght neighb\rs to consult him n only z to ! repair ( e ord9>y sort ( ma*9]y1 b also ( ! human frame--! mo/ complex ( all ma*9es6 ,x 0 8 daily exp]i5ce ( ! inf]ior quality ( ! tools at 8 comm& t l$ him to make exp]im5ts 9 ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,:at 8 exp]im5ts 7 we h no record to %[2 b t !y mu/ h be5 conduct$ ) ,teutonic pati5ce & ?or\ghness !re c be no d\bt1 f ! =midable nature ( ! difficulties ov]come4 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 long refus$ to make use ( ,huntsman's preci\s mat]ial1 al?\gh produc$ 9 h] v mid/4 ,! ,%effield cutl]s w\ld h no?+ to d ) a sub/ance s mu* h>d] ?an any?+ !y 7 accu/om$ to1 & ,huntsman 0 actually compell$ to look = 8 m>ket abroad6 ,all ! ca/-/eel he c\ld manufacture 0 s5t ov] to ,france1 & ! m]it ( employ+ ?is mat]ial = g5]al purposes belongs orig9ally to t c\ntry4 ,! inv5tions ( ,h5ry ,cort 7#agdj-ahjj7 = ref9+ & roll+ iron 7#aghe7 7 ! ma9spr+ ( ! malleable iron trade1 & made ,great ,brita9 indep5d5t ( ,russia & ,sw$5 = supplies ( manufactur$ iron4 ,"o au?ority has /at$ t s9ce #agij1 :5 ,cort's improvem5ts 7 entirely e/abli%$1 ! value ( l&$ prop]ty 9 ,engl& _h d\bl$4 ,b he 0 un=tunate 9 bus9ess life1 & 9 #ahaa upw>ds ( =ty iron firms subscrib$ t[>ds a fund = ! assi/ance ( 8 wid[ & n9e orphan *ildr54 ,david ,mu%et 7#aggb-ahdg7 did mu* = ! expansion ( ! iron trade 9 ,scotl& by 8 prep>ation ( /eel f b>-iron by a direct process1 comb9+ ! iron ) c>bon1 & by 8 discov]y ( ! effect ( manganese on /eel4 ,/eel is ! mat]ial ( :i* ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r are ess5tially made4 ,^u ! quality ( ! mat]ial1 t ( ! in/rum5t naturally dep5ds1 & ^u ! quality ( ! in/rum5t1 t1 9 great measure1 ( ! "w4 ,watt's m>vell\s inv5tion ran great risk1 at "o "t1 ( be+ ab&on$1 = ! simple reason t ! me*anical capacities ( ! age 7 n 'up' to its embodim5t4 ,ev5 aft] ,watt _h secur$ ! aid ( ,b\lton's be/ workm51 ,smeaton gave x z 8 op9ion t ! /eam-eng9e c\ld nev] be br\ght into g5]al use1 because ( ! difficulty ( gett+ its v>i\s p>ts made ) ! requisite precision4 ,! execution by ma*9]y ( "w ord9>ily execut$ by h&-tools has be5 a gigantic /ride 9 ! pa? ( mat]ial civilisation4 ,! e>lie/ phase ( ! great mod]n movem5t 9 ?is direction is repres5t$1 probably1 by ! sawmill4 ,a sawmill 0 erect$ ne> ,london z long ago z #affc--;by a =eign]--b 0 %ortly ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! det]m9$ ho/ility ( ! sawy]s2 & m ?an a c5tury elaps$ be=e ano!r mill 0 put up4 ,b ! sawmill is comp>atively a rude /ructure1 & ! mat]ial x op]ates ^u is easily treat$1 ev5 by ! h&4 ,:5 we come to deal1 h[ev]1 ) su* sub/ances z iron & /eel1 ! b5efit ( ma*9]y becomes incalculable4 ,)\t our rec5t ma*9e-tools1 inde$1 ! /up5d\s iron creations ( ! pres5t day w\ld h be5 impossible at any co/2 = no am\nt ( h&-lab\r c\ld ev] atta9 t p]fect exactitude ( con/ruction )\t :i* x w\ld be idle to attempt fitt+ ! compon5t p>ts ( ^! colossal /ructures toge!r4 ,! fir/ impulse1 h[ev]1 to ! improvem5t ( ma*9e-tools = ironwork 0 giv5 by a difficulty born n ( mass b ( m9ut5ess4 ,up to ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! locks 9 common use among u 7 ( ! rude/ description1 & af=d$ sc>cely any security aga9/ ?ieves4 ,to meet ?is univ]sal want1 ,joseph ,bramah set 8 rem>kable inv5tive faculties to "w1 & spe$ily contriv$ a lock s p]fect1 t x held its gr\nd = _m a day4 ,b ,bramah's locks are ma*9es ( ! mo/ delicate k9d1 dep5d+ = _! effici5cy ^u ! precision ) :i* _! compon5t p>ts are f9i%$2 &1 at t "t1 ! atta9m5t ( ?is precision1 at su* a price z to r5d] ! lock an article ( ext5sive comm]ce1 seem$ an insup]able difficulty4 ,9 8 dilemma1 ,bramah's att5tion 0 direct$ to a y\ng/] 9 ! ,woolwi* ,ars5al smi?y1 nam$ ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ^: reputation = +5uity 0 already great among 8 fell[s4 ,bramah 0 at fir/ almo/ a%am$ to take su* a m]e lad into 8 c\nsels2 b a prelim9>y conv]sation conv9c$ him t 8 confid5ce w\ld n be misplac$4 ,he p]suad$ ,maudsley to ent] 8 employm5t1 & ! result 0 ! inv5tion1 betwe5 !m1 ( ! plan+-ma*9e1 applicable ei!r to wood or metal1 z also ( c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! old la!1 m p>ticul>ly ( t kn[n z ! 'slide-re/4' ,9 ! old-fa%ion$ la!1 ! workman guid$ 8 cutt+-tool by %e] muscul> /r5g?1 & ! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! pressure necess>ily l$ to an irregul>ity ( surface4 ,! re/ = ! h& is 9 ?is case fix$1 & ! tool held by ! workman travels along x4 ,n[1 ! pr9ciple ( ! slide-re/ is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,! re/ itself holds ! tool firmly fix$ 9 x1 & slides along ! b5* 9 a direction p>allel ) ! axis ( ! "w4 ,all t ! workman has to d1 !re=e1 is to turn a screw-h&le1 by means ( :i* ! cutt] is c>ri$ along ) ! smalle/ possible exp5diture ( /r5g?2 & ev5 ?is trifl+ lab\r has be5 s9ce got rid (1 by mak+ ! re/ self-act+4 ,simple & obvi\s z ?is improvem5t seems1 its importance _c be ov]rat$4 ,! accuracy x insur$ 0 precisely ! desid]atum ( ! day6 ,by means ( ! slide-re/1 ! mo/ delicate z well z ! mo/ pond]\s pieces ( ma*9]y c be turn$ ) ma!matical precision2 & f ?is inv5tion mu/ date t extraord9>y developm5t ( me*anical p[] & production :i* is a *>act]i/ic ( ! age we live 94 ',)\t ! aid ( ! va/ accession to our p[] ( produc+ p]fect me*anism :i* x at once suppli$1' says a fir/-class judge 9 matt]s ( ! k9d1 'we c\ld nev] h work$ out into practical & pr(itable =ms ! conceptions ( ^? ma/]-m9ds :o1 dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury1 h s successfully pione]$ ! way = mank9d4 ,! /eam-eng9e itself1 :i* supplies u ) su* unb\nd$ p[]1 owes its pres5t p]fection to ?is mo/ admirable means ( giv+ to metallic objects ! mo/ precise & p]fect geometrical =ms4 ,h[ c\ld we1 = in/ance1 h good /eam-eng9es if we _h n ! means ( bor+ out a true cyl9d]1 or turn+ a true pi/on-rod1 or plan+ a valve-face8' ,x w\ld p]haps be impossible to cite any m au?oritative e/imate ( ,maudsley's inv5tion ?an ! above4 ,! words plac$ betwe5 inv]t$ commas are ! words ( ,james ,nasmy?1 ! inv5tor ( t wond]ful /eam-hamm] :i* ,pr(essor ,toml9son *>act]ises z '"o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( artificial ma*9es & noble/ triumphs ( m9d ov] matt] t mod]n ,engli% eng9e]s h yet develop$4' ,illu/ration3 ,nasmy?'s ,/eam-hamm]4 ,?is ma*9e enl>g$ at "o b\nd ! :ole scale ( work+ 9 iron1 & p]mitt$ ,maudsley's la! to develop its entire range ( capacity4 ,! old 'tilt-hamm]' 0 s con/ruct$ t ! m volum9\s ! mat]ial submitt$ to x1 ! less 0 ! p[] atta9able2 s t z soon z c]ta9 dim5sions _h be5 exce$$1 ! hamm] became utt]ly useless4 ,:5 ! ,great ,we/]n /eam%ip 0 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 t5d]s 7 invit$ f ! lead+ me*anical firms = ! supply ( ! enorm\s paddle-%aft requir$ = h] eng9es4 ,b a =g+ ( ! size 9 "q _h nev] be5 execut$1 & no firm 9 ,engl& w\ld und]take ! contract4 ,9 ?is dilemma1 ,mr ,nasmy? 0 appli$ to1 & ! result ( 8 /udy ( ! problem 0 ?is m>vell\s /eam-hamm]--s p[]ful t x w =ge an ,arm/rong hundr$-p\nd] z easily z a f>ri] =ges a horse-%oe1 & s delicately manageable t x w crack a nut )\t bruis+ its k]nel6 ,,bessem] ,,/eel4 ,9 #agbb1 ,reaumur produc$ /eel by melt+ ?ree p>ts ( ca/-iron ) "o "p ( wr\ght iron 7probably 9 a crucible7 9 a common =ge2 he1 h[ev]1 fail$ to produce /eel 9 ?is mann] on a work+ scale4 ,?is process has _m po9ts 9 common ) ! ,indian ,wootz-/eel manufacture4 ,z we h se51 to ,b5jam9 ,huntsman1 a ,donca/] artisan1 belongs ! cr$it ( fir/ produc+ ca/-/eel ^u a work+ scale1 z he 0 ! fir/ to accompli% ! entire fusion ( conv]t$ b>-iron 7t is1 bli/]-/eel7 ( ! requir$ degree ( h>dness1 9 crucibles or clay pots1 plac$ among ! coke ( an air-furnace4 ,?is process is /ill c>ri$ on at ,%effield & else:]e1 & is :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! crucible or pot-/eel process4 ,x 0 ma9ly supplem5t>y to ! cem5tation process1 z =m]ly bli/]-/eel 0 alone melt$ 9 ! crucibles2 b latt]ly1 & at ! pres5t "t1 ! crucible mode ( manufacture embraces ! fusion ( o!r v>ieties & comb9ations ( metal1 produc+ accord+ly diff]5t classes & qualities ( /eel4 ,9 #ahci1 ,josiah ,m>%all ,hea? pat5t$ ! important application ( c>buret ( manganese to /eel 9 ! crucible1 :i* application imp>t$ to ! result+ product ! prop]ties ( v>y+ temp] & increas$ =geability4 ,he subsequ5tly f\nd out t a sep>ate op]ation 0 n necess>y to =m ! c>buret--:i* is produc$ by heat+ p]oxide ( manganese & c>bon to a high temp]ature--b t ! same result c\ld be atta9$ by simply 9 ! fir/ in/ance add+ ! c>bon & oxide ( manganese direct to ! metal 9 ! crucible4 ,he unsuspect+ly communicat$ ?is aft]-discov]y to 8 ag5t--by "n ,unw9--:o took advantage ( ! fact t x 0 n incorporat$ 9 ! word+ ( ! pat5t1 & s 0 unprotect$1 to make use ( x = 8 own advantage4 ,! result 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pat5t trials on record1 ext5d+ ov] twelve ye>s1 & t]m9at+ 9 #ahee aga9/ ! pat5tee--a rem>kable in/ance ( ! triumph ( legal te*nicalities ov] ! moral s5se ( "r4 ,a v important developm5t ( ! manufacture ( /eel foll[$ ! introduction ( ! ',bessem] process1' by means ( :i* a l[ c>bon or mild ca/-/eel c be produc$ at ab\t "o-t5? ( ! co/ ( crucible /eel4 ,x is us$ = rails1 = ! tires ( ! :eels ( railway c>riages1 = %ip-plates1 boil]-plates1 = %aft+1 & a multitude ( con/ructional & o!r purposes to :i* only wr\ght iron 0 =m]ly appli$1 besides _m = :i* no metal at all 0 us$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]'s process = mak+ /eel1 :i* is n[ s l>gely practis$ 9 ,engl&1 on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & 9 ,am]ica1 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahef4 ,x 0 fir/ appli$ to ! mak+ ( malleable iron1 b ?is has nev] be5 successfully made by ! ,bessem] me?od4 ,= ! manufacture ( a *eap b highly s]viceable /eel1 h[ev]1 its success has be5 s spl5did t no o!r metallurgical process has giv5 its inv5tor s great a r5[n4 ,al?\gh ! app>atus actually us$ is some:at co/ly & elaborate1 yet ! pr9ciple ( ! op]ation is v simple4 ,a l>ge conv]t+ vessel1 ) op5+s call$ tuy]es 9 its bottom1 is p>tially fill$ up ) f #e to #aj tons ( molt5 pig-iron1 & a bla/ ( air1 at a pressure ( f #ah to #bj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 is =c$ ?r\gh ?is metal by a bl[+ eng9e4 ,pig-iron conta9s f #c to #e p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 &1 if x has be5 smelt$ ) *>coal f a pure ore1 z is ! case ) ,sw$i% iron1 ! bla/ is cont9u$ till only f 4#be to #a p] c5t4 ( ! c>bon is left 9 ! metal1 t is to say1 /eel is produc$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! m9imum quantity ( c>bon is ev5 less ?an 4#be p] c5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e a less pure b /ill exp5sive ca/-iron--viz4 haematite pig--is us$ = ! production ( /eel 9 ! ord9>y ,bessem] conv]t]1 ! process diff]s slightly4 ,9 ?is case ! :ole ( ! c>bon is oxidis$ by ! bla/ ( air1 & ! requisite quantity ( ?is elem5t is aft]w>ds re/or$ to ! metal by p\r+ into ! conv]t] a small quantity ( a peculi> k9d ( ca/-iron1 call$ spiegeleis51 :i* conta9s a kn[n quantity ( c>bon4 ,b small quantities ( manganese & silicon are also pres5t 9 ,bessem] /eel4 ,! 'bl[' la/s f #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,/eel made f :atev] k9d ( pig-iron1 ei!r by ?is or by ! 'basic' process1 is n suffici5tly d5se1 at lea/ = mo/ purposes1 & x is accord+ly manipulat$ "u ! /eam-hamm] & roll$ into a v>iety ( =ms4 ,bessem] /eel is employ$1 z we h said1 = heavy objects1 z rails1 tires1 roll]s1 boil]-plates1 %ip-plates1 & = _m o!r purposes = :i* malleable iron 0 =m]ly us$4 ,basic /eel is n[ l>gely made f inf]ior pig-iron1 su* z ! ,clevel&1 by ! ,?omas-,gil*ri/ process pat5t$ 9 #ahgh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only a modification ( ! ,bessem] process to ! ext5t ( sub/itut+ = ! silice\s or 'acid' l9+ g5]ally us$1 a lime or 'basic' l9+ = ! conv]t]4 ,lime/one1 pref]ably a magnesian lime/one 9 "s =m1 is commonly employ$ = ! l9+4 ,by ! use ( a basic l9+1 phosphorus is elim9at$ t[>ds ! end ( ! 'bl[4' ,phosphorus is a v delet]i\s sub/ance 9 /eel1 & is pres5t1 sometimes to ! ext5t ( #b p] c5t41 9 pig-iron smelt$ f impure ore4 ,! f\r inv5tions ( ?is c5tury :i* h giv5 ! greate/ impetus to ! manufacture ( iron & /eel 7--! introduction ( ! hot bla/ into ! bla/-furnace = ! production ( crude iron1 made by ,j4 ,b4 ,neilson1 ( ! ,glasg[ ,gas-works1 9 #ahbg2 ! application ( ! cold bla/ 9 ! ,bessem] conv]t] :i* we h j describ$2 ! production ( /eel direct f ! ore1 by ,siem5s1 9 ! op5 he>?2 & ! discov]y ( a basic l9+ by :i* phosphorus is elim9at$ & all k9ds ( iron conv]t$ into /eel4 ,?is la/ 0 ! discov]y ( ,g4 ,j4 ,snelus1 ( ,london1 & x 0 made a practical success by ! ,?omas ,gil*ri/ process j describ$4 ,9 #ahhc1 ,mr ,snelus 0 aw>d$ ! ,bessem] gold m$al ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute 'z ! fir/ man :o made pure /eel f impure iron 9 a ,bessem] conv]t] l9$ ) basic mat]ials4' ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,bessem]4 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]1 ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n process ( mak+ /eel f iron1 :i* has j be5 describ$1 0 ! son ( ,an?ony ,bessem]1 :o escap$ f ,france 9 #agib1 & f\nd employm5t 9 ! ,engli% ,m9t4 ,he 0 born 9 #ahac1 at ,*>lton1 ,h]ts1 :]e 8 fa!r _h an e/ate1 0 to a great ext5t self-taught1 & 8 fav\rite amusem5t 0 9 modell+ build+s & o!r objects 9 clay4 ,he came up to ,london 'kn[+ no "o1 & no "o kn[+ me--a m]e ciph] 9 ?is va/ sea ( ent]prise4' ,he fir/ e>n$ 8 liv+ by engrav+ a l>ge numb] ( elegant & orig9al designs on /eel ) a diamond po9t1 = pat5t m$ic9e labels4 ,he f\nd "w also z design] & modell]4 ,he has be5 a prolific inv5tor1 z ! volumes issu$ by ! ,pat5t ,(fice %[4 ,x has be5 said t he has paid 9 pat5t /amp duties alone z mu* z ,l#aj1jjj4 ,at tw5ty he inv5t$ a mode ( tak+ copies f antique & mod]n basso-relievos 9 su* a way t !y might be /amp$ on c>d-bo>d1 ?\s&s be+ produc$ at a small co/4 ,8 inv5tive faculty also devis$ a ready me?od :]eby ^? :o 7 defraud+ ! gov]nm5t by deta*+ old /amps f leases1 money-bills1 & agreem5ts1 & by us+ !m ov] aga91 c\ld be defeat$ 9 _! purpose4 ,8 fir/ pecuni>y success 0 obta9$ by 8 inv5tion ( ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( ,bessem] gold & bronze p[d]s1 :i* 0 n pat5t$1 b ! nature ( :i* 0 long kept secret4 ,ano!r successful inv5tion 0 a ma*9e = mak+ ,utre*t velvet4 ,he also int]e/$ himself 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts1 oils1 & v>ni%es1 sug>1 railway c>riages1 ordnance1 projectiles1 & ! v5tilation ( m9es4 ,9 ! ,exhibition ( #ahea he exhibit$ an +5i\s ma*9e = gr9d+ & poli%+ plate-glass4 ,l ,"l ,arm/rong1 ,bessem] turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject ( ! improvem5t ( projectiles :5 !re 0 a prospect ( a ,european w> 9 #ahec4 ,he inv5t$ a mode ( fir+ elongat$ projectiles f smoo?-bore guns1 b receiv$ no c\nt5ance f ! (ficials at ,woolwi*4 ,comm&] ,m9ie1 :o _h *>ge ( ! exp]im5ts :i* ,bessem] 0 mak+ on behalf ( ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 said3 ',yes1 ! %ots rotate prop]ly2 b if we _c get some?+ /rong] = our guns1 ^! heavy projectiles w be ( little use4' ,?is />t$ ,bessem] ?9k+ & exp]im5t+ fur!r1 & l$ up1 z we w see1 to ! great indu/rial revolution ) :i* 8 "n /&s id5tifi$4 ,he in=m$ ! ,emp]or t he int5d$ to /udy ! :ole subject ( metals suitable = artill]y purposes4 ,he built exp]im5tal works at ,/ ,pancras1 b made _m failures1 furnace aft] furnace be+ pull$ d[n & rebuilt4 ,8 prolong$ & exp5sive exp]im5ts 9 gett+ a suitable ordnance metal 7 mean:ile us+ up 8 capital2 b he 0 on ! eve ( a great discov]y1 & began to see t ! ref9em5t ( iron might g on until pure malleable iron or /eel c\ld be obta9$4 ,8 wife aid$ & enc\rag$ him at ?is "t z only a true wife c4 ,aft] a ye> & a half1 9 :i* he pat5t$ _m improvem5ts 9 ! exi/+ sy/ems ( manufacture1 x occurr$ to him to introduce a bla/ ( atmosph]ic air into ! fluid metal1 :]eby ! ca/-iron might be made malleable4 ,he f\nd t by bl[+ air ?r\gh crude iron 9 a fluid /ate1 x c\ld ?us be r5d]$ malleable4 ,he next tri$ ! me?od ( hav+ ! air bl[n f bel[ by means ( an air-eng9e4 ,molt5 iron be+ p\r$ into ! vessel1 & air be+ =c$ 9 f bel[1 result$ 9 a surpris+ combu/ion1 & ! iron 9 ! vessel 0 trans=m$ into /eel4 ,! introduction ( oxyg5 ?r\gh ! fluid iron1 induc$ a high] heat1 & burn$ up ! impurities4 ,feel+ t he _h succe$$ 9 8 exp]im5t1 he acqua9t$ ,mr ,george ,r5nie ) ! result4 ,! latt] said to him3 ',?is mu/ n be hid "u a bu%el4 ,! ,briti% ,association meets next week at ,*elt5ham2 if y h pat5t$ y\r inv5tion1 draw up an acc\nt ( x 9 a pap]1 & h x read 9 ,section ,g4' ,accord+ly ,bessem] wrote an acc\nt ( 8 process1 & 9 ,augu/ #ahef1 he read 8 pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association ',on ! ,manufacture ( ,malleable ,iron & ,/eel )\t ,fuel1' :i* />tl$ ! iron trade ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! day on :i* 8 pap] 0 to be read1 ,bessem] 0 sitt+ at breakfa/ 9 8 hotel1 :5 an iron-ma/] to :om he 0 unkn[n1 laugh+ly said to a fri5d3 ',d y "k t !re is somebody come d[n f ,london to read u a pap] on mak+ /eel f ca/-iron )\t fuel8 ,did y ev] he> ( su* nons5se8' ,among/ ^? :o spoke g5]\sly & en?usia/ically ( ,bessem]'s new process 0 ,james ,nasmy?1 to :om ! inv5tor (f]$ "o-?ird %>e ( ! value ( ! pat5t1 :i* w\ld h be5 ano!r =tune to him4 ,nasmy? _h made money en\gh by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 & decl9$4 ,9 a communication to ,nasmy?1 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] ?ank$ him = 8 e>ly patronage1 & describ$ 8 discov]y3 ',i %all ev] feel grateful = ! noble way 9 :i* y spoke at ! meet+ at ,*elt5ham ( my inv5tion4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 y held up a piece ( malleable iron1 say+ words to ?is effect3 ,"h is a true ,briti% nugget6 ,"h is a new process t promises to put an end to all puddl+2 & ,i may m5tion t at ?is mom5t !re are puddl+-furnaces 9 successful op]ation :]e my pat5t holl[ /eam-rabbl] is at "w1 produc+ iron ( sup]ior quality by ! introduction ( jets ( /eam 9 ! puddl+ process4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 lay any claim to ?is inv5tion ( ,mr ,bessem]2 b ,i may fairly be entitl$ to say t ,i h advanc$ along ! roads on :i* he has travell$ s _m miles1 & has effect$ su* unexpect$ results1 t ,i d n hesitate to say t ,i may g home f ?is meet+ & te> up my pat5t1 = my process ( puddl+ is assur$ly sup]s$$4' ,aft] giv+ an acc\nt ( 8 failures1 z well z successes1 ,sir ,h5ry proce$$ to say3 ',i prep>$ to try ano!r exp]im5t1 9 a crucible hav+ no hole 9 ! bottom1 b :i* 0 provid$ ) an iron pipe put ?r\gh a hole 9 ! cov]1 & pass+ d[n ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,! small lumps & gra9s ( iron 7 pack$ r\nd x1 s z ne>ly to fill ! crucible4 ,a bla/ ( air 0 to be =c$ d[n ! pipe s z to rise up among ! pieces ( granul> iron1 & p>tly dec>burise !m4 ,! pipe c\ld !n be )drawn1 & ! fire urg$ until ! metal ) its coat ( oxide 0 fus$1 & ca/-/eel !reby produc$4 ',:ile ! bl[+ app>atus = ?is exp]im5t 0 be+ fitt$ up1 ,i 0 tak5 ) "o ( ^? %ort b pa9ful illnesses to :i* ,i 0 subject at t "t4 ,i 0 conf9$ to my b$1 & x 0 !n t my m9d1 dwell+ = h\rs toge!r on ! exp]im5t ab\t to be made1 sugge/$ t in/ead ( try+ to dec>burise ! granulat$ metal by =c+ ! air d[n ! v]tical pipe among ! pieces ( iron1 ! air w\ld act mu* m en]getically & m rapidly if ,i fir/ melt$ ! iron 9 ! crucible1 & =c$ ! air d[n ! pipe bel[ ! surface ( ! fluid metal1 & ?us burnt out ! c>bon & silicum :i* x conta9$4 ',?is appe>$ s feasible1 & 9 e way s great an improvem5t1 t ! exp]im5t on ! granul> pieces 0 at once ab&on$1 & z soon z ,i 0 well en\gh1 ,i proce$$ to try ! exp]im5t ( =c+ ! air "u ! fluid metal4 ,! result 0 m>vell\s4 ,complete dec>buration 0 effect$ 9 half an h\r4 ,! heat produc$ 0 imm5se1 b un=tunately m ?an half ! metal 0 bl[n out ( ! pot4 ,?is l$ to ! use ( pots ) l>ge1 holl[1 p]=at$ cov]s1 :i* effectually prev5t$ ! loss ( metal4 ,^! exp]im5ts cont9u$ f ,janu>y to ,octob] #ahee4 ,i h by me on ! mantelpiece at ?is mom5t1 a small piece ( roll$ b>-iron :i* 0 roll$ at ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 & exhibit$ a ye> lat] at ,*elt5ham4 ',i !n appli$ = a pat5t1 b be=e prep>+ my provisional specification 7dat$ ,octob] #ag1 #ahee71 ,i se>*$ = o!r pat5ts to asc]ta9 :e!r any?+ ( ! sort _h be5 done be=e4 ,i !n f\nd y\r pat5t = puddl+ ) ! /eam-rabble1 & also ,m>t9's pat5t = ! use ( /eam 9 gutt]s :ile molt5 iron 0 be+ convey$ f ! bla/-furnace to a f9]y1 !re to be ref9$ 9 ! ord9>y way prior to puddl+4' ,illu/ration3 ,,bessem] ,,conv]t+ ,,vessel3 a1 a1 a1 tuy]es2 b1 air-space2 c1 melt$ metal4 ,sev]al lead+ m5 9 ! iron trade took lic5ses = ! new manufacture1 :i* br\ght ,bessem] ,l#bg1jjj )9 ?irty days ( ! "t ( read+ 8 pap]4 ,^! lic5ses he aft]w>ds b\ght back = ,l#ca1jjj1 giv+ fre% ones 9 _! /ead4 ,"s ( ! e>ly exp]im5ts fail$1 & x 0 fe>$ ! new me?od w\ld prove impracticable4 ,^! exp]im5ts fail$ because ( ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 9 ! iron4 ,b ,bessem] work$ /eadily 9 ord] to remove ! difficulties :i* _h aris51 & a *emical laboratory 0 add$ to 8 e/abli%m5t1 ) a pr(essor ( *emi/ry atta*$4 ,success await$ him4 ,! new me?od ( /eel-mak+ spread into ,france & ,sw$51 & 9 #ahgi ! works = mak+ ,bessem] /eel 7 eighty-f\r 9 numb]1 & repres5t$ a capital ( m ?an ?ree millions4 ,8 process = ! manufacture ( /eel rais$ ! annual production ( /eel 9 ,engl& f #ej1jjj tons by ! old] processes to z _m z #b1jjj1jjj tons 9 "s ye>s4 ,x 0 next us$ = boil]-plates2 %ipbuild+ ) ,bessem] /eel 0 begun 9 #ahfb1 & n[ x is employ$ = mo/ ( ! purposes = :i* malleable iron 0 =m]ly us$4 ,! production ( ,europe & ,am]ica 9 #ahib 0 ov] #aj1jjj1jjj tons1 ( a probable value ( ,l#hd1jjj1jjj1 suffici5t1 z has be5 rem>k$1 to make a solid /eel wall r\nd ,london #dj feet high1 & #e feet ?ick4 ,x w\ld take1 accord+ to ! inv5tor1 two or ?ree ye>s' production ( all ! gold-m9es 9 ! _w to pay 9 gold = ! output ( ,bessem] /eel = "o ye>4 ,! price ( /eel previ\s to ,huntsman's process 0 ab\t ,l#aj1jjj p] ton2 aft] him1 f ,l#ej to ,l#ajj4 ,n[ ,bessem] leaves x at ,l#e to ,l#f p] ton4 ,& a process :i* occupi$ t5 days c be accompli%$ )9 half an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,bessem] ,process4 ,9 8 sket* ( ! ',bessem] ,/eel ,indu/ry1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t' 7#ahid71 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] says3 ',x is ?is new mat]ial1 s mu* /rong] & t\gh] ?an common iron1 t n[ builds our %ips ( w> & our m]cantile m>9e4 ,/eel =ms _! boil]s1 _! propell] %afts1 _! hulls1 _! ma/s & sp>s1 _! /&+ rigg+1 _! cable *a9s & an*ors1 & also _! guns & arm\r-plat+4 ,?is new mat]ial has cov]$ ) a network ( /eel rails ! surface ( e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & 9 ,am]ica alone !re are no less ?an #age1jjj miles ( ,bessem] /eel rails4' ,^! /eel rails la/ six times long] ?an if laid ( iron4 ,bessem] 0 knight$ 9 #ahgi1 & has receiv$ _m gold m$als f sci5tific in/itutions4 ,9 addition he has1 to use 8 own words1 receiv$ 9 ! =m ( royalties #a1jeg1gdh ( ! beautiful little gold m$als 7sov]eigns7 issu$ by h] ,maje/y's ,m9t4 ,! me?od *os5 by ! ,am]icans to p]petuate 8 "n has be5 ! f\nd+ ( ! gr[+ c5tre ( indu/ry call$ ,bessem] 9 ,indiana1 :ile ,bessem]1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 is ! seat ( ! great ,edg> ,?ompson /eel-works4 ,?us ! man :o 0 at fir/ neglect$ by gov]nm5t has become weal?y beyond ! dreams ( av>ice1 & 8 "n is immortal 9 ! annals ( our manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,william ,,siem5s ,,& ,,! ,,siem5s ,,process4 ,ano!r pione] 9 ! manufacture ( /eel & iron 0 ,,*>les ,,william ,,siem5s1 ! sev5? *ild ( a ,g]man l&[n]1 :o 0 born at ,l5!1 ne> ,hanov]1 #d? ,april #ahbc4 ,he %[$ an affectionate & s5sitive disposition :ile v "y1 & a /rong faculty ( obs]vation4 ,he receiv$ a good pla9 education at ,luebeck1 & 9 def]5ce to 8 bro!r ,w]n] he agre$ to become an eng9e]1 & accord+ly 0 s5t to an indu/rial s*ool at ,magdeburg 9 #ahch1 :]e he also le>n$ languages1 includ+ ,engli%2 ma!matics he le>n$ f 8 int]e/$ bro!r4 ,he left ,magdeburg 9 #ahda 9 ord] to increase 8 sci5tific k at ,goett+51 & !re he /udi$ *emi/ry & physics1 ) ! view ( becom+ an eng9e]4 ,w]n]1 8 eld] bro!r1 0 /ill 8 good g5ius1 & aft] ! dea? ( _! p>5ts c\nsell$ & enc\rag$ him1 & look$ ^u him z a probable future colleague4 ,!y correspond$ ) "o ano!r1 n only ab\t family affairs1 b also ab\t ! sci5tific & te*nical subjects 9 :i* bo? 7 engross$4 ,?is became a life-long habit ) ! bro!rs ,siem5s4 ,"o e>ly lett] f ,william describ$ a new k9d ( valve-ge>+ :i* he _h inv5t$ = ,corni% /eam-eng9es4 ,!n ! g]m ( ! idea ( :at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! '*ronometric gov]nor' = /eam-eng9es 0 likewise communicat$ 9 ?is way4 ,mr ,pole says t 8 e>ly lett]s 7 significant ( ! tal5t & capacity ( ! writ]4 ',!y ev9ce an acut5ess ( p]ception 9 me*anical matt]s1 a p[] ( close & correct reason+1 a s\nd judgm5t1 a f]tility ( inv5tion1 & an ease & accuracy ( expression :i*1 9 a y\? ( n9ete51 :o _h only a few mon?s' exp]i5ce 9 a work%op1 are extraord9>y1 & und\bt$ly %ad[ =? ! brilliant future he atta9$ 9 ! eng9e]+ _w4' ,w]n] 9 #ahda _h tak5 out a pat5t = 8 me?od ( electro-gild+1 :ile ,william e>ly 9 #ahdc paid 8 fir/ visit to ,engl&1 travell+ by way ( ,hamburg4 ,he took up 8 abode 9 a little inn call$ ! ',%ip & ,/>1' at ,sp>r[ ,corn]1 ne> ! ,m9ories4 ,9 an address z ,presid5t ( ! ,midl& ,in/itute1 ,birm+ham1 on #bh? ,octob] #ahha1 he relat$ 8 fir/ exp]i5ces 9 ,engl&1 & h[ he secur$ 8 fir/ success !re4 ,mr ,siem5s said3 ',t =m ( en]gy kn[n z ! electric curr5t 0 no?+ m ?an ! philosoph]'s delight =ty ye>s ago2 its fir/ application may be trac$ to ?is good t[n ( ,birm+ham1 :]e ,mr ,george ,ri*>ds ,elk+ton1 utilis+ ! discov]ies ( ,davy1 ,f>aday1 & ,jacobi1 _h e/abli%$ a practical process ( electroplat+ 9 #ahdb4444 ,al?\gh ,i 0 only a "y /ud5t ( ,goett+51 "u tw5ty ye>s ( age1 :o _h j ent]$ ^u 8 practical c>e] ) a me*anical eng9e]1 ,i jo9$ my bro!r ,w]n] ,siem5s1 !n a "y lieut5ant ( artill]y 9 ! ,prussian s]vice1 9 8 endeav\r to accompli% electro-gild+4444 ,i tore myself away f ! n>r[ circum/ances surr\nd+ me1 & l&$ at ! ,ea/ ,end ( ,london1 ) only a few p\nds 9 my pocket & )\t fri5ds1 b an ard5t confid5ce ( ultimate success )9 my brea/4 ',i expect$ to f9d "s (fice 9 :i* inv5tions 7 exam9$ into1 & rew>d$ if f\nd m]itori\s1 b no "o c\ld direct me to su* a place4 ,9 walk+ along ,f9sbury ,pavem5t ,i saw writt5 up 9 l>ge lett]s1 ,s-&-,s--,i =get ! "n--und]tak]1 & ! ?\ght /ruck me t ?is mu/ be ! place ,i 0 9 que/ (2 at any rate1 ,i ?\ght t a p]son adv]tis+ himself z an und]tak] w\ld n refuse to look into my inv5tion1 ) ! view ( obta9+ = me ! s\ght = recognition or rew>d4 ,on ent]+ ! place ,i soon conv9c$ myself1 h[ev]1 t ,i came decid$ly too soon = ! k9d ( ent]prise !re contemplat$4' ,by d9t ( p]sev]ance1 h[ev]1 ,siem5s secur$ a lett] f ,messrs ,poole & ,c>pmaell1 ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 to ,mr ,elk+ton ( ,birm+ham4 ,elk+ton & 8 p>tn] ,josiah ,mason bo? met ! "y inv5tor 9 su* a _s ( fairness t1 z he says1 he return$ to 8 native c\ntry1 & to 8 me*anical eng9e]+1 'a comp>ative ,croesus4' ,aft] ! lapse ( =ty ye>s 8 he>t /ill beat quick :5 ?9k+ ( ?is det]m9+ incid5t 9 8 c>e]4 ,! sum :i* ,elk+ton paid him = 8 '!rmo-electrical batt]y' = deposit+ solutions ( gold1 silv]1 & copp] 0 ,l#afjj1 less ,l#aaj = ! co/ ( ! pat5t4 ,al?\gh q successful at ! "t1 o!r & *eap] processes spe$ily supplant$ x2 b ! "y ,g]man _h ga9$ a foot+ & ! money he ne$$ = future exp]im5ts4 ,:5 he came back to ,g]many he 0 look$ ^u z q a h]o by 8 admir+ family circle4 ,x 0 inde$ a cr$itable exploit = a y\? ( tw5ty4 ,:5 he return$ to ,engl& aga9 9 ,febru>y #ahdd1 he receiv$ s mu* enc\ragem5t f lead+ eng9e]s & sci5tific m5 = 8 '*ronometric gov]nor1' t he decid$ to settle p]man5tly !re1 & he became a naturalis$ ,briti% subject 9 #ahei4 ,he jo9$ ) a civil eng9e]1 nam$ ,joseph ,woods1 = ! promotion & sale ( 8 pat5ts4 ',ana/atic pr9t+' 0 "o ( 8 e>ly inv5tions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 nev] became pr(itable4 ,!n came s*emes 9 pap]-mak+1 new me?ods ( propell+ %ips1 w+$ rockets1 & locomotives on new pr9ciples1 all ( :i* 7 a cont9ual dra9 on 8 own & 8 fri5ds' res\rces )\t a correspond+ return1 s t 9 #ahde he took a situation & e>n$ "s money by railway "w1 :i* enabl$ him to pay ano!r visit to ,g]many4 ,9 #ahdf1 undaunt$ by previ\s failures1 he ?rew himself he>tily into ! /udy ( ! action ( heat z a p[]-giv+ ag5t1 & inv5t$ an arrangem5t kn[n z ! 'reg5]ator' = sav+ c]ta9 portions ( ?is wa/e4 ,z aft]w>ds appli$ to furnaces = iron1 /eel1 z9c1 glass1 & o!r works1 x 0 pron\nc$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] a beautiful inv5tion1 at once ! mo/ philosophic 9 pr9ciple1 ! mo/ p[]ful 9 action1 & ! mo/ economic ( all ! contrivances = produc+ heat by ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,he n[ secur$ an appo9tm5t 9 #ahdi ) ,fox ,h5d]son1 ,birm+ham1 at a fix$ sal>y ( ,l#djj a ye>1 & 8 int]e/ 9 8 pat5t4 ,"h he pr(it$ l>gely by ! exp]i5ce ga9$1 b ! engagem5t t]m9at$ 9 #ahea1 :5 he aft]w>ds settl$ z a civil eng9e] 9 #g ,john ,/reet1 ,adelphi1 9 ,m>* #aheb4 ,8 next great a*ievem5t 0 ! production ( /eel direct f ! raw ores by means ( 8 reg5]ative furnace1 :i* ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 #ahhc m5tion$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z "o ( ! mo/ valuable inv5tions ev] produc$ "u ! protection ( ! ,engli% pat5t law1 & he said fur!r t x 0 !n be+ us$ 9 almo/ e indu/ry 9 ! k+dom4 ,siem5s _h sp5t f\rte5 ye>s 9 p]fect+ ?is reg5]ative furnace1 & x took him o!r f\rte5 to utilise x1 & p]fect x 9 mak+ /eel direct f ! raw ores4 ,m>t9 ( ,sireil1 :o made "o or two additions to ! ,siem5s /eel furnace1 has be5 t]m$ its inv5tor1 b ?is claim has no f\ndation4 ,:at is kn[n1 h[ev]1 z ! ',siem5s-,m>t9 process' is n[ compet+ v effectively ) ! ,bessem] process4 ,x consi/s ess5tially 9 fir/ obta9+ a ba? ( melt$ pig-iron ( high quality1 & !n add+ to ?is pieces ( wr\ght-iron scrap or ,bessem] scrap1 su* z crop ends ( rails1 %e>+s ( plates1 c4 ,^!1 ?\gh practically non-infusible 9 l>ge quantities by !mselves1 become dissolv$ or fus$ 9 su* a ba? if add$ gradually4 ,to ! ba? ( molt5 metal ?us obta9$ spiegeleis5 or f]ro-manganese is add$ to supply ! requir$ c>bon & to o!rwise act z 9 ! ,bessem] conv]t]4 ,! result is te/$ by small ladle samples1 & :5 x is ( ! desir$ quality a portion is run (f1 leav+ suffici5t ba? = ! cont9uation ( ! process4 ,siem5s took out 8 pat5t = ! 'op5 he>?' process ( /eel-mak+ 7! ,=? ,bridge is built ( /eel made 9 ?is way7 9 #ahfa1 & f\r ye>s lat] erect$ sample /eel works at ,birm+ham4 ,! eng9e] ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway adopt$ 8 sy/em at ,crewe 9 #ahfh1 & ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway works foll[$4 ,9 #ahfi ?is process 0 be+ c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale at ! works ( ! ,l&ore-,siem5s ,/eel ,company & else:]e 9 ,engl&1 z well z at v>i\s works on ! ,cont95t1 includ+ ,krupp's1 at ,ess54 ,9 #ahfb1 ,siem5s 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 #ahgd 0 pres5t$ ) ! ,royal ,alb]t ,m$al1 & 9 #ahge ) ! ,bessem] ,m$al 9 recognition ( 8 rese>*es & inv5tions 9 heat & metallurgy4 ,he fill$ ! presid5t's *air 9 ! ?ree pr9cipal eng9e]+ & telegraphic societies ( ,great ,brita91 & 9 #ahhb 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,z manag] 9 ,engl& ( ! firm ( ,siem5s ,bro!rs1 ,sir ,william ,siem5s 0 actively engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ov]l& & subm>9e telegraphs4 ,! /eam%ip ,f>aday 0 specially design$ by him = cable-lay+4 ,9 addition to 8 lab\rs 9 connection ) electric-light+1 ,sir ,william ,siem5s also successfully appli$1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,portru% ,electric ,tramway1 :i* 0 op5$ 9 #ahhc1 electricity to ! production ( locomotion4 ,9 8 reg5]ative furnace1 z we h se51 he utilis$ 9 an +5i\s way ! heat :i* w\ld o!rwise h escap$ ) ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! process 0 subsequ5tly appli$ 9 _m indu/rial processes1 b notably by ,siem5s himself 9 ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,! o!r inv5tions & rese>*es ( ?is wond]ful man include a wat]-met]2 a !rmomet] or pyromet]1 :i* measures by ! *ange produc$ 9 ! electric conductivity ( metals2 ! ba?omet]1 = measur+ ocean dep?s by v>iations 9 ! attraction ex]t$ on a delicately susp5d$ body2 & ! ha/5+ ( vegetable gr[? by use ( ! electric light4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 ,april #ahhc1 & di$ on ,novemb] #ai ( ! same ye>4 ,!re is a memorial w9d[ to 8 memory 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,z ! eld] bro!r ( ,sir ,william ,siem5s 0 s closely connect$ ) him 9 bus9ess life1 & may be said to h enc\rag$ & l$ him into ! walk ( life 9 :i* he excell$1 he also des]ves a notice "h4 ,,w]n] ,,von ,,siem5s1 eng9e] & electrician1 0 born ,decemb] #ac1 #ahaf1 at ,l5! 9 ,hanov]4 ,9 #ahcd he ent]$ ! ,prussian ,artill]y2 & 9 #ahdd 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! artill]y work%ops at ,b]l94 ,he e>ly %[$ sci5tific ta/es1 & 9 #ahda took out 8 fir/ pat5t = galvanic silv] & gold plat+4 ,by sell+ ! "r ( us+ 8 process he made #dj l\is d'or1 :i* suppli$ him ) ! means = fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,dur+ ! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 w>1 he attract$ consid]able att5tion by us+ electricity = ! fir+ ( ! m9es :i* _h be5 laid = ! def5ce ( ,kiel h>b\r4 ,he 0 ( peculi> s]vice 9 develop+ ! telegraphic s]vice 9 ,prussia1 & discov]$ 9 ?is connection ! valuable insulat+ prop]ty ( gutta-p]*a = und]gr\nd & subm>9e cables4 ,9 #ahdi he left ! army1 & %ortly aft] ! s]vice ( ! /ate altoge!r1 & devot$ 8 en]gies to ! con/ruction ( telegraphic & electrical app>atus ( all k9ds4 ,! well-kn[n firm ( ,siem5s & ,halske 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahdg 9 ,b]l91 & to !m ! ,russian gov]nm5t entru/$ ! con/ruction ( ! telegraph l9es 9 t c\ntry4 ,subsequ5tly bran*es 7 =m$1 *iefly "u ! managem5t ( ! y\ng] bro!rs ( ,w]n] ,siem5s1 9 ,/ ,pet]sburg 7#aheg71 9 ,london 7#aheh71 9 ,vi5na 7#aheh71 & 9 ,tiflis 7#ahfc74 ,9 #aheg1 ,siem5s accompli%$ ! rem>kable feat ( successfully lay+ a cable 9 deep wat]1 at a dep? ( m ?an #ajjj fa?oms4 ,?is 0 betwe5 ,s>d9ia & ,bona4 ,%ortly aft] he sup]9t5d$ ! lay+ ( cables 9 ! ,r$ ,sea2 & ^! successful exp]im5ts soon l$ to ! greate/ und]tak+ ( all1 ! connection ( ,am]ica ) ,europe4 ,besides devis+ num]\s useful =ms ( galvanomet]s & o!r electrical in/rum5ts ( precision1 ,w]n] ,siem5s 0 "o ( ! discov]]s ( ! pr9ciple ( ! self-act+ dynamo4 ,he also made valuable det]m9ations ( ! electrical resi/ance ( diff]5t sub/ances1 ! resi/ance ( a column ( m]cury1 "o metre long1 & "o squ>e millimetre cross section at #j deg4 ,c41 be+ kn[n z ! ,siem5s ,unit4 ,8 num]\s sci5tific & te*nical pap]s1 writt5 = ! v>i\s j\rnals1 7 republi%$ 9 collect$ =m 9 #ahha4 ,9 #ahhf he gave #ejj1jjj m>ks = ! f\nd+ ( an imp]ial in/itute ( te*nology & physics2 & 9 #ahhh he 0 ennobl$4 ,he di$ at ,b]l91 #f? ,decemb] #ahib4 ,a translation ( 8 ,p]sonal ,recollections by ,c\pl& appe>$ 9 #ahic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,space =bids u m5tion+ o!r wor?y names 9 ! /eel & iron trade1 al?\gh we _c pass by ,sir ,john ,br[n1 f\nd] ( ! ,atlas ,/eel-works1 ,%effield 7#aheg71 & "o ( ! fir/ to adopt ! ,bessem] process4 ,he 0 also ! pione] ( arm\r-plate mak+4 ,! imm5se /rides he made 9 bus9ess may be judg$ f ! fact t :5 he />t$ 9 #aheg 8 employees numb]$ #bjj1 ) a turnov] ( ,l#cjjj a ye>2 9 #ahfg !y numb]$ #djjj1 & ! turnov] 0 ,l#a1jjj1jjj4 ,! weekly pay roll am\nt$ to ,l#gjjj 9 #ahhc1 & :5 he h&$ ov] ! bus9ess to 8 successors1 he 0 paid ,l#bjj1jjj = ! goodwill4 ,,krupp',s ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,works ,,at ,,ess54 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ iron & /eel manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w is t f\nd$ by ! late ,alfr$ ,krupp1 ! fam\s ,g]man cannon-f\nd]1 ^: "n is s well kn[n 9 connection ) mod]n improvem5ts 9 artill]y4 ,8 pr9cipal works are situat$ at ,ess51 9 ,prussia1 9 ! mid/ ( a di/rict productive ( bo? iron & coal4 ,! t[n ( ,ess51 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury conta9$ less ?an f\r ?\s& inhabitants1 has become an important indu/rial c5tre1 ) a population ( ne>ly eighty ?\s& p]sons1 ?is increase be+ *iefly due to ! gr[? ( ! ironworks1 & ! consequ5t dem& = lab\r4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n1 num]\s coal & iron m9es1 _m ( :i* are own$ by ! ,krupp firm1 are 9 active work+1 & furni% employm5t to ! l>ge population ( ! surr\nd+ di/rict4 ,mu* ( ! output ( iron ore & coal f ^! m9es is de/9$ = consumption 9 ! va/ ,krupp works )9 ! t[n4 ,^? works _h _! orig9 9 a small iron =ge e/abli%$ at ,ess5 9 ! ye> #ahaj by ,fr$]ick ,krupp1 ! fa!r ( ,alfr$ ,krupp4 ,! eld] ,krupp 0 n prosp]\s2 & a lawsuit 9 :i* he became involv$1 & :i* la/$ = t5 ye>s1 ?\gh f9ally decid$ 9 8 fav\r1 r$uc$ him ne>ly to bankruptcy4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbf1 9 impov]i%$ circum/ances1 leav+ a wid[ & ?ree sons1 ! elde/ ( :om 0 ,alfr$1 ag$ f\rte54 ,! bus9ess 0 cont9u$ by ! wid[1 :o manag$1 ?\gh ) difficulty1 to procure a good education = h] sons4 ,:5 ! elde/1 ,alfr$1 took control ( ! works 9 #ahdh1 he f\nd !re1 z he himself has describ$1 '?ree workm51 & m debts ?an =tune4' ,krupp's subsequ5t c>e] af=ds a rem>kable in/ance ( success atta9$1 despite adv]se circum/ances1 by %e] =ce ( ability & en]gy1 9 build+ up a colossal manufactur+ bus9ess f a humble beg9n+4 ,on 8 dea? 9 #ahhg 8 only son succe$$ him4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,krupp's works )9 ! t[n ( ,ess5 occupy m ?an five hundr$ acres1 half ( :i* area is "u cov]4 ,9 #ahie1 ! numb] ( p]sons 9 8 employ 0 #be1cjj1 & includ+ memb]s ( _! families1 ov] #ej1jjj4 ,( ! army ( work]s1 ab\t #ag1jjj 7 employ$ at ! works 9 ,ess51 ! rema9d] be+ occupi$ 9 ! #eej iron & coal m9es belong+ to ! firm1 or at ! bran* works at ,sayn ,neuwi$1 ,magdeburg1 ,duisburg1 & ,eng]s2 or 9 ! iron-m9es at ,bilbao1 9 ,spa91 :i* produce ! be/ ores4 ,9 ,krupp's ,ess5 works !re are "o hundr$ & twelve /eam-hamm]s1 rang+ 9 weight f fifty tons d[n to f\r hundr$ p\nds4 ,!re are #ae ,bessem] conv]t]s1 #ah ,m>t9-furnaces1 #dbj /eam-eng9es--repres5t+ toge!r #cc1aej horse-p[]--& tw5ty-"o roll+ tra9s2 ! daily consumption ( coal & coke be+ #cajj tons by #afdh furnaces4 ,! av]age daily consumption ( wat]1 :i* is br\ght f ! riv] ,ruhr by an aqu$uct1 is #bd1gjj cubic metres4 ,! electric light has be5 introduc$1 & ! "w ceases entirely only on ,sunday & two or ?ree holidays4 ,connect$ ) ! ,ess5 works are fifty miles ( railway1 employ+ ?irty-five locomotives & ov] #ajjj wagons4 ,!re are two *emical laboratories2 a photographic & li?ographic /udio2 a pr9t+-(fice1 ) /eam & h& presses2 & a bookb9d+ room1 besides tile-works1 coke-works1 gas-works1 c4 ,?\gh1 9 ! popul> m9d1 ! "n ( ,krupp is usually associat$ ) ! manufacture ( in/rum5ts ( de/ruction1 yet two-?irds ( ! "w done 9 8 e/abli%m5t is devot$ to ! production ( articles int5d$ = peaceful uses4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( /eam-eng9es1 bo? /ation>y & locomotive2 iron axles1 bridges1 rails1 :eel-tires1 swit*es1 spr+s1 %afts = /eam]s1 m9t-dies1 rudd]s1 & p>ts ( all v>ieties ( iron ma*9]y1 are prep>$ "h = manufactur]s4 ,! production is1 9 ,dom9ie ,sampson's phrase1 'prodigi\s4' ,9 "o day ! works c turn out #bgjj rails1 #cej :eel-tires1 #aej axles1 #ahj railway :eels1 #ajjj railway w$ges1 #aejj bomb%ells4 ,9 a mon? !y h produc$ #bej field-pieces1 ?irty #e4g-;in* cannon1 fifte5 #i4cc-;in* cannon1 eight #aa-;in* cannon1 "o #ad-;in* gun1 ! weight ( ! la/ nam$ be+ ov] fifty tons1 & its l5g? tw5ty-eight feet sev5 in*es4 ,till ! end ( #ahid ! firm has produc$ #be1jjj cannon = ?irty-f\r diff]5t /ates4 ,alfr$ ,krupp devot$ mu* att5tion to ! production ( /eel ( ! f9e/ quality1 & 0 ! fir/ ,g]man manufactur] :o succe$$ 9 ca/+ /eel 9 l>ge masses4 ,9 #ahfb he exhibit$ 9 ,london an +ot ( f9e/ crucible /eel weigh+ tw5ty-"o tons4 ,its dim5sions 7 n9e feet high by =ty-f\r in*es diamet]4 ,! uni=mity ( quality ( ?is mass ( metal 0 prov5 by ! fact t :5 brok5 across x %[$ no seam or flaw1 ev5 :5 exam9$ ) a l5s4 ,! firm c n[ make su* homog5e\s blocks ( sev5ty-five tons weight if requir$4 ,su* +ots are =m$ f ! cont5ts ( a great numb] ( small crucibles1 ea* conta9+ f fifty to "o hundr$ p\nds ( ! metal4 ,! rec5t developm5ts ( ! manufacture ( /eel by ! op5-he>? process h remov$ all difficulty 9 procur+ ! metal 9 masses l>ge en\gh = all requirem5ts1 & ( a t5sile /r5g? s high z ?irty-?ree to ?irty-sev5 tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,crucible /eel1 h[ev]1 ?\gh m exp5sive1 /ill holds its place z ! be/ & mo/ reliable t c be produc$2 & no?+ else is ev] us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a ,krupp gun4 ,by ! p]fect$ me?ods 9 use at ! ,ess5 works1 su* /eel c be made ( a t5sile /r5g? ( ne>ly =ty tons to ! squ>e in*1 & ( m>vell\s uni=mity ( quality4 ,! ores us$ 9 ! ,krupp works = mak+ ! be/ /eel are r$ haematite & spa?ic ore1 ) a c]ta9 proportion ( f]ro-manganese4 ,! crucibles employ$ are =m$ ( a mixture ( plumbago & fire-clay1 %ap$ by a m\ld into a cyl9drical j> "s eighte5 in*es 9 height1 & bak$ 9 a kiln4 ,:5 9 use1 !y are fill$ ) small b>s ( puddl$ metal1 mix$ ) fragm5ts ( m>ble br\ght f ,villm>1 on ! ,lahn4 ,!y are !n %ovell$ into l>ge furnaces1 ^: floors are elevat$ ?ree or f\r feet above ! gr\nd-level4 ,9 ! e>!n floor ( ! imm5se room conta9+ ! furnaces are two l9es ( pits1 "o set to receive ! molt5 metal1 ! o!r int5d$ = ! r$-hot crucibles :5 empti$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,:5 ! crucibles h und]gone suffici5t heat+1 ! furnace doors are op5$ simultane\sly at a giv5 signal1 & ! att5dant workm5 draw out ! crucibles ) long tongs1 & rapidly empty !m into ! pits prep>$ = ! reception ( ! metal4 ,! empty crucibles :5 cool$ are exam9$1 & if f\nd unbrok51 are us$ aga92 b if damag$1 z is usually ! case1 are gr\nd up1 to be utilis$ 9 mak+ new ones4 ,! production ( /eel by ?is me?od furni%es employm5t = eight or n9e hundr$ m5 daily 9 ! ,krupp works4 ,! ,bessem] process = conv]t+ iron into /eel is also l>gely us$ !re = mak+ /eel = c]ta9 purposes4 ,all mat]ial us$ 9 ! diff]5t classes ( manufactures is subject$ at e /age to extreme & exact te/s2 ! /&>ds be+ fix$ ) ref]5ce to ! purpose to :i* ! metal is to be appli$1 & any mat]ial t proves faulty :5 suitably te/$ is rigor\sly reject$4 ,! guns orig9ally manufactur$ by ! ,krupp firm 7 =m$ f solid +ots ( /eel1 :i* 7 bor$1 turn$1 & fa%ion$ z 9 ! case ( ca/-iron smoo?-bore cannon4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! p[] ( artill]y1 ! great] /ra9 caus$ by ! increas$ p[d]-*>ges & by ! adoption ( rifl+--involv+ enhanc$ friction betwe5 ! projectile & ! bore--_h ! result ( demon/rat+ ! weakness inh]5t 9 ! con/ruction ( a gun ?us made entirely f "o solid =g+1 & t plan 0 ev5tually disc>d$4 ,artill]i/s h le>nt t ! /ra9 produc$ by an explosive =ce op]at+ 9 ! int]ior ( a cannon is n felt equally ?r\gh\t ! ?ickness ( ! metal f ! bore to ! ext]ior1 b v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ea* portion ( ! metal f ! seat ( ef=t4 ,= example1 9 a gun ca/ solid1 if two po9ts be tak51 "o at ! di/ance ( "o in* f ! bore1 & ! o!r f\r in*es f ! bore1 ! metal at ! =m] po9t w dur+ ! explosion be /ra9$ sixte5 times z mu* z t at ! di/ance ( f\r in*es4 ,! great] ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial1 ! great] w be ! inequality betwe5 ! /ra9s act+ at ! po9ts respectively ne>e/ to & f>!/ f ! int]ior4 ,! metal ne>e/ ! seat ( explosion may ?us be /ra9$ beyond its t5sile /r5g?1 :ile t m remote is 9 imp]fect accord ) x4 ,9 su* a case1 disruption ( ! metal at ! inn] surface ensues1 & ext5ds successively ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness to ! ext]ior1 ?us entail+ ! de/ruction ( ! gun4 ,?is s\rce ( weakness is gu>d$ aga9/ by ! con/ruction ( :at is t]m$ ! built-up gun1 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts t5d to mutual support4 ,?is gun consi/s ( an inn] tube1 encircl$ & compress$ by a long 'jacket' or cyl9d]1 :i* is %runk ar\nd ! bree* portion ) ! initial t5sion due to contraction 9 cool+4 ,ov] ! jacket & along ! *ase1 o!r hoops or cyl9d]s are %runk on successively1 9 lay]s1 ) suffici5t t5sion to compress ! p>ts enclos$4 ,! numb] & /r5g? ( ^! hoops are proportionate to ! kn[n /ra9 t ! bore ( ! gun w h to su/a94 ,! t5sion at :i* ea* "p is %runk on is ! great] z ! "p is f>!r remov$ f ! inn] tube2 ! jacket1 = example1 be+ %runk on at less t5sion ?an ! out] hoops4 ,! inn] tube1 on receiv+ ! expansive =ce ( ! explosion1 is prev5t$ by ! compression ( ! jacket f be+ =c$ up to its ela/ic limit2 & ! jacket 9 its turn is simil>ly support$ by ! out] hoops2 & on ! cessation ( ! int]nal pressure ! sev]al p>ts resume _! normal position4 ,?is sy/em ( con/ruction orig9at$ 9 ,engl&1 & is n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,! fir/ /eel guns on ?is pr9ciple 7 ^? design$ by ,capta9 ,blakely & ,mr ,j4 ,vavasseur1 ( ! ,london ,ordnance ,works4 ,at ! ,exhibition ( #ahfb1 a ,blakely #h4e-;in* gun1 on ! built-up sy/em1 compos$ :olly ( /eel1 0 a feature ( int]e/ 9 ! ,ordnance section4 ,! plan devis$ by ,sir ,w4 ,arm/rong1 & c>ri$ into effect = a s]ies ( ye>s at ,woolwi* & at ! ,arm/rong ,works at ,elswick1 consi/$ 9 enclos+ a tube ( /eel )9 a jacket ( wr\ght iron1 =m$ by coil+ a r$-hot b> r\nd a m&rel4 ,! jacket 0 %runk on ) initial t5sion1 & 0 =tifi$ 9 a simil> mann] by out] hoops ( ! same metal4 ,! want ( homog5eity 9 ?is gun 01 h[ev]1 a s]i\s defect1 & ultimately l$ to its abolition4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! ela/ic prop]ties ( ! two metals caus$ a sep>ation1 aft] repeat$ dis*>ges1 betwe5 ! /eel tube & its jacket1 ) ! result t ! tube crack$ f want ( support4 ,bo? at ,woolwi* & at ,elswick 7describ$ on a lat] page71 !re=e1 ! wr\ght-iron gun has giv5 place to ! homog5e\s /eel built-up gun1 :i* is also ! =m ( con/ruction adopt$ by ! *ief p[]s ( ,europe & by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! failure ( "s ( 8 solid-ca/ guns l$ ,krupp1 ab\t #ahfe1 to ! adoption ( ! built-up pr9ciple4 ,) few exceptions1 ! inn] tube ( a ,krupp gun is =g$ out ( a s+le +ot1 & 9 e case )\t any weld4 ,! +ot de/9$ to =m ! tube has fir/ to und]go a prolong$ =g+ "u ! /eam-hamm]s1 by :i* ! utmo/ cond5sation ( its p>ticles is effect$4 ,x is !n r\gh-bor$ & turn$1 & subsequ5tly c>efully temp]$ 9 oil1 :]eby its ela/icity & t5sile /r5g? are mu* increas$4 ,x is aft]w>ds f9e-bor$ & rifl$1 & its p[d]-*amb] holl[$ out4 ,! latt] has a some:at l>g] diamet] ?an ! re/ ( ! bore1 ?is hav+ be5 f\nd an improvem5t4 ,! grooves ( ! rifl+ are g5]ally %all[1 & !y wid5 t[>ds ! bree*1 s t ! lead5 coat ( ! projectile is compress$ gradually & ) ! lea/ friction4 ,! jacket & hoops ( /eel are =g$ & roll$1 )\t weld1 & aft] be+ turn$ & temp]$1 are heat$ & %runk ar\nd ! tube 9 _! sev]al positions1 ! greate/ /r5g? & ?ickness be+ ( c\rse giv5 to ! bree* end1 :]e ! =ce ( explosion ex]ts ! utmo/ /ra94 ,! complet$ gun is m\nt$ on its appropriate c>riage1 & hav+ be5 ?or\ghly prov$ & te/$ & fitt$ ) ! prop] sights1 is ready = s]vice4 ,! te/+ range is at ,mepp51 :]e a level pla9 sev]al miles 9 ext5t af=ds a suitable site = ! purpose4 ,= _m ye>s all guns ( ! ,krupp manufacture h be5 on ! bree*-load+ sy/em1 & he has devot$ mu* "t & +5uity to p]fect+ ! bree* arrangem5ts4 ,! subject ( recoil has also l>gely occupi$ 8 att5tion4 ,9 ! l>g] ,krupp guns ! =ce ( recoil is absorb$ by two cyl9d]s1 fill$ ) glyc]9e & fitt$ ) pi/ons p]=at$ at ! edges4 ,! pi/ons are driv5 by ! %ock ( ! recoil aga9/ ! glyc]9e1 :i* is =c$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations4 ,9 ,engl& a simil> arrangem5t ( cyl9d]s1 conta9+ wat] z ! resi/+ m$ium1 has be5 f\nd effective2 & 9 ,am]ica1 petroleum is employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! advantages ( ! use ( glyc]9e are t 9 case ( a leak x w\ld escape too sl[ly to lose its effect at once1 & x is also m ela/ic ?an wat]1 & is less liable to become froz54 ,! res\rces ( ,krupp's e/abli%m5t are equal to ! production ( guns ( any size t c conceivably be requir$4 ,he has made guns ( "o hundr$ & n9ete5 tons weight4 ,! port5t\s developm5t ( ! size & p[] ( mod]n ordnance is exemplifi$ by ^! guns & ! ,arm/rong guns ( "o hundr$ & elev5 tons made at ,elswick4 ,among/ ! class ( mod]n cannon1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful is ,krupp's sev5ty-"o-ton gun4 ,?is1 l all o!rs ( 8 make1 is a bree*-load]4 ,its dim5sions are--l5g?1 ?irty-two feet n9e in*es2 diamet] at bree* end1 five feet six in*es2 l5g? ( bore1 tw5ty-eight feet sev5 in*es2 diamet] ( bore1 #ae4ge in*es2 diamet] ( p[d]-*amb]1 #ag4cb in*es4 ,! int]nal tube is ( two p>ts1 exactly jo9$2 & ov] ?is are f\r cyl9d]s1 %runk on1 & a r+ r\nd ! bree*4 ,its rifl+ has a uni=m twi/ ( "o 9 =ty-five4 ,x _c possibly be fir$ until ! bree* is p]fectly clos$4 ,its maximum *>ge is f\r hundr$ & eighty-five p\nds ( p[d]1 & a *ill$ iron %ell ( sev5te5 hundr$ & eight p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,krupp's #ae4f ,bree*-load+ ,gun 7bree* op574 ,krupp did mu* to promote ! welf>e & com=t ( 8 workpeople4 ,= _! accommodation1 he erect$ ar\nd ,ess5 ne>ly f\r ?\s& family dwell+s1 9 :i* m ?an sixte5 ?\s& p]sons reside4 ,! dwell+s are 9 suites ( ?ree or f\r com=table rooms1 ) good wat]-arrangem5ts2 & atta*$ to ea* build+ is a g>d51 l>ge en\gh = ! *ildr5 to play 94 ,!re are "o hundr$ & fifty dwell+s ( a bett] k9d = (ficials 9 ! s]vice ( ! firm4 ,bo>d+-h\ses h also be5 built = ! use ( unm>ri$ lab\r]s1 ( :om two ?\s& are ?us accommodat$4 ,sev]al *ur*es1 ,prote/ant & ,ca?olic1 h also be5 erect$1 = ! use ( 8 workm5 & _! families4 ,!re h likewise be5 provid$ two hospitals1 ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 a gymnasium1 an unsect>ian free s*ool1 & six indu/rial s*ools--"o = adults1 two = females4 ,9 ! case ( ! indu/rial s*ools1 ! fees are ab\t two %ill+s mon?ly1 b ! poore/ are admitt$ free4 ,a ,sick ,relief & ,p5sions ,fund has be5 in/itut$1 & e =eman & workman is oblig$ to be a memb]4 ,! entrance fee is half a day's pay1 ! annual paym5t be+ proportion$ to ! wages ( ! individual memb]2 b half ( ea* p]son's contribution is paid by ! firm4 ,!re are ?ree l>ge surg]ies2 & skilful physicians & surgeons1 "o ( :om is an oculi/1 are employ$ at fix$ sal>ies4 ,= a small additional fee ea* memb] c also secure free m$ical aid = 8 wife & *ildr54 ,! advantages to memb]s are free m$ical or surgical treatm5t 9 case ( ne$1 paym5t f ! fund ( fun]al exp5ses at dea?1 p5sions to m5 :o h be5 p]man5tly disabl$ by injuries :ile engag$ 9 ! works1 p5sions to wid[s ( memb]s1 & tempor>y support to m5 :o are c]tifi$ by two ( ! physicians z unable to "w4 ,! highe/ p5sion to m5 is five p\nds mon?ly1 ! av]age be+ ab\t two p\nds sixte5 %ill+s mon?ly4 ,! av]age p5sion to wid[s is ab\t "o p\nd f\rte5 %ill+s mon?ly4 ,! firm h made special arrangem5ts ) a numb] ( life insurance companies :]eby ! workm5 c1 if !y *oose1 insure _! lives at l[ rates4 ,!y h =m$ a ,life ,insurance ,union1 & end[$ x ) a res]ve fund ( ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 f :i* aid is giv5 to memb]s ne$+ assi/ance to pay _! premiums4 ,an important in/itution 9 ,ess5 is ! great ,c5tral ,supply ,/ore1 e/abli%$ & own$ by ! firm1 :]e articles ( e description--bread1 meat1 & o!r provisions1 clo?+1 furniture1 c4--are sold on a rigidly ca% sy/em at co/ price4 ,connect$ ) ! ,c5tral ,/ore are tw5ty-sev5 bran* %ops1 9 positions conv5i5t = ! workpeople1 plac+ ! advantages ( ! sy/em )9 ! easy rea* ( all4 ,! orig9al "n1 ',fr$]ick ,krupp1' has be5 reta9$ ?r\gh all vicissitudes ( =tune z ! bus9ess title ( ! firm4 ,! small dwell+ 9 :i* ,alfr$ ,krupp 0 born is /ill /&+1 9 ! mid/ ( ! huge work%ops t h gr[n up ar\nd x1 & is pres]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,at 8 exp5se1 photographs ( x 7 di/ribut$ among 8 workm51 ea* copy be>+ ! foll[+ inscription1 dat$ ,ess51 ,febru>y #ahgc3 ',fifty ye>s ago1 ?is primitive dwell+ 0 ! abode ( my p>5ts4 ,i hope t no "o ( our lab\r]s may ev] "k su* /ruggles z h be5 requir$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! works4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago t success 0 /ill d\btful :i* has at l5g?--gradually1 yet wond]fully--rew>d$ ! ex]tions1 fidelity1 & p]sev]ance ( ! pa/4 ,may ?is example enc\rage o!rs :o are 9 difficulties6 ,may x increase respect = small h\ses1 & sympa?y = ! l>g] sorr[s !y too (t5 conta94 ,! object ( lab\r %\ld be ! common weal4 ,if "w br+ bless+1 !n is lab\r pray]4 ,may e "o 9 our community1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 ?