,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s & ,pd = p>tial diff]5tial symbol4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,guadalquivir3 ,"h x =ms two subsidi>y *annels1 ! we/]n #ca m41 ! ea/]n #ab m4 long1 :i* rejo9 ! ma9 /ream on ! bord]s ( ! prov9ce ( ,cadiz4 'm4' am5d$ f ',m4'4 ,,article ,,guanajuato3 444 ,w4 ( ,guanajuato 9 a ri* m9+ di/rict2 & ,acamb>o 7#hcde71 a prosp]\s t[n ( ! pla91 #gf m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,guanajuato4 ',guanajuato' am5d$ f ',guanaiuato'4 ,,article ,,gu>antee3 ,! ,egyptian codes sanction gu>antees expressly ent]$ into '9 view ( debtor's want ( legal capacity' to contract a valid pr9cipal obligation 7,egyptian ,codes1 ,mix$ ,suits1 #fje2 ,native ,tribunals1 #dif74 ',egyptian' am5d$ f ',egypta9'4 ,,article ,,gu9ea ,,f[l3 ,alli$ to ! g5us ,numida1 b readily di/+ui%$ =m among o!r *>act]s by ! possession ( spurs & ! abs5ce ( a helmet1 are two v r>e =ms 444 '=m' am5d$ f '!re=m'4 ,,article ,,guipuzcoa3 ,! pr9cipal indu/rial c5tres are ,irun1 ,r5t]ia1 ,villabona1 ,v]g>a & ,azpeitia = cotton & l95 /uffs2 ,zum>raga = osi]s2 ,eib>1 ,plas5cia & ,elgoib> = arms & cannon & gold incru/ations2 444 'osi]s' am5d$ f 'osies'4 ,,article ,,gutzk[1 ,,k>l ,,f]d9&3 ,! success ( ,die ,ritt] vom ,gei/e sugge/$ to ,gutzk[ ! e/abli%m5t ( a j\rnal on ! model ( ,dick5s' ,h\sehold ,words1 entitl$ ,unt]haltung5 am hausli*5 ,h]d1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #aheb & 0 cont9u$ till #ahfb4 ,dick5s' am5d$ f ,dick5's4 ,,article ,,guy ,,( ,,w>wick3 444 ,! ,tragical ,hi/ory1 ,admirable ,a*ievem5ts & ,curi\s ,ev5ts ( ,guy1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick 444 ',a*ievem5ts' am5d$ f ',at*ievem5ts'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xii1 ,,slice ,,vi ,gr\ps1 ,!ory ( to ,gwyniad ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,gr\ps1 ,,!ory ,,( ,,guidiccioni1 ,,giovanni ,,gr\se ,,guido ,,( ,,arezzo ,,grove1 ,,sir ,,george ,,guido ,,( ,,si5a ,,grove1 ,,sir ,,william ,,rob]t ,,guido ,,r5i ,,grove ,,gui5ne ,,groznyi ,,guignes1 ,,joseph ,,de ,,grub ,,guilb]t1 ,,yvette ,,grub]1 ,,johann ,,gottfri$ ,,guild=d ,,grumba*1 ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,guildhall ,,grum5tum ,,guil=d1 ,,b>ons ,,& ,,e>ls ,,( ,,grun ,,guil=d ,,grunb]g ,,guillaume1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,claude ,,eug5e ,,grundtvig1 ,,nikolai ,,sev]9 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,lorris ,,grundy1 ,,sydney ,,guillaume ,,de ,,pal]me ,,grundy1 ,,mrs ,,guillaume ,d',,orange ,,grun]1 ,,gottlieb ,,sigmund ,,guillemot ,,grunewald1 ,,ma?ias ,,guillo*e ,,grut]1 ,,jan ,,guillon1 ,,m>ie ,,nicolas ,,sylve/re ,,gruy]e ,,guillot9e ,,grynaeus1 ,,johann ,,jakob ,,guilt ,,grynaeus1 ,,simon ,,guim>aes ,,gryphius1 ,,&reas ,,guim>d1 ,,m>ie ,,madele9e ,,gua*>o ,,guimet1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,guaco ,,gu9ea 7,africa7 ,,guadalaj>a 7city ( ,mexico7 ,,gu9ea 7gold co97 ,,guadalaj>a 7prov9ce ( ,spa97 ,,gu9ea ,,f[l ,,guadalaj>a 7city ( ,spa97 ,,gu9ea-,,worm ,,guadalquivir ,,gu9es ,,guadel\pe ,,gu+amp ,,guadet1 ,,m>gu]ite ,,elie ,,gu9ness ,,guadiana ,,gu9obatan ,,guadix ,,guipuzcoa ,,guaduas ,,guiraud1 ,,erne/ ,,guaiacum ,,guisbor\gh ,,gualdo ,,tad9o ,,guise ,,gualeguay ,,guise1 ,,h\se ,,( ,,gualeguay*u ,,guit> ,,gualo1 ,,c>d9al ,,guit> ,,fiddle ,,guam ,,guitry1 ,,luci5 ,,g]ma9 ,,guan ,,guizot1 ,,francois ,,pi]re ,,guillaume ,,guanabacoa ,,guj>at ,,guanaco ,,guj>ati & ,,raja/hani ,,guanajay ,,gujranwala ,,guanajuato 7/ate ( ,mexico7 ,,gujrat ,,guanajuato 7city ( ,mexico7 ,,gula ,,guan*es ,,gulb>ga ,,guanid9e ,,gulf ,,/ream ,,guano ,,gulfwe$ ,,guanta ,,gull1 ,,sir ,,william ,,)ey ,,guantanamo ,,gull ,,gu>ana ,,gully1 ,,john ,,gu>anis ,,gulpaigan ,,gu>antee ,,gum ,,gu>at+ueta ,,gumbel1 ,,k>l ,,wilhelm ,,von ,,gu>da ,,gumb9n5 ,,gu>di1 ,,francesco ,,gumbo ,,gu>dian ,,gumti ,,gu>ds1 & ,,h\sehold ,,troops ,,gumulj9a ,,gu>d-,,%ip ,,gumus ,,gu>ico ,,gumu%-,,khaneh ,,gu>i5to ,,gun ,,gu>9i1 ,,camillo-,,gu>9o ,,guna ,,gu>9i1 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a ,,guncotton ,,gu>9o ,,gunduli*1 ,,ivan ,,gu>9o ,,gu>9us ,,da ,,v]ona ,,gung',l1 ,,josef ,,gu>ni]i ,,gunn] ,,gua/alla ,,gunn+1 ,,pet] ,,guatemala 7republic7 ,,gunny ,,guatemala 7city ( ,guatemala7 ,,gunp[d] ,,guatos ,,gunp[d] ,,plot ,,guatusos ,,gun-,,room ,,guava ,,gunt]1 ,,edmund ,,guayama ,,gun!r1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian ,,guayaquil ,,gun!r ,,( ,,s*w>zburg ,,guayas ,,guntram ,,guaycurus ,,guntur ,,guaymas ,,gupta ,,gubbio ,,gura1 ,,eug5 ,,gub5 ,,gurdaspur ,,gub]natis1 ,,angelo ,,de ,,gurgaon ,,gudbr&sdal ,,gurkha ,,gude1 ,,m>qu>d ,,gurnall1 ,,william ,,gudeman1 ,,alfr$ ,,gurn>d ,,gudgeon ,,gurney ,,gudrun ,,gurney1 ,,edmund ,,guebriant1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,budes ,,gurwood1 ,,john ,,gueld] ,,rose ,,gusla ,,guelph ,,gu/avus ,i4 ,,eriksson ,,guelphs ,,& ,,ghibell9es ,,gu/avus ,,ii4 ,,adolphus ,,gu5ev]e ,,gu/avus ,,iii4 ,,gu5on ,,gu/avus ,,iv4 ,,gu]et ,,gu/avus ,v4 ,,gu]eza ,,gu/avus ,,adolphus ,,union ,,gu]icke1 ,,he9ri* ,,f]d9& ,,gu/r[ ,,gu]icke1 ,,otto ,,von ,,gut5b]g1 ,,johann ,,gu]idon ,,gut]sloh ,,gu]91 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,paul9 ,,gu?rie1 ,,sir ,,james ,,gu]91 ,,pi]re ,,n>cisse ,,gu?rie1 ,,?omas ,,gu]9 ,,du ,,cayla1 ,,maurice ,,de ,,gu?rie1 ,,?omas ,,an/ey ,,gu]ni]i ,,gu?rie ,,gu]nsey ,,gu?rum ,,gu]razzi1 ,,francesco ,,dom5ico ,,guts*mid1 ,,alfr$ ,,gu]r]o ,,guts-,,mu?s1 ,,johann ,,*ri/oph ,,fri$ri* ,,gu]rilla ,,gutta ,,gu]r9i1 ,,ol9do ,,gutta ,,p]*a ,,guesde1 ,,jules ,,basile ,,gutt] ,,gue/1 ,,edw9 ,,gutzk[1 ,,k>l ,,f]d9& ,,gue/ ,,gutzlaff1 ,,k>l ,,fri$ri* ,,augu/ ,,guett>d1 ,,jean ,,eti5ne ,,guy ,,( ,,w>wick ,,gueux1 ,,les ,,guy1 ,,?omas ,,guev>a1 ,,antonio ,,de ,,guyon1 ,,jeanne ,,b\vi] ,,de ,,la ,,mo! ,,guev>a1 ,,luis ,,velez ,,de ,,guyon1 ,,ri*>d ,,debaufre ,,guglielmi1 ,,pietro ,,guyot1 ,,arnold ,,h5ry ,,guiana ,,guyot1 ,,yves ,,gui>t1 ,,guillaume ,,guyton ,,de ,,morveau1 ,,l\is ,,b]n>d ,,guib]t 7( ,rav5na7 ,,guzmics1 ,,izidor ,,guib]t 7( ,nog5t7 ,,gwad> ,,guib]t1 ,,jacques ,,hippolyte ,,gwalior ,,guicci>d9i1 ,,francesco ,,gwe$ore ,,gui*>d1 ,,k>l ,,gottlieb ,,gwilt1 ,,joseph ,,gui*51 ,,luc ,,urba9 ,,de ,,b\exic ,,gwyn1 ,,nell ,,guide ,,gwyniad ,,guidi1 ,,c>lo ,,aless&ro ,,gr\ps1#a ,,!ory ,,(4 ,! conception ( an op]ation to be c>ri$ out on "s object or set ( objects und]lies all ma!matical sci5ce4 ,?us 9 elem5t>y ari?metic !re are ! fundam5tal op]ations ( ! addition & ! multiplication ( integ]s2 9 algebra a l9e> trans=mation is an op]ation :i* may be c>ri$ out on any set ( v>iables2 :ile 9 geometry a translation1 a rotation1 or a projective trans=mation are op]ations :i* may be c>ri$ out on any figure4 ,9 speak+ ( an op]ation1 an object or a set ( objects to :i* x may be appli$ is po/ulat$2 & ! op]ation may1 & g5]ally w1 h no mean+ except 9 reg>d to su* a set ( objects4 ,if two op]ations1 :i* c be p]=m$ on ! same set ( objects1 are su* t1 :5 c>ri$ out 9 succession on any possible object1 ! result1 :i*ev] op]ation is p]=m$ fir/1 is to produce no *ange 9 ! object1 !n ea* ( ! op]ations is spok5 ( z a def9ite op]ation1 & ea* ( !m is call$ ! inv]se ( ! o!r4 ,?us ! op]ations :i* consi/ 9 replac+ x by nx & by x_/n respectively1 9 any rational function ( x1 are def9ite inv]se op]ations1 if n is any assign$ numb] except z]o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! op]ation ( replac+ x by an assign$ numb] 9 any rational function ( x is n1 9 ! pres5t s5se1 al?\gh x leads to a unique result1 a def9ite op]ation2 !re is 9 fact no unique inv]se op]ation correspond+ to x4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! "q :e!r an op]ation is a def9ite op]ation or no may dep5d on ! range ( ! objects on :i* x op]ates4 ,= example1 ! op]ations ( squ>+ & extract+ ! squ>e root are def9ite inv]se op]ations if ! objects are re/rict$ to be real positive numb]s1 b n o!rwise4 ,if ,o1 ,o'1 ,o1 444 is ! totality ( ! objects on :i* a def9ite op]ation ,s & its inv]se ,s' may be c>ri$ out1 & if ! result ( c>ry+ out ,s on ,o is repres5t$ by ,o4,s1 !n ,o4,s4,s'1 ,o4,s'4,s1 & ,o are ! same object :atev] object ( ! set ,o may be4 ,?is w be repres5t$ by ! equations ,,ss' ,s',s #a4 ,n[ ,o4,s4,s' has a mean+ only if ,o4,s is an object on :i* ,s' may be p]=m$4 ,h5ce :atev] object ( ! set ,o may be1 bo? ,o4,s & ,o4,s' belong to ! set4 ,simil>ly ,o4,s4,s1 ,o4,s4,s4,s1 444 are objects ( ! set4 ,^! w be repres5t$ by ,o4,s#b1 ,o4,s#c1 444 ,suppose n[ t ,t is ano!r def9ite op]ation ) ! same set ( objects z ,s1 & t ,t' is its inv]se op]ation4 ,!n ,o4,s4,t is a def9ite op]ation ( ! set1 & !re=e ! result ( c>ry+ out ,s & !n ,t on ! set ( objects is "s op]ation ,u ) a unique result4 ,repres5t by ,u' ! result ( c>ry+ out ,t' & !n ,s'4 ,!n ,o4,,uu' ,o4,s4,t4,t'4,s' ,o4,,ss' ,o1 & ,o4,u',u ,o4,t'4,s'4,s4,t ,o4,t',t ,o1 :atev] object ,o may be4 ,h5ce ,,uu' ,u',u #a2 & ,u1 ,u' are def9ite inv]se op]ations4 ,if ,s1 ,u1 ,v are def9ite op]ations1 & if ,s' is ! inv]se ( ,s1 !n ,,su ,,sv implies ,s',,su ,s',,sv1 or ,u ,v4 ,simil>ly ,,u ,,vs implies ,u ,v4 ,def9ition ( a gr\p4 ,let ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 444 be a set ( def9ite op]ations1 capable ( be+ c>ri$ out on a common object or set ( objects1 & let ! set conta9-- 7i47 ! op]ation ,,/1 ,s & ,t be+ any two op]ations ( ! set2 7ii47 ! inv]se op]ation ( ,s1 ,s be+ any op]ation ( ! set2 ! set ( op]ations is !n call$ a gr\p4 ,! numb] ( op]ations 9 a gr\p may be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite4 ,:5 x is f9ite1 ! numb] is call$ ! ord] ( ! gr\p1 & ! gr\p is spok5 ( z a gr\p ( f9ite ord]4 ,if ! numb] ( op]ations is inf9ite1 !re are ?ree possible cases4 ,:5 ! gr\p is repres5t$ by a set ( geometrical op]ations1 = ! specification ( an individual op]ation a numb] ( measurem5ts w be necess>y4 ,9 m analytical language1 ea* op]ation w be specifi$ by ! values ( a set ( p>amet]s4 ,if no "o ( ^! p>amet]s is capable ( cont9u\s v>iation1 ! gr\p is call$ a discont9u\s gr\p4 ,if all ! p>amet]s are capable ( cont9u\s v>iation1 ! gr\p is call$ a cont9u\s gr\p4 ,if "s ( ! p>amet]s are capable ( cont9u\s v>iation & "s are n1 ! gr\p is call$ a mix$ gr\p4 ,if ,s' is ! inv]se op]ation ( ,s1 a gr\p :i* conta9s ,s mu/ conta9 ,,ss'1 :i* produces no *ange on any possible object4 ,?is is call$ ! id5tical op]ation1 & w always be repres5t$ by ,i4 ,s9ce ,sp,sq ,s7pq7 :5 p & q are positive integ]s1 & ,sp,s' ,s7p-#a7 :ile no mean+ at pres5t has be5 atta*$ to ,sq :5 q is negative1 ,s' may be consi/5tly repres5t$ by ,s7-#a74 ,! set ( op]ations 4441 ,s7-#b71 ,s7-#a71 #a1 ,s1 ,s#b1 444 obvi\sly con/itute a gr\p4 ,su* a gr\p is call$ a cyclical gr\p4 ,subgr\ps1 conjugate op]ations1 isomorphism1 c4 ,x w be conv5i5t1 be=e giv+ "s illu/rations ( ! g5]al gr\p idea1 to add a numb] ( fur!r def9itions & explanations :i* apply to all gr\ps alike4 ,if f among ! set ( op]ations ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 444 :i* con/itute a gr\p ,g1 a small] set ,s'1 ,t'1 ,u'1 444 c be *os5 :i* !mselves con/itute a gr\p ,h1 ! gr\p ,h is call$ a subgr\p ( ,g4 ,?us1 9 p>ticul>1 if ,s is an op]ation ( ,g1 ! cyclical gr\p con/itut$ by 4441 ,s7-#b71 ,s7-#a71 #a1 ,s1 ,s#b1 444 is a subgr\p ( ,g1 except 9 ! special case :5 x co9cides ) ,g itself4 ,if ,s & ,t are any two op]ations ( ,g1 ! two op]ations ,s & ,t7-#a7,,/ are call$ conjugate op]ations1 & ,t7-#a7,,/ is spok5 ( z ! result ( trans=m+ ,s by ,t4 ,x is to be not$ t s9ce ,,/ ,t7-#a71 ,,ts1 ,t1 ,,/ & ,,ts are always conjugate op]ations 9 any gr\p conta9+ bo? ,s & ,t4 ,if ,t trans=ms ,s into itself1 t is1 if ,s ,t7-#a7,,/ or ,,ts ,,/1 ,s & ,t are call$ p]mutable op]ations4 ,a gr\p ^: op]ations are all p]mutable ) ea* o!r is call$ an ,abelian gr\p4 ,if ,s is trans=m$ into itself by e op]ation ( ,g1 or1 9 o!r words1 if x is p]mutable ) e op]ation ( ,g1 x is call$ a self-conjugate op]ation ( ,g4 ,! conception ( op]ations be+ conjugate to ea* o!r is ext5d$ to subgr\ps4 ,if ,s'1 ,t'1 ,u'1 444 are ! op]ations ( a subgr\p ,h1 & if ,r is any op]ation ( ,g1 !n ! op]ations ,r7-#a7,s',r1 ,r7-#a7,t',r1 ,r7-#a7,u',r1 444 belong to ,g1 & con/itute a subgr\p ( ,g4 ,= if ,s',t' ,u'1 !n ,r7-#a7,s',r4,r7-#a7,t',r ,r7-#a7,s',t',r ,r7-#a7,u',r4 ,?is subgr\p may be id5tical ) ,h4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is necess>ily ! same z ,h if ,r belongs to ,h4 ,if x is n id5tical ) ,h1 x is said to be conjugate to ,h2 & x is 9 any case repres5t$ by ! symbol ,r7-#a7;,,hr4 ,if ,h ,r7-#a7;,,hr1 ! op]ation ,r is said to be p]mutable ) ! subgr\p ,h4 7,x is to be notic$ t ?is does n imply t ,r is p]mutable ) ea* op]ation ( ,h47 ,if ,h ,r7-#a7;,,hr1 :5 = ,r is tak5 9 turn ea* ( ! op]ations ( ,g1 !n ,h is call$ a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g4 ,a gr\p is spok5 ( z simple :5 x has no self-conjugate subgr\p o!r ?an t con/itut$ by ! id5tical op]ation alone4 ,a gr\p :i* has a self-conjugate subgr\p is call$ composite4 ,let ,g be a gr\p con/itut$ ( ! op]ations ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 4441 & g a second gr\p con/itut$ ( s1 t1 u1 4441 & suppose t to ea* op]ation ( ,g !re corresponds a s+le op]ation ( g 9 su* a way t if ,,/ ,u1 !n / u1 :]e s1 t1 u are ! op]ations correspond+ to ,s1 ,t1 ,u respectively4 ,! gr\ps are !n said to be isomorphic1 & ! correspond5ce betwe5 _! op]ations is spok5 ( z an isomorphism betwe5 ! gr\ps4 ,x is cle> t !re may be two di/9ct cases ( su* isomorphism4 ,to a s+le op]ation ( g !re may correspond ei!r a s+le op]ation ( ,g or m ?an "o4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! isomorphism is spok5 ( z simple1 9 ! second z multiple4 ,two simply isomorphic gr\ps consid]$ ab/ractly--t is to say1 9 reg>d only to ! way 9 :i* _! op]ations comb9e among !mselves1 & ap>t f any concrete repres5tation ( ! op]ations--are cle>ly indi/+ui%able4 ,if ,g is multiply isomorphic ) g1 let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 444 be ! op]ations ( ,g :i* correspond to ! id5tical op]ation ( g4 ,!n to ! op]ations ,a7-#a7 & ,,ab ( ,g !re corresponds ! id5tical op]ation ( g2 s t ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 444 con/itute a subgr\p ,h ( ,g4 ,moreov]1 if ,r is any op]ation ( ,g1 ! id5tical op]ation ( g corresponds to e op]ation ( ,r7-#a7;,,hr1 & !re=e ,h is a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g4 ,s9ce ,s corresponds to s1 & e op]ation ( ,h to ! id5tical op]ation ( g1 !re=e e op]ation ( ! set ,,sa1 ,,sb1 ,,sc1 4441 :i* is repres5t$ by ,,%1 corresponds to s4 ,also ^! are ! only op]ations t correspond to s4 ,! op]ations ( ,g may !re=e be divid$ into sets1 no two ( :i* conta9 a common op]ation1 su* t ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! op]ations ( ,g & g connects ea* ( ! sets ,h1 ,,%1 ,,?1 ,,uh1 444 ) ! s+le op]ations #a1 s1 t1 u1 444 writt5 bel[ !m4 ,! sets into :i* ! op]ations ( ,g are ?us divid$ comb9e among !mselves by exactly ! same laws z ! op]ations ( g4 ,= if / u1 !n ,,%4,,? ,,uh1 9 ! s5se t any op]ation ( ! set ,,% foll[$ by any op]ation ( ! set ,,? gives an op]ation ( ! set ,,uh4 ,! gr\p g1 ab/ractly consid]$1 is !re=e completely def9$ by ! division ( ! op]ations ( ,g into sets 9 respect ( ! self-conjugate subgr\p ,h4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is spok5 ( z ! factor-gr\p ( ,g 9 respect ( ,h1 & is repres5t$ by ! symbol ,g_/,h4 ,any composite gr\p 9 a simil> way def9es ab/ractly a factor-gr\p 9 respect ( ea* ( its self-conjugate subgr\ps4 ,x foll[s f ! def9ition ( a gr\p t x mu/ always be possible to *oose f its op]ations a set su* t e op]ation ( ! gr\p c be obta9$ by comb9+ ! op]ations ( ! set & _! inv]ses4 ,if ! set is su* t no "o ( ! op]ations belong+ to x c be repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( ! o!rs1 x is call$ a set ( indep5d5t g5]at+ op]ations4 ,su* a set ( g5]at+ op]ations may be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,if ,a1 ,b1 4441 ,e are ! g5]at+ op]ations ( a gr\p1 ! gr\p g5]at$ by !m is repres5t$ by ! symbol ,a1 ,b1 4441 ,e4 ,an obvi\s ext5sion ( ?is symbol is us$ su* t ,a1 ,h repres5ts ! gr\p g5]at$ by comb9+ an op]ation ,a ) e op]ation ( a gr\p ,h2 ,h#a1 ,h#b repres5ts ! gr\p obta9$ by comb9+ 9 all possible ways ! op]ations ( ! gr\ps ,h#a & ,h#b2 & s on4 ,! indep5d5t g5]at+ op]ations ( a gr\p may be subject to c]ta9 relations connect+ !m1 b ^! mu/ be su* t x is impossible by comb9+ !m to obta9 a relation express+ "o op]ation 9 t]ms ( ! o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 ,,ab ,,ba is a relation condition+ ! gr\p ,a1 ,b2 x does n1 h[ev]1 enable ,a to be express$ 9 t]ms ( ,b1 s t ,a & ,b are indep5d5t g5]at+ op]ations4 ,transitivity & primitivity4 ,let ,o1 ,o'1 ,o1 444 be a set ( objects :i* are int]*ang$ among !mselves by ! op]ations ( a gr\p ,g1 s t if ,s is any op]ation ( ! gr\p1 & ,o any "o ( ! objects1 !n ,o4,s is an object occurr+ 9 ! set4 ,if x is possible to f9d an op]ation ,s ( ! gr\p su* t ,o4,s is any assign$ "o ( ! set ( objects1 ! gr\p is call$ transitive 9 respect ( ?is set ( objects4 ,:5 ?is is n possible ! gr\p is call$ intransitive 9 respect ( ! set4 ,if x is possible to f9d ,s s t any arbitr>ily *os5 n objects ( ! set1 ,o#a1 ,o#b1 4441 ,on are *ang$ by ,s into ,o'#a1 ,o'#b1 4441 ,o'n respectively1 ! latt] be+ also arbitr>ily *os51 ! gr\p is said to be n-ply transitive4 ,if ,o1 ,o'1 ,o1 444 is a set ( objects 9 respect ( :i* a gr\p ,g is transitive1 x may be possible to divide ! set into a numb] ( subsets1 no two ( :i* conta9 a common object1 su* t e op]ation ( ! gr\p ei!r int]*anges ! objects ( a subset among !mselves1 or *anges !m all into ! objects ( "s o!r subset4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! gr\p is call$ imprimitive 9 respect ( ! set2 o!rwise ! gr\p is call$ primitive4 ,a gr\p :i* is d\bly-transitive1 9 respect ( a set ( objects1 obvi\sly _c be imprimitive4 ,illu/rations ( ! gr\p idea4 ,! =ego+ g5]al def9itions & explanations w n[ be illu/rat$ by a consid]ation ( c]ta9 p>ticul> gr\ps4 ,to beg9 )1 z ! op]ations involv$ are ( ! mo/ famili> nature1 ! gr\p ( rational ari?metic may be consid]$4 ,! fundam5tal op]ations ( elem5t>y ari?metic consi/ 9 ! addition & subtraction ( integ]s1 & multiplication & division by integ]s1 division by z]o alone omitt$4 ,multiplication by z]o is n a def9ite op]ation1 & x mu/ !re=e be omitt$ 9 deal+ ) ^? op]ations ( elem5t>y ari?metic :i* =m a gr\p4 ,! op]ation t results f c>ry+ out additions1 subtractions1 multiplications & divisions1 ( & by integ]s a f9ite numb] ( times1 is repres5t$ by ! relation x' ax b1 :]e a & b are rational numb]s ( :i* a is n z]o1 x is ! object ( ! op]ation1 & x' is ! result4 ,! totality ( op]ations ( ?is =m obvi\sly con/itutes a gr\p4 ,if ,s & ,t repres5t respectively ! op]ations x' ax b & x' cx d1 !n ,t7-#a7,,/ repres5ts x' ax d - ad bc4 ,:5 a & b are giv5 rational numb]s1 c & d may be *os5 9 an inf9ite numb] ( ways z rational numb]s1 s t d - ad bc %all be any assign$ rational numb]4 ,h5ce ! op]ations giv5 by x' ax b1 :]e a is an assign$ rational numb] & b is any rational numb]1 are all conjugate2 & no two su* op]ations = :i* ! a's are diff]5t c be conjugate4 ,if a is unity & b z]o1 ,s is ! id5tical op]ation :i* is necess>ily self-conjugate4 ,if a is unity & b diff]5t f z]o1 ! op]ation x' x b is an addition4 ,! totality ( additions =ms1 !re=e1 a s+le conjugate set ( op]ations4 ,moreov]1 ! totality ( additions ) ! id5tical op]ation1 i4e4 ! totality ( op]ations ( ! =m x' x b1 :]e b may be any rational numb] or z]o1 obvi\sly con/itutes a gr\p4 ,! op]ations ( ?is gr\p are int]*ang$ among !mselves :5 trans=m$ by any op]ation ( ! orig9al gr\p4 ,x is !re=e a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ! orig9al gr\p4 ,! totality ( multiplications1 ) ! id5tical op]ation1 i4e4 all op]ations ( ! =m x' ax1 :]e a is any rational numb] o!r ?an z]o1 aga9 obvi\sly con/itutes a gr\p4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ! orig9al gr\p4 ,9 fact1 if ! op]ations x' ax are all trans=m$ by x' cx d1 !y give rise to ! set x' ax d7#a - a74 ,:5 d is a giv5 rational numb]1 ! set con/itutes a subgr\p :i* is conjugate to ! gr\p ( multiplications4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! op]ations ( ?is latt] subgr\p may be writt5 9 ! =m x' - d a7x - d74 ,! totality ( rational numb]s1 includ+ z]o1 =ms a set ( objects :i* are int]*ang$ among !mselves by all op]ations ( ! gr\p4 ,if x#a & x#b are any pair ( di/9ct rational numb]s1 & y#a & y#b any o!r pair1 !re is j "o op]ation ( ! gr\p :i* *anges x#a & x#b into y#a & y#b respectively4 ,= ! equations y#a ax#a b1 y#a ax#b b det]m9e a & b uniquely4 ,! gr\p is !re=e d\bly transitive 9 respect ( ! set ( rational numb]s4 ,if ,h is ! subgr\p t leaves un*ang$ a giv5 rational numb] x#a1 & ,s an op]ation *ang+ x#a into x#b1 !n e op]ation ( ,s7-#a7;,,hs leaves x#b un*ang$4 ,! subgr\ps1 ea* ( :i* leaves a s+le rational numb] un*ang$1 !re=e =m a s+le conjugate set4 ,! gr\p ( multiplications leaves z]o un*ang$2 &1 z has be5 se51 ?is is conjugate ) ! subgr\p =m$ ( all op]ations x' - d a7x - d71 :]e d is a giv5 rational numb]4 ,?is subgr\p leaves d un*ang$4 ,! gr\p ( multiplications is cle>ly g5]at$ by ! op]ations x' px1 :]e = p negative unity & ea* prime is tak5 9 turn4 ,e addition is obta9$ on trans=m+ x' x #a by ! diff]5t op]ations ( ! gr\p ( multiplications4 ,h5ce x' x #a1 & x' px1 7p -#a1 #c1 #e1 #g1 44471 =m a set ( indep5d5t g5]at+ op]ations ( ! gr\p4 ,x is a discont9u\s gr\p4 ,z a second example ! gr\p ( motions 9 ?ree-dim5sional space w be consid]$4 ,! totality ( motions1 i4e4 ( space displacem5ts :i* leave ! di/ance ( e pair ( po9ts unalt]$1 obvi\sly con/itutes a set ( op]ations :i* satisfies ! gr\p def9ition4 ,f ! elem5ts ( k9ematics x is kn[n t e motion is ei!r 7i47 a translation :i* leaves no po9t unalt]$1 b *anges ea* ( a set ( p>allel l9es into itself2 or 7ii47 a rotation :i* leaves e po9t ( "o l9e unalt]$ & *anges e o!r po9t & l9e2 or 7iii47 a twi/ :i* leaves no po9t & only "o l9e 7its axis7 unalt]$1 & may be reg>d$ z a translation along1 comb9$ ) a rotation r\nd1 ! axis4 ,let ,s be any motion consi/+ ( a translation l along & a rotation a r\nd a l9e ,,ab1 & let ,t be any o!r motion4 ,!re is "s l9e ,,cd into :i* ,t *anges ,,ab2 & !re=e ,t7-#a7,,/ leaves ,,cd un*ang$4 ,moreov]1 ,t7-#a7,,/ cle>ly effects ! same translation along & rotation r\nd ,,cd t ,s effects = ,,ab4 ,two motions1 !re=e1 are conjugate if & only if ! amplitudes ( _! translation & rotation compon5ts are respectively equal4 ,9 p>ticul>1 all translations ( equal amplitude are conjugate1 z also are all rotations ( equal amplitude4 ,any two translations are p]mutable ) ea* o!r1 & give :5 comb9$ ano!r translation4 ,! totality ( translations con/itutes1 !re=e1 a subgr\p ( ! g5]al gr\p ( motions2 & ?is subgr\p is a self-conjugate subgr\p1 s9ce a translation is always conjugate to a translation4 ,all ! po9ts ( space con/itute a set ( objects :i* are int]*ang$ among !mselves by all op]ations ( ! gr\p ( motions4 ,s also d all ! l9es ( space & all ! planes4 ,9 respect ( ea* ( ^! sets ! gr\p is simply transitive4 ,9 fact1 !re is an inf9ite numb] ( motions :i* *ange a po9t ,a to ,a'1 b no motion c *ange ,a & ,b to ,a' & ,b' respectively unless ! di/ance ,,ab is equal to ! di/ance ,a',b'4 ,! totality ( motions :i* leave a po9t ,a un*ang$ =ms a subgr\p4 ,x is cle>ly con/itut$ ( all possible rotations ab\t all possible axes ?r\gh ,a1 & is kn[n z ! gr\p ( rotations ab\t a po9t4 ,e motion c be repres5t$ z a rotation ab\t "s axis ?r\gh ,a foll[$ by a translation4 ,h5ce if ,g is ! gr\p ( motions & ,h ! gr\p ( translations1 ,g_/,h is simply isomorphic ) ! gr\p ( rotations ab\t a po9t4 ,! totality ( ! motions :i* br+ a giv5 solid to congru5ce ) itself aga9 con/itutes a subgr\p ( ! gr\p ( motions4 ,?is w 9 g5]al be ! trivial subgr\p =m$ ( ! id5tical op]ation above1 b may 9 ! case ( a symmetrical body be m ext5sive4 ,= a sph]e or a "r circul> cyl9d] ! subgr\ps are ^? t leave ! c5tre & ! axis respectively unalt]$4 ,= a solid b\nd$ by plane faces ! subgr\p is cle>ly "o ( f9ite ord]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 to ea* ( ! regul> solids !re corresponds su* a gr\p4 ,t = ! tetrah$ron has #ab = its ord]1 = ! cube 7or octah$ron7 #bd1 & = ! icosah$ron 7or dodecah$ron7 #fj4 ,! det]m9ation ( a p>ticul> op]ation ( ! gr\p ( motions involves six di/9ct measurem5ts2 namely1 f\r to give ! axis ( ! twi/1 "o = ! magnitude ( ! translation along ! axis1 & "o = ! magnitude ( ! rotation ab\t x4 ,ea* ( ! six quantities involv$ may h any value :atev]1 & ! gr\p ( motions is !re=e a cont9u\s gr\p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a subgr\p ( ! gr\p ( motions :i* leaves a l9e or a plane unalt]$ is a mix$ gr\p4 ,we %all n[ discuss 7i47 cont9u\s gr\ps1 7ii47 discont9u\s gr\ps ^: ord] is n f9ite1 & 7iii47 gr\ps ( f9ite ord]4 ,= pro(s ( ! /atem5ts1 & ! g5]al !orems1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! bibliography4 ,cont9u\s ,gr\ps4 ,! det]m9ation ( a p>ticul> op]ation ( a giv5 cont9u\s gr\p dep5ds on assign+ special values to ea* "o ( a set ( p>amet]s :i* are capable ( cont9u\s v>iation4 ,! fir/ di/9ction reg>ds ! numb] ( ^! p>amet]s4 ,if ?is numb] is f9ite1 ! gr\p is call$ a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p2 if inf9ite1 x is call$ an inf9ite cont9u\s gr\p4 ,9 ! latt] case arbitr>y functions mu/ appe> 9 ! equations def9+ ! op]ations ( ! gr\p :5 ^! are r$uc$ to an analytical =m4 ,! !ory ( inf9ite cont9u\s gr\ps is n yet s completely develop$ z t ( f9ite cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,! latt] !ory w ma9ly occupy u "h4 ,sophus ,lie1 to :om ! f\ndation & a great "p ( ! developm5t ( ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps are due1 und\bt$ly approa*$ ! subject f a geometrical /&po9t4 ,8 conception ( an op]ation is to reg>d x z a geometrical trans=mation1 by means ( :i* ea* po9t ( 7n-dim5sional7 space is *ang$ into "s o!r def9ite po9t4 ,! repres5tation ( su* a trans=mation 9 analytical =m involves a sy/em ( equations1 x's fs7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 express+ x'#a1 x'#b1 4441 x'n1 ! co-ord9ates ( ! trans=m$ po9t 9 t]ms ( x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn1 ! co-ord9ates ( ! orig9al po9t4 ,9 ^! equations ! functions fs are analytical functions ( _! argum5ts4 ,)9 a prop]ly limit$ region !y mu/ be "o-valu$1 & ! equations mu/ admit a unique solution ) respect to x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn1 s9ce ! op]ation w\ld n o!rwise be a def9ite "o4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! op]ations ( a cont9u\s gr\p1 :i* dep5ds on a set ( r p>amet]s1 w be def9$ analytically by a sy/em ( equations ( ! =m x's fs7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn2 a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 7i47 :]e a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar repres5t ! p>amet]s4 ,if ?is op]ation be repres5t$ by ,a1 & t 9 :i* b#a1 b#b1 4441 br are ! p>amet]s by ,b1 !n ! op]ation ,,ab is repres5t$ by ! elim9ation 7assum$ to be possible7 ( x'#a1 x'#b1 4441 x'n betwe5 ! equations 7i47 & ! equations xs fs7x'#a1 x'#b1 4441 x'n2 b#a1 b#b1 4441 br71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n74 ,s9ce ,,ab belongs to ! gr\p1 ! result ( ! elim9ation mu/ be xs fs7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn2 c#a1 c#b1 4441 cr71 :]e c#a1 c#b1 4441 cr repres5t ano!r def9ite set ( values ( ! p>amet]s4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ,a7-#a7 belongs to ! gr\p1 ! result ( solv+ equations 7i47 ) respect to x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn mu/ be xs fs7x'#a1 x'#b1 4441 x'n2 d#a1 d#b1 4441 dr71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n74 ,conv]sely1 if equations 7i47 are su* t ^! two conditions are satisfi$1 !y d 9 fact def9e a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p4 ,inf9itesimal op]ation ( a cont9u\s gr\p4 ,x w be assum$ t ! r p>amet]s :i* ent] 9 equations 7i47 are indep5d5t1 i4e4 t x is impossible to *oose r' 7 r7 quantities 9 t]ms ( :i* a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar c be express$4 ,:]e ?is is ! case ! gr\p w be spok5 ( z a gr\p ( ord] r4 ,lie uses ! t]m r-gli$rige ,gruppe4 ,x is to be notic$ t ! ^w ord] is us$ 9 q a diff]5t s5se f t giv5 to x 9 connexion ) gr\ps ( f9ite ord]4 ,9 reg>d to equations 7i471 :i* def9e ! g5]al op]ation ( ! gr\p1 x is to be notic$ t1 s9ce ! gr\p conta9s ! id5tical op]ation1 ^! equations mu/ = "s def9ite set ( values ( ! p>amet]s r$uce to x'#a x#a1 x'#b x#b1 4441 x'n xn4 ,?is set ( values may1 )\t loss ( g5]ality1 be assum$ to be simultane\s z]o values4 ,= if i#a1 i#b1 4441 ir be ! values ( ! p>amet]s :i* give ! id5tical op]ation1 & if we write as is a1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 r71 !n z]o values ( ! new p>amet]s a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar give ! id5tical op]ation4 ,to inf9itesimal values ( ! p>amet]s1 ?us *os51 w correspond op]ations :i* cause an inf9itesimal *ange 9 ea* ( ! v>iables4 ,^! are call$ inf9itesimal op]ations4 ,! mo/ g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p is t giv5 by ! sy/em ,pdfs ,pdfs ,pdfs x's - xs deltaxs --------- deltaa#a --------- deltaa#b 444 --------- deltaar1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 ,pda#a ,pda#b ,pdar :]e1 9 ,pdfs_/,pdai1 z]o values ( ! p>amet]s are to be tak54 ,s9ce a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar are indep5d5t1 ! ratios ( deltaa#a1 deltaa#b1 4441 deltaar are arbitr>y4 ,h5ce ! mo/ g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p may be writt5 9 ! =m _/ ,pdfs ,pdfs ,pdfs deltaxs 7 e#a--------- e#b--------- 444 er--------- 7 deltat1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 ,pda#a ,pda#b ,pdar _/ :]e e#a1 e#b1 4441 er are arbitr>y con/ants1 & deltat is an inf9itesimal4 ,if ,f7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn7 is any function ( ! v>iables1 & if an inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p be c>ri$ out on ! v>iables 9 ,f1 ! result+ increm5t ( ,f w be ,pd,f ,pd,f ,pd,f ------deltax#a ------deltax#b 444 -------deltaxn4 ,pdx#a ,pdx#b ,pdxn ,if ! diff]5tial op]ator ,pdf#a ,pd ,pdf#b ,pd ,pdfn ,pd -------- ------ -------- ------ 444 --------- ------- ,pdai ,pdx#a ,pdai ,pdx#b ,pdai ,pdxn be repres5t$ by ,xi1 7i #a1 #b1 4441 r71 !n ! increm5t ( ,f is giv5 by 7e#a,x#a e#b,x#b 444 er,xr7,fdeltat4 ,:5 ! equations 7i47 def9+ ! g5]al op]ation ( ! gr\p are giv51 ! coeffici5ts ,pdfs_/,pdai1 :i* ent] 9 ^! diff]5tial op]ators are functions ( ! v>iables :i* c be directly calculat$4 ,! diff]5tial op]ator e#a,x#a e#b,x#b 444 er,xr may !n be reg>d$ z def9+ ! mo/ g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,9 fact1 if x be = a mom5t repres5t$ by ,x1 !n 7#a deltat,x7,f is ! result ( c>ry+ out ! inf9itesimal op]ation on ,f2 & by putt+ x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn 9 turn = ,f1 ! actual inf9itesimal op]ation is reproduc$4 ,by a v conv5i5t1 ?\gh p]haps h>dly ju/ifiable1 phraseology ?is diff]5tial op]ator is itself spok5 ( z ! g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ?is phraseology is to be und]/ood w be made cle> by ! =ego+ explanations4 ,we suppose n[ t ! con/ants e#a1 e#b1 4441 er h assign$ values4 ,!n ! result ( repeat+ ! p>ticul> inf9itesimal op]ation e#a,x#a e#b,x#b 444 er,xr or ,x an inf9ite numb] ( times is "s f9ite op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,! effect ( ?is f9ite op]ation on ,f may be directly calculat$4 ,9 fact1 if deltat is ! inf9itesimal already introduc$1 !n d,f d#b;,f -- ,x4,f1 ---- ,x4,x4,f1 444 dt dt#b ,h5ce d,f t#b d#b;,f ,f' ,f t-- --- ---- 444 dt #a4b dt#b t#b ,f t,x4,f --- ,x4,x4,f 444 #a4b ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t 9 ?is analytical repres5tation ( ! effect ( ! f9ite op]ation on ,f x is impli$ t t is tak5 suffici5tly small to ensure ! conv]g5ce ( ! 79 g5]al7 inf9ite s]ies4 ,:5 x#a1 x#b1 444 are writt5 9 turn = ,f1 ! sy/em ( equations t#b x's 7#a t,x --- ,x4,x 4447xs1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n7 7ii47 #a4b repres5t ! f9ite op]ation completely4 ,if t is "h reg>d$ z a p>amet]1 ?is set ( op]ations mu/ 9 !mselves con/itute a gr\p1 s9ce !y arise by ! repetition ( a s+le inf9itesimal op]ation4 ,t ?is is really ! case results imm$iately f notic+ t ! result ( elim9at+ ,f' betwe5 t#b ,f' ,f t,x4,f --- ,x4,x4,f 444 #a4b & t'#b ,f ,f' t',x4,f' ---- ,x4,x4,f' 444 #a4b is 7t t'7#b ,f ,f 7t t'7 ,x4,f ---------- ,x4,x4,f 444 #a4b ,! gr\p ?us g5]at$ by ! repetition ( an inf9itesimal op]ation is call$ a cyclical gr\p2 s t a cont9u\s gr\p conta9s a cyclical subgr\p correspond+ to ea* ( its inf9itesimal op]ations4 ,! sy/em ( equations 7ii47 repres5ts an op]ation ( ! gr\p :atev] ! con/ants e#a1 e#b1 4441 er may be4 ,h5ce if e#at1 e#bt1 4441 ert be replac$ by a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar ! equations 7ii47 repres5t a set ( op]ations1 dep5d+ on r p>amet]s & belong+ to ! gr\p4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be a =m ( ! g5]al equations = any op]ation ( ! gr\p1 & are equival5t to ! equations 7i474 ,! det]m9ation ( ! f9ite equations ( a cyclical gr\p1 :5 ! inf9itesimal op]ation :i* g5]ates x is giv51 w always dep5d on ! integration ( a set ( simultane\s ord9>y diff]5tial equations4 ,z a v simple example we may consid] ! case 9 :i* ! inf9itesimal op]ation is giv5 by ,x x#b,pd_/,pdx1 s t !re is only a s+le v>iable4 ,! relation betwe5 x' & t is giv5 by dx'_/dt x'#b1 ) ! condition t x' x :5 t #j4 ,?is gives at once x' x_/7#a - tx71 :i* might also be obta9$ by ! direct use ( 7ii474 ,relations betwe5 ! inf9itesimal op]ations ( a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p4 ,:5 ! f9ite equations 7i47 ( a cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] r are kn[n1 x has n[ be5 se5 t ! diff]5tial op]ator :i* def9es ! mo/ g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p c be directly con/ruct$1 & t x conta9s r arbitr>y con/ants4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t ! gr\p conta9s r l9e>ly indep5d5t inf9itesimal op]ations2 & t ! mo/ g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation is obta9$ by comb9+ ^! l9e>ly ) con/ant coeffici5ts4 ,moreov]1 :5 any r indep5d5t inf9itesimal op]ations ( ! gr\p are kn[n1 x has be5 se5 h[ ! g5]al f9ite op]ation ( ! gr\p may be calculat$4 ,?is obvi\sly sugge/s t x mu/ be possible to def9e ! gr\p by means ( its inf9itesimal op]ations alone2 & x is cle> t su* a def9ition w\ld l5d itself m readily to "s applications 7= in/ance1 to ! !ory ( diff]5tial equations7 ?an ! def9ition by means ( ! f9ite equations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 r arbitr>ily giv5 l9e> diff]5tial op]ators w n1 9 g5]al1 give rise to a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] r2 & ! "q arises z to :at conditions su* a set ( op]ators mu/ satisfy 9 ord] t !y may1 9 fact1 be ! indep5d5t inf9itesimal op]ations ( su* a gr\p4 ,if ,x1 ,y are two l9e> diff]5tial op]ators1 ,,xy - ,,yx is also a l9e> diff]5tial op]ator4 ,x is call$ ! comb9ant ( ,x & ,y 7,lie uses ! expression ,klamm]ausdruck7 & is d5ot$ by 7,,xy74 ,if ,x1 ,y1 ,z are any ?ree l9e> diff]5tial op]ators ! id5tity 7kn[n z ,jacobi's7 7,x7,,yz77 7,y7,,zx77 7,z7,,xy77 #j holds betwe5 !m4 ,n[ x may be %[n t any cont9u\s gr\p ( :i* ,x1 ,y are inf9itesimal op]ations conta9s also 7,,xy7 among its inf9itesimal op]ations4 ,h5ce if r l9e>ly indep5d5t op]ations ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,xr give rise to a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] r1 ! comb9ant ( ea* pair mu/ be expressible l9e>ly 9 t]ms ( ! r op]ations !mselves3 t is1 !re mu/ be a sy/em ( relations kr 7,xi,xj7 c7ijk7,xk1 _/k#a :]e ! c's are con/ants4 ,moreov]1 f ,jacobi's id5tity & ! id5tity 7,,xy7 7,,yx7 #j x foll[s t ! c's are subject to ! relations c7ijt7 c7jit7 #j1 & ,sigmas7c7jks7c7i/7 c7kis7c7j/7 c7ijs7c7k/77 #j _/ 7iii47 = all values ( i1 j1 k & t4 ,det]m9ation ( ! di/9ct types ( cont9u\s gr\ps ( a giv5 ord]4 ,! fundam5tal !orem ( ! !ory ( f9ite cont9u\s gr\ps is n[ t ^! conditions1 :i* are necess>y 9 ord] t ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,xr may g5]ate1 z inf9itesimal op]ations1 a cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] r1 are also suffici5t4 ,= ! pro( ( ?is fundam5tal !orem see ,lie's works 7cf4 ,lie-,engel1 i4 *ap4 #i2 iii4 *ap4 #be74 ,if two cont9u\s gr\ps ( ord] r are su* t1 = ea*1 a set ( l9e>ly indep5d5t inf9itesimal op]ations ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,xr & ,y#a1 ,y#b1 4441 ,yr c be *os51 s t 9 ! relations 7,xi,xj7 ,sigmac7ijs7,xs1 7,yi,yj7 ,sigmad7ijs7,ys1 ! con/ants c7ijs7 & d7ijs7 are ! same = all values ( i1 j & s1 ! two gr\ps are simply isomorphic1 ,xs & ,ys be+ correspond+ inf9itesimal op]ations4 ,two cont9u\s gr\ps ( ord] r1 ^: inf9itesimal op]ations obey ! same sy/em ( equations 7iii471 may be ( v diff]5t =m2 = in/ance1 ! numb] ( v>iables = ! "o may be diff]5t f t = ! o!r4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 said to be ( ! same type1 9 ! s5se t ! laws accord+ to :i* _! op]ations comb9e are ! same = bo?4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ all di/9ct types ( gr\ps ( ord] r is !n conta9$ 9 ! purely algebraical problem ( f9d+ all ! sy/ems ( r#c quantities c7ijs7 :i* satisfy ! relations c7ijt7 c7ijt7 #j1 ,sigma c7ijs7c7skt7 c7jks7c7sit7 c7kis7c7sjt7 #j4 s = all values ( i1 j1 k & t4 ,to two di/9ct solutions ( ! algebraical problem1 h[ev]1 two di/9ct types ( gr\p w n necess>ily correspond4 ,9 fact1 ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,xr may be replac$ by any r indep5d5t l9e> functions ( !mselves1 & ! c's w !n be trans=m$ by a l9e> sub/itution conta9+ r#b indep5d5t p>amet]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n alt] ! type ( gr\p consid]$4 ,= a s+le p>amet] !re is1 ( c\rse1 only "o type ( gr\p1 :i* has be5 call$ cyclical4 ,= a gr\p ( ord] two !re is a s+le relation 7,x#a,x#b7 alpha,x#a beta,x#b4 ,if alpha & beta are n bo? z]o1 let alpha be f9ite4 ,! relation may !n be writt5 7alpha,x#a beta,x#b1 alpha7-#a7,x#b7 alpha,x#a beta,x#b4 ,h5ce if alpha,x#a beta,x#b ,x'#a1 & alpha7-#a7,x#b ,x'#b1 !n 7,x'#a,x'#b7 ,x'#a4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 j two types ( gr\p ( ord] two1 ! "o giv5 by ! relation la/ writt51 & ! o!r by 7,x#a,x#b7 #j4 ,lie has det]m9$ all di/9ct types ( cont9u\s gr\ps ( ord]s ?ree or f\r2 & all types ( non-integrable gr\ps 7a t]m :i* w be expla9$ imm$iately7 ( ord]s five & six 7cf4 ,lie-,engel1 iii4 #gac-gdd74 ,self-conjugate subgr\ps4 ,integrable gr\ps4 ,a problem ( fundam5tal importance 9 connexion ) any giv5 cont9u\s gr\p is ! det]m9ation ( ! self-conjugate subgr\ps :i* x conta9s4 ,if ,x is an inf9itesimal op]ation ( a gr\p1 & ,y any o!r1 ! g5]al =m ( ! inf9itesimal op]ations :i* are conjugate to ,x is t#b ,x t7,,xy7 --- 77,,xy7,y7 4444 #a4b ,any subgr\p :i* conta9s all ! op]ations conjugate to ,x mu/ !re=e conta9 all inf9itesimal op]ations 7,,xy71 77,,xy7,y71 4441 :]e = ,y ea* inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p is tak5 9 turn4 ,h5ce if ,x'#a1 ,x'#b1 4441 ,x's are s l9e>ly indep5d5t op]ations ( ! gr\p :i* g5]ate a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ord] s1 !n = e inf9itesimal op]ation ,y ( ! gr\p relations ( ! =m e#a 7,x'i,y7 a7ie7,x'e1 7i #a1 #b1 4441 s7 _/es mu/ be satisfi$4 ,conv]sely1 if su* a set ( relations is satisfi$1 ,x'#a1 ,x'#b1 4441 ,x's g5]ate a subgr\p ( ord] s1 :i* conta9s e op]ation conjugate to ea* ( ! inf9itesimal g5]at+ op]ations1 & is !re=e a self-conjugate subgr\p4 ,a specially important self-conjugate subgr\p is t g5]at$ by ! comb9ants ( ! r inf9itesimal g5]at+ op]ations4 ,t ^! g5]ate a self-conjugate subgr\p foll[s f ! relations 7iii474 ,9 fact1 77,xi,xj7,xk7 ,sigma c7ijs77,xs,xk74 s ,( ! #a_/br7r - #a7 comb9ants n m ?an r c be l9e>ly indep5d5t4 ,:5 exactly r ( !m are l9e>ly indep5d5t1 ! self-conjugate gr\p g5]at$ by !m co9cides ) ! orig9al gr\p4 ,if ! numb] t are l9e>ly indep5d5t is less ?an r1 ! self-conjugate subgr\p g5]at$ by !m is actually a subgr\p2 i4e4 its ord] is less ?an t ( ! orig9al gr\p4 ,?is subgr\p is kn[n z ! d]iv$ gr\p1 & ,lie has call$ a gr\p p]fect :5 x co9cides ) its d]iv$ gr\p4 ,a simple gr\p1 s9ce x conta9s no self-conjugate subgr\p di/9ct f itself1 is necess>ily a p]fect gr\p4 ,if ,g is a giv5 cont9u\s gr\p1 ,g#a ! d]iv$ gr\p ( ,g1 ,g#b t ( ,g#a1 & s on1 ! s]ies ( gr\ps ,g1 ,g#a1 ,g#b1 444 w t]m9ate ei!r ) ! id5tical op]ation or ) a p]fect gr\p2 = ! ord] ( ,g7s#a7 is less ?an t ( ,gs unless ,gs is a p]fect gr\p4 ,:5 ! s]ies t]m9ates ) ! id5tical op]ation1 ,g is said to be an integrable gr\p2 9 ! contr>y case ,g is call$ non-integrable4 ,if ,g is an integrable gr\p ( ord] r1 ! inf9itesimal op]ations ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,xr :i* g5]ate ! gr\p may be *os5 s t ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,x7r#a71 7r#a r7 g5]ate ! fir/ d]iv$ gr\p1 ,x#a1 ,x#b1 4441 ,x7r#b71 7r#b r#a7 ! second d]iv$ gr\p1 & s on4 ,:5 !y are s *os5 ! con/ants c7ijs7 are cle>ly su* t if rp i r7p#a71 rq j r7q#a71 p q1 !n c7ijs7 vani%es unless s r7p#a74 ,9 p>ticul> ! g5]at+ op]ations may be *os5 s t c7ijs7 vani%es unless s is equal to or less ?an ! small] ( ! two numb]s i1 j2 & conv]sely1 if ! c's satisfy ^! relations1 ! gr\p is integrable4 ,simple gr\ps4 ,a simple gr\p1 z already def9$1 is "o :i* has no self-conjugate subgr\p4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! det]m9ation ( all di/9ct types ( simple cont9u\s gr\ps has be5 made1 = 9 ! case ( discont9u\s gr\ps & gr\ps ( f9ite ord] ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,lie has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( f\r great classes ( simple gr\ps3-- 7i47 ,! gr\ps simply isomorphic ) ! g5]al projective gr\p 9 space ( n dim5sions4 ,su* a gr\p is def9$ analytically z ! totality ( ! trans=mations ( ! =m as1 #ax#a as1 #bx#b 444 as1 nxn a7s1 n #a7 x's ---------------------------------------- ----------------1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 a7n#a71 #ax#a a7n#a71 #bx#b 444 a7n#a71 nxn #a :]e ! a's are p>amet]s4 ,! ord] ( ?is gr\p is cle>ly n7n #b74 7ii47 ,! gr\ps simply isomorphic ) ! totality ( ! projective trans=mations :i* trans=m a non-special l9e> complex 9 space ( #bn - #a dim5sions ) itself4 ,! ord] ( ?is gr\p is n7#bn #a74 7iii47 & 7iv47 ,! gr\ps simply isomorphic ) ! totality ( ! projective trans=mations :i* *ange a quadric ( non-vani%+ discrim9ant into itself4 ,^! fall into two di/9ct classes ( types accord+ z n is ev5 or odd4 ,9 ei!r case ! ord] is #a_/bn7n #a74 ,! case n #c =ms an exception 9 :i* ! correspond+ gr\p is n simple4 ,x is also to be notic$ t a cyclical gr\p is a simple gr\p1 s9ce x has no cont9u\s self-conjugate subgr\p di/9ct f itself4 ,w4 ,k4 ,j4 ,kill+ & ,e4 ,j4 ,c>tan h sep>ately prov$ t outside ^! f\r great classes !re exi/ only five di/9ct types ( simple gr\ps1 ^: ord]s are #ad1 #eb1 #gh1 #acc & #bdh2 ?us complet+ ! enum]ation ( all possible types4 ,to prev5t any misappreh5sion z to ! be>+ ( ^! v g5]al results1 x is well to po9t out explicitly t !re are no limitations on ! p>amet]s ( a cont9u\s gr\p z x has be5 def9$ above4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ z tak+ 9 g5]al complex values4 ,if 9 ! f9ite equations ( a cont9u\s gr\p ! imag9>y symbol does n explicitly occur1 ! f9ite equations w usually def9e a gr\p 79 ! g5]al s5se ( ! orig9al def9ition7 :5 bo? p>amet]s & v>iables are limit$ to real values4 ,su* a gr\p is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 a cont9u\s gr\p2 & su* gr\ps h be5 consid]$ %ortly by ,lie 7cf4 ,lie-,engel1 iii4 #cfj-cib71 :o calls !m real cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,to ^! real cont9u\s gr\ps ! above /atem5t z to ! totality ( simple gr\ps does n apply2 & inde$1 9 all probability1 ! numb] ( types ( real simple cont9u\s gr\ps admits ( no su* complete enum]ation4 ,! effect ( limitation to real trans=mations may be illu/rat$ by consid]+ ! gr\ps ( projective trans=mations :i* *ange x#b y#b z#b - #a #j & x#b y#b - z#b - #a #j respectively into !mselves4 ,s9ce "o ( ^! quadrics is *ang$ into ! o!r by ! imag9>y trans=mation x' x1 y' y1 z' zroot7-#a71 ! g5]al cont9u\s gr\ps :i* trans=m ! two quadrics respectively into !mselves are simply isomorphic4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! case = ! real cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,9 fact1 ! second quadric has two real sets ( g5]ators2 & !re=e ! real gr\p :i* trans=ms x into itself has two self-conjugate subgr\ps1 ei!r ( :i* leaves un*ang$ ea* ( "o set ( g5]ators4 ,! fir/ quadric hav+ imag9>y g5]ators1 no su* self-conjugate subgr\ps c exi/ = ! real gr\p :i* trans=ms x into itself2 & ?is real gr\p is 9 fact simple4 ,! adjunct gr\p4 ,among ! gr\ps isomorphic ) a giv5 cont9u\s gr\p !re is "o ( special importance :i* is kn[n z ! adjunct gr\p4 ,?is is a homog5e\s l9e> gr\p 9 a numb] ( v>iables equal to ! ord] ( ! gr\p1 ^: inf9itesimal op]ations are def9$ by ! relations ,pd ,xi,sigma c7ijs7xi -------1 7j #a1 #b1 4441 r71 i1 s ,pdxs :]e c7ijs7 are ! (t5-us$ con/ants1 :i* give ! comb9ants ( ! inf9itesimal op]ations 9 t]ms ( ! inf9itesimal op]ations !mselves4 ,t ! r inf9itesimal op]ations ?us def9$ actually g5]ate a gr\p isomorphic ) ! giv5 gr\p is v]ifi$ by =m+ _! comb9ants4 ,x is ?us f\nd t 7,xp,xq7 ,sigmasc7pqs7,xs4 ,! ,x's1 h[ev]1 are n necess>ily l9e>ly indep5d5t4 ,9 fact1 ! suffici5t condition t ,sigmajaj,xj %\ld be id5tically z]o is t ,sigmajajc7ijs7 %\ld vani% = all values ( i & s4 ,h5ce if ! equations ,sigmajajc7ijs7 #j = all values ( i & s h r' l9e>ly indep5d5t solutions1 only r - r' ( ! ,x's are l9e>ly indep5d5t1 & ! isomorphism ( ! two gr\ps is multiple4 ,if ,y#a1 ,y#b1 4441 ,yr are ! inf9itesimal op]ations ( ! giv5 gr\p1 ! equations ,sigma ajc7ijs7 #j1 7s1 i #a1 #b1 4441 r7 j express ! condition t ! op]ations ( ! cyclical gr\p g5]at$ by ,sigmajaj,yi %\ld be p]mutable ) e op]ation ( ! gr\p2 9 o!r words1 t !y %\ld be self-conjugate op]ations4 ,9 ! case suppos$1 !re=e1 ! giv5 gr\p conta9s a subgr\p ( ord] r' ea* ( ^: op]ations is self-conjugate4 ,! adjunct gr\p ( a giv5 gr\p w !re=e be simply isomorphic ) ! gr\p1 unless ! latt] conta9s self-conjugate op]ations2 & :5 ?is is ! case ! ord] ( ! adjunct w be less ?an t ( ! giv5 gr\p by ! ord] ( ! subgr\p =m$ ( ! self-conjugate op]ations4 ,cont9u\s gr\ps ( ! l9e ( ! plane1 & ( ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,we h be5 ?us f> ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! ab/ract !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps1 9 :i* no di/9ction is made betwe5 two simply isomorphic gr\ps4 ,we proce$ to discuss ! classification & !ory ( gr\ps :5 _! =m is reg>d$ z ess5tial2 & ?is is a return to a m geometrical po9t ( view4 ,x is natural to beg9 ) ! projective gr\ps1 :i* are ! simple/ 9 =m & at ! same "t are ( supreme importance 9 geometry4 ,! g5]al projective gr\p ( ! /raight l9e is ! gr\p ( ord] ?ree giv5 by ax b x' ------- cx d' :]e ! p>amet]s are ! ratios ( a1 b1 c1 d4 ,s9ce x'#c - x'#b x' - x'#a x#c - x#b x - x#a --------- 4 -------- ------- 4 ------ x'#c - x'#a x' - x'#b x#c - x#a x - x#b is an op]ation ( ! above =m1 ! gr\p is triply transitive4 ,e subgr\p ( ord] two leaves "o po9t un*ang$1 & all su* subgr\ps are conjugate4 ,a cyclical subgr\p leaves ei!r two di/9ct po9ts or two co9cid5t po9ts un*ang$4 ,a subgr\p :i* ei!r leaves two po9ts un*ang$ or int]*anges !m is an example ( a mix$ gr\p4 ,! analysis ( ! g5]al projective gr\p mu/ obvi\sly increase v rapidly 9 complexity1 z ! dim5sions ( ! space to :i* x applies increase4 ,?is analysis has be5 completely c>ri$ out = ! projective gr\p ( ! plane1 ) ! result ( %[+ t !re are ?irty di/9ct types ( subgr\p4 ,exclud+ ! g5]al gr\p itself1 e "o ( ^! leaves ei!r a po9t1 a l9e1 or a conic section unalt]$4 ,= space ( ?ree dim5sions ,lie has also c>ri$ out a simil> inve/igation1 b ! results are extremely complicat$4 ,"o g5]al result ( great importance at :i* ,lie arrives 9 ?is connexion is t e projective gr\p 9 space ( ?ree dim5sions1 o!r ?an ! g5]al gr\p1 leaves ei!r a po9t1 a curve1 a surface or a l9e> complex unalt]$4 ,return+ n[ to ! case ( a s+le v>iable1 x c be %[n t any f9ite cont9u\s gr\p 9 "o v>iable is ei!r cyclical or ( ord] two or ?ree1 & t by a suitable trans=mation any su* gr\p may be *ang$ into a projective gr\p4 ,! g5esis ( an inf9ite z di/+ui%$ f a f9ite cont9u\s gr\p may be well illu/rat$ by consid]+ x 9 ! case ( a s+le v>iable4 ,! inf9itesimal op]ations ( ! projective gr\p 9 "o v>iable are d_/dx1 x7d_/dx71 x#b7;d_/dx74 ,if ^! comb9$ ) x#c7;d_/dx7 be tak5 z inf9itesimal op]ations f :i* to g5]ate a cont9u\s gr\p among ! inf9itesimal op]ations ( ! gr\p1 !re mu/ occur ! comb9ant ( x#b7;d_/dx7 & x#c7;d_/dx74 ,?is is x#d7;d_/dx74 ,! comb9ant ( ?is & x#b7;d_/dx7 is #bx#e7;d_/dx7 & s on4 ,h5ce xr7d_/dx71 :]e r is any positive integ]1 is an inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,! g5]al inf9itesimal op]ation ( ! gr\p is !re=e f7x77d_/dx71 :]e f7x7 is an arbitr>y integral function ( x4 ,9 ! classification ( ! gr\ps1 projective or non-projective ( two or m v>iables1 ! di/9ction betwe5 primitive & imprimitive gr\ps imm$iately pres5ts itself4 ,= gr\ps ( ! plane ! foll[+ "q arises4 ,is !re or is !re n a s+ly-inf9ite family ( curves f7x1 y7 ,c1 :]e ,c is an arbitr>y con/ant su* t e op]ation ( ! gr\p int]*anges ! curves ( ! family among !mselves8 ,9 accordance ) ! previ\sly giv5 def9ition ( imprimitivity1 ! gr\p is call$ imprimitive or primitive accord+ z su* a set exi/s or n4 ,9 space ( ?ree dim5sions !re are two possibilities2 namely1 !re may ei!r be a s+ly inf9ite sy/em ( surfaces ,f7x1 y1 z7 ,c1 :i* are int]*ang$ among !mselves by ! op]ations ( ! gr\p2 or !re may be a d\bly-inf9ite sy/em ( curves ,g7x1 y1 z7 a1 ,h7x1 y1 z7 b1 :i* are s int]*ang$4 ,9 reg>d to primitive gr\ps ,lie has %[n t any primitive gr\p ( ! plane c1 by a suitably *os5 trans=mation1 be trans=m$ into "o ( ?ree def9ite types ( projective gr\ps2 & t any primitive gr\p ( space ( ?ree dim5sions c be trans=m$ into "o ( eight def9ite types1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _c all be repres5t$ z projective gr\ps 9 ?ree dim5sions4 ,! results :i* h be5 arriv$ at = imprimitive gr\ps 9 two & ?ree v>iables d n admit ( any su* simple /atem5t4 ,contact trans=mations4 ,we %all n[ expla9 ! conception ( contact-trans=mations & gr\ps ( contact-trans=mations4 ,?is conception1 l t ( cont9u\s gr\ps1 owes its orig9 to ,lie4 ,f a purely analytical po9t ( view a contact-trans=mation may be def9$ z a po9t-trans=mation 9 #bn #a v>iables1 z1 x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn1 p#a1 p#b1 4441 pn :i* leaves unalt]$ ! equation dz - p#a;dx#a - p#b;dx#b - 444 - pndxn #j4 ,su* a def9ition z ?is1 h[ev]1 gives no direct clue to ! geometrical prop]ties ( ! trans=mation1 nor does x expla9 ! "n giv54 ,9 deal+ ) contact-trans=mations we %all re/rict ourselves to space ( two or ( ?ree dim5sions2 & x w be necess>y to beg9 ) "s purely geometrical consid]ations4 ,an inf9itesimal surface-elem5t 9 space ( ?ree dim5sions is completely specifi$1 ap>t f its size1 by its position & ori5tation4 ,if x1 y1 z are ! co-ord9ates ( "s "o po9t ( ! elem5t1 & if p1 q1 -#a give ! ratios ( ! direction-cos9es ( its normal1 x1 y1 z1 p1 q are five quantities :i* completely specify ! elem5t4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 oo#e surface elem5ts 9 ?ree-dim5sional space4 ,! surface-elem5ts ( a surface =m a sy/em ( oo#b elem5ts1 = !re are oo#b po9ts on ! surface1 & at ea* a def9ite surface-elem5t4 ,! surface-elem5ts ( a curve =m1 aga91 a sy/em ( oo#b elem5ts1 = !re are oo#a po9ts on ! curve1 & at ea* oo#a surface-elem5ts conta9+ ! tang5t to ! curve at ! po9t4 ,simil>ly ! surface-elem5ts :i* conta9 a giv5 po9t cle>ly =m a sy/em ( oo#b elem5ts4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! sy/ems ( oo#b surface-elem5ts has ! prop]ty t if 7x1 y1 z1 p1 q7 & 7x dx1 y dy1 z dz1 p dp1 q dq7 are consecutive elem5ts f any "o ( !m1 !n dz - pdx - qdy #j4 ,9 fact1 = a sy/em ( ! fir/ k9d dx1 dy1 dz are proportional to ! direction-cos9es ( a tang5t l9e at a po9t ( ! surface1 & p1 q1 -#a are proportional to ! direction-cos9es ( ! normal4 ,= a sy/em ( ! second k9d dx1 dy1 dz are proportional to ! direction-cos9es ( a tang5t to ! curve1 & p1 q1 -#a give ! direction-cos9es ( ! normal to a plane t\*+ ! curve2 & = a sy/em ( ! ?ird k9d dx1 dy1 dz are z]o4 ,n[ ! mo/ g5]al way 9 :i* a sy/em ( oo#b surface-elem5ts c be giv5 is by ?ree indep5d5t equations betwe5 x1 y1 z1 p & q4 ,if ^! equations d n conta9 p1 q1 !y det]m9e "o or m 7a f9ite numb] 9 any case7 po9ts 9 space1 & ! sy/em ( surface-elem5ts consi/s ( ! elem5ts conta9+ ^! po9ts2 i4e4 x consi/s ( "o or m sy/ems ( ! ?ird k9d4 ,if ! equations are su* t two di/9ct equations indep5d5t ( p & q c be d]iv$ f !m1 ! po9ts ( ! sy/em ( surface-elem5ts lie on a curve4 ,= su* a sy/em ! equation dz - pdx - qdy #j w hold = ea* two consecutive elem5ts only :5 ! plane ( ea* elem5t t\*es ! curve at its own po9t4 ,if ! equations are su* t only "o equation indep5d5t ( p & q c be d]iv$ f !m1 ! po9ts ( ! sy/em ( surface-elem5ts lie on a surface4 ,aga91 = su* a sy/em ! equation dz - pdx - qdy #j w hold = ea* two consecutive elem5ts only :5 ea* elem5t t\*es ! surface at its own po9t4 ,h5ce1 :5 all possible sy/ems ( oo#b surface-elem5ts 9 space are consid]$1 ! equation dz - pdx - qdy #j is *>act]i/ic ( ! ?ree special types 9 :i* ! elem5ts belong1 9 ! s5se expla9$ above1 to a po9t or a curve or a surface4 ,let u consid] n[ ! geometrical be>+ ( any trans=mation x' f#a7x1 y1 z1 p1 q71 4441 q' f#e7x1 y1 z1 p1 q71 ( ! five v>iables4 ,x w int]*ange ! surface-elem5ts ( space among !mselves1 & w *ange any sy/em ( oo#b elem5ts into ano!r sy/em ( oo#b elem5ts4 ,a special sy/em1 i4e4 a sy/em :i* belongs to a po9t1 curve or surface1 w n1 h[ev]1 9 g5]al be *ang$ into ano!r special sy/em4 ,! necess>y & suffici5t condition t a special sy/em %\ld always be *ang$ into a special sy/em is t ! equation dz' - p'dx' - q'dy' #j %\ld be a consequ5ce ( ! equation dz - pdx - qdy #j2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ?is latt] equation %\ld be inv>iant = ! trans=mation4 ,:5 ?is condition is satisfi$ ! trans=mation is su* z to *ange ! surface-elem5ts ( a surface 9 g5]al into surface-elem5ts ( a surface1 ?\gh 9 p>ticul> cases !y may become ! surface-elem5ts ( a curve or po9t2 & simil> /atem5ts may be made ) respect to a curve or po9t4 ,! trans=mation is !re=e a v]itable geometrical trans=mation 9 space ( ?ree dim5sions4 ,moreov]1 two special sy/ems ( surface-elem5ts :i* h an elem5t 9 common are trans=m$ into two new special sy/ems ) an elem5t 9 common4 ,h5ce two curves or surfaces :i* t\* ea* o!r are trans=m$ into two new curves or surfaces :i* t\* ea* o!r4 ,x is ?is prop]ty :i* leads to ! trans=mations 9 "q be+ call$ contact-trans=mations4 ,x w be notic$ t an ord9>y po9t-trans=mation is always a contact-trans=mation1 b t a contact-trans=mation 79 space ( n dim5sions7 is n 9 g5]al a po9t-trans=mation 79 space ( n dim5sions71 ?\gh x may always be reg>d$ z a po9t-trans=mation 9 space ( #bn #a dim5sions4 ,9 ! analog\s !ory = space ( two dim5sions a l9e-elem5t1 def9$ by 7x1 y1 p71 :]e #a 3 p gives ! direction-cos9es ( ! l9e1 takes ! place ( ! surface-elem5t2 & a trans=mation ( x1 y & p :i* leaves ! equation dy - pdx #j un*ang$ trans=ms ! oo#a l9e-elem5ts1 :i* belong to a curve1 into oo#a l9e-elem5ts :i* aga9 belong to a curve2 :ile two curves :i* t\* are trans=m$ into two o!r curves :i* t\*4 ,"o ( ! simple/ in/ances ( a contact-trans=mation t c be giv5 is ! trans=mation by reciprocal pol>s4 ,by ?is trans=mation a po9t ,p & a plane p pass+ ?r\gh x are *ang$ into a plane p' & a po9t ,p' ^u x2 i4e4 ! surface-elem5t def9$ by ,p1 p is *ang$ into a def9ite surface-elem5t def9$ by ,p'1 p'4 ,! totality ( surface-elem5ts :i* belong to a 7non-developable7 surface is kn[n f geometrical consid]ations to be *ang$ into ! totality :i* belongs to ano!r 7non-developable7 surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! totality ( ! surface-elem5ts :i* belong to a curve is *ang$ into ano!r set :i* belong to a developable4 ,! analytical =mulae = ?is trans=mation1 :5 ! reciprocation is effect$ ) respect to ! p>aboloid x#b y#b - #bz #j1 are x' p1 y' q1 z' px qy - z1 p' x1 q' y4 ,t ?is is1 9 fact1 a contact-trans=mation is v]ifi$ directly by notic+ t dz' - p'dx' - q'dy' -d7z - px - qy7 - xdp - ydq -7dz - pdx - qdy74 ,a second simple example is t 9 :i* e surface-elem5t is displac$1 )\t *ange ( ori5tation1 normal to itself ?r\gh a con/ant di/ance t4 ,! analytical equations 9 ?is case are easily f\nd 9 ! =m pt qt x' x ---------------------1 y' y --------------------1 root7#a p#b q#b7 root7#a p#b q#b7 t z' z - ---------------------1 root7#a p#b q#b7 p' q1 q' q4 ,t ?is is a contact-trans=mation is se5 geometrically by notic+ t x *anges a surface into a p>allel surface4 ,e po9t is *ang$ by x into a sph]e ( radius t1 & :5 t is reg>d$ z a p>amet] ! equations def9e a cyclical gr\p ( contact-trans=mations4 ,! =mal !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps ( contact-trans=mations is1 ( c\rse1 9 no way di/9ct f ! =mal !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps 9 g5]al4 ,on :at may be call$ ! geometrical side1 ! !ory ( gr\ps ( contact-trans=mations has be5 develop$ ) v consid]able detail 9 ! second volume ( ,lie-,engel4 ,applications ( ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,to ! manifold applications ( ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps 9 v>i\s bran*es ( pure & appli$ ma!matics x is impossible "h to ref] 9 any detail4 ,x mu/ suffice to indicate a few ( !m v briefly4 ,9 "s ( ! old] !ories a new po9t ( view is obta9$ :i* pres5ts ! results 9 a fre% light1 & sugge/s ! natural g5]alization4 ,z an example1 ! !ory ( ! inv>iants ( a b9>y =m may be consid]$4 ,if 9 ! =m f a#jxn na#ax7n-#a7y 444 anyn1 ! v>iables be subject$ to a homog5e\s sub/itution x' alphax betay1 y' gammax deltay1 7i47 & if ! coeffici5ts 9 ! new =m be repres5t$ by acc5t+ ! old coeffici5ts1 !n a'#j a#j;alphan a#analpha7n-#a7;gamma 444 angamman1 a'#a a#j;alpha7n-#a7;beta a#a7n-#a7;alpha7n-#b7;betagamma alpha7n-#a7;delta 444 angamma7n-#a7;delta1 7ii47 a'n a#j;betan a#anbeta7n-#a7;delta 444 andeltan2 _/ & ?is is a homog5e\s l9e> sub/itution p]=m$ on ! coeffici5ts4 ,! totality ( ! sub/itutions1 7i471 = :i* alphadelta - betagamma #a1 con/itutes a cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] #c1 :i* is g5]at$ by ! two inf9itesimal trans=mations y7,pd_/,pdx7 & x7,pd_/,pdy74 ,h5ce ) ! same limitations on alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta ! totality ( ! sub/itutions 7ii47 =ms a simply isomorphic cont9u\s gr\p ( ord] #c1 :i* is g5]at$ by ! two inf9itesimal trans=mations ,pd ,pd ,pd ,pd a#j ------ #b;a#a ------ #c;a#a ------ 444 na7n-#a7 -------1 ,pda#a ,pda#b ,pda#c ,pdan & ,pd ,pd ,pd ,pd na#a ------ 7n - #a7;a#b ------ 7n - #b7;a#c ------ 444 au ----------4 ,pda#j ,pda#a ,pda#b ,pda7u-#a7 ,! inv>iants ( ! b9>y =m1 i4e4 ^? functions ( ! coeffici5ts :i* are unalt]$ by all homog5e\s sub/itutions on x1 y ( det]m9ant unity1 are !re=e id5tical ) ! functions ( ! coeffici5ts :i* are inv>iant = ! cont9u\s gr\p g5]at$ by ! two inf9itesimal op]ations la/ writt54 ,9 o!r words1 !y are giv5 by ! common solutions ( ! diff]5tial equations ,pdf ,pdf ,pdf a#j ------- #b;a#a ------- #c;a#b ------- 444 #j1 ,pda#a ,pda#b ,pda#c ,pdf ,pdf ,pdf na#a ------- 7n - #a7;a#b ------- 7n - #b7;a#c ------- 444 #j4 ,pda#j ,pda#a ,pda#b ,bo? ?is result & ! me?od by :i* x is arriv$ at are well kn[n1 b ! po9t ( view by :i* we pass f ! trans=mation gr\p ( ! v>iables to ! isomorphic trans=mation gr\p ( ! coeffici5ts1 & reg>d ! inv>iants z inv>iants r ( ! gr\p ?an ( ! =ms1 is a new & a fruitful "o4 ,! g5]al !ory ( curvature ( curves & surfaces may 9 a simil> way be reg>d$ z a !ory ( _! inv>iants = ! gr\p ( motions4 ,t some?+ m ?an a m]e *ange ( phraseology is "h impli$ w be evid5t 9 deal+ ) m9imum curves1 i4e4 ) curves su* t at e po9t ( !m dx#b dy#b dz#b #j4 ,= su* curves ! ord9>y !ory ( curvature has no mean+1 b !y nev]!less h inv>iant prop]ties 9 reg>d to ! gr\p ( motions4 ,! curvature & torsion ( a curve1 :i* are inv>iant = all trans=mations by ! gr\p ( motions1 are special in/ances ( :at are kn[n z diff]5tial inv>iants4 ,if xi7,pd_/,pdx7 eta7,pd_/,pdy7 is ! g5]al inf9itesimal trans=mation ( a gr\p ( po9t-trans=mations 9 ! plane1 & if y#a1 y#b1 444 repres5t ! successive diff]5tial coeffici5ts ( y1 ! inf9itesimal trans=mation may be writt5 9 ! ext5d$ =m ,pd ,pd ,pd ,pd xi ----- eta ----- eta#a ------ eta#b ------ 444 ,pdx ,pdy ,pdy#a ,pdy#b :]e eta#a;deltat1 eta#b;deltat1 444 are ! increm5ts ( y#a1 y#b1 4444 ,by includ+ a suffici5t numb] ( ^! v>iables ! gr\p mu/ be intransitive 9 !m1 & mu/ !re=e h "o or m inv>iants4 ,su* inv>iants are kn[n z diff]5tial inv>iants ( ! orig9al gr\p1 be+ necess>ily functions ( ! diff]5tial coeffici5ts ( ! orig9al v>iables4 ,= gr\ps ( ! plane x may be %[n t n m ?an two ( ^! diff]5tial inv>iants are indep5d5t1 all o!rs be+ =m$ f ^! by algebraical processes & diff]5tiation4 ,= gr\ps ( po9t-trans=mations 9 m ?an two v>iables !re w be m ?an "o set ( diff]5tial inv>iants4 ,= in/ance1 ) ?ree v>iables1 "o may be reg>d$ z indep5d5t & ! o!r two z functions ( x1 or two z indep5d5t & ! rema9+ "o z a function4 ,correspond+ to ^! two po9ts ( view1 ! diff]5tial inv>iants = a curve or = a surface w arise4 ,if a diff]5tial inv>iant ( a cont9u\s gr\p ( ! plane be equat$ to z]o1 ! result+ diff]5tial equation rema9s unalt]$ :5 ! v>iables und]go any trans=mation ( ! gr\p4 ,conv]sely1 if an ord9>y1 diff]5tial equation f7x1 y1 y#a1 y#b1 4447 #j admits ! trans=mations ( a cont9u\s gr\p1 i4e4 if ! equation is unalt]$ :5 x & y und]go any trans=mation ( ! gr\p1 !n f7x1 y1 y#a1 y#b1 4447 or "s multiple ( x mu/ be a diff]5tial inv>iant ( ! gr\p4 ,h5ce x mu/ be possible to f9d two indep5d5t diff]5tial inv>iants alpha1 beta ( ! gr\p1 su* t :5 ^! are tak5 z v>iables ! diff]5tial equation takes ! =m ,f7alpha1 beta1 dbeta_/dalpha1 d#b;beta_/dalpha#b1 4447 #j4 ,?is equation 9 alpha1 beta w be ( l[] ord] ?an ! orig9al equation1 & 9 g5]al simpl] to deal )4 ,suppos+ x solv$ 9 ! =m beta phi7alpha71 :]e = alpha1 beta _! values 9 t]ms ( x1 y1 y#a1 y#b1 444 are writt51 ?is new equation1 conta9+ arbitr>y con/ants1 is necess>ily aga9 ( l[] ord] ?an ! orig9al equation4 ,! integration ( ! orig9al equation is ?us divid$ into two /eps4 ,?is w %[ h[1 9 ! case ( an ord9>y diff]5tial equation1 ! fact t ! equation admits a cont9u\s gr\p ( trans=mations may be tak5 advantage ( = its integration4 ,! mo/ important ( ! applications ( cont9u\s gr\ps are to ! !ory ( sy/ems ( diff]5tial equations1 bo? ord9>y & p>tial2 9 fact1 ,lie /ates t x 0 ) a view to sy/ematiz+ & advanc+ ! g5]al !ory ( diff]5tial equations t he 0 l$ to ! developm5t ( ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,x is q impossible "h to give any acc\nt ( all t ,lie & 8 foll[]s h done 9 ?is direction4 ,an entirely new mode ( reg>d+ ! problem ( ! integration ( a diff]5tial equation has be5 op5$ up1 & 9 ! classification t arises f x all ^? app>5tly isolat$ types ( equations :i* 9 ! old] s5se are said to be integrable take _! prop] place4 ,x may1 = in/ance1 be m5tion$ t ! "q z to :e!r ,monge's me?od w apply to ! integration ( a p>tial diff]5tial equation ( ! second ord] is %[n to dep5d on :e!r or n a contact-trans=mation c be f\nd :i* w r$uce ! equation to ei!r ,pd#bz_/,pdx#b #j or ,pd#bz_/,pdx,pdy #j4 ,x is 9 ?is direction t fur!r advance 9 ! !ory ( p>tial diff]5tial equations mu/ be look$ =4 ,la/ly1 x may be rem>k$ t "o ( ! mo/ ?or\gh discussions ( ! axioms ( geometry hi!rto und]tak5 is f\nd$ entirely ^u ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,discont9u\s ,gr\ps4 ,we g on n[ to ! consid]ation ( discont9u\s gr\ps4 ,al?\gh gr\ps ( f9ite ord] are necess>ily conta9$ "u ?is g5]al head1 x is conv5i5t = _m reasons to deal ) !m sep>ately1 & x w !re=e be assum$ 9 ! pres5t section t ! numb] ( op]ations 9 ! gr\p is n f9ite4 ,_m l>ge classes ( discont9u\s gr\ps h =m$ ! subject ( detail$ inve/igation1 b a g5]al =mal !ory ( discont9u\s gr\ps c h>dly be said to exi/ z yet4 ,x w ?us be obvi\s t 9 consid]+ discont9u\s gr\ps x is necess>y to proce$ on diff]5t l9es f ^? foll[$ ) cont9u\s gr\ps1 & 9 fact to deal ) ! subject almo/ entirely by way ( example4 ,g5]at+ op]ations4 ,! consid]ation ( a discont9u\s gr\p z aris+ f a set ( indep5d5t g5]at+ op]ations sugge/s a purely ab/ract po9t ( view 9 :i* any two simply isomorphic gr\ps are indi/+ui%able4 ,! numb] ( g5]at+ op]ations may be ei!r f9ite or inf9ite1 b ! =m] case alone w be "h consid]$4 ,suppose !n t ,s#a1 ,s#b1 4441 ,sn is a set ( indep5d5t op]ations f :i* a gr\p ,g is g5]at$4 ,! g5]al op]ation ( ! gr\p w be repres5t$ by ! symbol ,saalpha,sbbeta 444 ,sddelta1 or ,sigma1 :]e a1 b1 4441 d are *os5 f #a1 #b1 4441 n1 & alpha1 beta1 4441 delta are any positive or negative integ]s4 ,x may be assum$ t no two successive suffixes 9 ,sigma are ! same1 = if b a1 !n ,saalpha,sbbeta may be replac$ by ,sa7alpha beta74 ,if !re are no relations connect+ ! g5]at+ op]ations & ! id5tical op]ation1 e di/9ct symbol ,sigma repres5ts a di/9ct op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,= if ,sigma ,sigma#a1 or ,saalpha ,sbbeta 444 ,sddelta ,s7a#a77;alpha#a7 ,s7b#a77;beta#a7 444 ,s7d#a77;delta#a71 !n ,s7d#a77-;delta#a7 444 ,s7b#a77-;beta#a7 ,s7a#a77-;alpha#a7 ,saalpha ,sbbeta 444 ,sddelta #a2 & unless a a#a1 b b#a1 4441 alpha alpha#a1 beta beta#a1 4441 ?is is a relation connect+ ! g5]at+ op]ations4 ,suppose n[ t ,t#a1 ,t#b1 444 are op]ations ( ,g1 & t ,h is t self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g :i* is g5]at$ by ,t#a1 ,t#b1 444 & ! op]ations conjugate to !m4 ,!n1 ( ! op]ations t c be =m$ f ,s#a1 ,s#b1 4441 ,sn1 ! set ,sigma,h1 & no o!rs1 r$uce to ! same op]ation ,sigma :5 ! conditions ,t#a #a1 ,t#b #a1 444 are satisfi$ by ! g5]at+ op]ations4 ,h5ce ! gr\p :i* is g5]at$ by ! giv5 op]ations1 :5 subject$ to ! conditions j writt51 is simply isomorphic ) ! factor-gr\p ,g_/,h4 ,moreov]1 ?is is obvi\sly true ev5 :5 ! conditions are su* t ! g5]at+ op]ations are no long] indep5d5t4 ,h5ce any discont9u\s gr\p may be def9$ ab/ractly1 t is1 9 reg>d to ! laws ( comb9ation ( its op]ations ap>t f _! actual =m1 by a set ( g5]at+ op]ations & a sy/em ( relations connect+ !m4 ,conv]sely1 :5 su* a set ( op]ations & sy/em ( relations are giv5 arbitr>ily !y def9e 9 ab/ract =m a s+le discont9u\s gr\p4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 happ5 t ! gr\p s def9$ is a gr\p ( f9ite ord]1 or t x r$uces to ! id5tical op]ation only2 b 9 reg>d to ! g5]al /atem5t ^! w be p>ticul> & exceptional cases4 ,prop]ly & improp]ly discont9u\s gr\ps4 ,an op]ation ( a discont9u\s gr\p mu/ necess>ily be specifi$ analytically by a sy/em ( equations ( ! =m x's fs7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn2 a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 & ! diff]5t op]ations ( ! gr\p w be giv5 by diff]5t sets ( values ( ! p>amet]s a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar4 ,no "o ( ^! p>amet]s is susceptible ( cont9u\s v>iations1 b at lea/ "o mu/ be capable ( tak+ a numb] ( values :i* is n f9ite1 if ! gr\p is n "o ( f9ite ord]4 ,among ! sets ( values ( ! p>amet]s !re mu/ be "o :i* gives ! id5tical trans=mation4 ,no o!r trans=mation makes ea* ( ! diff]5ces x'#a - x#a1 x'#b - x#b1 4441 x'n - xn vani%4 ,let d be an arbitr>y assign$ positive quantity4 ,!n if a trans=mation ( ! gr\p c be f\nd su* t ! modulus ( ea* ( ^! diff]5ces is less ?an d :5 ! v>iables h arbitr>y values )9 an assign$ range ( v>iation1 h[ev] small d may be *os51 ! gr\p is said to be improp]ly discont9u\s4 ,9 ! contr>y case ! gr\p is call$ prop]ly discont9u\s4 ,! range )9 :i* ! v>iables are all[$ to v>y may cle>ly affect ! "q :e!r a giv5 gr\p is prop]ly or improp]ly discont9u\s4 ,= in/ance1 ! gr\p def9$ by ! equation x' ax b1 :]e a & b are any rational numb]s1 is improp]ly discont9u\s2 & ! gr\p def9$ by x' x a1 :]e a is an integ]1 is prop]ly discont9u\s1 :atev] ! range ( ! v>iable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gr\p1 to be lat] consid]$1 def9$ by ! equation x' 7ax b7_/7cx d71 :]e a1 b1 c1 d are integ]s satisfy+ ! relation ad - bc #a1 is prop]ly discont9u\s :5 x may take any complex value1 & improp]ly discont9u\s :5 ! range ( x is limit$ to real values4 ,l9e> discont9u\s gr\ps4 ,among ! discont9u\s gr\ps t occur 9 analysis1 a l>ge numb] may be reg>d$ z aris+ by impos+ limitations on ! range ( v>iation ( ! p>amet]s ( cont9u\s gr\ps4 ,if x's fs7x#a1 x#b1 4441 xn2 a#a1 a#b1 4441 ar71 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 are ! f9ite equations ( a cont9u\s gr\p1 & if ,c ) p>amet]s c#a1 c#b1 4441 cr is ! op]ation :i* results f c>ry+ out ,a & ,b ) correspond+ p>amet]s 9 succession1 !n ! c's are det]m9$ uniquely by ! a's & ! b's4 ,if ! c's are rational functions ( ! a's & b's1 & if ! a's & b's are arbitr>y rational numb]s ( a giv5 corpus 7see ,,numb]71 ! c's w be rational numb]s ( ! same corpus4 ,if ! c's are rational integral functions ( ! a's & b's1 & ! latt] are arbitr>ily *os5 integ]s ( a corpus1 !n ! c's are integ]s ( ! same corpus4 ,h5ce 9 ! fir/ case ! above equations1 :5 ! a's are limit$ to be rational numb]s ( a giv5 corpus1 w def9e a discont9u\s gr\p2 & 9 ! second case !y w def9e su* a gr\p :5 ! a's are fur!r limit$ to be integ]s ( ! corpus4 ,a mo/ important class ( discont9u\s gr\ps are ^? t arise 9 ?is way f ! g5]al l9e> cont9u\s gr\p 9 a giv5 set ( v>iables4 ,= n v>iables ! f9ite equations ( ?is cont9u\s gr\p are x's a7s#a7x#a a7s#b7x#b 444 a7sn7xn1 7s #a1 #b1 4441 n71 :]e ! det]m9ant ( ! a's mu/ n be z]o4 ,9 ?is case ! c's are cle>ly integral l9eo-l9e> functions ( ! a's & b's4 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9ant ( ! c's is ! product ( ! det]m9ant ( ! a's & ! det]m9ant ( ! b's4 ,h5ce equations 7ii471 :]e ! p>amet]s are re/rict$ to be integ]s ( a giv5 corpus1 def9e a discont9u\s gr\p2 & if ! det]m9ant ( ! coeffici5ts is limit$ to ! value unity1 !y def9e a discont9u\s gr\p :i* is a 7self-conjugate7 subgr\p ( ! previ\s "o4 ,! simple/ case :i* ?us pres5ts itself is t 9 :i* !re are two v>iables :ile ! coeffici5ts are rational integ]s4 ,?is is ! gr\p def9$ by ! equations x' ax by1 y' cx dy1 _/ :]e a1 b1 c1 d are integ]s su* t ad - bc #a4 ,to e op]ation ( ?is gr\p !re corresponds an op]ation ( ! set def9$ by az b z' ------1 cz d 9 su* a way t to ! product ( two op]ations ( ! gr\p !re corresponds ! product ( ! two analog\s op]ations ( ! set4 ,! op]ations ( ! set 7iv471 :]e ad - bc #a1 !re=e con/itute a gr\p :i* is isomorphic ) ! previ\s gr\p4 ,! isomorphism is multiple1 s9ce to a s+le op]ation ( ! second set !re correspond ! two op]ations ( ! fir/ = :i* a1 b1 c1 d & -a1 -b1 -c1 -d are p>amet]s4 ,^! two gr\ps1 :i* are ( fundam5tal importance 9 ! !ory ( quadratic =ms & 9 ! !ory ( modul> functions1 h be5 ! object ( v _m inve/igations4 ,discont9u\s gr\ps aris+ f geometrical op]ations4 ,ano!r l>ge class ( discont9u\s gr\ps1 :i* h f>-rea*+ applications 9 analysis1 are ^? :i* arise 9 ! fir/ in/ance f purely geometrical consid]ations4 ,by ! comb9ation & repetition ( a f9ite numb] ( geometrical op]ations su* z displacem5ts1 projective trans=mations1 inv]sions1 c41 a discont9u\s gr\p ( su* op]ations w arise4 ,su* a gr\p1 z reg>ds ! po9ts ( ! plane 7or ( space71 w 9 g5]al be improp]ly discont9u\s2 b :5 ! g5]at+ op]ations are suitably *os51 ! gr\p may be prop]ly discont9u\s4 ,9 ! latt] case ! gr\p may be repres5t$ 9 a graphical =m by ! division ( ! plane 7or space7 into regions su* t no po9t ( "o region c be trans=m$ into ano!r po9t ( ! same region by any op]ation ( ! gr\p1 :ile any giv5 region c be trans=m$ into any o!r by a suitable trans=mation4 ,?us1 let ,,abc be a triangle b\nd$ by ?ree circul> arcs ,,bc1 ,,ca1 ,,ab2 & consid] ! figure produc$ f ,,abc by inv]sions 9 ! ?ree circles ( :i* ,,bc1 ,,ca1 ,,ab are "p4 ,by inv]sion at ,,bc1 ,,abc becomes an equiangul> triangle ,a',,bc4 ,an inv]sion 9 ,,ab *anges ,,abc & ,a',,bc into equiangul> triangles ,,abc' & ,a,,bc'4 ,successive inv]sions at ,,ab & ,,bc !n w *ange ,,abc into a s]ies ( equiangul> triangles ) ,b = a common v]tex4 ,^! w n ov]lap & w j fill 9 ! space r\nd ,b if ! angle ,,abc is a submultiple ( two "r angles4 ,if !n ! angles ( ,,abc are submultiples ( two "r angles 7or z]o71 ! triangles =m$ by any numb] ( inv]sions w nev] ov]lap1 & to ea* op]ation consi/+ ( a def9ite s]ies ( inv]sions at ,,bc1 ,,ca & ,,ab w correspond a di/9ct triangle into :i* ,,abc is *ang$ by ! op]ation4 ,! network ( triangles s =m$ gives a graphical repres5tation ( ! gr\p t arises f ! ?ree inv]sions 9 ,,bc1 ,,ca1 ,,ab4 ,! triangles may be divid$ into two sets1 ^?1 namely1 l ,a,,bc'1 :i* are d]iv$ f ,,abc by an ev5 numb] ( inv]sions1 & ^? l ,a',,bc or ,,abc' produc$ by an odd numb]4 ,ea* set are int]*ang$ among !mselves by any ev5 numb] ( inv]sions4 ,h5ce ! op]ations consi/+ ( an ev5 numb] ( inv]sions =m a gr\p by !mselves4 ,= ?is gr\p ! quadrilat]al =m$ by ,,abc & ,a',,bc con/itutes a region1 :i* is *ang$ by e op]ation ( ! gr\p into a di/9ct region 7=m$ ( two adjac5t triangles71 & ^! regions cle>ly d n ov]lap4 ,_! di/ribution pres5ts 9 a graphical =m ! gr\p t arises by pairs ( inv]sions at ,,bc1 ,,ca1 ,,ab2 & ?is gr\p is g5]at$ by ! op]ation :i* consi/s ( successive inv]sions at ,,ab1 ,,bc & t :i* consi/s ( successive inv]sions at ,,bc1 ,,ca4 ,! gr\p def9$ ?us geometrically may be pres5t$ 9 _m analytical =ms4 ,if x1 y & x'1 y' are ! rectangul> co-ord9ates ( two po9ts :i* are inv]se to ea* o!r ) respect to a giv5 circle1 x' & y' are rational functions ( x & y1 & conv]sely4 ,?us ! gr\p may be pres5t$ 9 a =m 9 :i* ea* op]ation gives a birational trans=mation ( two v>iables4 ,if x iy z1 x' iy' z'1 & if x'1 y' is ! po9t to :i* x1 y is trans=m$ by any ev5 numb] ( inv]sions1 !n z' & z are connect$ by a l9e> relation z' 7alphaz beta7_/7gammaz delta71 :]e alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta are con/ants 79 g5]al complex7 dep5d+ on ! circles at :i* ! inv]sions are tak54 ,h5ce ! gr\p may be pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a gr\p ( l9e> trans=mations ( a s+le v>iable g5]at$ by ! two l9e> trans=mations z' 7alpha#az beta#a7_/7;gamma#az delta#a71 z' 7alpha#bz beta#b7_/7;gamma#bz delta#b71 :i* correspond to pairs ( inv]sions at ,,ab1 ,,bc & ,,bc1 ,,ca respectively4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if ! sides ( ! triangle are tak5 to be x #j1 x#b y#b -#a #j1 x#b y#b #bx #j1 ! g5]at+ op]ations are f\nd to be z' z #a1 z' -z7-#a72 & ! gr\p is t consi/+ ( all trans=mations ( ! =m z' 7az b7_/7cz d71 :]e ad - bc #a1 a1 b1 c1 d be+ integ]s4 ,?is is ! gr\p already m5tion$ :i* und]lies ! !ory ( ! elliptic modul> functions2 a modul> function be+ a function ( z :i* is inv>iant = "s subgr\p ( f9ite index ( ! gr\p 9 "q4 ,! triangle ,,abc f :i* ! above geometrical con/ruction />t$ may be replac$ by a polygon ^: sides are circles4 ,if ea* angle is a submultiple ( two "r angles or z]o1 ! con/ruction is /ill effective to give a set ( non-ov]lapp+ regions1 :i* repres5t graphically ! gr\p :i* arises f pairs ( inv]sions 9 ! sides ( ! polygon4 ,9 _! analytical =m1 z gr\ps ( l9e> trans=mations ( a s+le v>iable1 ! gr\ps are ^? on :i* ! !ory ( automorphic functions dep5ds4 ,a simil> con/ruction 9 space1 ! polygons b\nd$ by circul> arcs be+ replac$ by polyh$ra b\nd$ by sph]ical faces1 has be5 us$ by ,f4 ,kle9 & ,fricke to give a geometrical repres5tation = gr\ps :i* are improp]ly discont9u\s :5 repres5t$ z gr\ps ( ! plane4 ,gr\p ( a l9e> diff]5tial equation4 ,! special classes ( discont9u\s gr\ps t h be5 dealt ) 9 ! previ\s p>agraphs arise directly f geometrical consid]ations4 ,z a f9al example we %all ref] briefly to a class ( gr\ps ^: orig9 is ess5tially analytical4 ,let dny d7n-#a7y dy ----- ,p#a -------- 444 ,p7n-#a7 -- ,pny #j dxn dx7n-#a7 dx be a l9e> diff]5tial equation1 ! coeffici5ts 9 :i* are rational functions ( x1 & let y#a1 y#b1 4441 yn be a l9e>ly indep5d5t set ( integrals ( ! equation4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( a f9ite value x#j ( x1 :i* is n a s+ul>ity ( any ( ! coeffici5ts 9 ! equation1 ^! integrals are ord9>y p[]-s]ies 9 x - x#j4 ,if ! analytical cont9uations ( y#a1 y#b1 4441 yn be =m$ = any clos$ pa? />t+ f & return+ to x#j1 ! f9al values arriv$ at :5 x#j is aga9 rea*$ w be ano!r set ( l9e>ly indep5d5t integrals4 ,:5 ! clos$ pa? conta9s no s+ul> po9t ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! diff]5tial equation1 ! new set ( integrals is id5tical ) ! orig9al set4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! clos$ pa? encloses "o or m s+ul> po9ts1 ?is w n 9 g5]al be ! case4 ,let y'#a1 y'#b1 4441 y'n be ! new integrals arriv$ at4 ,s9ce 9 ! neighb\rhood ( x#j e integral c be repres5t$ l9e>ly 9 t]ms ( y#a1 y#b1 4441 yn1 !re mu/ be a sy/em ( equations y'#a a#aay#a a#aby#b 444 a7#an7yn1 y'#b a#bay#a a#bby#b 444 a7#bn7yn1 4 4 4 4 4 y'n a7n#a7y#a a7n#b7y#b 444 a7nn7yn1 :]e ! a's are con/ants1 express+ ! new integrals 9 t]ms ( ! orig9al ones4 ,to ea* clos$ pa? describ$ by x#j !re !re=e corresponds a def9ite l9e> sub/itution p]=m$ on ! y's4 ,fur!r1 if ,s#a & ,s#b are ! sub/itutions t correspond to two clos$ pa?s ,l#a & ,l#b1 !n to any clos$ pa? :i* c be cont9u\sly de=m$1 )\t cross+ a s+ul> po9t1 into ,l#a foll[$ by ,l#b1 !re corresponds ! sub/itution ,s#a,s#b4 ,let ,l#a1 ,l#b1 4441 ,lr be arbitr>ily *os5 clos$ pa?s />t+ f & return+ to ! same po9t1 & ea* ( !m enclos+ a s+le "o ( ! 7r7 f9ite s+ul> po9ts ( ! equation4 ,e clos$ pa? 9 ! plane c be =m$ by comb9ations ( ^! r pa?s tak5 ei!r 9 ! positive or 9 ! negative direction4 ,also a clos$ pa? :i* does n cut itself1 & encloses all ! r s+ul> po9ts )9 x1 is equival5t to a pa? enclos+ ! po9t at inf9ity & no f9ite s+ul> po9t4 ,if ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 4441 ,sr are ! l9e> sub/itutions t correspond to ^! r pa?s1 !n ! sub/itution correspond+ to e possible pa? c be obta9$ by comb9ation & repetition ( ^! r sub/itutions1 & !y !re=e g5]ate a discont9u\s gr\p ea* ( ^: op]ations corresponds to a def9ite clos$ pa?4 ,! gr\p ?us arriv$ at is call$ ! gr\p ( ! equation4 ,= a giv5 equation x is unique 9 type4 ,9 fact1 ! only effect ( />t+ f ano!r set ( indep5d5t integrals is to trans=m e op]ation ( ! gr\p by an arbitr>y sub/itution1 :ile *oos+ a diff]5t set ( pa?s is equival5t to tak+ a new set ( g5]at+ op]ations4 ,! great importance ( ! gr\p ( ! equation 9 connexion ) ! nature ( its integrals _c "h be dealt )1 b x may be po9t$ out t if all ! integrals ( ! equation are algebraic functions1 ! gr\p mu/ be a gr\p ( f9ite ord]1 s9ce ! set ( quantities y#a1 y#b 4441 yn c !n only take a f9ite numb] ( di/9ct values4 ,gr\ps ( ,f9ite ,ord]4 ,we %all n[ pass on to gr\ps ( f9ite ord]4 ,x is cle> t "h we mu/ h to d ) _m prop]ties :i* h no direct analogues 9 ! !ory ( cont9u\s gr\ps or 9 t ( discont9u\s gr\ps 9 g5]al2 ^? prop]ties1 namely1 :i* dep5d on ! fact t ! numb] ( di/9ct op]ations 9 ! gr\p is f9ite4 ,let ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 4441 ,s,n d5ote ! op]ations ( a gr\p ,g ( f9ite ord] ,n1 ,s#a be+ ! id5tical op]ation4 ,! tableau ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 4441 ,s,n1 ,s#a,s#b1 ,s#b,s#b1 ,s#c,s#c1 4441 ,s,,ns#b1 ,s#a,s#c1 ,s#b,s#c1 ,s#c,s#c1 4441 ,s,,ns#c1 4 4 4 4 4 ,s#a,s,n1 ,s#b,s,n1 ,s#c,s,n1 4441 ,s,,ns,n1 :5 9 x ea* comp\nd symbol ,sp,sq is replac$ by ! s+le symbol ,sr t is equival5t to x1 is call$ ! multiplication table ( ! gr\p4 ,x indicates directly ! result ( multiply+ toge!r 9 an assign$ sequ5ce any numb] ( op]ations ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ea* l9e 7& 9 ea* column7 ( ! tableau e op]ation ( ! gr\p occurs j once4 ,if ! lett]s 9 ! tableau are reg>d$ z m]e symbols1 ! op]ation ( replac+ ea* symbol 9 ! fir/ l9e by ! symbol :i* /&s "u x 9 ! p? l9e is a p]mutation p]=m$ on ! set ( ,n symbols4 ,?us to ! ,n l9es ( ! tableau !re corresponds a set ( ,n p]mutations p]=m$ on ! ,n symbols1 :i* includes ! id5tical p]mutation t leaves ea* un*ang$4 ,moreov]1 if ,sp,sq ,sr1 !n ! result ( c>ry+ out 9 succession ! p]mutations :i* correspond to ! p? & q? l9es gives ! p]mutation :i* corresponds to ! r? l9e4 ,h5ce ! set ( p]mutations con/itutes a gr\p :i* is simply isomorphic ) ! giv5 gr\p4 ,e gr\p ( f9ite ord] ,n c !re=e be repres5t$ 9 concrete =m z a transitive gr\p ( p]mutations on ,n symbols4 ,prop]ties ( a gr\p :i* dep5d on ! ord]4 ,! ord] ( any subgr\p or op]ation ( ,g is necess>ily f9ite4 ,if ,t#a7 ,s#a71 ,t#b1 4441 ,tn are ! op]ations ( a subgr\p ,h ( ,g1 & if ,sigma is any op]ation ( ,g :i* is n conta9$ 9 ,h1 ! set ( op]ations ,sigma,t#a1 ,sigma,t#b1 4441 ,sigma,tn1 or ,sigma,h1 are all di/9ct f ea* o!r & f ! op]ations ( ,h4 ,if ! sets ,h & ,sigma,h d n exhau/ ! op]ations ( ,g1 & if ,sigma' is an op]ation n belong+ to !m1 !n ! op]ations ( ! set ,sigma',h are di/9ct f ea* o!r & f ^? ( ,h & ,sigma,h4 ,?is process may be cont9u$ till ! op]ations ( ,g are exhau/$4 ,! ord] n ( ,h mu/ !re=e be a factor ( ! ord] ,n ( ,g4 ,! ratio ,n_/n is call$ ! index ( ! subgr\p ,h4 ,by tak+ = ,h ! cyclical subgr\p g5]at$ by any op]ation ,s ( ,g1 x foll[s t ! ord] ( ,s mu/ be a factor ( ! ord] ( ,g4 ,e op]ation ,s is p]mutable ) its own p[]s4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be "s subgr\p ,h ( ,g ( greate/ possible ord]1 su* t e op]ation ( ,h is p]mutable ) ,s4 ,e op]ation ( ,h trans=ms ,s into itself1 & e op]ation ( ! set ,h,sigma trans=ms ,s into ! same op]ation4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,s is trans=m$ by e op]ation ( ,g1 j ,n_/n di/9ct op]ations arise if n is ! ord] ( ,h4 ,^! op]ations1 & no o!rs1 are conjugate to ,s )9 ,g2 !y are said to =m a set ( conjugate op]ations4 ,! numb] ( op]ations 9 e conjugate set is !re=e a factor ( ! ord] ( ,g4 ,9 ! same way x may be %[n t ! numb] ( subgr\ps :i* are conjugate to a giv5 subgr\p is a factor ( ! ord] ( ,g4 ,an op]ation :i* is p]mutable ) e op]ation ( ! gr\p is call$ a self-conjugate op]ation4 ,! totality ( ! self-conjugate op]ations ( a gr\p =ms a self-conjugate ,abelian subgr\p1 ea* ( ^: op]ations is p]mutable ) e op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,syl['s !orem4 ,an ,abelian gr\p conta9s subgr\ps ^: ord]s are any giv5 factors ( ! ord] ( ! gr\p4 ,9 fact1 s9ce e subgr\p ,h ( an ,abelian gr\p ,g & ! correspond+ factor gr\ps ,g_/,h are ,abelian1 ?is result foll[s imm$iately by an induction f ! case 9 :i* ! ord] conta9s n prime factors to t 9 :i* x conta9s n #a4 ,= a gr\p :i* is n ,abelian no g5]al law c be /at$ z to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a subgr\p ^: ord] is an arbitr>ily assign$ factor ( ! ord] ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ?is connexion ! mo/ important g5]al result1 :i* is indep5d5t ( any supposition z to ! ord] ( ! gr\p1 is kn[n z ,syl['s !orem1 :i* /ates t if pa is ! highe/ p[] ( a prime p :i* divides ! ord] ( a gr\p ,g1 !n ,g conta9s a s+le conjugate set ( subgr\ps ( ord] pa1 ! numb] 9 ! set be+ ( ! =m #a kp4 ,syl['s !orem may be ext5d$ to %[ t if pa' is a factor ( ! ord] ( a gr\p1 ! numb] ( subgr\ps ( ord] pa' is ( ! =m #a kp4 ,if1 h[ev]1 pa' is n ! highe/ p[] ( p :i* divides ! ord]1 ^! gr\ps d n 9 g5]al =m a s+le conjugate set4 ,! importance ( ,syl['s !orem 9 discuss+ ! /ructure ( a gr\p ( giv5 ord] ne$ h>dly be insi/$ on4 ,?us1 z a v simple in/ance1 a gr\p ^: ord] is ! product p#ap#b ( two primes 7p#a p#b7 mu/ h a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ord] p#b1 s9ce ! ord] ( ! gr\p conta9s no factor1 o!r ?an unity1 ( ! =m #a kp#b4 ,! same aga9 is true = a gr\p ( ord] p#abp#b1 unless p#a #b1 & p#b #c4 ,!re is "o o!r num]ical prop]ty ( a gr\p connect$ ) its ord] :i* is q g5]al4 ,if ,n is ! ord] ( ,g1 & n a factor ( ,n1 ! numb] ( op]ations ( ,g1 ^: ord]s are equal to or are factors ( n1 is a multiple ( n4 ,composition-s]ies ( a gr\p4 ,z already def9$1 a composite gr\p is a gr\p :i* conta9s "o or m self-conjugate subgr\ps1 ^: ord]s are great] ?an unity4 ,if ,h is a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g1 ! factor-gr\p ,g_/,h may be ei!r simple or composite4 ,9 ! =m] case ,g c conta9 no self-conjugate subgr\p ,k1 :i* itself conta9s ,h2 = if x did ,k_/,h w\ld be a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g_/,h4 ,:5 ,g_/,h is simple1 ,h is said to be a maximum self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g4 ,suppose n[ t ,g be+ a giv5 composite gr\p1 ,g1 ,g#a1 ,g#b1 4441 ,gn1 #a is a s]ies ( subgr\ps ( ,g1 su* t ea* is a maximum self-conjugate subgr\p ( ! prec$+2 ! la/ t]m ( ! s]ies consi/+ ( ! id5tical op]ation only4 ,su* a s]ies is call$ a composition-s]ies ( ,g4 ,9 g5]al x is n unique1 s9ce a gr\p may h two or m maximum self-conjugate subgr\ps4 ,a composition-s]ies ( a gr\p1 h[ev] x may be *os51 has ! prop]ty t ! numb] ( t]ms ( :i* x consi/s is always ! same1 :ile ! factor-gr\ps ,g_/,g#a1 ,g#a_/;,g#b1 4441 ,gn diff] only 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* !y occur4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ?\gh a gr\p def9es uniquely ! set ( factor-gr\ps t occur 9 its composition-s]ies1 ! set ( factor-gr\ps d n conv]sely 9 g5]al def9e a s+le type ( gr\p4 ,:5 ! ord]s ( all ! factor-gr\ps are primes ! gr\p is said to be soluble4 ,if ! s]ies ( subgr\ps ,g1 ,h1 ,k1 4441 ,l1 #a is *os5 s t ea* is ! greate/ self-conjugate subgr\p ( ,g conta9$ 9 ! previ\s "o1 ! s]ies is call$ a *ief composition-s]ies ( ,g4 ,all su* s]ies d]iv$ f a giv5 gr\p may be %[n to consi/ ( ! same numb] ( t]ms1 & to give rise to ! same set ( factor-gr\ps1 except z reg>ds sequ5ce4 ,! factor-gr\ps ( su* a s]ies w n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily be simple gr\ps4 ,f any *ief composition-s]ies a composition-s]ies may be =m$ by int]polat+ betwe5 any two t]ms ,h & ,k ( ! s]ies = :i* ,h_/,k is n a simple gr\p1 a numb] ( t]ms h#a1 h#b1 4441 hr2 & x may be %[n t ! factor-gr\ps ,h_/h#a1 h#a_/;h#b1 4441 hr_/,k are all simply isomorphic ) ea* o!r4 ,isomorphism ( a gr\p ) itself4 ,a gr\p may be repres5t$ z isomorphic ) itself by trans=m+ all its op]ations by any "o ( !m4 ,9 fact1 if ,sp,sq ,sr1 !n ,s7-#a7,sp,s 4 ,s7-#a7,sq,s ,s7-#a7,sr,s4 ,an isomorphism ( ! gr\p ) itself1 e/abli%$ 9 ?is way1 is call$ an inn] isomorphism4 ,x may be reg>d$ z an op]ation c>ri$ out on ! symbols ( ! op]ations1 be+ inde$ a p]mutation p]=m$ on ^! symbols4 ,! totality ( ^! op]ations cle>ly con/itutes a gr\p isomorphic ) ! giv5 gr\p1 & ?is gr\p is call$ ! gr\p ( inn] isomorphisms4 ,a gr\p is simply or multiply isomorphic ) its gr\p ( inn] isomorphisms accord+ z x does n or does conta9 self-conjugate op]ations o!r ?an id5tity4 ,x may be possible to e/abli% a correspond5ce betwe5 ! op]ations ( a gr\p o!r ?an ^? giv5 by ! inn] isomorphisms1 su* t if ,s' is ! op]ation correspond+ to ,s1 !n ,s'p,s'q ,s'r is a consequ5ce ( ,sp,sq ,sr4 ,! sub/itution on ! symbols ( ! op]ations ( a gr\p result+ f su* a correspond5ce is call$ an out] isomorphism4 ,! totality ( ! isomorphisms ( bo? k9ds con/itutes ! gr\p ( isomorphisms ( ! giv5 gr\p1 & )9 ?is ! gr\p ( inn] isomorphisms is a self-conjugate subgr\p4 ,e set ( conjugate op]ations ( a gr\p is necess>ily trans=m$ into itself by an inn] isomorphism1 b two or m sets may be int]*ang$ by an out] isomorphism4 ,a subgr\p ( a gr\p ,g1 :i* is trans=m$ into itself by e isomorphism ( ,g1 is call$ a *>act]i/ic subgr\p4 ,a s]ies ( gr\ps ,g1 ,g#a1 ,g#b1 4441 #a1 su* t ea* is a maximum *>act]i/ic subgr\p ( ,g conta9$ 9 ! prec$+1 may be %[n to h ! same inv>iant prop]ties z ! subgr\ps ( a composition s]ies4 ,a gr\p :i* has no *>act]i/ic subgr\p mu/ be ei!r a simple gr\p or ! direct product ( a numb] ( simply isomorphic simple gr\ps4 ,p]mutation-gr\ps4 ,x has be5 se5 t e gr\p ( f9ite ord] c be repres5t$ z a gr\p ( p]mutations p]=m$ on a set ( symbols ^: numb] is equal to ! ord] ( ! gr\p4 ,9 g5]al su* a repres5tation is possible ) a small] numb] ( symbols4 ,let ,h be a subgr\p ( ,g1 & let ! op]ations ( ,g be divid$1 9 respect ( ,h1 into ! sets ,h1 ,s#b;,h1 ,s#c;,h1 4441 ,sm,h4 ,if ,s is any op]ation ( ,g1 ! sets ,,%1 ,,ss#b;,h1 ,,ss#c;,h1 4441 ,,ssm,h diff] f ! previ\s sets only 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* !y occur4 ,9 fact1 if ,,ssp belong to ! set ,sq,h1 !n s9ce ,h is a gr\p1 ! set ,,ssp,h is id5tical ) ! set ,sq,h4 ,h5ce1 to ea* op]ation ,s ( ! gr\p w correspond a p]mutation p]=m$ on ! symbols ( ! m sets1 & to ! product ( two op]ations corresponds ! product ( ! two analog\s p]mutations4 ,! set ( p]mutations1 !re=e1 =ms a gr\p isomorphic ) ! giv5 gr\p4 ,moreov]1 ! isomorphism is simple unless = "o or m op]ations1 o!r ?an id5tity1 ! sets all rema9 unalt]$4 ,?is c only be ! case = ,s1 :5 e op]ation conjugate to ,s belongs to ,h4 ,9 ?is case ,h w\ld conta9 a self-conjugate subgr\p1 & ! isomorphism is multiple4 ,! fact t e gr\p ( f9ite ord] c be repres5t$1 g5]ally 9 sev]al ways1 z a gr\p ( p]mutations1 gives special importance to su* gr\ps4 ,! numb] ( symbols involv$ 9 su* a repres5tation is call$ ! degree ( ! gr\p4 ,9 accordance ) ! g5]al def9itions already giv51 a p]mutation-gr\p is call$ transitive or intransitive accord+ z x does or does n conta9 p]mutations *ang+ any "o ( ! symbols into any o!r4 ,x is call$ imprimitive or primitive accord+ z ! symbols c or _c be arrang$ 9 sets1 su* t e p]mutation ( ! gr\p *anges ! symbols ( any "o set ei!r among !mselves or into ! symbols ( ano!r set4 ,:5 a gr\p is imprimitive ! numb] ( symbols 9 ea* set mu/ cle>ly be ! same4 ,! total numb] ( p]mutations t c be p]=m$ on n symbols is n61 & ^! necess>ily con/itute a gr\p4 ,x is kn[n z ! symmetric gr\p ( degree n1 ! only rational functions ( ! symbols :i* are unalt]$ by all possible p]mutations be+ ! symmetric functions4 ,:5 any p]mutation is c>ri$ out on ! product ( ! n7n - #a7_/b1 diff]5ces ( ! n symbols1 x mu/ ei!r rema9 unalt]$ or its sign mu/ be *ang$4 ,^? p]mutations :i* leave ! product unalt]$ con/itute a gr\p ( ord] n6_/#b1 :i* is call$ ! alt]nat+ gr\p ( degree n2 x is a self-conjugate subgr\p ( ! symmetric gr\p4 ,except :5 n #d ! alt]nat+ gr\p is a simple gr\p4 ,a gr\p ( degree n1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! alt]nat+ gr\p1 mu/ necess>ily h a self-conjugate subgr\p ( index #b1 consi/+ ( ^? ( its p]mutations :i* belong to ! alt]nat+ gr\p4 ,gr\ps ( l9e> sub/itutions4 ,among ! v>i\s concrete =ms 9 :i* a gr\p ( f9ite ord] c be pres5t$ ! mo/ important is t ( a gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions4 ,su* gr\ps h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 connexion ) discont9u\s gr\ps4 ,"h ! numb] ( di/9ct sub/itutions is necess>ily f9ite2 & to ea* op]ation ,s ( a gr\p ,g ( f9ite ord] !re w correspond a l9e> sub/itution s1 viz4 jm xi s7ij7xj7i1 j #a1 #b1 4441 m71 _/j#a on a set ( m v>iables1 su* t if ,,/ ,u1 !n / u4 ,! l9e> sub/itutions s1 t1 u1 444 !n con/itute a gr\p g ) :i* ,g is isomorphic2 & :e!r ! isomorphism is simple or multiple g is said to give a repres5tation ( ,g z a gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions4 ,if all ! sub/itutions ( g are trans=m$ by ! same sub/itution on ! m v>iables1 ! 79 g5]al7 new gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions s con/itut$ is said to be equival5t ) g z a repres5tation ( ,g2 & two repres5tations are call$ non-equival5t1 or di/9ct1 :5 "o is n capable ( be+ trans=m$ into ! o!r4 ,a gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions on m v>iables is said to be r$ucible :5 x is possible to *oose m'7 m7 l9e> functions ( ! v>iables :i* are trans=m$ among !mselves by e sub/itution ( ! gr\p4 ,:5 ?is _c be done ! gr\p is call$ irr$ucible4 ,x c be %[n t a gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions1 ( f9ite ord]1 is always ei!r irr$ucible1 or su* t ! v>iables1 :5 suitably *os51 may be divid$ into sets1 ea* set be+ irr$ucibly trans=m$ among !mselves4 ,?is be+ s1 x is cle> t :5 ! irr$ucible repres5tations ( a gr\p ( f9ite ord] are kn[n1 all repres5tations may be built up4 ,x has be5 se5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is section t e gr\p ( f9ite ord] ,n c be pres5t$ z a gr\p ( p]mutations 7i4e4 l9e> sub/itutions 9 a limit$ s5se7 on ,n symbols4 ,?is gr\p is obvi\sly r$ucible2 9 fact1 ! sum ( ! symbols rema9 unalt]$ by e sub/itution ( ! gr\p4 ,! fundam5tal !orem 9 connexion ) ! repres5tations1 z an irr$ucible gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions1 ( a gr\p ( f9ite ord] ,n is ! foll[+4 ,if r is ! numb] ( diff]5t sets ( conjugate op]ations 9 ! gr\p1 !n1 :5 ! gr\p ( ,n p]mutations is completely r$uc$1 7i47 j r di/9ct irr$ucible repres5tations occur3 7ii47 ea* ( ^! occurs a numb] ( times equal to ! numb] ( symbols on :i* x op]ates3 7iii47 ^! irr$ucible repres5tations exhau/ all ! di/9ct irr$ucible repres5tations ( ! gr\p4 ,among ^! repres5tations :at is call$ ! id5tical repres5tation necess>ily occurs1 i4e4 t 9 :i* ea* op]ation ( ! gr\p corresponds to leav+ a s+le symbol un*ang$4 ,if ^! repres5tations are d5ot$ by ,gamma#a1 ,gamma#b1 4441 ,gammar1 !n any repres5tation ( ! gr\p z a gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions1 or 9 p>ticul> z a gr\p ( p]mutations1 may be uniquely repres5t$ by a symbol ,sigmaalphai,gammai1 9 ! s5se t ! repres5tation :5 completely r$uc$ w conta9 ! repres5tation ,gammai j alphai times = ea* suffix i4 ,gr\p *>act]i/ics4 ,a repres5tation ( a gr\p ( f9ite ord] z an irr$ucible gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions may be pres5t$ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( equival5t =ms4 ,if x'i ,sigma s7ij7xj 7i1 j #a1 #b1 4441 m71 is ! l9e> sub/itution :i*1 9 a giv5 irr$ucible repres5tation ( a gr\p ( f9ite ord] ,g1 corresponds to ! op]ation ,s1 ! det]m9ant s#aa - lambda s#ab 444 s7#am7 s#ba s#bb-lambda 444 s7#bm7 4 4 444 4 4 4 444 4 4 4 444 4 sm#a s#bm 444 s7mm7 - lambda is inv>iant = all equival5t repres5tations1 :5 writt5 z a polynomial 9 lambda4 ,moreov]1 x has ! same value = ,s & ,s'1 if ^! are two conjugate op]ations 9 ,g4 ,( ! v>i\s inv>iants t ?us arise ! mo/ important is s#aa s#bb 444 s7mm71 :i* is call$ ! *>act]i/ic ( ,s4 ,if ,s is an op]ation ( ord] p1 its *>act]i/ic is ! sum ( m p? roots ( unity2 & 9 p>ticul>1 if ,s is ! id5tical op]ation its *>act]i/ic is m4 ,if r is ! numb] ( sets ( conjugate op]ations 9 ,g1 !re is1 = ea* repres5tation ( ,g z an irr$ucible gr\p1 a set ( r *>act]i/ics3 ,x#a1 ,x#b1 444 ,xr1 "o correspond+ to ea* conjugate set2 s t = ! r irr$ucible repres5tations j r su* sets ( *>act]i/ics arise4 ,^! are di/9ct1 9 ! s5se t if ,psi#a1 ,psi#b1 4441 ,psir are ! *>act]i/ics = a di/9ct repres5tation f ! above1 !n ,xi & ,psii are n equal = all values ( ! suffix i4 ,x may be ! case t ! r *>act]i/ics = a giv5 repres5tation are all real4 ,if ?is is s ! repres5tation is said to be self-inv]se4 ,9 ! contr>y case !re is always ano!r repres5tation1 call$ ! inv]se repres5tation1 = :i* ea* *>act]i/ic is ! conjugate imag9>y ( ! correspond+ "o 9 ! orig9al repres5tation4 ,! *>act]i/ics are subject to c]ta9 rem>kable relations4 ,if hp d5otes ! numb] ( op]ations 9 ! p? conjugate set1 :ile ,xip1 & ,xjp are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p? conjugate set 9 ,gammai & ,gammaj1 !n pr hp ,xpi ,xpj #j or n1 _/p#a accord+ to ,gammai & ,gammaj are n or are inv]se repres5tations1 n be+ ! ord] ( ,g4 ,aga9 ir ,xpi ,xqi #j or n_/hp _/i#a accord+ z ! p? & q? conjugate sets are n or are inv]se2 ! q? set be+ call$ ! inv]se ( ! p? if x consi/s ( ! inv]ses ( ! op]ations con/itut+ ! p?4 ,l9e> homog5e\s gr\ps4 ,ano!r =m 9 :i* e gr\p ( f9ite ord] c be repres5t$ is t kn[n z a l9e> homog5e\s gr\p4 ,if 9 ! equations x'r a7r#a7x#a a7r#b7x#b 444 a7rm7xm1 7r #a1 #b1 4441 m71 :i* def9e a l9e> homog5e\s sub/itution1 ! coeffici5ts are integ]s1 & if ! equations are replac$ by congru5ces to a f9ite modulus n1 ! sy/em ( congru5ces w give a def9ite op]ation1 provid$ t ! det]m9ant ( ! coeffici5ts is relatively prime to n4 ,! product ( two su* op]ations is ano!r op]ation ( ! same k9d2 & ! total numb] ( di/9ct op]ations is f9ite1 s9ce !re is only a limit$ numb] ( *oices = ! coeffici5ts4 ,! totality ( ^! op]ations1 !re=e1 con/itutes a gr\p ( f9ite ord]2 & su* a gr\p is kn[n z a l9e> homog5e\s gr\p4 ,if n is a prime ! ord] ( ! gr\p is 7nm - #a77nm - n7 444 7nm - n7m-#a774 ,! totality ( ! op]ations ( ! l9e> homog5e\s gr\p = :i* ! det]m9ant ( ! coeffici5ts is congru5t to unity =ms a subgr\p4 ,o!r subgr\ps arise by consid]+ ^? op]ations :i* leave a function ( ! v>iables un*ang$ 7mod4 n74 ,all su* subgr\ps are kn[n z l9e> homog5e\s gr\ps4 ,:5 ! ratios only ( ! v>iables are consid]$1 !re arises a l9e> fractional gr\p1 ) :i* ! correspond+ l9e> homog5e\s gr\p is isomorphic4 ,?us1 if p is a prime ! totality ( ! congru5ces az b z' equiv ------1 ad - bc _/ #j1 7mod4 p7 cz d con/itutes a gr\p ( ord] p7p#b - #a74 ,?is class ( gr\ps = v>i\s values ( p is almo/ ! only "o :i* has be5 z yet exhau/ively analys$4 ,= all values ( p except #c x conta9s a simple self-conjugate subgr\p ( index #b4 ,a great ext5sion ( ! !ory ( l9e> homog5e\s gr\ps has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s by consid]+ sy/ems ( congru5ces ( ! =m x'r equiv a7r#a7x#a a7r#b7x#b 444 a7rm7xm1 7r #a1 #b1 4441 m71 9 :i* ! coeffici5ts a7rs71 are integral functions ) real integral coeffici5ts ( a root ( an irr$ucible congru5ce to a prime modulus4 ,su* a sy/em ( congru5ces is obvi\sly limit$ 9 numb]s & def9es a gr\p :i* conta9s z a subgr\p ! gr\p def9$ by ! same congru5ces ) ord9>y integral coeffici5ts4 ,applications4 ,! *ief application ( ! !ory ( gr\ps ( f9ite ord] is to ! !ory ( algebraic equations4 ,! analogy ( equations ( ! second1 ?ird & f\r? degrees w\ld give rise to ! expectation t a root ( an equation ( any f9ite degree c\ld be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! coeffici5ts by a f9ite numb] ( ! op]ations ( addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 division1 & ! extraction ( roots2 9 o!r words1 t ! equation c\ld be solv$ by radicals4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z prov$ by ,abel & ,galois1 is n ! case3 an equation ( a high] degree ?an ! f\r? 9 g5]al def9es an algebraic irrationality :i* _c be express$ by means ( radicals1 & ! cases 9 :i* su* an equation c be solv$ by radicals mu/ be reg>d$ z exceptional4 ,! !ory ( gr\ps gives ! means ( det]m9+ :e!r an equation comes "u ?is exceptional case1 & ( solv+ ! equation :5 x does4 ,:5 x does n1 ! !ory provides ! means ( r$uc+ ! problem pres5t$ by ! equation to a normal =m4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! !ory ( equations ( ! fif? degree has be5 exhau/ively treat$1 & ! problems pres5t$ by c]ta9 equations ( ! six? & sev5? degrees h actually be5 r$uc$ to normal =m4 ,galois 7see ,,equation7 %[$ t1 correspond+ to e irr$ucible equation ( ! n? degree1 !re exi/s a transitive sub/itution-gr\p ( degree n1 su* t e function ( ! roots1 ! num]ical value ( :i* is unalt]$ by all ! sub/itutions ( ! gr\p c be express$ rationally 9 t]ms ( ! coeffici5ts1 :ile conv]sely e function ( ! roots :i* is expressible rationally 9 t]ms ( ! coeffici5ts is unalt]$ by ! sub/itutions ( ! gr\p4 ,?is gr\p is call$ ! gr\p ( ! equation4 ,9 g5]al1 if ! equation is giv5 arbitr>ily1 ! gr\p w be ! symmetric gr\p4 ,! necess>y & suffici5t condition t ! equation may be soluble by radicals is t its gr\p %\ld be a soluble gr\p4 ,:5 ! coeffici5ts 9 an equation are rational integ]s1 ! det]m9ation ( its gr\p may be made by a f9ite numb] ( processes ea* ( :i* involves only rational ari?metical op]ations4 ,^! processes consi/ 9 =m+ resolv5ts ( ! equation correspond+ to ea* di/9ct type ( subgr\p ( ! symmetric gr\p ^: degree is t ( ! equation4 ,ea* ( ! resolv5ts s =m$ is !n exam9$ to f9d :e!r x has rational roots4 ,! gr\p correspond+ to any resolv5t :i* has a rational root conta9s ! gr\p ( ! equation2 & ! lea/ ( ! gr\ps s f\nd is ! gr\p ( ! equation4 ,?us1 = an equation ( ! fif? degree ! v>i\s transitive subgr\ps ( ! symmetric gr\p ( degree five h to be consid]$4 ,^! are 7i47 ! alt]nat+ gr\p2 7ii47 a soluble gr\p ( ord] #bj2 7iii47 a gr\p ( ord] #aj1 self-conjugate 9 ! prec$+2 7iv47 a cyclical gr\p ( ord] #e1 self-conjugate 9 bo? ! prec$+4 ,if x#j1 x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 x#d are ! roots ( ! equation1 ! correspond+ resolv5ts may be tak5 to be ^? :i* h = roots 7i47 ! squ>e root ( ! discrim9ant2 7ii47 ! function 7x#jx#a x#ax#b x#bx#c x#cx#d x#dx#j77x#jx#b x#bx#d x#dx#a x#ax#c x#cx#j72 7iii47 ! function x#jx#a x#ax#b x#bx#c x#cx#d x#dx#j2 & 7iv47 ! function x#jbx#a x#abx#b x#bbx#c x#cbx#d x#dbx#j4 ,s9ce ! gr\ps = :i* 7iii47 & 7iv47 are inv>iant are conta9$ 9 t = :i* 7ii47 is inv>iant1 & s9ce ^! are ! only soluble gr\ps ( ! set1 ! equation w be soluble by radicals only :5 ! function 7ii47 c be express$ rationally 9 t]ms ( ! coeffici5ts4 ,if 7x#jx#a x#ax#b x#bx#c x#cx#d x#dx#j77x#jx#b x#bx#d x#dx#a x#ax#c x#cx#j7 is kn[n1 !n cle>ly x#jx#a x#ax#b x#bx#c x#cx#d x#dx#j c be det]m9$ by ! solution ( a quadratic equation4 ,moreov]1 ! sum & product 7x#j epsilonx#a epsilon#bx#b epsilon#cx#c epsilon#dx#d7e & 7x#j epsilon#dx#a;epsilon#cx#b epsilon#bx#c epsilonx#d7e c be express$ rationally 9 t]ms ( x#jx#a x#ax#b x#bx#c x#cx#d x#dx#j1 epsilon1 & ! symmetric functions2 epsilon be+ a fif? root ( unity4 ,h5ce 7x#j epsilonx#a epsilon#bx#b epsilon#cx#c epsilon#d,x#d7e c be det]m9$ by ! solution ( a quadratic equation4 ,! roots ( ! orig9al equation are !n f9ally det]m9$ by ! extraction ( a fif? root4 ,! problem ( r$uc+ an equation ( ! fif? degree1 :5 n soluble by radicals1 to a normal =m1 =ms ! subject ( ,kle9's ,vorlesung5 ub] das ,ikosa$]4 ,ano!r application ( gr\ps ( f9ite ord] is to ! !ory ( l9e> diff]5tial equations ^: integrals are algebraic functions4 ,x has be5 already se51 9 ! discussion ( discont9u\s gr\ps 9 g5]al1 t ! gr\ps ( su* equations mu/ be gr\ps ( f9ite ord]4 ,to e gr\p ( f9ite ord] :i* c be repres5t$ z an irr$ucible gr\p ( l9e> sub/itutions on n v>iables w correspond a class ( irr$ucible l9e> diff]5tial equations ( ! n? ord] ^: integrals are algebraic4 ,! complete det]m9ation ( ! class ( l9e> diff]5tial equations ( ! second ord] ) all _! integrals algebraic1 ^: gr\p has ! greate/ possible ord]1 viz4 #abj1 has be5 c>ri$ out by ,kle94 ,,au?orities4--,cont9u\s gr\ps3 ,lie & ,engel1 ,!orie d] ,trans=mationsgrupp5 7,leipzig1 vol4 i41 #ahhh2 vol4 ii41 #ahij2 vol4 iii41 #ahic72 ,lie & ,s*eff]s1 ,vorlesung5 ub] gewohnli*e ,diff]5tialglei*ung5 mit bekannt5 inf9itesimal5 ,trans=mation5 7,leipzig1 #ahia72 ,idem1 ,vorlesung5 ub] cont9ui]li*e ,grupp5 7,leipzig1 #ahic72 ,idem1 ,geometrie d] ,b]uhrung/rans=mation5 7,leipzig1 #ahif72 ,kle9 & ,s*ill+1 ,hoh]e ,geometrie1 vol4 ii4 7li?ograph$7 7,gott+51 #ahic1 = bo? cont9u\s & discont9u\s gr\ps74 ,campbell1 ,introductory ,treatise on ,lie's ,!ory ( ,f9ite ,cont9u\s ,trans=mation ,gr\ps 7,ox=d1 #aijc74 ,discont9u\s gr\ps3 ,kle9 & ,fricke1 ,vorlesung5 ub] die ,!orie d] elliptis*5 ,modulfunktion5 7vol4 i41 ,leipzig1 #ahij7 7= a full discussion ( ! modul> gr\p72 ,idem1 ,vorlesung5 ub] die ,!orie d] automorph5 ,funktion5 7vol4 i41 ,leipzig1 #ahig2 vol4 ii4 pt4 i41 #aija7 7= ! g5]al !ory ( discont9u\s gr\ps72 ,s*o5flies1 ,kry/allsy/eme und ,kry/all/ruktur 7,leipzig1 #ahia7 7= discont9u\s gr\ps ( motions72 ,gr\ps ( f9ite ord]3 ,galois1 ,,oeuvres ma!matiques 7,p>is1 #ahig1 repr9t72 ,jordan1 ,traite des sub/itutions et des equations algebriques 7,p>is1 #ahgj72 ,netto1 ,sub/itution5!orie und ihre ,anw5dung auf die ,algebra 7,leipzig1 #ahhb2 ,eng4 trans4 by ,cole1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahib72 ,kle91 ,vorlesung5 ub] das ,ikosa$] 7,leipzig1 #ahhd2 ,eng4 trans4 by ,morrice1 ,london1 #ahhh72 ,h4 ,vogt1 ,lecons sur la resolution algebrique des equations 7,p>is1 #ahie72 ,web]1 ,lehrbu* d] ,algebra 7,brauns*weig1 vol4 i41 #ahie2 vol4 ii41 #ahif2 a second edition appe>$ 9 #ahih72 ,burnside1 ,!ory ( ,gr\ps ( ,f9ite ,ord] 7,cambridge1 #ahig72 ,bian*i1 ,teoria dei gruppi di so/ituzioni e delle equazioni algebri*e 7,pisa1 #ahii72 ,dickson1 ,l9e> ,gr\ps ) an ,exposition ( ! ,galois ,field ,!ory 7,leipzig1 #aija72 ,de ,segui]1 ,elem5ts de la !orie des gr\pes ab/raits 7,p>is1 #aijd71 ,a summ>y ) _m ref]5ces w be f\nd 9 ! ,encyklopadie d] ma!matis*5 ,wiss5s*aft5 7,leipzig1 vol4 i41 #ahih1 #ahii74 7,w4 ,bu47 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ^w gr\p1 :i* appe>s fir/ 9 ,engli% 9 ! s5se ( an assemblage ( figures 9 an arti/ic design1 picture1 c41 is adapt$ f ! ,fr4 gr\pe1 :i* is to be ref]r$ to ! ,teutonic ^w mean+ knot1 mass1 bun*1 repres5t$ 9 ,engli% by crop 7q4v474 ,! te*nical ma!matical s5se is n old] ?an #ahgj4 ,,gr\se1 a ^w ( unc]ta9 orig91#a n[ us$ g5]ally by orni?ologi/s to include all ! r\gh-foot$ ,gall9ace\s birds1 b 9 common spee* appli$ almo/ exclusively1 :5 us$ alone1 to ! ,tetrao scoticus ( ,l9naeus1 ! ,lagopus scoticus ( mod]n sy/emati/s--m p>ticul>ly call$ 9 ,engli% ! r$ gr\se1 b till ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury almo/ inv>iably spok5 ( z ! ,moor-f[l or ,moor-game4 ,! effect :i* ?is species is suppos$ to h _h on ! ,briti% legislature1 & !re=e on hi/ory1 is well kn[n1 = x 0 ! common belief t p>liam5t always rose :5 ! season = gr\se-%oot+ began 7,augu/ #ab?72 :ile accord+ to ! ,orkney+a ,saga 7ed4 ,jonaeus1 p4 #cef2 ed4 ,&]son1 p4 #afh7 ev5ts ( "s importance 9 ! annals ( ,nor? ,brita9 foll[$ f its pursuit 9 ,cai?ness 9 ! ye> #aaeg4 ,! r$ gr\se is f\nd on moors f ,monm\?%ire & ,d]by%ire nor?w>d to ! ,orkneys1 z well z 9 mo/ ( ! ,hebrides4 ,x inhabits simil> situations ?r\gh\t ,wales & ,irel&1 b x does n naturally occur beyond ! limits ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1#b & is ! only species among birds peculi> to !m4 ,! ^w species may 9 ?is case be us$ advis$ly 7s9ce ! r$ gr\se inv>iably bre$s true1 x admits ( an easy diagnosis1 & x has a def9ite geographical range72 b sc>cely any zoologi/ c d\bt ( its common orig9 ) ! will[-gr\se1 ,lagopus albus 7,l4 subalp9us or ,l4 saliceti ( "s au?ors71 t inhabits a sub>ctic zone f ,norway across ! cont95ts ( ,europe & ,asia1 z well z ,nor? ,am]ica f ! ,aleutian ,isl&s to ,newf\ndl&4 ,! r$ gr\se inde$ is r>ely or nev] f\nd away f ! hea!r on :i* *iefly x subsi/s2 :ile ! will[-gr\se 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w seems to pref] ! %rubby gr[? ( b]ry-be>+ plants 7,vacc9ium & o!rs7 t1 (t5 ?ickly int]sp]s$ ) will[s & bir*es1 clo!s ! high] levels or ! l[] m\nta9-slopes1 & x fl\ri%es 9 ! ,new ,_w :]e hea!r sc>cely exi/s1 & a hea? 9 its /rict s5se is unkn[n4 ,x is true t ! will[-gr\se always becomes :ite 9 w9t]1 :i* ! r$ gr\se nev] does2 b 9 summ] !re is a consid]able resemblance betwe5 ! two species1 ! cock will[-gr\se hav+ 8 head1 neck & brea/ ( ne>ly ! same ri* *e/nut-br[n z 8 ,briti% repres5tative1 &1 ?\gh 8 back be light] 9 col\r1 z is also ! :ole plumage ( 8 mate1 ?an is f\nd 9 ! r$ gr\se1 9 o!r respects ! two species are precisely alike4 ,no di/9ction c be discov]$ 9 _! voice1 _! eggs1 _! build1 nor 9 _! anatomical details1 s f> z ^! h be5 inve/igat$ & comp>$4#c ,moreov]1 ! r$ gr\se1 re/rict$ z is its range1 v>ies 9 col\r n inconsid]ably accord+ to locality4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ ,gr\se4 ,?\gh ! r$ gr\se does n1 aft] ! mann] ( o!r memb]s ( ! g5us ,lagopus1 become :ite 9 w9t]1 ,scotl& possesses a species ( ! g5us :i* does4 ,?is is ! pt>migan1 ,l4 mutus or ,l4 alp9us1 :i* diff]s f> m 9 /ructure1 /ation & habits f ! r$ gr\se ?an t does f ! will[-gr\se1 & 9 ,scotl& is f> less abundant1 haunt+ only ! highe/ & mo/ b>r5 m\nta9s4 ,x is said to h =m]ly inhabit$ bo? ,wales & ,engl&1 b !re is no evid5ce ( its appe>ance 9 ,irel&4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe x is f\nd mo/ num]\sly 9 ,norway1 b at an elevation f> above ! gr[? ( trees1 & x occurs on ! ,pyr5ees & on ! ,alps4 ,x also inhabits nor!rn ,russia4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,gre5l& & ,icel& x is repres5t$ by a v ne>ly alli$ =m--s mu* s inde$ t x is only at c]ta9 seasons t ! slight diff]5ce betwe5 !m c be detect$4 ,?is =m is ! ,l4 rupe/ris ( au?ors1 & x w\ld appe> to be f\nd also 9 ,sib]ia 7,ibis1 #ahgi1 p4 #adh74 ,spitzb]g5 is inhabit$ by a l>ge =m :i* has receiv$ recognition z ,l4 hemileucurus1 & ! nor!rn end ( ! *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is t5ant$ by a v di/9ct species1 ! smalle/ & p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( ! g5us1 ,l4 leucurus1 :i* has all ! fea!rs ( ! tail :ite4 ,illu/ration3 ,pt>migan4 ,illu/ration3 ,blackcock4 ,! bird1 h[ev]1 to :i* ! "n ( gr\se 9 all /rictness belongs is probably ! ,tetrao tetrix ( ,l9naeus--! blackcock & greyh51 z ! sexes are respectively call$4 ,x is di/ribut$ ov] mo/ ( ! hea?-c\ntry ( ,engl&1 except 9 ,ea/ ,anglia1 :]e attempts to introduce x h be5 only p>tially successful4 ,x also occurs 9 ,nor? ,wales & v g5]ally ?r\gh\t ,scotl&1 ?\gh n 9 ,orkney1 ,%etl& or ! ,out] ,hebrides1 nor 9 ,irel&4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe x has a v wide range1 & x ext5ds into ,sib]ia4 ,9 ,georgia its place is tak5 by a di/9ct species1 on :i* a ,poli% naturali/ 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahge1 p4 #bfg7 has conf]r$ ! "n ( ,t4 mlokosiewiczi4 ,bo? ^! birds h mu* 9 common ) _! l>g] cong5] ! cap]cally & its ea/]n repres5tative4 ,! species ( ! g5us ,bonasa1 ( :i* ! ,european ,b4 sylve/ris is ! type1 does n inhabit ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ delicate game-bird t comes to table4 ,x is ! gel9otte ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,haselhuhn ( ,g]mans1 & ,hj]pe ( ,sc&9avians4 ,l its transatlantic cong5] ,b4 umbellus1 ! ruff$ gr\se or bir*-p>tridge 7( :i* !re are two o!r local =ms1 ,b4 umbelloides & ,b4 sab9ii71 x is purely a =e/-bird4 ,! same may be said ( ! species ( ,canace1 ( :i* two =ms are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ,c4 canad5sis1 ! spruce-p>tridge1 & ,c4 frankl9i1 & also ( ! ,sib]ian ,c4 falcip5nis4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ^! birds is ! gr\p kn[n z ,d5dragapus1 conta9+ ?ree l>ge & f9e =ms ,d4 obscurus1 ,d4 fulig9osus1 & ,d4 ri*>dsoni--all peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!n !re are ,c5troc]cus urophasianus1 ! sage-cock ( ! pla9s ( ,columbia & ,cali=nia1 & ,p$ioecetes1 ! %>p-tail$ gr\se1 ) its two =ms1 ,p4 phasianellus & ,p4 columbianus1 :ile f9ally ,cupidonia1 ! prairie-h51 also ) two local =ms1 ,c4 cupido & ,c4 pallidic9cta1 is a bird t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica possesses consid]able economic value1 enorm\s numb]s be+ consum$ !re1 & also export$ to ,europe4 ,! v>i\s sorts ( gr\se are ne>ly all figur$ 9 ,elliot's ,monograph ( ! ,tetraon9ae1 & an excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican species is giv5 9 ,baird1 ,brew] & ,ridgway's ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds 7iii4 #dad-dfe74 ,see also ,,%oot+4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x seems fir/ to occur 7,o4 ,salusbury ,br]eton1 ,ar*aeologia1 iii4 #aeg7 z gr[s 9 an ord9ance = ! regulation ( ! royal h\sehold dat$ apud ,el?am1 m5s4 ,jan4 #bb ,h54 ,,viii41 i4e4 #aeca1 & consid]+ ! locality mu/ ref] to black game4 ,x is f\nd 9 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t #a ,jac4 ,i4 cap4 #bg1 ,s #b1 i4e4 #afjc1 &1 z repr9t$ 9 ! ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 /&s z n[ commonly spelt1 b by _m writ]s or pr9t]s ! f9al e 0 omitt$ 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,9 #afaa ,cotgrave _h ,p\le gries*e4 ,a ,moore-h5ne2 ! h5ne ( ! ,grice 9 ed4 #afgc ,griece or ,mooregame 7,diction>ie ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% ,tongues1 s4v4 ,p\le74 ,! mo/ likely d]ivation seems to be f ! old ,fr5* ^w gries*e1 greo*e or griais 7mean+ speckl$1 & cognate ) griseus1 grisly or grey71 :i* 0 appli$ to "s k9d ( p>tridge1 or accord+ to ,brunetto ,lat9i 7,tres4 p4 #baa7 to a quail1 porce que ele fu premi]s trovee en ,grece4 ,! ,ox=d ,diction>y repudiates ! possibility ( gr\se be+ a spuri\s s+ul> ( an alleg$ plural grice1 &1 ) reg>d to ! possibility ( gr[s be+ a plural ( gr[1 ref]s to ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 7c4 #abaj71 ,topogr4 ,hib4 op]a 7,rolls7 v4 #dg3 gall9ae campe/res1 quas vulg>it] grutas vocant4 #b ,x 0 successfully1 ?\gh ) mu* tr\ble1 introduc$ by ,mr ,osc> ,dickson on a tract ( l& ne> ,gott5burg 9 ,sw$5 7,sv5ska ,jag>=bundets ,nya ,tidskrift1 #ahfh1 p4 #fd et alibi74 #c ,a v int]e/+ subject = discussion w\ld be :e!r ,lagopus scoticus or ,l4 albus has v>i$ mo/ f ! common /ock ( bo?4 ,look+ to ! fact t ! =m] is ! only species ( ! g5us :i* does n assume :ite clo?+ 9 w9t]1 an evolutioni/ might at fir/ deem ! v>iation greate/ 9 its case2 b !n x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! species ( ,lagopus :i* turn :ite diff] 9 t respect f all o!r gr\ps ( ! family ,tetraonidae4 ,fur!rmore e species ( ,lagopus 7ev5 ,l4 leucurus1 ! :ite/ ( all7 has its fir/ set ( remiges col\r$ br[n4 ,^! are dropp$ :5 ! bird is ab\t half-gr[n1 & 9 all ! species b ,l4 scoticus :ite remiges are !n produc$4 ,if !re=e ! successive phases assum$ by any animal 9 ! c\rse ( its progress to maturity indicate ! phases ?r\gh :i* ! species has pass$1 !re may h be5 a "t :5 all ! species ( ,lagopus wore a br[n liv]y ev5 :5 adult1 & ! :ite dress donn$ 9 w9t] has be5 impos$ ^u ! we>]s by causes t c be easily sugge/$4 ,! :ite plumage ( ! birds ( ?is gr\p protects !m f dang] dur+ ! sn[s ( a protract$ w9t]4 ,b ! r$ gr\se1 in/ead ( p]petuat+ directly ! m anci5t prop]ties ( an orig9al ,lagopus t und]w5t no great seasonal *ange ( plumage1 may d]ive its ance/ry f ! widely-rang+ will[-gr\se1 :i* 9 an epo* comp>atively rec5t 79 ! geological s5se7 may h /ock$ ,brita91 & left desc5dants t1 "u conditions 9 :i* ! assumption ( a :ite g>b w\ld be almo/ fatal to ! pres]vation ( ! species1 h rev]t$ 7?\gh d\btless ) "s modifications7 to a comp>ative immutability ess5tially ! same z t ( ! primal ,lagopus4 ,,grove1 ,,sir ,,george 7#ahbj-aijj71 ,engli% writ] on music1 0 born at ,clapham on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #ahbj4 ,he 0 articl$ to a civil eng9e]1 & work$ = two ye>s 9 a factory ne> ,glasg[4 ,9 #ahda & #ahde he 0 employ$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 erect+ ligh?\ses 9 ,jamaica & ,b]muda4 ,9 #ahdi he became secret>y to ! ,society ( ,arts1 & 9 #aheb to ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,9 ?is capacity 8 natural love ( music & en?usiasm = ! art f\nd a spl5did op5+1 & he ?rew all ! weight ( 8 influ5ce into ! task ( promot+ ! be/ music ( all s*ools 9 connexion ) ! weekly & daily conc]ts at ,syd5ham1 :i* _h a long & hon\rable c>e] "u ! direction ( ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,augu/ ,manns4 ,)\t ,sir ,george ,grove t em95t conductor w\ld h>dly h succe$$ 9 do+ :at he did to enc\rage "y compos]s & to educate ! ,briti% public 9 music4 ,grove's analyses ( ! ,bee?ov5 symphonies1 & ! o!r works pres5t$ at ! conc]ts1 set ! patt]n ( :at su* ?+s %\ld be2 & x 0 z a result ( ^!1 & ( ! fact t he 0 editor ( ,macmillan's ,magaz9e f #ahfh to #ahhc1 t ! s*eme ( 8 fam\s ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 publi%$ f #ahgh to #ahhi 7new edition1 edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,full] ,maitl&1 #aijd-aijg71 0 conceiv$ & execut$4 ,8 own articles 9 t "w on ,bee?ov51 ,m5delssohn & ,s*ub]t are monum5ts ( a special k9d ( le>n+1 & t ! re/ ( ! book is a little ?r[n out ( balance ow+ to _! great l5g? is h>dly to be regrett$4 ,long be=e ?is he _h contribut$ to ! ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 & _h promot$ ! f\ndation ( ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 ,on a j\rney to ,vi5na1 und]tak5 9 ! company ( 8 lifelong fri5d1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan1 ! important discov]y ( a l>ge numb] ( compositions by ,s*ub]t 0 made1 includ+ ! music to ,rosamunde4 ,:5 ! ,royal ,college ( ,music 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhb he 0 appo9t$ its fir/ director1 receiv+ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,he br\ght ! new in/itution into l9e ) ! mo/ useful ,european cons]vatoriums4 ,on ! completion ( ! new build+s 9 #ahid he resign$ ! director%ip1 b reta9$ an active int]e/ 9 ! in/itution to ! end ( 8 life4 ,he di$ at ,syd5ham on ! #bh? ( ,may #aijj4 ,8 life1 a mo/ int]e/+ "o1 0 writt5 by ,mr ,*>les ,graves4 7,j4 ,a4 ,f4 ,m47 ,,grove1 ,,sir ,,william ,,rob]t 7#ahaa-ahif71 ,engli% judge & man ( sci5ce1 0 born on ! #aa? ( ,july #ahaa at ,swansea1 ,s\? ,wales4 ,aft] be+ educat$ by private tutors1 he w5t to ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he took an ord9>y degree 9 #ahcb4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he 0 call$ to ! b> at ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,8 heal?1 h[ev]1 did n all[ him to devote himself /r5u\sly to practice1 & he occupi$ 8 leisure ) sci5tific /udies4 ,ab\t #ahci he con/ruct$ ! plat9um-z9c voltaic cell t be>s 8 "n1 & ) ! aid ( a numb] ( ^! exhibit$ ! electric arc light 9 ! ,london ,in/itution1 ,f9sbury ,circus4 ,! result 0 t 9 #ahdj ! manag]s appo9t$ him to ! pr(essor%ip ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 an (fice :i* he held = sev5 ye>s4 ,8 rese>*es dealt v l>gely ) electro-*emi/ry & ) ! voltaic cell1 ( :i* he inv5t$ sev]al v>ieties4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,grove gas-batt]y1 :i* is ( special int]e/ bo? intr9sically & z ! =]unn] ( ! second>y batt]ies n[ 9 use = ! /orage ( electricity1 0 bas$ on 8 obs]vation t a curr5t is produc$ by a c\ple ( plat9um plates /&+ 9 acidulat$ wat] & imm]s$1 ! "o 9 hydrog51 ! o!r 9 oxyg54 ,at "o ( 8 lectures at ! ,in/itution he anticipat$ ! electric light+ ( to-day by illum9at+ ! !atre ) inc&esc5t electric lamps1 ! filam5ts be+ ( plat9um & ! curr5t suppli$ by a batt]y ( 8 nitric acid cells4 ,9 #ahdf he publi%$ 8 fam\s book on ,! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 ! lead+ ideas ( :i* he _h already put =w>d 9 8 lectures3 its fundam5tal conception 0 t ea* ( ! =ces ( nature--light1 heat1 electricity1 c4--is def9itely & equival5tly conv]tible into any o!r1 & t :]e exp]im5t does n give ! full equival5t1 x is because ! initial =ce has be5 dissipat$1 n lo/1 by conv]sion into o!r unrecogniz$ =ces4 ,9 ! same ye> he receiv$ a ,royal m$al f ! ,royal ,society = 8 ,bak]ian lecture on ,c]ta9 ph5om5a ( voltaic ignition & ! decomposition ( wat] into its con/itu5t gases4 ,9 #ahff he presid$ ov] ! ,briti% ,association at its ,nott+ham meet+ & deliv]$ an address on ! cont9uity ( natural ph5om5a4 ,b :ile he 0 ?us engag$ 9 sci5tific rese>*1 8 legal "w 0 n neglect$1 & 8 practice increas$ s greatly t 9 #ahec he became a ,q4,c4 ,"o ( ! be/-kn[n cases 9 :i* he appe>$ z an advocate 0 t ( ,william ,palm]1 ! ,rugeley poison]1 :om he def5d$4 ,9 #ahga he 0 made a judge ( ! ,common ,pleas 9 succession to ,sir ,rob]t ,colli]1 & rema9$ on ! b5* till #ahhg4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #ahif4 ,a selection ( 8 sci5tific pap]s is giv5 9 ! six? edition ( ,! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 publi%$ 9 #ahgd4 ,,grove 7,o4,e4 graf1 cf4 ,o4,e4 groefa1 bru%wood1 lat] greave2 ! ^w does n appe> 9 any o!r ,teutonic language1 & ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y f9ds no ,indo-,european root to :i* x c be ref]r$2 ,skeat consid]s x connect$ ) grave1 to cut1 & f9ds ! orig9al mean+ to be a glade cut ?r\gh a wood71 a small gr\p or clu/] ( trees1 gr[+ naturally & =m+ some?+ small] ?an a wood1 or plant$ 9 p>ticul> %apes or = p>ticul> purposes1 9 a p>k1 c4 ,groves h be5 connect$ ) religi\s wor%ip f ! e>lie/ times1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,india e village has its sacr$ gr\p ( trees4 ,= ! connexion ( religion ) sacr$ groves see ,,tree-,,wor%ip4 ,! ^w grove 0 us$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,bible to translate two ,hebrew words3 7#a7 'e%el1 z 9 ,g54 xxi4 #cc1 & #a ,sam4 xxii4 #f2 ?is is rightly giv5 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion z tam>isk2 7#b7 a%]ah 9 _m places ?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"h ! translators foll[$ ! ,septuag9t ,greek3 alsos & ! ,vulgate lucus4 ,! '7a%]ah 0 a wood5 po/ erect$ at ! ,canaaniti% places ( wor%ip1 & also by ! alt>s ( ,yahweh4 ,x may h repres5t$ a tree4 ,,groznyi1 a =tress & t[n ( ,russia1 ,nor? ,caucasia1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,t]ek1 on ! ,zunzha riv]1 #hb m4 by rail ,n4,e4 ( ,vladikavkaz1 on ! railway to ,petrovsk4 ,!re are naph?a wells close by4 ,! =tifications 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ahai4 ,pop4 7#ahig7 #ae1eii4 ,,grub1 ! l>va ( an insect1 a cat]pill>1 maggot4 ,! ^w is =m$ f ! v]b to grub1 to dig1 break up ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & cle> ( /umps1 roots1 we$s1 c4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 grub may be ref]r$ to an ablaut v>iant ( ! ,old ,teutonic grab-1 to dig1 cf4 grave4 ,skeat 7,etym4 ,dict4 #ahih7 ref]s x r to ! root se5 9 grope1 grab1 c41 ! orig9al mean+ to se>* =4 ,! e>lie/ quotation ( ! slang use ( ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( food 9 ! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y is dat$ #afei f ,anci5t ,poems1 ,ballads1 c41 ,p]cy ,society ,publications4 ,grub-/reet1 z a collective t]m = ne$y hack-writ]s1 dates f ! #ag? c5tury & is due to ! "n ( a /reet ne> ,moorfields1 ,london1 n[ ,milton ,/reet1 :i* 0 z ,johnson says mu* inhabit$ by writ]s ( small hi/ories1 diction>ies & tempor>y poems4 ,,grub]1 ,,johann ,,gottfri$ 7#aggd-ahea71 ,g]man critic & lit]>y hi/orian1 0 born at ,naumburg on ! ,saale1 on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #aggd4 ,he receiv$ 8 education at ! t[n s*ool ( ,naumburg & ! univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 aft] :i* he resid$ successively at ,gott+51 ,leipzig1 ,j5a & ,weim>1 occupy+ himself p>tly 9 tea*+ & p>tly 9 v>i\s lit]>y ent]prises1 & enjoy+ 9 ,weim> ! fri5d%ip ( ,h]d]1 ,wiel& & ,goe!4 ,9 #ahaa he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor at ! univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g1 & aft] ! division ( ,saxony he 0 s5t by ! s5ate to ,b]l9 to negotiate ! union ( ! univ]sity ( ,witt5b]g ) t ( ,halle4 ,aft] ! union 0 effect$ he became 9 #ahae pr(essor ( philosophy at ,halle4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,johann ,samuel ,ers* 9 ! editor%ip ( ! great "w ,allgeme9e ,encyklopadie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 und ,kun/e2 & aft] ! dea? ( ,ers* he cont9u$ ! fir/ section f vol4 xviii4 to vol4 liv4 ,he also succe$$ ,ers* 9 ! editor%ip ( ! ,allgeme9e ,lit]aturzeitung4 ,he di$ on ! #g? ( ,augu/ #ahea4 ,grub] 0 ! au?or ( a l>ge numb] ( works1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are ,*>akt]i/ik ,h]d]s 7,leipzig1 #ahje71 9 conjunction ) ,johann ,t4 ,l4 ,danz 7#agfi-ahea71 aft]w>ds pr(essor ( !ology at ,j5a2 ,ges*i*te des m5s*li*5 ,ges*le*ts 7#b vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahjf72 ,wort]bu* d] altklassis*5 ,my?ologie 7#c vols41 ,weim>1 #ahaj-ahae72 ,wiel&s ,leb5 7#b p>ts1 ,weim>1 #ahae-ahaf71 & ,klop/ocks ,leb5 7,weim>1 #ahcb74 ,he also edit$ ,wiel&'s ,samtli*e ,w]ke 7,leipzig1 #ahah-ahbh74 ,,grumba*1 ,,wilhelm ,,von 7#aejc-aefg71 ,g]man adv5tur]1 *iefly kn[n ?r\gh 8 connexion ) ! s-call$ ,grumba* feuds 7,grumba*s*e ,h&el71 ! la/ attempt ( ! ,g]man knights to de/roy ! p[] ( ! t]ritorial pr9ces4 ,a memb] ( an old ,franconian family1 he 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,june #aejc1 & hav+ pass$ "s "t at ! c\rt ( ,casimir1 pr9ce ( ,bayreu? 7d4 #aebg71 f\ght aga9/ ! peasants dur+ ! ris+ 9 #aebd & #aebe4 ,ab\t #aedj ,grumba* became associat$ ) ,alb]t ,alcibiades1 ! turbul5t pr9ce ( ,bayreu?1 :om he s]v$ bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ! peace ( ,passau 9 #aeeb1 ,grumba* assi/$ ,alb]t 9 8 c>e] ( plund] 9 ,franconia & 0 ?us able to take "s rev5ge ^u 8 enemy1 ,mel*ior von ,zobel1 bi%op ( ,wurzburg4 ,z a l&hold] ,grumba* 0 a vassal ( ! bi%ops ( ,wurzburg1 & _h held (fice at ! c\rt ( ,conrad ( ,bibra1 :o 0 bi%op f #aedj to #aedd4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,zobel 0 *os5 to succe$ ,conrad ! h>moni\s relations betwe5 "l & vassal 7 quickly di/urb$4 ,unable to free himself & 8 associates f ! suz]a9ty ( ! bi%op by appeal+ to ! imp]ial c\rts he decid$ to adopt m viol5t measures1 & 8 fri5d%ip ) ,alb]t 0 v s]viceable 9 ?is connexion4 ,alb]t's c>e]1 h[ev]1 0 *eck$ by 8 defeat at ,siev]%aus5 9 ,july #aeec & 8 subsequ5t flight into ,france1 & ! bi%op took advantage ( ?is /ate ( affairs to seize ,grumba*'s l&s4 ,! knight obta9$ an ord] ( re/itution f ! imp]ial c\rt ( ju/ice 7,rei*skamm]g]i*t71 b he 0 unable to c>ry ?is into effect2 & 9 ,april #aeeh "s ( 8 p>tisans seiz$ & kill$ ! bi%op4 ,grumba* decl>$ he 0 innoc5t ( ?is crime1 b 8 /ory 0 n believ$1 & he fl$ to ,france4 ,return+ to ,g]many he plead$ 8 cause 9 p]son be=e ! diet at ,augsburg 9 #aeei1 b )\t success4 ,mean:ile he _h f\nd a new patron 9 ,john ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,saxony1 ^: fa!r1 ,john ,fr$]ick1 _h be5 oblig$ to surr5d] ! electoral dignity to ! ,alb]t9e bran* ( 8 family4 ,*af+ "u ?is deprivation ! duke li/5$ readily to ,grumba*'s plans = recov]+ ! lo/ dignity1 includ+ a g5]al ris+ ( ! ,g]man knights & ! deposition ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,magical *>ms 7 employ$ aga9/ ! duke's enemies1 & communications f angels 7 inv5t$ :i* help$ to /ir up ! zeal ( ! p4 ,9 #aefc ,grumba* attack$ ,wurzburg1 seiz$ & plund]$ ! city & compell$ ! *apt] & ! bi%op to re/ore 8 l&s4 ,he 0 consequ5tly plac$ "u ! imp]ial ban1 b ,john ,fr$]ick refus$ to obey ! ord] ( ! emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii4 to )draw 8 protection f him4 ,mean:ile ,grumba* s\ght to compass ! assass9ation ( ! ,saxon elector1 ,augu/us2 proclamations 7 issu$ call+ = assi/ance2 & alliances bo? )\t & )9 ,g]many 7 conclud$4 ,9 ,novemb] #aeff ,john ,fr$]ick 0 plac$ "u ! ban1 :i* _h be5 r5ew$ aga9/ ,grumba* e>li] 9 ! ye>1 & ,augu/us m>*$ aga9/ ,go?a4 ,assi/ance 0 n =?com+1 & a mut9y l$ to ! capitulation ( ! t[n4 ,grumba* 0 deliv]$ to 8 foes1 &1 aft] be+ tortur$1 0 execut$ at ,go?a on ! #ah? ( ,april #aefg4 ,see ,f4 ,ortl(f1 ,ges*i*te d] ,grumba*s*5 ,h&el 7,j5a1 #ahfh-ahgj71 & ,j4 ,voigt1 ,wilhelm von ,grumba* und se9e ,h&el 7,leipzig1 #ahdf-ahdg74 ,,grum5tum1 an anci5t t[n 9 ! c5tre ( ,lucania1 #cc m4 ,s4 ( ,pot5tia by ! direct road ?r\gh ,anxia1 & #eb m4 by ! ,via ,h]culia1 at ! po9t ( div]g5ce ( a road ea/w>d to ,h]aclea4 ,x seems to h be5 a native ,lucanian t[n1 n a ,greek settlem5t4 ,9 #bae ,b4,c4 ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]al ,hanno 0 defeat$ "u its walls1 & 9 #bjg ,b4,c4 ,hannibal made x 8 headqu>t]s4 ,9 ! ,social ,w> x appe>s z a /rong =tress1 & seems to h be5 held by bo? sides at diff]5t times4 ,x became a colony1 p]haps 9 ! "t ( ,sulla1 at late/ "u ,augu/us1 & seems to h be5 ( "s importance4 ,its site1 id5tifi$ by ,hol/e f ! description ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,lav]ius1 is a ridge on ! "r bank ( ! ,aciris 7,agri7 ab\t #aifj ft4 above sea-level1 #a_/b m4 bel[ ! mod]n ,sapon>a1 :i* lies mu* high] 7#becc ft474 ,its ru9s 7all ( ! ,roman p]iod7 include ^? ( a l>ge amphi!atre 7ar5a #bje by #aig ft471 ! only "o 9 ,lucania1 except t at ,pae/um4 ,!re are also rema9s ( a !atre4 ,inscriptions record ! repair ( its t[n walls & ! con/ruction ( !rmae 7( :i* rema9s 7 f\nd7 9 #eg-ea ,b4,c41 ! con/ruction 9 #dc ,b4,c41 ( a portico1 rema9s ( :i* may be se5 along an anci5t road1 at "r angles to ! ma9 road1 :i* trav]s$ ,grum5tum f ,s4 to ,n4 ,see ,f4 ,p4 ,caputi 9 ,notizie degli scavi 7#ahgg71 #abi1 & ,g4 ,patroni1 ibid4 7#ahig7 #ahj4 7,t4 ,z47 ,,grun4 ,,hans ,,baldung 7c4 #adgj-aede71 commonly call$ ,grun1 a ,g]man pa9t] ( ! age ( ,dur]1 0 born at ,gmund 9 ,swabia1 & sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life at ,/rassburg & ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau4 ,! e>lie/ pictures assign$ to him are alt>pieces ) ! monogram ,h4 ,b4 int]lac$1 & ! date ( #adif1 9 ! mona/]y *apel ( ,li*t5?al ne> ,bad54 ,ano!r e>ly "w is a portrait ( ! emp]or ,maximilian1 drawn 9 #aeja on a leaf ( a sket*-book n[ 9 ! pr9t-room at ,c>lsruhe4 ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,seba/ian & ! ,epiphany 7,b]l9 ,museum71 fruits ( 8 lab\r 9 #aejg1 7 pa9t$ = ! m>ket-*ur* ( ,halle 9 ,saxony4 ,9 #aeji ,grun pur*as$ ! fre$om ( ! city ( ,/rassburg1 & resid$ !re till #aeac1 :5 he mov$ to ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau4 ,!re he began a s]ies ( l>ge compositions1 :i* he f9i%$ 9 #aeaf1 & plac$ on ! high alt> ( ! ,freiburg ca!dral4 ,he pur*as$ anew ! fre$om ( ,/rassburg 9 #aeag1 resid$ 9 t city z 8 domicile1 & di$ a memb] ( its great t[n c\ncil #aede4 ,?\gh no?+ is kn[n ( ,grun's y\? & education1 x may be inf]r$ f 8 /yle t he 0 no /rang] to ! s*ool ( :i* ,dur] 0 ! *ief4 ,gmund is b #ej m4 di/ant on ei!r side f ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g4 ,grun pr9ts 7 (t5 mi/ak5 = ^? ( ,dur]2 & ,dur] himself 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,grun's woodcuts & copp]-plates 9 :i* he trad$ dur+ 8 trip to ! ,ne!rl&s 7#aebj74 ,b ,grun's pr9ts1 ?\gh ,dur]esque1 are f> bel[ ,dur]1 & 8 pa9t+s are bel[ 8 pr9ts4 ,)\t absolute correctness z a draughtsman1 8 conception ( human =m is (t5 v unpleasant1 :il/ a que/ionable ta/e is %[n 9 ornam5t equally pr(use & b>oque4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 8 pictures ?an ! pug-l %ape ( ! faces1 unless we except ! co>s5ess ( ! extremities4 ,no trace is app>5t ( any feel+ = atmosph]e or light & %ade4 ,?