,,transcriber ,,notes3 ,words in bold in the original are bracketed in equal signs 774 ,words in italics in the original are bracketed by underscores 774 ,the tables have been modified to fit by creating a key for the first column4 ,the key precedes the tables4 ,footnotes have been moved closer to the reference4 ,additional notes can be found at the end of the text4 ,,university ,,of ,,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,,bulletin ,,no4 #adc ,,economy ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,dairy ,,barn ,,by ,,wilber ,j4 ,,fraser ,illustration ,,urbana1 ,,illinois1 ,,february1 #aiaj ,,summary ,,of ,,bulletin ,,no4 #adc #a4 ,round barns would be more generally built if their advantages were known and if the few which have been erected had been rightly constructed4 ,page #a4 #b4 ,the round dairy barn offers greater convenience in storing1 handling and distributing the feed4 ,page #e4 #c4 ,in the circular construction1 much greater strength is secured with less lumber4 ,page #f4 #d4 ,the material for rectangular barns costs from #cd to #eh percent more than for round barns of the same area and capacity4 ,page #g4 #e4 ,round and rectangular barns compared4 ,page #aa4 #f4 ,round and rectangular barns1 including silos1 compared4 ,page #ac4 #g4 ,detailed account1 with illustrations showing how the round barn at the ,university was built4 ,page #ag4 #h4 ,itemized statement of cost of a #fj-;foot round barn4 ,page #bi4 #i4 ,brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of several round dairy barns in actual use4 ,page #ca4 #aj4 ,conclusions4 ,the advantages of the round dairy barn are convenience1 strength and cheapness4 ,page #dd4 ,,economy ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,dairy ,,barn ,,full ,,specifications ,,and ,,detailed ,,cost ,,and ,,construction ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,sixty-,,foot ,,circular ,,dairy ,,barn ,,at ,,the ,,university4 ,,saving ,,of ,,round ,,over ,,rectangular ,,barns4 ,,notes ,,on ,,several ,,round ,,barns ,,on ,,dairy ,,farms4,a ,a ,special acknowledgment is made to ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,crouch and ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,brand for their assistance in working out the detailed data which are the bases for the economic comparisons of the round and rectangular barns made in this bulletin4 ,,by ,w4 ,j4 ,,fraser1 ,,chief ,,in ,,dairy ,,husbandry ,the planning1 construction1 and arrangement of farm buildings do not usually receive the thought and study these subjects warrant4 ,how many dairymen have compared a circular1 #dj-;cow barn with the common rectangular building containing the same area8 ,how many understand that the circular structure is much the stronger2 that the rectangular form requires #bb percent more wall and foundation to enclose the same space2 and that the cost of material is from #cd to #eh percent more for the rectangular building8 ,in a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation1 one person is likely to copy from his neighbor without apparently giving a thought as to whether or not there is a better way4 ,in a district of ,kane county1 ,illinois1 a certain type of dairy barn is used by nearly everyone1 while in the next county a distinctly different type prevails1 and the dairy barns of another adjacent county differ from those of either of the former1 simply because the early settlers of this particular locality came from an eastern state and started building the style of barn then common in ,pennsylvania4 ,in a certain community in ,ohio where a milk condensing factory is located1 a large number of farmers have barns #cf x #fj feet1 with an ,l the same size4 ,the loft of the ,l is used for the storage of straw1 and the cows run loose in the lower portion4 ,these barns are all built on practically the same plan and are usually of the same size1 and this is the only community known to the writer where this form of barn is used in this manner4 ,this tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not exercise sufficient originality4 ,because most barns are rectangular is no reason that this is the best and most economical form4 ,,why ,,more ,,round ,,barns ,,are ,,not ,,built ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,barn ,,no4 #e4 #ajj ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter1 ,,scale #bj ,,feet ,,to ,,one ,,inch2 ,,showing ,,increased ,,mow ,,capacity ,,given ,,by ,,self-,,supporting ,,roof4 ,in an early day when lumber was cheap1 buildings were built of logs1 or at least had heavy frames4 ,under these conditions1 the rectangular barn was the one naturally used1 and people have followed in the footsteps of their forefathers in continuing this form of barn4 ,the result is that the economy and advantages of the round barn have apparently never been considered4 ,this is because they are not obvious at first sight1 and become fully apparent only after a detailed study of the construction4 ,for these reasons1 the rectangular form still continues to be built1 altho it requires much more lumber4 ,as the price of lumber has advanced so materially in recent years1 the possible saving in this material is a large item1 and well worth investigating4 ,the objections to round barns have usually been made by those who have only a superficial knowledge of the subject1 and do not really understand the relative merits of the two forms4 ,to the writer's knowledge1 there has never been published a carefully figured out1 detailed comparison of a properly constructed circular barn with the rectangular barn4 ,the difficulty with most round barns that have been built1 thus far1 is that they do not have a self-supporting roof1 and consequently lose many of the advantages of a properly constructed round barn4 ,this is the principal reason why round barns have not become more popular4 ,a straight roof necessarily requires many supports in the barn below4 ,these are both costly and inconvenient1 and make the roof no stronger than a dome-shaped1 self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the capacity of the mow4 ,see ,fig4 7#a74 ,many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted lumber and made a needless amount of work by chopping or hewing out the sill and plate1 thus requiring more labor and lumber1 besides sacrificing the greater strength of a built-up sill4 ,rightly constructed round barns are1 however1 being built to a limited extent4 ,one contractor has erected twenty-four round barns1 with self-supporting roofs1 in the last nine years4 ,these barns vary in size from #dj feet in diameter with #ah-;foot posts to #ajb feet in diameter with #cj-;foot posts4 ,another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty in getting