\ghtfully & wisely /rive to secure & build 8 prosp]ity on ?is pr9ciple6 ,:5 ?is is done1 !n w my greate/ desire be realis$4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,g]many has become a =midable competitor to ,great ,brita9 9 ! iron & /eel trade1 & ,g]man /eel rails1 gird]s1 & wire come 9 freely to ?is c\ntry4 ,f reports we le>n t ,great ,brita9 produc$ 9 #ahhb #h-a_/b million tons ( iron & #e million tons ( f9i%$ iron & /eel1 :ile ! production ( ,g]many 0 !n less ?an #c-a_/b & #b-a_/b million tons respectively4 ,engli% production _h fall5 to #g-a_/b million tons ( iron & #d million tons ( f9i%$ iron & /eel 9 #ahie1 :ile ,g]many _h ris5 to #e million tons & #f million tons respectively4 ,contr>y to :at has be5 commonly believ$1 x appe>s t ! diff]5ce all r\nd 9 wages among/ ironwork]s1 z betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many1 is n great4 ,*icago1 ,pittsburg1 ,buffalo1 & ,new ,york are ! *ief c5tres ( ! ,am]ican iron & /eel trade1 ! production ( pig-iron 9 #ahie be+ ab\t #i-a_/d million tons1 :]eas 9 #ahhj x 0 well "u #d million4 ,at pres5t ov] #d millions ( tons are produc$ ( ,bessem] pig-iron4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela94 ,josiah ,w$gwood & ! ,w$gwood ,w>e--,worce/] ,porcela94 ,:5 ,mr ,godfrey ,w$gwood1 a memb] ( ! fam\s firm ( pott]s at ,etruria1 ne> ,burslem1 ,/af=d%ire1 w5t to "w ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 8 fam\s ance/or & f\nd] ( ! _w-fam$ ,w$gwood w>e 0 /ill nam$ among/ ! workm5 z ',owd ,wood5 ,leg4' ,a son ( ,mr ,godfrey ,w$gwood1 n[ 9 ! firm1 is ! fif? g5]ation 9 desc5t1 & ! manufactory is /ill c>ri$ on 9 ! same build+s erect$ by ,josiah ,w$gwood "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ! creator ( ,briti% arti/ic pott]y1 pass$ away at ,etruria1 ne> ,burslem1 surr\nd$ by ! creations ( 8 own well-direct$ g5ius & indu/ry1 hav+ 'conv]t$ a rude & inconsid]able manufacture into an elegant art & an important "p ( national comm]ce4' ,8 dea? took place on #c;d ,janu>y #agie1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,?omas ,c>lyle saw ! light at ,ecclefe*an1 & "o ye> & a half be=e ! dea? ( ,burns at ,dumfries4 ,dur+ fifty ye>s ( 8 work+ life1 l>gely ow+ to 8 own successful ef=ts1 he _h witness$ ! output ( ! ,/af=d%ire pott]ies increas$ fivefold1 & 8 w>es 7 kn[n & sold ov] ,europe & ! civilis$ _w4 ,9 ! words ( ,mr ,glad/one1 8 *>act]i/ic m]it lay '9 ! firmness & fullness ) :i* he p]ceiv$ ! true law ( :at we may call ,indu/rial ,art1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! application ( ! high] art to ,indu/ry4' ,novalis once comp>$ ! works ( ,goe! & ,w$gwood 9 ^! words3 ',goe! is truly a practical poet4 ,he is 9 8 works :at ! ,engli%man is 9 8 w>es1 p]fectly simple1 neat1 fit1 & durable4 ,he has play$ 9 ! ,g]man _w ( lit]ature ! same "p t ,w$gwood has play$ 9 ! ,engli% _w ( art4' ,illu/ration3 ,,josiah ,,w$gwood4 ,long ago1 9 8 sket* ( ,br9dley & ! e>ly eng9e]s1 ,dr ,smiles _h occasion to record ! important s]vice r5d]$ by ,w$gwood 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,gr& ,trunk ,canal--t[>ds ! prelim9>y exp5se ( :i* he subscrib$ "o ?\s& p\nds--& 9 ! developm5t ( ! indu/rial life ( ! ,midl&s4 ,s9ce t "t ,smiles has himself publi%$ a biography ( ,w$gwood1 to :i* we are "h indebt$4 ,m ?an once x has happ5$ t ! y\nge/ ( ?irte5 *ildr5 has turn$ out a g5ius4 ,x 0 s 9 ! case ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 & x turn$ out to be s 9 ! case ( ,josiah ,w$gwood1 ! y\nge/ ( ! ?irte5 *ildr5 ( ,?omas ,w$gwood1 a ,burslem pott]1 & ( ,m>y ,/r+]1 a k9d-he>t$ b delicate1 s5sitive woman1 ! daught] ( a noncon=mi/ cl]gyman4 ,! t[n ( ,burslem1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :]e ,w$gwood saw ! light 9 #agcj1 0 !n any?+ b an attractive place4 ,dr9k+ & cock-fight+ 7 ! common recreations2 roads _h sc>cely any exi/5ce2 ! ?at*$ hovels _h dunghills be=e ! doors1 :ile ! holl[s f :i* ! pott]'s clay 0 excavat$ 7 fill$ ) /agnant wat]1 & ! atmosph]e ( ! :ole place 0 co>se & un:olesome1 & a mo/ unlikely nurs]y ( g5ius4 ,x is probable t ! fir/ ,w$gwoods take _! "n f ! hamlet ( ,weggewood 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,!re _h be5 ,w$gwoods 9 ,burslem f a v e>ly p]iod1 & ?is "n occupies a l>ge space 9 ! p>i% regi/]s dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies2 ( ! fifty small pott]s settl$ !re1 _m bore ?is hon\r$ "n4 ,! w>e consi/$ ( articles 9 common use1 su* z butt]-pots1 bas9s1 jugs1 & porr+]s4 ,! black glaz$ & ruddy pott]y !n 9 use 0 mu* improv$ aft] an immigration ( ,dut*m5 & ,g]mans4 ,! ,el]s1 :o foll[$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 introduc$ ! ,delft w>e & ! salt glaze4 ,!y produc$ a k9d ( r$ w>e1 & ,egyptian black2 b disgu/$ at ! discov]y ( _! secret me?ods by ,a/bury & ,twy=d1 !y remov$ to ,*elsea 9 #agaj4 ,an important improvem5t 0 made by ,a/bury1 t ( mak+ w>e :ite by means ( burnt fl9t4 ,samuel ,a/bury1 a son ( ?is fam\s pott]1 m>ri$ an aunt ( ,josiah ,w$gwood4 ,b ! art 0 !n 9 its infancy1 n m ?an "o hundr$ p be+ employ$ 9 ?is way 9 ! di/rict ( ,burslem1 z comp>$ ) ab\t t5 ?\s& n[1 ) an annual export ( goods am\nt+ to ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 besides :at are utilis$ 9 home-trade4 ,john ,wesley1 aft] visit+ ,burslem 9 #agfj1 & tw5ty ye>s lat] 9 #agha1 rem>k$ h[ ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry _h be5 improv$ 9 t p]iod4 ,inhabitants _h fl[$ 91 ! wild]ness _h become a fruitful field1 & ! c\ntry 0 n m improv$ ?an ! p4 ,all ! s*ool education "y ,josiah receiv$ 0 ov] 9 8 n9? ye>1 & x am\nt$ to only a slight gr\nd+ 9 read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4 ,b 8 practical or te*nical education w5t on cont9ually1 :ile he aft]w>ds supplem5t$ _m ( ! defici5cies ( e>ly ye>s by a wide c\rse ( /udy4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 he began ! practical bus9ess ( life z a pott] 9 8 n9? ye>1 by le>n+ ! ?r[+ bran* ( ! trade4 ,! ?r[] m\lds ! vessel out ( ! moi/ clay f ! pott]'s :eel into ! requir$ %ape1 & h&s x on to be dealt ) by ! /\k]1 :o adds ! h&le4 ,josiah at elev5 prov$ a clev] ?r[] ( ! black & mottl$ w>e !n 9 vogue1 su* z bak+-di%es1 pit*]s1 & milk-cans4 ,b a sev]e attack ( virul5t smallpox almo/ t]m9at$ 8 c>e]1 & left a weakness 9 8 "r knee1 :i* develop$1 s t ?is limb _h to be amputat$ at a lat] date4 ,he 0 b\nd appr5tice to 8 bro!r ,?omas 9 #agdd1 :5 9 8 f\rte5? ye>2 b ?is weak knee1 :i* hamp]$ him s mu*1 prov$ a bless+ 9 disguise1 = x s5t him f ! ?r[]'s place to ! m\ld]'s bo>d1 :]e he improv$ ! w>e1 8 fir/ ef=t be+ an ornam5tal teapot made ( ! o*re\s clay ( ! di/rict4 ,o!r "w ( ?is p]iod compris$ plates1 pickle-leaves1 knife-hafts1 & snuff-boxes4 ,at ! same "t he made exp]im5ts 9 ! *emi/ry ( ! mat]ial he 0 us+4 ,w$gwood's great /udy 0 t ( diff]5t k9ds ( col\r+ matt] = clays1 b at ! same "t he ma/]$ e bran* ( ! art4 ,t he 0 a well-behav$ "y man is evid5t f ! fact t he 0 held up 9 ! neighb\rhood z a patt]n = emulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,w$gwood at ,"w4 ,b 8 bro!r ,?omas1 :o mov$ along 9 ! old rut1 _h small sympa?y ) all ?is exp]im5t+1 & ?\ght ,josiah flighty & full ( fancies4 ,aft] rema9+ = a "t ) 8 bro!r1 at ! completion ( 8 appr5tice%ip ,w$gwood became p>tn] 9 #ageb1 9 a small pott]y ne> ,/oke-^u-,tr5t3 soon aft]1 ,mr ,:ieldon1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t pott]s ( ! day1 jo9$ ! firm4 ,"h ,w$gwood took pa9s to discov] new me?ods & /rik+ designs1 z trade 0 !n depress$4 ,new gre5 e>!nw>e 0 produc$1 z smoo? z glass1 = dess]t s]vice1 m\ld$ 9 ! =m ( leaves2 also toilet w>e1 snuff-boxes1 & articles col\r$ 9 imitation ( preci\s /ones1 :i* ! jewell]s ( t "t sold l>gely4 ,o!r articles ( manufacture 7 blue-fl[]$ cups & sauc]s1 & v>icol\r$ teapots4 ,w$gwood1 on ! expiry ( 8 p>tn]%ip ) ,:ieldon1 />t$ on 8 own acc\nt 9 8 native ,burslem 9 #agfj4 ,8 capital mu/ h be5 small1 z ! sum ( tw5ty p\nds 0 all he _h receiv$ f 8 fa!r's e/ate4 ,he r5t$ ,ivy ,h\se & ,works at t5 p\nds a ye>1 & engag$ 8 second-c\s91 ,?omas1 z workman at eight %ill+s & sixp5ce a week4 ,he gradually acquir$ a reputation = ! ta/e & excell5ce ( design ( 8 gre5 glaz$ w>e1 8 tortoise%ell & t9t$ snuff-boxes1 & :ite m$allions4 ,a specially design$ tea-s]vice1 repres5t+ diff]5t fruits & vegetables1 sold well1 &1 z might be expect$1 0 at once widely imitat$4 ,he hir$ new works on ! site n[ p>tly occupi$ by ! ,w$gwood ,in/itute1 & introduc$ v>i\s new tools & appliances4 ,8 kilns = fir+ 8 f9e w>e gave him ! greate/ tr\ble1 & _h to be (t5 r5ew$4 ,james ,br9dley1 :5 puzzl$ 9 ?9k+ out "s eng9e]+ problem1 us$ to retire to b$ & "w x out 9 8 head be=e he got up4 ,sir ,josiah ,mason1 ! ,birm+ham p5-mak]1 us$ to simm] ov] 9 8 m9d on ! previ\s night ! "w = ! next day4 ,w$gwood _h a simil> habit1 :i* kept him (t5 awake dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! night4 ,probably ow+ to ! =tunate execution ( an ord] ?r\gh ,miss ,*etwynd1 maid ( hon\r to ,que5 ,*>lotte1 ( a complete cream s]vice 9 gre5 & gold1 ,w$gwood secur$ ! patronage ( royalty1 & 0 appo9t$ ,que5's ,pott] 9 #agfc4 ,8 ,que5's w>e became popul>1 & secur$ him mu* additional bus9ess4 ,an eng9e la! :i* he introduc$ greatly =w>d$ 8 designs2 & ! w>]oom op5$ 9 ,london = ! exhibition ( 8 n[ fam\s ,que5's w>e1 ,etruscan vases1 & o!r works1 drew att5tion to ! excell5ce ( 8 "w4 ,he />t$ works besides at ,*elsea1 sup]vis$ by 8 p>tn] ,b5tley1 :]e modell]s1 enamell]s1 & arti/s 7 employ$1 s t ! c>es ( 8 bus9ess1 'pot-mak+ & navigat+'--! latt] ! c>ry+ ?r\gh ( ! ,gr& ,trunk ,canal--entirely fill$ 8 m9d & "t at ?is p]iod4 ,s busy 0 he1 t he sometimes wond]$ :e!r he 0 an eng9e]1 a l&[n]1 or a pott]4 ,mean:ile1 a /ep he _h no cause to regret 0 8 m>riage 9 #agfd to ,s>ah ,w$gwood1 no relation ( 8 own1 a h&some lady ( good education & ( "s =tune4 ,w$gwood _h begun to imitate ! classic works ( ! ,greeks f\nd 9 public & private collections1 & produc$ 8 unglaz$ black porcela91 :i* he nam$ ,basaltes1 9 #agff4 ,! dem& = 8 vases at ?is "t 0 s great t he c\ld h sold fifty or "o hundr$ p\nds' wor? a day1 if he _h be5 able to produce !m fa/ en\gh4 ,he 0 n[ patronis$ by royalty1 by ! ,empress ( ,russia1 & ! nobility g5]ally4 ,a l>ge s]vice = ,que5 ,*>lotte took ?ree ye>s to execute1 z "p ( ! commission consi/$ 9 pa9t+ on ! w>e1 9 black enamel1 ab\t twelve hundr$ views ( palaces1 seats ( ! nobility1 & rem>kable places4 ,a s]vice = ! ,empress ( ,russia took eight ye>s to complete4 ,x consi/$ ( n9e hundr$ & fifty-two pieces1 ( :i* ! co/ 0 believ$ to h be5 ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 al?\gh ?is sc>cely paid ,w$gwood's work+ exp5ses4 ,prosp]ity elb[$ ,w$gwood out ( 8 old build+s 9 ,burslem1 & l$ him to pur*ase l& two miles away1 on ! l9e ( ! propos$ ,gr& ,trunk ,canal1 :]e 8 fl\ri%+ manufactories & model workm5's h\ses sprang up gradually1 & 7 nam$ ,etruria1 aft] ! ,italian home ( ! fam\s ,etruscans1 ^: "w he admir$ & imitat$4 ,8 works 7 p>tly remov$ ?i!r 9 #agfi1 & :olly 9 #agga4 ,at ?is "t he %[$ great public _s1 & aid$ 9 gett+ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t = bett] roads 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & back$ ,br9dley & ,e>l ,g[] 9 _! ,gr& ,trunk ,canal s*eme1 :i* 0 de/9$1 :5 complet$1 to *eap5 & quick5 ! c>riage ( goods to ,liv]pool1 ,bri/ol1 & ,hull4 ,! opposition 0 ke53 & ,w$gwood issu$ a pamphlet %[+ ! b5efits :i* w\ld accrue to trade 9 ! ,midl&s by ! propos$ wat]way4 ,:5 victory 0 secur$1 aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,act !re 0 a holiday & great rejoic+ 9 ,burslem & ! neighb\rhood1 & ! fir/ sod ( ! canal 0 cut by ,w$gwood1 ,july #bf1 #agff4 ,he 0 also appo9t$ treasur] ( ! new und]tak+1 :i* 0 elev5 ye>s 9 progress4 ,br9dley1 ! greate/ eng9e] !n 9 ,engl&1 d\btless sacrific$ 8 life to its success1 z he di$ ( cont9ual h>assm5t & diabetes at ! e>ly age ( fifty-six4 ,w$gwood _h an imm5se admiration = ,br9dley's "w & "*4 ,9 ! prospect ( sp5d+ a day ) him1 he said3 ',z ,i always edify full z mu* 9 t man's company z at *ur*1 ,i promise myself to be mu* wis] ! day foll[+4' ,l ,c>lyle1 :o :imsically put ! build] ( a bridge be=e ! writ] ( a book1 ,w$gwood plac$ ! man :o design$ ! outl9e ( a jug or ! turn ( a teapot f> bel[ ! creator ( a canal or ! build] ( a city4 ,9 ! c>e] ( a man ( g5ius & orig9al p[]s1 ! p]iod ( e>ly /ruggle is (t5 ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,:5 prosp]ity comes1 aft] difficulties h be5 surm\nt$1 !re is g5]ally less to *all5ge att5tion4 ,b ,w$gwood's c>e] 0 /ill "o ( cont9ual progress up to ! v close4 ,8 ,que5's w>e1 made ( ! :ite/ clay f ,devon & ,dorset1 0 greatly 9 dem&1 & mu* improv$4 ,! f9e e>!nw>es & porcela9s :i* became ! basis ( su* manufactures 7 orig9at$ "h4 ,"y m5 ( arti/ic ta/e 7 employ$ & enc\rag$ to supply designs1 & a s*ool ( in/ruction = draw+1 pa9t+1 & modell+ 0 />t$4 ,arti/s su* z ,c[>d & ,hosk9s modell$ ! ',sleep+ ,boy1' "o ( ! f9e/ & l>ge/ ( 8 works4 ,john ,bacon1 aft]w>ds kn[n z a sculptor1 0 "o ( 8 arti/s1 z also ,james ,tassie ( ,glasg[4 ,w$gwood engag$ capable m5 :]ev] !y c\ld be f\nd4 ,= 8 ,etruscan models he 0 greatly indebt$ to ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton4 ,specim5s ( 8 fam\s portrait cameos1 m$allions1 & plaques w be f\nd 9 mo/ ( our public museums4 ,! g5]al heal? ( ,w$gwood suff]$ s mu* betwe5 #agfg & #agfh t he decid$ to h ! limb :i* _h tr\bl$ him s9ce 8 boyhood amputat$4 ,he sat1 & )\t w9c+1 witness$ ! surgeons cut (f 8 "r leg1 = !re 7 !n no anae/hetics4 ',mr ,w$gwood has ?is day _h 8 leg tak5 (f1' wrote "o ( ! ,burslem cl]ks at ! foot ( a ,london invoice1 '& is z well z c be expect$ aft] su* an execution4' ,8 wife 0 8 good angel :5 recov]+1 & act$ z h&s & feet & secret>y to him2 :ile 8 p>tn] ,b5tley 7=m]ly a ,liv]pool m]*ant7 & ,dr ,d>w9 7 also k9d2 & he 0 almo/ oppress$ ) ! inquiries ( _m noble & di/+ui%$ p]sons dur+ convalesc5ce4 ,he _h to be cont5t ) a wood5 leg n[4 ',s5d me1' he wrote to 8 bro!r 9 ,london1 'by ! next wagon a sp>e leg1 :i* y w f9d1 ,i believe1 9 ! closet4' ,he liv$ to we> out a succession ( wood5 legs4 ,indiff]5ce & idl5ess he c\ld n tol]ate1 & 8 f9e arti/ic s5se 0 (f5d$ by any bit ( imp]fect "w4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh 8 works1 he w\ld lift ! /ick ^u :i* he lean$ & sma% ! (f5d+ article1 say+1 ',?is won't d = ,josiah ,w$gwood4' ,all ! :ile he _h a ke5 insight into ! "* ( 8 workm51 al?\gh he us$ to say t he _h ev]y?+ to tea* !m1 ev5 to ! mak+ ( a table plate4 ,he 0 no monopoli/1 & ! only pat5t he ev] took out 0 = ! discov]y ( ! lo/ art ( burn+ 9 col\rs1 z 9 ! ,etruscan vases4 ',let u make all ! good1 f9e1 & new ?+s we c1' he said to ,b5tley once2 '& s f> f be+ afraid ( o!r p gett+ our patt]ns1 we %\ld glory 9 x1 & ?r[ out all ! h9ts we c1 & if possible1 h all ! arti/s 9 ,europe work+ aft] our models4' ,by ?is means he hop$ to secure ! goodwill ( 8 be/ cu/om]s & ( ! public4 ,at ! same "t he nev] sacrific$ excell5ce to *eapness4 ,z ! sale ( pa9t$ ,etruscan w>e decl9$1 8 ,jasp] porcela9--s call$ f its resemblance to ! /one ( t "n--became popul>4 ,! secret ( its manufacture 0 kept = _m ye>s4 ,x 0 compos$ ( fl9t1 pott]'s clay1 c>bonate ( b>ytes1 & t]ra pond]osa4 ,?is & ! ,jasp]-dip are 9 sev]al tones & hues ( blue2 also yell[1 lilac1 & gre54 ,he call$ 9 ! good g5ius ( ,flaxman 9 #agge2 &1 = ! foll[+ twelve ye>s1 ! aft]w>ds fam\s sculptor did an imm5se am\nt ( "w & enhanc$ 8 own & 8 patron's reputation4 ,flaxman did "s ( 8 f9e/ "w 9 ?is ,jasp] porcela94 ,"s ( ,flaxman's designs ,w$gwood c\ld sc>cely be prevail$ ^u to "p )4 ,a bas-relief ( ! ',apo!osis ( ,hom]' w5t = sev5 hundr$ & ?irty-five p\nds at ! sale ( 8 p>tn] ,b5tley2 & ! ',sacrifice to ,hym51' a tablet 9 blue & :ite ,jasp] 7#aghg71 br\ght f\r hundr$ & fifte5 p\nds4 ,! fir/ nam$ is n[ 9 ! collection ( ,"l ,twe$m\?4 ,w$gwood's copy ( ! ,b>b]9i or ,portl& ,vase 0 a great triumph ( 8 art4 ,?is vase1 :i* _h conta9$ ! a%es ( ! ,roman ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us & 8 "m1 0 ( d>k-blue glass1 ) :ite enamel figures4 ,x n[ /&s 9 ! m$al room ( ! ,briti% ,museum alongside a model by ,w$gwood4 ,x /&s #aj in*es high1 & is ! f9e/ specim5 ( an anci5t cameo cut-glass vase kn[n4 ,x 0 sma%$ by a madman 9 #ahde1 b 0 aft]w>ds skilfully repair$4 ,w$gwood made fifty copies 9 f9e e>!nw>e1 :i* 7 orig9ally sold at #be gu9eas ea*4 ,"o ( ^! n[ fet*es ,l#bjj4 ,! vase itself once *ang$ h&s = eighte5 hundr$ gu9eas1 & a copy fet*$ two hundr$ & fifte5 gu9eas 9 #ahib4 ,illu/ration3 ,portl& ,vase4 ,josiah ,w$gwood n[ /ood at ! head ( ! pott]s ( ,/af=d%ire1 & ! manufactory at ,etruria drew visitors f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! motto ( its f\nd] 0 /ill ',=w>d2' &1 z ,dr ,smiles expresses x1 !re 0 ) him no f9ality 9 ! developm5t ( 8 pr(ession4 ,he /udi$ *emi/ry1 botany1 draw+1 design+1 & con*ology4 ,8 inquir+ m9d want$ to get to ! bottom ( ev]y?+4 ,he j\rney$ to ,cornwall1 & 0 successful 9 gett+ kaol9 = *9aw>e4 ,que5 ,*>lotte patronis$ a new pe>l-:ite teaw>e2 & he succe$$ 9 p]fect+ ! pe/le & mort> = ! apo!c>y4 ,he inv5t$ a pyromet] = measur+ temp]atures2 & 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,among/ 8 intimate fri5ds 7 ,dr ,erasmus ,d>w91 poet & physician 7! fam\s ,*>les ,rob]t ,d>w9 0 a gr&son1 8 "m hav+ be5 a daught] ( ,w$gwood's71 ,b\lton ( ,soho ,works1 ,james ,watt1 ,?omas ,cl>kson1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & ,?omas ,day4 ,we h an example ( ! g5]osity ( ,w$gwood's disposition 9 8 treatm5t ( ,john ,leslie1 aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ,sir ,john ,leslie ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 s well pleas$ ) 8 tutor+ ( 8 sons t he settl$ an annuity ( "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ^u him2 & x may be t ! influ5ce ( ?is able tutor l$ ,?omas ,w$gwood to take up ! /udy ( heliotype1 & become a pione] ( photographic sci5ce1 ev5 be=e ,dagu]re4 ,h[ indu/ri\s ,w$gwood _h be5 9 8 pr(ession is evid5t f ! sev5 ?\s& specim5s ( clay f all p>ts ( ! _w :i* he _h te/$ & analys$4 ,! six entirely new pieces ( e>!nw>e & porcela9 :i*1 along ) 8 ,que5's w>e1 he _h introduc$ e>ly 9 8 c>e]1 z pa9t$ & embelli%$1 became ! f\ndation ( ne>ly all ! f9e e>!nw>e & porcela9s s9ce produc$4 ,he _h 8 rew>d1 = besides a fl\ri%+ bus9ess1 he left m ?an half a million ( money4 ,,worce/] ,,porcela94 ,"o ( ! mo/ arti/ic & int]e/+ indu/ries 9 ?is c\ntry is ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ! anci5t city ( ,worce/]4 ,!re is no special local reason = ! e/abli%m5t ( su* works !re1 b ,worce/] has be5 not$ z ! home ( ! fam\s porcela9 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,x 0 9 #agea t ,dr ,wall1 a *emi/ & arti/1 complet$ 8 exp]im5t 9 ! comb9ation ( v>i\s elem5ts1 & produc$ a porcela9 :i* 0 m l ! true or natural ,*9ese porcela9 ?an any ev] devis$4 ,?is 0 ! m rem>kable because kaol9 _h n !n be5 discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! inv5tor set up 8 factory 9 ,worce/]1 close to ! ca!dral1 & = a long "t he produc$ 8 egg-%ell & ,tonqu9 porcela9 9 v>i\s =ms1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 ^? ( table s]vices4 ,transf]-pr9t+ 0 introduc$ lat] on1 & 0 execut$ ) mu* ( ! arti/'s _s by exp]ts :o atta*$ !mselves to ! ,worce/] works aft] ! clos+ ( ! enamel works at ,batt]sea4 ,x 0 a rem>kable c5tury 9 its devotion to c]amic art2 & x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! rul+ pr9ces ( ! ,cont95t t !y %\ld patronise lavi%ly v>i\s pott]ies ( m or less repute4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury ! fir/ sign ( ?is royal fav\r 0 v\*saf$ to ,worce/]4 ,george ,,iii4 visit$ ! factories1 & "u ! impetus giv5 by 8 patronage1 ! w>es ( ! city advanc$ s mu* 9 popul>ity t1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury1 x is said1 !re 7 few noble families :i* _h n 9 _! *9a closets an elaborate s]vice ( ,worce/]1 be>+ ! family arms & motto 9 appropriate emblazonm5t4 ,9 #ahaa1 ,george ,,iv4 be+ !n ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 sev]al spl5did s]vices ( ,worce/] porcela9 7 ord]$ to equip 8 table = ! new social duties entail$ by 8 reg5cy1 & "o ( ^! alone co/ ,l#djjj4 ,9 ! museums at ! ,worce/] works !re are specim5s ( _m beautiful s]vices1 design$ 9 accordance ) ! contempor>y ideas ( pomp & /atel9ess4 ,! porcela9 arti/s 9 ^? days mu/ h be5 well v]s$ 9 h]aldry2 = _! *ief duties seem to h be5 ! reproduction ( cre/s & coats-(-arms4 ,"s ( ! s]vices h int]e/+ /ories4 ,!re is "o ( deep royal blue1 beautifully decorat$1 & be>+ 9 ! c5tre an emblematical figure ( ,hope4 ,! /ory ran t x 0 ord]$ by ,nelson = pres5tation to ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 & t ! figure ( ,hope 0 really a portrait ( ,lady ,hamilton4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 an error3 ! s]vice 0 ord]$ by ! ,duke himself 9 ! ord9>y way1 & ?\gh ,"l ,nelson did ord] a s]vice ( ,worce/] porcela91 he di$ be=e x c\ld be complet$1 & x 0 aft]w>ds disp]s$4 ,ano!r /ory atta*es to a plate adorn$ ) a picture ( a %ip 9 full sail approa*+ h>b\r4 ,! ,imaum ( ,muscat s5t _m pres5ts to ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 & h9t$ t he w\ld l a %ip ( w> 9 return4 ,! ,engli% au?orities1 h[ev]1 did n see fit to give att5tion to ?is reque/1 & s5t him in/ead _m beautiful ?+s1 includ+ a s]vice ( ,worce/] w>e1 be>+ on ea* piece a sc5e %[+ ! royal ya*t :i* bore ! gifts ent]+ ! cove ( ,muscat4 ,:5 ! pot5tate he>d1 h[ev]1 t 8 de>e/ wi% _h be5 ?w>t$ 9 ?is way1 he refus$ to all[ ! vessel to ent] ! h>b\r1 & all ! pres5ts _h to be br\ght back aga94 ,! picture on ! plate1 !re=e1 is m imag9ative ?an accurate4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,worce/] ,royal ,porcela9 ,works4 ,! ,worce/] porcela9 began to develop 9 fre% directions soon aft] ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 :i* gave an impulse to ! ef=ts ( ! arti/s1 & ! decorative side ( ! "w 0 br\ght into a mu* m prom95t position4 ,= in/ance1 ! ',worce/] enamels1' 9 ! /yle ( ^? ( ,limoges1 7 introduc$1 & an illu/ration ( ?is "w is to be se5 9 a pair ( rem>kable vases1 be>+ enamel reproductions ( ,maclise's draw+s1 f\nd$ on ! ,bayeux tape/ries4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 too1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( exp]im5t1 ! ivory w>e--an idea inspir$ by ! lovely ivory sculptures 9 ! ,exhibition--0 br\ght to p]fection4 ,x is a beautiful1 creamy1 transluc5t porcela91 s+ul>ly fitt$ = arti/ic treatm5t1 & x is n[ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] developm5ts ( ! ,worce/] "w4 ,9 fact1 ! art directors ( ! ent]prise w n issue n[ any new w>es 9 ! /yle ( ^? :i* f\nd fav\r at an e>li] p]iod1 = !y "k t !y w\ld in/antly be palm$ (f on ! unw>y z ! g5u9e products ( ! bygone times4 ,to trace ! process ( ! manufacture1 f ! mix+ ( ! +r$i5ts to ! burn+ ( ! la/ wa% 9 ! decorat$ piece1 is v int]e/+4 ,x is a process freely %[n to visitors1 & =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal lions 9 ! sob] old t[n :i* has la9 = s _m c5turies on ! banks ( ! ,sev]n4 ,! mat]ials are br\ght f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,kaol91 or *9a clay1 :i* is ! felsp> ( decompos$ granite wa%$ f ! rocks1 is br\ght f ,cornwall1 s is ! ,corni% or *9a /one2 felsp> is br\ght f ,sw$51 & ?\gh ( a ri* r$1 x turns :ite :5 burnt2 m>l & fire-clay come f ,broseley1 9 ,%rop%ire1 & ,/\rbridge2 fl9ts are br\ght f ,dieppe2 & bones--^? ( ! ox only--come all ! way f ,s\? ,am]ica to be calc9$ & gr\nd d[n4 ,! gr9d+ is a sl[ matt]2 ea* +r$i5t is gr\nd sep>ately 9 a vat1 ! bottom ( :i* is a h>d /one1 :]eon o!r h>d /ones ( great weight revolve sl[ly4 ,f twelve h\rs' to t5 days' con/ant treatm5t by ^! remorseless mills is requir$ by ! v>i\s mat]ials1 "s ne$+ to be gr\nd mu* long] ?an o!rs be=e ! requisite f95ess is atta9$4 ,x is ess5tial t all ! +r$i5ts %\ld be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 /&>d ( gra92 & ! cont5ts ( ea* vat mu/ pass ?r\gh a lawn sieve ) f\r ?\s& me%es to ! squ>e in*4 ,:5 ! mat]ials are suffici5tly gr\nd to meet ?is te/1 !y are tak5 to ! 'slip-h\se1' & mix$ toge!r ) ! clays1 :i* d n ne$ gr9d+4 ,a magnet ( great /r5g? is 9 ea* mix+ tr\gh1 & draws to itself e p>ticle ( iron1 :i*1 if all[$ to rema9 9 ! mixture1 w\ld injure ! w>e v mu*4 ,:5 prop]ly mix$1 ! wat] is press$ out1 & ! pa/e or clay is beat5 s t x may obta9 consi/5cy4 ,!n x is ready to be made into ! _m %apes :i* f9d popul> fav\r4 ,! process ( manufacture dep5ds on ! %ape to be obta9$4 ,a pla9 circul> teacup may be ca/ on a pott]'s :eel ( ! anci5t k9d4 ,:5 x is p>tly dri$ 9 a m\ld1 x is turn$ on a la! & trimm$2 !n ! h&le1 :i* has be5 m\ld$1 is affix$ ) a t\* ( ! 'slip'--! porcela9 pa/e 9 a /ate ( dilution is ! cem5t us$ 9 all su* situations--& ! piece is ready = ! fire4 ,a plate or sauc]1 h[ev]1 is made by flat press+2 a piece ( clay l a pancake is laid on ! m\ld1 :i* is set revolv+ on a :eel2 ! deft f+]s ( ! workm5 press ! clay to ! prop] %ape1 & x is !n dri$4 ,b ! elaborate ornam5tal pieces ( graceful design are made 9 m\lds1 & = ?is process ! clay is us$ 9 ! ?9 or 'slip' /ate4 ,! m\lds are press$ toge!r1 ! slip is p\r$ into !m ?r\gh a hole 9 "o side1 & :5 ! moi/ure has be5 absorb$ by ! pla/] m\lds suffici5tly1 ! piece is tak5 out4 ,x is (t5 necess>y1 9 mak+ a l>ge or complicat$ piece1 to h z _m z tw5ty or ?irty ca/+s4 ,9 m\ld+ a figure1 = in/ance1 ! legs & arms & h&s1 ev5 ! ?umbs 9 _m cases1 are ca/ sep>ately1 & ) _m o!r p>ts ( ! design are laid be=e a workman1 :o c>efully builds up ! complete figure out ( ! app>5t *aos ( p>ts1 affix+ ea* piece to ! body ) a t\* ( slip4 ,:5 ^! w>es are complete1 !y h to be fir$ = ! fir/ "t2 & !y are tak5 to a kiln1 & plac$ ) great c>e & _m precautions 9 ! grim int]ior4 ,! contraction ( ! clay "u fire is a matt] to :i* ! design]s mu/ give mu* /udy2 & ! *ange :i* takes place dur+ =ty h\rs' fi]ce fir+ 9 ! kiln is %[n by contra/+ an unburnt piece & a piece ( 'biscuit' or burnt w>e1 & m>k+ ! %r9kage4 ,y\r w>e mu/ be calculat$ to %r9k only s mu*2 if x %r9k a %ade fur!r1 ! :ole process may be spoil$4 ,!re is a loss ( tw5ty-five p] c5t4 sometimes 9 ^! kilns1 9 spite ( ! assidu\s c>e ( ! workm54 ,:5 ! biscuit w>e has cool$1 x is dipp$ 9 ! glaze1 :i* is a comp\nd ( lead & borax & o!r mat]ials--virtually a sort ( glass--& !n x is fir$ = sixte5 h\rs 9 ! 'glo/ ov54' ,!re is no contraction 9 ?is ordeal2 b !re is a risk none ! less f o!r causes4 ,9 fact1 !re is ! dang] ( injury e "t ! w>e goes to ! fire1 & z ! highly decorat$ pieces h to g to ! kiln _m times1 x may be inf]r$ t ! lab\r ( weeks & ev5 mon?s is sometimes nullifi$ by an unt[>d accid5t 9 ! burn+4 ,x is dur+ ! process ( decoration t ! ornate vases & figures make s _m trips to ! fire4 ,! arti/ dep>tm5t is a v l>ge & important "o4 ,! design]s1 h[ev]1 are a class ( !mselves4 ,!y project ! idea2 x is ! bus9ess ( ! arti/1 9 ^! circum/ances1 to execute x4 ,! pa9t]s are tak5 into ! works z lads & tra9$ = ! special s]vice4 ,:at y rem>k *iefly 9 go+ ?r\gh ! decorat+ rooms is ! great facility ( ! arti/s4 ,y see a man ) a plate or vase on :i* he is outl9+ a l&scape1 & y m>vel at ! rapid1 accurate t\*es ) :i* he does ! "w4 ,fl[]s1 birds1 & figures !y c reproduce ) great skill1 & _m ( !m are arti/s n m]ely 9 facility b 9 in/9ct4 ,!y "w ) metallic col\rs only4 ,!y rely on copp]1 = in/ance1 to give black & gre51 on iron to yield r$ hues1 & s on2 & ! gold "w is done ) :at seems to be a dirty br[n pa/e1 b is really pure gold mix$ ) flux & quicksilv]4 ,:5 ! fir/ wa% is put on1 ! piece mu/ be fir$1 s t ! col\rs %all be burnt into ! glaze4 ,!n x returns to ! pa9t]1 :o adds ! next t\*es s f> z he c2 ! fir+ aga9 foll[s2 ! piece is return$ to him once m2 & s on x goes till ! "w is complete4 ,x is !re=e a highly te*nical bus9ess1 especially z ! col\rs *ange v mu* 9 ! fire1 & ! pa9t] has to "w ) full k ( ! *emical processes 9 e fir+4 ,!re is "o =m ( ! decorative process :i* is v s+ul>--t is1 ! pi]c+ "w4 ,! arti/ has ! vase 9 ! dri$ /ate be=e ! fir+1 & ) a t9y1 %>p-po9t$ knife he cuts out little pieces accord+ to ! design 9 8 m9d1 & produces an extremely beautiful p]=at$ w>e1 ! elaborate patt]n & ! lace-l delicacy ( :i* almo/ repel ! idea t ! "w is done by ! unaid$ h& ( man4 ,9 ! col\r processes1 ! "w is virtually complete :5 ! dull gold has be5 burni%$2 & ! porcela9 is !n ready to be transf]r$ to ! %[rooms1 or export$ to ,am]ica1 :i* is ! greate/ patron1 at pres5t1 ( ,worce/] art4 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 fail$ to reta9 "o lovely vase no less ?an f\r feet high1 ! l>ge/ ev] made 9 ! works2 x 0 tak5 to ! ,*icago ,exhibition & back )\t accid5t1 & 0 !n sold 9 ,engl& = "o ?\s& p\nds4 ,x is important to rememb] ! di/9ction betwe5 'pott]y' & 'porcela93' ! porcela9 is clay purifi$ by ! fire1 :]eas pott]y leaves ! ov5 z x ent]$ x--clay4 ,! purification ( ! w>e is really an illu/ration ( ! process :i* su/a9s ! arti/ic inspiration ( ! "w4 ,! gross1 ! vulg>1 ! mean are elim9at$2 a /&>d ( beauty is set up1 & to x e article mu/ con=m4 ,x is to ?is ideal1 su/a9$ by a long succession ( arti/s ?r\gh a c5tury & a half1 t ,worce/] owes its _w-wide reputation z ! bir?place ( "s ( ! lovelie/ porcela9 ev] burnt 9 a kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,porcela9 ,vase4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sew+-,,ma*9e4 ,?omas ,sa9t--,?imonni]--,hunt--,elias ,h[e--,wilson--,morey--,s+]4 ,al?\gh ! sew+-ma*9e has n put an end to ! slav]y ( ! ne$le1 & al?\gh ',! ,song ( ! ,%irt' may be he>d to ! accompanim5t ( its click & :irr1 j z x 0 to ! '/it*1 /it*' ( ,tom ,hood's "t1 yet has x unque/ionably come z a boon & a bless+ to man--& woman4 ,its "n n[ is legion1 & x has _h s _m inv5tors & improv]s t ! pres5t g5]ation is fa/ los+ sight ( its orig9al b5efactors4 ,inde$1 we take ! sew+-ma*9e to-day z an accompli%$ fact s famili> z to be commonplace4 ,& yet t fact is a product ( z mov+ a hi/ory z any 9 ! /ory ( human inv5tion4 ,x is ! gr[? ( ! la/ half-c5tury1 prior to :i* ! real sew+-ma*9e 0 ! heavy-ey$1 if n tireless1 ne$lewoman1 ^: fly+ f+]s seem$ ev] 9 va9 pursuit ( ! fly+ h\rs4 ,ne$lework is z old z human hi/ory1 = we may see ! beg9n+s ( x 9 ! aprons ( fig-leaves :i* ,"m ,eve sew$4 ,:at in/rum5t %e us$ we "k n1 b we d "k f ,moses t ne$les 7 9 use :5 ! tab]nacle 0 built4 ,yet1 /range to say1 x 0 n until ! middle ( la/ c5tury t any "o tri$ to sup]s$e manual lab\r 9 ! matt] ( /it*+4 ,x is said t a ,g]man tailor1 nam$ ,*>les ,fr$]ick ,weis5?al1 0 ! fir/ to attempt x1 b = h&-embroid]y only--) a d\ble-po9t$ ne$le1 ey$ 9 ! middle4 ,?is 0 9 #agee1 & fifty ye>s lat]1 "o ,john ,duncan1 a ,glasg[ ma*9i/1 work$ out ,weis5?al's idea into a g5u9e embroid]+ ma*9e1 :i* really held ! g]m ( ! idea ( ! 'loop-/it*4' ,b nei!r ( ^! 0 a sew+-ma*9e1 & be=e ,duncan's inv5tion "s "o else _h be5 seiz$ ) ano!r idea4 ,?is 0 a ,london cab9etmak] call$ ,?omas ,sa9t1 :o 9 or ab\t #agij took out a pat5t = a ma*9e = sew+ lea!r1 or r = 'quilt+1 /it*+1 & mak+ %oes1 boots1 spatt]da%es1 clogs1 & o!r articles4' ,?is pat5t1 un=tunately1 0 tak5 out along ) o!r inv5tions 9 connection ) lea!r1 & x 0 q by accid5t t1 "s eighty ye>s lat]1 ! specification ( x 0 discov]$ by "o :o _h made = himself a "n 9 connection ) sew+-ma*9es4 ,ev5 ! ,pat5t ,(fice did n seem to h kn[n ( its exi/5ce1 yet n[ x is cle> en\gh t ,?omas ,sa9t's lea!r-sew+-ma*9e ( #agij 0 ! fir/ g5u9e sew+-ma*9e ev] con/ruct$1 & t x 0 on :at is n[ kn[n z ! '*a9-/it*' pr9ciple4 ,rude z x 01 x is decl>$ by exp]ts to h anticipat$ mo/ ( ! +5i\s ideas ( half a c5tury ( successive inv5tors1 n "o ( :om1 h[ev]1 c\ld 9 all human probability h z mu* z he>d ( ,sa9t's ma*9e4 ,?is is n ! lea/ curi\s incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sew+-ma*9e4 ,9 ,sa9t's ma*9e ! features are--! ov]hang+ arm1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( _m mod]n ma*9es2 ! p]p5dicul> action ( ! ,s+] ma*9e2 ! eye-po9t$ ne$le ( ! ,h[e ma*9e2 ! pressure surfaces peculi> to ! ,h[e ma*9e2 & a 'fe$' sy/em equal to t ( ! mo/ mod]n inv5tions4 ,:e!r ,sa9t's ma*9e 0 ev] work$ 9 a practical work%op or n1 x 0 unque/ionably a practicable ma*9e1 con/ruct$ by "o :o knew pretty well :at he 0 ab\t1 & :at he want$ to a*ieve4 ,n[ note ! date ( ,?omas ,sa9t's pat5t 7#agij71 & next note ! date ( ! inv5tion ( ,b>!lmy ,?imonni]1 ( ,/ ,eti5ne1 :o is claim$ 9 ,france z ! inv5tor ( ! sew+-ma*9e4 ,9 #ahcj1 ,?imonni] con/ruct$ a ma*9e1 pr9cipally ( wood1 ) an arrangem5t ( b>b$ ne$les1 = /it*+ gloves1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he began bus9ess 9 ,p>is1 ) a p>tn]1 z an army clo?i]4 ,! firm ( ,?imonni]1 ,petit1 ,co41 h[ev]1 did n ?rive1 because ! workpeople ?\ght !y saw 9 ! pr9cipal's ma*9e an in/rum5t de/9$ to ru9 !m2 mu* z ! ,luddites view$ /eam-ma*9]y 9 ! cotton di/ricts ( ,engl&4 ,an idea ( t sort rapidly g]m9ates heat1 & ,?imonni]'s work%op 0 "o day invad$ by an angry mob1 :o sma%$ all ! ma*9es1 & compell$ ! inv5tor to seek safety 9 flight4 ,poor ,?imonni] 0 abs5t f ,p>is = ?ree ye>s1 b 9 #ahcd return$ ) ano!r & m p]fect ma*9e4 ,?is 0 s coldly receiv$1 bo? by employ]s & workm5 9 ! tailor+ trade1 t he left ! capital1 &1 j\rney+ ?r\gh ,france ) 8 ma*9e1 paid 8 way by exhibit+ x 9 ! t[ns & villages z a curiosity4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ,?imonni] fell 9 ) a capitali/ :o believ$ 9 him & 8 ma*9e1 & 0 will+ to /ake money on bo?4 ,a p>tn]%ip 0 ent]$ into = ! manufacture & sale ( ! ma*9e1 & all promis$ well = ! new firm1 :5 ! ,revolution ( #ahdh broke out1 /opp$ ! bus9ess1 & ru9$ bo? ! inv5tor & ! capitali/4 ,?imonni] di$ 9 #aheg1 9 a poorh\se1 ( a brok5 he>t4 ,?is ,fr5* ma*9e 0 also on ! *a9-/it* pr9ciple1 b x 0 =ty ye>s lat] ?an ,sa9t's4 ,9 betwe5 ! two came1 ab\t #ahcb1 "o ,walt] ,hunt1 ( ,new ,york1 :o is said to h con/ruct$ a sew+-ma*9e ) ! lock-/it* movem5t4 ,"s unc]ta9ty surr\nds ?is claim1 & ,elias ,h[e is ! p]son usually cr$it$ ) ?is important1 inde$ invaluable inv5tion4 ,:e!r ,h[e _h ev] se5 ,hunt's ma*9e1 we "k n2 b ,hunt's ma*9e 0 nev] pat5t$1 seems nev] to h come into practical work+1 & is1 inde$1 said to h be5 unworkable4 ,!re is1 besides1 9 ! ,polyte*nic at ,vi5na1 ! model ( a ma*9e1 dat$ #ahad1 con/ruct$ by "o ,joseph ,mad]sb]g1 a tailor ( ! ,tyrol1 :i* embodies ! lock-/it* idea--work+ ) two ?reads4 ,b ?is also 0 unworkable1 & ,elias ,h[e has ! cr$it ( hav+ produc$ ! fir/ really practical lock-/it* sew+-ma*9e4 ,8 0 a life ( vicissitude & ( ultimate triumph1 bo? 9 fame & =tune4 ,he 0 born at a small place 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #ahai1 & z a y\? w5t to ,bo/on1 !re to "w z a me*anic4 ,:ile !re1 & :5 ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s old1 ! idea occurr$ to him at 8 "w ( pass+ a ?read ?r\gh clo? & secur+ x on ! o!r side by ano!r ?read4 ,"h we p]ceive ! g]m ( ! lock-/it*--! two ?reads4 ,h[e began to exp]im5t ) a numb] ( b5t wires 9 lieu ( ne$les1 b he lack$ ! means to put 8 great idea to a ?or\gh practical te/4 ,?us x slumb]$ = ?ree ye>s1 :5 he w5t to bo>d & lodge ) an old s*oolfell[ nam$ ,fi%]1 :o1 aft] a :ile1 agre$ to advance ,h[e "o hundr$ p\nds 9 return = a half %>e 9 ! inv5tion %\ld x prove a success4 ,?us aid$1 9 #ahde ,h[e complet$ 8 fir/ ma*9e1 & actually made himself a suit ( clo!s ) x2 & ?is w\ld be j ab\t ! "t ( ,?imonni]'s tempor>y prosp]ity 9 alliance ) ! capitali/1 ,mogr9i4 ,feel+ sure ( 8 gr\nd1 ,h[e took bold /eps to 'boom' 8 inv5tion4 ,he *all5g$ five ( ! mo/ exp]t sew]s 9 a great ,bo/on clo?+ factory to a sew+ mat*4 ,ea* ( !m 0 to sew a c]ta9 /rip ( clo?1 & ,h[e und]took to sew five /rips1 torn 9 halves1 be=e ea* man _h complet$ 8 "o /rip4 ,! arrangem5ts complet$1 ! mat* began1 & to ! wond] ( ev]ybody1 ,h[e f9i%$ 8 five seams be=e ! o!rs 7 half done ) "o seam4 ,b murmurs in/ead ( *e]s succe$$ ! victory4 ,he 0 angrily reproa*$ = try+ to take ! bread out ( ! m\? ( ! hone/ work+-man1 & a cry 0 rais$ among ! work]s 7z x has be5 he>d "t & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( indu/rial developm5t7 to sma% ! ma*9e4 ,h[e1 inde$1 _h mu* difficulty 9 escap+ f ! angry mob1 ) 8 preci\s ma*9e "u 8 arm4 ,9 ,h[e's exp]i5ce we ?us see "o p>allel ) ,?imonni]'s2 b !re 0 ano!r4 ,! ,am]ican 0 q z poor & res\rceless z ! ,fr5*man1 & ! next /ep 9 ,h[e's c>e] 0 t he w5t on t\r to ! c\ntry fairs to exhibit 8 ma*9e = a trifl+ fee1 9 ord] to keep body & s\l toge!r4 ,p w5t 9 flocks to see ! ?+ z a clev] toy1 b no "o w\ld 'take hold' ( x z a practical ma*9e4 ,& s1 9 despair ( do+ any good ) x 9 ,am]ica1 ,elias ,h[e1 9 #ahdf1 s5t 8 bro!r to ,engl& to see if a m>ket c\ld n be f\nd = ! inv5tion !re4 ,! bro!r succe$$ 9 mak+ t]ms ) "o ,william ,?omas1 /aymak]1 9 ,*eapside1 ,london1 & he s5t = ,elias to come ov]4 ,! price to be paid by ,?omas = ! pat5t 0 two hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 b ,h[e 0 to make c]ta9 alt]ations 9 x s z to adapt x to ! special requirem5ts ( ! pur*as]4 ,:ile engag$ 9 p]fect+ ! ma*9e1 he 0 to receive wages at ! rate ( ?ree p\nds p] week1 & ?is wage he seems to h receiv$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,b he fail$ to a*ieve :at ,?omas want$1 & ,?omas1 aft] sp5d+ a good deal ( money ov] ! exp]im5ts1 ab&on$ ! ?+ altoge!r4 ,h[e 0 ?us a/r& aga91 & he return$ to ,am]ica z poor z ev]1 leav+ 8 ma*9e beh9d him 9 pawn = advances to pay 8 passage home4 ,& yet !re 7 'millions 9 x4' ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #ahdi1 & j ab\t ! "t :5 ,h[e 0 return+ to ,am]ica1 ano!r ,am]ican1 nam$ ,bo/wi*1 0 s5d+ ov] to ,engl& a ma*9e :i* he _h inv5t$ = imitat+ h&-/it*+1 by means ( cog-:eels & a b5t ne$le4 ,& a ye> or two aft] ,h[e's return1 "o ,*>les ,morey1 ( ,man*e/]1 attempt$ to c>ry out ! same /it* on a some:at diff]5t plan1 b fail$ to f9d suffici5t pecuni>y support4 ,inde$1 poor ,morey _h a tragic end1 =1 tak+ 8 ma*9e to ,p>is 9 ! hope ( f9d+ a pur*as] !re1 he incurr$ "s debt :i* he c\ld n pay1 & 0 clapp$ into ! ,mazas prison4 ,:ile !re1 he inadv]t5tly broke ! rules1 & 0 %ot by ! gu>d = fail+ to reply to a *all5ge :i* he did n und]/&4 ,:5 ,h[e got back to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 he f\nd a numb] ( +5i\s p]sons engag$ 9 produc+ or exp]im5t+ 9 sew+-ma*9es1 & "s ( !m 7 tr5*+ on 8 own pat5t rights4 ,he rais$ en\gh money1 someh[1 to r$eem 8 pawn$ ma*9e 9 ,engl&1 & !n rais$ actions aga9/ all :o 7 infr++ x4 ,! litigation 0 trem5d\s bo? 9 duration & exp5se1 b x end$ 9 ! victory ( ,elias ,h[e1 to :om1 by ! f9d+ ( ! c\rt1 ! o!r pat5tees 7 f\nd liable = royalty4 ,x is said t ,h[e1 :o z we h se5 left ,london 9 debt1 receiv$1 be=e 8 pat5t expir$ 9 #ahfg1 upw>ds ( two million doll>s 9 royalties alone4 ,b +5i\s m5 7 n[ busy 9 bo? hemisph]es 9 p]fect+ :at1 up till ab\t fifty ye>s ago1 0 reg>d$ z no?+ bett] ?an a clev] toy4 ,besides ,morey1 ! ,man*e/] man we h m5tion$1 a ,hudd]sfield ma*9i/1 nam$ ,drake1 br\ght out a ma*9e to "w ) a %uttle4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 or a little lat]1 a "y ,nott+ham man1 nam$ ,john ,fi%]1 con/ruct$ a ma*9e ) a sort ( lock-/it* movem5t1 :i* he aft]w>ds adapt$ to a d\ble loop-/it*4 ,b ,fi%]'s ma*9e 0 int5d$ r = embroid]+ ?an = pla9 sew+4 ,pass+ ov] "s m9or attempts1 ! next great developm5t 0 t ( ,all5 ,wilson1 :o1 )\t hav+ he>d ei!r ( ,h[e's or ( any o!r ma*9e1 con/ruct$ "o 9 #ahdi1 ! design ( :i*1 he said1 he _h be5 m$itat+ = two ye>s4 ,8 fir/ ma*9e _h orig9al features1 h[ev] mu* x may h be5 anticipat$ 9 pr9ciple by ,h[e's pat5t4 ,9 ,wilson's second design1 a rot>y hook 0 sub/itut$ = a two-po9t$ %uttle1 & by o!r improvem5ts he a*iev$ a great] spe$ ?an _h be5 atta9$ by o!r inv5tors4 ,lat] /ill1 he add$ ! 'f\r-motion fe$1' :i* is adopt$ on mo/ ( ! ma*9es n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,?is idea 0 an elaboration ( a pr9ciple :i* seems to h fir/ occurr$ to ! un=tunate ,morey4 ,9 ,morey's ma*9e !re 0 a horizontal b> ) %ort tee?1 :i* caught ! fabric & dragg$ x =w>d z ! /it*es 7 complet$4 ,x took ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 h[ev]1 to evolve ! p]fect 'fe$' motion out ( ,morey's fir/ crude g]m4 ,:ile ,wilson 0 work+ away1 p]fect+ 8 n[ fam\s ma*9e1 an obs]v+ & ?\ghtful "y millwright 0 employ$ 9 a ,new ,york factory4 ,"o day a sew+-ma*9e 0 s5t 9 = repairs1 & aft] exam9+ its me*anism1 ?is "y man1 ^: "n 0 ,isaac ,s+]1 confid5tly express$ 8 belief t he c\ld make a bett] "o4 ,he did n propose ei!r to appropriate or ab&on ! pr9ciple1 b to improve ^u x4 ,in/ead ( a curv$ ne$le1 z 9 ,h[e's & ,wilson's ma*9es1 he adopt$ a /raight "o1 & gave x a p]p5dicul> in/ead ( a curvul> motion4 ,& = propell+ ! fabric he introduc$ a :eel1 in/ead ( ! too!d b> ( ! ,morey design4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! ,s+] ma*9e is n[ "o ( ! mo/ widely kn[n1 & is turn$ out 9 c\ntless numb]s 9 enorm\s factories on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x is n s well kn[n1 p]haps1 t ,s+]1 :o 0 a humble millwright 9 #ahej1 & :o di$ 9 #ahge1 left an e/ate valu$ at ?ree millions /]l+--all amass$ 9 less ?an tw5ty-five ye>s6 ,! ma*9es ( ,h[e1 ,wilson1 & ,s+] 7 on ! lock-/it* pr9ciple1 & ! next novelty 0 ! inv5tion ( ,grov] & ,bak]1 :o br\ght out a ma*9e work+ ) two ne$les & two cont9u\s ?reads4 ,aft] ?is came ! ,gibbs ma*9e1 ! /ory ( :i* may be briefly told4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahee1 ,james ,g4 ,gibbs he>d ( ! ,grov] & ,bak] ma*9e1 & hav+ a turn = me*anics1 began to pond] ov] h[ ! action describ$ 0 produc$4 ,he got an illu/ration1 b c\ld make no?+ ( x1 & n = a ye> did he obta9 sight ( a ,s+] ma*9e at "w4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,s+] ) ,wilson's ma*9e1 s ,gibbs ?\ght he c\ld improve on ,s+]'s1 & turn out "o less pond]\s & complicat$4 ,he set to "w1 & 9 a v %ort "t took out a pat5t = a new lock-/it* ma*9e4 ,b he 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 & exp]im5t$ away1 ) an idea ( mak+ a *a9-/it* by means ( a revolv+ loop]4 ,?is idea he ev5tually put into practical =m1 & took out a pat5t = ! fir/ *a9-/it* sew+-ma*9e4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,elias ,h[e1 ! numb] ( pat5ts tak5 out = sew+-ma*9es has be5 legion--c]ta9ly n less ?an "o ?\s&--& probably no lab\r-sav+ appliance has receiv$ m att5tion at ! h&s bo? ( inv5tors & ( ! g5]al public4 ,!re is sc>cely a h\sehold 9 ! l& n[1 h[ev] humble1 )\t a sew+-ma*9e ( "s sort1 & 9 factories & w>eh\ses !y are to be numb]$ by ! ?\s&4 ,"s ma*9i/s h direct$ _! +5uity to ! r$uction ( we> & te>1 o!rs to ! r$uction ( noise1 o!rs to accel]ation ( spe$1 o!rs to appliances = supply+ ! ma*9e 9 a v>iety ( ways1 o!rs = adapt+ x to v>i\s complicat$ processes ( /it*+ & embroid]+4 ,"s us]s pref] ! lock-/it*1 & "s ! *a9-/it* pr9ciple1 & ea* sy/em has its peculi> advantages accord+ to ! "* ( ! "w to be sewn4 ,a rec5t developm5t is a comb9ation ( bo? pr9ciples 9 "o ma*9e4 ,mr ,edw>d ,kohl] pat5t$ a ma*9e :i* w produce ei!r a lock-/it* or a *a9-/it*1 z may be desir$1 & an embroid]y /it* z well4 ,by a v +5i\s contrivance ! ma*9]y is alt]$ by ! simple movem5t ( a button1 & 7:5 ! *a9-/it* is requir$7 ! tak+ out ( ! bobb9 f ! %uttle4 ,if ! embroid]y /it* is want$1 ! button is turn$ )\t remov+ ! bobb91 & ! lock-/it* & *a9-/it* are comb9$ 9 "o new /it*1 ) :i* v elaborate effects c be produc$4 ,x is said t ! ,kohl] pr9ciple c be easily adapt$ to all1 or mo/1 exi/+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,wool ,,& ,,cotton4 ,,wool4--,:at is ,wool8--,*emical ,composition--,fibre--,antiquity ( ,%eph]d ,life--,v>ieties ( ,%eep--,introduction into ,au/ralia--,spani% ,m]9o--,wool ,weal? ( ,au/ralia--,imports & ,exports ( ,wool & ,wooll5 ,produce--,wooll5 ,manufacture4 ,,cotton4--,cotton ,plant 9 ! ,ea/--,m&eville's ,fables ab\t ,cotton--,cotton 9 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt--,columbus f9ds ,cotton-y>n & ,?read 9 #adib--;,9 ,africa--,manufacture ( ,clo? 9 ,engl&--,! ,am]ican ,cotton ,plant4 ,,wool4 ,:at is wool8 ',! cov]+ ( ! %eep1 ( c\rse1' replies somebody4 ,yes2 b :at is x8 ,let u ask ,pr(essor ,ow54 ',wool1' he says1 'is a peculi> modification ( hair1 *>act]is$ by f9e transv]se or oblique l9es f two to f\r ?\s& 9 ! ext5t ( an in*1 indicative ( a m9utely imbricat$ scaly surface1 :5 view$ "u ! microscope1 on :i* & on its curv$ or twi/$ =m dep5ds its rem>kable felt+ prop]ty4' ,at fir/ sight ?is def9ition seems bewild]+1 b x w be> exam9ation1 & is really m tangible ?an1 = in/ance1 ,noah ,web/]'s def9ition ( wool3 ',t s(t curl$ or crisp$ species ( hair :i* gr[s on %eep & "s o!r animals1 & :i* 9 f95ess sometimes approa*es to fur4' ,x is usually t :i* gr[s on %eep1 h[ev]1 t we "k z wool1 & ! numb] ( imbrications1 s]ratures1 or not*es indicates ! quality ( ! fibre4 ,?us1 9 ! wool ( ! ,leice/] %eep !re are #ahej--;9 ,spani% m]9o1 #bdjj--;9 ,saxon m]9o1 #bgjj1 to an in*1 & ! few] !re are ! ne>] does wool approa* to hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,wool-sort]s at ,"w4 ,"h is a /ill m m9ute description by ,y\att1 a great au?ority on wool3 ',x consi/s ( a c5tral /em or /alk1 probably holl[1 or at lea/ por\s1 & possess+ a semi-transp>5cy1 f\nd 9 ! fibre ( ! hair4 ,f ?is c5tral /alk !re spr+s1 at diff]5t di/ances 9 diff]5t bre$s ( %eep1 a circlet ( leaf-%ap$ projections4 ,9 ! f9] species ( wool ^! circles seem$ at fir/ to be compos$ ( "o indicat$ or s]rat$ r+2 b :5 ! eye 0 accu/om$ to !m1 ?is r+ 0 resolvable into leaves or scales4 ,9 ! l>g] k9ds1 ! r+ 0 at once resolvable into ^! scales or leaves1 v>y+ 9 numb]1 %ape1 & size1 & project+ at diff]5t angles f ! /alk1 & 9 ! direction ( ! leaves ( vegetables--t is1 f ! root to ! po9t4 ,!y give to ! wool ! p[] ( felt+4' ,?is is ! e/imate ( ! *emical composition ( good wool3 ,c>bon1 #ej4fe2 hydrog51 #g4jc2 nitrog51 #ag4ga2 oxyg5 & sulphur1 #bd4fa4 ,out ( a hundr$ p>ts1 n9ety-eight w\ld be organic1 & two w\ld be a%1 consi/+ ( oxide ( iron1 sulphate ( lime1 phosphate ( lime1 & magnesia4 ,:at is call$ ! 'yolk' ( wool is a comp\nd ( oil1 lime1 & pota%4 ,x makes ! pile s(t & pliable1 & is less app>5t on ,engli% %eep ?an on ^? ( w>m] c\ntries1 ! m]9o %eep hav+ ! mo/ 'yolk4' ,! fibre ( wool v>ies 9 diamet]1 ! ,saxon m]9o measur+ #a_/acgj ( an in*1 & ! ,s\?d[n1 #a_/aajj4 ,lu/r\s wool1 x is said1 %\ld be long & /rong2 b if x is v f9e x is n long4 ,/rong wool may be z mu* z tw5ty in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! wool ( ! be/ %eep adh]es closely1 & c only be remov$ by %e>+2 b !re are v>ieties ( %eep :i* %$ _! wool1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,p]sian1 :i* drop ! :ole ( _! fleeces betwe5 ,janu>y & ,may1 :5 fe$+ on ! new grass4 ,?is1 !n1 is wool1 ! fir/ use ( :i* = clo?-mak+ is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! pa/oral indu/ry is ! olde/ indu/ry 9 ! _w2 = ev5 :5 ! fruits ( ! e>? c\ld be eat5 )\t tillage & )\t lab\r1 ! flocks & h]ds requir$ c>e & att5tion4 ,! %eph]d may be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ pione] ( indu/ry1 z he has be5 = c5turies ! c5tre ( fanciful romance1 & ! p]sonification ( f> f romantic fact4 ,! old leg5d ( ,jason & ! ,gold5 ,fleece is 9 itself evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( ! k ( ! value ( wool2 & mu* z ! my?ologi/s make out ( ! leg5d1 !re are "s :o hold t x m]ely is meant to record h[ ! ,greeks import$ a sup]ior k9d ( %eep f ! ,caucasus & made money !reby4 ,au/ralia is n[ ! l& ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 & millions ( money h be5 made !re out ( ! docile %eep4 ,x is n indig5\s1 ( c\rse1 to ! l& ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 :]e ! only mammal kn[n :5 ,europeans discov]$ x 0 ! kang>oo4 ,mr ,james ,bonwick1 a g5tleman well kn[n 9 ,au/ralian lit]ature1 ga!r$ toge!r _m records ( ! introduction ( ! %eep into ,au/ralia1 & ( ! m>vell\s developm5t ( ! pa/oral indu/ry !re 9 8 v int]e/+ book1 ,! ,romance ( ! ,wool-trade4 ,b1 fir/1 z to ! diff]5t k9ds ( %eep4 ,! ,bighorn is ! wild-%eep ( ,kam*atka1 & x may be tak5 = grant$ t all species ( ! dome/ic %eep 7 at "o "t wild1 or are desc5d$ f wild tribes4 ,:5 ! ,aryan ,h9dus invad$ ,india1 x is record$ t !y took _! flocks ) !m2 b :e!r ! wild-%eep /ill to be f\nd on ! hills ( ,nor!rn ,india are ! desc5dants ( w&]]s f ^! flocks1 or desc5dants ( ! prog5itors ( !m1 we d n pret5d to say4 ,*ief among ! dome/icat$ %eep ( ! ,briti% ,isles is ! ,s\?d[n1 ^: *>act]i/ics us$ to be--al?\gh we are told !y are *ang$ some:at n[--?9 *9e1 l[ =e-end1 & ris+ backbone1 a small hornless head1 speckl$ face1 ?9 lips1 wooll$ e>s1 & bright eyes4 ,! wool %\ld 'be %ort1 close1 curl$1 f9e1 & free f spiry project+ fibres4' ,!n !re are ! ,romney ,m>%1 ! ,cotswold1 ! ,l9coln1 ! ,leice/]1 & ! ,h>dwick %eep1 ea* ) its di/9ctive m>ks & value4 ,! ,wel% %eep h long necks1 high %\ld]s1 n>r[ brea/s1 long bu%y tails1 & small bones2 ! wool is n fir/ class1 b ! mutton is excell5t4 ,! ,iri% native %eep are ( two k9ds1 ! %ort-wooll$ & long-wooll$2 b ,s\?d[ns & ,leice/]s h be5 s long cross$ ) !m t _! idiosyncrasies are no long] m>k$4 ,! ,%etl& %eep are suppos$ to h come f ,d5m>k1 b h also be5 cross$ ) ,engli% & ,scot* v>ieties4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! ,*eviot & ! ,blackfac$ are ! two rul+ types4 ,! ,*eviot is a v h&some animal1 ) long body1 :ite face1 small project+ eyes1 & well-=m$ legs4 ,! wool is excell5t1 z ! 'twe$'-mak]s ( ! ,bord] "k1 b is n s s(t z t ( ! ,engli% ,s\?d[ns4 ,! ,blackfac$ is ! famili> =m we see 9 ! ,highl&s1 suppos$ to h come orig9ally 'f abroad1' b n[ reg>d$ z ! native %eep ( ,scotl&4 ,x is a h>dy animal1 accu/om$ to r\gh food & r\gh wea!r1 ) a f9e deep *e/1 broad back1 sl5d] legs1 attractive face1 & picturesque horns4 ,! wool is n s good z t ( ! ,*eviot v>iety1 b ! mutton is bett]4 ,( c\rse1 ,engli% v>ieties h be5 l>gely cross$ ) ! two native ,scot* k9ds2 yet ^! /ill rema9 di/9ct1 & are easily recognisable4 ,z long ago z ! "t ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 ! wool ( ,engli% %eep _h a high reputation1 & _h ev5 !n f\nd its way to ,rome4 ,( ,engli% mon>*s1 ,edw>d ,,iii4 seems to h be5 ! fir/ to endeav\r to /imulate ! pa/oral indu/ry by ! manufacture ( wooll5 clo?s & ! export ( raw wool4 ,b ,h5ry ,,viii4 ?\ght t %eep-bre$+ _h be5 c>ri$ too f>1 & ! f>m]s 7 mak+ too mu* money out ( x2 s he decre$ t no "o %\ld keep m ?an two ?\s& f\r hundr$ %eep at "o "t1 & t no man %\ld be all[$ to occupy m ?an two f>ms4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ! export ( bo? %eep & wool 0 /rictly prohibit$4 ,z late z #aghh1 !re 7 curi\s prohibitory enactm5ts ) ref]5ce to %eep2 & ! date is int]e/+1 because x 0 ! date ( ! settlem5t ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,!re 0 a f9e ( ?ree p\nds ^u ! c>ry+ (f ( any %eep f ! ,briti% ,isles1 except = use on bo>d %ip2 & ev5 betwe5 ! isl&s & ! ma9l& ( ,scotl&1 or across a tidal riv]1 %eep c\ld n be transport$ )\t a special p]mit & ! execution ( a bond t ! animals 7 n = exportation4 ,inde$1 no %eep c\ld be %orn )9 five miles ( ! sea-coa/ )\t ! pres5ce ( a rev5ue (fic]1 to see t ! law 0 n evad$4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! fir/ %eep settl$ 9 ,au/ralia--! only great pa/oral c\ntry t has nev] _h a native v>iety--did n g f ,engl&4 ,x is v curi\s t 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ,tasmania1 :]e n[ lies a great portion ( ! pa/oral weal? ( ! _w1 !re nev] 0 any animal 9 ! smalle/ degree resembl+ a %eep until "s ent]pris+ ,britons took x !re4 ,! fir/ %eep introduc$ into ,au/ralia 7 f ! ,cape & f ,india4 ,! %ips :i* w5t out ) ! convicts ( #aghh _h a few %eep on bo>d = ! (fic]s' mess1 :i* 7 presumably consum$ be=e ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 0 rea*$4 ,!re1 "s animals 7 procur$ = ! new settlem5t4 ,! ,cape at ! "t 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,dut*1 :o _h l>ge flocks ( %eep & imm5se h]ds ( cattle4 ,! %eep !y _h 7 n import$ f ,europe1 b 7 ! native bre$ !y _h f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! aborig9es :5 ! ,dut* colony 0 f\nd$ "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s previ\sly4 ,! native ,african %eep is ( ! fat-tail k9d4 ,wool 0 n !n an item ( weal? 9 ! ,dut* colony2 b ! fat tails 7 appreciat$ z an excell5t sub/itute = butt]4 ,all ov] ,africa & ov] a l>ge "p ( ,asia1 v>ieties ( ! fat-tail species are /ill to be f\nd4 ,9 ,tibet !y ab\nd2 & ! ,turcomans h va/ flocks ( !m4 ,b ,tibet has also o!r v>ieties1 & notably "o v l ! llama ( ,p]u1 ) a v s(t & mo/ useful fleece1 provid+ ! fam\s ,tibetan wool4 ,9 ,pale/9e & ,syria ! fat-tail %eep is abundant2 & ( ! ,pale/9e bre$ x is record$ t !y 'h a mon/r\s r\nd ( fat1 l a cu%ion1 9 place ( ! tail1 :i* sometimes weighs ?irty or =ty p\nds4 ,! wool ( ?is %eep is co>se1 mu* tangl$1 & felt$1 & mix$ ) co>se d>k-col\r$ hair4' ,al?\gh ! fir/ %eep tak5 to ,au/ralia 7 f ! ,cape1 ! mo/ important ( ! e>li] consignm5ts 7 f ,india1 ! ne>e/ ,briti% possession to ! new colony4 ,inde$1 = ov] ?irty ye>s ,au/ralia 0 ecclesia/ically )9 ! see ( ! ,bi%op ( ,calcutta1 & lett]s to ,engl& usually w5t by way ( ! ,indian capital4 ,! ,b5galee %eep are describ$ z 'small1 lank1 & ?91 & ! col\r ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ea* flock is black or d>k gray4 ,! quality ( ! fleece is worse ?an ! col\r2 x is h>%1 ?91 & wiry to a v rem>kable degree1 & ord9>ily weighs b half a p\nd4' ,n a v promis+ subject1 "o w\ld ?9k1 = ! ,au/ralian pa/ures1 b ! fle% 0 excell5t2 & climate & cross+ ( bre$s "w wond]s4 ,t :i* gave value to ! ,au/ralian bre$ ( %eep1 h[ev]1 0 ! introduction ( ! ,spani% m]9o1 :i* 9 "t f\nd its way to ! ,cape1 & !nce to ,au/ralia4 ,!re is an old tradition t ! fam\s m]9o %eep ( ,spa9 came orig9ally f ,engl&2 b x appe>s f ,pl9y & o!rs t ,spa9 _h a reputation = f9e wool long be=e ! ,roman occupation4 ,! ,spani% ^w m]9o orig9ally meant an inspector ( %eepwalks1 & is d]iv$ f ! ,l[ ,lat9 major9us1 a /ew>d ( ! h\sehold4 ,"s writ]s believe t ! m]9o came orig9ally f ,b>b>y1 probably among ! flocks ( ! ,moors :5 !y captur$ ,s\!rn ,spa94 ,! m]9os are consid]$ v voraci\s1 & n v prolific2 !y yield b little milk1 & are v subject to cutane\s diseases4 ,y\att describes two v>ieties ( !m 9 ,spa91 & ! wool is ( rem>kable f95ess4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agij1 ! ,spani% m]9o began to be import$ into ! ,cape1 & a few ye>s lat] a c]ta9 ,capta9 ,wat]h\se 0 s5t f ,sydney to ,capet[n to buy /ock = ! colonial e/abli%m5t4 ,he ?