\gh ,grun has be5 commonly call$ ! ,correggio ( ! nor?1 8 compositions are a curi\s m$ley ( gl>+ & het]og5e\s col\rs1 9 :i* pure black is contra/$ ) pale yell[1 dirty grey1 impure r$ & gl[+ gre54 ,fle% is a m]e glaze "u :i* ! features are indicat$ by l9es4 ,8 works are ma9ly int]e/+ because ( ! wild & fanta/ic /r5g? :i* "s ( !m display4 ,we may pass lightly ov] ! ,epiphany ( #aejg1 ! ,crucifixion ( #aeab1 or ! ,/on+ ( ,/eph5 ( #aebb1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,!re is "s =ce 9 ! ,dance ( ,dea? ( #aeag1 9 ! museum ( ,basel1 or ! ,madonna ( #aecj1 9 ! ,lie*t5/e9 ,gall]y at ,vi5na4 ,grun's be/ ef=t is ! alt>piece ( ,freiburg1 :]e ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 & ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 ! ,annunciation1 ,visitation1 ,nativity & ,flight into ,egypt1 & ! ,crucifixion1 ) portraits ( donors1 are execut$ ) "s ( t fanciful p[] :i* ,m>t9 ,s*on bequea!d to ! ,swabian s*ool4 ,z a portrait pa9t] he is well kn[n4 ,he drew ! lik5ess ( ,*>les ,v41 z well z t ( ,maximilian2 & 8 bu/ ( ,m>grave ,philip 9 ! ,muni* ,gall]y tells u t he 0 connect$ ) ! reign+ family ( ,bad5 z e>ly z #aead4 ,at a lat] p]iod he _h sitt+s f ,m>grave ,*ri/oph] ( ,bad51 ,ottilia 8 wife1 & all _! *ildr51 & ! picture conta9+ ^! portraits is /ill 9 ! gr&-ducal gall]y at ,c>lsruhe4 ,l ,dur] & ,crana*1 ,grun became a he>ty support] ( ! ,re=mation4 ,he 0 pres5t at ! diet ( ,augsburg 9 #aeah1 & "o ( 8 woodcuts repres5ts ,lu!r "u ! protection ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* hov]s ov] him 9 ! %ape ( a dove4 ,,grunb]g1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ,prussian ,silesia1 beautifully situat$ betwe5 two hills on an afflu5t ( ! ,od]1 & on ! railway f ,breslau to ,/ett9 via ,ku/r91 #cf m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,glogau4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #bj1ihg4 ,x has a ,roman ,ca?olic & two ,evangelical *ur*es1 a mod]n s*ool & a te*nical 7textiles7 s*ool4 ,!re are manufactures ( clo?1 pap]1 ma*9]y1 /raw hats1 lea!r & tobacco4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! t[n dep5ds *iefly on ! v9e culture 9 ! neighb\rhood1 f :i*1 besides ! exportation ( a l>ge quantity ( grapes1 ab\t #gjj1jjj gallons ( w9e are manufactur$ annually4 ,,grundtvig1 ,,nikolai ,,fr$]ik ,,sev]9 7#aghc-ahgb71 ,dani% poet1 /atesman & div9e1 0 born at ! p>sonage ( ,udby 9 ,zeal& on ! #h? ( ,septemb] #aghc4 ,9 #agia he 0 s5t to live at ! h\se ( a prie/ 9 ,jutl&1 & /udi$ at ! free s*ool ( ,a>huus until he w5t up to ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 9 #ahjj4 ,at ! close ( 8 univ]sity life he made ,icel&ic 8 special /udy1 until 9 #ahje he took ! position ( tutor 9 a h\se on ! isl& ( ,langel&4 ,! next ?ree ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ,%akespe>e1 ,s*ill] & ,fi*te4 ,8 c\s91 ! philosoph] ,h5rik ,/eff5s1 _h return$ to ,cop5hag5 9 #ahjb full ( ! tea*+ ( ,s*ell+ & 8 lectures & ! e>ly poetry ( ,ohl5s*lag] op5$ ! eyes ( ,grundtvig to ! new era 9 lit]ature4 ,8 fir/ "w1 ,on ! ,songs 9 ! ,edda1 attract$ no att5tion4 ,return+ to ,cop5hag5 9 #ahjh he a*iev$ great] success ) 8 ,nor!rn ,my?ology1 & aga9 9 #ahji-ahaa ) a long epic poem1 ! ,decl9e ( ! ,h]oic ,life 9 ! ,nor?4 ,! boldness ( ! !ological views express$ 9 8 fir/ s]mon 9 #ahaj (f5d$ ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & he retir$ to a c\ntry p>i% z 8 fa!r's assi/ant = a :ile4 ,f #ahab to #ahag he publi%$ five or six works1 ( :i* ! ,rhyme ( ,roskilde is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,f #ahaf to #ahai he 0 editor ( a polemical j\rnal entitl$ ,dannevirke1 & 9 #ahah to #ahbb appe>$ 8 ,dani% p>aphrases 7#f vols47 ( ,saxo ,grammaticus & ,snorri4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he 0 prea*+ aga9/ rationalism to an en?usia/ic congregation 9 ,cop5hag51 b he accept$ 9 #ahba ! c\ntry liv+ ( ,prae/o1 only to return to ! metropolis ! ye> aft]4 ,9 #ahbe he publi%$ a pamphlet1 ,! ,*ur*'s ,reply1 aga9/ ,h4 ,n4 ,claus51 :o 0 pr(essor ( !ology 9 ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,grundtvig 0 publicly prosecut$ & f9$1 & = sev5 ye>s he 0 =bidd5 to prea*1 ye>s :i* he sp5t 9 publi%+ a collection ( 8 !ological works1 9 pay+ two visits to ,engl&1 & 9 /udy+ ,anglo-,saxon4 ,9 #ahcb he obta9$ p]mission to prea* aga91 & 9 #ahci he became prie/ ( ! workh\se *ur* ( ,v>tov hospital1 ,cop5hag51 a po/ he cont9u$ to hold until 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahcg-ahda he publi%$ ,songs = ! ,dani% ,*ur*1 a ri* collection ( sacr$ poetry2 9 #ahch he br\ght out a selection ( e>ly ,sc&9avian v]se2 9 #ahdj he edit$ ! ,anglo-,saxon poem ( ! ,pho5ix1 ) a ,dani% translation4 ,he visit$ ,engl& a ?ird "t 9 #ahdc4 ,f #ahdd until aft] ! fir/ ,g]man w> ,grundtvig took a v prom95t "p 9 politics4 ,9 #ahfa he receiv$ ! titul> rank ( bi%op1 b )\t a see4 ,he w5t on writ+ occasional poems till #ahff1 & prea*$ 9 ! ,v>tov e ,sunday until a mon? be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 prea*+ attract$ l>ge congregations1 & he soon _h a foll[+4 ,8 hymn-book effect$ a great *ange 9 ,dani% *ur* s]vices1 sub/itut+ ! hymns ( ! national poets = ! sl[ measures ( ! or?odox ,lu!rans4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( 8 !ology 0 ! sub/itution ( ! au?ority ( ! liv+ ^w = ! apo/olic comm5t>ies1 & he desir$ to see ea* congregation a practically indep5d5t community4 ,8 patriotism 0 almo/ a "p ( 8 religion1 & he e/abli%$ popul> s*ools :]e ! national poetry & hi/ory %\ld =m an ess5tial "p ( ! in/ruction4 ,8 foll[]s are kn[n z ,grundtvigians4 ,he 0 m>ri$ ?ree times1 ! la/ "t 9 8 sev5ty-six? ye>4 ,he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,septemb] #ahgb4 ,grundtvig holds a unique position 9 ! lit]ature ( 8 c\ntry2 he has be5 /yl$ ! ,dani% ,c>lyle4 ,he 0 above all ?+s a man ( action1 n an arti/2 & ! =mless vehem5ce ( 8 writ+s1 :i* h _h a great influ5ce ov] 8 own c\ntrym51 is h>dly agreeable or intelligible to a =eign]4 ,! be/ ( 8 poetical works 7 publi%$ 9 a selection 7#g vols41 #ahhj-ahhi7 by 8 elde/ son1 ,sv5d ,h]sleb ,grundtvig 7#ahbd-ahhc71 :o 0 an au?ority on ,sc&9avian antiquities1 & made an admirable collection ( old ,dani% poetry 7,danm>ks gamle ,folkevis]1 #ahec-ahhc1 #e vols42 complet$ 9 #ahia by ,a4 ,olrik74 ,8 correspond5ce ) ,+emann 0 edit$ by ,s4 ,grundtvig 7#ahhb72 8 correspond5ce ) ,*ri/ian ,molbe* by ,l4 ,s*rod] 7#ahhh72 see also ,f4 ,w9kel ,horn1 ,grundtvigs ,liv og ,gj]n+ 7#ahhc72 & an article by ,f4 ,niels5 9 ,bricka's ,dansk ,biografisk ,lexikon4 ,,grundy1 ,,sydney 7#ahdh- 71 ,engli% dramati/1 0 born at ,man*e/] on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #ahdh1 son ( ,ald]man ,*>les ,sydney ,grundy4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]1 & 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #ahfi1 practis+ 9 ,man*e/] until #ahgf4 ,8 f>ce1 ,a ,little ,*ange1 0 produc$ at ! ,haym>ket ,!atre 9 #ahgb4 ,he became well kn[n z an adapt] ( plays1 among 8 e>ly successes 9 ?is direction be+ ,! ,sn[ball 7,/r& ,!atre1 #ahgi7 f ,osc>1 ou le m>i qui trompe sa femme by ,,mm4 ,scribe & ,duv]gne1 & ,9 ,hon\r ,b\nd 7#ahhj7 f ,scribe's ,une ,*a9e4 ,9 #ahhg he made a popul> success ) ,! ,bells ( ,haslem]e1 writt5 ) ,mr ,h4 ,pettitt & produc$ at ! ,adelphi4 ,9 #ahhi-ahij he produc$ two +5i\s orig9al com$ies1 ,a ,:ite ,lie 7,c\rt ,!atre7 & ,a ,fool's ,p>adise 7,gaiety ,!atre71 :i* _h be5 play$ two ye>s e>li] at ,gre5wi* z ,! ,m\se-,trap4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by ,s[+ ! ,w9d 7,com$y1 #ahic71 ,an ,old ,jew 7,g>rick1 #ahid71 & by an adaptation ( ,octave ,feuillet's ,montjoye z ,a ,bun* ( ,violets 7,haym>ket1 #ahid74 ,9 #ahid he produc$ ,! ,new ,woman & ,! ,slaves ( ! ,r+2 9 #ahie1 ,! ,greate/ ( ,^!1 play$ by ,mr & ,mrs ,k5dal at ! ,g>rick ,!atre2 ,! ,deg5]ates 7,haym>ket1 #ahii71 & ,a ,debt ( ,hon\r 7,/ ,james's #aijj74 ,among ,mr ,grundy's mo/ successful adaptations 7 ! *>m+ ,pair ( ,spectacles 7,g>rick1 #ahij7 f ,les ,petits ,oiseaux ( ,,mm4 ,labi*e & ,delac\r4 ,o!rs 7 ,a ,village ,prie/ 7,haym>ket1 #ahij7 f ,le ,secret de la t]reuse1 a melodrama by ,,mm4 ,busna* & ,cauv92 ,a ,m>riage ( ,conv5i5ce 7,haym>ket1 #ahig7 f ,un ,m>iage de ,l\is ,,xv1 by ,alex4 ,dumas1 p]e1 ,! ,silv] ,key 7,h] ,maje/y's1 #ahig7 f 8 ,mlle de ,belle-isle1 & ,! ,musquete]s 7#ahii7 f ! same au?or's novel2 ,frocks & ,frills 7,haym>ket1 #aijb7 f ! ,doigts de fees ( ,,mm4 ,scribe & ,leg\ve2 ,! ,g>d5 ( ,lies 7,/ ,james's ,!atre1 #aijd7 f ,mr ,ju/us ,miles ,=man's novel2 ,bus9ess is ,bus9ess 7,8 ,maje/y's ,!atre1 #aije71 a r free adaptation f ,octave ,mirbeau's ,les ,affaires sont les affaires2 & ,! ,diplomati/s 7,royalty ,!atre1 #aije7 f ,la ,p\dre aux yeux1 by ,labi*e4 ,,grundy1 ,,mrs1 ! "n ( an imag9>y ,engli% "*1 :o typifies ! discipl9>y control ( ! conv5tional proprieties ( society ov] conduct1 ! tyrannical pressure ( ! op9ion ( neighb\rs on ! acts ( o!rs4 ,! "n appe>s 9 a play ( ,?omas ,morton1 ,spe$ ! ,pl\gh 7#agih71 9 :i* "o ( ! *>act]s1 ,dame ,a%field1 cont9ually ref]s to :at h] neighb\r ,mrs ,grundy w say z ! crit]ion ( respectability4 ,mrs ,grundy is n a "* 9 ! play1 b is a k9d ( ,mrs ,h>ris to ,dame ,a%field4 ,,grun]1 ,,gottlieb ,,sigmund 7#agag-aggh71 ! au?or ( ! fir/ connect$ attempt to describe 9 detail ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&4 ,8 fa!r1 ,johann ,rudolf ,grun] 7#afhj-agfa71 0 pa/or ( ,tra*selwald1 9 ! ,b]nese ,emm5?al 7#agje71 & lat] 7#agbe7 ( ,burgdorf1 & a great collector ( in=mation relat+ to hi/orical & sci5tific matt]s2 8 great ,!saurus topographico-hi/oricus totius ditionis ,b]n5sis 7#d vols4 folio1 #agbi-agcj7 /ill rema9s 9 ,,ms41 b 9 #agcb he publi%$ a small "w entitl$ ,deliciae urbis ,b]nae1 :ile he possess$ an ext5sive cab9et ( natural hi/ory objects4 ,naturally su* ta/es _h a great influ5ce on ! m9d ( 8 son1 :o 0 born at ,tra*selwald1 & educat$ by 8 fa!r & at ! ,lat9 s*ool at ,burgdorf1 n go+ to ,b]ne mu* be=e #agcf1 :5 he publi%$ a diss]tation on ! use ( fire by ! hea!n4 ,9 #agci he qualifi$ z a not>y1 9 #agda became ! ar*ivi/ ( ,hesse-,homburg1 & 9 #agdc accompani$ ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian ( ,anhalt-,s*aumburg to ,silesia & ! univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,he return$ to 8 native l& be=e #agdi1 :5 he obta9$ a po/ at ,?orb]g1 be+ transf]r$ 9 #agfd to ,l&%ut & ,fraubrunn54 ,x 0 9 #agfj t he publi%$ 9 #c vols4 at ,b]ne 8 *ief "w1 ,die ,eisgebirge des ,s*weiz]l&es 7bad ,fr5* translation by ,m4 de ,k]alio1 ,p>is1 #aggj74 ,! fir/ two volumes are fill$ by a detail$ description ( ! sn[y ,swiss m\nta9s1 bas$ n s mu* on p]sonal exp]i5ce z on old] works1 & a v l>ge numb] ( communications receiv$ by ,grun] f num]\s fri5ds2 ! ?ird volume deals ) glaci]s 9 g5]al1 & _! v>i\s prop]ties4 ,?\gh 9 _m respects imp]fect1 ,grun]'s book sums up all t 0 kn[n on ! subject 9 8 day1 & =ms ! />t+-po9t = lat] writ]s4 ,! illu/rations are v curi\s & int]e/+4 ,9 #aggh he republi%$ 7nom9ally 9 ,london1 really at ,b]ne7 mu* ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 8 l>g] "w1 b ?r[n into ! =m ( lett]s1 suppos$ to be writt5 9 #aggf f v>i\s spots1 "u ! title ( ,reis5 dur* die m]kwurdig/5 ,geg5d5 ,helveti5s 7#b vols474 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,grunewald1 ,,ma?ias4 ,! acc\nts :i* are giv5 ( ?is ,g]man pa9t]1 a native ( ,as*aff5burg1 are curi\sly contradictory4 ,betwe5 #aeah & #aecj1 accord+ to /atem5ts adopt$ by ,waag5 & ,passavant1 he 0 commission$ by ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1 elector & ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 to produce an alt>piece = ! collegiate *ur* ( ,/ ,maurice & ,m>y ,magdal5 at ,halle on ! ,saale2 & he acquitt$ himself ( ?is duty ) su* clev]ness t ! prelate 9 aft] ye>s caus$ ! picture to be rescu$ f ! ,re=m]s & br\ght back to ,as*aff5burg4 ,f "o ( ! *ur*es ( t city x 0 tak5 to ! ,p9ako!k ( ,muni* 9 #ahcf4 ,x repres5ts ,/ ,maurice & ,m>y ,magdal5 betwe5 f\r sa9ts1 & displays a /yle s m>k$ly *>act]i/ic1 & s l t ( ,lucas ,crana*1 t ,waag5 0 induc$ to call ,grunewald ,crana*'s ma/]4 ,he also trac$ ! same h& & te*nical execution 9 ! great alt>pieces ( ,annab]g & ,heilbronn1 & 9 v>i\s panels exhibit$ 9 ! museums ( ,ma9z1 ,d>m/adt1 ,as*aff5burg1 ,vi5na & ,b]l94 ,a lat] race ( critics1 decl9+ to accept ! /atem5ts ( ,waag5 & ,passavant1 affirm t !re is no docum5t>y evid5ce to connect ,grunewald ) ! pictures ( ,halle & ,annab]g1 & !y quote ,s&r>t & ,b]nh>d ,job9 ( ,/rassburg to %[ t ,grunewald is ! pa9t] ( pictures ( a diff]5t class4 ,!y prove t he f9i%$ be=e #aeaf ! l>ge alt>piece ( ,iss5heim1 at pres5t 9 ! museum ( ,colm>1 & />t+ f ^! premises !y connect ! arti/ ) ,altdorf] & ,dur] to ! exclusion ( ,crana*4 ,t a native ( ! ,palat9ate %\ld h be5 ask$ to execute pictures = a *ur* 9 ,saxony c sc>cely be acc\nt$ /range1 s9ce we obs]ve t ,hans ,baldung 7,grun7 0 entru/$ ) a commission ( ?is k9d4 ,b t a pa9t] ( ,as*aff5burg %\ld display ! /yle ( ,crana* is /range & inde$ incr$ible1 unless v\*$ = by fir/-class evid5ce4 ,9 ?is case docum5ts are altoge!r want+1 :il/ on ! o!r h& x is beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 ev5 accord+ to ,waag51 t ! alt>piece ( ,iss5heim is ! creation ( a man ^: tea*+ 0 altoge!r diff]5t f t ( ! pa9t] ( ! pictures ( ,halle & ,annab]g4 ,! alt>piece ( ,iss5heim is a f9e & p[]ful "w1 complet$ z local records %[ be=e #aeaf by a ,swabian1 ^: di/+ui%+ m>k is t he foll[$ ! traditions ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 & came "u ! influ5ce ( ,altdorf] & ,dur]4 ,z a "w ( art ! alt>piece is important1 be+ a polipty* ( elev5 panels1 a c>v$ c5tral %r9e cov]$ ) a d\ble set ( w+s1 & two side pieces conta9+ ! ,temptation ( ,/ ,an?ony1 ! h]mits ,an?ony & ,paul 9 conv]se1 ! ,virg9 ador$ by ,angels1 ! ,resurrection1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,crucifixion1 ,/ ,seba/ian1 ,/ ,an?ony1 & ! ,m>ys wail+ ov] ! dead body ( ,*ri/4 ,! au?or ( ^! compositions is also ! pa9t] ( a s]ies ( mono*romes describ$ by ,s&r>t 9 ! ,dom9ican conv5t1 & n[ 9 "p 9 ! ,saalh( at ,frank=t1 & a ,resurrection 9 ! museum ( ,basel1 regi/]$ 9 ,am]ba*'s inv5tory z ! "w ( ,grunewald4 ,,grut] 7or ,,gruyt]e71 ,,jan 7#aefj-afbg71 a critic & s*ol> ( ,dut* p>5tage by 8 fa!r's side & ,engli% by 8 "m's1 0 born at ,antw]p on ! #crd ( ,decemb] #aefj4 ,to avoid religi\s p]secution 8 p>5ts :ile he 0 /ill "y came to ,engl&2 & = "s ye>s he prosecut$ 8 /udies at ,cambridge1 aft] :i* he w5t to ,leid51 :]e he graduat$ ,m4 ,a4 ,9 #aehf he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( hi/ory at ,witt5b]g1 b z he refus$ to subscribe ! =mula concordiae he 0 unable to reta9 8 (fice4 ,f #aehi to #aeib he taught at ,ro/ock1 aft] :i* he w5t to ,heidelb]g1 :]e 9 #afjb he 0 appo9t$ libr>ian to ! univ]sity4 ,he di$ at ,heidelb]g on ! #bj? ( ,septemb] #afbg4 ,grut]'s *ief works 7 8 ,inscriptiones antiquae totius orbis ,romani 7#b vols41 ,heidelb]g1 #afjc71 & ,lampas1 sive fax artium lib]alium 7#g vols41 ,frank=t1 #afjb-afcd74 ,,gruy]e 7,g]4 ,grey]z71 a di/rict 9 ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ! ,swiss canton ( ,frib\rg1 fam$ = its cattle & its *eese1 & ! orig9al home ( ! ,ranz des ,va*es1 ! melody by :i* ! h]dsm5 call _! c[s home at milk+ "t4 ,x is compos$ ( ! middle rea* 7f ,montbovon to beyond ,bulle7 ( ! ,s>9e or ,saane valley1 ) its tribut>y gl5s ( ! ,hongr9 7left71 ! ,jogne 7"r7 & ! ,treme 7left71 & is a delightful pa/oral region 79 #aija x conta9$ #ag1cfd cattle74 ,x =ms an adm9i/rative di/rict ( ! canton ( ,frib\rg1 its population 9 #aijj be+ #bc1aaa1 ma9ly ,fr5*-speak+ & ,romani/s4 ,f ,montbovon 7#aa m4 by rail f ,bulle7 !re are m\nta9 railways lead+ ,s4,w4 pa/ ,les ,avants to ,montreux 7#ad m471 & ,e4 up ! ,s>9e valley pa/ ,*ateau d',oex to ,saan5 or ,gess5ay 7#ad m471 & by a tunnel bel[ a l[ pass to ! ,simme valley & ,spiez on ! ,lake ( ,?un4 ,! mod]n capital ( ! di/rict is ! small t[n ( ,bulle ,g]4 ,boll1 ) a #ac?-c5tury ca/le & 9 #aijj #cccj inhabitants1 ,fr5*-speak+ & ,romani/s4 ,b ! hi/orical capital is ! v picturesque little t[n ( ,gruy]es 7:i* keeps its f9al s 9 ord] to di/+ui% x f ! di/rict71 p]*$ on a /eep hill 7,s4,e4 ( ,bulle7 above ! left bank ( ! ,s>9e1 & at a height ( #bgac ft4 above ! sea-level4 ,x is only accessible by a r\gh c>riage road1 & boa/s ( a v f9e old ca/le1 at ! foot ( :i* is ! solit>y /reet ( ! t[n1 :i* 9 #aijj _h #achi inhabitants4 ,! ca/le 0 ! seat ( ! c\nts ( ! ,gruy]e1 :o are fir/ m5tion$ 9 #ajgc4 ,! "n is said to come f ! ^w gruy]1 mean+ ! (fic] ( woods & =e/s1 b ! c\nts bore ! cant+ arms ( a crane 7grue71 :i* are se5 all ov] ! ca/le & ! t[n4 ,t valiant family end$ 79 ! legitimate l9e7 ) ,c\nt ,mi*el 7d4 #aege7 ^: extravagance & consequ5t indebt$ness compell$ him 9 #aeee to sell 8 doma9s to ,b]n & ,frib\rg4 ,b]n took ! upp] ,s>9e valley 7x /ill keeps ,saan5 at its head1 b 9 #agih lo/ ! ,pays d',en-,haut to ! canton du ,leman1 :i* 9 #ahjc became ! canton ( ,vaud74 ,frib\rg took ! re/ ( ! c\nty1 :i* x add$ to ,bulle & ,albeuve 7tak5 9 #aecg f ! bi%op ( ,lausanne71 & to ! lord%ip ( ,jaun 9 ! ,jaun or ,jogne valley 7b\ght 9 #aejb-aejd f its lords71 9 ord] to =m ! pres5t adm9i/rative di/rict ( ,gruy]e1 :i* is n co-ext5sive ) ! hi/orical c\nty ( t "n4 ,see ! mat]ials collect$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,hisely & publi%$ 9 successive vols4 ( ! ,memoires et docum5ts de la suisse rom&e 444 introa4 a l'hi/4 7#ahea72 ,hi/oire 7#b vols41 #ahee-aheg72 & ,monum5ts de l'hi/oire 7#b vols41 #ahfg-ahfi72 ,k4 ,v4 von ,bon/ett51 ,briefe ub] e9 s*weiz4 ,hirt5l& 7#agha7 7,eng4 trans41 #aghd72 ,j4 ,rei*l51 ,la ,gruy]e illu/ree 7#ahij71 seq42 ,h4 ,raemy1 ,la ,gruy]e 7#ahfg72 & ,les ,alpes frib\rgeoises1 by _m au?ors 7,lausanne1 #aijh74 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,grynaeus 7or ,,gryn]71 ,,johann ,,jakob 7#aedj-afag71 ,swiss ,prote/ant div9e1 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #aedj at ,b]n4 ,8 fa!r1 ,?omas 7#aeab-aefd71 0 = a "t pr(essor ( anci5t languages at ,basel & ,b]n1 b aft]w>ds became pa/or ( ,roteln 9 ,bad54 ,he 0 nephew ( ! m em95t ,simon ,grynaeus 7q4v474 ,johann 0 educat$ at ,basel1 & 9 #aeei receiv$ an appo9tm5t z curate to 8 fa!r4 ,9 #aefc he proce$$ to ,tub+5 = ! purpose ( complet+ 8 !ological /udies1 & 9 #aefe he return$ to ,roteln z successor to 8 fa!r4 ,"h he felt compell$ to abjure ! ,lu!ran doctr9e ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 & to r5\nce ! =mula concordiae4 ,call$ 9 #aege to ! *air ( ,old ,te/am5t exegesis at ,basel1 he became involv$ 9 unpleasant controv]sy ) ,simon ,sulz] & o!r *ampions ( ,lu!ran or?odoxy2 & 9 #aehd he 0 glad to accept an invitation to assi/ 9 ! re/oration ( ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,return+ to ,basel 9 #aehf1 aft] ,simon ,sulz]'s dea?1 z anti/es or sup]9t5d5t ( ! *ur* !re & z pr(essor ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he ex]t$ = upw>ds ( tw5ty-five ye>s a consid]able influ5ce ^u bo? ! *ur* & ! /ate affairs ( t community1 & acquir$ a wide reputation z a skilful !ologian ( ! s*ool ( ,ulri* ,zw+li4 ,among/ o!r lab\rs he help$ to reorganize ! gymnasium 9 #aehh4 ,five ye>s be=e 8 dea? he became totally bl9d1 b cont9u$ to prea* & lecture till 8 dea? on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ #afag4 ,8 _m works include comm5t>ies on v>i\s books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 ,!ologica !oremata el problemata 7#aehh71 & a collection ( patri/ic lit]ature entitl$ ,monum5ta ,s4 patrum or?odoxographa 7#b vols41 fol41 #aefi74 ,,grynaeus1 ,,simon 7#adic-aeda71 ,g]man s*ol> & !ologian ( ! ,re=mation1 son ( ,jacob ,gryn]1 a ,swabian peasant1 0 born 9 #adic at ,vehr+51 9 ,hoh5zoll]n-,sigm>+54 ,he adopt$ ! "n ,grynaeus f ! epi!t ( ,apollo 9 ,virgil4 ,he 0 a s*oolfell[ ) ,melan*?on at ,p=zheim1 :5ce he w5t to ! univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 di/+ui%+ himself !re z a ,lat9i/ & ,grecian4 ,8 appo9tm5t z rector ( a s*ool at ,buda 0 ( no long cont9uance2 8 views excit$ ! zeal ( ! ,dom9icans & he 0 ?r[n into prison4 ,ga9+ 8 fre$om at ! in/ance ( ,hung>ian magnates1 he visit$ ,melan*?on at ,witt5b]g1 & 9 #aebd became pr(essor ( ,greek at ! univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 be+ 9 addition pr(essor ( ,lat9 f #aebf4 ,8 ,zw+lian view ( ! ,eu*>i/ di/urb$ 8 relations ) 8 ,ca?olic colleagues4 ,f #aebf he _h correspond$ ) ,oecolampadius1 :o 9 #aebi invit$ him to ,basel1 :i* ,erasmus _h j left4 ,! univ]sity be+ disorganiz$1 ,grynaeus pursu$ 8 /udies1 & 9 #aeca visit$ ,engl& = rese>* 9 libr>ies4 ,a comm5datory lett] f ,erasmus ga9$ him ! good (fices ( ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,he return$ to ,basel *>g$ ) ! task ( collect+ ! op9ions ( cont95tal re=m]s on ! subject ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's divorce1 & 0 pres5t at ! dea? ( ,oecolampadius 7,nov4 #bd1 #aeca74 ,he n[1 :ile hold+ ! *air ( ,greek1 0 appo9t$ extraord9>y pr(essor ( !ology1 & gave exegetical lectures on ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 #aecd ,duke ,ulri* call$ him to ,wurttemb]g 9 aid ( ! re=mation !re1 z well z = ! recon/itution ( ! univ]sity ( ,tub+51 :i* he c>ri$ out 9 conc]t ) ,ambrosius ,bl>] ( ,con/anz4 ,two ye>s lat] he _h an active h& 9 ! s-call$ ,fir/ ,helvetic ,confession 7! "w ( ,swiss div9es at ,basel 9 ,janu>y #aecf72 also 9 ! conf]5ces :i* urg$ ! ,swiss acceptance ( ! ,witt5b]g ,concord 7#aecf74 ,at ! ,worms conf]5ce 7#aedj7 betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants he 0 ! sole repres5tative ( ! ,swiss *ur*es1 be+ deput$ by ! au?orities ( ,basel4 ,he 0 c>ri$ (f sudd5ly 9 8 prime by ! plague at ,basel on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #aeda4 ,a brilliant s*ol>1 a m$iat+ !ologian1 & p]sonally ( lovable temp]am5t1 8 influ5ce 0 great & wisely ex]cis$4 ,erasmus & ,calv9 7 among 8 correspond5ts4 ,8 *ief works 7 ,lat9 v]sions ( ,plut>*1 ,ari/otle & ,*ryso/om4 ,8 son ,,samuel 7#aeci-aeii7 0 pr(essor ( jurisprud5ce at ,basel4 ,8 nephew ,,?omas 7#aeab8-aefd7 0 pr(essor at ,basel & m9i/] 9 ,bad51 & left f\r di/+ui%$ sons ( :om ,,johann ,,jakob 7#aedj-afag7 0 a lead] 9 ! religi\s affairs ( ,basel4 ,! la/ ( ! direct desc5dants ( ,simon ,grynaeus 0 8 namesake ,,simon 7#agbe-agii71 translator into ,g]man ( ,fr5* & ,engli% anti-dei/ical works1 & au?or ( a v]sion ( ! ,bible 9 mod]n ,g]man 7#aggf74 ,see ,bayle's ,dictionnaire2 ,w4 ,t4 ,/reub] 9 ,hauck's ,real5cyklopadie 7#ahii72 & = bibliography1 ,/reub]'s ,s4 ,grynaei epi/olae 7#ahdg74 7,a4 ,g4997 ,,gryphius1 ,,&reas 7#afaf-affd71 ,g]man lyric poet & dramati/1 0 born on ! #aa? ( ,octob] #afaf1 at ,grossglogau 9 ,silesia1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman4 ,! family "n 0 ,greif1 lat9iz$1 accord+ to ! prevail+ fa%ion1 z ,gryphius4 ,left e>ly an orphan & driv5 f 8 native t[n by ! tr\bles ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 he receiv$ 8 s*ool+ 9 v>i\s places1 b notably at ,frau/adt1 :]e he enjoy$ an excell5t classical education4 ,9 #afcd he became tutor to ! sons ( ! em95t juri/ ,georg von ,s*onborn 7#aegi-afcg71 a man ( wide culture & consid]able weal?1 :o1 aft] fill+ v>i\s adm9i/rative po/s & writ+ _m erudite volumes on law1 _h be5 rew>d$ by ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,ii4 ) ! title & (fice ( imp]ial c\nt-palat9e 7,pfalzgraf74 ,s*onborn1 :o recogniz$ ,gryphius's g5ius1 cr[n$ him poeta laureatus1 gave him ! diploma ( ma/] ( philosophy1 & be/[$ on him a pat5t ( nobility1 ?\gh ,gryphius nev] us$ ! title4 ,a mon? lat]1 on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb] #afcg1 ,s*onborn di$2 & next ye> ,gryphius w5t to cont9ue 8 /udies at ,leid51 :]e he rema9$ six ye>s1 bo? he>+ & deliv]+ lectures4 ,"h he fell "u ! influ5ce ( ! great ,dut* dramati/s1 ,piet] ,corneliss5 ,ho(t 7#aeha-afdg7 & ,joo/ van d5 ,vondel 7#aehg-afgi71 :o l>gely det]m9$ ! "* ( 8 lat] dramatic works4 ,aft] travell+ 9 ,france1 ,italy & ,s\? ,g]many1 ,gryphius settl$ 9 #afdg at ,frau/adt1 :]e he began 8 dramatic "w1 & 9 #afej 0 appo9t$ syndic ( ,glogau1 a po/ he held until 8 dea? on ! #af? ( ,july #affd4 ,a %ort "t previ\sly he _h be5 admitt$ "u ! title ( ,! ,immortal into ! ,fru*tbr+5de ,gesells*aft1 a lit]>y society1 f\nd$ 9 #afag by ,ludwig1 pr9ce ( ,anhalt-,ko!n on ! model ( ! ,italian academies4 ,gryphius 0 a man ( morbid disposition1 & 8 melan*oly temp]am5t1 fo/]$ by ! mis=tunes ( 8 *ildhood1 is l>gely reflect$ 9 8 lyrics1 ( :i* ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,kir*h(sg$ank5 7#afef74 ,8 be/ works are 8 com$ies1 "o ( :i*1 ,absurda ,comica1 od] ,h]r ,pet] ,squ5tz 7#affc71 is evid5tly bas$ on ! comic episode ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe 9 ,! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,die geliebte ,dornrose 7#affj71 :i* is writt5 9 a ,silesian dialect1 conta9s _m t\*es ( natural simplicity & grace1 & ranks high among ! comp>atively small numb] ( ,g]man dramas ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,horribilicribrifax 7#affc71 f\nd$ on ! ,miles gloriosus ( ,plautus1 is a r lab\r$ attack on p$antry4 ,besides ^! ?ree com$ies1 ,gryphius wrote five trag$ies4 ,9 all ( !m 8 t5d5cy is to become wild & bomba/ic1 b he _h ! m]it ( at lea/ attempt+ to "w out arti/ically conceiv$ plans1 & !re are occasional fla%es bo? ( passion & ( imag9ation4 ,8 models seem to h be5 ,s5eca & ,vondel4 ,he _h ! c\rage1 9 ,c>olus ,/u>dus 7#afdi7 to deal ) ev5ts ( 8 own day2 8 o!r trag$ies are ,leo ,arm5ius 7#afdf72 ,ka?>9a von ,georgi5 7#afeg71 ,c>d5io und ,cel9de 7#afeg7 & ,pap9ianus 7#affc74 ,no ,g]man dramatic writ] be=e him _h ris5 to s high a level1 nor _h he wor?y successors until ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,a complete edition ( ,gryphius's dramas & lyric poetry has be5 publi%$ by ,h4 ,palm 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,/uttg>t ,lit]>is*e ,v]e9 7#c vols41 #ahgh1 #ahhb1 #ahhd74 ,volumes ( select$ works w be f\nd 9 ,w4 ,mull]'s ,biblio!k d] deuts*5 ,di*t] des #agt5 ,jahrhund]ts 7#ahbb7 & 9 ,j4 ,tittmann's ,deuts*e ,di*t] des #agt5 ,jahrhund]ts 7#ahgj74 ,!re is also a good selection by ,h4 ,palm 9 ,kurs*n]'s ,deuts*e ,nationallit]atur4 ,see ,o4 ,klopp1 ,&reas ,gryphius als ,dramatik] 7#ahea72 ,j4 ,h]mann1 ,ub] ,&reas ,gryphius 7#ahea72 ,t4 ,wiss[a1 ,beitrage zur ,k5ntnis von ,&reas ,gryphius' ,leb5 und ,s*rift5 7#ahgf72 ,j4 ,wysocki1 ,&reas ,gryphius et la trag$ie allem&e au ,,xviie siecle2 & ,v4 ,mannheim]1 ,die ,lyrik des ,&reas ,gryphius 7#aijd74 ,,gua*>o 7said to be an obsolete ,spani% ^w signify+ "o t cries1 moans or lam5ts l\dly71 ! ,spani%-,am]ican "n ( :at ,engli% writ]s call ! oil-bird1 ! ,/eatornis c>ip5sis ( orni?ologi/s1 a v rem>kable bird1 fir/ describ$ by ,alex&] von ,humboldt 7,voy4 aux reg4 equ9oxiales i4 #dac1 ,eng4 trans4 iii4 #aai2 ,obs4 ,zoologie ii4 #ada1 pl4 xliv47 f 8 own obs]vation & f examples obta9$ by ,aime ,j4 ,a4 ,bonpl&1 on ! visit ( ^? two travell]s1 9 ,septemb] #agii1 to a cave ne> ,c>ipe 7at t "t a mona/]y ( ,aragonese ,capu*9s7 "s =ty miles ,s4,e4 ( ,cumana on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a few ye>s lat] x 0 discov]$1 says ,la?am 7,g54 ,hi/4 ,birds1 #ahbc1 vii4 #cfe71 to inhabit ,tr9idad1 :]e x appe>s to be> ! "n ( ,diablot92#a b by ! receipt ( specim5s procur$ at ,s>ayacu 9 ,p]u1 ,cajam>ca 9 ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 & ,antioquia 9 ,colombia 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aci1 #adj2 #ahgi1 p4 #ecb71 its range has be5 %[n to be mu* great] ?an _h be5 suppos$4 ,! s+ul>ity ( its /ructure1 its curi\s habits1 & its peculi> economical value h naturally attract$ no little att5tion f zoologi/s4 ,fir/ ref]r+ x to ! g5us ,caprimulgus1 its orig9al describ] soon saw t x 0 no true goatsuck]4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly sep>at$ z =m+ a subfamily1 & has at la/ be5 reg>d$ z ! type ( a di/9ct family1 ,/eatorni?idae--a view :i*1 ?\gh n put =? till #ahgj 7,zool4 ,record1 vi4 #fg71 seems n[ to be g5]ally deem$ correct4 ,its sy/ematic position1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be consid]$ settl$1 = ?\gh on ! :ole its pr$om9at+ alliance may be ) ! ,caprimulgidae1 ne>ly z mu* aff9ity may be trac$ to ! ,/rigidae1 :ile x possesses "s *>act]s 9 :i* x diff]s f bo? 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahgc1 pp4 #ebf-ece74 ,ab\t z big z a cr[1 its plumage exhibits ! bl5d$ t9ts ( *ocolate-col\r & grey1 b>r$ & p5cill$ ) d>k-br[n or black1 & spott$ 9 places ) :ite1 t prevail 9 ! two families j nam$4 ,! beak is h>d1 /rong & deeply not*$1 ! no/rils are prom95t1 & ! gape is furni%$ ) twelve long hairs on ea* side4 ,! legs & toes are comp>atively feeble1 b ! w+s are l>ge4 ,9 habits ! gua*>o is :olly nocturnal1 slumb]+ by day 9 deep & d>k cav]ns :i* x frequ5ts 9 va/ numb]s4 ,t[>ds ev5+ x ar\ses itself1 &1 ) croak+ & clatt]+ :i* has be5 lik5$ to t ( ca/anets1 x approa*es ! exit ( its retreat1 :5ce at nightfall x issues 9 se>* ( its food1 :i*1 s f> z is kn[n1 consi/s entirely ( oily nuts or fruits1 belong+ especially to ! g5]a ,a*ras1 ,aiphanas1 ,laurus & ,psi*otria1 "s ( !m s\ght1 x w\ld seem1 at a v great di/ance1 = ,funck 7,bull4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,bruxelles xi4 pt4 #b1 pp4 #cga-cgg7 /ates t 9 ! /oma* ( "o he obta9$ at ,c>ipe he f\nd ! se$ ( a tree :i* he believ$ did n gr[ ne>] ?an #hj leagues4 ,! h>d1 indige/ible se$ swall[$ by ! gua*>o are f\nd 9 quantities on ! floor & ! l$ges ( ! cav]ns x frequ5ts1 :]e _m ( !m = a "t vegetate1 ! plants ?us gr[+ be+ etiolat$ f want ( light1 &1 accord+ to travell]s1 =m+ a s+ul> feature ( ! gloomy sc5e :i* ^! places pres5t4 ,! gua*>o is said to build a b[l-l ne/ ( clay1 9 :i* x lays f two to f\r :ite eggs1 ) a smoo? b lu/reless surface1 resembl+ ^? ( "s owls4 ,! "y soon aft] !y are hat*$ become a p]fect mass ( fat1 & :ile yet 9 ! ne/ are s\ght by ! ,indians1 :o at ,c>ipe1 & p]haps else:]e1 make a special bus9ess ( tak+ !m & extract+ ! oil !y conta94 ,?is is done ab\t midsumm]1 :5 by ! aid ( tor*es & long poles _m ?\s&s ( ! "y birds are slaught]$1 :ile _! p>5ts 9 al>m & rage hov] ov] ! de/roy]s' heads1 utt]+ h>% & deaf5+ cries4 ,! grease is melt$ ov] fires k9dl$ at ! cav]n's m\?1 run into e>!n pots1 & pres]v$ = use 9 cook+ z well z = ! light+ ( lamps4 ,x is said to be pure & limpid1 free f any disagreeable ta/e or smell1 & capable ( be+ kept = a ye> )\t turn+ rancid4 ,9 ,tr9idad ! "y are e/eem$ s great delicacy = ! table by _m1 ?\gh "s p]sons object to _! peculi> sc5t1 :i* resembles t ( a cockroa* 7,blatta71 & consequ5tly refuse to eat !m4 ,! old birds also1 accord+ to ,e4 ,c4 ,taylor 7,ibis1 #ahfd1 p4 #ij71 h a /rong cr[-l od\r4 ,b "o species ( ! g5us ,/eatornis is kn[n4 ,9 addition to ! works above quot$ valuable in=mation ab\t ?is curi\s bird may be f\nd "u ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,l',h]m9i]1 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat4 7#ahcf71 p4 #fj1 & ,n\v4 ,ann4 ,mus4 7#ahch71 p4 #cba2 ,hautessi]1 ,rev4 ,zool4 7#ahch71 p4 #afd2 ,j4 ,mull]1 ,monatsb4 ,b]l4 ,acad4 7#ahda71 p4 #agb1 & ,ar*iv fur ,anat4 7#ahfb71 pp4 #a-aa2 des ,murs1 ,rev4 zool4 7#ahdc71 p4 #cb1 & ,ool4 ,orn4 pp4 #bfj-bfc2 ,blan*>d1 ,ann4 ,mus4 7#ahei71 xi4 pl4 #d1 fig4 #cj2 ,konig-,w>?aus51 ,j\rn4 fur ,orn4 7#ahfh71 pp4 #chd-chg2 ,go]+1 ,v>gasia 7#ahfi71 pp4 #abd-abh2 ,murie1 ,ibis 7#ahgc71 pp4 #ha-hf4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnote3 #a ,n to be conf\nd$ ) ! bird s call$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,antilles1 :i* is a petrel 7,oe/relata74 ,,guaco1 ,,huaco or ,,guao1 also ,vejuco & ,bejuco1 t]ms appli$ to v>i\s ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian plants1 9 repute = curative virtues4 ,! ,indians & negroes ( ,colombia believe ! plants kn[n to !m z guaco to h be5 s nam$ aft] a species ( kite1 ?us designat$ 9 imitation ( its cry1 :i* !y say attracts to x ! snakes t s]ve x pr9cipally = food2 !y fur!r hold ! tradition t _! antidotal qualities 7 discov]$ ?r\gh ! obs]vation t ! bird eats ( _! leaves1 & ev5 spreads ! juice ( ! same on its w+s1 dur+ conte/s ) its prey4 ,! disputes t h aris5 z to :at is ! true guaco are to be attribut$ ma9ly to ! fact t ! names ( ! ,am]ican ,indians = all natural objects are g5]ic1 & _! g5]a n always 9 co9cid5ce ) ^? ( naturali/s4 ,?us any tw9+ plant ) a he>t-%ap$ leaf1 :ite & gre5 above & purple b5ea?1 is call$ by !m guaco 7,r4 ,spruce1 9 ,h[>d's ,neueva ,qu9ologia1 ,c9*ona succirubra1 p4 #bb1 note74 ,:at is mo/ commonly recogniz$ 9 ,colombia z guaco1 or ,vejuco del guaco1 w\ld appe> to be ,mikania ,guaco 7,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ,pl4 equ9ox1 ii4 #hd1 pl4 #aje1 #ahji71 a climb+ ,composite plant ( ! tribe ,eupatoriaceae1 affect+ moi/ & %ady situations1 & hav+ a mu*-bran*$ & deep-gr[+ root1 v>iegat$1 s]rate1 opposite leaves & dull-:ite fl[]s1 9 axill>y clu/]s4 ,! :ole plant emits a disagreeable od\r4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 aft] hav+ guaconiz$ !mselves1 i4e4 tak5 guaco1 cat* ) impunity ! mo/ dang]\s snakes1 :i* wri! 9 _! h&s z ?\gh t\*$ by a hot iron 7,b4 ,seemann1 ,hook]'s ,j\rn4 ( ,bot4 v4 #gf1 #ahec74 ,! od\r alone ( guaco has be5 said to cause 9 snakes a /ate ( /upor & torpidity2 & ,humboldt1 :o obs]v$ t ! ne> approa* ( a rod /eep$ 9 guaco-juice 0 obnoxi\s to ! v5om\s ,colub] corall9us1 0 ( op9ion t inoculation ) x imp>ts to ! p]spiration an od\r :i* makes reptiles unwill+ to bite4 ,! drug is n us$ 9 mod]n !rapeutics4 ,,guadalaj>a1 an inl& city ( ,mexico & capital ( ! /ate ( ,jalisco1 #bge m4 7direct7 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ! ,f$]al capital1 9 lat4 #bj deg4 #da' #aj ,n41 long4 #ajc deg4 #ba' #ae ,w4 ,pop4 7#ahie7 #hc1icd2 7#aijj7 #aja1bjh4 ,guadalaj>a is s]v$ by a %ort bran* ( ! ,mexican ,c5tral railway f ,irapuato4 ,! city is 9 ! ,antem>ac valley ne> ! ,rio ,gr&e de ,santiago1 #ejib ft4 above sea-level4 ,its climate is dry1 mild & heal?y1 ?\gh subject to sudd5 *anges4 ,! city is well built1 ) /raight & well-pav$ /reets1 num]\s plazas1 public g>d5s & %ady prom5ades4 ,its public s]vices include tramways & electric light+1 ! ,juanacatlan falls ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ne> ! city furni%+ ! electric p[]4 ,guadalaj>a is an episcopal see1 & its ca!dral1 built betwe5 #aega & #afah1 is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ elaborately decorat$ *ur*es 9 ,mexico4 ,! gov]nm5t palace1 :i* l ! ca!dral faces ^u ! plaza mayor1 is g5]ally consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ,spani% ar*itecture 9 ,mexico4 ,o!r important edifices & in/itutions are ! univ]sity1 ) its s*ools ( law & m$ic9e1 ! m9t1 built 9 #ahaa1 ! mod]n national college & high s*ools1 a public libr>y ( ov] #bh1jjj volumes1 an episcopal sem9>y1 an academy ( f9e arts1 ! ,teatro ,degollado1 & ! l>ge mod]n granite build+ ( ! p5it5ti>y4 ,!re are _m int]e/+ *ur*es & elev5 conv5tual e/abli%m5ts 9 ! city4 ,*>itable in/itutions ( a high "* are also prom95t1 among :i* are ! ,hospicio1 :i* includes an asylum = ! ag$1 infirm1 bl9d1 deaf & dumb1 f\ndl+s & orphans1 a prim>y s*ool = bo? sexes1 & a girls' tra9+ s*ool1 & ! ,hospital de ,san ,miguel de ,bel51 :i* is a hospital1 an insane asylum1 & a s*ool = little *ildr54 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> public resorts ( ! city is ! ,paseo1 a beautiful drive & prom5ade ext5d+ along bo? banks ( ! ,rio ,san ,juan de ,dios = #a-a_/d m4 & t]m9at+ 9 ! alam$a1 or public g>d54 ,! city has a good wat]-supply1 d]iv$ f spr+s & br\ght 9 ?r\gh an aqu$uct #h m4 long4 ,guadalaj>a is surr\nd$ by a f]tile agricultural di/rict & is an important comm]cial t[n1 b ! city is *iefly di/+ui%$ z ! c5tre ( ! iron1 /eel & glass indu/ries ( ,mexico4 ,x is also widely kn[n = ! arti/ic pott]y manufactur$ by ! ,indians ( ! city & ( its suburb1 ,san ,p$ro4 ,among o!r prom95t indu/ries are ! manufacture ( cotton & wooll5 goods1 lea!r1 furniture1 hats & sweetmeats4 ,guadalaj>a 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeca by ,nuno de ,guzman1 & became ! seat ( a bi%op 9 #aedi4 ,! ,cald]on bridge ne> ! city 0 ! sc5e ( a s]i\s defeat ( ! revolutioni/s "u ,hidalgo 9 ,janu>y #ahaa4 ,! sev]e e>?quake ( ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahah p>tially de/roy$ ! two ca!dral /eeples2 & t ( ! #aa? ( ,m>* #ahge damag$ _m ( ! l>g] build+s4 ,! population includes l>ge ,indian & me/izo elem5ts4 ,,guadalaj>a1 a prov9ce ( c5tral ,spa91 =m$ 9 #ahcc ( di/ricts tak5 f ,new ,ca/ile2 b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ,segovia1 ,soria & ,s>agossa1 ,e4 by ,s>agossa & ,t]uel1 ,s4 by ,cu5ca & ,w4 by ,madrid4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #bjj1ahf2 area1 #dfgf sq4 m4 ,along ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,guadalaj>a rise ! l(ty ,guad>rama m\nta9s1 culm9at+ 9 ! peaks ( ,la ,ceboll]a 7#fiee ft47 & ,ocejon 7#fgge ft472 ! re/ ( ! prov9ce1 ap>t f sev]al l[] ranges 9 ! ea/1 belongs to ! elevat$ plateau ( ,new ,ca/ile1 & has a level or slightly undulat+ surface1 :i* =ms ! upp] bas9 ( ! riv] ,tagus1 & is wat]$ by its tribut>ies ! ,tajuna1 ,h5>es1 ,j>ama & ,gallo4 ,! climate ( ?is region1 z ( ,ca/ile g5]ally1 is m>k$ by ! extreme sev]ity ( its w9t] cold & summ] heat2 ! soil v>ies v mu* 9 quality1 b is f]tile en\gh 9 _m di/ricts1 notably ! cornl&s ( ! ,alc>ria1 t[>ds ! s\?4 ,few ( ! cork & oak =e/s :i* =m]ly cov]$ ! m\nta9s h escap$ de/ruction2 & ! high] tracts ( l& are ma9ly pa/ure = ! %eep & goats :i* =m ! pr9cipal weal? ( ! peasantry4 ,gra91 olive oil1 w9e1 saffron1 silk & flax are produc$1 b agriculture makes little progress1 ow+ to defective communications & unsci5tific f>m+4 ,9 #aijc1 ! only m9]als work$ 7 common salt & silv]1 & ! total output ( ! m9es 0 valu$ at ,l#be1jjj4 ,deposits ( iron1 lead & gold also exi/ & 7 work$ by ! ,romans2 b _! exploitation prov$ unpr(itable :5 r5ew$ 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,trade is /agnant & ! local indu/ries are ^? common to almo/ all ,spani% t[ns & villages1 su* z ! manufacture ( co>se clo? & pott]y4 ,! ,madrid-,s>agossa railway trav]ses ! prov9ce = #gj m42 ! roads are ill-kept & insuffici5t4 ,guadalaj>a 7#aa1add7 is ! capital1 & ! only t[n ) m ?an #ejjj inhabitants2 ,mol9a de ,aragon1 a =tifi$ t[n built at ! foot ( ! ,p>am]as de ,mol9a 7#bejj-cejj ft471 & on ! "r bank ( ! ,gallo1 a tribut>y ( ! ,tagus1 is ( "s importance z an agricultural c5tre4 ,sigu5za1 on ! railway1 is an episcopal city1 ) a f9e ,romanesque ca!dral dat+ f ! #aa? c5tury4 ,x is probably ! anci5t ,segontia1 f\nd$ 9 #bah ,b4,c4 by refugees f ,saguntum4 ,! population ( ! prov9ce1 :i* numb]s only #db p] sq4 m41 decreas$ slightly betwe5 #ahgj & #aijj1 & extreme pov]ty compels _m families to emigrate 7see also ,,ca/ile74 ,,guadalaj>a1 ! capital ( ! ,spani% prov9ce ( ,guadalaj>a1 on ! left bank ( ! riv] ,h5>es1 & on ! ,madrid-,s>agossa railway1 #ce m4 ,e4,n4,e4 ( ,madrid4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #aa1add4 ,guadalaj>a is a picturesque t[n1 occupy+ a some:at /]ile pla91 #bajj ft4 above ! sea4 ,a ,roman aqu$uct & ! ,roman f\ndations ( ! bridge built 9 #ageh across ! ,h5>es be> witness to its antiquity4 ,"u ,roman & ,visigo?ic rule x 0 kn[n z ,arriaca or ,c>aca2 its pres5t "n1 :i* sometimes appe>s 9 m$ieval *ronicles z ,godelf>e1 repres5ts ! ,wad-al-haj>ah1 or ,valley ( ,/ones1 ( ! ,moors1 :o occupi$ ! t[n f #gad until #ajha1 :5 x 0 captur$ by ,alv> ,yanez de ,m9aya1 a comrade ( ! m fam\s ,cid4 ,! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia conta9s ! image ( ! ,virg9 ( ,battles1 :i* accompani$ ,alphonso ,,vi4 ( ,ca/ile 7#ajgb-aaji7 on 8 campaigns aga9/ ! ,moors2 & !re are sev]al o!r anci5t & int]e/+ *ur*es 9 ,guadalaj>a1 besides two palaces1 dat+ f ! #ae? c5tury1 & built ) t bl5d ( ,*ri/ian & ,moori% ar*itecture :i* ,spani>ds call ! ,mudej> /yle4 ,! m important ( ^! is ! palace ( ! ducal h\se del ,infantado1 =m]ly own$ by ! ,m5doza family1 ^: panteon1 or mausoleum1 add$ betwe5 #afif & #agbj to ! #ac?-c5tury *ur* ( ,san ,francisco1 is rem>kable = ! ri* sculpture ( its tombs4 ,! t[n & prov9cial halls date f #aehe1 & ! college ( eng9e]s 0 orig9ally built by ,philip ,v41 e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 z a clo? factory4 ,manufactures ( soap1 lea!r1 wooll5 fabrics & bricks h sup]s$$ ! orig9al clo?-weav+ indu/ry = :i* ,guadalaj>a 0 long celebrat$2 !re is also a consid]able trade 9 agricultural produce4 ,,guadalquivir 7anci5t ,baetis1 ,moori% ,wadi al ,kebir1 ! ,great ,riv]71 a riv] ( s\!rn ,spa94 ,:at is reg>d$ z ! ma9 /ream rises #ddge ft4 above sea-level betwe5 ! ,si]ra de ,cazorla & ,si]ra del ,pozo1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ja54 ,x does n become a l>ge riv] until x is jo9$ by ! ,guadiana ,m5or 7,guadianam5or7 on ! left1 & ! ,guadalim> on ! "r4 ,l[] d[n x receives _m tribut>ies1 ! *ief be+ ! ,g5il or ,j5il1 f ! left4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! riv] is we/ by s\?1 b a few miles above ,seville x *anges to s\? by we/4 ,bel[ ,coria x trav]ses ! s]ies ( broad f5s kn[n z ,las ,m>ismas1 ! greate/ area ( swamp 9 ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula4 ,"h x =ms two subsidi>y *annels1 ! we/]n #ca m41 ! ea/]n #ab m4 long1 :i* rejo9 ! ma9 /ream on ! bord]s ( ! prov9ce ( ,cadiz4 ,bel[ ,sanluc> ! riv] ent]s ! ,atlantic aft] a total c\rse ( #cfj m4 ,x dra9s an area ( #ba1hfe sq4 m4 ,?\gh ! %orte/ ( ! great riv]s ( ! p59sula1 x is ! only "o :i* fl[s at all seasons ) a full /ream1 be+ f$ 9 w9t] by ! ra9s1 9 summ] by ! melt$ sn[s ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,moors x 0 navigable up to ,cordova1 b ow+ to ! accumulation ( silt 9 its l[] rea*es x is n[ only navigable up to ,seville by vessels ( #abjj to #aejj tons4 ,,guadel\pe1 a ,fr5* colony 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,briti% isl&s ( ,monts]rat on ! ,n41 & ,dom9ica on ! ,s41 betwe5 #ae deg4 #ei' & #af deg4 #bj' ,n4 & #fa deg4 #ca' & #fa deg4 #ej' ,w4 ,x consi/s ( two entirely di/9ct isl&s1 sep>at$ by a n>r[ arm ( ! sea1 ,rivi]e ,salee 7,salt riv]71 v>y+ f #ajj ft4 to #djj ft4 9 wid? & navigable = small vessels4 ,! we/]n isl&1 a rugg$ mass ( ridges1 peaks & l(ty upl&s1 is call$ ,basse-,t]re1 :ile ! ea/]n & small] isl&1 ! real l[-l&1 is kn[n z ,gr&e-,t]re4 ,a s9u\s ridge runs ?r\gh ,basse-,t]re f ,n4 to ,s4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ rises ! peak ( ,grosse ,montagne 7#bcgj ft471 f :i* %>p spurs radiate 9 all directions2 ne> ! middle ( ! we/ coa/ are ! tw9 heights ( ,les ,mamelles 7#becf ft4 & #bcfh ft474 ,f>!r s\? ! highe/ elevation is atta9$ 9 ,la ,s\fri]e 7#dijj ft474 ,9 #agig ?is volcano 0 active1 & 9 #ahdc its convulsions laid sev]al t[ns 9 ru9s2 b a few !rmal spr+s & solfat>as emitt+ vap\r are n[ its only signs ( activity4 ,! range t]m9ates 9 ! extreme s\? 9 ! jagg$ peak ( ,c>aibe 7#bcjj ft474 ,basse-,t]re is supremely beautiful1 its cl\d-capp$ m\nta9s be+ clo!d ) a mantle ( luxuriant vegetation4 ,on ,gr&e-,t]re ! highe/ elevation is only #dej ft41 & ?is isl& is ! seat ( ext5sive sug> plantations4 ,x consi/s ( a pla9 compos$ ma9ly ( lime/one & a conglom]ate ( s& & brok5 %ells kn[n z maconne de bon dieu1 mu* us$ = build+4 ,! bay betwe5 ! two sections ( ,guadel\pe on ! nor? is call$ ,gr& ,cul-de-,sac ,m>91 t on ! s\? be+ ,petit ,cul-de-,sac ,m>94 ,basse-,t]re 7#cfd sq4 m47 is #bh m4 long by #ab m4 to #ae m4 wide2 ,gr&e-,t]re 7#bee sq4 m47 is #bb m4 long f ,n4 to ,s41 ( irregul> %ape1 ) a long p59sula1 ,*ateaux ,po9t1 /ret*+ f ! s\?-ea/]n extremity4 ,basse-,t]re is wat]$ by a consid]able numb] ( /reams1 mo/ ( :i* 9 ! ra9y season are liable to sudd5 floods 7locally call$ galions71 b ,gr&e-,t]re is practically de/itute ( spr+s1 & ! wat]-supply is d]iv$ almo/ entirely f ponds & ci/]ns4 ,! we/ half ( ! isl& consi/s ( a f\ndation ( old eruptive rocks ^u :i* re/ ! rec5t accumulations ( ! great volcanic cones1 toge!r ) me*anical deposits d]iv$ f ! d5udation ( ! old] rocks4 ,gr&e-,t]re on ! o!r h&1 consi/s *iefly ( ne>ly horizontal lime/ones ly+ con=mably ^u a s]ies ( f9e tuffs & a%es1 ! :ole belong+ to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,t]ti>y sy/em 7probably ,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e74 ,occasional deposits ( m>l & lime/one ( late ,plioc5e age re/ uncon=mably ^u ^! old] b$s2 & ne> ! coa/ !re are rais$ coral reefs ( mod]n date4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #gh deg4 ,f41 & ! m9imum #fa deg4 ,f41 & ! maximum #aja deg4 ,f4 ,f ,july to ,novemb] heavy ra9s fall1 ! annual av]age on ! coa/ be+ #hf 941 :ile 9 ! int]ior x is mu* great]4 ,guadel\pe is subject to t]rible /orms4 ,9 #ahbe a hurricane de/roy$ ! t[n ( ,basse-,t]re1 & ,gr& ,b\rg 9 ,m>ie ,galante suff]$ a l fate 9 #ahfe4 ,! soil is ri* & fruitful1 sug> hav+ long be5 its /aple product4 ,! o!r crops include c]eals1 cocoa1 cotton1 manioc1 yams & rubb]2 tobacco1 vanilla1 c(fee & bananas are gr[n1 b 9 small] quantities4 ,ov] #cj ( ! total area is "u cultivation1 & ( ?is m ?an #ej is "u sug>4 ,! c5tres ( ?is indu/ry are ,/ ,anne1 ,po9te-a-,pitre & ,le ,m\le1 :]e !re are well-equipp$ us9es1 & !re is also a l>ge us9e at ,basse-,t]re4 ,! =e/s1 conf9$ to ! isl& ( ,basse-,t]re1 are ext5sive & ri* 9 valuable woods1 b1 be+ difficult ( access1 are n work$4 ,salt & sulphur are ! only m9]als extract$1 & 9 addition to ! sug> us9es1 !re are factories = ! mak+ ( rum1 liqueurs1 *ocolate1 besides fruit-cann+ works & tann]ies4 ,france takes mo/ ( ! exports2 & next to ,france1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,great ,brita9 & ,india are ! c\ntries mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! import trade4 ,! inhabitants ( ,guadel\pe consi/ ( a few :ite (ficials & plant]s1 a few ,ea/ ,indian immigrants f ! ,fr5* possessions 9 ,india1 & ! re/ negroes & mulattoes4 ,^! mulattoes are fam\s = _! grace & beauty ( bo? =m & feature4 ,! wom5 greatly outnumb] ! m51 & !re is a v l>ge p]c5tage ( illegitimate bir?s4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ahb1aab4 ,! gov]nor is assi/$ by a privy c\ncil1 a director ( ! int]ior1 a procurator-g5]al & a payma/]1 & !re is also an elect$ legislative c\ncil ( #cj memb]s4 ,! colony =ms a dep>tm5t ( ,france & is repres5t$ 9 ! ,fr5* p>liam5t by a s5ator & two deputies4 ,political elections are v eag]ly conte/$1 ! mulatto elem5t always /riv+ to ga9 ! prepond]ance ( p[]4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t1 ( ! ,apo/olic adm9i/ration & ( ! c\rt ( appeal is at ,basse-,t]re 7#ggfb71 :i* is situat$ on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ! isl& ( t "n4 ,x is a picturesque1 heal?y t[n /&+ on an op5 road/ead4 ,po9te-a-,pitre 7#ag1bdb71 ! l>ge/ t[n1 lies 9 ,gr&e-,t]re ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rivi]e ,salee4 ,its excell5t h>b\r has made x ! *ief port & comm]cial capital ( ! colony4 ,le ,m\le 7#aj1cgh7 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gr&e-,t]re does a consid]able export trade 9 sug>1 despite its poor h>b\r4 ,( ! o!r t[ns1 ,/ ,anne 7#idig71 ,morne a l',eau 7#hddb71 ,petit ,canal 7#fgdh71 ,/ ,francois 7#ebfe71 ,petit ,b\rg 7#eaaj7 & ,trois ,rivi]es 7#ejaf71 are ! mo/ important4 ,r\nd ,guadel\pe are gr\p$ its dep5d5cies1 namely1 ,la ,desirade1 #f m4 ,e41 a n>r[ rugg$ isl& #aj sq4 m4 9 area2 ,m>ie ,galante #af m4 ,s4,e4 ,les ,sa9tes1 a gr\p ( sev5 small isl&s1 #g m4 ,s41 "o ( ! /rategic po9ts ( ! ,antilles1 ) a magnific5t & /rongly =tifi$ naval h>b\r2 ,/ ,m>t91 #adb m4 ,n4,n4,w42 & ,/ ,b>?olomew1 #acj m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ,hi/ory4--,guadel\pe 0 discov]$ by ,columbus 9 #adic1 & receiv$ its "n 9 hon\r ( ! mona/]y ( ,s4 ,m>ia de ,guadalupe at ,e/remadura 9 ,spa94 ,9 #afce l',olive & ,duplessis took possession ( x 9 ! "n ( ! ,fr5* ,company ( ! ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 & l',olive ext]m9at$ ! ,c>ibs ) great cruelty4 ,f\r *>t]$ companies 7 ru9$ 9 _! attempts to colonize ! isl&1 & 9 #afgd x pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,fr5* cr[n & long rema9$ a dep5d5cy ( ,m>t9ique4 ,aft] unsuccessful attempts 9 #afff1 #afia & #agjc1 ! ,briti% captur$ ! isl& 9 #agei1 & held x = f\r ye>s4 ,guadel\pe 0 f9ally sep>at$ f ,m>t9ique 9 #agge1 b x rema9$ "u ! gov]nor ( ! ,fr5* ,w9dw>d ,isl&s4 ,9 #aghb ,rodney defeat$ ! ,fr5* fleet ne> ! isl&1 & ! ,briti% aga9 obta9$ possession 9 ,april #agid1 b 9 ! foll[+ summ] !y 7 driv5 out by ,victor ,hugues ) ! assi/ance ( ! slaves :om he _h lib]at$ = ! purpose4 ,9 #ahjb ,bonap>te1 !n fir/ consul1 s5t an exp$ition to ! isl& 9 ord] to re-e/abli% slav]y1 b1 aft] a h]oic def5ce1 _m ( ! negroes pref]r$ suicide to submission4 ,dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,days 9 #ahaj1 ! ,briti% once m occupi$ ! isl&1 b1 9 spite ( its cession to ,sw$5 by ! treaty ( #ahac & a ,fr5* invasion 9 #ahad1 !y did n )draw till #ahaf4 ,betwe5 #ahaf & #ahbe ! code ( laws peculi> to ! isl& 0 introduc$4 ,municipal in/itutions 7 e/abli%$ 9 #ahcg2 & slav]y 0 f9ally aboli%$ 9 #ahdh4 ,,guadet1 ,,m>gu]ite ,,elie 7#ageh-agid71 ,fr5* ,revolutioni/1 0 born at ,/ ,emilion ne> ,bordeaux on ! #bj? ( ,july #ageh4 ,:5 ! ,revolution broke out he _h already ga9$ a reputation z a brilliant advocate at ,bordeaux4 ,9 #agij he 0 made adm9i/rator ( ! ,gironde & 9 #agia presid5t ( ! crim9al tribunal4 ,9 ?is ye> he 0 elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly z "o ( ! brilliant gr\p ( deputies kn[n subsequ5tly z ,girond9s or ,girondi/s4 ,z a support] ( ! con/itution ( #agia he jo9$ ! ,jacob9 club1 & "h & 9 ! ,assembly became an eloqu5t advocate ( all ! measures direct$ aga9/ real or suppos$ traitors to ! con/itution4 ,he bitt]ly attack$ ! m9i/]s ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 & 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 =c+ ! k+ to accept ! ,girondi/ m9i/ry ( ! #ae? ( ,m>* #agib4 ,he 0 an ard5t advocate ( ! policy ( =c+ ,l\is ,,xvi4 into h>mony ) ! ,revolution2 mov$ 7,may #c7 = ! dismissal ( ! k+'s non-jur+ confessor1 = ! bani%m5t ( all non-jur+ prie/s 7,may #af71 = ! disb&m5t ( ! royal gu>d 7,may #cj71 & ! =mation 9 ,p>is ( a camp ( f$]es 7,june #d74 ,he rema9$ a royali/1 h[ev]1 & ) ,g5sonne & ,v]gniaud ev5 address$ a lett] to ! k+ solicit+ a private int]view4 ,:atev] negotiations may h result$1 h[ev]1 7 cut %ort by ! insurrection ( ! #aj? ( ,augu/4 ,guadet1 :o presid$ ov] ! ,assembly dur+ "p ( ?is fateful day1 put himself into vigor\s opposition to ! insurrection>y ,commune ( ,p>is1 & x 0 on 8 motion t on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ ! ,assembly vot$ its dissolution--a decision rev]s$ on ! foll[+ day4 ,9 ,septemb] ,guadet 0 return$ by a l>ge majority z deputy to ! ,conv5tion4 ,at ! trial ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 he vot$ = an appeal to ! p & = ! dea? s5t5ce1 b ) a respite p5d+ appeal4 ,9 ,m>* #agic he _h sev]al conf]5ces ) ,danton1 :o 0 anxi\s to br+ ab\t a rappro*em5t betwe5 ! ,girondi/s & ! ,m\nta9 dur+ ! w> 9 ,la ,v5dee1 b he unconditionally refus$ to jo9 h&s ) ! man :om he held responsible = ! massacres ( ,septemb]4 ,involv$ 9 ! fall ( ! ,girondi/s1 & 8 arre/ be+ decre$ on ! #bnd ( ,june #agic1 he fl$ to ,ca51 & aft]w>ds hid 9 8 fa!r's h\se at ,/ ,emilion4 ,he 0 discov]$ & tak5 to ,bordeaux1 :]e1 aft] 8 id5tity _h be5 e/abli%$1 he 0 guillot9$ on ! #ag? ( ,june #agid4 ,see ,j4 ,guadet1 ,les ,girond9s 7,p>is1 #ahhi72 & ,f4 ,a4 ,aul>d1 ,les ,orateurs de la legislative et de la conv5tion 7,p>is1 #bnd ed41 #aijf74 ,,guadiana 7anc4 ,anas1 ,moori% ,wadi ,ana71 a riv] ( ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,! ,guadiana 0 long believ$ to rise 9 ! l[l& kn[n z ! ,campo de ,montiel1 :]e a *a9 ( small lakes1 ! ,lagunas de ,ruid]a 7p>tly 9 ,ciudad ,real1 p>tly 9 ,albacete71 are l9k$ toge!r by ! ,guadiana ,alto or ,upp] ,guadiana4 ,?is /ream fl[s nor?-we/w>d f ! la/ lake & vani%es und]gr\nd )9 #c m4 ( ! riv] ,zanc>a or ,giguela4 ,ab\t #bb m4 ,s4,w4 ( ! po9t ( disappe>ance1 ! ,guadiana ,alto 0 believ$ to re-em]ge 9 ! =m ( sev]al l>ge spr+s1 :i* =m num]\s lakes ne> ! ,zanc>a & are kn[n z ! eyes ( ! ,guadiana 7los ojos de ,guadiana74 ,! /ream :i* connects !m ) ! ,zanc>a is call$ ! ,guadiana ,bajo or ,l[] ,guadiana4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! ,guadiana ,alto has no su* c\rse1 b fl[s und]gr\nd to ! ,zanc>a itself1 :i* is ! true ,upp] ,guadiana4 ,! ,zanc>a rises ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,juc>1 9 ! ea/ ( ! tablel& ( ,la ,man*a2 !nce x fl[s we/w>d1 assum+ ! "n ( ,guadiana ne> ,ciudad ,real1 & rea*+ ! ,portuguese fronti] #f m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,badajoz4 ,9 pi]c+ ! ,si]ra ,mor5a x =ms a s]ies ( foam+ rapids1 & only beg9s to be navigable at ,m]tola1 #db m4 f its m\?4 ,f ! neighb\rhood ( ,badajoz x =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,spa9 & ,portugal z f> z a po9t ne> ,mons>az1 :]e x receives ! small riv] ,priega ,munoz on ! left1 & passes into ,portuguese t]ritory1 ) a s\!rly direction4 ,at ,pom>ao x aga9 becomes a fronti] /ream & =ms a broad e/u>y #be m4 long4 ,x ent]s ! ,gulf ( ,cadiz betwe5 ! ,portuguese t[n ( ,villa ,real de ,santo ,antonio & ! ,spani% ,ayamonte1 aft] a total c\rse ( #eaj m4 ,its m\? is divid$ by s&banks into _m *annels4 ,! ,guadiana dra9s an area ( #ca1idj sq4 m4 ,its pr9cipal tribut>ies are ! ,zuj>1 ,jabalon1 ,mata*el & ,ardila f ! left2 ! ,bullaque1 ,ruecas1 ,botoa1 ,degebe & ,cobres f ! "r4 ,! ,,guadiana ,,m5or 7or ,guadianam5or1 i4e4 ,less] ,guadiana7 rises 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 receives two l>ge tribut>ies1 ! ,f>des f ! "r & ,b>bata f ! left1 & ent]s ! ,guadalquivir ne> ,ub$a1 aft] a c\rse ( #ie m4 ,,guadix1 a city ( s\!rn ,spa91 9 ! prov9ce ( ,granada2 on ! left bank ( ! riv] ,guadix1 a subtribut>y ( ! ,guadiana ,m5or1 & on ! ,madrid-,valdep5as-,alm]ia railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ab1feb4 ,guadix occupies "p ( an elevat$ plateau among ! nor!rn foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,x is surr\nd$ by anci5t walls1 & 0 =m]ly dom9at$ by a ,moori% ca/le1 n[ 9 ru9s4 ,x is an episcopal see ( great antiquity1 b its ca!dral1 built 9 ! #ah? c5tury on ! site ( a mosque1 possesses little ar*itectural m]it4 ,! city 0 once fam\s = its cutl]y2 b its mod]n manufactures 7*iefly e>!nw>e1 hemp5 goods1 & hats7 are inconsid]able4 ,x has "s trade 9 wool1 cotton1 flax1 corn & liqueurs4 ,! w>m m9]al spr+s ( ,gra5a1 mu* frequ5t$ dur+ ! summ]1 are #f m4 ,w4 ,guadix el ,viejo1 #e m4 ,n4,w41 0 ! ,roman ,acci1 &1 accord+ to tradition1 ! seat ( ! fir/ ,ib]ian bi%opric1 9 ! #bnd c5tury4 ,aft] #gaa x rose to "s importance z a ,moori% =tress & trad+ /ation1 & 0 r5am$ ,wad ,a%1 ,wat] ( ,life4 ,x 0 surr5d]$ )\t a siege to ! ,spani>ds1 "u ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 9 #adhi4 ,,guaduas1 a t[n ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,cund9am>ca1 ,colombia1 #ec m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,bogota on ! old road betwe5 t city & ! ,magdal5a riv] port ( ,honda4 ,pop4 7#aijj1 e/imate7 #ijjj1 *iefly ,indians or ( mix$ blood4 ,x /&s 9 a n>r[ & picturesque valley =m$ by spurs ( ! ,ea/]n ,cordill]a1 & on a small /ream be>+ ! same "n1 :i* is t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican bamboo 7guaduas71 f\nd 9 great abundance along its banks4 ,sug>-cane & c(fee are cultivat$ 9 ! vic9ity1 & fruits ( v>i\s k9ds are produc$ 9 great abundance4 ,! elevation ( ! t[n is #ccec ft4 above ! sea1 & x has a rem>kably uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>4 ,guaduas has a pretty *ur* fac+ ^u its plaza1 & an old mona/]y n[ us$ = secul> purposes4 ,! importance ( ! t[n sprang f its position on ! old cam9o real betwe5 ,bogota & ,honda1 an importance t has pass$ away ) ! completion ( ! railway f ,gir>dot to ! ,bogota plateau4 ,guaduas 0 f\nd$ 9 #afad4 ,,guaiacum1 a g5us ( trees ( ! natural ord] ,zygophyllaceae4 ,! guaiacum or lignum-vitae tree 7,g]4 ,guajakbaum1 ,franzos5baum1 ,pock5holzbaum2 ,fr4 ,gayac1 ,gaiac71 ,g4 (fic9ale1 is a native ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ! nor? coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x atta9s a height ( #bj to #cj ft4 ,its bran*es are num]\s1 flexu\s & knott$2 ! leaves opposite & p9nate1 ) caduc\s 7fall+ e>ly7 /ipules1 & entire1 glabr\s1 obovate or oval leaflets1 arrang$ 9 #b or1 m r>ely1 #c pairs2 ! fl[]s are 9 axill>y clu/]s 7cymes71 & h #e oval pubesc5t sepals1 #e di/9ct pale-blue petals ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! sepals1 #aj /am5s1 & a #b-;cell$ sup]ior ov>y4 ,! fruit is ab\t #c_/d 94 long1 ) a lea!ry p]ic>p1 & conta9s 9 ea* ( its two cells a s+le se$ 7see fig474 ,g4 sanctum gr[s 9 ! ,bahamas & ,cuba1 & at ,key ,we/ 9 ,florida4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ,g4 (fic9ale by its small] & n>r[ leaflets1 :i* are 9 #d to #e pairs1 by its %ort] & glabr\s sepals1 & #e-;cell$ & #e-w+$ fruit4 ,g4 arboreum1 ! guaiacum tree ( ,colombia1 is f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,magdal5a up to altitudes #hjj metres 7#bfbe ft47 above sea-level1 & rea*es consid]able dim5sions4 ,its wood is ( a yell[ col\r m]g+ into gre51 & has an almo/ pulv]ul5t fracture2 ! fl[]s are yell[ & conspicu\s2 & ! fruit is dry & #d-w+$4 ,! lignum vitae ( comm]ce1 s nam$ on acc\nt ( its high repute z a m$ic9al ag5t 9 pa/ times1 :5 also x 0 kn[n z lignum sanctum & lignum ,indicum1 lignum guaycanum1 or simply guayacan1 is procur$ f ,g4 (fic9ale1 & 9 small] am\nt f ,g4 sanctum4 ,x is export$ 9 l>ge logs or blocks1 g5]ally dive/$ ( b>k1 & pres5ts 9 transv]se section v slightly m>k$ conc5tric r+s ( gr[?1 & sc>cely any traces ( pi?2 ) ! aid ( a magnify+ glass ! m$ull>y rays are se5 to be equidi/ant & v num]\s4 ,! out] wood1 ! sapwood or alburnum1 is ( a pale yell[ hue1 & devoid ( res92 ! inn]1 ! he>twood or duram51 :i* is by f> ! l>g] proportion1 is ( a d>k gre5i%-br[n1 conta9s 9 its pores #bf ( res91 & has a specific gravity ( #a4ccc1 & !re=e s9ks 9 wat] on :i* ! alburnum floats4 ,ow+ to ! diagonal & oblique arrangem5t ( ! successive lay]s ( its fibres1 ! wood _c be split2 & on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 d5sity & durability x is mu* valu$ = ! manufacture ( %ips' pulleys1 rul]s1 skittle-balls1 mallets & o!r articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,b5tley ,trim5's ,m$ic9al ,plants1 by p]mission ( ,j4 ,a4 ,*ur*ill4 ,guaiacum or ,lignum ,vitae1 ,guaiacum (fic9ale %oot-be>+ leaves & fl[]s4 #a1 ,fruit2 #b1 ,v]tical section ( fruit1 %[+ ! solit>y p5dul\s se$ 9 ea* *amb]4 ,all ab\t #a_/b natural size4 ,*ips or turn+s ( ! he>twood ( ,g4 (fic9ale 7guaiaci lignum7 are employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! liquor s>sae compositus conc5tratus ( ,briti% ph>macy4 ,!y may be recogniz$ by be+ ei!r yell[ ( gre5i%-br[n 9 col\r1 & by turn+ blui%-gre5 :5 treat$ ) nitric acid1 or :5 heat$ ) corrosive sublimate1 & gre5 ) solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,!y are occasionally adult]at$ ) boxwood %av+s4 ,lignum vitae is import$ *iefly f ,/ ,dom+o1 ! ,bahamas & ,jamaica4 ,! b>k 0 =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e2 x conta9s mu* calcium oxalate1 & yields on inc9]ation #bc ( a%4 ,guaiacum res91 ! guaiaci res9a ( ph>macopoeias1 is obta9$ f ! wood z an exudation f natural fissures or f incisions2 by heat+ billets ab\t #c ft4 9 l5g?1 bor$ to p]mit ( ! outfl[ ( ! res92 or by boil+ *ips & rasp+s 9 wat] to :i* salt has be5 add$ to raise ! temp]ature ( ebullition4 ,x occurs 9 r\nd$ or oval te>s1 commonly coat$ ) a greyi%-gre5 du/1 & suppos$ to be ! produce ( ,g4 sanctum1 or 9 l>ge br[ni% or gre5i%-br[n masses1 transluc5t at ! edges2 fuses at #he deg4 ,c42 is brittle1 & has a vitre\s fracture1 & a slightly balsamic od\r1 increas$ by pulv]ization & by heat2 & is at fir/ ta/eless :5 *ew$1 b produces subsequ5tly a s5se ( heat 9 ! ?roat4 ,x is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 creosote1 oil ( cloves & solutions ( cau/ic alkalies2 & its solution gives a blue col\r ) glut51 raw potato p>+s & ! roots ( horse-radi%1 c>rot & v>i\s o!r plants4 ,! alcoholic t9cture becomes gre5 ) sodium hypo*lorite1 & ) nitric acid turns 9 succession gre51 blue & br[n4 ,) glyc]9 x gives a cle> solution1 & ) nitr\s e!r a blui%-gre5 gelat9\s mass4 ,x is blu$ by v>i\s oxidiz+ ag5ts1 e4g4 ozone1 &1 z ,s*onbe9 discov]$1 by ! juice ( c]ta9 fungi4 ,! *ief con/itu5ts are ?ree di/9ct res9s1 guaiaconic acid1 ,c#ai;,h#bj,o#e 7#gj71 guaiac acid1 :i* is closely alli$ to b5zoic acid1 & guai>etic acid4 ,l all res9s1 ^! are insoluble 9 wat]1 soluble 9 alkalies1 b precipitat$ on neutralization ( ! alkal9e solution4 ,guaiacum wood 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,spani>ds 9 #aejh1 & ,nicolaus ,poll1 writ+ 9 #aeag 7see ,luis9us1 ,de morbo gallico1 p4 #baj1 ,v541 #aeff71 /ates t "s ?ree ?\s& p]sons 9 ,spa9 _h already be5 re/or$ to heal? by x4 ,! virtues ( ! res91 h[ev]1 7 n kn[n until a lat] p]iod1 & 9 ,?omas ,paynel's translation 7,( ! ,wood call$ ,guaiacum1 c41 p4 #i1 ed4 ( #aedj7 ( ,ulri* von ,hutt5's treatise ,de morbi gallici curatione p] adm9i/rationem ligni guaiaci 7#aeai7 we read ( ! wood3 ,!re foll[e? fro x1 :an x b\rne? a gomme1 :i* we yet kn[e n1 = :at p\rpose x s]ue?4 ,fluckig] & ,hanbury 7,ph>macographia1 p4 #ie7 /ate t ! fir/ edition ( ! ,london ,ph>macopoeia 9 :i* !y f9d ! res9 m5tion$ is t ( #afgg4 ,! decoction ( ! wood 0 adm9i/]$ 9 g\t1 ! /one1 palsy1 leprosy1 dropsy1 epilepsy1 & o!r diseases1 b pr9cipally 9 ! morbus gallicus1 or syphilis1 = :i* x 0 reckon$ a c]ta9 specific1 insomu* t at fir/ ! physitions wolde n all[e x1 p]ceyuynge t !yr pr(ite wolde decay !rby 7,paynel1 op4 cit4 p4 #h74 ,m9ute in/ructions are giv5 9 old works z to ! mode ( adm9i/]+ guaiacum4 ,! pati5t 0 conf9$ 9 a clos$ & heat$ *amb]1 0 plac$ on ! l[e/ possible diet1 &1 aft] lib]al purgation1 0 made twice a day to dr9k a milk-w>m decoction ( ! wood4 ,! use ( salt 0 specially to be avoid$4 ,a decoction ( #a lb4 ( guaiacum 0 held to be suffici5t = ! f\r fir/ days ( ! treatm5t4 ,! e>li] op9ions z to ! efficacy ( guaiacum came to be mu* modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & ,dr ,pe>son 7,obs]vations on ! ,effects ( ,v>i\s ,articles ( ! ,mat4 ,m$4 9 ! ,cure ( ,lues ,v5]ea1 c4 i41 #bnd ed41 #ahjg7 says3--,i nev] saw "o s+le in/ance 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ?is m$ic9e eradicat$ ! v5]eal virus4 ,he f\nd its b5eficial effects to be mo/ m>k$ 9 cases ( second>y symptoms4 ,guaiacum res9 is giv5 m$ic9ally 9 doses ( #e-ae gra9s4 ,its important prep>ations 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia are ! mi/ura guiaci 7dose #a_/b-a oz471 ! ammoniat$ t9cture ( guaiacum 7dose #a_/b-a dra*m71 9 :i* ! res9 is dissolv$ by means ( ammonia1 & ! tro*iscus or loz5ge1 conta9+ #c gra9s ( ! res94 ,?is loz5ge is und\bt$ly ( value :5 giv5 e>ly 9 cases ( sore ?roat1 especially ( rheumatic orig94 ,p[d]$ guaiacum is also us$4 ,guaiacum res9 diff]s ph>macologically f o!r res9s 9 be+ less irritant1 s t x is absorb$ f ! b[el & ex]ts remote /imulant actions1 notably ^u ! sk9 & kidneys4 ,x affects ! bron*i b slightly1 s9ce x conta9s no volatile oil4 ,! drug is useful bo? 9 acute & *ronic sore ?roat1 ! mixture1 accord+ to ,sir ,laud] ,brunton1 be+ m effective ?an ! t9cture4 ,! ap]i5t action1 :i* x ex]ts less m>k$ly ?an o!r memb]s ( its class1 r5d]s x useful 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic con/ipation4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,g>rod has urg$ ! claims ( ?is drug 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic g\t4 ,bo? 9 ?is disease & 9 o!r =ms ( *ronic ar?ritis guaiacum may be giv5 9 comb9ation ) iodides1 :i* x (t5 enables ! pati5t to tol]ate4 ,guaiacum is n n[ us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( syphilis4 ,! t9cture ( guaiacum is univ]sally us$ z a te/ = ! pres5ce ( blood1 or r ( haemoglob91 ! r$ col\r+ matt] ( ! blood1 9 ur9e or o!r secretions4 ,?is te/ 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,dr ,john ,day ( ,geelong1 ,au/ralia4 ,a s+le drop ( ! t9cture %\ld be add$ to1 say1 an in* ( ur9e 9 a te/-tube4 ,! res9 is at once precipitat$1 yield+ a milky fluid4 ,if ozonic e!r--an e!real solution ( hydrog5 p]oxide--be n[ p\r$ g5tly into ! te/-tube1 a deep blue coloration is produc$ along ! l9e ( contact if haemoglob9 be pres5t4 ,! reaction is due to ! oxidation ( ! res9 by ! p]oxide ( hydrog5--su* oxidation occurr+ only if haemoglob9 be pres5t to act z an oxyg5-c>ri]4 ,,gualdo ,,tad9o 7anc4 ,tad9um1 #a m4 to ! ,w471 a t[n & episcopal see ( ,umbria1 ,italy1 #agee ft4 above sea-level1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]ugia1 #bb m4 ,n4 ( ,foligno by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija71 t[n1 #dddj2 commune1 #aj1gef4 ,! suffix ,tad9o di/+ui%es x f ,gualdo 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mac]ata1 & ,gualdo ,cattaneo1 ,s4,w4 ( ,foligno4 ,! ca!dral has a good rose-w9d[ & possesses1 l sev]al ( ! o!r *ur*es1 #ae?-c5tury pa9t+s by ,umbrian arti/s1 especially works by ,niccolo ,alunno4 ,! t[n is /ill surr\nd$ by walls4 ,! anci5t ,tad9um lay #a m4 to ! ,w4 ( ! mod]n t[n4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,eugub9e tablets 7see ,,iguvium7 z a ho/ile city aga9/ :i* imprecations are direct$4 ,9 its neighb\rhood ,n>ses defeat$ & slew ,totila 9 #eeb4 ,no ru9s are n[ visible1 ?\gh !y seem to h be5 extant 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! new t[n seems to h be5 f\nd$ 9 #abcg4 ,x 0 at fir/ indep5d5t1 b pass$ "u ,p]ugia 9 #abib1 & lat] became dep5d5t on ! du*y ( ,spoleto4 ,,gualeguay1 a fl\ri%+ t[n & riv] port ( ! prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios1 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 on ! ,gualeguay riv]1 #cb m4 above its conflu5ce ) ! ,ibicuy bran* ( ! ,p>ana1 & ab\t #abj m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,bu5os ,aires4 ,pop4 7#ahie7 #ghaj4 ,! ,gualeguay is ! l>ge/ ( ! ,entre ,rios riv]s1 trav]s+ almo/ ! :ole l5g? ( ! prov9ce f ,n4 to ,s41 b x is ( b slight s]vice 9 ! transportation ( produce except ! few miles bel[ ,gualeguay1 ^: port1 kn[n z ,pu]to ,ruiz1 is #g m4 l[] d[n /ream4 ,a /eam tramway connects ! t[n & port1 & a bran* l9e connects ) ,entre ,rios railways at ! /ation ( ,tala4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ry 9 ?is region is t ( /ock-rais+1 & !re is a l>ge exportation ( cattle1 j]k$ beef1 hides1 tall[1 mutton1 wool & %eep-sk9s4 ,wood & *>coal are also export$ to ,bu5os ,aires4 ,! t[n 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghc4 ,,gualeguay*u1 a prosp]\s comm]cial & indu/rial t[n & port ( ! prov9ce ( ,entre ,rios1 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 on ! left bank ( ! ,gualeguay*u riv]1 #aa m4 above its conflu5ce ) ! ,uruguay1 & #abj m4 ,n4 ( ,bu5os ,aires4 ,pop4 7#ahib1 e/47 #ad1jjj4 ,x is ! *ief t[n ( a dep>tm5t ( ! same "n1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,a b> at ! m\? ( ! riv] prev5ts ! entrance ( l>g] vessels & compels ! transf] ( c>goes to & f light]s4 ,! t[n is surr\nd$ by a ri* graz+ c\ntry1 & exports cattle1 j]k$ beef1 mutton1 hides1 pelts1 tall[1 wool & v>i\s by-products4 ,a bran* l9e runn+ ,n4 connects ) ! ,entre ,rios railways at ,basavilbaso4 ,! t[n 0 f\nd$ 9 #aghc4 ,,gualo1 ,,c>d9al 7fl4 #abaf71 0 s5t to ,engl& by ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 #abaf4 ,he support$ ,john ) all ! weight ( papal au?ority4 ,aft] ,john's dea? he cr[n$ ! infant ,h5ry ,,iii4 & play$ an active "p 9 organiz+ resi/ance to ! rebels l$ by ,l\is ( ,france1 aft]w>ds k+ ,l\is ,,viii4 ,z repres5t+ ! pope1 ! suz]a9 ( ,h5ry1 he claim$ ! reg5cy & actually divid$ ! *ief p[] ) ,william ,m>%al1 e>l ( ,pembroke4 ,he proclaim$ a crusade aga9/ ,l\is & ! ,fr5*1 &1 aft] ! peace ( ,lambe?1 he =c$ ,l\is to make a public & humiliat+ pr(ession ( p5it5ce 7#abag74 ,he puni%$ ! rebelli\s cl]gy sev]ely1 & rul$ ! *ur* ) an absolute h& till 8 dep>ture f ,engl& 9 #abah4 ,gualo's "* has be5 sev]ely criticiz$ by ,engli% writ]s2 b 8 *ief (f5ce seems to h be5 t ( repres5t+ unpopul> papal claims4 ,,guam 7,span4 ,guajan2 ,guahan1 9 ! native ,*amorro71 ! l>ge/ & mo/ popul\s ( ! ,ladrone or ,m>iana ,isl&s1 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific1 9 #ac deg4 #bf' ,n4 lat4 & #add deg4 #ci' ,e4 long41 ab\t #ahbc m4 ,e4 by ,s4 ( ,hong ,kong1 & ab\t #adej m4 ,e4 ( ,manila4 ,pop4 7#aijh7 ab\t #aa1cfj1 ( :om #cfc 7 =eign]s1 #adj be+ memb]s ( ! ,u4,s4 naval =ce4 ,guam ext5ds ab\t #cj m4 f ,n4,n4,e4 to ,s4,s4,w41 has an av]age wid? ( ab\t #f-a_/b m41 & has an area ( #bjg sq4 m4 ,! ,n4 portion is a plateau f #cjj to #fjj ft4 above ! sea1 l[e/ 9 ! int]ior & highe/ along ! ,e4 & ,w4 coa/1 :]e x t]m9ates abruptly 9 bluffs & headl&s2 ,mt ,santa ,rosa1 t[>d ! ,n4 extremity1 has an elevation ( #hdj ft4 ,a range ( hills f #gjj to ne>ly #acjj ft4 9 height trav]ses ! ,s4 portion f ,n4 to ,s4 a little ,w4 ( ! middle--,mt ,jumullong ,mangloc1 ! highe/ peak1 has an elevation ( #abgd ft4 ,betwe5 ! foot ( ! /eep ,w4 slope ( ^! hills & ! sea is a belt ( roll+ l[l&s & to ! ,e4 ! surface is brok5 by ! valleys ( five riv]s ) a numb] ( tribut>ies1 has a g5]al slope t[>d ! sea1 & t]m9ates 9 a coa/-l9e ( bluffs4 ,apra 7=m]ly ,san ,luis d',apra7 on ! middle ,w4 coa/ is ! only good h>b\r2 x is ab\t #c-a_/b m4 across1 has a dep? ( #d-bg fa?oms1 & is divid$ into an inn] & an out] h>b\r by a p59sula & an isl&4 ,x s]ves z a naval /ation & z a port ( transit betwe5 ,am]ica & ! ,philipp9es1 at :i* army transports call mon?ly4 ,de]1 wild hog1 duck1 curlew1 snipe & pigeon are abundant game1 & sev]al v>ieties ( fi% are caught4 ,"s ( ! highe/ po9ts ( ! isl& are ne>ly b>e ( vegetation1 & ! m elevat$ plateau surface is cov]$ ) sword grass1 b 9 ! valleys & on ! l[] portions ( ! plateaus !re is valuable timb]4 ,! l[l&s h a ri* soil2 9 l[] p>ts ( ! highl&s rais$ corallif]\s lime/one ) a light cov]+ ( soil appe>s1 & 9 ! high] p>ts ! soil is entirely ( clay & silt4 ,! climate is agreeable & heal?y4 ,f ,decemb] to ,june ! ,n4,e4 trade w9ds prevail & ! ra9fall is relatively light2 dur+ ! o!r six mon?s ! monsoon bl[s & produces ! ra9y season4 ,de/ructive typhoons & e>?quakes sometimes visit ,guam4 ,! isl& is ?\ght to possess little if any m9]al weal?1 ) ! possible exception ( coal4 ,only a small "p ( ,guam is "u cultivation1 & mo/ ( ?is lies along ! ,s4,w4 coa/1 its *ief products be+ cocoanuts1 rice1 sug>1 c(fee & cacao4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation 9 ,guam 7at ,agana7 0 provid$ = 9 #aijh4 ,! inhabitants are ( ! ,*amorro 7,indonesian7 /ock1 /rongly int]mix$ ) ,philipp9e ,tagals & ,spani>ds2 _! spee* is a dialect ( ,malay1 corrupt$ by ,tagal & ,spani%4 ,!re are v few full-blood ,*amorros4 ,! aborig9al native 0 ( a v d>k mahogany or *ocolate col\r4 ,a majority ( ! total numb] ( natives live 9 ,agana4 ,! natives are ne>ly all f>m]s1 & mo/ ( !m are poor1 b _! condition has be5 improv$ "u ,am]ican rule4 ,public s*ools h be5 e/abli%$2 9 #aijh ! enrolm5t 0 #agjj4 ,on ! isl& !re is a small colony ( lep]s1 segregat$ only aft] ,am]ican occupation4 ,gangrosa is a disease said to be peculi> to ,guam & ! neighb\r+ isl&s2 x is due to a specific bacillus & usually de/roys ! nasal septum4 ,! victims ( ?is disease also are segregat$4 ,!re is a good g5]al hospital4 ,agana 7or ,san ,ignacio de ,agana7 is ! capital & pr9cipal t[n2 "u ! ,spani% regime x 0 ! capital ( ! ,ladrones4 ,x is ab\t #e m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,piti1 ! l&+-place ( ,apra h>b\r & port ( entry1 ) :i* x is connect$ by an excell5t road4 ,agana has pav$ /reets & sew] & wat] sy/ems4 ,o!r villages1 all small1 are ,asan1 ,piti1 ,sumay1 ,umata1 ,m]izo & ,in>ajan4 ,guam is gov]n$ by a naval gov]nor1 an (fic] ( ! ,u4,s4 navy :o is comm&ant ( ! naval /ation4 ,! isl& is divid$ into f\r adm9i/rative di/ricts1 ea* ) an executive head call$ a gob]nadorcillo 7commission]71 & !re are a c\rt ( appeals1 a c\rt ( fir/ in/ance & c\rts ( ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,peonage 0 aboli%$ 9 ! isl& by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,febru>y #aijj4 ,telegraphic communication ) ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aije2 9 #aijh !re 7 f\r cables end+ at ! relay /ation at ,sumay on ! ,%ore ( ,apra h>b\r4 ,guam 0 discov]$ by ,magellan 9 #aeba1 0 occupi$ by ,spa9 9 #afhh1 0 captur$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates cruis] ,*>le/on 9 ,june #ahii1 & 0 c$$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,treaty ( ,p>is on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #ahih4 ,see ,a ,li/ ( ,books 7) ,ref]5ces to ,p]iodicals7 on ,samoa & ,guam 7#aija2 issu$ by ! ,libr>y ( ,congress72 ,l4 ,m4 ,cox1 ,! ,isl& ( ,guam1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 vol4 #cf 7,new ,york1 #aijd72 ,g54 ,joseph ,:eel]1 ,report on ! ,isl& ( ,guam1 ,june #aijj 7,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,docum5t ,no4 #abc72 ,f4 ,w4 ,*ri/ian1 ,! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s 7,london1 #ahii72 an acc\nt ( ! flora ( ,guam by ,w4 ,e4 ,saf=d 9 ! publications ( ! ,national ,h]b>ium 7,smi?sonian ,in/itution72 & ! reports ( ! naval gov]nor4 ,,guan1 a ^w app>5tly fir/ introduc$ into ! orni?ologi/'s vocabul>y ab\t #agdc by ,edw>ds1#a :o said t a bird he figur$ 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ,uncommon ,birds1 pl4 xiii47 0 s call$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! "n has h5ce be5 g5]ally appli$ to all ! memb]s ( ! subfamily ,p5elop9ae1 :i* are di/+ui%$ f ! k9dr$ subfamily ,crac9ae or curass[s by ! broad po/acetabul> area ( ! pelvis z po9t$ out by ,huxley 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahfh1 p4 #big7 z well z by _! maxilla be+ wid] ?an x is high1 ) its culm5 depress$1 ! cr[n fea!r$1 & ! no/rils b>e--! la/ two *>act]s sep>at+ ! ,p5elop9ae f ! ,oreophas9ae1 :i* =m ! ?ird subfamily ( ! ,cracidae1#b a family belong+ to t taxonom]'s division ,p]i/]opodes ( ! ord] ,gall9ae4 ,! ,p5elop9ae h be5 sep>at$ into sev5 g5]a1 ( :i* ,p5elope & ,ortalis1 conta9+ respectively ab\t sixte5 & n9ete5 species1 are ! l>ge/1 ! o!rs numb]+ f "o to ?ree only4 ,into _! m9ute diff]5ces x w\ld be useless to ent]3 ne>ly all h ! ?roat b>e ( fea!rs1 & f t ( _m ( !m hangs a wattle2 b "o =m1 ,*amaepetes1 has nei!r ( ^! features1 & ,/egnolaema1 ?\gh wattl$1 has ! ?roat clo!d4 ,) few exceptions ! guans are conf9$ to ! ,s\?-,am]ican cont95t2 "o species ( ,p5elope is h[ev] f\nd 9 ,mexico 7e4g4 at ,mazatlan71 ,pipile cuman5sis inhabits ,tr9idad z well z ! ma9l&1 :ile ?ree species ( ,ortalis occur 9 ,mexico or ,texas1 & "o1 :i* is also common to ,v5ezuela1 9 ,tobago4 ,l curass[s1 guans are 9 great measure ( arboreal habit4 ,!y also readily become tame1 b all attempts to dome/icate !m 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w h :olly fail$1 & ! cases 9 :i* !y h ev5 be5 induc$ to bre$ & ! "y h be5 re>$ 9 conf9em5t are v few4 ,yet x w\ld seem t guans & curass[s w int]bre$ ) p\ltry 7,ibis1 #ahff1 p4 #bd2 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimatation1 #ahfh1 p4 #eei2 #ahfi1 p4 #ceg71 & :at is m extraord9>y is t 9 ,texas ! hybrids betwe5 ! *iacalacca 7,ortalis vetula7 & ! dome/ic f[l are ass]t$ to be f> sup]ior to ord9>y game-cocks = fight+ purposes4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,edw>ds also gives quan z an alt]native spell+1 & ?is may be ne>] ! orig9al =m1 s9ce we f9d ,dampi] 9 #afgf writ+ 7,voy4 ii4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ff7 ( :at 0 d\btless an alli$ if n ! same bird z ! quam4 ,! species repres5t$ by ,edw>ds does n seem to h be5 id5tifi$4 #b ,see ! excell5t ,synopsis by ,sclat] & ,salv9 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society = #ahgj 7pp4 #ejd-edd71 :ile fur!r in=mation on ! ,crac9ae 0 giv5 by ,sclat] 9 ! ,transactions ( ! same society 7ix4 pp4 #bgc-bhh1 pls4 xl4-liii474 ,"s additions h s9ce be5 made to ! k ( ! family1 b none ( v great importance4 ,,guanabacoa 7an ,indian "n mean+ site ( ! wat]s71 a t[n ( ,cuba1 9 ,havana prov9ce1 ab\t #f m4 ,e4 ( ,havana4 ,pop4 7#aijg7 #ad1cfh4 ,guanabacoa is s]v$ by railway to ,havana1 ) :i* x is connect$ by ! ,regla f]ry across ! bay4 ,x is picturesquely situat$ amid woods1 on high hills :i* furni% a f9e view4 ,!re are m$ic9al spr+s 9 ! t[n1 & deposits ( liquid bitum5 9 ! neighb\r+ hills4 ,! t[n is ess5tially a resid5ce suburb ( ! capital1 & has "s r pretty /reets & squ>es & "s old & int]e/+ *ur*es 7includ+ ,nue/ra ,s5ora de la ,asuncion1 #agad-agba74 ,j outside ! city is ! *ur* ( ,potosi ) a fam\s wond]-work+ %r9e & image4 ,an ,indian pueblo ( ! same "n exi/$ "h be=e #aeee1 & a *ur* 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aegf4 ,already at ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury ,guanabacoa 0 ! fa%ionable summ] resid5ce ( ,havana4 ,x enjoy$ its greate/ popul>ity 9 ?is respect f ! end ( ! #ah? to ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x 0 creat$ a villa ) an ayuntami5to 7city c\ncil7 9 #agdc4 ,9 #agfb its =t1 ! ,little ,morro1 on ! ,n4 %ore ne> ,cojim> 7a ba?+ bea*1 :]e ! ,key ,we/ cable n[ l&s71 0 tak5 by ! ,engli%4 ,,guanaco1 sometimes spelt ,huanaca1 ! l>g] ( ! two wild repres5tatives 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ( ! camel tribe2 ! o!r be+ ! vicugna4 ,! guanaco 7,lama huanacus71 :i* /&s ne>ly #d ft4 at ! %\ld]1 is an elegant creature1 ) gracefully curv$ neck & long sl5d] legs1 ! h9d-pair ( ! latt] be>+ two nak$ pat*es or callosities4 ,! head & body are cov]$ ) long s(t hair ( a fawn col\r above & almo/ pure :ite b5ea?4 ,guanaco are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn half ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,p]u 9 ! nor? to ,cape ,horn 9 ! s\?1 b occur 9 greate/ abundance 9 ,patagonia4 ,!y live 9 h]ds usually ( f six to ?irty1 al?\gh ^! occasionally conta9 sev]al hundr$s1 :ile solit>y individuals are sometimes met4 ,!y are exce$+ly timid1 & !re=e w>y & difficult ( approa*2 l _m o!r rum9ants1 h[ev]1 _! curiosity sometimes ov]comes _! timidity1 s z to br+ !m )9 range ( ! hunt]'s rifle4 ,_! cry is peculi>1 be+ some?+ betwe5 ! bell+ ( a de] & ! neigh ( a horse4 ,! *ief enemies ( ! guanaco are ! ,patagonian ,indians & ! puma1 z x =ms ! pr9cipal food ( bo?4 ,its fle% is palatable al?\gh want+ 9 fat1 :ile its sk9 =ms ! *ief clo?+ mat]ial ( ! ,patagonians4 ,guanaco are readily dome/icat$1 & 9 ?is /ate become v bold & w attack man1 /rik+ him f beh9d ) bo? knees4 ,9 ! wild /ate !y nev] def5d !mselves1 & if approa*$ f diff]5t po9ts1 accord+ to ! ,indian fa%ion ( hunt+1 get completely bewild]$ & fall an easy prey4 ,!y take readily to ! wat]1 & h be5 obs]v$ swimm+ f "o isl& to ano!r1 :ile !y h be5 se5 dr9k+ salt-wat]4 ,!y h a habit ( deposit+ _! dropp+s dur+ successive days on ! same spot--a habit appreciat$ by ! ,p]uvian ,indians1 :o use ^? deposits = fuel4 ,guanaco also h fav\rite localities 9 :i* to die1 z appe>s f ! great heaps ( _! bones f\nd 9 p>ticul> spots4 ,illu/ration3 ,head ( ,guanaco4 ,,guanajay1 a t[n ( we/]n ,cuba1 9 ,p9> del ,rio prov9ce1 ab\t #cf m4 7by rail7 ,s4,w4 ( ,havana4 ,pop4 7#aijg7 #fdjj4 ,guanajay is s]v$ by ! ,w4 bran* ( ! ,unit$ railways ( ,havana1 ( :i* x is ! ,w4 t]m9us4 ,! t[n lies among hills1 has an excell5t climate1 & 9 colonial times 0 7l ,holgu97 an acclimatization /ation = troops fre% f ,spa92 x n[ has consid]able repute z a heal? resort4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is a f]tile sug> & tobacco region4 ,guanajay has always be5 important z a di/ribut+ po9t 9 ! comm]ce ( ! we/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,x 0 an anci5t pueblo1 ( consid]able size & importance z e>ly z ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,,guanajuato1 or ,,guanaxuato1 an inl& /ate ( ,mexico1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,zacatecas & ,san ,luis ,potosi1 ,e4 by ,qu]et>o1 ,s4 by ,mi*oacan & ,w4 by ,jalisco4 ,area1 #aa1cgj sq4 m4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ d5sely populat$ /ates ( ! republic2 pop4 7#ahie7 #a1jdg1hag2 7#aijj7 #a1jfa1gbd4 ,! /ate lies :olly )9 ! limits ( ! great c5tral plateau ( ,mexico1 & has an av]age elevation ( ab\t #fjjj ft4 ,! surface ( its nor!rn half is brok5 by ! ,si]ra ,gorda & ,si]ra de ,guanajuato1 b its s\!rn half is cov]$ by f]tile pla9s l>gely devot$ to agriculture4 ,x is dra9$ by ! ,rio ,gr&e de ,l]ma & its tribut>ies1 :i* 9 places fl[ ?r\gh deeply erod$ valleys4 ,! climate is semi-tropical & heal?y1 & ! ra9fall is suffici5t to insure good results 9 agriculture & /ock-rais+4 ,9 ! w>m valleys sug>-cane is gr[n1 & at high] elevations ,indian corn1 beans1 b>ley & :eat4 ,! s\!rn pla9s are l>gely devot$ to /ock-rais+4 ,guanajuato has suff]$ mu* f ! de/ruction ( its =e/s1 b !re rema9 "s small areas on ! high] elevations ( ! nor?4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ry ( ! /ate is m9+1 ! m9]al weal? ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( ! nor? be+ enorm\s4 ,among its m9]al products are silv]1 gold1 t91 lead1 m]cury1 copp] & opals4 ,silv] has be5 extract$ s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! ,spani% conque/1 ov] #hjj1jjj1jjj hav+ be5 tak5 f ! m9es dur+ ! subsequ5t ?ree & a half c5turies4 ,"s ( ! m productive ( ^! m9es1 or gr\ps ( m9es1 are ! ,veta ,madre 7"m lode71 ! ,san ,b]nabe lode1 & ! ,rayas m9es ( ,guanajuato1 & ! ,la ,val5ciana m9e1 ! output ( :i* is said to h be5 #bbf1jjj1jjj betwe5 #agff & #ahbf4 ,! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts include fl\r mills1 tann]ies & manufactories ( lea!r1 cotton & wooll5 mills1 di/ill]ies1 f\ndries & pott]ies4 ,! ,mexican ,c5tral & ! ,mexican ,national railway l9es cross ! /ate f ,n4 to ,s41 & ! =m] op]ates a %ort bran* f ,silao to ! /ate capital & ano!r we/w>d f ,irapuato to ,guadalaj>a4 ,! capital is ,guanajuato1 & o!r important cities & t[ns are ,leon1 or ,leon de las ,aldamas2 ,celaya 7pop4 #be1efe 9 #aijj71 an important railway junction #bb m4 by rail ,w4 f ,qu]et>o1 & kn[n = its manufactures ( broadclo?1 saddl]y1 soap & sweetmeats2 ,irapuato 7#ah1eic 9 #aijj71 a railway junction & comm]cial c5tre1 #ba m4 ,s4 by ,w4 ( ,guanajuato2 ,silao 7#ae1cee71 a railway junction & manufactur+ t[n 7wooll5s & cottons71 #ad m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,guanajuato2 ,salamanca 7#ac1ehc74 on ! ,mexican ,c5tral railway & ,l]ma riv]1 #be m4 ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,guanajuato1 ) manufactures ( cottons & porcela92 ,all5de 7#aj1edg71 a comm]cial t[n #cj m4 ,e4 by ,s4 ( ,guanajuato1 ) m9]al spr+s2 ,valle de ,santiago 7#ab1ffj74 #ej m4 ,w4 by ,s4 ( ,qu]et>o2 ,salvati]ra 7#aj1cic71 #fj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,guanajuato2 ,cortaz> 7#hfcc72 ,la ,luz 7#hcah71 9 a ri* m9+ di/rict2 ,p5jamo 7#hbfb72 ,santa ,cruz 7#gbci72 ,san ,francisco del ,r9con 7#aj1ijd71 #ci m4 ,w4 ( ,guanajuato 9 a ri* m9+ di/rict2 & ,acamb>o 7#hcde71 a prosp]\s t[n ( ! pla91 #gf m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,guanajuato4 ,,guanajuato1 or ,,santa ,,fe ,,de ,,guanajuato1 a city ( ,mexico & capital ( ! above /ate1 #aee m4 7direct7 ,n4,w4 ( ! ,f$]al capital1 on a small tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,gr&e de ,l]ma or ,santiago4 ,pop4 7#ahie7 #ci1djd2 7#aijj7 #da1dhf4 ,! city is built 9 ! ,canada de ,m>fil at ! junction ( ?ree rav9es ab\t #fejj ft4 above ! sea1 & its n>r[1 tortu\s /reets rise /eeply z !y foll[ ! rav9es upw>d to ! m9+ villages clu/]$ ab\t ! op5+ ( ! m9es 9 ! hillsides4 ,guanajuato is sometimes describ$ z a collection ( m9+ villages2 b 9 addition !re is ! c5tral city ) its cr[d$ w9d+ /reets1 its sub/antial old ,spani% build+s1 its fifty ore-cru%+ mills & busy factories & its bu/l+ comm]cial life4 ,enclos+ ! city are ! /eep1 b>r5 m\nta9 sides honeycomb$ ) m9es4 ,! climate is semi-tropical & is consid]$ heal?y4 ,! notewor?y public build+s & in/itutions are an int]e/+ old ,jesuit *ur* ) ar*es ( p9k /one & delicate c>v+1 eight mona/]ies1 ! gov]nm5t palace1 a m9t dat+ f #ahab1 a national college1 ! f9e ,teatro ,ju>ez1 & ! ,pan!on1 or public cemet]y1 ) catacombs bel[4 ,! ,alhondiga de ,granaditas1 orig9ally a public gran>y1 0 us$ z a =t dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & is celebrat$ z ! sc5e ( ! fir/ battle 7#ahaj7 9 t long /ruggle4 ,among ! manufactures are cottons1 pr9ts1 soaps1 *emicals1 pott]y & silv]w>e1 b m9+ is ! pr9cipal int]e/ & occupation ( ! population4 ,! silv] m9es ( ! vic9ity 7 long consid]$ ! ri*e/ 9 ,mexico1 ! celebrat$ ,veta ,madre 7"m lode7 ev5 be+ describ$ z ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w2 & ,guanajuato has ! l>ge/ r$uction works 9 ,mexico4 ,! railway outlet = ! city consi/s ( a %ort bran* ( ! ,mexican ,c5tral1 :i* jo9s ! trunk l9e at ,silao4 ,guanajuato 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeed4 ,x atta9$ ! dignity ( a city 9 #agda4 ,x 0 celebrat$ = its vigor\s resi/ance to ! invad]s at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 & 0 repeat$ly sack$ dur+ t w>4 ,,guan*es1 ,,guan*is or ,,guan*os 7native ,guan*9et2 ,guanp]son1 ,*9et ,t5]iffe1--man ( ,t5]iffe1 corrupt$1 accord+ to ,nunez de la ,p5a1 by ,spani>ds into ,guan*os71 ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,/rictly ! ,guan*es 7 ! primitive inhabitants ( ,t5]iffe1 :]e !y seem to h pres]v$ racial purity to ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 b ! "n came to be appli$ to ! indig5\s populations ( all ! isl&s4 ,! ,guan*es1 n[ ext9ct z a di/9ct p1 appe>1 f ! /udy ( skulls & bones discov]$1 to h resembl$ ! ,cro-,magnon race ( ! ,quat]n>y age1 & no real d\bt is n[ ent]ta9$ t !y 7 an (f%oot ( ! great race ( ,b]b]s :i* f ! dawn ( hi/ory has occupi$ nor!rn ,africa f ,egypt to ! ,atlantic4 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 d]iv+ 8 k f ! acc\nts ( ,juba1 k+ ( ,mauretania1 /ates t :5 visit$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians "u ,hanno ! ar*ipelago 0 f\nd by !m to be un9habit$1 b t !y saw ru9s ( great build+s4 ,?is w\ld sugge/ t ! ,guan*es 7 n ! fir/ inhabitants1 & f ! abs5ce ( any trace ( ,mahomm$anism among ! peoples f\nd 9 ! ar*ipelago by ! ,spani>ds x w\ld seem t ?is extreme we/]ly migration ( ,b]b]s took place betwe5 ! "t ( :i* ,pl9y wrote & ! conque/ ( nor!rn ,africa by ! ,arabs4 ,_m ( ! ,guan*es fell 9 resi/+ ! ,spani>ds1 _m 7 sold z slaves1 & _m con=m$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai? & m>ri$ ,spani>ds4 ,su* rema9s z !re are ( _! language1 a few expressions & ! prop] names ( anci5t *iefta9s /ill borne by c]ta9 families1 connect x ) ! ,b]b] dialects4 ,9 _m ( ! isl&s signs are engrav$ on rocks4 ,dom+o ,v&ewalle1 a milit>y gov]nor ( ,las ,palmas1 0 ! fir/1 9 #ageb1 to inve/igate ^!2 & x is due to ! p]sev]ance ( ,d4 ,aquil9o ,padran1 a prie/ ( ,las ,palmas1 t any?+ ab\t ! inscription on ! isl& ,hi]ro has be5 br\ght to light4 ,9 #ahgh ,dr ,r4 ,v]neau discov]$ 9 ! rav9es ( ,las ,balos "s g5u9e ,libyan inscriptions4 ,)\t exception ! rock inscriptions h prov$ to be ,numidic4 ,9 two ( ! isl&s 7,t5]iffe & ,gom]a7 ! ,guan*e type has be5 reta9$ ) m purity ?an 9 ! o!rs4 ,no inscriptions h be5 f\nd 9 ^! two isl&s1 & !re=e x w\ld seem t ! true ,guan*es did n "k h[ to write4 ,9 ! o!r isl&s num]\s ,semitic traces are f\nd1 & 9 all ( !m are ! rock-signs4 ,f ^! facts x w\ld seem t ! ,numidians1 travell+ f ! neighb\rhood ( ,c>?age & int]mix+ ) ! dom9ant ,semitic race1 l&$ 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & t x is !y :o h writt5 ! inscriptions at ,hi]ro & ,gr& ,can>y4 ,! political & social in/itutions ( ! ,guan*es v>i$4 ,9 "s isl&s h]$it>y autocracy prevail$2 9 o!rs ! gov]nm5t 0 elective4 ,9 ,t5]iffe all ! l& belong$ to ! *iefs :o leas$ x to _! subjects4 ,9 ,gr& ,can>y suicide 0 reg>d$ z hon\rable1 & on a *ief inh]it+1 "o ( 8 subjects will+ly hon\r$ ! occasion by ?r[+ himself ov] a precipice4 ,9 "s isl&s poly&ry 0 practis$2 9 o!rs ! natives 7 monogam\s4 ,b ev]y:]e ! wom5 appe> to h be5 respect$1 an insult (f]$ any woman by an arm$ man be+ a capital (f5ce4 ,almo/ all ! ,guan*es us$ to we> g>m5ts ( goat-sk9s1 & o!rs ( vegetable fibres1 :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,gr& ,can>y4 ,!y _h a ta/e = ornam5ts1 necklaces ( wood1 bone & %ells1 work$ 9 diff]5t designs4 ,beads ( bak$ e>?1 cyl9drical & ( all %apes1 ) smoo? or poli%$ surfaces1 mo/ly black & r$ 9 col\r1 7 *iefly 9 use4 ,!y pa9t$ _! bodies2 ! p9tad]as1 bak$ clay objects l seals 9 %ape1 h be5 expla9$ by ,dr ,v]neau z hav+ be5 us$ solely = pa9t+ ! body 9 v>i\s col\rs4 ,!y manufactur$ r\gh pott]y1 mo/ly )\t decorations1 or ornam5t$ by means ( ! f+]-nail4 ,! ,guan*es' weapons 7 ^? ( ! anci5t races ( s\? ,europe4 ,! poli%$ battle-axe 0 m us$ 9 ,gr& ,can>y1 :ile /one & obsidian1 r\ghly cut1 7 common] 9 ,t5]iffe4 ,!y _h1 besides1 ! lance1 ! club1 sometimes /udd$ ) pebbles1 & ! javel91 & !y seem to h kn[n ! %ield4 ,!y liv$ 9 natural or artificial caves 9 _! m\nta9s4 ,9 di/ricts :]e cave-dwell+s 7 impossible1 !y built small r\nd h\ses &1 accord+ to ! ,spani>ds1 !y ev5 practis$ rude =tification4 ,9 ,palma ! old p 7 at _! own wi% left to die alone4 ,aft] bidd+ _! family f>ewell !y 7 c>ri$ to ! sepul*ral cave1 no?+ b a b[l ( milk be+ left !m4 ,! ,guan*es embalm$ _! dead2 _m mummies h be5 f\nd 9 an extreme /ate ( desiccation1 ea* weigh+ n m ?an #f or #g lb4 ,two almo/ inaccessible caves 9 a v]tical rock by ! %ore #c m4 f ,santa ,cruz 7,t5]iffe7 are said /ill to conta9 bones4 ,! process ( embalm+ seems to h v>i$4 ,9 ,t5]iffe & ,gr& ,can>y ! corpse 0 simply wrapp$ up 9 goat & %eep sk9s1 :ile 9 o!r isl&s a res9\s sub/ance 0 us$ to pres]ve ! body1 :i* 0 !n plac$ 9 a cave difficult ( access1 or buri$ "u a tumulus4 ,! "w ( embalm+ 0 res]v$ = a special class1 wom5 = female corpses1 m5 = male4 ,embalm+ seems n to h be5 univ]sal1 & bodies 7 (t5 simply hidd5 9 caves or buri$4 ,little is kn[n ( ! religion ( ! ,guan*es4 ,!y appe> to h be5 a di/9ctly religi\s race4 ,!re 0 a g5]al belief 9 a supreme be+1 call$ ,acoran1 9 ,gr& ,can>y1 ,a*ihuran 9 ,t5]iffe1 ,eraoranhan 9 ,hi]ro1 & ,abora 9 ,palma4 ,! wom5 ( ,hi]ro wor%ipp$ a goddess call$ ,moneiba4 ,accord+ to tradition ! male & female gods liv$ 9 m\nta9s :5ce !y desc5d$ to he> ! pray]s ( ! p4 ,9 o!r isl&s ! natives v5]at$ ! sun1 moon1 e>? & />s4 ,a belief 9 an evil _s 0 g5]al4 ,! demon ( ,t5]iffe 0 call$ ,guayota & liv$ 9 ! peak ( ,teyde1 :i* 0 ! hell call$ ,e*eyde4 ,9 times ( dr\ght ! ,guan*es drove _! flocks to consecrat$ gr\nds1 :]e ! lambs 7 sep>at$ f _! mo!rs 9 ! belief t _! pla9tive bleat+s w\ld melt ! he>t ( ! ,great ,_s4 ,dur+ ! religi\s fea/s all w> & ev5 p]sonal qu>rels 7 /ay$4 ,,bibliography4--,s4 ,b]!lot1 ,antiquites can>i5nes 7,p>is1 #ahci72 ,bak] ,webb & ,s4 ,b]!lot1 ,hi/oire naturelle des iles ,can>ies 7,p>is1 #ahci72 ,paul ,broca1 ,revue d'an?ropologie1 iv4 7#ahgd72 ,g5]al ,l4 ,l4 ,c4 ,faidh]be1 ,quelque mots sur l'e?nologie de l'ar*ipel can>i5 7,p>is1 #ahge72 ,*il y ,n>anjo1 ,e/udios hi/oricos1 climatologicos y ,patologicos de las ,islas ,can>ias 7,las ,palmas1 #ahgf-ahhi72 ,de la pluralite des races huma9es de l'ar*ipel can>i51 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?rop4 ,p>is1 #ahgh2 ,habitations et sepultures des anci5s habitants des iles ,can>ies1 ,revue d'an?rop41 #ahgi2 ,r4 ,v]neau1 ,sur les ,semites aux iles ,can>ies1 & ,sur les anci5s habitants de la ,isleta1 ,gr&e ,can>ie1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,an?rop4 ,p>is1 #ahha2 ,rapport sur une mission sci5tifique dans l'ar*ipel can>i5 7,p>is1 #ahhg72 ,c9q annees de sej\r aux iles ,can>ies 7,p>is1 #ahia72 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,die ,insel ,t5]ife 7,leipzig1 #ahif71 ,ub] die ,urbewohn] d] can>is*5 ,inseln1 9 ,adolf ,ba/ian ,fe/s*rift 7,b]l91 #ahif72 ,f4 von ,lus*an1 ,anhang ub] e9e ,s*adelsammlung von d5 can>is*5 ,inseln2 ,r4 ,vir*[1 ,s*adel mit ,c>ionecrosis d] ,sagittalgeg5d1 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,an?rop4 ,gesells*aft 7#ahif72 ,g4 ,s]gi1 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,race 7,london1 #aija72 ,! ,guan*es ( ,t5]ife 4441 by ,alonso de ,esp9osa1 translat$ by ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham1 ) bibliography 7,hakluyt ,society1 #aijg74 ,,guanid9e1 ,,cn#c;,h#e or ,,hn3,c7,,nh#b7b1 ! amid9e ( amidoc>bonic acid4 ,x occurs 9 beet juice4 ,x 0 fir/ prep>$ 9 #ahfa by ,a4 ,/reck]1 :o oxidiz$ guan9e ) hydro*loric acid & potassium *lorate4 ,x may be obta9$ syn!tically by ! action ( ammonium iodide on cyanamide1 ,,cn4,,nh#b ,,nh#d;,i,,cn#c;,h#e4;,,hi42 by heat+ or?o-c>bonic e/]s ) ammonia to #aej deg4 ,c42 b be/ by heat+ ammonium ?iocyanate to #ahj deg4-#aij deg4 ,c41 :5 ! ?i\rea fir/ =m$ is conv]t$ into guanid9e ?iocyanate1 #b;,,cs7,,nh#b7b;,,hn3,c7,,nh#b7b4;,,hcn s,h#b,s4 ,x is a col\rless cry/all9e solid1 readily soluble 9 wat] & alcohol2 x deliquesces on exposure to air4 ,x has /rong basic prop]ties1 absorbs c>bon dioxide readily1 & =ms well-def9$ cry/all9e salts4 ,b>yta wat] hydrolyses x to urea4 ,by direct union ) glycocoll acid1 x yields glycocyam9e1 ,,nh#b47;,,hn73,c4,,nh4,,*#b4;,,co#b;,h1 :il/ ) me?yl glycocoll 7s>cos9e7 x =ms creat9e1 ,,nh#b47,,nh73,c4,n7,,*#c74;,,*#b4;,,co# b;,h4 ,_m d]ivatives ( guanid9e 7 obta9$ by ,j4 ,?iele 7,ann41 #ahib1 #bgj1 p4 #a2 #ahic1 #bgc1 p4 #acc2 ,b]41 #ahic1 #bf1 pp4 #beih1 #bfde74 ,by ! action ( nitric acid on guanid9e 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 nitroguanid9e1 ,,hn3,c7,,nh#b74,,nh4,,no#b 7a sub/ance possess+ acid prop]ties7 is obta9$2 f :i*1 by r$uction ) z9c du/1 amidoguanid9e1 ,,hn3,c7,,nh#b74,,nh4,,nh#b1 is =m$4 ,?is amidoguanid9e decomposes on hydrolysis ) ! =mation ( semic>bazide1 ,,nh#b4;,,co4,,nh4,,nh#b1 :i*1 9 its turn1 breaks d[n into c>bon dioxide1 ammonia & hydraz9e4 ,amidoguanid9e is a body ( hydraz9e type1 = x r$uces gold & silv] salts & yields a b5zylid9e d]ivative4 ,on oxidation ) potassium p]manganate1 x gives azodic>bondiamid9e nitrate1 ,,nh#b47;,,hn73,c4,n3,n4,c37,,nh74,,nh#b 4b;,,hno#c1 :i*1 :5 r$uc$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 is conv]t$ into ! correspond+ hydrazodic>bondiamid9e1 ,,nh#b47;,,hn73,c4,,nh4,,nh4,c37,,nh74,, nh#b4 ,by ! action ( nitr\s acid on a nitric acid solution ( amidoguanid9e1 diazoguanid9e nitrate1 ,,nh#b47;,,hn73,c4,,nh4,n#b4,,no#c1 is obta9$4 ,?is diazo comp\nd is decompos$ by cau/ic alkalis ) ! =mation ( cyanamide & hydrazoic acid1 ,,*#d,n#e4,,no#c,n#c;,h,,cn4,,nh#b;,,hno #c1 :il/ acetates & c>bonates conv]t x into amidotetrazotic acid1 ,n--,n4 _/_/ ,h#b,n4,c 4 ,,nh--,n ,amidotetrazotic acid yields addition comp\nds ) am9es1 & by ! fur!r action ( nitr\s acid yields a v explosive d]ivative1 diazotetrazol1 ,,cn#f4 ,by fus+ guanid9e ) urea1 dicy&iamid9e ,h#b,n47,,hn73,c4,,nh4,,co4,,nh#b1 is =m$4 ,,guano 7a ,spani% ^w f ! ,p]uvian huanu1 dung71 ! excrem5t ( birds1 f\nd z l>ge deposits on c]ta9 isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 & on o!rs situat$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ocean & (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! l>ge proportions ( phosphorus 9 ! =m ( phosphates & ( nitrog5 z ammonium oxalate & urate r5d]s x a valuable f]tiliz]4 ,bat's guano1 compos$ ( ! excrem5t ( bats1 is f\nd 9 c]ta9 caves 9 ,new ,zeal& & else:]e2 x is simil> 9 composition to ,p]uvian guano4 7,see ,,manures ,,& ,,manur+47 ,,guanta1 a port on ! ,c>ibbean coa/ ( ! /ate ( ,b]mudez1 ,v5ezuela1 #ab m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,b>celona1 ) :i* x is connect$ by rail4 ,x dates f ! completion ( ! railway to ! coal m9es ( ,n>icual & ,capiricual ne>ly #ab m4 beyond ,b>celona1 & 0 creat$ = ! %ipm5t ( coal4 ,! h>b\r is horse%oe-%ap$1 ) its entrance1 #aiih ft4 wide1 protect$ by an isl& less ?an #a m4 (f ! %ore4 ,! entrance is easy & safe1 & ! h>b\r af=ds secure an*orage = l>ge vessels1 ) deep wat] alongside ! iron railway :>f4 ,^! advantages h made ,guanta ! be/ port on ?is "p ( ! coa/1 & ! trade ( ,b>celona & t ( a l>ge inl& di/rict h be5 transf]r$ to x4 ,a prom95t feature 9 its trade is ! %ipm5t ( live cattle4 ,among its exports are sug>1 c(fee1 cacao1 tobacco & fruit4 ,,guantanamo1 ! ea/]nmo/ important t[n ( ! ,s4 coa/ ( ,cuba1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,santiago1 ab\t #dj m4 ,e4 ( ,santiago4 ,pop4 7#aijg7 #ad1eei4 ,x is situat$ by ! ,guazo 7or ,guaso7 riv]1 on a little op5 pla9 betwe5 ! m\nta9s4 ,! beautiful1 l&-lock$ h>b\r1 #aj m4 long f ,n4 to ,s4 & #d m4 wide 9 places1 has an out] & an inn] bas94 ,! latt] has a v n>r[ entrance1 & #b to #b4e fa?oms dep? ( wat]4 ,f ! port ( ,caiman]a to ! city ( ,guantanamo1 #ac m4 ,n41 !re is a railway1 & ! city has railway connexion ) ,santiago4 ,guantanamo is "o ( ! two ports leas$ by ,cuba to ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a naval /ation4 ,x is ! %ipp+-port & c5tre ( a surr\nd+ c(fee-1 sug>- & lime-gr[+ di/rict4 ,9 #agda an ,engli% =ce "u ,admiral ,edw>d ,v]non & ,g5]al ,?omas ,w5twor? l&$ "h to attack ,santiago4 ,!y nam$ ! h>b\r ,cumb]l& bay4 ,aft] _! retreat =tifications 7 begun4 ,! hi/ory ( ! region practically dates1 h[ev]1 f ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :5 x ga9$ prosp]ity f ! settlem5t ( ,fr5* refugees f ,santo ,dom+o2 ! t[n1 z su*1 dates only f #ahbb4 ,almo/ all ! old families are ( ,fr5* desc5t1 & ,fr5* 0 ! language locally mo/ us$ z late z ! la/ ?ird ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 especially s9ce ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ( #ahih1 ! region has greatly *ang$ socially & economically4 ,guantanamo 0 once a fa%ionable summ] resid5ce resort = weal?y ,cubans4 ,,gu>ana 7s call$ f ! ,gu>anis1 an aborig9al ,am]ican tribe71 ! plant ,paull9ia ,cupana 7or ,p4 sorbilis7 ( ! natural ord] ,sap9daceae1 indig5\s to ! nor? & we/ ( ,brazil4 ,x has a smoo? erect /em2 l>ge p9nate alt]nate leaves1 compos$ ( #e oblong-oval leaflets2 n>r[ panicles ( %ort-/alk$ fl[]s2 & ovoid or pyri=m fruit ab\t z l>ge z a grape1 & conta9+ usually "o se$ only1 :i* is %ap$ l a m9ute horse-*e/nut4 ,:at is commonly kn[n z gu>ana1 gu>ana bread or ,brazilian cocoa1 is prep>$ f ! se$s z foll[s4 ,9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 at :i* "t !y become ripe1 ! se$s are remov$ f _! capsules & sun-dri$1 s z to admit ( ! ready removal by h& ( ! :ite aril2 !y are next gr\nd 9 a /one mort> or deep di% ( h>d s&/one2 ! p[d]1 moi/5$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( wat]1 or by exposure to ! dews1 is !n made into a pa/e ) a c]ta9 proportion ( :ole or brok5 se$s1 & work$ up sometimes into balls1 b usually into rolls n unlike ,g]man sausages1 #e to #h 94 9 l5g?1 & #ab to #af oz4 9 weight4 ,aft] dry+ by artificial or sol> heat1 ! gu>ana is pack$ betwe5 broad leaves 9 sacks or baskets4 ,?us prep>$1 x is ( extreme h>dness1 & has a br[n hue1 a bitt] a/r+5t ta/e1 & an od\r fa9tly resembl+ t ( roa/$ c(fee4 ,an inf]ior k9d1 s(t] & ( a light] col\r1 is manufactur$ by admixture ( cocoa or cassava4 ,rasp$ or grat$ into sug> & wat]1 gu>ana =ms a bev]age l>gely consum$ 9 ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,its manufacture1 orig9ally conf9$ to ! ,mauhes ,indians1 has spread into v>i\s p>ts ( ,brazil4 ,! prop]ties ( gu>ana z a n]v\s /imulant & re/orative are due to ! pres5ce ( :at 0 orig9ally describ$ z a new pr9ciple & t]m$ gu>an9e1 b is n[ kn[n to be id5tical ) caffe9e or !9e4 ,besides ?is sub/ance1 :i* is /at$ to exi/ 9 x 9 ! =m ( tannate1 gu>ana yields on analysis ! glucoside sapon91 ) tann91 />*1 gum1 ?ree volatile oils1 & an acrid gre5 fix$ oil 7,f\rni]1 ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 vol4 xxxix41 #ahfa1 p4 #bia74 ,,gu>anis1 a tribe & /ock ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 hav+ _! home 9 ,p>aguay1 ,uruguay & on ! ,brazilian coa/4 ,! ,gu>anis _h develop$ "s civilization be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 & be+ a peaceable p quickly submitt$4 ,!y =m to-day ! *ief elem5t 9 ! populations ( ,p>aguay & ,uruguay4 ,ow+ to its patronage by ! ,jesuit mission>ies ! ,gu>ani language became a widespread m$ium ( communication1 & 9 a corrupt$ =m is /ill ! common language 9 ,p>aguay4 ,,gu>antee 7sometimes spelt gu>antie or gu>anty2 an ,o4 ,fr4 =m ( w>rant1 f ! ,teutonic ^w :i* appe>s 9 ,g]man z wahr51 to def5d or make safe & b9d+71 a t]m m compreh5sive & ( high] import ?an ei!r w>rant or security1 & designat+ ei!r "s int]national treaty :]eby claims1 rights or possessions are secur$1 or m commonly a m]e private transaction1 by means ( :i* "o p]son1 to obta9 "s tru/1 confid5ce or cr$it = ano!r1 engages to be answ]able = him4 ,9 ,engli% law1 a gu>antee is a contract to answ] = ! paym5t ( "s debt1 or ! p]=mance ( "s duty1 by a ?ird p]son :o is prim>ily liable to su* paym5t or p]=mance4 ,x is a collat]al contract1 :i* does n ext+ui% ! orig9al liability or obligation to :i* x is accessory1 b on ! contr>y is itself r5d]$ null & void %\ld ! latt] fail1 z )\t a pr9cipal !re c be no accessory4 ,! liabilities ( a surety are 9 law dep5d5t ^u ^? ( ! pr9cipal debtor1 & :5 ! latt] cease ! =m] d s likewise 7p] ,coll9s1 ,l4,j41 9 ,/acey v4 ,hill1 #aija1 #a ,k4,b41 at p4 #fff2 see p] ,willes1 ,j41 9 ,bateson v4 ,gosl+1 #ahga1 ,l4,r4 #g ,c4,p41 at p4 #ad71 except 9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! dis*>ge ( ! pr9cipal debtor is by op]ation ( law 7see ,9 re ,fitzgeorge--ex p>te ,robson1 #aije1 #a ,k4,b4 p4 #dfb74 ,if1 !re=e1 p]sons wrongly suppose t a ?ird p]son is liable to "o ( !m1 & a gu>antee is giv5 on t errone\s supposition1 x is invalid ab initio1 by virtue ( ! lex contractus1 because its f\ndation 7:i* 0 t ano!r 0 tak5 to be liable7 has fail$ 7p] ,willes1 ,j41 9 ,m\nt/eph5 v4 ,lakeman1 ,l4,r4 #g ,q4,b4 p4 #bjb74 ,accord+ to v>i\s exi/+ codes civil1 a surety%ip1 9 respect ( an obligation non-valable1 is null & void save :]e ! invalidity is ! result ( p]sonal incapacity ( ! pr9cipal debtor 7,codes ,civil1 ,france & ,belgium1 #bjab2 ,spa91 #ahbd2 ,portugal1 #hbb2 ,italy1 #ahii2 ,holl&1 #aheh2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aicb74 ,9 "s c\ntries1 h[ev]1 ! m]e p]sonal incapacity ( a son "u age to borr[ suffices to vitiate ! gu>antee ( a loan made to him 7,spa91 #ahbd2 ,portugal1 #hbb1 s4 #b1 #aece1 #aecf74 ,! ,egyptian codes sanction gu>antees expressly ent]$ into 9 view ( debtor's want ( legal capacity to contract a valid pr9cipal obligation 7,egyptian ,codes1 ,mix$ ,suits1 #fje2 ,native ,tribunals1 #dif74 ,! ,portuguese code 7art4 #hbb1 s4 #a7 reta9s ! surety's liability1 9 respect ( an invalid pr9cipal obligation1 until ! latt] has be5 legally resc9d$4 ,! giv] ( a gu>antee is call$ ! surety1 or ! gu>antor2 ! p]son to :om x is giv5 ! cr$itor1 or ! gu>antee2 :ile ! p]son ^: paym5t or p]=mance is secur$ !reby is t]m$ ! pr9cipal debtor1 or simply ! pr9cipal4 ,9 ,am]ica1 b n app>5tly else:]e1 !re is a recogniz$ di/9ction betwe5 a surety & a gu>antor2 ! =m] be+ usually b\nd ) ! pr9cipal1 at ! same "t & on ! same consid]ation1 :ile ! contract ( ! latt] is 8 own sep>ate und]tak+1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal does n jo91 & 9 respect ( :i* he is n to be held liable1 until due dilig5ce has be5 ex]t$ to compel ! pr9cipal debtor to make good 8 default4 ,!re is no privity ( contract betwe5 ! surety & ! pr9cipal debtor1 = ! surety contracts ) ! cr$itor1 & !y d n con/itute 9 law "o p]son1 & are n jo9tly liable to ! cr$itor 7p] ,b>on ,p>ke 9 ,ba9 v4 ,coop]1 #a ,d[l4 ,r4 7,n4,s47 #aa1 #ad74 ,no special phraseology is necess>y to ! =mation ( a gu>antee2 & :at really di/+ui%es su* a contract f "o ( insurance is n any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms ( words insurance & gu>antee1 b ! sub/ance ( ! contract ent]$ into by ! p>ties 9 ea* p>ticul> case 7p] ,rom]1 ,l4,j41 9 ,seaton v4 ,hea?--,seaton v4 ,burn&1 #ahii1 #a ,q4,b4 #ghb1 #gib1 ,c4,a42 p] ,vaughan ,williams1 ,l4,j41 9 ,9 re ,d5ton's ,e/ate ,lic5ses ,insurance ,corporation & ,gu>antee ,fund ,ltd4 v4 ,d5ton1 #aijd1 #b ,*41 at p4 #ahh2 & see ,dane v4 ,mortgage ,insurance ,corporation1 #ahid1 #a ,q4,b4 #ed ,c4,a47 ,9 ?is connexion x may be m5tion$ t ! diff]5t k9ds ( surety%ips h be5 classifi$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,^? 9 :i* !re is an agreem5t to con/itute1 = a p>ticul> purpose1 ! relation ( pr9cipal & surety1 to :i* agreem5t ! cr$itor !reby secur$ is a p>ty2 7#b7 ^? 9 :i* !re is a simil> agreem5t betwe5 ! pr9cipal & surety only1 to :i* ! cr$itor is a /rang]2 & 7#c7 ^? 9 :i*1 )\t any su* contract ( surety%ip1 !re is a prim>y & a second>y liability ( two p]sons = "o & ! same debt1 ! debt be+1 z betwe5 ! two1 t ( "o ( ^? p]sons only1 & n equally ( bo?1 s t ! o!r1 if he %\ld be compell$ to pay x1 w\ld be entitl$ to reimbursem5t f ! p]son by :om 7z betwe5 ! two7 x ought to h be5 paid 7p] ,e>l ( ,selborne1 ,l4,c41 9 ,duncan ,fox & ,co4 v4 ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales ,bank1 #f ,app4 ,cas41 at p4 #aa74 ,accord+ to sev]al codes civil sureties are made divisible into conv5tional1 legal & judicial 7,fr4 & ,bel41 #bjae1 #bjdj et seq42 ,spa91 #ahbc2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aicj71 :ile ! ,spani% code fur!r divides !m into gratuit\s & = valuable consid]ation 7art4 #a1 #hbc74 ,9 ,engl& ! common-law requisites ( a gu>antee 9 no way diff] f ^? ess5tial to ! =mation ( any o!r contract4 ,t is to say1 !y comprise ! mutual ass5t ( two or m p>ties1 compet5cy to contract1 &1 unless ! gu>antee be "u seal1 valuable consid]ation4 ,an (f] to gu>antee is n b9d+ until x has be5 accept$1 be+ revocable till !n by ! p>ty mak+ x4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 z sometimes happ5s1 ! (f] contemplates an express acceptance1 "o may be impli$1 & x may be a "q = a jury :e!r an (f] ( gu>antee has 9 fact be5 accept$4 ,:]e ! surety's ass5t to a gu>antee has be5 procur$ by fraud ( ! p]son to :om x is giv51 !re is no b9d+ contract4 ,su* fraud may consi/ ( suppression or concealm5t or misrepres5tation4 ,!re is "s conflict ( au?orities z to :at facts mu/ be spontane\sly disclos$ to ! surety by ! cr$itor1 b x may be tak5 t ! rule on ! subject is less /r+5t ?an t gov]n+ insurances ^u m>9e1 life & o!r risks 7,! ,nor? ,briti% ,insurance ,co4 v4 ,lloyd1 #aj ,ex*4 #ebc71 ?\gh =m]ly ?is 0 d5i$ 7,ow5 v4 ,homan1 #c ,mac4 ,g4 #cgh1 #cig74 ,moreov]1 ev5 :]e ! contract reli$ ^u is 9 ! =m ( a policy gu>antee+ ! solv5cy ( a surety = ano!r's debt1 & is !re=e gov]n$ by ! doctr9e ( ub]rima fides1 only su* facts z are really mat]ial to ! risk und]tak5 ne$ be spontane\sly disclos$ 7,seaton v4 ,burn&--,burn& v4 ,seaton1 #aijj1 ,a4,c4 #ace74 ,z reg>ds ! compet5cy ( ! p>ties to ent] into a contract ( gu>antee1 ?is may be affect$ by insanity or intoxication ( ! surety1 if kn[n to ! cr$itor1 or by disability ( any k9d4 ,! ord9>y disabilities are ^? ( infants & m>ri$ wom5--n[ 9 ,engl& greatly mitigat$ z reg>ds ! latt] by ! ,m>ri$ ,wom5's ,prop]ty ,acts1 #ahgj to #ahic1 :i* enable a m>ri$ woman to contract1 z a feme sole1 to ! ext5t ( h] sep>ate prop]ty4 ,e gu>antee n "u seal mu/ accord+ to ,engli% law h a consid]ation to support x1 ?\gh ! lea/ sp>k ( "o suffices 7p] ,wilmot1 ,j41 9 ,pillan v4 van ,mi]op & ,hopk9s1 #c ,burr41 at p4 #afff2 ,haigh v4 ,brooks1 #aj ,a4 ,e4 #cji2 ,b>rell v4 ,trussell1 #d ,taunt4 #aag71 :i*1 z 9 o!r cases1 may consi/ ei!r ( "s "r1 int]e/1 pr(it or b5efit accru+ to ! "o p>ty1 or "s =be>ance1 detrim5t1 loss or responsibility giv51 suff]$ or und]tak5 by ! o!r4 ,9 "s gu>antees ! consid]ation is entire--z :]e1 9 consid]ation ( a lease be+ grant$1 ! surety becomes answ]able = ! p]=mance ( ! cov5ants2 9 o!r cases x is fragm5t>y1 i4e4 suppli$ f "t to "t--z :]e a gu>antee is giv5 to secure ! balance ( a runn+ acc\nt at a bank]'s1 or a balance ( a runn+ acc\nt = goods suppli$ 7p] ,lu%1 ,l4,j41 9 ,lloyd's v4 ,h>p]1 #af ,*4 ,div41 at p4 #cai74 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! mom5t ! lease is grant$ !re is no?+ m = ! lessor to d1 & su* a gu>antee z t ( necessity runs on ?r\gh\t ! duration ( ! lease & is irrevocable4 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 unless ! gu>antee /ipulates to ! contr>y1 ! surety may at any "t t]m9ate 8 liability "u ! gu>antee z to future advances1 c4 ,! consid]ation = a gu>antee mu/ n be pa/ or execut$1 b on ! o!r h& x ne$ n comprise a direct b5efit or advantage to ei!r ! surety or ! cr$itor1 b may solely consi/ ( any?+ done1 or any promise made1 = ! b5efit ( ! pr9cipal debtor4 ,x is m frequ5tly executory ?an concurr5t1 tak+ ! =m ei!r ( =be>ance to sue ! pr9cipal debtor1 or ( a future advance ( money or supply ( goods to him4 ,by ! ,indian ,contract ,act #ahgb1 sect4 #abg1 x is provid$ t ! consid]ation = a gu>antee may consi/ ( any?+ done or any promise made = ! b5efit ( ! pr9cipal debtor by ! cr$itor4 ,total failure ( ! consid]ation /ipulat$ = by ! p>ty giv+ a gu>antee w prev5t its be+ en=c$1 z w also ! exi/5ce ( an illegal consid]ation4 ,?\gh 9 all c\ntries ! mutual ass5t ( two or m p>ties is ess5tial to ! =mation ( any contract 7see e4g4 ,codes ,civil1 ,fr4 & ,bel4 #aajh2 ,port4 #fdc1 #fdg et seq42 ,spa91 #abeh1 #abfa2 ,italy1 #aajd2 ,holl4 #acef2 ,l[] ,canada1 #ihd71 a consid]ation is n ev]y:]e reg>d$ z a necess>y elem5t 7see ,po?i]'s ,law ( ,obligations1 ,evans's edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai74 ,?us 9 ,scotl& a contract may be b9d+ )\t a consid]ation to support x 7,/air i4 #aj4 #g74 ,! /atutory requisites ( a gu>antee are1 9 ,engl&1 prescrib$ by 7#a7 ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 :i*1 ) ref]5ce to gu>antees1 provides t no action %all be br\ght :]eby to *>ge ! def5dant ^u any special promise to answ] = ! debt1 default or misc>riages ( ano!r p]son1 unless ! agreem5t ^u :i* su* action %all be br\ght1 or "s memor&um or note !re(1 %all be 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$ !re)1 or "s o!r p]son !reunto by him lawfully au?oriz$1 & 7#b7 ,"l ,t5t]d5's ,act 7#i ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #ad71 :i* by ,s #f enacts t no action %all be br\ght :]eby to *>ge any p]son ^u or by reason ( any repres5tation or assurance made or giv5 conc]n+ or relat+ to ! "*1 conduct1 cr$it1 ability1 trade or deal+s ( any o!r p]son1 to ! int5t or purpose t su* o!r p]son may obta9 cr$it1 money or goods ^u 7i4e4 ^u cr$it1 see p] ,p>ke1 ,b41 9 ,lyde v4 ,b>n>d1 #a ,m4 ,w41 at p4 #ajd71 unless su* repres5tation or assurance be made 9 writ+ sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$ !re)4 ,?is latt] enactm5t1 :i* applies to incorporat$ companies z well z to individual p]sons 7,hir/ v4 ,we/ ,rid+ ,union ,bank+ ,co41 #aija1 #b ,k4,b4 #efj ,c4,a471 0 r5d]$ necess>y by an evasion ( ! #d? section ( ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 accompli%$ by treat+ ! special promise to answ] = ano!r's debt1 default or misc>riage1 :5 n 9 writ+1 z requir$ by t section1 z a false & fraudul5t repres5tation conc]n+ ano!r's cr$it1 solv5cy or hone/y1 9 respect ( :i* damages1 z = a tort1 7 held to be recov]able 7,pasley v4 ,freeman1 #c ,t4,r4 #ea74 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e1 x %\ld be /at$1 a gu>antee is call$ a caution>y obligation1 simil> enactm5ts to ^? j specifi$ are conta9$ 9 ,s #f ( ! ,m]cantile ,law ,am5dm5t ,act 7,scotl&7 #ahef1 :ile 9 ! ,iri% ,/atute ( ,frauds 7#g ,w4 ,,iii4 c4 #ab7 !re is a provision 7,s #b7 id5tical ) t f\nd 9 ! ,engli% ,/atute ( ,frauds4 ,9 ,india a gu>antee may be ei!r oral or writt5 7,indian ,contract ,act1 ,s #abf71 :ile 9 ! ,au/ralian colonies1 ,jamaica & ,ceylon x mu/ be 9 writ+4 ,! ,g]man code civil requires ! surety's promise to be v]ifi$ by writ+ :]e he has n execut$ ! pr9cipal obligation 7art4 #gff71 & ! ,portuguese code r5d]s a gu>antee provable by all ! modes e/abli%$ by law = ! pro( ( ! pr9cipal contract 7art4 #hbf74 ,accord+ to mo/ codes civil n[ 9 =ce a gu>antee l any o!r contract c usually be made v]bally 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses & 9 c]ta9 cases 7:]e = in/ance consid]able sums ( money are involv$7 s\s signature privee or else by judicial or not>ial in/rum5t 7see ,codes ,civil1 ,fr4 & ,bel4 #acda2 ,spa91 #abdd2 ,port4 #bejf1 #beac2 ,italy1 #acda et seq42 ,po?i]'s ,law ( ,obligations1 ,evans's ed4 i4 #beg2 ,burge on ,surety%ip1 p4 #ai2 van d] ,l9d5's ,in/itutes ( ,holl&1 p4 #abj72 ! ,fr5* & ,belgian ,codes1 moreov]1 provide t surety%ip is n to be presum$ b mu/ always be express$ 7art4 #bjae74 ,! ,/atute ( ,frauds does n invalidate a v]bal gu>antee1 b r5d]s x un5=ceable by action4 ,x may !re=e be available 9 support ( a def5ce to an action1 & money paid "u x _c be recov]$4 ,an indemnity is n a gu>antee )9 ! /atute1 unless x contemplates ! prim>y liability ( a ?ird p]son4 ,x ne$ n1 !re=e1 be 9 writ+ :5 x is a m]e promise to become liable = a debt1 :5ev] ! p]son to :om ! promise is made %\ld become liable 7,wildes v4 ,dudl[1 ,l4,r4 #ai ,eq4 #aih2 p] ,vaughan ,williams1 ,l4,j4 9 ,h>burg ,india-,rubb] ,co4 v4 ,m>t91 #aijb1 #a ,k4,b4 p4 #ghf2 ,guild v4 ,conrad1 #ahid1 #b ,q4,b4 #hhe ,c4,a474 ,nei!r does ! /atute apply to ! promise ( a del cr$]e ag5t1 :i* b9ds him1 9 consid]ation ( ! high] commission he receives1 to make no sales on behalf ( 8 pr9cipal except to p]sons :o are absolutely solv5t1 & r5d]s him liable = any loss t may result f ! non-fulfilm5t ( 8 promise4 ,a promise to give a gu>antee is1 h[ev]1 )9 ! /atute1 ?\gh n "o to procure a gu>antee4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples :i* det]m9e :at are gu>antees )9 ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 z d$uc$ f a multitude ( decid$ cases1 are briefly z foll[s3 7#a7 ! prim>y liability ( a ?ird p]son mu/ exi/ or be contemplat$ z ! f\ndation ( ! contract 7,birkmyr v4 ,d>nell1 #a ,sm4 ,l4,c4 #aa? ed4 p4 #bii2 ,m\nt/eph5 v4 ,lakeman1 ,l4,r4 #g ,q4,b4 #aif2 ,l4,r4 #g ,h4,l4 #ag72 7#b7 ! promise mu/ be made to ! cr$itor2 7#c7 !re mu/ be an abs5ce ( all liability on ! "p ( ! surety indep5d5tly ( 8 express promise ( gu>antee2 7#d7 ! ma9 object ( ! transaction betwe5 ! p>ties to ! gu>antee mu/ be ! fulfilm5t ( a ?ird p>ty's obligation 7see ,h>burg ,india-rubb] ,comb ,co4 v4 ,m>t91 #aijb1 #a ,k4,b4 #ggh1 #ghf72 & 7#e7 ! contract ent]$ into mu/ n am\nt to a sale by ! cr$itor to ! promis] ( a security = a debt or ( ! debt itself 7see de ,coly>'s ,law ( ,gu>antees & ( ,pr9cipal & ,surety1 #crd ed4 pp4 #fe-afa1 :]e ^! pr9ciples are discuss$ 9 detail by ! light ( decid$ cases !re cit$74 ,z reg>ds ! k9d ( note or memor&um ( ! gu>antee t w satisfy ! ,/atute ( ,frauds1 x is n[ provid$ by ,s #c ( ! ,m]cantile ,law ,am5dm5t ,act #ahef1 t no special promise to be made1 by any p]son aft] ! pass+ ( ?is act1 to answ] = ! debt1 default or misc>riage ( ano!r p]son1 be+ 9 writ+ & sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$ !re)1 or "s o!r p]son by him !reunto lawfully au?oriz$1 %all be deem$ invalid to support an action1 suit or o!r proce$+1 to *>ge ! p]son by :om su* promise %all h be5 made1 by reason only t ! consid]ation = su* promise does n appe> 9 writ+ or by necess>y inf]5ce f a writt5 docum5t4 ,prior to ?is enactm5t1 :i* is n retrospective 9 its op]ation1 x 0 held 9 _m cases t z ! ,/atute ( ,frauds requires ! agreem5t to be 9 writ+1 all p>ts !re( 7 requir$ s to be1 includ+ ! consid]ation mov+ to1 z well z ! promise by1 ! p>ty to be *>g$ 7,wa9 v4 ,walt]s1 #e ,ea/1 #aj2 ,s\nd]s v4 ,wakefield1 #d ,b4 ,ald4 #eie74 ,^! decisions1 h[ev]1 prov$ to be burd5some to ! m]cantile community1 especially 9 ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl&1 & ultimately l$ to ! alt]ation ( ! law1 s f> z gu>antees are conc]n$1 by means ( ! enactm5t already specifi$4 ,any writ+ embody+ ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t betwe5 ! p>ties1 & sign$ by ! p>ty to be *>g$1 is suffici5t2 & ! idea ( agreem5t ne$ n be pres5t to ! m9d ( ! p]son sign+ 7p] ,l9dley1 ,l4,j41 9 ,9 re ,hoyle--,hoyle v4 ,hoyle1 #ahic1 #a ,*41 at p4 #ih74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y t ! names ( ! contract+ p>ties %\ld appe> some:]e 9 writ+2 t ! p>ty to be *>g$1 or 8 ag5t1 %\ld sign ! memor&um or note ( agreem5t1 or else %\ld sign ano!r pap] ref]r+ !reto2 & t1 :5 ! note or memor&um is made1 a complete agreem5t %all exi/4 ,moreov]1 ! memor&um mu/ h be5 made be=e action br\ght1 ?\gh x ne$ n be contemporane\s ) ! agreem5t itself4 ,z reg>ds ! /amp+ ( ! memor&um or note ( agreem5t1 a gu>antee _c1 9 ,engl&1 be giv5 9 evid5ce unless prop]ly /amp$ 7,/amp ,act #ahia74 ,a gu>antee = ! paym5t ( goods1 h[ev]1 requires no /amp1 be+ )9 ! exception conta9$ 9 ! fir/ s*$ule ( ! act4 ,nor is x necess>y to /amp a writt5 repres5tation or assurance z to "* )9 #i ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #ad1 supra4 ,if "u seal1 a gu>antee requires sometimes an ad valorem /amp & sometimes a t5-%ill+ /amp2 9 o!r cases a sixp5ny /amp g5]ally suffices2 &1 on c]ta9 prescrib$ t]ms1 ! /amps c be affix$ any "t aft] execution 7,/amp ,act #ahia1 ,s #ae1 am5d$ by ,s #ae ( ! ,f9ance ,act #ahie74 ,ext5t ( surety's liability4 ,! liability incurr$ by a surety "u 8 gu>antee dep5ds ^u its t]ms1 & is n necess>ily co-ext5sive ) t ( ! pr9cipal debtor4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t z ! surety's obligation is m]ely accessory to t ( ! pr9cipal x _c z su* exce$ x 7de ,coly>1 ,law ( ,gu>antees1 #crd ed4 p4 #bcc2 ,burge1 ,surety%ip1 p4 #e74 ,by ! ,roman law1 if !re 7 any su* excess ! surety's obligation 0 r5d]$ :olly void & n m]ely void pro tanto4 ,by _m exi/+ codes civil1 h[ev]1 a gu>antee :i* imposes on ! surety a great] liability ?an t ( ! pr9cipal is n !reby invalidat$1 b ! liability is m]ely r$ucible to t ( ! pr9cipal 7,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjac2 ,port4 #hbc2 ,spa91 #ahbf2 ,italy1 #aijj2 ,holl&1 #ahei2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aicc74 ,by sec4 #abh ( ! ,indian ,contract ,act #ahgb ! liability ( ! surety is1 unless o!rwise provid$ by contract1 coext5sive ) t ( ! pr9cipal4 ,:]e ! liability ( ! surety is less ext5sive 9 am\nt ?an t ( ! pr9cipal debtor1 difficult que/ions h aris5 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica z to :e!r ! surety is liable only = "p ( ! debt equal to ! limit ( 8 liability1 or1 up to su* limit1 = ! :ole debt 7,ellis v4 ,emmanuel1 #a ,ex4 ,div4 #aeg2 ,hobson v4 ,bass1 #f ,*4 ,app4 #gib2 ,br&t1 ,surety%ip1 sec4 #bai74 ,! surety _c be made liable except = a loss su/a9$ by reason ( ! default gu>ante$ aga9/4 ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( a jo9t & sev]al gu>antee by sev]al sureties1 unless all sign x none are liable !reund] 7,national ,pro4 ,bk4 ( ,engl& v4 ,brack5bury1 #aijf1 #bb ,times ,l4,r4 #gig74 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ 9 ,engl& to be ! duty ( ! p>ty tak+ a gu>antee to see t x 0 c\*$ 9 language enabl+ ! p>ty giv+ x to und]/& cle>ly to :at ext5t he 0 b9d+ himself 7,ni*olson v4 ,paget1 #a ,c4 ,m4 #dh1 #eb74 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 c no long] be su/a9$1 x be+ n[ recogniz$ t a gu>antee1 l any o!r contract1 mu/1 9 cases ( ambiguity1 be con/ru$ aga9/ ! p>ty b\nd !reby & 9 fav\r ( ! p>ty receiv+ x 7,may] v4 ,isaac1 #f ,m4 ,w4 #fje1 #fab2 ,wood v4 ,prie/n]1 ,l4,r4 #b ,ex*4 #ff1 #ga74 ,! surety is n to be *ang$ beyond ! limits prescrib$ by 8 contract1 :i* mu/ be con/ru$ s z to give effect to :at may fairly be inf]r$ to h be5 ! int5tion ( ! p>ties1 f :at !y !mselves h express$ 9 writ+4 ,9 cases ( d\btful import1 rec\rse to p>ol evid5ce is p]missible1 to expla91 b n to contradict1 ! writt5 evid5ce ( ! gu>antee4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! surety is n liable if ! pr9cipal debt _c be en=c$1 because1 z already expla9$1 ! obligation ( ! surety is m]ely accessory to t ( ! pr9cipal debtor4 ,x has nev] be5 actually decid$ 9 ,engl& :e!r ?is rule holds good 9 cases :]e ! pr9cipal debtor is an infant1 & on t acc\nt is n liable to ! cr$itor4 ,probably 9 su* a case ! surety might be held liable by e/oppel 7see ,kimball v4 ,newell1 #g ,hill 7,n4,y47 #aaf74 ,:5 directors gu>antee ! p]=mance by _! company ( a contract :i* is ultra vires1 & !re=e n b9d+ on ! latt]1 ! directors' surety%ip liability is1 nev]!less1 en=ceable aga9/ !m 7,york%ire ,railway ,waggon ,co4 v4 ,maclure1 #ba ,*4 ,d4 #cji ,c4,a474 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e = h[ long a "t liability "u a gu>antee endures4 ,sometimes a gu>antee is limit$ to a s+le transaction1 & is obvi\sly int5d$ to be security aga9/ "o specific default only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x z (t5 happ5s t x is n exhau/$ by "o transaction on ! fai? ( x1 b ext5ds to a s]ies ( transactions1 & rema9s a /&+ security until x is revok$1 ei!r by ! act ( ! p>ties or else by ! dea? ( ! surety4 ,x is !n t]m$ a cont9u+ gu>antee4 ,no fix$ rules ( int]pretation det]m9e :e!r a gu>antee is a cont9u+ "o or n1 b ea* case mu/ be judg$ on its individual m]its2 & frequ5tly1 9 ord] to a*ieve a correct con/ruction1 x becomes necess>y to exam9e ! surr\nd+ circum/ances1 :i* (t5 reveal :at 0 ! subject-matt] :i* ! p>ties contemplat$ :5 ! gu>antee 0 giv51 & likewise :at 0 ! scope & object ( ! transaction betwe5 !m4 ,mo/ cont9u+ gu>antees are ei!r ord9>y m]cantile securities1 9 respect ( advances made or goods suppli$ to ! pr9cipal debtor or else bonds = ! good behavi\r ( p]sons 9 public or private (fices or employm5ts4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] class ( cont9u+ gu>antees1 ! surety's liability is1 g5]ally speak+1 revok$ by any *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! p]sons to or = :om ! gu>antee is giv54 ,on ?is subject x is n[ provid$ by section #ah ( ! ,p>tn]%ip ,act #ahij1 :i* applies to ,scotl& z well z ,engl&1 t a cont9u+ gu>antee or caution>y obligation giv5 ei!r to a firm or to a ?ird p]son 9 respect ( ! transactions ( a firm1 is1 9 ! abs5ce ( agreem5t to ! contr>y1 revok$ z to future transactions by any *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! firm to :i*1 or ( ! firm 9 respect ( ! transactions ( :i* ! gu>anty or obligation 0 giv54 ,?is section1 l ! enactm5t x replaces1 namely1 sec4 #d ( ! ,m]cantile ,law ,am5dm5t ,act #ahef1 is ma9ly decl>atory ( ! ,engli% common law1 z embodi$ 9 decid$ cases1 :i* indicate t ! *anges 9 ! p]sons to or = :om a gu>antee is giv5 may consi/ ei!r ( an increase 9 _! numb]1 ( a dim9ution !re( caus$ by dea? or retirem5t f bus9ess1 or ( ! incorporation or consolidation ( ! p]sons to :om ! gu>antee is giv54 ,9 ?is connexion x may be /at$ t ! ,gov]nm5t ,(fices 7,security7 ,act #ahge1 :i* has be5 am5d$ by ! ,/atute ,law ,revision ,act #ahhc1 conta9s c]ta9 provisions ) reg>d to ! acceptance by ! heads ( public dep>tm5ts ( gu>antees giv5 by companies = ! due p]=mance ( ! duties ( an (fice or employm5t 9 ! public s]vice1 & enables ! ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,treasury to v>y ! "* ( any security1 = good behavi\r by public s]vants1 giv5 aft] ! pass+ ( ! act4 ,be=e ! surety c be r5d]$ liable on 8 gu>antee1 ! pr9cipal debtor mu/ h made default4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is has occurr$1 ! cr$itor1 9 ! abs5ce ( express agreem5t to ! contr>y1 may sue ! surety1 )\t ev5 in=m+ him ( su* default hav+ tak5 place1 or requir+ him to pay1 & be=e proce$+ aga9/ ! pr9cipal debtor or resort+ to securities = ! debt receiv$ f ! latt]4 ,9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! municipal law is bas$ on ! ,roman civil law1 sureties usually possess ! "r 7:i* may1 h[ev]1 be r5\nc$ by !m7 orig9ally conf]r$ by ! ,roman law1 ( compell+ ! cr$itor to insi/ on ! goods1 c4 7if any7 ( ! pr9cipal debtor be+ fir/ discuss$1 i4e4 apprais$ & sold1 & appropriat$ to ! liquidation ( ! debt gu>ante$ 7see ,codes ,civil1 ,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjba et seq42 ,spa91 #ahcj1 #ahca2 ,port4 #hcj2 ,g]many1 #gga1 #ggb1 #ggc2 ,holl&1 #ahfh2 ,italy1 #aijg2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aida-aidb2 ,egypt mix$ suits #fab2 ibid4 native tribunals #ejb71 be=e hav+ rec\rse to ! sureties4 ,?is "r1 accord+ to a great ,am]ican juri/ 7,*ancellor ,k5t 9 ,hayes v4 ,w>d1 #d ,johns4 ,new ,york1 ,*4 ,cas4 p4 #acb71 accords ) a common s5se ( ju/ice & ! natural equity ( mank9d4 ,9 ,engl& ?is "r has nev] be5 fully recogniz$4 ,nei!r does x prevail 9 ,am]ica nor1 s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,m]cantile ,law ,am5dm5t ,act 7,scotl&7 #ahef1 s4 #h1 is x any long] available 9 ,scotl& :]e1 prior to ! la/-nam$ enactm5t1 ! b5efit ( discussion1 z x is t]m$1 exi/$4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 be=e any dem& = paym5t has be5 made by ! cr$itor on ! surety1 ! latt] c1 z soon z ! pr9cipal debtor has made default1 compel ! cr$itor1 on giv+ him an indemnity aga9/ co/s & exp5ses1 to sue ! pr9cipal debtor if ! latt] be solv5t & able to pay 7p] ,a4 ,l4 ,smi?1 ,l4,j41 9 ,r\se v4 ,brad=d ,bank+ ,company1 #ahid1 #b ,*4 #ge2 p] ,"l ,eldon 9 ,wright v4 ,simpson1 #f ,ves41 at p4 #gcc71 & a simil> rem$y is also op5 to ! surety 9 ,am]ica 7see ,br&t on ,surety%ip1 p>4 #bje1 p4 #bij7 ?\gh 9 nei!r ( ^! c\ntries nor 9 ,scotl& c "o ( sev]al sureties1 :5 su$ = ! :ole gu>ante$ debt by ! cr$itor1 compel ! latt] to divide 8 claim among/ all ! solv5t sureties1 & r$uce x to ! %>e & proportion ( ea* surety4 ,h[ev]1 ?is b5eficium divisionis1 z x is call$ 9 ,roman law1 is recogniz$ by _m exi/+ codes 7,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjbe-bjbg2 ,spa91 #ahcg2 ,portugal1 #hce-hcf2 ,g]many1 #dbf2 ,holl&1 #ahgc-ahgd2 ,italy1 #aiaa-aiab2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aidf2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fae1 #faf74 ,! usual mode 9 ,engl& ( en=c+ liability "u a gu>antee is by action 9 ! ,high ,c\rt or 9 ! c\nty c\rt4 ,x is also p]missible = ! cr$itor to obta9 r$ress by means ( a set-(f or c\nt]-claim1 9 an action br\ght aga9/ him by ! surety4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! surety may n[1 9 any c\rt 9 :i* ! action on ! gu>antee is p5d+1 avail himself ( any set-(f :i* may exi/ betwe5 ! pr9cipal debtor & ! cr$itor4 ,moreov]1 if "o ( sev]al sureties = ! same debt is su$ by ! cr$itor or 8 gu>antee1 he c1 by means ( a proce$+ t]m$ a ?ird-p>ty notice1 claim contribution f 8 co-surety t[>ds ! common liability4 ,indep5d5t pro( ( ! surety's liability "u 8 gu>antee mu/ always be giv5 at ! trial2 z ! cr$itor _c rely ei!r on admissions made by ! pr9cipal debtor1 or on a judgm5t or aw>d obta9$ aga9/ him 7,ex p>te ,"y ,9 re ,kit*91 #ag ,*4 ,div4 #ffh74 ,%\ld ! surety become bankrupt ei!r be=e or aft] default has be5 made by ! pr9cipal debtor1 ! cr$itor w h to prove aga9/ 8 e/ate4 ,?is "r ( pro( is n[ 9 ,engl& regulat$ by ! #cg? section ( ! ,bankruptcy ,act1 #ahhc1 :i* is mo/ compreh5sive 9 its t]ms4 ,rights ( sureties4 ,a p]son liable z a surety = ano!r "u a gu>antee possesses v>i\s rights aga9/ him1 aga9/ ! p]son to :om ! gu>antee is giv51 & also aga9/ ^? :o may h become co-sureties 9 respect ( ! same debt1 default or misc>riage4 ,z reg>ds ! surety's rights aga9/ ! pr9cipal debtor1 ! latt] may1 :]e ! gu>antee 0 made ) 8 cons5t b n o!rwise 7see ,hodgson v4 ,%aw1 #c ,myl4 ,k4 at p4 #aij71 aft] he has made default1 be compell$ by ! surety to exon]ate him f liability by paym5t ( ! gu>ante$ debt 7p] ,sir ,w4 ,grant1 ,m4,r41 9 ,antrobus v4 ,davidson1 #c ,m]iv4 #efi1 #egi2 p] ,l9dley1 ,l4,j41 9 ,john/on v4 ,salvage ,association1 #ai ,q4,b4,d4 #dfj1 #dfa2 & see ,wolm]%aus5 v4 ,gullick1 #ahic1 #b ,*4 #ead74 ,! mom5t1 moreov]1 ! surety has himself paid any portion ( ! gu>ante$ debt1 he is entitl$ to rank z a cr$itor = ! am\nt s paid1 & to compel repaym5t !re(4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! pr9cipal debtor's bankruptcy1 ! surety c 9 ,engl&1 if ! cr$itor has n already prov$ 9 respect ( ! gu>ante$ debt1 prove aga9/ ! bankrupt's e/ate1 n only 9 respect ( paym5ts made be=e ! bankruptcy ( ! pr9cipal debtor1 b also1 x seems1 9 respect ( ! cont+5t liability to pay "u ! gu>antee 7see ,ex p>te ,delm> re ,h]epa?1 #ahhi1 #ch ,w4,r4 #geb71 :ile if ! cr$itor has already prov$1 ! surety :o has paid ! gu>ante$ debt has a "r to all divid5ds receiv$ by ! cr$itor f ! bankrupt 9 respect !re(1 & to /& 9 ! cr$itor's place z to future divid5ds4 ,?is "r is1 h[ev]1 (t5 waiv$ by ! gu>antee /ipulat+ t1 until ! cr$itor has receiv$ full paym5t ( all sums ov] & above ! gu>ante$ debt1 due to him f ! pr9cipal debtor1 ! surety %all n p>ticipate 9 any divid5ds di/ribut$ f ! bankrupt's e/ate among/ 8 cr$itors4 ,z reg>ds ! rights ( ! surety aga9/ ! cr$itor1 !y are 9 ,engl& ex]cisable ev5 by "o :o 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 a pr9cipal debtor1 b has s9ce become a surety1 by arrangem5t ) 8 cr$itor1 duly notifi$ to ! cr$itor1 ?\gh n ev5 sanction$ by him4 ,?is 0 decid$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! case ( ,r\se v4 ,! ,brad=d ,bank+ ,co41 #ahid1 ,a4,c4 #ehf1 remov+ a d\bt creat$ by ! previ\s case ( ,swire v4 ,r$man1 #a ,q4,b4,d4 #ecf1 :i* mu/ n[ be treat$ z ov]rul$4 ,! surety's pr9cipal "r aga9/ ! cr$itor entitles him1 aft] paym5t ( ! gu>ante$ debt1 to ! b5efit ( all securities1 :e!r kn[n to him 7! surety7 or n1 :i* ! cr$itor held aga9/ ! pr9cipal debtor2 & :]e1 by default or la*es ( ! cr$itor1 su* securities h be5 lo/1 or r5d]$ o!rwise unavailable1 ! surety is dis*>g$ pro tanto4 ,?is "r1 :i* is n 9 abeyance till ! surety is call$ on to pay 7,dixon v4 ,/eel1 #aija1 #b ,*4 #fjb71 ext5ds to all securities1 :e!r satisfi$ or n1 giv5 be=e or aft] ! contract ( surety%ip 0 ent]$ into4 ,on ?is subject ! ,m]cantile ,law ,am5dm5t ,act1 #ahef1 ,s #e1 provides t e p]son :o be+ surety = ! debt or duty ( ano!r1 or be+ liable ) ano!r = any debt or duty1 %all pay su* debt or p]=m su* duty1 %all be entitl$ to h assign$ to him1 or to a tru/ee = him1 e judgm5t1 specialty1 or o!r security1 :i* %all be held by ! cr$itor 9 respect ( su* debt or duty1 :e!r su* judgm5t1 specialty1 or o!r security %all or %all n be deem$ at law to h be5 satisfi$ by ! paym5t ( ! debt or p]=mance ( ! duty1 & su* p]son %all be entitl$ to /& 9 ! place ( ! cr$itor1 & to use all ! rem$ies1 &1 if ne$ be1 & ^u a prop] indemnity1 to use ! "n ( ! cr$itor1 9 any action or o!r proce$+ at law or 9 equity1 9 ord] to obta9 f ! pr9cipal debtor1 or any co-surety1 co-contractor1 or co-debtor1 z ! case may be1 indemnification = ! advances made & loss su/a9$ by ! p]son :o %all h s paid su* debt or p]=m$ su* duty2 & su* paym5t or p]=mance s made by su* surety %all n be pleadable 9 b> ( any su* action or o!r proce$+ by him1 provid$ always t no co-surety1 co-contractor1 or co-debtor %all be entitl$ to recov] f any o!r co-surety1 co-contractor1 or co-debtor1 by ! means a=esaid1 m ?an ! j proportion to :i*1 z betwe5 ^? p>ties !mselves1 su* la/-m5tion$ p]son %all be ju/ly liable4 ,?is enactm5t is s f> retrospective t x applies to a contract made be=e ! act1 :]e ! brea* !re(1 & ! paym5t by ! surety1 h tak5 place subsequ5tly4 ,! "r ( ! surety to be subrogat$1 on paym5t by him ( ! gu>ante$ debt1 to all ! rights ( ! cr$itor aga9/ ! pr9cipal debtor is recogniz$ 9 ,am]ica 7,tob9 v4 ,kirk1 #hj ,new ,york ,s4,c4,r4 #bbi71 & _m o!r c\ntries 7,codes ,civil1 ,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjbi2 ,spa91 #ahci2 ,port4 #hci2 ,g]many1 #ggd2 ,holl&1 #ahgg2 ,italy1 #aiaf2 ,l[] ,canada1 #biei2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fag2 ibid4 native tribunals1 #eje74 ,z reg>ds ! rights ( ! surety aga9/ a co-surety1 he is entitl$ to contribution f him 9 respect ( _! common liability4 ,?is p>ticul> "r is n ! result ( any contract1 b is d]iv$ f a g5]al equity1 on ! gr\nd ( equality ( burd5 & b5efit1 & exi/s :e!r ! sureties be b\nd jo9tly1 or jo9tly & sev]ally1 & by ! same1 or diff]5t1 in/rum5ts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no "r ( contribution :]e ea* surety is sev]ally b\nd = a giv5 portion only ( ! gu>ante$ debt2 nor 9 ! case ( a surety = a surety2 7see ,9 re ,d5ton's ,e/ate1 #aijd1 #b ,*4 #agh ,c4,a472 nor :]e a p]son becomes a surety jo9tly ) ano!r & at ! latt]'s reque/4 ,contribution may be en=c$1 ei!r be=e paym5t1 or z soon z ! surety has paid m ?an 8 %>e ( ! common debt 7,wolm]%aus5 v4 ,gullick1 #ahjc1 #b ,*4 #ead72 & ! am\nt recov]able is n[ always regulat$ by ! numb] ( solv5t sureties1 ?