them built4 ,most carpenters hesitate to undertake the work because in the erection of a round barn the construction should be entirely different from that of the rectangular form4 ,many new problems present themselves1 but when these are once understood1 the round barn offers no more difficulties in construction than the rectangular form4 ,it is1 however1 important to have a head carpenter who is accustomed to putting up round barns1 as a man with ingenuity and experience can take advantage of many opportunities to save labor and material4 ,,kind ,,of ,,barn ,,needed ,the first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient arrangement for the purpose for which it is to be used4 ,at the ,university of ,illinois1 two years ago1 a twenty-acre demonstration dairy farm was started1 the sole object being to produce the largest amount of milk per acre at the least possible cost4 ,to meet the requirements of a barn for this purpose1 it became imperative to build one that was convenient for feeding and caring for the cows1 economical of construction1 and containing a large storage capacity in both silo and mow4 ,these are the requirements of a barn for every practical dairyman4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,filling ,,the ,,silo4 ,a silo was needed that could be fed from the year round4 ,with the small number of cows kept1 a deep enough layer of silage could not be fed off each day to keep it good thru the summer1 if the silo was more than #ab feet in diameter4 ,as this small diameter was a necessity1 it would require two silos #cc feet deep to supply enough silage4 ,two silos of such small diameter would not only be costly1 but difficult to make stand1 unless built of concrete4 ,this difficulty was overcome by using the circular barn and placing in the center a silo which is #ab feet in diameter and #ed feet deep1 thus making the one silo1 with as much capacity as the two before mentioned1 answer every purpose4 ,this deep silo is an important part of the round barn1 as it not only forms a support for the roof1 but is protected by the barn1 thus saving the cost of siding4 ,then1 too1 besides occupying the space least valuable for other purposes1 it being centrally located1 is in the most convenient place for feeding4 ,the silage chute being open at the top forms a suction of air1 which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking time1 and also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is open4 ,,advantages ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,barn ,the points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows over the rectangular form are convenience1 strength1 and cheapness4 ,,round ,,barn ,,most ,,convenient ,considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every day in the year1 and that for six months each year the cows occupy it almost continuously1 and that during this time a large amount of the labor of the farm is done inside the barn1 it is evident that the question of its convenience is a vital one4 ,the amount of time and strength wasted in useless labor in poorly arranged buildings is appalling4 ,people do not stop to consider the saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn so conveniently arranged that there is a saving of only a few seconds on each task that has to be done two or three times every day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,interior ,,of ,,barn1 ,,second ,,floor1 ,,showing ,,silo ,,and ,,location ,,of ,,ensilage ,,cutter4 7,,team ,,unhitched ,,to ,,show ,,cutter47 ,the round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing silage to the cows4 ,the feeding commences at the chute where it is thrown down1 and is continued around the circle1 ending with the silage cart at the chute again1 ready for the next feeding4 ,the same thing is true in feeding hay and grain4 ,still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay mow4 ,with the self-supporting roof1 there are no timbers whatever obstructing the mow1 which means no dragging of hay around posts or over girders4 ,the hay carrier runs on a circular track around the mow1 midway between the silo and the outside wall1 and drops the hay at any desired point1 thus in no case does the hay have to be moved but a few feet1 which means a saving of much labor in the mowing4 ,to successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages in a dairy barn is one of the large problems in milk production4 ,in a careful study of the barn question it soon became apparent that it was impossible to embody all of the requirements advantageously in anything but a circular form of building1 and the #fj-;foot round barn1 which is here described1 was built4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,south ,,view1 ,,showing ,,well ,,lighted ,,stable4 ,,circular ,,construction ,,the ,,strongest ,the circular construction is the strongest1 because it takes advantage of the lineal1 instead of the breaking strength of the lumber4 ,each row of boards running around the barn forms a hoop that holds the barn together4 ,a barrel1 properly hooped and headed1 is almost indestructible1 and much stronger than a box1 altho the hoops are small4 ,this strength is because the stress comes on the hoops in a lineal direction4 ,any piece of timber is many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a breaking stress4 ,take for example a ,no4 #a yellow pine #b x #f1 #af feet long1 with an actual cross section of #a-e_/h x #e-e_/h inches4 ,if placed on edge and supported at the ends1 as a joist1 the limit of safety for a load evenly distributed is #fdb pounds1 while the limit of safety for a load in the lineal direction of the same piece of timber is #ab1hjj pounds1 or twenty times as great4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,in ,,cow ,,stable1 ,,showing ,,silo ,,and ,,feed ,,alley ,,in ,,center ,,of ,,barn2 ,,stanchions ,,on ,,right1 ,,milk ,,scales ,,and ,,record ,,sheet ,,on ,,left4 ,all exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular1 as both the sides and roof are arched1 which is the strongest form of construction to resist wind pressure2 besides1 the wind1 in striking it1 glances off and can get no direct hold on the walls or roof1 as it can on the flat sides or gable ends of a rectangular structure4 ,if the lumber is properly placed in a round barn1 much of it will perform two or more functions4 ,every row of siding boards running around the building serves also as a brace1 and the same is true of the roof boards and the arched rafters4 ,if the siding is put on vertically and the roof built dome-shaped1 no scaffolding is required inside or out4 ,these are points of economy in the round construction4 ,,rectangular ,,barns ,,require #cd ,,to #eh ,,percent ,,more ,,material ,in order to compare the amount and cost of material in round and rectangular barns1 the following figures have been carefully worked out by an expert barn builder4 ,two comparisons1 based on wood construction thruout1 are made1 in which round barns #fj feet and #ij feet in diameter are compared with both plank and mortise frame rectangular barns containing the same number of square feet of floor space1 respectively4 ,since the most practical width of a rectangular dairy barn is #cf feet1 its length will depend upon the number of square feet required in the barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,mortise ,,frame ,,barn1 ,,end ,,view4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,plank ,,frame ,,barn1 ,,side ,,view4 ,figures #f to #i are side and end views1 showing the detail construction and size of the timbers of the plank frame and mortise frame barns here figured4 ,the detailed figures of the lumber bills for each of these barns were carefully worked out1 but are too voluminous for publication here4 ,the total number of feet of each kind of lumber required is given in ,tables #a;,a and #a;,b4 ,since the proportion of the different kinds of lumber and shingles varied for the different barns1 to draw an exact comparison it was necessary to base it upon the money value1 and for this purpose the total cost of lumber has been figured in each case4 ,the lumber values used thruout are the best average prices that could be obtained4 ,as the same prices are used for the material of all the barns1 the comparisons of cost are correct1 altho these exact prices will not hold for all localities and all times4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,plank ,,frame ,,barn1 ,,end ,,view4 ,since a silo cannot be economically built inside of a rectangular barn1 the first comparison is made with the barns simply enclosed1 altho one of the chief advantages of a round barn is the deep silo which it is possible to build so economically in the center4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,mortise ,,frame ,,barn1 ,,side ,,view4 ,another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing lumber4 ,this form has the strongest possible construction with the least lumber in the frame1 and the least bracing1 not a single timber larger than a #b x #f being required above the sill4 ,the arched circular roof requires no supports1 and no scaffolding is needed inside during its construction4 ,the accompanying tables show the comparative amount and value of lumber and cubical content in round barns #fj and #ij feet in diameter1 and rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts4 ,,table #a;,a4--,a ,,comparison ,,of ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,material ,,in ,,round ,,and ,,rectangular ,,barns ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,area1 ,not ,including ,foundation ,and ,silos4 ,a3 ,framing lumber1 ,b3 ,sheathing1 siding1 and flooring1 ,c3 ,shingles1 ,d3 ,bolts1 ,e3 ,total cost of lumber1 ,f3 ,content1 cubic feet1 ,rectangular barn1 #cf x #gh-a_/b ft4 ,round barn1 ---------------------------------------- -- #fj feet in diameter ,plank frame ,mortise frame ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a #ac1igf ft4 #be #ai1hcc ft4 #be #bi1jgd ft4 #be #cdi4dj #die4hc #gbf4he ,b #ab1iga ft4 #bb #ae1cee ft4 #bb #ae1cee ft4 #bb #bhe4cf #ccg4ha #ccg4ha ,c #dd1jjj #c4ge #de1jjj #c4ge #de1jjj #c4ge #afe4jj #afh4ge #afh4ge ,d #bj4hh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,e #gii4gf #ajbc4bg #abcc4da ,f #aag1ffi #aag1ach #aag1ach ,,table #a;,b4 ,a3 ,framing lumber1 ,b3 ,sheathing1 siding1 and flooring1 ,c3 ,shingles1 ,d3 ,bolts1 ,e3 ,total cost of lumber1 ,f3 ,content1 cubic feet1 ,rectangular barn1 #cf x #agf-c_/d ft4 ,round barn1 ---------------------------------------- -- #ij feet in diameter ,plank frame ,mortise frame ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a #cj1hii ft4 #be #ch1hae ft4 #be #ei1dha ft4 #be #ggb4dh #igj4ch #adhg4jc ,b #bb1cge ft4 #bb #bh1edg ft4 #bb #bh1edg ft4 #bb #dib4be #fbh4jc #fbh4jc ,c #ig1jjj #c4ge #ajb1jjj #c4ge #ajb1jjj #c4ge #cfc4ge #chb4ej #chb4ej ,d #bf4gf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,e #afbh4dh #bjjg4fg #bdig4ef ,f #cbb1ieb #bgj1egj #bgj1egj ,,round ,,and ,,rectangular ,,barns ,,compared ,in comparing the #fj-;foot round barn with a rectangular barn of the same area1 the two barns should afford the cows the same amount of space on the platform4 ,allowing each cow in the #fj-;foot round barn #c feet #f inches in width at the rear of the platform1 it will accommodate #dj cows and leave space for two passage ways4 ,but in a rectangular barn1 only #c feet #d inches of platform space need be allowed for each cow1 and the #gh-a_/b foot barn1 with two #c-;foot passage ways across it for convenience in feeding1 will accommodate #db cows4 ,while the rectangular barn has stall room for two more cows1 the round barn contains space in the center for a silo #ah feet in diameter4 ,the floor space and cubical content of the round barn #fj feet in diameter1 and the rectangular barn compared with it in these tables1 are practically the same1 and the barns are therefore directly comparable4 ,this being true1 the percentages which were figured from the complete bills of material for these barns show the exact saving in lumber on the #fj-;foot round barn over the plank and mortise frame rectangular barns #cf x #gh-a_/b feet4 ,the lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an increase in cost of #bh percent for the plank frame and #ed percent for the mortise frame4 ,the round barn1 #fj feet in diameter1 contains #ahh-a_/b1 and the rectangular barn #bbe lineal feet of wall4 ,the rectangular barn has1 therefore1 #bb percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall1 requiring a proportional increase in both paint and foundation4 ,the #agf-c_/d-;foot rectangular barn would hold #ajj cows1 allowing each cow #c feet #d inches in width and providing for #c passage ways of #c feet each across the barn4 ,the #ij-;foot round barn would hold #ajj cows in two rows headed together1 #fe of which would be in the outer circle1 and have #c feet #f inches each in width at the gutter4 ,this leaves sufficient room for feed alleys and walks1 and two passage ways1 one three feet and the other seven feet wide for the manure and feed carriers4 ,all of this is outside of a central space for a silo #bj feet in diameter and #ga feet high1 with a capacity for #fbj tons of silage1 and in the mow there would still be an excess1 above the capacity of the rectangular barn1 of #cc1jjj cubic feet1 which would hold #ff tons of hay1 or as much as the entire mow of a barn #cb x #cf feet with #bj-;foot posts4 ,,table #b;,a4--,a ,,comparison ,,of ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,material ,,in ,,round ,,and ,,rectangular ,,barns1 ,including ,,foundation ,,and ,,silos4 ,round barn1 ,rectangular barn1 #fj feet in #cf x #gh-a_/b ft4 diameter ---------------------------- ,plank frame ,mortise frame ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lumber in barn1 #gii4gf #ajbc4bg #abcc4da ,material in foundation1 #hf4hi #aje4ij #aje4ij ,material in silo1 #aei4ja #bie4bf #bie4bf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total cost of material in barn1 #ajde4ff #adbd4dc #afcd4eg ,actual money saved1 #cgh4gg #ehh4ia ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,proportional cost1 #ajj #acf #aef ,,table #b;,b4 ,round barn1 ,rectangular barn1 #ij feet in #cf x #agf-c_/d ft4 diameter ---------------------------- ,plank frame ,mortise frame ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lumber in barn1 #afbh4dh #bjjg4fg #bdig4ef ,material in foundation1 #acj4ce #aif4hj #aif4hj ,material in silo1 #bfe4jj #eac4eb #eac4eb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,total cost of material in barn1 #bjbc4hc #bgag4ii #cbjg4hh ,actual money saved1 #fid4af #aahd4je ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,proportional cost1 #ajj #acd #aeh ,the square feet of floor space in the round barn #ij feet in diameter and rectangular barn #cf x #agf-c_/d feet are the same1 but the cubical content of the former is more than that of the latter4 ,the increase in the lumber bill is #bc percent in the plank frame and #ec percent in the mortise frame barn4 ,the round barn #ij feet in diameter contains #bhc and the rectangular barn #dbf lineal feet of wall4 ,the rectangular barn has1 therefore1 #ej percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall1 requiring a proportional increase in both paint and foundation4 ,the smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires less paint and makes a proportional saving in keeping the round barn painted in after years4 ,,round ,,and ,,rectangular ,,barns1 ,including ,silos1 ,,compared ,owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical production of milk1 a barn is not complete for a dairyman's purpose unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient silage for the herd4 ,in the case of the round barn1 the silo is most economically built inside1 but in the rectangular form would cause a waste of space1 and for that reason is best erected outside4 ,therefore1 in comparing a round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy barn1 silos should be included4 ,in figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and rectangular barns1 the capacity needed in each case was determined in the following manner3 ,allowing #dj pounds of silage per cow per day for #g winter months and #be pounds per cow per day for #c months during the summer1 would require for #dj cows #bbj tons2 then allowing one-eighth for waste would make the silage requirement #bdh tons4 ,as the silo in the round barn #fj feet in diameter is #ec feet deep1 it would need to be only #af feet in diameter to hold #bej tons4 ,this diameter is sufficiently small to allow summer feeding without waste4 ,to erect a silo outside of a barn1 with sufficient stability to stand well1 the height above ground should not be much more than twice the diameter1 and in order to avoid waste for summer feeding1 the diameter should not be greater than #af feet for a herd of #dj cows4 ,in order that a deep enough layer of silage can be fed off each day during the summer to avoid waste1 it is evident that to store #bej tons of silage outside the barn1 two silos would be required4 ,one of these should be #af feet in diameter and #cf feet deep1 holding #aed tons1 and the other #ac feet in diameter and #cf feet deep1 holding #ajb tons1 making a total silo capacity of #bef tons4 ,as the large barns hold #ajj cows1 the same allowance of silage per cow for the season would require silo capacity for #fbj tons4 ,as the silo in the round barn #ij feet in diameter would be #ga feet deep1 it would need to be only #bj feet in diameter to hold #fbj tons4 ,to store #fbj tons of silage in silos built outside the rectangular barn would require two silos1 each #bj feet in diameter and #dd feet deep4,b ,these are the sizes on which the figures for cost of silos of the ,gurler type1 given in ,tables #b;,a and #b;,b1 were used4 ,b ,since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage packs1 one silo #ga feet deep will hold as much as two silos of the same diameter and #dd feet deep4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,interior ,,of ,,cow ,,stable1 ,,showing ,,water ,,trough ,,with ,,float ,,valve1 ,,salt ,,box1 ,,and ,,door ,,into ,,dairy4 ,the table 7page #ab7 is the final summing up of the cost of all the material for the completed dairy barns1 with silos1 and shows a saving of from #cd to #eh percent in favor of the round barn and silo1 or an actual money saving in this case of from #cgi to #aahd1 depending upon the size and construction of the barns4 ,thoughtlessly1 men go on building rectangular barns1 but what would this reckless disregard of a possible saving of #cd to #eh percent mean in a year's business on the farm8 ,some illustrations may help us to understand what this money saved in building a round barn really amounts to1 and its convenience is also a great saving4 ,if the dairyman discarded the idea of a rectangular barn and built a round barn instead1 he could take the money thus saved and buy one of the best pure-bred sires for his herd1 and also three to ten pure-bred heifers or fine grade cows4 ,either of these purchases might double the profit of the herd4 ,or1 this saving1 properly applied1 would purchase many labor-saving devices which would make life less of a drudgery on many dairy farms4 ,is not such a saving worth while8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,cow ,,comfort ,,in ,a ,,round ,,barn4 ,when the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are known1 it is a poor financier who will pay extra for the one which is inferior4 ,if a man received bids from contractors for a building1 he would be a foolish man who would accept one which is from #cd to #eh percent higher than the lowest bidder1 especially when he knew the lowest bidder would put up the most convenient and substantial building4 ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,the ,,round ,,dairy ,,barn ,the disadvantages of the round dairy barn are1 that it cannot be enlarged by building on as readily as can the rectangular form1 but as the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular barn #cf feet wide1 provision can be made for the growth of the herd by building so as to put cows in