\ght ! s]vice 9 :i* he 0 engag$ 'almo/ a disgrace to an (fic]2' b :5 he left ! ,cape aga91 he br\ght ) him '=ty-n9e head ( black-cattle1 ?ree m>es1 & "o hundr$ & sev5 %eep'--arriv+ at ,port ,jackson ) ! loss ( n9e ( ! cattle & ab\t "o-?ird ( ! %eep4 ,?ree c[s1 two m>es1 & tw5ty-f\r ( ! %eep belong$ to t (fic]1 & ) ?is voyage he f\nd$ n only 8 own =tune1 b also ! prosp]ity ( ! great ,au/ralian colony4 ,fur!r importations foll[$2 & a ,capta9 ,mac>?ur1 e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 w5t home to ,london to endeav\r to =m a company to c>ry on %eep-re>+ on an ext5sive scale4 ,he did n succe$1 & return$ to ,port ,jackson to pursue 8 ent]prise himself4 ,ev5tually he obta9$ ! concession ( a few squ>e miles ( l&1 & ?us became ! fa!r ( ,au/ralian 'squatt+4' ,he locat$ himself on ! ,nepean ,riv]1 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,sydney2 & to 8 indu/ry & sagacity is attribut$ 9 great "p ! orig9 ( ! imm5se wool-trade :i* has develop$ betwe5 ! colony & ! "m-c\ntry4 ,& :at is n[ ! wool weal? ( ,au/ralasia8 ,9 #ahbj !re 7 n m ?an t5 ?\s& %eep ( 'a good sort' 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & 9 ! same ye>1 wool f ! colony 0 sold 9 ,london at an av]age ( ?ree %ill+s & sev5p5ce ! p\nd4 ,?is l$ to ! circulation ( fabul\s reports ( ! pr(its to be made out ( %eep2 & !re 0 q a run = "s ye>s on ! squatt+ lots4 ,9 #ahdh "s ,au/ralians />t$ %eep-runn+ 9 ,new ,zeal&2 & by #ahfj ! %eep 9 ^! isl&s _h increas$ to #b1djj1jjj4 ,9 #ahfe ! numb] !re _h gr[n to #e1gjj1jjj2 9 #ahgj1 to #i1ejj1jjj2 & 9 #ahid1 to #ai1jjj1jjj4 ,9 #ahhf ! pa/oral weal? ( ! :ole ( ! ,au/ralian colonies consi/$ ( #hd1bbb1bgb %eep4 ,at only t5 %ill+s p] head1 ?is repres5ts a capital ( ov] =ty-two millions /]l+1 )\t c\nt+ ! value ( ! l&4 ,! numb] ( %eep 9 #ahid 0 ov] #ii1jjj1jjj4 ,b n[ z to ! yield ( ! flocks4 ,! value ( ! wool = #ahhd 0 ,l#bj1ecb1dbi4 ,! total importations ( wool into ,engl& 9 #ahhe-hf 7 #a1hai1ahb bales1 ( :i* no few] ?an #a1aci1hdb bales1 or ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole1 came f ,au/ralasia4 ,! re/ came f ! ,cape & ,natal1 ,india1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,russia1 o!r ,european c\ntries1 ,*9a1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,! imports 9 #ahid1 f all qu>t]s1 consi/$ ( #gje million p\nds1 ( a value ( ,l#be1jjj1jjj4 ,x w\ld transc5d ! limits ( our space to attempt to sket* ! hi/ory & gr[? ( ! wooll5 indu/ry 9 ! manufacture ( clo?s4 ,x is an indu/ry1 if n z old z ! hills1 at lea/ v ne>ly z old z ! fig-leaves ( ,ed52 = we may assume z a c]ta9ty t ! next g>m5ts worn by our =efa!rs 7 con/ruct$ 9 "s way f ! fleecy coats ( ^! bleat+ foll[]s4 ,we export$ wooll5 & wor/$ y>ns ( a value ( ov] f\r million p\nds /]l+ 9 #ahid1 & ( wooll5 & wor/$ manufactures1 a value ( #ad millions /]l+4 ,9 ! middle ages all ! be/ wool 0 produc$ 9 ,engl&1 & ! wooll5 manufacture c5tr$ 9 ,norfolk1 al?\gh bo? ! we/ ( ,engl& & ,irel& _h also factories4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce specim5s ( clo? made 9 ^! m$ieval days :i* %[ t ! quality ( ! wool employ$ 0 n equal to t :i* we n[ use4 ,! art ( weav+ is suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ! ,ne!rl&s2 at any rate !re 7 /rong political alliances betwe5 ! ,engli% sov]eigns & ! weav]s ( ,bruges & ( ,gh5t4 ,9 ^! old days1 :5 ,norwi*1 ,ayl%am1 & ,lynn _h ! lion's %>e ( ! wooll5 trade1 ! great m>t = ,engli% & =eign clo?s 0 at ,/\rbridge1 ne> ,cambridge1 :]e a fair 0 held :i* la/$ a mon? e ye>4 ,!re 7 #bedf wooll5 & wor/$ mills 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #ahij4 ,! *ief seats ( ! wool manufacture 9 ,engl& 9 ! #ad? c5tury 7 ,bri/ol1 ,london1 & ,norwi*4 ,n[ ,wilt%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire are fam\s = broadclo?s1 :ile ! t[ns ( ,le$s & ,hudd]sfield 9 ,york%ire are important c5tres4 ,gala%iels & ,hawick are not$ = _! twe$s4 ,,cotton4 ,! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 9 writ+ ab\t ,india--'! la/ inhabit$ c\ntry t[>ds ! ,ea/'--:]e e species ( birds & quadrup$s1 horses except$1 are 'mu* l>g] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1' & :]e !y h also 'a great abundance ( gold1' made ! foll[+ rem>kable /atem5t4 ',!y possess likewise1' he said1 'a k9d ( plant1 :i*1 in/ead ( fruit1 produces wool ( a f9] & bett] quality ?an t ( ! %eep1 & ( ?is ! natives make _! clo!s4' ,?is 0 ! vegetable wool ( ! anci5ts1 :i* _m le>n$ au?orities h id5tifi$ ) ! byssus1 9 b&ages ( clo? made f :i* ! old ,egyptians wrapp$ _! mummies4 ,b did ,egypt receive ! cotton plant f ,india--or ,india f ,egypt--& :58 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re is good reason to believe t cotton is ! basis ( "o ( ! olde/ indu/ries 9 ! _w1 al?\gh we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( x z q mod]n1 & at any rate z practically unkn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! la/ c5tury4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 nev]!less1 cotton 0 be+ cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 al?\gh :e!r ! fibre 0 !n us$ = ! mak+ ( clo? is n s c]ta94 ,its *ief use !n seems to h be5 9 ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! ,ori5tal fable ( ! ,vegetable ,lamb is lo/ 9 ! dateless night ( ! c5turies4 ,:5 & h[ x orig9at$ we "k n2 b ! /ory ( a ,plant-,animal 9 ,we/]n ,asia desc5d$ ?r\gh ! ages1 & pass$ f travell] to travell]1 f hi/orian to hi/orian1 until 9 our "t ! fable has receiv$ a practical v]ification4 ,_m /range ?+s 7 gravely record$ ( ?is ,plant-,animal3 z1 t x 0 a tree be>+ se$-pods1 :i*1 bur/+ :5 ripe1 disclos$ )9 little lambs ) s(t :ite fleeces1 :i* ,scy?ians us$ = weav+ into clo?+4 ,or1 t x 0 a real fle%-&-blood lamb1 gr[+ ^u a %ort /em flexible en\gh to all[ ! lamb to fe$ ^u ! surr\nd+ grass4 ,!re 7 _m v]sions ( ! m>vell\s tale z x rea*$ ,europe2 & ! compil] & concoct] ( ! s-call$ ,sir ,john ,m&eville's travels1 z usual1 improv$ ^u x4 ,he v\*$ = ! fle%-&-blood lamb gr[+ out ( a plant1 & decl>$ t he _h bo? se5 & eat5 x--:]eby ! writ] prov$ himself a some:at great] romanc] ?an usual4 ,nev]!less1 he has a g]m ( tru? amid 8 lies1 = he relates ( ',bu*>ia' t 9 ! l& are 'trees t be> wool1 z ?\gh x 7 ( %eep1 :]e( m5 make clo!s & all ?+s t are made ( wool4' ,& aga91 ( ,abyss9ia1 t my/]i\s k+dom ( ! r5[n$ ,pre/] ,john1 he relat$3 ',9 t c\ntry1 & 9 _m o!rs beyond1 & also 9 _m on ?is side1 m5 s[ ! se$s ( cotton1 & !y s[ x e ye>2 & !n x gr[s into small trees :i* be> cotton4 ,& s d m5 e ye>1 s t !re is pl5ty ( cotton at all times4' ,?is /atem5t1 :5cesoev] x 0 borr[$1 may be true en\gh1 & if s1 is evid5ce t1 eighte5 c5turies aft] ,h]odotus1 cotton 0 /ill be+ cultivat$1 z ! basis ( a textile indu/ry1 bo? 9 ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ,africa4 ,x is said t 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ,india !re is evid5ce t cotton 0 9 use = clo?+ purposes eight c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,! exp$ition ( ,alex&] ! ,great f ,p]sia into ! ,punjab 0 a good deal lat]1 say1 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,on ! retreat d[n ! ,indus1 ,admiral ,ne>*us rem>k$ 'trees be>+ z x 7 flocks or bun*es ( wool1' ( :i* ! natives made 'g>m5ts ( surpass+ :it5ess1 or else _! black complexions make ! mat]ial :it] ?an any o!r4' ,! ,alex&r9e g5]al1 ,ari/obulus1 is m precise3 he tells ( a wool-be>+ tree yield+ a capsule t conta9s 'se$s :i* 7 tak5 out1 & t :i* rema9$ 0 c>d$ l wool4' ,& long be=e ,pl9y ref]r$ to cotton 9 ,egypt--'a %rub :i* m5 call gossypium1 & o!rs xylon1 f :i* /uffs are made :i* we call xyl9a'--,/rabo _h not$ ! cultivation ( ! plant on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era we f9d cotton 9 cultivation & 9 use 9 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt--b :e!r indig5\s to ^! c\ntries1 or convey$ we/w>d dur+ ! c5turies f ,india1 we "k n4 ,!reaft]1 ! we/w>d spread 0 sl[2 b ! plant is to be trac$ along ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa to ,morocco1 :i* c\ntry x seems to h rea*$ 9 ! #i? c5tury4 ,! ,moors took ! plant1 or se$s1 to ,spa91 & x 0 be+ gr[n on ! pla9s ( ,val5cia 9 ! #aj? c5tury2 & by ! #ac? c5tury x 01 z we h said1 gr[+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! ,indian clo?s 7 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans a c5tury or two be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & al?\gh 9 ! e>ly c5turies ,arab trad]s br\ght to ! ,r$ ,sea ports ,indian calicoes1 :i* 7 di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 we f9d cotton kn[n 9 ,engl& only z mat]ial = c&le-wicks d[n to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,at any rate1 ,m',cullo* is our au?ority = believ+ t ! fir/ m5tion ( cotton be+ manufactur$ 9 ,engl& is 9 #afda2 & t ! ',engli% cottons1' ( :i* e>li] m5tion may be f\nd1 7 really wooll5s4 ,& n[ we come to a v curi\s ?+ 9 ! ,romance ( ,cotton4 ,columbus discov]$--or1 z "s say1 r$iscov]$--,am]ica 9 #adib2 & :5 he rea*$ ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ! natives :o came (f to b>t] ) him br\ght1 among o!r ?+s1 cotton y>n & ?read4 ,vasco da ,gama1 a few ye>s lat] ?an ,b>?olomew ,diaz1 9 #adig r\nd$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & rea*$ ! ,zanzib> coa/4 ,!re ! natives 7 f\nd to be clo!d 9 cotton1 j z ,columbus f\nd ! natives ( ,cuba to be1 z ,piz>ro f\nd ! ,p]uvians1 & z ,cortes f\nd ! ,mexicans4 ,^! ,europeans1 proce$+ f ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula ea/ & we/1 f\nd ! peoples ( ! new worlds clo!d ) a mat]ial ( :i* !y knew no?+4 ,cotton 0 k+ 9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,asia1 be=e x began ev5 to be kn[n 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,n only t1 b cotton mu/ h be5 cultivat$ 9 ,africa at ! "t :5 ! m>9]s ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator fir/ made _! way cauti\sly d[n ! we/ coa/4 ,x is1 at any rate1 upw>ds ( f\r hundr$ ye>s s9ce cotton clo? 0 br\ght f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea & sold 9 ,london z a /range b>b>ic product4 ,:e!r ! plant travell$ to ! ,bight ( ,b59 f ! l& ( ,pre/] ,john1 or f ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs1 or across f ! ,mozambique coa/1 :]e ! ,arabians are suppos$ to h _h settlem5ts & trad+ /ations 9 prehi/oric days1 :o c n[ say8 ,b x is curi\s en\gh t :5 ,africa 0 discov]$ by ,europeans1 ! ,d>k ,cont95t 0 actually produc+ bo? ! fibre & ! clo? = :i* ,african lab\r & ,engli% skill 7 aft]w>ds to be ne$$4 ,! cotton plantations ( ,s\!rn ,am]ica 7 work$ by ! negroes ( ,africa 9 ord] t ! cotton-mills ( ,lanca%ire might be kept runn+4 ,& yet bo? ,africa & ,am]ica made cotton clo? f ! vegetable wool long be=e we knew ( x o!rwise ?an z a travell]'s wond]4 ,ev5 9 ,asia1 ! natural habitat ( ! cotton plant1 ! /ory has be5 curi\s4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! records above nam$1 cotton has be5 9 use = clo?+ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s 9 ,india1 & ,india bord]s ^u ! anci5t & ext5sive ,empire ( ,*9a4 ,yet cotton 0 n us$ 9 ,*9a = clo?-mak+ until ! com+ ( ! ,t>t>s1 & has be5 cultivat$ & manufactur$ !re = only ab\t five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is 0 because ( ! 've/$ int]e/s' 9 wool & silk1 :i* comb9$ to keep out ! vegetable wool f g5]al use4 ,to und]/& aright ! romance ( cotton we mu/ und]/& ! nature ( ! plant 9 its relation to climate4 ,x has be5 call$ a *ild ( ! tropics1 & yet x gr[s well 9 o!r ?an tropical climes4 ,z ,mr ,ri*>d ,m>sd5--an au?ority on cotton-sp9n+--says3 ',cotton is or c be gr[n 7along7 a broad zone ext5d+ =ty-five degrees nor? to ?irty-five degrees s\? ( ! equator4 ,ref]5ce to a map w %[ t ?is includes a space ext5d+ f ! ,european %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 f ,japan to ,melb\rne 9 ,au/ralia1 & f ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,bu5os ,ayres 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ) all ! l&s int]m$iate betwe5 ^! sev]al po9ts4 ,^! include ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 f ,wa%+ton to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! :ole ( ! ,african ,cont95t1 & ,s\!rn ,asia f ! ,bosphorus to ,pek9 9 ,*9a4 ,! va/ area ( ,au/ralia is also )9 ! cotton zone1 & ! isl&s ly+ betwe5 t c\ntry & ,asia4' ,! exact p]iod at :i* ! manufacture ( cotton 0 begun 9 ,engl& is n kn[n ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,b z we h said1 ! fir/ au!ntic m5tion ( x occurs 9 #afda2 & x is 9 a book call$ ,treasure ( ,traffic1 by ,lewis ,rob]ts4 ,! passage runs ?us3 ',! t[n ( ,man*e/]1 9 ,lanca%ire1 mu/ be also h]e9 rememb]$1 & wor?ily = _! enc\ragem5t comm5d$1 :o buy ! y>ne ( ! ,iri% 9 great quantity1 & weav+ x1 returne ! same aga9 into ,irel& to sell4 ,nei!r do? _! indu/ry re/ "h2 = !y buy cotton-wool 9 ,london t comes fir/ f ,cyprus & ,smyrna1 & at home worke ! same1 & p]fect x into fu/ians1 v]milions1 dimities1 & o!r su* /uffs2 & !n return x to ,london1 :]e ! same is v5d$ & sold1 & n seldom s5t into =eign p>ts1 :o h means1 at f> easi] t]ms1 to provide !mselves ( ! said fir/ mat]ials4' ,b "h x %\ld be expla9$ t f ! fir/ introduction ( ! cotton fibre into ?is c\ntry1 & until ab\t ! ye> #aggc1 9 ! manufacture ( clo? x 0 only ! weft t 0 ( cotton4 ,d[n to ab\t #aggc1 ! w>p 0 inv>iably ( l95 y>n1 br\ght f ,irel& & ,g]many4 ,! ,man*e/] m]*ants began 9 #agfj to employ ! h&-loom weav]s 9 ! surr\nd+ villages to make clo? accord+ to prescrib$ patt]ns1 & ) ! y>ns suppli$ by ! buy]s4 ,?us !y s5t l95 y>n = w>p1 & raw cotton--:i* ! weav] _h fir/ to c>d & sp9 on a common di/aff--= weft4 ,su* 0 ! practice :51 9 #agfg1 ,james ,h>greaves ( ,blackburn inaugurat$ ! textile revolution by inv5t+ ! sp9n+-j5ny1 :i*1 f small beg9n+s1 0 soon made to sp9 ?irty ?reads z easily z "o4 ,! ?read ?us spun1 h[ev]1 0 /ill only available = weft1 z ! j5ny c\ld n turn out ! y>n h>d & firm en\gh = w>p4 ,! next /age1 !re=e1 0 ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e to give ! requisite quality & t5uity to ! ?reads spun f ! raw cotton4 ,?is 0 ! sp9n+-frame ( ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 ! /ory ( :i* e s*oolboy is suppos$ to "k4 ,"h1 !n1 we rea* ano!r po9t 9 our romance4 ,! manufacture ( cotton clo?s 9 ,engl& f raw cotton is old] ?an ! cotton culture ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s s9ce we began to draw supplies ( raw cotton f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :i*1 previ\s to #aghd1 did n export a s+le p\nd1 & produc$ only a small quantity = dome/ic consumption4 ,! /ory ( ! developm5t ( cotton-gr[+ 9 ,am]ica is q z m>vell\s z ! /ory ( ! expansion ( cotton-manufactur+ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 bo? cases ! mo/ /up5d\s ext5sion ev] rea*$ by any s+le indu/ry 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has be5 rea*$ 9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& yet ,columbus f\nd ! ,cubans1 z ,piz>ro f\nd ! ,p]uvians1 & ,cortes f\nd ! ,mexicans1 clo!d 9 cotton4 ,0 x f ! same plant z n[ supplies 'half ! calico us$ by ! entire human race' 7z an ,am]ican writ] has comput$78 ,?is e/imate1 by ! way1 0 arriv$ at ?us3 ,9 #ahhi-ij ! cotton crop ( ! _w 0 #fjid millions ( p\nds1 & ! population ( ! _w 0 comput$ at #aejj millions4 ,?is gave f\r p\nds ( raw cotton1 equal to tw5ty y>ds ( calico1 p] head2 & ! proportion ( raw cotton provid$ by ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 0 equal to elev5 & a half y>ds p] head4 ,! raw cotton import$ by ,great ,brita9 9 #ahid _h a value ( ne>ly #cc million p\nds /]l+2 ! exports ( cotton y>n & manufactur$ goods am\nt$ to ab\t #ff millions /]l+4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ! cotton plant2 b ^? ( comm]cial importance are f\r 9 numb]4 ,h]bace\s ,cotton 7',gossypium h]baceum'7 is ! plant :i* yields ! ,ea/ ,indian ',surat' & "s v>ieties ( ! ,egyptian cotton4 ,its habitats are ,india1 ,*9a1 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is an annual3 x gr[s to a height ( five or six feet1 x has a yell[ fl[]1 & x yields a %ort /aple4 ,tree ,cotton 7',gossypium arboreum'71 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s to a height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 has a r$ fl[]1 & yields a f9e silky wool4 ,its habitats are ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,india1 & ,*9a4 ,hairy ,cotton 7',gossypium hirsutum'7 is a %rub ( "s six or sev5 feet high1 ) a :ite or /raw-col\r$ fl[]1 & hairy pods1 :i* yield ! /aple kn[n z ,am]ican ',upl&' & ',orleans' cotton4 ,ano!r v>iety1 call$ ',gossypium ,b>bad5se1' because x 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ,b>badoes1 gr[s to a height ( ab\t fifte5 feet1 & has a yell[ fl[]1 yield+ a long /aple1 & f9e silky wool kn[n z ',sea ,isl&' cotton4 ,?is n[ gr[s mo/ ext5sively on ! coa/s ( ,georgia & ,florida2 b has be5 exp]im5t$ ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 notably 9 ,egypt1 :]e x has succe$$2 & 9 ! ,polynesian isl&s1 :]e1 = "s reason or ano!r1 x has fail$4 ,! cotton plant ( ! ,am]ican cotton plantations is an annual1 :i* %oots above gr\nd 9 ab\t a =tnight aft] s[+1 & :i*1 z x gr[s1 ?r[s out fl[]-/alks1 at ! end ( ea* ( :i* develops a pod ) fr+$ calyces4 ,f ?is pod em]ges a fl[] :i*1 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican v>ieties ( ! g5]al species1 w *ange its col\r f day to day4 ,! complete bloom fl\ri%es = only tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! fl[] twi/s itself (f1 leav+ a pod or boll1 :i* gr[s to ! size ( a l>ge filb]t1 br[ns & h>d5s l a nut1 & !n bur/s1 reveal+ ! fibre or wool encas$ 9 ?ree or f\r 7accord+ to ! v>iety7 cells )94 ,?is fibre or wool is ! cov]+ ( ! se$s1 & 9 ea* cell w be z _m sep>ate fleeces z se$s1 yet app>5tly =m+ "o fleece4 ,^u ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is fleece dep5ds ! comm]cial value ( ! fibre4 ,! ess5tial qualities ( good & mature cotton are ?us enum]at$ by an exp]t3 ',l5g? ( fibre2 smallness or f95ess 9 diamet]2 ev5ness & smoo?ness2 ela/icity2 t5sile /r5g? & col\r2 holl[ness or tube-l con/ruction2 natural twi/2 corrugat$ edges2 & moi/ure4' ,! fibre ( ,indian cotton is only ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* long2 t ( ,sea ,isl& ab\t two in*es4 ,!n ,sea ,isl& cotton is a sort ( creamy-:ite col\r2 & "s k9ds ( ,am]ican & ,egyptian cotton are n :ite at all1 b gold5 9 hue2 :ile o!r k9ds1 aga91 are sn[-:ite4 ,al?\gh ! t]m ',am]ican ,cotton' is appli$ to all ! cotton produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 x really applies to a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties--su* z ,texas1 ,mobile1 ,upl&1 ,orleans1 c4--ea* "o kn[n by its di/9ctive "n4 ,! diff]5ces are too te*nical = explanation "h2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! memb]s ( ! 'hirsutum' species ( ! ',gossypium' tribe n[ rule ! _w ( cotton4 ,!y are ! product ( :at is call$ ! ',cotton-belt' ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 an area /ret*+ = ab\t two ?\s& miles betwe5 its extreme po9ts 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :i* are ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,florida1 ,l\isiana1 ,arkansas1 & ,texas4 ,ov] ?is area1 soil & climate v>y consid]ably4 ,! ',cotton-belt' lies1 r\ghly speak+1 betwe5 ! ?irtie? & =tie? p>allels ( nor? latitude4 ,z an ,am]ican exp]t says3 ',cotton c be produc$ ) v>i\s degrees ( pr(it ?r\gh\t ! region b\nd$ on ! nor? by a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,philadelphia2 on ! s\? by a l9e pass+ a little s\? ( ,new ,orleans2 & on ! we/ by a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,san ,antonio4 ,?is is ! limit ( ! possibilities4' ,! cotton plant likes a light s&y soil1 or a black alluvial soil l t ( ! ,mississippi m>g9s4 ,x requires bo? heat & moi/ure 9 due proportions1 & is s5sitive to cold1 to dr\ght1 & to excessive moi/ure4 ,! ,am]ican cotton-fields are /ill work$ by negroes1 b no long] slaves1 z be=e ! w>2 &1 9 fact1 ! negroes are n[ n only free1 b "s ( !m are consid]able cotton-gr[]s on _! own acc\nt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o f9ds n[adays little ( ! old sy/em ( spaci\s plantations "u "o own]%ip4 ,in/ead1 ! cultivation is c>ri$ on on small f>ms & allotm5ts1 n own$ b r5t$ by ! cultivators4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! cotton f>m]s are 'f9anc$' by deal]s1 by l&[n]s1 or ev5 by local /orekeep]s4 ,! cotton factor is ! g-betwe5 ( ! gr[] & ! export+ ag5t 9 ,galve/on or ,new ,orleans1 or o!r c5tre ( bus9ess4 ,aft] ! crop is pick$ by ! negroes--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--& ! h>ve/ is a long process--! se$s are sep>at$ f ! fibre by means ( a 'g92' & !n ! cotton-wool is pack$ into loose bales = ! factor1 :ile ! se$s are s5t to a mill to be cru%$ = cotton-se$ oil & oil-cake = cattle-fe$+4 ,! loose cotton bales are collect$ by ! factors into "s su* c5tral t[n z ,memphis1 :]e !y are sort$1 sampl$1 grad$1 & !n compress$ by ma*9]y into bales ( ab\t f\r hundr$ & =ty p\nds ea*1 = export4 ,9 calculat+ crops1 c41 a bale is tak5 z f\r hundr$ p\nds net4 ,! cotton !n passes into ! h&s ( ! %ipp+ ag5t1 :o br&s x1 & =w>ds x by riv]-/eam] to "o ( ! ,s\!rn ports1 or by rail to ,new ,york or ,bo/on1 :]e x is put on bo>d an ocean /eam] = ,europe4 ,! beautiful ,am]ican clipp]s ) :i* "s ( u 7 famili> 9 ! days ( our y\? are no long] to be se52 !y h be5 run (f ! face ( ! wat]s by ! 'ocean l9]' & ! 'tramp4' ,arriv$ 9 ,liv]pool1 cotton ent]s ^u a new c\rse ( adv5tures altoge!r1 & engages ! ?\ghts & en]gies ( a :olly new set ( p4 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton ,plant4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,gold ,,& ,,diamonds4 ,,gold4--,h[ widely di/ribut$--,alluvial ,gold-m9+--,ve9 ,gold-m9+--,nuggets--,treatm5t ( ,ore & ,gold 9 ! ,transvaal--,/ory ( ,s\? ,african ,gold-fields--,gold-production ( ! ,_w--,johannesburg ! ,gold5 ,city--,coolg>die ,gold-fields--,bayley's discov]y ( ,gold !re4 ,,diamonds4--,composition--,diamond-cutt +--,diamond-m9+--,fam\s ,diamonds--,cecil ,j4 ,rhodes & ! ,kimb]ley ,m9es4 ,9 ! gett+ ( gold--! metal--= ! purpose ( possess+ gold--z money--!re has always be5 an elem5t ( excitem5t & romance4 ',h[ quickly nature falls into revolt :5 gold becomes h] object6' z ,%akespe>e says3 ,= gold ! m]*ant pl\ghs ! ma91 ,! f>m] pl\ghs ! manor4 ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! way 9 :i* ! preci\s metal is n[ extract$ & ! primitive me?ods :i* 7 consid]$ p]fect 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! c5tury4 ,! m9] ( fifty ye>s ago nev] dreamt ( ma*9]y1 co/ly & magnific5t1 capable ( cru%+ ?\s&s ( tons ( qu>tz p] week4 ,he 'dolli$1' or gr\nd1 8 little bits ( rock by means ( a contrivance resembl+ a pe/le & mort>1 & x 0 only ! v ri*e/ /one t repaid him = 8 lab\r4 ,9 fact1 !re 0 v little cru%+ 9 ^? days1 qu>tz n be+ easily f\nd suffici5tly ri* to make su* "w a pay+ conc]n1 & x 0 !re=e alluvial gold :i* 0 *iefly s\ght =4 ,! gold-seek] hav+ decid$ on ! place :]e he 0 to make 8 fir/ v5ture1 provid$ himself ) a %ovel & pick & />t$ = ! 'digg+s4' ,gold-m9+ 0 !n c>ri$ on all ov] ,cali=nia1 & he _h 8 *oice ( _m camps4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,h&-cradle ,me?od ( extract+ ,gold4 ,b :at a wild & lawless place 0 ,cali=nia 9 ^? days6 ,"h 9 ^! gold-fields 7 ga!r$ toge!r ?\s&s ( ! greate/ desp]adoes t ! e>? c\ld boa/ (1 & ?\s&s ( ne$y1 if h>mless1 adv5tur]s f e c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,=tunately ) !m 7 mix$ ?\s&s ( hone/ h>d-work+ m51 ( e condition 9 life1 f ! pe] to ! peasant1 m5 :o _h be5 do+ well1 or fairly well1 at _! pr(essions1 or 9 _! bus9ess (fices at home1 b = :om ! attractions ( ?is ,el ,dorado _h prov$ too p[]ful4 ,gold is p]haps ! mo/ widely & univ]sally s\ght product ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ writ+s :i* h come d[n to u gold is m5tion$ z an object ( m5's se>*1 & z a commodity ( extreme value = purposes ( adornm5t & z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,! importance :i* x possess$ 9 anci5t times has c]ta9ly n less5$ 9 our day4 ,)\t ! enorm\s supplies ( gold produc$ at ab\t ! "t :5 ! /eam-eng9e 0 be+ br\ght into practical use x is difficult to imag9e h[ our comm]ce c\ld h atta9$ its pres5t proportions2 & b = ! ru% ( immigrants to ! gold-fields 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! second half ( ?is c5tury ,au/ralia might h rema9$ a m]e convict settlem5t1 ,cali=nia h become b a gran>y & v9ey>d1 & ! ,transvaal an asylum ( ! ,bo]s :o 7 discont5t$ ) ! ,cape gov]nm5t4 ,on ! score ( geographical di/ribution1 gold mu/ be deem$ a common metal1 z common z copp]1 lead1 or silv]1 & f> m common ?an nickel1 cobalt1 plat9um1 & _m o!rs4 ,!ori/s h prop\nd$ curi\s rules = ! occurr5ce ( gold on c]ta9 l9es & belts1 :i* h no exi/5ce b 9 _! own fancy4 ,sc>cely a c\ntry b has rew>d$ a sy/ematic se>* = gold1 ?\gh "s are m ri*ly end[$ ?an o!rs1 & discov]ies are n always made ) ! same facility4 ,! old prejudices1 :i* made m5 associate gold only ) c]ta9 localities h9d]$ ! developm5t ( a mo/ promis+ indu/ry ev5 )9 ! ,briti% %ores4 ,despite ! abundant traces ( anci5t ,roman & o!r work+s1 ! gold-m9es ( ,wales 7 long reg>d$ z my?ical2 b rec5t ext5d$ exploitation has prov$ !m to be ri*4 ,?is is notably ! case 9 ! ,dolgelly di/rict1 :]e consid]able gold occurs1 bo? 9 alluvial gravels & 9 well-=m$ qu>tz ve9s trav]s+ ! ,l[] ,silurian ,l+ula b$s & ! intrud$ diabasic rocks call$ 'gre5/one' 9 ! ,geological ,survey4 ,a peculi>ity ( ! ve9s is ! common association ( magnesian m9]als4 ,! gold is ab\t #bj or #ba c>ats f9e1 & (t5 %[s traces ( iron sesquioxide4 ,s long ago z #ahfa "s ,l#aj1jjj wor? ( gold p] annum 0 tak5 out ( ! ,clogan m9e by imp]fect me?ods4 ,"s samples h af=d$ #dj to #fj ounces p] ton--a mo/ rem>kable yield4 ,!re are probably _m ve9s /ill wait+ discov]y4 ,a calculation 0 made 9 #ahha t ! total gold extract$ f all s\rces up to t date f ! creation _h be5 ov] #aj1jjj tons1 ) a value ( ab\t #aejj millions /]l+4 ,cali=nia1 to ! end ( #ahhh1 0 reckon$ to h af=d$ ov] #bjj million p\nds' wor?1 & ?is figure is exce$$ by ! ,au/ralian colony ( ,victoria4 ,! orig9 ( gold-be>+ m9]al ve9s is insep>ably connect$ ) t vex$ "q1 ! orig9 ( m9]al ve9s g5]ally4 ,by f> ! mo/ common matrix ( ve9-gold is qu>tz or silica1 b x is n ! only "o4 ,to pass by ! metals & metallic ores ) :i* gold is f\nd1 !re are sev]al o!r m9]als :i* s]ve z an envelope = ! preci\s metal4 ,*ief among !m is lime4 ,"s ( ! be/ m9es ( ,new ,s\? ,wales are 9 calc>e\s ve9s4 ,sundry gold-reefs 9 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,bohemia are full ( calcite4 ,dolomite occurs 9 ,cali=nian & ,manitoban m9es2 & apatite1 aragonite1 gypsum1 sel5ite1 & cry/all9e lime/one h all prov$ aurif]\s1 :ile 9 "s cases neighb\r+ qu>tz has be5 b>r54 ,felsp> 9 ,colorado & felsite magnesian slate 9 ,newf\ndl& c>ry gold4 ,,nuggets4 ,illu/ration3 ,welcome ,nugget4 ,! physical conditions "u :i* gold occurs are extremely v>iable4 ,popul>ly speak+1 ! mo/ famili> =m is ! 'nugget1' or %apeless mass ( appreciable size4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 con/itute 9 ! aggregate b a small proportion ( ! gold yield$ by any field1 & 7 mu* m common 9 ! e>ly days ( plac]-m9+ 9 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia ?an !y are n[4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ev] f\nd1 ! ',welcome' nugget1 discov]$ 9 #aheh at ,bak]y ,hill1 ,ball>at1 weigh$ #bbag ounces #af dwt41 & sold = ,l#aj1ejj1 :il/ n a few h exce$$ #ajjj ounces4 ,"o f\nd at ,casson ,hill1 ,calav]as c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahed1 weigh$ #ahj p\nds4 ,! ',wat] ,moon' nugget1 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia 9 #aheb1 weigh$ #bbc p\nds4 ,! orig9 ( ^! l>ge nuggets has be5 a subject = discussion4 ,l all plac] or alluvial gold1 !y h be5 9 "p at lea/ d]iv$ f ! aurif]\s ve9s trav]s+ ! rocks ^: dis9tegration furni%$ ! mat]ial =m+ ! gravel b$s 9 :i* ! nuggets are f\nd4 ,! fam\s nugget kn[n z ! ',welcome ,/rang]' 0 discov]$ "u s+ul> circum/ances 9 ! ,dunolly di/rict ( ,victoria1 :i* is "o hundr$ & t5 miles nor?-we/ ( ! capital1 ,melb\rne1 by two ,corni% m9]s nam$ ,deeson & ,oates4 ,_! c>e] is rem>kable1 z %[+ h[ =tune1 aft] fr[n+ = ye>s1 w sudd5ly smile on ! objects ( h] app>5t av]sion4 ,^! two ,corni%m5 emigrat$ f ,engl& to ,au/ralia by ! same vessel 9 #ahed4 ,!y betook !mselves to ! f>-fam$ ,s&hur/ ,gold-field 9 ,victoria2 !y work$ toge!r indu/ri\sly = ye>s1 & yet only contriv$ to make a b>e livelihood by _! ex]tions4 ,?9k+ t *ange ( place might possibly mean *ange ( luck1 !y mov$ to ! ,dunolly ,gold-field1 & _! spirits 7 consid]ably rais$ by ! discov]y ( "s small nuggets4 ,b ?is 0 only a mom5t>y gleam ( sun%9e1 = _! =m] ill-luck pursu$ !m aga91 & pursu$ !m ev5 m rel5tlessly ?an be=e4 ,! "t at la/ came1 on ! morn+ ( ,friday1 ,febru>y #e1 #ahfi1 :5 ! /orekeep] ) :om !y 7 accu/om$ to deal refus$ to supply !m any long] ) ! necess>ies ( life until !y liquidat$ ! debt !y _h already incurr$4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 _! lives !y w5t hungry to "w1 & ! spectacle ( ^! two brave fell[s fight+ on an empty /oma* aga9/ cont9u$ ill-luck mu/ h mov$ ! fickle goddess to pity & rep5tance4 ,gloomy & depress$ z !y naturally 71 !y pli$ _! picks ) indomitable p]sev]ance1 & :ile ,deeson 0 break+ up ! e>? ar\nd ! roots ( a tree1 8 pick sudd5ly & %>ply reb\nd$ by reason ( its hav+ /ruck "s v h>d sub/ance4 ',come & see :at ?is is1' he call$ out to 8 mate4 ,to _! a/oni%m5t1 '?is' turn$ out to be ! ',welcome ,/rang]' nugget2 & ?us two pov]ty-/rick5 ,corni% m9]s became 9 a mom5t ! possessors ( ! l>ge/ mass ( gold t mortal eyes ev] saw1 or are likely to see aga94 ,su* a revolution ( =tune is probably unique 9 ! annals ( ! human race4 ,almo/ bewild]$ by ! unexpect$ treasure !y _h f\nd at _! feet1 ,deeson & ,oates remov$ ! sup]9cumb5t clay1 & !re reveal$ to _! wond]+ eyes 0 a lump ( gold1 a foot long & a foot broad1 & s heavy t _! jo9t /r5g? c\ld sc>cely move x4 ,a dray hav+ be5 procur$1 ! mon/] nugget 0 escort$ by an admir+ procession into ! t[n ( ,dunolly1 & c>ri$ into ! local bran* ( ! ,london ,*>t]$ ,bank1 :]e x 0 weigh$1 & f\nd to conta9 #bbfh-a_/b ounces ( gold4 ,! ,bank pur*as$ ! nugget = ,l#iecd1 :i* ! er/:ile s unlucky1 b n[ s =tunate1 pair ( ,corni% m9]s divid$ equally betwe5 !m4 ,:e!r ! /orekeep] :o refus$ !m ! mat]ials = a breakfa/ t morn+ apologis$ = 8 h>% behavi\r1 hi/ory relates n1 b ! probability is t he 0 paid ! precise am\nt ( 8 debt & no m2 :]eas1 _h he act$ 9 a m g5]\s _s t[>ds two bro!rs 9 di/ress1 he might h come 9 = a h&some pres5t out ( ! proce$s ( ! ',welcome ,/rang]4' ,! ',welcome' nugget above m5tion$1 f\nd at ,bak]y ,hill1 ,ball>at1 9 ,victoria1 on ,june #ae1 #aheh1 0 ne>ly z l>ge z ! "o j describ$1 its weight be+ #bbag ounces #af dwts4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( "o hundr$ & eighty feet 9 a claim belong+ to a p>ty ( tw5ty-f\r m51 :o dispos$ ( x = ,l#aj1ejj4 ,a small] nugget1 weigh+ #ega ounces1 0 f\nd 9 close proximity to x4 ,aft] be+ exhibit$ 9 ,melb\rne1 ! ',welcome' nugget 0 br\ght to ,london & smelt$ 9 ,novemb] #ahei4 ,! assay %[$ t x conta9$ #ii4bj p] c5t4 ( gold4 ,ano!r valuable nugget1 :i* 0 br\ght to ,london & exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,syd5ham1 0 ! ',blan*e ,b>kly1' f\nd by a p>ty ( f\r digg]s on ,augu/ #bg1 #aheg1 at ,k+[]1 ,victoria1 j ?irte5 feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,x 0 tw5ty-eight in*es long1 t5 in*es broad 9 its wide/ "p1 & weigh$ #agdc ounces #ac dwts4 ,x realis$ ,l#fije1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,a peculi>ity ab\t ?is nugget 0 ! mann] 9 :i* x _h elud$ ! ef=ts ( previ\s p>ties to capture x4 ,?ree ye>s be=e its discov]y1 a numb] ( m9]s1 judg+ ! place to be a 'likely' locality1 _h sunk holes )9 a few feet ( ! spot :]e ?is gold5 mass 0 repos+1 & yet !y 7 n lucky en\gh to /rike x4 ,:at a tantalis+ ?\ght x mu/ h be5 9 aft]-ye>s1 :5 !y reflect$ on ! fact t !y 7 once )9 an arm's l5g? ( ,l#gjjj )\t be+ =tunate en\gh to grasp ! gold5 treasure6 ,k+[]1 l ,dunolly1 f :i* x is only a few miles di/ant1 is a locality fam\s = its nuggets4 ,"o weigh+ #bcj ounces 0 actually f\nd on ! surface cov]$ ) gre5 moss2 & pieces ( gold h frequ5tly be5 pick$ up !re aft] heavy ra9s1 ! wat] wa%+ away ! ?9 coat+ ( e>? t _h previ\sly conceal$ !m4 ,two m5 work+ 9 ! ,k+[] di/rict 9 #ahfj f\nd a v f9e nugget1 weigh+ #hje ounces1 )9 a foot ( ! surface2 & "o ( #gae ounces 0 une>!d at ,daisy ,hill at a dep? ( only ?ree & a half feet4 ,a notable in/ance ( rapid =tune 0 t ( a p>ty ( f\r1 :o1 hav+ be5 b a few mon?s 9 ! colony ( ,victoria1 7 lucky en\gh to alight on a nugget weigh+ #afae ounces4 ,!y imm$iately return$ to ,engl& ) _! prize & sold x = ,l#eecb1 #gs4 #d;d4 ,! place :]e !y ?us quickly made _! 'pile1' to use an expressive colonialism1 0 ,canadian ,gully1 at ,ball>at1 a v prolific nugget-gr\nd4 ,!re 0 also f\nd ! ',lady ,ho?am' nugget1 call$ aft] ! wife ( ,sir ,*>les ,ho?am1 "o ( ! e>ly gov]nors ( ,victoria4 ,x 0 discov]$ on ,septemb] #h1 #ahed1 at a dep? ( #ace feet4 ,its weight 0 #aagg ounces2 & ne> x 7 f\nd a numb] ( small] nuggets ( ! aggregate weight ( #bfjj ounces1 s t ! total value ( ! gold extract$ f ?is "o claim 0 no less ?an ,l#ac1jjj4 ,z %[+ ! ph5om5al ri*ness ( ?is locality1 x may be add$ t on ,janu>y #bj1 #ahec1 a p>ty ( ?ree br\ght to ! surface a solid mass ( gold weigh+ #aaag ounces2 & two days aft]w>ds1 9 ! same tunnel1 a spl5did pyramidal-%ap$ nugget weigh+ #ajaa ounces 0 discov]$2 ! conjo9t value ( ! two be+ ,l#gejj4 ,a case some:at simil> to "o already describ$ 0 t ( ! ',h]on' nugget1 a solid mass ( gold to ! am\nt ( #ajjh ounces1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,fry]'s ,creek1 ,victoria1 by two "y m5 :o _h only be5 ?ree mon?s 9 ! colony4 ,!y 7 (f]$ ,l#djjj = x 9 ,victoria2 b !y pref]r$ to br+ x to ,engl& z a trophy1 & !re !y sold x = ,l#djhj4 ,! ',victoria' nugget1 z its "n sugge/s1 0 pur*as$ by ! ,victorian gov]nm5t = pres5tation to ,h] ,maje/y4 ,x 0 a v pretty specim5 ( #cdj ounces1 wor? ,l#afej1 & 0 discov]$ at ,:ite ,horse ,gully1 ,s&hur/4 ,q close to x1 & )9 a foot ( ! surface1 0 f\nd ! ',dascombe' nugget1 weigh+ #ccj ounces1 :i* 0 also br\ght to ,london1 & sold = ,l#aejj4 ,j z a book %\ld nev] be judg$ by its cov]1 s m9]al sub/ances %\ld n be e/imat$ by sup]ficial indications4 ,a neglect ( ?is salut>y precept 0 once v ne>ly result+ 9 ! loss ( a valuable ,victorian nugget4 ,a big lump ( qu>tz 0 br\ght to ! surface1 &1 z its ext]ior aspect pres5t$ only slight indications ( ! exi/5ce ( gold1 x 0 at fir/ believ$ to be valueless2 b z soon z ! mass 0 brok5 up1 !re1 emb$d$ 9 ! qu>tz1 0 a beautiful nugget ( an oval %ape4 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ! p>5t colony ( ! ,au/ralian gr\p1 has produc$ a consid]able quantity ( gold1 b n _m notable nuggets4 ,its mo/ fam\s nugget 0 discov]$ by a native boy 9 ,june #ahea at ,m]oo ,creek1 ne> ! pres5t t[n ( ,ba?ur/4 ,?is black boy 0 9 ! employ ( ,dr ,k]r z a %eph]d1 & "o day1 :il/ m9d+ 8 %eep1 he casually came across ?ree deta*$ pieces ( qu>tz4 ,he tri$ to turn ov] ! l>ge/ ( ! pieces ) 8 /ick2 b he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! lump 0 mu* heavi] ?an ! ord9>y qu>tz ) :i* he 0 famili>4 ,b5d+ d[n & look+ clos]1 he saw a %9+ yell[ mass ly+ ne>2 & :5 he at la/ succe$$ 9 lift+ up ! piece ( qu>tz1 8 eyes exp&$ on obs]v+ t ! :ole ( its "u surface 0 ( ! same %9+ complexion4 ,he probably did n realise ! full value ( 8 discov]y2 b he _h suffici5t s5se to break (f a few specim5s & ha/5 to %[ !m to 8 ma/]4 ,dr ,k]r set (f at once to v]ify ! discov]y2 & :5 he arriv$ at ! spot1 8 mo/ sangu9e anticipations 7 fulfill$ by ! ev5t4 ,he f\nd himself ! possessor ( #abgb ounces ( gold2 & he rew>d$ ! au?or ( 8 weal?1 ! little black boy1 ) a flock ( %eep & z mu* l& z 0 ne$$ = _! pa/ure4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,m9+4 ,! m common =m ( alluvial gold is z gra9s1 or scales1 or du/1 v>y+ 9 size f t ( ord9>y gunp[d] to a m9ut5ess t is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,sometimes inde$ ! p>ticles are s small t !y are kn[n z 'pa9t' gold1 =m+ a sc>cely p]ceptible coat+ on fragm5ts ( rock4 ,:5 ! gold is v f9e or 9 v ?9 scales1 mu* ( x is lo/ 9 ! ord9>y processes = treat+ gravels1 by reason ( ! fact t x w actually float on wat] = a consid]able di/ance4 ,f :at has be5 already said x w be evid5t t gold-m9+ mu/ be an indu/ry pres5t+ sev]al di/9ct phases4 ,^! may be class$ z alluvial m9+1 ve9-m9+1 & ! treatm5t ( aurif]\s ores4 ,9 alluvial m9+ natural ag5cies1 su* z fro/1 ra91 c41 h1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 p]=m$ ! ardu\s tasks ( break+ up ! matrix :i* held ! gold1 & wa%+ away mu* ( ! valueless mat]ial1 leav+ ! gold conc5trat$ into a limit$ area by virtue ( its great specific gravity4 ,h5ce x is nev] safe to assume t ! portion ( ! ve9s rema9+ z su* w yield any?+ l s great an equival5t ( gold z ! alluvials =m$ f ! portion :i* has be5 dis9tegrat$4 ,z wat] has be5 ! *ief 7b n ! only7 ag5t 9 di/ribut+ ! gold & gravel con/itut+ alluvial digg+s or plac]s1 ! banks & b$s ( runn+ /reams 9 ! neighb\rhood ( aurif]\s ve9s are likely spots = ! prospector1 :o f9ds 9 ! fl[+ wat] ( ! /ream ! means ( sep>at+ ! heavy gra9s ( gold f ! mu* light] p>ticles ( rock1 s&1 & mud4 ,(t5 ! brook is made to yield ! gold x transports by ! simple exp$i5t ( plac+ 9 x ob/acles :i* w arre/ ! gold )\t ob/ruct+ ! light] matt]s4 ,jason's gold5 fleece 0 probably a %eepsk9 :i* _h be5 pegg$ d[n 9 ! curr5t ( ! ,phasis till a quantity ( gold gra9s _h become entangl$ among ! wool4 ,to ?is day ! same practice is foll[$ ) ox-hides 9 ,brazil1 & ) %eepsk9s 9 ,ladakh1 ,savoy1 & ,hung>y4 ,?is may be deem$ ! simple/ =m ( 'alluvial m9+4' ,if ! gold deposit$ 9 holes & beh9d b>s 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream is to be recov]$1 great] prep>ations are ne$$4 ,ei!r ! riv]-b$ mu/ be dr$g$ by float+ dr$g]s1 work$ by ! /ream or o!rwise2 or ! gravel mu/ be dug out = wa%+ :ile ! b$ is left dry 9 hot wea!r2 or ! riv] mu/ be div]t$ into ano!r *annel 7natural or artificial7 :il/ its b$ is be+ /ripp$4 ,! fir/-nam$ me?od is be/ adapt$ to l>ge volumes ( wat]1 b probably is lea/ productive ( gold1 pass+ ov] mu* t is buri$ 9 crevices 9 ! solid b$-rock4 ,! second plan is applicable only to small /reams1 & entails mu* lab\r4 ,! ?ird is mo/ effici5t1 b v liable to s]i\s int]f]5ce by floods1 :i* entail a heavy loss ( plant4 ,9 se>*+ = plac]s x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t ! wat]c\rses ( ! c\ntry h n always fl[$ 9 ! *annels !y n[ occupy4 ,dur+ ! long p]iods ( geological "t _m & va/ *anges h tak5 place 9 ! cont\r ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,h5ce x is n an uncommon circum/ance to f9d b$s ( aurif]\s gravel occupy+ ! summits ( hills1 :i* mu/1 at ! "t ! deposit 0 made1 h repres5t$ ! c\rse ( a /ream4 ,9 ! same way ! rema9s ( riv]9e accumulations are f\nd =m+ 't]races' or 'b5*es' on ! flanks ( hills4 ,lacu/r9e b$s may simil>ly occur at altitudes f> above ! rea* ( any exi/+ /ream1 hav+ be5 ! "w ( riv]s long s9ce pass$ away4 ,ano!r =m ( alluvial digg+ occurs 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica & ,new ,zeal&1 :]e ! sea wa%es up aurif]\s s&s4 ,^! are kn[n z 'ocean plac]s' or 'bea* digg+s1' & are ( m9or importance4 ,:il/ mo/ plac]s h be5 =m$ by fl[+ wat]1 "s owe _! orig9 to ! action ( ice1 & are really glacial mora9es4 ,o!rs are attribut$ to ! effects ( repeat$ fro/ & ?aw 9 decompos+ ! rocks & caus+ re>rangem5t ( ! compon5t p>ts4 ,yet ano!r class ( deposits is suppos$ to h be5 accumulat$ by an outp\r+ ( volcanic mud4 ,&1 f9ally1 exp]ts decl>e t "s ( ! ri* banket b$s ( ! ,transvaal became aurif]\s by ! infiltration ( wat] conta9+ a m9ute proportion ( gold 9 solution4 ,9 all cases ! recov]y ( alluvial gold is 9 pr9ciple rem>kably simple4 ,x dep5ds on ! fact t ! gold is ab\t sev5 times z heavy1 bulk = bulk1 z ! mat]ial =m+ ! mass ( ! deposit4 ,! m$ium = effect+ ! sep>ation is wat] 9 motion4 ,! app>atus 9 :i* x is appli$ may be a 'pan1' a 'cradle1' or a 'tom1' = op]ations on a v small scale1 or a 'sluice1' :i* may be a pav$ dit* or a wood5 'flume' ( great l5g?1 = l>ge op]ations4 ,! me?od is ! same 9 all3 fl[+ wat] removes ! e>?y matt]s1 :ile ob/ructions ( v>i\s k9ds arre/ ! metal4 ,z a rule1 x is m advantage\s to conduct ! wat] to ! mat]ial ?an to c>ry ! mat]ial to wat]4 ,9 _m cases a /ream ( wat]1 convey$ by means ( pipes1 & act+ "u ! influ5ce ( consid]able pressure1 is utilis$ = remov+ z well z wa%+ ! deposit4 ,?is me?od is kn[n z 'pip+' or 'hydraulic+' 9 ,am]ica1 :]e x has be5 *iefly develop$1 b is n[ =bidd5 9 _m localities1 because ! enorm\s masses ( e>? wa%$ ?r\gh ! sluices h silt$ up riv]s & h>b\rs1 & caus$ imm5se loss to ! agricultural int]e/ by bury+ ! ri* riv]side l&s "u a deposit t w be /]ile = _m ye>s to come4 ,! plan p]mits ( v economical work+ 9 l>ge quantities1 b is extremely wa/eful ( gold4 ,! wat]-supply is ( p>am\nt importance1 & has l$ to ! con/ruction ( res]voirs & conduits1 at v heavy co/1 :i* 9 _m places w h a p]man5t value long aft] gold-sluic+ has ceas$4 ,^! l>ge wat]-supply works are (t5 9 ! h&s ( di/9ct p>ties f ! m9]s1 ! latt] pur*as+ ! wat] !y use4 ,to give an example ( ! results atta9$ 9 alluvial m9+1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 a ?ree-mon?s' work+ 9 "o ,victorian di/rict 9 #ahhh1 ov] #cc1ejj tons ( wa%-dirt 7 treat$ = an av]age yield ( #ah-a_/b gra9s ( gold p] ton1 or1 say1 "o "p 9 #gjj1jjj4 ,:]e wat] _c be obta9$ rec\rse is _h to a fann+ or w9n[+ process = sep>at+ ! gold f ! s&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is less efficaci\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,hydraulic ,gold-m9+4 ,ve9-m9+ = gold diff]s b little f work+ any o!r k9d ( metallif]\s lode4 ,:5 ! ve9-/uff has be5 rais$ x is r$uc$ to a pulv]ul5t condition1 to lib]ate ! gold f ! gangue4 ,9 "s cases roa/+ is fir/ resort$ to4 ,?is causes friability1 & facilitates ! subsequ5t comm9ution4 ,:5 ! gold is 9 a v f9e /ate1 too1 x helps x to agglom]ate4 ,b if any pyrites are pres5t ! effect is mo/ detrim5tal1 ! gold becom+ coat$ ) a film ( sulphur or a glaz+ ( iron oxide4 ,! p[d]+ ( ! ve9-/uff is usually p]=m$ 9 /amp batt]ies1 :i* consi/ ( a numb] ( fall+ hamm]s4 ,:ile simple 9 pr9ciple1 ! app>atus is complicat$ 9 its work+ p>ts1 & is probably de/9$ to give way to ! improv$ =ms ( cru%+-rolls & c5trifugal roll] mills1 :i* are less co/ly1 simpl]1 m effici5t1 & d n flatt5 ! gold p>ticles s mu*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective is t by ,jordan4 ,:5 ! ve9-/uff has be5 r$uc$ to p[d]1 x is ak9 to alluvial wa%-dirt1 & dem&s ! same or simil> contrivances = arre/+ ! lib]at$ gold & releas+ ! tail+s--t is1 m]cury tr\ghs1 amalgamat$ plates1 blanket /rakes1 c42 b1 9 addition1 provision is made = cat*+ ! o!r metallif]\s con/itu5ts1 su* z pyrites1 :i* almo/ always c>ry a valuable p]c5tage ( gold4 ,^! pyrites or 'sulphurets' are cleans$ by conc5tration 9 v>i\s k9ds ( app>atus1 all dep5d+ on ! great] specific gravity ( ! portion s\ght to be sav$4 ,( ! metals & m9]als ) :i* gold is f\nd intimately associat$ 9 nature are ! foll[+3 ,antimony1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 cobalt1 copp]1 iridium1 iron1 lead1 manganese1 nickel1 osmium1 palladium1 plat9um1 sel5ium1 silv]1 tellurium1 tung/51 vanadium1 & z9c1 (t5 z an alloy 9 ! case ( palladium1 plat9um1 sel5ium1 silv] 7always71 & tellurium4 ,! me?ods ( sep>ation v>y ) ! nature ( ! ore & ! conditions ( ! locality4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,ore ,,& ,,gold ,,9 ,,! ,,transvaal4 ,! me?od ( treatm5t ( ore & gold 9 ! ,transvaal1 ! mo/ p]fect & effective kn[n at ! pres5t "t1 has ?us be5 describ$ by ,ar?ur ,/5h\se3 ,! rock :5 hoi/$ out ( ! m9e is fir/ assort$1 ! wa/e rock be+ ?r[n on "o side & ! gold-be>+ ore brok5 into lumps by a /one-break]4 ,! lumps ( ore n[ pass by gravitation & fe$]s ?r\gh a batt]y 7or /amp mill71 ea* /amp ( :i* weighs ab\t #aaej p\nds1 e /amp be+ lift$ & dropp$ sep>ately by ! cam %aft at a spe$ ( ab\t #ie drops a m9ute4 ,a /ream ( wat] is introduc$1 ! ore is cru%$ into f9e s&1 & is c>ri$ by ! wat] ov] a s]ies ( incl9$ copp] plates1 :i* are coat$ ) quicksilv]4 ,! free gold 9 ! s& at once amalgamates ) ! quicksilv] on ! plates1 & ! s&-lad5 /ream cont9ues on its c\rse4 ,! s&1 hav+ n[ pass$ ov] ! plates1 is c>ri$ by laund]s on to ! conc5trators1 or frue vann]s4 ,^! conc5trators sep>ate & reta9 ! heavy s& 7or conc5trates71 :il/ ! light] s& is c>ri$ by gravitation ?r\gh a tr\gh 7or laund]7 to ! cyanide vats4 ,! /ream ( wat] c>ry+ ! light] s& empties itself into ! cyanide vats1 & z ea* successive vat is fill$ up1 ! wat] is all[$ to dra9 ?r\gh ! s&4 ,a solution ( cyanide ( potassium is !n pump$ up & ev5ly di/ribut$ 7by di/ributors7 ov] ! s&1 & dissolves ! gold 9 its progress1 leav+ pure s& alone 9 ! vat4 ,! gold-conta9+ liquid 7or solution7 hav+ left ! vat1 is l$ into a s]ies ( boxes fill$ ) z9c %av+s1 ! gold sep>ates f ! liquid1 & settles on ! z9c %av+s 9 ! %ape ( a small black p[d]4 ,! cyanide solution n[ fre$ f ! gold runs into ! solution vats1 & is re/r5g!n$ & ready = fur!r use4 ,gold ,recov]y4--,9 ! mill or batt]y ! copp] plates are scrap$ daily1 & ! amalgams 7t is1 quicksilv] & gold7 are weigh$ & plac$ 9 ! safe 9 *>ge ( ! batt]y manag]4 ,?is amalgam is g5]ally retort$ once a week1 t is to say1 ! quicksilv] is evaporat$ 7b n lo/7 & ! gold is left 9 ! retort4 ,?is retort$ gold is !n smelt$ into b>s4 ,! conc5trates recov]$ by ! frue vann]s are g5]ally treat$ by *lor9ation 7roa/$74 ,?is process is gone ?r\gh s t ! iron c be sep>at$ f ! gold4 ,conc5trates are sometimes treat$ by cyanide1 b ! process1 if *eap]1 is sl[ & less effective4 ,*lor9at$ gold is also smelt$ into b>s4 ,cyanide4--,! gold f ! z9c %av+s is recov]$ by retort+4 ,x is aft]w>ds melt$ into b>s & call$ 'cyanide gold4' ,slimes 7or float gold7 are g5]ally cons]v$ 9 a dam1 & :5 ! quantity is suffici5t !y are treat$ by *lor9ation1 or by a solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,aft] treatm5t all s& is /ill reta9$1 & is really a small unbook$ asset ( ! v>i\s gold-m9+ companies4 ,! ,r& und\bt$ly is ! be/ field to-day = /ud5ts :o wi% to acquire ! details ( gold recov]y4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry has sci5ce produc$ su* excell5t results4 ,at lea/ #ie p] c5t4 ( ! gold 9 ! ore c n[ be recov]$1 & sci5tific m5 f all c\ntries are resid5t on ! fields1 & advantage\s discov]ies 9 ! treatm5t ( v>i\s ores are ( almo/ daily occurr5ce4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,african ,,gold-,,fields4 ,!re is mat]ial = ! philosoph] 9 ! fact ( gold-f9d+ hav+ occurr$ 9 connection ) a "p ( ! _w to :i* ,k+ ,solomon ! ,wise s5t = supplies ( gold & 'almug-trees1' = ! my/]i\s ,ophir has be5 locat$ 9 ,ma%onal&1 & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba id5tifi$ ) ! ,sabia di/ricts1 :i*1 ?\gh n 9 '! ,r&t1' are curi\sly connect$ ) ! rise & progress ( ! mania4 ,let u briefly trace t romantic hi/ory1 m]ely m5tion+ by ! way t1 ev5 9 ,european hi/ory1 ,african gold is no novelty1 = ! ,portuguese br\ght back gold-du/ 7& negro slaves7 f ,cape ,bojador f\r hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,! ru9s ( ,ma%onal& 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfd by ,k>l ,mau*1 :o also discov]$ ! gold-field ( ,tate on ! ,zambesi1 ( :i* ,liv+/one _h report$ t ! natives got gold !re by wa%+1 be+ too lazy to dig = x4 ,:5 ,k>l ,mau* came back to civilisation1 p laugh$ at 8 /ories ( ru9$ cities 9 ! c5tre ( ,africa z travell]s' fables1 b a numb] ( ,au/ralian gold-digg]s ?\ght 8 report ( ! ,tate gold-field good en\gh to foll[ up4 ,s ab\t #ahfg1 a b& ( !m w5t out & set up a small batt]y on ! ,tate ,riv] = cru%+ ! qu>tz4 ,?is may be call$ ! fir/ s]i\s attempt at gold-m9+ 9 ,s\? ,africa s9ce ! days ( ! lo/ races :o built ! cities ^: ru9s ,k>l ,mau* discov]$ & :i* ,mr ,!odore ,b5t has describ$4 ,a ,natal company assi/$ ! ,tate digg]s ) supplies1 & en\gh gold 0 f\nd to ju/ify ! float+ ( ! ,limpopo ,m9+ ,company 9 ,london4 ,?is 0 9 #ahfh1 & 0 practically ! f\ndation ( ! ',kaffir ,circus1' ?\gh its f\nd]s knew x n4 ,sir ,john ,sw9burne 0 ! mov+ _s ( ?is ent]prise1 & w5t out ) a lot ( exp5sive ma*9]y1 only to meet ) a good deal ( disappo9tm5t4 ,! diamond discov]ies 9 ,griqual& soon drew away ! gold-seek]s1 :o f\nd ! work+ exp5ses too heavy to leave gold-m9+ pr(itable1 & = a "t ! ,tate fields 7 des]t$4 ,!y 7 tak5 up aga91 h[ev]1 tw5ty ye>s lat] by a ,kimb]ley ent]prise1 out ( :i* develop$ ! ,tate ,concession & ,exploration ,company1 to :om ! un=tunate pot5tate ,lob5gula grant$ a m9+ concession ov] no less ?an eight hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles ( ,matabelel&4 ,j z ! ,au/ralians 7 break+ gr\nd on ! ,tate1 ,?omas ,ba9es1 ! travell]1 0 mak+ up 8 m9d to te/ ! tru? ( tales ( gold 9 ! f> int]ior1 :i* ! ,portuguese f ,da ,gama onw>ds _h receiv$ f natives4 ,9 #ahfi he set =? f ,natal ) a small exp$ition1 & 9 #ahgj receiv$ f ,lob5gula p]mission to dig = gold any:]e betwe5 ! riv]s ,gwailo & ,ganyona4 ,"s sev5te5 ye>s lat] ?is same concession 0 repeat$ to ,mr ,rudd1 & became ! basis f :i* sprang ! great ,*>t]$ ,company ( ,briti% ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 j\rney1 ,ba9es encamp$ on ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,johannesburg1 )\t hav+ ! lea/ idea ( ! weal? b5ea? him1 & int5t only ^u t he hop$ to f9d f>!r inl&4 ,on ! map :i* he prep>$ ( ?is j\rney is m>k$ ! 'f>m ( ,h4 ,h>tley1 pione] ( ! gold-fields1' 9 ! ,witwat]sr&t di/rict4 ,h>tley 0 kn[n to ! ,bo]s z ',oude ,baas1' & 0 a fam\s elephant-hunt]1 b z ignorant z ,ba9es himself t he 0 dwell+ on ! top ( a gold-reef4 ,& x 0 n 9 ! ,witwat]sr&t1 =emo/ z x n[ is1 t ! ,african gold boom began4 ,:ile ! ,tate digg]s 7 pursu+ _! "w & ,ba9es 8 explorations1 a ,natalian nam$ ,button w5t1 ) an exp]i5c$ ,cali=nian m9] nam$ ,su!rl&1 to prospect = gold 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,transvaal4 ,!y f\nd x ne> ,lyd5burg1 & companies 7 rapidly =m$ 9 ,natal to "w x4 ,su* big nuggets 7 s5t d[n t m5 hurri$ up1 until soon !re 7 "s fifte5 hundr$ actively at "w on ! ,lyd5burg field4 ,! op]ations 7 fairly pr(itable1 b ! outbreak ( ! ,zulu w>1 & !n ! ,bo] w>1 put an end to !m = "s ye>s4 ,& n[ we come to "o ( ! mo/ romantic *apt]s 9 ! gold5 hi/ory ( ,s\? ,africa1 a hi/ory :i* 0 m>k$ by h>d & di%e>t5+ days :at "t ! lucky diamond-seek]s at ,kimb]ley 7 swill+ *ampagne1 z if x 7 wat]1 out ( pewt] be]-pots4 ,!re is m attraction = adv5tur]s1 h[ev]1 9 gold-seek+ ?an 9 diamond-m9+1 = gold c be valu$ & realis$ at once1 :]eas diamonds may n be diamonds aft] all1 & may be spoilt1 lo/1 or /ol51 be=e !y c f9d a pur*as]4 ,x is to be not$ t mu* z ! ,transvaal ,republic has b5efit$ f gold-m9+1 ! ,bo]s 7 at fir/ mu* av]se to x1 & ?rew all ! ob/acles !y c\ld 9 ! way ( ! m9]s4 ,& x 0 ?is attitude ( ! ,bo]s1 especially t[>ds ! ,lyd5burg pione]s1 t l$ to ! next developm5t4 ,"o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,crocodile ,riv] 7:i* fl[s into ,delagoa ,bay7 is ! ,kaap ,riv]1 call$ also ! ,riv] ( ! ,little ,crocodile1 :i* wat]s a wide deep valley into :i* projects ! spur ( a hill :i* ! ,dut* pione]s call$ ,de ,kaap 7! cape74 ,beyond ?is cape-l spur ! hills rise to a height ( ?ree ?\s& feet1 & c>ry a wide plateau cov]$ ) innum]able b\ld]s ( fanta/ic %ape--! ,duivel's ,kantoor4 ,! mi/s ga!r 9 ! valley & da% !mselves aga9/ ,de ,kaap l surf ^u a headl&2 & ! face ( ! hills is brok5 ) caves & gall]ies z if by ! action ( ! sea1 b really by ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,^u ! high-ly+ plateau ( ! ,duivel's ,kantoor 7 a numb] ( f>ms1 ! *ief ( :i* 0 held by "o ,g4 ,p4 ,moodie4 ,"o day a ,natal trad] nam$ ,tom ,m',laughl9 _h occasion to cross ?is plateau 9 ! c\rse ( a long trek1 & he pick$ up ) curiosity "s ( ! bits ( qu>tz he pass$1 or kick$ aside1 on ! way4 ,on rea*+ ,natal he %[$ ^! to an old ,au/ralian m9]1 :o in/antly />t$ up-c\ntry & f\nd m4 ,! place 0 ri* 9 gold1 & ma*9]y 0 z quickly z possible got up f ,natal1 on to ,moodie's f>m4 ,on ?is f>m 0 f\nd ! fam\s ,pione] ,reef1 & ,moodie1 :o at "o "t w\ld gladly h p>t$ ) 8 f>m = a few hundr$s1 sold 8 hold+ to a ,natal company = some?