\gh =m]ly ?is rule only prevail$ 9 equity4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! bankruptcy ( a surety1 pro( c be made aga9/ 8 e/ate by a co-surety = any excess ov] ! latt]'s contributive %>e4 ,! "r ( contribution is n ! only "r possess$ by co-sureties aga9/ ea* o!r1 b !y are also entitl$ to ! b5efit ( all securities :i* h be5 tak5 by any "o ( !m z an indemnity aga9/ ! liability incurr$ = ! pr9cipal debtor4 ,! ,roman law did n recognize ! "r ( contribution among/ sureties4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sanction$ by _m exi/+ codes 7,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjcc2 ,g]many1 #dbf1 #dgd2 ,italy1 #aibj2 ,holl&1 #ahha2 ,spa91 #ahdd2 ,port4 #hde2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aiee2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fah1 ibid4 native tribunals1 #ejf71 & also by ! ,indian ,contract ,act #ahgb1 ss4 #adf-adg4 ,! dis*>ge ( a surety f liability "u 8 gu>antee may be accompli%$ ,9 v>i\s ways1 he be+ reg>d$1 especially 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 z a fav\r$ debtor 7p] ,turn]1 ,l4,j41 9 ,:eatley v4 ,ba/[1 #g ,de ,g4 ,m4 ,g4 #bgi1 #bhj2 p] ,e>l ( ,selborne1 ,l4,c41 9 ,9 re ,%]ry--,london & ,c\nty ,bank+ ,co4 v4 ,t]ry1 #be ,*4 ,d41 at p4 #gjc2 & see ,br&t on ,surety%ip1 secs4 #gi1 #hj74 ,?us1 fraud subsequ5t to ! execution ( ! gu>antee 7z :]e1 = example1 ! cr$itor connives at ! pr9cipal debtor's default7 w c]ta9ly dis*>ge ! surety4 ,aga91 a mat]ial alt]ation made by ! cr$itor 9 ! in/rum5t ( gu>antee aft] its execution may also h ?is effect4 ,! mo/ prolific gr\nd ( dis*>ge1 h[ev]1 is usually traceable to causes orig9at+ 9 ! cr$itor's la*es or conduct1 ! gov]n+ pr9ciple be+ t if ! cr$itor violates any rights :i* ! surety possess$ :5 he ent]$ into ! surety%ip1 ev5 ?\gh ! damage be nom9al only1 ! gu>antee _c be en=c$4 ,on ?is subject x suffices to /ate t ! surety's dis*>ge may be accompli%$ 7#a7 by a v>iation ( ! t]ms ( ! contract betwe5 ! cr$itor & ! pr9cipal debtor1 or ( t subsi/+ betwe5 ! cr$itor & ! surety 7see ,rickaby v4 ,lewis1 #bb ,t4,l4,r4 #acj72 7#b7 by ! cr$itor tak+ a new security f ! pr9cipal debtor 9 lieu ( ! orig9al "o2 7#c7 by ! cr$itor dis*>g+ ! pr9cipal debtor f liability2 7#d7 by ! cr$itor b9d+ himself to give "t to ! pr9cipal debtor = paym5t ( ! gu>ante$ debt2 or 7#e7 by loss ( securities receiv$ by ! cr$itor 9 respect ( ! gu>ante$ debt4 ,9 ?is connexion ,x may be /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms t :atev] ext+ui%es ! pr9cipal obligation necess>ily det]m9es t ( ! surety 7:i* is accessory !reto71 n only 9 ,engl& b else:]e also 7,codes ,civil1 ,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjcd1 #bjch2 ,spa91 #ahdg2 ,port4 #hdh2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aief2 #aifj2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fbb1 ibid4 native tribunals1 #eji2 ,indian ,contract ,act #ahgb1 sec4 #acd71 & t1 by mo/ ( ! codes civil n[ 9 =ce1 ! surety is dis*>g$ by la*es or conduct ( ! cr$itor inconsi/5t ) ! surety's rights 7see ,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjcg2 ,spa91 #aheb2 ,port4 #hec2 ,g]many1 #ggf2 ,italy1 #aibh2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fbc71 ?\gh x may be m5tion$ t ! rule prevail+ 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,am]ica & ,india :i* releases ! surety f liability :]e ! cr$itor1 by b9d+ contract ) ! pr9cipal1 ext5ds )\t ! surety's cons5t ! "t = fulfill+ ! pr9cipal obligation1 :ile recogniz$ by two exi/+ codes civil 7,spa91 #ahea2 ,port4 #heb71 is reject$ by ! majority ( !m 7,fr4 & ,bel4 #bjci2 ,holl&1 #ahhg2 ,italy1 #aicj2 ,l[] ,canada1 #aifa2 ,egypt mix$ suits1 #fac2 ib4 native tribunals1 #ejc72 7& see ,morice1 ,engli% & ,dut* ,law1 p4 #if2 van d] ,l9d51 ,in/itutes ( ,holl&1 pp4 #abj-aba74 ,a revocation ( ! contract ( surety%ip by act ( ! p>ties1 or 9 c]ta9 cases by ! dea? ( ! surety1 may also op]ate to dis*>ge ! surety4 ,! dea? ( a surety does n p] se det]m9e ! gu>antee1 b1 save :]e f its nature ! gu>antee is irrevocable by ! surety himself1 x c be revok$ by express notice aft] 8 dea?1 or1 x w\ld appe>1 by ! cr$itor becom+ affect$ ) con/ructive notice !re(2 except :]e1 "u ! te/ator's w1 ! executor has ! option ( cont9u+ ! gu>antee1 9 :i* case ! executor %\ld1 x seems1 specifically )draw ! gu>antee 9 ord] to det]m9e x4 ,:]e "o ( a numb] ( jo9t & sev]al sureties dies1 ! future liability ( ! survivors "u ! gu>antee cont9ues1 at all ev5ts until x has be5 det]m9$ by express notice4 ,moreov]1 :5 ?ree p]sons jo9$ 9 a gu>antee to a bank1 & _! liability !reund] 0 n express$ to be sev]al1 x 0 held t ! dea? ( "o surety did n det]m9e ! liability ( ! survivors4 ,9 su* a case1 h[ev]1 ! e/ate ( ! deceas$ surety w\ld be reliev$ f liability4 ,! ,/atutes ( ,limitation b> ! "r ( action on gu>antees "u seal aft] tw5ty ye>s1 & on o!r gu>antees aft] six ye>s1 f ! date :5 ! cr$itor might h su$ ! surety4 ,,au?orities4--,de ,coly>1 ,law ( ,gu>antees & ( ,pr9cipal & ,surety 7#crd ed41 #ahig72 ,am]ican edition1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,morgan 7#ahge72 ,?roop1 ,validity ( ,v]bal ,agreem5ts2 ,fell1 ,gu>antees 7#bnd ed472 ,!obald1 ,law ( ,pr9cipal & ,surety2 ,br&t1 ,law ( ,surety%ips & ,gu>antee2 article by de ,coly> 9 ,j\rnal ( ,comp>ative ,legislation 7#aije71 on ,surety%ip f ! ,/&po9t ( ,comp>ative ,jurisprud5ce4 7,h4 ,a4 de ,c47 ,,gu>at+ueta1 a city ( ,brazil ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! /ate ( ,sao ,paulo1 #abd m4 ,n4,e4 ( ! city ( ,sao ,paulo4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 ( ! municipality1 :i* includes a l>ge rural di/rict & ! villages ( ,app>ecida & ,roseira1 #cj1fij4 ,! city1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #afea1 /&s on a f]tile pla9 #c m4 f ! ,p>ahyba riv]1 & is ! comm]cial c5tre ( "o ( ! olde/ agricultural di/ricts ( ! /ate4 ,! di/rict produces l>ge quantities ( c(fee1 & "s sug>1 ,indian corn & beans4 ,cattle & pigs are rais$4 ,! city dwell+s are = ! mo/ "p con/ruct$ ( r\gh wood5 frames cov]$ ) mud1 call$ taipa by ! natives1 & ro($ ) curv$ tiles4 ,! ,sao ,paulo bran* ( ! ,brazilian ,c5tral railway passes ?r\gh ! city1 by :i* x is connect$ ) ,rio de ,janeiro on "o side & ,sao ,paulo & ,santos on ! o!r4 ,,gu>da1 an episcopal city & ! capital ( an adm9i/rative di/rict be>+ ! same "n1 & =m]ly 9 ! prov9ce ( ,beira1 ,portugal2 on ! ,gu>da-,abrantes & ,lisbon-,vill> ,=moso railways4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #fabd4 ,gu>da is situat$ #ccgj ft4 above sea-level1 at ! nor?-ea/]n extremity ( ! ,s]ra da ,e/rella1 ov]look+ ! f]tile valley ( ! riv] ,coa4 ,x is surr\nd$ by anci5t walls1 & conta9s a ru9$ ca/le1 a f9e #af?-c5tury ca!dral & a sanatorium = consumptives4 ,its indu/ries comprise ! manufacture ( co>se clo? & ! sale ( gra91 w9e & live /ock4 ,9 #aaii ,gu>da 0 f\nd$1 on ! site ( ! ,roman ,l5cia ,oppidana1 by ,san*o ,i4 ( ,portugal1 :o int5d$ x1 z its "n implies1 to be a gu>d aga9/ ,moori% invasion4 ,! adm9i/rative di/rict ( ,gu>da co9cides ) nor?-ea/]n ,beira2 pop4 7#aijj71 #bfa1fcj2 area1 #ajfe sq4 m4 ,,gu>di1 ,,francesco 7#agab-agic71 ,v5etian pa9t]1 0 a pupil ( ,canaletto1 & foll[$ 8 /yle s closely t 8 pictures are v frequ5tly attribut$ to 8 m celebrat$ ma/]4 ,nev]!less1 ! div]sity1 :5 once p]ceiv$1 is suffici5tly m>k$--,canaletto be+ m firm1 solid1 di/9ct1 well-gr\nd$1 & on ! :ole ! high] ma/]1 :ile ,gu>di is noticeable = spirit$ t\*1 sp>kl+ col\r & picturesquely sket*$ figures--9 ^! respects be+ fully equal to ,canaletto4 ,gu>di sometimes col\r$ ,canaletto's designs4 ,he _h extraord9>y facility1 ?ree or f\r days be+ en\gh = produc+ an entire "w4 ,! numb] ( 8 p]=mances is l>ge 9 proportion to ?is facility & to ! love ( ga9 :i* *>act]iz$ him4 ,_m ( 8 works are to be f\nd 9 ,engl& & sev5 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,gu>dian1 "o :o gu>ds or def5ds ano!r1 a protector4 ,! ,o4 ,fr4 gu>d51 g>d51 mod4 g>di51 f gu>d]1 g>d]1 is ( ,teutonic orig91 f ! base w>-1 to protect1 cf4 ,o4,h4 ,g]4 w>t51 & ,eng4 w>d2 ?us gu>dian & w>d5 are etymologically id5tical1 z are gu>d & w>d2 cf4 ! use ( ! correlatives gu>dian & w>d1 i4e4 a m9or1 or p]son incapable ( manag+ 8 affairs1 "u ! protection or 9 ! cu/ody ( a gu>dian4 ,= ! position ( gu>dians ( ! poor see ,,poor ,,law1 & = ! legal relations betwe5 a gu>dian & 8 w>d see ,,infant1 ,,m>riage & ,,roman ,,law4 ,,gu>ds1 ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,troops4 ,! ^w gu>d is an adaptation ( ! ,fr4 gu>de1 mod4 g>de1 ,o4 ,g]4 w>d2 see ,,gu>dian4 ,! practice ( ma9ta9+ bodygu>ds is ( great antiquity1 & may inde$ be consid]$ ! beg9n+ ( organiz$ armies4 ,?us !re is (t5 no cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! inn] r+ ( p]sonal def5d]s & ! select corps ( tra9$ combatants :o are at ! *ief's entire disposal4 ,fam\s examples ( corps t fell "u "o or bo? ^! head+s are ! ,immortals ( ,x]xes1 ! ,mamelukes1 ,janiss>ies1 ! ,husc>les ( ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s1 & ! ,russian ,/relitz 7,/ryeltsi74 ,9 mod]n times ! di/9ction ( function is bett] m>k$1 & ! fight+ m5 :o are m intimately connect$ ) ! sov]eign ?an ! bulk ( ! army c be classifi$ z to duties into ,h\sehold ,troops1 :o are 9 a s5se p]sonal reta9]s1 & ,gu>ds1 :o are a corps d'elite ( combatants4 ,b ! divid+ l9e is n s cle> z to any giv5 body ( troops4 ,?us ! ,briti% ,h\sehold ,cavalry is "p ( ! combatant army z well z ! sov]eign's escort4 ,! olde/ ( ! h\sehold or bodygu>d corps 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is ! ,k+'s ,bodygu>d ( ! ,yeom5 ( ! ,gu>d 7q4v471 =m$ at 8 accession by ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,! ne>e/ gu>d1 ! p]sonal escort ( ! sov]eign1 is ! ,k+'s ,bodygu>d ( ! ,hon\rable ,corps ( ,g5tlem5-at-,arms1 creat$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 at 8 accession 9 #aeji4 ,=m$ possibly on ! patt]n ( ! ,p5sionnaires ( ! ,fr5* k+s--reta9]s ( noble bir? :o 7 ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,maison du ,roi 7see bel[7--! new corps 0 orig9ally call$ ! ,p5sion]s4 ,! importance ( su* gu>ds regim5ts 9 ! g5]al developm5t ( organiz$ armies is illu/rat$ by a decl>ation ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 made 9 #afgd1 t ! militia1 ! p5sion]s & ! ,yeom5 ( ! ,gu>d 7 ! only lawful arm$ =ces 9 ! realm4 ,b ) ! rise ( ! pr(essional soldi] & ! correspond+ disuse ( arms by ! nobles & g5try1 ! ,g5tlem5-at-,arms 7a title :i* came into use 9 ,james ,,ii4's "t1 ?\gh x did n become t ( ! corps until ,william ,,iv4's7 reta9+ _! noble "*1 became less & less milit>y4 ,burke attempt$ )\t success 9 #aghb to re/rict memb]%ip to (fic]s ( ! army & navy1 b ! necessity ( giv+ ! corps an effective milit>y "* became obvi\s :51 on ! occasion ( a ?reat5$ ,*>ti/ riot1 x 0 call$ ^u to d duty z an arm$ body at ,/ ,james's ,palace4 ,! corps 0 recon/itut$ on a purely milit>y basis 9 #ahfb1 & f t date only milit>y (fic]s ( ! regul> s]vices :o h receiv$ a w> decoration are eligible = appo9tm5t4 ,! (fice ( capta91 h[ev]1 is political1 ! hold] 7:o is always a pe]7 vacat+ x on ! resignation ( ! gov]nm5t ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,! corps consi/s at pres5t ( capta91 lieut5ant1 /&>d be>]1 cl]k ( ! *eque 7adjutant71 sub-(fic] & #ci g5tlem5-at-arms4 ,! uni=m consi/s ( a sc>let swall[-tail$ coat & blue ov]alls1 ) gold epaulettes1 brass dragoon helmet ) droop+ :ite plume & brass box-spurs1 ^! la/ contra/+ r =cibly ) ! p>tizan1 an ess5tially infantry weapon1 t !y c>ry4 ,! ,royal ,company ( ,ar*]s4--,! k+'s bodygu>d = ,scotl& 0 con/itut$ 9 its pres5t =m 9 ! ye> #afgj1 by an act ( ! privy c\ncil ( ,scotl&4 ,an e>li] orig9 has be5 claim$ = ! company1 "s connect+ x ) a suppos$ ar*] gu>d ( ! k+s ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ! above-m5tion$ ye>1 #afgf1 ! m9utes ( ! ,royal ,company beg9 by /at+1 t ow+ to ! noble & usefull recreation ( ar*]y be+ = _m ye>s mu* neglect$1 sev]al noblem5 & g5tlem5 did associate !mselves 9 a company = enc\ragem5t !re( 444 & did apply to ! privy c\ncil = _! approbation 444 :i* 0 grant$4 ,= ab\t tw5ty ye>s at ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 p]haps ow+ to ! adhesion ( ! majority to ! ,/u>t cause1 its exi/5ce seems to h be5 susp5d$4 ,b 9 #agjc a new capta9-g5]al1 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie1 ,visc\nt ,t>bat1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,crom>ty 7#afcj-agad71 0 elect$1 & he procur$ = ! company a new *>t] f ,que5 ,anne4 ,! rights & privileges r5ew$ or conf]r$ by ?is *>t] 7 to be held ( ! cr[n = ! r$d5do ( a pair ( b>b$ arr[s4 ,?is r$d5do 0 paid to ,george ,,iv4 at ,holyrood 9 #ahbb1 to ,que5 ,victoria 9 #ahdb & to ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 9 #aijc4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,company s9ce #agjc has be5 "o ( great prosp]ity4 ,l>ge p>ades 7 frequ5tly held1 & _m di/+ui%$ m5 m>*$ 9 ! ranks4 ,sev]al ( ! lead+ insurg5ts 9 #agde 7 memb]s1 b ! company 0 n at t "t susp5d$ 9 any way4 ,9 #ahbb :5 ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 visit$ ,scotl&1 x 0 ?\ght appropriate t ! ,royal ,company %\ld act z 8 maje/y's bodygu>d dur+ 8 /ay1 especially z !re 0 a tradition ( a =m] ar*] bodygu>d4 ,!y !re=e p]=m$ ! duties usually assign$ to ! g5tlem5-at-arms4 ,:5 ,que5 ,victoria visit$ ! ,scotti% capital 9 #ahdb1 ! ,royal ,company aga9 did duty2 ! la/ "t !y 7 call$ out 9 h] reign 9 _! capacity ( royal bodygu>d 0 9 #ahfj on ! occasion ( ! great volunte] review 9 ! ,que5's ,p>k1 ,ed9burgh4 ,!y act$ 9 ! same capacity :5 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 review$ ! ,scotti% ,volunte]s !re on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #aije4 ,k+ ,george ,,iv4 au?oriz$ ! company to take1 9 addition to _! =m] "n1 t ( ,! ,k+'s ,body ,gu>d = ,scotl&1 & pres5t$ to ! capta9-g5]al a gold /ick1 ?us con/itut+ ! company "p ( ! royal h\sehold4 ,9 virtue ( ?is /ick ! capta9-g5]al ( ! ,royal ,company takes 8 place at a coronation or simil> pageant imm$iately beh9d ! gold /ick ( ,engl&4 ,! lieut5ants-g5]al ( ! company h silv] /icks2 & ! c\ncil1 :i* is ! executive body ( ! company1 possess sev5 ebony ones4 ,george ,,iv4 fur!r appo9t$ a full dress uni=m to be worn by memb]s ( ! company at c\rt1 :5 n on duty z gu>ds1 9 :i* latt] case ! ord9>y field dress is us$4 ,! c\rt dress is gre5 ) gre5 velvet fac+s1 gold epaulettes & lace1 crimson silk sa%1 & cock$ hat ) gre5 plume4 ,! (fic]s we> a gold sa% 9 place ( a crimson "o1 & an aiguillette on ! left %\ld]4 ,all ranks we> swords4 ,! field dress at pres5t consi/s ( a d>k-gre5 tunic1 %\ld]-w+s & gauntlet$ cuffs & tr\s]s trimm$ ) black & crimson2 a b[-case worn z a sa%1 ( ! same col\r z ! coat1 black wai/belt ) sword1 & ,balmoral bonnet ) ?i/le ornam5t & eagle's fea!r4 ,! (fic]s ( ! company are ! capta9-g5]al1 #d capta9s1 #d lieut5ants1 #d ensigns1 #ab brigadi]s & adjutant4 ,corps ( ! g5tlem5-at-arms or yeoman type d n ( c\rse c\nt z combatant troops--if = no o!r reason at lea/ because !y are arm$ ) ! weapons ( bygone times4 ,colonel ,clif=d ,walton /ates 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,/&+ ,army t nei!r ! ,yeom5 ( ! ,gu>d nor ! ,p5sion]s 7 ev] subject to m>tial law4 ,! ,briti% gu>ds & h\sehold troops t are arm$1 tra9$ & organiz$ z "p ( ! army are ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry & ! ,foot ,gu>ds4 ,! ,h\sehold ,cavalry consi/s at ! pres5t day ( ?ree regim5ts1 & has its orig91 z h c]ta9 ( ! ,foot gu>d regim5ts1 9 ! a%es ( ! ,new ,model army disb&$ at ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii4 9 #affj4 ,9 t ye> ! #a/ or ,8 ,maje/y's ,own ,troop ( ,gu>ds =m$ dur+ ! k+'s exile ( 8 cavali] foll[]s1 0 tak5 on ! /r5g? ( ! army4 ,! #bnd troop 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,spani% s]vice z ! ,duke ( ,york's ,gu>ds1 & 0 also a cavali] unit4 ,9 #afgj1 on ,monk's dea?1 ! orig9al #crd troop 7,monk's ,life ,gu>ds1 r5am$ 9 #affj ! ,"l ,g5]al's ,troop ( ,gu>ds7 became ! #bnd 7! que5's7 troop1 & ! duke ( ,york's troop ! #crd4 ,9 #afhe ! #a/ & #bnd troops 7 /yl$ ,life ,gu>ds ( ,horse1 & two ye>s lat] ! blue-uni=m$ ,royal ,regim5t ( ,horse1 a ,new ,model regim5t t _h be5 disb&$ & at once re-rais$ 9 #affj1 0 made a h\sehold cavalry corps4 ,lat] "u ! colonelcy ( ! e>l ( ,ox=d x 0 popul>ly call$ ,! ,ox=d ,blues4 ,!re 7 also f "t to "t o!r troops 7e4g4 ,scots troops #agjj-agdf7 t h n[ disappe>$4 ,9 #agdf ! #bnd troop 0 disb&$1 b x 0 reviv$ 9 #aghh1 :5 ! two s5ior corps 7 giv5 _! pres5t title ( #a/ & #bnd ,life ,gu>ds4 ,f #agej to #ahai ! ,blues bore ! "n ( ,royal ,horse ,gu>ds ,blue1 :i* 9 #ahai 0 *ang$ to ,royal ,horse ,gu>ds 7,! ,blues74 ,! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ! uni=ms ( ! r$ ,life ,gu>d & ! blue ,horse ,gu>d /ill exi/s4 ,! #a/ & ! #bnd regim5ts ( ,life ,gu>ds we> sc>let tunics ) blue coll>s & cuffs1 & ! ,royal ,horse ,gu>ds blue tunics ) sc>let coll>s & cuffs4 ,all ?ree we> /eel cuirasses on /ate occasions & on gu>d duty4 ,! head-dress is a /eel helmet ) droop+ horse-hair plume 7:ite = ,life ,gu>ds1 r$ = ,horse ,gu>ds74 ,9 full dress :ite bucksk9 pantaloons & long knee boots are worn4 ,among/ ! peculi>ities ( ^! corps d'elite is ! survival ( ! old cu/om ( call+ non-commission$ (fic]s corporal ( horse in/ead ( s]geant1 & corporal-major in/ead ( s]geant-major1 ! we>+ by trumpet]s & b&sm5 9 full dress ( a black velvet cap1 a ri*ly lac$ coat ) a full skirt ext5d+ to ! we>]'s knees & long :ite gait]s4 ,!re is little di/9ction betwe5 ! two ,life ,gu>ds regim5ts' uni=ms1 ! mo/ obvi\s po9t be+ t ! cord runn+ ?r\gh ! :ite lea!r p\* belt is r$ = ! #a/ & blue = ! #bnd4 ,! ,foot ,gu>ds comprise ! ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds1 ! ,cold/ream ,gu>ds1 ! ,scots ,gu>ds & ! ,iri% ,gu>ds1 ea* 7except ! la/7 ( ?ree battalions4 ,! ,gr5adi]s1 orig9ally ! ,fir/ ,foot ,gu>ds1 repres5t a royali/ infantry regim5t :i* s]v$ ) ! exil$ pr9ces 9 ! ,spani% army & return$ at ! ,re/oration 9 #affj4 ,! ,cold/ream ,gu>ds are a ,new ,model regim5t1 & 7 orig9ally call$ ! ,"l ,g5]al's 7,monk's7 regim5t ( ,foot ,gu>ds4 ,_! popul> title1 :i* became _! (ficial designation 9 #afgj1 is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! army ) :i* ,monk re/or$ ! mon>*y cross$ ! ,twe$ into ,engl& at ! village ( ,cold/ream1 & t 8 troops 7:i* 7 aft]w>ds1 except ! two units ( horse & foot ( :i* ,monk himself 0 colonel1 disb&$7 7 call$ ! ,cold/ream]s4 ,! two battalions ( ,scots ,foot ,gu>ds1 :i* regim5t 0 sep>ately rais$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ,scotl& aft] ! ,re/oration1 m>*$ to ,london 9 #afhf & #afhh & 7 br\ght on to ! ,engli% ,e/abli%m5t 9 #agjg4 ,9 ,george ,,iii4's reign !y 7 kn[n z ! ,?ird ,gu>ds1 & f #ahca to #ahgg 7:5 ! pres5t title 0 adopt$7 z ! ,scots ,fusili] ,gu>ds4 ,! ,iri% ,gu>ds 7"o battalion7 7 =m$ 9 #aijb1 aft] ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 z a m>k ( ,que5 ,victoria's appreciation ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! v>i\s ,iri% regim5ts ( ! l9e4#a ,! dress ( ! ,foot ,gu>ds is g5]ally simil> 9 all f\r regim5ts1 sc>let tunic ) blue coll>s1 cuffs & %\ld]-/raps1 blue tr\s]s & high1 r\nd$ be>sk9 cap4 ,! regim5tal di/9ctions mo/ easily notic$ are ^!4 ,! ,gr5adi]s we> a small :ite plume 9 ! be>sk91 ! ,cold/reams a simil> r$ "o1 ! ,scots none1 ! ,iri% a blue-gre5 "o4 ,! buttons on ! tunic are spac$ ev5ly = ! ,gr5adi]s1 by twos = ! ,cold/reams1 by ?rees = ! ,scots & by f\rs = ! ,iri%4 ,! b& ( ! mod]n cap is r$ = ! ,gr5adi]s1 :ite = ! ,cold/reams1 dic$ r$ & :ite 7*equ]s7 = ! ,scots & gre5 = ! ,iri%4 ,=m] privileges ( foot gu>d regim5ts1 su* z high] brevet rank 9 ! army = _! regim5tal (fic]s1 are n[ aboli%$1 b ,gu>ds are /ill subject exclusively to ! comm& ( _! own (fic]s1 & ! (fic]s ( ! ,foot ,gu>ds1 l ^? ( ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry1 h special duties at c\rt4 ,nei!r ! cavalry nor ! infantry gu>ds s]ve abroad 9 peace "t z a rule1 b 9 #aijg a battalion ( ! ,gu>ds1 :i* x 0 at t "t propos$ to disb&1 0 s5t to ,egypt4 ,gu>ds' ,brigades s]v$ 9 ! ,napoleonic ,w>s1 9 ! ,crimea1 9 ,egypt at v>i\s times f #ahhg to #ahih & 9 ,s\? ,africa #ahii-aijb4 ,! la/ employm5t ( ! ,h\sehold ,cavalry z a brigade 9 w> 0 at ,wat]loo1 b composite regim5ts made up f (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,life ,gu>ds & ,blues 7 employ$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,s4 ,africa4 ,! sov]eigns ( ,france _h gu>ds 9 _! s]vice 9 ,m]ov+ian times1 & _! h\sehold =ces appe> f "t to "t 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ieval w>s4 ,l\is ,,xi4 01 h[ev]1 ! fir/ to regul>ize _! some:at loose organization1 & he did s to su* good purpose t ,francis ,i4 _h no less ?an #hjjj gu>dsm5 organiz$1 subdivid$ & p]man5tly "u arms4 ,! s5ior unit ( ! ,g>des du ,corps 0 ! fam\s company ( ,scotti% ar*]s 7,compagnie ecossaise de la ,g>de du ,corps du ,roi71 :i* 0 orig9ally =m$ 7#adah7 f ! ,scotti% cont+5ts t assi/$ ! ,fr5* 9 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,scott's ,qu5t9 ,durw>d gives a picture ( life 9 ! corps z x 0 "u ,l\is ,,xi4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 h[ev]1 its regim5tal hi/ory becomes some:at confus$4 ,two ,fr5* companies 7 add$ by ,l\is ,,xi4 & ,francis ,i4 & ! ,g>des du ,corps came to consi/ exclusively ( cavalry4 ,ab\t #afcd ne>ly all ! ,scots !n s]v+ w5t into ! regim5t d',hebron & !nce lat] into ! ,briti% regul> army 7see ,,hepburn1 ,,sir ,,john74 ,!reaft]1 ?\gh ! titles1 di/9ctions & privileges ( ! orig9al ,ar*] ,gu>d 7 cont9u$1 x 0 recruit$ f native ,fr5*m51 pref]5ce be+ 7at any rate at fir/7 giv5 to ^? ( ,scotti% desc5t4 ,at its disb&m5t 9 #agia along ) ! re/ ( ! ,g>des du ,corps1 x conta9$ few1 if any1 native ,scots4 ,!re 0 also1 = a %ort "t 7#afdc-affj71 an infantry regim5t ( ,g>des ecossaises4 ,9 #afga ! title ( ,maison ,militaire du ,roi 0 appli$ to t portion ( ! h\sehold t 0 di/9ctively milit>y4 ,x came to consi/ ( #d companies ( ! ,g>des du ,corps1 #b companies ( ,m\squetaires 7cavalry7 7=m$ #afbb & #affj71 #a company ( ,*evaux leg]s 7#aegj71 #a ( ,g5d>mes de la ,maison ,r\ge1 & #a ( ,gr5adi]s a ,*eval 7#afgf71 ) #a company ( ,g>des de la ,porte & "o call$ ! ,c5t-,suisses1 ! la/ two be+ semi-milit>y4 ,?is l>ge e/abli%m5t1 :i* did n include all ! gu>d regim5ts1 0 consid]ably r$uc$ by ! ,c\nt ( ,/ ,g]ma9's re=ms 9 #agge1 all except ! ,g>des du ,corps & ! ,c5t-,suisses be+ disb&$4 ,! :ole ( ! ,maison du ,roi1 ) ! exception ( ! semi-milit>y bodies ref]r$ to1 0 cavalry4 ,! ,g>des francaises1 =m$ 9 #aefc1 did n =m "p ( ! ,maison4 ,!y 7 an infantry regim5t1 z 7 ! fam\s ,g>des suisses1 orig9ally a ,swiss m]c5>y regim5t 9 ! ,w>s ( ,religion1 :i* 01 = good conduct at ! combat ( ,arques1 incorporat$ 9 ! p]man5t e/abli%m5t by ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 #aehi & 9 ! gu>ds 9 #afae4 ,at ! ,revolution1 contr>y to expectation1 ! ,fr5* ,gu>ds sid$ op5ly ) ! ,con/itutional movem5t & 7 disb&$4 ,! ,swiss ,gu>ds1 h[ev]1 be+ =eign]s1 & !re=e unaffect$ by civil tr\bles1 reta9$ _! exact discipl9e & devotion to ! c\rt to ! day on :i* !y 7 sacrific$ by _! ma/] to ! bullets ( ! ,m>seillais & ! pikes ( ! mob 7,augu/ #aj1 #agib74 ,_! tragic fate is commemorat$ by ! well-kn[n monum5t call$ ! ,lion ( ,luc]ne1 ! "w ( ,?orvalds51 erect$ ne> ,luc]ne 9 #ahba4 ,! ,con/itutional1 ,revolution>y & o!r gu>ds t 7 creat$ aft] ! abolition ( ! ,maison & ! slaught] ( ! ,swiss are unimportant1 b ?r\gh ! ,directory ,gu>ds !y =m a nom9al l9k betwe5 ! h\sehold troops ( ! mon>*y & ! corps :i* is p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ,gu>d 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,imp]ial ,gu>d ( ,napoleon _h its beg9n+s 9 an escort squadron call$ ! ,corps ( ,guides1 :i* accompani$ him 9 ! ,italian campaign ( #agif-agig & 9 ,egypt4 ,on becom+ ,fir/ ,consul 9 #agii he built up out ( ?is & ( ! gu>d ( ! ,directory a small corps ( horse & foot1 call$ ! ,consul> ,gu>d1 & ?is1 :i* 0 m ( a fight+ unit ?an a p]sonal bodygu>d1 took "p 9 ! battle ( ,m>5go4 ,! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 into :i* x 0 conv]t$ on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 0 at fir/ ( ab\t ! /r5g? ( a division4 ,z su* x took "p 9 ! ,au/]litz & ,j5a campaigns1 b aft] ! conque/ ( ,prussia ,napoleon augm5t$ x1 & divid$ x into ! ,old ,gu>d & ! ,"y ,gu>d4 ,subsequ5tly ! ,middle ,gu>d 0 creat$1 & by successive augm5tations ! corps ( ! gu>d _h gr[n to be #eg1jjj /rong 9 #ahaa-ahab & #ha1jjj 9 #ahac4 ,x pres]v$ its g5]al "* z a corps d'elite ( vet]ans to ! la/1 b f ab\t #ahac ! ,"y ,gu>d 0 recruit$ directly f ! be/ ( ! annual conscript cont+5t4 ,! (fic]s held a high] rank 9 ! army ?an _! regim5tal rank 9 ! ,gu>ds4 ,at ! fir/ ,re/oration an attempt 0 made to revive ! ,maison du ,roi1 b 9 ! con/itutional regime ( ! second ,re/oration ?is semi-m$ieval =m ( bodygu>d 0 giv5 up & replac$ by ! ,g>de ,royale1 a select$ fight+ corps4 ,?is took "p 9 ! %ort w> ) ,spa9 & a portion ( x f\ght 9 ,alg]ia1 b x 0 disb&$ at ! ,july ,revolution4 ,l\is ,philippe _h no real gu>d troops1 b ! memories ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d 7 reviv$ by ,napoleon ,,iii41 :o =m$ a l>ge gu>d corps 9 #ahec-ahed4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 op5 to an ev5 great] degree ?an ,napoleon ,i4's gu>d to ! objection t x took away ! be/ soldi]s f ! l9e4 ,s9ce ! fall ( ! ,empire 9 #ahgj !re h be5 no gu>d troops 9 ,france4 ,! duty ( wat*+ ov] ! safety ( ! presid5t is tak5 9 ! ord9>y ro/] ( duty by ! troops /ation$ 9 ! capital4 ,! ,republican ,gu>d is ! ,p>is g5d>m]ie1 recruit$ f old soldi]s & arm$ & tra9$ z a milit>y body4 ,9 ,au/ria-,hung>y !re are only small bodies ( h\sehold troops 7,ar*] ,body ,gu>d1 ,trabant ,gu>d1 ,hung>ian ,cr[n ,gu>ds1 c47 analog\s to ! ,briti% ,g5tlem5 at ,arms or ,yeom5 ( ! ,gu>d4 ,simil> =ces1 ! ,noble ,gu>d & ! ,swiss ,gu>d1 are ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! c\rt troops ( ,spa9 are call$ halb]di]s & arm$ ) ! halb]t4 ,9 ,russia ! ,gu>d is organiz$ z an army corps4 ,x possesses special privileges1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds (fic]s' advancem5t4 ,9 ,g]many ! di/9ction betwe5 arm$ reta9]s & ,gu>ds is well m>k$4 ,! army is = practical purposes a unit "u imp]ial control1 :ile h\sehold troops 7ca/le-gu>ds z !y are usually call$7 belong individually to ! v>i\s sov]eigns )9 ! empire4 ,! ,gu>ds1 z a combatant =ce 9 ! army are ^? ( ! k+ ( ,prussia & con/itute a /rong army corps4 ,?is has gr[n gradually f a bodygu>d ( ar*]s1 &1 z 9 ,great ,brita91 ! functions ( ! heavy cavalry regim5ts ( ! ,gu>d pres]ve to "s ext5t ! "n & "* ( a body gu>d 7,g>des du ,corps74 ,! s5ior foot gu>d regim5t is also p]sonally connect$ ) ! royal family4 ,! conv]sion ( a palace-gu>d to a combatant =ce is due *iefly to ,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 to :om drill 0 a rul+ passion1 & :o sub/itut$ effective regim5ts = ! ornam5tal ,trabant ,gu>ds ( 8 fa!r4 ,a fur!r move 0 made by ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 sub/itut+ = ,fr$]ick ,william's exp5sive giant regim5t ( gu>ds a l>g] numb] ( ord9>y soldi]s1 :om he subject$ to ! same rigor\s tra9+ & made a corps d'elite4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great also =m$ ! ,body ,gu>d allud$ to above4 ,nev]!less 9 #ahjf ! ,gu>d /ill consi/$ only ( two cavalry regim5ts & f\r infantry regim5ts1 & x 0 ! example ( ,napoleon's imp]ial gu>d :i* conv]t$ ?is =ce into a corps ( all arms4 ,9 #ahac its /r5g? 0 t ( a weak division1 b 9 #ahfj by slight b frequ5t augm5tations x _h come to consi/ ( an army corps1 complete ) all auxili>y s]vices4 ,a few gu>d regim5ts belong+ to ! m9or sov]eigns are c\nt$ 9 ! l9e ( ! ,g]man army4 ,9 w> ! ,gu>d is employ$ z a unit1 l o!r army corps4 ,x is recruit$ by ! assignm5t ( select$ "y m5 ( ea* annual cont+5t1 & is ?us free f ! reproa* ( ! ,fr5* ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 :i* took ! be/-tra9$ soldi]s f ! regim5ts ( ! l9e4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ,iri% ,gu>ds ( ! ,/u>ts took ! side ( ,james ,,ii41 f\ght aga9/ ,william ,,iii4 9 ,irel& & lo/ _! regim5tal id5tity 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice to :i* ! (fic]s & soldi]s transf]r$ !mselves on ! ab&onm5t ( ! /ruggle4 ,,gu>d-,,%ip1 a w>%ip /ation$ at "s port or h>b\r to act z a gu>d1 & 9 =m] times 9 ! ,briti% navy to receive ! m5 impress$ = s]vice4 ,%e usually 0 ! flag%ip ( ! admiral comm&+ on ! coa/4 ,a gu>d-boat is a boat :i* goes ! r\nd ( a fleet at an*or to see t due wat* is kept at night4 ,,gu>ico1 a l>ge inl& /ate ( ,v5ezuela creat$ by ! t]ritorial r$ivision ( #aijd1 b\nd$ by ,aragua & ,mir&a on ! ,n41 ,b]mudez on ! ,e41 ,boliv> on ! ,s41 & ,zamora on ! ,w4 ,pop4 7#aije e/imate71 #gh1aag4 ,x ext5ds across ! nor!rn llanos to ! ,or9oco & ,apure riv]s & is devot$ almo/ :olly to pa/oral pursuits1 export+ cattle1 horses & mules1 hides & sk9s1 *eese & "s o!r products4 ,! capital is ,calabozo1 & ! o!r pr9cipal t[ns are ,camaguan 7pop4 #cfdh7 on ! ,portugueza riv]1 ,guayabal 7pop4 #cadf71 on a small tribut>y ( ! ,gu>ico riv]1 & ,z>aza 7pop4 #ad1edf7 on ! ,un>e riv]1 ne>ly #aej m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,c>acas4 ,,gu>i5to1 sometimes incorrectly nam$ ,,gu]ri]o1 ! fir/ ,paduan pa9t] :o di/+ui%$ himself4 ,! only date di/9ctly kn[n 9 8 c>e] is #acfe1 :51 hav+ already acquir$ high r5[n 9 8 native city1 he 0 invit$ by ! ,v5etian au?orities to pa9t a ,p>adise1 & "s incid5ts ( ! w> ( ,spoleto1 9 ! great c\ncil-hall ( ,v5ice4 ,^! works 7 greatly admir$ at ! "t1 b h long ago disappe>$ "u repa9t+s4 ,8 works 9 ,padua h suff]$ mu*4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ! ,eremitani are allegories ( ! ,planets1 &1 9 its *oir1 "s small sacr$ hi/ories 9 dead col\r1 su* z an ,ecce ,homo2 also1 on ! upp] walls1 ! life ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 ) "s o!r subjects4 ,a few fragm5ts ( o!r pa9t+s by ,gu>i5to are /ill extant 9 ,padua4 ,9 ! gall]y ( ,bassano is a ,crucifixion1 c>efully execut$1 & some:at sup]ior to a m]ely traditional me?od ( h&l+1 al?\gh on ! :ole ,gu>i5to mu/ r be class$ 9 t s*ool ( art :i* prec$$ ,cimabue ?an z hav+ advanc$ 9 8 ve/iges2 likewise two o!r works 9 ,bassano1 ascrib$ to ! same h&4 ,! pa9t] is buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o1 ,padua4 ,,gu>9i1 ,,camillo-,,gu>9o 7#afbd-afhc71 ,italian monk1 writ] & ar*itect1 0 born at ,mod5a 9 #afbd4 ,he 0 at once a le>n$ ma!matician1 pr(essor ( lit]ature & philosophy at ,mess9a1 &1 f ! age ( sev5te51 0 ar*itect to ,duke ,philib]t ( ,savoy4 ,he design$ a v l>ge numb] ( public & private build+s at ,tur91 includ+ ! palaces ( ! duke ( ,savoy & ! pr9ce ( ,cacignan1 & _m public build+s at ,mod5a1 ,v]ona1 ,vi5na1 ,prague1 ,lisbon & ,p>is4 ,he di$ at ,milan 9 #afhc4 ,,gu>9i1 ,,giovanni ,,batti/a 7#aecg-afab71 ,italian poet1 au?or ( ! ,pa/or fido1 0 born at ,f]r>a on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #aecg1 j sev5 ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,tasso4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f ,gu>9o da ,v]ona4 ,! "y ,batti/a /udi$ bo? at ,pisa & ,padua1 :5ce he 0 call$1 :5 n yet tw5ty1 to pr(ess moral philosophy 9 ! s*ools ( 8 native city4 ,he inh]it$ consid]able weal?1 & 0 able e>ly 9 life to m>ry ,taddea de' ,b5d$ei1 a lady ( good bir?4 ,9 #aefg he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,alphonso ,,ii41 duke ( ,f]r>a1 ?us beg9n+ ! c\rt c>e] :i* 0 de/9$ to prove a con/ant s\rce ( disappo9tm5t & annoyance to him4 ,?\gh he cultivat$ poetry = pa/ime1 ,gu>9i aim$ at /ate employm5t z ! s]i\s bus9ess ( 8 life1 & manag$ to be s5t on v>i\s embassies & missions by 8 ducal ma/]4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 at ! end ( ! #af? c5tury no opportunity = a man ( en]gy & intellectual ability to di/+ui% himself 9 ! petty sph]e ( ,italian diplomacy4 ,! "t too _h pass$ :5 ! pr(ession ( a c\rti]1 pa9t$ 9 su* gl[+ t]ms by ,ca/iglione1 c\ld conf] ei!r pr(it or hon\r4 ,x is true t ! c\rt ( ,alphonso pres5t$ a brilliant spectacle to ,europe1 ) ,tasso = titul> poet1 & an attractive circle ( accompli%$ ladies4 ,b ! la/ duke ( ,f]r>a 0 an illib]al patron1 fe$+ 8 s]vants ) promises1 & ev] ready to treat !m ) ! brutality t condemn$ ! au?or ( ! ,g]usalemme lib]ata to a madh\se4 ,gu>9i sp5t 8 "t & money to little purpose1 suff]$ f ! spite & ill-w ( two successive secret>ies1--,pigna & ,montecat9i1--qu>rell$ ) 8 old fri5d ,tasso1 & at ! end ( f\rte5 ye>s ( s]vice f\nd himself half-ru9$1 ) a l>ge family & no prospects4 ,:5 ,tasso 0 condemn$ to ,s4 ,anna1 ! duke promot$ ,gu>9i to ! vacant po/ ( c\rt poet4 ,!re is an int]e/+ lett] extant f ! latt] to 8 fri5d ,cornelio ,b5tivoglio1 describ+ ! ef=ts he made to fill ?is place appropriately4 ,i /rove to trans=m myself into ano!r p]son1 &1 l a play]1 reassum$ ! "*1 co/ume & feel+s ( my y\?4 ,advanc$ 9 manhood1 ,i =c$ myself to look "y2 ,i turn$ my natural melan*oly into artificial gaiety1 affect$ loves ,i did n feel1 ex*ang$ wisdom = folly1 &1 9 a ^w1 pass$ f a philosoph] into a poet4 ,h[ ill-adapt$ he felt himself to ?is masqu]ade life may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,i am already 9 my =ty-f\r? ye>1 ! fa!r ( eight *ildr51 two ( :om are old en\gh to be my c5sors1 :ile my daught]s are ( an age to m>ry4 ,ab&on+ s uncong5ial a /ra9 ^u 8 faculties1 ,gu>9i retir$ 9 #aehb to 8 ance/ral f>m1 ! ,villa ,gu>9a1 9 ! lovely c\ntry t lies betwe5 ! ,adige & ,po1 :]e he gave himself up to ! c>es ( 8 family1 ! nurs+ ( 8 dilapidat$ =tunes & ! composition ( ! ,pa/or fido4 ,he 0 n happy 9 8 dome/ic lot2 = he _h lo/ 8 wife "y1 & qu>rell$ ) 8 eld] sons ab\t ! division ( 8 e/ate4 ,litigation seems to h be5 an invet]ate vice ) ,gu>9i2 nor 0 he ev] free f legal tr\bles4 ,aft] /udy+ 8 biography1 ! conclusion is =c$ ^u our m9ds t he 0 orig9ally a man ( robu/ & virile intellect1 ambiti\s ( greatness1 confid5t 9 8 own p[]s1 & well qualifi$ = s]i\s affairs1 ^: en]gies f\nd no prop] scope = _! ex]cise4 ,lit]>y "w (f]$ b a poor sph]e = su* a "*1 :ile ! en=c$ inactivity ( c\rt life s\r$ a naturally caprici\s & *ol]ic temp]4 ,( poetry he spoke ) a c]ta9 tone ( condesc5sion1 pr(ess+ to practise x only 9 8 leisure mom5ts2 nor are 8 miscellane\s v]ses ( a quality to secure = _! au?or a v la/+ reputation4 ,x is !re=e n a little rem>kable t ! fruit ( 8 retirem5t--a disappo9t$ c\rti] pa/ ! prime ( e>ly manhood--%\ld h be5 a dramatic ma/]piece wor?y to be rank$ ) ! classics ( ,italian lit]ature4 ,def]r+ a fur!r acc\nt ( ! ,pa/or fido = ! pres5t1 ! rema9+ incid5ts ( ,gu>9i's re/less life may be briefly told4 ,9 #aehe he 0 at ,tur9 sup]9t5d+ ! fir/ public p]=mance ( 8 drama1 :5ce ,alphonso recall$ him to ,f]r>a1 & gave him ! (fice ( secret>y ( /ate4 ,?is reconciliation betwe5 ! poet & 8 patron did n la/ long4 ,gu>9i mov$ to ,flor5ce1 !n to ,rome1 & back aga9 to ,flor5ce1 :]e he e/abli%$ himself z ! c\rti] ( ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici4 ,a di%on\rable m>riage1 press$ ^u 8 son ,gu>9o by ! gr&-duke1 r\s$ ! natural res5tm5t ( ,gu>9i1 always scrupul\s ^u ! po9t ( hon\r4 ,he ab&on$ ! ,m$icean c\rt1 & took refuge ) ,francesco ,m>ia ( ,urb9o1 ! la/ scion ( ! ,montefeltro-della-,rov]e h\se4 ,yet he f\nd no satisfaction at ,urb9o4 ,! old c\rt is a dead in/itution1 he writes to a fri5d2 "o may see a %ad[ ( x1 b n ! sub/ance 9 ,italy ( to-day4 ,ours is an age ( appe>ances1 & "o goes a-masqu]ad+ all ! ye>4 ,?is 0 true en\gh4 ,^? dw9dl+ deadly-lively little resid5ce t[ns ( ,italian ducal families1 ^: day ( glory 0 ov]1 & :o 7 wait+ to be sl[ly absorb$ by ! capaci\s appetite ( ,au/ria1 7 no fit places = a man ( en]gy & indep5d5ce4 ,gu>9i f9ally took refuge 9 8 native ,f]r>a1 :i*1 s9ce ! dea? ( ,alphonso1 _h n[ devolv$ to ! papal see4 ,"h1 & at ! ,villa ,gu>9a1 8 la/ ye>s 7 pass$ 9 /udy1 law-suits1 & polemical disputes ) 8 contempor>y critics1 until #afab1 :5 he di$ at ,v5ice 9 8 sev5ty-fif? ye>4 ,! ,pa/or fido 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #aeij7 is a pa/oral drama compos$ n )\t rem9isc5ces ( ,tasso's ,am9ta4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ,arcadia1 :]e ,gu>9i supposes x to h be5 ! cu/om to sacrifice a maid5 ye>ly to ,diana4 ,b an oracle has decl>$ t :5 two scions ( div9e l9eage are unit$ 9 m>riage1 & a fai?ful %eph]d has aton$ = ! anci5t error ( a fai?less woman1 ?is inhuman rite %all cease4 ,! plot turns ^u ! unexpect$ fulfilm5t ( ?is prophecy1 contr>y to all ! s*emes :i* _h be5 devis$ = br++ x to accompli%m5t1 & 9 despite ( app>5t improbabilities ( div]s k9ds4 ,x is extremely elaborate1 &1 reg>d$ z a piece ( cunn+ me*anism1 leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,ea* motive has be5 c>efully prep>$1 ea* situation amply develop$4 ,yet1 consid]$ z a play1 ! ,pa/or fido disappo9ts a read] tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,sophocles or ,%akespe>e4 ,! action itself seems to take place (f ! /age1 & only ! results ( action1 /ation>y tableaux repres5t+ ! movem5t ( ! drama1 are put be=e u 9 ! sc5es4 ,! art is lyrical1 n m]ely 9 =m b 9 _s1 & 9 adaptation to ! requirem5ts ( music :i* dem&s /ation>y expressions ( emotion = developm5t4 ,! *>act]s h be5 well consid]$1 & are exhibit$ ) great tru? & vividness2 ! cold & eag] hunt] ,silvio contra/+ ) ! t5d] & romantic ,mirtillo1 & ,corisca's m]etrici\s arts enhanc+ ! pure affection ( ,am>illi4 ,dor9da pres5ts ano!r type ( love s impulsive t x prevails ov] a maid5's s5se ( %ame1 :ile ! c\rti] ,c>9o br+s ! corruption ( t[ns into comp>ison ) ! innoc5ce ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,c>9o ! poet pa9t$ 8 own exp]i5ce1 & "h 8 satire ^u ! c\rt ( ,f]r>a is none ! less bit+ because x is gravely measur$4 ,9 ,corisca he del9eat$ a woman vitiat$ by ! same t[n life1 & a v hide\s portrait has he drawn4 ,?\gh a satirical elem5t 0 ?us introduc$ into ! ,pa/or fido 9 ord] to relieve its ideal picture ( ,arcadia1 ! :ole play is b a /udy ( contempor>y feel+ 9 ,italian society4 ,!re is no true ru/icity :atev] 9 ! drama4 ,?is correspond5ce ) ! _s ( ! age secur$ its success dur+ ,gu>9i's lifetime2 ?is made x s dang]\sly s$uctive t ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e told ! poet he _h done m h>m to ,*ri/5dom by 8 bl&i%m5ts ?an ,lu!r by 8 h]esy4 ,)\t any:]e transgress+ ! limits ( decorum1 ! ,pa/or fido is /eep$ 9 s5su\sness2 & ! immode/y ( its pictures is enhanc$ by rhetorical concealm5ts m provocative ?an nudity4 ,moreov]1 ! love describ$ is effem9ate & wanton1 felt less z passion ?an z lu/ envelop$ 9 a veil ( s5tim5t4 ,we div9e ! com+ age ( cicisbei & ca/rati4 ,( ,gu>9i's /yle x w\ld be difficult to speak 9 t]ms ( too high praise4 ,! ?\ght & exp]i5ce ( a lifetime h be5 cond5s$ 9 ^! five acts1 & h f\nd expression 9 language brilliant1 classical1 *isell$ to p]fection4 ,"h & !re ! ta/e ( ! #ag? c5tury makes itself felt 9 frigid conceits & =c$ anti!ses2 nor does ,gu>9i ab/a9 f s5t5ti\s maxims :i* reveal ! morali/ r ?an ! poet4 ,yet ^! are b m9or blemi%es 9 a ma/]piece ( diction1 glitt]+ & faultless l a poli%$ bas-relief ( h>d ,cor9?ian bronze4 ,t a s+le pa/oral %\ld occupy s prom95t a place 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature seems a/oni%+1 until we reflect t ,italy1 ^u ! close ( ! #af? c5tury1 express$ itself 9 ! ,pa/or fido1 & t ! influ5ce ( ?is drama 0 felt ?r\gh all ! art ( ,europe till ! epo* ( ! ,revolution4 ,x is n a m]e play4 ,! s5sual ref9em5t prop] to an age ( social decad5ce f\nd 9 x ! mo/ exact embodim5t1 & made x ! code ( gallantry = ! next two c5turies4 ,! be/ edition ( ! ,pa/or fido is ! #bj?1 publi%$ at ,v5ice 7,ciotti7 9 #afjb4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t is t ( ,b>b]a 7,flor5ce1 #ahff74 ,= ,gu>9i's miscellane\s ,rime1 ! ,f]r>a edition1 9 #d vols41 #agcg1 may be consult$4 ,8 polemical writ+s1 ,v]ato primo & secondo1 & 8 prose com$y call$ ,idropica1 7 publi%$ at ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 betwe5 #aehh & #afad4 7,j4 ,a4 ,s47 ,,gu>9o1 also kn[n z ,,v>9us1 & surnam$ f 8 bir?place ,,favor9us1 ,,phavor9us or ,,cam]s 7c4 #adej-aecg71 ,italian lexicograph] & s*ol>1 0 born at ,fav]a ne> ,cam]9o1 /udi$ ,greek & ,lat9 at ,flor5ce "u ,politian1 & aft]w>ds became = a "t ! pupil ( ,lasc>is4 ,hav+ ent]$ ! ,b5$ict9e ord]1 he n[ gave himself ) great zeal to ,greek lexicography2 & 9 #adif publi%$ 8 ,!saurus cornucopiae et horti ,adonidis1 a collection ( ?irty-f\r grammatical tracts 9 ,greek4 ,he = "s "t act$ z tutor to ,giovanni dei ,m$ici 7aft]w>ds ,leo ,x471 & also held ! appo9tm5t ( keep] ( ! ,m$icean libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,9 #aead ,leo appo9t$ him bi%op ( ,noc]a4 ,9 #aeag he publi%$ a translation ( ! ,apoph!gmata ( ,joannes ,/obaeus1 & 9 #aebc appe>$ 8 ,etymologicum magnum1 sive !saurus univ]sae l+uae ,graecae ex multis v>iisque autoribus collectus1 a compilation :i* has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$1 & :i* has laid subsequ5t s*ol>s "u great ?\gh n always ackn[l$g$ obligations4 ,,gu>9o ,,gu>9us ,,da ,,v]ona 7#acgj-adfj71 "o ( ! ,italian re/or]s ( classical le>n+1 0 born 9 #acgj at ,v]ona1 & /udi$ ,greek at ,con/ant9ople1 :]e = five ye>s he 0 ! pupil ( ,manuel ,*rysoloras4 ,:5 he set out on 8 return to ,italy he 0 ! happy possessor ( two cases ( preci\s ,greek ,,mss4 :i* he _h be5 at great pa9s to collect2 x is said t ! loss ( "o ( ^! by %ipwreck caus$ him su* di/ress t 8 hair turn$ grey 9 a s+le night4 ,he support$ himself z a tea*] ( ,greek1 fir/ at ,v]ona & aft]w>ds 9 ,v5ice & ,flor5ce2 9 #adcf he became1 ?r\gh ! patronage ( ,lionel1 m>quis ( ,e/e1 pr(essor ( ,greek at ,f]r>a2 & 9 #adch & foll[+ ye>s he act$ z int]pret] = ! ,greeks at ! c\ncils ( ,f]r>a & ,flor5ce4 ,he di$ at ,f]r>a on ! #ad? ( ,decemb] #adfj4 ,8 pr9cipal works are translations ( ,/rabo & ( "s ( ! ,lives ( ,plut>*1 a comp5dium ( ! ,greek gramm> ( ,*rysoloras1 & a s]ies ( comm5t>ies on ,p]sius1 ,juv5al1 ,m>tial & on "s ( ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & ,cic]o4 ,see ,rosm9i1 ,vita e discipl9a di ,gu>9o 7#ahje-ahjf72 ,sabbad9i1 ,gu>9o ,v]onese 7#ahhe72 ,s&ys1 ,hi/4 ,class4 ,s*ol4 ii4 7#aijh74 ,,gu>ni]i1 or ,,gu>n]ius1 a celebrat$ family ( viol9-mak]s ( ,cremona4 ,! fir/ 0 ,&reas 7c4 #afbf-afih71 :o work$ ) ,antonio ,/radiv>i 9 ! work%op ( ,nicolo ,amati 7son ( ,g]onimo74 ,viol9s ( a model orig9al to him are dat$ f ! sign ( ,/ ,!resa 9 ,cremona4 ,8 son ,joseph 7#afff-;c4 #agci7 made in/rum5ts at fir/ l 8 fa!r's1 b lat] 9 a /yle ( 8 own ) a n>r[ wai/2 8 son1 ,pet] ( ,v5ice 7b4 #afie71 0 also a f9e mak]4 ,ano!r son ( ,&reas1 ,pet] 7,pietro ,giovanni71 commonly kn[n z ,pet] ( ,cremona 7b4 #afee71 mov$ f ,cremona & settl$ at ,mantua1 :]e he too work$ sub signo ,sanctae ,t]esae4 ,pet]'s viol9s aga9 %[$ consid]able v>iations f ^? ( ! o!r ,gu>ni]i4 ,h>t1 9 8 "w on ! viol91 says1 ,!re is increas$ bread? betwe5 ! s\nd-holes2 ! s\nd-hole is r\nd] & m p]p5dicul>2 ! middle b\ts are m contract$1 & ! model is m rais$4 ,! greate/ ( all ! ,gu>ni]i1 h[ev]1 0 a nephew ( ,&reas1 ,joseph del ,gesu 7#afhg-agde71 ^: title orig9ates 9 ! ,i4,h4,s4 inscrib$ on 8 tickets4 ,8 ma/] 0 ,gasp> di ,salo4 ,8 conception foll[s t ( ! e>ly ,brescian mak]s 9 ! boldness ( outl9e & ! massive con/ruction :i* aim at ! production ( tone r ?an visual p]fection ( =m4 ,! great v>iety ( 8 "w 9 size1 model1 c41 repres5ts 8 v>i\s exp]im5ts 9 ! direction ( discov]+ ?is tone4 ,a /a9 or sap-m>k1 p>allel ) ! f+]-bo>d on bo? sides1 appe>s on ! bellies ( mo/ ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,s9ce ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury a great _m spuri\s in/rum5ts ascrib$ to ?is ma/] h p\r$ ov] ,europe4 ,x 0 n until ,pagan9i play$ on a ,joseph t ! ta/e ( amateurs turn$ f ! sweetness ( ! ,amati & ! ,/radiv>ius viol9s 9 fav\r ( ! robu/] tone ( ! ,joseph ,gu>n]ius4 ,see ,,viol94 ,,gua/alla1 a t[n & episcopal see ( ,emilia1 ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,reggio1 f :i* x is #ah m4 ,n4 by road1 on ! ,s4 bank ( ! ,po1 #gi ft4 above sea-level4 ,x is also connect$ by rail ) ,p>ma & ,mantua 7via ,suzz>a74 ,pop4 7#aija71 #bfeh 7t[n72 #aa1jia 7commune74 ,x has #af?-c5tury =tifications4 ,! ca!dral1 dat+ f ! #aj? c5tury1 has be5 frequ5tly re/or$4 ,gua/alla 0 f\nd$ by ! ,lomb>ds 9 ! #g? c5tury2 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,pieve ,pope ,pas*al ,,ii4 held a c\ncil 9 #aajf4 ,9 #acjg x 0 seiz$ by ,gib]to da ,correggio ( ,p>ma4 ,9 #adjc x pass$ to ,guido ,torello1 c\s9 ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti ( ,milan4 ,9 #aeci x 0 sold by ! la/ female desc5dant ( ! ,torelli to ,f]rante ,gonzaga4 ,9 #afba x 0 made ! seat ( a du*y1 b 9 #agdh x 0 add$ to ^? ( ,p>ma & ,piac5za1 ^: hi/ory x subsequ5tly foll[$4 ,,guatemala 7sometimes incorrectly writt5 ,,guatimala71 a "n n[ re/rict$ to ! republic ( ,guatemala & to its *ief city1 b =m]ly giv5 to a capta9cy-g5]al ( ,spani% ,am]ica1 :i* includ$ ! fifte5 prov9ces ( ,*iapas1 ,su*itepeques1 ,escu9tla1 ,sonsonate1 ,san ,salvador1 ,v]a ,paz & ,pet51 ,*iquimula1 ,honduras1 ,nic>agua1 ,co/a ,rica1 ,totonicapam1 ,quezalt5ango1 ,solola1 ,*imalt5ango & ,sacatepeques1--or1 9 o!r words1 ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7except ,panama7 & "p ( ,mexico4 ,! "n is probably ( ,aztec orig91 & is said by "s au?orities to mean 9 its native =m ,quauhtematlan1 ,l& ( ! ,eagle1 or ,l& ( ,=e/2 o!rs1 writ+ x ,u-ha-tez-ma-la1 connect x ) ! volcano ( ,agua 7i4e4 wat]71 & int]pret x z m\nta9 vomit+ wat]4 ,! republic ( ,guatemala is situat$ betwe5 #ac deg4 #db' & #ag deg4 #di' ,n41 & #hh deg4 #aj' & #ib deg4 #cj' ,w4 7,= map1 see ,,c5tral ,,am]ica47 ,pop4 7#aijc71 #a1hdb1acd2 area ab\t #dh1bej sq4 m4 ,guatemala is b\nd$ on ! ,w4 & ,n4 by ,mexico1 ,n4,e4 by ,briti% ,honduras1 ,e4 by ! ,gulf ( ,honduras1 & ! republic ( ,honduras1 ,s4,e4 by ,salvador & ,s4 by ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! fronti] t[>ds ,mexico 0 det]m9$ by conv5tions ( ! #bg? ( ,septemb] #ahhb1 ! #ag? ( ,octob] #ahhc1 ! #a/ ( ,april #ahie1 & ! #h? ( ,may #ahii4 ,/>t+ f ! ,pacific1 x asc5ds ! riv] ,su*iate1 !n foll[s an irregul> l9e t[>ds ! nor?-ea/1 till x rea*es ! p>allel ( #ag deg4 #dim9 ,n41 along :i* x runs to ! fronti] ( ,briti% ,honduras4 ,?is fronti]1 by ! conv5tion ( ! #i? ( ,july #ahic1 co9cides ) ! m]idian ( #hi deg4 #bjm9 ,w41 till x meets ! riv] ,s>/oon or ,s>/un1 :i* x foll[s ea/w>ds to ! ,gulf ( ,honduras4 ,physical ,description4--,guatemala is naturally divid$ into five regions--! l[l&s ( ! ,pacific coa/1 ! volcanic m\nta9s ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 ! s-call$ plateaus imm$iately nor? ( ^!1 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,atlantic v]sant & ! pla9 ( ,pet54 7#a7 ,! coa/al pla9s ext5d along ! entire s\!rn seabo>d1 ) a mean bread? ( #ej m41 & l9k toge!r ! belts ( simil> t]ritory 9 ,salvador & ! di/rict ( ,soconusco 9 ,*iapas4 ,ow+ to _! tropical heat1 l[ elevation above sea-level1 & m>%y soil1 !y are ?9ly peopl$1 & conta9 few important t[ns except ! seaports4 7#b7 ,! precipit\s b>ri] ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 :i* closes 9 ! coa/al pla9s on ! nor?1 is simil>ly prolong$ into ,salvador & ,mexico4 ,x is kn[n ne> ,guatemala city z ! ,si]ra de las ,nubes1 & ent]s ,mexico z ! ,si]ra de ,i/atan4 ,x =ms ! ma9 wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,pacific & ,atlantic riv] sy/ems4 ,its summit is n a well-def9$ cre/1 b is (t5 r\nd$ or flatt5$ into a table-l&4 ,! direction ( ! great volcanic cones1 :i* rise 9 an irregul> l9e above x1 is n id5tical ) ! ma9 axis ( ! ,si]ra itself1 except ne> ! ,mexican fronti]1 b has a m s\!rly tr5d1 especially t[>ds ,salvador2 "h ! base ( _m ( ! igne\s peaks re/s among ! s\!rn foo?ills ( ! range4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to subdivide ! ,si]ra ,madre into a nor!rn & a volcanic *a92 = ! volcanoes are isolat$ by /ret*es ( comp>atively l[ c\ntry2 at lea/ ?irte5 consid]able /reams fl[ d[n betwe5 !m1 f ! ma9 wat]%$ to ! sea4 ,view$ f ! coa/1 ! volcanic cones seem to rise directly f ! c5tral heights ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 above :i* !y t[]2 b 9 reality _! bases are1 z a rule1 f>!r s\?4 ,ea/ ( ,tacana1 :i* m>ks ! ,mexican fronti]1 & is v>i\sly e/imat$ at #ac1igf ft4 & #ac1jij ft41 & if ! high] e/imate be correct is ! l(tie/ peak 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! pr9cipal volcanoes are--,tajamulco or ,tajumulco 7#ac1eag ft472 ,santa ,m>ia 7#ab1dfg ft471 :i* 0 9 eruption dur+ #aijb1 aft] c5turies ( quiesc5ce1 9 :i* its slopes _h be5 ov]gr[n by d5se =e/s2 ,atitlan 7#aa1gai71 ov]look+ ! lake ( t "n2 ,acat5ango 7#ac1fae74 :i* %>es ! claim ( ,tacana to be ! highe/ m\nta9 ( ,c5tral ,am]ica2 ,fuego 7i4e4 fire1 v>i\sly e/imat$ at #ab1gie ft4 & #ab1ehb ft471 :i* receiv$ its "n f its activity at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/2 ,agua 7i4e4 wat]1 #ab1aci ft471 s nam$ 9 #aeda because x de/roy$ ! =m] capital ( ,guatemala ) a deluge ( wat] f its flood$ crat]2 & ,pacaya 7#hcij71 a gr\p ( igne\s peaks :i* 7 9 eruption 9 #ahgj4 7#c7 ,! s-call$ plateaus :i* ext5d nor? ( ! ,si]ra ,madre are 9 fact high valleys1 r ?an table-l&s1 enclos$ by m\nta9s4 ,a bett] idea ( ?is region is convey$ by ! native "n ,altos1 or highl&s1 al?\gh t t]m includes ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,si]ra ,madre4 ,! mean elevation is greate/ 9 ! we/ 7,altos ( ,quezalt5ango7 & lea/ 9 ! ea/ 7,altos ( ,guatemala74 ,a few ( ! /reams ( ! ,pacific slope actually rise 9 ! ,altos1 & =ce a way ?r\gh ! ,si]ra ,madre at ! bottom ( deep rav9es4 ,"o l>ge riv]1 ! ,*ixoy1 escapes nor?w>ds t[>ds ! ,atlantic4 7#d7 ,! relief ( ! m\nta9\s c\ntry :i* lies nor? ( ! ,altos & dra9s into ! ,atlantic is v>i$ by innum]able t]races1 ridges & und]falls2 b its g5]al configuration is admirably comp>$ by ,e4 ,reclus ) ! appe>ance ( a /ormy sea break+ into p>allel bill[s 7,univ]sal ,geography1 ed4 ,e4 ,g4 ,rav5/e91 div4 xxxiii41 p4 #bab74 ,! p>allel ranges ext5d ea/ & we/ ) a slight s\!rly curve t[>ds _! c5tres4 ,a range call$ ! ,si]ra de ,*ama1 :i*1 h[ev]1 *anges its "n frequ5tly f place to place1 /rikes ea/w>d t[>ds ,briti% ,honduras1 & is connect$ by l[ hills ) ! ,cockscomb ,m\nta9s2 ano!r simil> range1 ! ,si]ra de ,santa ,cruz1 cont9ues ea/ to ,cape ,cocoli betwe5 ! ,polo*ic & ! ,s>/oon2 & a ?ird1 ! ,si]ra de las ,m9as or1 9 its ea/]n portion1 ,si]ra del ,mico1 /ret*es betwe5 ! ,polo*ic & ! ,motagua4 ,betwe5 ,honduras & ,guatemala ! fronti] is =m$ by ! ,si]ra de ,m]5don4 7#e7 ,! great pla9 ( ,pet51 :i* comprises ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole area ( ,guatemala1 belongs geographically to ! ,yucatan ,p59sula1 & consi/s ( level or undulat+ c\ntry1 cov]$ ) grass or =e/4 ,its population numb]s less ?an two p] sq4 m41 al?\gh _m di/ricts h a wond]fully f]tile soil & abundance ( wat]4 ,! great] "p ( ?is region is uncultivat$1 & only utiliz$ z pa/ure by ! ,indians1 :o =m ! majority ( its inhabitants4 ,guatemala is ri*ly wat]$4 ,on ! we/]n side ( ! si]ras ! v]sant is %ort1 & ! /reams1 :ile v num]\s1 are consequ5tly small & rapid2 b on ! ea/]n side a numb] ( ! riv]s atta9 a v consid]able developm5t4 ,! ,motagua1 ^: pr9cipal head /ream is call$ ! ,rio ,gr&e1 has a c\rse ( ab\t #bej m41 & is navigable to )9 #ij m4 ( ! capital1 :i* is situat$ on "o ( its conflu5ts1 ! ,rio de las ,vacas4 ,x =ms a delta on ! s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ,honduras4 ,( simil> importance is ! ,polo*ic1 :i* is ab\t #ahj m4 9 l5g?1 & navigable ab\t #bj m4 above ! riv]-port ( ,teleman4 ,be=e rea*+ ! ,golfo ,amatique x passes ?r\gh ! ,golfo ,dulce1 or ,izabal ,lake1 & ! ,golfete ,dulce4 ,a va/ numb] ( /reams1 among :i* are ! ,*ixoy1 ! ,guadalupe1 & ! ,rio de la ,pasion1 unite to =m ! ,usumac9ta1 ^: noble curr5t passes along ! ,mexican fronti]1 & fl[+ on ?r\gh ,*iapas & ,tabasco1 falls into ! ,bay ( ,campe*e4 ,! ,*iapas foll[s a simil> c\rse4 ,!re are sev]al ext5sive lakes 9 ,guatemala4 ,! ,lake ( ,pet5 or ,laguna de ,flores1 9 ! c5tre ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,pet51 is an irregul> bas9 ab\t #bg m4 long1 ) an extreme bread? ( #ac m4 ,9 an isl& 9 ! we/]n portion /&s ,flores1 a t[n well kn[n to ,am]ican antiqu>ies = ! numb] ( anci5t idols :i* h be5 recov]$ f its soil4 ,on ! %ore ( ! lake is ! /alactite cave ( ,jobits9al1 ( great local celebrity2 & 9 its dep?s1 accord+ to ! popul> leg5d1 may /ill be disc]n$ ! /one image ( a horse t belong$ to ,cortes4 ,! ,golfo ,dulce is1 z its "n implies1 a fre%-wat] lake1 al?\gh s ne> ! ,atlantic4 ,x is ab\t #cf m4 long1 & w\ld be ( consid]able value z a h>b\r if ! b> at ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,dulce did n prev5t ! upw>d passage ( seaf>+ vessels4 ,z a contra/ ! ,lake ( ,atitlan 7q4v47 is a l&-lock$ bas9 encompass$ ) l(ty m\nta9s4 ,ab\t #i m4 ,s4 ( ! capital lies ! ,lake ( ,amatitlan 7q4v47 ) ! t[n ( ! same "n4 ,on ! bord]s ( ,salvador & ,guatemala !re is ! ,lake ( ,guija1 ab\t #bj m4 long & #ab broad1 at a height ( #bajj ft4 above ! sea4 ,x is connect$ by ! riv] ,o/uma ) ! ,lake ( ,ay>za :i* lies ab\t #ajjj ft4 high] at ! foot ( ! ,si]ra ,madre4 ,! geology1 fauna & flora ( ,guatemala are discuss$ "u ,,c5tral ,,am]ica4 ,! bird-life ( ! c\ntry is rem>kably ri*2 "o bird ( magnific5t plumage1 ! quetzal1 quijal or quesal 7,trogon respl5d5s71 has be5 *os5 z ! national emblem4 ,climate4--,! climate is heal?y1 except on ! coa/s1 :]e mal>ial fev] is preval5t4 ,! ra9y season 9 ! int]ior la/s f ,may to ,octob]1 b on ! coa/ sometimes cont9ues till ,decemb]4 ,! colde/ mon? is ,janu>y1 & ! w>me/ is ,may4 ,! av]age temp]atures = ^! mon?s at places ( diff]5t altitudes1 z giv5 by ,dr ,k>l ,sapp]1 are %[n on ! foll[+ page4 ,! av]age ra9fall is v heavy1 especially on ! ,atlantic slope1 :]e ! prevail+ w9ds are *>g$ ) moi/ure f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico or ! ,c>ibbean ,sea2 at ,tual1 a high /ation on ! ,atlantic slope1 x rea*es #aie 942 9 c5tral ,guatemala x is only #bg 94 ,t[>ds ! ,atlantic ra9 (t5 occurs 9 ! dry season1 & !re is a local say+ ne> ! ,golfo ,dulce t x ra9s ?irte5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,fogs are n r>e4 ,9 ,guatemala1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7q4v471 ea* ( ! ?ree climatic zones1 cold1 temp]ate & hot 7ti]ra fria1 ti]ra templada1 ti]ra cali5te7 has its special *>act]i/ics1 & x is n easy to g5]alize ab\t ! climate ( ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,altitude ,fahr5heit ,degrees4 ,locality4 7,feet74 -------------------- ,janu>y4 ,may4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,pu]to ,b>rios #f #gd #ha ,salama #cjbj #fh #gg ,campur #cjej #fd #gc ,*imax #dbhj #fa #fh ,guatemala #dhgj #fj #fg ,quezalt5ango #ggaj #ej #fb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,natural ,products4--,! m9]als discov]$ 9 ,guatemala include gold1 silv]1 lead1 t91 copp]1 m]cury1 antimony1 coal1 salt & sulphur2 b x is unc]ta9 if _m ( ^! exi/ 9 quantities suffici5t to repay exploitation4 ,gold is obta9$ at ,las ,quebradas ne> ,izabal1 silv] 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,santa ,rosa & ,*iquimula1 salt 9 ^? ( ,santa ,rosa & ,alta ,v]a ,paz4 ,dur+ ! #ag? c5tury gold-wa%+ 0 c>ri$ on by ,engli% m9]s 9 ! ,motagua valley1 & is said to h yield$ ri* pr(its2 h5ce ! "n ( ,gold ,coa/ 0 n infrequ5tly giv5 to ! ,atlantic littoral ne> ! m\? ( ! ,motagua4 ,! area ( =e/ has only be5 s]i\sly dim9i%$ 9 ! we/1 & am\nt$ to #bjcj sq4 m4 9 #aijd4 ,besides rubb]1 x yields _m valuable dye-woods & cab9et-woods1 su* z c$>1 mahogany & logwood4 ,fruits1 gra9 & m$ic9al plants are obta9$ 9 great abundance1 especially :]e ! soil is l>gely ( volcanic orig91 z 9 ! ,altos & ,si]ra ,madre4 ,p>ts ( ! ,pet5 di/rict are equally f]tile1 maize 9 ?is region yield+ two hundr$fold f unmanur$ soil4 ,! vegetable products ( ,guatemala include c(fee1 cocoa1 sug>-cane1 bananas1 oranges1 vanilla1 aloes1 agave1 ipecacuanha1 ca/or-oil1 s>sap>illa1 c9*ona1 tobacco1 indigo & ! wax-plant 7,myrica c]if]a74 ,inhabitants4--,! inhabitants ( ,guatemala1 :o t5d to increase rapidly ow+ to ! high bir?-rate1 l[ mortality1 & l[ rate ( emigration1 numb]$ 9 #aijc #a1hdb1acd1 or m ?an "o-?ird ( ! entire population ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,fully #fj are pure ,indians1 & ! rema9d]1 class$ z ,lad9os or ,lat9s 7i4e4 ,spani>ds 9 spee* & mode ( life71 comprise a l>ge majority ( half-ca/es 7me/izos7 & civiliz$ ,indians & a small] proportion ( :ites4 ,x includes a =eign population ( ab\t #ab1jjj ,europeans & ,nor? ,am]icans1 among !m be+ _m ,jews f ! we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are important ,g]man agricultural settlem5ts1 & _m coloni/s f nor? ,italy :o are locally call$ ,tiroleses1 & despis$ by ! ,indians = _! indu/ry & ?rift4 ,ab\t half ! bir?s among ! ,indians & "o-?ird among ! :ites are illegitimate4 ,no "p ( ,c5tral ,am]ica conta9s a great] div]sity ( tribes1 & 9 #ahhc ,otto ,/oll e/imat$ ! numb] ( spok5 languages z eighte51 al?\gh ea/ ( ! m]idian ( ,lake ,amatitlan ! native spee* has almo/ entirely disappe>$ & be5 replac$ by ,spani%4 ,! ,indians belong *iefly to ! ,maya /ock1 :i* pr$om9ates ?r\gh\t ,pet51 or to ! alli$ ,qui*e race :i* is well repres5t$ 9 ! ,altos & c5tral di/ricts4 ,! ,itzas1 ,mopans1 ,lac&ons1 ,*ols1 ,pokon*i & ! ,pokomans :o inhabit ! l>ge settlem5t ( ,mixco ne> ! capital1 all belong to ! ,maya family2 b p>ts ( c5tral & ea/]n ,guatemala are peopl$ by tribes di/9ct f ! ,mayas & n f\nd 9 ,mexico4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury ! ,mayas & ,qui*es _h atta9$ a high level ( civilization 7see ,,c5tral ,,am]ica1 ,ar*aeology71 & at lea/ two ( ! ,guatemalan languages1 ,qui*e & ,cak*iquel1 possess ! rudim5ts or ! relics ( a lit]ature4 ,! ,qui*e ,popol ,vuh1 or ,book ( ,hi/ory1 :i* 0 translat$ into ,spani% by ! ,dom9ican fri> ,xim5es1 & edit$ ) a ,fr5* v]sion by ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 is an important docum5t = /ud5ts ( ! local my?s4 ,9 appe>ance ! v>i\s ,guatemalan tribes diff] v little2 9 almo/ all ! *>act]i/ic type ( ,indian is %ort b muscul>1 ) l[ =ehead1 prom95t *eek-bones & /raight black hair4 ,9 "* ! ,indians are1 z a rule1 peaceable1 ?\gh consci\s ( _! num]ical sup]iority & at times driv5 to jo9 9 ! revolutions :i* s (t5 di/urb ! c\rse ( local politics2 !y are (t5 int5sely religi\s1 b ) a few exceptions are ?riftless1 indol5t & invet]ate gambl]s4 ,_! confradias1 or bro!rhoods1 ea* ) its patron sa9t & male & female *iefs1 exi/ l>gely to organize public fe/ivals1 & to pur*ase wood5 masks1 co/umes & decorations = ! dances & dramas 9 :i* ! ,indians delight4 ,^! dramas1 :i* deal ) religi\s & hi/orical subjects1 are ( ,indian orig91 & some:at resemble ! my/]y-plays ( m$ieval ,europe1 a resemblance height5$ by ! introduction1 due to ,spani% mission>ies1 ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts & h]oes su* z ,*>lemagne4 ,! ,indians are devot$ to bull-fight+ & cock-fight+4 ,*oral s++ is a popul> amusem5t1 & is accompani$ by ! ,spani% guit> & native w9d-in/rum5ts4 ,! ,indians h a habit ( consum+ a yell[i% edible e>? conta9+ sulphur2 on pilgrimages !y obta9 images m\ld$ ( ?is e>? at ! %r9es !y visit1 & eat ! images z a prophylactic aga9/ disease4 ,maize1 beans & bananas1 v>i$ occasionally ) dri$ meat & fre% pork1 =m _! /aple diet2 drunk5ness is common on pay-days & fe/ivals1 :5 l>ge quantities ( a fi]y br&y call$ *i*a are consum$4 ,*ief ,t[ns4--,! capital ( ! republic1 ,guatemala or ,guatemala la ,nueva 7pop4 #aije ab\t #ig1jjj7 & ! cities ( ,quezalt5ango 7#ca1jjj71 ,totonicapam 7#bh1jjj71 ,coban 7#be1jjj71 ,solola 7#ag1jjj71 ,escu9tla 7#ab1jjj71 ,huehuetanango 7#ab1jjj71 ,amatitlan 7#aj1jjj7 & ,atitlan 7#ijjj7 are describ$ "u sep>ate head+s4 ,all ! *ief t[ns except ! seaports are situat$ )9 ! m\nta9\s region :]e ! climate is temp]ate4 ,retalhuleu1 among ! s\!rn foo?ills ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 is "o ( ! c5tres ( c(fee production1 & is connect$ by rail ) ! ,pacific port ( ,*amp]ico1 a v unheal?y place 9 ! wet season4 ,bo? ,retalhuleu & ,*amp]ico 71 l ,quezalt5ango1 ,solola1 & o!r t[ns1 tempor>ily ru9$ by ! e>?quake ( ! #ah? ( ,april #aijb4 ,santa ,cruz ,qui*e1 #be m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,totonicapam1 0 =m]ly ! capital ( ! ,qui*e k+s1 b has n[ a ,lad9o population4 ,liv+/on1 a seaport at ! m\? ( ! ,polo*ic 7"h call$ ! ,rio ,dulce71 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahjf1 & subsequ5tly nam$ aft] ! au?or ( a code ( ,guatemalan laws2 few ve/iges rema9 ( ! ,spani% settlem5t ( ,sevilla la ,nueva1 f\nd$ 9 #ahdd1 & ( ! ,engli% colony ( ,abbotsville1 f\nd$ 9 #ahbe1--;bo? ne> ,liv+/on4 ,la ,lib]tad1 also call$ by its ,indian "n ( ,sacluc1 is ! pr9cipal t[n ( ,pet54 ,%ipp+ & ,communications4--,! republic is 9 regul> /eam communication on ! ,atlantic side ) ,new ,orleans1 ,new ,york & ,hamburg1 by vessels :i* visit ! ports ( ,b>rios 7,santo ,tomas7 & ,liv+/on4 ,on ! s\!rn side ! ports ( ,san ,jose1 ,*amp]ico & ,ocos are visit$ by ! ,pacific mail /eam]s1 by ! vessels ( a ,hamburg company & by ^? ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican 7,*ilean7 & ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,companies4 ,iztapa1 =m]ly ! pr9cipal h>b\r on ! s\? coa/1 has be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$ s9ce #ahec4 ,gualan1 on ! ,motagua1 & ,panzos1 on ! ,polo*ic1 are small riv]-ports4 ,! pr9cipal t[ns are connect$ by wagon roads1 t[>ds ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( :i* ea* male inhabitant is requir$ to pay two pesos or give f\r days' "w a ye>4 ,!re are coa* r\tes betwe5 ! capital & ,quezalt5ango1 b ov] a great portion ( ! c\ntry transport is /ill on mule-back4 ,all ! railway l9es h be5 built s9ce #ahge4 ,! ma9 l9es are ! ,s\!rn1 belong+ to an ,am]ican company & runn+ f ,san ,jose to ! capital2 ! ,nor!rn1 a gov]nm5t l9e f ! capital to ,pu]to ,b>rios1 :i* completes ! int]oceanic railroad2 & ! ,we/]n1 f ,*amp]ico to ,quezalt5ango1 belong+ to a ,guatemalan company1 b l>gely "u ,g]man managem5t4 ,= local traffic !re are sev]al l9es2 "o f ,iztapa1 ne> ,san ,jose1 to ,n>anjo1 & ano!r f ,ocos to ! we/]n c(fee plantations4 ,on ! ,atlantic slope transport is effect$ ma9ly by riv] t[-boats f ,liv+/on along ! ,golfo ,dulce & o!r lakes1 & ! ,polo*ic riv] z f> z ,panzos4 ,! n>r[-gauge railway t s]ves ! ,g]man plantations 9 ! ,v]a ,paz region is l>gely own$ by ,g]mans4 ,guatemala jo9$ ! ,po/al ,union 9 #ahha2 b its po/al & telegraphic s]vices h suff]$ greatly f f9ancial difficulties4 ,! telephonic sy/ems ( ,guatemala la ,nueva1 ,quezalt5ango & o!r cities are own$ by private companies4 ,comm]ce & ,indu/ry4--,! natural res\rces ( ,guatemala are ri* b undevelop$2 & ! capital necess>y = _! developm5t is n easily obta9$ 9 a c\ntry :]e w>1 revolution & economic crises recur at frequ5t int]vals1 :]e ! premium on gold has v>i$ by no less ?an #ejj 9 a s+le ye>1 & :]e _m ( ! weal?ie/ cities & agricultural di/ricts h be5 de/roy$ by e>?quake 9 "o day 7#ah? ( ,april #aijb74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ,guatemala _h practically no export trade2 b betwe5 #ahbe & #ahej co*9eal 0 l>gely export$1 ! c5tre ( production be+ ! ,amatitlan di/rict4 ,?is indu/ry 0 ru9$ by ! competition ( *emical dyes1 & a sub/itute 0 f\nd 9 ! cultivation ( c(fee4 ,guatemala is surpass$ only by ,brazil & ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 ! quantity ( c(fee x exports4 ,! *ief plantations are own$ & manag$ by ,g]mans2 m ?an half ( ! crop is s5t to ,g]many1 :ile ?ree-fif?s ( ! rema9d] g to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "o-fif? to ,great ,brita94 ,! av]age ye>ly product is ab\t #gj1jjj1jjj lb41 wor? approximately ,l#a1cjj1jjj1 & subject to an export duty ( "o gold doll> 7#ds47 p] qu9tal 7#aja lb474 ,sug>1 bananas1 tobacco & cocoa are also cultivat$2 b mu* ( ! sug> & bananas1 mo/ ( ! cocoa1 & all ! tobacco are consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! colonial p]iod1 ! cocoa ( we/]n ,guatemala & ,soconusco 0 res]v$ on acc\nt ( its f9e flav\r = ! ,spani% c\rt4 ,! indigo & cotton plantations yield little pr(it1 ow+ to =eign competition1 & h 9 mo/ cases be5 conv]t$ to o!r uses4 ,! cultivation ( bananas t5ds to increase1 ?\gh m sl[ly ?an 9 o!r ,c5tral ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,gra91 sweet potatoes & beans are gr[n = home consumption4 ,cattle-f>m+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! high pa/ure-l&s & ! pla9s ( ,pet52 b ! :ole numb] ( %eep 7#gg1jjj 9 #aijj7 & pigs 7#cj1jjj7 9 ! republic is inf]ior to ! numb] kept 9 _m s+le ,engli% c\nties4 ,mu* ( ! wool is sold1 l ! native cotton1 to ,indian & ,lad9o wom51 :o manufacture co>se clo? & l95 9 _! homes4 ,by ! ,l& ,act ( #ahid ! /ate doma9s1 except on ! coa/s & fronti]s1 7 divid$ into lots = sale4 ,! l>ge/ hold+ t5able by "o p]son "u ?is act 0 fix$ at #ej caball]ias1 or #efbe acres2 ! price v>ies f ,l#dj to ,l#hj p] caball]ia ( #aab-a_/b acres4 ,free grants ( uncultivat$ l& are sometimes made to immigrants 7includ+ =eign companies71 to p]sons :o und]take to build roads or railways ?r\gh _! allotm5ts1 to t[ns1 villages & s*ools4 ,! condition ( ! ,indians on ! plantations is (t5 ak9 to slav]y1 ow+ to ! sy/em adopt$ by "s plant]s ( mak+ paym5ts 9 advance2 = ! ,indians soon sp5d _! e>n+s1 & ?us contract debts :i* c only be repaid by long s]vice4 ,9 addition to ! brew]ies1 rum & br&y di/ill]ies1 sug> mills & tobacco factories1 :i* are sometimes work$ z adjuncts to ! plantations1 !re are _m purely urban indu/ries1 su* z ! manufacture ( wooll5 & cotton goods on a l>ge scale1 & manufactures ( build+ mat]ial & furniture2 b ^! indu/ries are f> less important ?an agriculture4 ,dur+ ! five ye>s #aijj to #aijd inclusive1 ! av]age value ( ,guatemalan imports1 :i* consi/$ *iefly ( textiles1 iron & ma*9]y1 sacks1 provisions1 fl\r1 be]1 w9e & spirits1 am\nt$ to ,l#ggf1jjj2 ab\t "o-half came f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ne>ly "o-f\r? f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! exports dur+ ! same p]iod _h an av]age value ( ,l#a1ebh1jjj1 & rank$ z foll[s 9 ord] ( value3 c(fee 7,l#a1cjj1jjj71 timb]1 hides1 rubb]1 sug>1 bananas1 cocoa4 ,f9ance4--,)9 ! republic !re are six banks ( issue1 to :i* ! gov]nm5t is deeply indebt$4 ,!re is practically nei!r gold nor silv] 9 circulation1 & ! value ( ! bank-notes is s fluctuat+ t trade is s]i\sly hamp]$4 ,on ! #be? ( ,june #aijc1 ! issue ( bank-notes )\t a gu>antee 0 re/rict$2 & !nce=w>d all banks 7 compell$ to reta9 gold or silv] to ! value ( #aj ( ! notes issu$ 9 #aijd1 #bj 9 #aije & #cj 9 #aijf4 ,?is re=m has n1 to any appreciable ext5t1 r5d]$ m /able ! value ( ! notes issu$4 ,! silv] peso1 or doll>1 ( #ajj c5tavas is ! monet>y unit1 weighs #be grammes 4#ijj f9e1 & has a nom9al value ( #ds4 ,be+ no long] curr5t x has be5 replac$ by ! pap] peso4 ,! nickel co9s include ! real 7nom9al value #f;d471 half-real & qu>t]-real4 ,! metric sy/em ( weights & measures has be5 adopt$1 b ! old ,spani% /&>ds rema9 9 g5]al use4 ,( ! rev5ue1 ab\t #fd is d]iv$ f cu/oms & excise2 #i f prop]ty1 road1 milit>y1 slaught] & salt taxes2 #a4g f ! gunp[d] monopoly2 & ! rema9d] f v>i\s taxes1 /amps1 gov]nm5t l&s1 & po/al & telegraph s]vices4 ,! e/imat$ rev5ue = #aije-aijf 0 #bc1jjj1jjj pesos 7ab\t ,l#cbh1ejj72 ! e/imat$ exp5diture 0 #bg1cag1fei pesos 7,l#cij1bjj71 ( :i* ,l#bdb1hjj 7 allott$ to ! public debt1 ,l#db1jjj to int]nal developm5t & ju/ice1 ,l#bi1jjj to ! army & ! rema9d] l>gely to education4 ,! gold value ( ! curr5cy peso 7#ge ,l#a 9 #aijc1 #gj ,l#a 9 #aijd1 #eh ,l#a 9 #aije7 fluctuates betwe5 limits s wide t conv]sion into /]l+ 7especially = a s]ies ( ye>s71 ) any pret5sion to accuracy1 is impracticable4 ,9 #ahii ! rate ( ex*ange mov$ betwe5 #gaj & #bjf premium on gold4 ,accord+ to ! (ficial /atem5t1 ! gold debt1 :i* runs *iefly at #d & is held 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 am\nt$ to ,l#a1ihg1ije on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #aije2 ! curr5cy debt 7note issues1 int]nal loans1 c47 am\nt$ to ,l#gjd1gcj2 total ,l#b1fib1fce1 a decrease s9ce #aijj ( ab\t ,l#cjj1jjj4 ,gov]nm5t4--,accord+ to ! con/itution ( ,decemb] #ahgi 7modifi$ 9 #ahhe1 #ahhg1 #ahhi & #aijc7 ! legislative p[] is ve/$ 9 a national assembly ( #fi deputies 7#a = e #bj1jjj inhabitants7 *os5 = #d ye>s by direct popul> vote1 "u univ]sal manhood suffrage4 ,! presid5t ( ! republic is elect$ 9 a simil> mann]1 b = #f ye>s1 & he is !oretically n eligible = ! foll[+ t]m4 ,he is assi/$ by #f m9i/]s1 heads ( gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 & by a c\ncil ( /ate ( #ac memb]s1 p>tly appo9t$ by himself & p>tly by ! national assembly4 ,local ,gov]nm5t4--,ea* ( ! tw5ty-two dep>tm5ts is adm9i/]$ by an (ficial call$ a jefe politico1 or political *ief1 appo9t$ by ! presid5t1 & ea* is subdivid$ into municipal di/ricts4 ,^! di/ricts are adm9i/]$ by "o or m alcaldes or mayors1 assi/$ by municipal c\ncils1 bo? alcaldes & c\ncils be+ *os5 by ! p4 ,ju/ice4--,! judicial p[] is ve/$ 9 a supreme c\rt1 consi/+ ( a *ief ju/ice & f\r associate ju/ices elect$ by ! p2 six appeal c\rts1 ea* ) ?ree judges1 also elect$ by ! p2 & tw5ty-six c\rts ( fir/ in/ance1 ea* consi/+ ( "o judge appo9t$ by ! presid5t & two by ! *ief ju/ice ( ! supreme c\rt4 ,religion & ,in/ruction4--,! prevail+ =m ( religion is ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 b ! /ate recognizes no di/9ction ( cre$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( conv5tual or mona/ic in/itutions is prohibit$4 ,( ! population 9 #ahic1 #ij c\ld nei!r read nor write1 #b c\ld only read1 & #h c\ld read & write4 ,prim>y in/ruction is nom9ally compulsory1 &1 9 gov]nm5t s*ools1 is provid$ at ! co/ ( ! /ate4 ,9 #aijc !re 7 #ajfd gov]nm5t prim>y s*ools4 ,!re are besides ab\t #abh private 7occasionally aid$7 s*ools ( simil> "*1 own]s ( plantations on :i* !re are m ?an t5 *ildr5 be+ oblig$ to provide s*ool accommodation4 ,high] in/ruction is giv5 9 two national in/itutes at ! capital1 "o = m5 ) #ejj pupils & "o = wom5 ) #cjj4 ,at ,quezalt5ango !re are two simil> in/itutes1 & at ,*iquimula !re are o!r two4 ,to ea* ( ! six !re is a s*ool = tea*]s atta*$1 & )9 ! republic !re are f\r o!r s*ools = tea*]s4 ,= pr(essional in/ruction 7law1 m$ic9e1 eng9e]+7 !re are s*ools support$ by private funds1 b aid$ occasionally by ! gov]nm5t4 ,o!r educational e/abli%m5ts are a s*ool ( art1 a national cons]vatory ( music1 a comm]cial college1 f\r trades' s*ools ) m ?an #fjj pupils & a national libr>y4 ,!re is a ,g]man s*ool1 end[$ by ! ,g]man gov]nm5t4 ,def5ce4--,= ! :ite & mix$ population milit>y s]vice is compulsory2 f ! eighte5? to ! ?irtie? ye> ( age 9 ! active army1 & f ! ?irtie? to ! fiftie? 9 ! res]ve4 ,! effective =ce ( ! active army is #ef1ijj1 ( ! res]ve #bi1djj4 ,ab\t #gjjj (fic]s & m5 are kept 9 regul> s]vice4 ,milit>y tra9+ is giv5 9 all public & mo/ private s*ools4 ,hi/ory4--,guatemala 0 conqu]$ by ! ,spani>ds "u ,p$ro de ,alv>ado betwe5 #aebb & #aebd4 ,up to ! ye>s #ahcg-ahci its hi/ory diff]s only 9 m9or details f t ( ! neighb\r+ /ates ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7q4v474 ,! colonial p]iod 0 m>k$ by ! de/ruction ( ! anci5t ,indian civilization1 ! ext]m9ation ( _m entire tribes1 & ! enslavem5t ( ! survivors1 :o 7 exploit$ to ! utmo/ = ! b5efit ( ,spani% (ficials & adv5tur]s4 ,b al?\gh ! adm9i/ration 0 weak1 corrupt & cruel1 x succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 & 9 introduc+ ! ,spani% language among ! ,indians & ,lad9os1 :o ?us obta9$ a t9cture ( civilization & ultimately a desire = m lib]al in/itutions4 ,! ,c5tral ,am]ican prov9ces revolt$ 9 #ahba1 7 annex$ to ! ,mexican empire ( ,iturbide f #ahbb to #ahbc1 & unit$ to =m a f$]al republic f #ahbc to #ahci4 ,9 ,guatemala ! ,cl]ical1 ,cons]vative or anti-,f$]al p>ty 0 supreme2 aft] a protract$ /ruggle x ov]?rew ! ,lib]als or ,f$]ali/s1 & decl>$ ! c\ntry an indep5d5t republic1 ) ,rafael ,c>r]a 7#ahad-ahfe7 z presid5t4 ,9 #ahde an attempt to re/ore ! f$]al union fail$2 9 #ahea ,c>r]a defeat$ ! ,f$]ali/ =ces ( ,honduras & ,salvador at ,la ,arada ne> ,*iquimula1 & 0 recogniz$ z ! pacificator ( ! republic4 ,9 #ahea a new con/itution 0 promulgat$1 & ,c>r]a 0 appo9t$ presid5t till #ahef1 a dignity :i* 0 9 #ahed be/[$ ^u him = life4 ,8 rivalry ) ,g]>do ,b>rios 7d4 #ahfe71 presid5t ( ,salvador1 result$ 9 op5 w> 9 #ahfc4 ,at ,coatepeque ! ,guatemalans suff]$ a sev]e defeat1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a truce4 ,honduras n[ jo9$ ) ,salvador1 & ,nic>agua & ,co/a ,rica ) ,guatemala4 ,! conte/ 0 f9ally settl$ 9 fav\r ( ,c>r]a1 :o besieg$ & occupi$ ,san ,salvador & made himself dom9ant also 9 ,honduras & ,nic>agua4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( 8 rule1 :i* la/$ till 8 dea? 9 ,april #ahfe1 he cont9u$ to act 9 conc]t ) ! ,cl]ical p>ty1 & endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 fri5dly relations ) ! ,european gov]nm5ts4 ,c>r]a's successor 0 ,g5]al ,c]na1 :o _h be5 recomm5d$ by him = election4 ,! ,lib]al p>ty began to rise 9 influ5ce ab\t #ahgj1 & 9 ,may #ahga ,c]na 0 depos$4 ,! ar*bi%op ( ,guatemala & ! ,jesuits 7 driv5 into exile z intrigu]s 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,cl]icals4 ,pres4 ,ruf9o ,b>rios 7#ahce-ahhe71 elect$ 9 #ahgc1 gov]n$ ! c\ntry aft] ! mann] ( a dictator2 he expell$ ! ,jesuits1 confiscat$ _! prop]ty & dise/abli%$ & dis5d[$ ! *ur*4 ,b ?\gh he enc\rag$ education1 promot$ railway & o!r ent]prises1 & succe$$ 9 settl+ difficulties z to ! ,mexican b\nd>y1 ! g5]al result ( 8 policy 0 baneful4 ,conspiracies aga9/ him 7 rife1 & 9 #ahhd he n>r[ly escap$ assass9ation4 ,8 ambition 0 to be ! re/or] ( ! f$]al union ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican /ates1 & :5 8 ef=ts t[>ds ?is end by peaceful means fail$ he _h rec\rse to ! sword4 ,c\nt+ on ! support ( ,honduras & ,salvador1 he proclaim$ himself1 9 ,febru>y #ahhe1 ! supreme milit>y *ief ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & claim$ ! comm& ( all ! =ces )9 ! five /ates4 ,presid5t ,zaldiv>1 ( ,salvador1 _h be5 8 fri5d1 b aft] ! issue ( ! decree ( union he ent]$ into a def5sive alliance ) ,co/a ,rica & ,nic>agua4 ,9 ,m>* ,b>rios invad$ ,salvador1 & on ! #bnd ( ,april a battle 0 f\ght1 9 :i* ! ,guatemalan presid5t 0 kill$4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,g5]al ,manuel ,b>illas4 ,no fur!r ef=t 0 made to =ce on ! union1 & on ! #af? ( ,april ! w> 0 =mally end$4 ,peace1 h[ev]1 only provid$ opportunity = dome/ic conspiracy1 ) assass9ation & revolution 9 view4 ,9 #ahib ,g5]al ,jose ,m>ia ,re9a ,b>rios 0 elect$ presid5t1 & 9 #ahig he 0 re-elect$2 b on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahih he 0 assass9at$4 ,s5or ,morales1 vice-presid5t1 succe$$ him2 b 9 ! same ye> ,don ,manuel ,e/rada ,cabr]a 7b4 #aheg7 0 elect$ presid5t = ! t]m end+ #aije4 ,cabr]a promot$ education1 comm]ce & ! improvem5t ( communications1 b 8 re-election = ! t]m #aije-aiaa caus$ widespread discont5t4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) aim+ at a dictator%ip1 ) p]mitt+ or ev5 enc\rag+ ! imprisonm5t1 torture & execution )\t trial ( political oppon5ts1 ) maladm9i/ration ( ! f9ances & ) aggression aga9/ ! neighb\r+ /ates4 ,a well-arm$ =ce1 :i* includ$ a body ( adv5tur]s f ,san ,francisco 7,u4,s4,a47 0 organiz$ by ,g5]al ,b>illas1 ! ex-presid5t1 & invad$ ,guatemala 9 ,m>* #aijf f ,mexico1 ,briti% ,honduras & ,salvador4 ,b>illas 7#ahde-aijg7 proclaim$ 8 int5tion ( e/abli%+ a silv] curr5cy1 & ga9$1 to a great ext5t1 ! sympa?y ( ! ,g]man & ,briti% resid5ts2 he _h be5 ! sole ,guatemalan presid5t :o _h n s\ght to prolong 8 own t5ure ( (fice4 ,ocos 0 captur$ by 8 lieut5ant1 ,g5]al ,ca/illo1 & ! revolution spe$ily became a w>1 9 :i* ,honduras1 ,co/a ,rica & ,salvador 7 op5ly involv$ aga9/ ,guatemala1 :ile ,nic>agua 0 ho/ile4 ,b ,cabr]a held 8 gr\nd1 & ev5 ga9$ sev]al indecisive victories4 ,! int]v5tion ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt & ( ,presid5t ,diaz ( ,mexico br\ght ab\t an armi/ice on ! #ai? ( ,july1 & ! s-call$ ,m>blehead ,pact 0 sign$ on ! foll[+ day on bo>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates cruis] ,m>blehead4 ,its t]ms 7 embodi$ 9 a treaty sign$ 7#bh? ( ,septemb]7 by repres5tatives ( ! f\r bellig]5t /ates1 ,nic>agua tak+ no "p 9 ! negotiations4 ,! treaty includ$ regulations = ! improvem5t ( comm]ce & navigation 9 ! area affect$ by ! w>1 & provid$ = ! settlem5t ( subsequ5t disputes by ! arbitration ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,,bibliography4--,besides ! works cit$ "u ,,c5tral ,,am]ica see ! int]e/+ n>rative ( ,?omas ,gage1 ! ,engli% mission>y1 9 ,ju>ros1 ,comp5dio de la hi/oria de ,guatemala 7#ahjh-ahah1 #b vols42 new ed41 #aheg71 :i* 9 ,bailly's ,engli% translation 7,london1 #ahbc7 long =m$ ! *ief au?ority4 ,see also ,c4 ,juan ,an9o1 ,la ,republica de ,guatemala 7,guatemala1 #ahid72 ,t4 ,brigham1 ,guatemala1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,quetzal 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,j4 ,m4 ,cac]es1 ,geografia de ,c5tro-,am]ica 7,p>is1 #ahhb72 ,g4 ,lemale1 ,guia geografica de los c5tros de poblacion de la republica de ,guatemala 7,guatemala1 #ahhb72 ,f4 ,a4 de ,fu5tes y ,guzman1 ,hi/oria de ,guatemala o ,recordacion ,florida 7,madrid1 #ahhb72 ,a4 ,c4 & ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay1 ,a ,glimpse at ,guatemala1 & "s ,notes on ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7,london1 #ahii72 ,gu/avo ,ni$]le91 ,! ,republic ( ,guatemala 7,philadelphia1 #ahih72 ,ramon ,a4 ,salaz>1 ,hi/oria del dis5volvimi5to intelectual de ,guatemala1 vol4 i4 7,guatemala1 #ahig72 ,otto ,/oll1 ,reis5 und ,s*ild]ung5 aus d5 ,jahr5 #ahgh-ahhc 7,leipzig1 #ahhf72 ,j4 ,m5dez1 ,guia del immigrante en la republica de ,guatemala 7,guatemala1 #ahie72 ,k>l ,sapp]1 ,grundzuge d] physikalis*5 ,geographie von ,guatemala1 ,erganzung%eft ,no4 #aae1 ,pet]mann's ,mitteilung5 7,go?a1 #ahid72 ,anu>io de e/adi/ica de la republica de ,guatemala 7,guatemala72 ,memoria de la ,secret>ia de ,in/ruccion ,publica 7,guatemala1 #ahii72 ,h&book ( ,guatemala1 revis$ 7,bureau ( ! ,am]ican ,republics1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahig72 ,unit$ ,/ates ,consul> ,reports 7,wa%+ton72 ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice ,diplomatic & ,consul> ,reports 7,london74 ,,guatemala1 or ,,guatemala ,,la ,,nueva 7i4e4 ,new ,guatemala1 sometimes writt5 ,nueva ,guatemala1 & =m]ly ,santiago de los ,caball]os de ,guatemala71 ! capital ( ! republic ( ,guatemala1 & until #ahba ( ! ,spani% capta9cy-g5]al ( ,guatemala1 :i* compris$ ,*iapas 9 ,mexico & all ,c5tral ,am]ica except ,panama4 ,pop4 7#aije7 ab\t #ig1jjj4 ,guatemala is built m ?an #ejjj ft4 above sea-level1 9 a wide table-l& trav]s$ by ! ,rio de las ,vacas1 or ,c[ ,riv]1 s call$ f ! cattle introduc$ "h by ,spani% coloni/s 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,deep rav9es m>k ! edge ( ! table-l&1 & beyond x l(ty m\nta9s rise on e side1 ! highe/ peaks be+ on ! s\?1 :]e ! volcanic summits ( ! ,si]ra ,madre exce$ #ab1jjj ft4 ,guatemala has a /ation on ! transcont95tal railway f ,pu]to ,b>rios on ! ,atlantic 7#aij m4 ,n4,e47 to ,san ,jose on ! ,pacific 7#ge m4 ,s4 by ,w474 ,x is ?rice ! size ( any o!r city 9 ! republic1 & has a correspond+ comm]cial sup]iority4 ,its ar*bi%op is ! primate ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7exclud+ ,panama74 ,l mo/ ,spani%-,am]ican t[ns ,guatemala is laid out 9 wide & regul> /reets1 (t5 plant$ ) av5ues ( trees1 & x has ext5sive suburbs4 ,! h\ses1 ?\gh usually ( only "o /orey1 are solidly & com=tably con/ruct$2 _m ( !m are surr\nd$ by l>ge g>d5s & c\rts4 ,among ! op5 spaces ! *ief are ! ,plaza ,mayor1 :i* conta9s ! ca!dral1 erect$ 9 #agcj1 ! ar*iepiscopal palace1 ! gov]nm5t build+s1 ! m9t & o!r public (fices2 & ! m mod]n ,re=ma ,p>k & ,plaza de la ,concordia1 n[ ! fav\rite resorts ( ! inhabitants4 ,!re are _m l>ge s*ools = bo? sexes1 besides hospitals & an orphanage4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal build+s1 su* z ! milit>y academy1 7 orig9ally conv5ts4 ,! !atre1 f\nd$ 9 #aheh1 is "o ( ! be/ 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,a museum1 f\nd$ 9 #ahca1 is ma9ta9$ by ! ,soci$ad ,economica1 :i* 9 v>i\s ways has done great s]vice to ! city & ! c\ntry4 ,!re are two =tresses1 ! ,ca/ello ,matamoros1 built by ,rafael ,c>r]a 7see ,,guatemala republic "u ,hi/ory71 & ! ,ca/ello de ,san ,jose4 ,wat] is br\ght f a di/ance ( ab\t #h m4 by two old aqu$ucts f ! t[ns ( ,mixco & ,p9ula2 fuel & provisions are l>gely suppli$ by ! ,pokoman ,indians ( ,mixco4 ,! g5]al prosp]ity1 & to "s ext5t ! appe>ance1 ( ,guatemala h procur$ x ! "n ( ! ,p>is ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is light$ by electricity & has a good telephone s]vice4 ,its trade is *iefly 9 c(fee1 b x also possesses cig> factories1 wool & cotton factories1 brew]ies1 tann]ies & o!r indu/rial e/abli%m5ts4 ,! =eign trade is *iefly controll$ by ,g]mans4 ,! fir/ city nam$ ,guatemala1 n[ call$ ,ciudad ,vieja or ,old ,city1 0 f\nd$ 9 #aebg by ,p$ro de ,alv>ado1 ! conqu]or ( ! c\ntry1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,p5sativo1 & at ! foot ( ! volcano ( ,agua 7i4e4 ,wat]74 ,9 #aeda x 0 ov]:elm$ by a deluge ( wat] f ! flood$ crat] ( ,agua2 & 9 #aedb ,alv>ado f\nd$ ,santiago de los ,caball]os la ,nueva1 n[ ,antigua4 ,?is city fl\ri%$ greatly1 & by ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury _h become ! mo/ popul\s place 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ) #fj1jjj inhabitants & m ?an #ajj *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,b 9 #aggc x 0 ru9$ by an e>?quake4 ,x 0 rebuilt1 & ultimately became capital ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,sacatepeques1 & a heal?-resort locally celebrat$ = its !rmal spr+s4 ,b ! ,guatemalans det]m9$ to f\nd a new capital on ! site occupi$ by ! hamlet ( ,ermita1 #bg m4 ,n4,e4 ,"h ! ?ird & la/ city ( ,guatemala 0 built1 & became ! seat ( gov]nm5t 9 #aggi4 ,! rem>kable regul>ity ( ! /reets is due to ! con/ruction ( ! city on a uni=m plan4 ,! wide area cov]$1 & ! l[ness ( ! h\ses1 7 simil>ly due to an ord9ance :i*1 9 ord] to m9imize ! dang] f e>?quakes1 =bade ! erection ( any build+ m ?an #bj ft4 high4 ,_m ( ! belfries ( conv5ts or *ur*es1 add$ aft] ! ord9ance _h fall5 into abeyance1 7 ov]?r[n by ! e>?quake ( #ahgd1 :i* also de/roy$ a l>ge "p ( ,antigua4 ,,guatos1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians ( ! upp] ,p>aguay4 ,!y are ( a ,european fairness & we> be>ds4 ,!y live almo/ entirely 9 canoes1 build+ r\gh %elt]s 9 ! swamps4 ,!y aid$ ! ,brazilians 9 ! w> ) ,p>aguay #ahfe-gj4 ,v few survive4 ,,guatusos1 a tribe ( ,am]ican ,indians ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,!y are an active1 h>dy p1 :o h always ma9ta9$ ho/ility t[>ds ! ,spani>ds & reta9 _! indep5d5ce4 ,f _! language !y appe> to be a di/9ct /ock4 ,!y 7 describ$ by old writ]s z be+ v fair1 ) flax5 hair1 & ^! reports l$ to a belief1 s9ce explod$1 t !y 7 ,european hybrids4 ,!re are v few surviv+4 ,,guava 7f ! ,mexican guayaba71 ! "n appli$ to ! fruits ( species ( ,psidium1 a g5us belong+ to ! natural ord] ,myrtaceae4 ,! species :i* produces ! bulk ( ! guava fruits ( comm]ce is ,psidium ,guajava1 a small tree f #ae to #bj ft4 high1 a native ( ! tropical p>ts ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x be>s %ort-/alk$ ovate or oblong leaves1 ) /rongly m>k$ ve9s1 & cov]$ ) a s(t tom5tum or d[n4 ,! fl[]s are borne on axill>y /alks1 & ! fruits v>y mu* 9 size1 %ape & col\r1 num]\s =ms & v>ieties be+ kn[n & cultivat$4 ,! v>iety ( :i* ! fruits are mo/ valu$ is t :i* is sometimes call$ ! :ite guava 7,p4 ,guajava1 v>4 pyrif]um74 ,! fruits are pe>-%ap$1 ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg1 cov]$ ) a ?9 bright yell[ or :iti% sk9 fill$ ) s(t pulp1 also ( a light yell[i% t+e1 & hav+ a pleasant sweet-acid & some:at aromatic flav\r4 ,p4 ,guajava1 v>4 pomif]um1 produces a m globul> or apple-%ap$ fruit1 sometimes call$ ! r$ guava4 ,! pulp ( ?is v>iety is mo/ly ( a d>k] col\r ?an ! =m] & n ( s f9e a flav\r1 !re=e ! fir/ nam$ is mo/ e/eem$ = eat+ 9 a raw /ate2 bo?1 h[ev]1 are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( two k9ds ( pres]ve kn[n z guava jelly & guava *eese1 :i* are made 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & import$ !nce to ,engl&2 ! fruits are ( mu* too p]i%able a nature to all[ ( _! importation 9 _! natural /ate4 ,bo? v>ieties h be5 introduc$ into v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 z well z 9 o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/1 :]e !y h become p]fectly naturaliz$4 ,?\gh ( c\rse mu* too t5d] = outdoor plant+ 9 ,engl&1 ! guava ?rives !re 9 ho?\ses or /oves4 ,psidium v>iabile 7also kn[n z ,p4 ,cattleyanum71 a tree ( f #aj to #bj ft4 high1 a native ( ,brazil 7! ,araca or ,araca de ,praya71 is kn[n z ! purple guava4 ,! fruit1 :i* is v abundantly produc$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves1 is l>ge1 sph]ical1 ( a f9e deep cl>et col\r2 ! r9d is pitt$1 & ! pulp is s(t1 fle%y1 purpli%1 r$di% next ! sk91 b becom+ pal] t[>ds ! middle & 9 ! c5tre almo/ or q :ite4 ,x has a v agreeable acid-sweet flav\r1 :i* has be5 lik5$ to t ( a /rawb]ry4 ,,guayama1 a small city & ! capital ( a municipal di/rict & dep>tm5t ( ! same "n1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,porto ,rico1 #ec m4 ,s4 ( ,san ,juan4 ,pop4 7#ahii7 ( ! city1 #eccd2 7#aiaj7 #hcba2 7#ahii7 ( ! di/rict1 #ab1gdi4 ,! di/rict 7#aef sq4 m47 includes ,arroyo & ,sal9as4 ,! city /&s ab\t #bcj ft4 above ! sea & has a mild1 heal?y climate4 ,x is connect$ ) ,ponce by railway 7#aiaj71 & ) ! port ( ,arroyo by an excell5t road1 "p ( ! milit>y road ext5d+ to ,cayey1 & x exports sug>1 rum1 tobacco1 c(fee1 cattle1 fruit & o!r products ( ! dep>tm5t1 :i* is v f]tile4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ 9 #agcf1 b 0 completely de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahcb4 ,x 0 rebuilt on a rectangul> plan & possesses sev]al build+s ( note4 ,dr9k+-wat] is br\ght 9 ?r\gh an aqu$uct4 ,,guayaquil1 or ,,santiago ,,de ,,guayaquil1 a city & port ( ,ecuador1 capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,guayas1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,guayas riv]1 #cc m4 above its entrance into ! ,gulf ( ,guayaquil1 9 #b deg4 #ab' ,s41 #gi deg4 #ea' ,w4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #dd1ggb2 7#ahig1 e/imate7 #ea1jjj1 mo/ly half-bre$s4 ,! city is built on a comp>atively level pajonal or savanna1 ext5d+ s\?w>d f ! base ( ?ree l[ hills1 call$ ,los ,c]ros de la ,cruz1 betwe5 ! riv] & ! p>tially fill$ wat]s ( ! ,e/]o ,salado4 ,x is ab\t #cj ft4 above sea-level1 & ! l[] p>ts ( ! t[n are p>tially flood$ 9 ! ra9y season4 ,! old t[n is ! upp] or nor!rn "p1 & is inhabit$ by ! poor] classes1 its /reets be+ badly pav$1 crook$1 undra9$1 dirty & pe/il5tial4 ,! great fire ( #ahif de/roy$ a l>ge "p ( ! old t[n1 & "s ( its insanit>y conditions 7 improv$ 9 rebuild+4 ,! new t[n1 or s\!rn "p1 is ! bus9ess & resid5tial qu>t] ( ! bett] classes1 b ! build+s are *iefly ( wood & ! /reets are provid$ ) surface dra9age only4 ,among ! public build+s are ! gov]nor's & bi%op's palaces1 t[n-hall1 ca!dral & #i *ur*es1 national college1 episcopal sem9>y & s*ools ( law & m$ic9e1 !atre1 two hospitals1 cu/om-h\se1 & sev]al asylums & *>itable in/itutions4 ,guayaquil is also ! seat ( a univ]sity corporation ) faculties ( law & m$ic9e4 ,a peculi>ity ( ,guayaquil is t ! upp] floors 9 ! bus9ess /reets project ov] ! walks1 =m+ cov]$ arcades4 ,! ye> is divid$ into a wet & dry season1 ! =m] f ,janu>y to ,june1 :5 ! hot days are foll[$ by nights ( dr5*+ ra94 ,! mean annual temp]ature is ab\t #hb deg4 to #hc deg4 ,f42 mal>ial & bili\s fev]s are common1 ! latt] be+ kn[n z ,guayaquil fev]1 & epidemics ( yell[ fev] are frequ5t4 ,! dry or summ] season is consid]$ pleasant & heal?y4 ,! wat]-supply is n[ br\ght 9 ?r\gh iron ma9s f ! ,cordill]as #ec m4 di/ant4 ,! ma9s pass "u ! ,guayas riv] & dis*>ge into a l>ge di/ribut+ res]voir on "o ( ! hills ,n4 ( ! city4 ,! city is provid$ ) tramway & telephone s]vices1 ! /reets are light$ ) gas & electricity1 & telegraph communication ) ! outside _w is ma9ta9$ by means ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ cable1 :i* l&s at ! small port ( ,santa ,el5a1 on ! ,pacific coa/1 ab\t #fe m4 ,w4 ( ,guayaquil4 ,railway connexion ) ,quito 7#bij m47 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,june #aijh4 ,!re is also /eamboat connexion ) ! produc+ di/ricts ( ! prov9ce on ! ,guayas riv] & its tribut>ies1 on :i* boats run regul>ly z f> up z ,bodegas 7#hj m47 9 ! dry season1 & = a di/ance ( #dj m4 on ! ,daule4 ,= small] boats !re are ab\t #bjj m4 ( navigation on ?is sy/em ( riv]s4 ,! exports ( ! prov9ce are almo/ :olly transport$ on ^! riv]s1 & are %ipp$ ei!r at ,guayaquil1 or at ,puna1 its deep-wat] port1 #f-a_/b m4 outside ! ,guayas b>1 on ! ,e4 end ( ,puna ,isl&4 ,! ,guayas riv] is navigable up to ,guayaquil = /eam]s draw+ #bb ft4 ( wat]2 l>g] vessels an*or at ,puna1 #dj m4 f ,guayaquil1 :]e c>goes & pass5g]s are transf]r$ to light]s & t5d]s4 ,!re is a quay on ! riv] front1 b ! dep? alongside does n exce$ #ah ft4 ,! pr9cipal exports are cacao1 rubb]1 c(fee1 tobacco1 hides1 cotton1 ,panama hats1 c9*ona b>k & ivory nuts1 ! value ( all exports = ! ye> #aije be+ #ad1adh1hgg sucres1 9 a total ( #ah1efe1ffh sucres = ! :ole republic4 ,9 #aijh ! exports 73 cacao1 ab\t #fd1jjj1jjj lb41 valu$ at #f1djj1jjj2 hides1 valu$ at #ace1jjj2 rubb]1 valu$ at #bce1jjj2 c(fee1 valu$ at #bgc1jjj2 & vegetable ivory1 valu$ at #ajb1jjj4 ,!re are "s small indu/ries 9 ! city1 includ+ a %ipy>d1 saw-mills1 f\ndry1 sug> ref9]ies1 cotton & wooll5 mills1 brew]y1 & manufactures ( soap1 cig>s1 *ocolate1 ice1 soda-wat] & liqueurs4 ,santiago de ,guayaquil 0 f\nd$ on ,/ ,james's day1 ! #be? ( ,july #aece1 by ,seba/ian de ,b5alcaz>1 b 0 twice ab&on$ be=e its p]man5t settlem5t 9 #aecg by ,francesco de ,orellana4 ,x 0 captur$ & sack$ sev]al times 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies by pirates & freeboot]s--by ,jacob ,cl>k 9 #afbd1 by ,fr5* pirates 9 #afhf1 by ,engli% freeboot]s "u ,edw>d ,david 9 #afhg1 by ,william ,dampi] 9 #agjg & by ,clapp]ton 9 #agji4 ,def5sive works 7 erect$ 9 #agcj1 & 9 #agfc1 :5 ! t[n 0 made a gov]nor's resid5ce1 a ca/le & o!r =tifications 7 con/ruct$4 ,ow+ to ! flimsy con/ruction ( its build+s ,guayaquil has be5 repeat$ly burn$1 ! great] fires occurr+ 9 #agjg1 #agfd1 #ahfe1 #ahif & #ahii4 ,! city 0 made ! see ( a bi%opric 9 #ahcg4 ,,guayas1 or ,,el ,,guayas1 a coa/ prov9ce ( ,ecuador1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ,manabi & ,pi*9*a1 ,e4 by ,los ,rios1 ,can> & ,azuay1 ,s4 by ,el ,oro & ! ,gulf ( ,guayaquil1 & ,w4 by ! same gulf1 ! ,pacific ,ocean & ! prov9ce ( ,manabi4 ,pop4 7#ahic1 e/imate7 #ih1ajj2 area1 #aa1ejd sq4 m4 ,x is v irregul> 9 =m & comprises ! l[ alluvial di/ricts surr\nd+ ! ,gulf ( ,guayaquil betwe5 ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as & ! coa/4 ,x includes 7s9ce #ahhe7 ! ,galapagos ,isl&s1 ly+ #fjj m4 (f ! coa/4 ,! prov9ce ( ,guayas is heavily =e/$ & trav]s$ by num]\s riv]s1 = ! mo/ "p tribut>ies ( ! ,guayas riv]1 :i* ent]s ! gulf f ! ,n4 ,?is riv] sy/em has a dra9age area ( ab\t #ad1jjj sq4 m4 & an aggregate ( #bjj m4 ( navigable *annels 9 ! ra9y season4 ,its pr9cipal tribut>ies are ! ,daule & ,babahoyo or ,*imbo 7also call$ ,bodegas71 & ( ! latt] ! ,v9ces & ,yagua*i4 ,! climate is hot1 humid & unheal?y1 bili\s & mal>ial fev]s be+ preval5t4 ,! ra9fall is abundant & ! soil is deep & f]tile4 ,agriculture & ! collection ( =e/ products are ! *ief indu/ries4 ,! /aple products are cacao1 c(fee1 sug>-cane1 cotton1 tobacco & rice4 ,! cultivation ( cacao is ! pr9cipal indu/ry1 ! exports =m+ ab\t "o-?ird ! _w's supply4 ,/ock-rais+ is also c>ri$ on to a limit$ ext5t4 ,among =e/ products are rubb]1 c9*ona b>k1 toquilla fibre & ivory nuts4 ,! manufacture ( s-call$ ,panama hats f ! fibre ( ! toquilla palm 7commonly call$ jipijapa1 aft] a t[n 9 ,manabi fam\s = ?is indu/ry7 is a long-e/abli%$ dome/ic indu/ry among ! natives ( ?is & o!r coa/ prov9ces1 ! humidity ( ! climate greatly facilitat+ ! "w ( plait+ ! delicate /raws1 :i* w\ld be brok5 9 a dry atmosph]e4 ,guayas is ! *ief indu/rial & comm]cial prov9ce ( ! republic1 ab\t n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! comm]ce ( ,ecuador pass+ ?r\gh ! port ( its capital1 ,guayaquil4 ,!re are no l& transport r\tes 9 ! prov9ce except ! ,quito ,guayaquil railway1 :i* trav]ses its ea/]n half4 ,! sluggi% riv] *annels :i* int]sect ! great] "p ( its t]ritory af=d excell5t facilities = transport+ produce1 & a l>ge numb] ( small boats are regul>ly engag$ 9 t traffic4 ,!re are no l>ge t[ns 9 ,guayas o!r ?an ,guayaquil4 ,duran1 on ! ,guayas riv] opposite ,guayaquil1 is ! />t+ po9t ( ! ,quito railway & conta9s ! %ops & (fices ( t l9e4 ,! port ( ,santa ,el5a on a bay ( ! same "n1 ab\t #fe m4 ,w4 ( ,guayaquil1 is a l&+-po9t ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ cable1 & a port ( call = "s ( ! regul> /eam%ip l9es4 ,its exports are *iefly ,panama hats & salt4 ,,guaycurus1 a tribe ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians on ! ,p>aguay4 ,! "n has be5 us$ g5]ally ( all ! m\nt$ ,indians ( ,gran ,*aco4 ,! ,guaycurus are a wild1 fi]ce p1 :o pa9t _! bodies & g nak$4 ,!y are fe>less horsem5 & are occupi$ *iefly 9 cattle re>+4 ,,guaymas1 or ,,san ,,jose ,,de ,,guaymas1 a seaport ( ,mexico1 9 ! /ate ( ,sonora1 on a small bay op5+ into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia a few miles ,w4 ( ! m\? ( ! ,yaqui riv]1 9 lat4 #bg deg4 #eh' ,n41 long4 #aaj deg4 #eh' ,w4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #hfdh4 ,! h>b\r is "o ( ! be/ on ! ,w4 coa/ ( ,mexico1 & ! port is a pr9cipal outlet = ! products ( ! l>ge /ate ( ,sonora4 ,! t[n /&s on a small1 arid pla91 ne>ly %ut 9 by m\nta9s1 & has a v hot1 dry climate4 ,x is connect$ ) ! railways ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a bran* ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific f ,b5son1 ,arizona1 & is #bcj m4 ,s4 by ,w4 ( ! fronti] t[n ( ,nogales1 :]e t l9e ent]s ,mexico4 ,! exports include gold1 silv]1 hides & pe>ls4 ,,gubbio 7anc4 ,iguvium1 q4v42 m$4 ,eugubium71 a t[n & episcopal see ( ,umbria1 ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,p]ugia1 f :i* x is #bc m4 ,n4,n4,e4 by road2 by rail x is #ac m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,fossato di ,vico 7on ! l9e betwe5 ,foligno & ,ancona7 & #gj m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,arezzo4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #eghc 7t[n72 #bf1gah 7commune74 ,gubbio is situat$ at ! foot & on ! /eep slopes ( ,monte ,calvo1 f #aefh to #agce ft4 above sea-level1 at ! entrance to ! gorge :i* asc5ds to ,s*eggia1 probably on ! site ( ! anci5t ,umbrian t[n4 ,x pres5ts a m>k$ly m$ieval appe>ance4 ,! mo/ prom95t build+ is ! ,palazzo dei ,consoli1 on ! ,n4 side ( ! ,piazza della ,signoria2 x is a huge ,go?ic edifice ) a t[]1 erect$ 9 #accb-acdf1 accord+ to tradition1 by ,matteo di ,giovanello ( ,gubbio1 ! "n ( ,angelo da ,orvieto occurs on ! ar* ( ! ma9 door1 b 8 "w may be limit$ to ! sculptures ( ?is ar*4 ,x has two /ories above ! gr\nd floor1 &1 be+ on ! slope ( ! hill1 is1 l ! :ole piazza1 rais$ on ar*$ sub/ructures4 ,on ! ,s4 side ( ! piazza is ! ,palazzo ,pretorio1 or della ,pode/a1 begun 9 #acdi & n[ ! municipal palace4 ,x conta9s ! fam\s ,tabulae ,iguv9ae1 & a collection ( pa9t+s ( ! ,umbrian s*ool1 ( furniture & ( majolica4 ,on ! ,e4 side is ! mod]n ,palazzo ,ranghiasci-,brancaleone1 :i* until #ahhb conta9$ f9e collections1 n[ disp]s$4 ,above ! ,piazza della ,signoria1 at ! highe/ po9t ( ! t[n1 is ! ,palazzo ,ducale1 erect$ by ! dukes ( ,urb9o 9 #adgd-adhj2 ! ar*itect 01 9 all probability1 ,lucio da ,laurana1 to :om is due ! palace at ,urb9o1 :i* ?is palace resembles1 especially 9 its f9e colonnad$ c\rt4 ,! ,palazzo ,b5i1 l[] d[n1 belongs to a some:at e>li] p]iod ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,pope ,m>t9 ,v4 lodg$ "h = a few days 9 #adbj4 ,! ,palazzo ,accoramboni1 on ! o!r h&1 is a ,r5aissance /ructure1 ) a f9e entrance ar*4 ,"h ,vittoria ,accoramboni 0 born 9 #aeeg4 ,opposite ! ,palazzo ,ducale is ! ca!dral1 d$icat$ to ,,ss4 ,m>iano e ,jacopo1 a /ructure ( ! #ab? c5tury1 ) a facade1 adorn$ ) contempor>y sculptures1 p>tly re/or$ 9 #aead-aeej4 ,! int]ior conta9s "s good pictures by ,umbrian arti/s1 a f9e episcopal ?rone 9 c>v$ wood1 & a f9e ,flemi% cope giv5 by ,pope ,m>cellus ,,ii4 7#aeee7 9 ! sacri/y4 ,! ext]ior ( ! ,go?ic *ur* ( ,s4 ,francesco1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! t[n1 built 9 #abei1 pres]ves its orig9al /yle1 b ! int]ior has be5 mod]niz$2 & ! same fate has ov]tak5 ! ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova & ,s4 ,pietro4 ,s4 ,ago/9o1 on ! o!r h&1 has its ,go?ic int]ior bett] pres]v$4 ,! :ole t[n is full ( specim5s ( m$ieval ar*itecture1 ! po9t$ ar* ( ! #ac? c5tury be+ especially preval5t4 ,a rem>kable procession takes place 9 ,gubbio on ! #ae? ( ,may 9 ea* ye>1 9 hon\r ( ,s4 ,ubaldo1 :5 ?ree colossal wood5 p$e/als1 ea* ov] #cj ft4 high1 & cr[n$ by /atues ( ,,ss4 ,ubaldo1 ,antonio & ,giorgio1 are c>ri$ ?r\gh ! t[n1 & !n1 9 a wild race1 up to ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ubaldo on ! m\nta9-side 7#bfij ft474 ,see ,h4 ,m4 ,b[]1 ,! ,elevation & ,procession ( ! ,c]i at ,gubbio 7,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahig74 ,aft] its recon/ruction ) ! help ( ,n>ses 7see ,,iguvium7 ! t[n rema9$ subject to ! ex>*s ( ,rav5na1 &1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,lomb>d k+dom 9 #ggd1 =m$ "p ( ! donation ( ,*>lemagne to ! pope4 ,9 ! #aa? c5tury ! beg9n+s ( its indep5d5ce may be trac$4 ,9 ! /ruggles ( t "t x 0 g5]ally on ! ,ghibell9e side4 ,9 #aaea x repell$ an attack ( sev]al neighb\r+ cities1 & =m$ f ?is "t a republic gov]n$ by consuls4 ,9 #aaee x 0 besieg$ by ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i41 b sav$ by ! int]v5tion ( its bi%op1 ,s4 ,ubaldo1 & 0 grant$ privileges by ! emp]or4 ,9 #abjc x _h its fir/ pode/a1 & f ?is p]iod dates ! rise ( its importance4 ,9 #achg1 aft] v>i\s political *anges1 x surr5d]$ to ,antonio da ,montefeltro ( ,urb9o1 & rema9$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! dukes ( ,urb9o until1 9 #afbd1 ! :ole du*y 0 c$$ to ! pope4 ,gubbio 0 ! bir?place ( ,od]isio1 a fam\s m9iature pa9t] 7#abdj-abii71 m5tion$ by ,dante z ! hon\r ( 8 native t[n 7,purg4 xi4 #hj l'onor d',agobbio71 b no au!ntic works by him exi/4 ,9 ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies a bran* ( ! ,umbrian s*ool ( pa9t+ fl\ri%$ "h1 ! mo/ fam\s ma/]s ( :i* 7 ,guido ,palm]ucci 7#abhj-acde87 & sev]al memb]s ( ! ,nelli family1 p>ticul>ly ,ottaviano 7d4 #addd71 ^: be/ "w is ! ,madonna del ,belv$]e 9 ,s4 ,m>ia ,nuova at ,gubbio 7#adjd71 extremely well pres]v$1 ) bright col\r+ & f9e details4 ,ano!r "w by him is ! gr\p ( frescoes includ+ a l>ge ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & sc5es f ! life ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ago/9o1 discov]$ 9 #aijb "u a coat+ ( :itewa%4 ,^! pa9t]s seem to h be5 influ5c$ by ! contempor>y ma/]s ( ! ,si5ese s*ool4 ,gubbio occupies a f> m important place 9 ! hi/ory ( majolica4 ,9 a decree ( #adch a vas>ius vasorum pictorum is m5tion$1 :o probably 0 n ! fir/ ( 8 trade4 ,! art 0 br\ght to p]fection by ,giorgio ,&reoli1 ^: fa!r _h emigrat$ hi!r f ,pavia1 & :o 9 #adih became a citiz5 ( ,gubbio4 ,! works by 8 h& are rem>kable = _! ruby t9t1 ) a beautiful metallic lu/re2 b only "o small tazza rema9s 9 ,gubbio itself4 ,8 art 0 c>ri$ on by 8 sons1 ,c5cio & ,ubaldo1 b 0 aft]w>ds lo/1 & only recov]$ 9 #ahec by ,angelico ,fabbri & ,luigi ,c>occi4 ,two miles outside ,porta ,metauro to ! ,n4,e4 is ! ,bottaccione1 a l>ge wat] res]voir1 con/ruct$ 9 ! #ab? or #ad? c5tury2 ! wat] is collect$ 9 ! b$ ( a /ream by a massive dam4 ,see ,a4 ,colasanti1 ,gubbio 7,b]gamo1 #aije72 ,l4 ,mc,cracken1 ,gubbio 7,london1 #aije74 7,t4 ,z47 ,,gub51 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,prussia1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,lubis ) ! ,neisse1 #bh m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,frank=t-on-,od]1 at ! junction ( railways to ,breslau1 ,halle & ,=/4 ,pop4 7#ahge7 #bc1gjd2 7#aije7 #cf1fff4 ,x possesses ?ree ,evangelical *ur*es1 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a synagogue1 a gymnasium1 a mod]n s*ool1 a museum & a !atre4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries are ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( wool1 dye+1 tann+1 & ! manufacture ( pott]y w>e1 hats1 clo?1 pap] & ma*9]y4 ,! v9e is cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood to "s ext5t1 & !re is also "s trade 9 fruit & vegetables4 ,gub5 is ( ,w5di% orig94 ,x is m5tion$ 9 #abjg & receiv$ civic rights 9 #abce4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by walls 9 #acaa1 ab\t :i* "t x came into ! possession ( ! m>grave ( ,br&5burg1 f :om x pass$ to ,bohemia 9 #acfh4 ,x 0 twice deva/at$ by ! ,hussites1 & 9 #afca & #afdb x 0 occupi$ by ! ,sw$es4 ,by ! peace ( ,prague 9 #afce x came into ! possession ( ! elector ( ,saxony1 & 9 #ahae x 01 ) ! re/ ( ,l[] ,lusatia1 unit$ to ,prussia4 ,,gub]natis1 ,,angelo ,,de1 ,,c\nt 7#ahdj- 71 ,italian man ( lett]s1 0 born at ,tur9 & educat$ !re & at ,b]l91 :]e he /udi$ philology4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ,sanskrit at ,flor5ce1 b hav+ m>ri$ a c\s9 ( ! ,sociali/ ,bakun9 & become int]e/$ 9 8 views he resign$ 8 appo9tm5t & sp5t "s ye>s 9 travel4 ,he 0 reappo9t$1 h[ev]1 9 #ahfg2 & 9 #ahia he 0 transf]r$ to ! univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,he became prom95t bo? z an ori5tali/1 a publici/ & a poet4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,italia lett]>ia 7#ahfb71 ! ,rivi/a ori5tale 7#ahfg71 ! ,civitta italiana & ,rivi/a europea 7#ahfi71 ! ,bollett9o italiano degli /udii ori5tali 7#ahgf7 & ! ,revue int]nationale 7#ahhc71 & 9 #ahhg became director ( ! ,giornale della societa asiatica4 ,9 #ahgh he />t$ ! ,dizion>io biografico degli scrittori contemporanei4 ,8 ,ori5tal & my?ological works include ! ,piccola enciclop$ia indiana 7#ahfg71 ! ,fonti v$i*e 7#ahfh71 a fam\s "w on zoological my?ology 7#ahgb71 & ano!r on plant my?ology 7#ahgh74 ,he also edit$ ! encyclopa$ic ,/oria univ]sale della lett]atura 7#ahhb-ahhe74 ,8 "w 9 v]se includes ! dramas ,cato1 ,romolo1 ,il re ,nala1 ,don ,rodrigo1 ,savitri1 c4 ,,gudbr&sdal1 a di/rict 9 ! midl&s ( s\!rn ,norway1 compris+ ! upp] c\rse ( ! riv] ,l\g5 or ,laag5 f ,lillehamm] at ! head ( ,lake ,mjos5 to its s\rce 9 ,lake ,lesjekog5 & tribut>y valleys4 ,lillehamm]1 ! c5tre ( a ri* timb] di/rict1 is #aad m4 ,n4 ( ,*ri/iania by rail4 ,! railway cont9ues ?r\gh ! well-wood$ & cultivat$ valley to ,otta 7#gj m474 ,sev]al tracks run we/w>d into ! wild di/rict ( ! ,jotunheim4 ,f ,otto good driv+ r\tes run across ! wat]%$ & desc5d ! we/]n slope1 :]e ! sc5]y is incomp>ably f9] ?an 9 ,gudbr&sdal itself--7a7 pa/ ,sorum1 ) ! #ac?-c5tury *ur*es ( ,vaag5 & ,lom 7a f9e specim5 ( ! ,/avekirke or timb]-built *ur*71 ,aan/ad & ,polfos1 ) beautiful falls ( ! ,otta riv]1 to ,grotlid1 :5ce roads div]ge to ,/ryn on ! ,nordfjord1 & to ,m>ok on ! ,geirang]fjord2 7b7 pa/ ,domaas 7) bran* road nor? to ,/or5 ne> ,trondhjem1 skirt+ ! ,dovrefjeld71 ov] ! wat]%$ =m$ by ,lesjekog5 ,lake1 :i* dra9s 9 bo? directions1 & d[n ?r\gh ! magnific5t ,romsdal4 ,,gude 7,,gudius71 ,,m>qu>d 7#afce-afhi71 ,g]man ar*aeologi/ & classical s*ol>1 0 born at ,r5dsburg 9 ,hol/e9 on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y #afce4 ,he 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! law1 b f an e>ly age %[$ a decid$ pref]5ce = classical /udies4 ,9 #afeh he w5t to ,holl& 9 ! hope ( f9d+ "w z a tea*] ( classics1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,j4 ,f4 ,gronovius1 he obta9$ ! po/ ( tutor & travell+ companion to a weal?y "y ,dut*man1 ,samuel ,s*>s4 ,dur+ 8 travels ,gude seiz$ ! opportunity ( copy+ inscriptions & ,,mss4 ,at ! e>ne/ reque/ ( 8 pupil1 :o _h become greatly atta*$ to him1 ,gude refus$ m ?an "o pr(essional appo9tm5t1 & x 0 n until #afga t he accept$ ! po/ ( libr>ian to ,duke ,*ri/ian ,alb]t ( ,hol/e9-,gottorp4 ,s*>s1 :o _h accompani$ ,gude1 di$ 9 #afge1 & left him ! great] "p ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 #afgh ,gude1 hav+ qu>rell$ ) ! duke1 retir$ into private life2 b 9 #afhb he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ian ,v4 ( ,d5m>k z c\nsellor ( ! ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 *ancell]y1 & rema9$ 9 x almo/ to ! "t ( 8 dea? on ! #bf? ( ,novemb] #afhi4 ,gude's great life-"w1 ! collection ( ,greek & ,lat9 inscriptions1 0 n publi%$ till #agca4 ,m5tion may also be made ( 8 editio pr9ceps 7#affa7 ( ! treatise ( ,hippolytus ! ,m>tyr on ,anti*ri/1 & ( 8 notes on ,pha$rus 7) f\r new fables discov]$ by him7 publi%$ 9 ,p4 ,burmann's edition 7#afih74 ,8 correspond5ce 7ed4 ,p4 ,burmann1 #afig7 is ! mo/ important au?ority = ! ev5ts ( ,gude's life1 besides conta9+ valuable in=mation on ! le>n+ ( ! times4 ,see also ,j4 ,moll]1 ,cimbria lit]ata1 iii41 & ,c4 ,bursian 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 x4 ,,gudeman1 ,,alfr$ 7#ahfb- 71 ,am]ican classical s*ol>1 0 born 9 ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #ahfb4 ,he graduat$ at ,columbia ,univ]sity 9 #ahhc & /udi$ "u ,h]mann ,diels at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,f #ahij to #ahic he 0 read] 9 classical philology at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 f #ahic to #aijb pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & f #aijb to #aijd pr(essor 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,9 #aijd he became a memb] ( ! corps ( s*ol>s prep>+ ! ,wolffl9 ,!saurus l+uae ,lat9ae--a unique di/9ction = an ,am]ican ,lat9i/1 z 0 ! publication ( 8 critical edition1 ) ,g]man comm5t>y1 ( ,tacitus' ,agricola 9 #aijb by ! ,weidmanns*e ,bu*h&lung ( ,b]l94 ,he wrote ,lat9 ,lit]ature ( ! ,empire 7#b vols41 ,prose & ,poetry1 #ahih-ahii71 a ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,philology 7#aijb7 & ,s\rces ( ,plut>*'s ,life ( ,cic]o 7#aijb72 & edit$ ,tacitus' ,dialogus de oratoribus 7text ) comm5t>y1 #ahid & #ahih7 & ,agricola 7#ahii2 ) ,g]mania1 #aijj71 & ,sallu/'s ,catil9e 7#aijc74 ,,gudgeon 7,gobio fluviatilis71 a small fi% ( ! ,cypr9id family4 ,x is ne>ly relat$ to ! b>bel1 & has a small b>bel or fle%y app5dage at ea* corn] ( ! m\?4 ,x is ! gobione ( ,italy1 g\jon ( ,france 7:5ce adapt$ 9 ,m4 ,engli% z gojon71 & ,grassl+ or ,grundl+ ( ,g]many4 ,gudgeons ?rive 9 /reams & lakes1 keep+ to ! bottom1 & seldom exce$+ #h 94 9 l5g?4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan !re are v>ieties diff]+ only slightly f ! common ,european type4 ,,gudrun 7,,kudrun71 a ,middle ,high ,g]man epic1 writt5 probably 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ac? c5tury1 n long aft] ! ,nibelung5li$1 ! influ5ce ( :i* may be trac$ ^u x4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 a s+le ,,ms4 :i* 0 prep>$ at ! comm& ( ,maximilian ,i41 & 0 discov]$ z late z #ahbj 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,ambras 9 ,tirol4 ,! au?or 0 an unnam$ ,au/rian poet1 b ! /ory itself belongs to ! cycle ( sagas1 :i* orig9at$ on ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! epic falls into ?ree easily di/+ui%able p>ts--! adv5tures ( ,k+ ,hag5 ( ,irel&1 ! romance ( ,hettel1 k+ ( ! ,hegel+51 :o woos & w9s ,hag5's daught] ,hilde1 & la/ly1 ! m or less p>allel /ory ( h[ ,h]wig1 k+ ( ,seel&1 w9s1 9 opposition to h] fa!r's wi%es1 ,gudrun1 ! daught] ( ,hettel & ,hilde4 ,gudrun is c>ri$ (f by a k+ ( ,norm&y1 & h] k9sfolk1 :o are 9 pursuit1 are defeat$ 9 a great battle on ! isl& ( ,wulp5s& (f ! ,dut* coa/4 ,! f9e/ p>ts ( ! epic are ^? 9 :i* ,gudrun1 a prison] 9 ! ,norman ca/le1 refuses to become ! wife ( h] captor1 & is condemn$ to d ! mo/ m5ial "w ( ! h\sehold4 ,"h1 ?irte5 ye>s lat]1 ,h]wig & h] bro!r ,ortw9 f9d h] wa%+ clo!s by ! sea2 on ! foll[+ day !y attack ! ,norman ca/le ) _! army & c>ry out ! long-delay$ retribution4 ,! epic ( ,gudrun is n unwor?y to /& beside ! great] ,nibelung5li$1 & x has be5 aptly comp>$ ) x z ! ,odyssey to ! ,iliad4 ,l ! ,odyssey1 ,gudrun is an epic ( ! sea1 a /ory ( adv5ture2 x does n turn solely r\nd ! conflict ( human passions2 nor is x built up r\nd "o all-absorb+1 all-dom9at+ idea l ! ,nibelung5li$4 ,sc5]y & incid5t are m v>i$1 & ! poet has an opportunity = a m lyric int]pretation ( motive & "*4 ,gudrun is compos$ 9 /anzas simil> to ^? ( ! ,nibelung5li$1 b ) ! ess5tial diff]5ce t ! la/ l9e ( ea* /anza is id5tical ) ! o!rs1 & does n conta9 ! extra acc5t$ syllable *>act]i/ic ( ! ,nibelung5 metre4 ,gudrun 0 fir/ edit$ by von d] ,hag5 9 vol4 i4 ( 8 ,held5bu* 7#ahbj74 ,subsequ5t editions by ,a4 ,ziemann & ,a4 ,j4 ,vollm] foll[$ 9 #ahcg & #ahde4 ,! be/ editions are ^? by ,k4 ,b>ts* 7#d? ed41 #ahhj71 :o has also edit$ ! poem = ,kurs*n]'s ,deuts*e ,nationallit]atur 7vol4 #f1 #ahhe71 by ,b4 ,symons 7#ahhc7 & by ,e4 ,m>t9 7#bnd ed41 #aija74 ,l4 ,ettmull] fir/ appli$ ,la*mann's ballad-!ory to ! poem 7#ahda71 & ,k4 ,mull5h(f 7,kudrun1 die e*t5 ,teile des ,g$i*ts1 #ahde7 reject$ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! :ole z n g5u9e4 ,!re are _m translations ( ! epic into mod]n ,g]man1 ! be/ kn[n be+ t ( ,k4 ,simrock 7#ae? ed41 #ahhd74 ,a translation into ,engli% by ,m4 ,p4 ,ni*ols appe>$ at ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 #ahhi4 ,see ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,beitrage zur ,ges*i*te und ,kritik d] ,kudrun 7#ahfe72 ,h4 ,keck1 ,die ,gudrunsage 7#ahfg72 ,w4 ,wilmanns1 ,die ,entwickelung d] ,kudrundi*tung 7#ahgc72 ,a4 ,fecamp1 ,le ,poeme de ,gudrun1 ses orig9es1 sa =mation et son hi/oire 7#ahib72 ,f4 ,panz]1 ,hilde-,gudrun 7#aija74 ,= lat] v]sions & adaptations ( ! saga see ,o4 ,b5$ict1 ,die ,gudrunsage 9 d] neu]5 ,lit]atur 7#aijb47 ,,guebriant1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,budes1 ,,comte ,,de 7#afjb-afdc71 m>%al ( ,france1 0 born at ,plessis-,budes1 ne> ,/ ,brieuc1 ( an old ,breton family4 ,he s]v$ fir/ 9 ,holl&1 & 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> he comm&$ f #afch to #afci ! ,fr5* cont+5t 9 ! army ( 8 fri5d ,b]n>d ( ,saxe-,weim>1 di/+ui%+ himself p>ticul>ly at ! siege ( ,breisa* 9 #afch4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,b]n>d he receiv$ ! comm& ( 8 army1 & tri$1 9 conjunction ) ,j4 ,ban] 7#aeif-afda71 ! ,sw$i% g5]al1 a bold attack ^u ,reg5sburg 7#afdj74 ,8 victories ( ,wolf5buttel on ! #bi? ( ,june #afda & ( ,kemp5 9 #afdb won = him ! m>%al's baton4 ,hav+ fail$ 9 an attempt to invade ,bav>ia 9 conc]t ) ,tor/5sson he seiz$ ,rottweil1 b 0 mortally w\nd$ !re on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #afdc4 ,a biography 0 publi%$ by ,le ,lab\reur1 ,hi/oire du m>es*al de ,guebriant1 9 #afef4 ,see ,a4 ,br9z+] 9 ,wurttemb]gis*e ,vi]teljahrs*rift fur ,l&esges*i*te 7#aijb74 ,,gueld] ,,rose1 s call$ f ,gueld]l&1 its suppos$ s\rce1 t]m$ also m>% eld]1 rose eld]1 wat] eld] 7,g]4 ,wass]hold]1 ,s*neeball2 ,fr4 viorne-obi]1 l'obi] d',europe71 kn[n botanically z ,viburnum ,opulus1 a %rub or small tree ( ! natural ord] ,caprifoliaceae1 a native ( ,brita91 & widely di/ribut$ 9 ! temp]ate & cold] p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is common 9 ,irel&1 b r>e 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 height x is f #f to #ab ft41 & x ?rives be/ 9 moi/ situations4 ,! leaves are smoo?1 #b to #c 94 broad1 ) #c to #e unequal s]rate lobes1 & gl&ul> /ipules adnate to ! /alk4 ,9 autumn ! leaves *ange _! normal bright gre5 = a p9k or crimson hue4 ,! fl[]s1 :i* appe> 9 ,june & ,july1 are small1 :ite1 & arrang$ 9 cymes #b to #d 94 9 diamet]4 ,! out] blossoms 9 ! wild plant h an enl>g$ corolla1 #c_/d 94 9 diamet]1 & are devoid ( /am5s or pi/ils2 9 ! common cultivat$ v>iety all ! fl[]s are /]ile & ! infloresc5ce is globul>1 h5ce ! t]m sn[ball tree appli$ to ! plant1 ! appe>ance ( :i* at ! "t ( fl[]+ has be5 prettily describ$ by ,c[p] 9 8 ,w9t] ,walk at ,noon4 ,! gueld] rose be>s juicy1 r$1 elliptical b]ries1 #a_/c 94 long1 :i* rip5 9 ,septemb]1 & conta9 ea* a s+le compress$ se$4 ,9 nor!rn ,europe ^! are eat51 & 9 ,sib]ia1 aft] f]m5tation ) fl\r1 !y are di/ill$ = _s4 ,! plant has1 h[ev]1 emetic1 purgative & n>cotic prop]ties2 & ,taylor 7,m$4 ,jurisp4 i4 #ddh1 #bnd ed41 #ahgc7 has record$ an in/ance ( ! fatal poison+ ( a *ild by ! b]ries4 ,bo? !y & ! b>k conta9 val]ianic acid4 ,! woody %oots ( ! gueld] rose are manufactur$ into v>i\s small articles 9 ,sw$5 & ,russia4 ,ano!r memb] ( ! g5us1 ,viburnum1 ,lantana1 wayf>+ tree1 is f\nd 9 dry copses & h$ges 9 ,engl&1 except 9 ! nor?4 ,,guelph1 a city ( ,ont>io1 ,canada1 #de m4 ,w4 ( ,toronto1 on ! riv] ,spe$ & ! ,gr& ,trunk & ,canadian ,pacific railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aa1dif4 ,x is ! c5tre ( a f9e agricultural di/rict1 & exports gra91 fruit & live-/ock 9 l>ge quantities4 ,x conta9s1 9 addition to ! c\nty & municipal build+s1 ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college1 :i* draws /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! riv] af=ds abundant wat]-p[] = fl\r-mills1 saw-mills1 wooll5-mills & num]\s factories1 ( :i* agricultural implem5ts1 sew+ ma*9es & musical in/rum5ts are ! *ief4 ,,guelphs ,,& ,,ghibell9es4 ,^! names are d\btless ,italianiz$ =ms ( ! ,g]man words ,welf & ,waibl+51 al?\gh "o tradition says t !y are d]iv$ f ,guelph & ,gibel1 two rival bro!rs ( ,pi/oia4 ,ano!r !ory d]ives ,ghibell9e f ,gibello1 a ^w us$ by ! ,sicilian ,arabs to translate ,hoh5/auf54 ,h[ev]1 a m popul> /ory tells h[1 dur+ a fight ar\nd ,we9sb]g 9 ,decemb] #aadj betwe5 ! ,g]man k+ ,conrad ,,iii4 & ,welf1 c\nt ( ,bav>ia1 a memb] ( ! p[]ful family to :i* ,h5ry ! ,lion1 duke ( ,saxony & ,bav>ia1 belong$1 ! soldi]s ( ! latt] rais$ ! cry ,hie ,welf6 to :i* ! k+'s troops repli$ ) ,hie ,waibl+56 ?is be+ ! "n ( "o ( ,conrad's ca/les4 ,b ! rivalry betwe5 ,welf & ,hoh5/auf51 ( :i* family ,conrad 0 a memb]1 0 ant]ior to ?is ev5t1 & _h be5 = "s ye>s a prom95t fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ,swabia & ,bav>ia1 al?\gh its introduction into ,italy--9 a slightly modifi$ =m1 h[ev]--only dates f ! "t ( ! ,italian exp$itions ( ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,i4 ,x is ab\t ?is "t t ! ,g]man *ronicl]1 ,otto ( ,freis+1 says1 ,duae 9 ,romano orbe apud ,galliae ,g]maniaeve f9es famosae familiae act5us fu]e1 una ,he9ricorum de ,gueibel+a1 alia ,guel=um de ,aldorfo1 alt]a imp]atores1 alt]a magnos duces produc]e solita4 ,*os5 ,g]man k+ 9 #aaeb1 ,fr$]ick 0 n only ! nephew & ! heir ( ,conrad1 he 0 relat$ also to ! ,welfs2 yet1 al?\gh 8 election abat$ to "s ext5t ! rivalry betwe5 ,welf & ,hoh5/auf5 9 ,g]many1 x op5$ x ^u a l>g] & fi]c] scale 9 ,italy4 ,dur+ ! long & int]e/+ p]iod cov]$ by ,fr$]ick's ,italian campaigns1 8 enemies1 prom95t among :om 7 ! cities ( ! ,lomb>d ,league1 became kn[n z ,welfs1 or ,guelphs1 :ile 8 p>tisans seiz$ ^u ! rival t]m ( ,waibl+51 or ,ghibell9e1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ^! two p>ties 0 c>ri$ on ) a f]ocity unkn[n ev5 to ! inhabitants ( s\!rn ,g]many4 ,! di/ract$ /ate ( nor!rn ,italy1 ! jeal\sies betwe5 v>i\s pairs ( t[ns1 ! savage hatr$ betwe5 family & family1 7 "s ( ! causes :i* f$ ?is feud1 & x rea*$ its height dur+ ! mom5t\s /ruggle betwe5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ! ,papacy 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! /ory ( ! conte/ betwe5 ,guelph & ,ghibell9e1 h[ev]1 is little less ?an ! hi/ory ( ,italy 9 ! middle ages4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! #ac? c5tury x 0 int5sifi$ by ! fight = ! ,g]man & imp]ial ?rones betwe5 ,philip1 duke ( ,swabia1 a son ( ,fr$]ick ,i41 & ! ,welf1 ,otto ( ,brunswick1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,otto ,,iv41 a fight wag$ 9 ,italy z well z 9 ,g]many4 ,!n1 z ! heir ( ,philip ( ,swabia & ! rival ( ,otto ( ,brunswick1 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 0 =c$ to ?r[ himself into ! arms ( ! ,ghibell9es1 :ile 8 enemies1 ! popes1 rang$ !mselves def9itely among ! ,guelphs1 & soon ,guelph & ,ghibell9e became synonym\s ) support] ( pope & emp]or4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 #abej ! ,ghibell9es look$ = lead]%ip to 8 son & successor1 ! ,g]man k+1 ,conrad ,,iv41 & !n to 8 natural son1 ,manfr$1 :ile ! ,guelphs call$ ! ,fr5* pr9ce1 ,*>les ( ,anj\1 to _! aid4 ,b ! combatants 7 ne>+ exhau/ion1 & aft] ! execution ( ,conrad91 ! la/ ( ! ,hoh5/auf51 9 #abfh1 ?is great /ruggle began to lose =ce & int]e/4 ,guelph & ,ghibell9e 7 soon f\nd repres5t+ local & family r ?an papal & imp]ial int]e/s2 ! names 7 tak5 ) little or no reg>d = _! orig9al significance1 & 9 ! #ae? c5tury !y began to die out ( curr5t politics4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france conqu]$ ,milan at ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury ! old names 7 reviv$2 ! ,fr5* k+'s support]s 7 call$ ,guelphs & ! fri5ds ( ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 7 ref]r$ to z ,ghibell9es4 ,! feud ( ,guelph & ,ghibell9e p5etrat$ )9 ! walls ( almo/ e city ( nor!rn ,italy1 & ! conte/ betwe5 ! p>ties1 :i* practically makes ! hi/ory ( ,flor5ce dur+ ! #ac? c5tury1 is specially notewor?y4 ,fir/ "o side & !n ! o!r 0 driv5 into exile2 ! ,guelph defeat at ! battle ( ,monte ,ap]to 9 #abfj 0 foll[$ by ! expulsion ( ! ,ghibell9es by ,*>les ( ,anj\ 9 #abff1 & on a small] scale a simil> /ory may be told ( _m o!r cities 7see ,,flor5ce74 ,! ,guelph cause 0 buttress$ by an idea1 yet v nebul\s1 ( ,italian patriotism4 ,dislike ( ! ,g]man & ! =eign] r ?an any /rong affection = ! ,papacy 0 ! feel+ :i* b\nd ! ,guelph to ! pope1 & s enabl$ ! latt] to defy ! arms ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! ,ghibell9e cause1 on ! o!r h&1 0 aid$ by ! dislike ( ! temporal p[] ( ! pope & ! desire = a /rong c5tral au?ority4 ,?is made ,dante a ,ghibell9e1 b ! hopes ( ?is p>ty1 k9dl$ anew by ! j\rney ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 to ,italy 9 #acaj1 7 ext+ui%$ by 8 dep>ture4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds ?us describes ! con/itu5ts ( ! two p>ties3 ,! ,guelph p>ty meant ! burgh]s ( ! consul> ,communes1 ! m5 ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 ! uphold]s ( civil lib]ty1 ! fri5ds ( democratic expansion4 ,! ,ghibell9e p>ty includ$ ! naturaliz$ nobles1 ! m5 ( arms & idl5ess1 ! advocates ( feudalism1 ! politicians :o reg>d$ con/itutional progress ) disfav\r4 ,t ! bann] ( ! *ur* float$ ov] ! "o camp1 :ile ! /&>d ( ! empire ralli$ to itself ! ho/ile p>ty1 0 a matt] ( comp>atively sup]ficial mom5t4 ,9 ano!r passage ! same writ] ?us describes ! %>p & univ]sal division betwe5 ,guelph & ,ghibell9e3 ,ghibell9es wore ! fea!rs 9 _! caps ^u "o side1 ,guelphs ^u ! o!r4 ,ghibell9es cut fruit at table crosswise1 ,guelphs /raight d[n 444 ,ghibell9es drank out ( smoo? & ,guelphs out ( *as$ goblets4 ,ghibell9es wore :ite & ,guelphs r$ roses4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t :ile ,dante 0 a ,ghibell9e1 ,petr>* 0 a ,guelph4 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 vol4 i4 7#ahge74 ,,gu5ev]e 7,lat4 ,guanhum>a2 ,wel%1 ,gw5hwyf>2 ,o4 ,eng4 ,gaynore71 9 ,ar?urian romance ! wife ( ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 :o calls h] ,guanhum>a1 makes h] a ,roman lady1 b ! g5]al tradition is t %e 0 ( ,corni% bir? & daught] to ,k+ ,leodegrance4 ,wace1 :o1 :ile translat+ ,ge(frey1 evid5tly knew1 & us$1 popul> tradition1 comb9es ^! two1 ass]t+ t %e 0 ( ,roman p>5tage on ! "m's side1 b c\s9 to ,cador ( ,cornwall by :om %e 0 br\ght up4 ,! tradition relat+ to ,gu5ev]e is decid$ly confus$ & dem&s fur!r /udy4 ,! ,wel% triads "k no few] ?an ?ree ,gw5hwyf>s2 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 relat+ ! discov]y ( ! royal tombs at ,gla/onbury1 speaks ( ! body f\nd z t ( ,ar?ur's second wife2 ! prose ,m]l9 gives ,gu5ev]e a ba/>d half-si/] ( ! same "n1 :o /rongly resembles h]2 & ! ,lancelot relates h[ ?is lady1 trad+ on ! lik5ess1 p]suad$ ,ar?ur t %e 0 ! true daught] ( ,leodegrance1 & ! que5 ! ba/>d int]lop]4 ,?is episode ( ! false ,gu5ev]e is v p]plex+4 ,to ! majority ( ,engli% read]s ,gu5ev]e is be/ kn[n 9 connexion ) h] liaison ) ,lancelot1 a /ory :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ,malory & ,t5nyson1 has assum$ a =m widely diff]5t f ! orig9al conception1 & at once m picturesque & m conv9c+4 ,9 ! ,fr5* romances ,lancelot is a late addition to ! ,ar?urian cycle1 8 bir? is n record$ till long aft] ! m>riage ( ,ar?ur & ,gu5ev]e1 & he is at lea/ tw5ty ye>s ! junior ( ! que54 ,! relations betwe5 !m are ( ! mo/ conv5tional & c\rtly "*1 & are entirely lack+ 9 ! g5u9e dramatic passion :i* m>ks ! love /ory ( ,tri/an & ,iseult4 ,! ,lancelot-,gu5ev]e romance took =m & %ape 9 ! artificial atmosph]e enc\rag$ by su* patronesses ( lit]ature z ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e & h] daught] ,m>ie1 ,comtesse de ,*ampagne 7= :om ,*reti5 de ,troyes wrote 8 ,*evali] de la ,*>rette71 & reflects ! l[ social morality ( a "t :5 love betwe5 husb& & wife 0 decl>$ impossible4 ,b ?\gh ,gu5ev]e has *ang$ h] lov]1 ! tradition ( h] infidelity is ( mu* e>li] date & =m$ a "p ( ! primitive ,ar?urian leg5d4 ,:o ! orig9al lov] 0 is d\btful2 ! ,vita ,gildae relates h[ %e 0 c>ri$ (f by ,melwas1 k+ ( ,ae/iva ,regis1 to ,gla/onbury1 :i!r ,ar?ur1 at ! head ( an army1 pursu$ ! ravi%]4 ,a fragm5t ( a ,wel% poem seems to confirm ?is tradition1 :i* c]ta9ly lies at ! root ( h] lat] abduction by ,meleagaunt4 ,9 ! ,lanzelet ( ,ulri* von ,zatzikhov5 ! abductor is ,fal]94 ,! /ory 9 ^! =ms repres5ts an o!r-_w abduction4 ,a curi\s fragm5t ( ,wel% dialogues1 pr9t$ by ,pr(essor ,rhys 9 8 ,/udies on ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d1 appe>s to repres5t ,kay z ! abductor4 ,9 ! pseudo-,*ronicles & ! romances bas$ ^u !m ! abductor is ,mordr$1 & 9 ! *ronicles !re is no d\bt t ! lady 0 no unwill+ victim4 ,on ! f9al defeat ( ,mordr$ %e retires to a nunn]y1 takes ! veil1 & is no m he>d (4 ,wace says emphatically-- ,ne fu oie ne veue1 ,ne fu trovee1 ne seue ,por la v]gogne del mesfait ,et del pecie qu ele avoit fait 7#aa4 #acfbg-cj74 ,layamon1 :o 9 8 translation ( ,wace treats 8 orig9al mu* z ,wace treat$ ,ge(frey1 says t !re 0 a tradition t %e _h dr[n$ h]self1 & t h] memory & t ( ,mordr$ 7 hateful 9 e l&1 s t none w\ld (f] pray] = _! s\ls4 ,on ! o!r h& c]ta9 romances1 e4g4 ! ,p]ceval1 give h] an excell5t "*4 ,! tru? is probably t ! tradition ( 8 wife's adult]y & trea*]y 0 a g5u9e "p ( ! ,ar?urian /ory1 :i*1 neglect$ = a "t1 0 br\ght aga9 into prom95ce by ! social conditions ( ! c\rts = :i* ! lat] romances 7 compos$2 & x is 9 ?is lat] & conv5tionaliz$ =m t ! tale has become famili> to u 7see also ,,lancelot74 ,see ,/udies on ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d by ,pr(essor ,rhys2 ,! ,leg5d ( ,sir ,lancelot1 ,grimm ,libr>y1 xii41 ,jessie ,l4 ,we/on2 ,d] ,k>r5ritt]1 ed4 ,pr(essor ,fo]/]4 7,j4 ,l4 ,w47 ,,gu5on 7f ! ,fr5*1 "o :o grimaces1 h5ce an ape71 ! "n appli$ by naturali/s to ! monkeys ( ! ,african g5us ,c]copi!cus1 ! ,e?iopian repres5tative ( ! ,asiatic macaques1 f :i* !y diff] by ! abs5ce ( a po/]ior heel to ! la/ mol> 9 ! l[] jaw4 ,,gu]et1 a t[n ( c5tral ,france1 capital ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,creuse1 situat$ on a m\nta9 declivity #dh m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,limoges on ! ,orleans railway4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 t[n1 #fjdb2 commune 7includ+ troops1 c471 #hjeh4 ,ap>t f ! ,hotel des ,monneyr\x 7us$ z prefecture71 a picturesque mansion ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 ) mans>d ro(s & mullion$ w9d[s1 ,gu]et has little ar*itectural int]e/4 ,x is ! seat ( a prefect & a c\rt ( assizes1 & has a tribunal ( fir/ in/ance1 a *amb] ( comm]ce & lycees & tra9+ colleges1 = bo? sexes4 ,! indu/ries include brew+1 saw-mill+1 lea!r-mak+ & ! manufacture ( basket-"w & wood5 %oes1 & !re is trade 9 agricultural produce & cattle4 ,gu]et grew up r\nd an abbey f\nd$ 9 ! #g? c5tury1 & 9 lat] times became ! capital ( ! di/rict ( ,m>*e4 ,,gu]eza1 ! native "n ( a long-tail$1 black & :ite ,abyss9ian monkey1 ,colobus gu]eza 7or ,c4 abyss9icus71 *>act]iz$ by ! :ite hairs =m+ a long p5d5t mantle4 ,o!r ea/ ,african monkeys ) a simil> type ( col\r+1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! :olly black we/ ,african ,c4 satanas1 collectively con/itute ! subg5us ,gu]eza1 may be includ$ "u ! same title2 & ! "n may be fur!r ext5d$ to embrace all ! ,african ?umbless monkeys ( ! g5us ,colobus4 ,^! monkeys are ! ,african repres5tatives ( ! ,indo-,malay langurs 7,semnopi!cus71 ) :i* !y agree 9 _! sl5d] build1 long limbs & tail1 & complex /oma*s1 al?\gh diff]+ by ! rudim5t>y ?umb4 ,! memb]s ( ! subg5us ,gu]eza pres5t a transition f a :olly black animal 7,c4 satanas7 to "o 7,c4 caudatus7 9 :i* ! sides ( ! face are :ite1 & ! :ole flanks1 z well z ! tail1 clo!d ) a long fr+e ( pure :ite hairs4 ,,gu]icke1 ,,he9ri* ,,ern/ ,,f]d9& 7#ahjc-ahgh71 ,g]man !ologian1 0 born at ,wett9 9 ,saxony on ! #be? ( ,febru>y #ahjc & /udi$ !ology at ,halle1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor 9 #ahbi4 ,he greatly dislik$ ! union betwe5 ! ,lu!ran & ! ,re=m$ *ur*es1 :i* _h be5 accompli%$ by ! ,prussian gov]nm5t 9 #ahag1 & 9 #ahcc he def9itely ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! ,old ,lu!rans4 ,9 #ahce he lo/ 8 pr(essor%ip1 b he rega9$ x 9 #ahdj4 ,among 8 works 7 a ,life ( ,augu/ ,h]mann ,francke 7#ahbg1 ,eng4 trans4 #ahcg71 ,*ur* ,hi/ory 7#ahcc1 ,eng4 trans4 by ,w4 ,t4 ,%$d1 ,new ,york1 #aheg-ahfc71 ,allgeme9e *ri/li*e ,symbolik 7#ahci74 ,9 #ahdj he help$ to f\nd ! ,zeits*rift fur die gesammte lu!ris*e ,!ologie und ,kir*e1 & he di$ at ,halle on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #ahgh4 ,,gu]icke1 ,,otto ,,von 7#afjb-afhf71 ,g]man exp]im5tal philosoph]1 0 born at ,magdeburg1 9 ,prussian ,saxony1 on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #afjb4 ,hav+ /udi$ law at ,leipzig1 ,helm/adt & ,j5a1 & ma!matics1 especially geometry & me*anics1 at ,leid51 he visit$ ,france & ,engl&1 & 9 #afcf became eng9e]-9-*ief at ,erfurt4 ,9 #afbg he 0 elect$ ald]man ( ,magdeburg1 & 9 #afdf mayor ( t city & a magi/rate ( ,br&5burg4 ,8 leisure 0 devot$ to sci5tific pursuits1 especially 9 pneumatics4 ,incit$ by ! discov]ies ( ,galileo1 ,pascal & ,torricelli1 he attempt$ ! creation ( a vacuum4 ,he began by exp]im5t+ ) a pump on wat] plac$ 9 a b>rel1 b f\nd t :5 ! wat] 0 drawn (f ! air p]meat$ ! wood4 ,he !n took a globe ( copp] fitt$ ) pump & /opcock1 & discov]$ t he c\ld pump out air z well z wat]4 ,?us he became ! inv5tor ( ! air-pump 7#afej74 ,he illu/rat$ 8 discov]y be=e ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii4 at ! imp]ial diet :i* assembl$ at ,reg5sburg 9 #afed1 by ! exp]im5t ( ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es4 ,tak+ two holl[ hemisph]es ( copp]1 ! edges ( :i* fitt$ nicely toge!r1 he exhau/$ ! air f betwe5 !m by means ( 8 pump1 & x is record$ t ?irty horses1 fifte5 back to back1 7 unable to pull !m asund] until ! air 0 readmitt$4 ,besides inve/igat+ o!r ph5om5a connect$ ) a vacuum1 he con/ruct$ an electrical ma*9e :i* dep5d$ on ! excitation ( a rotat+ ball ( sulphur2 & he made successful rese>*es 9 a/ronomy1 pr$ict+ ! p]iodicity ( ! return ( comets4 ,9 #afha he gave up (fice1 & retir$ to ,hamburg1 :]e he di$ on ! #aa? ( ,may #afhf4 ,8 pr9cipal obs]vations are giv5 9 8 "w1 ,exp]im5ta nova1 ut vocant1 ,magdeburgica de vacuo spatio 7,am/]dam1 #afgb74 ,he is also ! au?or ( a ,ges*i*te d] ,belag]ung und ,erob]ung von ,magdeburg4 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,h(fmann1 ,otto von ,gu]icke 7,magdeburg1 #ahgd74 ,,gu]idon1 a small table to hold a lamp or vase1 support$ by a tall column or a human or my?ological figure4 ,?is piece ( furniture1 (t5 v graceful & elegant1 orig9at$ 9 ,france t[>ds ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! table 0 support$ by a negro or o!r exotic figure1 & !re is "s reason to believe t x took its "n f ! g5]ic appellation ( ! "y ,african groom or tig]1 :o 0 g5]ally call$ ,gu]idon1 or z we %\ld say 9 ,engli% ,sambo4 ,! sw>?y figure & brilliant co/ume ( ! ,moor :5 reproduc$ 9 wood & pick$ out 9 col\rs produc$ a v /rik+ effect1 & :5 a small table 0 support$ on ! head by ! uprais$ h&s ! idea ( passive s]vice 0 sugge/$ ) complet5ess4 ,! gu]idon is /ill occasionally se5 9 some?