the second story and still leave sufficient mow room for hay4 ,the objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult to light4 ,this difficulty is entirely overcome in a barn #ij feet or less in diameter1 if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows are used4 ,see ,figs4 #d and #cj4 ,with the same number of windows1 the light is more evenly distributed in a round barn and the sun can shine directly into some portion at all hours of the day during the winter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,first ,,story ,,wall1 ,,and ,,foundation ,,for ,,silo1 ,,feed ,,alley1 ,,and ,,manger2 ,,sill ,,in ,,place1 ,,ready ,,for ,,joists ,,and ,,studs4 ,the objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot be placed in a circle without a waste of space1 but this does not apply to a dairy barn1 as the storage of hay and grain depends upon cubical content1 alone1 and silos should always be circular1 no matter where built4 ,cows1 when lying down1 are decidedly wedge-shaped1 requiring much less space in front than behind4 ,the objection may be raised1 with round barns large enough for two rows of cows1 that the row headed out does not use the space as economically as in the rectangular form1 because a cow needs more width at the rear of the platform than at the manger4 ,where there are two rows of cows1 the inner row is usually headed out1 and as only about one-third of the cows are in this row1 this loss of space is counterbalanced by the large number of cows in the outer circle using the space more economically than they do in the rectangular barn4 ,box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged1 but in a one-row barn1 gates hung on the outside and swung around to the manger1 form stalls for cows at freshening time1 and in a barn with two rows1 box stalls can be arranged in the inner circle4 ,,how ,,the ,,round ,,barn ,,at ,,the ,,university ,,was ,,built ,the barn is located on the side of a hill1 sloping gently to the south and east4 ,with this location1 it was an advantage to excavate #e feet deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of the ground on the southeast4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,showing ,,temporary ,,bracing ,,to ,,hold ,,studs ,,in ,,place ,,while ,,ship ,,lap ,,ceiling ,,is ,,nailed ,,on4 ,the footing for the foundation is #ah inches wide4 ,a ten-inch brick wall was carried up nine feet above the stable floor4 ,this wall contains a #b-;inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing on the inner wall and making the barn damp4 ,this is an important point1 as barns with a solid stone or brick wall are very objectionable on account of dampness4 ,it has been proven by two years' use that this difficulty is entirely obviated by the air space in the wall4 ,the foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up #b feet above the stable floor4 ,the foundation for the silo extends #d feet below the stable floor and is continued #i inches above the floor in the feed alley4 ,this silo wall1 together with the foundation under the manger1 forms the foundation for the center supports of the barn4 ,fig4 #ab shows the foundation completed4 ,the silo1 which is the ,gurler type1 was then started and carried up with the barn4 ,it was built by placing #b x #d studs around the circle1 one foot on centers1 and ceiling inside with #a_/b x #f-;inch lumber4 ,this #a_/b-;inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing #a x #f yellow pine fencing4 ,common lath were then put on horizontally in the regular way inside1 without furring out1 and plastered with rich cement plaster4 ,the sill of the barn is #f x #f1 made up of #a x #fs1 and built on top of the wall4 ,building it up in this manner makes a stronger sill than can be obtained in any other way1 as it forms a continuous hoop around the barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,showing ,,height ,,and ,,construction ,,of ,,silo1 ,,siding ,,completed1 ,,and ,,four ,,main ,,rafters ,,in ,,place4 ,the joists are #b x #abs notched #f inches to fit the sill1 so that the outer ends rest on both the sill and the brick wall4 ,the outer span of joists is #ad feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a similar sill built of #a x #fs on top of the #d x #d supports at the stanchions4 ,the inner span of joists1 between the stanchions and the silo1 is #h feet1 the outer end resting on the sill over the stanchions1 and the inner end on a #a-a_/b x #f-;inch band1 made up of three #a_/b x #f-;inch pieces1 running around the outside of the silo4 ,these joists are placed #b-a_/b feet apart at the outside of the barn1 and half as many joists are used in the inner span1 making the joists at the silo one foot apart4 ,the number of joists under the driveways are doubled1 being only #a foot and #c inches apart at the outside of the barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,showing ,,all ,,rafters ,,in ,,place ,,and ,,method ,,of ,,sheathing ,,roof4 ,the studs1 which are #b x #fs1 #bj feet long1 were then placed on the sill1 about #b feet #f inches apart1 being as evenly spaced between the windows as possible1 and temporarily braced1 as shown in ,fig4 #ac1 until the #h-;inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside4 ,this was carried up #e feet to the second scaffold1 and then covered to this height with shingles laid #e inches to the weather4 ,the scaffolding was then moved up and this process repeated until the siding was completed4 ,the plate1 made up of five #a x #ds1 was then built in the notch in the top of the studs shown in ,fig4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,showing ,,height ,,of ,,silo1 ,,capacity ,,of ,,barn1 ,,and ,,construction ,,of ,,roof4 ,the silo was completed1 as before described4 ,the rafters1 which were framed on the ground1 were then erected1 as shown in ,fig4 #ad1 the first eight going to the center of the roof1 and the remaining ones were cut to rest on the plate of the silo4 ,there are #fd framed rafters1 and these are the only ones in the upper section of the roof4 ,at the break in the roof1 a header is cut in between the framed rafters1 and in the lower section a rafter is placed between these1 thus making twice as many rafters in the lower section of the roof as in the upper section4 ,after the rafters were all in place and temporarily braced1 the #a x #b-;inch sheathing was put on1 as shown in ,fig4 #ae1 and the shingles1 which were the best #e_/b red cedar1 were laid #e inches to the weather on the lower section of the roof1 and #d inches to the weather on the upper section1 as this had less pitch4 ,no chalk line was necessary1 as the shingles were laid by the sheathing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,showing ,,arrangement ,,of ,,joists ,,and ,,how ,,the ,,floor ,,is ,,laid4 ,the floor was made of #a x #h ship lap1 laid in four directions1 as shown in ,fig4 #ag4 ,in the driveway an extra layer of ship lap was used1 making this portion of the floor #b inches thick4 ,the doorways in the second story are #ad feet wide1 and in the lower story #ab feet4 ,these openings are closed by two sliding doors1 each door being made of two sections1 hinged together so as to follow the circular wall of the barn in opening4 ,the cow stable is on the ground floor1 and well lighted by #af windows having twelve #i x #ab lights each4 ,there are also six windows in the doors4 ,the windows are placed just below the ceiling and admit an abundance of sunshine at all times of the day1 which is one of the essentials of a good dairy barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,showing ,,present ,,arrangement ,,of ,,cow ,,stable4 ,,there ,,are ,,stanchions ,,and ,,mangers ,,for #bh ,,cows1 ,,and #bbjj ,,sq4 ,,ft4 ,,of ,,floor ,,space ,,in ,,which ,,the ,,cows ,,can ,,run ,,loose4 ,,the ,,gates ,,are ,,swung ,,into ,,the ,,present ,,position ,,when ,,box ,,stalls ,,are ,,needed4 ,the floor1 back of the manger1 is of clay1 except at the door1 where a small portion is covered with cement4 ,the cows run loose except at feeding and milking time1 when they are placed in rigid stanchions4 ,it must be distinctly understood that rigid stanchions are strongly condemned as a cow tie1 where cows are to remain in them all night1 but as they are here used merely to hold the cow during milking1 they are both economical and convenient4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,showing ,,cross ,,section ,,of #fj-;,,foot ,,round ,,barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,cleaning ,,out ,,cow ,,stable ,,with ,,three-,,horse ,,manure ,,spreader4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,cows ,,in ,,stanchion ,,at ,,milking ,,time4 ,running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method1 where bedding is abundant and sufficient space is available1 as the cows are more comfortable1 and all fertility is saved4 ,there is no waste from leaching1 as when the manure lies exposed to the weather4 ,this method saves the labor of cleaning the stable1 as the manure is loaded into the spreader and hauled directly upon the land whenever convenient1 and the land is in the best condition to receive it4,c ,c ,for a more detailed discussion of the advantages of keeping cows in this manner1 see ,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,circular ,no4 #ic4 ,three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall1 and when box stalls are needed1 these are swung around to the manger1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,the south door in the cow stable can be closed by slatted gates1 thus affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine on nice days1 without letting the cows out of the barn4 ,,system ,,of ,,ventilation ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,continued4 ,the system of ventilation is the ,king4 ,to economize space and lumber1 the hay chute is used for a ventilator4 ,this chute1 which extends to the cupola1 is #b-a_/d x #c-a_/b feet1 having a cross section area of #h sq4 ft41 which1 with a good draft1 is sufficient for #dj cows4 ,in order that this combination of ventilator and hay chute prove practical1 doors thru which the hay could be thrust were placed at intervals in the side of the chute4 ,these doors are hinged at the top1 opening in1 and close immediately after the hay drops1 thus maintaining a closed ventilator chute4 ,the air is drawn in at the bottom1 the amount being regulated by means of a sliding door in the side4 ,as this chute is #ej feet high1 it creates a strong suction4 ,,the ,,milk ,,room ,to economize space1 the milk room1 #ab x #af feet1 is located under the north driveway4 ,the brick walls under the drive form the sides of this room1 and the floor of the drive1 which is made of #b x #fs grooved on both edges1 forms the roof4 ,the grooves in the flooring were filled with white lead1 and a wooden strip1 fitted to fill the grooves of both planks1 was driven in1 forming a water-tight floor4 ,this floor was covered with hot tar and sand #a_/b inch thick4 ,the milk room is plastered on the inside1 the plaster being applied directly to the brick walls1 excepting in the case of the ceiling1 which is lathed4 ,the floor and cooling tank are of cement4 ,the passage from the barn to the milk room is thru a small hallway1 which is open to the outside1 thus preventing the stable air getting into the milk room4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,feed ,,alley1 ,,showing ,,combined ,,hay ,,chute ,,and ,,ventilator4 ,a ,,door ,,on ,,the ,,side ,,which ,,is ,,hinged ,,at ,,the ,,bottom1 #c ,,feet ,,from ,,the ,,floor1 ,,is ,,let ,,in ,,toward ,,the ,,silo1 ,,sliding ,,the ,,hay ,,onto ,,the ,,floor4 ,,in ,,hot ,,weather ,,this ,,opening ,,takes ,,the ,,heat ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,barn2 ,,during ,,the ,,winter ,,this ,,door ,,is ,,kept ,,closed ,,and ,,the ,,ventilation ,,is ,,regulated ,,by ,,raising ,,the ,,slide1 ,,as ,,shown ,,in ,,the ,,cut4 ,,barn ,,satisfactory ,this round dairy barn above described has been in use for over two years at the ,university of ,illinois1 and has given entire satisfaction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,northeast ,,view1 ,,showing ,,dairy ,,under ,,driveway4 ,,the ,,barn ,,is ,,on ,,the ,,same ,,scale ,,as ,,the ,,drawing ,,on ,,page #bh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,interior ,,of ,,dairy2 ,,cooling ,,tank ,,on ,,left4 ,,re-,,arrangement ,,of ,,barn ,,to ,,accommodate #dj ,,cows ,if it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this size1 the circular manger can be enlarged to #ch feet in diameter1 which gives room for forty cows1 as shown in ,fig4 #be1 and the silo1 to hold sufficient silage to feed the year round1 enlarged to #ah feet in diameter4 ,the present mow room is sufficient to store enough hay and bedding for this number of cows4 ,the barn on the ,twenty-acre ,demonstration ,dairy ,farm was built this large1 as it was thought it might be desired at some future time to increase the size of the farm and herd1 and the barn could easily be changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply enlarging the silo1 without rebuilding the barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,showing ,,how ,,this #fj-;,,foot ,,barn ,,may ,,be ,,arranged ,,to ,,accommodate #dj ,,cows ,,in ,,stalls4 ,,to ,,supply ,,this ,,sized ,,herd ,,and ,,the ,,necessary ,,young ,,stock ,,with ,,silage ,,for ,,eight ,,months ,,would ,,require ,a #cgj-,,ton ,,silo1 ,,or ,,one #ah ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter ,,and #ef ,,feet ,,deep2 ,,with ,a ,,seven-,,foot ,,feed ,,alley ,,and ,a #b-a_/b-;,,foot ,,manger1 ,,the ,,circle ,,at ,,the ,,stanchions ,,would ,,be #ch ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter1 ,,or #aai-a_/c ,,feet ,,in ,,circumference2 ,,allowing #d-a_/d ,,feet ,,for ,,two ,,passage ,,ways1 ,,the ,,stalls ,,would ,,be #b ,,feet #aj-a_/b ,,inches ,,wide ,,at ,,the ,,stanchion1 ,,and #c ,,feet #f ,,inches ,,at ,,the ,,drop4 ,,itemized ,,cost ,,of ,,this ,,round ,,barn ,excavating1 foundation1 and first story brick wall #ijd4jj ,lumber3 #adi pieces1 #a x #d x #af ,y4 ,p4 #ca #a x #d x #ad ,cypress #af #a x #d x #ab #afe #a x #f x #af ,y4 ,p4 #ag #a x #f x #ad #bbf #b x #d x #ab #bj #b x #d x #af #f #b x #d x #ad #ae #d x #d x #ad #abj #b x #ab x #af #bc #b x #ab x #ad #ajj #b x #f x #bj #add #b x #f x #af #fg #b x #f x #ah #d #b x #f x #bf #fj #b x #f x #ab #cj #b x #f x #bb #d #b x #f x #bd #f #b x #h x #aj #i #b x #h x #af #d #b x #aj x #ad #aa #b x #aj x #ab #a #b x #aj x #bb #a #a x #aj x #ab #a #a x #aj x #ad ,cypress #b #a x #ab x #ad #bb #a-a_/h x #h x #aj ,cyp4 ,s#b,s #b #a x #a-a_/h x #ab x #ad #b #a x #a-a_/h x #ab x #af #fjjj feet of #h-;inch ship lap #caej feet of #aj-;inch ship lap #ga ,m #e_/b red cedar shingles #afe ,lineal feet of #b-;inch ,cr4 molding #bdj ,lineal feet of ,cr4 molding #bgj feet of #d-;inch ,y4 ,p4 ,s#a,s #djjj feet of #f-;inch rough pine #fb feet of #c_/h-;inch ,y4 ,p4 ,ceiling #hej feet of #f-;inch ,no4 #a flooring #bcj feet of #f-;inch fence flooring #ef lineal feet of #a_/b x #c-;inch battening #cb lineal feet of lattice #ddd lineal feet of #d-;inch cypress #c #aj-;foot cedar posts ,total cost of lumber #a1cac4fc ,mill work3 ,window sash and doors #bgj4jj ,window and door frames #ga4jj ,sawing lumber for silo1 roof1 bridge and stanchions #bi4gh ,cost of hardware #if4eg ,carpenter work3 ,head carpenter #eah hrs4 #dj;c #bjg4bj ,carpenters #ajeg hrs4 #ce;c #cfi4ie ,common labor #dbi hrs4 #bj;c #he4hj ------- ,total cost for carpenter work #ffb4ie ,tiling around barn and silo1 sewer from dairy room1 retaining wall1 cement floor in alley1 dairy1 doorway of barn1 and steps and tanks #abh4ed ,plastering dairy room and inside of silo #ajd4fj ,painting #hi4ed -------- ,total cost of barn #cfgj4fa ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,barn ,,no4 #b4 #hj ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,engine ,,room ,,in ,,foreground4 ,the cost of this barn1 if built on the ordinary dairy farm1 could be materially reduced without shortening the life of the barn4 ,owing to the conditions under which this barn was built1 it was necessary to pay for hauling all material to the farm1 two and one-half miles from town4 ,all of the labor had to be hired1 and as it was necessary for the men to board themselves the wages paid were proportionately higher4 ,the farmer usually does the excavating and hauls the brick1 sand1 and lumber with his own teams1 tends the mason1 and does quite an amount of the rough work with his own help1 besides boarding the men1 all of which would greatly reduce the cost4 ,the construction could also be cheapened by using drop siding to cover the outside1 instead of shingles1 which in this case were used over ship lap on the side walls to improve the appearance4 ,this barn could be still further cheapened by putting hoops1 five feet apart1 around the studs1 and covering with common #a x #ab boards1 put on vertically1 as is done in some cases4 ,a saving could also be made on the mill work and large doors by having the carpenters make these plainer and leave the windows out of them4 ,anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on the lumber bill1 and determine approximately the cost in his locality4 ,this will vary with both the location and the year4 ,,other ,,round ,,dairy ,,barns ,,barn ,,no4 #b ,built #ahig4 ,diameter1 #hj feet4 ,capacity1 #ge cows in #b rows1 tails together1 #ea head in outer circle1 #bd head in inner circle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,interior ,,of ,,barn ,,no4 #b4 ,,showing ,,two ,,rows ,,of ,,stanchions ,,and ,,drive ,,behind ,,cows ,,which ,,is ,,used ,,in ,,cleaning ,,barn2 ,,silo ,,on ,,right4 ,cost1 #ahjj4 ,studs1 #b x #fs1 placed #b-a_/b feet on center4 ,supports1 two #b x #fs in each stanchion4 ,joists1 main span #c x #abs1 #bj feet long1 placed #ad inches on center4 ,short spans over feed alleys1 #b x #ajs4 ,plate1 #a x #aj-;inch boards sprung around near top of studs4 ,roof supports1 #f x #fs placed #ab feet apart4 ,purline plate rests on these posts and consists of #a x #hs sprung to the circle4 ,siding1 #h-;inch1 put on horizontally1 first story ceiled inside4 ,to clean out1 a wagon is driven around between the two rows of cows4 ,the chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow stable4 ,this barn and ,no4 #c are approximately the same in construction1 and are more substantially built than barns ,no4 #d and #e4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,cow ,,stable ,,in ,,barn ,,no4 #b2 ,,two ,,rows ,,of ,,cows ,,tailed ,,together4 ,,the ,,barn ,,is ,,cleaned ,,by ,,driving ,,around ,,behind ,,the ,,cows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,barn ,,no4 #c4 #hj ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter4 ,,barn ,,no4 #d ,built in #aijj4 ,diameter1 #ij feet4 ,capacity1 #aje cows1 two rows heading together4 ,cost1 #cjjj4 ,foundation1 width at base and top1 #ah inches2 depth in ground1 #bj inches1 7not sufficient74 ,sills1 #b x #hs1 sawed in short lengths1 and placed flatwise4 ,studding1 #bj-;foot #b x #hs1 placed #c feet on center and toenailed to sill4 ,supports1 first story #d x #ds placed between stanchions in each row1 making two rows of supports between the outside wall and the silo2 #d x #ds cut to a circle placed on top of these supports4 ,the outside span1 over cows1 is #ac feet #f inches2 middle span1 over feed alley1 #f feet #h inches1 and inside span1 over cows1 #ac feet4 ,joists1 #b x #hs placed #c feet apart at studs on outside wall4 ,there are as many joists in center of barn as at the outside4 ,supports1 second-story1 consist of one row of posts running around at a point immediately under the break in the roof4 ,these are #af feet apart and are made of three #b x #hs kept #b inches apart by horizontal braces which run from studding near the eave thru these posts to studding in silo4 ,see ,fig4 #ca4 ,plate1 rafter is set on top of each stud1 and no plate is used4 ,rafters1 #b x #fs resting on studs at outside and on circular plate at break in roof4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,barn ,,no4 #d4 #ij ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,few ,,dairy ,,barns ,,with ,,sufficient ,,light2 ,,same ,,scale ,,as ,,drawing ,,on ,,page #cg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,silo ,,in ,,center ,,of ,,barn ,,no4 #d2 ,,upper ,,portion ,,in ,,hay ,,loft4 ,,lower ,,portion ,,in ,,cow ,,stable4 ,siding1 #h-;inch drop siding1 put on horizontally1 nailed with #aj;d nails4 ,ends holding well4 ,windows1 #ab light1 #aj x #ab glass2 one window every six feet4 ,this gives an abundance of light in the center of the barn4 ,doors1 built on circle2 7not satisfactory74 ,silo1 round2 diameter1 #bd feet over all2 height1 #ec feet1 exclusive of #ab-;foot space for water tank on top2 capacity1 #ejj tons4 ,studs of silo1 #b x #ds placed #ab inches on center4 ,ceiled inside of studs with two thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,interior ,,of ,,barn ,,no4 #d1 ,,showing ,,stalls ,,and ,,feed ,,alley4 ,remarks3 ,considering its size1 the construction of this barn is apparently too light to be substantial1 as the joists and studs are too small and too far apart1 yet it has stood for nine years with no more evidence of wear than is common with any barn4 ,were the owner to build again he would place the studs only #b-a_/b feet apart and use #b x #ab joists1 #b-a_/b feet apart at the outside wall4 ,he would also use cement plaster on inside of silo4 ,the owner says it would have cost him as much to have built a rectangular barn without the #ejj-ton silo1 and containing #acjj sq4 ft4 less floor space4 ,in other words1 he gained a #ejj-ton silo and #acjj sq4 ft4 of floor space1 besides an immense amount of mow room1 by building a circular barn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,cow ,,stable ,,in ,,barn ,,no4 #d1 #ij ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,two ,,rows ,,of ,,cows ,,headed ,,together4 ,,barn ,,no4 #e ,built in #aijf4 ,diameter1 #ajj feet4 ,capacity1 #aae cows4 ,cost1 #cdjj4 ,studding1 #af-;foot #b x #fs1 placed #c feet on centers4 ,supports1 #c rows #d x #ds4 ,joists1 #b x #ajs1 placed #c feet on centers4 ,hemlock and yellow pine4 ,floor1 laid in eight directions4 ,rafters1 #b x #fs spiked to studs4 ,a band of two #a x #fs is placed around the studs just below the rafters1 and helps support the rafters4 ,supports for roof4 ,there are three purline plates4 ,two of these are supported by posts1 the other by braces running out from the silo4 ,the roof is straight from eaves to peak4 ,the bracing is similar to that of barn ,no4 #d4 ,silo1 #ah feet in diameter1 #ef feet deep1 #b feet in ground4 ,capacity1 #cej tons4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,barn #ib ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,two ,,rows ,,of ,,cows ,,headed ,,together2 ,,silo ,,in ,,center4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,view ,,of #gj-;,,foot ,,self-,,supporting ,,roof ,,on ,,barn ,,shown ,,in ,,fig4 #cf2 ,,note ,,hoops ,,on ,,studs ,,in ,,right ,,foreground4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,barn #gj ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,frame ,,hooped ,,for ,,perpendicular ,,siding2 ,,lower ,,section ,,sided4 ,,the ,,small ,,dairyman',s ,,barn ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,barn #dj ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,barn #dh ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter1 #af-;,,foot ,,posts2 ,,note ,,method ,,of ,,taking ,,hay ,,into ,,small ,,round ,,barn4 ,the round barns previously described do not meet the needs of the man with only a few cows4 ,he usually wants a general-purpose barn4 ,the circular form can be made satisfactory for this purpose if proper attention is given to the plan4 ,it is necessary that the cow stable be distinctly separated from all other stock by a tight wall4 ,round barns with this arrangement are giving satisfaction in ,illinois at the present time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,showing ,,construction ,,of ,,barn ,,in ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,hoops ,,in ,,place ,,ready ,,for ,,perpendicular ,,siding2 ,,roof ,,sheathed ,,for ,,shingles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,barn #ajb ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter ,,and #he ,,feet ,,high4 ,,disadvantages ,,of ,,the ,,polygonal ,,barn4 ,a polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the round barn1 and is less stable than either4 ,it must necessarily have a heavy frame1 which is expensive1 and as the siding cannot run around the corners1 it is very difficult to tie the different sides together sufficiently to prevent the barn being racked by the wind4 ,,barn ,,no4 #f #af-sided4 ,built1 #ahhh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,barn ,,no4 #f2 #he ,,feet ,,in ,,diameter2 ,,same ,,scale ,,as ,,drawing ,,on ,,opposite ,,page4 ,diameter1 #he feet4 ,height1 #bf-;foot posts on #i-;foot wall4 ,capacity1 #hh cows2 #cej tons of hay4 ,foundation and first story1 cement wall #i feet above cement floor4 ,supports1 #d x #hs1 placed just back of stanchions1 #c feet on center4 ,studs1 #b x #ajs1 #bf feet long1 placed #b-a_/b feet on center4 ,joists #c x #abs1 #bj feet long1 #ad inches on center for main span4 ,rafters1 self-supporting4 ,sheathed with #a x #fs with no space between4 ,this roof has a purline plate thrown in the gambrel4 ,the plate is supported only by the braces which tie the joints4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,cow ,,stable ,,in ,,barn ,,no4 #f4 ,the barn has been racked three times by the wind1 replumbed and heavy iron rods put in to brace it1 yet it is out of plumb at the present time4 ,,conclusions ,in summing up the data given in this bulletin1 it is obvious that the advantages of the round barn are convenience1 strength1 and cheapness4 ,the round barn is the more convenient1 because of the unobstructed mow1 which reduces the labor required in mowing hay1 and because of the greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be gotten to the cows1 owing to the central location of the supply4 ,the circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of the lineal strength of the lumber4 ,all exposed surfaces are circular1 and withstand greater wind pressure1 as the wind can get no direct hold1 as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn4 ,in round numbers1 rectangular barns require1 according to their construction1 from #cd to #eh percent more in cost of material than round barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of material4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber ,,notes3 ,punctuation has been normalized without note4 ,hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent throughout the text4 ,page #f3 betwen changed to between 7midway between the silo and the outside wall74