+ l a qu>t] ( a million4 ,!n !re 0 a ru% ( digg]s & prospectors back f ! ,lyd5burg di/rict1 & ! ,de ,kaap 'boom' set 94 ,! beg9n+ 0 9 #ahhc1 & two ye>s lat] ! :ole ,kaap valley & ,kantoor plateau 0 decl>$ a public gold-field4 ,two bro!rs call$ ,b>b] came up & =m$ ! c5tre ( a settlem5t1 n[ ! t[n ( ,b>b]ton4 ,e new reef sight$ or ve9 discov]$ 0 ! signal = laun*+ a new company--n n[ 9 ,natal only1 b also 9 ,london1 to :i* ! gold-fev] began to spread 7b 0 *eck$ aga9 by ! ,de ,kaap rev]ses74 ,"s fifte5 ,natalians =m$ a syndicate to 'exploit' ?is c\ntry on _! own acc\nt4 ,"s 7 /orekeep]s 9 ! colony1 "s wagon-trad]s1 & "s m]ely wait]s on =tune4 ,only elev5 ( !m _h any money1 & !y suppli$ ! :]e)al = ! o!r f\r1 :o 7 s5t up to prospect & dig4 ,aft] six mon?s ( fruitless toil1 ! money 0 all done1 & ^w 0 s5t to ! f\r t no m aid c\ld be s5t to !m4 ,!y 7 'd[n on _! luck1' :5 z !y return$ to camp on :at 0 int5d$ to be _! la/ ev5+ !re1 "o ,edw9 ,bray savagely dug 8 pick into ! rock z !y walk$ gloomily along4 ,b ) "o sw+ :i* he made came a turn 9 ! =tunes ( ! b&1 & ( ! l&1 = he knock$ (f a bit ( qu>tz s ri*ly ve9$ ) gold z to betok5 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ sup]excell5t 9 ! way ( a 'reef4' ,all n[ turn$ on ! rock ) passionate eag]ness1 & 9 a v %ort "t pegg$ out :at 0 de/9$ to be kn[n z ',bray's ,gold5 ,hole4' ,b ! syndicate 7 by ?is "t pretty well clean$ out1 & capital 0 ne$$ to "w ! reef1 & provide ma*9]y1 c4 ,s a small company 0 =m$ 9 ,natal "u ! "n ( ! ,%eba ,reef ,gold-m9+ ,company1 divid$ into #ae1jjj %>es ( ,l#a ea*1 ! capital ( ,l#ae1jjj be+ equitably allott$ among ! fifte5 memb]s ( ! syndicate4 ,^u ^! %>es !y rais$ en\gh money on loan to pay = ! cru%+ ( #bjj tons ( qu>tz1 :i* yield$ eight ounces ( gold to ! ton1 & at once provid$ !m ) work+ capital4 ,)9 a v few mon?s ! m9e yield$ #aj1jjj ounces ( gold1 & ! orig9al %>es ( ,l#a ea* ran up by leaps & b\nds until !y 7 eag]ly compet$ = at ,l#ajj ea*4 ,)9 a ye>1 ! small %>e-capital 7,l#ae1jjj7 ( ! orig9al syndicate 0 wor? 9 ! m>ket a million & a half /]l+4 ,?is wond]ful success l$ to ! float+ ( a va/ numb] ( hopeless or bogus ent]prises1 & wor?less prop]ties 7 l&$ on ! %\ld]s ( ! ,briti% public at fabul\s prices4 ,yet1 surr\nd$ z x 0 by a cr[d ( fraudul5t imitators1 ! great ,%eba ,m9e has cont9u$ z "o ( ! mo/ wond]fully productive m9es 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,millions h be5 lo/ 9 sw9dl+ & impossible und]tak+s 9 ,de ,kaap1 b ! ,%eba ,m\nta91 9 :i* 0 ,bray's ,gold5 ,hole1 has really prov$ a m\nta9 ( gold4 ,! ,de ,kaap gold-field _h sunk aga9 "u a cl\d ( suspicion1 by reason ( ! company-sw9dl+ & %>e-gambl+ :i* foll[$ ^u ! ,%eba success1 :5 ano!r />tl+ incid5t gave a fre% impetus to ! gold5 madness4 ,among ! settl]s 9 ! ,transvaal 9 ! lat] sev5ties 7 two bro!rs call$ ,/rub51 :o _h _h "s exp]i5ce1 ?\gh n mu* success1 ) ! gold-seek]s at ,lyd5burg1 & :o took up 9 #ahhd ! f>m ( ,/]kfonte9 9 ! ,witwat]sr&t di/rict4 ,:ile att5d+ to ! f>m !y kept _! eyes op5 = gold1 & "o day "o ( ! bro!rs came ^u gold-be>+ conglom]ates1 :i* !y foll[$ up until !y /ruck ! fam\s ',confid5ce ,reef4' ,?is rem>kable reef at "o "t yield$ z mu* z a ?\s& ounces ( gold & silv] to ! ton ( ore1 & !n sudd5ly gave out1 be+ 9 reality n a 'reef' b a '%oot4' ,!re 7 o!r prospectors 9 ! di/rict1 b none _h /ruck x s ri* z ! ,/rub5s1 :o pur*as$ ! adjac5t f>m to _! own1 & set up a batt]y to cru% qu>tz1 bo? = !mselves & = ! o!r gold-hunt]s4 ,! f>ms 7 wor? little 9 ^? days1 be+ only suitable = graz+2 b :5 prospectors & company promot]s began to appe>1 fir/ by units1 !n by t5s1 & !n by hundr$s1 ! ,bo]s put up _! prices1 & spe$ily realis$ = _! hold+s t5 & tw5ty times :at !y w\ld h ?\ght fabul\s a ye> or two previ\sly4 ,& x 0 on "o ( ^! f>ms t ! city ( ,johannesburg 0 de/9$ to arise z if "u a magician's w&1 f a collection ( huts1 9 eight ye>s1 to a city cov]+ an area ?ree miles by "o & a half1 ) suburbs /ret*+ _m miles beyond1 ) h&some /reets & luxuri\s h\ses1 9 ! v he>t ( ! des]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,prospect+ = ,gold4 ,x 0 "o ,sunday ev5+ 9 #ahhf t ! great 'f9d' 0 made :i* laid ! base ( ! prosp]ity ( ! ,johannesburg-to-be4 ,a f>m-s]vant ( ! bro!rs ,/rub5 w5t ov] to visit a fri5d at a neighb\r+ f>m1 & z he trekk$ homew>d 9 ! ev5+1 knock$ (f a bit ( rock1 ! appe>ance ( :i* l$ him to take x home to 8 employ]4 ,x correspond$ ) :at ,/rub5 _h himself f\nd 9 ano!r "p1 & foll[+ up bo? leads1 reveal$ :at became fam\s z ! ,ma9 ,reef1 :i* 0 trac$ = miles ea/ & we/4 ,a lot ( ! 'conglom]ate' 0 s5t on to ,kimb]ley to be analys$1 & a ?\ghtful obs]v] ( ! analysis !re came to ! conclusion t !re mu/ be m good /uff :]e t came f4 ,s he m\nt$ 8 horse & rode ov] to ,b>b]ton1 :]e he caught a 'coa*' :i* dropp$ him on ! ,r&1 z x is n[ call$4 ,!re he quietly acquir$ ! ,langlaagte f>m = a few ?\s&s1 :i* ! p on ! spot ?\ght 0 %e] madness on 8 "p4 ,b 8 "n 0 ,j4 ,b4 ,rob9son1 & he is n[ kn[n 9 ! ',kaffir ,circus' & else:]e z "o ( ! ',gold ,k+s' ( ,africa4 ,he gradually pur*as$ o!r f>ms1 & 9 a ye> or two float$ ! well-kn[n ,langlaagte ,company ) a capital ( ,l#dej1jjj1 to acquire :at _h co/ him 9 all ab\t ,l#bj1jjj4 ,9 five ye>s ?is company turn$ out gold to ! value ( a million1 & paid divid5ds to ! am\nt ( ,l#ccj1jjj4 ,! ,rob9son ,company1 =m$ a little lat] to acquire & "w "s o!r lots1 9 five ye>s produc$ gold to ! value ( "o & a half million1 & paid to its %>ehold]s "s ,l#egj1jjj 9 divid5ds4 ,) ^! discov]ies & successful ent]prises ! "n & fame ( '! ,r&' 7 e/abli%$1 & = ye>s ! di/rict became ! happy hunt+-gr\nd ( ! f9anci]s & company promot]s4 ,! ,r&1 or ,witwat]sr&t1 is ! topmo/ plateau ( ! ,high ,veldt ( ! ,transvaal1 at ! wat]%$ ( ! ,limpopo & ! ,vaal2 & on ! summit ( ! plateau is ! gold-city ( ,johannesburg1 "s five ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,soon ! pr9cipal feature 9 ,johannesburg 0 ! ,/ock ,ex*ange1 & ! ma9 occupation ( ! inhabitants 0 ! buy+ & sell+ ( %>es 9 m9+ companies1 _m ( !m bogus1 at fabul\s prices4 ,! inevitable reaction came1 until once respl5d5t 'brok]s' c\ld h>dly raise ! price ( a 'dr9k2' ?\gh1 to be sure1 dr9ks & ev]y?+ else co/ a small =tune4 ,to-day ! city is ! c5tre ( a great m9+ indu/ry1 & ! ro> ( ! '/amps' is he>d all r\nd x1 night & day4 ,f a haunt ( gambl]s & 'wild-catt]s1' x has gr[n into a comp>atively s$ate t[n ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & f9ance1 & ! gold-fev] :i* madd5$ its populace has be5 transf]r$ 7n :olly1 p]haps7 to ,london & ,p>is4 ,! ,/ock ,ex*ange ( ,johannesburg sprang into exi/5ce 9 #ahhg1 & be=e ! end ( t ye> "s sixty-eight m9+ companies 7 on its li/1 ) an aggregate nom9al capital ( ,l#c1jjj1jjj4 ,dur+ ! #ahie 'boom' 9 ! m>ket = m9+ %>es 9 ,london & ,p>is1 ! m>ket value ( ! %>es ( ! gr\p ( ,s\? ,african companies 0 9 ! aggregate ov] ,l#cjj1jjj1jjj6 ,x is true t ^! are n all gold-m9+ %>es1 b ! great majority are ( companies ei!r = or 9 connection ) gold-m9+4 ,9 #ahhg ! ,transvaal produc$ only ab\t #be1jjj ounces ( gold2 9 #ahid ! output 0 #b1jbd1aei ounces2 9 #ahie x 0 #b1bgg1fcc ounces4 ,j be=e ! ,cali=nian discov]ies--namely1 9 #ahdi1 ! _w's annual output ( gold 0 only ab\t ,l#f1jjj1jjj4 ,!n came ! ,am]ican & ,au/ralian booms1 rais+ ! quantity produc$ 9 #ahec to ! value ( ,l#cj1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] #ahec !re 0 a gradual decl9e to less ?an ,l#bj1jjj1jjj 9 #ahhc4 ,?is 0 ! l[e/ p]iod1 & !n ! ,de ,kaap & o!r discov]ies 9 ,africa began to raise ! total sl[ly aga94 ,betwe5 #ahhc & #ahhg ! ,el ,callao m9e 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,m\nt ,morgan 9 ,au/ralia help$ greatly to enl>ge ! output1 & !n 9 #ahjg ! ',r&t' began to yield ( its ri*es4 ,! foll[+ are ! e/imates ( a m9+-exp]t ( ! _w's gold production dur+ #ahij1 ,l#bc1gjj1jjj2 #ahia1 ,l#bf1acj1jjj2 #ahib1 ,l#bi1bfj1jjj2 #ahic1 ,l#ca1aaj1jjj2 #ahid1 ,l#cf1jjj1jjj2 #ahie1 ,l#dj1jjj1jjj4 ,z to ! future ( ! ,s\? ,african s\rces ( supply1 x is e/imat$ by ,messrs ,hat* & ,*alm]s1 m9+ eng9e]s1 :o h publi%$ an exhau/ive "w on ! subject1 t be=e ! end ( ! pres5t c5tury ! ,witwat]sr&t m9es alone w be yield+ gold to ! value ( ,l#bj1jjj1jjj annually2 t e>ly next c5tury !y w turn out ,l#bf1jjj1jjj annually2 & t ! kn[n res\rces ( ! di/rict are equal to a total production )9 ! next half c5tury ( ,l#gjj1jjj1jjj1 ( :i*1 probably1 ,l#bjj1jjj1jjj w be cle> pr(it ov] ! co/ ( m9+4 ,^! e/imates are consid]$ excessive by "s au?orities2 nev]!less x is to be rememb]$ t ! productivity ( deep level m9+ has n yet be5 prop]ly te/$1 t ev5 ! ,transvaal itself has n yet be5 ?or\ghly exploit$1 & t !re is e reason to believe t ,matabelel& & ,ma%onal& are also ri* 9 gold4 ,b we h n to look to ,africa alone4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 besides ! regul> s\rces ( supply :i* are be+ indu/ri\sly develop$1 new deposits are be+ op5$ up 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia at su* a rate t "s p pr$ict t ! ',c9d]ella ( ! ,colonies' w soon become ! ri*e/1 or "o ( ! ri*e/1 memb]s ( ! family4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! contributions t[>ds ! _w's gold supply on ! basis ( #ahid3 ,unit$ ,/ates ,l#g1iej1jjj ,au/ralasia #h1ceb1jjj ,s\? ,africa #h1jed1jjj ,briti% ,columbia & ,s\? ,am]ica #b1jjj1jjj ,russia #d1hbg1jjj ,o!r ,c\ntries #d1hjg1jjj ----------- ,l#ce1iij1jjj ,,johannesburg--,,! ,,gold54 ,! railway j\rney f ,capet[n to ,johannesburg ( ab\t ?ree days is ?r\gh a seem+ly endless s&y c\ntry1 ) range succe$+ range ( di/ant m\nta9s1 all alike1 & /rikes a great] s5se ( va/ness & desolation ?an an expanse ( nak$ ocean itself4 ,fir/ & second class h sleep+ accommodation1 ! ?ird be+ kept = blacks & ! l[e/ class ,dut*4 ,well1 we rea* ,johannesburg1 :i* has n ev5 yet1 ) all its weal?1 a cov]$-9 railway /ation2 :il/ by way ( contra/ 9 ! progress ( ! place1 j across ! road is a huge club1 ) t5nis1 cricket1 football1 & cycl+ gr\nds1 gymnasium1 milit>y b&1 halls = danc+1 op]as1 & oratorios1 c41 :i* w be> comp>ison ) any y please4 ,its memb]s are millionaires & cl]ks1 lodg]s & _! lodg+-h\se keep]s1 all equal !re2 = we h left beh9d ca/e1 cliques1 & ca!dral cities1 & are cosmopolitan1 or1 9 a ^w1 colonial4 ,an in/itution l ?is gives u ! /ate ( society !re 9 a nut%ell1 =1 z wages are v high1 any "o 9 any?+ l lucrative employm5t c belong to x2 & ! grades 9 society are det]m9$ by money1 & money only4 ,johannesburg1 ! ,london ( ,s\? ,africa1 :i* 0 a b>r5 veldt previ\s to #ahhf1 is n[ ! c5tre ( "s "o hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 & increas+ ab\t z fa/ z bricks & mort> c be obta9$4 ,x is situat$ directly on top ( ! gold1 & on look+ d[n f ! high gr\nd above1 x looks to an ,engli% eye l a huge1 long-drawn-out mass ( t9 %$s1 ) its pa9t$ iron m9e-*imneys runn+ 9 a /raight l9e all along ! qu>tz gold-reef z f> z y c see 9 ei!r direction4 ,! l>ge/ or ma9 reef runs = ?irty miles un9t]rupt$ly1 gold-be>+ & honeycomb$ ) m9es ?r\gh\t4 ,?is1 ev5 7 x alone1 c\ld speak = ! /ability & cont9u$ prosp]ity ( ! ,transvaal gold trade4 ,9 a mail-/eam] arriv+ f ! ,cape !re is sometimes z mu* z betwe5 ,l#cjj1jjj & ,l#djj1jjj wor? ( gold1 & ! newspap]s %[ t usually ab\t ,l#ajj1jjj wor? is consign$ by ea* mail-boat4 ,z we ent] ! t[n we f9d f9e & well-plann$ /reets1 cross$ at places ) deep gutt]s--gullies r--to c>ry (f ! wat]1 :i* is (t5 9 ! heavy summ] ra9s deep] ?an y\r knees4 ,cross+ ^! at fa/ trot1 ! driv] nev] draw+ re91 ! novice is %ot ab\t1 9 8 :ite-cov]$ two-:eel$ cab ) its l>ge spr+s1 l a pea 9 a bladd]4 ,inde$1 "o m>vels at ! da9tily dress$ habitue ( ! place be+ swung ?r\gh simil>ly1 q unconc]n$1 & )\t rumpl+ a frill4 ,we pass f9e public build+s1 v high h\ses & %ops--some:at j]ry-built1 x is true--b n[ be+ add$ to1 or replac$ by l>g] & m solid build+s4 ,inde$1 bricks _c be made fa/ en\gh = ! dem&1 bo? !re & 9 "s ( ! outly+ ,transvaal t[ns :]e ! 'gold boom' is on4 ,!re are l(ty & h&some %ops1 ) mo/ co/ly cont5ts1 :i* c vie ) ,london or ,p>is4 ,let u wat* f ! high-rais$ /oep outside ! ,po/-(fice1 look+ d[n ov] ! huge m>ket-squ>e4 ,:at /rikes u fir/ are ! two-:eel$ two-horse cabs ) :ite hoods1 recklessly driv5 by ,malays 9 ! insep>able r$ fez1 & ^! ) ! fa/-trott+ mule or horse wagons %[ ! pace at :i* bus9ess or pleasure is foll[$4 ,z a contra/ comes ! lumb]+ ox-wagon ) t5 or twelve span ( ox51 a little ,kaffir boy dragg+ & direct+ ! lead+ c\ple by a ?ong r\nd ! horns1 & ! unamiable ,dut* f>m] revolv+ ar\nd1 swe>+1 & us+ 8 fifte5-foot :ip to keep ! conc]n 9 motion at all4 ,!n passes a body ( "s two hundr$ prison]s1 ,kaffirs1 & a few :ites lead+1 m>*$ 9 f\rs by "s doz5 :ite-helmet$ police & f\r or five m\nt$ m51 all p>ad$ ?r\gh ! ma9 /reets1 innoc5t & guilty alike1 to ! c\rt-h\se1 & _m escap+ en r\te z occasion (f]s4 ,well-dress$ ,engli% m5 ( bus9ess1 & pr(essional m51 wom5 9 h&some & da9ty co/umes1 hu/le ,jews ( all degrees ( weal?2 c>elessly dress$ m9]s1 & *aps 9 rags come 9 f prospect+ or up-c\ntry1 ) ! ,dut*man ev]y:]e 9 8 greasy s(t felt & blue tatt]$ pugg>ee1 ,*9ese %opkeep]s1 ,italians1 ,poles1 ,g]mans2 :il/ outside 9 ! roadways fl[s a cont9ual /ream ( ,kaffirs 9 hats & ca/-(f clo?+ ( e sort imag9ation c picture1 :o are n all[$ by law to walk ^u ! pavem5t4 ,,gold-,,fields ,,( ,,coolg>die4 ,x 0 at "o "t g5]ally believ$ t ! unexplor$ regions ( ! va/ ,ea/]n ,division ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia consi/$ m]ely ( s&y des]t or arid pla9s1 produc+ at mo/ scrub & sp9ifex or 'poison plants4' ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 a fai? t ! int]ior w\ld prove ri* 9 v>i\s m9]al res\rces began to dawn1 & rose 9 proportion z ea* report ( a new 'f9d' 0 made to ! gov]nm5t4 ,b only a few v5tur$ to *]i% a hope t tracts ( f]tile c\ntry 7 ly+ beyond _! k51 await+ ! adv5t ( ! explor] ^: v]dict ^u ! nature ( ! soil1 or possibilities ( obta9+ wat]1 w\ld result 9 settlem5t1 & prosp]ity1 & civilisation4 ,by ! op5+ up ( ! c\ntry surr\nd+ ,coolg>die--situat$ at a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-eight miles inl& f ,fremantle1 ! port ( ,p]?--x has be5 prov$ t n only ?\s&s ( squ>e miles ( aurif]\s c\ntry are conta9$ 9 ^! once despis$ 'back blocks1' b also l>ge areas ( ri* pa/urage & =e/-l&s4 ,at ,coolg>die ! c\ntry is undulat+2 & 9 ! di/ance ,m\nt ,burgess makes a bold & /rik+ feature 9 ! l&scape1 isolat$ f ! neighb\r+ l[ hills4 ,a few miles to ! s\? lies ! vigor\s little t[n1 surr\nd$ by a halo ( t5ts4 ,x is situat$ ?irty-"o degrees s\?1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o degrees ea/2 ! climate is !re=e temp]ate1 ?\gh v hot dur+ ! dry season4 ,x has be5 judici\sly laid out1 & promises to be "o ( ! prettie/ inl& t[ns 9 ! colony4 ,9 ! pr9cipal /reet all is bu/le & activity3 teams arriv+ f ,s\!rn ,cross2 camels unload+ or be+ driv5 out by picturesque ,afghans2 digg]s & prospectors sett+ out = di/ant 'ru%es2' black piccan9nies roll+ 9 ! du/1 or play+ ) _! fai?ful kang>oo dogs--_! dusky p>5ts loll+ ne> ) *>act]i/ic indol5ce--& m5 ( e nation & col\r "u heav5 comb9e to give ! sc5e a "* all its own4 ,9 ,m>* #ahif ,coolg>die 0 connect$ by rail ) ,p]?4 ,!re are good /ores1 num]\s ?riv+ hotels2 & a hospital has lately be5 />t$ 9 *>ge ( two tra9$ nurses4 ,! spiritual ne$s ( ! population are suppli$ by ,wesleyan s]vices & ,salvation ,army meet+s1 & o!r ag5cies4 ,z yet ! public build+s are n ar*itecturally impos+2 ! pr9cipal "o is a galvanis$-iron %$ :i* does duty = a po/-(fice4 ,:5 ! mail arrives1 ! two (ficials1 ) ! aid ( an oblig+ troop]1 va9ly endeav\r to sort ! lett]s & newspap]s quickly en\gh to satisfy ! cr[d1 all eag] = news f home4 ,dur+ ! hot dry mon?s1 ,coolg>die has be5 almo/ cut (f f ! outside _w4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to limit ! traffic betwe5 x & ,s\!rn ,cross1 ow+ to ! great sc>city 9 ! 'soaks' & wells along ! road4 ,cond5s]s h be5 erect$ at v>i\s /ations close to ! salt lakes1 & ! wat] is retail$ by ! gallon2 by ?is means ! road c be kept op5 till ! wet season sets 94 ,prospectors are en]getically explor+ ! c\ntry 9 e direction ar\nd ,coolg>die1 & f all sides come gl[+ acc\nts ( ! quality ( ! l&1 :i*1 besides be+ aurif]\s1 is und\bt$ly suitable = agricultural & pa/oral purposes4 ,to ! ea/w>d lie _m ?\s&s ( acres ( undulat+ pa/ure-l&1 wood$ l a p>k ) morrell1 s&alwood1 wild pea*1 zimlet-wood1 salmon-gum1 & o!r valuable timb]s4 ,! soil is a ri* r$ loam1 :i* ) cultivation %\ld equal ! be/ :eat-gr[+ di/ricts ( ,victoria4 ,s gre5 & abundant is ! grass t x has be5 describ$ z look+ l an imm5se :eat-field be=e ! gra9 has =m$4 ,sev]al k9ds ( grass are to be f\nd3 ! f9e kang>oo v>iety2 a species ( wild oats2 & a co>se jo9t$ grass1 all ( :i* /ock eat ) reli%1 & ?rive1 x is said4 ,a ,wat]-supply ,dep>tm5t has be5 =m$ by ! ,we/]n ,au/ralian gov]nm5t1 & measures are be+ tak5 to obta9 supplies ( artesian wat]1 z well z to con/ruct a sy/em ( res]voirs & dams on a l>ge scale4 ,mr ,bayley's discov]y ( ,coolg>die might s]ve z an apt illu/ration ( ! 'e>ly-bird' !ory4 ,:ile on a prospect+ exp$ition 9 ,septemb] #ahib1 he w5t "o auspici\s morn+ to look aft] 8 horse be=e breakfa/4 ,a gleam+ object ly+ on ! gr\nd caught 8 eye4 ,x 0 a nugget1 weigh+ half an ounce4 ,by noon1 he1 ) 8 mate1 _h pick$ up tw5ty ounces ( alluvial gold4 ,9 a c\ple ( weeks !y _h a /ore ( two hundr$ ounces4 ,x 0 on a ,sunday aft]noon t !y /ruck ! n[ _w-fam$ ,rew>d ,claim1 & 9 a few h\rs !y _h pick$ (f fifty ounces4 ,next morn+ !y pegg$ out _! prospect+ area4 ,b :il/ ?us pr(itably employ$1 !y 7 unpleasantly surpris$ by ! arrival ( ?ree m9]s :o _h foll[$ up _! tracks f ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,! discov]]s work$ on dur+ ! day at ! cap ( ! reef1 & by su* primitive me?ods z ! 'dolly-pot1' or pe/le & mort>1 easily obta9$ ?ree hundr$ ounces ( ! preci\s metal4 ,! unwelcome visitors /ole two hundr$ ounces ( ! gold1 a circum/ance :i* oblig$ !m to report _! 'f9d' soon] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h done1 fe>+ t1 if !y delay$1 ! ?ieves w\ld d s in/ead1 & claim ! rew>d f ! gov]nm5t4 ,on condition t !y w\ld n mole/ 8 mate dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ,mr ,bayley agre$ to say no?+ ab\t _! hav+ robb$ him1 & set out on 8 long ride to ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,he took ) him five hundr$ & fifty-f\r ounces ( gold ) :i* to conv9ce ! ,w>d5 t 8 discov]y 0 a g5u9e "o4 ,! field 0 decl>$ op5 aft] 8 int]view ) ! au?orities4 ,,diamonds4 ,! diamond is a natural =m ( cry/allis$ c>bon1 highly valu$ z a preci\s /one1 b ( mu* less value ?an ! ruby4 ,! lu/re ( ! diamond is peculi> to itself1 & h5ce t]m$ 'adamant9e4' ,9 a natural condition1 h[ev]1 ! surface (t5 pres5ts a dull1 lead-gray1 semi-metallic lu/re4 ,! high refractive & disp]sive p[]s ( ! diamond produce1 :5 ! /one is judici\sly cut1 a brilliancy & 'fire' unequall$ by any o!r /one4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! incid5t light is 9 a well-cut diamond reflect$ f ! inn] surface ( ! /one4 ,! diamond1 especially :5 col\r$1 is highly phosphoresc5t1 t is to say1 aft] exposure to brilliant illum9ation x emits ! rays :i* x has absorb$1 & ?us becomes self-lum9\s 9 ! d>k4 ,its excessive h>dness s]ves to di/+ui% ! diamond f o!r gem-/ones3 any /one :i* readily scrat*es ruby & sapphire mu/ be a diamond4 ,not)/&+ its h>dness ! diamond is brittle1 & h5ce ! absurdity ( ! anci5t te/ :i* pr(ess$ to di/+ui% ! diamond by its )/&+ a heavy bl[ /ruck by a hamm] :5 plac$ on an anvil4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 highly ref9$ rese>*es on ?is subject h be5 made by ,dumas1 ,/as1 ,roscoe1 & ,fri$el1 all t5d+ to prove t ! diamond is practically pure c>bon4 ,*emi/s h g5]ally exp]im5t$1 = ! sake ( economy1 ) impure specim5s1 & h ?us obta9$ on combu/ion a consid]able am\nt ( a%1 ! nature ( :i* has n be5 well asc]ta9$4 ,x has be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! pur] ! diamond ! small] is ! proportion ( a% left on its combu/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e-cut ,brilliant4 ,illu/ration3 ,r\nd-cut ,brilliant4 ,illu/ration3 ,rose-cut ,diamond4 ,! art ( cutt+ & poli%+ ! diamond is said to h be5 discov]$ 9 #adef by ,l\is de ,b]guem ( ,bruges4 ,z n[ practis$1 ! /one is fir/1 if necess>y1 cleav$ or split1 & !n 'brut$' or rubb$ into %ape4 ,! faces ( ! /one ?us 'cut' are gr\nd & poli%$ on flat metal discs1 f$ ) diamond du/ & oil1 & revolv+ ) great rapidity by /eam-p[]4 ,antw]p comes fir/1 !n ,am/]dam z ! *ief home ( ?is indu/ry1 & ! trade is *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ,jews2 b diamond cutt+ & poli%+ are also n[ ext5sively c>ri$ on 9 ,london1 ,antw]p1 c4 ,! common =m ( ! diamond is ei!r ! brilliant or ! rose cut4 ,! brilliant resembles two truncat$ cones1 base to base1 ! edge ( ! junction be+ call$ ! girdle1 ! l>ge plane on ! top is ! table1 & ! small face at ! base ! culet2 ! sides are cov]$ ) symmetrical facets4 ,! rose has a flat base1 ) sides =m$ ( r[s ( triangul> facets ris+ z a l[ pyramid or hemisph]e2 b ?is =m ( diamond is daily becom+ less fa%ionable1 & is !re=e ( comp>atively little value4 ,al?\gh ! t]m 'c>at' is appli$ to diamonds z well z to gold1 x does n mean ! same ?+4 ,us$ ) reg>d to ! metal1 x expresses quality or f95ess--#bd-;c>at be+ pure gold2 & #bb-;c>at equal to co9$ gold4 ,b appli$ to ! diamond1 c>at means actual weight1 & #aea-a_/b c>ats are equal to "o ounce troy4 ,india 0 =m]ly ! only c\ntry :i* yield$ diamonds 9 quantity1 & !nce 7 obta9$ all ! great hi/orical /ones ( antiquity4 ,! *ief diamond-produc+ di/ricts are ^? 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 on ! ,ki/na & ,godav>i riv]s1 commonly ?\gh improp]ly t]m$ ! ,golconda region2 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 includ+ ! m9es ( ,sumbulpur2 & 9 ,bundelkh&1 :]e ! ,panna m9es are situat$4 ,at pres5t ! diamond production ( ,india is insignificant4 ,x is notable1 h[ev]1 t 9 #ahha a f9e diamond1 weigh+ #fg-c_/h c>ats1 0 f\nd ne> ,wajra ,k>ur1 9 ! ,bell>y di/rict1 ,madras4 ,! /one 0 cut into a brilliant weigh+ #bd-e_/h c>ats1 & is kn[n z ! ',gor-d-,norr4' ,brazil 0 n reg>d$ z a diamond-yield+ c\ntry until #agbg1 :5 ! true nature ( c]ta9 cry/als f\nd 9 ! gold wa%+s ( ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes 0 fir/ detect$4 ,diamonds occur n only 9 ?is prov9ce1 b 9 ,bahia1 ,goyaz1 ,matto ,grosso1 & ,p>ana4 ,! geological conditions "u :i* ! m9]al occurs h ( late ye>s be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,pr(essors ,d]by1 ,gorceix1 & ,*atrian4 ,! diamonds are f\nd 9 ! s&s & gravels ( riv]-b$s1 associat$ ) alluvial gold1 specul> iron ore1 rutile1 anatase1 topaz1 & t\rmal9e4 ,9 #ahec an extraord9>y diamond 0 f\nd by a negress 9 ! riv] ,bogagem1 9 ,m9as ,g]aes4 ,x weigh$ #bed-a_/b c>ats1 & 0 cut into a brilliant ( p]fect wat]1 weigh+ #abe c>ats4 ,?is brilliant1 kn[n z ! ',/> ( ! ,s\?1' 0 sold to ! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda = ,l#hj1jjj4 ,bo? ! ,indian & ! ,brazilian diamond-fields h ( late ye>s be5 eclips$ by ! rem>kable discov]ies ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,al?\gh x 0 kn[n 9 ! la/ c5tury t diamonds occurr$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa1 ! fact 0 =gott51 & :5 9 #ahfg !y 7 f\nd ne> ,hopet[n1 ! discov]y came ^u ! _w z a surprise4 ,a travell] nam$ ,o',reilly _h re/$ himself at a f>m 9 ! ,hopet[n di/rict1 :5 8 ho/1 a man nam$ ,niek]k1 br\ght him "s nice-look+ /ones :i* he _h got f ! riv]4 ,o',reilly1 :5 exam9+ ! pebbles1 saw a diamond1 :i* aft]w>ds realis$ ,l#ejj4 ,niek]k aft]w>ds b\ght a diamond f a native = ,l#djj :i* realis$ ,l#aj1jjj4 ,! pr9cipal m9es are situat$ 9 ,griqual& ,we/1 b diamonds are also work$ 9 ! ,orange ,riv] ,free ,/ate1 z at ,jag]sfonte94 ,! /ones 7 fir/ procur$ f ! 'riv] digg+s' 9 ! ,vaal & ,orange riv]s4 ,^! s\rces h occasionally yield$ l>ge /ones2 "o f\nd 9 #ahgb at ,waldeck's ,plant on ! ,vaal weigh$ #bhh-c_/h c>ats1 & yield$ a f9e pale yell[ brilliant1 kn[n z ! ',/ew>t4' ,illu/ration3 ,kimb]ley ,diamond-m9e4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! diamonds ( ,s\? ,africa 7 n conf9$ to ! riv] gravels1 & 'dry digg+s' came to be e/abli%$ 9 ! s-call$ 'pans4' ,! pr9cipal m9es are ^? ( ,kimb]ley1 ,de ,be]'s1 ,du ,toit's ,pan1 & ,bultfonte94 ,! l& "h1 previ\sly wor? only a few p5ce p] acre1 soon rose to a fabul\s price4 ,at ^! localities ! diamonds occur 9 a s]p5t9\s breccia1 fill+ pipes or '*imneys1' g5]ally reg>d$ z volcanic ducts1 :i* rise f unkn[n dep?s & bur/ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ %ales4 ,! 'blue gr\nd1' or volcanic breccia conta9+ fragm5ts ( v>i\s rocks cem5t$ by a s]p5t9\s pa/e1 becomes alt]$ by meteoric ag5ts z x approa*es ! surface1 & is conv]t$ into 'yell[ e>?4' ,at ,kimb]ley ! neighb\r+ s*i/s1 or 'reefs1' are associat$ ) %eets ( a basaltic rock1 :i* are pi]c$ by ! pipes4 ,ab\t #bjjj :ite m5 are employ$ 9 ! indu/ry1 & ab\t #djjj blacks1 :o e>n1 on an av]age1 ab\t ,l#c a week4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhg ! production ( ! pr9cipal m9es 0 ov] ,l#d1jjj1jjj4 ,! production = #ahid 0 some:at less1 :ile ! total value ( diamonds export$ f #ahfg to #ahid 0 ab\t ,l#gj1jjj1jjj4 ,! great numb] ( l>ge /ones f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,s\? ,africa1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,india & ,brazil1 is a /rik+ peculi>ity4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( ,african m9+ a diamond ( ab\t #hc c>ats 0 obta9$ f a ,bo]4 ,?is /one1 :5 cut1 yield$ a spl5did col\rless brilliant ( #df-a_/b c>ats1 kn[n z ! ',/> ( ,s\? ,africa1' or z ! ',dudley1' s9ce x aft]w>ds became ! prop]ty ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,dudley1 at a co/ ( ,l#be1jjj4 ,"s ( ! ,african /ones are '(f col\r$'--t is1 ( pale yell[ or br[n t9ts2 b a l>ge gem ( s+ul> purity 0 f\nd at ,kimb]ley 9 #ahhj4 ,?is is ! fam\s 'blue-:ite' diamond ( #aej c>ats1 kn[n f ! "n ( its possessor z ! ',port] ,rhodes4' ,at ! ,de ,be]'s ,m9e 0 f\nd1 9 #ahhi1 ! fam\s /one :i* 0 %[n at ! ,p>is ,exposition4 ,x weigh$ #dbh-a_/b c>ats 9 ! r\gh1 & #bbh-a_/b c>ats :5 cut4 ,x measur$ "o in* & sev5-eigh?s 9 greate/ l5g?1 & 0 ab\t an in* & a half squ>e4 ,ev5 l>g] ?an ?is rem>kable /one is a diamond f\nd 9 ! ,jag]sfonte9 ,m9e 9 #ahic1 & nam$ ! ',jag]sfonte9 ,excelsior4' ,?is is n[ ! l>ge/ & mo/ valuable diamond 9 ! _w4 ,x is ( blue-:ite col\r1 v f9e quality1 & measures ?ree in*es at ! ?icke/ "p4 ,! gross weight ( ?is unique /one 0 no less ?an #ifi-a_/b c>ats 7or ab\t #f-a_/b oz471 & ! foll[+ are its record$ dim5sions3 ,l5g?1 #b-a_/b in*es2 greate/ wid?1 #b in*es2 smalle/ wid?1 #a-a_/b in*es2 extreme gir? 9 wid?1 #e-c_/h in*es2 extreme gir? 9 l5g?1 #f-c_/d in*es4 ,x is impossible to say :at is ! value ( s ph5om5al a gem4 ,we d n "k t an e/imate has be5 ev5 attempt$2 b x may easily be half a million if ! cutt+ is successful4 ,! diamond has1 h[ev]1 a black flaw 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is ! prop]ty ( a syndicate ( ,london diamond m]*ants4 ,! native :o f\nd x evad$ ! ov]se]1 & ran to headqu>t]s to secure ! rew>d1 :i* took ! =m ( ,l#ajj 9 gold & a horse & c>t4 ,previ\s to ?is discov]y1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,african diamonds 01 p]haps1 ! ',pam' or ',jag]sfonte9' /one1 n s mu* f its size1 z because ! ,que5 _h ord]$ x to be s5t to ,osborne = h] inspection ) a view to pur*ase1 :5 ! untimely dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce put an end to ! negotiations4 ,! ',pam' is only ( #ee c>ats n[2 b x weigh$ #aab c>ats be=e be+ cut1 & is a /one ( rem>kable purity & beauty4 ,its pres5t value is comput$ at ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& p\nds /]l+4 ,! mo/ valuable diamond 9 ! _w is 7if x is a diamond7 ! fam\s ',braganza' gem belong+ to ,portugal4 ,x weigh$ 9 ! r\gh /ate #afhj c>ats1 & 0 valu$ at upw>ds ( #e-a_/b millions /]l+4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t diamonds occur 9 ,au/ralia1 b hi!rto ! ,au/ralian /ones h be5 all ( small size1 & x is notable t ^! are mu* m difficult to cut1 be+ h>d] ?an o!r diamonds4 ,al?\gh ,victoria & ,s\? ,au/ralia h occasionally yield$ diamonds1 x is ,new ,s\? ,wales t has be5 ! pr9cipal produc]4 ,! *ief diamond localities h be5 ne> ,mudgee1 on ! ,cudjegong ,riv]1 & ne> ,b+]a1 on ! riv] ,horton4 ,borneo also yields diamonds4 ,! /one kn[n z ! ',matan' is said to h be5 f\nd 9 #aghg 9 ! ,l&ak m9es1 ne> ! we/ coa/ ( ,borneo4 ,x is describ$ z be+ an egg-%ap$ /one1 ind5t$ on "o side1 & weigh+1 9 its uncut /ate1 #cfg c>ats4 ,great d\bt1 h[ev]1 exi/s z to ! g5u95ess ( ?is /one1 & ! ,dut* exp]ts :o exam9$ x a few ye>s ago pron\nc$ x to be simply rock-cry/al4 ,among o!r diamond localities may be m5tion$ ! ,ural ,m\nta9s & sev]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! l>ge/ diamond yet record$ f ,nor? ,am]ica 0 f\nd at ,man*e/]1 ,*e/]field c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,x weigh$ #bc-c_/d c>ats1 & yield$1 :5 cut1 a brilliant kn[n z ! ',ou-i-nur1' :i* weigh$1 h[ev]1 only #aa-c_/d c>ats4 ,a few special diamonds1 f _! exceptional size or f ! circum/ances ( _! hi/ory1 des]ve notice4 ,( all ! great diamonds1 ! ',koh-i-nur' is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,:ile tradition c>ries x back to leg5d>y times1 x is kn[n f hi/ory t ! ,sultan ,ala-ed-d9 9 #acjd acquir$ ?is gem on ! defeat ( ! ,rajah ( ,malwa1 ^: family _h possess$ x = _m g5]ations4 ,9 #aebf x pass$ by conque/ to ,humaiun1 ! son ( ,sultan ,bab]4 ,:5 ,aurungzebe subsequ5tly possess$ ?is /one1 he us$ x z "o ( ! eyes ( ! peacock adorn+ 8 fam\s peacock ?rone4 ,on ! conque/ ( ,mohamm$ ,%ah by ,nadir ,%ah 9 #agci1 ! great diamond 0 n f\nd among ! ,delhi treasures1 b le>n+ t ,mohamm$ c>ri$ x conceal$ 9 8 turban1 ,nadir1 on ! gr& c]emony ( re9/at+ ! ,mogul emp]or on ! ?rone at ! conclusion ( peace1 (f]$ to ex*ange turbans1 9 tok5 ( reconciliation1 & by ?is ruse obta9$ possession ( ! gem4 ,x 0 :5 ,nadir fir/ saw ! diamond on unfold+ ! turban1 t he exclaim$ ',koh-i-nur1' or ',m\nta9 ( ,light1' ! "n by :i* ! gem has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n4 ,at ,nadir's dea? x pass$ to 8 un=tunate son1 ,%ah ,rokh1 by :om x 0 ultimately giv5 to ,ahm$ ,%ah1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,durani ,afghan empire4 ,by ,ahm$ x 0 bequea!d to 8 son1 ,taimur ,%ah2 & f 8 desc5dants x pass$1 aft] a s]ies ( romantic incid5ts1 to ,runjit-,s+h4 ,on ! dea? ( ,runjit1 9 #ahci1 ! diamond 0 pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,lahore1 & on ! annexation ( ! ,punjab by ! ,briti% 9 #ahdi1 :5 ! prop]ty ( ! /ate 0 confiscat$ to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 x 0 /ipulat$ t ! ,koh-i-nur %\ld be pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 consequ5tly tak5 9 *>ge by ,"l ,dalh\sie1 :o s5t x to ,engl& 9 #ahej4 ,aft] ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 :]e x _h be5 exhibit$1 x 0 injudici\sly re-cut 9 ,london by ,voorsang]1 a skilful workman f ,messrs ,co/]'s factory at ,am/]dam4 ,! re-cutt+ occupi$ #ch days ( #ab h\rs ea*1 & ! weight ( ! /one 0 r$uc$ f #ahf-a_/af to #ajf-a_/af c>ats4 ,! =m is t ( a %all[ brilliant1 too ?9 to display mu* fire4 ,accord+ to ,lady ,burton1 x is believ$ to br+ ill-luck to its possessor4 ,! ',nizam' is ! "n ( a /one said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! once fam\s diamond-m9es ( ,golconda4 ,sir ,william ,hunt]1 h[ev]1 gives u to und]/& t !re 7 really no diamond-m9es at ,golconda1 & t ! place won its "n by cutt+ ! /ones f\nd on ! ea/]n bord]s ( ! ,nizam's t]ritory1 & on a ridge ( s&/one runn+ d[n to ! riv]s ,ki/na & ,godav]y1 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 bo? regions are n[ unproductive ( valuable /ones4 ,! ',nizam' diamond is said to weigh #cdj c>ats1 & to be wor? ,l#bjj1jjj2 b we are unable to v]ify ! figures4 ,! ',great ,table' is ano!r ,indian diamond1 ! pres5t :]eab\ts ( :i* is n kn[n4 ,x is said to weigh #bdb-a_/b c>ats1 & t #ejj1jjj rupees 7or at p>1 ,l#ej1jjj7 0 once refus$ = x4 ,! ',great ,table' is sometimes kn[n z ',tav]ni]'s' diamond4 ,x 0 ! fir/ blue diamond ev] se5 9 ,europe1 & 0 br\ght1 9 #afdb1 f ,india by ,tav]ni]4 ,x 0 sold to ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 #affh1 & 0 describ$ !n z ( a beautiful violet col\r2 b x 0 flat & badly cut4 ,at :at date x 0 re-cut we "k n1 b1 z possess$ by ,l\is ,le ,gr&1 x weigh$ only #fg-a_/b c>ats4 ,x 0 seiz$ dur+ ! ,revolution1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! ,g>de ,meuble2 b x disappe>$1 & has n be5 trac$ s9ce4 ,"s fifty ye>s lat]1 ,mr ,h5ry ,hope pur*as$ a blue diamond weigh+ "s #dd-a_/b c>ats 7n[ kn[n z ! ',hope' diamond71 :i* x 0 conjectur$ may h be5 "p ( ! ',great ,table4' ,x is pres]v$ 9 ! ,gre5 ,vaults1 ,dresd51 & is reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ sup]b col\r$ diamonds kn[n4 ,ano!r fam\s ,indian diamond is ! ',great ,mogul1' :i* appe>s to h be5 f\nd ab\t #afej1 9 ! ,kollur m9e1 on ! ,ki/na4 ,x 0 se5 by ! ,fr5* jewell] ,tav]ni] at ! c\rt ( ,aurungzebe 9 #affe1 & is describ$ z a r\nd :ite rose-cut /one ( #bhj c>ats4 ,its subsequ5t hi/ory is unkn[n1 & x is probable t at ! sack+ ( ,delhi by ,nadir ,%ah 9 #agci x 0 /ol5 & brok5 up4 ,"s au?orities h s\ght to id5tify ! ,great ,mogul ) ! ,koh-i-nur1 & o!rs ) ! ,orl(f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,diamonds ,,( ,,! ,,_w3 a1 ,great ,mogul2 b1 ,/> ( ! ,s\?2 c1 ,koh-i-nur2 d1 ,reg5t2 e1 ,orl(f4 ,all actual size4 ,! ',orl(f' is an ,indian /one :i* 0 pur*as$ at ,am/]dam 9 #aggf by ,pr9ce ,orl(f = ,ca?>9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia4 ,! /one at "o "t =m$ ! eye ( an idol 9 a temple 9 ! isl& ( ,s]+ham1 9 ,mysore1 :5ce x is said to h be5 /ol5 by a ,fr5* soldi]1 :o sold x to an ,engli% trad] = ,l#bjjj4 ,! ,engli%man br\ght x home1 & sold x = ,l#ab1jjj to a ,jew1 :o pass$ x on at a pr(it to an ,arm5ian m]*ant4 ,f ! ,arm5ian x 0 acquir$1 ei!r by ,ca?>9e ( ,russia1 or1 = h]1 by "o ( h] admir]s1 = ,l#ij1jjj & a p5sion4 ,x is n[ valu$ at ,l#ajj1jjj4 ,x weighs #aic c>ats1 is ab\t ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 & is m\nt$ 9 ! imp]ial sceptre ( ! ,cz>4 ,o!r fam\s /ones are3 ,! ',au/rian ,yell[1' belong+ to ! cr[n ( ,au/ria1 weigh+ #gf-a_/b c>ats1 & valu$ at ,l#ej1jjj2 ! ',cumb]l&1' belong+ to ! cr[n ( ,hanov]1 weigh+ #cb c>ats1 & wor? at lea/ ,l#aj1jjj2 ! ',engli% ,dresd51' belong+ to ! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda1 weigh+ #gf-a_/b c>ats1 & valu$ at ,l#dj1jjj2 ! ',nassak'--:i* ! ,m>quis ( ,we/m9/] wore on ! hilt ( 8 sword at ! bir?day c]emonial imm$iately aft] ! ,que5's accession--:i* weighs #gh-a_/b c>ats1 & is valu$ at ,l#cj1jjj4 ,! ',reg5t' is a fam\s diamond pres]v$ among ! national jewels 9 ,p>is4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #agja1 at ! ,p>teal m9es1 on ! ,ki/na1 by a slave1 :o escap$ ) x to ! coa/1 :]e he sold x to an ,engli% skipp]1 by :om he 0 aft]w>ds trea*]\sly kill$4 ,?omas ,pitt1 gr&fa!r ( ! fir/ ,e>l ( ,*a?am1 at t "t gov]nor ( ,=t ,/ ,george1 pur*as$ ! /one1 & _h x re-cut 9 ,london1 :5ce x is (t5 kn[n z ! ',pitt4' ,its orig9al weight 0 #daj c>ats1 b x 0 r$uc$ 9 cutt+ to #acf-c_/d2 ! result1 h[ev]1 0 a brilliant ( f9e wat] & excell5t proportions4 ,pitt sold x 9 #agag1 ?r\gh ! f9anci] ,john ,law1 to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 !n ,reg5t ( ,france dur+ ! m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xv4 ,! price paid 0 ,l#ace1jjj1 & its value has s9ce be5 e/imat$ at ,l#dhj1jjj4 ,! /one is n[ among ! ,fr5* jewels 9 ! ,museum ( ,p>is4 ,! l>ge ',sancy' is an hi/orical diamond1 ab\t :i* _m contradictory /ories h be5 told4 ,x appe>s t ! ,sancy 0 an ,indian /one1 pur*as$ ab\t #aegj by ,m4 de ,sancy1 ,fr5* ambassador at ,con/ant9ople4 ,x pass$ tempor>ily into ! possession ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france1 & 0 ev5tually sold by ,sancy to ,que5 ,elizabe? ( ,engl&4 ,by ,james ,,ii4 x 0 dispos$ ( to ,l\is ,,xiv41 ab\t #afie1 = ,l#be1jjj4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury x pass$ to ! ,demid(f family 9 ,russia1 & by !m x 0 sold 9 #ahfe to ,sir ,jamsetjee ,jeejeebhoy4 ,9 #ahhi x 0 aga9 9 ! m>ket1 ! price ask$ be+ ,l#bj1jjj4 ,! ,russian diamond1 ',moon ( ,m\nta9s1' is set 9 ! imp]ial sceptre1 weighs #abj c>ats1 & is valu$ at #dej1jjj r\bles1 or1 say1 ab\t ,l#ge1jjj4 ,! ',m\nta9 ( ,spl5d\r1' belong+ to ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 weighs #ace c>ats1 & is valu$ at ,l#ade1jjj4 ,9 ! ,p]sian regalia !re is said to be ano!r diamond1 call$ ! ',abbas ,mirza1' weigh+ #acj c>ats1 & wor? ,l#ij1jjj4 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,cecil ,j4 ,,rhodes1 ,,! ,,diamond ,,k+4 ,we get a good insight into ! "* ( ,mr ,rhodes f all 8 utt]ances & public acts2 & an anecdote ab\t him :5 busy ) ! "w t made him fam\s z ! ',diamond ,k+1' ! amalgamation ( ! diamond-m9es1 %[s up ! man4 ,he 0 look+ at a map ( ,africa hung 9 ! (fice ( a ,kimb]ley m]*ant4 ,aft] look+ at x closely = "s "t1 he plac$ 8 h& ov] a l>ge "p ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,africa1 "r across ! cont95t1 & turn+ to a fri5d at 8 side1 said1 ',!re1 all t ,briti%6 ,t is my dream4' ',i give y t5 ye>s1' said 8 fri5d4 ,:5 he 0 9 p[] at ! ,cape1 & ! times 7 ripe1 8 dream 0 realis$1 & ! %ield ( ! great ,:ite ,que5 0 ?r[n ov] ,nor? & ,s\? ,zambesia1 & railway & telegraphic communication 0 be+ pu%$ on t[>ds ! equator4 ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,cecil ,john ,rhodes is ! f\r? son ( a cl]gyman1 ( ,bi%op ,/ort=d1 :]e he 0 born 9 #ahec4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! local s*ool1 b 8 heal? be+ f> f good1 he 0 s5t to ,natal to jo9 8 eld] bro!r1 a plant] !re4 ,bo? bro!rs made = ,kimb]ley at ! fir/ diamond ru%1 ,cecil go+ into p>tn]%ip z a diamond digg] ) ,mr ,c4 ,d4 ,rudd1 :o _h also gone out to ,s\? ,africa = 8 heal?4 ,:ile at ,kimb]ley1 "y ,rhodes read suffici5tly to enable him to pass at ,ox=d4 ,8 cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ! union ( ! ,de ,be]s ,company & ! ,kimb]ley ,c5tral ,company 0 n ! "w ( a day1 b x 0 accompli%$ l>gely ?r\gh ,mr ,rhodes's f9ancial skill1 & became kn[n z ! ,de ,be]s ,consolidat$ ,m9es1 ( :i* he 0 elect$ *airman & "o ( ! life gov]nors4 ,! capital valuation ( ! company n[ /&s at ab\t tw5ty-five millions4 ,regul> divid5ds ( tw5ty-five p] c5t4 h be5 paid = "s ye>s4 ,x 0 natural t an influ5tial man l ,mr ,rhodes %\ld be s5t to ! ,cape ,p>liam5t1 & 9 #ahhi he rose to be a memb] ( ! ,cab9et4 ,ano!r successful attempt at company promot+ 0 8 association ) ,mr ,rudd 9 ! ,transvaal gold-fields4 ,at fir/ _! m9es on ! ,witwat]sr&t did n turn out well2 b x is long s9ce !y began to pay enorm\sly1 ! net pr(its ( #ahid be+ ov] two millions1 :ile ! m>ket value ( ! conc]n is t5 millions /]l+4 ,sev]al gold prospectors _h deal+s ) & concessions f ,lob5gula1 9 ,matabelel&1 be=e ,mr ,rudd & ,mr ,rhodes jo9$ =ces 9 #ahhh & secur$ m9]al concessions cov]+ ! :ole ( 8 k+dom4 ,!n came ! laun*+ ( ! ,*>t]$ ,company1 incorporat$ 9 ,octob] #ahhi1 ) a capital ( "o million1 :i* has s9ce be5 rais$ to two & a half millions4 ,!n ,ma%onal& 0 prospect$1 & =ts built & roads 7 made1 & ! telegraph 0 c>ri$ on to ,salisbury1 giv+ connection ) ! ,cape4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ! settl]s c\ld n live 9 peace ) ,lob5gula1 a =ce "u ,dr ,jameson1 ! adm9i/rator1 broke ! p[] ( ! ,matabele 9 ! autumn ( #ahic4 ,! only s]i\s affair 0 ! dea?s ( =ty-n9e m5 ( ,wilson's column4 ,s9ce t "t ! c\ntry has be5 sl[ly settl$1 & ! railway is be+ pu%$ on to ,buluwayo4 ,mr ,rhodes has int]e/$ himself also 9 pu%+ on ! telegraph sy/em t[>ds ! ,great ,c5tral ,african lakes1 by way ( ,zumbo1 9 ! ,c5tral ,african ,protectorate1 "u ! capable rule ( ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on4 ,matabelel& is an excell5t pa/oral c\ntry1 & if a suffici5t numb] ( agricultural emigrants c\ld be got to rema9 & develop ! t]ritory1 its future w\ld be secur$4 ,un=tunately1 ?is class ( emigrant has hi!rto be5 lack+ 9 ,s\? ,africa--! gold & diamond fields h be5 too tempt+--b 9 "t1 d\btless1 ! sl[ & sure sort ( emigrant w f9d x to 8 int]e/ to develop ! l&4 ,! resid5ce ( ,mr ,rhodes is at ,groote ,s*nur1 ,rondebos*1 ne> ,cape ,t[n4 ,9 ! twelve hundr$ acres :i* surr\nd ! h\se !re are *>m+ views1 & a natural ,zoo1 ^u :i* he is said to h sp5t at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds4 ,he has ?r[n ?is place op5 to pleasure-seek]s f ! ,cape = all "t com+4 ,he enjoys rid+ ov] 8 e/ate1 & wat*+ ! visitors enjoy+ !mselves4 ,"l ,salisbury once t]m$ him a 'rem>kable man4' ,?is is well borne out by all :o h come 9 contact ) him4 ',he pres5ts1' says ! ,african ,review1 'a "* t is well wor?y ( analysis--t is a curi\s comp\nd ( g5]osity & almo/ repell5t cynicism1 ( dis9t]e/$ness & ambition1 ( l>ge aims t are dep5d5t on ?+s t are ess5tially trivial2 ! ke51 h>d-temp]$ "* ( a self-made man :o has c>v$ a c>e] out ( ,kimb]ley f9ance & ,cape ,colonial politics4444 ,( giant =ce ( m9d & w1 ) practis$ judgm5t t ne>ly am\nts to intuitive p]ception1 ) a grasp ( cause & effect t is f\nd$ ^u a microscopic obs]vation ( ! laws ( nature1 he is decid$ly a big man4 ,he is a r>ely accurate critic ( 8 fell[-mortals4' ,dr ,jameson prophesi$1 :5 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahie1 t ! annexation & occupation ( ,matabelel& & ,ma%onal& meant m ?an m]e annexation ( t]ritory1 b w\ld lead to a comm]cial union1 amalgamation1 or f$]ation ( ,s\? ,african /ates4 ,9 ,rhodesia1 a c\ntry ne>ly z l>ge z ,europe1 :ite m5 & wom5 c\ld live1 & :ite *ildr5 c\ld be re>$ 9 heal? & vig\r4 ,gold 0 to be f\nd !re1 & coal & iron4 ,! c\ntry has be5 settl$ s9ce ! p[] ( ,lob5gula 0 brok51 & ! road & railway are do+ _! b5efic5t "w4 ,! rev5ue = #ahid ne>ly balanc$ ! exp5diture4 ,:5 ,ma%onal& & ,matabelel& ne$$ ! railway1 ,mr ,rhodes 0 /ill ! key ( ! position4 ',krueg] w n let u take ! ,kimb]ley l9e into 8 c\ntry8 ,v well1' 9 effect said ,mr ,rhodes1 'we w take x r\nd him1 & beyond1 on ! way to ! ,transvaal ( ! ,zambesi4' ,& s ! matt] 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! ,imp]ial & ,colonial gov]nm5t & ! ,*>t]$ ,company4 ,s mu* l& 0 to be giv5 = tak+ ! l9e to ,vryburg1 s mu* to ,mafek+1 9 connection ) ! ma9 trunk l9e f ! ,cape4 ,dr ,jameson's raid into ,transvaal t]ritory1 e>ly 9 #ahif1 o/5sibly tak5 = ! purpose ( help+ ! p ( ,johannesburg1 :o compla9$ ( _! treatm5t by ! ,bo] gov]nm5t1 & ! complications :i* ensu$1 l$ to ! resignation ( ,mr ,rhodes z a memb] ( ! ,cape gov]nm5t1 :5 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! developm5t ( ,rhodesia1 ! new & promis+ t]ritory1 :i* has be5 s nam$ aft] him4 ,illu/ration3 ,african ,village4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,big ,,guns1 ,,small-,,arms1 ,,& ,,ammunition4 ,woolwi* ,ars5al--,enfield ,small-arms ,factory--,"l ,arm/rong & ! ,elswick ,works--,te/+ ,guns at ,%oeburyness--,hiram ,s4 ,maxim & ! ,maxim ,ma*9e ,gun--,! ,colt ,automatic ,gun--,ironclads--,subm>9e ,boats4 ,,woolwi* ,,ars5al4 ,s9ce e>ly days1 ,woolwi* has be5 an important c5tre = w>%ips & w>-mat]ial4 ,"h %ips 7 built & laun*$ :5 ,engl& fir/ began to h a navy ( specially con/ruct$ m5-(-w>1 = ,h5ry ,,viii4 e/abli%$ ! ,woolwi* docky>d1 & also appo9t$ ,commission]s ( ! navy1 & =m$ ! ,navy ,(fice4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ ?ree-deck]s1 or1 z we may almo/ call !m1 five-deck]s1 7 built at ?is docky>d2 & ( ^! ! mo/ fam\s 0 ! ,great ,h>ry1 s nam$ aft] ! k+1 :i* 0 laun*$ "h 9 #aead4 ,= ! p]iod1 ! %ip 0 a l>ge "o1 be+ ( a ?\s& tons burd52 ?\gh we %\ld n ?9k mu* ( h] size n[1 :5 we h ironclads ( ov] elev5 ?\s& tons4 ,!re are models ( h] 9 ! ,gre5wi* ,naval ,museum1 :i* is n f> f ,woolwi*2 & a curi\s l(ty wood5 ca/le %e is1 ris+ f> up above ! wat]-l9e1 & (f]+ a fair t>get1 if ! cannon ( ^? days _h any accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,great ,h>ry4 ,on ,june #c1 #aeei1 ,que5 ,elizabe? came d[n to ,woolwi* to witness ! laun* ( a l>ge %ip call$ aft] h] "n4 ,9 #afcg a %ip half z l>ge aga9 z ! ,great ,h>ry 0 laun*$ at ,woolwi*4 ,%e 0 ! m>vel ( h] days1 & ?\gh nam$ ! ,royal ,sov]eign1 0 m (t5 call$ ! ,gold5 ,devil1 f ! am\nt ( mis*ief %e wr\ght 9 ! ,dut* fleet4 ,h] guns 7 probably ( small size2 b %e c>ri$ en\gh ( !m on h] ?ree flu%-decks1 h] =eca/le1 h] half-deck1 h] qu>t]-deck1 & 9 h] r\nd-h\se2 = 9 h] l[] ti] 7 sixty ports2 9 ! middle1 ?irty2 9 ! ?ird1 tw5ty-six2 9 h] =eca/le 7 twelve2 9 h] half-deck 7 f\rte54 ,%e 0 decorat$ 9 ! emblematical /yle ( ! "t ) gild+ & c>v+s2 & ^! designs 7 ! "w ( "o ,?omas ,haywood1 an actor1 :o has left u an acc\nt ( ! %ip :i* he adorn$1 9 a qu>to volume publi%$ ! same ye> 9 :i* %e 0 laun*$4 ,we c imag9e :at %e look$ l1 ) h] l(ty =eca/le & poop1 ! latt] provid$ ) five lant]ns1 "o ( :i*1 we are told1 0 l>ge en\gh to conta9 t5 p]sons4 ,old ,samuel ,pepys gives u _m ref]5ces to ,woolwi* 9 8 fam\s ,di>y4 ,he paid frequ5t visits to ! docky>d on 8 duties z ,secret>y to ! ,admiralty1 & seems to h look$ aft] 8 bus9ess well4 ,= in/ance1 on ,june #c1 #affb1 he writes3 ',povy & ,sir ,w4 ,batt5 & ,i by wat] to ,woolwi*2 & !re saw an exp]im5t made ( ,sir ,r4 ,=d's ,holl& y>n1 ab\t :i* we h lately _h s mu* /ir2 & ,i h mu* conc]n$ myself = our rope-mak]1 ,mr ,hughes1 :o repres5t$ x s bad2 & we f\nd x to be v bad1 & broke soon] ?an1 ^u a fair trial1 five ?reads ( t aga9/ f\r ( ,riga y>n2 & also t "s ( x _h old /uff t _h be5 t>r$1 cov]$ ov] ) new hemp1 :i* is su* a *eat z ha? n be5 he>d (4' ,! next mon? he is look+ aft] ! hemp aga91 & writes3 ',to ,woolwi* to ! rope-y>d1 & !re look$ ov] sev]al sorts ( hemp1 & did fall ^u my great survey ( see+ ! work+ & exp]im5ts ( ! /r5g? & *>ge 9 ! dress+ ( e sort2 & ,i d ?9k h br\ght x to s great a c]ta9ty1 z ,i h done ! k+ "s s]vice 9 x1 & d purpose to get x ready aga9/ ! ,duke's com+ to t[n to pres5t to him4' ,he adds pa!tically3 ',i see x is impossible = ! k+ to h ?+s done z *eap z o!r m54' ,( z e>ly date probably z ! docky>d1 0 ! ',w>r51' ! "n by :i* ! ,ars5al 0 =m]ly call$4 ,?is e/abli%m5t seems to h begun z a cannon-f\ndry1 & su*1 inde$1 x *iefly cont9ues to be4 ,moreov]1 9 o!r days :5 ! docky>d fl\ri%$1 /ores ( %ips' cannon 7 kept "h1 ready to be plac$ on %ips z soon z commission$4 ,b n[ t ! docky>d is a ?+ ( ! pa/1 & n[ t ! l>ge build+-slips1 work%ops1 & ropewalk are empty1 ! cannon at ! ,ars5al are *iefly ^? = ! royal artill]y & = =ts4 ,! docky>d has be5 clos$ s9ce #ahfi2 its broad roads are des]t$1 its work%ops are sil5t1 & its l>ge %$s are only us$ = /ores2 b ! ,ars5al has increas$ 9 magnitude2 & ! ',w>r51' 9 :i*1 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,plum/ead magaz9es1 p[d] 0 prov$ 7'be=e ! pr9cipal eng9e]s & (fic]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance1 to :i* _m ( ! nobility & g5try 7 (t5 invit$1 & aft]w>ds sumptu\sly ent]ta9$ by !m'71 has n[ become an enorm\s e/abli%m5t1 cov]+ acres ( gr\nd1 & conta9+ work%ops provid$ ) ! mo/ complicat$ ma*9]y1 & f\ndries ( enorm\s size4 ,x is r\nd ?is ,ars5al t we propose to take ! read]4 ,hav+ ga9$ admittance1 ! visitor is put 9 *>ge ( a guide4 ,! tapp+ ( ! great furnace is a rem>kable sight4 ,a /ream ( molt5 /eel runs into a huge tank :i* c conta9 f\r or five tons ( metal1 & ?is tank is dragg$ (f by "s score ( m5 to fill ! v>i\s m\lds4 ,x is rem>kable1 also1 to see a huge /eam-hamm] ( "s =ty tons' =ce weld+ a mass ( metal at :ite-heat4 ,! ,ars5al is divid$ into f\r dep>tm5ts--! ,laboratory1 ! ,gun ,factory1 ! ,gun-c>riage ,dep>tm5t1 & ! ,/ores2 & ( ^! f\r divisions1 ! fir/ two conta9 ! *ief ?+s n to be f\nd 9 v _m o!r places4 ,! ,gun-c>riage ,dep>tm5t has work%ops bo? = metal & wood "w1 & ea* bran* conta9s _m subdivisions4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ?is dep>tm5t :i* is peculi> to ! ,ars5al1 ) ! exception1 ( c\rse1 ( ! special articles :i* are manufactur$2 t is to say1 =g+1 /eam-c>p5t]+1 :eel-mak+1 & s on1 are c>ri$ out z !y w\ld be execut$ else:]e4 ,! guides always make a po9t ( %[+ ! :eel-%oe+ pit1 z x is call$1 9 :i* ! tyre is put on a gun-:eel4 ,! ma*9]y 9 ?is dep>tm5t is v complete1 especially 9 ! c>p5t]s' %ops1 :]e ! la!s :i* "w automatically1 & turn :eel-spokes & su* ?+s accord+ to a giv5 patt]n1 & ! /eam-saws = cutt+ dovetails = sides ( boxes1 & o!r ma*9]y1 are all con/ruct$ on highly +5i\s pr9ciples4 ,) reg>d to ! articles con/ruct$1 ! trail ( a gun may be foll[$ 9 all /ages ( its con/ruction until x appe>s complete ) its :eels1 & ready = ! gun to be plac$ on x4 ,"h1 too1 may be se5 ! +5i\s ,moncrieff gun-c>riage1 by :i* ! gun is only rais$ above a =tification at ! mom5t :5 x is fir$1 ! 'sight+' be+ done f bel[ by an arrangem5t ( mirrors4 ,! ,/ores1 aga91 are rem>kable only = ! quantity ( mat]ial /[$ away ready = use4 ,= in/ance1 !re are t5 ?\s& complete sets ( h>ness = guns & baggage wagons always kept 9 /ock4 ,b :5 ! visitor has j walk$ once ?r\gh ^! /oreh\ses1 he w probably h se5 all t he c>es to see !re4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 we come to ! ,gun ,factory t ! special int]e/ ( ! ,ars5al beg9s4 ,imag9e a huge mass ( /eel weld$--= ca/+ w\ld n give suffici5t /r5g?--into ! =m ( ! trunk ( a l>ge fir-tree1 & y h ! fir/ /age ( a gun's exi/5ce4 ,?is solid mass is to =m ! tube ( a cannon1 & ! solid core has to be remov$ by +5i\s & p[]ful ma*9]y4 ,x takes a week or two to bore ! int]ior ( "s ( ! l>g] guns4 ,"s ( ! ma*9es are con/ruct$ to bore a hole :i* is cont9ually enl>g$ by successive tools2 :ile o!rs actually cut out a r\nd solid mass f ! int]ior4 ,! tube has also to be subject$ to ! process ( be+ turn$ bo? )9 & )\t1 & x is !n fit = ! next process1 :i* is t ( cutt+ ! grooves )9 x :i* give ! requir$ sp9 to ! projectile1 commonly call$ rifl+4 ,?is is a delicate & intricate process1 = ! utility ( ! gun ( c\rse dep5ds l>gely on ! accuracy ) :i* ! grooves are made4 ,! actual cutt+ is p]=m$ by a ma*9e :i* travels up ! tube at ! requir$ spiral2 b z ! "w proce$s1 ! man 9 *>ge c>efully exam9es ! grooves along _! :ole l5g? ) ! aid ( a c&le fix$ at ! end ( a long rod :i* he pu%es up ! tube4 ,b :5 ! tube has be5 bor$1 turn$1 & rifl$1 ! gun is by no means f9i%$4 ,! tube by itself w\ld be f> too delicate = ! l>ge *>ges ( p[d] employ$2 &1 consequ5tly1 x has to be fitt$ at ! bree* end ) two or ?ree out] cases or jackets1 ! outside "o ( :i* be>s ! trunnions on :i* ! gun re/s4 ,at la/ ! gun is complet$2 & ! next ?+ is to subject x to a sev]e te/ by fir+ f x a *>ge ( p[d] proportion$ to its size4 ,= ?is purpose1 x has to be tak5 to ,plum/ead ,m>%es1 a portion ( :i* =ms ! te/+-gr\nd & p[d]-magaz9es connect$ ) ! ,ars5al4 ,l9es ( railway run d[n to ! m>%es1 & ! gun is m\nt$ on a truck & dragg$ (f by a locomotive to ! place appo9t$ = its trial4 ,x may be m5tion$ t l9es ( railway run 9 all directions ?r\gh ! ,ars5al1 "o ( n>r[ gauge be+ introduc$ into mo/ ( ! work%ops1 s t ! visitor has to keep a look\t le/ a t9y locomotive ) a tra9 ( :at may almo/ be call$ toy trucks %\ld be> d[n ^u him z he is walk+ along4--,b to return to ! gun4 ,:5 x has be5 f9ally te/$1 clean$1 poli%$1 & /amp$1 x is coat$ ) a p>ticul> v>ni%1 & is fit = s]vice4 ,! next mo/ int]e/+ place to ! ,gun ,factory is ! ,laboratory1 :]e %ells & bullets are manufactur$4 ,%ells are ca/ r\gh1 & !n f9i%$ (f 9 a la!4 ,a b& ( copp] n[ usually takes ! place ( ! copp] /uds :i* 7 =m]ly ins]t$ to enable ! %ell to fit into ! rifl$ grooves4 ,?is b& is exp&$ by ! =ce ( ! explosion :5 ! gun is fir$1 & fills up ! grooves1 s z to give ! necess>y sp9 to ! %ells4 ,%ells are *>g$ ) _! int]ior bullets at ! ,laboratory2 b ! p[d] is add$ d[n at ! m>%es4 ,a %ell :5 complet$ has become a v exp5sive article1 especially if x is a l>ge "o4 ,"s ( ^? projectiles are s heavy t ! guns f :i* !y h to be fir$ are provid$ ) small cranes = lift+ !m up to ! bree*4 ,! %ells are1 l ! guns1 beautifully f9i%$ (f & v>ni%$1 & !n s5t (f to ! /ores4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ place 9 ! ,laboratory dep>tm5t is ! ,patt]n ,room1 :i* is a sort ( museum :]e %ot & %ells ( all sorts are to be se51 f ! old-fa%ion$ *a9-%ot1 made ( r\nd balls fa/5$ toge!r1 to ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( mod]n %ells4 ,"h1 also1 are to be se5 ^? /range weapons ( mod]n w>f>e call$ torp$oes1 among/ !m ! fam\s 'fi% torp$o1' :i* ) its complicat$ me*anism may be almo/ describ$ z an "u-wat] %ip4 ,x is s con/ruct$ t x f9ds its way unse5 & unhe>d1 ) its t]rible *>ge ( dynamite1 to ! side ( a ho/ile vessel4 ,,! ,,enfield ,,small-,,arms ,,factory4 ,x is at ,enfield1 on ! riv] ,lea1 "s twelve miles d[n ! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway1 t small-arms are manufactur$1 almo/ entirely1 z requir$ by our army4 ,enfield ,factory has n1 l ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 an anci5t hi/ory ( its own4 ,9 ! days ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ( ,elizabe?1 ( ! ,duke ( ,york & 8 fai?ful secret>y1 ,samuel ,pepys1 ,woolwi* 0 fam\s = ! production bo? ( %ips & ( guns2 b ! small-arms factory on ! bord]s ( ,essex dates only f ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,its site seems to h be5 *os5 reg>dless ( any peculi> advantages = manufactur+ purposes4 ,x is simply a collection ( work%ops built 9 ! flat mead[s ?r\gh :i* run ! v>i\s bran*es1 natural & artificial1 ( ! lazy ,lea2 & ! ne>e/ t[n1 ab\t a mile & a half di/ant1 is quiet & remote little ,wal?am1 *iefly kn[n = its ,abbey ,*ur*1 ! burial-place ( ,k+ ,h>old1 :i* rises 9 its mid/4 ,! situation ( ! ,enfield ,factory is1 h[ev]1 advantage\s 9 ?is way3 ! canals =m a safe means ( wat] transit = ! gunp[d] :i* is manufactur$ 9 ! adjac5t mills at ,wal?am1 & :i* is requir$ at ,enfield = use 9 ! prov+ ( ! b>rels ( fire>ms2 :ile ! f>-/ret*+ m>%es provide an app>5tly int]m9able range = c>ry+ out ! necess>y exp]im5ts & trials ) reg>d to ! accuracy ( ! weapons manufactur$4 ,:]e "o ( ! canals has be5 conduct$ into a squ>e-%ap$ bas91 ! old] & pr9cipal build+s ( ! manufactory h be5 locat$4 ,!y =m a quadrangle ( "s ext5t2 & "h1 too1 are situat$ ! (fices & ! qu>t]s ( ! executive /aff1 :i* is compos$ p>tly ( civilians & p>tly ( milit>y (fic]s4 ,beh9d ^!1 on ! ea/ side ( ! enclosure1 & on ! banks ( "o ( ! canals1 are r[s ( workm5's cottages4 ,ne> ! entrance gates are situat$ s*ools = ! workm5's *ildr52 & at ! o!r end ( ?is /reet1 z we may call x1 is a *ur*1 :i* is s]v$ by ! cl]gy ( ! p>i% ( ,enfield4 ,on ! we/ side ext5d nor? & s\? ! flat mead[s or m>%es :i* =m s conv5i5t a spot = ! te/+ & prov+ ( ! rifles4 ,all sorts ( p]sonal weapons requir$ = ! arm+ ( a soldi] 9 ! ,engli% army are made "h1 n only fire>ms1 su* z rifles & revolv]s1 b lances1 swords1 & bayonets1 ! la/ hav+ n[ become a sort ( %ort sword4 ,!re is also "o class ( weapons :i* occupies a sort ( int]m$iate position betwe5 ^? c>ri$ by ! soldi] himself & ^? drawn by horses--t ( ma*9e guns1 z !y are call$1 :i*1 ?\gh n c>ri$ by m5 on _! %\ld]s or 9 _! h&s1 are drawn ab\t by !m on small c>riages4 ,^! ma*9e guns are class$ ) p]sonal arms1 because !y are usually employ$ 9 connection ) infantry2 & also because--:i* is a f> m important reason--! ammunition requir$ = !m is simil> to t us$ 9 rifles4 ,9 fact1 !y are 9 pr9ciple only a collection ( infantry rifles fa/5$ toge!r1 or1 z we %all see1 a s+le rifle b>rel ) ma*9]y atta*$ :i* enables x to dis*>ge ) great rapidity4 ,!re is "o m g5]al pr9ciple :i* we %all d well to be> 9 m9d be=e we ent] ! factory4 ,x is ?is1 t ( c\rse ! manufacture ( small-arms is 9 z mu* a condition ( unc]ta9ty z t ( l>g] w>like weapons 9 ^! days4 ,:at we see n[ may become obsolete 9 a v %ort "t1 & we %all be %[n specim5s ( fire>ms :i* =m$ ! univ]sal weapons ( ! ,briti% army only a v few ye>s ago1 b are n[ z mu* out ( date = practical purposes z cross-b[s4 ,rememb]+ ?is1 let u g fir/ :5 we ent] to "o ( ! (fices1 :]e we %all see arrang$ 9 a rack aga9/ ! wall1 among/ o!rs1 specim5s ( ! old ,enfield muzzle-load]1 ( ! same weapon conv]t$ into a bree*-load]1 ( ! ,m>t9i-,h5ry rifle1 & ( ! late/ patt]n ( all1 ! magaz9e rifle4 ,:ile1 /or$ away 9 "s out-(-!-way corn]1 x is j possible we might come across a specim5 ( ! old smoo?-bore or ',br[n ,bess1' :i* =m$ ! weapon ( c]ta9 ,engli% l9esm5 s late z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,! ,enfield work%ops are ( c\rse 9 appe>ance mu* l o!r work%ops4 ,!re are ! same processes ( =g+ & ca/+1 & ! same ma*9]y = hamm]+ & turn+ & bor+ & drill+ :i* we see else:]e4 ,a rifle1 z e "o kn[s1 consi/s ( ?ree portions--! wood5 /ock1 ! b>rel1 & ! lock4 ,! /ock is usually made ( walnut wood1 & is manufactur$ 9 :at we %\ld p]haps describe z a c>p5t]'s %op4 ,=m]ly1 ! /ock ( a rifle 0 =m$ out ( "o long piece ( timb]2 b n[ ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! bree* & lock _c be conta9$ 9 a holl[ 9 ! wood1 z 0 =m]ly ! case1 b has to be enclos$ 9 a /eel case1 to :i* ! wood5 butt & b>rel support are screw$4 ,to ! rifles ( ! newe/ patt]n !re hangs1 j bel[ ! lock1 ! magaz9e1 9 :i* are c>ri$ five or1 9 "s cases1 t5 c>tridges1 :i* spr+ up into place 9 turn1 ready to be dis*>g$4 ,9 %ort1 ! rifle has become1 z reg>ds its rapidity ( action1 some?+ simil> to a revolv] pi/ol4 ,we %all f9d t a lock has 9 its manufacture to pass ?r\gh an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( processes1 ea* "p hav+ to be =g$ or beat5 out till ! :ole c be fitt$ toge!r4 ,let u pass on to ! b>rel-mak+ %op4 ,rifle b>rels are made f a solid r\nd b> ( /eel1 :i* is at fir/ consid]ably %ort] & /\t] ?an ! f9i%$ b>rel w be4 ,?is /eel b> is heat$ r$-hot1 & is pass$ betwe5 sev]al pairs ( roll]s1 :i* conv]t x outw>dly into ! requir$ =m4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds to be bor$ & !n rifl$--t is1 furni%$ ) ! spiral grooves )91 :i* gives ! bullet ! necess>y sp94 ,( c\rse ! b>rel is by f> ! mo/ important portion ( a fire>m1 & ! b>rels ( rifles are1 at ,enfield1 te/$ & prov$ 9 ! mo/ +5i\s & se>*+ mann]4 ,! fir/ pro( takes place aft] ! b>rel has be5 bor$1 b be=e x is rifl$4 ,! b>rels are load$ ) c>tridges ( consid]ably great] weight bo? 9 p[d] & bullet ?an ^? :i* w be us$ 9 !m :5 !y are ready = s]vice1 & are enclos$ 9 a sort ( /rong box :i* has "o side op54 ,!y are !n dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! op5 side into a heap ( s&1 & exam9$2 b x is a r>e ev5t to f9d a b>rel t has n be5 able to be> ?is te/4 ,! second pro(1 :i* takes place aft] ! rifl+1 is ( a simil> "*4 ,b ^! pro(s are only to te/ ! /r5g? ( a b>rel2 ! te/ ( its accuracy is a mu* m delicate op]ation4 ,( c\rse ! ma*9]y by :i* x is bor$ & rifl$ works ) ! mo/ admirable precision2 b yet x is necess>y to put ?is ma*9e-"w to trial4 ,!re are1 among/ o!rs1 two highly +5i\s me?ods = do+ ?is4 ,9 ! "o case x is plac$ on a /& :i* is s con/ruct$ t on x ! b>rel c be made to revolve rapidly4 ,! b>rel is po9t$ t[>ds a w9d[1 & 9 front ( x is a fix$ sight4 ,! workman looks ?r\gh x :ile x is revolv+2 & if ! sight rema9s /eady to 8 eye1 t is a pro( t ! b>rel may be said to be /raight4 ,b !re is yet ano!r me?od4 ,! me*anism ( ?is te/+ app>atus is r difficult to describe1 b is some?+ ( ?is fa%ion4 ,! b>rel is made to revolve z be=e2 b ?is "t !re is ins]t$ 9 x a sp9dle1 on :i* is fix$ a %ort arm ) a po9t :i* t\*es v lightly ! int]ior ( ! b>rel4 ,if !re is any inequality1 or if ! b>rel is n p]fectly /raight1 ?is %ort arm is ( c\rse %ak51 & :5 ?is is ! case1 ! motion is fur!r communicat$ to a long arm at ! end ( :i* is an indicator1 :i* is look$ at by ! workman ?r\gh a magnify+ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,gatl+ ,gun on ,field ,c>riage4 ,b>rel1 /ock1 & lock be+ at la/ complet$ & te/$1 ! rifle is put toge!r2 b ev5 !n x is subject$ to "o m trial4 ,?is is c>ri$ out on ! pro(-gr\nd 9 ! m>%es1 & takes ! =m ( an actual dis*>ge ( ! weapon at a t>get4 ,! rifle is screw$ to a fix$ & firm support1 & !n a c]ta9 numb] ( r\nds are fir$ at ranges ( five hundr$ & "o ?\s& y>ds respectively4 ,9 ?is te/ ! hitt+ ( ! c5tre ( ! t>get1 or 'bull's-eye1' is n ! end 9 view1 z x is 9 ord9>y t>get practice4 ,t sort ( %oot+ dep5ds ( c\rse on ! /ead9ess ) :i* ! m>ksman holds ! rifle4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! fix$ re/ may be direct$ on any portion ( ! t>get1 & ! grip w always be ! same4 ,! only object ( ! te/ is to see :e!r ! rifle ?r[s ! bullet at ea* r\nd on or ne> ! same spot4 ,a m>k] at ! butt exam9es ! position ( ea* %ot1 & ! small] ! space on :i* !y /rike1 ! bett] ! weapon4 ,we h n yet spok5 ( ! ma*9e guns4 ,^! weapons are1 z "p ( ! regul> equipm5t ( armies1 q mod]n1 ?\gh ! idea ( b9d+ toge!r a quantity ( b>rels & !n dis*>g+ !m at once1 or ) great rapidity "o aft] ano!r1 is n altoge!r novel4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( a numb] ( b>rels1 "o only is requir$1 & ! c>tridges are dis*>g$ f %ort b>rels or *amb]s :i* are br\ght 9 turn into position ) ! long] "o4 ,?is is ! ord9>y revolv] sy/em2 b mod]n ma*9e guns are a great improvem5t on ?is me?od1 & entirely disp5se ) ! necessity ( load+ sep>ate *amb]s4 ,ma*9e guns h succe$$ "o ano!r ) extraord9>y rapidity1 & a gun seems only to be adopt$ 9 ord] to be sup]s$$4 ,?us we h _h dur+ ! la/ few ye>s a s]ies ( ^! weapons be>+ ! names ( ,gatl+1 ,g>dn]1 ,nord5felt1 & ,maxim1 describ$ on a lat] page4 ,illu/ration3 ,nord5felt-,palmcrantz ,gun m\nt$ on ,%ip's ,bulw>k4 ,z we walk ab\t ! factory we see1 besides ! workm51 "h & !re gr\ps ( m5 9 milit>y uni=m4 ,^! are arm\r] s]geants1 :o att5d classes at :i* !y are taught ! my/]i\s me*anism ( ! bree*-load]s & ma*9e guns4 ,9 =m] days1 ,tommy ,atk9s c\ld be in/ruct$ h[ to keep 8 weapon 9 ord]1 lock & all2 b n[ its complications are beyond ! p[] ( 8 und]/&+ or ( 8 f+]s1 p]haps ( bo?1 & he has to h& ov] 8 rifle to a m skill$ sup]ior :5 x is out ( ord]4 ,truly1 milit>y matt]s1 f ! movem5t ( ! va/ army corps ( ! pres5t day d[n to ! me*anism ( ! soldi]'s weapons1 h become a highly te*nical matt]4 ,,"l ,,arm/rong ,,& ,,! ,,elswick ,,works4 ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ! *airman & f\nd] ( ?is great firm ( w>%ip build]s & mak]s ( big guns at ,elswick1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 is ! son ( a ,cumb]l& yeoman1 & born at ,newca/le 9 #ahaj4 ,he e>ly %[$ a turn = me*anical contrivances1 & delicate y\? z he 01 :5 conf9$ to ! h\se he 0 q happy mak+ toys ( old sp9n+-:eels & su*-l ?+s4 ,he w\ld also sp5d h\rs 9 a jo9]'s %op1 copy+ ! jo9]'s "w1 & mak+ m9iature eng9es4 ,he _h ample opportunity 9 8 fa!r's h\se ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) *emi/ry1 electricity1 & me*anics4 ,9 spite ( 8 turn = me*anics1 he 0 articl$ to a solicitor1 :o1 at ! f9i% ( 8 appr5tice%ip1 made him 8 p>tn]4 ,9 8 leisure h\rs he conduct$ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,fi%+ 0 also a fav\rite pa/ime ) him1 & 9 #ahcf1 :ile rambl+ ?r\gh ,d5t ,dale1 he saw a /ream desc5d+ f a great height & driv+ only "o s+le mill4 ,?is l$ him to ?9k t !re might be a m economical use ( ?is wat] hydraulically1 ) ! result t he produc$ a hydraulic eng9e1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! inv5tion ( a hydraulic crane = rais+ weights at h>b\rs & 9 w>eh\ses4 ,x 0 soon adopt$ at ! ,alb]t ,dock1 ,liv]pool1 & else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"l ,,arm/rong4 ,next he inv5t$ an app>atus = extract+ electricity f /eam1 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ! ,polyte*nic ,in/itution1 ,london4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 he>d ( ?is fam\s ma*9e1 & s5t exp]ts to exam9e x4 ,arm/rong began to receive recognition2 he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahdf1 & a ye> lat]1 aid$ by "s fri5ds1 he began on a small scale ! ,elswick ,eng9e-works 9 ! suburbs ( ,newca/le1 :i* h gr[n to be ! l>ge/ conc]n ( ! k9d 9 ! c\ntry4 ,at fir/ ! ent]prise *iefly consi/$ 9 ! manufacture ( hydraulic cranes1 eng9es1 accumulators1 & bridges4 ,! addition ( ordnance & %ipp+1 = :i* ,arm/rong became *iefly kn[n1 came lat]4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #ahec1 ! weapon us$ by ! infantry portion ( ! ,briti% army 0 a clumsy smoo?-bore musket1 :i* 0 only effective up to ?ree hundr$ y>ds at ! f>!/2 ! usual di/ance at :i* practice 0 made by ! soldi] seldom exce$+ "o hundr$ y>ds4 ,9 ! above-nam$ ye>1 an arm 0 br\ght into use1 t]m$1 f ! locality ( its manufacture1 ! ,enfield rifle4 ,?is weapon be+ light]1 & possess+ a mu* great] range ?an ! old small-arm1 ,br[n ,bess1 z x 0 call$1 ?reat5$ v s]i\sly to dim9i% ! effect ( field-artill]y1 if n to aboli% t arm entirely1 z1 inde$1 _m infantry (fic]s 7 sangu9e en\gh to pr$ict4 ,nor 7 !y )\t good reason = _! boa/+1 ! only field-artill]y consi/+ ( #f-p\nd] brass guns = horse-artill]y1 #i-p\nd] guns = field-batt]ies1 & sometimes #ab-p\nd] & #ah-p\nd] guns z batt]ies ( position--t is to say1 batt]ies us$ :5 ! g5]al ( a =ce meant to make any /& 9 a suitable position2 on ^! occasions1 ! guns 7 tak5 to ! requisite places1 & !re left4 ,n[1 all ^! guns 7 smoo?-bor$2 & z ! range ( ! #f & #i p\nd]s 0 limit$ 9 practice to ab\t "o ?\s& y>ds1 x 0 a fair en\gh supposition t a company ( conceal$ riflem5 ) _! ,enfield rifles c\ld pick (f ! gunn]s & rema9 !mselves comp>atively secure1 especially z _! muskets be+ sight$ up to1 & effective at1 elev5 hundr$ y>ds1 ! guns also w\ld be a good m>k to aim at1 & ! riflem5 h>d to see1 ev5 if expos$4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( affairs :5 ,arm/rong /epp$ 9 to ! rescue ( ! artill]y1 & provid$ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t ) ! rifl$ cannon n[ 9 use1 & ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt54 ,arm/rong1 dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>1 made an explosive app>atus = bl[+ up %ips sunk at ,seba/opol4 ,?is l$ him to turn 8 att5tion to improvem5ts 9 ordnance4 ,he inv5t$ a k9d ( bree*-load+ cannon1 & soon _h an ord] = sev]al field-pieces aft] ! same patt]n4 ,he began ) guns ?r[+ #f lb4 & #ah lb4 %ot & %ells1 & aft]w>ds #cb lb4 %ells2 & ! results at ! "t 7 deem$ almo/ incr$ible4 ,he _h bo? r$uc$ ! weight ( ! gun by "o-half1 r$uc$ ! *>ge ( p[d]1 & 8 gun s5t ! %ell ab\t ?ree times f>!r4 ,8 success l$ to 8 (f]+ to gov]nm5t all 8 pa/ inv5tions1 & any t he might 9 ! future discov]4 ,a po/ 0 creat$ = him1 t ( ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ,rifl$ ,ordnance = sev5 ye>s provisionally4 ,! f\nd] ( ?is great firm 0 knight$ by ! ,que5 9 #aheh1 & made ,c4,b4 ,9 #ahhg he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age z ,b>on ,arm/rong ( ,cragside4 ,8 mansion & e/ate ( ,cragside is at ,ro?bury1 & x is fitt$ up ) ! electric light & e conv5i5ce ( weal? & ta/e4 ,arm/rong's peculi> p>tn]%ip betwe5 gov]nm5t & ! ,elswick ,works 0 br\ght to a close 9 #ahfc1 s9ce :i* "t ! progress ( ! firm has be5 cont9u\s4 ,9 #ahhb an amalgamation took place betwe5 ! ,elswick ,works & ! firm ( ,*>les ,mit*ell ,co41 %ipbuild]s at ,l[ ,walk]4 ,dr ,mit*ell1 :o 0 a native ( ,ab]de51 & a munific5t donor to ,newca/le & ,ab]de51 0 "o ( ! directors ( ,arm/rong1 ,mit*ell1 ,co4 till 8 dea? 9 #ahie4 ,?is firm are n[ ! lead+ w>%ip build]s 9 ! _w4 ,krupp's works at ,ess5 7describ$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is book7 are ! only p>allel to !m 9 ,europe4 ,! eng9e]+ works1 begun1 z we h se51 9 #ahdg1 n[ occupy ab\t n9e acres2 ! ordnance works1 f\nd$ t5 ye>s lat]1 occupy ab\t =ty acres2 :ile ab\t five ?\s& m5 are employ$4 ,! %ipbuild+ y>ds are at ,l[ ,walk]1 ne>] ! sea4 ,! hydraulic ma*9]y = ! ,t[] ,bridge & ! ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal 7 bo? produc$ by ?is great firm4 ,"s ye>s ago "o ( 8 biograph]s wrote3 ',he ent]ta9s ! great in/itutes ( ,engl& :5 !y visit 8 native city on royal l9es1 9 regal spl5d\r4 ,8 works at ,elswick enjoy all mod]n improvem5ts4 ,8 home at ,jesmond is ! abode ( art1 lit]ature1 & luxury4 ,:5 8 heal? compla9$ "u its heavy load1 he cultivat$ agriculture1 botany1 & =e/ry = recreation2 b\ght an e/ate at ,ro?bury1 :]e ! k9dly invigorat+ air _h heal$ him 9 days gone by2 conv]t$ ! b>r5 hills into an e>?ly p>adise2 light$ 8 ,cragside mansion ) ,swan's lamp & 8 own hydraulic p[]2 appli$ wat]-p[] to 8 cons]vatory1 t 8 plants might secure ! sun4 ,b amid all ! luxuries :i* surr\nd him1 8 life is z simple z nature2 & n[1 at ! ripe age ( sev5ty-?ree1 he ma9ta9s ! fre%ness & ela/icity ( y\?4 ,he 0 wont to run l a de] along ! moors ( ,all5heads to exam9e ! t>get fir$ at by ! orig9al ,arm/rong gun4' ,"l ,arm/rong has be5 hon\r$ bo? at home & abroad1 & has done mu* = ! am5ity ( ,newca/le2 & ,jesmond ,d5e1 "p ( 8 ,jesmond e/ate1 0 ?r[n op5 to ! public by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales :ile 8 gue/ at ,cragside4 ,! high-level bridge1 giv+ easy access to ! p>k = ! t[n1 co/ ,l#bj1jjj4 ,o!r b5efactions h be5 ,l#ab1ejj t[>ds a museum2 a hall = ! lit]>y society1 a me*anics' in/itute1 s*ools at ,elswick1 c4 ,a rec5t pur*ase 0 at ,bambor\gh1 ! anci5t capital ( ! ,nor?umbrian k+s1 :]e1 ne>] our own "t1 ,grace ,d>l+ 0 born & di$4 ,already great improvem5ts are 9 progress !re 9 ! %ape ( workm5's h\ses2 & ! p>i% *ur* is be+ re/or$4 ,bambor\gh ,ca/le1 :i* is also includ$ 9 ! pur*ase1 is an impos+ mass ( masonry1 /&+ on a pile ( column> basalt1 :i* is m5tion$ e>ly 9 hi/ory2 !re 0 a ca/le "h z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury4 ,by ! w ( ,"l ,crewe x _h be5 devot$ z f> back z #agba to *>itable purposes4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahic1 ,"l ,arm/rong told ! ,elswick %>ehold]s t he believ$ ! "t 0 com+ :5 arm\r$ %ips w\ld be z obsolete z mail-clad m54 ',d :at we w1' he said1 ',i believe t ! means ( attack w always ov]take ! means ( def5ce1 & t soon] or lat] arm\r w be ab&on$4' ,8 reason = ?is /atem5t 0 ! use ( high explosives & quick-fir+ guns4 ,9 ! future1 light vessels ( great spe$1 arm$ ) quick-fir+ guns1 are likely to be ! ord] ( ! day4 ,! life ( a battle%ip1 he also said1 0 f> too valuable to be /ak$ on ! use ( its ram2 special %ips %\ld !re=e be built = ramm+4 ,on ano!r occasion he discuss$ ! improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( cordite :i* _h made x possible to secure enorm\s p[] ev5 ) mod]ate-siz$ guns4 ,) a #f-;in* gun ( #de calibre1 & a #ajj lb4 projectile1 a velocity ( ne>ly #cjjj feet p] second has be5 rea*$1 giv+ an en]gy ( #ehhd tons1 z aga9/ ! #ebed tons ( ! #h-;in* gun ( t5 ye>s ago4 ,?is la/ gun c\ld only fire f\r r\nds 9 five m9utes2 n[ we he> ( t5 & eighte5 r\nds 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,z to spe$1 "s w>%ips built = ! ,arg5t9e ,republic & = ,japan _h rea*$ a spe$ ( #bf-a_/d miles an h\r1 & 7 at ! "t ! fa/e/ w>-vessels afloat4 ,at ! annual meet+ ( %>ehold]s 9 #ahie1 ,"l ,arm/rong said t ! w>-mat]ial :i* !y suppli$ = ! great naval w> 9 ! ,ea/ ?or\ghly /ood ! te/1 & ! quick-fir+ guns ( ! ,japanese navy _h greatly help$ _! victory4 ,! heavily-arm$ high-spe$ cruis]s also des]ve a %>e ( ! cr$it1 & ^! _h be5 built by _! firm4 ,9 connection ) an (ficial inquiry x 0 f\nd t 9 #ahif !re 7 #ah1jjj m5 employ$ 9 ! ars5al at ,elswick alone1 & t #ac ironclads & cruis]s1 & #adjj guns 7 be+ built4 ,,te/+ ,,guns ,,at ,,%oeburyness4 ,x is at ,%oeburyness1 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex1 t exp]im5ts are c>ri$ out ) ! guns1 l>ge & small1 manufactur$ at ,woolwi* & ,enfield4 ,%oeburyness has become a milit>y c5tre1 n because ( any advantages af=d$ by its position on ! sea1 b because x consi/s ( a l>ge tract ( dre>y m>%es flank$ to ! s\? & ea/ by ! f>-/ret*+ ,mapl9 s&s1 :i* are almo/ entirely uncov]$ at l[-wat]4 ,^! s&s =m ! attraction f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,! fir/ connection ( ,%oeburyness ) mod]n milit>y matt]s appe>s to h be5 made s lately z ! "t ( ! ,crimean ,w>1 :5 ! flat r\gh m>%l& 0 employ$ z a camp+ gr\nd = m5 & horses ) ! view ( accu/om+ bo? to ! h>d "w :i* lay be=e !m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?is tract ( c\ntry has ?us become ! prop]ty ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 & t adm9i/rative body soon f\nd ano!r use = x1 9 :i* ! half-subm]g$ s&s 7 to be> an important "p4 ,! idea 0 conceiv$ t t>gets might be erect$ on ^! s&s1 & t ! projectiles :i* 7 fir$ at !m might be recov]$ at l[-wat]4 ,h5ce ! fir/ connection ( ,%oeburyness ) ! artill]y ( ! pres5t day4 ,a safe range c be f\nd across ! s&s to almo/ any di/ance1 & ^! m>%es h !re=e become ! /age on :i* our great guns1 su* z ,arm/rongs & ,:itwor?s1 h made1 s to speak1 _! fir/ debut4 ,to rea* ,%oeburyness we take ! railway :i* runs along ! s\? coa/ ( ,essex & ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,?ames4 ,z we ne> ! m\? ( ! e/u>y we pass ,s\!nd1 belov$ ( tripp]s1 ) its pi] /ret*+ out 9 its l5g? ( ov] a mile1 & !n cross ! base ( ! ness itself1 :5 we rea* ! sea aga94 ,on ! s\?-ea/]n face ( ! ness we are at our j\rney's end1 & ! railway also1 s f> z ! g5]al public is conc]n$1 has come to a full /op4 ,we walk ?r\gh ! little t[n or village1 & on ! f>!r side f9d :at we may call ! orig9al settlem5t ( gunn]y exp]im5ts1 n[ = ! mo/ "p a gr\p ( b>racks & qu>t]s su* z we might f9d at any milit>y /ation4 ,a few diff]5ces we notice1 h[ev]1 =1 z we pass ?r\gh ! b>rack-y>d1 we obs]ve t "o build+ is labell$ ',lecture-room1' & o!r evid5ces !re are "h & !re t ! artill]ym5 :o are qu>t]$ "h are n altoge!r engag$ 9 _! ord9>y duties4 ,we %all probably n l+] long at ! b>racks1 b we %all n fail to obs]ve t ! (fic]s' qu>t]s & mess-room occupy an extremely pleasant position on a wood$ bank above ! sea1 & t at high-wat] ! waves come rippl+ up to ! v trees !mselves4 ,f>!r on are ! h\ses appropriat$ to m>ri$ (fic]s1 all alike situat$ on ! pleasant sea-bank4 ,we see 9 front ( u huge wood5 erections /&+ on ! edge ( ! %ore4 ,^! are conn+-t[]s f :i*1 :5 practice is go+ on1 a view is obta9$ ( ! direction ( ! %ot4 ,b5ea? !m are ! batt]ies f :i* ! guns are fir$1 & "h g on ! c\rses ( in/ruction 9 practical artill]y "w1 :i* are necess>y = newly jo9$ (fic]s4 ,b we h by no means se5 ! mo/ important "p ( ,%oeburyness :5 we h visit$ ! b>racks & ! batt]ies4 ,we notice t a l9e ( rails w9ds its way 9 & out among/ guns & /oreh\ses1 & if we h tim$ our visit "r we %all f9d a little m9iature tra9 j ab\t to />t = :at is call$ ,! ,new ,range4 ,tak+ our places 9 ?is tra9 we %all be c>ri$ fir/ ?r\gh ! village & pa/ ! t]m9us ( ! public l9e1 & !n along a private railway :i* w9ds along among/ ! corn-fields1 until we rea* a retir$ spot on ! sea-%ore hemm$ 9 by l(ty trees4 ,9 ?is private place are c>ri$ on all ! exp]im5ts = :i* ,%oeburyness is fam\s1 & "h bo? guns & explosives are te/$ to _! utmo/ capability4 ,x is n altoge!r an unpicturesque spot at :i* we h arriv$4 ,gr\p$ toge!r 9 ?is imm$iate neighb\rhood are c]ta9 nice old f>mh\ses & o!r build+s :i* h be5 tak5 possession ( by ! milit>y4 ,! space 9 front w\ld no d\bt be an admirable rabbit-w>r51 only ! :ole gr\nd is n[ cov]$ by guns ( v>i\s sizes1 t>gets1 %ields1 brea/works1 & models ( portions ( ironclad & o!r vessels4 ,among/ ^! run l9es ( rails by :i* guns & mat]ials c be mov$ to any "p ( ! gr\nd2 & 9 places !re are ov]head travell+ cranes by :i* heavy cannon may be hoi/$ on to or (f f _! c>riages or into trucks1 z ne$ may require2 & we aga9 see l(ty conn+-t[]s1 ?\gh t>get practice at a di/ance is n c>ri$ on "h to ! same ext5t z x is 9 t portion ( ! e/abli%m5t :i* we fir/ visit$4 ,! "w at ,! ,new ,range is connect$ r ) exp]im5ts z to ! =ce ( explosives & ! p5etrat+ p[] ( projectiles ?an ) accuracy ( aim & ! direction ( ! %ot4 ,we ought fir/ to say a few words ab\t mod]n explosives4 ,old-fa%ion$ gunp[d]1 or black p[d] z x is n[ usually call$1 is compos$1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportion usually ( sev5ty-five1 fifte51 & t5 p>ts respectively4 ,two *ief v>ieties ( ! new br[n p[d]s are n[ made1 & are kn[n z 'sl[-burn+ cocoa'--f ! fact t cocoa-nut fibres 7 fir/ employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts--& ',prism br[n ,i4' ,! =m] conta9s ab\t f\r p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & burns r m rapidly ?an ! latt]1 :i* conta9s only two p] c5t4 ,bak$ /raw is ! mat]ial n[ us$ to supplant ! *>coal1 z x provides a =m ( cellulose :i* may be readily r$uc$ to a f9e /ate ( division4 ,! %ape is /ill ! p]=at$ hexagonal prism introduc$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! burn+ ( ^! p[d]s is /eady & ! increase ( pressure gradual1 atta9+ a maximum :5 ! bullet is ab\t half-way d[n ! b>rel ( ! gun4 ,! damage inflict$ on ! fir+-*amb] is v slight2 p]haps z slight z ev] w be obta9$ ) su* l>ge *>ges ( p[d]4 ,uni=mity ( velocity is secur$ by ensur+ t 9 ! mak+ ! proportions employ$ %all be accurate & ! mix+ complete4 ,! prisms ( any giv5 class ( p[d] are made exactly ! same 9 weight & composition1 & 9 consequ5ce1 a *>ge compos$ ( a giv5 numb] ( prisms w give 9 e case almo/ exactly ! same propell+ =ce4 ,x is ?us t f9e aim+ adju/m5ts are made possible1 z two consecutive bullets ( ! same weight may be propell$ almo/ exactly ! same di/ance--v>y+ only a few y>ds 9 a range ( sev]al miles--by equal weights ( p[d] ( uni=m composition4 ,b explosives ( ! pres5t day are compos$ ( o!r sub/ances4 ,cordite1 ( :i* we n[ he> s mu*1 is made ( nitro-glyc]9e1 gun-cotton1 & m9]al jelly 9 ! proportion ( fifty-sev51 ?irty-eight1 & five p>ts4 ,x is also /eep$ 9 a prep>ation ( acetone4 ,gun-cotton itself is dipp$ 9 a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( sulphuric to "o ( nitric acid4 ,! =ce ( cordite ov] gunp[d] may be judg$ f ! foll[+ facts4 ,a c>tridge conta9+ sev5ty gra9s ( black p[d] fir$ 9 ! ord9>y rifle ( ! army w give :at is call$ a muzzle velocity ( "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet a second1 :ile ?irty gra9s only ( cordite w give a velocity ( two ?\s& feet4 ,9 l>g] arms1 a little less ?an a p\nd ( cordite fir$ 9 a twelve-p\nd] gun w give m velocity ?an f\r p\nds ( black p[d] fir$ 9 ! same weapon4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,%oeburyness x is ! new-fa%ion$ explosive :i* is *iefly us$4 ,let u exam9e "o ( ! guns1 a bree*-load]1 & see :at improvem5ts h be5 made :i* may conduce to rapidity ( fire4 ,we see t 9 ! old] patt]n ?ree motions 7 necess>y to op5 ! bree*4 ,fir/ ! b> :i* is fix$ across ! base ( ! block _h to be remov$1 !n a half turn _h to be giv5 to ! block to free x 9 its b$1 & !n x _h to be pull$ =w>d4 ,fir/ly1 x _h to be ?r[n back on its h+e s z to op5 ! gun f end to end4 ,we are %[n t 9 lat] patt]ns ! cavity or b$ into :i* ! block fits is made 9 ! =m ( a cone1 s t ! bree*-block itself c be turn$ back )\t any prelim9>y motion =w>d4 ,9 artill]y "w1 "t is ev]y?+1 & any "o motion ( ! gunn]'s h&s & arms sav$ is a po9t ga9$4 ,n[ let u look at ! me*anism by :i* ! recoil or backw>d movem5t ( ! gun is *eck$ at ! mom5t ( fir+4 ,! gun slides 9 its cradle1 & its recoil is c\nt]act$ by buff]s :i* "w 9 oil1 some?+ 9 ! fa%ion ( ! oil spr+s :i* we see on doors4 ,iron spiral spr+s pu% ! gun back aga9 into place4 ,ano!r int]e/+ piece ( me*anism is ! electric ma*9]y by :i* ! gun is fir$4 ,:5 ! recoil has tak5 place1 ! wire1 along :i* runs ! electric curr5t1 is pu%$ out ( place1 s t x is impossible to fire ! gun1 ev5 ?\gh x be load$1 until x has be5 aga9 fix$ 9 its prop] position on ! cradle4 ,truly a mod]n cannon is a wond]ful ma*9e1 & yet x is only a developm5t f ! sort ( iron gas-pipe :i* 0 us$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,h>d by is a gun :i* has come to grief4 ,9 exp]im5ts :i* are c>ri$ on at ,%oeburyness1 guns are *>g$ to _! full1 or1 z 9 ?is case1 m ?an _! full /r5g?4 ,!re is an ugly ga% runn+ d[n ! out] case or jacket1 z x is call$1 ( ! gun1 & ! latt] has brok51 & ne>ly jump$ out ( its cradle4 ,nurs]y phraseology c]ta9ly comes 9 /rongly 9 ! te*nical slang ( gunn]y :5 we h to d ) ,woolwi* ,infants4 ,aft] look+ at ! guns we naturally g on to look at ! t>gets at :i* !y are fir$4 ,t>gets at ,! ,new ,range are n s mu* m>ks z specim5s ( arm\r-plates & o!r protections4 ,"s ( ^! are built up ) a /r5g? :i* to ! un9itiat$ appe>s to be pro( aga9/ any attack4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we f9d a /eel plate ( eighte5 in*es 9 ?ickness1 & beh9d ?is six in*es ( iron1 ! :ole back$ up by huge balks ( timb]4 ,b not)/&+ its dep?1 ! enorm\s mass has be5 d5t$ & crack$1 & 9 places pi]c$4 ,:5 we look at plates :i* are n q s ?ick1 we see t ! %ells h =m$ :at are pretty & regul> patt]ns1 = small triangles ( metal h be5 spl9t]$ (f & turn$ back1 s t ! ap]ture is decorat$ ) a circle ( leaves1 & resembles a rose ) ! c5tre cut out4 ,:]e ! %ell has ent]$ ! plate be=e x bur/s1 ! patt]n rema9s v p]fect2 b :5 x explodes z x t\*es ! surface1 "s ( ! encircl+ leaves are entirely cut (f4 ,"o t>get is po9t$ out to u :i* repres5ts ! iron cas+ ( ! vuln]able portions ( a torp$o boat1 consi/+ ( eng9e-room1 boil]s1 & coal-bunk]s4 ,^! comp>tm5ts h be5 riddl$ aga9 & aga94 ,ev5 a s]vice-rifle bullet c p5etrate "o side1 & a %ell ( ! smalle/ size w g ?r\gh bo?1 = torp$o boats are n v heavily built4 ,,hiram ,s4 ,,maxim ,,& ,,! ,,maxim ,,ma*9e ,,gun4 ,/ati/icians in=m u t ! entire loss ( life 9 w>s betwe5 s-call$ civilis$ c\ntries f ! ye> #agic d[n to #ahgg _h rea*$ ! enorm\s am\nt ( f\r million f\r hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s&4 ,to _m p]sons ^! figures convey a sad & salut>y lesson4 ,b1 leav+ ! s5tim5tal "p ( ! subject aside1 all w readily unite 9 admir+ ! wond]ful me*anism :i* makes ! ,maxim ,ma*9e ,gun an eng9e ( t]rible de/ructiv5ess4 ,/anley provid$ himself ) ?is =midable weapon1 to be us$ def5sively 9 ! exp$ition on :i* he />t$ = ! relief ( ,em9 ,bey4 ,x obta9$ a gold m$al at ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition1 & has be5 approv$ (1 if n actually adopt$1 by _m gov]nm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,rifle-calibre ,maxim ,gun4 ,its rate ( fir+--#ggj %ots a m9ute--is at lea/ ?ree times z rapid z t ( any o!r ma*9e gun4 ,x has only a s+le b>rel1 :i*1 :5 ! %ot is fir$1 recoils a di/ance ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* on ! o!r p>ts ( ! gun4 ,?is recoil sets mov+ ! ma*9]y :i* automatically keeps up a cont9u\s fire at ! extraord9>y rate ( #ab r\nds a second4 ,ea* recoil ( ! b>rel has !re=e to p]=m ! necess>y functions ( extract+ & eject+ ! empty c>tridge1 or br++ up ! next full "o & plac+ x 9 its prop] position 9 ! b>rel1 ( cock+ ! hamm]1 & pull+ ! trigg]4 ,z long z ! fir+ cont9ues1 ^! functions are repeat$ r\nd aft] r\nd 9 succession4 ,! b>rel is provid$ ) a wat] jacket1 to prev5t excessive heat+2 & is s m\nt$ t x c be rais$ or l[]$ or set at any angle1 or turn$ horizontally to ! left or to ! "r4 ,! bore is adapt$ to ! pres5t size ( c>tridges2 & ! maximum range is eighte5 hundr$ y>ds4 ,! gun c !re=e be made to sweep a circle upw>ds ( a mile 9 radius4 ,nor is ! gun excessively heavy1 its total weight be+ only "o hundr$ & six p\nds1 made up ?us3 ,tripod1 fifty p\nds2 pivot 7on :i* ! gun turns & by :i* x is atta*$ to ! tripod71 sixte5 p\nds2 gun & fir+ me*anism1 =ty p\nds4 ,! p>ts c be easily deta*$ & conv5i5tly fold$ = c>riage1 & may be put toge!r aga9 s quickly t1 if ! belt conta9+ ! c>tridges is 9 position1 ! fir/ %ot c be deliv]$ )9 t5 seconds4 ,x w\ld !re=e be extremely s]viceable 9 prev5t+ disa/] ?r\gh a body ( troops be+ surpris$4 ,reconnoitr+ p>ties1 too1 w\ld deem x prud5t to pay great] def]5ce to an enemy's lonely s5try on advanc$ outpo/ duty if ! latt] 7 provid$ ) ?is new ,ma*9e ,gun1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y rifle4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! b>rel ( ! gun1 a box is plac$1 conta9+ ! belt :i* c>ries ! c>tridges4 ,! belts v>y 9 l5g?4 ,^? commonly us$ are sev5 feet long1 & capable ( hold+ ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-?ree c>tridges2 %ort] ones hold "o hundr$ & tw5ty c>tridges2 b ! sev]al pieces c be jo9$ toge!r = cont9u\s fir+4 ,s+le %ots c be fir$ at any "t :e!r ! belt is 9 position or n--9 ! =m] case by press+ a button1 :i* prev5ts ! recoil2 9 ! latt]1 by h&-load+ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,to />t fir+1 "o end ( ! belt is ins]t$ 9 ! gun1 ! trigg] is pull$ by ! h& once1 aft] :i* ! movem5t becomes cont9u\s & automatic z long z ! supply ( c>tridges la/s4 ,at ea* recoil ( ! b>rel1 ! belt is pu%$ suffici5tly onw>d to br+ ! next c>tridge into position2 ! me*anism grasps ?is c>tridge1 draws x f ! belt1 & passes x on to ! b>rel4 ,%\ld a faulty or an empty c>tridge f9d its way 91 & ! gun does n g (f 9 consequ5ce1 !re is ( c\rse no recoil to keep up ! repeat+ action1 & ! me*anism ceases to "w until ! ob/ruction is remov$4 ,to devise & adju/ ! necess>y p>ts ( ! ma*9e ) su* precision t ea* "p p]=ms its prop] function at ! exact mom5t pre-arrang$ = x--to d all ?is :ile ! gun fires at ! enorm\s rate ( six hundr$ r\nds a m9ute1 mu/ h co/ an imm5sity ( ?\ght1 ( lab\r1 & ( "t4 ,! ',colt ,automatic ,gun1' a new ma*9e gun manufactur$ by ! ,colt ,fire>ms ,company1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 promis$ 9 #ahif to be a rival to ! ,maxim1 z x fir$ #djj %ots a m9ute4 ,hiram ,s4 ,maxim 0 born 9 ! /ate ( ,ma9e 9 #ahdj1 & 9 8 f\rte5? ye> 0 appr5tic$ to a c>riage-build]4 ,f 8 fa!r1 :o _h a wood-work+ factory & mill1 he le>n$ ! use ( tools & d]iv$ 8 inv5tive turn ( m9d4 ,aft] "s exp]i5ce 9 metal-work+ 9 8 uncle's works at ,fit*burg1 he 0 9 turn a philosophical in/rum5t mak]1 & on ! /aff ( "s ironwork]s & %ipbuild]s4 ,ab\t #ahgg he became a consult+ electrical eng9e]1 a bran* ( sci5ce :i* he /udi$ & became ma/] ( 9 a %ort "t4 ,"s ( ! e>lie/ electric lights 9 ! ,/ates 7 devis$ & erect$ by him4 ,he 0 9 ,engl& & ,europe 9 #ahhj 9 ord] to inve/igate electrical me?ods !re4 ,he 0 back 9 ,london 9 #ahhc1 & aft] t visit1 l ,siem5s1 he made x 8 headqu>t]s4 ,:at leisure he n[ _h 7#ahhc-d7 on h& he devot$ to inv5t+ 8 automatic ma*9e gun1 :i* %\ld load & fire itself1 & ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 0 ! fir/ to recognise its m]its & adopt x4 ,! mak+ ( x has be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,maxim-,nord5felt ,gun ,company1 :i* has a capital ( ab\t two millions /]l+4 ,l ,edison he has tak5 out ab\t a hundr$ diff]5t pat5ts1 "s ( :i* are connect$ ) oil motors & smokeless gunp[d]4 ,8 fly+-ma*9e1 z describ$ 9 8 pap] at ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahid1 burns oil fuel1 :i* develop$ ?ree hundr$ & sixty horse-p[]4 ,x 0 driv5 at sixty miles an h\r horizontally1 & ! ma*9e conta9$ an a]oplane slop+ six degrees to ! horizon4 ,! weight to be lift$ 0 eight ?\s& p\nds4 ,aft] runn+ n9e hundr$ feet1 ! ma*9e ex]t$ an upw>d ?ru/ ( two ?\s& p\nds great] ?an its own weight4 ,! ma*9e1 aft] "o ?\s& feet1 broke loose2 ! /eam 0 %ut (f1 & x fell4 ,! exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ at ,bexley1 9 ,k5t1 :]e ,mr ,maxim _h a light track ( railway laid d[n1 sixte5 hundr$ feet long1 on :i* ! ma*9e mov$4 ,! back "p ( ! ma*9e hav+ be5 lib]at$ f ! *eck-rail too soon caus$ ! accid5t at ! exp]im5t1 & s5t ! :ole ma*9e (f ! track4 ,!re is suffici5t evid5ce t x did rise f ! gr\nd1 & ,lords ,rayleigh & ,kelv9 h become believ]s 9 its possibilities4 ,?is ma*9e1 z describ$ at ! "t1 ) its f\r side sails & a]oplanes set1 is ov] "o hundr$ feet wide1 & looks l a huge :ite bird ) f\r w+s in/ead ( two4 ,x is propell$ by two l>ge two-blad$ screws1 resembl+ ! screw-propell]s ( a %ip1 driv5 by two p[]ful comp\nd eng9es4 ,,ironclads4 ,a mod]n ironclad is an enorm\s piece ( complicat$ me*anism4 ,9 ord] to protect ?is me*anism f ho/ile %ot1 ! great] "p ( x is plac$ "u wat] & cov]$ by a ?ick /eel deck2 ! rema9d] above wat] be+ protect$ by va/ arm\r-plates v>y+ f eight to tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,f ! ext]ior1 an ironclad is by no means a ?+ ( beauty2 "o writ] has describ$ x z 'a cross betwe5 a cook+ app>atus & a railway /ation2' b 9 place ( ?is +5i\s p>allel1 imag9e a l[ flat-look+ mass on ! wat]2 f ! c5tre rises a huge funnel1 on ei!r side ( :i* are a turret & a sup]/ructure runn+ to ! b[ & /]n2 two %ort pole ma/s1 ) plat=ms on ! top = ma*9e guns1 complete an object calculat$ to br+ te>s to ! eyes ( ! vet]an sailor :o rememb]s ! days ( ! gr& old l9e-(-battle %ip1 ) its tall tap]+ ma/s & :ite sails gli/5+ 9 ! sun4 ,a /rang] go+ on bo>d "o ( our newe/ types ( ironclads w\ld lose himself amid ! intricacies & app>5t confusion ( ! num]\s eng9es1 passages1 & comp>tm5ts2 x is a long "t1 9 fact1 be=e ev5 ! sailors f9d _! way ab\t ^! new %ips2 & ! ,admiralty all[ a new ironclad to rema9 ?ree mon?s 9 h>b\r on fir/ commission+ be=e go+ to sea1 9 ord] t ! m5 may become acqua9t$ ) ! uses ( ! sev]al fitt+s on bo>d1 ea* ironclad t is built n[ be+ 9 _m ways an improvem5t on its pr$ecessor4 ,^? :o h n be5 on bo>d a mod]n ironclad c =m no idea ( ! massiv5ess & solidity ( ! v>i\s fitt+s2 ! enorm\s guns1 ! r[s ( %ot & %ell1 ! huge bolts1 b>s1 & beams seem to be meant = ! use ( giants1 n m54 ,al?\gh cr[d$ toge!r 9 a comp>atively small space1 ev]y?+ is 9 p]fect ord]1 & ready at any mom5t to be us$ = (f5sive or def5sive purposes4 ,x is n1 p]haps1 g5]ally kn[n t ! capta9 ( a man-(-w> is ord]$ to keep 8 %ip prop]ly prep>$ = battle z well 9 "t ( peace z ( w>4 ,e ev5+ be=e d>k ! qu>t]s are cle>$ & e arrangem5t made = night-battle1 to prev5t surprise by a bett] prep>$ enemy4 ,:5 at an*or 9 a h>b\r1 especially at night1 ! %ip is always prep>$ to repel any attempts ( an enemy to bo>d or attack ) torp$oes or fire%ips4 ,9 addition to ! daily & weekly drills & ex]cises1 once e ?ree mon?s ! crew are ex]cis$ at night-qu>t]s1 ! "t ( c\rse be+ kept secret by ! capta91 s t no prep>ations c be made be=eh&1 ! ex]cise be+ int5d$ to repres5t a surprise4 ,9 ! dead ( night1 :5 only ! (fic]s ( ! wat* & ! s5tries po/$ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! %ip are awake1 ! notes ( a bugle vibrate betwe5 ! decks2 imm$iately1 z if by magic1 ev]y?+ becomes alive2 m5 are se5 scrambl+ out ( _! hammocks1 & lights fla% 9 all directions2 ! huge %ells are lift$ by hydraulic p[] f ! magaz9es1 plac$ on trucks1 & :eel$ by means ( railways to ! turrets2 m5 run "h & !re ) rifles1 bo>d+-pikes1 axes1 cases ( p[d] & ammunition2 o!rs are engag$ lay+ fire-hose along ! decks1 o!rs clos+ ! wat]-tight doors2 :ile f> d[n bel[1 ! eng9e]s1 /ok]s1 & firem5 are busy gett+ up /eam = work+ ! electric-light eng9es1 turrets1 c4 ,at ! torp$o ports1 ! tra9$ torp$o-m5 are plac+ ! ,:iteheads 9 _! tubes2 o!rs are prep>+ cases ( gun-cotton = boom-torp$oes4 ,9 t5 m9utes1 h[ev]1 all is aga9 sil5t & ea* man /&s at 8 /ation ready = action4 ,! capta91 foll[$ by 8 pr9cipal (fic]s1 n[ walks r\nd ! qu>t]s & inspects all ! arrangem5ts = battle1 aft] :i* v>i\s ex]cises are gone ?r\gh4 ,a bugle s\nds1 & numb]s ( m5 ru% away to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! %ip to repel imag9>y bo>d]s2 ano!r bugle1 & a l>ge p>ty imm$iately comm5ce to "w ! pumps2 ano!r l[1 long bla/ is a w>n+ t ! %ip is ab\t to ram an enemy1 & e man on bo>d /ret*es himself flat on ! decks until ! %ock ( ! 7suppos$7 collision takes place4 ,aft] a numb] ( ex]cises h be5 gone ?r\gh1 ! guns are secur$1 arms & /ores return$ to _! places1 ! m5 tumble into _! hammocks aga91 & are soon fa/ asleep4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! ',wood5 ,walls ( ,old ,engl&4' ,! ,duke ( ,well+ton ,screw ,l9e-(-,battle ,%ip4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty-"o ,guns4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to glance at "s ( ! pr9cipal (f5sive & def5sive capabilities ( a mod]n ironclad4 ,! fir/-class l9e-(-battle %ip ( fifty ye>s ago c>ri$ z _m z a hundr$ & ?irty1 :at w\ld be call$ 9 ! pres5t day1 v light guns2 9 contra/ to ?is1 h] ,maje/y's arm\r-plat$ b>bette ram ,b5b[ c>ries two guns weigh+ a hundr$ & t5 tons ea*4 ,^! enorm\s weapons are =ty-?ree feet eight in*es long1 & are capable ( s5d+ a %ot weigh+ ?ree qu>t]s ( a ton to a di/ance ( sev5 miles4 ,! effect ( a %ell f "o ( ^! guns pi]c+ ! arm\r ( a %ip & bur/+ w\ld be v disa/r\s1 & !re are few1 if any1 %ips ^: arm\r1 :5 fairly hit at a mod]ate di/ance1 c\ld )/& su* a bl[4 ,guns1 h[ev]1 al?\gh t]rible 9 effect1 are n[ supplem5t$ by o!r & m deadly means ( (f5ce4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! /&s ! ,:itehead or ,fi% ,torp$o4 ,?is inf]nal ma*9e c be dis*>g$ f tubes 9 ! side ( a %ip to a di/ance ( a ?\s& y>ds "u wat] at a spe$ ( tw5ty-five miles p] h\r4 ,arm$ ) its *>ge ( gun-cotton x ru%es =? on its mission2 &1 if successful 9 /rik+ ! %ip aga9/ :i* x is aim$1 explodes1 & r5ds a l>ge hole 9 h] side1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p\rs 9 huge quantities4 ,9 ord] to protect a man-(-w> f ?is dang]1 %e c be surr\nd$ at %ort notice ) ?ick wire-nett+s1 hang+ f project+ side-sp>s1 aga9/ :i* ! torp$o explodes ) h>mless effect4 ,^! nett+s are1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally int5d$ = use :5 %ips are at an*or 9 h>b\r at night2 !y c\ld n well be employ$ 9 action ) an enemy1 z !y (f] su* resi/ance to ! wat] z to r$uce ! spe$ ( ! %ip by f\r or five knots1 & s encumb] h] z to r5d] h] liable to be ramm$ by a m active oppon5t4 ,all l>ge ironclads n[ h two or ?ree torp$o boats4 ,^! craft are con/ruct$ ( /eel "o-sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 & /eam at a spe$ ( sixte5 knots1 "s ( ! l>g] k9d rea*+ tw5ty or tw5ty-"o knots an h\r4 ,c>ry+ two ,:iteheads1 !y are valuable auxili>ies to ! p>5t %ip2 _! rapid movem5ts1 toge!r ) _! dang]\s freight1 di/ract+ ! att5tion ( an enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,maje/ic4 ,ma*9e-guns1 h[ev]1 =m a v effective rem$y = !m2 a s+le torp$o boat attack+ an ironclad w\ld1 directly %e got )9 range1 be riddl$ ) ,g>dn] & ,nord5felt %ot1 & sunk 9 ab\t fifte5 seconds4 ,x is only :5 ?ree or f\r approa* 9 v>i\s directions1 or dur+ night attacks1 t !y become really dang]\s4 ,! electric se>*-lights1 ) :i* mo/ l>ge m5-(-w> are n[ provid$1 w %[ a torp$o boat at ! di/ance ( a mile on ! d>ke/ night2 b !re is ( c\rse always a *ance ( _! gett+ close en\gh to a %ip to dis*>ge a torp$o be=e !y are discov]$4 ,! b[ ( _m ( our ironclads is con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( ramm+ 7runn+ d[n & s9k+7 an antagoni/4 ,to use a ram requires great spe$ & facilities = turn+ & manoeuvr+ quickly2 = ! latt] purposes1 %ort %ips are bett] ?an long ones4 ,x w\ld be a comp>atively easy ?+ = a %ip /eam+ f\rte5 knots to ram ano!r t c\ld only /eam t52 a small %ip might also outmanoeuvre & ram a long "o2 b x w\ld be extremely difficult1 9 fact almo/ impossible1 = a %ip to ram ano!r vessel ( equal spe$ & l5g?4 ,to secure facilities 9 turn+ & manoeuvr+1 all our mod]n %ips are built z %ort z possible1 & h two screws1 ea* work$ by entirely sep>ate sets ( eng9es1 s t "o c g ahead :il/ ! o!r goes a/]n4 ,if "o set ( eng9es is disabl$1 ! o!r c /ill "w indep5d5tly1 & a fair spe$ be ma9ta9$4 ,we always ?9k t two %ips at close qu>t]s try+ to ram "o ano!r1 mu/ be l a game at *ess1 requir+ ! close/ obs]vation ( y\r oppon5t's movem5ts & ! nice/ judgm5t = y\r own1 a wrong move be+ fatal to ei!r4 ,x is ! op9ion ( _m naval m5 ( au?ority t a mod]n naval battle w\ld only occupy ab\t half ! "t ( a fight 9 ! old ,trafalg> days2 t half ! %ips employ$ w\ld be sunk1 & t mo/ ( ! rema9d] w\ld be s batt]$ z to be unfit = fur!r s]vice = mon?s to come4 ,9 connection ) ! ,navy ,e/imates = #ahif-g x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t ! foll[+ vessels w\ld be con/ruct$3 #ac fir/-class battle%ips1 #aj fir/-class cruis]s1 #af second-class cruis]s1 #g ?ird-class cruis]s1 & #dh torp$o-boat de/roy]s4 ,,subm>9e ,,boats4 ,9 #ahfd1 dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 a subm>9e boat succe$$ 9 s9k+ ! ,f$]al frigate ,h\satonic4 ,?is boat1 h[ev]1 0 h>dly an unqualifi$ success1 z1 runn+ into ! hole made by its torp$o1 x w5t d[n ) ! %ip2 & ?ree crews _h previ\sly be5 lo/ :ile c>ry+ out its initial exp]im5ts4 ,s9ce !n1 _m me?ods ( subm]sion h be5 tri$2 b x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t naval p[]s h awak5$ to ! fact t a subm]sible boat1 ?\gh by no means s =midable = (f5sive purposes z its "n at fir/ leads "o to believe1 is a factor :i* might h to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! next naval w>4 ,mod]n types ( ^! boats are ! ,holl&1 ,nord5felt1 ,tuck1 & ,g\bet4 ,! ,holl& boat comes to u f ov] ! ,atlantic1 & is peculi> 9 its weapon ( (f5ce4 ,x is fifty feet long1 eight feet 9 diamet]1 & is driv5 by a petroleum eng9e c>ry+ suffici5t fuel = two days' run4 ,! div+ is effect$ by means ( two horizontal rudd]s1 "o on ea* side ( ! /]n4 ,?is only all[s ( subm]sion :5 ! boat is 9 motion2 & ! boat _c be horizontal :ile subm]g$4 ,x c>ries t5-in* gelat9e bla/+ %ells1 fir$ f a pneumatic gun tw5ty feet long1 ^: radius ( action is two hundr$ y>ds "u wat] & "o ?\s& y>ds above4 ,! use ( gelat9e is also objectionable1 z ! conf9$ space & ! vibration ( ! boat prev5t su* explosives be+ c>ri$ )\t "s risk ( premature explosion4 ,x is = ?is reason t gun-cotton is adopt$ 9 torp$o "w1 z x w n explode on concussion1 & is little affect$ by *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! pr9cipal features ( ! ,nord5felt boat are its me?od ( subm]sion & its propulsion by /eam4 ,! boat is "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet long1 twelve feet beam1 & displaces two hundr$ & fifty tons :5 entirely subm]g$1 "o hundr$ & sixty tons :5 runn+ on ! surface4 ,h] propell+ ma*9]y consi/s ( two d\ble cyl9d] comp\nd eng9es1 ) a horse-p[] ( "o ?\s&1 & propell+ ! boat at fifte5 knots on ! surface4 ,! subm]sion ( ! boat is effect$ by means ( two horizontal propell]s work+ 9 wells at ea* end4 ,two conn+-t[]s project ab\t two feet above ! deck1 ( "o-in* /eel1 surm\nt$ by glass domes1 protect$ ) /eel b>s1 = purposes ( obs]vation4 ,! boat usually runs on ! surface ) ^! t[]s %[+1 unless ! buoyancy1 :i* is nev] less ?an half a ton1 is ov]come by ! horizontal propell]s1 :5 ! boat becomes p>tially or totally subm]g$ accord+ to _! spe$4 ,to asc5d to ! surface x is only necess>y to /op ! horizontal propell]s1 :i* also /op automatically on rea*+ a set dep?4 ,9 ! =w>d t[] are ! fir+ keys1 ma*9]y & valves necess>y = driv+ or /e]+ ! vessel1 = controll+ ! horizontal propell]s1 & = dis*>g+ ! ,:itehead torp$oes4 ,f\r ( ^! are c>ri$1 & !y are dis*>g$ ) p[d] f two tubes 9 ! b[s4 ,9 ! conn+-t[] are also plac$ ! in/rum5ts indicat+ ! dep?1 level1 & c\rse4 ,:5 ! boat is awa%1 ! funnels h to be un%ipp$ & ! boat clos$ up be=e subm]sion4 ,! l5g? ( "t1 tw5ty-five m9utes1 requir$ = ?is op]ation is an objection to ?is boat1 ?\gh :5 subm]g$ x does n get unpleasantly hot4 ,! temp]ature aft] a ?ree h\rs' subm]g$ run 0 only n9ety degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! crew consi/s ( a capta9 & eight m54 ,! ,tuck also comes f ,am]ica4 ,x is ( iron1 cig>-%ap$1 ?irty feet long & six feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is subm]g$ by means ( a horizontal rudd] 9 ! /]n & a horizontal propell] act+ v]tically amid%ips b5ea? ! boat4 ,x is driv5 by electricity1 suppli$ f /orage batt]ies pack$ closely 9 ! b[s4 ,compress$ air is c>ri$ 9 res]voirs1 b a supply is usually obta9$ :5 ! boat is n f> f ! surface1 by means ( an iron pipe tw5ty feet long1 :i* usually lies on deck1 b :i* c be rais$ to an upright position by ge>+ f )94 ,! top !n rises above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & by op5+ a valve 9 ! foot & atta*+ a pump1 fre% air is drawn into ! int]ior4 ,! crew ne$ n exce$ ?ree m54 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( ! ,g\bet ,subm>9e ,boat4 ,! ,g\bet class are ( iron1 sixte5 feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 & ab\t six feet deep4 ,! motive p[] is a ,siem5s motor driv5 by /orage batt]ies4 ,fifty ( ^! boats 7 pur*as$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t4 ,!y h no rudd]1 b a univ]sal jo9t 9 ! screw %aft p]mits ( ! screw be+ mov$ ?r\gh an arc ( n9ety degrees4 ,! torp$o is c>ri$ outside ! boat1 secur$ by a cat* work$ f inside4 ,on arriv+ "u ! enemy1 ! torp$o is releas$1 & /rik+ ! %ip's bottom1 is held !re by spikes4 ,! boat !n )draws1 unreel+ a connect+ wire2 & :5 at a safe di/ance1 fires4 ,! abs5ce ( a rudd]1 h[ev]1 causes erratic /e]+1 & ! spikes ) :i* ! torp$o is fitt$ might fail to /ick 9 /eel-bottom$ %ips4 ,subm>9e boats _c be driv5 "u wat] at a spe$ exce$+ six knots4 ,if driv5 beyond1 !y are incl9$ to dive1 & 9 deep wat]1 be=e ! corrective =ces aga9/ a dive h _h "t to act1 might rea* a dep? :]e ! pressure w\ld drive 9 ! sides or compress !m to a suffici5t ext5t to s]i\sly r$uce ! displacem5t4 ,9 %all[ wat]1 ! boat might be driv5 on to ! bottom1 & if x be clay1 held !re1 an accid5t att5d$ ) fatal consequ5ces 9 ! case ( "o boat4 ,x is also difficult to direct ! c\rse ( a subm>9e boat2 & x is d\btful :e!r ! advantage ( n be+ se5 c\nt]acts ! disadvantage ( n be+ able to see4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,nord5felt 9 a lecture on ,subm>9e ,boats1 ',! mirror ( ! surface ?r[s a /rong light into ! boat2 y _c see =w>d at all1 & y _c see f> a/]n2 x is z black z ink outside2 y c only see a sort ( segm5t4' ,?is means t y _c safely advance at a great spe$ "u wat]4 ,x is impossible to ?9k ( a subm>9e boat z a boat t actually manoeuvres & does its "w "u wat]4 ,! boat %\ld run awa%1 & y c !n see :]e y are4 ,:5 we consid]1 !n1 t a boat totally subm]g$ _c be driv5 ov] six knots1 & _c be prop]ly direct$2 :5 we consid] ! spe$s ( sev5te5 & eighte5 knots atta9$ by mod]n battle%ips1 we arrive at ! conclusion t boats totally subm]g$ are useless aga9/ mod]n battle%ips 9 motion4 ,runn+ awa%1 !y c\ld be tackl$ by torp$o cat*]s & torp$o boats4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,cycle4 ,9 praise ( ,cycl+--,numb] ( ,cycles 9 ,use--,m$ical ,op9ions-- ,pione]s 9 ! ,inv5tion--,james ,/>ley--,cycl+ ,t\rs4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott once told a fri5d t if he did n see ! hea!r once a ye> he w\ld die4 ,he saw x mu* (t5] ?an once a ye>4 ,:5 ! build+ & plant+ ( ,abbots=d _h become a passion ) him1 & :5 ! vacation came r\nd 9 connection ) 8 duties 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,session1 he w\ld n /ay t5 m9utes long] 9 ,ed9burgh ?an he c\ld help4 ,sometimes 8 c>riage w\ld be wait+ 9 ,p>liam5t ,squ>e to be> him (f z swiftly z possible to ,abbots=d4 ,john ,locke says !re is a good ve9 ( poetry buri$ 9 ! brea/ ( mo/ bus9ess m52 !re is at lea/ 9 ! brea/ ( mo/ m51 /rong or lat5t1 a long+1 a passion = fre$om1 = *ange4 ,:5 ! buds swell & bur/2 :5 ! ,may-blossom breaks =? on ! haw?orn1 & makes a spr+ sn[/orm 9 ! valley2 :5 ! cuckoo is he>d1 & ! l>k ra9s d[n 8 drops ( melody above ! spr++ clods2 :5 ! lambs gambol 9 ! gre5 fields1 & ! hives are murmur\s ) _! dr[sy insect hum--! awak5+ comes 9 man1 too1 = fre$om1 fre%ness1 *ange4 ,!y are happy :o c enjoy su*1 & be re/$ & refre%$2 = millions are *a9$ to ! o>1 & "k n :at !y miss1 & millions m h n _h _! eyes or _! desires awak5$ to :at !y miss4 ,l[ell expresses ! feel+3 ,:at man w\ld live c(f9$ ) brick & /one1 ,imprison$ f ! heal+ t\* ( air1 ,& cramp$ ) selfi% l&m>ks ev]y:]e1 ,:5 all be=e him /ret*es1 furr[less & lone1 ,! unmapp$ prairie none c f5ce or own8 ,:at man w\ld read & read ! self-same faces1 ,& l ! m>bles :i* ! w9dmill gr9ds1 ,rub smoo? = ev] ) ! same smoo? m9ds1 ,?is ye> retrac+ la/ ye>'s1 e ye>'s1 dull traces1 ,:5 !re are woods & unp5fold$ spaces8 99 99 99 99 99 ,to *ange & *ange is life1 to move & nev] re/3 ,n :at we are1 b :at we hope1 is be/4 ,! wild1 free woods make no man halt or bl9d2 ,cities rob m5 ( eyes & h&s & feet4 ,we want1 !n1 to recov] our eyes1 & h&s1 & feet1 rememb]+ ! /ory ( eyes & no eyes4 ,= ?is end1 few ?+s are bett] ?an a day n[ & !n 9 ! op5 air1 9 ord] to br+ a man to himself4 ,! be/ /imulant 9 ! _w is m\nta9 air1 & ! gr&e/ re/orative music ! rhy?mic beat ( ! waves along ! %ore4 ,! cycli/ cov]s a wond]ful /ret* ( c\ntry1 go+ & return+1 & comes back refre%$ too1 ?\gh tir$1 ?9k+ t nobody 9 ! univ]se c h _h a bett] or pleasant] holiday ?an he has enjoy$4 ,he has :izz$ along leafy lanes1 ) glimpses ( runn+ /reams to "r & left2 he has he>d ! musical monotony ( ! hill burns z he re/$ on ! bridge2 he has awak5$ sleepy villages1 & enjoy$ 8 repa/s at c\ntry inns4 ,& s ! cycli/ has a ready p[] to give himself ! requisite & heal?ful *ange ( sc5e4 ,,cycl+4 ,! pa/ime ( cycl+1 at fir/ only patronis$ by a?letic y\?1 has n[ spread to e class ( ! community4 ,! va/ improvem5t 9 ma*9es1 & ! heal? & exhil>ation to be ga9$ by ! ex]cise1 h _h mu* to d ) its popul>ity alike ) ari/ocracy & democracy4 ,l golf1 x has come to /ay1 al?\gh _m :o take cycl+ up = amusem5t w drop x aga9 z !y w\ld d any?+ else4 ,b !re w always rema9 a /rong & increas+ cont+5t1 fully aw>e1 by practical exp]i5ce1 ( its heal? & pleasure giv+ p[]s1 :o w place x second to no exi/+ recreation4 ,& s ! cycli/ gets gleams & glances ( beauty f _m a nook & corn] ( ! l&1 :]e railway1 coa*1 or 8 unaid$ p$e/rian p[]s w\ld nev] c>ry him4 ,x has wid5$ a tw5ty-mile radius to a =ty-mile radius1 & increas$ man's locomotive p[]s ?reefold4 ,let no "o imag9e t !re is n a consid]able am\nt ( ex]tion & fatigue1 & sometimes h>d%ip4 ,b x is ( a :olesome k9d1 :5 kept )9 limits1 & physically1 morally1 & socially1 ! b5efits t cycl+ conf]s on ! m5 ( ! pres5t day are almo/ unb\nd$4 ,truly1 we h "h a great levell]2 z "o says3 ',x puts ! poor man on a level ) ! ri*1 enabl+ him to s+ ! song ( ! op5 road z freely z ! millionaire1 & to wid5 8 k by visit+ ! regions ne> to or f> f 8 home1 obs]v+ h[ o!r m5 live4 ,he c\ld n af=d a railway j\rney & soj\rn 9 ^! places1 & he c\ld n walk ?r\gh !m )\t tir+ suffici5tly to de/roy 9 a measure ! pleasure :i* he s\ght4 ,b he c ride ?r\gh tw5ty1 ?irty1 fifty1 ev5 sev5ty miles ( c\ntry 9 a day1 )\t s]i\s fatigue1 & ) no exp5se save 8 bo>d & lodg+4' ,?is is v well put4 ,ano!r en?usia/ has said3 ',if y want to come z ne> fly+ z we are likely to get 9 ?is g5]ation1 le>n to ride on a pneumatic bicycle4' ',sum up1' says ano!r1 ':5 summ] is done1 all ! glori\s days y h _h1 ! spl5did bits ( sc5]y :i* h become a possession = ev]1 y\r adv5tures wor? tell+1 & see h[ y h be5 gladd5$ & enri*$4' ,an en?usia/ic j\rnali/ :o _h be5 burn+ ! c&le at bo? ends betook himself to ! :eel1 & f\nd x ( s mu* s]vice to body & m9d t he /raightway1 9 ! columns ( 8 newspap]1 began to advise ! :ole _w to le>n ! bicycle4 ,he c\ld h>dly tell ! diff]5ce x _h made to 8 feel+s & g5]al heal?1 & he knew ( no ex]cise :i* br\ght s easily su* a univ]sal return 9 good heal?1 good spirits1 & amusem5t4 ,mr ,g4 ,lacy ,hilli]1 ( ! ,badm9ton volume on ,cycl+1 confirms ?is4 ,! cycli/ seems to ent] into ! _s ( ,em]son's say+ z ?or\ghly z ,?oreau might h done3 ',give me heal? & a day1 & ,i w make ! pomp ( empires ridicul\s4' ,_m ov]do ! ex]cise1 !n r5\nce x1 or give x a bad "n2 o!rs1 by ov]-rapid rid+ 9 t[ns1 make !mselves public nuisances1 & va/ly increase ! dang]s ( ov]cr[d$ /reets4 ,! s5sible cycli/ rides = heal?1 increase ( k1 & amusem5t4 ,?