+ approa*+ its orig9al =m2 b x _h no soon] be5 introduc$ ?an ! arti/ic in/9ct ( ! ,fr5* design] & artific] conv]t$ x into a f> wor?i] object4 ,by ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 !re 7 sev]al hundr$s ( !m at ,v]sailles1 & )9 a g5]ation or two !y _h tak5 an inf9ity ( =ms--columns1 tripods1 t]m9i & my?ological figures4 ,"s ( ! simpl] & m arti/ic =ms 7 ( wood c>v$ ) famili> decorative motives & gild$4 ,silv]1 enamel1 & inde$ almo/ any mat]ial f :i* furniture c be made1 h be5 us$ = _! con/ruction4 ,a v>iety ( small occasional tables are n[ call$ 9 ,fr5* gu]idons4 ,,gu]91 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,paul9 7#aghc-ahee71 ,fr5* pa9t]1 0 born at ,t\lon1 on ! #be? ( ,m>* #aghc1 ( poor p>5ts4 ,he le>nt1 z a lad1 8 fa!r's trade ( a locksmi?1 :il/ at ! same "t he foll[$ ! classes ( ! free s*ool ( art4 ,hav+ sold "s copies to a local amateur1 ,gu]9 />t$ = ,p>is1 :]e he came "u ! notice ( ,v9c5t1 ^: c\nsels 7 ( mat]ial s]vice4 ,9 #ahaj ,gu]9 made 8 fir/ appe>ance at ! ,salon ) "s portraits1 :i* _h a c]ta9 success4 ,9 #ahab he exhibit$ ,ca9 aft] ! murd] ( ,abel 7=m]ly 9 ,luxemb\rg71 &1 on ! return ( ! ,b\rbons1 0 mu* employ$ 9 works ( re/oration & decoration at ,v]sailles4 ,8 ,dead ,*ri/ 7,ca!dral1 ,baltimore7 obta9$ a m$al 9 #ahag1 & ?is success 0 foll[$ up by a long s]ies ( works1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! m notewor?y3 ,*ri/ on ! knees ( ! ,virg9 7#ahai72 ,an*ises & ,v5us 7#ahbb7 7=m]ly 9 ,luxemb\rg72 ,ulysses & ,m9]va 7#ahbd7 7,musee de ,r5nes72 ! ,holy ,family 7#ahbi7 7,ca!dral1 ,t\lon72 & ,sa9t ,ca!r9e 7#ahch7 7,/ ,ro*74 ,9 8 treatm5t ( subject1 ,gu]9 attempt$ to realize rococo graces ( conception1 ! livel9ess ( :i* 0 lo/ 9 ! /r5u\s ef=t to be correct4 ,8 *ief successes 7 atta9$ by portraits1 & ^? ( ,*>les ,nodi] & ! ,abbe ,lam5nais became widely popul>4 ,he di$ on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y #ahee4 ,,gu]91 ,,pi]re ,,n>cisse1 ,,b>on 7#aggd-ahcc71 ,fr5* pa9t]1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #ac? ( ,may #aggd4 ,becom+ a pupil ( ,jean ,bapti/e ,regnault1 he c>ri$ (f "o ( ! ?ree gr&s prix (f]$ 9 #agif1 9 consequ5ce ( ! competition n hav+ tak5 place s9ce #agic4 ,! p5sion 0 n inde$ re-e/abli%$1 b ,gu]9 fulfill$ at ,p>is ! conditions impos$ ^u a p5sionnaire1 & produc$ v>i\s works1 "o ( :i* br\ght him prom95tly be=e ! public4 ,?is "w1 ,m>cus ,sextus 7,l\vre71 exhibit$ at ! ,salon ( #agii1 excit$ wild en?usiasm1 p>tly due to ! subject1--a victim ( ,sulla's proscription return+ to ,rome to f9d 8 wife dead & 8 h\se 9 m\rn+--9 :i* an allusion 0 f\nd to ! actual situation ( ! emigres4 ,gu]9 on ?is occasion 0 publicly cr[n$ by ! presid5t ( ! ,in/itute1 & be=e 8 dep>ture = ,rome 7on ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ecole "u ,suvee7 a banquet 0 giv5 to him by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ arti/s ( ,p>is4 ,9 #ahjj1 unable to rema9 9 ,rome on acc\nt ( 8 heal?1 he w5t to ,naples1 :]e he pa9t$ ! ,grave ( ,amyntas4 ,9 #ahjb ,gu]9 produc$ ,pha$ra & ,hippolytus 7,l\vre72 9 #ahaj1 aft] 8 return to ,p>is1 he aga9 a*iev$ a great success ) ,&roma*e & ,pyrrhus 7,l\vre72 & 9 ! same ye> also exhibit$ ,cephalus & ,aurora 7,collection ,somm>iva7 & ,bonap>te & ! ,rebels ( ,cairo 7,v]sailles74 ,! ,re/oration br\ght to ,gu]9 fre% hon\rs2 he _h receiv$ f ! fir/ consul 9 #ahjc ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & 9 #ahae ,l\is ,,xviii4 nam$ him ,academician4 ,! success ( ,gu]9's ,hippolytus ( ,&roma*e1 ( ,pha$ra & ( ,clytaemne/ra 7,l\vre7 _h be5 ensur$ by ! skilful selection ( highly melodramatic situations1 treat$ ) ! /ra9$ & pomp\s dignity prop] to ! art ( ! fir/ empire2 9 ,a5eas relat+ to ,dido ! disa/]s ( ,troy 7,l\vre71 :i* appe>$ side by side ) ,clytaemne/ra at ! ,salon ( #ahag1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,re/oration is pla9ly to be trac$4 ,9 ?is "w ,gu]9 s\ght to captivate ! public by an appeal to ^? s5su\s *>ms :i* he _h previ\sly reject$1 & by ! introduction ( picturesque elem5ts ( int]e/4 ,b ) ?is "w ,gu]9's public successes came to a close4 ,he 01 inde$1 commission$ to pa9t = ! ,madele9e a sc5e f ! hi/ory ( ,/ ,l\is1 b 8 heal? prev5t$ him f accompli%+ :at he _h begun1 & 9 #ahbb he accept$ ! po/ ( director ( ! ,ecole de ,rome1 :i* 9 #ahaf he _h refus$4 ,on return+ to ,p>is 9 #ahbh1 ,gu]91 :o _h previ\sly be5 made *evali] ( ! ord] ( ,/ ,mi*el1 0 ennobl$4 ,he n[ attempt$ to complete ,pyrrhus & ,priam1 a "w :i* he _h begun at ,rome1 b 9 va92 8 heal? _h f9ally brok5 d[n1 & 9 ! hope ( improvem5t he return$ to ,italy ) ,horace ,v]net4 ,%ortly aft] 8 arrival at ,rome ,b>on ,gu]9 di$1 on ! #f? ( ,july #ahcc1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,la ,tr9ita de' ,monti by ! side ( ,claude ,lorra9e4 ,a c>eful analysis & criticism ( 8 pr9cipal works w be f\nd 9 ,mey]'s ,ges*i*te d] franzosis*5 ,mal]ei4 ,,gu]9 ,,du ,,cayla1 ,,georges ,,maurice ,,de 7#ahaj-ahci71 ,fr5* poet1 desc5d$ f a noble b poor family1 0 born at ! *ateau ( ,le ,cayla 9 ,langu$oc1 on ! #d? ( ,augu/ #ahaj4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! *ur* at a religi\s sem9>y at ,t\l\se1 & !n at ! ,college ,/anislas1 ,p>is1 aft] :i* he ent]$ ! society at ,la ,*esnaye 9 ,brittany1 f\nd$ by ,lam5nais4 ,x 0 only aft] great hesitation1 & )\t be+ satisfi$ z to 8 religi\s vocation1 t "u ! influ5ce ( ,lam5nais he jo9$ ! new religi\s ord] 9 ! autumn ( #ahcb2 & :51 9 ,septemb] ( ! next ye>1 ,lam5nais1 :o _h come "u ! displeasure ( ,rome1 sev]$ connexion ) ! society1 ,maurice de ,gu]9 soon foll[$ 8 example4 ,e>ly 9 ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he 0 = a %ort "t a tea*] at ! ,college ,/anislas4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahch he m>ri$ a ,creole lady ( "s =tune2 b a few mon?s aft]w>ds he 0 attack$ by consumption & di$ on ! #ai? ( ,july #ahci4 ,9 ! ,revue des deux mondes = ,may #ae?1 #ahdj1 !re appe>$ a notice ( ,maurice de ,gu]9 by ,george ,s&1 to :i* %e add$ two fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s--"o a composition 9 prose entitl$ ! ,c5taur1 & ! o!r a %ort poem4 ,8 ,reliquiae 7#b vols41 #ahfa71 includ+ ! ,c5taur1 8 j\rnal1 a numb] ( 8 lett]s & sev]al poems1 0 edit$ by ,g4 ,s4 ,trebuti51 & accompani$ ) a biographical & critical notice by ,sa9te-,beuve2 a new edition1 ) ! title ,j\rnal1 lettres et poemes1 foll[$ 9 #ahfb2 & an ,engli% translation ( x 0 publi%$ at ,new ,york 9 #ahfg4 ,?\gh he 0 ess5tially a poet1 8 prose is m /rik+ & orig9al ?an 8 poetry4 ,its peculi> & unique *>m arises f 8 /rong & absorb+ passion = nature1 a passion ^: int5sity rea*$ almo/ to adoration & wor%ip1 b 9 :i* ! pagan 0 m prom95t ?an ! moral elem5t4 ,accord+ to ,sa9te-,beuve1 no ,fr5* poet or pa9t] has r5d]$ s well ! feel+ = nature--! feel+ n s mu* = details z = ! ensemble & ! div9e univ]sality1 ! feel+ = ! orig9 ( ?+s & ! sov]eign pr9ciple ( life4 ,! "n ( ,,eug5ie ,,de ,,gu]9 7#ahje-ahdh71 ! si/] ( ,maurice1 _c be omitt$ f any notice ( him4 ,h] ,j\rnals 7#ahfa1 ,eng4 trans41 #ahfe7 & h] ,lettres 7#ahfd1 ,eng4 trans41 #ahfe7 indicat$ ! possession ( gifts ( z r>e an ord] z ^? ( h] bro!r1 ?\gh ( a some:at diff]5t k9d4 ,9 h] case my/icism assum$ a =m m /rictly religi\s1 & %e cont9u$ to m\rn h] bro!r's loss ( 8 e>ly ,ca?olic fai?4 ,five ye>s old] ?an he1 %e *]i%$ a love = him :i* 0 bl5d$ ) a some:at mo!rly anxiety4 ,aft] 8 dea? %e began ! collection & publication ( ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( 8 writ+s4 ,%e di$1 h[ev]1 on ! #ca/ ( ,may #ahdh1 be=e h] task 0 complet$4 ,see ! notices by ,george ,s& & ,sa9te-,beuve ref]r$ to above2 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,caus]ies du lundi 7vol4 xii47 & ,n\veaux ,lundis 7vol4 iii472 ,g4 ,m]let1 ,caus]ies sur les femmes et les livres 7,p>is1 #ahfe72 ,seld51 ,l',esprit des femmes de notre temps 7,p>is1 #ahfd72 ,m>elle1 ,eug5ie et ,maurice de ,gu]9 7,b]l91 #ahfi72 ,h>riet ,p>r1 ,m4 & ,e4 de ,gu]91 a monograph 7,london1 #ahgj72 & ,mat!w ,arnold's essays on ,maurice & ,eug5ie de ,gu]91 9 8 ,essays 9 ,criticism4 ,,gu]ni]i1 or ,,w]n]1 a celebrat$ m]c5>y capta9 :o liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! family ( ! dukes ( ,ursl+51 & probably a desc5dant ( ! dukes ( ,spoleto4 ,f #acdj to #acdc he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! citiz5s ( ,pisa1 b aft]w>ds he collect$ a troop ( adv5tur]s :i* he call$ ! ,great ,company1 & ) :i* he plund]$ ,tuscany & ,lomb>dy4 ,he !n ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,l\is ,i4 ! ,great1 k+ ( ,hung>y & ,pol&1 :om he assi/$ to obta9 possession ( ,naples2 b :5 dismiss$ f ?is s]vice 8 ravages became m t]rible ?an ev]1 culm9at+ 9 ! dreadful sack ( ,anagni 9 #aceh1 %ortly aft] :i* ,gu]ni]i disappe>$ f hi/ory4 ,he is said to h worn a brea/plate ) ! inscription1 ,! enemy ( ,god1 ( pity & ( m]cy4 ,,gu]nsey 7,fr4 ,gu]nesey71 "o ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 belong+ to ,brita91 ! second 9 size & we/]nmo/ ( ! important memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,its *ief t[n1 ,/ ,pet] ,port1 on ! ea/ coa/1 is 9 #b deg4 #cc' ,w41 #di deg4 #bg' ,n41 #gd m4 ,s4 ( ,portl& ,bill on ! ,engli% coa/1 & #cj m4 f ! ne>e/ ,fr5* coa/ to ! ea/4 ,! isl&1 r\ghly triangul> 9 =m1 is #i-a_/d m4 long f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 & has an extreme bread? ( #e-a_/d m4 & an area ( #ae1fia acres or #bd4e sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #dj1ddf1 ! d5sity be+ ?us #afb p] sq4 m4 ,! surface ( ! isl& rises gradually f nor? to s\?1 & rea*es its greate/ elevation at ,haut ,nez 7#cdi ft47 above ,po9t ,ic>t on ! s\? coa/4 ,! coa/ sc5]y1 :i* =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal attractions to ! num]\s summ] visitors to ! isl&1 is f9e/ on ! s\?4 ,?is coa/1 betwe5 ,j]b\rg & ,ple9mont ,po9ts1 respectively at ! s\?-ea/]n & s\?-we/]n corn]s ( ! isl&1 is bold1 rocky & ind5t$ ) _m exquisite little bays4 ,( ^! ! mo/ notable are ,m\l9 ,huet1 ,sa9t's1 & ,petit ,bot1 all 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! s\? coa/4 ,! cliffs1 h[ev]1 culm9ate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ple9mont4 ,picturesque caves occur at sev]al po9ts1 su* z ! ,creux ,mahie4 ,on ! we/ coa/ !re is a succession ( l>g] bays--,rocqua9e ,p]elle1 ,vazon1 & ,cobo4 ,(f ! fir/ lies ,lih\ ,isl&1 ! ,hanois & o!r islets1 & all ?ree bays are s[n ) rocks4 ,! coa/1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es 9 height1 until at ! nor?-ea/]n extremity ( ! isl& ! l& is s l[ across ! ,vale or ,braye du ,val1 f %ore to %ore1 t ! projection ( ,l',ancresse is )9 a few feet ( be+ isolat$4 ,! ea/ coa/1 on :i*1 besides ! t[n & h>b\r ( ,/ ,pet] ,port1 is t ( ,/ ,sampson1 pres5ts no physical feature ( note4 ,! int]ior ( ! isl& is g5]ally undulat+1 & ga9s 9 beauty f its ri* vegetation4 ,picturesque gl5s desc5d ^u "s ( ! s\!rn bays 7! two conv]g+ ^u ,petit ,bot are notable71 & ! high-bank$ pa?s1 ar*$ ) foliage1 :i* foll[ ! small rills d[n to ,m\l9 ,huet ,bay1 are mu* admir$ "u ! "n ( wat]-lanes4 ,! soil is g5]ally light s&y loam1 ov]ly+ an angul> gravel :i* re/s ^u ! wea!r$ granite4 ,?is soil requires mu* manure1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! total area 7ab\t ?ree-fif?s7 is "u c>eful cultivation1 produc+ a consid]able am\nt ( gra91 b m fam\s = m>ket-g>d5+4 ,vegetables & potatoes are export$1 ) mu* fruit1 includ+ grapes & fl[]s4 ,granite is qu>ri$ & export$ f ,/ ,sampson1 & ! fi%]ies =m an important indu/ry4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ,gu]nsey is unit$ ) ,ald]ney1 ,s>k1 ,h]m & ! adjac5t islets to =m ! bailiwick ( ,gu]nsey1 sep>ate f ,j]sey4 ,! peculi> con/itution1 ma*9]y ( adm9i/ration & ju/ice1 f9ance1 c41 are consid]$ "u ! head+ ,,*annel ,,isl&s4 ,gu]nsey is divid$ into ! t5 p>i%es ( ,/ ,pet] ,port1 ,/ ,sampson1 ,vale1 ,catel1 ,/ ,savi\r1 ,/ ,&rew1 ,/ ,m>t91 ,=e/1 ,/ ,pet] du ,bois & ,torteval4 ,! population ( ,/ ,pet] ,port 9 #aija 0 #ah1bfd2 ( ! o!r p>i%es t ( ,/ ,sampson 0 #efad & t ( ,vale #ejhb4 ,! population ( ! bailiwick ( ,gu]nsey ne>ly d\bl$ betwe5 #ahba & #aija1 & t ( ! isl& increas$ f #ce1bdc 9 #ahia to #dj1ddf 9 #aija4 ,! isl& roads are excell5t1 ,gu]nsey ow+ mu* 9 ?is respect to ,sir ,john ,doyle 7d4 #ahcd71 ! gov]nor ^: monum5t /&s on ! promontory ( ,j]b\rg4 ,l ,j]sey & ! neighb\r+ "p ( ,france1 ,gu]nsey reta9s consid]able traces ( e>ly habitation 9 cromle*s & m5hirs1 ( :i* ! mo/ notable is ! cromle* 9 ! nor? at ,l',ancresse4 ,z reg>ds ecclesia/ical ar*itecture1 all ! p>i% *ur*es reta9 "s ar*aeological int]e/4 ,!re is good ,norman "w 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,mi*ael1 ,vale1 & ! *ur* ( ,/ ,pet] ,port is a notable build+ ( v>i\s p]iods f ! e>ly #ad? c5tury4 ,small rema9s ( mona/ic build+s are se5 at ,vale & on ,lih\ ,isl&4 ,,gu]razzi1 ,,francesco ,,dom5ico 7#ahjd-ahgc71 ,italian publici/1 born at ,leghorn1 0 educat$ = ! law at ,pisa1 & began to practise 9 8 native place4 ,b he soon took to politics & lit]ature1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,byron1 & 8 novel1 ! ,battagli di ,b5ev5to 7#ahbg71 br\ght him into notice4 ,mazz9i made 8 acqua9tance1 & ) ,c>lo ,b9i !y />t$ a pap]1 ! ,indicatore1 at ,leghorn 9 #ahbi1 :i* 0 quickly suppress$4 ,gu]razzi himself _h to endure sev]al t]ms ( imprisonm5t = 8 activity 9 ! cause ( ,"y ,italy1 & x 0 9 ,port(]rato 9 #ahcd t he wrote 8 mo/ fam\s novel ,assidio di ,fir5ze4 ,he 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ,lib]al lead] at ,leghorn1 & 9 #ahdh became a m9i/]1 ) "s idea ( ex]cis+ a mod]at+ influ5ce 9 ! difficulties ) ! gr&-duke ( ,tuscany4 ,9 #ahdi1 :5 ! latt] fl$1 he 0 fir/ "o ( ! triumvirate ) ,mazz9i & ,montanelli1 & !n dictator1 b on ! re/oration he 0 arre/$ & imprison$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,8 ,apologia 0 publi%$ 9 #aheb4 ,releas$ f prison1 he 0 exil$ to ,corsica1 b subsequ5tly 0 re/or$ & 0 = "s "t a deputy at ,tur9 7#ahfb-ahgj71 dy+ ( apoplexy at ,leghorn on ! #be? ( ,septemb] #ahgc4 ,he wrote a numb] ( o!r works besides ! novels already m5tion$1 notably ,isabella ,ors9i 7#ahde7 & ,beatrice ,c5ci 7#ahed71 & 8 ,op]e 7 collect$ at ,milan 7#ahfh74 ,see ! ,life & ,works by ,bosio 7#ahgg71 & ,c>ducci's edition ( 8 lett]s 7#ahhj74 ,,gu]r]o1 a ,pacific coa/ /ate ( ,mexico1 b\nd$ ,n4,w4 by ,mi*oacan1 ,n4 by ,mexico 7/ate7 & ,morelos1 ,n4,e4 & ,e4 by ,puebla & ,oaxaca1 & ,s4 & ,w4 by ! ,pacific4 ,area1 #bd1iif sq4 m4 ,pop41 l>gely compos$ ( ,indians & me/izos 7#ahie71 #dag1hhf2 7#aijj7 #dgi1bje4 ,! /ate is r\ghly brok5 by ! ,si]ra ,madre & its spurs1 :i* cov] its entire surface ) ! exception ( ! l[ coa/al pla9 7av]ag+ ab\t #bj m4 9 wid?7 on ! ,pacific4 ,! valleys are usually n>r[1 f]tile & heavily =e/$1 b difficult ( access4 ,! /ate is divid$ into two di/9ct zones--! ti]ras cali5tes ( ! coa/ & l[] riv] c\rses :]e tropical conditions prevail1 & ! ti]ras templadas ( ! m\nta9 region :]e ! conditions are subtropical4 ,! latt] is celebrat$ = its agreeable & heal?y climate1 & = ! v>iety & "* ( its products4 ,! pr9cipal riv] ( ! /ate is ! ,rio de las ,balsas or ,mescala1 :i*1 hav+ its s\rce 9 ,tlaxcala1 fl[s entirely across ! /ate f ,w4 to ,e41 & !n s\?w>d to ! ,pacific on ! fronti] ( ,mi*oacan4 ,?is riv] is #dbi m4 long & receives _m afflu5ts f ! m\nta9\s region ?r\gh :i* x passes1 b its c\rse is v precipit\s & its m\? ob/ruct$ by s& b>s4 ,! agricultural products include cotton1 c(fee1 tobacco & c]eals1 & ! =e/s produce rubb]1 vanilla & v>i\s textile fibres4 ,m9+ is undevelop$1 al?\gh ! m9]al res\rces ( ! /ate include silv]1 gold1 m]cury1 lead1 iron1 coal1 sulphur & preci\s /ones4 ,! capital1 ,*ilpanc+o1 or ,*ilpanc+o de los ,bravos 7pop4 #gdig 9 #aijj71 is a small t[n 9 ! ,si]ra ,madre ab\t #aaj m4 f ! coa/ & #bjj m4 ,s4 ( ! ,f$]al capital4 ,x is a heal?y well-built t[n on ! old ,acapulco road1 is light$ by electricity & is tempor>ily ! we/]n t]m9us ( ! ,int]oceanic railway f ,v]a ,cruz4 ,x is celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,mexico z ! meet+-place ( ! revolution>y congress ( #ahac1 :i* issu$ a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce4 ,*ilpanc+o 0 badly damag$ by an e>?quake 9 ,janu>y #aijb1 & aga9 on ! #af? ( ,april #aijg4 ,o!r important t[ns ( ! /ate are ,tixtla1 or ,tixtla de ,gu]r]o1 =m]ly ! capital 7pop4 #fcaf 9 #aijj71 #c m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,*ilpanc+o2 ,*ilapa 7#hbef 9 #ahie71 ! mo/ popul\s t[n ( ! /ate1 p>tially de/roy$ by a hurricane 9 #ahhi1 & aga9 by ! e>?quake ( #aijg2 ,iguala 7#ffca 9 #ahie72 & ,acapulco4 ,gu]r]o 0 organiz$ z a /ate 9 #ahdi1 its t]ritory be+ tak5 f ! /ates ( ,mexico1 ,mi*oacan & ,puebla4 ,,gu]rilla 7errone\sly writt5 gu]illa1 be+ ! dim9utive ( ! ,span4 gu]ra1 w>71 a t]m curr5tly us$ to d5ote w> c>ri$ on by b&s 9 any irregul> & unorganiz$ mann]4 ,at ! ,hague ,conf]5ce ( #ahii ! position ( irregul> combatants 0 "o ( ! subjects dealt )1 & ! rules !re adopt$ 7 reaffirm$ at ! ,conf]5ce ( #aijg4 ,!y provide t irregul> b&s 9 ord] to enjoy recognition z bellig]5t =ces %all 7a7 h at _! head a p]son responsible = 8 subord9ates1 7b7 we> "s fix$ di/9ctive badge recognizable at a di/ance1 7c7 c>ry arms op5ly1 & 7d7 con=m 9 _! op]ations to ! laws & cu/oms ( w>4 ,! rules1 h[ev]1 also provide t 9 case ( invasion ! inhabitants ( a t]ritory :o on ! approa* ( ! invad+ enemy spontane\sly take up arms to resi/ x1 %all be reg>d$ z bellig]5t troops if !y c>ry arms op5ly & respect ! laws & cu/oms ( w>1 al?\gh !y may n h _h "t to become organiz$ 9 accordance ) ! above provisions4 ,^! rules 7 borr[$ almo/ ^w = ^w f ! project drawn up at ! ,brussels int]national conf]5ce ( #ahgd1 :i*1 ?\gh nev] ratifi$1 0 practically incorporat$ 9 ! army regulations issu$ by ! ,russian gov]nm5t 9 connexion ) ! w> ( #ahgg-gh4 7,t4 ,ba47 ,,gu]r9i1 ,,ol9do 7#ahde- 71 ,italian poet1 0 born at ,sant' ,alb]to1 ,rav5na1 & aft] /udy+ law took to a life ( lett]s1 becom+ ev5tually libr>ian at ,bologna ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahgg he publi%$ ,po/uma1 a volume ( canzoni]e1 "u ! "n ( ,lor5zo ,/e*etti1 foll[+ ?is ) ,polemica 7#ahgh71 ,canti popol>i romagnoli 7#ahhj7 & o!r poetical works1 & becom+ kn[n z ! lead] ( ! v]i/ s*ool among ,italian lyrical writ]s4 ,,guesde1 ,,jules ,,basile 7#ahde- 71 ,fr5* sociali/1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #ahde4 ,he _h begun 8 c>e] z a cl]k 9 ! ,fr5* ,home ,(fice1 b at ! outbreak ( ! ,franco-,g]man ,w> he 0 edit+ ,les ,droits de l'homme at ,montpelli]1 & _h to take refuge at ,g5eva 9 #ahga f a prosecution in/itut$ on acc\nt ( articles :i* _h appe>$ 9 8 pap] 9 def5ce ( ! ,commune4 ,9 #ahgf he return$ to ,france to become "o ( ! *ief ,fr5* apo/les ( ,m>xian collectivism1 & 0 imprison$ = six mon?s 9 #ahgh = tak+ "p 9 ! fir/ ,p>isian ,int]national ,congress4 ,he edit$ at diff]5t times ,les ,droits de l'homme1 ,le ,cri du peuple1 ,le ,sociali/e1 b 8 be/-kn[n organ 0 ! weekly ,egalite4 ,he _h be5 9 close association ) ,paul ,laf>gue1 & ?r\gh him ) ,k>l ,m>x1 ^: daught] he m>ri$4 ,x 0 9 conjunction ) ,m>x & ,laf>gue t he drew up ! programme accept$ by ! national congress ( ! ,lab\r p>ty at ,havre 9 #ahhj1 :i* laid /ress on ! =mation ( an int]national lab\r p>ty work+ by revolution>y me?ods4 ,next ye> at ! ,reims congress ! or?odox ,m>xian programme ( ,guesde 0 oppos$ by ! possibili/s1 :o reject$ ! intransigeant attitude ( ,guesde = ! opportuni/ policy ( ,b5oit ,malon4 ,at ! congress ( ,/-,eti5ne ! diff]5ce develop$ into sep>ation1 ^? :o refus$ all compromise ) a capitali/ gov]nm5t foll[+ ,guesde1 :ile ! opportuni/s =m$ sev]al gr\ps4 ,guesde took 8 full %>e 9 ! consequ5t discussion betwe5 ! ,guesdi/s1 ! ,blanqui/s1 ! possibili/s1 c4 ,9 #ahic he 0 return$ to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies = ,lille 7#g? circonscription7 ) a l>ge majority ov] ! ,*ri/ian ,sociali/ & ,radical c&idates4 ,he br\ght =w>d v>i\s proposals 9 social legislation =m+ ! programme ( ! ,lab\r p>ty1 )\t ref]5ce to ! divisions among ! ,sociali/s1 & on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ahid succe$$ 9 rais+ a two days' discussion ( ! collectivi/ pr9ciple 9 ! ,*amb]4 ,9 #aijb he 0 n re-elect$1 b resum$ 8 seat 9 #aijf4 ,9 #aijc !re 0 a =mal reconciliation at ! ,reims congress ( ! sections ( ! p>ty1 :i* !n took ! "n ( ! ,sociali/ p>ty ( ,france4 ,guesde1 nev]!less1 cont9u$ to oppose ! opportuni/ policy ( ,jaures1 :om he d5\nc$ = support+ "o b\rgeois p>ty aga9/ ano!r4 ,8 def5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( fre$om ( association l$ him1 incongru\sly en\gh1 to support ! religi\s ,congregations aga9/ ,emile ,combes4 ,besides 8 num]\s political & sociali/ pamphlets he publi%$ 9 #aija two volumes ( 8 spee*es 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies entitl$ ,quatre ans de lutte de classe #ahic-ahih4 ,,gue/1 ,,edw9 7#ahjj-ahhj71 ,engli% antiqu>y1 0 born 9 #ahjj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,k+ ,edw>d's s*ool1 ,birm+ham1 & at ,caius ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ z elev5? wrangl]1 subsequ5tly becom+ a fell[ ( 8 college4 ,call$ to ! b> 9 #ahbh1 he devot$ himself1 aft] "s ye>s ( legal practice1 to antiqu>ian & lit]>y rese>*4 ,9 #ahch he publi%$ 8 exhau/ive ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,rhy?ms4 ,he also wrote a v l>ge numb] ( pap]s on ,roman-,briti% hi/ory1 :i*1 toge!r ) a mass ( fre% mat]ial = a hi/ory ( e>ly ,brita91 7 publi%$ po/hum\sly "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr ,/ubbs "u ! title ,orig9es ,celticae 7#ahhc74 ,9 #aheb ,gue/ 0 elect$ ma/] ( ,caius ,college1 becom+ ,,ll4,d4 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & 9 #ahed-ahee he 0 vice-*ancellor ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,gue/ 0 a fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & an honor>y memb] ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,he di$ on ! #bcrd ( ,novemb] #ahhj4 ,,gue/ 7a ^w common to ,teutonic languages2 cf4 ,g]4 ,ga/1 & ,sw$4 ga/2 cognate ) ,lat4 ho/is1 orig9ally a /rang]1 h5ce enemy2 cf4 ho/71 "o :o receives hospitality 9 ! h\se ( ano!r1 8 ho/2 h5ce appli$ to a p>asite4 ,,guett>d1 ,,jean ,,eti5ne 7#agae-aghf71 ,fr5* naturali/ & m9]alogi/1 0 born at ,etampes1 on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb] #agae4 ,9 boyhood he ga9$ a k ( plants f 8 gr&fa!r1 :o 0 an apo!c>y1 & lat] he qualifi$ z a doctor 9 m$ic9e4 ,pursu+ ! /udy ( botany 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,france & o!r c\ntries1 he began to take notice ( ! relation betwe5 ! di/ribution ( plants & ! soils & subsoils4 ,9 ?is way 8 att5tion came to be direct$ to m9]als & rocks4 ,9 #agdf he communicat$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is a memoir on ! di/ribution ( m9]als & rocks1 & ?is 0 accompani$ by a map on :i* he _h record$ 8 obs]vations4 ,he ?us1 z rem>k$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,conybe>e1 fir/ c>ri$ into execution ! idea1 propos$ by ,m>t9 ,li/] ye>s be=e1 ( geological maps4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 j\rneys he made a l>ge collection ( fossils & figur$ _m ( !m1 b he _h no cle> ideas ab\t ! sequ5ce ( /rata4 ,he made obs]vations also on ! degradation ( m\nta9s by ra91 riv]s & sea2 & he 0 ! fir/ to asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( =m] volcanoes 9 ! di/rict ( ,auv]gne4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #g? ( ,janu>y #aghf4 ,8 publications include3 ,obs]vations sur les plantes 7#b vols41 #agdg72 ,hi/oire de la dec\v]te faite en ,france de mati]es semblables a celles dont la porcela9e de la ,*9e e/ composee 7#agfe72 ,memoires sur diff]5tes p>ties des sci5ces et arts 7#e vols41 #agfh-aghc72 ,memoire sur la m9]alogie du ,dauph9e 7#b vols41 #aggi74 ,see ,! ,f\nd]s ( ,geology1 by ,sir ,a4 ,geikie 7#ahig74 ,,gueux1 ,,les1 or ,,! ,,begg>s1 a "n assum$ by ! conf$]acy ( nobles & o!r malcont5ts1 :o 9 #aeff oppos$ ,spani% tyranny 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! lead]s ( ! nobles1 :o sign$ a solemn league kn[n z ! ,compromise1 by :i* !y b\nd !mselves to assi/ 9 def5d+ ! rights & lib]ties ( ! ,ne!rl&s aga9/ ! civil & religi\s despotism ( ,philip ,,ii41 7 ,l\is1 c\nt ( ,nassau1 & ,h5ry1 c\nt ( ,br$]ode4 ,on ! #e? ( ,april #aeff p]mission 0 obta9$ = ! conf$]ates to pres5t a petition ( grievances1 call$ ! ,reque/1 to ! reg5t1 ,m>g>et1 du*ess ( ,p>ma4 ,ab\t #bej nobles m>*$ to ! palace accompani$ by ,l\is ( ,nassau & ,br$]ode4 ,! reg5t 0 at fir/ al>m$ at ! appe>ance ( s l>ge a body1 b "o ( h] c\ncillors1 ,b]laymont by "n1 0 he>d to exclaim1 ,:at1 madam1 is y\r highness afraid ( ^! begg>s 7ces gueux78 ,! appellation 0 n =gott54 ,at a great fea/ held by "s #cjj conf$]ates at ! ,hotel ,culemburg ?ree days lat]1 ,br$]ode 9 a spee* decl>$ t if ne$ be !y 7 all ready to become begg>s 9 _! c\ntry's cause4 ,! words caught on1 & ! hall res\nd$ ) l\d cries ( ,viv5t les gueux6 ,! "n became h5ce=w>d a p>ty appellation4 ,! patriot p>ty adopt$ ! emblems ( begg>hood1 ! wallet & ! b[l1 z tr9kets to be worn on _! hats or _! girdles1 & a m$al 0 /ruck hav+ on "o side ! head ( ,philip ,,ii41 on ! o!r two clasp$ h&s ) ! motto ,fidele au roy1 jusques a port] la besace4 ,! orig9al league ( ,begg>s 0 %ort-liv$1 cru%$ by ! iron h& ( ,alva1 b its pr9ciples surviv$ & 7 to be ultimately triumphant4 ,9 ! ye> #aefi ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o _h n[ op5ly plac$ himself at ! head ( ! p>ty ( revolt1 grant$ lett]s ( m>que to a numb] ( vessels mann$ by crews ( desp]adoes drawn f all nationalities4 ,^! fi]ce corsairs "u ! comm& ( a succession ( d>+ & reckless lead]s--! be/-kn[n ( :om is ,william de la ,m>ek1 "l ( ,lumey--7 call$ ,gueux de m]1 or ,sea ,begg>s4 ,at fir/ !y 7 cont5t ) plund]+ bo? by sea & l& & c>ry+ _! booty to ! ,engli% ports :]e !y 7 able to refit & repl5i% _! /ores4 ,?is w5t on till #aegb1 :5 ,que5 ,elizabe? sudd5ly refus$ to admit !m to h] h>b\rs4 ,hav+ no long] any refuge1 ! ,sea ,begg>s 9 desp]ation made an attack ^u ,brill1 :i* !y seiz$ by surprise 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,spani% g>rison on ! #a/ ( ,april #aegb4 ,enc\rag$ by _! unhop$-= success1 !y n[ sail$ to ,flu%+1 :i* 0 also tak5 by a c\p de ma94 ,! capture ( ^! two t[ns gave ! signal = a g5]al revolt ( ! nor!rn ,ne!rl&s1 & is reg>d$ z ! real beg9n+ oi ! ,w> ( ,dut* ,indep5d5ce4 ,,guev>a1 ,,antonio ,,de 7c4 #adij-aedd71 ,spani% *ronicl] & morali/1 0 a native ( ! prov9ce ( ,alava1 & pass$ "s ( 8 e>li] ye>s at ! c\rt ( ,isabella1 que5 ( ,ca/ile4 ,9 #aebh he ent]$ ! ,franciscan ord]1 & aft]w>ds accompani$ ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 dur+ 8 j\rneys to ,italy & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,aft] hav+ held successively ! (fices ( c\rt prea*]1 c\rt hi/oriograph]1 bi%op ( ,guadix & bi%op ( ,mondon$o1 he di$ 9 #aedd4 ,8 e>lie/ "w1 entitl$ ,reloj de pr9cipes1 publi%$ at ,valladolid 9 #aebi1 &1 accord+ to its au?or1 ! fruit ( elev5 ye>s' lab\r1 is a didactic novel1 design$1 aft] ! mann] ( ,x5ophon's ,cyropa$ia1 to del9eate1 9 a some:at ideal way = ! b5efit ( mod]n sov]eigns1 ! life & "* ( an anci5t pr9ce1 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 di/+ui%$ = wisdom & virtue4 ,x 0 (t5 repr9t$ 9 ,spani%2 & be=e ! close ( ! c5tury _h also be5 translat$ into ,lat91 ,italian1 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 an ,engli% translation be+ by ,j4 ,b\r*i] 7,london1 #aedf7 & ano!r be+ by ,t4 ,nor?4 ,x is difficult n[ to acc\nt = its extraord9>y popul>ity1 its ?\ght be+ nei!r j nor pr(\nd1 :ile its /yle is /iff & affect$4 ,x gave rise to a lit]>y controv]sy1 h[ev]1 ( great bitt]ness & viol5ce1 ! au?or hav+ v5tur$ )\t w>rant to claim = x an hi/orical "*1 appeal+ to an imag9>y manuscript 9 ,flor5ce4 ,o!r works ( ,guev>a are ! ,decada de los ,ces>es 7,valladolid1 #aeci71 or ,lives ( ! ,t5 ,roman ,emp]ors1 9 imitation ( ! mann] ( ,plut>* & ,suetonius2 & ! ,epi/olas famili>es 7,valladolid1 #aeci-aede71 sometimes call$ ,! ,gold5 ,lett]s1 (t5 pr9t$ 9 ,spa91 & translat$ into all ! pr9cipal languages ( ,europe4 ,!y are 9 reality a collection ( /iff & =mal essays :i* h long ago fall5 into m]it$ oblivion4 ,guev>a1 ^: influ5ce ^u ! ,spani% prose ( ! #af? c5tury 0 consid]able1 also wrote ,libro de los inv5tores del arte de m>e> 7,valladolid1 #aeci1 & ,madrid1 #ahie74 ,,guev>a1 ,,luis ,,velez ,,de 7#aegi-afdd71 ,spani% dramati/ & noveli/1 0 born at ,ecija on ! #a/ ( ,augu/ #aegi4 ,aft] graduat+ z a siz> at ! univ]sity ( ,osuna 9 #aeif1 he jo9$ ! h\sehold ( ,rodrigo de ,ca/ro1 c>d9al-ar*bi%op ( ,seville1 & celebrat$ ! m>riage ( ,philip ,,ii4 9 a poem sign$ ,velez de ,sant&]1 a "n :i* he cont9u$ to use till "s ye>s lat]4 ,he appe>s to h s]v$ z a soldi] 9 ,italy & ,algi]s1 return+ to ,spa9 9 #afjb :5 he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! c\nt de ,saldana1 & d$icat$ himself to writ+ = ! /age4 ,he di$ at ,madrid on ! #aj? ( ,novemb] #afdd4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ov] f\r hundr$ plays1 ( :i* ! be/ are ,re9> despues de morir1 ,mas pesa el rey que la sangre1 ,la ,luna de la ,si]ra & ,el ,diablo e/a en ,cantillana2 b he is mo/ widely kn[n z ! au?or ( ,el ,diablo cojuelo 7#afda71 a fanta/ic novel :i* sugge/$ to ,le ,sage ! idea ( 8 ,diable boiteux4 ,,guglielmi1 ,,pietro 7#agbg-ahjd71 ,italian compos]1 0 born at ,massa ,c>r>a 9 ,may #agbg1 & di$ 9 ,rome on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #ahjd4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ musical education f 8 fa!r1 & aft]w>ds /udi$ "u ,durante at ! ,cons]vatorio di ,santa ,m>ia di ,loreto at ,naples4 ,8 fir/ op]atic "w1 produc$ at ,tur9 9 #agee1 e/abli%$ 8 reputation1 & soon 8 fame spread beyond ! limits ( 8 own c\ntry1 s t 9 #agfb he 0 call$ to ,dresd5 to conduct ! op]a !re4 ,he rema9$ = "s ye>s 9 ,g]many1 :]e 8 works met ) mu* success1 b ! greate/ triumphs 7 res]v$ = him 9 ,engl&4 ,he w5t to ,london1 accord+ to ,burney1 9 #agfh1 b accord+ to ,florimo 9 #aggb1 return+ to ,naples 9 #aggg4 ,he /ill cont9u$ to produce op]as at an a/\nd+ rate1 b 0 unable to compete successfully ) ! y\ng] ma/]s ( ! day4 ,9 #agic he became mae/ro di cappella at ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,rome4 ,he 0 a v prolific compos] ( ,italian comic op]a1 & !re is 9 mo/ ( 8 scores a ve9 ( hum\r & natural gaiety n surpass$ by ,cim>osa himself4 ,9 s]i\s op]a he 0 less successful4 ,b "h also he %[s at lea/ ! qualities ( a compet5t musician4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s numb] ( 8 works1 8 unequal workman%ip & ! frequ5t in/ances ( me*anical & slip-%od writ+ 9 8 music ne$ n surprise u4 ,! foll[+ are among ! mo/ celebrat$ ( 8 op]as3 ,i ,due ,gemelli1 ,la ,s]va inamorata1 ,la ,pa/orella nobile1 ,la ,bella ,peccatrice1 ,r9aldo1 ,artas]se1 ,didone & ,enea e ,lav9ia4 ,he also wrote oratorios & miscellane\s pieces ( or*e/ral & *amb] music4 ,( 8 eight sons two at lea/ acquir$ fame z musicians--,pietro ,c>lo 7#agfc-ahbg71 a successful imitator ( 8 fa!r's op]atic /yle1 & ,giacomo1 an excell5t s+]4 ,,guiana 7,guyana1 ,guayana#a71 ! g5]al "n giv5 9 its wide/ acceptation to ! "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica ly+ to ! nor?-ea/ f #h deg4 #dj' ,n4 to #c deg4 #cj' ,s4 & f #ej deg4 ,w4 to #fh deg4 #cj' ,w4 ,its greate/ l5g?1 f ,cabo d ,norte to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,xie & ,rio ,negro1 is ab\t #abej m41 its greate/ bread?1 f ,b>ima ,po9t 9 ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,negro & ,amazon1 #hjj m4 ,its area is r\ghly #fij1jjj sq4 m4 ,compris$ 9 ?is va/ t]ritory are ,v5ezuelan 7=m]ly ,spani%7 ,guiana1 ly+ on bo? sides ( ! ,or9oco & ext5d+ ,s4 & ,s4,w4 to ! ,rio ,negro & ,brazilian settlem5ts2 ,briti% ,guiana1 ext5d+ f ,v5ezuela to ! left bank ( ! ,cor5tyn riv]2 ,dut* ,guiana 7or ,sur9am71 f ! ,cor5tyn to ! ,m>oni riv]2 ,fr5* ,guiana 7or ,cay5ne71 f ! ,m>oni to ! ,oyapock riv]2#b ,brazilian 7=m]ly ,portuguese7 ,guiana1 ext5d+ f ! s\!rn b\nd>ies ( ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 ,briti% & "p ( ,v5ezuelan ,guiana1 to ! ,amazon & ! ,negro4 ,( ^! divisions ! fir/ & la/ are n[ includ$ 9 ,v5ezuela & ,brazil respectively2 ,briti%1 ,dut* & ,fr5* ,guiana are describ$ 9 ord] bel[1 & are alone consid]$ "h4 ,illiu/ration3 ,map ( ,guiana4 ,9 _! physical geography ! ?ree ,guianas pres5t c]ta9 common *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ea* ! pr9cipal features are ! riv]s & _! bran* /reams4 ,9 ea* colony ! nor!rn portion consi/s ( a fluviom>9e deposit ext5d+ inl& & gradually ris+ to a height ( #aj to #ae ft4 above ! sea4 ,?is alluvial pla9 v>ies 9 wid? f #ej m4 to #ah m4 & is trav]s$ by ridges ( s& & %ells1 r\ghly p>allel to :at is n[ ! coa/1 indicat+ ! tr5d ( =m] %ore l9es4 ,by ! dra9+ & dik+ ( ^! l&s ! plantations h be5 =m$ along ! coa/ & up ! riv]s4 ,^! l[ l&s are atta*$ to a some:at high] plateau1 :i* t[>ds ! coa/ is trav]s$ by num]\s huge s&-dunes & inl& by ranges ( hills ris+ 9 places to z mu* z #bjjj ft4 ,! great] "p ( ?is belt ( c\ntry1 9 :i* ! aurif]\s di/ricts pr9cipally occur1 is cov]$ ) a d5se gr[? ( jungle & high =e/1 b savannahs1 gr[+ only a long wiry grass & poor %rubs1 intrude "h & !re1 be+ 9 ! ,s4,e4 mu* ne>] to ! coa/ ?an 9 ! ,n4,w4 ,! h9t]l&s consi/ ( undulat+ op5 savannahs ris+ into hills & m\nta9s1 "s grass-cov]$1 "s 9 d5se =e/4 ,geology#c4--;,guiana is =m$ almo/ entirely ( gneiss & cry/all9e s*i/s p5etrat$ by num]\s dikes ( diorite1 diabase1 c4 ,! gold ( ! plac] deposits appe>s to be d]iv$1 n f qu>tz reefs1 b f ! s*i/s & intrusive rocks1 ! selvages ( ! diabase dikes sometimes conta9+ z mu* z #e oz4 ( gold to ! ton4 ,9 ,briti% ,guiana a s]ies ( conglom]ates1 r$ & :ite s&/one & r$ %ale1 re/s ^u ! gneiss & =ms ! rem>kable table-topp$ m\nta9s ,roraima1 ,kuk5aam1 c4 ,! b$s are horizontal1 & accord+ to ,br[n & ,sawk9s1 ?ree lay]s ( gre5/one1 p>tly intrusive & p>tly contemporane\s1 are int]/ratifi$ ) ! s$im5t>y deposits4 ,! age ( ^! b$s is unc]ta91 b !y evid5tly correspond ) ! simil> s]ies :i* occurs 9 ,brazil1 p>tly ,palaeozoic & p>tly ,cretace\s4 ,9 ,dut* ,guiana !re are a few small pat*es suppos$ to belong to ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,along ! coa/1 & 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! riv] valleys1 are deposits :i* are ma9ly ,quat]n>y b may also include b$s ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,hi/ory4--,! coa/ ( ,guiana 0 sight$ by ,columbus 9 #adih :5 he discov]$ ! isl& ( ,tr9idad & ! p59sula ( ,p>ia1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ,alonzo de ,oj$a & ,am]igo ,vespucci2 & 9 #aejj ,v9c5te ,yanez ,p9zon v5tur$ s\? ( ! equator1 & sail+ nor?-we/ along ! coa/ discov]$ ! ,amazon2 he is believ$ to h also ent]$ "s ( ! o!r riv]s ( ,guiana1 "o ( :i*1 n[ call$ ,oyapock1 is m>k$ on e>ly maps z ,rio ,p9zon4 ,little1 h[ev]1 0 kn[n ( ,guiana until ! fame ( ! fabl$ gold5 city ,manoa or ,el ,dorado tempt$ adv5tur]s to explore its riv]s & =e/s4 ,f lett]s ( ^! explor]s f\nd 9 captur$ %ips1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh 0 induc$ to asc5d ! ,or9oco 9 se>* ( ,el ,dorado 9 #aeie1 to s5d ,lawr5ce ,keymis on ! same que/ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & 9 #afag to try once aga91 ) ! same intrepid lieut5ant1 an exp$ition fraught ) disa/] = bo? ( !m4 ,z e>ly z #aehj ! ,dut* _h e/abli%$ a sy/ematic trade ) ! ,spani% ma91 b s f> z is kn[n _! fir/ voyage to ,guiana 0 9 #aeih4 ,by #afac !y _h ?ree or f\r settlem5ts on ! coa/ ( ,dem]>a & ,essequibo1 & 9 ab\t #afaf "s ,zeel&]s settl$ on a small isl&1 call$ by !m ,kyk ob] al 7see ov] all71 9 ! conflu5ce ( ! ,cuyuni & ,maz>uni riv]s4 ,:ile ! ,dut* trad]s 7 /ruggl+ = a foot+ 9 ,essequibo & ,dem]>a1 ,engli% & ,fr5* trad]s 7 endeav\r+ to =m settlem5ts on ! ,oyapock riv]1 9 ,cay5ne & 9 ,sur9am1 & by #afeb ! ,engli% _h l>ge int]e/s 9 ! latt] & ! ,fr5* 9 ,cay5ne4 ,9 #affc ,*>les ,,ii4 issu$ lett]s pat5t to ,"l ,will\ghby ( ,p>ham & ,lawr5ce ,hyde1 second son ( ! e>l ( ,cl>5don1 grant+ !m ! di/rict betwe5 ! ,cop5am & ,m>oni riv]s1 a prov9ce describ$ z ext5d+ f ,e4 to ,w4 "s #abj m4 ,?is colony 01 h[ev]1 =mally c$$ to ! ,ne!rl&s 9 #affg by ! peace ( ,br$a1 ,great ,brita9 tak+ possession ( ,new ,york4 ,mean:ile ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company1 =m$ 9 #afba1 _h tak5 possession ( ,essequibo1 ov] :i* colony x ex]cis$ sov]eign rights until #agia4 ,9 #afbd a ,dut* settlem5t 0 effect$ 9 ! ,b]bice riv]1 & f ?is grew ,b]bice1 = a long "t a sep>ate & indep5d5t colony4 ,9 #afeg ! ,zeel&]s firmly e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! ,pom]oon1 ,moruca & ,dem]>a riv]s1 & by #afgd ! ,dut* 7 coloniz+ all ! t]ritory n[ kn[n z ,briti% & ,dut* ,guiana4 ,! ,new ,dut* ,we/ ,indian ,company1 f\nd$ 9 t ye> to replace ! old] company :i* _h fail$1 receiv$ ,guiana by *>t] f ! /ates-g5]al 9 #afhb4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! company sold "o-?ird ( _! t]ritory to ! city ( ,am/]dam1 & ano!r ?ird to ,cornelis van ,a]ss5s1 "l ( ,sommelsdijk4 ,! new own]s & ! company incorporat$ !mselves z ! ,*>t]$ ,society ( ,sur9am1 & ,sommelsdijk agre$ to fill ! po/ ( gov]nor ( ! colony at 8 own exp5se4 ,! lucrative trade 9 slaves 0 reta9$ by ! ,we/ ,indian ,company1 b ! society c\ld import !m on its own acc\nt by pay+ a f9e to ! company4 ,sommelsdijk's rule 0 wise & en]getic4 ,he repress$ & pacifi$ ! ,indian tribes1 erect$ =ts & discipl9$ ! soldi]y1 con/ruct$ ! canal :i* be>s 8 "n1 e/abli%$ a high c\rt ( ju/ice & introduc$ ! valuable cultivation ( ! cocoa-nut4 ,b on ! #ag? ( ,june #afhh he 0 massacr$ 9 a mut9y ( ! soldi]s4 ,! ?ird :i* ,sommelsdijk possess$ 0 (f]$ by 8 wid[ to ,william ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 b x 0 ultimately pur*as$ by ! city ( ,am/]dam = #gjj1jjj fl4 ,! settlem5ts 9 ,essequibo progress$ some:at sl[ly1 & x 0 n until immigration 0 attract$ 9 #agdj by (f]s to newcom]s ( free l& & immunity = a decade f taxation t any?+ l a colony c\ld be said to exi/ !re4 ,9 #agcb ,b]bice plac$ itself "u ! protection ( ! /ates-g5]al ( ,holl& & 0 grant$ a con/itution1 & 9 #aggc ,dem]>a1 till !n a dep5d5cy ( ,essequibo1 0 con/itut$ z a sep>ate colony4 ,9 #agha ! ?ree colonies1 ,dem]>a1 ,essequibo & ,b]bice1 7 captur$ by ,briti% private]s1 & 7 plac$ by ,rodney "u ! gov]nor ( ,b>bados1 b 9 #aghb !y 7 tak5 by ,france1 !n an ally ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & reta9$ until ! peace ( #aghc1 :5 !y 7 re/or$ to ,holl&4 ,9 #aghd ,essequibo & ,dem]>a 7 plac$ "u "o gov]nor1 & ,georget[n--!n call$ ,/abroek--0 fix$ on z ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,! next decade saw a s]ies ( /ruggles betwe5 ! colonies & ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india company1 :i* end$ 9 ! company be+ w\nd up & 9 ! ?ree colonies be+ gov]n$ directly by ! /ates-g5]al4 ,9 #agif ! ,briti% aga9 took possession1 & reta9$ ! ?ree colonies until ! peace ( ,ami5s 9 #ahjb1 :5 !y 7 once aga9 re/or$ to ,holl&1 only to be recaptur$ by ,great ,brita9 9 #ahjc1 9 :i* ye> ! hi/ory prop] ( ,briti% ,guiana began4 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,i4 ,,briti% ,,guiana1 ! only ,briti% possession 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 0 =mally c$$ 9 #ahad-ahae4 ,! ?ree colonies 7 9 #ahca consolidat$ into "o colony divid$ into ?ree c\nties1 ,b]bice ext5d+ f ! ,cor5tyn riv] to ! ,ab>y creek1 ,dem]>a f ! ,ab>y to ! ,bo]asirie creek1 ,essequibo f ! ,bo]asirie to ! ,v5ezuelan fronti]4 ,?is b\nd>y-l9e betwe5 ,briti% ,guiana & ,v5ezuela 0 = _m ye>s ! subject ( dispute4 ,! ,dut*1 :ile ,briti% ,guiana 0 9 _! possession1 claim$ ! :ole wat]%$ ( ! ,essequibo riv]1 :ile ! ,v5ezuelans ass]t$ t ! ,spani% prov9ce ( ,guayana _h ext5d$ up to ! left bank ( ! ,essequibo4 ,9 #ahdj ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk _h sugge/$ a dem>cation1 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! ,s*omburgk l9e2 & subsequ5tly1 ?\gh no agreem5t 0 arriv$ at1 c]ta9 modifications 7 made 9 ?is ,briti% claim4 ,9 #ahhf ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 decl>$ t x w\ld !nce=w>d ex]cise jurisdiction up to & )9 a b\nd>y kn[n z ! modifi$ ,s*omburgk l9e4 ,outpo/s 7 locat$ at po9ts on ?is l9e1 & = "s ye>s ,guianese police & ,v5ezuelan soldi]s fac$ "o ano!r across ! ,amacura creek 9 ! ,or9oco m\? & at ,yuruan up ! ,cuyuni riv]4 ,9 #ahig ! dispute =m$ ! subject ( a message to congress f ! presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is int]v5tion ! matt] 0 submitt$ to an int]national commission1 ^: aw>d 0 issu$ at ,p>is 9 #ahii 7see ,,v5ezuela74 ,by ?is decision nei!r p>ty ga9$ its extreme claim1 ! l9e laid d[n diff]+ b little f ! orig9al ,s*omburgk l9e4 ,! dem>cation 0 at once und]tak5 by a jo9t commission appo9t$ by ,v5ezuela & ,briti% ,guiana & 0 complet$ 9 #aijd4 ,x 0 n f\nd practicable1 ow+ to ! impassable nature ( ! c\ntry1 to lay d[n on e>? t "p ( ! b\nd>y fix$ by ! ,p>is aw>d betwe5 ! head ( ! ,w5amu creek & ! summit ( ,mt4 ,roraima1 & ! b\nd>y commission]s sugge/$ a deviation to foll[ ! wat]%$s ( ! ,c>oni1 ,cuyuni & ,maz>uni riv]s1 a sugge/ion accept$ by ! two gov]nm5ts4 ,9 #aijb ! delimitation ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,briti% ,guiana & ,brazil 0 ref]r$ to ! arbitration ( ! k+ ( ,italy1 & by 8 rew>d1 issu$ 9 ,june #aijd1 ! sub/antial area 9 dispute 0 conc$$ to ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! "w ( dem>cation has s9ce be5 c>ri$ out4 ,t[ns1 c4--,! capital ( ,briti% ,guiana is ,georget[n1 at ! m\? ( ! ,dem]>a riv]1 on its "r bank1 ) a population ( ab\t #ej1jjj4 ,new ,am/]dam1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,b]bice riv]1 has a population ( ab\t #gejj4 ,ea* possesses a mayor & t[n c\ncil1 ) /atutory p[]s to impose rates4 ,!re are n9ete5 incorporat$ villages1 & t5 o!r locally gov]n$ areas kn[n z c\ntry di/ricts1 ! affairs ( :i* are controll$ by local au?orities1 kn[n z village c\ncils & c\ntry au?orities respectively4 ,population4--,! c5sus ( #ahia gave ! population ( ,briti% ,guiana z #bgh1cbh4 ,!re 0 no c5sus tak5 9 #aija4 ,by (ficial e/imates ! population at ! end ( #aijd 0 #cja1ibc4 ,( ^! "s #abj1jjj 7 negroes & #abd1jjj ,ea/ ,indians2 #dcjj 7 ,europeans1 o!r ?an ,portuguese1 e/imat$ at ab\t #aa1fjj1 & "s #cj1jjj ( mix$ race4 ,! aborig9es--,arawaks1 ,c>ibs1 ,wapisianas1 ,w>raws1 c4--:o numb]$ ab\t #aj1jjj 9 #ahia1 are n[ e/imat$ at ab\t #fejj4 ,9 #aijd ! bir?-rate = ! :ole colony 0 #cj4c p] #ajjj & ! dea?-rate #bh4h4 ,physical ,geography4--,! surface features ( ,briti% ,guiana may be divid$ r\ghly into f\r regions3 fir/1 ! alluvial seabo>d1 flat & bel[ ! level ( high-wat]2 secondly1 ! =e/ belt1 swampy along ! riv]s b ris+ into undulat+ l&s & hills betwe5 !m2 ?irdly1 ! savannahs 9 & inl& ( ! =e/ belt1 elevat$ table-l&s1 grass-cov]$ & practically treeless2 & f\r?ly1 ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,! ea/]n portion ( ! colony1 f ! s\rce ( its two l>ge/ riv]s1 ! ,cor5tyn & ,essequibo1 is a r\gh incl9$ pla91 />t+ at "s #ijj ft4 above sea-level at ! s\rce ( ! ,takutu 9 ! we/1 b only "s #djj at t ( ! ,cor5tyn 9 ! we/1 & slop+ d[n gradually to ! l[ alluvial flats ab\t #c ft4 bel[ high-wat] l9e4 ,! ea/]n "p is g5]ally =e/$2 ! we/]n is an almo/ level savannah1 ) woodl&s along ! riv]s4 ,! nor!rn portion ( ,briti% ,guiana1 ! alluvial flats allud$ to already1 consi/s ( a fluviom>9e deposit ext5d+ inl& f #be m4 to #cj m41 gradually ris+ to ab\t #ab ft4 above high-wat] m>k & end+ aga9/ b$s ( s&y clay1 ! residua ( igne\s rocks decompos$ 9 situ1 :i* =m an ext5sive undulat+ region ris+ to #aej ft4 above ! sea & /ret*+ back to ! =e/-cov]$ hills4 ,r\ghly p>allel to ! exi/+ coa/-l9e are n>r[ reefs ( s& & sea-%ells1 :i* are dunes indicat+ ! tr5d ( =m] limits ( ! sea1 & /ill f>!r back are ! high] s& hills1 hills ( granite or diabase ) a ?ick /ratum ( co>se :ite s& sup]impos$4 ,f ! coa/-l9e seaw>ds ! ocean deep5s v gradually1 & at l[ tide ext5sive flats ( s& & ( mix$ clay & s& 7call$ locally caddy7 are left b>e1 ^! flats be+ at times cov]$ ) a deposit ( ?9 drift mud4 ,two great p>allel m\nta9 sy/ems cross ! colony f ,w4 to ,e41 ! great] be+ t ( ! ,pac>aima & ,m]ume ,mts41 & ! less] includ+ ! ,kanuku ,mts4 7#bjjj ft471 :ile ! ,ac>ai ,mts41 a d5sely-wood$ range ris+ to #bejj ft41 =m ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,briti% ,guiana & ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,essequibo & ! ,amazon4 ,^! m\nta9s rise g5]ally 9 a succession ( t]races & broad plateaus1 ) /eep or ev5 %e] s&/one esc>pm5ts4 ,!y are mo/ly flat-topp$1 & _! av]age height is ab\t #cejj ft4 ,! ,pac>aima ,mts41 h[ev]1 rea* #hfce ft4 at ,roraima1 & ! latt] rem>kable m\nta9 rises z a p]p5dicul> wall ( r$ rock #aejj ft4 9 height spr++ out ( ! =e/-clad slopes bel[ ! summit1 & 0 consid]$ inaccessible until 9 ,decemb] #ahhd ,messrs im ,?urn & ,p]k9s f\nd a l$ge by :i* ! top c\ld be rea*$4 ,! summit is a table-l& "s #ab sq4 m4 9 area4 ,mt4 ,kuk5aam is ( simil> /ructure & also rises above #hejj ft4 ,o!r conspicu\s summits 7ab\t #gjjj ft47 are ,iwalk>ima1 ,eluw>ima1 ,ilutipu & ,waiakapiapu4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ! ,pac>aima range comprises rugg$ hills & rock-/rewn valleys1 b to ! ,n41 :]e ! s&/one assumes ! table-%ap$ =m1 !re are d5se =e/s1 & ! sc5]y is ( extraord9>y gr&eur4 ,wat]falls frequ5tly desc5d ! cliffs f a great height 7ne>ly #bjjj ft4 %e] at ,roraima & ,kuk5aam74 ,! s&/one =mation c be trac$ f ! nor!rn ,pac>aima range on ! ,n4,w4 to ! ,cor5tyn 9 ! ,s4,e4 ,x is trav]s$ 9 places by dikes & sills ( diabase or dol]ite1 :ile bosses ( m or less alt]$ gabbro rise ?r\gh x4 ,! surface ( a l>ge "p ( ! colony is compos$ ( gneiss1 & ( gneissose granite1 :i* is se5 9 l>ge wat]-worn bosses 9 ! riv] b$s4 ,intrusive granite is ( some:at r>e occurr5ce2 :]e f\nd1 x gives rise to long l[ rolls ( hilly c\ntry & to cat>acts 9 ! riv]s4 ,ext5sive areas ( ! c\ntry consi/ ( qu>tz-porphyry1 porphyrites & fel/one1 & ( m or less s*i/ose rocks d]iv$ f !m4 ,^! rocks are closely connect$ ) ! gneissose granites & gneiss1 & !re are reasons = believ+ t ! latt] are ! deep-seat$ portions ( !m & are only visible :]e !y h be5 expos$ by d5udation4 ,long ranges ( hills1 v>y+ 9 elevation f a few hundr$s to f #bjjj ft4 to #cjjj ft41 trav]se ! pla9s ( ! gneissose di/ricts4 ,^! are caus$ ei!r by old intrusions ( diabase & gabbro :i* h und]gone modifications1 or by lat] ones ( dol]ite4 ,^! ranges are ( high importance1 z ! rocks compris+ !m are ! ma9 s\rce ( gold 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,riv]s4--,! pr9cipal physical features ( ,briti% ,guiana are its riv]s & _! bran*es1 :i* =m "o va/ network ( wat]ways all ov] x1 & are ! pr9cipal1 inde$ practically ! only1 highways inl& f ! coa/4 ,*ief among !m are ! ,wa9i1 ! ,essequibo1 & its tribut>ies ! ,maz>uni & ,cuyuni1 ! ,dem]>a1 ! ,b]bice & ! ,cor5tyn4 ,! ,essequibo rises 9 ! ,ac>ai ,mts41 9 #j deg4 #da' ,n4 & ab\t #hej ft4 above ! sea1 & fl[s nor?w>ds = ab\t #fjj m4 until x dis*>ges itself into ! ocean by an e/u>y ne>ly #ae m4 9 wid?4 ,9 ?is e/u>y are sev]al l>ge & f]tile isl&s1 on f\r ( :i* sug> us$ to be gr[n4 ,n[ b "o1 ,wak5aam1 c boa/ ( a factory4 ,! ,essequibo c be ent]$ only by craft draw+ less ?an #bj ft4 & is navigable = ^! vessels = n m ?an #ej m41 its subsequ5t c\rse upw>ds be+ frequ5tly brok5 by cat>acts & rapids4 ,"s #g m4 bel[ ! fir/ s]ies ( rapids x is jo9$ by ! ,maz>uni1 itself jo9$ by ! ,cuyuni "s #d m4 f>!r up4 ,x has a rem>kable c\rse f its s\rce 9 ! ,m]ume ,m\nta9s1 ab\t #bdjj ft4 above ! sea4 ,x fl[s fir/ s\?1 !n we/1 nor?-we/1 nor?1 & f9ally s\?-ea/ to )9 #bj m4 ( its own s\rce1 =m+ _m f9e falls1 & its c\rse !reaft] is /ill v tortu\s4 ,9 #d deg4 ,n4 & #eh deg4 ,w41 ! ,essequibo is jo9$ by ! ,rupununi1 :i*1 ris+ 9 a savannah at ! foot ( ! ,k>awaim5to ,mts41 has a nor!rly & ea/]ly c\rse ( fully #bjj m4 ,9 #c deg4 #cg' ,n4 ! ,aw>icura jo9s ! ,rupununi1 & by ?is tribut>y ! ,pir>a1 a tribut>y ( ! ,amazon1 may be rea*$1--an example ( ! int]e/+ s]ies ( itabos connect+ ne>ly all ,s4 ,am]ican riv]s ) "o ano!r4 ,ano!r l>ge tribut>y ( ! ,essequibo is ! ,pot>o1 on :i*1 at #aacj ft4 above sea-level & 9 #e deg4 #h' ,n4 & #ei deg4 #ai' ,w41 is ! celebrat$ ,kaieteur fall1 discov]$ 9 #ahgj by ,mr ,c4 ,b>r+ton ,br[n :ile engag$ on a geological survey4 ,?is fall is produc$ by ! riv] fl[+ f a tablel& ( s&/one & conglom]ate into a deep valley #hbb ft4 bel[4 ,= ! fir/ #gda ft4 ! wat] falls z a p]p5dicul> column1 !nce z a slop+ cat>act to ! /ill rea* bel[4 ,! riv] #bjj yds4 above ! fall is ab\t #djj ft4 wide1 :ile ! actual wat]way ( ! fall itself v>ies f #abj ft4 9 dry wea!r to ne>ly #djj ft4 9 ra9y seasons4 ,! ,kaieteur1 :i* x took ,mr ,br[n a =tnight to rea* f ! coa/1 c n[ be rea*$ on ! fif? day f ,georget[n4 ,among o!r consid]able tribut>ies ( ! ,essequibo are ! ,sip>uni1 ,burro-,burro1 ,rewa1 ,kuyuw9i & ,kassi-,kudji4 ,! ,dem]>a riv]1 ! head-wat]s ( :i* are kn[n only to ,indians1 rises probably ne> #e deg4 ,n41 & aft] a w9d+ nor!rly c\rse ( "s #bjj m4 ent]s ! ocean 9 #f deg4 #ej' ,n4 & #eh deg4 #bj' ,w4 ,a b> ( mud & s& prev5ts ! entrance ( vessels draw+ m ?an #ai ft4 ,! riv] is f its m\?1 :i* is ne>ly #b m4 wide1 navigable = #gj m4 to all vessels :i* c ent]4 ,! ,b]bice riv] rises 9 ab\t #c deg4 #dj' ,n41 & 9 #c deg4 #ec' ,n4 is )9 #i m4 ( ! ,essequibo4 ,at its m\? x is ab\t #b-a_/b m4 wide1 & is navigable = vessels draw+ n m ?an #ab ft4 = ab\t #aje m4 & = vessels draw+ n m ?an #g ft4 = fully #age m4 ,!nce upw>ds x is brok5 by great cat>acts4 ,! ,canje creek jo9s ! ,b]bice riv] close to ! sea4 ,! ,cor5tyn riv] rises 9 #a deg4 #dh' #cj ,n41 ab\t #adj m4 ,e4 ( ! ,essequibo1 & fl[+ nor?w>ds ent]s ! ,atlantic by an e/u>y "s #ad m4 wide4 ,! divide betwe5 its head-wat]s & ^? ( /reams belong+ to ! ,amazon sy/em is only "s #djj ft4 9 elevation4 ,x is navigable = ab\t #aej m41 "s ( ! rea*es be+ ( great wid? & beauty4 ,! upp] rea*es are brok5 by a s]ies ( great cat>acts1 "s ( :i*1 until ! discov]y ( ,kaieteur1 7 believ$ to be ! gr&e/ 9 ,briti% ,guiana4 ,among o!r riv]s are ! ,pom]oon1 ,moruca & ,b>ima1 :ile sev]al l>ge /reams or creeks fall directly into ! ,atlantic1 ! l>ge/ be+ ! ,ab>y1 ,mahaicony & ,mahaica1 betwe5 ,b]bice & ,dem]>a1 & ! ,bo]asirie betwe5 ,dem]>a & ,essequibo4 ,! col\r ( ! wat] ( ! riv]s & creeks is 9 g5]al a d>k br[n1 caus$ by ! infusion ( vegetable matt]1 b :]e ! /reams run = a long di/ance ?r\gh savannahs !y are ( a milky col\r4 ,climate4--,! climate is1 z tropical c\ntries g1 n unheal?y4 ,mal>ial fev]s are common b prev5tible2 & ph?isis is preval5t1 n because ! climate is unsuitable to suff]]s f pulmon>y compla9ts1 b because ( ! ignorance ( ! common p ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( hygi5e1 an ignorance :i* ! /ate is endeav\r+ to less5 by includ+ ! tea*+ ( hygi5e 9 ! syllabus ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,! temp]ature is uni=m on ! coa/ = ! t5 mon?s f ,octob] to ,july1 ! regul> ,n4,e4 trade w9ds keep+ x d[n to an av]age ( #hj deg4 ,f4 ,9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] ! trades die away & ! heat becomes oppressive4 ,9 ! int]ior ! nights are cold & damp4 ,hurricanes1 inde$ ev5 /rong gales1 are unkn[n2 a tidal wave is an impossibility2 & ! nature ( ! soil ( ! coa/ l&s r5d]s e>?quakes practically h>mless4 ,occasionally !re are sev]e dr\ghts1 & ! ra9s are sometimes unduly prolong$1 b usually ! ye> is cle>ly divid$ into two wet & two dry seasons4 ,! long wet season beg9s 9 mid-,april & la/s until mid-,augu/4 ,! long dry season is f ,septemb] to ! la/ week 9 ,novemb]4 ,decemb] & ,janu>y con/itute ! %ort ra9y season1 & ,febru>y & ,m>* ! %ort dry season4 ,! ra9fall v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! colony2 on ! coa/ x av]ages ab\t #hj 94 annually4 ,flora4--,! vegetation is mo/ luxuriant & its gr[? p]petual4 ,indig5\s trees & plants ab\nd 9 ! utmo/ v>iety1 :ile _m exotics h readily adapt$ !mselves to local conditions4 ,along ! coa/ is a belt ( c\rida & mangrove--! b>k ( ! latt] be+ us$ = tann+--=m+ a natural b>ri] to ! inroads ( ! sea1 b "o :i*--v unwisely--has be5 9 p>ts almo/ ru9$ to all[ ( direct dra9age4 ,! va/ =e/s af=d an almo/ inexhau/ible supply ( valuable timb]s2 gre5he>t & mora1 l>gely us$ 9 %ipbuild+ & = :>ves & dock & lock gates2 silv]bally1 yield+ magnific5t planks = all k9ds ( boats2 & cab9et woods1 su* z c$> & crabwood4 ,!re may be se5 great trees1 /ruggl+ = life "o ) ! o!r1 cov]$ ) or*ids--"s ( great beauty & value--& drap$ ) fall+ lianas & v9es4 ,giant palms fr+e ! riv]-banks & break ! monotony ( ! mass ( small] foliage4 ,_m ( ! trees yield gums1 oils & febrifuges1 ! bullet tree be+ bl$ ext5sively = balata1 a gum us$ l>gely 9 ! manufacture ( belt+4 ,valuable v>ieties ( rubb] h also be5 f\nd 9 sev]al di/ricts1 & s9ce e>ly 9 #aije h attract$ ! att5tion ( exp]ts f abroad4 ,on ! coa/ planta9s1 bananas & mangoes gr[ readily & are l>gely us$ = food1 :ile sev]al di/ricts are admirably adapt$ to ! gr[? ( limes4 ,oranges1 p9eapples1 />-apples1 granadillas1 guavas are among ! fruits2 ,indian corn1 cassava1 yams1 eddoes1 tannias1 sweet potatoes & o*roes are among ! vegetables1 :ile innum]able v>ieties ( pepp]s are gr[n & us$ 9 l>ge quantities by all classes4 ,! da9ty avocado pe>1 purple & gre51 gr[s readily4 ,9 ! lagoons & tr5*es _m v>ieties ( wat]-lilies gr[ wild1 ! l>ge/ be+ ! fam\s ,victoria regia4 ,fauna4--,guiana is full ( wild animals1 birds1 insects & reptiles4 ,among ! wild animals1 "o & all nocturnal1 are ! mip\rrie or tapir1 manatee1 ac\ri & labba 7bo? excell5t eat+71 slo?1 ant-eat]1 armadillo1 sev]al k9ds ( de]1 baboons1 monkeys & ! puma & jagu>4 ,! la/ is se5 frequ5tly d[n on ! coa/1 attract$ f ! =e/ by ! cattle graz+ on ! front & back pa/ure l&s ( ! e/ates4 ,among ! birds may be m5tion$ ! c>rion cr[ 7an invaluable scav5g]71 vicissi & muscovy ducks1 snipe1 teal1 plov]1 pigeon1 ! ubiquit\s kiskadee or qu'e/ que dit1 a species ( %rike--8 "n d]iv$ f 8 %rill call--! can>y & ! twa-twa1 bo? *>m+ :i/l]s4 ,^! are all f\nd on ! coa/4 ,9 ! =e/ are maam 7p>tridge71 m>\di 7wild turkey71 ! beautiful bell-bird ) note l a silv] gong1 ! quadrille bird ) its tuneful (t-repeat$ b>1 great flocks ( macaws & p>rots1 & o!r birds ( plumage ( almo/ indescribable ri*ness & v>iety4 ,on ! coa/ ! tr5*es & canals are full ( alligators1 b ! great cayman is f\nd only 9 ! riv]s ( ! int]ior4 ,among ! _m v>ieties ( snakes are huge con/rict+ cam\dies1 deadly bu%ma/]s1 lab>rias & rattlesnakes4 ,among o!r reptiles are ! two l>ge liz>ds1 ! salump5ta 7an active enemy ( ! b>n-door f[l71 & ! iguana1 ^: fle% :5 cook$ resembles t5d] *ick54 ,! riv]s1 /reams & tr5*es ab\nd ) fi%es1 crabs & %rimps1 ! am\nt ( ! latt] consum$ be+ enorm\s1 runn+ into tons weekly z ! coolies use !m 9 _! curries & ! blacks 9 _! foo-foo4 ,gov]nm5t & ,adm9i/ration4--,executive p[] is ve/$ 9 a gov]nor1 :o is advis$ 9 all adm9i/rative matt]s by an executive c\ncil1 consi/+ ( five (ficial & ?ree un(ficial memb]s nom9at$ by ! cr[n4 ,legislative au?ority is ve/$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,policy1 consi/+ ( ! gov]nor1 :o presides & )\t ^: p]mission no legislation c be initiat$1 sev5 o!r (ficial memb]s & eight elect$ memb]s4 ,?is body has1 h[ev]1 no f9ancial au?ority1 all taxation & exp5diture be+ dealt ) by ! ,comb9$ ,c\rt1 consi/+ ( ! ,c\rt ( ,policy comb9$ ) six f9ancial repres5tatives4 ,! elect$ memb]s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,policy & ! f9ancial repres5tatives are elect$ by _! sev]al con/itu5cies = five ye>s4 ,qualification = ! ,c\rt ( ,policy is ! own]%ip1 or possession "u lease = a t]m ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1 ( eighty acres ( l&1 ( :i* at lea/ =ty acres are "u cultivation1 or ( h\se prop]ty to ! value ( #gejj4 ,a f9ancial repres5tative mu/ be simil>ly qualifi$ or be 9 receipt ( a cle> income ( n less ?an ,l#cjj p] annum4 ,e male is entitl$ to be regi/]$ z a vot] :o 79 addition to ! usual =mal qualifications7 owns 7dur+ six mon?s prior to regi/ration7 ?ree acres ( l& 9 cultivation or a h\se ( ! annual r5tal or value ( ,l#bj2 or is a secur$ t5ant = n less ?an ?ree ye>s ( six acres ( l& 9 cultivation or = "o ye> ( a h\se ( ,l#dj r5tal2 or has an income ( n less ?an ,l#ajj p] annum2 or has dur+ ! previ\s twelve mon?s paid ,l#d1 #cs4 #d;d4 9 direct taxation4 ,resid5ce 9 ! electoral di/rict = six mon?s prior to regi/ration is c\pl$ ) ! la/ two alt]native qualifications4 ,plural vot+ is legal b no plump+ is all[$4 ,! comb9$ c\rt is by ?is con/itution1 :i* 0 grant$ 9 #ahia1 all[$ ! use ( all rev5ues due to ! cr[n 9 return = a civil li/ vot$ = a t]m n[ fix$ at ?ree ye>s4 ,engli% is ! (ficial & common language4 ,! ,roman-,dut* law1 modifi$ by ord]s-9-c\ncil & local /atutes1 gov]ns actions 9 ! civil c\rts1 b ! crim9al law is f\nd$ on t ( ,engl&4 ,magi/rates h 9 civil cases jurisdiction up to ,l#bj1 :ile an appeal lies f _! decisions 9 any crim9al or civil case4 ,! supreme c\rt consi/s ( a *ief ju/ice & two puisne judges1 & has v>i\s jurisdictions4 ,! full c\rt1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree judges or any two ( !m1 has jurisdiction ov] all civil matt]s1 b an appeal lies to ,8 ,maje/y 9 privy c\ncil 9 cases involv+ ,l#ejj & upw>ds4 ,a s+le judge sits 9 insolv5cy1 9 actions involv+ n ov] ,l#ebj1 & 9 appeals f magi/rates' decisions4 ,! appeal full c\rt1 consi/+ ( ?ree judges1 sits to he> appeals f decisions ( a s+le judge 9 ! limit$ civil1 appellate & insolv5cy c\rts4 ,crim9al c\rts are held f\r times a ye> 9 ea* c\nty1 a s+le judge presid+ 9 ea* c\rt4 ,a c\rt ( cr[n cases res]v$ is =m$ by ! ?ree judges1 ( :om two =m a quorum provid$ ! *ief-ju/ice is "o ( ! two4 ,!re are no imp]ial troops n[ /ation$ 9 ,briti% ,guiana1 b !re is a semi-milit>y police =ce1 a small militia & two companies ( volunte]s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& are bo? e/abli%$1 & grants-9-aid are also giv5 to ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,wesleyan *ur*es & to sev]al o!r d5om9ations4 ,! rev5ue & exp5diture n[ ea* am\nt annually to an av]age ( a little ov] ,l#ejj1jjj4 ,ab\t "o-half ( ! rev5ue is produc$ by import duties1 & ab\t ,l#ij1jjj by excise4 ,! public debt on ! #ca/ ( ,m>* #aije /ood at ,l#ihi1fbj4 ,! sy/em ( prim>y education is d5om9ational & is ma9ly support$ f ! g5]al rev5ue4 ,dur+ #aijd-aije1 #bac s*ools receiv$ grants-9-aid am\nt+ to ,l#bc1ejj1 ! av]age co/ p] s*ol> be+ a little ov] ,l#a4 ,^! grants are calculat$ on ! results ( exam9ations held annually1 an all[ance v>y+ f #ds4 #d-a_/b;d4 to #as4 #j-a_/b;d4 be+ made = ea* pass 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 s*ool-g>d5 "w1 nature /udy1 s++ & drill1 ,engli%1 geography1 elem5t>y hygi5e & sew+4 ,second>y education is provid$ 9 ,georget[n at "s private e/abli%m5ts1 & = boys at ,que5's ,college1 an und5om9ational gov]nm5t in/itution :]e ! c\rse ( in/ruction is ! same z at a public s*ool 9 ,engl&1 & ! boys are prep>$ = ! ,cambridge local exam9ations1 on ! result ( :i* annually dep5d ! ,guiana s*ol>%ip--op5 to boys & girls1 & c>ry+ a univ]sity or pr(essional tra9+ 9 ,engl&--& two s*ol>%ips at ,que5's ,college4 ,indu/ries & ,trade4--,at ! end ( ! ?ird decade ( ! #ai? c5tury ! pr9cipal exports 7 sug>1 rum1 molasses1 cotton & c(fee4 ,9 #ahcj1 #i1ejj1jjj lb4 ( c(fee 7 s5t abroad1 b aft] ! emancipation ( ! slaves x almo/ ceas$ z an export1 & ! little t is n[ gr[n is practically entirely consum$ 9 ! colony4 ,! cultivation ( cotton ceas$ 9 #ahdd1 &1 b = a %ort revival dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 has nev] prosp]$ s9ce4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to resuscitate its gr[?1 b ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture h only %[n t ,sea ,isl& cotton is n adaptable to local conditions1 & t no o!r kn[n v>iety c z yet be recomm5d$4 ,to-day ! pr9cipal exports are sug>1 rum1 molasses1 molascuit--a cattle food made f molasses--gold1 timb]1 balata1 %+les & cattle4 ,! annual value ( ! total exports is j "u ,l#b1jjj1jjj1 ( :i* ab\t two-?irds g to ,great ,brita9 & ,briti% possessions4 ,! cultivation ( rice has made great /rides 9 rec5t ye>s1 &1 :]e difficulties ( dra9age & irrigation c be economically ov]come1 promises to increase rapidly4 ,9 #ahgc1 #cb1jjj1jjj lb4 ( rice 7 import$1 :]eas 9 #aijd-aije1 ! quantity import$ hav+ fall5 to #bj1ejj1jjj lb41 !re 7 ov] #ah1jjj acres "u rice cultivation1 & exportation1 pr9cipally to ! ,briti% ,we/ ,indies1 _h comm5c$4 ,! cultivation ( ! sug>-cane1 & its manufacture into sug> & its by-products1 /ill rema9s1 9 spite ( num]\s fluctuations1 ! /aple indu/ry4 ,! provision ( a tru/wor?y lab\r supply = ! e/ates is ( great importance1 & local sc>city has made x necess>y s9ce #ahdj to import x "u a sy/em ( ind5ture4 ,9 t ye> & until #ahfg1 lib]at$ ,africans 7 br\ght f ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,havana1 ,si]ra ,leone & ,/ ,hel5a1 & 9 #ahde sy/ematic immigration f ,india comm5c$ & has s9ce be5 c>ri$ on annually--save 9 #ahdi-ahej4 ,9 #ahec immigration f ,*9a 0 tri$1 & 0 c>ri$ on by ! gov]nm5t f #ahei to #ahff1 :5 x ceas$ ow+ to a conv5tion arrang$ at ,pek+1 /ipulat+ t all immigrants %\ld on ! expiry ( _! t]m ( ind5ture be entitl$ to be s5t back at ! exp5se ( ! colony1 a liability x c\ld n af=d to incur4 ,to r$uce ! co/ ( sup]vision & k9dr$ exp5ses1 & consequ5tly ( ! cane & its manufacture into sug>1 ! policy ( c5tralization has be5 univ]sally adopt$1 & =ty-six e/ates n[ produce z mu* sug> z ?ree times t numb] did 9 #ahge4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ,canada has come =w>d z a l>ge buy] ( ,guiana's sug>1 & 9 #aijd-aije ! same am\nt w5t !re z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ea* case ov] #dd1jjj tons1 :]eas 9 #aija-aijb ! ,unit$ ,/ates took #he1jjj tons & ,canada "u #hjjj tons4 ,practically all ! rum & molascuit g to ,engl&1 & ! molasses to ,holl& & ,portuguese possessions4 ,! l&s on ! coa/ & on ! riv] banks up to ! s& hills are ( m>k$ f]tility1 & c produce almo/ any tropical vegetable or fruit4 ,cultivation1 h[ev]1 save on ! sug>1 c(fee & cocoa e/ates1 & by a few exceptional small f>m]s1 is c>ri$ on 9 a haphaz>d & half-he>t$ mann]1 & ! problem ( agricultural developm5t is "o ( great difficulty = ! gov]nm5t4 ,mu* ( ! privately-own$ l& is n b5eficially occupi$1 & 9 _m cases x is n possible ev5 to le>n to :om x belongs1 & ?\gh !re are va/ tracts ( uncultivat$ cr[n l& :]e a l>ge f>m or a small home/ead c be easily & *eaply acquir$1 ! difficulties involv$ 9 cle>+1 dra9+1 & 9 "s cases ( protect+ x by dams1 are prohibitive to all b ! exceptionally det]m9$4 ,prospect+ = gold began 9 #ahhj1 & f #ahhd to #ahic-ahid ! output1 *iefly f alluvial work+s1 increas$ f #bej oz4 to ne>ly #adj1jjj oz4 annually4 ,! indu/ry !n receiv$ a s]i\s *eck by ! failure ( sev]al m9es1 & = ne>ly a decade 0 almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! small tributor1 kn[n locally z a pork-knock]4 ,!re has be5 "s revival1 *iefly due to =eign ent]prise4 ,at ,omai on ! ,essequibo riv] a ,g]man syndicate work$ a l>ge concession on ! hydraulic process ( plac] m9+ ) consid]able success1 & m rec5tly took to dr$g+ on its flats4 ,9 ! ,puruni 7a tribut>y ( ! ,maz>uni7 ,am]ican capitali/s1 work+ ! ,pet]s' m9e1 h e/abli%$ _! work+s to a consid]able dep?1 besides con/ruct+ a road1 #fj m4 9 l5g?1 f ,k>tabo po9t1 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,guyuni & ,maz>uni1 to ! ,puruni riv] opposite ! m9e4 ,an ,engli% syndicate />t$ dr$g+ 9 ! ,conaw>ook1 a tribut>y ( ! ,essequibo4 ,! pr9cipal gold di/ricts are on ! ,essequibo & its tribut>ies--! *ief be+ ! ,cuyuni1 ,maz>uni1 ,pot>o & ,conaw>ook--& on ! ,b>ima1 ,b>ama & ,wa9i riv]s 9 ! nor?-we/ di/rict4 ,!re h be5 small] work+s1 mo/ly unsuccessful1 9 ! ,dem]>a & ,b]bice riv]s4 ,diamonds & o!r preci\s /ones h be5 f\nd 9 small quantities1 & s9ce #aijj ef=ts h be5 made to ext5d ! output1 ne>ly #aa1jjj c>ats weight ( diamonds be+ export$ 9 #aijd4 ,b ?\gh ! small /ones f\nd 7 ( good wat]1 ! co/ ( transport to ! diamond fields1 on ! ,maz>uni riv]1 0 heavy1 & aft] #aijd ! indu/ry decl9$4 ,laws deal+ ) gold & preci\s /ones pass$ 9 #ahhj1 #ahhf & #ahhg1 & regulations 9 #ahii1 7 codifi$ 9 #aijb & am5d$ 9 #aije4 ,timb] is cut1 & balata & rubb] collect$1 f cr[n l&s by lic5ces issu$ f ! dep>tm5t ( ,l&s & ,m9es4 ,wood-cutt+1 save on concessions held by a local company own+ an up-c\ntry l9e ( railway connect+ ! ,dem]>a & ,essequibo riv]s1 is limit$ to ^? p>ts ( ! =e/ :i* are close to ! l[] /ret*es ( ! riv]s & creeks1 ! ov]l& haulage ( ! heavy logs be+ bo? difficult & co/ly1 :ile transport ?r\gh ! upp] rea*es ( ! riv]s is impossible on acc\nt ( ! _m cat>acts & rapids4 ,! av]age annual value ( imports is ,l#a1ejj1jjj1 ( :i* ab\t two-?irds are f ,great ,brita9 & ,briti% possessions4 ,( ! vessels trad+ ) ! colony1 mo/ are "u ! ,briti% flag1 ! rema9d] be+ pr9cipally ,am]ican & ,norwegian4 ,! money ( acc\nt is doll>s & c5ts1 b1 ) ! exception ( ! notes ( ! two local banks1 ! curr5cy is ,briti% /]l+4 ,! unit ( l& measure is ! ,rhynl& rood1 r\ghly equal to #ab ft4 #d 94 ,a ,rhynl& acre conta9s #cjj squ>e roods4 ,inl& ,communication1 c4--,! public roads ext5d along ! coa/ f ! ,cor5tyn riv] to "s #bj m4 ,n4 ( ! ,essequibo m\? on ! ,aroabisci coa/1 & = a %ort di/ance up ea* ( ! pr9cipal riv]s & creeks ent]+ ! sea betwe5 ^! po9ts4 ,a l9e ( railway #fj-a_/b m4 9 l5g? runs f ,georget[n to ,rosignol on ! left bank ( ! ,b]bice riv] opposite ,new ,am/]dam2 & ano!r l9e #ae m4 long />ts f ,vre$-en-hoop1 on ! left bank ( ! ,dem]>a riv] opposite ,georget[n1 & runs to ,gre5wi* ,p>k on ! "r bank ( ! ,essequibo riv] "s #c m4 f its m\?4 ,a light railway1 metre gauge1 #ah-a_/b m4 9 l5g?1 connects ,wism> 7on ! left bank ( ! ,dem]>a riv] "s #gj m4 f its m\?7 ) ,rock/one 7on ! "r bank ( ! ,essequibo1 & above ! fir/ s]ies ( cat>acts 9 t riv]74 ,/eam]s run daily to & f ,georget[n & ,wism>1 & laun*es to & f ,rock/one & ,tumatum>i ,fall on ! ,pot>o1 & all exp$itions = ! goldfields ( ! ,essequibo & its tribut>ies above ,rock/one travel by ?is r\te4 ,ano!r /eam] goes twice a week to ,b>tica at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,essequibo & ,maz>uni1 & ano!r weekly to ,mt4 ,ev]>d on ! ,b>ima1 f :i* t]m9i exp$itions />t to ! o!r gold & diamond fields4 ,/eam]s also run f ,georget[n to ,new ,am/]dam & up ! ,b]bice riv] = ab\t #ajj m4 ,above ! t]m9i ( ^! /eam] r\tes all travell+ is done 9 keelless bateaux1 propell$ by paddl]s & /e]$ :5 com+ ?r\gh ! rapids at bo? b[ & /]n by c]tificat$ b[m5 & /e]sm54 ,ow+ to ! extreme dang]s ( ?is inl& travell+1 /r+5t regulations h be5 fram$ z to ! load+ ( boats1 supply ( ropes & qualifications ( m5 9 *>ge1 & ! %oot+ ( c]ta9 falls is prohibit$4 ,voyages up-c\ntry are ( necessity sl[1 b ! return j\rney is made ) comp>atively great rapidity1 di/ances labori\sly cov]$ on ! up-trip 9 ?ree days be+ done easily 9 sev5 h\rs :5 com+ back4 ,f ,engl& ,briti% ,guiana is rea*$ 9 sixte5 days by ! /eam]s ( ! ,royal ,mail ,/eam ,packet ,company1 & 9 n9ete5 days by ^? ( ! direct l9e f ,london & ,glasg[4 ,!re are also regul> s]vices f ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france & ,holl&4 ,hi/ory4--,:5 tak5 ov] 9 #ahjc ! prospects ( ?ree ,briti% colonies 7 by no means promis+1 & dur+ ! next decade ! situation became v critical4 ,ow+ to ! increas$ output ( sug> by conqu]$ ,dut* & ,fr5* colonies ! ,engli% m>ket 0 glutt$ & ! m>kets ( ! cont95t ( ,europe 7 n available1 ,bonap>te hav+ clos$ ! ports4 ,! ye>s #ahaa & #ahab 7 peculi>ly disa/r\s1 especially to ^? engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( sug>1 & at a public meet+ held 9 ,georget[n e>ly 9 ! latt] ye> x 0 /at$ t ! produce ( ! colony ord9>ily wor? ,l#a1hfj1jjj _h on acc\nt ( det]iorat$ value decreas$ by fully "o-?ird4 ,at ?is meet+ x 0 resolv$ to petition ! imp]ial p>liam5t to all[ ! int]*ange ( produce ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 a resolution :i* 0 un=tunately r5d]$ abortive by ! outbreak ( w> betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,/ates 9 #ahab1 ! trade ( ,briti% ,guiana be+ in/ead actually h>ri$ by ,am]ican private]s4 ,9 8 address to ! ,comb9$ ,c\rt on ! #bj? ( ,octob] #ahab ! gov]nor 7,g5]al ,c>mi*ael7 /at$ t a vessel ) gov]nm5t /ores _h be5 captur$ by an ,am]ican private]1 & 9 ,febru>y #ahac ! imp]ial gov]nm5t s5t ,h4,m4,s4 ,peacock to protect ! coa/4 ,on ! #bcrd ( t mon? 9 cruis+ along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,dem]>a ! ,peacock met ! ,am]ican private] ,hornet1 & ?\gh1 aft] a gallant /ruggle1 9 :i* ,capta9 ,peake1 ,r4,n41 0 kill$1 ! ,engli% %ip 0 sunk ) ne>ly all h] crew1 ! colony did n suff] f any fur!r depr$ations4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>s news ( ! agitation 9 ,engl& 9 fav\r ( emancipation gradually became kn[n to ! slaves & caus$ consid]able unre/ among !m1 culm9at+ 9 #ahbc 9 a s]i\s outbreak on ! e/ates on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,dem]>a4 ,negroes1 dem&+ _! fre$om1 attack$ ! h\ses ( sev]al manag]s1 & al?\gh at mo/ po9ts ^! attacks 7 repuls$ ) b little loss on ei!r side1 ! situation 0 s s]i\s z to necessitate ! call+ out ( ! milit>y4 ,! r+lead]s 7 arre/$ & promptly & vigor\sly dealt )1 :ile a special c\rt-m>tial 0 appo9t$ to try ! ,rev4 ,john ,smi?1 ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 :o x 0 alleg$ _h fo/]$ ! ris+ by 8 tea*+s to ! slave congregation at 8 *apel 9 ,le ,ress\v5ir4 ,?is trial 0 /igmatiz$ z unfair by ! mission>y p>ty 9 ,engl&1 b on ! :ole appe>s to h be5 conduct$ dec5tly by an und\bt$ly unbiass$ c\rt4 ,x is difficult n[ to =m any v def9ite conclusion4 ,mr ,smi? c]ta9ly _h great influ5ce ov] ! slaves1 & :ile 8 tea*+ prior to ! outbreak 0 at lea/ ill-advis$1 he made no ef=ts :ile ! di/urbances 7 go+ on to use 8 influ5ce on ! side ( law & ord]2 inde$ all he c\ld say 9 8 own def5ce 0 t he 0 ignorant ( :at 0 go+ on1 a /atem5t x is impossible to believe to h be5 /rictly v]aci\s4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to be hang$4 ,x is obvi\s t x 0 nev] int5d$ to c>ry out ?is s5t5ce1 & on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] ! gov]nor ann\nc$ t he felt x imp]ative on him to transmit ! f9d+s ( ! c\rt = ,8 ,maje/y's consid]ation4 ,! "q ( ,smi?'s guilt or innoc5ce creat$ a great deal ( feel+ 9 ,engl&1 ! anti-slav]y & mission>y societies mak+ x a basis = increas$ agitation 9 fav\r ( ! slaves2 b ! imp]ial gov]nm5t evid5tly agre$ ) ! colonial executive 9 hold+ t he c\ld n be exon]at$ ( grave responsibility1 z ! ord] ( ! k+ 0 t :ile ! s5t5ce ( dea? 0 remitt$ ,mr ,smi? 0 to be dismiss$ f ! colony & to ent] into a recognizance 9 ,l#bjjj n to return to ,briti% ,guiana or to reside 9 any o!r ,we/ ,indian colony4 ,?is ord] rea*$ ,georget[n 9 ,april #ahbd1 b ,mr ,smi? _h di$ 9 ! city jail on ! #f? ( ,febru>y ( a pulmon>y compla9t f :i* he _h be5 suff]+ = "s "t4 ,sir ,b5jam9 d',urban 0 gov]nor f ,april #ahbd to ,may #ahcc1 ! pr9cipal ev5t ( 8 adm9i/ration be+ ! consolidation 9 #ahca ( ! ?ree colonies into "o colony divid$ into ?ree c\nties1 ,b]bice1 ,dem]>a & ,essequibo4 ,gov]nor d',urban 0 succe$$ 9 ,june #ahcc by ,sir ,james ,c>mi*ael ,smy?1 :o began 8 adm9i/ration by a proclamation to ! slaves /at+ t :ile ! k+ int5d$ to improve _! condition1 ! details ( 8 plans 7 n z yet complet$1 & w>n+ !m aga9/ impati5ce or insubord9ation4 ,:5 ! resolutions =e%ad[+ emancipation1 pass$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! #ab? ( ,june #ahcc1 rea*$ ! colony1 ! plant]s1 to :om ! gov]nor's proclamation _h be5 mo/ di/a/eful1 7 ?und]/ruck & ev5 ! gov]nm5t 0 surpris$4 ,naturally ! slaves 7 wildly jubilant4 ,emancipation br\ght tr\bl\s times ?r\gh :i* ! gov]nor /e]$ ! colony ) great tact & firmness1 s]i\s tr\bles be+ nipp$ 9 ! bud solely by 8 great p]sonality1 & ! subsequ5t conflicts ) ! appr5tices might h be5 obviat$ _h he liv$ long]4 ,he di$ at ,camp ,h\se on ! #d? ( ,m>* #ahch4 ,9 ! ye>s foll[+ emancipation ! colony 0 9 a s]i\s condition4 ,! report ( a commission 9 #ahej prov$ t x 0 virtually ru9$1 & only by ! introduction ( immigrants to provide a reliable lab\r supply 7 ! sug> e/ates sav$ f total ext9ction4 ,by #ahec ! colony _h begun to make headway1 & ,sir ,h5ry ,b>kly1 ! !n gov]nor1 0 able to /ate 9 8 spee* to ! ,comb9$ ,c\rt 9 ,janu>y t its progress 0 9 e way satisfactory4 ,dur+ ,gov]nor ,b>kly's adm9i/ration ! long s]ies ( /ruggles betwe5 ! legislature & ! executive t]m9at$1 & :5 he left 9 ,may #ahec he did s ) ! respect & good-w ( all classes4 ,! /r5g!n+ ( ! lab\r supply 0 n effect$ )\t tr\bles4 ,9 #ahdg ! negroes 9 ,b]bice attack$ ! p]sons & prop]ty ( ! ,portuguese immigrants1 ! riots spread+ to ,dem]>a & ,essequibo1 & n until ! milit>y 7 call$ out 7 ! di/urbances quell$4 ,simil> riots 9 #ahfb 7 only /opp$ by ! prompt & firm action ( ! new gov]nor1 ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,francis ,h9cks1 :ile r[s betwe5 negroes & ,*9ese & negroes & ,ea/ ,indians 7 frequ5t4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ?+s quiet$ d[n1 & until #ahhc ! e/ates z a :ole did well4 ,9 #ahhd ! price ( sug> fell s s]i\sly z to make ! prospects ( ! colony v gloomy1 & = ne>ly two decades proprietors _h to be cont5t ) a price kept artificially l[ by b\nty-f$ beet-sug>1 _m e/ates be+ ru9$1 :ile ^? t surviv$ only did s by ! application ( e economy1 & by _! own]s avail+ !mselves ( e new discov]y 9 ! sci5ces ( cultivation & manufacture4 ,! ye> #ahhi 0 m>k$ by an outbreak on ! "p ( a section ( ! negro population 9 ,georget[n direct$ aga9/ ! ,portuguese resid5ts !re4 ,a ,portuguese _h murd]$ 8 black p>am\r & _h be5 convict$ & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,! gov]nor commut$ ! s5t5ce to p5al s]vitude = life4 ,%ortly aft] ?is a ,portuguese /all-hold] 9 ! m>ket assault$ a small black boy :om he suspect$ ( pilf]+1 ! latt] hav+ to be tak5 to a hospital1 :ile ! =m]1 aft] be+ tak5 to a police /ation 01 ?r\gh "s misund]/&+ or in=mality1 at once releas$4 ,almo/ imm$iately excitable & unreason+ negroes 7 ru%+ ab\t l\dly proclaim+ t ! boy 0 dead1 t ! ,portuguese 7 all[$ to kill black p & to g free1 & call+ on "o ano!r to take _! own rev5ge4 ,mobs ga!r$ quickly1 attack$ individual ,portuguese & wreck$ _! %ops & h\ses1 & n until ! city _h be5 giv5 up = two days to sc5es ( disgraceful disord] 7 ! ef=ts ( ! police & special con/ables successful 9 quell+ ! di/urbances4 ,! damage done am\nt$ to sev]al ?\s&s ( doll>s1 ! ,portuguese own]s be+ ev5tually comp5sat$ f g5]al rev5ue4 ,9 #ahhd ! dispute z to ! b\nd>y ) ,v5ezuela became acute4 ,x 0 report$ to ! colonial gov]nm5t t ! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ezuela _h grant$ to an ,am]ican syndicate a concession :i* cov]$ mu* ( ! t]ritory claim$ by ,great ,brita91 & al?\gh prompt inve/igation by an ag5t despat*$ by ! gov]nor did n !n disclose any trace ( int]f]5ce ) ,briti% claims1 a fur!r visit 9 ,janu>y #ahhe1 made 9 consequ5ce ( reports t s]vants ( ! ,manoa ,company _h torn d[n notices po/$ by ,mr ,mc,turk on 8 =m] visit1 discov]$ t ! ,briti% notices _h be5 cov]$ ov] by ,v5ezuelan ones & result$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita9 decl>+ t x w\ld !nce=w>d ex]cise jurisdiction up to & )9 a b\nd>y kn[n z ! modifi$ ,s*omburgk l9e4 ,outpo/s 7 locat$ at po9ts on ?is l9e1 & = "s ye>s ,guianese police & ,v5ezuelan soldi]s fac$ "o ano!r across ! ,amacura creek 9 ! ,or9oco m\? & at ,yuruan up ! ,cuyuni riv]4 ,guianese (fic]s 71 h[ev]1 presumably in/ruct$ n actively to oppose acts ( aggression by ! ,v5ezuelan gov]nm5t1 = 9 ,janu>y #ahie ,v5ezuelan soldi]s arre/$ ,messrs ,d4 ,d4 ,b>nes & ,a4 ,h4 ,bak]1 inspectors ( police 9 *>ge at ,yuruan /ation1 convey$ !m ?r\gh ,v5ezuela to ,c>acas1 ev5tually all[+ !m to take /eam] to ,tr9idad4 ,= ?is act comp5sation 0 dem&$ & 0 ev5tually paid by ,v5ezuela4 ,! diplomatic "q z to ! b\nd>y--! results ( :i* are /at$ above--0 pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! colony2 see ! acc\nt ( ! arbitration "u ,,v5ezuela4 ,! la/ two mon?s ( #aije 7 m>k$ by s]i\s di/urbances 9 ,georget[n1 & 9 a less] degree on ! ea/ & we/ banks ( ! ,dem]>a riv]4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] ! dock lab\r]s employ$ on ! :>ves 9 ,georget[n /ruck = high] wages1 & l>ge cr[ds invad$ ! pr9cipal /ores 9 ! city1 compell+ m5 will+ to "w to desi/ & 9 "s cases assault+ ^? :o oppos$ !m4 ,by ! ev5+ ( ! #cj? ( ,novemb] !y _h got s f> out ( h& z to necessitate ! read+ ( ! ,riot ,act & a proclamation by ! gov]nor 7,sir ,f4 ,m4 ,hodgson7 =bidd+ all assemblies4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,decemb] s]i\s di/urbances broke out at ,ruimvelt1 a sug> e/ate directly s\? ( ,georget[n1 :]e ! cane-cutt]s _h sudd5ly /ruck = high] pay1 & ! police 7 compell$ to fire on ! mob1 kill+ "s & w\nd+ o!rs4 ,all ?r\gh t day mobs 9 all p>ts ( ! city assault$ any :ite man !y met1 h\ses 7 invad$ & w9d[s sma%$1 & on two fur!r occasions ! police _h to fire4 ,at night torr5tial ra9s =c$ ! riot]s to %elt]1 & enabl$ ! police to get re/1 _! places be+ tak5 by pickets ( militiam5 & special con/ables4 ,on ,saturday1 ! #bnd ( ,decemb]1 ! police _h got ! upp] h&1 & ! arrival t night ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,sappho & on ,sunday ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,diamond gave ! gov]nm5t complete control ( ! situation4 ,?reat5$ tr\bles on ! sug> e/ates on ! we/ bank 7 suppress$ by ! prompt action ( ! gov]nor1 & ! arre/ ( l>ge numb]s ( ! riot]s & _! imm$iate trial by special c\rts re/or$ ?or\gh ord]4 ,,au?orities4--,see ,raleigh's ,voyages = ! ,discov]y ( ,guiana #aeie-aeif1 7,hakluyt s]ies72 ,laur5ce ,keymis' ,relation ( ! second ,voyage to ,guiana 7#aeif71 7,hakluyt s]ies72 ,sir ,r4 ,h4 ,s*omburgk1 ,description ( ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahdj72 ,c4 ,wat]ton1 ,w&]+s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahab-ahbe 7,london1 #ahbh72 ,j4 ,rodway1 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,guiana 7,georget[n1 #ahia-ahid72 ,h4 ,g4 ,dalton1 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahee72 ,j4 ,w4 ,boddam ,:e?am1 ,roraima & ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,c4 ,p4 ,lucas1 ,hi/orical ,geography ( ,briti% ,colonies2 ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,briti% ,guiana ,directory 7,georget[n1 #aijf72 ,g4 ,d4 ,bayley1 ,h&book ( ,briti% ,guiana 7,georget[n1 #aiji74 7,a4 ,g4 ,b4997 ,dut* ,guiana4 ,,ii4 ,,dut* ,,guiana1 or ,sur9am1 has an area ( ab\t #eg1ijj sq4 m4 ,briti% ,guiana b\nds x on ! we/ & ,fr5* on ! ea/ 7! long unsettl$ "q ( ! ,fr5* b\nd>y is dealt ) 9 section ,,iii41 ,,fr5* ,,guiana74 ,! v>i\s peoples inhabit+ ,sur9am are di/ribut$ accord+ to ! soil & ! products4 ,! ,indians 7,c>ibs1 ,arawaks1 ,w>r\s7 live on ! savannahs1 or on ! upp] ,nick]ie1 ,copp5ame & ,m>oni1 f> f ! plantations1 cultivat+ _! fields ( manioc or cassava1 & = ! re/ liv+ by fi%+ & hunt+4 ,!y numb] ab\t #bjjj4 ,! bu% negroes 7,m>rons7 dwell betwe5 #c deg4 & #d deg4 ,n41 ne> ! isles & cat>acts4 ,!y are e/imat$ at #aj1jjj1 & are employ$ 9 ! transport ( m5 & goods to ! goldfields1 ! navigation ( ! riv]s 9 trade ) ! ,indians1 & 9 ! transport ( wood to ,p>am>ibo & ! plantations4 ,!y are ! desc5dants ( runaway slaves1 & be=e mission>ies _h work$ among !m _! paganism reta9$ curi\s traces ( _! =m] connexion ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,_! *ief god 0 ,gran ,gado 7gr&-god71 8 wife ,m>ia1 & 8 son ,jesi ,ki/4 ,v>i\s m9or deities 7 also wor%ipp$1 ,ampuka ! bu%-god1 ,toni ! wat]-god1 c4 ,_! language 0 bas$ on a ba/>d ,engli%1 m+l$ ) _m ,dut*1 ,portuguese & native elem5ts4 ,_! *iefs are call$ gramman or gr& man2 b ! au?ority ( ^! m51 & ! peculi>ities ( language & religion1 h 9 great measure di$ out ow+ to mod]n int]c\rse ) ! ,dut* & o!rs4 ,! inhabitants ( ,p>am>ibo & ! plantations comprise a v>iety ( races1 repres5t$ by ,*9ese1 ,javanese1 coolies f ,india & ! ,we/ ,indies1 negroes & ab\t #bjjj :ites4 ,( non-,*ri/ian immigrants !re are ab\t #fjjj ,mahomm$ans & #ab1jjj ,h9dus2 & ,jews numb] ab\t #abjj4 ,! total population 0 giv5 9 #aijg z #hd1ajc1 exclusive ( ,indians1 c41 9 ! =e/s4 ,ne>ly "o-half ( ?is total are 9 ,p>am>ibo & "o-half 9 ! di/ricts4 ,! population has %[n a t5d5cy to move f ! di/ricts to ! t[n2 ?us 9 #aheb !re 7 #fjjj p]sons 9 ! t[n & #cb1jjj 9 ! di/ricts4 ,! pr9cipal settlem5ts h be5 made 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,sur9am1 or betwe5 t riv] & ! ,s>amacca on ! ,w4 & ! ,commewyne on ! ,e4 ,! ,sur9am is ! *ief ( a numb] ( l>ge riv]s :i* rise 9 ! ,tumuc ,humac range or ! l[ hills betwe5 x & ! sea1 :i* !y ent] on ! ,dut* seabo>d1 betwe5 ! ,cor5tyn & ! ,m>oni 7,dut* ,corantijn & ,m>[ijne71 :i* =m ! b\nd>ies ) ,briti% & ,fr5* t]ritories respectively4 ,betwe5 ! riv]s ( ,dut* ,guiana !re are rem>kable cross *annels available dur+ ! floods at lea/4 ,z ! ,m>oni communicates ) ! ,cottica1 :i* is 9 turn a tribut>y ( ! ,commewyne1 a boat c pass f ! ,m>oni to ,p>am>ibo2 !nce by ! ,sommelsdijk canal x c rea* ! ,s>amacca2 & f ! ,s>amacca x c proce$ up ! ,copp5ame1 & by means ( ! ,nick]ie f9d its way to ! ,cor5tyn4 ,! riv]s are n navigable inl& to any consid]able ext5t1 z _! c\rses are int]rupt$ by rapids4 ,! int]ior ( ! c\ntry consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( l[ hills1 ?\gh an extreme height ( #chjj ft4 is kn[n 9 ! ,wilhelm9a ,kette1 9 ! we/ ( ! colony1 ab\t #c deg4 #ej' to #d deg4 ,n4 ,! h9t]l& s\? ( ?is latitude1 & t "p ( ! ,tumuc ,humac range along :i* ! ,dut* fronti] runs1 are1 h[ev]1 practically unexplor$4 ,l ! o!r t]ritories ( ,guiana ! ,dut* colony is divid$ physically into a l[ coa/-l&1 savannahs & almo/ imp5etrable =e/4 ,meteorological obs]vations h be5 c>ri$ on at five /ations 7,p>am>ibo1 ,coronie1 ,sommelsdijk1 ,nieuw-,nick]ie & ,gron+574 ,! mean range ( temp]ature = ! day1 mon? & ye> %[s little v>iation1 be+ respectively #gg4ed deg4-#hh4ch deg4 ,f41 #gf4a deg4-#gh4fb deg4 ,f4 & #gj4eb deg4-#ij4ad deg4 ,f4 ,! nor?-ea/ trade w9ds prevail ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b ! ra9fall v>ies consid]ably2 = ,decemb] & ,janu>y ! mean is respectively #h4eh & #i4eg 941 = ,may & ,june #aa4bf & #aj4ca 941 b = ,febru>y & ,m>* #g4b & #f4ha 941 & = ,septemb] #b4dh & #b4j 94 ,! seasons comprise a long & a %ort dry season1 & a p]iod ( heavy & ( slight ra9fall4 ,products & ,trade4--,x has be5 f\nd exce$+ly difficult to exploit ! produce ( ! =e/s4 ,! mo/ important crops & ^? supply+ ! *ief exports are cocoa1 c(fee & sug>1 all cultivat$ on ! l>g] plantations1 ) rice1 maize & bananas on ! small] or coa/ l&s4 ,mo/ ( ! l>g] plantations are situat$ on ! l[] c\rses ( ! ,sur9am1 ,commewyne1 ,nick]ie & ,cottica1 & on ! coa/ l&s1 r>ely 9 ! upp] p>ts4 ,goldfields lie 9 ! old] rocks 7especially ! slate7 ( ! upp] ,sur9am1 ,s>amacca & ,m>oni4 ,! fir/ section ( a railway design$ to connect ! goldfields ) ,p>am>ibo 0 op5$ 9 #aijf4 ,! annual production ( gold am\nts 9 value to ab\t ,l#ajj1jjj1 b has %[n consid]able fluctuation4 ,agriculture is ! *ief means ( subsi/5ce4 ,ab\t #db1jjj acres are "u cultivation4 ,( #cj1jjj1 p]sons ^: occupation is giv5 9 (ficial /ati/ics1 close ^u #ba1jjj are engag$ 9 agriculture or on ! plantations1 #bdjj 9 gold-m9+ & only #ajjj 9 trade4 ,! exports increas$ 9 value f ,l#bjj1hjj 9 #ahge to ,l#dei1hjj 9 #ahii1 & imports f ,l#bfj1dej 9 #ahge to ,l#eaj1ahj 9 #ahii2 b ! av]age value ( exports ov] five ye>s subsequ5tly 0 only ,l#dad1jjj1 :ile t ( imports 0 ,l#eca1jjj4 ,adm9i/ration4--,! colony is "u a gov]nor1 :o is presid5t ( an executive c\ncil1 :i* also includes a vice-presid5t & ?ree memb]s nom9at$ by ! cr[n4 ,! legislative body is ! /ates1 ! memb]s ( :i* are elect$ = six ye>s by electors1 ( :om !re is "o = e #bjj hold]s ( ! fran*ise4 ,! colony is divid$ into sixte5 di/ricts4 ,= ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice !re are ?ree cantonal c\rts1 two di/rict c\rts1 & ! supreme c\rt at ,p>am>ibo1 ^: presid5t & p]man5t memb]s are nom9at$ by ! cr[n4 ,! av]age local rev5ue 7#aija-aijf7 0 ab\t ,l#bgf1jjj & ! exp5diture ab\t ,l#cag1jjj2 bo? fluctuat$ consid]ably1 & a v>y+ subv5tion is necess>y f ! home gov]nm5t 7,l#af1jjj 9 #aijb1 ,l#fj1djj 9 #aijf2 ! annual av]age is ab\t ,l#cg1jjj74 ,!re are a civic gu>d ( ab\t #ahjj m5 & a militia ( #ejj1 ) a small g>rison4 ,hi/ory4--,! hi/ory ( ! ,dut* 9 ,guiana1 & ! compression ( _! influ5ce )9 its pres5t limits1 belongs to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,guiana 7above74 ,sur9am & ! ,dut* isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies 7 plac$ "u a common gov]nm5t 9 #ahbh1 ! gov]nor resid+ at ,p>am>ibo1 b 9 #ahde !y 7 sep>at$4 ,slav]y 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahfc4 ,lab\r !n became difficult to obta91 & 9 #ahgj a conv5tion 0 sign$ betwe5 ,holl& & ,engl& = ! regulation ( ! coolie traffic1 & a ,dut* gov]nm5t ag5t = ,sur9am 0 appo9t$ at ,calcutta4 ,! problem 0 nev] satisfactorily solv$1 b ! int]e/ ( ! "m-c\ntry 9 ! colony greatly increas$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury1 z %[n by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sur9am ,association1 ( ! ,/eam ,navigation ,company's s]vice to ,p>am>ibo1 & by ! =mation ( a botanical g>d5 = exp]im5tal culture at t t[n1 z also by geological & o!r sci5tific exp$itions1 & ! exhibition at ,ha>lem 9 #ahih4 ,,au?orities4--,among ! old] works on ,sur9am ! fir/ rank is held by ,jan ,jacob ,h>ts9ck's ma/]ly ,bes*ryv+ van ,guiana1 ( de ,wilde ,ku/1 9 ,zuid ,am]ika 7#b vols41 ,am/]dam1 #aggj74 ,extracts f ?is "w1 select$ = _! be>+ ^u ,briti% b\nd>y que/ions1 7 translat$ & annotat$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,j4 de ,villi]s 7,london1 #ahig74 ,a valuable ,ges*i$5is d] ,kolonie van ,sur9ame1 by a numb] ( le>n$ ,jews1 0 publi%$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agia & x 0 supplem5t$ & s f> sup]s$$ by ,wolb]s1 ,ges*i$5is van ,sur9ame 7,am/]dam1 #ahfa74 ,see fur!r ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave1 ,dut* ,guiana 7,london1 #ahgf72 ,a4 ,kappl]1 ,sur9am1 se9 ,l&1 c4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhg72 ,pr9ce ,rol& ,bonap>te1 ,les ,habitants de ,sur9am 7,p>is1 #ahhd72 ,k4 ,m>t91 ,b]i*t ub] e9e ,reise ins ,gebiet des ,ob]5-,sur9am1 ,bijdrag5 v4 h4 ,in/4 voor ,taal ,l& en ,volk5kunde1 i4 #a4 7,! ,hague72 ,we/]\5 van ,meet]51 ,la ,guyane ne]l&aise 7,leid51 #ahhd72 ,h4 ,t5 ,kate1 ,e5 en &] ov] ,sur9ame1 ,gids 7#ahhh72 ,g4 ,v]s*uur1 ,voyages aux trois ,guyanes1 ,t\r du monde 7#ahic74 pp4 #a1 #di1 #fe2 ,w4 ,l4 ,lo?1 ,beknopte ,a>drijkskundige bes*rijv+ van ,sur9ame 7,am/]dam1 #ahih71 & ,tijds*rift van het ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap 7#ahgh71 #gi1 #ic2 ,as* van ,wyck1 ,la ,colonie de ,sur9am1 ,les ,pays-,bas 7#ahih72 ,l4 ,?ompson1 ,ov]zi*t d] ,ges*i$5is van ,sur9ame 7,! ,hague1 #aija72 ,catalogus d] ,n$]l4 ,w4 ,i4 t5 ,toon/ell+ te ,ha>lem 7#ahii72 ,guide a trav]s la section des ,indes ne]l&aises1 p4 #cbc 7,am/]dam1 #ahii72 ,sur9aams*e ,almanak 7,p>am>ibo1 annually74 ,= ! language ( ! bu%-negroes see ,wulls*laegel1 ,kurzgefas/e neg]-englis*e ,grammatik 7,bautz51 #ahed71 & ,deuts* neg]-englis*es ,wort]bu* 7,lobau1 #ahfe74 ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,,iii4 ,,fr5* ,,guiana 7,guyane74--,?is colony is situat$ betwe5 ,dut* ,guiana & ,brazil4 ,a delimitation ( ! t]ritory belong+ to ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s 0 arriv$ at 9 #ahia1 by decision ( ! emp]or ( ,russia4 ,?is "q orig9at$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( #ahcf1 t ! riv] ,m>oni %\ld =m ! fronti]4 ,x turn$ on ! claim ( ! ,awa or ! ,tapanahoni to be recogniz$ z ! ma9 head-/ream ( ! ,m>oni1 & ! f9al decision1 9 indicat+ ! ,awa1 fav\r$ ! ,dut*4 ,9 #aije c]ta9 t]ritory ly+ betwe5 ! upp] ,m>oni & ! ,itany1 ! possession ( :i* _h n !n be5 settl$1 0 acquir$ by ,france by agreem5t betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,dut* gov]nm5ts4 ,! "q ( ! exploitation ( gold 9 ! ,m>oni 0 settl$ by attribut+ alt]nate rea*es ( ! riv] to ,france & ,holl&2 :ile ,france obta9$ ! pr9cipal isl&s 9 ! l[] ,m>oni4 ,! additional t]ritory ?us atta*$ to ! ,fr5* colony am\nt$ to #ife sq4 m4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijj ! ,swiss gov]nm5t z arbitrators fix$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,fr5* ,guiana & ,brazil z ! riv] ,oyapock & ! wat]%$ on ! ,tumuc ,humac m\nta9s1 ?us aw>d+ to ,france ab\t #cjjj ( ! #ajj1jjj sq4 m4 :i* %e claim$4 ,?is dispute 0 ( e>li] orig9 ?an t ) ! ,dut*2 diss5sions betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,portuguese relative to t]ritory nor? ( ! ,amazon occurr$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 #agjj ! ,treaty ( ,lisbon made ! conte/$ area 7kn[n z ! ,t]res du ,cap du ,nord7 neutral gr\nd4 ,! treaty ( ,utre*t 9 #agac indicat$ z ! ,fr5* b\nd>y a riv] :i* ! ,fr5* aft]w>ds claim$ to be ! ,aragu>y1 b ! ,portuguese ass]t$ t ! ,oyapock 0 int5d$4 ,aft] ,brazil _h become indep5d5t ! "q dragg$ on until 9 #ahij-ahie !re 7 collisions 9 ! conte/$ t]ritory betwe5 ,fr5* & ,brazilian adv5tur]s4 ,?is compell$ s]i\s action1 & a treaty ( arbitration1 prelim9>y to ! settlem5t1 0 sign$ at ,rio de ,janeiro 9 #ahig4 ,fr5* ,guiana1 accord+ to (ficial e/imate1 has an area ( ab\t #ea1jjj sq4 m4 ,! population is e/imat$ at ab\t #cj1jjj2 its movem5t is n rapid4 ,( ?is total #ab1cej live at ,cay5ne1 #aj1ajj 7 9 ! communes1 #egjj =m$ ! p5al population1 #aejj 7 native ,indians 7,galibi1 ,em]illon1 ,oyampi7 & #ejj ne> ,m>oni 7 negroes4 ,ap>t f ,cay5ne1 :i* 0 rebuilt aft] ! great fire ( #ahhh1 ! c5tres ( population are unimportant3 ,s9nam>ie ) #aejj inhabitants1 ,mana ) #agej1 ,r\ra ) #abjj & ,appr\ague ) #aaej4 ,9 #ahib ,fr5* ,guiana 0 divid$ into f\rte5 communes1 exclusive ( ! ,m>oni di/rict4 ,belong+ to ! colony are also ! ?ree ,safety ,isl&s 7,royale1 ,joseph & ,du ,diable--! la/ notable z ! isl& :]e ,capta9 ,dreyfus 0 imprison$71 ! ,enfant ,p]du ,isl& & ! five ,remire ,isl&s4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! l[ coa/ l& is occupi$ by m>%es1 ) a d5se gr[? ( mangroves or1 9 ! dri] p>ts1 ) ! p9ot or wassay palm 7,eut]pe ol]acea74 ,settlem5ts are conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! littoral & alluvial di/ricts4 ,! =e/-clad hills ( ! h9t]l& d n g5]ally exce$ #aejj ft4 9 elevation2 t "p ( ! ,tumuc ,humac range :i* =ms ! s\!rn fronti] may rea* an extreme elevation ( #bfjj ft4 ,b ! d5se tropical =e/s attract s mu* moi/ure f ! ocean w9ds t ! highl&s are ! bir?place ( a l>ge numb] ( riv]s :i* 9 ! ra9y season especially p\r d[n va/ volumes ( wat]4 ,n less ?an #ae are c\nt$ betwe5 ! ,m>oni & ! ,oyapock4 ,s\?-ea/w>d f ! ,m>oni ! fir/ ( importance is ! ,mana1 :i* is navigable = l>ge vessels #aj m4 f its m\?1 & = small] vessels #bg m4 f>!r4 ,pass+ ! ,s9nam>y & ! ,k\r\1 ! ,oyock is next rea*$1 ne> ! m\? ( :i* is ,cay5ne1 ! capital ( ! colony1 & !reaft] ! ,appr\age4 ,all ^! riv]s take _! rise 9 a some:at elevat$ area ab\t ! middle ( ! colony2 ^? /reams :i* rise f>!r s\?1 9 ! ,tumuc ,humac hills1 are tribut>ies ( ! two fronti] riv]s1 ! ,m>oni on ! "o h& or ! ,oyapock on ! o!r4 ,climate & ,products4--,! ra9y season beg9s 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 & la/s till ! latt] "p ( ,june2 b !re are usually ?ree or f\r weeks ( good wea!r 9 ,m>*4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> !re is (t5 h>dly a drop ( ra9 = mon?s1 b ! air is always v moi/4 ,at ,cay5ne ! av]age annual ra9fall am\nts to fully #acj 941 & x is naturally heavi] 9 ! int]ior4 ,dur+ ! hott] "p ( ! ye>--,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]--! temp]ature usually rises to ab\t #hf deg4 ,f41 b x h>dly ev] exce$s #hh deg42 9 ! cold] season ! mean is #gi deg4 & x seldom s9ks s l[ z #gj deg4 ,betwe5 day & night !re is v little !rmometric diff]5ce4 ,! prevail+ w9ds are ! ,n4,n4,e4 & ! ,s4,e42 & ! mo/ viol5t are ^? ( ! ,n4,e4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season ! w9ds keep betwe5 ,n4 & ,e41 & dur+ ! dry season betwe5 ,s4 & ,e4 ,hurricanes are unkn[n4 ,9 flora & fauna ,fr5* ,guiana resembles ! re/ ( ! ,guianese region4 ,vegetation is excessively ri*4 ,among legum9\s trees1 :i* are abundantly repres5t$1 ! wacap\ is ! f9e/ ( _m h>dwood trees4 ,ca\t*\c & v>i\s palms are also common4 ,! manioc is a pr9cipal s\rce ( food2 rice is an important object ( cultivation2 & maize1 yams1 arr[root1 bananas & ! bread-fruit are also to be m5tion$4 ,vanilla is "o ( ! common wild plants ( ! c\ntry4 ,! clove tree has be5 acclimatiz$1 & 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! empire x =m$ a good s\rce ( weal?2 ! c9namon tree 0 also successfully introduc$ 9 #aggb1 b l t ( ! pepp]-tree & ! nutmeg its cultivation is neglect$4 ,a v small portion ( ! t]ritory inde$ is devot$ to agriculture1 al?\gh ,france has paid "s att5tion to ! developm5t ( ?is bran* ( activity4 ,9 #ahhj a colonial g>d5 0 creat$ ne> ,cay5ne2 s9ce #ahid an exp]im5tal g>d5 has be5 laid out at ,baduel4 ,ab\t #hbjj acres are cultivat$1 ( :i* #edjj acres are "u c]eals & rice1 ! rema9+ be+ "u c(fee 7introduc$ 9 #agaf71 cacao1 cane & o!r cultures4 ,! l[ l&s betwe5 ,cay5ne & ,oyapock are capable ( be>+ colonial produce1 & ! savannahs might support l>ge h]ds2 c]eals1 root-crops & vegetables might easily be gr[n on ! high gr\nds1 & timb] work+ 9 ! int]ior %\ld be pr(itable4 ,gold-m9+ is ! mo/ important indu/ry 9 ! colony4 ,plac]s ( great weal? h be5 discov]$ on ! ,awa1 on ! ,dut* fronti] & at ,c>sev5ne 9 ! t]ritory :i* =m$ ! subject ( ! ,franco-,brazilian dispute4 ,b wages are high & transport is co/ly1 & ! am\nt ( gold decl>$ at ,cay5ne did n av]age m ?an #acj1eej oz4 annually 9 #aijj-aije4 ,silv] & iron h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s di/ricts2 kaol9 is extract$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,monts9]y2 & phosphates h be5 discov]$ at sev]al places4 ,besides gold-work+s1 ! indu/rial e/abli%m5ts comprise saw-mills1 di/ill]ies1 brick-works & sug>-works4 ,trade & ,communications4--,! comm]ce 9 #ahhe am\nt$ to ,l#ccf1jjj = imports & to ,l#add1jjj = exports2 9 #ahig ! values 7 respectively ,l#cgc1cej & ,l#bhf1djj1 b 9 #aijc1 :ile imports _h increas$ 9 value only to ,l#dah1gbj1 exports _h ris5 to ,l#dic1bac4 ,! imports consi/ ( w9es1 fl\r1 clo!s1 c42 ! *ief are gold1 phosphates1 timb]1 cocoa & rosewood ess5ce4 ,cay5ne is ! only consid]able port4 ,"o ( ! drawbacks to ! developm5t ( ! colony is ! lack ( lab\r4 ,native lab\r is mo/ difficult to obta91 & attempts to utilize convict lab\r h n prov$ v successful4 ,ef=ts to supply ! ne$ by immigration h n done s completely4 ,! l& r\tes are n num]\s4 ,! mo/ important are t f ,cay5ne to ,mana by way ( ,k\r\1 ,s9nam>ie & ,irac\bo1 & t f ,cay5ne along ! coa/ to ,kaw & ! m\? ( ! ,appr\ague4 ,t[>ds ! int]ior !re are only foot-pa?s1 badly made4 ,by wat]1 ,cay5ne is 9 regul> communication ) ! ,safety ,isl&s 7#ce m471 & ! m\? ( ! ,m>oni 7#hj m471 ) ,=t de ,france 9 ! isl& ( ,m>t9ique1 :]e travell]s meet ! mail packet = ,france1 & ) ,bo/on 7,u4,s4,a474 ,!re is a ,fr5* cable betwe5 ,cay5ne & ,bre/4 ,adm9i/ration4--,! colony is adm9i/]$ by a commission]-g5]al assi/$ by a privy c\ncil1 includ+ ! secret>y g5]al & *ief ( ! judicial s]vice1 ! milit>y1 p5it5ti>y & adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4 ,9 #ahgi an elective g5]al c\ncil ( sixte5 memb]s 0 con/itut$4 ,!re are a tribunal ( fir/ in/ance & a high] tribunal at ,cay5ne1 besides f\r ju/ices ( peace1 "o ( :om has ext5sive jurisdiction 9 o!r places4 ,( ! ,l#bef1jjj dem&$ = ! colony 9 ! colonial budget = #aijf1 ,l#bce1jjj repres5t$ ! e/imat$ exp5diture on ! p5al settlem5t1 s t ! co/ ( ! colony 0 only ab\t ,l#ba1jjj4 ,! local budget = #aija balanc$ at ,l#ii1jjj & 9 #aije at ,l#aaf1dej4 ,in/ruction is giv5 9 ! college ( ,cay5ne & 9 six prim>y s*ools4 ,at ! head ( ! cl]gy is an apo/olic prefect4 ,! arm$ =ce consi/s ( two companies ( m>9e infantry1 half a batt]y ( artill]y1 & a deta*m5t ( g5d>m]ie1 & comprises ab\t #chj m54 ,! p5al settlem5t 0 e/abli%$ by a decree ( #aheb4 ,f t ye> until #ahfg1 #ah1jjj exiles _h be5 s5t to ,guiana1 b = ! next tw5ty ye>s ,new ,cal$onia became ! *ief p5al settlem5t 9 ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,b 9 #ahhe-ahhg ,fr5* ,guiana 0 appo9t$ z a place ( bani%m5t = confirm$ crim9als & = convicts s5t5c$ to m ?an eight ye>s' h>d lab\r4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! m5 h be5 f\nd unfit = employm5t ^u public works4 ,hi/ory4--,! ,sieur ,la ,rev>di]e1 s5t out 9 #afjd by ,h5ry ,,iv4 to reconnoitre ! c\ntry1 br\ght back a fav\rable report2 b ! dea? ( ! k+ put a /op to ! projects ( =mal colonization4 ,9 #afbf a small body ( trad]s f ,r\5 settl$ on ! ,s9nam>y1 & 9 #afce a simil> b& f\nd$ ,cay5ne4 ,! ,compagnie du ,cap ,nord1 f\nd$ by ! p ( ,r\5 9 #afdc & conduct$ by ,poncet de ,bretigny1 ! ,compagnie de la ,france ,equ9oxiale1 e/abli%$ 9 #afde1 & ! second ,compagnie de la ,france ,equ9oxiale1 or ,compagnie des ,d\ze ,seigneurs1 e/abli%$ 9 #afeb1 7 failures1 ! result ( incompet5ce1 mismanagem5t & mis=tune4 ,f #afed ! ,dut* held ! colony = a few ye>s4 ,! ,fr5* ,compagnie des ,indes ,occid5tales1 *>t]$ 9 #affd ) a monopoly ( ,guiana comm]ce = =ty ye>s1 prov$ h>dly m successful ?an its pr$ecessors2 b 9 #afgd ! colony pass$ "u ! direct control ( ! cr[n1 & ! able adm9i/ration ( ,colb]t began to tell fav\rably on its progress1 al?\gh 9 #afhf an unsuccessful exp$ition aga9/ ! ,dut* 9 ,sur9am set back ! advance ( ! ,fr5* colony until ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,! ye> #agfc 0 m>k$ by a t]rible disa/]4 ,*oiseul1 ! prime m9i/]1 hav+ obta9$ = himself & 8 c\s9 ,prasl9 a concession ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,k\r\ & ! ,m>oni1 s5t out ab\t #ab1jjj volunte] coloni/s1 ma9ly f ,alsace & ,lorra9e4 ,!y 7 l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,k\r\1 :]e no prep>ation _h be5 made = _! reception1 & :]e ev5 wat] 0 n to be obta9$4 ,mismanagem5t 0 complete2 !re 0 7= example7 a %op = skates1 :]eas ! necess>y tools = tillage 7 want+4 ,by #agfe no m ?an #iah coloni/s rema9$ alive1 & ^! 7 a fami%$ fev]-/rick5 b&4 ,a long inve/igation 9 ,p>is result$ 9 ! imprisonm5t ( ! incompet5t lead]s ( ! exp$ition4 ,sev]al m9or attempts at colonization 9 ,guiana 7 made 9 ! latt] "p ( ! c5tury2 b !y all seem$ to suff] f ! same fatal pre/ige ( failure4 ,dur+ ! revolution b& aft] b& ( political prison]s 7 transport$ to ,guiana4 ,! fate ( ! royali/s1 ne>ly #fjj 9 numb]1 :o 7 exil$ on ! #ah? ,fructidor 7#agig71 0 especially sad4 ,l&$ on ! ,s9nam>y )\t %elt] or food1 two-?irds ( !m p]i%$ mis]ably4 ,9 #ahjj ,victor ,hugues 0 appo9t$ gov]nor1 & he manag$ to put ! colony 9 a bett] /ate2 b 9 #ahji 8 "w 0 br\ght to a close by ! invasion ( ! ,portuguese & ,briti%4 ,?\gh ,fr5* ,guiana 0 nom9ally re/or$ to ! ,fr5* 9 #ahad1 x 0 n really surr5d]$ by ! ,portuguese till #ahag4 ,num]\s ef=ts 7 n[ made to e/abli% ! colony firmly1 al?\gh its pa/ mis=tunes _h prejudic$ ! public m9d 9 ,france aga9/ x4 ,9 #ahbb ! fir/ /eam sug> mills 7 introduc$2 9 #ahbd an agricultural colony 7,n\velle ,ang\leme7 0 attempt$ 9 ! ,mana di/rict1 :i*1 aft] failure at fir/1 became comp>atively successful4 ,! emancipation ( slaves & ! consequ5t de>? ( lab\r almo/ ru9$ ! developm5t ( agricultural res\rces ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 b 9 #ahec a l>ge body ( ,african immigrants 0 introduc$4 ,! discov]y ( gold on ! ,appr\ague 9 #ahee caus$ fev]i% excitem5t1 & s]i\sly di/urb$ ! economic condition ( ! c\ntry4 ,,au?orities4--,a detail$ bibliography ( ,fr5* ,guiana w be f\nd 9 ,t]naux-,compans1 ,notice hi/orique de la ,guyane francaise 7,p>is1 #ahdc74 ,among m rec5t works1 see ,e4 ,bassi]es1 ,notice sur la ,guyane1 issu$ on ! occasion ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition 7#aijj72 ,publications de la societe d'etudes p\r la colonisation de la ,guyane francaise 7,p>is1 #ahdc-ahdd72 ,h4 ,a4 ,c\dreau1 ,la ,france equ9oxiale 7#ahhg71 ,dialectes indi5s de ,guyane 7#ahia71 ,dix ans de ,guyane 7#ahib71 & ,*ez nos ,indi5s 7#ahic71 all at ,p>is2 ,g4 ,br\sseau1 ,les ,ri*esses de la ,guyane francaise 7,p>is1 #aija72 ,l4 ,f4 ,viala1 ,les ,trois ,guyanes 7,montpelli]1 #ahic74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! orig9 ( ! "n is some:at obscure1 & has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,b ! late ,col4 ,g4 ,e4 ,*ur* supplies ! foll[+ note1 :i* has ! weight ( 8 great au?ority3 ,i _c confirm ! sugge/ion ( ,s*omburgk t ,guayana 'receiv$ its "n f a small riv]1 a tribut>y ( ! ,or9oco'1 suppos$ to be ! ,wa9i or ,gua9ia4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ea/ ( ! ,&es1 x 0 ! common cu/om ( any tribe occupy+ a l5g? ( riv] to call x simply '! riv]'2 b ! o!r tribes designat$ any section ( x by ! "n ( ! p liv+ on its banks4 ,_m /reams1 !re=e1 _h m ?an a doz5 names4 ,x is probable t no important riv] _h "o "n alone ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 prior to ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! radical w9i1 wa9i1 wayni1 is f\nd z a prefix1 & v frequ5tly z a t]m9ation1 to ! names ( num]\s riv]s1 n only ?r\gh\t ,guayana b all ov] ! ,or9oco & ,amazon valleys4 ,= in/ance1 ,paym>y ,indians call$ ! portion ( ! ,purus riv] :i* !y occupi$ ! ,wa9i4 ,x simply means wat]1 or a f\nta9 ( wat]1 or a riv]4 ,! alt]native sugge/ion t ,guayana is an ,indian ^w signify+ 'wild coa/1' ,i also ?9k unt5able4 ,?is t]m1 appli$ to ! nor?-ea/ frontage ( ,s\? ,am]ica betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 is f\nd on ! old ,dut* map ( ,h>ts9ck1 :o calls x ',guiana ,c>ibania ( de ,wilde ,ku/1' a "n :i* mu/ h well describ$ x :51 9 #aehj1 "s ,zeal&]s1 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 s5t a %ip to cruise along x1 f ! m\? ( ! ,amazon to t ( ! ,or9oco1 & =m$ ! fir/ settlem5t ne> ! riv] ,pom]oon4 ,! map ( ,firnao ,vaz ,d\rado1 #aefd1 calls ! nor!rn "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 includ+ ! pres5t ,briti% ,guiana1 ',ea/ ,p]u4' ,an anonym\s ,spani% map1 ab\t #aeff1 gives ,guayana z ly+ on ! ea/ side ( ! ,or9oco j above its m\?4 ,ab\t #affj1 ,seba/i5 de ,rue/a1 cosmograph] ( ! ,casa de ,contractacion de ,seville1 %[s ,guayana cov]+ ! ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,dut* ,guayanas4 ,accord+ to ! map ( ,nicolas de ,f]1 #agai1 a tribe ( ,guayazis 7,guyanas7 occupi$ ! s\? side ( ! ,amazon riv]1 front ( ! isl& ( ,tup9amb>a1 ea/ ( ! m\? ( ! ,madeira4 ,ari/ides ,rojas1 an em95t ,v5ezuelan s*ol>1 says t ! ,m>i*es ,indians1 ne> ,c>acas1 inhabit$ a site call$ ,guayana long be=e ! discov]y ( ,s\? ,am]ica by ! ,spani>ds4 ,c\dreau 9 8 ,*ez nos ,indi5s m5tions t ! ,r\c\y5nes ( ,guayana take _! "n f a l>ge tree 9 _! =e/s1 ':i* appe>s to be ! orig9 ( ! "n ,guayane4' ,accord+ to ,mi*elana y ,rojas1 9 _! report to ! ,v5ezuelan gov]nm5t on _! voyages 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,or9oco1 ',guyana d]ives its "n f ! ,indians :o live betwe5 ! ,c>oni riv] & ! ,si]ra de ,imataca1 call$ ,guayanos4' ,my own /udies ( aborig9al ,s\? ,am]ica lead me to support ! /atem5t ( ,mi*elana y ,rojas1 b ) ! foll[+ enl>gem5t ( x3 ,! ,portuguese1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 f\nd t ! coa/ & m\nta9 di/rict ( ,rio de ,janeiro1 betwe5 ,cape ,sao ,?ome & ,angra dos ,reis1 belong$ to ! =midable ,tamoyos4 ,s\? ( ^!1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #cjj m4 ( ! ocean slope ( ! coa/ range1 7 ! ,guayana tribes1 call$ by ! e>ly writ]s ,guianas1 ,goyana1 ,guayana1 ,goana &1 plural1 ,goaynazes1 ,goayanazes & ,guayanazes4 ,!y 7 con/antly at feud ) ! ,tamoyos & ) _! neighb\rs on ! s\?1 ! ,c>ijos1 z well z ) ! va/ ,tapuya hordes ( ! ,s]tao ( ! int]ior4 ,long be=e ! discov]y1 !y _h be5 =c$ to ab&on _! beautiful l&s1 b _h recup]at$ _! /r5g?1 return$ & reconqu]$ _! anci5t habitat4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 _m ( !m _h migrat$ nor?w>d1 "s _h settl$ 9 ! ,s]tao back ( ,bahia & ,p]nambuco1 o!rs on ! middle ,amazon & 9 ! valley ( ! ,or9oco1 b a l>ge numb] _h cross$ ! l[] ,amazon & occupi$ an ext5sive area ( c\ntry to ! nor? ( x1 ab\t ! size ( ,belgium1 along ! ,tumu*umac range ( highl&s1 & ! upp] ,p>on & ,m>oni riv]s1 z well z a l>ge di/rict on ! nor!rn slope ( ! above-nam$ range4 ,9 _! new home !y became kn[n z ,r\c\y5nes1 because1 l ! ,mundurucus ( ! middle ,amazon1 !y rubb$ & pa9t$ !mselves ) r\c\ or urucu 7,bixa ,orellana72 b o!r surr\nd+ tribes call$ !m ,ouayanas1 t is ,guayanas--! ,gua1 s common to ! ,gu>ani-,tupi tongue1 hav+ become corrupt$ into ,oua4 ,porto ,seguro says ( ! s-call$ ,tupis1 'at o!r times !y gave !mselves ! "n ( ,guaya or ,guayana1 :i* probably means bro!rs1 f :i* comes ,guayazes & ,guayanazes4444 ,! latt] occupi$ ! c\ntry j s\? ( ,rio de ,janeiro4444 ,! ma/]s ( ! ,capitania ( ,/ ,v9c5te call$ !mselves ,guianas4' ,gu9ila1 ref]r+ to nor?-ea/]n ,s\? ,am]ica 7#agde71 speaks ( five missions be+ =m$ to civilize ! ',nacion ,guayana4' ,9 view ( ! above1 x may be ?\ght reasonable to assume t ! va/ t]ritory n[ kn[n z ,guayana 7,briti%1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,brazilian & ,v5ezuelan7 d]ives its "n f its aborig9es :o 7 f\nd !re at ! "t ( ! discov]y1 & ^: orig9al home 0 ! region ,i h indicat$4 #b ,?is is ! b\nd>y g5]ally accept$2 b x is 9 dispute4 #c ,see ,c4 ,b4 ,br[n & ,j4 ,g4 ,sawk9s1 ,reports on ! ,physical1 ,descriptive & ,economic ,geology ( ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahge72 ,c4 ,vela91 ,esquisse geologique de la ,guyane francaise et des bass9s du ,p>\ et du ,y>i 7afflu5ts de l',amazone7 d'apres les explorations du ,dr ,crevaux1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geogr4 s]4 #g1 vol4 vi4 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 pp4 #dec-dib 7) geological map72 ,e4 ,m>t91 ,geologis*e ,/udi5 ub] ,ni$]l&is*-,we/-,indi51 auf ,grund eig5] ,unt]su*ungsreis5 7,leid51 #ahhh72 ,w4 ,b]gt1 ,zur ,geologie des ,copp5ame- und ,nick]ietales 9 ,sur9am 7,holl&is*-,guyana71 ,samml4 d4 ,geol4 ,rei*smus4 7,leid571 s]4 #b1 ,bd4 ii4 ,heft #b1 pp4 #ic-afc 7) #c maps72 & = ,briti% ,guiana1 ! (ficial reports on ! geology ( v>i\s di/ricts1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,h>rison1 ,c4 ,w4 ,&]son1 ,h4 ,i4 ,p]k9s1 publi%$ at ,georget[n4 ,,gui>t 7or ,,gui>d71 ,,guillaume 7d4 c4 #acaf71 ,fr5* *ronicl] & poet1 0 probably born at ,orleans1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,fr5* army 9 ,fl&]s 9 #acjd4 ,hav+ be5 disabl$ by a w\nd he began to write1 liv$ at ,arras & !n 9 ,p>is1 ?us be+ able to consult ! l>ge /ore ( manuscripts 9 ! abbey ( ,/ ,d5is1 includ+ ! ,gr&es *roniques de ,france4 ,aft]w>ds he appe>s z a m5e/rel de b\*e4 ,gui>t's poem ,bran*e des royaulx lignages1 0 writt5 & !n rewritt5 betwe5 #acjd & #acjg1 9 hon\r ( ! ,fr5* k+ ,philip ,,iv41 & 9 answ] to ! asp]sions ( a ,flemi% poet4 ,compris+ ov] #ba1jjj v]ses x deals ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* k+s f ! "t ( ,l\is ,,viii42 b x is only really important = ! p]iod aft] #abif & = ! w> 9 ,fl&]s f #acja to #acjd1 ( :i* x gives a graphic acc\nt1 & = :i* x is a high au?ority4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,bu*on 7,p>is1 #ahbh71 & aga9 9 tome xxii4 ( ! ,recueil des hi/ori5s des ,gaules et de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahfe74 ,see ,a4 ,mol9i]1 ,les ,s\rces de l'hi/oire de ,france1 tome iii4 7,p>is1 #aijc74 ,,guib]t1 or ,,wib]t 7c4 #ajcj-aajj71 ( ,rav5na1 antipope "u ! title ( ,clem5t ,,iii4 f ! #be? ( ,june #ajhj until ,septemb] #aajj1 0 born at ,p>ma betwe5 #ajbj & #ajcj ( ! noble imp]iali/ family1 ,corregio4 ,he ent]$ ! prie/hood & 0 appo9t$ by ! empress ,agnes1 *ancellor &1 aft] ! dea? ( ,pope ,victor ,,ii4 7#ajeg71 imp]ial vic> 9 ,italy4 ,he /rove to uphold ! imp]ial au?ority dur+ ,h5ry ,,iv4's m9ority1 & presid$ ov] ! synod at ,basel 7#ajfa7 :i* annull$ ! election ( ,alex&] ,,ii4 & creat$ 9 ! p]son ( ,cadal\s1 bi%op ( ,p>ma1 ! antipope ,honorius ,,ii4 ,guib]t lo/ ! *ancellor%ip 9 #ajfb4 ,9 #ajgc1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,empress ,agnes & ! support ( ,c>d9al ,hildebr&1 he obta9$ ! ar*bi%opric ( ,rav5na & swore fealty to ,alex&] ,,ii4 & 8 successors4 ,he seems to h be5 at fir/ on fri5dly t]ms ) ,gregory ,,vii41 b soon qu>rell$ ) him ov] ! possession ( ! city ( ,imola1 & h5ce=? 0 recogniz$ z ! s\l ( ! imp]ial faction 9 ! inve/iture conte/4 ,he alli$ himself ) ,c5cius1 ,c>d9al ,c&idus & o!r oppon5ts ( ,gregory at ,rome1 &1 on 8 refusal to furni% troops or to att5d ! ,l5t5 synod ( #ajge1 he 0 ecclesia/ically susp5d$ by ! pope4 ,he 0 probably excommunicat$ at ! synod ( ,worms 7#ajgf7 ) o!r ,lomb>d bi%ops :o sid$ ) ,h5ry ,,iv41 & at ! ,l5t5 synod ( #ajgh he 0 bann$ by "n4 ,! emp]or1 hav+ be5 excommunicat$ = ! second "t 9 ,m>* #ajhj1 conv5$ n9ete5 bi%ops ( 8 p>ty at ,ma9z on ! #ca/ ( ,may1 :o pron\nc$ ! deposition ( ,gregory2 & on ! #be? ( ,june he caus$ ,guib]t to be elect$ pope by ?irty bi%ops assembl$ at ,brix54 ,guib]t1 :il/ reta9+ possession ( 8 ar*bi%opric1 accompani$ 8 imp]ial ma/] on mo/ ( ! latt]'s milit>y exp$itions4 ,hav+ ga9$ ,rome1 he 0 in/all$ 9 ! ,lat]an & consecrat$ z ,clem5t ,,iii4 on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #ajhd4 ,"o week lat]1 on ,ea/] ,sunday1 he cr[n$ ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,b]?a 9 ,/ ,pet]'s4 ,clem5t surviv$ n only ,gregory ,,vii4 b also ,victor ,,iii4 & ,urban ,,ii41 ma9ta9+ 8 title to ! end & 9 great measure 8 p[] ov] ,rome & ! adjo9+ regions4 ,excommunication 0 pron\nc$ aga9/ him by all 8 rivals4 ,he 0 driv5 out ( ,rome f9ally by crusad]s 9 #ajig1 & s\ght refuge 9 v>i\s =tresses on 8 own e/ates4 ,/ ,angelo1 ! la/ ,guib]ti/ /ronghold 9 ,rome1 fell to ,urban ,,ii4 on ! #bd? ( ,augu/ #ajih4 ,clem5t1 on ! accession ( ,pas*al ,,ii4 9 #ajii1 prep>$ to r5ew 8 /ruggle b 0 driv5 f ,albano by ,norman troops & di$ at ,civita ,ca/ellana 9 ,septemb] #aajj4 ,8 a%es1 :i* 7 said by 8 foll[]s to h work$ miracles1 7 ?r[n into ! wat] by ,pas*al ,,ii4 ,see ,j4 ,lang51 ,ges*i*te d] romis*5 ,kir*e von ,gregor ,,vii4 bis ,innoc5z ,,iii4 7,bonn1 #ahic72 ,jaffe-,watt5ba*1 ,rege/a pontif4 ,roman4 7#bnd ed41 #ahhe-ahhh72 ,k4 ,j4 von ,hefele1 ,concili5ges*i*te1 vol4 v4 7#bnd ed472 ,f4 ,gregorovius1 ,rome 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 vol4 iv41 trans4 by ,mrs ,g4 ,w4 ,hamilton 7,london1 #aijj-aijb72 & ,o4 ,kohncke1 ,wib]t von ,rav5na 7,leipzig1 #ahhh74 7,c4 ,h4 ,ha47 ,,guib]t 7#ajec-aabd71 ( ,nog5t1 hi/orian & !ologian1 0 born ( noble p>5ts at ,cl]mont-en-,beauvoisis1 & d$icat$ f infancy to ! *ur*4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ! ,b5$ict9e abbey ( ,flavigny 7,flaviacum7 or ,/ ,g]m]1 :]e he /udi$ ) great zeal1 devot+ himself at fir/ to ! secul> poets1 an exp]i5ce :i* left its impr9t on 8 works2 lat] *ang+ to !ology1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,anselm ( ,bec1 aft]w>ds ( ,cant]bury4 ,9 #aajd1 he 0 *os5 to be head ( ! abbey ( ,notre ,dame de ,nog5t & h5ce=? took a prom95t "p 9 ecclesia/ical affairs4 ,8 autobiography 7,de vita sua1 sive monodi>um71 writt5 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 gives _m picturesque glimpses ( 8 "t & ! cu/oms ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! description ( ! commune ( ,laon is an hi/orical docum5t ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! same local col\r l5ds *>m to 8 hi/ory ( ! fir/ crusade 7,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos7 writt5 ab\t #aaaj4 ,b ! hi/ory is l>gely a p>aphrase1 9 ornate /yle1 ( ! ,ge/a ,francorum ( an anonym\s ,norman au?or 7see ,,crusades72 & :5 he comes to ! end ( 8 au?ority1 he all[s 8 book to deg5]ate into an undige/$ heap ( notes & anecdotes4 ,at ! same "t 8 high bir? & 8 position 9 ! *ur* give 8 "w an occasional value4 ,,bibliography4--,guib]t's works1 edit$ by d',a*]y1 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 #afea1 9 #a vol4 folio1 at ,p>is 7,v5]abilis ,guib]ti abbatis ,b4 ,m>iae de ,novig5to op]a omnia71 & republi%$ 9 ,migne's ,patrologia ,lat9a1 vols4 clvi4 & clxxxiv4 ,!y include1 besides m9or works1 a treatise on homiletics 7,lib] quo ord9e s]mo fi]i debeat72 t5 books ( ,moralia on ,g5esis1 begun 9 #ajhd1 b n complet$ until #aaaf1 compos$ on ! model ( ,gregory ! ,great's ,moralia 9 ,jobum2 five books ( ,tropologiae on ,hosea1 ,amos & ! ,lam5tations2 a treatise on ! ,inc>nation1 aga9/ ! ,jews2 f\r books ,de pignoribus sanctorum1 a rem>kably free criticism on ! abuses ( sa9t & relic wor%ip2 ?ree books ( autobiography1 ,de vita sua1 sive monodi>um2 & eight books ( ! ,hi/oria quae dicitur ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 sive hi/oria ,hi]osolymitana 7! n9? book is by ano!r au?or74 ,sep>ate editions exi/ ( ! la/ nam$1 9 ,j4 ,bong>s1 ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 i41 & ,recueil des hi/ori5s des croisades1 hi/4 ,occid41 iv4 #aae-bfc4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 ,guizot's ,collection1 ix4 #a-cch4 ,see ,h4 von ,sybel1 ,ges*i*te des er/5 ,kreuzzuges 7,leipzig1 #ahha72 ,b4 ,monod1 ,le ,mo9e ,guib]t et son temps 7,p>is1 #aije72 & ,guib]t de ,nog5t2 hi/oire de sa vie1 edit$ by ,g4 ,b\rg9 7,p>is1 #aijg74 ,,guib]t1 ,,jacques ,,anto9e ,,hippolyte1 ,,comte ,,de 7#agdc-agij71 ,fr5* g5]al & milit>y writ]1 0 born at ,montauban1 & at ! age ( ?irte5 accompani$ 8 fa!r1 ,*>les ,b5oit1 comte de ,guib]t 7#agae-aghf71 *ief ( /aff to ,m>%al de ,broglie1 ?r\gh\t ! w> 9 ,g]many1 & won ! cross ( ,/ ,l\is & ! rank ( colonel 9 ! exp$ition to ,corsica 7#agfg74 ,9 #aggj he publi%$ 8 ,essai g5]al de tactique 9 ,london1 & ?is celebrat$ "w appe>$ 9 num]\s subsequ5t editions & 9 ,engli%1 ,g]man & ev5 ,p]sian translations 7extracts also 9 ,lisk5ne & ,sauvan1 ,bibl4 hi/orique et militaire1 ,p>is1 #ahde74 ,( ?is "w 7= a detail$ critique ( :i* see ,max ,jahns1 ,ges*4 d4 ,kriegswiss5s*aft51 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bjeh-bjgj & ref]5ces !re97 x may be said t x 0 ! be/ essay on w> produc$ by a soldi] dur+ a p]iod 9 :i* tactics 7 discuss$ ev5 9 ! salon & milit>y lit]ature 0 m abundant ?an at any "t up to #ahga4 ,ap>t f te*nical que/ions1 9 :i* ,guib]t's enlight5$ cons]vatism /&s 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! doctr9aire progressiv5ess ( ,m5il ,dur&1 ,fol>d & o!rs1 ! book is *iefly valu$ = its broad outlook on ! /ate ( ,europe1 especially ( milit>y ,europe 9 ! p]iod #agfc-agib4 ,"o quotation may be giv5 z be+ a mo/ rem>kable prophecy ( ! imp5d+ revolution 9 ! art ( w>1 a revolution :i* ! advanc$ tacticians !mselves sc>cely =esaw4 ,! /&+ armies1 :ile a burd5 on ! p1 are inadequate = ! a*ievem5t ( great & decisive results 9 w>1 & mean:ile ! mass ( ! p1 untra9$ 9 arms1 deg5]ates4444 ,! hegemony ov] ,europe w fall to t nation :i* 444 becomes possess$ ( manly virtues & creates a national army--a pr$iction fulfill$ almo/ to ! lett] )9 tw5ty ye>s ( ,guib]t's dea?4 ,9 #aggc he visit$ ,g]many & 0 pres5t at ! ,prussian regim5tal drills & army manoeuvres2 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 recogniz+ ,guib]t's ability1 %[$ great fav\r to ! "y colonel & freely discuss$ milit>y que/ions ) him4 ,guib]t's ,j\rnal d'un voyage en ,allemagne 0 publi%$1 ) a memoir1 by ,t\longeon 7,p>is1 #ahjc74 ,8 ,def5se du sy/eme de gu]re mod]ne1 a reply to 8 _m critics 7,neu*atel1 #aggi7 is a reason$ & sci5tific def5ce ( ! ,prussian me?od ( tactics1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( 8 "w :5 9 #agge he began to co-op]ate ) ! c\nt de ,/ ,g]ma9 9 a s]ies ( mu*-ne$$ & successful re=ms 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,9 #aggg1 h[ev]1 ,/ ,g]ma9 fell into disgrace1 & 8 fall involv$ t ( ,guib]t :o 0 promot$ to ! rank ( m>e*al de camp & relegat$ to a prov9cial /aff appo9tm5t4 ,9 8 semi-retirem5t he vigor\sly def5d$ 8 old *ief ,/ ,g]ma9 aga9/ 8 detractors4 ,on ! eve ( ! ,revolution he 0 recall$ to ! ,w> ,(fice1 b 9 8 turn he became ! object ( attack & he di$1 practically ( disappo9tm5t1 on ! #f? ( ,may #agij4 ,o!r works ( ,guib]t1 besides ^? m5tion$1 are3 ,obs]vations sur la con/itution politique et militaire des armees de ,s4 ,m4 ,prussi5ne 7,am/]dam1 #aggh71 ,eloges ( ,m>%al ,cat9at 7#agge71 ( ,mi*el de l',hopital 7#aggh71 & ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7#aghg74 ,guib]t 0 a memb] ( ! ,academy f #aghf1 & he also wrote a trag$y1 ,le ,connetable de ,b\rbon 7#agge7 & a j\rnal ( travels 9 ,france & ,switz]l&4 ,see ,t\longeon1 ,eloge v]idique de ,guib]t 7,p>is1 #agij72 ,madame de ,/ael1 ,eloge de ,guib]t2 ,b>d91 ,notice hi/orique du g5]al ,guib]t 7,p>is1 #ahcf72 ,flavian d',aldegui]1 ,disc\rs sur la vie et les ecrits du comte de ,guib]t 7,t\l\se1 #ahee72 ,c\nt ,=e/ie1 ,biographie du comte de ,guib]t 7,montauban1 #ahee72 ,c\nt zur ,lippe1 ,fri$r4 d] ,grosse und ,ob]/ ,guib]t 7,milit>-,wo*5blatt1 #ahgc1 #i & #aj74 ,,guicci>d9i1 ,,francesco 7#adhc-aedj71 ! celebrat$ ,italian hi/orian & /atesman1 0 born at ,flor5ce 9 ! ye> #adhc1 :5 ,m>silio ,fic9o held him at ! font ( baptism4 ,8 family 0 illu/ri\s & noble2 & 8 ance/ors = _m g5]ations _h held ! highe/ po/s ( hon\r 9 ! /ate1 z may be se5 9 8 own g5ealogical ,ricordi autobiografici e di famiglia 7,op4 in$4 vol4 x474 ,aft] ! usual education ( a boy 9 gramm> & elem5t>y classical /udies1 8 fa!r1 ,pi]o1 s5t him to ! univ]sities ( ,f]r>a & ,padua1 :]e he /ay$ until ! ye> #aeje4 ,! dea? ( an uncle1 :o _h occupi$ ! see ( ,cortona ) great pomp1 induc$ ! "y ,guicci>d9i to hank] aft] an ecclesia/ical c>e]4 ,he already saw ! sc>let ( a c>d9al await+ him1 & to ?is em95ce he w\ld assur$ly h ris54 ,8 fa!r1 h[ev]1 *eck$ ?is ambition1 decl>+ t1 ?\gh he _h five sons1 he w\ld n suff] "o ( !m to ent] ! *ur* 9 its !n /ate ( corruption & debasem5t4 ,guicci>d9i1 ^: motives 7 confess$ly ambiti\s 7see ,ricordi1 ,op4 in$4 x4 #fh71 turn$ 8 att5tion to law1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree 0 appo9t$ by ! ,signoria ( ,flor5ce to read ! ,in/itutes 9 public4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he engag$ himself 9 m>riage to ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,alamanno ,salviati1 prompt$1 z he frankly tells u1 by ! political support :i* an alliance ) t great family w\ld br+ him 7ib4 x4 #ga74 ,he 0 !n practis+ at ! b>1 :]e he won s mu* di/9ction t ! ,signoria1 9 #aeab1 entru/$ him ) an embassy to ! c\rt ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic4 ,?us he ent]$ on ! real "w ( 8 life z a diplomati/ & /atesman4 ,8 conduct ^u t legation 0 aft]w>ds sev]ely criticiz$2 = 8 political antagoni/s accus$ him ( betray+ ! true int]e/s ( ! commonweal?1 & us+ 8 influ5ce = ! re/oration ( ! exil$ h\se ( ,m$ici to p[]4 ,8 ,spani% correspond5ce ) ! ,signoria 7,op4 in$4 vol4 vi47 reveals ! extraord9>y p[] ( obs]vation & analysis :i* 0 a *ief quality ( 8 m9d2 & 9 ,f]d9&1 hypocritical & pr(\ndly dissimulative1 he f\nd a prop] object = 8 sci5tific /udy4 ,to suppose t ! "y /atesman le>n$ 8 frigid /atecraft 9 ,spa9 w\ld be p]haps too simple a solution ( ! problem (f]$ by 8 "*1 & sc>cely fair to ! ,italian pr(ici5ts 9 p]fidy4 ,x is cle> f ,guicci>d9i's autobiographical memoirs t he 0 ambiti\s1 calculat+1 av>ici\s & p[]-lov+ f 8 e>lie/ ye>s2 & 9 ,spa9 he _h no m ?an an opportunity ( /udy+ on a l>ge scale ^? political vices :i* already rul$ ! m9or pot5tates ( ,italy4 ,/ill ! s*ool 0 pregnant ) in/ructions = s apt a pupil4 ,guicci>d9i issu$ f ?is fir/ trial ( 8 skill ) an assur$ reputation = diplomatic ability1 z t 0 und]/ood 9 ,italy4 ,to unravel plots & weave c\nt]plots2 to meet trea*]y ) fraud2 to p>ry =ce ) sleights ( h&2 to cr$it human nature ) ! base/ motives1 :ile ! blacke/ crimes 7 contemplat$ ) cold en?usiasm = _! clev]ness1 0 reckon$ !n ! height ( political sagacity4 ,guicci>d9i c\ld play ! game to p]fection4 ,9 #aeae ,leo ,x4 took him into s]vice1 & made him gov]nor ( ,reggio & ,mod5a4 ,9 #aeba ,p>ma 0 add$ to 8 rule1 & 9 #aebc he 0 appo9t$ vic]eg5t ( ,romagna by ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,^! high (fices r5d]$ ,guicci>d9i ! virtual ma/] ( ! papal /ates beyond ! ,ap5n9es1 dur+ a p]iod ( great bewild]m5t & difficulty4 ,! copi\s correspond5ce relat+ to 8 adm9i/ration has rec5tly be5 publi%$ 7,op4 in$4 vols4 vii41 viii474 ,9 #aebf ,clem5t gave him /ill high] rank z lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! papal army4 ,:ile hold+ ?is commission1 he _h ! humiliation ( witness+ f a di/ance ! sack ( ,rome & ! imprisonm5t ( ,clem5t1 )\t be+ able to r\se ! p]fidi\s duke ( ,urb9o into activity4 ,! blame ( ,clem5t's d[nfall did n re/ ) him2 = x 0 m]ely 8 duty to att5d ! camp1 & keep 8 ma/] in=m$ ( ! proce$+s ( ! g5]als 7see ! ,correspond5ce1 ,op4 in$4 vols4 iv41 v474 ,yet ,guicci>d9i's consci5ce accus$ him1 = he _h previ\sly c\nsell$ ! pope to decl>e w>1 z he notes 9 a curi\s lett] to himself writt5 9 #aebg 7,op4 in$41 x4 #ajd74 ,clem5t did n1 h[ev]1 )draw 8 confid5ce1 & 9 #aeca ,guicci>d9i 0 advanc$ to ! gov]nor%ip ( ,bologna1 ! mo/ important ( all ! papallord-lieut5ancies 7,correspond5ce1 ,op4 in$4 vol4 ix474 ,?is po/ he resign$ 9 #aecd on ! election ( ,paul ,,iii41 pref]r+ to foll[ ! =tunes ( ! ,m$icean pr9ces4 ,x may "h be notic$ t ?\gh ,guicci>d9i s]v$ ?ree popes ?r\gh a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 or p]haps because ( ?is1 he hat$ ! papacy ) a deep & froz5 bitt]ness1 attribut+ ! woes ( ,italy to ! ambition ( ! *ur*1 & decl>+ he _h se5 en\gh ( sac]dotal abom9ations to make him a ,lu!ran 7see ,op4 in$4 i4 #bg1 #ajd1 #if1 & ,i/4 d' ,x41 ed4 ,ros41 ii4 #bah74 ,! same discord betwe5 8 private op9ions & 8 public actions may be trac$ 9 8 conduct subsequ5t to #aecd4 ,z a political !ori/1 ,guicci>d9i believ$ t ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t 0 a commonweal? adm9i/]$ ^u ! type ( ! ,v5etian con/itution 7,op4 in$4 i4 #f2 ii4 #acj sq472 & we h ample evid5ce to prove t he _h judg$ ! tyranny ( ! ,m$ici at its true wor? 7,op4 in$4 i4 #aga1 on ! tyrant2 ! :ole ,/oria ,fior5t9a & ,reggim5to di ,fir5ze1 ib4 i4 & iii41 on ! ,m$ici74 ,yet he did n hesitate to place 8 p[]s at ! disposal ( ! mo/ vici\s memb]s ( t h\se = ! enslavem5t ( ,flor5ce4 ,9 #aebg he _h be5 decl>$ a rebel by ! ,signoria on acc\nt ( 8 well-kn[n ,m$icean prejudices2 & 9 #aecj1 deput$ by ,clem5t to puni% ! citiz5s aft] _! revolt1 he rev5g$ himself ) a cruelty & an av>ice t 7 long & bitt]ly rememb]$4 ,:51 !re=e1 he return$ to inhabit ,flor5ce 9 #aecd1 he did s z ! creature ( ! dissolute ,aless&ro de' ,m$ici4 ,guicci>d9i pu%$ 8 s]vility s f> z to def5d ?is infam\s despot at ,naples 9 #aece1 be=e ! b> ( ,*>les ,v41 f ! accusations br\ght aga9/ him by ! ,flor5t9e exiles 7,op4 in$4 vol4 ix474 ,he won 8 cause2 b 9 ! eyes ( all po/]ity he ju/ifi$ ! reproa*es ( 8 contempor>ies1 :o describe him z a cruel1 v5al1 grasp+ seek] aft] p[]1 eag] to support a despotism = ! sake ( hon\rs1 (fices & emolum5ts secur$ = himself by a b>ga9 ) ! oppressors ( 8 c\ntry4 ,v>*i1 ,n>di1 ,jacopo ,pitti & ,b]n>do ,segni are unanim\s ^u ?is po9t2 b x is only ! rec5t publication ( ,guicci>d9i's private ,,mss4 t has made u und]/& ! =ce ( _! invectives4 ,to plead loyalty or hone/ political conviction 9 def5ce ( 8 ,m$icean p>tian%ip is n[ impossible1 face to face ) ! op9ions express$ 9 ! ,ricordi politici & ! ,/oria ,fior5t9a4 ,l ,ma*iavelli1 b on a l[] level1 ,guicci>d9i 0 will+ to roll /ones1 or to d any dirty "w = ma/]s :om1 9 ! dep? ( 8 s\l1 he dete/$ & despis$4 ,aft] ! murd] ( ,duke ,aless&ro 9 #aecg1 ,guicci>d9i esp\s$ ! cause ( ,cosimo de' ,m$ici1 a boy addict$ to field sports1 & unus$ to ! game ( /atecraft4 ,! wily old diplomati/ hop$ to rule ,flor5ce z gr& vizi] "u ?is inexp]i5c$ pr9cel+4 ,he 0 mi/ak51 h[ev]1 9 8 s*emes1 = ,cosimo display$ ! g5ius ( 8 family = politics1 & coldly dismiss$ 8 w\ld-be "l-protector4 ,guicci>d9i retir$ 9 disgrace to 8 villa1 :]e he sp5t 8 la/ ye>s 9 ! composition ( ! ,/oria d',italia4 ,he di$ 9 #aedj )\t male heirs4 ,guicci>d9i 0 ! product ( a cynical & selfi% age1 & 8 life illu/rat$ its sordid influ5ces4 ,( a cold & worldly temp]am5t1 devoid ( passion1 blameless 9 8 conduct z ! fa!r ( a family1 fai?ful z ! s]vant ( 8 papal patrons1 sev]e 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! prov9ces committ$ to 8 *>ge1 & indisputably able 9 8 conduct ( affairs1 he 0 at ! same "t1 & 9 spite ( ^! qualities1 a man ^: moral nature inspires a s5tim5t ( livelie/ repugnance4 ,x is n m]ely t he 0 ambiti\s1 cruel1 rev5geful & av>ici\s1 = ^! vices h exi/$ 9 m5 f> less antipa!tic ?an ,guicci>d9i4 ,ov] & above ^? faults1 :i* made him odi\s to 8 fell[-citiz5s1 we trace 9 him a meanness t our c5tury is less will+ to condone4 ,8 phlegmatic & p]si/5t egotism1 8 sacrifice ( tru? & hon\r to self-int]e/1 8 acquiesc5ce 9 ! wor/ conditions ( ! _w1 if only he c\ld use !m = 8 own advantage1 comb9$ ) ! gl>+ discord betwe5 8 op9ions & 8 practice1 =m a "* :i* w\ld be contemptible 9 our eyes 7 x n s s9i/]4 ,! social & political decrepitude ( ,italy1 :]e patriotism 0 unkn[n1 & only selfi%ness surviv$ ( all ! motives t r\se m5 to action1 f\nd its repres5tative & expon5t 9 ,guicci>d9i4 ,:5 we turn f ! man to ! au?or1 ! decad5ce ( ! age & race t c\ld develop a political philosophy s arid 9 its cynical despair ( any good 9 human nature =ces itself vividly ^u our notice4 ,guicci>d9i seems to glory 9 8 disillusionm5t1 & uses 8 va/ intellectual ability = ! analysis ( ! corruption he _h help$ to make incurable4 ,if "o s+le treatise ( t c5tury %\ld be *os5 to repres5t ! _s ( ! ,italian p 9 ! la/ phase ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! hi/orian might hesitate betwe5 ! ,pr9cipe ( ,ma*iavelli & ! ,ricordi politici ( ,guicci>d9i4 ,! latt] is p]haps pref]able to ! =m] on ! score ( compreh5siv5ess4 ,x is1 moreov]1 m exactly adequate to ! actual situation1 = ! ,pr9cipe has a div9e sp>k ( patriotism yet l+]+ 9 ! c9d]s ( its frigid sci5ce1 an ideali/ic en?usiasm surviv+ 9 its moral ab]rations2 :]eas a great ,italian critic ( ?is decade has ju/ly describ$ ! ,ricordi z ,italian corruption codifi$ & elevat$ to a rule ( life4 ,guicci>d9i is1 h[ev]1 bett] kn[n z ! au?or ( ! ,/oria d',italia1 t va/ & detail$ picture ( 8 c\ntry's suff]+s betwe5 ! ye>s #adid & #aecb4 ,judg+ him by ?is ma/]piece ( sci5tific hi/ory1 he des]ves less comm5dation z a writ] ?an z a ?9k] & an analy/4 ,! /yle is we>isome & prolix1 atta9+ to precision at ! exp5se ( circumlocution1 & sett+ =? ! smalle/ p>ticul>s ) ! same di/9ctness z ! ma9 features ( ! n>rative4 ,! :ole tangl$ ske9 ( ,italian politics1 9 t involv$ & /ormy p]iod1 is unravell$ ) a pati5ce & an insight t are above praise4 ,x is ! cr[n+ m]it ( ! au?or t he nev] ceases to be an imp>tial spectator--a cold & curi\s critic4 ,we might comp>e him to an anatomi/1 ) knife & scalpel dissect+ ! dead body ( ,italy1 & po9t+ out ! symptoms ( h] manifold diseases ) ! indiff]5t analysis ( "o :o has no moral s5sibility4 ,?is want ( feel+1 :ile x r5d]s ,guicci>d9i a model = ! sci5tific /ud5t1 has impair$ ! int]e/ ( 8 hi/ory4 ,?\gh he liv$ ?r\gh t agony ( ! ,italian p1 he does n seem to be aw>e t he is writ+ a great hi/orical trag$y4 ,he takes z mu* pa9s 9 lay+ b>e ! trifl+ causes ( a petty w> ) ,pisa z 9 prob+ ! deep-seat$ ulc] ( ! papacy4 ,nor is he capable ( pa9t+ ! ev5ts 9 :i* he took a "p1 9 _! totality z a drama4 ,:atev] he t\*es1 lies already dead on ! dissect+ table1 & 8 skill is t ( ! analytical pa?ologi/4 ,consequ5tly1 he fails to und]/& ! ess5tial magnitude ( ! task1 or to appreciate ! vital vig\r ( ! =ces cont5d+ 9 ,europe = ma/]y4 ,?is is v noticeable 9 :at he writes ab\t ! ,re=mation4 ,not)/&+ ^! defects1 inevitable 9 a writ] ( ,guicci>d9i's temp]am5t1 ! ,/oria d',italia 0 und\bt$ly ! greate/ hi/orical "w t _h appe>$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! mod]n era4 ,x rema9s ! mo/ solid monum5t ( ! ,italian reason 9 ! #af? c5tury1 ! f9al triumph ( t ,flor5t9e s*ool ( philosophical hi/orians :i* includ$ ,ma*iavelli1 ,segni1 ,pitti1 ,n>di1 ,v>*i1 ,francesco ,vettori & ,donato ,giannotti4 ,up to ! ye> #aheg ! fame ( ,guicci>d9i z a writ]1 & ! e/imation ( him z a man1 dep5d$ almo/ entirely ^u ! ,hi/ory ( ,italy1 & on a few ill-edit$ extracts f 8 aphorisms4 ,at t date 8 repres5tatives1 ! c\nts ,pi]o & ,luigi ,guicci>d9i1 op5$ _! family ar*ives1 & committ$ to ,signor ,giuseppe ,cane/r9i ! publication ( 8 hi!rto in$it$ ,,mss4 9 t5 important volumes4 ,! va/ mass ( docum5ts & f9i%$ lit]>y "w ?us giv5 to ! _w has ?r[n a flood ( light ^u ,guicci>d9i1 :e!r we consid] him z au?or or z citiz54 ,x has rais$ 8 reputation z a political philosoph] into ! fir/ rank1 :]e he n[ disputes ! place ( intellectual supremacy ) 8 fri5d ,ma*iavelli2 b x has col\r$ our moral judgm5t ( 8 "* & conduct ) d>k] dyes4 ,f ! /ores ( valuable mat]ials conta9$ 9 ^? t5 volumes1 x w be en\gh "h to cite 7#a7 ! ,ricordi politici1 already notic$1 consi/+ ( ab\t #djj aphorisms on political & social topics2 7#b7 ! obs]vations on ,ma*iavelli's ,discorsi1 :i* br+ into rem>kable relief ! views ( ,italy's two great !ori/s on /atecraft 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & %[ t ,guicci>d9i reg>d$ ,ma*iavelli some:at z an amiable vision>y or political en?usia/2 7#c7 ! ,/oria ,fior5t9a1 an e>ly "w ( ! au?or1 di/+ui%$ by its animation ( /yle1 brilliancy ( portraiture1 & lib]ality ( judgm5t2 & 7#d7 ! ,dialogo del reggim5to di ,fir5ze1 also 9 all probability an e>ly "w1 9 :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t suit$ to an ,italian commonweal? are discuss$ ) inf9ite subtlety1 contra/$1 & illu/rat$ f ! vicissitudes ( ,flor5ce up to ! ye> #adid4 ,to ^! may be add$ a s]ies ( %ort essays1 entitl$ ,discorsi politici1 compos$ dur+ ,guicci>d9i's ,spani% legation4 ,x is only aft] a c>eful p]usal ( ^! m9or works t ! /ud5t ( hi/ory may claim to h compreh5d$ ,guicci>d9i1 & may feel t he br+s ) him to ! consid]ation ( ! ,/oria d' ,italia ! requisite k ( ! au?or's private ?\ghts & jeal\sly gu>d$ op9ions4 ,inde$1 x may be confid5tly affirm$ t ^? :o desire to ga9 an insight into ! true pr9ciples & feel+s ( ! m5 :o made & wrote hi/ory 9 ! #af? c5tury w f9d x "h f> m ?an 9 ! "w design$ = publication by ! writ]4 ,tak5 9 comb9ation ) ,ma*iavelli's treatises1 ! ,op]e in$ite furni% a compreh5sive body ( ,italian political philosophy ant]ior to ! date ( ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi4 7,j4 ,a4 ,s47 ,see ,ros9i's edition oi ! ,/oria d' ,italia 7#aj vols41 ,pisa1 #ahai71 & ! ,op]e in$ite1 9 #aj vols41 publi%$ at ,flor5ce1 #aheg4 ,a complete & initial edition ( ,guicci>d9i's works is n[ 9 prep>ation 9 ! h&s ( ,aless&ro ,gh]>di ( ! ,flor5ce ar*ives4 ,among ! _m /udies on ,guicci>d9i we may m5tion ,ago/9o ,rossi's ,francesco ,guicci>d9i e il gov]no ,fior5t9o 7#b vols41 ,bologna1 #ahif71 bas$ on _m new docum5ts2 ,f4 de ,sanctis's essay ,l',uomo del ,guicci>d9i1 9 8 ,nuovi ,saggi critici 7,naples1 #ahgi71 & _m passages 9 ,pr(essor ,p4 ,vill>i's ,ma*iavelli 7,eng4 trans41 #ahib72 ,e4 ,b5oi/'s ,gui*>d91 hi/ori5 et homme d'etat itali5 an ,,xvie siecle 7,p>is1 #ahfb71 & ,c4 ,gioda's ,francesco ,guicci>d9i e le sue op]e in$ite 7,bologna1 #ahhj7 are n )\t value1 b ! au?ors _h n _h access to _m important docum5ts s9ce publi%$4 ,see also ,ge(frey's article ,une ,autobiographie de ,gui*>d9 d'apres ses oeuvres in$ites1 9 ! ,revue des deux mondes 7#a/ ( ,febru>y #ahgd74 ,,gui*>d1 ,,k>l ,,gottlieb 7#agbd-agge71 soldi] & milit>y writ]1 kn[n z ,,qu9tus ,,icilius1 0 born at ,magdeburg 9 #agbd1 ( a family ( ,fr5* refugees4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 & at ,leid5 actually prea*$ a s]mon z a c&idate = ! pa/orate4 ,b he ab&on$ !ology = m secul> /udies1 especially t ( anci5t hi/ory1 9 :i* 8 le>n+ attract$ ! notice ( ! pr9ce ( ,orange1 :o promis$ him a vacant pr(essor%ip at ,utre*t4 ,on 8 arrival1 h[ev]1 he f\nd t ano!r s*ol> _h be5 elect$ by ! local au?orities1 & he !reupon s\ght & obta9$ a commission 9 ! ,dut* army4 ,he made ! campaigns ( #agdg-dh 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,9 ! peace :i* foll[$1 8 comb9$ milit>y & classical tra9+ turn$ 8 ?