\gh at "o "t ,mr ,rusk9 0 prep>$ to sp5d all 8 be/ bad language 9 abus+ ! :eel1 ! _w has gone its own way1 & ! c>e]+ multitudes 9 ,batt]sea ,p>k & else:]e1 on c\ntry & suburban roads1 9 cr[d$ t[ns1 h be5 ! means ( creat+ new manufactures1 :i* h va/ly b5efit$ our home indu/ries4 ,mr ,h4 ,j4 ,lawson1 inv5tor ( ! re>-driv+ safety1 lately e/imat$ ! annual output ( cycles at ov] a million1 & ! money sp5t at ov] t5 millions4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( /ati/ics ?is is only guesswork4 ,! p]iodical call$ ,inv5tion has /at$ t 9 #ahhd !re 7 #h bicycle factories1 :i* turn$ out #fjjj ma*9es4 ,9 #ahie !re 7 ab\t #djj factories1 ) an e/imat$ output ( #fej1jjj bicycles4 ,! bicycle tax 9 ,france is said to yield n less ?an ,l#hj1jjj a ye>4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e cycl+ has become a great] craze ?an ) u1 two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& cycles at lea/ 7 pur*as$ 9 #ahid2 9 #ahie m ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& *ang$ h&s4 ,:5 ! proposal 0 made "s "t ago to impose a tax on cycles1 x 0 calculat$ t !re 7 at lea/ eight hundr$ ?\s& rid]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,n[ ! numb] is e/imat$ at ov] a million4 ,! pa/ few seasons h witness$ q a 'boom' 9 cycl+ & a great increase 9 ! numb] ( rid]s4 ,ladies h tak5 m rapidly to ! pa/ime 9 ,am]ica & ,france ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,! rubb] & !n ! pneumatic or inflat$ tyre h wr\ght a m>vell\s revolution2 ! high 'ord9>y1' ! tricycle1 & ! heavy 'solid1' & ev5 ! 'cu%ion1' h 9 mo/ cases be5 relegat$ to ! home ( old iron4 ,! ,pneumatic ,tyre ,company1 ) a capital ( f\r millions /]l+1 :5 9 full sw+1 turns out tw5ty-five ?\s& tyres p] week4 ,! pr(its ( ?is conc]n 9 #ahif 7 at ! rate ( ,l#dcb1jjj a ye>4 ,cov5try1 ,birm+ham1 ,wolv]hampton1 ,london1 & o!r t[ns1 h l>gely b5efit$ by ! cycle trade4 ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson has (t5 call$ att5tion to ! b5efit ( cycl+ 9 ! case ( dwell]s 9 t[ns4 ,dr ,turn] f9ds t no?+ neutralises bett] ! poison introduc$ into ! blood ?r\gh faulty dige/ion ?an g5tle & cont9u$ ex]cise on ! :eel4 ,mr ,a4 ,j4 ,watson1 ! ,engli% amateur "o-mile & five-mile *ampion 9 #ahie1 decl>$ t he nev] suff]$ f any ill effects1 save p]haps dur+ ! h>d days 9 w9t]1 :5 prev5t$ f rid+4 ,dr ,&rew ,wilson once quot$ a budget ( correspond5ce f ladies :o _h tri$ ! :eel1 all ( :i* 0 9 ! same direction1 provid$ t ov]/ra9 0 avoid$4 ,:]e ! he>t is weak1 cycl+ %\ld be left alone4 ,! muscles ( ! legs are develop$ & ! circumf]5ce ( ! *e/ increas$ 9 ! case ( heal?y rid]s4 ,"h are a few h9ts by a m$ical man3 ',nev] ride )9 half an h\r ( a meal1 ei!r be=e or aft]4 ,:eel ! ma*9e up any hill ! m\nt+ ( :i* on ! :eel causes any real ef=t4 ,see t ! clo?+ r\nd ! /oma*1 neck1 & *e/ is loose4 ,h ! h&le-b> suffici5tly rais$ to prev5t /oop+4 ,be z sp>+ z possible ( tak+ fluids dur+ a long ride4 ,unless ! w9d1 road1 c41 be fav\rable1 nev] ride m ?an t5 miles an h\r1 save = v %ort di/ances1 & nev] smoke :ile rid+4' ,! cycle z we "k x did n bur/ ^u ! _w 9 all its pres5t complet5ess1 b has be5 a gradual evolution1 ! "w ( _m a busy h& & bra91 guid$ by exp]i5ce4 ,z f> back z #agfg we f9d t ,ri*>d ,lovell ,edgewor? _h some?+ ( ! nature ( a velocip$e2 & ab\t ! same date1 ,william ,murdo*1 inv5tor ( gas = illum9at+ purposes1 _h a wood5 horse ( 8 own inv5tion ^u :i* he rode to s*ool at ,cumnock4 ,! ,fr5* appe> to be entitl$ to :atev] ( cr$it atta*es to ! orig9al inv5tion ( ! hobby-horse1 a mis]able /e$ at be/1 :i* wore out ! toes ( a pair ( boots at e j\rney4 ,m4 ,blan*>d1 ! celebrat$ a]onaut1 & ,m4 ,masuri] conjo9tly manufactur$ ! fir/ ( ^! ma*9es 9 #aggi1 :i* 0 !n describ$ z 'a wond] :i* drove all ,p>is mad4' ,! ,d&y-horse ( #ahah1 ! two :eels on :i* ! rid] sat a/ride1 tipp+ ! gr\nd ) 8 feet 9 ord] to propel ! ma*9e1 0 laugh$ out ( exi/5ce4 ,9 #ahdj1 a blacksmi? nam$ ,kirkpatrick ,macmillan1 ( ,c\r?ill1 p>i% ( ,keir1 ,dumfries%ire1 made a cycle on :i* he rode to ,glasg[1 & caus$ a big s5sation on ! way4 ,?is wor?y man di$ 9 #ahgh1 ag$ #fh4 ,! notable fact reg>d+ ,macmillan's cycle is1 t he _h adapt$ cranks & lev]s to ! old d&y or hobby-horse4 ,gav9 ,dalziel1 ( ,lesmahag[1 ,lan>k%ire1 _h a bicycle ( 8 own inv5tion 9 daily use 9 #ahdf4 ,! ,fr5* are probably ju/ifi$1 moreov]1 9 claim+ z _! own ! developm5t ( ! crude inv5tion into ! pres5t velocip$e1 =1 9 #ahfb1 a ,m4 ,rivi]e1 a ,fr5* subject resid+ 9 ,engl&1 deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice a m9ute specification ( a bicycle4 ,8 description 01 h[ev]1 unaccompani$ by any draw+ or sket*1 & he seems to h tak5 no fur!r /eps 9 ! matt] ?an to regi/] a !ory :i* he nev] c>ri$ into practice4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! bicycle 0 re-inv5t$ by ! ,fr5* & by ! ,am]icans almo/ simultane\sly1 & inde$1 bo? nations claim priority 9 introduc+ x4 ,x came into public notoriety at ! ,fr5* ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfg1 f :i* "t ! rage = !m gradually develop$ itself1 until 9 #ahfi ,p>is became en?usia/ic ov] velocip$es4 ,ext5sive f\ndries 7 soon e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is = ! sole purpose ( supply+ ! ironwork1 :ile "s scores ( l>ge manufactories tax$ _! utmo/ res\rces to meet ! daily increas+ dem& = ^! vehicles4 ,!re 0 a revival ( cycl+ betwe5 #ahfg-fi4 ,an +5i\s ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,mi*aux1 _h "s ye>s be=e fitt$ p$als & a transv]se h&le to ! front :eel ( :at came to be irrev]5tly kn[n z ! 'bone-%ak]4' ,?is embryo bicycle _h a consid]able vogue1 & 0 introduc$ to ,mr ,*>les ,sp5c]'s gymnasium 9 ,london 9 #ahfh4 ,sp5c] 0 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfh1 9 company ) ,mr ,r4 ,turn]1 repres5tative ( ! ,cov5try ,ma*9i/s' ,company1 & !y 7 ea* admir+ ! graceful evolutions ( ,h5ri ,tasc>d on 8 velocip$e ov] ! broad asphalt pa?s ( ! ,luxemburg ,g>d5s4 ',*>lie1 d y ?9k y c\ld d t8' said ,turn]4 ,sp5c] said he ?\ght he w\ld h a trial1 & w\ld take home a ma*9e t v night4 ,he accord+ly br\ght ov] a ma*9e to ,london1 practis$ rid+ /eal?ily 9 "s ( ! mo/ out-(-!-way ,london /reets1 & soon ga9$ suffici5t confid5ce to appe> 9 public4 ,mr ,john ,mayall1 jun41 photograph]1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 witness$ ! arrival ( "o ( ! fir/ bicycles at ,sp5c]'s gymnasium1 9 ,old ,/reet1 ,/ ,luke's4 ',x produc$ b little impression ^u me1' he says1 '& c]ta9ly did n /rike me z be+ a new means ( locomotion4 ,a sl5d] "y man1 :om ,i soon came to "k z ,mr ,turn] ( ,p>is1 foll[$ ! pack+-case & sup]9t5d$ its op5+4 ,! gymnasium 0 cle>$1 ,mr ,turn] took (f 8 coat1 grasp$ ! h&les ( ! ma*9e1 &1 ) a %ort run1 to my int5se surprise1 vault$ on to x1 & putt+ 8 feet on ! treadle made ! circuit ( ! room4 ,we 7 "s half-a-doz5 spectators1 & ,i %all nev] =get our a/oni%m5t at ! sight ( ,mr ,turn] :irl+ himself r\nd ! room--sitt+ on a b> above a pair ( :eels 9 a l9e1 t ought1 z we inadv]t5tly suppos$1 to fall d[n z soon z he jump$ (f ! gr\nd4' ,x is almo/ laughable1 n[1 to read h[ ,sp5c] at fir/ always rode on ! pavem5t1 & h[ politely ev]ybody cle>$ out ( 8 way4 ,ev5 ,policeman ,x help$ to make a passage = him4 ,"s wiseacre1 on be+ quizz$ z to ! uses ( ?is /range new ma*9e1 w\ld reply1 ',:y1 x is a ma*9e = measur+ roads1 ( c\rse2' & a /reet arab w\ld %\t1 ',oh1 crikey1 ,bill1 'ere's a l>k4 ,a swell a rid9' on two :eels4 ,m9d h[ y fall1 sir1' c4 ,sp5c]'s spe$ at fir/ 0 b five miles an h\r4 ,soon !re 7 _m inquiries = ?is wond]ful new aid to locomotion4 ,sp5c] & ,turn] ent]$ he>tily into ! bus9ess4 ,an ord] = #ejj ma*9es 0 giv5 to ! ,cov5try ,ma*9i/s' ,company 9 ! end ( #ahfh4 ,?is 0 ! firm ) :i* ,mr ,james ,/>ley1 inv5tor ( ! ',cov5try ,tricycle1' 0 connect$1 & ?is ord] help$ ! />t ( :at has gr[n to be an enorm\s & b5eficial indu/ry to ! t[n ( ,cov5try4 ,! acc\nt ( feats ( long-di/ance rid+1 ( =ty & fifty miles a day1 got abroad--! feat by ,turn]1 ,sp5c]1 & ,mayall p>ticul>ly1 9 rid+ to ,brighton & back 9 a day1 9 ,febru>y #ahfi1 fur!r popul>is$ cycl+4 ,*>les ,dick5s & ,james ,payn 7 among/ ^? :o 7 bitt5 by ! velocip$e 'mania4' ,yet ! bone-%ak] craze might h di$ a natural dea? b = ! introduction ( ! rubb] tyre & o!r improvem5ts4 ,mr ,james ,/>ley1 ( ,cov5try1 ?r\gh ^: inv5tive g5ius ! tricycle 0 evolv$ f ! bicycle1 0 also an improv] & pione]4 ,/>ley says ( 8 improvem5ts3 ',i reg>d$ ! rid] z ! motive =ce2 & believ+ x absolutely necess>y t he %\ld be s plac$ t he c\ld ex]t ! greate/ am\nt ( p[] on 8 p$als1 ) ! lea/ am\nt ( fatigue to himself--believ+1 also1 t ! ma*9e ( ! future mu/ be s made t su* ess5tials z ! crank-%aft1 p$als1 seat1 & h&les c\ld easily be made adju/able--,i decid$ to *ange my %ape1 make my :eels ( a good roll+ size1 place my crank-%aft z ne> ! gr\nd z safety w\ld p]mit1 connect my back :eel ) my crank by means ( a *a91 s t ! ge> might be adju/$ & v>i$ at pleasure1 & a %ort1 /rong man c\ld ride ) a fifty1 a sixty1 a sev5ty1 or ev5 a high] ge>1 :ile a tall1 weak man c\ld ride ) a l[] ge> ?an ! %ort1 /rong "o2 to give my saddle a v]tical adju/m5t s t x c\ld be rais$ or l[]$ at w2 s to place my h&les t !y c\ld be set =w>d or backw>d1 rais$ or l[]$1 z might be desir$2 & f9ally1 to make x impossible = ! p$all+ to int]f]e ) ! /e]+4' ,9 ! ',rov]' bicycle he gave an impetus to ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ma*9e1 :i* has be5 cr[n$ 9 ! pneumatic tyre1 ! inv5tion ( ,john ,boyd ,dunlop1 born at ,dreghorn1 ,ayr%ire1 9 #ahdj4 ,mr ,dunlop 0 engag$ z a vet]9>y surgeon ne> ,belfa/1 :]e he built himself an air-:eel f ord9>y ?9 rubb] %eets1 ) rubb] valve & plug4 ,mr ,c4 ,k4 ,wel* foll[$ ) ! deta*able tyre4 ,! big1 unga9ly look+ :eels 7 at fir/ laugh$ at1 b :5 pneumatic tyr$ ma*9es won race aft] race1 !y became ! rage4 ,& :5 ! company =m$ to make ! ,dunlop tyre sold _! int]e/ 9 ! conc]n1 9 #ahif x 0 wor? ab\t ,l#c1jjj1jjj4 ,! capital orig9ally subscrib$ 0 ,l#bfj1jjj1 & ,l#feh1jjj _h be5 paid 9 divid5ds4 ,a cycl+ t\r is heal?-giv+ & enjoyable :5 gone ab\t rationally & prud5tly4 ,x is pleasant to plan1 & no less s to c>ry out1 z x is always ! unexpect$ :i* happ5s4 ,!re are halts by ! wayside1 conv]sations ) ru/ics1 f9e views2 & e "p ( ! bra9 & blood is oxyg5at$1 giv+ t k9d ( :olesome intoxication :i* ,?oreau said he ga9$ by liv+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,"o's own c\ntry is explor$ z x has nev] be5 explor$ be=e4 ,"s :eelm5 h be5 cr$it$ ) sev5 & eight ?\s& miles 9 a s+le season4 ,o!rs1 m ambiti\s1 h made a track r\nd ! globe4 ,mr ,?omas ,/ev5s1 />t+ f ,san ,francisco 9 ,april #ahhd1 occupi$ ?ree ye>s 9 go+ r\nd ! _w4 ,mr ,t4 ,all5 & ,mr ,l4 ,sa*tleb51 two ,am]ican /ud5ts1 z a practical f9i% to a !oretical education1 occupi$ ?ree ye>s 9 rid+ r\nd ! _w--#ae1djd miles on ! :eel4 ,!y climb$ ,m\nt ,ar>at by ! way1 & int]view$ ,li ,hung ,*ang1 ! ,*9ese vic]oy4 ,! :eel ridd5 by ^! '=eign devils' 0 describ$ by "o ,*9aman z 'a little mule t y drive by ! e>s1 & kick 9 ! sides to make him g4' ,mr ,frank ,g4 ,l5z1 :o />t$ f ,am]ica 9 ,june #ahib to ride r\nd ! _w1 0 un=tunately kill$ by six ,kurds1 sixty-five miles f ,erz]\m1 betwe5 ! villages ( ,kurtali & ,dah>1 on ,may #aj1 #ahid4 ,!re h be5 _m int]e/+ %ort] rides4 ,mr ,walt] ,godd>d ( ,le$s1 & ,mr ,james ,edmund ( ,brixton1 />t$ f ,london & rode entirely r\nd ,europe on :eels2 ,mr ,hugh ,callan rode f ,glasg[ to ! riv] ,jordan2 ,mr ,r4 ,l4 ,jeff]son1 9 #ahid1 rode f ,london to ,con/ant9ople1 betwe5 ,m>* #aj & ,may #ai4 ,9 #ahie ! same g5tleman rode f ,london to ,mosc[1 #dbha miles1 & _h no?+ good to say ( ,russian inns or roads4 ,a lady ( sixty has done sev5ty miles 9 "o day2 :ile an ,engli% lady t\ri/ did twelve hundr$ miles 9 h] v>i\s ups & d[ns betwe5 ,london & ,glasg[ dur+ "o holiday4 ,! light] ! ma*9e1 ! m exp5sive x is4 ,rac+-ma*9es are built z light z tw5ty p\nds 9 weight4 ,"s ( ! swifte/ road-rid]s patronise ma*9es ( tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 p\nds2 b = all-r\nd "w1 "o ( ?irty-?ree p\nds1 )\t lamp or bell1 is a good av]age ma*9e4 ,z to spe$1 we h _h #dfj miles 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs on ! rac+-track1 & #cgg miles on ! road4 ,huret1 a ,fr5* rid]1 has done #eae miles betwe5 "o midnight & ano!r2 ! ,swiss cycli/ ,lesna has done #bh miles an h\r2 :ile ,mr ,mills & ,mr ,t4 ,a4 ,edge1 9 a ride f ,l&'s ,end to ,john o' ,groat's on a t&em1 beat all previ\s records1 do+ ! j\rney 9 ?ree days f\r h\rs & =ty-six m9utes4 ,a v s5sible ,am]ican rid]1 :5 on t\r1 />ts %ortly aft] breakfa/1 & ) a brief re/ = lun*1 has 8 day's "w ( ab\t fifty miles ov] by f\r ,p4,m4 ,!n he *anges und]clo?+--a mo/ important & nev]-to-be-=gott5 matt]--has d9n]1 & an enjoyable ramble ov] ! t[n or village :]e he /ays ov]-night4 ,b he is a luxuri\s dog1 & n _m w c>ry su* an abundant kit 9 ! triangul> bag bel[ ! h&le b>4 ,imag9e ?ree light out+ %irts1 ?ree suits1 gauze und]clo?+1 a d>k flannel bicycle suit1 lac$ tann$ gait]s1 light-weight rubb] coat1 comb2 clo!s1 hair1 & too? bru%es2 soap & t[el1 writ+-pad & p5cil1 map & mat*es1 & tool bag6 ,_m a cycli/ c>ries a h& cam]a1 & br+s home a p]man5t record ( 8 j\rneys4 ,x has be5 well said t _m a boy w />t 9 life ) a m vigor\s con/itution because ( ! bicycle1 & _m a man :o is gr[+ old too fa/ by neglect ( active ex]cise w f9d himself rejuv5at$ by ! same ag5cy4 ,only let ! gett+ ov] a c]ta9 di/ance )9 a c]ta9 "t n be ! ma9 object4 ,& w9t] rid+1 :5 ! roads p]mit1 ne$ n be neglect$1 = no?+ is m invigorat+ ?an a w9t] ride4 ,! doctors tell u t z long z "o c ride ) ! m\? %ut1 ! he>t is all "r4 ,a fillip %\ld be giv5 to ! appetite2 :5ev] ?is is de/roy$1 & sleeplessness ensues1 cycl+ is be+ ov]done4 ,cycl+1 ( c\rse1 z we h already said1 is n all pleasure or romance4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( h>d "w1 ) head-w9ds1 ra91 mud1 hills1 & misadv5tures ?r\gh punctures ( ! tyre4 ,?is la/ may happ5 at ! mo/ inopportune "t2 b ! cycli/ is g5]ally a philosoph]1 & sets ab\t 8 repairs ) a cool & easy m9d4 ,a ^w 9 clos+ ab\t accid5ts1 :i* are (t5 due to c>elessness & recklessness4 ,a cycli/ has no "r to ride at t5 or f\rte5 miles an h\r 9 a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e4 ,he takes 8 life--& o!r p's6--9 8 h&s if he does s4 ,no less is caution ne$$ on hills1 ! twi/s & turns 9 :i* are unse5 or unfamili>1 & :]e ! bottom ( ! incl9e _c be se54 ,z ! say+ goes1 ',bett] be a c[>d = half an h\r ?an a corpse = ! re/ ( y\r lifetime4' ,b exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide1 & no h>d-&-fa/ rules c be laid d[n = exceptional circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,d&y-horse4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/eam]s ,,& ,,sail+-,,%ips4 ,e>ly ,%ipp+--,m$it]ranean ,trade--,rise ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 & o!r ,l9es--,transatlantic ,l9es--,india & ! ,ea/--,e>ly ,/eam%ips--,fir/ ,/eam] to cross ! ,atlantic--,rise ( ,atlantic ,%ipp+ ,l9es--,! ,great ,ea/]n & ! ,new ,cun>d]s ,campania & ,lucania comp>$--,sail+-%ips4 ,,! ,,c>ry+-,,trade ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,( all ! indu/ries ( ! _w1 t :i* is conc]n$ ) ! int]*ange ( ! products ( nations is suffus$ ) ! mo/ int]e/ = ! l>ge/ numb] ( p4 ,n only is ! numb] ( ^? :o g d[n into ! sea 9 %ips1 & :o d bus9ess on ! great wat]s1 legion1 b ?ree-f\r?s ( ! population ( ! globe are m or less dep5d5t on _! ent]prise4 ,! ocean-c>ry+ trade we are accu/om$ to date f ! "t ( ! ,pho5icians2 & c]ta9ly ! ,pho5icians 7 d>+ m>9]s1 if n exactly sci5tific navigators1 & _! %ips 7 pretty well acqua9t$ ) ! wat]s ( ,europe & ! coa/s ( ,africa4 ,b ! ,pho5icians 7 r m]*ant-adv5tur]s on _! own acc\nt ?an ocean-c>ri]s1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,arabians 7 on ! o!r side ( ,africa1 act+ z ! int]m$i>ies ( ! trade betwe5 ,egypt & ,ea/ ,africa & ,india4 ,9 ! e>ly days1 too1 !re is reason to believe t ! ,*9ese 7 ext5sive ocean-c>ri]s1 s5d+ _! junks bo? to ! ,arabian ,gulf & to ! ports ( ,h9du/an1 long be=e ,alex&] ! ,great invad$ ,india4 ,b !re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( m>itime comm]ce ?an ! mann] 9 :i* x has *ang$ h&s4 ,ev5 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! c>ry+-trade ( ! ,baltic & ! ,m$it]ranean 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,danes1 ,norwegians1 & ,g]mans1 :ile our own h>b\rs 7 cr[d$ ) =eign %ips4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! effects ( our peculi> ,navigation ,laws1 "u :i* =eign]s 7 s protect$ t !re 0 h>dly a trade op5 to ,briti% vessels4 ,x is1 inde$1 j n9ety ye>s s9ce ,briti% %ip-own]s made a =mal & e>ne/ appeal to ! gov]nm5t to remove ! exi/+ %ackles on ! =eign trade ( ! c\ntry1 & to promote ! developm5t ( comm]ce ) ! ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian colonies4 ,"o argum5t ( ! "t 0 ! necessity = recov]+ & develop+ ! ,m$it]ranean trade1 z af=d+ "o ( ! be/ av5ues = ! employm5t ( %ipp+ & ! promotion ( int]national comm]ce4 ,x 0 a trade ( :i* ,engl& _h a v consid]able %>e 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 :o may v fairly be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ,briti% m]*ant %ipp+4 ,he n only built %ips = himself = trad+ purposes1 b enc\rag$ o!rs to d s1 & ev5 l5t !m money = ! purpose4 ,& x 0 to ! ,m$it]ranean t he *iefly direct$ 8 att5tion1 9 eag] competition ) ! argosies ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa4 ,!re result$ a p]fect fleet ( :at 7 call$ 'tall %ips' engag$ 9 c>ry+ wooll5 fabrics & o!r ,briti% products to ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,syria1 & ! ,levant1 & 9 br++ home c>goes ( silk1 cotton1 wool1 c>pets1 oil1 spices1 & w9e4 ,/eam has work$ a *ange 9 fav\r ( ?is c\ntry n[h]e m rem>kable ?an 9 ! ,m$it]ranean trade4 ,:5 ! trade began to revive = sail+-vessels1 by a removal ( "s ( ! irksome re/rictions1 ,lisbon 0 ! mo/ important port on ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula = ,briti% %ipp+4 ,!re 0 a weekly mail s]vice by sail+-packets betwe5 ,falm\? & ,lisbon1 until ! ,admiralty put on a /eam]4 ,"s "t 9 ! '?irties1' two "y ,scot*m5 nam$ ,brodie ,wilcox & ,ar?ur ,&]son _h a small fleet ( sail+-vessels engag$ 9 ! ,p59sul> trade1 & 9 ! ye> #ahcd !y *>t]$ ! /eam] ,royal ,t> f ! ,dubl9 & ,london ,/eam-packet ,company4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! great ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 de/9$ to revolutionise ! c>ry+-trade bo? ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,ea/4 ,:5 ! ,spani% gov]nm5t negotiat$ = a l9e ( /eam]s to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa91 ,wilcox & ,&]son took up ! project1 organis$ a small company1 & acquir$ "s /eam]s1 :i* at fir/ did n pay4 ,!y p]sev]$1 h[ev]1 until %ipp]s saw ! sup]iority ( ! new vessels to ! old sail]s1 & at la/ ! ,p59sul> ,company obta9$ ! fir/ mail-contract ev] ent]$ into by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 9 #ahcg2 ! ,cun>d & ,royal ,mail 7,we/ ,indian7 l9es 7 n e/abli%$ until #ahdj4 ,9 a c\ple ( ye>s ! ,p59sul> ,company ext5d$ _! l9e ?r\gh ! ,/raits to ,malta & ,alex&ria1 & aga9 to ,corfu & ! ,levant4 ,9 #ahdj !y appli$ = & obta9$ a *>t] z ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam-navigation ,company1 ) ! object ( e/abli%+ a l9e ( /eam]s on ! o!r side ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 f :i* h develop$ ! great ramifications to ,india1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,au/ralia4 ,x 01 inde$1 ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean t we obta9$ our fir/ hold on ! ,ea/]n c>ry+-trade4 ,9 consid]+ ! developm5t ( m>itime comm]ce1 x is always to be rememb]$ t ! design ( ,columbus & ! e>ly navigators 9 sail+ we/w>ds 0 n to f9d ,am]ica1 b to f9d a new way to ,india & ,f> ,ca?ay4 ,mighty z ,am]ica has become 9 ! _w's economy1 its fir/ occupation 0 only an incid5t 9 ! /ruggle = ! trade ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,b ) ! occupation ( ,am]ica came two new developm5ts 9 ?is c>ry+-trade--namely1 "o across ! ,atlantic1 & "o ^u & across ! ,pacific4 ,to ! ev5tful ye> 9 :i* s _m great ent]prises 7 f\nd$--namely1 #ahdj--we trace ! beg9n+ ( /eam-c>ry+ on ! ,pacific1 = 9 t ye> ,william ,:eelwright took or s5t ! fir/ /eam] r\nd ,cape ,horn1 z ! pione] ( ! great ,pacific ,/eam-navigation ,company4 ,)9 ab\t a doz5 ye>s !reaft]1 ! ,am]icans _h "s fifty /eam]s con/antly engag$ on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! two ,cont95ts1 besides ^? ( ! ,engli% company4 ,out ( "o ( ^? ,pacific l9es grew ,commodore ,v&]bilt's ,nic>agua ,transit ,company1 a d\ble s]vice ( two l9es ( /eam]s1 "o on ea* side ( ! ,cont95t1 ) an ov]l& connection ?r\gh ,nic>agua4 ,out ( ano!r grew ! ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco l9e1 connect+ ov]l& across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama--:]e ,m4 de ,lesseps did n succe$ 9 cutt+ a ,canal4 ,& out ( yet ano!r ( ^? ,pacific ent]prises1 all /imulat$ by ,:eelwright's success1 grew 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s a l9e betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ,hawaii1 & ano!r betwe5 ,san ,francisco & ,au/ralia4 ,"s =ty ye>s ago ! boats ( ?is la/-nam$ l9e us$ to run d[n to ,panama to pick up pass5g]s & traffic f ,europe1 & x is int]e/+ to recall t at t p]iod ! design 0 greatly fav\r$ ( a regul> /eam s]vice betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralia via ,panama4 ,a company 0 project$ = ! purpose2 b x came to no?+1 = v>i\s reasons n necess>y to ent] ^u "h4 ,b z long ago z ! e>ly fifties1 :5 ! ,panama ,railway 0 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 !re 7 eight sep>ate l9es ( /eam]s on ! ,atlantic meet+ at ,asp9wall1 & five on ! ,pacific meet+ at ,panama4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! ,am]icans _h complet$ _! iron-roads f ocean to ocean across _! own dom9ions1 !y />t$ l9es ( /eam]s f ,san ,francisco to ,*9a & ,japan4 ,& lat] /ill1 :5 ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railway 0 complet$ across ,canada1 a ,briti% l9e ( %ips 0 />t$ across ! ,pacific to ,f> ,ca?ay1 & aft]w>ds to ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,s t ! dream ( ! old navigators has1 aft] all1 be5 practically realis$4 ,! repeal ( ! corn laws gave an imm5se impetus to ,briti% %ipp+1 by op5+ up new l9es ( traffic 9 gra9 ) ! ports ( ! ,baltic1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ,egypt2 & ! ext5sion ( /eam] communication creat$ ano!r new c>ry+-bus9ess 9 ! transport ( coals abroad to innum]able coal+ /ations4 ,?us dem& goes on creat+ supply1 & supply 9 turn creat+ new dem&4 ,f ! old fruit & gra9 sail]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean trade h develop$ su* ext5sive conc]ns z ! ,cun>d l9e 7"o ( ^: beg9n+s 0 a s]vice ( /eam]s betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,havre71 :i* n[ cov]s ! :ole ,m$it]ranean1 & ext5ds across ! ,atlantic to ,new ,york & ,bo/on2 ! ,an*or l9e1 :i* began ) a c\ple ( boats runn+ betwe5 ! ,clyde & ! ,p59sula1 & n[ cov]s all ! ,m$it]ranean & ,adriatic1 & ext5ds f ,india to ,am]ica2 ! ,bibby l9e1 :i* began ) a /eam] betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,m>seilles1 & n[ cov]s e "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7,leyl& l9e71 & spreads out to ,burma & ! ,/raits4 ,^! are b a few ( _m examples ( h[ ! great c>ry+-l9es ( ! _w1 ea/ & we/1 h develop$ f mode/ ent]prises 9 mid-,europe4 ,& ev5 n[ ! goods traffic betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,nor? ,europe & ,am]ica1 is less 9 ! h&s ( ^! great l9es ?an 9 t ( ! va/ fleets ( ocean tramps1 bo? sail & /eam4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful developm5ts 9 ! c>ry+-trade ( ! _w is ! conc]n kn[n z ! ,messag]ies ,m>itimes ( ,france--n[ probably ! l>ge/ /eam]-own+ cop>tn]y 9 ! _w4 ,prior to ! ,crimean ,w>1 !re 0 an ent]prise call$ ! ,messag]ies ,imp]iales1 :i* 0 engag$ 9 ! l&-c>riage ( mails ?r\gh ,france4 ,9 #ahea ?is company ent]$ into a contract ) ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t = ! conveyance ( mails to ,italy1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ! ,levant2 & z ye>s w5t on1 ! mail subsidies became s heavy t ! ent]prise 0 practically a national "o4 ,dur+ ! w>1 ! ,messag]ies ,company's vessels 7 9 su* dem& z transports1 c41 t ! company _h to rapidly create a new fleet = mail purposes4 ,) peace came ! difficulty ( employ+ ! enorm\sly augm5t$ fleet4 ,new l9es ( mail & c>go boats 7 !re=e successively e/abli%$ betwe5 ,france & ! ,danube & ,black ,sea2 ,bordeaux & ,brazil & ! ,riv] ,plate2 ,m>seilles & ,india & ,*9a1 c4 ,9 fact1 ! ,messag]ies ,company's ramifications n[ ext5d f ,france to ,great ,brita91 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! :ole ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,levant1 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,*9a ,seas1 & ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,few p1 p]haps1 h any conception ( ! numb]s ( regul> & highly organis$ l9es ( /eam]s n[ connect+ ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,besides ! ,messag]ies1 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,lloyd's & ! ,italian mail l9es run betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,riv] ,plate4 ,arg5t9a & ,brazil are connect$ ) diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe by ab\t a doz5 l9es4 ,betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe !re are n[ ab\t ?irty di/9ct regul> l9es ( /eam]s c>ry+ goods & pass5g]s2 & ab\t a doz5 m c>ry+ goods only4 ,f\r ( ^! l9es are direct ) ,g]many1 two ) ,france1 two ) ,holl&1 two ) ,belgium1 "o ) ,d5m>k1 & two ) ,italy1 "o ( :i* is "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,all ! re/ ( ! pass5g] l9es & mo/ ( ! c>go l9es run betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z = ! 'tramps' /eam+ & sail+ betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 !y are ( all nations2 b aga9 ! majority fly ! ,briti% flag1 ?\gh once ^u a "t ! ,am]ican-built clipp]s1 ( graceful l9es & 'sky-scrap+' ma/s1 us$ to monopolise ! ,am]ican c>ry+-trade "u ! />s & /ripes4 ,once ^u a "t1 too1 ^! beautiful ,am]ican clipp]s _h ! bulk ( ! ,*9a tea-trade1 & ( ! ,anglo-,au/ralian g5]al trade4 ,b !y 7 run (f ! face ( ! wat]s by ! ,navigation ,laws ( ,am]ica & ! %ipp+ ent]prise ( ,brita94 ,! great & gr[+ trade betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,india1 too1 is n[ ne>ly all c>ri$ 9 ,briti% vessels2 & a l>ge "p ( ! regul> /eam s]vice betwe5 ,new ,york & ! ,we/ ,indies is "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,t a *ange w take place :5 ,am]ica repeals ! laws :i* =bid ,am]icans to own vessels built abroad or mann$ by =eign]s is pretty c]ta94 ,) reg>d to ,india1 ! gr[? 9 ! c>ry+-trade has be5 enorm\s s9ce ,vasco da ,gama1 f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 f\nd 8 way r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,calicut4 ,= an entire c5tury1 d[n to #afjj1 ! ,portuguese monopolis$ ! trade ( ! ,ea/1 & z _m z two & ?ree hundr$ ( _! %ips w\ld (t5 be ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! port ( ,goa1 tak+ 9 c>go = diff]5t ,ea/]n & ,european ports4 ,to-day1 ,goa is a des]t$ port1 & ! ,portuguese flag is r>ely se5--a %ip or two p] annum n[ be+ suffici5t = all ! trade betwe5 ,portugal & ,india4 ,9 ! c5tury ( ,portuguese prosp]ity ! ,engli% flag 0 h>dly kn[n 9 ,ea/]n wat]s4 ,x 0 ! ,dut* :o drove out ! ,portuguese2 & ! reason :y ! ,dut* 7 tempt$ out to ,india 0 because ! ri* c>goes br\ght home by ! ,portuguese c\ld n be dispos$ ( 9 ,portugal1 & _h to be tak5 to ,am/]dam1 or ,rott]dam1 or ,antw]p1 :]e ! opul5t ,dut* m]*ants pur*as$ !m = r$i/ribution ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,?is is h[ ! ,dut* came into direct relations ) ! ,indian trade be=e ! ,engli%1 & :y ,b>5tz & o!rs tri$ to f9d a ne> way to ,india = ! ,dut* vessels by way ( ! nor? ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,fail+ 9 ! nor?1 ! ,dut* foll[$ ! ,portuguese r\nd ! ,cape1 & rea*+ ,sumatra1 f\nd$ ! wide doma9 ( ,ne!rl&s-,india4 ,?is occupation 0 effect$ be=e #afjj2 & betwe5 t ye> & #afgj !y expell$ ! ,portuguese f e "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 f ,malacca1 f ,ceylon1 f ! ,malab> ,coa/1 & f ,macass>4 ,! ,dut* 9 turn enjoy$ a monopoly ( ! ,indian trade = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s4 ,!n ) ! rise ( ,clive came ! d[nfall ( ! ,dut*1 & by #ahaa !y 7 /ripp$ ( e possession !y _h 9 ! ,ea/4 ,lat]1 we gave !m back ,java & ,sumatra1 ) :i* ,holl& n[ does a l>ge trade1 res]v$ exclusively to ,dut* vessels4 ,b 9 ,india prop] ! ,dut* h n a s+le possession1 & x is d\btful if 9 all ! ,indian ,p59sula !re are n[ a hundr$ ,dut*m5 resid5t4 ,two imm5se /reams ( trade are con/antly sett+ to & f ,india & ,europe ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal & r\nd ! ,cape4 ,n only is ! bulk ( t trade conduct$ by ! well-kn[n ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal1 ,briti% ,india1 ,city1 ,clan1 ,an*or1 & o!r l9es 7?\gh ! ,messag]ies ,m>itimes1 ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd's1 & o!r =eign l9es h no mean %>e71 b ! :ole coa/-l9e ( ,india is s]v$ by ! /eam]s ( ! ,briti%-,india & ,asiatic l9es2 & ,briti% vessels conduct ! mo/ ( ! c>ry+-trade betwe5 ,india & ,au/ralia1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ! ,/raits1 ,mauritius1 c4 ,a new c>ry+-trade 0 creat$ :5 ! ,au/ralasian colonies 7 f\nd$ "o aft] ! o!r--9 ! tak+ out ( home manufactures1 implem5ts1 ma*9]y1 c41 & br++ back wool & tall[2 & !n gold1 :eat1 fruit1 & froz5 meat4 ,?is colonial trade is n[ divid$ betwe5 sail]s & /eam]s1 & 9 ! /eam] traffic "s ( ! =eign l9es are eag]ly bidd+ = a %>e4 ,simil>ly1 a new c>ry+-trade has be5 ( q rec5t ye>s develop$ by ! op5+ up ( ,s\? ,africa1 & ?is is practically all 9 ,briti% h&s4 ,an important item ( int]national c>riage ( rec5t developm5t is ! m9]al oil ( ,am]ica & ,russia4 ,! c>riage ( ^! oils is a trade ( itself4 ,ano!r special bran* ( ! _w's c>ry+-trade is connect$ ) ! sea-fi%]ies4 ,all ! fi%+-gr\nds ( ! ,atlantic & ,nor? ,sea may be said to be n[ connect$ ) ! consum+ m>kets by s]vices ( /eam]s4 ,! cod-fi%]s (f ! ,banks ( ,newf\ndl& transf] _! dri$ & salt$ fi% to vessels :i* spe$ !m to ! good ,ca?olics ( ,spa9 & ,france & ,italy1 j z ! /eam auxili>ies br+ to ,london ! h>ve/s ga!r$ by ! boats on ! ,dogg] ,bank4 ,( late ye>s n unsuccessful ef=ts h be5 made1 especially by ,capta9 ,wigg9s1 to e/abli% direct communication betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! arctic coa/s ( ,russia once e summ]4 ,& hopes are ent]ta9$ t on ! completion ( ! railway f ,w9nipeg to ,=t ,*ur*ill1 ! greatly %ort] sea-r\te via ,hudson ,/rait & ,hudson ,bay may greatly facilitate communication ) ,manitoba & ! ,canadian ,nor?-we/4 ,x is comput$ t on ! great ocean highways !re are n few] ?an t5 ?\s& l>ge & highly-p[]$ /eam]s con/antly employ$4 ,if x be wond]$ h[ sail+-vessels c ma9ta9 a place at all 9 ! race ( competition 9 ! _w's c>ry+-trade1 a ^w ( explanation may be (f]$4 ,d n suppose t only r\gh & l[-valu$ c>go is left = ! sail]s4 ,!y /ill h ! bulk ( ! cotton & :eat & o!r valuable products1 n only because !y c c>ry m *eaply1 b because transport by sail+-vessels gives ! m]*ant a wid] *oice ( m>ket4 ,c>goes ( /aple products c always be sold 'to arrive' at "s giv5 port1 & x is *eap] to put !m afloat ?an to w>eh\se !m a%ore & wait = an ord]4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! proportions borne by ! sev]al m>itime nations 9 ?is great int]national c>ry+-trade8 ,! "q is n "o :i* c be answ]$ ) absolute precision1 b ! tables ( ! ,m>9e ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade enable "o to f9d an approximate answ]4 ,9 #ahic ! tonnage ( /eam & sail+ vessels ( all nationalities 9 ! =eign trade ent]+ & cle>+ at ports 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 #gd1fcb1hdg1 ( :i* #ed1adh1ffd tons 7 ,briti%1 & #bj1dhd1ahc tons 7 =eign4 ,9 ! =eign total1 ! l>ge/ proportions 7 ,norwegian1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,sw$i%1 ,dani%1 & ,fr5*4 ,! ,teutonic races h ?us ! mo/ ( ! ocean-c>ry+2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates proportion ( ! above total 0 small4 ,s f> ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,n[ let u see :at "p ,briti% %ipp+ plays 9 ! =eign trade ( o!r c\ntries4 ,we f9d t ! total tonnage ( ! ,briti% ,empire 0 #aj1cfe1efg4 ,! o!r pr9cipal m>itime c\ntries own$ #ab1jjj1jjj tons4 ,!re=e1 r\ghly speak+1 ! ,briti% ,empire owns ab\t five-elev5?s ( ! entire %ipp+ ( ! _w4 ,ev5 s rec5tly z ?irty ye>s ago1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! ocean-c>ry+ trade 0 p]=m$ by sail+-vessels2 to-day1 ab\t f\r-fif?s ( x is p]=m$ by /eam]s4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/eam] ,,to ,,cross ,,! ,,atlantic4 ,! e>lie/ /eam]s ! _w ev] saw1 n reckon+ ! exp]im5tal craft con/ruct$ by su* m5 z ,fulton1 ,bell1 ,sym+ton1 & ,watt1 7 ^? employ$ 9 ! transatlantic trade4 ,z f> back z ! ye> #ahai1 ! ,yankee paddle-/eam] ,savannah1 ( ?ree hundr$ tons burd51 cross$ f ! port ( t "n1 9 ,georgia1 to ,liv]pool4 ,%e occupi$ tw5ty-five days ^u ! passage2 b1 z %e 0 fully rigg$1 & "u all sail dur+ at lea/ two-?irds ( ! voyage1 ! m]it ( h] p]=mance1 z an illu/ration ( ! sup]iority ( ! eng9e ov] canvas1 is some:at d\btful4 ,yet %e 0 beyond dispute ! fir/ /eam] to accompli% a long sea-voyage1 & to ! ,am]icans belong ! cr$it ( h] exploit4 ,inde$1 f ! "t ( _! la/ w> ) u1 d[n to )9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 our ,yankee neighb\rs g5]ally seem$ to be a little ahead ( ?is c\ntry 9 m>itime matt]s4 ,!y taught u a lesson 9 %ipbuild+ by _! fam\s ,baltimore clipp]s1 & !y 7 ! fir/ to demon/rate 9 a practical mann]1 & to ! complete capsizal ( ! le>n$ ,dr ,l>dn]'s !ories1 ! possibility ( employ+ /eam = ! purposes ( ocean navigation4 ,al?\gh 9 #ahch ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n successfully made ! j\rney f ,engl& to ,am]ica1 yet five ye>s be=e t date1 ,canadian ent]prise accompli%$ ! feat ( bridg+ ! ,atlantic ,ocean ) a little vessel propell$ :olly by /eam4 ,?is 0 ! ,royal ,william1 ^: beautiful model 0 exhibit$ at ! ,briti% ,naval ,exhibition 9 ,london1 :]e %e attract$ ! att5tion & curiosity ( ! fir/ seam5 9 ! empire4 ,! ,royal ,william--nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! reign+ sov]eign--0 built 9 ! city ( ,quebec by a ,scot*man1 ,james ,g\die1 :o _h s]v$ 8 "t & le>n$ 8 art at ,gre5ock4 ,! keel 0 laid 9 ! autumn ( #ahcj2 & h] build]1 !n 9 8 tw5ty-second ye>1 writes3 ',z ,i _h ! draw+s & ! =m ( ! %ip1 at ! "t a novelty 9 con/ruction1 x devolv$ ^u me to lay (f & exp& ! draft to its full dim5sions on ! floor ( ! l(t1 :]e ,i made sev]al alt]ations 9 ! l9es z improvem5ts4 ,! /eam%ip be+ duly comm5c$1 ! "w progress$ rapidly2 & 9 ,may foll[+ 0 duly laun*$1 & be=e a l>ge conc\rse ( p 0 *ri/5$ ! ,royal ,william4 ,%e 0 !n tak5 to ,montreal to h h] eng9es1 :]e ,i cont9u$ to sup]9t5d ! f9i%+ ( ! cab9s & deck-"w4 ,:5 complet$1 %e _h h] trial trip1 :i* prov$ q satisfactory4 ,be+ late 9 ! season be=e be+ complet$1 %e only made a few trips to ,halifax4' ,! laun*+ ( ?is /eam] 0 a great ev5t 9 ,quebec4 ,! ,gov]nor-g5]al1 ,"l ,aylm]1 & 8 wife 7 pres5t1 ! latt] giv+ ! vessel h] "n4 ,milit>y b&s suppli$ ! music1 & ! %ipp+ 9 ! h>b\r 0 gay ) bunt+4 ,! city itself wore a holiday look4 ,! ,royal ,william1 propell$ by /eam alone1 trad$ betwe5 ,quebec & ,halifax4 ,:ile at ! la/-nam$ place1 %e attract$ ! notice ( ,mr ,samuel ,cun>d1 aft]w>ds ,sir ,samuel1 ! f\nd] ( ! great trans-cont95tal l9e :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,x is said t ! ,royal ,william conv9c$ him t /eam 0 ! com+ =ce = ocean navigation4 ,he ask$ _m que/ions ab\t h]1 took d[n ! answ]s 9 8 note-book1 & subsequ5tly became a l>ge /ockhold] 9 ! craft4 ,! *ol]a ( #ahcb p>alys$ bus9ess 9 ,canada1 & trade 0 at a /&/ill = a "t4 ,l o!r ent]prises at ?is date1 ! ,royal ,william exp]i5c$ rev]ses1 & %e 0 doom$ to be sold at %]iff's sale4 ,"s ,quebec g5tlem5 b\ght h] 91 & resolv$ to s5d h] to ,engl& to be sold4 ,9 #ahcc ! ev5tful voyage to ,brita9 0 made successfully1 & )\t mi%ap ( any k9d4 ,! ,royal ,william's proportions 7 z foll[s3 ,build]'s measurem5t1 #acgj tons2 /eamboat measurem5t1 z p] ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 #hcj tons2 l5g? ( keel1 #adf feet2 l5g? ( deck f head to taffrail1 #agf feet2 bread? ( beam inside ! paddle-boxes1 #bi feet #d in*es2 outside1 #dc feet #aj in*es2 dep? ( hold1 #ag feet #i in*es4 ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/ #ahcc1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,john ,m',d\gall1 %e left ,quebec1 via ,pict\1 ,nova ,scotia1 = ,london1 "u /eam1 at five o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,%e made ! passage 9 tw5ty-five days4 ,h] supply ( coal 0 #bed *aldrons1 or ov] #ccj tons4 ,h] capta9 wrote3 ',%e is ju/ly entitl$ to be consid]$ ! fir/ /eam] t cross$ ! ,atlantic by /eam1 hav+ /eam$ ! :ole way across4' ,ab\t ! end ( ,septemb] #ahcc1 ! ,royal ,william 0 dispos$ ( = t5 ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 & *>t]$ to ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t to take out troops = ,dom ,p$ro's s]vice4 ,portugal 0 ask$ to pur*ase h] = ! navy2 b ! admiral ( ! fleet1 n ?9k+ well ( ! s*eme1 decl9$ to ent]ta9 ! proposition4 ,capta9 ,m',d\gall 0 ma/] ( ! /eam] all ?is "t4 ,he return$ ) h] to ,london ) invalids & disb&$ ,portuguese soldi]s1 & laid h] up (f ,dept=d ,victuall+ ,(fice4 ,9 ,july1 ord]s came to fit out ! ,royal ,william to run betwe5 ,oporto & ,lisbon4 ,"o trip 0 made betwe5 ^! ports1 & also a trip to ,cadiz = specie = ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t4 ,on 8 return to ,lisbon1 ,capta9 ,m',d\gall 0 ord]$ to sell ! /eam] to ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ,don ,evan/on ,ca/or da ,p]ez1 !n ! ,spani% ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,lisbon4 ,! transaction 0 complet$ on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #ahcd1 :5 ! ,royal ,william became ! ,ysabel ,segunda1 & ! fir/ w>-/eam] ! ,spani>ds ev] possess$4 ,%e 0 ord]$ to ! nor? coa/ ( ,spa9 aga9/ ,don ,c>los4 ,capta9 ,m',d\gall accept$ ! rank & pay ( a ,comm&]1 &1 by special proviso1 0 gu>ante$ six hundr$ p\nds p] annum1 & ! contract to supply ! squadron ) provisions f ,lisbon4 ,! ,ysabel ,segunda proce$$ to ! nor? coa/2 & ab\t ! latt] "p ( #ahcd %e return$ to ,graves5d1 to be deliv]$ up to ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 to be conv]t$ into a w>-/eam] at ! ,imp]ial ,docky>d4 ,! crew & (fic]s 7 transf]r$ to ! ,royal ,t>1 *>t]$ & arm$ z a w>-/eam]1 ) six long ?irty-two p\nd]s1 & nam$ ! ,reyna ,gov]nadoza1 ! "n int5d$ = ! ,city ( ,ed9burgh /eam]1 :i* 0 *>t]$ to =m "p ( ! squadron4 ,:5 complet$1 %e reliev$ ! ,royal ,t> & took h] "n4 ,9 8 int]e/+ lett]1 f :i* ^! facts are drawn1 to ,rob]t ,*ri/ie1 ! ,canadian hi/orian1 ,capta9 ,m',d\gall ?us completes ! /ory ( ! pione] ,atlantic /eam]3 ',! ,ysabel ,segunda1 :5 complet$ at ,%e]ness ,docky>d1 took out ,g5]al ,alava1 ! ,spani% ambassador1 & ,g5]al ,evans & mo/ ( 8 /aff (fic]s1 to ,sa9t ,&]o1 & aft]w>ds to ,/ ,seba/ian1 hav+ hoi/$ ! ,commodore's broad p5nant aga9 at ,sa9t ,&]o2 & 0 aft]w>ds employ$ 9 cruis+ betwe5 t port & ,fu5te ,arabia1 & act+ 9 conc]t ) ! ,legion aga9/ ,don ,c>los until ! "t ( _! s]vice expir$ 9 #ahcg4 ,%e 0 !n s5t to ,portsm\? ) a "p ( ^? dis*>g$ f ! s]vice1 & f !nce %e 0 tak5 to ,london1 & deta9$ 9 ! ,city ,canal by ,commodore ,h5ry until ! claims ( ! (fic]s & crew on ! ,spani% gov]nm5t 7 settl$1 :i* 0 ultimately accompli%$ by bills1 & ! (fic]s & crew dis*>g$ f ! ,spani% s]vice ab\t ! latt] end ( #ahcg1 & ,ysabel ,segunda deliv]$ up to ! ,spani% ambassador1 & aft] hav+ h] eng9es repair$1 return$ to ,spa91 & 0 soon aft]w>ds s5t to ,bordeaux1 9 ,france1 to h ! hull repair$4 ,b on be+ survey$1 x 0 f\nd t ! timb]s 7 s mu* decay$ t x 0 decid$ to build a new vessel to receive ! eng9es1 :i* 0 built !re1 & call$ by ! same "n1 & n[ #ahec =ms "o ( ! royal /eam-navy ( ,spa91 :ile h] pr$ecessor 0 conv]t$ into a hulk at ,bordeaux4' ,?is1 9 brief1 is ! hi/ory ( ! /eam] :i* play$ s important a role 9 ! m>itime annals ( ,canada1 ,engl&1 & ,spa94 ,h] model is safely /or$ 9 ! rooms ( ! ,lit]>y & ,hi/orical ,society ( ,quebec1 :]e x is an object ( pr(\nd v5]ation4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! gov]nm5t1 a copy ( ! model 0 made1 & =m$ "p ( ! ,canadian exhibit to ! ,_w's ,fair at ,*icago 9 #ahic4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until five ye>s lat] t ! successful passages ( two memorable vessels f ,engl& to ,am]ica fairly e/abli%$ ! era ( :at has be5 call$ ! ,atlantic /eam-f]ry4 ,^! %ips 7 respectively ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n4 ,! =m] 0 a craft ( ab\t #gjj tons burd51 ) eng9es ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty horse-p[]3 %e sail$ f ,cork on ! #d? ( ,april #ahch1 "u ! comm& ( ,lieut5ant ,rob]ts1 ,r4,n41 b\nd = ,new ,york4 ,! latt] vessel 0 a /eam] ( #acdj tons1 build]s' measurem5t1 ) eng9es ( f\r hundr$ & =ty horse-p[]3 %e 0 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,hosk9s1 ,r4,n41 & sail$ f ,bri/ol on ! #h? ( ,april 9 ! same ye>1 b\nd likewise = ,new ,york4 ,! ,sirius1 x 0 calculat$1 _h a />t ( h] competitor by ab\t sev5 hundr$ nautical miles2 b x 0 kn[n t h] utmo/ capabilities ( spe$ sc>cely exce$$ eight knots an h\r2 :il/ ! ,great ,we/]n1 on h] trial trip f ,blackwall to ,graves5d1 ran elev5 knots an h\r )\t difficulty4 ,! issue ( ! race 0 !re=e await$ ) ! utmo/ curiosity on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,contempor>y records usually af=d good evid5ce ( ! significance ( pa/ ev5ts1 & ! int]e/ 9 ?is novel ocean mat* 0 prodigi\s1 to judge f ! acc\nts ) :i* ! ,liv]pool & ,new ,york pap]s ( ! day teem$4 ,! foll[+ is 9 brief ! n>rative ( ! voyage ( ^! two fam\s %ips across ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,! ,sirius1 aft] leav+ ,cork on ! #d? ( ,april1 enc\nt]$ v heavy wea!r1 :i* greatly ret>d$ h] progress4 ,%e arriv$1 h[ev]1 (f ,s&y ,hook on ! ev5+ ( ,sunday1 ! #bb;d ( ,april2 b go+ agr\nd1 %e did n get into ! ,nor? ,riv] until ! foll[+ morn+4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n t %e _h arriv$1 ,new ,york grew in/antly agitat$ ) excitem5t4 ',! news1' ran ! acc\nt publi%$ by ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 'spread l wildfire ?r\gh ! city1 & ! riv] became lit]ally dott$ all ov] ) boats convey+ ! curi\s to & f ! /rang]4 ,!re seem$ to be a univ]sal voice 9 congratulation1 & e visage 0 illum9at$ ) delight4 ,a tacit conviction seem$ to p]vade e bosom t a mo/ d\btful problem _h be5 satisfactorily solv$2 visions ( future advantage to sci5ce1 to comm]ce1 to moral philosophy1 began to float be=e ! m9d's eye2 curiosity to travel ?r\gh ! old c\ntry1 & to inspect anci5t in/itutions1 began to /imulate ! inquir+4 ',:il/ all ?is 0 go+ on1 sudd5ly !re 0 se5 ov] ,gov]nor's ,isl& a d5se black cl\d ( smoke spread+ itself upw>d1 & betok5+ ano!r arrival4 ,on x came ) great rapidity1 & ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon its cause 0 made fully manife/ to ! accumulat$ multitudes at ! ,batt]y4 ,x 0 ! /eam%ip ,great ,we/]n1 ( ab\t #afjj tons burd5 7sic7 ! diff]5ce probably lies betwe5 ! net & ! gross tonnage1 "u ! comm& ( ,lieut5ant ,hosk9s1 ,r4,n4 ,%e _h left ,bri/ol on ! #h? in/41 & on ! #bc;d 0 mak+ h] triumphant entry into ! port ( ,new ,york4 ,?is imm5se mov+ mass 0 propell$ at a rapid rate ?r\gh ! wat]s ( ! ,bay2 %e pass$ swiftly & gracefully r\nd ! ,sirius1 ex*ang+ salutes ) h]1 & !n proce$$ to h] de/9$ an*orage 9 ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,if ! public m9d 0 /imulat$ by ! arrival ( ! ,sirius1 x became almo/ intoxicat$ ) delight ^u view ( ! sup]b ,great ,we/]n4 ,! latt] vessel 0 only f\rte5 cle> days out2 & nei!r vessel _h su/a9$ a damage wor? m5tion+1 not)/&+ t bo? _h to enc\nt] v heavy wea!r4 ,! ,sirius 0 spok5 ) on ! #ad? ( ,april 9 latitude #de deg4 nor?1 longitude #cg deg4 we/4 ,! ,great ,we/]n 0 spok5 on ! #ae? ( ,april 9 latitude #df deg4 #bf' nor?1 longitude #cg deg4 we/4 ,at ^! respective dates ! ,great ,we/]n _h run #acje miles 9 sev5 days f ,k+ ,road2 & ! ,sirius #acje miles 9 t5 days f ,cork4 ,! ,great ,we/]n av]ag$ #ahf-a_/b miles p] day1 & ! ,sirius #acj-a_/b miles2 ,great ,we/]n ga9$ on ! ,sirius fifty-six miles p] day4 ,! ,great ,we/]n av]ag$ sev5 & ?ree-qu>t] miles p] h\r2 ! ,sirius b>ely av]ag$ five & a half miles p] h\r4' ,su* 0 ! fir/ voyage made across ! ,atlantic by ^! two e>ly /eam%ips1 & !re is some?+ ( ! true philosophy ( hi/ory to be f\nd 9 ! int]e/ :i* _! adv5t creat$4 ,x is wor?y ( pass+ note to le>n :at ultimately became ( ^! celebrat$ vessels4 ,! ,sirius1 n prov+ /aun* en\gh = ! ,atlantic surges1 0 s5t to op5 /eam-communication betwe5 ,london & ,/ ,pet]sburg1 9 :i* trade %e 0 = sev]al ye>s successfully employ$4 ,! ,great ,we/]n pli$ regul>ly f ,bri/ol to ,new ,york until ! ye> #ahdg1 :5 %e 0 sold to ! ,royal ,mail ,company1 & ran z "o ( _! crack %ips until #aheg1 9 :i* ye> %e 0 brok5 up at ,vauxhall z be+ obsolete & unable pr(itably to compete ) ! new class ( /eam]s be+ built4 ,! success ( ^! two vessels may be said to h completely e/abli%$ /eam z a condition ( ! transatlantic navigation ( ! future4 ',9 ,octob] #ahch1' says ,l9dsay1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m]*ant ,%ipp+1 ',sir ,john ,tob91 a well-kn[n m]*ant ( ,liv]pool1 see+ ! importance ( ! int]c\rse n[ rapidly increas+ betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,worlds1 despat*$ on 8 own acc\nt a /eam] to ,new ,york4 ,%e 0 built at ,liv]pool1 aft] :i* place %e 0 nam$1 & made ! passage outw>ds 9 sixte5 & a half days4 ,x 0 n[ cle>ly prov$ t ! s]vice c\ld be p]=m$1 n m]ely ) pr(it to ^? :o engag$ 9 x1 b ) a regul>ity & spe$ :i* ! f9e/ description ( sail+-vessels c\ld n be expect$ to accompli%4 ,if any d\bts /ill exi/$ on ^! important po9ts1 ! second voyage ( ! ,great ,we/]n set !m at re/1 %e hav+ on ?is occasion accompli%$ ! outw>d passage 9 f\rte5 days sixte5 h\rs1 br++ ) h] ! advices ( ! fa/e/ ,am]ican sail+-%ips :i* _h sail$ f ,new ,york long be=e h]1 & ?us prov+ ! necessity ( hav+ ! mails 9 future convey$ by /eam]s4' ,9 fact1 z e>ly z ,octob] #ahch1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 be+ satisfi$ ( ! sup]iority ( /eam-packets ov] sail+-%ips1 issu$ adv]tisem5ts invit+ t5d]s = ! conveyance ( ! ,am]ican mails by ! =m] class ( vessels4 ,! own]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 big ) confid5ce 9 ! reputation ( t %ip1 appli$ = ! contract2 b1 n a little to _! *agr91 x 0 aw>d$ to ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,samuel7 ,cun>d1 :o z f> back z #ahcj _h propos$ ! e/abli%m5t ( a /eam mail s]vice across ! ,atlantic4 ,! t]ms ( ! orig9al contract 71 t = ! sum ( fifty-five ?\s& p\nds p] annum1 ,messrs ,cun>d1 ,burns1 & ,mac,iver %\ld supply ?ree %ips suitable = ! purpose1 & accompli% two voyages ea* mon? betwe5 ,liv]pool & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 leav+ ,engl& at c]ta9 p]iods2 b %ortly aft]w>ds x 0 deem$ m exp$i5t to "n fix$ dates ( dep>ture on bo? sides ( ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,subsequ5tly1 ano!r %ip 0 requir$ to be add$ to ! s]vice1 & ! am\nt ( ! subsidy 0 rais$ to eighty-"o ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,! /eam mail s]vice betwe5 ,liv]pool1 ,halifax1 & ,bo/on 0 regul>ly e/abli%$ 9 #ahdj1 ! fir/ vessel engag$ 9 x be+ ! ,britannia1 ! pione] %ip ( ! pres5t ,cun>d l9e4 ,we get an admirable idea ( :at ^! e>ly /eam%ips 7 f ,dick5s's acc\nt ( ?is same ,britannia1 :i* 0 ! vessel he cross$ to ,am]ica 9 on 8 fir/ visit to t c\ntry 9 #ahdb4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,john ,=/]1 describ+ a /orm !y 7 ov]tak5 by1 he unconsci\sly reflects ! wond]+ reg>d ) :i* ! _w /ill view$ ! triumphant a*ievem5ts ( ! m>9e eng9e4 ',= two or ?ree h\rs1' he writes1 'we gave x up z a lo/ ?+4 ,?is 0 n ! exagg]at$ appreh5sion ( a l&sman m]ely4 ,! head-eng9e]1 :o _h be5 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! ,cun>d vessels s9ce !y began runn+1 _h nev] se5 su* /ress ( wea!r2 & ,i aft]w>ds he>d ,capta9 ,hewitt say t no?+ b a /eam]1 & "o ( t /r5g?1 c\ld h kept h] c\rse & /ood x out4 ,a sail+-vessel mu/ h beat5 (f & driv5 :]e %e w\ld2 :ile ?r\gh all ! fury ( t gale !y actually made fifty-f\r miles headlong ?r\gh ! tempe/1 /raight on end1 n v>y+ _! track 9 ! lea/4' ,:at w\ld ! skipp] ( "o ( ! mod]n ',atlantic greyh\nds' ?9k ( su* a feat8 ,&1 m int]e/+ speculation /ill1 :at mu/ ,dick5s himself h ?\ght ( ! p]=mances he liv$ to witness z aga9/ ?is a/oni%+ accompli%m5t on ! "p ( ! old ,britannia8 ,!re exi/s a t5d5cy to ridicule ! e>ly /eam]s z !y appe> 9 portraits1 ) _! huge paddle-boxes2 tall1 ?91 dog-e>$ funnels2 & heavily-rigg$ ma/s1 z ?\gh _! eng9es 7 reg>d$ z q auxili>y to _! sail-p[]1 & by no means to be reli$ ^u4 ,contra/$ ) "s ( ! levia?ans ( ! pres5t day1 ! /eam]s ( half a c5tury ago are no long] calculat$ to /rike an awe into ! behold]2 b1 9 tru?1 "s v f9e vessels 7 built :il/ ! m>9e eng9e 0 /ill q 9 its infancy4 ,9 a volume ( ! ,railway ,magaz9e = #ahci is an acc\nt ( :at are t]m$ colossal /eam]s4 ',an imm5se /eam]1' runs ! description1 'upw>ds ( two hundr$ feet long1 0 lately laun*$ at ,bri/ol1 = ply+ betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 b ! "o n[ build+ at ,c>l+ ,co4's1 ,limeh\se1 = ! ,am]ican ,/eam-navigation ,company1 surpasses any?+ ( ! k9d hi!rto made4 ,%e is to be nam$ aft] our ,que51 ! ,victoria2 w co/ f eighty to "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 has ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty m5 n[ employ$ daily ^u h]1 & is expect$ to be f9i%$ 9 ,novemb] next4 ,! extreme l5g? is ab\t #bec feet2 b %e is #bcg feet betwe5 ! p]p5dicul>s1 #dj-a_/d feet beam betwe5 ! paddle-boxes1 & tw5ty-sev5 feet "o in* deep f ! floor to ! inn] side ( ! sp>-deck4 ,! eng9es are two1 ( #bej horse-p[] ea*1 ) six feet f\r in* cyl9d]s1 & sev5 feet /roke4 ,!y are to be fitt$ ) ,hall's pat5t cond5s]s1 9 addition to ! common ones4 ,%e displaces at sixte5 feet #bgdj tons ( wat]2 h] comput$ tonnage is #ahjj tons4 ,at ! wat]-l9e e additional in* displaces eighte5 & a half tons4 ,! av]age spe$ is expect$ to be ab\t two hundr$ nautical miles a day1 & consumption ( coal ab\t ?irty tons4 ,! be/ ,wel% coal is to be us$4 ,x is calculat$ %e w make ! outw>d passage to ,new ,york 9 eighte5 days1 & ! homew>d 9 twelve1 consum+ #edj tons ( coal out1 & #cfj home4 ,expectation is on tiptoe = ! fir/ voyage ( ?is gigantic /eam]1 alongside ( :i* o!r /eam]s look l little fi%+-boats4' ,! next r\te on :i* /eam-navigation 0 op5$1 foll[+ ^u t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic passage1 0 betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,india4 ,! /eam]s ( ! ,hon\rable ,company _h inde$ d\bl$ ! ,cape ne>ly two ye>s be=e ! ,sirius & ,great ,we/]n sail$ ^u _! fir/ trip4 ,! ,nautical ,magaz9e = #ahcf conta9s ! orig9al prospectus issu$ by a syndicate ( ,london m]*ants ^u ! subject ( /eam-communication ) ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! almo/ incr$ible /rides t h be5 made 9 ocean travell+ s9ce t p]iod1 ?is piece ( lit]ature is mo/ in/ructive4 ,! circul> op5s by ann\nc+ t x is propos$ to e/abli% /eam traffic ) ,india1 ext5d+1 p]haps1 ev5 to ,au/ralia6 ,x po9ts out 9 sangu9e t]ms h[ ^? di/ant p>ts ( ! e>?1 by ! contemplat$ arrangem5t1 'w be rea*$ at ! outset 9 ! %ort p]iod ( sev5ty-?ree days2 &1 :5 exp]i5ce is obta9$1 ?is "t w 9 all probability be r$uc$ by "o-?ird2 %ort5+ ! di/ance by ! r\te 9 "q1 f ,engl& to ,au/ralia1 9 =ty days' /eam+1 at t5 miles an h\r4 ,if two days be all[$ = /oppages at /ations1 n av]ag+ m ?an a ?\s& miles ap>t ?r\gh\t ! l9e1 ! :ole "t = pass+ betwe5 ! extreme po9ts w\ld only be sixty days1 b a relay ( vessels w foll[1 if ! und]tak+ be matur$1 9 :i* case tw5ty-f\r h\rs w be ample "t at ! depots1 & a communication may be expect$ to be e/abli%$1 & kept up ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralia1 9 fifty days4 ,x is reasonably expect$ t ,bombay w be rea*$ 9 =ty-eight days1 ,madras 9 fifty-five1 ,calcutta 9 fifty-n9e1 ,p5ang 9 fifty-sev51 ,s+apore 9 sixty1 ,batavia 9 sixty-two1 ,canton 9 sixty-eight1 & ,mauritius 9 fifty-f\r days4' ,! ,nautical ,magaz9e writ] gravely comm5ts ^u ?is s*eme z q plausible4 ,he is inde$ incl9$ to be anticipatory4 ,in/ead ( sev5ty-?ree days to ,au/ralia1 he is ( op9ion t ! voyage may ultimately be accompli%$ 9 fifty1 & t ! table ( "t g5]ally may be r$uc$ by ab\t "o-?ird ?r\gh\t2 al?