\ghts 9 ! direction ( anci5t milit>y hi/ory4 ,8 notes on ?is subject grew into a treatise1 & 9 #aged he w5t ov] to ,engl& 9 ord] to consult v>i\s libr>ies4 ,9 #ageg 8 ,memoires militaires sur les ,grecs et les ,roma9s appe>$ at ! ,hague1 & :5 ,c>lyle wrote 8 ,fr$]ick ! ,great x _h rea*$ its fif? edition4 ,com+ back1 ) ,engli% introductions1 to ! ,cont95t1 he s\ght s]vice ) ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick1 :o s5t him on to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :om he jo9$ 9 ,janu>y #ageh at ,breslau4 ,! k+ 0 v fav\rably impress$ ) ,gui*>d & 8 works1 & he rema9$ = ne>ly #ah mon?s 9 ! royal suite4 ,8 ,prussian (ficial "n ( ,qu9tus ,icilius 0 ! outcome ( a fri5dly dispute ) ! k+ 7see ,nikolai1 ,anekdot51 vi4 #abi-ade2 ,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 viii4 #aac-aad74 ,fr$]ick 9 discuss+ ! battle ( ,ph>salia spoke ( a c5turion ,qu9tus ,caecilius z ,q4 ,icilius4 ,gui*>d v5tur$ to correct him1 :]eupon ! k+ said1 ,y %all be ,qu9tus ,icilius1 & z ,major ,qu9tus ,icilius he 0 =?) gazett$ to ! comm& ( a free battalion4 ,?is corps he comm&$ ?r\gh\t ! lat] /ages ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 8 battalion1 z "t w5t on1 becom+ a regim5t ( ?ree battalions1 & ,qu9tus himself recruit$ sev5 m battalions ( ! same k9d ( troops4 ,8 comm& 0 almo/ always ) ! k+'s own army 9 ^! campaigns1 b = a %ort "t x f\ght 9 ! we/]n !atre "u ,pr9ce ,h5ry4 ,:5 n on ! m>* he 0 always at ! royal headqu>t]s1 & x 0 he :o br\ght ab\t ! fam\s int]view betwe5 ! k+ & ,gell]t 7see ,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ix4 #aji2 ,gell]t1 ,briefwe*sel mit ,demoiselle ,lucius1 ed4 ,eb]t1 ,leipzig1 #ahbc1 pp4 #fbi-fca7 on ! subject ( national ,g]man lit]ature4 ,on #bbnd ,janu>y #agfa ,qu9tus 0 ord]$ to sack ! ca/le ( ,hub]tusburg 7a task :i* ,major-,g5]al ,sald]n _h po9t-blank refus$ to und]take1 f motives ( consci5ce71 & c>ri$ out 8 task1 x is said1 to 8 own v consid]able pr(it4 ,! place _c h be5 s]i\sly injur$1 z x 0 soon aft]w>ds ! meet+-place ( ! diplomati/s ^: "w end$ 9 ! peace ( ,hub]tusburg1 b ! k+ nev] ceas$ to bant] ,qu9tus on 8 suppos$ depr$ations4 ,! v day ( ,fr$]ick's triumphant return f ! w> saw ! disb&+ ( mo/ ( ! free battalions1 includ+ t ( ,qu9tus1 b ! major to ! end ( 8 life rema9$ ) ! k+4 ,he 0 made lieut5ant-colonel 9 #agfe1 & 9 #aggc1 9 recognition ( 8 "w ,memoires critiques et hi/oriques sur plusieurs po9ts d'antiquites militaires1 deal+ ma9ly ) ,caes>'s campaigns 9 ,spa9 7,b]l91 #aggc71 0 promot$ colonel4 ,he di$ at ,potsdam1 #agge4 ,,gui*51 ,,luc ,,urba9 ,,de ,,b\exic1 ,,comte ,,de 7#agab-agij71 ,fr5* admiral1 ent]$ ! navy 9 #agcj z g>de de la ,m>9e1 ! fir/ rank 9 ! corps ( royal (fic]s4 ,8 promotion 0 n rapid4 ,x 0 n till #agdh t he became lieut5ant de vaisseau1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 a some:at high] rank ?an ! lieut5ant 9 ! ,briti% navy1 s9ce x c>ri$ ) x ! "r to comm& a frigate4 ,he 0 capita9e de vaisseau1 or po/ capta91 9 #agef4 ,b 8 reputation mu/ h be5 good1 = he 0 made *evali] de ,sa9t ,l\is 9 #agdh4 ,9 #agge he 0 appo9t$ to ! frigate ,t]psi*ore1 atta*$ to ! tra9+ squadron1 9 :i* ! duc de ,*>tres1 aft]w>ds notori\s z ! duc d',orleans & z ,philippe ,egalite1 0 ent]$ z volunte]4 ,9 ! next ye> he 0 promot$ *ef d'escadre1 or re>-admiral4 ,:5 ,france _h become ! ally ( ! ,am]icans 9 ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 he hoi/$ 8 flag 9 ! ,*annel fleet1 & 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,u%ant on ! #bg? ( ,july #aggi4 ,9 ,m>* ( ! foll[+ ye> he 0 s5t to ! ,we/ ,indies ) a /rong squadron & 0 !re oppos$ to ,sir ,george ,rodney4 ,9 ! fir/ meet+ betwe5 !m on ! #ag? ( ,april to leew>d ( ,m>t9ique1 ,gui*5 escap$ disa/] only ?r\gh ! clumsy mann] 9 :i* ,sir ,george's ord]s 7 execut$ by 8 capta9s4 ,see+ t he _h to deal ) a =midable oppon5t1 ,gui*5 act$ ) extreme caution1 & by keep+ ! wea!r gauge af=d$ ! ,briti% admiral no *ance ( br++ him to close action4 ,:5 ! hurricane mon?s approa*$ 7,july to ,septemb]7 he left ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 8 squadron1 be+ 9 a bad /ate f want ( repairs1 return$ home1 rea*+ ,bre/ 9 ,septemb]4 ,?r\gh\t all ?is campaign ,gui*5 _h %[n himself v skilful 9 h&l+ a fleet1 & if he _h n ga9$ any m>k$ success1 he _h prev5t$ ! ,briti% admiral f do+ any h>m to ! ,fr5* isl&s 9 ! ,antilles4 ,9 ,decemb] #agha ! comte de ,gui*5 0 *os5 to comm& ! =ce :i* 0 entru/$ ) ! duty ( c>ry+ /ores & re9=cem5ts to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,on ! #ab? ,admiral ,kemp5felt1 :o _h be5 s5t out by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ) an unduly weak =ce to int]cept him1 sight$ ! ,fr5* admiral 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay ?r\gh a tempor>y cle>ance 9 a fog1 at a mom5t :5 ,gui*5's w>%ips 7 to leew>d ( ! convoy1 & attack$ ! transports at once4 ,! ,fr5* admiral c\ld n prev5t 8 enemy f captur+ tw5ty ( ! transports1 & driv+ ! o!rs into a panic-/rick5 flight4 ,!y return$ to port1 & ! mission entru/$ to ,gui*5 0 entirely defeat$4 ,he !re=e return$ to port also4 ,he _h no opportunity to ga9 any c\nt]balanc+ success dur+ ! %ort rema9d] ( ! w>1 b he 0 pres5t at ! f9al relief ( ,gibralt> by ,"l ,h[e4 ,8 dea? occurr$ on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y #agij4 ,! comte de ,gui*5 01 by ! te/imony ( 8 contempor>ies1 a mo/ accompli%$ & high-m9d$ g5tleman4 ,x is probable t he _h m sci5tific k ?an any ( 8 ,engli% contempor>ies & oppon5ts4 ,b z a comm&] 9 w> he 0 notable *iefly = 8 skill 9 direct+ ! ord]ly movem5ts ( a fleet1 & seems to h be5 satisfi$ ) =mal op]ations1 :i* 7 possibly elegant b c\ld lead to no sub/antial result4 ,he _h none ( ! combative in/9cts ( 8 c\ntryman ,suffr51 or ( ! av]age ,briti% admiral4 ,see vicomte de ,noailles1 ,m>9s et soldats francais en ,am]ique 7#aijc72 & ,e4 ,*evali]1 ,hi/oire de la m>9e francaise p5dant la gu]re de l'indep5d5ce am]ica9e 7#ahgg74 7,d4 ,h47 ,,guide 79 ,mid4 ,eng4 gyde1 f ! ,fr4 guide2 ! e>li] ,fr5* =m 0 guie1 ,engli% guy1 ! d 0 due to ! ,italian =m guida2 ! ultimate orig9 is probably ,teutonic1 ! ^w be+ connect$ ) ! base se5 9 ,o4 ,eng4 witan1 to "k71 an ag5cy = direct+ or %[+ ! way1 specifically a p]son :o leads or directs a /rang] ov] unkn[n or unmapp$ c\ntry1 or conducts travell]s & t\ri/s ?r\gh a t[n1 or ov] build+s ( int]e/4 ,9 ,european w>s up to ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! abs5ce ( l>ge scale detail$ maps made local guides almo/ ess5tial to ! direction ( milit>y op]ations1 & 9 ! #ah? c5tury ! g5]al t5d5cy to ! /rict] organization ( milit>y res\rces l$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries to ! special tra9+ ( guide (fic]s 7call$ ,feldjag]1 & consid]$ z g5]al /aff (fic]s 9 ! ,prussian army71 ^: *ief duty x 0 to f9d1 & if necess>y e/abli%1 r\tes across c\ntry = ^? p>ts ( ! army t _h to move p>allel to ! ma9 road & z ne>ly z possible at deploy+ int]val f ea* o!r1 = 9 ^? days armies 7 r>ely spread out s f> z to h ! use ( two or m made roads4 ,b ! necessity = su* precautions di$ away :5 adequate surveys 79 :i* guide (fic]s 71 at any rate 9 ,prussia1 freely employ$7 7 c>ri$ out1 &1 z a def9ite t]m ( milit>y organization to-day1 guide possesses no m ess5tial peculi>ity ?an fusili]1 gr5adi] or rifleman4 ,! g5esis ( ! mod]n ,guide regim5ts is p]haps to be f\nd 9 a %ort-liv$ ,corps ( ,guides =m$ by ,napoleon 9 ,italy 9 #agif1 :i* appe>s to h be5 a p]sonal escort or body gu>d compos$ ( m5 :o knew ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,belgian army ( to-day ! ,guide regim5ts correspond almo/ to ! ,gu>d cavalry ( o!r nations2 9 ! ,swiss army ! squadrons ( ,guides act z divisional cavalry1 & 9 ?is role d\btless are call$ ^u on occasion to lead columns4 ,! ,que5's own ,corps ( ,guides ( ! ,indian army consi/s ( infantry companies & cavalry squadrons4 ,9 drill1 a guide is an (fic] or non-commission$ (fic] told (f to regulate ! direction & pace ( movem5ts1 ! rema9d] ( ! unit ma9ta9+ _! alignm5t & di/ances by him4 ,a p>ticul> class ( guides are ^? employ$ 9 m\nta9e]+2 ^! are n m]ely to %[ ! way b /& 9 ! position ( pr(essional climb]s ) an exp]t k ( rock & sn[craft1 :i* !y imp>t to ! amateur1 at ! same "t assur+ ! safety ( ! climb+ p>ty 9 dang]\s exp$itions4 ,?is pr(essional class ( guides arose 9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury :5 ,alp9e climb+ became recogniz$ z a sport 7see ,,m\nta9e]+74 ,x is ?us natural to f9d t ! ,alp9e guides h be5 requisition$ = m\nta9e]+ exp$itions all ov] ! _w4 ,9 climb+ 9 ,switz]l&1 ! c5tral committee ( ! ,swiss ,alp9e ,club issues a guides' t>iff :i* fixes ! *>ges = guides & port]s2 !re are ?ree sections1 = ! ,valais & ,vaudois ,alps1 = ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 & = c5tral & ea/]n ,switz]l&4 ,! names ( _m ( ! great guides h become hi/orical4 ,9 ,*amonix a /atue has be5 rais$ to ,jacques ,balmat1 :o 0 ! fir/ to climb ,mont ,blanc 9 #aghf4 ,( ! m fam\s guides s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ,alp9e climb+ may be m5tion$ ,augu/e ,balmat1 ,mi*el ,cros1 ,maquignay1 ,j4 ,a4 ,c>rel1 :o w5t ) ,e4 ,:ymp] to ! ,&es1 ! bro!rs ,lau5]1 ,*ri/ian ,alm] & ,jakob & ,mel*ior ,&]egg4 ,guide is also appli$ to a book1 9 ! s5se ( an elem5t>y prim] on "s subject1 or ( "o giv+ full in=mation = travell]s ( a c\ntry1 di/rict or t[n4 ,9 me*anical usage1 ! t]m guide is ( wide application1 be+ us$ ( any?+ :i* /eadies or directs ! motion ( an object1 z ( ! lead+ screw ( a screw-cutt+ la!1 ( a loose pulley us$ to /eady a driv+-belt1 or ( ! b>s or rods 9 a /eam-eng9e :i* keep ! slid+ blocks mov+ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! d\blet guy is ?us us$ ( a rope :i* /eadies a sail :5 x is be+ rais$ or l[]$1 or ( a rope1 *a9 or /ay support+ a funnel1 ma/1 d]rick1 c4 ,,guidi1 ,,c>lo ,,aless&ro 7#afej-agab71 ,italian lyric poet1 0 born at ,pavia 9 #afej4 ,z *ief f\nd] ( ! well-kn[n ,roman academy call$ ,l',arcadia1 he _h a consid]able %>e 9 ! re=m ( ,italian poetry1 corrupt$ at t "t by ! extravagance & bad ta/e ( ! poets ,m>9i & ,a*ill9i & _! s*ool4 ,! poet ,guidi & ! critic & jurisconsult ,grav9a *eck$ ?is evil by _! influ5ce & example4 ,! g5ius ( ,guidi 0 lyric 9 ! highe/ degree2 8 songs are writt5 ) s+ul> =ce1 & *>m ! read]1 9 spite ( t\*es ( bomba/4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ song is t entitl$ ,alla ,=tuna 7,to ,=tune71 :i* c]ta9ly is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful pieces ( poetry ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,guidi 0 squ9t-ey$1 humpback$1 & ( a delicate con/itution1 b possess$ und\bt$ lit]>y ability4 ,8 poems 7 pr9t$ at ,p>ma 9 #afga1 & at ,rome 9 #agjd4 ,9 #afha he publi%$ at ,p>ma 8 lyric trag$y ,amalasunta 9 ,italy1 & two pa/oral dramas ,daphne & ,endymion4 ,! la/ _h ! hon\r ( be+ m5tion$ z a model by ! critic ,grav9a1 9 8 treatise on poetry4 ,less =tunate 0 ,guidi's poetical v]sion ( ! six homilies ( ,pope ,clem5t ,,xi41 fir/ z hav+ be5 sev]ely criticiz$ by ! satiri/ ,settano1 & next z hav+ prov$ to be ! indirect cause ( ! au?or's dea?4 ,a spl5did edition ( ?is v]sion _h be5 pr9t$ 9 #agab1 &1 ! pope be+ !n 9 ,san ,g&olfo1 ,guidi w5t !re to pres5t him ) a copy4 ,on ! way he f\nd out a s]i\s typographical error1 :i* he took s mu* to he>t t he 0 seiz$ ) an apoplectic fit at ,frascati & di$ on ! spot4 ,guidi 0 hon\r$ ) ! special protection ( ,ranuccio ,,ii41 duke ( ,p>ma1 & ( ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$54 ,,guidiccioni1 ,,giovanni 7#adhj-aeda71 ,italian poet1 0 born at ,lucca 9 #adhj1 & di$ at ,mac]ata 9 #aeda4 ,he occupi$ a high position1 be+ bi%op ( ,fossombrone & presid5t ( ,romagna4 ,! latt] (fice ne>ly co/ him 8 life2 a murd]] attempt$ to kill him1 & _h already t\*$ 8 brea/ ) 8 dagg] :51 conqu]$ by ! resolute calmness ( ! prelate1 he ?rew away ! weapon & fell at 8 feet1 ask+ =giv5ess4 ,! ,rime & ,lett]s ( ,guidiccioni are models ( elegant & natural ,italian /yle4 ,! be/ editions are ^? ( ,g5oa 7#agdi71 ,b]gamo 7#agec7 & ,flor5ce 7#ahgh74 ,,guido ,,( ,,arezzo 7possibly to be id5tifi$ ) ,guido de ,/ ,maur des ,fosses71 a musician :o liv$ 9 ! #aa? c5tury4 ,he has by _m be5 call$ ! fa!r ( mod]n music1 & a portrait ( him 9 ! refectory ( ! mona/]y ( ,avellana be>s ! inscription ,beatus ,guido1 inv5tor musicae4 ,( 8 life little is kn[n1 & t little is *iefly d]iv$ f ! d$icatory lett]s prefix$ to two ( 8 treatises & address$ respectively to ,bi%op ,!odald 7n ,!obald1 z ,burney writes ! "n7 ( ,arezzo1 & ,mi*ael1 a monk ( ,pomposa & ,guido's pupil & fri5d4 ,occasional ref]5ces to ! celebrat$ musician 9 ! works ( 8 contempor>ies are1 h[ev]1 by no means r>e1 & f ^! x may be conjectur$ ) all b absolute c]ta9ty t ,guido 0 born 9 ! la/ decade ( ! #aj? c5tury4 ,! place ( 8 bir? is unc]ta9 9 spite ( "s evid5ce po9t+ to ,arezzo2 on ! title-page ( all 8 works he is /yl$ ,guido ,aret9us1 or simply ,aret9us4 ,at 8 fir/ appe>ance 9 hi/ory ,guido 0 a monk 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,pomposa1 & x 0 !re t he taught s++ & inv5t$ 8 educational me?od1 by means ( :i*1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 a pupil might le>n )9 five mon?s :at =m]ly x w\ld h tak5 him t5 ye>s to acquire4 ,envy & jeal\sy1 h[ev]1 7 8 only rew>d1 & by ^! he 0 compell$ to leave 8 mona/]y--inde e/1 quod me vides prolixis f9ibus exulatum1 z he says himself 9 ! second ( ! lett]s above ref]r$ to4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 he travell$ z f> z ,brem51 call$ !re by ,ar*bi%op ,h]mann 9 ord] to re=m ! musical s]vice4 ,b ?is /atem5t has be5 d\bt$4 ,c]ta9 x is t n long aft] 8 flight f ,pomposa ,guido 0 liv+ at ,arezzo1 & x 0 "h t1 ab\t #ajcj1 he receiv$ an invitation to ,rome f ,pope ,john ,,xiv4 ,he obey$ ! summons1 & ! pope himself became 8 fir/ & app>5tly "o ( 8 mo/ pr(ici5t pupils4 ,b 9 spite ( 8 success ,guido c\ld n be induc$ to rema9 9 ,rome1 ! insalubri\s air ( :i* seems to h affect$ 8 heal?4 ,9 ,rome he met aga9 8 =m] sup]ior1 ! abbot ( ,pomposa1 :o seems to h rep5t$ ( 8 conduct1 & to h induc$ ,guido to return to ,pomposa2 & "h all au!ntic records ( ,guido's life cease4 ,we only "k t he di$1 on ! #ag? ( ,may #ajej1 z prior ( ,avellana1 a mona/]y ( ! ,camaldulians2 su* at lea/ is ! /atem5t ( ! *ronicl]s ( t ord]4 ,x ought1 h[ev]1 to be add$ t ! ,camaldulians claim ! celebrat$ musician z :olly _! own1 & altoge!r d5y 8 connexion ) ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,! docum5ts discov]$ by ,dom ,g]ma9 ,mor91 ! ,belgian ,b5$ict9e1 ab\t #ahhh1 po9t to ! conclusion t ,guido 0 a ,fr5*man & liv$ f 8 y\? upw>ds 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,/ ,maur des ,fosses :]e he inv5t$ 8 novel sy/em ( notation & taught ! bro!rs to s+ by x4 ,9 codex #gfc ( ! ,briti% ,museum ! compos] ( ! ,micrologus & o!r works by ,guido ( ,arezzo is always describ$ z ,guido de ,sancto ,mauro4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,guido's me?od %[s consid]able progress 9 ! evolution ( mod]n notation4 ,x 0 he :o = ! fir/ "t sy/ematically us$ ! l9es ( ! /aff1 & ! int]vals or spatia betwe5 !m4 ,!re is also little d\bt t ! names ( ! fir/ six notes ( ! scale1 ut1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 /ill 9 use among ,romance nations1 7 introduc$ by ,guido1 al?\gh he seems to h us$ !m 9 a relative r ?an 9 an absolute s5se4 ,x is well kn[n t ^! words are ! fir/ syllables ( six l9es ( a hymn address$ to ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* may be giv5 "h3-- ,ut queant laxis reson>e fibris ,mira ge/orum famuli tuorum1 ,solve polluti labii reatum1 ,sancte ,joannes4 ,9 addition to ?is ,guido is g5]ally cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( ! ,f clef4 ,b m important ?an all ?is1 p]haps1 is ! ?or\ghly practical tone :i* ,guido assumes 9 8 !oretical writ+s1 & :i* diff]s greatly f ! clumsy s*ola/icism ( 8 contempor>ies & pr$ecessors4 ,! mo/ important ( ,guido's treatises1 & ^? :i* are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be au!ntic1 are ,micrologus ,guidonis de discipl9a artis musicae1 d$icat$ to ,bi%op ,!odald ( ,arezzo1 & compris+ a complete !ory ( music1 9 #bj *apt]s2 ,musicae ,guidonis regulae rhy?micae 9 antiphon>ii sui prologum prolatae1 writt5 9 tro*aic decasyllabics ( any?+ b classical /ructure2 ,aliae ,guidonis regulae de ignoto cantu1 id5tidem 9 antiphon>ii sui prologum prolatae2 & ! ,epi/ola ,guidonis ,mi*aeli mona*o de ignoto cantu1 already ref]r$ to4 ,^! are publi%$ 9 ! second volume ( ,g]b]t's ,scriptores ecclesia/ici de musica sacra4 ,a v important manuscript unkn[n to ,g]b]t 7! ,codex biblio!cae ,utic5sis1 9 ! ,p>is libr>y7 conta9s1 besides m9or treatises1 an antiphon>ium & gradual und\bt$ly belong+ to ,guido4 ,see also ,l4 ,angeloni1 ,g4 d',arezzo 7#ahaa72 ,kiesewett]1 ,guido von ,arezzo 7#ahdj72 ,kornmull]1 ,leb5 und ,w]k5 ,guidos von ,arezzo1 9 ,hab]t's ,jahrb4 7#ahgf72 ,antonio ,br&i1 ,g4 ,aret9o 7#ahhb72 ,g4 ,b4 ,ri/ori1 ,biografia di ,guido monaco d',arezzo 7#ahfh74 ,,guido ,,( ,,si5a4 ,! "n ( ?is ,italian pa9t] is ( consid]able int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 on ! gr\nd t1 if c]ta9 assumptions reg>d+ him c\ld be accept$ z true1 he w\ld be entitl$ to %>e ) ,cimabue1 or r inde$ to sup]s$e him 91 ! hon\r ( hav+ giv5 ! fir/ onw>d impulse to ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! case /&s ?us4 ,9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico 9 ,si5a is a l>ge pa9t+ ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild ,en?ron$1 ) six angels above1 & 9 ! ,b5$ict9e conv5t ( ! same city is a triangul> p9nacle1 once a portion ( ! same composition1 repres5t+ ! ,savi\r 9 b5$iction1 ) two angels2 ! entire "w 0 orig9ally a tripty*1 b is n s n[4 ,! pr9cipal section ( ?is picture has a rhym$ ,lat9 inscription1 giv+ ! pa9t]'s "n z ,gu 444 o de ,s5is1 ) ! date #abba3 ! g5u95ess ( ! inscription is n1 h[ev]1 free f d\bt1 & especially x is ma9ta9$ t ! date really reads z #abha4 ,9 ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! picture !re is no?+ to di/+ui% x p>ticul>ly f o!r "w ( ! same e>ly p]iod2 b ! heads ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild are indisputably v sup]ior1 9 natural "* & graceful dignity1 to any?+ to be f\nd ant]ior to ,cimabue4 ,! "q !re=e arises1 ,are ^! heads really ! "w ( a man :o pa9t$ 9 #abba8 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle pron\nce 9 ! negative1 conclud+ t ! heads are repa9t$1 & are1 z !y n[ /&1 due to "s arti/ ( ! #ad? c5tury1 p]haps ,ugol9o da ,si5a2 ?us ! claims ( ,cimabue w\ld rema9 undi/urb$ & 9 _! pri/9e vig\r4 ,beyond ?is1 little is kn[n ( ,guido da ,si5a4 ,!re is 9 ! ,academy ( ,si5a a picture assign$ to him1 a half-figure ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 ) two angels1 dat+ probably betwe5 #abej & #acjj2 also 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,b]n>d9o 9 ! same city a ,madonna dat$ #abfb4 ,milanesi ?9ks t ! "w 9 ,s4 ,dom5ico is due to ,guido ,graziani1 ( :om no o!r record rema9s e>li] ?an #abgh1 :5 he is m5tion$ z ! pa9t] ( a bann]4 ,guido da ,si5a appe>s always to h pa9t$ on panel1 n 9 fresco on ! wall4 ,he has be5 t]m$1 v dubi\sly1 a pupil ( ,pietrol9o1 & ! ma/] ( ,diotisalvi1 ,m9o da ,turrita & ,b]l+hi]i da ,lucca4 ,,guido ,,r5i 7#aege-afdb71 a prime ma/] 9 ! ,bolognese s*ool ( pa9t+1 & "o ( ! mo/ admir$ arti/s ( ! p]iod ( incipi5t decad5ce 9 ,italy1 0 born at ,calv5zano ne> ,bologna on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #aege4 ,8 fa!r 0 a musician ( repute1 a play] on ! flageolet2 he wi%$ to br+ ! lad up to p]=m on ! h>psi*ord4 ,at a v *ildi% age1 h[ev]1 ,guido display$ a det]m9$ b5t t[>ds ! art ( =m1 scribbl+ "s attempt at a draw+ "h1 !re & ev]y:]e4 ,he 0 only n9e ye>s ( age :5 ,d5is ,calv>t took notice ( him1 receiv$ him into 8 academy ( design by ! fa!r's p]mission1 & rapidly br\ght him =w>d1 s t by ! age ( ?irte5 ,guido _h already atta9$ m>k$ pr(ici5cy4 ,albani & ,dom5i*9o became soon aft]w>ds pupils 9 ! same academy4 ,) ,albani ,guido 0 v intimate up to ! e>li] p]iod ( manhood1 b !y aft]w>ds became rivals1 bo? z pa9t]s & z heads ( ateli]s1 ) a good deal ( asp]ity on ,albani's "p2 ,dom5i*9o 0 also pitt$ aga9/ ,r5i by ! policy ( ,annibale ,c>acci4 ,guido 0 /ill 9 ! academy ( ,calv>t :5 he began frequ5t+ ! opposition s*ool kept by ,lodovico ,c>acci1 ^: /yle1 f> 9 advance ( t ( ! ,flemi% pa9t]1 he dalli$ )4 ,?is exasp]at$ ,calv>t4 ,him ,guido1 n yet tw5ty ye>s ( age1 *e]fully quitt$1 transf]r+ himself op5ly to ! ,c>acci academy1 9 :i* he soon became prom95t1 be+ equally skilful & ambiti\s4 ,he _h n be5 a ye> ) ! ,c>acci :5 a "w ( 8 excit$ ! wond] ( ,ago/9o & ! jeal\sy ( ,annibale4 ,lodovico *]i%$ him1 & frequ5tly pa9t$ him z an angel1 = ! y\?ful ,r5i 0 extremely h&some4 ,aft] a :ile1 h[ev]1 ,lodovico also felt himself nettl$1 & he patroniz$ ! compet+ tal5ts ( ,giovanni ,b>bi]e4 ,on "o occasion ,guido _h made a copy ( ,annibale's ,desc5t f ! ,cross2 ,annibale 0 ask$ to ret\* x1 &1 f9d+ no?+ to d1 exclaim$ petti%ly1 ,he kn[s m ?an en\gh 7,co/ui ne sa troppo74 ,on ano!r occasion ,lodovico1 consult$ z umpire1 l[]$ a price :i* ,r5i ask$ = an e>ly picture4 ,?is slight det]m9$ ! "y man to be a pupil no m4 ,he left ! ,c>acci1 & />t$ on 8 own acc\nt z a competitor 9 ! race = patronage & fame4 ,a r5[n$ "w1 ! /ory ( ,calli/o & ,diana1 _h be5 complet$ be=e he left4 ,guido 0 fai?ful to ! eclectic pr9ciple ( ! ,bolognese s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,he _h appropriat$ some?+ f ,calv>t1 mu* m f ,lodovico ,c>acci2 he /udi$ ) mu* ze/ aft] ,alb]t ,dur]2 he adopt$ ! massive1 sombre & p>tly unc\? mann] ( ,c>avaggio4 ,"o day ,annibale ,c>acci made ! rem>k t a /yle might be =m$ rev]s+ t ( ,c>avaggio 9 su* matt]s z ! pond]\s %ad[s & ! gross common =ms2 ?is obs]vation g]m9at$ 9 ,guido's m9d1 & he endeav\r$ aft] "s su* /yle1 aim+ con/antly at suavity4 ,t[>ds #afjb he w5t to ,rome ) ,albani1 & ,rome rema9$ 8 headqu>t]s = tw5ty ye>s4 ,"h1 9 ! pontificate ( ,paul ,v4 7,borghese71 he 0 greatly not$ & di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! g>d5-h\se ( ! ,rospigliosi ,palace he pa9t$ ! va/ fresco :i* is ju/ly reg>d$ z 8 ma/]piece--,phoebus & ! ,h\rs prec$$ by ,aurora4 ,?is exhibits 8 second mann]1 9 :i* he _h deviat$ f> inde$ f ! prompt+s ( ,c>avaggio4 ,he f\nd$ n[ *iefly ^u ! antique1 m especially ! ,niobe gr\p & ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 modifi$ by sugge/ions f ,raphael1 ,correggio1 ,p>migiano & ,paul ,v]onese4 ,( ?is la/ pa9t]1 al?\gh on ! :ole he did n get mu* f him1 ,guido 0 a p>ticul> admir]2 he us$ to say t he w\ld r h be5 ,paul ,v]onese ?an any o!r ma/]--,paul 0 m nature ?an art4 ,! ,aurora is beyond d\bt a "w ( pre-em95t beauty & atta9m5t2 x is /amp$ ) pleasurable dignity1 &1 )\t be+ effem9ate1 has a m uni=m aim aft] graceful selectness ?an c readily be trac$ 9 previ\s pa9t]s1 greatly sup]ior ?\gh "s ( !m _h be5 9 impulse & p]sonal f]v\r ( g5ius4 ,! pontifical *apel ( ,montecavallo 0 assign$ to ,r5i to pa9t2 b1 be+ /rait5$ 9 paym5ts by ! m9i/]s1 ! arti/ made (f to ,bologna4 ,he 0 fet*$ back by ,paul ,v4 ) c]emoni\s eclat1 & lodg+1 liv+ & equipage 7 suppli$ to him4 ,at ano!r "t he migrat$ f ,rome to ,naples1 hav+ receiv$ a commission to pa9t ! *apel ( ,s4 ,g5n>o4 ,! notori\s cabal ( ?ree pa9t]s resid5t 9 ,naples--,cor5zio1 ,c>acciolo & ,rib]a--(f]$1 h[ev]1 z /iff an opposition to ,guido z to "s o!r int]lop]s :o prec$$ & succe$$ him4 ,!y gave 8 s]vant a beat+ by ! h&s ( two unkn[n bullies1 & s5t by him a message to 8 ma/] to dep>t or prep>e = dea?2 ,guido wait$ = no second w>n+1 & dep>t$4 ,he n[ return$ to ,rome2 b he f9ally left t city abruptly1 9 ! pontificate ( ,urban ,,viii41 9 consequ5ce ( an (f5sive reprim& adm9i/]$ to him by ,c>d9al ,sp9ola4 ,he _h receiv$ an advance ( #djj scudi on acc\nt ( an alt>piece = ,/ ,pet]'s1 b aft] "s lapse ( ye>s _h made no beg9n+ ) ! "w4 ,a broad rem9d] f ! c>d9al put ,r5i on 8 mettle2 he return$ ! #djj scudi1 quitt$ ,rome )9 a few days1 & /eadily resi/$ all attempts at recall4 ,he n[ resettl$ 9 ,bologna4 ,he _h taught z well z pa9t$ 9 ,rome1 & he left pupils beh9d him2 b on ! :ole he did n /amp any great m>k ^u ! ,roman s*ool ( pa9t+1 ap>t f 8 own num]\s works 9 ! papal city4 ,9 ,bologna ,guido liv$ 9 great spl5d\r1 & e/abli%$ a celebrat$ s*ool1 numb]+ m ?an two hundr$ s*ol>s4 ,he himself drew 9 x1 ev5 d[n to 8 late/ ye>s4 ,on fir/ return+ to ?is city1 he *>g$ ab\t ,l#ba = a full-l5g? figure 7m]e portraits are n "h 9 "q71 half ?is sum = a half-l5g?1 & ,l#e = a head4 ,^! prices mu/ be reg>d$ z h&some1 :5 we consid] t ,dom5i*9o ab\t ! same "t receiv$ only ,l#aj1 #ajs4 = 8 v l>ge & celebrat$ picture1 ! ,la/ ,communion ( ,/ ,j]ome4 ,b ,guido's reputation 0 /ill on ! increase1 & 9 process ( "t he qu9tupl$ 8 prices4 ,he n[ left ,bologna h>dly at all2 9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 he w5t (f to ,rav5na1 &1 along ) ?ree pupils1 he pa9t$ ! *apel 9 ! ca!dral ) 8 admir$ picture ( ! ,israelites ga!r+ ,manna4 ,8 %9+ prosp]ity 0 n to la/ till ! end4 ,guido 0 dissipat$1 g5]\sly b indiscrim9ately pr(use1 & an invet]ate gambl]4 ,! gambl+ prop5sity _h be5 8 f y\?1 b until he became eld]ly x did n noticeably damage 8 =tunes4 ,x grew ^u him1 & 9 a c\ple ( ev5+s he lo/ ! enorm\s sum ( #ad1djj scudi4 ,! vice told /ill m ru9\sly on 8 art ?an on 8 "*4 ,9 8 decl9e he sold 8 "t at s mu* p] h\r to c]ta9 picture deal]s2 "o ( !m1 ! ,%ylock ( 8 craft1 w\ld /& by1 wat* 9 h&1 & see him "w4 ,half-he>t$ness1 half-p]=mance1 blight$ 8 product3 self-repetition & m]e mann]ism1 ) affectation = s5tim5t & vapidity = beauty1 became ! art ( ,guido4 ,"s ( ^! trade-works1 heads or half-figures1 7 turn$ out 9 ?ree h\rs or ev5 less4 ,x is said t1 t>dily wise1 ,r5i left (f gambl+ = ne>ly two ye>s2 at la/ he relaps$1 & 8 relapse 0 foll[$ n long aft]w>ds by 8 dea?1 caus$ by malignant fev]4 ,?is ev5t took place 9 ,bologna on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ #afdb2 he di$ 9 debt1 b 0 buri$ ) great pomp 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico4 ,guido 0 p]sonally mode/1 al?\gh he valu$ himself on 8 position 9 ! art1 & w\ld tol]ate no slight 9 t relation2 he 0 extremely upright1 temp]ate 9 diet1 nice 9 8 p]son & 8 dress4 ,he 0 fond ( /ately h\ses1 b c\ld feel also ! *>m ( solitude4 ,9 8 temp] !re 0 a l>ge am\nt ( suspici\sness2 & ! jeal\sy :i* 8 abilities & 8 successes excit$1 n[ f ! ,c>acci1 n[ f ,albani1 n[ f ! monopoliz+ league ( ,neapolitan pa9t]s1 may naturally h kept ?is feel+ 9 active ex]cise4 ,( 8 num]\s s*ol>s1 ,simone ,cant>9i1 nam$ ,,ii ,pes>ese1 c\nts z ! mo/ di/+ui%$2 he pa9t$ an admirable head ( ,r5i1 n[ 9 ! ,bolognese ,gall]y4 ,! portrait 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y ( ,flor5ce is f ,r5i's own h&4 ,two o!r good s*ol>s 7 ,giacomo ,sem5za & ,francesco ,gessi4 ,! "* ( ,guido's art is s well kn[n z h>dly to call = detail$ analysis1 beyond :at we h already intimat$4 ,8 mo/ *>act]i/ic /yle exhibits a prep5se ideal1 ( =m r ?an "*1 ) a slight mode ( h&l+1 & silv]y1 some:at cold1 col\r4 ,9 work+ f ! nude he aim$ at p]fection ( =m1 especially m>k$ 9 ! h&s & feet4 ,b he 0 f> f always go+ to *oice nature = 8 model2 he transmut$ ad libitum1 & pa9t$1 x is av]r$1 a ,magdal5e ( demon/rative *>ms f a vulg>-look+ col\r-gr9d]4 ,8 be/ works h beauty1 great am5ity1 arti/ic feel+ & high accompli%m5t ( mann]1 all alloy$ by a c]ta9 core ( commonplace2 9 ! wor/ pictures ! commonplace swamps ev]y?+1 & ,guido has flood$ ,european gall]ies ) tra%y & empty pret5ti\sness1 all ! m noxi\s 9 t its app>5t grace ( s5tim5t & =m misleads ! unw>y into approval1 & ! dilettante dabbl] into *eap raptures4 ,bo? 9 ,rome & :]ev] else he work$ he introduc$ increas$ s(tness ( /yle1 :i* 0 !n designat$ z ! mod]n me?od4 ,8 pictures are mo/ly ,scriptural or my?ologic 9 subject1 & betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ ( !m are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s ,european collections--m ?an a hundr$ ( ^! conta9+ life-siz$ figures4 ,! portraits :i* he execut$ are few--^? ( ,sixtus ,v41 ,c>d9al ,spada & ! s-call$ ,beatrice ,c5ci be+ among ! mo/ noticeable4 ,! id5tity ( ! la/-nam$ portrait is v dubi\s2 x c]ta9ly _c h be5 pa9t$ direct f ,beatrice1 :o _h be5 execut$ 9 ,rome be=e ,guido ev] resid$ !re4 ,_m et*+s are attribut$ to him--"s f 8 own works1 & "s aft] o!r ma/]s2 !y are spirit$1 b r neglig5t4 ,( o!r works n already notic$1 ! foll[+ %\ld be nam$3--9 ,rome 7! ,vatican71 ! ,crucifixion ( ,/ ,pet]1 an example ( ! pa9t]'s e>li] mann]2 9 ,s4 ,lor5zo 9 ,luc9a1 ,*ri/ ,crucifi$2 9 ,=li1 ! ,conception2 9 ,bologna1 ! ,alms ( ,/ ,ro* 7e>ly71 ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & ! ,pieta1 or ,lam5t ov] ! ,body ( ,*ri/ 79 ! *ur* ( ! ,m5dicanti71 :i* is by _m reg>d$ z ,guido's prime executive "w2 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 an ,ecce ,homo2 9 ,milan 7,br]a ,gall]y71 ,sa9ts ,pet] & ,paul2 9 ,g5oa 7*ur* ( ,s4 ,ambrogio71 ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg92 9 ,b]l91 ,/ ,paul ! ,h]mit & ,/ ,an?ony 9 ! ,wild]ness4 ,! celebrat$ picture ( ,=tune 79 ! ,capitol7 is "o ( ,r5i's f9e/ treatm5ts ( female =m2 z a specim5 ( male =m1 ! ,samson ,dr9k+ f ! ,jawbone ( an ,ass might be nam$ beside x4 ,"o ( 8 late/ works ( m>k is ! ,ariadne1 :i* us$ to be 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,capitol4 ,! ,l\vre conta9s tw5ty ( 8 pictures1 ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,london sev51 & o!rs 7 once !re1 n[ remov$ to o!r public collections4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! sev5 is ! small ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 pa9t$ on copp]1 an elegantly f9i%$ "w1 m pretty ?an beautiful4 ,x 0 probably pa9t$ be=e ! ma/] quitt$ ,bologna = ,rome4 ,= ! life & works ( ,guido ,r5i1 see ,bologn9i1 ,vita di ,guido ,r5i 7#ahci72 ,pass]i1 ,vite de' pittori2 & ,malvasia1 ,fels9a ,pittrice2 also ,lanzi1 ,/oria pitiorica4 7,w4 ,m4 ,r47 ,,gui5ne1 an old ,fr5* prov9ce :i* correspond$ r\ghly to ! ,aquitania ,secunda ( ! ,romans & ! ar*bi%opric ( ,bordeaux4 ,9 ! #ab? c5tury x =m$ ) ,gascony ! du*y ( ,aquita9e1 :i* pass$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! k+s ( ,engl& by ! m>riage ( ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e to ,h5ry ,,ii42 b 9 ! #ac?1 ?r\gh ! conque/s ( ,philip ,augu/us1 ,l\is ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,ix41 x 0 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[] limits fix$ by ! treaty ( ,p>is 7#abei74 ,x is at ?is po9t t ,gui5ne becomes di/9ct f ,aquita9e4 ,x !n compris$ ! ,bordelais 7! old c\nt%ip ( ,bordeaux71 ! ,bazadais1 "p ( ,p]igord1 ,lim\s91 ,qu]cy & ,r\]gue1 ! ,ag5ais c$$ by ,philip ,,iii4 7! ,bold7 to ,edw>d ,i4 7#abgi71 & 7/ill unit$ ) ,gascony7 =m$ a du*y ext5d+ f ! ,*>5te to ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?is du*y 0 held on ! t]ms ( homage to ! ,fr5* k+s1 an on]\s obligation2 & bo? 9 #abif & #acbd x 0 confiscat$ by ! k+s ( ,france on ! gr\nd t !re _h be5 a failure 9 ! feudal duties4 ,at ! treaty ( ,bretigny 7#acfj7 ,edw>d ,,iii4 acquir$ ! full sov]eignty ( ! du*y ( ,gui5ne1 toge!r ) ,aunis1 ,sa9tonge1 ,ang\mois & ,poit\4 ,! victories ( du ,guescl9 & ,ga/on ,phoebus1 c\nt ( ,foix1 re/or$ ! du*y soon aft] to its #ac?-c5tury limits4 ,9 #adea x 0 conqu]$ & f9ally unit$ to ! ,fr5* cr[n by ,*>les ,,vii4 ,9 #adfi ,l\is ,,xi4 gave x 9 ex*ange = ,*ampagne & ,brie to 8 bro!r ,*>les1 duke ( ,b]ry1 aft] ^: dea? 9 #adgb x 0 aga9 unit$ to ! royal dom9ion4 ,gui5ne !n =m$ a gov]nm5t :i* f ! #ag? c5tury onw>ds 0 unit$ ) ,gascony4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,gui5ne & ,gascony1 ) its capital at ,bordeaux1 la/$ till ! end ( ! anci5 regime4 ,"u ! ,revolution ! dep>tm5ts =m$ f ,gui5ne prop] 7 ^? ( ,gironde1 ,lot-et-,g>onne1 ,dordogne1 ,lot1 ,aveyron & ! *ief "p ( ,t>n-et-,g>onne4 ,,guignes1 ,,joseph ,,de 7#agba-ahjj71 ,fr5* ori5tali/1 0 born at ,pontoise on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #agba4 ,he succe$$ ,f\rmont at ! ,royal ,libr>y z secret>y int]pret] ( ! ,ea/]n languages4 ,a ,memoire hi/orique sur l'orig9e des ,huns et des ,turcs1 publi%$ by de ,guignes 9 #agdh1 obta9$ 8 admission to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 #ageb1 & he became an associate ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,inscriptions 9 #aged4 ,two ye>s lat] he began to publi% 8 le>n$ & labori\s ,hi/oire g5]ale des ,huns1 des ,mongoles1 des ,turcs et des autres ,t>t>es occid5taux 7#agef-ageh72 & 9 #ageg he 0 appo9t$ to ! *air ( ,syriac at ! ,college de ,france4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! ,*9ese nation _h orig9at$ 9 ,egyptian colonization1 an op9ion to :i*1 9 spite ( e argum5t1 he ob/9ately clung4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahjj4 ,! ,hi/oire _h be5 translat$ into ,g]man by ,dahn]t 7#agfh-agga74 ,de ,guignes left a son1 ,*ri/ian ,l\is ,joseph 7#agei-ahde71 :o1 aft] le>n+ ,*9ese f 8 fa!r1 w5t z consul to ,canton1 :]e he sp5t sev5te5 ye>s4 ,on 8 return to ,france he 0 *>g$ by ! gov]nm5t ) ! "w ( prep>+ a ,*9ese-,fr5*-,lat9 diction>y 7#ahac74 ,he 0 also ! au?or ( a "w ( travels 7,voyages a ,pek91 ,manille1 et l'ile de ,france1 #ahjh74 ,see ,qu]>d1 ,la ,france litt]aire1 :]e a li/ ( ! memoirs contribut$ by de ,guignes to ! ,j\rnal des savants is giv54 ,,guilb]t1 ,,yvette 7#ahfi- 71 ,fr5* diseuse1 0 born 9 ,p>is4 ,%e s]v$ = two ye>s until #ahhe 9 ! ,magas9 du ,pr9temps1 :51 on ! advice ( ! j\rnali/1 ,edmond ,/\llig1 %e tra9$ = ! /age "u ,l&rol4 ,%e made h] debut at ! ,b\ffes du ,nord1 !n play$ at ! ,v>ietes1 & 9 #ahij %e receiv$ a regul> engagem5t at ! ,eldorado to s+ a c\ple ( songs at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]=mance4 ,%e also sang at ! ,ambassadeurs4 ,%e soon won an imm5se vogue by h] r5d]+ ( songs drawn f ,p>isian l[]-class life1 or f ! hum\rs ( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 ,quatre z'etudiants & ! ,hotel du num]o trois be+ among h] e>ly triumphs4 ,h] adoption ( an habitual yell[ dress & long black gloves1 h] /udi$ simplicity ( diction1 & h] +5u\s deliv]y ( songs *>g$ ) risque mean+1 made h] fam\s4 ,%e ow$ some?+ to ,m4 ,xanr(1 :o = a long "t compos$ songs especially = h]1 & p]haps /ill m to ,ari/ide ,bruant1 :o wrote _m ( h] argot songs4 ,%e made successful t\rs 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,am]ica1 & 0 9 great reque/ z an ent]ta9] 9 private h\ses4 ,9 #ahie %e m>ri$ ,dr ,m4 ,s*ill]4 ,9 lat] ye>s %e disc>d$ some?+ ( h] e>li] mann]1 & sang songs ( ! pompad\r & ! cr9ol9e p]iod 9 co/ume4 ,%e publi%$ ! novels ,la ,v$ette & ,les ,demi-vieilles1 bo? 9 #aijb4 ,,guild=d1 a m>ket t[n & municipal bor\gh1 & ! c\nty t[n ( ,surrey1 ,engl&1 9 ! ,guild=d p>liam5t>y division1 #bi m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,london by ! ,london & ,s\? ,we/]n railway2 s]v$ also by ! ,london1 ,brighton1 & ,s\? ,coa/ & ! ,s\? ,ea/]n & ,*a?am railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ae1ich4 ,x is beautifully situat$ on an acclivity ( ! nor!rn *alk ,d[ns & on ! riv] ,wey4 ,its old] /reets conta9 a numb] ( picturesque gabl$ h\ses1 ) qua9t lattices & curi\s doorways4 ,! ru9s ( a ,norman ca/le /& f9ely above ! t[n & are well pres]v$2 :ile ! gr\nd ab\t !m is laid out z a public g>d54 ,b5ea? ! ,angel ,inn & a h\se 9 ! vic9ity are ext5sive vaults1 app>5tly ( ,e>ly ,engli% date1 & traditionally connect$ ) ! ca/le4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y is ,norman & ,e>ly ,engli%1 ) lat] additions & consid]ably re/or$2 its aisles reta9 _! ea/w>d apses & x conta9s _m int]e/+ details4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,ni*olas is a mod]n build+ on an anci5t site1 & t ( ,holy ,tr9ity is a brick /ructure ( #agfc1 ) lat] additions1 also on ! site ( an e>li] *ur*1 f :i* "s ( ! monum5ts are pres]v$1 includ+ t ( ,ar*bi%op ,abbot 7#afdj74 ,! t[n hall dates f #afhc & conta9s a numb] ( int]e/+ pictures4 ,o!r public build+s are ! c\nty hall1 corn-m>ket & in/itute ) museum & libr>y4 ,abbot's ,hospital1 f\nd$ by ,ar*bi%op ,abbot 9 #afai1 is a beautiful ,tudor brick build+4 ,! c\nty hospital 7#ahff7 0 erect$ z a memorial to ,alb]t1 ,pr9ce ,consort4 ,! ,royal ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool1 f\nd$ 9 #aeji1 & incorporat$ by ,edw>d ,,vi41 is an important s*ool = boys4 ,at ,cranleigh1 #f m4 ,s4,e41 is a l>ge middle-class c\nty s*ool4 ,! t[n has fl\r mills1 iron f\ndries & brew]ies1 & a l>ge trade 9 gra92 :ile fairs are held = live /ock4 ,!re is a manufacture ( gunp[d] 9 ! neighb\r+ village ( ,*ilwor?4 ,guild=d is a suffragan bi%opric 9 ! diocese ( ,w9*e/]4 ,! bor\gh is "u a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,area1 #bfja acres4 ,guild=d 7,gylde=d1 ,gelde=d71 occurs among ! possessions ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 & 0 a royal bor\gh ?r\gh\t ! middle ages4 ,x probably ow$ its rise to its position at ! junction ( trade r\tes4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ z a bor\gh 9 #aaca4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 grant$ a *>t] to ! m5 ( ,guild=d 9 #abef1 by :i* !y obta9$ fre$om f toll ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & ! privilege ( hav+ ! c\nty c\rt held always 9 _! t[n4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 grant$ *>t]s to ,guild=d 9 #acdj1 #acdf & #acfg2 ,h5ry ,,vi4 9 #adbc2 ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 #adhh4 ,elizabe? 9 #aehj confirm$ e>li] *>t]s1 & o!r *>t]s 7 grant$ 9 #afjc1 #afbf & #afhf4 ,! bor\gh 0 incorporat$ 9 #adhf "u ! title ( ! mayor & good m5 ( ,guild=d4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n re/$ ) a p[]ful m]*ant gild4 ,two memb]s = ,guild=d sat 9 ! p>liam5t ( #abie1 & ! bor\gh cont9u$ to return two repres5tatives until #ahfg :5 ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to "o4 ,by ! ,r$i/ribution ,act ( #ahhe ,guild=d became m]g$ 9 ! c\nty = electoral purposes4 ,edw>d ,,ii4 grant$ to ! t[n ! "r ( hav+ two fairs1 at ! fea/ ( ,/ ,mat!w 7#ba/ ( ,septemb]7 & at ,tr9ity respectively4 ,h5ry ,,vii4 grant$ fairs on ! fea/ ( ,/ ,m>t9 7#aa? ( ,novemb]7 & ,/ ,george 7#bcrd ( ,april74 ,fairs 9 ,may = ! sale ( %eep & 9 ,novemb] = ! sale ( cattle are /ill held4 ,! m>ket rights date at lea/ f #abgf1 & ?ree weekly m>kets are /ill held = ! sale ( corn1 cattle & vegetables respectively4 ,! clo? trade :i* =m$ ! /aple indu/ry at ,guild=d 9 ! middle ages is n[ ext9ct4 ,,guildhall1 ! hall ( ! corporation ( ! city ( ,london1 ,engl&4 ,x faces a c\rty>d op5+ out ( ,gre%am ,/reet4 ,! date ( its orig9al f\ndation is n kn[n4 ,an anci5t crypt rema9s1 b ! hall has o!rwise und]gone mu* alt]ation4 ,x 0 rebuilt 9 #adaa1 beautifi$ by ! munific5ce ( successive (ficials1 damag$ 9 ! ,great ,fire ( #afff1 & re/or$ 9 #aghi by ,george ,dance2 :ile ! hall 0 aga9 re/or$1 ) a new ro(1 9 #ahgj4 ,?is f9e *amb]1 #aeb ft4 9 l5g?1 is ! sc5e ( ! /ate banquets & ent]ta9m5ts ( ! corporation1 & ( ! municipal meet+s 9 common hall4 ,! build+ also conta9s a c\ncil *amb] & v>i\s c\rt rooms1 ) a spl5did libr>y1 op5 to ! public1 a museum & art gall]y adjo9+4 ,! hall conta9s sev]al monum5ts & two giant figures ( wood1 kn[n z ,gog & ,magog4 ,^! 7 set up 9 #agjh1 b ! appe>ance ( giants 9 city pageants is ( mu* e>li] date4 ,,guil=d1 ,,b>ons ,,& ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,,francis ,,nor?1 #a/ ,b>on ,guil=d 7#afcg-afhe71 0 ! ?ird son ( ! #d? ,b>on ,nor? 7see ,,nor?1 ,,b>ons71 & 0 creat$ ,b>on ,guil=d 9 #afhc1 aft] becom+ "l keep] 9 succession to ,"l ,nott+ham4 ,he _h be5 an em95t lawy]1 solicitor-g5]al 7#afga71 attorney-g5]al 7#afgc71 & *ief-ju/ice ( ! common pleas 7#afge71 & 9 #afgi 0 made a memb] ( ! c\ncil ( ?irty & on its dissolution ( ! cab9et4 ,he 0 a man ( wide culture & a /an* royali/4 ,9 #afgb he m>ri$ ,lady ,frances ,pope1 daught] & co-heiress ( ! e>l ( ,d[ne1 :o inh]it$ ! ,wroxton e/ate2 & he 0 succe$$ z #bnd b>on by 8 son ,francis 7#afgc-agbi71 ^: elde/ son ,francis 7#agjd-agij71 aft] inh]it+ fir/ 8 fa!r's title z #crd b>on1 & !n 79 #agcd7 ! b>ony ( ,nor? f 8 k9sman ! #f? ,b>on ,nor?1 0 9 #ageb creat$ #a/ e>l ( ,guil=d4 ,8 fir/ wife 0 a daught] ( ! e>l ( ,halifax1 & 8 son & successor ,fr$]ick 0 ! ,engli% prime m9i/]1 commonly kn[n z ,"l ,nor?1 8 c\rtesy title :ile ! #a/ e>l 0 alive4 ,,fr$]ick ,,nor?1 #bnd e>l ( ,guil=d1 b bett] kn[n by 8 c\rtesy title ( ,"l ,nor? 7#agcb-agib71 prime m9i/] ( ,engl& dur+ ! important ye>s ( ! ,am]ican ,w>1 0 born on ! #ac? ( ,april #agcb1 & aft] be+ educat$ at ,eton & ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 0 s5t to make ! gr& t\r ( ! cont95t4 ,on 8 return he 01 ?\gh only tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 at once elect$ ,m4,p4 = ,banbury1 ( :i* t[n 8 fa!r 0 high /ew>d2 & he sat = ! same t[n 9 p>liam5t = ne>ly =ty ye>s4 ,9 #agei he 0 *os5 by ! duke ( ,newca/le to be a "l ( ! treasury1 & cont9u$ 9 ! same (fice "u ,"l ,bute & ,george ,gr5ville till #agfe4 ,he _h %[n himself su* a ready debat] t on ! fall ( ! fir/ ,rock+ham m9i/ry 9 #agff he 0 sworn ( ! privy c\ncil1 & made payma/]-g5]al by ! duke ( ,grafton4 ,8 reputation = ability grew s high t 9 ,decemb] #agfg1 on ! dea? ( ! brilliant ,*>les ,t[n%5d1 he 0 made *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]4 ,8 popul>ity ) bo? ! ,h\se ( ,commons & ! p cont9u$ to increase1 = 8 temp] 0 nev] ruffl$1 & 8 quiet hum\r p]petually display$2 &1 :5 ! retirem5t ( ! duke ( ,grafton 0 necessitat$ by ! hatr$ he inspir$ & ! attacks ( ,junius1 no bett] successor c\ld be f\nd = ! premi]%ip ?an ! *ancellor ( ! ex*equ]4 ,"l ,nor? succe$$ ! duke 9 ,m>* #aggj1 & cont9u$ 9 (fice = twelve ( ! mo/ ev5tful ye>s 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,george ,,iii4 _h at la/ ov]?r[n ! asc5dancy ( ! great ,:ig families1 "u :i* he _h s long groan$1 & det]m9$ to gov]n z well z rule4 ,he knew t he c\ld only gov]n by obta9+ a majority 9 p>liam5t to c>ry out 8 wi%es1 & ?is he _h at la/ obta9$ by a great exp5diture ( money 9 buy+ seats & by a c>eful ex]cise ( 8 patronage4 ,b 9 addition to a majority he mu/ h a m9i/] :o w\ld cons5t to act z 8 lieut5ant1 & su* a m9i/] he f\nd 9 ,"l ,nor?4 ,h[ a man ( und\bt$ ability su* z ,"l ,nor? 0 c\ld all[ himself to be ?us us$ z a m]e in/rum5t _c be expla9$2 b ! confid5tial tone ( ! k+'s lett]s seems to %[ t !re 0 an unusual intimacy betwe5 !m1 :i* may acc\nt = ,nor?'s compliance4 ,! pa? ( ! m9i/] 9 p>liam5t 0 a h>d "o2 he _h to def5d measures :i* he _h n design$1 & ( :i* he _h n approv$1 & ?is too 9 a ,h\se ( ,commons 9 :i* all ! oratorical ability ( ,burke & ,fox 0 aga9/ him1 & :5 he _h only ! pur*as$ help ( ,?url[ & ,w$d]burne to aid him4 ,! mo/ important ev5ts ( 8 m9i/ry 7 ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,he _c be accus$ ( caus+ x1 b "o ( 8 fir/ acts 0 ! ret5tion ( ! tea-duty1 & he x 0 also :o introduc$ ! ,bo/on ,port ,bill 9 #aggd4 ,:5 ! w> _h brok5 out he e>ne/ly c\nsell$ peace1 & x 0 only ! e>ne/ solicitations ( ! k+ n to leave 8 sov]eign aga9 at ! m]cy ( ! ,:igs t induc$ him to def5d a w> :i* f #aggi he knew to be bo? hopeless & impolitic4 ,at la/1 9 ,m>* #aghb1 he insi/$ on resign+ aft] ! news ( ,cornwallis's surr5d] at ,yorkt[n1 & no man left (fice m bli!ly4 ,he _h be5 well rew>d$ = 8 assi/ance to ! k+3 8 *ildr5 _h good s9ecures2 8 half-bro!r1 ,br[nl[ ,nor? 7#agda-ahbj71 0 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]2 he himself 0 *ancellor ( ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 "l-lieut5ant ( ! c\nty ( ,som]set1 & _h f9ally be5 made a knight ( ! ,g>t]1 an hon\r :i* has only be5 conf]r$ on ?ree o!r memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,sir ,r4 ,walpole1 ,"l ,ca/l]eagh & ,"l ,palm]/on4 ,"l ,nor? did n rema9 long out ( (fice1 b 9 ,april #aghc =m$ 8 fam\s coalition ) 8 old subord9ate1 ,c4 ,j4 ,fox 7q4v471 & became secret>y ( /ate ) him "u ! nom9al premi]%ip ( ! duke ( ,portl&4 ,he 0 probably urg$ to ?is coalition ) 8 old oppon5t by a desire to %[ t he c\ld act indep5d5tly ( ! k+1 & 0 n a m]e royal m\?piece4 ,! coalition m9i/ry w5t out ( (fice on ,fox's ,india ,bill 9 ,decemb] #aghc1 & ,"l ,nor?1 :o 0 los+ 8 sight1 !n f9ally gave up political ambition4 ,he play$1 :5 q bl9d1 a some:at important "p 9 ! debates on ! ,reg5cy ,bill 9 #aghi1 & 9 ! next ye> succe$$ 8 fa!r z e>l ( ,guil=d4 ,he did n long survive 8 elevation1 & di$ peacefully on ! #e? ( ,augu/ #agib4 ,x is impossible to consid] ,"l ,nor? a great /atesman1 b he 0 a mo/ good-temp]$ & humor\s memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 a "t ( unexampl$ p>ty feel+ he won ! e/eem & almo/ ! love ( 8 mo/ bitt] oppon5ts4 ,burke f9ely sums up 8 "* 9 8 ,lett] to a ,noble ,"l3 ,he 0 a man ( admirable p>ts1 ( g5]al k1 ( a v]satile und]/&+1 fitt$ = e sort ( bus9ess2 ( inf9ite wit & pleasantry1 ( a delightful temp]1 & ) a m9d mo/ dis9t]e/$4 ,b x w\ld be only to degrade myself1 he cont9ues1 by a weak adulation1 & n to hon\r ! memory ( a great man1 to d5y t he want$ some?+ ( ! vigilance & _s ( comm& :i* ! times requir$4 ,by 8 wife ,anne 7d4 #agig71 daught] ( ,george ,speke ( ,:ite ,lack+ton1 ,som]set1 ,guil=d _h f\r sons1 ! elde/ ( :om1 ,george ,augu/us 7#ageg-ahjb71 became #crd e>l on 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,?is e>l 0 a memb] ( p>liam5t f #aggh to #agib & 0 a memb] ( 8 fa!r's m9i/ry & also ( ! royal h\sehold2 he left no sons :5 he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,april #ahjb & 0 succe$$ 9 ! e>ldom by 8 bro!r ,francis 7#agfa-ahag71 :o also left no sons4 ,! y\nge/ bro!r1 ,fr$]ick 7#agff-ahbg71 :o n[ became #e? e>l ( ,guil=d1 0 rem>kable = 8 great k & love ( ,greece & ( ! ,greek language4 ,he _h a good deal to d ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,ionian univ]sity at ,corfu1 ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ *ancellor & to :i* he 0 v lib]al4 ,guil=d1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,ceylon f #agih to #ahje1 di$ unm>ri$ on ! #ad? ( ,octob] #ahbg4 ,8 c\s91 ,francis 7#aggb-ahfa71 a son ( ,br[nl[ ,nor?1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/] f #agha to #ahbj1 0 ! #f? e>l1 & ! latt]'s desc5dant1 ,fr$]ick ,george 7b4 #ahgf71 became #h? e>l 9 #ahhf4 ,on ! dea? ( ! #crd e>l ( ,guil=d 9 #ahjb ! b>ony ( ,nor? fell into abeyance betwe5 8 ?ree daught]s1 ! survivor ( :om1 ,susan 7#agig-ahhd74 wife ( ,john ,sidney ,doyle1 :o took ! "n ( ,nor?1 0 decl>$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahda to be ,b>oness ,nor?1 & ! title pass$ to h] son1 ,william ,h5ry ,john ,nor?1 ! #aa? b>on 7b4 #ahcf7 7see ,,nor?1 ,,b>ons74 ,= ! ,"l ,keep] ,guil=d see ! ,lives by ! ,hon4 ,r4 ,nor?1 edit$ by ,a4 ,jessopp 7#ahij72 & ,e4 ,foss1 ,! ,judges ( ,engl&1 vol4 vii4 7#ahdh-ahfd74 ,= ! prime m9i/]1 ,"l ,nor?1 see ,correspond5ce ( ,george ,,iii4 ) ,"l ,nor?1 edit$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,donne 7#ahfg72 ,horace ,walpole1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,iii4 7#ahei71 & ,memoirs ( ! ,reign ( ,george ,,iii41 edit$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,b>k] 7#ahid72 ,"l ,br\gham1 ,hi/orical ,sket*es ( ,/atesm51 vol4 i4 7#ahci72 ,e>l ,/anhope1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#aheh72 ,sir ,t4 ,e4 ,may1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7#ahfc-ahfe72 & ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! #ah? c5tury 7#ahgh-ahij74 ,,guil=d1 a t[n%ip1 includ+ a bor\gh ( ! same "n1 9 ,new ,hav5 c\nty1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,long ,isl& ,s\nd & at ! m\? ( ! ,m5unkatuck or ,we/ riv]1 ab\t #af m4 ,e4 by ,s4 ( ,new ,hav54 ,pop4 ( ! t[n%ip1 includ+ ! bor\gh 7#aijj71 #bghe1 ( :om #chg 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj7 #cjja2 pop4 ( ! bor\gh 7#aiaj71 #afjh4 ,! bor\gh is s]v$ by ! ,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 ,h>t=d railroad4 ,on a pla9 is ! bor\gh gre5 ( ne>ly #ab acres1 :i* is %ad$ by "s f9e old elms & o!r trees1 & 9 :i* !re is a soldi]s' monum5t4 ,ab\t ! gre5 are sev]al *ur*es & "s ( ! bett] resid5ces4 ,on an em95ce comm&+ a f9e view ( ! ,s\nd is an old /one h\se1 erect$ 9 #afci = a p>sonage1 meet+-h\se & =tification2 x 0 made a /ate museum 9 #ahih1 :5 ext5sive alt]ations 7 made to re/ore ! int]ior to its orig9al appe>ance4 ,! ,po9t ( ,rocks1 9 ! h>b\r1 is an attractive resort dur+ ! summ] season4 ,!re are ab\t #ab ft4 ( wat] on ! h>b\r b> at high tide4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ,guil=d are coa/wise trade1 ! manufacture ( iron ca/+s1 brass ca/+s1 wagon :eels & s*ool furniture1 & ! cann+ ( vegetables4 ,ne> ! coa/ are qu>ries ( f9e granite2 ! /one = ! p$e/al ( ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty on ,b$loe's ,isl&1 9 ,new ,york ,h>b\r1 0 tak5 f !m4 ,guil=d 0 f\nd$ ,9 #afci z an indep5d5t colony by a company ( tw5ty-five or m families f ,k5t1 ,surrey & ,sussex1 ,engl&1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,rev4 ,h5ry ,:itfield 7#aeig-afeg74 ,:ile /ill on %ipbo>d tw5ty-five memb]s ( ! company sign$ a plantation cov5ant :]eby !y agre$ n to des]t ! plantation :i* !y 7 ab\t to e/abli%4 ,arriv+ at ,new ,hav5 e>ly 9 ,july #afci1 !y soon began negotiations ) ! ,indians = ! pur*ase ( l&1 & on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] a de$ 0 sign$ by :i* ! ,indians convey$ to !m ! t]ritory betwe5 ,ea/ ,riv] & ,/ony ,creek = #ab coates1 #ab ,fa?oms ( ,wampam1 #ab glasses 7mirrors71 #ab pay] ( %ooes1 #ab ,hat*etts1 #ab paire ( ,/ock+s1 #ab ,hooes1 #d kettles1 #ab knives1 #ab ,hatts1 #ab ,porr+]s1 #ab spoones1 & #b ,engli% coates4 ,o!r pur*ases ( l& f ! ,indians 7 made lat]4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ye> ! company remov$ f ,new ,hav5 & e/abli%$ ! new colony2 x 0 kn[n by ! ,indian "n ,m5uncatuck = ab\t f\r ye>s & ! "n ,guil=d 7f ,guild=d1 ,engl&7 0 !n sub/itut$4 ,z a provisional arrangem5t1 civil p[] = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice & ! pres]vation ( ! peace 0 ve/$ 9 f\r p]sons until su* "t z a *ur* %\ld be organiz$4 ,?is 0 po/pon$ until #afdc :5 consid]ations ( safety dem&$ t ! colony %\ld become a memb] ( ! ,new ,hav5 ,jurisdiction1 & !n only to meet ! requirem5ts = admission to ?is union 7 ! *ur* & *ur* /ate modell$ aft] ^? ( ,new ,hav54 ,ev5 !n1 ?\gh suffrage 0 re/rict$ to *ur* memb]s1 ,guil=d plant]s :o 7 n *ur* memb]s 7 requir$ to att5d t[n meet+s & 7 all[$ to (f] objections to any propos$ ord] or law4 ,f #affa until ! absorption ( ! memb]s ( ! ,new ,hav5 ,jurisdiction by ,connecticut1 9 #affd1 ,william ,leete 7#afaa-afhc71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,guil=d1 0 gov]nor ( ! ,jurisdiction1 & "u 8 lead]%ip ,guil=d took a prom95t "p 9 fur!r+ ! submission to ,connecticut1 :i* did away ) ! *ur* /ate & ! re/riction ( suffrage to freem54 ,guil=d 0 ! bir?place ( ,fitz-,gre5e ,halleck 7#agij-ahfg71 ! poet2 ( ,samuel ,johnson 7#afif-agga71 ! fir/ presid5t ( ,k+'s ,college 7n[ ,columbia ,univ]sity72 ( ,abraham ,baldw9 7#aged-ahjg71 prom95t z a /atesman & ! f\nd] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,georgia2 & ( ,?omas ,*itt5d51 ! fir/ gov]nor ( ,v]mont4 ,! bor\gh 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahae4 ,see ,b4 ,c4 ,/e9]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,plantation ( ,m5unca-,tuck & ( ! ,orig9al ,t[n ( ,guil=d1 ,connecticut 7,baltimore1 #ahig71 & ,proce$+s at ! ,celebration ( ! #bej? ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,settlem5t ( ,guil=d1 ,connecticut 7,new ,hav51 #ahhi74 ,,guillaume1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,claude ,,eug5e 7#ahbb-aije71 ,fr5* sculptor1 0 born at ,montb>d on ! #d? ( ,july #ahbb1 & /udi$ "u ,caveli]1 ,millet1 & ,b>rias1 at ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts1 :i* he ent]$ 9 #ahda1 & :]e he ga9$ ! prix de ,rome 9 #ahde ) ,!seus f9d+ on a rock 8 ,fa!r's ,sword4 ,he became director ( ! ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts 9 #ahfd1 & director-g5]al ( ,f9e ,arts f #ahgh to #ahgi1 :5 ! (fice 0 suppress$4 ,_m ( 8 works h be5 b\ght = public gall]ies1 & 8 monum5ts are to be f\nd 9 ! public squ>es ( ! *ief cities ( ,france4 ,at ,rheims !re is 8 bronze /atue ( ,colb]t1 at ,dijon 8 ,rameau monum5t4 ,! ,luxemb\rg ,museum has 8 ,anacreon 7#aheb71 ,les ,gracques 7#ahec71 ,fau*eur 7#ahee71 & ! m>ble bu/ ( ,mgr ,d>boy2 ! ,v]sailles ,museum ! portrait ( ,?i]s2 ! ,sorbonne ,libr>y ! m>ble bu/ ( ,victor le ,cl]c1 doy5 de la faculte des lettres4 ,o!r works ( 8 are at ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 ,/ ,g]ma9 l',aux]rois1 & ! *ur* ( ,/ ,clotilde1 ,p>is4 ,guillaume 0 a prolific writ]1 pr9cipally on sculpture & ar*itecture ( ! ,classic p]iod & ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,he 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,academie ,francaise 9 #ahfb1 & 9 #ahia 0 s5t to ,rome z director ( ! ,academie de ,france 9 t city4 ,he 0 also elect$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 #ahfi1 on ! in/itution ( t class4 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,lorris 7fl4 #abcj71 ! au?or ( ! e>li] section ( ! ,roman de la rose1 d]ives 8 surname f a small t[n ab\t equidi/ant f ,mont>gis & ,gi51 9 ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,loiret4 ,?is & ! fact ( 8 au?or%ip may be said to be ! only ?+s positively kn[n ab\t him4 ,! rubric ( ! poem1 :]e 8 own "p f9i%es1 attributes ,jean de ,meun's cont9uation to a p]iod =ty ye>s lat] ?an ,william's dea? & ! consequ5t int]ruption ( ! romance4 ,argu+ backw>ds1 ?is dea? us$ to be put at ab\t #abfj2 b ,jean de ,meun's own "w has rec5tly be5 dat$ e>li]1 & s ! composition ( ! fir/ "p has be5 ?r[n back to a p]iod be=e #abdj4 ,! au?or repres5ts himself z hav+ dream$ ! dream :i* furni%$ ! sub/ance ( ! poem 9 8 tw5tie? ye>1 & z hav+ set to "w to rhyme x five ye>s lat]4 ,! lat] & long] "p ( ! ,roman %[s signs ( great] intellectual vig\r & wid] k ?an ! e>li] & %ort]1 b ,guillaume de ,lorris is to all appe>ance m orig9al4 ,! great features ( 8 f\r or five ?\s& l9es are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! extraord9>y vividness & beauty ( 8 ^w-pictures1 9 :i* = col\r1 fre%ness & individuality he has n _m rivals except 9 ! greate/ ma/]s1 &1 secondly1 ! fa%ion ( allegorical pres5tation1 :i*1 hackney$ & we>isome z x aft]w>ds became1 0 evid5tly 9 8 "t new & /rik+4 ,!re are ( c\rse traces ( x be=e1 z 9 "s romances1 su* z ^? ( ,ra\l de ,h\d5c1 9 ! tr\bad\rs1 & 9 o!r writ]s2 b x 0 unque/ionably ,guillaume de ,lorris :o fix$ ! /yle4 ,= an attempt to id5tify ,guillaume de ,lorris see ,l4 ,j>ry1 ,guillaume de ,lorris et le te/am5t d',alphonse de ,poiti]s 7#ahha74 ,also ,paul9 ,p>is 9 ! ,hi/4 litt4 de la ,france1 vol4 xxiii4 ,,guillaume ,,de ,,pal]me 7,,william ,,( ,,pal]ne71 h]o ( romance4 ,! ,fr5* v]se romance 0 writt5 at ! desire ( a ,c\ntess ,yol&e1 g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ,yol&e1 daught] ( ,baldw9 ,,iv41 c\nt ( ,fl&]s4 ,! ,engli% poem 9 allit]ative v]se 0 writt5 ab\t #acej by a poet call$ ,william1 at ! desire ( ,humphrey ,bohun1 e>l ( ,h]e=d1 7d4 #acfa74 ,guillaume1 a f\ndl+ suppos$ to be ( l[ degree1 is br\ght up at ! c\rt ( ! emp]or ( ,rome1 & loves 8 daught] ,melior :o is de/9$ = a ,greek pr9ce4 ,! lov]s flee into ! woods disguis$ 9 be>-sk9s4 ,alfonso1 :o is ,guillaume's c\s9 & a ,spani% pr9ce1 has be5 *ang$ into a wolf by 8 /ep-"m's en*antm5ts4 ,he provides food & protection = ! fugitives1 & ,guillaume ev5tually triumphs ov] ,alfonso's fa!r1 & w9s back f him 8 k+dom4 ,! b5evol5t w]wolf is dis5*ant$1 & m>ries ,guillaume's si/]4 ,see ,guillaume de ,pal]ne1 ed4 ,h4 ,mi*elant 7,soc4 d4 anc4 textes fr41 #ahgf72 ,hi/4 litt4 de la ,france1 xxii4 #hbi2 ,william ( ,pal]me1 ed4 ,sir ,f4 ,madd5 7,roxburghe ,club1 #ahcb71 & ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat 7,e4 ,e4 ,text ,soc41 extra s]ies ,no4 #a1 #ahfg72 ,m4 ,kaluza1 9 ,eng4 ,/udi5 7,heilbronn1 iv4 #aif74 ,! prose v]sion ( ! ,fr5* romance1 pr9t$ by ,n4 ,bonfons1 pass$ ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,,guillaume ,d',,orange 7d4 #hab71 also kn[n z ,guillaume ,fi]abrace1 ,/ ,guillaume de ,gellone1 & ! ,m>quis au c\rt nez1 0 ! c5tral figure ( ! s\!rn cycle ( ,fr5* romance1 call$ by ! tr\v]es ! ge/e ( ,g>9 de ,monglane4 ,! cycle ( ,guillaume has m unity ?an ! o!r great cycles ( ,*>lemagne or ( ,doon de ,may5ce1 ! v>i\s poems :i* compose x =m+ bran*es ( ! ma9 /ory r ?an indep5d5t epic poems4 ,!re exi/ num]\s cyclic ,,mss4 9 :i* !re is an attempt at pres5t+ a cont9u\s hi/oire poetique ( ,guillaume & 8 family4 ,,ms4 ,royal #bj ,d xi4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s eighte5 *ansons ( ! cycle4 ,guillaume1 son ( ,?i]ry or ,!odoric & ( ,alde1 daught] ( ,*>les ,m>tel1 0 born 9 ! nor? ( ,france ab\t ! middle ( ! #h? c5tury4 ,he became "o ( ! be/ soldi]s & tru/$ c\nsellors ( ,*>lemagne1 & ,9 #gij 0 made c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 :5 ,*>les's son ,l\is ! ,pi\s 0 put "u 8 *>ge4 ,he subdu$ ! ,gascons1 & def5d$ ,n>bonne aga9/ ! infidels4 ,9 #gic ,hes*am1 ! successor ( ,abd-al-,rahman ,,ii41 proclaim$ a holy w> aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & collect$ an army ( #ajj1jjj m51 half ( :i* 0 direct$ aga9/ ! k+dom ( ! ,a/urias1 :ile ! second invad$ ,france1 p5etrat+ z f> z ,n>bonne4 ,guillaume met ! invad]s ne> ! riv] ,orbieux1 at ,vill$aigne1 :]e he 0 defeat$1 b only aft] an ob/9ate resi/ance :i* s f> exhau/$ ! ,s>ac5s t !y 7 compell$ to retreat to ,spa94 ,he took ,b>celona f ! ,s>ac5s 9 #hjc1 & 9 ! next ye> f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,gellone 7n[ ,sa9t ,guilhem-le ,des]t71 ( :i* he became a memb] 9 #hjf4 ,he di$ !re 9 ! od\r ( sanctity on ! #bh? ( ,may #hab4 ,no less ?an ?irte5 hi/orical p]sonages be>+ ! "n ( ,william 7,guillaume7 h be5 ?\ght by v>i\s critics to h _! %>e 9 ! =mation ( ! leg5d4 ,william1 c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 son ( ,boso ,,ii41 aga9 deliv]$ s\!rn ,france f a ,s>ac5 invasion by 8 victory at ,frax9et 9 #igc1 & end$ 8 life 9 a cloi/]4 ,william ,t[-head 7,tete d'et\pe71 duke ( ,aquita9e 7d4 #ihc71 %[$ a fidelity to ,l\is ,,iv4 p>allel$ by ,guillaume d',orange's s]vice to ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 ,! cycle ( tw5ty or m *ansons :i* =m ! ge/e ( ,guillaume reposes on ! traditions ( ! ,arab invasions ( ! s\? ( ,france1 f ! battle ( ,poiti]s 7#gcb7 "u ,*>les ,m>tel onw>ds1 & on ! ,fr5* conque/ ( ,catalonia f ! ,s>ac5s4 ,9 ! ,norse v]sion ( ! ,c>ol+ian epic ,guillaume appe>s 9 8 prop] hi/orical environm5t1 z a *ief "u ,*>lemagne2 b he plays a lead+ "p 9 ! ,c\ronnem5t ,looys1 describ+ ! =mal associations ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s 9 ! empire at ,aix 7#hac1 ! ye> aft] ,guillaume's dea?71 & aft] ! battle ( ,aliscans x is f ! emp]or ,l\is t he seeks re9=cem5ts4 ,?is ana*ronism arises f ! fusion ( ! epic ,guillaume ) ! *ampion ( ,l\is ,,iv41 & f ! fact t he 0 ! milit>y & civil *ief ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s1 :o 0 titul> k+ ( ,aquita9e "u 8 fa!r f ! "t :5 he 0 ?ree ye>s old4 ,! inconsi/5cies betwe5 ! real & ! epic ,guillaume are (t5 left /&+ 9 ! poems4 ,! p]sonages associat$ ) ,guillaume 9 8 ,spani% w>s belong to ,prov5ce1 & h names common 9 ! s\?4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! are ,beuves de ,com>*is1 ,ernaud de ,girone1 ,g>9 d',anseun1 ,aim] le *etif1 s call$ f 8 long captivity ) ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ,aim]1 :o refus$ to sleep "u a ro(1 & sp5t 8 :ole life 9 w>r+ aga9/ ! infidel1 is prov$4 ,he 0 ,hadhem>1 c\nt ( ,n>bonne1 :o 9 #hji & #haj 0 "o ( ! lead]s s5t by ,l\is aga9/ ,tortosa4 ,no d\bt ! o!rs _h hi/orical prototypes4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! tr\v]es !y became all bro!rs ( ,guillaume1 & sons ( ,aym]i de ,n>bonne1#a ! gr&son ( ,g>9 de ,monglane1 & 8 wife ,erm5j>t4 ,nev]!less :5 ,guillaume seeks help f ,l\is ! emp]or he f9ds all 8 relations 9 ,laon1 9 accordance ) 8 hi/oric ,franki% orig94 ,! c5tral fact ( ! ge/e ( ,guillaume is ! battle ( ! ,ar*amp or ,aliscans1 9 :i* p]i%$ ,guillaume's h]oic nephew1 ,vezian or ,vivi51 a second ,rol&4 ,at ! elev5? h\r he summon$ ,guillaume to 8 help aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ =ces ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,guillaume arriv$ too late to help ,vivi51 0 himself defeat$1 & return$ alone to 8 wife ,guib\rc1 leav+ 8 knights all dead or prison]s4 ,?is ev5t is relat$ 9 a ,norman-,fr5* transcript ( an old ,fr5* *anson de ge/e1 ! ,*ancun de ,willame--:i* only 0 br\ght to light 9 #aija at ! sale ( ! books ( ,sir ,h5ry ,hope ,edw>des--9 ! ,cov5ant ,vivi51 a rec5sion ( an old] ,fr5* *anson & 9 ,aliscans4 ,aliscans cont9ues ! /ory1 tell+ h[ ,guillaume obta9$ re9=cem5ts f ,laon1 & h[1 ) ! help ( ! comic h]o1 ! scullion ,ra9\>t or ,r5new>t1 he av5g$ ! defeat ( ,aliscans & 8 nephew's dea?4 ,ra9\>t turns out to be ! bro!r ( ,guillaume's wife ,guib\rc1 :o 0 be=e h] m>riage ! ,s>ac5 pr9cess & en*antress ,orable4 ,two o!r poems are consecrat$ to 8 lat] exploits1 ,la ,bataille ,loquif]1 ! "w ( a ,fr5* ,sicilian poet1 ,j5deu de ,brie 7fl4 #aagj71 & ,le ,moniage ,ra9\>t4 ,! />+-po9t ( ,h]b]t le duc ( ,damm>t9 7fl4 #aagj7 9 ,f\con de ,c&ie 7,c&ie,g&ia 9 ,spa987 is ! return ( ,guillaume f ! battle2 & ! ,italian compilation ,i ,n]bonesi1 bas$ on ^! & o!r *ansons1 seems 9 "s cases to repres5t an e>li] tradition ?an ! lat] ( ! ,fr5* *ansons1 al?\gh its au?or ,&rea di ,b>b]9o wrote t[>ds ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! m9nes+] ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* bas$ 8 ,willehalm on a ,fr5* orig9al :i* mu/ h diff]$ f ! v]sions we h4 ,! v>iations 9 ! /ory ( ! defeat ( ,aliscans or ! ,ar*ant1 & ! num]\s inconsi/5cies ( ! n>ratives ev5 :5 consid]$ sep>ately h occupi$ _m critics4 ,aliscans 7,ales*ans1 ,alyscamps1 ,elysii ,campi7 01 h[ev]1 g5]ally tak5 to repres5t ! battle ( ,vill$aigne1 & to take its "n f ! fam\s cemet]y outside ,arles4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* ev5 m5tions ! tombs :i* /udd$ ! field ( battle4 ,indications t ?is tradition 0 n unassailable 7 n lack+ be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,*ancun de ,willame1 :i*1 al?\gh pres]v$ 9 a v corrupt =m1 repres5ts ! e>lie/ rec5sion we h ( ! /ory1 dat+ at lea/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,x seems probable t ! ,ar*ant 0 situat$ 9 ,spa9 ne> ,vivi5's headqu>t]s at ,tortosa1 & t ,guillaume />t$ f ,b>celona1 n f ,orange1 to 8 nephew's help4 ,! acc\nt ( ! disa/] 0 modifi$ by successive tr\v]es1 & ! unc]ta9ty ( _! me?ods may be judg$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,*ancun de ,willame two consecutive acc\nts 7#aa4 #dej-acbf & #aa4 #acbf-bdbj7 ( ! fight appe> to be set side by side z if !y 7 sep>ate episodes4 ,le ,c\ronnem5t ,looys1 already m5tion$1 ,le ,*>roi de ,nimes 7#ab? c5tury7 9 :i* ,guillaume1 :o _h be5 =gott5 9 ! di/ribution ( fiefs1 enum]ates 8 s]vices to ! t]rifi$ ,l\is1 & ,aliscans 7#ab? c5tury71 ) ! e>li] ,*ancun1 are among ! f9e/ ( ! ,fr5* epic poems4 ,! figure ( ,vivi5 is among ! mo/ h]oic elaborat$ by ! tr\v]es1 & ! giant ,ra9\>t has m ?an a t\* ( ,rabelaisian hum\r4 ,! *ansons de ge/e ( ! cycle ( ,guillaume are3 ,enfances ,g>9 de ,monglane 7#ae? c5tury7 & ,g>9 de ,monglane 7#ac? c5tury71 on :i* is f\nd$ ! prose romance ( ,gu]9 de ,monglane1 pr9t$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury by ,jehan ,trepp]el & (t5 lat]2 ,gir>s de ,viane 7#ac? c5tury1 by ,b]tr& de ,b>-sur-,aube71 ed4 ,p4 ,t>be 7,reims1 #ahej72 ,h]naut de ,beaul&e 7fragm5t #ad? c5tury72 ,r5i] de ,g5nes1 :i* only survives 9 its prose =m2 ,aym]i de ,n>bonne 7c4 #abaj7 by ,b]tr& de ,b>-sur-,aube1 ed4 ,l4 ,demaison 7,soc4 des anc4 textes fr41 ,p>is1 #b vols41 #ahhg72 ,les ,enfances ,guillaume 7#ac? c5tury72 ,les ,n>bonnais1 ed4 ,h4 ,su*i] 7,soc4 des anc4 textes fr41 #b vols41 #ahih71 ) a ,lat9 fragm5t dat+ f ! #aa? c5tury1 pres]v$ at ! ,hague2 ,le ,c\ronnem5t ,looys 7ed4 ,e4 ,langlois1 #ahhh71 ,le ,*>roi de ,nimes1 ,la ,prise d',orange1 ,le ,cov5ant ,vivi51 ,aliscans1 :i* 7 edit$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,a4 ,jonckbloet 9 vol4 i4 ( 8 ,guillaume d',orange 7,! ,hague1 #ahed72 a critical text ( ,aliscans 7,halle1 #aijc1 vol4 i47 is edit$ by ,e4 ,wi5beck1 ,w4 ,h>tnacke & ,p4 ,ras*2 ,loquif] & ,le ,moniage ,ra9\>t 7#ab? c5tury72 ,bovon de ,comm>*is 7#ac? c5tury71 rec5sion ( ! e>li] ,siege de ,b>ba/re1 by ,ad5es li ,rois1 ed4 ,a4 ,s*el] 7,brussels1 #ahgd72 ,guib]t d',&r5as 7#ac? c5tury72 ,la ,prise de ,cordres 7#ac? c5tury72 ,la ,mort ,aim]i de ,n>bonne1 ed4 ,j4 ,c\raye de ,p>c 7,soc4 des ,anci5s ,textes francais1 ,p>is1 #ahhd72 ,f\lque de ,c&ie 7ed4 ,p4 ,t>be1 ,reims1 #ahfj72 ,le ,moniage ,guillaume 7#ab? c5tury72 ,les ,enfances ,vivi5 7ed4 ,c4 ,wahlund & ,h4 v4 ,feilitz51 ,upsala & ,p>is1 #ahie72 ,*ancun de ,willame 7,*iswick ,press1 #aijc71 describ$ by ,p4 ,mey] 9 ,romania 7xxxiii4 #eig-fah74 ,! n9? bran* ( ! ,k>lamagnus ,saga 7ed4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ung]1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfj7 deals ) ! ge/e ( ,guillaume4 ,i ,n]bonesi is edit$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,isola 7,bologna1 #ahgg1 c474 ,see ,c4 ,revill\t1 ,etude hi/4 et litt4 sur la vita sancti ,willelmi 7,montpelli]1 #ahgf72 ,w4 ,j4 ,a4 ,jonckbloet1 ,guillaume d',orange 7#b vols41 #ahed1 ,! ,hague72 ,l4 ,cl>us 7ps4 = ,w4 ,volk71 ,h]zog ,wilhelm von ,aquitani5 7,mun/]1 #ahfe72 ,p4 ,p>is1 9 ,hi/4 litt4 de la ,france 7vol4 xxii41 #aheb72 ,l4 ,gauti]1 ,epopees francaises 7vol4 iv41 #bnd ed41 #ahhb72 ,r4 ,weeks1 ,! newly discov]$ ,*ancun de ,willame 7,*icago1 #aijd72 ,a4 ,?omas1 ,etudes romanes 7,p>is1 #ahia71 on ,vivi52 ,l4 ,saltet1 ,s4 ,vidian de ,m>tres-,tolosanes 9 ,bull4 de litt4 eccles4 7,t\l\se1 #aijb72 ,p4 ,beck]1 ,die altfrz4 ,wilhelmsage u4 ihre ,beziehung zu ,wilhelm dem ,heilig5 7,halle1 #ahif71 & ,d] sudfranzosis*e ,sag5kreis und se9e ,probleme 7,halle1 #ahih72 ,a4 ,jeanroy1 ,etudes sur le cycle de ,guillaume au c\rt nez 79 ,romania1 vols4 #be & #bf1 #ahif-ahig72 ,h4 ,su*i]1 ,re*]*es sur 444 ,guillaume d',orange 79 ,romania1 vol4 #cb1 #aijc74 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by e>li] writ]s are combat$ by ,joseph ,b$i] 9 ! fir/ volume1 ,le ,cycle de ,guillaume d',orange 7#aijh71 ( 8 ,leg5des epiques1 9 :i* he con/ructs a !ory t ! cycle ( ,guillaume d',orange grew up r\nd ! v>i\s %r9es on ! pilgrim r\te to ,sa9t ,gilles ( ,prov5ce & ,sa9t ,james ( ,compo/ella--t ! *ansons de ge/e 71 9 fact1 ! product ( #aa? & #ab? c5tury tr\v]es1 exploit+ local ecclesia/ical traditions1 & 7 n develop$ f e>li] poems dat+ back p]haps to ! lifetime ( ,guillaume ( ,t\l\se1 ! sa9t ( ,gellone4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! poem ( ,aym]i de ,n>bonne conta9s ! acc\nt ( ! "y ,aym]i's brilliant capture ( ,n>bonne1 :i* he !n receives z a fief f ,*>lemagne1 ( 8 m>riage ) ,erm5j>t1 si/] ( ,boniface1 k+ ( ! ,lomb>ds1 & ( _! *ildr54 ,! fif? daught]1 ,blan*efleur1 is repres5t$ z ! wife ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s4 ,! op5+ ( ?is poem furni%$1 ?\gh indirectly1 ! matt] ( ! ,aym]illot ( ,victor ,hugo's ,leg5de des siecles4 ,,guillemot 7,fr4 guillemot#a71 ! "n accept$ by ne>ly all mod]n au?ors = a sea-bird1 ! ,colymbus troile ( ,l9naeus & ! ,uria troile ( ,la?am1 :i* n[adays x seems seldom if ev] to be> among ^? :o1 f _! vocation1 are mo/ conv]sant ) x1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,willughby & ,ray 8 translator1 x 0 9 _! "t s call$ by ^? ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham4 ,ar\nd ! coa/s ( ,brita9 x is v>i\sly kn[n z ! fr[l1 kiddaw or skiddaw1 langy 7cf4 ,ice4 ,langvia71 lavy1 m>rock1 murre1 sc\t 7cf4 ,,coot71 scuttock1 /rany1 t9k] or t9k]%ire & willock4 ,9 =m] days ! guillemot ye>ly frequ5t$ ! cliffs on _m p>ts ( ! ,briti% coa/s 9 c\ntless multitudes1 & ?is is /ill ! case 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 b m to ! s\?w>d ne>ly all its small] settlem5ts h be5 r5d]$ utt]ly desolate by ! wanton & cruel de/ruction ( _! t5ants dur+ ! bre$+ season1 & ev5 ! inhabitants ( ^? :i* 7 m cr[d$ _h become s ?9n$ t1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! ,sea ,birds ,pres]vation ,act 7#cb #cc ,vict4 cap4 #ag71 :i* provid$ "u p5alty = ! safety ( ?is & c]ta9 o!r species at ! "t ( ye> :5 !y 7 mo/ expos$ to dang]1 !y w\ld unque/ionably by ?is "t h be5 ext]m9at$ s f> z ,engl& is conc]n$4 ,"p ( ! guillemot's hi/ory is /ill little und]/ood4 ,we "k t x arrives at its wont$ bre$+ /ations on its accu/om$ day 9 spr+1 t x rema9s !re till1 t[>ds ! end ( ! summ]1 its "y are hat*$ & able1 z !y soon are1 to enc\nt] ! p]ils ( a seaf>+ life1 :5 away g all1 p>5ts & prog5y4 ,aft] t "t x commonly happ5s t a few examples are occasionally met ) 9 bays & %all[ wat]s4 ,tempe/u\s wea!r w drive a%ore a l>ge numb] 9 a /ate ( utt] de/itution--_m ( !m inde$ are n unfrequ5tly wa%$ up dead--b :at becomes ( ! bulk ( ! birds1 n m]ely ! comp>atively few ?\s&s t are natives ( ,brita91 b ! t5s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 n to say millions1 t are 9 summ] d5iz5s ( m nor!rn latitudes1 no "o c say4 ,?is my/]y is n peculi> to ! guillemot1 b is %>$ by all ! ,alcidae t inhabit ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,examples /ray e season across ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 are f\nd (f ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ent] ! ,m$it]ranean & rea* ,italian wat]s1 or1 keep+ f>!r s\?1 may ev5 t\* ! ,madeiras1 ,can>ies or ,azores2 b ^! be> no proportion :atev] to ! mighty ho/s ( :om !y are lit]ally ! sc\ts1 & ^: position & movem5ts !y no m reveal ?an d ! v$ettes ( a well-appo9t$ army4 ,! common guillemot ( bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic is replac$ f>!r nor?w>d by a species ) a /\t] bill1 ! ,u4 arra or ,u4 bru5ni*i ( orni?ologi/s1 & on ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica by ! ,u4 cali=nica4 ,! habits ( all ^! are ess5tially ! same1 & ! /ructural resemblance betwe5 all ( !m & ! ,auks is s great t sev]al sy/emati/s h relegat$ !m to ! g5us ,alca1 conf9+ ! g5us ,uria to ! guillemots ( ano!r gr\p1 ( :i* ! type is ! ,u4 grylla1 ! black guillemot ( ,briti% au?ors1 ! dovekey or ,gre5l& dove ( sailors1 ! ty/y ( ,%etl&]s4 ,?is bird assumes 9 summ] an entirely black plumage ) ! exception ( a :ite pat* on ea* w+1 :ile 9 w9t] x is beautifully m>bl$ ) :ite & black4 ,alli$ to x z species or geographical races are ! ,u4 m&ti1 ,u4 columba & ,u4 c>bo4 ,all ^! diff] f ! l>g] guillemots by lay+ two or ?ree eggs1 :i* are g5]ally plac$ 9 "s secure ni*e1 :ile ! memb]s ( ! o!r gr\p lay b a s+le egg1 :i* is inv>iably expos$ on a b>e l$ge4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ^w1 h[ev]1 seems to be cognate ) or d]iv$ f ! ,wel% & ,manx ,guillem1 or ,gwilym z ,p5nant spells x4 ,! association may h no real mean+1 b "o _c help comp>+ ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,fr5* guillemot & ,guillaume ) t betwe5 ! ,engli% willock 7ano!r "n = ! bird7 & ,william4 ,,guillo*e1 a ,fr5* ^w = an ornam5t1 ei!r pa9t$ or c>v$1 :i* 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal decorative b&s employ$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! temples or on _! vases4 ,guillo*es are s+le1 d\ble or triple2 !y consi/ ( a s]ies ( circles equidi/ant "o f ! o!r & enclos$ 9 a b& :i* w9ds r\nd !m & int]laces4 ,?is guillo*e is ( ,asiatic orig9 & 0 l>gely employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ! ,assyrian palaces1 :]e x 0 probably copi$ f ,*aldaean "w1 z !re is an e>ly example at ,ere* :i* dates f ! "t ( ,gudea 7#bbid ,b4,c474 ,! ornam5t z pa9t$ by ! ,greeks has almo/ entirely disappe>$1 b traces are f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,nemesis at ,rhamnus2 & on ! t]ra-cotta slabs by :i* ! timb] ro(s ( ,greek temples 7 protect$1 x is pa9t$ 9 col\rs :i* are almo/ z brilliant z :5 fir/ produc$1 ^? ( ! ,treasury ( ,gela at ,olympia be+ ( great beauty4 ,^! examples are d\ble guillo*es1 ) two r[s ( circles1 ea* ) an indep5d5t int]lac+ b& & unit$ by a small arc ) palmette inside2 9 bo? ! s+le & d\ble guillo*es ( ,greek "w !re is a fl[] 9 ! c5tre ( ! circles4 ,9 ! triple guillo*e1 ! c5tre r[ ( circles comes half-way betwe5 ! o!rs1 & ! enclos+ b& crosses diagonally bo? ways1 int]lac+ alt]nately4 ,! be/ example ( ! triple guillo*e is t :i* is c>v$ on ! torus m\ld+ ( ! base & on ! small convex m\ld+ above ! e*9us ( ! capitals ( ! columns ( ! ,ere*!um at ,a!ns4 ,x 0 l>gely employ$ 9 ,roman "w1 & ! s+le guillo*e is f\nd almo/ univ]sally z a bord] 9 mosaic pavem5ts1 n only 9 ,italy b ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,9 ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy x 0 also a fav\rite enri*m5t = bord]s & occasionally 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,,guillon1 ,,m>ie ,,nicolas ,,sylve/re 7#agfj-ahdg71 ,fr5* ecclesia/ic1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #agfj4 ,he 0 libr>ian & almon] 9 ! h\sehold ( ! pr9cess de ,lamballe1 & :5 9 #agib %e 0 execut$1 he fl$ to ! prov9ces1 :]e "u ! "n ( ,pa/el he practis$ m$ic9e4 ,a man ( facile consci5ce1 he aft]w>ds s]v$ 9 turn "u ,napoleon1 ! ,b\rbons & ! ,orleani/s1 & became canon ( ,/ ,d5is1 bi%op ( ,morocco & dean ( ! ,sorbonne4 ,among 8 _m lit]>y works are a ,collection des brefs du pape ,pie ,,vi 7#agih71 ,biblio!que *oisie des p]es grecs et lat9s 7#ahbb1 #bf vols47 & a ,fr5* translation ( ,cyprian ) notes 7#ahcg1 #b vols474 ,,guillot9e1 ! in/rum5t = inflict+ capital puni%m5t by decapitation1 introduc$ into ,france at ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution4 ,x consi/s ( two upright po/s surm\nt$ by a cross beam1 & groov$ s z to guide an oblique-edg$ knife1 ! back ( :i* is heavily weight$ to make x fall swiftly & ) =ce :5 ! cord by :i* x is held al(t is let g4 ,"s ascribe ! inv5tion ( ! ma*9e to ! ,p]sians2 & previ\s to ! p]iod :5 x obta9$ notoriety "u its pres5t "n x _h be5 9 use 9 ,scotl&1 ,engl& & v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,!re is /ill pres]v$ ,9 ! antiqu>ian museum ( ,ed9burgh ! rude guillot9e call$ ! maid5 by :i* ! reg5t ,morton 0 decapitat$ 9 #aeha4 ,! la/ p]sons decapitat$ by ! ,scotti% maid5 7 ! m>quis ( ,argyll 9 #affa & 8 son ! e>l ( ,argyll 9 #afhe4 ,x w\ld appe> t no simil> ma*9e 0 ev] 9 g5]al use 9 ,engl&2 b until #afej !re exi/$ 9 ! =e/ ( ,h>dwick1 :i* 0 coext5sive ) ! p>i% ( ,halifax1 ,we/ ,rid+1 ,york%ire1 a mode ( trial & execution call$ ! gibbet law1 by :i* a felon convict$ ( !ft )9 ! lib]ty 0 s5t5c$ to be decapitat$ by a ma*9e call$ ! ,halifax gibbet4 ,a pr9t ( x is conta9$ 9 a small book call$ ,halifax & its ,gibbet ,law 7#agjh71 & 9 ,gibson's edition ( ,camd5's ,britannia 7#agbb74 ,9 ,g]many ! ma*9e 0 9 g5]al use dur+ ! middle ages1 "u ! "n ( ! ,diele1 ! ,hobel or ! ,dolabra4 ,two old ,g]man engrav+s1 ! "o by ,george ,p5ez1 :o di$ 9 #aeej1 & ! o!r by ,he9ri* ,aldegrev]1 ) ! date #aeec1 repres5t ! dea? ( a son ( ,titus ,manlius by a simil> in/rum5t1 & its employm5t = ! execution ( a ,sp>tan is ! subject ( ! engrav+ ( ! eighte5? symbol 9 ! volume entitl$ ,symbolicae quae/iones de univ]so g5]e1 by ,a*illes ,boc*i 7#aeee74 ,f ! #ac? c5tury x 0 us$ 9 ,italy "u ! "n ( ,mannaia = ! execution ( crim9als ( noble bir?4 ,! ,*ronique de ,jean d',anton1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahce1 gives m9ute details ( an execution 9 :i* x 0 employ$ at ,g5oa 9 #aejg2 & x is elaborately describ$ by ,p]e ,jean ,bapti/e ,labat 9 8 ,voyage en ,espagne et en ,italie en #agcj4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,jacques1 viscomte de ,puysegur1 9 8 ,memoires z 9 use 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & he describes ! execution by x ( ,m>%al ,montmor5cy at ,t\l\se 9 #afcb4 ,= ab\t a c5tury x _h1 h[ev]1 fall5 into g5]al disuse on ! cont95t2 & ,dr ,guillot9e1 :o fir/ sugge/$ its use 9 mod]n times1 is said to h obta9$ 8 in=mation reg>d+ x f ! description ( an execution t took place at ,milan 9 #agjb1 conta9$ 9 an anonym\s "w entitl$ ,voyage hi/orique et politique de ,suisse1 d',italie1 et d',allemagne4 ,guillot9e1 :o 0 born at ,sa9tes1 ,may #bh1 #agch1 & elect$ to ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly 9 #aghi1 br\ght =w>d on ! #a/ ,decemb] ( t ye> two propositions reg>d+ capital puni%m5t1 ! second ( :i* 0 t1 9 all cases ( capital puni%m5t x %all be ( ! same k9d--t is1 decapitation--& x %all be execut$ by means ( a ma*9e4 ,! reasons urg$ 9 support ( ?is proposition 7 t 9 cases ( capital puni%m5t ! privilege ( execution by decapitation %\ld no long] be conf9$ to ! nobles1 & t x 0 desirable to r5d] ! process ( execution z swift & pa9less z possible4 ,! debate 0 br\ght to a sudd5 t]m9ation 9 peals ( laught] caus$ by an indiscreet ref]5ce ( ,dr ,guillot9e to 8 ma*9e1 b 8 ideas seem gradually to h leav5$ ! m9ds ( ! ,assembly1 & aft] v>i\s debates decapitation 0 adopt$ z ! me?od ( execution 9 ! p5al code :i* became law on ! #f? ,octob] #agia4 ,at fir/ x 0 int5d$ t decapitation %\ld be by ! sword1 b on acc\nt ( a memor&um by ,m4 ,sanson1 ! execution]1 po9t+ out ! exp5se & c]ta9 o!r inconv5i5ces att5d+ t me?od1 ! ,assembly ref]r$ ! "q to a committee1 at ^: reque/ ,dr ,anto9e ,l\is1 secret>y to ! ,academy ( ,surgeons1 prep>$ a memor&um on ! subject4 ,)\t m5tion+ ! "n ( ,guillot9e1 x recomm5d$ ! adoption ( an in/rum5t simil> to t :i* 0 =m]ly sugge/$ by him4 ,! ,assembly decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! report1 & ! contract 0 (f]$ to ! p]son :o usually provid$ ! in/rum5ts ( ju/ice2 b1 z 8 t]ms 7 consid]$ exorbitant1 an agreem5t 0 ultimately come to ) a ,g]man ( ! "n ( ,s*midt1 :o1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,l\is1 furni%$ a ma*9e = ea* ( ! ,fr5* dep>tm5ts4 ,aft] satisfactory exp]im5ts _h be5 made ) ! ma*9e on sev]al dead bodies 9 ! hospital ( ,bicetre1 x 0 erect$ on ! ,place de ,greve = ! execution ( ! highwayman ,pelleti] on ! #be? ,april #agib4 ,:ile ! exp]im5ts reg>d+ ! ma*9e 7 be+ c>ri$ on1 x receiv$ ! "n ,l\isette or ,la ,petite ,l\ison1 b ! m9d ( ! nation seems soon to h rev]t$ to ,guillot9e1 :o fir/ sugge/$ its use2 & 9 ! ,j\rnal des revolutions de ,p>is = #bh? ,april #agib x is m5tion$ z la guillot9e1 a "n :i* x !nce=? bore bo? popul>ly & (ficially4 ,9 #agie ! "q 0 mu* debat$ z to :e!r or n dea? by ! guillot9e 0 in/antane\s1 & 9 support ( ! negative side ! case ( ,*>lotte ,corday 0 adduc$ ^: c\nt5ance1 x is said1 blu%$ z if ) indignation :5 ! execution]1 hold+ up ! head to ! public gaze1 /ruck x ) 8 fi/4 ,! connexion ( ! in/rum5t ) ! horrors ( ! ,revolution has h9d]$ its introduction into o!r c\ntries1 b 9 #ahec x 0 adopt$ "u ! "n ( ,falls*w]t or ,fallbeil by ! k+dom ( ,saxony2 & x is us$ = ! execution ( s5t5ces ( dea? 9 ,france1 ,belgium & "s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,x has (t5 be5 /at$ t ,dr ,guillot9e p]i%$ by ! in/rum5t :i* be>s 8 "n1 b x is beyond "q t he surviv$ ! ,revolution & di$ a natural dea? 9 #ahad4 ,see ,s$illot1 ,reflexions hi/oriques et physiologiques sur le supplice de la guillot9e 7#agie72 ,sue1 ,op9ion sur le supplice de la guillot9e1 7#agif72 ,reveille-,p>ise1 ,etude biographique sur ,guillot9e 7,p>is1 #ahea72 ,notice hi/orique et physiologique sur le supplice de la guillot9e 7,p>is1 #ahcj72 ,l\is ,dubois1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques et physiologiques sur la guillot9e et details sur ,sanson 7,p>is1 #ahdc72 & a pap] by ,j4 ,w4 ,crok] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,decemb] #ahdc1 repr9t$ sep>ately 9 #ahej "u ! title ,! ,guillot9e1 a hi/orical ,essay4 ,,guilt1 a lapse f duty1 a crime1 n[ usually ! fact ( wilful wrong-do+1 ! condition ( be+ guilty ( a crime1 h5ce conduct des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,! ,o4 ,eng4 =m ( ! ^w is gylt4 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y rejects = phonetic reasons ! usually accept$ connexion ) ! ,teutonic root gald-1 to pay1 se5 9 ,g]4 gelt51 to be ( value1 ,geld1 money1 paym5t1 ,engli% yield4 ,,guim>aes 7sometimes writt5 ,guim>a5s71 a t[n ( nor!rn ,portugal1 9 ! di/rict ( ,braga1 =m]ly includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,entre-,m9ho-e-,d\ro2 #cf m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,oporto by ! ,tr(a-,guim>aes bran* ( ! ,oporto-,corunna railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #iajd4 ,guim>aes is a v anci5t t[n ) ,moori% =tifications2 & ev5 ! qu>t]s :i* are locally describ$ z new date p>tly f ! #ae? c5tury4 ,x occupies a l[ hill1 skirt$ on ! nor?-we/ by a small tribut>y ( ! riv] ,ave4 ,! citadel1 f\nd$ 9 ! #aa? c5tury by ,c\nt ,h5ry ( ,burgundy1 0 9 #ajid ! bir?place ( 8 son ,alphonso1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,portugal4 ,! font 9 :i* ,alphonso 0 baptiz$ is pres]v$1 among o!r int]e/+ relics1 9 ! collegiate *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia da ,oliveira1 ,/ ,m>y ( ! ,olive1 a ,romanesque build+ ( ! #ad? c5tury1 :i* occupies ! site ( an old] f\ndation4 ,?is *ur* owes its "n to ! leg5d t ! ,visigo?ic k+ ,wamba 7#fgb-fhj7 "h decl9$ ! cr[n ( ,spa91 until 8 olive wood spe>-%aft blossom$ z a sign t he %\ld cons5t4 ,! conv5t ( ,sao ,dom+os1 n[ a museum ( antiquities1 has a f9e #ab?-#ac? c5tury cloi/]2 ! t[n hall is built 9 ! bl5d ( ,moori% & ,go?ic ar*itecture kn[n z ,manoell9e4 ,guim>aes has a fl\ri%+ trade 9 w9e & f>m produce2 x also manufactures cutl]y1 l951 lea!r & pres]v$ fruits4 ,ne> ! t[n are ,citania1 ! ru9s ( a prehi/oric ,ib]ian city1 & ! hot sulphur\s spr+s ( ,taipas1 frequ5t$ s9ce ! #d? c5tury1 :5 ,guim>aes itself 0 f\nd$4 ,,guim>d1 ,,m>ie ,,madele9e 7#agdc-ahaf71 ,fr5* danc]1 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #aj? ( ,octob] #agdc4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s %e 0 ! /> ( ! ,p>is ,op]a4 ,%e made h]self ev5 m fam\s by h] love affairs1 especially by h] long liaison ) ! pr9ce de ,s\bise4 ,%e b\ght a magnific5t h\se at ,pant91 & built a private !atre connect$ ) x1 :]e ,colle's ,p>tie de *asse de ,h5ri ,,iv :i* 0 prohibit$ 9 public1 & mo/ ( ! ,prov]bes ( ,c>montelle 7,l\is ,c>rogis1 #agag-ahjf71 & simil> lic5ti\s p]=mances 7 giv5 to ! delight ( high society4 ,9 #aggb1 9 defiance ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 %e op5$ a gorge\s h\se ) a !atre seat+ five hundr$ spectators 9 ! ,*aussee d',ant94 ,9 ?is ,temple ( ,t]psi*ore1 z %e nam$ x1 ! wilde/ orgies took place4 ,9 #aghf %e 0 compell$ to get rid ( ! prop]ty1 & x 0 dispos$ ( by lott]y = h] b5efit = ! sum ( #cjj1jjj francs4 ,soon aft] h] retirem5t 9 #aghi %e m>ri$ ,jean ,eti5ne ,despreaux 7#agdh-ahbj71 danc]1 song-writ] & playwright4 ,,guimet1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e 7#agie-ahga71 ,fr5* indu/rial *emi/1 0 born at ,voiron on ! #bj? ( ,july #agie4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique 9 ,p>is1 & 9 #ahag ent]$ ! ,adm9i/ration des ,p\dres et ,salpetres4 ,9 #ahbh he 0 aw>d$ ! prize (f]$ by ! ,societe d',enc\ragem5t p\r l',indu/rie ,nationale = a process ( mak+ artificial ultram>9e ) all ! prop]ties ( ! sub/ance prep>$ f lapis lazuli2 & six ye>s lat] he resign$ 8 (ficial position 9 ord] to devote himself to ! comm]cial production ( t mat]ial1 a factory = :i* he e/abli%$ at ,fleurieux sur ,saone4 ,he di$ on ! #h? ( ,april #ahga4 ,8 son ,,emile ,,eti5ne ,,guimet1 born at ,lyons on ! #bf? ( ,june #ahcf1 succe$$ him 9 ! direction ( ! factory1 & f\nd$ ! ,musee ,guimet1 :i* 0 fir/ locat$ at ,lyons 9 #ahgi & 0 h&$ ov] to ! /ate & transf]r$ to ,p>is 9 #ahhe4 ,devot$ to travel1 he 0 9 #ahgf commission$ by ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction to /udy ! religions ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 & ! museum conta9s _m ( ! fruits ( ?is exp$ition1 includ+ a f9e collection ( ,japanese & ,*9ese porcela9 & _m objects relat+ n m]ely to ! religions ( ! ,ea/ b also to ^? ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 ,greece & ,rome4 ,he wrote ,lettres sur l',alg]ie 7#ahgg7 & ,prom5ades japonaises 7#ahhj71 & also "s musical compositions1 includ+ a gr& op]a1 ,tai-,ts\ng 7#ahid74 ,,gu9ea1 ! g5]al "n appli$ by ,europeans to "p ( ! we/]n coa/ region ( equatorial ,africa1 & also to ! gulf =m$ by ! great b5d ( ! coa/ l9e ea/w>d & !n s\?w>d4 ,l _m o!r geographical designations ! use ( :i* is controll$ nei!r by natural nor political b\nd>ies1 ! "n has be5 v diff]5tly employ$ by diff]5t writ]s & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 ! wide/ acceptation ( ! t]m1 ! ,gu9ea coa/ may be said to ext5d f #ac deg4 ,n4 to #af deg4 ,s41 f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,gambia to ,cape ,negro4 ,s\!rn or ,l[] ,gu9ea comprises ! coa/s ( ,gabun & ,loango 7kn[n also z ,fr5* ,congo7 & ! ,portuguese possessions on ! s\?-we/ coa/1 & ,nor!rn or ,upp] ,gu9ea /ret*es f ! riv] ,casamance to & inclusive ( ! ,nig] delta1 ,cam]oon occupy+ a middle position4 ,9 a n>r[] use ( ! "n1 ,gu9ea is ! coa/ only f ,cape ,palmas to ! ,gabun e/u>y4 ,orig9ally1 on ! o!r h&1 ,gu9ea 0 suppos$ to beg9 z f> nor? z ,cape ,nun1 opposite ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & ,gomes ,azur>a1 a ,portuguese hi/orian ( ! #ae? c5tury1 is said to be ! fir/ au?ority :o br+s ! b\nd>y s\? to ! ,s5egal4 ,! d]ivation ( ! "n is unc]ta91 b is probably tak5 f ,gh9ea1 ,g9nie1 ,g5ni or ,j5ne1 a t[n & k+dom 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,nig]1 fam$ = ! ent]prise ( its m]*ants & dat+ f ! #h? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! "n ,gu9ea is f\nd on maps ( ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 b x did n come into g5]al use 9 ,europe till t[>ds ! close ( ! #ae? c5tury4#a ,al?\gh ! t]m ,gulf ( ,gu9ea is appli$ g5]ally to t "p ( ! coa/ s\? ( ,cape ,palmas & nor? ( ! m\? ( ! ,congo1 p>ticul> ind5tations h _! peculi> designations4 ,! bay =m$ by ! configuration ( ! l& betwe5 ,cape ,/ ,paul & ! ,nun m\? ( ! ,nig] is kn[n z ! ,bight ( ,b591 ! "n be+ t ( ! once p[]ful native /ate ^: t]ritory =m]ly ext5d$ ov] ! :ole di/rict4 ,! ,bight ( ,biafra1 or ,mafra 7nam$ aft] ! t[n ( ,mafra 9 s\!rn ,portugal71 betwe5 ,capes ,=mosa & ,lopez1 is ! mo/ ea/]n "p ( ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea2 x conta9s ! isl&s ,f]n&o ,po1 ,pr9ce's & ,/ ,?omas's4 ,! "n ,biafra--z indicat+ ! c\ntry--fell into disuse 9 ! lat] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! coa/ is g5]ally s l[ z to be visible to navigators only )9 a v %ort di/ance1 ! mangrove trees be+ _! only sail+ m>ks4 ,9 ! ,bight ( ,biafra ! coa/ =ms an exception1 be+ high & bold1 ) ! ,cam]oon ,m\nta9s = backgr\nd4 ,at ,si]ra ,leone also !re is high l&4 ,! coa/ 9 _m places ma9ta9s a dead level = #cj to #ej m4 inl&4 ,vegetation is exce$+ly luxuriant & v>i$4 ,! palm-oil tree is indig5\s & abundant f ! riv] ,gambia to ! ,congo4 ,! fauna comprises ne>ly all ! m rem>kable ( ,african animals4 ,! inhabitants are ! true ,negro /ock4 ,by ! e>ly trad]s ! coa/ ( ,upp] ,gu9ea 0 giv5 names f\nd$ on ! productions *>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,! ,gra9 coa/1 t "p ( ! ,gu9ea coa/ ext5d+ = #ejj m4 f ,si]ra ,leone ea/w>d to ,cape ,palmas receiv$ its "n f ! export ( ! se$s ( sev]al plants ( a pepp]y "*1 call$ v>i\sly gra9s ( p>adise1 ,gu9ea pepp] & melegueta4 ,! "n ,gra9 coa/ 0 fir/ appli$ to ?is region 9 #adee4 ,x 0 occasionally /yl$ ! ,w9dy or ,w9dw>d coa/1 f ! frequ5cy ( %ort b furi\s tornadoes ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ,gu9ea pepp] 0 supplant$ 9 ,europe by pepp]s f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! "n n[ is seldom us$1 ! ,gra9 coa/ be+ divid$ betwe5 ! ,briti% colony ( ,si]ra ,leone & ! republic ( ,lib]ia4 ,! ,ivory coa/ ext5ds f ,cape ,palmas to #c deg4 ,w41 & obta9$ its "n f ! quantity ( ivory export$ !refrom4 ,x is n[ a ,fr5* possession4 ,ea/w>ds ( ! ,ivory coa/ are ! ,gold & ,slave coa/s4 ,! ,nig] delta 0 = long kn[n z ! ,oil riv]s4 ,to two regions only ( ! coa/ is ! "n ,gu9ea (ficially appli$1 ! ,fr5* & ,portuguese colonies nor? ( ,si]ra ,leone be+ s /yl$4 ,( ! v>i\s names by :i* ! divisions ( ,l[] ,gu9ea 7 kn[n1 ,loango 0 appli$ to ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,gabun & nor? ( ! ,congo riv]4 ,x is n[ *iefly includ$ 9 ,fr5* ,congo4 ,congo 0 us$ to designate ! c\ntry imm$iately s\? ( ! riv] ( ! same "n1 usually spok5 ( until ! la/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury z ! ,zaire4 ,congo is n[ "o ( ! subdivisions ( ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa 7see ,,angola74 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,belgian ,congo4 ,few que/ions 9 hi/orical geography h be5 m ke5ly discuss$ ?an t ( ! fir/ discov]y ( ,gu9ea by ! navigators ( mod]n ,europe4 ,lancelot ,malocello1 a ,g5oese1 9 #abgj rea*$ at lea/ z f> z ! ,can>ies4 ,! fir/ direct attempt to f9d a sea r\te to ,india 01 x is said1 also made by ,g5oese1 ,ugol9o & ,guido de ,vivaldo1 ,t$isio ,doria & o!rs :o equipp$ two galleys & sail$ s\? along ! ,african coa/ 9 #abia4 ,beyond ! fact t !y pass$ ,cape ,nun !re is no tru/wor?y record ( _! voyage4 ,9 #acdf a ,catalan exp$ition />t$ = ! riv] ( gold on ! ,gu9ea coa/2 its fate is unkn[n4 ,! ,fr5* claim t betwe5 #acfd & #adaj ! p ( ,dieppe s5t out sev]al exp$itions to ,gu9ea2 & ,jean de ,be!nc\rt1 :o settl$ 9 ! ,can>ies ab\t #adjb1 made explorations t[>ds ! s\?4 ,at l5g? ! consecutive ef=ts ( ! navigators employ$ by ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,portugal--,gil ,eannes1 ,d9iz ,diaz1 ,nuno ,tri/am1 ,alv>o ,f]n&ez1 ,cadamo/o1 ,usodim>e & ,diego ,gomez--made kn[n ! coa/ z f> z ! ,gambia1 & by ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury ! :ole region 0 famili> to ,europeans4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,,s5egal1 ,,gold ,,coa/1 ,,ivory ,,coa/1 ,,fr5* ,,gu9ea1 ,,portuguese ,,gu9ea1 ,,lib]ia1 c4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ,european discov]ies1 consult ,g4 ,e4 de ,azur>a1 ,*ronica de descobrim5to e conqui/a de ,gu9e1 publi%$1 ) an introduction1 by ,b>ros de ,sant>em 7,p>is1 #ahda71 ,engli% translation1 ,! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ,gu9ea1 by ,c4 ,r4 ,beazley & ,e4 ,pre/age 7,hakluyt ,society publications1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahif-ahii1 vol4 ii4 has an introduction on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,african exploration1 c4 ) full bibliographical notes74 ,l4 ,e/ancel91 ,re*]*es sur les voyages et dec\v]tes des navigateurs norm&s en ,afrique 7,p>is1 #ahcb72 ,villault de ,bellefond1 ,relation des co/es d',afrique appellees ,gu9ee 7,p>is1 #affi72 ,p]e ,labat1 ,n\velle ,relation de l',afrique occid5tale 7,p>is1 #agbh72 ,desm>quets1 ,mem4 *ron4 p\r s]vir a l'hi/4 de ,dieppe 7#ahge72 ,sant>em1 ,priorite de la dec\v]te des pays situes sur la cote occid5tale d',afrique 7,p>is1 #ahdb72 ,r4 ,h4 ,major1 ,life ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator 7,london1 #ahfh72 & ! elaborate review ( ,major's "w by ,m4 ,cod9e 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,soc4 de ,geog4 7#ahgc72 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skiold1 ,p]iplus 7,/ockholm1 #ahig72 ,! ,/ory ( ,africa1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahib71 edit$ by ,dr ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,,footnote3 #a ,gu9ea may1 h[ev]1 be d]iv$ f ,ghana 7or ,ghanata7 ! "n ( ! olde/ kn[n /ate 9 ! we/]n ,sudan4 ,ghana dates1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 f ! #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f ! #g? to ! #ab? c5tury x 0 a p[]ful empire1 its dom9ions ext5d+1 app>5tly1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,nig] b5d4 ,at "o "t ,j5ne 0 includ$ )9 its bord]s4 ,ghana 0 f9ally conqu]$ by ! ,m&+o k+s ( ,melle 9 ! #ac? c5tury4 ,its capital1 also call$ ,ghana1 0 we/ ( ! ,nig]1 & is g5]ally plac$ "s #bjj m4 we/ ( ,j5ne4 ,9 ?is di/rict ,l4 ,desplagnes discov]$ 9 #aijg num]\s rema9s ( a once ext5sive city1 :i* he id5tifi$ z ^? ( ,ghana4 ,! ru9s lie #be m4 ,w4 ( ! ,nig]1 on bo? banks ( a m>igot1 & are ab\t #dj m4 ,n4 by ,e4 ( ,kulikoro 7see ,la ,geographie1 xvi4 #cbi74 ,by "s writ]s ,ghana city is1 h[ev]1 id5tifi$ ) ,walata1 :i* t[n is m5tion$ by ,arab hi/orians z ! capital ( ,ghanata4 ,! id5tification ( ,ghana city ) ,j5ne is n ju/ifi$1 ?\gh ,idrisi seems to be describ+ ,j5ne :5 writ+ ( ,ghana ! ,great4 ,,gu9ea1 a gold co9 at "o "t curr5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x 0 fir/ co9$ 9 #affc1 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 f gold import$ f ! ,gu9ea coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa by a company ( m]*ants trad+ "u *>t] f ! ,briti% cr[n--h5ce ! "n4 ,_m ( ! fir/ gu9eas bore an elephant on "o side1 ?is be+ ! /amp ( ! company2 9 #afge a ca/le 0 add$4 ,issu$ at ! same "t z ! gu9ea 7 five-gu9ea1 two-gu9ea & half-gu9ea pieces4 ,! curr5t value ( ! gu9ea on its fir/ issue 0 tw5ty %ill+s4 ,x 0 subsidi>y to ! silv] co9age1 b ?is latt] 0 9 su* an unsatisfactory /ate t ! gu9ea 9 c\rse ( "t became ov]-valu$ 9 relation to silv]1 s mu* s t 9 #afid x _h ris5 9 value to ?irty %ill+s4 ,! rehabilitation ( ! silv] co9age 9 ,william ,,iii4's reign br\ght d[n ! value ( ! gu9ea to #bas4 #f;d4 9 #afih1 at :i* x /ood until #agag1 :5 its value 0 fix$ at tw5ty-"o %ill+s4 ,?is value ! gu9ea reta9$ until its disappe>ance f ! co9age4 ,x 0 la/ co9$ 9 #ahac1 & 0 sup]s$$ 9 #ahag by ! pres5t pr9cipal gold co91 ! sov]eign4 ,9 #agah ! qu>t]-gu9ea 0 fir/ co9$4 ,! ?ird-gu9ea 0 fir/ /ruck 9 ,george ,,iii4's reign 7#aghg74 ,to ,george ,,iii4's reign also belongs ! spade-gu9ea1 a gu9ea hav+ ! %ield on ! rev]se po9t$ at ! base or spade-%ap$4 ,x is /ill cu/om>y to pay subscriptions1 pr(essional fees & honor>ia ( all k9ds1 9 t]ms ( gu9eas1 a gu9ea be+ tw5ty-"o %ill+s4 ,,gu9ea ,,f[l1 a well-kn[n dome/ic gall9ace\s bird1 s call$ f ! c\ntry :5ce 9 mod]n times x 0 br\ght to ,europe1 ! ,meleagris & ,avis or ,gall9a ,numidica ( anci5t au?ors4#a ,little is positively kn[n ( ! wild /ock to :i* we owe our tame birds1 nor c ! p]iod ( its re9troduction 7= !re is app>5tly no evid5ce ( its dome/ication be+ cont9u\s f ! "t ( ! ,romans7 be assign$ m ?an r\ghly to t ( ! ,african discov]ies ( ! ,portuguese4 ,x does n seem to h be5 commonly kn[n till ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 :5 ,john ,caius s5t a description & figure1 ) ! "n ,gallus ,mauritanus1 to ,gesn]1 :o publi%$ bo? 9 8 ,p>alipom5a 9 #aeee1 & 9 ! same ye> ,belon also gave a notice & woodcut "u ! "n ( ,p\lle de la ,gu9ee2 b :ile ! =m] au?ors prop]ly ref]r$ _! bird to ! anci5t ,meleagris1 ! latt] conf\nd$ ! ,meleagris & ! turkey4 ,! ord9>y gu9ea f[l ( ! p\ltry-y>d 7see also ,,p\ltry ,,& ,,p\ltry-,,f>m+7 is ! ,numida meleagris ( orni?ologi/s4 ,! *ief or only *anges :i* dome/ication seems to h induc$ 9 its appe>ance are a t5d5cy to alb9ism g5]ally %[n 9 ! plumage ( its l[] p>ts1 & frequ5tly1 ?\gh n always1 ! conv]sion ( ! col\r ( its legs & feet f d>k greyi%-br[n to bright orange4 ,t ! home ( ?is species is ,we/ ,africa f ! ,gambia#b to ! ,gaboon is c]ta91 b its range 9 ! int]ior is q unkn[n4 ,x appe>s to h be5 import$ e>ly into ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s1 :]e1 z also 9 "s ( ! ,great] ,antilles & 9 ,asc5sion1 x has run wild4 ,repres5t+ ! species 9 ,s\? ,africa we h ! ,n4 coronata1 :i* is v num]\s f ! ,cape ,colony to ,ovampol&1 & ! ,n4 cornuta ( ,drs ,f9s* & ,h>tlaub1 :i* replaces x 9 ! we/ z f> z ! ,zambesi4 ,madagasc> also has its peculi> species1 di/+ui%able by its r$ cr[n1 ! ,n4 mitrata ( ,pallas1 a "n :i* has (t5 be5 misappli$ to ! la/4 ,?is bird has be5 introduc$ to ,rodriguez1 :]e x is n[ f\nd wild4 ,abyss9ia is inhabit$ by ano!r species1 ! ,n4 ptilorhyn*a1#c :i* diff]s f all ! =ego+ by ! abs5ce ( any r$ col\r+ ab\t ! head4 ,v diff]5t f all ( !m1 & ! f9e/ species kn[n1 is ! ,n4 vultur9a ( ,zanzib>1 conspicu\s by ! bright blue 9 its plumage1 ! hackles t adorn ! l[] "p ( its neck1 & its long tail4 ,by "s writ]s x is ?\ght to =m a sep>ate g5us1 ,acryllium4 ,all ^! gu9ea f[ls except ! la/ are *>act]iz$ by hav+ ! cr[n b>e ( fea!rs & elevat$ into a bony helmet1 b !re is ano!r gr\p 7to :i* ! "n ,gutt]a has be5 giv57 9 :i* a ?ick tuft ( fea!rs ornam5ts ! top ( ! head4 ,?is conta9s f\r or five species1 all inhabit+ "s "p or o!r ( ,africa1 ! be/ kn[n be+ ! ,n4 cri/ata f ,si]ra ,leone & o!r places on ! we/]n coa/4 ,?is bird1 app>5tly m5tion$ by ,m>cgrave m ?an #bjj ye>s ago1 b fir/ describ$ by ,pallas1 is rem>kable = ! /ructure--unique1 if n possess$ by its repres5tative =ms--( its furcula1 :]e ! head1 in/ead ( be+ ! ?9 plate f\nd 9 all o!r ,gall9ae1 is a holl[ cup op5+ upw>ds1 into :i* ! tra*ea dips1 & !n em]ges on its way to ! lungs4 ,alli$ to ! g5us ,numida1 b readily di/+ui%$ =m among o!r *>act]s by ! possession ( spurs & ! abs5ce ( a helmet1 are two v r>e =ms1 ,agela/es & ,phasidus1 bo? f we/]n ,africa4 ,( _! habits no?+ is kn[n4 ,all ^! birds are beautifully figur$ 9 ,elliot's ,monograph ( ! ,phasianidae1 f draw+s by ,wolf4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnote3 #a ,columella 7,de re ru/ica1 viii4 cap4 #b7 di/+ui%es ! ,meleagris f ! ,gall9a ,africana or ,numidica1 ! latt] hav+1 he says1 a r$ wattle 7palea1 a read+ obvi\sly pref]able to galea71 :ile x 0 blue 9 ! =m]4 ,?is w\ld look z if ! ,meleagris _h sprung f :at is n[ call$ ,numida ptilorhyn*a1 :ile ! ,gall9a ,africana orig9at$ 9 ! ,n4 meleagris1 species :i* h a diff]5t range1 & if s ! fact w\ld po9t to two di/9ct introductions--"o by ,greeks1 ! o!r by ,lat9s4 #b ,specim5s f ! ,gambia are said to be small]1 & h be5 describ$ z di/9ct "u ! "n ( ,n4 r5dalli4 #c ,d>w9 7,anim4 & ,pl4 "u ,dome/ication1 i4 #bid71 gives ?is z ! orig9al /ock ( ! mod]n dome/ic birds1 b obvi\sly by an accid5tal error4 ,z be=e obs]v$1 x may possibly h be5 ! true ,greek3 meleagris ( ! ,greeks4 ,,gu9ea-,,worm 7,dracontiasis71 a disease due to ! ,fil>ia m$95sis1 or ,dracunculus1 or ,gu9ea-worm1 a fil>i\s nematode l a horse-hair1 ^: mo/ frequ5t habitat is ! subcutane\s & intramuscul> tissues ( ! legs & feet4 ,x is common on ! ,gu9ea coa/1 & 9 _m o!r tropical & subtropical regions & has be5 famili>ly kn[n s9ce anci5t times4 ,! condition ( dracontiasis due to x is a v common "o1 & sometimes am\nts to an epidemic4 ,! black races are mo/ liable1 b ,europeans ( almo/ any social rank & ( ei!r sex are n altoge!r exempt4 ,! worm lives 9 wat]1 &1 l ! ,fil>ia sangu9is hom9is1 appe>s to h an int]m$iate ho/ = its l>val /age4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! worm p5etrates ! sk9 ( ! legs directly2 x is n impossible t ! int]m$iate ho/ 7a cyclops7 :i* conta9s ! l>vae may be swall[$ ) ! wat]1 & t ! l>vae ( ! ,dracunculus may be set free 9 ! c\rse ( dige/ion4 ,,gu9es1 a t[n 9 ! int]ior ( ,havana prov9ce1 ,cuba1 ab\t #cj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,havana4 ,pop4 7#aijg7 #hjec4 ,x is situat$ on a pla91 9 ! mid/ ( a ri* plantation di/rict1 *iefly devot$ to ! cultivation ( tobacco4 ,! fir/ railway 9 ,cuba 0 built f ,havana to ,gu9es betwe5 #ahce & #ahch4 ,"o ( ! v few good highways ( ! isl& also connects ,gu9es ) ! capital4 ,! pueblo ( ,gu9es1 :i* 0 built on a great private e/ate ( ! same "n1 dates back to ab\t #agce4 ,! *ur* dates f #ahej4 ,gu9es became a villa 9 #ahad1 & 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahag4 ,,gu+amp1 a t[n ( nor?-we/]n ,france1 capital ( an arrondissem5t 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,cotes-du-,nord1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,trieux1 #bj m4 ,w4,n4,w4 ( ,/ ,brieuc on ! railway to ,bre/4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 t[n #ficg1 commune #ibab4 ,its *ief *ur*1 ,notre-,dame de ,bon-,sec\rs1 dates f ! #ad? to ! #af? c5turies2 two t[]s rise on ea* side ( ! ri*ly sculptur$ we/]n portal & a ?ird surm\nts ! cross+4 ,a fam\s /atue ( ! ,virg91 ! object ( "o ( ! mo/ important p>dons or religi\s pilgrimages 9 ,brittany1 /&s 9 "o ( ! two nor!rn por*es4 ,! c5tral squ>e is decorat$ by a graceful f\nta9 9 ! ,r5aissance /yle1 re/or$ 9 #agdc4 ,rema9s ( ! ramp>ts & ( ! *ateau ( ! dukes ( ,p5?ievre1 :i* belong to ! #ae? c5tury1 /ill survive4 ,gu+amp is ! seat ( a sub-prefect & ( a tribunal ( fir/ in/ance4 ,x is an important m>ket = dairy-cattle1 & its indu/ries include fl\r-mill+1 tann+ & lea!r-dress+4 ,gu+amp 0 ! *ief t[n ( ! c\nt%ip 7subsequ5tly ! du*y7 ( ,p5?ievre4 ,! ,go?ic *apel ( ,graces1 ne> ,gu+amp1 conta9s f9e sculptures4 ,,gu9ness1 ! "n ( a family ( ,iri% brew]s4 ,! firm 0 f\nd$ by ,,ar?ur ,,gu9ness1 :o ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury own$ a mode/ brew+-plant at ,leixlip1 a village on ! upp] rea*es ( ! riv] ,liffey4 ,9 or ab\t #agei ,ar?ur ,gu9ness1 seek+ to ext5d 8 trade1 pur*as$ a small port] brew]y belong+ to a ,mr ,ra9s=d at ,/ ,james's ,gate1 ,dubl94 ,by c>eful att5tion to ! purity ( 8 product1 c\pl$ ) a %rewd p]ception ( ! public ta/e1 he built up a consid]able bus9ess4 ,b 8 ?ird son1 ,,b5jam9 ,,lee ,,gu9ness 7#agih-ahfh71 may be reg>d$ z ! real mak] ( ! firm1 into :i* he 0 tak5 at an e>ly age1 & ( :i* ab\t #ahbe he 0 giv5 sole control4 ,prior to t date ! trade 9 ,gu9ness's port] & /\t _h be5 conf9$ to ,irel&1 b ,b5jam9 ,lee ,gu9ness at once e/abli%$ ag5cies 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 on ! cont95t1 9 ! ,briti% colonies & 9 ,am]ica4 ,! export trade soon assum$ huge proportions2 ! brew]y 0 cont9ually enl>g$1 & :5 9 #ahee 8 fa!r di$1 ,b5jam9 ,lee ,gu9ness1 :o 9 #ahea 0 elect$ fir/ "l mayor ( ,dubl91 f\nd himself sole proprietor ( ! bus9ess & ! ri*e/ man 9 ,irel&4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #ahfe he devot$ a portion ( ?is weal? to ! re/oration ( ,/ ,patrick's ca!dral1 ,dubl94 ,! "w1 ! progress ( :i* he regul>ly sup]9t5d$ himself1 co/ ,l#afj1jjj4 ,b5jam9 ,lee ,gu9ness repres5t$ ! city ( ,dubl9 9 p>liam5t z a ,cons]vative f #ahfe till 8 dea?1 & 9 #ahfg 0 creat$ a b>onet4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfh1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! control ( ! bus9ess by ,sir ,ar?ur ,edw>d ,gu9ness 7b4 #ahdj71 8 elde/1 & ,edw>d ,cecil ,gu9ness 7b4 #ahdg71 8 ?ird1 son4 ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,edw>d ,,gu9ness1 :o = "s "t repres5t$ ,dubl9 9 p>liam5t1 0 9 #ahhj rais$ to ! pe]age z ,b>on ,ardilaun1 & ab\t ! same "t dispos$ ( 8 %>e 9 ! brew]y to 8 bro!r ,edw>d ,cecil ,gu9ness4 ,9 #ahhf ,,edw>d ,,cecil ,,gu9ness dispos$ ( ! brew]y1 ! products ( :i* 7 !n be+ s5t all ov] ! _w1 to a limit$ company1 9 :i* he rema9$ ! l>ge/ %>ehold]4 ,edw>d ,cecil ,gu9ness 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #ahhe1 & 9 #ahia 0 rais$ to ! pe]age z ,b>on ,iveagh4 ,! ,gu9ness family h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! philan?ropy & public munific5ce4 ,"l ,ardilaun gave a recreation gr\nd to ,dubl91 & ! fam\s ,muckross e/ate at ,kill>ney to ! nation4 ,"l ,iveagh set aside ,l#bej1jjj = ! creation ( ! ,gu9ness tru/ 7#ahhi7 = ! erection & ma9t5ance ( build+s = ! lab\r+ poor 9 ,london & ,dubl91 & 0 a lib]al b5efactor to ! funds ( ,dubl9 univ]sity4 ,,gu9obatan1 a t[n ( ! prov9ce ( ,albay1 ,luzon1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 on ! ,inaya riv]1 #i m4 ,w4 by ,n4 ( ! t[n ( ,albay4 ,pop4 7#aijc71 #bj1jbg4 ,its *ief int]e/ is 9 hemp1 :i* is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,,guipuzcoa1 a m>itime prov9ce ( nor!rn ,spa91 includ$ among ! ,basque prov9ces1 & b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! ,bay ( ,biscay2 ,w4 by ! prov9ce ( ,biscay 7,vizcaya72 ,s4 & ,s4,e4 by4 ,alava & ,nav>re3 & ,n4,e4 by ! riv] ,bidassoa1#a :i* sep>ates x f ,france4 ,pop4 7#aijj71 #aie1hej2 area1 #gbh sq4 m4 ,situat$ on ! nor!rn slope ( ! great ,cantabrian *a9 at its junction ) ! ,pyr5ees1 ! prov9ce has a great v>iety ( surface 9 m\nta91 hill & valley2 & its sc5]y is highly picturesque4 ,! coa/ is mu* ind5t$1 & has num]\s h>b\rs1 b none ( v great importance2 ! *ief are ^? ( ,san ,seba/ian1 ,pasajes1 ,guet>ia1 ,deva & ,fu5t]rabia4 ,! riv]s 7,deva1 ,urola1 ,oria1 ,urumea1 ,bidassoa7 are all %ort1 rapid & unnavigable4 ,! m\nta9s are = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) =e/s ( oak1 *e/nut or p9e2 holly & arbutus are also common1 ) furze & hea? 9 ! poor] p>ts4 ,! soil 9 ! l[] valleys is g5]ally ( h>d clay & unf]tile2 x is cultivat$ ) great c>e1 b ! gra9 rais$ falls consid]ably %ort ( :at is requir$ = home consumption4 ,! climate1 ?\gh moi/1 is mild1 pleasant & heal?y2 fruit is produc$ 9 consid]able quantities1 especially apples = manufacture into z>agua or cid]4 ,! *ief m9]al products are iron1 lignite1 lead1 copp]1 z9c & cem5t4 ,f]rug9\s & sulphur\s spr+s are v common1 & are mu* frequ5t$ e summ] by visitors f all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,!re are excell5t fi%]ies1 :i* supply ! neighb\r+ prov9ces ) cod1 tunny1 s>d9es & oy/]s2 & ! av]age ye>ly value ( ! coa/+ trade exce$s ,l#djj1jjj4 ,by ,irun1 ,pasajes & ! fronti] roads ,l#d1jjj1jjj ( imports & ,l#c1jjj1jjj ( exports pass to & f ,france1 p>tly 9 transit = ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,ap>t f ! f\r ,catalan prov9ces1 no prov9ce has witness$ su* a developm5t ( local indu/ries z ,guipuzcoa4 ,! pr9cipal indu/rial c5tres are ,irun1 ,r5t]ia1 ,villabona1 ,v]g>a & ,azpeitia = cotton & l95 /uffs2 ,zum>raga = osi]s2 ,eib>1 ,plas5cia & ,elgoib> = arms & cannon & gold incru/ations2 ,irun = soap & c>riages2 ,san ,seba/ian1 ,irun & ,onate = pap]1 glass1 *emicals & saw-mills2 ,tolosa = pap]1 timb]1 clo?s & furniture2 & ! banks ( ! bay ( ,pasajes = ! manufacture ( liqueurs ( e k9d1 & ! prep>ation ( w9es = export & = consumption 9 ! int]ior ( ,spa94 ,?is la/ indu/ry occupies sev]al ?\s& ,fr5* & ,spani% workm54 ,an ars5al 0 e/abli%$ at ,azpeitia dur+ ! ,c>li/ ris+ ( #ahgj-ahgd2 b ! manufacture ( ordnance & gunp[d] 0 subsequ5tly discont9u$4 ,! ma9 l9e ( ! nor!rn railway f ,madrid to ,france runs ?r\gh ! prov9ce1 giv+ access1 by a loop l9e1 to ! *ief indu/rial c5tres4 ,! cu/om-h\se ?r\gh :i* x passes on ! fronti] is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ,spa94 ,despite ! /eep gradi5ts1 :]e traffic is h>dly possible except by ox-c>ts1 !re are ov] #cej m4 ( admirably eng9e]$ roads1 ma9ta9$ solely by ! local tax-pay]s4 ,aft] ,san ,seba/ian1 ! capital 7pop4 #aijj1 #cg1hab71 ! *ief t[ns are ,fu5t]rabia 7#dcde7 & ,irun 7#iiab74 ,o!r t[ns ) m ?an #fjjj inhabitants are ,azpeitia 7#fjff71 ,eib> 7#fehc71 ,tolosa 7#haaa7 & ,v]g>a 7#faif74 ,guipuzcoa is ! smalle/ & "o ( ! mo/ d5sely peopl$ prov9ces ( ,spa92 = its con/ant losses by emigration are c\nt]balanc$ by a high bir?-rate & ! influx ( settl]s f o!r di/ricts :o are attract$ by its indu/rial prosp]ity4 ,= an acc\nt ( its inhabitants & _! cu/oms1 language & hi/ory1 see ,,basques & ,,basque ,,prov9ces4 ,,footnote3 #a ,a small isl& 9 ! ,bidassoa1 call$ ,la ,isla de los ,faisanes1 or l',isle de la ,conf]5ce1 is celebrat$ z ! place :]e ! m>riage ( ! duke ( ,gui5ne 0 arrang$ betwe5 ,l\is ,,xi4 & ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 #adfc1 :]e ,francis ,i41 ! prison] ( ,*>les ,v41 0 ex*ang$ = 8 two sons 9 #aebf1 & :]e 9 #afei ! ,peace ( ! ,pyr5ees 0 conclud$ betwe5 ,d4 ,luis de ,h>o & ,c>d9al ,maz>94 ,,guiraud1 ,,erne/ 7#ahcg-ahib71 ,fr5* compos]1 0 born at ,new ,orleans on ! #bf? ( ,june #ahcg4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,p>is ,cons]vatoire1 :]e he won ! gr& prix de ,rome4 ,8 fa!r _h ga9$ ! same di/9ction _m ye>s previ\sly1 ?is be+ ! only in/ance ( bo? fa!r & son obta9+ ?is prize4 ,erne/ ,guiraud compos$ ! foll[+ op]as3 ,sylvie 7#ahfd72 ,le ,kobold 7#ahgj71 ,madame ,turlup9 7#ahgb71 ,piccol9o 7#ahgf71 ,galante ,av5ture 7#ahhb71 & also ! ballet ,gretna ,gre51 giv5 at ! ,op]a 9 #ahgc4 ,8 op]a ,fr$egonde 0 left 9 an unf9i%$ condition & 0 complet$ by ,camille ,sa9t-,sa5s4 ,guiraud1 :o 0 a fell[-/ud5t & intimate fri5d ( ,georges ,bizet1 0 = "s ye>s pr(essor ( composition at ! ,cons]vatoire4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( an excell5t treatise on in/rum5tation4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #f? ( ,may #ahib4 ,,guisbor\gh1 or ,,guisbr\gh1 a m>ket t[n 9 ! ,clevel& p>liam5t>y division ( ! ,nor? ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 #aj m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,middlesbr\gh by a bran* ( ! ,nor?-,ea/]n railway4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija71 #efde4 ,x is well situat$ 9 a n>r[1 f]tile valley at ! ,n4 foot ( ! ,clevel& ,hills4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,ni*olas is ,p]p5dicul>1 greatly re/or$4 ,o!r build+s are ! t[n hall1 & ! mod]n build+s ( ! gramm> s*ool f\nd$ 9 #aefa4 ,ru9s ( an ,augu/9ian priory1 f\nd$ 9 #aabi1 are beautifully situat$ ne> ! ea/]n extremity ( ! t[n4 ,! *ur* conta9s "s f9e ,decorat$ "w1 & ! *apt] h\se & p>ts ( ! conv5tual build+s may be trac$4 ,consid]able fragm5ts ( ,norman & transitional "w rema94 ,among ! hi/oric p]sonages :o 7 buri$ )9 its walls 0 ,rob]t ,bruce1 "l ( ,ann&ale1 ! competitor = ! ?rone ( ,scotl& ) ,john ,baliol1 & ! gr&fa!r ( ,k+ ,rob]t ! ,bruce4 ,ab\t #a m4 ,s4,e4 ( ! t[n !re is a sulphur\s spr+ discov]$ 9 #ahbb4 ,! di/rict neighb\r+ to ,guisbor\gh is ri* 9 iron-/one4 ,its work+ =ms ! *ief indu/ry ( ! t[n1 & !re are also tann]ies & brew]ies4 ,,guise1 a t[n ( nor!rn ,france1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,aisne1 on ! ,oise1 #ca m4 ,n4 ( ,laon by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijf71 #gefb4 ,! t[n 0 =m]ly ! capital ( ! di/rict ( ,?i]a*e & aft]w>ds ( a c\nt%ip 7see bel[74 ,!re is a *ateau dat+ 9 "p f ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,camille ,desm\l9s 0 9 #agfb born 9 ! t[n1 :i* has erect$ a /atue to him4 ,! *ief indu/ry is ! manufacture ( iron /oves & heat+ app>atus1 c>ri$ on on ! co-op]ative sy/em 9 works f\nd$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,a4 ,god91 :o built = 8 workpeople ! huge build+s kn[n z ! famili/]e1 9 front ( :i* /&s 8 /atue4 ,a bo>d ( trade-arbitration is among ! public in/itutions4 ,,guise1 ,,h\se ,,(1 a cadet bran* ( ! h\se ( ,lorra9e 7q4v474 ,r5e ,,ii41 duke ( ,lorra9e 7d4 #aejh71 unit$ ! two bran*es ( ! h\se ( ,lorra9e4 ,f 8 pat]nal gr&mo!r1 ,m>ie d',h>c\rt1 ,r5e inh]it$ ! c\nt%ips ( ,aumale1 ,may5ne1 ,elbeuf1 ,lillebonne1 ,brionne & o!r ,fr5* fiefs1 9 addition to ! hon\rs ( ! eld] bran*1 :i* includ$ ! c\nt%ip ( ,guise1 ! d[ry ( ,m>ie ( ,blois on h] m>riage 9 #accc ) ,rudolph or ,ra\l ( ,lorra9e4 ,r5e's elde/ surviv+ son by 8 m>riage ) ,philippa1 daught] ( ,adolphus ( ,egmont1 duke ( ,geld]l&1 0 ,an?ony1 :o succe$$ 8 fa!r z duke ( ,lorra9e 7d4 #aedd71 :ile ! second1 ,claude1 c\nt & aft]w>ds duke ( ,guise1 receiv$ ! ,fr5* fiefs4 ,! ,guises1 ?\gh naturaliz$ 9 ,france1 cont9u$ to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! =tunes ( ,lorra9e1 & _! enemies 7 always ready to designate !m z =eign]s4 ,! p>tition betwe5 ! bro!rs ,an?ony & ,claude 0 ratifi$ by a fur!r agreem5t 9 #aecj1 res]v+ ! laps$ hon\rs ( ! k+doms ( ,j]usalem1 ,sicily1 ,aragon1 ! du*y ( ,anj\ & ! c\nt%ips ( ,prov5ce & ,ma9e to ! duke ( ,lorra9e4 ,( ! o!r sons ( ,r5e ,,ii41 ,john 7#adih-aeej7 became ! fir/ c>d9al ( ,lorra9e1 :ile ,f]ri1 ,l\is & ,francis fell fight+ 9 ! ,fr5* armies at ,m>ignano 7#aeae71 ,naples 7#aebh7 & ,pavia 7#aebe7 respectively4 ,,claude ,,( ,,lorra9e1 c\nt & aft]w>ds #a/ duke ( ,guise 7#adif-aeej71 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,octob] #adif4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,fr5* c\rt1 & at sev5te5 alli$ himself to ! royal h\se ( ,france by a m>riage ) ,anto9ette de ,b\rbon 7#adic-aehc7 daught] ( ,francois1 ,c\nt ( ,v5dome4 ,guise di/+ui%$ himself at ,m>ignano 7#aeae71 & 0 long 9 recov]+ f ! tw5ty-two w\nds he receiv$ 9 ! battle2 9 #aeba he f\ght at ,fu5t]rabia1 :5 ,l\ise ( ,savoy ascrib$ ! capture ( ! place to 8 ef=ts2 9 #aebb he def5d$ nor!rn ,france1 & =c$ ! ,engli% to raise ! siege ( ,hesd92 & 9 #aebc he obta9$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,*ampagne & ,burgundy1 defeat+ at ,neuf*ateau ! imp]ial troops :o _h invad$ 8 prov9ce4 ,9 #aebe he de/roy$ ! ,anabapti/ peasant army1 :i* 0 ov]runn+ ,lorra9e1 at ,lup/e91 ne> ,sav]ne 7,zab]n74 ,on ! return ( ,francis ,i4 f captivity1 ,guise 0 erect$ into a du*y 9 ! pe]age ( ,france1 ?\gh up to ?is "t only pr9ces ( ! royal h\se _h held ! title ( duke & pe] ( ,france4 ,! ,guises1 z cadets ( ! sov]eign h\se ( ,lorra9e & desc5dants ( ! h\se ( ,anj\1 claim$ prec$5ce ( ! ,b\rbon pr9ces4 ,_! pret5sions & ambitions inspir$ di/ru/ 9 ,francis ,i41 al?\gh he rew>d$ ,guise's s]vices by sub/antial gifts 9 l& & money4 ,! duke di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! ,luxemburg campaign 9 #aedb1 b = "s ye>s be=e 8 dea? he effac$ himself be=e ! gr[+ =tunes ( 8 sons4 ,he di$ on ! #ab? ( ,april #aeej4 ,he _h be5 support$ 9 all 8 und]tak+s & intrigues by 8 bro!r ,,john1 c>d9al ( ,lorra9e 7#adih-aeej71 :o _h be5 made coadjutor ( ,metz at ! age ( ?ree4 ,! c>d9al 0 ar*bi%op ( ,reims1 ,lyons & ,n>bonne1 bi%op ( ,metz1 ,t\l1 ,v]dun1 ,!r\anne1 ,lucon1 ,albi1 ,val5ce1 ,nantes & ,ag51 & be=e he di$ _h squ&]$ mo/ ( ! weal? :i* he _h d]iv$ f ^! & o!r b5efices4 ,"p ( 8 ecclesia/ical pref]m5ts he gave up 9 fav\r ( 8 nephews4 ,he became a memb] ( ! royal c\ncil 9 #aecj1 & 9 #aecf 0 entru/$ ) an embassy to ,*>les ,v4 ,al?\gh a complaisant help] 9 ,francis ,i4's pleasures1 he 0 disgrac$ 9 #aedb1 & retir$ to ,rome4 ,he di$ at ,nog5t-sur-,yonne on ! #ah? ( ,may #aeej4 ,he 0 extremely dissolute1 b z an op5-h&$ patron ( art & le>n+1 z ! protector & fri5d ( ,erasmus1 ,m>ot & ,rabelais he did some?+ to c\nt]-balance ! g5]al unpopul>ity ( 8 calculat+ & av>ici\s bro!r4 ,claude ( ,guise _h twelve *ildr51 among !m ,francis1 #bnd duke ( ,guise2 ,*>les1 #bnd c>d9al ( ,lorra9e 7#aebd-aegd71 :o became ar*bi%op ( ,reims 9 #aech & c>d9al 9 #aedg2 ,claude1 m>quis ( ,may5ne1 duke ( ,aumale 7#aebf-aegc71 gov]nor ( ,burgundy1 :o m>ri$ ,l\ise de ,breze1 daught] ( ,diane de ,poiti]s1 ?us secur+ a p[]ful ally = ! family2 ,l\is 7#aebg-aegh71 bi%op ( ,troyes1 ar*bi%op ( ,s5s & c>d9al ( ,guise2 ,r5e1 m>quis ( ,elbeuf 7#aecf-aeff71 f :om desc5d$ ! families ( ,h>c\rt1 ,armagnac1 ,m>san & ,lillebonne2 ,m>y ( ,lorra9e 7q4v471 g5]ally kn[n z ,m>y ( ,guise1 :o aft] ! dea? ( h] second husb&1 ,james ,v4 ( ,scotl&1 act$ z reg5t ( ,scotl& = h] daught] ,m>y1 que5 ( ,scots2 & ,francis 7#aecd-aefc71 gr& prior ( ! ord] ( ! ,knights ( ,malta4 ,! solid>ity ( ?is family1 all ! memb]s ( :i* ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations *e]fully submitt$ to ! au?ority ( ! head ( ! h\se1 made x a =midable factor 9 ,fr5* politics4 ,,francis ,,( ,,lorra9e1 #bnd duke ( ,guise 7#aeai-aefc71 le gr& ,guise1 0 born at ,b> on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y #aeai4 ,z c\nt ( ,aumale he s]v$ 9 ! ,fr5* army1 & 0 ne>ly kill$ at ! siege ( ,b\logne 9 #aede by a w\nd :i* br\ght him ! "n ( ,balafre4 ,aumale 0 made 7#aedg7 a pe]age-du*y 9 8 fav\r1 & on ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! "y duke1 :o _h paid assidu\s c\rt to ,diane de ,poiti]s1 %>$ ! *ief hon\rs ( ! k+dom ) ! con/able ,anne de ,montmor5cy4 ,bo? *]i%$ ambitions = _! families1 b ! ,guises 7 m unscrupul\s 9 subord9at+ ! int]e/s ( ,france to _! own4 ,montmor5cy's brutal mann]s1 h[ev]1 made enemies :]e ,guise's grace & c\rtesy won him fri5ds4 ,guise 0 a suitor = ! h& ( ,jeanne d',albret1 pr9cess ( ,nav>re1 :o refus$1 h[ev]1 to become a si/]-9-law ( a daught] ( ,diane de ,poiti]s & rema9$ "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s & p]si/5t enemies ( ! ,guises4 ,he m>ri$ 9 ,decemb] #aedh ,anne ( ,e/e1 daught] ( ,ercole ,,ii41 duke ( ,f]r>a1 & ?r\gh h] "m ,r5ee1 a gr&daught] ( ,l\is ,,xii4 ( ,france4 ,9 ! same ye> he _h put d[n a peasant ris+ 9 ,sa9tonge ) a humanity t comp>$ v fav\rably ) ! cruelty %[n by ,montmor5cy to ! t[n ( ,bordeaux4 ,he made prep>ations 9 ,lorra9e = ! k+'s ,g]man campaign ( #aeea-eb4 ,he 0 already gov]nor ( ,dauph9e1 & n[ became gr& *amb]la91 pr9ce ( ,jo9ville1 & h]$it>y s5es*al ( ,*ampagne1 ) l>ge additions to 8 already consid]able rev5ues4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) ! def5ce ( ,metz1 :i* ,h5ry ,,ii4 _h ent]$ 9 #aeea4 ,he rea*$ ! city 9 ,augu/ #aeeb1 & rapidly gave pro( ( 8 great p[]s z a soldi] & organiz] by ! skill ) :i* ! place1 badly =tifi$ & unprovid$ ) artill]y1 0 put 9 a /ate ( def5ce4 ,metz 0 inve/$ by ! duke ( ,alva 9 ,octob] ) an army ( #fj1jjj m51 & ! emp]or jo9$ 8 =ces 9 ,novemb]4 ,an army ( brig&s comm&$ by ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg _h also to be reckon$ )4 ,*>les 0 oblig$ to raise ! siege on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #aeec1 hav+ lo/1 x is said1 #cj1jjj m5 be=e ! walls4 ,guise us$ 8 victory ) r>e mod]ation & humanity1 provid+ m$ical c>e = ! sick & w\nd$ left beh9d 9 ! besieg]s' camp4 ,! subsequ5t op]ations 7 p>alys$ by ! k+'s suspicion & c>elessness1 & ! con/able's inactivity1 & a ye> lat] ,guise 0 remov$ f ! comm&4 ,he foll[$ ! con/able's army z a volunte]1 & r\t$ ! army ( ,*>les ,v4 at ! siege ( ,r5ty on ! #ab? ( ,augu/ #aeed4 ,montmor5cy's inaction r5d]$ ! victory fruitless1 & a bitt] controv]sy foll[$ betwe5 ,guise & ! con/able's nephew ,coligny1 admiral ( ,france1 :i* wid5$ a brea* already exi/+4 ,! conclusion ( a six ye>s' truce at ,vaucelles 7#aeef7 disappo9t$ ,guise's ambitions1 & he 0 ! ma9 mov] 9 ! brea* ( ! treaty 9 #aeeh1 :5 he 0 s5t at ! head ( a ,fr5* army to ,italy to ! assi/ance ( ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 aga9/ ,spa94 ,guise1 :o p]haps _h 9 view ! re/oration to 8 family ( ! ,angev9 dom9ion ( ,naples & ,sicily1 cross$ ! ,alps e>ly 9 #aeeg & aft] a mon?'s delay 9 ,rome1 :]e he fail$ to receive ! promis$ support1 m>*$ on ! k+dom ( ,naples1 !n occupi$ by ! ,spani% troops "u ,alva4 ,he seiz$ & sack$ ,campli 7,april #ag?71 b 0 compell$ to raise ! siege ( ,civitella4 ,mean:ile ! pope _h ve]$ r\nd to a ,spani% alliance1 & ,guise1 see+ t no hon\r 0 to be ga9$ 9 ! campaign1 wisely sp>$ 8 troops1 s t 8 army 0 almo/ intact :51 9 ,augu/1 he 0 ha/ily summon$ home to repel ! ,spani% army :i* _h invad$ ,france f ! nor?1 & _h tak5 ,/ ,qu5t94 ,on rea*+ ,p>is 9 ,octob] ,guise 0 made lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! k+dom1 & proce$$ to prep>e = ! siege ( ,calais4 ,! t[n 0 tak51 aft] six days' fight+1 on ! #f? ( ,janu>y #aeeh1 & ?is success 0 foll[$ up by ! capture ( ,gu9es1 ,?ionville & ,arlon1 :5 ! w> 0 end$ by ! treaty ( ,cateau ,cambresis 7#aeei74 ,al?\gh 8 bro!r1 ! c>d9al ( ,lorra9e1 0 "o ( ! negotiators1 ?is peace 0 conclud$ aga9/ ! wi%es ( ,guise1 & 0 reg>d$ z a triumph ( ! con/able's p>ty4 ,! ,guises 7 provid$ ) a weapon aga9/ ,montmor5cy by ! bi%op ( ,arras 7aft]w>ds ,c>d9al ,granvella71 :o gave to ! c>d9al ( ,lorra9e at an int]view at ,p]onne 9 #aeeh an int]cept$ lett] prov+ ! ,hugu5ot lean+s ( ! con/able's nephews4 ,on ! accession 9 #aeei ( ,francis ,,ii41 _! nephew by m>riage ) ,m>y ,/u>t1 ! royal au?ority 0 practically delegat$ to ,guise & ! c>d9al1 :o f\nd !mselves beyond rivalry = ! "t be+4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 to cope ) a new & dang]\s =ce 9 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t free to use h] political ability4 ,! incapacity1 suspicion & cruelty ( ! c>d9al1 :o controll$ ! int]nal adm9i/ration1 r\s$ ! small] nobility aga9/ ! ,lorra9e pr9ces4 ,a conspiracy to ov]turn _! gov]nm5t 0 =m$ at ,nantes1 ) a ne$y ,p]igord nobleman nam$ ,la ,r5audie z its nom9al head1 ?\gh ! agitation _h 9 ! fir/ in/ance be5 fo/]$ by ! ag5ts ( ,l\is ,i41 pr9ce ( ,conde4 ,! ,guises 7 w>n$ ( ! conspiracy :ile ! c\rt 0 at ,blois1 & = great] security remov$ ! k+ to ,amboise4 ,la ,r5audie1 no?+ daunt$1 m]ely po/pon$ 8 plans2 & ! conspirators assembl$ 9 small p>ties 9 ! woods r\nd ,amboise4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 be5 aga9 betray$ & _m ( !m 7 surr\nd$ & tak5 be=e ! c\p c\ld be deliv]$2 "o p>ty1 :i* _h seiz$ ! *ateau ( ,noizay1 surr5d]$ on a promise ( amne/y giv5 on 8 fai? z a pr9ce by ,james ( ,savoy1 duke ( ,nem\rs1 a promise :i*1 9 spite ( ! duke's prote/1 0 disreg>d$4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,m>* #aefj1 ,la ,r5audie & ! re/ ( ! conspirators op5ly attack$ ! *ateau ( ,amboise4 ,!y 7 repell$2 _! lead] 0 kill$2 & a l>ge numb] 7 tak5 prison]s4 ,! m]ciless v5geance ( ! ,guises 0 ! measure ( _! previ\s fe>s4 ,= a :ole week ! tortur+s1 qu>t]+s & hang+s w5t on1 ! bodies be+ ca/ into ! ,loire1 ! "y k+ & que5 witness+ ! bloody spectacle day by day f a balcony ( ! *ateau4 ,! cruel repression ( ?is conspiracy ( ,amboise inspir$ bitt] hatr$ ( ! ,guises1 s9ce !y 7 av5g+ a ris+ r aga9/ _! own ?an ! royal au?ority4 ,!y n[ entr5*$ !mselves ) ! k+ at ,orleans1 & ! ,b\rbon pr9ces1 ,an?ony1 k+ ( ,nav>re1 & 8 bro!r ,conde1 7 summon$ to c\rt4 ,! ,guises conv5$ a special commission to try ,conde1 :o 0 condemn$ to dea?2 b ! affair 0 po/pon$ by ! *ancellor1 & ! dea? ( ,francis ,,ii4 9 ,decemb] sav$ ,conde4 ,guise !n made common cause ) 8 old rival ,montmor5cy & ) ! ,m>%al de ,sa9t ,&re aga9/ ,ca!r9e1 ! ,b\rbons & ,coligny4 ,?is alliance1 con/itut$ on ! #f? ( ,april #aefa1 & kn[n z ! triumvirate1 aim$ at ! annulm5t ( ! concessions made by ,ca!r9e to ! ,hugu5ots4 ,! c>d9al ( ,lorra9e fom5t$ ! discord :i* appe>$ betwe5 ! cl]gy ( ! two religions :5 !y met at ! colloquy ( ,poissy 9 #aefa1 b 9 spite ( ! extreme ,ca?olic views he !re pr(ess$1 he 0 at ! "t 9 communication ) ! ,lu!ran pr9ces ( ,g]many1 & 9 ,febru>y #aefb met ! duke ( ,wurttemb]g at ,zab]n to discuss ! possibility ( a religi\s compromise4 ,! signal = civil w> 0 giv5 by an attack ( ,guise's escort on a ,hugu5ot congregation at ,vassy 7#a/ ( ,m>* #aefb74 ,al?\gh ,guise did n initiate ! massacre1 & al?\gh1 :5 he le>n$ :at 0 go+ on1 he ev5 tri$ to re/ra9 8 soldi]s1 he did n disav[ _! action4 ,:5 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici =bade 8 entry into ,p>is1 he accept$ ! *all5ge1 & on ! #af? ( ,m>* he ent]$ ! city1 :]e he 0 a popul> h]o1 at ! head ( #bjjj arm$ nobles4 ,! provo/ ( ! m]*ants (f]$ to put #bj1jjj m5 & two million livres at 8 disposal4 ,9 ,septemb] he jo9$ ,montmor5cy 9 besieg+ ,r\51 :i* 0 sack$ z if x _h be5 a =eign city1 9 spite ( ,guise's ef=ts to save x f ! wor/ horrors4 ,at ! battle ( ,dreux 7#ai? ( ,decemb] #aefb7 he comm&$ a res]ve army1 ) :i* he sav$ ,montmor5cy's =ces f de/ruction & inflict$ a cru%+ defeat on ! ,hugu5ots4 ,! pr9ce ( ,conde 0 8 prison]1 :ile ! capture ( ,montmor5cy by ! ,hugu5ots & ! assass9ation ( ! ,m>%al de ,sa9t-,&re aft] ! battle left ,guise ! undisput$ head ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,he 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! k+dom1 & on ! #e? ( ,febru>y #aefc he appe>$ ) 8 army be=e ,orleans4 ,on ! #ai?1 h[ev]1 he 0 %ot by ! ,hugu5ot ,jean ,poltrot de ,m]e z he 0 return+ to 8 qu>t]s1 & di$ on ! #bd? ( ! effects ( ! w\nd4 ,guise's spl5did pres5ce1 8 g5]osity & humanity & 8 almo/ unv>y+ success on ! battlefield made him ! idol ( 8 soldi]s4 ,he att5d$ p]sonally to ! m9ute/ details1 & ,monluc compla9s t he ev5 wrote out 8 own ord]s4 ,! mi/akes & cruelties associat$ ) 8 "n 7 p>tly due to ! evil c\nsels ( 8 bro!r ,*>les1 ! c>d9al1 ^: c[>dice & ins9c]ity 7 ! scorn ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! negotiations ( ! ,guises ) ,spa9 dat$ f ! int]view ) ,granvella at ,p]onne1 9 #aeeh1 & aft] ! dea? ( 8 bro!r ! c>d9al ( ,lorra9e 0 con/antly 9 communication ) ! ,spani% c\rt1 (f]+1 9 ! ev5t ( ! failure ( direct heirs to ! ,valois k+s1 to deliv] up ! fronti] =tresses & to ackn[l$ge ,philip ,,ii4 z k+ ( ,france4 ,8 dea? 9 #aegd tempor>ily weak5$ ! extreme ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,( ! *ildr5 ( ,francis le ,balafre five surviv$ him3 ,h5ry1 #crd duke ( ,guise2 ,*>les1 duke ( ,may5ne 7#aeed-afaa7 7q4v471 :o consolidat$ ! ,league2 ,ca!r9e 7#aeeb-aeif71 :o m>ri$ ,l\is ( ,b\rbon1 duke ( ,montp5si]1 & enc\rag$ ! fanaticism ( ! ,p>isian leagu]s2 ,l\is1 second c>d9al ( ,guise1 aft]w>ds ( ,lorra9e 7#aeee-aehh71 :o 0 assass9at$ ) 8 bro!r ,h5ry2 & ,francis 7#aeeh-aegc74 ,,h5ry ,,( ,,lorra9e1 #crd duke ( ,guise 7#aeej-aehh71 born on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #aeej1 0 ?irte5 ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea?1 & grew up "u ! dom9ation ( a passionate desire = rev5ge4 ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici refus$ to take /eps aga9/ ,coligny1 :o 0 =mally accus$ by ! du*ess ( ,guise & h] bro!rs-9-law ( hav+ incit$ ! murd]4 ,9 #aeff %e insi/$ on a =mal reconciliation at ,m\l9s betwe5 ! ,guises & ,coligny1 at :i*1 h[ev]1 none ( ! sons ( ! murd]$ man 0 pres5t4 ,h5ry & 8 bro!rs 71 h[ev]1 compell$ 9 #aegb to sign an ambigu\s ass5t to ?is agreem5t4 ,guise's wid[ m>ri$ ,james ( ,savoy1 duke ( ,nem\rs1 & ! "y duke at sixte5 w5t to fight aga9/ ! ,turks 9 ,hung>y4 ,on ! fre% outbreak ( civil w> 9 #aefg he return$ to ,france & s]v$ "u 8 uncle ,aumale4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aefh he receiv$ a consid]able comm&1 & spe$ily came into rivalry ) ,h5ry ( ,valois1 duke ( ,anj\4 ,he _h n inh]it$ 8 fa!r's g5]al%ip1 & 8 ra%ness & head/rong val\r m ?an once br\ght disa/] on 8 troops1 b ! %[y quality ( 8 fight+ br\ght him great popul>ity 9 ! army4 ,9 ! def5ce ( ,poiti]s 9 #aefi ) 8 bro!r1 ! duke ( ,may5ne1 he %[$ m solid abilities z a soldi]4 ,on ! conclusion ( peace 9 #aegj he return$ to c\rt1 :]e he made no secret ( 8 atta*m5t to ,m>g>et ( ,valois4 ,8 pret5sions 7 viol5tly res5t$ by h] bro!rs1 :o ?reat5$ 8 life1 & he sav$ himself by a precipitate m>riage ) ,ca!r9e ( ,cleves 7daught] ( ,francis ( ,cleves1 duke ( ,nev]s1 & ,m>g>et ( ,b\rbon71 ! wid[ ( a ,hugu5ot nobleman1 ,anto9e de ,crog1 pr9ce ( ,porci54 ,pres5tly he end$ 8 disgrace by an app>5t reconciliation ) ,h5ry ( ,valois & an alliance ) ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici4 ,he 0 an accomplice 9 ! fir/ attack on ,coligny's life1 & :5 p]mission = ! massacre ( ,sa9t ,b>?olomew _h be5 extort$ f ,*>les ,,ix4 he r\s$ ,p>is aga9/ ! ,hugu5ots1 & satisfi$ 8 p]sonal v5geance by sup]9t5d+ ! murd] ( ,coligny4 ,he 0 n[ ! ackn[l$g$ *ief ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty1 & ! p[] ( 8 family 0 fur!r increas$ by ! m>riage 7#aege7 ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ) ,l\ise ( ,vaudemont1 :o belong$ to ! eld] bran* ( ! h\se ( ,lorra9e4 ,9 a fight at ,dormans 7#aj? ( ,octob] #aege71 ! only ,ca?olic victory 9 a disa/r\s campaign1 ,guise receiv$ a face w\nd :i* won = him 8 fa!r's "n ( ,balafre & help$ to secure ! passionate atta*m5t ( ! ,p>isians4 ,he refus$ to acquiesce 9 ! treaty ( ,beaulieu 7#e? ( ,may #aegf71 & ) ! support ( ! ,jesuits proce$$ to =m a holy league = ! def5ce ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! t]ms ( enrolm5t enjo9$ (f5sive action aga9/ all :o refus$ to jo94 ,?is association _h be5 prec$$ by v>i\s prov9cial leagues among ! ,ca?olics1 notably "o at ,p]onne4 ,conde _h be5 impos$ on ?is t[n z gov]nor by ! t]ms ( ! peace1 & ! local nobility b&$ toge!r to resi/ him4 ,?is1 l ! ,holy ,league itself1 0 political z well z religi\s 9 its aims1 & 0 p>tly inspir$ by revolt aga9/ ! royal au?ority4 ,9 ! direction ( ! ,league ,guise 0 hamp]$ by ,philip ( ,spa91 :o subsidiz$ ! movem5t1 :ile he also _h to submit to ! dictation ( ! ,p>isian democracy4 ,ult]ior ambitions 7 freely ascrib$ to him4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t pap]s seiz$ f 8 envoy to ,rome1 ,jean ,david1 reveal$ a def9ite design ( sub/itut+ ! ,lorra9es1 :o repres5t$ !mselves z ! successors ( ,*>lemagne1 = ! ,valois2 b ^! pap]s 7 probably a ,hugu5ot =g]y4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 ev5tually plac$ himself at ! head ( ! ,league1 & resum$ ! w> aga9/ ! ,hugu5ots2 b on ! conclusion ( peace 7,septemb] #aegg7 he seiz$ ! opportunity ( disb&+ ! ,ca?olic associations4 ,! k+'s jeal\sy ( ,guise increas$ ) ! duke's popul>ity1 b he did n v5ture on an op5 attack1 nor did he d>e to av5ge ! murd] by ,guise's p>tisans ( "o ( 8 p]sonal fav\rites1 ,sa9t-,megr91 :o _h be5 set on by ! c\rt to compromise ! reputation ( ! du*ess ( ,guise4#a ,mean:ile ! duke _h ent]$ on an equivocal alliance ) ,don ,john ( ,au/ria4 ,he 0 also 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) ,m>y ( ,lorra9e1 & m$itat$ a desc5t on ,scotl& 9 support ( ! ,ca?olic cause4 ,b ! great ri*es ( ! ,guises 7 be+ rapidly dissipat$1 & 9 #aegh ! duke became a p5sion] ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,:5 9 #aehd ! dea? ( ! duke ( ,anj\ made ,h5ry ( ,nav>re ! next heir to ! ?rone1 ! prospect ( a ,hugu5ot dyna/y r\s$ ! ,ca?olics to =get _! diff]5ces1 & l$ to ! =mation ( a new league ( ! ,ca?olic nobles4 ,at ! end ( ! same ye> ,guise & 8 bro!r1 ! duke ( ,may5ne1 ) ! ass5t ( o!r ,ca?olic nobles1 sign$ a treaty at ,jo9ville ) ,philip ,,ii41 fix+ ! succession to ! cr[n on ,*>les1 c>d9al ( ,b\rbon1 to ! exclusion ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ces ( 8 h\se4 ,9 ,m>* #aehe ! *iefs ( ! ,league issu$ ! ,decl>ation ( ,p]onne1 expos+ _! grievances aga9/ ! gov]nm5t & ann\nc+ _! int5tion to re/ore ! dignity ( religion by =ce ( arms4 ,on ! refusal ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 to accept ,spani% help aga9/ 8 ,hugu5ot subjects1 w> broke out4 ,! *ief cities ( ,france decl>$ = ! ,league1 & ,guise1 :o _h recruit$ 8 =ces 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 took up 8 headqu>t]s at ,*alons1 :ile ,may5ne occupi$ ,dijon1 & 8 relatives1 ! dukes ( ,elbeuf1 ,aumale & ,m]coeur1#b r\s$ ,norm&y & ,brittany4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 accept$1 or feign$ to accept1 ! t]ms impos$ by ! ,guises at ,nem\rs 7#g? ( ,july #aehe74 ,! edicts 9 fav\r ( ! ,hugu5ots 7 imm$iately revok$4 ,guise add$ to 8 reputation z ! ,ca?olic *ampion by defeat+ ! ,g]man auxili>ies ( ! ,hugu5ots at ,vimory 7,octob] #aehg7 & ,auneau 7,novemb] #aehg74 ,! prote/ations ( loyalty to ,h5ry ,,iii4 :i* _h m>k$ ! e>li] manife/oes ( ! ,league 7 modifi$4 ,ob$i5ce to ! k+ 0 n[ /at$ to dep5d on 8 giv+ pro( ( ,ca?olic zeal & %[+ no fav\r to h]esy4 ,9 ,april #aehh ,guise arriv$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he put himself at ! head ( ! ,p>isian mob1 & on ! #ab? ( ,may1 kn[n z ! ,day ( ! ,b>ricades1 he actually _h ! cr[n )9 8 grasp4 ,he refus$ to treat ) ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 prep>$ to make peace at any co/1 b re/ra9$ ! populace f revolution & p]mitt$ ,h5ry to escape f ,p>is4 ,h5ry came to t]ms ) ! ,league 9 ,may1 & made ,guise lieut5ant-g5]al ( ! royal armies4 ,! e/ates-g5]al1 :i* 7 assembl$ at ,blois1 7 devot$ to ! ,guise int]e/1 & al>m$ ! k+ by giv+ voice to ! political z well z ! religi\s aspirations ( ! ,league4 ,guise rema9$ at ! c\rt ( ,blois aft] receiv+ repeat$ w>n+s t ,h5ry m$itat$ treason4 ,on ! #be? ( ,decemb] he 0 summon$ to ! k+'s *amb] dur+ a sitt+ ( ! royal c\ncil1 & 0 murd]$ by assass9s c>efully po/$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 himself4 ,! c>d9al ( ,lorra9e 0 murd]$ 9 prison on ! next day4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,guises !nce=w>d c5tres 9 ! duke ( ,may5ne 7q4v474 ,by 8 wife1 ,ca!r9e ( ,cleves1 ! ?ird duke _h f\rte5 *ildr53 among !m ,*>les1 #d? duke ( ,guise 7#aega-afdj72 ,claude1 duke ( ,*evreuse 7#aegh-afeg71 ^: wife1 ,m>ie de ,rohan1 du*ess ( ,*evreuse1 became fam\s = h] intrigues2 ,l\is 7#aehe-afba71 #crd c>d9al ( ,guise1 ar*bi%op ( ,reims1 rememb]$ = 8 liaison ) ,*>lotte des ,ess>ts1 mi/ress ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,,*>les1 #d? duke ( ,guise 7#aega-afdj71 0 imprison$ = ?ree ye>s aft] 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,he m>ri$ ,h5riette ,ca!r9e de ,joyeuse1 wid[ ( ! duke ( ,montp5si]4 ,8 elde/ son pr$eceas$ him1 & he 0 succe$$ by 8 second son ,,h5ry 7#afad-affd71 :o _h be5 ar*bi%op ( ,reims1 b r5\nc$ ! ecclesia/ical e/ate & became #e? duke4 ,he made an attempt 7#afdg7 on ! cr[n ( ,naples1 & 0 a prison] 9 ,spa9 f #afdh to #afeb4 ,a second exp$ition to ,naples 9 #afed 0 a fiasco4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 nephew1 ,,l\is ,,joseph 7#afej-afga71 z #f? duke4 ,) 8 son1 ,,francis ,,joseph 7#afgj-afge71 ! l9e fail$2 & ! title & e/ates pass$ to 8 great-aunt1 ,m>ie ( ,lorra9e1 du*ess ( ,guise 7#afae-afhh71 daught] ( ! #d? duke1 & ) h] ! title became ext9ct4 ,! title is n[ ve/$ 9 ! family ( ! ,b\rbon-,orleans pr9ces4 ,,g5ealogical ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,guise ,r5e ,,ii4 7:o unit$ ! two bran*es ( ! h\se ( ,lorra9e71 duke ( ,lorra9e1 & ,philippa ( ,geld]l&1 _h 7besides two old] boys :o di$ 9 *ildhood1 & f\r unm>ri$ daught]s7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,anto9e1 ,claude1 ,john1 ,f]ri1 ,l\is1 ,francis1 duke ( #a/ duke ( #a/ c>d9al kill$ at kill$ at kill$ at ,lorra9e1 ,guise1 ( ,lorra9e4 ,m>ignano4 ,naples4 ,pavia4 #aedd1 #aeej1 ance/or ( ,anto9ette ! dukes ( ( ,b\rbon4 ,lorra9e & ! h\se ( ,m]coeur4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,francis1 ,*>les1 ,claude1 ,l\is1 ,francis1 ,r5e1 ,m>ie ,& #bnd duke ( #bnd c>d9al m>quis ( #a/ c>d9al gr& m>quis 7#a7 duke ( five ,guise1 ( ,lorra9e1 ,may5ne & ( ,guise1 prior4 ( ,elbeuf1 ,longueville1 o!rs4 #aefc4 #aegd4 & duke ( #aegh #aeff4 7#b7 ,james ,v4 ,anne ( ,aumale1 ( ,scotl&4 ,e/e4 #aegc4 ,l\ise de ,breze4 ,m>y ,/u>t1 que5 ( ,*>les1 ,*>les1 ,scots4 duke ( ,aumale1 duke ( ,elbeuf1 #afca4 #afje4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,h5ry1 ,*>les1 ,l\is1 ,ca!r9e ,& five o!rs4 #crd duke1 duke ( #bnd c>d9al ,l\is de ,b\rbon1 #aehh ,may5ne1 ( ,guise1 duke ( ,ca!r9e #afaa4 #aehh4 ,montp5si]4 ( ,cleves 7& _h #ad *ildr574 ,h5ry1 duke ( ,may5ne1 #afba4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*>les1 ,claude1 ,l\is1 ,& elev5 m4 #d? duke ( ,guise1 duke ( ,*evreuse1 #crd c>d9al ( ,guise1 #afdj4 ,m>ie de ,rohan1 #afba4 wid[ ( ! duke ( ,luynes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,h5ry1 ,m>ie1 ,l\is1 ,& eight ar*bi%op ( ,reims1 call$ ,mlle4 de ,guise1 *evali] ( ,guise & m4 & #e? duke1 succe$$ to ! du*y duke ( ,joyeuse1 #affd4 9 #afge & sold h] #afed4 rights to ,l\is ,augu/us1 duke ( ,ma9e4 ,l\is-,joseph1 #f? duke ( ,guise1 #afga4 ,francis-,joseph1 #g? & la/ duke ( ,guise1 #afge4 ,,au?orities4--,a numb] ( contempor>y docum5ts relat+ to ! ,guises are includ$ by ,l4 ,cimb] & ,f4 ,danj\ 9 _! ,ar*ives curieuses de l'hi/oire de ,france 7,p>is1 #ahcd1 c474 ,vol4 iii4 conta9s a soldi]'s di>y ( ! siege ( ,metz1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,italian 7,lyons1 #aeec71 acc\nts ( ! sieges ( ,calais 7,t\rs1 #aeeh74 ( ,?ionville 7,p>is1 #aeeh72 vol4 iv4 an acc\nt ( ! tumult ( ,amboise f ! ,memoires ( ,conde1 & f\r acc\nts ( ! affair ( ,vassy2 vol4 v4 f\r acc\nts ( ! battle ( ,dreux1 "o dictat$ by ,guise1 & acc\nts ( ! murd] ( ,guise2 vol4 xi4 acc\nts ( ! ,p>isian revolution ( #aeeh2 & vol4 xii4 num]\s pamphlets & pieces deal+ ) ! murd] ( ,h5ry ( ,guise & 8 bro!r4 ,an acc\nt ( ! murd] ( ,guise & ( ! subsequ5t measures tak5 by ,may5ne1 :i* 0 suppli$ by ! ,v5etian ambassador1 ,g4 ,moc5igo1 to 8 gov]nm5t1 is pr9t$ by ,h4 ,br[n 9 ! ,eng4 ,hi/4 ,rev4 7,april #ahie74 ,= ! =eign policy ( ! ,guises1 & especially _! relations ) ,scotl&1 !re is abundant mat]ial 9 ! ,engli% ,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap]s ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7,=eign ,s]ies7 & 9 ! correspond5ce ( ,c>d9al ,granvella4 ,! memoirs ( ,francis1 duke ( ,guise1 cov]+ ! ye>s #aedg to #aefc1 7 publi%$ by ,mi*el & ,p\j\lat 9 s]ies #a1 vol4 iv4 ( _! ,coll4 de memoires4 ,among contempor>y memoirs see especially ^? ( ! pr9ce ( ,conde1 ( ,blaise de ,monluc & ( ,gasp>d de ,saulx-,tavannes4 ,see also ,la ,vie de ,f4 de ,lorra9e1 duc de ,guise 7,p>is1 #afha71 by ,j4 ,b4 ,h4 du ,tr\sset de ,val9c\rt2 ,a4 de ,ruble1 ,l',assass9at de ,f4 de ,lorra9e1 duc de ,guise 7#ahig71 :]e !re is a li/ ( ! ,,ms4 s\rces available = a hi/ory ( ! h\se2 ,r4 de ,b\ille1 ,hi/4 des ducs de ,guise 7#d vols41 #ahdi72 ,h4 ,=n]on1 ,les ,guise et leur epoque 7#b vols41 #ahhg74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is incid5t suppli$ ,alex&re ,dumas p]e ) ! subject ( 8 ,h5ri ,,iii et sa c\r 7#ahbi74 #b ,philippe-,emmanuel ( ,lorra9e1 duke ( ,m]coeur1 a cadet ( ,lorra9e & bro!r ( ,l\ise de ,vaudemont1 ,h5ry ,,iii4's que54 ,8 wife1 ,m>y ( ,luxemburg1 desc5d$ f ! dukes ( ,brittany1 & he 0 made gov]nor ( ! prov9ce 9 #aehb4 ,he aspir$ to sep>ate sov]eignty1 & call$ 8 son pr9ce & duke ( ,brittany4 ,,guit> 7,fr4 guit>re1 ,g]4 ,guit>re1 ,ital4 *it>ra1 ,span4 guit>ra71 a musical in/rum5t /rung ) gut /r+s twang$ by ! f+]s1 hav+ a body ) a flat back & graceful incurvations 9 complete contra/ to ! memb]s ( ! family ( lute 7i4e471 ^: back is vault$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t is ( p>am\nt importance 9 assign+ to ! guit> its true position 9 ! hi/ory ( musical in/rum5ts1 midway betwe5 ! ci?>a 7i4e47 & ! viol94 ,! m$ieval /r+$ in/rum5ts ) neck fall into two classes1 *>act]iz$ ma9ly by ! con/ruction ( ! body3 7#a7 ,^? :i*1 l _! ar*etype ! ci?>a1 _h a body compos$ ( a flat or delicately ar*$ back & s\ndbo>d jo9$ by ribs4 7#b7 ,^? :i*1 l ! lyre1 _h a body consi/+ ( a vault$ back ov] :i* 0 glu$ a flat s\ndbo>d )\t ! int]m$i>y ( ribs2 ?is me?od ( con/ruction pr$om9ates among ,ori5tal ,in/rum5ts & is greatly inf]ior to ! fir/4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ?is inf]iority is af=d$ by ! fact t in/rum5ts ) vault$ backs1 su* z ! rebab or rebec1 al?\gh ext5sively repres5t$ dur+ ! middle ages 9 all p>ts ( ,europe by num]\s types1 h %[n b little or no developm5t dur+ ! c\rse ( "s twelve c5turies1 & h dropp$ out "o by "o f ! realm ( practical music )\t leav+ a s+le survivor4 ,! guit> mu/ be ref]r$ to ! fir/ ( ^! classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,notation4 ,illu/ration3 ,real ,s\nds4 ,! back & ribs ( ! guit> are ( maple1 a% or *]ry-wood1 frequ5tly inlaid ) rose-wood1 "m-(-pe>l1 tortoise-%ell1 c41 :ile ! s\ndbo>d is ( p9e & has "o l>ge ornam5tal rose s\nd hole4 ,! bridge1 to :i* ! /r+s are fa/5$1 is ( ebony ) an ivory nut :i* det]m9es ! "o end ( ! vibrat+ /r+s1 :ile ! nut at ! end ( ! f+]bo>d det]m9es ! o!r4 ,! neck & f+]bo>d are made ( h>d wood1 su* z ebony1 bee* or pe>4 ,! head1 b5t back f ! neck at an obtuse angle conta9s two p>allel b>rels or long holes ?r\gh :i* ! pegs or metal screws pass1 ?ree on ea* side ( ! head4 ,! correct positions = /opp+ ! int]vals are m>k$ on ! f+]bo>d by little metal ridges call$ frets4 ,! mod]n guit> has six /r+s1 ?ree ( gut & ?ree ( silk cov]$ ) silv] wire1 tun$ z %[n4 ,to ! ?umb are assign$ ! ?ree deepe/ /r+s1 :ile ! fir/1 second & ?ird f+]s are us$ to twang ! highe/ /r+s4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t ! six? or l[e/ /r+ 0 add$ 9 #agij by ,jacob ,augu/ ,otto ( ,j5a1 :o 0 ! fir/ 9 ,g]many to take up ! con/ruction ( guit>s aft] _! introduction f ,italy 9 #aghh by ! du*ess ,amalie ( ,weim>4 ,otto#a /ates t x 0 ,capellmei/] ,naumann ( ,dresd5 :o reque/$ him to make him a guit> ) six /r+s by add+ ! l[ ,e1 a spun wire /r+4 ,! orig9al guit> br\ght f ,italy by ! du*ess ,amalie _h five /r+s1#b ! l[e/ ,a be+ ! only "o cov]$ ) wire4 ,otto also cov]$ ! ,d 9 ord] to increase ! fulness ( ! tone4 ,9 ,spa9 six-/r+$ guit>s & vihuelas 7 kn[n 9 ! #af? c5tury2 !y are describ$ by ,juan ,b]mudo#c & o!rs4#d ,! l[e/ /r+ 0 tun$ to ,g4 ,o!r ,spani% guit>s ( ! same p]iod _h f\r1 five or sev5 /r+s or c\rses ( /r+s 9 pairs ( unisons4 ,!y 7 always twang$ by ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,juan ,b]mudo4 ,,fig4 #a4--,spani% ,guit> ) sev5 ,/r+s4 #aeee4 ,vihuela da ,mano4 ,! guit> is d]iv$ f ! ci?>a#e bo? /ructurally & etymologically4 ,x is usually ass]t$ t ! guit> 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,arabs1 b ?is /atem5t is op5 to ! grave/ d\bts4 ,!re is no trace among ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,arabs kn[n to u ( any simil> to ! guit> 9 con/ruction or %ape1 al?\gh a guit> 7fig4 #b7 ) slight incurvations 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4#f ,!re is also extant a f9e example ( ! guit>1 ) ribs & incurvations & a long neck provid$ ) num]\s frets1 on a ,hittite bas-relief on ! dromos at ,euyuk 7c4 #ajjj ,b4,c47 9 ,cappadocia4#g ,unless o!r monum5ts ( mu* lat] date %\ld come to light %[+ guit>s ) ribs1 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! in/rum5t1 :i* requir$ skill 9 con/ruction1 di$ out 9 ,egypt & 9 ,asia be=e ! days ( classic ,greece1 & _h to be evolv$ anew f ! ci?>a by ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,t ! evolution %\ld take place )9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire or 9 ,syria w\ld be q consi/5t ) ! traditions ( ! ,greeks & _! v5]ation = ! ci?>a1 :i* w\ld lead !m to adapt ! neck & o!r improvem5ts to x1 r ?an adopt ! rebab1 ! tanbur or ! b>biton f ! ,p]sians or ,arabians4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 :at seems to h tak5 place4 ,x is true t 9 ! #ad? c5tury 9 an enum]ation ( musical in/rum5ts by ! ,ar*ipre/e de ,hita1 a guit>ra morisca is m5tion$ & unfav\rably comp>$ ) ! guit>ra lat9a2 moreov]1 ! ,arabs ( ! pres5t day /ill use an in/rum5t call$ kuitra 7:i* 9 ,n4 ,africa w\ld be gui?>a71 b x has a vault$ back1 ! body be+ l half a pe> ) a long neck2 ! /r+s are twang$ by means ( a quill4 ,! ,arab in/rum5t !re=e belongs to a diff]5t class1 & to admit ! in/rum5t z ! ance/or ( ! ,spani% guit> w\ld be tantam\nt to d]iv+ ! guit> f ! lute4#h ,by piec+ toge!r v>i\s indications giv5 by ,spani% writ]s1 we obta9 a clue to ! id5tity ( ! m$ieval in/rum5ts1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( absolute pro(1 is entitl$ to s]i\s consid]ation4 ,f ,b]mudo's "w1 quot$ above1 we le>n t ! guit> & ! vihuela da mano 7 practically id5tical1 diff]+ only 9 accordance & occasionally 9 ! numb] ( /r+s4#i ,?ree k9ds ( vihuelas 7 kn[n 9 ,spa9 dur+ ! middle ages1 di/+ui%$ by ! qualify+ phrases da arco 7) b[71 da mano 7by h&71 da p5ola 7) quill74 ,spani% s*ol>s#aj :o h inquir$ into ?is "q ( id5tity /ate t ! guit>ra lat9a 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! vihuela da mano1 a /atem5t fully support$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,z ! ,arab kuitra 0 kn[n to be play$ by means ( a quill1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 id5tify+ x ) ! vihuela da p5ola4 ,! ^w vihuela or vigola is connect$ ) ! ,lat9 fidicula or fides1 a /r+$ in/rum5t m5tion$ by ,cic]o#aa z be+ made f ! wood ( ! plane-tree & hav+ _m /r+s4 ,! rema9+ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( id5tification is af=d$ by ,/ ,isidore1 bi%op ( ,seville 9 ! #g? c5tury1 :o /ates t fidicula 0 ano!r "n = ci?>a1 ,vet]es aut ci?>as fidicula vel fidice nom9av]unt4#ab ,! fidicula !re=e 0 ! ci?>a1 ei!r 9 its orig9al classical =m or 9 "o ( ! transitions :i* trans=m$ x into ! guit>4 ,! exi/5ce ( a sup]ior guit>ra lat9a side by side ) ! guit>ra morisca is ?us expla9$4 ,x 0 d]iv$ directly f ! classical ci?>a introduc$ by ! ,romans into ,spa91 ! ar*etype ( ! /ructural beauty :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! p]fect proportions & delicate /ructure ( ! viol94 ,9 an inv5tory#ac made by ,philip van ,wild] ( ! musical in/rum5ts :i* _h belong$ to ,h5ry ,,viii4 is ! foll[+ item be>+ on ! "q3 f\re gitt]ons ) iiii4 cases !y are call$ ,spani%e ,vialles4 ,vial or viol 0 ! ,engli% equival5t ( vihuela4 ,! transitions :]eby ! ci?>a acquir$ a neck & became a guit> are %[n 9 ! m9iatures 7fig4 #c7 ( a s+le ,,ms41 ! celebrat$ ,utre*t ,psalt]1 :i* gave rise to s _m discussions4 ,! ,utre*t ,psalt] 0 execut$ 9 ! diocese ( ,reims 9 ! #i? c5tury1 & ! m9iatures1 drawn by an ,anglo-,saxon arti/ atta*$ to ! ,reims s*ool1 are unique1 & illu/rate ! ,psalt]1 psalm by psalm4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,anglo-,saxon arti/1 :ile end[$ ) extraord9>y tal5t & vivid imag9ation1 drew 8 inspiration f an old] ,greek illu/rat$ ,psalt] f ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/1#ad :]e ! evolution ( ! guit> took place4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,d5on's ,voyage 9 ,egypt4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,anci5t ,egyptian ,guit>4 #agjj to #abjj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,in/rum5tali/s f ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 #i? c5tury3 7a7 ,! bass rotta1 fir/ transition ( ci?>a 9 7,c72 7b1 c1 d71 ,transitions %[+ ! addition ( neck to ! body ( ! ci?>a4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,dr ,h4 ,janits*ek's ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,mal]ei4 ,,fig4 #d4--,repres5tation ( a ,european ,guit>4 ,a4,d4 #aahj4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ repres5tations 7fig4 #d7 ( a guit> 9 ,we/]n ,europe occurs 9 a ,passionale f ,zwifalt5 ,a4,d4 #aahj1 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,/uttg>t4#ae ,/ ,pelagia seat$ on an ass holds a rotta1 or ci?>a 9 transition1 :ile "o ( ! m5-s]vants lead+ h] ass holds h] guit>4 ,bo? in/rum5ts h ?ree /r+s & ! *>act]i/ic guit> outl9e ) incurvations1 ! rotta diff]+ 9 hav+ no neck4 ,m]s5ne#af writ+ e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury describes & figures two ,spani% guit>s1 "o ) f\r1 ! o!r ) five /r+s2 ! =m] _h a citt]n head1 ! latt] ! /raight head b5t back at an obtuse angle f ! neck1 z 9 ! mod]n in/rum5t2 he gives ! ,italian1 ,fr5* & ,spani% tablatures :i* w\ld seem to %[ t ! guit> already enjoy$ a c]ta9 vogue 9 ,france & ,italy z well z 9 ,spa94 ,m]s5ne /ates t ! proportions ( ! guit> dem& t ! l5g? ( ! neck f %\ld] to nut %all be equal to ! l5g? ( ! body f ! c5tre ( ! rose to ! tail end4 ,f ?is "t until ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ! guit> enjoy$ great popul>ity on ! cont95t1 & became ! fa%ionable in/rum5t 9 ,engl& aft] ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! virtuosity ( ,f]d9& ,sor1 :o also wrote compositions = x4 ,?is popul>ity ( ! guit> 0 due less to its m]its z a solo in/rum5t ?an to ! ease ) :i* x c\ld be ma/]$ suffici5tly to accompany ! voice4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,spani% guit> 9 ,engl& l$ to ! wane 9 ! popul>ity ( ! citt]n1 also kn[n at t "t 9 contradi/9ction z ! ,engli% or wire-/rung guit>1 al?\gh ! two in/rum5ts diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ! great popul>ity ( ! guit> all ov] ,europe may be in/anc$ ! extraord9>y numb] ( books extant on ! in/rum5t1 giv+ in/ructions h[ to play ! guit> & read ! tablature4#ag 7,k4 ,s47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,ub] d5 ,bau d] ,bog59/rum5te 7,j5a1 #ahbh71 pp4 #id & #ie4 #b ,see ,pietro ,millioni1 ,v]o e facil modo d' imp>>e a son>e et accord>e da se m$esimo la *it>ra spagnola1 ) illu/ration 7,rome1 #afcg74 #c ,decl>acion de in/rum5tos musicales 7,ossuna1 #aeee71 fol4 xciii4 b & fol4 xci4 a4 ,see also illu/ration ( vihuela da mano4 #d ,see also ,g4 ,g4 ,kapsp]g]1 ,libro primo di ,villanelle con l' infavolutura del *it>one et alfabeto p] la *it>ra spagnola 7?ree books1 ,rome1 #afaj-afbc74 #e ,see ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 ,! ,in/rum5ts ( ! ,or*e/ra1 "p ii4 ,precursors ( ! ,viol9 ,family1 pp4 #bcj-bdh4 #f ,see ,d5on's ,voyage 9 ,egypt 7,london1 #ahjg1 pl4 #ee74 #g ,illu/rat$ f a draw+ 9 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,judee ,s>daigne1 ,syrie1 ,cappadoce4 ,vol4 iv4 ( ,hi/4 de l'art dans l'antiquite1 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 p4 #fgj4 ,also see plate f a photograph by ,pr(4 ,john ,g>/ang1 9 ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 op4 cit4 #h ,see ,bi]na?1 ,die ,guit>re 7#aijh74 #i ,see also ,luys ,milan1 ,libro de musica de vihuela da mano1 ,intitulado ,il ,mae/ro1 :]e ! accordance is ,d1 ,g1 ,c1 ,e1 ,a1 ,d f bass to treble4 #aj ,m>iano ,soriano1 ,fu]tes ,hi/oria de la musica espanola 7,madrid1 #ahee71 i4 #aje1 & iv4 #bjh1 c4 #aa ,de natura deorum1 ii4 #h1 #bb4 #ab ,see ,etymologi>ium1 lib4 iii41 cap4 #ba4 #ac ,see ,briti% ,museum1 ,h>leian ,,ms4 #adai1 fol4 #bjj4 #ad ,! lit]ature ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt] embraces a l>ge numb] ( books & pamphlets 9 _m languages ( :i* ! pr9cipal are "h giv53 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood1 ,facsimiles ( ! ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,,mss4 7,london1 #ahfh72 ,sir ,?os4 ,duffus-,h>dy1 ,report on ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ 9 connection ) ! ,utre*t ,psalt] 7,london1 #ahgb72 ,report on ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 address$ to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,london1 #ahgd72 ,sir ,?omas ,duffus-,h>dy1 ,fur!r ,report on ! ,utre*t ,psalt] 7,london1 #ahgd72 ,walt] de ,gray ,bir*1 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,art & ,palaeography ( ! ,,ms4 /yl$ ! ,utre*t ,psalt] 7,london1 #ahgf72 ,anton ,spr+]1 ,die ,psalt]illu/ration5 im fruh5 ,mittelalt] mit besond]] ,rucksi*t auf d5 ,utre*t ,psalt]1 ,abh&lung5 d] kgl4 sa*s4 ,ges4 d4 ,wiss5s*aft51 phil4-hi/4 ,klasse1 ,bd4 viii4 pp4 #ahg-bif1 ) #aj facsimile plates 9 autotype f ! ,,ms42 ,adolf ,golds*midt1 ,d] ,utre*t ,psalt]1 9 ,rep]torium fur ,kun/wiss5s*aft1 ,bd4 xv4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahib71 pp4 #aef-aff2 ,franz ,fri$ri* ,leits*uh1 ,ges*i*te d] k>ol+is*5 ,mal]ei1 ihr ,bild]kreis und se9e ,quell5 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #cba-ccj2 ,adolf ,golds*midt1 ,d] ,albani ,psalt] 9 ,hilde%eim1 c4 7,b]l91 #ahie72 ,paul ,durrieu1 ,l',orig9e du ,,ms4 celebre dit le ,psaulti] d',utre*t 7,p>is1 #ahie72 ,hans ,graev51 ,die ,vorlage des ,utre*t ,psalt]s1 pap] read be=e ! ,,xi4 ,int]national ,ori5tal ,congress1 ,p>is1 #ahig4 ,see also ,rep]torium fur ,kun/wiss5s*aft 7,/uttg>t1 #ahih71 ,bd4 xxi4 pp4 #bh-ce2 ,j4 ,j4 ,tikkan51 ,ab5dl&is*e ,psalt]-,illu/ration im ,mittelalt]1 "p iii4 ,d] ,utre*t ,psalt] 7,hels+=s1 #aijj71 #cbj pp4 & #gg ills4 7,pr(essor ,tikkan5 n[ accepts ! ,greek or ,syrian orig9 ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt]72 ,georg ,sw>z5ski1 ,die k>ol+is*e ,mal]ei und ,pla/ik 9 ,reims4 9 ,jahrbu* d4 kgl4 preussis*5 ,kun/sammlung51 ,bd4 xxiii4 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #ha-ajj2 ,ormonde ,m4 ,dalton1 ,! ,cry/al ( ,lo?air1 9 ,ar*aologie1 vol4 lix4 7#aijd72 ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 ,! ,in/rum5ts ( ! ,or*e/ra1 "p ii4 ,! ,precursors ( ! ,viol9 ,family1 *ap4 viii4 ,! ,"q ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 pp4 #ceb-chb 7) illu/rations71 :]e all ! =ego+ are summ>iz$4 #ae ,reproduc$ 9 ,hub]t ,janits*ek's ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,mal]ei1 ,bd4 iii4 ( ,ges*4 d] deuts*5 ,kun/ 7,b]l91 #ahij71 p4 #aah4 #af ,h>monie univ]selle 7,p>is1 #afcf71 livre ii4 prop4 xiv4 #ag ,see ,c4 ,f4 ,beck]1 ,d>/ellung d] musik4 ,lit]atur 7,leipzig1 #ahcf72 & ,wilhelm ,tapp]t1 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,guit>re1 9 ,monat%efte fur ,musikges*i*te 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 ,no4 #e4 pp4 #gg-he4 ,,guit> ,,fiddle 7,tr\bad\r ,fiddle71 a mod]n "n be/[$ retrospectively ^u c]ta9 precursors ( ! viol9 possess+ *>act]i/ics ( bo? guit> & fiddle4 ,! "n guit> fiddle is int5d$ to emphasize ! fact t ! in/rum5t 9 ! %ape ( ! guit>1 :i* dur+ ! middle ages repres5t$ ! mo/ p]fect pr9ciple ( con/ruction = /r+$ in/rum5ts ) necks1 adopt$ at a c]ta9 p]iod ! use ( ! b[ f in/rum5ts ( a less p]fect type1 ! rebab & its hybrids4 ,! use ( ! b[ ) ! guit> entail$ c]ta9 con/ructive *anges 9 ! in/rum5t3 ! l>ge c5tral rose s\nd-hole 0 replac$ by lat]al holes ( v>i\s %apes2 ! flat bridge1 suitable = in/rum5ts ^: /r+s 7 pluck$1 gave place to ! ar*$ bridge requir$ 9 ord] to enable ! b[ to vibrate ea* /r+ sep>ately2 ! ar*$ bridge1 by rais+ ! /r+s high] above ! s\ndbo>d1 made ! /opp+ ( /r+s on ! neck extremely difficult if n impossible2 ?is matt] 0 adju/$ by ! addition ( a f+]-bo>d ( suitable %ape & dim5sions 7fig4 #a74 ,at ?is /age ! guit> fiddle possesses ! ess5tial features ( ! viol91 & may ju/ly claim to be its imm$iate pr$ecessor#a n s mu* ?r\gh ! viols :i* 7 ! outcome ( ! ,m9nes+] fiddle ) slop+ %\ld]s1 z ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! ,italian lyra1 a guit>-%ap$ b[$ in/rum5t ) f #g to #ab /r+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ruhlmann's ,ges*i*te d] ,bog59/rum5te4 ,,fig4 #a4--,typical ,alto ,guit> ,fiddle1 #ae? c5tury 7,p9ako!k1 ,muni*74 ,f su* evid5ce z we n[ possess1 x w\ld seem t ! evolution ( ! e>ly guit> ) a neck f ! ,greek ci?>a took place "u ,greek influ5ce 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,ea/4 ,! v>i\s /ages ( ?is transition h be5 def9itely e/abli%$ by ! rem>kable m9iatures ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt]4#b ,two k9ds ( ci?>as are %[n3 ! antique rectangul>1#c & ! lat] design ) r\nd$ body hav+ at ! po9t :]e ! arms are add$ indications ( ! wai/ or incurvations *>act]i/ic ( ! outl9e ( ! ,spani% guit>4#d ,! fir/ /age 9 ! transition is %[n by a ci?>a or rotta#e 9 :i* arms & transv]se b> are replac$ by a k9d ( frame repeat+ ! outl9e ( ! body & ?us complet+ ! second lobe ( ! ,spani% guit>4 ,! next /ages 9 ! transition are conc]n$ ) ! addition ( a neck#f & ( frets4#g ,all ^! in/rum5ts are twang$ by ! f+]s4 ,"o may conclude t ! use ( ! b[ 0 ei!r unkn[n at ?is "t 7c4 #f? c5tury ,a4,d471 or t x 0 /ill conf9$ to in/rum5ts ( ! rebab type4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n repres5tation ( a guit> fiddle complete ) b[#h 7fig4 #b7 occurs 9 a ,greek ,psalt] writt5 & illum9at$ 9 ,caes>ea by ! ar*prie/ ,!odorus 9 #ajff 7,briti% ,museum1 ,add4 ,,ms4 #aiceb74 ,in/ances ( p]fect guit> fiddles ab\nd 9 ! #ac? c5tury ,,mss4 & monum5ts1 z = in/ance 9 a picture by ,cimabue 7#abdj-acjb74 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y 9 ,flor5ce4#i ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,byzant9e ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,e>lie/ example ( ! ,guit> ,fiddle4 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,an evolution on p>allel l9es appe>s also to h tak5 place f ! antique rectangul> ci?>a#aj ( ! ci?>o$es1 :i* 0 a fav\rite 9 ,romano-,*ri/ian art4#aa ,9 ?is case examples illu/rative ( ! transitions are f\nd repres5t$ 9 great v>iety 9 ,europe4 ,! old ,g]man rotta#ab ( ! #f? c5tury pres]v$ 9 ! ,volk] ,museum1 ,b]l91 & ! in/rum5ts play$ by ,k+ ,david 9 two e>ly ,anglo-,saxon illum9at$ ,,mss41 "o a ,psalt] 7,cotton ,,ms4 ,vesp4 ,a4 i4 ,briti% ,museum7 f9i%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gjj1 ! o!r ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,psalms by ,cassiodorus manu ,b$ae ( ! #h? c5tury pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,durham#ac =m examples ( ! fir/ /age ( transition4 ,f su* types z ^! ! rectangul> crw? or cr[d 0 evolv$ by ! addition ( a f+]-bo>d & ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( /r+s1 :i* foll[s z a natural consequ5ce z soon z an ext5d$ compass c be obta9$ by /opp+ ! /r+s4 ,by ! addition ( a neck we obta9 ! clue to ! orig9 ( rectangul> citt]ns ) r\nd$ corn]s & ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts play$ ) ! b[ ^: bodies or s\nd-*e/s h an outl9e bas$ ^u ! rectangle ) v>i\s modifications4 ,we may n look ^u ?is type ( guit> fiddle z due entirely to we/]n or s\!rn ,european initiative2 its orig9 l t ( ! type approximat+ to ! viol9 is evid5tly ,byzant9e4 ,x is f\nd among ! frescoes :i* cov] walls & b>rel vaults 9 ! palace ( ,kosseir ',amra1#ad believ$ to be t ( ,caliph ,walid ,,ii4 7,a4,d4 #gdd7 ( ! ,omayyad dyna/y1 or ( ,pr9ce ,ahmad1 ! ,abbasid 7#hfb-hff74 ,! in/rum5t1 a citt]n ) f\r /r+s1 is be+ play$ by a be>4 ,o!r examples occur 9 ! ,/uttg>t ,c>ol+ian ,psalt]#ae 7#aj? c5tury72 9 ,,ms4 #abfj 7,bibl4 ,imp4 ,p>is7 ,tri/an & ,yseult2 z guit> fiddle 9 ! ,lib] ,regalis pres]v$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7#ad? c5tury72 9 ! ,s=za ,book#af 7#addd-adgf71 ! ,book ( ,h\rs execut$ = ,bona ( ,savoy1 wife ( ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za2 on "o ( ! c>v+s ( ! #ac? c5tury 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s4 ,x has also be5 pa9t$ by ,italian arti/s ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies4 7,k4 ,s47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,! ,precursors ( ! ,viol9 ,family1 by ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 "p ii4 ( ,an ,illu/rat$ ,h&book on ! ,in/rum5ts ( ! ,or*e/ra 7,london1 #aijh71 *s4 ii4 & x4 #b ,see ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 op4 cit4 "p ii41 ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 pp4 #abg-ace1 & ! ,"q ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,utre*t ,psalt]1 pp4 #acf-aff1 :]e ! subject is discuss$ & illu/rat$4 #c ,idem1 see pl4 vi4 7#b7 to ! "r c5tre4 #d ,idem1 see pl4 iii4 c5tre & figs4 #aah & #aai4 #e ,idem1 see fig4 #aag1 p4 #cda1 & figs4 #agb & #aaf4 #f ,idem1 see fig4 #aba1 p4 #bdf1 figs4 #abb1 #abc1 #abe & #abf pl4 iii4 vi4 7#a7 & 7#b74 #g ,idem1 see fig4 #abf1 p4 #cej1 & pl4 iii4 "r c5tre4 #h ,idem1 see fig4 #agc1 p4 #ddh4 #i ,idem1 see fig4 #bje1 p4 #dhj4 #aj ,see ,museo ,pio ,clem5t9o1 by ,visconti 7,milan1 #ahah74 #aa ,see = example ,georgics1 iv4 #dga-dge 9 ! ,vatican ,virgil 7,cod4 #cbbe71 9 facsimile 7,rome1 #ahii7 7,briti% ,museum press-m>k #h1 tab4 f4 vol4 ii474 #ab ,?is rotta 0 f\nd 9 an ,alamannic tomb ( ! #d? to ! #g? c5turies at ,ob]fla*t 9 ! ,black ,=e/4 ,a facsimile is pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,kgl4 ,ho*s*ule1 ,b]l91 illu/rations 9 ,grabfunde am ,b]ge ,lupf5 bei ,ob]fla*t1 #ahdf1 ,jahresb]i*te d4 ,wurttemb4 ,alt]tums-,v]e9s1 iii4 7,/uttg>t1 #ahdf71 tab4 viii4 also ,ka?le5 ,s*les+]1 op4 cit4 "p ii4 fig4 #afh 7draw+ f ! facsimile74 #ac ,reproductions ( bo? m9iatures are to be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood's ,facsimiles ( ! ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,,mss4 7,london1 #ahfh74 #ad ,an illu/ration occurs 9 ! f9e publication ( ! ,au/rian ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,kusejr ',amra 7,vi5na1 #aijg1 pl4 xxxiv474 #ae ,see reproduction ( "s ( ! m9iatures 9 ,jacob & ,h4 von ,hefn]-,alt5eck1 ,tra*t5 des *ri/li*5 ,mittelalt]s 7,d>m/adt4 #ahdj-ahed1 #c vols471 & 9 ,tra*t51 ,kun/w]ke und ,g]ats*aft5 vom fruh5 ,mittelalt] 7,frank=t-on-,ma91 #ahgi-ahij71 #af ,add4 ,,ms4 #cdbid1 ,briti% ,museum1 vol4 ii4 fol4 #hc1 #afa1 vol4 iii4 fol4 #djb1 vol4 iv4 fols4 #ecd & #ffg4 ,,guitry1 ,,luci5 ,,g]ma9 7#ahfj- 71 ,fr5* actor1 0 born 9 ,p>is4 ,he became prom95t on ! ,fr5* /age at ! ,porte ,sa9t-,m>t9 !atre 9 #aijj1 & ! ,v>ietes 9 #aija1 & !n became a memb] ( ! ,com$ie ,francaise1 b he resign$ v soon 9 ord] to become director ( ! ,r5aissance1 :]e he 0 pr9cipally associat$ ) ! actress ,m>! ,br&es1 :o _h also left ! ,com$ie4 ,"h he e/abli%$ 8 reputation1 9 a numb] ( plays1 z ! greate/ contempor>y ,fr5* actor 9 ! drama ( mod]n reality4 ,,guizot1 ,,francois ,,pi]re ,,guillaume 7#aghg-ahgd71 hi/orian1 orator & /atesman1 0 born at ,nimes on ! #d? ( ,octob] #aghg1 ( an hon\rable ,prote/ant family belong+ to ! b\rgeoisie ( t city4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! cruel disabilities :i* /ill weigh$ ^u ! ,prote/ants ( ,france be=e ! ,revolution1 t 8 p>5ts1 at ! "t ( _! union1 c\ld n be publicly or legally m>ri$ by _! own pa/ors1 & t ! c]emony 0 cl&e/9e4 ,! lib]al op9ions ( 8 family did n1 h[ev]1 save x f ! sangu9>y intol]ance ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror1 & on ! #h? ,april #agid 8 fa!r p]i%$ at ,nimes ^u ! scaffold4 ,!nce=? ! education ( ! future m9i/] devolv$ entirely ^u 8 "m1 a woman ( slight appe>ance & ( homely mann]s1 b end[$ ) great /r5g? ( "* & cle>ness ( judgm5t4 ,madame ,guizot 0 a liv+ type ( ! ,hugu5ots ( ! #af? c5tury1 /]n 9 h] pr9ciples & h] fai?1 immovable 9 h] convictions & h] s5se ( duty4 ,%e =m$ ! "* ( h] illu/ri\s son & %>$ e vicissitude ( 8 life4 ,9 ! days ( 8 p[] h] simple figure1 always clad 9 deep m\rn+ = h] m>tyr$ husb&1 0 n abs5t f ! spl5did circle ( 8 political fri5ds4 ,9 ! days ( 8 exile 9 #ahdh %e foll[$ him to ,london1 & !re at a v advanc$ age clos$ h] life & 0 buri$ at ,k5sal ,gre54 ,driv5 f ,nimes by ! ,revolution1 ,madame ,guizot & h] son repair$ to ,g5eva1 :]e he receiv$ 8 education4 ,9 spite ( h] decid$ ,calv9i/ic op9ions1 ! !ories ( ,r\sseau1 !n mu* 9 fa%ion1 7 n )\t _! influ5ce on ,madame ,guizot4 ,%e 0 a /rong ,lib]al1 & %e ev5 adopt$ ! notion inculcat$ 9 ! ,emile t e man ought to le>n a manual trade or craft4 ,"y ,guizot 0 taught to be a c>p5t]1 & he s f> succe$$ 9 8 "w t he made a table ) 8 own h&s1 :i* is /ill pres]v$4 ,( ! progress ( 8 grav] /udies little is kn[n1 = 9 ! "w :i* he entitl$ ,memoirs ( my own ,times ,guizot omitt$ all p]sonal details ( 8 e>li] life4 ,b 8 lit]>y atta9m5ts mu/ h be5 precoci\s & consid]able1 = :5 he arriv$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahje to pursue 8 /udies 9 ! faculty ( laws1 he ent]$ at eighte5 z tutor into ! family ( ,m4 ,/apf]1 =m]ly ,swiss m9i/] 9 ,france1 & he soon began to write 9 a j\rnal edit$ by ,m4 ,su>d1 ! ,publici/e4 ,?is connexion introduc$ him to ! lit]>y society ( ,p>is4 ,9 ,octob] #ahji1 be+ !n tw5ty-two1 he wrote a review ( ,m4 de ,*ateaubri&'s ,m>tyrs1 :i* procur$ = him ! approbation & cordial ?anks ( t em95t p]son1 & he cont9u$ to contribute l>gely to ! p]iodical press4 ,at ,su>d's he _h made ! acqua9tance ( ,paul9e ,meulan1 an accompli%$ lady ( good family1 "s f\rte5 ye>s old] ?an himself1 :o _h be5 =c$ by ! h>d%ips ( ! ,revolution to e>n h] liv+ by lit]ature1 & :o also 0 engag$ to contribute a s]ies ( articles to ,su>d's j\rnal4 ,^! contributions 7 int]rupt$ by h] illness1 b imm$iately resum$ & cont9u$ by an unkn[n h&4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ,francois ,guizot _h quietly suppli$ ! defici5cy on h] behalf4 ,! acqua9tance ?us begun rip5$ into fri5d%ip & love1 & 9 #ahab ,mademoiselle de ,meulan cons5t$ to m>ry h] y\?ful ally4 ,%e di$ 9 #ahbg2 %e 0 ! au?or ( _m e/eem$ works on female education4 ,an only son1 born 9 #ahai1 di$ 9 #ahcg ( consumption4 ,9 #ahbh ,guizot m>ri$ ,elisa ,dillon1 niece ( 8 fir/ wife1 & also an au?or4 ,%e di$ 9 #ahcc1 leav+ a son1 ,maurice ,guillaume 7#ahcc-ahib71 :o atta9$ "s reputation z a s*ol> & writ]4 ,dur+ ! empire1 ,guizot1 entirely devot$ to lit]>y pursuits1 publi%$ a collection ( ,fr5* synonyms 7#ahji71 an essay on ! f9e arts 7#ahaa71 & a translation ( ,gibbon ) additional notes 9 #ahab4 ,^! works recomm5d$ him to ! notice ( ,m4 de ,fontanes1 !n gr&-ma/] ( ! univ]sity ( ,france1 :o select$ ,guizot = ! *air ( mod]n hi/ory at ! ,sorbonne 9 #ahab4 ,8 fir/ lecture 7:i* is repr9t$ 9 8 ,memoirs7 0 deliv]$ on ! #aa? ( ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,! cu/om>y complim5t to ! all-p[]ful emp]or he decl9$ to ins]t 9 x1 9 spite ( ! h9ts giv5 him by 8 patron1 b ! c\rse :i* foll[$ m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! great revival ( hi/orical rese>* 9 ,france 9 ! #ai? c5tury4 ,he _h n[ acquir$ a consid]able position 9 ! society ( ,p>is1 & ! fri5d%ip ( ,roy]-,coll>d & ! lead+ memb]s ( ! lib]al p>ty1 includ+ ! "y duc de ,broglie4 ,abs5t f ,p>is at ! mom5t ( ! fall ( ,napoleon 9 #ahad1 he 0 at once select$1 on ! recomm5dation ( ,roy]-,coll>d1 to s]ve ! gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 9 ! capacity ( secret>y-g5]al ( ! m9i/ry ( ! int]ior1 "u ! abbe de ,montesqui\4 ,^u ! return ( ,napoleon f ,elba he imm$iately resign$1 on ! #be? ( ,m>* #ahae 7! /atem5t t he reta9$ (fice "u ,g5]al ,c>not is incorrect71 & return$ to 8 lit]>y pursuits4 ,aft] ! ,hundr$ ,days1 he repair$ to ,gh5t1 :]e he saw ,l\is ,,xviii41 & 9 ! "n ( ! lib]al p>ty po9t$ out to 8 maje/y t a frank adoption ( a lib]al policy c\ld alone secure ! duration ( ! re/or$ mon>*y--advice :i* 0 ill-receiv$ by ,m4 de ,blacas & ! k+'s confid5tial advis]s4 ,?is visit to ,gh5t1 at ! "t :5 ,france 0 a prey to a second invasion1 0 made a subject ( bitt] reproa* to ,guizot 9 aft] life by 8 political oppon5ts1 z an unpatriotic action4 ,! ,man ( ,gh5t 0 "o ( ! t]ms ( insult frequ5tly hurl$ aga9/ him 9 ! days ( 8 p[]4 ,b ! reproa* appe>s to be :olly unf\nd$4 ,! true int]e/s ( ,france 7 n 9 ! def5ce ( ! fall+ empire1 b 9 e/abli%+ a lib]al policy on a mon>*ical basis & 9 combat+ ! reaction>y t5d5cies ( ! ultra-royali/s4 ,x is at any rate a rem>kable circum/ance t a "y pr(essor ( tw5ty-sev51 ) none ( ! advantages ( bir? or political exp]i5ce1 %\ld h be5 select$ to convey s important a message to ! e>s ( ! k+ ( ,france1 & a pro(1 if any 7 want+1 t ! ,revolution _h1 z ,guizot said1 done its "w4 ,on ! second re/oration1 ,guizot 0 appo9t$ secret>y-g5]al ( ! m9i/ry ( ju/ice "u ,m4 de ,b>be-,m>bois1 b resign$ ) 8 *ief 9 #ahaf4 ,aga9 9 #ahai he 0 appo9t$ g5]al director ( communes & dep>tm5ts 9 ! m9i/ry ( ! int]ior1 b lo/ 8 (fice ) ! fall ( ,decazes 9 ,febru>y #ahbj4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,guizot 0 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,doctr9aires1 a small p>ty /rongly atta*$ to ! *>t] & ! cr[n1 & advocat+ a policy :i* has become associat$ 7especially by ,faguet7 ) ! "n ( ,guizot1 t ( ! ju/e milieu1 a via m$ia betwe5 absolutism & popul> gov]nm5t4 ,_! op9ions _h m ( ! rig\r ( a sect ?an ! ela/icity ( a political p>ty4 ,adh]+ to ! great pr9ciples ( lib]ty & tol]ation1 !y 7 /]nly oppos$ to ! an>*ical traditions ( ! ,revolution4 ,!y knew t ! elem5ts ( an>*y 7 /ill f]m5t+ 9 ! c\ntry2 ^! !y hop$ to subdue1 n by reaction>y measures1 b by ! firm application ( ! p[] ( a limit$ con/itution1 bas$ on ! suffrages ( ! middle class & def5d$ by ! highe/ lit]>y tal5t ( ! times4 ,_! motives 7 hon\rable4 ,_! views 7 philosophical4 ,b !y 7 oppos$ alike to ! democratical _s ( ! age1 to ! milit>y traditions ( ! empire1 & to ! bigotry & absolutism ( ! c\rt4 ,! fate ( su* a p>ty might be =ese54 ,!y liv$ by a policy ( resi/ance2 !y p]i%$ by ano!r revolution 7#ahcj74 ,!y are rememb]$ m = _! con/ant opposition to popul> dem&s ?an by ! s]vices !y und\bt$ly r5d]$ to ! cause ( temp]ate fre$om4 ,9 #ahbj1 :5 ! reaction 0 at its height aft] ! murd] ( ! duc de ,b]ri1 & ! fall ( ! m9i/ry ( ! duc ,decazes1 ,guizot 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fices1 & 9 #ahbb ev5 8 c\rse ( lectures 7 int]dict$4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ ye>s he play$ an important "p among ! lead]s ( ! lib]al opposition to ! gov]nm5t ( ,*>les ,x41 al?\gh he _h n yet ent]$ p>liam5t1 & ?is 0 also ! "t ( 8 greate/ lit]>y activity4 ,9 #ahbb he _h publi%$ 8 lectures on repres5tative gov]nm5t 7,hi/oire des orig9es du g\v]nem5t repres5tatif1 #ahba-ahbb1 #b vols42 ,eng4 trans4 #aheb72 also a "w on capital puni%m5t = political (f5ces & sev]al important political pamphlets4 ,f #ahbb to #ahcj he publi%$ two important collections ( hi/orical s\rces1 ! memoirs ( ! hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 #bf volumes1 & ! memoirs ( ! hi/ory ( ,france 9 #ca volumes1 & a revis$ translation ( ,%akespe>e1 & a volume ( essays on ! hi/ory ( ,france4 ,! mo/ rem>kable "w f 8 own p5 0 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,hi/oire de la revolution d',anglet]re depuis ,*>les ,ier a ,*>les ,,ii4 7#b vols41 #ahbf-ahbg2 ,eng4 trans41 #b vols41 ,ox=d1 #ahch71 a book ( great m]it & imp>tiality1 :i* he resum$ & complet$ dur+ 8 exile 9 ,engl& aft] #ahdh4 ,! ,m>tignac adm9i/ration re/or$ ,guizot 9 #ahbh to 8 pr(essor's *air & to ! c\ncil ( /ate4 ,!n x 0 t he deliv]$ ! celebrat$ c\rses ( lectures :i* rais$ 8 reputation z an hi/orian to ! highe/ po9t ( fame1 & plac$ him among/ ! be/ writ]s ( ,france & ( ,europe4 ,^! lectures =m$ ! basis ( 8 g5]al ,hi/oire de la civilisation en ,europe 7#ahbh2 ,eng4 trans1 by ,w4 ,hazlitt1 #c vols41 #ahdf71 & ( 8 ,hi/oire de la civilisation en ,france 7#d vols41 #ahcj71 works :i* mu/ ev] be reg>d$ z classics ( mod]n hi/orical rese>*4 ,hi!rto ,guizot's fame re/$ on 8 m]its z a writ] on public affairs & z a lectur] on mod]n hi/ory4 ,he _h atta9$ ! age ( =ty-?ree be=e he ent]$ ^u ! full display ( 8 oratorical /r5g?4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahcj he 0 elect$ = ! fir/ "t by ! t[n ( ,lisieux to ! *amb] ( deputies1 & he reta9$ t seat dur+ ! :ole ( 8 political life4 ,guizot imm$iately assum$ an important position 9 ! repres5tative assembly1 & ! fir/ spee* he deliv]$ 0 9 def5ce ( ! celebrat$ address ( ! #bba1 9 answ] to ! m5ac+ spee* f ! ?rone1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! dissolution ( ! *amb]1 & 0 ! precursor ( ano!r revolution4 ,on 8 return+ to ,p>is f ,nimes on ! #bg? ( ,july1 ! fall ( ,*>les ,x4 0 already imm95t4 ,guizot 0 call$ ^u by 8 fri5ds ,casimir-,p]i]1 ,laffitte1 ,villema9 & ,dup9 to draw up ! prote/ ( ! lib]al deputies aga9/ ! royal ord9ances ( ,july1 :il/ he appli$ himself ) !m to control ! revolution>y "* ( ! late conte/4 ,p]sonally1 ,guizot 0 always ( op9ion t x 0 a great mis=tune = ! cause ( p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t 9 ,france t ! infatuation & ineptitude ( ,*>les ,x4 & ,pr9ce ,polignac r5d]$ a *ange 9 ! h]$it>y l9e ( succession inevitable4 ,b1 ?\gh conv9c$ t x 0 inevitable1 he became "o ( ! mo/ ard5t support]s ( ,l\is-,philippe4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahcj ,guizot 0 made m9i/] ( ! int]ior1 b resign$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,he _h n[ pass$ into ! ranks ( ! cons]vatives1 & = ! next eighte5 ye>s 0 ! mo/ det]m9$ foe ( democracy1 ! unyield+ *ampion ( a mon>*y limit$ by a limit$ numb] ( b\rgeois4 ,9 #ahca ,casimir-,p]i] =m$ a m vigor\s & compact adm9i/ration1 :i* 0 t]m9at$ 9 ,may #ahcb by 8 dea?2 ! summ] ( t ye> 0 m>k$ by a =midable republican ris+ 9 ,p>is1 & x 0 n till ! #aa? ( ,octob] #ahcb t a /able gov]nm5t 0 =m$1 9 :i* ,m>%al ,s\lt 0 fir/ m9i/]1 ! duc de ,broglie took ! =eign (fice1 ,?i]s ! home dep>tm5t1 & ,guizot ! dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction4 ,?is m9i/ry1 :i* la/$ = ne>ly f\r ye>s1 0 by f> ! able/ t ev] s]v$ ,l\is ,philippe4 ,guizot1 h[ev]1 0 already m>k$ ) ! /igma ( unpopul>ity by ! m advanc$ lib]al p>ty4 ,he rema9$ unpopul> all 8 life1 n1 said he1 t ,i c\rt unpopul>ity1 b t ,i ?9k no?+ ab\t x4 ,yet nev] 7 8 great abilities m useful to 8 c\ntry ?an :il/ he fill$ ?is (fice ( second>y rank b ( prim>y importance 9 ! dep>tm5t ( public in/ruction4 ,! duties x impos$ on him 7 entirely cong5ial to 8 lit]>y ta/es1 & he 0 ma/] ( ! subjects !y conc]n$4 ,he appli$ himself 9 ! fir/ in/ance to c>ry ! law ( ! #bh? ( ,june #ahcc1 & !n = ! next ?ree ye>s to put x into execution4 ,9 e/abli%+ & organiz+ prim>y education 9 ,france1 ?is law m>k$ a di/9ct epo* 9 ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,9 fifte5 ye>s1 "u its influ5ce1 ! numb] ( prim>y s*ools rose f t5 to tw5ty-?ree ?\s&2 normal s*ools = tea*]s1 & a g5]al sy/em ( inspection1 7 introduc$2 & bo>ds ( education1 "u mix$ lay & cl]ical au?ority1 7 creat$4 ,! second>y class ( s*ools & ! univ]sity ( ,france 7 equally ! subject ( 8 enlight5$ protection & c>e1 & a prodigi\s impulse 0 giv5 to philosophical /udy & hi/orical rese>*4 ,! bran* ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france kn[n z ! ,academie des ,sci5ces ,morales et ,politiques1 :i* _h be5 suppress$ by ,napoleon1 0 reviv$ by ,guizot4 ,"s ( ! old memb]s ( ?is le>n$ body--,talleyr&1 ,sieyes1 ,ro$]] & ,lakanal--aga9 took _! seats !re1 & a ho/ ( m rec5t celebrities 7 add$ by election = ! free discussion ( ! great problems ( political & social sci5ce4 ,! ,societe de l',hi/oire de ,france 0 f\nd$ = ! publication ( hi/orical works2 & a va/ publication ( m$ieval *ronicles & diplomatic pap]s 0 und]tak5 at ! exp5se ( ! /ate 7see ,,hi/ory2 & ,,france1 ,hi/ory1 section ,s\rces74 ,! object ( ! cab9et ( ,octob] #ahcb 0 to organize a cons]vative p>ty1 & to c>ry on a policy ( resi/ance to ! republican faction :i* ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( ! mon>*y4 ,x 0 _! pride & _! boa/ t _! measures nev] exce$$ ! limits ( ! law1 & by ! ex]cise ( legal p[] alone !y put d[n an insurrection am\nt+ to civil w> 9 ,lyons & a sangu9>y revolt 9 ,p>is4 ,! real /r5g? ( ! m9i/ry lay n 9 its nom9al heads1 b 9 ! fact t 9 ?is gov]nm5t & ?is alone ,guizot & ,?i]s act$ 9 cordial co-op]ation4 ,! two great rivals 9 ,fr5* p>liam5t>y eloqu5ce foll[$ = a "t ! same pa?2 b nei!r ( !m c\ld submit to ! supremacy ( ! o!r1 & circum/ances ?rew ,?i]s almo/ cont9u\sly on a c\rse ( opposition1 :il/ ,guizot bore ! grav] responsibilities ( p[]4 ,once aga9 inde$1 9 #ahci1 !y 7 unit$1 b x 0 9 opposition to ,m4 ,mole1 :o _h =m$ an int]m$iate gov]nm5t1 & ?is coalition betwe5 ,guizot & ! lead]s ( ! left c5tre & ! left1 ,?i]s & ,odilon ,b>rot1 due to 8 ambition & jeal\sy ( ,mole1 is ju/ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief inconsi/5cies ( 8 life4 ,victory 0 secur$ at ! exp5se ( pr9ciple1 & ,guizot's attack ^u ! gov]nm5t gave rise to a crisis & a republican insurrection4 ,none ( ! ?ree *iefs ( t alliance took m9i/]ial (fice1 h[ev]1 & ,guizot 0 n sorry to accept ! po/ ( ambassador 9 ,london1 :i* )drew him = a "t f p>liam5t>y conte/s4 ,?is 0 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdj1 & ,?i]s succe$$ %ortly aft]w>ds to ! m9i/ry ( =eign affairs4 ,guizot 0 receiv$ ) m>k$ di/9ction by ! que5 & by ! society ( ,london4 ,8 lit]>y works 7 highly e/eem$1 8 "* 0 respect$1 & ,france 0 nev] m wor?ily repres5t$ abroad ?an by "o ( h] greate/ orators4 ,he 0 kn[n to be well v]s$ 9 ! hi/ory & ! lit]ature ( ,engl&1 & s9c]ely atta*$ to ! alliance ( ! two nations & ! cause ( peace4 ,b1 z he himself rem>k$1 he 0 a /rang] to ,engl& & a novice 9 diplomacy2 & unhappily ! embroil$ /ate ( ! ,syrian "q1 on :i* ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t _h sep>at$ itself f ! jo9t policy ( ,europe1 & possibly ! abs5ce ( entire confid5ce betwe5 ! ambassador & ! m9i/] ( =eign affairs1 plac$ him 9 an emb>rass+ & ev5 false position4 ,! w>n+s he transmitt$ to ,?i]s 7 n believ$4 ,! w>like policy ( ,?i]s 0 oppos$ to 8 own convictions4 ,! treaty ( ! #ae? ( ,july 0 sign$ )\t 8 k & execut$ 9 ! tee? ( 8 remon/rances4 ,= "s weeks ,europe seem$ to be on ! br9k ( w>1 until ! k+ put an end to ! crisis by refus+ 8 ass5t to ! milit>y prep>ations ( ,?i]s1 & by summon+ ,guizot f ,london to =m a m9i/ry & to aid 8 ,maje/y 9 :at he t]m$ ma lutte t5ace contre l'an>*ie4 ,?us began1 "u d>k & adv]se circum/ances1 on ! #bi? ( ,octob] #ahdj1 ! important adm9i/ration 9 :i* ,guizot rema9$ ! ma/]-_s = ne>ly eight ye>s4 ,he himself took ! (fice ( m9i/] = =eign affairs1 to :i* he add$ "s ye>s lat]1 on ! retirem5t ( ,m>%al ,s\lt1 ! o/5sible rank ( prime m9i/]4 ,8 fir/ c>e 0 ! ma9t5ance ( peace & ! re/oration ( amicable relations ) ! o!r p[]s ( ,europe4 ,if he succe$$1 z he did succe$1 9 calm+ ! tr\bl$ elem5ts & heal+ ! w\nd$ pride ( ,france1 ! result 0 due ma9ly to ! indomitable c\rage & spl5did eloqu5ce ) :i* he fac$ a rag+ opposition1 gave unity & /r5g? to ! cons]vative p>ty1 :o n[ felt t !y _h a great lead] at _! head1 & appeal$ to ! ?rift & prud5ce ( ! nation r ?an to _! vanity & _! ambition4 ,9 8 pacific task he 0 =tunately second$ by ! =mation ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's adm9i/ration 9 ,engl&1 9 ! autumn ( #ahda4 ,betwe5 ,"l ,palm]/on & ,guizot !re exi/$ an incompatibility ( "* exce$+ly dang]\s 9 ! =eign m9i/]s ( two great & 9 "s respects rival c\ntries4 ,) ,"l ,palm]/on 9 (fice1 ,guizot felt t he _h a bitt] & active antagoni/ 9 e ,briti% ag5t ?r\gh\t ! _w2 ! combative elem5t 0 /rong 9 8 own disposition2 & ! result 0 a sy/em ( p]petual conflict & c\nt]-intrigues4 ,"l ,palm]/on held 7z x appe>s f 8 own lett]s7 t w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,france 01 soon] or lat]1 inevitable4 ,guizot held t su* a w> w\ld be ! greate/ ( all calamities1 & c]ta9ly nev] contemplat$ x4 ,9 ,"l ,ab]de51 ! =eign secret>y ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 ,guizot f\nd a fri5d & an ally p]fectly cong5ial to himself4 ,_! acqua9tance 9 ,london _h be5 slight1 b x soon rip5$ into mutual reg>d & confid5ce4 ,!y 7 bo? m5 ( high pr9ciples & hon\r2 ! ,scot* ,presbyt]ianism :i* _h m\ld$ ! fai? ( ,"l ,ab]de5 0 reflect$ 9 ! ,hugu5ot m9i/] ( ,france2 bo? 7 m5 ( extreme simplicity ( ta/e1 jo9$ to ! ref9em5t ( s*ol>%ip & culture2 bo? _h an int5se av]sion to w> & felt !mselves ill-qualifi$ to c>ry on ^? adv5tur\s op]ations :i* inflam$ ! imag9ation ( _! respective oppon5ts4 ,9 ! eyes ( ,"l ,palm]/on & ,?i]s _! policy 0 mean & pitiful2 b x 0 a policy :i* secur$ peace to ! _w1 & unit$ ! two great & free nations ( ! ,we/ 9 :at 0 t]m$ ! ent5te cordiale4 ,nei!r ( !m w\ld h /oop$ to snat* an advantage at ! exp5se ( ! o!r2 !y held ! common int]e/ ( peace & fri5d%ip to be p>am\nt2 & :5 diff]5ces arose1 z !y did arise1 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w1--9 ,tahiti1 9 ,morocco1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1--!y 7 r$uc$ by ?is pr9ciple to _! prop] insignificance4 ,! opposition 9 ,france d5\nc$ ,guizot's =eign policy z basely subs]vi5t to ,engl&4 ,he repli$ 9 t]ms ( unmeasur$ contempt1--,y may raise ! pile ( calumny z high z y w2 v\s n'arriv]ez jamais a la hauteur de mon d$a96 ,! opposition 9 ,engl& attack$ ,"l ,ab]de5 ) ! same reproa*es1 b 9 va94 ,k+ ,l\is ,philippe visit$ ,w9dsor4 ,! que5 ( ,engl& 79 #ahdc7 /ay$ at ! ,*ateau d',eu4 ,9 #ahde ,briti% & ,fr5* troops f\ght side by side = ! fir/ "t 9 an exp$ition to ! ,riv] ,plate4 ,! fall ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's gov]nm5t 9 #ahdf *ang$ ^! intimate relations2 & ! return ( ,"l ,palm]/on to ! =eign (fice l$ ,guizot to believe t he 0 aga9 expos$ to ! passionate rivalry ( ! ,briti% cab9et4 ,a fri5dly und]/&+ _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,eu betwe5 ! two c\rts ) ref]5ce to ! future m>riage ( ! "y que5 ( ,spa94 ,! language ( ,"l ,palm]/on & ! conduct ( ,sir ,h5ry ,bulw] 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,dall+7 at ,madrid l$ ,guizot to believe t ?is und]/&+ 0 brok51 & t x 0 int5d$ to place a ,coburg on ! ?rone ( ,spa94 ,det]m9$ to resi/ any su* intrigue1 ,guizot & ! k+ plung$ headlong into a c\nt]-intrigue1 :olly inconsi/5t ) _! previ\s engagem5ts to ,engl&1 & fatal to ! happ9ess ( ! que5 ( ,spa94 ,by _! influ5ce %e 0 urg$ into a m>riage ) a despicable (fset ( ! h\se ( ,b\rbon1 & h] si/] 0 at ! same "t m>ri$ to ! y\nge/ son ( ! ,fr5* k+1 9 direct violation ( ,l\is ,philippe's promises4 ,?is transaction1 al?\gh x 0 hail$ at ! "t z a triumph ( ! policy ( ,france1 0 9 tru? z fatal to ! mon>* z x 0 discr$itable to ! m9i/]4 ,x 0 accompli%$ by a mixture ( secrecy & viol5ce4 ,x 0 def5d$ by subt]fuges4 ,by ! dispassionate judgm5t ( hi/ory x has be5 univ]sally condemn$4 ,its imm$iate effect 0 to de/roy ! ,anglo-,fr5* alliance1 & to ?r[ ,guizot into clos] relations ) ! reaction>y policy ( ,mett]ni* & ! ,nor!rn c\rts4 ,! hi/ory ( ,guizot's adm9i/ration1 ! longe/ & ! la/ :i* exi/$ "u ! con/itutional mon>*y ( ,france1 be>s ! /amp ( ! great qualities & ! great defects ( 8 political "*1 = he 0 ?r\gh\t ! ma/]-_s ( t gov]nm5t4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to unite & discipl9e ! cons]vative p>ty1 :i* _h be5 brok5 up by previ\s diss5sions & m9i/]ial *anges4 ,9 ?is he entirely succe$$ by 8 c\rage & eloqu5ce z a p>liam5t>y lead]1 & by ! use ( all ^? means ( influ5ce :i* ,france too lib]ally supplies to a dom9ant m9i/]4 ,no "o ev] d\bt$ ! purity & dis9t]e/$ness ( ,guizot's own conduct4 ,he despis$ money2 he liv$ & di$ poor2 & ?\gh he enc\rag$ ! fev] ( money-gett+ 9 ! ,fr5* nation1 8 own habits reta9$ _! primitive simplicity4 ,b he did n disda9 to use 9 o!rs ! bas] passions f :i* he 0 himself free4 ,"s ( 8 in/rum5ts 7 mean2 he employ$ !m to deal ) meanness aft] its k9d4 ,gross abuses & brea*es ( tru/ came to light ev5 9 ! ranks ( ! gov]nm5t1 & "u an incorruptible m9i/] ! adm9i/ration 0 d5\nc$ z corrupt4 ,licet uti ali5o vitio is a proposition z false 9 politics z x is 9 div9ity4 ,( 8 p>liam5t>y eloqu5ce x is impossible to speak too highly4 ,x 0 t]se1 au/]e1 demon/rative & comm&+1--n p]suasive1 n humor\s1 seldom adorn$1 b cond5s$ ) ! =ce ( a supreme au?ority 9 ! fewe/ words4 ,he 0 ess5tially a m9i/]ial speak]1 f> m p[]ful 9 def5ce ?an 9 opposition4 ,l ,pitt he 0 ! type ( au?ority & resi/ance1 unmov$ by ! brilliant *>ges1 ! wit1 ! gaiety1 ! irony & ! discursive p[] ( 8 great rival4 ,nor 0 he less a ma/] ( p>liam5t>y tactics & ( ^? sudd5 *anges & movem5ts 9 debate :i*1 z 9 a battle1 sometimes *ange ! =tune ( ! day4 ,8 confid5ce 9 himself1 & 9 ! majority ( ! *amb] :i* he _h m\ld$ to 8 w1 0 unb\nd$2 & long success & ! habit ( au?ority l$ him to =get t 9 a c\ntry l ,france !re 0 a p outside ! *amb] elect$ by a small con/itu5cy1 to :i* ! m9i/] & ! k+ himself 7 held responsible4 ,a gov]nm5t bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( resi/ance & repression & m>k$ by dread & di/ru/ ( popul> p[]1 a sy/em ( diplomacy :i* s\ght to revive ! traditions ( ! old ,fr5* mon>*y1 a sov]eign :o l>gely exce$$ ! b\nds ( con/itutional p[] & ^: ob/9acy augm5t$ ) ye>s1 a m9i/] :o1 ?\gh f> remov$ f ! s]vility ( ! c\rti]1 0 too obsequi\s to ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ! k+1 7 all s+ul>ly at v>iance ) ! promises ( ! ,revolution ( ,july1 & !y n>r[$ ! policy ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,guizot's view ( politics 0 ess5tially hi/orical & philosophical4 ,8 ta/es & 8 acquirem5ts gave him little insight into ! practical bus9ess ( adm9i/rative gov]nm5t4 ,( f9ance he knew no?+2 trade & comm]ce 7 /range to him2 milit>y & naval affairs 7 unfamili> to him2 all ^! subjects he dealt ) by second h& ?r\gh 8 fri5ds1 ,p4 ,s4 ,dumon 7#agig-ahgj71 ,*>les ,m>ie ,tanneguy1 ,comte ,du*atel 7#ahjc-ahfg71 or ,m>%al ,bugeaud4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t few measures ( practical improvem5t 7 c>ri$ by 8 adm9i/ration4 ,/ill less did ! gov]nm5t l5d an e> to ! cry = p>liam5t>y re=m4 ,on ?is subject ! k+'s prejudices 7 insurm\ntable1 & 8 m9i/]s _h ! weakness to give way to !m4 ,x 0 impossible to def5d a sy/em :i* conf9$ ! suffrage to #bjj1jjj citiz5s1 & return$ a *amb] ( :om half 7 placem54 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 easi] ?an to /r5g!n ! cons]vative p>ty by atta*+ ! suffrage to ! possession ( l& 9 ,france1 b blank resi/ance 0 ! sole answ] ( ! gov]nm5t to ! j & mod]ate dem&s ( ! opposition4 ,w>n+ aft] w>n+ 0 address$ to !m 9 va9 by fri5ds & by foes alike2 & !y rema9$ pr(\ndly unconsci\s ( _! dang] till ! mom5t :5 x ov]:elm$ !m4 ,/range to say1 ,guizot nev] ackn[l$g$ ei!r at ! "t or to 8 dy+ day ! nature ( ?is error2 & he speaks ( himself 9 8 memoirs z ! mu*-endur+ *ampion ( lib]al gov]nm5t & con/itutional law4 ,he utt]ly fails to p]ceive t a m enl>g$ view ( ! lib]al de/9ies ( ,france & a less int5se confid5ce 9 8 own specific !ory might h pres]v$ ! con/itutional mon>*y & av]t$ a va/ s]ies ( calamities1 :i* 7 9 ! end fatal to e pr9ciple he mo/ *]i%$4 ,b ) ! /ubborn conviction ( absolute tru? he dauntlessly adh]$ to 8 own doctr9es to ! end4 ,! la/ sc5e ( 8 political life 0 s+ul>ly *>act]i/ic ( 8 inflexible adh]5ce to a lo/ cause4 ,9 ! aft]noon oi ! #bcrd ( ,febru>y #ahdh ! k+ summon$ 8 m9i/] f ! *amb]1 :i* 0 !n sitt+1 & in=m$ him t ! aspect ( ,p>is & ! c\ntry dur+ ! banquet agitation = re=m1 & ! al>m & division ( op9ion 9 ! royal family1 l$ him to d\bt :e!r he c\ld reta9 8 m9i/ry4 ,t d\bt1 repli$ ,guizot1 is decisive ( ! "q1 & in/antly resign$1 return+ to ! *amb] only to ann\nce t ! adm9i/ration 0 at an end & t ,mole _h be5 s5t = by ! k+4 ,mole fail$ 9 ! attempt to =m a gov]nm5t1 & betwe5 midnight & "o 9 ! morn+ ,guizot1 :o _h accord+ to 8 cu/om retir$ e>ly to re/1 0 aga9 s5t = to ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! k+ ask$ 8 advice4 ,we are no long] ! m9i/]s ( y\r ,maje/y1 repli$ ,guizot2 x re/s ) o!rs to decide on ! c\rse to be pursu$4 ,b "o ?+ appe>s to be evid5t3 ?is /reet riot mu/ be put d[n2 ^! b>ricades mu/ be tak52 & = ?is purpose my op9ion is t ,m>%al ,bugeaud %\ld be inve/$ ) full p[]1 & ord]$ to take ! necess>y milit>y measures1 & z y\r ,maje/y has at ?is mom5t no m9i/]1 ,i am ready to draw up & c\nt]sign su* an ord]4 ,! m>%al1 :o 0 pres5t1 und]took ! task1 say+1 ,i h nev] be5 beat5 yet1 & ,i %all n beg9 to-morr[4 ,! b>ricades %all be c>ri$ be=e dawn4 ,aft] ?is display ( en]gy ! k+ hesitat$1 & soon add$3 ,i ought to tell y t ,m4 ,?i]s & 8 fri5ds are 9 ! next room =m+ a gov]nm5t6 ,^u ?is ,guizot rejo9$1 ,!n x re/s ) !m to d :at !y ?9k fit1 & left ! palace4 ,?i]s & ,b>rot decid$ to )draw ! troops4 ,! k+ & ,guizot next met at ,cl>emont4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ p]il\s conjuncture ( ,guizot's life1 b =tunately he f\nd a safe refuge 9 ,p>is = "s days 9 ! lodg+ ( a humble m9iature pa9t] :om he _h befri5d$1 & %ortly aft]w>ds effect$ 8 escape across ! ,belgian fronti] & !nce to ,london1 :]e he arriv$ on ! #crd ( ,m>*4 ,8 "m & daught]s _h prec$$ him1 & he 0 spe$ily in/all$ 9 a mode/ habitation 9 ,pelham ,cresc5t1 ,brompton4 ,! society ( ,engl&1 ?\gh _m p]sons disapprov$ ( mu* ( 8 rec5t policy1 receiv$ ! fall5 /atesman ) z mu* di/9ction & respect z !y _h %[n eight ye>s be=e to ! k+'s ambassador4 ,sums ( money 7 plac$ at 8 disposal1 :i* he decl9$4 ,a pr(essor%ip at ,ox=d 0 spok5 (1 :i* he 0 unable to accept4 ,he /ay$ 9 ,engl& ab\t a ye>1 devot+ himself aga9 to hi/ory4 ,he publi%$ two m volumes on ! ,engli% revolution1 & 9 #ahed 8 ,hi/oire de la republique d',anglet]re et de ,cromwell 7#b vols41 #ahed71 !n 8 ,hi/oire du protectorat de ,cromwell et du retablissem5t des ,/u>ts 7#b vols41 #ahef74 ,he also publi%$ an essay on ,peel1 & amid _m essays on religion1 dur+ ! t5 ye>s #aheh-ahfh1 appe>$ ! ext5sive ,memoires p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de mon temps1 9 n9e volumes4 ,8 spee*es 7 includ$ 9 #ahfc 9 8 ,hi/oire p>lem5taire de la ,france 7#e vols4 ( p>liam5t>y spee*es1 #ahfc74 ,guizot surviv$ ! fall ( ! mon>*y & ! gov]nm5t he _h s]v$ tw5ty-six ye>s4 ,he pass$ abruptly f ! condition ( "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & active /atesm5 9 ,europe to ! condition ( a philosophical & patriotic spectator ( human affairs4 ,he 0 aw>e t ! l9k betwe5 himself & public life 0 brok5 = ev]2 & he nev] made ! slighte/ attempt to r5ew x4 ,he 0 ( no p>ty1 a memb] ( no political body2 no murmur ( disappo9t$ ambition1 no language ( asp]ity1 ev] pass$ 8 lips2 x seem$ z if ! fev] ( oratorical debate & m9i/]ial p[] _h pass$ f him & left him a great] man ?an he _h be5 be=e1 9 ! pursuit ( lett]s1 9 ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds1 & z head ( ! patri>*al circle ( ^? he lov$4 ,! great] "p ( ! ye> he sp5t at 8 resid5ce at ,val ,ri*]1 an ,augu/9e mona/]y ne> ,lisieux 9 ,norm&y1 :i* _h be5 sold at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,revolution4 ,8 two daught]s1 :o m>ri$ two desc5dants ( ! illu/ri\s ,dut* family ( ,de ,witt1 s cong5ial 9 fai? & mann]s to ! ,hugu5ots ( ,france1 kept 8 h\se4 ,"o ( 8 sons-9-law f>m$ ! e/ate4 ,& "h ,guizot devot$ 8 lat] ye>s ) undim9i%$ en]gy to lit]>y lab\r1 :i* 0 9 fact 8 *ief means ( subsi/5ce4 ,pr\d1 indep5d5t1 simple & cont5t$ he rema9$ to ! la/2 & ^! ye>s ( retirem5t 7 p]haps ! happie/ & mo/ s]5e portion ( 8 life4 ,two in/itutions may be said ev5 "u ! second empire to h reta9$ _! fre$om--! ,in/itute ( ,france & ! ,prote/ant ,consi/ory4 ,9 bo? ( ^! ,guizot cont9u$ to ! la/ to take an active "p4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ?ree ( ! five academies into :i* ! ,in/itute ( ,france is divid$4 ,! ,academy ( ,moral & ,political ,sci5ce ow$ its re/oration to him1 & he became 9 #ahcb "o ( its fir/ associates4 ,! ,academy ( ,inscriptions & ,belles ,lettres elect$ him 9 #ahcc z ! successor to ,m4 ,daci]2 & 9 #ahcf he 0 *os5 a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ! highe/ lit]>y di/9ction ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ^! le>n$ bodies ,guizot cont9u$ = ne>ly =ty ye>s to take a lively int]e/ & to ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce4 ,he 0 ! jeal\s *ampion ( _! indep5d5ce4 ,8 voice _h ! greate/ weight 9 ! *oice ( new c&idates2 ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ,fr5* writ]s nev] look$ 9 va9 to him = enc\ragem5t2 & 8 con/ant aim 0 to ma9ta9 ! dignity & purity ( ! pr(ession ( lett]s4 ,9 ! consi/ory ( ! ,prote/ant *ur* 9 ,p>is ,guizot ex]cis$ a simil> influ5ce4 ,8 e>ly education & 8 exp]i5ce ( life conspir$ to /r5g!n ! convictions ( a religi\s temp]am5t4 ,he rema9$ ?r\gh life a firm believ] 9 ! tru?s ( revelation1 & a volume ( ,m$itations on ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 0 "o ( 8 late/ works4 ,b ?\gh he adh]$ inflexibly to ! *ur* ( 8 fa!rs & combat$ ! rationali/ t5d5cies ( ! age1 :i* seem$ to ?reat5 x ) de/ruction1 he reta9$ n a t+e ( ! intol]ance or asp]ity ( ! ,calv9i/ic cre$4 ,he respect$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ! fai? ( ! majority ( 8 c\ntrym52 & ! writ+s ( ! great ,ca?olic prelates1 ,bossuet & ,b\rdal\e1 7 z famili> & z de> to him z ^? ( 8 own p]suasion1 & 7 commonly us$ by him 9 ! daily ex]cises ( family wor%ip4 ,9 ^! lit]>y pursuits & 9 ! retirem5t ( ,val ,ri*] ye>s pass$ smoo?ly & rapidly away2 & z 8 gr&*ildr5 grew up ar\nd him1 he began to direct _! att5tion to ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry4 ,f ^! lessons sprang 8 la/ & n 8 lea/ "w1 ! ,hi/oire de ,france racontee a mes petits enfants1 = al?\gh ?is publication assum$ a popul> =m1 x is n less complete & pr(\nd ?an x is simple & attractive4 ,! hi/ory came d[n to #aghi1 & 0 cont9u$ to #ahgj by 8 daught] ,madame ,guizot de ,witt f h] fa!r's notes4 ,d[n to ! summ] ( #ahgd ,guizot's m5tal vig\r & activity 7 unimpair$4 ,8 frame1 temp]ate 9 all ?+s1 0 bless$ ) a s+ul> immunity f infirmity & disease2 b ! vital p[] ebb$ away1 & he pass$ g5tly away on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] #ahgd1 recit+ n[ & !n a v]se ( ,corneille or a text ( ,scripture4 ,,bibliography4--,see 8 own ,memoires p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de mon temps 7#h vols41 #aheh-ahfa72 ,lettres de ,m4 ,guizot a sa famille et a ses amis 7#ahhd72 ,c4 ,a4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,caus]ies du lundi 7vol4 i41 #aheg7 & ,n\veaux ,lundis 7vols4 i4 & ix41 #ahfc-ahgb72 ,e4 ,s*]]1 ,etudes critiques sur la litt]ature contempora9e 7vol4 iv41 #ahgc72 ,mme de ,witt1 ,guizot dans sa famille 7#ahhj72 ,jules ,simon1 ,?i]s1 ,guizot et ,remusat 7#ahhe72 ,e4 ,faguet1 ,politiques et morali/es au ,,xixe siecle 7#ahia72 ,g4 ,b>d\x1 ,guizot 7#ahid7 9 ! s]ies ( ,les ,gr&s ,ecriva9s francais2 ,maurice ,guizot1 ,les ,annees de retraite de ,m4 ,guizot 7#aija72 & = a long li/ ( books & articles on ,guizot 9 p]iodicals see ,h4 ,p4 ,?ieme1 ,guide bibliographique de la litt]ature francaise de #ahjj a #aijf 7s4v4 ,guizot1 ,p>is1 #aijg74 ,= a notice ( 8 fir/ wife see ,c4 ,a4 ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,portraits de femmes 7#ahhd71 & ,*4 de ,remusat1 ,critiques et etudes litt]aires 7vol4 ii41 #ahdg74 7,h4 ,r42 ,j4 ,t4 ,s4997 ,,guj>at or ,,guz]at1 a region ( ,india1 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! "n x includes ! :ole ( ! c\ntry :]e ! ,guj>ati language is spok51 i4e4 ! nor!rn di/ricts & /ates ( ! ,presid5cy f ,palanpur to ,damaun1 ) ,ka?iaw> & ,cut*4 ,b x is m prop]ly conf9$ to ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,n]budda & ea/ ( ! ,rann ( ,cut* & ,ka?iaw>4 ,9 ?is s5se x has an area ( #bi1jga sq4 m41 ) a population 9 #aija ( #d1gih1ejd4 ,x includes ! /ates di/ribut$ among ! ag5cies ( ,palanpur1 ,mahi ,kan?a1 ,rewa ,kan?a & ,cambay1 ) mo/ ( ,b>oda & ! ,briti% di/ricts ( ,ahm$abad1 ,kaira1 ,pan* ,mahals & ,broa*4 ,less ?an "o-f\r? is ,briti% t]ritory4 ,! region takes its "n f ! ,guj>s1 a tribe :o pass$ into ,india f ! nor?-we/1 e/abli%$ a k+dom 9 ,rajputana1 & spread s\? 9 ,a4,d4 #djj-fjj4 ,! anci5t ,h9du capital 0 ,anhilvada2 ! ,mahomm$an dyna/y1 :i* rul$ f #acif to #aegb1 f\nd$ ,ahm$abad1 :i* is /ill ! l>ge/ city2 b ,guj>at ow$ mu* ( its hi/orical importance to ! seaports ( ,broa*1 ,cambay & ,surat4 ,its f]tile pla91 ) a regul> ra9fall & num]\s riv]s1 has caus$ x to be /yl$ ! g>d5 ( ,india4 ,x suff]$1 h[ev]1 sev]ely f ! fam9e ( #ahii-aija4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! hi/ory1 geography1 c41 ( ,guj>at see ! articles on ! v>i\s /ates & di/ricts4 ,guj>at gives its "n to ! v]nacul> ( nor!rn ,bombay1 viz4 ,guj>ati1 "o ( ! ?ree great languages ( t ,presid5cy1 spok5 by m ?an #i millions4 ,x has an anci5t lit]ature & a peculi> "*4 ,z ! language ( ! ,p>sis x is prom95t 9 ! ,bombay press2 & x is also ! comm]cial language ( ,bombay city1 :i* lies outside ! t]ritorial area ( ,guj>at4 ,see ,j4 ,campbell1 ,hi/ory ( ,guj>at 7,bombay1 #ahif72 ,sir ,e4 ,c4 ,bayley1 ,! ,muhamm$an ,k+dom ( ,guj>at 7#ahhf72 ,a4 ,k4 ,=bes1 ,ras ,mala 7#ahef74 ,,guj>ati & ,,raja/hani1 ! names ( two memb]s ( ! we/]n sub-gr\p ( ! ,int]m$iate ,gr\p ( ,indo-,aryan languages 7q4v474 ,! rema9+ memb] ( ?is sub-gr\p is ,panjabi or ,punjabi 7see ,,h9do/ani74 ,9 #aija ! speak]s ( ^? n[ dealt ) numb]$3 ,guj>ati1 #i1dci1ibe1 & ,raja/hani1 #aj1iag1gab4 ,! two languages are closely connect$ & might almo/ be t]m$ co-dialects ( ! same =m ( spee*4 ,toge!r !y occupy an almo/ squ>e block ( c\ntry1 "s #djj m4 broad1 rea*+ f ne> ,agra & ,delhi on ! riv] ,jumna to ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,guj>ati 7prop]ly ,guj>ati7 is spok5 9 ,guj>at1 ! nor!rn m>itime prov9ce ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 & also 9 ,b>oda & ! native /ates adjo9+4 ,raja/hani 7prop]ly ,raja/hani1 f ,raja/han1 ! native "n = ,rajputana7 is spok5 9 ,rajputana & ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,c5tral ,india4 ,9 ! articles ,,indo-,,aryan ,,languages & ,,prakrit ! hi/ory ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,indo-,aryan v]nacul>s is giv5 at "s l5g?4 ,x is !re %[n t1 f ! mo/ anci5t times1 !re 7 two ma9 gr\ps ( ^! =ms ( spee*--"o1 ! language ( ! ,midl&1 spok5 9 ! c\ntry ne> ! ,gangetic ,doab1 & ! o!r1 ! s-call$ ,out] ,b&1 conta9+ ! ,midl& on ?ree sides1 we/1 nor? & s\?4 ,! c\ntry to ! we/ & s\?-we/ ( ! ,midl&1 9 :i* ?is out] gr\p ( languages 0 spok51 includ$ ! mod]n ,punjab1 ,rajputana & ,guj>at4 ,9 process ( "t ! population ( ! ,midl& exp&$ & c>ri$ its language to its new homes4 ,x occupi$ ! ea/]n & c5tral ,punjab1 & ! mix$ 7or int]m$iate7 language :i* !re grew up became ! mod]n ,panjabi4 ,to ! we/ x spread into ,rajputana1 till its progress 0 /opp$ by ! ,indian des]t1 & 9 ,rajputana ano!r int]m$iate language took rise & became ,raja/hani4 ,z else:]e expla9$1 ! language-wave ( ! ,midl& ex]cis$ less & less influ5ce z x travell$ f>!r f its home1 s t1 :ile 9 ea/]n ,rajputana ! local dialect is n[ almo/ a pure midl& spee*1 9 ! we/ !re are _m evid5t traces ( ! old out] language /ill surviv+4 ,to ! s\?-we/ ( ,rajputana !re 0 no des]t to /op ! wave ( ,midl& expansion1 :i* !re=e roll$ on unob/ruct$ into ,guj>at1 :]e x rea*$ ! sea4 ,"h ! survivals ( ! old out] language are /rong] /ill4 ,! old out] ,prakrit ( nor? ,guj>at 0 kn[n z ,saura/ri1 :ile ! ,prakrit ( ! ,midl& invad]s 0 call$ ,sauras5i1 & we may !re=e describe ,guj>ati z be+ an int]m$iate language d]iv$ 7z expla9$ 9 ! articles ,,prakrit7 f a mixture ( ! ,apabhramsa =ms ( ,saura/ri & ,sauras5i1 9 :i* ! latt] pr$om9at$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 at ! pres5t day1 ,guj>ati breaks ! cont9uity ( ! out] b& ( ,indo-,aryan languages4 ,to its nor? x has ,s9dhi & to its s\? ,m>a?i1 bo? out] languages ) :i* x has only a slight connexion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ x has ,raja/hani1 into :i* x m]ges s gradually & imp]ceptibly t at ! conv5tional bord]-l9e1 9 ! /ate ( ,palanpur1 ! inhabitants ( ,rajputana say t ! local dialect is a =m ( ,guj>ati1 :ile ! inhabitants ( ,guj>at say t x is ,raja/hani4 ,language4 ,guj>ati has no important local dialects1 b !re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! spee*es ( diff]5t classes ( ! community4 ,p>sees & ,mussulmans 7:5 ! latt] use ! language--z a rule ! ,guj>at ,mussulmans speak ,h9do/ani7 h "s /rik+ peculi>ities ( pronunciation1 ! mo/ noticeable ( :i* is ! disreg>d by ! latt] ( ! di/9ction betwe5 c]ebral & d5tal lett]s4 ,! un$ucat$ ,h9dus d n pron\nce ! language 9 ! same way z _! bett]s1 & ?is diff]5ce is acc5tuat$ 9 nor!rn ,guj>at1 :]e ! l[] classes sub/itute e = i1 c = k1 * = kh1 s = c & *1 h = s1 & drop h z readily z any cockney4 ,!re is also 7z 9 ! case ( ! ,mussulmans7 a t5d5cy to confuse c]ebral & d5tal consonants1 to sub/itute r = d & l1 to d\ble m$ial consonants1 & to pron\nce ! lett] a z a1 some?+ l ! a 9 all4 ,! ,bhils ( ! hills ea/ ( ,guj>at also speak a rude ,guj>ati1 ) special dialectic peculi>ities ( _! own1 probably due to ! fact t ! tribes are ( ,dravidian orig94 ,^! ,bhil peculi>ities are fur!r mix$ ) corruptions ( ,m>a?i idioms 9 ,nim> & ,kh&e%1 :]e we h almo/ a new language4 ,raja/hani has num]\s dialects1 ea* /ate claim+ "o or m ( its own4 ,?us1 9 ! /ate ( ,jaipur !re h be5 catalogu$ no less ?an t5 dialects among ab\t #a1fhh1jjj p4 ,all ,raja/hani dialects c1 h[ev]1 be easily class$ 9 f\r well-def9$ gr\ps1 a nor?-ea/]n1 a s\!rn1 a we/]n & an ea/-c5tral4 ,! nor?-ea/]n 7,mewati7 is t =m ( ,raja/hani :i* is m]g+ into ! ,we/]n ,h9di ( ! ,midl&4 ,x is a mix$ =m ( spee*1 & ne$ n deta9 u fur!r4 ,simil>ly1 ! s\!rn 7,malvi7 is mu* mix$ ) ! neighb\r+ ,bundeli =m ( ,we/]n ,h9di4 ,! we/]n 7,m>w>i7 spok5 9 ,m>w> & its neighb\rhood1 & ! ea/-c5tral 7,jaipuri7 spok5 9 ,jaipur & its neighb\rhood1 may be tak5 z ! typical ,raja/hani dialects4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs we %all !re=e conf9e ourselves to ,guj>ati1 ,m>w>i & ,jaipuri4 ,we "k m ab\t ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,guj>ati ?an we d ab\t t ( any o!r ,indo-,aryan language4 ,! "o native gramm> ( ,apabhramsa ,prakrit :i* we possess 9 a pr9t$ edition1 0 writt5 by ,hemac&ra 7#ab? c5tury ,a4,d471 :o liv$ 9 :at is n[ nor? ,guj>at1 & :o naturally describ$ mo/ fully ! p>ticul> v]nacul> ) :i* he 0 p]sonally famili>4 ,x 0 kn[n z ! ,nag>a ,apabhramsa1 closely connect$ 7z above expla9$7 ) ,sauras5i1 & 0 s nam$ aft] ! ,nag>a ,brahmans ( ! locality4 ,^! m5 c>ri$ on ! tradition ( le>n+ inh]it$ f ,hemac&ra1 & we see ,guj>ati almo/ 9 ! act ( tak+ bir? 9 a "w call$ ! ,mugdhavabodhamauktika1 writt5 by "o ( !m only two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,=mal ,guj>ati lit]ature is said to comm5ce ) ! poet ,n>s+h ,meta 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,raja/hani lit]ature has receiv$ b small att5tion f ,european or native s*ol>s1 & we are z yet unable to say h[ f> back ! language goes4 ,bo? ,guj>ati & ,raja/hani are usually writt5 9 curr5t scripts relat$ to ! well-kn[n ,nag>i alphabet 7see ,,sanskrit74 ,! =m employ$ 9 ,rajputana is kn[n all ov] nor!rn ,india z ! ,mahajani alphabet1 be+ us$ by bank]s or ,mahajans1 mo/ ( :om are ,m>w>is4 ,x is notewor?y z possess+ two di/9ct *>act]s = d & r4 ,! ,guj>ati "* closely resembles ! ,kai?i "* ( nor!rn ,india 7see ,,bih>i74 ,! ,nag>i "* is also freely us$ 9 ,rajputana1 & to a less ext5t 9 ,guj>at1 :]e x is employ$ by ! ,nag>a ,brahmans1 :o claim t _! tribe has giv5 ! alphabet its "n4 ,9 ! foll[+ description ( ! ma9 features ( our two languages1 ! read] is presum$ to be famili> ) ! lead+ facts /at$ 9 ! articles ,,indo-,,aryan ,,languages & ,,prakrit4 ,! article ,,h9do/ani may also be p]us$ ) advantage4 7,abbreviations4 ,skr4 ,sanskrit4 ,pr4 ,prakrit4 ,ap4 ,apabhramsa4 ,g4 ,guj>ati4 ,r4 ,raja/hani4 ,h4 ,h9do/aani47 ,vocabul>y4--,! vocabul>y ( bo? ,guj>at & ,raja/hani is v free f tatsama words4 ,! great mass ( bo? vocabul>ies is tadbhava 7see ,,indo-,,aryan ,,languages74 ,rajputana 0 f an e>ly p]iod br\ght into close contact ) ! ,mogul c\rt at ,agra & ,delhi1 & ev5 9 ! #ac? c5tury ,a4,d4 (ficial docum5ts ( ! ,rajput pr9ces conta9$ _m borr[$ ,p]sian & ,arabic words4 ,guj>ati1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! le>n$ ,nag>a ,brahmans1 has p]haps m tatsama words ?an ,raja/hani1 b _! employm5t is n excessive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,p>sees & ,mussulmans employ ,p]sian & ,arabic words ) great fre$om2 :ile1 ow+ to its m>itime connexions1 ! language has also borr[$ occasional words f o!r p>ts ( ,asia & f ,europe4 ,?is is specially m>k$ 9 ! /range dialect ( ! ,ka?iaw> boatm5 :o travel all ov] ! _w z lasc>s on ! great /eam%ips4 ,_! language is a mixture ( ,h9do/ani & ,guj>ati ) a het]og5e\s vocabul>y4 ,phonetics4--,) a few exceptions to be m5tion$ bel[1 ! s\nd-sy/em ( ! two languages is ! same z t ( ,sanskrit1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! ,roman "* 7see ,,sanskrit74 ,! simple/ me?od = consid]+ ! subject 9 reg>d to ,guj>ati is to comp>e x ) ! phonetical sy/em ( ,h9do/ani 7q4v474 ,z a rule1 ,raja/hani closely foll[s ,guj>ati & ne$ n be ref]r$ to except 9 special cases4 ,g4 inv>iably simplifies a m$ial ,pr4 d\ble consonant1 l5g!n+ ! prec$+ v[el 9 comp5sation4 ,?us ,skr4 mraksanam1 ,ap4 makkhanu1 ,h4 makkhan1 b ,g4 makhan1 butt]4 ,9 ,h4 ?is rule is g5]ally obs]v$1 b 9 ,g4 x is univ]sal1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ,panjabi ! d\ble consonant is nev] simplifi$1 b is reta9$ z 9 ,ap4 ,9 ,g4 7& sometimes 9 ,r47 :5 a is foll[$ by h x is *ang$ to e1 z 9 ,h4 %ahr1 ,g4 seh]1 a city4 ,z 9 o!r out] languages ,h4 ai & au are usually repres5t$ by a %ort e & by a 7s\nd$ l ! a 9 all7 respectively4 ,?us ,h4 bai?a4 ,g4 be?o1 seat$2 ,h4 cau?a1 ,g4 ca?o 7writt5 co?o71 f\r?4 ,9 ,r4 ?is e is (t5 fur!r weak5$ to ! s\nd ( a 9 man1 a *ange :i* is also common 9 ,b5gali4 ,_m words :i* h i 9 ,h4 h a 9 ,g4 & ,r41 ?us1 ,h4 likhe1 ,g4 lakhe1 he writes2 ,h4 d91 ,g4 & ,r4 dan1 a day4 ,simil>ly we h a = u1 z 9 ,h4 tum1 ,g41 ,r4 tame1 y4 ,9 colloquial ,g4 a (t5 becomes a1 & i becomes e2 ?us1 pani = pani1 wat]2 m>es = m>is1 ,i %all /rike4 ,z 9 mo/ ,indo-,aryan v]nacul>s an a aft] an acc5t$ syllable is v lightly pron\nc$1 & is "h repres5t$ by a small a above ! l9e4 ,! ,v$ic c]ebral l & ! c]ebral n are v common z m$ial lett]s 9 bo? ,g4 & ,r4 7bo? be+ unkn[n to lit]>y ,h474 ,! rule is1 z else:]e 9 we/]n & s\!rn int]m$iate & out] languages1 t :5 n & l repres5t a d\ble nn 7or nn7 or a d\ble ll 9 ,pr4 !y are d5tal1 b :5 !y repres5t s+le m$ial lett]s !y are c]ebraliz$4 ,?us ,ap4 sonnau1 ,g4 sonu1 gold2 ,ap4 ghanau1 ,g4 ghanu1 d5se2 ,ap4 callai1 ,g4 cale1 he goes2 ,ap4 calai1 ,g4 cale1 he moves4 ,9 nor!rn ,g4 & 9 "s ca/e dialects d5tal & c]ebral lett]s are absolutely int]*angeable1 z 9 dahado or dahado1 a day2 tu or tu1 ?\2 didho or didho1 giv54 ,9 ,g4 & ,r4 m$ial d is pron\nc$ z a r\gh c]ebral r1 & is !n s transcrib$4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,m>w>i alphabet !re are actually di/9ct lett]s = ^! two s\nds4 ,9 colloquial ,g4 c & * are pron\nc$ s1 especially 9 ! nor?1 z 9 pas = pac1 five2 pusyo = pu*yo1 he ask$4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! nor?1 j & jh become z1 z 9 zad = jhad1 a tree4 ,9 "s localities 7z 9 ,m>a?i7 we h ts & dz = ^! s\nds1 z 9 ,ts>ot> 7"n ( a tract ( c\ntry7 = ,c>ot>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 k1 kh & g1 especially :5 prec$$ or foll[$ by i1 e or y1 become 9 ! nor? c1 * & j respectively2 ?us1 dicaro = dikaro1 a son2 *et> = khet>1 a field2 lajyo = lagyo1 begun4 ,a simil> *ange is f\nd 9 dialectic ,m>a?i1 & is1 ( c\rse1 "o ( ! commonplaces ( ! philology ( ! ,romance languages4 ,! sibilants s & s are colloquially pron\nc$ h 7z 9 sev]al out] languages71 especially 9 ! nor?4 ,?us deh = des1 a c\ntry2 hu = su1 :at2 hamajavyo = samajavyo1 he expla9$4 ,an orig9al aspirate is1 h[ev]1 (t5 dropp$1 z 9 'u = hu1 ,i2 'ate = ha!1 on ! h&4 ,/&>d ,g4 is at ! same "t fond ( pron\nc+ an h :]e x is n writt51 z 9 ame1 we1 pron\nc$ ahme4 ,9 o!r respects bo? ,g4 & ,r4 closely agree 9 _! phonetical sy/ems ) ! ,apabhramsa =m ( ,sauras5i ,prakrit f :i* ! ,midl& language is d]iv$4 ,decl5sion4--,guj>ati agrees ) ,m>a?i 7an out] language7 z aga9/ ,h9do/ani 9 reta9+ ! neut] g5d] ( ,sanskrit & ,prakrit4 ,moreov]1 ! neut] g5d] is (t5 employ$ to indicate liv+ be+s ( :i* ! sex is unc]ta91 z 9 ! case ( dikaru1 a *ild1 comp>$ ) dikaro1 a son1 & dikari1 a daught]4 ,9 ,r4 !re are only sporadic in/ances ( ! neut]1 :i* gr[ m & m r>e z we approa* ! ,midl&4 ,n\ns 9 bo? ,g4 & ,r4 may be weak or /rong z is fully expla9$ 9 ! article ,,h9do/ani4 ,we h !re se5 t ! /rong =m ( mascul9e n\ns 9 ,we/]n ,h9di g5]ally ends 9 au1 ! a ( words l ! ,h9do/ani ghora1 a horse1 be+ an accid5t due to ! fact t ! ,h9do/ani dialect ( ,we/]n ,h9di borr[s ?is t]m9ation f ,panjabi4 ,g4 & ,r4 foll[ ,we/]n ,h9di1 = _! mascul9e /rong =ms end 9 o4 ,fem99e /rong =ms end 9 i z else:]e4 ,neut] /rong =ms 9 ,g4 end 9 u1 d]iv$ z foll[s3 ,skr1 sv>nakam1 ,ap4 sonnau1 ,g4 sonu1 gold4 ,z an example ( ! ?ree g5d]s ( ! same ^w we may take ,g4 *okaro 7masc471 a boy2 *okari 7fem471 a girl2 *okaru 7neut471 a *ild4 ,long =ms correspond+ to ! ,ea/]n ,h9di ghorawa1 a horse1 are n mu* us$1 b we n infrequ5tly meet ano!r long =m made by suffix+ ! pleona/ic t]m9ation d or ro 7fem4 di or ri2 ,g4 neut4 du or ru7 :i* is directly desc5d$ f ! ,ap4 pleona/ic t]m9ation dau1 dai1 dau4 ,we come across ?is mo/ (t5 9 ,r41 :]e x is us$ contemptu\sly1 z 9 ,turuk-ro1 a ,turk4 ,9 ! article ,,h9do/ani x is %[n t all ! oblique cases ( ea* numb] 9 ,sanskrit & ,prakrit became melt$ d[n 9 ! mod]n languages into "o g5]al oblique case1 :i*1 9 ! ,midl&1 is d]iv$ 9 ! s+ul> f ! ,ap4 t]m9ation -hi or -hi1 & t ev5 ?is has surviv$ only 9 ! case ( /rong mascul9e n\ns2 ?us1 ghora1 obl4 ghore4 ,9 ,g4 & ,r4 ?is same t]m9ation has also surviv$1 b = all n\ns z ! case sign ( ! ag5t & locative cases4 ,! g5]al oblique case is ! same z ! nom9ative1 except 9 ! case ( /rong mascul9e & neut] n\ns 9 o & u respectively1 :]e x ends 9 a1 n e4 ,?is a-t]m9ation is *>act]i/ic ( ! out] b& ( languages1 & is "o ( ! survivals already ref]r$ to4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,apabhramsa g5itive =m 9 -aha1 correspond+ to ! ,magadhi ,pr4 7an out] ,prakrit7 t]m9ation -aha4 ,?us1 ,g4 *okaro1 a son2 *okaru1 a *ild2 obl4 s+4 *okara4 ,9 ,g4 ! nom9ative & oblique plural = all n\ns are =m$ by add+ o to ! oblique =m s+ul>1 b 9 ! neut] /rong =ms ! oblique s+ul> is nasaliz$4 ,! real plural is ! same 9 =m z ! oblique s+ul> 9 ! case ( mascul9es1 & z a nasaliz$ oblique s+ul> 9 ! case ( neut] /rong =ms1 z 9 o!r mod]n ,indo-,aryan v]nacul>s1 & ! add$ o is a fur!r plural t]m9ation 7mak+ a d\ble plural1 exactly z x does 9 ! ,ardhamagadhi ,prakrit putta-o1 sons7 :i* is (t5 dropp$4 ,! nasalization ( ! /rong neut] plurals is inh]it$ f ,ap41 9 :i* ! neut] nom4 plural ( su* n\ns end$ 9 -aai ,9 ,r4 ! nom9ative plural ( mascul9e n\ns is ! same 9 =m z ! oblique case s+ul>1 & ! oblique plural ends 9 a4 ,! fem99e has a bo? 9 ! nom9ative & 9 ! oblique plural4 ,^! are all expla9$ 9 ! article ,,h9do/ani4 ,we ?us get ! foll[+ p>adigms ( ! decl5sion ( n\ns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,apabhramsa4 ,guj>ati4 ,raja/hani4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,/rong ,n\n ,masc4-- ,a horse4 ,s+4 ,nom4 ghodau ghodo ghodo ,obl4 ghodaaha ghoda ghoda ,ag4-,loc4 ghodaahi ghode1 ghodae ghodai ,plur4 ,nom4 ghodaa ghoda-o ghoda ,obl4 ghodaaha ghoda-o ghoda ,ag4-,loc4 ghodaahi ghoda-o-e ghoda ,/rong ,n\n ,neut4-- ,gold4 ,s+4 ,nom4 sonnau sonu 44 ,obl4 sonnaaha sona 44 ,ag4-,loc4 sonnaahi sone1 sonae 44 ,plur4 ,nom4 sonnaai sone 44 ,obl4 sonnaaha sona-o 44 ,ag4-,loc4 sonnaahi sona-o-e 44 ,/rong ,n\n ,fem4-- ,a m>e4 ,s+4 ,nom4 ghodia ghodi ghodi ,obl4 ghodiahi ghodi ghodi ,ag4-,loc4 ghodiae ghodie ghodi ,plur4 ,nom4 ghodia-o ghodi-o ghodya ,obl4 ghodiahu ghodi-o ghodya ,ag4-,loc4 ghodiahi ghodi-o-e ghodya ,weak ,n\n ,masc4 or ,neut4-- ,a h\se4 ,s+4 ,nom4 gh>u 7neut47 gh> gh> ,obl4 gh>aha gh> gh> ,ag4-,loc4 gh>ahi gh>e gh>ai ,plur4 ,nom4 gh>ai gh>-o gh> ,obl4 gh>aha gh>-o gh>a ,ag4-,loc4 gh>ahi gh>-o-e gh>a ,weak ,n\n ,fem4-- ,a ^w4 ,s+4 ,nom4 vatta wat bat ,obl4 vattahi wat bat ,ag4-,loc4 vattae wate bat ,plur4 ,nom4 vatta-o wat-o bata ,obl4 vattahu wat-o bata ,ag4-,loc4 vattahi wat-o-e bata ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! g5]al oblique case c be employ$ = any case except ! nom9ative1 b1 9 ord] to def9e ! mean+1 x is cu/om>y to add po/positions z 9 ,h9do/ani4 ,^! are3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,g5itive4 ,dative4 ,ablative4 ,locative4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,guj>ati no ne ?i ma ,raja/hani ro1 ko nai1 rai1 kai su mai ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! suffix no ( ! g5itive is believ$ to be a contraction ( tano1 :i* is f\nd 9 old ,guj>ati poetry1 & :i*1 "u ! =m tanas 9 ,sanskrit & tanau 9 ,apabhramsa1 mean belong+ to4 ,x is an adjective1 & agrees 9 g5d]1 numb] & case ) ! ?+ possess$4 ,?us1 raja-no dikaro1 ! k+'s son2 raja-ni dikari1 ! k+'s daught]2 raja-nu gh>1 ! k+'s h\se2 raja-na dikara-ne1 to ! k+'s son 7na is 9 ! oblique case mascul9e to agree ) dikara72 raja-ne gh>e1 9 ! k+'s h\se4 ,! ro & ko ( ,r4 are simil>ly treat$1 b1 ( c\rse1 h no neut]4 ,! dative po/positions are simply locatives ( ! g5itive ones1 z 9 all mod]n ,indo-,aryan languages 7see ,,h9do/ani74 ,?i1 ! po/position ( ! ,g4 ablative1 is connect$ ) ?awu1 to be1 "o ( ! v]bs sub/antive 9 t language4 ,! ablative suffix is made 9 ?is way 9 _m mod]n ,indo-,aryan languages 7e4g4 ,b5gali1 q4v474 ,x means lit]ally hav+ be5 & is to be ultimately ref]r$ to ! ,sanskrit root1 /ha1 /&4 ,! d]ivation ( ! o!r po/positions is discuss$ 9 ! article ,,h9do/ani4 ,/rong adjectives agree ) ! n\ns !y qualify 9 g5d]1 numb] & case1 z 9 ! examples ( ! g5itive above4 ,weak adjectives are immutable4 ,pron\ns closely agree ) ^? f\nd 9 ,h9do/ani4 ,9 ! table on foll[+ page we give ! fir/ two p]sonal pron\ns1 & ! demon/rative pron\n ?is4 ,simil>ly are =m$ ! rema9+ pron\ns1 viz4 ,g4 a1 ,r4 u1 he1 t2 ,g4 te1 ,r4 s 7obl4 s+4 ti71 t2 ,g4 je1 ,r4 jo1 :o2 ,g4 kan 7obl4 kan1 ko1 or ke71 ,r4 kun 7obl4 kun71 :o82 ,g4 su1 ,r4 kai1 :at82 ,g41 ,r4 koi1 anyone1 someone1 kai any?+1 some?+4 ,g4 has two o!r demon/ratives1 pelo & olyo1 bo? mean+ t4 ,! d]ivation ( ^! & ( su has be5 discuss$ )\t any decisive result4 ,! re/ are expla9$ 9 ! article ,,h9do/ani4 ,! reflexive pron\n is ,g4 apane1 ,r4 apa4 ,x is g5]ally employ$ z a plural ( ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n includ+ ! p]son address$2 ?us ,g4 apane1 we 7includ+ y71 b ame1 we 7exclud+ y74 ,9 ,g4 pote1 obl4 pota1 is us$ to mean self4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,apabhramsa4 ,guj>ati4 ,raja/hani4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,i ,nom4 hau hu hu1 mhu1 mai ,obl4 mai1 mahu1 majjhu ma1 maj ma1 mha1 mu ,,my mah>au m>o m>o1 mh>o ,,we ,nom4 amhe ame mhe ,obl4 amhaha am-o mha ,,our amh>au am>o mha-ro1 mha-ko ,,?\ ,nom4 tuhu tu tu ,obl4 tai1 tuha1 tujjhu ta1 tuj ta1 ?a1 tu ,,?y tuh>au t>o ?>o ,,y ,nom4 tumhe tame !1 tame ,obl4 tumhaha tam-o ?a1 tama ,,y\r tumh>au tam>o ?a-ro1 ?a-ko ,,?is1 ,,he ,nom4 eho e yo ,obl4 787 ehaha1 imaha e i ,,^!1 ,,!y ,nom4 ei e-o e1 ye ,obl4 eammi1 ehana em ina1 ya4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,conjugation4--,! old pres5t has surviv$ z 9 ,h9do/ani & o!r ,indian languages4 ,tak+ ! base call or cal1 g1 z our model1 we h3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,apabhramsa4 ,guj>ati4 ,raja/hani4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,s+4 #a callau calu calu #b callahi cale calai #c callai cale calai ,plur4 #a callahu calie cala #b callahu calo calo #c callahi cale calai ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! d]ivation ( ! ,g4 #a plural is unkn[n4 ,t ( ! o!r ,g4 & ,r4 =ms is manife/4 ,! imp]ative closely foll[s ?is1 b z usual has no t]m9ation 9 ! second p]son s+ul>4 ,9 ,r4 ! future may be =m$ by add+ g 7cf4 ,h9do/ani ga71 lo1 or la to ! old pres5t4 ,?us1 calu-g1 calu-lo or calu-la ,i %all g4 ,! g & lo agree 9 g5d] & numb] ) ! subject1 b la is immutable4 ,! t]m9ation ) l is also f\nd 9 ,bhojpuri 7see ,,bih>i71 9 ,m>a?i & 9 ,nepali4 ,= g see ,,h9do/ani4 ,ano!r =m ( ! future has s or h = its *>act]i/ic lett]1 & is ! only "o employ$ 9 ,g4 ,?us1 ,ap4 callisau or callihau1 ,g4 calis1 ,r4 7,jaipuri7 calasyu1 7,m>w>i7 calahu4 ,! o!r p]sonal t]m9ations diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! old pres5t1 & closely foll[ ,ap4 ,?us1 ,ap4 #c s+4 callisai or callihi1 ,g4 calase1 ,m>w>i calahi4 ,! p>ticiples & inf9itive are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,apabhramsa4 ,guj>ati4 ,raja/hani4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pres4 ,"p4 ,active callantau calato calato ,pa/4 ,"p4 ,passive calliau calyo calyo ,future ,"p4 ,passive calliavvau calavo calabo ,inf9itive 44 calavu calabo ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 ,g4 ! inf9itive is simply ! neut] ( ! future passive p>ticiple4 ,! p>ticiples are employ$ to =m f9ite t5ses2 ?us ,g4 hu calato1 ,i us$ to g2 hu calyo1 ,i w5t4 ,if ! v]b is transitive 7see ,,h9do/ani7 ! passive mean+ ( ! pa/ p>ticiple comes into =ce4 ,! subject is put into ! case ( ! ag5t1 & ! p>ticiple inflects to agree ) ! object1 or1 if !re is no object1 is employ$ imp]sonally 9 ! neut] 79 ,g47 or 9 ! mascul9e 79 ,r474 ,9 ,h9do/ani1 if ! object is express$ 9 ! dative1 ! p>ticiple is also employ$ imp]sonally1 9 ! mascul9e2 ?us raja-ne %]ni-ko m>a 7masc471 n m>i1 7fem471 by-!-k+1 ) ref]5ce-to-!-tigress1 x-7imp]sonal7-0-kill$1 i4e4 ! k+ kill$ ! tigress4 ,b 9 ,g4 & ,r41 ev5 if ! object is 9 ! dative1 ! pa/ p>ticiple agrees ) x2 ?us1 ,g4 rajae waghan-ne m>i1 by-!-k+1 )-ref]5ce-to-!-tigress1 %e-0-kill$4 ,o!r examples f ,g4 ( ?is passive con/ruction are me kahyu1 by me x 0 said1 ,i said2 t5e cit?i lakhi1 by him a lett] 0 writt51 he wrote a lett]2 e baie vagada-ma1 dahada kadya1 by ?is lady1 9 ! wild]ness1 days 7 pass$1 i4e4 %e pass$ h] days 9 ! wild]ness2 rajae vic>yu1 ! k+ consid]$4 ,! idiom ( ,r4 is exactly ! same 9 ^! cases1 except t ! mascul9e mu/ be us$ :]e ,g4 has ! neut]2 ?us1 rajaai vic>yo4 ,! future passive p>ticiple is con/ru$ 9 mu* ! same way1 b 7z 9 ,lat97 ! subject may be put into ! dative4 ,?us1 m>e a capadi vacavi1 mihi ille lib] 7e/7 leg5dus1 ,i mu/ read t book1 b also t5e 7ag5t case7 e kam k>avu1 by him ?is bus9ess is to be done4 ,g4 also =ms a pa/ p>ticiple 9 elo 7calelo71 :i* is "o ( ! _m survivals ( ! out] language4 ,?is -l- p>ticiple is typical ( mo/ ( ! languages ( ! out] b&1 includ+ ,m>a?i1 ,oriya1 ,b5gali1 ,bih>i & ,assamese4 ,x is =m$ by ! addition ( ! ,prakrit pleona/ic suffix -illa-1 :i* 0 n us$ by ! ,prakrit ( ! ,midl&1 b 0 common else:]e4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! ,ardhamagadhi pa/ p>ticiple passive an-illia-1 br\ght4 ,! usual v]bs sub/antive are z foll[s3 ,g4 *u1 ,r4 hu or *u1 ,i am1 :i* are conjugat$ regul>ly z old pres5ts1 & ,g4 hato1 ,r4 ho or *o1 01 :i* is a pa/ p>ticiple1 l ! ,h9do/ani 7q4v47 ?a4 ,hu1 hato & ho are expla9$ 9 ! article on t language4 ,*u is = ,skr4 r deg4c*ami1 ,ap4 ac*au4 ,! use ( ?is base is "o ( ! out] b& survivals4 ,ev5 9 ,prakrit1 x is n f\nd 7s f> z ! pres5t writ] is aw>e7 9 ! ,sauras5i ( ! ,midl&4 ,us+ ^! z auxili>ies ! f9ite v]b makes a :ole s]ies ( p]iphra/ic t5ses4 ,a pres5t def9ite is =m$ by conjugat+ ! old pres5t t5se 7n ! pres5t p>ticiple7 ) ! pres5t t5se ( ! v]b sub/antive4 ,?us1 ,g4 calu *u1 ,i am go+4 ,a simil> idiom is f\nd 9 "s ,we/]n ,h9di dialects1 b ,h9do/ani employs ! pres5t p>ticiple2 ?us1 calta hu4 ,9 ,g4 & ,r41 h[ev]1 ! imp]fect is =m$ ) ! pres5t p>ticiple z 9 ,h4 ,?us1 ,g4 hu calato hato1 ,i 0 go+4 ,s1 z 9 ,h41 we h a p]fect hu calyo 7or calelo7 *u1 ,i h gone1 & a plup]fect hu calyo 7or calelo7 hato1 ,i _h gone4 ,! ,r4 p]iphra/ic t5ses are made on ! same pr9ciples4 ,) ! g5itive ( ! ,g4 future passive p>ticiple1 calava-no1 we h a k9d ( g]undive1 z 9 hu calavano *u1 ,i am to be gone1 i4e4 ,i am ab\t to g2 hu calavano hato1 ,i 0 ab\t to g4 ,! same s]ies ( d]ivative v]bs occurs 9 ,g4 & ,r4 z 9 ,h4 ,?us1 we h a pot5tial passive 7a simple passive 9 ,g47 =m$ by add+ a to ! base1 z 9 ,g4 lakhavu1 to write1 lakhavu1 to be writt52 & a causal by add+ av or ad1 z 9 lakhavavu1 to cause to write2 besavu1 to sit1 besadavu1 to seat4 ,a new passive may be =m$ 9 ,g4 f ! causal1 z 9 tapavu1 to be hot2 tapavavu1 to cause to be hot2 to heat2 tapavavu1 to be heat$4 ,sev]al v]bs h irregul> pa/ p>ticiples4 ,^! mu/ be le>nt f ! gramm>s4 ,s also ! num]\s comp\nd v]bs1 su* z 7,g47 cali sakavu1 to be able to g2 cali cukavu1 to h complet$ go+2 calya k>avu1 to be 9 ! habit ( go+1 & s on4 ,lit]ature4 ,v little is kn[n ab\t ! lit]ature ( ,rajputana1 except t x is ( l>ge ext5t4 ,x includes a numb] ( b>dic *ronicles ( :i* only "o has be5 p>tially edit$1 b ! cont5ts ( :i* h be5 describ$ by ,tod 9 8 admir$ ,raja/han4 ,x also includes a consid]able religi\s lit]ature1 b ! :ole mass ( ?is is /ill 9 ,,ms4 ,f ^? specim5s :i* ! pres5t writ] has exam9$1 x w\ld appe> t mo/ ( ! au?ors wrote 9 ,braj ,bha%a1 ! ,h9du lit]>y dialect ( ,h9do/ani 7q4v47 ,9 ,m>w> x is an ackn[l$g$ fact t ! lit]ature falls into two bran*es1 "o call$ ,p+al & c\*$ 9 ,braj ,bha%a1 & ! o!r call$ ,d4+al & c\*$ 9 ,raja/hani4 ,! mo/ admir$ "w 9 ,d4+al is ! ,raghuna? ,rupak writt5 by ,mansa ,ram 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x is nom9ally a treatise on prosody1 b1 l _m o!r works ( ! same k9d1 x contrives to pay a d\ble debt1 = ! examples ( ! metres are s arrang$ z to =m a complete epic poem celebrat+ ! de$s ( ! h]o ,rama4 ,! e>lie/ writ] ( importance 9 ,guj>ati1 & its mo/ admir$ poet1 0 ,n>s+h ,meta1 :o liv$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,be=e him !re 7 writ]s on ,sanskrit gramm>1 rhetoric & ! l1 :o employ$ an old =m ( ,guj>ati = _! explanations4 ,n>s+h does n appe> to h writt5 any consid]able "w1 8 reputation dep5d+ on 8 %ort songs1 _m ( :i* exhibit mu* felicity ( diction4 ,he _h sev]al successors1 all admitt$ly 8 inf]iors4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! 0 ,rewa ,sank>1 ! translator ( ! ,mahabh>ata 7see ,,sanskrit3 ,lit]ature74 ,a m important side ( ,guj>ati lit]ature is its b>dic *ronicles1 ! cont5ts ( :i* h be5 utiliz$ by ,=bes 9 8 ,ras ,mala4 ,mod]n ,guj>ati lit]ature mo/ly consi/s ( translations or imitations ( ,engli% works4 ,,au?orities4--,volume ix4 ( ! ,l+ui/ic ,survey ( ,india conta9s a full & complete acc\nt ( ,guj>ati & ,raja/hani1 includ+ _! v>i\s dialectic =ms4 ,= ,raja/hani1 see ,s4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,gramm> ( ! ,h9di ,language 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahic74 ,9 ?is are describ$ sev]al dialects ( ,raja/hani4 ,see also ,ram ,k>n ,s>ma1 ,m>w>i ,vyak>ana 7,jodhpur1 #aija7 7a ,m>w>i gramm> writt5 9 t language71 & ,g4 ,macali/]1 ,specim5s ( ! ,dialects spok5 9 ! ,/ate ( ,jaipur 7conta9s specim5s1 vocabul>ies & gramm>s7 7,allahabad1 #ahih74 ,= ,guj>ati1 !re are num]\s gramm>s1 among/ :i* we may note ,w4 ,/ ,c4 ,tisdall1 ,simplifi$ ,gramm> ( ! ,guj>ati ,language 7,london1 #ahib7 & 7! mo/ complete7 ,g4 ,p4 ,taylor1 ,! ,/ud5t's ,guj>ati ,gramm> 7#bnd ed41 ,bombay1 #aijh74 ,z = diction>ies1 ! mo/ au?oritative is ! ,n>ma-kos ( ,n>mada ,sank> 7,bhaunag> & ,surat1 #ahgc71 9 ,guj>ati ?r\gh\t4 ,= ,engli% read]s we may m5tion ,%ahpurji ,edalji's 7#bnd ed41 ,bombay1 #ahfh71 ! introduction to :i* conta9s an acc\nt ( ,guj>ati lit]ature by ,j4 ,glasg[1 ,bels>e's 7,ahm$abad1 #ahie71 & ,k>bh>i's 7,ahm$abad1 #ahii74 7,g4 ,a4 ,gr47 ,,gujranwala1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,lahore division ( ! ,punjab4 ,! t[n is situat$ #dj m4 ,n4 ( ,lahore by rail4 ,x is ( mod]n gr[?1 & owes its importance to ! fa!r & gr&fa!r ( ,mah>aja ,ranjit ,s+h1 ^: capital x =m$ dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ! ,sikh p[]4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bi1bbd4 ,!re are manufactures ( brass-w>e1 jewell]y1 & silk & cotton sc>ves4 ,! ,,di/rict comprises an area ( #caih sq4 m4 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #gef1gig1 %[+ an increase ( #bi 9 ! decade4 ,! di/rict is divid$ betwe5 a l[ alluvial tract along ! riv]s ,*5ab & ,degh & ! upl& betwe5 !m1 :i* =ms ! c5tral portion ( ! ,re*na ,doab1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! f]tile submontane pla9s ( ,sialkot & ! des]t expanses ( ,jhang4 ,"p ( ! upl& tract has be5 br\ght "u cultivation by ! ,*5ab canal4 ,! c\ntry is v b>e ( trees1 & ! sc5]y ?r\gh\t is tame & 9 ! c5tral plateau becomes monoton\s4 ,x seems likely t ! di/rict once conta9$ ! capital ( ! ,punjab1 at an epo* :5 ,lahore _h n begun to exi/4 ,we le>n f ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ pilgrim1 ,hsuan ,tsang1 t ab\t ! ye> #fcj he visit$ a t[n kn[n z ,tse-kia 7or ,taki71 ! metropolis ( ! :ole c\ntry ( ! five riv]s4 ,a m\nd ne> ! mod]n village ( ,as>ur has be5 id5tifi$ z ! site ( ! anci5t capital4 ,until ! ,mahomm$an invasions little is kn[n ( ,gujranwala1 except t ,taki _h fall5 into oblivion & ,lahore _h become ! *ief city4 ,"u ,mahomm$an rule ! di/rict fl\ri%$ = a "t2 b a my/]i\s depopulation fell ^u ! tract1 & ! :ole region seems to h be5 almo/ entirely ab&on$4 ,on ! rise ( ,sikh p[]1 ! wa/e pla9s ( ,gujranwala 7 seiz$ by v>i\s milit>y adv5tur]s4 ,*>at ,s+h took-possession ( ! village ( ,gujranwala1 & "h 8 gr&son ! great ,mah>aja ,ranjit ,s+h 0 born4 ,! ,sikh rule1 :i* 0 else:]e s disa/r\s1 appe>s to h be5 an unmitigat$ b5efit to ?is di/rict4 ,ranjit ,s+h settl$ l>ge colonies 9 ! v>i\s villages1 & enc\rag$ cultivation ?r\gh\t ! depopulat$ pla94 ,9 #ahdg ! di/rict came "u ,briti% influ5ce 9 connexion ) ! reg5cy at ,lahore2 & 9 #ahdi x 0 includ$ 9 ! t]ritory annex$ aft] ! second ,sikh w>4 ,a l>ge export trade is c>ri$ on 9 cotton1 :eat & o!r gra9s4 ,! di/rict is s]v$ by ! ma9 l9e & bran*es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n railway4 ,,gujrat1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,rawalp9di division ( ! ,punjab1 ly+ on ! s\?-we/]n bord] ( ,ka%mir4 ,! t[n /&s ab\t #e m4 f ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,*5ab1 #gj m4 ,n4 ( ,lahore by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ai1daj4 ,x is built ^u an anci5t site1 =m]ly occupi$1 accord+ to tradition1 by two successive cities1 ! second ( :i* is suppos$ to h be5 de/roy$ 9 #acjc1 ! ye> ( a ,mongol invasion4 ,m ?an #bjj ye>s lat] ei!r ,%] ,%ah or ,akb> f\nd$ ! exi/+ t[n4 ,?\gh /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( a ,jat neighb\rhood1 ! =t 0 fir/ g>rison$ by ,guj>s1 & took ! "n ( ,gujrat4 ,akb>'s =t1 l>gely improv$ by ,guj> ,s+h1 /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ! t[n4 ,! neighb\r+ %r9e ( ! sa9t ,%ah ,daula s]ves z a k9d ( native asylum = lunatics4 ,! t[n has manufactures ( furniture1 inlaid "w 9 gold & iron1 brass-w>e1 boots1 cotton goods & %awls4 ,! ,,di/rict ,,( ,,gujrat comprises a n>r[ w$ge ( sub-,himalayan pla9 c\ntry1 possess+ few natural advantages4 ,f ! bas9 ( ! ,*5ab on ! s\? ! g5]al level rises rapidly t[>ds ! int]ior1 :i*1 ow+ to ! great di/ance ( ! wat] b5ea? ! surface1 assumes a dre>y & des]t aspect4 ,a range ( l[ hills1 kn[n z ! ,pabbi1 trav]ses ! nor!rn angle ( ,gujrat4 ,!y are compos$ ( a friable ,t]ti>y s&/one & conglom]ate1 de/itute ( vegetation1 & pres5t+ a m]e b>r5 *aos ( nak$ rock1 deeply scor$ ) precipit\s rav9es4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! ,pabbi /ret*es a high plateau1 t]m9at+ abruptly 9 a precipit\s bluff "s #bjj ft4 9 height4 ,at ! foot ( ?is plateau is a pla91 :i* =ms ! actual valley ( ! ,*5ab & p>ticipates 9 ! irrigation f ! riv] b$4 ,num]\s relics ( antiquity /ud ! surface ( ! di/rict4 ,m\nds ( anci5t con/ruction yield e>ly co9s1 & bricks are f\nd ^: size & type prove !m to belong to ! prehi/oric p]iod4 ,a m\nd n[ occupi$ by ! village ( ,moga or ,mong has be5 id5tifi$ z ! site ( ,nicaea1 ! city built by ,alex&] ! ,great on ! field ( 8 victory ov] ,porus4 ,! ,delhi empire e/abli%$ its au?ority 9 ?is di/rict "u ,bahlol ,lodi 7#adea-adhi74 ,a c5tury lat] x 0 visit$ by ,akb>1 :o f\nd$ ,gujrat z ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ! decay ( ! ,mogul p[]1 ! ,ghakk>s ( ,rawalp9di ov]ran ?is portion ( ! ,punjab & e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,gujrat ab\t #agda4 ,mean:ile ! ,sikh p[] _h be5 ass]t+ itself 9 ! ea/]n ,punjab1 & 9 #agfe ! ,ghakk> *ief 0 defeat$ by ,sird> ,guj> ,s+h1 *ief ( ! ,bhangi conf$]acy4 ,on 8 dea?1 8 son succe$$ him1 b aft] a few mon?s' w>f>e1 9 #agih1 he submitt$ himself z vassal to ! ,mah>aja ,ranjit ,s+h4 ,9 #ahdf ,gujrat fir/ came "u ! sup]vision ( ,briti% (ficials4 ,two ye>s lat] ! di/rict became ! !atre = ! important engagem5ts :i* decid$ ! ev5t ( ! second ,sikh w>4 ,aft] sev]al bloody battles 9 :i* ! ,briti% 7 unsuccessful1 ! ,sikh p[] 0 irretrievably brok5 at ! engagem5t :i* took place at ,gujrat on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #ahdi4 ,! ,punjab !n pass$ by annexation "u ,briti% rule4 ,! di/rict comprises an area ( #bjea sq4 m4 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #gej1edh1 %[+ a decrease ( #a1 comp>$ ) an increase ( #aj 9 ! previ\s decade4 ,! di/rict has a l>ge export trade 9 :eat & o!r gra9s1 oil1 wool1 cotton & hides4 ,! ma9 l9e & ! ,s9d-,sag> bran* ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n railway trav]se x4 ,,gula1 a ,babylonian goddess1 ! consort ( ,n9ib4 ,%e is id5tical ) ano!r goddess1 kn[n z ,bau1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t ! two 7 orig9ally indep5d5t4 ,! "n ,bau is m common 9 ! olde/ p]iod & gives way 9 ! po/-,khammurabic age to ,gula4 ,s9ce x is probable t ,n9ib 7q4v47 has absorb$ ! cults ( m9or sun-deities1 ! two names may repres5t consorts ( diff]5t gods4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! qualities ( bo? are alike1 & ! two occur z synonym\s designations ( ,n9ib's female consort4 ,o!r names borne by ?is goddess are ,n9-,k>rak1 ,ga-tum-dug & ,n9-d9-dug1 ! latt] signify+ ! lady :o re/ores to life4 ,! designation well emphasizes ! *ief trait ( ,bau-,gula :i* is t ( heal]4 ,%e is (t5 spok5 ( z ! great physician1 & accord+ly plays a specially prom95t role 9 incantations & incantation rituals int5d$ to relieve ^? suff]+ f disease4 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 also invok$ to curse ^? :o trample ^u ! rights ( rul]s or ^? :o d wrong ) poison\s potions4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,n9ib1 ! cult ( ,bau-,gula is prom95t 9 ,%irgulla & 9 ,nippur4 ,:ile g5]ally 9 close association ) h] consort1 %e is also invok$ by h]self1 & ?us reta9s a l>g] measure ( indep5d5ce ?an mo/ ( ! goddesses ( ,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,%e appe>s 9 a prom95t position on ! designs accompany+ ! ,kudurrus b\nd>y-/one monum5ts ( ,babylonia1 be+ repres5t$ by a /atue1 :5 o!r gods & goddesses are m]ely pictur$ by _! %r9es1 by sacr$ animals or by weapons4 ,9 neo-,babylonian days h] cult cont9ues to occupy a prom95t position1 & ,nebu*adrezz> ,,ii4 speaks ( no less ?an ?ree *apels or %r9es )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ,e-,zida 9 ! city ( ,borsippa1 besides a temple 9 h] hon\r at ,babylon4 7,m4 ,ja47 ,,gulb>ga1 an anci5t city ( ,india1 situat$ 9 ! ,nizam's dom9ions1 #gj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,%olapur4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bi1bbh4 ,orig9ally a ,h9du city1 x 0 made ! capital ( ! ,bahmani k+s :5 t dyna/y e/abli%$ _! indep5d5ce 9 ! ,deccan 9 #acdg1 & x rema9$ su* until #adbb4 ,! palaces1 mosques & tombs ( ^! k+s /ill /& half-ru9$4 ,! mo/ notable build+ is a mosque modell$ aft] t ( ,cordova 9 ,spa91 cov]+ an area ( #ch1jjj sq4 ft41 :i* is almo/ unique 9 ,india z be+ entirely cov]$ 94 ,s9ce ! op5+ ( a /ation on ! ,great ,india ,p59sula railway1 ,gulb>ga has become a c5tre ( trade1 ) cotton-sp9n+ & weav+ mills4 ,x is also ! headqu>t]s ( a di/rict & division ( ! same "n4 ,! di/rict1 z rec5tly recon/itut$1 has an area ( #fjjd sq4 m42 pop4 7#aija71 #a1jda1jfg4 ,,gulf ,,/ream1#a ! "n prop]ly appli$ to ! /ream curr5t :i* issues f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & fl[s nor?-ea/w>d1 foll[+ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & sep>at$ f x by a n>r[ /rip ( cold wat] 7! ,cold ,wall71 to a po9t ea/ ( ! ,gr& ,banks (f ,newf\ndl&4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream is a n>r[1 deep curr5t1 & its velocity is e/imat$ at ab\t #hj m4 a day4 ,x is jo9$ by1 & (t5 indi/+ui%able f1 a l>ge body ( wat] :i* comes f outside ! ,we/ ,indies & foll[s ! same c\rse4 ,! t]m 0 =m]ly appli$ to ! drift curr5t :i* c>ries ! mix$ wat]s ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! ,labrador curr5t ea/w>ds across ! ,atlantic4 ,?is is n[ usually kn[n z ! ,gulf ,/ream drift1 al?\gh ! "n is n altoge!r appropriate4 ,see ,atlantic4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ^w gulf1 a portion ( ! sea p>tially enclos$ by ! coa/-l9e1 & usually tak5 z ref]r+ to a tract ( wat] l>g] ?an a bay & small] ?an a sea1 is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,fr4 golfe1 f ,late ,gr4 ,greek3 kolphos1 class4 ,gr4 ,greek3 kolpos1 bosom1 h5ce bay1 cf4 ,lat4 s9us4 ,9 ,univ]sity slang1 ! t]m is us$ ( ! position ( ^? :o fail to obta9 a place 9 ! hon\rs li/ at a public exam9ation1 b are all[$ a pass4 ,,gulfwe$1 9 botany1 a popul> "n = ! seawe$ ,s>gassum baccif]um1 "o ( ! br[n seawe$s 7,phaeophyceae71 l>ge quantities ( :i* are f\nd float+ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :5ce x is c>ri$ nor?w>ds by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 small portions sometimes be+ borne z f> z ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,columbus1 & is rem>kable among seawe$s = its =m1 :i* resembles bran*es be>+ leaves & b]ries2 ! latt]1 to :i* ! species-"n baccif]um ref]s1 are holl[ floats answ]+ ! same purpose z ! bladd]s 9 ano!r br[n seawe$1 ,fucus vesiculosus1 :i* is common r\nd ! ,briti% ,isles betwe5 high & l[ wat]4 ,,gull1 ,,sir ,,william ,,)ey1 #a/ ,b>t4 7#ahaf-ahij71 ,engli% physician1 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ,john ,gull1 a b>ge-own] & :>f+] ( ,?orpe-le-,sok51 ,essex1 & 0 born on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #ahaf at ,col*e/]4 ,he began life z a s*oolma/]1 b 9 #ahcg ,b5jam9 ,h>rison1 ! treasur] ( ,guy's ,hospital1 :o _h notic$ 8 ability1 br\ght him up to ,london f ! s*ool at ,lewes :]e he 0 u%]1 & gave him employm5t at ! hospital1 :]e he also ga9$ p]mission to att5d ! lectures4 ,9 #ahdc he 0 made a lectur] 9 ! m$ical s*ool ( ! hospital1 9 #ahea he 0 *os5 an assi/ant physician1 & 9 #ahef he became full physician4 ,9 #ahdg he 0 elect$ ,full]ian pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 reta9+ ! po/ = ! usual ?ree ye>s1 & 9 #ahdh he deliv]$ ! ,gul/onian ,lectures at ! ,college ( ,physicians1 :]e he fill$ e (fice ( hon\r b t ( presid5t4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #ahij aft] a s]ies ( p>alytic /rokes1 ! fir/ ( :i* _h occurr$ ne>ly ?ree ye>s previ\sly4 ,he 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #ahgb1 9 recognition ( ! skill & c>e he _h %[n 9 att5d+ ! pr9ce ( ,wales dur+ 8 attack ( typhoid 9 #ahga4 ,sir ,william ,gull's fame re/$ ma9ly on 8 success z a cl9ical practition]2 z he said himself1 he 0 a cl9ical physician or no?+4 ,?is success mu/ be l>gely ascrib$ to 8 rem>kable p[]s ( obs]vation1 & to ! great opportunities he enjoy$ = ga9+ exp]i5ce ( disease4 ,he 0 sometimes accus$ ( be+ a disbeliev] 9 drugs4 ,t 0 n ! case1 = he prescrib$ drugs l o!r physicians :5 he consid]$ !m likely to be b5eficial4 ,he felt1 h[ev]1 t _! adm9i/ration 0 only a "p ( ! physician's duties1 & 8 m5tal hone/y & outspok5ness prev5t$ him f delud+ ei!r himself or 8 pati5ts ) unw>rant$ notions ( :at !y c d4 ,b ?\gh he reg>d$ m$ic9e z prim>ily an art = ! relief ( physical suff]+1 he 0 f> f disreg>d+ ! sci5tific side ( 8 pr(ession1 & he made "s real contributions to m$ical sci5ce4 ,8 pap]s 7 pr9t$ *iefly 9 ,guy's ,hospital ,reports & 9 ! proce$+s ( le>n$ societies3 among ! subjects he wrote ab\t 7 *ol]a1 rheumatic fev]1 ta5ia1 p>aplegia & abscess ( ! bra91 :ile he di/+ui%$ = ! fir/ "t 7#ahgc7 ! disease n[ kn[n z myxo$ema1 describ+ x z a cret9oid /ate 9 adults4 ,,gull 7,wel% gwylan1 ,breton1 goelann1 :5ce ,fr4 goel&71 ! "n commonly adopt$1 to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( ! ,o4 ,eng4 ,,mew 7,icel4 mafur1 ,dan4 maage1 ,sw$i% mase1 ,g]4 ,meve1 ,dut* meeuw1 ,fr4 m\ette71 = a gr\p ( sea-birds widely & commonly kn[n1 all belong+ to ! g5us ,l>us ( ,l9naeus1 :i* subsequ5t sy/emati/s h brok5 up 9 a v arbitr>y & (t5 absurd fa%ion4 ,! family ,l>idae is compos$ ( two *ief gr\ps1 ,l>9ae & ,/]n9ae--! gulls & ! t]ns1 ?\gh two o!r subfamilies are frequ5tly c\nt$1 ! skuas 7,/]cor>i9ae71 & t =m$ by ! s+le g5us ,rhyn*ops1 ! skimm]s2 b !re seems no /rong reason :y ! =m] %\ld n be ref]r$ to ! ,l>9ae & ! latt] to ! ,/]n9ae4 ,tak+ ! gulls 9 _! re/rict$ s5se1 ,h[>d ,saund]s1 :o has subject$ ! gr\p to a rigor\s revision 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,society1 #ahgh1 pp4 #aee-baa71 admits =ty-n9e species ( !m1 :i* he places 9 five g5]a in/ead ( ! _m :i* "s prior inve/igators _h s\ght to e/abli%4 ,( ! g5]a recogniz$ by him1 ,pagophila & ,rhodo/e?ia h b "o species ea*1 ,rissa & ,xema two1 :ile ! re/ belong to ,l>us4 ,! ,pagophila is ! s-call$ ivory-gull1 ,p4 eburnea1 names :i* h>dly d ju/ice to ! extreme :it5ess ( its plumage1 to :i* its jet-black legs (f] a /rong contra/4 ,! "y1 h[ev]1 are spott$ ) black4 ,an inhabitant ( ! mo/ nor!rn seas1 examples1 mo/ commonly "y birds ( ! ye>1 f9d _! way 9 w9t] to m temp]ate %ores4 ,its bre$+-place has seldom be5 discov]$1 & ! fir/ ( its eggs ev] se5 by orni?ologi/s 0 br\ght home by ,sir ,l4 ,m',cl9tock 9 #ahec f ,cape ,krabbe 7,j\rn4 ,r4 ,dubl4 ,society1 i4 #fj1 pl4 #a72 o!rs 7 subsequ5tly obta9$ by ,dr ,malmgr5 9 ,spitsb]g54 ,( ! species ( ,rissa1 "o is ! abundant & well-kn[n kittiwake1 ,r4 tridactyla1 ( circumpol> range1 bre$+1 h[ev]1 also 9 comp>atively l[ latitudes1 z on ! coa/s ( ,brita91 & 9 w9t] frequ5t+ s\!rn wat]s4 ,! o!r is ,r4 breviro/ris1 limit$ to ! ,nor? ,pacific1 betwe5 ,alaska & ,kam*atka4 ,! s+ul> fact requires to be notic$ t 9 bo? ^! species ! h9d toe is g5]ally defici5t1 b t examples ( ea* are occasionally f\nd 9 :i* ?is functionless memb] has n :olly disappe>$4 ,we h !n ! g5us ,l>us1 :i* orni?ologi/s h attempt$ mo/ unsuccessfully to subdivide4 ,x conta9s ! l>ge/ z well z ! smalle/ ( gulls4 ,9 "s species ! adults assume a d>k-col\r$ head e bre$+-season1 9 o!rs any trace ( d>k col\r is ! m>k ( immaturity4 ,! l>g] species prey fi]cely on o!r k9ds ( birds1 :ile ! small] cont5t !mselves ) a diet ( small animals1 (t5 insects & worms4 ,b h[ev] div]se be ! appe>ance1 /ructure or habits ( ! extremities ( ! s]ies ( species1 !y are s closely connect$ by int]m$iate =ms t x is h>d to f9d a gap betwe5 !m t w\ld ju/ify a g5]ic division4 ,=ty-?ree species ( ?is g5us are recogniz$ by ,saund]s4 ,ab\t fifte5 belong to ,europe & f\rte5 to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ( :i* 7exclud+ /raggl]s7 "s five only are common to bo? c\ntries4 ,our k ( ! geographical di/ribution ( sev]al ( !m is /ill incomplete4 ,"s h a v wide range1 o!rs v mu* ! rev]se1 z witness ,l4 fulig9osus1 believ$ to be conf9$ to ! ,galapagos1 & ,l4 scopul9us & ,l4 bull]i to ,new ,zeal&1--! la/ inde$ p]haps only to ! ,s\? ,isl&4 ,! l>ge/ species ( ! gr\p are ! glauc\s gull & great] black-back$ gull1 ,l4 glaucus & ,l4 m>9us1 ( :i* ! =m] is circumpol>1 & ! latt] ne>ly s--n be+ hi!rto f\nd betwe5 ,labrador & ,japan4 ,! smalle/ species is ! ,european ,l4 m9utus1 ?\gh ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,l4 ,philadelphia does n mu* exce$ x 9 size4 ,_m ( ! gulls congregate 9 va/ numb]s to bre$1 :e!r on rocky cliffs ( ! sea-coa/ or on heal?y isl&s 9 inl& wat]s4 ,"s ( ! settlem5ts ( ! black-head$ or peewit gull1 ,l4 ridibundus1 are a s\rce ( no small pr(it to _! proprietors1--! eggs1 :i* are rightly acc\nt$ a great delicacy1 be+ tak5 on an ord]ly sy/em up to a c]ta9 day1 & ! birds c>efully protect$4 ,ross's or ! roseate gull1 ,rhodo/e?ia rosea1 =ms a well-m>k$ g5us1 di/+ui%$ n s mu* by ! p9k t9t ( its plumage 7= t is f\nd 9 o!r species7 b by its small dove-l bill & w$ge-%ap$ tail4 ,x is an exce$+ly sc>ce bird1 & beyond its hav+ an ,arctic habitat1 little has yet be5 asc]ta9$ ab\t x4 ,m r>e /ill is "o ( ! species ( ,xema1 ,x4 furcatum1 ( :i* only two specim5s1 bo? believ$ to h come f ! ,galapagos1 h be5 se54 ,its small] cong5] ,sab9e's gull1 ,x4 sab9ii1 is m common1 & has be5 f\nd bre$+ bo? 9 ,arctic ,am]ica & 9 ,sib]ia1 & sev]al examples1 *iefly immature birds1 h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,bo? species ( ,xema are readily di/+ui%$ f all o!r gulls by _! =k$ tails4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,gully1 ,,john 7#aghc-ahfc71 ,engli% sportsman & politician1 0 born at ,wick1 ne> ,ba?1 on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/ #aghc1 ! son ( an innkeep]4 ,he came into prom95ce z a box]1 & 9 #ahje he 0 mat*$ aga9/ ,h5ry ,pe>ce1 ! ,game ,*ick51 be=e ! duke ( ,cl>5ce 7aft]w>ds ,william ,,iv47 & num]\s o!r spectators1 & aft] fight+ sixty-f\r r\nds1 :i* occupi$ an h\r & sev5te5 m9utes1 0 beat54 ,9 #ahjg he twice f\ght ,bob ,gregson1 ! ,lanca%ire giant1 = two hundr$ gu9eas a side1 w9n+ on bo? occasions4 ,z ! l&lord ( ! ,pl\gh tav]n 9 ,c>ey ,/reet1 ,london1 be retir$ f ! r+ 9 #ahjh1 & took to horse-rac+4 ,9 #ahbg he lo/ ,l#dj1jjj by back+ 8 horse ,mameluke 7= :i* he _h paid f\r ?\s& gu9eas7 = ! ,/ ,leg]4 ,9 p>tn]%ip ) ,rob]t ,ridskale1 9 #ahcb1 he made ,l#he1jjj by w9n+ ! ,d]by & ,/ ,leg] ) ,/ ,giles & ,m>grave4 ,9 p>tn]%ip ) ,john ,day he won ! ,two ,?\s& ,gu9eas ) ,ugly ,buck 9 #ahdd1 & two ye>s lat] he took ! ,d]by & ! ,oaks ) ,pyrrhus ! ,fir/ & ,m5dicant1 9 #ahed ! ,two ,?\s& ,gu9eas ) ,h]mit1 & 9 ! same ye>1 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,h5ry ,padwick1 ! ,d]by ) ,&ov]4 ,hav+ b\ght ,ackwor? ,p>k ne> ,pontefract he 0 ,m4,p4 f ,decemb] #ahcb to ,july #ahcg4 ,9 #ahfb he pur*as$ ! ,w+ate ,grange e/ate & colli]ies4 ,gully 0 twice m>ri$ & _h twelve *ildr5 by ea* wife4 ,he di$ at ,durham on ! #i? ( ,m>* #ahfc4 ,he appe>s to h be5 no relation ( ! subsequ5t ,speak]1 ,"l ,selby4 ,,gulpaigan 7,j]badegan ( ! ,arab geograph]s71 a di/rict & city 9 ,c5tral ,p]sia1 situat$ ,n4,w4 ( ,isfahan & ,s4,e4 ( ,irak4 ,toge!r ) ,khuns> x =ms a small prov9ce1 pay+ a ye>ly rev5ue ( ab\t ,l#fjjj4 ,! city ( ,gulpaigan is situat$ #hg m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,isfahan1 at an elevation ( #ehge ft4 9 #cc deg4 #bd' ,n4 & #ej deg4 #bj' ,e41 & has a population ( ab\t #ejjj4 ,! di/rict is f]tile & produces mu* gra9 & "s opium4 ,sometimes x is "u ! gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,isfahan prov9ce1 at o!rs x =ms "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,irak1 & at times1 z 9 #aijf1 is "u a gov]nor appo9t$ f ,teh]an4 ,,gum 7,fr4 gomme1 ,lat4 gommi1 ,gr4 ,greek3 kommi1 possibly a ,coptic ^w2 di/+ui% gum1 ! fle%y cov]+ ( ! base ( a too?1 9 ,o4 ,eng4 goma1 palate1 cf4 ,g]4 ,gaum51 ro( ( ! m\?2 ! ultimate orig9 is probably ! root gha1 to op5 wide1 se5 9 ,gr4 ,greek3 *a9e91 to gape1 cf4 yawn71 ! g5]ic "n giv5 to a gr\p ( amorph\s c>bo-hydrates ( ! g5]al =mula 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7n1 :i* exi/ 9 ! juices ( almo/ all plants1 & also occur z exudations f /ems1 bran*es & fruits ( plants4 ,!y are entirely soluble or s(t5 9 wat]1 & =m ) x a ?ick glut9\s liquid or mucilage4 ,!y yield mucic & oxalic acids :5 treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,9 /ructure ! gums are q amorph\s1 be+ nei!r organiz$ l />* nor cry/alliz$ l sug>4 ,!y are od\rless & ta/eless1 & "s yield cle> aque\s solutions--! real gums--:ile o!rs swell up & w n p]colate filt] pap]--! vegetable mucilages4 ,! acacias & ! ,rosaceae yield _! gums mo/ abundantly :5 sickly & 9 an abnormal /ate1 caus$ by a fulness ( sap 9 ! "y tissues1 :]eby ! new cells are s(t5$ & f9ally disorganiz$2 ! cavities ?us =m$ fill ) liquid1 :i* exudes1 dries & con/itutes ! gum4 ,gum arabic may be tak5 z ! type ( ! gums entirely soluble 9 wat]4 ,ano!r v>iety1 obta9$ f ! ,prosopis dulcis1 a legum9\s plant1 is call$ gum mesquite or mezquite2 x comes f we/]n ,texas & ,mexico1 & is yell[i% 9 col\r1 v brittle & q soluble 9 wat]4 ,gum arabic occurs 9 pieces ( v>y+ size1 & "s k9ds are full ( m9ute cracks4 ,! specific gravity ( ,turkey pick$ gum 7! pure/ v>iety7 is #a4dhg1 or1 :5 dri$ at #ajj deg4 ,c41 #a4ebe4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] to an indef9ite ext5t2 boil$ ) dilute sulphuric acid x is conv]t$ into ! sug> galactose4 ,mod]ately /rong nitric acid *anges x into mucic1 sac*>ic1 t>t>ic & oxalic acids4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( yea/ x does n ent] into ! alcoholic f]m5tation1 b ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 ,b]!lot1 by dige/+ ) *alk & *eese1 obta9$ f x #ab ( its weight ( alcohol1 along ) calcium lactate1 b no appreciable quantity ( sug>4 ,gum arabic may be reg>d$ z a potassium & calcium salt ( gummic or arabic acid4 ,t4 ,graham 7,*emical & ,physical ,rese>*es7 recomm5d$ dialysis z ! be/ mode ( prep>+ gummic acid1 & /at$ t ! p[] ( gum to p5etrate ! p>*m5t septum is #djj times less ?an t ( sodium *loride1 &1 fur!r1 t by mix+ ! gum ) sub/ances ( ! cry/alloid class ! diffusibility is l[]$1 & may be ev5 r$uc$ to no?+4 ,! mucilage mu/ be acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid be=e dialys+1 to set free ! gummic acid4 ,by add+ alcohol to ! solution1 ! acid is precipitat$ z a :ite amorph\s mass1 :i* becomes glassy at #ajj deg4 ,its =mula is 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e7b;,h#b,o1 & x =ms comp\nds ) ne>ly all bases :i* are easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,gummic acid r$d5s litmus1 its reaction be+ ab\t equal to c>bonic acid4 ,:5 solutions ( gum arabic & gelat9 are mix$1 oily drops ( a comp\nd ( ! two are precipitat$1 :i* on /&+ =m a ne>ly col\rless jelly1 melt+ at #be deg4 ,c41 or by ! heat ( ! h&4 ,?is sub/ance c be wa%$ )\t decomposition4 ,gummic acid is soluble 9 wat]2 :5 well dri$ at #ajj deg4 ,c41 x becomes trans=m$ into metagummic acid1 :i* is insoluble1 b swells up 9 wat] l gum tragacan?4 ,gum arabic1 :5 heat$ to #aej deg4 ,c4 ) two p>ts ( acetic anhydride1 swells up to a mass :i*1 :5 wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 & !n ) alcohol1 gives a :ite amorph\s insoluble p[d] call$ acetyl arab9 ,c#f;,h#h7;,c#b;,h#c,o7#b,o#e4 ,x is saponifi$ by alkalies1 ) reproduction ( soluble gum4 ,gum arabic is n precipitat$ f solution by alum1 /ann\s *loride1 sulphate or nitrate ( copp]1 or neutral lead acetate2 ) basic lead acetate x =ms a :ite jelly1 ) f]ric *loride x yields a /iff cle> gelat9oid mass1 & its solutions are also precipitat$ by borax4 ,! f9] v>ieties are us$ z an emolli5t & demulc5t 9 m$ic9e1 & 9 ! manufacture ( confection]y2 ! common] qualities are us$ z an adhesive pa/e1 = giv+ lu/re to crape1 silk1 c41 9 clo? f9i%+ to /iff5 ! fibres1 & 9 calico-pr9t+4 ,= labels1 c41 x is usual to mix sug> or glyc]9 ) x to prev5t x f crack+4 ,gum s5egal1 a v>iety ( gum arabic produc$ by ,acacia ,v]ek1 occurs 9 pieces g5]ally r\nd$1 ( ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 & ( a r$di% or yell[ col\r1 & specific gravity #a4dcf4 ,x gives ) wat] a some:at /rong] mucilage ?an gum arabic1 f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by its cle> int]ior1 few] cracks & great] t\ghness4 ,x is import$ f ! riv] ,gambia1 & f ,s5egal & ,ba?ur/4 ,*agual gum1 a v>iety br\ght f ,santiago1 ,*ile1 resembles gum s5egal4 ,ab\t #ge is soluble 9 wat]4 ,its solution is n ?ick5$ by borax1 & is precipitat$ by neutral lead acetate2 & dilute sulphuric acid conv]ts x into d-glucose4 ,gum tragacan?1 famili>ly call$ gum dragon1 exudes f ! /em1 ! l[] "p especially1 ( ! v>i\s species ( ,a/ragalus1 especially ,a4 gummif]1 & is collect$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! *ief port ( %ipm5t be+ ,smyrna4 ,=m]ly only :at exud$ spontane\sly 0 ga!r$2 ?is 0 (t5 ( a br[ni% col\r2 b n[ ! fl[ ( ! gum is aid$ by incisions cut ne> ! root1 & ! product is ! f9e1 :ite1 flaky v>iety s mu* valu$ 9 comm]ce4 ,! *ief fl[ ( gum takes place dur+ ! night1 & hot & dry wea!r is ! mo/ fav\rable = its production4 ,9 col\r gum tragacan? is ( a dull :ite2 x occurs 9 horny1 flexible & t\gh1 ?91 twi/$ flakes1 transluc5t1 & ) peculi> wavy l9es on ! surface4 ,:5 dri$ at temp]atures "u #ajj deg4 ,c4 x loses ab\t #ad ( wat]1 & is !n easily p[d]$4 ,its specific gravity is #a4chd4 ,) wat] x swells by absorption1 & ) ev5 fifty times its weight ( t liquid =ms a ?ick mucilage4 ,"p ( x only is soluble 9 wat]1 & t resembles gummic acid 9 be+ precipitat$ by alcohol & ammonium oxalate1 b diff]s f x 9 giv+ a precipitate ) neutral lead acetate & none ) borax4 ,! insoluble "p ( ! gum is a calcium salt ( bassor9 7,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj71 :i* is devoid ( ta/e & smell1 =ms a gelat9oid mass ) wat]1 b by cont9u$ boil+ is r5d]$ soluble4 ,gum tragacan? is us$ 9 calico-pr9t+ z a ?ick5] ( col\rs & mordants2 9 m$ic9e z a demulc5t & vehicle = insoluble p[d]s1 & z an excipi5t 9 pills2 & = sett+ & m5d+ beetles & o!r insect specim5s4 ,x is m$ic9ally sup]ior to gum acacia1 z x does n und]go acet\s f]m5tation4 ,! be/ ph>macopeial prep>ation is ! ,mucilago ,tragacan?ae4 ,! comp\nd p[d] is a useless prep>ation1 z ! />* x conta9s is v liable to f]m5t4 ,gum kute]a resembles 9 appe>ance gum tragacan?1 = :i* ! attempt has occasionally be5 made to sub/itute x4 ,x is said to be ! product ( ,/]culia ur5s1 a plant ( ! natural ord] ,/]culiaceae4 ,*]ry tree gum is an exudation f trees ( ! g5]a ,prunus & ,c]asus4 ,x occurs 9 %9y r$di% lumps1 resembl+ ! common] k9ds ( gum arabic4 ,) wat]1 9 :i* x is only p>tially soluble1 x =ms a ?ick mucilage4 ,sulphuric acid conv]ts x into l-arab9ose2 & nitric acid oxidizes x to oxalic acid 7)\t ! int]m$iate =mation ( mucic acid z 9 ! case ( gum arabic74 ,gum ( ,bassora1 f ,bassora or ,bussorah 9 ,asia1 is sometimes import$ into ! ,london m>ket "u ! "n ( ! hog tragacan?4 ,x is insipid1 crackles betwe5 ! tee?1 occurs 9 v>iable-siz$ pieces1 is t\gh1 ( a yell[i%-:ite col\r1 & opaque1 & has prop]ties simil> to gum tragacan?4 ,its specific gravity is #a4cf4 ,x conta9s only #a ( soluble gum or arab94 ,"u ! "n ( ,c>amania gum x is mix$ ) inf]ior k9ds ( gum tragacan? be=e exportation4 ,mucilage4--,v _m se$s1 roots1 c41 :5 infus$ 9 boil+ wat]1 yield mucilages :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 consi/ ( bassor94 ,l9se$1 qu9ce se$ & m>%mall[ root yield x 9 l>ge quantity4 ,9 _! reactions ! diff]5t k9ds ( mucilage pres5t diff]5ces2 e4g4 qu9ce se$ yields only oxalic acid :5 treat$ ) nitric acid1 & ) a solution ( iod9e 9 z9c iodide x gives1 aft] "s "t1 a beautiful r$ t9t4 ,l9se$ does n give ! latt] reaction2 by treatm5t ) boil+ nitric acid x yields mucic & oxalic acids4 ,gum ,res9s4--,?is t]m is appli$ to ! inspissat$ milky juices ( c]ta9 plants1 :i* consi/ ( gum soluble 9 wat]1 res9 & ess5tial oil soluble 9 alcohol1 o!r vegetable matt] & a small am\nt ( m9]al matt]4 ,!y are g5]ally opaque & solid1 & (t5 brittle4 ,:5 f9ely p[d]$ & rubb$ d[n ) wat] !y =m emulsions1 ! undissolv$ res9 be+ susp5d$ 9 ! gum solution4 ,_! *ief uses are 9 m$ic9e4 ,examples are ammoniacum1 asafetida1 bdellium1 euphorbium1 gamboge1 myrrh1 sagapanum & scammony4 ,,gumbel1 ,,k>l ,,wilhelm ,,von1 ,,b>on 7#ahbc-ahih71 ,g]man geologi/1 0 born at ,dann5fels1 9 ! ,palat9ate ( ! ,rh9e1 on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y #ahbc1 & is kn[n *iefly by 8 rese>*es on ! geology ( ,bav>ia4 ,he receiv$ a practical & sci5tific education 9 m9+ at ,muni* & ,heidelb]g1 tak+ ! degree ( ,ph4,d4 at ,muni* 9 #ahfb2 & he 0 engag$ = a "t at ! colli]y ( ,/ ,+b]t & z a surveyor 9 t di/rict4 ,9 #ahea1 :5 ! ,geological ,survey ( ,bav>ia 0 in/itut$1 ,gumbel 0 appo9t$ *ief geologi/2 9 #ahfc he 0 made honor>y pr(essor ( geognosy & survey+ at ! univ]sity ( ,muni*1 & 9 #ahgi1 ,ob]b]g director ( ! ,bav>ian m9+ dep>tm5t ) :i* ! ,geological ,survey 0 incorporat$4 ,8 geological map ( ,bav>ia appe>$ 9 #aheh1 & ! (ficial memoir descriptive ( ! detail$ "w1 entitl$ ,geogno/is*e ,bes*reibung des ,konigrei*s ,bay]n 0 issu$ 9 ?ree p>ts 7#ahfa1 #ahfh & #ahgi74 ,he subsequ5tly publi%$ 8 ,geologie von ,bay]n 9 #b vols4 7#ahhd-ahid71 an elaborate treatise on geology1 ) special ref]5ce to ! geology ( ,bav>ia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 long & active c>e] he engag$ 9 mu* palaeontological "w3 he /udi$ ! fauna ( ! ,trias1 & 9 #ahfa introduc$ ! t]m ,rhaetic = ! upp]mo/ division ( t sy/em2 he support$ at fir/ ! view ( ! organic nature ( ,eozoon 7#ahff & #ahgf71 he devot$ special att5tion to ,=am9if]a1 & describ$ ^? ( ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ! nor!rn ,alps 7#ahfh72 he dealt also ) ,receptaculites 7#ahge7 :i* he reg>d$ z a g5us belong+ to ! ,=am9if]a4 ,he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,june #ahih4 ,,gumb9n51 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,ea/ ,prussia1 on ! ,pissa1 an afflu5t ( ! ,pregel1 #bb m4 by rail ,s4,w4 ( ,eydtkuhn5 on ! l9e to ,konigsb]g4 ,pop4 7#aije71 #ad1aid4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is pleasant & fruitful1 & ! t[n has spaci\s & regul> /reets %ad$ by l9d5 trees4 ,x has a ,roman ,ca?olic & ?ree ,evangelical *ur*es1 a synagogue1 a gymnasium1 two public s*ools1 a public libr>y1 a hospital & an infirm>y4 ,9 ! m>ket squ>e !re is a /atue ( ! k+ ( ,prussia ,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 :o 9 #agbd rais$ ,gumb9n5 to ! rank ( a t[n1 & 9 #agcb br\ght to x a numb] ( p]sons :o _h be5 driv5 f ,salzburg by religi\s p]secution4 ,on ! bridge ov] ! ,pissa a monum5t has be5 erect$ to ! soldi]s f ! neighb\rhood :o fell 9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> ( #ahgj-ga4 ,iron f\nd+ & ! manufacture ( ma*9]y1 wool1 cotton1 & l95 weav+1 /ock+-mak+1 tann+1 brew+ & di/ill+ are ! pr9cipal indu/ries4 ,!re are horse & cattle m>kets1 & "s trade 9 corn & l9se$4 ,see ,j4 ,s*neid]1 ,aus ,gumb9n5s ,v]gang5heit 7,gumb9n51 #aijd74 ,,gumbo1 or ,,okra1 t]m$ also ,okro1 ,o*ro1 ,ketmia1 ,gubbo & ,syrian mall[ 7,sans4 ,t9disa1 ,b5gali ,dh]as1 ,p]s4 ,bamiyah--! ,bammia ( ,prosp] ,alp9us2 ,fr4 ,gombaut1 or bett] ,gombo1 & ,ketmie come/ible71 ,hibiscus escul5tus1 a h]bace\s hairy annual plant ( ! natural ord] ,malvaceae1 probably ( ,african orig91 & n[ naturaliz$ or cultivat$ 9 all tropical c\ntries4 ,! leaves are cordate1 & #c to #e-lob$1 & ! fl[]s yell[1 ) a crimson c5tre2 ! fruit or pod1 ! ,b5di-,kai ( ! ,europeans ( s\!rn ,india1 is a tap]+1 #aj-;angl$ capsule1 #d to #aj 94 9 l5g?1 except 9 ! dw>f v>ieties ( ! plant1 & conta9s num]\s oval d>k-col\r$ se$s1 hairy at ! base4 ,?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( ! gumbo 7,quiabo & ,quimgombo7 9 ,brazil h be5 describ$ by ,pa*eco4 ,! unripe fruit is eat5 ei!r pickl$ or prep>$ l asp>agus4 ,x is also an +r$i5t 9 v>i\s di%es1 e4g4 ! gumbo ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ! calal\ ( ,jamaica2 & on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( mucilage x conta9s1 x is ext5sively consum$1 bo? fre% & 9 ! =m ( ! prep>$ p[d]1 = ! ?ick5+ ( bro?s & s\ps4 ,= w9t] use x is salt$ or slic$ & dri$4 ,! fruit is gr[n on a v l>ge scale 9 ! vic9ity ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,x 0 "o ( ! escul5ts ( ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,abul-,abbas el-,nebati1 :o j\rney$ to ,alex&ria 9 #abaf 7,wu/5feld1 ,ges*4 d4 arab4 ,arzte1 p4 #aah1 ,gott41 #ahdj71 & is /ill cultivat$ by ! ,egyptians1 :o call$ x ,bammge4 ,! se$s ( ! gumbo are us$ z a sub/itute = c(fee4 ,f _! demulc5t & emolli5t prop]ties1 ! leaves & immature fruit h long be5 9 repute 9 ! ,ea/ = ! prep>ation ( p\ltices & fom5tations4 ,alp9us 7#aeib7 m5tions ! employm5t ( _! decoction 9 ,egypt 9 oph?almia & 9 ut]9e & o!r compla9ts4 ,! musk okra 7,sans41 ,lataka/urika1 cf4 ! ,gr4 ,greek3 ka/or2 ,b5gali1 ,lataka/uri2 ,g]4 ,bisamkorn]/rau*2 ,fr4 ,ketmie musquee71 ,hibiscus ,abelmos*us 7,abelmos*us mos*atus71 indig5\s to ,india1 & cultivat$ 9 mo/ w>m regions ( ! globe1 is a suffruticose plant1 be>+ a conical #e-ridg$ pod ab\t #c 94 9 l5g?1 )9 :i* are num]\s br[n r5i=m se$s1 small] ?an ^? ( ,h4 escul5tus4 ,! se$s possess a musky od\r1 due to an oleo-res9 pres5t 9 ! integum5t1 & are kn[n to p]fum]s "u ! "n ( ambrette z a sub/itute = musk4 ,!y are said to be us$ by ! ,arabs = sc5t+ c(fee4 ,! se$s 79 ! ,fantee language1 ,incromahom7 are us$ 9 ,africa z beads2 & p[d]$ & /eep$ 9 rum !y are valu$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies z a rem$y = snakebites4 ,! plant yields an excell5t fibre1 &1 be+ ri* 9 mucilage1 is employ$ 9 ,upp] ,india = ! cl>ify+ ( sug>4 ,! be/-p]fum$ se$s are report$ to come f ,m>t9ique4 ,see ,p4 ,alp9us1 ,de plantis ,aegypti1 cap4 xxvii4 p4 #ch 7,v5ice1 #aeib72 ,j4 ,son!im]'s ,abd ,allah ibn ,ahmad1 c41 i4 #aah 7,/uttg>t1 #ahdj-ahdb72 ,p4 ,p4 ,pa*eco1 ,la ,ketmie potag]e ou come/ible1 ,la ,belgique horticole1 iv4 #fc 7#ahec72 ,della ,sudda1 ,de l'emploi a ,con/ant9ople de la rac9e de l',hibiscus escul5tus1 ,rep]t4 de ph>m41 ,janu>y #ahfj1 p4 #bbi2 ,e4 ,j4 ,w>+1 ,ph>m4 ( ,india1 p4 #ce 7#ahfh72 ,o4 ,popp1 ,ub] die ,as*5be/&teile d] ,sam5 von ,acacia nilotica und ,hibiscus escul5tus 9 ,agypt51 ,ar*4 d] ,ph>m4 cxcv4 p4 #adj 7#ahga72 ,drury1 ,! ,useful ,plants ( ,india1 pp4 #a1 #b 7#bnd ed41 #ahgc72 ,u4 ,c4 ,dutt1 ,! ,mat4 ,m$4 ( ! ,h9dus1 pp4 #abc1 #cba 7#ahgg72 ,lanessan1 ,hi/4 des drogues1 i4 #aha-ahd 7#ahgh72 ,g4 ,watt1 ,diction>y ( ! ,economic ,products ( ,india 7#ahij74 ,,gumti1 a riv] ( nor!rn ,india4 ,x rises 9 a depression 9 ! ,pilibhit di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 & aft] a s9u\s b g5]ally s\?-ea/]ly c\rse ( #ejj m4 pa/ ,luckn[ & ,jaunpur jo9s ! ,ganges 9 ,ghazip> di/rict4 ,at ,jaunpur x is a f9e /ream1 spann$ by a #af?-c5tury bridge ( sixte5 ar*es1 & is navigable by vessels ( #ag tons burd54 ,!re is also a small riv] ( ! same "n 9 ! ,tipp]a di/rict ( ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam4 ,,gumulj9a1 or ,,gumurdj9a1 a t[n ( ,european ,turkey1 9 ! vilayet ( ,adrianople4 ,pop4 7#aije71 ab\t #hjjj1 ( :om ?ree-f\r?s are ,turks & ! rema9d] ,greeks1 ,jews or ,arm5ians4 ,gumulj9a is situat$ on ! riv] ,k>aja-,su1 s\? ( ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,rhodope range ( m\nta9s & #ac m4 inl& f ! ,aegean ,sea4 ,x has a /ation on ! railway betwe5 ,salonica & ,d$eagat*4 ,! di/rict produces :eat1 maize1 b>ley & tobacco2 s]iculture & viticulture are bo? practis$ on a limit$ scale4 ,a cattle fair is held annually on ,greek ,palm ,sunday4 ,copp] & antimony are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,,gumus1 or ,,gumz1 ,negroes ( ! ,%angalla gr\p ( tribes1 dwell+ 9 ! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,fazogli on ! ,sudan-,abyss9ian fronti]4 ,!y live 9 indep5d5t gr\ps1 "s be+ m\nta9e]s :ile o!rs are settl$ on ! banks ( ! ,blue ,nile4 ,gumz 9 ! native tongue signifies p1 & ! sub-tribes h di/9ctive names4 ,! ,gumus are nature-wor%ipp]s1 ,god & ! sun be+ synonym\s4 ,on c]emonial occasions !y c>ry p>asols ( hon\r 7see ,,%angalla74 ,,gumu%-,,khaneh1 ! *ief t[n ( a sanjak ( ! same "n 9 ! ,trebizond vilayet ( ,asiatic ,turkey1 situat$ on high gr\nd 7#ddjj ft47 9 ! valley ( ! ,kh>%ut ,su1 ab\t #a_/b m4 to s\? ( ! ,trebizond-,erz]um *aussee4 ,! silv] m9es f :i* ! place takes its "n 7 not$ 9 anci5t times & are m5tion$ by ,m>co ,polo4 ,pop4 ab\t #cjjj1 *iefly ,greeks1 :o are 9 ! habit ( emigrat+ to great di/ances to "w 9 m9es4 ,!y practically supply ! :ole lead & silv]-m9+ lab\r 9 ,asiatic ,turkey1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,greek bi%op ( ,gumu%-,khaneh has "u 8 jurisdiction all ! communities engag$ 9 ?is p>ticul> class ( m9es4 ,,gun1 a g5]al t]m = a weapon1 tubul> 9 =m1 f :i* a projectile is dis*>g$ by means ( an explosive4 ,:5 appli$ to artill]y ! ^w is conf9$ to ^? pieces ( ordnance :i* h a direct z oppos$ to a high-angle fire1 9 :i* case ! t]ms h[itz] & mort> are us$ 7see ,,ordnance & ,,ma*9e-,,gun74 ,gun z appli$ to fire>ms :i* are c>ri$ 9 ! h& & fir$ f ! %\ld]1 ! old h& gun1 is n[ *iefly us$ ( ! sport+ %ot-gun1 ) :i* ?is article ma9ly deals2 9 milit>y usage ?is type ( weapon1 :e!r rifle1 c>b9e1 c41 is kn[n collectively z small arms 7see ,,rifle & ,,pi/ol74 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w1 :i* 9 ,mid4 ,eng4 is gonne or gunne1 is obscure1 b x has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat t x conceals a female "n1 ,gunnilde or ,gunhilda4 ,! names1 e4g4 ,mons ,meg at ,ed9burgh ,ca/le & faule ,grete 7heavy ,peg71 kn[n to read]s ( ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 w be famili> p>allelisms4 ,gunne w\ld be a %ort5$ pet "n ( ,gunnhilde4 ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y f9ds support = ! sugge/ion 9 ! fact t 9 ,old ,norwegian gunne & hilde bo? mean w>1 & quotes an inv5tory ( w> mat]ial at ,w9dsor ,ca/le 9 #accj-acca1 :]e is m5tion$ una magna bali/a de cornu quae vocatur ,dom9a ,gunilda4 ,ano!r sugge/ion = ! orig9 ( ! ^w is t ! ^w repres5ts a %ort5$ =m1 gonne1 ( a suppos$ ,fr5* mangonne1 a mangonel1 b ! ,fr5* ^w is mangonneau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,h& ,gun4 ,fire>ms are said to h be5 fir/ us$ 9 ,european w>f>e 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! h& gun 7see fig4 #a7 came into practical use 9 #addf & 0 ( v rude con/ruction4 ,x consi/$ ( a simple iron or brass tube ) a t\*-hole at ! top fix$ 9 a /raight /ock ( wood1 ! end ( :i* pass$ "u ! "r armpit :5 ! gonne 0 ab\t to be fir$4 ,a simil> weapon 7see fig4 #b7 0 also us$ by ! horse-soldi]1 ) a r+ at ! end ( ! /ock1 by :i* x 0 susp5d$ by a cord r\nd ! neck2 a =k$ re/1 fitt$ by a r+ to ! saddleb[1 s]v$ to /eady ! gun4 ,?is re/1 :5 n 9 use1 hung d[n 9 front ( ! "r leg4 ,a mat* 0 made ( cotton or hemp spun slack1 & boil$ 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre or 9 ! lees ( w9e4 ,! t\*-hole 0 fir/ plac$ on ! top ( ! b>rel1 b aft]w>ds at ! side1 ) a small pan und]nea? to hold ! prim+1 & gu>d$ by a cov] mov+ on a pivot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,m\nt$ ,man ) ,h& ,gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,g5]al ,h>dy de ,p]9i's ,tur5ne et ,conde #afbf-afge4 ,,fig4 #c4--,muskete]1 #afbf4 ,an improvem5t 9 fire>ms took place 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 or at ! close ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 by fix+ a cock 7,fr4 s]p5t9e7 on ! h& gun to hold ! mat*1 :i* 0 br\ght d[n to ! prim+ by a trigg]1 :5ce ! t]m mat*lock4 ,?is weapon is /ill 9 use among ! ,*9ese1 ,tat>s1 ,sikhs1 ,p]sians & ,turks4 ,an improvem5t 9 ! /ock 0 also made dur+ ?is p]iod by =m+ x ) a wide butt end to be plac$ aga9/ ! "r brea/4 ,subsequ5tly ! /ock 0 b5t1 a ,g]man inv5tion1 & ! arm 0 call$ a hackbutt or hagbut1 & ! small] v>iety a demihague4 ,! arquebus & hackbutt 7 ab\t a y>d 9 l5g?1 includ+ b>rel & /ock1 & ! demihague 0 ab\t half ! size & weight1 ! =]unn] ( ! pi/ol4 ,! arquebus 0 ! /&>d infantry fire>m 9 ,europe f ! battle ( ,pavia to ! introduction ( ! heavi] & m p[]ful musket4 ,x did n z a rule require a re/1 z did ! musket4 ,! :eel-lock1 an improvem5t on ! mat*lock1 0 inv5t$ 9 ,nuremb]g 9 #aeag2 0 fir/ us$ at ! siege ( ,p>ma 9 #aeba2 0 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #aecj1 & cont9u$ 9 p>tial use !re until ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,?is :eel-lock consi/$ ( a flut$ or groov$ /eel :eel :i* protrud$ into ! prim+ pan1 & 0 connect$ ) a /rong spr+4 ,! cock1 also regulat$ by a spr+1 0 fitt$ ) a piece ( iron pyrites4 ,9 ord] to dis*>ge ! gun ! lock 0 w\nd up by a key1 ! cock 0 let d[n on ! prim+ pan1 ! pyrites re/+ on ! :eel2 on ! trigg] be+ press$ ! :eel 0 releas$ & rapidly revolv$1 emitt+ sp>ks1 :i* ignit$ ! p[d] 9 ! pan4 ,! complicat$ & exp5sive nature ( ?is lock1 ) its liability to injury1 no d\bt prev5t$ its g5]al adoption4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,g5]al ,h>dy de ,p]9i's ,tur5ne et ,conde1 #afbf-afge4 ,,figs4 #d & #e4--,muskete]s1 #afge4 ,ab\t #aedj ! ,spani>ds con/ruct$ a l>g] & heavi] fire>m 7mat*lock71 c>ry+ a ball ( #aj to ! p\nd1 call$ a musket4 ,?is weapon 0 introduc$ into ,engl& be=e ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 & soon came into g5]al use ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! snaphance 0 inv5t$ ab\t ?is p]iod 9 ,g]many1 & f its comp>ative *eapness 0 mu* us$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,holl&4 ,x held a fl9t in/ead ( ! pyrites ( ! :eel or firelock1 :i* ignit$ ! p[d] 9 ! pan by /rik+ on a piece ( furr[$ /eel1 :5 releas$ by ! trigg]1 & emitt+ sp>ks4 ,z a sport+ weapon ! gun may be said to date f ! inv5tion ( ! :eel-lock 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 ?\gh fire>ms 7 us$ = sport+ purposes 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & to "s ext5t 9 ,france1 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,be=e t p]iod ! longb[ 9 ,engl& & ! crossb[ on ! ,cont95t 7 ! usual weapons ( ! *ase4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 little use appe>s to h be5 made ( fire>ms = game %oot+ until ! latt] half ( ! #ag? c5tury1 & ! arms !n us$ = ! purpose 7 entirely ( =eign make4 ,! ,fr5* gunmak]s ( ,/-,eti5ne claim = _! t[n t x is ! olde/ c5tre ( ! fire>ms indu/ry4 ,!y d n appe> to h made m ?an ! b>rels ( ! f9e/ sport+ arms1 & ^! ev5 7 sometimes made 9 ,p>is4 ,! production ( fire>ms by ! arti/s ( ,p>is rea*$ its z5i? ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,russian gunsmi?s also %[$ great skill 9 ! elegance & design ( _! fire>ms1 ! ,spani>ds 9 p>ticul> be+ mak]s ( f9e b>rels4 ,! pi/ol 7q4v47 is und]/ood to h be5 made = ! fir/ "t ab\t #aedj at ,pi/oia 9 ,italy4 ,ab\t #afce ! mod]n firelock or fl9t-lock 0 inv5t$1 :i* only diff]$ f ! snaphance by ! cov] ( ! pan =m+ "p ( ! furr[$ /eel /ruck by ! fl9t4 ,orig9ally ! prim+ 0 put into ! pan f a flask conta9+ a f9e-gra9$ p[d] call$ s]p5t9e p[d]4 ,lat] ! top ( ! c>tridge 0 bitt5 (f & ! pan fill$ !refrom be=e load+4 ,! me*anism ( ! fl9t-lock musket r5d]$ all ?is unnecess>y1 z1 9 load+1 a portion ( ! *>ge pass$ ?r\gh ! v5t into ! pan1 :]e x 0 held by ! cov] or hamm]4 ,! mat*lock1 z a milit>y weapon1 gradually gave way to ! firelock1 :i* came into g5]al use 9 ! la/ half ( ! #ag? c5tury1 & 0 ! weapon ( ,m>lbor\gh's & ,well+ton's armies4 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,br[n ,bess ( ! ,briti% army4 ,! highe/ developm5t ( ! fl9t-lock is f\nd 9 ! f[l+-pieces ( ! end ( ! #ah? & beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5turies1 p>ticul>ly ^? made by ,joseph ,manton1 ! celebrat$ ,engli% gunsmi? & inv5tor4 ,! ,napoleonic w>s af=d$ ,engli% gunmak]s an opportunity1 :i* !y fully utiliz$1 ( ga9+ ! supremacy ov] _! =eign competitors 9 ! gunmak+ trade4 ,engli% gunmak]s r$uc$ ! weight1 improv$ ! %oot+ p[]s1 & p]fect$ ! lock me*anism ( ! sport+ gun1 & increas$ ! range & effici5cy ( ! rifle4 ,?is transf]5ce ( ! gunmak+ craft f ! ,cont95t to ,engl& 0 also assi/$ by ! tyranny ( ! =eign gunmak+ gilds4 ,9 #afcg ! ,london gunmak]s obta9$ _! *>t] ( incorporation4 ,! important gunmak+ indu/ry ( ,birm+ham dates f #afjc1 & soon rivall$ t ( ,london4 ,d\ble %ot-guns d n appe> to h be5 g5]ally us$ until ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! fir/ successful d\ble guns 7 built ) ! b>rels ov] & "u1 & n side by side1 & 7 inv5t$ ab\t #afaf by "o ,guilliano ,bossi ( ,rome4 ,9 #aghd d\ble %ot guns 7 describ$ z a novelty4 ,joseph ,manton pat5t$ ! elevat$ rib :i* re/$ on ! b>rels4 ,! g5]al success ( ! d\ble gun 0 ev5tually due to ! light weight :i* ! bett] mat]ial & workman%ip ( ! be/ gunmak]s made possible1 & to ! quickness & c]ta9ty ( ignition ( ! mod]n c>tridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,moori% ,fl9t-lock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,indian ,mat*lock4 ,! objections to ! fl9t-lock 7 t x did n entirely pres]ve ! prim+ f wet1 & t ! fl9t sp>ks sometimes fail$ to ignite ! *>ge4 ,9 #ahjg ! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,john ,=sy? obta9$ a pat5t = prim+ ) a fulm9at+ p[d] made ( *lorate ( pota%1 sulphur & *>coal1 :i* explod$ by concussion4 ,?is important improvem5t 9 fire>ms 0 n recogniz$ & adopt$ by ! milit>y au?orities until m ?an ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! meantime x 0 gradually develop$1 & ! copp] p]cussion cap inv5t$1 by v>i\s gunmak]s & private individuals4 ,?omas ,%aw ( ,philadelphia fir/ us$ fulm9ate 9 a /eel cap 9 #ahad1 :i* he *ang$ to a copp] cap 9 #ahaf4 ,x 0 n until ! introduction ( ! copp] cap t ! p]cussion gun c\ld be consid]$ 9 e way sup]ior to ! fl9t4 ,9 #ahcd1 9 ! reign ( ,william ,,iv41 ,=sy?'s inv5tion 0 te/$ at ,woolwi* by fir+ #fjjj r\nds f six fl9t-lock muskets1 & a simil> numb] f six p]cussion muskets1 9 all wea!rs4 ,?is trial e/abli%$ ! p]cussion pr9ciple4 ,! %oot+ 0 f\nd to be m accurate1 ! recoil less1 ! *>ge ( p[d] hav+ be5 r$uc$ f #f to #d-a_/b drs41 ! rapidity ( fir+ great] & ! numb] ( miss-fires mu* r$uc$1 be+ z #a to #bf ne>ly 9 fav\r ( ! p]cussion sy/em4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is successful trial ! milit>y fl9t-lock 9 #ahci 0 alt]$ to suit ! p]cussion pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 easily accompli%$ by replac+ ! hamm] & pan by a nipple ) a hole ?r\gh its c5tre to ! v5t or t\*-hole1 & by replac+ ! cock :i* held ! fl9t by a small] cock or hamm] ) a holl[ to fit on ! nipple :5 releas$ by ! trigg]4 ,on ! nipple 0 plac$ ! copp] cap conta9+ ! detonat+ composition1 n[ made ( ?ree p>ts ( *lorate ( pota%1 two ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & "o ( p[d]$ glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,9 #ahdj ! ,au/rian army 0 suppli$ ) ! p]cussion musket1 & 9 #ahdb a new model p]cussion musket ) a block or back-sight = #aej yds4 0 issu$ to ! ,briti% army1 #aa lb4 #f oz4 9 weight1 #d ft4 #f-c_/d 94 9 l5g? )\t bayonet1 #f ft4 ) bayonet & ) a b>rel #c ft4 #c 94 9 l5g?1 fir+ a bullet ( #ad-a_/b to ! lb4 ) #d-a_/b drs4 ( p[d]4 ,?is musket 0 l>g] 9 bore ?an t ( ,france1 ,belgium1 ,russia & ,au/ria1 & ?us _h ! advantage ( be+ able to fire _! balls1 :ile ! ,engli% balls c\ld n be fir$ f _! b>rels4 ,b ! great] weight & mom5tum ( ! ,engli% ball 0 c\nt]act$ by ! excess ( w9dage4 ,?is p]cussion musket ( #ahdb1 ! late/ developm5t ( ! r5[n$ ,br[n ,bess1 cont9u$ 9 use 9 ! ,briti% army until p>tially sup]s$$ 9 #ahea by ! ,m9ie rifle1 & altoge!r by ! ,enfield rifle 9 #ahee4 ,= fur!r in=mation z to ! hi/ory & developm5t ( milit>y1 t>get & sport+ rifles see ,,rifle4 ,illu/rations are giv5 h]e) ( a ,g]man c>b9e ( ! #af? c5tury1 ) d\ble :eel-lock 7fig4 #h72 a snaphance 7fig4 #i72 sev]al =ms ( ! ,br[n ,bess or fl9t-lock milit>y musket 7,engli%1 ,william ,,iii41 fig4 #aj2 ,george ,,ii41 fig4 #aa2 ,george ,,iii41 fig4 #ab2 ,fr5*1 ,napoleon1 fig4 #ac72 & ( ! p]cussion musket adopt$ 9 ! ,briti% s]vice 9 #ahci 7fig4 #ad74 ,examples ( non-,european fire>ms are %[n 9 figs4 #f & #g1 repres5t+ a ,moori% fl9t-lock & an ,indian mat*lock respectively4 ,figs4 #ae-ah repres5t v>i\s c>b9es1 musketoons & blund]busses1 fig4 #ae %[+ a small blund]buss or musketoon ( ! e>ly #ah? c5tury1 fig4 #af a l>ge blund]buss ( #agej1 fig4 #ag a fl9t-lock cavalry c>b9e ( ab\t #ahbe & fig4 #ah a p]cussion c>b9e ( #ahcj4 ,all ^! are drawn f arms 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1 ,london4 ,mod]n ,%ot ,guns4--,! mod]n sport+ bree*-load]s may be said to h orig9at$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! c>tridge-case conta9+ its own means ( ignition4 ,! bree*-load+ me*anism ant$at$ ! c>tridge by _m ye>s1 ! e>lie/ bree*-load+ h& guns dat+ back to #aecg4 ,ano!r di/9ct type ( bree*-load] 0 inv5t$ 9 ,france ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies bree*-load+ arms 7 v num]\s & ( consid]able v>iety4 ,! orig9al c>tridge1 a *>ge ( p[d] & bullet 9 a pap] envelope1 dates f #aehf4 ,^! 7 us$ ) muzzle-load]s1 ! base ( ! c>tridge be+ ripp$ or bitt5 (f by ! soldi] be=e plac+ 9 ! b>rel4 ,x 0 only :5 ! detonat+ cap came into use t ! pap] c>tridge answ]$ well 9 bree*-load]s4 ,! mod]n bree*-load] has result$ f a gradual s]ies ( improvem5ts1 & n f any "o great inv5tion4 ,its ess5tial feature is ! prev5tion ( all escape ( gas at ! bree* :5 ! gun is fir$ by means ( an expansive c>tridge-case conta9+ its own means ( ignition4 ,! e>li] bree*-load]s 7 n gas-tight1 because ! c>tridge-cases 7 ei!r consumable or ! load 0 plac$ 9 a /rong non-expansive bree*-plug4 ,! e>lie/ effici5t mod]n c>tridge-case 0 ! p9-fire1 pat5t$ by ,h\ill]1 a ,p>is gunsmi?1 9 #ahdg1 ) a ?9 weak %ell :i* exp&$ by ! =ce ( ! explosion1 fitt$ p]fectly 9 ! b>rel1 & ?us =m$ an effici5t gas *eck4 ,probably no inv5tion connect$ ) fire>ms has wr\ght su* *anges 9 ! pr9ciple ( gun-con/ruction z ^? effect$ by ! expansive c>tridge-case4 ,?is inv5tion has completely revolutioniz$ ! art ( gunmak+1 has be5 successfully appli$ to all descriptions ( fire>ms1 & has produc$ a new & important indu/ry--t ( c>tridge manufacture4 ,ab\t #ahcf1 ,c4 ,lefau*eux1 a ,p>is gunsmi?1 improv$ ! old ,pauly sy/em ( bree*-load+1 b its bree* action 0 a crude me*anism1 ) s+le grip work$ by a bottom lev]4 ,! d\ble grip = ! b>rels 0 ! subsequ5t inv5tion ( a ,birm+ham gunmak]4 ,! c5tral-fire c>tridge1 practically z n[ 9 use1 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #ahfa by ,daw4 ,x is said to h be5 ! inv5tion ( ,pottet1 ( ,p>is1 improv$ ^u by ,s*neid]1 & gave rise to consid]able litigation 9 respect ( its pat5t rights4 ,daw1 :o controll$ ! ,engli% pat5ts1 0 ! only exhibitor ( c5tral-fire guns & c>tridges at ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfb4 ,9 8 sy/em ! b>rels "w on a h+e jo9t1 ! bottom lev] )draws ! hold+-d[n bolt2 ! c>tridge is ( ! mod]n type1 ! cap be+ detonat$ by a /rik] pass+ ?r\gh ! /&+ bree* to ! inn] face4 ,! c>tridge-case is )drawn by a slid+ extractor fitt$ to ! bree* ends ( ! b>rels4 ,daw 0 subsequ5tly defeat$ 9 8 control ( ! pat5ts by ,eley ,bros41 ow+ to ! pat5t n hav+ be5 kept 9 =ce 9 ,france4 ,! mod]n bree*-load+ gun has be5 gradually & /eadily improv$ s9ce #ahfj4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds adopt$ & improv$ ,mat!ws' top-lev] me*anism4 ,ab\t #ahff ! reb\nd+ lock 0 introduc$1 & improv$ 9 #ahfi4 ,! treble w$ge-fa/ me*anism = hold+ d[n ! b>rels 0 orig9at$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,gre5] 9 #ahfe1 & p]fect$ 9 #ahgc4 ,a v important improvem5t 0 ! introduction ( ! hamm]less gun1 9 :i* ! me*anism = fir+ is plac$ entirely )9 ! gun4 ,?is 0 made possible by ! introduction ( ! c5tral-fire c>tridge4 ,9 #ahfb ,daw1 & 9 #ahff ,gre51 introduc$ hamm]less guns 9 :i* ! cock+ 0 effect$ by ! "u lev]4 ,^! guns did n atta9 popul>ity4 ,9 #ahga ,t4 ,murcott pat5t$ a hamm]less gun1 ! fir/ to obta9 di/9ct success4 ,?is also 0 a lev]-cock+ gun4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,ne$ham introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( utiliz+ ! weight ( ! b>rels to assi/ 9 cock+4 ,9 #ahge ,anson & ,deeley utiliz$ ! =e-end atta*$ to ! b>rels to cock ! locks4 ,f ?is date hamm]less guns became really popul>4 ,subsequ5tly m9or improvem5ts 7 made by _m o!r gun-mak]s1 includ+ alt]native movem5ts introduc$ by ,purdey & ,rog]s4 ,improvem5ts 7 also introduc$ by ,we/ley ,ri*>ds1 ,purdey & o!rs1 includ+ cock+ by means ( ! ma9spr+4 ,9 #ahgd ,j4 ,ne$ham introduc$ ! ejector me*anism1 by :i* ea* empty c>tridge-case is sep>ately & automatically ?r[n out ( ! gun :5 ! bree* is op5$1 ! necess>y =ce be+ provid$ by ! ma9spr+ ( ! lock4 ,w4 ,w4 ,gre5] & "s o!r gunmak]s h s9ce introduc$ m9or modifications & improvem5ts ( ?is me*anism4 ,next 9 turn came ,p]ks & o!r inv5tors1 :o sep>at$ ! ejector me*anism f ! lock "w4 ,?is v decid$ improvem5t is univ]sal to-day4 ,a lat] innovation 9 ! mod]n bree*-load] is ! s+le trigg] me*anism introduc$ by "s ( ! lead+ ,engli% gun-mak]s1 by :i* bo? b>rels c be fir$ 9 succession by a s+le trigg]4 ,?is improvem5t enables bo? b>rels to be rapidly fir$ )\t alt]+ ! grip ( ! "r h&1 b deprives ! %oot] ( ! p[] ( select+ 8 b>rel4 ,repeat+ or magaz9e %ot-guns on ! pr9ciple ( ! repeat+ rifle1 ) a magaz9e bel[ ! s+le fir+ b>rel1 are also made by "s ,am]ican & cont95tal gun-mak]s1 b z yet h n come into g5]al use1 be+ comp>atively cumb]some & n well balanc$4 ,! difficulty ( a %ift+ balance z ea* c>tridge is fir$ has also yet to be ov]come4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( a comb9ation rifle & %ot-gun are also made1 = a description ( :i* see ,,rifle4 ,! *ief purposes = :i* mod]n %ot-guns are requir$ are game-%oot+1 trap-%oot+ at pigeons & wild-f[l+4 ,! game gun may be any bore f #cb to #aj gauge4 ,! usual /&>d bore is #ab gauge unless x be = a boy1 :5 x is #bj gauge4 ,! usual weight ( ! #ab-;bore d\ble-b>rell$ game gun is f #f to #g lb4 ) b>rels #cj 94 long1 !re1 h[ev]1 be+ a pres5t t5d5cy to b>rels ( a %ort] l5g?4 ,^! b>rels are made ( /eel1 z be+ a /rong] & m homog5e\s mat]ial ?an ! b>rels =m]ly produc$1 :i* 7 mo/ly ( ,damascus patt]n1 a mixture ( iron & /eel4 ,/eel b>rels1 drill$ f ! solid block1 7 orig9ally produc$ by ,:itwor?4 ,to-day ! mak]s ( /eel = ?is purpose are _m4 ,! /&>d *>ge = ! #ab-;bore is #db gra9s ( smokeless p[d] & #a oz4 to #a-a_/h? oz4 ( %ot4 ,p[d] ( a light] gravimetric d5sity is occasionally employ$1 :5 ! weight ( ! *>ge is r$uc$ to #cc gra9s4 ,?is *>ge ( p[d] corresponds to ! #c drams ( black p[d] =m]ly us$4 ,! ord9>y game gun %\ld h a kill+ circle ( #cj 94 at #cj yds4 ) ! fir/ b>rel & at #dj yds4 ) ! second4 ,improv$ mat]ials & me?ods ( manufacture1 & :at is kn[n z *oke bor+ ( ! b>rels1 h enabl$ mod]n gun-mak]s to regulate ! %oot+ ( guns to a nicety4 ,*oke-bor+ is ! con/riction ( ! diamet] ( ! b>rel ne> ! muzzle1 & 0 kn[n 9 ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 #ahge ,pape ( ,newca/le 0 aw>d$ a prize = ! inv5tion ( *oke-bor+1 !re be+ no o!r claimant4 ,! me?ods ( *oke-bor+ h s9ce be5 v>i$ & improv$ by ! lead+ ,engli% gun-mak]s4 ,! pigeon gun is usually heavi] ?an ! game gun & m *ok$4 ,x g5]ally weighs f #g to #h lb4 ,its weight1 by club rules1 is frequ5tly re/rict$ to #g-a_/b lb4 & its bore to #ab gauge4 ,! /&>d wild-f[l+ gun is a d\ble #h-;bore ) #cj-;94 b>rels weigh+ #ae lb4 & fir+ a *>ge ( #g drams ( p[d] & #b-c_/d to #c oz4 ( %ot4 ,^! guns are also made 9 bo? small] & l>g] v>ieties1 includ+ a s+le b>rel #d-;bore1 :i* is ! l>ge/ gun t c be us$ f ! %\ld]1 & s+le b>rel punt guns ( #a-a_/b-;94 bore1 weigh+ #ajj lb4 ,:ile no conspicu\s advance 9 improv$ gun-me*anism & inv5tion has be5 made dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ! mat]ials & me?ods ( manufacture1 & ! quality & exactitude ( ! gun-mak]'s "w1 h cont9u$ gradually & /eadily to improve4 ,engli%1 & p>ticul>ly ,london-made1 guns /& pre-em95t all ov] ! _w4 7,h4 ,s4-,k47 ,,guna1 a t[n & milit>y /ation 9 ,c5tral ,india1 9 ! /ate ( ,gwalior4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aa1deb4 ,aft] ! ,mut9y1 x became ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,c5tral ,india ,horse1 ^: comm&+ (fic] acts z ex-(ficio assi/ant to ! resid5t ( ,gwalior2 & its trade has develop$ rapidly s9ce ! op5+ ( a /ation on a bran* ( ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula railway 9 #ahii4 ,,guncotton1 an explosive sub/ance produc$ by ! action ( /rong nitric acid on cellulose at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 *emically x is a nitrate ( cellulose1 or a mixture ( nitrates1 accord+ to "s au?orities4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( guncotton 0 made by ,t4 ,j4 ,pel\ze 9 #ahch1 :o obs]v$ t :5 pap] or cotton 0 imm]s$ 9 cold conc5trat$ nitric acid ! mat]ials1 ?\gh n alt]$ 9 physical appe>ance1 became heavi]1 & aft] wa%+ & dry+ 7 possess$ ( self-explosive prop]ties4 ,at ! "t ^! products 7 ?\ght to be relat$ to ! nitrat$ />* obta9$ a little previ\sly by ,h5ri ,braconnot & call$ xyloid92 !y are only relat$ 9 s f> z !y are nitrates4 ,c4 ,f4 ,s*onbe9 ( ,basel publi%$ 8 discov]y ( guncotton 9 #ahdf 7,phil4 ,mag4 #c1 #ca1 p4 #g71 & ?is 0 %ortly aft] foll[$ by inve/igations by ,r4 ,r4 ,bottg] ( ,frank=t & ,otto & ,knop1 all ( :om add$ to our k ( ! subject1 ! la/-nam$ introduc+ ! use ( sulphuric along ) nitric acid 9 ! nitration process4 ,! *emical composition & con/itution ( guncotton has be5 /udi$ by a consid]able numb] ( *emi/s & _m div]g5t views h be5 put =w>d on ! subject4 ,w4 ,crum 0 probably ! fir/ to recognize t "s hydrog5 atoms ( ! cellulose _h be5 replac$ by an oxide ( nitrog51 & ?is view 0 support$ m or less by o!r work]s1 especially ,had[1 :o appe>s to h di/9ctly recogniz$ t at lea/ ?ree comp\nds 7 pres5t1 ! mo/ viol5tly explosive ( :i* con/itut$ ! ma9 bulk ( ! product commonly obta9$ & kn[n z guncotton4 ,?is p>ticul> product 0 insoluble 9 a mixture ( e!r & alcohol1 & its composition c\ld be express$ by ! t]m tri-nitrocellulose4 ,o!r products 7 soluble 9 ! e!r-alcohol mixture3 !y 7 less highly nitrat$1 & con/itut$ ! s-call$ collodion guncotton4 ,! smalle/ empirical =mula = cellulose 7q4v47 may c]ta9ly be writt5 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,h[ mu* ( ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 are 9 ! hydroxylic 7,,oh7 =m _c be absolutely /at$1 b f ! /udy ( ! acetates at lea/ ?ree hydroxyl gr\ps may be assum$4 ,! olde/ & p]haps mo/ reasonable idea repres5ts guncotton z cellulose tr9itrate1 b ?is has be5 mu* disput$1 & v>i\s =mulae1 "s bas$ on cellulose z ,c#ab;,h#bj,o#aj1 o!rs on a /ill m complex molecule1 h be5 propos$4 ,! con/itution ( guncotton is a difficult matt] to inve/igate1 prim>ily on acc\nt ( ! v insoluble nature ( cellulose itself1 & also f ! fact t comp>atively slight v>iations 9 ! conc5tration & temp]ature ( ! acids us$ produce consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! products4 ,! nitrates are also v insoluble sub/ances1 all ! s-call$ solv5ts m]ely conv]t+ !m into jelly4 ,no me?od has yet be5 devis$ by :i* ! molecul> weight c be asc]ta9$4#a ,! products ( ! action ( nitric acid on cellulose are n nitro comp\nds 9 ! s5se t picric acid is1 b are nitrates or nitric e/]s4 ,guncotton is made by imm]s+ clean$ & dri$ cotton wa/e 9 a mixture ( /rong nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,! relative am\nts ( ! acids 9 ! mixture & ! "t ( duration ( treatm5t ( ! cotton v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t works1 b ! und]ly+ idea is ! same1 viz4 employ+ su* an excess ( sulphuric ov] nitric t ! latt] w be r5d]$ anhydr\s or conc5trat$ & ma9ta9$ z su* 9 solution 9 ! sulphuric acid1 & t ! sulphuric acid %all /ill be suffici5tly /rong to absorb & comb9e ) ! wat] produc$ dur+ ! actual =mation ( ! guncotton4 ,9 ! rec5t me?ods ! cotton rema9s 9 contact ) ! acids = two to f\r h\rs at ! ord9>y air temp]ature 7#ae deg4 ,c471 9 :i* "t x is almo/ fully nitrat$1 ! ma9 portion1 say #ij1 hav+ a composition repres5t$ by ! =mula#b ,c#f;,h#g,o#b7,,no#c7c1 ! rema9d] consi/+ ( l[] nitrat$ products1 "s oxidation products & traces ( un*ang$ cellulose & cellulose sulphates4 ,! acid is !n sl[ly run out by an op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! pan 9 :i* ! op]ation is conduct$1 & wat] di/ribut$ c>efully ov] its surface displaces x 9 ! int]/ices ( ! cotton1 :i* is f9ally subject$ to a c\rse ( boil+ & wa%+ ) wat]4 ,?is wa%+ is a mo/ important "p ( ! process4 ,on its ?or\ghness dep5ds ! removal ( small quantities ( products o!r ?an ! nitrates1 = in/ance1 "s sulphates & products f impurities conta9$ 9 ! orig9al cellulose4 ,cellulose sulphates are "o1 & possibly ! ma91 cause ( in/ability 9 guncotton1 & x is highly desirable t !y %\ld be completely hydrolys$ & remov$ 9 ! wa%+ process4 ,! nitrat$ product reta9s ! outw>d =m ( ! orig9al cellulose4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! wa%+1 accord+ to a me?od introduc$ by ,sir ,f4 ,abel1 ! cotton is gr\nd into a pulp1 a process :i* greatly facilitates ! complete removal ( acids1 c4 ,?is pulp is f9ally dra9$1 & is !n ei!r compress$1 :ile /ill moi/1 into slabs or blocks :5 requir$ = bla/+ purposes1 or x is dri$ :5 requir$ = ! manufacture ( propellants4 ,sometimes a small quantity ( an alkali 7e4g4 sodium c>bonate7 is add$ to ! f9al wa%+ wat]1 s t quantities ( ?is alkal9e sub/ance rang+ f #j4e to a little ov] #a are reta9$ by ! guncotton4 ,! idea is t any traces ( acid n wa%$ away by ! wa%+ process or produc$ lat] by a sl[ decomposition ( ! sub/ance w be !reby neutraliz$ & r5d]$ h>mless4 ,guncotton 9 an air-dry /ate1 :e!r 9 ! orig9al =m or aft] gr9d+ to pulp & compress+1 burns ) v great rapidity b does n detonate unless conf9$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! discov]y ( guncotton ,s*onbe9 propos$ its employm5t z a sub/itute = gunp[d]1 & ,g5]al von ,l5k c>ri$ out a l5g?y & labori\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts int5d+ to adapt x especially = artill]y use4 ,all ^! & _m subsequ5t attempts to utilize x1 ei!r loose or me*anically compress$ 9 any way1 signally fail$4 ,h[ev] mu* compress$ by me*anical means x is /ill a por\s mass1 & :5 x is conf9$ z 9 a gun ! flame & hot gases f ! portion fir/ ignit$ p]meate ! rema9d]1 g5]ally caus+ x actually to detonate1 or to burn s rapidly t its action approa*es detonation4 ,! m closely x is conf9$ ! great] is ! pressure set up by a small "p ( ! *>ge burn+1 & ! m completely w ! explosion ( ! rema9d] assume ! detonat+ =m4 ,! employm5t ( guncotton z a propellant 0 possible only aft] ! discov]y t x c\ld be gelat9iz$ or made into a colloid by ! action ( s-call$ solv5ts1 e4g4 e?ylacetate & o!r e/]s1 acetone & a numb] ( l sub/ances 7see ,,cordite74 ,:5 q dry guncotton is easily detonat$ by a bl[ on an anvil or h>d surface4 ,if dry & w>m x is mu* m s5sitive to p]cussion or friction1 & also becomes electrifi$ by friction "u ^? conditions4 ,! am\nt ( conta9$ moi/ure ex]ts a consid]able effect on its s5sitiv5ess4 ,) ab\t #b ( moi/ure x c /ill be detonat$ on an anvil1 b ! action is g5]ally conf9$ to ! piece /ruck4 ,z ! quantity ( conta9$ wat] increases x becomes difficult or ev5 impossible to detonate by an ord9>y bl[4 ,compress$ dry guncotton is easily detonat$ by an initiative detonator su* z m]curic fulm9ate4 ,guncotton conta9+ m ?an #ae ( wat] is un9flammable1 may be compress$ or work$ )\t dang] & is mu* m difficult to detonate by a fulm9ate detonator ?an :5 dry4#c ,a small *>ge ( dry guncotton w1 h[ev]1 detonate ! wet mat]ial1 & ?is peculi>ity is made use ( 9 ! employm5t ( guncotton = bla/+ purposes4 ,a *>ge ( compress$ wet guncotton may be explod$1 ev5 "u wat]1 by ! detonation ( a small prim] ( ! dry & wat]pro($ mat]ial1 :i* 9 turn c be />t$ by a small fulm9ate detonator4 ,! explosive wave f ! dry guncotton prim] is 9 fact bett] respond$ to by ! wet compress$ mat]ial ?an ! dry1 & its detonation is some:at %>p] ?an t ( ! dry4 ,x is n necess>y = ! blocks ( wet guncotton to be actually 9 contact if !y be "u wat]1 & ! peculi> explosive wave c also be convey$ a little di/ance by a piece ( metal su* z a railway rail4 ,! m ne>ly ! composition ( guncotton approa*es t repres5t$ by ,c#f;,h#g,o#b7,,no#c7c1 ! m /able is x z reg>ds /or+ at ord9>y temp]atures1 & ! high] ! ignit+ temp]ature4 ,c>efully prep>$ guncotton aft] wa%+ ) alcohol-e!r until no?+ m dissolves may require to be heat$ to #ahj-ahe deg4 ,c4 be=e inflam+4 ,ord9>y comm]cial guncottons1 conta9+ f #aj to #ae ( l[] nitrat$ products1 w ignite z a rule "s #bj-be deg4 l[]4 ,assum+ ! above =mula to repres5t guncotton1 !re is suffici5t oxyg5 = int]nal combu/ion )\t any c>bon be+ left4 ,! gase\s mixture obta9$ by burn+ guncotton 9 a vacuum vessel conta9s /eam1 c>bon monoxide1 c>bon dioxide1 nitrog51 nitric oxide1 & me?ane4 ,:5 sl[ly heat$ 9 a vacuum vessel until ignition takes place1 "s nitrog5 dioxide1 ,,no#b1 is also produc$4 ,:5 kept = "s weeks at a temp]ature ( #ajj deg4 9 /eam1 a consid]able numb] ( fatty acids1 "s bases1 & glucose-l sub/ances result4 ,"u diff]5t pressures ! relative am\nts ( ! combu/ion products v>y consid]ably4 ,"u v great pressures c>bon monoxide1 /eam & nitrog5 are ! ma9 products1 b nitric oxide nev] q disappe>s4 ,dilute m9]al acids h little or no action on guncotton4 ,/rong sulphuric acid 9 contact ) x lib]ates fir/ nitric acid & lat] oxides ( nitrog51 leav+ a *>r$ residue or a br[n solution accord+ to ! quantity ( acid4 ,x sometimes fires on contact ) /rong sulphuric acid1 especially :5 slightly w>m$4 ,! alkali hydroxides 7e4g4 sodium hydroxide7 w 9 a solid /ate fire x on contact4 ,/rong or weak solutions ( ^! sub/ances also decompose x1 produc+ "s alkali nitrate & nitrite1 ! cellulose molecule be+ only p>tially re/or$1 "s quantity und]go+ oxidation4 ,ammonia is also active1 b n q 9 ! same mann] z ! alkali hydroxides4 ,dry guncotton heat$ 9 ammonia gas detonates at ab\t #gj deg41 & ammonium hydroxide solutions ( all /r5g?s sl[ly decompose x1 yield+ some:at complex products4 ,alkali sulphohydrates r$uce guncotton1 or o!r nitrat$ celluloses1 completely to cellulose4 ,! production ( ! s-call$ artificial silk dep5ds on ?is action4 ,a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 guncotton & collodion cotton is ! insolubility ( ! =m] 9 e!r or alcohol or a mixture ( ^! liquids4 ,! s-call$ collodion cottons are nitrat$ celluloses1 b ( a l[] degree ( nitration 7z a rule7 ?an guncotton4 ,!y are sometimes spok5 ( z l[] or soluble cottons or nitrates4 ,! solubility 9 e!r-alcohol may be ow+ to a l[] degree ( nitration1 or to ! temp]ature conditions "u :i* ! process ( manufacture has be5 c>ri$ on4 ,if guncotton be correctly repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#f;,h#g,o#b7,,no#c7c1 x %\ld conta9 a little m ?an #ad ( nitrog54 ,guncottons are exam9$ = degree ( nitration by ! nitromet]1 9 :i* app>atus !y are decompos$ by sulphuric acid 9 contact ) m]cury1 & all ! nitrog5 is evolv$ z nitric oxide1 ,,no1 :i* is measur$ & ! weight ( its conta9$ nitrog5 calculat$4 ,ord9>y guncottons seldom conta9 m ?an #ac ( nitrog51 & 9 mo/ cases ! am\nt does n exce$ #ab4e4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! l[] ! nitrog5 cont5t ( a guncotton1 z f\nd by ! nitromet]1 ! high] ! p]c5tage ( matt]s soluble 9 a mixture ( e!r-alcohol4 ,^! soluble matt]s are usually consid]$ z l[] nitrates4 ,guncottons are usually te/$ by ! ,abel heat te/ = /ability 7see ,,cordite74 ,ano!r heat te/1 t ( ,w1 consi/s 9 heat+ a weigh$ quantity ( ! guncotton 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide to #acj deg4 ,c41 pass+ ! evolv$ gases ov] "s r$-hot copp]1 & f9ally collect+ !m ov] a solution ( potassium hydroxide :i* reta9s ! c>bon dioxide & all[s ! nitrog51 aris+ f ! guncotton decomposition1 to be measur$4 ,?is is done at def9ite "t int]vals s t ! rate ( decomposition c be foll[$4 ,! relative /ability is !n judg$ by ! am\nt ( nitrog5 gas collect$ 9 a c]ta9 "t4 ,sev]al modifications ( ?is & ( ! ,abel heat te/ are also 9 use4 7,see ,,explosives47 7,w4 ,r4 ,e4 ,h47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! composition ( ! cellulose nitrates 0 review$ by ,g4 ,lunge 7,j\r4 ,am]4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aija1 #bc1 p4 #ebg71 :o1 assum+ ! =mula ,c#bd;,h#dj,o#bj = cellulose1 %[$ h[ ! nitrocelluloses describ$ by diff]5t *emi/s may be express$ by ! =mula ,c#bd;,h7#df-x7,o#bj7,,no#b7x1 :]e x has ! values #d1 #e1 #f1 444 #ab4 #b ,?is =mula is reta9$ ma9ly on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,x also expresses all t is necess>y 9 ?is connexion4 #c ,air-dri$ guncotton w conta9 #b or less ( moi/ure4 ,,gunduli*1 ,,ivan 7#aehh-afch71 kn[n also z ,giovanni ,gondola1 ,s]vian poet1 0 born at ,ragusa on ! #h? ( ,janu>y #aehh4 ,8 fa!r1 ,franco ,gunduli*1 once ! ,ragusan envoy to ,con/ant9ople & c\ncillor ( ! republic1 gave him an excell5t education4 ,he /udi$ ! humanities ) ! ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,muzzi1 & philosophy ) ,fa!r ,ricasoli4 ,aft] t he /udi$ ,roman law & jurisprud5ce 9 g5]al4 ,he 0 memb] ( ! ,l[] ,c\ncil & once s]v$ z ! *ief magi/rate ( ! republic4 ,he di$ on ! #h? ( ,decemb] #afch4 ,a born poet1 he admir$ mu* ! ,italian poets ( 8 "t1 f :om he made _m translations into ,s]vian4 ,x is believ$ t he s translat$ ,tasso's ,g]usalemme lib]ata4 ,he is kn[n to h writt5 eighte5 works1 ( :i* elev5 7 dramas1 b ( ^! only ?ree h be5 fully pres]v$1 o!rs hav+ p]i%$ dur+ ! great e>?quake & fire 9 #affg4 ,mo/ ( ^? dramas 7 translations f ! ,italian1 & 7 play$1 seem+ly ) great success1 by ! amateurs furni%$ by ! noble families ( ,ragusa4 ,b 8 greate/ & ju/ly celebrat$ "w is an epic1 entitl$ ,osman1 9 tw5ty cantos4 ,x is ! fir/ political epic on ! ,ea/]n ,"q1 glorify+ ! victory ( ! ,poles ov] ,turks & ,tat>s 9 ! campaign ( #afba1 & enc\rag+ a league ( ! ,*ri/ian nations1 "u ! guidance ( ,vladislaus1 ! k+ ( ,pol&1 = ! purpose ( driv+ away ! ,turks f ,europe4 ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? cantos are lo/4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! ,ragusan gov]nm5t suppress$ !m f consid]ation = ! ,sultan1 ! protector ( ! republic1 ^? two cantos hav+ be5 viol5tly anti-,turki%4 ,osman 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,ragusa 9 #ahbf1 ! two miss+ cantos be+ replac$ by songs writt5 by ,pietro ,sorgo 7or ,sorko*evi*74 ,f ?is edition ! le>n$ ,italian1 ,francesco ,app5d9i1 made an ,italian translation publi%$ 9 #ahbg4 ,s9ce t "t sev]al o!r editions h be5 made4 ,! be/ are consid]$ to be ! edition ( ! ,s\? ,slavonic ,academy 9 ,agram 7#ahgg7 & ! edition publi%$ 9 ,seml9 7#ahhi7 by ,pr(essor ,yovan ,bo%kovi*4 ,9 ! edition ( #ahdd 7,agram7 ! la/ cantos1 f\rte5 & fifte51 7 replac$ by v f9e compositions ( ! ,s]bo-,croatian poet1 ,mazhurani* 7,mazuranic74 ,! complete works ( ,gunduli* h be5 publi%$ 9 ,agram1 #ahdg1 by ,v4 ,babuki* & by ! ,s\? ,slavonic ,academy ( ,agram 9 #ahhi4 7,c4 ,mi47 ,,gung',l1 ,,josef 7#ahaj-ahhi71 ,hung>ian compos] & conductor1 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahaj1 at ,zsambek1 9 ,hung>y4 ,aft] />t+ life z a s*ool-tea*]1 & le>n+ ! elem5ts ( music f ,(51 ! s*ool-*oirma/]1 he became fir/ oboi/ at ,graz1 &1 at tw5ty-five1 b&ma/] ( ! #d? regim5t ( ,au/rian artill]y4 ,8 fir/ composition1 a ,hung>ian m>*1 writt5 9 #ahcf1 attract$ "s notice1 & 9 #ahdc he 0 able to e/abli% an or*e/ra 9 ,b]l94 ,) ?is b& he travell$ f>1 ev5 79 #ahdi7 to ,am]ica4 ,x is wor? record+ t ,m5delssohn's complete ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream music is said to h be5 fir/ play$ by ,gung'l's b&4 ,9 #ahec he became b&ma/] to ! #bcrd ,infantry ,regim5t at ,brunn1 b 9 #ahfd he liv$ at ,muni*1 & 9 #ahgf at ,frank=t1 aft] 79 #ahgc7 hav+ conduct$ ) great success a s]ies ( prom5ade conc]ts at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london4 ,f ,frank=t ,gung'l w5t to ,weim> to live ) 8 daught]1 a well-kn[n ,g]man op]a s+] & local prima donna4 ,!re he di$1 on ! #ca/ ( ,janu>y #ahhi4 ,gung'l's dances numb] ov] #cjj1 p]haps ! mo/ popul> be+ ! ,amorett51 ,hydropat51 ,cas9o1 ,dreams on ! ,ocean waltzes2 ,9 ,/ill] ,mitt]na*t polka1 & ,blue ,violets mazurka4 ,8 ,hung>ian m>* 0 transcrib$ by ,liszt4 ,8 music is *>act]iz$ by ! same easy fl[+ melodies & well-m>k$ rhy?m t di/+ui% ! dances ( ,/rauss1 to :om alone he c be rank$ second 9 ?is k9d ( composition4 ,,gunn]1 or ,,ma/] ,,gunn]1 9 ! navy1 ! w>rant (fic] :o has *>ge ( ! ordnance & ammunition1 & ( ! tra9+ ( ! m5 at gun drill4 ,8 functions 9 ?is respect are ( less relative importance ?an !y 7 9 =m] times1 :5 specially tra9$ corps ( seam5 gunn]s _h n be5 =m$4 ,,gunn+1 ,,pet] 7#afad-afhd71 ,engli% div9e1 0 born at ,hoo1 9 ,k5t1 & educat$ at ! ,k+'s ,s*ool1 ,cant]bury1 & ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he became a fell[ 9 #afcc4 ,hav+ tak5 ord]s1 he advocat$ ! royali/ cause f ! pulpit ) mu* eloqu5ce4 ,9 #afdd he retir$ to ,ox=d1 & held a *apla9cy at ,new ,college until ! city surr5d]$ to ! p>liam5t>y =ces 9 #afdf4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 *apla91 fir/ to ! royali/ ,sir ,rob]t ,%irley ( ,eat+ton 7#afbi-afef71 & !n at ! ,exet] ,h\se *apel4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration 9 #affj he return$ to ,cl>e ,college z ma/]1 & 0 appo9t$ ,lady ,m>g>et pr(essor ( div9ity4 ,he also receiv$ ! liv+s ( ,cottesmore1 ,rutl&%ire1 & ,/oke ,bru]ne1 ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,9 #affa he became head ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 & 0 elect$ ,regius pr(essor ( div9ity4 ,he 0 consecrat$ bi%op ( ,*i*e/] 9 #affi1 & 0 translat$ to ! see ( ,ely 9 #afgd-afge4 ,hold+ mod]ate religi\s views1 he deprecat$ alike ! extremes repres5t$ by ,puritanism & ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,8 works are *iefly reports ( 8 disputations1 su* z t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,scisme ,unmask't 7,p>is1 #afeh71 9 :i* ! def9ition ( a s*ism is discuss$ ) two ,romani/ oppon5ts4 ,,gunny1 a sort ( clo?1 ! "n ( :i* is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ganga or gania ( ,rumphius1 or f gonia1 a v]nacul> "n ( ! ,crotol>ia juncea--a plant common 9 ,madras4 ,"o ( ! fir/ notices ( ! t]m itself is to be f\nd 9 ,knox's ,ceylon1 9 :i* he says3 ,! filam5ts at ! bottom ( ! /em 7coir f ! coco-nut husk1 ,cocos nucif]a7 may be made into a co>se clo? call$ gunny1 :i* is us$ = bags & simil> purposes4 ,w>d51 9 ,! ,l95 ,trade1 says3 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! jute gr[n 9 ,b5gal is made into clo? 9 ! di/ricts :]e x is cultivat$1 & ?is indu/ry =ms ! gr& dome/ic manufacture ( all ! popul\s ea/]n di/ricts ( ,b5gal4 ,x p]vades all classes1 & p5etrates into e h\sehold1 almo/ e "o1 man1 woman & *ild1 be+ 9 "s way engag$ 9 x4 ,boatm51 husb&m51 palanke5 c>ri]s1 dome/ic s]vants1 ev]yone1 9 fact1 be+ ,h9du--= ,mussulmans sp9 cotton only--pass _! leisure mom5ts1 di/aff 9 h&1 sp9n+ gunny twi/4 ,x is spun by ! takur & dh>a1 ! =m] be+ a k9d ( sp9dle1 :i* is turn$ ^u ! ?igh or ! sole ( ! foot1 & ! latt] a reel1 on :i* ! ?read1 :5 suffici5tly twi/$1 is w\nd up4 ,ano!r k9d ( sp9n+ ma*9e1 call$ a ghurghurea1 is occasionally us$4 ,a bun* ( ! raw mat]ial is hung up 9 e f>m]'s h\se1 or on ! protrud+ /ick ( a ?at*$ ro(1 & e "o :o has leisure =ms ) ^! sp9dles "s co>se pack-?read1 ( :i* ropes are twi/$ = ! use ( ! f>m4 ,! l[] ,h9du ca/es1 f ?is pack-?read1 sp9 a f9] ?read = be+ made into clo?1 &1 !re be+ a loom 9 ne>ly e h\se1 v mu* ( x is wov5 by ! wom5 ( ! l[] class ( p4 ,x is especially ! employm5t ( ! ,h9du wid[1 z x enables h] to e>n h] bread )\t be+ a burd5 on h] family4 ,! clo? ?us made is ( v>i\s qualities1 su* z clo?+ = ! family 7especially ! wom51 a great proportion ( :om on all ! ea/]n fronti] we> almo/ no?+ else71 co>se fabrics1 b$d+1 rice & sug> bags1 sack+1 pack-%eet1 c4 ,mu* ( x is wov5 into %ort l5g?s & v n>r[ wid?s1 two or ?ree ( :i* are sometimes sew$ into "o piece be=e !y are sold4 ,t int5d$ = rice & sug> bags is made ab\t #f feet long1 & f #bd to #bg in*es wide1 & d\bl$4 ,a consid]able quantity ( jute y>n is dy$ & wov5 into clo? = v>i\s local purposes1 & "s ( x is also s5t out ( ! di/rict4 ,! pr9cipal places :]e *otee1 or jute clo? = gunny bags1 is made are )9 a radius ( p]haps #aej to #bjj miles ar\nd ,dacca1 & !re bo? lab\r & l& are rem>kably *eap4 ,! %ort1 /aple1 common jute is g5]ally consum$ 9 ! local manufacture1 ! f9] & long /apl$ be+ res]v$ = ! export trade4 ,^! causes enable gunny clo? & bags to be sold almo/ z *eaply z ! raw mat]ial1 :i* creates an imm5se dem& = !m 9 ne>ly e m>ket ( ! _w4 ,su* appe>$ to be ! def9ition ( gunny clo? at ! "t ! above 0 writt5--betwe5 #ahej & #ahfj4 ,mo/ ( ! ,indian clo? = gunny bags is n[ made by p[]1 & )9 ab\t #bj m4 ( ,calcutta4 ,9 _m respects ! t]m gunny clo? is /ill appli$ to all & sundry1 b !re is no d\bt t ! orig9al "n 0 int5d$ = clo? :i* 0 simil> to :at is n[ kn[n z cotton bagg+4 ,?is p>ticul> type ( clo? is /ill l>gely made 9 ! h& loom1 ev5 9 ,dundee1 ?is me?od ( manufacture be+ consid]$1 = c]ta9 reasons1 m satisfactory ?an ! p[] loom me?od 7see ,,jute & ,,bagg+74 ,,gunp[d]1 an explosive compos$ ( saltpetre1 *>coal & sulphur4 ,v few sub/ances h _h a great] effect on civilization ?an gunp[d]4 ,its employm5t alt]$ ! :ole art ( w>1 & its influ5ce gradually & indirectly p]meat$ & affect$ ! :ole fabric ( society4 ,its direct effect on ! arts ( peace 0 b slight1 & _h b a limit$ range1 :i* c\ld n be comp>$ to ! mod]n ext5d$ employm5t ( high explosives = bla/+ 9 m9+ & eng9e]+ "w4 ,x is probably q incorrect to speak ( ! discov]y ( gunp[d]4 ,f mod]n rese>*es x seems m likely & m j to ?9k ( x z a ?+ t has develop$1 pass+ ?r\gh _m /ages--ma9ly ( improvem5t1 b "s und\bt$ly retrograde4 ,!re really is n suffici5t solid evid5ce on :i* to p9 d[n its inv5tion to "o man4 ,z ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,hime 7,gunp[d] & ,ammunition1 #aijd7 says1 ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 0 impossible until ! prop]ties ( ne>ly pure saltpetre _h become kn[n4 ,! hon\r1 h[ev]1 has be5 associat$ ) two names 9 p>ticul>1 ,b]?old ,s*w>tz1 a ,g]man monk1 & ,fri> ,rog] ,bacon4 ,( ! =m] ,osc> ,guttmann writes 7,monum5ta pulv]is pyrii1 #aijd1 p4 #f73 ,b]?old ,s*w>tz 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1 & only 9 ,engl& has ,rog] ,bacon's claim be5 upheld1 ?\gh !re are ,engli% writ]s :o h plead$ 9 fav\r ( ,s*w>tz4 ,mo/ writ]s are agre$ t ,s*w>tz inv5t$ ! fir/ fire>ms1 & z no?+ 0 kn[n ( an inv5tor ( gunp[d]1 x 0 p]haps consid]$ ju/ifiable to give ,s*w>tz ! cr$it !re(4 ,!re is "s ambiguity z to :5 ,s*w>tz liv$4 ,! ye> #aced is sometimes m5tion$ z ! date ( 8 inv5tion ( p[d]1 & ?is is also to be inf]r$ f an inscription on ! monum5t to him 9 ,freiburg4 ,b consid]+ !re c be no d\bt z to ! manufacture 9 ,engl& ( gunp[d] & cannon 9 #acdd1 t we h au!ntic in=mation ( guns 9 ,france 9 #acch & 9 ,flor5ce 9 #acbf1 & t ! ,ox=d ,,ms4 ,de (ficiis regum ( #acbe gives an illu/ration ( a gun1 ,b]?old ,s*w>tz mu/ h liv$ long be=e #aced to h be5 ! inv5tor ( gunp[d] or guns4 ,9 ,g]many also !re 7 p[d]-works at ,augsburg 9 #acdj1 9 ,sp&au 9 #acdd1 & ,liegnitz 9 #acdh4 ,rog] ,bacon1 9 8 ,de mirabili pote/ate artis et naturae 7#abdb71 makes ! mo/ important communication on ! hi/ory ( gunp[d]4 ,ref]5ce is made to an explosive mixture z kn[n be=e 8 "t & employ$ = div]sion1 produc+ a noise l ?und] & fla%es l lightn+4 ,9 "o passage ,bacon speaks ( saltpetre z a viol5t explosive1 b !re is no d\bt t he knew x 0 n a self-explosive sub/ance1 b only s :5 mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 z appe>s f ! /atem5t 9 ,de secretis op]ibus artis et naturae1 pr9t$ at ,hamburg 9 #afah1 t f saltpetre & o!r +r$i5ts we are able to make a fire t %all burn at any di/ance we please4 ,a great "p ( 8 ?ree *apt]s1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 long appe>$ )\t mean+ until ! anagrammatic nature ( ! s5t5ces 0 realiz$4 ,! words ( ?is anagram are 7*ap4 #aa73 ,item pond]is totum #cj s$ tam5 salis petrae luru vopo vir c utri#a et sulphuris2 et sic facies tonitruum et coruscationem1 si scias artificium4 ,videas tam5 utrum loqu> a5igmate aut secundum v]itatem4 ,hime1 9 8 *apt] on ! orig9 ( gunp[d]1 discusses ^! *apt]s at l5g?1 & gives1 omitt+ ! anagram1 ! translation3 ,let ! total weight ( ! +r$i5ts be #cj1 h[ev]1 ( saltpetre 444 ( sulphur2 & ) su* a mixture y w produce a bright fla% & a ?und]+ noise1 if y "k ! trick4 ,y may f9d 7by actual exp]im5t7 :e!r ,i am writ+ riddles to y or ! pla9 tru?4 ,! anagram reads1 accord+ to ,hime1 salis petrae r7ecipe7 vii "p7es71 v nov7ellae7 corul7i71 v et sulphuris 7take sev5 p>ts ( saltpetre1 five ( "y hazel-wood1 & five ( sulphur74 ,hime !n goes on to %[ t ,bacon 0 9 possession ( an explosive :i* 0 a consid]able advance on m]e inc5di>y compositions4 ,bacon does n appe> to h be5 aw>e ( ! project+ p[] ( gunp[d]4 ,he knew t x explod$ & t p]haps p might be bl[n up or fright5$ by x2 m _c be said4 ,! behavi\r ( small quantities ( any explosive is h>dly ev] indicative ( its behavi\r 9 l>ge quantities & especially :5 "u conf9em5t4 ,hime is ( op9ion t ,bacon blund]$ ^u gunp[d] :il/ play+ ) "s inc5di>y composition1 su* z ^? m5tion$ by ,m>cus ,graecus & o!rs1 9 :i* he employ$ 8 comp>atively pure saltpetre in/ead ( crude nitrum4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,bacon d]iv$ 8 k ( ^! fi]y mixtures f ! ,,ms4 ,lib] ignium1 ascrib$ to ,m>cus ,graecus1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y 9 ,p>is 7,dut5s1 ,enquiry into ,orig9 ( ,discov]ies attribut$ to ,mod]ns74 ,c]ta9ly ?is ,m>cus ,graecus appe>s to h kn[n ( "s inc5di>y composition conta9+ ! gunp[d] +r$i5ts1 b x 0 n gunp[d]4 ,hime seems to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( any su* p]son z ,m>cus ,graecus1 z he says3 ,! ,lib] ignium 0 writt5 f fir/ to la/ 9 ! p]iod ( lit]>y =g]ies & pseudographs 444 & we may reasonably conclude t ,m>cus ,graecus is z unreal z ! imag9>y ,greek orig9al ( ! tract :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,alb]tus ,magnus 9 ! ,de mirabilibus mundi repeats "s ( ! receipts giv5 9 ,m>cus ,graecus1 & sev]al o!r writ]s give receipts = ,greek fire1 rockets1 c4 ,dut5s gives _m passages 9 8 "w1 above-nam$1 f old au?ors 9 support ( 8 view t a composition ( ! nature ( gunp[d] 0 n unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,hime's elaborate argum5ts g to %[ t ^! compositions c\ld only h be5 ( ! inc5di>y type & n real explosives4 ,8 argum5ts seem to hold good z reg>ds n only ! ,greeks b also ! ,arabs1 ,h9dus & ,*9ese 7see also ,,fireworks74 ,!re seems no d\bt t inc5di>y compositions1 "s p]haps conta9+ nitre1 mo/ly1 h[ev]1 simply combu/ible sub/ances z sulphur1 naph?a1 res9s1 c41 7 employ$ & project$ bo? = def5ce & (f5ce1 b !y 7 project$ or bl[n by eng9es & n by !mselves4 ,x is q inconceivable t a real propell+ explosive %\ld h be5 kn[n 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] or mu* lat]1 & n h imm$iately tak5 its prop] place4 ,9 a *apt] discuss+ ?is "q ( explosives among/ ! ,h9dus1 ,hime says3 ,x is ne$less to enl>ge ! li/ ( quotations3 inc5di>ies pursu$ mu* ! same c\rse 9 ,upp] ,india z 9 ,greece & ,arabia4 ,no tru/wor?y evid5ce ( an explosive 9 ,india is to be f\nd until ! #ba/ ( ,april #aebf1 ! date ( ! decisive battle ( ,panipat1 9 :i* ,ibrahim1 sultan ( ,delhi1 0 kill$ & 8 army r\t$ by ,bab] ! ,mogul1 :o possess$ bo? great & small fire>ms4 ,z reg>ds also ! crusad] p]iod 7#ajig-abia71 s /range & deadly an ag5t ( de/ruction z gunp[d] c\ld n possibly h be5 employ$ 9 ! field )\t ! full k ( bo? p>ties1 yet no hi/orian1 ,*ri/ian or ,moslem1 alludes to an explosive ( any k9d1 :ile all ( !m c>efully record ! use ( inc5di>ies4 ,! employm5t ( rockets & wildfire inc5di>y composition seems und\bt$ly ( v old date 9 ,india1 b ! names giv5 to pieces ( artill]y "u ! ,mogul conqu]or ( ,h9du/an po9t to a ,european1 or at lea/ to a ,turki% orig91 & x is q c]ta9 t ,europeans 7 reta9$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,akb> & ,aurangzeb4 ,! composition ( pres5t day ,*9ese gunp[d] is almo/ id5tical ) t employ$ 9 ,europe1 s t 9 all probability ! k ( x 0 obta9$ f ,we/]n s\rces4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,bacon !re is no m5tion ( guns or ! use ( p[d] z a propellant1 b m]ely z an explosive & de/ructive p[]4 ,ow+ p]haps to ?is obscurity hang+ ov] ! e>ly hi/ory ( gunp[d]1 its employm5t z a propell+ ag5t has be5 ascrib$ to ! ,moors or ,s>ac5s4 ,j4 ,a4 ,conde 7,hi/oria de la dom9acion de los ,arabes en ,espana7 /ates t ,ismail ,b5 ,firaz1 k+ ( ,granada1 :o 9 #acbe besieg$ ,boza1 _h among 8 ma*9es "s t ca/ globes ( fire1 b !re is n ! lea/ evid5ce t ^! 7 guns4 ,! fir/ tru/wor?y docum5t relative to ! use ( gunp[d] 9 ,europe1 a docum5t /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & be>+ date ,febru>y #aa1 #acbf1 gives au?ority to ! c\ncil ( twelve ( ,flor5ce & o!rs to appo9t p]sons to sup]9t5d ! manufacture ( cannons ( brass & iron balls1 = ! def5ce ( ! t]ritory1 c41 ( ! republic4 ,john ,b>b\r1 ar*deacon ( ,ab]de51 writ+ 9 #acge1 /ates t cannons 7crakys ( w>7 7 employ$ 9 ,edw>d ,,iii4's invasion ( ,scotl& 9 #acbg4 ,an ind5ture fir/ publi%$ by ,sir ,n4 ,h4 ,nicolas 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,navy 7,london1 #ahdf71 & aga9 by ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,h4 ,brack5bury 7,proc4 ,r4,a4 ,in/41 #ahfe71 /at$ to be #acch1 conta9s ref]5ces to small cannon z among ! /ores ( ! ,t[]1 & also m5tions un petit b>rell de gonp\dre le qu>t' ple94 ,if au!ntic1 ?is is possibly ! fir/ m5tion ( gunp[d] z su* 9 ,engl&1 b "s d\bts h be5 ?r[n ^u ! date ( ?is ,,ms4 ,f a contempor>y docum5t 9 ! ,national ,libr>y 9 ,p>is x seems t 9 ! same ye> 7#acch7 !re exi/$ 9 ! m>9e ars5al at ,r\5 an iron weapon call$ pot de feu1 = propell+ bolts1 toge!r ) "s saltpetre & sulphur to make p[d] = ! same4 ,pres]v$ 9 ! ,record ,(fice 9 ,london are tru/wor?y acc\nts f ! ye> #acde ( ! pur*ase ( +r$i5ts = mak+ p[d]1 & ( ! %ipp+ ( cannon to ,france4 ,9 #acdf ,edw>d ,,iii4 appe>s to h ord]$ all available saltpetre & sulphur to be b\ght up = him4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7#acgg7 ,?omas ,norbury 0 ord]$ to buy1 among/ o!r munitions1 sulphur1 saltpetre & *>coal1 to be s5t to ! ca/le ( ,bre/4 ,9 #adad ,h5ry ,v4 ord]$ t no gunp[d] %\ld be tak5 out ( ! k+dom )\t special lic5ce1 & 9 ! same ye> ord]$ tw5ty pipes ( will[ *>coal & o!r articles = ! use ( ! guns4 ,! manufacture ( gunp[d] seems to h be5 c>ri$ on z a cr[n monopoly ab\t ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 & regulations respect+ gunp[d] & nitre 7 made ab\t #afbc 7,james ,i474 ,p[d]-mills 7 probably 9 exi/5ce at ,wal?am ,abbey ab\t ! middle or t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,+r$i5ts & _! ,action4--,rog] ,bacon 9 8 anagram gives ! fir/ real recipe = gunp[d]1 viz4 7accord+ to ,hime1 *4 xii47 saltpetre #da4b1 *>coal #bi4d1 sulphur #bi4d4 ,dr ,john ,ard]ne ( ,new>k1 :o began to practise ab\t #acej & 0 lat] surgeon to ,h5ry ,,iv41 gives a recipe 7,sloane ,,mss4 #cce1 #gie71 saltpetre #ff4f1 *>coal #bb4b1 sulphur #aa4a1 :i* are to be ?or\ghly mix$ on a m>ble & !n sift$ ?r\gh a clo?4 ,?is p[d] is nom9ally ( ! same composition z "o giv5 9 a ,,ms4 ( ,m>cus ,graecus1 b ! saltpetre ( ?is =mula by ,m>cus ,graecus 0 und\bt$ly answ]able = ! diff]5ce 9 behavi\r ( ! two compositions4 ,rog] ,bacon _h n only ref9$ & obta9$ pure nitre1 b _h appreciat$ ! importance ( ?or\ghly mix+ ! compon5ts ( ! p[d]4 ,mo/ if n all ! e>ly p[d] 0 a loose mixture ( ! ?ree +r$i5ts1 & ! mo/ important /ep 9 connexion ) ! developm5t ( gunp[d] 0 und\bt$ly ! introduction ( wet mix+ or incorporat+4 ,:5ev] ?is 0 done1 ! improvem5t 9 ! product mu/ h be5 imm$iately evid5t4 ,9 ! damp or wett$ /ate pressure c\ld be appli$ ) comp>ative safety dur+ ! mix+4 ,! loose p[d] mixture came to be call$ s]p5t9e2 aft] wet mix+ x 0 m or less granulat$ or corn$ & 0 kn[n z corn$ p[d]4 ,corn$ p[d] seems to h be5 gradually introduc$4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,fire ,book ( ,conrad von ,s*ongau 79 #adbi71 & 0 us$ = h&-guns 9 ,engl& long be=e #aefj4 ,x w\ld seem t corn$ p[d] 0 us$ = h&-guns or small arms 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 b cannon 7 n made /rong en\gh to )/& its explosion = q ano!r c5tury 7,hime74 ,accord+ to ! same writ]1 9 ! p]iod #abej-adej1 :5 s]p5t9e only 0 us$1 "o p[d] c\ld diff] f ano!r 9 ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts2 9 ! mod]n p]iod--say #agjj-ahhf--! p[d]s 9 use 79 ea* /ate7 diff]$ only z a g5]al rule 9 ! size ( ! gra91 :il/ dur+ ! transition p]iod--#adej-agjj--!y g5]ally diff]$ bo? 9 composition & size ( gra94 ,corn$ or gra9$ p[d] 0 adopt$ 9 ,france 9 #aebe1 & 9 #aedj ! ,fr5* utiliz$ an obs]vation t l>ge-gra9$ p[d] 0 ! be/ = cannon1 & re/rict$ ! manufacture to ?ree sizes ( gra9 or corn1 possibly ( ! same composition4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury two or ?ree sizes ( gra9 & p[d] ( "o composition appe> to h become common4 ,! composition ( ,engli% p[d] seems to h settl$ d[n to #ge nitre1 #ae *>coal1 & #aj sulphur1 some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! composition ( gunp[d]s us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries at diff]5t times is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ tables3-- ,engli% ,p[d]s 7,hime74 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #abej4 #acej4 #aefj4 #afdg4 #afgj4 #agdb4 #agha4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,saltpetre #da4b #ff4f #ej4j #ff4f #ga4d #ge4j #ge4j ,*>coal #bi4d #bb4b #cc4c #af4f #ad4c #ab4e #ae4j ,sulphur #bi4d #aa4a #af4f #af4f #ad4c #ab4e #aj4jb ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,=eign ,p[d]s 7,hime74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,france4,sw$54,g]many4,d5m>k4,france4,sw $54,g]many4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #acch4 #aefj4 #aeie4 #afjh4 #afej4 #afig4 #ahhb4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,saltpetre #ej #ff4f #eb4b #fh4c #ge4f #gc #gh ,*>coal 8 #af4f #bf4a #bc4b #ac4f #ag #ai ,sulphur #be #af4f #ba4g #h4e #aj4h #aj #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,:5 reasonably pure1 none ( ! +r$i5ts ( gunp[d] absorbs any mat]ial quantity ( moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 & ! nitre only is a soluble sub/ance4 ,x seems extremely probable t = a long p]iod ! ?ree sub/ances 7 simply mix$ dry1 inde$ sometimes kept sep>ate & mix$ j be=e be+ requir$2 ! consequ5ce mu/ h be5 t1 ) e c>e z to weigh+ out1 ! proportions ( any giv5 quantity w\ld alt] on c>riage4 ,saltpetre is consid]ably heavi] ?an sulphur or *>coal1 & w\ld t5d to sep>ate out t[>ds ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel if subject$ to jolt+ or vibration4 ,:5 pure !re c only be "o k9d ( saltpetre or sulphur1 because !y are *emical individuals1 b *>coal is n4 ,its composition1 rate ( burn+1 c41 dep5d n only on ! nature ( ! woody mat]ial f :i* x is made1 b q z mu* on ! temp]ature & "t ( heat+ employ$ 9 ! mak+4 ,! woods f :i* x is made conta9 c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & ! two latt] are nev] ?or\ghly expell$ 9 *>coal-mak+4 ,if !y 71 ! result+ sub/ance w\ld be ( no use = gunp[d]4 #a-c ( hydrog5 & #h-ae ( oxyg5 g5]ally rema9 9 *>coals suitable = gunp[d]4 ,a good deal ( ! fi]9ess & viol5ce ( explosion ( a gunp[d] dep5ds on ! mode ( burn+ ( ! *>coal z well z on ! wood f :i* x is made4 ,prop]ties ( ,+r$i5ts4--,*>coal is ! *ief combu/ible 9 p[d]4 ,x mu/ burn freely1 leav+ z little a% or residue z possible2 x mu/ be friable1 & gr9d into a non-gritty p[d]4 ,! s\rces f :i* p[d] *>coal is made are dogwood 7,rhamnus frangula71 will[ 7,salix alba71 & ald] 7,betula alnus74 ,dogwood is ma9ly us$ = small-arm p[d]s4 ,p[d]s made f dogwood *>coal burn m rapidly ?an ^? f will[1 c4 ,! wood aft] cutt+ is /ripp$ ( b>k & all[$ to season = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x is !n pick$ to uni=m size & *>r$ 9 cyl9drical iron cases or slips1 :i* c be introduc$ into slightly l>g] cyl9d]s set 9 a furnace4 ,! slips are provid$ ) op5+s = ! escape ( gases4 ,! rate ( heat+ z well z ! absolute temp]ature atta9$ h an effect on ! product1 a sl[ rate ( heat+ yield+ m *>coal1 & a high temp]ature r$uc+ ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! f9al product4 ,:5 heat$ = sev5 h\rs to ab\t #hjj deg4 ,c4 to #ijj deg4 ,c4 ! rema9+ hydrog5 & oxyg5 am\nt to ab\t #b & #ab respectively4 ,! "t ( *>r+ is z a rule f #e to #g h\rs4 ,! slips are !n remov$ f ! furnace & plac$ 9 a l>g] iron vessel1 :]e !y are kept comp>atively air-tight until q cold4 ,! *>coal is !n sort$1 & /or$ = "s "t be=e gr9d+4 ,! *>coal is gr\nd1 & ! p[d] sift$ on a rotat+ reel or cyl9d] ( f9e me% copp]-wire gauze4 ,! sift$ p[d] is aga9 /or$ = "s "t be=e use 9 clos$ iron vessels4 ,sicilian sulphur is mo/ g5]ally employ$ = gunp[d]1 & = complete purification is fir/ di/ill$ & !n melt$ & ca/ into m\lds4 ,x is aft]w>ds gr\nd into a f9e p[d] & sift$ z 9 ! case ( ! *>coal4 ,potassium nitrate is em95tly suitable z an oxyg5-provid]1 n be+ deliquesc5t4 ,nitrates are cont9ually be+ produc$ 9 surface soils1 c41 by ! oxidation ( nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,nitric & nitr\s acids are also produc$ by electric dis*>ges ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & ^! are f\nd ev5tually z nitrates 9 soils1 c4 ,nitre is soluble 9 wat]1 & mu* m s 9 hot ?an 9 cold4 ,crude nitre1 obta9$ f soils or o!r s\rces1 is purifi$ by recry/allization4 ,! crude mat]ial is dissolv$ almo/ to saturation 9 boil+ wat]3 on filt]+ & !n cool+ ?is liquor to ab\t #cj deg4 ,c4 almo/ pure nitre cry/allizes out1 mo/ ( ! usual impurities /ill rema9+ 9 solution4 ,by rapidly cool+ & agitat+ ! nitre solution cry/als are obta9$ ( suffici5t f95ess = ! manufacture ( p[d] )\t special gr9d+4 ,nitre conta9s ne>ly #dh ( oxyg5 by weight1 five-six?s ( :i* is available = combu/ion purposes4 ,ne>ly all ! gases ( ! p[d] explosion are d]iv$ f ! nitre4 ,! specific gravity ( nitre is #b4b 3 #bjj grams w !re=e occupy ab\t #ajj cubic c5timetres volume4 ,?is quantity on its decomposition by heat alone yields #bh grams or #bb1djj c4c4 ( nitrog51 & #hj grams or #ef1jjj c4c4 ( oxyg5 z gases1 & #id grams ( potassium oxide1 a fusible solid :i* vaporizes at a v high temp]ature4 ,incorporation4--,! mat]ials are weigh$ out sep>ately1 mix$ by pass+ ?r\gh a sieve1 & !n uni=mly moi/5$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( wat]1 :il/ on ! b$ ( ! incorporat+ mill4 ,?is consi/s ( two heavy iron :eels m\nt$ s z to run 9 a circul> b$4 ,! incorporation requires ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! me*anical action ( roll]s on ! p[d] pa/e is a d\ble "o3 n only cru%+ b mix+ by pu%+ =w>ds & twi/+ sideways4 ,! pa/y mass is deflect$ s t x repeat$ly comes "u fir/ "o roll] & !n ! next by scrap]s1 set at an angle to ! b$1 :i* foll[ ea* :eel4 ,al?\gh ! *>ge is wet x is possible = x to be fir$ ei!r by ! heat develop$ by ! roll] friction1 by sp>ks f =eign matt]s1 z bits ( /one1 c41 or possibly by heat g5]at$ by oxidation ( ! mat]ials4 ,! mills are provid$ ) a dr5*+ app>atus s arrang$ t 9 case ( "o mill fir+ x & its neighb\rs w be dr[n$ by wat] f a ci/]n or tank imm$iately above ! mill4 ,! product f ! incorporation is t]m$ mill-cake4 ,aft] ?is incorporation 9 ! damp /ate ! +r$i5ts nev] completely sep>ate on dry+1 h[ev] mu* %ak51 because ea* p>ticle ( nitre is surr\nd$ by a ?9 lay] ( wat] conta9+ nitre 9 solution 9 :i* ! p>ticles ( *>coal & sulphur are entangl$ & reta9$4 ,aft] due incorporation1 p[d]s are press$ to a c]ta9 ext5t :il/ /ill moi/4 ,! d5sity to :i* a p[d] is press$ is an important matt] 9 reg>d to ! rate ( burn+4 ,! effect ( high d5sity is to sl[ d[n ! initial rate ( burn+4 ,less d5se p[d]s burn m rapidly f ! fir/ & t5d to put a great /ra9 on ! gun4 ,f\l+ is usually less ) d5s] p[d]s2 &1 z w\ld be expect$1 su* p[d]s be> transport bett] & give less du/ ?an light p[d]s4 ,up to a c]ta9 pressure1 h>dness1 d5sity1 & size ( gra9 ( a p[d] h an effect on ! rate ( burn+ & !re=e on pressure4 ,glaz+ or poli%+ p[d] gra9s1 also ex]ts a slight ret>d+ action on burn+ & enables ! p[d]s to resi/ atmosph]ic moi/ure bett]4 ,excess ( moi/ure 9 gunp[d] has a m>k$ effect 9 r$uc+ ! explosiv5ess4 ,all p[d]s are liable to absorb moi/ure1 ! quality & k9d ( *>coal be+ ! ma9 det]m9ant 9 ?is respect2 h>d burnt black *>coal is lea/ absorb5t4 ,! mat]ial employ$ 9 br[n p[d]s absorbs moi/ure some:at readily4 ,p[d] kept 9 a v damp atmosph]e1 & especially 9 a *angeable "o1 spoils rapidly1 ! saltpetre com+ to ! surface 9 solution & !n cry/alliz+ out4 ,! pieces also break up ow+ to ! =mation ( l>ge cry/als ( nitre 9 ! mass4 ,aft] ! press+ ( ! incorporat$ p[d] into a press-cake1 x is brok5 up or granulat$ by suitable ma*9es1 & ! result+ gra9s sep>at$ & sort$ by sift+ ?r\gh sieves ( det]m9$ sizes ( me%4 ,"s du/ is =m$ 9 ?is op]ation1 :i* is sift$ away & aga9 work$ up "u ! roll]s 7= sizes ( gra9s see fig4 #a74 ,^! gra9s1 cubes1 c41 are !n ei!r poli%$ by rotat+ 9 drums alone or ) graphite1 :i* adh]es to & coats ! surfaces ( ! gra9s4 ,?is process is g5]ally foll[$ ) p[d]s int5d$ = small-arms or mod]ately small ordnance4 ,%ap$ ,p[d]s4--,prisms or prismatic p[d] are made by break+ up ! press-cake into a mod]ately f9e /ate1 :il/ /ill moi/1 & press+ a c]ta9 quantity 9 a m\ld4 ,! m\lds g5]ally employ$ consi/ ( a ?ick plate ( bronze 9 :i* are a numb] ( hexagonal p]=ations4 ,accurately fitt+ plung]s are s appli$ to ^! t "o c ent] at ! top & ! o!r at ! bottom4 ,! l[] plung] be+ )drawn to ! bottom ( ! plate ! hexagonal hole is *>g$ ) ! p[d] & ! two plung]s set 9 motion1 ?us compress+ ! p[d] betwe5 !m4 ,aft] ! desir$ pressure has be5 appli$ ! top plung] is )drawn1 & ! l[] "o pu%$ upw>d to eject ! prism ( p[d]4 ,! axial p]=ations 9 prism p[d]s are made by small bronze rods :i* pass ?r\gh ! l[] plung] & fit into correspond+ holes 9 ! upp] "o4 ,if ^! prisms are made by a /eadily appli$ pressure a d5sity ?r\gh\t ( ab\t #a4gh may be obta9$4 ,fur!r to regulate ! rate ( burn+ s t x %all be sl[ at fir/ & m rapid z ! p[d] is consum$1 ano!r =m ( ma*9e 0 devis$1 ! cam press1 9 :i* ! pressure is appli$ v rapidly to ! p[d]4 ,x receives 9 fact "o bl[1 :i* compresses ! p[d] to ! same dim5sions1 b ! d5sity ( ! out] lay]s ( sub/ance ( ! prism is mu* great] ?an 9 ! int]ior4 ,! lead+ idea 9 connexion ) all %ap$ p[d] gra9s1 & ) ! v l>ge sizes1 0 to regulate ! rate ( burn+ s z to avoid extreme pressure :5 fir/ ignit$ & to keep up ! pressure 9 ! gun z m space 0 provid$ 9 ! *amb] or tube by ! movem5t ( ! %ot t[>ds ! muzzle4 ,9 ! p]=at$ prismatic p[d] ! ignition is int5d$ to proce$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations2 s9ce 9 a *>ge ! faces ( ! prisms fit pretty closely toge!r1 x 0 ?\ght t ?is arrangem5t w\ld prev5t unburnt cores or pieces ( p[d] f be+ bl[n out4 ,^! l>g] gra9 p[d]s necessitat$ a l5g!n$ bore to take advantage ( ! sl[] production ( gases & complete combu/ion ( ! p[d]4 ,g5]al ,t4 ,j4 ,rodman fir/ sugge/$ & employ$ ! p]=at$ cake c>tridge 9 #ahfj1 ! cake hav+ ne>ly ! diamet] ( ! bore & a ?ickness ( #a to #b 94 ) p]=ations runn+ p>allel ) ! gun axis4 ,! burn+ w\ld !n />t f ! comp>atively small surfaces ( ! p]=ations1 :i* w\ld become l>g] z ! p[d] burnt away4 ,exp]im5ts bore out ?is !ory p]fectly4 ,x 0 f\nd t small prisms 7 m conv5i5t to make ?an l>ge disks1 & z ! prisms practically fit toge!r into a disk ! same result 0 obta9$4 ,?is effect ( me*anical d5sity on rate ( burn+ is good only up to a c]ta9 pressure1 above :i* ! gases are driv5 ?r\gh ! d5se/ =m ( granul> mat]ial4 ,aft] granulat+ or press+ into %apes1 all p[d]s mu/ be dri$4 ,?is is done by heat+ 9 specially v5tilat$ rooms heat$ by /eam pipes4 ,z a rule ?is dry+ is foll[$ by ! f9i%+ or poli%+ process4 ,p[d]s are f9ally bl5d$1 i4e4 products f diff]5t bat*es or makes are mix$ s t id5tical pro( results are obta9$4 ,sizes & ,%apes ( ,p[d]s4--,9 fig4 #a1 a to k %[ ! relative sizes & %apes ( gra9 z =m]ly employ$ = milit>y purposes1 except t ! ?ree l>ge/ p[d]s1 e-f-g & h are figur$ half-size to save space1 :]eas ! rema9d] indicate ! actual dim5sions ( ! gra9s4 a is = small-arms1 all ! o!rs are = cannon ( v>i\s sizes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,pro( ( ,p[d]4--,9 addition to *emical exam9ation p[d] is pass$ ?r\gh c]ta9 me*anical te/s3-- #a4 ,= col\r1 glaze1 texture & fre$om f du/4 #b4 ,= prop] incorporation4 #c4 ,= %ape1 size & proportion ( ! gra9s4--,! fir/ is judg$ by eye1 & gra9s ( ! size requir$ are obta9$ by ! use ( sieves ( diff]5t sizes4 #d4 ,d5sity4--,! d5sity is g5]ally obta9$ 9 "s =m ( m]cury d5simet]1 ! p[d] be+ weigh$ 9 air & !n "u m]cury4 ,9 "s =ms ( ! in/rum5t ! air c be pump$ out s t ! weigh+ takes place 9 vacuo4 #e4 ,moi/ure & absorption ( moi/ure4--,! moi/ure & hygroscopic te/ consi/s 9 weigh+ a sample1 dry+ at #ajj deg4 ,c4 = a c]ta9 "t1 weigh+ aga91 c41 until con/ant4 ,! dri$ weigh$ sample c !n be expos$ to an artificial atmosph]e ( kn[n moi/ure & temp]ature1 & ! ga9 9 weight p] h\r simil>ly asc]ta9$ by p]iodic weigh+s4 #f4 ,fir+ pro(4--,! nature ( ?is dep5ds ^u ! purpose = :i* ! p[d] is int5d$4 ,= sport+ p[d]s x consi/s 9 ! patt]n giv5 by ! %ot ^u a t>get at a giv5 di/ance1 or1 if fir$ ) a bullet1 ^u ! figure ( m]it1 or mean radial deviation ( a c]ta9 numb] ( r\nds2 also ^u ! p5etrative p[]4 ,= milit>y purposes ! muzzle velocity produc$ by a p[d] is asc]ta9$ by a *ronograph :i* measures ! exact "t ! bullet or o!r projectile takes to trav]se a kn[n di/ance betwe5 two wire scre5s4 ,by means ( cru%] gauges ! exact pressure p] squ>e in* ^u c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! int]ior ( ! bore c be f\nd4 ,9 ! *emical exam9ation ( gunp[d] ! po9ts to be asc]ta9$ are1 9 addition to moi/ure1 fre$om f *lorides or sulphates1 & correct proportion ( nitre & sulphur to *>coal4 ,products ( ,fir$ ,p[d] & ,*anges tak+ place on ,explosion4--,) a mixture ( ! complexity ( gunp[d] x is q impossible to say be=eh& :at w be ! relative am\nts ( products4 ,! desir$ products are nitrog5 & c>bon dioxide z gases1 & potassium sulphate & c>bonate z solids4 ,b ! +r$i5ts ( ! mixture are n 9 any simple *emical proportion4 ,burn+ 9 contact ) air "u "o atmosph]e pressure1 & burn+ 9 a clos$ or p>tially clos$ vessel "u a consid]able numb] ( atmosph]es pressure1 may produce q diff]5t results4 ,! temp]ature ( a reaction always rises ) increas$ pressure4 ,al?\gh ! ma9 function ( ! nitre is to give up oxyg5 & nitrog51 ( ! *>coal to produce c>bon dioxide & mo/ ( ! heat1 & ( ! sulphur by vaporiz+ to accel]ate ! rate ( burn+1 x is q impossible to repres5t ! actions tak+ place on explosion by any simple or s+le *emical equation4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! gases f black p[d] burnt 9 a clos$ vessel h a volume at #j deg4 ,c4 & #gfj mm4 pressure ( ab\t #bhj times t ( ! orig9al p[d]4 ,! temp]ature produc$ "u "o atmosph]e is above #bjjj deg4 ,c41 & "u great] pressures consid]ably high]4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,b5jam9 ,rob9s 7#agdc71 ,*>les ,hutton 7#aggh71 ,c\nt ,rum=d 7#agig71 ,gay-,lussac 7#ahbc71 ,r4 ,buns5 & ,l4 ,s*isk(f 7#aheg71 ,t4 ,j4 ,rodman 7#ahfa71 ,c4 ,k>olyi 7#ahfc71 & lat] _m rese>*es by ,sir ,&rew ,noble & ,sir ,f4 ,a4 ,abel1 & by ,h4 ,debus & o!rs1 all ) ! idea ( gett+ at ! precise me*anism ( ! explosion4 ,debus 7,ann41 #ahhb1 vols4 #bab1 #bac2 #ahia1 vol4 #bfe7 discuss$ at great l5g? ! results ( rese>*es by ,buns51 ,k>olyi1 ,noble & ,abel1 & o!rs on ! combu/ion ( p[d] 9 clos$ vessels 9 su* mann] t all ! products c\ld be collect$ & exam9$ & ! pressures regi/]$4 ,a ,wal?am ,abbey p[d]1 accord+ to an exp]im5t by ,noble & ,abel1 gave :5 fir$ 9 a clos$ vessel ! foll[+ quantities ( products calculat$ f "o gram ( p[d]3-- ,fractions ( ,fractions ( a a gram4 molecule or atom4 ,potassium c>bonate 4#bfae 4#jjahi molecule ,potassium sulphate 4#abfh 4#jjjgb ?iosulphate 4#afff 4#jjjhg sulphide 4#jbeb 4#jjjag ,sulphur 4#jjab 4#jjjjd atom ,c>bon dioxide 4#bfgh 4#jjfjh molecule ,c>bon monoxide 4#jcci 4#jjaba ,nitrog5 4#ajga 4#jjgfe atom ,hydrog5 4#jjjh 4#jjjh ,hydrog5 sulphide 4#jjhj 4#jjjbc molecule ,potassium ?iocyanate 4#jjjd ,nitre 4#jjje ,ammonium c>bonate 4#jjjb ,f ?is1 & o!r results1 ,debus conclud$ t ,wal?am ,abbey p[d] c\ld be repres5t$ by ! =mula #af,,kno#cba4ah;,c#f4fc,s & t on combu/ion 9 a clos$ vessel ! end results c\ld be fairly express$ 7r\nd+ (f fractions7 by #af,,kno#cba;,c#e,s #e,k#b;,,co#c ,k#b,,s#db,k#b,s#bac;,,co#bc;,,co#h,n#b4 ,"s ( ! sulphur is lo/1 "p comb9+ ) ! metal ( ! app>atus & "p ) hydrog5 9 ! *>coal4 ,! milit>y p[d]s ( mo/ nations c be repres5t$ by ! =mula #af,,kno#cba4b;,c#f4f,s1 proportions :i* are reasonably ne> to a !oretical mixture1 t is "o giv+ mo/ complete combu/ion1 greate/ gas volume & temp]ature4 ,! combu/ion ( p[d] consi/s ( two processes3 7i47 oxidation1 dur+ :i* potassium c>bonate & sulphate1 c>bon dioxide & nitrog5 are ma9ly =m$1 & 7ii47 a r$uction process 9 :i* free c>bon acts on ! potassium sulphate & free sulphur on ! potassium c>bonate1 produc+ potassium sulphide & c>bon monoxide respectively4 ,mo/ p[d]s conta9 m c>bon & sulphur ?an necess>y1 h5ce ! second /age4 ,9 ?is second /age heat is lo/4 ,! potassium sulphide is also ! mo/ objectionable con/itu5t z reg>ds f\l+4 ,! en]gy ( a p[d] is giv51 accord+ to ,b]!lot1 by multiply+ ! gas volume by ! heat 79 calories7 produc$ dur+ burn+2 ,debus %[s t a p[d] compos$ ( #af,,kno#c to #h;,c & #h,s w\ld h ! lea/1 & "o ( composition #af,,kno#cbd;,c#af,s ! greate/1 :5 completely burnt4 ,! greate/ capability ) ! l[e/ proportion ( c>bon & sulphur to nitre w\ld be obta9$ f ! mixture _/#af,,kno#cbb;,c#h,s4 ,smokeless & ev5 noiseless p[d]s seem to h be5 s\ght = dur+ ! :ole gunp[d] p]iod4 ,9 #agef "o 0 exp]im5t$ ) 9 ,france1 b 0 ab&on$ ow+ to difficulties 9 manufacture4 ,mod]n smokeless p[d]s are c]ta9ly less noisy ?an ! black p[d]s1 ma9ly because ( ! abs5ce ( metallic salts :i* al?\gh !y may be gase\s :il/ 9 ! gun are c]ta9ly eject$ z solids or become solids at ! mom5t ( contact ) air4 ,br[n ,p[d]s4--,ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury guns & projectiles 7 made mu* l>g] & heavi] ?an previ\sly1 & x 0 soon f\nd t ! ord9>y black p[d]s ( ! mo/ d5se =m burnt mu* too rapidly1 /ra9+ or bur/+ ! pieces4 ,p[d]s 7 introduc$ conta9+ ab\t #c sulphur & #ag-ai ( a special =m ( *>coal made f slightly *>r$ /raw1 or simil> mat]ial4 ,?is br[n *>coal conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 ( ! orig9al plant sub/ance4 ,! me*anical processes ( manufacture ( ^! br[n p[d]s is ! same z = black4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 diff] f black by burn+ v sl[ly1 ev5 "u consid]able pressure4 ,?is comp>ative sl[ness is caus$ by 7#a7 ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( wat] ev5 :5 air-dry2 7#b7 ! fact t ! br[n *>coal is practically v slightly alt]$ cellulosic mat]ial1 :i* be=e x c burn completely mu/ und]go a little fur!r resolution or *>r+ at ! exp5se ( "s heat f ! portion ( *>ge fir/ ignit$2 & 7#c7 ! l[] cont5t ( sulphur4 ,an increase ( a few p] c5t 9 ! sulphur ( black p[d] accel]ates its rate ( burn+1 & x may become almo/ a bla/+ p[d]4 ,a decrease 9 sulphur has ! rev]se effect4 ,x is really ! sulphur vap\r t 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( combu/ion spreads ! flame ?r\gh ! *>ge4 ,_m o!r p[d]s h be5 made or propos$ 9 :i* nitrates or *lorates ( ! alkalis or ( b>ium1 c41 are ! oxyg5 provid]s & sub/ances z sug>1 />*1 & _m o!r organic comp\nds z ! combu/ible elem5ts4 ,"s ( ^! compositions h f\nd employm5t = bla/+ or ev5 z sport+ p[d]s1 b 9 mo/ cases _! objectionable prop]ties ( f\l+1 smoke & mode ( explod+ h prev5t$ _! use = milit>y purposes4 ,! adoption by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t ( ! comp>atively smokeless nitrocellulose explosive ( ,paul ,vieille 9 #ahhg practically put an end to ! old =ms ( gunp[d]s4 ,! fir/ smokeless p[d] 0 made 9 #ahfe by ,colonel ,e4 ,s*ultze 7,d+4 ,pol4 ,j\r4 #agd1 p4 #cbc2 #age1 p4 #dec7 by nitrat+ wood meal & add+ potassium & b>ium nitrates4 ,x is some:at simil> 9 composition to ! ,e4 ,c4 sport+ p[d]4 ,f4 ,u*atius1 9 ,au/ria1 propos$ a smokeless p[d] made f nitrat$ />*1 b x 0 n adopt$ ow+ to its hygroscopic nature & also its t5d5cy to detonate4 ,,bibliography4--,vanuc*io ,bir+uccio1 ,de la pirote*nia 7,v5ice1 #aedj72 ,t>taglia1 ,quesiti e inv5zioni div]si 7lib4 iii47 7,v5ice1 #aedf72 ,pet] ,:itehorne1 ,h[ to make ,saltpetre1 ,gunp[d]1 c4 7,london1 #aegc72 ,nic4 ,mac*iavelli1 ,! ,arte ( ,w>re1 trans4 by ,:itehorne 7,london1 #aehh72 ,hanzelet1 ,recueil de plusi]s ma*9es militaires 7,p>is1 #afbj72 ,boillet ,langrois1 ,modelles artifices de feu 7#afbj72 ,krug]1 ,*emical ,m$itations on ! ,explosion ( ,gunp[d] 79 ,lat97 7#afcf72 ,collado1 ,on ! ,inv5tion ( ,gunp[d] 7,spani%7 7#afda72 ,! ,true ,way to make all ,sorts ( ,gunp[d] & ,mat*es 7#afdg72 ,hawksbee1 ,on ,gunp[d] 7#afhf72 ,w9t]1 ,on ,gunp[d] 79 ,lat972 ,rob9s1 ,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y 7,london1 #agdb7 7new ed4 by ,hutton1 #ahje72 ,d',antoni1 ,essame della polv]e 7,tur91 #agfe7 7trans4 by ,capta9 ,?omson1 ,r4 ,a41 ,london1 #aghg72 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 ,exp]im5ts on ,fir$ ,gunp[d]1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 7#agig72 ,*>les ,hutton1 ,ma!matical ,tracts1 vol4 iii4 7#ahab72 ,sir ,w4 ,congreve1 ,a ,%ort ,acc\nt ( ,improvem5ts 9 ,gunp[d] made by 7,london1 #ahah72 ,buns5 & ,s*isk(f1 ,on ! ,*emical ,!ory ( ,gunp[d]1 ,pogg4 ,ann41 #aheg1 vol4 cii42 ,g5]al ,rodman1 ,exp]im5ts on ,metal = ,cannon1 & ,qualities ( ,cannon ,p[d] 7,bo/on1 #ahfa72 ,napoleon ,,iii41 ,etudes sur le passe et l'av5ir de l'artill]ie1 vol4 iii4 7,p>is1 #ahfb72 ,von ,k>olyi1 ,on ! ,products ( ! ,combu/ion ( ,gun ,cotton & ,gunp[d]1 ,phil4 ,mag4 7,octob] #ahfc72 ,capta9 ,f4 ,m4 ,smi?1 ,h&book ( ! ,manufacture & ,pro( ( ,gunp[d] at ,wal?am ,abbey 7,london1 #ahgj72 ,noble & ,abel1 ,fir$ ,gunp[d] 7,london1 #ahge1 #ahhj72 ,noble1 ,artill]y & ,explosives 7#aijf72 ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,hime1 ,gunp[d] & ,ammunition1 _! ,orig9 & ,progress 7#aijd72 ,o4 ,guttmann1 ,! ,manufacture ( ,explosives 7#ahie71 ,monum5ta pulv]is pyrii 7#aijf72 ,notes on ,gunp[d] & ,gun ,cotton1 publi%$ by ord] ( ! secret>y ( /ate = w> 7,london1 #aijg74 7,see also ,,explosives47 7,w4 ,r4 ,e4 ,h47 ,,footnote3 #a ,^! words 7 em5d$ by "s au?ors to read luru mope c ubre1 ! lett]s ( :i* c be arrang$ to give pulv]e c>bonum4 #b ,?is repres5ts ! composition ( ,engli% p[d] at pres5t1 & no d\bt x has rema9$ ! same = a long] "t ?an ! above date indicates4 #c ,br[n or coco-p[d] = l>ge *>ges 9 guns4 ,! *>coal is n burnt black b roa/$ until br[n1 & is made f "s v>iety ( /raw1 n wood4 ,,gunp[d] ,,plot1 ! "n giv5 to a conspiracy = bl[+ up ,k+ ,james ,i4 & ! p>liam5t on ! #e? ( ,novemb] #afje4 ,to und]/& cle>ly ! nature & orig9 ( ! fam\s conspiracy1 x is necess>y to recall ! political situation & ! attitude ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics t[>ds ! gov]nm5t at ! accession ( ,james ,i4 ,! ,elizabe?an adm9i/ration _h successfully def5d$ its own exi/5ce & ! ,prote/ant fai? aga9/ able & p[]ful antagoni/s1 b ?is _h n be5 accompli%$ )\t en=c+ sev]e measures ( repression & puni%m5t ^u ^? ( ! opposite fai?4 ,! beg9n+ ( a happi] era1 h[ev]1 0 expect$ ) ! op5+ ( ! new reign4 ,! "r ( ,james to ! cr[n c\ld be m readily ackn[l$g$ by ! ,romani/s ?an t ( ,elizabe?3 ,pope ,clem5t ,,viii4 appe>$ will+ to meet ! k+ half-way4 ,james himself 0 by nature fav\rable to ! ,roman ,ca?olics & _h treat$ ! ,roman ,ca?olic lords 9 ,scotl& ) great l5i5cy1 9 spite ( _! con/ant plots & rebellions4 ,writ+ to ,cecil be=e 8 accession he ma9ta9$1 ,i am s f> f any int5tion ( p]secution z ,i prote/ to ,god ,i rev]5ce _! *ur* z our "m *ur*1 al?\gh clogg$ ) _m infirmities & corruptions1 besides t ,i did ev] hold p]secution z "o ( ! infallible notes ( a false *ur*4 ,he decl>$ to ,nor?umb]l&1 ! k9sman & ma/] ( ,?omas ,p]cy1 ! conspirator1 z = ! ,ca?olics1 ,i w nei!r p]secute any t w be quiet & give b an outw>d ob$i5ce to ! law1 nei!r w ,i sp>e to advance any ( !m t w be ( good s]vice & wor?ily des]v$4 ,x is probable t ^! small b practical concessions w\ld h satisfi$ ! lay ,roman ,ca?olics & ! secul> prie/s1 b !y 7 v f> f cont5t+ ! ,jesuits1 by :om ! results ( su* l5i5cy 7 especially fe>$3 ,:at rig\r ( laws w\ld n compass 9 s _m ye>s1 wrote ,h5ry ,ti*borne1 ! ,jesuit1 9 #aeih1 ?is lib]ty & l5ity w effectuate 9 #bj days1 to wit ! disfurni%+ ( ! sem9>ies1 ! disanimat+ ( m5 to come & o!rs to return1 ! expulsion ( ! society & confusion z 9 ,g]many1 ext9ction ( zeal & fav\r1 disanimation ( pr9ces f ! hot pursuit ( ! ent]prise4444 ,we %all be left z a prey to ! wolves t w besides drive our greate/ patron ! k+ ( ,spa9 to /oop to a peace :i* w be ! utt] ru9 ( our edifice1 ?is _m ye>s 9 build+4 ,un=tunately1 ab\t ?is "t ! ,jesuits1 :o ?us ?riv$ on political intrigue1 & :o 7 deeply implicat$ 9 treasonable correspond5ce ) ,spa91 _h obta9$ a complete asc5dancy ov] ! secul> prie/s1 :o 7 = obey+ ! civil gov]nm5t z f> z possible & keep+ free f politics4 ,! "t1 !re=e1 z f> z ! ,roman ,ca?olics !mselves 7 conc]n$1 0 n a propiti\s "o = introduc+ ! mod]ate concessions :i* alone ,james _h promis$3 ,james1 too1 on 8 side1 f\nd t religi\s tol]ation1 ?\gh cle>ly s\nd 9 pr9ciple1 0 difficult 9 practice4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( ! reign all w5t well4 ,9 ,july #afjc ! f9es = recusancy 7 remitt$4 ,9 ,janu>y #afjd peaceable ,roman ,ca?olics c\ld live unmole/$ & s]ve ,god accord+ to _! consci5ces )\t any dang]4 ,b ,james's expectations t ! pope w\ld prev5t dang]\s & s$iti\s p]sons f ent]+ ! c\ntry 7 unfulfill$ & ! numb]s ( ! ,jesuits & ! ,roman ,ca?olics greatly increas$4 ,rum\rs ( plots came to h&4 ,cecil1 ?\gh l 8 ma/] naturally 9 fav\r ( tol]ation1 ) 8 exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 0 al>m$ at ! policy pursu$ & its results1 & great anxiety 0 ar\s$ 9 ! gov]nm5t & nation1 :i* 0 9 ! end %>$ by ! k+4 ,x 0 det]m9$ f9ally to return to ! e>li] policy ( repression4 ,on ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #afjd a proclamation 0 issu$ bani%+ prie/s2 on ! #bh? ( ,novemb] #afjd1 recusancy f9es 7 dem&$ f #ac weal?y p]sons1 & on ! #aj? ( ,febru>y #afje ! p5al laws 7 ord]$ to be execut$4 ,! plot1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 occasion$ by ^! measures1 = x _h be5 already conceiv$ 9 ! m9d ( ,rob]t ,catesby4 ,x 0 aim$ at ! repeal ( ! :ole ,elizabe?an legislation aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olics & p]haps d]iv$ "s impulse at fir/ f ! l5i5cy lately %[n by ! adm9i/ration1 aft]w>ds ga9+ support f ! opposite cause1 ! return ( ! gov]nm5t to ! policy ( repression4 ,x 0 9 ,may #afjc t ,catesby told ,p]cy1 9 reply to ! latt]'s decl>ation ( 8 int5tion to kill ! k+1 t he 0 ?9k+ ( a mo/ sure way4 ,subsequ5tly1 ab\t ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #afjc1 ,catesby s5t a message to 8 c\s9 ,rob]t ,w9t] at ,hudd+ton1 ne> ,worce/]1 to come to ,london1 :i* ! latt] refus$4 ,on ! arrival ( a second urg5t summons %ortly aft]w>ds he obey$1 & 0 !n at a h\se at ,lambe?1 probably 9 ,janu>y #afjd1 initiat$ by ,catesby toge!r ) ,john ,wright into ! plot to bl[ up ! p>liam5t h\se4 ,be=e putt+ ?is plan into execution1 h[ev]1 x 0 decid$ to try a quiet way2 & ,w9t] 0 s5t ov] to ,fl&]s to obta9 ! good (fices ( ,juan de ,velasco1 duke ( ,frias & con/able ( ,ca/ile1 :o _h arriv$ !re to conduct ! negotiations = a peace betwe5 ,engl& & ,spa91 9 ord] to obta9 ! repeal ( ! p5al laws4 ,w9t]1 hav+ secur$ no?+ b va9 promises f ! con/able1 return$ to ,engl& ab\t ! end ( ,april1 br++ ) him ,guy ,fawkes1 a man devot$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic cause & recomm5d$ = und]tak+ p]il\s adv5tures4 ,subsequ5tly ! ?ree & ,?omas ,p]cy1 :o jo9$ ! conspiracy 9 ,may1 met 9 a h\se beh9d ,/ ,clem5t's &1 hav+ tak5 an oa? ( secrecy toge!r1 he>d ,mass & receiv$ ! ,sacram5t 9 an adjo9+ ap>tm5t f a prie/ /at$ by ,fawkes to h be5 ,fa!r ,g]>d4 ,lat] sev]al o!r p]sons 7 includ$ 9 ! plot1 viz4 ,w9t]'s bro!r ,?omas1 ,john ,grant1 ,ambrose ,rokewood1 ,rob]t ,keyes1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,digby1 ,francis ,tre%am1 a c\s9 ( ,catesby & ,?omas ,bates ,catesby's s]vant1 all1 ) ! exception ( ! la/1 be+ m5 ( good family & all ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,fa!r ,gre5way & ,fa!r ,g>net1 ! ,jesuits1 7 bo? cognisant ( ! plot 7see ,,g>net1 ,,h5ry74 ,on ! #bd? ( ,may #afjd a h\se 0 hir$ 9 ,p]cy's "n adjo9+ ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 f ! cell> ( :i* !y propos$ to "w a m9e4 ,!y began on ! #aa? ( ,decemb] #afjd1 & by ab\t ,m>* _h got half-way ?r\gh ! wall4 ,!y !n discov]$ t a vault imm$iately "u ! ,h\se ( ,lords 0 available4 ,?is 0 at once hir$ by ,p]cy1 & #cf b>rels ( gunp[d]1 am\nt+ to ab\t #a ton & #ab cwt41 7 br\ght 9 & conceal$ "u coal & faggots4 ,! prep>ations be+ complet$ 9 ,may ! conspirators sep>at$4 ,fawkes 0 despat*$ to ,fl&]s1 :]e he imp>t$ ! plot to ,hugh ,ow51 a zeal\s ,romani/ intrigu]4 ,sir ,edmund ,baynham 0 s5t on a mission to ,rome to be at h& :5 ! news came to ga9 ov] ! pope to ! cause ( ! successful conspirators4 ,an und]/&+ 0 arriv$ at ) sev]al (fic]s levi$ = ! s]vice ( ! ar*duke1 t !y %\ld return at once to ,engl& :5 occasion arose ( def5d+ ! ,roman ,ca?olic cause4 ,a great hunt+ mat* 0 organiz$ at ,dan*ur* 9 ,w>wick%ire by ,digby1 to :i* l>ge numb]s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic g5try 7 invit$1 :o 7 to jo9 ! plot aft] ! successful accompli%m5t ( ! explosion ( ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 ! day fix$ = ! op5+ ( p>liam5t1 & get possession ( ! pr9cess ,elizabe?1 !n resid+ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 :ile ,p]cy 0 to seize ! infant pr9ce ,*>les & br+ him on horseback to _! meet+-place4 ,guy ,fawkes himself 0 to take %ip imm$iately = ,fl&]s1 spread ! news on ! cont95t & get support]s4 ,! conspirators imag9$ t a t]roriz$ & helpless gov]nm5t w\ld readily agree to all _! dem&s4 ,hi!rto ! secret _h be5 well kept & ! prep>ations _h be5 complet$ ) extraord9>y success & )\t a s+le drawback2 b a v s]i\s difficulty n[ confront$ ! conspirators z ! "t = action arriv$1 & di/urb$ _! consci5ces4 ,! feel+s ( ord9>y humanity %runk f ! de/ruction ( s _m p]sons guiltless ( any (f5ce4 ,b 9 addition1 among ! pe]s to be assass9at$ 7 includ$ _m ,roman ,ca?olics & "s lords ne>ly connect$ 9 k9%ip or fri5d%ip ) ! plott]s !mselves4 ,sev]al appeals1 h[ev]1 made to ,catesby to all[ w>n+ to be giv5 to c]ta9 individuals 7 firmly reject$4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,octob] ,"l ,monteagle1 a bro!r-9-law ( ,francis ,tre%am1 :o _h =m]ly be5 closely connect$ ) "s ( ! o!r conspirators & _h engag$ 9 ,romani/ plots aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1 b :o _h giv5 8 support to ! new k+1 unexpect$ly ord]$ supp] to be prep>$ at 8 h\se at ,haxton1 f :i* he _h be5 abs5t = m ?an a ye>4 ,:ile at supp] ab\t #f o'clock an anonym\s lett] 0 br\ght by an unkn[n mess5g] :i*1 hav+ glanc$ at1 he h&$ to ,w>d1 a g5tleman ( 8 s]vice & an intimate fri5d ( ,w9t]1 ! conspirator1 to be read al\d4 ,! celebrat$ lett] ran z foll[s3-- ,my "l1 out ( ! love ,i be> to "s ( y\r fri5ds1 ,i h a c>e = y\r pres]vation4 ,!re=e ,i w\ld advise y1 z y t5d] y\r life1 to devise "s excuse to %ift ( y\r att5dance ( ?is ,p>liam5t1 = ,god & man ha? concurr$ to puni% ! wick$ness ( ?is "t4 ,& ?9k n slightly ( ?is adv]tisem5t1 b retire y\rself into y\r c\ntry1 :]e y may expect ! ev5t 9 safety1 = ?\gh !re be no appe>ance ( any /ir1 yet ,i say !y %all receive a t]rible bl[ ! ,p>liam5t1 & yet !y %all n see :o hurts !m4 ,?is c\nsel is n to be contemn$1 because x may d y good & c d y no h>m1 = ! dang] is pa/ z soon z y h burnt ! lett]3 & ,i hope ,god w give y ! grace to make good use ( x1 to ^: holy protection ,i comm5d y4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! lett] has nev] be5 disclos$ or prov$1 b all evid5ce seems to po9t to ,tre%am1 & to ! probability t he _h "s days be=e w>n$ ,monteagle & agre$ ) him z to ! be/ means ( mak+ kn[n ! plot & prev5t+ its execution1 & at ! same "t ( giv+ ! conspirators "t to escape 7see ,,tre%am1 ,,francis74 ,monteagle at once />t$ = ,:itehall1 f\nd ,salisbury & o!r m9i/]s ab\t to sit d[n to supp]1 & %[$ ! lett]1 :]eupon x 0 decid$ to se>* ! cell> "u ! ,h\se ( ,lords be=e ! meet+ ( p>liam5t1 b n too soon1 s t ! plot might be ripe & be fully disclos$4 ,mean:ile ,w>d1 on ! #bg? ( ,octob]1 z _h evid5tly be5 int5d$1 in=m$ ,w9t] t ! plot 0 kn[n1 & on ! #bh? ,w9t] in=m$ ,catesby & begg$ him to give up ! :ole project4 ,catesby1 h[ev]1 aft] "s hesitation1 f9d+ f ,fawkes t no?+ _h be5 t\*$ 9 ! cell>1 & prevail$ ^u by ,p]cy1 det]m9$ to /& firm1 hop+ t ! gov]nm5t _h put no cr$5ce 9 ,monteagle's lett]1 & ,fawkes return$ to ! cell> to keep gu>d z be=e4 ,on ! #d? ! k+1 hav+ be5 %[n ! lett]1 ord]$ ! e>l ( ,suffolk1 z "l *amb]la91 to exam9e ! build+s4 ,he 0 accompani$ by ,monteagle4 ,on arriv+ at ! cell>1 ! door 0 op5$ to him by ,fawkes4 ,see+ ! enorm\s piles ( faggots he ask$ ! "n ( _! own]1 to :i* ,fawkes repli$ t !y belong$ to ,p]cy4 ,8 "n imm$iately ar\s$ suspicions1 & accord+ly x 0 ord]$ t a fur!r se>* %\ld be made by ,?omas ,knyvett1 a ,we/m9/] magi/rate :o1 com+ ) 8 m5 at night1 discov]$ ! gunp[d] & arre/$ ,fawkes on ! ?re%old4 ,! op9ion t ! :ole plot 0 ! "w ( ,salisbury1 t he act$ z an ag5t provocateur & lur$ on 8 victims to de/ruction1 repeat$ by "s contempor>y & lat] writ]s & rec5tly =mulat$ & urg$ ) great ability1 has no solid f\ndation4 ,nor is x ev5 probable t he 0 aw>e ( its exi/5ce till he receiv$ ,monteagle's lett]4 ,ev5 aft] its reception complete belief 0 n plac$ 9 ! w>n+4 ,a se>* 0 made only to make sure t no?+ 0 wrong & guid$ only by ,monteagle's lett]1 :ile no attempt 0 made to seize ! conspirators4 ,! /eps tak5 by ,salisbury aft] ! discov]y ( ! gunp[d] d n %[ ! possession ( any in=mation ( ! plot or ( ! p]sons :o 7 its *ief ag5ts outside ,fawkes's fir/ /atem5t1 & 8 k is se5 to develop accord+ to ! successive disclosures & confessions ( ! latt]4 ,?us on ! #g? ( ,novemb] he _h no k ( ! m9e1 & x is only aft] ,fawkes's exam9ation by torture on ! #i?1 :5 ! names ( ! conspirators 7 drawn f him1 t ! gov]nm5t 0 able to classify !m accord+ to _! guilt & ext5t ( _! p>ticipation4 ,! inquiry 0 n conduct$ by ,salisbury alone1 b by sev]al commission]s1 "s ( :om 7 ,roman ,ca?olics1 & _m rivals & secret enemies4 ,to conceal 8 intrigue f all ^! w\ld h be5 impossible1 & t he %\ld h put himself 9 _! p[] to su* an ext5t is highly improbable4 ,aga91 ! plan agre$ ^u = disclos+ ! plot 0 especially design$ to all[ ! conspirators to escape1 & !re=e sc>cely a me?od :i* w\ld h be5 arrang$ ) ,salisbury4 ,n "o ( ! conspirators1 ev5 :5 all hope ( sav+ life 0 gone1 made any accusation aga9/ ,salisbury or ! gov]nm5t & all di$ express+ contrition = _! crime4 ,la/ly ,salisbury _h no conceivable motive 9 concoct+ a plot ( ?is description4 ,8 political p[] & position 9 ! new reign _h be5 already secur$ & by v diff]5t me?ods4 ,he 0 n[ at ! height ( 8 influ5ce1 hav+ be5 creat$ ,visc\nt ,cranborne 9 ,augu/ #afjd & e>l ( ,salisbury 9 ,may #afje2 & ,james _h already1 m ?an #af mon?s be=e ! discov]y ( ! plot1 cons5t$ to return to ! repressive measures aga9/ ! ,romani/s4 ,! success ) :i* ! conspirators conceal$ _! plot f ,salisbury's spies is inde$ a/oni%+1 b is probably expla9$ by its v audacity & by ! abs5ce ( incrim9at+ correspond5ce1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! m9i/] *iefly obta9$ 8 k ( ! plans ( 8 enemies4 ,on ! arre/ ( ,fawkes ! o!r conspirators1 except ,tre%am1 fl$ 9 p>ties by diff]5t ways1 rejo9+ ea* o!r 9 ,w>wick%ire1 z _h be5 agre$ 9 case ! plot _h be5 successful4 ,catesby1 :o ) "s o!rs _h cov]$ ! di/ance ( #hj m4 betwe5 ,london & 8 "m's h\se at ,a%by ,/ ,leg]s 9 eight h\rs1 in=m$ 8 fri5ds 9 ,w>wick%ire1 :o _h be5 await+ ! issue ( ! plot1 ( its failure1 b succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ,sir ,ev]>d ,digby1 by an unscrupul\s falsehood1 to fur!r implicate himself 9 8 hopeless cause by assur+ him t bo? ,james & ,salisbury 7 dead2 &1 accord+ to ,fa!r ,g>net1 ?is 0 n ! fir/ "t t ,catesby _h be5 guilty ( lies 9 ord] to draw m5 into ! plot4 ,he pu%$ on ! same day ) 8 companions 9 ! direction ( ,wales1 :]e1 x 0 hop$1 !y w\ld be jo9$ by b&s ( insurg5ts4 ,!y arriv$ at ,hudd+ton at #b 9 ! aft]noon4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #g? ! b&1 numb]+ ab\t #cf p]sons1 confess$ & he>d ,mass1 & !n rode away to ,holbe*e1 #b m4 f ,/\rbridge1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ! h\se ( ,/eph5 ,littleton1 :o _h be5 pres5t at ! hunt+ at ,dan*ur* 7see ,,digby1 ,,ev]>d71 :]e !y arriv$ at #aj o'clock at night1 hav+ on _! way brok5 into ,"l ,w9dsor's h\se at ,hewell ,grange & tak5 all ! arm\r !y f\nd !re4 ,_! case 0 n[ desp]ate4 ,none _h jo9$ !m3 ,n "o came to take our "p1 said ,sir ,ev]>d ,digby1 ?\gh we _h expect$ s _m4 ,!y 7 be+ foll[$ by ! %]iff & all ! =ces ( ! c\nty4 ,all spurn$ !m f _! doors :5 !y appli$ = succ\r4 ,"o by "o _! foll[]s fl$ f ! h\se 9 :i* ! la/ sc5e 0 to be play$ out4 ,!y n[ began to feel !mselves ab&on$ n only by man b by ,god2 = an explosion ( "s ( _! gunp[d]1 on ! morn+ ( ! #h?1 by :i* ,catesby & "s o!rs 7 scor*$1 /ruck t]ror into _! he>ts z a judgm5t f heav54 ,! assurance ( innoc5ce & ( a j cause :i* till n[ _h alone support$ !m 0 tak5 away4 ,! greatness ( _! crime1 its true nature1 n[ /ruck home to !m1 & ! few mom5ts :i* rema9$ to !m ( life 7 sp5t 9 pray] & 9 rep5tance4 ,! supreme h\r _h n[ arriv$4 ,ab\t #aa o'clock ! %]iff & 8 m5 came up & imm$iately began fir+ into ! h\se4 ,catesby1 ,p]cy & ! two ,wrights 7 kill$1 ,w9t] & ,rokewood w\nd$ & tak5 prison]s ) ! m5 :o /ill adh]$ to !m4 ,9 all eight ( ! conspirators1 includ+ ! two ,w9t]s1 ,digby1 ,fawkes1 ,rokewood1 ,keyes & ,bates1 7 execut$1 :ile ,tre%am di$ 9 ! ,t[]4 ,( ! prie/s involv$1 ,g>net 0 tri$ & execut$1 :ile ,gre5way & ,g]>d succe$$ 9 escap+4 ,s end$ ! /range & fam\s ,gunp[d] ,plot4 ,h[ev] atroci\s its conception & its aims1 x is impossible n to feel1 toge!r ) horror = ! de$1 "s pity & admiration = ! guilty p]sons :o took "p 9 x4 ,!irs 0 a crime :i* x w\ld nev] h ent]$ into ! he>t ( any man to commit :o 0 n rais$ above ! l[ness ( ! ord9>y crim9al4 ,!y s9n$ n aga9/ ! light b 9 ! d>k4 ,!y err$ f ignorance1 f a p]v]t$ moral s5se r ?an f any mean or selfi% motive1 & exhibit$ extraord9>y c\rage & self-sacrifice 9 ! pursuit ( :at seem$ to !m ! cause ( ,god & ( _! c\ntry4 ,_! puni%m5t 0 t]rible4 ,n only _h !y risk$ & lo/ all 9 ! attempt & drawn ^u !mselves ! frightful v5geance ( ! /ate1 b !y saw !mselves ! means ( injur+ irretrievably ! cause = :i* !y felt su* devotion4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m disa/r\s to ! cause ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics ?an _! crime4 ,! laws aga9/ !m 7 imm$iately increas$ 9 sev]ity1 & ! gradual advance t[>ds religi\s tol]ation 0 put back = c5turies4 ,9 addition a new1 increas$ & long-endur+ ho/ility 0 ar\s$ 9 ! c\ntry aga9/ ! adh]5ts ( ! old fai?1 n unnatural 9 ! circum/ances1 b unju/ & undiscrim9at+1 because :ile "s ( ! ,jesuits 7 no d\bt implicat$1 ! secul> prie/s & ,roman ,ca?olic laity z a :ole _h tak5 no "p 9 ! conspiracy4 ,,bibliography4--,! rec5t controv]sy conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( ! plot c be foll[$ 9 ,:at 0 ! ,gunp[d] ,plot8 by ,john ,g]>d1 ,s4,j4 7#ahig72 ,:at ,gunp[d] ,plot 01 by ,s4 ,r4 ,g>d9] 7a rejo9d]7 7#ahig72 ,! ,gunp[d] ,plot 444 9 reply to ,pr(essor ,g>d9]1 by ,john ,g]>d1 ,s4,j4 7#ahig72 ,?omas ,w9t]'s ,confession & ! ,gunp[d] ,plot1 by ,john ,g]>d1 ,s4,j4 7) facsimiles ( 8 writ+7 7#ahih72 ,eng4 ,hi/4 ,rev4 iii4 #eaj & xii4 #gia2 ,ed9burgh ,review1 clxxxv4 #ahc2 ,a!naeum #ahig1 ii4 #adi1 #ghe1 #hee2 #ahih1 i4 #bc1 ii4 #ceb1 #dbj2 ,academy1 vol4 #eb p4 #hd2 ,! ,nation1 vol4 #fe p4 #djj4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! controv]sy c5tres r\nd ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ,?omas ,w9t]'s confession1 ! ,,ms4 ( :i* is at ,hatfield1 support$ by ,pr(essor ,g>d9]1 b d5i$ by ,fa!r ,g]>d pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! docum5t hav+ be5 sign$ ,w9t] in/ead ( ,w9t\r1 ! latt] app>5tly be+ ! conspirator's usual /yle ( signature4 ,! docum5t 0 deposit$ by ! #crd ,m>quess ( ,salisbury = inspection at ! ,record ,(fice1 & 0 pron\nc$ by two exp]ts1 "o f ! ,briti% ,museum & ano!r f ! ,record ,(fice1 to be und\bt$ly g5u9e4 ,! cause ( ! v>iation 9 ! signature /ill rema9s unexpla9$1 b ceases to h !re=e any great hi/orical importance4 ,! bibliography ( ! contempor>y controv]sy is giv5 9 ! article on ,h5ry ,g>net 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography & 9 ,! ,gunp[d] ,plot by ,david ,j>d9e 7#aheg71 ! latt] "w /ill rema9+ ! pr9cipal au?ority on ! subject2 add to ^! ,g>d9]'s ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 i41 :]e an excell5t acc\nt is giv52 ,hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits 9 ,engl&1 by ,fa!r ,e!lr$ ,taunton 7#aija72 ,fa!r ,g]>d's ,n>rative 9 ,condition ( ! ,ca?olics "u ,james ,i4 7#ahgb71 & ,fa!r ,gre5way's ,n>rative 9 ,tr\bles ( our ,ca?olic ,=efa!rs1 #a/ s]ies 7#ahgb71 int]e/+ z contempor>y acc\nts1 b n to be tak5 z complete or infallible au?orities1 ( ! same nature be+ ,hi/oria ,prov9ciae ,anglicanae ,societatis ,jesu1 by ,h5ry ,m1 ,s4,j4 7#affj71 pp4 #cji et seq42 also ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 by ,john ,spe$ 7#afaa71 pp4 #hci et seq42 ,ar*aeologia1 xii4 #bjj1 xxviii4 #dbb1 xxix4 #hj2 ,h>leian ,miscellany 7#ahji71 iii4 #aai-ace1 or ,som]s ,tracts 7#ahji71 ii4 #ig-aag2 ,m4 ,a4 ,ti]ney's ed4 ( ,dodd's ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 vol4 iv4 7#ahda72 ,treason & ,plot1 by ,m>t9 ,hume 7#aija72 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #g s]4 vi41 #h s]4 iv4 #djh1 #dig1 v4 #ee1 xii4 #eje1 #i s]4 xi4 #aae2 ,add4 ,,mss4 ,brit4 ,mus4 #fagh2 ,/ate ,trials1 ii42 ,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap4 ,dom4 7#afjc-afaj71 & ! (ficial acc\nt1 ,a ,true & ,p]fect ,relation ( ! ,:ole ,proce$+s aga9/ ! late mo/ ,b>b>\s ,traitors 7#afjf71 a nei!r true nor complete n>rative h[ev]1 n[ sup]s$$ z an au?ority1 repr9t$ z ,! ,gunp[d] ,treason 444 ) additions 9 #afgi by ,?omas ,b>l[1 bi%op ( ,l9coln4 ,a l>ge numb] ( lett]s & pap]s 9 ! ,/ate ,pap] ,(fice relat+ to ! plot 7 collect$ 9 "o volume 9 #ahai1 call$ ! ,gunp[d] ,plot ,book2 ^! are not$ 9 _! prop] place 9 ! pr9t$ cal5d>s ( ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,dome/ic ,s]ies2 see also articles on ,,fawkes1 ,,guy2 ,,tre%am1 ,,francis2 ,,monteagle1 ,,william ,,p>k]1 #d,,? ,,b>on2 ,,p]cy1 ,,?omas2 ,,catesby1 ,,rob]t2 ,,g>net1 ,,h5ry2 ,,digby1 ,,sir ,,ev]>d4 7,p4 ,c4 ,y47 ,,gun-,,room1 a %ip cab9 occupi$ by ! (fic]s bel[ ! rank ( lieut5ant1 b :o are n w>rant (fic]s ( ! class ( ! boatswa91 gunn] or c>p5t]4 ,9 ! wood5 sail+ %ips x 0 on ! l[] deck1 & 0 orig9ally ! qu>t]s ( ! gunn]4 ,,gunt]1 ,,edmund 7#aeha-afbf71 ,engli% ma!matician1 ( ,wel% extraction1 0 born 9 ,h]t=d%ire 9 #aeha4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,we/m9/] s*ool1 & 9 #aeii 0 elect$ a /ud5t ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d4 ,he took ord]s1 became a prea*] 9 #afad1 & 9 #afae proce$$ to ! degree ( ba*elor 9 div9ity4 ,ma!matics1 h[ev]1 :i* _h be5 8 fav\rite /udy 9 y\?1 cont9u$ to engross 8 att5tion1 & on ! #f? ( ,m>* #afai he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,gre%am ,college1 ,london4 ,?is po/ he held till 8 dea? on ! #aj? ( ,decemb] #afbf4 ,) ,gunt]'s "n are associat$ sev]al useful inv5tions1 descriptions ( :i* are giv5 9 8 treatises on ! ,sector1 ,cross-/aff1 ,b[1 ,quadrant & o!r ,in/rum5ts4 ,he contriv$ 8 sector ab\t ! ye> #afjf1 & wrote a description ( x 9 ,lat91 b x 0 m ?an sixte5 ye>s aft]w>ds be=e he all[$ ! book to appe> 9 ,engli%4 ,9 #afbj he publi%$ 8 ,canon triangulorum 7see ,,log>i?ms74 ,!re is reason to believe t ,gunt] 0 ! fir/ to discov] 79 #afbb or #afbe7 t ! magnetic ne$le does n reta9 ! same decl9ation 9 ! same place at all times4 ,by desire ( ,james ,i4 he publi%$ 9 #afbd ,! ,description & ,use ( ,8 ,maje/ie's ,dials 9 ,:itehall ,g>d51 ! only "o ( 8 works :i* has n be5 repr9t$4 ,he introduc$ ! words cos9e & cotang5t1 & he sugge/$ to ,h5ry ,briggs1 8 fri5d & colleague1 ! use ( ! ari?metical complem5t 7see ,brigg's ,ari?metica ,log>i?mica1 cap4 xv474 ,8 practical inv5tions are briefly notic$ bel[3 ,gunt]'s ,*a91 ! *a9 9 common use = survey+1 is #bb yds4 long & is divid$ into #ajj l9ks4 ,its usefulness arises f its decimal or c5tesimal division1 & ! fact t #aj squ>e *a9s make an acre4 ,gunt]'s ,l9e1 a log>i?mic l9e1 usually laid d[n ^u scales1 sectors1 c4 ,x is also call$ ! l9e ( l9es & ! l9e ( numb]s1 be+ only ! log>i?ms graduat$ ^u a rul]1 :i* !re=e s]ves to solve problems in/rum5tally 9 ! same mann] z log>i?ms d ari?metically4 ,gunt]'s ,quadrant1 an in/rum5t made ( wood1 brass or o!r sub/ance1 conta9+ a k9d ( /]eographic projection ( ! sph]e on ! plane ( ! equ9octial1 ! eye be+ suppos$ to be plac$ 9 "o ( ! poles1 s t ! tropic1 ecliptic1 & horizon =m ! arcs ( circles1 b ! h\r circles are o!r curves1 drawn by means ( sev]al altitudes ( ! sun = "s p>ticul> latitude e ye>4 ,?is in/rum5t is us$ to f9d ! h\r ( ! day1 ! sun's azimu?1 c41 & o!r common problems ( ! sph]e or globe1 & also to take ! altitude ( an object 9 degrees4 ,gunt]'s ,scale 7g5]ally call$ by seam5 ! ,gunt]7 is a l>ge plane scale1 usually #b ft4 long by ab\t #a-a_/b 94 broad1 & engrav$ ) v>i\s l9es ( numb]s4 ,on "o side are plac$ ! natural l9es 7z ! l9e ( *ords1 ! l9e ( s9es1 tang5ts1 rhumbs1 c471 & on ! o!r side ! correspond+ artificial or log>i?mic ones4 ,by means ( ?is in/rum5t que/ions 9 navigation1 trigonometry1 c41 are solv$ ) ! aid ( a pair ( compasses4 ,,gun!r1 ,,johann ,,*ri/ian 7#afie-agbc71 ,g]man poet1 0 born at ,/riegau 9 ,l[] ,silesia on ! #h? ( ,april #afie4 ,aft] att5d+ ! gymnasium at ,s*weidnitz1 he 0 s5t 9 #agae by 8 fa!r1 a c\ntry doctor1 to /udy m$ic9e at ,witt5b]g2 b he 0 idle & dissipat$1 _h no ta/e = ! pr(ession *os5 = him1 & came to a complete rupture ) 8 family4 ,9 #agag he w5t to ,leipzig1 :]e he 0 befri5d$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,m5cke 7#afgd-agcb71 :o recogniz$ 8 g5ius2 & !re he publi%$ a poem on ! peace ( ,pass>[itz 7conclud$ betwe5 ! ,g]man emp]or & ! ,porte 9 #agah7 :i* acquir$ him reputation4 ,a recomm5dation f ,m5cke to ,fr$]ick ,augu/us ,,ii4 ( ,saxony1 k+ ( ,pol&1 prov$ worse ?an useless1 z ,gun!r appe>$ at ! audi5ce drunk4 ,f t "t he l$ an unsettl$ & dissipat$ life1 s9k+ ev] deep] into ! sl\gh ( mis]y1 until he di$ at ,j5a on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #agbc1 :5 only 9 8 #bh? ye>4 ,goe! pron\nces ,gun!r to h be5 a poet 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,8 lyric poems z a :ole give evid5ce ( deep & lively s5sibility1 f9e imag9ation1 clev] wit1 & a true e> = melody & rhy?m2 b an air ( cynicism is m or less pres5t 9 mo/ ( !m1 & dull or vulg> witticisms are n infrequ5tly f\nd side by side ) ! pure/ inspirations ( 8 g5ius4 ,gun!r's collect$ poems 7 publi%$ 9 f\r volumes 7,breslau1 #agbc-agce74 ,!y are also includ$ 9 vol4 vi4 ( ,tittmann's ,deuts*e ,di*t] des #agt5 ,jahrh4 7,leipzig1 #ahgd71 & vol4 xxxviii4 ( ,kurs*n]'s ,deuts*e ,nationallit]atur 7#ahhc74 ,a pret5d$ autobiography ( ,gun!r appe>$ at ,s*weidnitz 9 #agcb1 & a life ( him by ,siebr& at ,leipzig 9 #agch4 ,see ,h(fmann von ,fall]sleb51 ,j4 ,*4 ,gun!r 7,breslau1 #ahcc72 ,o4 ,roquette1 ,leb5 und ,di*t5 ,j4 ,*4 ,gun!rs 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfj72 ,m4 ,kalbeck1 ,neue ,beitrage zur ,biographie des ,di*t]s ,c4 ,gun!r 7,breslau1 #ahgi74 ,,gun!r ,,( ,,s*w>zburg 7#acjd-acdi71 ,g]man k+1 0 a desc5dant ( ! c\nts ( ,s*w>zburg & ! y\ng] son ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 c\nt ( ,blank5burg4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself z a soldi]1 & r5d]$ good s]vice to ! emp]or ,l\is ,,iv41 on ^: dea? 9 #acdg he 0 (f]$ ! ,g]man ?rone1 aft] x _h be5 refus$ by ,edw>d ,,iii41 k+ ( ,engl&4 ,he 0 elect$ ,g]man k+ at ,frank=t on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #acdi by f\r ( ! electors1 :o 7 p>tisans ( ! h\se ( ,wittelsba* & oppon5ts ( ,*>les ( ,luxemburg1 aft]w>ds ! emp]or ,*>les ,,iv4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 won ov] _m ( ,gun!r's adh]5ts1 defeat$ him at ,eltville1 & ,gun!r1 :o 0 n[ s]i\sly ill1 r5\nc$ 8 claims = ! sum ( #bj1jjj m>ks ( silv]4 ,he di$ ?ree weeks aft]w>ds at ,frank=t1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral ( t city1 :]e a /atue 0 erect$ to 8 memory 9 #aceb4 ,see ,graf ,l4 ,utt]odt zu ,s*>ff5b]g1 ,gun!r1 ,graf von ,s*w>zburg1 erwahlt] deuts*] ,konig 7,leipzig1 #ahfb72 & ,k4 ,janson1 ,das ,konigtum ,gun!rs von ,s*w>zburg 7,leipzig1 #ahhj74 ,,guntram1 or ,,gontran 7#efa-eib71 k+ ( ,burgundy1 0 "o ( ! sons ( ,clotaire ,i4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 7#efa7 he & 8 ?ree bro!rs divid$ ! ,franki% realm betwe5 !m1 ,guntram receiv+ z 8 %>e ! valleys ( ! ,saone & ,rhone1 toge!r ) ,b]ry & ! t[n ( ,orleans1 :i* he made 8 capital4 ,on ! dea? ( ,*>ib]t 7#efg71 he fur!r obta9$ ! civitates ( ,sa9tes1 ,ang\leme & ,p]igueux4 ,dur+ ! civil w> :i* broke out betwe5 ! k+s ( ,neu/ria & ,au/rasia1 8 policy 0 to try to ma9ta9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,aft] ! assass9ation ( ,sigeb]t 7#ege71 he took ! y\?ful ,*ildeb]t ,,ii4 "u 8 protection1 &1 ?anks to 8 assi/ance aga9/ ! intrigues ( ! great lords1 ! latt] 0 able to ma9ta9 8 position 9 ,au/rasia4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,*ilp]ic 7#ehd7 he protect$ ! "y ,clotaire ,,ii4 9 ! same way1 & prev5t$ ,*ildeb]t f seiz+ 8 dom9ions4 ,8 c\rse 0 r5d]$ easi] by ! fact t 8 own sons _h di$2 consequ5tly1 hav+ an inh]itance at 8 disposal1 he 0 able to (f] x to :i*ev] ( 8 nephews he wi%$4 ,! dang] to ! ,franki% realm caus$ by ! exp$ition ( ,gundobald 7#ehe71 & ! anxiety :i* 0 caus$ him by ! revolts ( ! great lords 9 ,au/rasia f9ally decid$ him 9 fav\r ( ,*ildeb]t4 ,he adopt$ him z 8 son1 & recogniz$ him z 8 heir at ! treaty ( ,&elot 7#ehg72 he also help$ him to cru% ! great lords1 especially ,ursion & ,b]!fri$1 :o 7 conqu]$ 9 la ,woevre4 ,f ?is "t on he ceas$ to play a prom95t "p 9 ! affairs ( ,au/rasia4 ,he di$ 9 #eib1 & ,*ildeb]t receiv$ 8 inh]itance )\t opposition4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs is v indulg5t to ,guntram1 :o %[$ himself on occasions g5]\s t[>ds ! *ur*2 he almo/ always calls him good k+ ,guntram1 & 9 8 writ+s are to be f\nd su* phrases z good k+ ,guntram took z 8 s]vant a concub9e ,v5]&a 7iv4 #be72 b ,guntram 0 really no bett] ?an ! o!r k+s ( 8 age2 he 0 cruel & lic5ti\s1 putt+ 8 cubicul>ius ,condo to dea?1 = in/ance1 because he 0 suspect$ ( hav+ kill$ a buffalo 9 ! ,vosges4 ,he 0 moreov] a c[>d1 & w5t 9 su* con/ant t]ror ( assass9ation t he always surr\nd$ himself ) a regul> bodygu>d4 ,see ,krus*1 ,zur ,*ronologie d] m][+is*5 ,konige1 9 ! ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te1 xxii4 #dea-dij2 ,ulysse ,*evali]1 ,bio-bibliographie 7#bnd ed471 s4v4 ,guntram4 7,c4 ,pf47 ,,guntur1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,madras presid5cy4 ,! t[n 7pop4 9 #aija1 #cj1hcc7 has a /ation on ! ,bell>y-,bezwada bran* ( ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta railway4 ,x is situat$ ea/ ( ! ,kondavid hills1 & is v heal?y4 ,x appe>s to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ! ,fr5*4 ,at ! "t ( ! cession ( ! ,circ>s to ! ,engli% 9 #agfe1 ,guntur 0 specially exempt$ dur+ ! life ( ,basalat ,jang1 ^: p]sonal jagir x 04 ,9 #aghh x came into ,briti% possession1 ! cession be+ f9ally confirm$ 9 #ahbc4 ,x has an important trade 9 cotton1 ) presses & g9n+ factories4 ,!re is a second-grade college support$ by ! ,am]ican ,lu!ran ,mission4 ,until #ahei1 ,guntur 0 ! headqu>t]s ( a di/rict ( ! same "n1 & 9 #aijd a new ,,di/rict ,,( ,,guntur 0 con/itut$1 cov]+ t]ritory :i* till !n _h be5 divid$ betwe5 ,ki/na & ,nellore4 ,area1 #egcc sq4 m4 ,! population on ?is area 9 #aija 0 #a1dij1fce4 ,! di/rict is b\nd$ on ! ,e4 & ,n4 by ! riv] ,ki/na2 9 ! ,w4 a consid]able "p ( ! b\nd>y is =m$ by ! ,gundlakamma riv]4 ,! great] "p consi/s ( a f]tile pla9 irrigat$ by canals f ! ,ki/na1 & produc+ cotton1 rice & o!r crops4 ,,gupta1 an empire & dyna/y ( nor!rn ,india1 :i* la/$ f ab\t ,a4,d4 #cbj to #dhj4 ,! dyna/y 0 f\nd$ by ,*&ragupta ,i41 :o mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) 8 fam\s pr$ecessor ,*&ragupta ,maurya4 ,he gave 8 "n to ! ,gupta era1 :i* cont9u$ 9 use = sev]al c5turies1 dat+ f ! #bf? ( ,febru>y1 ,a4,d4 #cbj4 ,*&ragupta 0 succe$$ by ,samudragupta 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cbf-cge71 "o ( ! greate/ ( ,indian k+s1 :o conqu]$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,india1 & ^: alliances ext5d$ f ! ,oxus to ,ceylon2 b 8 "n 0 at "o "t entirely lo/ to hi/ory1 & has only be5 recov]$ ( rec5t ye>s f co9s & inscriptions4 ,8 empire rivall$ t ( ,asoka1 ext5d+ f ! ,hugli on ! ea/ to ! ,jumna & ,*ambal on ! we/1 & f ! foot ( ! ,himalayas on ! nor? to ! ,n]budda on ! s\?4 ,8 son ,*&ragupta ,,ii4 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cge-dac7 0 also kn[n z ,vikra-,maditya 7q4v471 & seems to h be5 ! orig9al ( ! my?ical ,h9du k+ ( t "n4 ,ab\t #chh he conqu]$ ! ,saka satrap ( ,sura%tra 7,ka?iaw>7 & p5etrat$ to ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,8 adm9i/ration is describ$ 9 ! "w ( ,fa-hi51 ! e>lie/ ,*9ese pilgrim1 :o visit$ ,india 9 ,a4,d4 #dje-daa4 ,pataliputra 0 ! capital ( ! dyna/y1 b ,ajodhya seems to h be5 sometimes us$ by bo? ,samudragupta & ,*&ragupta ,,ii4 z ! headqu>t]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ,gupta dyna/y appe>s to h fo/]$ a revival ( ,brahmanism at ! exp5se ( ,buddhism1 & to h giv5 an impulse to art & lit]ature4 ,! gold5 age ( ! empire la/$ f ,a4,d4 #ccj to #dee1 beg9n+ to decl9e aft] ! latt] date4 ,:5 ,sk&agupta came to ! ?rone 9 #dee1 ,india 0 ?reat5$ ) an irruption ( ! ,:ite ,huns1 on :om he inflict$ a sev]e defeat1 ?us sav+ 8 k+dom = a "t2 b ab\t #dgj ! ,:ite ,huns 7see ,,eph?alites7 return$ to ! attack1 & ! empire 0 gradually de/roy$ by _! repeat$ inroads4 ,:5 ,sk&agupta di$ ab\t #dhj1 ! ,gupta empire came to an end1 b ! dyna/y cont9u$ to rule 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces = sev]al g5]ations4 ,! la/ kn[n pr9ce ( ! imp]ial l9e ( ,guptas 0 ,kam>agupta ,,ii4 7c4 #ece71 aft] :om x pass$ by an obscure transition into a dyna/y ( elev5 ,gupta pr9ces1 kn[n z ! lat] ,guptas ( ,magadha1 :o seem = ! mo/ "p to h be5 m]ely local rul]s ( ,magadha4 ,"o ( !m1 h[ev]1 ,adityas5a1 aft] ! dea? ( ! p>am\nt sov]eign 9 #fdh1 ass]t$ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,! la/ kn[n ,gupta k+ 0 ,jivitagupta ,,ii41 :o reign$ e>ly 9 ! #h? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury ,magadha pass$ "u ! sway ( ! ,pal k+s ( ,b5gal4 ,see ,j4 ,f4 ,fleet1 ,gupta ,inscriptions 7#ahhh72 & ,v9c5t ,a4 ,smi?1 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,india 7#bnd ed41 ,ox=d1 #aijh71 pp4 #bfd-bie4 ,,gura1 ,,eug5 7#ahdb-aijf71 ,g]man s+]1 0 born ne> ,saatz 9 ,bohemia1 & educat$ at fir/ = ! c>e] ( a pa9t] at ,vi5na & ,muni*2 b lat]1 develop+ a f9e b>itone voice1 he took up s++ & /udi$ x at ! ,muni* ,cons]vatorium4 ,9 #ahfe he made 8 debut at ! ,muni* op]a1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>s he ga9$ ! highe/ reputation 9 ,g]many1 be+ engag$ pr9cipally at ,leipzig till #ahgf & !n at ,hamburg till #ahhc4 ,he sang 9 #ahgf 9 ! ,r+ at ,bayreu?1 & 0 fam\s = 8 ,wagn]ian roles2 & 8 ,hans ,sa*s 9 ,mei/]s+]1 z p]=m$ 9 ,london 9 #ahhb1 0 magnific5t4 ,9 lat] ye>s he %[$ ! p]fection ( art 9 8 s++ ( ,g]man ,li$]4 ,he di$ 9 ,bav>ia on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #aijf4 ,,gurdaspur1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,lahore division ( ! ,punjab4 ,! t[n _h a population 9 #aija ( #egfd4 ,x has a =t 7n[ conta9+ a ,brahman mona/]y7 :i* 0 fam\s = ! siege x su/a9$ 9 #agab f ! ,moguls4 ,! ,sikh lead]1 ,b&a1 0 only r$uc$ by />vation1 :5 he & 8 m5 7 tortur$ to dea? aft] capitulat+4 ,! ,,di/rict comprises an area ( #ahhi sq4 m4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ! native /ates ( ,ka%mir & ,*amba1 on ! ,e4 by ,kangra di/rict & ! riv] ,beas1 on ! ,s4,w4 by ,amrits> di/rict1 & on ! ,w4 by ,sialkot1 & occupies ! submontane portion ( ! ,b>i ,doab1 or tract betwe5 ! ,beas & ! ,ravi4 ,an intrusive spur ( ! ,briti% dom9ions runs nor?w>d into ! l[] ,himalayan ranges1 to include ! m\nta9 sanatorium ( ,dalh\sie1 #gfhg ft4 above sea-level4 ,?is /ation1 :i* has a l>ge fluctuat+ population dur+ ! w>m] mon?s1 cr[ns ! mo/ we/]ly %\ld] ( a magnific5t sn[y range1 ! ,dhaoladh>1 betwe5 :i* & ! pla9 two m9or ranges int]v5e4 ,bel[ ! hills /ret*es a picturesque & undulat+ plateau cov]$ ) abundant timb]1 made gre5 by a copi\s ra9fall1 & wat]$ by ! /reams ( ! ,b>i ,doab1 :i*1 div]t$ by dams & embankm5ts1 n[ empty _! wat]s into ! ,beas directly1 9 ord] t _! *annels may n int]f]e ) ! ,b>i ,doab canal4 ,! di/rict conta9s sev]al l>ge jhils or swampy lakes1 & is fam\s = its snipe-%oot+4 ,x is hi/orically important 9 connexion ) ! rise ( ! ,sikh conf$]acy4 ,! :ole ( ! ,punjab 0 !n di/ribut$ among ! ,sikh *iefs :o triumph$ ov] ! imp]ial gov]nors4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! mah>aja ,ranjit ,s+h acquir$ all ! t]ritory :i* ^? *iefs _h held4 ,pa?ankot & ! neighb\r+ villages 9 ! pla91 toge!r ) ! :ole hill portion ( ! di/rict1 =m$ "p ( ! area c$$ by ! ,sikhs to ! ,briti% aft] ! fir/ ,sikh w> 9 #ahdf4 ,9 #ahfb1 aft] receiv+ "o or two additions1 ! di/rict 0 br\ght into its pres5t %ape4 ,9 #aija ! population 0 #idj1ccd1 %[+ a slight decrease1 comp>$ ) an increase ( #ae 9 ! previ\s decade4 ,a bran* ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n railway runs ?r\gh ! di/rict4 ,! l>ge/ t[n & *ief comm]cial c5tre is ,batala4 ,!re are important wooll5 mills at ,dh>iwal1 & besides _! products ! di/rict exports cotton1 sug>1 gra9 & oil-se$s4 ,,gurgaon1 a t[n & di/rict ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,delhi division ( ! ,punjab4 ,! t[n 7pop4 9 #aija1 #dgfe7 is ! headqu>t]s ( ! di/rict1 b is o!rwise unimportant4 ,! di/rict has an area ( #aihd sq4 m4 ,x is b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ,rohtak1 on ! ,w4 & ,s4,w4 by portions ( ! ,alw>1 ,nabha & ,j9d native /ates1 on ! ,s4 by ! ,muttra di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 on ! ,e4 by ! riv] ,jumna & on ! ,n4,e4 by ,delhi4 ,x comprises ! s\!rnmo/ corn] ( ! ,punjab prov9ce1 /ret*+ away f ! level pla9 t[>ds ! hills ( ,rajputana4 ,two l[ rocky ranges ent] its bord]s f ! s\? & run nor?w>d 9 a b>e & un%ad$ mass t[>d ! pla9 c\ntry4 ,ea/ ( ! we/]n ridge ! valley is wide & op51 ext5d+ to ! banks ( ! ,jumna4 ,to ! we/ lies ! subdivision ( ,rew>i1 consi/+ ( a s&y pla9 dott$ ) isolat$ hills4 ,num]\s torr5ts c>ry (f ! dra9age f ! upl& ranges1 & ! mo/ important among !m empty !mselves at la/ into ! ,najafg>h jhil4 ,?is swampy lake lies to ! ea/ ( ! civil /ation ( ,gurgaon1 & /ret*es long arms into ! neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,delhi & ,rohtak4 ,salt is manufactur$ 9 wells at sev]al villages4 ,! m9]al products are iron ore1 copp] ore1 plumbago & o*re4 ,9 #ahjc ,gurgaon di/rict pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,briti% aft] ,"l ,lake's conque/s4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,mut9y 9 ,may #aheg1 ! nawab ( ,f>ukhnag>1 ! pr9cipal feudatory ( ! di/rict1 rose 9 rebellion4 ,! ,meos & _m ,rajput families foll[$ 8 example4 ,a fai?ful native (fic] pres]v$ ! public build+s & records at ,rew>i f de/ruction2 b ) ?is exception1 ,briti% au?ority became ext+ui%$ = a "t ?r\gh\t ,gurgaon4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! rebel capital1 a =ce m>*$ into ! di/rict & ei!r captur$ or disp]s$ ! lead]s ( rebellion4 ,! t]ritory ( ! nawab 0 confiscat$ on acc\nt ( 8 p>ticipation 9 ! ,mut9y4 ,civil adm9i/ration 0 resum$ "u ord]s f ! ,punjab gov]nm5t1 to :i* prov9ce ! di/rict 0 =mally annex$ on ! f9al pacification ( ! c\ntry4 ,! population 9 #aija 0 #gdf1bjh1 %[+ an increase ( #aa 9 ! decade4 ,! l>ge/ t[n & *ief trade c5tre is ,rew>i4 ,! di/rict is n[ trav]s$ by sev]al l9es ( railway1 & irrigation is provid$ by ! ,agra canal4 ,! *ief trade is 9 c]eals1 b h>dw>e is also export$4 ,,gurkha 7pron\nc$ goorka2 f ,sans4 gau1 a c[1 & raks1 to protect71 ! rul+ ,h9du race 9 ,nepal 7q4v474 ,! ,gurkhas1 or ,gurkhalis1 claim desc5t f ! rajas ( ,*itor 9 ,rajputana4 ,:5 driv5 out ( _! own c\ntry by ! ,mahomm$an invasion1 !y took refuge 9 ! hilly di/ricts ab\t ,kumaon1 :5ce !y gradually invad$ ! c\ntry to ! ea/w>d z f> z ,gurkha1 ,noakote & ultimately to ! valley ( ,nepal & ev5 ,sikkim4 ,!y 7 /opp$ by ! ,engli% 9 an attempt to pu% s\?1 & ! treaty ( ,segauli1 :i* end$ ! ,gurkha ,w> ( #ahad1 def9itely limit$ _! t]ritorial gr[?4 ,! ,gurkhas ( ! pres5t day rema9 ,h9dus by religion1 b %[ 9 _! appe>ance a /rong admixture ( ,mongolian blood4 ,!y make spl5did infantry soldi]s1 & by agreem5t ) _! gov]nm5t ab\t #bj1jjj h be5 recruit$ = ! ,gurkha regim5ts ( ! ,indian army4 ,z a rule !y are bold1 endur+1 fai?ful1 frank1 indep5d5t & self-reliant4 ,!y despise o!r ,ori5tals1 b admire & frat]nize ) ,europeans1 ^: ta/es 9 sport & w> !y %>e4 ,!y /rongly resemble ! ,japanese1 b are ( a /urdi] build4 ,_! national weapon is ! kukri1 a heavy curv$ knife1 :i* !y use = e possible purpose4 ,see ,capt4 ,ed5 ,vansitt>t1 ,notes on ! ,gurkhas 7#ahih72 & ,p4 ,d4 ,bon>jee1 ,! ,fight+ ,races ( ,india 7#ahii74 ,,gurnall1 ,,william 7#afag-afgi71 ,engli% au?or1 0 born 9 #afag at ,k+'s ,lynn1 ,norfolk4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! free gramm> s*ool ( 8 native t[n1 & 9 #afca 0 nom9at$ to ! ,lynn s*ol>%ip 9 ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ ,b4,a4 9 #afce & ,m4,a4 9 #afci4 ,he 0 made rector ( ,lav5ham 9 ,suffolk 9 #afdd2 & be=e he receiv$ t appo9tm5t he seems to h (ficiat$1 p]haps z curate1 at ,sudbury4 ,at ! ,re/oration he sign$ ! decl>ation requir$ by ! ,act ( ,uni=mity1 & on ?is acc\nt he 0 ! subject ( a libell\s attack1 publi%$ 9 #affe1 entitl$ ,cov5ant-,r5\nc]s ,desp]ate ,apo/ates4 ,he di$ on ! #ab? ( ,octob] #afgi4 ,gurnall is kn[n by 8 ,*ri/ian 9 ,complete ,arm\r1 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes1 dat$ #afee1 #afeh & #affb4 ,x consi/s ( a s]ies ( s]mons on ! latt] portion ( ! #f? *apt] ( ,ephesians1 & is describ$ z a magaz9e f :5ce ! ,*ri/ian is furni%$ ) spiritual arms = ! battle1 help$ on ) 8 arm\r1 & taught ! use ( 8 weapon2 toge!r ) ! happy issue ( ! :ole w>4 ,! "w is m practical ?an !ological2 & its qua9t fancy1 graphic & po9t$ /yle1 & its f]v5t religi\s tone r5d] x /ill popul> ) "s read]s4 ,see also ,an ,inquiry into ! ,life ( ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,gurnall1 by ,h4 ,m',keon 7#ahcj71 & a biographical introduction by ,bi%op ,ryle to ! ,*ri/ian 9 ,complete ,arm\r 7#ahfe74 ,,gurn>d 7,trigla71 a g5us ( fi%es =m+ a gr\p ( ! family ( mail$ *eeks 7,triglidae71 & easily recogniz$ by ?ree deta*$ f+]-l app5dages 9 front ( ! pectoral f9s1 & by _! l>ge1 angul>1 bony head1 ! sides ( :i* are protect$ by /rong1 h>d & r\gh bones4 ,! pectoral app5dages are provid$ ) /rong n]ves1 & s]ve n only z organs ( locomotion :5 ! fi% moves on ! bottom1 b also z organs ( t\*1 by :i* x detects small animals on :i* x fe$s4 ,gurn>ds are coa/-fi%es1 g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ! tropical & temp]ate areas2 ( ! =ty species kn[n six occur on ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 viz4 ! r$ gurn>d 7,t4 p9i71 ! /reak$ gurn>d 7,t4 l9eata71 ! sapphir9e gurn>d 7,t4 hirundo71 ! grey gurn>d 7,t4 gurn>dus71 ! pip] 7,t4 lyra7 & ! long-f9n$ gurn>d 7,t4 obscura or ,t4 luc]na74 ,al?\gh nev] f\nd v f> f ! coa/1 gurn>ds desc5d to dep?s ( sev]al hundr$ fa?oms2 & z !y are bottom-fi% !y are caught *iefly by means ( ! trawl4 ,n r>ely1 h[ev]1 !y may be se5 float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 ) _! broad1 f9ely col\r$ pectoral f9s spread out l fans4 ,9 v "y fi%es1 :i* ab\nd 9 c]ta9 localities on ! coa/ 9 ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 ! pectorals are comp>atively mu* long] ?an 9 ! adult1 ext5d+ to ! end ( ! body2 !y are beautifully col\r$ & kept exp&$1 ! little fi%es look+ l butt]flies4 ,:5 caught & tak5 out ( ! wat]1 gurn>ds emit a grunt+ noise1 :i* is produc$ by ! vibrations ( a diaphragm situat$ transv]sely across ! cavity ( ! bladd] & p]=at$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is grunt+ noise gave rise to ! "n gurn>d1 :i* is probably an adaptation or v>iation ( ! ,fr4 grogn>d1 grumbl]1 cf4 ! ,fr4 grond91 gurn>d1 f grond]1 & ,g]4 ,knurrfis*4 ,_! fle% is v :ite1 firm & :olesome4 ,illu/ration3 ,trigla pleuracan?ica4 ,,gurney1 ! "n ( a philan?ropic ,engli% family ( bank]s & m]*ants1 direct desc5dants ( ,hugh de ,g\rnay1 "l ( ,g\rnay1 "o ( ! ,norman noblem5 :o accompani$ ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,engl&4 ,l>ge grants ( l& 7 made to ,hugh de ,g\rnay 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk1 & ,norwi* has s9ce t "t be5 ! headqu>t]s ( ! family1 ! majority ( :om 7 ,quak]s4 ,"h 9 #aggj ! bro!rs ,john & ,h5ry ,gurney f\nd$ a bank+-h\se1 ! bus9ess pass+ 9 #aggi to ,h5ry's son1 ,b>tlett ,gurney4 ,on ! dea? ( ,b>tlett ,gurney 9 #ahjb ! bank became ! prop]ty ( 8 ?ree c\s9s1 ( :om ,,john ,,gurney 7#agej-ahji7 0 ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,"o ( 8 daught]s 0 ,elizabe? ,fry2 ano!r m>ri$ ,sir ,?omas ,f[ell ,buxton4 ,( 8 sons "o 0 ,joseph ,,john ,,gurney 7#aghh-ahdg71 a well-kn[n philan?ropi/ ( ! day2 ano!r1 ,,samuel ,,gurney 7#aghf-ahef7 assum$ on 8 fa!r's dea? ! control ( ! ,norwi* bank4 ,samuel ,gurney also took ov] ab\t ! same "t ! control ( ! ,london bill-brok+ bus9ess ( ,ri*>dson1 ,ov]5d ,company1 9 :i* he 0 already a p>tn]4 ,?is bus9ess _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #ahjj by ,?omas ,ri*>dson1 cl]k to a ,london bill-disc\nt]1 & ,john ,ov]5d1 *ief cl]k 9 ! bank ( ,smi?1 ,payne ,company at ,nott+ham1 ! ,gurneys supply+ ! capital4 ,at t "t bill-disc\nt+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 a spasmodic fa%ion by ! ord9>y m]*ant 9 addition to 8 regul> bus9ess1 b ,ri*>dson consid]$ t !re 0 room = a ,london h\se :i* %\ld devote itself entirely to ! trade 9 bills4 ,?is1 at t "t1 novel idea prov$ an in/ant success4 ,! title ( ! firm 0 subsequ5tly *ang$ to ,ov]5d1 ,gurney ,company1 & = =ty ye>s x 0 ! greate/ disc\nt+-h\se 9 ! _w4 ,dur+ ! f9ancial crisis ( #ahbe ,ov]5d1 ,gurney ,company 7 able to make %ort loans to _m o!r bank]s4 ,! h\se inde$ became kn[n z ! bank]s' bank]1 & secur$ _m ( ! previ\s cli5ts ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&4 ,samuel ,gurney di$ 9 #ahef4 ,he 0 a man ( v *>itable disposition1 & dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life *>itable & philan?ropic und]tak+s almo/ monopoliz$ 8 att5tion4 ,9 #ahfe ! bus9ess ( ,ov]5d1 ,gurney ,company1 :i* _h come "u less compet5t control1 0 conv]t$ into a jo9t /ock company1 b 9 #ahff ! firm susp5d$ paym5t ) liabilities am\nt+ to elev5 millions /]l+4 ,,gurney1 ,,edmund 7#ahdg-ahhh71 ,engli% psy*ologi/1 0 born at ,h]%am1 ne> ,walton-on-,?ames1 on ! #bcrd ( ,m>* #ahdg4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,blackhea? & at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he took a high place 9 ! classical tripos & obta9$ a fell[%ip4 ,8 "w = ! s*ools 0 done1 says 8 fri5d ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s1 9 ! int]vals ( 8 practice on ! piano4 ,dissatisfi$ ) 8 own executive skill z a musician1 he wrote ,! ,p[] ( ,s\nd 7#ahhj71 an essay on ! philosophy ( music4 ,he !n /udi$ m$ic9e ) no int5tion ( practis+1 devot+ himself to physics1 *emi/ry & physiology4 ,9 #ahhj he pass$ ! second ,m4,b4 ,cambridge exam9ation 9 ! sci5ce ( ! heal+ pr(ession4 ,^! /udies1 & 8 great logical p[]s & pati5ce 9 ! inve/igation ( evid5ce1 he devot$ to t outly+ field ( psy*ology :i* is call$ ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,he ask$ :e!r1 z univ]sal tradition decl>es1 !re is an unexplor$ region ( human faculty transc5d+ ! normal limitations ( s5sible k4 ,t !re is su* a region x 0 "p ( ! sy/em ( ,hegel to decl>e1 & ! subject _h be5 metaphysically treat$ by ,h>tmann1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,du ,prel1 ,hamilton & o!rs1 z ! philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s or ,subconsci\s4 ,b ,gurney's purpose 0 to approa* ! subject by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 especially 9 ! hypnotic field1 :]eas vague & ill-atte/$ anecdotes _h hi!rto be5 ! /aple ( ! evid5ce ( metaphysicians4 ,! t5d5cy ( 8 m9d 0 to inve/igate :atev] facts may give a col\r ( tru? to ! anci5t belief 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! consci\s human p]sonality aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,l ,joseph ,glanvill's1 ! natural b5t ( ,gurney's m9d 0 sceptical4 ,bo? ?\ght ! curr5t & traditional reports ( sup]normal occurr5ces sugge/ive & wor? inve/igat+ by ! ord9>y me?ods ( sci5tific obs]vation1 & inquisition into evid5ce at fir/ h&4 ,b ! me?od ( ,gurney 01 ( c\rse1 mu* m /rict ?an t ( ! au?or ( ,sadducismus ,triumphatus1 & x includ$ hypnotic & o!r exp]im5ts unkn[n to ,glanvill4 ,gurney began at :at he lat] saw 0 ! wrong end by /udy+1 ) ,my]s1 ! seances ( pr(ess$ spirituali/ic m$iums 7#ahgd-ahgh74 ,little b detection ( impo/ure came ( ?is1 b an impression 0 left t ! subject ought n to be ab&on$4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 0 f\nd$4 7,see ,,psy*ical ,,rese>*47 ,paid m$iums 7 disc>d$1 at lea/ = ! "t1 & exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ?\ght-transf]5ce & hypnotism4 ,p]sonal evid5ce z to un9duc$ halluc9ations 0 also collect$4 ,! fir/ results are embodi$ 9 ! volumes ( ,phantasms ( ! ,liv+1 a va/ collection 7,podmore1 ,my]s & ,gurney71 & 9 ,gurney's rem>kable essay1 ,halluc9ations4 ,! *ief consequ5ce 0 to furni% evid5ce = ! process call$ telepa?y1 involv+ ! provisional hypo!sis t "o human m9d c affect ano!r ?r\gh no recogniz$ *annel ( s5se4 ,! fact 0 suppos$ to be e/abli%$ by ! exp]im5ts *ronicl$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 & x 0 argu$ t simil> exp]i5ces occurr$ spontane\sly1 z1 = example1 9 ! _m record$ in/ances ( dea?b$ wrai?s among civiliz$ & savage races4 7,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 i4 *apt] xi41 especially pp4 #ddi-dej1 #ahgc4 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 pp4 #abj-abd1 #ahih47 ,! dy+ man is suppos$ to convey ! halluc9ation ( 8 pres5ce z "o liv+ p]son exp]im5tally conveys 8 ?\ght to ano!r1 by ?\ght-transf]5ce4 ,gurney's hypnotic exp]im5ts1 m>k$ by great exactness1 pati5ce & +5uity1 7 und]tak5 9 #ahhe-ahhh4 ,_! t5d5cy 01 9 ,my]s's words1 to prove--s f> z any "o op]ator's exp]i5ce 9 ?is protean subject c be held to prove any?+--t !re is sometimes1 9 ! induction ( hypnotic ph5om5a1 "s ag5cy at "w :i* is nei!r ord9>y n]v\s /imulation 7monoton\s or sudd57 nor sugge/ion convey$ by any ord9>y *annel to ! subject's m9d4 ,^! results1 if accept$1 ( c\rse corroborate ! idea ( telepa?y4 7,see ,gurney1 ,hypnotism & ,telepa?y1 ,proce$+s ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 vol4 iv47 ,exp]im5ts by ,,mm4 ,gib]t1 ,janet1 ,ri*et1 ,h]ic\rt & o!rs are cit$ z t5d+ 9 ! same direction4 ,o!r exp]im5ts dealt ) ! relation ( ! memory 9 ! hypnotic /ate to ! memory 9 ano!r hypnotic /ate1 & ( bo? to ! normal or wak+ memory4 ,! result ( ,gurney's lab\rs1 cut %ort by 8 e>ly dea?1 0 to raise & /r5g!n ! presumption t !re exi/s an unexplor$ region ( human faculty :i* ought n to be neglect$ by sci5ce z if ! belief 9 x 7 a m]e survival ( savage sup]/ition4 ,r1 x appe>s to h furni%$ ! exp]i5ces :i*1 mis9t]pret$1 are express$ 9 traditional beliefs4 ,t ,gurney 0 cr$ul\s & easily impos$ ^u ^? :o knew him1 & knew 8 p5etrat+ hum\r1 _c admit2 nor is ! !ory likely to be ma9ta9$ by ^? :om bias does n prev5t f /udy+ ) c>e 8 writ+s4 ,9 controv]sy he delight$ 9 reply+ ) easy c\rtesy to attacks env5om$ ) t odium plus quam !ologicum :i* ! v allusion to a gho/ or ! human s\l seems 9 "s philosoph]s to inspire4 ,9 discussion ( !mes unpopul> & obscure ,gurney display$ ! highe/ tact1 pati5ce1 good temp]1 hum\r & acut5ess4 ,!re nev] 0 a m dis9t]e/$ /ud5t4 ,9 addition to 8 "w on music & 8 psy*ological writ+s1 he 0 ! au?or ( ,t]tium ,quid 7#ahhg71 a collection ( essays1 on ! :ole a prote/ aga9/ "o-sid$ ideas & me?ods ( discussion4 ,he di$ at ,brighton on #bcrd ,june #ahhh1 f ! effects ( an ov]dose ( n>cotic m$ic9e4 7,a4 ,l47 ,,gurwood1 ,,john 7#agij-ahde71 ,briti% soldi]1 began 8 c>e] 9 a m]*ant's (fice1 b soon obta9$ an ensigncy 9 ! #ebnd 7#ahjh74 ,) 8 regim5t he s]v$ 9 ! ,light ,division ( ,well+ton's army ?r\gh\t ! e>li] ,p59sul> campaigns1 & at ,ciudad ,rodrigo 7#ai? ,jan4 #ahab7 he l$ "o ( ! =lorn hopes & 0 sev]ely w\nd$4 ,= 8 gallant conduct on ?is occasion ,well+ton pres5t$ ,gurwood ) ! sword ( ! ,fr5* gov]nor ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo4 ,a little lat]1 transf]r+ to ! #i? ,light ,dragoons1 he 0 made brigade-major to ! ,gu>ds' cavalry :i* _h j arriv$ 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! w> he s]v$ z brigade-major to ,lamb]t's brigade ( ! six? infantry division1 & 0 pres5t at ! v>i\s actions 9 :i* t division play$ a conspicu\s "p--! ,nivelle1 ! ,nive1 ,or!s & ,t\l\se4 ,at ,wat]loo ,capta9 ,gurwood 0 = ! ?ird "t sev]ely w\nd$4 ,9 ! fir/ twelve ye>s ( ! peace he 0 promot$ up to ! grade ( lieut4-colonel1 & 9 #ahda became brevet-colonel4 ,he 0 = _m ye>s ! duke ( ,well+ton's private secret>y1 & 0 entru/$ by him ) ! collection & edit+ ( ! ,well+ton ,despat*es1 :i* occupi$ ,gurwood f #ahcg to ! end ( 8 life4 ,?is "w is a monum5t ( indu/ri\s skill1 & e>n$ its au?or a ,civil ,li/ ,p5sion ( ,l#bjj4 ,b ov]work & ! effects ( 8 w\nds _h brok5 8 heal?1 & he committ$ suicide on ,*ri/mas day #ahde4 ,he 0 a ,c4,b4 & deputy-lieut5ant ( ! ,t[]4 ,,gusla1 or ,,gusli1 an anci5t /r+$ in/rum5t /ill 9 use among ! ,slavonic races4 ,! mod]n ,s]vian gusla is a k9d ( tanbur 7see ,p&ura71 consi/+ ( a r\nd1 concave body cov]$ ) a p>*m5t s\ndbo>d2 !re is b "o horse-hair /r+1 & ! peg = tun+ x is ins]t$ 9 ori5tal fa%ion 9 ! back ( ! head4 ,! gusla is play$ ) a primitive b[ call$ g\dalo4 ,! g\sl>s or bl9d b>ds ( ,s]via & ,croatia use x to accompany _! *ants4 ,c4 ,g4 ,anton#a m5tions an in/rum5t ( t "n 9 ! %ape ( a half-moon /rung ) eighte5 /r+s 9 use among ! ,tat>s4 ,prosp] ,m]imee#b has tak5 ! gusla z ! title = a book ( ,s]vian poems1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 collect$ by him among ! peasants1 b :i* are ?\ght to h be5 inspir$ by ! ,viaggio 9 ,dalmazia ( ,alb>to ,=tis4 ,among ! ,russians1 ! gusli is an in/rum5t ( a diff]5t type1 a k9d ( psalt]y hav+ five or m /r+s /ret*$ across a flat1 %all[ s\nd-*e/ 9 ! %ape ( a w+4 ,9 ! gusli ! /r+s1 ( graduat$ l5g?1 are atta*$ to little nails or p9s at "o end1 & at ! o!r !y are w\nd ov] a rod hav+ screw atta*m5ts = increas+ & slack5+ ! t5sion4 ,!re is no bridge to det]m9e ! vibrat+ l5g? ( ! /r+s4 ,! body ( ! in/rum5t is %ap$ r\ghly l ! tail ( ! gr& piano1 foll[+ ! l9e ( ! /r+s2 ! longe/ be+ at ! left ( ! in/rum5t4 ,mat!w ,gu?rie gives an illu/ration ( ! gusli4#c 7,k4 ,s47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,er/e ,l9i5 e9es ,v]su*s ub] d5 ,ursprung d] alt5 ,slav5 7,leipzig1 #aghc-aghi71 p4 #ade4 #b ,la ,guzla1 ou *oix de poesies lyriques recueillies dans la ,dalmatie1 la ,bosnie1 la ,croatie1 c4 7,p>is1 #ahbg74 #c ,diss]tations sur les antiquites de ,russie 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #agie71 pl4 ii4 ,no4 #i1 p4 #ca4 ,,gu/avus ,i4 ,,eriksson 7#adif-aefj71 k+ ( ,sw$51 0 born at 8 "m's e/ate at ,l9dholm on ,asc5sion ,day #adif4 ,he came ( a family :i* _h %one conspicu\sly 9 #ae?-c5tury politics1 ?\gh x g5]ally took ! anti-national side4 ,8 fa!r1 ,erik ,johansson ( ,rydboholm1 a m]ry & jocose g5tleman1 b1 l all ! ,sw$i% ,vasas1 liable to sudd5 fi]ce gu/s ( temp]1 0 "o ( ! s5ators :o vot$ = ! deposition ( ,ar*bi%op ,trolle1 at ! riksdag ( #aeag 7see ,,sw$51 ,hi/ory71 = :i* act ( patriotism he lo/ 8 head4 ,gu/avus's "m1 ,cecilia ,mansdatt]1 0 closely connect$ by m>riage ) ! great ,/ure family4 ,gu/avus's y\?ful exp]i5ces impress$ him ) a life-long di/ru/ ( ev]y?+ ,dani%4 ,9 8 eighte5? ye> he 0 s5t to ! c\rt ( 8 c\s9 ,/5 ,/ure4 ,at ! battle ( ,brannkyrka1 :5 ,/ure defeat$ ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 ( ,d5m>k1 ! "y ,gu/avus bore ! gov]nor's /&>d1 & 9 ! same ye> 7#aeah7 he 0 deliv]$ ) five o!r noble y\?s z a ho/age to ,k+ ,*ri/ian1 :o trea*]\sly c>ri$ him prison] to ,d5m>k4 ,he 0 deta9$ = twelve mon?s 9 ! isl& =tress ( ,kalo1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,jutl&1 b contriv$ to escape to ,lubeck 9 ,septemb] #aeai4 ,!re he f\nd an asylum till ! #bj? ( ,may #aebj1 :5 he *>t]$ a %ip to ,kalm>1 "o ( ! few ,sw$i% =tresses :i* held out aga9/ ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 ,x 0 :ile hunt+ ne> ,lake ,mal> t ! news ( ! ,/ockholm massacre 0 br\ght to him by a peasant fre% f ! capital1 :o told him1 at ! same "t1 t a price _h be5 set ^u 8 head4 ,9 8 extremity1 ,gu/avus saw only "o way ( deliv]ance1 an appeal = help to ! /urdy yeom5 ( ! dales4 ,h[ ! dalesm5 set ,gu/avus on ! ?rone & h[ he & !y f9ally drove ! ,danes out ( ,sw$5 7#aeba-aebc7 is else:]e record$ 7see ,,sw$53 ,hi/ory74 ,b 8 wor/ tr\bles only began aft] 8 coronation on ! #f? ( ,june #aebc4 ,! f9ancial position ( ! cr[n 0 ! mo/ important ( all ! problems dem&+ solution1 = ^u t ev]y?+ else dep5d$4 ,by releas+ 8 c\ntry f ! tyranny ( ,d5m>k1 ,gu/avus _h made ! free indep5d5t developm5t ( ,sw$5 a possibility4 ,x 0 = him to realize t possibility4 ,fir/ ( all1 ord] _h to be evolv$ f ! *aos 9 :i* ,sw$5 _h be5 plung$ by ! disruption ( ! ,union2 & ! %orte/1 p]haps ! only1 way !reto 0 to re/ore ! royal au?ority1 :i* _h be5 9 abeyance dur+ n9ety ye>s4 ,b an effective re=m+ mon>*y mu/ /& ^u a s\nd f9ancial basis2 & ! usual rev5ues ( ! cr[n1 always inadequate1 7 s dim9i%$ t !y did n cov] half ! daily exp5ses ( gov]nm5t4 ,new taxes c\ld only be impos$ ) extreme caution1 :ile ! c\ntry 0 /ill ble$+ f ! w\nds ( a long w>4 ,& m5 7 want$ ev5 m ?an money4 ,! lack ( capable1 tru/wor?y adm9i/rators 9 ,sw$5 0 griev\s4 ,! :ole burd5 ( gov]nm5t weigh$ exclusively on ! %\ld]s ( ! new k+1 a "y man ( sev5 & tw5ty4 ,half 8 "t 0 tak5 up 9 travell+ f "o end ( ! k+dom to ! o!r1 & do+ purely cl]ical "w = want ( compet5t assi/ance4 ,we c =m "s idea ( 8 difficulties :5 we le>n t1 9 #aecc1 he c\ld n s5d an ambassador to ,lubeck because n a s+le man 9 8 c\ncil1 except himself1 knew ,g]man4 ,x 0 ?is lack ( native tal5t :i* compell$ ,gu/avus frequ5tly to employ ! s]vices ( =eign adv5tur]s l ,b]5t von ,mehl51 ,john von ,hoja1 ,konrad von ,pyhy & o!rs4 ,x 0 n ! lea/ ( ,gu/avus's _m anxieties t he _h con/antly to be on ! wat* le/ a =midable democratic rival %\ld encroa* on 8 pr]ogative4 ,t rival 0 ! ,sw$i% peasantry4 ,he succe$$ inde$ 9 putt+ d[n ! f\r =midable rebellions :i* convuls$ ! realm f #aebe to #aedb1 b ! consequ5t /ra9 ^u 8 res\rces 0 v damag+1 & m ?an once he 0 on ! po9t ( abdicat+ & emigrat+1 out ( %e] we>9ess4 ,moreov] he 0 9 con/ant fe> ( ! ,danes4 ,necessity compell$ him inde$ 7#aecd-aecf7 to take "p 9 ,grev5s fejde 7,c\nts' ,w>7 7see ,,d5m>k1 ,hi/ory71 z ! ally ( ,*ri/ian ,,iii41 b 8 exagg]at$ di/ru/ ( ! ,danes 0 inv9cible4 ,we advise & exhort y1 he wrote to ! gov]nor ( ,kalm>1 to put no hope or tru/ 9 ! ,danes1 or 9 _! sweet scribbl+1 inasmu* z !y mean no?+ at all by x except h[ be/ !y may deceive & betray u ,sw$es4 ,su* in/ructions 7 n calculat$ to promote confid5ce betwe5 ,sw$i% & ,dani% negotiators4 ,a fre% cause ( dispute 0 g5]at$ 9 #aedh1 :5 ,*ri/ian ,,iii4's daught] 0 w$d$ to ,duke ,augu/us ( ,saxony4 ,on t occasion1 app>5tly by way ( prote/ aga9/ ! decree ( ! diet ( ,ve/]as 7#ae? ( ,janu>y #aedd71 decl>+ ! ,sw$i% cr[n h]$it>y 9 ,gu/avus's family1 ! ,dani% k+ caus$ to be qu>t]$ on 8 daught]'s %ield n only ! ?ree ,dani% lions & ! ,norwegian lion ) ! axe ( ,/ ,olaf1 b also ! ?ree cr[ns ( ,sw$54 ,gu/avus1 naturally suspici\s1 0 mu* p]turb$ by ! innovation1 & w>n$ all 8 bord] (ficials to be wat*ful & prep>e = ! wor/4 ,9 #aeeg he ev5 wrote to ! ,dani% k+ prote/+ aga9/ ! plac+ ( ! ?ree cr[ns 9 ! royal ,dani% seal b5ea? ! arms ( ,d5m>k4 ,*ri/ian ,,iii4 repli$ t ! ?ree cr[ns signifi$ n ,sw$5 9 especial1 b ! ?ree ,sc&9avian k+doms1 & t _! ins]tion 9 ! ,dani% %ield 0 only a rem9isc5ce ( ! union ( ,kalm>4 ,b ,gu/avus 0 n satisfi$1 & ?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ree cr[ns dispute :i* did s mu* damage to bo? k+doms4 ,! ev5ts :i* l$ to ! rupture ( ,gu/avus ) ! ,holy ,see are set =? 9 ! prop] place 7see ,,sw$53 ,hi/ory74 ,"h x ne$ only be add$ t x 0 a purely political act1 z ,gu/avus1 p]sonally1 _h no /rong dogmatic lean+s ei!r way4 ,he n unnaturally express$ 8 amazem5t :5 t v juv5ile re=m] ,olavus ,petri confid5tly in=m$ him t ! pope 0 anti*ri/4 ,he consult$ ! old] & grav] ,laur5tius ,&reae1 :o told him h[ ,doctor ,m>t9us _h clipp$ ! w+s ( ! pope1 ! c>d9als & ! big bi%ops1 :i* c\ld n fail to be pleas+ intellig5ce to a mon>* :o 0 nev] an admir] ( episcopacy1 :ile ! ri* rev5ues ( ! *ur*1 accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 7 a tempt+ object to ! impecuni\s rul] ( an impov]i%$ p4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 ! ,prote/ant hi]>*y 0 =cibly e/abli%$ 9 ,sw$51 matt]s 7 mu* complicat$ by ! absoluti/ t5d5cies ( ,gu/avus4 ,! incessant lab\r1 ! con/ant anxiety1 :i* 7 ! daily portion ( ,gu/avus ,vasa dur+ ! sev5 & ?irty ye>s ( 8 reign1 told at la/ ev5 ^u 8 magnific5t con/itution4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aefj1 consci\s ( an om9\s decl9e ( 8 p[]s1 ,gu/avus summon$ 8 la/ diet1 to give an acc\nt ( 8 /ew>d%ip4 ,on ! #af? ( ,june #aefj ! assembly met at ,/ockholm4 ,t5 days lat]1 support$ by 8 sons1 ,gu/avus greet$ ! e/ates 9 ! great hall ( ! palace1 :5 he took a retrospect ( 8 reign1 rem9d+ !m ( ! mis]y ( ! k+dom dur+ ! union & its deliv]ance f t unk9d tyrant1 ,k+ ,*ri/ian4 ,f\r days lat] ! diet pass$ a resolution confirm+ ! h]$it>y "r ( ,gu/avus's son1 ,pr9ce ,eric1 to ! ?rone4 ,! old k+'s la/ anxieties 7 n[ ov] & he c\ld die 9 peace4 ,he expir$ on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] #aefj4 ,gu/avus 0 ?rice m>ri$4 ,8 fir/ wife1 ,ca!r9e1 daught] ( ,magnus ,i41 duke ( ,saxe-,lau5burg1 bore him 9 #aecc 8 elde/ son ,eric4 ,?is union 0 nei!r long nor happy1 b ! blame = its infelicity is g5]ally attribut$ to ! lady1 ^: abnormal "* 0 reflect$ & acc5tuat$ 9 h] unhappy son4 ,mu* m =tunate 0 ,gu/avus's second m>riage1 a ye> aft] ! dea? ( 8 fir/ consort1 ) 8 own c\ntrywoman1 ,m>g>et ,lejonhufvud1 :o bore him five sons & five daught]s1 ( :om ?ree sons1 ,john1 ,magnus & ,*>les1 & "o daught]1 ,cecilia1 surviv$ _! *ildhood4 ,que5 ,m>g>et di$ 9 #aeea2 & a twelvemon? lat] ,gu/avus w$d$ h] niece1 ,ca?>9e ,/5bock1 a h&some girl ( sixte51 :o surviv$ him m ?an sixty ye>s4 ,gu/avus's outw>d appe>ance 9 ! prime ( life is ?us describ$ by a contempor>y3 ,he 0 ( ! middle height1 ) a r\nd head1 light yell[ hair1 a f9e long be>d1 %>p eyes1 a ruddy c\nt5ance 444 & a body z fitly & well proportion$ z any pa9t] c\ld h pa9t$ x4 ,he 0 ( a sangu9e-*ol]ic temp]am5t1 & :5 untr\bl$ & unvex$1 a bright & *e]ful g5tleman1 easy to get on )1 & h[ev] _m p happ5$ to be 9 ! same room ) him1 he 0 nev] at a loss = an answ] to e "o ( !m4 ,le>n$ he 0 n1 b he _h naturally bright & cle> und]/&+1 an unusually good memory1 & a m>vell\s capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,he 0 also v dev\t1 & 8 morals 7 irreproa*able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,gu/avus _h 8 full %>e ( ! family fail+s ( irritability & suspici\sness1 ! latt] quality becom+ almo/ morbid "u ! pressure ( adv]se circum/ances4 ,8 en]gy too n infrequ5tly deg5]at$ into viol5ce1 & :5 cross$ he 0 apt to be tyrannical4 ,see ,a4 ,alb]g1 ,gu/avus ,vasa & 8 ,times 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,sc&9avia1 *aps4 iii4 & v4 7,cambridge1 #aije72 ,p4 ,b4 ,watson1 ,! ,sw$i% ,revolution "u ,gu/avus ,vasa 7,london1 #ahhi72 ,o4 ,sjogr51 ,gu/af ,vasa 7,/ockholm1 #ahif72 ,c4 ,m4 ,butl]1 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,sw$5 7,new ,york1 #ahhc72 ,sv]iges ,hi/oria 7,/ockholm1 #ahgg-ahha72 ,j4 ,weidl+1 ,s*w$is*e ,ges*i*te im ,zeitalt] d] ,re=mation 7,go?a1 #ahhb74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,gu/avus ,,ii4 ,,adolphus 7#aeid-afcb71 k+ ( ,sw$51 ! elde/ son ( ,*>les ,,ix4 & ( ,*ri/9a1 daught] ( ,adolphus1 duke ( ,hol/e9-,gottorp1 0 born at ,/ockholm ca/le on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #aeid4 ,f ! fir/ he 0 c>efully nurtur$ to be ! future prop ( ,prote/antism by 8 au/]e p>5ts4 ,gu/avus 0 well gr\nd$ 9 ! classics1 & 8 l+ui/ic accompli%m5ts 7 extraord9>y4 ,he may be said to h gr[n up ) two "m-tongues1 ,sw$i% & ,g]man2 at twelve he _h ma/]$ ,lat91 ,italian & ,dut*2 & he le>nt subsequ5tly to express himself 9 ,spani%1 ,russian & ,poli%4 ,b 8 practical fa!r took c>e t he %\ld gr[ up a pr9ce1 n a p$ant4 ,s e>ly z 8 n9? ye> he 0 introduc$ to public life2 at ?irte5 he receiv$ petitions & conv]s$ (ficially ) ! =eign m9i/]s2 at fifte5 he adm9i/]$ 8 du*y ( ,ve/manl& & op5$ ! ,orebro diet ) a spee* f ! ?rone2 inde$ f #afaj he may be reg>d$ z 8 fa!r's co-reg5t4 ,9 all m>tial & *ivalr\s accompli%m5ts he 0 already an adept2 & :51 a ye> lat]1 he succe$$ to supreme p[]1 8 sup]ior ability 0 z unconte/$ z x 0 inconte/able4 ,! fir/ act ( ! "y k+ 0 to t]m9ate ! fratricidal /ruggle ) ,d5m>k by ! peace ( ,kn>$ 7#bh? ( ,janu>y #afac74 ,simultane\sly1 ano!r w>1 also an h]itage f ,*>les ,,ix41 _h be5 proce$+ 9 ! f> di/ant regions r\nd lakes ,ilm51 ,peipus & ,ladoga1 ) ,great ,novgorod z its c5tre4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 l ! ,dani% ,w>1 a national dang]1 b a political speculation meant to be remun]ative & comp5satory1 & 0 conclud$ v advantage\sly = ,sw$5 by ! peace ( ,/olbova on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #afag 7see ,,sw$53 ,hi/ory74 ,by ?is peace ,gu/avus succe$$ 9 exclud+ ,muscovy f ! ,baltic4 ,i hope to ,god1 he decl>$ to ! ,/ockholm diet 9 #afag1 :5 he ann\nc$ ! conclusion ( peace1 t ! ,russians w feel x a bit difficult to skip ov] t little brook4 ,! w> ) ,pol& :i* ,gu/avus resum$ 9 #afba 0 a mu* m difficult affair4 ,x began ) an attack ^u ,riga z ! fir/ /ep t[>ds conqu]+ ,livonia4 ,riga 0 inve/$ on ! #ac? ( ,augu/ & surr5d]$ on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]2 on ! #crd ( ,octob] ,mitau 0 occupi$2 b s great 7 ! ravages ( sickness dur+ ! campaign t ! ,sw$i% army _h to be re9=c$ by no few] ?an #aj1jjj m54 ,a truce 0 !reupon conclud$ & ho/ilities 7 susp5d$ till ! summ] ( #afbe1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ,gu/avus took ,kok5hus5 & invad$ ,li?uania4 ,9 ,janu>y #afbf he attack$ ! ,poles at ,walh( & scatt]$ ! :ole ( _! army aft] slay+ a fif? "p ( x4 ,?is victory1 rem>kable besides z ,gu/avus's fir/ pit*$ battle1 complet$ ! conque/ ( ,livonia4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x became e ye> m difficult to support an army 9 ! ,dv9a di/rict1 ,gu/avus n[ resolv$ to transf] ! w> to ! ,prussian prov9ces ( ,pol& ) a view to secur+ ! control ( ! ,vi/ula1 z he _h already secur$ ! control ( ! ,dv9a4 ,at ! end ( #afbf1 ! ,sw$i% fleet1 ) #ad1jjj m5 on bo>d1 an*or$ 9 front ( ! *a9 ( s&-dunes :i* sep>ates ! ,fris*e-,haff f ! ,baltic4 ,pillau1 ! only ,baltic port !n accessible to %ips ( w>1 0 at once occupi$1 & ,konigsb]g %ortly aft]w>ds 0 sc>$ into an unconditional neutrality4 ,july 0 pass$ 9 conqu]+ ! bi%opric ( ,ermel&4 ,! surr5d] ( ,elb+ & ,m>i5burg plac$ ,gu/avus 9 possession ( ! f]tile & easily def5sible delta ( ! ,vi/ula1 :i* he treat$ z a p]man5t conque/1 mak+ ,axel ,ox5/j]na its fir/ gov]nor-g5]al4 ,communications betwe5 ,danzig & ! sea 7 cut (f by ! erection ( ! fir/ ( ,gu/avus's fam\s entr5*$ camps at ,dirs*au4 ,f ! end ( ,augu/ #afbf ! city 0 blockad$1 & 9 ! meantime ,poli% irregul>s1 "u ! capable ,/anislaus ,koniecpolski1 began to h>ass ! ,sw$es4 ,b ! object ( ! campaign1 a conv5i5t basis ( op]ations1 0 won2 & 9 ,octob] ! k+ dep>t$ to ,sw$5 to get re9=cem5ts4 ,he return$ 9 ,may #afbg ) #gjjj m51 :i* rais$ 8 =ces to #ad1jjj1 aga9/ :i* ,koniecpolski c\ld only oppose #ijjj4 ,b 8 sup]ior /rategy fru/rat$ all ! ef=ts ( ! ,sw$i% k+1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> 0 twice dang]\sly w\nd$ & s disabl$ t he c\ld nev] we> arm\r aga94 ,gu/avus _h made ext5sive prep>ations = ! ensu+ campaign & took ! field ) #cb1jjj m54 ,b once aga91 ?\gh f> outnumb]$1 & unsupport$ by 8 own gov]nm5t1 ! ,poli% gr&-hetman prov$ m ?an a mat* = ,gu/avus1 :o1 on ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 broke up 8 camp & return$ to ,prussia2 ! :ole autumn campaign _h prov$ a failure & co/ him #ejjj m54 ,dur+ ! ensu+ campaign ( #afbi ,gu/avus _h to cont5d aga9/ ! comb9$ =ces ( ,koniecpolski & #aj1jjj ( ,wall5/e9's m]c5>ies4 ,! ,poli% comm&] n[ %[$ ! ,sw$es :at he c\ld d ) adequate =ces4 ,at ,/uhm1 on ! #bi? ( ,june1 he defeat$ ,gu/avus1 :o lo/ mo/ ( 8 artill]y & n>r[ly escap$ capture4 ,! result ( ! campaign 0 ! conclusion ( ! six ye>s' truce ( ,altm>k1 :i* 0 v advantage\s to ,sw$54 ,& n[ ,gu/avus turn$ 8 att5tion to ,g]many4 ,! motives :i* induc$ ! ,sw$i% k+ to int]v5e directly 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> are told u by himself 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,ox5/j]na4 ,"h he says pla9ly t x 0 ! fe> le/ ! emp]or %\ld acquire ! ,baltic ports & proce$ to build up a sea-p[] dang]\s to ,sc&9avia4 ,= ! same reason1 ! k+ reject$ ! *ancellor's alt]native ( wag+ a simply def5sive w> aga9/ ! emp]or by means ( ! fleet1 ) ,/ralsund z 8 base4 ,he 0 conv9c$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 ( ,d5m>k t ! enemies' h>b\rs c\ld be wre/$ f !m only by a successful (f5sive w> on l&2 &1 :ile q alive to ! risks ( su* an ent]prise 9 ! face ( two l>ge armies1 ,tilly's & ,wall5/e9's1 ea* ( !m l>g] ?an 8 own1 he argu$ t ! va/ ext5t ( t]ritory & ! num]\s g>risons :i* ! enemy 0 oblig$ to ma9ta91 m ?an neutraliz$ 8 num]ical sup]iority4 ,m]ely to blockade all ! ,g]man ports ) ! ,sw$i% fleet 0 equally impossible4 ,! ,sw$i% fleet 0 too weak = t2 x w\ld be saf] to take & =tify ! pick ( !m4 ,9 ,g]many itself1 if he once got ! upp] h&1 he w\ld n f9d himself )\t res\rces4 ,x is no en?usia/ic crusad]1 b an anxi\s & f>see+ if some:at speculative /atesman :o ?us op5s 8 m9d to u4 ,no d\bt religi\s consid]ations l>gely influ5c$ ,gu/avus4 ,he _h ! deepe/ sympa?y = 8 fell[-,prote/ants 9 ,g]many2 he reg>d$ !m z ,god's peculi> p1 himself z _! div9ely appo9t$ deliv]]4 ,b 8 fir/ duty 0 to ,sw$52 &1 naturally & rightly1 he view$ ! :ole bus9ess f a pr$om9antly ,sw$i% po9t ( view4 ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s 7 to be deliv]$ f a s\l-cru%+ tyranny2 b !y 7 to be deliv]$ by a =eign if fri5dly p[]2 & t p[] claim$ z h] rew>d ! hegemony ( ,prote/ant ,europe & all ! political privileges belong+ to t exalt$ position4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,may #afcj ,gu/avus solemnly took leave ( ! e/ates ( ! realm assembl$ at ,/ockholm4 ,he appe>$ be=e !m hold+ 9 8 arms 8 only *ild & heiress1 ! little pr9cess ,*ri/9a1 !n 9 h] f\r? ye>1 & t5d]ly committ$ h] to ! c>e ( 8 loyal & devot$ p4 ,!n he solemnly took ! e/ates to witness1 z he /ood !re 9 ! sight ( ! ,almighty1 t he _h begun ho/ilities out ( no lu/ = w>1 z _m w c]ta9ly devise & imag9e1 b 9 self-def5ce & to deliv] 8 fell[-,*ri/ians f oppression4 ,on ! #g? ( ,june #afcj ! ,sw$i% fleet set sail1 & two days aft] midsumm] day1 ! :ole army1 #af1jjj /rong1 0 disemb>k$ at ,pe5emunde4 ,gu/avus's plan 0 to take possession ( ! m\?s ( ! ,od] ,haff1 &1 re/+ ^u ,/ralsund 9 ! we/ & ,prussia 9 ! ea/1 p5etrate into ,g]many4 ,9 ^? days riv]s 7 :at railways n[ are1 ! great milit>y r\tes2 & ,gu/avus's ,g]man w> 0 a w> wag$ along riv] l9es4 ,! op5+ campaign 0 to be f\ght along ! l9e ( ! ,od]4 ,/ett91 ! capital ( ,pom]ania1 & ! key ( ! ,od] l9e1 0 occupi$ & conv]t$ into a fir/-class =tress4 ,he !n proce$$ to cle> ,pom]ania ( ! piebald imp]ial ho/ compos$ ( e nationality "u heav51 & (fic]$ by ,italians1 ,iri%m51 ,cze*s1 ,croats1 ,danes1 ,spani>ds & ,walloons4 ,gu/avus's army has (t5 be5 describ$ by ,g]man hi/orians z an army ( =eign invad]s2 9 reality x 0 f> m truly ,teutonic ?an ! (ficial def5d]s ( ,g]many at t p]iod4 ,gu/avus's political difficulties 7see ,,sw$53 ,hi/ory7 *a9$ him to 8 camp = ! rema9d] ( ! ye>4 ,b ! dismissal ( ,wall5/e9 & ! decl>ation 9 ,gu/avus's fav\r ( ,magdeburg1 ! greate/ city 9 ! ,l[] ,saxon ,circle1 & /rategically ! /ronge/ =tress ( ,nor? ,g]many1 enc\rag$ him to advance boldly4 ,b fir/1 hon\r z well z exp$i5cy mov$ him to attempt to relieve ,magdeburg1 n[ closely inve/$ by ! imp]iali/s1 especially z 8 h&s _h n[ be5 consid]ably /r5g!n$ by a def9ite alliance ) ,france 7treaty ( ,b>walde1 #ac? ( ,janu>y #afca74 ,magdeburg1 !re=e1 became ! focus ( ! :ole campaign ( #afca2 b ! ob/ructive timidity ( ! electors ( ,br&5burg & ,saxony ?rew insup]able ob/acles 9 8 way1 &1 on ! v day :5 ,john ,george ,i4 ( ,saxony clos$ 8 gates aga9/ ,gu/avus ! mo/ popul\s & prosp]\s city 9 ,nor? ,g]many became a heap ( smok+ ru9s 7#bj? ( ,may74 ,gu/avus1 /ill too weak to meet ! foe1 entr5*$ himself at ,w]b51 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,havel & ,elbe4 ,only on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] did ! elector ( ,saxony1 al>m$ = ! safety ( 8 own /ates1 n[ invad$ by ! emp]or1 place himself absolutely at ! disposal ( ,gu/avus2 &1 five days lat]1 at ! head ( ! comb9$ ,sw$i%-,saxon army1 ?\gh ! ,sw$es did all ! fight+1 ,gu/avus r\t$ ,tilly at ! fam\s battle ( ,breit5feld1 nor? ( ,leipzig4 ,! "q n[ 03 ,9 :at way %\ld ,gu/avus utilize 8 advantage8 ,%\ld he invade ! ,au/rian cr[n l&s1 & dictate peace to ,f]d9& ,,ii4 at ! gates ( ,vi5na8 ,or %\ld he pursue ,tilly we/w>ds & cru% ! league at its own he>? & home8 ,ox5/j]na 0 ! fir/ alt]native1 b ,gu/avus decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! second4 ,8 decision has be5 greatly blam$4 ,m ?an "o mod]n hi/orian has argu$ t if ,gu/avus _h done 9 #afca :at ,napoleon did 9 #ahje & #ahji1 !re w\ld h be5 a fifte5 in/ead ( a ?irty ye>s' w>4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 9 ! days ( ,gu/avus1 ,vi5na 0 by no means s ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,habsburg mon>*y z x 0 9 ! days ( ,napoleon2 & ev5 ,gu/avus c\ld n all[ s dang]\s an oppon5t z ,tilly "t to recov] himself4 ,accord+ly1 he set out = ! ,rh9e1 tak+ ,m>i5b]g & ,frank=t on 8 way1 & on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] ent]$ ,ma9z1 :]e he rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t] ( #afca-afcb4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #afcb1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! g5]al peace he s e>ne/ly desir$1 he propos$ to take ! field ) an ov]:elm+ num]ical majority4 ,! signal = ,gu/avus to break up f ! ,rh9e 0 ! sudd5 advance ( ,tilly f beh9d ! ,danube4 ,gu/avus pursu$ ,tilly into ,bav>ia1 =c$ ! passage ( ! ,danube at ,donauwor? & ! passage ( ! ,le*1 9 ! face ( ,tilly's /rongly entr5*$ camp at ,ra91 & pursu$ ! fly+ foe to ! =tress ( ,+ol/adt :]e ,tilly di$ ( 8 w\nds a =tnight lat]4 ,gu/avus !n lib]at$ & g>rison$ ! long-oppress$ ,prote/ant cities ( ,augsburg & ,ulm1 & 9 ,may occupi$ ,muni*4 ,! same week ,wall5/e9 *as$ ,john ,george f ,prague & manoeuvr$ ! ,saxons out ( ,bohemia4 ,!n1 arm$ z he 0 ) pl5ipot5ti>y p[]1 he (f]$ ! elector ( ,saxony peace on 8 own t]ms4 ,gu/avus sudd5ly saw himself expos$ to extreme p]il4 ,if ,tilly _h made ,john ,george su* an (f] z ,wall5/e9 0 n[ emp[]$ to make1 ! elector w\ld nev] h become ,gu/avus's ally2 w\ld he rema9 ,gu/avus's ally n[8 ,ha/ily quitt+ 8 qu>t]s 9 ,upp] ,swabia1 ,gu/avus ha/5$ t[>ds ,nuremb]g on 8 way to ,saxony1 b f9d+ t ,wall5/e9 & ,maximilian ( ,bav>ia _h unit$ _! =ces1 he ab&on$ ! attempt to rea* ,saxony1 & bo? armies confront$ ea* o!r at ,nuremb]g :i* furni%$ ,gu/avus ) a po9t ( support ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,he quickly conv]t$ ! t[n into an entr5*$ & =tifi$ camp4 ,wall5/e9 foll[$ ! k+'s example1 & entr5*$ himself on ! we/]n bank ( ! ,regnitz 9 a camp twelve ,engli% miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,8 object 0 to p9 ,gu/avus fa/ to ,nuremb]g & cut (f 8 retreat nor?w>ds4 ,?r\gh\t ,july & ,augu/ ! two armies fac$ ea* o!r immovably4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,augu/1 aft] an unsuccessful attempt to /orm ,alte ,ve/e1 ! key ( ,wall5/e9's position1 ! ,sw$i% ho/ retir$ s\?w>ds4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 ,wall5/e91 aft] deva/at+ ,saxony1 0 prep>+ to g into w9t] qu>t]s at ,lutz51 :5 ! k+ surpris$ him z he 0 cross+ ! ,rippa* 7#a/ ( ,novemb]7 & a re>gu>d action fav\rable to ! ,sw$es ensu$4 ,inde$1 b = nightfall1 ,wall5/e9's scatt]$ =ces might h be5 r\t$4 ,dur+ ! night1 h[ev]1 ,wall5/e9 re-collect$ 8 ho/ = a decisive action1 & at daybreak on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 :ile an autumn mi/ /ill lay ov] ! field1 ! battle began4 ,x 0 obvi\sly ,gu/avus's plan to drive ,wall5/e9 away f ! ,leipzig road1 nor? ( :i* he _h po/$ himself1 & ?us1 9 case ( success1 to isolate1 & subsequ5tly1 ) ! aid ( ! ,saxons 9 ! ,elbe =tresses1 annihilate him4 ,! k+1 on ! ,sw$i% "r w+1 succe$$ 9 driv+ ! enemy f ! tr5*es & captur+ 8 cannon4 ,:at happ5$ aft] t is m]e conjecture1 = a ?ick mi/ n[ obscur$ ! autumn sun1 & ! battle became a colossal melee ! details ( :i* are indi/+ui%able4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( t awful obscurity t ,gu/avus met 8 dea?--h[ or :]e is n absolutely c]ta92 b x w\ld seem t he lo/ 8 way 9 ! d>kness :ile lead+ ! ,smal& horse to ! assi/ance ( 8 infantry1 & 0 despat*$ z he lay sev]ely w\nd$ on ! gr\nd by a ho/ile horseman4 ,by 8 wife1 ,m>ie ,eleonora1 a si/] ( ! elector ( ,br&5burg1 :om he m>ri$ 9 #afbj1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus _h "o daught]1 ,*ri/9a1 :o succe$$ him on ! ?rone ( ,sw$54 ,see ,sv]iges ,hi/oria 7,/ockholm1 #ahgg1 #ha71 vol4 iv42 ,a4 ,ox5/j]na1 ,skrift] o* ,brefvexl+ 7,/ockholm1 #aijj1 c472 ,g4 ,bjorl51 ,gu/af ,adolf 7,/ockholm1 #ahij72 ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,sc&9avia 7,cambridge1 #aije72 ,c4 ,r4 ,l4 ,flet*]1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus 7,london1 #ahib72 ,j4 ,l4 ,/ev5s1 ,hi/ory ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus 7,london1 #ahhe72 ,j4 ,mankell1 ,om ,gu/af ,,ii4 ,adolfs politik 7,/ockholm1 #ahha72 ,e4 ,bluemel1 ,gu/av ,adolf1 ,konig von ,s*w$5 7,eisleb51 #ahid72 ,a4 ,ryd=s1 ,de diplomatiska =b9dels]na mellan ,sv]ige o* ,engl& #afbd-afcj 7,upsala1 #ahij74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,gu/avus ,,iii4 7#agdf-agib71 k+ ( ,sw$51 0 ! elde/ son ( ,adolphus ,fr$]ick1 k+ ( ,sw$51 & ,l\isa ,ulrica ( ,prussia1 si/] ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & 0 born on ! #bd? ( ,janu>y #agdf4 ,gu/avus 0 educat$ "u ! c>e ( two gov]nors :o 7 among/ ! mo/ em95t ,sw$i% /atesm5 ( ! day1 ,c>l ,gu/af ,tess9 & ,c>l ,s*eff]2 b he ow$ mo/ p]haps to ! poet & hi/orian ,ol( von ,dal94 ,! int]f]5ce ( ! /ate ) 8 education1 :5 he 0 q a *ild1 01 h[ev]1 d\bly h>mful1 z 8 p>5ts taught him to despise ! preceptors impos$ ^u him by ! diet1 & ! atmosph]e ( intrigue & duplicity 9 :i* he grew up made him precoci\sly exp]i5c$ 9 ! art ( dissimulation4 ,b ev5 8 mo/ ho/ile tea*]s 7 amaz$ by ! brilliance ( 8 natural gifts1 &1 :ile /ill a boy1 he possess$ t *>m ( mann] :i* 0 to make him s fasc9at+ & s dang]\s 9 lat] life1 c\pl$ ) ! /rong dramatic in/9ct :i* won = him 8 hon\rable place 9 ,sw$i% lit]ature4 ,on ! :ole1 ,gu/avus _c be said to h be5 well educat$1 b he read v widely2 !re 0 sc>ce a ,fr5* au?or ( 8 day ) ^: works he 0 n intimately acqua9t$2 :ile 8 en?usiasm = ! new ,fr5* ideas ( enlight5m5t 0 z s9c]e z1 if m critical ?an1 8 "m's4 ,on ! #d? ( ,novemb] #agff1 ,gu/avus m>ri$ ,sophia ,magdal5a1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,v4 ( ,d5m>k4 ,! mat* 0 an unhappy "o1 ow+ p>tly to incompatibility ( temp]1 b /ill m to ! mis*iev\s int]f]5ce ( ! jeal\s que5-"m4 ,gu/avus fir/ int]v5$ actively 9 politics 9 #agfh1 at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's int]regnum1 :5 he compell$ ! dom9ant ,cap faction to summon an extraord9>y diet f :i* he hop$ = ! re=m ( ! con/itution 9 a mon>*ical direction4 ,b ! victori\s ,hats refus$ to r$eem ! pl$ges :i* !y _h giv5 be=e ! elections4 ,t we %\ld h lo/ ! con/itutional battle does n di/ress u s mu*1 wrote ,gu/avus1 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 he>t2 b :at does dismay me is to see my poor nation s sunk 9 corruption z to place its own felicity 9 absolute an>*y4 ,f ! #d? ( ,febru>y to ! #be? ( ,m>* #agga1 ,gu/avus 0 at ,p>is1 :]e he c>ri$ bo? ! c\rt & ! city by /orm4 ,! poets & ! philosoph]s paid him en?usia/ic homage1 & all ! di/+ui%$ wom5 ( ! day te/ifi$ to 8 sup]lative m]its4 ,) _m ( !m he ma9ta9$ a lifelong correspond5ce4 ,b 8 visit to ! ,fr5* capital 0 no m]e pleasure trip2 x 0 also a political mission4 ,confid5tial ag5ts f ! ,sw$i% c\rt _h already prep>$ ! way = him1 & ! duc de ,*oiseul1 we>y ( ,sw$i% an>*y1 _h resolv$ to discuss ) him ! be/ me?od ( br++ ab\t a revolution 9 ,sw$54 ,be=e he dep>t$1 ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t und]took to pay ! out/&+ subsidies to ,sw$5 unconditionally1 at ! rate ( "o & a half million livres annually2 & ! comte de ,v]g5nes1 "o ( ! great names ( ,fr5* diplomacy1 0 transf]r$ f ,con/ant9ople to ,/ockholm4 ,on 8 way home ,gu/avus paid a %ort visit to 8 uncle1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 at ,potsdam4 ,fr$]ick bluntly in=m$ 8 nephew t1 9 conc]t ) ,russia & ,d5m>k1 he _h gu>ante$ ! integrity ( ! exi/+ ,sw$i% con/itution1 & significantly advis$ ! "y mon>* to play ! "p ( m$iator & ab/a9 f viol5ce4 ,on 8 return to ,sw$5 ,gu/avus made a s9c]e & e>ne/ attempt to m$iate betwe5 ! ,hats & ,caps :o 7 ru9+ ! c\ntry betwe5 !m 7see ,,sw$53 ,hi/ory74 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,june #agga he op5$ 8 fir/ p>liam5t 9 a spee* :i* awak5$ /range & deep emotions 9 all :o he>d x4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t = m ?an a c5tury t a ,sw$i% k+ _h address$ a ,sw$i% diet f ! ?rone 9 its native tongue4 ,! orator laid especial /ress on ! necessity ( ! sacrifice ( all p>ty animosities to ! common weal1 & volunte]$1 z ! fir/ citiz5 ( a free p1 to be ! m$iator betwe5 ! cont5d+ factions4 ,a composition committee 0 actually =m$1 b x prov$ illusory f ! fir/1 ! patriotism ( nei!r ( ! factions be+ equal to ! punie/ act ( self-d5ial4 ,! subsequ5t attempts ( ! dom9ant ,caps /ill fur!r to limit ! pr]ogative1 & r$uce ,gu/avus to ! condition ( a roi fa9eant1 induc$ him at la/ to consid] ! possibility ( a revolution4 ,( its necessity !re c\ld be no d\bt4 ,"u ! sway ( ! ,cap faction1 ,sw$51 already ! vassal1 c\ld n fail to become ! prey ( ,russia4 ,%e 0 on ! po9t ( be+ absorb$ 9 t nor!rn sy/em1 ! inv5tion ( ! ,russian vice-*ancellor1 ,c\nt ,nikita ,pan91 :i* t pati5t /atesman _h made x ! ambition ( 8 life to realize4 ,only a swift & sudd5 c\p d'etat c\ld save ! indep5d5ce ( a c\ntry isolat$ f ! re/ ( ,europe by a ho/ile league4 ,at ?is juncture ,gu/avus 0 approa*$ by ,jakob ,magnus ,spr5gtport51 a ,f9ni% nobleman ( det]m9$ "*1 :o _h incurr$ ! enmity ( ! ,caps1 ) ! project ( a revolution4 ,he und]took to seize ! =tress ( ,sveaborg by a c\p de ma91 &1 ,f9l& once secur$1 ,spr5gtport5 propos$ to emb>k = ,sw$51 meet ! k+ & 8 fri5ds ne> ,/ockholm1 & surprise ! capital by a night attack1 :5 ! e/ates 7 to be =c$1 at ! po9t ( ! bayonet1 to accept a new con/itution f ! untrammell$ k+4 ,! plott]s 7 at ?is juncture re9=c$ by an ex-rang] f ,scania 7,skane71 ,johan ,kri/(f] ,toll1 also a victim ( ,cap oppression4 ,toll propos$ t a second revolt %\ld break out 9 ! prov9ce ( ,scania1 to confuse ! gov]nm5t /ill m1 & und]took p]sonally to secure ! s\!rn =tress ( ,kri/ian/ad4 ,aft] "s debate1 x 0 f9ally arrang$ t1 a few days aft] ! ,f9ni% revolt _h begun1 ,kri/ian/ad %\ld op5ly decl>e aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,pr9ce ,*>les1 ! elde/ ( ! k+'s bro!rs1 0 !reupon ha/ily to mobilize ! g>risons ( all ! s\!rn =tresses1 = ! o/5sible purpose ( cru%+ ! revolt at ,kri/ian/ad2 b on arriv+ be=e ! =tress he 0 to make common cause ) ! rebels1 & m>* ^u ! capital f ! s\?1 :ile ,spr5gtport5 attack$ x simultane\sly f ! ea/4 ,on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #aggb ,toll succe$$1 by %e] bluff1 9 w9n+ ! =tress ( ,kri/ian/ad4 ,on ! #af? ,spr5gtport5 succe$$ 9 surpris+ ,sveaborg4 ,b contr>y w9ds prev5t$ him f cross+ to ,/ockholm1 & 9 ! mean:ile ev5ts _h occurr$ :i* made 8 pres5ce !re unnecess>y4 ,on ! #af? ( ,augu/ ! ,cap lead]1 ,ture ,rudbeck1 arriv$ at ,/ockholm ) ! news ( ! insurrection 9 ! s\?1 & ,gu/avus f\nd himself isolat$ 9 ! mid/ ( enemies4 ,spr5gtport5 lay wea!r-b\nd 9 ,f9l&1 ,toll 0 five hundr$ miles away1 ! ,hat lead]s 7 9 hid+4 ,gu/avus !reupon resolv$ to /rike ! decisive bl[ )\t wait+ = ! arrival ( ,spr5gtport54 ,he act$ ) milit>y promptitude4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ah? all ! (fic]s :om he ?\ght he c\ld tru/ receiv$ secret in/ructions to assemble 9 ! great squ>e fac+ ! ars5al on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,at t5 o'clock on ! #ai? ,gu/avus m\nt$ 8 horse & rode /raight to ! ars5al4 ,on ! way 8 adh]5ts jo9$ him 9 little gr\ps1 z if by accid5t1 s t by ! "t he rea*$ 8 de/9ation he _h ab\t two hundr$ (fic]s 9 8 suite4 ,aft] p>ade he reconduct$ !m to ! gu>d-room ( ! palace & unfold$ 8 plans to !m4 ,he !n dictat$ a new oa? ( allegiance1 & e "o sign$ x )\t hesitation4 ,x absolv$ !m f _! allegiance to ! e/ates1 & b\nd !m solely to obey _! lawful k+1 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 ,mean:ile ! s5ate & ! gov]nor-g5]al1 ,rudbeck1 _h be5 arre/$ & ! fleet secur$4 ,!n ,gu/avus made a t\r ( ! city & 0 ev]y:]e receiv$ by en?usia/ic cr[ds1 :o hail$ him z a deliv]]4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bj? h]alds p]ambulat$ ! /reets proclaim+ t ! e/ates 7 to meet 9 ! ,rikssaal on ! foll[+ day2 e deputy abs5t+ himself w\ld be reg>d$ z ! enemy ( 8 c\ntry & 8 k+4 ,on ! #ba/1 a few mom5ts aft] ! e/ates _h assembl$1 ! k+ 9 full regalia appe>$1 & tak+ 8 seat on ! ?rone1 deliv]$ t fam\s philippic1 "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,sw$i% oratory1 9 :i* he reproa*$ ! e/ates = _! unpatriotic v5ality & lic5ce 9 ! pa/4 ,a new con/itution 0 recit$ by ! e/ates & accept$ by !m unanim\sly4 ,! diet 0 !n dissolv$4 ,gu/avus 0 inspir$ by a burn+ en?usiasm = ! greatness & welf>e ( ,sw$51 & work$ 9 ! same re=matory direction z ! o!r contempor>y sov]eigns ( ! age ( enlight5m5t4 ,he took an active "p 9 e dep>tm5t ( bus9ess1 b reli$ f> m on extra-(ficial c\nsellors ( 8 own *oos+ ?an ^u ! s5ate4 ,! ef=t to rem$y ! frightful corruption :i* _h be5 fo/]$ by ! ,hats & ,caps engag$ a consid]able %>e ( 8 "t & he ev5 f\nd x necess>y to put ! :ole ( a supreme c\rt ( ju/ice 7,gota ,h(ratt7 on its trial4 ,measures 7 also tak5 to re=m ! adm9i/ration & ! :ole c\rse ( judicial proc$ure1 & torture z an in/rum5t ( legal inve/igation 0 aboli%$4 ,9 #aggd an ord9ance provid+ = ! lib]ty ( ! press 0 ev5 issu$4 ,! national def5ces 7 at ! same "t develop$ on a ,great ,p[] scale1 & ! navy 0 s enl>g$ z to become "o ( ! mo/ =midable 9 ,europe4 ,! dilapidat$ f9ances 7 set 9 good ord] by ! curr5cy realization ord9ance ( #aggg4 ,gu/avus also introduc$ new national economic pr9ciples4 ,9 #agge free trade 9 corn 0 promot$ & a numb] ( oppressive export-tolls 7 aboli%$4 ,! poor law 0 also am5d$1 absolute religi\s lib]ty 0 proclaim$1 & he ev5 succe$$ 9 inv5t+ & popul>iz+ a national co/ume :i* 0 9 g5]al use f #aggh till 8 dea?4 ,8 "o great economic blund] 0 ! attempt to make ! sale ( spirits a gov]nm5t monopoly1 :i* 0 an obvi\s infr+em5t ^u ! privileges ( ! e/ates4 ,8 =eign policy1 on ! o!r h&1 0 at fir/ bo? wise & w>y4 ,?us1 :5 ! k+ summon$ ! e/ates to assemble at ,/ockholm on ! #crd ( ,septemb] #aggh1 he c\ld give a brilliant acc\nt ( 8 six ye>s' /ew>d%ip4 ,nev] 0 a p>liam5t m obsequi\s or a k+ m graci\s4 ,!re 0 no room = a s+le ,no dur+ ! :ole session4 ,yet1 %ort z ! session 01 x 0 q long en\gh to op5 ! eyes ( ! deputies to ! fact t _! political supremacy _h dep>t$4 ,!y _h *ang$ places ) ! k+4 ,he 0 n[ inde$ _! sov]eign "l2 &1 = all 8 g5tl5ess1 ! jeal\sy ) :i* he gu>d$1 ! vig\r ) :i* he en=c$ ! pr]ogative1 pla9ly %[$ t he meant to rema9 s4 ,ev5 ! few :o 7 patriotic en\gh to acquiesce 9 ! *ange by no means lik$ x4 ,! diet ( #aggh _h be5 obsequi\s2 ! diet ( #aghf 0 mut9\s4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ne>ly all ! royal propositions 7 ei!r reject$ outright or s modifi$ t ,gu/avus himself )drew !m4 ,! diet ( #aghf m>ks a turn+-po9t 9 ,gu/avus's hi/ory4 ,h5ce=? we obs]ve a det]m9ation on 8 "p to rule )\t a p>liam5t2 a passage1 cauti\s & gradual1 yet unfl9*+1 f semi-con/itutionalism to semi-absolutism4 ,8 opportunity came 9 #aghh1 :5 ! political complications aris+ out ( 8 w> ) ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 ( ,russia enabl$ him by ! ,act ( ,unity & ,security 7on ! #ag? ( ,febru>y #aghi7 to ov]ride ! opposition ( ! rebelli\s & grossly unpatriotic g5try1 &1 ) ! approbation ( ! ?ree l[] e/ates1 e/abli% a new & revolution>y con/itution1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! e/ates /ill held ! p[] ( ! purse1 ! royal au?ority l>gely pr$om9at$4 ,?r\gh\t #aghi & #agij ,gu/avus1 9 ! national int]e/s1 gallantly conduct$ ! unequal /ruggle ) ,russia1 f9ally w9n+ 9 ! ,sv5sksund 7#i?-#aj? ,july7 ! mo/ glori\s naval victory ev] ga9$ by ! ,sw$i% arms1 ! ,russians los+ "o-?ird ( _! fleet & #gjjj m54 ,a mon? lat]1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #agij1 peace 0 sign$ betwe5 ,russia & ,sw$5 at ,v>ala4 ,only eight mon?s be=e1 ,ca!r9e _h haughtily decl>$ t ! odi\s & revolt+ aggression ( ! k+ ( ,sw$5 w\ld be =giv5 only if he te/ifi$ 8 rep5tance by agree+ to a peace grant+ a g5]al & unlimit$ amne/y to all 8 rebels1 & cons5t+ to a gu>antee by ! ,sw$i% diet 7z x w\ld be imprud5t to confide 9 8 good fai? alone7 = ! obs]vance ( peace 9 ! future4 ,! peace ( ,v>ala sav$ ,sw$5 f any su* humiliat+ concession1 & 9 ,octob] #agia ,gu/avus took ! bold b by no means imprud5t /ep ( conclud+ an eight ye>s' def5sive alliance ) ! empress1 :o !reby b\nd h]self to pay h] new ally annual subsidies am\nt+ to #cjj1jjj r\bles4 ,gu/avus n[ aim$ at =m+ a league ( pr9ces aga9/ ! ,jacob9s1 & e o!r consid]ation 0 subord9at$ !reto4 ,8 pr(\nd k ( popul> assemblies enabl$ him1 alone among contempor>y sov]eigns1 accurately to gauge f ! fir/ ! scope & be>+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b he 0 hamp]$ by pov]ty & ! jeal\sy ( ! o!r ,european ,p[]s1 &1 aft] %[+ once m 8 unrivall$ ma/]y ov] masses ( m5 at ! brief ,gefle diet 7#bbnd ( ,janu>y-#bd? ( ,febru>y #agib71 he fell a victim to a widespread ari/ocratic conspiracy4 ,%ot 9 ! back by ,anck>/rom at a midnight masqu]ade at ! ,/ockholm op]a-h\se1 on ! #af? ( ,m>* #agib1 he expir$ on ! #bi?4 ,al?\gh he may be *>g$ ) _m foibles & extravagances1 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 0 indisputably "o ( ! greate/ sov]eigns ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,un=tunately 8 g5ius nev] _h full scope1 & 8 opportunity came too late4 ,gu/avus 01 moreov]1 a mo/ di/+ui%$ au?or4 ,he may be said to h creat$ ! ,sw$i% !atre1 & "s ( ! be/ act+ dramas 9 ! lit]ature are by 8 h&4 ,8 hi/orical essays1 notably ! fam\s anonym\s eulogy on ,tor/5son cr[n$ by ! ,academy1 are full ( feel+ & exquisite 9 /yle1--8 lett]s to 8 fri5ds are delightful4 ,e bran* ( lit]ature & art int]e/$ him1 e poet & arti/ ( 8 day f\nd 9 him a mo/ lib]al & sympa!tic protector4 ,see ,r4 ,n4 ,ba91 ,gu/avus ,,iii4 & 8 ,contempor>ies 7,london1 #aijd72 ,e4 ,g4 ,geij]1 ,konung ,gu/af ,,iii4's eft]lemnade papp] 7,upsala1 #ahdc-ahde72 ,c4 ,t4 ,odhn]1 ,sv]iges politiska hi/oria "u ,konung ,gu/af ,,iii4's reg]+ 7,/ockholm1 #ahhe-ahif72 ,b4 von ,besk[1 ,om ,gu/af ,,iii4 sasom ,konung o* manniska 7,/ockholm1 #ahfj-ahfa72 ,o4 ,lev]t91 ,gu/af ,,iii4 som dramatisk =fatt>e 7,/ockholm1 #ahid72 ,gu/af ,,iii4's bref till ,g4 ,m4 ,armfelt 7,fr47 7,/ockholm1 #ahhc72 ,y4 ,k4 ,grot1 ,ca?>9e ,,ii4 & ,gu/avus ,,iii4 7,russ47 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahhd74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,gu/avus ,,iv4 7#aggh-ahcg71 k+ ( ,sw$51 ! son ( ,gu/avus ,,iii4 & ,que5 ,sophia ,magdal5a1 0 born at ,/ockholm on ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #aggh4 ,c>efully educat$ "u ! direction ( ,nils von ,ros5/e91 he grew up s]i\s & consci5ti\s4 ,9 ,augu/ #agif 8 uncle ! reg5t ,*>les1 duke ( ,sud]mania1 visit$ ,/ ,pet]sburg = ! purpose ( arrang+ a m>riage betwe5 ! "y k+ & ,ca!r9e ,,ii4's gr&daught]1 ! gr&-du*ess ,alex&ra4 ,! betro?al 0 actually fix$ = ! #bbnd ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! :ole arrangem5t f\nd]$ on ! ob/9ate refusal ( ,gu/avus to all[ 8 de/9$ bride lib]ty ( wor%ip accord+ to ! rites ( ! ,greek ,or?odox ,*ur*--a rebuff :i* und\bt$ly accel]at$ ! dea? ( ! ,russian empress4 ,nobody seems to h ev5 suspect$ at ! "t t s]i\s m5tal d]angem5t lay at ! root ( ,gu/avus's abnormal piety4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re 7 _m :o prematurely congratulat$ !mselves on ! fact t ,sw$5 _h n[ no di/urb+ g5ius1 b an economical1 ,god-fe>+1 commonplace mon>* to deal )4 ,gu/avus's prompt dismissal ( ! g5]ally dete/$ ,gu/af ,reut]holm add$ /ill fur!r to 8 popul>ity4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,octob] #agig ,gu/avus m>ri$ ,fr$]ica ,doro!a1 daught] ( ,*>les ,fr$]ick1 gr&-duke ( ,bad51 a m>riage :i* might h l$ to a w> ) ,russia b = ! fanatical hatr$ ( ! ,fr5* republic %>$ by ! emp]or ,paul & ,gu/avus ,,iv41 :i* s]v$ z a bond ( union betwe5 !m4 ,inde$ ! k+'s horror ( ,jacob9ism 0 morbid 9 its int5sity1 & drove him to adopt all sorts ( reaction>y measures & to po/pone 8 coronation = "s ye>s1 s z to avoid call+ toge!r a diet2 b ! disord] ( ! f9ances1 caus$ p>tly by ! cont95tal w> & p>tly by ! almo/ total failure ( ! crops 9 #agih & #agii1 compell$ him to summon ! e/ates to ,norrkop+ 9 ,m>* #ahjj1 & on ! #crd ( ,april ,gu/avus 0 cr[n$4 ,! notable *ange :i* n[ took place 9 ,sw$5's =eign policy & its fatal consequ5ces to ! c\ntry are else:]e set =? 7see ,,sw$51 ,hi/ory74 ,by ! end ( #ahjh x 0 obvi\s to e ?9k+ ,sw$e t ! k+ 0 insane4 ,8 viol5ce _h ali5at$ 8 mo/ fai?ful support]s1 :ile 8 ob/9ate incompet5ce p>alys$ ! national ef=ts4 ,to remove a madman by =ce 0 ! "o rema9+ exp$i5t2 & ?is 0 successfully accompli%$ by a conspiracy ( (fic]s ( ! we/]n army1 head$ by ,adl]sp>re1 ! ,anck>sv>ds1 & ,adl]creutz1 :o m>*$ rapidly f ,skane to ,/ockholm4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,m>* #ahji sev5 ( ! conspirators broke into ! royal ap>tm5ts 9 ! palace unann\nc$1 seiz$ ! k+1 & conduct$ him to ! *ateau ( ,grip%olm2 ,duke ,*>les 0 easily p]suad$ to accept ! lead]%ip ( a provisional gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 proclaim$ ! same day2 & a diet1 ha/ily summon$1 solemnly approv$ ( ! revolution4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,m>* ,gu/avus1 9 ord] to save ! cr[n = 8 son1 volunt>ily abdicat$2 b on ! #aj? ( ,may ! e/ates1 dom9at$ by ! army1 decl>$ t n m]ely ,gu/avus b 8 :ole family _h =feit$ ! ?rone4 ,on ! #e? ( ,june ! duke reg5t 0 proclaim$ k+ "u ! title ( ,*>les ,,xiii41 aft] accept+ ! new lib]al con/itution1 :i* 0 ratifi$ by ! diet ! same day4 ,9 ,decemb] ,gu/avus & 8 family 7 transport$ to ,g]many4 ,gu/avus n[ assum$ ! title ( c\nt ( ,gottorp1 b subsequ5tly call$ himself ,colonel ,gu/afsson1 "u :i* pseudonym he wrote mo/ ( 8 works4 ,he l$1 sep>at$ f 8 family1 an erratic life = "s ye>s2 0 divorc$ f 8 consort 9 #ahab2 & f9ally settl$ at ,/ ,gall 9 ,switz]l& 9 great lonel9ess & indig5ce4 ,he di$ on ! #g? ( ,febru>y #ahcg1 &1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,k+ ,osc> ,,ii4 8 body 0 br\ght to ,sw$5 & int]r$ 9 ! ,ridd>holmskyrka4 ,f him desc5d bo? ! ,bad5 & ! ,old5burg pr9cely h\ses on ! female side4 ,see ,h4 ,g4 ,trolle-,wa*tmei/]1 ,anteckn+> o* m9n5 7,/ockholm1 #ahhi72 ,b4 von ,besk[1 ,lefnadsm9n5 7,/ockholm1 #ahgj72 ,k4 ,v4 ,key-,ab]g1 ,de diplomatiska =b9dels]na mellan ,sv]ige o* ,/orbrittanni5 "u ,gu/af ,,iv4's ,krig emot ,napoleon 7,upsala1 #ahij72 ,colonel ,gu/afsson1 ,la ,j\rnee du treize m>s1 c4 7,/ ,gall1 #ahce72 ,memorial des ,ob]/5 ,gu/afsson 7,leipzig1 #ahbi74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,gu/avus ,v4 7#aheh- 71 k+ ( ,sw$51 son ( ,osc> ,,ii41 k+ ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & ,que5 ,sophia ,wilhelm9a1 0 born at ,drottn+holm on ! #af? ( ,june #aheh4 ,he ent]$ ! army1 & 01 l 8 fa!r1 a great travell]4 ,z cr[n pr9ce he held ! title ( duke ( ,w>ml&4 ,he m>ri$ 9 #ahha ,victoria 7b4 #ahfb71 daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,l\is1 gr& duke ( ,bad51 & ( ,l\ise1 pr9cess ( ,prussia4 ,! du*ess ( ,bad5 0 ! gr&daught] ( ,sophia1 pr9cess ( ,sw$51 & ! m>riage ( ! cr[n pr9ce ?us effect$ a union betwe5 ! ,b]nadotte dyna/y & ! anci5t ,sw$i% royal h\se ( ,vasa4 ,dur+ ! abs5ce or illness ( 8 fa!r ,gu/avus repeat$ly act$ z reg5t1 & 0 !re=e already ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 public affairs :5 he succe$$ to ! ,sw$i% ?rone on ! #h? ( ,decemb] #aijg1 ! cr[n ( ,norway hav+ be5 sep>at$ f t ( ,sw$5 9 #aije4 ,he took z 8 motto ,) ! p = ! ,fa!rl&4 ,! cr[n pr9ce1 ,osc> ,fr$]ick ,william ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 duke ( ,scania 7b4 #ahhb71 m>ri$ 9 #aije ,pr9cess ,m>g>et ( ,connaught 7b4 #ahhb71 niece ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 ,a son 0 born to !m at ,/ockholm on ! #bbnd ( ,april #aijf1 & ano!r son 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! k+'s two y\ng] sons 7 ,william1 duke ( ,sud]mania 7b4 #ahhd71 & ,eric1 duke ( ,we/manl& 7b4 #ahhi74 ,,gu/avus ,,adolphus ,,union 7,,gu/av-,,adolf-,,/iftung1 ,,gu/av-,,adolf-,,v]e91 ,,evangelis*] ,,v]e9 ,,d] ,,gu/av-,,adolf-,,/iftung71 a society =m$ ( memb]s ( ! ,evangelical ,prote/ant *ur*es ( ,g]many1 :i* has = its object ! aid ( feeble si/] *ur*es1 especially 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! project ( =m+ su* a society 0 fir/ broa*$ 9 connexion ) ! bic5t5nial celebration ( ! battle ( ,lutz5 on ! #f? ( ,novemb] #ahcb2 a proposal to collect funds = a monum5t to ,gu/avus ,adolphus hav+ be5 agre$ to1 x 0 sugge/$ by ,sup]9t5d5t ,grossmann t ! be/ memorial to ! great *ampion ( ,prote/antism w\ld be ! =mation ( a union = propagat+ 8 ideas4 ,= "s ye>s ! society 0 limit$ 9 its area & its op]ations1 be+ practically conf9$ to ,leipzig & ,dresd51 b at ! ,re=mation fe/ival 9 #ahda x receiv$ a new impulse ?r\gh ! en]gy & eloqu5ce ( ,k>l ,zimm]mann 7#ahjc-ahgg71 c\rt prea*] at ,d>m/adt1 & 9 #ahdc a g5]al meet+ 0 held at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 :]e no few] ?an tw5ty-n9e bran* associations belong+ to all p>ts ( ,g]many except ,bav>ia & ,au/ria 7 repres5t$4 ,! want ( a positive cre$ t5d$ to make _m ( ! /rict] ,prote/ant *ur*m5 d\btful ( ! usefulness ( ! union1 & ! /rict] ,lu!rans h always held alo( f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its negative attitude 9 relation to ,roman ,ca?olicism secur$ = x ! sympa?y ( ! masses4 ,at a g5]al conv5tion held 9 ,b]l9 9 ,septemb] #ahdf a ke5 dispute arose ab\t ! admission ( ! ,konigsb]g delegate1 ,julius ,rupp 7#ahji-ahhd71 :o 9 #ahde _h be5 depriv$ = publicly repudiat+ ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ & became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,free ,congregations2 & at "o "t x seem$ likely t ! society w\ld be completely brok5 up4 ,amid ! political revolutions ( ! ye> #ahdh ! :ole movem5t fell into /agnation2 b 9 #ahdi ano!r g5]al conv5tion 7! sev5?71 held at ,breslau1 %[$ t1 al?\gh ! society _h lo/ bo? 9 memb]%ip & income1 x 0 /ill possess$ ( consid]able vitality4 ,f t date ! ,gu/av-,adolf-,v]e9 has be5 m def9itely evangelical 9 its tone ?an =m]ly2 & "u ! direction ( ,k>l ,zimm]mann x greatly increas$ bo? 9 numb]s & 9 weal?4 ,x has built ov] #bjjj *ur*es & assi/$ ) "s two million p\nds ov] #ejjj diff]5t communities4 ,ap>t f its influ5ce 9 ma9ta9+ ,prote/antism 9 ho/ile areas1 !re c be no d\bt t ! union has _h a great effect 9 help+ ! v>i\s ,prote/ant *ur*es ( ,g]many to realize ! numb] & importance ( _! common int]e/s4 ,see ,k4 ,zimm]mann1 ,ges*i*te des ,gu/av-,adolf-,v]e9s 7,d>m/adt1 #ahgg74 ,,gu/r[1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! gr& du*y ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]91 on ! ,nebel & ! railway f ,lubeck to ,/ett91 #bj m4 ,s4 ( ,ro/ock4 ,pop4 7#ahge71 #aj1ibc2 7#aije7 #ag1afc4 ,! pr9cipal build+s are ! ca/le1 erect$ 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury & n[ us$ z a workh\se2 ! ca!dral1 dat+ f ! #ac? c5tury & re/or$ 9 #ahfh1 conta9+ _m f9e monum5ts & possess+ a squ>e t[] #ajj ft4 high2 ! ,pf>rkir*e1 ) f9e alt>-pa9t+s2 ! t[n hall 7,ra?aus71 dat+ f ! #af? c5tury2 ! music hall1 & ! !atre4 ,among ! educational e/abli%m5ts are ! ducal gymnasium1 :i* possesses a libr>y ( #ae1jjj volumes1 a mod]n & a comm]cial s*ool4 ,! t[n is "o ( ! mo/ prosp]\s 9 ! du*y1 & has ma*9e works1 f\ndries1 tann]ies1 sawmills1 brew]ies1 di/ill]ies1 & manufactories ( tobacco1 glue1 c&les & soap4 ,!re is also a consid]able trade 9 wool1 corn1 wood1 butt] & cattle1 & an annual cattle %[ & horse races are held4 ,gu/r[1 capital ( ! ,meckl5burg du*y ( t "n1 or ( ! ,w5d di/rict1 0 a place ( "s importance z e>ly z ! #ab? c5tury1 & 9 #abai x became ! resid5ce ( ,h5ry ,borw9 ,,ii41 pr9ce ( ,meckl5burg1 f :om x receiv$ ,s*w]9 privileges4 ,f #acaf to #adcf ! t[n 0 ! resid5ce ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,w5ds1 & f #aeef to #afie ( ! dukes ( ,meckl5burg-,gu/r[4 ,9 #afbh x 0 occupi$ by ! imp]ial troops1 & ,wall5/e9 resid$ 9 x dur+ "p ( ! ye>s #afbh & #afbi4 ,,gut5b]g1 ,,johann 7c4 #acih-adfh71 ,g]man pr9t]1 is suppos$ to h be5 born c4 #acih-acii at ,ma9z ( well-to-d p>5ts1 8 fa!r be+ ,friele zum ,g5sfleis* & 8 "m ,elsg5 ,wyri* 7or1 f h] bir?place1 zu ,gut5b]g1 ! "n he adopt$74 ,he is assum$ to be m5tion$ "u ! "n ( ,h5*5 9 a copy ( a docum5t ( #adbj1 & aga9 9 a docum5t ( c4 #adbg-adbh1 b x is n /at$ :]e he !n resid$4 ,on ,janu>y #af1 #adcj1 8 "m arrang$ ) ! city ( ,ma9z ab\t an annuity belong+ to him2 b :51 9 ! same ye>1 "s families :o _h be5 expell$ a few ye>s be=e 7 p]mitt$ to return to ,ma9z1 ,gut5b]g appe>s n to h avail$ himself ( ! privilege1 z he is describ$ 9 ! act ( reconciliation 7dat$ ,m>* #bh7 z n be+ 9 ,ma9z4 ,x is !re=e assum$ t ! family _h tak5 refuge 9 ,/rassburg1 :]e ,gut5b]g 0 resid+ lat]4 ,!re he is said to h be5 9 #adcd1 & to h seiz$ & imprison$ ! t[n cl]k ( ,ma9z = a debt due to him by ! corporation ( t city1 releas+ him1 h[ev]1 at ! repres5tations ( ! mayor & c\ncillors ( ,/rassburg1 & rel9qui%+ at ! same "t all claims to ! money 7#caj ,rh5i% guild]s ab\t #bdjj m>k74#a ,betwe5 #adcf & #adci c]ta9 docum5ts repres5t him z hav+ be5 engag$ !re 9 "s exp]im5ts requir+ money1 ) ,&reas ,dritzehn1 a fell[-citiz51 :o became n only security = him b 8 p>tn] to c>ry out ,gut5b]g's plan = poli%+ /ones & ! manufacture ( look+-glasses1 = :i* a lucrative sale 0 expect$ at ! approa*+ pilgrimage ( #addj 7subsequ5tly po/pon$1 accord+ to ! docum5ts1 al?\gh !re is no evid5ce = ?is po/ponem5t7 to ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,money 0 l5t = ?is purpose by two o!r fri5ds4 ,9 #adch ano!r p>tn]%ip 0 arrang$ betwe5 ,gut5b]g1 ,&reas ,dritzehn1 & ,&reas & ,anton ,heilmann1 & t ?is _h 9 view ! art ( pr9t+ has be5 inf]r$ f ! ^w druck5 us$ by "o ( ! witnesses 9 ! law proce$+s :i* soon aft] foll[$4 ,an action 0 br\ght1 aft] ! dea? ( ,dritzehn1 by 8 two bro!rs to =ce ,gut5b]g to accept !m z p>tn]s 9 _! bro!r's place1 b ! decision 0 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,9 #adda ,gut5b]g became surety to ! ,/ ,?omas ,*apt] at ,/rassburg = ,johann ,k>le1 :o borr[$ #ajj guild]s 7ab\t ,l#af7 f ! *apt]1 & on ,novemb] #ag1 #addb1 he himself borr[$ #hj livres ?r\gh ,m>t9 ,bre*t] 7or ,breht]7 f ! same *apt]4 ,( 8 :]eab\ts f ! #ab? ( ,m>* #addd 7:5 he paid a tax at ,/rassburg7 to ! #ag? ( ,octob] #addh no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n4 ,b on ! latt] date we f9d him at ,ma9z1 borr[+ #aej gold guild]s ( 8 k9sman1 ,arnold ,gel?us1 aga9/ an annual int]e/ ( #g-a_/b gold guild]s4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! int]e/ on ?is debt has ev] be5 paid1 b ! debt itself appe>s nev] to h be5 paid (f1 z ! contract ( ?is loan 0 r5ew$ 7vidimus$7 on ,augu/ #bc1 #aejc1 = o!r p>ties4 ,x is suppos$ t soon aft]w>ds ,gut5b]g mu/ h be5 able to %[ "s conv9c+ results ( 8 "w1 = x appe>s t ab\t #adej ,johann ,fu/ 7q4v47 advanc$ him #hjj guild]s to promote x1 on no security except t ( tools /ill to be made4 ,fu/ seems also to h und]tak5 to advance him #cjj guild]s a ye> = exp5ses1 wages1 h\se-r5t1 p>*m5t1 pap]1 ink1 c41 b he does n appe> to h ev] done s4 ,if at any "t !y disagre$1 ,gut5b]g 0 to return ! #hjj guild]s1 & ! tools 7 to cease to be security4 ,x is n kn[n to :at purpose ,gut5b]g devot$ ! money advanc$ to him4 ,9 ! m9utes ( ! law-suit ( #adee he himself says t he _h to make 8 tools ) x4 ,b he is presum$ to h begun a l>ge folio ,lat9 ,bible1 & to h pr9t$ dur+ its progress "s small] books#b & likewise ! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce 7grant$ on ! #ab? ( ,april #adea by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 9 aid ( ,john ,,ii41 k+ ( ,cyprus1 aga9/ ! ,turks71 ( #ca l9es1 hav+ ! e>lie/ pr9t$ date #aded1 ( :i* sev]al copies are pres]v$ 9 v>i\s ,european libr>ies4 ,a copy ( ! #adee issue ( ! same ,indulg5ce is 9 ! ,ryl&s ,libr>y at ,man*e/] 7f ! ,al?orp ,libr>y74 ,x is n kn[n :e!r any books 7 pr9t$ :ile ?is p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ la/$4 ,tri!mius 7,ann4 ,hirsaug4 ii4 #dba7 says !y fir/ pr9t$1 f wood5 blocks1 a vocabul>y call$ ,ca?olicon1 :i* _c h be5 ! ,ca?olicon ( ,johannes de ,janua1 a folio ( #gdh pages 9 two columns ( #ff l9es ea*1 pr9t$ 9 #adfj1 b 0 p]haps a small gloss>y n[ lo/4#c ,! ,lat9 ,bible ( #db l9es1 a folio ( #abhb pr9t$ pages1 9 two columns ) spaces left = illum9at$ initials 7s call$ because ea* column conta9s #db l9es1 & also kn[n z ! ,maz>9 ,bible1 because ! fir/ copy describ$ 0 f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,maz>971 0 f9i%$ be=e ! #ae? ( ,augu/ #adef2d ,g]man bibliograph]s n[ claim ?is ,bible = ,gut5b]g1 b1 accord+ to bibliographical rules1 x mu/ be ascrib$ to ,pet] ,s*(f]1 p]haps 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,fu/4 ,x is 9 small] type ?an ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 :i* latt] is call$ ei!r 7a7 ! ,bamb]g ,bible1 because ne>ly all ! kn[n copies 7 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,bamb]g1 or 7b7 ,s*elhorn's ,bible1 because ,j4 ,g4 ,s*elhorn 0 ! fir/ :o describ$ x 9 #agfj1 or 7c7 ,pfi/]'s ,bible1 because its pr9t+ is ascrib$ to ,albre*t ,pfi/] ( ,bamb]g1 :o us$ ! same type = sev]al small ,g]man books1 ! *ief ( :i* is ,bon]'s ,edel/e9 7#adfa1 #dto71 #hh leaves1 ) #he woodcuts1 a book ( fables 9 ,g]man rhyme4 ,"s bibliograph]s believe ?is #cf-l9e ,bible to h be5 begun1 if n entirely pr9t$1 by ,gut5b]g dur+ 8 p>tn]%ip ) ,fu/1 z its type occurs 9 ! #ca-l9e ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #aded1 0 us$ = ! #bg-l9e ,donatus 7( #adea871 &1 f9ally1 :5 f\nd 9 ,pfi/]'s possession 9 #adfa1 appe>s to be old & worn1 except ! additional lett]s k1 w1 z requir$ = ,g]man1 :i* are cle> & %>p l ! types us$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,aga91 o!rs pr(ess to prove 7,dziatzko1 ,gut5b]g's fruhe/e ,druck]praxis7 t ,b#cf 0 a repr9t ( ,b#db4 ,gut5b]g's "w1 :atev] x may h be51 0 n a comm]cial success1 & 9 #adeb ,fu/ _h to come =w>d ) ano!r #hjj guild]s to prev5t a collapse4 ,b "s "t be=e ,novemb] #adee ! latt] dem&$ repaym5t ( 8 advances 7see ! ,helmasp]g] ,not>ial ,docum5t ( ,novemb] #f1 #adee1 9 ,dziatzko's ,beitrage zur ,gut5b]gfrage1 ,b]l91 #ahhi71 & took legal proce$+s aga9/ ,gut5b]g4 ,we d n "k ! end ( ^! proce$+s1 b if ,gut5b]g _h prep>$ any pr9t+ mat]ials x w\ld seem t he 0 compell$ to yield up ! :ole ( !m to ,fu/2 t ! latt] remov$ !m to 8 own h\se at ,ma9z1 & !re1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,pet] ,s*(f]1 issu$ v>i\s books until ! sack ( ! city 9 #adfb by ,adolphus ,,ii4 caus$ a susp5sion ( pr9t+ = ?ree ye>s1 to be resum$ aga9 9 #adfe4 ,we h no ,in=mation z to ,gut5b]g's activity1 & v little ( 8 :]eab\ts1 aft] 8 sep>ation f ,fu/4 ,9 a docum5t dat$ ,june #ba1 #adeg1 he appe>s z witness on behalf ( "o ( 8 relatives1 :i* %[s t he 0 !n /ill at ,ma9z4 ,entries 9 ! regi/]s ( ! ,/ ,?omas ,*ur* at ,/rassburg make x cle> t ! annual int]e/ on ! money :i* ,gut5b]g on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #addb 7see above7 _h borr[$ f ! *apt] ( t *ur* 0 regul>ly paid till ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #adeg1 ei!r by himself or by 8 surety1 ,m>t9 ,bre*t]4 ,b ! paym5t due on ! latt] date appe>s to h be5 delay$1 z an entry 9 ! regi/] ( t ye> %[s t ! *apt] _h incurr$ exp5ses 9 tak+ /eps to h bo? ,gut5b]g & ,bre*t] arre/$4 ,?is "t ! difficulties seem to h be5 remov$1 b on & aft] ! #aa? ( ,novemb] #adeh ,gut5b]g & ,bre*t] rema9$ 9 default4 ,! *apt] made v>i\s ef=ts1 all record$ 9 _! regi/]s1 to get _! money1 b 9 va94 ,e ye> !y record$ ! arre>s ) ! exp5ses to :i* !y 7 put 9 _! ef=ts to arre/ ! default]s1 till at la/ 9 #adgd 7six ye>s aft] ,gut5b]g's dea?7 _! names are no long] m5tion$4 ,meantime ,gut5b]g appe>s to h be5 pr9t+1 z we le>n f a docum5t dat$ ,febru>y #bf1 #adfh1 t a syndic ( ,ma9z1 ,dr ,conrad ,hom]y 7:o _h =m]ly be5 9 ! s]vice ( ! elector ,c\nt ,die!r ( ,ys5burg71 _h at "o "t suppli$ him1 n ) money1 b ) "s =mes1 types1 tools1 implem5ts & o!r ?+s belong+ to pr9t+1 :i* ,gut5b]g _h left aft] 8 dea?1 & :i* _h1 & /ill1 belong$ to him 7,hom]y72 ?is mat]ial _h come into ! h&s ( ,adolf1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 :o h&$ or s5t x back to ,hom]y1 ! latt] und]tak+ to use x 9 no o!r t[n b ,ma9z1 nor to sell x to any p]son except a citiz5 ( ,ma9z1 ev5 if a /rang] %\ld (f] him a high] price = ! ?+s4 ,?is mat]ial has nev] yet be5 id5tifi$1 s t we d n "k :at types ,gut5b]g may h _h at 8 disposal2 !y c\ld h>dly h includ$ ! types ( ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 z is sugge/$1 ?is "w be+ probably execut$ by ,he9ri* ,be*t]munze 7d4 #adfg71 :o aft]w>ds remov$ to ,eltville1 or p]haps by ,pet] ,s*(f]1 :o1 ab\t #adgj1 adv]tises ! book z 8 prop]ty 7see ,k4 ,burg]1 ,bu*h&l]-,anzeig574 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,gut5b]g rema9$ 9 ,ma9z or remov$ to ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,eltville1 :]e he may h be5 engag$ = a :ile ) ! bro!rs ,be*t]munze1 :o pr9t$ !re = "s "t ) ! types ( ! #adfj ,ca?olicon4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #adfe he accept$ ! po/ ( sal>i$ c\rti] f ! ar*bi%op ,adolf1 & 9 ?is capacity receiv$ annually a suit ( liv]y toge!r ) a fix$ all[ance ( corn & w9e4 ,gut5b]g seems to h di$ at ,ma9z at ! beg9n+ ( #adfh1 & 01 accord+ to tradition1 buri$ 9 ! ,franciscan *ur* 9 t city4 ,8 relative ,arnold ,gel?us erect$ a monum5t to 8 memory ne> 8 suppos$ grave1 & =ty ye>s aft]w>ds ,ivo ,wittig set up a memorial tablet at ! legal college at ,ma9z4 ,no books be>+ ! "n ( ,gut5b]g z pr9t] are kn[n1 nor is any g5u9e portrait ( him kn[n1 ^? appe>+ ^u m$als1 /atues or engrav$ plates be+ all fictiti\s4 ,9 #ahih ! firm ( ,l4 ,ros5?al1 at ,muni*1 acquir$ a ,missale speciale on pap]1 :i* ,otto ,hupp1 9 two treatises publi%$ 9 #ahih & #aijb1 ass]ts to h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g ab\t #adej1 sev5 ye>s be=e ! #adeg ,psalt]4 ,v>i\s ,g]man bibliograph]s1 h[ev]1 ?9k t x c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ be=e #adhj1 &1 judg+ f ! facsimiles publi%$ by ,hupp1 ?is date seems to be approximately correct4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,june #aijj ! five-hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ,gut5b]g's bir? 0 celebrat$ 9 sev]al ,g]man cities1 notably 9 ,ma9z & ,leipzig1 & mo/ ( ! rec5t lit]ature on ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ dates f t "t4 ,s we may note t 9 #aijb a vellum fragm5t ( an ,a/ronomical ,kal5d> 0 discov]$ by ! libr>ian ( ,wiesbad51 ,dr ,g4 ,z$l] 7,die alte/e ,gut5b]gtype1 ,ma9z1 #aijb71 app>5tly pr9t$ 9 ! #cf-l9e ,bible type1 & z ! position ( ! sun1 moon & o!r planets describ$ 9 ?is docum5t suits ! ye>s #adbi1 #addh & #adfg1 he ascribes ! pr9t+ ( ?is ,kal5d> to ! ye> #addg4 ,a pap] fragm5t ( a poem 9 ,g]man1 entitl$ ,weltg]i*t1 said to be pr9t$ 9 ! #cf-l9e ,bible type1 appe>s to h come into ! possession ( ,h]r ,edu>d ,beck at ,ma9z 9 #ahib1 & 0 pres5t$ by him 9 #aijc to ! ,gut5b]g ,museum 9 t city4 ,z$l] publi%$ a facsimile ( x 9 #aijd 7= ! ,gut5b]g ,gesells*aft71 ) a description1 9 :i* he places x be=e ! #addg ,kal5d>1 c4 #addd-addg4 ,moreov]1 fragm5ts ( two editions ( ,donatus diff]5t f t ( #adea 787 h rec5tly be5 f\nd2 see ,s*w5ke 9 ,c5tralbl4 fur ,biblio!kwes5 7#aijh74 ,! rec5t lit]ature ^u ,gut5b]g's life & "w & e>ly pr9t+ 9 g5]al includes ! foll[+3 ,a4 von d] ,l9de1 ,ges*i*te und ,erdi*tung 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh72 id4 ,ges*i*te d] ,bu*druck]kun/ 7,b]l91 #ahhf72 ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels1 ,gut5b]g1 ,0 he ! ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+8 7,london1 #ahhb72 id4 ,ha>lem1 ! ,bir?place ( ,pr9t+1 n ,m5tz 7,london1 #ahhf72 ,o4 ,h>twig1 ,fe/s*rift zum funfhund]tjahrig5 ,geburt/ag von ,johann ,gut5b]g 7,leipzig1 #aijj71 :i* includes v>i\s treatises by ,s*5k zu ,s*we9sb]g1 ,k4 ,s*orba*1 c42 ,p4 ,s*w5ke1 ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te des er/5 ,bu*drucks 7,b]l91 #aijj72 ,a4 ,borckel1 ,gut5b]g1 se9 ,leb51 c4 7,giess51 #ahig72 id4 ,gut5b]g und se9e b]uhmt5 ,na*folg] im er/5 ,jahrhund]t d] ,typographie 7,frank=t1 #aijj72 ,f4 ,s*neid]1 ,ma9z und se9e ,druck] 7#aijj72 ,g4 ,z$l]1 ,gut5b]g-,=s*ung5 7,leipzig1 #aija72 ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels1 ,! s-call$ ,gut5b]g ,docum5ts 7,london1 #aiaj74 ,= o!r works on ! subject see ,,typography4 7,j4 ,h4 ,h47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is difficult to "k :i* ( ! ,gut5b]g docum5ts c be tru/$ & :i* n4 ,s*orba*1 9 8 rec5t biography ( ,gut5b]g1 accepts & describes #bg ( !m 7,fe/s*rift1 #aijj1 p4 #afc sqq471 #ag ( :i* are kn[n only f 7n always accurate7 copies or transcripts4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances hi/ory might be bas$ on !m4 ,b x is c]ta9 t "s s-call$ ,gut5b]g docum5ts1 n includ$ 9 ! above #bg1 are =g]ies4 ,fr4 ,j4 ,bodmann 7#aged-ahbj71 = _m ye>s pr(essor & libr>ian at ,ma9z1 =g$ at lea/ two2 "o 7dat$ ,july #bj1 #adei7 he ev5 provid$ ) f\r =g$ seals2 ! o!r 7dat$ ,/rassburg1 ,m>* #bd1 #adbd7 purport$ to be an autograph lett] ( ,gut5b]g to a fictiti\s si/] ( 8 nam$ ,b]?a4 ,( ^! two docum5ts ,fr5* & ,g]man texts 7 publi%$ ab\t #ahjj-ahjb2 ! =g] liv$ = tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds b nev] undeceiv$ ! public4 ,he enri*$ ! ,gut5b]g lit]ature ) o!r fabrications4 ,9 fact ,bodmann _h tra9$ himself = c\nt]feit+ ,,mss4 & docum5ts2 he op5ly boa/$ ( 8 abilities 9 ?is respect1 & us$ !m1 sometimes to amuse 8 fri5ds :o 7 se>*+ = ,gut5b]g docum5ts1 sometimes = himself to fill up gaps 9 ,gut5b]g's life4 7,= two or ?ree m specim5s ( 8 capacities see ,a4 ,wyss 9 ,zeits*r4 fur ,alt]t4 u4 ,ges*4 ,s*lesi5s1 xv4 #i sqq47 ,to "o ( 8 fri5ds 7,pr(essor ,got!lf ,fis*]1 :o prec$$ him z libr>ian ( ,ma9z7 "o or two o!r fabrications may be ascrib$4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 s]i\s misgiv+s z to docum5ts said to h be5 discov]$ ab\t #agdj 7:5 ! citiz5s ( ,/rassburg claim$ ! hon\r ( ! inv5tion = _! city7 by ,jacob ,w5ck] 7! !n ar*ivi/ ( ,/rassburg7 & ,j4 ,d4 ,s*oepfl9 7pr(essor & canon ( ,/ ,?omas's at ,/rassburg74 ,= in/ance1 ( ! above docum5t ( #adcd no orig9al has ev] come to light2 :ile ! draft ( ! transaction1 alleg$ to h be5 writt5 at ! "t 9 a regi/] ( contracts1 & to h be5 f\nd ab\t #agdj by ,w5ck]1 has also disappe>$ ) ! regi/] itself4 ,! docum5t 7n[ only kn[n f a copy said to h be5 tak5 by ,w5ck] f ! draft7 is upheld z g5u9e by ,s*orba*1 :o fav\rs an inv5tion ( pr9t+ at ,/rassburg1 b ,bock5heim]1 ?\gh support+ ,gut5b]g & ,ma9z1 decl>es x to be a fiction 7,gut5b]g-,fei]1 ,ma9z1 #aijj1 pp4 #bd-cc74 ,aga91 suspicions are ju/ifi$ ) respect to ! docum5ts record+ ,gut5b]g's lawsuit ( #adci at ,/rassburg4 ,bock5heim] expla9s at great l5g? 7l4c4 pp4 #da-gb7 t !y are =g]ies4 ,he ev5 expla9s 7ibid4 pp4 #ig-ajg7 t ! s-call$ ,helmasp]g] docum5t ( ,novemb] #f1 #adee1 may be a fabrication ( ! ,fau/ von ,as*aff5burg family1 :o endeav\r$ to claim ,johann ,fu/ z _! ance/or4 ,!re are also 7#a7 a fragm5t ( a fictiti\s press1 said to h be5 con/ruct$ by ,gut5b]g 9 #adda1 & to h be5 discov]$ 767 at ,ma9z 9 #ahef2 7#b7 a =g$ impr9t ) ! date #adeh 9 a copy ( ,pope ,gregory's ,dialogues1 really pr9t$ at ,/rassburg ab\t #adgj2 7#c7 a =g$ rubric 9 a copy ( ! ,tractatus de celebratione miss>um1 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ,johann ,gut5b]g & ,johann ,nummei/] _h pres5t$ x on ,june #ai1 #adfc1 to ! ,c>?usian mona/]y ne> ,ma9z3 7#d7 f\r =g$ copies ( ! ,indulg5ce ( #adee1 9 ! ,culemann ,collection 9 ! ,ka/n] ,museum at ,hanov]1 c4 7see fur!r1 ,hessels1 ,! s-call$ ,gut5b]g ,docum5ts1 9 ,! ,libr>y1 #aiji74 #b ,among ^! 7 p]haps 7#a7 "o or two editions ( ! "w ( ,donatus1 ,de octo p>tibus orationis1 #bg l9es to a page1 ( "o ( :i* two leaves1 n[ 9 ! ,p>is ,national ,libr>y1 7 discov]$ at ,ma9z 9 ! orig9al b9d+ ( an acc\nt book1 "o ( !m hav+1 b 9 a lat] h&1 ! ye> #adea 7872 7#b7 ! ,turk-,kal5d> = #adee 7pres]v$ 9 ! ,h(-,biblio!k at ,muni*72 7#c7 ! ,cisianus 7pres]v$ 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ4 ,libr471 & p]haps o!rs n[ lo/4 #c ,ulric ,zell /ates1 9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii1 t ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ pr9t$ a ,bible 9 l>ge type l t us$ 9 missals4 ,x has be5 said t ?is description applies to ! #db-l9e ,bible1 z its type is z l>ge z t ( mo/ missals pr9t$ be=e #aejj1 & t ! size n[ call$ missal type 7d\ble pica7 0 n us$ 9 missals until late 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,?is is no d\bt true ( ! small] missals pr9t$ be=e #aejj1 "s ( :i* are 9 ev5 small] type ?an ! #db-l9e ,bible4 ,b _m ( ! l>ge folio missals1 z t pr9t$ at ,ma9z by ,pet] ,s*(f] 9 #adhc1 ! ,c>?usian missal pr9t$ at ,spires by ,pet] ,dra* ab\t #adij1 & ! ,dom9ican missal pr9t$ by ,&rea de ,torresanis at ,v5ice 9 #adif1 are 9 z l>ge type z ! #cf-l9e ,bible4 ,pet] ,s*(f] 7#adbe-aejb7 ( ,g]n%eim1 betwe5 ,ma9z & ,mannheim1 :o 0 a copyi/ 9 ,p>is 9 #addi1 & :om ,fu/ call$ 8 s]vant 7famulus71 is said by ,tri!mius to h discov]$ an easi] way ( f\nd+ *>act]s1 :5ce ,lamb9et & o!rs conclud$ t ,s*(f] inv5t$ ! pun*4 ,s*(f] himself1 9 ! colophon ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 a "w :i* "s suppose to h be5 plann$ & p>tly pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g1 claims only ! mode ( pr9t+ rubrics & col\r$ capitals4 #d ,! ,leipzig copy ( ?is ,bible 7:i* =m]ly belong$ to ,h]r ,klemm ( ,dresd57 has at ! end ! ,,ms4 ye> #adec 9 old ,arabic num]als4 ,b c]ta9 circum/ances connect$ ) ?is date make x look v suspici\s4 ,,gut]sloh1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,we/phalia1 #aa m4 ,s4,w4 f ,bielefeld by ! railway to ,dortmund4 ,pop4 7#aije71 #gcge4 ,x is a seat ( silk & cotton indu/ries1 & has a l>ge trade 9 ,we/phalian hams & sausages4 ,pr9t+1 brew+ & di/ill+ are also c>ri$ on1 & ! t[n is fam\s = its rye-bread 7,pump]nickel74 ,gut]sloh has two ,evangelical *ur*es1 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a synagogue1 a s*ool & o!r educational e/abli%m5ts4 ,see ,eickh(f1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt und ,geme9de ,gut]sloh 7,gut]sloh1 #aijd74 ,,gu?rie1 ,,sir ,,james 7#ahei- 71 ,scotti% pa9t]1 & "o ( ! lead]s ( ! s-call$ ,glasg[ s*ool ( pa9t]s1 0 born at ,gre5ock4 ,?\gh 9 8 y\? he 0 influ5c$ by ,john ,pettie 9 ,london1 & subsequ5tly /udi$ 9 ,p>is1 8 /yle1 :i* is rem>kable = grasp ( "*1 bread? & spontaneity1 is due to ! lessons taught him by obs]vation ( nature1 & to ! example ( ,cra:all1 by :i* he b5efit$ 9 ,l9coln%ire 9 ! e>ly 'eighties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 8 e>ly works1 su* z ,! ,gipsy ,fires are ,burn+1 = ,daylight is ,pa/ & ,gone 7#ahhb71 & ! ,fun]al ,s]vice 9 ! ,highl&s1 he fav\r$ a ?ick impa/o1 b ) gr[+ exp]i5ce he us$ 8 col\r ) great] economy & retic5ce4 ,subsequ5tly he devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to portraiture4 ,sir ,james ,gu?rie1 l s _m ( ! ,glasg[ arti/s1 a*iev$ 8 fir/ successes on ! ,cont95t1 b soon f\nd recognition 9 8 native c\ntry4 ,he 0 elect$ associate ( ! ,royal ,scotti% ,academy 9 #ahhh1 & full memb] 9 #ahib1 succe$$ ,sir ,george ,reid z presid5t ( ! ,royal ,scotti% ,academy 9 #aijb1 & 0 knight$ 9 #aijc4 ,8 pa9t+ ,s*oolmates is at ! ,gh5t ,gall]y4 ,among 8 mo/ successful portraits are ^? ( 8 "m1 ,mr ,r4 ,g>r[ay1 ,major ,hot*kiss1 ,mrs ,f]gus1 ,pr(essor ,jack1 & ,mrs ,watson4 ,,gu?rie1 ,,?omas 7#ahjc-ahgc71 ,scotti% div9e1 0 born at ,bre*91 ,=f>%ire1 on ! #ab? ( ,july #ahjc4 ,he ent]$ ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh at ! e>ly age ( twelve1 & cont9u$ to att5d classes !re = m ?an t5 ye>s4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #ahbe ! presbyt]y ( ,bre*9 lic5s$ him z a prea*] 9 connexion ) ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 & 9 #ahbf he 0 9 ,p>is /udy+ natural philosophy1 *emi/ry1 & comp>ative anatomy4 ,= two ye>s he act$ z manag] ( 8 fa!r's bank1 & 9 #ahcj 0 induct$ to 8 fir/ *>ge1 ,arbirlot1 9 ,=f>%ire1 :]e he adopt$ a vivid dramatic /yle ( prea*+ adapt$ to 8 congregation ( peasants1 f>m]s & weav]s4 ,9 #ahcg he became ! colleague ( ,john ,sym 9 ! pa/orate ( ,old ,greyfri>s1 ,ed9burgh1 & at once attract$ notice z a great pulpit orator4 ,t[>ds ! close ( #ahdj he became m9i/] ( ,/ ,john's *ur*1 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,ed9burgh4 ,he decl9$ invitations bo? f ,london & f ,india4 ,he 0 an en?usia/ic support] ( ! movem5t :i* l$ to ! ,disruption ( #ahdc2 & 8 "n is !nce=? associat$ ) ! ,free ,*ur*1 = :i* he collect$ ,l#aaf1jjj f ,july #ahde to ,june #ahdf to provide manses = ! sec$+ m9i/]s4 ,9 #ahdd he became a teetotall]4 ,9 #ahdg he began ! greate/ "w ( 8 life by ! publication ( 8 fir/ ,plea = ,ragg$ ,s*ools4 ,?is pamphlet elicit$ a beautiful & sympa!tic lett] f ,"l ,jeffrey4 ,a ,ragg$ ,s*ool 0 op5$ on ! ,ca/le ,hill1 :i* has be5 ! p>5t ( _m simil> in/itutions else:]e1 ?\gh ,gu?rie's relation to ! movem5t is be/ describ$ z t ( an apo/le r ?an a f\nd]4 ,he insi/$ on br++ up all ! *ildr5 9 8 s*ool z ,prote/ants2 & he ?us made 8 s*ools proselytiz+ z well z educational in/itutions4 ,?is int]f]5ce ) religi\s lib]ty l$ to "s controv]sy2 & ultimately ^? :o diff]$ f ,gu?rie f\nd$ ! ,unit$ ,indu/rial ,s*ool1 giv+ comb9$ secul> & sep>ate religi\s in/ruction4 ,9 ,april #ahdg ! degree ( ,d4,d4 0 conf]r$ on ,gu?rie by ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 & 9 #ahej ,william ,hanna 7#ahjh-ahhb71 ! biograph] & son-9-law ( ,?omas ,*alm]s1 0 induct$ z 8 colleague 9 ,free ,/ ,john's ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahej ,gu?rie publi%$ ,a ,plea on behalf ( ,drunk>ds & aga9/ ,drunk5ness1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,! ,gospel 9 ,ezekiel 7#ahee72 ,! ,city3 its ,s9s & ,sorr[s 7#aheg72 ,*ri/ & ! ,inh]itance ( ! ,sa9ts 7#aheh72 ,se$time & ,h>ve/ ( ,ragg$ ,s*ools 7#ahfj71 consi/+ ( 8 ?ree ,pleas = ,ragg$ ,s*ools4 ,^! works _h an enorm\s sale1 & portions ( !m 7 translat$ into ,fr5* & ,dut*4 ,8 advocacy ( temp]ance _h mu* to d ) secur+ ! pass+ ( ! ,=bes ,mack5zie ,act1 :i* secur$ ,sunday clos+ & %ort5$ h\rs ( sale = ,scotl&4 ,mr ,glad/one specially quot$ him 9 support ( ! ,light ,w9es ,bill 7#ahfj74 ,9 #ahfb he 0 mod]ator ( ! ,free ,*ur* ,g5]al ,assembly2 b he seldom took a prom95t "p 9 ! bus9ess ( ! *ur* c\rts4 ,8 rem>kable oratorical tal5ts1 ri* hum\r1 g5u9e pa?os & inimitable p[] ( /ory-tell+1 enabl$ him to d good s]vice to ! total ab/95ce movem5t4 ,he 0 "o ( ! vice-presid5ts ( ! ,evangelical ,alliance4 ,9 #ahfd1 8 heal? be+ s]i\sly impair$1 he resign$ public "w z pa/or ( ,free ,/ ,john's 7,may #ag71 al?\gh 8 nom9al connexion ) ! congregation ceas$ only ) 8 dea?4 ,gu?rie _h occasionally contribut$ pap]s to ,good ,words1 &1 ab\t ! "t ( 8 retirem5t f ! m9i/ry1 he became fir/ editor ( ! ,sunday ,magaz9e1 himself contribut+ sev]al s]ies ( pap]s :i* 7 aft]w>ds publi%$ sep>ately4 ,9 #ahfe he 0 pres5t$ ) ,l#ejjj z a m>k ( appreciation f ! public4 ,8 clos+ ye>s 7 sp5t mo/ly 9 retirem5t2 & aft] an illness ( sev]al mon?s' duration he di$ at ,/ ,leon>ds-on-,sea on ! #bd? ( ,febru>y #ahgc4 ,9 addition to ! books m5tion$ above he publi%$ a numb] ( books :i* _h a rem>kable circulation 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 su* z ,speak+ to ! ,he>t 7#ahfb72 ,! ,way to ,life 7#ahfb72 ,man & ! ,gospel 7#ahfe72 ,! ,angel's ,song 7#ahfe72 ,! ,p>ables 7#ahff72 ,our ,fa!r's ,bus9ess 7#ahfg72 ,out ( ,h>ness 7#ahfg72 ,e>ly ,piety 7#ahfh72 ,/udies ( ,"* f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7#ahfh-ahgj72 ,sundays ,abroad 7#ahga74 ,see ,autobiography ( ,?omas ,gu?rie1 ,d4,d41 & ,memoir1 by 8 sons 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahgd-ahge74 ,,gu?rie1 ,,?omas ,,an/ey 7#ahef- 71 kn[n by ! pseudonym ( ,f4 ,an/ey1 ,engli% noveli/1 0 born 9 ,k5s+ton1 ,london1 on ! #h? ( ,augu/ #ahef4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & at ,tr9ity ,hall1 ,cambridge1 & 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #ahhj4 ,b ! popul> success ( 8 /ory ,vice-,v]sa 7#ahhb7 ) its topsy-turvy sub/itution ( a fa!r = 8 s*oolboy son1 at once made 8 reputation z a humori/ ( an orig9al type4 ,he publi%$ 9 #ahhc a s]i\s novel1 ,! ,giant's ,robe2 b1 9 spite ( its excell5ce1 he discov]$ 7& aga9 9 #ahhi ) ,! ,p>iah7 t x 0 n z a s]i\s noveli/ b z a humori/ t ! public insi/$ on reg>d+ him4 ,z su* 8 reputation 0 fur!r confirm$ by ,! ,black ,poodle 7#ahhd71 ,! ,t9t$ ,v5us 7#ahhe71 ,a ,fall5 ,idol 7#ahhf71 & o!r works4 ,he became an important memb] ( ! /aff ( ,pun*1 9 :i* 8 ,voces populi & 8 humor\s p>odies ( a recit]'s /ock-piece 7,burgl> ,bill1 c47 repres5t 8 be/ "w4 ,9 #aija 8 successful f>ce ,! ,man f ,blankley's1 bas$ on a /ory :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 ,pun*1 0 fir/ produc$ at ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,!atre1 9 ,london4 ,,gu?rie1 ! capital ( ,oklahoma1 ,u4,s4,a41 & ! c\nty-seat ( ,logan c\nty1 ext5d+ on bo? sides ( ,cottonwood creek1 & ly+ "o mile s\? ( ! ,cim>ron riv]4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #eccc1 7#aijj7 #aj1jjf1 7#aijg7 #aa1feb 7#bhga negroes72 7#aiaj7 #aa1fed4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe1 ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,pacific1 ! ,miss\ri1 ,kansas ,texas1 ! ,=t ,smi? ,we/]n1 & ! ,/ ,l\is1 ,el ,r5o ,we/]n railways4 ,! city is situat$ ab\t #idj ft4 above ! sea1 9 a prairie region devot$ l>gely to /ock-rais+ & ! cultivation ( ,indian corn1 :eat1 cotton & v>i\s fruits1 p>ticul>ly pea*es4 ,gu?rie is "o ( ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,f$]al c\rts 9 ! /ate1 ! o!r be+ ,muskogee4 ,! pr9cipal public build+s at ,gu?rie are ! /ate ,capitol1 ! ,f$]al build+1 ! ,city hall1 ! ,c>negie libr>y1 ! ,me?odi/ hospital & a l>ge ,masonic temple4 ,among ! s*ools are ,/ ,joseph's ,academy & a /ate s*ool = ! deaf & dumb4 ,gu?rie has a consid]able trade ) ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & has cotton g9s1 a cotton compress1 & f\ndries & ma*9e %ops2 among its manufactures are cotton-se$ oil1 cotton goods1 fl\r1 c]eals1 lumb]1 cig>s1 brooms & furniture4 ,! total value ( ! factory product 9 #aije 0 #a1bjj1ffb4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! wat]works4 ,! city 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhi1 :5 ,oklahoma 0 op5$ = settlem5t2 9 #ahij x 0 made ! capital ( ! ,t]ritory1 & 9 #aijg :5 ,oklahoma 0 made a /ate1 x became ! /ate capital4 ,,gu?rum 7,,godrum7 7d4 #hij71 k+ ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,engli% ,annals 9 ! ye> #hge1 :5 he is m5tion$ z "o ( ?ree ,dani% k+s :o w5t ) ! ho/ to ,cambridge4 ,he 0 probably engag$ 9 ! campaigns ( ! next ?ree ye>s1 & aft] ,alfr$'s victory at ,ed+ton 9 #hgh1 ,gu?rum met ! k+ at ,all] 9 ,som]set%ire & 0 baptiz$ !re "u ! "n ( ,ae!l/an4 ,he /ay$ !re = twelve days & 0 greatly hon\r$ by 8 godfa!r ,alfr$4 ,9 #hij ,gu?rum-,ae!l/an di$3 he is !n spok5 ( z se nor,pderna cyn+ 7probably7 ! ,norwegian k+1 ref]r+ to ! ultimate orig9 ( 8 family1 & we are told t he 0 ! fir/ 7,sc&9avian7 to settle ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,gu?rum is p]haps to be id5tifi$ ) ,gormr 7 ,gu?rum7 h9n heimski or h9n riki ( ! ,sc&9avian sagas1 ! fo/]-fa!r ( ,hor,pdaknutr1 ! fa!r ( ,gorm ! old4 ,!re is a treaty kn[n z ! peace ( ,alfr$ & ,gu?rum4 ,,guts*mid1 ,,alfr$1 ,,b>on ,,von 7#ahce-ahhg71 ,g]man hi/orian & ,ori5tali/1 0 born on ! #a/ ( ,july at ,los*witz 7,dresd574 ,aft] hold+ *airs at ,kiel 7#ahff71 ,konigsb]g 7#ahgc71 & ,j5a 7#ahgf71 he 0 f9ally appo9t$ pr(essor ( hi/ory at ,tub+51 :]e he di$ on ! #bnd ( ,m>* #ahhg4 ,he devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,ea/]n language & hi/ory 9 its pre-,greek & ,hell5i/ic p]iods & contribut$ l>gely to ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,,works4--,ub] die ,fragm5te des ,pompeius ,trogus 7supplem5t>y vol4 ( ,jahrbu*] fur klass4 ,phil41 #aheg72 ,die mak$onis*e ,anagraphe 7#ahfd72 ,beitrage zur ,ges*4 des alt5 ,ori5ts 7,leipzig1 #aheh72 ,neue ,beitrage zur ,ges*4 des alt4 ,or41 vol4 i41 ,die ,assyriologie 9 ,deuts*l& 7,leipzig1 #ahgf72 ,die ,glaubwurdigkeit d] arm5is*5 ,ges*4 des ,moses von ,khor5 7#ahgg72 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] die syris*e ,epitome des eusebis*5 ,canones 7#ahhf72 ,unt]su*4 ub] die ,ges*4 des ,konigrei*s ,osra5e 7#ahhg72 ,ges*4 ,irans 7,alex&] ! ,great to ! fall ( ! ,arsacidae7 7,tub+51 #ahhg74 ,he wrote on ,p]sia & ,pho5icia 9 ! #i? edition ( ! ,ency4 ,brit4 ,a collection ( m9or works entitl$ ,kle9e ,s*rift5 0 publi%$ by ,f4 ,ruhl at ,leipzig 7#ahhi-ahid1 #e vols471 ) complete li/ ( 8 writ+s4 ,see article by ,ruhl 9 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 xlix4 7#aijd74 ,,guts-,,mu?s1 ,,johann ,,*ri/oph ,,fri$ri* 7#agei-ahci71 ,g]man tea*] & ! pr9cipal f\nd] ( ! ,g]man s*ool sy/em ( gymna/ics1 0 born at ,qu$l9burg on ! #i? ( ,augu/ #agei4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! gymnasium ( 8 native t[n & at ,halle ,univ]sity2 & 9 #aghe he w5t to ,s*nepf5?al1 :]e he taught geography & gymna/ics4 ,8 me?od ( tea*+ gymna/ics 0 exp\nd$ by him 9 v>i\s h&books2 & x 0 *iefly ?r\gh !m t gymna/ics v soon came to occupy su* an important position 9 ! s*ool sy/em ( ,g]many4 ,he also did mu* to introduce a bett] me?od ( in/ruction 9 geography4 ,he di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,may #ahci4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,gymna/ik fur die ,jug5d 7#agic72 ,spiele zur ,ubung und ,erholung des ,korp]s und ,gei/es fur die ,jug5d 7#agif72 ,turnbu* 7#ahag72 ,h&bu* d] ,geographie 7#ahaj72 & a numb] ( books con/itut+ a ,biblio!k fur ,padagogik1 ,s*ulwes51 und die gesammte padagogis*e ,lit]atur ,deuts*l&s4 ,he also contribut$ to ! ,voll/&iges ,h&bu* d] neue/5 ,erdbes*reibung1 & along ) ,jacobi publi%$ ,deuts*es ,l& und deuts*es ,volk1 ! fir/ "p1 ,deuts*es ,l&1 be+ writt5 by him4 ,,gutta 7,lat9 = drop71 an ar*itectural t]m giv5 to ! small fru/a ( conical or cyl9drical =m c>v$ bel[ ! triglyph & "u ! regula ( ! entablature ( ! ,doric ,ord]4 ,!y are sometimes kn[n z trunnels1 a corruption ( tree-nail1 & resemble ! wood5 p9s :i* 9 fram$ timb] "w or 9 jo9]y are employ$ to fa/5 toge!r ! pieces ( wood2 ^! are suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! orig9al timb] con/ruction ( ! ,doric temple1 9 :i* ! p9s1 driv5 ?r\gh ! regula1 secur$ ! latt] to ! ta5ia1 &1 accord+ to ,c4 ,*ipiez & ,f4 ,a4 ,*oisy1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ta5ia to hold ! triglyphs 9 place4 ,9 ! e>lie/ examples ( ! ,doric ,ord] at ,cor9? & ,sel9us1 ! guttae are completely isolat$ f ! ar*itrave1 & 9 ,temple ,c4 at ,sel9us ! guttae are #c or #d 94 9 front ( x1 z if to enable ! p9 to be driv5 9 m easily4 ,9 lat] examples !y are p>tly atta*$ to ! ar*itrave4 ,simil> guttae are c>v$ "u ! mutules ( ! ,doric cornice1 repres5t+ ! p9s driv5 ?r\gh ! mutules to secure ! raft]s4 ,9 ! temples at ,bassae1 ,pae/um & ,sel9us1 in/ances h be5 f\nd :]e ! guttae _h be5 c>v$ sep>ately & sunk into holes cut 9 ! s(fit ( ! mutules & ! regula4 ,_! con/ant employm5t 9 ! ,doric temples sugge/s t1 al?\gh orig9ally ( con/ructive orig91 !y 7 subsequ5tly employ$ z decorative features4 ,,gutta ,,p]*a1 ! "n appli$ to ! evaporat$ milky fluid or latex furni%$ by sev]al trees *iefly f\nd 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f two ,malay words1 getah mean+ gum1 & p]tja be+ ! "n ( ! tree--probably a ,bassia--f :i* ! gum 0 7errone\sly7 suppos$ to be obta9$4 ,botanical ,orig9 & ,di/ribution4--,! actual tree is kn[n to ! ,malays z taban1 & ! product z getah taban4 ,! be/ gutta p]*a ( ,malaya is *iefly d]iv$ f two trees1 & is kn[n z getah taban m]ah 7r$7 or getah taban sutra 7silky74 ,! trees 9 "q1 :i* belong to ! natural ord] ,sapotaceae1 h n[ be5 def9itely id5tifi$1 ! fir/ z ,di*opsis gutta 7,b5?am & ,hook]71 o!rwise ,ison&ra gutta 7,hook]7 or ,palaquium gutta 7,burck71 & ! second z ,di*opsis oblongifolia 7,burck74 ,alli$ trees ( ! same g5us & ( ! same natural ord] yield simil> b usually inf]ior products4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ species ( ,pay5a 7getah soondie74 ,gutta p]*a trees (t5 atta9 a height ( #gj to #ajj ft4 & ! trunk has a diamet] ( f #b to #c ft4 ,!y are /at$ to be mature :5 ab\t ?irty ye>s old4 ,! leaves ( ,di*opsis1 :i* are obovate-lanceolate1 ) a di/9ct po9t$ apex1 occur 9 clu/]s at ! end ( ! bran*es1 & are bright gre5 & smoo? on ! upp] surface b on ! l[] surface are yell[i%-br[n & cov]$ ) silky hairs4 ,! leaves are usually ab\t #f 94 long & ab\t #b 94 wide at ! c5tre4 ,! fl[]s are :ite1 & ! se$s are conta9$ 9 an ovoid b]ry ab\t #a 94 long4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( ! gutta p]*a tree is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! ,malay ,p59sula & its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,x includes a region )9 #f degrees nor? & s\? ( ! equator & #ic deg4-#aai deg4 longitude1 :]e ! temp]ature ranges f #ff deg4 to #ij deg4 ,f4 & ! atmosph]e is exce$+ly moi/4 ,! trees may be gr[n f se$s or f cutt+s4 ,"s plant+ has tak5 place 9 ,malaya1 b little has s f> be5 done to acclimatize ! plant 9 o!r regions4 ,rec5t in=mation seems to po9t to ! possibility ( gr[+ ! tree 9 ,ceylon & on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,prep>ation ( ,gutta ,p]*a4--,! gutta is furni%$ by ! greyi% milky fluid kn[n z ! latex1 :i* is *iefly secret$ 9 cyl9drical vessels or cells situat$ 9 ! cortex1 t is1 betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood 7or cambium74 ,latex also occurs 9 ! leaves ( ! tree to ! ext5t ( ab\t #i ( ! dri$ leaves1 & ?is may be remov$ f ! p[d]$ leaves by ! use ( appropriate solv5ts1 b ! process is n practicable comm]cially4 ,! latex fl[s sl[ly :]e an incision is made ?r\gh ! b>k1 b n ne>ly s freely1 ev5 9 ! ra9y season1 z ! india-rubb] latex4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! ,malays usually fell ! tree 9 ord] to collect ! latex1 :i* is done by *opp+ (f ! bran*es & remov+ circles ( ! b>k1 =m+ cyl9drical *annels ab\t an in* wide at v>i\s po9ts ab\t a foot ap>t d[n ! trunk4 ,! latex exudes & fills ^! *annels1 f :i* x is remov$ & conv]t$ into gutta by boil+ 9 op5 vessels ov] wood fires4 ,! "w is usually c>ri$ on 9 ! wet season :5 ! latex is m fluid & m abundant4 ,sometimes :5 ! latex is ?ick wat] is add$ to x be=e boil+4 ,! be/ results are said to be obta9$ f mature trees ab\t ?irty ye>s old1 :i* furni% ab\t #b to #c lb4 ( gutta4 ,old] trees d n appe> to yield l>g] am\nts ( gutta1 :il/ y\ng] trees are said to furni% less & ( inf]ior quality4 ,! trees h be5 s ext5sively fell$ = ! gutta t !re has be5 a great dim9ution 9 ! total numb] dur+ rec5t ye>s1 :i* has n be5 comp5sat$ = by ! new plantations :i* h be5 e/abli%$4 ,uses ( ,gutta ,p]*a4--,! ,*9ese & ,malays appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( gutta p]*a ( s(t5+ 9 w>m wat] & ( rega9+ its h>dness :5 cold1 b ?is pla/ic prop]ty seems to h be5 only utiliz$ = ornam5tal purposes1 ! con/ruction ( walk+-/icks & ( knife h&les & :ips1 c4 ,! bro!rs ,tradescant br\ght samples ( ! curi\s mat]ial to ,europe ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,x 0 !n reg>d$ z a =m ( wood1 to :i* ! "n ( maz] wood 0 giv5 on acc\nt ( its employm5t 9 mak+ maz]s or goblets4 ,a description ( x is giv5 9 a book publi%$ by ,john ,tradescant 9 #afef entitl$ ,musaeum ,tradescantianum or a ,collection ( ,r>ities pres]v$ at ,s\? ,lambe? ne> ,london4 ,_m ( ! curiosities collect$ f all p>ts ( ! _w by ! ,tradescants subsequ5tly =m$ ! nucleus ( ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d :i* 0 op5$ 9 #afhc1 b ! specim5 ( maz] wood no long] exi/s4 ,9 #ahdc samples ( ! mat]ial 7 s5t to ,london by ,dr ,william ,montgom]ie ( ,s+apore1 & 7 exhibit$ at ! ,society ( ,arts1 & 9 ! same ye> ,dr ,jose d',almeida s5t samples to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,gutta p]*a 0 also exhibit$ at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,dr ,montgom]ie's communication to ! ,society ( ,arts l$ to _m exp]im5ts be+ made ) ! mat]ial4 ,ca/s ( m$als 7 successfully produc$1 & ,sir ,william ,siem5s1 9 conjunction ) ,w]n] von ,siem5s1 !n made ! fir/ exp]im5ts ) ! mat]ial z an insulat+ cov]+ = cable & telegraph wires1 :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( its important applications 9 ?is connexion & to a consid]able comm]cial dem& = ! sub/ance4 ,! value ( gutta p]*a dep5ds *iefly on its quality1 t is its ri*ness 9 true gutta & fre$om f res9 & o!r impurities :i* int]f]e ) its physical *>act]s1 & especially its insulat+ p[] or inability to conduct electricity4 ,! *ief use ( gutta p]*a is n[ = electrical purposes4 ,o!r m9or uses are 9 d5ti/ry & z a means ( tak+ impressions ( m$als1 c4 ,x has also f\nd application 9 ! prep>ation ( belt+ = ma*9]y1 z well z = ! con/ruction ( ! h&les ( knives & surgical in/rum5ts1 :il/ ! inf]ior qualities are us$ = wat]pro(+4 ,comm]cial ,production4--,! am\nt ( gutta p]*a export$ ?r\gh ,s+apore f ,briti% & ,dut* possessions 9 ! ,ea/ is subject to consid]able fluctuation1 dep5d+ *iefly on ! dem& = cable & telegraph con/ruction4 ,9 #ahhf ! total export f ,s+apore 0 #dj1daa cwt41 ( :i* ,great ,brita9 took #ca1fff cwt42 9 #ahif ! export 0 #ea1ihb cwt4 ( :i* #bi1gbb cwt4 came to ,great ,brita92 :ile 9 #aije1 #db1jhh cwt4 7 export$ 7#ai1eag cwt4 to ,great ,brita974 ,x has to be rememb]$ t ! (ficial returns include n only gutta p]*a ( v>i\s grades ( quality b also o!r inf]ior products sold "u ! "n ( gutta p]*a1 "s ( :i* are ref]r$ to bel[ "u ! head ( sub/itutes4 ,! value ( gutta p]*a _c !re=e be correctly gaug$ f ! value ( ! imports4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #ahif-aijf ! be/ qualities ( gutta p]*a fet*$ f #ds4 to ab\t #gs4 p] lb4 ,gutta p]*a1 h[ev]1 is us$ = few & special purposes1 & !re is no free m>ket1 ! price be+ *iefly a matt] ( arrangem5t betwe5 ! *ief produc]s & consum]s4 ,*>act]s & ,prop]ties4--,gutta p]*a appe>s 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( blocks or cakes ( a dirty greyi% appe>ance1 (t5 exhibit+ a r$di% t+e1 & j s(t en\gh to be ind5t$ by ! nail4 ,x is subject to consid]able adult]ation1 v>i\s mat]ials1 su* z coco-nut oil1 be+ add$ by ! ,malays to improve its appe>ance4 ,! solid1 :i* is fibr\s 9 texture1 h>d & inela/ic b n brittle at ord9>y temp]ature1 becomes pla/ic :5 imm]s$ 9 hot wat] or if o!rwise rais$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #fe deg4-#ff deg4 ,c4 9 ! case ( gutta ( ! fir/ quality1 ! temp]ature ( s(t5+ be+ dep5d5t on ! quality ( ! gutta employ$4 ,9 ?is condition x c be drawn out into ?reads1 b is /ill inela/ic4 ,on cool+ aga9 ! gutta resumes its h>dness )\t becom+ brittle4 ,9 ?is respect gutta p]*a diff]s f india-rubb] or ca\t*\c1 :i* does n become pla/ic & unlike gutta p]*a is ela/ic4 ,?is prop]ty ( s(t5+ on heat+ & solidify+ :5 cool$ aga91 )\t *ange 9 its orig9al prop]ties1 enables gutta p]*a to be work$ into v>i\s =ms1 roll$ into %eets or drawn into ropes4 ,! specific gravity ( ! be/ gutta p]*a lies betwe5 #j4if & #a4 ,gutta p]*a is n dissolv$ by mo/ liquids1 al?\gh "s remove res9\s con/itu5ts2 ! be/ solv5ts are oil ( turp5t9e1 coal-t> oil1 c>bon bisulphide & *lor(orm1 & light petroleum :5 hot4 ,gutta p]*a is n affect$ by alkal9e solutions or by dilute acids4 ,/rong sulphuric acid *>s x :5 w>m1 & nitric acid effects complete oxidation4 ,:5 expos$ to air & light1 gutta p]*a rapidly det]iorates1 oxyg5 be+ absorb$1 produc+ a brittle res9\s mat]ial4 ,*emical ,composition4--,*emically1 gutta p]*a is n a s+le sub/ance b a mixture ( sev]al con/itu5ts4 ,z ! proportions ( ^! con/itu5ts 9 ! crude mat]ial are n con/ant1 ! prop]ties ( gutta p]*a are subject to v>iation4 ,= electrical purposes x %\ld h a high insulat+ p[] & dielectric /r5g? & a l[ inductive capacity2 ! possession ( ^! prop]ties is influ5c$ by ! res9\s con/itu5ts pres5t4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! crude mat]ial is ! pure gutta1 a hydroc>bon ( ! empirical =mula ,c#aj;,h#af4 ,x is !re=e isom]ic ) ! hydroc>bon ( ca\t*\c & ) t ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,accompany+ ?is are at lea/ two oxyg5at$ res9\s con/itu5ts--albane ,c#aj;,h#af,o & fluavil ,c#bj;,h#cb,o--:i* c be sep>at$ f ! pure gutta by ! use ( solv5ts4 ,pure gutta is n dissolv$ by e!r & light petroleum 9 ! cold1 :]eas ! res9\s con/itu5ts are remov$ by ^! liquids4 ,! true gutta exhibits 9 an enhanc$ degree ! valuable prop]ties ( gutta p]*a1 & ! comm]cial value ( ! raw mat]ial is frequ5tly det]m9$ by asc]ta9+ ! proportion ( true gutta pres5t1 ! high] ! proportion ( ?is ! m valuable is ! gutta p]*a4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( analyses ( gutta p]*a f trees ( ! g5us ,di*opsis or ,palaquium3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,gutta ,res9 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,di*opsis 7or ,palaquium7 oblongifolia #hh4h #aa4b gutta #hb4j #ah4j polyan?a #di4c #ej4g pu/ulata #dg4h #eb4b ,ma+ayi #bd4d #ge4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! hydroc>bon ( gutta p]*a1 gutta1 is closely relat$ 9 *emical con/itution to ca\t*\c4 ,:5 di/ill$ at a high temp]ature bo? are resolv$ into a mixture ( two simpl] hydroc>bons1 isopr5e 7,c#e;,h#h7 & ca\t*\c9e or dip5t5e 7,c#aj;,h#af71 & ! latt] by fur!r heat+ c be resolv$ into isopr5e1 a hydroc>bon ( kn[n con/itution :i* has be5 produc$ syn!tically & spontane\sly rev]ts to ca\t*\c4 ,! precise relation%ip ( isopr5e to gutta has n be5 asc]ta9$1 b rec5tly ,h>ries has fur!r elucidat$ ! connexion betwe5 gutta & ca\t*\c by %[+ t "u ! action ( ozone bo? break up into laevul9ic aldehyde & hydrog5 p]oxide1 b diff] 9 ! proportions ( ^! products !y furni%4 ,! two mat]ials mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z v closely relat$ 9 *emical con/itution4 ,l ca\t*\c1 gutta p]*a is able to comb9e ) sulphur1 & ?is vulcaniz$ product has f\nd "s comm]cial applications4 ,manufacture ( ,gutta ,p]*a4--,among ! e>lie/ pat5ts tak5 out = ! manufacture ( gutta p]*a 7 ^? ( ,*>les ,hancock1 ! fir/ ( :i* is dat$ #ahdc4 ,be=e be+ us$ = te*nical purposes ! raw gutta p]*a is clean$ by ma*9]y :il/ 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,! *opp$ or slic$ mat]ial is wa%$ by me*anical means 9 hot wat] & =c$ ?r\gh a sieve or /ra9] ( f9e wire gauze to remove dirt4 ,x is !n knead$ or ma/icat$ by ma*9]y to remove ! enclos$ wat]1 & is f9ally transf]r$ :il/ /ill hot & pla/ic to ! roll+-ma*9e1 f :i* x em]ges 9 %eets ( diff]5t ?ickness4 ,sometimes *emical treatm5t ( ! crude gutta p]*a is resort$ to = ! purpose ( remov+ ! res9\s con/itu5ts by ! action ( alkal9e solutions or ( light petroleum4 ,sub/itutes = ,gutta ,p]*a4--,= "s purposes natural & artificial sub/itutes = gutta p]*a h be5 employ$4 ,! simil> products furni%$ by o!r plants ?an ^? :i* yield gutta p]*a are among ! m important ( ! natural sub/itutes1 ( :i* ! mat]ial kn[n z balata or ,sur9am gutta p]*a1 is ! mo/ valuable4 ,?is is d]iv$ f a tree1 ,mimusops balata 7bullet tree71 belong+ to ! same natural ord] z gutta p]*a trees1 viz4 ,sapotaceae4 ,x is a l>ge tree1 gr[+ to a height ( #hj to #ajj ft4 or m1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & is especially abundant 9 ,dut* & ,briti% ,guiana4 ,! latex :i* furni%es balata is secret$ 9 ! cortex betwe5 ! b>k & wood ( ! tree4 ,z ! latex fl[s freely ! trees are tapp$ by mak+ incisions 9 ! same fa%ion z 9 india-rubb] trees1 & ! balata is obta9$ by evaporat+ ! milky fluid4 ,crude balata v>ies 9 composition4 ,x usually conta9s ne>ly equal proportions ( res9 & true gutta4 ,! latt] appe>s to be id5tical ) ! *ief con/itu5t ( gutta p]*a4 ,! prop]ties ( balata correspond ) its composition1 & x may !re=e be class$ z an inf]ior gutta p]*a4 ,balata fet*es f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #h;d4 p] lb4 ,among ! inf]ior sub/itutes = gutta p]*a may be m5tion$ ! evaporat$ latices d]iv$ f ,butyrosp]mum ,p>kii 7%ea-butt] tree ( ,we/ ,africa or k>ite ( ! ,sudan71 ,calotropis gigantea 7,mad> tree ( ,india71 & ,dy]a co/ulata ( ,malaya & ,borneo1 :i* furni%es ! mat]ial kn[n z ,pontianac4 ,all ^! conta9 a small am\nt ( gutta-l mat]ial associat$ ) l>ge quantities ( res9\s & o!r con/itu5ts4 ,!y fet* only a few p5ce p] lb41 & are utiliz$ = wat]pro(+ purposes4 ,v>i\s artificial sub/itutes = gutta p]*a h be5 inv5t$ *iefly = use z insulat+ mat]ials4 ,^! (t5 consi/ ( mixtures ( bitum5 ) l9se$ & o!r oils1 res9s1 c41 9 "s cases incorporat$ ) inf]ior grades ( gutta p]*a4 ,= fur!r in=mation respect+ gutta p]*a1 & = figures ( ! trees1 ! foll[+ works may be consult$3 ,jumelle1 ,les ,plantes a ca\t*\c et a gutta 7,p>is1 ,*allamel1 #aijc72 ,oba*1 ,cantor ,lectures on ,gutta ,p]*a1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 #ahih4 7,w4 ,r4 ,d47 ,,gutt] 7,o4 ,fr4 g\ti]e1 mod4 g\tti]e1 f ,lat4 gutta1 drop71 9 ar*itecture1 a horizontal *annel or tr\gh contriv$ to c>ry away ! wat] f a flat or slop+ ro( to its dis*>ge d[n a v]tical pipe or ?r\gh a sp\t or g>goyle2 m specifically1 b loosely1 ! simil> *annel at ! side ( a /reet1 bel[ ! pavem5t4 ,9 ,greek & ,roman temples ! cymatium ( ! cornice 0 ! gutt]1 & ! wat] 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! m\?s ( lions1 ^: heads 7 c>v$ on ! same4 ,sometimes ! cymatium 0 n c>ri$ along ! flanks ( a temple1 9 :i* case ! ra9 fell (f ! l[] edge ( ! ro( tiles4 ,9 m$ieval "w ! gutt] re/$ p>tly on ! top ( ! wall & p>tly on corbel tables1 & ! wat] 0 dis*>g$ ?r\gh g>goyles4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a p>apet or pi]c$ balu/rade 0 c>ri$ on ! corbel table enclos+ ! gutt]4 ,9 build+s ( a m ord9>y class ! p>apet is only a cont9uation ( ! wall bel[1 & ! gutt] is set back & c>ri$ 9 a tr\gh re/+ on ! l[] end ( ! ro( timb]s4 ,! safe/ c\rse is to h an eaves gutt] :i* projects m or less 9 front ( ! wall & is secur$ to & c>ri$ by ! raft]s ( ! ro(4 ,9 ,r5aissance ar*itecture g5]ally ! pi]c$ balu/rade ( ! ,go?ic & transition "w 0 replac$ by a balu/rade ) v]tical balu/]s4 ,9 ,france a compromise 0 effect$1 :]eby in/ead ( ! horizontal cop+ ( ! ord9>y balu/rade a ri*ly c>v$ cre/+ 0 employ$1 ( :i* ! e>lie/ example is 9 ! fir/ c\rt ( ! ,l\vre by ,pi]re ,lescot4 ,?is exi/s ?r\gh\t ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 & x is "o ( its *ief *>act]i/ic features4 ,,gutzk[1 ,,k>l ,,f]d9& 7#ahaa-ahgh71 ,g]man noveli/ & dramati/1 0 born on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #ahaa at ,b]l91 :]e 8 fa!r held a cl]k%ip 9 ! w> (fice4 ,aft] leav+ s*ool he /udi$ !ology & philosophy at ! univ]sity ( 8 native t[n1 & :ile /ill a /ud5t1 began 8 lit]>y c>e] by ! publication 9 #ahca ( a p]iodical entitl$ ,=um d] ,j\rnallit]atur4 ,?is br\ght him to ! notice ( ,wolfgang ,m5zel1 :o invit$ him to ,/uttg>t to assi/ 9 ! editor%ip ( ! ,lit]aturblatt4 ,at ! same "t he cont9u$ 8 univ]sity /udies at ,j5a1 ,heidelb]g & ,muni*4 ,9 #ahcb he publi%$ anonym\sly at ,hamburg ,briefe e9es ,n>r5 an e9e ,n>r91 & 9 #ahcc appe>$ at ,/uttg>t ,maha-,guru1 ,ges*i*te e9es ,gottes1 a fanta/ic & satirical romance4 ,9 #ahce he w5t to ,frank=t1 :]e he f\nd$ ! ,deuts*e ,revue4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ,wally1 die ,zweifl]91 f ! publication ( :i* may be said to date ! s*ool ( writ]s :o1 f _! opposition to ! lit]>y1 social & religi\s traditions ( romanticism1 receiv$ ! "n ( ,"y ,g]many4 ,! "w 0 direct$ specially aga9/ ! in/itution ( m>riage & ! belief 9 revelation2 & :atev] int]e/ x might h attract$ f its own m]its 0 enhanc$ by ! action ( ! ,g]man f$]al diet1 :i* condemn$ ,gutzk[ to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t1 decre$ ! suppression ( all he _h writt5 or might yet write1 & prohibit$ him f ex]cis+ ! functions ( editor )9 ! ,g]man conf$]ation4 ,dur+ 8 t]m ( imprisonm5t at ,mannheim1 ,gutzk[ employ$ himself 9 ! composition ( 8 treatise ,zur ,philosophie d] ,ges*i*te 7#ahcf74 ,on obta9+ 8 fre$om he return$ to ,frank=t1 :5ce he w5t 9 #ahcg to ,hamburg4 ,"h he inaugurat$ a new epo* ( 8 lit]>y activity by br++ out 8 trag$y ,ri*>d ,savage 7#ahci71 :i* imm$iately made ! r\nd ( all ! ,g]man !atres4 ,( 8 num]\s o!r plays ! majority are n[ neglect$2 b a few h obta9$ an e/abli%$ place 9 ! rep]tory ( ! ,g]man !atre--especially ! com$ies ,zopf und ,s*w]t 7#ahdd71 ,das ,urbild des ,t>tuffe 7#ahdg71 ,d] ,konigsleutnant 7#ahdi7 & ! blank v]se trag$y1 ,uriel ,aco/a 7#ahdg74 ,9 #ahdg ,gutzk[ w5t to ,dresd51 :]e he succe$$ ,tieck z lit]>y advis] to ! c\rt !atre4 ,mean:ile he _h n neglect$ ! novel4 ,s]aph9e 7#ahch7 0 foll[$ by ,blas$[ und se9e ,sohne1 a satire on ! educational !ories ( ! "t4 ,betwe5 #ahej & #aheb appe>$ ,die ,ritt] vom ,gei/e1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! />t+-po9t = ! mod]n ,g]man social novel4 ,d] ,zaub]] von ,rom is a p[]ful /udy ( ,roman ,ca?olic life 9 s\!rn ,g]many4 ,! success ( ,die ,ritt] vom ,gei/e sugge/$ to ,gutzk[ ! e/abli%m5t ( a j\rnal on ! model ( ,dick5s' ,h\sehold ,words1 entitl$ ,unt]haltung5 am hausli*5 ,h]d1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 #aheb & 0 cont9u$ till #ahfb4 ,9 #ahfd he _h an epileptic fit1 & 8 productions %[ h5ce=? decid$ traces ( fail+ p[]s4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! hi/orical novels ,hoh5s*wangau 7#ahfh7 & ,fritz ,ellrodt 7#ahgb71 ,leb5sbild] 7#ahgj-ahgb71 consi/+ ( autobiographic sket*es1 & ,die ,sohne ,pe/alozzis 7#ahgj71 ! plot ( :i* is f\nd$ on ! /ory ( ,kasp> ,haus]4 ,on acc\nt ( a return ( 8 n]v\s malady1 ,gutzk[ 9 #ahgc made a j\rney to ,italy1 & on 8 return took up 8 resid5ce 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,heidelb]g1 :5ce he remov$ to ,frank=t-on-,ma91 dy+ !re on ! #af? ( ,decemb] #ahgh4 ,) ! exception ( "o or two ( 8 com$ies1 ,gutzk['s writ+s h fall5 into neglect4 ,b he ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! op9ions ( mod]n ,g]many2 & 8 works w always be ( int]e/ z ! mirror 9 :i* ! intellectual & social /ruggles ( 8 "t are be/ reflect$4 ,an edition ( ,gutzk['s collect$ works appe>$ at ,j5a 7#ahgc-ahgf1 new ed41 #ahgi74 ,e4 ,wolff has publi%$ critical editions ( ,gutzk['s ,mei/]dram5 7#ahib7 & ,wally die ,zweifl]9 7#aije74 ,8 m important novels h be5 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,= ,gutzk['s life see 8 v>i\s autobiographical writ+s su* z ,aus d] ,knab5zeit 7#aheb71 ,ruckblicke auf me9 ,leb5 7#ahgf71 c4 ,= an e/imate ( 8 life & "w see ,j4 ,proelss1 ,das junge ,deuts*l& 7#ahib72 also ,h4 ,h4 ,h\b51 ,/udi5 ub] die ,dram5 ,gutzk[s 7#ahih7 & ,gutzk[-,funde 7#aija74 ,,gutzlaff1 ,,k>l ,,fri$ri* ,,augu/ 7#ahjc-ahea71 ,g]man mission>y to ,*9a1 0 born at ,pyritz 9 ,pom]ania on ! #h? ( ,july #ahjc4 ,:5 /ill appr5tic$ to a saddl] 9 ,/ett91 he made kn[n 8 mission>y incl9ations to ! k+ ( ,prussia1 ?r\gh :om he w5t to ! ,padagogium at ,halle1 & aft]w>ds to ! mission in/itute ( ,janike 9 ,b]l94 ,9 #ahbf1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,mission>y ,society1 he w5t to ,java1 :]e he 0 able to le>n ,*9ese4 ,leav+ ! society 9 #ahbh1 he w5t to ,s+apore1 & 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> remov$ to ,bangkok1 :]e he translat$ ! ,bible into ,siamese4 ,9 #ahbi he m>ri$ an ,engli% lady1 :o aid$ him 9 ! prep>ation ( a diction>y ( ,co*9 ,*9ese1 b %e di$ 9 ,augu/ #ahca be=e its completion4 ,%ortly aft] h] dea? he sail$ to ,macao 9 ,*9a1 :]e1 & subsequ5tly at ,hong ,kong1 he work$ at a translation ( ! ,bible into ,*9ese1 publi%$ a ,*9ese mon?ly magaz9e1 & wrote 9 ,*9ese v>i\s books on subjects ( useful k4 ,9 #ahcd he publi%$ at ,london a ,j\rnal ( ,?ree ,voyages along ! ,coa/ ( ,*9a 9 #ahca1 #ahcb & #ahcc4 ,he 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahce jo9t ,*9ese secret>y to ! ,engli% commission1 & dur+ ! opium w> ( #ahdj-db & ! negotiations connect$ ) ! peace t foll[$ he r5d]$ valuable s]vice by 8 k ( ! c\ntry & p4 ,! ,*9ese au?orities refus+ to p]mit =eign]s to p5etrate into ! int]ior1 ,gutzlaff 9 #ahdd f\nd$ an in/itute = tra9+ native mission>ies1 :i* 0 s successful t dur+ ! fir/ f\r ye>s z _m z =ty-eight ,*9ese 7 s5t out f x to "w among _! fell[-c\ntrym54 ,he di$ at ,hong ,kong on ! #i? ( ,augu/ #ahea4 ,gutzlaff also wrote ,a ,sket* ( ,*9ese ,hi/ory1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n 7,london1 #ahcd71 & a simil> "w publi%$ 9 ,g]man at ,/uttg>t 9 #ahdg2 ,*9a ,op5$ 7#ahch72 & ! ,life ( ,ta[-,kwang 7#ahea2 ,g]man edition publi%$ at ,leipzig 9 #aheb74 ,a complete collection ( 8 ,*9ese writ+s is conta9$ 9 ! libr>y at ,muni*4 ,,guy ,,( ,,w>wick1 ,engli% h]o ( romance4 ,guy1 son ( ,siw>d or ,segu>d ( ,wall+=d1 by 8 pr[ess 9 =eign w>s w9s 9 m>riage ,felice 7! ,phyllis ( ! well-kn[n ballad71 daught] & heiress ( ,roalt1 e>l ( ,w>wick4 ,soon aft] 8 m>riage he is seiz$ ) remorse = ! viol5ce ( 8 pa/ life1 &1 by way ( p5ance1 leaves 8 wife & =tune to make a pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,aft] ye>s ( abs5ce he returns 9 "t to deliv] ,w9*e/] = ,k+ ,ae!l/an f ! invad+ nor!rn k+s1 ,anelaph 7,anlaf or ,olaf7 & ,gonelaph1 by slay+ 9 s+le fight _! *ampion ! giant ,colbr&4 ,local tradition fixes ! duel at ,hyde ,mead ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,mak+ 8 way to ,w>wick he becomes "o ( 8 wife's b$esm51 & pres5tly retires to a h]mitage 9 ,ard51 only reveal+ 8 id5tity at ! approa* ( dea?4 ,! v]sions ( ! ,middle ,engli% romance ( ,guy :i* we possess are adaptations f ! ,fr5*1 & are ca/ 9 ! =m ( a roman d'av5tures1 op5+ ) a long recital ( ,guy's w>s 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,g]many & ,con/ant9ople1 & embelli%$ ) fights ) dragons & surpris+ feats ( arms4 ,! k]nel ( ! tradition evid5tly lies 9 ! fight ) ,colbr&1 :i* repres5ts1 or at lea/ is symbolic#a ( an hi/orical fact4 ,! religi\s side ( ! leg5d f9ds p>allels 9 ! /ories ( ,/ ,eu/a*ius & ,/ ,alexius1#b & makes x probable t ! ,guy-leg5d1 z we h x1 has pass$ ?r\gh mona/ic h&s4 ,tradition seems to be at fault 9 putt+ ,guy's adv5tures "u ,ae!l/an4 ,! ,anlaf ( ! /ory is probably ,olaf ,tryggvason1 :o1 ) ,sweyn ( ,d5m>k1 h>ri$ ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl& 9 #iic & pit*$ 8 w9t] qu>t]s 9 ,s\?ampton4 ,w9*e/] 0 sav$1 h[ev]1 n by ! val\r ( an ,engli% *ampion1 b by ! paym5t ( money4 ,?is ,olaf 0 n unnaturally confus$ ) ,anlaf ,cu>an or ,havelok 7i4e474 ,! "n ,guy 7p]haps a ,norman =m ( ,a4 ,s4 wig w>7 may be fairly connect$ ) ! family ( ,wigod1 "l ( ,wall+=d "u ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & a ,filicia1 :o belongs to ! #ab? c5tury & 0 p]haps ! ,norman poet's patroness1 occurs 9 ! p$igree ( ! ,ard5s1 desc5d$ f ,?urkill ( ,w>wick & 8 son ,siw>d4 ,guy's ,cliffe1 ne> ,w>wick1 :]e 9 ! #ad? c5tury ,ri*>d de ,beau*amp1 e>l ( ,w>wick1 erect$ a *antry1 ) a /atue ( ! h]o1 does n correspond ) ! site ( ! h]mitage z describ$ 9 ! romance4 ,! bulk ( ! leg5d is obvi\sly fiction1 ev5 ?\gh x may be vaguely connect$ ) ! family hi/ory ( ! ,ard5s & ! ,wall+=d family1 b x 0 accept$ z au!ntic fact 9 ! *ronicle ( ,pi]re de ,langt(t 7,pet] ( ,langt(t7 writt5 at ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,! adv5tures ( ,reynbrun1 son ( ,guy1 & 8 tutor ,h]aud ( ,ard51 :o _h also educat$ ,guy1 h mu* 9 common ) 8 fa!r's hi/ory1 & =m an int]polation sometimes treat$ z a sep>ate romance4 ,!re is a c]ta9 connexion betwe5 ,guy & ,c\nt ,guido ( ,t\rs 7fl4 #hjj71 & ,alcu9's advice to ! c\nt is transf]r$ to ! ,engli% h]o 9 ! ,speculum ,gy ( ,w>ewyke 7c4 #acbg71 edit$ = ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,text ,society by ,g4 ,l4 ,morrill1 #ahih4 ,! ,fr5* romance 7,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #cgge7 has n be5 pr9t$1 b is describ$ by ,emile ,littre 9 ,hi/4 litt4 de la ,france 7xxii41 #hda-hea1 #aheb74 ,a ,fr5* prose v]sion 0 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is1 #aebe1 & subsequ5tly 7see ,g4 ,brunet1 ,manuel du libraire1 s4v4 ,guy de ,w>vi*72 ! ,engli% metrical romance exi/s 9 f\r v]sions1 dat+ f ! e>ly #ad? c5tury2 ! text 0 edit$ by ,j4 ,zupitza 7#ahge-ahgf7 = ! ,e4,e4,t4,s4 f ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,lib4 ,pap] ,,ms4 ,ff4 #b1 #ch1 & aga9 7#c pts4 #ahhc-ahia1 extra s]ies1 ,nos4 #db1 #di1 #ei71 f ! ,au*9leck & ,caius ,college ,,mss4 ,! popul>ity ( ! leg5d is %[n by ! num]\s v]sions 9 ,engli%3 ,guy ( ,w>wick1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,gir>dus ,cornubi5sis 7fl4 #acej7 into ,engli% v]se by ,john ,lydgate betwe5 #addb & #adfh2 ,guy ( ,w>wick1 a poem 7writt5 9 #afag & lic5s$1 b n pr9t$7 by ,john ,lane1 ! ,,ms4 ( :i* 7,brit4 ,mus47 conta9s a sonnet by ,john ,milton1 fa!r ( ! poet2 ,! ,fam\s ,hi/orie ( ,guy1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick 7c4 #afjg71 by ,samuel ,r[l&s2 ,! ,booke ( ! ,mo/e ,victory\s ,pr9ce ,guy ( ,w>wicke 7,william ,copl&1 no date72 o!r editions by ,j4 ,cawood & ,c4 ,bates2 *apbooks & ballads ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies3 ,! ,tragical ,hi/ory1 ,admirable ,a*ievem5ts & ,curi\s ,ev5ts ( ,guy1 ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 a trag$y 7#affa7 :i* may possibly be id5tical ) a play on ! subject ,writt5 by ,john ,day & ,?omas ,dekk]1 & ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall on ! #ae? ( ,janu>y #afah_/ai2 ?ree v]se fragm5ts are pr9t$ by ,hales & ,furnivall 9 _! edition ( ! ,p]cy ,folio ,,ms4 vol4 ii42 an e>ly ,fr5* ,,ms4 is describ$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,h]b]t 7,an ,e>ly ,,ms4 ( ,gui de ,w>wick1 ,london1 #aije74 ,see also ,m4 ,weyrau* ,die mittel5gl4 ,fassung5 d] ,sage von ,guy 7#b pts41 ,breslau1 #ahii & #aija72 ,j4 ,zupitza 9 ,silzungsb]4 d4 phil4-hi/4 ,kl4 d4 kgl4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss4 7vol4 lxxiv41 ,vi5na1 #ahgd71 & ,zur ,lit]aturges*i*te des ,guy von ,w>wick 7,vi5na1 #ahgc72 a le>n$ discussion ( ! :ole subject by ,h4 ,l4 ,w>d1 ,catalogue ( ,romances 7i4 #dga-eja1 #ahhc72 & an article by ,s4 ,l4 ,lee 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,"s writ]s h suppos$ t ! fight ) ,colbr& symbolizes ! victory ( ,brunanburh4 ,anelaph & ,gonelaph w\ld !n repres5t ! c\s9s ,anlaf ,sihtricson & ,anlaf ,godfreyson 7see ,,havelok74 #b ,see ! ,engli% leg5ds 9 ,c4 ,hor/mann1 ,alt5glis*e ,leg5d51 ,neue ,folge 7,heilbronn1 #ahha74 ,,guy1 ,,?omas 7#afdd-agbd71 f\nd] ( ,guy's ,hospital1 ,london1 0 ! son ( a light]man & coal-deal] at ,s\?w>k4 ,aft] s]v+ an appr5tice%ip ( eight ye>s ) a booksell]1 he 9 #affh began bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt4 ,he dealt l>gely 9 ,bibles1 :i* _h = _m ye>s be5 poorly & incorrectly pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,^! he at fir/ import$ f ,holl&1 b subsequ5tly obta9$ f ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d ! privilege ( pr9t+4 ,?us1 & by an extremely ?rifty mode ( life1 & m p>ticul>ly by inve/m5t 9 gov]nm5t securities1 ! subscription ( ^! into ! ,s\? ,sea ,company1 & ! subsequ5t sale ( 8 /ock 9 #agbj1 he became ma/] ( an imm5se =tune4 ,he di$ unm>ri$ on ! #ag? ( ,decemb] #agbd4 ,9 #agjg he built ?ree w>ds ( ,/ ,?omas's ,hospital1 :i* in/itution he o!rwise subsequ5tly b5efit$2 & at a co/ ( ,l#ah1gic1 #afs4 he erect$ ,guy's ,hospital1 leav+ = its end[m5t ,l#bai1dii2 he also end[$ ,*ri/'s ,hospital ) ,l#djj a ye>1 & 9 #afgh end[$ alm%\ses at ,tamwor?1 8 "m's bir?place1 :i* 0 repres5t$ by him 9 p>liam5t f #afie to #agjg4 ,! residue ( 8 e/ate1 :i* w5t to di/ant relatives1 am\nt$ to ab\t ,l#hj1jjj4 ,see ,a ,true ,copy ( ! ,la/ ,w & ,te/am5t ( ,?omas ,guy1 ,esq4 7,london1 #agbe72 ,j4 ,noor?\ck1 ,a ,new ,hi/4 ( ,london1 bk4 iii4 *4 i4 p4 #fhd 7#aggc72 ,ni*ols1 ,lit]>y ,anecdotes1 iii4 #eii 7#ahab72 ,*>les ,knight1 ,%ad[s ( ! ,old ,booksell]s1 pp4 #c-bc 7#ahfe72 & ,a ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,guy's ,hospital1 by ,s4 ,wilkes & ,g4 ,t4 ,bettany 7#ahib74 ,,guyon1 ,,jeanne ,,m>ie ,,b\vi] ,,de ,,la ,,mo! 7#afdh-agag71 ,fr5* quieti/ writ]1 0 born at ,mont>gis1 :]e h] family 7 p]sons ( consequ5ce1 on ! #ac? ( ,april #afdh4 ,if h] some:at hy/]ical autobiography may be tru/$ %e 0 mu* neglect$ 9 h] y\?2 mo/ ( h] "t 0 sp5t z a bo>d] 9 v>i\s conv5t s*ools4 ,"h %e w5t ?r\gh all ! religi\s exp]i5ces common to neurotic "y wom52 ^! 7 turn$ 9 a def9itely my/ical direction by ! du*esse de ,be?une1 daught] ( ! disgrac$ m9i/]1 ,f\quet1 :o sp5t "s ye>s at ,mont>gis aft] h] fa!r's fall4 ,9 #affd ,jeanne ,m>ie 0 m>ri$ to a ri* invalid ( ! "n ( ,guyon1 _m ye>s h] s5ior4 ,twelve ye>s lat] he di$1 leav+ 8 wid[ ) ?ree small *ildr5 & a consid]able =tune4 ,all ?r\gh h] unhappy m>ri$ life ! my/ical attraction _h gr[n /eadily 9 viol5ce2 x n[ atta*$ itself to a c]ta9 ,fa!r ,lacombe1 a ,b>nabite monk ( weak "* & un/able intellect4 ,9 #afha %e left h] family & jo9$ him2 = five ye>s ! two rambl$ ab\t toge!r 9 ,savoy & ! s\?-ea/ ( ,france1 spread+ _! my/ical ideas4 ,at la/ !y excit$ ! suspicion ( ! au?orities2 9 #afhf ,lacombe 0 recall$ to ,p>is1 put "u surveillance1 & f9ally s5t to ! ,ba/ille 9 ! autumn ( #afhg4 ,he 0 pres5tly transf]r$ to ! ca/le ( ,l\rdes1 :]e he develop$ s(t5+ ( ! bra9 & di$ 9 #agae4 ,mean:ile ,madame ,guyon _h be5 arre/$ 9 ,janu>y #afhh1 & be5 %ut up 9 a conv5t z a suspect$ h]etic4 ,!nce %e 0 deliv]$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> by h] old fri5d1 ! du*esse de ,be?une1 :o _h return$ f exile to become a p[] 9 ! dev\t c\rt-circle presid$ ov] by ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,be=e long ,madame ,guyon h]self 0 introduc$ into ?is pi\s assemblage4 ,its memb]s 7 f> f critical2 !y 7 int5sely int]e/$ 9 religion2 & ev5 ,madame ,guyon's bitt]e/ critics be> witness to h] *>m ( mann]1 h] impos+ appe>ance1 & ! =ce & eloqu5ce ) :i* %e expla9$ h] my/ical ideas4 ,s mu* 0 ,madame de ,ma9t5on impress$1 t %e (t5 invit$ ,madame ,guyon to give lectures at h] girls' s*ool ( ,/ ,cyr4 ,b by f> ! greate/ ( h] conque/s 0 ,f5elon1 n[ a ris+ "y director ( consci5ces1 mu* 9 fav\r ) ari/ocratic ladies4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! =malism ( av]age ,ca?olic piety1 he 0 already ?9k+ out a my/ical !ory ( 8 own2 & betwe5 #afhi & #afic !y correspond$ regul>ly4 ,b z soon z ugly reports ab\t ,lacombe began to spread1 he broke (f all connexion ) h]4 ,mean:ile ! reports _h rea*$ ! prud5t e>s ( ,madame de ,ma9t5on4 ,9 ,may #afic %e ask$ ,madame ,guyon to g no m to ,/ ,cyr4 ,9 ! hope ( cle>+ h] or?odoxy1 ,madame ,guyon appeal$ to ,bossuet1 :o decid$ t h] books conta9$ mu* t 0 intol]able1 alike 9 =m & matt]4 ,to ?is judgm5t ,madame ,guyon submitt$1 promis$ to dogmatize no m1 & disappe>$ into ! c\ntry 7#afic74 ,9 ! next ye> %e aga9 petition$ = an inquiry1 & 0 ev5tually s5t1 half z a prison]1 half z a p5it5t1 to ,bossuet's ca!dral t[n ( ,meaux4 ,"h %e sp5t ! fir/ half ( #afie2 b 9 ! summ] %e escap$ )\t 8 leave1 be>+ ) h] a c]tificate ( or?odoxy sign$ by him4 ,bossuet reg>d$ ?is flight z a gross act ( disob$i5ce2 9 ! w9t] ,madame ,guyon 0 arre/$ & %ut up 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,!re %e rema9$ till #agjc4 ,9 t ye> %e 0 lib]at$1 on condition %e w5t to live on h] son's e/ate ne> ,blois1 "u ! eye ( a /]n bi%op4 ,"h ! re/ ( h] life 0 sp5t 9 *>itable & pi\s ex]cises2 %e di$ on ! #i? ( ,june #agag4 ,dur+ ^! latt] ye>s h] retreat at ,blois became a regul> place ( pilgrimage = admir]s1 =eign q z (t5 z ,fr5*4 ,inde$1 %e is "o ( ! _m prophetesses ^: fame has /ood highe/ out ( _! own c\ntry4 ,fr5* critics ( all s*ools ( ?\ght h g5]ally reckon$ h] an hy/]ical deg5]ate2 9 ,engl& & ,g]many %e has z (t5 r\s$ en?usia/ic admiration4 ,,au?orities4--,vie de ,madame ,guyon1 ecrite p> elle-meme 7really a compilation made f v>i\s fragm5ts7 7#c vols41 ,p>is1 #agia74 ,!re is a life 9 ,engli% by ,t4 ,c4 ,upham 7,new ,york1 #ahed72 & an elaborate /udy by ,l4 ,gu]ri] 7,p>is1 #ahha74 ,= a rem>kable review ( ?is latt] "w see ,bruneti]e1 ,n\velles ,etudes critiques1 vol4 ii4 ,! complete edition ( ,madame ,guyon's works1 includ+ ! autobiography & five volumes ( lett]s1 runs to =ty volumes 7#agfg-agia72 ! mo/ important works are publi%$ sep>ately1 ,opuscules spirituels 7#b vols41 ,p>is1 #agij74 ,!y h be5 sev]al times translat$ into ,engli%4 ,see also ! lit]ature ( ! article on ,,quietism2 & ,h4 ,delacroix1 ,etudes sur le my/icisme 7,p>is1 #aijh74 7,/ ,c47 ,,guyon1 ,,ri*>d ,,debaufre 7#ahjc-ahef71 ,briti% soldi]1 g5]al 9 ! ,hung>ian revolution>y army & ,turki% pa%a1 0 born at ,walcot1 ne> ,ba?1 9 #ahjc4 ,aft] receiv+ a milit>y education 9 ,engl& & 9 ,au/ria he ent]$ ! ,hung>ian huss>s 9 #ahbc1 9 :i* he s]v$ until aft] 8 m>riage ) a daught] ( ,b>on ,spl5y1 a g5]al (fic] 9 ! imp]ial s]vice4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,hung>ian ,w> 9 #ahdh1 he re-ent]$ active s]vice z an (fic] ( ! ,hung>ian ,honv$s1 & he won great di/9ction 9 ! action ( ,sukoro 7,septemb] #bi1 #ahdh7 & ! battle ( ,s*we*at 7,octob] #cj74 ,he add$ to 8 reputation z a lead] 9 v>i\s actions 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdh-ahdi1 & aft] ! battle ( ,kapolna 0 made a g5]al (fic]4 ,he s]v$ 9 important & sometimes indep5d5t comm&s to ! end ( ! w>1 aft] :i* he escap$ to ,turkey4 ,9 #aheb he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! sultan4 ,he 0 made a pa%a & lieut5ant-g5]al )\t be+ requir$ to *ange 8 fai?1 & r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vice 9 ! campaign aga9/ ! ,russians 9 ,asia ,m9or 7#ahed-ee74 ,g5]al ,guyon di$ ( *ol]a at ,scut>i on ! #ab? ( ,octob] #ahef4 ,see ,a4 ,w4 ,k+lake1 ,! ,patriot & ! ,h]o ,g5]al ,guyon 7#ahef74 ,,guyot1 ,,arnold ,,h5ry 7#ahjg-ahhd71 ,swiss-,am]ican geologi/ & geograph]1 0 born at ,b\devilli]s1 ne> ,neu*atel1 ,switz]l&1 on ! #bh? ( ,septemb] #ahjg4 ,he /udi$ at ! college ( ,neu*atel & 9 ,g]many1 :]e he began a lifelong fri5d%ip ) ,l\is ,agassiz4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( hi/ory & physical geography at ! %ort-liv$ ,neu*atel ,academy f #ahci to #ahdh1 :5 he remov$1 at ,agassiz's in/ance1 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 settl+ 9 ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,= sev]al ye>s he 0 a lectur] = ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,education1 & he 0 pr(essor ( geology & physical geography at ,pr9ceton f #ahed until 8 dea? !re on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #ahhd4 ,he rank$ high z a geologi/ & meteorologi/4 ,z e>ly z #ahch1 he und]took1 at ,agassiz's sugge/ion1 ! /udy ( glaci]s1 & 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce1 9 a pap] submitt$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,france1 c]ta9 important obs]vations relat+ to glacial motion & /ructure4 ,among o!r ?+s he not$ ! m rapid fl[ ( ! c5tre ?an ( ! sides1 & ! m rapid fl[ ( ! top ?an ( ! bottom ( glaci]s2 describ$ ! lam9at$ or ribbon$ /ructure ( ! glacial ice1 & ascrib$ ! movem5t ( glaci]s to a gradual molecul> displacem5t r ?an to a slid+ ( ! ice mass z held by de ,saussure4 ,he subsequ5tly collect$ important data conc]n+ erratic b\ld]s4 ,8 ext5sive meteorological obs]vations 9 ,am]ica l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 & 8 ,meteorological & ,physical ,tables 7#aheb1 revis$ ed4 #ahhd7 7 long /&>d4 ,8 grad$ s]ies ( text-books & wall-maps 7 important aids 9 ! ext5sion & popul>ization ( geological /udy 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 addition to text-books1 8 pr9cipal publications 73 ,e>? & ,man1 ,lectures on ,comp>ative ,physical ,geography 9 its ,relation to ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d 7translat$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,c4 ,felton1 #ahdi72 ,a ,memoir ( ,l\is ,agassiz 7#ahhc72 & ,creation1 or ! ,biblical ,cosmogony 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce 7#ahhd74 ,see ,james ,d4 ,dana's ,memoir 9 ! ,biographical ,memoirs ( ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhf74 ,,guyot1 ,,yves 7#ahdc- 71 ,fr5* politician & economi/1 0 born at ,d9an on ! #f? ( ,septemb] #ahdc4 ,educat$ at ,r5nes1 he took up ! pr(ession ( j\rnalism1 com+ to ,p>is 9 #ahfg4 ,he 0 = a %ort p]iod editor-9-*ief ( ,l',indep5dant du midi ( ,nimes1 b jo9$ ! /aff ( ,la ,rappel on its f\ndation1 & work$ subsequ5tly on o!r j\rnals4 ,he took an active "p 9 municipal life1 & wag$ a ke5 campaign aga9/ ! prefecture ( police1 = :i* he suff]$ six mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,he ent]$ ! *amb] ( deputies 9 #ahhe z repres5tative ( ! fir/ arrondissem5t ( ,p>is & 0 rapporteur g5]al ( ! budget ( #ahhh4 ,he became m9i/] ( public works "u ! premi]%ip ( ,p4 ,e4 ,tir>d 9 #ahhi1 reta9+ 8 portfolio 9 ! cab9et ( ,c4 ,l4 de ,freyc9et until #ahib4 ,al?\gh ( /rong lib]al views1 he lo/ 8 seat 9 ! election ( #ahic ow+ to 8 militant attitude aga9/ socialism4 ,an uncompromis+ free-trad]1 he publi%$ ,la ,com$ie protectionni/e 7#aije2 ,eng4 trans4 ,! ,com$y ( ,protection72 ,la ,sci5ce economique 7#a/ ed4 #ahha2 #crd ed4 #aijg72 ,la ,pro/itution 7#ahhb72 ,la ,tyrannie sociali/e 7#ahic71 all ?ree translat$ into ,engli%2 ,les ,conflits du travail et leur solution 7#aijc72 ,la ,democratie individuali/e 7#aijg74 ,,guyton ,,de ,,morveau1 ,,l\is ,,b]n>d1 ,,b>on 7#agcg-ahaf71 ,fr5* *emi/1 0 born on ! #d? ( ,janu>y #agcg1 at ,dijon1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 pr(essor ( civil law at ! univ]sity4 ,z a boy he %[$ rem>kable aptitude = practical me*anics1 b on leav+ s*ool he /udi$ law 9 ! univ]sity ( ,dijon1 & 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye> became advocate-g5]al 9 ! p>lem5t ( ,dijon4 ,?is (fice he held till #aghb4 ,devot+ 8 leisure to ! /udy ( *emi/ry1 he publi%$ 9 #aggb 8 ,digressions academiques1 9 :i* he set =? 8 views on phlogi/on1 cry/allization1 c41 & two ye>s lat] he e/abli%$ 9 8 native t[n c\rses ( lectures on mat]ia m$ica1 m9]alogy & *emi/ry4 ,an essay on *emical nom5clature1 :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de physique = ,may #aghb1 0 ultimately develop$ ) ! aid ( ,a4 ,l4 ,lavoisi]1 ,c4 ,l4 ,b]?ollet & ,a4 ,f4 ,f\rcroy1 into ! ,me?ode d'une nom5clature *imique1 publi%$ 9 #aghg1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* 7 spe$ily adopt$ by *emi/s ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,con/antly 9 communication ) ! lead]s ( ! ,lavoisi]ian s*ool1 he soon became a conv]t to ! anti-phlogi/ic doctr9e2 & he publi%$ 8 reasons 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! section ,*ymie1 ,ph>macie et ,metallurgie ( ! ,encyclop$ie me?odique 7#aghf71 ! *emical articles 9 :i* 7 writt5 by him1 z well z "s ( ^? 9 ! second volume 7#agib74 ,9 #agid he 0 appo9t$ to sup]9t5d ! con/ruction ( balloons = milit>y purposes1 be+ kn[n z ! au?or ( "s a]onautical exp]im5ts c>ri$ out at ,dijon "s t5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,9 #agia he became a memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 to :i* he 0 re-elect$ 9 #agie1 b he retir$ f political life 9 #agig4 ,9 #agih he act$ z provisional director ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 9 ! f\ndation ( :i* he took an active "p1 & f #ahjj to #ahad he held ! appo9tm5t ( ma/] ( ! m9t4 ,9 #ahaa he 0 made a b>on ( ! ,fr5* ,empire4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #ahaf4 ,besides be+ a dilig5t contributor to ! sci5tific p]iodicals ( ! day1 ,guyton wrote ,memoire sur l'education publique 7#agfb72 a satirical poem entitl$ ,le ,rat iconocla/e1 ou le ,jesuite croque 7#agfc72 ,disc\rs publics et eloges 7#agge-aghb72 ,plaidoy]s sur plusieurs que/ions de droit 7#aghe72 & ,traite des moy5s de des9fect] l'air 7#ahja71 describ+ ! dis9fect+ p[]s ( *lor9e1 & ( hydro*loric acid gas :i* he _h successfully us$ at ,dijon 9 #aggc4 ,) ,hugues ,m>et 7#agbf-aghe7 & ,jean ,francois ,dur&e 7d4 #agid7 he also publi%$ ! ,elem5s de *ymie !orique et pratique 7#aggf-aggg74 ,,guzmics1 ,,izidor 7#aghf-ahci74 ,hung>ian !ologian1 0 born on ! #g? ( ,april #aghf at ,vamos-,csalad1 9 ! c\nty ( ,sopron4 ,at ,sopron 7,o$5burg7 he 0 in/ruct$ 9 ! art ( poetry by ,paul ,horva?4 ,9 ,octob] #ahje he ent]$ ! ,b5$ict9e ord]1 b left x 9 ,augu/ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 only aga9 to assume ! mona/ic g>b on ! #aj? ( ,novemb] #ahjf4 ,at ! mona/]y ( ,pannonhegy he appli$ himself to ! /udy ( ,greek "u ,f>kas ,to? & 9 #ahab he 0 s5t to ,pe/h to /udy !ology4 ,"h he read ! be/ ,g]man & ,hung>ian au?ors1 & took "p 9 ! editor%ip ( ! ,nemzeti 7,national7 ,plut>kus1 & 9 ! translation ( ,johann ,hubn]'s ,lexicon4 ,on obta9+ ! degree ( doctor ( div9ity 9 #ahaf1 he return$ to ,pannonhegy1 :]e he devot$ himself to dogmatic !ology & lit]ature1 & contribut$ l>gely to ,hung>ian p]iodicals4 ,! mo/ important ( 8 !ological works are3 ,a ka?4 anyasz5tegyhaznak hitbeli tanitasa 7,! ,doctr9al ,tea*+ ( ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*71 & ,a k]eszt5yeknek vallasbeli egyesulesokrol 7,on ,religi\s ,unity among ,*ri/ians71 bo? publi%$ at ,pe/h 9 #ahbb2 also a ,lat9 treatise entitl$ ,!ologia ,*ri/iana fundam5talis et !ologia dogmatica 7#d vols41 ,gyor1 #ahbh-ahbi74 ,8 translation ( ,!ocritus 9 hexamet]s 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbd4 ,8 v]sions ( ! ,o$ipus ( ,sophocles & ( ! ,iphig5ia ( ,euripides 7 rew>d$ by ! ,hung>ian ,academy1 ( :i* 9 #ahch he 0 elect$ honor>y memb]4 ,9 #ahcb he 0 appo9t$ abbot ( ! weal?y ,b5$ict9e h\se at ,bakonybel1 a village 9 ! c\nty ( ,veszprem4 ,!re he built an asylum = #aej *ildr51 & f\nd$ a s*ool ( h>mony & s++4 ,he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,septemb] #ahci4 ,,gwad>1 a port on ! ,makran coa/ ( ,balu*i/an1 ab\t #bij m4 ,w4 ( ,k>a*i4 ,pop4 7#aijc71 #dcej4 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury x 0 h&$ ov] by ! khan ( ,kalat to ! sultan ( ,muscat1 :o /ill ex]cises sov]eignty ov] ! port1 toge!r ) ab\t #cjj sq4 m4 ( ! adjo9+ c\ntry4 ,x is a place ( call = ! /eam]s ( ! ,briti% ,india ,navigation ,company4 ,,gwalior1 a native /ate ( ,india1 9 ! ,c5tral ,india ag5cy1 by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! num]\s pr9cipalities compris$ 9 t area4 ,x is ! dom9ion ( ! ,s9dhia family4 ,! /ate consi/s ( two well-def9$ p>ts :i* may r\ghly be call$ ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn4 ,! =m] is a compact mass ( t]ritory1 b\nd$ ,n4 & ,n4,w4 by ! ,*ambal riv]1 :i* sep>ates x f ! ,briti% di/ricts ( ,agra & ,etawah1 & ! native /ates ( ,dholpur1 ,k>auli & ,jaipur ( ,rajputana2 ,e4 by ! ,briti% di/ricts ( ,jalaun1 ,jhansi1 ,lalitpur & ,saugor2 ,s4 by ! /ates ( ,bhopal1 ,tonk1 ,khil*ipur & ,rajg>h2 & ,w4 by ^? ( ,jhalaw>1 ,tonk & ,kotah ( ,rajputana4 ,! s\!rn1 or ,malwa1 portion is made up ( deta*$ or semi-deta*$ di/ricts1 betwe5 :i* are int]pos$ p>ts ( o!r /ates1 :i* aga9 are mix$ up ) ea* o!r 9 bewild]+ intricacy4 ,! two portions toge!r h a total area ( #be1jda sq4 m4 ,pop4 7#aija71 #b1icc1jja1 %[+ a decrease ( #ac 9 ! decade4 ,! /ate may be naturally divid$ into pla91 plateau & hilly c\ntry4 ,! pla9 c\ntry ext5ds f ! ,*ambal riv] 9 ! extreme s\?w>ds = ab\t #hj m41 ) a maximum wid? f ea/ to we/ ( ab\t #abj m4 ,?is pla91 ?\gh brok5 9 its s\!rn portion by l[ hills1 has g5]ally an elevation ( only a few hundr$ feet above sea-level4 ,9 ! summ] season ! climate is v hot1 ! %ade temp]ature ris+ frequ5tly to #aab deg4 ,f41 b 9 ! w9t] mon?s 7f ,novemb] to ,febru>y inclusive7 x is usually temp]ate & = %ort p]iods extremely cold4 ,! av]age ra9fall is #cj 941 b ! p]iod #ahia-aija 0 a decade ( l[ ra9fall1 & di/ress 0 caus$ by fam9e4 ,s\? ( ?is tract !re is a gradual asc5t to ! ,c5tral ,india plateau1 & at ,sipri ! g5]al level is #aejj ft4 above ! sea4 ,on ?is plateau lies ! rema9d] ( ! /ate1 ) ! exception ( ! small di/rict ( ,amjh]a 9 ! extreme s\?4 ,! elevation ( ?is region gives x a mod]ate climate dur+ ! summ] z comp>$ ) ! pla9 c\ntry1 :ile ! w9t] is w>m] & m equable4 ,! av]age ra9fall is #bh 94 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! /ate1 class$ z hilly1 comprises only ! small di/rict ( ,amjh]a4 ,?is is kn[n z ! ,bhil c\ntry1 & lies among ! ,v9dhya m\nta9s ) a mean elevation ( ab\t #ahjj ft4 ,! ra9fall av]ages #bc 94 ,9 ! two ye>s #ahii & #aijj ! monsoon 0 v weak1 ! result be+ a sev]e fam9e :i* caus$ great mortality among ! ,bhil population4 ,( ^! ?ree natural divisions ! plateau possesses ! mo/ f]tile soil1 g5]ally ( ! k9d kn[n z black cotton1 b ! l[-ly+ pla9 has ! d5se/ population4 ,! /ate is wat]$ by num]\s riv]s4 ,! ,n]budda1 fl[+ we/1 =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y4 ,! great] "p ( ! dra9age is dis*>g$ into ! ,*ambal1 :i* =ms ! nor?-we/]n & nor!rn & ea/]n b\nd>y4 ,! ,s9d1 ) its tribut>ies ! ,kuw>i1 ,as> & ,sankh1 fl[s ?r\gh ! nor!rn division4 ,! *ief products are :eat1 millets1 pulses ( v>i\s k9ds1 maize1 rice1 l9se$ & o!r oil-se$s2 poppy1 yield+ ! ,malwa opium2 sug>-cane1 cotton1 tobacco1 indigo1 g>lic1 turm]ic & g+]4 ,ab\t #fj ( ! population are employ$ 9 agricultural & only #ae 9 indu/rial occupations1 ! great majority ( ! latt] be+ home work]s4 ,!re is a lea!r-factory at ,mor>2 cotton-presses at ,mor5a1 ,baghana & ,ujja92 g9n+ factories at ,ag>1 ,nalkh]a1 ,%ajapur & ,sonka*2 & a cotton-mill at ,ujja94 ,! cotton indu/ry alone %[s possibilities ( consid]able developm5t1 !re be+ #ee1jjj p]sons engag$ 9 x at ! "t ( ! c5sus ( #aija4 ,! population is compos$ ( _m elem5ts1 among :i* ,brahmans & ,rajputs are specially num]\s4 ,! prevail+ religion is ,h9duism1 #hd ( ! p be+ ,h9dus & only #f ,mahomm$ans4 ,! rev5ue ( ! /ate is ab\t "o million /]l+2 & l>ge res]ves h be5 accumulat$1 f :i* two millions 7 l5t to ! gov]nm5t ( ,india 9 #ahhg1 & lat] on ano!r million = ! con/ruction ( ! ,gwalior-,agra & ,indore-,neemu* railways4 ,! railways und]tak5 by ! /ate are3 7#a7 f ,b9a on ! ,indian ,midl& to ,goona2 7#b7 an ext5sion ( ?is l9e to ,b>an1 op5$ 9 #ahii2 7#c7 f ,bhopal to ,ujja92 7#d7 two light railways1 f ,gwalior to ,sipri & ,gwalior to ,bh9d1 :i* 7 op5$ by ! vic]oy 9 ,novemb] #ahii4 ,on ! same occasion ! vic]oy op5$ ! ,victoria ,college1 f\nd$ to commemorate ! ,diamond ,jubilee2 & ! ,memorial ,hospital1 built 9 memory ( ! mah>aja's fa!r4 ,briti% curr5cy has be5 introduc$ in/ead ( ,*&ori rupees1 :i* 7 mu* depreciat$4 ,! /ate ma9ta9s ?ree regim5ts ( ,imp]ial ,s]vice cavalry1 two battalions ( infantry & a transport corps4 ,hi/ory4--,! ,s9dhia family1 ! rul]s ( ! ,gwalior /ate1 belong to ! ,mahratta nation & orig9ally came f ! neighb\rhood ( ,poona4 ,_! fir/ appe>ance 9 ,c5tral ,india 0 e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury 9 ! p]son ( ,ranoji 7d4 #agde71 a scion ( an impov]i%$ bran* ( ! family1 :o began 8 c>e] z ! pe%wa's slipp]-c>ri] & rose by 8 milit>y abilities to be comm&] ( 8 bodygu>d4 ,9 #agbf1 toge!r ) ,malh> ,rao ,holk>1 ! f\nd] ( ! h\se ( ,indore1 he 0 au?oriz$ by ! pe%wa to collect tribute 7*au?7 9 ! ,malwa di/ricts4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 headqu>t]s at ,ujja91 :i* ?us became ! fir/ capital ( ,s9dhia's dom9ions4 ,ranoji's son & successor1 ,jayapa ,s9dhia1 0 kill$ at ,nagaur 9 #agei1 & 0 9 8 turn succe$$ by 8 son ,jankoji ,s9dhia4 ,b ! real f\nd] ( ! /ate ( ,gwalior 0 ,mahadji ,s9dhia1 a natural son ( ,ranoji1 :o1 aft] n>r[ly escap+ ) 8 life f ! t]rible slaught] ( ,panipat 9 #agfa 7:5 ,jankoji 0 kill$71 obta9$ ) "s difficulty f ! pe%wa a re-grant ( 8 fa!r's possessions 9 ,c5tral ,india 7#agfi74 ,dur+ ! /ruggle :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,madhu ,rao ,pe%wa 9 #aggb ,mahadji seiz$ e occasion = ext5d+ 8 p[] & possessions4 ,9 #agge1 h[ev]1 :5 ,raghuba ,pe%wa ?rew himself on ! protection ( ! ,briti%1 ! rev]ses :i* ,mahadji enc\nt]$ at _! h&s--,gwalior be+ tak5 by ,major ,popham 9 #aghj--op5$ 8 eyes to _! p[]4 ,by ! treaty ( ,salbai 7#aghb7 x 0 agre$ t ,mahadji %\ld )draw to ,ujja91 & ! ,briti% retire nor? ( ! ,jumna4 ,mahadji1 :o und]took to op5 negotiations ) ! o!r bellig]5ts1 0 recogniz$ z an indep5d5t rul]1 & a ,briti% resid5t 0 e/abli%$ at 8 c\rt4 ,mahadji1 aid$ by ! ,briti% policy ( neutrality1 n[ set to "w to e/abli% 8 supremacy ov] ,h9du/an prop]4 ,realiz+ ! sup]iority ( ,european me?ods ( w>f>e1 he avail$ himself ( ! s]vices ( a ,savoy>d soldi] ( =tune1 ,b5oit de ,boigne1 ^: g5ius = milit>y organization & comm& 9 ! field 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 e/abli%+ ! ,mahratta p[]4 ,mahadji's discipl9$ troops made him inv9cible4 ,9 #aghe he re-e/abli%$ ,%ah ,alam on ! imp]ial ?rone at ,delhi1 & z 8 rew>d obta9$ = ! pe%wa ! title ( vakil-ul-mutlak or viceg]5t ( ! empire1 cont5t+ himself ) t ( 8 deputy4 ,9 #aghh he took advantage ( ! cruelties practis$ by ,ghulam ,kadir on ,%ah ,alam1 to occupy ,delhi1 :]e he e/abli%$ himself z ! protector ( ! ag$ emp]or4 ,?\gh nom9ally a deputy ( ! pe%wa he 0 n[ rul] ( a va/ t]ritory1 includ+ ! great] "p ( ,c5tral ,india & ,h9du/an prop]1 :ile 8 lieut5ants exact$ tribute f ! *iefs ( ,rajputana4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he look$ ) appreh5sion on ! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,briti%2 b he wisely avoid$ any s]i\s collision ) !m4 ,mahadji di$ 9 #agid1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 adopt$ son1 ,daulat ,rao ,s9dhia1 a gr&son ( 8 bro!r ,tukoji4 ,:51 dur+ ! p]iod ( unre/ t foll[$ ! dea?s ( ! pe%wa1 ,madhu ,rao ,,ii41 9 #agie & ( ,tukoji ,holk> 9 #agig1 ! ,mahratta lead]s f\ght ov] ! "q ( supremacy1 ! pe%wa1 ,baji ,rao ,,ii41 ! titul> head ( ! ,mahratta conf$]ation1 fl$ f 8 capital & plac$ himself "u ,briti% protection by ! treaty ( ,basse9 7,decemb] #ca1 #ahjb74 ,?is int]position ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 0 res5t$ by ! conf$]acy1 & x br\ght on ! ,mahratta ,w> ( #ahjc4 ,9 ! campaign t foll[$ a comb9$ ,mahratta army1 9 :i* ,daulat ,rao's troops furni%$ ! l>ge/ cont+5t1 0 defeat$ by ,g5]al ,ar?ur ,wellesley at ,assaye & ,argaum 9 ,c5tral ,india2 & ,"l ,lake r\t$ ,daulat ,rao's ,european-tra9$ battalions 9 ,nor!rn ,india at ,agra1 ,alig>h & ,lasw>i4 ,daulat ,rao 0 !n compell$ to sign ! treaty ( ,s>ji ,anjangaon 7,decemb] #cj1 #ahjc71 :i* /ripp$ him ( 8 t]ritories betwe5 ! ,jumna & ,ganges1 ! di/rict ( ,broa* 9 ,guj>at & o!r l&s 9 ! s\?4 ,by ! same treaty he 0 depriv$ ( ! =ts ( ,gwalior & ,gohad2 b ^! 7 re/or$ by ,"l ,cornwallis 9 #ahje1 :5 ! ,*ambal riv] 0 made ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! /ate4 ,by a treaty sign$ at ,burhanpur 9 #ahjc ,daulat ,rao fur!r agre$ to ma9ta9 a subsidi>y =ce1 to be paid out ( ! rev5ues ( ! t]ritories c$$ "u ! treaty ( ,s>ji ,anjangaon4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 #ahaf he 0 call$ ^u to assi/ 9 ! suppression ( ! ,p9d>is1 ?\gh by ! treaty ( ,gwalior 7#ahag7 he promis$ 8 co-op]ation1 8 conduct 0 s equivocal t 9 #ahah he 0 =c$ to sign a fre% treaty by :i* he c$$ ,ajm]e & o!r l&s4 ,daulat ,rao di$ )\t issue 9 #ahbg1 & 8 wid[1 ,baiza ,bai 7d4 #ahfb71 adopt$ ,mukut ,rao1 a boy ( elev5 belong+ to a di/ant bran* ( ! family1 :o succe$$ z ,jankoji ,rao ,s9dhia4 ,8 rule 0 weak2 ! /ate 0 di/ract$ by int]m9able palace intrigues & milit>y mut9ies1 & affairs w5t f bad to worse :51 9 #ahdc1 ,jankoji ,rao1 :o left no heir1 0 succe$$ by ano!r boy1 adopt$ by 8 wid[1 ,t>a ,bai1 "u ! "n ( ,jayaji ,rao ,s9dhia4 ,! gr[? ( turbul5ce & misrule n[ induc$ ,"l ,ell5bor\gh to int]pose1 & a ,briti% =ce "u ,sir ,hugh ,g\gh advanc$ ^u ,gwalior 7,decemb] #ahdc74 ,! ,mahratta troops 7 defeat$ simultane\sly at ,mah>ajpur & ,punni> 7,decemb] #bi71 ) ! result t ! ,gwalior gov]nm5t sign$ a treaty c$+ t]ritory ) rev5ue suffici5t = ! ma9t5ance ( a cont+5t =ce to be /ation$ at ! capital1 & limit+ ! future /r5g? ( ! ,gwalior army1 :ile a c\ncil ( reg5cy 0 appo9t$ dur+ ! m9ority to act "u ! resid5t's advice4 ,9 #aheg ! ,gwalior cont+5t jo9$ ! mut9e]s2 b ! mah>aja himself rema9$ loyal to ! ,briti%1 & fl$ f 8 capital until ! place 0 retak5 & 8 au?ority re/or$ by ,sir ,hugh ,rose 7,"l ,/ra?nairn7 on ! #ai? ( ,june #aheh4 ,he 0 rew>d$ ) ! di/ricts ( ,neemu* & ,amjh]a1 b ,gwalior =t 0 occupi$ by ,briti% troops & 0 only re/or$ to 8 son 9 #ahhf by ,"l ,duff]94 ,jayaji ,rao1 :o di$ 9 #ahhf1 did mu* = ! developm5t ( 8 /ate4 ,he 0 creat$ a ,g4,c4,s4,i 9 #ahfa1 & subsequ5tly became a c\nsellor ( ! empress1 a ,g4,c4,b4 & ,c4,i4,e4 ,8 son1 ! mah>aja1 ,madhava ,rao ,s9dhia1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 0 born 9 #ahgg4 ,dur+ 8 m9ority ! /ate 0 adm9i/]$ = eight ye>s by a c\ncil ( reg5cy4 ,he 0 entru/$ ) rul+ p[]s 9 #ahid1 & 9 all respects cont9u$ ! re=m+ policy ( ! c\ncil1 :ile pay+ p]sonal att5tion to e dep>tm5t1 be+ a ke5 soldi]1 an en]getic adm9i/rator1 & fully alive to ! responsibilities atta*+ to 8 position4 ,he 0 creat$ an honor>y aide-de-camp to ! k+-emp]or & an honor>y colonel 9 ! ,briti% army4 ,he w5t to ,*9a z ord]ly (fic] to ,g5]al ,gaselee 9 #aija1 & provid$ ! exp$ition ) a hospital %ip at 8 own exp5se1 :ile 8 ,imp]ial ,s]vice ,transport ,corps prov$ a useful auxili>y to ! ,briti% army 9 ! ,*itral & ,tirah exp$itions4 ,! ,,city ,,( ,,gwalior is #gf m4 by rail ,s4 ( ,agra1 & _h a population 9 #aija ( #aai1dcc4 ,?is total includes ! new t[n ( ,la%k> or ! ,camp :i* is ! mod]n capital ( ! /ate & old ,gwalior4 ,! old t[n has a ?reefold int]e/3 fir/ z a v anci5t seat ( ,ja9 wor%ip2 secondly = its example ( palace ar*itecture ( ! be/ ,h9du p]iod 7#adhf-aeaf72 & ?irdly z an hi/oric =tress4 ,!re are sev]al rem>kable ,h9du temples )9 ! =t4 ,"o1 kn[n z ! ,sas ,bahu1 is beautifully adorn$ ) bas-reliefs4 ,x 0 f9i%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ajic1 &1 ?\gh mu* dilapidat$1 /ill =ms a mo/ picturesque fragm5t4 ,an old] ,ja9 temple has be5 us$ z a mosque4 ,ano!r temple 9 ! =tress ( ,gwalior is call$ ! ,teli-,m&ir1 or ,oilman's ,temple4 ,?is build+ 0 orig9ally d$icat$ to ,vi%nu1 b aft]w>ds conv]t$ to ! wor%ip ( ,siva4 ,! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ! ,ja9 rema9s at ,gwalior is a s]ies ( caves or rock-cut sculptures1 excavat$ 9 ! rock on all sides1 & numb]+ ne>ly a hundr$1 great & small4 ,mo/ ( !m are m]e ni*es to conta9 /atues1 ?\gh "s are cells t may h be5 orig9ally int5d$ = resid5ces4 ,"o curi\s fact reg>d+ !m is t1 accord+ to inscriptions1 !y 7 all excavat$ )9 ! %ort p]iod ( ab\t ?irty-?ree ye>s1 betwe5 #adda & #adgd4 ,"s ( ! figures are ( colossal size2 "o1 = in/ance1 is #eg ft4 high1 :i* is tall] ?an any o!r 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,! palace built by ,man ,s+h 7#adhf-aeaf7 =ms ! mo/ int]e/+ example ( e>ly ,h9du "w ( its class 9 ,india4 ,ano!r palace ( ev5 great] ext5t 0 add$ to ?is 9 #aeaf2 bo? ,jehangir & ,%ah ,jahan add$ palaces to ^! two--! :ole mak+ a gr\p ( edifices unequall$ = picturesqu5ess & int]e/ by any?+ ( _! class 9 ,c5tral ,india4 ,among ! ap>tm5ts 9 ! palace 0 ! celebrat$ *amb]1 nam$ ! ,b>ad>i1 support$ on #ab columns1 & #de ft4 squ>e1 ) a /one ro(1 =m+ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful palace-halls 9 ! _w4 ,x 01 besides1 s+ul>ly int]e/+ f ! exp$i5ts to :i* ! ,h9du ar*itect 0 =c$ to resort to imitate ! vaults ( ! ,moslems4 ,( ! build+s1 h[ev]1 :i* s excit$ ! admiration ( ! emp]or ,bab]1 probably little n[ rema9s4 ,! =t ( ,gwalior1 )9 :i* ! above build+s are situat$1 /&s on an isolat$ rock4 ,! face is p]p5dicul> & :]e ! rock is naturally less precipit\s x has be5 sc>p$4 ,its greate/ l5g? f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/ is a mile & a half1 & ! greate/ bread? #ijj yds4 ,! rock atta9s its maximum height ( #cdb ft4 at ! nor!rn end4 ,a ramp>t1 accessible by a /eep road1 & f>!r up by huge /eps cut out ( ! rock1 surr\nds ! =t4 ,! citadel /&s at ! nor?-ea/]n corn] ( ! enclosure1 & pres5ts a v picturesque appe>ance4 ,! old t[n ( ,gwalior1 :i* is ( consid]able size1 b irregul>ly built1 & extremely dirty1 lies at ! ea/]n base ( ! rock4 ,x conta9s ! tomb ( ,mahomm$ ,ghaus1 erect$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ,akb>'s reign4 ,! =t ( ,gwalior 0 traditionally built by "o ,surya ,s51 ! raja ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,9 #aaif ,gwalior 0 captur$ by ,mahomm$ ,ghori2 x !n pass$ into ! h&s ( sev]al *iefs until 9 #aeei ,akb> ga9$ possession ( x1 & made x a /ate prison = captives ( rank4 ,on ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,delhi empire1 ,gwalior 0 seiz$ by ! ,jat rana ( ,gohad4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 g>rison$ by ,s9dhia1 f :om x 0 wre/$ 9 #aghj by ! =ces ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & to :om x 0 f9ally re/or$ by ! ,briti% 9 #ahhf4 ,! mod]n t[n conta9s ! palace ( ! *ief1 a college1 a high s*ool1 a girls' s*ool1 a s]vice s*ool to tra9 (ficials1 a law s*ool1 hospitals = m5 & = wom51 a museum1 pap]-mills1 & a pr9t+-press issu+ a /ate gazette4 ,,gwalior ,,resid5cy1 an adm9i/rative unit 9 ! ,c5tral ,india ag5cy1 comprises ,gwalior /ate & elev5 small] /ates & e/ates4 ,its total area is #ag1hbe sq4 m41 & its population 9 #aija 0 #b1ahg1fab4 ,( ! area1 #ag1jbj sq4 m4 belong to ,gwalior ,/ate1 & ! ag5cy also includes ! small /ates ( ,raghug>h1 ,khaniadhana1 ,p>on1 ,g>ha1 ,umri & ,bhadaura1 ) ! ,*habra p>gana ( ,tonk4 ,,gwe$ore1 a hamlet & t\ri/ resort ( ,co4 ,donegal1 ,irel&1 on ! ,londond]ry ,l\gh ,swilly ,lett]k5ny railway4 ,! riv] ,clady1 runn+ pa/ ! village f ! ,nacung ,l\ghs1 af=ds salmon & tr\t fi%+4 ,! f9e surr\nd+ sc5]y culm9ates to ! ea/ 9 ! wild m\nta9 ,errigal 7#bdff ft47 at ! upp] end ( ! l\ghs4 ,! place owes its popul>ity z a resort to ,"l ,george ,hill 7d4 #ahgi71 :o also lab\r$ = ! amelioration ( ! conditions ( ! peasantry on 8 e/ate1 & combat$ ! ,rundale sy/em ( m9ute rep>tition ( prop]ty4 ,9 #ahhi1 dur+ ! tr\bles :i* arose out ( evictions1 ,gwe$ore 0 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,iri% con/abul>y1 :5 ,di/rict ,inspector ,m>t9 0 op5ly murd]$ on attempt+ to arre/ a prie/ on 8 way to ,mass4 ,,gwilt1 ,,joseph 7#aghd-ahfc71 ,engli% ar*itect & writ]1 0 ! y\ng] son ( ,george ,gwilt1 ar*itect surveyor to ! c\nty ( ,surrey1 & 0 born at ,s\?w>k on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #aghd4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,/ ,paul's s*ool1 & aft] a %ort c\rse ( in/ruction 9 8 fa!r's (fice 0 9 #ahja admitt$ a /ud5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 :]e 9 ! same ye> he ga9$ ! silv] m$al = 8 draw+ ( ! t[] & /eeple ( ,/ ,dun/an-9-!-,ea/4 ,9 #ahaa he publi%$ a ,treatise on ! ,equilibrium ( ,ar*es1 & 9 #ahae he 0 elect$ ,f4,s4,a4 ,aft] a visit to ,italy 9 #ahaf1 he publi%$ 9 #ahah ,notitia ar*itectonica italiana1 or ,concise ,notices ( ! ,build+s & ,ar*itects ( ,italy4 ,9 #ahbe he publi%$ an edition ( ,sir ,william ,*amb]s's ,treatise on ,civil ,ar*itecture2 & among 8 o!r pr9cipal contributions to ! lit]ature ( 8 pr(ession are a translation ( ! ,ar*itecture ( ,vitruvius 7#ahbf71 a ,treatise on ! ,rudim5ts ( ,ar*itecture1 ,practical & ,!oretical 7#ahbf71 & 8 valuable ,encyclopa$ia ( ,ar*itecture 7#ahdb71 :i* 0 publi%$ ) additions by ,wyatt ,papwor? 9 #ahfg4 ,9 recognition ( ,gwilt's advocacy ( ! importance to ar*itects ( a k ( ma!matics1 he 0 9 #ahcc elect$ a memb] ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,he took a special int]e/ 9 philology & music1 & 0 ! au?or ( ,rudim5ts ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,tongue 7#ahbi71 & ( ! article ,music 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia metropolitana4 ,8 pr9cipal works z a practical ar*itect 7 ,m>kree ,ca/le ne> ,sligo 9 ,irel&1 & ,/ ,?omas's *ur* at ,*>lton 9 ,k5t4 ,he di$ on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] #ahfc4 ,,gwyn1 ,,nell ,,eleanor 7#afej-afhg71 ,engli% actress1 & mi/ress ( ,*>les ,,ii41 0 born on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #afej_/a1 probably 9 an alley (f ,drury ,lane1 ,london1 al?\gh ,h]e=d also claims to h be5 h] bir?place4 ,h] fa!r1 ,?omas ,gwyn1 appe>s to h be5 a brok5-d[n soldi] ( a family ( ,wel% orig94 ,( h] "m little is kn[n save t %e liv$ = "s "t ) h] daught]1 & t 9 #afgi %e 0 dr[n$1 app>5tly :5 intoxicat$1 9 a pond at ,*elsea4 ,nell ,gwyn1 :o sold oranges 9 ! prec9cts ( ,drury ,lane ,!atre1 pass$1 at ! age ( fifte51 to ! bo>ds1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! actor ,*>les ,h>t & ( ,rob]t ,duncan or ,dungan1 an (fic] ( ! gu>ds :o _h int]e/ ) ! managem5t4 ,h] fir/ record$ appe>ance on ! /age 0 9 #affe z ,cyd>ia1 ,montezuma's daught]1 9 ,dryd5's ,indian ,emp]or1 a s]i\s "p ill-suit$ to h]4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> %e 0 ,lady ,weal?y 9 ! ,hon4 ,james ,h[>d's com$y ,! ,engli% ,monsieur4 ,pepys 0 delight$ ) ! play+ ( pretty1 witty ,nell1 b :5 he saw h] z ,florimel 9 ,dryd5's ,secret ,love1 or ! ,maid5 ,que51 he wrote s great a p]=mance ( a comical "p 0 nev]1 ,i believe1 9 ! _w be=e &1 s done by ,nell h] m]ry "p z _c be bett] done 9 nature 7,di>y1 ,m>* #be1 #affg74 ,h] success br\ght h] o!r lead+ roles--,bell>io1 9 ,beaumont & ,flet*]'s ,phila/]2 ,flora1 9 ,rhodes's ,flora's ,vag>ies2 ,samira1 9 ,sir ,rob]t ,h[>d's ,surprisal2 & %e rema9$ a memb] ( ! ,drury ,lane company until #affi1 play+ cont9u\sly save = a brief abs5ce 9 ! summ] ( #affg :5 %e liv$ at ,epsom z ! mi/ress ( ,"l ,buckhur/1 aft]w>ds #f? e>l ( ,dorset 7q4v474 ,h] la/ appe>ance 0 z ,almahide to ! ,almanzor ( ,h>t1 9 ,dryd5's ,! ,conque/ ( ,granada 7#afgj71 ! production ( :i* _h be5 po/pon$ "s mon?s = h] return to ! /age aft] ! bir? ( h] fir/ son by ! k+4 ,z an actress ,nell ,gwyn 0 l>gely indebt$ to ,dryd51 :o seems to h made a special /udy ( h] airy1 irresponsible p]sonality1 & :o kept h] suppli$ ) p>ts :i* suit$ h]4 ,%e excell$ 9 ! deliv]y ( ! risky prologues & epilogues :i* 7 ! fa%ion1 & ! poet wrote = h] "s specially d>+ examples4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 z ! mi/ress ( ,*>les ,,ii4 t %e ende>$ h]self to ! public4 ,p>tly1 no d\bt1 h] popul>ity 0 due to ! disgu/ inspir$ by h] rival1 ,l\ise de ,k]\alle1 du*ess ( ,portsm\?1 & to ! fact t1 :ile ! ,fr5*woman 0 a ,ca?olic1 %e 0 a ,prote/ant4 ,b v l>gely x 0 ! result ( exactly ^? p]sonal qualities t appeal$ to ! mon>* himself4 ,%e 0 piquante r ?an pretty1 %ort ( /ature1 & h] *ief beauty 0 h] r$di%-br[n hair4 ,%e 0 illit]ate1 & ) difficulty scrawl$ an awkw>d ,e4 ,g4 at ! bottom ( h] lett]s1 writt5 = h] by o!rs4 ,b h] frank recklessness1 h] g5]osity1 h] inv>iable good temp]1 h] ready wit1 h] infecti\s high spirits & amaz+ indiscretions appeal$ irresi/ibly to a g5]ation :i* welcom$ 9 h] ! liv+ anti!sis ( ,puritanism4 ,a true *ild ( ! ,london /reets1 %e nev] pret5d$ to be sup]ior to :at %e 01 nor to int]f]e 9 matt]s outside ! special sph]e assign$ h]2 %e made no m9i/]s1 %e appo9t$ to no bi%oprics1 & = ! high issues ( int]national politics %e _h no conc]n4 ,%e nev] =got h] old fri5ds1 &1 z f> z is kn[n1 rema9$ fai?ful to h] royal lov] f ! beg9n+ ( _! intimacy to 8 dea?1 &1 aft] 8 dea?1 to 8 memory4 ,( h] two sons by ! k+1 ! eld] 0 creat$ ,b>on ,h$+ton & e>l ( ,bur=d & subsequ5tly duke ( ,/ ,albans2 ! y\ng]1 ,james1 ,"l ,beaucl]k1 di$ 9 #afhj1 :ile /ill a boy4 ,! k+'s dea?-b$ reque/ to 8 bro!r1 ,let n poor ,nelly />ve1 0 fai?fully c>ri$ out by ,james ,,ii41 :o paid h] debts f ! ,secret ,s]vice fund1 provid$ h] ) o!r moneys1 & settl$ on h] an e/ate ) rev]sion to ! duke ( ,/ ,albans4 ,b %e did n long survive h] lov]'s dea?4 ,%e di$ 9 ,novemb] #afhg1 & 0 buri$ on ! #ag?1 accord+ to h] own reque/1 9 ! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>t9-9-!-,fields1 h] fun]al s]mon be+ prea*$ by ! vic>1 ,?omas ,t5ison1 aft]w>ds ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o said mu* to h] praise4 ,tradition cr$its ! f\ndation ( ,*elsea ,hospital to h] influ5ce ov] ! k+4 ,see ,pet] ,cunn+ham1 ,! ,/ory ( ,nell ,gwyn1 edit$ by ,gordon ,goodw9 7#aijc72 ,waldron's edition ( ,john ,d[nes's ,roscius ,anglicanus 7#aghi72 ,osmund ,airy1 ,*>les ,,ii4 7#aijd72 ,pepys1 ,di>y2 ,evelyn1 ,di>y & ,correspond5ce2 ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,hospital at ,*elsea1 edit$ by ,major-,g5]al ,g4 ,hutt 7#ahgb72 ,memoirs ( ! ,life ( ,eleanor ,gw9n 7#ageb72 ,burnet1 ,hi/ory ( ,my ,own ,"t1 "p i41 edit$ by ,osmund ,airy 7,ox=d1 #ahig72 ,l\ise de ,k]\alle1 ,du*ess ( ,portsm\?1 by ,h4 ,=n]on1 translat$ by ,mrs ,craw=d 7#ahhg74 ,,gwyniad1 ! "n giv5 to a fi% ( ! g5us ,coregonus or ,:ite fi% 7,c4 clupeoides71 inhabit+ ! l>ge lakes ( ,nor? ,wales & ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,at ,ullswat] x is kn[n by ! "n ( s*elly1 at ,lo* ,lomond by t ( p[54 ,x is tol]ably abundant 9 ,lake ,bala1 keep+ to ! deepe/ portion ( ! lake = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 b appe>+ 9 %oals ne> ! %ores at c]ta9 seasons4 ,x is well flav\r$1 l all ! species ( ,coregonus1 b sc>cely atta9s to ! weight ( a p\nd4 ,! "n gwyniad is a ,wel% ^w1 & signifies %9+2 & x is s+ul> t a simil> fi% 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 also belong+ to ! family ( ,salmonoids1 is call$ by ! natives qu9nat1 f ! silv]y lu/re ( its scales1 ! ^w hav+ 9 _! language ! same mean+ z ! ,wel% gwyniad4