\gh1 to qualify 8 some:at d>+ speculations1 he admits t x is well to base ! calculations on ! safe side4 ,b ! ,hon\rable ,ea/ ,india ,company ass]t$ _! pr]ogatives1 & put a /op to ! s*eme ( ! ,new ,b5gal ,/eam ,company1 z ! und]tak+ 0 to h be5 call$4 ,?is rais$ a /rong feel+ ( dissatisfaction1 & ! ,c\rt ( ,directors 0 oblig$ to provide a sub/itute 9 lieu ( ! new l9e !y _h refus$ to sanction4 ,_! own homely1 lubb]ly craft 7 q unequal to ! requirem5ts ( 'prompt despat*' :i* ev5 !n 0 beg9n+ to agitate ! public m9d4 ,! possibility ( e/abli%+ /eam-communication betwe5 ,engl& & ,india _h be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahbe1 :5 ! ,ent]prise1 ( #dhj tons & #abj horse-p[]1 sail$ f ,london on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 & arriv$ 9 ,calcutta on ! sev5? ( ,decemb]4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ /eam] to make ! passage f ?is c\ntry to our great ,ea/]n ,empire2 ! fir/1 inde$1 ev] to d\ble ! /ormy headl& ( ! ,cape4 ,b x 0 n until ! p ( ,india began to petition & ! m]*ants ( ,london to clam\r = ! adoption ( /eam-p[] 9 ! ,indian navigation t ! cons]vative old magnates ( ,john ,company 7 /imulat$ into action4 ,lieut5ant ,waghorn's ,ov]l& ,r\te _h almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! sea-voyage by way ( ! ,cape2 b ! want ( an effici5t packet s]vice betwe5 ,london & ,alex&ria1 & ,suez & ,bombay1 0 greatly felt4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,decemb] #ahcf1 ! /eam%ip ,atalanta 0 despat*$ f ,falm\? to ply on ! ,indian side ( ! r\te4 ,%e 0 a vessel ( #fcj tons burd51 ) eng9es ( #baj horse-p[]1 & 0 built at ,blackwall by ! once fam\s firm ( ,wigram ,gre54 ,! ord]s ( ,capta9 ,campbell1 :o comm&$ h]1 7 t he 0 to /eam ! :ole di/ance1 only resort+ to sail-p[] 9 case ( a failure ( ma*9]y1 9 ord] fully to te/ ! sup]iority ( ! m>9e eng9e ov] canvas4 ,%e su/a9$ an av]age spe$ ( ab\t eight knots an h\r dur+ ! entire passage1 & b = h] repeat$ /oppages w\ld und\bt$ly h accompli%$ ! quicke/ voyage yet made to ,india4 ,%e 0 foll[$1 9 ,m>* #ahcg1 by ! ,b]nice1 ( #fhj tons & #bcj horse-p[]4 ,?is vessel1 :i* likewise made ! run )\t ! assi/ance ( h] sails1 left ,falm\? on ,m>* #ag1 & arriv$ at ,bombay on ! #ac? ( ,june4 ,z ! race betwe5 ! ,sirius & ! ,great ,we/]n may be said to h inaugurat$ ! /eam-navigation ( ! ,atlantic1 s did ! voyages ( ! ,atalanta & ,b]nice fir/ e/abli% regul> communication by /eam]s betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,india4 ,true1 !re _h be5 desultory ef=ts ( ent]prise prior to ?is "t1 & ! pione] ( ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal /eam]s1 ! ,royal ,t>1 _h sail$ "s ?ree ye>s be=e2 b !re 0 no cont9ual s]vice4 ,! ,times ( ,novemb] #aa1 #ahch1 po9t$ out ! approa*+ *ange4 ',sc>cely1' x says1 'has ! wond] creat$ 9 ! _w by ! appe>ance ( ! ,great ,we/]n & ,briti% ,que5 begun to subside1 :5 we are aga9 call$ ^u to admire ! rapid /rides ( ent]prise by ! notice ( an iron /eam%ip1 ! fir/ ( a l9e ( /eam]s to ply betwe5 ,engl& & ,calcutta1 to be call$ ! ,que5 ( ! ,ea/1 #bfah tons1 & #fjj horse-p[]4 ,?is magnific5t vessel is design$ by ,mr ,w4 ,d4 ,holmes1 eng9e] to ! ,b5gal ,/eam ,committee1 = a communication betwe5 ,engl& & ,india4 ,great praise is due to ,capta9 ,b>b]1 late ( ! ,hon\rable ,ea/ ,india ,company's s]vice1 ! ag5t 9 ,london = ! ,/eam ,committee 9 ,b5gal1 :o has giv5 e enc\ragem5t to ,mr ,holmes 9 c>ry+ =w>d 8 spl5did und]tak+4 ,:5 ^! vessels are ready1 we und]/& ! voyage betwe5 ,falm\? & ,calcutta w be made 9 ?irty days4' ,f ?is "t ocean /eam]s multipli$ rapidly4 ,"o aft] ano!r ( ! n[ fam\s %ipp+ firms sprang up1 beg9n+ ) ! ,cun>d & ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal l9es4 ,! fir/ ,briti% /eam%ip 0 regi/]$ at ,london 9 ! ye> #ahad3 9 #ahdb !re 7 #idj /eam]s regi/]$2 & already 0 ! decay ( ! sail+-%ip s l>gely anticipat$1 t ,mr ,sydney ,h]b]t1 9 a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 _h ?is same ye> po9t$ out 't ! introduction ( /eam]s1 & ! consequ5t displacem5t ( ! ,lei? smacks1 ,m>gate hoys1 c41 w\ld dim9i% ! nurs]y = seam5 by less5+ ! numb] ( sail+-vessels4' ,,! ,,new ,,cun>d]s4 ,less ?an fifty ye>s ago ! ,ea/]n ,/eam-navigation ,company hav+ fail$ to obta9 ! contract to c>ry ! mails f ,plym\? to ,india & ,au/ralia--9 vessels ( f twelve hundr$ to two ?\s& tons1 ) eng9es ( f f\r to six hundr$ horse-p[]1 :i* 7 nev] built--began to consid] a new ent]prise1 sugge/$ by ! late ,isamb>d ,k4 ,brunei4 ,?is 0 to build ! l>ge/ /eam] ev] yet con/ruct$1 to trade ) ,india r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! g5]al comm]cial idea 01 t ?is levia?an vessel 0 to c>ry levia?an c>goes at l>ge freights & great spe$1 to ,ceylon1 :]e ! goods & pass5g]s w\ld be rapidly trans-%ipp$ to small] swift /eam]s = conveyance to v>i\s de/9ations 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,au/ralia4 ,! g5]al me*anical idea 01 t 9 ord] to obta9 great velocity 9 /eam]s x 0 only necess>y to make !m l>ge--t1 9 fact1 !re ne$ be no limit to ! size ( a vessel beyond :at might be impos$ by ! t5acity ( mat]ial4 ,on :at 0 call$ ! tubul> pr9ciple1 ,brunei argu$--& prov$ to ! satisfaction ( num]\s exp]ts & capitali/s--t x 0 possible to con/ruct a vessel ( six times ! capacity ( ! l>ge/ vessel !n afloat t w\ld /eam at a spe$ unatta9able by small] vessels1 :ile c>ry+1 besides c>go1 all ! coal %e w\ld require = ! longe/ voyage4 ,?us orig9at$ ! ,great ,ea/]n1 :i* nev] w5t to ,india1 :i* ru9$ two or ?ree companies 9 succession1 :i* co/ ,l#abj1jjj to laun*1 :i* probably e>n$ m z a %[ ?an ev] %e did z an ocean-c>ri]--except 9 ! matt] ( telegraph cables--& :i* ignobly end$ a disa/r\s c>e] by be+ sold = ,l#af1jjj1 & brok5 up at ,new ,f]ry1 on ! ,m]sey4 ,we are n[ ent]+ ^u a new era ( big %ips1 9 :i* su* a mon/] z ! ,great ,ea/]n w\ld be no long] a wond]4 ,two additions to ! ,cun>d fleet1 ! ,campania 7#ahib7 & ,lucania 7#ahic71 are )9 a trifle z l>ge z %e1 b ) inf9itely m p[]ful eng9es & incomp>ably great] spe$4 ,we ne$ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! idea ( big ocean /eam]s has be5 ! monopoly ( ?is c\ntry4 ,s long ago z #ahej or !reab\ts1 ,mr ,r&all1 a fam\s ,am]ican %ipbuild]1 design$1 draft$1 & con/ruct$ ! model ( a /eam] = transatlantic s]vice1 #ejj feet long by #eh feet beam1 to measure #hjjj tons4 ,a company 0 =m$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahfj to c>ry out ! project2 b ! civil w> broke out soon aft]1 & %e 0 nev] built4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n 0 laun*$ 9 ,janu>y #aheh1 & h] pr9cipal dim5sions 7 ^!3 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #fhj feet2 bread? ( beam1 #hc feet2 l5g? ( pr9cipal saloons1 #djj feet2 tonnage capacity = c>go & coals1 #ah1jjj tons2 weight ( %ip z laun*$1 #ab1jjj tons2 accommodation = pass5g]s1 7#a7 #hjj1 7#b7 #bjjj1 7#c7 #abjj #djjj2 total horse-p[]1 #gfej4 ,%e _h bo? screw & paddles = propulsion1 & h] displacem5t 0 #cb1afj tons4 ,by ?is "t ! ,cun>d ,company _h be5 eighte5 ye>s 9 exi/5ce4 ,!y />t$ 9 #ahdj ) ! ,britannia--quickly foll[$ by ! ,acadia1 ,columbia1 & ,cal$onia1 all m or less alike--:i* 0 a paddle-/eam] ( wood1 #bjg feet long1 #cd feet broad1 #bb feet deep1 & ( #aaef tons1 ) side-lev] eng9es develop+ #gdj indicat$ horse-p[]1 :i* propell$ ! vessel at ! av]age spe$ ( n9e knots an h\r4 ,!re 0 accommodation = #bbe tons ( c>go & #aae cab9 pass5g]s--no /e]age 9 ^? days--:o paid ?irty-f\r gu9eas to ,halifax & ?irty-eight gu9eas to ,bo/on1 = passage1 includ+ provisions & w9e4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ! late/ type ( ,cun>d] 0 ! ,p]sia1 & x is int]e/+ to note ! developm5t 9 ! int]im4 ,?is vessel 0 #chj feet long1 #de feet broad1 #ca feet deep1 ( #chgj tons1 ) eng9es develop+ #djjj indicat$ horse-p[]1 propell+ at ! rate ( ?irte5 & a half knots an h\r4 ,! ,p]sia & ! ,scotia1 si/]-%ips1 7 ! la/ ( ! ,atlantic side-:eel]s4 ,9 #ahfb ! fir/ screw-/eam] 0 add$ to ! ,cun>d fleet4 ,?is 0 ! ,*9a1 built by ! ,napi]s ( ,glasg[1 #cbf feet long by #dj-a_/b feet broad1 & #bg-a_/b feet deep1 ( #bfjj tons1 & ) an av]age spe$ ( ab\t twelve knots4 ,su* 0 ! type ( ,cun>d] 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ^: dim5sions h n[ be5 ne>ly rea*$4 ,! ,campania1 h[ev]1 0 n built ) a view to out%9e t huge failure1 b is ! outcome ( a :olly diff]5t competition4 ,! ,campania & ! ,lucania repres5t ! highe/ developm5t ( m>9e ar*itecture & eng9e]+ skill1 & are ! product ( long ye>s ( rivalry = ! possession ( ! 'blue ribbon' ( ! transatlantic race4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,great ,ea/]n & ! ,p]sia4 ,! competition is ( anci5t date1 if we g back to ! days :5 ! ,am]ican ',coll9s' ,company tri$ to run ! ,cun>d ,company (f ! wat]s2 & dur+ ! half-c5tury s9ce ! inauguration ( /eam s]vice ! ,cun>d ,company h sometimes held & sometimes lo/ ! highe/ place = spe$4 ,! p]iod ( /eam-rac+--! age ( ',atlantic greyh\nds'--may be said to h begun 9 ! ye> #ahgi1 :5 ! ,cun>d ,gallia1 ! ,guion ,arizona1 & ! ,:ite ,/> ,britannic & ,g]manic _h all ent]$ ^u _! fam\s c>e]s4 ,x is matt] ( hi/ory n[ h[ ! ,arizona--call$ ! ',fairfield ,fly]1' because %e 0 built by ,messrs ,john ,eld] ,company1 ( ,fairfield1 ,glasg[--beat ! record 9 an ea/w>d run ( sev5 days twelve & a half h\rs1 & a we/w>d run ( sev5 days t5 & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs4 ,to beat ! ,arizona1 ! ,cun>d ,company built ! ,s]via1 ( #hejj tons & #aj1cjj horse-p[]2 b %e 9 turn 0 beat5 by ano!r ,fairfield ,fly]1 ! ,alaska1 "u ! ,guion flag4 ,! race cont9u$ ye> by ye>1 z vessels ( increas+ size & p[] 7 ent]$ by ! compet+ companies4 ,:ile all ! l9es compete 9 swiftness1 luxury1 & effici5cy1 ! ke5e/ rivalry is n[ betwe5 ! ,cun>d & ! ,:ite ,/> companies4 ,& j z ! ,campania & ,lucania 7 built to eclipse ! r5[n$ ,teutonic & ,maje/ic1 s ! own]s ( ^! boats prep>$ to surpass ev5 ! two ,cun>d]s we describe4 ,let u n[ see some?+ ( ^! m>vels ( m>9e ar*itecture4 ,!y are si/]-%ips1 bo? built on ! ,clyde by ! ,fairfield ,%ipbuild+ & ,eng9e]+ ,company1 & bo? laid d[n almo/ simultane\sly4 ,!y are almo/ id5tical 9 dim5sions & appo9tm5ts1 & !re=e we may conf9e our description to ! ,campania1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ( ! tw9s to be ready = sea4 ,?is l>ge/ vessel afloat does n m>k any new dep>ture 9 g5]al type1 z ! ,great ,ea/]n did 9 diff]+ f all types ( con/ruction !n famili>4 ,9 outw>d appe>ance1 ! ,campania1 z %e lies ^u ! wat]1 & z se5 at a suffici5t di/ance1 is j l numb]s ( o!r vessels we h all se54 ,nor does h] imm5se size at fir/ impress ! obs]v]1 because ( ! beautiful proportions on :i* %e is plann$4 ,h] l9es are em95tly :at ! nautical en?usia/ calls 'sweet2' & 9 h] own class ( naval art %e is z p]fect a specim5 ( ar*itectural beauty z ! f9e/ ( ! gr& old clipp]s :i* us$ to 'walk ! wat]s z a ?+ ( life4' ,! colossal size ( ,/ ,pet]'s at ,rome does n /rike y z y ent]1 because ( ! exquisite proportions4 ,& s ) ! ,campania--y ne$ to see an ord9>y m]*ant-%ip1 or ev5 a full-bl[n l9]1 alongside be=e y c realise h[ va/ %e is4 ,yet %e is only #fj feet %ort] ?an ! mammo? ,great ,ea/]n1 & measures #fbj feet 9 l5g?1 #fe feet #c in*es 9 bread?1 & #dc feet 9 dep? f ! upp] deck4 ,h] tonnage is #ab1jjj1 :ile t ( ! ,great ,ea/]n 0 #ah1jjj2 b !n h] horse-p[] is #cj1jjj z aga9/ ! ,great ,ea/]n's #gfej6 ,?is enorm\s developm5t ( eng9e-p[] is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ab\t ^! two new vessels4 ,ea* ( !m is fitt$ ) two sets ( ! mo/ p[]ful triple-expansion eng9es ev] put toge!r4 ,a visit to ! eng9e-room is a lib]al education 9 ! me*anical arts1 & ev5 to ! eye ( ! un9itiat$ !re is ! pr$om9ant impression ( p]fect ord] 9 ! bewild]+ arrangem5t ( pipes1 rods1 cranks1 lev]s1 :eels1 & cyl9d]s4 ,! two sets ( eng9es are plac$ 9 two sep>ate rooms on ea* side ( a c5tre-l9e bulkhead fitt$ ) wat]-tight doors = int]communication4 ,ea* set has five inv]t$ cyl9d]s :i* h exactly ! same /roke1 & "w on ?ree cranks4 ,two ( ! cyl9d]s are high-pressure1 "o is int]m$iate1 & two are l[-pressure4 ,besides ! ma9 eng9es1 !re are eng9es = rev]s+1 = driv+ ! c5trifugal pumps = ! cond5s]s1 = ! electric light1 = ! refrig]at+ *amb]s1 & = a numb] ( o!r purposes--all p]fect 9 appo9tm5t & f9i%4 ,9 fact1 9 ^! va/ eng9e-rooms "o is be/ able to realise n only ! imm5se size & p[] ( ! vessel1 b also ! p]fection to :i* human +5uity has atta9$ aft] g5]ations ( ceaseless toil--& yet x is only half a c5tury s9ce ! ,britannia began ! transatlantic race4 ,ea* ( ! v>i\s eng9es has its own /eam-suppli]4 ,! ma9 eng9es are f$ by twelve d\ble-end$ boil]s1 arrang$ 9 r[s ( six on ea* side ( a wat]-tight bulkhead4 ,! boil]s are heat$ by n9ety-six furnaces1 & ea* set ( six boil]s has a funnel ) ! diamet] ( an ord9>y railway tunnel4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ^! boil]s "s eight hundr$ tons ( /eel 7 requir$1 ! plates weigh+ f\r tons ea*1 ) a ?ickness ( an in* & a half4 ,f ^! mighty ma*9es w be develop$ a p[] equal to t ( #cj1jjj horses6 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,great ,ea/]n's #gfej horse-p[]1 or ev5 ) ! lat] 'greyh\nds4' ,! greate/ p[] develop$ by ! two previ\s additions to ! ,cun>d fleet1 ! ,etruria & ,umbria1 is ab\t #ad1jjj horses1 :i* is ! utmo/ record$ by any s+le-screw eng9es4 ,! ,city ( ,p>is has a p[] ( #ah1ejj1 & ! ,teutonic a p[] ( #ah1jjj by tw9-screw eng9es4 ,! ,campania1 !re=e1 is upw>ds ( half z mu* aga9 m p[]ful ?an ! l>ge/1 swifte/1 & mo/ p[]ful ( h] pr$ecessors4 ,^! eng9es ( ! ,campania "w two long propell]-%afts1 ea* c>ri$ ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! /]n close to ! c5tre-l9e1 & fitt$ to a screw4 ,unlike o!r tw9-screw vessels1 ! propell]s & %afts are1 z x 71 c>ri$ )9 ! hull1 & n 9 sep>ate /ructures4 ,abaft ( ! screws1 ! rudd] is completely subm]g$1 & is a great mass ( /eel-plat+ weigh+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r tons4 ,) a /raight /em1 an elliptic /]n1 two huge funnels1 & a c\ple ( pole-ma/s--int5d$ m = signall+ purposes ?an = canvas--! ,campania looks ?or\ghly bus9ess-l1 & has none ( ! ov]-elaborat$ get-up ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ) h] d\ble sy/em ( propulsion & small =e/ ( ma/s4 ,! bulw>ks are close =e & aft2 & f ! upp] deck rise two ti]s ( h\ses1 ! ro(s ( :i* =m ! prom5ade deck & ! %ade deck4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! hull & decks enorm\s /r5g? has be5 giv51 ) special protection at vital p>ts1 z ! vessel is built 9 compliance ) ! ,admiralty requirem5ts = arm$ cruis]s4 ,bel[ ! l9e ( vision are f\r o!r complete ti]s ( beams1 plat$ ) /eel %ea!d 9 wood1 on :i* re/ upp]1 ma91 l[]1 & orlop decks4 ,! la/ is = c>go1 refrig]at+-*amb]s1 /ores1 c4--all ! o!rs are devot$ to ! accommodation ( pass5g]s4 ,! ,campania is fitt$ to c>ry #dfj fir/-class pass5g]s1 #bhj second-class1 & #gjj /e]age pass5g]s--9 all1 #addj1 besides a crew ( #djj4 ,%e has c>go-space = #afjj tons1 :i* seems a trifle 9 comp>ison ) h] size1 b !n x is to be rememb]$ t ! fuel consumption ( ^? #if furnaces is enorm\s1 & requires ! c>ry+ ( a v heavy c>go ( coals = int]nal consumption4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,campania4 ,! accommodation = pass5g]s is probably ! mo/ p]fect t has yet be5 provid$ on an ocean /eam]1 = "h ! exp]i5ce ( all previ\s developm5ts has be5 utilis$4 ,! d9+-room is an ap>tm5t #ajj feet long & #fd feet broad1 furni%$ 9 h&some d>k old mahogany1 to seat #dcj p]sons4 ,! uphol/]y is ta/efully design$1 & ! fitt+s g5]ally are elegant2 b ! peculi> feature is a spl5did dome ris+ to a height ( ?irty-?ree feet f ! floor to ! upp] deck1 & design$ to light bo? ! d9+-room & ! draw+-room on ! deck above x4 ,! gr& /aircase :i* conducts to ^! ap>tm5ts is ( teak-wood2 ! draw+-room is 9 sat9-wood reliev$ ) c$> & pa9t$ frieze panels4 ,! smok+-room on ! prom5ade deck is z unlike a %ip's cab9 z c be imag9$2 x is1 9 fact1 a reproduction ( an old b>onial hall ( ! ,elizabe?an age1 ) oak5 furniture & c>v+s4 ,! o!r public ap>tm5ts1 libr>y1 b\doir1 c41 are all m rem>kable = quiet ta/e & arti/ic effect ?an = ! gorge\sness ( gild$ saloons affect$ on "s l9es1 b ! prevail+ feel+ is "o ( luxuri\s com=t4 ,! /at]ooms = fir/-class pass5g]s occupy ! ma91 upp]1 & prom5ade decks1 & !y are z mu* l real b$rooms z ! old type ( 'b]?s' are n4 ,besides ! s+le b$rooms1 !re are suites ( rooms = families or p>ties1 f9ely appo9t$ ) ornam5tal woods1 ri* c>pets1 & ) brass b$/eads in/ead ( ! old wood5 bunks4 ,all ! sleep+-rooms are z light1 l(ty1 & well v5tilat$ z ! sleep+-rooms on ! old l9]s 7 ! rev]se4 ,! fir/-class pass5g]s are plac$ amid%ips2 ! second-class are plac$ aft2 & ! /e]age1 =w>d4 ,! /e]age accommodation is sup]ior to any?+ yet provid$ 9 t class2 :ile ! second-class accommodation is q up to ! usual fir/-class1 ) spaci\s1 beautifully furni%$ /at]ooms1 a h&some d9+-room 9 oak1 an elegant draw+-room 9 sat9-wood1 & a cosy smok+-room4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! second-class ap>tm5ts look z if !y 7 int5d$ to be utilis$ = fir/-class pass5g]s 9 times ( extra pressure4 ,^! are details ( int]e/ to possible pass5g]s & to ^? :o h already exp]i5c$ ! com=ts & discom=ts ( ! ,atlantic voyage4 ,b ! great int]e/ ( ! %ip1 ( c\rse1 is 9 h] imm5se size & enorm\s p[]4 ,! navigat+-bridge f :i* ! (fic] 9 *>ge w direct op]ations1 is no less ?an sixty feet above ! wat]-level1 & f !re "o obta9s a survey unique ( its k9d4 ,! t[]+ height1 ! va/ expanse ( deck1 ! huge circumf]5ce ( ! funnels1 ! =e/ ( v5tilators indicative ( ! hives ( indu/ry bel[1 ! great ligh?\se /ructures :i* take ! place ( ! old angle-b$d$ side-lights--ev]y?+ b5ea? y speaks ( p[] & spe$1 ( /r5g? & security4 ,! foll[+ table %[s at a glance h[ ! ,campania comp>es ) h] l>ge/ pr$ecessors 9 po9t ( size & p[]3 ,tonnage4 ,l5g? ,bread? ,horsep[]4 9 feet4 9 feet4 ,great ,ea/]n #ah1ijj #fhb #hb #g1fej ,britannic #e1jjj #dee #df #e1ejj ,arizona #e1aej #dej #de #f1cjj ,s]via #h1ejj #eae #eb #aj1cjj ,alaska #f1djj #ejj #ej #aj1ejj ,city ( ,rome #h1jjj #ede #eb #aa1hij ,aurania #g1bgj #dgj #eg #h1ejj ,oregon #g1cge #ejj #ed #g1cge ,am]ica #e1ebh #dcb #ea #g1ced ,umbria #g1gjj #eja #eg #ad1cbj ,etruria #g1hjj #ebj #eg #ad1ejj ,city ( ,p>is #aj1ejj #efj #fc #ah1ejj ,teutonic #i1hfj #ehb #eg-a_/b #ah1jjj ,normannia ---- #ebj #eg-a_/d #af1cej ,campania ,lucania #ab1iej #fbj #fe #cj1jjj ,z to spe$1 ! record ( c\rse has be5 brok54 ,9 #ahej ! av]age passage ( a ,cun>d] we/w>d 0 ?irte5 days1 & ea/w>d twelve days sixte5 h\rs2 9 #ahij1 ! av]age 0 r$uc$ to sev5 days fifte5 h\rs tw5ty-?ree m9utes1 & sev5 days f\r h\rs & fifty-two m9utes1 respectively4 ,! fa/e/ individual passages d[n to #ahia 7 made by ! ,etruria1 we/w>ds 9 six days "o h\r & =ty-sev5 m9utes2 & by ! ,umbria1 ea/w>ds 9 six days ?ree h\rs & sev5te5 m9utes4 ,b ^! 7 beat5 by ! ,teutonic1 :i* r$uc$ ! homew>d record to five days & tw5ty-"o h\rs2 & by ! ,city ( ,p>is1 :i* r$uc$ ! outw>d passage to five days & sixte5 h\rs4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ^! new ,cun>d]s are ab\t t5 times ! size & =ty times ! p[] ( ! pione]s ( ! fleet1 & ! ,campania w run e tw5ty m9utes almo/ z _m miles z ! ,britannia c\ld labori\sly make 9 an h\r4 ,is x possible t )9 ! next fifty ye>s we %all be able to make ! voyage to ,new ,york 9 ?ree days8 ,! old ,britannia took f\rte5 days to ,bo/on1 & x 0 n until #aheb t ! t5 days' record to ,new ,york 0 brok5 by ! ',coll9s' ,company4 ,if1 !n1 9 =ty ye>s we r$uc$ ! record f t5 to five1 :o c say t ! limit ( spe$ has yet be5 rea*$8 ,,sail+-,,%ips4 ,a mod]n sail+-%ip replete ) lab\r-sav+ appliances is a v]itable triumph ( ! naval ar*itect's art1 & an excell5t object lesson on man's p[] ov] ! =ces ( nature4 ,if ,*ri/oph] ,columbus c\ld revisit our planet f ! %ades1 he w\ld d\btless be a/oni%$ by a critical comp>ison betwe5 ! t9y wood5 c>avel ) :i* he discov]$ a ,new ,_w1 & a levia?an f\r-ma/$ /eel sail+-%ip1 n[ navigat$ 9 comp>ative com=t to e possible port :]e freight is obta9able4 ,wood5 c>go-c>ry+ craft impell$ by ! unb\ght w9d are surely dim9i%+ 9 numb]s2 & 9 ! ne> future x is n improbable t a /ately sail+-%ip w be z seldom se5 on ! wa/e ( wat]s z a screw /eam%ip 0 half a c5tury ago4 ,ev5 look+ leisurely backw>d d[n ! impos+ vi/a ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! ,victorian era1 x w be readily p]ceiv$ ) :at m>vell\s ma/]y iron & /eel h supplant$1 n only wood 9 ! hulls1 ma/s1 & y>ds ( sail+-%ips1 b also hemp 9 _! rigg+4 ,illu/ration3 ,clipp] ,sail+-%ip ( #ahej-fj4 ,a radical revolution has be5 effect$ 9 ! =m1 size1 & con/ruction ( ^! c>go-c>ri]s dur+ su* a relatively insignificant int]val1 & ! end is n yet4 ,! old-fa%ion$ type ( wood5 m]*antman rema9$ practically inv>iable = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s2 b *ange is all-p[]ful at pres5t1 s t a vessel is almo/ ( a bygone age be=e %e %all h complet$ h] maid5 voyage4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! limit ( size has be5 rea*$4 ,%ip-own+ firms & %ipbuild]s w probably soon be compell$ to keep ! mod]n /eel sail+-%ip )9 m mod]ate dim5sions4 ,vessels ( exceptionally l>ge c>ry+ capacity are 9 dem& ow+ to ! fact t exp]i5ce proves !m to be ! be/ k9d = af=d+ a fair return to ! capital inve/$4 ,salvage appliances & docks d n keep pace ) ! requirem5ts ( su* levia?ans2 s t und]writ]s ev9ce an increas+ dislike to big %ips1 & ! premium = insurance rises accord+ly1 to comp5sate = extra risk4 ,_m m>9]s & "s %ipbuild]s 7 at "o "t quick to express a pron\nc$ op9ion t x 0 q unnatural = an iron %ip to rema9 afloat4 ,wood 0 made to swim1 b iron to s9k1 said ^! s9c]e b mi/ak5 admir]s ( ! good old days4 ,_! misgiv+s h prov$ to be )\t f\ndation 9 fact1 = iron %ips h ou/$ wood5 craft almo/ utt]ly f ! ocean-c>ry+ traffic4 ,iron has also rea*$ its m]idian altitude1 & /eel is rapidly ris+ above ! horizon ( progress4 ,! %ipbuild+ y>ds ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ,briti% ,columbia1 h[ev]1 /ill laun* wood5 sail+-vessels1 al?\gh 9 decreas+ numb]s1 &1 z a rule1 ( inconsid]able tonnage4 ,x seems sc>cely cr$ible t only z rec5tly z #ahgj !re 7 n m ?an t5 sail+-%ips afloat ( two ?\s& tons regi/] & upw>ds "u ! r$ ensign ( ! ,briti% m]cantile m>9e4 ,to-day we h m ?an t numb] ( spl5did /eel sail+-%ips1 ea* hav+ a regi/] tonnage 9 excess ( ?ree ?\s&4 ,dur+ ! twelve mon?s ( #ahib !re 7 turn$ out f "o y>d alone on ! ,clyde1 t ( ,messrs ,russell ,co41 no few] ?an ?irte5 huge sail+-vessels1 v>y+ 9 regi/] tonnage f two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ to ?ree ?\s& five hundr$6 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ wood5 sail+-%ips afloat 9 #ahgj 0 ! ,briti% ,empire1 ( two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ tons regi/]1 :i*1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,a4 ,pe>son1 0 an ark ( safety to ! families ( ,european resid5ts 9 ,bombay dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,%e _h be5 orig9ally int5d$ = a /eam%ip1 & ?is w acc\nt = h] exceptional dim5sions4 ,! %ipbuild+ firm ( ,a4 ,sewall ,co41 ( ,ba?1 ,ma9e1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 #ahhi built ! ,rappahannock1 ( #cjed tons regi/]2 9 #ahij1 ! ,%5&oah1 #cbeh tons2 9 #ahia1 ! ,susquehanna1 #bfbi tons2 & 9 #ahib1 ! ,roanoke1 ( #cdjj tons regi/]4 ,sev]al cities claim to be ! bir?place ( ,hom]1 & !re exi/s simil> rivalry ) respect to ! fir/ iron %ip4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t ! fir/ iron vessel class$ by ,lloyd's 0 ! ,briti% b>que ,ironsides1 9 #ahch4 ,%e 0 b #bga tons regi/]4 ,! ,clyde /&s facile pr9ceps 9 ?is mo/ important bran* ( indu/ry4 ,vessels built on ! banks ( t riv] h r5d]$ a praisewor?y acc\nt ( !mselves on e sea & "u e flag4 ,no o!r c\ntry1 save ourselves1 laun*$ any iron or /eel %ips ( #bjjj tons regi/] or above1 b pref]r$ to obta9 !m f our %ipbuild+ y>ds4 ,! s-call$ protection ( native indu/ry pr9ciple prevail+ 9 ,am]ica precludes %ip-own]s ov] !re f tak+ advantage directly ( ! *eape/ m>ket4 ,sev]al ( ! l>ge sail]s1 h[ev]1 built on ! ,clyde = citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are !re=e necess>ily sail$ "u ! ,briti%1 ,hawaiian1 or "s flag o!r ?an t ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y actually belong4 ,! numb] ( seam5 c>ri$ p] "o hundr$ tons 9 ! mod]n f\r-ma/$ sail+-%ip is cut d[n to ! utt]mo/ limit consi/5t ) safety2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 disma/+ & t$i\s passages are n infrequ5t4 ,! ,hawaiian ,isles1 #bjig tons regi/]1 a ,unit$ ,/ates %ip "u a =eign flag1 b\nd to ,cali=nia ) a c>go ( coal1 f\nd x impossible to wea!r ,cape ,horn by reason ( viol5t we/]ly gales4 ,%e 0 turn$ r\nd1 ran along ! lone ,s\!rn ,ocean1 be=e ! 'brave we/ w9ds' s admirably describ$ by ,maury1 & ev5tually rea*$ h] de/9ation by ! r\te lead+ s\? ( ,au/ralia4 ,%e 0 "o hundr$ & eighty-n9e days on ! passage1 & no few] ?an sixty gu9eas p] c5t4 _h be5 freely paid = h] re-insurance4 ,a simil> %ip1 ! ,john ,ena1 c>ry+ a sub/antial c>go ( #dbbb tons ( coal f ,b>ry to ,san ,francisco1 also enc\nt]$ bad wea!r1 made a long passage1 & tw5ty gu9eas p] c5t4 0 paid on h] = re-insurance4 ,ano!r new %ip1 ! ,a*na%ie1 #bdgf tons regi/]1 got into /ill m s]i\s difficulty "u l circum/ances4 ,%e _h to put back to ,cape ,t[n1 damag$ & leaky1 aft] attempt+ 9 va9 to cont5d aga9/ ! bitt] bla/ (f ,cape ,horn4 ,!re1 h] c>go 0 dis*>g$1 & %e w5t into dry-dock = ! absolutely necess>y repairs4 ,! ,au/rasia1 #bgah tons regi/]1 0 almo/ totally disma/$ ne> ! isl& ( ,tri/an da ,cunha1 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 on h] maid5 passage1 :ile b\nd f ,liv]pool to ,calcutta ) a c>go ( salt4 ,by d9t ( /]l+ seaman%ip %e 0 br\ght to ,rio ,janeiro 9 safety1 return$ to ,liv]pool "u improvis$ ma/s1 dis*>g$ h] c>go1 refitt$1 took 9 q a diff]5t c>go at ,london1 & sail$ = ,cali=nia4 ,! ,somali1 #cecg tons regi/]1 ! l>ge/ sail+-%ip laun*$ 9 #ahib1 0 disma/$ 9 ! ,*9a ,sea4 ,ev]y?+ above ! l[] ma/s _h to be made = h] on ! ,clyde2 yet1 )9 fifte5 days ( ! ord] be+ receiv$ by ,messrs ,russell ,co41 ! sp>s & ge> 7 complet$ & %ipp$ = passage to ! ,somali at ,hong-kong4 ,und]writ]s suff] sev]ely ) su* %ips4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ sail+-%ips afloat is ! ,fr5* five-ma/]1 ,la ,france1 laun*$ 9 #ahij on ! ,clyde1 & own$ by ,messrs ,a4 ,d4 ,bordes et ,fils1 :o possess a l>ge fleet ( sail+-vessels4 ,9 #ahia %e came f ,iquique to ,dunkirk 9 "o hundr$ & five days ) #fjjj tons ( nitrate2 yet %e 0 /opp$ on ! ,tyne :5 proce$+ to sea ) #eejj tons ( coal1 & compell$ to take out #ejj tons on ! gr\nd t %e 0 ov]lad54 ,!re is n a s+le five-ma/$ sail+-%ip "u ! ,briti% flag4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has two five-ma/]s1 ! ,l\is ( #hcj tons1 & ! ,gov4 ,ames ( #aggh tons1 bo? =e-&-aft s*oon]s1 a rig peculi> to ! ,am]ican coa/4 ,%ips hav+ five ma/s c be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( "o h&2 b1 /range to say1 ! /eam%ip ,coptic1 ( ! ,%aw1 ,savill1 ,albion ,co41 on h] way to ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,decemb] #ahij1 pass$ ! ,gov4 ,ames 9 f\rte5 degrees s\?1 ?irty-f\r degrees we/1 b\nd = ,cali=nia2 & two days lat]1 9 six degrees s\?1 ?irty-"o degrees we/1 ! ,fr5* five-ma/]1 ,la ,france1 b\nd s\?4 ,pass5g]s & crew ( ! ,coptic might travel ov] _m a we>y league ( sea1 & nev] aga9 be af=d$ two su* excell5t object lessons 9 ! gr[? ( sail+-%ips 9 quick succession4 ,"s l>ge sail+-%ips exp]i5ce a decid$ difficulty 9 obta9+ freights t w repay exp5ses1 ev5 ignor+ a m>g9 = pr(it1 & we are reluctantly compell$ to confess t ! days ( sail+-%ips are almo/ numb]$4 ,! cry = huge sail]s is an evid5ce t /eam is det]m9+ ! dim5sions ( ! mo/ mod]n c>go-c>ri]s "u sail4 ,illu/ration3 ,la ,france4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,po/-,,(fice--,,telegraph--,,telephone- -,,phonograph4 ,r[l& ,hill & ,p5ny ,po/age--,a ,visit to ! ,po/-(fice--,! ,po/-(fice on ,:eels--,e>ly ,telegraphs--,:eat/one & ,morse--,! ,/ate & ! ,telegraphs--,atlantic ,cables--,telephones--,edison & ! ,phonograph4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,r[l& ,,hill ,,& ,,p5ny ,,po/age4 ,! /ory ( ,p5ny ,po/age & its inception by ,sir ,r[l& ,hill is full ( romantic int]e/1 & t great social re=m1 introduc$ m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 has unque/ionably spread its b5eficial influ5ce ov] e c\ntry 9 :i* a po/al sy/em ( any k9d exi/s4 ,! ,hill family 71 we "k1 9 ^? bygone days f> f be+ well (f1 & 7 (t5 h>d put to to f9d ! money to pay ! high po/age on lett]s :i* !y receiv$4 ,born 9 #agie1 ,r[l& ,hill 0 consid]ably pa/ middle life be=e he ent]ta9$ any idea ( practis+ 8 re=m+ h& on ! ,po/-(fice1 & _h pass$ a busy exi/5ce *iefly z a s*oolma/]1 9 :i* capacity he _h indulg$ 9 _m s*emes1 s*ola/ic & o!rwise1 ) m or less success4 ,at ! "t t 8 att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ,po/-(fice matt]s1 he 0 employ$ z ,secret>y ( ! ,commission]s = ! ,colonisation ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,he 0 no d\bt attract$ to ! subject ( po/al re=m by ! frequ5t discussions :i* 7 !n tak+ place 9 p>liam5t 9 reg>d to ! matt]4 ,mr ,wallace ( ,kelly1 ! memb] = ,gre5ock1 :o 0 ! *ampion ( ! cause 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 0 fi]ce 9 8 d5unciation ( ! exi/+ abuses & irregul>ities ( ! po/1 & subsequ5tly prov$ a /rong & able advocate ( ! s*eme = po/age re=m4 ,once arre/$ by ! subject :i* has s9ce made 8 life fam\s1 ,r[l& ,hill w5t to "w 9 a v sy/ematic mann]4 ,fir/ly1 he read v c>efully all ! ,reports relative to ! ,po/-(fice2 !n he plac$ himself 9 communication ) ,mr ,wallace & ! ,po/ma/]-g5]al1 bo? ( :om readily suppli$ him ) all necess>y in=mation4 ,9 ?is mann] he made himself acqua9t$ ) 8 subject1 ) ! result t1 9 #ahcg1 he publi%$ 8 fam\s pamphlet on ,po/-(fice ,re=m3 its ,importance & ,practicability1 ! fir/ edition be+ circulat$ privately among/ ! memb]s ( p>liam5t & (ficial p2 :ile "s mon?s lat] a second edition 0 publi%$ :i* 0 giv5 to ! public4 ,we h to rememb] t at ?is "t ! po/age *>ges 7 enorm\sly high1 t !y dep5d$ n ^u weight alone1 b also ^u ! numb] ( enclosures1 & t !y v>i$ accord+ to di/ance4 ,?us1 = example1 a lett] "u "o ounce 9 weight & ) "o enclosure 7t is1 %eet or scrap ( pap]7 po/$ 9 ,london = deliv]y )9 ! metropolitan area1 or ev51 we believe1 fifte5 miles out1 co/ #b;d42 if = deliv]y ?irty miles out1 #c;d42 eighty miles out1 #d;d42 & s on4 ,aga91 z %[+ h[ ! *>ges accord+ to enclosure op]at$1 a lett] ) a s+le enclosure f ,london to ,ed9burgh 0 *>g$ #as4 #a-a_/b;d42 if d\ble1 #bs4 #c;d42 & if treble1 #cs4 #d-a_/b;d4 ,moreov]1 ! *>ges 7 n consi/5tly made1 = :]eas an ,ed9burgh lett] 7po/$ 9 ,london7 0 *>g$ #as4 #a-a_/b;d41 a lett] = ,l\?1 :i* co/ ! ,po/-(fice fifty times z mu* z ! =m] lett]1 0 only *>g$ #aj;d4 ,! public1 h[ev]1 f\nd means ( _! own ( rem$y+ ! evil1 :i*1 if n :olly legitimate1 7 "u ! circum/ances to be reg>d$ ) "s degree ( l5i5cy4 ,lett]-smuggl+ 0 a n unnatural result ( ! high & disproportionate *>ges ref]r$ to1 & 0 almo/ op5ly adopt$ to an ext5t t is h>dly cr$ible4 ,?us1 _m ,man*e/] m]*ants--,mr ,cobd5 among/ ! numb]--/at$ be=e ! ,po/-(fice ,inquiry ,committee appo9t$ 9 #ahch1 _! belief t f\r-fif?s ( ! lett]s writt5 9 t t[n did n pass ?r\gh ! ,po/-(fice4 ,a c>ri] 9 ,scotl& confess$ to hav+ c>ri$ sixty lett]s daily = a numb] ( ye>s1 & knew ( o!rs :o c>ri$ five hundr$ daily4 ,a ,glasg[ publi%] & booksell] said he s5t & receiv$ fifty lett]s or circul>s daily1 & add$ t he 0 n caught until he _h s5t tw5ty ?\s& lett]s o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! po/6 ,!re 7 also o!r me?ods ( evad+ ! po/age rates at "w4 ,lett]s 7 smuggl$ 9 newspap]s1 :i* 9 ^! days pass$ free )9 a /at$ p]iod ?r\gh ! po/1 ! po/age be+ cov]$ by ! /amp-duty impress$ on ! pap]s4 ,invisible ink1 too1 0 us$ = indit+ messages on ! newspap]s !mselves2 :ile ! use ( c]ta9 pre-arrang$ codes on ! cov]s ( lett]s 0 likewise sy/ematically adopt$1 ! addressees1 aft] turn+ ! lett]s ov] & le>n+ f ! cov]s all !y desir$ to "k1 decl9+ to take 9 ! lett]s on ! gr\nd t !y c\ld n af=d to pay ! po/age4 ,! sy/em ( 'frank+' lett]s 9 ! high-po/age days l$ to an appall+ abuse ( t privilege1 :i* belong$ to pe]s & memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x 0 no d\bt orig9ally all[$ to enable memb]s to correspond ) _! con/itu5ts2 b "u ! circum/ances x is p]haps n surpris+ t ! plan soon became abus$1 & 0 ultimately us$ to cov] all k9ds ( correspond5ce1 n only memb]s' b o!r p's z well4 ,at "o "t1 inde$1 all sorts ( curi\s packages pass$ free "u ! frank+ privilege1 su* z dogs1 a c[1 p>cels ( lace1 bales ( /ock+s1 boxes ( m$ic9e1 flit*es ( bacon1 c4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 frank$ cov]s 7 actually sold2 & !y h ev5 be5 kn[n to be giv5 9 lieu ( wages to s]vants1 :o spe$ily conv]t$ !m into ready money4 ,?is abuse1 tak5 toge!r ) ! illicit traffic 9 lett]s1 s op5ly & widely c>ri$ on1 =m$ ( c\rse a mo/ important argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! proposals = *eap po/age =mulat$ by ,r[l& ,hill1 & no d\bt did mu* to damage ! cause ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,b !re is "o o!r abuse to :i* ,london]s 7 subject :i* may j be m5tion$4 ,at t "t ! ,twop5ny ,po/ 0 9 op]ation 9 ! ,engli% metropolis1 & w\ld h fairly s]v$ ! inhabitants 9 po/al matt]s if x _h n be5 = ! practice :i* exi/$ ( all[+ comm]cial h\ses & o!r firms :o 7 will+ to pay = ! privilege to h _! lett]s pick$ out f ! g5]al heap & deliv]$ by special po/m51 & s enable !m to get _! correspond5ce an h\r e>li] ?an ^? :o did n pay ! 'qu>t]age1' z x 0 call$1 ( five %ill+s 7p] qu>t]71 & :i*1 x appe>s1 w5t into ! pockets ( ! po/m5 conc]n$1 _m ( :om1 we are told1 & x c easily be und]/ood1 ?us made incomes ( f ?ree to f\r hundr$ p\nds a ye>4 ,h[ev] b5eficial su* a sy/em 0 to comm]ce & trade 9 ,london1 x op]at$ mo/ unfairly on ord9>y correspond5ts1 & x 0 c]ta9ly n ! lea/ ( ! evils :i* ! introduction ( ,p5ny ,po/age swept away4 ,x is n necess>y to ent] at any l5g? into all ! argum5ts t weigh$ ) ,r[l& ,hill 9 prop\nd+ 8 great s*eme4 ,x ne$ only be v briefly /at$ t ! great po9t to :i* he appli$ himself 0 ! co/ to ! ,po/-(fice ( receiv+1 transmitt+1 & deliv]+ a lett]4 ,hav+ r\ghly &1 z subsequ5tly prov$1 n inaccurately calculat$ ! av]age po/age at sixp5ce f>?+ p] lett]1 he !n w5t to "w to asc]ta9 ! exp5ses ( managem5t2 & ! result ( 8 inve/igations %[$ t1 no matt] :at di/ance _h to be trav]s$1 ! av]age co/ ( ea* lett] to ! gov]nm5t 0 less ?an "o-t5? ( a p5ny6 ,f ?is !re 0 only "o conclusion t c\ld well be =c$ on 8 m9d1 & t 0 a uni=m rate ( po/age4 ,hav+ solv$ ?is great problem1 !re 7 _m o!r matt]s ( adju/m5t & improvem5t to :i* 8 att5tion _h to be giv54 ,he 01 = example1 n long 9 decid+ t ! *>ge accord+ to enclosures 0 an iniquit\s "o1 & t a j & fair tax c\ld only be made accord+ to weight4 ,!n1 aga91 he cle>ly saw t ! pr9ciple ( ?r[+ ! po/age on ! recipi5ts ( lett]s 0 an improp] "o1 :ile x 0 also a burd5 on ! ,po/-(fice employees4 ,! prepaym5t ( po/age became necess>ily a feature ( 8 plan2 b he exp]i5c$ "s difficulty 9 arriv+ at a feasible me?od ( adopt+ x4 ,at fir/ he consid]$ t ?is might be c>ri$ out by paym5t ( money ov] ! c\nt]2 b he subsequ5tly came to ! conclusion t ! purposes ( ! public & ! ,po/-(fice w\ld be bett] s]v$ by ! use ( "s k9d ( /amp or /amp$ cov]s = lett]s1 & ?is arrangem5t he br\ght =w>d & fully expla9$ be=e ! ,commission]s ( ,po/-(fice ,inquiry1 ref]r+ to x z ',mr ,knight's excell5t sugge/ion4' ,*>les ,knight _h sugge/$ ! idea ( /amps = prepaym5t 9 #ahcc-cd4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,commission]s' ,report1 :i* gives a brief description ( ! propos$ arrangem5t1 may p]haps be read ) int]e/ at ! pres5t "t3 ',t /amp$ cov]s1 or %eets ( pap]1 or small vignette /amps--! latt]1 if us$1 to be gumm$ on ! face ( ! lett]--be suppli$ to ! public f ! ,/amp-(fice1 & sold at su* a price z to include ! po/age4 ,lett]s s /amp$ to be treat$ 9 all respects z franks4 ,t ea* %\ld h ! weight x is entitl$ to c>ry legibly pr9t$ ^u ! /amp4 ,t ! /amp ( ! receiv+-h\se %\ld be /ruck ^u ! sup]scription or duty /amp1 to prev5t ! latt] be+ us$ a second "t4 ,! vignette /amps be+ portable1 p]sons c\ld c>ry !m 9 _! pocket-books4' ,! propos$ arrangem5t met ) approval f ! ,commission]s1 & also f ! ,committee on ,po/age 9 #ahcg & #ahch2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ! ,p5ny ,po/age ,act ( #ahdj conta9$ a clause provid+ = ! use ( su* /amps & /amp$ cov]s4 ,su* 7 ! ma9 po9ts ( ,r[l& ,hill's plan1 :i* 0 s logical & reasonable 9 all its features1 & s intelligible to ! popul> m9d1 t x c be readily und]/ood h[ he>tily x 0 embrac$ by ! g5]al public4 ,b popul> z 8 s*eme 0 ) ! mass ( ! p1 x enc\nt]$ ! bitt]e/ opposition f _m qu>t]s2 & 9 successfully c>ry+ x ?r\gh1 ,r[l& ,hill _h1 l mo/ o!r great re=m]s1 to ov]come huge difficulties & ob/acles4 ,x is v amus+ at ?is di/ance ( "t1 :5 we h become s accu/om$ to ! imm5se advantages ( ,p5ny ,po/age z to view !m almo/ z "p ( ! ord9>y conditions ( life1 to recall "s ( ! argum5ts us$ fifty ye>s ago aga9/ ! measure4 ,"l ,li*field1 z ,po/ma/]-g5]al1 9 adv]t+ to ! s*eme 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 describ$ x ?us3 ',( all ! wild vision>y s*emes :i* ,i h ev] he>d (1 x is ! mo/ extravagant2' & endors$ ?is /atem5t six mon?s lat] :5 he _h giv5 m att5tion to ! subject1 be+ 'ev5 /ill m firmly ( ! same op9ion4' ,on a subsequ5t occasion he cont5d$ t ! mails w\ld h to c>ry twelve times z mu* 9 weight z be=e1 & !re=e ! *>ge w\ld be twelve times ! am\nt !n paid4 ',! walls ( ! ,po/-(fice1' he exclaim$1 'w\ld bur/2 ! :ole area 9 :i* ! build+ /&s w\ld n be l>ge en\gh to receive ! cl]ks & lett]s4' ,outside ! ,po/-(fice1 too1 z well z by bo? ! gov]nm5t & opposition1 mu* animosity 0 exhibit$ aga9/ ! proposal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! opposition aga9/ ! introduction ( ,p5ny ,po/age 0 /rong1 ! advocacy ( ! plan 0 no less p[]ful1 :ile1 moreov]1 x 0 ?or\ghly back$ by popul> op9ion4 ,compla9ts z to ! high rates ( po/age fl[$ 91 & p>liam5t 0 ne>ly inundat$ ) petitions 9 fav\r ( ! s*eme1 :i* also receiv$ mu* lit]>y support4 ,! ,m]cantile ,committee dur+ all ! "t ( agitation actively spread in=mation ( ! progress ( ! measure1 ) a view to r\se ! public to a s5se ( its importance4 ,! ,po/ circul> kept circulat+2 & h&bills1 fly-%eets1 & pictorial illu/rations 7 freely di/ribut$4 ,"o pr9t took a dramatic =m1 repres5t+ ',a ,sc5e at ,w9dsor ,ca/le1' 9 :i* ! ,que51 be+ 9 ! ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 is made to say3 ',mo!rs pawn+ _! clo!s to pay ! po/age ( a *ild's lett]6 ,e subject /udy+ h[ to evade ! po/age )\t c>+ = ! law6'--7,to ,"l ,melb\rne73 ',i tru/1 my "l1 y h comm&$ ! att5dance ( ! ,po/ma/]-g5]al & ,mr ,r[l& ,hill1 z ,i direct$1 9 ord] t ,i may he> ! reasons ( bo? ab\t ?is univ]sal ,p5ny ,po/age plan1 :i* appe>s to me likely to remove all ^! great evils4' ,aft] ! int]view takes place1 ! ,que5 is made to record ! op9ion t ! plan 'w\ld conf] a great boon on ! poor] classes ( my subjects1 & w\ld be ! greate/ b5efit to religion1 morals1 to g5]al k1 & to trade4' ,?is jeu d'esprit1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,london ,committee1 0 circulat$ by ?\s&s1 & prov$ extremely useful 9 br++ ! burn+ "q home 9 an attractive =m to ! masses ( ! nation4 ,! agitation z to ,r[l& ,hill's s*eme la/$ = two ye>s1 & ) su* vehem5ce t ! p]iod has become an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! end ( ! /ory ( ?is memorable re=m is soon told2 = an agitation :i* may be said to h %ak5 ! nation to its core & 0 felt f end to end ( ! k+dom c\ld h b "o conclusion1 & t a successful "o4 ,a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! :ole matt]2 & aft] a session ( sixty-?ree days1 report$ 9 fav\r ( ,p5ny ,po/age4 ,t 0 9 ,augu/ #ahch4 ,next ye> a ,bill = ,*eap ,po/age pass$ ?r\gh p>liam5t ) slight opposition2 & on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] #ahci ! ,treasury issu$ a ,m9ute au?oris+ a uni=m rate ( f\rp5ce = inl& lett]s4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 m]ely a tempor>y measure1 9 :i* ,r[l& ,hill concurr$1 & 0 resort$ to *iefly to accu/om ! ,po/-(fice cl]ks to a uni=m rate & ! sy/em ( *>g+ by weight4 ,! full measure ( ! ,p5ny ,po/age s*eme 0 accompli%$ a few mon?s lat] on1 :51 on ! #aj? ( ,janu>y #ahdj1 ! uni=m rate ( ,"o ,p5ny = lett]s n exce$+ half an ounce 9 weight 0 (ficially introduc$4 ,su* 9 brief is ! /ory ( ,p5ny ,po/age1 :i* has caus$ su* a revolution n only 9 ! po/al arrangem5ts ( ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ! conditions ( all sections & grades ( society4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( its op]ation ! numb] ( lett]s po/$ 0 m ?an d\bl$1 ! numb] s5t 9 #ahdj be+ #afi1jjj1jjj1 z aga9/ #hb1jjj1jjj po/$ 9 #ahci1 includ+ #f1ejj1jjj lett]s s5t "u ! frank+ privilege1 :i* 0 aboli%$ ) ! introduction ( ! ,p5ny ,po/age sy/em4 ,9 #ahea ! numb] ( lett]s po/$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& _h ris5 to #fgj1jjj1jjj2 :ile 9 #ahie ! quantity s5t rea*$ ! fabul\s numb] ( #agga millions1 or ab\t =ty-five lett]s p] head ( ! population4 ,?is ref]s to lett]s pure & simple4 ,if we take into acc\nt po/-c>ds1 newspap]s1 book-packets1 c41 ! aggregate numb] ( po/al packets po/$ 9 #ahie w be f\nd to fall n f> %ort ( #aacd millions4 ,truly may x be said t ! results ( ,p5ny ,po/age h be5 /up5d\s4 ,b m ?an ?is2 ! net rev5ue d]iv$ f po/age has long1 long s9ce exce$$ t :i* accru$ "u ! old sy/em4 ,! /ory ( ,p5ny ,po/age w\ld be incomplete if we did n add a ^w z to h[ ! great re=m] f>$ at ! h&s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,) ! introduction ( 8 s*eme he ( c\rse became associat$ ) ! ,po/-(fice1 al?\gh at fir/ he held a ,treasury appo9tm5t1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 aft] ab\t ?ree ye>s' s]vice1 he 0 dismiss$ on ! gr\nd t 8 "w 0 f9i%$4 ,public indignation 0 ar\s$ at ?is treatm5t ( "o :o _h already done s mu* = 8 c\ntry2 & ! nation seem$ to ?9k t ! "r place = ,r[l& ,hill 0 at ! ,po/-(fice1 :]e fur!r useful re=ms might well be expect$ to foll[ f "o :o _h begun s well4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 #ahdf he 0 re/or$ to (fice1 be+ appo9t$ ,secret>y to ! ,po/ma/]-g5]al1 & eight ye>s lat] he became ,*ief ,secret>y ( ! ,po/-(fice1 an appo9tm5t :i* he held = t5 ye>s1 :51 f fail+ heal?1 he retir$ ) full pay into private life1 full ( ye>s & hon\rs4 ,soon aft] 8 dismissal f ! ,treasury1 a grateful c\ntry subscrib$ & pres5t$ him ) ! sum ( fifte5 ?\s& p\nds2 & on 8 retirem5t1 p>liam5t vot$ him ! sum ( tw5ty ?\s& p\nds4 ,9 #ahfj he receiv$ at ,h] ,maje/y's h&s ! dignity ( ,knight ,comm&] ( ! ,ba?2 & bo? be=e & aft] 8 retirem5t he 0 ! recipi5t ( _m m9or hon\rs4 ,9 #ahgi ,sir ,r[l& ,hill 0 pres5t$ ) ! fre$om ( ! ,city ( ,london2 b he 0 an old man !n1 & only liv$ a few mon?s to enjoy ?is civic hon\r4 ,he _h a public fun]al1 & 0 accord$ a ni*e 9 ! temple ( fame at ,we/m9/]4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,! ,,po/-,,(fice4 ,)\t a p]sonal visit to ! ,po/-(fice1 x is p]haps difficult to ga9 any correct impression ( its imm5sity1 or ( ! p]fect discipl9e & ord] :i* prevade ! build+s devot$ to po/al & telegraphic "w4 ,x is a visit :i* %\ld be made by e "o int]e/$1 if possible4 ,!y w\ld !n m>vel t we get our lett]s & pap]s 9 ! %ort "t we d1 if !y 7 to see ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s t are p\r$ into ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr& day by day4 ,! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice nev] sleeps save on ,sunday betwe5 twelve & half-pa/ "o4 ,! "w is nev] at a /&/ill4 ,we began our visit to ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr& by inspect+ :at is kn[n z ! 'bl9d' dep>tm5t1 :]e lett]s ) indi/9ct1 incomplete1 & wrongly spelt addresses are puzzl$ out by ^? specially tra9$ 9 solv+ su* my/]ies4 ,scrap-books are kept 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 into :i* ! curi\s & amus+ addresses orig9ally inscrib$ on ! face ( lett]s transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,po/-(fice are copi$ & pres]v$4 ,:il/ we 7 look+ at ^! a po/-c>d 0 h&$ 9 to "o ( ! (ficials m]ely address$ ,jackson4 ,:e!r ! s5d] ?\ght x w\ld g ar\nd to ! v>i\s ,jacksons 9 ,london1 we "k n1 b anyway x 0 decid$ to take ! tr\ble to return x to ! s5d]1 advis+ him t x 0 insuffici5tly address$4 ,! tr\ble c>eless p]sons give ! ,po/-(fice is inconceivable1 & ! way "s try to *eat 9 ! mann] ( regi/]+ lett]s ne$s to be se5 to be believ$4 ,f ! 'bl9d' dep>tm5t we 7 conduct$ to ! 'hospital1' :]e badly done up lett]s & p>cels :i* h come to grief are doctor$ & made suffici5tly secure to rea* _! de/9ation4 ,:5 x is recollect$ t po/age is s *eap1 ! outside public might at lea/ take ! tr\ble to d up lett]s & p>cels prop]ly )\t putt+ ! ,po/-(fice to ! enorm\s tr\ble ?us caus$--ne$less tr\ble su/a9$ )\t a murmur & )\t extra *>ge4 ,"s are put into fre% envelopes1 o!rs are seal+-wax$ :]e slits h occurr$1 & o!rs are prop]ly ti$ up ) /r+4 ,all ?is tr\ble might be sav$ by a little =e?\ght on ! "p ( ! s5d]s4 ,! numb] ( samples t diff]5t firms s5d ?r\gh ! po/ ea* day is a/oni%+4 ,x is said t #a1ejd1jjj patt]n & sample packets are po/$ annually 9 ! metropolis4 ,9 addition to ^? j m5tion$1 alpaca1 corduroy1 gloves1 ribbons1 plu%1 :alebone1 musl91 l951 biscuits1 oilcakes1 pepp]1 yea/1 toilet soap1 sp]m c&les1 mu/>d1 rais9s1 c1 are s5t by sample po/4 ,"o firm alone po/$ #abe1dah packets conta9+ spice4 ,! "t to visit ! sort+ process at ! ,po/-(fice is betwe5 half-pa/ five & eight o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,at clos+ "t ! lett]s are simply p\r$ by ?\s&s into ! baskets wait+ to receive !m1 & ea* "o z soon z full is :eel$ (f 9 an in/ant to ! sort]s & o!r (ficials wait+ to deal ) !m4 ,:5 !y h be5 deposit$ on ! innum]able tables1 ! fir/ process is to face ! lett]s--n s easy a task :5 ! %apes & sizes ( ! lett]s are s v>i$4 ,z soon z ! fac+ process is ov]1 !y are pass$ z quick z lightn+ on to ! /amp]s1 :o proce$ to deface ! ,que5's head4 ,! noise :il/ ?is process is be+ gone ?r\gh is deaf5+4 ,"s /amp]s h a h&-ma*9e1 :il/ o!rs are mak+ a trial ( a treadle /amp+-ma*9e :i* /amps "s f\r hundr$ lett]s p] m9ute4 ,f ! /amp]s ! lett]s pass on to ! sort]s4 ,:il/ all ?is is proce$+1 ! visitor %\ld /ep up into ! gall]y = a m9ute or two & look d[n on ! busy sc5e bel[4 ,x is a sight well wor? see+ & n likely to be =gott5--! ?\s&s ( lett]s heap$ on ! tables1 & ! hundr$s ( work]s z h>d at "w z x is possible = !m to be4 ,! envelopes are sep>at$ & plac$ 9 ! sev]al pigeon-holes :i* indicate ! v>i\s directions !y are to travel4 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,glasg[ h special receptacles = !mselves1 z ! fir/ ?ree cities h on an av]age fifte5 ?\s& lett]s a day despat*$ to ea*2 & fur!r1 !re are eight despat*es a day to ^! places1 elev5 ?\s& p] day g to ,glasg[1 & betwe5 eight & n9e ?\s& to ,ed9burgh4 ,all (ficial lett]s--t is1 ',on ,h] ,maje/y's ,s]vice'--h a special table to !mselves4 ,"s eighty-n9e ?\s& ,sav+s-bank books pass ?r\gh ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr& daily4 ,"s sort]s get ?r\gh betwe5 =ty & fifty lett]s a m9ute1 :il/ a new-com] w n be able to manage m ?an tw5ty or ?irty4 ,! nights on :i* v>i\s mails g out are extra busy ones1 especially ,friday ev5+1 :5 ! ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,au/ralian mails are s5t4 ,! r$uction ( ! po/age has made an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! cont5ts ( ! mail-bags to ^! p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x may be int]e/+ "h to note h[ ! mails are dealt ) at ,br9disi4 ,van aft] van conveys ! mail-bags f ! tra9 to ! %ip1 :]e two gangways are put (f f ! %ore to ! %ip's side4 ,lasc>s run up "o & d[n ! o!r ) ! bags4 ,ea* lasc> has a smoo? flat /ick l a rul]1 & z he deposits 8 mail-bag on a long b5* ov] ! hold1 he gives up 8 /ick to a man /&+ by4 ,:5 five lasc>s h arriv$1 ! /icks g into "o comp>tm5t ( a small wood5 box2 & :5 ! box is full--t is1 :5 a hundr$ h be5 put 9--! box is c>ri$ (f & ano!r br\ght =w>d4 ,?ree hundr$ & n9ety-two bags is a good av]age1 & !y take j "u =ty m9utes to put on bo>d4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian mails are includ$ 9 ^!2 b no o!r ,european mails g by ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company4 ,at ,ad51 two sort]s come on bo>d & sp5d _! days 9 "s po/al cab9s sort+ ! mails = ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,india1 c4 ,! bags 9 :i* ^! mails are enclos$ are only us$ once4 ,!y are made 9 "o ( our convict prisons1 & fre% ones are di/ribut$ ea* week bo? outw>d & homew>d4 ,turn+ f ! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice ,s\?1 :i* is n[ exclusively utilis$ = lett]s & pap]s1 we proce$ to ! ,g5]al ,po/-(fice ,nor?1 :i* is devot$ solely to ! telegraph dep>tm5t4 ,! ,sav+s-bank dep>tm5t 0 orig9ally 9 ! same build+ z ! telegraph2 b ow+ to ! rapid increase 9 bo? dep>tm5ts1 ! ,sav+s-bank has be5 remov$ to ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet4 ,coldba?-,fields ,prison 0 conv]t$ into a home = ! ,p>cel ,po/4 ,"s ?ree ?\s& male & female cl]ks are employ$ 9 ! telegraph dep>tm5t alone4 ,! top floor ( ! build+ is devot$ to ! metropolitan di/ricts4 ,a telegram s5t f "o suburb ( ,london to ano!r is b\nd to pass ?r\gh ,/ ,m>t9's-le-,gr&2 x _c be s5t direct4 ,! second floor deals ) ! prov9ces4 ,! pneumatic tube is n[ us$ a great deal2 & by means ( x "s fifty telegrams c be s5t on at once1 & n s+ly1 z w\ld be ! case if ! telegraphic in/rum5t 0 ! only in/rum5t 9 use4 ,! tube is mo/ly us$ at ! bran* (fices4 ,! press is a great us] bo? ( ! po/al & telegraphic dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! po/al dep>tm5t ! repres5tatives c call = lett]s at any h\r1 provid$ _! lett]s are enclos$ 9 a di/9ctive-col\r$ envelope1 su* z bright r$ or orange4 ,( c\rse ?is privilege has to be paid =4 ,9 ! telegraph dep>tm5t ! press c obta9 _! 'private wires' aft] six 9 ! ev5+1 z ! wires are no long] requir$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,! plan adopt$ 9 s5d+ ! same message to e prov9cial t[n :i* has a daily j\rnal is ! foll[+3 all along ! r\te ! op]ators are advis$ ( ! fact1 & :il/ ! message is only actually deliv]$ at its f9al de/9ation1 ! words are caught z !y pass ea* t[n by means ( ! 's\nd]4' ,by ?is +5i\s arrangem5t1 doz5s ( t[ns are plac$ 9 direct communication ) ! c5tral (fice :5ce ! message is despat*$4 ,to c>ry on our telegraphic arrangem5ts ?ree miles ( %elves are ne$$1 on :i* are deposit$ =ty ?\s& batt]ies4 ,,! ,,po/-,,(fice ,,on ,,:eels4 ,! p>ticul> portion ( ! ',po/-(fice on ,:eels' :i* we purpose describ+ is ! ,special ,mail :i* leaves ,london f ,eu/on ,/ation daily4 ,we h select$ ?is mail1 n only because all ! duties app]ta9+ to ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice are p]=m$ !re91 b also because x is ! mo/ important mail 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 probably 9 ! :ole _w4 ,9 ! ,special ,mail1 ! po/-(fice vehicles are =ty-two feet 9 l5g?1 & "o ( ?irty-two feet4 ,!re is a gangway communication betwe5 all ! c>riages1 s t ! (fic]s on duty c pass f "o to ano!r ?r\gh\t ! entire l5g? )\t go+ outside4 ,all ! c>riages are light$ ) gas4 ,! pair-horse vans :i* convey ! ,london bags = prov9cial t[ns come da%+ into ! /ation 9 rapid succession1 & z !re are only fifte5 m9utes be=e ! tra9 />ts1 no "t is to be lo/4 ,! bags are quickly remov$ f ! vans1 ! "n ( ea* be+ call$ out 9 ! process1 ?us enabl+ an (fic] :o /&s ne> to tick !m (f on a pr9t$ li/ ) :i* he is provid$4 ,!y are !n /[$ away 9 ! respective c>riages 9 appo9t$ places4 ,hav+ proce$$ to ! pr9cipal sort+ c>riage1 we see t !re are "s ?\s&s ( ! lett]s :i* h come f ! ,london (fices /ill to be dispos$ (4 ,!y lie on ! desks 9 l>ge bundles2 b e m9ute !re is a p]ceptible dim9ution ( _! numb]s by means ( ! vigor\s attacks ( ! m5 engag$4 ,f end to end ( "o side ( ! c>riage--t f>!/ f ! plat=m--r[s ( sort+-boxes1 or 'pigeon-holes1' are fix$ ne>ly up to ! ro(1 />t+ f ! sort+-table1 :i* is ab\t ?ree feet f ! floor4 ,! boxes into :i* ! ord9>y lett]s are sort$ are divid$ into sets1 numb]$ consecutively f #a to #de1 & "o sort] works at ea* set4 ,! numb]s on ! boxes are 9 accordance ) a prescrib$ plan1 ea* numb] repres5t+ ! names ( c]ta9 t[ns1 & into su* boxes ! lett]s = ^? t[ns are sort$4 ,! plan m5tion$ is c>ri$ out z foll[s3 ,suppose we say t ,no4 #aj repres5ts ,rugby1 ( c\rse :5 ! mail-bag = t t[n is despat*$ ! box is empty4 ,x is !n us$1 say1 = ,crewe1 & :5 ! bag = t place is gone ! box aga9 becomes empty4 ,x is !n us$ = "s o!r t[n f>!r d[n ! l9e1 & s on to ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,! set ( boxes ne>e/ ! =e-end ( ! c>riage is us$ by ! (fic] :o deals ) ! regi/]$ lett]s4 ,?is set c be clos$ by means ( a revolv+ %utt]1 :i* is fitt$ ) a lock & key2 s t1 %\ld ! regi/]$-lett] (fic] h to quit 8 po/ = any purpose1 he c secure ! cont5ts ( 8 boxes1 & s feel satisfi$ t !y are 9 a safe place4 ,?is (fic] also disposes ( all ! lett]-bills on :i* ! addresses ( ! regi/]$ lett]s are advis$4 ,! set ( boxes into :i* ! newspap]s & book packets are sort$ is ab\t twice ! size ( an ord9>y lett] set1 & occupies ! c5tre "p ( ! :ole box arrangem5t4 ,?is space is assign$ to ! newspap] boxes = two reasons3 ! set is exactly opposite ! doorway ?r\gh :i* ! bags are tak5 9 at ! /opp+ /ation1 s t !y lie on ! floor beh9d ! sort] :o op5s !m2 he has !re=e simply to turn r\nd & pick !m up "o by "o z he requires !m1 !reby sav+ bo? "t & lab\r4 ,aga91 z ! bags are op5$1 ! bundles ( lett]s :i* are labell$ ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b respectively1 9 accordance ) ! li/ suppli$ to po/ma/]s = _! guidance1 h to be di/ribut$ to ! lett]-sort]s--,no4 #a bundles to ! left1 ,no4 #b to ! "r2 & ?is di/ribution c\ld n be s conv5i5tly p]=m$ ) ! newspap] or bag-op5+ table plac$ 9 a diff]5t position4 ,mo/ ( ! newspap] boxes1 z we h said1 are ab\t twice ! size ( a lett] box2 "s1 h[ev]1 su* z ^? us$ = l>ge t[ns l ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 c41 are f\r times ! size2 & ! necessity = ?is c be readily und]/ood4 ,we w n[ look at ! o!r side ( ! c>riage--or t ne>e/ ! plat=m4 ,along ! :ole l5g? ( t side1 /rong iron pegs are fix$ ab\t an in* ap>t1 & on ^! pegs ! bags to be made up & despat*$ on ! way are hung4 ,mo/ ( ! bags us$ 9 ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice are ( "o size--?ree feet six in*es long1 & two feet f\r in*es wide2 b = ! l>ge t[ns1 bags ( great] dim5sions are requir$4 ,ea* bag is di/9ctly m>k$ on bo? sides ) ! "n ( ! t[n to :i* x is to be =w>d$1 ! lett]s =m+ ! "n be+ an in* & a qu>t] 9 l5g?4 ,! "n is also /5cill$ inside ! m\? ( ! bag1 s t ! sort] has x imm$iately be=e 8 eyes :5 putt+ ! lett]s1 c41 away4 ,on rea*+ its de/9ation ! bag is empti$ ( its cont5ts1 is turn$ inside out1 & !n ! "n ( ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice f :i* x 0 receiv$ appe>s 9 view4 ,! bag is !n fold$ up & kept ready = ! return despat* on ! foll[+ night4 ,9 ?is way x passes & repasses until x is worn out1 :5 x is )drawn1 & a new "o takes its place4 ,we w n[ assume ! tra9 is fairly on its way1 & t we are approa*+ ,h>r[1 ! fir/ /ation at :i* ! mail-bags are receiv$ by means ( ! app>atus4 ,z ! ma*9]y con/itut+ ! app>atus is ( great importance 9 ! sy/em ( work+1 we %all "h endeav\r to describe x4 ,we may say t ! app>atus 9 ! ,special ,mail is work$ 9 a sep>ate c>riage :i* runs imm$iately beh9d ! "o to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 ! prec$+ details4 ,a l>ge & v /rong net is firmly fix$ on ! side ( ! c>riage on ! ne> end1 & ! woodwork be+ cut away1 an ap]ture is =m$ ?r\gh :i* ! p\*es conta9+ ! bags are tak5 into ! c>riage4 ,! net is rais$ or l[]$ by press+ d[n a lev] v simil> 9 /ructure & appe>ance to ! lev]s :i* are se5 9 a signalman's cab94 ,:5 ! net is l[]$1 a /rong rope is se5 to /ret* across f ! =e-"p1 & ?is rope1 be+ held 9 position by a *a9 atta*$ to ! back-"p ( ! net1 =ms :at is call$ a deta*+ l9e 9 ! %ape ( ! lett] ,v plac$ ?us1 2 & z ! c>riage travels along1 ! rope at ! po9t =m+ ! angle /rikes ! susp5d$ p\*1 & deta*es x f ! /&>d1 :5 x falls into ! net1 & is remov$ by ! (fic] att5d+ to ! app>atus4 ,! ma*9]y is also arrang$ s t a bag c be despat*$ z well z receiv$4 ,a man do+ ?is "w %\ld possess ke5 eyes1 /eady n]ves1 & a full av]age am\nt ( /r5g?4 ,on a d>k or foggy night x is difficult to see ! objects :i* s]ve z guides to ! :]eab\ts ( ! tra91 & :i* are te*nically kn[n 9 ! (fice z 'm>ks4' ,! net is n[ l[]$ = ! receipt at ,h>r[4 ,9 a second or two1 a trem5d\s ?ud is he>d1 & a l>ge p\* comes cra%+ into ! c>riage ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ! m5 mean:ile keep+ a respectful di/ance4 ,i %\ld p]haps expla9 t 9 ! ,special ,mail a new =m ( net is us$4 ,! bottom ( x is flu% ) ! c>riage floor1 & z ! l[] portion is con/ruct$ ) an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees1 ! p\*es roll into ! c>riage by _! own weight4 ,we w n[ see :at ! p\* f ,h>r[ conta9s4 ,x is quickly un/rapp$2 ! bags are tak5 out2 & x is !n laid aside1 to be us$ = despat* at a subsequ5t /ation4 ,!re are ?ree bags = ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice receiv$ 9 ?is p\*--two conta9+ correspond5ce = ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & "o = ,irel&4 ,! bags are imm$iately op5$ by ! prop] (fic]s4 ,! fir/ duty is to f9d ! lett]-bill2 & if !re are any regi/]$ lett]s1 to comp>e !m ) ! entries on ! bill1 :51 if correct1 ! bill is sign$ & pass$ ov]1 toge!r ) ! regi/]$ lett]s1 to ! (fic] :o disposes ( t class ( correspond5ce1 & by :om an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! receipt ( ! lett]s is at once giv5 to ! bag-op5]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t a h&-to-h& *eck is e/abli%$ :i* ensures ! practical safety ( su* lett]s4 ,! bag-op5] !n proce$s to pick out f among/ ! mass ( correspond5ce ! bundles ( ord9>y lett]s1 & to pass !m to ! "r or left accord+ z !y are labell$ ,no4 #a or ,no4 #b4 ,^! bundles are cut op5 by ! respective sort]s :o "w at ! sev]al sets ( boxes1 ! lett]s be+ laid 9 a r[ on ! desk1 & ! m5 !n proce$ to sort !m 9 accordance ) ! addresses !y be>4 ,z ! boxes 7ea* ( :i* w hold ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty7 become full1 ! lett]s are ti$ up securely 9 bundles1 & ! sort]s1 turn+ r\nd1 drop !m into ! bags :i* hang along ! o!r side ( ! c>riage4 ,& s ! "w goes on 9 ! same way ?r\gh\t ! entire j\rney4 ,let u n[ try to %[ to h[ great an ext5t ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice has contribut$ to ! accel]ation ( correspond5ce f place to place4 ,on an exam9ation ( ! lett]s receiv$ f ,h>r[1 x is f\nd t !re are ?ree = ,ab]de52 & a simil> numb] = t city w be receiv$ f ! sev]al t[ns betwe5 ,london & ,rugby1 & s on4 ,( c\rse1 ! numb] ( lett]s m5tion$ w\ld n be suffici5t = a direct bag betwe5 ea* ( ^! places & ,ab]de52 b ! small numb]s ref]r$ to be+ br\ght toge!r 9 ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice1 x is f\nd t :5 ! tra9 arrives at ,c>lisle a suffici5t am\nt ( correspond5ce = ! nor!rn city has be5 receiv$ to fill a l>ge bag4 ,?is bag is !re=e clos$ at t po9t1 & a fre% "o hung up1 to conta9 ! correspond5ce = t city receiv$ nor?w>ds ( ,c>lisle4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r l>ge t[ns 9 ,scotl&4 ,n[1 if !re 7 no ,travell+ ,po/-(fice1 h[ w\ld ! few lett]s = ,ab]de5 emanat+ f ! v>i\s t[ns 9 ,engl& be dealt )8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y w\ld h to be pick$ up by a /opp+ tra91 & ev5 if ?is tra9 ran direct to ,ab]de51 !re w\ld be a diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( arrival ( at lea/ eight h\rs4 ,b ! lett]s c\ld n g direct 9 su* a case1 z t w\ld mean ! mak+-up ( sep>ate bags at ea* place2 & we h already %[n t ! lett]s are too few 9 numb] to ju/ify su* an arrangem5t4 ,!y w\ld h to be collect$ at "s c5tral (fice1 say at ,birm+ham1 :]e !y w\ld ( necessity be deta9$ "s "t2 s t altoge!r x is probable !y w\ld n arrive at _! de/9ation e>ly en\gh to be deliv]$ on ! day foll[+ t ( po/+4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is ! case n[8 ,?anks to ! ,travell+ ,po/-(fice ) its mail-bag app>atus1 ! lett]s are :irl$ along at close ^u fifty miles an h\r )\t int]mission1 ?us admitt+ ( ! deliv]y ( lett]s f ,london at s remote a place z ,ab]de5 long be=e noon on ! foll[+ day4 ,we w n[ assume t ! tra9 has arriv$ at ,rugby--! di/ance eighty-f\r miles4 ,at ?is /ation mails = ,cov5try1 ,birm+ham1 c41 are left to be =w>d$ by a bran* tra94 ,aft] a /op ( f\r m9utes1 ! tra9 aga9 spe$s on its way1 ! next /opp+-place be+ ,tamwor?4 ,"h a l>ge numb] ( mail-bags are despat*$1 includ+ ^? = ! ,midl& ,travell+ ,po/-(fice1 go+ nor? to ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 :i* s]ves ,d]by%ire1 ,york%ire1 & ! :ole c\ntry-side bord]+ on ! nor?-ea/ coa/2 = ! ,%rewsbury mail-tra91 :i* s]ves ! :ole ( ,mid-,wales2 & = ! ,l9coln mail-tra91 :i* s]ves ,nott+ham%ire & ,l9coln%ire4 ,! next halt is at ,crewe1 :]e =m]ly a l>ge ex*ange ( bags took place1 hav+ be5 pass$ )\t /opp+4 ,crewe is1 = ,travell+ ,po/-(fice purposes1 by f> ! mo/ important junction 9 ! k+dom4 ,)9 ?ree h\rs--t is1 betwe5 half-pa/ elev5 at night & half-pa/ two 9 ! morn+--ov] a doz5 mail-tra9s1 ea* ) sort+-c>riages atta*$1 arrive & dep>t2 :il/ ! weight ( mails ex*ang$ "h )9 ! h\rs m5tion$ is n less ?an tw5ty tons4 ,a great am\nt ( lab\r is involv$ 9 receiv+ & deliv]+ su* an imm5se weight ( bags1 ! "w be+ all done by h&1 & ! mail-port]s h to ex]cise great c>e 9 keep+ !m 9 prop] c\rse = ! respective tra9s4 ,nev]!less1 ^! responsible duties are rem>kably well p]=m$1 mi/akes v r>ely occurr+4 ,! ,iri% mail :i* runs f ,london to ,holyhead1 & 9 :i* correspond5ce = ,irel& is almo/ exclusively dealt )1 bran*es (f at ,crewe1 ! rema9d] ( ! j\rney be+ run by way ( ,*e/] & ,nor? ,wales4 ,leav+ ,w>r+ton1 ! next /oppage is at ,wigan4 ,"h ! mails = ,liv]pool are despat*$1 & ! receipt includes bags :i* h be5 br\ght ?r\gh a long l9e ( c\ntry1 /ret*+ f ,newca/le-on-,tyne ?r\gh ,york1 ,normanton1 & ,/alybridge1 & !nce to ,wigan4 ,! mails = ,pre/on & ,ea/ ,lanca%ire are left at ,pre/on1 &1 runn+ ?r\gh ,lanca/]1 ,c>n=? is soon rea*$4 ,at ?is /ation ! mails = ,nor?-we/ ,lanca%ire & ,we/ ,cumb]l& are despat*$1 & ?is is ! la/ /opp+-place be=e arriv+ at ,c>lisle1 :i* is ! t]m9al po9t ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,m5tion %\ld be made ( ! notewor?y despat* ( mails by app>atus at ,ox5holme1 ! junction = ,k5dal1 ,w9d]m]e1 & ! ,lake ,di/rict4 ,x is ! l>ge/ despat* by t me?od 9 ! k+dom1 z _m z n9e p\*es be+ deliv]$ into two nets4 ,ea* p\* at ?is /ation weighs on an av]age fifty p\nds1 s t altoge!r f\r hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( mail-matt] is despat*$ at ?is "o /ation--no inconsid]able feat4 ,at ,c>lisle ! mails = ! ,wav]ley r\te c\ntry & = ! :ole ( ! s\?-we/ ( ,scotl&1 includ+ ,ayr%ire1 are left4 ,!re is ano!r long run ov] ! ,cal$onian ,railway--ab\t sev5ty-eight miles--)\t a /op1 ! app>atus be+ work$ sev5 times 9 t di/ance until ,c>/airs is rea*$4 ,"h1 "o ( ! sort+-c>riages is deta*$1 & proce$s to ,ed9burgh2 & a few miles f>!r on ?ree m are deta*$1 & proce$ to ,glasg[ f ,holyt[n ,junction4 ,f t po9t1 !re=e1 only two sort+-c>riages rema9 9 ! tra91 & ^! g on to ,ab]de54 ,! next /op is at ,/irl+1 :]e ! bags = ! ,we/]n ,highl&s are left2 & we !n run on to ,p]?4 ,at ,p]?1 ! mails = ,dundee & ! nor!rn ,highl&s are despat*$1 ! latt] be+ =w>d$ by a mail-tra9 :i* runs on ! ,highl& ,railway via ,inv]ness4 ,aga9 ! ,special ,mail />ts on its way1 !re be+ only "o /op--at ,=f>--be=e arriv+ at ,ab]de51 :]e ! j\rney ends4 ,"h ! la/ bags are despat*$4 ,! c>riage is cle>4 ,! sort+-boxes are c>efully se>*$1 to see t no lett]s h be5 left 9 !m2 & ! c>riage is !n tak5 *>ge ( by ! railway (ficials1 to be ?or\ghly cleans$ & made ready = ! return j\rney on ! foll[+ day4 ,! duties on ! way to ,london are p]=m$ 9 a precisely simil> mann] to ^? on ! j\rney nor?w>ds4 ,,e>ly ,,telegraphs4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans practis$ telegraphy ) ! help ( pots fill$ ) /raw & twigs saturat$ 9 oil1 :i*1 be+ plac$ 9 r[s1 express$ c]ta9 lett]s accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 light$2 b ! only "o ( _! contrivances t m]its a detail$ description 0 t inv5t$ by a ,grecian g5]al nam$ ,a5eas1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 int5d$ = communication betwe5 ! g5]als ( an army4 ,x consi/$ ( two exactly simil> e>!n vessels1 fill$ ) wat]1 ea* provid$ ) a cock t w\ld dis*>ge an equal quantity ( wat] 9 a giv5 "t1 s t ! :ole or any "p ( ! cont5ts w\ld escape 9 precisely ! same p]iod f bo? vessels4 ,on ! surface ( ea* float$ a piece ( cork support+ an upright1 m>k$ (f into divisions1 ea* division hav+ a c]ta9 s5t5ce inscrib$ ^u x4 ,"o ( ! vessels 0 plac$ at ea* /ation2 & :5 ei!r p>ty desir$ to communicate1 he light$ a tor*1 :i* he held al(t until ! o!r did ! same1 z a sign t he 0 all att5tion4 ,on ! s5d] ( ! message l[]+ or ext+ui%+ 8 tor*1 ea* p>ty imm$iately op5$ ! cock ( 8 vessel1 & s left x until ! s5d] relight$ 8 tor*1 :5 x 0 at once clos$4 ,! receiv] !n read ! s5t5ce on ! division ( ! upright t 0 level ) ! m\? ( ! vessel1 & :i*1 if ev]y?+ _h be5 execut$ ) exactness1 correspond$ ) t ( ! s5d]1 & s convey$ ! desir$ intimation4 ,we mu/ "h pause a mom5t to po9t out "o great advantage t ?is contrivance1 simple z x und\bt$ly 01 w be se5 to possess ov] ! m sci5tific ones t foll[1 & t 01 its equal efficacy 9 any sort ( c\ntry & 9 any position1 :e!r on a pla91 on ! summit ( a hill1 or 9 a seque/]$ valley4 ,to desc5d to m mod]n times4 ,kessl] 9 8 ,conceal$ ,arts advis$ ! cutt+ out ( *>act]s 9 ! bottom ( casks1 :i* w\ld appe> lum9\s :5 a light 0 plac$ inside4 ,9 ! ,spectator ( ,decemb] #f1 #agaa1 !re is an extract f ,/rada1 an ,italian hi/orian1 :o publi%$ 8 ,prolusiones ,academicae 9 #afag4 ,9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 ! mod]n sy/em ( telegraphy is curi\sly indicat$4 ,x is z foll[s3 ',/rada1 9 "o ( 8 ,prolusions1 gives an acc\nt ( a *im]ical correspond5ce betwe5 two fri5ds by ! help ( a c]ta9 load/one1 :i* _h su* virtue 9 x1 t if x t\*$ two sev]al ne$les1 :5 "o ( ! ne$les s t\*$ began to move1 ! o!r1 ?\gh at nev] s great a di/ance1 mov$ at ! same "t & 9 ! same mann]4 ,he tells u t ! two fri5ds1 be+ ea* ( !m possess$ ( "o ( ^! ne$les1 made a k9d ( dial-plate1 inscrib+ x ) ! f\r-&-tw5ty lett]s1 9 ! same mann] z ! h\rs ( ! day are m>k$ ^u ! ord9>y dial-plate4 ,!y !n fix$ "o ( ! ne$les on ea* ( ^! plates 9 su* a mann] t x c\ld move r\nd )\t imp$im5t s z to t\* any ( ! f\r-&-tw5ty lett]s4 ,^u _! sep>at+ f "o ano!r into di/ant c\ntries1 !y agre$ to )draw !mselves punctually into _! closets at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! day1 & to conv]se ) "o ano!r by means ( ?is _! inv5tion4 ,accord+ly1 :5 !y 7 "s hundr$ miles asund]1 ea* ( !m %ut himself up 9 8 closet at ! "t appo9t$1 & imm$iately ca/ 8 eye ^u 8 dial-plate4 ,if he _h a m9d to write any?+ to 8 fri5d1 he direct$ 8 ne$le to e lett] t =m$ ! words :i* he _h occasion =1 mak+ a little pause at ! end ( e ^w or s5t5ce1 to avoid confusion4 ,! fri5d1 9 ! mean:ile1 saw 8 own sympa!tic ne$le mov+ ( itself to e lett] :i* t ( 8 correspond5t po9t$ at4 ,by ?is means !y talk$ toge!r across a :ole cont95t1 & convey$ _! ?\ghts to "o ano!r 9 an in/ant ov] cities or m\nta9s1 seas or des]ts4 ,x 0 n till ne> ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t a really practical sy/em ( visual signall+ f hill to hill 0 introduc$ by ,dr ,hooke1 ^: att5tion _h be5 turn$ to ! subject at ! siege ( ,vi5na by ! ,turks4 ,he erect$ on ! top ( sev]al hills hav+ a sky-l9e backgr\nd ?ree high poles or ma/s1 connect$ at _! upp] ends by a cross-piece4 ,! space betwe5 two ( ^! poles 0 fill$ 9 ) timb]s to =m a scre51 beh9d :i* ! v>i\s lett]s 7 hung 9 ord] on l9es1 &1 by means ( pulleys1 run out into ! cle> space betwe5 ! o!r two1 :5 !y /ood out cle> aga9/ ! sky-l9e4 ,! lett]s 7 ?us run out & back aga9 9 ! requir$ ord] ( spell+1 & 7 divid$ into day & night lett]s--! =m] be+ made ( deals1 ! latt] ) ! addition ( l9ks or lights2 besides :i* !re 7 c]ta9 conv5tional *>act]s to repres5t su* s5t5ces z1 ',i am ready to communicate1' ',i am ready to receive4' ,9 8 description ( ! device1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society on ! #ba/ ( ,may #afhd1 ,dr ,hooke1 aft] claim+ = x ! p[] ( transmitt+ messages to a /ation ?irty or =ty miles di/ant1 said3 ',= ! p]=mance ( ?is we mu/ be behold5 to a late inv5tion1 :i* we d n f9d any ( ! anci5ts knew2 t is1 ! eye mu/ be assi/$ ) telescopes1 t :atev] *>act]s are expos$ at "o /ation may be made pla9 & di/+ui%able at ! o!r4' ,a ciph] code 0 subsequ5tly add$ by an +5i\s ,fr5*man nam$ ,amontons4 ,9 #agfg we f9d ,mr ,ri*>d ,l4 ,edgewor?1 ! fa!r ( ,m>ia ,edgewor?1 employ+ ! sails ( a common w9dmill = communicat+ intellig5ce1 by an arrang$ sy/em ( signals accord+ to ! diff]5t positions ( ! arms4 ,! signals 7 made to d5ote numb]s1 ! correspond+ p>ties be+ ea* provid$ ) a diction>y 9 :i* ! words 7 numb]$--! sy/em 9 vogue = our army-signall+ till #ahga1 :5 ! ,morse alphabet 0 sub/itut$ = x4 ,a great /ride 0 made 9 #agic by ,m4 ,*appe1 a citiz5 ( ,p>is1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution direct$ all ! en]gies ( t nation to ! improvem5t ( ! art ( w>2 report+ on ^: ma*9e to ! ,fr5* ,conv5tion 9 ,augu/ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 ,b>]e rem>k$3 ',by ?is inv5tion1 remot5ess & di/ance almo/ disappe>1 & all ! communications ( correspond5ce are effect$ ) ! rapidity ( ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4' ,x consi/$ ( a /rong wood5 ma/ "s tw5ty-five feet high1 ) a cross-beam twelve feet by n9e in*es jo9t$ on to its top1 s z to be movable ab\t its c5tre l a scale-beam1 & c\ld ?us be plac$ horizontally1 v]tically1 or anyh[ incl9$ by means ( cords4 ,to ea* end ( ?is cross-beam 0 affix$ a %ort v]tical indicator ab\t f\r feet long1 :i* likewise turn$ on pivots by means ( cords1 & to ! end ( ea* 0 atta*$ a c\nt]weight1 almo/ invisible at a di/ance1 to balance ! weight ( x4 ,?is ma*9e c\ld be made to assume c]ta9 positions :i* repres5t$ or 7 symbolical ( lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,9 work+1 no?+ dep5d$ on ! op]ator's manual skill1 z ! movem5ts 7 regulat$ me*anically4 ,! "t tak5 up = ea* movem5t 0 tw5ty seconds1 ( :i* ! actual motion occupi$ f\r2 dur+ ! o!r sixte51 ! telegraph 0 kept /ation>y1 to all[ ( its be+ di/9ctly obs]v$ & ! lett] writt5 d[n by ^? at ! next /ation4 ,all ! p>ts 7 pa9t$ d>k br[n1 t !y might /& out well aga9/ ! sky2 & ?ree p]sons 7 requir$ at ea* /ation1 "o to manipulate ! ma*9e1 ano!r to read ! messages ?r\gh a telescope1 & ! ?ird to transf] !m to pap]1 or repeat !m to ,no4 #a to s5d on4 ,! fir/ ma*9e ( ?is k9d 0 erect$ on ! ro( ( ! ,p>is ,l\vre1 to communicate ) ! army :i* 0 !n /ation$ ne> ,lille1 betwe5 :i* places int]m$iate ones f n9e to twelve miles ap>t 7 erect$1 ! second be+ at ,montm>tre4 ,! diff]5t limbs 7 furni%$ ) arg& lamps = night-"w4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 our own gov]nm5t set up l9es ( communication f ! ,admiralty to ,deal1 ,portsm\?1 & o!r po9ts on ! coa/1 :i* we f9d ?us report$ 9 ! ,annual ,regi/] = #agif3 ,m>* #bh?4 ',a telegraph 0 ?is day erect$ ov] ! ,admiralty1 :i* is to be ! po9t ( communication ) all ! diff]5t sea-ports 9 ! k+dom4 ,! ne>e/ telegraph to ,london has hi!rto be5 9 ,/ ,george's ,fields2 & to su* p]fection has ?is +5i\s & useful contrivance be5 already br\ght1 t "o day la/ week in=mation 0 convey$ f ,dov] to ,london 9 ! space ( only sev5 m9utes4 ,! plan propos$ to be adopt$ 9 respect to telegraphs is yet only c>ri$ into effect betwe5 ,london & ,dov]2 b x is int5d$ to ext5d all ov] ! k+dom4 ,! importance ( ?is spe$y communication mu/ be evid5t to e "o2 & x has ?is advantage1 t ! in=mation convey$ is kn[n only to ! p]son :o s5ds & to him :o receives x4 ,! int]m$iate po/s h only to answ] & convey ! signals4' ,! ma*9es us$ consi/$ ( ?ree ma/s connect$ by a top-piece4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! ma/s 7 divid$ into ?ree horizontally1 & 9 ea* p>tition a l>ge wood5 octagon 0 fix$1 pois$ ^u a horizontal axis across its c5tre1 s t x c\ld be made to pres5t ei!r its surface or its edge to ! obs]v]4 ,! octagons 7 turn$ by means ( cranks ^u ! ends ( ! axles1 f :i* cords desc5d$ into a cab9 bel[4 ,by ! *anges 9 ! position ( ^! six octagonal bo>ds1 ?irty-six *anges 7 easily exhibit$1 & ! signal to repres5t any lett] or numb] made3 ?us1 "o bo>d be+ turn$ into a horizontal position s z to expose its edge1 :ile ! o!r five rema9$ %ut or 9 a v]tical position1 might /& = ,a1 two ( !m only 9 a horizontal position = ,b1 ?ree = ,c1 & s on4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 f\nd t ! octagons 7 less evid5t to ! eye at a di/ance ?an ! indicators ( ,*appe's ma*9e1 requir+ ! /ations to be clos] toge!r2 nor c\ld ?is telegraph be made to *ange its direction1 s t x c\ld only be se5 f "o p>ticul> po9t1 :i* necessitat$ hav+ a sep>ate ma*9e at ! ,admiralty = ea* l9e1 z well z an additional "o at e bran*-po9t4 ,x 01 moreov]1 too bulky & ( a =m unsuitable = illum9ation at night4 ,"h we may notice t 9 #ahja ,mr ,john ,boaz ( ,glasg[ obta9$ a pat5t = a telegraph :i* effect$ ! signal by means ( tw5ty-five lamps arrang$ 9 five r[s ( five ea*1 s z to =m a squ>e4 ,ea* lamp 0 provid$ ) a bl9d1 ) :i* its light c\ld be obscur$1 s t !y c\ld be made to exhibit lett]s & figures by leav+ su* lamps only visible z 7 necess>y to =m ! "*4 ,! next improvem5t aga9 came f ,france1 9 #ahjf1 :5 an entirely new set ( telegraphs on ! foll[+ pr9ciple 0 e/abli%$ along ! :ole ext5t ( ! coa/ ( ! ,fr5* empire4 ,a s+le upright pole 0 provid$ ) ?ree arms1 ea* movable ab\t an axis at "o end--"o ne> ! head1 ! o!r two at po9ts l[] d[n1 all pa9t$ black1 ) _! c\nt]poises :ite1 s z to be invisible a %ort way (f4 ,ea* arm c\ld assume six diff]5t positions--"o /raight out on ei!r side ( ! pole1 two at an angle ( =ty-five degrees above ?is l9e1 & two at =ty-five degrees bel[ x4 ,! arm ne> ! head c\ld be made to exhibit sev5 positions1 ! sev5? be+ ! v]tical2 b z ?is might h be5 mi/ak5 = "p ( ! pole1 x 0 n employ$4 ,! numb] ( comb9ations or diff]5t signals t c\ld be r5d]$ by ?is ma*9e1 employ+ only ?ree objects1 0 consequ5tly ?ree hundr$ & =ty-two aga9/ sixty-?ree by t ( our ,admiralty j describ$1 & :i* employ$ six objects4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e we copi$ ! advancem5t ( our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel1 & 9 "s respects improv$ ^u x1 ! ma9 diff]5ces be+ t only two arms 7 employ$--"o at ! top1 ! o!r half-way d[n1 & t ! ma/ 0 made to revolve on a v]tical axis1 s t ! arms c\ld be r5d]$ visible f any desir$ qu>t]4 ,its me*anism1 ! inv5tion ( ,sir ,home ,popham1 enabl$ ! arms to be mov$ by means ( endless screws work$ by iron sp9dles f bel[1 a va/ improvem5t on ! old cords1 ! m s z !y work$ inside ! ma/1 :i* 0 holl[1 hexagonal 9 section1 & fram$ ( six bo>ds b\nd toge!r by iron hoops1 & 7 ?us protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,inside ! cab9 he erect$ two dials1 "o = ea* arm1 ea* hav+ an index f+] t work$ simultane\sly ) its correspond+ arm above1 on ! same pr9ciple z ! little semaphore models to be se5 n[adays 9 our railway signal cab9s4 ,we h n[ describ$ ! mo/ prom95t ( ! num]\s contrivances :i*1 prior to ! application ( electricity to t end1 7 devis$ & made use ( = telegraphic communication1 all ( :i*1 unlike t subtle p[] t is n afraid ( ! d>k & c travel 9 all wea!rs1 possess$ a common weakness 9 _! liability to failure ?r\gh atmosph]ic causes1 fog1 mi/1 & haze4 ,to u :o live 9 ?is age ( electrical m>vels1 :5 t p>ticul> sci5ce m ?an all o!rs progresses by leaps & b\nds1 x appe>s pass+ /range & almo/ incr$ible t s _m ye>s 7 all[$ to elapse be=e ! p>5ts ( ! electric telegraph1 ! electrical ma*9e & magnetic compass1 7 jo9$ 9 w$lock to produce _! amaz+ prog5y1 :i* n[ enables all mank9d1 h[ev] di/ant1 to hold rapid1 s(t1 & easy conv]se4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,,( ,,to-,,day4 ,a veil ( my/]y /ill hangs ar\nd ! fir/ plan = an electric telegraph1 communicat$ to ! ,scots ,magaz9e = #agec by "o ',c4 ,m4' ( ,r5frew4 ,ev5 ! "n ( ?is obscure & mode/ g5ius is d\btful2 b x is probable t he 0 ,*>les ,morrison1 a native ( ,gre5ock1 :o 0 tra9$ z a surgeon4 ,at ?is p]iod only ! electricity develop$ by friction 0 available = ! purpose1 & be+ ( a refractory nature1 !re 0 no practical result4 ,b aft] ,volta _h inv5t$ ! *emical g5]ator or voltaic pile 9 ! fir/ ye> ( our c5tury1 & ,o]/$1 9 #ahbj1 _h discov]$ ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t on a magnetic ne$le1 ! illu/ri\s ,laplace sugge/$ to ,amp]e1 ! fam\s electrician1 t a work+ telegraph might be produc$ if curr5ts 7 convey$ to a di/ance by wires1 & made to deflect magnetic ne$les1 "o = e lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #ahbj2 b x 0 n until sixte5 ye>s lat] t ! idea 0 put 9 practice4 ,9 #ahcf ,mr ,william ,fo!rgill ,cooke1 an (fic] ( ! ,madras army1 at home on furl\gh1 0 travell+ 9 ,g]many1 & *anc$ to see at ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,m>*1 an exp]im5tal telegraph1 fitt$ up betwe5 ! /udy & ! lecture !atre ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,laplace & ,amp]e1 & consi/$ ( two electric circuits & a pair ( magnetic ne$les :i* respond$ to ! int]ruptions ( ! curr5t4 ,mr ,cooke 0 /ruck ) ?is device2 b x 0 only dur+ 8 j\rney f ,heidelb]g to ,frank=t on ! #ag? ( ! mon?1 :ile read+ ,mrs ,m>y ,som]ville's book on ! ,correlation ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 t ! notion ( 8 practical telegraph fla%$ ^u 8 m9d4 ,sangu9e ( success1 he ab&on$ 8 e>li] pursuits & devot$ all 8 en]gies to realise 8 inv5tion4 ,! foll[+ ye> he associat$ himself ) ,pr(essor ,:eat/one2 a jo9t pat5t 0 procur$2 & ! ,cooke & ,:eat/one ne$le telegraph 0 erect$ betwe5 ! ,eu/on ,squ>e & ,camd5 ,t[n /ations ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,to te/ ! work+ ( ! in/rum5ts ?r\gh a long] di/ance1 sev]al miles ( wire 7 susp5d$ 9 ! c>riage-%$ at ,eu/on1 & includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,all be+ ready1 ! trial 0 made on ! ev5+ ( ! #be? ( ,july #ahcg1 a memorable date4 ,"s fri5ds ( ! inv5tors 7 pres5t1 includ+ ,mr ,george ,/eph5son & ,mr ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ! celebrat$ eng9e]s4 ,mr ,cooke1 ) ^!1 0 /ation$ at ,camd5 ,t[n1 & ,mr ,:eat/one at ,eu/on ,squ>e4 ,! latt] /ruck ! key & signall$ ! fir/ message4 ,in/antly ! answ] came on ! vibrat+ ne$les1 & _! hopes 7 realis$4 ',nev]1' said ,pr(essor ,:eat/one--'nev] did ,i feel su* a tumultu\s s5sation be=e1 z :51 all alone 9 ! /ill room1 ,i he>d ! ne$les click2 & z ,i spell$ ! words ,i felt all ! magnitude ( ! inv5tion1 n[ prov$ to be practical beyond cavil or dispute4' ,x 0 9 #ahcb1 dur+ a voyage f ,havre to ,new ,york 9 ! packet ,sully1 t ,mr ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 !n an arti/1 conceiv$ ! idea ( ! electro-magnetic m>k+ telegraph1 & drew a design = x 9 8 sket*-book4 ,b x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( #ahch t he & 8 colleague1 ,mr ,alfr$ ,vail1 succe$$ 9 gett+ ! app>atus to "w4 ,judge ,vail1 ! fa!r ( ,alfr$1 & proprietor ( ! ,spe$well ironworks1 _h f\nd ! money = ! exp]im5ts2 b z "t w5t on & no result 0 a*iev$1 he became di%e>t5$1 & p]haps annoy$ at ! s>casms ( 8 neighb\rs1 s t ! inv5tors 7 afraid to meet him4 ',i recall vividly1' says ,mr ,baxt]1 'ev5 aft] ! lapse ( s _m ye>s1 ! pr\d mom5t :5 ,alfr$ said to me1 ,william1 g up to ! h\se & invite fa!r to come d[n & see ! telegraph-ma*9e "w4 ,i did n /op to don my coat1 al?\gh x 0 ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 b ran 9 my %op-clo!s z fa/ z ,i possibly c\ld4 ,x 0 j aft] d9n] :5 ,i knock$ at ! door ( ! h\se1 & 0 u%]$ into ! sitt+-room4 ,! judge _h on 8 broad-brimm$ hat & surt\t1 z if prep>$ to g out2 b he sat be=e ! fireplace1 lean+ 8 head on 8 cane1 app>5tly 9 deep m$itation4 ,z ,i ent]$ 8 room he look$ up & said1 ,well1 ,william8 & ,i answ]$3 ,mr ,alfr$ & ,mr ,morse s5t me to invite y to come d[n to ! room & see ! telegraph-ma*9e "w4 ,he />t$ up1 z if ! importance ( ! message impress$ him deeply2 & 9 a few m9utes we 7 /&+ 9 ! exp]im5tal room4 ,aft] a %ort explanation1 he call$ = a piece ( pap]1 & writ+ ^u x ! words1 ,a pati5t wait] is no los]1 he h&$ x to ,alfr$1 say+1 ,if y c s5d ?is1 & ,mr ,morse c read x at ! o!r end1 ,i %all be conv9c$4 ,! message 0 receiv$ by ,morse at ! o!r end1 & h&$ to ! judge1 :o1 at ?is unexpect$ triumph1 0 ov]come by 8 emotions4' ,! practical value ( ! inv5tion 0 soon realis$2 by #ahdj telegraph l9es 7 be+ made 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 & ere long ext5d$ into ! network ( l9es :i* n[ encircle ! globe & br+ ! remote/ ends ( ! e>? into direct & imm$iate communication4 ,,atlantic ,,cables4 ,a ye> or two be=e ! fir/ attempt to lay an ,atlantic cable1 !re 7 only eighty-sev5 nautical miles ( subm>9e cables laid2 n[1 ! total l5g? ( ^! wond]ful message-c>ri]s "u ! waves is ov] #afj1ejj ,engli% /atute miles4 ,!re are n[ f\rte5 cables cross+ ! ,atlantic1 :i* are own$ by six diff]5t companies4 ,! *>t] :i* ,mr ,cyrus ,w4 ,field obta9$ = ! ,new ,york1 ,newf\ndl&1 & ,london ,telegraph ,company 0 grant$ 9 ! ye> #ahed4 ,x con/ruct$ ! l&-l9e telegraph 9 ,newf\ndl&1 & laid a cable across ! ,gulf ( ,/ ,lawr5ce2 b ?is 0 only ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4 ,s\nd+s ( ! sea 7 ne$$2 electricians _h to devise =ms ( cable mo/ suitable2 eng9e]s to consid] ! me?ods ( c>ry+ & ( lay+ ! cable2 & capitali/s _h to be conv9c$ t ! s*eme 0 practicable1 & likely to be remun]ative2 :il/ gov]nm5ts 7 appeal$ to = aid4 ,great ,brita9 readily promis$ aid2 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate pass$ ! ne$ful ,bill by a majority ( "o4 ,b :5 ! fir/ ,atlantic cable exp$ition left ! coa/ ( ,k]ry1 x 0 a /ately squadron ( ,briti% & ,am]ican %ips ( w>1 su* z ! ,niag>a & ! ,agamemnon1 & ( m]*ant /eam%ips4 ,! ,"l-lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 ,directors ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 & ( ,briti% railways1 7 !re1 ) repres5tatives ( sev]al nations2 & :5 ! %ore-end _h be5 l&$ at ,val5tia1 ! exp$ition left ! ,iri% coa/ 9 ,augu/ #aheg4 ,:5 #cce miles ( ! cable _h be5 laid1 x p>t$1 & high hopes 7 buri$ _m fa?oms bel[ ! surface4 ,! fir/ exp$ition ( #aheh also fail$2 ! second "o 0 successful2 & on ! #af? ( ,augu/ 9 t ye>1 ,que5 ,victoria congratulat$ ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates '^u ! successful completion ( ?is great int]national "w2' & ,presid5t ,bu*anan repli$1 tru/+ t ! telegraph might 'prove to be a bond ( p]petual peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! k9dr$ nations4' ,b aft] a few weeks' "w1 ! cable gave its la/ ?rob1 & 0 sil5t4 ,n until #ahfe 0 ano!r attempt made1 & !n ! cable 0 brok5 aft] #abjj miles _h be5 successfully laid4 ,!n1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,daniel ,goo*1 ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company 0 =m$2 & on #ac? ,july #ahff ano!r exp$ition left ,irel&2 & t[>ds ! end ( ! mon?1 ! ,great ,ea/]n glid$ calmly into ,he>t's ,cont5t1 'dropp+ h] an*or 9 front ( ! telegraph h\se1 hav+ trail$ beh9d h] a *a9 ( two ?\s& miles1 to b9d ! ,old ,_w to ! ,new4' ,b ! success ( ! ye> 0 m ?an ! m]e lay+ ( a cable3 ! ,great ,ea/]n 0 able1 9 ! words ( ! late ,"l ,iddesleigh1 to complete ! 'lay+ ( ! cable ( #ahff1 & ! recov]+ t ( #ahfe4' ,! ,que5 conf]r$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood on ,capta9 ,&]son1 on ,pr(essor ,?omson1 & on ,messrs ,glass & ,*ann+2 :il/ ,mr ,goo*1 ,m4,p41 0 made a b>onet4 ,! *>ge = a limit$ message 0 !n tw5ty p\nds2 & x 0 n long be=e a rival company 0 begun1 to %>e 9 ! ri* h>ve/ look$ =2 & ?us ano!r cable 0 laid1 lead+ ultimately to an amalgamation betwe5 its ord9>y company & ! orig9al ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,great ,ea/]n pay+ out ! ,atlantic ,cable4 ,!n1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ! ,direct ,unit$ ,/ates ,cable ,company came into be+1 & laid a cable2 a ,fr5* company foll[$ suit2 ! great ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ( ,am]ica ent]$ into ! ,atlantic trade1 & _h two cables con/ruct$ & laid4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ocean telegraphy by ea* ( ^! companies l$ to competition1 & r$uc$ rates = a "t ) ! orig9al company1 end+ 9 :at is kn[n z a pool or jo9t purse agreem5t1 "u :i* ! total receipts 7 divid$ 9 allott$ proportions to ! companies4 ,^! companies h n[ eight cables usually op]ative2 & x 0 /at$ by ,sir ,j4 ,p5d] t ^! eight cables 'are capable ( c>ry+ ov] =ty million words p] annum4' ,9 addition to ! cables ( ! associat$ companies1 ! ,comm]cial ,cable ,company own two mod]n cables2 & "o ( ! two additional ones 0 laid by ?is company--! o!r by ! orig9al--! ,anglo-,am]ican ,company4 ,b ! "w is simple n[ to :at x 0 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,!n1 !re 7 only "o or two cable-%ips2 n[1 ,mr ,preece enum]ates ?irty-sev51 ( :i* five belong to ! greate/ ( our telegraph companies1 ! ,ea/]n4 ,! au?ority we h j nam$ says t '! =m ( cable has practically rema9$ unalt]$ s9ce ! orig9al ,calais cable 0 laid 9 #ahea2' its weight has be5 increas$2 & !re h be5 additions to x to enable x to resi/ insidi\s subm>9e enemies4 ,! ge> ( ! /eam%ips us$ 9 ! s]vice has be5 improv$2 :il/ ! 'pick+-up ge>' ( "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! cable-%ips is 'capable ( lift+ ?irty tons at a spe$ ( "o knot p] h\r4' ,& !re has be5 a wide k ga9$ ( ! ocean1 its dep?1 its m\nta9s1 & its valleys1 s t ! task ( cable-lay+ is mu* m ( an exact sci5ce ?an x 04 ,:5 ! fir/ attempt 0 made to lay an ,atlantic cable1 '! manufacture ( sea-cables' _h be5 only rec5tly begun2 n[1 #adj1jjj knots are at "w 9 ! sea1 & ye>ly ! area is be+ enl>g$4 ,:51 9 #ahef1 ,mr ,?ack]ay subscrib$ to ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 its %>e capital 0 ,l#cej1jjj--t be+ ! e/imat$ co/ ( ! cable betwe5 ,newf\ndl& & ,irel&2 n[1 five companies h a capital ( ov] ,l#ab1ejj1jjj inve/$ 9 ! ,atlantic telegraph trade4 ,! l>ge/ portion ( ! capital is t ( ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company1 :i* has a capital ( ,l#g1jjj1jjj1 & :i* repres5ts ! ,atlantic ,telegraph ,company1 ! ,new ,york1 & ,newf\ndl&1 & ! ,fr5* ,atlantic ,companies ( old4 ,?\gh ! traffic fluctuates greatly1 9 "s degree accord+ to ! *>ge p] ^w 7= 9 "o ye> ( l[e/ *>ges ! numb] ( words c>ri$ by ! associat$ companies increas$ by #acc p] c5t41 :il/ ! receipts decreas$ ab\t #di p] c5t471 yet x does n occupy fully ! c>ry+ capacity ( ! cables4 ,b _! 'life' & s]vice is f9ite1 & ?us x becomes ne$ful f "t to "t to r5ew ^! great & co/ly c>ri]s "u ! ,atlantic4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,& ,,! ,,telegraphs4 ,s9ce ! telegraphs ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,/ate1 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place dur+ t p]iod 9 ! volume ( ! bus9ess transact$1 ! rapidity 9 ! transit ( messages1 & ! *>ges made = s5d+ telegrams1 are little %ort ( m>vell\s4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aheb t ! acquisition ( ! telegraph sy/em by ! ,/ate 0 fir/ sugge/$1 b n until late 9 ! ye> #ahfg1 :5 ,mr ,disraeli 0 ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 did ! gov]nm5t def9itely det]m9e to take ! matt] up4 ,at t "t1 z ,mr ,ba9es1 ,c4,b41 tells u 9 8 book1 ,=ty ,ye>s at ! ,po/-(fice3 ',five p[]ful telegraph companies 7 9 exi/5ce--,! ,electric & ,int]national1 ! ,briti% & ,iri% ,magnetic1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,univ]sal ,private1 & ! ,london & ,prov9cial ,companies4 ,!re 7 o!rs ( less importance4 ,t]ms _h to be made ) all ( !m4 ,! railway int]e/ _h to be consid]$1 & ! subm>9e companies to be ?\ght (1 ?\gh n b\ght4' ,) /rong & well-organis$ int]e/s l ^! fight+ h>d to secure = !mselves ! v be/ possible t]ms1 ! gov]nm5t _h n unnaturally to submit to a h>d b>ga9 be=e !y c\ld obta9 f ,p>liam5t ! p[]s :i* !y requir$4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a sev]e /ruggle1 ! necess>y ,bill 0 successfully pass$1 & ! consequ5t ,money ,bill became law 9 ! foll[+ session4 ,z ! result ( ?is action1 ! telegraphs became ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate ^u ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #ahgj1 & ^u ! #e? ( ! foll[+ mon? ! actual transf] took place4 ,! /ep seems to h be5 tak5 none too soon1 = "u ! companies ! telegraphs _h be5 work$ 9 a mann] f> f satisfactory to ! public4 ,_m di/ricts _h be5 completely neglect$1 & ev5 betwe5 important c5tres ! s]vice _h be5 q inadequate4 ,moreov]1 *>ges _h be5 high1 & exasp]at+ delays ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,six million p\nds 0 ! sum fir/ vot$ by ,p>liam5t = ! pur*ase ( ! telegraphs1 & ?is 0 practically all swall[$ up 9 comp5sation4 ,! ,electric & ,int]national ,company receiv$ ,l#b1ich1hbf2 ! ,magnetic ,company1 ,l#a1bdc1ecf2 ,reut]'s ,telegram ,company1 ,l#gbf1jjj2 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ,company1 ,l#efb1bfd2 ! ,univ]sal ,private ,company1 ,l#ahd1dba2 & ! ,london & ,prov9cial ,company1 ,l#fj1jjj4 ,b l>ge z ^! am\nts 71 !y only made up ab\t "o-half ( ! exp5diture :i* ! gov]nm5t _h to incur1 & ! total co/ ultimately rea*$ ! enorm\s sum ( elev5 millions4 ,"s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! extra five millions 0 exp5d$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t betwe5 ,octob] #ahfi & ,octob] #ahgj1 ab\t #ae1jjj miles ( iron wire1 ne>ly #bjjj miles ( gutta-p]*a-cov]$ copp] wire1 ab\t #ajj1jjj poles1 & #a1jjj1jjj o!r fitt+s 7 pur*as$ & fix$ 9 position1 #cejj telegraph in/rum5ts & #ae1jjj batt]ies 7 acquir$1 & ab\t #bdjj new telegraphi/s & tempor>y assi/ants 7 tra9$4 ,! total exp5diture 0 s va/ t ! ,treasury ev5tually took fright1 & 9 #ahge a committee 0 appo9t$ 'to inve/igate ! causes ( ! increas$ co/ ( ! telegraph s]vice s9ce ! acquisition ( ! telegraphs by ! ,/ate4' ,?is committee f\nd t ! foll[+ 7 ! ?ree ma9 causes ( ! increase3 ,! sal>ies ( all ! (ficials ( ! telegraph companies _h be5 l>gely increas$ aft] _! entry into ! gov]nm5t s]vice2 ! sup]vis+ /aff ma9ta9$ by ! ,/ate 0 mu* m co/ly ?an t =m]ly employ$ by ! companies2 & a l>ge additional outlay _h be5 =c$ ^u ! gov]nm5t 9 connection ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! telegraph l9es4 ',x w\ld n1' !y say 9 _! report1 'be possible1 9 our op9ion1 = v>i\s reasons1 = ! gov]nm5t to "w at s *eap a rate z ! telegraph companies1 b 444 a reasonable expectation might be ent]ta9$ t ! work+ exp5ses c\ld be kept )9 sev5ty or sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! gross rev5ue1 & ! responsible (fic]s ( ! ,po/-(fice telegraph s]vice %\ld be urg$ to "w up to t /&>d4 ,su* a result w\ld cov] ! co/ ( work+1 & ! sum necess>y = paym5t ( int]e/ on ! debt incurr$ 9 ! pur*ase ( ! telegraphs4' ,9 reg>d to ?is "q ( co/1 ,mr ,ba9es mo/ truly rem>ks t ! real /umbl+-block ( ! ,dep>tm5t 01 & /ill is1 '! int]e/ payable on ,l#aa1jjj1jjj capital outlay1 equal at1 say1 ?ree p] c5t1 to a *>ge ( ,l#ccj1jjj a ye>4' ,! transf] ( ! telegraphs to ! ,/ate 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a />tl+ increase 9 ! numb] ( messages s5t4 ,9 fact1 ! public1 attract$ by ! %ill+ rate1 p\r$ 9 telegrams s fa/1 & 7 s well support$ by ! news-ag5cies1 :o took full advantage ( ! r$uc$ scale1 t !re 0 at fir/ "s dang] ( a collapse4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 ! /aff 0 equal to ! em]g5cy1 & aft] ! fir/ ru% 0 ov]1 ev]y?+ work$ ) p]fect smoo?ness4 ,dur+ ! next f\r ye>s ! enl>gem5t ( bus9ess 0 simply extraord9>y4 ,9 #ahge ! rate ( increase 0 n ma9ta9$ at q s high a level1 b nev]!less ne>ly #a1fej1jjj m messages 7 dealt ) ?an dur+ ! previ\s ye>4 ,! quantity ( matt] transmitt$ = ,press purposes 0 also mu* great] ?an x _h ev] be5 be=e1 & am\nt$ to m ?an #bbj1jjj1jjj words4 ,9 #ahie ! numb] ( telegraph (fices at po/-(fices 0 #gdji1 9 addition to #bbeb at railway /ations1 or a gr& total ( #iffa4 ,! numb] ( ord9>y inl& messages s5t dur+ ! ye> 0 #ga1ehi1jfd4 ,9 reg>d to ! great increase ( pace 9 ! transmission ( telegraphic messages1 ,mr ,ba9es tells u t1 'look+ back fifty ye>s1 we see wires work+ at ! rate ( eight words a m9ute1 or an av]age ( f\r words p] wire p] m9ute1 ov] relatively %ort di/ances4 ,n[1 !re is a pot5tiality ( #djj words--nay1 ev5 #fjj or #gjj words--p] wire p] m9ute1 ov] v long di/ances4 ,z ! inv5tion ( duplex work+ has be5 supplem5t$ by ! contrivances = multiplex work+ 7"o l9e suffic+ to connect sev]al diff]5t (fices 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry ) "o or m (fices 9 ano!r "p71 x is almo/ impossible to put a limit to ! c>ry+ capacity ( a s+le wire4' ,9 #ahff ! "t occupi$ 9 s5d+ a telegram betwe5 ,london & ,b\rnem\? 0 two h\rs1 & betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,bolton1 two h\rs & a qu>t]2 :ile 9 #ahic ! times occupi$ 7 t5 m9utes & five m9utes respectively4 ,press telegrams h enorm\sly increas$ 9 numb] & l5g? s9ce ! pur*ase ( ! telegraph sy/em by ! ,/ate4 ,:5 ! companies own$ ! wires1 ! news s]vice f ,london to ! prov9ces 0 ord9>ily n m ?an a column ( pr9t a night4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! news s]vice ( ! ,press ,association alone ov] ! ,po/-(fice wires to pap]s outside ! metropolis av]ages fully #ejj columns nightly4 ,s9ce #ahgj ?is ,association has paid ! ,po/-(fice ,l#gej1jjj = telegraphic *>ges1 & 9 addition to ?is1 v l>ge sums h be5 paid by ! ,london & prov9cial daily pap]s = ! indep5d5t transmission ( news1 & by ! pr9cipal j\rnals 9 ! c\ntry = ! exclusive use1 dur+ c]ta9 h\rs1 ( 'special wires4' ,"s ( ! lead+ pap]s 9 ! prov9ces receive t5 or m columns ( specially telegraph$ news on nights :5 important matt]s are "u discussion 9 ,p>liam5t2 & f ?is "s idea may be =m$ ( ! am\nt ( bus9ess n[ transact$ betwe5 ! ,press & ! ,telegraph ,dep>tm5t4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,s mu* h times alt]$ 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 t ! electric telegraph itself1 :i* n[ rea*es its ?9 arms into m ?an six ?\s& (fices1 is ?reat5$ 9 its turn ) s]i\s rivalry at ! h&s ( a y\?ful b vigor\s competitor1 ! telephone4 ,its advantages are su* t its ultimate popul>ity _c be a matt] ( d\bt4 ,x is no small b5efit to be able to recognise voices1 to transact bus9ess ) promptitude by ^w ( m\?1 to get a reply1 ',yes' or ',no1' on ! spot1 in/ead ( hav+ to ru% to ! ne>e/ telegraph (fice4 ,great inv5tions are (t5 conceiv$ a long "t be=e !y are realis$ 9 practice4 ,sometimes ! orig9al idea occurs to ! man :o subsequ5tly works x out2 & sometimes x comes z a happy ?\ght to "o :o is ei!r 9 advance ( 8 age1 or :o is prev5t$ by adv]se circum/ances f foll[+ x up1 & :o yet lives to see ! day :5 "s m =tunate individual gives x a mat]ial %ape1 & s a*ieves ! fame :i* 0 d5i$ to him4 ,su* is ! case ( ,m4 ,*>les ,b\rselle1 :o 9 #ahed propos$ a =m ( speak+-telephone1 :i*1 al?\gh n practicable 9 its fir/ crude condition1 might h l$ its orig9ator to a m successful in/rum5t if he _h pursu$ ! subject fur!r4 ,! telephone is an in/rum5t design$ to reproduce s\nds at a di/ance by means ( electricity4 ,x 0 believ$ by mo/ p1 & ev5 by em95t electricians1 t ! speak+-telephone _h nev] be5 dream$ ( by any "o be=e ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell introduc$ 8 m>vell\s little app>atus to ! sci5tific _w4 ,b t 0 a mi/ake4 ,m ?an "o p]son _h ?\ght ( su* a ?+1 ,b\rselle among ! numb]4 ,philip ,reis1 a ,g]man electrician1 _h ev5 con/ruct$ an electric telephone 9 #ahfd1 :i* transmitt$ words ) "s degree ( p]fection2 & ! assi/ant ( ,reis ass]ts t x 0 design$ to c>ry music z well z words4 ,pr(essor ,bell1 9 devis+ 8 telephone1 copi$ ! human e> ) its vibrat+ drum4 ,! fir/ iron plate he us$ z a vibrator 0 a little piece ( clock-spr+ glu$ to a p>*m5t diaphragm1 & on say+ to ! spr+ on ! telephone at "o end ( ! l9e3 ',d y und]/& :at ,i say8' ! answ] f 8 assi/ant at ! o!r end came back imm$iately3 ',yes2 ,i und]/& y p]fectly4' ,! s\nds 7 feeble1 & he _h to hold 8 e> close to ! little piece ( iron on ! p>*m5t1 b !y 7 di/9ct2 & ?\gh ,reis _h transmitt$ c]ta9 s+le words "s t5 ye>s be=e1 ,bell 0 ! fir/ to make a piece ( matt] utt] s5t5ces4 ,reis gave ! electric wire a tongue s t x c\ld mumble l an infant2 b ,bell taught x to speak4 ,! next /ep is attribut$ to ,mr ,eli%a ,gray ( ,*icago1 :o s5t successions ( electrical curr5t ( v>y+ /r5g? z well z ( v>y+ frequ5cy into ! circuit1 & ?us enabl$ ! relative l\dness z well z ! pit* ( s\nds to be transmitt$2 & :o aft]w>ds took ! important /ep ( us+ ! v>iations ( a /eady curr5t4 ,^! v>iations1 positive & negative1 are capable ( repres5t+ all ! back-&-=e v>iations ( position ( a p>ticle ( air1 h[ev] irregul> ^! may be3 & he secur$ !m by mak+ ! s\nd-waves set a diaphragm 9 vibration4 ,?is diaphragm c>ri$ a metallic po9t :i* dipp$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 ! deep] x dipp$ ! less 0 ! resi/ance to a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! acid1 & vice v]sa3 s t e v>iation 9 ! position ( ! diaphragm produc$ a correspond+ v>iation 9 ! int5sity ( ! curr5t3 & ! v>y+ curr5t act$ ^u a di/ant electro-magnet1 :i* accord+ly fluctuat$ 9 /r5g?1 & 9 its attraction = a piece ( s(t iron susp5d$ on a flexible diaphragm3 ?is piece ( s(t iron accord+ly oscillat$1 pull+ ! flexible diaphragm ) x2 & ! v>iations ( pressure 9 ! air act$ ^u by ! diaphragm produc$ waves1 reproduc+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! orig9al s\nd-waves1 & p]ceiv$ by ! e> z reproduc+ ! orig9al s\nd or voice4 ,mr ,gray lodg$ a caveat = ?is contrivance 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice on #ad? ,febru>y #ahgf2 b on ! same day ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,graham ,bell fil$ a specification & draw+s ( ! orig9al ,bell telephone4 ,bell's telephone 0 fir/ exhibit$ 9 ,am]ica at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf2 & 9 ,engl&1 at ! ,glasg[ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,septemb] ( t ye>4 ,on t occasion1 ,sir ,william ,?omson 7n[ ,"l ,kelv97 pron\nc$ x1 ) en?usiasm1 to be ! 'greate/ ( all ! m>vels ( ! electric telegraph4' ,! surprise creat$ by its fir/ appe>ance 01 h[ev]1 no?+ to ! a/oni%m5t & delight :i* x ar\s$ 9 ?is c\ntry :5 ,pr(essor ,bell1 ! foll[+ ye>1 himself exhibit$ x 9 ,london to ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s4 ,s9ce !n1 its introduction z a valuable aid to social life has be5 v rapid1 & ! telephone is n[ to be f\nd 9 use f ,*9a to ,p]u4 ,,?omas ,,alva ,,edison ,,& ,,! ,,phonograph4 ,! ,phonograph is an in/rum5t = me*anically record+ & reproduc+ articulate human spee*1 song1 c4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,mr ,t4 ,a4 ,edison 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg1 at 8 ,m5lo ,p>k ,laboratory1 ,new ,j]sey1 & came into exi/5ce z ! result ( "o ( ! _m l9es ( exp]im5t he 0 !n engag$ ^u4 ,?omas ,alva ,edison1 ?is notable ,am]ican inv5tor1 0 born at ,milan1 ,ohio1 #aa? ,febru>y #ahdg1 b 8 e>ly ye>s 7 sp5t at ,port ,huron1 ,mi*igan4 ,8 fa!r 0 ( ,dut*1 & 8 "m ( ,scot* desc5t2 ! latt]1 hav+ be5 a tea*]1 gave him :at s*ool+ he receiv$4 ,edison 0 a great read] 9 8 y\?1 & at ! age ( twelve he became a newsboy on ! ,gr& ,trunk ,l9e runn+ into ,detroit1 & began to exp]im5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,ga9+ ! exclusive "r ( sell+ newspap]s on ?is l9e1 & pur*as+ "s old type1 ) ! aid ( f\r assi/ants he pr9t$ & issu$ ! ,gr& ,trunk ,h]ald1 ! fir/ newspap] pr9t$ 9 a railway tra94 ,a /ation-ma/]1 9 gratitude = 8 hav+ sav$ 8 *ild f ! front ( an advanc+ tra91 taught him telegraphy1 9 :i* he _h previ\sly be5 greatly int]e/$2 & !nce=w>d he conc5trat$ ! en]gies ( a v v]satile m9d *iefly ^u electrical /udies4 ,illu/ration3 ,edison ) 8 ,phonograph4 ,edison inv5t$ an automatic repeat]1 by means ( :i* messages c\ld be s5t f "o wire to ano!r )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! op]ator4 ,8 sy/em ( duplex telegraphy 0 p]fect$ :ile a telegraph op]ator 9 ,bo/on1 b 0 n entirely successful until #ahgb4 ,9 #ahga he became sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,new ,york ,gold & ,/ock ,company1 & "h inv5t$ ! pr9t+-telegraph = gold & /ock quotations1 = ! manufacture ( :i* he e/abli%$ a work%op at ,new>k1 ,n4,j41 cont9u+ !re till 8 removal to ,m5lo ,p>k1 ,n4,j41 9 #ahgf4 ,t5 ye>s lat] he settl$ at ,orange1 at ! foot ( ! ,orange ,m\nta9s1 8 l>ge premises at ,m5lo ,p>k hav+ gr[n too small = him4 ,8 inv5tive faculties n[ gett+ full play1 he took out ov] fifty pat5ts 9 connection ) improvem5ts 9 telegraphy1 includ+ ! duplex1 quadruplex1 & sextuplex sy/em2 ! c>bon telephone transmitt]2 microtasimet]2 a]ophone1 = amplify+ s\nd2 ! megaphone1 = magnify+ s\nd4 ,!nce also emanat$ 8 phonograph1 a =m ( telephone1 & v>i\s practical adaptations ( ! electric light4 ,8 k9etoscope 7#ahid7 is a developm5t ( ! ,zoetrope1 9 :i* ! cont9u\s picture is obta9$ f a swift succession ( in/antane\s photographs 7tak5 #df or m 9 a second71 & pr9t$ on a /rip ( celluloid4 ,( late he has devot$ himself to improv+ metallurgic me?ods4 ,he has tak5 out "s #ejj pat5ts1 & f\nd$ _m companies at home & 9 ,europe4 ,foll[+ up "s ( 8 telegraphic inv5tions1 he _h develop$ a ma*9e :i*1 by reason ( ! ind5tations made on pap]1 w\ld transf] a message 9 ,morse *>act]s f "o circuit to ano!r automatically1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a trac+-po9t connect$ ) a circuit-clos+ device4 ,^u revolv+ ) rapidity ! cyl9d] t c>ri$ ! ind5t$ or emboss$ pap] ,mr ,edison f\nd t ! ind5tations c\ld be reproduc$ ) imm5se rapidity ?r\gh ! vibration ( ! trac+-po9t4 ,he at once saw t he c\ld vibrate a diaphragm by ! s\nd-waves ( ! voice1 &1 by means ( a /ylus atta*$ to ! diaphragm1 make !m record !mselves ^u an impressible sub/ance plac$ on ! revolv+ cyl9d]4 ,! record be+ made ?us1 ! diaphragm w\ld1 :5 ! /ylus aga9 trav]s$ ! cyl9d]1 be ?r[n into ! same vibrations z be=e1 & ! actual reproduction ( human spee*1 or any o!r s\nd1 w\ld be ! result4 ,! inv5tion ?\ght out 9 ?is mann] 0 at once tri$1 ) p>aff9$ pap] z ! receiv+ mat]ial1 & aft]w>ds ) t9foil1 ! exp]im5t prov+ a rem>kable success1 despite ! crudity ( ! app>atus4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr ,edison made a numb] ( phonographs1 :i* 7 exhibit$ 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1 & attract$ univ]sal att5tion4 ,! records 7 made 9 ^! on s(t t9foil %eets fa/5$ ar\nd metal cyl9d]s4 ,= a :ile ,mr ,edison 0 compell$ to susp5d "w on ?is inv5tion1 b soon return$ to x & work$ out ! ma*9e z x exi/s practically to-day4 ,x occupies ab\t ! same space z a h& sew+-ma*9e4 ,a light tube ( wax to slide on & (f ! cyl9d] is sub/itut$ = ! t9foil1 :i* _h be5 wrapp$ r\nd x1 & ! ind5t+ /ylus is replac$ by a m9ute engrav+ po9t4 ,"u ! v>y+ pressure ( ! s\nd-waves1 ?is po9t or knife cuts into ! tube almo/ imp]ceptibly1 ! wax *isell$ away wrea?+ (f 9 v f9e spirals be=e ! edge ( ! little blade1 z ! cyl9d] travels "u x4 ,ea* cyl9d] w receive ab\t a ?\s& words4 ,9 ! improv$ ma*9e ,mr ,edison at fir/ employ$ two diaphragms 9 'spectacle' =m1 "o to receive & ! o!r to reproduce2 b he has s9ce comb9$ ^! 9 a s+le effici5t atta*m5t4 ,! wax cyl9d]s c be us$ sev]al hundr$ times1 ! ma*9e be+ fitt$ ) a small p>+ tool :i* w %ave (f ! record previ\sly made1 leav+ a smoo? new surface4 ,! ma*9e has also be5 supplem5t$ by ! inv5tor ) an +5i\s little electric motor ) delicate gov]n+ me*anism1 s t ! phonograph c be op]at$ at any *os5 rate ( spe$1 uni=mly4 ,?is motor d]ives its en]gis+ curr5t ei!r f an ,edison-,lal&e prim>y batt]y1 a /orage batt]y1 or an electric-light circuit4 ,! new & p]fect$ ,edison phonograph has already gone into v g5]al use1 & _m ?\s&s are di/ribut$ 9 ,am]ican bus9ess (fices1 :]e !y facilitate correspond5ce 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,!y are also employ$ by /5ograph]s z a help 9 ! transcription ( _! %or?& notes4 ,h]et(ore ^! notes h be5 sl[ly dictat$ to amanu5ses1 b !y are n[ frequ5tly read (f to a phonograph1 & !n writt5 out at leisure4 ,! phonograph is1 h[ev]1 be+ us$ = direct /5ograph "w1 & x report$ v]batim #dj1jjj words ( discussion at "o conv5tion held 9 #ahij1 ! words be+ quietly repeat$ into ! ma*9e by ! report] z quickly z !y 7 utt]$ by ! v>i\s speak]s4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es are 9 use by actors1 cl]gym51 musicians1 recit]s1 & o!rs1 to improve _! elocution & s++4 ,automatic phonographs are also to be f\nd 9 _m places ( public resort1 equipp$ ) musical or elocution>y cyl9d]s1 :i* c be he>d ^u ! ins]tion ( a small co92 & m9iature phonographs h be5 appli$ to dolls & toys4 ,! value ( ! phonograph 9 ! pres]vation ( dy+ languages has be5 p]ceiv$ too1 & records h already be5 secur$ ( ! spee*1 songs1 w>-cries1 & folklore ( ,am]ican tribes n[ becom+ ext9ct4 ,x is also wor?y ( note t sev]al voice records rema9 ( di/+ui%$ m51 :o 'be+ dead yet speak4' ,_! tones c n[ be r5ew$ at w1 & _! v utt]ances1 fai?ful 9 acc5t & individuality1 c be he>d aga9 & aga9 ?r\gh all "t4 ,improvem5ts are be+ made 9 ! :olesale reproduction ( phonographic cyl9d]s1 by electrotyp+ & o!r processes2 & ! ma*9e1 9 a m or less modifi$ =m1 is be+ introduc$ z a means ( furni%+ a record ( communications ?r\gh ! telephone4 ,phonographic clocks1 books1 & o!r devices h also be5 inv5t$ by ,mr ,edison1 ^: discov]y is evid5tly ( a g5]ic nature1 op5+ up a l>ge & entirely new field 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,,! ,,end4 ,ed9burgh3 ,pr9t$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,limit$4 ,,books ,,compil$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,co*rane ,,publi%$ ,,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,*amb]s1 ,,limit$4 ,,adv5ture ,,& ,,adv5tur]s4 ,be+ ,true ,tales ( ,d>+1 ,p]il1 & ,h]oism4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,good ,,& ,,great ,,wom54 ,lives ( ,que5 ,victoria1 ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 ,j5ny ,l9d1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,b5efic5t ,,& ,,useful ,,lives4 ,lives ( ,"l ,%aftesbury1 ,george ,peabody1 ,sir ,w4 ,besant1 ,samuel ,morley1 ,sir ,j4 ,y4 ,simpson1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,great ,,?9k]s ,,& ,,work]s4 ,lives ( ,?omas ,c>lyle1 ,"l ,arm/rong1 ,"l ,t5nyson1 ,*>les ,dick5s1 ,w4 ,m4 ,?ack]ay1 ,sir ,h4 ,bessem]1 ,james ,nasmy?1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,rec5t ,,travel ,,& ,,adv5ture4 ,travels ( ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley1 ,lieut5ant ,greely1 ,joseph ,?omson1 ,dr ,liv+/one1 ,lady ,brassey1 ,arm9ius ,vamb]y1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,great ,,hi/oric ,,ev5ts4 ,indian ,mut9y1 ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! ,crusades1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 #b_/f ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh4