,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,title ,page ,,( ,,! ,cambridge ,edition ,!re h be5 pr9t$ sev5 hundr$ & fifty sets ( :i* ?is is copy ,no4 #ccg ,,int]national ,,congress ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ce ,illu/ration3 ,,alma ,,mat] ,photogravure ( ! ,/atue by ,daniel ,c4 ,fr5* ,! colossal figure ( ,fr5*'s ,alma ,mat] adorns ! f9e suite ( /one /eps lead+ up to ! picturesque libr>y build+ ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,x is a bronze /atue1 gild$ ) pure gold4 ,! female figure typify+ ,alma ,mat] is repres5t$ z sitt+ 9 a *air ( classic %ape1 h] elb[s re/+ on ! arms ( ! *air4 ,bo? h&s are rais$4 ,! "r h& holds & is support$ by a sceptre4 ,on h] head is a classic wrea?1 & on h] lap lies an op5 book1 f :i* h] eyes seem to h j be5 rais$ 9 m$itation4 ,drap]y falls 9 semi-classic folds f h] neck to h] s&all$ feet1 only ! arms & neck be+ left b>e4 ,e ,univ]sity man *]i%es a k9dly feel+ = 8 ,alma ,mat]1 & ! fam\s ,am]ican sculptor1 ,daniel ,c4 ,fr5*1 has be5 mo/ successful 9 8 arti/ic creation ( ! ,fo/]+ ,"m spiritualiz$--! famili> ideal ( ! "m ( m9ds tra9$ to ?\ght & consecrat$ to intellectual s]vice4 ,,int]national ,,congress ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,edit$ ,,by ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,director ,,( ,,congresses ,,volume ,i ,,philosophy ,,& ,,metaphysics ,,compris+ ,lectures on ,philosophy 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 ,sci5ces ( ! ,ideal1 ,problems ( ,metaphysics1 ,! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce1 & ,logic ,illu/ration3 ,univ]sity ,alliance logo ,,univ]sity ,,alliance ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,copyright #aijf ,,by ,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9 ,,co4 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,copyright #aijh ,,by ,,univ]sity ,,alliance ,,illu/rations ,,volume ,i ,,fac+ ,,page ,,alma ,,mat] ,frontispiece ,photogravure f ! /atue by ,daniel ,c4 ,fr5* ,,dr4 ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s #a ,photogravure f a photograph ,,dr4 ,,simon ,,newcomb #ace ,photogravure f a photograph ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #afh ,photogravure f ! pa9t+ by ,,otto ,,knille ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,volume ,i ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,congress #a ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,programme #dg ,,purpose ,,& ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,congress #ej ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,congress #eb ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,congress #ec ,,speak]s ,,& ,,*airm5 #ed ,,*ronological ,,ord] ,,( ,,proce$+s #gg ,,programme ,,( ,,social ,,ev5ts #ha ,,li/ ,,( ,,t5-,,m9ute ,,speak]s #hb ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,congress #he ,,hugo ,,mu5/]b]g1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,introductory ,,address4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,sci5tific ,inve/igator #ace ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,normative ,,sci5ce ,! ,sci5ces ( ! ,ideal #aea ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,philosophy4 ,philosophy3 ,its ,fundam5tal ,conceptions & its ,me?ods #agc ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,george ,,holmes ,,h[ison1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury #aid ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,george ,,trumbull ,,ladd1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,metaphysics4 ,! ,relations ,betwe5 ,metaphysics & ! ,o!r ,sci5ces #bbg ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,alfr$ ,,edw>d ,,taylor1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,pres5t ,problems ( ,metaphysics #bdf ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,alex&] ,,?omas ,,ormond1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 ,! ,relation ( ! ,philosophy ( ,religion to ! ,o!r ,sci5ces #bfc ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,otto ,,pfleid]]1 ,d4,d4 ,ma9 ,problems ( ! ,philosophy ( ,religion3 ,psy*ology & ,!ory ,( ,k 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion #bge ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,ern/ ,,troelts*1 ,d4,d4 ,"s ,roots & ,factors ( ,religion #bhi ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,ormond4 ,,logic4 ,! ,relations ( ,logic to ,o!r ,discipl9es #bif ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,,alex&] ,,hammond1 ,,ph4,d4 ,! ,field ( ,logic #cac ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,e4 ,,woodbridge1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,me?odology ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce #ccc ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,cont5t & ,validity ( ! ,causal ,law #cec ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,b5no ,,erdmann1 ,,ph4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,h[>d ,jason ,rog]s1 born ,/eph5t[n1 ,r5ssela] ,co41 ,n4 ,y41 ,novemb] #af1 #ahfa2 graduat$ f ,williams ,college1 #ahhd2 admitt$ to b>1 #ahgg2 ,sup]9t5d5t ,new ,york ,/ate ,exhibit ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 #ahic2 ,deputy ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ,public ,in/itution1 #ahie-ahii2 ,republican ,director ,dep>tm5t ( ,education & ,social ,economy ( ,u4 ,s4 ,commission to ,p>is ,exposition #aijj2 ,*ief ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition1 #aijd2 ,fir/4 ,as/4 ,commission] ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,n4 ,y41 s9ce #aijd1 :5 he receiv$ degree ( ,a4,m4 f ,columbia & degree ( ,,ll4,d4 f ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,he is an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor ( ,france2 ,*evali] ( ,san ,maurice & ,laz>e1 ,italy2 ,*evali] de l',etoile ,polaire1 ,sw$52 ,*evali] ,nat4 ord] ( ,leopold1 ,belgium2 & (fic] ( ! ,r$ ,eagle1 ,g]many4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,by ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,! =ces :i* br+ to a common po9t ! ?\s&fold en]gies ( a univ]sal exposition c be/ promote an int]national congress ( ideas4 ,"u national patronage & "u ! spur ( int]national competition ! be/ products & ! late/ inv5tions ( man 9 sci5ce1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 art are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ord]ly classification4 ,:e!r ! motive und]ly+ ! exhibits be ! promotion ( comm]ce & trade1 or :e!r x be individual ambition1 or :e!r x be national pride & loyalty1 ! resultant is ! same4 ,! space )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! exposition is a =um ( ! nations :]e equal rights are gu>ante$ to e repres5tative f any qu>t] ( ! globe1 & :]e ! sov]eignty ( ea* nation is recogniz$ :5ev] its flag floats ov] a national pavilion or an exhibit area4 ,! productive g5ius ( e gov]n$ p cont5ds 9 peaceful rivalry = _w recognition1 & ! exposition becomes an int]national cle>+-h\se = practical ideas4 ,= ! demon/ration ( ! value ( ^! products m5 ?or\ghly skill$ 9 _! developm5t & use are s5t by ! v>i\s exhibitors4 ,! exposition by ! logic ( its creation ?us ga!rs to itself ! exp]t repres5tatives ( e art & indu/ry4 ,= at lea/ two mon?s 9 ! exposition p]iod !re are pres5t ! memb]s ( ! int]national jury ( aw>ds1 select$ specially by ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts = _! ?or\gh k1 !oretical & practical1 ( ! dep>tm5ts to :i* !y are assign$1 & select$ fur!r = _! ability to impress ^u o!rs ! correctness ( _! views4 ,! r5[n ( a univ]sal exposition br+s1 z visitors1 /ud5ts & inve/igators b5t ^u ! solution ( problems & anxi\s to "k ! late/ contributions to ! facts & ! !ories :i* und]lie e phase ( ! _w's developm5t4 ,! mat]ial !re=e is ready at h& ) :i* to con/ruct ! framework ( a conf]5ce ( p>ts1 or a congress ( ! :ole ( any subject4 ,x 0 a natural & logical /ep to accompany ! /udy ( ! exhibits ) a debate on _! excell5ce1 an analysis ( _! gr[?1 & an argum5t = _! future4 ,h5ce ! congress4 ,! exposition & ! congress are correlative t]ms4 ,! =m] conc5tres ! visible products ( ! bra9 & h& ( man2 ! congress is ! lit]>y embodim5t ( its activities4 ,yet x 0 n till ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi t ! idea ( a s]ies ( congresses1 int]national 9 memb]%ip & univ]sal 9 scope1 0 fully develop$4 ,! ?ree prec$+ expositions1 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgf1 & ,vi5na1 #ahgc1 _h held "u _! auspices _m conf]5ces & congresses1 & inde$ ! g]m ( ! congress idea may be said to h be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,commission 9 connection ) ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahfg2 b all ( ^! meet+s 7 unrelat$ & sometimes almo/ accid5tal 9 _! organization1 al?\gh _m 7 ( great sci5tific int]e/ & value4 ,! success ( ! s]ies ( sev5ty congresses 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhi l$ ! au?orities ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition 9 #ahic to e/abli% ! ,_w's ,congress ,auxili>y design$ to supplem5t ! exhibit ( mat]ial progress by ! ,exposition1 by a portrayal ( ! wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( ! new age 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 education1 gov]nm5t1 jurisprud5ce1 morals1 *>ity1 religion1 & o!r dep>tm5ts ( human activity1 z ! mo/ effective means ( increas+ ! frat]nity1 progress1 prosp]ity1 & peace ( mank9d4 ,! widespread int]e/ 9 ?is s]ies ( meet+s is a matt] easily )9 recollection1 b !y 7 9 no wise int]relat$ to ea* o!r1 nor m ?an ord9>ily compreh5sive 9 _! scope4 ,x rema9$ = ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj to br+ to a p]fect organization ?is type ( congress developm5t4 ,by m9i/]ial decree issu$ two ye>s prior to ! exposition ! conduct ( ! dep>tm5t 0 set =? to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,"o hundr$ tw5ty-five congresses1 ea* ) its sep>ate secret>y & organiz+ committee1 7 au?oriz$ & gr\p$ "u twelve sections correspond+ closely to ! exhibit classification4 ,! pr9cipal delegate1 ,m4 ,g>iel1 report$ to a special commission1 :i* 0 directly responsible to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! dep>tm5t 0 admirably conduct$ & rea*$ z high a degree ( success z a highly div]sifi$1 ably adm9i/]$1 b unrelat$ sy/em ( int]national conf]5ces c\ld4 ,& yet ! att5dance on a majority ( ^! congresses 0 disappo9t+1 & 9 _m !re 0 sc>cely any "o pres5t outside ! imm$iate circle ( ^? conc]n$ 9 its developm5t4 ,if ?is condition c\ld prevail 9 ,p>is1 ! home ( arts & lett]s1 9 ! imm$iate c5tre ( ! great con/itu5cy ( ! ,univ]sity & ( _m sci5tific circles & le>n$ societies1 & )9 easy travel+ di/ance ( o!r ,european univ]sity & lit]>y c5tres1 x 0 fair to presume t ! usefulness ( ?is class ( congress 0 decreas+4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 safe to assume1 on ! "p ( ! au?orities ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition ( #aijd1 t su* a s]ies c\ld n be a success 9 t city1 ow+ to its geographical position & ! limit$ numb] ( univ]sity & sci5tific circles )9 a reasonable travel+ di/ance4 ,some?+ m ?an a repetition ( ! /]eotyp$ =m ( conf]5ce 0 admitt$ to be necess>y 9 ord] to ar\se int]e/ among s*ol>s & to br+ cr$it to ! ,exposition4 ,?is 0 ! s]i\s problem :i* confront$ ! ,exposition ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,no exposition 0 ev] bett] fitt$ to s]ve z ! gr\ndwork ( a congress ( ideas ?an t ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! ideal ( ! ,exposition1 :i* 0 creat$ 9 "t & fix$ 9 place to commemorate a great hi/oric ev5t1 0 its educational influ5ce4 ,its appeal to ! citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = support1 to ! ,f$]al ,congress = appropriations1 & to =eign gov]nm5ts = cop]ation1 0 made purely on ?is basis4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( expositions ! educational influ5ce 0 made ! dom9ant factor & ! classification & in/allation ( exhibits made contributory to t pr9ciple4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,exposition 0 to place )9 rea* ( ! inve/igator ! objective ?\ght ( ! _w1 s classifi$ z to %[ its relations to all simil> phases ( human endeavor1 & s arrang$ z to be practically available = ref]5ce & /udy4 ,z a "p ( ! organic s*eme a congress plan 0 contemplat$ :i* %\ld be correlative ) ! exhibit features ( ! ,exposition1 & ^: publi%$ proce$+s %\ld /& z a monum5t to ! bread? & ent]prise ( ! ,exposition long aft] its build+s _h disappe>$ & its comm]cial a*ievem5ts gr[n dim 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses1 to :i* 0 to be intru/$ ?is difficult task1 0 n =m$ until ! latt] "p ( #aijb1 al?\gh ! "q 0 = a ye> previ\s ! subject ( _m discussions & conf]5ces betwe5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition1 ,mr4 ,francis2 ! ,director ( ,exhibits1 ,mr4 ,skiff2 ! ,*ief ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,mr4 ,rog]s2 ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl] ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,presid5t ,william ,r4 ,h>p] ( ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,to ! dis9t]e/$ & valuable advice ( ! two la/-nam$ g5tlem5 dur+ ! entire hi/ory ( ! ,congress ! ,exposition is "u heavy obligations4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod proposals _h be5 made to two m5 ( int]national reputation to give all _! "t = two ye>s to ! organization ( a plan ( congresses :i* %\ld accompli% ! ultimate purpose ( ! ,exposition au?orities4 ,nei!r "o1 h[ev]1 c\ld arrange to be reliev$ ( ! pressure ( 8 regul> duties1 & ! entire s*eme ( sup]vision 0 consequ5tly *ang$4 ,! plan adopt$ 0 bas$ ^u ! idea ( an advisory bo>d compos$ ( m5 ( high lit]>y & sci5tific /&+ :o %\ld consid] & recomm5d ! k9d ( congress mo/ wor?y ( promotion1 & ! details ( its developm5t4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 ,h[>d ,j4 ,rog]s1 ,,ll4,d41 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ,congresses1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,advisory 7aft]w>ds t]m$ ,adm9i/rative7 ,bo>d select$ z foll[s3-- ,,*airman3 ,,ni*olas ,,murray ,,butl]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,william ,r4 ,,h>p]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,honorable ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,holls1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,b41 ,new ,york4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,jesse1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,prit*ett1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,h]b]t ,,putnam1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,libr>ian ( ,congress4 ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,v4 ,,skiff1 ,a4,m41 ,director ( ,field ,columbian ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! action ( ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,exposition1 approv$ by ! ,presid5t1 0 z foll[s3-- ,!re %all be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition ,company a ,director ( ,congresses :o %all report to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition ,company4 ,!re %all be appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition ,company an ,advisory ,bo>d ( sev5 p]sons1 ! *airman to be nam$ by ! ,presid5t1 :o %all meet at ! call ( ! ,director ( ,congresses1 or ! ,*airman ( ! ,advisory ,bo>d4 ,! exp5ses ( ! memb]s ( ! ,advisory ,bo>d :ile on bus9ess ( ! ,exposition %all be a *>ge aga9/ ! funds ( ! ,exposition ,company4 ,! duties ( ! said ,advisory ,bo>d %all be3 to consid] & make recomm5dations to ! ,director ( ,congresses on all matt]s submitt$ to !m2 to det]m9e ! numb] & ! ext5t ( ! congresses2 ! emphasis to be plac$ ^u special features2 ! prom95t m5 to be invit$ to p>ticipate2 ! "* ( ! programmes2 & ! me?ods = successfully c>ry+ out ! ent]prise4 ,!re %all be set aside f ! ,exposition funds = ! ma9t5ance ( ! congresses ! sum ( two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s 7#bjj1jjj74 ,! /&+ ,committee on ,congresses f ! ,exposition bo>d ( directors 0 %ortly aft]w>ds appo9t$ & 0 compos$ ( five ( ! mo/ prom95t m5 9 ,/4 ,l\is3-- ,,*airman3 ,,hon4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,lehmann1 ,attorney at ,law4 ,,breck5ridge ,,jones1 ,bank]4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,knapp1 ,editor ( ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,republic4 ,,john ,,s*ro]s1 ,manag] ( ! ,we/li*e ,po/4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,%apleigh1 ,m]*ant4 ,to ?is committee 7 ref]r$ = consid]ation by ! ,presid5t all matt]s ( policy submitt$ by ! ,director ( ,congresses4 ,?is committee _h jurisdiction ov] all congress matt]s1 includ+ n only ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 b also ! _m miscellane\s congresses & conv5tions1 & a great "p ( ! success ( ! congresses is due to _! broad-m9d$ & lib]al det]m9ation ( ! que/ions laid be=e !m4 ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ce ,x is impossible to ascribe ! orig9al idea ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce to any "o p]son4 ,x 0 a matt] ( sl[ gr[? f ! _m conf]5ces :i* _h be5 held = a ye> by m5 ( _m occupations1 & z f9ally work$ out bore little resemblance to ! orig9al plans "u discussion4 ,! g]m ( ! idea may fairly be said to h be5 conta9$ 9 ,director ,skiff's insi/5ce to ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,exposition t ! congress "w /& = some?+ m ?an an unrelat$ s]ies ( indep5d5t ga!r+s1 & t "s project be au?oriz$ :i* w\ld at once be di/9ctive & ( real sci5tific wor?4 ,to support ?is view ,director ,skiff br\ght ! ,executive ,committee to ! view ( exp5d+ #bjj1jjj1 if ne$ be1 to insure ! project4 ,/>t+ f ?is sugge/ion _m plans 7 br\ght =w>d1 b "o :i* seems to belong ( "r to ! late ,honorable ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,holls1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 conta9$ p]haps ! next recognizable /ep 9 advance4 ,?is ?\ght 01 briefly1 t a s]ies ( lectures on sci5tific & lit]>y topics by m5 prom95t 9 _! respective fields be deliv]$ at ! ,exposition & t ! ,exposition pay ! speak]s = _! s]vices4 ,?is po9t 0 ?or\ghly discuss$ by ,mr4 ,holls & ,presid5t ,butl]1 & ! next /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! ,congress 0 ! idea ( br++ ^! lectur]s toge!r at ! ,exposition at ab\t ! same "t or all dur+ "o mon?4 ,at ?is /age ,pr(essor ,hugo ,mn/]b]g1 :o 0 ! gue/ ( ,mr4 ,holls & an invit$ p>ticipant 9 ! conf]5ce1 made ! important sugge/ion t su* a s]ies ( unrelat$ lectures1 ev5 ?\gh giv5 by mo/ em95t m51 w\ld h little or no sci5tific value1 b t if "s relation1 or und]ly+ ?\ght1 c\ld be introduc$ into ! addresses1 !n ! be/ "w c\ld be done1 :i* w\ld be ( real value to ! sci5tific _w4 ,he fur!r /at$ t only 9 ?is case w\ld sci5tific lead]s be likely to favor ! plan ( a ,/4 ,l\is congress1 z !y w\ld feel attract$ n s mu* ?r\gh ! honor>iums to be giv5 = _! s]vices z ?r\gh ! valuable opportunity ( develop+ su* a contribution to sci5tific ?\ght4 ,subsequ5tly ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 0 ask$ by ,mr4 ,holls to =mulate 8 ideas 9 a mann] to be submitt$ to ! ,exposition au?orities4 ,?is 0 done 9 a communication "u date ( ,octob] #bj1 #aijb1 :i* conta9$ logically pres5t$ ! f\ndation ( ! plan aft]w>ds work$ out 9 detail4 ,at ?is juncture ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses 0 organiz$1 z has be5 /at$1 ! ,director nam$1 & ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d appo9t$1 & on ,decemb] #bg1 #aijb1 ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,director ) ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d took place 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a ?or\gh canvass ( ! subject 0 made at ?is meet+ & z a result ! foll[+ recomm5dations 7 made to ! ,exposition au?orities3-- 7#a7 ,t ! sessions ( ?is ,congress be held )9 a p]iod ( f\r weeks1 beg9n+ ,septemb] #ae1 #aijd4 7#b7 ,t ! v>i\s gr\ps ( le>n$ m5 :o may come toge!r be ask$ to discuss _! sev]al sci5ces or pr(essions ) ref]5ce to "s !me ( univ]sal human int]e/1 9 ord] t !reby a c]ta9 unity ( int]e/ & ( action may be _h4 ,"u su* a plan ! gr\ps ( m5 :o come toge!r w\ld ?us =m sections ( a s+le ,congress r ?an sep>ate congresses4 7#c7 ,z a subject :i* has univ]sal significance1 & "o likely to s]ve z a connect+ ?read = all ( ! discussions ( ! ,congress1 ! !me ,! ,progress ( ,man s9ce ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase 0 consid]$ by ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d fit & sugge/ive4 ,x is believ$ t discussions by lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( pure & appli$ sci5ce1 9 philosophy1 9 politics1 & 9 religion1 f ! /&po9t ( man's progress 9 ! c5tury :i* has elaps$1 w\ld be fruitful1 n only 9 cle>+ ! ?\ghts ( m5 n tra9$ 9 sci5ce & 9 gov]nm5t1 b also 9 prep>+ ! way = new advances4 7#d7 ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d fur!r recomm5ds t ! ,congress be made up f m5 ( ?\ght & ( action1 ^: "w w\ld probably fall "u ! foll[+ g5]al heads3-- a4 ,! ,natural ,sci5ces 7su* z ,a/ronomy1 ,biology1 ,ma!matics1 etc474 b4 ,! ,hi/orical1 ,sociological1 & ,economic gr\p ( /udies 7,hi/ory1 ,political ,economy1 etc474 c4 ,philosophy & ,religion4 d4 ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y4 e4 ,law1 ,politics1 & ,gov]nm5t 7includ+ developm5t & hi/ory ( ! colonies1 _! gov]nm5t1 rev5ue & prosp]ity1 arbitration1 etc474 f4 ,appli$ ,sci5ce 7includ+ ! v>i\s bran*es ( eng9e]+74 7#e7 ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d recomm5ds fur!r ref]r+ to a special committee ( sev5 ! problem ( indicat+ 9 detail ! me?od 9 :i* ?is plan c be/ be c>ri$ out4 ,to ?is committee is assign$ ! duty ( *oos+ ! g5]al divisions ( ! ,congress1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce & ( /udy 9 ^! divisions1 & ( recomm5d+ to ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d a detail$ plan ( ! sections 9 :i*1 9 _! judgm5t1 ^? :o come to ! ,congress may be mo/ effectively gr\p$1 ) a view n only to br+ out ! c5tral !me1 b also to repres5t 9 a helpful way & 9 a sugge/ive mann] ! pres5t b\nd>y ( k 9 ! v>i\s l9es ( /udy & inve/igation :i* ! committee may ?9k wise to accept4 ,^! recomm5dations 7 transmitt$ by ! ,director ( ,congresses to ! ,committee on ,congresses1 approv$ by !m1 & aft]w>ds approv$ by ! ,executive ,committee & ! ,presid5t4 ,! fir/ f\r recomm5dations 7 ( a prelim9>y "*1 b ! fif? conta9$ a di/9ct advance 9 ! =mation ( a ,committee on ,plan & ,scope :i* %\ld be compos$ ( em95t sci5ti/s capable ( develop+ ! fundam5tal idea into a plan :i* %\ld h>monize ) ! sci5tific "w 9 e field4 ,! committee select$ 7 z foll[s3-- ,,dr4 ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,retir$ ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,,pr(4 ,,hugo ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(4 ,,john ,,bassett ,,moore1 ,,ll4,d41 ex-assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & ,pr(essor ( ,int]national ,law & ,diplomacy1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(4 ,,albion ,w4 ,,small1 ,,ph4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,sociology1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,h4 ,,wel*1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,hon4 ,,elihu ,,?omson1 ,consult+ ,eng9e] ,g5]al ,electric ,company4 ,,pr(4 ,,george ,f4 ,,moore1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 response to a lett] f ,presid5t ,butl]1 ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 giv+ a complete rsum ( ! gr[? ( ! idea ( ! ,congress to t "t1 all ( ! memb]s ( ! committee1 ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,?omson1 met at ! ,hotel ,manhattan on ,janu>y #aj1 #aijc1 = a prelim9>y discussion4 ,! entire field 0 canvass$1 us+ ! recomm5dations ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d & ! a=em5tion$ lett] ( ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g's to ,mr4 ,holls z a basis1 & an adj\rnm5t tak5 until ,janu>y #ag = ! prep>ation ( detail$ recomm5dations4 ,! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope aga9 met1 all memb]s be+ pres5t1 at ! ,hotel ,manhattan on ,janu>y #ag1 & arriv$ at def9ite conclusions1 :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! report to ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 a meet+ ( :i* _h be5 call$ at ! ,hotel ,manhattan = ,janu>y #ai1 #aijc4 ,! report ( ! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope is ( su* hi/oric importance 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,congress t x is giv5 z foll[s1 al?\gh _m po9ts 7 aft]w>ds mat]ially modifi$3-- ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #ai1 #aijc4 ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ,*airman ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d ( ,_w's ,congress at ,! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition3 ,de> ,sir1--,! und]sign$1 appo9t$ by y\r ,bo>d a committee on ! scope & plan ( ! propos$ ,_w's ,congress1 at ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition1 h ! honor to submit ! foll[+ report3-- ,! au?ority "u :i* ! ,committee act$ is f\nd 9 a communication address$ to its memb]s by ! ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d4 ,a subsequ5t communication to ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee indicat$ t ! wide/ scope 0 all[$ to x 9 prep>+ its plan4 ,"u ?is au?ority ! ,committee met on ,janu>y #aj1 #aijc1 & aga9 on ,janu>y #ag4 ,! ,committee 01 f ! beg9n+1 unanim\s 9 accept+ ! g5]al plan ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 t !re %\ld be b a s+le congress1 :i*1 h[ev]1 might be divid$ & subdivid$1 9 accord ) ! g5]al plan1 into divisions1 dep>tm5ts1 & sections1 z its delib]ations proce$4 ,,plans ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,z a basis ( discussion two plans 7 drawn up by memb]s ( ! ,committee & submitt$ to x4 ,! "o1 by ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 />t$ f a compreh5sive classification & review ( human a*ievem5t 9 advanc+ k1 ! o!r1 by ,pr(essor ,small1 f an equally compreh5sive review ( ! great public que/ions involv$ 9 human progress4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g propos$ a congress hav+ ! def9ite task ( br++ out ! unity ( k ) a view ( correlat+ ! scatt]$ !oretical & practical sci5tific "w ( our day4 ,?is plan propos$ t ! congress %\ld cont9ue ?r\gh "o week4 ,! fir/ day 0 to be devot$ to ! discussion ( ! mo/ g5]al problem ( k 9 "o compreh5sive discussion & f\r g5]al divisions4 ,on ! second day ! congress 0 to divide into sev]al gr\ps & on ! rema9+ days into yet m specializ$ gr\ps1 z set =? 9 detail 9 ! plan4 ,! plan by ,pr(essor ,small propos$ a congress :i* w\ld exhibit n m]ely ! s*ol>'s int]pretation ( progress 9 s*ol>%ip1 b r ! s*ol>'s int]pretation ( progress 9 civilization 9 g5]al4 ,! proposal 0 bas$ on a division ( human int]e/s into six great gr\ps3-- ,i4 ,! ,promotion ( ,heal?4 ,,ii4 ,! ,production ( ,weal?4 ,,iii4 ,! ,h>moniz+ ( ,human ,relations4 ,,iv4 ,discov]y & ,spread ( ,k4 ,v4 ,progress 9 ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,,vi4 ,progress 9 ,religion4 ,! plan agre$ ) ! o!r 9 beg9n+ ) a g5]al discussion & !n subdivid+ ! congress into divisions & gr\ps4 ,z a ?ird plan ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee sugge/$ ! idea ( a congress ( publici/s & repres5tative m5 ( all nations & ( all civiliz$ peoples1 :i* %\ld discuss relations ( ea* to all ! o!rs & ?r[ light on ! "q ( promot+ ! unity & progress ( ! race4 ,aft] due consid]ation ( ^! plans ! ,committee rea*$ ! conclusion t ! ends aim$ at 9 ! second & ?ird plans c\ld be atta9$ by tak+ ! fir/ plan z a basis1 & includ+ 9 its subdivisions1 s f> z 0 deem$ advisable1 ! subjects propos$ 9 ! second & ?ird plans4 ,!y accord+ly adopt$ a resolution t ,mr4 ,mn/]b]g's plan be adopt$ z sett+ =? ! g5]al object ( ! ,congress & def9+ ! scope ( its "w1 & t ,mr4 ,small's plan be communicat$ to ! ,g5]al ,committee z conta9+ sugge/ions z to details1 b )\t recomm5d+ its adoption z a :ole4 ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,y\r ,committee is ( op9ion t1 9 view ( ! climatic conditions at ,/4 ,l\is dur+ ! summ] & e>ly autumn1 x is desirable t ! meet+ ( ?is g5]al ,congress be held dur+ ! six days beg9n+ on ,monday1 ,septemb] #ai1 #aijd1 & cont9u+ until ! ,saturday foll[+4 ,special associations *oos+ ,/4 ,l\is z _! meet+-place may !n conv5e at su* o!r dates z may be deem$ fit2 b x is sugge/$ t le>n$ societies ^: field is connect$ ) t ( ! ,congress %\ld meet dur+ ! week beg9n+ ,septemb] #bf4 ,! sectional discussions ( ! ,congress w !n be cont9u$ by ^! societies1 ! :ole =m+ a cont9u\s discussion ( human progress dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,,plan ,,( ,,addresses ,! ,committee believe t 9 ord] to c>ry out ! propos$ plan 9 ! mo/ effective way x is necess>y t ! addresses be prep>$ by ! highe/ liv+ au?orities 9 ea* & e bran*4 ,9 ! la/ subdivisions1 ea* section embraces two pap]s2 "o on ! hi/ory ( ! subject dur+ ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s & ! o!r on ! problems ( to-day4 ,! programme ( pap]s sugge/$ by ! ,committee z embrac$ 9 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g's plan may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- ,on ! fir/ day f\r pap]s w be read on ! g5]al subject1 & f\r on ea* ( ! f\r l>ge divisions1 tw5ty 9 all4 ,on ! second day ^? f\r divisions w be divid$ into tw5ty gr\ps1 or dep>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* w h f\r pap]s ref]r+ to ! divisions & relations ( ! sci5ces1 eighty 9 all4 ,on ! la/ f\r days1 two pap]s 9 ea* ( ! #abj sections1 #bdj 9 all1 ?us mak+ a total ( #cdj pap]s4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! m5 :o w make ! addresses %\ld n be expect$ to be> all ! exp5se ( _! att5dance at ! ,congress1 x seems advisable t ! au?orities ( ! ,fair %\ld provide = ! exp5ses necess>ily incurr$ 9 ! j\rney1 z well z pay a small honor>ium = ! addresses4 ,! ,committee sugge/1 !re=e1 t ea* ,am]ican invit$ be (f]$ #ajj = 8 travel+ exp5ses & ea* ,european #djj4 ,9 addition to ?is t ea* receive #aej z an honor>ium4 ,assum+ t "o half ( ^? invit$ to deliv] addresses w be ,am]icans & "o half ,europeans1 ?is arrangem5t w involve ! exp5diture ( #acf1jjj4 ,?is e/imate w be r$uc$ if ! same p]son prep>es m ?an "o address4 ,x w also be r$uc$ if m ?an half ( ! speak]s are ,am]icans1 & increas$ 9 ! opposite case4 ,z ! ,committee is n advis$ ( ! am\nt :i* ! managem5t ( ! ,exposition may appropriate = ! purpose ( ! ,congress1 x _c1 at pres5t1 ent] fur!r into details ( adju/m5t1 b x records its op9ion t ! sum sugge/$ is ! lea/ by :i* ! ends s\ght to be atta9$ by ! ,congress c be accompli%$4 ,to ?is mu/ be add$ ! exp5ses ( adm9i/ration & publication4 ,all addresses paid = by ! ,congress %\ld be reg>d$ z its prop]ty1 & be pr9t$ & publi%$ toge!r1 ?us con/itut+ a compreh5sive "w exhibit+ ! unity1 progress1 & pres5t /ate ( k4 ,?is plan does n preclude ! deliv]y ( m ?an "o address by a s+le s*ol>4 ,! directors ( ! ,exposition may sometimes f9d x advisable to ask ! same s*ol> to deliv] two addresses1 possibly ev5 ?ree4 ,! ,committee recomm5ds t full lib]ty be all[$ to ea* section ( ! ,congress 9 arrang+ ! g5]al "* & programme ( its discussions )9 ! field propos$4 ,z an example ( h[ ! plan w "w 9 ! case ( any "o section1 ! ,committee take ! case ( a neurologi/ desir+ to pr(it by ^? discussions :i* relate to 8 bran* ( m$ic9e4 ,?is falls "u ,c ( ! f\r ma9 divisions z relat$ to ! physical sci5ces4 ,8 int]e/ on ! fir/ day w !re=e be c5tr$ 9 ,division ,c1 :]e he may he> ! g5]al discussion ( ! physical sci5ces & ! relations to ! o!r sci5ces4 ,on ! second day he w he> f\r pap]s 9 ,gr\p #ah on ! ,subjects embrac$ 9 ! g5]al sci5ce ( an?ropology2 "o on its fundam5tal conceptions2 "o on its me?ods & two on ! relation ( an?ropology to ! sci5ces mo/ closely connect$ ) x4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ f\r days he w meet ) ! repres5tatives ( m$ic9e & its relat$ subjects1 :o w divide into sections1 & li/5 to f\r pap]s 9 ea* section4 ,"o pap] w consid] ! progress ( t section 9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 "o pap] w be devot$ to ! problems ( to-day1 leav+ room = su* contributions & discussions z may seem appropriate dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! day4 ,,co,,p]ation ,,( ,,le>n$ ,,societies ,,invok$ ,9 pres5t+ ?is g5]al plan1 y\r ,committee wi%es to po9t out ! difficulty ( decid+ 9 advance :at subjects %\ld be includ$ 9 e section4 ,!re=e1 ! ,committee deems x ( ! utmo/ importance to secure ! advice & assi/ance ( le>n$ societies 9 ?is c\ntry 9 p]fect+ ! details ( ! propos$ plan1 especially ! selection ( speak]s & ! programme ( "w 9 ea* section4 ,x w facilitate ! latt] purpose if su* societies be invit$ & enc\rag$ to hold meet+s at ,/4 ,l\is dur+ ! week imm$iately prec$+1 or1 pref]ably1 ! week foll[+ ! ,g5]al ,congress4 ,! selection ( speak]s %\ld be made z soon z possible1 &1 9 any case1 be=e ! end ( ! pres5t academic ye>1 9 ord] t =mal invitations may be issu$ & f9al arrangem5ts made ) ! speak]s a ye> 9 advance ( ! ,congress4 ,,conclud+ ,,sugge/ions ,) ! view ( secur+ ! cop]ation ( ! gov]nm5ts & lead+ s*ol>s ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,europe 9 ! propos$ ,congress1 x seems advisable to s5d two commission]s to ^! c\ntries = ?is purpose4 ,x seems unnecess>y to ext5d ! op]ations ( ?is commission outside ! ,european cont95t or to o!r ?an ! lead+ c\ntries4 ,9 o!r cases arrangem5ts c be made by correspond5ce4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! ,committee t an ,am]ican ( _w-wide reputation z a s*ol> %\ld be select$ to preside ov] ! ,congress4 ,all :i* is respectfully submitt$4 7,sign$7 ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,*airman2 ,,george ,f4 ,,moore1 ,,john ,b4 ,,moore1 ,,hugo ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,,albion ,w4 ,,small1 ,,william ,h4 ,,wel*1 ,,elihu ,,?omson1 ,committee4 ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d met on ,janu>y #ai to receive ! report ( ! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope :i* 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,newcomb4 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g & ,pr(essor ,john ,bassett ,moore 7 also pres5t by invitation to discuss ! details ( ! s*eme4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! ,bo>d w5t into executive session1 & ! foll[+ recomm5dations 7 adopt$ & transmitt$ by ! ,director ( ,congresses to ! ,committee on ,congresses ( ! ,exposition & to ! ,presid5t & ,executive ,committee1 :o duly approv$ !m4 ,to ! ,director ( ,congresses3-- ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d h ! honor to make ! foll[+ recomm5dations 9 ref]5ce to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses3-- 7#a7 ,t !re be held 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijd1 an ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 7#b7 ,t ! plan recomm5d$ by ! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope = a g5]al congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 to be held dur+ ! six days beg9n+ on ,monday1 ,septemb] #ai1 #aijd1 be approv$ & adopt$1 subject to su* revision 9 po9t ( detail z may be advisable1 pres]v+ its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 7#c7 ,t ,simon ,newcomb1 ,,ll4,d41 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 be nam$ = ,presid5t ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 provid$ = 9 ! =ego+ resolution4 7#d7 ,t ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ,albion ,w4 ,small1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 be invit$ to act z ,vice-,presid5ts ( ! ,congress4 7#e7 ,t ! ,directors ( ! ,_w's ,fair be reque/$ to *ange ! "n ( ?is ,bo>d f ! ,advisory ,bo>d to ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 7#f7 ,t ! detail$ arrangem5ts = ! ,congress be intru/$ to a committee consi/+ ( ! ,presid5t & two ,vice-,presid5ts already nam$1 subject to ! g5]al ov]sight & control ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 & t ! ,directors ( ! ,exposition be reque/$ to make appropriate provision = _! comp5sation & necess>y exp5ses4 7#g7 ,t x be recomm5d$ to ! ,directors ( ! ,_w's ,fair t appropriate provision %\ld be made 9 ! (fice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses = an executive secret>y & su* cl]ical assi/ance z may be ne$$4 7#h7 ,t ! foll[+ paym5t be recomm5d$ to ^? s*ol>s :o accept invitations to p>ticipate & d a specifi$ piece ( "w1 or submit a specifi$ contribution 9 ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce3 ,= travel+ exp5ses = a ,european s*ol>1 #ejj4 ,= travel+ exp5ses = an ,am]ican s*ol>1 #aej4 7#i7 ,t provision be made = ! publication ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,congress 9 suitable =m to con/itute a p]man5t memorial ( ! "w ( ! ,_w's ,fair = ! promotion ( sci5ce & art1 "u compet5t editorial sup]vision4 7#aj7 ,t an appropriation ( #bjj1jjj be made to cov] exp5ses ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses1 ( :i* sum #acj1jjj be specifically appropriat$ = an ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 & ! rema9d] to cov] all exp5ses connect$ ) ! publication ( ! proce$+s ( said ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 & ! exp5ses = promotion ( all o!r congresses4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ recomm5dations1 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 0 reque/$ at 8 e>lie/ conv5i5ce to furni% ea* memb] ) a revis$ plan ( 8 classification1 :i* w\ld r$uce z f> z possible ! numb] ( sections into :i* ! ,congress 0 f9ally to be divid$4 ,) ! adj\rnm5t ( ! ,bo>d on ,janu>y #ai ! ,congress may be fairly said to h be5 laun*$ ^u its def9ite c\rse1 & su* *anges z 7 !reaft] made 9 ! programme did n 9 any wise affect ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! ,congress 0 bas$1 b 7 due to ! dem&s ( "t1 ( exp$i5cy1 & 9 "s cases to ! accid5ts att5d+ ! p>ticipation4 ,! organization ( ! ,congress & ! p]sonnel ( its (fic]s f ?is "t on rema9$ un*ang$1 & ! hi/ory ( ! meet+ is "o ( /eady & progressive developm5t4 ,! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope 7 dis*>g$ ( _! duties1 ) a vote ( ?anks = ! labori\s & pa9/ak+ "w :i* !y _h accompli%$ & ! ?or\ghly sci5tific & novel plan = an int]national congress :i* !y _h recomm5d$4 ,x 0 det]m9$ by ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d to keep ! s]vices ( ?ree ( ! memb]s ( ! ,committee on ,plan & ,scope1 :o %\ld act z a sci5tific organiz+ committee & :o %\ld also be ! presid+ (fic]s ( ! ,congress4 ,! *oice = ,presid5t ( ! ,congress fell )\t debate to ! dean ( ,am]ican sci5tific circles1 ^: em95t s]vices to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ^: recogniz$ position 9 =eign & dome/ic sci5tific circles made him p>ticul>ly fitt$ to preside ov] su* an int]national ga!r+ ( ! lead+ sci5ti/s ( ! _w1 ,dr4 ,simon ,newcomb1 retir$ ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,pr(essor ,hugo ,mn/]b]g1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ,albion ,w4 ,small1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 7 designat$ z ! fir/ & second ,vice-,presid5ts respectively4 ,! "w ( ! succe$+ spr+1 ) bo? ! ,organiz+ ,committee & ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 0 devot$ to ! p]fect+ ( ! programme & ! selection ( =eign sci5ti/s to be invit$ to p>ticipate 9 ! ,congress4 ,! !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! programme & its logical bases are fully & =cibly treat$ by ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g 9 ! succe$+ *apt]1 & !re=e w n be t\*$ ^u 9 ?is record ( facts4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! gr[? ( ! programme1 h[ev]1 x is int]e/+ to comp>e its =m1 :i* 0 adopt$ at ! next meet+ ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee on ,febru>y #bc1 #aijc1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 ) its f9al =m z giv5 9 ! complet$ programme pres5t$ at ,/4 ,l\is 9 ,septemb]1 #aijd 7pp4 #dg-di74 ,no bett] illu/ration c be giv5 ( ! imm5se am\nt ( labor & pa9/ak+ adju/m5t1 bo? to sci5tific & to physical conditions1 & ( ! admirable adaptability ( ! orig9al plan to ! exig5cies ( actual practice4 ,at ! meet+ ( ,febru>y #bc1 #aijc1 :i* 0 att5d$ by all ( ! memb]s ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee & by ,presid5t ,butl] ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 x 0 det]m9$ t ! numb] ( ,dep>tm5ts %\ld be sixte51 ) ! foll[+ designations3-- ,a4 ,,normative ,,sci5ces #a4 ,philosophical ,sci5ces4 #b4 ,ma!matical ,sci5ces4 ,b4 ,,hi/orical ,,sci5ces #c4 ,political ,sci5ces4 #d4 ,legal ,sci5ces4 #e4 ,economic ,sci5ces4 #f4 ,philological ,sci5ces4 #g4 ,p$agogical ,sci5ces4 #h4 /hetic ,sci5ces4 #i4 ,!ological ,sci5ces4 ,c4 ,,physical ,,sci5ces #aj4 ,g5]al ,physical ,sci5ces4 #aa4 ,a/ronomical ,sci5ces4 #ab4 ,geological ,sci5ces4 #ac4 ,biological ,sci5ces4 #ad4 ,an?ropological ,sci5ces4 ,d4 ,,m5tal ,,sci5ces #ae4 ,psy*ological ,sci5ces4 #af4 ,sociological ,sci5ces4 ,,sections #a4 a ,metaphysics4 b ,logic4 c ,e?ics4 d /hetics4 #b4 a ,algebra4 b ,geometry4 c ,/ati/ical ,me?ods4 #c4 a ,classical ,political ,hi/ory ( ,asia4 b ,classical ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 c ,m$ieval ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 d ,mod]n ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe4 e ,political ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 #d4 a ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law4 b ,hi/ory ( ,common ,law4 aa ,con/itutional ,law4 bb ,crim9al ,law4 cc ,civil ,law4 dd ,hi/ory ( ,int]national ,law4 #e4 a ,hi/ory ( ,economic ,in/itutions4 b ,hi/ory ( ,economic ,!ories4 c ,economic ,law4 aa ,f9ance4 bb ,comm]ce & ,transportation4 cc ,labor4 #f4 a ,indo-,iranian ,languages4 b ,semitic ,languages4 c ,classical ,languages4 d ,mod]n ,languages4 #g4 a ,hi/ory ( ,education4 aa ,educational ,in/itutions4 #h4 a ,hi/ory ( ,ar*itecture4 b ,hi/ory ( ,f9e ,arts4 c ,hi/ory ( ,music4 d ,ori5tal ,lit]ature4 e ,classical ,lit]ature4 f ,mod]n ,lit]ature4 aa ,ar*itecture4 bb ,f9e ,arts4 cc ,music4 #i4 a ,primitive ,religions4 b ,asiatic ,religions4 c ,semitic ,religions4 d ,*ri/ianity4 aa ,religi\s ,in/itutions4 #aj4 a ,me*anics & ,s\nd4 b ,light & ,heat4 c ,electricity4 d ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 e ,organic ,*emi/ry4 f ,physical ,*emi/ry4 aa ,me*anical ,te*nology4 bb ,optical ,te*nology4 cc ,electrical ,te*nology dd ,*emical ,te*nology4 #aa4 a ,!oretical ,a/ronomy4 b ,a/rophysics4 #ab4 a ,geodesy4 b ,geology4 c ,m9]alogy4 d ,physiography4 e ,meteorology4 aa ,survey+4 bb ,metallurgy4 #ac4 a ,botany4 b ,plant ,physiology4 c ,ecology4 d ,bact]iology4 e ,zology4 f ,embryology4 g ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 h ,physiology4 aa ,agronomy4 bb ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 #ad4 ,an?ropological ,sci5ces3 a ,human ,anatomy4 b ,human ,physiology4 c ,neurology4 d ,physical ,*emi/ry4 e ,pa?ology4 f ,raceomatology4 aa ,hygi5e4 bb ,contagi\s ,diseases4 cc ,int]nal ,m$ic9e4 dd ,surg]y4 ee ,gynecology4 ff ,oph?almology4 gg ,!rapeutics4 hh ,d5ti/ry4 #ae4 ,psy*ological ,sci5ces3 a ,g5]al ,psy*ology4 b ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 c ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 d ,*ild ,psy*ology4 e ,abnormal ,psy*ology4 #af4 ,sociological ,sci5ces3 a ,social ,morphology4 b ,social ,psy*ology4 c ,laws ( ,civilization4 d ,laws ( ,language & ,my?s4 e ,e?nology4 aa ,social ,te*nology4 ,x 0 also resolv$1 t ! discussion ( subjects fall+ "u ! fir/ f\r divisions %\ld be held 9 ! =5oon ( ea* ( ! f\r days1 f ,w$nesday until ,saturday1 & ^? relat+ to ! ?ree divisions ( ,practical ,sci5ce 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same days4 ,! programme 0 ?us re>rang$ by ! addition ( ! foll[+3-- ,e4 ,,utilit>ian ,,sci5ces #ag4 ,m$ical ,sci5ces3 a ,hygi5e4 b ,sanitation4 c ,contagi\s ,diseases4 d ,int]nal ,m$ic9e4 e ,psy*iatry4 f ,surg]y4 g ,gynecology4 h ,oph?almology4 i ,otology4 j ,!rapeutics4 k ,d5ti/ry4 #ah4 ,practical ,economic ,sci5ces3 a ,extractive ,productions ( ,weal?4 b ,transportation4 c ,comm]ce4 d ,po/al ,s]vice4 e ,money & ,bank+4 #ai4 ,te*nological ,sci5ces3 a ,me*anical ,te*nology4 b ,electrical ,te*nology4 c ,*emical ,te*nology4 d ,optical ,te*nology4 e ,survey+4 f ,metallurgy4 g ,agronomy4 h ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 ,f4 ,,regulative ,,sci5ces #bj4 ,practical ,political ,sci5ces3 a ,int]nal ,practical ,politics4 b ,national ,practical ,politics4 c ,t>iff4 d ,taxation4 e ,municipal ,practical ,politics4 f ,colonial ,practical ,politics4 #ba4 ,practical ,legal ,sci5ces3 a ,int]national ,law4 b ,con/itutional ,law4 c ,crim9al ,law4 d ,civil ,law4 #bb4 ,practical ,social ,sci5ces3 a ,treatm5t ( ! ,poor4 b ,treatm5t ( ! ,defective4 c ,treatm5t ( ! ,dep5d5t4 d ,treatm5t ( ,vice & ,crime4 e ,problems ( ,labor4 f ,problems ( ! ,family4 ,g4 ,,cultural ,,sci5ces #bc4 ,practical ,educational ,sci5ces3 a ,k9d]g>t5 & ,home4 b ,prim>y ,education4 c ,univ]sities & ,rese>*--,second>y4 d ,moral ,education4 e /hetic ,education4 f ,manual ,tra9+4 g ,univ]sity4 h ,libr>ies4 i ,museums4 j ,publications4 #bd4 ,practical /hetic ,sci5ces3 a ,ar*itecture4 b ,f9e ,arts4 c ,music4 d ,l&scape ,ar*itecture4 #be4 ,practical ,religi\s ,sci5ces3 a ,religi\s ,education4 b ,tra9+ = ,religi\s ,s]vice4 c ,missions4 d ,religi\s ,influ5ce4 ,! programme 0 aga9 ?or\ghly revis$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee on ,april #i1 #aijc1 at ,hotel ,manhattan1 & z ?us am5d$ 0 submitt$ to ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d at a meet+ held 9 ,new ,york on ,april #aa4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! programme at ?is meet+1 & a f9al revision made at ! meet+ ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,club ,april #cj1 #aijc1 br\ght x practically into its f9al %ape1 ) su* m9or *anges z 7 f\nd necess>y 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,congress due to ! unexpect$ decl9ations ( =eign speak]s at ! la/ mom5t4 ,! cont9u\s & exact+ "w done 9 p]fect+ ! programme by ea* memb] ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee & by ! ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d des]ves special m5tion1 & 0 productive ( ! be/ results by its logical appeal to ! sci5tific _w4 ,! programme z f9ally work$ out 9 ord]ly detail1 %ort5$ 9 _m dep>tm5ts by v>i\s exig5cies1 may be f\nd on pages #dg to #di ( ?is volume4 ,,p>ticipation ,,& ,,support ,! g5]al plan ( ! ,congress hav+ be5 det]m9$ & ! programme practically p]fect$ by ,may #a1 #aijc1 two mo/ important que/ions dem&$ ! att5tion ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d3 fir/1 ! p>ticipation 9 ! ,congress1 bo? =eign & dome/ic2 second1 ! support ( ! sci5tific public4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,bo>d held 9 ,new ,york ,city ,april #aa1 #aijc1 ^! po9ts 7 giv5 full consid]ation4 ,x 0 det]m9$ t ! li/ ( speak]s bo? =eign & dome/ic %\ld be made up on ! advice ( m5 ( lett]s & ( sci5tific ?\ght 9 ?is c\ntry1 & accord+ly !re 0 s5t to ! (fic]s ( ! v>i\s sci5tific societies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to heads ( univ]sity dep>tm5ts & to e prom95t expon5t ( sci5ce & art 9 ?is c\ntry1 a pr9t$ ann\ncem5t & t5tative programme ( ! ,congress1 & a lett] ask+ advice z to ! sci5ti/s be/ fitt$ 9 view ( ! object ( ! ,congress to prep>e an address4 ,f ! hundr$s ( replies receiv$ 9 response to ?is appeal 7 made up ! orig9al li/s ( invit$ speak]s1 & only ^? 7 plac$ !reon :o 7 ! *oice ( a fair majority ( ! repres5tatives ( ! p>ticul> sci5ce "u selection4 ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d res]v$ to itself ! full "r to reject any ( ^! names or to *ange !m s z to promote ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ,congress1 b 9 ne>ly e in/ance x w\ld be safe to say t ! p]son select$ 0 highly satisfactory to ! great majority ( 8 fell[ sci5ti/s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m *anges 7 unavoidably made at ! la/ mom5t to meet ! situation caus$ by )drawals & decl9ations1 b ! li/ ( second *oices 0 s complete1 & 9 _m cases !re 0 su* a delicate balance betwe5 ! fir/ & second *oice1 t !re 0 no difficulty 9 keep+ ! /&>d ( ! programme to its orig9al high plane4 ,x 0 e>ly det]m9$ t ! sev5 ,division speak]s & ! =ty-eight ,dep>tm5t speak]s1 :i* occupi$ ! fir/ two days ( ! programme1 %\ld be ,am]icans1 & t ^! ,division & ,dep>tm5t addresses %\ld be a contribution ( ,am]ican s*ol>%ip to ! g5]al sci5tific ?\ght ( ! _w4 ,?is decision comm5d$ itself to ! sci5tific public bo? at home & abroad1 & x 0 s c>ri$ out4 ,x 0 fur!r det]m9$ t ! ,division & ,dep>tm5t speak]s & ! =eign speak]s %\ld be select$ dur+ ! summ] ( #aijc1 & t ! ,am]ican p>ticipation 9 ! ,section addresses %\ld be det]m9$ aft] x 0 def9itely kn[n :at ! =eign p>ticipation w\ld be4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( ! ,congress1 x 0 deem$ inadvisable to attempt to int]e/ =eign sci5tific circles by correspond5ce1 & x 0 fur!r decid$ to pay a special complim5t to ea* invit$ speak] by s5d+ an invitation at ! h&s ( special delegates4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !re=e made = ,dr4 ,newcomb & ,pr(essors ,mn/]b]g & ,small to proce$ to ,europe dur+ ! summ] ( #aijc1 & to pres5t 9 p]son to ! sci5tific circles ( ,europe & to ! sci5ti/s specially desir$ to deliv] addresses ! complete plan & scope ( ! ,congress & an invitation to p>ticipate4 ,,invitations ,,to ,,=eign ,,speak]s ,! memb]s ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee1 arm$ ) v /rong cr$5tials f ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t to ! diplomatic s]vice abroad1 sail$ 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aijc to pres5t ! invitation ( ! ,exposition to ! select$ sci5ti/s4 ,dr4 ,newcomb sail$ ,may #f1 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g ,may #cj1 & ,pr(essor ,small ,june #f4 ,a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! project _h at ?is "t become ar\s$1 & !re 0 assur$ a respectful he>+4 ,bo? ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,emp]or ( ,g]many express$ _! w>m int]e/ 9 ! plan1 & ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton gave to ! ,congress bo? on ?is occasion & on succe$+ occasions its effective aid4 ,! ,director ( ,congresses wi%es to express 8 obligations bo? to ! late ,secret>y ,hay & to ,assi/ant-,secret>y ,loomis = _! valuable sugge/ions & c\rte\s cop]ation 9 all matt]s relat+ to ! =eign p>ticipation4 ,/rong support 0 also giv5 ! ,committee & ! plan ( ! ,congress by ,commission]-,g5]al ,lewald ( ,g]many1 & ,commission]-,g5]al ,lagrave ( ,france4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire ,congress p]iod1 bo? ( ^! en]getic ,commission]s-,g5]al plac$ !mselves actively at ! disposition ( ! ,dep>tm5t 9 promot+ ! att5dance ( sci5ti/s f _! respective c\ntries4 ,geographically ! division betwe5 ! ?ree memb]s ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee gave to ,dr4 ,newcomb1 ,france2 to ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l&2 & to ,pr(essor ,small1 ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,italy1 & a "p ( ,au/ria4 ,x 0 also agre$ t ,dr4 ,newcomb %\ld h special ov]sight ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,biology1 & ,te*nology2 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g1 special *>ge ( ,philosophy1 ,philology1 ,art1 ,education1 ,psy*ology1 & ,m$ic9e2 & t ,pr(essor ,small %\ld look aft] ,politics1 ,law1 ,economics1 ,!ology1 ,sociology1 & ,religion4 ,! ,committee work$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 b met once dur+ ! summ] at ,muni* to comp>e results & to det]m9e _! clos+ movem5ts4 ,! public & ev5 ! ,exposition au?orities h probably nev] realiz$ ! delicacy & ! extremely c>eful adju/m5t ex]cis$ by ! ,organiz+ ,committee 9 _! summ]'s campaign4 ,sci5ti/s are z a class s5sitive1 jeal\s ( _! reputations1 & loa? to und]take long j\rneys to a di/ant c\ntry = congress purposes4 ,! am\nt ( labor devolv+ ^u ! ,committee to f9d ! sci5ti/s scatt]$ ov] all ,europe2 ! c>eful & pa9/ak+ pres5tation to ea* ( ! plan ( ! ,congress2 ! appeal to _! sci5tific pride2 ! he>+ ( a ?\s& objections1 & ! answ]+ ( ea*2 ! disappo9tm5ts incurr$2 ! sub/itutions made necess>y at ! la/ mom5t2--all sum up a task ( ! greate/ difficulty & ( enorm\s labor4 ,! rem>kable success ) :i* ! mission 0 cr[n$ /&s out ! m prom95tly 9 view ( ^! conditions4 ,:5 ! ,committee return$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ,septemb]1 !y _h visit$ e important c\ntry ( ,europe1 deliv]$ m ?an "o hundr$ fifty p]sonal invitations1 & = ! "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight sections _h secur$ "o hundr$ sev5te5 acceptances4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 :i* met ) ! ,organiz+ ,committee on ,octob] #ac1 #aijc1 a full report ( ! ,european trip 0 receiv$ & ways & means consid]$ = insur+ ! att5dance f abroad4 ,a li/ ( ! =eign acceptances 0 ord]$ pr9t$ at once = g5]al di/ribution1 & ! ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d 0 reque/$ to address a lett] to ea* ( ! =eign sci5ti/s confirm+ ! action ( ! special delegates & giv+ additional in=mation z to ! l5g? ( addresses1 & rules & details gov]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,congress4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,holls ,! numb] ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d 0 decreas$ dur+ ! summ] by ! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,hon4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,holls1 on ,july #bc1 #aijc4 ,mr4 ,holls _h be5 int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,congress f its e>lie/ days1 & 0 v in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! =m 9 :i* x 0 f9ally promot$4 ,8 great influ5ce abroad z a memb] ( ! ,hague ,conf]5ce1 & 8 high /&+ 9 legal & lit]>y circles 9 ?is c\ntry1 r5d]$ him "o ( ! mo/ prom95t memb]s ( ! ,bo>d4 ,a resolution ( regret at 8 untimely dea? 0 spread ^u ! m9utes ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d at ! meet+ 9 ,octob]1 & x 0 decid$ t 8 place ^u ! ,bo>d %\ld rema9 unfill$4 ,,dome/ic ,,p>ticipation ,at ?is same meet+ ( ,octob] #ac1 active measures 7 tak5 to =w>d ! ,am]ican p>ticipation 9 ! ,congress4 ,! necessity 0 n[ v evid5t t our /ronge/ m5 ( sci5ce mu/ be induc$ to take "p1 9 ord] to comp>e favorably ) ! lead+ m9ds :i* ,europe 0 s5d+4 ,! ,organiz+ ,committee 7 in/ruct$ to consult ! ,am]ican sci5tific societies & associations reg>d+ ! selection ( ,am]ican speak]s1 & also 9 ref]5ce to presid+ (ficials = ea* section4 ,six weeks 0 consid]$ suffici5t = ?is task1 & ! ,committee 7 ask$ to submit to ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d at a meet+ 9 ,new ,york1 on ,decemb] #c & #d1 _! recomm5dations = ,am]ican speak]s4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( detail$ labor1 9 ! way ( correspond5ce1 n[ devolv$ ^u ! ,organiz+ ,committee z well z ^u ! ,director ( ,congresses1 & a bran* (fice 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,wa%+ton equipp$ ) cl]ks & /5ograph]s "u ! *>ge ( ,dr4 ,newcomb1 :o devot$ ! great] portion ( 8 "t = ! next six mon?s to ! _m details connect$ ) ! selection ( =eign & ,am]ican speak]s & *airm54 ,! meet+ ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d 9 ,new ,york 9 ,decemb]1 & a simil> meet+ ) ! ,organiz+ ,committee held at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,club on ,decemb] #bh1 7 giv5 ov] entirely to p]fect+ ! p]sonnel ( ! programme4 ,great c>e 0 ex]t$ 9 select+ ! *airm5 ( ! dep>tm5ts & sections1 inasmu* z !y mu/ be m5 ( int]national reputation & conc$$ /r5g?4 ,= ! secret>y%ips y\ng] m5 ( promise & ability 7 select$1 *iefly f univ]sity circles4 ,bo? ! *airm5 & secret>ies s]v$ )\t comp5sation4 ,! "w ( ! late w9t] 0 a cont9uance ( ! p]fect+ ( details1 & at a meet+ ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d held 9 ,new ,york 9 ,febru>y1 #aijd1 a f9al approval 0 giv5 to ! programme & ! speak]s4 ,! imm95t approa* ( ! ,exposition & ! "w ( ! college comm5cem5t season made x impossible = fur!r g5]al meet+s1 & on ,june #a ! ,organiz+ ,committee 0 con/itut$ a committee ) p[] to fill vacancies 9 ! programme or to am5d ! programme z circum/ances might dem&4 ,all sugge/ions ) ref]5ce to details 7 to be made directly to ! ,director ( ,congresses1 ^u :om devolv$ f ?is "t =w>d ! entire executive control ( ! ,congress4 ,,assembly ,,halls ,! highly div]sifi$ nature ( ! ,congress & ! hold+ ( "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight section meet+s 9 f\r days' "t r5d]$ necess>y a l>ge numb] ( meet+-places c5trally locat$4 ,! ,exposition 0 =tunate 9 hav+ ! use ( ! new plant ( ! ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 n9e l>ge build+s ( :i* _h be5 erect$4 ,_m ( ^! build+s conta9$ lecture halls & assembly rooms1 seat+ f "o hundr$ fifty to fifte5 hundr$ p4 ,sixte5 halls 7 necess>y to accommodate ! full numb] ( sections runn+ at any "o "t1 & ( ?is numb] twelve 7 available 9 ! gr\p ( ,univ]sity ,build+s2 ! o!r f\r 7 f\nd 9 ! lecture halls ( ! ,education ,build+1 ,m9es & ,metallurgy ,build+1 ,agriculture ,build+1 & ! ,transportation ,build+4 ,! op5+ ex]cises1 at :i* ! entire ,congress 0 assembl$1 0 held 9 ,fe/ival ,hall1 capable ( seat+ ?ree ?\s& p4 ,9 ! assignm5t ( halls c>e 0 tak5 s f> z possible to assign ! l>g] halls to ! m popul> subjects1 b x (t5 happ5$ t a great speak] 0 ( necessity assign$ to a small] hall4 ,two ( ! halls also prov$ bad = speak+ ow+ to ! traffic ( ! ,intramural ,railway1 & !re 0 lack+ 9 ne>ly all ( ! halls t academic peace & quiet :i* usually surr\nds ga!r+s ( a sci5tific nature4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 to be expect$ 9 an exposition atmosph]e1 & 0 readily acquiesc$ 9 by ! speak]s !mselves1 & v little objection 0 he>d to ! halls z assign$4 ,e "o seem$ to recognize ! fact t ! imm$iate value ( ! meet+ lay 9 ! comm+l+ & fell[%ip1 & t ! addresses1 ( :i* "o c\ld he> at mo/ only "o 9 sixte51 c\ld n be judg$ 9 ! prop] light until _! publication4 ,,support ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,public ,a /rong ef=t 0 made by ! ,organiz+ ,committee to secure ! att5dance ( an audi5ce :i* %\ld n only 9 its proportions be complim5t>y to ! em95ce ( ! speak]s1 b also be ?or\ghly appreciative ( ! addresses & conv]sant ) ! topic "u discussion4 ,lett]s 7 !re=e s5t to all ( ! prom95t sci5tific societies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ask+ t :]ev] possible ! meet+s ( ! society be set = ! ,congress week 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 & :]ev] ?is 0 n possible t ! societies s5d special delegates to att5d ! ,congress1 & urge _! memb]%ip to make an ef=t to be pres5t4 ,p]sonal lett]s 7 also s5t to ! lead+ memb]s ( ! diff]5t pr(essions & sci5ces1 to ! faculties ( univ]sities & colleges1 urg+ !m to att5d1 & po9t+ out ! necessity ( ! support ( ! ,am]ican sci5tific public4 ,special invitations 7 also s5t 9 ! "n ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee to ! lead+ au?orities ( ! v>i\s subjects "u discussion 9 ! ,congress1 ask+ !m to contribute a t5-m9ute pap] to any section 9 :i* !y 7 p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,! result ( ?is c>eful campaign1 9 addition to ! g5]al exploitation :i* ! ,congress receiv$1 0 su* a flatt]+ att5dance ( ,am]ican sci5ti/s1 z to be bo? a complim5t to ! ,european speak]s & a b5efit to sci5tific ?\ght4 ,_m societies1 su* z ! ,am]ican ,neurological ,association1 ,am]ican ,philological ,association1 ,am]ican ,ma!matical ,society1 ,physical & ,*emical ,societies ( ,am]ica1 ,am]ican ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,g]manic ,congress1 ,am]ican ,electro-,!rapeutic ,association1 held _! annual meet+s dur+ ! week ( ! ,congress1 al?\gh ! date r5d]$ x impossible = ! majority ( ! associations to meet at t "t4 ,! eigh? ,int]national ,geographic ,congress adj\rn$ f ,wa%+ton to ,/4 ,l\is to meet ) ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,9 response to ! special invitations1 two hundr$ =ty-sev5 t5-m9ute addresses 7 promis$ & "o hundr$ two actually read4 ,,reception ,,( ,,=eign ,,gue/s ,e ef=t 0 made by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses to assi/ ! =eign speak]s 9 _! travel+ arrangem5ts & to make matt]s z easy & com=table z possible4 ,a lett] ( advice 0 mail$ to ea* speak] prior to 8 dep>ture1 c>efully sett+ =? ! conditions ( ,am]ican travel1 r\tes to be foll[$1 reception committees to be met1 & o!r ess5tial details4 ,! (ficial badge ( ! ,congress 0 also mail$1 s t ^? we>+ !m might be easily id5tifi$ by ! reception committees bo? 9 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,l\is4 ,n9e t5?s ( ! speak]s came by ! way ( ,new ,york1 & 9 ord] to facilitate ! cle>ance ( _! baggage & to provide = _! fitt+ ent]ta9m5t 9 ,new ,york1 a special reception committee 0 =m$ compos$ ( ! foll[+ memb]s3-- ,f4 ,p4 ,keppel1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,*airman4 ,pr(4 ,h]b]t ,v4 ,abbott1 ,new ,york4 ,r4 ,arr[smi?1 ,new ,york4 ,c4 ,william ,beebe1 ,new ,york4 ,george ,b5del>i1 ,new ,york4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,b]ry1 ,passaic4 ,j4 ,full] ,b]ry1 ,old ,=ge4 ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,birckhead1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,canfield1 ,new ,york4 ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,c>/5son1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,s4 ,crampton1 ,new ,york4 ,san=d ,l4 ,cutl]1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,israel ,davidson1 ,new ,york4 ,william ,h4 ,davis1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,james ,c4 ,egb]t1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,hav5 ,em]son1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,t4 ,s4 ,fiske1 ,new ,york4 ,j4 ,d4 ,fitz-,g]ald1 ,,ii1 ,new>k4 ,w4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ,hobok54 ,clyde ,fur/1 ,yonk]s4 ,william ,k4 ,gregory1 ,new ,york4 ,george ,c4 ,o4 ,haas1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]vey1 ,new ,york4 ,c>l ,h]zog1 ,new ,york4 ,rob]t ,hoguet1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,p]cy ,hughes1 ,brooklyn4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,v4 ,w4 ,jackson1 ,new ,york4 ,alb]t ,j4 ,w4 ,k]n1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f4 ,kroh1 ,orange4 ,dr4 ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,a4 ,l\sseaux1 ,new ,york4 ,fr$]ic ,l4 ,luque]1 ,brooklyn4 ,r4 ,a4 ,v4 ,m9ckwitz1 ,new ,york4 ,*>les ,a4 ,nelson1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,h>ry ,b4 ,p5holl[1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,d4 ,p]ry1 ,new ,york4 ,john ,pohlman1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,ri*>d1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,k4 ,e4 ,ri*t]1 ,new ,york4 ,edw>d ,russ1 ,hobok54 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,l4 ,sp]anza1 ,oak ,ridge4 ,pr(4 ,francis ,h4 ,/odd>d1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,an?ony ,spitzka1 ,goodgr\nd4 ,h>vey ,w4 ,?ay]1 ,brooklyn4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,todd1 ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,wahl1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,wilk5s1 ,new ,york4 ,to ea* =eign speak] 0 ext5d$ ! c\rtesies ( ! ,c5tury & ! ,univ]sity clubs :ile rema9+ 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ! assi/ance ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t & ( ! c\rtesy ( ,collector ( ! ,port1 ,hon4 ,n4 ,n4 ,/ranahan1 ?r\gh :om special privileges ( ! ,port 7 ext5d$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,! "w ( ! reception committee 0 mo/ satisfactorily & effici5tly p]=m$1 & 0 highly appreciat$ by ! =eign gue/s4 ,special ackn[l$gm5t is due ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,keppel1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 = 8 pa9/ak+ & effici5t managem5t ( ! affairs ( ! committee 9 ,new ,york4 ,_m ( ! speak]s proce$$ s+ly to ,/4 ,l\is1 /opp+ at v>i\s places1 b ! great majority w5t directly to ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 :]e !y 7 ent]ta9$ dur+ ! week prec$+ ! ,congress by ,presid5t ,h>p] & ,pr(essor ,small1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,! arrivals at ,/4 ,l\is 7 made on ,saturday ! #ag? & ,sunday ! #ah? ( ,septemb]4 ,_m ( ! p>ticipants _h arriv$ at e>li] dates1 & fully tw5ty ( ! speak]s 7 memb]s ( ! ,int]national ,jury ( ,aw>ds = _! respective c\ntries1 & _h be5 9 ,/4 ,l\is s9ce ,septemb] #a1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,jury "w4 ,a reception committee simil> to t 9 ,new ,york 0 also =m$ at ,/4 ,l\is f ! memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity ,club1 & _! duties 7 to meet all incom+ tra9s & conduct ! memb]s ( ! ,congress p]sonally to _! /opp+-places1 & assi/ !m 9 all matt]s ( detail4 ,?is committee 0 compris$ ( ! foll[+ memb]s1 ne>ly all ( ! ,univ]sity ,club1 :o p]=m$ _! "w effici5tly & en?usia/ically to ! great satisfaction ( ! ,exposition & to ! ?or\gh appreciation ( ! =eign gue/s3-- ,v4 ,m4 ,port]1 ,*airman1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,e4 ,h4 ,ang]t1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,g\v]neur ,calh\n1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,w4 ,m4 ,*auv5et1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,h4 ,g4 ,clevel&1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,clopton1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,walt] ,fis*el1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,w4 ,l4 ,r4 ,gif=d1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,e4 ,m4 ,grossman1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,l4 ,w4 ,hag]man1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,l\is ,la ,beaume1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,c>l ,h4 ,lag5burg1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,se>s ,lehmann1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,g4 ,f4 ,paddock1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,t4 ,g4 ,rutl$ge1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,lu!r ,ely ,smi?1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,j4 ,cl>5ce ,taussig1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,c4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?omas1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,w4 ,m4 ,tompk9s1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,g4 ,t4 ,weitzel1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,tyrrell ,williams1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,! it9]>y ( ! =eign speak]s aft] leav+ ,/4 ,l\is at ! end ( ! ,congress took !m on appo9t$ tra9s to ,wa%+ton1 :]e !y 7 giv5 an (ficial reception by ,presid5t ,roosevelt & a reception by ,dr4 ,simon ,newcomb1 ,presid5t ( ! ,congress4 ,f "h !y proce$$ to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 :]e !y 7 giv5 a reception by ,pr(4 ,hugo ,mn/]b]g1 & 7 ent]ta9$ z gue/s ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,!nce ! great majority ( ! speak]s return$ to ,new ,york1 :]e !y 7 ! gue/s ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & 7 giv5 a f>ewell d9n] by ! ,association ( ,old ,g]man ,/ud5ts4 ,_m ( ! speak]s1 h[ev]1 visit$ o!r portions ( ! c\ntry be=e return+ to ,europe4 ,! =eign speak]s :ile 9 ,/4 ,l\is 7 consid]$ ! gue/s ( ! ,exposition ,company1 & 7 reliev$ f all c>e & exp5se = rooms & ent]ta9m5t4 ,^? :o 7 accompani$ by _! wives & daught]s 7 ent]ta9$ by prom95t ,/4 ,l\is families1 & ^? :o came s+ly 7 qu>t]$ 9 ! dormitory ( ! ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 :i* 0 set aside = ?is purpose dur+ ! week ( ! ,congress4 ,! dormitory arrangem5t prov$ a v happy circum/ance1 z ne>ly "o hundr$ =eign & ,am]ican sci5ti/s ( ! highe/ rank 7 ?r[n 9 contact1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( _! /ud5t days1 & ?or\ghly enjoy$ ! novelty & fell[%ip ( ! plan4 ,! dormitory conta9$ n9ety-six rooms newly fitt$ up ) mu* c>e & ) all mod]n conv5i5ces4 ,light breakfa/s 7 s]v$ 9 ! rooms1 & special s]vice provid$ at ! call ( ! occupants4 ,! situation ( ! dormitory also 9 ! ,exposition gr\nds 9 close proximity to ! assembly halls 0 highly appreciat$1 & al?\gh at times !re 7 m9or matt]s :i* did n run s smoo?ly1 ! almo/ unanim\s expression ( ! gue/s ( ! ,exposition 0 "o ( delight & appreciation ( ! arrangem5ts4 ,special m5tion ought 9 ju/ice to be made to ^? resid5ts ( ,/4 ,l\is :o su/a9$ ! "t-honor$ "n ( ! city = hospitality & c\rtesy by ent]ta9+ ^? =eign memb]s ( ! ,congress :o 7 accompani$ by ! imm$iate memb]s ( _! family4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3-- ,dr4 ,c4 ,b>ek ,dr4 ,william ,b>tlett ,judge ,w4 ,f4 ,boyle ,mr4 ,rob]t ,brook+s ,mrs4 ,j4 ,t4 ,davis ,dr4 ,samuel ,dodd ,mr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,dozi] ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,fis*el ,mr4 ,l\is ,fusz ,mr4 ,augu/ ,gehn] ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,gold/e9 ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,huttig ,dr4 ,erne/ ,jonas ,mr4 ,r4 ,mc,kittrick ,jones ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,lehmann ,dr4 ,rob]t ,lu$ek+ ,mr4 ,edw>d ,mall9ckrodt ,mr4 ,george ,d4 ,m>kham ,mr4 ,?omas ,mc,kittrick ,mr4 ,!odore ,mei] ,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,niccolls ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,nolk] ,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,s*wab ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*w>tz ,mr4 ,corw9 ,h4 ,sp5c] ,dr4 ,william ,taussig ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,t5broek ,dr4 ,h]man ,tuholske ,hon4 ,rolla ,wells ,mr4 ,edw>ds ,:itak] ,mr4 ,*>les ,wuelf+ ,mr4 ,max ,wuelf+4 ,,detail ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! imm5se am\nt ( detail "w :i* devolv$ ^u ! ,dep>tm5t 9 ! matt] ( prep>+ halls = ! meet+s1 receiv+ gue/s1 provid+ = _! com=t1 issu+ ! programmes1 manag+ ! detail ( ! receptions1 banquets1 invitations1 etc41 provid+ = regi/ration1 paym5t ( honor>iums1 & furni%+ in=mation on e conceivable topic1 r5d]$ necess>y ! =mation ( a special bureau :i* 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 z ,executive ,secret>y4 ,dr4 ,h[>d's long exp]i5ce z ,secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce r5d]$ him p>ticul>ly well qualifi$ to assume ?is labori\s & ?ankless task4 ,by mutual arrangem5t ! ,director ( ,congresses & ! ,executive ,secret>y divid$ ! field ( labor4 ,! ,director _h1 9 addition to ! g5]al ov]sight ( ! ,congress1 special sup]vision ( ! local reception committee1 ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! gue/s1 (ficial banquets & ent]ta9m5ts1 & all f9ancial details4 ,! ,executive ,secret>y took entire *>ge ( ! programme1 assignm5t ( rooms 9 ! dormitory1 c>e & sup]vision ( ! dormitory1 assignm5t ( halls = speak]s1 regi/ration books & bureau ( in=mation4 ,dr4 ,h[>d arriv$ on ,septemb] #a to beg9 8 duties1 & rema9$ until ,septemb] #cj4 ,,week ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! op5+ session ( ! ,congress 0 set = ,monday aft]noon4 ,septemb] #ai1 at #b4cj o'clock 9 ,fe/ival ,hall4 ,! ma9 programme ( ! ,congress began ,tuesday morn+4 ,! sessions 7 held 9 ! morn+s & aft]noons1 ! ev5+s be+ left free = social affairs4 ,! li/ ( functions au?oriz$ 9 honor ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce 7 z foll[s3-- ,monday ev5+1 ,septemb] #ai1 gr& fte night 9 honor ( ! gue/s ( ! ,congress1 ) special musical programme ab\t ! ,gr& ,bas9 & lagoons1 boat rides & lagoon fte2 ?is function 0 un=tunately some:at m>r$ by inclem5t wea!r4 ,x 0 ! only ev5+ free 9 ! entire week1 h[ev]1 = memb]s ( ! ,congress to witness ! illum9ations & decorative ev5+ effects4 ,banquet giv5 by ! ,/4 ,l\is ,*emical ,society at ! ,s\!rn ,hotel to memb]s ( ! *emical sections ( ! ,congress4 ,tuesday ev5+1 ,septemb] #bj1 g5]al reception by ! ,bo>d ( ,lady ,manag]s to ! (fic]s & speak]s ( ! ,congress & ,(ficials ( ! ,exposition4 ,w$nesday aft]noon1 ,septemb] #ba1 g>d5 fte giv5 to ! memb]s ( ! ,congress at ! ,fr5* ,national ,pavilion by ! ,commission]-,g5]al f ,france4 ,! g>d5s ( ! m9iature ,gr& ,trianon 7 nev] m beautiful ?an on ?is brilliant aft]noon1 & ! pres5ce ( ! ,g>de ,rpublica9e b& & ! entire (ficial repres5tation ( ! ,exposition1 l5t a color & _s to ! affair unsurpass$ dur+ ! ,exposition p]iod4 ,w$nesday ev5+1 reception by ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,commission]-,g5]al to ! (fic]s & speak]s ( ! ,congress & ! (ficials ( ! ,exposition1 at ! ,g]man ,/ate ,h\se4 ,! magnific5t hospitality :i* *>act]iz$ ?is build+ dur+ ! entire ,exposition p]iod 0 fairly outdone on ?is occasion1 & ! function /&s prom95t z "o ( ! brilliant successes ( ! ,exposition p]iod4 ,?ursday ev5+1 ,septemb] #bb1 ,%aw banquet at ! ,buck+ham ,club to ! =eign delegates & (fic]s ( ! ,congress4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! tru/ees ( ,%aw's ,g>d5 & ( ! (fic]s ( ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ! annual banquet provid$ = m5 ( sci5ce1 lett]s1 & affairs1 by ! w ( ,h5ry ,b4 ,%aw1 f\nd] ( ! ,miss\ri ,botanical ,g>d5s1 0 giv5 dur+ ?is week z a complim5t to ! not$ =eign sci5ti/s :o 7 ! gue/s ( ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,friday ev5+1 ,septemb] #bc1 (ficial banquet giv5 by ! ,exposition to ! speak]s & (ficials ( ! ,congress & ! (ficials ( ! ,exposition1 9 ! banquet hall ( ! ,tyrolean ,alps4 ,saturday ev5+1 ,septemb] #bd1 banquet at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,club giv5 by ! ,r\nd ,table ( ,/4 ,l\is1 to ! =eign memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,! ,r\nd ,table is a lit]>y club :i* meets at banquet six times annually = discussion ( topics ( int]e/ to ! lit]>y & sci5tific _w4 ,banquet giv5 by ! ,imp]ial ,commission]-,g5]al f ,japan to ! ,japanese delegation to ! ,congress & to ! ,exposition (ficials & ,*iefs ( ,dep>tm5ts4 ,d9n] giv5 by ,commission]-,g5]al f ,great ,brita9 to ! ,engli% memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! assembl+ ( ! ,congress on ! aft]noon ( ,septemb] #ai1 9 ! magnific5t auditorium ( ,fe/ival ,hall :i* cr[n$ ,cascade ,hill & ! ,t]race ( ,/ates1 0 m>k$ ) simple c]emonies & impressive dignity4 ,! great organ peal$ ! national hymns ( ! c\ntries p>ticipat+ & clos$ ) ! national an!m ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! audi5ce 7 ! memb]s ( ! ,congress repres5t+ ! select$ tal5t ( ! _w 9 _! field ( sci5tific endeavor1 & ab\t !m 7 gr\p$ an audi5ce drawn f e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to promote by _! pres5ce ! success ( ! ,congress & to d honor to ! not$ p]sonages :o 7 ! gue/s ( ! ,exposition & ( ! ,nation4 ,on ! /age 7 seat$ ! (ficials ( ! ,congress1 ! honor>y vice-presid5ts f =eign nations1 & ! (ficials ( ! ,exposition4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r ! ,director ( ,congresses1 ,dr4 ,h[>d ,j4 ,rog]s1 call$ ! meet+ to ord]1 & outl9$ 9 a few words ! object ( ! ,congress1 welcom$ ! =eign delegates1 & pres5t$ ! memb]s1 bo? =eign & ,am]ican1 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition1 ,hon4 ,david ,r4 ,francis4 ,! ,presid5t spoke z foll[s3-- ,:at an ambiti\s und]tak+ is a univ]sal exposition6 ,b h[ wor?y x is ( ! highe/ ef=t6 ,&1 if successful1 h[ f>-rea*+ are its results1 h[ la/+ its b5efits6 ,:o %all pass judgm5t on t success8 ,on :at evid5ce1 by :at /&>ds %all _! v]dicts be =m$8 ,! developm5t ( society1 ! advancem5t ( civilization1 involve _m problems1 enc\nt] _m & s]i\s difficulties1 & h met ) deplorable reactions :i* decades & c5turies 7 requir$ to repair4 ,! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man1 & any progress 9 sci5ce t ignores or loses sight ( 8 welf>e & happ9ess1 h[ev] admirable & wond]ful su* progress may be1 di/urbs ! equilibrium ( society4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! times t[>d c5tralization or unification is1 f an economic /&po9t1 a drift+ 9 ! "r direction1 b ! pilot+ mu/ be done by skillful h&s1 "u ! sup]vision & control ( f>-see+ m9ds1 :o w rememb] t ! masses are human be+s ^: education & exp&+ intellig5ce are con/antly broad5+ & emphasiz+ _! individuality4 ,a univ]sal exposition af=ds to its visitors1 & ^! :o sy/ematically /udy its exhibits & its phases1 an unequal$ opportunity to view ! g5]al progress & developm5t ( all c\ntries & all races4 ,e l9e ( human endeavor is "h repres5t$4 ,! conv5tions h]et(ore held on ^! gr\nds & _m plann$ to be held--aggregat+ ov] ?ree hundr$--h be5 conf9$ 9 _! delib]ations to special l9es ( ?\ght or activity4 ,?is int]national congress ( arts & sci5ces is ! mo/ compreh5sive 9 its plan & scope ( any ev] held1 & is ! fir/ ( its k9d4 ,! l9es ( its organization1 ,i %all leave ! ,director ( ,exhibits1 :o is also a memb] ( ! adm9i/rative bo>d ( ?is congress1 to expla94 ,y :o are memb]s are already advis$ z to its scope1 & y\r almo/ univ]sal & prompt acceptance ( ! invitations ext5d$ to y to p>ticipate1 implies an approval :i* we appreciate1 & indicates a will+ness & a desire to cop]ate 9 an ef=t to br+ into intellig5t & b5eficial correlation all bran*es ( sci5ce1 all l9es ( ?\ght4 ,y ne$ no argum5t to conv9ce y ( ! em95t fitness ( mak+ su* a congress a prom95t feature ( a univ]sal exposition 9 :i* education is ! dom9ant feature4 ,! adm9i/rative bo>d & ! organiz+ committee h dis*>g$ _! on]\s & responsible tasks ) signal fidelity & ability1 & ! success t has rew>d$ _! ef=ts is a la/+ monum5t to _! wisdom4 ,! managem5t ( ! ,exposition t5d]s to !m1 collectively & individually1 its grateful ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,! memb]%ip 9 ?is congress repres5ts ! _w's elect 9 rese>* & 9 ?\ght4 ,! p>ticipants 7 select$ aft] a c>eful survey ( ! entire field2 no limitations ( national b\nd>ies or racial affiliations h be5 obs]v$4 ,! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #aijd1 ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ! ,l\isiana t]ritory ^: acquisition we are celebrat+1 ! entire c\ntry1 & all p>ticipat+ 9 or visit+ ?is ,exposition are grateful = y\r com+1 & feel honor$ by y\r pres5ce4 ,we are pr\d to welcome y to a sc5e :]e are pres5t$ ! be/ & highe/ mat]ial products ( all c\ntries & ( e civilization1 p>ticipat$ 9 by all peoples1 f ! mo/ primitive to ! mo/ highly cultur$--a m>k] 9 ! progress ( ! _w1 & ( :i* ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce is ! cr[n+ feature4 ,may ! atmosph]e ( ?is univ]sal exposition1 *>g$ z x is ) ! re/less en]gies ( e phase ( human activity & p]meat$ by t ineffable s5tim5t ( univ]sal bro!rhood eng5d]$ by ! intellig5t sons ( ,god1 congregat+ = ! fri5dly rivalries ( peace1 inspire y ) ev5 high] ?\ghts--imbue y ) /ill broad] sympa?ies1 to ! end t by y\r future labors y may be /ill m helpful to ! human race & place y\r fell[ m5 "u yet deep] obligations4 ,director ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff 0 !n introduc$ by ! ,presid5t z repres5t+ ! ,division ( ,exhibits1 ^: untir+ labors _h fill$ ! magnific5t ,exposition palaces surr\nd+ ! ,fe/ival ,hall ) ! visible products ( ^? sci5ces & arts1 ! !ory1 progress1 & problems ( :i* ! ,congress 0 assembl$ to consid]4 ,mr4 ,skiff spoke z foll[s3-- ,! division ( exhibits ( ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #aijd has look$ =w>d to ?is "t1 :5 ! "w x has p]=m$ is to be review$ & discuss$ by ?is di/+ui%$ body4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 int5d to convey ! idea t ! int]national congress is to inspect or criticise ! exhibitions1 b ,i d mean to say t ! delib]ations ( ?is organization are contemporane\s ) & %>e ! responsibility = ! accompli%m5ts ( :i* ! exhibitions made are ! visible evid5ces4 ,! great educational yield ( a univ]sal exposition comes f ! intellectual m ?an f ! me*anical processes4 ,x is ! mat]ial condition ( ! times4 ,x is z well ! duty ( ! responsible au?orities to g yet fur!r & record ! ?\ghts & !ories1 ! inve/igations1 exp]im5ts1 & obs]vations ( :i* ^! mat]ial ?+s are ! tangible results4 ,a congress ( arts & sci5ce1 ^: memb]%ip is drawn f all educational z well z geographical zones1 n only acc\nts = & analyzes ! philosophy ( conditions1 b po9ts ! way = fur!r advance along ! l9es consi/5t ) demon/ration4 ,its contribution to ! h\r is at once a hi/ory & a prophecy4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! delib]ations & utt]ances ( ?is congress may regulate ! developm5t ( society or give impulse to succe$+ g5]ations1 x is impossible to e/imate1 b n unreasonable to anticipate4 ,! plans ( ! congress matur$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! be/ s*ol>s2 ! classification ( its purpose1 ! scope1 ! selection ( its di/+ui%$ p>ticipants1 gave to ! hopes & ambitions ( ! managem5t ( ! ,exposition inspiration ( a mo/ exalt$ degree4 ,at fir/ ^! ambitions 7--n )\t reason--reg>d$ z too high4 ,! plane ^u :i* ! congress _h be5 inaugurat$1 ! aim1 ! broad int5t1 seem$ beyond ! m]its1 if n beyond ! capacity1 ( ?is hi!rto n widely recogniz$ intellectual c5tre4 ,b ! c\rage ( ! inception1 ! l(t9ess ( ! purpose1 appeal$ s pr(\ndly to ! toil]s = tru? & ! apo/les ( fact1 t we f9d ga!r$ "h to-day 9 ! he>t ( ! new ,we/]n cont95t ! great m9ds ^: impress on society has r5d]$ possible ! intellectual heights to :i* ?is age has asc5d$ & n[ beckon =w>d ! /ud5ts ( ! _w to limitless possibilities4 ,:ile int]national congresses ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 art1 & indu/ry h be5 accompli%$ by previ\s expositions1 yet to classify & select ! topics 9 sympa?y ) ! classification & in/allation ( ! exhibits mat]ial is a /ep consid]ably 9 advance ( ! cu/om4 ,! m5 :o build an exposition mu/ by temp]am5t1 if n by *>act]i/ic1 be educators4 ,!y mu/ be 9 sympa?y ) ! welf>e ( humanity & its high] de/9y4 ,! exhibitions at ?is ,exposition are n ! haphaz>d ga!r+s ( conv5i5t mat]ial1 b ! outl9e ( a plan to illu/rate ! productiv5ess ( mank9d at ?is p>ticul> "t1 c>efully dige/$1 ?or\ghly ?\ght out1 & consci5ti\sly execut$4 ,! exhibit1 !re=e1 9 ea* ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ! classification1 z well z 9 ! gr\ps ( ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 are ( su* "*1 & s arrang$ z to reflect ! be/ t ! _w c d along dep>tm5tal l9es1 & ! be/ t diff]5t peoples c d along gr\p l9es4 ,! congresses accord ) ! exhibits1 & ! exhibits give expression to ! congresses4 ,education has be5 ! keynote ( ?is ,exposition4 ,7 x n = ! educational idea1 ! acts ( gov]nm5t provid+ va/ sums ( money = ! up-build+ ( ?is ,exposition w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,?is congress reflects "o idea va/ly out/ripp+ o!rs1 & t is1 9 ! unity ( ?\ght 9 ! univ]sal conc]t ( purpose4 ,x is ! fir/ "t1 ,i believe1 t !re has be5 an int]national ga!r+ ( ! au?orities ( all ! sci5ces1 & 9 t respect ! congress initiates & e/abli%es ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( s*ol>s4 ,a ?\ght uncommunicat$ is ( little value4 ,an unrecord$ a*ievem5t is n an asset ( society4 ,! real la/+ value ( ?is congress w consi/ ( ! pr9t$ record ( its proce$+s4 ,! deliv]y ( ! addresses1 rea*+ & appeal+ to1 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case1 a v limit$ numb] ( p1 c be consid]$ z only a me?od ( rea*+ ! la/+ & p]petual good ( civilization4 ,9 j ! degree t ?is ,exposition 9 its v>i\s divisions %all make a record ( accompli%m5ts1 & lead ! way to fur!r advance1 ?is ent]prise has rea*$ ! expectations ( its contributors & ! hopes ( its promot]s4 ,?is congress is ! peak ( ! m\nta9 t ?is ,exposition has build$ on ! highway ( progress4 ,f its heights we contemplate ! pa/1 record ! pres5t1 & gaze into ! future4 ,?is univ]sal exposition is a _w's univ]sity4 ,! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce con/itutes ! faculty2 ! mat]ial on exhibition are ! laboratories & ! museums2 ! /ud5ts are mank9d4 ,t 9 response to invitation ( ! spl5did committee ( patriotic m51 to :om all praise is due = _! ef=ts 9 ?is cr[n+ glory ( ! ,exposition1 s em95t a ga!r+ ( ! s*ol>s & savants ( ! _w has result$1 speaks unmi/akably = ! frat]nity ( ! _w1 = ! sympa?y ( its citiz5%ip1 & = ! patriotism ( its p4 ,9 reply to ^! addresses ( ! (ficials ( ! ,exposition1 ! honor>y ,vice-,presid5ts = ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,italy1 & ,japan made brief responses 9 behalf ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay ( ,london spoke 9 ! place ( ,hon4 ,james ,bryce1 ext5d+ ,engl&'s ?anks = ! c\rtesy :i* _h be5 %[n h] repres5tatives & decl>+ t ,engl&1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! sci5tific field1 look$ ^u ,am]ica z a relative & n z a =eign c\ntry4 ,france 0 repres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,jean ,ga/on ,d>b\x1 ,p]petual ,secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 :o spoke z foll[s3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,,ladies ,,& ,,g5tlem51--,my fir/ ^w w be to ?ank y = ! honor :i* y h be5 s c\rte\s z to pay my c\ntry 9 res]v+ = h] "o ( ! vice-presid5cies ( ! ,congress4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,frankl91 :o receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,france ! welcome :i* ju/ice & 8 own p]sonal g5ius & wor? dem&$1 mo/ affectionate relations h n ceas$ to unite ! sci5ti/s ( ,france & ! sci5ti/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! di/9ction :i* y h "h accord$ to u w contribute /ill fur!r to r5d] ^! relations m intimate & m frat]nal4 ,9 *oos+ me among s _m ( ! bett] fitt$ delegates s5t by my c\ntry1 y h )\t d\bt wi%$ to pay special honor to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces & to ! ,in/itut de ,france1 :i* ,i h ! honor ( repres5t+ 9 ! position ( ,p]petual ,secret>y4 ,p]mit me !re=e to ?ank y 9 ! "n ( ^! great societies1 :i* are happy to c\nt 9 ! numb] ( _! =eign associates & ( _! correspond5ts s _m ( ! s*ol>s ( ,am]ica4 ,9 l mann] z ! ,in/itut de ,france1 s ! ,congress :i* op5s to-day seeks to unite at ! same "t lett]s1 sci5ce1 & arts4 ,we %all be happy & pr\d to take "p 9 ?is "w & contribute to its success4 ,g]many 0 repres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,waldey]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 :o repli$ z foll[s3-- ,,mr4 ,,presid5t1 ,,honor$ ,,assemblage1--,! e/eem$ invitation :i* has be5 (f]$ to me 9 ?is significant h\r ( ! op5+ ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce to greet ! memb]s ( ?is congress1 & p>ticul>ly my e/eem$ compatriots1 ,i h _h no desire to decl9e4 ,i h be5 = a =tnight "u ! free sky ( ?is mighty city--s ,i mu/ express myself1 s9ce enclos+ walls are unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& ?is fact1 toge!r ) ! hospitality (f]$ me 9 su* delightful mann] by ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,congresses1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,lehmann1 has almo/ made me a ,/4 ,l\is man4 ,!re=e ,i may p]haps take x ^u myself to greet y "h4 ,i confess t ,i arriv$ "h ) "s misgiv+--"s d\bts z to :e!r ! great task :i* 0 "h und]tak5 "u mo/ difficult circum/ances c\ld be accompli%$ ) ev5 cr$itable success4 ,^! d\bts entirely disappe>$ ! fir/ "t ,i ent]$ ! gr\nds ( ! ,_w's ,fair & obta9$ a g5]al view ( ! me?od1 beautiful z well z practical1 by :i* ! treasures ga!r$ f ! :ole _w 7 arrang$ & display$4 ,i tru/ y1 too1 w h a l exp]i5ce2 & w soon recognize t a mo/ e>ne/ & good "w is "h accompli%$4 ,& ,i mu/ rem>k at ?is "t t we ,g]mans may inde$ be well satisfi$ "h2 ! unanim\s & complete recognition :i* our cop]ation 9 ?is great "w has receiv$ is almo/ disconc]t+4 ,:at c be said ( ! :ole ,exposition ) ref]5ce to its ext5t & ! ord] 9 :i* ev]y?+ is arrang$1 ,i may well say conc]n+ ! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 especially int]e/+ to u4 ,9 ?is h\r 9 :i* ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce is be+ op5$1 we %all n express any ?anks to ^? :o took ?is "p ( ! "w ^u _! %\ld]s--a m difficult task inde$ ?an all ! o!rs1 = "h ! problem is n to manage mat]ials1 b heads & m9ds4 ,& z ,i see "h assembl$ a l>ge numb] ( ,g]man pr(essors--,i1 too1 belong to ! pr(ession--( :om x is said1 ,i "k n ) h[ mu* ju/ice1 t !y are h>d to lead1 ! labors ( ! ,directors & ,presid5ts ( ! ,congress c\ld n h be51 & are n n[1 small4 ,nei!r %all we to-day prophesy into :at ! ,congress may develop4 ,! great] numb] ( speak]s _c expect to h l>ge audi5ces1 b ev5 to-day we c safely say ?is3 ! impos+ r[ ( volumes 9 :i* %all be giv5 to po/]ity ! reviews "h to be pres5t$ conc]n+ ! pres5t condition1 & future problems ( ! sci5ces & arts z !y appe> to ! sci5tific _w at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 w provide a monum5tal "w ( la/+ value4 ,?is we may confid5tly expect4 ,! ?anks :i* we to-day d n wi% to anticipate 9 words1 let u %[ by our actions to our k9d ,am]ican ho/s1 & especially to ! directors ( ! ,_w's ,fair & ( ?is ,congress4 ,) exalt$ m9d1 =gett+ all little annoyances :i* may & w come1 let u g =w>d c\rage\sly to ! "w1 & let u d our be/4 ,let u grasp he>tily ! op5 h& hone/ly ext5d$ to u4 ,may ?is ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce wor?ily take "p 9 ! great & undisput$ success :i* ev5 to-day we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! ,_w's ,fair at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,= ,au/ria ,dr4 ,!odore ,es*]i*1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 respond$ z foll[s3-- ,9 ! "n ( ! _m ,au/rians pres5t at ! ,congress ,i express ! ?anks ( my compatriots to ! ,committee :i* summon$ u1 = _! invitation & ! hospitality s cordially ext5d$4444 ,i congratulate ! au?orities ^u ! idea ( op5+ ?is ,congress4 ,h[ _m _w-expositions h already be5 held )\t an attempt hav+ be5 made to exhibit ! _s t has creat$ ?is _w ( beautiful & useful ?+s8 ,x 0 res]v$ = ^! to f9d ! =m 9 :i* ! highe/ results ( human ?\ght--,sci5ce--pres5t$ 9 ! p]sons ( h] repres5tatives1 c\ld be incorporat$ 9 ! compass ( ! ,_w's ,fair4 ,! conception ( ?is ,int]national ,congress ( all ,sci5ces 9 its orig9ality & audacity1 9 its univ]sality & compreh5sive organization1 is truly a *ild ( ! "y-,am]ican _s4444 ,aft] ?is ,congress has come to a close & ! collection ( ! lectures deliv]$1 an unp>allel$ encyclop$ia ( human k1 bo? 9 ext5t & cont5t1 w h appe>$4 ,we may say t ?is ,fair has become ( epo*al importance1 n alone = trade & manufactures1 b also = sci5ce4 ,^! pr\d palaces w long h disappe>$ & be5 =gott5 :5 ?is "w1 a monum5tum a]e p]5nius1 %all /ill te/ify to future g5]ations ! /&>d ( sci5tific atta9m5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,%ort ackn[l$gm5ts 7 !n made = ,russia by ,dr4 ,osc> ,backlund1 ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory at ,pulk[a1 ,russia1 & = ,japan by ,pr(4 ,nobu%ige ,hozumi1 ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity at ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,! la/ ( ! ,vice-,presid5ts to respond to ! addresses ( welcome 0 ,signor ,attilio ,brunialti1 ,c\ncilor ( ,/ate = ,italy1 :o aft] a few =mal words 9 ,engli% broke into impassion$ eloqu5ce 9 8 native tongue1 & 9 brilliant diction & graceful p]iods express$ ! deep feel+ & pr(\nd joy :i* ,italy1 ! "m ( arts1 felt 9 p>ticipat+ 9 an occasion s hi/oric & s magnific5t4 ,signor ,brunialti said 9 "p3 ,i ?ank y1 g5tlem51 = ! honor y h paid bo? to my c\ntry & myself by elect+ me a ,vice-,presid5t ( ?is great sci5tific assembly4 ,w\ld t ,i c\ld ?ank y 9 words 9 :i* vibrate ! he>t ( ,rome1 ! sci5tific _s ( my l&1 & all t x has giv5 to ! _w = ! progress ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,y "k ,italy1 g5tlem51 y admire h]1 & !re=e x is = ?is also t my ?anks are due to y4 ,:at anci5t ,rome has contribut$ to ! common patrimony ( civilization is also reflect$ "h 9 a ?\s& ways1 & a classical education1 held 9 su* honor1 by a "y & practical p su* z y\rs1 excites our admiration & also our a/oni%m5t4 ,by giant /rides y are reviv+ ! activity ( ,italy at ! epo* ( ! ,communes1 :5 all 7 animat$ by unwe>y+ activity & our manufactures & arts held ! fir/ place 9 ,europe4 ,i h already prais$ "h ! c\rage\s _s :i* has sugge/$ ! meet+ ( ?is ,congress--a ,congress t w rema9 fam\s 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,_m ?+s 9 y\r c\ntry h ar\s$ 9 me gr[+ surprise1 b no?+ has /ruck me m1 ,i assure y1 ?an ?is homage to sci5ce :i* is pu%+ all ! weal?y classes to a noble rivalry = ! increase ( education & m5tal cultivation4 ,y h already l>ge libr>ies & ri*ly end[$ univ]sities1 & e k9d ( s*ool1 :]e ! works ( ,greece & ,rome are p]haps ev5 m appreciat$ & adapt$ to mod]n improvem5ts ?an ) u old classical nations4 ,full ( en]gy1 activity1 & weal?1 y h be=e y p]petual progress1 & :at1 up to ?is1 y\r y\? has n all[$ y to give to ! _w1 y w surely be able to give 9 ! future4 ,use freely all ! treasures ( civilization1 art1 & sci5ce t c5turies h accumulat$ 9 ! old _w1 & especially 9 my belov$ ,italy2 fructify !m ) y\r y\?ful initiation & ) y\r p[]ful en]gy4 ,by s do+ y w contribute to peace1 & !n we may say ) tru? t we h prep>$ y\r r\te by ! "w ( c5turies2 & l unto ^? :o f old age are prev5t$ f foll[+ ! bold "y man ( ,longfell[ 9 8 c\rse1 we w accompany y ) our greet+s & our alt]able affection4 ,by my voice1 ! native c\ntry ( ,columbus1 ( ,galileo1 ( ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael1 ( ,mac*iavelli & ,volta1 salutes & ) op5 arms hails z h] hopeful daught] "y ,am]ica1--?ank+ & bless+ h] = ! road %e has op5$ to ! sons ( ,italy1 workm5 & arti/s1 to civilization1 to sci5ce1 & to mod]n rese>* & ?\ght4 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 0 prev5t$ by illness 9 8 family f be+ pres5t at ! ,congress1 & 9 place ( ! address to h be5 deliv]$ by him on ! idea & developm5t ( ! ,congress & ! "w ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d1 ,presid5t ,william ,r4 ,h>p]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 spoke on ! same subject z foll[s3 ,i h be5 ask$ )9 a few h\rs by ^? 9 au?ority to pres5t to y on behalf ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d ( ?is ,int]national ,congress a /atem5t conc]n+ ! orig9 & purpose ( ! congress4 ,x is surely a s\rce ( great disappo9tm5t to all conc]n$ t ! *airman ( ! bo>d1 ,presid5t ,butl]1 is prev5t$ f be+ pres5t4 ,_m ( u recall ! fact t at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi ! fir/ attempt 0 made to d some?+ sy/ematic 9 ! way ( congresses4 ,?is attempt 0 ! natural outcome ( ! op9ion :i* _h come to exi/ t s spl5did an opportunity z 0 af=d$ by ! com+ toge!r ( lead]s 9 e dep>tm5t ( activity %\ld n be suff]$ to pass by unimprov$4 ,:at c\ld be m natural 9 ! /imulat+ & ?\ght-provok+ atmosph]e ( an exposition ?an ! proposal to make provision = a consid]ation & discussion ( "s ( ! problems s closely relat$ to ! int]e/s repres5t$ by ! exposition8 ,! results a*iev$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi 7 s /rik+ z to lead ^? 9 *>ge ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition 9 ,*icago1 #ahic1 to organize :at 0 call$ ! ,_w's ,congress ,auxili>y1 includ+ a s]ies ( congresses1 9 :i*1 to use ! language ( ! orig9al decree1 ! be/ work]s 9 g5]al sci5ce1 philosophy1 lit]ature1 art1 agriculture1 trade1 & labor 7 to meet to pres5t _! exp]i5ces & results obta9$ 9 all ^? v>i\s l9es ( ?\ght up to ! pres5t "t4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 9 connection ) ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj1 !re 0 held ano!r simil> s]ies ( int]national congresses4 ,! g5]al idea _h 9 ?is way sl[ly b surely ga9$ recognition4 ,! au?orities ( ! ,univ]sal ,exposition at ,/4 ,l\is1 f ! fir/1 recogniz$ ! desirability ( provid+ = a congress :i* %\ld exce$ 9 its scope ^? t _h be=e be5 attempt$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ days ( ! prep>ation = ?is ,exposition ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff1 ! ,director ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 my ne>e/ neighbor 9 ! city ( ,*icago1 took occasion to pres5t ?is idea1 & p>ticul>ly to emphasize ! specific po9t t some?+ %\ld be und]tak5 :i* n only might add dignity & glory to ! great "n ( ! ,exposition1 b also con/itute a p]man5t & valuable contribution to ! sum ( human k4 ,aft] a consid]ation ( ! :ole "q1 :i* ext5d$ ov] _m mon?s1 ! committee on int]national congresses resolv$ to e/abli% an adm9i/rative bo>d ( sev5 memb]s1 to :i* %\ld be committ$ ! responsibility ( sugge/+ a plan 9 detail = ! atta9m5t ( ! ends desir$4 ,?is ,bo>d 0 appo9t$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 & consi/$ ( ,presid5t ,ni*olas ,murray ,butl]1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york2 ,presid5t ,r4 ,h4 ,jesse1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri2 ,presid5t ,h5ry ,s4 ,prit*ett1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology2 ,dr4 ,h]b]t ,putnam1 ,libr>ian ( ,congress2 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff1 ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago2 ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,holls1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 & ! pres5t speak]4 ,?is ,bo>d held sev]al meet+s = ! /udy ( ! que/ions & problems involv$ 9 ! great und]tak+4 ,mu* valuable c\nsel 0 receiv$ & consid]$4 ,! ,bo>d 0 especially indebt$1 h[ev]1 to ,pr(4 ,hugo ,mn/]b]g ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity = specific mat]ial :i* he plac$ at _! disposal--mat]ial :i*1 ) modification1 s]v$ z ! basis ( ! plans adopt$ by ! ,bo>d1 & recomm5d$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,exposition4 ,at ! same "t ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d recomm5d$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,dr4 ,h[>d ,j4 ,rog]s z ! ,director ( ,congresses1 & nom9at$ ,pr(4 ,simon ,newcomb ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy to be ,presid5t ( ! ,congress1 & ,pr(essors ,hugo ,mn/]b]g ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity & ,albion ,w4 ,small ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago to be ,vice-,presid5ts ( ! ,congress2 ! ?ree to con/itute ! ,organiz+ ,committee ( ! ,congress4 ,?is ,organiz+ ,committee 0 lat] emp[]$ to visit =eign c\ntries & to ext5d p]sonal invitations to m5 di/+ui%$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces to p>ticipate 9 ! ,congress4 ,! reception accord$ to ^!1 our repres5tatives1 0 mo/ cordial4 ,( ! #aej invitations ?us ext5d$1 #aag 7 accept$2 & ( ! #aag le>n$ savants :o accept$ ! invitation1 #if are "h 9 p]son ?is aft]noon to te/ify by _! pres5ce ! int]e/ !y h felt 9 ?is great conc\rse ( ! _w's lead]s4 ,i am compell$ by necessity ?is aft]noon to omit _m po9ts ( int]e/ 9 relation to ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! und]tak+1 all ( :i* w be publi%$ 9 due "t4 ,aft] _m mon?s ( expectancy we h at la/ come toge!r f all ! nations ( ! _w4 ,b = :at purpose8 ,i d n "k t to ! /atem5t already publi%$ 9 ! programme ( ! ,congress any?+ c be add$ :i* w really improve t /atem5t4 ,! purpose1 z x has seem$ to "s ( u1 is ?reefold3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to secure su* a g5]al survey ( ! v>i\s fields ( le>n+1 ) all _! subdivisions & multiplication ( specialties1 z w at ! same "t set =? _! mutual relations & connections1 & likewise con/itute an ef=t t[>d ! unification ( k4 ,?is idea ( unity has p]haps be5 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( all conc]n$ ) ! "w ( organiz+ ! ,congress4 ,9 ! second place1 to provide a plat=m f :i* might be pres5t$ ! v>i\s problems1 a solution ( :i* w be expect$ ( ! s*ol>%ip ( ! future4 ,?is includes a recognition ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & conception t und]lie ^! mutual relations1 & !re=e s]ve necess>ily z ! basis ( all su* future "w4 ,"h aga9 ! controll+ idea is t ( unity & law1 9 o!r words1 univ]sal law4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 to br+ toge!r 9 p]son & _s di/+ui%$ inve/igators & s*ol>s f all ! c\ntries ( ! _w1 9 ord] t by contact ( "o ) ano!r a mutual sympa?y may be promot$1 & a practical cop]ation may be effect$ among ^? ^: lifework leads !m f> ap>t4 ,"h1 /ill aga91 unity ( result is s\ght =4 ,z we n[ take up ! "w ( ?is conv5tion1 :i* already gives sure promise ( be+ notable among ! conv5tions t h call$ toge!r m5 ( diff]5t nations1 let u confid5tly assure ourselves t ! great purpose :i* has ?r\gh\t controll$ 9 ! diff]5t /ages ( its organization w be realiz$2 t because ! ,congress has be5 held1 ! nations ( ! e>? w f9d !mselves drawn m closely toge!r2 t human ?\ght w possess a m unifi$ organization & human life a m unifi$ expression4 ,foll[+ ^! addresses ( welcome & ( response came ! fir/ pap] ( ! specific programme1 design$ to be introductory to ! division1 dep>tm5t1 & section addresses ( ! week4 ,?is address1 :i* w be f\nd 9 full 9 its prop] place1 on pages #ace to #adg ( ?is volume1 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,simon ,newcomb1 ,presid5t ( ! ,congress & ,*airman ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee1 ^: labors = fifte5 mon?s 7 ?us br\ght to a brilliant conclusion4 ,at ! close ( ,dr4 ,newcomb's address ! assembly 0 dismiss$ by a few words ( ,presid5t ,francis1 9 :i* he plac$ at ! disposition ( ! memb]s ( ! ,congress ! c\rtesies & privileges ( ! ,exposition1 & express$ ! hope & belief t _! pres5ce & ! purpose = :i* !y 7 assembl$1 w\ld be ! cr[n+ glory ( ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #aijd4 ,on ,tuesday1 ,septemb] #bj1 ! sev5 division addresses & ! tw5ty-f\r dep>tm5t addresses 7 giv51 all ! speak]s be+ ,am]icans3 ,royce1 9 ,normative ,sci5ce2 ,wilson1 9 ,hi/orical ,sci5ce2 ,woodw>d1 9 ,physical ,sci5ce2 ,hall1 9 ,m5tal ,sci5ce2 ,jordan1 9 ,utilit>ian ,sci5ce2 ,l[ell1 9 ,social ,regulation2 & ,h>ris1 9 ,social ,culture1 treat+ ! ma9 divisions ( sci5ce & _! applications1 ea* dwell+ p>ticul>ly on ! scope ( ! great field includ$ 9 8 address & ! unification ( ! "w !re94 ,! =ty-eight dep>tm5t speak]s divid$ ! field ( k1 "o address 9 ea* dep>tm5t giv+ ! fundam5tal conceptions & me?ods1 ! o!r ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! "w ( ! dep>tm5t dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,) ,w$nesday ! int]national p>ticipation began1 & 9 ! "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight sections into :i* ! dep>tm5ts 7 divid$ "o half ( ! speak]s 7 drawn1 s f> z circum/ances p]mitt$1 f =eign sci5tific circles4 ,) ! exception ( ! la/ two sections1 ,religi\s ,influ5ce ,p]sonal1 & ,religi\s ,influ5ce ,social1 ! "w ( ! ,congress clos$ on ,saturday aft]noon4 ,^! two sections hav+ f\r speak]s ea* 7 plac$1 "o on ,sunday morn+ & "o on ,sunday aft]noon1 9 ,fe/ival ,hall1 & passes to ! gr\nds giv5 ^u application to any "o desir+ to att5d4 ,l>ge numb]s avail$ !mselves ( ! privilege1 & ! clos+ h\rs ( ! ,congress 7 em95tly suitable & wor?y ( its high success4 ,at ! end ( ! aft]noon session 9 ,fe/ival ,hall1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,congress1 ,dr4 ,albion ,w4 ,small1 review$ 9 a few words ! "w ( ! week1 its mean+ to sci5ce1 its possible effect ^u ,am]ican ?\ght1 & !n =mally ann\nc$ ! ,congress clos$4 ,,(ficial ,,banquet ,! (ficial banquet giv5 by ! ,exposition to all p>ticipants1 memb]s1 & (ficials ( ! ,congress1 on ,friday ev5+1 at ! ,tyrolean ,alps banquet hall1 prov$ a *>m+ conclusion to ! labors ( ! week4 ,no bett] place c\ld be imag9$ = hold+ x1 )9 ! gr\nds ( an exposition1 ?an ! magnific5tly proportion$ music & d9+ hall ( ! ,alps4 ,a room #afj feet by #aje feet1 capable ( seat+ fifte5 hundr$ banquet]s2 ! spaci\s1 oval1 or*e/ral /age at ! s\? end2 ! gall]ies & boxes along ! sides ( ! hall done 9 solid ,g]man oak2 ! beautiful & impressive mural decorations1 ! "w ( ! be/ pa9t]s ( ,g]many2 ! excell5ce ( ! cuis9e1 & ! ?or\ghly drill$ corps ( wait]s1 r5d]$ ! physical accessories ( a banquet z ne>ly p]fect z possible 9 a function s ext5sive4 ,! banquet 0 ! l>ge/ held dur+ ! ,exposition p]iod1 eight hundr$ invitations be+ issu$ & ne>ly sev5 hundr$ p]sons pres5t4 ,! music 0 furni%$ by ! fam\s ,g>de ,rpublica9e ,b& ( ,france1 z ! ,exposition or*e/ra 0 oblig$ to fill its regul> weekly assignm5t at ,fe/ival ,hall4 ,! decorations ( ! hall1 ! lights & fl[]s1 ! musical programme1 ! gall]ies & boxes fill$ ) ladies repres5t+ ! (ficial & social life ( ! ,exposition1 & ! di/+ui%$ body ( ! ,congress1 =m$ a picture :i* appeal$ to ! admiration & en?usiasm ( e "o alike4 ,no attempt 0 made to assign seats to ! banquet]s outside ! speak]s' table1 & little cot]ies & clu/]s ( sci5ti/s1 _m ( :om 7 mak+ acqua9tances & intellectual alliances dur+ ?is week :i* w\ld endure = a lifetime1 7 scatt]$ ab\t ! hall1 giv+ an int]e/ & an animation to ! sc5e q beyond ! p[]s ( description4 ,9 "o corn] 7 ,h>nack1 ,budde1 ,jean ,rville1 & ,cu?b]t ,hall1 *att+ z animat$ly z ?\gh _! religi\s !ories 7 n z f> ap>t z ! poles2 9 ano!r1 ,waldey]1 ,es*]i*1 ,jacobi1 ,allbutt1 & ,kitasato =m$ a m$ical gr\p1 ! c\nt]p>t ( :i* w\ld be h>d to f9d unless 9 ano!r "p ( ?is same hall2 /ill aga9 7 ,erdmann1 ,sorley1 ,ladd1 ,royce1 & ,creighton z ! c5tre ( a gr\p ( philosoph]s ( _w r5[n4 ,s 9 e "p ( ! picture :i* met ! eye 7 focus$ ! lead]s ( ?\ght & action 9 _! respective fields4 ,! t\t ensemble ( ! ,congress 0 "h br\ght out 9 its /ronge/ effect1 z1 ) ! exception ( ! op5+ ex]cises at ,fe/ival ,hall at :i* "t _m _h n arriv$1 x 0 ! only "t :5 ! entire memb]%ip 0 toge!r4 ,! banquet com+ at ! close ( ! week 0 also =tunate1 z by ?is "t ! acqua9tances made1 & ! common incid5ts & anecdotes exp]i5c$1 height5$ ! enjoym5t ( all4 ,! toa/ma/] ( ! banquet & presid+ (fic]1 ,hon4 ,david ,r4 ,francis1 0 nev] 9 a happi] ve9 ?an :5 he assum$ ! gavel & propos$ ! heal? ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! rul]s ( all nations repres5t$ at ! bo>d4 ,presid5t ,francis said3-- ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,int]national ,,congress ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ce3 ,on ! faade at ! base ( ! ,l\isiana ,monum5t1 :i* is ! c5tral feature ( ?is ,exposition picture1 is a gr\p ( ,liv+/on1 ,monroe1 & ,m>bois4 ,x repres5ts ! sign+ ( ! treaty1 :i* by peaceful negotiation transf]r$ an empire f ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^u ! inscription are ! words ( ,liv+/on1 ,we h liv$ long & accompli%$ mu*1 b ?is is ! cr[n+ act ( our lives4 ,x is t transf] ( an empire :i* ?is ,exposition is held to commemorate4 ,& p>aphras+ ! words ( ,liv+/on1 p]mit me to say t ,i h presid$ ov] _m d9n]s1 b ?is is ! cr[n+ act ( my c>e]4 ,9 op5+ ! delib]ations ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 ,i made ! /atem5t t a ,univ]sal ,exposition is an ambiti\s und]tak+4 ,i /at$ also t ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce is ! cr[n+ feature ( ?is ,exposition4 ,i did n v5ture ! ass]tion !n :i* ,i h ! presumption to make n[1 t ! mo/ difficult task 9 connection ) ?is ,univ]sal ,exposition 0 ! assembl+ ( an ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,i v5ture to make ! /atem5t n[1 because ,i feel t ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s by ! success :i* up to ! pres5t has att5d$ y\r delib]ations4 ,any congregation ( ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ! _w is a memorable occasion4 ,?is is ! fir/ sy/ematic "o t has ev] be5 attempt$4 ,:e!r x proves successful or n1 x w be long rememb]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ c\ntries t h p>ticipat$ 9 x4 ,if x be b ! precursor ( o!r l assemblages x w /ill be long rememb]$1 & 9 t ev5t x w be entitl$ to unspeakable cr$it if x accompli%es any?+ t[>d ! realization ( ! v laudable objects :i* prompt$ its assembl+4 ,! ef=t to unify all human k & to e/abli% ! int]-relations !re( is a bold conception1 & requires ! c\rage t *>act]izes ! p :o live 9 ! we/]n section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if x be ! la/ ef=t ( ! k9d x w /ill be rememb]$1 & ?is ,univ]sal ,exposition1 if x _h done no?+ else to ende> x to cultur$ p ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 w n be =gott54 ,! savants assembl$ by ! call ( ?is ,exposition h pursu$ _! respective l9es ( ?\ght & rese>*1 prompt$ by no desire o!r ?an "o to f9d a solution ( ! problem :i* confronts humanity4 ,by br++ y toge!r & mak+ an ef=t to det]m9e & e/abli% ! relations betwe5 all l9es ( human k1 we h c]ta9ly made an advance 9 ! "r direction4 ,if y\r rese>*es1 if ! results ( y\r /udies1 c be utiliz$ by ! human race1 !n we :o h be5 ! in/rum5ts ( t great bless+ w be entitl$ to cr$it second>y only to ! m5 :o are ! discov]]s ( ! sci5tific k ^: relations we are endeavor+ to e/abli%4 ,! ,managem5t ( ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #aijd salutes ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,we dr9k to ! p]petuation ( t organization1 & ,i %all call ^u its di/+ui%$ ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 to respond to ! ,s5tim5t4 ,dr4 ,newcomb 9 a few words ?ank$ ! memb]s ( ! ,congress = _! p>ticipation1 :i* _h made possible ! brilliant success ( ! ent]prise1 portray$ its effect & ! influ5ce ( its p]petuation1 & !n ext5d$ to all ! invitation f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to att5d ! reception at ! ,:ite ,h\se on ! foll[+ ,tuesday4 ,9 respond+ to ^! toa/s ! s5ior ,honor>y ,vice-,presid5t1 ,hon4 ,james ,bryce1 ( ,great ,brita91 spoke 9 mat*less =m & held ! att5tion ( ! va/ hall closely :ile he portray$ 9 a few words ! *ief glories ( ,engl& 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 & ! pride ! ,engli% nation felt 9 ! glori\s record made by h] elde/ daught]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mr4 ,bryce spoke extemporane\sly1 & 8 rem>ks _c be giv5 9 full4 ,= ,g]many1 ,commission]-,g5]al ,lewald respond$ 9 an eloqu5t address1 9 :i*1 aft] ?ank+ ! ,exposition & ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t = ! high honor done ! ,g]man nation 9 select+ s l>ge a p]c5tage ( ! speak]s f ,g]man sci5tific circles1 he enl>g$ ^u ! close relations :i* _h exi/$ betwe5 ,g]man univ]sity ?\ght & me?ods & ,am]ican ?\ght & practice1 due to ! va/ numb] ( ,am]ican /ud5ts :o _h pursu$ _! po/-graduate c\rses 9 ! univ]sities ( ,g]many4 ,he dwelt ^u ! pride t ,g]many felt 9 ?is s9c]e/ =m ( tribute to ,g]man supremacy 9 sci5tific ?\ght1 & ( ! satisfaction :i* ! influ5ce 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,g]man-tra9$ /ud5ts af=d$4 ,he describ$ at l5g? ! great exhibit made by ,g]man univ]sities 9 ! education dep>tm5t ( ! ,exposition1 & po9t$ to x z demon/rat+ ! supremacy ( ,g]man sci5tific ?\ght & accurate me?ods4 ,dr4 ,lewald clos$ ) a brilliant p]oration1 9 :i* he ref]r$ to ! imm5se s]vice done = ! cause ( sci5ce 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ( ,g]man hi/ory & to ! patronage & support ( ! ,emp]or1 n only to sci5ce 9 g5]al1 b to ?is great int]national ga!r+ ( sci5tific exp]ts1 & drank to ! cont9u$ cordial relations ( ,g]many & ,am]ica ?r\gh its univ]sity circles & sci5tific endeavors4 ,= ! response f ,france1 ,pr(4 ,ga/on ,d>b\x 0 delegat$ by ,commission]-,g5]al ,g]ald1 :o 0 unable to be pres5t on acc\nt ( sickness4 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & poli%$ addresses ( ! ev5+1 ,pr(essor ,d>b\x spoke 9 ,fr5*1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a translation3-- ,,g5tlem51--,graci\sly invit$ to respond 9 ! "n ( ! delegates ( ,france :o h accept ! invitation ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,i consid] x my duty 9 ! fir/ place to ?ank ?is great nation = ! honor :i* x has paid to u1 & = ! welcome1 :i* x has ext5d$ to u4 ,^? ( y :o are do+ me ! honor to li/51 "k ( t disagreeable feel+ ( isolation :i* at times ! travel] 9 ! mid/ ( a /range p exp]i5ces2--t feel+ ,i "k only f he>say4 ,we h n _h a mom5t ( "t to exp]i5ce x4 ,!y are accu/om$ 9 ,europe to portray ! ,am]icans z exclusively occupi$ ) bus9ess affairs4 ,!y ?r[ 9 our faces ! fam\s prov]b1 ',bus9ess is ,bus9ess1' & give x to u z ! rule ( conduct = ,am]icans4 ,we are able to te/ify entirely to ! contr>y1 s9ce ! inhabitants ( ?is beautiful c\ntry are always seek+ to ext5d to /rang]s a ?\s& c\rtesies4 ,above all1 we h enc\nt]$ no "o :o has n be5 anxi\s to g out ( 8 way to give to u1 ev5 be=e we _h ask$ x1 su* in=mation z x 0 necess>y = u to h4 ,& :at %all ,i say ( ! welcome :i* we h receiv$ "h at ! h&s ( our ,am]ican confrres1--,monsieur ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition1 ,monsieur ! ,director ( ,congresses & o!r wor?y co-labor]s8 ,! au?orities ( ! ,exposition & ! inhabitants ( ,/4 ,l\is h rival$ ea* o!r 9 mak+ our /ay agreeable & our ways pleasant 9 ! he>t ( ?is magnific5t ,exposition1 ( :i* we %all ev] pres]ve ! mo/ en*ant+ memory4 ,we %\ld h wi%$ to see 9 a m leisurely mann]1 & to make acqua9tance ) ! attractions )\t numb] ) :i* ! ,exposition lit]ally sw>ms 7m5 ( lett]s & m5 ( sci5ce love at times to disport !mselves7 & to /udy ! exhibits classifi$ 9 a me?od s exact 9 ! palaces ( an ar*itecture s orig9al & s impressive4 ,b ,monsieur ,newcomb has n p]mitt$ ?is4 ,! ,congress ( :i* he is ! illu/ri\s ,presid5t (f]s s mu* 9 ! way ( attractions1--( a k9d a little rigor\s x is true1--& s mu* ( "w to be accompli%$1 t to our v great regret we h _h to refuse _m invitations :i* x w\ld h be5 mo/ agreeable to accept4 ,! ,am]icans w p>don u = ?is1 ,i am sure2 !y "k bett] ?an any "o else ! value ( "t1 b !y "k also t human /r5g? has "s limits1 especially among u poor ,europeans1 = ,i d\bt :e!r an ,am]ican ev] kn[s ! mean+ ( fatigue4 ,messieurs1 ! ,congress :i* is ab\t to t]m9ate to-morr[ has be5 truly a v great ev5t4 ,x is ! fir/ "t1 ,i believe1 t !re has be5 se5 assembl$ 9 "o gr& int]national reunion t :i* our great m9i/]1 ,colb]t1 _h 9 m9d1 & t :i* we h realiz$ = ! fir/ "t 9 our ,in/itut de ,france1--! union ( lett]s1 sci5ce1 & arts4 ,t ?is union %all ma9ta9 itself 9 ! future is ! de>e/ wi% ( my he>t4 ,sci5ce is a unit1 ev5 z ! ,univ]se4 ,! aspects :i* x pres5ts "k nei!r b\nd>ies ( /ates nor ! political divisions e/abli%$ betwe5 peoples4 ,9 all civiliz$ c\ntries !y calculate ) ! same figures1 !y measure ) ! same in/rum5ts1 !y employ ! same classifications1 !y /udy ! same hi/oric facts1 economics1 & morals4 ,if !re exi/s among ! diff]5t nations "s diff]5ces 9 me?ods1 ^! diff]5ce are slight4 ,!y are a b5efit at ! same "t z well z a necessity4 ,= ! do+ ( ! imm5se am\nt ( "w ( rese>* impos$ on t "p ( humanity :i* ?9ks1 x is necess>y t ! subjects ( /udy %\ld n be id5tically ! same1 or bett]1 if !y are id5tical1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! po9ts ( view f :i* !y are consid]$ 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries contribute to our bett] k ( _! nature1 _! results1 & _! applications4 ,x is necess>y !n t ea* p pres]ve _! di/9ctive g5ius1 _! p>ticul> me?ods :i* !y use to develop ! qualities !y h inh]it$4 ,9 exactly ! same way t x is important 9 an or*e/ra t ea* in/rum5t play 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 & ) ! timbre :i* accords ) its nature1 ! "p :i* is giv5 to x1 s 9 sci5ce z 9 music1 ! h>mony betwe5 ! play]s is a necess>y condition1 :i* ea* "o ought to ex]t himself to realize4 ,let u endeavor !n 9 sci5tific rese>* to execute 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] t "p ( ! task :i* fate has devolv$ ^u u1 b let u endeavor also to ma9ta9 t accord :i* is a necess>y condition to ! h>mony :i* w alone be able 9 ! future to assure ! progress ( humanity4 ,g5tlem51 9 ?is int]national reunion x w\ld n be fitt+ t ,i dwell ^u ! s]vices :i* my c\ntry has be5 able to r5d] to sci5ce2 & on ! o!r h& x w\ld be difficult = me to say to y exactly :at "p ,am]ica is call$ ^u to take 9 ?is conc]t ( civiliz$ nations2 b ,i am c]ta9 t ! "p w be wor?y ( ! great nation :i* has giv5 to itself a con/itution s lib]al & :i* 9 s %ort a space ( "t has kn[n h[ to conqu]1 & measure 9 value1 a t]ritory s imm5se t x ext5ds f ocean to ocean4 ,i lift my glass to ! honor ( ,am]ican sci5ce2 ,i dr9k to ! future ( t great nation1 = :i* we1 z well z all o!r ,fr5*m51 hold s mu* ( common remembrance1 s mu* ( close & liv+ sympa?y1 & s mu* ( pr(\nd admiration4 ,i am ! m happy to d ?is 9 ?is mo/ beautiful t]ritory ( ,l\isiana1 :i* ,france 9 a =m] age c$$ freely to ,am]ica4 ,p]haps ! treat ( ! ev5+ 0 ! response made 9 behalf ( ! ,empire ( ,japan by ,pr(essor ,hozumi1 ( ! ,faculty ( ,law ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tokio4 ,un=tunately ?is response 0 n pres]v$ 9 full1 b ,pr(essor ,hozumi dwelt ) mu* feel+ on ! _w-wide significance ( ! ,congress & ! common plane ^u :i* all nations might meet 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce & ! manifold applications ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,he paid a beautiful tribute to ! educational sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to ! great debt :i* ,japan ow$ to ,am]ican s*ol>s & to ,am]ican tea*]s = _! aid 9 e/abli%+ mod]n educational pr9ciples & me?ods 9 ! ,empire ( ,japan4 ,! impetus giv5 to sci5tific /udy 9 ,japan by ! ,japanese /ud5ts tra9$ 9 ,am]ican univ]sities 0 also e>ne/ly dwelt ^u1 & ! close relations :i* _h always exi/$ betwe5 ,japanese & ,am]ican /ud5ts & in/ructors feel+ly describ$4 ,9 ! field ( sci5ce ,japan 0 yet "y1 b %e _h %[n h]self a close & apt pupil1 & h] p]iod ( initiative & orig9al rese>* 0 at h&4 ,9 bact]iology1 9 m$ic9e1 9 seismology1 oceanography1 & o!r fields1 ,japan has made valuable contributions to sci5ce & e/abli%$ ! "r to recognition 9 an int]national ga!r+ ( ?is nature4 ,x 0 ) peculi> & grateful pride & pleasure t ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t _h s5t its delegation to ?is ,congress ( select$ exp]ts 9 response to ! invitation ( ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4 ,ne> ! close ( 8 address ,pr(essor ,hozumi made a graci\s & happy allusion1 bas$ ^u ! conflict ) ,russia1 9 :i* he said t ( all places :]e m5 meet1 & ( all places sunn$ by ! light ( heav51 ?is great ,congress1 built on ! high plane ( ! bro!rhood ( sci5ce & ! fell[%ip ( s*ol>s1 0 ! only place :]e a ,japanese & a ,russian c\ld meet 9 mutual accord1 ) a common purpose1 & clasp h&s 9 unity ( ?\ght4 ,?is *ivalr\s & beautiful idea1 giv5 "h s imp]fectly f memory1 br\ght ! great assembly to its feet 9 r\nds ( *e]s4 ,9 clos+1 ,pr(essor ,hozumi express$ ! e>ne/ belief t ! b5efits ( sci5ce f a ga!r+ ( ?is nature w\ld quickly be felt1 by a clos] cop]ation 9 ! application ( !ory & practical pr9ciples & a simultane\s advance 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! clos+ response ( ! ev5+ = ! =eign memb]s 0 made = ,italy by ,signor ,attilio ,brunialti1 ^: brilliant eloqu5ce at _m times dur+ ! week _h won ! admiration ( ! memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,"u ! inspiration ( ?is assemblage he fairly surpass$ himself1 & ! foll[+ translation ( 8 rem>ks b poorly indicates ! grace & brilliant diction ( ! orig9al3-- ,i h _h ! good =tune to be pres5t 9 ?is wond]ful c\ntry at ?ree int]national ,congresses1 t ( sci5ce1 ! peace p>liam5t1 & ! geographic4 ,i wi% to record ! impression !y h excit$ 9 my m9d1 already s favorably incl9$ by y\r nev]-to-be-=gott5 & graci\s reception4 ,y mu/1 please1 all[ me to address y 9 my own language1 because ! ,lat9 tongue inspires me1 because ,i wi% to affirm m solemnly my nationality1 & also1 because ,i _c express my feel+s well 9 a language n famili> to me4 ,my c\ntry1 ! l& ( ,columbus1 ( ,galileo1 ! nation t m ?an all o!rs 9 ,europe is an elem5t ( peace1 is already 9 itself ! syn!sis ( ! ?ree ,congresses4 ,& ,i c call to m9d t ?is l& is indebt$ to geography = ! fact ( its be+ made kn[n to ! _w1 because ! immortal ,g5oese po9t$ x out to p fight+ 9 ! old _w = a small t]ritory1 & op5$ to mortals new & ext5sive c\ntries de/9$ to receive ! valiant & ! audaci\s ( ! entire _w & to rise l y\rs to immortal glory4 ,?us ! poet c s+1-- ,l'avanza1 l'avanza ,div9o /rani]o1 ,conosci la /anza ,*e i fati ti di]o2 ,se lutti1 se lagrime ,ancora r9t]ra ,l'giov9 la t]ra4 ,?us ,columbus ( old c\ld po9t out to m5--:o run d[n ea* o!r1 disput+ ev5 love = fe> t man may become a wolf = man--! va/ & endless wa/es await+ labor]s1 & give to man ! treasures ( ! fruitful l&4 ',tis 9 ! "n ( peace t ,i greet mod]n sci5ce 9 all its =ms1 & ,i say to y *emi/s3 ,inv5t new means ( de/ruction2 & to y me*anics & %ipbuild]s3 ,give u invuln]able m5-(-w> & su* p]fect cannons1 t y\r own progress may contribute to make w> r>] 9 ! _w4 ,!n w m51 amaz$ at _! own de/ructive progress1 be drawn toge!r by bro!rly love1 by ! developm5t ( common k & sympa?y1 & by ! /udy ( geography be l$ to "k t !re is pl5ty ( room = e "o 9 ! _w to contribute to progress & civilization4 ,am]icans6 ^! s5tim5ts are grav5 9 y\r c\ntry2 9 po9t ( fact1 x is a pro( ( ! h>mony t reigns 9 ?is ,congress betwe5 gue/s come f all p>ts ( ! _w1 t ,i1 an ,italian1 am all[$ to address y 9 my own language on ,am]ican gr\nd1 ne> ! ,tyrolean ,alps1 greet$ by ! music ( ! ,rpublica9e ,fr5* ,g>de1 unit$ 9 et]nal bonds ( fri5d%ip by ! two great goddesses ( ! mod]n _w1--,sci5ce & ,peace4 ,! la/ speak] ( ! ev5+ 0 ,hon4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,lehmann1 ,*airman ( ! ,exposition ,committee on ,congresses1 :o 9 eloqu5t p]iods set =? ! ambition ( ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is & ! ,exposition ( #aijd 9 creat+ a ,congress ( intellect on ! same high plane t _h *>act]iz$ ! educational ideals ( ! ,exposition1 & ! int5se satisfaction :i* ! (ficials ( ! ,congress felt 9 its brilliant outcome1 & ! possibilities :i* x promis$ = an unequal$ contribution to sci5tific lit]ature4 ,at ! close ( ^! addresses ! memb]s ( ! ,congress & ! spectators 9 ! gall]y sang1 9 full *orus & "u ! lead ( ! ,g>de ,rpublica9e ,b&1 ! v>i\s national an!ms1 clos+ ) ,! ,/> ,spangl$ ,bann]4 ,,publication ,,( ,,! ,,report ,9 accordance ) ! recomm5dation ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d to ! ,committee on ,congresses1 ! ,executive ,committee appo9t$ ,dr4 ,h[>d ,j4 ,rog]s1 ,director ( ,congresses1 editor ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,! ,congress records 7 remov$ f ,/4 ,l\is to ,albany1 ,new ,york1 ! home ( ! ,director1 f :i* place ! publication has be5 prep>$4 ,^u collect+ ! pap]s x 0 f\nd t !y c\ld be divid$ logically1 & ) a fair degree ( simil>ity 9 size1 into eight volumes1 ea* ( :i* %\ld cov] a def9ite & di/9ct portion ( ! programme4 ,^! are z foll[s3-- ,volume #a4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,congress1 ,sci5tific ,plan ( ! ,congress1 ,philosophy1 ,ma!matics4 ,volume #b4 ,political & ,economic ,hi/ory1 ,hi/ory ( ,law1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,volume #c4 ,hi/ory ( ,language1 ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature1 ,hi/ory ( ,art4 ,volume #d4 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,a/ronomy1 ,sci5ces ( ! ,e>?4 ,volume #e4 ,biology1 ,an?ropology1 ,psy*ology1 ,sociology4 ,volume #f4 ,m$ic9e1 ,te*nology4 ,volume #g4 ,economics1 ,politics1 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,social ,sci5ce4 ,volume #h4 ,education1 ,religion4 ,! details & specifications ( ! volumes 7 prep>$ = competitive bids & submitt$ to twelve ( ! prom95t publi%]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! mo/ advantage\s bid 0 receiv$ f ,h\ghton1 ,miffl9 ,company ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 & 0 accept$ by ! ,exposition ,company4 ,! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d & ! au?orities ,( ! ,exposition feel deeply pleas$ at ! result1 inasmu* z ! impr9t ( ?is firm gu>antees a "w 9 full accord ) ! high plane ^u :i* ! ,congress has be5 conduct$4 ,x 0 det]m9$ to pr9t ! entire proce$+s 9 ! ,engli% language1 inasmu* z ! ,congress 0 held 9 an ,engli%-speak+ c\ntry & ! va/ majority ( ! pap]s 7 read 9 t language4 ,! cons5t ( e =eign speak] 0 obta9$ = ?is proc$ure4 ,x 0 f\nd1 aft] collect+1 t ! numb] ( addresses to be translat$ 0 =ty-f\r4 ,! translators 7 select$ by ! editor ^u ! advice ( ! memb]s ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d & ,organiz+ ,committee1 & great c>e 0 tak5 to f9d p]sons n only ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! two languages & possess+ a good ,engli% /yle1 b also p]sons :o 7 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! subject on :i* ! pap] treat$4 ,_m ( ! translators 7 sugge/$ by ! =eign speak]s !mselves4 ,z a result ( ?is c>eful selection1 ! editor feels confid5t t ! orig9al value ( ! pap]s has be5 9 no wise detract$ f1 & t bo? 9 =m & cont5t ! translations are ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,x w be f\nd t "s addresses are n closely relat$ to ! s*eme ( ! ,congress4 ,ei!r ?r\gh "s misund]/&+ ( ! exact purpose ( ! ,congress1 or ?r\gh too close devotion to _! own p>ticul> phase ( inve/igation1 "s half-doz5 speak]s submitt$ pap]s deal+ ) special l9es ( "w4 ,^!1 :ile valuable & s*ol>ly f _! /&po9t1 d n accord ) a s]ies ( pap]s prep>$ ) a view to g5]al relations & hi/orical p]spective4 ,! exceptions are s few1 h[ev]1 z n s]i\sly to int]f]e ) ! unity ( ! plan4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! pap]s ! ord] ( ! (ficial programme is foll[$ exactly1 ) ! exception t1 "u ,hi/orical ,sci5ce1 ,dep>tm5ts #c1 #d1 & #h1 cov]+ ,hi/ory ( ,politics1 ,law1 & ,religion1 are comb9$ 9 "o volume2 & ,dep>tm5ts #e1 #f1 & #g1 cov]+ ,hi/ory ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art1 are comb9$ 9 ! succe$+ volume4 ,9 volume "o1 ! fir/ *apt] is devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ,congress1 writt5 by ! editor1 9 :i* is set =? ! pla9 n>rative ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! ,congress1 z mu* = ! b5efit ( simil> und]tak+s 9 ! future z = ! int]e/ ( ^? p>ticipat+ 9 ?is ,congress4 ,! second *apt] conta9s ! sci5tific introduction1 writt5 by ,pr(4 ,hugo ,mn/]b]g ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,fir/ ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,congress & ,memb] ( ! ,organiz+ ,committee4 ,?is is writt5 = ! purpose ( giv+ 9 detail ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! classification 0 bas$1 & ! relations :i* ! diff]5t sections & dep>tm5ts held to ea* o!r4 ,ea* pap] is prefac$ by a v %ort biographical note 9 categorical =m1 = ! purpose ( insur+ ! id5tity ( ! speak] z long 9 ! future z ! volumes may exi/4 ,app5d$ to ! addresses ( ea* dep>tm5t is a %ort bibliography1 :i* is ess5tial = a g5]al /udy ( ! subject 9 "q4 ,^! are 9 no wise exhau/ive or complete1 b are r design$ to be a small1 valuable1 work+ ref]5ce libr>y = /ud5ts4 ,! bibliographies h be5 prep>$ by em95t exp]ts 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,congress1 b are necess>ily some:at unev51 z "s ( ! writ]s h gone into ! subject m ?or\ghly ?an o!rs4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! bibliographies is3 #a4 ,hi/orical books & /&>d works deal+ ) ! subject4 #b4 ,g5]al books = ! :ole dep>tm5t4 #c4 ,books = sections ( dep>tm5ts4 ,app5d$ also to ! addresses ( ea* dep>tm5t & sections are rsums ( ! t5-m9ute addresses deliv]$ by invitation at ! meet+ ( ! dep>tm5t or section4 ,_m ( ^! pap]s are ( high value2 b inasmu* z v few ( !m 7 writt5 9 accord ) ! plan ( ! ,congress1 & ) ! ma9 ?\ght to be develop$ by ! ,congress1 b deal r ) "s int]e/+ & deta*$ phase ( ! subject1 x has be5 deem$ be/ n to pr9t !m 9 full1 b to indicate 9 brief ! subject & ! treatm5t giv5 x by ! writ]4 ,^? :i* d accord ) ! plan ( ! ,congress are giv5 m ext5sive treatm5t4 ,,conclusion ,:at ! results ( ! ,congress w be2 :at influ5ce x may h2 0 x wor? ! "w & co/1 are que/ions (t5 fairly ask$4 ,! la/+ results & influ5ces are ( c\rse problematical4 ,!y dep5d ^u ! "* & s\ndness ( ! addresses1 & :e!r ! uni=m /r5g? ( ! publication w make ! "w z a :ole1 :at x und\bt$ly is 9 p>ts1 a s\rce-book = ! future on ! bases ( sci5tific !ory at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & a reliable sket* ( ! gr[? ( sci5ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,critical /udy ( ! addresses w alone det]m9e ?is1 b f ! favorable reception ( ^? already publi%$ 9 reviews1 & f editorial acqua9tance ) ! o!rs1 x seems assur$4 ,t portion ( ! section addresses :i* deals ) ! int]-relations ( sci5ce & demon/rates bo? its unity & v>iety ( processes is new & au?oritative ?\ght1 & w be ! basis ( mu* discussion & remodel+ ( !ories 9 ! future4 ,! imm$iate results ( ! ,congress are highly satisfactory1 & fully repay ! "w & ! co/ bo? f a sci5tific & an exposition /&po9t4 ,z an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! prom95ce ( sci5tific me?ods1 z a public recognition ( ! "w ( sci5ti/s1 z ! means ( br++ to "o place ! mo/ not$ assemblage ( ?9k]s ! _w has ev] se51 z an opportunity = s*ol>s to meet & "k ea* o!r bett]1 ! ,congress 0 an unqualifi$ success & ( endur+ reputation4 ,f ! ,exposition po9t ( view1 x 0 equally a success2 n f9ancially1 nor 0 !re ev] a ?\ght t x w\ld be4 ,probably n m ?an sev5 ?\s& p]sons outside ( ,/4 ,l\is came prim>ily to att5d ! ,congress1 & _! admission fees 7 a bagatelle2 ! rev5ue d]iv$ f ! sale ( ! ,proce$+s w n meet ! co/ ( pr9t+4 ,!re has be5 no money value s\ght = 9 ! ,congress1--none receiv$4 ,its value to ! ,exposition lies solely 9 ! fact t x is ! f9al argum5t to ! _w ( ! initial claims ( ! (ficials ( ! ,exposition t its purpose 0 purely educational4 ,cord9ate ) ! mat]ial exhibits1 s\ght1 classifi$1 & in/all$ on a rigidly sci5tific classification1 ! ,congress1 :i* relates1 illum9es1 & def5ds ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! mat]ial portion 0 f\nd$1 has triumphantly v9dicat$ ! good fai?1 ! wisdom1 & ! =esight ( ! ,univ]sal ,exposition ( #aijd4 ,?is pr9t$ record ( its proce$+s w be a monum5t n only to ! _s ( ,sci5ce1 b to ! _s ( ! ,exposition1 :i* w endure z long z ! records ( man are pres]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 conclusion1 ! editor wi%es to express 8 obligations to ! _m speak]s & (fic]s ( ! ,congress1 :o h ev9c$ great int]e/ 9 ! publication & assi/$ by valuable sugge/ions & advice4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he ackn[l$ges ! help ( ,presid5t ,butl] ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ,small ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are ) ju/ice & pleasure made to ! ,committee on ,congresses ( ! ,exposition1 & ! able *airman1 ,hon4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,lehmann1 = _! unwav]+ & prompt support on all matt]s ( policy & detail1 )\t :i* ! full measure ( success c\ld n h be5 a*iev$4 ,to ! effici5t secret>y ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,congresses1 ,mr4 ,james ,gre5 ,cot*ett1 an expression ( obligation is due = 8 indefatigable labors dur+ ! ,congress p]iod1 & = 8 able & pa9/ak+ "w 9 compil+ ! detail$ records ( ?is publication4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,exposition on ,janu>y #c1 #aije1 !re 0 unanim\sly vot$ ! foll[+ resolution1 recomm5d$ by ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d & approv$ by ! ,committee on ,congresses3-- ,,mov$3 t a vote ( ?anks & an expression ( deepe/ obligation be t5d]$ to ,dr4 ,simon ,newcomb1 ,presid5t ( ! ,congress1 ,pr(4 ,hugo ,mn/]b]g1 vice-presid5t ( ! ,congress1 & ,pr(4 ,albion ,w4 ,small1 vice-presid5t ( ! ,congress1 = _! effici5t1 ?or\gh1 & compreh5sive "w 9 connection ) ! programme ( ! ,congress1 ! selection & invitation ( speak]s1 & ! att5tion to detail 9 its execution4 ,t1 9 view ( ! enorm\s am\nt ( labor devolv+ ^u ^! ?ree g5tlem5 = ! pa/ eighte5 mon?s1 to ! exclusion ( all opportunities = lit]>y & o!r "w outside _! college dep>tm5ts1 an honor>ium ( tw5ty-five hundr$ doll>s be t5d]$ to ea* ( !m4 ,at a subsequ5t meet+ ! foll[+ resolution 0 also pass$3-- ,,mov$3 t ! ,directors ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition ,company place ^u ! record an expression ( _! appreciation ( ! invaluable aid s freely giv5 by ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,9 organization1 guidance1 & results ! ,congress 0 ! mo/ notable ( its k9d 9 hi/ory4 ,= ! important "p p]=m$ wisely & zeal\sly by ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d ! ,exposition ,managem5t ext5ds ?is ackn[l$gm5t4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,exp5ses ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,(fice exp5ses #g1jbe #hb ,travel #c1hdg #bd ,exploitation1 ,organiz+ ,committee abroad #h1ffc #af ,travel+ exp5ses1 ,am]ican ,speak]s #ca1cej ,travel+ exp5ses1 ,=eign ,speak]s #di1jjj ,honor>iums #g1ejj ,banquet #c1ejj ,exp5ses = edit+ proce$+s #e1hge ,e/imat$ co/ ( pr9t+ proce$+s #bb1jjj #ach1gfa #bb ,,int]national ,,congress ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,univ]sal ,,exposition ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,septemb] #ai-be #aijd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,programme ,,& ,,li/ ,,( ,,speak]s ,,programme ,purpose & ,plan ( ! ,congress ,organization ( ! ,congress ,speak]s & ,*airm5 ,*ronological ,ord] ( ,proce$+s ,programme ( ,social ,ev5ts ,li/ ( ,t5-m9ute ,speak]s ,li/ ( ,*airm5 & ,pr9cipal ,speak]s ,,index ,,subjects ,division ,a4 ,normative ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t #a4 ,philosophy ,sec4 ,a4 ,metaphysics ,b4 ,philosophy ( ,religion ,c4 ,logic ,d4 ,me?odology ( ,sci5ce ,e4 ,e?ics ,f4 /hetics ,dep>tm5t #b4 ,ma!matics ,sec4 ,a4 ,algebra & ,analysis ,b4 ,geometry ,c4 ,appli$ ,ma!matics ,division ,b4 ,hi/orical ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t #c4 ,political & ,economic ,hi/ory ,sec4 ,a4 ,hi/ory ( ,asia ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ,greece & ,rome ,c4 ,m$ival ,hi/ory ,d4 ,mod]n ,hi/ory ( ,europe ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica ,f4 ,hi/ory ( ,economic ,in/itutions ,dep>tm5t #d4 ,hi/ory ( ,law ,sec4 ,a4 ,hi/ory ( ,roman ,law ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ,common ,law ,c4 ,comp>ative ,law ,dep>tm5t #e4 ,hi/ory ( ,language ,sec4 ,a4 ,comp>ative ,language ,b4 ,semitic ,language ,c4 ,indo-,iranian ,languages ,d4 ,greek ,language ,e4 ,lat9 ,language ,f4 ,engli% ,language ,g4 ,romance ,languages ,h4 ,g]manic ,languages ,dep>tm5t #f4 ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature ,sec4 ,a4 ,indo-,iranian ,lit]ature ,b4 ,classical ,lit]ature ,c4 ,engli% ,lit]ature ,d4 ,romance ,lit]ature ,e4 ,g]manic ,lit]ature ,f4 ,slavic ,lit]ature ,g4 ,belles-,lettres ,dep>tm5t #g4 ,hi/ory ( ,art ,sec4 ,a4 ,classical ,art ,b4 ,mod]n ,ar*itecture ,c4 ,mod]n ,pa9t+ ,dep>tm5t #h4 ,hi/ory ( ,religion ,sec4 ,a4 ,brahm9ism & ,buddhism ,b4 ,mohamm$ism ,c4 ,old ,te/am5t ,d4 ,new ,te/am5t ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,division ,c4 ,physical ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t #i4 ,physics ,sec4 ,a4 ,physics ( ,matt] ,b4 ,physics ( ,e!r ,c4 ,physics ( ! ,electron ,dep>tm5t #aj4 ,*emi/ry ,sec4 ,a4 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry ,b4 ,organic ,*emi/ry ,c4 ,physical ,*emi/ry ,d4 ,physiological ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t #aa4 ,a/ronomy ,sec4 ,a4 ,a/rometry ,b4 ,a/rophysics ,dep>tm5t #ab4 ,sci5ces ( ! ,e>? ,sec4 ,a4 ,geophysics ,b4 ,geology ,c4 ,palontology ,d4 ,petrology & ,m9]alogy ,e4 ,physiography ,f4 ,geography ,g4 ,oceanography ,h4 ,cosmical ,physics ,dep>tm5t #ac4 ,biology ,sec4 ,a4 ,phylog5y ,b4 ,plant ,morphology ,c4 ,plant ,physiology ,d4 ,plant ,pa?ology ,e4 ,ecology ,f4 ,bact]iology ,g4 ,animal ,morphology ,h4 ,embryology ,i4 ,comp>ative ,anatomy ,j4 ,human ,anatomy ,k4 ,physiology ,dep>tm5t #ad4 ,an?ropology ,sec4 ,a4 ,somatology ,b4 ,ar*ology ,c4 ,e?nology ,division ,d4 ,m5tal ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t #ae4 ,psy*ology ,sec4 ,a4 ,g5]al ,psy*ology ,b4 ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology ,c4 ,comp>ative & ,g5etic ,psy*ology ,d4 ,abnormal ,psy*ology ,dep>tm5t #af4 ,sociology ,sec4 ,a4 ,social ,/ructure ,b4 ,social ,psy*ology ,division ,e4 ,utilit>ian ,sci5ces ,dep>tm5t #ag4 ,m$ic9e ,sec4 ,a4 ,public ,heal? ,b4 ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e ,c4 ,pa?ology ,d4 ,!rapeutics & ,ph>macology ,e4 ,int]nal ,m$ic9e ,f4 ,neurology ,g4 ,psy*iatry ,h4 ,surg]y ,i4 ,gynecology ,j4 ,oph?almology ,k4 ,otology & ,l>yngology ,l4 ,p$iatrics ,dep>tm5t #ah4 ,te*nology ,sec4 ,a4 ,civil ,eng9e]+ ,b4 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ ,c4 ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,d4 ,m9+ ,eng9e]+ ,e4 ,te*nical ,*emi/ry ,f4 ,agriculture ,dep>tm5t #ai4 ,economic ,sec4 ,a4 ,economic ,!ory ,b4 ,transportation ,c4 ,comm]ce & ,ex*ange ,d4 ,money & ,cr$it ,e4 ,public ,f9ance ,f4 ,insurance ,division ,f4 ,social ,regulation ,dep>tm5t #bj4 ,politics ,sec4 ,a4 ,political ,!ory ,b4 ,diplomacy ,c4 ,national ,adm9i/ration ,d4 ,colonial ,adm9i/ration ,e4 ,municipal ,adm9i/ration ,dep>tm5t #ba4 ,jurisprud5ce ,sec4 ,a4 ,int]national ,law ,b4 ,con/itutional ,law ,c4 ,private ,law ,dep>tm5t #bb4 ,social ,sci5ce ,sec4 ,a4 ,! ,family ,b4 ,! ,rural ,community ,c4 ,! ,urban ,community ,d4 ,! ,indu/rial ,gr\p ,e4 ,! ,dep5d5t ,gr\p ,f4 ,! ,crim9al ,gr\p ,division ,g4 ,social ,culture ,dep>tm5t #bc4 ,education ,sec4 ,a4 ,educational ,!ory ,b4 ,! ,s*ool ,c4 ,! ,college ,d4 ,! ,univ]sity ,e4 ,! ,libr>y ,dep>tm5t #bd4 ,religion ,sec4 ,a4 ,g5]al ,religi\s ,education ,b4 ,pr(essional ,religi\s ,education ,c4 ,religi\s ,ag5cies ,d4 ,religi\s ,"w ,e4 ,religi\s ,influ5ce3 ,p]sonal ,f4 ,religi\s ,influ5ce3 ,social ,,purpose ,,& ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! idea ( ! ,congress gr[s out ( ! ?\ght t ! subdivision & multiplication ( specialties 9 sci5ce has rea*$ a /age at :i* inve/igators & s*ol>s may d]ive bo? inspiration & pr(it f a g5]al survey ( ! v>i\s fields ( le>n+1 plann$ ) a view ( br++ ! scatt]$ sci5ces into clos] mutual relations4 ,! c5tral purpose is ! unification ( k1 an ef=t t[>d :i* seems appropriate on an occasion :5 ! nations br+ toge!r an exhibit ( _! arts & indu/ries4 ,an assemblage is !re=e to be conv5$ at :i* lead+ repres5tatives ( !oretical & appli$ sci5ces %all set =? ^? g5]al pr9ciples & fundam5tal conceptions :i* connect gr\ps ( sci5ces1 review ! hi/orical developm5t ( special sci5ces1 %[ _! mutual relations & discuss _! pres5t problems4 ,! speak]s to treat ! v>i\s !mes are select$ 9 advance f ! ,european & ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,! discussions w be arrang$ on ! foll[+ g5]al plan3-- ,aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,congress on ,monday aft]noon1 ,septemb] #ai1 w foll[1 on ,tuesday =5oon1 addresses on ma9 divisions ( sci5ce & its applications1 ! g5]al !me be+ ! unification ( ea* ( ! fields treat$4 ,^! w be foll[$ by two addresses on ea* ( ! tw5ty-f\r great dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,! !me ( "o address 9 ea* case w be ! ,fundam5tal ,conceptions & ,me?ods1 :ile ! o!r w set =? ! progress dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! prec$+ addresses w be deliv]$ by ,am]icans1 mak+ ! "w ( ! fir/ two days ! contribution ( ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,on ! ?ird day1 ) ! op5+ ( ! sections1 ! int]national "w w beg94 ,"o hundr$ tw5ty-eight sectional meet+s w be held on ! f\r rema9+ days ( ! ,congress1 at ea* ( :i* two pap]s w be read1 ! !me ( "o be+ sugge/$ by ! relations ( ! special bran* treat$ to o!r bran*es2 ! o!r by its pres5t problems4 ,?ree h\rs w be devot$ to ea* sectional meet+1 ?us enabl+ ea* he>] to att5d eight su* meet+s1 if he s desires4 ,! programme is s arrang$ t relat$ subjects w be treat$1 z f> z possible1 at diff]5t times4 ,! l5g? ( ! pr9cipal addresses be+ limit$ to =ty-five m9utes ea*1 !re w rema9 at lea/ "o h\r = five or six brief communications 9 ea* section4 ,! addresses 9 ea* dep>tm5t w be collect$ & publi%$ 9 a special volume4 ,x is hop$ t ! liv+ influ5ce ( ?is meet+ w be yet m important ?an ! =mal addresses1 & t ! s*ol>s ^: names are ann\nc$ 9 ! foll[+ programme ( speak]s & *airm5 w =m only a nucleus = ! ga!r+ ( ?\s&s :o feel 9 sympa?y ) ! ef=ts to br+ unity into ! _w ( k4 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,congress 99 99 99 99 99 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,exposition3 ,,hon4 ,,david ,r4 ,,francis1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,director ,,( ,,congresses1 ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,rog]s1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d4 ,univ]sal ,exposition1 #aijd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adm9i/rative ,,bo>d ,,ni*olas ,,murray ,,butl]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,*airman4 ,,william ,r4 ,,h>p]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,jesse1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,prit*ett1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,h]b]t ,,putnam1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,libr>ian ( ,congress4 ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,v4 ,,skiff1 ,a4,m4 ,director ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,presid5t3 ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,retir$ ,pr(essor ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,,vice-,,presid5ts3 ,,hugo ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,albion ,w4 ,,small1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,sociology 9 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,honor>y ,,vice-,,presid5ts3 ,,"r ,,honorable ,,james ,,bryce1 ,m4,p4 ,,great ,,brita94 ,m4 ,,ga/on ,,d>b\x1 ,,france4 ,,pr(essor ,,wilhelm ,,waldey]1 ,,g]many4 ,,dr4 ,,osk> ,,backlund1 ,,russia4 ,,pr(essor ,,!odore ,,es*]i*1 ,,au/ria4 ,,signor ,,attilio ,,brunialti1 ,,italy4 ,,pr(essor ,n4 ,,hozumi1 ,,japan4 ,,executive ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,o4 ,,h[>d1 ,p]man5t ,secret>y ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,,speak]s ,,& ,,*airm5 99 99 99 99 99 ,,division ,a--,,normative ,,sci5ce ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dep>tm5t #a--,,philosophy 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,bord5 ,p4 ,,b[ne1 ,bo/on ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,h4 ,,h[ison1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,t4 ,,ladd1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,metaphysics4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong1 ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,pr(essor ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,ormond1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,o4 ,,lovejoy1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,,section ,b4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,c4 ,,hall1 ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,otto ,,pfleid]]1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,troelts*1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,montague1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,c4 ,,logic4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,m4 ,,duncan1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,a4 ,,hammond1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,e4 ,,woodbridge1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,%eldon1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,d4 ,,me?odology ,,( ,,sci5ce4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,e4 ,,creighton1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,,pr(essor ,,b5no ,,erdmann1 ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,p]ry1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,e4 ,,e?ics4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,h4 ,,palm]1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,r4 ,,sorley1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,pr(essor ,,paul ,,h5sel1 ,univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,c4 ,,%>p1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,section ,f4 ,,ae/hetics4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,h4 ,,tufts1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,h5ry ,,rutg]s ,,m>%all1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,pr(essor ,,max ,,dessoir1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,max ,,mey]1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,dep>tm5t #b--,,ma!matics 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,s4 ,,:ite1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,maxime ,,bo*]1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,p4 ,,pi]pont1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,algebra ,,& ,,analysis4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,h4 ,,moore1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,emile ,,pic>d1 ! ,sorbonne2 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,,pr(essor ,,he9ri* ,,mas*ke1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,,bliss1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,b4 ,,geometry4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,m4 ,w4 ,,haskell1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,speak]s3 ,m4 ,,ga/on ,,d>b\x1 ,p]petual ,secret>y ( ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,p>is4 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,kasn]1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,j4 ,,holgate1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,c4 ,,appli$ ,,ma!matics4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,ar?ur ,g4 ,,web/]1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ludwig ,,boltzmann1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ri ,,po9c>1 ! ,sorbonne2 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,eddy1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,,division ,b--,,hi/orical ,,sci5ce 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,presid5t ,,woodr[ ,,wilson1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #c--,,political ,,& ,,economic ,,hi/ory 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,m4 ,,sloane1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,h4 ,,rob9son1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,sections ,a ,,& ,b4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece1 ,,rome1 ,,& ,,asia4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,d4 ,,seym\r1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,p4 ,,mahaffy1 ,univ]sity ( ,dubl94 ,,pr(essor ,,ettore ,,pais1 ,univ]sity ( ,naples4 ,director ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,antiquities1 ,naples4 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ri ,,cordi]1 ,ecole ,des ,langues ,vivantes ,ori5tales1 ,p>is4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,,capps1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,c4 ,,m$iaeval ,,hi/ory4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,h4 ,,hask9s1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,k>l ,,lampre*t1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,b4 ,,adams1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,e>le ,w4 ,,d[1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,section ,d4 ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,europe4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,honorable ,,james ,b4 ,,p]k9s1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,w4 ,,colby1 ,mcgill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,f]d9& ,,s*will1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,e4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,am]ica4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,james ,,s*\l]1 ,bo/on4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ic ,j4 ,,turn]1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,g4 ,,b\rne1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,ev>ts ,b4 ,,gre5e1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,,section ,f4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,economic ,,in/itutions4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,frank ,a4 ,,fett]1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,,conrad1 ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,n4 ,,patt51 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,pease ,,norton1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #d--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,law 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,honorable ,,david ,j4 ,,brew]1 ,associate ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,speak]s3 ,,honorable ,,eml9 ,,mccla91 ,judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,i[a1 ,i[a ,city4 ,,pr(essor ,,na?an ,,abbott1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,roman ,,law4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,buckl]1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,pr(essor ,,munroe ,,smi?1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,common ,,law4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,d4 ,,lawson1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,speak]s3 ,,honorable ,,simeon ,e4 ,,baldw91 ,judge ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,errors1 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,h4 ,,wigmore1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,c4 ,h4 ,,hub]i*1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas4 ,,section ,c4 ,,comp>ative ,,law4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,honorable ,,jacob ,m4 ,,dick9son1 ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,nobu%ige ,,hozumi1 ,univ]sity ( ,tokio4 ,,pr(essor ,,alfr$ ,,n]9cx1 ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,,secret>y3 ,,dep>tm5t #e--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,language 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,,hempl1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,r4 ,,l\nsbury1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,presid5t ,,b5jam9 ,,ide ,,:eel]1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,section ,a4 ,,comp>ative ,,language4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,francis ,a4 ,,m>*1 ,lafayette ,college4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,d4 ,,buck1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,hans ,,o]tel1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,w4 ,,fay1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas1 ,au/91 ,texas4 ,,section ,b4 ,,semitic ,,languages4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,moore1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,a4 ,,craig1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,pr(essor ,,craw=d ,h4 ,,toy1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,c4 ,,indo-,,iranian ,,languages4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,sylva9 ,l,,vi1 ,collge de ,france1 ,p>is4 ,,pr(essor ,,ar?ur ,a4 ,,macdonell1 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,d4 ,,greek ,,language4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,m>t9 ,l4 ,d',,ooge1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h]b]t ,w4 ,,smy?1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,milton ,w4 ,,humphreys1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,,h>ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,,section ,e4 ,,lat9 ,,language4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,maurice ,,hutton1 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,a4 ,,sonn5s*e91 ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,g4 ,,hale1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,,%ipley1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,f4 ,,engli% ,,language4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,m4 ,,gayley1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,otto ,,jesp]s51 ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,l4 ,,kittr$ge1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,g4 ,,romance ,,languages4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,paul ,,mey]1 ,collge de ,france1 ,p>is4 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,todd1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,,br&on1 ,miami ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,h4 ,,g]manic ,,languages4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,gu/af ,e4 ,,k>/51 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,edu>d ,,siev]s1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,,pr(essor ,,h]man ,,collitz1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dep>tm5t #f--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lit]ature 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,a4 ,,h>rison1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,m4 ,,gayley1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,section ,a4 ,,indo-,,iranian ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,maurice ,,bloomfield1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,v4 ,w4 ,,jackson1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,b4 ,,classical ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,&rew ,f4 ,,we/1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,paul ,,%orey1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,h4 ,,wright1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,g4 ,,moore1 ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,,section ,c4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,francis ,b4 ,,gumm]e1 ,hav]=d ,college4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,,hoops1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,d4 ,,romance ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,adolphe ,,cohn1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,pio ,,rajna1 ,in/itute ( ,high] ,/udies1 ,flor5ce1 ,italy4 ,,pr(essor ,,alc,e ,,=ti]1 ,tulane ,univ]sity1 ,new ,orleans4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,com=t1 ,hav]=d ,college4 ,,section ,e4 ,,g]manic ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,kuno ,,francke1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,augu/ ,,sau]1 ,univ]sity ( ,prague4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,m9or1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,d4 ,k4 ,,jess51 ,bryn ,mawr ,college4 ,,section ,f4 ,,slavic ,,lit]ature4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,r4 ,,crane1 ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,leo ,,wi5]1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,paul ,,boy]1 ,ecole ,des ,langues ,vivantes ,ori5tales1 ,p>is4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,,h>p]1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,g4 ,,belles-,,lettres4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,rob]t ,,h]rick1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,s*(ield1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,br&] ,,mat!ws1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dep>tm5t #g--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,halsey ,c4 ,,ives1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,rufus ,b4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,c4 ,,van ,,dyke1 ,rutg]s ,college4 ,,section ,a4 ,,classical ,,art4 7,hall #ab1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,rufus ,b4 ,,ri*>dson1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,adolph ,,furtwangl]1 ,univ]sity ,( ,muni*4 ,,pr(essor ,,frank ,b4 ,,t>bell1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,p4 ,,baur1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,mod]n ,,ar*itecture4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,mckim1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,c4 ,,enl>t1 ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,,pr(essor ,,alfr$ ,d4 ,f4 ,,haml91 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,,guy ,,l[ell1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,section ,c4 ,,mod]n ,,pa9t+4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ri*>d ,,mu!r1 ,univ]sity ( ,breslau4 ,,mr4 ,,okakura ,,kakuzo1 ,japan4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dep>tm5t #h--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,religion 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,rev4 ,,wm4 ,,eliot ,,griffis1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,f4 ,,moore1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,na?aniel ,,s*midt1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,brahmanism ,,& ,,buddhism4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h]mann ,,old5b]g1 ,univ]sity ( ,kiel4 ,,pr(essor ,,maurice ,,bloomfield1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,reg9ald ,c4 ,,robb9s1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,mohamm$ism4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,r4 ,,jewett1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ignaz ,,goldzih]1 ,univ]sity ( ,budape/4 ,,pr(essor ,,duncan ,b4 ,,macdonald1 ,h>t=d ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,c4 ,,old ,,te/am5t4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,,c>ri]1 ,mc,cormick ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,f4 ,,mccurdy1 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,toronto4 ,,pr(essor ,,k>l ,,budde1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,a4 ,,kelso1 ,we/]n ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,allegh5y1 ,pa4 ,,section ,d4 ,,new ,,te/am5t4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,&rew ,c4 ,,z5os1 ,mc,cormick ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,b5jam9 ,w4 ,,bacon1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,erne/ ,d4 ,,burton1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,clyde ,w4 ,,votaw1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,e4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,*ur*4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,eri ,,bak] ,,hulb]t1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,adolf ,,h>nack1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,jean ,r,,ville1 ,faculty ( ,prote/ant ,!ology1 ,p>is4 ,,secret>y3 ,,division ,c--,,physical ,,sci5ce 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,woodw>d1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #i--,,physics 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,crew1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,l4 ,,ni*ols1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,,b>us1 ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,physics ,,( ,,matt]4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,samuel ,w4 ,,/ratton1 ,director ( ,! ,national ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ar?ur ,l4 ,,kimball1 ,amh]/ ,college4 ,,pr(essor ,,francis ,e4 ,,niph]1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,a4 ,,millik51 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,b4 ,,physics ,,( ,,e!r4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,crew1 ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,dewitt ,b4 ,,brace1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,augu/us ,,tr[bridge1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,section ,c4 ,,physics ,,( ,,! ,,electron4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,g4 ,w,e,b,s,t,e,rr1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,p4 ,,langev91 ,collge de ,france4 ,,pr(essor ,,erne/ ,,ru!rfurd1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,,humphreys1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,dep>tm5t #aj--;,,*emi/ry 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,m4 ,,crafts1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,u4 ,,nef1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,frank ,w4 ,,cl>ke1 ,*ief ,*emi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,,section ,a4 ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,w4 ,,mallet1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ri ,,moissan1 ! ,sorbonne2 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,,sir ,,william ,,ramsay1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,l4 ,,dudley1 ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,organic ,,*emi/ry4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,alb]t ,b4 ,,prescott1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,julius ,,/ieglitz1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,a4 ,,noyes1 ,national ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,c4 ,,physical ,,*emi/ry4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,wild] ,d4 ,,bancr(t1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,,van ,t',,h(f1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,ar?ur ,a4 ,,noyes1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,:itney1 ,s*5ectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,section ,d4 ,,physiological ,,*emi/ry4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,wild] ,o4 ,,atwat]1 ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,o4 ,,cohnheim1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,pr(essor ,,russell ,h4 ,,*itt5d51 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,alsb]g1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #aa--;,,a/ronomy 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,c4 ,,com/ock1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ,madison1 ,wiscons94 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,lewis ,,boss1 ,director ( ,dudley ,obs]vatory4 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,pick]+1 ,director ( ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory4 ,,section ,a4 ,,a/rometry4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,ormond ,,/one1 ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,osk> ,,backlund1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory1 ,pulk[a1 ,russia4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,c4 ,,kapteyn1 ,univ]sity ( ,gron+51 ,holl&4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,,ei*elb]g]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,obs]vatory4 ,,section ,b4 ,,a/rophysics4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,e4 ,,hale1 ,director ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h]b]t ,h4 ,,turn]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,w4 ,,campbell1 ,director ( ,! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,mt4 ,hamilton1 ,cali=nia4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,adams1 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory4 ,,dep>tm5t #ab--,,sci5ces ,,( ,,! ,,e>? 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,,gilb]t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,c4 ,,*amb]l91 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,m4 ,,davis1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,geophysics4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*ri/oph] ,w4 ,,hall1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,,speak]3 ,,dr4 ,,george ,f4 ,,beck]1 ,geologi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,m4 ,,lehn]ts1 ,m9nesota ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,,section ,b4 ,,geology4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,c4 ,,*amb]l91 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,presid5t ,,*>les ,r4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,d4 ,,salisbury1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,c4 ,,palaeontology4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,b4 ,,scott1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,woodw>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,briti% ,museum ,( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,london4 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,f4 ,,osborn1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,john ,m4 ,,cl>ke1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,section ,d4 ,,petrology ,,& ,,m9]alogy4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,oliv] ,c4 ,,f>r+ton1 ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,,zirkel1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,e4 ,,physiography4 7,hall #ab1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,h5ry ,,gannett1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,albre*t ,,p5ck1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,john ,m4 ,,cl>ke1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,section ,f4 ,,geography4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,hugh ,r4 ,,mill1 ,director ,briti% ,ra9fall ,organization1 ,london4 ,,pr(essor ,h4 ,,yule ,,oldham1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,d4 ,,salisbury1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,g4 ,,oceanography4 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,re>-,,admiral ,,john ,r4 ,,b>tlett1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,,speak]s3 ,,sir ,,john ,,murray1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,ed9burgh4 ,,pr(essor ,k4 ,,mitsukuri1 ,univ]sity ( ,tokio4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,h4 ,,cosmical ,,physics4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,francis ,e4 ,,niph]1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,svante ,,arrh5ius1 ,univ]sity ( ,/ockholm1 ,/ockholm4 ,,dr4 ,,abbott ,l4 ,,rot*1 ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory4 ,,dr4 ,l4 ,a4 ,,bau]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dep>tm5t #ac--;,,biology 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,g4 ,,f>l[1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,m4 ,,c\lt]1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,section ,a4 ,,phylog5y4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,,morgan1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,hugo ,,de ,,vries1 ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam4 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,o4 ,,:itman1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,b4 ,,plant ,,morphology4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,,trelease1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,o4 ,,b[]1 ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,,pr(essor ,,k>l ,f4 ,,goebel1 ,univ]sity ( ,muni*4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,,lloyd1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,c4 ,,plant ,,physiology4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,r4 ,,b>nes1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,julius ,,wiesn]1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,,b5jam9 ,m4 ,,dugg>1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,c4 ,,newcomb1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,section ,d4 ,,plant ,,pa?ology4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*as4 ,e4 ,,bessey1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,joseph ,c4 ,,ar?ur1 ,purdue ,univ]sity4 ,,m]ton ,b4 ,,waite1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,,%e>1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,section ,e4 ,,ecology4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,osk> ,,drude1 ,kn4 ,te*nis*e ,ho*s*ule1 ,dresd54 ,,pr(essor ,,b5jam9 ,,rob9son1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,,clem5ts1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,section ,f4 ,,bact]iology4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h>old ,c4 ,,ern/1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,edw9 ,o4 ,,jordan1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,!obald ,,smi?1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,hiss1 ,,jr41 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,g4 ,,animal ,,morphology4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,lel& ,o4 ,,h[>d1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,b4 ,,dav5port1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,alfr$ ,,gi>d1 ! ,sorbonne2 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,c4 ,h4 ,,h]rick1 ,d5nison ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,h4 ,,embryology4 7,hall #i1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,h4 ,,gage1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,osk> ,,h]twig1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,k4 ,,brooks1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,,lee1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,,section ,i4 ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,p4 ,,mcmurri*1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,e4 ,,ritt]1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,pr(essor ,,yves ,,delage1 ! ,sorbonne2 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,w>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,section ,j4 ,,human ,,anatomy4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,a4 ,,pi]sol1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,wilhelm ,,waldey]1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,,donaldson1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,t]ry1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,k4 ,,physiology4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,,meltz]1 ,new ,york4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,max ,,v]worn1 ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+54 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,h4 ,,h[ell1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,reid ,,hunt1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,dep>tm5t #ad--;,,an?ropology 7,hall #h1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ic ,w4 ,,putnam1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,mcgee1 ,presid5t ,am]ican ,an?ropological ,association1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pr(essor ,,franz ,,boas1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,somatology4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,c4 ,,spitzka1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,l4 ,,man\vri]1 ,s*ool ( ,an?ropology1 ,p>is4 ,,dr4 ,,george ,a4 ,,dorsey1 ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,spitzka1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,section ,b4 ,,ar*aeology4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,saville1 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,,speak]s3 ,,se,,or ,,alfr$o ,,*av]o1 ,inspector ( ! ,national ,museum1 ,mexico4 ,,pr(essor ,,ed\>d ,,sel]1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,c4 ,,mills1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,c4 ,,e?nology4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,miss ,,alice ,c4 ,,flet*]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,wa%+ton ,an?ropological ,society4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,,/>r1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,,%ipley1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,division ,d--,,m5tal ,,sci5ce 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,presid5t ,g4 ,,/anley ,,hall1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,,dep>tm5t #ae--,,psy*ology 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,,mck4 ,,cattell1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,m>k ,,baldw91 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,g5]al ,,psy*ology4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,jos4 ,,royce1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h>ald ,,hoeffd+1 ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,,w>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,engl&4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,davis1 ,lehigh ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,psy*ology4 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,pace1 ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,am]ica4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,rob]t ,,macd\gal1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,tit*5]1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,woodwor?1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,c4 ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,g5etic ,,psy*ology4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,edmund ,c4 ,,san=d1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity1 ,worce/]1 ,mass4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr9cipal ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bri/ol4 ,,pr(essor ,,m>y ,w4 ,,calk9s1 ,wellesley ,college4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,y]kes1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,d4 ,,abnormal ,,psy*ology4 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,c[les1 ,wav]ley1 ,mass4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,pi]re ,,janet1 ,collge de ,france1 ,p>is4 ,,dr4 ,,morton ,,pr9ce1 ,bo/on4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,adolph ,,mey]1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,dep>tm5t #af--,,sociology 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,frank ,w4 ,,blackm>1 ,univ]sity ( ,kansas4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,frankl9 ,h4 ,,gidd+s1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,e4 ,,v9c5t1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,a4 ,,social ,,/ructure4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,moore1 ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,field ,,m>%al ,,gu/av ,,ratz5h(]1 ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,,to5nies1 ,univ]sity ( ,kiel4 ,,pr(essor ,,le/] ,f4 ,,w>d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,j]ome ,,d[d1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,section ,b4 ,,social ,,psy*ology4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,a4 ,,ellwood1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,wm4 ,i4 ,,?omas1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,a4 ,,ross1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,c4 ,,hayes1 ,miami ,univ]sity4 ,,division ,e--,,utilit>ian ,,sci5ces 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,presid5t ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #ag--,,m$ic9e 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,osl]1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,t4 ,,c\ncilman1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,dr4 ,,frank ,,bill+s1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,a4 ,,public ,,heal?4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,walt] ,,wyman1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,m>9e ,hospital ,s]vice4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,t4 ,,s$gwick1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,dr4 ,,ern/ ,j4 ,,l$]le1 ,=m] ,commission] ( ,heal?1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,,brack51 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 ,,section ,b4 ,,prev5tive ,,m$ic9e4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,joseph ,m4 ,,ma!ws1 ,presid5t ( ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,l\isville1 ,ky4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,ronald ,,ross1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,,hurty1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,,section ,c4 ,,pa?ology4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,,flexn]1 ,director ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ludwig ,,hekto51 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,pr(essor ,,johannes ,,or?1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,%ibasaburo ,,kitasato1 ,univ]sity ( ,tokio4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,,mcn4 ,,mill]1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,section ,d4 ,,!rapeutics ,,& ,,ph>macology4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,hob>t ,a4 ,,h>e1 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,osc> ,,liebrei*1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,sir ,,laud] ,,brunton1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,london4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,favill1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,section ,e4 ,,int]nal ,,m$ic9e4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$]ick ,c4 ,,%attuck1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,,clif=d ,,allbutt1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,s4 ,,?ay]1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,,cabot1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,section ,f4 ,,neurology4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,lewellyn ,f4 ,,b>k]1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,j4 ,,putnam1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,g4 ,,psy*iatry4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,l4 ,,dana1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york4 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,c[les1 ,bo/on4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,*adddock1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,,section ,h4 ,,surg]y4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,,beck1 ,po/-,graduate ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ,new ,york4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,fr$]ic ,s4 ,,d5nis1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,cornell ,m$ical ,college1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,pr(essor ,,johannes ,,or?1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,b9nie1 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,,section ,i4 ,,gynecology4 7,hall #ac1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h[>d ,a4 ,,kelly1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,cl>5ce ,,web/]1 ,ru% ,m$ical ,college1 ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,noble1 ,atlanta1 ,ga4 ,,section ,j4 ,,oph?almology4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,george ,c4 ,,h>lan1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,edw>d ,,jackson1 ,d5v]1 ,col4 ,,dr4 ,,george ,m4 ,,g\ld1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,sweet1 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,section ,k4 ,,otology ,,& ,,l>yngology4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,c4 ,,glasg[1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,speak]3 ,,sir ,,felix ,,semon1 ,c4,v4,o41 ,physician ,extraord9>y to ,8 ,maje/y1 ! ,k+1 ,london4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,s4 ,,sp5c]1 ,all5hur/1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,section ,l4 ,,p$iatrics4 7,hall #g1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,m4 ,,rot*1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,!odore ,,es*]i*1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,,abraham ,,jacobi1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,s4 ,,adams1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,dep>tm5t #ah--,,te*nology4 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,*ancellor ,,w9field ,s4 ,,*apl91 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,bovey1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,section ,a4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,h4 ,,burr1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,waddell1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]1 ,kansas ,city4 ,,mr4 ,,lewis ,m4 ,,haupt1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]1 ,philadelphia4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,b4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,e4 ,,d5ton1 ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,alb]t ,w4 ,,smi?1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,,george ,,d9kel1 ,,jr41 ,j]sey ,city4 ,,section ,c4 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ar?ur ,e4 ,,k5nelly1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,mi*ael ,i4 ,,pup91 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,,c>l ,,h]+1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,section ,d4 ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]+4 7,hall #aa1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,john ,,hays ,,hammond1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,ri*>ds1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,pr(essor ,,samuel ,b4 ,,*ri/y1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,joseph ,,/ru!rs1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,section ,e4 ,,te*nical ,,*emi/ry4 7,hall #af1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,wiley1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,e4 ,,munroe1 ,george ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,h4 ,,walk]1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,m>cus ,,b5jam91 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,section ,f4 ,,agriculture4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,h4 ,j4 ,,:eel]1 ,k+/on1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,w4 ,,dabney1 ,,jr41 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati4 ,,pr(essor ,,lib]ty ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,,hill1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,dep>tm5t #ai--;,,economics 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,emory ,r4 ,,johnson1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,frank ,a4 ,,fett]1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,adolph ,c4 ,,mill]1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,section ,a4 ,,economic ,,!ory4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,b4 ,,cl>k1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,jacob ,h4 ,,holl&]1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,jesse ,e4 ,,pope1 ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 ,,section ,b4 ,,transportation4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,lawr5ce ,,laughl91 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,eug5e ,,von ,,philippovi*1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,z4 ,,ripley1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,mr4 ,,george ,g4 ,,tunell1 ,*icago4 ,,section ,c4 ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,ex*ange4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,,jones1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,pr(essor ,,c>l ,,plehn1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,d4 ,,money ,,& ,,cr$it4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,,walk]1 ,canadian ,bank ( ,comm]ce1 ,toronto4 ,,speak]s3 ,,mr4 ,,horace ,,:ite1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,lawr5ce ,,laughl91 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,,cumm+s1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,e4 ,,public ,,f9ance4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,adams1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,pr(essor ,,edw9 ,r4 ,a4 ,,seligman1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,f4 ,,insurance4 7,hall #aj1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,dr4 ,,emory ,,mccl9tock1 ,actu>y1 ,mutual ,life ,insurance ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,,speak]s3 ,,mr4 ,,fr$]ick ,l4 ,,h(fman1 ,/ati/ician1 ,prud5tial ,insurance ,company1 ,new>k4 ,,pr(essor ,,bal?as> ,h4 ,,mey]1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,secret>y3 ,,division ,f--,,social ,,regulation 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,abbott ,l4 ,,l[ell1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,dep>tm5t #bj--,,politics 7,hall #b1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,a4 ,,dunn+1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,*ancellor ,e4 ,,b5jam9 ,,&rews1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,sections ,a ,,& ,c4 ,,political ,,!ory ,,& ,,national ,,adm9i/ration4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,,will\ghby1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,g4 ,,wilson1 ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,james ,,bryce1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,e4 ,,m]riam1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,b4 ,,diplomacy4 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,honorable ,,john ,w4 ,,fo/]1 ,ex-,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,,honorable ,,david ,,jayne ,,hill1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,switz]l&4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,d4 ,,colonial ,,adm9i/ration4 7,hall #d1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h>ry ,p4 ,,judson1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,b]n>d ,j4 ,,moses1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,pr(essor ,,paul ,s4 ,,re9s*1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,e4 ,,municipal ,,adm9i/ration4 7,hall #ae1 ,septemb] #bd1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,mr4 ,,alb]t ,,%aw1 ,editor ,am]ican ,mon?ly ,review ( ,reviews4 ,,miss ,,jane ,,addams1 ,hull ,h\se1 ,*icago4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,a4 ,,fairlie1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,,dep>tm5t #ba--;,,jurisprud5ce 7,hall #c1 ,septemb] #bj1 #d4ae p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,w4 ,,kir*wey1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,presid5t ,,*>les ,w4 ,,ne$ham1 ,columbian ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,pr(essor ,,joseph ,h4 ,,beale1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,a4 ,,int]national ,,law4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,b4 ,,scott1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,h4 ,,lafonta9e1 ,memb] ( ! ,s5ate1 ,brussels1 ,belgium4 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,,noble ,,gregory1 ,univ]sity ( ,i[a4 ,,c\nt ,,alb]t ,,apponyi1 ,hung>y4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,d5nis1 ,lel& ,/an=d ,jr4 ,univ]sity4 ,,section ,b4 ,,con/itutional ,,law4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #bd1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,/4 ,,george ,,tuck]1 ,george ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,speak]s3 ,,signor ,,attilio ,,brunialti1 ,c\ncilor ( ,/ate1 ,rome4 ,,pr(essor ,,john ,w4 ,,burgess1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,f]d9& ,,l>naude1 ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,c4 ,,private ,,law4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,b4 ,,ames1 ,dean1 ,h>v>d ,law ,s*ool4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,freund1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,honorable ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,:itney1 ,new ,york4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dean ,,william ,,drap] ,,lewis1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,dep>tm5t #bb--,,social ,,sci5ce 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #bj1 #b p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,walt] ,l4 ,,%eldon1 ,e?ical ,society1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,felix ,,adl]1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,graham ,,taylor1 ,*icago ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,,section ,a4 ,,! ,,family4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,samuel ,g4 ,,smi?1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota4 ,,speak]s3 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,w4 ,,dike1 ,auburndale1 ,mass4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,,elliott ,,h[>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,b4 ,,! ,,rural ,,community4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,hon4 ,,a>on ,,jones1 ,ma/] ( ,national ,grange1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,ind4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,max ,,web]1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,presid5t ,,k5yon ,l4 ,,butt]field1 ,rhode ,isl& ,/ate ,agricultural ,college4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,,hill1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,section ,c4 ,,! ,,urban ,,community4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,,ja/r[1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,l\is ,,wu>91 ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva4 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,d4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,gr\p4 7,hall #ad1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,w]n] ,,somb>t1 ,univ]sity ( ,breslau4 ,,pr(essor ,,ri*>d ,t4 ,,ely1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,s4 ,,adams1 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,,section ,e4 ,,! ,,dep5d5t ,,gr\p4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bc1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,mr4 ,,rob]t ,w4 ,,de=e/1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,*>les ,r4 ,,h5d]son1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,dr4 ,,emil ,m,,n/]b]g1 ,presid5t ,city ,*>ities1 ,b]l94 ,,secret>y3 ,,section ,f4 ,,! ,,crim9al ,,gr\p4 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bc1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,speak]3 ,,mr4 ,,fr$]ick ,h4 ,,w9es1 ,secret>y ,/ate ,*>ities ,aid ,association1 ,upp] ,montclair1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,secret>y3 ,,division ,g--,,social ,,culture 7,hall #e1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,speak]3 ,,honorable ,,william ,t4 ,,h>ris1 ,unit$ 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,league = ,social ,s]vice1 ,new ,york4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,,clyde ,w4 ,,votaw1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,,*ronological ,,ord] ,,( ,,proce$+s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,monday1 ,,septemb] #ai4 #c ,p4 ,m4 ,op5+ ex]cises ( ! ,congress4 ,fe/ival ,hall 7,hall #ag74 ,! ,congress w be call$ to ord] by ! ,director ( ,congresses1 :o w introduce ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition4 ,welcom+ addresses w be deliv]$ by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,exposition & o!r (ficials4 ,a reply to ^! addresses ( welcome w be made on behalf ( ! ,congress by ! ,honor>y ,vice-,presid5t = ,great ,brita94 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,adm9i/rative ,bo>d w give an acc\nt ( ! orig9 & purpose ( ! ,congress4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,congress w !n be introduc$ & w deliv] an introductory address1 aft] :i* adj\rnm5t w foll[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tuesday1 ,,septemb] #bj4 #aj4jj ,a4 ,m4 ,meet+s ( ! sev5 ,divisions4 ,! ,divisional addresses w be giv5 z foll[s3-- ,hall #a1 ,utilit>ian ,sci5ces4 ,hall #b1 ,social ,regulation4 ,hall #c1 ,hi/orical ,sci5ce4 ,hall #d1 ,physical 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session w be ?ree h\rs4 ,! morn+ sessions w ext5d f #aj ,a4 ,m4 until #a ,p4 ,m42 ! aft]noon sessions f #c ,p4 ,m4 to #f ,p4 ,m4 ,! meet+s ( "s ( ! religi\s sections w be held on ,sunday1 ,septemb] #be1 9 ,fe/ival ,hall4 ,fur!r ann\ncem5ts conc]n+ ^! ,sunday ,meet+s w be made 9 ,regi/ration ,hall1 9 ! daily press ( ,/4 ,l\is1 & 9 ! ,_w's ,fair ,(ficial ,programme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w$nesday1 ,,septemb] #ba4 ,meet+ at #aj ,a4 ,m4 ,hall #a1 ,public ,f9ance4 ,hall #b1 ,animal ,morphology4 ,hall #c1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,asia4 ,hall #d1 ,comp>ative ,language4 ,hall #e1 ,! ,family4 ,hall #f1 ,metaphysics4 ,hall #g1 ,otology & ,l>yngology4 ,hall #h1 ,slavic ,lit]ature4 ,hall #i1 ,a/rometry4 ,hall #aj1 ,civil ,eng9e]+4 ,hall #aa1 ,hi/ory ( ,common ,law4 ,hall #ab1 ,physiography4 ,hall #ac1 ,public ,heal?4 ,hall #ad1 ,geophysics4 ,hall #ae1 ,social ,/ructure4 ,hall #af1 ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 ,adj\rnm5t at #a ,p4 ,m4 ,meet+ at #c ,p4 ,m4 ,hall #a1 ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,hall #b1 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(fic]s & speak]s ( ! ,congress & (ficials ( ! ,exposition4 ,,w$nesday ,,aft]noon1 ,,septemb] #ba4--;,g>d5 fte to be giv5 to ! memb]s ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 at ! ,fr5* ,pavilion1 by ! ,commission]-,g5]al f ,france4 ,,w$nesday ,,ev5+1 ,,septemb] #ba4--;,g5]al reception by ! ,g]man ,imp]ial ,commission]-,g5]al to ! memb]s ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 at ! ,g]man ,/ate ,h\se4 ,,?ursday ,,ev5+4--,%aw banquet at ! ,buck+ham ,club to ! =eign delegates4 ,,friday ,,ev5+1 ,,septemb] #bc4--;,g5]al banquet to ! speak]s & (ficials ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce 9 ! banquet hall ( ! ,tyrolean ,alps4 #h ,p4 ,m4 ,,saturday ,,ev5+1 ,,septemb] #bd4--;,banquet at ,/4 ,l\is ,club by ,r\nd ,table ( ,/4 ,l\is1 to ! =eign memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,banquet giv5 by ,imp]ial ,commission]-,g5]al f ,japan to ! ,japanese delegation to ! ,congress & ,exposition (ficials4 ,d9n] giv5 by ,commission]-,g5]al f ,great ,brita9 to ! ,engli% memb]s ( ! ,congress4 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,memb]s ,,:o ,,made #aj-,,m9ute ,,addresses 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ li/ diff]s f ! orig9al programme1 9 t x conta9s ! names only ( ^? :o actually read addresses4 ,x 0 plann$ t ea* ,section %\ld meet = ?ree h\rs4 ,:5 au?ors ( t5-m9ute pap]s 7 n pres5t1 & :]e n en\gh ( ^! %ort] pap]s 7 (f]$ to fill out ! "t1 ! ,*airm5 invit$ discussions f ! floor until ! 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,college ,educational ,!ory ,dr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,hunt+ton ,h>v>d ,univ4 ,algebra & ,analysis ,dr4 ,reid ,hunt ,u4 ,s4 ,m>9e ,hospital ,alcohol1 etc4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,n4 ,hurty ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,public ,heal? ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,hut*9son ,cornell ,univ4 ,algebra & ,analysis ,rev4 ,?omas ,e4 ,judge ,ca?olic ,review ( ,g5]al ,religi\s ,reviews ,education ,pr(essor ,l4 ,kahl5burg ,univ4 ( ,wiscons9 ,physical ,*emi/ry ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,g4 ,kell] ,yale ,univ]sity ,municipal ,adm9i/ration ,pr(essor ,george ,lefevre ,univ4 ( ,miss\ri ,comp>ative ,anatomy ,presid5t ,h5ry ,c4 ,k+ ,ob]l9 ,college ,education1 ,! ,college ,dr4 ,ira ,l&ri? ,belmont ,college ,religi\s ,ag5cies ,pr(essor ,m4 ,d4 ,le>n$ ,univ4 ( ,p5nsylvania ,g]manic ,lit]ature ,pr(essor ,a4 ,o4 ,leus*n] ,univ4 ( ,cali=nia ,a/ronomy ,dr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,lyon ,/4 ,l\is ,univ4 ,physiology ,dr4 ,duncan ,b4 ,macdonald ,h>t=d ,!ological ,semitic ,languages ,sem9>y ,pr(essor ,a4 ,mac,farlane ,*a?am1 ,ont>io ,appli$ ,ma!matics ,pr(essor ,james ,mc,mahon ,cornell ,univ4 ,appli$ ,ma!matics ,mr4 ,edw>d ,mall9ckrodt ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,*emi/ry ,pr(essor ,h4 ,p4 ,mann+ ,br[n ,univ4 ,geometry ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,mill] ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ4 ,algebra & ,analysis4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills ,ohio ,/ate ,univ4 ,ar*ology ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,miln] ,univ4 ( ,toronto ,classical ,lit]ature ,pr(essor ,f4 ,g4 ,moore ,d>tm\? ,college ,classical ,lit]ature ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,montague ,columbia ,univ4 ,metaphysics ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,moore1 ,esq4 ,philadelphia ,ar*ology4 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,r4 ,m\lton ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,a/ronomy4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,ne$ham ,lake ,=e/ ,univ4 ,animal ,morphology ,pr(essor ,alex4 ,t4 ,ormond ,pr9ceton ,univ4 ,philosophy ( ,religion ,pr(essor ,fr$]ic ,l4 ,paxton ,univ4 ( ,colorado ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica ,dr4 ,c>l ,pfi/] ,/4 ,m>k's ,hospital1 ,surg]y ,new ,york ,city ,pr(essor ,m4 ,b4 ,port] ,univ4 ( ,texas ,algebra & ,analysis ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,reynolds ,*icago ,public ,heal? ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,sadtl] ,philadelphia ,college ,te*nical ,*emi/ry ( ,ph>macy ,dr4 ,john ,a4 ,sampson ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gyncology ,oswald ,s*re9]1 ,esq4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't ( ,*emi/ry ,agriculture ,rev4 ,frank ,sewall ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,social ,sci5ce1 ,! ,family ,pr(essor ,h4 ,c4 ,%eldon ,bo/on ,univ4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,pr(essor ,frank ,c4 ,%>p ,univ4 ( ,wiscons9 ,e?ics ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,%aw ,millik5 ,univ4 ,algebra & ,analysis ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? ,tulane ,univ4 ,new ,te/am5t ,pr(essor ,m>%all ,s4 ,sn[ ,wa%+ton ,univ ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,snyd] ,univ4 ( ,m9nesota ,social ,sci5ce ,pr(essor ,edwa9 ,d4 ,/>buck ,e>lham ,college ,g5]al ,religi\s ,pr(essor ,george ,b4 ,/ew>t ,auburn ,!ological ,pr(essional ,sem9>y ,religi\s ,education ,john ,m4 ,/ahl ,qu9cy1 ,ill4 ,! ,rural ,community ,pr(essor ,j4 ,/ieglitz ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,*emi/ry ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,/e9 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,comp>ative ,language ,mr4 ,teit>o ,suzuki ,la ,salle1 ,ill4 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism ,col4 ,t4 ,w4 ,symonds1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,civil ,eng9e]+ ,pr(essor ,teissi] ,lyons1 ,france ,pa?ology ,judge ,w4 ,h4 ,?omas ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 ,private ,law ,pr(essor ,o4 ,h4 ,tittmann ,u4 ,s4 ,c4 & ,g4 ,survey ,a/ronomy ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,m4 ,tozz] ,peabody ,museum ,an?ropology ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,trueblood ,univ4 ( ,miss\ri ,m$ieval ,hi/ory ,pr(essor ,clyde ,w4 ,votaw ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,new ,te/am5t ,pr(essor ,john ,b4 ,watson ,univ4 ( ,*icago ,psy*ology ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,willett ,disciples ,div9ity ,pr(essional ,h\se1 ,*icago ,religi\s ,education ,presid5t ,m>y ,e4 ,woolley ,mt4 ,holyoke ,college ,education1 ,! ,college ,h4 ,zwa>ddemak] ,utre*t ,otology & ,l>yngology ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,hugo ,m,,n/]b]g ,i ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,congress #a4 ,! ,c5tralization ( ! ,congress ,! hi/ory ( ! ,congress has be5 told4 ,x rema9s to set =? ! pr9ciples :i* controll$ ! "w ( ! ,congress week1 & ?us sci5tifically to introduce ! s*ol>ly und]tak+1 ! results ( :i* are to speak = !mselves 9 ! eight volumes ( ?is publication4 ,yet 9 a c]ta9 way ?is sci5tific introduction has once m to use ! language ( hi/ory4 ,x does n deal ) ! ext]nal developm5t ( ! ,congress1 & ! /ory :i* x has to tell is ?us n "o ( dates & names & ev5ts4 ,b ! pr9ciples :i* %ap$ ! :ole und]tak+ h !mselves a claim to hi/orical treatm5t2 !y d n lie be=e u simply z ! subject = a logical disputation or z a plea = a future "w4 ,t 0 ! situation ( ?ree ye>s ago4 ,at t "t v>i\s ideas & oppos+ pr9ciples ent]$ into ! ar5a ( discussion2 b n[1 s9ce ! "w is complet$1 ! "q c be only ( :at pr9ciples1 "r or wrong1 h really det]m9$ ! programme4 ,we h ?us to int]pret t /ate ( m9d out ( :i* ! purposes & ! sci5tific arrangem5t ( ! ,congress result$2 & no aft]-?\ght ( to-day w\ld be a desirable addition4 ,:atev] possible improvem5ts ( ! plan may sugge/ !mselves 9 ! retrospect c be giv5 only a clos+ ^w4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly easy to le>n f exp]i5ce1 b fir/ ! exp]i5ce _h to be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,we h "h to int]pret ! view f t /&po9t f :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,congress 0 /ill a matt] ( ! future1 & ( an unc]ta9 future inde$1 full ( d\bts & fe>s1 & yet full ( hopes & possibilities4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,_w's ,fair promis$1 ?r\gh ! va/ ext5t ( its gr\nds1 ?r\gh ! beautiful plans ( ! build+s1 ?r\gh ! eag]ness ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh ! p>ticipation ( all c\ntries on e>?1 & ?r\gh ! gigantic outl9es ( ! int]nal plans1 to become ! mo/ monum5tal expression ( ! en]gies ) :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury ent]$ on its c\rse4 ,comm]ce & indu/ry1 art & social "w1 politics & education1 w> & peace1 c\ntry & city4 ,ori5t & ,occid5t1 7 all to be focuss$ = a few summ] mon?s 9 ! ivory city ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x seem$ mo/ natural t sci5ce & productive s*ol>%ip %\ld also f9d its *>act]i/ic place among ! factors ( our mod]n civilization4 ,( c\rse ! sci5ti/ _h 8 ^w to say on almo/ e squ>e foot ( ! ,exposition4 ,:e!r ! build+ 0 devot$ to electricity or to *emi/ry1 to an?ropology or to metallurgy1 to civic adm9i/ration or to m$ic9e1 to transportation or to indu/rial arts1 x 0 ev]y:]e ! "w ( ! sci5ti/ :i* 0 to w9 ! triumph2 & ! ,palace ( ,education1 ! fir/ 9 any univ]sal exposition1 0 to comb9e "u its ro( n only ! s*ool "w ( all c\ntries1 b ! visible record ( ! _w's univ]sities & te*nical s*ools z well4 ,& yet x seem$ n en\gh to ga!r ! products & records ( sci5ce & to make sci5ce s]ve ) its tools & inv5tions4 ,mod]n art1 too1 0 to reign ov] e hall & to beautify e palace1 & yet dem&$ its own unfold+ 9 ! gall]y ( pa9t+s & sculptures4 ,9 ! same way x 0 n en\gh = sci5ce to p5etrate a hundr$ exhibitions & turn ! :eels 9 e hall1 b x mu/ also seek to conc5trate all its en]gies 9 "o spot & %[ ! cross-section ( human k 9 our "t1 &1 above all1 its own me?ods4 ,an exhibition ( s*ol>%ip _c be arrang$ = ! eyes4 ,! great "w :i* gr[s day by day 9 quiet libr>ies & laboratories1 & on a ?\s& univ]sity plat=ms1 c express itself only ?r\gh words4 ,yet heap$ up pr9t$ volumes w\ld be dead to a ,_w's ,fair spectator2 h[ to make su* words liv+ 0 ! problem4 ,above all1 s*ol>%ip does n really exhibit its me?ods1 if x does n %[ itself 9 production4 ,x is no long] s*ol>%ip :i* speaks ( a tru?-seek+ t has be5 p]=m$ in/ead ( go+ on ) ! se>* = fur!r tru?4 ,if ! _w's sci5ce 0 to be exhibit$1 a =m _h to be s\ght 9 :i* ! s*ol>ly "w on ! spot w\ld s]ve ! ideals ( k1 w\ld add to ! /oreh\se ( tru?1 & w\ld ?us "w 9 ! s]vice ( human progress at ! same mom5t 9 :i* x contribut$ to ! complet5ess ( ! exhibition4 ,! ef=t 0 n )\t prec$5t4 ,s*ol>ly production _h be5 connect$ ) e>li] expositions1 & ! l>ge ga!r+s ( s*ol>s at ! ,p>is ,exposition 7 /ill 9 vivid memory4 ,a l>ge numb] ( sci5tific congresses ( speciali/s _h be5 held !re1 & _m hundr$ s*ol>ly pap]s _h be5 read4 ,yet ! results h>dly sugge/$ ! repetition ( su* an exp]im5t4 ,e "o felt too /rongly t ! outcome ( su* disconnect$ congresses ( speciali/s is h>dly comp>able ) ! glori\s %[+ :i* ! arts & indu/ries h made & 7 to make aga94 ,9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ! ,_w's ,fair ! mo/ c>eful prep>ation secur$ an h>moni\s effect4 ,! s*ol>ly meet+s alone fail$ ev5 to aim at h>mony & unity4 ,n only did ! congresses !mselves /& ap>t )\t any inn] relation1 gr\p$ toge!r by cal5d> dates or by _! alphabetical ord] f ,an?ropology to ,zology2 b 9 e congress1 aga91 ! pap]s read & ! manuscripts pres5t$ 7 disconnect$ pieces )\t any programme or correlation4 ,worse ?an t1 !y c\ld n ev5 be expect$ 9 _! isolat$ness to add any?+ :i* w\ld n h be5 work$ out & communicat$ to ! _w j z well )\t any congress4 ,! speak] at su* a meet+ is ask$ to contribute any?+ he has at h&1 & he accepts ! invitation because he has by *ance a complet$ pap] or a rese>* ready = publication4 ,9 ! be/ case x w\ld h appe>$ 9 ! next numb] ( ! speciali/ic magaz9e1 9 n infrequ5t cases x has appe>$ already 9 ! la/ numb]4 ,su* a congress is !n only an accid5t & does n itself s]ve ! progress ( k4 ,ev5 t w\ld be acceptable if at lea/ ! be/ s*ol>s w\ld come out ) _! late/ inve/igations1 or1 /ill m delightful1 if !y w\ld ent] into an important discussion4 ,b exp]i5ce has too (t5 %[n t ! conditions are mo/ favorable = ! opposite outcome4 ,! lead+ s*ol>s /ay away p>tly to give beg9n]s ! *ance to be he>d1 p>tly n to be gr\p$ ) ^? :o habitually h ! floor at su* ga!r+s4 ,^! are ei!r ! m5 ^: day has gone by or ^? ^: day has n yet come2 & bo? gr\ps tyrannize alike an unwill+ audi5ce4 ,yet x may be said t 9 sci5tific meet+s ( speciali/s ! read+ ( pap]s is non-ess5tial & no h>m is done ev5 if !y d n contribute any?+ to ! /atus ( s*ol>%ip2 _! great value lies 9 ! p]sonal contact ( fell[ work]s & 9 ! discussions & in=mal ex*ange ( op9ions4 ,all t is true1 & completely ju/ifies ! ye>ly meet+s ( s*ol>ly associations4 ,b ^! advantages are mu* dim9i%$ :5ev] su* ga!r+s take on an int]national "*1 & ?us introduce ! confusion ( tongues4 ,& h>dly any "o c d\bt t ! turmoil ( a _w's fair is ab\t ! wor/ possible backgr\nd = su* ex*ange ( ?\ght1 :i* dem&s repose & quietude4 ,yet ev5 ) ! c]ta9ty ( all ^! disadvantages ! city ( ,p>is1 ) its l>ge body ( s*ol>s1 ) its v5]able s*ol>ly traditions1 & ) its incomp>able attractions1 c\ld ov]come e resi/ance1 & its conv5i5t location made x natural t 9 vacation "t1 9 an exposition summ]1 ! s*ol>s %\ld ga!r !re1 n on acc\nt (1 b 9 spite (1 ! hundr$ congresses4 ,) ?is ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is c\ld make no claim to rivalry4 ,its rec5t gr[?1 its m9imum ( s*ol>ly tradition1 its great di/ance f ! old c5tres ( k ev5 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ! apa?y ( ! ,ea/ & ! climatic fe>s ( ,europe1 all toge!r made x cle> t a m]e repetition ( unrelat$ congresses w\ld be n only useless1 b a disa/r\s failure4 ,^! v fe>s1 h[ev]1 !mselves sugge/$ ! rem$y4 ,if ! s*ol>ly "w ( our "t 0 to be repres5t$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 some?+ _h to be attempt$ :i* %\ld be n simply an imitation ( ! bran*-congresses :i* e sci5tific specialty 9 e c\ntry is call+ e ye>4 ,s*ol>%ip 0 to be ask$ to %[ itself really 9 process1 & to produce = ! ,_w's ,fair meet+ some?+ :i* )\t x w\ld rema9 undone4 ,to invite ! s*ol>s ( ! _w = _! leisurely enjoym5t & reposeful discussion ( "w done else:]e is "o ?+2 to call !m toge!r = "w :i* !y w\ld n d o!rwise1 & :i* ought to be done1 is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,! fir/ _h 9 ,/4 ,l\is all odds aga9/ x2 x seem$ wor? :ile to try ! second4 ,& x seem$ n only wor? :ile 9 ! int]e/ ( s*ol>%ip1 x seem$1 above all1 ! only way to give to ! s*ol>%ip ( our "t a *ance = ! complete demon/ration ( its productive en]gies4 ,! plan ( unrelat$ congresses1 ) *ance comb9ations ( pap]s prep>$ at r&om1 0 !re=e def9itively replac$ by ! plan ( only "o repres5tative ga!r+1 b\nd toge!r by "o und]ly+ ?\ght1 giv5 ?us ! unity ( "o s*ol>ly aim1 ^: fulfillm5t is dem&$ by ! sci5tific ne$s ( our "t1 & is h>dly to be rea*$ by o!r me?ods4 ,e arbitr>y & individual *oice 0 !n to be elim9at$ & e ef=t 0 to be controll$ by ! "o c5tral purpose2 ! "w ?us to be organiz$ & prep>$ ) ! same c>efulness ( adju/m5t & elaboration :i* 0 d\btless to be appli$ 9 ! admirable exhibitions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t or 9 ! art exhibition4 ,! op5 "q 01 ( c\rse1 :at topic c\ld fulfill ^! v>i\s dem&s mo/ completely2 :]e9 lay ! greate/ s*ol>ly ne$ ( our "t2 :at task c\ld be lea/ realiz$ by ! casual ef=ts ( s*ol>%ip at r&om2 :]e 0 ! unity ( a _w organization mo/ ne$$8 ,"o ?\ght 0 v naturally sugge/$ by ! ext]nal circum/ances4 ,/4 ,l\is _h ask$ ! nations ( ! _w to a celebration ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase4 ,hi/orical ?\ghts ?us gave mean+ & importance to ! :ole und]tak+4 ,! pride ( "o c5tury's developm5t _h /imulat$ ! gigantic "w f its inception4 ,an imm5se t]ritory _h be5 trans=m$ f a half wild]ness into a l& ) a ri* civilization1 & ) a c5tral city 9 :i* eight ?\s& factories are at "w4 ,no ?\ght lay ne>] ?an to ask h[ f> ?is c5tury 0 ( simil> importance = ! *anges 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,h[ h ! sci5ces develop$ !mselves s9ce ! days ( ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase8 ,t is a topic :i* ) complete uni=mity might be ask$ f e special sci5ce1 & :i* might ?us (f] a c]ta9 unity ( aim to s*ol>s ( all sci5tific d5om9ations4 ,!re 0 inde$ no d\bt t su* an hi/orical "q w\ld h to be rais$ if we 7 to live up to ! commemorative idea ( ! :ole ,fair4 ,& yet x seem$ /ill m c]ta9 t ! retrospective problem did n ju/ify itself z a c5tral topic = a ,_w's ,congress4 ,!re 7 sci5ces = :i* ! /ory ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s 0 m]ely ! la/ *apt] ( a hi/ory ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s & o!r sci5ces ^: life hi/ory did n beg9 until "o or two decades ago4 ,x w\ld ?us be a v ext]nal uni=mity2 ! "q w\ld h a v diff]5t mean+ = ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 & ! treatm5t w\ld be ( v unequal int]e/ & importance4 ,m ?an t1 x w\ld n aboli% ! unrelat$ "* ( ! endeavors2 :ile ! same topic might be giv5 ev]y:]e1 yet e sci5ce w\ld rema9 isolat$2 !re w\ld be no int]nal unity1 & ?us no inn] reason = br++ toge!r ! be/ work]s ( all sph]es4 ,& f9ally ! m]e retrospective attitude br+s ) x ! depress+ mood ( p]functory activity4 ,c]ta9ly to look back on ! advance ( a c5tury c be mo/ sugge/ive = a bett] und]/&+ ( ! way :i* lies be=e u2 & we felt inde$ t ! occasion = su* a backw>d glance ought n to be miss$4 ,yet !re w\ld be some?+ lifeless if ! :ole meet+ 7 devot$ to ! consid]ation ( "w t _h be5 complet$2 a k9d ( necrological s5tim5t w\ld p]vade ! :ole c]emony1 :ile our *ief aim 0 to s]ve ! progress ( k & ?us to /imulate liv+ int]e/s4 ,?is language ( life spoke inde$ 9 ! programme ( ano!r plan :i* seem$ also to be sugge/$ by ! "* ( ! ,exposition4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,fair desir$ n m]ely to look backw>d & to revive ! hi/orical int]e/ 9 ! ,l\isiana pur*ase1 b its fir/ aim seem$ to be to br+ into %>p relief ! factors :i* s]ve to-day ! practical welf>e & ! a*ievem5ts ( human society4 ,if all ! s*ol>s ( all sci5ces 7 to conv5e "u "o flag1 w\ld x n ?us seem mo/ h>moni\s ) ! occasion1 if1 z ! "o controll+ topic1 ! "q 7 propos$1 ,:at does y\r sci5ce contribute to ! practical progress ( mank9d8 ,no "o c d5y t su* a =mulation w\ld fit 9 well ) ! l+]+ ?\ghts ( e ,_w's ,fair visitor4 ,:oev] w&]s ?r\gh ! aisles ( exhibition palaces & sees amass$ ! m>vel\s a*ievem5ts ( indu/ry & comm]ce1 & ! ?\s& practical arts ( mod]n society1 may inde$ turn mo/ naturally to a ga!r+ ( s*ol>s ) ! "q1 ,:at h y to (f] ( simil> import8 ,all y\r ?9k+ & speak+ & writ+1 are !y m]ely words on words1 or d y also turn ! :eels ( ?is gigantic civilization8 ,su* a "q w\ld give a noble op5+ inde$ to almo/ e sci5ce4 ,:o w\ld say t ! opportunity is conf9$ to ! man ( te*nical sci5ce8 ,does n ! biologi/ also prep>e ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n m$ic9e1 does n ! ma!matician play 8 mo/ important rle 9 our ma/]y ov] /ubborn nature1 d we n ne$ language = our social int]c\rse1 & law & religion = our practical social improvem5t8 ,yes1 is !re any sci5ce :i* has n directly or indirectly some?+ to contribute to ! practical developm5t ( ! mod]n man & 8 civilization8 ,all ?is is true1 & yet ! p]spective ( ?is tru?1 too1 appe>s at once utt]ly di/ort$ if we take ! /&po9t ( sci5ce itself4 ,! "o end ( k is to rea* ! tru?4 ,! belief 9 ! absolute value ( tru? gives to x mean+ & significance4 ,?is value rema9s ! controll+ influ5ce ev5 :]e ! problem to be solv$ is itself a practical "o1 & ! _s ( sci5ce rema9s ?us ess5tially !oretical ev5 9 ! s-call$ appli$ sci5ces4 ,b incomp>ably m int5se 9 t respect is ! _s ( all !oretical discipl9es4 ,philosophy & ma!matics1 hi/ory & philology1 *emi/ry & biology1 a/ronomy & geology1 may be & ought to be helpful to practical civilization ev]y:]e2 & e /ep =w>d :i* !y take w be an advance = man's practical life too4 ,& yet _! real mean+ nev] lies 9 _! te*nical by-product4 ,x is n ! s*ol> :o pe]s 9 ! direction ( practical use :o is mo/ loyal to ! deepe/ dem& ( s*ol>%ip1 & e relation to practical a*ievem5t is m or less accid5tal or ev5 artificial = ! real life int]e/s ( productive s*ol>%ip4 ,b if ! contra/ betwe5 8 real int5tion & 8 social te*nical successes may n appe> /rik+ to ! physici/ or *emi/1 x w\ld appe> at lea/ emb>rass+ to ! s*ol>s 9 _m o!r dep>tm5ts & directly bewild]+ to n a few4 ,p]haps two ?irds ( ! sci5ces to :i* ! be/ ?9k]s ( our "t are fai?fully devot$ w\ld !n be gr\p$ toge!r & relegat$ to a di/ant corn]1 _! only practical te*nical function w\ld be to contribute mat]ial to ! education ( ! cultur$ man4 ,= :at else d we /udy ,sanscrit or m$ieval hi/ory or epi/emology8 ,& f9ally ev5 ! uni=m topic ( practical use w\ld n h br\ght ! diff]5t sci5ces ne>] to ea* o!r2 ! ,congress w\ld /ill h rema9$ a budget ( disconnect$ records ( s*ol>%ip4 ,if ! practical side ( ! ,exposition 0 to sugge/ any?+1 x %\ld !n n be m ?an an appeal n to ov]look ! importance ( ! appli$ sci5ces :i* too (t5 play ! rle ( a m]e app5dix to ! sy/em ( k4 ,! logical "o-sid$ness :i* consid]s practical ne$s z bel[ ! dignity ( pure sci5ce 0 inde$ to be exclud$1 b to *oose practical s]vice z ! "o controll+ topic w\ld be f> m anti-sci5tific4 #b4 ,! ,unity ( ,k ,!re 0 ano!r side ( ! ,exposition plan :i* sugge/$ a /rong] topic4 ,! ,_w's ,fair 0 n only an hi/orical memorial "w1 & 0 n only a %[ ( ! practical tools ( te*nical civilization2 its deepe/ aim 0 aft] all ! ef=t to br+ ! en]gies ( our "t into inn] relation4 ,! peoples ( ! :ole globe1 sep>at$ by oceans & m\nta9s1 by language & cu/om1 by politics & prejudice1 7 "h to come 9 contact & to be br\ght into correlation by bett] mutual und]/&+ ( ! be/ features ( _! respective cultures4 ,! v>i\s indu/ries & arts1 ! mo/ antagoni/ic ef=ts ( comm]ce & production1 sep>at$ by ! rivalry ( ! m>ket & by ! div]sity ( economic int]e/s 7 "h to be br\ght toge!r 9 h>mony1 7 to be correlat$ = ! eye ( ! spectator4 ,x 0 a ne>-ly+ ?\ght to *oose correlation z ! controll+ ?\ght ( a sci5tific ,_w's ,congress too4 ,t 0 ! topic :i* 0 f9ally agre$ ^u3 ! inn] relation ( ! sci5ces ( our day4 ,! fitness & ! ext]nal advantages ( su* a s*eme are evid5t4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! dang] ( disconnect$ness n[ disappe>s completely4 ,if ! sci5ces are to exam9e :at b9ds !m toge!r1 _! usual isolation mu/ be giv5 up = ! "t be+ & a conc]t$ ef=t mu/ control ! day4 ,! br++ toge!r ( s*ol>s ( all sci5tific specialties is !n no long] a d\btful accid5tal feature1 b becomes a condition ( ! :ole und]tak+4 ,m ?an t1 su* a topic1 ) all t x involves1 makes x a matt] ( c\rse t ! call goes out to ! really lead+ s*ol>s ( ! "t4 ,to aim at a correlation ( sci5ces means to seek = ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ea* t]ritory ( k & to look ) f>-see+ eye beyond ! limits ( its field2 b j ?is excludes f ! outset ^? :o l to be ! self-appo9t$ speak]s 9 r\t9e ga!r+s4 ,x excludes f ! fir/ ! n>r[ speciali/ :o does n c>e = any?+ b = 8 late/ rese>*1 & ought to exclude n less ! vague spirits :o g5]alize ab\t facts ( :i* !y h no concrete sub/antial k1 z _! sugge/ions t[>ds correlation w\ld lack inn] productiv5ess & out] au?ority4 ,su* a plan has room only = ^? m5 :o /& high en\gh to see ! :ole field & :o h yet ! full au?ority ( ! speciali/ic inve/igator2 !y mu/ comb9e ! conc5tration on specializ$ productive "w ) ! inspiration t comes f look+ ov] va/ regions4 ,) su* a topic ! usual "q does n come up :e!r "o or ano!r /rong man w\ld feel attract$ to take "p 9 ! ga!r+1 b x w\ld be ju/ifi$ & necess>y to conf9e ! active p>ticipation f ! outset to ^? :o are lead]s1 & ?us to gu>antee f ! beg9n+ a repres5tation ( sci5ce equal 9 dignity to ! be/ ef=ts ( ! exhibit+ c\ntries 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ?is way su* a plan _h ! advantage ( ju/ify+ ?r\gh its topic ! adm9i/rative desire to br+ all sci5ces to ! same spot1 & at ! same "t ( exclud+ all p>ticipants b ! be/ s*ol>s3 ) isolat$ ga!r+s or ) second-rate m51 ?is subject w\ld h be5 simply impossible4 ,yet all ^! halfway ext]nal advantages c\nt little comp>$ ) ! significance & importance ( ! topic = ! inn] life ( sci5tific ?\ght ( our "t4 ,we all felt x 0 ! "o topic :i* ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury dem&$ & :i* c\ld n be dealt ) o!rwise ?an by ! comb9$ labors ( all nations & ( all sci5ces4 ,! ,_w's ,fair 0 ! "o great opportunity to make a fir/ ef=t 9 ?is direction2 we _h no "r to miss ?is opportunity4 ,?us x 0 decid$ to h a congress ) ! def9ite purpose ( work+ t[>ds ! unity ( human k1 & ) ! "o mission1 9 ?is "t ( scatt]$ specializ+ "w1 ( br++ to ! consci\sness ( ! _w ! too mu* neglect$ idea ( ! unity ( tru?4 ,to quote f our fir/ t5tative programme3 ,let ! ru% ( ! _w's "w /op = "o mom5t = u to consid] :at are ! und]ly+ pr9ciples1 :at are _! relations to "o ano!r & to ! :ole1 :at are _! values & purposes2 9 %ort1 let u = once give to ! _w's sci5ces a holiday4 ,! workaday functions are mu* bett] fulfill$ 9 sep>ation1 :5 ea* s*ol> works 9 8 own laboratory or 9 8 libr>y2 b ?is holiday task ( br++ out ! und]ly+ unity1 ?is syn!tic "w1 ?is dem&s really ! cop]ation ( all1 ?is dem&s t once at lea/ all sci5ces come toge!r 9 "o place at "o "t4 ,yet if our "w /&s = ! unity ( k1 aims to consid] ! fundam5tal conceptions :i* b9d toge!r all ! speciali/ic results1 & seeks to inquire into ! me?ods :i* are common to v>i\s fields1 all ?is is aft] all m]ely a symptom ( ! :ole _s ( our times4 ,a reaction aga9/ ! n>r[ness ( m]e fact-digg]s has set 94 ,a m]e heap+ up ( disconnect$1 un%ap$ facts beg9s to disappo9t ! _w2 x is felt too vividly t a m]e diction>y ( ph5om5a1 ( ev5ts & laws1 makes our k l>g] b n deep]1 makes our life m complex b n m valuable1 makes our sci5ce m difficult b n m h>moni\s4 ,our "t longs = a new syn!sis & looks t[>ds sci5ce no long] m]ely ) a desire = te*nical prescriptions & new inv5tions 9 ! int]e/ ( com=t & ex*ange4 ,x waits = k to fulfill its high] mission1 x waits = sci5ce to satisfy our high] ne$s = a view ( ! _w :i* %all give unity to our scatt]$ exp]i5ce4 ,! indications ( ?is *ange are visible to e "o :o obs]ves ! gradual turn+ to philosophical discussion 9 ! mo/ diff]5t fields ( sci5tific life4 ,:5 aft] ! fir/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! great philosophic movem5t :i* f\nd its climax 9 ,hegelianism came to disa/] 9 consequ5ce ( its absurd neglect ( h>d solid facts1 ! era ( naturalism began its triumph ) contempt = all philosophy & = all deep] unity4 ,idealism & philosophy 7 /igmatiz$ z ! enemies ( true sci5ce & natural sci5ce _h its great day4 ,! rapid progress ( physics & *emi/ry fasc9at$ ! _w & produc$ mod]n te*nique2 ! sci5ces ( life1 physiology1 biology1 m$ic9e1 foll[$2 & ! sci5tific me?od 0 c>ri$ ov] f body to m9d1 & gave u at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury mod]n psy*ology & sociology4 ,! lifeless & ! liv+1 ! physical & ! m5tal1 ! individual & ! social1 all _h be5 conqu]$ by analytical me?ods4 ,b j :5 ! climax 0 rea*$ & all _h be5 analyz$ & expla9$1 ! "t 0 ripe = disillusion1 & ! lack ( deep] unity began to be felt ) al>m 9 e qu>t]4 ,= sev5ty ye>s !re _h be5 n[h]e s mu* philosophiz+ go+ on z sudd5ly sprung up among ! sci5ti/s ( ! la/ decade4 ,! physici/s & ! ma!maticians1 ! *emi/s & ! biologi/s1 ! geologi/s & ! a/ronom]s1 &1 on ! o!r side1 ! hi/orians & ! economi/s1 ! psy*ologi/s & ! sociologi/s1 ! juri/s & ! !ologians--all sudd5ly f\nd !mselves aga9 9 ! mid/ ( discussions on fundam5tal pr9ciples & me?ods1 on g5]al categories & conditions ( k1 9 %ort1 9 ! mid/ ( ! despis$ philosophy4 ,& ) ^? discussions has come ! dem& = correlation4 ,ev]y:]e h aris5 lead]s :o h br\ght unconnect$ sci5ces toge!r & emphasiz$ ! unity ( l>ge divisions4 ,! "t seems to h come aga9 :5 ! wave ( naturalism & realism is ebb+1 & a new ideali/ic philosophical tide is swell+1 j z !y h always alt]nat$ 9 ! civilization ( two ?\s& ye>s4 ,no "o dreams1 ( c\rse1 t ! great syn!tic app]ception1 = :i* our mod]n "t seems ripe1 w come ?r\gh ! deliv]y ( "s hundr$ addresses1 or ! discussions ( "s hundr$ audi5ces4 ,an ultimate unity dem&s ! gigantic ?\ght ( a s+le g5ius1 & ! "w ( ! _m c1 aft] all1 be m]ely ! prep>ation = ! f9al "w ( ! "o4 ,& yet hi/ory %[s t ! "o w nev] come if ! _m h n done _! %>e4 ,:at is ne$$ is to fill ! sci5ces ( our "t ) ! gr[+ consci\sness ( belong+ toge!r1 ) ! long+ = fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ) ! conviction t ! desire = correlation is n ! fancy ( dream]s1 b ! imm$iate ne$ ( ! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,& 9 ?is prep>atory "w ! ,/4 ,l\is ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce seem$ inde$ call$ = an important "p :5 x 0 committ$ to ?is topic ( correlation4 ,to call ! s*ol>s ( ! _w toge!r = conc]t$ action t[>ds ! correlation ( k meant1 ( c\rse1 fir/ ( all1 to "w out a detail$ programme1 & to select ! be/ au?orities = e special "p ( ! :ole s*eme4 ,no?+ c\ld be left to *ance me?ods & to casual contributions4 ,! prep>ation ne$$ ! same adm9i/rative /rictness :i* w\ld be dem&$ = an encyclop$ia1 & ! same s*ol>ly ?or\ghness :i* w\ld be dem&$ = ! mo/ sci5tific rese>*4 ,a plan 0 to be devis$ 9 :i* e possible /riv+ = tru? w\ld f9d its place1 & 9 :i* e section w\ld h its def9ite position 9 ! sy/em4 ,& su* a gr\nd-plan giv51 topics 7 to be assign$ to e dep>tm5t & sub-dep>tm5t1 ! treatm5t ( :i* w\ld br+ out ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & ! inn] relations 9 su* a way t ! pap]s w\ld f9ally =m a close-wov5 intellectual fabric4 ,!re w\ld be pl5ty ( room = a retrospective glance at ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! sci5ces & pl5ty ( room = emphasis on _! practical a*ievem5ts2 b ! c5tral place w\ld always belong to ! ef=t t[>ds unity & int]nal h>monization4 ,we ?us divid$ human k into l>ge p>ts1 & ! p>ts into divisions1 & ! divisions into dep>tm5ts1 & ! dep>tm5ts into sections4 ,z ! topic ( ! g5]al divisions--we propos$ sev5 ( !m--x 0 decid$ to discuss ! ,unity ( ! :ole field4 ,z topic = ! dep>tm5ts--we _h tw5ty-f\r ( !m--! addresses 7 to discuss ! fundam5tal ,conceptions & ,me?ods & ! ,progress dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 & 9 ! sections1 f9ally--our plan provid$ = "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ( !m--! topics 7 9 e "o ! ,relation ( ! special bran* to o!r bran*es1 & ^? mo/ important ,pres5t ,problems :i* are ess5tial = ! deep] pr9ciples ( ! special field4 ,9 ?is way ! gr\nd-plan itself sugge/$ ! unity ( ! practically sep>at$ sci5ces2 &1 moreov]1 our plan provid$ f ! fir/ t ?is logical relation %\ld express itself ext]nally 9 ! "t ord] ( ! "w4 ,we 7 to beg9 ) ! meet+s ( ! l>ge divisions1 ! meet+s ( ! dep>tm5ts 7 to foll[1 & ! meet+s ( ! sections & _! ramifications w\ld foll[ ! dep>tm5tal ga!r+s4 #c4 ,! ,objections to ! ,plan ,x 0 evid5t t ev5 ! mo/ mode/ success ( t gigantic und]tak+ dep5d$ ^u ! "r *oice ( speak]s1 ^u ! value ( ! gr\nd-plan1 & ^u _m ext]nal conditions2 ?us no "o 0 9 d\bt z to ! difficulty 9 realiz+ su* a s*eme4 ,yet !re 7 f ! s*ol>ly side itself objections to ! pr9ciples involv$1 objections :i* might hold ev5 if ^? o!r conditions 7 successfully met4 ,! mo/ imm$iate reason = reluctance lies 9 ! specializ+ t5d5cies ( our "t4 ,^? :o devote all _! work+ en]gy z loyal sons ( our analyz+ p]iod ( sci5ce to ! m9ute detail ( rese>* come easily into ! habit ( a n]v\s fe> ) reg>d to any wid] g5]al outlook4 ,! man ( rese>* sees too (t5 h[ ignorance hides itself beh9d g5]alities4 ,he kn[s too well h[ mu* easi] x is to =mulate vague g5]alities ?an to contribute a new fact to human k1 & h[ (t5 untra9$ y\ng/]s succe$ ) popul> text-books :i* are rightly =gott5 ! next day4 ,me?odical sci5ce mu/ ?us almo/ enc\rage ?is av]sion to any deviation f ! pa? ( pa9/ak+ speciali/ic labor4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 x seems almo/ a sci5tific duty to decl>e w> aga9/ an und]tak+ :i* explicitly asks ev]y:]e = ! wide p]spectives & ! la/ pr9ciples1 & does n aim at add+ at ?is mom5t to ! m]e treasury ( in=mation4 ,b su* a view is utt]ly "o-sid$1 & to fight aga9/ su* "o-sid$ness & to ov]come ! specializ+ n>r[ness ( ! scatt]$ sci5ces 0 ! "o c5tral idea ( ! plan4 ,if !re exi/$ no s*ol>s :o despise ! philosophiz+ connection1 !re w\ld h h>dly be5 any ne$ = ?is :ole und]tak+2 b to yield to su* philosophy-phobia means to decl>e ! analytic movem5t ( sci5ce p]man5t1 & to po/pone a syn!tic movem5t indef9itely4 ,our "t has j to emphasize1 & ! lead]s ( ?\ght daily emphasize x m1 t a m]e heap+ up ( in=mation c be m]ely a prep>ation = k1 & t ! f9al aim is a ,weltans*auung1 a unifi$ view ( ! :ole ( reality4 ,all t our ,congress _h to secure 0 ?us m]ely t ! g5]aliz+ discussion ( pr9ciples %\ld n be left to m5 :o g5]aliz$ because !y lack$ ! sub/antial k :i* is necess>y to specialize4 ,! ?9k]s we ne$$ 7 ^? :o ?r\gh speciali/ic "w 7 !mselves l$ to a po9t :]e ! discussion ( g5]al pr9ciples becomes unavoidable4 ,our plan 0 by no means antagoni/ic to ! pati5t labors ( analysis2 ! aim 0 m]ely to ov]come its "o-sid$ness & to /imulate ! syn!sis z a necess>y supplem5t4 ,b ! objections aga9/ a g5]aliz+ plan 7 n conf9$ to ! mi/ak5 fe> t we s\ght to antagonize ! productive "w ( ! speciali/4 ,!y n seldom took ! =m ( a g5]al av]sion to ! logical side ( ! gr\nd-plan4 ,x 0 (t5 said t su* a s*eme has aft] all int]e/ only = ! logician1 = :om sci5ce z su* is an object ( /udy1 & :o mu/ ?us inde$ classify ! sci5ces & det]m9e _! logical relation4 ,! real sci5ti/1 x 0 said1 does n c>e = su* me?odological op]ations1 & %\ld be suspici\s f ! fir/ ( su* philosophical high-h&$ness4 ,! sci5ti/ _c =get h[ (t5 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization sci5ce 0 ! los] :5 x tru/$ its problems to ! metaphysical ?9k] :o sub/itut$ 8 l(ty speculations = ! h>d "w ( ! inve/igator4 ,! true s*ol> w ?us n only object to g5]aliz+ commonplaces z aga9/ solid in=mation1 b he w object z well to logical dem>cation l9es & sy/ematization z aga9/ ! practical sci5tific "w :i* does n want to be hamp]$ by su* philosophical subtleties4 ,yet all ^! fe>s & suspicions 7 /ill m mi/ak54 ,no?+ 0 fur!r f our int5tions ?an a sub/itution ( metaphysics = concrete sci5ce4 ,x 0 n by *ance t we took su* pa9s to f9d ! be/ speciali/s = e section4 ,no "o 0 invit$ to ent] into logical discussions & to consid] ! relations ( sci5ce m]ely f a dialectic po9t ( view4 ,! topic 0 ev]y:]e ! :ole liv+ manifoldness ( actual relations1 & ! logician _h no?+ else to d ?an to prep>e ! programme4 ,! outl9es ( ! programme dem&$1 ( c\rse1 a c]ta9 logical s*eme4 ,if hundr$s ( sci5ces are to take "p1 !y h to be gr\p$ someh[1 if a m]ely alphabetical ord] is n adopt$2 & ev5 if we 7 to proce$ alphabetically1 we %\ld h to decide be=eh& :at "p ( k is to be recogniz$ z a special sci5ce4 ,b ! logical ord] ( ! gr\nd-plan ref]s1 ( c\rse1 m]ely to ! simple relation ( cord9ation1 subord9ation1 & sup]ord9ation1 & ! logician is satisfi$ ) su* a classification4 ,b ! endless v>iety ( int]nal relations is no long] to be dealt ) f ! po9t ( view ( m]e logic4 ,we may "w out ! gr\nd-plan 9 su* a way t we und]/& t logically zology is cord9at$ to botany & subord9at$ to me*anics & sup]ord9at$ to i*?yology2 b ?is m9imum ( det]m9ation gives1 ( c\rse1 n ev5 a h9t ( t _w ( relations :i* exi/s f ! /&po9t ( ! biologi/ betwe5 ! sci5ce ( zology & ! sci5ce ( botany1 or betwe5 ! biological & ! me*anical /udies4 ,to discuss ^! relations ( real sci5tific life is ! "w ( ! biologi/ & n at all ( ! logician4 ,! =ego+ answ]s also at once an objection :i* might seem m ju/ifi$ at ! fir/ glance4 ,x has be5 said t we 7 und]tak+ ! "w ( br++ ab\t a syn!sis ( sci5tific endeavors1 & t we yet _h t syn!sis already complet$ 9 ! programme on :i* ! "w 0 to be bas$4 ,! s*ol>s to be invit$ w\ld be b\nd by ! programme1 & w\ld !re=e h no o!r possibility ?an to say ) m words :at ! programme _h settl$ be=eh&4 ,! :ole ef=t w\ld !n seem det]m9$ f ! />t by ! arbitr>9ess ( ! propos$ gr\nd-plan4 ,n[ x _c be d5i$ inde$ t a c]ta9 factor ( arbitr>9ess has to ent] into a programme4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! fact t "s "o mu/ decide be=eh& :at fraction ( sci5ce is to be ackn[l$g$ z a self-dep5d5t discipl9e4 ,if a biologi/ 7 to "w out ! s*eme1 he might decide t ! :ole ( philosophy 0 j "o sci5ce2 :ile ! philosoph] might claim a l>ge numb] ( sections = logic & e?ics & philosophy ( religion1 & s on4 ,& ! philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 might treat ! :ole ( m$ic9e z "o "p 9 itself1 :ile ! physician might hold t ev5 otology has to be sep>at$ f rh9ology4 ,a c]ta9 subjectivity ( /&po9t is unavoidable1 & we "k v well t in/ead ( ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight sections ( our programme we might h be5 satisfi$ ) half t numb] or might h indulg$ 9 d\ble t numb]4 ,& yet !re 0 no possible plan :i* w\ld h all[$ u to invite ! speak]s )\t def9+ be=eh& ! sectional field :i* ea* 0 to repres5t4 ,a c]ta9 c\rage ( op9ion 0 !n necess>y1 & sometimes also a c]ta9 adju/m5t to ext]nal conditions4 ,q simil> 0 ! "q ( classification4 ,j z we _h to take ! responsibility = ! /ak+-out ( e section1 we _h also to decide 9 favor ( a c]ta9 gr\p+1 if we desir$ to organize ! ,congress & n simply to br+ out haphaz>d results4 ,! pr9ciples :i* are suffici5t = a m]e directory w\ld nev] all[ ! %ap+ ( a programme :i* c be ! basis = syn!tic "w4 ,ev5 a univ]sity catalogue beg9s ) a c]ta9 classification1 & yet no "o fancies t su* catalogue gr\p+ inhibits ! fre$om ( ! univ]sity lectur]4 ,x is easy to say1 z has be5 said1 t ! ess5tial trait ( ! sci5tific life ( to-day is its live-&-let-live "*4 ,c]ta9ly x is4 ,9 ! regul> "w 9 our libr>ies & laboratories ! ye> r\nd1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ?is democratic fre$om 9 :i* e "o goes 8 own way1 h>dly ask+ :at 8 neighbor is do+4 ,x is t :i* has made ! speciali/ic sci5ces ( our day z /rong z !y are4 ,b x has br\ght ab\t at ! same "t ?is extreme t5d5cy to unrelat$ specialization ) its disc\rag+ lack ( unity2 ?is heap+ up ( in=mation )\t an out] h>moni\s view ( ! _w2 & if we 7 really at lea/ once to satisfy ! desire = unity1 !n we _h n ! "r to yield fully to ?is live-&-let-live t5d5cy4 ,!re=e "s pr9ciple ( gr\p+ _h to be accept$1 & :atev] pr9ciple _h be5 *os51 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 op5 to ! criticism t x 0 a product ( arbitr>y decision1 inasmu* z o!r pr9ciples might h be5 possible4 ,a classification :i* 9 itself expresses all ! practical relations 9 :i* sci5ces /& to ea* o!r is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely impossible4 ,a programme :i* %\ld try to arrange ! place ( a special discipl9e 9 su* a way t x w\ld become ! neighbor ( all ^? o!r sci5ces ) :i* x has int]nal relation is un?9kable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 only if we _h tri$ to con/ruct a s*eme ( su* exagg]at$ ambitions %\ld we h be5 really guilty ( anticipat+ a "p ( t :i* ! speciali/ic s*ol>s 7 to tell u4 ,! ,congress _h to leave x to ! invit$ p>ticipants to discuss ! totality ( relations :i* practically exi/ betwe5 _! fields & o!rs1 & ! organiz]s conf9$ !mselves to t m9imum ( classification :i* j indicates ! pure logical relations1 a m9imum :i* e editor ( encyclop$ic "w w\ld be ask$ to initiate )\t awak5+ suspicions ( int]f]5ce ) ! ideas ( 8 contributors4 ,! only ju/ifi$ dem& :i* c\ld be met 0 t a sy/em ( division & classification %\ld be propos$ :i* %\ld give fair play to e exi/+ sci5tific t5d5cy4 ,! m9imum ( classification 0 to be comb9$ ) ! maximum ( fre$om1 & to secure t a c>eful consid]ation ( pr9ciples 0 inde$ necess>y4 ,to br+ logical ord] into ! sci5ces :i* /& out cle>ly ) traditional rights is n difficult2 b ! *ances are too great t c]ta9 t5d5cies ( ?\ght might fail to f9d recognition or might be suppress$ by sci5tific prejudice4 ,any s]i\s omission w\ld inde$ h necess>ily inhibit$ ! fre$om ( expression4 ,to secure ?us ! greate/ inn] fullness ( ! programme1 seem$ inde$ ! mo/ important task 9 ! elaboration ( ! gr\nd-plan4 ,! fe>s t we might (f] empty g5]alization in/ead ( s*ol>ly facts1 or t we might simply heap up encyclop$ic in=mation in/ead ( ga9+ wide p]spectives1 or t we might int]f]e ) ! liv+ connections ( sci5ces by ! logical dem>cation l9es1 or t we might di/urb ! s*ol> 9 8 fre$om by det]m9+ be=eh& 8 place 9 ! classification1--all ^! fe>s & objections1 :i* 7 repeat$ly rais$ :5 ! plan 0 fir/ propos$1 seem$ inde$ unimportant comp>$ ) ! fe> t ! programme might be unable to include all sci5tific t5d5cies ( ! "t4 ,t w\ld h be51 inde$1 ! "o fundam5tal mi/ake1 z ! :ole ,congress "w 0 plann$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! great syn!tic movem5t :i* p]vades ! intellectual life ( to-day4 ,! und]tak+ w\ld be useless & ev5 h9d]+ if x 7 n j ! new] & deep] t5d5cies t came to mo/ complete expression 9 x4 ,ev]y?+ dep5d$1 !re=e1 ^u ! fulle/ possible repres5tation ( sci5tific endeavors 9 ! plan4 ,b no "o c become aw>e ( ?is manifoldness & ( ! logical relations :o does n g back to ! ultimate pr9ciples ( ! human se>* = tru?4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to ent] n[ into a full discussion ( ! pr9ciples :i* h controll$ ! classification & subdivision ( ! :ole "w4 ,! discussion is necess>ily 9 its ess5ce a philosophical "o1 z x 0 e>li] made pla9 t philosophy mu/ lay out ! plan1 :ile 9 ! realization ( ! plan ?r\gh concrete "w ! sci5ti/ alone1 & n ! logician1 has to speak4 ,yet "h aga9 x may be said t :ile our discussion ( pr9ciples 9 its ess5ce is logical1 9 ano!r respect x is a m]ely hi/orical acc\nt4 ,! "q is n :at pr9ciples ( classification are to be ackn[l$g$ z valuable n[ t ! "w ( ! ,congress lies beh9d u1 b :at pr9ciples 7 accept$ & really l$ to ! organization ( ! "w 9 t =m 9 :i* x pres5ts itself 9 ! records ( ! foll[+ volumes4 ,,ii ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ces #a4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,classification ,! problem ( divid+ & subdivid+ ! :ole ( human k & ( ?us br++ ord] into ! manifoldness ( sci5tific ef=ts has fasc9at$ ! lead+ ?9k]s ( all ages4 ,x may (t5 be difficult to say h[ f> ! new pr9ciples ( classification !mselves op5 ! way = new sci5tific progress & h[ f> ! great =w>d movem5ts ( ?\ght 9 ! special sci5ces h 9 turn influ5c$ ! pr9ciples ( classification4 ,9 any case e productive age has dem&$ ! expression ( its deepe/ en]gy 9 a new ord]+ ( human sci5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! ef=ts leads f ,plato & ,ari/otle to ,bacon & ,locke1 to ,b5?am & ,ampre1 to ,kant & ,hegel1 to ,comte & ,sp5c]1 to ,wundt & ,w9delb&4 ,& yet we c h>dly speak ( a real hi/orical cont9uity4 ,9 a c]ta9 way e p]iod took up ! problem anew1 & ! new aspects result$ n only f ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces !mselves :i* 7 to be classifi$1 b /ill m f ! diff]5ces ( logical int]e/4 ,sometimes ! classification ref]r$ to ! mat]ial1 sometimes to ! me?od ( treatm5t1 sometimes to ! m5tal en]gies involv$1 & sometimes to ! ends to be rea*$4 ,! ref]5ce to ! m5tal faculties 0 c]ta9ly ! e>lie/ me?od ( br++ ord] into human k1 = ! di/9ction ( ! ,platonic philosophy betwe5 dialectics1 physics1 & e?ics po9t$ to ! ?reefold "* ( ! m9d1 to reason1 p]ception1 & desire2 & x 0 on ! ?re%old ( ! mod]n "t1 aga91 :5 ,bacon divid$ ! intellectual globe into ?ree l>ge p>ts accord+ to ?ree fundam5tal psy*ical faculties3 memory1 imag9ation1 & reason4 ,! memory gives u hi/ory2 ! imag9ation1 poetry2 ! reason1 philosophy1 or ! sci5ces4 ,hi/ory 0 fur!r divid$ into natural & civil hi/ory2 natural hi/ory into normal1 abnormal1 & artificial ph5om5a2 civil hi/ory into political1 lit]>y1 & ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,! field ( reason 0 subdivid$ into man1 nature1 & ,god2 ! doma9 ( man gives1 fir/1 civil philosophy1 p>t$ (f into int]c\rse1 bus9ess1 & gov]nm5t1 & secondly1 ! philosophy ( humanity1 divid$ into t ( body & ( s\l1 :]e9 m$ic9e & a?letics belong to ! body1 logic & e?ics to ! s\l4 ,nature1 on ! o!r h&1 0 divid$ into speculative & appli$ sci5ce1--! speculative conta9+ bo? physics & metaphysics2 ! appli$1 me*anics & magic4 ,all ?is 0 full ( artificial con/ructions1 & yet /ill m m>k$ by deep insight into ! ne$s ( ,bacon's "t1 & n e modification ( lat] classifi]s 0 logically a /ep =w>d4 ,yet mod]n ef=ts _h to seek q diff]5t me?ods1 & ! en]gies :i* h be5 mo/ effective = ! ord]+ ( k 9 ! la/ decades spr+ unque/ionably f ! sy/em ( ,comte & 8 successors4 ,he did n aim at a sy/em ( ramifications2 8 problem 0 to %[ h[ ! fundam5tal sci5ces dep5d on ea* o!r4 ,a s]ies 0 to be con/ruct$ 9 :i* ea* memb] %\ld presuppose ! =ego+4 ,! result 0 a simplicity :i* is c]ta9ly tempt+1 b ?is simplicity 0 rea*$ only by an artificial emphasis :i* correspond$ completely to ! "o-sid$ness ( naturali/ic ?\ght4 ,x 0 a philosophy ( positivism1 ! backgr\nd = ! gigantic "w ( natural sci5ce & te*nique 9 ! la/ two ?irds ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,comte's fundam5tal ?\ght is t ! sci5ce ( ,morals1 9 :i* we /udy human nature = ! gov]nm5t ( human life1 is dep5d5t on sociology4 ,sociology1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on biology2 ?is on *emi/ry2 ?is on physics2 ?is on a/ronomy2 & ?is f9ally on ma!matics4 ,9 ?is way1 all m5tal & moral sci5ces1 hi/ory & philology1 jurisprud5ce & !ology1 economics & politics1 are consid]$ z sociological ph5om5a1 z deal+ ) functions ( ! human be+4 ,b z man is a liv+ organism1 & ?us c]ta9ly falls "u biology1 all ! bran*es ( k f hi/ory to e?ics1 f jurisprud5ce to /hetics1 c be no?+ b subdivisions ( biology4 ,! liv+ organism1 on ! o!r h&1 is m]ely "o type ( ! physical bodies on e>?1 & biology is ?us itself m]ely a dep>tm5t ( physics4 ,b z ! e>?ly bodies are m]ely a "p ( ! cosmic totality1 physics is ?us a "p ( a/ronomy2 & z ! :ole univ]se is controll$ by ma!matical laws1 ma!matics mu/ be sup]ord9at$ to all sci5ces4 ,b !re foll[$ a "t :i* ov]came ?is ?9ly disguis$ example ( mat]ialism4 ,x 0 a "t :5 ! categories ( ! physiologi/ lo/ slightly 9 cr$it & ! categories ( ! psy*ologi/ won repute4 ,?is new] movem5t held t x is artificial to consid] e?ical & logical life1 hi/oric & legal action1 lit]>y & religi\s emotions1 m]ely z physiological functions ( ! liv+ organism4 ,! m5tal life1 h[ev] necess>ily connect$ ) bra9 processes1 has a positive reality ( its own4 ,! psy*ical facts repres5t a _w ( ph5om5a :i* 9 its nature is absolutely diff]5t f t ( mat]ial ph5om5a1 &1 :ile x is true t e e?ical action & e logical ?\ght c1 f ! /&po9t ( ! biologi/1 be consid]$ z a prop]ty ( matt]1 x is n less true t ! sci5ces ( m5tal ph5om5a1 consid]$ imp>tially1 =m a sph]e ( k clos$ 9 itself1 & mu/ ?us be cord9at$1 n subord9at$1 to ! k ( ! physical _w4 ,we %\ld say ?us3 all k falls into two classes1 ! physical sci5ces & ! m5tal sci5ces4 ,9 ! circle ( physical sci5ces we h ! g5]al sci5ces1 l physics & *emi/ry1 ! p>ticul> sci5ces ( special objects1 l a/ronomy1 geology1 m9]alogy1 biology1 & ! =mal sci5ces1 l ma!matics4 ,9 ! circle ( m5tal sci5ces we h correspond+ly1 z a g5]al sci5ce1 psy*ology1 & z ! p>ticul> sci5ces all ^? special m5tal & moral sci5ces :i* deal ) man's inn] life1 l hi/ory or jurisprud5ce1 logic or e?ics1 & all ! re/4 ,su* a classification1 :i* _h its philosophical def5d]s ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 p5etrat$ ! popul> ?\ght z fully z ! positivism ( ! =ego+ g5]ation1 & 0 c]ta9ly sup]ior to its mat]iali/ic =]unn]4 ,( c\rse x 0 n ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization t mat]ialism 0 replac$ by dualism1 t biologism 0 replac$ by psy*ologism2 & x 0 also n ! fir/ "t t ! developm5t ( civilization l$ aga9 beyond ?is po9t3 t is1 l$ beyond ! psy*ologiz+ p]iod4 ,!re is no d\bt t our "t presses on1 ) all its p[]ful int]nal en]gies1 away f ?is ,weltans*auung ( ye/]day4 ,! mat]ialism 0 anti-philosophic1 ! psy*ological dualism 0 unphilosophic4 ,to-day ! philosophical movem5t has set 94 ,! "o-sid$ness ( ! n9ete5? c5tury cre$ is felt 9 ! deep] ?\ght all ov] ! _w3 popul> movem5ts & s*ol>ly ef=ts alike %[ ! signs ( a com+ idealism1 :i* has some?+ bett] & deep] to say ?an m]ely t our life is a s]ies ( causal ph5om5a4 ,our "t longs = a new int]pretation ( reality2 f ! dep?s ( e sci5ce :]e9 = decades philosophiz+ 0 despis$1 ! be/ s*ol>s turn aga9 to a discussion ( fundam5tal conceptions & g5]al pr9ciples4 ,hi/orical ?9k+ beg9s aga9 to take ! lead]%ip :i* = half a c5tury belong$ to naturali/ic ?9k+2 speciali/ic rese>* dem&s increas+ly f day to day ! readju/m5t t[>d high] unities1 & ! te*nical progress :i* *>m$ ! _w becomes m & m simply a factor 9 an ideal progress4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is unify+ congress itself is m]ely "o ( a ?\s& symptoms ( ?is *ange appe>+ 9 our public life1 & if ! sci5tific philosophy is produc+ to-day book ^u book to prove t ! _w ( ph5om5a mu/ be supplem5t$ by ! _w ( values1 t description mu/ yield to int]pretation1 & t explanation mu/ be h>moniz$ ) appreciation3 x is b e*o+ 9 te*nical t]ms ! "o great emotion ( our "t4 ,?is c]ta9ly does n mean t any /ep ( ! gigantic mat]iali/ic1 te*nical1 & psy*ological developm5t w be rev]s$1 or t progress 9 any "o ( ^! directions ought to cease4 ,on ! contr>y1 no "t 0 ev] m ready to put its imm5se en]gies into ! s]vice ( naturali/ic "w2 b x does mean t our "t recognizes ! "o-sid$ness ( ^! movem5ts1 recognizes t !y belong only to "o aspect ( reality1 & t ano!r aspect is possible2 yes1 t ! o!r aspect is t ( our imm$iate life1 ) its purposes & its ideals1 its hi/orical relations & its logical aims4 ,! claim ( mat]ialism1 t all psy*ical facts are m]ely functions ( ! organism1 0 no argum5t aga9/ psy*ology1 because1 ?\gh ! biological view 0 possible1 yet ! o!r aspect is c]ta9ly a necess>y supplem5t4 ,9 ! same way x is no argum5t aga9/ ! new] view t all purposes & ideals1 all hi/orical actions & logical ?\ghts1 c be consid]$ z psy*ological ph5om5a4 ,( c\rse we c consid] !m z su*1 & we mu/ g on do+ s 9 ! s]vice ( ! psy*ological & sociological sci5ces2 b we ought n to imag9e t we h express$ & und]/ood ! real "* ( our hi/orical or moral1 our logical or religi\s life :5 we h describ$ & expla9$ x z a s]ies ( ph5om5a4 ,its imm$iate reality expresses itself above all 9 ! fact t x has a mean+1 t x is a purpose :i* we want to und]/&1 n by consid]+ its causes & effects1 b by int]pret+ its aims & appreciat+ its ideals4 ,we %\ld say1 !re=e1 to-day t x is mo/ int]e/+ & important = ! sci5ti/ to consid] human life ) all its /riv+s & creations f a biological1 psy*ological1 sociological po9t ( view2 t is1 to consid] x z a sy/em ( causal ph5om5a2 & _m problems wor?y ( ! highe/ en]gies h /ill to be solv$ 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,b t :i* ! juri/ or ! !ologian1 ! /ud5t ( art or ( hi/ory1 ( lit]ature or ( politics1 ( education or ( morality1 is deal+ )1 ref]s to ! o!r aspect 9 :i* inn] life is n a ph5om5on b a sy/em ( purposes1 n to be expla9$ b to be int]pret$1 to be approa*$ n by causal b by teleological me?ods4 ,9 ?is case ! hi/orical sci5ces are no long] sub-sections ( psy*ological or ( sociological sci5ces2 ! conception ( sci5ce is no long] id5tical ) ! conception ( ! sci5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,!re exi/ sci5ces :i* d n deal ) ! description or explanation ( ph5om5a at all1 b ) ! int]nal relation & connection1 ! int]pretation & appreciation ( purpose4 ,9 ?is way mod]n ?\ght dem&s t sci5ces ( purpose be cord9at$ ) sci5ces ( ph5om5a4 ,only if all ^! t5d5cies ( our "t are fully ackn[l$g$ c ! out] framework ( our classification (f] a fair field to e sci5tific ?\ght1 :ile a positivi/ic sy/em w\ld cripple ! mo/ promis+ t5d5cies ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 #b4 ,! ,f\r ,!oretical ,divisions ,we h fir/ to det]m9e ! und]ly+ /ructure ( ! classification1 t is1 we h to seek ! *ief ,divisions1 ( :i* our plan %[s sev52 f\r !oretical & ?ree practical ones4 ,x w be a second>y task to subdivide !m lat] into ! #bd ,dep>tm5ts & #abh ,sections4 ,we desire to divide ! :ole ( k 9 a fundam5tal way1 & we mu/ !re=e />t ) ! "q ( pr9ciple3--:at is k8 ,?is "q belongs to epi/emology1 & ?us falls1 inde$1 into ! doma9 ( philosophy4 ,! positivi/ is easily incl9$ to sub/itute = ! philosophical problem ! empirical "q3 h[ did t :i* we call k gr[ & develop itself 9 our individual m9d1 or 9 ! m9d ( ! nations8 ,! "q becomes1 !n1 ( c\rse1 "o :i* mu/ be answ]$ by psy*ology1 by sociology1 & p]haps by biology4 ,su* g5etic inquiries are c]ta9ly v important1 & ! problem ( h[ ! processes ( judg+ & conceiv+ & ?9k+ are produc$ 9 ! individual or social consci\sness1 & h[ !y are to be expla9$ ?r\gh physical & psy*ical causes1 des]ves fulle/ att5tion4 ,b its solution _c ev5 help u z reg>ds ! fundam5tal problem1 :at we mean by k1 & :at ! ultimate value ( k may be1 & :y we seek x4 ,?is deep] logical inquiry mu/ be answ]$ someh[ be=e ^? g5etic /udies ( ! psy*ological & ! sociological positivi/s c claim any tru? at all1 & ?us any value1 = _! outcome4 ,to expla9 our pres5t k g5etically f its =ego+ causes means m]ely to connect ! pres5t exp]i5ce1 :i* we "k1 ) a pa/ exp]i5ce1 :i* we rememb]1 or ) e>li] ph5om5a :i* we con/ruct on ! basis ( !ories & hypo!ses2 b 9 any case ) facts :i* we value z p>ts ( our k & :i* ?us presuppose ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! value ( k4 ,we _c det]m9e by l9k+ "o "p ( k ) ano!r "p ( k :e!r we h a "r to speak ( k at all & to rely on x4 ,we c ?us n />t f ! *ildhood ( man1 or f ! beg9n+ ( humanity1 or f any o!r object ( k1 b we mu/ beg9 ) ! /ate :i* logically prec$es all k2 t is1 ) our imm$iate exp]i5ce ( real life4 ,"h1 9 ! nave exp]i5ce 9 :i* we d n "k ourselves z objects :i* we p]ceive1 b :]e we feel ourselves 9 our subjective attitudes z ag5ts ( w1 z p]sonalities1 "h we f9d ! orig9al reality n yet %ap$ & rem\ld$ by sci5tific conceptions & by ! dem&s ( k4 ,& f ?is basis ( prim>y1 nave reality we mu/ ask ourselves :at we mean by seek+ k1 & h[ ?is dem& ( ours is diff]5t f ! o!r activities 9 :i* we "w out ! mean+ & ! ideals ( our life4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 we _c g back to ! old dogmatic /&po9t1 :e!r rationali/ic or s5suali/ic4 ,9 bo? cases dogmatism took = grant$ t !re is a real _w ( ?+s :i* exi/ 9 !mselves indep5d5t ( our subjective attitudes1 & t our k has to give u a mirror picture ( t self-dep5d5t _w4 ,s5sualism av]r$ t we get ?is k ?r\gh our p]ceptions2 rationalism1 t we get x by reason+4 ,! "o ass]t$ t exp]i5ce gives u ! data :i* m]e ab/ract reason+ c nev] supply2 ! o!r ass]t$ t our k speaks ( necessity :i* no m]e p]ception c f9d out4 ,our mod]n "t has gone ?r\gh ! s*ool ( philosophical criticism1 & ! dogmatic ideas h lo/ = u _! mean+4 ,we "k t ! _w :i* we ?9k z indep5d5t _c be indep5d5t ( ! =ms ( our ?9k+1 & t no sci5ce has ref]5ce to any o!r _w ?an ! _w :i* is det]m9$ by ! categories ( our app]ception4 ,!re _c be any?+ m real ?an ! imm$iate pure exp]i5ce1 & if we seek ! tru? ( k1 we d n set out to discov] some?+ :i* is hidd5 beh9d our exp]i5ce1 b we set out simply to make some?+ out ( our exp]i5ce :i* satisfies c]ta9 dem&s4 ,our imm$iate exp]i5ce does n conta9 an objective ?+ & a subjective picture ( x1 b !y are completely "o & ! same piece ( exp]i5ce4 ,we h ! object ( our imm$iate k n 9 ! d\ble =m ( an out] object indep5d5t ( ourselves & an idea 9 u1 b we h x z our object !re 9 ! practical _w be=e sci5ce = its special purposes has brok5 up t bit ( reality into ! physical mat]ial ?+ & ! psy*ical cont5t ( consci\sness4 ,& if ?is d\bl5ess does n hold = ! imm$iate reality ( pure exp]i5ce1 x _c ent] ?r\gh t re%ap+ & recon/ruct+ & connect+ & int]pret+ ( pure exp]i5ce :i* we call our k4 ,all t sci5ce gives to u is j su* an endlessly enl>g$ exp]i5ce1 ( :i* e p>ticle rema9s objective & indep5d5t1 inasmu* z x is n 9 u z psy*ical individuals1 :ile yet completely dep5d5t ^u ! =ms ( our subjective exp]i5ce4 ,! ideal ( tru? is ?us n to ga9 by reason or by obs]vation ideas 9 ourselves :i* correspond z well z possible to absolute ?+s1 b to recon/ruct ! giv5 exp]i5ce 9 ! s]vice ( c]ta9 purposes4 ,ev]y?+ :i* completely fulfills ! purposes ( ?is int5tional recon/ruction is true4 ,:at are ^! purposes8 ,"o ?+ is cle> f ! fir/3 ,!re _c be a purpose :]e !re is n a w4 ,if we come f pure exp]i5ce to k by a purposive trans=mation1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! reality ( w 9 ourselves1 or r1 we mu/ f9d ourselves z w 9 ! mid/ ( pure exp]i5ce be=e we rea* any k4 ,& s x is inde$4 ,we c ab/ract f all ^? recon/ructions :i* ! sci5ces sugge/ to u & g back to ! mo/ imm$iate nave exp]i5ce2 b we c nev] rea* an exp]i5ce :i* does n conta9 ! d\bl5ess ( subject & object1 ( w & _w4 ,t d\bl5ess has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! diff]5ce ( physical & psy*ical2 bo? ! physical ?+ & ! psy*ical idea are objects4 ,! anti!sis is n t betwe5 two k9ds ( objects1 s9ce we h se5 t 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ! objects are n at all split up into ! two gr\ps ( mat]ial & m5tal ?+s2 x is r ! anti!sis betwe5 ! object 9 its undiff]5tiat$ /ate on ! "o side & ! subject 9 its w-attitude on ! o!r side4 ,yes1 ev5 if we speak ( ! subject :i* /&s z a unity beh9d ! w-attitudes1 we are already recon/ruct+ ! real exp]i5ce 9 ! int]e/ ( ! purposes ( k4 ,9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce1 we h ! w-attitudes !mselves1 & n a subject :i* wills !m4 ,if we ask ourselves f9ally :at is !n ! ultimate diff]5ce betwe5 ^? two elem5ts ( our pure exp]i5ce1 betwe5 ! object & ! w-attitude1 we /& be=e ! ultimate data3 we call t elem5t :i* exi/s m]ely ?r\gh a ref]5ce to its opposite1 ! object1 & we call t elem5t ( our exp]i5ce :i* is complete 9 itself1 ! attitude ( ! w4 ,if we exp]i5c$ lik+ or dislik+1 affirm+ or d5y+1 approv+ or disapprov+ 9 ! same way 9 :i* we exp]i5ce ! r$ & ! gre51 ! sweet & ! s\r1 ! rock & ! tree & ! moon1 we %\ld "k objects only4 ,b we d exp]i5ce !m 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! rock & ! tree d n po9t to any?+ else1 b ! approval has no reality if x does n po9t to its opposition 9 disapproval1 & ! d5ial has no mean+ if x is n meant 9 relation to ! affirmative4 ,?is d\bl5ess ( our prim>y exp]i5ce1 ?is hav+ ( objects & ( antagoni/ic attitudes mu/ be ackn[l$g$ :]ev] we speak ( exp]i5ce at all4 ,we "k no object )\t attitude1 & no attitude )\t object4 ,! two are "o /ate2 object & attitude =m a unity :i* we resolve by ! diff]5t way 9 :i* we exp]i5ce ^! two features ( ! "o /ate3 we f9d ! object & we live ?r\gh ! attitude4 ,x is a diff]5t k9d ( aw>5ess1 ! hav+ ( ! object & ! tak+ ( ! attitude4 ,9 real life our w is nev] an object :i* we simply p]ceive4 ,! psy*ologi/ may treat ! w z su*1 b 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( real life1 we are c]ta9 ( our action by do+ x & n by p]ceiv+ our do+2 & ?is our p]=m+ & reject+ is really our self :i* we posit z absolute reality1 n by kn[+ x1 b by will+ x4 ,?is corn]-/one ( ! ,fi*tean philosophy 0 =gott5 ?r\gh\t ! uncritical & unphilosophical decades ( a m]e naturali/ic age4 ,b our "t has f9ally come to give att5tion to x aga94 ,our pure exp]i5ce ?us conta9s w-attitudes & objects ( w1 & ! diff]5t attitudes ( ! w give ! fundam5tal classes ( human activity4 ,we c easily recognize f\r diff]5t types ( w-relation t[>ds ! _w4 ,our w submits itself to ! _w2 our w approves ! _w z x is2 our w approves ! *anges 9 ! _w2 our w transc5ds ! _w4 ,yet we mu/ make at once "o m mo/ important discrim9ation4 ,we h up to ?is po9t simplifi$ our pure exp]i5ce too mu*4 ,x is n true t we exp]i5ce only objects & our own w-attitudes4 ,our w rea*es out n only to objects1 b also to o!r subjects4 ,9 our mo/ imm$iate exp]i5ce1 n re%ap$ at all by !oretical sci5ce1 our w is 9 agreem5t or disagreem5t ) o!r wills2 tries to influ5ce !m1 & receives influ5ces & sugge/ions f !m4 ,! pseudo-philosophy ( naturalism mu/ say ( c\rse t ! w does n /& 9 any direct relation to ano!r w1 b t ! o!r p]sons are = u simply mat]ial objects :i* we p]ceive1 l o!r objects1 & into :i* we project m5tal ph5om5a l ^? :i* we f9d 9 ourselves by ! m]e conclusion ( analogy4 ,b ! complex recon/ructions ( physiological psy*ology are !re9 sub/itut$ = ! prim>y exp]i5ce4 ,if we h to express ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( wills 9 ! t]ms ( causal sci5ce1 we may inde$ be oblig$ to trans=m ! real exp]i5ce into su* artificial con/ructions2 b 9 our imm$iate consci\sness1 & ?us at ! />t+-po9t ( our !ory ( k1 we h c]ta9ly to ackn[l$ge t we und]/& ! o!r p]son1 accept or d n accept 8 sugge/ion1 agree or disagree ) him1 be=e we "k any?+ ( a diff]5ce betwe5 physical & m5tal objects4 ,we _c agree ) an object4 ,we agree directly ) a w1 :i* does n come to u z a =eign ph5om5on1 b z a proposition :i* we accept or decl9e4 ,9 our imm$iate exp]i5ce w ?us rea*es w1 & we are aw>e ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 our w-attitude z m]ely individual & our w-attitude z act ( agreem5t ) ! w-attitude ( o!r individuals4 ,we c g /ill fur!r4 ,! circle ( o!r individuals ^: w we express 9 our own w-act may be n>r[ or wide1 may be our fri5ds or ! nation1 & ?is relation cle>ly con/itutes ! hi/orical significance ( our attitude4 ,9 ! "o case our act is a m]ely p]sonal *oice = p]sonal purposes )\t any g5]al mean+2 9 ! o!r case x is ! expression ( g5]al t5d5cies & hi/orical movem5ts4 ,yet our w-decisions c h connections /ill wid] ?an ^? ) our social community or our nation1 or ev5 ) all liv+ m5 ( to-day4 ,x c seek a relation to ! totality ( ^? :om we aim to ackn[l$ge z real subjects4 ,x ?us becomes indep5d5t ( ! *ance exp]i5ce ( ?is or t man1 or ?is or t movem5t1 :i* appeals to u1 b involves 9 an indep5d5t way ! ref]5ce to e "o :o is to be ackn[l$g$ z a subject at all4 ,su* ref]5ce1 :i* is no long] b\nd to any special gr\p ( hi/orical individuals1 ?us becomes /rictly ov]-individual4 ,we c !n discrim9ate ?ree /ages3 our m]ely individual w2 secondly1 our w z b\nd by o!r hi/orical individuals2 & ?irdly1 our ov]-individual w1 :i* is n influ5c$ by any special individual1 b by ! g5]al dem&s = ! idea ( a p]sonality4 ,ea* ( ^? f\r great types ( w-attitude :i* we insi/$ on--t is1 ( submitt+1 ( approv+ ! giv51 ( approv+ *ange1 & ( transc5d+--c be c>ri$ out on ^! ?ree /ages1 t is1 z individual act1 z hi/orical act1 & z ov]-individual act4 ,& we may say at once t only if we submit & approve & *ange & transc5d 9 an ov]-individual act1 d we h ,tru? & ,beauty & ,morality & ,conviction4 ,if we approve1 = in/ance1 a giv5 exp]i5ce 9 an individual w-act1 we h simply p]sonal enjoym5t & its object is simply agreeable2 if we approve x 9 h>mony ) o!r individuals1 we rea* a high] attitude1 yet "o :i* _c claim absolute value1 z x is dep5d5t on hi/orical consid]ations & on ! ta/es & desires ( a special gr\p or a s*ool or a nation or an age4 ,b if we approve ! giv5 object j z x is 9 an ov]-individual w-act1 !n we h be=e u a ?+ ( beauty1 ^: value is n dep5d5t ^u our p]sonal enjoym5t z individuals1 b is dem&$ z a joy =ev]1 by e "o :om we ackn[l$ge at all z a complete subject4 ,9 exactly ! same way1 we may approve a *ange 9 ! _w f any individual po9t ( view3 we h !n to d ) te*nical1 practical a*ievem5ts2 or we may approve x 9 agreem5t ) o!rs3 we !n ent] into ! hi/orical int]e/s ( our "t4 ,or we may approve x1 f9ally1 9 an ov]-individual way1 )\t any ref]5ce to any special p]sonality3 !n only is x valuable = all "t1 !n only is x morally good4 ,& if our w is transc5d+ exp]i5ce 9 an individual way1 x c aga9 claim no m ?an a subjective satisfaction furni%$ by any sup]/ition or hope4 ,b if ! transc5d+ w is ov]-individual1 x rea*es ! absolute values ( religion & metaphysics4 ,exactly ! same diff]5ces1 f9ally1 mu/ occur :5 our w submits itself to exp]i5ce4 ,?is submission may be1 aga91 an individual decision = individual purposes2 no absolute value belongs to x4 ,or x may be aga9 a yield+ to ! sugge/ions ( o!r individuals2 or x may1 f9ally1 aga9 be an ov]-individual submission1 :i* seeks no long] a p]sonal int]e/4 ,?is submission is n to ! au?ority ( o!rs1 & is )\t ref]5ce to any individual2 we assume t e "o :o is to %>e ) u our _w ( exp]i5ce has to %>e ?is submission too4 ,t alone is a submission to tru?1 & exp]i5ce1 consid]$ 9 s f> z we submit ourselves to x ov]-individually1 con/itutes our k4 ,! sy/em ( k is ?us ! sy/em ( exp]i5ce ) all t is involv$ 9 x 9 s f> z x dem&s submission f our ov]-individual w1 & ! classification :i* we are seek+ mu/ be ?us a division & subdivision ( our ov]-individual submissions4 ,b ! submission itself c be ( v diff]5t *>act]s & ^! v>i\s types mu/ give ! deepe/ logical pr9ciples ( sci5tific classification4 ,to po9t at once to ! fundam5tal diff]5ces3 our w ackn[l$ges ! dem&s ( o!r wills & ( objects4 ,we _c live our life--& ?is is n meant 9 a biological s5se1 b1 fir/ ( all1 9 a teleological s5se--our life becomes mean+less1 if our w does n respect ! reality ( w-dem&s & ( objects ( w4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! w :i* dem&s our decision may be ei!r ! individual w ( o!r subjects or ! ov]-individual w1 :i* belongs to e subject z su* & is indep5d5t ( any individuality4 ,we c say at once t 9 ! same way we are l$ to ackn[l$ge t ! object has p>tly an ov]-individual "*1 t is1 necess>ily belongs to ! _w ( objects ( e possible subject1 & p>tly an individual "*1 z our p]sonal object4 ,we h ?us f\r l>ge gr\ps ( exp]i5ces to :i* we submit ourselves3 ov]-individual w-acts1 individual w-acts1 ov]-individual objects1 individual objects4 ,!y con/itute ! fir/ f\r l>ge divisions ( our sy/em4 ,! ov]-individual w-acts1 :i* are z su* teleologically b9d+ = e subject & !re=e norms = 8 w1 give u ! ,normative ,sci5ces4 ,! individual w-acts 9 ! _w ( hi/orical manifoldness give u ! ,hi/orical ,sci5ces4 ,! objects1 9 s f> z !y belong to e individual1 make up ! physical _w1 & ?us give u ! ,physical ,sci5ces2 & f9ally ! objects1 9 s f> z !y belong to ! individual1 are ! cont5ts ( consci\sness1 & ?us give u ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces4 ,we h !n ! dem>cation l9es ( our fir/ f\r l>ge divisions3 ! ,normative1 ! ,hi/orical1 ! ,physical1 & ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces4 ,yet _! mean+ & me?od & diff]5ce mu/ be *>act]iz$ m fully4 ,we mu/ und]/& :y we h "h to deal ) f\r absolutely diff]5t types ( sci5tific sy/ems1 :y ! ov]-individual objects lead u to g5]al laws & to ! det]m9ation ( ! future1 :ile ! /udy ( ! individual w-acts1 = in/ance1 gives u ! sy/em ( hi/ory1 :i* turns m]ely to ! pa/ & does n seek natural laws2 & :y ! /udy ( ! norms gives u ano!r k9d ( sy/em 9 :i* nei!r a causal nor an hi/orical1 b a purely logical connection prevails4 ,yet all ^! me?odological diff]5ces result necess>ily f ! mat]ial ) :i* ^! f\r diff]5t gr\ps ( sci5ces are work+4 ,let u />t aga9 f ! consid]ation ( our orig9al logical purpose4 ,we feel ourselves b\nd & limit$ 9 our w by physical ?+s1 by psy*ical cont5ts1 by ! dem&s ( o!r subjects1 & by norms4 ,! purpose ( all our k is to develop completely all t is involv$ 9 ?is bondage4 ,we want to develop 9 an ov]-individual way all ! obligations = our submission :i* are necess>ily includ$ 9 ! giv5 objects & ! giv5 dem&s ( subjects4 ,we />t ( c\rse ev]y:]e & 9 e direction f ! actual exp]i5ce1 b we exp& ! exp]i5ce by seek+ ^? objects & ^? dem&s to :i*1 z necess>ily foll[+ f ! imm$iately giv5 exp]i5ce1 we mu/ also submit4 ,& 9 ?us develop+ ! :ole sy/em ( submissions1 ! int]pretation ( ! exp]i5ce itself becomes trans=m$3 ! physici/ may p]haps sub/itute imp]ceptible atoms = ! physical object & ! psy*ologi/ may sub/itute s5sations = ! real idea1 & ! hi/orian may sub/itute comb9ations ( influ5ces = ! real p]sonality1 & ! /ud5t ( norms may sub/itute comb9ations ( conflict+ dem&s = ! "o complete duty2 yet 9 e case ! sub/itution is logically necess>y & furni%es u :at we call tru? inasmu* z x is ne$$ to develop ! concrete sy/em ( our submissions & ?us to express our confid5ce 9 ! ord]-l9es ( reality4 ,& ea* ( ^! sub/itutions & supplem5tations becomes1 z mat]ial ( k1 itself a "p ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,! ,physical & ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces ,! physici/1 we said1 speaks ( ! _w ( objects 9 s f> z !y belong to e possible subject1 & are mat]ial = a m]ely passive spectator4 ,( c\rse ! pure exp]i5ce does n (f] u any?+ ( t k9d4 ,we insi/$ t ! objects ( our real life are objects ( our w & ( our attitudes1 & are at ! same "t undiff]5tiat$ into ! physical ?+s outside ( u & ! psy*ical ideas 9 u4 ,to rea* ! ab/raction ( ! physici/1 we h ?us to cut loose ! objects f our w & to sep>ate ! ov]-individual elem5ts f ! individual elem5ts4 ,bo? trans=mations are cle>ly dem&$ by our logical aims4 ,z to ! cutt+ loose f our w1 x means consid]+ ! object z if x exi/$ = itself1 z if x 7 a m]e passively giv5 mat]ial & n a mat]ial ( our p]sonal int]e/s4 ,b j t is ne$$4 ,we want to f9d out h[ f> we h to submit ourselves to ! object4 ,if we want to live our life1 we mu/ adju/ our attitudes to ?+s1 &1 z we "k our w1 we mu/ seek to und]/& ! o!r factor 9 ! complex exp]i5ce1 ! object ( our w1 & we mu/ f9d out :at x involves 9 itself4 ,b we d n und]/& ! object & ! submission :i* x dem&s if we d n completely und]/& its relation to our desires4 ,our total submission to ! ?+ ?us involves our ackn[l$gm5t ( all t we h to expect f x4 ,& al?\gh ! real exp]i5ce is a unity ( w & ?+1 we h ?us ! mo/ imm$iate int]e/ 9 consid]+ :at we h to expect f ! ?+ 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce to our w4 ,t means f9d+ out ! effects ( ! giv5 object ) a subject z ! passive spectator4 ,we elim9ate artificially1 !re=e1 ! activity ( ! subject & con/ruct z presupposition = ?is circle ( k a n[h]e exi/+ subject )\t activity1 = :i* ! ?+ exi/s m]ely z a cause ( ! effects :i* x produces4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds natural sci5ce is1 !re=e1 to dissolve ! real exp]i5ce into ?+ & p]sonality2 t is1 into object & active subject1 & to elim9ate 9 an artificial ab/raction ! activity ( ! subject1 mak+ ! object mat]ial ( m]ely passive aw>5ess1 & relat$ no long] to ! w b m]ely to o!r objects4 ,x may be m difficult to und]/& ! second /ep :i* naturalism has to take be=e a natural sci5ce is possible4 ,x mu/ dissolve ! object ( w into an ov]-individual & an individual "p & mu/ elim9ate ! individual4 ,t "p ( my objects :i* belongs to me alone is _! psy*ical side2 t :i* belongs to all ( u & is ! object ( ev] new exp]i5ce is ! physical object4 ,z a physici/1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ,i h to ignore ! objects 9 s f> z !y are my ideas & h to consid] ! /ones & ! />s1 ! inorganic & ! organic objects1 z !y are outside ( me1 mat]ial = e "o4 ,! logical purpose ( ?is second ab/raction may be p]haps =mulat$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,we h se5 t ! purpose ( ! /udy ( ! objects is to f9d out :at we h to expect f !m2 t is1 to :at effects ( ! giv5 ?+ we h to submit ourselves 9 anticipation4 ,! ideal aim is ?us to und]/& completely h[ pres5t objects & future objects--t is1 h[ causes & effects--are connect$4 ,! fir/ /age 9 su* k ( causal connections is1 ( c\rse1 ! obs]vation ( empirical consequ5ces4 ,our feel+ ( expectation gr[s ) ! regul>ity ( obs]v$ succession2 yet ! ideal aim c nev] be fulfill$ 9 t way4 ,! m]e obs]vation ( regul>ities c help u to r$uce a p>ticul> case to a frequ5tly obs]v$ type1 b :at we seek to und]/& is ! necessity ( ! process4 ,( c\rse we h to =mulate laws1 & z soon z we ackn[l$ge a special law to be expressive ( a necessity1 ! subsumption ( ! p>ticul> case "u ! law w satisfy u ev5 if ! necessity ( ! connection is n recogniz$ 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,we are satisfi$ because ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! law involv$ all possible cases4 ,b we d n at all feel t we h furni%$ a real explanation if ! law means to u m]ely a g5]alization ( r\t9e exp]i5ces1 & if ?us no absolute validity is atta*$ to ! law4 ,?is necessity betwe5 cause & effect mu/ ?us h its ultimate reason 9 our own und]/&+4 ,we mu/ be logically oblig$ to connect ! objects 9 su* a way1 & :]ev] obs]vation seems to contradict t :i* is logically necess>y1 we mu/ re%ape our idea ( ! object till ! dem&s ( reason are fulfill$4 ,t is1 we mu/ sub/itute = ! giv5 object an ab/raction :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a logically necess>y connection4 ,t dem& is cle>ly n satisfi$ if we simply gr\p ! totality ( su* causal judgm5ts "u ! s+le "n1 ,causality1 & designate ?us all ^! judgm5ts z results ( a special disposition ( ! und]/&+4 ,we nev] und]/& :y j ?is cause dem&s j ?is effect s long z we rely on su* vague & my/ical p[] ( our reason to l9k ! _w by causality4 ,b ! situation *anges at once if we g /ill fur!r back 9 ! categories ( our und]/&+4 ,:ile a m]e dem& = causality nev] expla9s :at cause is to be l9k$ ) :at effect1 ! vagu5ess disappe>s :5 we und]/& ?is dem& = causality itself z ! product ( a m fundam5tal dem& = id5tity4 ,t an object rema9s id5tical ) itself does n ne$ = u any fur!r int]pretation4 ,t is ! ultimate presupposition ( our ?\ght1 & :]e a complete id5tity is f\nd no?+ dem&s fur!r explanation4 ,all sci5tific ef=t aims at s re?9k+ diff]5t exp]i5ces t !y c be reg>d$ z p>tially id5tical1 & e discov]y ( necess>y connection is ultimately a demon/ration ( id5tity4 ,if we seek connections ) ! f9al aim to und]/& !m z necess>y1 we mu/ conceive ! _w ( our objects 9 su* a way t x is possible to consid] ! successive exp]i5ces z p>ts ( a self-id5tical _w2 t is1 z p>ts ( a _w 9 :i* no sub/ance & no en]gy c disappe> or appe> anew4 ,to rea* ?is end x is obvi\sly ne$$ t we elim9ate f ! _w ( objects all t _c be conceiv$ z id5tically return+ 9 a new exp]i5ce2 t is1 all t belongs to ! pres5t exp]i5ce only4 ,we d elim9ate ?is by tak+ x up conceptually into ! subject & call+ x psy*ical1 & ?us leav+ to ! object m]ely t :i* is conceiv$ z belong+ to ! _w ( ev]ybody's exp]i5ce1 t is1 ( ov]-individual exp]i5ce4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( natural sci5ce is fir/ ( all ! gigantic developm5t ( ?is trans=mation1 resolution1 & recon/ruction4 ,! objects ( exp]i5ce are re-?\ght till ev]y?+ is elim9at$ :i* _c be conceiv$ z id5tical ) itself 9 ! exp]i5ces ( all individuals & ?us z belong+ to ! ov]-individual _w4 ,all ! sub/itutions ( atoms = ! real ?+1 & ( en]gies = ! real *anges1 are m]ely conceptional s*emes to satisfy ?is dem&4 ,! logically prim>y /ep is ?us n ! sep>ation ( ! physical & ! psy*ical ?+s plus ! second>y dem& to connect ! physical ?+s causally2 ! ord] is exactly opposite4 ,! prim>y desire is to connect ! real objects & to und]/& !m z causes & effects4 ,?is und]/&+ dem&s n only empirical obs]vation1 b insight into ! necess>y connection4 ,necess>y connection1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/s m]ely = id5tical objects & id5tical qualities4 ,b 9 ! v>i\s exp]i5ces only t is id5tical :i* is indep5d5t ( ! mom5t>y individual exp]i5ces1 & !re=e we ne$ z ! ultimate aim a recon/ruction ( ! object into ! two p>ts1 ! "o p]ceptional1 :i* ref]s to our individual exp]i5ce2 & ! o!r conceptional1 :i* expresses t :i* c be conceiv$ z id5tical 9 e new exp]i5ce4 ,! ideal ( ?is con/ruct$ _w is ! me*anical univ]se 9 :i* e atom moves by causal necessity because !re is no?+ 9 t univ]se1 no elem5t ( sub/ance & no elem5t ( en]gy1 :i* w n rema9 id5tical 9 all *anges ( ! univ]se :i* are possibly to be expect$4 ,x becomes completely det]m9able by anticipation & ! sy/em ( our submissions to ! object c be completely con/ruct$4 ,! totality ( intellectual ef=ts to recon/ruct su* a causally connect$ ov]-individual _w ( objects cle>ly repres5ts a unity ( its own4 ,x is ! sy/em ( physical sci5ces4 ,! physical univ]se is ?us n ! totality ( our objects4 ,x is a sub/itution = our real objects1 con/ruct$ by elim9at+ ! individual p>ts ( our objects ( exp]i5ce4 ,^! individual p>ts are ! psy*ical aspects ( our objective exp]i5ce1 & !y cle>ly awake our sci5tific int]e/ too4 ,! physical sci5ces ne$ ?us z c\nt]p>t a division ( m5tal sci5ces4 ,_! aim mu/ be ! same4 ,we want to =esee ! psy*ical results & to und]/& causally ! psy*ical exp]i5ce4 ,yet x is cle> t ! plan ( ! m5tal sci5ces mu/ be q diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f t ( ! sci5ces ( nature4 ,! causal connection ( ! physical univ]se 0 ultimately an*or$ 9 ! id5tity ( ! object ?r\gh v>i\s exp]i5ces2 :ile ! object ( exp]i5ce 0 psy*ical = u j 9 s f> z x c\ld nev] be conceiv$ z id5tical 9 diff]5t phases ( reality4 ,! psy*ical object is an ev] new creation2 my idea c nev] be y\r idea4 ,_! mean+ may be id5tical1 b ! psy*ical /uff1 ! cont5t ( my consci\sness1 c nev] be object = any "o else1 & ev5 9 myself ! idea ( to-day is nev] ! idea ( ye/]day or to-morr[4 ,b if !re _c be id5tity 9 diff]5t psy*ical exp]i5ces1 x is logically impossible to connect !m directly by necessity4 ,if we yet want to ma/] _! successive appe>ance1 we mu/ sub/itute an indirect connection = ! direct "o1 & mu/ describe & expla9 ! psy*ical ph5om5a ?r\gh ref]5ce to ! physical _w4 ,x is 9 ?is way t mod]n psy*ology has sub/itut$ elem5t>y s5sations = ! real cont5ts ( consci\sness & has con/ruct$ relations betwe5 ^! elem5t>y m5tal /ates on ! basis ( processes 9 ! organism1 especially bra9 processes4 ,"h1 aga91 reality is left beh9d & a m]e conceptional con/ruction is put 9 its place4 ,b ?is con/ruction fulfills its purpose & ?us gives u tru?2 & if ! basis is once giv51 ! psy*ological sci5ces c build up a causal sy/em ( ! consci\s processes 9 ! individual man & 9 society4 #d4 ,! ,hi/orical & ! ,normative ,sci5ces ,! two divisions ( ! physical & m5tal sci5ces repres5t our sy/ematiz$ submission to objects4 ,b we saw f ! fir/ t x is an artificial ab/raction to consid] 9 our real exp]i5ce ! object alone4 ,we saw cle>ly t we1 z act+ p]sonalities1 9 our w & 9 our attitudes1 d n feel ourselves 9 relation to objects1 m]ely1 b to w-acts2 & t ^! w-acts 7 ! individual ones ( o!r subjects or ! ov]-individual ones :i* come to u 9 our consci\sness ( norms4 ,! sci5ces :i* deal ) our submissions to ! individual w-acts ( o!rs are ! ,hi/orical ,sci5ces4 ,_! />t+-po9t is ! same z t ( ! object sci5ces1 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,b ! o!r subjects rea* our individuality f ! />t 9 a diff]5t way f ! objects4 ,! wills ( o!r subjects come to u z propositions ) :i* we h to agree or disagree2 z sugge/ions1 :i* we are to imitate or to resi/2 & !y c>ry 9 !mselves t ref]5ce to an opposite :i*1 z we saw1 *>act]izes all w-activity4 ,! rock or ! tree 9 our surr\nd+s may /imulate our reactions1 b does n claim to be 9 itself a decision ) an alt]native4 ,b ! political or legal or arti/ic or social or religi\s w ( my neighbors n only dem&s my agreem5t or disagreem5t1 b pres5ts itself to me 9 its own mean+ z a free decision :i* rejects ! opposite1 & its :ole mean+ is de/roy$ if ,i consid] x l ! tree or ! rock z a m]e ph5om5on1 z an object 9 ! _w ( objects4 ,:oev] has cle>ly und]/ood t politics & religion & k & art & law come to me f ! fir/ q diff]5tly f objects1 c nev] d\bt t _! sy/ematic connection mu/ be mo/ %>ply sep>at$ f all ! sci5ces :i* connect impressions ( objects1 & is falsifi$ if ! hi/orical discipl9es are treat$ simply z p>ts ( ! sci5ces ( ph5om5a--= in/ance1 z p>ts ( sociology1 ! sci5ce ( society z a psy*o-physical object4 ,j z natural sci5ce transc5ds ! imm$iately exp]i5c$ object & works out ! :ole sy/em ( our necess>y submissions to ! _w ( objects1 s ! hi/orical sci5ces transc5d ! social w-acts :i* approa* u 9 our imm$iate exp]i5ce1 & aga9 seek to f9d :at we are really submitt+ to if we accept ! sugge/ions ( our social surr\nd+s4 ,& yet ?is simil> dem& has mo/ dissimil> consequ5ces4 ,we submit to an object & want to f9d out :at we are really submitt+ to4 ,t _c mean any?+ else1 z we h se51 ?an to seek ! effects ( ! object & ?us to look =w>d to :at we h to expect f ! object4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we want to f9d out :at we are really submitt+ to if we agree ) ! decision ( our neighbor1 ! only mean+ ( ! "q c be to ask :at our neighbor really is decid+ on1 :at is conta9$ 9 8 decision2 & z 8 decision mu/ mean an agreem5t or disagreem5t ) ! w-act ( ano!r subject1 we _c und]/& ! sugge/ion :i* comes to u )\t und]/&+ 9 respect to :at propositions ( o!rs x takes a /&4 ,our int]e/ is 9 ?is case ?us l$ f ^? subjects ( w :i* ent] into our imm$iate exp]i5ce to o!r subjects ^: purposes /& 9 ! relation ( sugge/ion & dem& to ! pres5t ones4 ,& if we try to develop ! sy/em ( ^! relations1 we come to an endless *a9 ( w-relations1 9 :i* "o individual w always po9ts back 9 its decisions to ano!r individual w ) :i* x agrees or disagrees1 :i* x imitates or ov]comes by a new attitude ( w2 & ! :ole network ( ^! w-relations is ! political or religi\s or arti/ic or social hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,?is sy/em ( hi/ory z a sy/em ( teleologically connect$ w-attitudes is elaborat$ f ! w-propositions :i* rea* u 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce1 ) ! same necessity ) :i* ! me*anical univ]se ( natural sci5ce is work$ out f ! objects ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,! hi/orical sy/em ( w-connections is simil> to ! sy/em ( object-connections1 n only 9 its />t+ 9 ! imm$iate exp]i5ce1 b fur!r 9 its also seek+ id5tities4 ,)\t ?is feature hi/ory w\ld n (f] to our und]/&+ real connections4 ,we mu/ l9k ! w-attitudes ( m5 by %[+ ! id5tity ( ! alt]natives4 ,j z ! physical ?+ is sub/itut$ by a l>ge numb] ( atoms :i* rema9 id5tical 9 ! causal *anges1 9 ! same way ! p]sonality is sub/itut$ by an endless manifoldness ( decisions & becomes l9k$ ) ! hi/orical community by ! ?\ght t ea* ( ^! p>tial decisions ref]s to an alt]native :i* is id5tical ) t ( o!r p]sons4 ,& yet !re rema9s a mo/ ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! causal connection4 ,9 a _w ( ?+s ! m]e id5tical cont9uity is suffici5t to det]m9e ! ph5om5a ( any giv5 mom5t4 ,9 a _w ( w ! id5tity ( alt]natives _c det]m9e be=eh& ! actual decision2 t belongs to ! free activity ( ! subject4 ,if ?is factor ( fre$om 7 left out1 man w\ld be made an object & hi/ory a m]e app5dix ( natural sci5ce4 ,! connection ( ! hi/orian c !re=e nev] be a necess>y "o1 h[ev] mu* we may obs]ve empirical regul>ities4 ,if !re 7 no id5tities1 our reason c\ld n f9d connection 9 hi/ory2 b if ! hi/orical connections 7 necess>y1 l ! causal ones1 x w\ld n be hi/ory4 ,! hi/orian is1 !re=e1 unable & )\t ! ambition to look into ! future l ! naturali/2 8 doma9 is ! pa/4 ,yet w-attitudes & w-acts c also be br\ght into necess>y connection2 t is1 we c conceive w-acts z teleologically id5tical ) ea* o!r & exempt f ! fre$om ( ! individual4 ,t is cle>ly possible only if !y are conceiv$ z beyond ! fre$om ( individual decision & relat$ to ! ov]-individual subject4 ,! "q is !n no long] h[ ?is special man wills & decides1 b h[ f> a c]ta9 w-decision b9ds e possible individual :o p]=ms ?is act if he is to %>e our common _w ( w & mean+4 ,su* an ov]-individual connection ( w-acts is :at we call ! logical connection4 ,x %>es ) all o!r connections ! dep5d5ce ^u ! category ( id5tity4 ,! logical connection %[s h[ f> "o act or comb9ation ( acts involves1 & ?us is p>tially id5tical )1 a new comb9ation4 ,?is logical connection has1 9 common ) ! causal connection1 necessity2 & 9 common ) ! hi/orical connection1 teleological "*4 ,any individual w-act ( hi/orical life may be treat$ = c]ta9 purposes z su* a />t+-po9t ( ov]-individual relations2 x w\ld !n lead to t sci5tific treatm5t :i* gives u an int]pretation1 = in/ance1 ( law4 ,su* int]pretative sci5ces belong to ! sy/em ( hi/ory 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! *ief int]e/1 h[ev]1 mu/ belong to ! logical connections ( ^? w-acts :i* !mselves h ov]-individual "*4 ,a m]ely individual proposition c lead to necess>y logical connection1 b _c claim t sci5tific importance :i* belongs to ! logical connection ( ^? propositions :i* are necess>y = ! con/itution ( e real exp]i5ce3 ! sci5ce ( *ess _c /& on ! same level ) ! sci5ce ( geometry1 ! sci5ce ( local legal /atutes n on ! same level ) ! sy/em ( e?ics4 ,! logical connections ( ! ov]-individual attitudes ?us con/itute ! f\r? l>ge division besides ! physical1 ! m5tal1 & ! hi/orical sci5ces4 ,x mu/ ?us comprise ! sy/ems ( all ^? propositions :i* are presuppositions ( our common reality1 indep5d5t ( ! free individual decision4 ,"h belong ! acts ( approval--! e?ical approval ( *anges & a*ievem5ts1 z well z ! /hetic approval ( ! giv5 _w2 ! acts ( conviction--! religi\s convictions ( a sup]/ructure ( ! _w z well z ! metaphysical convictions ( a sub/ructure2 & above all1 ! acts ( affirmation & submission1 ! logical z well z ! ma!matical4 ,b to be consi/5t we mu/ really dem& t m]ely ! ov]-individual logical connections are treat$ 9 ?is division4 ,if we deal1 = in/ance1 ) ! /hetical or e?ical acts z psy*ological exp]i5ces1 or z hi/orical propositions1 !y belong to ! psy*ical or hi/orical division4 ,only ! philosophical sy/em ( e?ics or /hetics f9ds its place 9 ?is division4 ,x is difficult to f9d a suitable "n = ?is :ole sy/em ( logical connections ( ov]-individual attitudes4 ,p]haps x w\ld be mo/ correct to call x ! ,sci5ces ( ,values1 inasmu* z e "o ( ^! ov]-individual decisions con/itutes a value 9 our _w :i* our individual w f9ds z an absolute datum l ! objects ( exp]i5ce4 ,se5 f ano!r po9t ( view1 ^! values appe> z norms :i* b9d our practical w inasmu* z ^! absolute values dem& ( our w to realize !m1 & x may ?us be p]mitt$ to designate ?is :ole gr\p ( sci5ces z a ,division ( ,normative ,sci5ces4 ,our logical explanation ( ! mean+ ( ^! f\r divisions naturally began ) ! int]pretation ( t sci5ce :i* usually takes prec$5ce 9 popul> ?\ght--) ! sci5ce ( nature1 t is1 & pass$ !n to ^? gr\ps ^: me?odological situation is se5 r vaguely by our positivi/ic age4 ,b z soon z we h once def9$ & work$ out ! b\nd>y l9es ( ea* ( ^! f\r divisions1 x w\ld appe> m logical to *ange _! ord] & to beg9 ) t division ^: mat]ial is ^? ov]-individual w-acts on :i* all possible k mu/ dep5d1 & !n to turn to ^? individual w-acts :i* det]m9e ! =mulation ( our pres5t-day k1 & !n only to g to ! objects ( k1 ! ov]-individual & ! individual ones4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ beg9 ) ! normative sci5ces1 consid] 9 ! second place ! hi/orical sci5ces1 9 ! ?ird place ! physical sci5ces1 & 9 ! f\r? place ! psy*ical sci5ces4 ,!re _c be a sci5tific judgm5t :i* mu/ n f9d its place some:]e 9 "o ( ^! f\r gr\ps4 ,& yet c we really say t ^! f\r great divisions complete ! totality ( sci5tific ef=ts8 ,! plan ( our ,congress conta9s ?ree important divisions besides ^!4 #e4 ,! ,?ree ,divisions ( ,practical ,sci5ces ,! ?ree divisions :i* /ill lie be=e u repres5t ,practical ,k4 ,h we a logical "r to put !m on an equal level ) ! f\r l>ge divisions :i* we h consid]$ s f>8 ,might x n r be said t all t is k 9 ^? practical sci5ces mu/ f9d its place some:]e 9 ! !oretical field1 & t ev]y?+ outside ( x is n k1 b art8 ,x _c be d5i$ inde$ t ! logical position ( ! practical sci5ces pres5ts s]i\s problems4 ,t ! function ( ! eng9e] or ( ! physician1 ( ! lawy] or ( ! m9i/]1 ( ! diplomat or ( ! tea*]1 conta9s elem5ts ( an art _c be d\bt$4 ,!y all ne$ n only k1 b a c]ta9 in/9ct & p[] & skill1 & _! s*ool+ ?us dem&s a tra9+ & discipl9e ?r\gh imitation :i* _c be sub/itut$ by m]e le>n+4 ,yet :5 x comes to ! classification ( sci5ces1 x seems v d\btful :e!r practical sci5ces h to be ackn[l$g$ z special divisions1 inasmu* z ! factor ( art mu/ h be5 elim9at$ at ! mom5t !y are pres5t$ z sci5ces4 ,! auscultation ( ! physician c]ta9ly dem&s skill & tra9+1 yet ?is practical activity itself does n ent] into ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e z pres5t$ 9 m$ical writ+s4 ,z soon z ! physician beg9s to deal ) x sci5tifically1 he ne$s1 z does any s*ol>1 n ! /e?oscope1 b ! p54 ,he mu/ =mulate judgm5ts2 & z soon z he simply describes & analyzes & expla9s & int]prets 8 /e?oscopic exp]i5ces1 8 /atem5ts become a sy/em ( !oretical ideas4 ,we c say 9 g5]al t ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e or ( eng9e]+1 ( jurisprud5ce or ( education1 conta9s1 z sci5ce1 no elem5t ( art1 b m]ely !oretical judgm5ts :i*1 z su*1 c f9d _! place some:]e 9 ! complete sy/ems ( ! !oretical sci5ces4 ,if ! physician describes a disease1 its symptoms1 ! means ( exam9+ !m1 ! rem$ies1 _! !rapeutical effects1 & ! prophylaxis1 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ :i* ! physician ne$s = 8 art1 he does n record any?+ :i* w\ld n belong to an ideally complete description & explanation ( ! processes 9 ! human body4 ,9 ! same way x c be said t if ! eng9e] *>act]izes ! conditions "u :i* an iron bridge w be safe1 x is evid5t t he _c introduce any facts :i* w\ld n f9d _! logical place 9 an ideally complete description ( ! prop]ties ( inorganic nature2 & f9ally1 ! same is true = ! /atem5ts ( ! politician1 ! juri/1 ! p$agogue1 or ! m9i/]4 ,:atev] is said ab\t _! art is a !oretical judgm5t :i* connects facts ( ! ideally complete sy/em ( !oretical sci5ce2 9 _! case ! facts ( c\rse belong 9 fir/ l9e to ! realm ( ! psy*ological1 hi/orical1 & normative sci5ces4 ,!re nev] has be5 or c be practical advice 9 ! =m ( words1 :i* is n 9 pr9ciple a /atem5t ( facts :i* belong to ! absolute totality ( !oretical k4 ,se5 f ?is po9t ( view1 x is evid5t t all our k is fundam5tally !oretical1 & t ! conception ( practical k is logically unprecise4 ,b ! opposite po9t ( view might also be tak54 ,x might be said t aft] all e k9d ( k is practical1 & our own d$uction ( ! mean+ ( sci5ce might be said to sugge/ su* int]pretation4 ,we ackn[l$g$ at ! outset t ! s-call$ !oretical k is by no means a passive mirror picture ( an indep5d5t outside _w2 b t 9 e judgm5t real exp]i5ce is rem\ld$ & re%ap$ 9 ! s]vice ( c]ta9 purposes ( w4 ,"h lies ! true core ( t gr[+ popul> philosophy ( to-day :i*1 "u ! "n ( pragmatism1 or "u o!r titles1 m+les ! purposive "* ( our k & ! evolution>y !ories ( mod]n biology 9 ! vague notion t m5 creat$ k because ! biological /ruggle = exi/5ce l$ to su* views ( ! _w2 & t we call true t correlation ( our exp]i5ces :i* has approv$ itself ?r\gh its h>mony ) ! phylog5etic developm5t4 ,c]ta9ly we mu/ reject su* circle philosophies4 ,we mu/ see cle>ly t ! :ole conception ( a biological developm5t & ( a /ruggle ( organisms is itself only a "p ( our con/ruction ( causal k4 ,we mu/ h k to conceive ourselves z products ( a phylog5etic hi/ory1 & ?us _c d$uce f x ! fact1 &1 /ill less1 ! ju/ification ( k4 ,yet "o elem5t ( ?is !ory rema9s valuable3 k is inde$ a purposive activity1 a recon/ruction ( ! _w 9 ! s]vice ( ideals ( ! w4 ,we h ?us f "o side ! sugge/ion t all k is m]ely !oretical1 f ! o!r side ! claim t all k is practical activity4 ,x seems z if bo? sides might agree t x is sup]flu\s & unju/ifi$ to make a dem>cation l9e ?r\gh ! field ( k & to sep>ate two sorts ( k1 !oretical & practical4 ,= bo? !ories dem& t all k be ( "o k9d1 & !y disagree only z to :e!r we ought to call x all !oretical or all practical4 ,yet ! true situation is n *>act]iz$ by su* an anti!sis4 ,if we say t all k is ultimately practical1 we are speak+ f an epi/emological po9t ( view1 inasmu* z we take x !n z a recon/ruction ( ! _w ?r\gh ! purposive activity ( ! ov]-individual subject4 ,on ! o!r h& x is an empirical po9t ( view f :i* ultimately all k1 t ( ! physician & eng9e] & lawy]1 z well z t ( ! a/ronom]1 appe>s !oretical4 ,b ?is anti!sis c1 !re=e1 n decide ! fur!r empirical "q1 :e!r or n 9 ! mid/ ( !oretical k two k9ds ( sci5ces may be discrim9at$1 ( :i* ! "o ref]s to empirical practical purposes & ! o!r n4 ,su* an inquiry w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! epi/emological problem ( pragmatism2 x w\ld be /rictly non-philosophical1 j z ! sep>ation ( *emi/ry into organic & inorganic *emi/ry4 ,?is empirical "q is inde$ to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,if we ask :at causes br+ ab\t a c]ta9 effect1 = ! sake ( a practical purpose ( ours1--= in/ance1 ! cur+ a pati5t ( disease1--no "o c /ate facts :i* are n 9 pr9ciple to be includ$ 9 ! complete sy/em ( physical causes & effects & ?us 9 ! sy/em ( physical sci5ces4 ,& yet x may well be t ! physical sci5ces1 z su*1 h n ! slighte/ reason to m5tion ! effect ( t special drug on t special pa?ological alt]ation ( ! tissues ( ! organism4 ,! descriptions & explanations ( sci5ce are n a m]e heap+ up ( mat]ial1 b a /eady selection 9 ! int]e/ ( ! special aim ( ! sci5ce4 ,no physical sci5ce describes e special pebble on ! bea*2 no hi/orical sci5ce deals ) ! *ance happ5+s 9 ! daily life ( any memb] ( ! cr[d4 ,& we already well "k ! po9t ( view f :i* ! selection is to be p]=m$4 ,we want to "k 9 ! physical & psy*ical sci5ces :atev] is involv$ 9 ! object ( our exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! hi/orical & normative sci5ces :atev] is involv$ 9 ! dem&s :i* rea* our w4 ,b :e!r we h to d ) ! objects or ) ! dem&s1 9 bo? cases we h sy/ems be=e u :i* are det]m9$ only by ! objects or dem&s !mselves1 )\t any relation to our individual w & our own practical activity4 ,!oretically1 ( c\rse1 our w1 our activity1 our organism1 our p]sonality is includ$ 9 ! complete sy/em2 & if we knew absolutely ev]y?+ ( ! empirical effects ( ! object or ( ! consequ5ces ( ^! dem&s1 we %\ld f9d among !m _! relation to our individual int]e/s2 b t relation w\ld be b "o *ance case among innum]able o!rs1 & ! sci5ces w\ld n h ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 giv+ any att5tion to t p>ticul> case4 ,?us if our k ( *emical sub/ances 7 complete1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h to "k !oretically t a few gra9s ( antipyr9e introduc$ into ! organism h an influ5ce on ^? bra9 c5tres :i* regulate ! temp]ature ( ! human body4 ,yet if ! *emi/ does n %>e ! int]e/ ( ! physician :o wants to fight a fev]1 he w\ld h h>dly any reason = exam9+ ?is p>ticul> relation1 z x h>dly ?r[s light on ! *emical con/itution z su*4 ,9 ?is way we might say 9 g5]al t ! relation ( ! _w to u z act+ individuals is 9 pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! total sy/em ( ! relations ( our _w ( exp]i5ce1 b has a /rictly accid5tal place !re & c nev] be 9 itself a c5tre ar\nd :i* ! sci5tific data are clu/]$1 & sci5ce w h>dly h an int]e/ 9 giv+ any att5tion to its details4 ,?is relation ( ! _w1 ! physical1 ! psy*ical1 ! hi/orical1 & ! normative _w1 to our individual1 practical purposes c1 h[ev]1 inde$ become ! c5tre ( sci5tific int]e/1 & x is evid5t t ! :ole inquiry receives !reupon a p]fectly new direction :i* dem&s n only a completely new gr\p+ ( facts & relations1 b also a v diff]5t %ad+ 9 elaboration4 ,z long z ! purpose 0 to und]/& ! _w )\t relation to our individual aims1 sci5ce _h to ga!r endless details :i* are = u n[ q indiff]5t1 z !y d n t\* our aims2 & 9 o!r respects sci5ce 0 satisfi$ ) broad g5]alizations & ab/ractions :]e we h n[ to exam9e ! mo/ m9ute details4 ,9 %ort1 ! %ift+ ( ! c5tre ( gravity creates p]fectly new sci5ces :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$2 & if we call !m aga9 !oretical & practical sci5ces1 x is cle> t ?is diff]5ce has !n no long] any?+ to d ) ! philosophical problems f :i* we />t$4 ,! t]m practical may be pref]able to ! o!r t]m :i* is sometimes us$3 ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,if we con/ruct ! anti!sis ( !oretical & appli$ sci5ce1 ! und]ly+ idea is cle>ly t we h to d on ! practical side ) a discipl9e :i* tea*es h[ to apply a sci5ce :i* logically exi/s z su* be=eh&4 ,eng9e]+1 = in/ance1 is an appli$ sci5ce because x applies ! sci5ce ( physics2 b ?is is n really our deepe/ mean+ "h4 ,our practical sci5ces are n meant z m]e applications ( !oretical sci5ces4 ,!y are logically some:at degrad$ if !y are treat$ 9 su* a way4 ,_! real logical mean+ comes out only if !y are ackn[l$g$ z self-dep5d5t sci5ces ^: mat]ial is diff]5tiat$ f t ( ! !oretical sci5ces by ! diff]5t po9t ( view & purpose4 ,!y are me?odologically p]fectly indep5d5t1 & ! fact t a l>ge "p or !oretically ev5 ev]y?+ ( _! tea*+ ov]laps ! tea*+ ( c]ta9 !oretical sci5ces ought n to h any influ5ce on _! logical /&+4 ,! practical sci5ces c\ld be conceiv$ z completely self-dep5d5t1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( any s-call$ !oretical sci5ces2 t is1 ! relations ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce to our individual aims might be br\ght into complete sy/ems )\t work+ out 9 pr9ciple ! sy/em ( indep5d5t exp]i5ce4 ,we might h a sci5ce ( eng9e]+ )\t ackn[l$g+ an indep5d5t sci5ce ( !oretical physics besides x4 ,to be sure1 su* a sci5ce ( eng9e]+ w\ld f9ally develop itself into a sy/em :i* w\ld conta9 v mu* t might j z well be call$ !oretical physics2 yet all w\ld be held toge!r by ! po9t ( view ( ! eng9e]1 & t "p ( !oretical physics :i* ! eng9e] applies might j z well be consid]$ z depracticaliz$ eng9e]+4 ,if ?is logical self-dep5d5ce ( ! practical sci5ce holds true ev5 = su* te*nological discipl9es1 x is /ill m evid5t t x w\ld cripple ! mean+ & indep5d5t "* ( jurisprud5ce & social sci5ce1 or ( p$agogy & !ology1 to treat !m simply z appli$ sci5ces1 t is1 z applications ( !oretical sci5ce4 ,?is po9t ( view det]m9es1 also1 ( c\rse1 ! classification ( ! ,practical ,sci5ces4 ,if !y 7 really m]ely appli$ sci5ces x w\ld be mo/ natural to gr\p !m accord+ to ! classification ( ! !oretical sci5ces :i* are to be appli$4 ,we %\ld !n h appli$ physical sci5ces1 appli$ psy*ological sci5ces1 appli$ hi/orical sci5ces1 & appli$ normative sci5ces4 ,yet ev5 f ! /&po9t ( practice1 we %\ld come at once into difficulties1 & inde$ mu* ( ! sup]ficiality ( practical sci5ces to-day results f ! ha/y t5d5cy to consid] !m z appli$ sci5ces only1 & ?us to be det]m9$ by ! po9ts ( view ( ! !oretical discipl9e :i* is to be appli$4 ,!n1 = in/ance1 p$agogy becomes simply appli$ psy*ology1 & ! psy*ological po9t ( view is sub/itut$ = ! educational "o4 ,p$agogy !n becomes simply a selection ( ^? *apt]s 9 psy*ology :i* deal ) ! m5tal functions ( ! *ild4 ,yet z soon z we really take ! tea*]s' po9t ( view1 we und]/& at once t x is utt]ly artificial to sub/itute ! categories ( ! psy*ologi/ = ^? ( imm$iate practical w-relations & to consid] ! *ild 9 ! class-room z a causal sy/em ( psy*o-physical elem5ts in/ead ( a p]sonality :i* is teleologically to be int]pret$1 & ^: aims are n to be connect$ ) causal effects b ) ov]-individual attitudes4 ,9 ?is way ! hi/orical relation & ! normative relation h to play at lea/ z important a rle 9 ! p$agogical sy/em z ! psy*o-physical relation1 & we might q z well call education appli$ hi/ory & appli$ e?ics4 ,almo/ e practical sci5ce c be %[n 9 ?is way to apply a numb] ( !oretical sci5ces2 x syn!sizes !m to a new unity4 ,b bett]1 we ought to say1 t x is a unity 9 itself f ! />t1 & t x only ov]laps ) a numb] ( !oretical sci5ces4 ,if we want to classify ! practical sci5ces1 we h ?us only ! "o logical pr9ciple at our disposal3 we mu/ classify !m 9 accordance ) ! gr\p ( human individual aims :i* control ^? diff]5t discipl9es4 ,if all practical sci5ces deal ) ! relation ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce to our individual practical ends1 ! classes ( ^? ends are ! classes ( our practical sci5ces1 :atev] comb9ations ( appli$ !oretical sci5ces may ent] into ! gr\p4 ,( c\rse a special classification ( ^! aims mu/ rema9 some:at arbitr>y2 yet x may seem mo/ natural to sep>ate ?ree l>ge divisions4 ,we call$ !m ! ,utilit>ian ,sci5ces1 ! ,sci5ces ( ,social ,regulation1 & ! ,sci5ces ( ,social ,culture4 ,utilit>ian we may call ^? sci5ces 9 :i* our practical aim ref]s to ! _w ( ?+s2 x may be ! te*nical ma/]y ( nature or ! treatm5t ( ! body1 or ! production1 di/ribution1 & consumption ( ! means ( support4 ,! second division conta9s ev]y?+ 9 :i* our aim does n ref] to ! ?+1 b to ! o!r subjects2 "h naturally belong ! sci5ces :i* deal ) ! political1 legal1 & social purposes4 ,& f9ally ! sci5ces ( culture ref] to ^? aims 9 :i* n ! individual relations to ?+s or to o!r subjects are 9 ! =egr\nd1 b ! purposes ( ! teleological developm5t ( ! subject himself2 education1 art1 & religion "h f9d _! place4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 evid5t t ! mat]ial ( ^! sci5ces frequ5tly all[s ! emphasis ( diff]5t aspects4 ,= in/ance1 education1 :i* aims prim>ily at self-developm5t1 might q well be consid]$ also f ! po9t ( view ( social regulation2 & /ill m naturally c\ld ! utilit>ian sci5ces ( ! economic di/ribution ( ! means ( support be consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,yet a classification ( sci5ces n[h]e sugge/s by its b\nd>y l9es t !re are no relations & connections betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts2 on ! contr>y1 x is j ! manifoldness ( ^! giv5 connections :i* makes x s desirable to become consci\s ( ! pr9ciples involv$1 & ?us to emphasize logical dem>cation l9es1 :i* ( c\rse mu/ be oblit]at$ z soon z any mat]ial is to be treat$ f e possible po9t ( view4 ,x may ?us well be t1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 indu/rial problem c\ld be treat$ 9 ! ,normative ,sci5ces f ! po9t ( view ( e?ics2 9 ! ,hi/orical ,sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! hi/ory ( economic in/itutions2 9 ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( physics or *emi/ry2 9 ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( sociology2 9 ! ,utilit>ian ,sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( m$ic9e or ( eng9e]+1 or ( comm]ce & transportation2 & f9ally 9 ! ,regulative ,sci5ces1 f ! po9t ( view ( political adm9i/ration1 or 9 ! ,social ,sci5ces1 f ! /&po9t ( ! urban community1 & s on4 ,! m complex ! relations are1 ! m necess>y is x to make clean di/9ctions betwe5 ! diff]5t logical purposes ) :i* ! sci5tific inquiries />t4 ,practical life may dem& a comb9ation ( hi/orical1 sociological1 psy*ological1 economical1 social1 & e?ical consid]ations2 b n "o ( ^! sci5ces c contribute its be/ if ! consci\sness ( ^! diff]5ces is lo/ & ! delib]ate comb9ation is replac$ by a vague mixture ( ! problems4 #f4 ,! ,subdivisions ,we h n[ be=e u ! gr\nd-plan ( ! s*eme1 ! f\r !oretical divisions1 & ! ?ree practical divisions2 e additional comm5t on ! classification mu/ be ( second>y importance1 z x has to ref] to ! small] subdivisions1 :i* _c *ange ! pr9ciples ( ! plan1 & :i* h n seldom1 inde$1 be5 a result ( practical consid]ations4 ,if1 = in/ance1 our ,division ( ,cultural ,sci5ces %[s 9 ! f9al plan m]ely ! dep>tm5ts ( ,education & ( ,religion1 :ile ! orig9ally plann$ ,dep>tm5t ( ,art is left out1 !re 0 no logical reason = x1 b m]ely ! practical gr\nd t x seem$ difficult to br+ su* a practical art section to a desirable sci5tific level2 we conf9e art1 !re=e1 to ! normative /hetic & hi/orical po9ts ( view4 ,or1 to *oose ano!r illu/ration1 if x happ5$ t ! normative sci5ces 7 f9ally organiz$ )\t a section = ! philosophy ( law1 ?is result$ f ! fact t ! ,am]ican juri/s1 9 contra/ ) _! ,cont95tal ,european colleagues1 %[$ a g5]al lack ( appreciation = su* a section4 ,a few sections _h to be left out ev5 = ! *ance reason t ! lead+ speak]s 7 oblig$ to )draw at a "t :5 x 0 too late to ask sub/itutes to "w up addresses4 ,& almo/ ev]y:]e !re _h to be some?+ arbitr>y 9 ! limitation ( ! special sections4 ,?\gh ,otology & ,l>yngology 7 br\ght toge!r into "o section1 !y might j z well h be5 plac$ 9 two2 & ,rh9ology1 :i* 0 left out1 might h be5 add$ z a ?ird 9 t company4 ,z to ?is subtl] ramification1 ! plan has be5 *ang$ sev]al times dur+ ! p]iod ( ! practical prep>ation ( ! plan1 & mu* is ! result ( adju/m5t to que/ions ( p]sonalities4 ,no "o claims1 ?us1 any special logical value = ! f9al =mulation ( ! sectional details1 = :i* our *ief aim 0 n to g beyond eight times sixte51 t is #abh1 sections1 inasmu* z x 0 plann$ to h ! meet+s at eight diff]5t "t-p]iods 9 sixte5 diff]5t halls4 ,if we _h fulfill$ all ! wi%es :i* 7 express$ by speciali/s1 ! numb] w\ld h be5 quickly d\bl$4 ,yet a few rem>ks may be devot$ to ! bran*+ (f )9 ! sev5 divisions1 z a %ort discussion ( "s ( ^! details may ?r[ additional light on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! :ole plan4 ,if we ?us beg9 ) ! ,normative ,sci5ces1 we /& at once be=e "o feature ( ! plan :i* has be5 9 an especially high degree a matt] ( bo? approval & criticism3 ! fact t ,ma!matics is gr\p$ ) ,philosophy4 ,! ,division 0 to conta91 z we h se51 ! sy/ems ( logically connect$ w-acts ( ! ov]-individual subject4 ,t ,e?ics or ,logic or /hetics or ,philosophy ( ,religion deals ) su* ov]-individual attitudes _c be d\bt$2 b h we a "r to cord9ate ! ma!matical sci5ces ) ^! philosophical sci5ces8 ,has ,ma!matics n a m natural place among ! physical sci5ces cord9at$ ) & introductory to ,me*anics1 ,physics1 & ,a/ronomy8 ,! ma!maticians !mselves w\ld (t5 be incl9$ to accept )\t hesitation ?is neighborhood ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,!y w\ld say t ! ma!matical objects are indep5d5t realities ^: prop]ties we /udy l ^? ( nature1 ^: relations we obs]ve1 ^: exi/5ce we discov]1 & 9 :i* we are int]e/$ because !y belong to ! real _w4 ,all ?is is true1 & yet ! objects ( ! ma!matician are objects made by ! logical w only1 & ?us diff]5t f all ph5om5a into :i* s5sation ent]s4 ,! ma!matician1 ( c\rse1 does n reflect on ! purely logical orig9 ( ! objects :i* he /udies1 b ! sy/em ( k mu/ give to ! /udy ( ! ma!matical objects its place 9 ! gr\p :]e ! functions & products ( ! ov]-individual attitudes are classifi$4 ,! ma!matical object is a free creation1 & a creation n only z to ! comb9ation ( elem5ts--t w\ld be ! case ) _m laboratory sub/ances ( ! *emi/ too--b a creation z to ! elem5ts !mselves1 & ! value ( t creation1 its ma!matical int]e/1 is to be judg$ by ideals ( ?\ght2 t is1 by logical purposes4 ,no d\bt ?is logical purpose is its application 9 ! _w ( objects & ! ma!matical concepts mu/ ?us fit ! objective _w s absolutely t ma!matics c be conceiv$ z a description ( ! _w aft] ab/ract+ n only f ! w-relations1 z physics does1 b also f ! cont5t4 ,ma!matics w\ld1 !n1 be ! ph5om5ali/ic sci5ce ( ! =m & ord] ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is way1 ma!matics has inde$ a claim to places 9 bo? divisions3 among ! physical sci5ces if we emphasize its applicability to ! _w1 & among ! teleological sci5ces if we emphasize ! free creation ( ! objects by ! logical w4 ,b if we really g back to epi/emological pr9ciples1 our sy/em has to pref] ! latt] emphasis2 t is1 we mu/ cord9ate ma!matics ) logic & n ) physics4 ,z to ! subdivision ( philosophy1 x is mo/ ess5tial = u to po9t to ! negative fact t ( c\rse psy*ology _c h a place 9 ! philosophical dep>tm5t1 z "p ( ! ,normative ,division4 ,!re is p]haps no sci5ce ^: position 9 ! sy/em ( k (f]s s _m me?odological difficulties z psy*ology4 ,hi/orical tradition ( c\rse l9ks x ) philosophy2 ?r\gh\t a great "p ( its pres5t endeavors x is1 on ! o!r h&1 l9k$ ) physiology4 ,?us we f9d x sometimes cord9at$ ) logic & e?ics1 & sometimes1 especially 9 ! classical positivi/ic sy/ems1 cord9at$ ) ! sci5ces ( ! organic functions4 ,we h se5 :y a really logical treatm5t has to disreg>d ^? hi/orical & practical relations & has to sep>ate ! psy*ological sci5ces f ! philosophical & ! biological sci5ces4 ,yet ev5 ?is does n complete ! li/ ( problems :i* mu/ be settl$1 inasmu* z mod]n ?9k]s h frequ5tly insi/$ t psy*ology itself all[s a tw(old aspect4 ,we c h a psy*ology :i* describes & expla9s ! m5tal life by analyz+ x into its elem5ts & by connect+ ^! elem5ts ?r\gh causality4 ,b !re may be ano!r psy*ology :i* treats inn] life 9 t imm$iate unity 9 :i* we exp]i5ce x & seeks to int]pret x z ! free function ( p]sonality4 ,?is latt] k9d ( psy*ology has be5 call$ volunt>i/ic psy*ology z aga9/ ! ph5om5ali/ic psy*ology :i* seeks description & explanation4 ,su* volunt>i/ic psy*ology w\ld cle>ly belong aga9 to a diff]5t division4 ,x w\ld be a !ory ( individual life z a function ( w1 & w\ld ?us be introductory to ! hi/orical sci5ces & to ! normative sci5ces too4 ,yet we left out ?is teleological psy*ology f our programme1 z su* a sci5ce is z yet a programme only4 ,:]ev] an ef=t is made to realize x1 x becomes an odd mixture ( an inconsi/5t ph5om5ali/ic psy*ology on ! "o side1 & philosophy ( hi/ory1 logic1 e?ics1 & /hetics on ! o!r side4 ,! only sci5ce :i* really has a "r to call itself psy*ology is ! "o :i* seeks to describe & to expla9 inn] life & treats x !re=e z a sy/em ( psy*ical objects1 t is1 z cont5ts ( consci\sness1 t is1 z ph5om5a4 ,psy*ology belongs1 !n1 9 ! g5]al division ( psy*ical sci5ces z ov] aga9/ physical sci5ces1 & bo? deal ) objects z ov] aga9/ philosophy & hi/ory1 :i* deal ) subjects ( w4 ,! subdivision ( ! ,hi/orical ,sci5ces (f]s no me?odological difficulty z soon z ^? epi/emological argum5ts are ackn[l$g$ by :i* we %>ply di/+ui% hi/ory f ! ,physical & ,m5tal ,sci5ces4 ,if hi/ory is a sy/em ( w-relations :i* is 9 teleological connection ) ! w-dem&s t surr\nd u1 !n political hi/ory loses its pr$om9ant rle1 & ! hi/ory ( law & ( lit]ature1 ( language & ( economy1 ( art & religion1 become cord9at$ ) political developm5t1 :ile ! m]e an?ropological aspect ( man is relegat$ to ! physical sci5ces4 ,! m complete orig9al s*eme 0 "h aga9 f9ally cond5s$ = practical reasons2 = in/ance1 ! plann$ dep>tm5ts on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education1 on ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce1 & on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7 sacrific$1 & ! dep>tm5t ( ,economic ,hi/ory 0 jo9$ to t ( ,political ,hi/ory4 ,9 ! same way we felt oblig$ to omit 9 ! end _m important sections 9 ! dep>tm5ts2 we _h1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,language at fir/ a section on ,slavic ,languages2 yet ! numb] ( s*ol>s int]e/$ 0 too small to ju/ify its exi/5ce beside a section on ,slavic ,lit]ature4 ,also ! ,hi/ory ( ,music 0 omitt$ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,art2 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,law 0 plann$ at fir/ ) a full] ramification4 ,! division ( ,physical ,sci5ces naturally sugge/$ t k9d ( subdivision :i* ! positivi/ic classification pres5ts z a complete sy/em ( sci5ces4 ,consid]+ physics & *emi/ry z ! two fundam5tal sci5ces ( g5]al laws1 we turn fir/ to a/ronomy1 !n f ! sci5ce ( ! :ole univ]se to ! "o planet1 to ! sci5ces ( ! e>?2 !nce to ! liv+ organisms on ! e>?2 & f biology to ! /ill n>r[] circle ( an?ropology4 ,! special classification ( physics (f]s a c]ta9 difficulty4 ,to divide x 9 text-book fa%ion into s\nd1 light1 electricity1 etc41 seems h>dly 9 h>mony ) ! ef=t to seek logical pr9ciples 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! classification4 ,! ?ree gr\ps :i* we f9ally =m$1 ,physics ( ,matt]1 ,physics ( ,e!r1 & ,physics ( ,electron1 may appe> some:at too mu* influ5c$ by ! late/ !ories ( to-day1 yet x seem$ pref]able to o!r pr9ciples4 ,9 ! biological dep>tm5t1 criticism seems ju/ifi$ 9 view ( ! fact t we con/ruct$ a special section1 ,human ,anatomy4 ,a /rictly logical s*eme might h ackn[l$g$ t human anatomy is to-day n a sep>ate sci5ce1 & t x has resolv$ itself into comp>ative anatomy4 ,sections ( ,inv]tebrate & ,v]tebrate ,anatomy might h be5 m satisfactory4 ,! f9al arrangem5t 0 a concession to ! practical int]e/s ( ! physicians1 :o h naturally to emphasize ! anatomy ( ! human organism4 ,9 ! division ( ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 we h ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sociology4 ,we 71 ( c\rse1 aw>e t ! sociological int]e/ includes n only ! psy*ological1 b also ! physiological life ( society1 & t x ?us has relations to ! physical sci5ces too4 ,yet ^! relations are logically n m fundam5tal ?an ^? ( ! individual m5tal life to ! functions ( ! individual organism4 ,mu* ( ! physiological side 0 fur!r to be h&$ ov] to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,an?ropology1 & ?us we felt ju/ifi$ 9 gr\p+ sociology ) psy*ology "u ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 z ! psy*ology ( ! social organism4 ,"h1 too1 a l>g] numb] ( sections 0 int5d$ & only ! two mo/ ess5tial ones1 ,social ,/ructure & ,social ,psy*ology1 7 f9ally admitt$4 ,! ramifications ( ! practical sci5ces _h to foll[ ! g5]al pr9ciple t _! "* is det]m9$ by purpose & n by mat]ial4 ,! difficulty 0 "h m]ely 9 ! extreme specialization ( ! practical discipl9es1 :i* sugge/s on ! :ole ! =m+ ( v small units1 :ile our plan 0 to provide = fifty practical sections only4 ,x seem$1 !re=e1 incongru\s to h ! :ole ( ,int]nal ,m$ic9e or ! :ole ( ,private ,law cond5s$ into "o section4 ,yet z ! purpose ( ! s*eme 0 a !oretical & n a practical "o1 ev5 :]e ! !ory ( practical sci5ces 0 9 "q1 we felt ju/ifi$ 9 con/ruct+ cord9at$ sections1 ev5 :]e ! practical importance 0 v unequal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s gl>+ defects j "h are due m]ely to *ance circum/ances4 ,t !re 71 = in/ance1 no sections on ,crim9al ,law or ,ecclesia/ical ,law 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,jurisprud5ce1 nor on ,legal ,proc$ure1 result$ f ! un=tunate accid5t t 9 ^! cases ! speak]s :o 7 to come f ,europe 7 )held by illness or public duties4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,art 9 ! ,division ( ,social ,culture1 & ?us ( ! ,sections on ! !ory & practice ( ! diff]5t arts1 has be5 expla9$ be=e4 ,x is evid5t t also 9 ! ,economical ,dep>tm5t ! practical developm5t has int]f]$ ) ! orig9al symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! sections4 ,?is is n true ( ! ,religi\s ,dep>tm5t1 ^: six sections express ! t5d5cies ( ! orig9al plan4 ,! frequ5tly express$ criticism t ! diff]5t religions & _! d5om9ations ought to h f\nd place !re %[s a misconception ( our purpose2 a ,p>liam5t ( ,religion did n belong to ?is plan4 ,,iii ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,! programme ( ! ,congress1 z outl9$ 9 ! previ\s pages1 0 9 ?is case some:at m ?an a m]e programme4 ,x n only invit$ to d a piece ( "w1 b x s\ght to contribute to ! "w itself4 ,yet ! *ief "w _h to be done by o!rs1 & _! "p ne$$ c>eful prep>ation4 ,yet v little ( ! prep>ation %[$ itself to ! eyes ( ! l>g] public1 & few 7 fully aw>e :at a complex organization 0 gr[+ up & h[ _m p]sons ( m>k 7 cop]at+4 ,x 0 ess5tial to f9d = e address ! be/ man4 ,speciali/s only c\ld sugge/ to ! committees :]e to f9d him4 ,x has be5 told be=e h[ our invitations 7 br\ght to ! =eign]s fir/ till ! desir$ numb] ( =eign p>ticipants 0 secur$1 & h[ ! ,am]icans foll[$4 ,z c\ld n be o!rwise expect$1 int]f]5ces ( all k9ds di/urb$ ! ideal configuration ( ! fir/ li/ ( acceptances2 sub/itutes _h sometimes to be reli$ on2 & yet1 :5 on ! n9ete5? ( ,septemb] ,presid5t ,francis welcom$ ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce 9 ! gigantic ,fe/ival ,hall ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition1 ! ,committee knew t almo/ f\r hundr$ speak]s _h complet$ _! manuscripts1 & t x 0 a galaxy :i* f> surpass$ 9 importance t ( any previ\s int]national congress4 ,& ! li/ ( ^? :o /ood = ! success ( ! "w 0 n conf9$ to ! (ficial speak]s4 ,ea* ,dep>tm5t & ea* ,section _h its own honor>y ,presid5t1 :o 0 also *os5 by ! cons5t ( lead+ speciali/s & ^: introductory rem>ks 7 to give additional importance to ! ga!r+4 ,at _! side /ood ! hundr$ & ?irty ,secret>ies1 c>efully *os5 f among ! productive s*ol>s ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,& a l>ge numb] ( in=mal1 yet (ficially invit$ contributors1 _h ann\nc$ valuable discussions & addresses = almo/ e ,section4 ,invitations to memb]%ip f9ally _h be5 s5t to ! univ]sities & s*ol>ly societies ( all c\ntries4 ,t ! turmoil ( a _w's fair is out ( h>mony ) ! s*ol>'s long+ = repose & quietude is a natural presupposition1 :i* has n be5 disprov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 our ,presid5t1 spoke to ! op5+ assembly on ! dignity ( s*ol>%ip1 ! s*ol>'s peaceful address 0 acc5tuat$ by ! ?und] ( ! cannons ) :i* ,bo] & ,briti% =ces 7 play+ at w> ne> by4 ,! ro>+ ( ! ,pike ov]p[]$ _m a quiet session1 & ! pati5t speak] _h n seldom to fight h]oically ) a brass b& on ! next lawn4 ,! tra9s 7 delay$1 trunks 7 mix$ up1 & ! sultry ,/4 ,l\is wea!r /irr$ mu* secret long+ = ! sea%ore & ! m\nta9s1 :i* mo/ _h to leave too e>ly = t pilgrimage to ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,yet all ?is c\ld h be5 easily =ese51 & e "o knew t all ?is w\ld soon be =gott54 ,^! slight discom=ts 7 _m times made up = by ! ov]:elm+ beauty ( t ivory city 9 :i* ! civilization ( ! _w 0 focus$ by ! unit$ en]gy ( ! nations1 & x seem$ well wor? :ile to cross ! ocean = ! delight ( t en*antm5t :i* came ) e ev5+'s myriad illum9ation4 ,& e day br\ght int]e/+ fe/ivities4 ,no "o w =get ! receptions ( ! =eign commission]s1 or ! *>m+ hospitality ( ! lead+ citiz5s ( ,/4 ,l\is1 or ! en?usia/ic banquet :i* br\ght "o ?\s& speak]s & presid5ts & (ficial memb]s ( ! ,congress toge!r z gue/s ( ! ma/] m9d ( ! ,exposition1 ,presid5t ,francis4 ,:ile ! discom=t ( ext]nal %ortcom+s 0 ?us easily balanc$1 x is m d\btful :e!r ! int]nal %ortcom+s ( ! "w c be consid]$ z fully comp5sat$ =4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ov]look ^! defects 9 ! realization ( our plans1 ev5 if x may be ackn[l$g$ t !y 7 unavoidable "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty has be5 t _m speak]s h n really treat$ ! topic = ! discussion ( :i* !y 7 invit$4 ,?is deviation f ! plan took v>i\s =ms4 ,!re 0 9 "s cases a fundam5tal attitude tak5 :i* did n h>monize ) ^? logical pr9ciples :i* _h l$ to ! classification2 = in/ance1 we _h %>ply sep>at$1 = reasons fully /at$ above1 ! ,division ( ,hi/ory f ! ,division ( ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 includ+ sociology2 yet "s pap]s = ! ,division ( ,hi/ory cle>ly indicat$ sympa?y ) ! traditional positivi/ic view1 accord+ to :i* hi/ory becomes simply a "p ( sociology4 ,& simil> v>iations ( ! g5]al plan occur 9 almo/ e division4 ,b !re _c be any objection to ?is second>y v>iety z long z ! :ole framework gives ! prim>y uni=mity4 ,c]ta9ly no "o ( ! contributors is to be blam$ = x2 no "o 0 pl$g$ to ! philosophy ( ! g5]al plan1 & probably few w\ld h agre$ if any "o _h _h ! idea ( dem&+ f e contributor an id5tical backgr\nd ( g5]al convictions4 ,su* monotony w\ld h be5 ev5 h>mful1 z ! "w w\ld h become inexpressive ( ! ri*ness ( t5d5cies 9 ! s*ol>ly life ( our "t4 ,?is 0 n an occasion :]e educat$ cl]ks 7 to "w up 9 a secondh& way a report ^: g5]al tr5d 0 det]m9$ be=eh&2 ! "w dem&$ orig9al ?9k]s1 ) :om e ^w gr[s out ( a ri* individual view ( ! totality4 ,if e pap] _h be5 meant m]ely z a detail$ amplification ( ! logical pr9ciples on :i* ! :ole plan 0 bas$1 x w\ld h be5 wis] to set "y ,doctor c&idates to "w1 :o might h elaborat$ ! h9t ( ! g5]al s*eme4 ,to invite ! lead]s ( k meant to give !m complete fre$om & to conf9e ! dem&s ( ! plan to a mo/ g5]al direction4 ,! same fre$om1 :i* e "o 0 to h z to ! g5]al /&po9t1 0 int5d$ also = all ) reg>d to ! arrangem5t & limitation ( ! topic4 ,all ! sectional addresses 7 suppos$ to deal ei!r ) relations or ) fundam5tal problems ( to-day4 ,x w\ld h be5 absurd to dem& t 9 e case ! totality ( relations or ( problems %\ld be cov]$ or ev5 t\*$4 ,! result w\ld h become p]functory & insignificant4 ,no "o int5d$ to produce a cyclop$ia4 ,x 0 ess5tial ev]y:]e to select t :i* 0 mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! t5d5cies ( ! age & mo/ promis+ = ! sci5ce ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,^? problems 7 to be emphasiz$ ^: solution is mo/ dem&$ = ! imm$iate progress ( k1 & ^? relations _h to be select$ ?r\gh :i* new connections1 new syn!tic ?\ghts prep>e !mselves to-day4 ,t ?is selection _h to be left to ! speak] 0 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,yet x may be said t 9 all ^! directions1 ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al /&po9t & ) ref]5ce to problems & relations1 ! ,organiz+ ,committee _h some:at prep>$ ! *oice ?r\gh ! selection ( ! speak]s !mselves4 ,z ! /&po9ts ( ! lead+ speak]s 7 well kn[n1 x 0 n difficult to invite z f> z possible = e place a s*ol> ^: g5]al views w\ld be lea/ out ( h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( ! plan4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we _h ! task be=e u ( select+ ! divisional speak]s = ! ,normative & = ! ,m5tal ,sci5ces1 x 0 only natural to invite = ! fir/ a philosoph] ( ideali/ic type & = ! latt] a philosoph] ( positivi/ic /amp1 inasmu* z ! :ole s*eme gave to ! m5tal sci5ces ! same place :i* !y w\ld h _h 9 a positivi/ic s*eme1 :ile ! normative sci5ces w\ld h lo/ ! mean+ :i* !y _h 9 our plan if a positivi/ _h simply psy*ologiz$ !m4 ,9 ! same way we gave pref]5ce z f> z possible1 = ! addresses on relations1 to ^? s*ol>s ^: previ\s "w 0 conc]n$ ) new syn!tic movem5ts1 & z speak]s on problems ^? 7 invit$ :o 7 9 any case engag$ 9 ! solution ( ^? problems :i* seem$ c5tral 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce4 ,?us x 0 t on ! :ole ! expectation 0 ju/ifi$ t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic relations & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic problems w\ld be select$ if e invit$ speak] spoke ess5tially on ^? relations & on ^? problems ) :i* 8 own special "w 0 engag$4 ,yet !re is no d\bt t ?is expectation 0 sometimes fulfill$ beyond our anticipation1 9 an am\nt ( specialization :i* 0 no long] entirely 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al "* ( ! und]tak+4 ,! g5]al problem has become sometimes only ! />t+-po9t or almo/ ! pretext = speak+ on "s relation or problem s detail$ t x c h>dly /& z a repres5tative symbol ( ! :ole movem5t 9 t sectional field4 ,especially 9 ! practical sci5ces m room 0 sometimes tak5 = p>ticul> hobbies & *ance aspects ?an 9 ! eyes ( ! orig9ators ! occasion may h call$ =4 ,yet on ! :ole ?is 0 ! exception4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! addresses fulfill$ nobly ! high hopes ( ! ,bo>ds1 & ev5 9 ^? exceptional cases :]e ! speak] w5t 8 own way1 x 0 usually su* an orig9al & /imulat+ expression ( a /rong p]sonality t no "o w\ld c>e to miss ?is tone 9 ! symphony ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 n[ ( c\rse1 ?\gh ! ,congress days h pass$1 & only typewritt5 manuscripts are left f all ^? ,septemb] meet+s1 x w\ld be easy to provide1 by editorial ef=ts1 = a great] uni=mity & a smoo!r h>monization4 ,mo/ ( ! au?ors w\ld h be5 q will+ to ret\* _! addresses 9 ! int]e/ ( great] objective uni=mity & to accept ! h9t ( an editorial committee 9 elaborat+ m fully "s po9ts & 9 cond5s+ or elim9at+ o!rs4 ,mu* 0 writt5 9 ! desire to br+ a c]ta9 ?\ght = discussion be=e su* an em95t audi5ce1 :ile ! speak] w\ld be ready to sub/itute o!r features ( ! subject = ! p]man5t =m ( ! pr9t$ volume4 ,yet su* editorial sup]vision & trans=mation w\ld be n only immode/ b dang]\s4 ,we might risk ga9+ "s ext]nal uni=mity1 b only to lose mu* ( ! fre%ness & imm$iacy & brilliancy ( ! fir/ pres5tation4 ,& :o w\ld d>e to play ! critical judge :5 ! int]national contributors are ! lead]s ( ?\ght8 ,!re 0 !re=e n ! slighte/ ef=t made to sugge/ revision ( ! manuscripts1 = :i* ! :ole responsibility mu/ ?us fall to ! p>ticul> au?or4 ,! r$uction to a uni=m language seem$1 on ! o!r h&1 mo/ natural1 & ^? :o _h deliv]$ _! addresses 9 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 or ,italian !mselves welcom$ ! idea t _! pap]s %\ld be translat$ into ,engli% by compet5t speciali/s4 ,! %ort bibliographies1 select$ mo/ly ?r\gh ! *airman ( ! dep>tm5ts1 & ! v full index ) ref]5ces may add to ! g5]al usefulness ( ! eight volumes 9 :i* ! "w is to be pres5t$4 ,b ! significance ( ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce ought n to be measur$ & valu$ only by ref]5ce to ?is pr9t$ result4 ,its less visible side-effects seem 9 no way less important = s*ol>%ip1 & !y are f\rfold4 ,!re 01 fir/1 ! p]sonal contact betwe5 ! s*ol>ly public & ! lead]s ( ?\ght2 !re 01 secondly1 ! fir/ academic alliance betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe2 !re 01 ?irdly1 ! fir/ demon/ration ( a _w congress cry/alliz$ ab\t "o problem2 !re 01 f\r?ly1 ! unique acc5tuation ( ! ?\ght ( unity 9 all human sci5ce2 & ea* ( ^! f\r movem5ts w be cont9u$ & re9=c$ by ! publication ( ^! proce$+s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! f\r features1 ! contact ( ! s*ol>ly public ) ! be/ ?9k]s ( our "t1 _h1 to be sure1 its limitations4 ,x 0 n s\ght to create a really popul> congress4 ,nei!r ! level ( ! addresses1 nor ! size ( ! halls1 nor ! numb] ( invitations s5t out1 nor ! g5]al conditions ( a _w's fair at :i* ! exp5se ( liv+ is high & ! di/ractions ?\s&fold1 favor$ ! att5dance ( cr[ds4 ,x 0 plann$ f ! fir/ t on ! :ole s*ol>s & speciali/s %\ld att5d & t ! army %\ld be made up ess5tially ( (fic]s4 ,if 9 an a/ronomical section p]haps ?irty m5 7 pres5t1 among :om practically e "o 0 among ! be/ kn[n directors ( obs]vatories or pr(essors ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 or physics1 f all c\ntries ( ! globe1 mu* m 0 ga9$ ?an if ?ree ?\s& _h be5 9 ! audi5ce1 br\ght toge!r by an int]e/ ( curiosity 9 moon & />s4 ,= ! mo/ "p !re mu/ h be5 betwe5 a hundr$ & two hundr$ 9 ea* ( ! #abh sectional meet+s1 & t 0 m ?an ! organiz]s expect$4 ,?is direct influ5ce on ! int]e/$ public is n[ to be exp&$ a ?\s&fold by ! mission "w ( ^! volumes4 ,! conc5tration ( ^! hundr$s ( addresses into a few days made x 9 any case impossible to li/5 to m ?an to a small fraction2 ^! volumes w br+ at la/ all speak]s to cord9at$ effectiv5ess2 & :ile "o hall suff]$ f bad ac\/ics1 ano!r f bad v5tilation1 & a ?ird f ! pass+ ( ! int]mural tra9s1 "h at lea/ is an audi5ce 9 :i* no?+ w di/urb ! s5sitive n]ves ( ! will+ foll[]4 ,b mu* m emphasis is due to ! second feature4 ,! ,congress 0 an epo*-mak+ ev5t = ! int]national _w ( s*ol>%ip f ! fact t x 0 ! fir/ great und]tak+ 9 :i* ! ,old & ! ,new ,worlds /ood on equal levels & 9 :i* ,europe really became acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific life ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! contact ( s*ol>%ip betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe has1 inde$1 gr[n 9 importance ?r\gh _m decades4 ,_m ,am]ican /ud5ts _h /udi$ 9 ,european & especially 9 ,g]man univ]sities & _h come back to fill ! pr(essorial *airs ( ! lead+ academic in/itutions4 ,! _s ( ! ,graduate ,s*ool & ! "w t[>ds ! ,doctor's degree1 yes1 ! :ole productive s*ol>%ip ( rec5t decades _h be5 influ5c$ by ,european ideals1 & ! results 7 no long] ignor$ at ! seats ( le>n+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,european s*ol>s _h "h & !re come z visit+ lectur]s or z assimilat$ in/ructors1 & a few ,am]ican s*ol>s belong$ to ! lead+ ,european ,academies4 ,yet1 :oev] knew ! real developm5t ( ,am]ican po/-graduate univ]sity life1 ! rapid advance ( g5u9e ,am]ican s*ol>%ip1 ! incomp>able progress ( ! sci5tific in/itutions ( ! ,new ,_w1 ( _! libr>ies & laboratories1 museums & associations1 0 well aw>e t ,europe _h h>dly notic$ & c]ta9ly n fully und]/ood ! gigantic /rides ( ! c\ntry :i* seem$ a rival only on comm]cial & indu/rial gr\nd4 ,europe 0 satisfi$ ) ! traditional ideas ( ,am]ica's sci5tific /&+ :i* reflect$ ! situation ( ?irty ye>s ago1 & did n und]/& t ! *anges ( a few lu/res mean 9 ! ,new ,_w m ?an "u ! firm] traditions ( ,europe4 ,am]ican sci5tific lit]ature 0 /ill neglect$2 ,am]ican univ]sities treat$ 9 a condesc5d+ & patroniz+ _s & ) h>dly any aw>5ess ( ! fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 ! in/itutions ( ! two sides4 ,^? ,european s*ol>s :o cross$ ! ocean did x ) mission>y1 or p]haps ) less unselfi%1 int5tions1 & ! ,am]icans :o att5d$ ,european congresses 7 mo/ly treat$ ) ! fri5dl9ess :i* ! self-satisfi$ tea*] %[s to a promis+ pupil4 ,! "t _h really come :5 ! contra/ betwe5 ! real situation & ! traditional con/ruction became a dang] = ! sci5tific life ( ! "t4 ,bo? sides _h to suff] f x4 ,! ,am]icans felt t _! s]i\s & important a*ievem5ts did n come to _! fulle/ effectiv5ess ?r\gh ! insi/5t neglect ( ^? :o by ! tradition ( c5turies _h become ! habitual gu>dians ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,a k9d ( feel+ ( dep5d5cy z x usually develops 9 weak colonies too (t5 depress$ ! consci5ti\s s*ol>%ip on ,am]ican soil z ! result ( ?is undue condesc5sion4 ,yet ! great] h>m 0 to ! o!r side4 ,once be=e ,europe _h _h ! exp]i5ce ( surprise :5 ,am]ican successes pres5t$ !mselves :]e no?+ ( t k9d 0 anticipat$ 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,x 0 9 ! field ( economic life t ,europe look$ d[n patroniz+ly on ,am]ica's indu/rial ef=ts1 & yet be=e %e 0 fully aw>e h[ ! *ange result$1 sudd5ly ! w>n+ signal ( ! ,am]ican dang] 0 he>d ev]y:]e4 ,! surprise 9 ! intellectual field w n be less4 ,! unprep>$ness 0 c]ta9ly ! same4 ,( c\rse1 !re _c be any dang] ( rivalry 9 ! sci5tific field1 inasmu* z sci5ce kn[s no competition b only cop]ation4 ,& yet x _c be )\t dang] = ,european sci5ce if x willfully neglects & recklessly ignores ?is eag] work+ ( ! mod]n ,am]ica4 ,= bo? sides a *ange 9 ! situation 0 ?us n only desirable1 b necess>y2 & to prep>e ?is *ange1 to sub/itute k = ignorance1 no?+ c\ld h be5 m effective ?an ?is ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,ev5 if we ab/ract f ! n inconsid]able numb] ( ^? ,european s*ol>s :o foll[$ naturally 9 ! pa? ( ! invit$ gue/s1 & if we consid] m]ely ! function ( ^! invit$ p>ticipants1 ! importance ( ! proc$ure is evid5t4 ,m ?an a hundr$ lead+ s*ol>s f all ,european c\ntries came "u conditions :]e academic fell[%ip on an equal foot+ 0 a necess>y "p ( ! "w4 ,!re 0 n ! slighte/ premium held out :i* might h attract$ !m _h n real int]-academic int]e/ br\ght !m ov] ! ocean1 & no mission>y _s 0 appeal$ to1 z ev]y?+ 0 equally divid$ betwe5 ,am]ican & =eign contributors4 ,x 0 a real fea/ ( int]national s*ol>%ip1 9 :i* ! importance & ! numb] ( =eign]s /amp$ x z ! fir/ significant alliance ( ! _s ( le>n+ 9 ! ,new & ! ,old ,worlds4 ,& x 0 ess5tially = ?is purpose t ! week ( p]sonal int]m+l+ 9 ,/4 ,l\is itself 0 prec$$ & foll[$ by happy weeks ( visits to lead+ univ]sities4 ,almo/ e "o ( ^? "o hundr$ ,european s*ol>s visit$ ,h>v>d & ,yale1 ,*icago & ,johns ,hopk9s1 ,columbia & ,p5nsylvania1 saw ! treasures ( ,wa%+ton & exam9$ ! exhibitions ( ,am]ican s*ol>%ip 9 ! ,_w's ,fair itself4 ,! *ange ( op9ion1 ! disappe>ance ( prejudice1 ! gr[? ( confid5ce1 ! p]sonal int]collegiate ties :i* result$ f all t1 h be5 evid5t s9ce ^? days all ov] ,europe4 ,& x is n surpris+ t x is j ! mo/ fam\s & mo/ important ( ! visitors1 fam\s & important ?r\gh _! wid? & dep? ( view1 ^: expression ( appreciation & admiration = ! new a*ievem5ts has be5 l\de/4 ,we insi/$ t ! effectiv5ess ( ! ,congress %[$ itself 9 two o!r directions /ill3 on ! "o side1 !re 0 at la/ a congress ) a unifi$ programme1 a congress :i* /ood = a def9ite ?\ght1 & :i* br\ght all its ef=ts to be> on ! solution ( "o problem4 ,!re seem$ a f>-rea*+ agreem5t ( op9ion t ?is new pr9ciple ( congress adm9i/ration _h successfully )/ood ! te/ ( practical realization4 ,m]e conglom]ations ( unconnect$ meet+s ) casual programmes & unrelat$ pap]s _c claim any long] to repres5t ! only possible =m ( int]national ga!r+s ( s*ol>s4 ,m ?an t1 _! sup]flu\s & di%e>t5+ "* w be felt 9 future m /rongly ?an be=e4 ,no congress w appe> fully ju/ifi$ ^: pr9t$ proce$+s d n %[ a real plan 9 its programme4 ,& ! consci\sness ( ?is mission ( ! ,congress w c]ta9ly be aga9 re9=c$ by ! publication ( ^! volumes1 inasmu* z x is evid5t t !y repres5t a sub/antial contribution to ! k ( our "t :i* w\ld n h be5 made )\t ! special /imulat+ occasion ( ! ,congress4 ,&1 f9ally1 :e!r su* a congress is held aga9 or n1 ! impulse ( ?is "o _c be lo/ on acc\nt ( ! special end to :i* all its ef=ts h be5 direct$3 ! unity ( sci5tific k4 ,we _h emphasiz$ f ! fir/ t "h 0 ! c5tre ( our purposes 9 a "t ^: sci5tific specialization necess>ily involves a scatt]+ ( s*ol>ly "w & :i* yet 9 its deepe/ mean+ /rives = a new syn!sis1 = a new unity1 :i* is to give to all ?is scatt]$ labor a real dignity & significance2 truly no?+ 0 m ne$$ ?an an int5se acc5tuation ( ! int]nal h>mony ( all human k4 ,b = t x is n en\gh t ! masses feel in/9ctively ! deep ne$ ( su* unify+ movem5ts1 nor is x en\gh t ! philosoph]s po9t ) logical argum5ts t[>ds ! new syn!sis4 ,! philosoph] c only /& by & po9t ! way2 ! speciali/s !mselves mu/ g ! way4 ,& "h at la/ !y h done s4 ,lead]s ( ?\ght h int]rupt$ _! speciali/ic "w & h left _! detail$ inquiries to seek ! fundam5tal conceptions & me?ods & pr9ciples :i* b9d all k toge!r1 & ?us to "w t[>ds t unity f :i* all special "w d]ives its mean+4 ,:e!r or n _! cop]ation has produc$ any?+ :i* is f9al is a "q almo/ insignificant comp>$ ) ! fundam5tal fact t !y cop]at$ at all = ?is ideal syn!tic purpose4 ,?is fact c nev] lose its influ5ce on ! s*ol>ly ef=t ( our age1 & w c]ta9ly f9d its /ronge/ re9=cem5t 9 ?is unifi$ publication4 ,x has fulfill$ its noble/ purpose if x adds /r5g? to ! deepe/ movem5t ( our "t1 ! movem5t t[>ds unity ( mean+ 9 ! scatt]$ manifoldness ( sci5tific endeavor ) :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury has op5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,simon ,newcomb1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,dr4 ,newcomb1 ! fam\s ,a/ronom]1 is conc$$ to be ! ,dean ( ,am]ican sci5ti/s4 ,8 em95t s]vices to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 8 recogniz$ position 9 =eign & dome/ic sci5tific circles1 made him peculi>ly fitt$ to deliv] ! introductory address1 & to (ficiate z ,presid5t ( an ,int]national ,congress ( ! lead+ sci5ti/s ( ! _w4 ,he has be5 ! recipi5t ( honor>y degrees f six ,am]ican & t5 ,european ,univ]sities1 & he is a memb] ( almo/ e important ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,he is an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & is ! only native ,am]ican besides ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 :o has be5 elect$ an ,associate ( ! ,in/itute de ,france4 ,f #ahfa to #ahig he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy4 ,he also lectur$ on ,ma!matics & ,a/ronomy at ,johns ,hopk9s1 & is n[ a ,pr(essor ,em]itus 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts ( t univ]sity4 ,dr4 ,newcomb is ! au?or ( num]\s works on ,a/ronomy & o!r sci5tific subjects4 ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,introductory ,,address ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,op5+ ,,ex]cises ,,at ,,fe/ival ,,hall ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,congress ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,inve/igator ,z we look at ! assemblage ga!r$ 9 ?is hall1 compris+ s _m names ( wide/ r5[n 9 e bran* ( le>n+1--we might almo/ say 9 e field ( human endeavor1--! fir/ inquiry sugge/$ mu/ be aft] ! object ( our meet+4 ,! answ] is1 t our purpose corresponds to ! em95ce ( ! assemblage4 ,we aim at no?+ less ?an a survey ( ! realm ( k1 z compreh5sive z is p]mitt$ by ! limitations ( "t & space4 ,! organiz]s ( our ,congress h honor$ me ) ! *>ge ( pres5t+ su* prelim9>y view ( its field z may make cle> ! _s ( our und]tak+4 ,c]ta9 t5d5cies *>act]i/ic ( ! sci5ce ( our day cle>ly sugge/ ! direction ( our ?\ghts mo/ appropriate to ! occasion4 ,among ! /ronge/ ( ^! is "o t[>d lay+ great] /ress on que/ions ( ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & reg>d+ a k ( ! laws ( developm5t ( any object ( /udy z necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( its pres5t =m4 ,x may be conc$$ t ! pr9ciple "h involv$ is z applicable 9 ! broad field be=e u z 9 a special rese>* into ! prop]ties ( ! m9ute/ organism4 ,x !re=e seems meet t we %\ld beg9 by inquir+ :at ag5cy has br\ght ab\t ! rem>kable developm5t ( sci5ce to :i* ! _w ( to-day be>s witness4 ,?is view is recogniz$ 9 ! plan ( our proce$+s1 by provid+ = ea* great dep>tm5t ( k a review ( its progress dur+ ! c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce ! great ev5t commemorat$ by ! sc5es outside ?is hall4 ,b su* reviews d n make up t g5]al survey ( sci5ce at l>ge :i* is necess>y to ! developm5t ( our !me1 & :i* mu/ include ! action ( causes t _h _! orig9 long be=e our "t4 ,! movem5t :i* culm9at$ 9 mak+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ev] memorable 9 hi/ory is ! outcome ( a long s]ies ( causes1 act+ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 :i* are wor?y ( especial att5tion on su* an occasion z ?is4 ,9 sett+ !m =? we %\ld avoid lay+ /ress on ^? visible manife/ations :i*1 /rik+ ! eye ( e behold]1 are 9 no dang] ( be+ ov]look$1 & se>* r = ^? ag5cies ^: activities und]lie ! :ole visible sc5e1 b :i* are liable to be blott$ out ( sight by ! v brilliancy ( ! results to :i* !y h giv5 rise4 ,x is easy to draw att5tion to ! wond]ful qualities ( ! oak2 b f t v fact1 x may be ne$ful to po9t out t ! real wond] lies conceal$ 9 ! acorn f :i* x grew4 ,our inquiry into ! logical ord] ( ! causes :i* h made our civilization :at x is to-day w be facilitat$ by br++ to m9d c]ta9 elem5t>y consid]ations--ideas s famili> t sett+ !m =? may seem l cit+ a body ( truisms--& yet s frequ5tly ov]look$1 n only individually1 b 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 t ! conclusion to :i* !y lead may be lo/ to sight4 ,"o ( ^! propositions is t psy*ical r ?an mat]ial causes are ^? :i* we %\ld reg>d z fundam5tal 9 direct+ ! developm5t ( ! social organism4 ,! human intellect is ! really active ag5t 9 e bran* ( endeavor1--! primum mobile ( civilization1--& all ^? mat]ial manife/ations to :i* our att5tion is s (t5 direct$ are to be reg>d$ z second>y to ?is fir/ ag5cy4 ,if x be true t 9 ! _w is no?+ great b man2 9 man is no?+ great b m9d1 !n %\ld ! keynote ( our disc\rse be ! recognition ( ?is fir/ & greate/ ( p[]s4 ,ano!r well-kn[n fact is t ^? applications ( ! =ces ( nature to ! promotion ( human welf>e :i* h made our age :at x is1 are ( su* comp>atively rec5t orig9 t we ne$ g back only a s+le c5tury to ant$ate _! mo/ important features1 & sc>cely m ?an f\r c5turies to f9d _! beg9n+4 ,x foll[s t ! subject ( our inquiry %\ld be ! comm5cem5t1 n _m c5turies ago1 ( a c]ta9 new =m ( intellectual activity4 ,hav+ ga9$ ?is po9t ( view1 our next inquiry w be into ! nature ( t activity1 & its relation to ! /ages ( progress :i* prec$$ & foll[$ its beg9n+4 ,! sup]ficial obs]v]1 :o sees ! oak b =gets ! acorn1 might tell u t ! special qualities :i* h br\ght out su* great results are exp]t sci5tific k & r>e +5uity1 direct$ to ! application ( ! p[]s ( /eam & electricity4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! great inv5tors & ! great capta9s ( indu/ry 7 ! fir/ ag5ts 9 br++ ab\t ! mod]n era4 ,b ! m c>eful inquir] w see t ! "w ( ^! m5 0 possible only ?r\gh a k ( ! laws ( nature1 :i* _h be5 ga9$ by m5 ^: "w took prec$5ce ( !irs 9 logical ord]1 & t success 9 inv5tion has be5 measur$ by complet5ess 9 su* k4 ,:ile giv+ all due honor to ! great inv5tors1 let u rememb] t ! fir/ place is t ( ! great inve/igators1 ^: =ceful intellects op5$ ! way to secrets previ\sly hidd5 f m54 ,let x be an honor & n a reproa* to ^! m51 t !y 7 n actuat$ by ! love ( ga91 & did n keep utilit>ian ends 9 view 9 ! pursuit ( _! rese>*es4 ,if x seems t 9 neglect+ su* ends !y 7 leav+ undone ! mo/ important "p ( _! "w1 let u rememb] t nature turns a =bidd+ face to ^? :o pay h] c\rt ) ! hope ( ga91 & is responsive only to ^? suitors ^: love = h] is pure & undefil$4 ,n only is ! special g5ius requir$ 9 ! inve/igator n t g5]ally be/ adapt$ to apply+ ! discov]ies :i* he makes1 b ! result ( 8 hav+ sordid ends 9 view w\ld be to n>r[ ! field ( 8 ef=ts1 & ex]cise a depress+ effect ^u 8 activities4 ,! true man ( sci5ce has no su* expression 9 8 vocabul>y z useful k4 ,8 doma9 is z wide z nature itself1 & he be/ fulfills 8 mission :5 he leaves to o!rs ! task ( apply+ ! k he gives to ! _w4 ,we h "h ! explanation ( ! well-kn[n fact t ! functions ( ! inve/igator ( ! laws ( nature1 & ( ! inv5tor :o applies ^! laws to utilit>ian purposes1 are r>ely unit$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,if ! "o conspicu\s exception :i* ! pa/ c5tury pres5ts to ?is rule is n unique1 we %\ld probably h to g back to ,watt to f9d ano!r4 ,f ?is viewpo9t x is cle> t ! prim>y ag5t 9 ! movem5t :i* has elevat$ man to ! ma/]ful position he n[ occupies1 is ! sci5tific inve/igator4 ,he x is ^: "w has depriv$ plague & pe/il5ce ( _! t]rors1 alleviat$ human suff]+1 girdl$ ! e>? ) ! electric wire1 b\nd ! cont95t ) ! iron way1 & made neighbors ( ! mo/ di/ant nations4 ,z ! fir/ ag5t :i* has made possible ?is meet+ ( 8 repres5tatives1 let 8 evolution be ?is day our wor?y !me4 ,z we foll[ ! evolution ( an organism by /udy+ ! /ages ( its gr[?1 s we h to %[ h[ ! "w ( ! sci5tific inve/igator is relat$ to ! ineffectual ef=ts ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,9 our "t we ?9k ( ! process ( developm5t 9 nature z "o go+ cont9u\sly =w>d ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( ! opposite processes ( evolution & dissolution4 ,! t5d5cy ( our ?\ght has be5 9 ! direction ( bani%+ cataclysms to ! !ological limbo1 & view+ nature z a sleepless plodd]1 end[$ ) inf9ite pati5ce1 wait+ ?r\gh long ages = results4 ,i d n conte/ ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity on :i* ?is view is bas$4 ,b x fails to make kn[n to u ! :ole tru?4 ,! build+ ( a %ip f ! "t t h] keel is laid until %e is mak+ h] way across ! ocean is a sl[ & gradual process2 yet !re is a cataclysmic epo* op5+ up a new era 9 h] hi/ory4 ,x is ! mom5t :51 aft] ly+ = mon?s or ye>s a dead1 in]t1 immovable mass1 %e is sudd5ly end[$ ) ! p[] ( motion1 &1 z if imbu$ ) life1 glides into ! /ream1 eag] to beg9 ! c>e] = :i* %e 0 design$4 ,i ?9k x is ?us 9 ! developm5t ( humanity4 ,long ages may pass dur+ :i* a race1 to all ext]nal obs]vation1 appe>s to be mak+ no real progress4 ,additions may be made to le>n+1 & ! records ( hi/ory may con/antly gr[1 b !re is no?+ 9 its sph]e ( ?\ght1 or 9 ! features ( its life1 t c be call$ ess5tially new4 ,yet1 nature may h be5 all along sl[ly work+ 9 a way :i* evades our scrut9y until ! result ( h] op]ations sudd5ly appe>s 9 a new & revolution>y movem5t1 c>ry+ ! race to a high] plane ( civilization4 ,x is n difficult to po9t out su* epo*s 9 human progress4 ,! greate/ ( all1 because x 0 ! fir/1 is "o ( :i* we f9d no record ei!r 9 writt5 or geological hi/ory4 ,x 0 ! epo* :5 our prog5itors fir/ took consci\s ?\ght ( ! morr[1 fir/ us$ ! crude weapons :i* nature _h plac$ )9 _! rea* to kill _! prey1 fir/ built a fire to w>m _! bodies & cook _! food4 ,i love to fancy t !re 0 "s "o fir/ man1 ! ,adam ( evolution1 :o did all ?is1 & :o us$ ! p[] ?us acquir$ to %[ 8 fell[s h[ !y might pr(it by 8 example4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( ! tribe or community :i* he ga!r$ ar\nd him began to conceive ( life z a :ole1--to include ye/]day1 to-day1 & to-morr[ 9 ! same m5tal grasp--to ?9k h[ !y might apply ! gifts ( nature to _! own uses1--a movem5t 0 begun :i* %\ld ultimately lead to civilization4 ,long inde$ mu/ h be5 ! ages requir$ = ! developm5t ( ?is rude/ primitive community into ! civilization reveal$ to u by ! mo/ anci5t tablets ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,aft] spok5 language 0 develop$1 & aft] ! rude repres5tation ( ideas by visible m>ks drawn to resemble !m _h long be5 practic$1 "s ,cadmus mu/ h inv5t$ an alphabet4 ,:5 ! use ( writt5 language 0 ?us introduc$1 ! ^w ( comm& ceas$ to be conf9$ to ! range ( ! human voice1 & x became possible = ma/] m9ds to ext5d _! influ5ce z f> z a writt5 message c\ld be c>ri$4 ,!n 7 communities ga!r$ into prov9ces2 prov9ces into k+doms2 k+doms into ! great empires ( antiquity4 ,!n arose a /age ( civilization :i* we f9d pictur$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t records1--a /age 9 :i* m5 7 gov]n$ by laws t 7 p]haps z wisely adapt$ to _! conditions z our laws are to ours1--9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature 7 rudely obs]v$1 & /rik+ occurr5ces 9 ! e>? or 9 ! heav5s record$ 9 ! annals ( ! nation4 ,va/ 0 ! progress ( k dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ^! empires & ! c5tury 9 :i* mod]n sci5ce began4 ,yet1 if ,i am "r 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! sl[ & regul> /eps ( progress1 ea* gr[+ naturally out ( t :i* prec$$ x1 & ! entrance ( ! m9d at "s fairly def9ite epo* into an entirely new sph]e ( activity1 x w\ld appe> t !re 0 only "o su* epo* dur+ ! entire int]val4 ,?is 0 :5 ab/ract geometrical reason+ comm5c$1 & a/ronomical obs]vations aim+ at precision 7 record$1 comp>$1 & discuss$4 ,closely associat$ ) x mu/ h be5 ! con/ruction ( ! =ms ( logic4 ,! radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! demon/ration ( a !orem ( geometry & ! reason+ ( e-day life :i* ! masses ( m5 mu/ h practic$ f ! beg9n+1 & :i* few ev5 to-day ev] get beyond1 is s evid5t at a glance t ,i ne$ n dwell ^u x4 ,! pr9cipal feature ( ?is advance is t1 by "o ( ^? ant9omies ( ! human intellect ( :i* examples are n want+ ev5 9 our own "t1 ! developm5t ( ab/ract ideas prec$$ ! concrete k ( natural ph5om5a4 ,:5 we reflect t 9 ! geometry ( ,euclid ! sci5ce ( space 0 br\ght to su* logical p]fection t ev5 to-day its tea*]s are n agre$ z to ! practicability ( any great improvem5t ^u x1 we _c avoid ! feel+ t a v slight *ange 9 ! direction ( ! intellectual activity ( ! ,greeks w\ld h l$ to ! beg9n+ ( natural sci5ce4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! v purity & p]fection :i* 0 aim$ at 9 _! sy/em ( geometry /ood 9 ! way ( any ext5sion or application ( its me?ods & _s to ! field ( nature4 ,"o example ( ?is is wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 mod]n tea*+ ! idea ( magnitude z g5]at$ by motion is freely introduc$4 ,a l9e is describ$ by a mov+ po9t2 a plane by a mov+ l9e2 a solid by a mov+ plane4 ,x may1 at fir/ sight1 seem s+ul> t ?is conception f9ds no place 9 ! ,euclidian sy/em4 ,b we may reg>d ! omission z a m>k ( logical purity & rigor4 ,_h ! real or suppos$ advantages ( introduc+ motion into geometrical conceptions be5 sugge/$ to ,euclid1 we may suppose him to h repli$ t ! !orems ( space are indep5d5t ( "t2 t ! idea ( motion necess>ily implies "t1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 to avail ourselves ( x w\ld be to introduce an extrane\s elem5t into geometry4 ,x is q possible t ! contempt ( ! anci5t philosoph]s = ! practical application ( _! sci5ce1 :i* has cont9u$ 9 "s =m to our own "t1 & :i* is n altoge!r un:olesome1 0 a p[]ful factor 9 ! same direction4 ,! result 0 t1 9 keep+ geometry pure f ideas :i* did n belong to x1 x fail$ to =m :at might o!rwise h be5 ! basis ( physical sci5ce4 ,its f\nd]s miss$ ! discov]y t me?ods simil> to ^? ( geometric demon/ration c\ld be ext5d$ into o!r & wid] fields ?an t ( space4 ,?us n only ! developm5t ( appli$ geometry1 b ! r$uction ( o!r conceptions to a rigor\s ma!matical =m 0 indef9itely po/pon$4 ,a/ronomy is necess>ily a sci5ce ( obs]vation pure & simple1 9 :i* exp]im5t c h no place except z an auxili>y4 ,! vague acc\nts ( /rik+ cele/ial ph5om5a h&$ d[n by ! prie/s & a/rolog]s ( antiquity 7 foll[$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,greeks by obs]vations hav+1 9 =m at lea/1 a rude approa* to precision1 ?\gh no?+ l ! degree ( precision t ! a/ronom] ( to-day w\ld rea* ) ! nak$ eye1 aid$ by su* in/rum5ts z he c\ld fa%ion f ! tools at ! comm& ( ! anci5ts4 ,! rude obs]vations comm5c$ by ! ,babylonians 7 cont9u$ ) gradually improv+ in/rum5ts1--fir/ by ! ,greeks & aft]w>d by ! ,arabs1--b ! results fail$ to af=d any insight into ! true relation ( ! e>? to ! heav5s4 ,:at 0 mo/ rem>kable 9 ?is failure is t1 to take a fir/ /ep =w>d :i* w\ld h l$ on to success1 no m 0 necess>y ?an a c\rse ( ab/ract ?9k+ va/ly easi] ?an t requir$ = work+ out ! problems ( geometry4 ,t space is inf9ite is an unexpress$ axiom1 tacitly assum$ by ,euclid & 8 successors4 ,comb9+ ?is ) ! mo/ elem5t>y consid]ation ( ! prop]ties ( ! triangle1 x w\ld be se5 t a body ( any giv5 size c\ld be plac$ at su* a di/ance 9 space z to appe> to u l a po9t4 ,h5ce a body z l>ge z our e>?1 :i* 0 kn[n to be a globe f ! "t t ! anci5t ,pho5icians navigat$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 if plac$ 9 ! heav5s at a suffici5t di/ance1 w\ld look l a />4 ,! obvi\s conclusion t ! />s might be bodies l our globe1 %9+ ei!r by _! own light or by t ( ! sun1 w\ld h be5 a fir/ /ep to ! und]/&+ ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w4 ,!re is hi/oric evid5ce t ?is d$uction did n :olly escape ! ,greek ?9k]s4 ,x is true t ! critical /ud5t w assign little weight to ! curr5t belief t ! vague !ory ( ,py?agoras--t fire 0 at ! c5tre ( all ?+s--implies a conception ( ! helioc5tric !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,b ! te/imony ( ,ar*im$es1 confus$ ?\gh x is 9 =m1 leaves no s]i\s d\bt t ,ari/>*us ( ,samos n only prop\nd$ ! view t ! e>? revolves bo? on its own axis & ar\nd ! sun1 b t he correctly remov$ ! great /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( ?is !ory by add+ t ! di/ance ( ! fix$ />s 0 inf9itely great] ?an ! dim5sions ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,ev5 ! _w ( philosophy 0 n yet ready = ?is conception1 &1 s f> f see+ ! reasonabl5ess ( ! explanation1 we f9d ,ptolemy argu+ aga9/ ! rotation ( ! e>? on gr\nds :i* c>eful obs]vations ( ! ph5om5a ar\nd him w\ld h %[n to be ill-f\nd$4 ,physical sci5ce1 if we c apply t t]m to an uncord9at$ body ( facts1 0 successfully cultivat$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,some?+ mu/ h be5 kn[n ( ! prop]ties ( metals1 & ! art ( extract+ !m f _! ores mu/ h be5 practic$1 f ! "t t co9s & m$als 7 fir/ /amp$4 ,! prop]ties ( ! mo/ common comp\nds 7 discov]$ by al*emi/s 9 _! va9 se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 b no actual progress wor?y ( ! "n rew>d$ ! practition]s ( ! black art4 ,p]haps ! fir/ approa* to a correct me?od 0 t ( ,ar*im$es1 :o by mu* ?9k+ work$ out ! law ( ! lev]1 rea*$ ! conception ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 & demon/rat$ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( hydro/atics4 ,x is rem>kable t he did n ext5d 8 rese>*es into ! ph5om5a ( motion1 :e!r spontane\s or produc$ by =ce4 ,! /ation>y condition ( ! human intellect is mo/ /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ! fact t n until ! "t ( ,leon>do 0 any sub/antial advance made on 8 discov]y4 ,to sum up 9 "o s5t5ce ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( anci5t & m$ieval sci5ce1 we see a notable contra/ betwe5 ! precision ( ?\ght impli$ 9 ! con/ruction & demon/ration ( geometrical !orems & ! vague indef9ite "* ( ! ideas ( natural ph5om5a g5]ally1 a contra/ :i* did n disappe> until ! f\ndations ( mod]n sci5ce began to be laid4 ,we %\ld miss ! mo/ ess5tial po9t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 m$ieval & mod]n le>n+ if we look$ ^u x z ma9ly a diff]5ce ei!r 9 ! precision or ! am\nt ( k4 ,! developm5t ( bo? ( ^! qualities w\ld1 "u any circum/ances1 h be5 sl[ & gradual1 b sure4 ,we c h>dly suppose t any "o g5]ation1 or ev5 any "o c5tury1 w\ld h se5 ! complete sub/itution ( exact = inexact ideas4 ,sl[ness ( gr[? is z inevitable 9 ! case ( k z 9 t ( a gr[+ organism4 ,! mo/ ess5tial po9t ( diff]5ce is "o ( ^? seem+ly slight ones1 ! importance ( :i* we are too apt to ov]look4 ,x 0 l ! drop ( blood 9 ! wrong place1 :i* "s "o has told u makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a philosoph] & a maniac4 ,x 0 all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a liv+ tree & a dead "o1 betwe5 an in]t mass & a gr[+ organism4 ,! transition ( k f ! dead to ! liv+ =m mu/1 9 any complete review ( ! subject1 be look$ ^u z ! really great ev5t ( mod]n times4 ,be=e ?is ev5t ! intellect 0 b\nd d[n by a s*ola/icism :i* reg>d$ k z a r\nd$ :ole1 ! p>ts ( :i* 7 writt5 9 books & c>ri$ 9 ! m9ds ( le>n$ m54 ,! /ud5t 0 taught f ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w to look ^u au?ority z ! f\ndation ( 8 beliefs4 ,! old] ! au?ority ! great] ! weight x c>ri$4 ,s effective 0 ?is tea*+ t x seems nev] to h occurr$ to individual m5 t !y _h all ! opportunities ev] enjoy$ by ,ari/otle ( discov]+ tru?1 ) ! add$ advantage ( all 8 k to beg9 )4 ,advanc$ z 0 ! developm5t ( =mal logic1 t practical logic 0 want+ :i* c\ld see t ! la/ ( a s]ies ( au?orities1 e "o ( :i* re/$ on ^? :i* prec$$ x1 c\ld nev] =m a sur] f\ndation = any doctr9e ?an t suppli$ by its orig9al prop\nd]4 ,! result ( ?is view ( k 0 t1 al?\gh dur+ ! fifte5 c5turies foll[+ ! dea? ( ! geomet] ( ,syracuse great univ]sities 7 f\nd$ at :i* g5]ations ( pr(essors exp\nd$ all ! le>n+ ( _! "t1 nei!r pr(essor nor /ud5t ev] suspect$ :at lat5t possibilities ( good 7 conceal$ 9 ! mo/ famili> op]ations ( nature4 ,e "o felt ! w9d bl[1 saw wat] boil1 & he>d ! ?und] cra%1 b nev] ?\ght ( inve/igat+ ! =ces "h at play4 ,up to ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! mo/ acute obs]v] c\ld sc>cely h se5 ! dawn ( a new era4 ,9 view ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 evolution>y hi/ory t f\r or five m51 ^: m5tal con/itution 0 ei!r typical ( ! new ord] ( ?+s or :o 7 p[]ful ag5ts 9 br++ x ab\t1 7 all born dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 f\r ( !m at lea/ at s ne>ly ! same "t z to be contempor>ies4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ^: arti/ic g5ius has *>m$ succe$+ g5]ations1 0 also ! fir/ practical eng9e] ( 8 "t1 & ! fir/ man aft] ,ar*im$es to make a sub/antial advance 9 develop+ ! laws ( motion4 ,t ! _w 0 n prep>$ to make use ( 8 sci5tific discov]ies does n detract f ! significance :i* mu/ atta* to ! p]iod ( 8 bir?4 ,%ortly aft] him 0 born ! great navigator ^: bold _s 0 to make kn[n a new _w1 ?us giv+ to comm]cial ent]prise t impetus :i* 0 s p[]ful an ag5t 9 br++ ab\t a revolution 9 ! ?\ghts ( m54 ,! bir? ( ,columbus 0 soon foll[$ by t ( ,cop]nicus1 ! fir/ aft] ,ari/>*us to demon/rate ! true sy/em ( ! _w4 ,9 him m ?an 9 any ( 8 contempor>ies d we see ! /ruggle betwe5 ! old =ms ( ?\ght & ! new4 ,x seems almo/ pa!tic & is c]ta9ly mo/ sugge/ive ( ! g5]al view ( k tak5 at t "t t1 in/ead ( claim+ cr$it = br++ to light great tru?s be=e unkn[n1 he made a labor$ attempt to %[ t1 aft] all1 !re 0 no?+ really new 9 8 sy/em1 :i* he claim$ to date f ,py?agoras & ,philolaus4 ,9 ?is connection x is curi\s t he makes no m5tion ( ,ari/>*us1 :o ,i ?9k w be reg>d$ by cons]vative hi/orians z 8 only demon/rat$ pr$ecessor4 ,to ! hold ( ! old] ideas ^u 8 m9d we mu/ attribute ! fact t 9 con/ruct+ 8 sy/em he took great pa9s to make z little *ange z possible 9 anci5t conceptions4 ,lu!r1 ! greate/ ?\ght-/irr] ( !m all1 practically ( ! same g5]ation ) ,cop]nicus1 ,leon>do1 & ,columbus1 does n come 9 z a sci5tific inve/igator1 b z ! great loos5] ( *a9s :i* _h s fett]$ ! intellect ( m5 t !y d>$ n ?9k o!rwise ?an z ! au?orities ?\ght4 ,almo/ coeval ) ! adv5t ( ^! intellects 0 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable type4 ,gut5b]g 0 born dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury1 & 8 associates & o!rs cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion n _m ye>s aft]w>d4 ,if we accept ! pr9ciple on :i* ,i am bas+ my argum5t1 t we %\ld assign ! fir/ place to ! bir? ( ^? psy*ic ag5cies :i* />t$ m5 on new l9es ( ?\ght1 !n surely 0 ! fifte5? ! wond]ful c5tury4 ,let u n =get t1 9 assign+ ! actors !n born to _! places1 we are n n>rat+ hi/ory1 b /udy+ a special phase ( evolution4 ,x matt]s n = u t no univ]sity invit$ ,leon>do to its halls1 & t 8 sci5ce 0 valu$ by 8 contempor>ies only z an adjunct to ! art ( eng9e]+4 ,! great fact /ill is t he 0 ! fir/ ( mank9d to prop\nd laws ( motion4 ,x is n = any?+ 9 ,lu!r's doctr9es t he f9ds a place 9 our s*eme4 ,no matt] = u :e!r !y 7 s\nd or n4 ,:at he did t[>d ! evolution ( ! sci5tific inve/igator 0 to %[ by 8 example t a man might "q ! be/-e/abli%$ & mo/ v5]able au?ority & /ill live--/ill pres]ve 8 intellectual integrity--/ill comm& a he>+ f nations & _! rul]s4 ,x matt]s n = u :e!r ,columbus ev] knew t he _h discov]$ a new cont95t4 ,8 "w 0 to tea* t nei!r hydra1 *im]a1 nor abyss--nei!r div9e injunction nor inf]nal ma*9ation--0 9 ! way ( m5 visit+ e "p ( ! globe1 & t ! problem ( conqu]+ ! _w r$uc$ itself to "o ( sails & rigg+1 hull & compass4 ,! bett] "p ( ,cop]nicus 0 to direct man to a viewpo9t :5ce he %\ld see t ! heav5s 7 ( l matt] ) ! e>?4 ,all ?is done1 ! acorn 0 plant$ f :i* ! oak ( our civilization %\ld spr+4 ,! mad que/ = gold :i* foll[$ ! discov]y ( ,columbus1 ! que/ion+s :i* absorb$ ! att5tion ( ! le>n$1 ! indignation excit$ by ! seem+ vag>ies ( a ,p>acelsus1 ! fe> & trembl+ le/ ! /range doctr9e ( ,cop]nicus %\ld und]m9e ! fai? ( c5turies1 7 all helps to ! g]m9ation ( ! se$--/imuli to ?\ght :i* urg$ x on to explore ! new fields op5$ up to its occupation4 ,?is giv51 all t has s9ce foll[$ came out 9 regul> ord] ( developm5t1 & ne$ be "h consid]$ only 9 ^? phases hav+ a special relation to ! purpose ( our pres5t meet+4 ,s sl[ 0 ! gr[? at fir/ t ! sixte5? c5tury may sc>cely h recogniz$ ! inauguration ( a new era4 ,torricelli & ,b5$etti 7 ( ! ?ird g5]ation aft] ,leon>do1 & ,galileo1 ! fir/ to make a sub/antial advance ^u 8 !ory1 0 born m ?an a c5tury aft] him4 ,only two or ?ree m5 appe>$ 9 a g5]ation :o1 work+ alone1 c\ld make real progress 9 discov]y1 & ev5 ^! c\ld d little 9 leav5+ ! m9ds ( _! fell[ m5 ) ! new ideas4 ,up to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury an ag5t :i* all exp]i5ce s9ce t "t %[s to be necess>y to ! mo/ productive intellectual activity 0 want+4 ,?is 0 ! attraction ( l m9ds1 mak+ sugge/ions to ea* o!r1 criticis+1 comp>+1 & reason+4 ,?is elem5t 0 introduc$ by ! organization ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is4 ,! memb]s ( ^! two bodies seem l +5i\s y\? sudd5ly ?r[n into a new _w ( int]e/+ objects1 ! purposes & relations ( :i* !y _h to discov]4 ,! novelty ( ! situation is /rik+ly %[n 9 ! que/ions :i* occupi$ ! m9ds ( ! incipi5t inve/igators4 ,"o natural result ( ,briti% m>itime ent]prise 0 t ! aspirations ( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society 7 n conf9$ to any cont95t or hemisph]e4 ,inquiries 7 s5t all ! way to ,batavia to "k :e!r !re be a hill 9 ,sumatra :i* burne? cont9ually1 & a f\nta9 :i* runne? pure balsam4 ,! a/ronomical precision ) :i* x seem$ possible t physiological op]ations might g on 0 ev9c$ by ! inquiry :e!r ! ,indians c s prep>e t /upefy+ h]b ,datura t !y make x lie sev]al days1 mon?s1 ye>s1 accord+ z !y w1 9 a man's body )\t do+ him any h>m1 & at ! end kill him )\t miss+ an h\r's "t4 ,( ?is cont95t "o ( ! inquiries 0 :e!r !re be a tree 9 ,mexico t yields wat]1 w9e1 v9eg>1 milk1 honey1 wax1 ?read1 & ne$les4 ,among ! problems be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces ^? ( physiology & biology took a prom95t place4 ,! di/illation ( comp\nds _h long be5 practic$1 & ! fact t ! m spiritu\s elem5ts ( c]ta9 sub/ances 7 ?us sep>at$ naturally l$ to ! "q :e!r ! ess5tial ess5ces ( life might n be discov]able 9 ! same way4 ,9 ord] t all might p>ticipate 9 ! exp]im5ts1 !y 7 conduct$ 9 op5 session ( ! ,academy1 ?us gu>d+ aga9/ ! dang] ( any "o memb] obta9+ = 8 exclusive p]sonal use a possible elixir ( life4 ,a wide range ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 includ+ cats1 dogs1 & birds ( v>i\s species1 7 ?us analyz$4 ,! practice ( dissection 0 introduc$ on a l>ge scale4 ,t ( ! cadav] ( an elephant occupi$ sev]al sessions1 & 0 ( su* int]e/ t ! mon>* himself 0 a spectator4 ,to ! same epo* ) ! =mation & fir/ "w ( ^! two bodies belongs ! inv5tion ( a ma!matical me?od :i* 9 its importance to ! advance ( exact sci5ce may be class$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet 9 its relation to ! progress ( society at l>ge4 ,! use ( algebraic symbols to repres5t quantities _h its orig9 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! new era1 & gradually grew into a highly develop$ =m dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies ( t era4 ,b ?is me?od c\ld repres5t quantities only z fix$4 ,x is true t ! ela/icity inh]5t 9 ! use ( su* symbols p]mitt$ ( _! be+ appli$ to any & e quantity2 yet1 9 any "o application1 ! quantity 0 consid]$ z fix$ & def9ite4 ,b mo/ ( ! magnitudes ( nature are 9 a /ate ( cont9ual v>iation2 inde$1 s9ce all motion is v>iation1 ! latt] is a univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( all ph5om5a4 ,no s]i\s advance c\ld be made 9 ! application ( algebraic language to ! expression ( physical ph5om5a until x c\ld be s ext5d$ z to express v>iation 9 quantities1 z well z ! quantities !mselves4 ,?is ext5sion1 work$ out indep5d5tly by ,newton & ,leibnitz1 may be class$ z ! mo/ fruitful ( conceptions 9 exact sci5ce4 ,) x ! way 0 op5$ = ! unimp$$ & cont9ually accel]at$ progress ( ! la/ two c5turies4 ,! feature ( ?is p]iod :i* has ! close/ relation to ! purpose ( our com+ toge!r is ! seem+ly un5d+ subdivision ( k into specialties1 _m ( :i* are becom+ s m9ute & s isolat$ t !y seem to h no int]e/ = any b _! few pursu]s4 ,happily sci5ce itself has af=d$ a corrective = its own t5d5cy 9 ?is direction4 ,! c>eful ?9k] w see t 9 ^! seem+ly div]g+ bran*es common elem5ts & common pr9ciples are com+ m & m to light4 ,!re is an increas+ recognition ( me?ods ( rese>*1 & ( d$uction1 :i* are common to l>ge bran*es1 or to ! :ole ( sci5ce4 ,we are m & m recogniz+ ! pr9ciple t progress 9 k implies its r$uction to m exact =ms1 & ! expression ( its ideas 9 language m or less ma!matical4 ,! problem be=e ! organiz]s ( ?is ,congress 01 !re=e1 to br+ ! sci5ces toge!r1 & seek = ! unity :i* we believe und]lies _! inf9ite div]sity4 ,! assembl+ ( su* a body z n[ fills ?is hall 0 sc>cely possible 9 any prec$+ g5]ation1 & is made possible n[ only ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( sci5ce itself4 ,x diff]s f all prec$+ int]national meet+s by ! univ]sality ( its scope1 :i* aims to include ! :ole ( k4 ,x is also unique 9 t none b lead]s h be5 s\ght out z memb]s4 ,x is unique 9 t s _m l&s h delegat$ _! *oice/ intellects to c>ry on its "w4 ,!y come f ! c\ntry to :i* our republic is indebt$ = a ?ird ( its t]ritory1 includ+ ! gr\nd on :i* we /&2 f ! l& :i* has taught u t ! mo/ s*ol>ly devotion to ! languages & le>n+ ( ! cloi/]$ pa/ is compatible ) lead]%ip 9 ! practical application ( mod]n sci5ce to ! arts ( life2 f ! isl& ^: language & lit]ature h f\nd a new field & a vigor\s gr[? 9 ?is region2 f ! la/ seat ( ! holy ,roman ,empire2 f ! c\ntry :i*1 rememb]+ a mon>* :o made an a/ronomical obs]vation at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 has en?ron$ sci5ce 9 "o ( ! highe/ places 9 its gov]nm5t2 f ! p59sula s le>n$ t we h invit$ "o ( its s*ol>s to come & tell u ( our own language2 f ! l& :i* gave bir? to ,leon>do1 ,galileo1 ,torricelli1 ,columbus1 ,volta--:at an array ( immortal names6--f ! little republic ( glori\s hi/ory :i*1 bre$+ m5 rugg$ z its et]nal sn[-peaks1 has yet be5 ! seat ( sci5tific inve/igation s9ce ! day ( ! ,b]n\llis2 f ! l& ^: h]oic dwell]s did n hesitate to use ! ocean itself to protect x aga9/ invad]s1 & :i* n[ makes u m>vel at ! am\nt ( erudition compress$ )9 its little area2 f ! nation across ! ,pacific1 :i*1 by half a c5tury ( unequal$ progress 9 ! arts ( life1 has made an important contribution to evolution>y sci5ce ?r\gh demon/rat+ ! falsity ( ! !ory t ! mo/ anci5t races are doom$ to be left 9 ! re> ( ! advanc+ age--9 a ^w1 f e great c5tre ( intellectual activity on ! globe ,i see be=e me em95t repres5tatives ( t _w-advance 9 k :i* we h met to celebrate4 ,may we n confid5tly hope t ! discussions ( su* an assemblage w prove pregnant ( a future = sci5ce :i* %all out%9e ev5 its brilliant pa/8 ,g5tlem5 & s*ol>s all6 ,y d n visit our %ores to f9d great collections 9 :i* c5turies ( humanity h giv5 expression on canvas & 9 m>ble to _! hopes1 fe>s1 & aspirations4 ,nor d y expect in/itutions & build+s ho>y ) age4 ,b z y feel ! vigor lat5t 9 ! fre% air ( ^! expansive prairies1 :i* has collect$ ! products ( human g5ius by :i* we are "h surr\nd$1 &1 ,i may add1 br\ght u toge!r2 z y /udy ! in/itutions :i* we h f\nd$ = ! b5efit1 n only ( our own p1 b ( humanity at l>ge2 z y meet ! m5 :o1 9 ! %ort space ( "o c5tury1 h trans=m$ ?is valley f a savage wild]ness into :at x is to-day--!n may y f9d comp5sation = ! want ( a pa/ l y\rs by see+ ) prophetic eye a future _w-p[] ( :i* ?is region %all be ! seat4 ,if su* is to be ! outcome ( ! in/itutions :i* we are n[ build+ up1 !n may y\r pres5t visit be a bless+ bo? to y\r po/]ity & ours by mak+ t p[] "o = good to all mank9d4 ,y\r delib]ations w help to demon/rate to u & to ! _w at l>ge t ! reign ( law mu/ supplant t ( brute =ce 9 ! relations ( ! nations1 j z x has supplant$ x 9 ! relations ( individuals4 ,y w help to %[ t ! w> :i* sci5ce is n[ wag+ aga9/ ! s\rces ( diseases1 pa91 & mis]y (f]s an ev5 nobl] field = ! ex]cise ( h]oic qualities ?an c t ( battle4 ,we hope t :51 aft] y\r all too fleet+ soj\rn 9 our mid/1 y return to y\r own %ores1 y w long feel ! influ5ce ( ! new air y h brea!d 9 an infusion ( increas$ vigor 9 pursu+ y\r v>i$ labors4 ,& if a new impetus is ?us giv5 to ! great intellectual movem5t ( ! pa/ c5tury1 result+ n only 9 promot+ ! unification ( k1 b 9 wid5+ its field ?r\gh new comb9ations ( ef=t on ! "p ( its vot>ies1 ! projectors1 organiz]s1 & support]s ( ?is ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce w be ju/ifi$ ( _! labors4 ,,division ,a--,,normative ,,sci5ce ,,division ,a--,,normative ,,sci5ce ,,speak]3 ,,pr(essor ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aj a4 m47 ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,by ,,josiah ,,royce ,josiah ,royce1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 s9ce #ahib4 b4 ,grass ,valley1 ,nevada ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 ,novemb] #bj1 #ahee4 ,a4,b4 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 #ahge2 ,ph4,d4 ,johns ,hopk9s #ahgh2 ,,ll4,d4 ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 ,scotl&2 ,,ll4,d4 ,johns ,hopk9s4 ,in/ructor 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature & ,logic1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 #ahgh-hb4 ,in/ructor & ,assi/ant ,pr(essor1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #ahhb-ib4 ,au?or ( ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy2 ,hi/ory ( ,cali=nia2 ,! ,feud ( ,oakfield ,creek2 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy2 ,/udies ( ,good & ,evil2 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual2 ,gif=d ,lectures2 & num]\s o!r works & memoirs4 ,i %all n attempt1 9 ?is address1 ei!r to ju/ify or to criticise ! "n1 normative sci5ce1 "u :i* ! doctr9es :i* con/itute ?is division are gr\p$4 ,x is en\gh = my purpose to recognize at ! outset t ,i am requir$1 by ! plans ( ?is ,congress1 to expla9 :at sci5tific int]e/s seem to me to be common to ! "w ( ! philosoph]s & ( ! ma!maticians4 ,! task is "o :i* makes sev]e dem&s ^u ! indulg5ce ( ! li/5]1 & ^u ! expository p[]s ( ! speak]1 b x is a task = :i* ! pres5t age has well prep>$ ! way4 ,! _s :i* ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz illu/rat$ seems likely soon to become1 9 a new & high] s5se1 prom95t 9 sci5ce4 ,! ma!maticians are becom+ m & m philosophical4 ,! philosoph]s1 9 ! ne> future1 w become1 ,i believe1 m & m ma!matical4 ,x is my (fice to indicate1 z well z ! brief "t & my poor p[]s may p]mit1 :y ?is ought to be s4 ,to ?is end ,i %all fir/ po9t out :at is t mo/ g5]al community ( int]e/ :i* unites all ! sci5ces t belong to our division4 ,!n ,i %all indicate :at type ( rec5t & special sci5tific "w mo/ obvi\sly be>s ^u ! tasks ( all ( u alike4 ,?irdly1 ,i %all /ate "s results & problems to :i* ?is type ( sci5tific "w has giv5 rise1 & %all try to %[ :at promise we h ( an e>ly increase ( insight reg>d+ our common int]e/s4 ,i ,! mo/ g5]al community ( int]e/ :i* unites ! v>i\s sci5tific activities t belong to our division is ?is3 ,we are all conc]n$ ) :at may be call$ ideal tru?1 z di/9ct f physical tru?4 ,"s ( u also h a /rong int]e/ 9 physical tru?2 b none ( u lack a notable & sci5tific conc]n = ! realm ( ideas1 view$ z ideas4 ,let me expla9 :at ,i mean by ^! t]ms4 ,:oev] /udies physical tru? 7tak+ t t]m 9 its mo/ g5]al s5se7 seeks to obs]ve1 to collate1 &1 9 ! end1 to control1 facts :i* he reg>ds z ext]nal to 8 own ?\ght4 ,b in/ead ( ?us look+ ma9ly )\t1 x is possible = a man *iefly to take acc\nt1 let u say1 ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 own hypo!tical assumptions--assumptions :i* may possess b a v remote relation to ! physical _w4 ,or aga91 x is possible = su* a /ud5t to be ma9ly devot$ to reflect+ ^u ! =mal validity ( 8 own inf]5ces1 or ^u ! mean+ ( 8 own presuppositions1 or ^u ! value & ! int]relation ( human ideals4 ,any su* sci5tific "w1 reflective1 consid]ate pr9cipally ( ! ?9k]'s own con/ructions & purposes1 or ( ! con/ructions & purposes ( humanity 9 g5]al1 is a pursuit ( ideal tru?4 ,! se>*] :o is ma9ly devot$ to ! inquiry into :at he reg>ds z ext]nal facts1 is inde$ active2 b 8 activity is m\ld$ by an ord] ( exi/5ce :i* he conceives z complete ap>t f 8 activity4 ,he is ?\ghtful2 b a p[] n himself assigns to him ! problems ab\t :i* he ?9ks4 ,he is guid$ by ideals2 b 8 pr9cipal ideal takes ! =m ( an acceptance ( ! _w z x is1 indep5d5tly ( 8 ideals4 ,8 deal+s are ) nature4 ,8 aim is ! conque/ ( a =eign realm4 ,b ! /ud5t ( :at may be call$1 9 g5]al t]ms1 ideal tru?1 :ile he is devot$ z 8 fell[1 ! obs]v] ( out] nature1 to ! g5]al purpose ( be+ fai?ful to ! v]ity z he f9ds x1 is /ill aw>e t 8 own way ( f9d+1 or 8 own creative activity z an inv5tor ( hypo!ses1 or 8 own p[]s ( inf]5ce1 or 8 consci\s ideals1 con/itute 9 ! ma9 ! object into :i* he is inquir+1 & s =m an ess5tial aspect ( ! sort ( v]ity :i* he is endeavor+ to discov]4 ,! guide1 !n1 ( su* a /ud5t is1 9 a peculi> s5se1 8 own reason4 ,8 goal is ! compreh5sion ( 8 own mean+1 ! consci\s & ?\ghtful conque/ ( himself4 ,8 great enemy is n ! my/]y ( out] nature1 b ! imp]fection ( 8 reflective p[]s4 ,he is1 inde$1 z unwill+ z is any sci5tific work] to tru/ private caprices4 ,he feels z little z does ! obs]v] ( out] facts1 t he is m]ely not+ d[n1 z !y pass1 ! *ance products ( 8 arbitr>y fantasy4 ,= him1 z = any sci5tific /ud5t1 tru? is inde$ objective2 & ! /&>ds to :i* he con=ms are et]nal4 ,b 8 me?od is t ( an inn] consid]at5ess r ?an ( a curiosity ab\t ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,8 objective _w is at ! same "t an ess5tially ideal _w1 & ! et]nal v]ity 9 ^: light he seeks to live has1 ?r\gh\t 8 und]tak+s1 a peculi>ly intimate relation to ! purposes ( 8 own con/ructive w4 ,"o may !n sum up ! diff]5ce ( attitude :i* is "h 9 "q by say+ t1 :ile ! /ud5t ( out] nature is explicitly con=m+ 8 plans ( action1 8 ideas1 8 ideals1 to an ord] ( tru? :i* he takes to be =eign to himself--! /ud5t ( ! o!r sort ( tru?1 "h especially 9 "q1 is attempt+ to und]/& 8 own plans ( action1 t is1 to develop 8 ideas1 or to def9e 8 ideals1 or else to d bo? ^! ?+s4 ,n[ x is n h>d to see t ?is se>* = "s sort ( ideal tru? is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( e "o ( ! inve/igations :i* h be5 gr\p$ toge!r 9 our division ( ! normative sci5ces4 ,pure ma!matics %>es 9 common ) philosophy ?is type ( sci5tific int]e/ 9 ideal1 z di/9ct f physical or ph5om5al tru?4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! ways 9 :i* ! ma!matician & ! philosoph] approa*1 select1 & elaborate _! respective sorts ( problems4 ,b !re is also a close relation betwe5 ! two types ( inve/igation 9 "q4 ,let u next consid] bo? ! contra/ & ! analogy 9 "s ( _! o!r mo/ g5]al features4 ,pure ma!matics is conc]n$ ) ! inve/igation ( ! logical consequ5ces ( c]ta9 exactly /ateable po/ulates or hypo!ses--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! po/ulates ^u :i* ari?metic & analysis are f\nd$1 or su* z ! po/ulates t lie at ! basis ( any type ( geometry4 ,= ! pure ma!matician1 ! tru? ( ^! hypo!ses or po/ulates dep5ds1 n ^u ! fact t physical nature conta9s ph5om5a answ]+ to ! po/ulates1 b solely ^u ! fact t ! ma!matician is able1 ) rational consi/5cy1 to /ate ^! assum$ fir/ pr9ciples1 & to develop _! consequ5ces4 ,d$ek9d1 9 8 fam\s essay1 ,0 ,s9d und ,0 ,soll5 die ,zahl51 call$ ! :ole numb]s freie ,s*pfung5 des ,m5s*li*5 ,gei/es2 &1 9 fact1 we ne$ n ent] into any discussion ( ! psy*ology ( our numb] concept 9 ord] to be able to ass]t t1 h[ev] we m5 fir/ came by our conception ( ! :ole numb]s1 = ! ma!matician ! !ory ( num]ical tru? mu/ appe> simply z ! logical developm5t ( ! consequ5ces ( a few fundam5tal fir/ pr9ciples1 su* z ^? :i* ,d$ek9d himself1 or ,peano1 or o!r rec5t writ]s ^u ?is topic1 h1 9 v>i\s =ms1 /at$4 ,a simil> =mal fre$om m>ks ! developm5t ( any o!r !ory 9 ! realm ( pure ma!matics4 ,pure geometry1 f ! mod]n po9t ( view1 is nei!r a doctr9e =c$ ^u ! human m9d by ! con/itution ( any primal =m ( intuition1 nor yet a bran* ( physical sci5ce1 limit$ to describ+ ! spatial arrangem5t ( ph5om5a 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,pure geometry is ! !ory ( ! consequ5ces ( c]ta9 po/ulates :i* ! geomet] is at lib]ty consi/5tly to make2 s t !re are z _m types ( geometry z !re are consi/5t sy/ems ( po/ulates ( t g5]ic type ( :i* ! geomet] takes acc\nt4 ,z is also n[ well kn[n1 x has long be5 impossible to def9e pure ma!matics z ! sci5ce ( quantity1 or to limit ! range ( ! exactly /ateable hypo!ses or po/ulates ) :i* ! ma!matician deals to ! _w ( ^? objects :i*1 ideally speak+1 c be view$ z measurable4 ,= ! ideally def9$ measurable objects are by no means ! only ones ^: prop]ties c be /at$ 9 ! =m ( exact po/ulates or hypo!ses2 & ! possible range ( pure ma!matics1 if tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 & view$ ap>t f any "q z to ! value ( giv5 l9es ( rese>*1 appe>s to be id5tical ) ! :ole realm ( ! consequ5ces ( exactly /ateable ideal hypo!ses ( e type4 ,"o limitation mu/1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$1 to :i* ! ass]tion j made is1 9 practice1 obvi\sly subject4 ,& ?is is1 inde$1 a mom5t\s limitation4 ,! exactly /at$ ideal hypo!ses ^: consequ5ces ! ma!matician develops mu/ possess1 z is sometimes said1 suffici5t intr9sic importance to be wor?y ( sci5tific treatm5t4 ,!y mu/ n be trivial hypo!ses4 ,! ma!matician is n1 l ! solv] ( *ess problems1 m]ely display+ 8 skill 9 deal+ ) ! arbitr>y fictions ( an ideal game4 ,8 tru? is1 inde$1 ideal2 8 _w is1 inde$1 treat$ by 8 sci5ce z if ?is _w 7 ! creation ( 8 po/ulates a freie ,s*pfung4 ,b he does n ?us create = m]e sport4 ,on ! contr>y1 he reports a significant ord] ( tru?4 ,z a fact1 ! ideal sy/ems ( ! pure ma!matician are cu/om>ily def9$ ) an obvi\s1 ev5 ?\gh (t5 highly ab/ract & remote1 relation to ! /ructure ( our ord9>y empirical _w4 ,?us ! v>i\s algebras :i* h be5 actually develop$ h1 9 ! ma91 def9ite relations to ! /ructure ( ! space _w ( our physical exp]i5ce4 ,! diff]5t sy/ems ( ideal geometry1 ev5 9 all _! ideality1 /ill clu/]1 s to speak1 ab\t ! sugge/ions :i* our daily exp]i5ce ( space & ( matt] give u4 ,yet ,i suppose t no ma!matician w\ld be dispos$1 at ! pres5t "t1 to accept any brief def9ition ( ! degree ( clos5ess or remot5ess ( relation to ord9>y exp]i5ce :i* %all s]ve to di/+ui% a trivial f a g5u9ely significant bran* ( ma!matical !ory4 ,9 g5]al1 a ma!matician :o is devot$ to ! !ory ( functions1 or to gr\p !ory1 appe>s to sp5d little "t 9 attempt+ to %[ :y ! developm5t ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 po/ulates is a significant ent]prise4 ,! concrete ma!matical int]e/ ( 8 inquiry su/a9s him 9 8 labors1 & w9s = him ! sympa?y ( 8 fell[s4 ,to ! que/ions1 ,:y consid] ! ideal /ructure ( j ?is sy/em ( object at all8 ,:y /udy v>i\s sorts ( numb]s1 or ! prop]ties ( functions1 or ( gr\ps1 or ! sy/em ( po9ts 9 projective geometry8--! pure ma!matician 9 g5]al1 c>es to reply only1 t ! topic ( 8 special inve/igation appe>s to him to possess suffici5t ma!matical int]e/4 ,! fre$om ( 8 sci5ce ?us ju/ifies 8 ent]prise4 ,yet1 z ,i j po9t$ out1 ?is fre$om is nev] m]e caprice4 ,?is ideal int]e/ is n )\t a g5]al relation to ! conc]ns ev5 ( common s5se4 ,9 brief1 z x seems at once fair to say1 ! pure ma!matician is work+ "u ! influ5ce ( m or less cle>ly consci\s philosophical motives4 ,he does n usually attempt to def9e :at di/+ui%es a significant f a trivial sy/em ( po/ulates1 or :at con/itutes a problem wor? attack+ f ! po9t ( view ( pure ma!matics4 ,b he practically recognizes su* a di/9ction betwe5 ! trivial & ! significant regions ( ! _w ( ideal tru?1 & s9ce philosophy is conc]n$ ) ! significance ( ideas1 ?is recognition br+s ! ma!matician ne> 9 _s to ! philosoph]4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! position ( ! pure ma!matician4 ,:at1 by way ( contra/1 is t ( ! philosoph]8 ,we may reply t to /ate ! =mal consequ5ces ( exact assumptions is "o ?+2 to reflect ^u ! mutual relations1 & ! :ole significance ( su* assumptions1 does inde$ involve o!r int]e/s2 & ^! o!r int]e/s are ! ones :i* directly c>ry u ov] to ! realm ( philosophy4 ,if ! !ory ( numb]s belongs to pure ma!matics1 ! /udy ( ! place ( ! numb] concept 9 ! sy/em ( human ideas belongs to philosophy4 ,l ! ma!matician1 ! philosoph] deals directly ) a realm ( ideal tru?4 ,b to unify our k1 to compreh5d its s\rces1 its mean+1 & its relations to ! :ole ( human life1 ^! aims con/itute ! prop] goal ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to accompli% 8 aims1 ! philosoph] mu/1 inde$1 take acc\nt ( ! results ( ! special physical sci5ce2 b he mu/ also turn f ! _w ( out] ph5om5a to an ideal _w4 ,= ! unity ( ?+s is nev]1 = u mortals1 any?+ t we f9d giv5 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,y _c see ! unity ( k2 y _c describe x z a ph5om5on4 ,x is = u n[1 an ideal4 ,& precisely s1 ! mean+ ( ?+s1 ! relation ( k to life1 ! significance ( our ideals1 _! be>+ ^u "o ano!r--^! are nev]1 = u m51 ph5om5ally pres5t data4 ,h5ce ! philosoph]1 h[ev] mu* he ought1 z inde$ he ought1 to take acc\nt ( ph5om5a1 & ( ! results ( ! special physical sci5ces1 is q z deeply int]e/$ 9 8 own way1 z ! ma!matician is int]e/$ 9 8 way1 9 ! consid]ation ( an ideal realm4 ,only1 unlike ! ma!matician1 ! philosoph] does n fir/ ab/ract f ! empirical sugge/ions ^u :i* 8 exact ideas are actually bas$1 & !n cont5t himself m]ely ) develop+ ! logical consequ5ces ( ^! ideas4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 ma9 int]e/ is n 9 any idea or fact 9 s f> z x is view$ by itself1 b r 9 ! int]relations1 9 ! common significance1 9 ! unity1 ( all fundam5tal ideas1 & 9 _! relations bo? to ! ph5om5al facts & to life6 ,on ! :ole1 he1 !re=e1 nei!r cons5ts1 l ! /ud5t ( a special sci5ce ( exp]i5ce1 to seek 8 fre$om solely ?r\gh con=mity to ! ph5om5a :i* are to be describ$2 nor is he cont5t1 l ! pure ma!matician1 to w9 8 tru? solely ?r\gh ! exact def9ition ( ! =mal consequ5ces ( 8 freely def9$ hypo!ses4 ,he is mak+ an ef=t to discov] ! s5se & ! unity ( ! bus9ess ( 8 own life4 ,x is no "p ( my purpose to attempt to %[ "h h[ ?is g5]al philosophical int]e/ diff]5tiates into ! v>i\s int]e/s ( metaphysics1 ( ! philosophy ( religion1 ( e?ics1 ( /hetics1 ( logic4 ,en\gh--,i h tri$ to illu/rate h[1 :ile bo? ! philosoph] & ! ma!matician h an int]e/ 9 ! mean+ ( ideas r ?an 9 ! description ( ext]nal facts1 /ill !re is a contra/ :i* does1 inde$1 keep _! "w 9 l>ge measure asund]1 namely1 ! contra/ due to ! fact t ! ma!matician is directly conc]n$ ) develop+ ! consequ5ces ( c]ta9 freely assum$ sy/ems ( po/ulates or hypo!ses2 :ile ! philosoph] is int]e/$ 9 ! significance1 9 ! unity1 & 9 ! relation to life1 ( all ! fundam5tal ideals & po/ulates ( ! human m9d4 ,yet n ev5 ?us d we suffici5tly /ate h[ closely relat$ ! two tasks are4 ,= ?is v contra/1 z we h also sugge/$1 is1 ev5 )9 its own limits1 no f9al or p]fectly %>p contra/4 ,!re is a deep analogy betwe5 ! two tasks4 ,= ! ma!matician1 z we h j se51 is n ev5ly int]e/$ 9 develop+ ! consequ5ces ( any & e sy/em ( freely assum$ po/ulates4 ,he is no m]e solv] ( arbitr>y ideal puzzles 9 g5]al4 ,8 sy/ems ( po/ulates are s *os5 z to be n trivial1 b significant4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 9 fact1 b ab/ractly def9$ aspects ( ! v sy/em ( et]nal tru? ^: expression is ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ma!matician is z g5u9ely int]e/$ z is ! philosoph] 9 ! significant use ( 8 sci5tific fre$om4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosoph]1 9 reflect+ ^u ! significance & ! unity ( fundam5tal ideas1 c only d s ) success 9 case he makes due inquiry into ! logical consequ5ces ( giv5 ideas4 ,& ?is he c accompli% only if1 ^u occasion1 he employs ! exact me?ods ( ! ma!matician1 & develops 8 sy/ems ( ideal tru? ) ! precision ( :i* only ma!matical rese>* is capable4 ,z a fact1 !n1 ! ma!matician & ! philosoph] deal ) ideal tru? 9 ways :i* are n only contra/$1 b pr(\ndly int]connect$4 ,! ma!matician1 9 s f> z he consci\sly di/+ui%es significant f trivial problems1 & ideal sy/ems1 is a philosoph]4 ,! philosoph]1 9 s f> z he seeks exactness ( logical me?od1 9 8 reflection1 mu/ mean:ile aim to be1 )9 8 own limits1 a ma!matician4 ,he1 inde$1 w n 9 future1 l ,sp9oza1 seek to r$uce philosophy to ! m]e developm5t1 9 ma!matical =m1 ( ! consequ5ces ( c]ta9 arbitr>y hypo!ses4 ,he w di/+ui% betwe5 a reflection ^u ! unity ( ! sy/em ( tru? & an ab/ract developm5t ( ?is or t select$ aspect ( ! sy/em4 ,b he w see m & m t1 9 s f> z he und]takes to be exact1 he mu/ aim to become1 9 8 own way1 & ) due reg>d to 8 own purposes1 ma!matical2 & ?us ! union ( ma!matical & philosophical inquiries1 9 ! future1 w t5d to become clos] & clos]4 ,,ii ,s f>1 !n1 ,i h dwelt ^u extremely g5]al consid]ations relat+ to ! unity & ! contra/ ( ma!matical & philosophical inquiries4 ,i c well conceive1 h[ev]1 t ! individual work] 9 any "o ( ! num]\s bran*es ( inve/igation :i* are repres5t$ by ! body ( /ud5ts :om ,i am privileg$ to address1 may at ?is po9t m5tally int]pose ! objection t all ^! consid]ations are1 inde$1 f> too g5]al to be ( practical int]e/ to any ( u4 ,( c\rse1 all we :o /udy ^! s-call$ normative sci5ces are1 inde$1 int]e/$ 9 ideas1 = _! own sakes--9 ideas s di/9ct f1 al?\gh ( c\rse also someh[ relat$ to1 ph5om5a4 ,( c\rse1 "s ( u are r devot$ to ! developm5t ( ! consequ5ces ( exactly /at$ ideal hypo!ses1 & o!rs to reflect+ z we c ^u :at c]ta9 ideas & ideals are good =1 & ^u :at ! unity is ( all ideas & ideals4 ,( c\rse1 if we are wise en\gh to d s1 we h mu* to le>n f "o ano!r4 ,b1 y w say1 ! ass]tion ( all ^! ?+s is a commonplace4 ,! expression ( ! desire = fur!r mutual cop]ation is a pi\s wi%4 ,y w insi/ ^u ask+ fur!r3 ,is !re j n[ any concrete in/ance 9 a mod]n type ( rese>* :i* furni%es results su* z are ( int]e/ to all ( u8 ,are we actually do+ any productive "w 9 common8 ,are ! philosoph]s contribut+ any?+ to human k :i* has a g5u9e be>+ ^u ! int]e/s ( ma!matical sci5ce8 ,are ! ma!maticians contribut+ any?+ to philosophy8 ,^! que/ions are p]fectly fair4 ,moreov]1 z x happ5s1 !y c be di/9ctly answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,! pres5t age is "o ( a rapid advance 9 ! actual unification ( ! fields ( inve/igation :i* are includ$ )9 ! scope ( ?is pres5t division4 ,:at little "t rema9s to me mu/ be devot$ to indicat+1 z well z ,i c1 9 :at s5se ?is is true4 ,i %all h /ill to deal 9 v broad g5]alities4 ,i %all try to make ^! g5]alities def9ite en\gh to be n :olly unfruitful4 ,we h already emphasiz$ "o "q :i* may be said to int]e/1 9 a v direct way1 bo? ! ma!matician & ! philosoph]4 ,! ideal po/ulates1 ^: consequ5ces ma!matical sci5ce und]takes to develop1 mu/ be1 we h said1 significant po/ulates1 involv+ ideas ^: exact def9ition & exposition repay ! labor ( sci5tific scrut9y4 ,numb]1 space1 cont9uity1 functional correspond5ce or dep5d5ce1 gr\p-/ructure--^! are examples ( su* significant ideas2 ! po/ulates or ideal assumptions ^u :i* ! !ory ( su* ideas dep5ds are significant po/ulates1 & are n ! m]e conv5tions ( an arbitr>y game4 ,b n[ :at con/itutes ! significance ( an idea1 or ( an ab/ract ma!matical !ory8 ,:at gives an idea a wor?y place 9 ! :ole s*eme ( human ideas8 ,is x ! possibility ( f9d+ a physical application = a ma!matical !ory :i* = u decides :at is ! value ( ! !ory8 ,no1 ! !ory ( functions1 ! !ory ( numb]s1 gr\p !ory1 h a significance :i* no ma!matician w\ld cons5t to measure 9 t]ms ( ! pres5t applicability or non-applicability ( ^! !ories 9 physical sci5ce8 ,9 va91 !n1 does "o attempt to use ! te/ ( appli$ ma!matics z ! ma9 criticism ( ! value ( a !ory ( pure ma!matics4 ,! value ( an idea1 = ! sci5ces :i* con/itute our division1 is dep5d5t ^u ! place :i* ?is idea occupies 9 ! :ole organiz$ s*eme or sy/em ( human ideas4 ,! idea ( numb]1 = in/ance1 famili> z its applications are1 does n d]ive its ma9 value f ! fact t eggs & doll>s & />-clu/]s c be c\nt$1 b r f ! fact t ! idea ( numb]s has ^? relations to o!r fundam5tal ideas :i* rec5t logical !ory has made prom95t--relations1 = in/ance1 to ! concept ( ord]1 to ! !ory ( classes or collections ( objects view$ 9 g5]al1 & to ! metaphysical concept ( ! self4 ,relations ( ?is sort1 :i* ! discussions ( ! numb] concept by ,d$ek9d1 ,cantor1 ,peano1 & ,russell h rec5tly br\ght to light--su* relations1 ,i say1 con/itute :at truly ju/ifi$ ,gauss 9 call+ ! !ory ( numb]s a div9e sci5ce4 ,z aga9/ su* deep] relations1 ! c\ntless applications ( ! numb] concept 9 ord9>y life1 & 9 sci5ce1 are1 f ! truly philosophical po9t ( view1 ( comp>atively small mom5t4 ,:at we want1 9 ! "w ( our division ( ! sci5ces1 is to br+ to light ! unity ( tru?1 ei!r1 z 9 ma!matics1 by develop+ sy/ems ( tru? :i* are significant by virtue ( _! actual relations to ?is unity1 or1 z 9 philosophy1 by explicitly seek+ ! c5tral idea ab\t :i* all ! _m ideas clu/]4 ,n[1 an anci5t & fundam5tal problem = ! philosoph]s is t :i* has be5 call$ ! problem ( ! categories4 ,?is problem ( ! categories is simply ! m =mal aspect ( ! :ole philosophical problem j def9$4 ,! philosoph] aims to compreh5d ! unity ( ! sy/em ( human ideas & ideals4 ,well1 !n1 :at are ! primal ideas8 ,^u :at gr\p ( concepts d ! o!r concepts ( human sci5ce logically dep5d8 ,ab\t :at c5tral int]e/s is ! sy/em ( human ideals clu/]$8 ,9 anci5t ?\ght ,ari/otle already approa*$ ?is problem 9 "o way4 ,kant1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 dealt ) x 9 ano!r4 ,we /ud5ts ( philosophy are accu/om$ to regret :at we call ! excessive =malism ( ,kant1 to lam5t t ,kant 0 s mu* ! slave ( 8 own relatively sup]ficial & accid5tal table ( categories1 & t he made ! treatm5t ( e sort ( philosophical problem turn ^u 8 own s*ematism4 ,yet we _c d\bt t ,kant 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t philosophy ne$s1 = ! successful developm5t ( e "o ( its dep>tm5ts1 a well-devis$ & sub/antially complete sy/em ( categories4 ,our objection to ,kant's ov]-confid5ce 9 ! virtues ( 8 own s*ematism is due to ! fact t we d n n[ accept 8 table ( categories z an adequate view ( ! fundam5tal concepts4 ,! ef=ts ( philosoph]s s9ce ,kant h be5 repeat$ly devot$ to ! task ( replac+ 8 s*eme ( categories by a m adequate "o4 ,i am f> f reg>d+ ^! purely philosophical ef=ts made s9ce ,kant z fruitless1 b !y h rema9$1 s f>1 v incomplete1 & !y h be5 held back f _! due fullness ( success by ! lack ( a suffici5tly c>eful survey & analysis ( ! processes ( ?\ght z ^! h come to be embodi$ 9 ! liv+ sci5ces4 ,su* concepts z numb]1 quantity1 space1 "t1 cause1 cont9uity1 h be5 dealt ) by ! pure philosoph]s f> too summ>ily & sup]ficially4 ,a m ?or\ghgo+ analysis has be5 ne$$4 ,b n[1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 !re has develop$ a region ( inquiry :i* "o may call by ! g5]al "n ( mod]n logic4 ,to ! con/itution ( ?is new region ( inquiry m5 h pr9cipally contribut$ :o began z ma!maticians1 b :o1 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w1 h be5 l$ to become m & m philosoph]s4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 v>i\s philosoph]s1 :o 7 orig9ally 9 no s5se ma!maticians1 becom+ aw>e ( ! importance ( ! new type ( rese>*1 are 9 _! turn attempt+ bo? to assimilate & to supplem5t ! und]tak+s :i* 7 begun f ! ma!matical side4 ,z a result1 ! logical problem ( ! categories has to-day become almo/ equally a problem = ! logicians ( ma!matics & = ^? /ud5ts ( philosophy :o take any s]i\s int]e/ 9 exactness ( me?od 9 _! own bran* ( "w4 ,! result ( ?is actual cop]ation ( m5 f bo? sides is t1 z ,i ?9k1 we are to-day1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 sight ( :at is /ill1 z ,i freely admit1 a some:at di/ant goal1 namely1 ! relatively complete rational analysis & tabulation ( ! fundam5tal categories ( human ?\ght4 ,t ! /ud5t ( e?ics is z mu* int]e/$ 9 su* an inve/igation z is ! metaphysician1 t ! philosoph] ( religion ne$s a well-complet$ table ( categories q z mu* z does ! pure logician1 e compet5t /ud5t ( su* topics ought to admit4 ,& t ! ent]prise 9 "q ke5ly int]e/s ! ma!maticians is %[n by ! prom95t "p :i* "s ( !m h tak5 9 ! rese>*es 9 "q4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! type ( rec5t sci5tific "w ^: results mo/ obvi\sly be> ^u ! tasks ( all ( u alike4 ,a catalogue ( ! names ( ! work]s 9 ?is wide field ( mod]n logic w\ld be out ( place "h4 ,yet "o mu/1 inde$1 indicate :at l9es ( rese>* are especially 9 "q4 ,f ! purely ma!matical side1 ! inve/igations ( ! type to :i* ,i n[ ref] may be view$ 7some:at arbitr>ily7 z beg9n+ ) t fam\s exam9ation into "o ( ! po/ulates ( ,euclid's geometry :i* gave rise to ! s-call$ non-,euclidean geometry4 ,! "q "h orig9ally at issue 0 "o ( a comp>atively limit$ scope1 namely1 ! "q :e!r ,euclid's p>allel-l9e po/ulate 0 a logical consequ5ce ( ! o!r geometrical pr9ciples4 ,b ! inve/igation rapidly develops into a g5]al /udy ( ! f\ndations ( geometry--a /udy to :i* contributions are /ill almo/ con/antly appe>+4 ,some:at indep5d5tly ( ?is l9e ( inquiry !re grew up1 dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t rexam9ation ( ! bases ( ari?metic & analysis :i* is associat$ ) ! names ( ,d$ek9d1 ,wei]/rass1 & ,george ,cantor4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! labors ( a numb] ( o!r inquir]s 7among/ :om we may m5tion ! s*ool ( ,peano & ,pi]i 9 ,italy1 & m5 su* z ,po9c> & ,c\turat 9 ,france1 ,hilb]t 9 ,g]many1 ,b]tr& ,russell & ,:itehead 9 ,engl&1 & an en]getic gr\p ( our ,am]ican ma!maticians--m5 su* z ,pr(essor ,moore1 ,pr(essor ,hal/$1 ,dr4 ,hunt+ton1 ,dr4 ,vebl51 & a consid]able numb] ( o!rs7 h be5 add$ to ! e>li] rese>*es4 ,! result is t we h rec5tly come = ! fir/ "t to be able to see1 ) "s complet5ess1 :at ! assum$ fir/ pr9ciples ( pure ma!matics actually are4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 ^! pr9ciples are capable ( m ?an "o =mulation1 accord+ z !y are approa*$ f "o side or f ano!r4 ,z 0 also to be expect$1 ! entire edifice ( pure ma!matics1 s f> z x has yet be5 erect$1 actually re/s ^u a v few fundam5tal concepts & po/ulates1 h[ev] y may =mulate !m4 ,:at 0 n obs]v$1 h[ev]1 by ! e>li]1 & especially by ! philosophical1 /ud5ts ( ! categories1 is ! =m :i* ^! po/ulates t5d to assume :5 !y are rigidly analyz$4 ,?is =m dep5ds ^u ! precise def9ition & classification ( c]ta9 types ( relations4 ,! :ole ( geometry1 = in/ance1 includ+ metrical geometry1 c be develop$ f a set ( po/ulates :i* dem& ! exi/5ce ( po9ts t /& 9 c]ta9 ord9al relation%ips4 ,! ord9al relation%ips c be r$uc$1 accord+ z ! s]ies ( po9ts consid]$ is op5 or clos$1 ei!r to ! well-kn[n relation%ip 9 :i* ?ree po9ts /& :5 "o is betwe5 ! o!r two ^u a "r l9e1 or else to ! ord9al relation%ip 9 :i* f\r po9ts /& :5 !y are sep>at$ by pairs2 & ^! two ord9al relation%ips1 by means ( v>i\s logical devices1 c be reg>d$ z v>iations ( a s+le fundam5tal =m4 ,cayley & ,kle9 f\nd$ ! logical !ory ( geometry "h 9 "q4 ,russell1 & 9 ano!r way ,dr4 ,vebl51 h giv5 x its mo/ rec5t expressions4 ,9 ! same way1 ! !ory ( :ole numb]s c be r$uc$ to sets ( pr9ciples :i* dem& ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 ideal objects 9 c]ta9 simple ord9al relations4 ,d$ek9d & ,peano h work$ out su* ord9al !ories ( ! numb] concept4 ,9 ano!r developm5t ( ! !ory ( ! c>d9al :ole numb]s1 :i* ,russell & ,:itehead h work$ out1 ord9al concepts are introduc$ only second>ily1 & ! !ory dep5ds ^u ! fundam5tal relation ( ! equival5ce or nonequival5ce ( collections ( objects4 ,b "h also a c]ta9 simple type ( relation det]m9es ! def9itions & ! developm5t ( ! :ole !ory4 ,two results foll[ f su* a fa%ion ( logically analyz+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ma!matical sci5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z j po9t$ out1 we le>n h[ few & simple are ! conceptions & po/ulates ^u :i* ! actual edifice ( exact sci5ce re/s4 ,pure ma!matics1 we h said1 is free to assume :at x *ooses4 ,yet ! assumptions ^: pres5ce z ! f\ndation pr9ciples ( ! actually exi/5t pure ma!matics an exhau/ive exam9ation ?us reveals1 %[ by _! fewness t ! ideal fre$om ( ! ma!matician to assume & to con/ruct :at he pleases1 is inde$1 9 practice1 a v decid$ly limit$ fre$om4 ,! limitation is1 z we h already se51 a limitation :i* has to d ) ! ess5tial significance ( ! fundam5tal concepts 9 "q4 ,& s ! result ( ?is analysis ( ! bases ( ! actually develop$ & significant bran*es ( ma!matics1 con/itutes a sort ( empirical revelation ( :at categories ! exact sci5ces h practically f\nd to be ( su* significance z to be wor?y ( exhau/ive treatm5t4 ,?us ! in/9ctive s5se = significant tru?1 :i* has all along be5 guid+ ! developm5t ( ma!matics1 comes at lea/ to a cle> & philosophical consci\sness4 ,& mean:ile ! ess5tial categories ( ?\ght are se5 9 a new light4 ,! second result /ill m directly conc]ns a philosophical logic4 ,x is ?is3 ,s9ce ! few types ( relations :i* ?is sort ( analysis reveals z ! fundam5tal ones 9 exact sci5ce are ( su* importance1 ! logic ( ! pres5t day is especially requir$ to face ! que/ions3 ,:at is ! nature ( our concept ( relations8 ,:at are ! v>i\s possible types ( relations8 ,^u :at does ! v>iety ( ^! types dep5d8 ,:at unity lies b5ea? ! v>iety8 ,z a fact1 logic1 9 its mod]n =ms1 namely1 fir/ t symbolic logic :i* ,boole fir/ =mulat$1 :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce & 8 pupils h 9 ?is c\ntry already s highly develop$1 & :i* ,s*ro$] 9 ,g]many1 ,peano's s*ool 9 ,italy1 & a numb] ( rec5t ,engli% writ]s h s effectively fur!r$--& secondly1 ! logic ( sci5tific me?od1 :i* is n[ s actively pursu$1 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries--?is :ole movem5t 9 mod]n logic1 z ,i hold1 is rapidly approa*+ new solutions ( ! problem ( ! fundam5tal nature & ! logic ( relations4 ,! problem is "o 9 :i* we are all equally int]e/$4 ,to ,de ,morgan 9 ,engl&1 9 an e>li] g5]ation1 &1 9 our "t1 to ,*>les ,peirce 9 ?is c\ntry1 v important /ages 9 ! gr[? ( ^! problems are due4 ,russell1 9 8 "w on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics has v lately und]tak5 to sum up ! results ( ! logic ( relations1 z ?us f> develop$1 & to add 8 own int]pretations4 ,yet ,i ?9k t ,russell has fail$ to get z ne> to ! f\ndations ( ! !ory ( relations z ! pres5t /ate ( ! discussion p]mits4 ,= ,russell has fail$ to take acc\nt ( :at ,i hold to be ! mo/ fundam5tally important g5]alization yet rea*$ 9 ! g5]al !ory ( relations4 ,?is is ! g5]alization set =? z e>ly z #ahij1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,kempe1 ( ,london1 9 a pair ( wond]ful b too mu* neglect$1 pap]s1 entitl$1 respectively1 ,! ,!ory ( ,ma!matical ,=m1 & ,! ,analogy betwe5 ! ,logical ,!ory ( ,classes & ! ,geometrical ,!ory ( ,po9ts4 ,a m]e h9t fir/ z to ! m precise =mulation ( ! problem at issue1 & !n lat] z to ,kempe's special contribution to t problem1 may be 9 ord] "h1 despite ! impossibility ( any adequate /atem5t4 ,,iii ,! two mo/ obvi\sly & univ]sally important k9ds ( relations kn[n to ! exact sci5ces1 z ^! sci5ces at pres5t exi/1 are3 7#a7 ,! relations ( ! type ( equality or equival5ce2 & 7#b7 ! relations ( ! type ( be=e & aft]1 or great] & less4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two classes ( relations1 namely1 ! class repres5t$1 al?\gh by no means exhau/$1 by ! v>i\s relations actually call$1 9 diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce by ! "o "n equality1 ?is class ,i say1 might well be nam$1 z ,i myself h propos$1 ! level+ relations4 ,a collection ( objects betwe5 any two ( :i* "s "o relation ( ?is type holds1 may be said to be a collection ^: memb]s1 9 "s def9$ s5se or o!r1 are on ! same level4 ,! second ( ^! two classes ( relations1 namely1 ^? ( ! type ( be=e & aft]1 or great] & less--?is class ( relations1 ,i say1 consi/s ( :at are n[adays (t5 call$ ! s]ial relations4 ,& a collection ( objects su* t1 if any pair ( ^! objects be *os51 a det]m9ate "o ( ?is pair /&s to ! o!r "o ( ! same pair 9 "s det]m9ate relation ( ?is second type1 & 9 a relation :i* rema9s con/ant = all ! pairs t c be ?us =m$ out ( ! memb]s ( ?is collection--any su* collection1 ,i say1 con/itutes a "o-dim5sional op5 s]ies4 ,?us1 9 case ( a file ( m51 if y *oose any pair ( m5 belong+ to ! file1 a det]m9ate "o ( !m is1 9 ! file1 be=e ! o!r4 ,9 ! numb] s]ies1 ( any two numb]s1 a det]m9ate "o is great] ?an ! o!r4 ,:]ev] su* a /ate ( affairs exi/s1 "o has a s]ies4 ,n[ ^! two classes ( relations1 ! level+ relations & ! s]ial relations1 agree ) "o ano!r1 & diff] f "o ano!r 9 v mom5t\s ways4 ,!y agree ) "o ano!r 9 t bo? ! level+ & ! s]ial relations are :at is te*nically call$ transitive2 t is1 bo? classes con=m to :at ,pr(essor ,james has call$ ! law ( skipp$ int]m$i>ies4 ,?us1 if ,a is equal to ,b1 & ,b is equal to ,c1 x foll[s t ,a is equal to ,c4 ,if ,a is be=e ,b1 & ,b is be=e ,c1 !n ,a is be=e ,c4 ,& ?is prop]ty1 :i* enables y 9 y\r reason+s ab\t ^! relations to skip middle t]ms1 & s to p]=m "s op]ation ( elim9ation1 is ! prop]ty :i* is meant :5 "o calls relations ( ?is type transitive4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! two classes ( relations diff] f ea* o!r 9 t ! level+ relations are1 :ile ! s]ial relations are n1 symmetrical or reciprocal4 ,?us1 if ,a is equal to ,b1 ,b is equal to ,a4 ,b if ,x is great] ?an ,y1 !n ,y is n great] ?an ,x1 b less ?an ,x4 ,s ! level+ relations are symmetrical transitive relations4 ,b ! s]ial relations are transitive relations :i* are n symmetrical4 ,all ?is is n[ well kn[n4 ,x is notable1 h[ev]1 t ne>ly all ! processes ( our exact sci5ces1 z at pres5t develop$1 c be said to be ess5tially su* z lead ei!r to ! plac+ ( sets or classes ( objects on ! same level1 by means ( ! use ( symmetrical transitive relations1 or else to ! arrang+ ( objects 9 ord]ly r[s or s]ies1 by means ( ! use ( transitive relations :i* are n symmetrical4 ,?is holds also ( all ! applications ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,:atev] else y d 9 sci5ce 7or1 = t matt]1 9 art71 y always lead1 9 ! end1 ei!r to ! arrang+ ( objects1 or ( ideas1 or ( acts1 or ( movem5ts1 9 r[s or s]ies1 or else to ! plac+ ( objects or ideas ( "s sort on ! same level1 by virtue ( "s equival5ce1 or ( "s inv>iant "*4 ,?us numb]s1 functions1 l9es 9 geometry1 give y examples ( s]ial relations4 ,equations 9 ma!matics are classic in/ances ( level+ relations4 ,s1 ( c\rse1 are inv>iants4 ,?us1 aga91 ! :ole mod]n !ory ( en]gy consi/s ( two p>ts1 "o ( :i* has to d ) levels ( en]gy1 9 s f> z ! quantity ( en]gy ( a clos$ sy/em rema9s inv>iant ?r\gh all ! trans=mations ( ! sy/em1 :ile ! o!r "p has to d ) ! irrev]sible s]ial ord] ( ! trans=mations ( en]gy !mselves1 :i* foll[ a set ( unsymmetrical relations1 9 s f> z en]gy t5ds to fall f high] to l[] levels ( int5sity )9 ! same sy/em4 ,! entire conceivable univ]se !n1 & all ( our pres5t exact sci5ce1 c be view$1 if y *oose1 z a collection ( objects or ( ideas t1 :atev] o!r types ( relations may exi/1 are at lea/ l>gely *>act]iz$ ei!r by ! level+ relations1 or by ! s]ial relations1 or by complexes ( bo? sorts ( relations4 ,"h1 !n1 we are pla9ly deal+ ) v fundam5tal categories4 ,! betwe5 relations ( geometry c ( c\rse be def9$1 if y *oose1 9 t]ms ( transitive relations t are n symmetrical4 ,!re are1 to be sure1 "s o!r relations pres5t 9 exact sci5ce1 b ! two types1 ! s]ial & level+ relations1 are especially notable4 ,s f> ! mod]n logicians h = "s "t be5 9 sub/antial agreem5t4 ,russell's brilliant book is a developm5t ( ! logic ( ma!matics v l>gely 9 t]ms ( ! two types ( relations :i*1 9 my own way1 ,i h j *>act]iz$2 al?\gh ,russell gives due reg>d1 ( c\rse1 to c]ta9 o!r types ( relations4 ,b h]eupon ! "q arises1 ,are ^! two types ( relations :at ,russell holds !m to be1 namely1 ultimate & irr$ucible logical facts1 unanalyzable categories--m]e data = ! ?9k]8 ,or c we r$uce !m /ill fur!r1 & ?us simplify yet aga9 our view ( ! categories8 ,"h is :]e ,kempe's g5]alization beg9s to come into sight4 ,^! two categories1 9 at lea/ "o v fundam5tal realm ( exact ?\ght1 c be r$uc$ to "o4 ,!re is1 namely1 a _w ( ideal objects :i* especially int]e/ ! logician4 ,x is ! _w ( a totality ( possible logical classes1 or aga91 x is ! ideal _w1 equival5t 9 =mal /ructure to ! =ego+1 b compos$ ( a totality ( possible /atem5ts1 or ?irdly1 x is ! _w1 equival5t once m1 9 =mal /ructure1 to ! =ego+1 b consi/+ ( a totality ( possible acts ( w1 ( possible decisions4 ,:5 we proce$ to consid] ! relational /ructure ( su* a _w1 tak5 m]ely 9 ! ab/ract z su* a /ructure1 a relation comes into sight :i* at once appe>s to be peculi>ly g5]al 9 its nature4 ,x is ! s-call$ illative relation1 ! relation :i* obta9s betwe5 two classes :5 "o is subsum$ "u ! o!r1 or betwe5 two /atem5ts1 or two decisions1 :5 "o implies or entails ! o!r4 ,?is relation is transitive1 b may be ei!r symmetrical or n symmetrical2 s t1 accord+ z x is symmetrical or n1 x may be us$ ei!r to e/abli% levels or to g5]ate s]ies4 ,9 ! ord] sy/em ( ! logician's _w1 ! relational /ructure is ?us1 9 any case1 a highly g5]al & fundam5tal "o4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,9 ?is ! logician's _w ( classes1 or ( /atem5ts1 or ( decisions1 !re is also ano!r relation obs]vable4 ,?is is ! relation ( exclusion or mutual opposition4 ,?is is a purely symmetrical or reciprocal relation4 ,x has two =ms--obv]se or contradictory opposition1 t is1 negation prop]1 & contr>y opposition4 ,b bo? ^! =ms are purely symmetrical4 ,& by prop] devices ea* ( !m c be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! o!r1 or r$uc$ to ! o!r4 ,& fur!r1 z ,kempe incid5tally %[s1 & z ,mrs4 ,ladd ,frankl9 has also sub/antially %[n 9 h] important !ory ( ! syllogism1 x is possible to /ate e proposition1 or complex ( propositions involv+ ! illative relation1 9 t]ms ( ?is purely symmetrical relation ( opposition4 ,h5ce1 s f> z m]e relational =m is conc]n$1 ! illative relation itself may be :olly r$uc$ to ! symmetrical relation ( opposition4 ,?is is our fir/ result z to ! relational /ructure ( ! realm ( pure logic1 t is1 ! realm ( classes1 ( /atem5ts1 or ( decisions4 ,x foll[s t1 9 describ+ ! logician's _w ( possible classes or ( possible decisions1 all unsymmetrical1 & s all s]ial1 relations c be /at$ solely 9 t]ms ( symmetrical relations1 & c be entirely r$uc$ to su* relations4 ,moreov]1 z ,kempe has also v prettily %[n1 ! relation ( opposition1 9 its two =ms1 j m5tion$1 ne$ n be int]pret$ z obta9+ m]ely betwe5 pairs ( objects4 ,x may & does obta9 betwe5 triads1 tetrads1 n-ads ( logical entities2 & s all t is true ( ! relations ( logical classes may consequ5tly be /at$ m]ely by ascrib+ c]ta9 p]fectly symmetrical & homog5e\s pr$icates to pairs1 triads1 tetrads1 n-ads ( logical objects4 ,! ess5tial contra/ betwe5 symmetrical & unsymmetrical relations ?us1 9 ?is ideal realm ( ! logician1 simply vani%es4 ,! categories ( ! logician's _w ( classes1 ( /atem5ts1 or ( decisions1 are m>vel\sly simple4 ,all ! relations pres5t may be view$ z v>iations ( ! m]e conception ( opposition z di/9ct f non-opposition4 ,all ?is holds1 ( c\rse1 s f>1 m]ely = ! logician's _w ( classes or ( decisions4 ,!re1 at lea/1 all s]ial ord] c actually be d]iv$ f :olly symmetrical relations4 ,b ,kempe n[ v beautifully %[s 7& "h lies 8 great & orig9al contribution to our topic7--he %[s1 ,i say1 t ! ord9al relations ( geometry1 z well z ( ! numb] sy/em1 c all be reg>d$ z indi/+ui%able f m]e v>iations ( ^? relations :i*1 9 pure logic1 "o f9ds to be ! symmetrical relations obta9+ )9 pairs or triads ( classes or ( /atem5ts4 ,! =mal id5tity ( ! geometrical relation call$ betwe5 ) a purely logical relation :i* "o c def9e z exi/+ or z n exi/+ among/ ! memb]s ( a giv5 triad ( logical classes1 or ( logical /atem5ts1 is %[n by ,kempe 9 a fa%ion t ,i _c "h attempt to exp\nd4 ,b ,kempe's result ?us enables "o1 z ,i believe1 to simplify ! !ory ( relations f> beyond ! po9t :i* ,russell 9 8 brilliant book has rea*$4 ,= ,kempe's triadic relation 9 "q c be /at$1 9 :at he calls its obv]se =m1 9 p]fectly symmetrical t]ms4 ,& he proves v exactly t ! result+ logical relation is precisely id5tical1 9 all its prop]ties1 ) ! fundam5tal ord9al relation ( geometry4 ,?us ! ord]-sy/ems ( geometry & analysis appe> simply z special cases ( ! m g5]al ord]-sy/em ( pure logic4 ,! :ole1 bo? ( analysis & ( geometry1 c be reg>d$ z a description ( c]ta9 select$ gr\ps ( entities1 :i* are *os51 accord+ to special rules1 f a s+le ideal _w4 ,?is g5]al & inclusive ideal _w consi/s simply ( all ! objects :i* c /& to "o ano!r 9 ^? symmetrical relations :]e9 ! pure logician f9ds v>i\s /atem5ts1 or v>i\s decisions inevitably /&+4 ,let me1 says 9 sub/ance ,kempe1 *oose f ! logician's ideal _w ( classes or decisions1 :at entities ,i w2 & ,i w %[ y a collection ( objects t are 9 _! relational /ructure1 precisely id5tical ) ! po9ts ( a geomet]'s space ( n dim5sions4 ,9 o!r words1 all ( ! geomet]'s figures & relations c be precisely pictur$ by ! relational /ructure ( a select$ sy/em ( classes or ( /atem5ts1 ^: relations are :olly & explicitly logical relations1 su* z opposition1 & ^: relations may all be reg>d$1 accord+ly1 z r$ucible to a s+le type ( purely symmetrical relation4 ,?us1 = all exact sci5ce1 & n m]ely = ! logician's special realm1 ! contra/ betwe5 symmetrical & unsymmetrical relations proves to be1 aft] all1 sup]ficial & d]iv$4 ,! purely logical categories1 su* z opposition1 & su* z hold )9 ! calculus ( /atem5ts1 are1 app>5tly1 ! basal categories ( all ! exact sci5ce t has yet be5 develop$4 ,s]ies & levels are relational /ructures t1 %>ply z !y are contra/$1 c be d]iv$ f a s+le root4 ,i h re/at$ ,kempe's g5]alization 9 my own way4 ,i ?9k x ! mo/ promis+ /ep t[>ds new light z to ! categories t we h made = "s g5]ations4 ,9 ! field ( mod]n logic1 ,i say1 !n1 "w is do+ :i* is rapidly t5d+ t[>ds ! unification ( ! tasks ( our entire division4 ,= ?is problem ( ! categories1 9 all its ab/ractness1 is /ill a common problem = all ( u4 ,d y ask1 h[ev]1 :at su* rese>*es c d to furni% m special aid to ! work]s 9 metaphysics1 9 ! philosophy ( religion1 9 e?ics1 or 9 /hetics1 beyond m]ely help+ t[>ds ! =mulation ( a table ( categories--!n ,i reply t we are already n )\t evid5ce t su* g5]al rese>*es1 ab/ract ?\gh !y may seem1 are be>+ fruits :i* h mu* m ?an a m]ely special int]e/4 ,ap>t f its mo/ g5]al problems1 t analysis ( ma!matical concepts to :i* ,i h ref]r$ has 9 any case reveal$ num]\s unexpect$ connections betwe5 dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght :i* _h seem$ to be v widely sund]$4 ,"o in/ance ( su* a connection ,i myself h else:]e discuss$ at l5g?1 9 its g5]al metaphysical be>+s4 ,i ref] to ! logical id5tity :i* ,d$ek9d fir/ po9t$ out betwe5 ! ma!matical concept ( ! ord9al numb] ( s]ies & ! philosophical concept ( ! =mal /ructure ( an ideally complet$ self4 ,i h ma9ta9$ t ?is =mal id5tity ?r[s light ^u problems :i* h z g5u9e an int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( ! philosophy ( religion z = ! logician ( ari?metic4 ,9 ! same connection x may be rem>k$ t1 z ,c\turat & ,russell1 among/ o!r writ]s1 h v cle>ly & beautifully %[n1 ! argum5t ( ! ,kantian ma!matical ant9omies ne$s to be explicitly & totally revis$ 9 ! light ( ,cantor's mod]n !ory ( inf9ite collections4 ,to pass at once to ano!r1 & a v diff]5t in/ance3 ,! mod]n ma!matical conceptions ( :at is call$ gr\p !ory h already receiv$ v wide & significant applications1 & promise to br+ into unity regions ( rese>* :i*1 until rec5tly1 appe>$ to h little or no?+ to d ) "o ano!r4 ,q lately1 h[ev]1 !re are signs t gr\p !ory w soon prove to be ( importance = ! def9ition ( "s ( ! fundam5tal concepts ( t mo/ refractory bran* ( philosophical inquiry1 /hetics4 ,dr4 ,em*1 9 an important pap] 9 ! ,moni/1 call$ att5tion1 "s "t s9ce1 to ! symmetry gr\ps to :i* c]ta9 /hetically pleas+ =ms belong1 & endeavor$ to po9t out ! empirical relations betwe5 ^! gr\ps & ! /hetic effects 9 "q4 ,! gr\nds = su* a connection betwe5 ! gr\ps 9 "q & ! obs]v$ /hetic effects1 seem$1 9 ! pap] ( ,dr4 ,em* to be left l>gely 9 ! d>k4 ,b c]ta9 pap]s rec5tly publi%$ 9 ! c\ntry by ,miss ,e!l ,puff]1 be>+ ^u ! psy*ology ( ! beautiful 7al?\gh ! au?or has approa*$ ! subject )\t be+ 9 ! lea/ consci\sly influ5c$1 z ,i und]/&1 by ! conceptions ( ! ma!matical gr\p !ory71 /ill actually lead1 if ,i correctly grasp ! writ]'s mean+1 to ! doctr9e t ! /hetic object1 view$ z a psy*ological :ole1 mu/ possess a /ructure closely1 if n precisely1 equival5t to ! ideal /ructure ( :at ! ma!matician calls a gr\p4 ,i myself h no au?ority reg>d+ /hetic concepts1 & speak subject to correction4 ,b ! unexpect$1 & 9 case ( ,miss ,puff]'s rese>*1 q un9t5d$1 appe>ance ( gr\p !ory 9 rec5t /hetic analysis is to me an impressive in/ance ( ! use ( relatively new ma!matical conceptions 9 philosophical regions :i* seem1 at fir/ sight1 v remote f ma!matics4 ,t bo? ! gr\p concept & ! concept ( ! self j sugge/$ are sure to h also a wide application 9 ! e?ics ( ! future1 ,i am myself well conv9c$4 ,9 fact1 no bran* ( philosophy is )\t close relations to all su* /udies ( fundam5tal categories4 ,^! are b h9ts & examples4 ,!y suffice1 ,i hope1 to %[ t ! work]s 9 ?is division h deep common int]e/s1 & w d well1 9 future1 to /udy ! arts ( cop]ation1 & to reg>d "o ano!r's progress ) a wat*ful & cordial sympa?y4 ,9 a ^w3 ,our common problem is ! !ory ( ! categories4 ,t problem c be solv$ only by ! cop]ation ( ! ma!maticians & ( ! philosoph]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p>is ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,h&-pa9t$ ,photogravure f a ,pa9t+ by ,otto ,knille4 ,reproduc$ f a ,photograph ( ! ,pa9t+ by p]mission ( ! ,b]l9 ,photograph ,co4 ,?is fam\s pa9t+ is n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 surnam$ ! ,angelic ,doctor1 is deliv]+ a le>n$ disc\rse be=e ,k+ ,l\is ,,ix4 ,to ! "r ( ! ,k+ /&s ,jo9ville1 ! ,fr5* *ronicl]4 ,! ,dom9ican monk ) 8 h& to 8 face is ,guillaume de ,sa9t ,am\r1 & ,v9c5t de ,beauvais1 & ano!r ,dom9ican are seat$ ) _! backs to ! plat=m desk f :i* ,?omas ,aqu9as is mak+ 8 animat$ address4 ,! picture is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( a ,univ]sity disputation at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,dep>tm5t ,i--,,philosophy ,,dep>tm5t ,i--,,philosophy 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bj1 #aa4ae a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,bord5 ,p4 ,,b[ne1 ,bo/on ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,h4 ,,h[ison1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,t4 ,,ladd1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 op5+ ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy1 ! ,*airman1 ,pr(essor ,bord5 ,p4 ,b[ne1 ,,ll4,d41 ( ,bo/on ,univ]sity1 made an int]e/+ address on ! ,philosophical ,outlook4 ,pr(essor ,b[ne said 9 "p3-- ,i congratulate ! memb]s ( ! ,philosophical ,section on ! improv$ outlook 9 philosophy4 ,9 ! g5]ation j pass$1 philosophy 0 some:at at a disc\nt4 ,! great & rapid developm5t ( physical sci5ce & inv5tion1 toge!r ) ! pr(\nd *anges 9 biological ?\ght1 produc$ = a "t a k9d ( *aos4 ,new facts 7 %[]$ ^u u 9 great abundance1 & we _h no adequate philosophical prep>ation = deal+ ) !m4 ,su* a condition is always di/urb+4 ,! old m5tal equilibrium is ov]?r[n & readju/m5t is a sl[ process4 ,besides1 ! %all[ s5se philosophy ( t "t readily l5t itself to me*anical & mat]iali/ic int]pretations1 & = a :ile x seem$ z if all ! high] fai?s ( humanity 7 p]man5tly discr$it$4 ,all ?is has pass$ away4 ,philosophical criticism began its "w & ! nave dogmatism ( mat]iali/ic naturalism 0 soon dispos$ (4 ,x quickly appe>$ t our tr\ble 0 n due to ! new facts1 b to ! sup]ficial philosophy by :i* !y _h be5 int]pret$4 ,n[ t we h a bett] philosophy1 we h come to live 9 p]fect peace ) ! facts once ?\ght di/urb+1 & ev5 to welcome !m z valuable additions to k4444 ,! brief naturali/ic episode 0 n )\t in/ruction = u4 ,x %[$ conclusively ! great practical importance ( philosophy4 ,_h we _h ?irty ye>s ago ! curr5t philosophical insight1 ! great developm5t ( ! physical & biological sci5ces w\ld h made no di/urbance :atev]4 ,b be+ int]pret$ by a crude s*eme ( ?\ght1 x produc$ some:at ( a /orm4 ,philosophy may n contribute mu* ( positive value1 b x c]ta9ly has an important negative function 9 ! way ( suppress+ pret5ti\s dogmatism & fictiti\s k1 :i* (t5 lead m5 a/ray4 ,x is ^! ?+s :i* produce conflicts ( sci5ce & religion or :i* f9d 9 evolution ! solv5t ( all my/]ies & ! s\rce ( all k4 ,conc]n+ ! p>tition ( t]ritory betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy1 !re are two di/9ct que/ions respect+ ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,fir/1 we ne$ to "k ! facts 9 _! temporal & spatial ord]1 & ! way !y hang toge!r 9 a sy/em ( law4 ,to get ?is k is ! function ( sci5ce1 & 9 ?is "w sci5ce has inali5able rights & a mo/ important practical function4 ,?is "w _c be done by speculation nor int]f]$ ) by au?ority ( any k9d4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t sci5ti/s 9 _! s5se ( contact ) reality %\ld be indignant )1 or feel contempt =1 any :o seek to limit or proscribe _! rese>*4 ,b suppos+ ?is "w all done1 !re rema9s ano!r "q respect+ ! causality & int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,?is "q belongs to philosophy4 ,sci5ce describes & regi/]s ! facts ) _! temporal & spatial laws2 philosophy /udies _! causality & significance4 ,& :ile ! sci5ti/ ju/ly ignores ! philosoph] :o int]f]es ) 8 inquiries1 s ! philosoph] may ju/ly reproa* ! sci5ti/ :o fails to see t ! sci5tific "q does n t\* ! philosophic "o4444 ,9 ! field ( metaphysics prop] ,i note a /rong t5d5cy t[>d p]sonal idealism1 or z x might be call$1 ,p]sonalism2 t is1 ! doctr9e t sub/antial reality c be conceiv$ only "u ! p]sonal =m & t all else is ph5om5al4 ,?is is q di/9ct f ! traditional idealisms ( m]e conceptionism4 ,x holds ! ess5tial fact to be a community ( p]sons ) a ,supreme ,p]son at _! head :ile ! ph5om5al _w is only expression & means ( communication4 ,& to ?is view we are l$ by ! failure ( philosophiz+ on ! imp]sonal plane1 :i* is sure to lose itself 9 contradiction & impossibility4 ,"u ! =m ( me*anical naturalism1 ) its t5d5cies to mat]ialism & a!ism1 imp]sonalism has once m be5 judg$ & f\nd want+4 ,we are n likely to h a recurr5ce ( ?is view unless !re be a return to philosophical b>b>ism4 ,b imp]sonalism at ! opposite pole 9 ! =m ( ab/ract categories ( be+1 causality1 unity1 id5tity1 cont9uity1 suffici5t reason1 etc41 is equally unt5able4 ,criticism %[s t ^! categories :5 ab/ractly & imp]sonally tak5 cancel !mselves4 ,on ! imp]sonal plane we c nev] rea* unity f plurality1 or plurality f unity2 & we c nev] f9d *ange 9 id5tity1 or id5tity 9 *ange4 ,cont9uity 9 "t becomes m]e succession )\t ! notion ( pot5tiality1 & ?is 9 turn is empty4 ,exi/5ce itself is disp]s$ into no?+ness ?r\gh ! inf9ite divisibility ( space & "t1 :ile ! law ( ! suffici5t reason loses itself 9 b>r5 tautology & ! inf9ite regress4 ,! necess>y logical equival5ce ( cause & effect 9 any imp]sonal s*eme makes all real explanation & progress impossible1 & %uts u up to an un9telligible oscillation betwe5 pot5tiality & actuality1 to :i* !re is no correspond+ ?\ght4444 ,philosophy is /ill militant & has mu* "w be=e x1 b ! om5s are auspici\s1 ! problems are bett] und]/ood1 & we are com+ to a syn!sis ( ! results ( pa/ g5]ations ( ?9k+ :i* w be a v di/9ct progress4 ,philosophy has already done good s]vice1 & nev] bett] ?an 9 rec5t times1 by de/roy+ pret5d$ k & mak+ room = ! high] fai?s ( humanity4 ,x has also done good s]vice 9 help+ ^! fai?s to bett] rational =m1 & ?us secur+ !m aga9/ ! defilem5ts ( sup]/ition & ! cavil+s ( ho/ile critics4 ,) all its ab]rations & %ortcom+s1 philosophy des]ves well ( humanity4 ,,philosophy3 ,,its ,,fundam5tal ,,conceptions ,,& ,,its ,,me?ods ,,by ,,george ,,holmes ,,h[ison ,george ,holmes ,h[ison1 ,mills ,pr(essor ( ,intellectual & ,moral ,philosophy & ,civil ,polity1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 b4 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 #ahcd4 ,a4,b4 ,m>ietta ,college1 #aheb2 ,m4,a4 #ahee2 ,,ll4,d4 ibid4 #ahhc4 ,po/-graduate1 ,lane ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 & ,ox=d4 ,headma/] ,high ,s*ool1 ,salem1 ,mass41 #ahfb-fd2 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,l\is1 #ahfd-ff2 ,tile/on ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy1 ibid4 #ahff-fi2 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ! ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce1 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #ahga-gi2 ,lectur] on ,e?ics1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #ahgi-hj2 ,lectur] on ,logic & ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 #ahhc-hd4 ,memb] & vice-presid5t ,/4 ,l\is ,philosophical ,society2 memb] ,cali=nia ,hi/orical ,society2 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association2 ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce2 ,national ,geographic ,society1 etc4 ,au?or ( ,treatise on ,analytic ,geometry1 #ahfi2 ,! ,limits ( ,evolution1 #aija1 #b;d edition1 #aijd2 jo9t au?or & editor ( ,! ,conception ( ,god1 #ahig1 etc4 ,editor ,philosophical ,publications ( ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia2 ,am]ican ,editorial ,repres5tative ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,london4 ,! duty has be5 assign$ me1 honor$ colleagues1 ( address+ y on ! ,fundam5tal ,conceptions & ! ,me?ods ( our common pursuit--philosophy4 ,9 endeavor+ to deal ) ! subject 9 a way n unwor?y ( its dep? & its ext5t1 ,i h f\nd x impossible to br+ ! ess5tial mat]ial )9 less compass ?an w\ld occupy1 9 read+1 at lea/ f\r times ! p]iod grant$ by our programme4 ,i h !re=e compli$ ) ! rule ( ! ,congress :i* directs t1 if a m ext5d$ writ+ be left ) ! au?orities = publication1 ! read+ mu/ be re/rict$ to su* a portion ( x z w n exce$ ! allott$ "t4 ,i w accord+ly read to y1 fir/1 a brief summ>y ( my entire discussion1 by way ( introduction1 & !n an exc]pt f ! l>g] docum5t1 :i* may s]ve = a specim51 z our s*ola/ic pr$ecessors us$ to say1 ( ! :ole inquiry ,i h c>ri$ out4 ,! impression w1 ( c\rse1 be fragm5t>y1 & ,i mu/ ask be=eh& = y\r mo/ b5evol5t all[ances1 to prev5t a judgm5t too unfavorable4 ,! discussion naturally falls into two ma9 p>ts3 ! fir/ deal+ ) ! ,fundam5tal ,conceptions2 & ! second1 ) ! ,me?ods4 ,9 ! =m]1 aft] pres5t+ ! conception ( philosophy itself1 z ! consid]ation ( ?+s 9 ! light ( ! :ole1 ,i take up ! involv$ ,fundam5tal ,concepts 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- ,i4 ,:ole & ,"p2 ,,ii4 ,subject & ,object 7,kn[+ & ,be+1 ,m9d & ,matt]2 ,dualism1 ,mat]ialism1 ,idealism72 ,,iii4 ,reality & ,appe>ance 7,n\m5on & ,ph5om5on72 ,,iv4 ,cause & ,effect 7,gr\nd & ,consequ5ce2 ,causal ,sy/em72 ,v4 ,"o & ,_m 7,numb] ,sy/em2 ,monism & ,pluralism72 ,,vi4 ,"t & ,space 7_! relation to ,numb]2 _! ,orig9 & ,real ,mean+72 ,,vii4 ,uncondition$ & ,condition$ 7,s\l1 ,_w1 ,god2 _! ,re9t]pretation 9 t]ms ( ,pluralism72 ,,viii4 ,! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 ! ,good 7_! relation to ! "q betwe5 ,monism & ,pluralism74 ,^! are successively dealt ) z !y rise "o out ( ! o!r 9 ! process ( int]pret+ !m & apply+ !m 9 ! actual creation ( philosophy1 z ?is goes on 9 ! hi/oric s*ools4 ,! !oretic progress ( philosophy is 9 ?is way expla9$ by !m1 9 its movem5t f natural dualism1 or realism1 ?r\gh ! successive =ms ( monism1 mat]iali/ic1 agno/ic1 & ideali/ic1 until x rea*es ! issue1 n[ com+ s /rongly =w>d )9 ! s*ool ( idealism1 betwe5 ! adh]5ts ( monism & ^? ( pluralism4 ,! importance ( ! ,fundam5tal ,concepts is %[n to increase z we pass along ! li/1 till on rea*+ ,cause & ,effect1 & ent]+ ^u its full int]pretation into ! complete ,sy/em ( ,causes1 we arrive at ! v significant conception ( ! ,,reciprocity ,,( ,,fir/ ,,causes1 & ?r\gh x come to ! ,,primacy ,,( ,,f9al ,,cause1 & ! d]ivative position ( ! o!r =ms ( cause1 ,mat]ial1 ,=mal1 ,effici5t4 ,! philosophic /r5g? ( idealism1 b especially ( ideali/ic pluralism1 comes into cle> light z ! result ( ?is /age ( ! inquiry4 ,b x appe>s yet m decid$ly :5 ,"o & ,_m1 ,"t & ,space1 & _! int]relations1 are subject$ to analysis4 ,s ! discussion next passes to ! high] conceptions1 ,s\l1 ,_w1 ,god1 by ! pa?way ( ! correlation ,uncondition$ & ,condition$1 & its k9dr$ contra/s ,absolute & ,relative1 ,necess>y & ,cont+5t1 ,inf9ite & ,f9ite1 corroborat+ & re9=c+ ! import ( idealism1 &1 /ill m decid$ly1 t ( its plural =m4 ,f9ally1 ! /rong & favorable be>+ ( ?is la/ on ! dissolution ( agno/icism & ! habilitation ( ! ideals1 ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 9 a height5$ mean+1 is br\ght out4 ,?is c>ries ! inquiry to ! second "p ( x1 t ( ! ,philosophical ,me?ods4 ,"h ,i rec\nt ^! 9 a s]ies ( six3 ! ,dogmatic1 ! ,skeptical1 ! ,critical1 ! ,pragmatic1 ! ,g5etic1 ! ,dialectic4 ,^!1 ,i %[1 9 spite ( ! t5d5cy ( ! e>li] memb]s 9 ! s]ies to ov]-emphasis1 all h _! place & function 9 ! developm5t ( a complete philosophy1 & 9 fact =m an asc5d+ s]ies 9 me?odic effectiv5ess1 all t prec$e ! la/ be+ tak5 up into ! compreh5sive ,critical ,rationalism ( ! la/4 ,me?odology ?us passes upw>d1 ov] ! asc5d+ & wid5+ roadways ( 7#a7 ,intuition & ,d$uction2 7#b7 ,exp]i5ce & ,induction2 7#c7 ,intuition & ,exp]i5ce adju/$ by ,critical ,limits2 7#d7 ,skepticism re9=c$ & made quasi-affirmative by ,desire & ,w2 7#e7 ,empiricism enl>g$ by sub/itution ( cosmic & psy*ic hi/ory = subjective consci\sness2 7#f7 ,enlight5$ return to a ,rationalism critically e/abli%$ by ! inclusion ( ! prec$+ elem5ts1 & by ! sift+ & ! grad+ ( ! ,fundam5tal ,concepts ?r\gh _! behavior :5 te/$ by ! ef=t to make !m univ]sal4 ,9 ?is way1 ! me?ods fall into a ,sy/em1 ! organic pr9ciple ( :i* is ?is pr9ciple ( ,dialectic1 :i* proves itself alone able to e/abli% necess>y tru?s2 t is1 tru?s inde$1--judgm5ts t are se5 to exclude _! opposites1 because1 9 ! attempt to sub/itute ! opposite1 ! place ( x is /ill fill$ by ! judgm5t :i* x aims to dislodge4 ,& n[1 ) y\r favor+ leave1 ,i w read ! exc]pt f my l>g] text4 ,! task to :i*1 9 an especial s5se1 ! cultivators ( philosophy are summon$ by ! plans ( ! pres5t ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 is c]ta9ly su* z to /ir an ambition to a*ieve x4 ,at ! same "t1 x temp]s eag]ness by its va/ difficulty1 & ! appreh5sion le/ ?is may prove insup]able4 ,! task1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,congress tell u1 is no less ?an to promote ! unification ( all human k4 ,x requires1 !n1 ! r$uction ( ! enorm\s detail 9 our pres5t miscellany ( sci5ces & arts1 :i* to a g5]al glance1 or ev5 to a m intimate view1 pres5ts a confusion ( diff]5ces t seems ov]:elm+1 to a sy/em nev]!less cle>ly h>moni\s1--f\nd$1 t is to say1 ^u univ]sal pr9ciples :i* control all diff]5ces by expla9+ !m1 & :i* !re=e1 9 ! la/ resort1 !mselves fl[ lucidly f a s+le supreme pr9ciple4 ,simply to /ate ?is mean+ ( ! task set u1 is en\gh to awak5 ! d\bt ( its practicability4 ,?is d\bt1 we are b\nd to confess1 has m & m impress$ itself ^u ! g5]al m9d1 ! f>!r ?is has advanc$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,! v increase 9 ! multiplicity & complexity ( facts & _! causal gr\p+s increases ! feel+ t at ! root ( ?+s !re is a f9al inexplicability--total reality seems1 m & m1 too va/1 too pr(\nd1 = u to grasp or to fa?om4 ,& yet1 /rangely en\gh1 ?is increas+ s5se ( my/]i\s va/ness has n 9 ! lea/ prev5t$ ! mod]n m9d f m & m ass]t+1 ) a /eadily increas+ insi/5ce1 ! ess5tial & un*angeable unity ( t :ole ( ?+s :i* to our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & ev5 to all our sci5ces1 appe>s su* an endless & imp5etrable complex ( diff]5ces1--yes1 ( contradictions4 ,9 fact1 ?is ass]tion ( ! unity ( all ?+s1 "u ! favorite "n ( ! ,unity ( ,nature1 is ! pet dogma ( mod]n sci5ce2 or1 r1 to speak ) "r accuracy1 x is ! /ock-9-trade ( a philosophy ( sci5ce1 curr5t among _m ( ! lead]s ( mod]n sci5ce2 = e su* ass]tion1 cov]+1 z x tacitly & unavoidably does1 a view ab\t ! absolute :ole1 is an ass]tion belong+ to ! prov9ce ( philosophy1 be=e ^: tribunal x mu/ come = ! assessm5t ( its value4 ,! presuppositions ( all ! special sci5ces1 &1 above all1 ?is presupposition ( ! ,unity & ,uni=mity ( ,nature1 common to all ( !m1 mu/ ?us come back = ju/ification & requisite def9ition to philosophy--t upp]mo/ & all-inclusive =m ( cognition :i* addresses itself to ! :ole z :ole4 ,9 _! common ass]tion ( ! ,unity ( ,nature1 ! expon5ts ( mod]n sci5ce come unaw>es out ( _! own prov9ce into q ano!r & a high]2 & 9 do+ s !y %[ h[ unaw>es !y come1 by pres5t+ 9 mo/ in/ances ! curi\s spectacle ( proclaim+ at once _! increas+ belief 9 ! unity ( ?+s1 & _! increas+ disbelief 9 its p5etrability by our intellig5ce3-- ,9's ,inn]e d] ,natur1 ,dr+t ke9 ers*affn] ,gei/1 is _! *os5 poet's expression ( _! philosophic mood4 ,curi\s we h ! "r to call ?is /ate ( ! sci5tific m9d1 because x is to critical reflection s c]ta9ly self-contradictory4 ,h[ c !re be a real unity belong+ to :at is inscrutable8--:at evid5ce ( unity c !re be1 except 9 intelligible & explanatory cont9uity8 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 ?is v mood ( agno/ic self-contradiction1 into :i* ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces ca/s su* a multitude ( m9ds1 br+s !m1--br+s all ( u1--z already indicat$1 into t c\rt ( philosophy :]e alone su* issues lawfully belong1 & :]e alone !y c be adjudicat$4 ,if ! unification ( ! sci5ces c be made out to be real by mak+ out its sole suffici5t condition1 namely1 t !re is a g5u9e1 & n a m]ely nom9al1 unity 9 ! :ole ( reality itself1--a unity t expla9s because x is itself1 n simply intelligible1 b ! only completely intelligible ( ?+s1--?is desirable result mu/ be ! "w ( philosophy4 ,h[ev] difficult ! task may be1 x is rightly put ^u u :o belong to ! ,dep>tm5t li/$ fir/ among ! tw5ty-f\r 9 ! programme ( ?is repres5tative ,congress4 ,i _c b express my own satisfaction1 z a memb] ( ?is ,dep>tm5t1 nor fail to ext5d my congratulations to y :o are my colleagues 9 x1 t ! ,congress1 9 its programme1 takes op5ly ! affirmative on ?is "q ( ! possible unification ( k4 ,! ,congress has ?us decl>$ be=eh& = ! practicability ( ! task x sets4 ,x has ev5 decl>$ = its n di/ant accompli%m5t2 inde$1 n impossibly1 its accompli%m5t ?r\gh ! transactions ( ! ,congress itself2 & x indicates1 by no unc]ta9 signs1 ! lead+1 ! det]m9+ "p t philosophy mu/ h 9 ! a*ievem5t4 ,9 fact1 ! au?orities ( ! ,congress !mselves sugge/ a solution ( _! own = _! problem4 ,9 _! programme we see a r5ew$ ,hi]>*y ( ! ,sci5ces1 & at ! summit ( ?is appe>s n[ aga91 aft] s long a p]iod ( humiliat+ obscuration1 ! figure ( ,philosophy1 rais$ anew to t supremacy1 z ,que5 ( ! ,sci5ces1 :i* _h be5 h]s f ! days ( ,plato to ^? ( ,cop]nicus1 b :i* %e began to lose :5 mod]n physical & hi/orical rese>* ent]$ ^u its c\rse ( sudd5 developm5t1 & :i*1 until rec5tly1 %e has cont9u$ m & m to lose z ! sci5ces h advanc$ 9 _! c>e] ( discov]ies1--ev] m unexpect$1 m a/oni%+1 yet m conv9c+ & m helpful to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,may ?is sign ( h] recov]$ empire n fail6 ,if we rejoice at ! tok51 ! ,congress has made x our "p to see t ! title is v9dicat$4 ,x is ours to %[ ?is normative function ( philosophy1 ?is p[] to reign z ! unify+ discipl9e 9 ! entire realm ( our possible k2 to %[ x by %[+ t ! v nature ( philosophy--its elem5tal concepts & its direct+ ideals1 its me?ods tak5 9 _! sy/ematic succession--is su* z mu/ result 9 a view ( univ]sal reality t w supply ! pr9ciple at once giv+ rise to all ! sci5ces & connect+ !m all into "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,su*1 & s grave1 my honor$ colleagues1 is ! duty assign$ to ?is h\r4 ,s9c]ely c ,i say1 ,w\ld x _h fall5 to /rong] h&s ?an m9e6 ,b s9ce to m9e x has be5 committ$1 ,i w und]take x 9 no di%e>t5$ _s2 r1 9 t temp] ( animat$ hope 9 :i* ! :ole ,congress has be5 conceiv$ & plann$4 ,& ,i draw enc\ragem5t f ! place1 & its associations1 :]e we are assembl$--f its hi/oric connections n only ) ! ext]nal expansion ( our c\ntry1 b ) its gr[? 9 culture1 & especially ) its gr[? 9 ! cultivation ( philosophy4 ,= y\r speak]1 at lea/1 c nev] =get t "h 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 ! metropolis ( ! region by :i* our national doma9 0 9 ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase s enl>g$1--"h 0 ! c5tre ( a movem5t 9 philosophic /udy t has prov$ to be ( national import4 ,x is fitt+ t we all1 "h to-day1 ne> to ! sc5e itself1 commemorate ! public s]vice done by our pres5t ,national ,commission] ( ,education & 8 gr\p ( en?usia/ic associates1 9 beg9n+ "h1 9 ! middle ye>s ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 ^? /udies ( ,kant & 8 great ideali/ic successors t unexpect$ly became ! nucleus ( a wid] & m p5etrat+ /udy ( philosophy 9 all p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,x is ) quick5$ memories belong+ to ! spot :]e1 m ?an five-&-?irty ye>s ago1 x 0 my happy =tune to take "s "p ) ,dr4 ,h>ris & 8 companions1 t ,i beg9 ! task assign$ me4 ,! und]tak+ seems less hopeless :5 ,i c "h recall ! names & ! cong5ial labors ( ,h>ris1 ( ,davidson1 ( ,brockmey]1 ( ,snid]1 ( ,watt]s1 ( ,jones1--half ( !m n[ gone f life4 ,!y build$ bett] ?an !y knew2 &1 humbly z !y may !mselves h e/imat$ _! +5u\s ef=ts to ga9 acqua9tance ) ! greate/ ?\ghts1 hi/ory w n fail to take note ( :at !y did1 z m>k+ "o ( ! turn+-po9ts 9 ! culture ( our nation4 ,! publication ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 grant+ all ! subtractions claim$ by its critics on ! score ( defects 7( :i* its conductors 7 p]haps only too s5sible71 0 an influ5ce t told 9 all our circles ( philosophical /udy1 & !nce 9 ! :ole ( our social z well z our academic life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h ,i ent] ^u ! discussion ( ! subject prop]1 beg9n+1 z above indicat$1 ) ! ,fundam5tal ,conceptions4 ,hav+ foll[$ ^! ?r\gh ! contra/s ,:ole & ,"p1 ,subject & ,object1 ,reality & ,appe>ance 7or ,n\m5on & ,ph5om5on71 & develop$ ! be>+ ( ^! on ! proc$ure ( ?\ght f ! dualism ( natural realism to mat]ialism & !nce to idealism1 ) ! issue n[ com+ on1 9 ?is la/1 betwe5 monism & pluralism1 ,i /rike into ! contra/ ,cause & ,effect1 &1 not+ its unfold+ into ! m compreh5sive =m ( ,gr\nd & ,consequ5ce1 g on !nce z foll[s3 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is pla9 t ! contra/ ,gr\nd & ,consequ5ce w enable u to /ate ! new issue ) clos] precision & p]t95ce ?an ,reality & ,appe>ance1 ,n\m5on & ,ph5om5on1 c supply2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ,gr\nd & ,consequ5ce exhibits ,cause & ,effect z pres5t+ a contra/ t only fulfills :at ,n\m5on & ,ph5om5on =etold & /rove t[>ds2 9 fact1 :at 0 m remotely1 b n less surely1 also indicat$ by ,:ole & ,"p1 ,kn[+ & ,be+1 ,subject & ,object4 ,= 9 p5etrat+ to ! coh]5t mean+ ( ^! conceptions1 ! philosophic movem5t1 z we saw1 advanc$ /eadily to ! full] & full] translat+ ( ea* ( !m into ! reality t unifies by explanation1 in/ead ( pret5d+ to expla9 by m]ely unify+2 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 w n[ be put =w>d explicitly1 9 ! cl>ifi$ category ( ,cause & ,effect1 transfigur$ f a physical into a purely logical relation4 ,:at idealism n[ says1 9 t]ms ( ?is1 is t ! ,cause 7or1 z we n[ read x1 ! ,gr\nd7 ( all t exi/s is ! ,subject2 is ,m9d1 ! intellig5tly ,self-consci\s2 & t all ?+s else1 ! m]e objects1 mat]ial ?+s1 are its ,consequ5ce1 its ,outcome1--9 t s5se its ,effect4 ,& :at ! new plurali/ic idealism says1 is t ! assemblage ( individual m9ds--intellig5ce be+ ess5tially p]sonal & individual1 & nev] m]ely univ]sal & collective--is ! true total ,cause ( all1 & t e m9d ?us belongs to ! ord] ( ,fir/ ,causes2 nev]!less1 t "p1 & ! mo/ significant "p1 ( ! nature ( e m9d1 ess5tial to its p]sonality & its reason1 is its recognition ( o!r m9ds 9 ! v act ( its own self-def9ition4 ,t is to say1 a m9d by its spontane\s nature z intellig5ce1 by its intr9sic rational or logical g5ius1 puts itself z memb] ( a sy/em ( m9ds2 all m9ds are put by ea* o!r z ,ends--completely /&>d & sacr$ ,objects1 z mu* p>ts ( ! sy/em ( true ,causes z ea* is1 9 its capacity ( ,subject2 & we h a n\m5al ,reality t is prop]ly to be describ$ z ! et]nal ,f$]al ,republic ( ,spirits4 ,consequ5tly1 ! relation ( ,cause & ,effect n[ exp&s & height5s into a sy/em ( ! ,,reciprocity ,,( ,,fir/ ,,causes2 causes1 t is1 :i*1 :ile all coeffici5ts 9 ! exi/5ce & explanation ( t natural _w ( exp]i5ce :i* =ms _! passive effect1 _! objects ( m]e p]ception1 are !mselves relat$ only 9 ! high] way ( ,f9al ,causes--t is1 ,def9+-,bases & ,ends--( ea* o!r1 mak+ !m ! logical ,complem5ts1 & ! ,objects ( conduct1 all = ea*1 & ea* = all4 ,h5ce1 ! sy/em ( causation und]goes a signal trans=mation1 & proves to be organiz$ by ,f9al ,cause z its basis & root1 in/ead ( by ,effici5t ,cause1 or ,orig9at+ ,gr\nd1 z ! e>li] /ages ( ?9k+ _h always assum$4 ,! causal relation betwe5 ! absolute or prim>y realities be+ purely ,f9al1 or ,def9+ & ,purposive2 t is to say1 ! unco]cive influ5ce ( recognition & ideality2 all ! o!r =ms ( cause1 z gr\p$ by ,ari/otle1--,mat]ial1 ,=mal1 & ,effici5t1--are se5 to be ! d]ivatives ( ,f9al ,cause1 z be+ suppli$ by ! action ( ! m9ds t1 z absolute or und]iv$ realities1 exi/ only 9 ! relation ( mutual ,complem5ts & ,ends4 ,accord+ly1 ,effici5t ,cause op]ates only f m9ds1 z n\m5a1 to matt]1 z _! ph5om5on1 _! pres5t$ cont5ts ( exp]i5ce2 or1 9 a second>y & d]ivative s5se1 f "o ph5om5on to ano!r1 or f "o gr\p ( ph5om5a to ano!r gr\p1 ^! play+ ! "p ( transmitt]s1 or 7z "s logicians w\ld say7 ,in/rum5tal ,causes1 or ,means4 ,cause1 z ,mat]ial1 is h5ce def9$ z ! elem5t>y ph5om5on1 & ! comb9ations ( ?is2 & !re=e1 /rictly tak51 is m]ely ,effect 7or ,outcome7 ( ! self-active consci\sness1 ^: spontane\s =ms ( conception & p]ception become ! ,=mal ,cause t organizes ! sum ( ph5om5a into cosmic h>mony or unity4 ,"h1 accord+ly1 comes into view ! fur!r & 9 "s respects deep] conceptual pair1 ,_m & ,"o4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophic ?\ght proves t ?is anti!sis is d>kly obscure & deeply ambigu\s2 = ab\t x h c5tr$ a l>ge "p ( ! conflicts ( doctr9e4 ,?is pair has already be5 us$1 implicitly1 9 exhibit+ ! developm5t ( ! prec$+ gr\p1 ,cause & ,effect2 & 9 s us+ x we h suppli$ ourselves ) a p>tial cl>ification ( x1 & ) "o possible solution ( its ambiguity4 ,we h se51 namely1 h[ our /rong natural p]suasion t philosophy guid$ by ! fundam5tal concept ,cause mu/ become ! se>* = ! ,"o amid ! wild]ness ( ! ,_m1 & t ?is se>* _c be satisfi$ & end$ except 9 an all-inclusive ,unit1 9 :i* ! ,_m is embrac$ z ! integral & orig9at$ p>ts1 completely det]m9$1 subject$1 & controll$1 may give way to ano!r & less oppressive conception ( unity2 a conception ( x z ! h>mony among _m free & indep5d5t prim>y realities1 a h>mony f\nd$ on _! intellig5t & reasonable mutual recognition4 ,?is conception ca/s at lea/ "s cle>+ light ^u ! long & dre>y disputes ov] ! ,_m & ! ,"o2 = x exposes1 pla9ly1 ! ma9 s\rce ( !m4 ,!y h aris5 out ( two *ief ambiguities1--! ambiguity ( ! concept ,"o1 & ! ambiguity ( ! concept ,cause 9 its supreme mean+4 ,! normal contra/ betwe5 ! ,"o & ! ,_m is a cle> & simple contra/3 ! ,"o is ! s+le unit1 & ! ,_m is ! repetition ( ! unit1 or is ! collection ( ! sev]al units4 ,b if we g on to suppose t !re is a collection or sum ( all possible units1 & call ?is ! ,:ole1 !n1 s9ce !re c be no second su*1 we call x also "o 7or ! ,"o1 by way ( prem95ce71 ov]look+ ! fact t x diff]s f ! simple "o1 or unit1 9 g5]e2 t x is 9 fact n a unit at all1 n an elem5t>y memb] ( a s]ies1 b ! annulm5t ( all s]ies2 t our "n "o has pr(\ndly *ang$ its mean+1 & n[ /&s = ! ,sole1 ! ,only4 ,?us1 by our =getfulness ( diff]5ces1 we fall into deep wat]1 &1 ) ! confus$ illusions ( ! dr[n+1 dream ( ! ,"o & ,all z ! s+le punctum orig9ationis ( all ?+s1 ! ,s\rce & ,begett] ( ! v units ( :i* x is 9 reality only ! resultant & ! d]ivative4 ,or1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 & 9 ano!r mood1 we rightly en\gh take ! ,"o to mean ! coh]5t1 ! intelligible1 ! consi/5t1 ! h>moni\s2 & putt+ ! ,_m1 on ! mislead+ h9t ( its contra/ to ! unit1 9 anti!sis to ?is ,"o ( h>mony1 we fall into ! belief t ! ,_m _c be h>moni\s1 is intr9sically a clu/] ( repulsions or ( collisions1 incapable ( giv+ rise to accord2 inde$1 ess5tially ho/ile to x4 ,s1 z accord is ! aim & ! ess5ce ( our reason1 we are caught 9 ! sn>e ( monism1 pluralism hav+ app>5tly become ! equival5t ( *aos1 & ?us ! bte noir ( rational metaphysics4 ,nay1 9 ! oppos$ camp itself1 "s ( ! mo/ ard5t adh]5ts ( pluralism1 ! livelie/ ( wit1 ! mo/ exub]ant 9 lit]>y res\rces1 are ! abjecte/ believ]s 9 ! hopeless disjunction & caprici\sness ( ! plural1 & hold !re is a rift 9 ! texture ( reality t no intellig5ce1 ev5 ?\gh y dub x '! ,absolute1' c m5d or rea* across4 ,yet surely !re is no?+ 9 ! ,_m1 z a sum ( units1 ! lea/ at w> ) ! ,"o z a sy/em ( h>mony4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 9 ! pure =m ( ! ,numb] ,s]ies1 ! ,_m is impossible except on ! pr9ciple ( h>mony1--! units c be collect$ & summ$ 7t is1 con/itute ! ,_m71 only if !y coh]e 9 a community ( intr9sic k9dr$4 ,consequ5tly ! :ole "q ( ! *aotic or ! h>monic nature ( a plural _w turns on ! nature ( ! g5us :i* we f9d *>act]i/ic ( ! absolutely 7i4 e41 ! unres]v$ly7 real1 & :i* is to be tak5 z ! common d5om9ation enabl+ u to c\nt !m & to sum !m4 ,:5 m9ds are se5 to be necess>ily ! prim>y realities1 b also necess>ily f$]al z well z individual1 ! illusion ab\t ! ess5tial disjunction & non-coh]5ce ( ! plurally real dissolves away1 & a primordial _w ( manifold p]sons is se5 to involve no fundam5tal or hopeless an>*y ( individualism1 irr$ucible 9 caprice1 b an indwell+ pr9ciple ( h>mony1 r1 t f ! spr+s ( individual be+ int5ds ! control & composure ( all ! disord]s t m>k ! _w ( exp]i5tial appe>ance1 & s mu/ t5d p]petually to effect ?is4 ,! o!r ma9 s\rce ( our confusions ov] ! ,_m & ! ,"o is ! v>iety ( mean+ hidd5 9 ! concept ,cause1 & our prop5sity to take its mo/ obvi\s b lea/ significant s5se = its supreme int5t4 ,close/ at h&1 9 exp]i5ce1 is our productive causation ( *anges 9 our s5se-_w1 & h5ce mo/ obvi\s is t read+ ( ,cause :i* takes x z ! produc] ( *anges &1 ) a deep] compreh5sion ( x1 ( ! inalt]able l9kage betwe5 *anges1 :]eby "o foll[s regul>ly & surely ^u ano!r4 ,?us :at we h 9 philosophy agre$ to call ,effici5t ,cause comes to be mi/ak5 = ! pr(\nde/ & ! supreme =m ( cause1 & all ! o!r modes ( cause1 ! ,mat]ial 7or ,/uff71 ! ,=m 7or ,conception71 & ! ,end 7or ,purpose71 its consequ5t & d]ivative auxili>ies4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is /rong impression1 we ei!r assume total reality to be ,"o ,:ole1 all-embrac+ & all-produc+ ( its manifold modes1 or else view x z a duality1 consi/+ ( ,"o ,creator & 8 manifold creatures4 ,s x has come ab\t t metaphysics has hi!rto be5 *iefly a cont5tion betwe5 pan!ism & mono!ism1 or1 z ! latt] %\ld = great] accuracy be call$1 mon>*o!ism2 &1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 ?is /ruggle has be5 att5d$ by a cont9u$ 7?\gh n cont9ual7 decl9e ( ?is lat] duali/ic !ory be=e ! /eadfa/ front & unyield+ advance ( ! old] monism4 ,?us p]si/5t has be5 ! assumption t h>mony c only be assur$ by ! unity giv5 9 "s s+le productive causation3 ! only s]i\s unc]ta9ty has be5 ab\t ! mo/ rational way ( conceiv+ ! op]ation ( ?is ,sole ,cause2 & ?is d\bt has ?us f>1 on ! :ole1 decl9$ 9 favor ( ! ,eld] ,ori5tal or moni/ic conception1 z aga9/ ! ,hebraic conception ( extrane\s creation by fiat4 ,! frankly confess$ my/]y ( ! latt]1 its op5 appeal to miracle1 places x at a fatal disadvantage ) ! ,eld] ,ori5talism1 :5 ! appeal is to reason & intelligibility4 ,x is !re=e no occasion = wond] t1 especially s9ce ! rise ( ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ,evolution1 ) its po/ulate ( a univ]sal unity1 self-v>y+ yet self-fulfill+1 ev5 ! lead]s ( !ology are m & m fall+ into ! moni/ic l9e & swell+ ! ev]-gr[+ ranks ( pan!ism4 ,if x be ask$ "h1 ,& :y n8--:]e is ! h>m ( x8--is n ! :ole "q simply ( :at is true8 ! answ] is1 ,! mortal h>m ( ! de/ruction ( p]sonality1 :i* lives or dies ) ! pres]vation or de/ruction ( individual responsibility2 :ile ! complet] tru? is1 t !re are o!r & pr(\nd] 7or1 if y please1 high]7 tru?s ?an ?is ( explanation by ,effici5t ,cause4 ,9 fact1 !re is a high] conception ( ,cause itself ?an ?is ( production1 or effici5cy2 =1 ( c\rse1 z we well might say1 t alone c be ! supreme conception ( ,cause :i* c subsi/ betwe5 absolute or unres]v$ realities1 & su* mu/ exclude _! production or _! necessitat+ control by o!rs4 ,s t we ought long s9ce to h realiz$ t ,f9al ,cause1 ! recogniz$ pres5ce to ea* o!r z uncondition$ realities1 or ,def9+ ,auxili>ies & ,ends1 is ! sole causal relation t c hold among prim>y realities2 ?\gh among su* x c hold1 & 9 fact mu/4 ,= ! absolute reality ( p]sonal intellig5ces1 at once individual & univ]sally recognizant ( o!rs1 is call$ = by o!r conceptions fundam5tal to philosophy4 ,^! o!r fundam5tal concepts c no m be c\nt$ out or ignor$ ?an ^? we h hi!rto consid]$2 & :5 we take !m up1 we %all see h[ va/ly m significant !y are4 ,!y alone w prove supreme1 truly organiz+1 normative2 !y alone c introduce gradation 9 tru?s1 = !y alone introduce ! judgm5t ( wor?1 ( valuation2 !y alone c give u c\nsels ( p]fection1 = !y alone rise f ^? elem5ts 9 our be+ :i* deal ) ideals & ) v]itable ,ideas4 ,s let u proce$ to !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our pa? into _! pres5ce1 h[ev]1 is ?r\gh ano!r pair1 n s pla9ly anti!tic z ^? we h ?us f> consid]$4 ,?is pair t ,i n[ mean is ,"t & ,space1 :i*1 ?\gh n obvi\sly ant9omic1 yet owes its exi/5ce1 z c n[ be %[n1 to t pr(\nde/ ( concept-contra/s :i* we e>li] consid]$ "u ! head ( ,subject & ,object1 :5 ! ,object takes on its only adequate =m ( ,o!r ,subject4 ,b 9 pass+ f ! contra/ ,"o & ,_m t[>ds its rational trans=mation into ! moral society ( ,m9d & ,companion ,m9ds1 we break into ?is pair ( ,"t & ,space1 & mu/ make our way ?r\gh x by tak+ 9 its full mean+4 ,"t & ,space play an enorm\s "p 9 all our empirical ?9k+1 our actual use ( ?\ght 9 our s5se-p]ceptive life4 ,& no wond]2 =1 9 cop]ation1 !y =m ! po/ulate & condition ( all our possible s5su\s consci\sness4 ,only on !m z backgr\nds c ?\ght take on ! peculi> cle>ness ( an image or a picture2 only on ! scre5s :i* !y supply c we lit]ally depict an object4 ,& ?is cl>ity ( outl9e & b\nd>y is s de> to our ord9>y consci\sness1 t we are prone to say !re is no suffici5t1 no real cle>ness1 unless we c cl>ify by ! b\nds ei!r ( place or ( date1 or ( bo?4 ,9 ?is mood1 we are l$ to d5y ! reality & validity ( ?\ght altoge!r1 :5 x _c be def9$ 9 ! metes & b\nds af=d$ by ,"t or by ,space3 t :i* has no date nor place1 we say1--no ext5t & no duration1--_c be real2 x is b a pseudo-?\ght1 a pret5se & a delusion4 ,"h is ! extremely plausible f\ndation ( ! philosophy kn[n z s5sationism1 ! ref9$ or second-?\ght =m ( mat]ialism1 9 :i* x beg9s its eu?anasia into idealism4 ,)\t delay+ "h to criticise ?is1 let u notice ! "p t ,"t & ,space play 9 ref]5ce to ! conceptual pair we la/ consid]$1 ! ,"o & ! ,_m2 = n o!rwise %all we f9d our way beyond !m to ! /ill m fundam5tal conceptions :i* we are n[ aim+ to rea*4 ,inde$1 x is ?r\gh our surface-appreh5sion ( ! pair ,"o & ,_m1 z ?is illum9es exp]i5ce1 t we mo/ naturally come at ! pair ,"t & ,space2 s t ^! are at fir/ tak5 = m]e g5]alizations & ab/ractions1 ! purely nom9al repres5tatives ( ! actual di/9ctions betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! ,_m by our s5se p]ception ( ?is f t1 ( "h f !re1 ( n[ f !n4 ,x is n till our reflective att5tion is fix$ on ! fact t !re & "h1 n[ & !n1 are peculi> di/9ctions1 :olly diff]5t f o!r contra/s ( ?is ) t1--:i* may be made 9 all sorts ( ways1 by diff]5ce ( quality1 or ( quantity1 or ( relations q o!r ?an place & date1--x is n till we realize ?is peculi> "* ( ! ,"t-contra/ & ! ,space-contra/1 t we see ^! s+ul> diff]5tial qualia _c be d]iv$ f o!rs1 n ev5 f ! contra/ ,"o & ,_m1 b are indep5d5t1 are !mselves und]iv$ & spontane\s utt]ances ( our intellig5t1 our p]cipi5t nature4 ,b :5 ,kant fir/ help$ mank9d to ! realization ( ?is spontane\s 7or a priori7 "* ( ?is pair ( p]ceptive conditions1 or ,s5se-,=ms1 he fell into ! p]suasion1 & l$ ! philosophic _w into x1 t ?\gh ,"t & ,space are n d]ivatives ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m read z ! num]ical aspect ( our p]ceptive exp]i5ces1 yet !re is betwe5 ! two pairs a connection ( dep5d5ce z intimate z t fir/ suppos$1 b 9 exactly ! opposite s5se2 namely1 t ! ,"o & ! ,_m are condition$ by ,"t & ,space1 or1 :5 x comes to ! la/ resort1 are at any rate completely dep5d5t ^u ,"t4 ,by a s]ies ( units1 ?is view means1 we really und]/& a set ( items discrim9at$ & relat$ ei!r z po9ts or z in/ants3 9 ! la/ analysis1 z in/ants3 t is1 x is impossible to appreh5d a unit1 or to c\nt & sum units1 unless ! unit is tak5 z an in/ant1 & ! units z s _m in/ants4 ,numb]s1 ,kant holds1 are no d\bt pure 7or q uns5su\s7 p]cepts1--disc]n$ p>ticul>s1--!re=e spontane\s products ( ! m9d a priori1 b made possible only by ! prim>y pure p]cept ,"t1 or1 aga91 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ?is1 by ! conjo9$ pure p]cept ,space2 s t ! numb]s1 9 _! own pure "*1 are simply ! in/ants 9 _! s]ies4 ,z ! in/ants1 & !re=e ! numb]s1 are pure p]cepts1--p>ticul>s disc]n$ )\t ! help ( s5se1--s pure p]cepts1 9 a primal & compreh5sive s5se1 argues ,kant1 mu/ _! condition+ po/ulates ,"t & ,space be1 to supply ! elem5t1 or m$ium1 t w r5d] su* pure p]cepts possible4 ,?is doctr9e ( ,kant's is c]ta9ly plausible2 inde$1 x is impressively s2 & x has tak5 a va/ hold 9 ! _w ( sci5ce1 & has re9=c$ ! popul> belief 9 ! unreality ( ?\ght ap>t f ,"t & ,space2 an unreality :i* x is an ess5tial "p ( ,kant's sy/em to e/abli% critically4 ,b z a grav] result1 x has c]ta9ly t5d$ to discr$it ! belief 9 p]sonal id5tity z an abid+ & immutable reality1 en?ron$ ov] ! mutations ( ?+s 9 ,"t & ,space2 s9ce all t is 9 ^! is numb]$ & is mutable1 & is r _m ?an "o1 yet no?+ is believ$ real except z x falls "u !m1 at any rate "u ,"t4 ,& ) ?is decl9e ( ! belief 9 a *angeless self1 has decl9$1 almo/ z rapidly & ext5sively1 ! belief 9 immortality4 ,or1 r1 ! p]man5ce & ! id5tity ( ! p]son has fad$ into a "q reg>d$ z unansw]able2 ?\gh none ! less does ?is agno/ic /ate ( belief t5d to take p]sonality1 9 any responsible s5se ( ! ^w1 out ( ! region ( practical conc]n4 ,) :at is unkn[able1 ev5 if exi/+1 we c h no active traffic2 't is = our conduct z if x 7 n4 ,s x behooves u to se>* if ?is preval5t view ab\t ! relation ( ,"o & ,_m to ,"t & ,space is tru/wor?y & exact4 ,:at place & function 9 philosophy mu/ ,space & ,"t be giv58--= !y c]ta9ly h a place & function2 !y c]ta9ly are among ! inexpugnable conceptions ) :i* ?\ght has to conc]n itself :5 x und]takes to ga9 a view ( ! :ole4 ,b x may be easy to give !m a l>g] place & function ?an belong to !m by "r4 ,is x true1 !n1 t ! ,"o & ! ,_m--t ! sy/em ( ,numb]s1 9 %ort--are un?9kable except z 9 ,space & ,"t1 or1 at any rate1 9 ,"t8 ,or1 to put ! "q m exactly1 z well z m gravely & m p]t95tly1 ,are ,space & ,"t ! true pr9cipia individui1 & is ,"t prem95tly ! ultimate pr9cipium individuationis8 ,is !re accord+ly no individuality1 & no society1 no associative assemblage1 except 9 ! fleet+ _w ( ph5om5a1 dat$ & plac$8 ,simply to ask ! "q1 & ?us br+ out ! full drift ( ?is ,kantian doctr9e1 is almo/ to expose ! absurdity ( x4 ,su* a doctr9e1 ?\gh x may be wisely refus+ to conf\nd p]sonality1 true individuality1 ) ! m]e logical s+ul>2 nay1 worse1 ) a limit$ & special illu/ration ( ! s+ul>1 ! "o "h or ! "o !re1 ! "o n[ or ! "o !n2 nev]!less1 by conf9+ num]ability to ?+s mat]ial & s5sible1 makes p]sonal id5tity some?+ unmean+ or impossible1 & de/roys "p ( ! f\ndation = ! relations ( moral responsibility4 ,?\gh ! vital trait ( ! p]son1 8 g5u9e individuality1 d\btless lies1 n 9 8 be+ exactly num]able1 b 9 8 be+ aborig9al & orig9ative2 9 a ^w1 9 8 self-activity1 9 8 be+ a c5tre ( autonom\s social recognition2 yet exactly num]able he inde$ is1 & mu/ be1 n confusable ) any o!r1 else 8 pr(ess$ autonomy1 8 claim ( rights & 8 s5se ( duty1 c h no significance1 mu/ vani% 9 ! univ]sal confusion belong+ to ! indef9ite4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x at all true t a numb] has to be a po9t or an in/ant1 nor t ?+s :5 numb]$ & c\nt$ are implicitly p9n$ ^u po9ts or1 at all ev5ts1 ^u in/ants4 ,x may well en\gh be ! fact t 9 our empirical use ( numb] we h to employ ,"t1 or ev5 ,space1 b x is a gap+ non sequitur to conclude t we !re=e c c\nt no?+ b ! plac$ & ! dat$4 ,c]ta9ly we c\nt :5ev] we di/+ui%1--by :atev] means1 on :atev] gr\nd4 ,to ?9k is1 9 g5]al1 at lea/ to di/+ui% ! ?+s t diff]2 b ?is w n avail except we keep acc\nt ( ! diff]5ces2 h5ce ! ,"o & ! ,_m lie 9 ! v bosom ( intellig5ce1 & ?is fundam5tal & spontane\s contra/ c n only rive ,"t & ,space into expressions ( x1 9 in/ants & 9 po9ts1 b travels ) ?\ght f its />t to its goal1 & z organic factor 9 ma!matical sci5ce does inde$1 z ,plato 9 ! ,republic said1 deal ) absolute be+1 if yet dreamwise2 s t ,"o & ,_m1 & ,_m z ! sum ( ! ones1 makes "p ( ! measure ( t primally real _w :i* ! _w ( m9ds alone c be4 ,if ! contra/ ,"o & ,_m c pass ! b\nds ( ! m]ely ph5om5al1 by pass+ ! temporal & ! spatial2 if x applies to univ]sal be+1 to ! n\m5al z well z to ! ph5om5al2 !n ! absolutely real _w1 s f> z conc]ns ?is ess5tial condition1 c be a _w ( g5u9e individuals1 id5tifiable1 free1 abid+1 responsible1 & !re c be a real moral ord]2 if n1 !n !re c be no su* moral _w1 & ! deep] ?\ght-conceptions to :i* we n[ approa* mu/ be reg>d$1 at ! be/1 z fair illusions1 b>e ideals1 :i* ! s]i\s devotee ( tru? mu/ %un1 except 9 su* mom5ts ( vacancy & leisure z he may v5ture to surr5d]1 at int]vals1 to purely h$onic uses4 ,b if ! ,"o & ! ,_m are n dep5d5t on ,"t & ,space1 _! univ]sal validity is possible2 & x has already be5 %[n t !y are n s dep5d5t1 are n ?us re/rict$4 ,& n[ x rema9s to %[ _! actual univ]sality1 by exhibit+ _! place 9 ! /ructure ( ! absolutely real2 s9ce nobody calls 9 "q _! p]t95ce to ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,b _! n\m5al applicability foll[s f _! ess5tial implication ) all & e diff]5ce3 no diff]5ce1 no di/9ction1 t does n c>ry c\nt+2 & ?is is q z true z t !re c be no c\nt+ )\t diff]5ce4 ,! ,"o & ! ,_m ?us root 9 ,id5tity & ,diff]5ce1 pass up into full] expression 9 ,univ]sal & ,p>ticul>1 hold =w>d into ,cause & ,effect1 atta9 _! comm&+ pres5tation 9 ! ,reciprocity ( ,fir/ ,causes1 & s keep record ( ! contra/ betwe5 ,necessity & ,cont+5cy4 ,9 %ort1 !y are f\nd$ 91 & 9 _! turn help 7indisp5sably7 to express1 all ! categories1--,quality1 ,quantity1 ,relation1 ,modality4 ,nor d !y suff] arre/ !re2 !y hold 9 ! ideals1 ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 ! ,good1 & 9 ! prim>y ,ideas1 ! ,self1 ! ,_w1 & ,god4 ,= all ( ^! diff]1 h[ev] close _! logical l9kage may be2 & 9 s f> z !y diff]1 ea* ( !m is a c\nt$ unit1 & s !y are _m4 ,&1 mo/ pr(\ndly ( all1 ,"o & ,_m take foot+ 9 absolute reality s soon z we realize t no?+ %ort ( intellig5t be+ c be primordially real1 und]iv$1 & truly causal1 & t intellig5ce is1 by its idea1 at once an ,i-?9k+ & a univ]sal recognizant outlook ^u o!rs t ?9k ,i4 ,h5ce ,numb]1 s f> f be+ ! d]ivative ( ,"t & ,space1 f\nds1 at ! bottom1 9 ! self-def9ition & social recognition ( intellig5t be+s1 & s f9ds a priori a valid expression 9 ,"t & 9 ,space1 z well z 9 e o!r primitive & spontane\s =m 9 :i* intellig5ce utt]s itself4 ,! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( ! rank ( ,numb] 9 ! scale ( realities is only "o remove f ! tru?3 ?\gh ! numb]s are inde$ n ! ,prime ,be+s1 !y d ent] into ! ess5tial nature ( ! ,prime ,be+s2 are1 s to speak1 ! organ ( _! def9ite reality & id5tity1 & = t reason g =w>d into ! entire def9+ proc$ure by :i* ^! intellig5ces organize _! _w ( exp]i5ces4 ,& ! popul> impression t ,"t & ,space are d]ivatives f ,numb]1 is 9 "o aspect ! tru?1 r ?an ! doctr9e ( ,kant is2 = ?\gh !y are n m]e g5]alizations & ab/ractions f numb]$ dates & durations1 places & ext5ts1 !y d exi/ z relat+-pr9ciples :i* m9ds simply put1 z ! conditions ( p]ceptive exp]i5ces2 :i* by ! nature ( intellig5ce !y mu/ numb] 9 ord] to h & to ma/]2 :ile ,numb] itself1 ! contra/ ( ,"o & ,_m1 ent]s into ! v be+ ( m9ds1 & !re=e /ill holds 9 ,"t & 9 ,space1 :i* are ! organs1 or m$ia1 n ( ! :ole be+ ( ! m9d1 b only ( t region ( x con/itut$ by s5sation1--! mat]ial1 ! disjunct1 ! empirical4 ,besides1 ! logical priority ( ,numb] is impli$ 9 ! fact t m9ds 9 putt+ ,"t & ,space a priori mu/ c\nt !m z two1 s9ce !y discrim9ate !m ) complete cle>ness1 s t x is impossible to "w up ,space out ( ,"t 7z ,b]keley & ,/u>t ,mill s adroitly1 b s va9ly1 attempt$ to d71 or ,"t out ( ,space 7z ,hegel1 ) s little adroitness & su* pat5t failure1 attempt$ to d74 ,no2 !re ,"t & ,space /&1 fix$ & inconfusable1 incapable ( mutual transmutation1 & ?us ! gr\nd ( an abid+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! inn] or psy*ic s5se-_w & ! out] or physical1 betwe5 ! subjective & ! 7s5sibly7 objective4 ,by means ( !m1 ! _w ( m9ds disc]ns & b\nds securely betwe5 ! privacy ( ea* & ! publicity1 ! life out ( doors1 :i* is common to all2 betwe5 ! coh]+ isolation ( ! individual & ! communicat+ action ( ! society4 ,inde$1 z f ?is atta9$ po9t ( view we c n[ cle>ly see1 ! real gr\nd ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,"t & ,space1 & h5ce betwe5 subjective p]ception & ! objective exi/5ce ( physical ?+s1 is 9 ! fact t a m9d1 9 be+ su*1--9 its v act ( self-def9ition1--correlates itself ) a society ( m9ds1 & s1 to fulfill its nature1 9 s f> z ?is includes a _w ( exp]i5ces1 mu/ =m its exp]i5ce socially z well z privately1 & h5ce w put =? a condition ( s5su\s communication1 z well z a condition ( inn] s5sation4 ,?us ! dualization ( ! s5se-_w into inn] & out]1 psy*ic & physical1 subjective & objective1 re/s at la/ on ! intr9sically social nature ( consci\s be+2 re/s on ! tw(old /ructure1 logically di*otom\s1 ( ! self-def9+ act2 & we get ! explanation1 f ! nature ( intellig5ce z su*1 :y ! ,s5se-,=ms are necess>ily two1 & only two4 ,x is no accid5t t we exp]i5ce all ?+s s5sible 9 ,"t or 9 ,space1 or 9 bo? toge!r2 x is ! natural expression ( our primally intellig5t be+1 conc]n$ z t is1 directly & only1 ) our self & its logically necess>y complem5t1 ! o!r selves2 & s ! natural ord]1 9 its two discrim9at$ b complem5tal portions1 ! inn] & ! out]1 is f\nd$ 9 t moral ord] :i* is giv5 9 ! fundam5tal act ( our intellig5ce4 ,x is ?is re/+ ( ,space ^u our v]itable ,objects1 ! ,o!r ,subjects1 t imp>ts to x its ext]naliz+ quality1 s t ?+s 9 x are ref]r$ to ! te/+ ( all m9ds1 n to ours only1 & are reckon$ ext]nal because measur$ by t :i* is alone inde$ o!r ?an we4 ,9 ?is way we may bur/ ! re/rict+ limit :i* s mu* ( philosophy1 & s mu* m ( ord9>y op9ion1 has drawn ab\t our m5tal p[]s 9 view ( ?is contra/ ,"t & ,space1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 & to ! p]suasion t plural di/9ctions1 at any rate1 _c belong 9 ! region ( absolute reality4 ,ord9>y op9ion ei!r incl9es to support a philosophy t is skeptical ( ei!r ,unity or ,plurality be+ p]t95t beyond ,"t & ,space1 & ?us to hold by agno/icism1 or1 if x affects affirmative metaphysics1 t5ds to pref] monism to pluralism1 :5 ! numb]-category is c>ri$ up into immutable regions3 to repres5t ! absolutely real z ,"o1 someh[ seems less contradictory ( ! fitness ( ?+s ?an to repres5t x z ,_m2 moreov]1 c>ry+ ! ,_m into t supreme region1 by imply+ ! belong+ !re ( mortals su* z we1 seems %ock+ to cu/om>y piety1 & full ( extravagant presumption4 ,/ill1 no?+ %ort ( ?is c really satisfy our deep dem& = a moral ord]1 a p]sonal responsibility1 nay1 an adequate logical fulfillm5t ( our conception ( a self z an intellig5ce2 :ile ! cl>ification :i* a rational pluralism supplies = su* +ra9$ puzzles 9 ! !ory ( k z t ( ! s\rce & f9ality ( ! contra/ ,"t & ,space1 to m5tion no o!rs1 %\ld af=d a /rong corroborative evid5ce 9 its behalf4 ,&1 z already said1 ?is view enables u to pass ! limit :i* ,"t & ,space are s (t5 suppos$ to put1 hopelessly1 ^u our concepts ( ! ideal grade1 ! spr+s ( all our aspiration4 ,to ^!1 !n1 we may n[ pass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we rea* !m ?r\gh ! doorways ( ! ,necess>y vs4 ! ,cont+5t1 ! ,uncondition$ vs4 ! ,condition$1 ! ,inf9ite vs4 ! ,f9ite1 ! ,absolute vs4 ! ,relative2 & we recognize !m z our pr(\nde/ f\ndation-concepts1 alone des]v+1 z ,kant s p]t95tly said1 ! "n ( ,,ideas1--! ,s\l1 ! ,_w1 & ,god4 ,associat$ ) !m are :at we may call our ?ree ,=ms ( ! ,ideal1--! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 ! ,good4 ,^! ,ideas & _! affiliat$ ideals h ! highe/ directive & settl+ function 9 ! organization ( philosophy2 !y det]m9e its s*ools & its hi/ory1 by =m+ ! c5tre ( all its controll+ problems2 !y prescribe its great subdivisions1 break+ x up into ,metaphysics1 /hetics1 & ,e?ics1 & ,metaphysics1 aga91 into ,psy*ology ,cosmology1 & ,ontology1--or ,!ology 9 ! classic s5se1 :i*1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 becomes ! ,philosophy ( ,religion2 !y call into exi/5ce1 z ess5tial prep>atory & auxili>y discipl9es1 ,logic & ! ,!ory ( ,k1 or ,epi/emology4 ,!y ?us provide ! true di/9ctions betwe5 philosophy & ! sci5ces ( exp]i5ce1 & pres5t ^! sci5ces z ! c>ry+ out1 ^u exp]i5tial details1 ( ! me?odological pr9ciples :i* philosophy alone c supply2 h5ce !y lead u to view all ! sci5ces z 9 fact ! appli$ bran*es1 ! complet+ organs ( philosophy1 in/ead ( its ho/ile competitors4 ,z = ! controll+ que/ions :i* !y />t1 ^! are su* z foll[3 ,are ! ideals b b>e ideals1 s]v+ only to ca/ a light t nev] 01 on l& or sea8--are ! ,ideas only b>e ideas1 )\t any objective be+ ( _! own1 )\t any foot+ 9 ! real1 s]v+ only to enhance ! dull facts ( exp]i5ce ) auroral illusions8 ,! philosophic ?9k] answ]s affirmatively1 or ) complete skeptical dubiety1 or ) a conv9c$ & uplift+ negative1 accord+ to 8 less or great] p5etration into ! real mean+ ( ^! deepe/ concepts1 & dep5d+ on 8 view into ! nature & ?\ght-effect ( ! ,necess>y & ! ,cont+5t1 ! ,uncondition$ & ! ,condition$1 ! ,inf9ite & ! ,f9ite1 ! ,absolute & ! ,relative4 ,& :at1 n[1 are ! accurate1 ! adequate mean+s ( ! ?ree ,ideas8--:at does our pr(\nde/ ?\ght int5d by ! ,s\l1 by ! ,_w1 by ,god8 ,we "k h[ ,kant con/ru$ !m1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c\rse by :i* he came critically 7z he suppos$7 ^u !m1--z respectively ! p>am\nt ,subject ( exp]i5ces2 ! p>am\nt ,object ( exp]i5ces1 or ! ,causal ,unity ( ! possible s]ies ( s5sible objects2 & ! complete ,totality ( ,conditions = exp]i5ce & its objects1 itself !re=e ! ,uncondition$4 ,x is wor? our notice1 t especially by 8 con/ru+ ! idea ( ,god 9 ?is way1 ?us rehabilitat+ ! classical & s*ola/ic conception ( ,god z ! ,sum ( all ,realities1 he laid ! f\ndation = t v transfiguration ( my/icism1 t ideali/ic monism1 :i* he himself repudiat$1 b :i* 8 ?ree not$ successors 9 _! sev]al ways s ard5tly accept$1 & :i* has s9ce s p]vad$ ! philosophic _w4 ,b suppose ,kant's alleg$ critical analysis ( ! ?ree ,ideas & _! logical basis is 9 fact f> f critical1 f> f exactly discrim9ative1--& ,i believe !re is ! cle>e/ w>rant = decl>+ t x is1--!n ! assum$ und5iable critical basis = ideali/ic monism w be dislodg$1 & x w be op5 to u to int]pret ! ,ideas ) accuracy & consi/5cy--an int]pretation :i* may prove to e/abli%1 n at all any monism1 b a rational pluralism4 ,& ?is w also reveal to u1 ,i ?9k1 t our preval5t con/ru+ ( ! ,uncondition$ & ! ,condition$1 ! ,necess>y & ! ,cont+5t1 ! ,inf9ite & ! ,f9ite1 ! ,absolute & ! ,relative1 suff]s f an equal inaccuracy ( analysis1 & precisely = ?is reason gives a plausible b 9 fact untru/wor?y support to ! moni/ic int]pretation ( ,god1 & ,s\l1 & ,_w2 or1 z ,hegel & 8 *ief adh]5ts pref] to "n !m1 ,god1 ,m9d1 & ,nature4 ,if ! ,kantian analysis /&s1 !n x seems to foll[1 cle>ly en\gh1 t ,god is ! ,inclusive ,unit :i* at once embraces ,m9d & ,nature1 ,s\l & ,_w1 expresses itself 9 !m1 & imp>ts to !m _! mean+2 & ! pla9 dictate !n is1 t ,kant's p]sonal prejudice1 & ! p]sonal prejudices ( o!rs l him1 9 favor ( a transc5d5t ,god1 mu/ give way to t conception ( ! ,div9e1 z imman5t & inclusive1 :i* is alone consi/5t ) its be+ inde$ ! ,totality ( ,conditions1--! ,necess>y ,po/ulate1 & ! ,suffici5t ,reason1 = bo? ,subject & ,object4 ,b w ,kant's analysis /&8 ,h we n "h ano!r ( 8 few b fatal slips1--l 8 doctr9e ( ! dep5d5ce ( ,numb] ^u ,"t & ,space1 & its consequ5t subjection to !m8 ,x surely seems s4 ,if ! v]itable po/ulate ( categorical syllogiz+ be1 z ,kant ?9ks x is1 m]ely ! ,subject1 ! self z exp]i5c] ( pres5t$ ph5om5a1 9 contra/ to ! ,object1 ! causally unit$ sum ( possible ph5om5a2 & if ! true po/ulate ( conditional syllogiz+ is ?is cosmic ,object1 z contra/$ ) ! correlate ,subject1 !n x w\ld seem we _c avoid c]ta9 p]t95t que/ions4 ,is su* a po/ulate ,subject any fit & adequate acc\nt ( ! :ole ,self1 ( ! ,s\l8--is !re n a vital diff]5ce betwe5 ?is subject-self & ! ,self z ,p]son8--does n ,kant himself imply s1 9 8 doctr9e ( ! primacy ( ! ,practical ,reason8 ,aga93 ,is n ! ,_w1 z expla9$ 9 ,kant's analysis1 & z aft]w>ds made by him ! solution ( ! ,cosmological ,ant9omies1 simply ! supplem5tal factor necess>ily correlate to ! subjective aspect ( ! consci\s life1 & r$uc$ f its uncritical rle ( ?+-9-itself to ! intelligible subord9ation requir$ by ,kant's !ory ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism8--& c ?is be any adequate acc\nt ( ! ,idea t is to /& 9 suffic+ contra/ to ! :ole ,self1 ! ,p]son8--:at less ?an ! ,society ( ,p]sons c meet ! ,_w-,idea = t8 ,fur!r3 ,if ) ,kant we take ! ,_w to mean no m ?an ?is object-factor 9 self-consci\sness1 mu/ n ! ,s\l1 ! total ,self1 f :i*1 accord+ to ,kant's ,transc5d5tal ,idealism1 bo? ,space & ,"t issue1 supply+ ! basis = ! immutable contra/ betwe5 ! exp]i5c+ subject & ! really exp]i5c$ objects1--mu/ n ?is :ole ,self be ! real mean+ ( ! ,totality ( ,conditions1 itself uncondition$1 :i* comes into view z simply ! po/ulate ( disjunctive syllogiz+8 ,h[ 9 ! _w c disjunctive syllogiz+1 ! confess$ act ( ! ,i-?9k+ intellig5ce1 really po/ulate any?+ z ,totality ( ,conditions1 9 any o!r s5se ?an ! total ( conditions = su* syllogiz+8--namely1 ! condition+ ,i t organizes & does ! reason+8 ,!re is surely no w>rant = call+ ?is total1 :i* simply transc5ds & conditions ! subject & ! object ( s5sible exp]i5ces1 by any l(ti] "n ?an t :i* ,kant _h already giv5 x 9 ! ,d$uction ( ! ,categories1 :5 he designat$ x ! orig9ally syn!tic unity ( app]ception 7self-consci\sness71 or ! ,i-?9k+ 7das i*-d5ke7 t mu/ accompany all my m5tal pres5tations1--t is to say1 ! :ole ,self1 or ?9k+ ,p]son1 ideali/ically int]pret$4 ,! use ( ! "n ,god 9 ?is connection1 :]e ,kant is 9 fact only seek+ ! roots ( ! ?ree ord]s ( ! syllogism :5 reason+ has by supposition be5 re/rict$ to ! subject-matt] ( exp]i5ce1 is assur$ly )\t w>rant2 yes1 )\t excuse4 ,9 fact1 x is because ,kant sees t ! ?ird ,idea1 z rea*$ ?r\gh 8 analysis1 is intr9sically imman5t1--resid5t 9 ! self t syllogizes disjunctively1 &1 because s resid5t1 incapable ( pass+ ! b\nds ( possible exp]i5ce1--:ile he also sees t ! idea ( ,god %\ld mean a ,be+ transc5d5t ( e o!r ?9k]1 himself a di/9ct individual consci\sness1 ?\gh n an empirically limit$ "o1--x is1 ,i say1 precisely because he sees all ?is1 t he pron\nces ! ,idea1 ?\gh nam$ ) ! "n ( ,god1 utt]ly )\t p]t95ce to indicate ,god's exi/5ce1 & s ent]s ^u t "p ( 8 ,transc5d5tal ,dialectic :i* is1 9 *ief1 direct$ to expos+ ! transc5d5tal illusion involv$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,ontological ,pro(4 ,consi/5tly1 ,kant 9 ?is fam\s analytic ( ! syllogism %\ld be talk+1 n ( ! ,s\l1 ! ,_w1 & ,god1 b ( ! ,subject 7z unit+-pr9ciple ( its s5se-p]ceptions71 ! ,object 7z unit+-pr9ciple ( all possible s5se-p]cepts71 & ! ,self 7! :ole ,i presid+ ov] exp]i5ce 9 bo? its aspects1 z ^! are discrim9at$ 9 ,"t & ,space74 ,by :at rational title--ev5 grant+ = ! sake ( argum5t t !y are ! g5u9e po/ulates ( categorical & ( conditional syllogiz+--c ?is ,subject & ?is ,object1 ^! correlate factors 9 ! ,self1 rank z ,ideas ) ! ,idea ( _! condition+ ,:ole--! ,self1 t 9 its /ill unalt]$ id5tity fulfills1 9 ,practical ,reason1 ! high rle ( ,p]son8 ,if ?is no m ?an meets ! /&>d ( ,idea1 h[ c !y meet x8 ,h[ c two some?+s1 nei!r ( :i* is ! ,totality ( ,conditions1 & bo? ( :i* are !re=e 9 fact condition$1 des]ve ! same title ) t :i* is intr9sically ! ,totality ( ,conditions1 &1 z su*1 uncondition$8 ,to call ! condition$ & ! uncondition$ alike ,ideas is a conf\nd+ ( dignities t ,pure ,reason %\ld n tol]ate1 :e!r ! proc$ure be read z a level+ d[n or a level+ up4 ,di/ribut+ ! titles conf]r$ by ,pure ,reason 9 ?is democratic fa%ion rem9ds u too mu*1 unhappily = ,kant1 ( ! ,c>tesian p]=mances ) ,sub/ance2 :]eby ,god1 m9d1 & matt] became alike sub/ances1 ?\gh only ,god c\ld 9 tru? be said to require no?+ = 8 exi/5ce save himself1 :ile m9d & matt]1 ?\gh absolutely dep5d5t on ,god1 & d]ivative f him1 7 /ill to be call$ sub/ances 9 ! modifi$ & ,pickwickian s5se ( be+ und]iv$ f ea* o!r4 ,b if ,kant's nam+ 8 ?ird syllogi/ic po/ulate ! ,idea ( ,god is inconsequ5t ^u 8 analysis2 or if1 :5 ! analysis is made consequ5t by tak+ ! ?ird ,idea to mean ! :ole ,self1 ! fir/ & second po/ulates s9k 9 conceptual rank1 s t !y _c ) any p]t95ce be call$ ,ideas1 unless we are will+ to keep ! same "n :5 its mean+ mu/ be *ang$ 9 g5]e1--a proc$ure t c only encumb] philosophy in/ead ( cle>+ its way1--^! difficulties d n close ! acc\nt2 we %all f9d o!r curi\s ?+s 9 ?is not$ passage1 ^u :i* "p ( ! *>act]i/ic outcome ( ,kant's philosophiz+ s mu* dep5ds4 ,besides ! misnam+ ( ! ?ird ,idea1 we h already _h to "q1 9 view ( ! pa? by :i* he rea*es x1 ! fitness ( 8 call+ ! fir/ by ! title ( ! ,s\l2 & likewise1 ?\gh = o!r & high] reasons1 ( 8 call+ ! second by ! "n ( ! ,_w4 ,9 fact1 x comes home to u t all ( ! ,ideas are1 9 "o way or ano!r1 misnom]s2 ,kant's :ole proc$ure ) !m1 9 f9e1 has already appe>$ inexact1 inconsi/5t1 & !re=e uncritical4 ,b n[ we %all become aw>e ( c]ta9 o!r inconsi/5cies4 ,9 com+ to ! ,subject1 z ! po/ulate ( categorical syllogiz+1 ,kant1 y rememb]1 does s by ! pa? ( ! relation ,subject & ,pr$icate1 argu+ t ! *a9 ( categorical prosyllogisms has = its limit+ concept & logical motor ! notion ( an absolute subject t _c be a pr$icate2 & z no subject ( a judgm5t c ( itself give assurance ( fulfill+ ?is condition1 he concludes ?is motor-limit ( judgm5t-subjects to be id5tical ) ! ,subject z ?9k]1 ^u :om1 at ! la/1 all judgm5ts dep5d1 & :o1 !re=e1 & :o alone1 c nev] be a pr$icate m]ely4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 he f9ds z ! motor-limit ( ! s]ies ( conditional prosyllogisms1 :i* is gov]n$ by ! relation ,cause & ,effect1 ! notion ( an absolute cause--a cause1 t is1 incapable ( be+ an effect2 & ?is1 z undiscov]able 9 ! *a9 ( ph5om5al causes1 :i* are all 9 turn effects1 he concludes is a pure ,idea1 ! reason's native conception ( a necess>y l9kage among all *anges 9 ,space1 or ( a ,cosmic ,unity among physical ph5om5a4 ,9 bo? conceptions1 !n1 :e!r ( ! unity ( ! ,subject or ( ! ,_w1 we seem to h a case ( ! uncondition$1 z ea*1 surely1 is a totality ( conditions3 ! "o1 = all possible syllogisms by ,subject & ,pr$icate2 ! o!r1 = all possible syllogisms f ,cause & ,effect4 ,until x c be %[n t ! syllogisms ( ! fir/ sort & ! syllogisms ( ! second are bo? condition$ by ! sy/em ( disjunctive syllogisms1 s t ! ,idea alleg$ to be ! totality ( conditions = ?is sy/em becomes ! condition+ pr9ciple = bo? ! o!rs1 !re appe>s to be no gr\nd = contra/+ ! totality ( conditions pres5t$ 9 x ) ^? pres5t$ 9 ! o!rs1 z if x 7 ! absolute ,totality ( all ,conditions1 :ile ! two o!rs are only relative totalities1--:i* w\ld be z mu* z to say !y 7 only pseudo-totalities1 bo? be+ condition$ in/ead ( be+ uncondition$4 ,b !re seems to be no evid5ce1 n ev5 an indication1 t disjunctive reason+ conditions categorical or conditional--t x con/itutes ! :ole k+dom1 9 :i* ! o!r two ord]s ( reason+ =m dep5d5t prov9ces1 or t = f9al validation ^! mu/ appeal to ! disjunctive s]ies & ! ,idea t controls x4 ,on ! contr>y1 any su* relation seems disprov$ by ! fact t ! ?ree types ( syllogism apply alike 9 all subject-matt]1 psy*ic or physical1 subjective or objective1 conc]n+ ! ,self or conc]n+ ! ,_w1--yes1 conc]n+ o!r ,selves or ev5 conc]n+ ,god2 :]eas1 if ! relation 7 a fact1 x w\ld require t only disjunctive reason+ c deal ) ! ,uncondition$1 & t conditional mu/ conf9e itself to cosmic mat]ial1 :ile categorical p]ta9s only to ! ?+s ( inn] s5se4 ,su* consid]ations _c b %ake our confid5ce 9 ! inquisition to :i* ,kant has submitt$ ! ,ideas ( ,reason1 bo? z reg>ds :at !y really mean & h[ !y are to be correlat$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! analysis ( logical proc$ure & connection on :i* 8 acc\nt ( !m is bas$ is full ( ! confusions & ov]sights t h n[ be5 po9t$ out1 & ju/ifies u 9 say+ t 8 case is n e/abli%$4 ,h5ce we are n b\nd to foll[ :5 8 ?ree successors1 or _! lat] adh]5ts1 proce$ 9 acceptance ( 8 results1 & advance into v>i\s =ms ( idealism1 all ( ! moni/ic type1 z if ! g5]al relation betwe5 ! ?ree ,ideas _h be5 demon/rably settl$ by ,kant 9 ! moni/ s5se1 despite 8 n kn[+ ?is1 & t all we h to d is to disreg>d 8 record$ prote/s1 & r5d] 8 results consi/5t1 & our idealism absolute1 by ca/+ out f 8 doctr9e ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,!oretical & ! ,practical ,reason1 ) ! primacy ( ! latt]1 ?r\gh mak+ an end ( 8 assum$ _w ( ,d+e an si*1 or ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,?is movem5t1 ,i repeat1 we are n b\nd to foll[3 a rectification ( view z to ! mean+ ( ! ?ree ,ideas becomes possible z soon z we are fre$ f ,kant's entangl$ me?od ( discov]+ & def9+ !m2 & :5 ?is rectification is effect$1 we %all f9d t ! "q betwe5 monism & rational or h>monic pluralism is at lea/ op51 to say no m4 ,nay1 we are n to =get t by ! results ( our analysis ( ! concepts ,"o & ,_m1 ,"t & ,space1 & ! real relation betwe5 !m1 plural metaphysics has already won a prec$5ce 9 ?is conte/4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,,by ,,george ,,trumbull ,,ladd ,george ,trumbull ,ladd1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 b4 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahdb1 ,pa9esville1 ,ohio4 ,b4,a4 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,college1 #ahfd2 ,b4,d4 ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #ahfi2 ,d4,d4 ,we/]n ,res]ve1 #ahgi2 ,m4,a4 ,yale1 #ahha2 ,,ll4,d4 ,we/]n ,res]ve1 #ahie2 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr9ceton1 #ahif4 ,decorat$ ) ! #c;d ,degree ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,ris+ ,sun ( ,japan1 #ahii2 ,pa/or1 ,ed9burg1 ,ohio1 #ahfi-ga2 ibid41 ,milwaukee1 ,wis41 #ahga-gi2 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,b[do9 ,college1 #ahgi-ha2 ibid41 ,yale ,univ]sity1 #ahha--2 ,lectur]1 ,h>v>d1 ,tokio1 ,bombay1 etc41 #ahhe--1 ,memb] ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association1 ,am]ican ,society ( ,naturali/s1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1 ,imp]ial ,educational ,society ( ,japan1 ,connecticut ,academy4 ,au?or ( ,elem5ts ( ,physiological ,psy*ology2 ,philosophy ( ,k2 ,philosophy ( ,m9d2 ,a ,!ory ( ,reality2 & _m o!r not$ sci5tific works & pap]s4 ,! hi/ory ( man's critical & reflective ?\ght ^u ! m ultimate problems ( nature & ( 8 own life has1 inde$1 its p]iod ( quick5$ progress1 relative /agnation1 & app>5t decl9e4 ,great ?9k]s are born & die1 s*ools ( philosophy1 s-call$1 arise1 fl\ri%1 & become discr$it$2 & t5d5cies ( v>i\s *>act]i/ics m>k ! national or m g5]al ,zeitgei/ ( ! p>ticul> c5turies4 ,& always1 a c]ta9 deep und]curr5t1 or p[]ful /ream ( ! rational evolution ( humanity1 fl[s sil5tly onw>d4 ,b ^! p]iods ( philosophical developm5t d n correspond to ^? :i* h be5 m>k$ (f = man by ! rhy?mic motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or by himself = purposes ( great] conv5i5ce 9 practical affairs4 ,! proposal1 !re=e1 to treat any c5tury ( philosophical developm5t z ?\gh x c\ld be tak5 out (1 & consid]$ ap>t f1 ?is con/ant unfold+ ( man's rational life is1 ( necessity1 doom$ to failure4 ,&1 inde$1 ! n9ete5? c5tury is no exception to ! g5]al tru?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important & hi/orical fact :i* makes m def9ite1 & m feasible1 ! attempt to pres5t 9 outl9e ! hi/ory ( ! philosophical developm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is fact is ! dea? ( ,immanuel ,kant1 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahjd4 ,9 a v unusual way ?is ev5t m>ks ! close ( ! developm5t ( philosophy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 a yet m unusual way ! same ev5t def9es ! beg9n+ ( ! philosophical developm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! proposal is1 !re=e1 n artificial1 b 9 accordance ) ! tru? ( hi/ory1 if we consid] ! problems1 movem5ts1 results1 & pres5t condition ( ?is developm5t1 s f> z ! fulfillm5t ( our g5]al purpose is conc]n$1 9 ! light ( ! critical philosophy ( ,kant4 ,?is purpose may !n be fur!r def9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 to trace ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( critical & reflective ?\ght ov] ! m ultimate problems ( ,nature & ( human life1 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 & f ! /&po9t ( ! conclusions1 bo? negative & positive1 :i* are be/ embodi$ 9 ! works ( ! philosoph] ( ,knigsb]g4 ,?is purpose we %all try to fulfill 9 ^! f\r divisions ( our !me3 7#a7 ,a /atem5t ( ! problems ( philosophy z !y 7 giv5 ov] to ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! ,kantian ,critique2 7#b7 a brief description ( ! l9es ( movem5t along :i* ! attempts at ! improv$ solution ( ^! problems h proce$$1 & ( ! pr9cipal influ5ces contribut+ to ^! attempts2 7#c7 a summ>y ( ! pr9cipal results ( ^! movem5ts--! items1 s to say1 ( progress 9 philosophy :i* may be cr$it$ to ! la/ c5tury2 & f9ally1 7#d7 a survey ( ! pres5t /ate ( ^! problems z !y are n[ to be h&$ d[n by ! n9ete5? to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,truly an imm5sely difficult1 if n an impossible task1 is involv$ 9 ?is purpose6 ,i4 ,! problems :i* ! critical philosophy und]took def9itively to solve may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ is ! epi/emological problem1 or ! problem (f]$ by human k--its ess5tial nature1 its fix$ limitations1 if su* !re be1 & its ontological validity4 ,x 0 ?is problem :i* ,kant br\ght to ! front 9 su* a mann] t c]ta9 subsequ5t writ]s on philosophy h claim$ x to be1 n only ! prim>y & mo/ important bran* ( philosophical discipl9e1 b to comprise ! sum-total ( :at human reflection & critical ?\ght c successfully compass4 ,we call philosophy self-k1 says "o ( ^! writ]s4 ,! !ory ( k is ! true prima philosophia1 says ano!r4 ,kant himself reg>d$ x z ! mo/ imp]ative dem& ( reason to e/abli% a sci5ce t %all det]m9e a priori ! possibility1 ! pr9ciples1 & ! ext5t ( all cognitions4 ,! burd5 ( ! epi/emological problem has press$ heavily ^u ! ?\ght ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 ! diff]5t attitudes t[>d ?is problem1 & its diff]5t alleg$ solutions1 h be5 mo/ influ5tial factors 9 det]m9+ ! philosophical discussions1 divisions1 s*ools1 & p]man5t or transitory a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ! epi/emological problem z (f]$ by ! ,kantian philosophy ( cognition !re is involv$ ! subord9ate b highly important "q z to ! prop] me?od ( philosophy4 ,is ! me?od ( criticism1 z t me?od 0 employ$ 9 ! ?ree ,critiques ( ,kant1 ! exclusive1 ! sole appropriate & productive way ( advanc+ human philosophical ?\ght8 ,i d n ?9k t ! exp]i5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w>rants an affirmative answ] to ?is "q ( me?od4 ,?is exp]i5ce has c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 demon/rat+ ! ne$ ( a m ?or\gh1 consi/5t1 & fundam5tal use ( ! critical me?od ?an t 9 :i* x 0 employ$ by ,kant4 ,& ?is improv$ use ( ! critical me?od has induc$ a m pr(\nd /udy ( ! psy*ology ( cognition1 & ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( philosophy 9 ! bran* ( epi/emology4 ,m especially1 h[ev]1 x has l$ to ! re9/atem5t ( ! value-judgm5ts1 z means ( cognition1 9 _! "r relations ( h>mony ) ! judgm5ts ( fact & ( law4 ,! second ( ! great] problems :i* ! critical philosophy ( ! eighte5? h&$ on to ! n9ete5? c5tury is ! ontological problem4 ,?is problem1 ev5 f> m ?an ! epi/emological1 has excit$ ! int5se/ int]e/1 & call$ = ! pr(\nde/ ?\ght1 ( reflective m9ds dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is problem engages 9 ! inquiry z to :at ,reality is2 = to def9e philosophy f ! ontological po9t ( view r5d]s x ! rational sci5ce ( reality2 or1 at lea/1 ! sci5ce ( ! supreme & mo/ important realities4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! conclusion ( ! ,kantian criticism 0 ! age :5 ! p 7 s++ ,da die ,metaphysik vor ,kurzem unbe]bt abg+1 ,w]d5 die ,d+e an si* jetzo sub ha/a v]kauft1 ! cultivation ( ! ontological problem1 & ! gr[? ( sy/ematic metaphysics 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _h nev] previ\sly be5 surpass$4 ,9 spite (1 or r because (1 ! fact t ,kant left ! anci5t body ( metaphysics s dismemb]$ & discr$it$1 & 8 own ontological /ructure1 9 su* hopeless confusion1 all ! sev]al build+s bo? ( ,idealism & ( ,realism ei!r rose quickly or 7 erect$ ^u ! f\ndations made b>e by ! critical philosophy4 ,b especially unsatisfactory to ! ?\ght ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! ,kantian position ) ref]5ce to ! problem 9 :i*1 aft] all1 bo? ! few :o cultivate philosophy & ! multitude :o %>e 9 its fruits are always mo/ truly int]e/$2 & ?is is ! e?ico-religi\s problem4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! g5]ation :i* foll[$ him1 ,kant _h a*iev$ = ^? :o accept$ 8 po9ts ( view1 8 me?od ( philosophiz+1 & 8 results1 mu* great] success 9 remov+ k ?an 9 f9d+ room = fai?4 ,= he seem$ to h left ! positive tru?s ( ,e?ics s involv$ 9 ! negative positions ( 8 critique ( k z greatly to endang] !m2 & to h entangl$ ! conceptions ( religion ) ^? ( morality 9 a mann] to ?r[ d\bt ^u !m bo?4 ,! brea* betwe5 ! human cognitive faculties & ! ontological doctr9es & conceptions on :i* morality & religion _h be5 suppos$ to re/ firmly1 ! elaborately argu$ di/ru/ & skepticism :i* _h be5 aim$ aga9/ ! ability ( human reason to rea* reality1 & ! consequ5t dang] :i* ?reat5$ ! mo/ preci\s judgm5ts ( wor? & ! ontological value ( e?ical & /hetical s5tim5ts1 c\ld n rema9 unnotic$1 or fail to promote ceaseless & e>ne/ ef=ts to heal x4 ,! hi!rto accept$ solutions ( ! problems ( cognition1 ( be+1 & ( man's e?ico-religi\s exp]i5ce1 c\ld n survive ! critical philosophy4 ,b ! solutions :i* ! critical philosophy itself (f]$ c\ld n fail to excite opposition & to /imulate fur!r criticism4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 factors 9 human nature1 c]ta9 int]e/s 9 human social life1 & c]ta9 ne$s ( humanity1 n fully recogniz$ & inde$ sc>cely notic$ by criticism1 c\ld n fail to revive & to en=ce _! anci5t1 p]5nial1 & valid claims4 ,9 a ^w1 ,kant left ! ma9 problems ( philosophy involv$ 9 num]\s contradictions4 ,! result ( 8 p5etrat+ b excessive analysis 0 unw>rantably to contra/ s5se ) und]/&+2 to divide reason z con/itutive f reason z regulative2 to divorce ! moral law f our concrete exp]i5ce ( ! results ( good & bad conduct1 true morality f _m ( ! noble/ desires & s5tim5ts1 & to set 9 opposition ph5om5a & n\m5a1 ord] & fre$om1 k & fai?1 sci5ce & religion4 ,n[ ! highe/ aim ( philosophy is reconciliation4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury felt ! /imulus ( ! unreconcil$ condition ( ! problems ( philosophy at ! end ( ! prec$+ c5tury6 ,! greate/1 mo/ /imulat+ inh]itance ( ! philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! po/-,kantian problems4 ,,ii4 ,! l9es ( ! movem5t ( philosophical ?\ght & ! pr9cipal contributory influ5ces :i* belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury may be r\ghly divid$ into two classes2 namely1 7#a7 ^? :i* t5d$ 9 ! direction ( c>ry+ to ! utmo/ extreme ! negative & de/ructive criticism ( ,kant1 & 7#b7 ^? :i*1 ei!r ma9ly favor+ or ma9ly antagoniz+ ! conclusions ( ! ,kantian criticism1 endeavor$ to place ! positive answ] to all ?ree ( ^! great problems ( philosophy ^u m compreh5sive1 sci5tifically def5sible1 & p]man5tly sure f\ndations4 ,! "o class s f> complet$ ! attempt to remove ! k at :i* philosophy aims z1 by ! end ( ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 to h left no rational gr\nd = any k9d ( fai?4 ,! o!r class _h n1 ev5 by ! end ( ! second half ( ! c5tury1 z yet agre$ ^u any "o s*eme = h>moniz+ ! v>i\s !ories ( k1 ( reality1 & ( ! gr\nd ( morality & religion4 ,!re appe>$1 h[ev]1--especially dur+ ! la/ two decades ( ! c5tury1--c]ta9 signs ( conv]g5ce ^u positions1 to occupy :i* is favorable = agreem5t ^u su* a s*eme1 & :i* n[ promise a new con/ructive era = philosophy4 ,! t]m9us ( ! de/ructive movem5t has be5 rea*$ 9 our pres5t-day positivism & philosophical skepticism4 ,= ?is movem5t !re w\ld appe> to be no m beyond 9 ! same direction4 ,! t]m9us ( ! o!r movem5t c only be some:at dimly descri$4 ,x may p]haps be pr$ict$ ) a reasonable degree ( confid5ce z "s =m ( ontological ,idealism 7if we may use su* a phrase7 t %all be at once m ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 man's total exp]i5ce1 z int]pret$ by mod]n sci5ce1 & also m satisfactory to human e?ical1 /hetical1 & religi\s ideals1 ?an any =m ( sy/ematic philosophy has hi!rto be54 ,b to say ev5 ?is mu* is p]haps unduly to anticipate4 ,if we attempt to fa?om & e/imate ! =ce ( ! v>i\s /reams ( influ5ce :i* h %ap$ ! hi/ory ( ! philosophical developm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t ! pr(\nde/ & ! mo/ p[]ful is ! "o influ5ce :i* mu/ be recogniz$ & reckon$ ) 9 all ! c5turies4 ,?is influ5ce is humanity's undy+ int]e/ 9 its moral1 civil1 & religi\s ideals1 & 9 ! civil & religi\s in/itutions :i* give a fai?ful b tempor>y expression to ^! ideals4 ,9 ! long run1 e fragm5t>y or sy/ematic attempt at ! solution ( ! problem ( philosophy mu/ su/a9 ! te/ ( an ability to contribute some?+ ( value to ! realization ( ^! ideals4 ,! te/ :i* ! pa/ c5tury has propos$ = its own ?9k]s1 & = its v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy1 is by f> ! sev]e/ :i* has ev] be5 propos$4 ,= ! mo/ "p uno/5tati\sly & 9 l>ge measure sil5tly1 ! ?\ghtful few & ! comp>atively ?\ghtless multitude h be5 contribut+1 ei!r de/ructively or con/ructively1 to ! ef=t at satisfaction = ! ris+ spiritual life ( man4 ,& if 9 "s vague b impressive mann] we speak ( ?is ?ir/ = spiritual satisfaction z *>act]i/ic ( any p]iod ( human hi/ory1 we may say1 ,i believe1 t x has be5 peculi>ly *>act]i/ic & especially p[]ful z an influ5ce dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,! op9ions1 s5tim5ts1 & ideals :i* %ape ! developm5t ( ! in/itutions ( ! *ur* & /ate1 & ! fre] activities ( ! same op9ions1 s5tim5ts1 & ideals1 h be5 9 ?is c5tury1 z !y h be5 9 e c5tury1 ! pr9cipal factors 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( its philosophical developm5t4 ,b a m def9ite & visible k9d ( influ5ce has con/antly proce$$ f ! c5tres ( ! high] education4 ,! univ]sities--especially ( ,g]many1 next1 p]haps ( ,scotl&1 b also ( ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ev5 9 less degree ( ,france & ,italy--h bo? fo/]$ & %ap$ ! evolution ( critical & reflective ?\ght1 & ( its product z philosophy4 ,9 ,g]many dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury ! great] univ]sities _h be5 emancipat+ !mselves f ! /rict] =ms ( political & c\rt favoritism & ( ecclesia/ical protection & control4 ,?is emancipation _h already op]at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x cont9u$ m & m to op]ate ?r\gh\t ?is c5tury1 = p>ticipation 9 t free ?\ght ^: _s is absolutely ess5tial to ! fl\ri%+ ( true philosophy4 ,all ! o!r colleges & univ]sities c sc>cely repay ! debt :i* mod]n philosophy owes to ! univ]sities ( ,g]many4 ,! in/itutions ( ! high] education :i* are m\ld$ aft] ?is _s1 & :i* h a g5]\s %>e ( ?is _s1 h ev]y:]e be5 s*ools ( ?\ght z well z s*ools ( le>n+ & rese>*4 ,)\t ! increas+ numb]s & gr[+ enc\ragem5t ( su* c5tres = ! cultivation ( ! discipl9e ( critical & reflective ?9k+1 x is difficult to conjecture h[ mu* ! philosophical developm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld h lo/4 ,lib]tas doc5di & ,academis*e ,freiheit--)\t ^! philosophy has "o ( its w+s fatally w\nd$ or sev]ely clipp$4 ,n all ! philosophy ( ! la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 0 born & develop$ 9 academical c5tres & "u academical influ5ces4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,great ,brita91 & ,france1 ! v>i\s s-call$ ,academies or o!r unacademical associations ( m5 ( sci5tific int]e/s & atta9m5ts--notably1 ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 :i* has be5 call$ ! seat ( an anti-s*ola/ic popul> philosophy--7 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury contribut+ by _! conspicu\s failures z well z by _! less conspicu\s successes1 important factors to ! con/ructive new ?\ght ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 g5]al1 al?\gh ^! m5 decri$ sy/em & 7 !mselves inadequately prep>$ to treat ! problems ( philosophy1 :e!r f ! hi/orical or ! speculative & critical po9t ( view1 !y _c be :olly neglect$ 9 e/imat+ its developm5t4 ,clev] reason+1 & witty & epigrammatic writ+ on sci5tific or o!r alli$ subjects1 _c inde$ be call$ philosophy 9 ! /rict] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,b ?is s-call$ popul> philosophy has greatly help$ 9 a way to free ?\ght f its too close bondage to s*ola/ic tradition4 ,& ev5 ! despite ( philosophy1 & sne]+ ref]5ces to its b>r5ness1 :i* =m]ly *>act]iz$ ! meet+s & ! writ+s ( ?is class ( its critics1 b :i* n[ are happily mu* less frequ5t1 h be5 on ! :ole bo? a valuable *eck & a /imulus to h] devotees4 ,he w\ld be too n>r[ & s\r a disciple ( s*ola/ic metaphysics & sy/ematic philosophy1 :o1 because ( ! levity or scorn+ ( outsid]s1 %\ld refuse !m all cr$it4 ,inde$1 ! lesson ( ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may well en\gh be ! motto = ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury3 ,9 philosophy--s9ce to philosophize is natural & inevitable = all rational be+s--!re really are no outsid]s4 ,9 ?is connection x is mo/ int]e/+ to notice h[ m5 ( ! type j ref]r$ to1 7 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd gr\p$ ar\nd su* ?9k]s z ,m5delssohn1 ,less+1 ,f4 ,nicolai1--repres5t+ a some:at decid$ reaction f ! ,fr5* realism to ! ,g]man idealism4 ,! "w ( ! ,academicians 9 ! criticism ( ,kant 0 c>ri$ =w>d by ,jacobi1 :o1 at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 0 ! p5sion$ presid5t ( ! ,academy at ,muni*4 ,"s ( ^! same critics ( ! ,kantian philosophy %[$ a r decid$ pref]5ce = ! commons5se philosophy ( ! ,scotti% ,s*ool4 ,b bo? inside & outside ( ! ,univ]sities & ,academies ! sci5tific _s & acquisitions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h mo/ pr(\ndly1 & on ! :ole favorably1 affect$ ! developm5t ( its philosophy4 ,9 ! wid] mean+ ( ! ^w1 sci5ce1--! mean+1 namely1 9 :i* sci5ce ,wiss5s*aft1--philosophy aims to be sci5tific2 & sci5ce c nev] be indiff]5t to philosophy4 ,9 _! common aim at a rational & unit>y sy/em ( pr9ciples1 :i* %all expla9 & give its due significance to ! totality ( human exp]i5ce1 sci5ce & philosophy c nev] rema9 long 9 antagonism2 !y ought nev] ev5 tempor>ily to be divid$ 9 int]e/s1 or 9 ! _s :i* leads ea* g5]\sly to recognize ! importance ( ! o!r4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury 01 inde$1 too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( t almo/ exclusively speculative ,natur-philosophie1 ( :i* ,s*ell+ & ,hegel 7 ! mo/ prom95t expon5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( nature z a va/ int]connect$ & unit>y sy/em ( a rational ord]1 unfold+ itself 9 accordance ) teleological pr9ciples1--h[ev] manifold & obscure1--is a noble conception & n de/9$ to pass away4 ,on ! cont95t--at lea/ 9 ,france1 :]e x _h atta9$ its highe/ developm5t--! sci5tific _s 01 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 on ! :ole oppos$ to sy/ematization4 ,! impulse to bo? sci5ce & philosophy dur+ bo? ! eighte5? & ! n9ete5? c5turies1 ov] ! entire cont95t ( ,europe1 0 *iefly due to ! epo*-mak+ "w ( t greate/ ( all titles 9 ! mod]n sci5tific developm5t ( ! ,we/]n ,_w1 ! ,pr9cipia ( ,newton4 ,9 ma!matics & ! physical sci5ces1 dur+ ! e>ly ?ird or half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,great ,brita9 also has a roll ( di/+ui%$ names :i* comp>es mo/ favorably ) t ( ei!r ,france or ,g]many4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! :ole c5tury1 sci5ce has lack$ ! bread? & philosophic _s :i* x _h 9 ,g]many dur+ ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,dur+ all t "t ! ,g]man man ( sci5ce 01 z a rule1 a s*ol>1 an inve/igator1 a tea*]1 & a philosoph]4 ,sci5ce & philosophy ?riv$ bett]1 h[ev]1 9 ,scotl& ?an else:]e outside ( ,g]many1 s f> z _! relations 9 int]dep5d5ce 7 conc]n$4 ,into ! ,scotti% univ]sities ,playfair introduc$ "s ( ! cont95tal sugge/ions t[>d ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 s t !re 0 less ( exclusiv5ess & unfri5dly rivalry betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy2 & bo? pr(it$ !reby4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! fir/ half or m ( ! c5tury1 s dom9ant 7 ! !ological & practical int]e/s & influ5ces t !re 0 little free developm5t ( ei!r sci5ce or philosophy1--if we int]pret ! "o z ! equival5t ( ,wiss5s*aft & und]/& ! o!r 9 ! /rict] mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! sci5tific _s & ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces is n ! !me ( ?is pap]4 ,to trace 9 detail1 or ev5 9 its l>ge outl9es1 ! reciprocal influ5ce ( sci5ce & philosophy dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 w\ld itself require f> m ?an ! space allott$ to me4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t ! v>i\s advances 9 ! ef=ts ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces to enl>ge & to def9e ! conceptions & pr9ciples employ$ to portray ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w 9 its totality1 h some:at /eadily gr[n m & m completely metaphysical1 & m & m ( positive importance = ! recon/ruction ( sy/ematic philosophy4 ,! latt] has n simply be5 discipl9$ by sci5ce1 compell$ to improve its me?od1 & to exam9e all its previ\s claims4 ,b philosophy has also be5 greatly enri*$ by sci5ce ) respect to its mat]ial await+ syn!sis1 & x has be5 n a little pr(it$ by ! unsuccessful attempts ( ! curr5t sci5tific !ories to give !mselves a truly satisfactory acc\nt ( t ,ultimate ,reality :i*1 to und]/& ! bett]1 is no unwor?y aim ( _! comb9$ ef=ts4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury sci5ce has se5 _m important additions to t ,ideal ( ,nature & h] processes1 to =m :i* 9 a unit>y & h>moniz+ b compreh5sive way is ! philosophical goal ( sci5ce4 ,! gross me*anical conception ( nature :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury has long s9ce be5 ab&on$1 z q inadequate to our exp]i5ce ) h] facts1 =ces1 & laws4 ,! k9etic view1 :i* began ) ,huyg5s1 ,eul]1 & ,ampre1 & :i* 0 s amplifi$ by ,"l ,kelv9 & ,cl]k-,maxwell 9 ,engl&1 & by ,helmholtz & o!rs 9 ,g]many1 on acc\nt ( its success 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( light1 ( gases1 etc41 v naturally l$ to ! attempt to develop a k9etic !ory1 a doctr9e ( en]getics1 :i* %\ld expla9 all ph5om5a4 ,b ! conception ( t :i* moves1 ! exp]i5ce ( important & p]si/5t qualitative diff]5tiae1 & ! ne$ ( assum+ ends & purposes s]v$ by ! movem5t1 are tr\blesome ob/acles 9 ! way ( giv+ su* a complet5ess to ?is !ory ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w4 ,yet aga9 ! amaz+ success :i* ! !ory ( evolution has %[n 9 expla9+ ! ph5om5a ) :i* ! v>i\s biological sci5ces conc]n !mselves1 has l5t favor dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury to ! vitali/ic & g5etic view ( nature4 ,= all our mo/ elaborate & advanc$ k9etic !ories seem utt]ly to fail u z explanatory :5 we1 ?r\gh ! high] p[]s ( ! microscope1 /& wond]+ & face to face ) ! evolution ( a s+le liv+ cell4 ,b f su* a view ( ! ess5tial ,be+ ( ! ,_w z evolution sugge/s to ! psy*o-physical !ory ( nature is n an impassable gulf4 ,& ?us1 "u its gr[+ weal? ( k1 sci5ce may be lead+ up to an ,ideal ( ! ,ultimate ,reality1 9 :i* philosophy w gratefully & gladly co9cide4 ,at any rate1 ! mod]n conception ( nature & ! mod]n conception ( ,god are n s f> ap>t f ea* o!r1 z ei!r ( ^! conceptions is n[ remov$ f ! conceptions cov]$ by ! same t]ms1 "s c5turies gone by4 ,!re is "o ( ! positive sci5ces1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ! developm5t ( philosophy dur+ ! la/ c5tury has be5 p>ticul>ly alli$4 ,?is sci5ce is psy*ology4 ,to speak ( its hi/ory is n ! !me ( ?is pap]4 ,b x %\ld be not$ 9 pass+ h[ ! developm5t ( psy*ology has br\ght into connection ) ! physical & biological sci5ces ! developm5t ( philosophy4 ,?is union1 :e!r x be = bett] or = worse1--&1 on ! :ole1 ,i believe x to be = bett] r ?an = worse1--has be5 9 a v special way ! result ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 trac+ its details we %\ld h to speak ( ! dep5d5ce ( c]ta9 bran*es ( psy*ology on physiology1 & ^u ,sir ,*>les ,bell's discov]y ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sory & ! motor n]ves4 ,?is discov]y 0 ! contribution ( ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury to an entire l9e ( discov]ies1 :i* h end$ at ! close ( ! c5tury ) putt+ ! localization ( c]ebral function ^u a firm exp]im5tal basis4 ,( sc>cely less importance has be5 ! cellul> !ory z appli$ 7#ahch7 by ,mat?ias ,s*leid51 a pupil ( ,fries 9 philosophy1 to plants1 & by ,!odor ,s*wann ab\t ! same "t to animal organisms4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! rese>*es ( ,johannes ,mll] 7#ahja-aheh71 ! great biologi/1 a li/5] to ,hegel's lectures1 ^: law ( specific en]gies br+s him into connection ) psy*ology &1 ?r\gh psy*ology1 to philosophy4 ,ev5 m true is ?is ( ,helmholtz1 ^: ,lehre von d5 ,tonempf9dung5 7#ahfb7 & ,physiologis*e ,optik 7#ahfg7 plac$ him 9 ev5 clos]1 ?\gh /ill m$iate1 relations to philosophy4 ,b p]haps especially ,gu/av ,!odor ,fe*n] 7#ahja-ahhg71 ^: rese>*es 9 psy*o-physics laid ! f\ndations ( :atev]1 ei!r z psy*ology or z philosophy1 goes "u ?is "n2 & :e!r ! doctr9e h ref]5ce to ! relation ( man's m9d & body1 or to ! wid] relations ( _s & matt]4 ,9 my judgm5t x _c be affirm$ t ! attempts ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to develop an exp]im5tal sci5ce ( psy*ology 9 indep5d5ce ( philosophical criticism & metaphysical assumption1 or ! claims ( ?is sci5ce to h ?r[n any :olly new light ^u ! /atem5t1 or ^u ! solution ( philosophical problems1 h be5 l>gely successful4 ,b c]ta9 m def9itely psy*ological que/ions h be5 to a comm5dable degree bett] analyz$ & elucidat$2 ! new exp]im5tal me?ods1 :]e conf9$ )9 _! legitimate sph]e1 h be5 amply ju/ifi$2 & c]ta9 quasi-metaphysical views respect+ ! nature ( ! human m9d1 & ev51 if y w1 ! nature ( ! ,_s 9 g5]al--h be5 plac$ 9 a m favorable & sci5tifically engag+ attitude t[>d speculative philosophy4 ,?is seems to me to be especially true ) respect to two problems 9 :i* bo? empirical psy*ology & philosophy h a common & pr(\nd int]e/4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! complex syn!sis ( m5tal functions involv$ 9 e act ( true cognition1 toge!r ) ! be>+ :i* ! psy*ology ( cognition has ^u epi/emological problems2 & 7#b7 ! yet m complex & pr(\nd analysis1 f ! psy*ological po9t ( view1 ( :at x is to be a self-consci\s & self-det]m9+ ,w1 a true ,self1 toge!r ) ! be>+ :i* ! psy*ology ( selfhood has ^u all ! problems ( e?ics1 /hetics1 & religion4 ,! m obvi\s & easily traceable influ5ces :i* h op]at$ to incite & direct ! philosophical developm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are1 ( c\rse1 dep5d5t ^u ! tea*+s & writ+s ( philosoph]s1 & ! s*ools ( philosophy :i* !y h f\nd$4 ,to speak ( ^! influ5ces ev5 9 outl9e w\ld be to write a manual ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy dur+ t hundr$ ( ye>s1 :i* has be5 ( all o!rs by f> ! mo/ fruitful 9 mat]ial results1 :atev] e/imate may be put ^u ! sep>ate or comb9$ values ( ! individual ?9k]s & _! s-call$ s*ools4 ,no few] ?an sev5 or eight relatively indep5d5t or p>tially antagoni/ic movem5ts1 :i* may be trac$ back ei!r directly or m indirectly to ! critical philosophy1 & to ! =m 9 :i* ! problems ( philosophy 7 left by ,kant1 sprung up dur+ ! c5tury4 ,9 ,g]many *iefly1 !re arose ! ,fai?-philosophy1 ! ,romantic ,s*ool1 & ,rational ,idealism2 9 ,france1 ,eclecticism & ,positivism 7if1 inde$1 ! latt] c be call$ a philosophy72 9 ,scotl&1 a nave & crude =m ( ,realism1 :i* s]v$ well = ! "t z an antagoni/ ( a skeptical idealism1 b :i* itself contribut$ to an improv$ =m ( ,idealism2 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or r 9 ,new ,engl&1 a peculi> k9d ( ,transc5d5talism ( ! s5tim5tal type4 ,b all ^! movem5ts ( ?\ght1 & o!rs ly+ some:]e midway betwe51 9 a pair compos$ ( any two1 toge!r ) a /eadfa/ rema9d] ( almo/ e sort ( ,dogmatism1 & all degrees & k9ds ( ,skepticism1 h be5 int]mix$ & cont5d+ ) "o ano!r1 9 all ^! c\ntries4 ,su* has be5 ! v>i$1 undef9able1 & yet int5sely /imulat+ & int]e/+ "* ( ! developm5t ( sy/ematic & s*ola/ic philosophy1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! e>ly opposition to ,kant 9 ,g]many 01 9 ! ma91 tw(old3--bo? to 8 peculi> extreme analysis ) its philosophical conclusions1 & also to all sy/ematic z di/+ui%$ f a m popul> & lit]>y =m ( philosophiz+4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury a gr\p ( m5 _h be5 writ+ ^u philosophical que/ions 9 a _s & me?od q =eign to t held 9 respect by ! critical philosophy4 ,x is n :olly )\t significance t ,less+1 ^: aim _h be5 to use common s5se & lit]>y skill 9 cle>+ up obscure ideas & improv+ & illum9+ ! life ( man1 di$ 9 ! v ye> ( ! appe>ance ( ,kant's ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,( ?is class ( m5 an hi/orian deal+ ) ?is p]iod has said1 ,!re is h>dly "o :o does n quote some:]e or o!r ,pope's say+1 ',! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man4' ,to ?is class belong ,hamann 7#agcj-aghh71 ! inspir] ( ,h]d] & ,jacobi4 ,! =m]1 :o 0 ess5tially a poet & a fri5d ( ,goe!1 controv]t$ ,kant ) reg>d to 8 doctr9e ( reason1 8 anti!sis betwe5 ! individual & ! race1 & 8 s*ism betwe5 ?+s z empirically kn[n & ! kn[n unity 9 ! ,gr\nd ( _! be+ & becom+4 ,h]d]'s pa? to tru? 0 highly color$ ) fl[]s ( rhetoric2 b ! promise 0 t he w\ld lead m5 back to ! heav5ly city4 ,jacobi1 too1 ) due all[ance made = ! injury wr\ght by 8 divorce ( ! two philosophies1--t ( fai? & t ( sci5ce1--& 8 excessive e/imate ( ! value-judgm5ts :i* repose 9 ! mi/ ( a feel+-fai?1 add$ some?+ ( wor? by way ( expos+ ! b>r5ness ( ! ,kantian doctr9e ( an unkn[able ,?+-9-itself4 ,f m5 l ,fr4 ,s*legel 7#aggb-ahbi71 ^: valid prote/ aga9/ ! %>p sep>ation ( speculative philosophy f ! /hetical1 social1 & e?ical life1 assum$ ! /&po9t ( irony1 little real result 9 ! discov]y ( tru? c\ld be expect$4 ,b ,s*lei]ma*] 7#agfh-ahcd71 9 spite ( t mixture ( unfus$ elem5ts :i* has made 8 philosophy a r5dezv\s = ! mo/ div]se sy/ems1 contribut$ valuable factors to ! c5tury's philosophical developm5t1 bo? ( a negative & ( a positive "*4 ,?is ?9k] 0 peculi>ly =tunate 9 ! enri*m5t ( ! conception ( exp]i5ce z w>rant+ a ju/ifiable confid5ce 9 ! ontological value ( e?ical1 /hetical1 & religi\s s5tim5t & ideas2 b he 0 mo/ un=tunate 9 reviv+ & p]petuat+ ! unju/ifiable ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 cognition & fai? 9 ! field ( exp]i5ce4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ! ,fai?-philosophy & ! ,romantic ,s*ool c easily be said to h contribut$ m ?an a negative & modify+ influ5ce to ! developm5t ( ! philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its m mod]n revival t[>d ! close ( ! same c5tury1 & its cont9u$ hold ^u c]ta9 m9ds ( ! pres5t day1 are evid5ces ( ! positive b p>tial tru? :i* its t5ets1 h[ev] vaguely & unsy/ematically1 cont9ue to ma9ta9 9 an /hetically & practically attractive way4 ,! admir]s ( ,kant /rove e>ne/ly & ) v>i$ success to rem$y ! defects ( 8 sy/em4 ,among ! e>li]1 less celebrat$ & yet important memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 7 ,k4 ,g4 ,re9hold 7#ageh-ahbc71 & ,maimon 7di$1 #ahjj74 ,! =m]1 l ,desc>tes1 9 t he 0 educat$ by ! ,jesuits1 began ! attempt1 aft] reject+ "s ( ! arbitr>y di/9ctions ( ,kant & 8 b>r5 & self-contradictory ,?+-9-itself1 to unify ! critical philosophy by r$uc+ x to "s "o pr9ciple4 ,! latt] really transc5d$ ,kant 9 8 philosophical skepticism1 & anticipat$ ! ,hamiltonian =m ( ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( relativity4 ,fries 7#aggc-ahdc71 & ,h]mes 7#agge-ahca7--! latt] ( :om saw 9 empirical psy*ology ! only true propdeutic to philosophy--%\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,9 ! same gr\p 0 ano!r1 bo? ma!matician & philosoph]1 :o /rove m successfully ?an o!rs ( ?is gr\p to accept ! critical /&po9t ( ,kant & yet to transc5d 8 negative conclusions ) reg>d to a !ory ( k4 ,i ref] to ,bolzano 7,prague1 #agha-ahdh71 :o /&s 9 ! same l9e ( succession ) ,fries & ,h]mes1 & ^: works on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion 7#d vols4 #ahcd7 & 8 ,sci5ce ( ,k 7#d vols4 #ahcg7 are notewor?y contributions to epi/emological doctr9e4 ,9 ! latt] we h develop$ at great l5g? ! important ?\ght t ! illative "* ( propositional judgm5ts implies an objective relation2 & t 9 all tru?s ! subject-idea mu/ be objective4 ,9 ! "w on religion !re is f\nd z ?or\ghly dispassionate & rational a def5se ( ,ca?olic doctr9e z exi/s any:]e 9 philosophical lit]ature4 ,! limit$ influ5ce ( ^! works1 due 9 "p to _! bulk & _! te*nical "*1 is on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k1 s9c]ely to be regrett$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 *iefly t rem>kable s]ies ( philosoph]s :i* may be gr\p$ "u ! rubric ( a rational ,idealism1 :o fill$ s full & made s ri* ! philosophical life ( ,g]many dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury2 ^: philosophical ?\ghts & sy/ems h spread ov] ! entire ,we/]n ,_w1 & :o are mo/ pot5t influ5ces 9 %ap+ ! developm5t ( philosophy d[n to ! pres5t h\r4 ,( ^! we ne$ d little m ?an t we c d--m5tion _! names4 ,at _! head1 9 "t1 /&s ,fi*te1 :o--al?\gh ,kant is report$ to h compla9$ ( ?is disciple because he li$ ab\t him s mu*--really div9$ a tru? :i* seems to be hov]+ 9 ! cl\ds above ! ma/]'s head1 b :i*1 if ! critical philosophy truly meant to tea* x1 ne$$ helpful deliv]ance 9 ord] to appe> 9 p]fectly cle> light4 ,fi*te1 al?\gh he div9$ ?is tru?1 did n1 h[ev]1 free x f int]nal confusion & self-contradiction4 ,x is 8 tru?1 nev]!less1 t 9 ! ,self1 z a self-posit+ & self-det]m9+ activity1 mu/ someh[ be f\nd ! ,gr\nd ( all exp]i5ce & ( all ,reality4 ,! important note :i* ,s*ell+ s\nd$ 0 ! dem& t philosophy %\ld recognize ,nature z belong+ to ! sph]e ( ,reality1 & z requir+ a measure ( reflective ?\ght :i* %\ld 9 "s sort put x on equal t]ms ) ! ,ego1 = ! con/ruction ( our conception ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w4 ,to ,s*ell+ x seem$ impossible to d$uce1 z ,fi*te _h done1 all ! ri* concrete developm5t ( ! _w ( ?+s f ! subjective ne$s & con/itutional =ms ( function+ :i* belong to ! f9ite ,self4 ,&1 inde$1 ! doctr9e :i* limits ! orig91 exi/5ce1 & value ( all t is kn[n ab\t ?is sph]e ( exp]i5ce to ^! ne$s1 & :i* f9ds ! suffici5t acc\nt ( all exp]i5ce ) nature 9 ^! =ms ( function+1 mu/ always seem inadequate & ev5 grotesque 9 ! sight ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,bo? ,nature & ,_s1 ?\ght ,s*ell+1 mu/ be all[$ to claim actual exi/5ce & equally real value2 :ile at ! same "t philosophy mu/ reconcile ! seem+ opposition ( _! claims & unite !m 9 an h>moni\s & self-explanatory way4 ,9 "s common sub/ratum1 9 :i*1 to adopt ,hegel's s>ca/ic criticism1 z 9 ! d>kness ( ! night all c[s are black1--t is 9 ! ,absolute1 z an ,id5tical ,basis ( ,diff]5ces1--! reconciliation 0 to be accompli%$4 ,b ! con/ructive ideali/ic movem5t1 9 :i* ,fi*te & ,s*ell+ bore s important a "p1 c\ld n be satisfi$ ) ! positions rea*$ by ei!r ( ^! two philosoph]s4 ,nei!r ! physical & psy*ological sci5ces1 nor ! speculative int]e/s ( religion1 e?ics1 art1 & social life1 p]mitt$ ?is movem5t to /op at ?is po9t4 ,9 all ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( philosophy dur+ ! fir/ half or ?ree qu>t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 und\bt$ly ! influ5ce ( ,hegel 0 greate/ ( all individual ?9k]s4 ,8 motif & plan are reveal$ 9 8 lett] ( ,novemb] #b1 #ahjj1 to ,s*ell+1 namely1 to trans=m :at _h hi!rto be5 an ideal into a ?or\ghly elaborate sy/em4 ,& 9 spite ( 8 obvi\s obscurities ( ?\ght & /yle1 !re is real gr\nd = 8 claim to be ! *ampion ( ! common consci\sness4 ,x is und\bt$ly 9 ,hegel's ,phnom5ologie des ,gei/es 7#ahjg71 t ! di/9ctive features ( ! philosophy ( ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury mo/ cle>ly def9e !mselves4 ,! =ces ( reflection n[ ab&on ! ab/ract analytic me?od & positions ( ! ,kantian ,critique1 & conc5trate !mselves ^u ! /udy ( man's spiritual life z an hi/orical evolution1 9 a m concrete1 face-to-face mann]4 ,two important &1 9 ! ma91 valid assumptions und]lie & guide ?is reflective /udy3 7#a7 ,! ,ultimate ,reality1 or pr9ciple ( all realities1 is ,m9d or ,_s1 :i* is to be recogniz$ & kn[n 9 its ess5ce1 n by analysis into its =mal elem5ts 7! categories71 b z a liv+ developm5t2 7#b7 ^? =mal elem5ts1 or categories to :i* ,kant gave validity m]ely z con/itutional =ms ( ! function+ ( ! human und]/&+1 repres5t1 ! r1 ! ess5tial /ructure ( ,reality4 ,9 spite ( ^! true ?\ghts1 fault 0 ju/ly f\nd by ! p>ticul> sci5ces ) bo? ! speculative me?od ( ,hegel1 :i* consi/s 9 ! smoo?1 h>moni\s1 & sy/ematic arrangem5t ( conceptions 9 logical or ideal relations to "o ano!r2 & also ) ! result1 :i* r$uces ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w to t]ms ( ?\ght & dialectical processes m]ely1 & neglects or ov]looks ! o!r aspects ( racial exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 ! ideali/ic movem5t c\ld n rema9 satisfi$ ) ! ,hegelian dialectic4 ,especially did bo? ! religi\s & ! philosophical p>ty revolt aga9/ ! important ?\ght und]ly+ ,hegel's philosophy ( religion2 namely1 t ! m philosophy approximates to a complete developm5t1 ! m x exhibits ! same ne$1 ! same int]e/1 & ! same cont5t1 z religion itself4 ,?is1 z !y int]pret$ x1 meant ! absorption ( religion 9 philosophy4 ,next aft] ,hegel1 among ! great names ( ?is p]iod1 /& ! names ( ,h]b>t & ,s*op5hau]4 ,! =m] contributes 9 an important way to ! prop] conception ( ! task & ! me?od ( philosophy1 & influ5ces greatly ! developm5t ( psy*ology1 bo? z a sci5ce t is p$agogic to philosophy1 & z lay+ ! basis = p$agogical pr9ciples & practice4 ,b ,h]b>t commits aga9 ! anci5t fallacy1 "u ! spell ( :i* s mu* ( ! ,kantian criticism 0 b\nd2 & :i* id5tifies contradictions t belong to ! imp]fect or illusory conceptions ( individual ?9k]s ) insoluble ant9omies inh]5t 9 reason itself4 ,9 spite ( ! little wor? & mislead+ "* ( 8 view ( p]ception1 & ! q complete inadequacy ( ! me?od by :i*1 at a s+le leap1 he rea*es ! "o all-explanatory pr9ciple ( 8 philosophy1 ,s*op5hau] made a mo/ important contribution to ! reflective ?\ght ( ! c5tury4 ,x is true1 z ,kuno ,fis*] has said1 t x seems to h occurr$ to ,s*op5hau] only tw5ty-five ye>s aft] he _h prop\nd$ 8 !ory1 t w1 z x appe>s 9 consci\sness1 is z truly ph5om5al z is intellect4 ,x is also true t 8 !ory ( k & 8 conception ( ,reality1 z measur$ by _! p[] to satisfy & expla9 our total exp]i5ce1 are inflict$ ) irreconcilable contradictions4 ,nei!r c we accord firm confid5ce or high praise to ! ,way ( ,salvation :i* someh[ ,w c atta9 to foll[ by /hetic contemplation & ascetic self-d5ial4 ,yet ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau] rightly insi/s ^u our ,ideali/ic con/ruction ( ,reality hav+ reg>d to aspects ( exp]i5ce :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h q too mu* neglect$2 & ev5 its spiteful & exagg]at$ rem9d]s ( ! facts :i* contradict ! t5d5cy ( all ,idealism to con/ruct a smoo?1 regul>1 & altoge!r pleas+ conception ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w1 h be5 ( great b5efit to ! developm5t ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 e/imat+ ! ?\ghts & ! products ( mod]n ,idealism we ought n to =get ! l>g] multitude ( ?\ghtful m51 bo? 9 ,g]many & else:]e1 :o h contribut$ t[>d %ap+ ! c\rse ( reflection 9 ! attempt to answ] ! problems :i* ! critical philosophy left to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is a s+ul> comm5t ^u ! caprices ( fame t1 9 philosophy z 9 sci5ce1 politics1 & art1 "s ( ^? :o h really reason$ mo/ s\ndly & acutely1 if n also effectively ^u ^! problems1 are little kn[n ev5 by "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! philosophical developm5t ( ! c5tury4 ,among ! e>li] memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 did space p]mit1 we %\ld wi% to m5tion ,b]g]1 ,solg]1 ,/eff5s1 & o!rs1 :o /rove to reconcile ! positions ( a subjective idealism ) a reali/ic b pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w4 ,!re are o!rs1 :o l ,weisse1 ,i4 ,h4 ,fi*te1 ,c4 ,p4 ,fis*]1 & ,braniss1 m or less bitt]ly or mod]ately & reasonably1 oppos$ ! me?od & ! conclusions ( ! ,hegelian dialectic4 ,/ill ano!r gr\p e>n$ = !mselves ! suppos$ly opprobri\s b decid$ly vague title ( ,duali/s1 by reject+ :at !y conceiv$ to be ! pan!ism ( ,hegel4 ,/ill o!rs1 l ,fries & ,b5eke & _! successors1 /rove to p>allel philosophy ) ! p>ticul> sci5ces by gr\nd+ x 9 an empirical b sci5tific psy*ology2 & ?us !y in/itut$ a l9e ( closely connect$ developm5t1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,hegel himself believ$ t he _h p]man5tly effect$ t reconciliation ( ! or?odox cre$ ) ! cognition ( ,ultimate ,reality at :i* 8 dialectic aim$4 ,9 all su* attempts at reconciliation ?ree great que/ions are *iefly conc]n$3 7#a7 ! ,be+ ( ,god2 7#b7 ! nature ( man2 7#c7 ! actual & ! ideally satisfactory relations betwe5 ! two4 ,b1 z might h be5 expect$1 a p]iod ( wild1 irregul>1 & confus$ cont5tion met ! attempt to e/abli% ?is claim4 ,9 ?is conflict ( m or less noisy & popul> z well z ( ?\ghtful & s*ola/ic philosophy1 ,hegelians ( v>i\s degrees ( fidelity1 anti-,hegelians ( v>i\s degrees ( ho/ility1 & ultra-,hegelians ( v>i\s degrees ( ecc5tricity1 all took a valiant & conspicu\s "p4 ,we _c foll[ its hi/ory2 b we c le>n its lesson4 ,polemical philosophy1 z di/+ui%$ f quiet1 reflective1 & critical b con/ructive philosophy involves a mo/ uneconomical use ( m5tal =ce4 ,yet out ( ?is p]iod ( conflict1 & 9 a measure z its result1 !re came a p]iod ( improv$ relations betwe5 sci5ce & philosophy & betwe5 philosophy & !ology1 :i* 0 ! dawn1 t[>d ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ( t bett] illum9$ day into ! middle ( :i* we hope t we are proce$+4 ,be=e leav+ ?is ideali/ic movem5t 9 ,g]many1 & else:]e z influ5c$ l>gely by ,g]man philosophy1 "o o!r "n des]ves m5tion4 ,?is "n is t ( ,lotze1 :o comb9$ elem5ts f _m previ\s ?9k]s ) ^? d]iv$ f 8 own /udies & ?\ghts1--! conceptions ( me*anism z appli$ to physical exi/5ces & to psy*ical life1 ) ! se>* = "s moni/ic ,pr9ciple t %all satisfy ! /hetical & e?ical1 z well z ! sci5tific dem&s ( ! human m9d4 ,?is v>iety ( int]e/s & ( culture l$ to ! result ( 8 mak+ important contributions to psy*ology1 logic1 metaphysics1 & /hetics4 ,if we f9d 8 sy/em ( ?9k+--z ,i ?9k we mu/--lack+ 9 c]ta9 important elem5ts ( consi/5cy & obscur$ 9 places by d\bts z to 8 real mean+1 ?is does n prev5t u f assign+ to ,lotze a position :i*1 = v]satility ( int]e/s1 g5ial quality ( reflection & criticism1 sugge/iv5ess ( ?\ght & *>m ( /yle1 is second to no o!r 9 ! hi/ory ( n9ete5? c5tury philosophical developm5t4 ,9 ,france & 9 ,engl& ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury 0 f> f be+ productive ( great ?9k]s or great ?\ghts 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy4 ,de ,biran 7#agff-ahbd71 9 sev]al important respects ! =]unn] ( mod]n psy*ology1 aft] revolt+ f 8 e>li] complac5t acceptance ( ! vag>ies ( ,condillac & ,cabanis1 made ! discov]y t ! imm$iate consci\sness ( self-activity is ! primitive & fundam5tal pr9ciple ( human cognition4 ,meantime x 0 only a little gr\p ( ,academicians :o 7 be+ introduc$1 9 a some:at sup]ficial way1 to ! ?\ghts ( ! ,scotti% & ! ,g]man ideali/ic ,s*ools by ,roy]-,coll>d1 ,j\ffroy1 ,c\s91 & o!rs4 ,a m indep5d5t & *>act]i/ic movem5t 0 t inaugurat$ by ,augu/e ,comte 7#agih-aheg71 :o1 hav+ felt ! m>k$ influ5ce ( ,sa9t-,simon :5 he 0 only a boy ( tw5ty1 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,valat1 9 ! ye> #ahbd1 decl>es3 ,i %all devote my :ole life & all my p[]s to ! f\nd+ ( positive philosophy4 ,9 spite ( ! impossibility ( h>moniz+ ) ?is po9t ( view ! vague & my/ical elem5ts :i* *>act]ize ! lat] ?\ght ( ,comte1 or ) its c>ry+ into effect ! n altoge!r intellig5t recognition ( ! syn!tic activity ( ! m9d 7t\t se rduit t\j\rs li]7 & c]ta9 h9ts z to fir/ pr9ciples2 & 9 spite ( ! small positive contribution to philosophy :i* ,comtism c\ld claim to h made2 x has 9 a way repres5t$ ! value ( two ideas4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! necessity = philosophy ( /udy+ ! actual hi/orical =ces :i* h be5 at "w & :i* are display$ 9 ! facts ( hi/ory2 & 7#b7 ! det]m9ation n to g by m]e unsupport$ speculation beyond exp]i5ce 9 ord] to discov] kn[able ,reality4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a k9d ( subtle irony 9 ! fact t ! ^w ,positivism %\ld h come to /& s l>gely = negative conclusions1 9 ! v sph]es ( philosophy1 morals1 & religion :]e affirmative conclusions are s mu* desir$ & s\ght4 ,t philosophy 9 ,great ,brita9 0 9 a ne>ly complete condition ( decad5ce dur+ ! fir/ half or ?ree qu>t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! comb9$ te/imony ( writ]s f su* diff]5t po9ts ( view z ,c>lyle1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,& yet ^! v names are also witnesses to ! fact t ?is decad5ce 0 n q complete4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury ,col]idge1 al?\gh he _h fail$1 on acc\nt ( weakness bo? ( m9d & ( "*1 9 8 attempt to reconcile religion to ! ?\ght ( 8 own age1 on ! basis ( ! ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 reason & ! intellect1 _h s[$ c]ta9 se$-?\ghts :i* became f]tile 9 ! soil ( m9ds m vigor\s1 logical1 & practical ?an 8 own4 ,?is 01 p]haps1 especially true 9 ,am]ica1 :]e inquir]s aft] tru? 7 seek+ = some?+ m satisfactory ?an ! ,fr5* skepticism ( ! revolution>y & foll[+ p]iod4 ,c>lyle's mock+ s>casm 0 also n )\t :olesome effect4 ,b x 0 ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,john ,/u>t ,mill ^: ?\ghts ex]cis$ a m p[]ful =mative influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( ! y\ng] m54 ,! "o 0 ! fl[] ( ! ,scotti% ,realism1 ! o!r ( ! movem5t />t$ by ,b5?am & ! eld] ,mill4 ,t ! ,scotti% ,realism %\ld end by su* a comb9ation ) ! skepticism ( ! critical philosophy z is impli$ 9 ,hamilton's law ( ! relativity ( all k1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ turns 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy4 ,& :5 ?is law 0 s int]pret$ by ,dean ,mansel 9 its application to ! fundam5tal cognitions ( religion z to lay ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! mo/ impos+ /ructure ( agno/icism 0 built by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 surely ! entire sw+ ar\nd ! circle1 f ,kant to ,kant aga91 has be5 made complete4 ,! attempt ( ,hamilton fail$1 z e simil> attempt mu/ always fail4 ,nei!r speculative philosophy nor religi\s fai? is satisfi$ ) an ab/ract conception1 ab\t ! correlate ( :i* 9 ,reality no?+ is kn[n or ev] c be kn[n4 ,b e important attempt ( ?is sort s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( /imulat+ o!r ef=ts to recon/ruct ! answ] to ! problem ( philosophy1 on a basis ( positive exp]i5ce ( an enl>g$ type2 & also ( act+ z a real1 if only tempor>y practical support to c]ta9 value-judgm5ts :i* ! fai?s ( morality1 art1 & religion bo? implicate &1 9 a measure1 validate4 ,! influ5ce ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 z x 0 ex]t$ n only 9 8 conduct ( life :ile a s]vant ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 b also 9 8 writ+s on ,logic1 ,politics1 & ,philosophy1 01 on ! :ole1 a valuable contribution to 8 g5]ation4 ,9 ! additions :i* he made to ! ,utilit>ianism ( ,b5?am we h done1 ,i believe1 all t ev] c be done 9 def5se ( ?is pr9ciple ( e?ics4 ,& 8 po/hum\s confessions ( fai? 9 ! ontological value ( c]ta9 great conceptions ( religion are ! m valuable because ( ! nature ( ! man1 & ( ! exp]i5ce :i* is _! s\rce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ p]man5t contribution :i* ,mill made to ! developm5t ( philosophy prop]1 outside ( ! sph]e ( logic1 e?ics1 & politics1 0 8 vigor\s polemical criticism ( ,hamilton's claim = ! necessity ( fai? 9 an ,uncondition$ ^: conception is only a fasciculus ( negations ( ! ,condition$ 9 its opposite extremes1 & b\nd toge!r m]ely by ! aid ( language & _! common "* ( incompreh5sibility4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( philosophy 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z dur+ ! prec$+ c5tury1 has be5 *>act]iz$ 9 ! ma9 by ?ree pr9cipal t5d5cies4 ,^! may be call$ ! !ological1 ! social1 & ! eclectic4 ,f ! beg9n+ d[n to ! pres5t "t ! religi\s influ5ce & ! int]e/ 9 political & social problems h be5 dom9ant4 ,& yet )al1 ! /ud5t ( ^! problems 9 ! atmosph]e ( ?is c\ntry likes1 9 a way1 to d 8 own ?9k+ & to make 8 own *oices ( ! ?\ghts t seem to him true & be/ fitt$ = ! be/ =m ( life4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! diff]5t /reams ( ,european ?\ght h fl[$ 9 ^u u some:at freely1 !re has be5 comp>atively little ei!r ( ! adh]5ce to s*ools ( ,european philosophy or ( ! attempt to develop a national s*ool4 ,d\btless ! influ5ce ( ,engli% & ,scotti% ?9k+ ^u ! academical circles ( ,am]ica 0 greate/ = m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! gift 9 #agad by ,gov]nor ,yale ( a copy ( ,locke's ,essay to ! college :i* bore 8 "n1--& especially ^u ! reflections & publi%$ works ( ,jona?an ,edw>ds t\*+ ! fundam5tal problems ( epi/emology1 e?ics1 & religion4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury ^! views awak5$ antagonism f su* writ]s z ,dana1 ,:$on1 ,haz>d1 ,na?aniel ,taylor1 ,j]emiah ,day1 ,h5ry ,p4 ,tappan1 & o!r oppon5ts ( ! ,edw>dean !ology1 & also f su* advocates ( s-call$ free-?9k+1 z _h d]iv$ _! motifs & _! views f ,engli% dei/ical writ]s l ,%aftesbury1 or f ! skepticism ( ,hume4 ,a m def9ite philosophical movem5t1 h[ev]1 :i* _h e/abli%$ itself some:at firmly 9 s*ola/ic c5tres by ! ye> #ahbe1 & :i* ma9ta9$ itself = m ?an half a c5tury1 w5t back to ! arrival 9 ?is c\ntry ( ,john ,)]spoon1 9 #agfh1 to be ! presid5t ( ,pr9ceton1 br++ ) him a libr>y ( ?ree hundr$ books4 ,x 0 ! appeal ( ! ,scotti% ,s*ool to ! pla9 man's consci\sness & to s-call$ common s5se1 :i* 0 reli$ ^u to controv]t all =ms ( philosophy :i* seem$ to ?reat5 ! f\ndations ( religion & ( ! e?ics ( politics & sociology4 ,b ev5 dur+ ?is p]iod1 :i* 0 *>act]iz$ by relatively little indep5d5t ?9k+ 9 s*ola/ic circles1 a m pron\nc$ productivity 0 %[n by su* writ]s z ,francis ,wayl&1 & o!rs2 b1 p]haps1 especially by ,laur5s ,p4 ,hickok1 ^: works on psy*ology & cosmology des]ve especial recognition3 :ile 9 psy*ology1 z relat$ to philosophical problems1 ! pr9cipal names ( ?is p]iod are und\bt$ly ! presid5ts ( ,yale & ,pr9ceton1--,noah ,port] & ,james ,mc,cosh1--bo? ( :om 7b especially ! =m]7 _h _! views modifi$ by ! m sci5tific psy*ology ( ,europe & ! pr(\nd] ?9k+ ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 ,g]many's influ5ce1 h[ev]1 bo? directly & indirectly ?r\gh ,col]idge & a few o!r ,engli% writ]s1 t caus$ a f]m5t ( impressions & ideas :i*1 9 _! ef=t to "w !mselves cle>1 result$ 9 :at is kn[n z ,new ,engl& ,transc5d5talism4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is movem5t c sc>cely be call$ def9itely philosophical2 mu* less c x be said to h result$ 9 a sy/em1 or ev5 9 a s*ool1 ( philosophy4 ,x mu/ also be said to h be5 inspir$ b n borr[$ f abroad4 ,its pr9cipal1 if n sole1 lit]>y survival is to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,em]son4 ,z exp\nd$ by him1 x is n precisely ,pan!ism--c]ta9ly n a consi/5t & critical developm5t ( ! pan!i/ic !ory ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w2 x is1 r1 a vague1 poetical1 & pan!i/ical ,idealism ( a decid$ly my/ical type4 ,! introduction ( ,g]man philosophy prop]1 9 its nature =m1 & ess5tial be+1 to ! few int]e/$ s]i\sly 9 critical & reflective ?9k+ ^u ! ultimate problems ( nature & ( human life1 began ) ! f\nd+ ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 9 #ahfg1 "u ! direction ( ,william ,t4 ,h>ris1 !n ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools 9 ?is city4 ,) ! "w ( ,d>w91 & 8 pr$ecessors & successors1 !re began a mighty movem5t ( ?\ght :i*1 al?\gh x is prim>ily sci5tific & m def9itely available 9 biological sci5ce1 has already ex]cis$1 & is d\btless de/9$ to ex]cise 9 ! future1 an enorm\s influ5ce ^u philosophy4 ,inde$1 we are already 9 ! mid/ ( ! prelim9>y confusions & cont5tions1 b mo/ fruitful consid]ations & discov]ies belong+ to a s-call$ philosophy ( evolution4 ,?is developm5t has1 9 ! sph]e ( sy/ematic philosophy1 rea*$ its highe/ expression 9 ! volum9\s works produc$ ?r\gh ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: rec5t dea? seems to m>k ! close ( ! p]iod we h "u consid]ation4 ,! metaphysical assumptions & ontological value ( ! sy/em ( ,sp5c]1 z he wi%$ x to be und]/ood & int]pret$1 h p]haps1 ?\gh n unnaturally1 be5 q too mu* subm]g$ 9 ! m obvi\s expressions ( its agno/ic positivism4 ,9 its psy*ology1 h[ev]1 ! assumption ( "s und]ly+ sub/ance 9 contra/ to all *ang+ =ms1 di/+ui%es x f a pure positivism 9 a v radical way4 ,b m especially 9 philosophy1 ! metaphysical po/ulate ( a my/]i\s ,unity ( ,=ce t someh[ manages to reveal itself1 & ! law ( its op]ations1 to ! develop$ cognition ( ! n9ete5? c5tury philosoph]1 h[ev] mu* x seems to involve ! sy/em 9 int]nal contradictions1 c]ta9ly =bids t we %\ld id5tify x ) ! positivism ( ,augu/e ,comte4 ,9 our judgm5t1 h[ev]1 x is 9 8 e?ical good s5se & integrity ( judgm5t1--a good s5se & integrity :i* commits to e?ics r ?an to sociology ! task ( det]m9+ ! highe/ type ( human life1--& 9 bas+ ! conditions = ! preval5ce & ! developm5t ( ! highe/ type ( life ^u e?ical pr9ciples & ^u ! adh]5ce to e?ical ideas1 t ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w be f\nd mo/ cle>ly entitl$ to a la/+ honor4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird numb] ( our difficult tasks is to summ>ize ! pr9cipal results1 to inv5tory ! net pr(its1 z x 71 ( ! developm5t ( philosophy dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is task is made ! m difficult by ! het]og5e\s nature & z yet unclassifi$ condition ( ! developm5t4 ,) ! quick5+ & div]sify+ ( all k9ds & means ( int]c\rse1 !re has come ! break+ d[n ( national s*ools & idiosyncrasies ( me?od & ( ?\ght4 ,9 philosophy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 & inde$1 ,italy1 h come to int]m+le _! /reams ( influ5ce2 & f all ^! c\ntries ^! /reams h be5 fl[+ 9 ^u ,am]ica4 ,9 psy*ology1 especially1 z well z 9 all ! o!r sci5ces1 b also to "s degree 9 philosophy1 return+ /reams ( influ5ce f ,am]ica h1 dur+ ! la/ decade or two1 be5 felt 9 ,europe itself4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! attempts at a recon/ruction ( sy/ematic philosophy :i* h foll[$ ! rapid dis9tegration ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1 & ! enorm\s accumulations ( new mat]ial due to ! ext5sion ( hi/orical /udies & ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces1--includ+ especially ! s-call$ new psy*ology1--h n z yet be5 fruitful ( l>ge results4 ,9 philosophy1 z 9 art1 politics1 & ev5 sci5tific !ory1 ! _s & ! opportunity ( ! "t are m favorable to ! ga!r+ ( mat]ial & to ! project+ ( a bewild]+ v>iety ( new op9ions1 or old op9ions put =? "u new names1 ?an to t c&id1 pati5t1 & prolong$ reflection & balanc+ ( judgm5t :i* a wor?y sy/em-build+ inexorably requires4 ,! age ( break+ up ! old1 )\t assimilat+ ! new1 has n yet pass$ away4 ,& :atev] is new1 />tl+1 l>ge1 ev5 mon/r\s1 has 9 _m qu>t]s ! seem+ pref]5ce1 9 philosophy's build+ z 9 o!r ar*itecture4 ,to ! confusion :i* reigns ev5 9 s*ola/ic circles1 contributions h be5 arriv+ f ! outside1 f philosoph]s l ,nietzs*e1 & f m5 great 9 lit]ature l ,tol/oi4 ,nor has ! matt] be5 help$ by ! m rec5t extreme developm5ts ( positivism & skepticism1 :i* (t5 en\gh1 )\t any consci\sness ( _! orig9 & )\t ! respect = morality & religion :i* ,kant always ev9c$1 really g back to ! critical philosophy4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! la/ two decades or m h %[n c]ta9 hopeful t5d5cies & notable a*ievem5ts1 look+ t[>d ! recon/ruction ( sy/ematic philosophy4 ,9 ?is attempt to br+ ord] out ( confusion1 to enable calm1 prolong$1 & reflective ?9k+ to build into its /ructure ! ri*es ( ! new mat]ial :i* ! evolution ( ! race has secur$1 a place ( honor ought to be giv5 to ,france1 :]e s mu* has be5 done ( late to bl5d ) cle>ness ( /yle & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght t calm reflective & critical judgm5t :i* looks all sides ( human exp]i5ce sympa!tically b bravely 9 ! face4 ,9 psy*ology ,ribot1 & 9 philosophy1 ,f\ille1 ,r5\vi]1 ,secrtan1 & o!rs1 des]ve grateful recognition4 ,no fri5d ( philosophy c1 ,i ?9k1 fail to recognize ! probable b5efits to be d]iv$ f t movem5t ) :i* su* names z ,ma* & ,o/wald 9 ,g]many are connect$1 & :i* is s\nd+ ! call to ! m5 ( sci5ce to cle> up ! really di/ress+ obscurity & confusion :i* has s long clung to _! fundam5tal conceptions2 & to exam9e anew ! significance ( _! assumptions1 ) a view to ! con/ruction ( a new & improv$ doctr9e ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w4 ,& if to ^! names we add ^? ( ! num]\s di/+ui%$ inve/igators ( psy*ology z p$agogic to philosophy1 &1 9 philosophy1 ( ,deuss51 ,euck51 von ,h>tmann1 ,riehl1 ,wundt1 & o!rs1 we may well affirm t new light w cont9ue to break =? f t c\ntry :i* s p[]fully ar\s$ ! :ole ,we/]n ,_w at ! end ( ! eighte5? & beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! "n & works ( ,?omas ,hill ,gre5 h influ5c$ ! attempts at a recon/ruction ( sy/ematic philosophy 9 a mann] to satisfy at "o & ! same "t bo? ! facts & laws ( sci5ce & ! /hetical1 e?ical1 & religi\s ideals ( ! age1 9 a v consid]able degree4 ,& 9 ?is attempt1 bo? z x expresses itself 9 !oretical psy*ology & 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( philosophical discipl9e1 writ]s l ,bradley1 ,fras]1 ,fl9t1 ,hodgson1 ,se?1 ,/\t1 ,w>d1 & o!rs1 h tak5 a conspicu\s "p4 ,nor are !re want+ 9 ,holl&1 ,italy1 & ev5 9 ,sw$5 & ,russia1 ?9k]s equally wor?y ( recognition1 & recogniz$1 9 h[ev] limit$ & unwor?y fa%ion1 9 _! own l&4 ,! names ( ^? 9 ,am]ica :o h labor$ mo/ fai?fully1 & succe$$ be/1 9 ?is enorm\s task ( recon/ruct+ philosophy 9 a sy/ematic way1 & ^u a basis ( hi/ory & ( mod]n sci5ce1 ,i d n ne$ to m5tion2 !y are kn[n1 or !y surely ought to be kn[n1 to u all4 ,9 attempt+ to summ>ize ! ga9s ( philosophy dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 we %\ld rem9d ourselves t progress 9 philosophy does n consi/ 9 ! f9al settlem5t1 & s 9 ! solv+ ( any ( its great problems4 ,inde$1 ! relations ( philosophy to its gr\nds 9 exp]i5ce1 & ! nature ( its me?od & ( its ideal1 are su* t its progress c nev] be expect$ to put an end to itself4 ,b ! cont5t ( ! total exp]i5ce ( humanity has be5 greatly enri*$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury2 & ! critical & reflective ?\ght ( tra9$ m9ds has be5 l$ t[>d a m pr(\nd & compreh5sive !ory ( ,reality1 & t[>d a doctr9e ( values t %all be m available = ! improvem5t ( man's political1 social1 & religi\s life4 ,9 view ( ?is tru? respect+ ! limitations ( sy/ematic philosophy1 ,i ?9k we may hold t c]ta9 negative results1 :i* are cu/om>ily adduc$ z unfavorable to ! claims ( philosophical progress1 are really signs ( improvem5t dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o is an increas$ _s ( res]ve & caution1 & an increas$ mode/y ( claims4 ,?is result is p]haps significant ( rip] wisdom & m tru/wor?y maturity4 ,kant believ$ himself to h e/abli%$ = philosophy a sy/em ( apodeictic conclusions1 :i* 7 z completely =ev] to h displac$ ! old dogmatism z ,cop]nicus _h displac$ ! ,ptolemaic a/ronomy4 ,b ! /eady pressure ( hi/orical & sci5tific /udies has made x increas+ly difficult = any sane ?9k] to claim = any sy/em ( ?9k+ su* demon/rable validity4 ,may we n hope t ! /ud5ts ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 to :om philosophy owes s mu* ( its en=c$ sanity & sane mode/y1 w !mselves soon %>e freely ( ! philosophic _s ) reg>d to _! own metaphysics & e?ical & religi\s /&po9ts1 t\*+ ! ,ultimate ,reality8 ,ev5 :5 ! recoil f ! ov]we5+ self-satisfaction & crass complac5cy ( ! e>li] "p ( ! la/ c5tury takes ! =m ( melan*oly1 or ( acute sadness1 or ev5 ( a mild despair ( philosophy1 ,i am n sure t ! la/ /ate ( t man is n bett] ?an ! fir/4 ,9 connection ) ?is improvem5t 9 _s1 we may also note an improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( philosophy4 ,! purely speculative me?od1 ) its int5sely int]e/+ b indef5sible disreg>d ( concrete facts1 & ( ! conclusions ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 is no long] 9 favor ev5 among ! mo/ ard5t devotees & advocates ( ! sup]iority ( philosophy to ^? sci5ces4 ,at ! same "t1 philosophy may q prop]ly cont9ue to ma9ta9 its position ( indep5d5t critic1 z well z ( docile pupil1 t[>d ! p>ticul> sci5ces4 ,9 ! same connection mu/ be m5tion$ ! hopeful fact t ! la/ two or ?ree decades h %[n a decid$ improvem5t 9 ! relations ( philosophy t[>d ! positive sci5ces4 ,!re are pla9 signs ( late t ! attitude ( antagonism1 or ( neglect1 :i* prevail$ s l>gely dur+ ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is to be replac$ by "o ( fri5d%ip & mutual helpfulness4 ,&1 inde$1 sci5ce & philosophy _c long or greatly fl\ri% )\t reciprocal aid1 if by sci5ce we mean a true ,wiss5s*aft & if we also mean to base philosophy ^u our total exp]i5ce4 ,= sci5ce & philosophy are really engag$ ^u ! same task1--to und]/& & to appreciate ! totality ( man's exp]i5ce4 ,!y1 !re=e1 h ess5tial & p]man5t relations ( dep5d5ce = mat]ial1 = inspiration & correction1 & = o!r =ms ( helpfulness4 ,:ile1 !n1 _! respective sph]es h be5 m cle>ly delimit$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 _! int]dep5d5ce has be5 m =cefully exhibit$4 ,bo? ( !m h be5 develop+ a sy/ematic exposition ( ! univ]se4 ,bo? ( !m desire to enl>ge & deep5 ! conception ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w1 z made kn[n to ! totality ( human exp]i5ce1 9 its ,unity ( nature & significance4 ,we _c believe t ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury w\ld su/a9 ! *>ge :i* ,font5elle made 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury3 ,l',acadmie des ,sci5ces ne pr5d la nature que p> petites p>celles4 ,sci5ce itself n[ bids u reg>d ! ,univ]se z a dynamical ,unity1 teleologically conceiv$1 because 9 a process ( evolution "u ! control ( imman5t ideas4 ,philosophy assumes ! same po9t ( view1 r at ! beg9n+ ?an at ! end ( def9+ its purpose2 & s feels a c]ta9 glad leap at its he>t-/r+s1 & an impulse to hold out ! h& to sci5ce1 :5 x he>s su* an utt]ance z t ( ,po9c>3 ,ce n'e/ pas le m*anisme le vrai1 le seul b2 c'e/ l'unit4 ,%all we n say1 !n1 t ?is d\ble-fac$ b :olly true lesson has be5 le>n$3 namely1 t ! s-call$ philosophy ( nature has no s\nd f\ndation & no safegu>d aga9/ vag>ies ( e sort1 unless x foll[s ! lead ( ! positive sci5ces ( nature2 b t ! sci5ces !mselves c nev] af=d a full satisfaction to ! legitimate aspirations ( human reason unless !y1 too1 contribute to ! philosophy ( nature--writ l>ge & conceiv$ ( z a real-ideal ,unity4 ,t nature1 z kn[n & kn[able by man1 is a great arti/1 & t man's /hetical consci\sness may be tru/$ z hav+ a c]ta9 ontological value1 is ! po/ulate prop]ly d]iv$ f ! consid]ations advanc$ 9 ! late/1 & 9 "s respects ! mo/ satisfactory1 ( ! ?ree ,critiques ( ,kant4 ,! ideal way ( look+ at natural ph5om5a :i* s delight$ ! m9d ( ,goe! has n[ be5 plac$ on broad & s\nd f\ndations by ! fruitful indu/ries ( _m workm51--su* z ,k>l ,ern/ von ,ba] & ,*>les ,d>w91--^: morphological & evolution>y conceptions ( ! univ]se h trans=m$ ! curr5t conceptions ( cosmic processes4 ,b ! _w ( physical & natural ph5om5a has !reby be5 r5d]$ n less1 b m1 ( a ,cosmos1 an ord]ly totality4 ,9 addition to ^! m g5]al b some:at vague evaluations ( ! progress ( philosophy dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we are c]ta9ly call$ ^u to face ! "q :e!r1 aft] all1 any advance has be5 made t[>d ! m satisfactory solution ( ! def9ite problems :i* ! ,kantian criticism left unsolv$4 ,to ?is "q ,i believe an affirmative answ] may be giv5 9 accordance ) ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! fir/ ( ^! problems 0 ! epi/emological4 ,c]ta9ly no little improvem5t has be5 made 9 ! psy*ology ( cognition4 ,we c no long] repeat ! mi/akes ( ,kant1 ei!r ) respect to ! uncritical assumptions he makes reg>d+ ! orig9 ( k 9 ! s-call$ faculties ( ! human m9d or reg>d+ ! analysis ( ^? faculties & _! int]dep5d5t relations4 ,x is n ! ,scotti% philosophy alone :i* has l$ to ! conclusion t1 9 ! ^w ( ! late ,pr(essor ,adamson1 ,:at are call$ acts or /ates ( consci\sness are n rightly conceiv$ ( z hav+ = _! objects _! own modes ( exi/5ce z ways 9 :i* a subject is modifi$4 ,& 9 ! l>g] mann] bo? sci5ce & philosophy1 9 _! negations & _! affirmations1 & ev5 9 _! po9ts ( view1 h bett] gr\nds = ! fai? ( human reason 9 its p[] progressively to ma/] ! k ( ,reality ?an 0 ! case a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,nor has ! skepticism ( ! same era1 :e!r by %all[ sc(f+ at repeat$ failures1 or by pi\s sighs ov] ! limitations ( human reason1 or by critical analysis ( ! cognitive faculties accord+ to well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 succe$$ 9 limit+ our speculative pret5sions to ! sph]e ( possible exp]i5ce1--9 ! ,kantian mean+ bo? ( pr9ciples & ( exp]i5ce4 ,b :at bo? sci5ce & philosophy are compell$ to agree ^u z a common und]ly+ pr9ciple is ?is3 ,! pro( ( ! mo/ fundam5tal presuppositions1 z well z ( ! late/ m sci5tifically e/abli%$ conclusions1 ( bo? sci5ce & philosophy1 is ! assi/ance !y af=d 9 ! satisfactory explanation ( ! totality ( racial exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! ontological problem1 z comp>$ ) ! =m 9 :i* x 0 left by ! critical philosophy1 ! pa/ c5tury has also made "s notable advances4 ,to d5y ?is w\ld be to discr$it ! developm5t ( human k s f> z to say t we "k no m ab\t :at nature is1 & man is1 ?an 0 kn[n a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,to say ?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be to speak tru? ( fact4 ,& "h we may n unnaturally gr[ some:at impati5t ) t metaphysical fallacy :i* places an impassable gulf betwe5 ,reality & ,exp]i5ce4 ,no reality is1 ( c\rse1 cognizable or believable by man :i* does n someh[ %[ its pres5ce 9 8 total exp]i5ce4 ,b no gr[? ( exp]i5ce is possible )\t involv+ increase ( k repres5t+ ,reality4 ,= ,reality is no abs5t & dead1 or /atical1 ,d+-an-,si*4 ,cognition itself is a comm]ce ( realities4 ,& are !re n pla9 signs t ! m ?\ghtful m5 ( sci5ce are becom+ less av]se to ! recognition ( ! tru? ( ontological philosophy2 namely1 t ! deep] mean+ ( _! own /udies is grasp$ only :5 !y recognize t !y are ev] face to face ) :at !y call ,en]gy & we call ,w1 & ) :at !y call laws & we call ,m9d z significant ( ! progressive realization ( imman5t ideas4 ,?is ,ultimate ,reality is s pr(\nd t nei!r sci5ce nor philosophy w ev] s\nd all its dep?s1 & s compreh5sive z m ?an to ju/ify all ! categories ( bo?4 ,probably1 on ! :ole1 !re has be5 less progress made t[>d a satisfactory solution ( ! problems (f]$ by ! value-judgm5ts ( e?ics & religion1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ^! problems 7 left by ! critical philosophy4 ,! c5tury has illu/rat$ ! tru? ( ,falck5b]g's /atem5t3 ,9 p]iods :i* h giv5 bir? to a skeptical philosophy1 "o nev] looks 9 va9 = ! complem5t>y ph5om5on ( my/icism4 ,twice dur+ ! c5tury ! s-call$ fai?-philosophy1 or philosophy ( feel+1 has be5 borne to ! front1 to raise a bulw>k aga9/ ! advanc+ ho/s ( agno/ics--occasion$ 9 ! fir/ p]iod by ! negations ( ! ,kantian criticism1 & 9 ! second by ! positive conclusions ( ! physical & biological sci5ces4 ,?is =m ( prote/+ aga9/ ! neglect or disp>agem5t ( important factors :i* belong to man's /hetical1 e?ical1 & religi\s exp]i5ce1 is reasonable & mu/ be he>d4 ,b ! extravagances ) :i* ^! neglect$ factors h be5 posit$ & apprais$1 to ! neglect ( ! m def9itively sci5tific & /rictly logical1 is to be deplor$4 ,! great "w be=e ! philosophy ( ! pres5t age is ! reconciliation ( ! hi/orical & sci5tific conceptions ( ! ,univ]se ) ! legitimate s5tim5ts & ideals ( art1 morality1 & religion4 ,b surely nei!r rationalism nor fai?-philosophy is ju/ifi$ 9 p\r+ out ! liv+ *ild ) ! muddy wat] ( ! ba?4 ,,iv4 ,! attempt to survey ! pres5t situation ( philosophy1 & to pr$ict its imm$iate future1 is emb>rass$ by ! fact t we are all imm]s$ 9 x1 are a "p ( its _s & pres5t =m4 ,b if ne>ness has its emb>rassm5ts1 x has also its b5efits4 ,^? :o are amid/ ! tides ( life may "k bett]1 9 a way1 h[ ^! tides are t5d+ & :at is _! pres5t /r5g?1 ?an d ^? :o survey !m f di/ant1 cool1 & exalt$ heights4 ,fr j$5 e9zeln5 bildet d] ,vat] und d] ,sohn e9e greifb>e ,kette von ,leb5s]eignung5 und ,erfahrung54 ,! v int5sely vital & =mative b un=m$ condition ( sy/ematic philosophy--its protoplasmic "*--conta9s promises ( a new life4 ,if we may believe ! view ( ,hegel t ! sy/ematiz+ ( ! ?\ght ( any age m>ks ! "t :5 ! peculi> liv+ ?\ght ( t age is pass+ into a p]iod ( decay1 we may c]ta9ly claim = our pres5t age ! prospect ( a prolong$ vitality4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has left u ) a va/ wid5+ ( ! horizon1--outw>d into space1 backw>d 9 "t1 inw>d t[>d ! secrets ( life1 & d[nw>d into ! dep?s ( ,reality4 ,) ?is !re has be5 an increase 9 ! pr(undity ( ! conviction ( ! spiritual unity ( ! race4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( all ( its problems 9 ! imm$iate future & 9 ! com+ c5tury--s f> z we c see =w>d into ?is c5tury--philosophy w h to reckon ) c]ta9 m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! human _s :i* =m at ! same "t inspir+ /imuli & limit+ conditions ( its endeavors & a*ievem5ts4 ,*ief among ^! are ! great] & m firmly e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( ! positive sci5ces1 & ! preval5ce ( ! hi/orical _s & me?od 9 ! inve/igation ( all mann] ( problems4 ,^! influ5ces h giv5 %ape to ! conception :i*1 al?\gh x is z yet by no means 9 its f9al or ev5 9 ?or\ghly self-consi/5t =m1 is de/9$ p[]fully to affect our philosophical z well z our sci5tific !ories4 ,?is conception is t ( ,developm5t4 ,b philosophy1 consid]$ z ! product ( critical & reflective ?9k+ ov] ! m ultimate problems ( nature & ( human life1 is itself a developm5t4 ,& x is n[1 m ?an ev] be=e1 a developm5t int]dep5d5tly connect$ ) all ! o!r great developm5ts4 ,philosophy1 9 ord] to adapt itself to ! _s ( ! age1 mu/ welcome & cultivate ! free/ critical inquiry into its own me?ods & results1 & mu/ *e]fully submit itself to ! dem& = evid5ces :i* has its roots 9 ! common & ess5tial exp]i5ce ( ! race4 ,moreov]1 ! gr[? ( ! _s ( democracy1 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 is di/9ctly unfavorable to any sy/em ( philosophy ^: t5ets & =mulas seem to h only an academic validity or a m]ely esot]ic value1 & :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 requires = its satisfaction a m t5able1 helpful1 & univ]sally applicable !ory ( life & reality1 _c fail1 9 my judgm5t1 to influ5ce favorably ! developm5t ( philosophy4 ,9 ! union ( ! speculative & ! practical2 9 ! h>moniz+ ( ! int]e/s ( ! positive sci5ces1 ) _! judgm5ts ( fact & law1 & ! int]e/s ( art1 morality1 & religion1 ) _! value-judgm5ts & ideals2 9 ! syn!sis ( ! tru?s ( ,realism & ,idealism1 z !y h exi/$ hi!rto & n[ exi/ 9 sep>at5ess or antagonism2 9 a union t is n accompli%$ by a %all[ eclecticism1 b by a s9c]e attempt to base philosophy ^u ! totality ( human exp]i5ce2--9 su* a union z ?is mu/ we look = ! real progress ( philosophy 9 ! com+ c5tury4 ,j n[ !re seem to be two some:at het]og5e\s & n altoge!r well-def9$ t5d5cies t[>d ! recon/ruction ( sy/ematic philosophy1 bo? ( :i* are p[]ful & repres5t real tru?s conqu]$ by ages ( intellectual indu/ry & conflict4 ,^! two1 h[ev]1 ne$ to be int]nally h>moniz$1 9 ord] to obta9 a satisfactory /atem5t ( ! developm5t ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y may be call$ ! evolution>y & ! ideali/ic4 ,! "o t5d5cy lays emphasis on me*anism1 ! o!r on _s4 ,yet x is mo/ int]e/+ to notice h[ _m ( ! e>ly workm5 9 ! inve/igation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation & correlation ( en]gy took _! po9t ( dep>ture f di/9ctly teleological & spiritual conceptions4 ,i 0 l$1 said ,cold+1--to take an extreme case1--at ! ,natural ,sci5ce ,congress at ,innsbruck1 #ahfi1 to ! idea ( ! con/ancy ( national =ces by ! religi\s conception ( life4 ,& ev5 ,moles*ott1 9 8 ,autobiography1 po/hum\sly publi%$1 decl>es3 ,i myself 0 well aw>e t ! :ole conception might be conv]t$2 = s9ce all matt] is a be>] ( =ce1 end[$ ) =ce or p5etrat$ ) _s1 x w\ld be j z correct to call x a spirituali/ic conception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mod]n1 bett] in/ruct$ ,idealism is mu* incl9$1 bo? f ! psy*ological & f ! m purely philosophical po9ts ( view1 to reg>d ) duly pr(\nd respect all ! facts & laws ( t me*anism ( ,reality1 :i* c]ta9ly is n m]ely ! dep5d5t con/ruction ( ! human m9d function+ accord+ to a con/itution t excludes x f ,reality1 b is r ! ev] increas+ly m tru/wor?y reveal] ( ,reality4 ,?is t5d5cy to a union ( ! claims ( bo? ,realism & ,idealism is pr(\ndly influ5c+ ! solution ( ea* "o ( ^! problems :i* ! ,kantian criticism left to ! philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 respect ( ! epi/emological problem1 philosophy--z ,i h already said--is n likely aga9 to repeat ! mi/akes ei!r ( ,kant or ( ! dogmatism :i* 8 criticism s effectually ov]?rew4 ,x 0 a wise rem>k ( ! physician ,johann ,b5jam9 ,erh>d1 9 a lett] dat$ ,may #ai1 #agid1 propos ( ,fi*te3 ,! philosophy :i* proce$s f a s+le fundam5tal pr9ciple1 & pret5ds to d$uce ev]y?+ f x1 is & always w rema9 a piece ( artificial sophi/ry3 only t philosophy :i* asc5ds to ! highe/ pr9ciple & exhibits ev]y?+ else 9 p]fect h>mony ) x1 is ! true "o4 ,?is at lea/ ought--"o w\ld say--to h be5 made cle> by ! c5tury ( discussion ov] ! epi/emological problem1 s9ce ,kant4 ,y _c d$uce ! ,idea f ! ,reality1 or ! ,reality f ! ,idea4 ,! problem ( k is n1 z ,fi*te held 9 ! =m ( a fundam5tal assumption1 an alt]native ( ?is sort4 ,! ,idea & ,reality are1 ! r already !re1 & to be recogniz$ z 9 a liv+ unity1 9 e cognitive exp]i5ce4 ,psy*ology is con/antly add+ some?+ t[>d ! problem ( cognition z a problem 9 syn!sis2 & is !n 9 a way contribut+ to ! bett] sci5tific und]/&+ ( ! philosophical po/ulate :i* is ! confid5ce ( human reason 9 its ability1 by ! h>moni\s use ( all its p[]s1 progressively to rea* a bett] & full] k ( ,reality4 ,! ontological problem w necess>ily always rema9 ! unsolv$1 9 ! s5se ( ! v incompletely solv$ problem ( philosophy4 ,b z long z human exp]i5ce develops1 & z long z philosophy be/[s ^u exp]i5ce ! e>ne/ & c&id ef=ts ( reflect+ m9ds1 ! solution ( ! ontological problem w be approa*$1 b nev] fully rea*$4 ,t ,be+ ( ! ,_w :i* ,kant1 9 ! negative & critical "p ( 8 "w1 left z an ,x1 unkn[n & unkn[able1 ! la/ c5tury has fill$ ) a new & f> ri*] cont5t ?an x ev] _h be=e4 ,especially has ?is c5tury *ang$ ! conception ( ! ,unity ( ! ,univ]se 9 su* mann] t x c nev] return aga9 to its anci5t =m4 ,on ! "o h&1 ?is ,unity _c be made compreh5sible 9 t]ms ( any "o sci5tific or philosophical pr9ciple or law4 ,sci5ce & philosophy are bo? mov+ f>!r & f>!r away f ! hope ( compreh5d+ ! v>iety & inf9ite manifoldness ( ! ,absolute 9 t]ms ( any "o side or aspect ( man's complex exp]i5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! confid5ce 9 ?is ess5tial ,unity is n dim9i%$1 b is ! r confirm$4 ,z humanity itself develops1 z ! ,selfhood ( man gr[s 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w :i* is its own environm5t1 & ( ! _w )9 :i* x is its own true ,self1 humanity may reasonably hope to w9 an increas$1 & increas+ly valid1 cognition ( ! ,be+ ( ! ,_w z ! ,absolute ,self4 ,closely connect$1 & 9 a way ess5tially id5tical ) ! ontological problem1 is t ( ! orig91 validity1 & rational value ( ! ideas ( humanity4 ,may x n be said t ! n9ete5? c5tury transf]s to ! tw5tie? an increas$ int]e/ 9 & a height5$ appreciation ( ! s-call$ practical problems ( philosophy4 ,sci5ce & philosophy c]ta9ly ought to comb9e--& are !y n ready to comb9e8--9 ! ef=t to secure a m ne>ly satisfactory und]/&+ & solution ( ! problems af=d$ by ! /hetical1 e?ical1 & religi\s s5tim5ts & ideals ( ! race4 ,to philosophy ?is comb9ation means t x %all be m fruitful ?an ev] be=e 9 promot+ ! uplift & bett]m5t ( mank9d4 ,! fulfillm5t ( ! practical mission ( philosophy involves ! application ( its conceptions & pr9ciples to education1 politics1 morals1 z a matt] ( law & ( cu/om1 & to religion z matt] bo? ( rational fai? & ( ! conduct ( life4 ,h[1 !n1 c ?is brief & imp]fect sket* ( ! outl9e ( ! developm5t ( philosophy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury bett] come to a close ?an by words ( enc\ragem5t & ( exhortation z well4 ,!re are1 9 my judgm5t1 ! pla9e/ signs t ! some:at too de/ructive & ev5 nihili/ic t5d5cies ( ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h rea*$ _! limit2 t ! /rife ( sci5ce & philosophy1 & ( bo? ) religion1 is less5+1 & is be+ rapidly displac$ by ! _s ( mutual fairness & reciprocal helpfulness2 & t reasonable hopes ( a new & a spl5did era ( recon/ruction 9 philosophy may be ent]ta9$4 ,= ,i _c agree ) ! dictum ( a rec5t writ] on ! subject1 t ! sci5ces are com+ less & less to admit ( a syn!sis1 & n at all ( a syn!tic philosoph]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i hold t1 ) an increas$ confid5ce 9 ! capacity ( human reason to discov] & validate ! mo/ secret & pr(\nd1 z well z ! mo/ compreh5sive1 ( tru?s1 philosophy may well put aside "s ( its %yness & hesitancy1 & may resume m ( t audacity ( imag9ation1 su/a9$ by ontological convictions1 :i* *>act]iz$ its "w dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,& if ! latt] half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury does = ! con/ructions ( ! fir/ half ( ! same c5tury1 :at ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury did = ! fir/ half ( t c5tury1 ?is new criticism w only be to illu/rate ! way 9 :i* ! human _s makes e =m ( its progress4 ,!re=e1 a summons ( all help]s1 9 critical b frat]nal _s1 to ?is "w ( recon/ruction1 = :i* two g5]ations ( enorm\s advance 9 ! positive sci5ces has ga!r$ new mat]ial1 & = ! bett] accompli%m5t ( :i* bo? ! successes & ! failures ( ! philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h prep>$ ! m5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 is ! w9some & imp]ative voice ( ! h\r4 ,,section ,a--,,metaphysics ,,section ,a--,,metaphysics 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong1 ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal4 ,,pr(essor ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,ormond1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,pr(essor ,a4 ,o4 ,,lovejoy1 ,wa%+ton ,univ]sity4 ,! ,*airman ( ! ,section1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,arm/rong1 ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity1 9 op5+ ! meet+ ref]r$ to ! cont9u$ vitality ( metaphysics z %[n by its repeat$ revivals aft] ! _m de/ructive attacks ^u x 9 ! lat] mod]n times3 he congratulat$ ! ,section on ! fact t ! pr9cipal speak]s 7 s*ol>s :o _h made notable contributions to metaphysical !ory4 ,,! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,sci5ces ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,alfr$ ,,edw>d ,,taylor ,alfr$ ,edw>d ,taylor1 ,fro?+ham ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal1 ,canada4 b4 ,oundle1 ,engl&1 ,decemb] #bb1 #ahfi4 ,m4,a4 ,ox=d4 ,fell[1 ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 #ahia-ih1 #aijb-2 ,lectur] 9 ,greek & ,philosophy1 ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]1 #ahif-aijc2 ,assi/ant ,exam9] to ,univ]sity ( ,wales1 #ahii-aijc2 ,gre5 ,moral ,philosophy ,prizeman1 ,ox=d1 #ahii2 ,fro?+ham ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 #aijc-2 ,memb] ,philosophical ,society1 ,ow5s ,college1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association4 ,au?or ( ,! ,problem ( ,conduct2 ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics4 ,:5 we seek to det]m9e ! place ( metaphysics 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( human k1 we are at once confront$ by an initial difficulty ( "s magnitude4 ,!re seems1 9 fact1 to be no "o univ]sally accept$ def9ition ( our /udy1 & ev5 no v g5]al cons5sus among its vot>ies z to ! problems ) :i* ! metaphysician ought to conc]n himself4 ,?is difficulty1 s]i\s z x is1 does n1 h[ev]1 ju/ify ! suspicion t our sci5ce is1 l al*emy or a/rology1 an illusion1 & its high-s\nd+ title a m]e idol ( ! m>ket-place1 "o ( ^? nom9a r]um quae non sunt aga9/ :i* ! ,*ancellor ,bacon has s eloqu5tly w>n$ mank9d4 ,if x is h>d to det]m9e precisely ! scope ( metaphysics1 x is no less difficult to d ! same ?+ = ! und\bt$ly legitimate sci5ces ( logic & ma!matics4 ,& 9 all ?ree cases ! abs5ce ( def9ition m]ely %[s t we are deal+ ) bran*es ( k :i* are1 s to say1 /ill 9 ! mak+4 ,x is n until ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5ce are already firmly laid beyond ! possibility ( cavil t we mu/ look = g5]al agreem5t z to its b\nd>y l9es1 ?\gh excell5t "w may be done1 long be=e ?is po9t has be5 rea*$1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( individual pr9ciples & d$uction ( consequ5ces f !m4 ,to rev]t to ! p>allel cases ,i h j cit$1 _m ma!matical pr9ciples ( ! highe/ importance are =mulat$ 9 ! ,elem5ts ( ,euclid1 & _m logical pr9ciples 9 ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle2 yet x is only 9 our own "t t x has become possible to (f] a g5]al def9ition ei!r ( logic or ( ma!matics1 & ev5 n[ x w\ld probably be true to say t ! majority ( logicians & ma!maticians tr\ble !mselves v little ab\t ! precise def9ition ( _! respective /udies4 ,! /ate ( our sci5ce !n compels me to beg9 ?is address ) a m or less arbitr>y1 because provisional1 def9ition ( ! t]m metaphysics1 = :i* ,i claim no m ?an t x may s]ve to indicate ) approximate accuracy ! class ( problems :i* ,i %all h 9 view 9 my subsequ5t use ( ! ^w4 ,by metaphysics1 !n1 ,i propose to und]/& ! inquiry :i* us$ =m]ly to be kn[n z ontology1 t is1 ! inve/igation into ! g5]al "* :i* belongs to real ,be+ z su*1 ! sci5ce1 9 ,ari/otelian phraseology1 ( onta h onta4 ,or1 if ! t]m real be object$ aga9/ z ambigu\s1 ,i w\ld sugge/ z an alt]native acc\nt ! /atem5t t metaphysics is ! inquiry into ! g5]al "* by :i* ! cont5t ( true ass]tions is di/+ui%$ f t ( false ass]tions4 ,! two def9itions "h (f]$ w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd equival5t :5 x is borne 9 m9d t :at ! second ( !m speaks ( is exclusively ! cont5t :i* is ass]t$ z true 9 a true proposition1 n ! process ( true ass]tion1 :i*1 l all o!r processes 9 ! highe/ c]ebral c5tres1 falls "u ! consid]ation ( ! va/ly diff]5t sci5ces ( psy*ology & c]ebral physiology4 ,( ! two equival5t =ms ( /atem5t1 ! =m] has p]haps ! advantage ( mak+ x mo/ cle> t x is ultimately ^u ! objective di/9ction betwe5 ! reality & ! unreality ( t :i* is ass]t$ = tru?1 & n ^u any psy*ological peculi>ity 9 ! process ( ass]tion itself t ! di/9ction betwe5 true & untrue re/s1 :ile ! second may be useful 9 gu>d+ aga9/ misconceptions t might be sugge/$ by too n>r[ an int]pretation ( ! t]m reality1 su* z1 e4 g41 ! id5tification ( ! real ) :at is reveal$ by s5su\s p]ception4 ,f ! acceptance ( su* a def9ition two important consequ5ces w\ld foll[4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is t metaphysics is at once %>ply discrim9at$ f any /udy ( ! psy*ical process ( k1 if inde$1 !re c be any su* /udy di/9ct f ! psy*ology ( conception & belief1 :i* is cle>ly n itself ! sci5ce we h 9 view4 ,= ! psy*ological laws ( ! =mation ( concepts & beliefs are exemplifi$ equally 9 ! discov]y & propagation ( tru? & ( error4 ,& ?us x is 9 va9 to look to !m = any explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,nor does ! o!rwise promis+ ext5sion ( ,d>w9ian conceptions ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! fitte/ to ! field ( op9ions & convictions appe> to affect ?is conclusion4 ,su* consid]ations may inde$ assi/ u to und]/& h[ true convictions 9 virtue ( _! usefulness gradually come to be e/abli%$ & ext5d$1 b !y require to presume ! tru? ( ^! convictions z an antec$5t condition ( _! usefulness & consequ5t e/abli%m5t4 ,i %\ld inf]1 !n1 t x is a mi/ake 9 pr9ciple to seek to replace ontology by a !ory ( k1 & %\ld ev5 be incl9$ to "q ! v possibility ( su* a !ory z di/9ct f metaphysics on ! "o h& & empirical psy*ology on ! o!r4 7#b7 ,! second consequ5ce is ( ev5 great] importance4 ,! inquiry into ! g5]al "* by :i* ! cont5ts ( true ass]tions are discrim9at$ f ! cont5ts ( false ass]tions mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f any inve/igation into ! tru? or falsehood ( special ass]tions4 ,to ask h[ 9 ! end tru? diff]s f falsehood is to raise an entirely diff]5t problem f t creat$ by ask+ :e!r a giv5 /atem5t is to be reg>d$ z true or false4 ,! di/9ction becomes p>ticul>ly important :5 we h to deal ) :at ,locke w\ld call ass]tions ( real exi/5ce1 i4 e41 ass]tions z to ! occurr5ce ( p>ticul> ev5ts 9 ! temporal ord]4 ,all su* ass]tions dep5d1 9 "p at lea/1 ^u ! admission ( :at we may /yle empirical evid5ce1 ! imm$iate unanalyz$ witness ( simple appreh5sion to ! occurr5ce ( an alleg$ matt] ( fact4 ,?us x w\ld foll[ f our propos$ conception ( metaphysics t metaphysics is 9 pr9ciple incapable ei!r ( e/abli%+ or refut+ any ass]tion z to ! details ( our imm$iate exp]i5ce ( empirical fact1 ?\gh x may h important be>+s ^u any !ory ( ! g5]al nature ( true ,be+ :i* we may seek to f\nd ^u our alleg$ exp]i5ces4 ,9 a ^w1 if our conception be ! correct "o1 ! functions ( a sci5ce ( metaphysics 9 respect ( our k ( ! temporal sequ5ce ( ev5ts psy*ical & physical mu/ be purely critical1 nev] con/ructive1--a po9t to :i* ,i %all pres5tly h to recur4 ,"o m g5]al reflection1 & we may pass to ! consid]ation ( ! relation ( metaphysics to ! v>i\s alreadyorganiz$ bran*es ( human k m 9 detail4 ,! admission t !re is1 or may be1 su* a /udy z we h describ$1 seems ( itself to involve ! recognition t def9ite k ab\t ! "* ( :at really is1 is atta9able1 & ?us to commit u to a position ( %>p opposition bo? to consi/5t & ?or\gh-go+ agno/icism & also to ! lat5t agno/icism ( ,kantian & neo-,kantian critical philosophy4 ,9 recogniz+ ontology z a legitimate inve/igation1 we rev]t 9 pr9ciple to ! dogmati/ position common1 e4 g41 to ,plato1 to ,sp9oza & to ,leibniz1 t !re is g5u9e tru? :i* c be kn[n1 & t ?is g5u9e tru? is n conf9$ to /atem5ts ab\t ! process ( kn[+ itself4 ,9 fact1 ! critical view t ! only c]ta9 tru? is tru? ab\t ! process ( kn[+ seems to be inh]5tly self-contradictory4 ,= ! k t su* a proposition z1 e4 g41 ,i "k only ! laws ( my own appreh5d+ activity1 is true1 w\ld itself be k n ab\t ! process ( kn[+ b ab\t ! cont5t kn[n4 ,?us metaphysics1 conceiv$ z ! sci5ce ( ! g5]al "* :i* di/+ui%es tru? f falsehood1 presupposes ?r\gh\t all k ! pres5ce ( :at we may call a transc5d5t object1 t is1 a cont5t :i* is nev] id5tical ) ! process by :i* x is appreh5d$1 ?\gh x may no d\bt be ma9ta9$ t ! two1 ! process & its cont5t1 if di/9ct1 are yet n ultimately sep>able4 ,t !y are 9 po9t ( fact n ultimately sep>able w\ld seem to be ! doctr9e :i*1 "u v>i\s =ms ( /atem5t1 is common to & *>act]i/ic ( all ! ideali/ic sy/ems ( metaphysics4 ,s mu* !n 9 def5se ( a metaphysical po9t ( view :i* seems to be closely ak9 to t ( ,mr4 ,bradley & ( ,pr(essor ,royce1 to m5tion only two names ( contempor>y philosoph]s1 & :i* might1 ,i ?9k1 = ! purpose ( putt+ x 9 %>p opposition to ! neo-,kantian view1 n unfairly be call$1 if x is held to ne$ a "n1 neo-,leibnizian4 ,9 pass+ on to discuss 9 brief ! nature ( ! b\nd>y l9es :i* divide metaphysics f o!r bran*es ( /udy1 x seems necess>y to />t ) a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! pure or =mal & ! appli$ or empirical sci5ces1 ! m s z 9 ! loose curr5t employm5t ( language ! "n sci5ce is frequ5tly giv5 exclusively to ! latt]4 ,9 e-day life1 :5 we are told t a c]ta9 p]son is a man ( sci5ce1 or z ! dete/able j>gon ( our "t likes to say1 a sci5ti/1 we expect to f9d t he is1 e4 g41 a geologi/1 a *emi/1 a biologi/1 or an electrician4 ,we %\ld be a little surpris$ to f9d on inquiry t our man ( sci5ce 0 a pure ma!matician1 & probably m ?an a little to le>n t he 0 a =mal logician4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! pure & ! empirical sci5ces may be r\ghly indicat$ by say+ t ! latt] class comprises all ^? sci5ces :i* yield in=mation ab\t ! p>ticul> details ( ! temporal ord] ( ev5ts physical & psy*ical1 :]eas ! pure sci5ces deal solely ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ei!r ( all tru?s1 or ( all tru?s ( "s well-def9$ class4 ,m exactly we may say t ! m>ks by :i* an empirical is di/+ui%$ f a pure sci5ce are two4 7#a7 ,! empirical sci5ces "o & all imply ! pres5ce among _! premises ( empirical propositions1 t is1 propositions :i* ass]t ! actual occurr5ce ( "s temporal fact1 & dep5d ^u ! witness ( imm$iate appreh5sion1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( s5se p]ception or 9 t ( :at is commonly call$ self-consci\sness4 ,9 ! vague language made curr5t by ,kant1 !y involve an appeal to "s =m ( unanalyz$ intuition4 ,! pure sci5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9 no empirical propositions ei!r among _! premises or _! conclusions4 ,! pr9ciples :i* =m _! premises are self-evid5tly true propositions1 conta9+ no ref]5ce to ! actual occurr5ce ( any ev5t 9 ! temporal ord]1 & ?us involv+ no appeal to any =m ( intuition4 ,& ! conclusions e/abli%$ 9 a pure sci5ce are all rigidly logical d$uctions f su* self-evid5t premises4 ,t ! univ]sality ( ?is di/9ction is /ill (t5 ov]look$ ev5 by pr(ess$ writ]s on sci5tific me?od seems explicable by two simple consid]ations4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is easy to ov]look ! important di/9ction betwe5 a pr9ciple :i* is self-evid5t1 t is1 :i* _c be d5i$ )\t explicit falsehood1 & a proposition affirm$ on ! w>rant ( ! s5ses1 because1 ?\gh its d5ial _c be se5 to be obvi\sly false1 ! s5ses appe> on ea* fre% appeal to sub/antiate ! ass]tion4 ,?us ! ,euclidean po/ulate ab\t p>allels 0 long falsely suppos$ to possess exactly ! same k9d ( self-evid5ce z ! dictum de omni & ! pr9ciple ( id5tity :i* are "p ( ! f\ndations ( all logic4 ,& fur!r ,kant1 writ+ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is v confusion1 has giv5 wide popul>ity to ! view t ! be/ kn[n ( ! pure sci5ces1 t ( ma!matics1 dep5ds ^u ! admission ( empirical premises 9 ! =m ( an appeal to intuition ( ! k9d j describ$4 ,=tunately ! rec5t developm5ts ( ari?metic at ! h&s ( su* m5 z ,wei]/rass1 ,cantor1 & ,d$ek9d seem to h def9itely refut$ ! ,kantian view z f> z g5]al ari?metic1 ! pure sci5ce ( numb]1 is conc]n$1 by prov+ t "o & all ( its propositions are analytic 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 t !y are capable ( rigid d$uction f self-evid5t premises1 s t1 9 :at reg>ds ari?metic1 we may say ) ,s*rd] t ! fam\s ,kantian "q h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8 is n[ kn[n to be mean+less4 ,z reg>ds geometry1 ! case appe>s to a non-ma!matician l myself m d\btful4 ,^? :o hold ) ,s*rd] t geometry ess5tially involves1 z ,kant ?\ght x did1 an appeal to pr9ciples n self-evid5t & dep5d5t ^u an appeal to s5su\s intuition1 are logically b\nd to conclude ) him t geometry is an empirical1 or z ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d call$ x1 a physical sci5ce1 diff]5t 9 no way f me*anics except 9 ! relative paucity ( ! empirical premises presuppos$1 & to class x ) ! appli$ sci5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell %\ld be successful 9 8 promis$ demon/ration t all ! pr9ciples ( geometry are d$ucible f a few premises :i* include no?+ ( ! nature ( an appeal to s5su\s diagrams1 geometry too w\ld take its place among ! pure sci5ces1 b only on condition ( our recogniz+ t its tru?s1 l ^? ( ari?metic1 are "o & all1 z ,leibniz held1 /rictly analytical4 ,?us we obta9 z a fir/ di/9ction betwe5 ! pure & ! empirical sci5ces ! pr9ciple t ! propositions ( ! =m] class are all analytical1 ^? ( ! latt] all syn!tic4 ,x is n ! lea/ ( ! s]vices :i* ,france is n[ r5d]+ to ! /udy ( philosophy t we are at la/ be+ plac$ by ! labors ( ,m4 ,c\turat 9 a position to appreciate at _! full wor? ! views ( ! fir/ & greate/ ( ,g]man philosoph]s on ?is di/9ction1 & to und]/& h[ m>vel\sly !y h be5 confirm$ by ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ma!matics & ( logic4 7#b7 ,a consequ5ce ( ?is di/9ction is t only ! pure or =mal sci5ces c be matt] ( rigid logical demon/ration4 ,s9ce ! empirical or appli$ sci5ces "o & all conta9 empirical premises1 i4 e41 premises :i* we admit z true only because !y h always appe>$ to be confirm$ by ! appeal to intuition1 & n because ! d5ial ( !m c be %[n to lead to falsehood1 ! conclusions to :i* !y conduct u mu/ "o & all dep5d1 9 "p at lea/1 ^u induction f actual obs]vation ( p>ticul> temporal sequ5ces4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t all propositions 9 ! appli$ sci5ces involve some:]e 9 ! c\rse ( ! reason+ by :i* !y are e/abli%$ ! appeal to ! calculus ( ,probabilities1 :i* is our "o me?od ( elicit+ g5]al results f ! /ati/ics suppli$ by obs]vation or exp]im5t4 ,t ?is is ! case ) ! m concrete among su* appli$ sci5ces has long be5 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,t x is no less true ( sci5ces ( su* wide range z me*anics may be said1 ,i ?9k1 to h be5 def9itely e/abli%$ 9 our own day by ! "w ( su* em95t physici/s z ,kir*h(f & ,ma*4 ,9 fact1 ! rec5t developm5ts ( ! sci5ce ( pure numb]1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 a prec$+ p>agraph1 comb9$ ) ! creation ( ! descriptive !ory ( me*anics1 may fairly be said to h f9ally v9dicat$ ! di/9ction drawn by ,leibniz long ago betwe5 ! tru?s ( reason & ! tru?s ( empirical fact1 a di/9ction :i* ! ,kantian tr5d ( philosophical speculation t5d$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to obscure1 :ile x 0 absolutely ignor$ by ! empirici/ oppon5ts ( metaphysics bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many4 ,! philosophical consequ5ces ( a revival ( ! di/9ction are1 ,i conceive1 ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,on ! "o side1 recognition ( ! empirical & cont+5t "* ( all g5]al propositions e/abli%$ by induction appe>s absolutely fatal to ! curr5t me*ani/ic conception ( ! univ]se z a realm ( purposeless sequ5ces unequivocally det]m9$ by unalt]able laws ( nature1 a result :i* has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 admirably illu/rat$ = ! ,engli%-speak+ _w by ,pr(essor ,w>d's well-kn[n ,gif=d lectures on ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 ,laws ( physical nature1 on ! empiri/ic view ( appli$ sci5ce1 c mean no m ?an obs]v$ regul>ities1 obta9$ by ! application ( ! doctr9e ( *ances1--regul>ities :i* we are inde$ ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ ) confid5ce z ! basis = calculation ( ! future c\rse ( temporal sequ5ce1 b :i* we h no logical w>rant = treat+ z ultimate tru?s ab\t ! f9al con/itution ( ?+s4 ,?us1 = example1 take ! common assumption t our physical environm5t is compos$ ( a multitude ( p>ticles ea* 9 e respect ! exact c\nt]p>t ( e o!r4 ,reflection ^u ! nature ( ! evid5ce by :i* ?is conclusion1 if support$ at all1 has to be support$1 %\ld conv9ce u t at mo/ all t ! /atem5t ought to mean is t individual diff]5ces betwe5 ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts ( ! physical _w ne$ n be all[$ = 9 devis+ practical =mulae = ! intellig5t anticipation ( ev5ts4 ,:5 ! proposition is put =w>d z an absolute tru? & treat$ z a reason = d5y+ ! ultimate spirituality ( ! _w1 we are well )9 our rights 9 decl9+ ! consequ5ce on ! logical gr\nd t conclusions f an empirical premise mu/ 9 _! own nature be !mselves empirical & cont+5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! extreme empiricism :i* treats all k :atsoev] z m]ely relative to ! total psy*ical /ate ( ! kn[]1 & !re=e 9 ! end problematic1 mu/1 ,i appreh5d1 g d[n be=e any s]i\s inve/igation into ! nature ( ! analytic tru?s ( ari?metic1 a consequ5ce :i* seems to be ( "s relevance 9 connection ) ! philosophic view popul>ly kn[n z ,pragmatism4 ,?us ,i %\ld look to ! com+ reg5]ation ( metaphysics1 ( :i* !re are s _m signs at ! mom5t1 on ! "o h&1 = emphatic insi/5ce on ! "r1 e4 g41 ( physics & biology & psy*ology to be treat$ z purely empirical sci5ces1 & z su* fre$ f ! la/ ve/iges ( any dom9ation by metaphysical presuppositions & =egone conclusions1 & on ! o!r1 = an equally salut>y purgation ( =mal /udies l logic & ari?metic f ! ta9t ( corruption by ! irrelevant intrusion ( consid]ations ( empirical psy*ology4 ,we _c too p]si/5tly be> 9 m9d t !re is1 correspond+ to ! logical di/9ction betwe5 ! analytic & ! syn!tic proposition1 a deep & broad g5]al diff]5ce betwe5 ! wants ( our nature m9i/]$ to by ! =mal & ! appli$ sci5ces respectively4 ,! =mal sci5ces1 incapable ( add+ any?+ to our detail$ k ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 z we h se51 enlight5 u solely z to ! g5]al laws ( int]connection by :i* all conceivable sy/ems ( true ass]tions are p]meat$ & b\nd toge!r4 ,9 a diff]5t connection x w\ld be int]e/+ to develop fur!r ! reflection t ! necessity ( appeal+ to su* =mal pr9ciples 9 all reason+ ab\t empirical matt]s ( fact conta9s ! explanation ( ! fam\s ,platonic ass]tion t ! ,idea ( ,good or supreme pr9ciple ( organization & ord] 9 ! univ]se1 is itself n an exi/5t1 b some?+ eti epeke9a ts ousias1 transc5d+ ev5 exi/5ce1 & ! v simil> decl>ation ( ,hegel t ! "q :e!r ,god--9 ! s5se ( su* a supreme pr9ciple--exi/s is frivol\s1 inasmu* z exi/5ce 7,dase97 is a category entirely inadequate to express ! ,div9e nature4 ,= my pres5t purpose x is en\gh to rem>k t ! ne$ to :i* ! =mal sci5ces m9i/] is ! dem& = t purely speculative satisfaction :i* arises f insight into ! ord] ( int]connection betwe5 ! v>i\s tru?s :i* compose ! totality ( true k4 ,h5ce x seems a mi/ake to say1 z "s !ori/s h done1 t 7 we born ) a complete k ( ! c\rse ( temporal sequ5ces ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & a faultless memory1 we %\ld h no ne$ ( logic or metaphysics1 or 9 fact ( inf]5ce4 ,= ev5 a m9d already 9 possession ( all true propositions conc]n+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 w\ld /ill lack "o ( ! requisites = complete intellectual satisfaction unless x 7 also aw>e1 n only ( ! individual tru?s1 b ( ! ord] ( _! int]dep5d5ce4 ,:at ,ari/otle said long ago ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> in/ance may be equally said univ]sally ( all our empirical k2 ev5 if we /ood on ! moon & saw ! e>? int]cept+ ! light ( ! sun1 we %\ld /ill h to ask = ! reason :y4 ,! purposes m9i/]$ to by ! empirical sci5ces1 on ! o!r h&1 always include "s ref]5ce to ! actual manipulation 9 advance by human ag5cy ( ! /ream ( ev5ts4 ,we /udy me*anics1 = in/ance1 n m]ely t we may p]ceive ! int]dep5d5ce ( tru?s1 b t we may le>n h[ to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( bodies 9 equilibrium1 or h[ to move masses 9 a giv5 direction ) a giv5 mom5tum4 ,h5ce x is true ( appli$ sci5ce1 ?\gh untrue ( sci5ce z a :ole1 t x w\ld become useless if ! :ole pa/ & future c\rse ( ev5ts 7 f ! fir/ famili> to u4 ,&1 incid5tally x may be obs]v$1 x is = ! same reason untrue ( inf]5ce1 ?\gh true ( inductive inf]5ce1 t x is ess5tially a passage f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,9 deal+ ) ! relation ( metaphysics to ! =mal sci5ces g5]ally1 ! great difficulty :i* confronts u is t ( det]m9+ exactly ! b\nd>ies :i* sep>ate "o f ano!r4 ,among su* pure sci5ces we h by univ]sal admission to include at lea/ two1 pure =mal logic & pure ma!matics1 z di/+ui%$ f ! special applications ( logic & ma!matics to an empirical mat]ial4 ,:e!r we ought also to recognize e?ics & /hetics1 9 ! s5se ( ! g5]al det]m9ation ( ! nature ( ! good & ! beautiful1 z non-empirical sci5ces1 seems to be a m difficult "q4 ,x seems cle>1 = in/ance1 t e?ical discussions1 su* z bulk s l>gely 9 our contempor>y lit]ature1 z to :at is ! "r c\rse ( conduct "u v>i\s conditions1 are conc]n$ ?r\gh\t ) an empirical mat]ial1 namely1 ! exi/+ peculi>ities ( human nature z we f9d x1 & mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z capable only ( an empirical & !re=e problematic solution4 ,accord+ly ,i 0 at "o "t myself tempt$ to reg>d e?ics z a purely empirical sci5ce1 & ev5 publi%$ a l5g?y treatise 9 def5se ( t po9t ( view & 9 opposition to ! :ole ,kantian conception ( ! possibility ( a con/ructive ,metaphysik d] ,sitt54 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 possible to hold t 9 ! "q ,:at d we mean by good8 z di/+ui%$ f ! "q ,:at 9 p>ticul> is x "r to d8 !re is no m ( a ref]5ce to ! empirical facts ( human psy*ology ?an 9 ! "q ,:at d we mean by tru?8 & t !re mu/ !re=e be a non-empirical answ] to ! problem4 ,! same w\ld ( c\rse hold equally true ( ! "q ,:at is beauty8 ,if !re are1 h[ev]1 su* a pure sci5ce ( e?ics & aga9 ( /hetics1 x mu/ at lea/ be all[$ t = ! mo/ "p ^! sci5ces are /ill undiscov]$1 & t ! e?ical & /hetical results hi!rto e/abli%$ are 9 ! ma9 ( an empirical nature1 & ?is mu/ be my excuse = conf9+ ! rem>ks ( ! next two p>agraphs to ! two great pure sci5ces ( :i* ! g5]al pr9ciples may be tak5 to be n[ 9 l>ge measure kn[n4 ,t metaphysics & logic %\ld sometimes h be5 absolutely id5tifi$1 z = in/ance by ,hegel1 w n surprise u :5 we consid] h[ h>d x becomes on ! view "h def5d$ to draw any h>d & fa/ b\nd>y l9e betwe5 !m4 ,= metaphysics1 accord+ to ?is conception ( its scope1 deals ) ! =mulation ( ! self-evid5t pr9ciples impli$1 9 !re be+ su* a ?+ z tru? & ! d$uctions :i* ^! pr9ciples w>rant u 9 draw+4 ,?us x might be fairly said to be ! supreme sci5ce ( ord]1 & x w\ld n be h>d to %[ t all ! special que/ions commonly includ$ 9 its range1 z to ! nature ( space1 "t1 causation1 cont9uity1 & s =?1 are all bran*es ( ! g5]al "q1 h[ _m types ( ord] among concepts are !re1 & :at is _! nature4 ,a complet$ metaphysics w\ld ?us appe> z ! realization ( ,plato's spl5did conception ( dialectic z ! ultimate r$uction ( ! cont5ts ( k to ord] by _! cont9u\s d$uction f a supreme pr9ciple 7or1 we may add1 pr9ciples74 ,n[ su* a view seems to make x almo/ impossible to draw any ultimate di/9ction betwe5 logic & metaphysics4 ,= logic is /rictly ! sci5ce ( ! mutual implication ( propositions1 z we see z soon z we c>efully exclude f x all psy*ological accretions4 ,9 ! "q :at are ! conditions "u :i* "o proposition or gr\p ( propositions imply ano!r1 we exhau/ ! :ole scope ( logic pure & prop]1 z di/+ui%$ f its v>i\s empirical applications4 ,?is is ! important po9t :i* is s commonly =gott5 :5 logic is def9$ z be+ 9 "s way a /udy ( psy*ical processes1 or :5 ! ref]5ce to ! pres5ce ( m9ds 9 :i* propositions exi/1 is int5d$ into logical sci5ce4 ,we _c too /rongly insi/ t = logic ! "q s con/antly rais$ 9 a multitude ( text-books1 :at processes actually take place :5 we pass f ! ass]tion ( ! premises to ! ass]tion ( ! conclusion1 is an irrelevant "o1 & t ! only logical problem rais$ by inf]5ce is :e!r ! ass]tion ( ! premises z true w>rants ! fur!r ass]tion ( ! conclusion1 suppos+ x to be made4 7,at ! risk ( a little digression ,i _c help po9t+ out t ! confusion betwe5 a logical & a psy*ological problem is committ$ :5ev] we attempt1 z is s (t5 done1 to make ! self-evid5ce ( a pr9ciple id5tical ) our psy*ological inability to believe ! contradictory4 ,f ! /rictly logical po9t ( view1 all t is to be said ab\t ! two sides ( su* an ultimate contradiction is t ! "o is true & ! o!r is false4 ,:e!r x is or is n possible1 z a matt] ( psy*ical fact = me to affirm ) equal conviction1 bo? sides ( a contradiction1 kn[+ t ,i am do+ s1 is a "q ( empirical psy*ology :i* is possibly insoluble1 & at any rate seems n to h receiv$ f ! psy*ologi/s ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,b ! logician1 s f> z ,i c see1 has no int]e/ z a logician 9 its solution4 ,= him x w\ld /ill be ! case ev5 ?\gh all mank9d %\ld actually & consci\sly affirm bo? sides ( a giv5 contradiction1 t "o ( ! affirmations w\ld be true1 & ! o!r untrue47 ,logic ?us seems to become ei!r ! :ole or an integral "p ( ! sci5ce ( ord]1 & !re rema9 only two possible ways ( di/+ui%+ x f metaphysics4 ,x might be sugge/$ t logical ord]1 ! ord] ( implication betwe5 tru?s1 is only "o species ( a wid] g5us1 ord] 9 g5]al by ! side1 = example1 ( spatial1 temporal1 & num]ical ord]1 & ?us t logic is "o subord9ate bran* ( ! wid] sci5ce ( metaphysics4 ,su* a view1 ( c\rse1 implies t !re are a plurality ( ultimately indep5d5t =ms ( ord] irr$ucible to a s+le type4 ,:e!r ?is is ! case1 ,i mu/ confess myself at pres5t incompet5t to decide1 ?\gh ! signal success ) :i* ! pr9ciples ( numb] h already be5 d$uc$ f ! fundam5tal def9itions & axioms ( symbolic logic1 & numb] itself def9$1 z by ,mr4 ,russell1 9 t]ms ( ! purely logical concept ( class-relation1 seems to af=d "s presumption to ! contr>y4 ,or x may be held t ! diff]5ce is purely "o ( ! degree ( complet5ess ) :i* ! inquiry into ord] is pursu$4 ,?us ! ord9>y symbolic logic ( :at ,s*rd] has call$ ! id5tical calculus1 or calculus ( doma9s1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( d$uctions f ! fundam5tal concepts ( class & numb]1 id5tical equality1 totality or ! logical #a1 z]o or ! null-class1 & ! ?ree pr9ciples ( id5tity1 subsumption1 & negation4 ,! mom5t y cease to accept ^! data 9 _! totality z ! giv5 mat]ial = y\r sci5ce1 & to inquire into _! mutual coh]5ce1 by ask+ = in/ance :e!r any "o ( !m c\ld be d5i$1 & yet a body ( consi/5t results d$uc$ f ! re/1 y\r inquiry1 x might be said1 becomes metaphysics4 ,s1 aga91 ! discussion ( ! well-kn[n contradictions :i* arise :5 we try to apply ^! pr9ciples 9 _! entirety & )\t modification to classes ( classes in/ead ( classes ( individuals1 or ( ! problem rais$ by ,peano & ,russell1 :e!r ! ass]tions ,socrates is a man & ! ,greeks are m5 affirm ! same or a diff]5t relation betwe5 _! subject & pr$icate 7:i* seems inde$ to be ! same "q diff]5tly /at$71 w\ld g5]ally be all[$ to be metaphysical4 ,& ! same ?+ seems to be equally true ( ! introduction ( "t relations into ! int]pretation ( our symbols = pr$ication employ$ by ,boole 9 8 treatm5t ( hypo!ticals1 & subsequ5tly adopt$ by 8 successors z ! f\ndation ( ! calculus ( equival5t /atem5ts4 ,h[ev] we may decide su* que/ions1 we seem at lea/ driv5 by _! exi/5ce to ! recognition ( two important conclusions4 7#a7 ,! relation betwe5 logical & metaphysical problems is s close t y _c 9 consi/5cy d5y ! possibility ( a sci5ce ( metaphysics unless y are prep>$ ) ! absolute skeptic to g ! l5g? ( d5y+ ! possibility ( logic also1 & r$uc+ ! fir/ pr9ciples ( inf]5ce to ! level ( =mulae :i* h happ5$ hi!rto to prove useful b are1 = all we "k1 j z likely to fail u 9 future application z n4 7,any appeal to ! doctr9e ( *ances w\ld be out ( place "h1 z t doctr9e is itself bas$ on ! v pr9ciples at /ake47 7#b7 ,! exi/5ce ( fundam5tal problems ( ?is k9d :i* rema9$ almo/ or :olly unsuspect$ until reveal$ 9 our own "t by ! creation ( a sci5ce ( symbolic logic %\ld console u if ev] we are tempt$ to suspect t metaphysics is at any rate a sci5ce 9 :i* all ! ma9 con/ructive "w has already be5 accompli%$ by ! great ?9k]s ( ! pa/4 ,to me x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 t ! rec5t enorm\s developm5ts 9 ! purely =mal sci5ces ( logic & ma!matics1 ) ! ho/ ( fundam5tal problems !y op5 up1 give promise ( an approa*+ era ( fre% speculative con/ruction :i* bids fair to be no less ri* 9 results ?an any ( ! great gold5 p]iods 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( our sci5ce4 ,inde$1 b t ,i w\ld avoid ! slighte/ suspicion ( a desire to adv]tise p]sonal fri5ds1 ,i fancy ,i might ev5 v5ture to "n "s ( ^? to :om we may reasonably look = ! "w to be done4 ,( ! relation ( metaphysics to pure ma!matics x w\ld be imp]t95t = any b a tra9$ ma!matician to say v mu*4 ,i mu/ !re=e be cont5t to po9t out t ! same difficulty 9 draw+ b\nd>y l9es meets u "h z 9 ! case ( logic4 ,n s long ago ?is difficulty might h be5 ignor$1 z x /ill is by too _m writ]s on ! philosophy ( sci5ce4 ,until rec5tly ma!matics w\ld h be5 ?\ght to be adequately def9$ z ! sci5ce ( num]ical & quantitative relations1 & adequately di/+ui%$ f metaphysics by ! non-quantitative & non-num]ical "* ( ! latt]1 ?\gh x w\ld probably h be5 admitt$ t ! problem ( ! def9ition ( quantity & numb] !mselves is a metaphysical "o4 ,b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k su* an acc\nt seems d\bly unsatisfactory4 ,on ! "o h&1 we h to recognize ! exi/5ce ( bran*es ( ma!matics1 su* z ! s-call$ descriptive geometry1 :i* are nei!r quantitative nor num]ical1 &1 on ! o!r1 quantity z di/9ct f numb] appe>s to play no "p 9 ma!matical sci5ce1 :ile numb] itself1 ?anks to ! labors ( su* m5 z ,cantor & ,d$ek9d1 seems1 z ,i h said be=e1 to be kn[n n[ to be only a special type ( ord] 9 a s]ies4 ,?us !re appe>s to be gr\nd = reg>d+ s]ial ord] z ! fundam5tal category ( ma!matics1 & we are ?r[n back once m ^u ! difficult task ( decid+ h[ _m ultimately irr$ucible types ( ord] !re may be be=e we c und]take any precise discrim9ation betwe5 ma!matical & metaphysical sci5ce4 ,h[ev] we may reg>d ! problem1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t ! rec5t rese>*es ( ma!maticians into ! mean+ ( su* concepts z cont9uity & inf9ity h1 besides op5+ up new metaphysical problems1 done mu* to transfigure ! famili> ones1 z all read]s ( ,pr(essor ,royce mu/ be aw>e4 ,= in/ance ,i imag9e all ( u "h pres5t1 ev5 ! y\nge/1 7 br\ght up on ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e t !re is & c be no su* ?+ z an actually exi/+ inf9ite collection1 b :i* ( u w\ld c>e to def5d t "t-honor$ position to-day8 ,simil>ly ) cont9uity all ( u 7 probably once on a "t in/ruct$ t :]eas quantity is cont9u\s1 numb] is ess5tially discrete1 & is inde$ ! typical in/ance ( :at we mean by ! non-cont9u\s4 ,to-day we "k t x is 9 ! numb] s]ies t we h our "o c]ta9 & famili> in/ance ( a p]fect cont9uum4 ,/ill a ?ird illu/ration ( ! trans=m+ light :i* is ?r[n ^u old /&+ metaphysical puzzles by ! increas+ =mal developm5t ( ma!matics may be f\nd 9 ! difficulties att5dant ^u ! conception ( ! inf9itely little1 once reg>d$ z ! logical f\ndation ( ! s-call$ ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,) ! demon/ration1 :i* maybe f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,russell's important "w1 t inf9itesimal1 unlike inf9ite1 is a purely relative t]m1 & t !re are no inf9itesimal real numb]s1 ! suppos$ logical significance ( ! concept seems simply to disappe>4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d c\ld easily be multipli$ almo/ indef9itely1 b ^? already cit$ %\ld be suffici5t to %[ h[ important are ! metaphysical results :i* may be anticipat$ f contempor>y ma!matical rese>*1 & h[ grave a mi/ake x w\ld be to reg>d exi/+ metaphysical con/ruction1 e4 g41 t ( ! ,hegelian sy/em1 z adequate 9 pr9ciple to ! pres5t /ate ( our organiz$ k4 ,9 fact1 all ! mat]ials = a new ,kategori5lehre1 :i* may be to ! k ( our day :at ,hegel's ,logic 0 to t ( eighty ye>s ago1 appe> to lie ready to h& :5 x may please ,provid5ce to s5d u ! metaphysician :o kn[s h[ to avail himself ( !m4 ,! pro(1 giv5 s9ce ?is address 0 deliv]$1 by ,e4 ,z]melo1 t e assemblage c be well ord]$1 is an ev5 m />tl+ illu/ration ( ! rem>ks 9 ! text4 ,x rema9s to say some?+ ( ! relation ( metaphysical speculation to ! v>i\s sci5ces :i* make use ( empirical premises4 ,on ?is topic ,i maybe all[$ to be all ! m brief1 z ,i h q rec5tly express$ my views at fair l5g? 9 an ext5d$ treatise 7,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics1 ,bks4 #c & #d71 & h no?+ ( consequ5ce to add to :at has be5 !re said4 ,! empirical sci5ces1 z previ\sly def9$1 appe> to fall into two ma9 classes1 di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce :i* corresponds to t (t5 tak5 9 ! pa/ z ! crit]ion by :i* sci5ce is to be sep>at$ f philosophy4 ,we may /udy ! facts ( temporal sequ5ce ei!r ) a view to ! actual control ( future sequ5ces or ) a view to detect+ "u ! sequ5ce "s coh]5t purpose4 ,x is 9 ! =m] way t we deal ) facts 9 me*anics1 = in/ance1 or 9 *emi/ry1 9 ! latt] t we treat !m :5 we /udy hi/ory = ! purpose ( ga9+ insight into national aims & "*4 ,we may1 if we please1 ) ,pr(essor ,royce1 di/+ui% ! two attitudes t[>d fact z ! attitude respectively ( description & ( appreciation or evaluation4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! descriptive sci5ces1 ! position to :i*1 z ,i believe1 metaphysicians are m & m t5d+ is t "h metaphysics has1 /rictly speak+1 no "r at all to int]f]e4 ,j because ( ! abs5ce f metaphysics itself ( all empirical premises1 x c be no bus9ess ( ! metaphysician to det]m9e :at ! c\rse ( ev5ts w be or to prescribe to ! sci5ces :at me?ods & hypo!ses !y %all employ 9 ! "w ( su* det]m9ation4 ,)9 ^! sci5ces any & e hypo!sis is suffici5tly ju/ifi$1 :atev] its nature1 s long z x enables u m effici5tly ?an any o!r to p]=m ! actual task ( calculation & pr$iction4 ,& x 0 ow+ to neglect ( ?is caution t ! ,naturphilosophie ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury spe$ily fell into a disrepute fully m]it$ by its ignorant presumption4 ,z reg>ds ! physical sci5ces1 ! metaphysician has inde$ by ?is "t probably le>n$ 8 lesson4 ,we are n likely to-day to repeat ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t x is = u z metaphysicians to dictate :at %all be ! physici/'s or *emi/'s def9ition ( matt] or mass or elem5t>y sub/ance or en]gy1 or h[ he %all =mulate ! laws ( motion or ( *emical composition4 ,"h1 at any rate1 we c see t ! metaphysician's "w is done :5 8 analysis has made x cle> t we are deal+ ) no self-evid5t tru?s su* z ! laws ( numb]1 b ) inductive1 & !re=e problematic & provisional results ( empirical assumptions z to ! c\rse ( facts1 assumptions made n because ( _! inh]5t necessity1 b because ( _! practical utility = ! special task ( calculation4 ,x is only :5 su* empirical assumptions are treat$ z self-evid5t axioms1 9 fact :5 me*anical sci5ce gives itself out z a me*ani/ic philosophy1 t ! metaphysician obta9s a "r to speak1 & !n only = ! purpose ( %[+ by analysis t ! pres5ce ( ! empirical po/ulates :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! natural sci5ces ( itself excludes _! erection into a philosophy ( fir/ pr9ciples4 ,:at is important 9 ?is connection is t we %\ld recognize q cle>ly t psy*ology /&s 9 ?is respect on precisely ! same logical foot+ z physics or *emi/ry4 ,x is tempt+ to suppose t 9 psy*ology1 at any rate1 we are deal+ ?r\gh\t ) absolute c]ta9ties1 realities :i* consci\sness appreh5ds j z !y are )\t any ( t artificial selection & con/ruction :i*1 z we are beg9n+ to see1 is impos$ ^u ! /udy ( physical nature by ! limitations ( our purpose ( submitt+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts to calculation & manipulation4 ,& x is a natural consequ5ce ( ?is po9t ( view to inf] t s9ce psy*ology deals directly ) realities1 x mu/ be tak5 z ! f\ndation ( ! metaphysical con/ructions :i* aim at und]/&+ ! g5]al "* ( ! real z su*4 ,! consequ5ce1 inde$1 disappe>s at once if ! views ma9ta9$ 9 ?is address z to ! intimate relation ( metaphysics & logic1 & ! radical expulsion f logic ( all discussion ( m5tal processes z su*1 be admitt$4 ,b x is /ill important to note t ! premises f :i* ! conclusion 9 "q 0 drawn are !mselves false4 ,we mu/ nev] all[ ourselves to =get t1 z ! ev]-increas+ dom9ation ( psy*ology by ! highly artificial me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5t introduc$ by ,fe*n] & ,wundt is daily mak+ m app>5t1 psy*ology itself1 l physics1 deals n directly ) ! concrete realities ( individual exp]i5ce1 b ) an ab/ract select$ f t exp]i5ce1 or r a set ( artificial symbols only p>tially correspond+ ) ! realities symboliz$1 & devis$ = ! special object ( submitt+ ! realm ( m5tal sequ5ces to ma!matical calculation4 ,we might1 9 fact1 h bas$ ?is inf]5ce ^u ! s+le reflection t e psy*ological law is obta9$1 l physical laws1 by ! /ati/ical me?od ( elim9ation ( individual peculi>ities1 & ! tak+ ( an av]age f an ext5d$ s]ies ( measurem5ts4 ,= ?is v reason1 no psy*ological law c possibly describe ! unique realities ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,we h 9 psy*ology1 z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 ! duty ( suspect+ exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! s+le case & ! g5]al law to be ( itself pro( ( error some:]e 9 ! c\rse ( our computation4 ,^! views1 :i* ,i suppose ,i le>n$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley's pap] call$ ,a ,def5ce ( ,ph5om5alism 9 ,psy*ology1 may n[1 ,i ?9k1 be tak5 z f9ally e/abli%$ beyond d\bt by ! exhau/ive analysis ( ,pr(essor ,mn/]b]g's ,grundzge d] ,psy*ologie4 ,!y possess ! d\ble advantage ( free+ ! psy*ologi/ once = all f any int]f]5ce by ! metaphysician 9 ! prosecution ( 8 prop] /udy1 & deliv]+ metaphysics f ! dang] ( hav+ assumptions ^: sole ju/ification lies 9 _! utility = ! purpose ( /ati/ical computation ?ru/ ^u x z self-evid5t pr9ciples4 ,= _! full discussion ,i may p]haps be all[$ to ref] to ! fir/ ?ree *apt]s ( ! conclud+ book ( my ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics4 ,:5 we turn to ! sci5ces :i* aim at ! appreciation or evaluation ( empirical fact1 ! case seems r diff]5t4 ,x may fairly be reg>d$ z incumb5t on ! metaphysician to consid] h[ f> ! g5]al conception he has =m$ ( ! "* ( reality c be sub/antiat$ & fill$ 9 by our empirical k ( ! actual c\rse ( temporal sequ5ce4 ,& ?us ! way seems to lie op5 to ! con/ruction ( :at may fairly be call$ a ,philosophy ( ,nature & ,hi/ory4 ,= in/ance1 a metaphysician :o has rightly or wrongly conv9c$ himself t ! univ]se c only be coh]5tly conceiv$ z a society ( s\ls or wills may reasonably g on to ask :at views seem be/ 9 accord ) our k ( human "* & animal intellig5ce z to ! v>y+ degrees ( organiz$ intellig5ce manife/$ by ! memb]s ( su* a hi]>*y ( s\ls1 & ! nature & am\nt ( mutual int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 ,& aga91 he may fairly ask :at g5]al way ( conceiv+ :at we loosely call ! inanimate _w w\ld at once be true to fundam5tal metaphysical pr9ciples & free f disagreem5t ) ! actual /ate ( our physical hypo!ses4 ,only he w ne$ to be> 9 m9d t s9ce conclusions on ^! po9ts involve appeal to ! pres5t results ( ! inductive sci5ces1 & ?us to purely empirical po/ulates1 any views he may adopt mu/ ( necessity %>e 9 ! problematic & provisional "* ( ! empirical sci5ces !mselves1 & c h no claim to be reg>d$ z def9itely demon/rat$ 9 respect ( _! details4 ,i w "h only indicate v briefly two l9es ( inquiry to :i* ^! reflections appe> applicable4 ,! gr[? ( evolution>y sci5ce1 ) ! new light x has ?r[n ^u ! processes by :i* useful v>iations may be e/abli%$ )\t ! ne$ = presuppos+ consci\s prexi/+ design1 naturally gives rise to ! "q :e!r su* unconsci\s factors are ( !mselves suffici5t to acc\nt = ! actual c\rse ( developm5t s f> z x c be trac$1 or :e!r ! actual hi/ory ( ! _w (f]s in/ances ( results :i*1 s f> z we c see1 c only h issu$ f delib]ate design4 ,& ?us we seem ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ! problem ( ! pres5ce ( ends 9 ,nature z an intelligible & legitimate "o = ! philosophy ( ! future4 ,i w\ld only sugge/ t su* an inquiry mu/ be prosecut$ ?r\gh\t by ! same empirical me?ods1 & ) ! same consci\sness ( ! provisional "* ( any conclusions we may rea* :i* w\ld be recogniz$ z 9 place if we 7 call$ on to decide :e!r "s peculi> *>act]i/ic ( an animal gr\p or "s s+ul> social practice 9 a rec5tly discov]$ tribe does or does n indicate def9ite purpose on ! "p ( bre$]s or legislators4 ,! same rem>ks1 9 my op9ion1 apply to ! famili> problems ( ,natural ,!ology relative to ! exi/5ce & activity ( su* non-human intellig5ces z are commonly und]/ood by ! names ,god or gods4 ,hume & ,kant1 z x seems to me1 h def9itely %[n betwe5 !m t ! old-fa%ion$ attempts to demon/rate f self-evid5t pr9ciples ! exi/5ce ( a supreme p]sonal intellig5ce z a condition ( ! v be+ ( tru? all involve unavoidable logical p>alogisms4 ,i %\ld myself1 inde$1 be prep>$ to g fur!r1 & to say t ! conception ( a s+le p]sonality z ! gr\nd ( tru? & reality c be demon/rat$ to involve contradiction1 b ?is ,i "k is a "q ^u :i* "s philosoph]s = :om ,i ent]ta9 ! pr(\nde/ respect hold a contr>y op9ion4 ,! m mode/ "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! actual c\rse ( human hi/ory af=ds probable gr\nd = believ+ 9 ! activity ( "o or m non-human p]sonalities z ag5ts 9 ! developm5t ( our species ,i _c b ?9k a p]fectly prop] subject = empirical inve/igation1 if only x be borne 9 m9d t any conclusion ^u su* a po9t is inevitably affect$ by ! provisional "* ( our in=mation z to empirical facts !mselves1 & c claim 9 consequ5ce no?+ m ?an a c]ta9 grade ( probability4 ,) ?is proviso1 ,i _c b reg>d ! "q z to ! exi/5ce ( a ,god or ( gods z "o ^u :i* we may reasonably hope = great] c]ta9ty z our k ( ! empirical facts ( ! _w's hi/ory increases4 ,& ,i %\ld be incl9$ only to object to any attempt to =eclose exam9ation by =c+ a conclusion ei!r 9 ! !i/ic or 9 ! a!i/ic s5se on alleg$ gr\nds ( a priori metaphysics4 ,9 a ^w1 ,i w\ld ma9ta9 n only ) ,kant t ! physico-!ological argum5t is specially des]v+ ( our reg>d1 b ) ,boole t x is ) x t ,natural ,!ology mu/ /& or fall4 ,,note ,,on ,,ext5sion ,,& ,,int5sion ,,( ,,t]ms ,among ! num]\s difficulties :i* beset ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts ( =mal logic to beg9n]s1 "o ( ! e>lie/ is t ( decid+ :e!r all names %all be consid]$ to h mean+ bo? 9 ext5sion & int5sion4 ,z we all "k1 ! problem arises 9 connection ) two classes ( names1 7#a7 prop] names ( individuals1 7#b7 ab/ract t]ms4 ,i %\ld l to indicate :at seems to me ! true solution ( ! difficulty1 ?\gh ,i d n rememb] to h se5 x advocat$ any:]e 9 j ! =m ,i %\ld pref]4 7#a7 ,z to prop] names4 ,x seems cle> t ^? :o reg>d ! true prop] "n z a mean+less label are ne>] ! tru? ?an ^? :o ass]t ) ,jevons t a prop] "n has = its int5sion all ! pr$icates :i* c be truly ascrib$ to ! object nam$4 ,z has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 x is a suffici5t pro( t1 = example1 ,john does n mean a human be+ ( ! male sex1 to note t he :o names 8 daught]1 8 dog1 or 8 canoe ,john1 makes no false ass]tion1 ?\gh he may commit a solecism4 ,s f> ! foll[]s ( ,mill seem to h a satisfactory answ] to ,jevons1 :5 !y say1 = example1 t he confuses ! int5sion ( a t]m ) its accid5tal or acquir$ associations4 7,s1 aga91 we c see t ,socrates _c mean ! wise/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 by consid]+ t ,i may p]fectly well und]/& ! /atem5t !re goes ,socrates )\t be+ aw>e t ,socrates is wise or a ,greek or a philosoph]47 ,& if we object$ t no prop] "n actually 9 use is ev] )\t "s associations :i* 9 "p det]m9e its mean+ by re/rict+ its applicability1 x w\ld be a valid rejo9d] t 9 pure logic we h to consid] n ! actual usages ( language1 b ^? t w\ld prevail 9 an ideal language purg$ ( all elem5ts ( irrelevancy4 ,9 su* an ideal sci5tific language1 x might be said1 ! prop] "n w\ld be r$uc$ to ! level ( a m]e m>k s]viceable = id5tification1 b convey+ no implication :atev] z to ! special nature ( ! ?+ id5tifi$4 ,?us x w\ld be indiff]5t :at m>k we atta* to any p>ticul> individual1 j z 9 ma!matics x is indiff]5t :at alphabetical symbol we appropriate to /& = a giv5 class or numb]4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ev5 9 su* an ideal sci5tific language ! prop] "n w\ld h a c]ta9 int5sion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! use ( prop] "n seems to in=m u t ! ?+ nam$ is n unique1 is n ! only memb] ( a class4 ,to a mono!i/1 = in/ance1 ! "n ,god is no true prop] "n1 nor c he consi/5tly give a prop] "n to 8 ,deity4 ,x is only :]e "o memb] ( a class has to be di/+ui%$ f o!rs t ! be/[al ( a prop] "n has a mean+4 ,&1 fur!r1 to give a ?+ a prop] "n seems to imply t ! ?+ is itself n a class4 ,9 logic we h1 ( c\rse1 occasion to =m ! concept ( classes :i* h o!r classes = _! individual memb]s4 ,b ! classes :i* compose su* classes ( classes c\ld n !mselves be id5tifi$ by means ( prop] names4 ,?us ! employm5t ( a prop] "n seems to indicate t ! ?+ nam$ is n ! only memb] ( its class1 & fur!r t x is n itself a class ( individuals4 ,beyond ?is x seems to be a m]e "q ( l+ui/ic conv5tion :at in=mation ! use ( a prop] "n %all convey4 ,h5ce x ought to be said1 n t ! prop] "n has no int5sion1 b t x repres5ts a limit+ case 9 :i* int5sion is at a m9imum4 7#b7 ,z to ab/ract t]ms4 ,ought we to say1 ) s _m ,engli% =mal logicians1 t an ab/ract t]m is always s+ul> & non-int5sional8 ,! case = ass]t+ t su* t]ms are all s+ul>1 ,i own1 seems unansw]able4 ,= x is cle> t if ! "n ( an attribute or relation is equally ! "n ( ano!r attribute or relation1 x is ambigu\s & ?us n prop]ly "o t]m at all4 ,to say1 = example1 t :it5ess means two or m di/9ct qualities seems to am\nt to say+ t x has no "o def9ite mean+4 ,( c\rse1 x is true t milk is :ite1 pap] is :ite1 & sn[ is :ite1 & yet ! color-tones ( ! ?ree are di/9ct4 ,b :at we ass]t "h is1 n t !re are diff]5t :it5esses1 b only t !re are diff]5t degrees ( approximation to a s+le ideal /&>d or type ( :it5ess4 ,x is j because ! :it5ess we h 9 view is "o & n _m t we c intelligibly ass]t1 = example1 t newly fall5 sn[ is :it] ?an any pap]4 ,all ! in/ances produc$ by ,mill to %[ t ab/ract t]ms may be g5]al seem to me ei!r to involve confusion betwe5 diff]5ce ( k9d & diff]5ce 9 degree ( approximation to type1 or else to dep5d ^u treat+ z ab/ract a t]m :i* is really concrete4 ,?us :5 we say r$1 blue1 gre51 are diff]5t k9ds ( color1 surely :at we mean is diff]5t k9ds ( color$ surface4 ,qu color$1 !y are n diff]5t2 ,i mean j z mu* & no m :5 ,i say a r$ ?+ is color$1 or has color1 z :5 ,i say a gre5 ?+ is color$4 ,if ,mill 7 "r1 ! proposition r$ is a color ought to mean exactly ! same z r$ is r$4 ,or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 x w\ld become impossible to =m 9 ?\ght any concept ( a s+le class ( color$ ?+s4 ,b ne$ we inf] because ab/ract t]ms are s+ul> t !re=e !y h no int5sion & are m]e mean+less m>ks8 ,commonly z ?is inf]5ce is made1 x seems to me cle>ly mi/ak54 ,x seems1 9 fact1 to re/ ^u ! vague & ill-def9$ pr9ciple t an attribute c h no attributes ( its own4 ,t x is false is %[n1 ,i ?9k1 by ! simple reflection t sci5tific def9itions are "o & all /atem5ts z to ! mean+ ( ab/ract names ( attributes & relations4 ,= example1 ! def9ition ( a circle is a /atem5t z to ! mean+ ( circul>ity1 ! legal def9ition ( responsible p]sons a /atem5t z to ! mean+ ( ! ab/raction responsibility1 & s on4 7,we only evade ! po9t if we argue t ab/ract t]ms :5 us$ z ! subjects ( propositions are really be+ employ$ concretely4 ,= cruelty is odi\s1 = in/ance1 does n m]ely mean t cruel acts are odi\s acts1 b t !y are odi\s because !y are cruel47 ,9 fact1 ! doctr9e t ab/ract t]ms h no int5sion w\ld seem1 if ?\ght out1 to lead to ! view t !re are only classes ( individuals1 b no classes ( classes4 ,?us to say cruel acts are odi\s because cruel implies1 n only t ,i c =m ! concept ( a class ( cruel acts1 b also t ( classes ( odi\s acts ( :i* ! class ( cruel acts 9 its turn is a memb]4 ,& to admit z mu* z ?is is to admit t ! class ( cruel acts1 consid]$ z a memb] ( ! class ( odi\s acts1 %>es ! common pr$icate ( odi\sness ) ! o!r classes ( acts compos+ ! high] class4 ,h5ce ! true acc\nt ( ab/ract t]ms seems to me to be t we h 9 !m ano!r limit+ case1 a case 9 :i* ! ext5sion & ! int5sion are co9cid5t4 ,incid5tally1 by illu/rat+ ! ambiguity ( ! pr9ciple t attributes h no attributes ( _! own1 our discussion seems to indicate ! advantage ( tak+ ! purely ext5sional view is oppos$ to ! pr$icative view ( ! import ( propositions z ! basis ( an elem5t>y treatm5t ( logical doctr9e4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,problems ,,( ,,metaphysics ,,by ,,alex&] ,t4 ,,ormond ,alex&] ,?omas ,ormond1 ,mc,cosh ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 s9ce #ahig4 b4 #ahdg1 ,punxsutawney1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,m5tal ,sci5ce ,fell[1 ,pr9ceton1 #ahgg-gh2 ,po/-grad4 ,bonn & ,b]l91 #ahhd-he2 ,ph4,d4 ,pr9ceton1 #ahhj2 ,a4,b4 ibid4 #ahgg2 ,,ll4,d4 ,miami1 #ahii4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 #ahhj-hc2 ,pr(essor ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce & ,logic1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 #ahhc-ig4 ,memb] ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,i ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,"q ,! liv+ problems ( any sci5ce arise out ( two s\rces3 7#a7 out ( :at m5 may ?9k ( x1 9 view ( its nature & claims1 & 7#b7 ! problems t at any p]iod are vital to x1 & 9 ! solution ( :i* x realizes ! purpose ( its exi/5ce4 ,n[ if we di/+ui% ! body ( ! sci5ces :i* deal ) aspects ( ! _w's ph5om5a--& "h ,i w\ld include bo? ! psy*ic & ! physical--f metaphysics1 :i* pr(esses to g beh9d ! ph5om5on & det]m9e ! _w 9 t]ms ( its inn]1 &1 !re=e1 ultimate reality1 x may be truly said ( ! body ( ! sci5ces t !y are 9 a position to disreg>d 9 a great measure que/ions t arise out ( ! fir/ s\rce1 inasmu* z ! data f :i* !y make _! dep>ture are obvi\s to common obs]vation4 ,our _w is all ar\nd u1 & its ph5om5a ei!r press ^u u or are pat5t to our obs]vation4 ,ly+ ?us )9 ! field ( obs]vation1 x does n occur to ! av]age m9d to "q ei!r ! legitimacy or ! possibility ( t ef=t ( reflection :i* is devot$ to _! inve/igation & int]pretation4 ,metaphysics1 h[ev]1 enjoys no su* immunity z ?is1 b its claims are liable to be met ) skepticism or d5ial at ! outset1 & ?is is due p>tly to ! nature ( its initial claims1 & p>tly to ! fact t its real data are less op5 to obs]vation ?an are ^? ( ! sci5ces4 ,i say p>tly to ! nature ( ! initial claims ( metaphysics1 = x is *>act]i/ic ( metaphysics t x refuses to reg>d ! di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5a & gr\nd or inn] nature1 on :i* ! sci5ces re/1 z f9al1 & is committ$ f ! outset to ! claim t ! real is 9 its inn] nature "o & to be int]pret$ 9 ! light (1 or 9 t]ms (1 its inn] unity2 :]eas1 sci5ce has s indoctr9at$ ! mod]n m9d ) ! supposition t only ! out] movem5ts ( ?+s are op5 to k1 :ile _! inn] & real nature mu/ =ev] rema9 inaccessible to our p[]s2 ,i say t ! mod]n m9d has be5 s imbu$ ) ?is pret5sion z to h almo/ completely =gott5 ! fact t ! di/9ction ( ph5om5on & gr\nd is "o ( sci5ce's own mak+4 ,nei!r ! pla9 man nor ! cultur$ man1 if he happ5s n to be t9ctur$ ) sci5ce1 f9ds 8 _w a duality4 ,! ?+s he deals ) are ! realities1 & x is only :5 8 nave realism beg9s to break d[n be=e ! complex dem&s ( 8 gr[+ life1 t ! ?\ght occurs to him t 8 _w may be m complex ?an he has dream$4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! di/9ction ( our _w into ph5om5a & gr\nd1 on :i* sci5ce s l>gely re/s1 is a fir/ product ( reflection1 & n a fact ( obs]vation at all4 ,if ?is be ! case1 x may be possible & ev5 necess>y = reflection at "s /age to transc5d ?is di/9ction4 ,at lea/1 !re c be no reason except an arbitr>y "o = tak+ ?is fir/ /ep ( reflection to be a f9ality4 ,& !re w\ld be ! same ju/ification = a second /ep t w\ld transc5d ?is dualism1 z = ! initial /ep out ( :i* ! di/9ction arose2 provid$1 x %\ld be f\nd t ! initial di/9ction does n supply an adequate basis = a rational int]pretation ( ! _w t c be tak5 z f9al4 ,n[1 x is precisely because ! duali/ic di/9ction ( ! sci5ces does fail 9 ?is reg>d1 t a fur!r dem& = a reflective trans=mation ( ! data arises4 ,let u be> 9 m9d t ! data ( ! sci5ces are n ! simple facts ( obs]vation1 b r ^? facts trans=m$ by an act ( reflection by virtue ( :i* !y become ph5om5a di/+ui%$ f a m fundam5tal nature on :i* !y dep5d & :i* itself is n op5 to obs]vation4 ,! real data ( sci5ce are f\nd only :5 ! _w ( obs]vation has be5 ?us trans=m$ by an act ( reflection4 ,if !n at "s /age 9 our ef=t to int]pret our _w x %\ld become cle> t ! sci5ces ( ph5om5a1 :atev] value _! results may possess1 are n giv+ u an int]pretation 9 t]ms t c be tak5 z f9al1 & t 9 ord] to gr\nd su* an int]pretation a fur!r trans=mation ( our data becomes necess>y1 ,i d n see :y any ( ! sci5ces %\ld feel t !y h cause to demur4 ,9 tru?1 x is out ( j su* a situation z ?is t ! metaphysical int]pretation arises 7z ,i propose v briefly "h to %[71 a situation t supplies a g5u9e dem& 9 ! light ( :i* ! ef=t ( metaphysics to und]/& its _w seems to possess z high a claim to legitimacy z t ( ! sci5ces ( ph5om5a4 ,let u take our /& ) ! pla9 man or ! *ild1 )9 ! _w ( unmodifi$ obs]vation4 ,! ?+s ( obs]vation1 9 ?is _w1 are ! realities1 & at fir/ we may suppose h und]gone little reflective trans=mation4 ,! fir/ reflective ef=t to *ange ?is _w 9 any way w1 no d\bt1 be an ef=t to numb] or c\nt ! ?+s t pres5t !mselves to obs]vation1 & out ( ?is ef=t w arise ! trans=mation ( ! _w t results f consid]+ x "u ! concepts & categories ( numb]4 ,9 %ort1 to ma!matical reflection ( ?is simple sort1 ! ?+s ( obs]vation w resolve !mselves into a plurality ( c\ntable ?+s1 :i* ! numb]+ reflection becom+ explicit 9 its ord9al & c>d9al mom5ts w translate into a sy/em t w be reg>d$ z a :ole made up ( ! sum ( its p>ts4 ,! v fir/ /ep1 !n1 9 ! reflective trans=mation ( ?+s resolves !m into a dual sy/em1 ! _w conceiv$ z a c>d9al :ole t is made up ( its ord9al p>ts1 & exactly equal to !m4 ,?is ma!matical conception is moreov] purely quantitative2 involv+ ! exact & /able equival5ce ( its p>ts or units & t ( ! sum ( ! p>ts ) ! :ole4 ,n[ x is ) ?is purely quantitative trans=mation t ma!matics & ! ma!matical sci5ces beg94 ,we may ask1 !n1 :y %\ld !re be any o!r ?an ma!matical sci5ce1#a & :at gr\nd c non-ma!matical sci5ce po9t to z sub/antiat+ its claims8 ,i confess ,i c see no o!r f9al reason ?an ?is1 t ma!matical sci5ce does n meet ! :ole dem& we feel oblig$ to make on our _w4 ,if ma!matics 7 ask$ to v9dicate itself1 x no d\bt w\ld d s by claim+ t ?+s pres5t quantitative aspects on :i* x f\nds its proc$ure4 ,9 l mann] non-ma!matical1 or1 z we may call x1 physical or natural sci5ce1 w seek to sub/antiate its claims by po9t+ to c]ta9 ultra-quantitative or qualitative aspects ( ?+s4 ,x is true t1 s f> z ?+s are m]ely num]able1 !y are purely quantitative2 b ma!matics ab/racts f ! cont5t & "* ( its units & aggregates1 :i* may & d *ange1 s t a relation ( /able equival5ce is n ma9ta9$ among !m4 ,9 fact1 ! basis ( ^! sci5ces is f\nd 9 ! t5d5cy ( ?+s to be always *ang+ & becom+ diff]5t f :at !y 7 be=e4 ,! problem ( ^! sci5ces is h[ to gr\nd a rational s*eme ( k 9 connection ) a fickle _w l t ( qualitative *ange4 ,x is "h t reflection f9ds its problem1 & notic+ t ! t5d5cy ( ?is _w ( *ange is = a to pass into b & ?us to lose its own id5tity1 ! act ( reflection t rationalizes ! situation is "o t connects a & b by relat+ !m to a common gr\nd x ( :i* !y /& z successive manife/ations or symbols4 ,x ?us supplies ! ?read ( id5tity t b9ds ! two *anges a & b into a relation to :i* ! "n causation may be appli$4 ,& j z quantitative equival5ce is ! pr9ciple ( relation%ip among ! p>ts ( ! simple ma!matical _w1 s "h 9 ! _w ( ! dynamic or natural sci5ces1 ! pr9ciple ( relation is natural causation4#b ,we f9d1 !n1 t ! non-ma!matical sci5ces re/ on a basis t is con/itut$ by a second act ( reflection2 "o t translates our _w into a sy/em ( ph5om5a causally int]-relat$ & connect$ ) _! und]ly+ gr\nds4 ,footnote #a3 ,i d n raise ! "q ( qualitative ma!matics at all4 ,x is cle> t ! fir/ ma!matical reflection w be quantitative4 ,footnote #b3 ,by natural causation ,i mean su* a relation%ip betwe5 a & b 9 a ph5om5al sy/em z enables a ?r\gh its connection ) its gr\nd to det]m9e b4 ,we h n[ rea*$ a po9t :]e x w be possible 9 a few s5t5ces to indicate ! rise ( ! metaphysical reflection & ! gr\nd on :i* x re/s4 ,if we consid] bo? ! ma!matical & ! physical ways ( look+ at ?+s1 we w f9d t !y possess ?is feature 9 common1--!y are purely ext]nal1 hav+ no?+ to say respect+ ! inn] &1 !re=e1 real nature ( ! ?+s ) :i* !y deal4 ,or1 if we conc$e ! late/ claims ( "s ( ! physical speculators & agree t ! aim ( physics is an ultimate physical explanation ( reality1 x w /ill be true t ! :ole /&po9t ( ?is explanation w be ext]nal4 ,let me expla9 briefly :at ,i mean sub/antially by ! t]m ext]nal z ,i use x "h4 ,e int]pretation ( a _w is a function ( "s kn[+ consci\sness1 & consequ5tly ( "s kn[+ self4 ,?is is too obvi\s to ne$ pro(4 ,a sy/em w be ext]nal to su* a kn[] j to ! ext5t t ! kn[] f9ds x dom9at$ & det]m9$ by categories t are diff]5t f ^? ( its own det]m9ation4 ,a _w physically int]pret$ is "o t is br\ght completely "u ! rubrics ( physics & ma!matics2 ^: movem5ts yield !mselves completely1 !re=e1 to a me*anical calculus t gives rise to purely descriptive =mul2 or to ! control ( a dynamic pr9ciple2 t ( natural causation1 by virtue ( :i* ev]y?+ is det]m9$ )\t ?\ght ( its own1 by ! impulse ( ano!r1 :i* impulse itself is n directly traceable to any ?\ght or purpose4 ,n[1 ! occasion = ! metaphysical reflection arises :5 ?is situation t br+s u face to face1 )1 nay1 makes u "p & p>cel (1 an ali5 sy/em ( ?+s1 becomes intol]able1 & ! kn[] beg9s to dem& a clos] k9%ip ) 8 _w4 ,! kn[] f9ds ! categories ( 8 own c5tral & *>act]i/ic activity 9 exp]i5ce4 ,"h he is consci\s ( be+ an ag5t go+ out 9 =ms ( activity = ! realization ( 8 _w4 ,! det]m9+ categories ( ! activity he is mo/ fully consci\s (1 are int]e/1 idea1 prevision1 purpose1 & t selective activity :i* goes to its t]m9ation 9 "s a*iev$ end4 ,! metaphysical int]pretation arises out ( ! dem& t ! _w %all be br\ght into bonds ( k9%ip ) ! kn[]4 ,& ?is is effect$ by g5]aliz+ ! categories ( consci\sness & apply+ !m z pr9ciples ( int]pretation to ! _w4 ,! act ( reflection on :i* ! metaphysical int]pretation proce$s is "o1 !n1 9 :i* ! _w ( sci5ce is fur!r trans=m$ by br++ ! inn] nature ( ?+s out ( its isolation & translat+ ! _w-movem5ts into process ! t]ms ( :i* are no long] ph5om5a & hidd5 gr\nd1 b r inception & realization1 or1 m specifically1 ,idea & ,reality4 ,& ! po9t to be not$ "h is ! fact t ^! metaphysical categories are l$ up to positivity by an act ( reflection t has = its guid+ aim an int]pretation ( ! _w t w be m ultimately satisfactory to ! kn[] ?an t ( ! physical or natural sci5ces2 :ile negatively1 x is l$ up to by ! refusal ( ! kn[+ consci\sness to re/ 9 a _w ali5 to its own nature & 9 :i* x is subord9at$ to ! physical & made a m]e epiph5om5on4 ,,ii ,,que/ions ,,( ,,po9t ,,( ,,view1 ,,pr9ciple ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,metaphysics ,x is cle> f :at has be5 said t ! metaphysical int]pretation proce$s on a presupposition radically diff]5t f t ( ma!matical & physical sci5ce4 ,! presumption ( ^! sci5ces is t ! _w is physical1 t ! physical categories supply ! norms ( reality1 & t consci\sness & ! psy*ic1 9 g5]al1 are subord9ate & ph5om5al to ! physical4 ,on ! contr>y1 metaphysics arises out ( a revolt f ^! presumptions t[>d ! opposite presumption1 namely1 t consci\sness itself is ! great reality1 & t ! norms ( an ultimate int]pretation ( ?+s are to be s\ght 9 its categories4 ,?is is ! great trans=mation t conditions ! possibility & value ( all metaphysics4 ,x is ! ,cop]nican revolution :i* ! m9d mu/ pass ?r\gh1 a revolution 9 :i* matt] & ! physical _w yields ! primacy to m9d2 a revolution 9 :i* consci\sness becomes c5tral1 its categories & analogies supply+ ! pr9ciples ( f9al _w-int]pretation4 ,let u consid] !n1 9 ! light ( ?is great ,cop]nican revolution1 ! que/ions ( ! po9t ( view1 pr9ciple1 & me?od ( metaphysics4 ,& "h ! utmo/ brevity mu/ be obs]v$4 ,if consci\sness be ! great reality1 !n its own c5tral activity1 t ef=t by :i* x realizes its _w1 w det]m9e = u ! po9t ( view or dep>ture ( :i* we are 9 que/4 ,?is w be inn] r ?an out]2 x w be motiv$ by int]e/1 w %ape itself into int]e/-direct$ ef=t4 ,?is ef=t w be cognitive2 dom9at$ by an idea :i* w be an anticipation ( ! goal ( ! ef=t4 ,x w1 !re=e1 become directive1 selective1 & w /& z ! end or aim ( ! complet$ ef=t4 ,! :ole movem5t w ?us take ! =m1 g5etically1 ( a develop+ purpose in=m$ by an idea1 or teleologically1 ( a purpose go+ on to its fulfillm5t 9 "s aim :i* is also its motive4 ,n[1 metaphysics det]m9es its po9t ( view 9 ! foll[+ reason+3 if 9 consci\sness we f9d ! type ( ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 !n ! po9t ( view = ! int]pretation ( ?is inn] nature w be to seek by g5]aliz+ ! /&po9t ( consci\sly det]m9$ ef=t & ass]t+ t ?is is ! true po9t ( view f :i* ! mean+ ( ! _w is to be s\ght4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! metaphysical po9t ( view1 ! next "q ( vital importance is t ( its pr9ciple4 ,& we may cut matt]s %ort "h by say+ at once t ! pr9ciple we are seek+ is t ( suffici5t reason1 & we may say t a reason w be suffici5t :5 x adequately expresses ! _w-view or concept "u :i* an inve/igation is be+ prosecut$4 ,let u suppose t ?is _w-view is t ( simple ma!matics1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason "h w be t ( quantitative equival5ce ( p>ts2 or1 f ! /&po9t ( ! :ole1 t ( inf9ite divisibility4 ,:]eas1 if we take ! _w ( ! ultra-ma!matical sci5ce1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! notion ( ph5om5a dep5d+ on und]ly+ gr\nd1 we w f9d t ! suffici5t reason 9 ?is sph]e takes ! =m ( adequate cause or condition4 ,! det]m9+ condition or causes ( any physical ph5om5on supply1 f t po9t ( view1 ! ratio suffici5s ( its exi/5ce4 ,we h se5 t ! suffici5cy ( a reason 9 ! above cases has be5 det]m9$ 9 view ( t notion :i* def9es ! k9d ( _w ! inve/igation is deal+ )4 ,let u apply ?is insight to ! problem ( ! pr9ciple ( metaphysics1 & we w soon conclude t no reason c be metaphysically suffici5t t does n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a _w conceiv$ "u ! notion ( inception & realization2 or1 m specifically1 idea & reality4 ,9 %ort1 ! reason ( metaphysics w refuse to reg>d its _w z a me*anism t is devoid ( ?\ght & int5tion2 t lacks1 9 %ort1 ! motives ( int]nal det]m9ation & movem5t1 & w 9 all cases insi/ t an explanation or int]pretation c be metaphysically adequate only :5 its ultimate ref]5ce is to an idea t is 9 ! process ( purposive fulfillm5t4 ,su* an explanation we call teleological or rational1 r ?an m]ely me*anical1 & su* a pr9ciple is alone adequate to embody ! ratio suffici5s ( metaphysics4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! po9t ( view & pr9ciple ( metaphysics1 ! "q ( metaphysical me?od w be dive/$ ( "s ( its greate/ difficulties4 ,x w be cle> to any "o :o reflects t ! v fir/ problem 9 reg>d to ! me?od ( metaphysics w be t ( its />t+-po9t & ! k9d ( results x is to look =4 ,& little c be accompli%$ "h until x has be5 settl$ t consci\sness is to h ! primacy1 & t its pr]ogative is to supply bo? /&po9t & pr9ciple ( ! inve/igation4 ,we h gone a long way t[>d ma/]+ our me?od :5 we h settl$ ^! po9ts3 7#a7 t ! metaphysical _w is a _w ( consci\sness2 7#b7 t ! consci\s =m ( ef=t r ?an ! me*anical is ! species ( activity or movem5t ) :i* we h to deal2 &1 7#c7 t ! _w x is seek+ to int]pret is ultimately "o ( idea & reality 9 :i* ! processes take ! purposive =m4 ,9 view ( ?is1 ! important /eps ( me?od 7& we use ! t]m me?od "h 9 ! mo/ fundam5tal s5se7 w be 7#a7 ! "q ( ! =m ( metaphysical activity or ag5cy z contra/$ ) t ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,?is may be br\ght out 9 ! contra/ ( ! two t]ms f9ality & m]e effici5cy1 9 :i* by m]e effici5cy is meant an ag5cy t is presum$ to be ?\ghtless & purposeless1 & consequ5tly )\t =esight4 ,all ?is is embodi$ 9 ! t]m =ce or physical en]gy1 & less explicitly 9 t ( natural causation4 ,contra/$ ) ?is1 f9ality is a t]m t involves ! =w>d impulse ( idea1 prevision1 & purpose4 ,any?+ t is capable ( any sort ( =eta/e has 9 x a pr9ciple ( prevision1 selection1 *oice1 & purpose4 ,! impulse t motives & runs x1 t also /&s out z ! end ( its fulfillm5t1 is a =eta/e1 an ,ahnung1 an anticipation1 & ! :ole process or movem5t1 z well z e "p ( x1 w take on ?is "*4 7#b7 ,! second "q ( me?od w be t ( ! nature ( ?is category ( :i* f9ality is ! =m4 ,:at is its cont5t1 pure idea or pure w1 or a syn!sis t includes bo?8 ,we h "h ! ?ree alt]natives ( pure rationalism1 volunt>ism1 & a doctr9e h>d to *>act]ize 9 a s+le ^w2 t re/s on a syn!sis ( ! norms ( bo? rationalism & volunt>ism4 ,)\t debat+ ^! alt]natives1 ,i propose "h briefly to *>act]ize ! syn!tic concept z supply+ :at ,i conceive to be ! mo/ satisfactory doctr9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( pure rationalism is "o ( insight b is lack+ 9 practical en]gy1 :]eas1 t ( volunt>ism supplies practical en]gy1 b is lack+ 9 insight4 ,pure volunt>ism is bl9d1 :ile pure rationalism is p[]less4 ,b ! syn!sis ( idea & w1 provid$ we g a /ep fur!r 7z ,i ?9k we mu/7 & presuppose also a g]m ( feel+ z int]e/1 supplies bo? insight & en]gy4 ,s t ! spr+ out ( :i* our _w is to arise may be describ$ z ei!r ! idea in=m$ ) purposive en]gy1 or purpose or w in=m$ & guid$ by ! idea4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :i* =m ( conception we use4 ,9 ei!r case if we include feel+ z int]e/ we are able to conceive movem5ts orig9at+ 9 "s species ( appreh5sion1 tak+ ! dynamic =m ( purpose1 & motiv$ & select$1 s to speak1 by int]e/2 & 9 describ+ su* activity we are simply describ+ ^! normal movem5ts ( consci\sness ) :i* our exp]i5ce makes u mo/ famili>4 7#c7 ,! ?ird "q ( me?od involves ! relation or correlation ( ! metaphysical int]pretation ) t ( ! natural or physical sci5ce4 ,two po9ts are fundam5tal "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is ! same _w ) :i* ! pla9 man1 ! man ( sci5ce1 & ! metaphysician are conc]n$4 ,we _c p>tition (f ! ext]nal _w to ! pla9 man1 ! atoms & e!rs to ! man ( sci5ce1 leav+ ! metaphysician 9 exclusive & solit>y possession ( ! _w ( consci\sness4 ,x is ! same _w = all4 ,! metaphysician _c %ift ! physical _w1 ) its oceans & iceb]gs1 its va/ planet>y sy/ems & milky ways1 on to ! %\ld]s ( ! physici/4 ,?is is ! metaphysician's own recalcitrant _w1 :i* w d\btless task all 8 res\rces to expla94 ,9 ! second place1 ?\gh x is ! same _w t is clamor+ = int]pretation1 x is a _w t passes ?r\gh successive trans=mations1 9 ord] to adapt itself to progressive modes ( int]pretation4 ,! pla9 man is call$ to pass ?r\gh a species ( ,cop]nican revolution t subord9ates ! ph5om5on to its gr\nd1 be=e he c become a man ( sci5ce4 ,9 turn1 ! man ( sci5ce mu/ g ?r\gh ! ,cop]nican process1 & le>n to subord9ate 8 atoms & e!rs to consci\sness be=e he c become a metaphysician4 ,& x is ?is trans=mation t m>ks "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal /eps 9 ! me?od ( metaphysics4 ,! _w mu/ exp]i5ce ?is trans=mation1 & x mu/ become habitual to ! ?9k] to subord9ate ! physical to ! m5tal be=e ! metaphysical po9t ( view c be o!r ?an =eign to him4 ,if1 !n1 x be ! same cont5t ) :i* ! sci5ces & metaphysics are call$ on to deal1 x is cle> t we h on our h&s ano!r problem on ! answ] to :i* ! fate ( metaphysics vitally dep5ds2 ! "q ( ! correlation ( its me?od ) t ( ! sci5ces s t x may /& v9dicat$ z ! f9al int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,,iii ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,correlation ,,( ,,metaphysics ,,) ,,! ,,sci5ces ,we h rea*$ two conclusions t are vital "h3 7#a7 t ! metaphysical way ( look+ at ! _w involves a trans=mation ( ! _w ( physical sci5ce2 7#b7 t x is ! same _w t lies op5 to bo? sci5ce & metaphysics4 ,out ( ?is arises ! problem ( ! correlation ( ! two views2 ! two int]pretations ( ! _w4 ,if sci5ce be "r 9 conceiv+ ! _w "u su* categories z quantity & natural causation2 if sci5ce be "r 9 seek+ a me*anical explanation ( ph5om5a 7t is1 "o t excludes prevision1 purpose1 & aim72 & if metaphysics be "r 9 refus+ to accept ?is explanation z f9al & 9 insi/+ t ! pr9ciple ( ultimate int]pretation is teleological1 t x falls "u ! categories ( prevision1 purpose1 & aim2 !n x is cle> t ! problem ( correlation is on our h&s4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is problem1 x w be conv5i5t to sep>ate x into two que/ions3 7#a7 t ( ! fact2 7#b7 t ( its rationale4 ,! fact ( ! correlation is a ?+ ( common exp]i5ce4 ,we h b to consid] ! way 9 :i* ?is ,congress ( ,sci5ce has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ord] to h an exhibition ( ! me?od ( correlation4 ,orig9at+ fir/ 9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght & purpose1 ! design has be5 actualiz$ ?r\gh ! op]ation ( me*anical ag5cies :i* x has someh[ contribut$ to lib]ate4 ,on ! scale ( individual exp]i5ce we h ! classic in/ance ( ! arm mov+ ?r\gh space 9 ob$i5ce to a hidd5 w4 ,!re c be no "q z to ! fact & ! great difficulty ( metaphysics does n arise 9 ! task ( g5]aliz+ ! fact & conceiv+ ! _w z a sy/em ( ?\ght-purposes work+ out into =ms ( ! actual ?r\gh me*anical ag5cies4 ,?is g5]alization someh[ lies at ! f\ndation ( all metaphysical fai?1 &1 ?is be+ ! case1 ! real task "h1 aside f ! pr(\nd] "q ( ! rationale1 is t ( exhibit+ ! actual po9ts ( correlation2 ^? po9ts 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! sci5ces f physics to e?ics & religion1 at :i* ! la/ category or result ( sci5ce is f\nd to hold z its imm$iate implication "s fir/ t]m ( ! m ultimate con/ruction ( metaphysics4 ,! work+ out ( ?is task is ( ! utmo/ importance1 inasmu* z x makes cle> to bo? ! man ( sci5ce & ! metaphysician ! intr9sic necessity ( ! correlation4 ,x is a task analog\s to ! ,kantian d$uction ( ! categories4 ,,iv ,,que/ions ,,( ,,! ,,ultimate ,,nature ,,( ,,reality ,we come1 !n1 to ! "q ( ! rationale ( ?is correlation1 & x is cle> "h t we are deal+ ) a phase ( ! problem ( ! ultimate nature ( reality4 ,= ! "q ( ! correlation n[ is h[ x is possible t our ?\ghts %\ld affect ?+s s t !y move 9 response2 h[ m9d influ5ces body or ! rev]se1 h[1 :5 we w1 ! arm moves ?r\gh space4 ,& )\t go+ into details ( discussion "h1 let u say at once1 t :atev] ! situation may be = any sci5ce1--& x may be t "s =m ( dualism is a necess>y presupposition ( sci5ce1--= metaphysics x is cle> t no dualism ( sub/ances or ord]s c be reg>d$ z f9al4 ,! life ( metaphysics dep5ds on f9d+ ! "o = ! _m2 ! "o t :5 f\nd w also gr\nd ! _m4 ,if1 !n1 ! ph5om5on ( m9d & body pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a correspond5ce ( two diff]5t &1 s f> z c be det]m9$1 mutually exclusive ag5cies1 ! problem ( metaphysics is ! r$uction ( ^! ag5cies to "o species4 ,"h we come ^u ! issue betwe5 mat]ialism & immat]ialism4 ,b inasmu* z ! notion ( metaphysics itself seems to exclude mat]ialism1 ! vital alt]native is t ( immat]ialism4 ,aga91 if psy*o-physics pres5ts z its basal category a p>allelism betwe5 two ord]s ( ph5om5a1 psy*ic & physical1 x is ! bus9ess ( metaphysics to seek ! explanation ( ?is dualism 9 "s m ultimate & unit>y conception4 ,n[1 s9ce ! v notion ( metaphysics aga9 excludes ! physical alt]native f ! category ( f9ality1 we are left ) ! psy*ic t]m z ! "o t1 by virtue ( ! fact t x embodies a =m ( consci\s activity1 promises to be mo/ fruitful = metaphysics4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 !n1 we h r$uc$ our _w to immat]ialism2 f ano!r1 to "s =m or analogue ( ! psy*ic4 ,n[ x is n necess>y "h to c>ry ! inquiry fur!r 9 ?is direction4 ,= :at metaphysics is int]e/$ 91 specially1 is ! fact t ! _w mu/ be r$uc$ to "o k9d ( be+ & "o type ( ag5cy4 ,if ?is be done1 x is cle> t ! dualism ( body & m9d & ! p>allel ord]s ( psy*o-physics _c be reg>d$ z f9al1 b mu/ take _! places z ph5om5a t are relative & r$ucible to a m fundam5tal unity4 ,! metaphysician w say t ! arm moves ?r\gh space 9 response to ! w1 & t ev]y:]e ! correlation betwe5 me*anical & teleological ag5cy takes place because 9 ! la/ analysis !re is only "o type ( ag5cy2 an ag5cy t f9ds its initiative 9 int]e/1 ?\ght1 purpose1 design1 & ?us works out its results 9 ! fields ( space & me*anical activities4 ,fur!rmore1 on ! "q to :i* ^! consid]ations lead up2 t ( ! ultimate int]pretation we are to put on ! reality ( ! _w1 ! issue is n s indet]m9ate z x might seem f "s po9ts ( view4 ,tak+ x t ! v notion ( metaphysics excludes ! mat]ial & ! physical z ultimate types ( ! real1 we are left ) ! notions ( ! immat]ial & ! psy*ic2 & :ile ! =m] is indef9ite1 x is a fact t 9 ! psy*ic & especially 9 ! =m ( x :i* man realizes 9 8 own exp]i5ce1 he f9ds an intelligible type & ! only "o t is available to him = ! def9ition ( ! immat]ial4 ,he has 8 *oice1 !n1 ei!r to reg>d ! _w z absolutely opaque1 %[+ no?+ b its ph5om5al dress :i* ceases to h any mean+2 or to apply to ! _w's inn] nature ! intelligible types & analogies ( 8 own =m ( be+4 ,t ?is is ! alt]native t is embodi$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( metaphysics is cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! fact t ! metaphysical int]pretation embodies itself 9 ! categories ( reason1 design1 purpose1 & aim4 ,:atev] difficulties we may enc\nt]1 !n1 9 ! use & application ( ! psy*ic analogy 9 det]m9+ ! nature ( ! real1 x is cle> t its employm5t is inevitable & indisp5sable4 ,let u1 !n1 employ ! t]m rational to t *>act]ization ( ! nature ( ?+s :i* to metaphysics is ?us inevitable & indisp5sable4 ,! _w mu/ 9 ! la/ analysis be rational 9 its con/itution1 & its ag5cies & =ms ( be+ mu/ be con/ru$ z rational 9 _! type4 ,& "h we come ^u ! la/ "q 9 ?is field1 t ( ! ultimate be+ ( ! _w4 ,we h already conclud$ t ! real is 9 ! la/ analysis rational4 ,b we h n answ]$ ! "q :e!r !re %all be "o rational or _m4 ,n[ x has become cle> t ) metaphysics unity is a c>d9al int]e/2 t1 !re=e1 ! _w mu/ be "o 9 ?\ght1 purpose1 aim4 ,& x is on ?is insight t ! metaphysical doctr9e ( ! absolute re/s4 ,!re mu/ be "o be+ ^: ?\ght & purpose are all-inclusive1 9 ord] t ! _w may be "o & t x may h mean+ z a :ole4 ,b ! _w pres5ts itself z a plurality ( f9ite exi/5ts :i* our metaphysics requires u to r$uce 9 ! la/ analysis to ! psy*ic type4 ,:at ( ?is plurality ( psy*ic exi/5ts8 ,x is on ?is basis t metaphysics con/ructs its doctr9e ( individuality4 ,all[+ = latitude ( op9ion "h1 ! tr5d ( metaphysical reflection sets /rongly t[>d a doctr9e ( reality t gr\nds ! _w 9 an ,absolute ^: all-compreh5d+ ?\ght & purpose utt]s or realizes itself 9 ! plurality ( f9ite individuals t con/itutes ! _w2 ! degree ( reality t %all be ascrib$ to ! plurality ( individuals be+ a po9t 9 debate1 giv+ rise to ! contempor>y =m ( ! issue betwe5 idealism & realism4 ,all[+ = m9or diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 !re is among metaphysicians a fair degree ( ass5t to ! doctr9e t 9 ord] to be completely rational ! _w ( individual plurality mu/ be reg>d$ z imply+ an ,absolute1 :i*1 :e!r x is to be conceiv$ z an individual or n1 is ! au?or & be>] ( ! ?\ght & design ( ! _w z a :ole4 ,v ,,que/ions ,,( ,,metaphysical ,,k ,,& ,,ultimate ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,tru? ,we h only "t to speak v briefly1 9 conclusion1 ( two vital problems 9 metaphysics3 7#a7 t ( ! nature & limits ( metaphysical k2 7#b7 t ( ! ultimate crit]ia ( tru?4 ,9 reg>d to ! "q ( k1 we may ei!r id5tify ?\ght ) reality1 or we may reg>d ?\ght z :olly inadequate to repres5t ! real2 9 "o case we w be gno/ic1 9 ! o!r agno/ic4 ,n[ :atev] may be urg$ 9 favor ( ! gno/ic alt]native1 x rema9s true t our ?\ght1 9 ord] to foll[ along intelligible l9es1 mu/ be guid$ by ! categories & analogies ( our own exp]i5ce4 ,?is fixes a limit1 s t ! ?\ght ( man is nev] 9 a position to grasp ! real completely4 ,aga91 :atev] may be urg$ 9 behalf ( ! agno/ic alt]native1 x is to be borne 9 m9d t our exp]i5ce does supply u ) intelligible types & categories2 & t "u ! impulse ( ! inf9ite & absolute1 or ! transc5d5t1 to :i* our ?\ght responds 7to put x no /rong]71 a dialectical activity arises2 on ! "o h&1 ! application ( ! exp]i5ce-analogies to det]m9e ! real2 on ! o!r1 ! incessant removal ( limits by ! impulse ( transc5d5ce 7z we may call x74 ,?us arises a movem5t ( approximation :i* :ile x nev] completely compasses its goal1 yet proce$s along intellig5t l9es2 con/itutes ! m9d's ef=t to "k2 & results 9 an approximat+ s]ies ( intelligible & relatively adequate conceptions4 ,metaphysically1 we are ev] approximat+ to ultimate k2 ?\gh x c nev] be said t we h atta9$ x4 ,! type ( metaphysical k _c be *>act]iz$1 !re=e1 z ei!r gno/ic or agno/ic4 ,z to ! "q ( ultimate crit]ia1 x is cle> t we are "h t\*+ "o ( ! liv+ issues ( our pres5t-day ?\ght4 ,%all ! judgm5t ( tru?1 on :i* c]titude mu/ f\nd1 exclude practical consid]ations ( value1 or %all ! consid]ation ( value h weight 9 ! balance ( c]titude8 ,on ?is issue we h at ! opposite extremes 7#a7 ! pure rationali/ :o insi/s on ! rigid exclusion f ! epi/emological scale ( e consid]ation except t ( pure logic4 ,! tru? ( a ?+1 he urges1 is always a purely logical consid]ation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h 7#b7 ! pure pragmati/1 :o insi/s on ! w to believe z a legitimate datum or factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( c]titude4 ,! pragmatic plat=m has two planks3 7#a7 ! ontological--we select our _w t we call real at ! behe/ ( our int]e/s2 7#b7 ! e?ical--9 su* a _w practical int]e/ has ! "r ( way 9 det]m9+ :at we are to accept z true z well z :at we are to *oose z good4 ,x is my purpose 9 ?us outl9+ ! extremes ( doctr9e to close ) a sugge/ion or two t[>d less ultra-conclusions4 ,x is a suffici5t criticism on ! pure rationali/'s position to po9t out ! fact t 8 sep>ation ( practical & !oretic int]e/s is a pure fiction t is nev] realiz$ any:]e4 ,! motives ( sci5ce & ! motives ( practice are s bl5d$ t int]e/ 9 ! conclusion always ent]s z a factor 9 ! process4 ,a conclusion rea*$ by ! pure rationali/'s me?od w\ld be "o t w\ld only int]e/ ! pure rationali/ 9 s f> z he c\ld dive/ himself ( all motives except ! b>e love ( fact = its own sake4 ,! pure pragmati/ is1 ,i ?9k1 /ill m vuln]able4 ,he mu/1 to />t )1 be a pure subjective ideali/1 o!rwise he w\ld f9d 8 _w at _m po9ts recalcitrant to 8 ontology4 ,fur!rmore1 ! m]e w to believe is arbitr>y & involves ! suppression ( reason4 ,9 ord] t ! w to believe may "w real conviction1 ! po9t believ$ mu/ at lea/ am\nt to a po/ulate ( ! practical reason2 x mu/ become someh[ evid5t t ! refusal to believe w\ld create a situation t w\ld be !oretically uns\nd or irrational2 z1 = in/ance1 if we assume t ! immortality ( ! s\l is a real po/ulate ( practical reason1 x mu/ be s because ! negative ( x w\ld involve ! irrationality ( our _w2 & !re=e a degree ( !oretic imp]fection or confusion4 ,p]sonally ,i believe ! l9es "h conv]ge 9 su* a way t ! ideal ( tru? w always be f\nd to h practical value2 & conv]sely1 z to practical ideals1 t a s\nd practical po/ulate w h weight 9 ! !oretic scales4 ,& x is d\btless true1 z ,pr(essor ,royce urges 9 8 presid5tial address on ,! ,et]nal & ,! ,practical1 t all judgm5ts mu/ f9d _! f9al w>rant at ! ,c\rt ( ! ,et]nal :]e1 s f> z we c see1 ! !oretical & practical coalesce into "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! close ( ! "w ( ?is ,section & ^u ! invitation ( ,dr4 ,arm/rong1 a numb] ( di/+ui%$ memb]s 9 att5dance jo9$ freely 9 ! discussion1 to ! great pleasure ( ! _m speciali/s :o 7 pres5t4 ,among ^? p>ticipat+ 7 ,pr(essor ,boltzmann ( ,vi5na1 ,pr(essor ,hoeffd+ ( ,cop5hag51 ,pr(essor ,calk9s ( ,wellesley1 & ,pr(essor ,fr5* ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska1 to :om replies 7 made by ! pr9cipal speak]s1 ,messrs4 ,taylor & ,ormond4 ,,%ort ,,pap]s ,a %ort pap] 0 contribut$ to ! "w ( ! ,section by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,p4 ,montague ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 on ! ,physical ,reality ( ,second>y ,qualities4 ,! speak] said t f ! beg9n+ ( mod]n philosophy !re has exi/$ a /rong t5d5cy among all s*ools ( ?\ght--moni/s ( ! ideali/ic or mat]iali/ic types1 z well z outspok5 duali/s--to treat ! di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities z co9cid5t1 s f> z x goes1 ) ! di/9ction betwe5 physical & psy*ical4 ,colors1 s\nds1 odors1 etc41 are reg>d$ z purely subjective or m5tal 9 _! nature1 & z hav+ no true memb]%ip 9 ! physical ord]2 :ile correlatively all special =ms & relations h be5 9 _! turn extrud$ f ! field ( ! psy*ical4 ,let x be not$ t introspection (f]s little or no?+ 9 support ( ?is view4 ,!re is no?+1 = example1 ab\t ! color r$ t w\ld make x appe> m di/9ctively psy*ical or subjective ?an a figure or a motion4 ,! p]ception ( a squ>e or a triangle is n a squ>e or triangul> p]ception2 b nei!r is ! p]ception ( r$ or blue a r$ or blue p]ception4 ,n[ ) ! affective or emotional cont5ts ( exp]i5ce ! case is q diff]5t4 ,a feel+ ( pa9 is a pa9ful feel+1 a consci\sness ( ang] is an angry consci\sness4 ,pa9s are m & less pa9ful1 accord+ z we are m & less aw>e ( !m4 ,) feel+s & volitions esse is inde$ p]cipi4 ,colors & o!r second>y qualities1 h[ev]1 d n seem ?us to increase or dim9i% 9 _! reality concomitantly ) our p]ceptions ( !m4 ,r$ is r$1 nei!r m nor less1 reg>dless ( ! am\nt to :i* we att5d to x4 ,& yet x rema9s true t1 not)/&+ ?is seem+ objectivity1 ! second>y qualities h long be5 contra/$ ) ! prim>y1 & class$ along ) ! affective & volitional /ates z purely subjective facts4 ,x has always seem$ curi\s t a view s important z ?is 9 its consequ5ces1 & s radically at v>iance1 n only ) ,pre-,c>tesian philosophy1 b also ) our in/9ctive beliefs1 %\ld h won its way to ! position ( an accept$ dogma2 & ! purpose ( ?is pap] 0 fir/ to exam9e ! gr\nds ^u :i* ?is belief re/s1 & second to %[ t ! problem ( ! indep5d5t reality ( ! physical _w & ! problem ( ! relation ( physical & psy*ical appe> 9 a cle>] & m hopeful light :5 dis5tangl$ f ! q diff]5t problem ( ! relation ( prim>y & second>y qualities4 ,!re 7 two reasons :y ! old] or ,pre-,c>tesian view ( ?is "q %\ld give place to ! mod]n doctr9e4 ,fir/1 because ( ! r$iscov]y ( ! idea ( me*anism1 )\t :i* pr$ictive sci5ce _h be5 virtually impossible4 ,! second reason = r$uc+ ! second>y qualities to a m]ely subjective /atus lay 9 ! fact t !y are mu* m dep5d5t ?an ! prim>y qualities ^u ! bodily organism ( ! "o :o p]ceives !m4 ,9 clos+ ,pr(essor ,montague said3-- ,i wi% 9 clos+ to po9t out two consequ5ces ( ! view :i* ,i h be5 oppos+4 ,fir/1 ! pres5t p>adoxical /atus ( ! et]nal _w2 second1 ! equally p>adoxical /atus ( ! relation ( t _w to ! _w ( m9d4 ,b]keley 0 ! fir/ ?9k] cle>ly to p]ceive ! unsub/antial nature ( a _w made up solely ( prim>y qualities4 ,inde$1 9 ! la/ analysis1 a _w ( prim>y qualities1 & no?+ else1 is a _w ( relations )\t t]ms1 a geometrical fiction1 ! objective 7or1 = t matt]1 ! subjective7 exi/5ce ( :i* ! ideali/ w\ld be "r 9 d5y+4 ,9 ,biology we h ab&on$ obscuranti/ me?ods1 & no long] attribute ! di/9ctive vital functions ( gr[? & reproduction to a vital =ce or vital sub/ance1 b solely to ! peculi> configuration ( ! mat]ial elem5ts ( a cell4 ,:y may we n 9 psy*ology ) equal propriety attribute ! di/9ctively psy*ical functions ( subjectivity or consci\sness1 n to ! action ( a hyp]-psy*ical s\l-sub/ance1 nor to ! pres5ce ( a transc5d5tal ego1 b simply to t peculi> configuration ( s5sory elem5ts :i* con/itutes a :at we call psy*osis8 ,,section ,b--,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion ,,section ,b ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion 7,hall #a1 ,septemb] #ba1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,?omas ,c4 ,,hall1 ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,otto ,,pfleid]]1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,troelts*1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,montague1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion ,,to ,,! ,,o!r ,,sci5ces ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,otto ,,pfleid]] ,d4 ,otto ,pfleid]]1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l9 s9ce #ahge4 b4 ,septemb] #a1 #ahci1 ,/ett51 ,wrtemb]g4 ,grad4 ,tb+51 #aheg-fa4 ,po/-grad4 ibid4 #ahfd-fh4 ,city ,pr(essor1 ,heilbronn1 #ahfh-fi2 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,j5a1 #ahfi-gj2 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 ,j5a1 #ahgj-ge4 ,au?or ( ,religion & its ,ess5tial ,*>act]i/ics2 ,religi\s ,philosophy ^u ,hi/orical ,f\ndation2 & _m o!r works & pap]s on ,!ology4 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 we ne$ to consid] a prelim9>y "q1 namely1 :e!r religion c be reg>d$ z ! object ( sci5tific k 9 ! same mann] z o!r processes ( ! intellectual life ( ! race1 su* z law1 hi/ory1 & art4 ,x is well kn[n t ?is "q has n always receiv$ an affirmative answ]1 & inde$ x c nev] be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative s long z ! position is ma9ta9$ t ! only religion is t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ^: doctr9es & tea*+s re/ ^u an imm$iate div9e revelation1 & t ^! mu/ be accept$ by m5 9 bl9d belief4 ,"u ! position ( an au?oritative ecclesia/ical fai? !re c inde$ exi/ a !oretical consid]ation ( ! doctr9es ( fai?1 z x 0 ! case ) ! s*ola/ic !ology ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* ) great e>ne/ness s\ght to h>monize fai? & k2 nev]!less1 no "o ( ! pres5t day w\ld give to ! s*ola/ic !ology ! "n ( sci5ce ) ! mod]n mean+ ( ! t]m sci5ce4 ,! s*ola/ic !ology us$ great =mal acut5ess & skill 9 ! "w ( def9+ & def5d+ ecclesia/ical traditions1 /ill !re 0 lack+ t :i* = u is ! ess5tial condition ( sci5tific k1 ! free exam9ation ( tradition accord+ to ! laws ( human ?\ght & ! analogy ( ! g5]al exp]i5ce ( humanity4 ,! great h9drance to ! progress ( ! k ( religion 0 ! accept$ position t ! tru? ( ! ecclesia/ical doctr9es 0 beyond human reason & outside ( human exam9ation1 s9ce _! tru? re/$ ^u an imm$iate div9e revelation4 ,:e!r ?is sup]natural au?ority 0 ascrib$ to ! ,*ur* or ! ,bible makes v little diff]5ce1 = 9 ei!r case ! assumption ( su* an au?ority is a h9drance to ! free exam9ation ( t :i* claims to be ! div9e reveal$ tru?4 ,b is ?is assumption really ju/ifiable 9 ! nature ( ! case8 ,d ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* re/ ^u a sup]natural div9e revelation8 ,s soon z ?is "q 0 really e>ne/ly consid]$1 & ! ?9k+ m9d c\ld n always avoid ! consid]ation1 !n !re 0 reveal$ ! inadequacy ( ! assumption4 ,two ways ( exam9ation l$ to a common critical result1 ! philosophical analysis ( ! religi\s consci\sness & ! hi/orical comp>ison ( v>i\s religions4 ,! fir/ to ent] ^u ^! ways & at ! same "t to become ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( religion 0 ! ke5 ,scot* ?9k] ,david ,hume4 ,truly ! ?\ght ( ,hume 0 /ill a "o-sid$1 disorganiz+ skepticism2 ev5 z 8 !ory ( k di/urb$ ! tru? ( all our previ\s commons5se op9ions & conceptions1 s also 8 philosophy ( religion s\ght to demon/rate t all religion _c be prov$ & is full ( d\bt1 & t ! orig9 ( religion 0 nei!r to be f\nd 9 div9e revelation nor 9 ! reason ( man1 b 9 ! passions ( ! he>t & 9 ! illusions ( imag9ation4 ,z unsatisfactory z ?is result 01 nev]!less x gave an important advance to ! rational /udy ( religion 9 two directions1 9 t ( religion be+ an exp]i5ce ( ! inn] life ( ! s\l & 9 t ( religion be+ a fact ( human hi/ory4 ,kant add$ ! positive criticism ( reason to ! negative skepticism ( ,hume2 t is1 ,kant %[$ t ! human intellect mov$ indep5d5tly 9 ! =mation ( !oretical & practical judgm5ts1 & t ! v>i\s mat]ials ( ?\ght1 desire1 & feel+s 7 regulat$ by ! intellect accord+ to innate orig9al ideas ( ! true & good & beautiful4 ,?us z a natural result !re came ! conception t ! doctr9es ( belief arose n z complete tru?s1 giv5 by div9e revelation1 b1 l e o!r =m ( consci\s k1 ^! came to u ?r\gh ! activity ( our own m9d1 & t !re=e ^! doctr9es _c be reg>d$ z ( absolute au?ority = all "t1 b t we are to seek to und]/& _! orig9 9 hi/orical & psy*ical motives4 ,s f> z "o look$ at ! c]emonial =ms ( positive religion1 ^! motives inde$ 7 f\nd accord+ to ,kant 9 irrational conceptions1 b z f> z ! ess5ce ( religion 0 conc]n$ !y 7 r f\nd to be root$ 9 ! moral nature ( man4 ,?is is ! consci\sness ( obligation ( ! practical reason or ( ! consci5ce1 :i* raises man to a fai? 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 9 immortality & ,god4 ,) ! r$uction ( religion f all ext]nal =ms1 doctr9es1 & c]emonies & ! f9d+ ( ! real ess5ce ( religion 9 ! human m9d & _s1 ! way 0 op5$ to a k ( religion free f all ext]nal au?ority4 ,^? philosoph]s :o came aft] ,kant foll[$ ess5tially ?is c\rse1 ?\gh "h & !re !y may sep>ate 9 _! op9ions accord+ to _! ?\ght ( ! psy*ological function ( religion4 ,:5 ,kant _h emphasiz$ ! close connection betwe5 religion & ! moral obligation1 !n came ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o emphasiz$ ! feel+ ( our dep5d5ce ^u ! ,et]nal1 & :o s\ght to f9d ! explanation ( all religi\s ?\ghts & conceptions 9 ! _m relations ( ! feel+ to religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,hegel on ! o!r h& s\ght ! tru? ( religion 9 ! ?\ght ( ! absolute _s z f\nd 9 ! f9ite _s4 ,?us ,hegel made religion a sort ( popul> philosophy4 ,at pres5t all agree t all sides ( ! s\l-life h "p 9 religion2 n[ "o side may be ! m prom95t1 n[ ano!r1 accord+ to ! peculi>ity ( c]ta9 religions or ! individual temp]am5ts4 ,! philosophy ( religion has1 9 common ) sci5tific psy*ology1 ! "q ( ! relation ( feel+ to ! intellect & ! w1 & z yet !re may be _m views ( ?is "q4 ,altoge!r ! philosophy ( religion is look+ = important solutions to _m ( its problems f ! realm ( ! pres5t sci5tific psy*ology4 ,exp]i5ces1 su* z religi\s conv]sions1 appe> "u ?is po9t ( view z e?ical *anges 9 :i* ! aim ( a p]sonal life is *ang$ f a c>nal & selfi% end to t ( a spiritual & altrui/ic purpose4 ,^! are extraord9>y & seem+ly sup]natural processes2 nev]!less 9 !m !re c /ill be f\nd a c]ta9 developm5t ( ! s\l-life accord+ to law4 ,mod]n psy*ology especially has ?r[n light ^u ! abnormal conditions ( consci\sness :i* h s (t5 be5 made manife/ 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( all times4 ,t :i* religi\s hi/ory records conc]n+ inspiration1 visions1 ec/asy1 & revelation1 we n[ classify ) ! well-kn[n appe>ances ( hypnotism1 ! induction ( conceptions & motives ( ! w ?r\gh =eign sugge/ion or ?r\gh self-sugge/ion1 ( ! division ( consci\sness 9 diff]5t egos1 & 9 ! union ( sev]al consci\snesses into "o common m$iumi/ic fusion ( ?\ght & w4 ,! explanation ( ^! exp]i5ces may n yet be satisfactory1 b nev]!less we d n d\bt ! possibility ( a future explanation f ! g5]al laws controll+ ! life ( ! s\l4 ,! fact t we c ?r\gh psy*ological exp]im5ts produce su* abnormal conditions ( consci\sness ju/ifies u 9 tak+ ! position1 t c]ta9 psy*ical laws are at ! f\ndation ( ^! conditions :i* 9 _! k9d are z natural & regul> 9 _! functions z ! physical laws :i* we obs]ve 9 physical exp]im5ts4 ,^! solutions :i* mod]n psy*ology s f> has giv51 & hopes /ill fur!r to give1 are ( great importance to ! philosophy ( religion4 ,!y are an indorsem5t ( ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* "o hundr$ ye>s ago _h be5 advanc$ by critical speculation1 namely1 t 9 all exp]i5ces ( ! religi\s life ! same pr9ciples :i* control ! human m9d 9 all o!r intellectual & emotional fields %all hold sway4 ,no?+ !re=e %\ld h9d] u 9 sci5tific rese>* f foll[+ ! well-def9$ maxims ( ?\ght1 & unres]v$ly apply+ ! same me?ods ( sci5tific analysis 9 !ology z is done g5]ally 9 ! o!r sci5ces4 ,! claim ( ! ,*ur* to infallibility & div9e inspiration ( its dogmas is weak5$ "u ?is view ( ! "w ( ! philosophy ( religion4 ,prophetical inspiration & ec/asy1 :i* usually 7 ?\ght to be sup]natural revelations1 are n[ decl>$ by ! pres5t psy*ology to come "u ! category ( o!r analog\s exp]i5ces1 su* z ! action ( m5tal p[]s :i*1 "u def9ite conditions ( individual gifts & on hi/orical occasions1 h manife/$ !mselves 9 extraord9>y =ms ( consci\sness4 ,h[ev]1 ^! en?usia/ic =ms ( prophetical consci\sness _c be accept$ = a high] =m ( k or ev5 z ( div9e orig9 & z an infallible proclamation ( ! tru?2 on ! contr>y1 ^! =ms are to be judg$ z pa?ological appe>ances1 :i* may be m h>mful ?an b5efic5t = ! e?ical value ( ! prophetical intuition4 ,at lea/1 x has come to pass t all =ms ( revelation mu/ come "u ! exam9ation ( a psy*ological analysis & ( an analogical judgm5t4 ,h5ce _! traditional nimbus ( unique1 sup]natural1 & absolute au?ority is = all "t de/roy$4 ,we are c>ri$ to ! same result by ! comp>ative /udy ( ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,! /udy %[s u t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ) its dogma ( ! div9e inspiration ( ! ,bible1 does n /& alone2 t be=e & aft] ,*ri/ianity o!r religions made exactly ! same claims = _! sacr$ scriptures4 ,by ! pi\s ,brahman ! ,v$a is reg>d$ z infallible & et]nal2 he believes ! hymns ( ! old se]s 7 n compos$ by ! se]s !mselves1 b 7 tak5 f an orig9al copy 9 heav54 ,! ,buddhi/ sees 9 ! say+s ( 8 sacr$ book ,dhammapadam ! exact inh]itance ( ! infallible words ( 8 omnisci5t tea*] ,buddha4 ,= ! confessor ( ,ahuramazda ! ,z5dave/a conta9s ! scriptural revelation ( ! good _s unto ! prophet ,z>a?u/ra2 accord+ to ! rabbis ! laws reveal$ unto ,moses on ,m\nt ,s9ai 7 ev5 be=e ! creation ( ! _w ! object ( ! obs]vation ( ,god2 = ! fai?ful ,mohamm$an ! ,koran is ! copy ( an ev]-pres5t orig9al 9 heav51 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 dictat$ ^w = ^w to ,mohamm$ by ! angel ,gabriel4 ,:oev] pond]s ! simil> claims ( all ^! religions = ! infallibility ( _! sacr$ books1 to him x becomes difficult to hold ! dogma ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* conc]n+ ! inspiration & infallibility ( ! ,bible z alone true & ! simil> dogmas ( o!r religions z be+ false4 ,r he w accept ! view t 9 all ^! examples !re are f\nd ! same motives ( ! religi\s m9d1 t "h is giv5 an expression to ! same ne$ common to all seek+ = an absolute & abid+ basis = _! fai?4 ,! /udy ( ! comp>ison ( religions has discov]$ 9 religions o!r ?an t ( ,*ri/ianity _m v /rik+ p>allels to _m n>ratives & tea*+s ( ! ,bible4 ,x may be well to recall v briefly "s ( ! important po9ts4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! ,assyrian cunei=m writ+s h n[ be5 deciph]$1 !re has be5 f\nd a /ory ( ! creation :i* has _m *>act]i/ics 9 common ) ^? ( ! ,bible4 ,!re is f\nd a /ory ( a flood1 :i* 9 its v details c be reg>d$ z ! =]unn] ( ! /ory ( ! flood 9 ! ,bible4 ,!re h be5 f\nd ,assyrian p5it5tial psalms1 :i*1 9 consci\sness ( guilt & 9 e>ne/ness ( pray] = =giv5ess1 c well be comp>$ ) _m psalms ( ! ,bible4 ,rec5tly ! ,code ( ! ,assyrian ,k+ ,hammurabi1 :o reign$ two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 has be5 discov]$4 ,! simil>ity ( ?is ,code ) _m ( ! e>ly ,mosaic ,laws has call$ g5]al att5tion to ?is fact4 ,9 ! ,p]sian religion !re are f\nd tea*+s ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 ( ! good spirits :o surr\nd ! ?rone ( ,god1 ( ! ,_s ho/ile to ,god & ( an army ( 8 demons1 ( ! judgm5t ( ea* s\l aft] dea?1 ( a heav5 ) et]nal light & ( ! d>k abyss ( hell1 ( ! future /ruggle ( ! multitudes ( good & bad spirits & ! victory ov] ! bad ?r\gh a div9e h]o & savi\r1 ( ! g5]al resurrection ( ! dead1 ( ! awful de/ruction ( ! _w & ! creation ( a new & bett] _w1--tea*+s :i* are also f\nd 9 ! lat] ,jewi% !ology & apocalypse1 s t ! acceptance ( a dep5d5ce ( ,jewi% ^u correspond+ ,p]sian tea*+ c h>dly be avoid$4 ,also ,grecian influ5ce is obs]v$ 9 lat] ,jewi% lit]ature1 9 prov]bs1 9 ! wisdom ( ,solomon & ! ,son ( ,sira*2 especially 9 ! ,alex&rian ,jewi% !ology are f\nd ,platonic ?\ghts ( an et]nal1 ideal _w1 ( ! heav5ly home ( ! s\l1 & ! ,/oic conception ( a _w-rul+ div9e ,logos4 ,x is f ?is s\rce t ! ,logos to :i* ,philo _h already ascrib$ ! mean+ ( ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,br+] ( a div9e revelation cross$ ov] into ,*ri/ian !ology & became ! f\ndation ( ! dogma ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,( /ill great] importance ?an ev5 all ?is 0 ! op5+ ( ! ,indian & especially ! ,buddhi/ic religi\s writ+s4 ,9 ^! we h1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/ianity1 ! revelation ( r$emptive religion1 re/+ ^u ! e?ical f\ndation ( ! abnegation ( self & ! )drawal f ! _w4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is religion is ,gautama ,buddha1 ! ideal tea*] ( r$eem+ tru?1 ^: human life 0 adorn$ by ! fai? ( 8 foll[]s ) a cr[n ( wond]ful leg5ds2 f an abode 9 heav51 out ( m]cy to ! _w1 he desc5d$ into ! _w1 conceiv$ & born ( a virg9 "m1 greet$ & ent]ta9$ by heav5ly spirits1 recogniz$ be=eh& by a pi\s se] z ! future r$eem] ( ! _w2 z a y\? he manife/$ a wisdom beyond t ( 8 tea*]s4 ,!n aft] ! reception ( an illum9at+ revelation1 he victori\sly ov]comes ! temptation ( ! devil1 :o w\ld cause him to become fai?less to 8 call to r$emption4 ,!n he beg9s to prea* ( ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,ju/ice1 & s5ds =? 8 disciples1 two by two1 z mess5g]s ( 8 gospel to all p4 ,al?\gh he decl>es t x is n 8 call+ to p]=m miracles1 nev]!less ! leg5ds inde$ tell h[ _m sick 7 heal$1 h[ ) ! cont5ts ( a small basket hundr$s 7 f$1 h[ possess$ ( all k he reveals hidd5 ?+s2 h[ ov]com+ ! limitations ( space & "t1 sway+ 9 ! air1 be+ transfigur$ 9 a heav5ly light1 he reveals himself to 8 disciples j be=e 8 dea?4 ,& at la/1 9 ! fai? ( 8 foll[]s1 hav+ pass$ f ! position ( a human tea*] to t ( an et]nal heav5ly _s & "l ( ! _w1 he is exalt$ z ! object ( pray] & rev]5ce1 to _m millions ( ! human race 9 ,s\!rn & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,x is h>dly possible t ! k ( ?is p>allel f ,india to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ( ! ,babylonian & ,p]sian p>allel to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 c be )\t influ5ce ^u ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,*ri/ian p4 ,al?\gh we may be ev] s mu* conv9c$ conc]n+ ! ess5tial sup]iority ( our religion ov] all o!r religions1 nev]!less ! dogmatic contra/ betwe5 absolute tru? on ! "o side & complete falsity on ! o!r c no m be ma9ta9$4 ,9 place ( ?is view !re mu/ ent] ! view ( a relative grade ( diff]5ces betwe5 ! high] & l[] /ages ( developm5t4 ,no long] c we see 9 o!r religions only mi/akes & fiction1 b "u ! husk ( _! leg5ds _m preci\s k]nels ( tru? mu/ be se51 expressions ( inn] religi\s feel+s & ( noble e?ical s5tim5ts4 ,"o %\ld !re=e accept ! position n to object to ! same discrim9ation betwe5 husk & k]nel 9 ! matt] ( "o's own religion1 & to recognize 9 its inh]it$ traditions & dogmas leg5d>y elem5ts1 ! explanation ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 psy*ical motives & 9 hi/orical surr\nd+s1 ev5 z !y are f\nd 9 ! correspond+ p>ts ( religions o!r ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!re=e ! hi/orical comp>ison ( religions takes u away f an absolute dogmatic positivism to a relative evolution>y mann] ( /udy1 plac+ all religions )\t exception "u ! laws ( "t progression & "u ! causal connection ( ! law ( cause & effect4 ,! isolation ( religion !re=e is no m4 ,x is reg>d$ z be+ a "p ( o!r human hi/orical affairs1 & mu/ yield to ! te/ ( a ?or\gh unh9d]$ rese>*4 ,! value ( ! ,*ri/ian religion c nev] suff] 9 ! view ( a reasonable man1 :5 x is n accept$ 9 bl9d fai?1 b z ! result ( discrim9at+ comp>ison4 ,z ! evolution>y philosophy ( religion uses ! me?od ( sci5ce )\t exception 9 ! case ( all hi/orical religions1 s also x does n %r9k f tak+ up ! "q ( ! beg9n+ ( religion1 b believes t "h also is f\nd ! key 9 ! analytical1 critical1 & comp>ative me?od4 ,& "h is f\nd ! assi/ance ( ! comp>ative /udy ( languages1 e?nology1 & paleontology4 ,! celebrat$ ,sanscrit s*ol>1 ,max ,mll]1 s\ght 9 ! comp>ative /udy ( my?ology to prove ! etymological relation ( _m ( ! ,grecian gods & h]oes ) ^? ( ! my?ology ( ,india & to trace ! common orig9 ( all ^! my?ical be+s & leg5ds 9 ! p]sonification ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! ?und] & lightn+1 ! tempe/ & ! ra94 ,all my?ical belief 9 gods ( ! ,indo-,g]manic peoples seems to h aris5 out ( a poetical view & dramatic p]sonification ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,sugge/ive z ?is hypo!sis is1 x is n by any means suffici5t to give u a complete explanation ( ! subject4 ,9 fact1 o!rs h %[n t primitive religion does n altoge!r consi/ 9 my?ical conceptions1 b ma9ly 9 rev]5tial actions1 sacrifices1 sacram5ts1 v[s1 & o!r simil> cults1 :i* h v little to d ) ! atmosph]ical p[]s ( nature1 b r ) ! social life ( primitive p4 ,& :5 once ! sight 0 cle>ly direct$ to ! social mean+ ( ! religi\s rites1 x 0 !n obs]v$ t ev5 ! e>lie/ leg5ds conc]n+ ! gods 7 connect$ f> m closely ) ! habits & cu/oms ( e>ly society ?an ) ! facts ( nature4 ,tyl]'s celebrat$ book conc]n+ ,primitive ,civilization is writt5 f ?is /&po9t1 an epo*-mak+ book1 %[+ ! orig9al close connection ( religion ) ! entire civilization ( humanity1 ) ! views ( life & dea?1 ! social cu/oms1 ! =ms ( law1 _! /riv+s 9 art & sci5ce2 a book ) a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation1 br\ght toge!r f obs]vation on all sides4 ,9 ?is *annel are f\nd all ! rese>*es :i* to-day are classifi$ "u ! "n ( ,folklore2 seek+ to ga!r ! /ill exi/+ *>act]i/ic cu/oms & =ms1 leg5ds1 /ories1 & say+s1 9 ord] to compose ^! & to discov] ! survivals ( e>lie/ religion1 poetry1 & civilization ( humanity4 ,! ga9 ( ?is /udy pursu$ ) s great dilig5ce is n to be und]rat$4 ,^! /udies %[ t all t1 :i* at "o "t exi/$ z fai? 9 ! _s ( humanity1 possess$ )9 its v nature ! /ronge/ p[] ( cont9uance1 s t 9 new & /range conditions & 9 o!r =ms x cont9u$ to rema94 ,"u all *anges & progress ( hi/ory !re is /ill f\nd an unbrok5 connection ( con/ant developm5t4 ,z important1 h[ev]1 z ! possession ( a g5]al k ( hi/orical =ms ( developm5t is to ! philosophy ( religion1 nev]!less ! possession ( ?is k is n :olly a fulfillm5t ( ! purpose ( ! philosophy ( religion4 ,to und]/& a developm5t means n m]ely to "k h[ "o ?+ foll[s z ! result ( ! o!r1 b also to und]/& ! law :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( all empirical *anges & at ! same "t controls ! end ( ! developm5t4 ,if ?is pr9ciple holds good 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! developm5t 9 ! processes ( nature1 mu* m does ! pr9ciple hold good 9 und]/&+ ! processes ( intellectual developm5t ( humanity1 :i* h = u n only a !oretical1 b at ! same "t an em95tly practical int]e/4 ,! philosoph] ( religion sees 9 religi\s hi/ory n m]ely ! com+ toge!r ( simil> =ms1 b an advance f ! l[e/ /age ( *ildlike ignorance to an ev] pur] & ri*] realization ( ! idea ( religion1 a div9ely orda9$ progress = ! education ( humanity f ! slav]y ( nature to ! fre$om ( ! _s4 ,! "q n[ arises3 :]e d we f9d ! pr9ciple & law ( ?is ev]-ris+ developm5t8 ,:]e d we f9d ! measure ( judgm5t = ! relative value ( religi\s appe>ances8 ,x is cle> t ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! complete developm5t _c be f\nd 9 a s+le fact :i* is only "o ( ! _m manife/ations ( ! g5]al pr9ciple1 & x is j z cle> t ! absolute norm ( judgm5t is n f\nd 9 a s+le fact always relative1 pres5t+ to u ! object ( judgm5t & !re=e be+ impossible to /& z ! norm ( judgm5t4 ,!re=e ! pr9ciple ( religi\s developm5t & ! norm ( its judgm5t c only be f\nd 9 ! inn] be+ ( ! _s ( humanity1 namely1 9 ! necess>y /riv+ ( ! m9d into an h>moni\s arrangem5t ( all our conceptions1 or ! idea ( ! tru?1 & into ! complete ord] ( all our purposes1 or ! idea ( ! good4 ,^! ideas unite 9 ! highe/ unity1 9 ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,!re=e ! consci\sness ( ,god is ! revelation ( ! orig9al innate long+ ( reason aft] complete unity z a pr9ciple ( univ]sal h>mony & consi/5ce 9 all our ?9k+ & will+4 ,h5ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 arises ! result t ! developm5t ( ! consci\sness ( ,god 9 ! hi/ory ( religion is always dep5d5t ^u ! exi/+ conditions ( ! two unit$ sides1 ! !oretical p]ception ( ! tru? & ! moral /&>d ( life4 ,9 ! second place ! result arises t ! judgm5t ( ! value ( all appe>ances 9 ! hi/ory ( religion dep5ds z to :e!r & h[ f> ^! appe>ances agree ) ! idea ( ! true & ! good1 & correspond ) ! dem&s ( reason & consci5ce4 ,t sci5ce :i* is engag$ ) ! idea ( ! good we "n ,e?ics2 t :i* is engag$ ) ! la/ pr9ciples ( ! p]ception ( tru?1 us+ ! expression ( ,ari/otle1 we may "n ,metaphysics1 or foll[+ ,plato--,dialectic4 ,recogniz+ !n 9 ! idea ( ,god ! syn!sis ( ! idea ( ! true & ! good1 ! philosophy ( religion is closely relat$ ) bo?1 ,e?ics & ,metaphysics4 ,at pres5t ! relation ( religion to morality is an object ( mu* controv]sy4 ,!re are _m :o hold t morality )\t religion is n only possible b also v desirable2 s9ce !y are ( ! op9ion t moral /r5g? is weak5$1 ! w is )\t fre$om1 & its motives corrupt$ on acc\nt ( religi\s conceptions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur*1 consid]+ ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory1 f9ds t religion has ev] prov$ itself to be ! /ronge/ & mo/ necess>y aid to morality4 ,9 ?is conte/ ! philosophy ( religion occupies ! position ( a judge :o is call$ ^u to adju/ ! relative rights ( ! p>ties4 ,! philosophy ( religion br+s to light ! hi/orical fact t f ! v beg9n+s ( human civilization1 social life & morality 7 closely connect$ ) religi\s conceptions & usages1 & inde$ always s int]*angeable 9 _! influ5ce t ! position ( social civilization on ! "o side correspond$ ) ! position ( religi\s civilization on ! o!r1 j z ! wat]-level 9 two communicat+ pipes4 ,!re=e x foll[s t x is unju/ & n hi/orical to blame religion on acc\nt ( ! defects ( a national & temporal morality2 = ^! defects ( morality1 ) ! correspond+ errors ( religion1 f9d a common gr\nd 9 a l[ /age ( developm5t ( ! entire civilization ( ! p ( ! "t & age4 ,fur!r1 x becomes ! task ( ! philosophy ( religion to exam9e :e!r ?is correspond5ce ( religion & morality1 recogniz$ 9 hi/ory1 is also f\nd 9 ! v nature ( morality & religion4 ,?is "q 9 ! ma9 is answ]$ )\t d\bt 9 ! affirmative1 = x is cle> t ! religi\s feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u "o all-rul+ p[] is well adapt$ n only to make ke5 ! moral consci\sness ( obligation & to deep5 ! feel+ ( responsibility1 b also to end[ moral c\rage ) p[] & to /r5g!n ! hope ( ! solution ( moral purposes4 ,! cle>] religi\s fai? compreh5ds ! relation ( man to ,god1 s mu* ! m w t fai? prove itself z a /rong motive & a great inc5tive ( ! moral life4 ,su* a conception w n make ! moral w unfree b truly free1 n 9 ! s5se ( a selfi% *oice1 b 9 ! s5se ( a love t s]ves1 kn[+ itself z an in/rum5t ( ! div9e w1 :o b9ds u all into a social organism1 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m ideal ! moral view ( life1 ! high] & great] its aims1 ! m x recognizes its great task to c>e = ! welf>e n only ( ! individual b ( all1 to cop]ate 9 ! welf>e & developm5t ( all =ms ( society1 ! m e>ne/ly ! moral m9d w ne$ a s9c]e fai? t ?is is ,god's _w1 t above all ! *anges ( "t an et]nal w is on ! ?rone1 ^: all-wise guidance causes ev]y?+ to be = ! be/ unto ^? :o love him4 ,a l middle position ( arbitration falls to ! philosophy ( religion 9 ! matt] ( ! relation ( religion to sci5ce4 ,! fir/ dem& ( sci5ce is fre$om ( ?\ght1 accord+ to its own logical laws1 & its fundam5tal assumption is ! possibility ( ! k ( ! _w on ! basis ( ! un*angeable laws ( all exi/5ce & ev5ts4 ,) ?is fundam5tal dem& sci5ce places itself 9 opposition to ! =mal "* ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e s f> z ! doctr9e claims infallible au?ority re/+ ^u a div9e revelation4 ,& ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! regul> law ( ! c\rse ( ! _w is 9 opposition to ! cont5ts ( ecclesia/ical doctr9e conc]n+ ! miracul\s int]position 9 ! c\rse ( nature & ( hi/ory4 ,to ! sup]ficial obs]v] !re appe>s !re=e to exi/ an irreconcilable conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,"h is ! "w ( ! philosophy ( religion1 to take away ! appe>ance ( an irreconcilable opposition betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 9 t ! philosophy ( religion tea*es fir/ ( all to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5ce ( religion & ! ecclesia/ical doctr9es ( a c]ta9 religion1 & to compreh5d ! hi/orical orig9 ( ^! doctr9es 9 ! =ms ( ?\ght ( pa/ times4 ,to ?is purpose ! me?od ( psy*ological analysis & ( hi/orical comp>ison m5tion$ above is ( s]vice4 ,:51 !n1 by ?is critical process religion is trac$ to its real ess5ce 9 ! emotional consci\sness ( ,god1 to :i* ! dogmatic doctr9es /& z second>y products & v>i$ symbols1 !n x rema9s to %[ t betwe5 ! ess5ce ( religion & t :i* sci5ce dem&s & presupposes1 !re exi/s n conflict b h>mony4 ,:5 ! idea ( ,god is recogniz$ z ! syn!sis ( ! ideas ( ! true & ! good1 s !n mu/ all tru? z s\ght by sci5ce1 ev5 z ! highe/ good1 :i* ! sy/em ( e?ics places z ! purpose ( all action--^! mu/ be recogniz$ z ! revelation ( ,god 9 8 et]nal reason & goodness4 ,! laws ( our rational ?9k+ !n _c be 9 conflict ) div9e revelation 9 hi/ory1 & ! laws ( ! natural ord] ( ! _w c no m /& 9 conflict ) ! _w-gov]n+ ,omnipot5ce2 b bo?1 ! laws ( our ?9k+ & ^? ( ! real _w1 reveal !mselves z ! h>moni\s revelations ( ! creative reason ( ,god1 :i*1 accord+ to ,plato's fitt+ ^w1 is ! effici5t gr\nd ( be+ z well z ( kn[+4 ,x is !re=e n m]ely a dem& ( religi\s belief t !re is real tru? 9 our ,god-consci\sness1 t !re %\ld be an activity & revelation ( ,god himself 9 ! human m9d2 x is also 9 ! same mann] a dem& ( sci5ce consid]+ its la/ pr9ciples1 t ! _w1 9 ord] to be kn[n by u z a rational1 regulat$ ord]1 mu/ h = its pr9ciple an et]nal creative reason4 ,long ago ! old ma/] ( ?9k+1 ,ari/otle1 recogniz$ ?is fact cle>ly1 :5 he said t ord] 9 ! _w )\t a pr9ciple ( ord] c\ld be z little ?9kable z ! ord] ( an army )\t a comm&+ g5]al4 ,b :ile x is true t sci5ce1 z ! gr\nd ( ! possibility ( its k ( ! tru?1 mu/ presuppose ! same g5]al pr9ciple ( intellectual k :i* religion has z ! object ( its practical belief1 !n by pr9ciple ! appreh5sion is exclud$ t any possible progress on ! "p ( sci5ce 9 its k ( ! _w c ev] de/roy religion4 ,we are r ! m ju/ifi$ 9 ! hope t all true k ( sci5ce w be a help to religion1 & w s]ve z ! means ( purify+ religion f ! dross ( sup]/ition4 ,truly x c easily be %[n t a div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w break+ ?r\gh1 & n[ & !n susp5d+ ! regul> ord] ( nature ?r\gh miracul\s int]v5tion1 w\ld n be m maje/ic1 b f> m limit$ & human1 ?an su* a gov]nm5t :i* reveals itself z ev]y:]e & always ! same 9 & ?r\gh its own orda9$ laws 9 ! _w4 ,& aga91 t a revelation prescrib+ secret & incompreh5sible doctr9es & rites1 dem&+ f humanity a bl9d fai?1 w\ld f> less be 9 h>mony ) ! guid+ wisdom & love ( ,god1 & f> less c\ld "w = ! intellectual lib]ty & p]fection ( humanity1 ?an su* a revelation :i* is work+ 9 & ?r\gh ! reason & consci5ce ( humanity1 & is realiz+ its purpose 9 ! progressive developm5t ( our intellectual & moral capacities & p[]s4 ,:5 !re=e sci5ce raises critical misgiv+s aga9/ ! sup]natural & irrational doctr9es ( positive religion1 !n ! real & rightly und]/ood int]e/s ( religion are n h>m$ b r advanc$2 = ?is criticism s]ves religion 9 help+ x to become free f ! un9tellectual inh]itance ( its e>ly days1 9 help+ religion to consid] its true intellectual & moral ess5ce1 & to br+ to a full display all ! bless$ p[]s :i* are conceal$ )9 its nature1 to press ?r\gh ! n>r[ walls ( an ecclesia/icism out into ! full life ( humanity1 & to "w z leav5 = ! ennoblem5t ( humanity4 ,n 9 conflict ) sci5ce & moral culture1 b only 9 h>mony ) ^!1 c religion come ne>] to ! atta9m5t ( its ideal1 :i* consi/s 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y may n be consci\s ( _! purpose1 b nev]!less 9 fact all hone/ "w ( sci5ce & all ! endeavors ( social & e?ical humanity h "p 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is ideal4 ,x is ! "w ( ! philosophy ( religion to make cle> t all "w ( ! ?9k+ & /riv+ _s ( humanity1 9 its deepe/ mean+1 is a "w 9 ! k+dom ( ,god1 z s]vice to ,god1 :o is tru? & goodness4 ,x is ! "w ( ! philosophy ( religion to expla9 v>i\s misund]/&+s1 to br+ toge!r oppos+ sides1 & s to prep>e ! way = a m h>moni\s cop]ation ( all1 & = an always hopeful progress ( all on ! road to ! high aims ( a humanity frat]nally unit$ 9 ! div9e _s4 ,,ma9 ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,religion3 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,religion ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,ern/ ,,troelts* 7,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,woods1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity47 ,ern/ ,troelts*1 ,pr(essor ( ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 s9ce #ahid4 b4 ,febru>y #ag #ahfe1 ,augsburg1 ,bav>ia4 ,doctor ( ,!ology4 ,pr(essor ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 #ahib-id4 ,au?or ( ,john ,g]h>d & ,melan*?on2 ,ri*>d ,rubbe2 ,! ,sci5tific ,attitude & its ,dem&s on ,!ology2 ,! ,absolut5ess ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion2 ,political ,e?ics & ,*ri/ianity2 ,! ,hi/oric ,elem5t 9 ,kant's ,religi\s ,philosophy4 ,! philosophy ( religion ( to-day is philosophy ( religion s f> only1 & 9 su* a s5se1 z ?is ^w means sci5ce ( religion or philosophy ) ref]5ce to religion4 ,! sci5ce ( religion ( =m] days 0 fir/ dogmatic !ology1 d]iv+ its dogmas f ! ,bible & f ,*ur* tradition1 exp\nd+ !m apologetically ) ! metaphysical speculation ( ! lat] p]iod ( antiquity1 & reg>d+ ! non-,*ri/ian religions z s9ful d]angem5ts & obscure fragm5ts ( ! primitive revelation4 ,?is la/$ sixte5 c5turies1 & is conf9$ to-day to /rictly ecclesia/ical circles4 ,next1 sci5ce ( religion became natural !ology1 :i* prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ,god by ! nature ( ?\ght & by ! con/itution ( reality1 & also ! immortality ( ! s\l by ! concept ( ! s\l & by moral dem&s1 ?us con/ruct+ natural or rational dogmas & putt+ ^! dogmas into m or less fri5dly relations ) traditional ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is la/$ ab\t two c5turies1 & is to-day ( ! n /rictly ecclesia/ical or pieti/ic circles1 :i* /ill wi% to hold fa/ to religion4 ,bo? k9ds ( sci5ce ( religion exi/ no long] = ! /rict sci5ce4 ,! fir/ 01 9 reality1 sup]naturali/ic dogmatics1 ! second 01 9 reality1 a sub/itution ( philosophy = religion4 ,! fir/ 0 demoli%$ by ! criticism ( miracles 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! second by ! criticism ( k 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i*1 9 its turn1 re/s ^u ,hume & ,kant4 ,! sci5ce ( religion ( to-day keeps 9 t\* ) t :i* )\t d\bt factually exi/s & is an object ( actual exp]i5ce1 ! subjective religi\s consci\sness4 ,! di/ru/ ( ecclesia/ical & rationali/ic dogmas has made1 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t1 e o!r treatm5t impossible4 ,s ! _s ( empiricism has "h z at o!r po9ts completely prevail$4 ,b empiricism 9 ?is field means psy*ological analysis4 ,?is analysis is pursu$ by ! pres5t to ! wide/ ext5t3 on ! "o side by an?ropologi/s & ar*ologi/s1 :o inve/igate ! life ( ! s\l 9 primitive peoples & ?us indicate ! p>ticul> function & condition ( religion 9 ^! /ates2 on ! o!r side1 by ! mod]n exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s & psy*ological empirici/s1 :o1 by self-obs]vation1 & especially by ! collection ( obs]vations by o!rs & ( p]sonal te/imony1 /udy religion1 & !n1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! concepts ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1 exam9e ! ma9 ph5om5a ?us f\nd4 ,n[1 su* an empirical psy*ology ( religion has be5 con/ruct$ ) consid]able success4 ,9 ?is ,g]man lit]ature1 x is true1 has cop]at$ to a slight degree only4 ,! ,g]man !ologians h held to ! old] /atem5ts ( ! psy*ology ( ,kant1 ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 ( ,hegel1 & ( ,fries1 alone1 :i*1 9 pr9ciple1 7 on ! "r pa?1 b :i* comb9$ ! purely psy*ological ) metaphysical & epi/emological problems to su* a degree t x 0 impossible to rea* a really unprejudic$ attitude4 ,g]man psy*ologi/s rema91 fur!rmore1 "u ! spell ( psy*o-physiology & ( quantitative /atem5ts ( measure1 & h1 consequ5tly1 n lik$ to advance into ?is field1 :i* is inaccessible to su* /atem5ts4 ,m productive ?an ! ,g]man psy*ology = ?is subject is ! ,fr5*1 :i* has attack$ ! complex facts f> m c\rage\sly4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 "u ! pr$om9ance ( positivism1 !re prevails1 on ! :ole1 ! t5d5cy to reg>d religion1 9 its ess5ce1 an?ropologically or m$ically & pa?ologically 9 connection ) bodily conditions4 ,?is is ! confusion ( conditions & orig9s ) ! ess5ce ( ! ?+ itself1 :i* c be det]m9$ only by ! ?+1 & is1 by no means1 b\nd exclusively to ^! conditions4 ,not)/&+1 ! works ( ,m>illi]1 ,murisi]1 & ,fl\rnoy h consid]ably aid$ ! problem4 ,m imp>tially ?an all ( ^!1 ! ,engli% & ,am]ican psy*ology has inve/igat$ our subject4 ,"h we h a ma/]piece 9 ! ,gif=d ,lectures ( ,william ,james1 :i* collects into a s+le res]voir simil> inve/igations su* z h be5 c>ri$ on by ,coe & ,/>buck4 ,!re is "h no t5d5cy to a me*anism ( consci\sness1 or to ! dogma ( ! causal & necess>y /ructure ( consci\sness4 ,& to j ?is is due ! fre%ness & imp>tiality ( ! analyses :i* ,james gives out ( 8 enviable k ( *>act]i/ic cases4 ,james rightly emphasizes ! endlessly diff]5t int5sity ( religi\s exp]i5ces1 & ! great numb] ( po9ts ( view & ( judgm5ts :i* !reby results4 ,he also rightly emphasizes ! connection ( ?is diff]5t int5sity ) irr$ucible typical con/itutions ( ! s\l's life1 ) ! optimi/ic & ! melan*oly disposition2 h5ce !re arise con/antly1 ev5 )9 ! same religion1 ess5tially diff]5t types ( religi\sness4 ,limit+ himself1 !n1 to ! mo/ int5se exp]i5ces1 he decides t ! *>act]i/ic ( religi\s /ates is ! s5se ( pres5ce ( ! div9e1 :i* "o might p]haps describe 9 o!r t]ms1 b :i* /ill cont9ues ! specifically div9e1 ) ! oppos$ emotional effects ( a solemn s5se ( contra/ & ( en?usia/ic exaltation4 ,he pictures ^! s5ses ( pres5ce1 & illu/rates !m by vision>y & halluc9atory repres5tations ( ! ab/ract4 ,) ?is are connect$ impulsive & inhibitive conditions = ! appe>ance ( ^! s5ses ( pres5ce & ( reality1 descriptions ( ! effects ^u ! emotional life & action1 &1 above all1 ! analysis ( ! ev5t usually call$ conv]sion1 9 :i* ! religi\s exp]i5ce out ( subconsci\s antec$5ts becomes1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! c5tre ( ! s\l's life4 ,all ?is is description1 b x is bas$ ^u a mass ( examples & expla9$ by g5]al psy*ological categories :i*1 by ! occurr5ce ( ! religi\s ev5t only1 receive a ?or\ghly specific color+4 ,x is a description aft] ! mann] ( ,kir*h(f's me*anics2 p]man5t & simil> types1 &1 likewise1 simil> conditions = _! relations to ! re/ ( ! s\l's life are s\ght out ev]y:]e1 )\t ma9ta9+ to h prov5 at ! same "t1 9 ?is way1 an intellectual necessity = ! connection4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic peculi>ity ( religi\s ph5om5a is ?us conceiv$ z 9 no o!r previ\s analysis4 ,all ?is is /ill1 h[ev]1 no?+ m ?an psy*ologic4 ,= ! sci5ce ( religion x accompli%es no?+ m ?an ! psy*ological det]m9ation ( ! peculi>ity ( ! ph5om5on1 ( its environm5t1 its relations & consequ5ces4 ,x is evid5t t ! ph5om5on occurs 9 an indef9ite numb] ( v>ieties2 & ! *os5 po9t ( dep>ture1 9 unusual & excessive cases1 frequ5tly diffuses ov] religion itself ! "* ( ! biz>re & abnormal4 ,consequ5tly no?+ :atev] is said ab\t ! am\nt ( tru? or ( reality 9 ^! cases4 ,?is1 by ! v pr9ciples ( su* a psy*ology1 is impossible4 ,x analyzes1 produces types & categories1 po9ts out comp>atively con/ant connections & int]actions4 ,b ?is _c be ! la/ ^w = ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,x dem&s1 above all1 empirical k ( ! ph5om5on2 b x dem&s ?is only 9 ord]1 on ! basis ( ?is k1 to be able to answ] ! "q ( ! am\nt ( tru?4 ,b ?is leads to an entirely diff]5t problem1 t ( ! !ory ( k1 :i* has its own conditions ( solution4 ,x is impossible to /op at a m]ely empirical psy*ology4 ,! "q is n m]ely ( giv5 facts1 b ( ! am\nt ( k 9 ^! facts4 ,b pure empiricism w n succe$ 9 answ]+ ?is "q4 ,! "q ) reg>d to ! am\nt ( tru? is always a "q ( validity4 ,! "q ) reg>d to validity c1 h[ev]1 be decid$ only by logical & by g5]al1 conceptual inve/igations4 ,?us we pass ov] f ! gr\nd ( empiricism to t ( rationalism1 & ! "q is1 :at ! !ory ( k or rationalism signifies = ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,su* a syn!sis ( ! rational & irrational1 ( ! psy*ological & ! !ory ( k1 is ! ma9 problem rais$ by ! tea*+ ( ,kant1 & ! significance ( ,kant is t he cle>ly & once = all rais$ ! problem 9 ?is way4 ,he _h ! same /rong m9d = ! empirical & actual z = ! rational & conceptual elem5ts ( human k1 & con/ruct$ sci5ce z a balance betwe5 ! two4 7,he de/roy$ =ev] ! a priori speculative rationalism ( ! necess>y ideas ( ?\ght1 & ! analytical d$uctions f !m1 :i* und]takes to call reality out ( ! necessity ( ?\ght z su*4 ,he re/rict$ regressive rationalism to metaphysical hypo!ses & probabilities1 ! evid5ce = :i* re/s ^u ! inevitability ( ! logical op]ations :i* leads to !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 apply g5]al concepts )\t ref]5ce to exp]i5ce1 & !re=e become empty1 & ?us af=d no real k47 ,on ! o!r h&1 he proclaim$ ! =mal1 imman5t rationalism ( exp]i5ce1 9 attempt+ to unite ,hume's tru? ) ! tru? ( ,leibnitz & ( ,plato4 ,9 ?is way he succe$$ 9 grasp+ ! great problem ( ?\ght by ! root1 & 9 putt+ attempts at solutions on ! "r basis4 ,s x is n a m]e national cu/om ( ,g]man philosophiz+1 if we take our be>+s1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ?is greate/ ( ,g]man ?9k]s1 b x is1 absolutely1 ! mo/ fruitful & ke5e/ way ( putt+ ! problem4 ,x is true1 ! solutions :i* ,kant made1 & :i* are closely connect$ ) ! classical me*anics ( t "t1 ) ! undevelop$ condition ( ! psy*ology ( t "t1 & ) ! incomplet5ess ( hi/orical ?9k+ !n j beg9n+1 h be51 meantime1 m ?an once giv5 up aga94 ,a simple return to him is !re=e impossible4 ,b ! problem 0 put by him 9 a fundam5tal way1 & 8 solutions ne$ no?+ m ?an modification & completion4 ,n[ all ?is is especially true 9 ! case ( ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,"h also ,kant took ! same c\rse1 :i* seem$ to me "r = ! !oretical k ( ! natural sci5ces & = an?ropology4 ,9 practical philosophy also1 to :i* he rightly c\nts philosophy ( religion1 he seeks laws ( ! practical reason analog\s to ! laws ( !oretical reason1 axioms ( ! e?ical1 /hetic1 & religi\s consci\sness :i* are already conta9$ a priori 9 ! elem5t>y appe>ances 9 ^! fields1 &1 9 application to concrete reality1 produce j ^! activities ( ! reason4 ,"h also "o %\ld grasp reason only z conta9$ 9 life itself1 ! a priori law itself already effective 9 ! div]sity ( ! appe>ances %\ld make "o's self cle>-sight$ & s compet5t = a criticism ( ! /ream ( ! s\l's appe>ances4 ,seiz+ ^u itself 9 ! practical reality1 ! practical reason criticises ! psy*ological complex1 rejects z illusion & error t :i* _c be compreh5d$ 9 an a priori law1 selects t "p ( ! same :i* ne$s basis & c5tre & requires only cle>ness ) reg>d to itself1 cle>s ! way = revelations ( a life consci\sness ( its own legality & becomes capable ( ! developm5t ( critically purifi$ exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is is1 9 pr9ciple1 valid1 ! ,kantian ?\ght1 9 ! fur!r detail1 is ma9ta9$ 9 pr9ciple only & z a :ole4 ,! elaboration itself w h to be q diff]5t f t ( 8 own4 ,ev5 by ,kant himself1 on ?is v po9t1 ! syn!sis ( empiricism & rationalism is f> f be+ elaborat$ ) ! necess>y rigor & consi/5cy4 ,& to-day we h a q diff]5tly develop$ psy*ology ( religion1 9 contra/ ) :i* t presuppos$ by ,kant is b>e & ?94 ,f9ally1 !re rema9 9 ! :ole me?od ( ! critical sy/em unsolv$ problems2 by failure to solve ^!1 or by too ha/y solution1 sci5ce ( religion1 especially1 is affect$4 ,to make cle> ! pres5t condition ( ! problem1 "o ought1 above all1 to indicate ! modifications to :i* ! ,kantian !ory ( religion mu/ submit1--mu/ submit1 especially1 by reason ( a m delicate psy*ology1 su* z we h1 ) rem>kable ri*ness1 9 ,james & ! ,am]ican psy*ologi/s connect$ ) him4 ,!re are f\r po9ts ) reg>d to ?is "q4 ,! fir/ is ! "q ( ! relation ( psy*ology & !ory ( k 9 ! v e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( ! !ory ( k4 ,are n ! se>* = & discov]y ( ! laws ( ! !ory ( k !mselves possible only by way ( psy*ological asc]ta9m5t ( facts1 itself !n a psy*ological und]tak+ & consequ5tly dep5d5t ^u all its conditions8 ,x is ! mu* discuss$ "q ( ! circle :i* itself lies at ! outset ( ! critical sy/em4 ,! answ] to ?is is t ?is circle lies 9 ! v be+ ( all k1 & mu/ !re=e be resolutely committ$4 ,x signifies no?+ m ?an ! presupposition ( all ?\ght1 ! tru/ 9 a reason :i* e/abli%es itself only by mak+ use ( itself4 ,! unmi/akable elem5ts ( ! logical ass]t !mselves z logical 9 di/9ction f ! psy*ological1 & f ?is po9t on reason mu/ be tru/$ 9 all its confusions & entanglem5ts to recognize itself )9 ! psy*ological4 ,x is ! c\rage ( ?\ght1 z ,hegel says1 :i* may presuppose t ! self-k ( reason may tru/ itself1 presuppose t reason is conta9$ )9 ! psy*ological2 or x is ! e?ical & teleological presupposition ( all ?\ght1 z ,lotze says1 :i* believes 9 k & ! validity ( its laws = ! sake ( a connect$ mean+ = reality1 & :i*1 !re=e1 tru/s to recognize itself out ( ! psy*ological mass4 ,! e/abli%m5t1 !re=e1 ( ! laws ( ! !ory ( k is n itself a psy*ological analysis1 b a k ( self by ! logical by virtue ( :i* x extricates itself out ( ! psy*ological mass4 ,!ory ( k1 l e rationalism1 includes1 x is true1 v real presuppositions ) reg>d to ! significant1 rational1 & teleologically connective "* ( reality1 & )\t ?is presupposition x is unt5able2 9 x lies its root4 ,x is insight ( =m] days1 ! importance ( :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ con/antly be emphasiz$ anew1 t discusses ! validity ( ! rational z oppos$ to ! m]ely empirical4 ,b /ill m important ?an ?is !sis are sev]al inf]5ces :i* are giv5 ) x4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( consci\sness1 9 :i* we produce exp]i5ce1 is a selection ( ! laws out ( exp]i5ce itself1 a k ( itself by ! reason conta9$ 9 ! v exp]i5ce by way ( ! analysis :i* extracts x4 ,x is !n an endless task1 complet$ by con/antly r5ew$ attacks1 & always only approximately solvable4 ,! complete sep>ation ( ! m]ely psy*ological & actual & ( ! logical & necess>y w nev] be completely accompli%$1 b w always be op5 to d\bt2 "o c only attempt always to limit m vigor\sly ! field ( :at is d\btful4 ,& ) ?is some?+ fur!r is connect$4 ,! inexhau/ible production ( life becomes con/antly1 9 ! lat5t am\nt ( reason1 ri*] ?an ! analysis disc]ns1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! laws :i* are br\ght into ! light ( logic w always be less ! am\nt ( reason n br\ght into consci\sness1 & consci\s logic w always be oblig$ to correct itself & enri* itself out ( ! un>tificial logical op]ations aris+ 9 contact ) ! object4 ,s a f9i%$ sy/em ( a priori pr9ciples1 b ?is sy/em w always be 9 gr[?1 w be oblig$ unceas+ly to correct itself1 & to conta9 op5 spaces4 ,f9ally1 & above all1 9 case ( ?is sep>ation1 !re rema9s )9 ! psy*ologically condition$ appe>ance1 a residuum1 :i* is ei!r n conceiv$1 b is lat] r$uc$ to law & !reby a conceiv$ ph5om5on1 or :i* nev] c be s1 & is !re=e illusion & error4 ,if ! psy*ological & ! !oretical = k are to be sep>at$1 !n t c occur1 n m]ely to %[ t bo? mu/ always be toge!r1 & =m real exp]i5ce only :5 toge!r1 b !re mu/ also be a rejection ( t :i* is m]ely psy*ological & n rational s9ce x is illusion & error4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! app>5t & ! real 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture :i* made ! :ole !ory necess>y1 &1 accord+ly1 ! m]ely psy*ological mu/ rema9 appe>ance & error side by side ) t :i* is psy*ological &1 at ! same "t1 !oretical = k4 ,!re always rema9s 9 consci\sness a residuum ( ! inconceivable1 t is1 inconceivable s9ce x is illusion & error4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t reality is nev] fully rational1 b is engag$ 9 a /ruggle betwe5 ! rational & anti-rational4 ,! anti-rational or irrational1 9 ! s5se ( psy*ological illusion & error1 belongs also to ! real1 & /rives aga9/ ! rational4 ,! true & rational reality to be atta9$ by ?\ght is always 9 conjunction ) ! untrue reality1 ! psy*ological1 t conta9+ illusion & error4 ,all ?is signifies t ! rationalism ( ! !ory ( k mu/ be conditional1 p>tly ow+ to ! corrective & enri*+ fecundation by primitive & nave ?\ght1 p>tly ow+ to nev] q sep>able admixture ( illusion & error4 ,s1 long ago1 ! sy/em ( categorical =ms1 z ,kant con/ruct$ x = !oretical & practical reason1 began to *ange1 & c nev] aga9 acquire ! rigidity :i* ,kant's rationalism int5d$ to give x =ev]more4 ,& ?us ! critical sy/em's rational reality ( law produc$ by reason always conta9s bel[ itself & beside itself ! m]ely psy*ological reality ( ! factual1 to :i* also illusion & error belong1--a reality :i* c nev] be rationaliz$1 b only set aside4 ,?is1 too1 is also true = ! philosophy ( religion3 ! rational r$uction ( ! psy*ological facts ( religion to ! g5]al laws ( consci\sness :i* prevail among !m is a task con/antly to be resum$ anew by ! /udy ( reality1 & foll[s ! movem5ts ( primitive religion 9 ord] to f9d !re fir/ ! rational basis2 ! r$uction is1 h[ev]1 always approximate1 c compreh5d ! ma9 po9ts only1 & mu/ leave mu* op51 ! rational gr\nd = :i* is n or n yet evid5t2 f9ally x has unceas+ly to reckon ) ! irrational z illusion & error1 :i* atta*es to ! rational1 & yet is n expla9able by x4 ,! two realities1 :i* ! critical sy/em mu/ recognize at its v f\ndation1 cont9ue 9 /rife ) ea* o!r1 & ?is /rife z ! /rife ( div9e tru? ) human illusion is = ! sci5ce ( religion ( /ill m importance4 ,! second correction ( ! ,kantian tea*+ is only a fur!r consequ5ce f ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,if ! attitude ( psy*ology & !ory ( k requires a /rict sep>ation1 x requires x only = ! purpose ( m correct relation4 ,! laws ( ! !ory ( k are sep>at$ f ! m]ely psy*ological actuality1 b /ill c be produc$ only out ( x4 ,?us1 z a matt] ( fact1 psy*ological analysis is always ! presupposition = ! correct conception ( all ^! laws4 ,psy*ology is ! entrance gate to !ory ( k4 ,?is is true = !oretical logic z well z = ! practical logic ( ! moral1 ! /hetical1 & ! religi\s4 ,b j at ?is po9t ! pres5t1 on ! basis ( its psy*ological inve/igation1 presses f> beyond ! orig9al =m ( ! ,kantian tea*+4 ,?is is n ! place to describe ?is1 m closely1 ) ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ! subjects j m5tion$4 ,b x is important to insi/ t ?is is especially true ) respect to ! ,kantian doctr9e ( religion4 ,! ,kantian doctr9e ( religion is f\nd$ on ! moral & religi\s psy*ology ( ,deism1 :i* _h made ! connection1 frequ5t 9 exp]i5ce1 ( moral feel+s ) religi\s emotion ! sole basis ( ! philosophy ( religion1 & _h1 9 ! mann] ( ! psy*ology ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 imm$iately *ang$ ?is connection into intellectual reflections1 9 accord ) :i* ! moral law dem&s its orig9ator & gu>antee4 ,kant accept$ ?is psy*ology ( religion )\t pro( & built ^u x 8 ma9 law ( ! religi\s consci\sness1 9 accordance ) :i* a syn!tic judgm5t a priori is op]ative 9 religion 7aris+ 9 ! moral exp]i5ce ( fre$om71 :i* requires t ! _w be reg>d$ z subject to ! purposes ( fre$om4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely "o-sid$1 to give religion its place j betwe5 ! elem5ts1 & a r viol5t translation ( ! religi\s con/itution into reflection4 ,! error ( ?is psy*ology ( religion _h be5 discov]$ & correct$ already by ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,b ,s*lei]ma*]1 = 8 "p too1 also fail$ to d5y himself an altoge!r too sudd5 metaphysical int]pretation ( ! religi\s a priori :i* he _h demon/rat$1 s9ce he n only describ$ ! a priori judgm5t ( ?+s1 f ! po9t ( view ( absolute dep5d5ce ^u ,god1 z a vague feel+1 b rais$ ?is feel+1 by reason ( ! suppos$ lack ( diff]5ce1 9 x1 betwe5 ?\ght & w1 reason & be+1 to a _w-pr9ciple1 & int]pret$ ! idea ( ,god conta9$ 9 ?is feel+ 9 ! t]ms ( 8 ,sp9ozism1 ! lack ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & ,nature )9 ! ,absolute4 ,a real !ory ( k ( religion mu/ keep itself mu* m indep5d5t ( all metaphysical presuppositions & inf]5ces1 & mu/ admit t ! ess5ce ( ! religi\s a priori is extort$ f a ?or\ghly imp>tial psy*ological analysis4 ,& ?is is always ! place :]e works1 su* z ^? ( ,james1 come into play4 ,religion z a special category or =m ( psy*ical con/itution1 ! result ( a m or less vague pres5ce ( ! div9e 9 ! s\l1 ! feel+ ( pres5ce & reality ) ref]5ce to ! sup]human or inf9ite1 t is )\t any d\bt a mu* m correct po9t ( dep>ture = ! analysis ( ! rational a priori ( religion1 & x rema9s to make ?is new psy*ology fruitful = ! !ory ( k ( religion4 ,t w be "o ( ! *ief tasks ( ! future4 ,! ?ird *ange relates to ! di/9ction ( ! empirical & intelligible ,ego1 :i* ,kant connect$ closely1 almo/ indissolubly ) 8 ma9 epi/emological ?\ght ( ! =mal rationalisms imman5t 9 exp]i5ce4 ,kant rationaliz$ ! :ole out] & inn] exp]i5ce1 by means ( a priori laws1 into a totality1 con=m+ to law1 appe>+ 9 intuitive =ms ( space & "t1 causally & necess>ily rigidly connect$4 ,! fre$om autonom\sly det]m9+ itself out ( ! logical idea1 & contra/+ itself ) ! psy*ological /ream1 produces out ( ! confus$ psy*olican reality ?is sci5tific =mation ( ! true reality4 ,! product ( ?\ght1 h[ev]1 swall[s its own mak]4 ,= ! same acts ( fre$om1 :i* autonom\sly produc$ ! =mation ( ! reality ( law1 rema9 !mselves 9 ! temporal sequ5ce ( psy*ical ev5ts1 &1 !re=e1 !mselves1 ) t =mation1 lapse into ! sequ5ce :i* is "u me*anical law4 ,! intelligible ,ego creates ! _w ( law1 & f9ds itself !re91 ) its activity1 z empirical ,ego1 t is1 z product ( ! great _w-me*anism & ( its causal sequ5ce4 ,x is an intol]able1 viol5t contradiction1 & x is no solution ( ?is contradiction to ref] ! empirical ,ego to appe>ance1 & ! intelligible ,ego to actuality exi/+ 9 itself1 if ! op]ations ( ! intelligible ,ego1 also a con/itu5t "p ( :at takes place 9 ! s\l1 occur 9 "t & s relapse irrecov]ably into ph5om5ality & its me*anism4 ,all ! +5uity ( mod]n int]pretation ( ,kant has n succe$$ 9 mak+ ?is circle m tol]able1 all %ift+ ( "o & ! same ?+ to diff]5t po9ts ( view has only enri*$ sci5tific t]m9ology ) ma/]pieces ( p>5!tical caution1 b n remov$ ! objection t two diff]5t po9ts ( view d n1 z a matt] ( fact1 exi/ side by side1 b conflict )9 ! same object4 ,?is circle is especially intol]able = ! psy*ology ( religion & its application to ! !ory ( k4 ,! psy*ology ( religion c]ta9ly %[s u t ! deep] feel+ ( all religion is n a product ( ! me*anical sequ5ce1 b an effect ( ! sup]s5su\s itself z x is felt !re2 x believes t x arises 9 ! intelligible ,ego by way ( "s k9d ( connection ) ! sup]s5su\s _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 becomes completely impossible = ! ,kantian !ory ( ! empirical ,ego1 & all di/9ctions ( a d\ble po9t ( view 9 no wise *ange ! fact t ^! po9ts ( view are mutually absolutely exclusive4 ,"h we h ! results ( psy*ology :i* ! expression ( religi\s emotion confirms1 9 t religion c be causally r$uc$ to no?+ else1 totally oppos$ to ! consequ5ces ( su* a !ory ( k4 ,kant _h himself (t5 en\gh practically felt ?is1 & spoke !n ( fre$om z an exp]i5ce ( communion ) ! sup]s5su\s z a possible b unprovable affair1 :ile all t1 9 case ( a /rict adh]5ce to ! ph5om5ality ( "t & ( ! !ory ( ! empirical ,ego1 :i* is a consequ5ce ( x1 is completely impossible4 ,no?+ c be ( any assi/ance "h except a decisive r5unciation ( ^? epi/emological positions :i* contradict ! results ( psy*ology1 & :i* are !mselves only doctr9aire consequ5ces f o!r positions4 ,no?+ else is possible b ! modification ( ! ph5om5ality ( "t1 9 su* a way t by no means ev]y?+ :i* belongs to "t belongs also z a matt] ( c\rse to ph5om5ality1 b t ! autonom\s rational acts :i* occur 9 ! "t s]ies ( consci\sness possess _! own intelligible "t-=m4 ,at ! same "t ! concept ( causality closely connect$ ) ! concept ( "t is to be modifi$ s t !re %\ld be n only an imman5t & ph5om5al causal connection1 b also a regul> int]action betwe5 ph5om5al & intelligible1 psy*ological & rational1 consci\s reality4 ,at ! same "t ! conclusion is also giv5 up1 t ! ,ego submits unconditionally & directly to ph5om5ality & to causal necessity1 :ile ! same ,ego1 once m1 9 ! same way1 z a :ole1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 is subord9ate to fre$om & autonomy1 t is1 self-con/itutive ?r\gh ideas4 ,! two ,egos mu/ lie n side by side1 b 9 & ov] "o ano!r4 ,x mu/ be possible t1 )9 ! ph5om5al ,ego by a creative act ( ! intelligible ,ego 9 x1 ! p]sonality %\ld be =m$ & develop$ z a realization ( ! autonom\s reason1 s t ! intelligible issues f ! ph5om5al1 ! rational f ! psy*ological1 ! =m] elaborates & %apes ! latt]1 & betwe5 bo? a relation ( regul> int]action1 b n ( causal con/ra9t1 takes place4 ,?is r deep1 incisive modification is1 9 its turn1 an approa* ( ! ,kantian tea*+ to empiricism1 b /ill at ! same "t1 9 ! de/ruction & subord9ation ( ! ph5om5al & intelligible _w1 9 ! emphasis ^u ! s+le p]sonality issu+ f ! act ( reason1 an adh]5ce to rationalism4 ,b s9ce ! di/9ction & ! int]relation betwe5 ! rational & ! empirical =ms ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! critical sy/em1 & ?is po9t ( dep>ture requires at ! same "t ! m\ld+ & %ap+ ( ! empirical by ! rational & ! rejection ( ! psy*ological appe>ance2 a m]e p>allelism is altoge!r impossible1 b an int]relation is includ$1 & a task set = ! ef=t & labor :i* con/antly makes ! rational p5etrate ! empirical4 ,at ! v outset we h ! exclusion ( ! p>allelism & ! ass]tion ( ! int]relation4 ,! int]relation1 by its v nature1 ass]ts ! int]ruption ( ! causal necessity & ! p5etration ( autonom\s reason 9 ?is sequ5ce1 )\t be+ itself produc$ by ?is sequ5ce1 al?\gh x c be /imulat$ & help$ or inhibit$ & weak5$ by x4 ,?us1 9 su* a case z ?is1 ! irrational is recogniz$ by ! side ( & 9 ! rational4 ,9 ?is case ! irrational ( ! ev5t )\t causal compulsion by "s antec$5t1 or ( ! self-det]m9ation by ! autonom\s idea alone1 is ! irrational ( fre$om4 ,x is ! irrational ( ! creative proc$ure :i* con/itutes ! idea out ( itself & produces ! consequ5ces ( ! reason out ( ! con/itut$ idea4 ,b ?is irrational plays ev]y:]e 9 ! :ole life ( ! s\l an ess5tial "p1 & is n less ?an decisive 9 ! case ( religion1 :i* mu/ be q diff]5t f :at x is if x did n h ! "r to ma9ta9 t :i* x decl>es to be true ( itself1 namely1 t x is an act ( fre$om & a gift ( grace1 an effect ( ! sup]s5su\s p]meat+ ! natural ph5om5al life ( ! s\l & an act ( free devotion ! natural motivation4 ,! f\r? problem arises1 :5 we exam9e ! rational law ( ! religi\s nature or ( ! hav+ ( religion :i* lies 9 ! be+ & organization ( ! reason4 ,! hav+ ( religion may be demon/rat$ z a law ( ! normal consci\sness f ! imman5t feel+ ( necessity & obligation :i* prop]ly belongs to religion1 & f its organic place 9 ! economy ( consci\sness1 :i* receives its conc5tration & its relation to an objective _w-reason only f religion4 ,b precisely because religion is r$uc$ to ?is1 x is cle> t ?is is only a r$uction :i* ab/racts f ! empirical actuality j z ! categories ( pure reason d4 ,?is ab/raction1 !n1 %\ld "u no circum/ances itself be reg>d$ z ! real religion4 ,x is only ! rational a priori ( ! psy*ical appe>ances1 b n ! replacem5t ( appe>ances by ! tru? free f confusion4 ,! psy*ical reality 9 :i* alone ! tru? is effective %\ld nev] be =gott5 out ( reg>d = ! tru?4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! fact 9 ! ,kantian !ory ( religion 9 two directions4 ,x is always noticeable t ! a priori ( ! practical reason is treat$ by ,kant q diff]5tly f ! !oretical4 ,9 case ( ! latt] ! ma9 idea ( ! syn!sis1 imman5t 9 exp]i5ce1 ( rationalism & empiricism1 is reta9$1 & ! a priori ( ! pure =ms ( intuition & ( ! pure categories is no?+ )\t ! cont5ts ( concrete reality :i* become %ap$ 9 x4 ,x may be v difficult actually to grasp ! cop]ation ( ! a priori & ! empirical 9 ! s+le case1 & ,kant's !ory ( ! categories may h to be entirely re%ap$ & approximat$ to a priori hypo!ses requir+ v]ification1 b ! pr9ciple itself is always ! disposition ( ! real & g5u9e problem ( all k4 ,9 case ( ! practical a priori ,kant did1 x is true1 firmly emphasize ! =mal "* ( ! e?ical1 /hetical1 & religi\s law1 b1 9 do+ ?is1 does n lose q out ( sight ! psy*ical reality4 ,!y appe> n z empty =ms :i* atta9 to _! reality only :5 fill$ ) ! concrete e?ical tasks1 ! arti/ic creations1 & ! religi\s /ates1 b z ab/ract tru?s ( reason1 :i* h to take ! place ( ! intricacies ( usual consci\sness4 ,at ?is po9t "o has always be5 "r 9 feel+ a relapse on ! "p ( ,kant into ! ab/ract1 analytical1 conceptual1 rationalism1 & = ?is v reason ,kant's /atem5ts ab\t ^! ?+s are ( great sublimity & rigor ( pr9ciple1 b scanty 9 cont5t4 ,x is m important 9 case also ( ?is a priori ( ! practical reason to keep 9 m9d t x is a purely =mal a priori & 9 reality mu/ con/antly be 9 relation ) ! psy*ical cont5t1 9 ord] to give ?is cont5t ! firm core ( ! real & ! pr9ciple ( ! critical regulation ( self4 ,s ! a priori ( morals is n to be repres5t$ ab/ractly m]ely by itself1 b x is to be conceiv$ 9 its relation to all ! tasks :i* we feel z obligatory1 & x ext5ds itself f t po9t outw>ds ov] ! total expanse ( ! activity ( reason4 ,likewise ! a priori ( art is n to be d5ot$ 9 ! ab/ract idea ( ! unity ( fre$om & necessity1 b to be %[n 9 ! :ole expanse :i* is pres5t to ! s\l z arti/ic =m or conception4 ,?us1 9 especial degree1 religion is n to be r$uc$ to ! belief ( reason 9 a moral _w-ord]1 & simply contra/$ ) all suppos$ religion ( any o!r k9d1 b ! religi\s a priori %\ld only s]ve 9 ord] to e/abli% ! ess5tial 9 ! empirical appe>ance1 b )\t /ripp+ (f ?is appe>ance altoge!r1 & f ?is po9t ( ! ess5tial to correct ! intricacies & n>r[ness1 ! errors & false comb9ations ( ! psy*ical situation4 ,kant1 by 8 orig9al ?\ght ( ! a priori1 0 urg$ 9 diff]5t ways to su* a view1 & con/ru$ epi/emologically ! empirical psy*ological religion z imag9>y illu/rations ( ! a priori4 ,b t is occasional only & does n dom9ate ,kant's real view ( religion4 ,?is is & /ill rema9s only a translation ( ! usual moral & !ological rationalism f ! =mula ( ,locke & ,wolff into ! =mula ( ! critical philosophy4 ,! same revision occurs 9 q a diff]5t direction4 ,if religion is an a priori ( reason1 x is1 once = all1 e/abli%$ toge!r ) reason1 & all religion is ev]y:]e & always religi\s 9 ! same proposition z x is 9 any way realiz$4 ,s*lei]ma*] expressly /at$ ?is 9 8 developm5t ( ! ,kantian !ory1 &1 9 s f> z ! practical reason is always p5etrat$ ) fre$om1 & consequ5tly religion itself is e/abli%$ ) ! act ( moral fre$om1 ?is 0 also ass]t$ by ,kant himself4 ,su* an ass]tion1 h[ev]1 contradicts e psy*ological obs]vation :atsoev]4 ,x is true su* obs]vation c prove t religi\s emotions adju/ !mselves easily to all activities ( reason1 b x mu/ %>ply di/+ui% :at is no?+ m ?an ! religi\sness ( vague feel+ ( sup]s5sual regulations1 :i* usually are jo9$ ) art & morals1 f real & *>act]i/ic religi\sness1 9 :i*1 ea* s+le "t1 a purely p]sonal relation ( pres5ce to ! sup]s5su\s takes place4 ,b ?is :ole problem signifies no?+ else ?an ! actualiz+ ( ! religi\s a priori1 :i* actualiz+ always occurs 9 q specific &1 9 spite ( all diff]5ce1 ess5tially simil> psy*ical exp]i5ces & /ates4 ,?is problem ( ! actualiz+ ( ! religi\s a priori & ( its connection ) concrete individual psy*ical ph5om5a1 ,kant completely ov]look$ 9 8 ab/ract concept ( religion1 or r1 delib]ately ignor$1 because1 z he wrote to ,jacobi1 he saw all ! dang]s ( my/icism lurk+ 9 x4 ,?is fe> 0 ju/ifi$2 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 all ! specific occurr5ces ( my/icism1 f conv]sion1 pray]1 & contemplation to en?usiasm1 vision1 & ec/asy1 d lurk 9 x4 ,b )\t ?is my/icism !re is no real religion1 & ! psy*ology ( religion %[s mo/ cle>ly h[ ! real pulse ( religion beats 9 ! my/ical exp]i5ces4 ,a religion )\t x is only a prelim9>y /ep1 or a rev]b]ation ( real & actual religion4 ,moreov]1 ! /ates are easily conceiv$ 9 a !ory ( k1 if "o sees 9 !m ! actualiz+ ( ! religi\s a priori1 ! production ( actual religion 9 ! fusion ( ! rational law ) ! concrete individual psy*ical fact4 ,! my/icism recogniz$ z ess5tial by ! psy*ology ( religion mu/ f9d its place 9 ! !ory ( k1 & x f9ds x z ! psy*ological actualiz+ ( ! religi\s a priori1 9 :i* alone t int]lac+ ( ! necess>y1 ! rational1 ! con=mable to law1 & ! factual occurs1 :i* *>act]izes real religion4 ,! dang]s ( su* a my/icism1 :i* are recogniz$ a ?\s&fold 9 exp]i5ce1 _c be dispell$ altoge!r by ! displacem5t ( my/icism1 = t w\ld mean to displace religion itself4 ,x w\ld be ! same1 if "o %\ld try to avoid ! dang]s ( illusion & error1 by keep+ to ! pure categories alone1 & ceas+ to employ !m 9 ! actual ?9k+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,r1 !y c be dispell$ only 9 t ! actualiz+ ( ! rational a priori is recogniz$ 9 ! my/ical occurr5ces1 & ?us ! intricacies & "o-sid$ness ( ! m]e psy*ological /ream ( religi\sness be avoid$4 ,! psy*ological reality ( religion mu/ always rememb] ! rational sub/ance ( religion1 & always br+ religion z c5tral 9 ! sy/em ( consci\sness into fruitful & adju/$ contact ) ! total life ( ! reason4 ,?us ! psy*ological reality corrects & purifies itself out ( its own a priori1 )\t1 h[ev]1 de/roy+ itself2 or r1 ! actual religion 9 ! psy*ical category ( ! my/ical occurr5ces w subside to a m or less degree4 ,?us we h ! irrational prevail+ "h 9 its ?ird =m1 :i* l ! two o!rs 0 conta9$ 9 ! v outset ( ! critical sy/em1 9 ! =m ( ! once-occurr+1 factual1 & individual1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 has a rational basis or a rational elem5t 9 itself1 b is besides a pure fact & reality4 ,j ?is is ! excell5ce ( ! rationalism imman5t 9 exp]i5ce 7! critical sy/em71 t x makes room = ?is feature beside ! g5]al & conceptual rationality4 ,x did n make room = x to ! ext5t really requir$1 & x especially left no space = x 9 its ab/ract philosophy ( religion4 ,?is space mu/ aga9 be op5$ by ! !ory ( ! actualiz+ ( ! religi\s a priori1 & !re aga9 lies ano!r improvem5t ( ! critical sy/em "u ! influ5ce ( mod]n psy*ology4 ,if we summ>ize all ?is1 we h a quantity ( concessions by ! =mal epi/emological rationalism to ! irrationality ( ! psy*ological facts & a repeat$ break+ d[n ( ! ov]-rigor\s ,kantian rationalism4 ,contr>iwise1 h[ev]1 ! pure psy*ological inve/igation is also compell$ to )draw f ! unlimit$ quantity & ! absolute irrationality ( ! multif>i\s 7& ( ! confusion ( appe>ance & tru?7 to a rational crit]ium1 :i* c be f\nd 9 ! rational a priori ( ! reason only1 & 9 ! organic position ( ?is a priori 9 ! sy/em ( consci\sness 9 g5]al4 ,by ?is rationalism alone may ! true validity ( religion be f\nd$1 & by ?is alone ! uncultivat$ psy*ical life may be critically regulat$4 ,religion w be conceiv$ 9 its concrete vitality & n mutilat$2 x w con/antly be br\ght out ( ! jumble ( its di/ortions1 bl5d+s1 "o-sid$ness1 n>r[ness1 & exub]ance back aga9 to its orig9al cont5t1 & to its organic relations to ! totality ( ! life ( reason1 to ! sci5tific moral & arti/ic accompli%m5ts4 ,t is ev]y?+ t sci5ce c d = x1 b is n ?is s]vice great en\gh & indisp5sable en\gh to ju/ify ! "w ( su* a sci5ce8 ,we d n /op ) no?+ m ?an v>ieties ( religi\s exp]i5ce :i* is ! result ( ,james's me?od2 b nei!r d we /op ) no?+ m ?an a rational idea ( religion1 :i* ov]p[]s exp]i5ce1 z 0 /ill s 9 ! case ( ,kant4 ,b we mu/ le>n h[ intimately to comb9e ! empirical & psy*ological ) ! critical & normative4 ,! ideas ( ,hume & ( ,leibnitz mu/ once m be br\ght into relation ) ! cont9uations ( ,kant's "w1 & ! comb9ation ( ! ,anglo-,saxon s5se = reality ) ! ,g]man _s ( speculation is /ill ! task = ! new c5tury z well z = ! c5tury pa/4 ,,%ort ,,pap]s ,a %ort pap] 0 contribut$ to ?is ,section by ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,t4 ,ormond1 ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 on ,"s ,roots & ,factors ( ,religion4 ,! speak] said t religion1 l ev]y?+ else human1 has its rise 9 man's exp]i5ce4 ,x has also d\btless _h a hi/ory t w pres5t ! outl9es ( a developm5t1 if b ! c\rse ( t developm5t c be trac$4 ,b 9 ! case ( religion our !ory ( developm5t w be l>gely qualifi$ by our judgm5t z to its orig92 :ile1 reg>d+ orig9 itself1 we h to dep5d on hypo!ses con/ruct$ f our m or less imp]fect acqua9tance ) ! races1 & especially ! savage races1 ( ! pres5t4 ,! primitive pre-religi\s man is a con/ruction f pres5t data1 & w always rema9 m or less hypo!tical4 ,?is w p>tially expla91 & at ! same "t p>tially excuse1 :at we w agree is ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! an?ropological !ories z acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( religion4 ,b !re are o!r reasons = ?is p>tial failure t are less excusable4 ,"o ( ^! is ! r s+ul> failure ( ! lead+ an?ropologi/s1 9 deal+ ) ! orig9 ( religion1 to di/+ui% betwe5 fundam5tal & m]ely tribut>y causes4 ,= in/ance1 if we suppose t man has 9 "s way come into possession ( a g]m ( religi\sness1 _m ?+s w become g5u9e tribut>ies to its developm5t t :5 urg$ z explanations ( ! g]m itself w\ld be obvi\sly futile4 ,!re mu/ be a cause = ! pretty g5]al failure to note ?is di/9ction :i* is vital to religi\s !ory1 & ,i am conv9c$ t ! pr9cipal cause is a c]ta9 lack ( psy*ological insight & ( philosophical grasp 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( ! fir/ data & prim>y roots ( religion 9 man's nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ne$ful 9 deal+ ) ! religion ( ! hypo!tical man t we %\ld h "s idea ( :at con/itutes religion 9 ! actual man4 ,n[1 back ( all ! outw>d manife/ations ( religion1 w /& ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! man & ! community1 & x w be ?is t w det]m9e ! idea ( religion 9 its mo/ ess5tial =m4 ,! develop$ idea ( religion1 !re=e1 aris+ out ( ?is g]m9al impression1 w\ld take ! =m ( a s5se 7we may n[ call x concept7 ( relat$ness to "s be+ ak9 to man himself1 & yet transc5d+ him 9 "s real ?\gh undet]m9$ respects4 ,any?+ %ort ( ?is w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 leave religion 9 "s respects unacc\nt$ =2 :ile any?+ m w\ld p]haps exclude "s g5u9e manife/ations ( religion4 ,if ! idea ( religion arises out ( an impression1 !n x w n be possible to d5y to x an intellectual root4 ,i make ?is /atem5t ) "s diffid5ce1 because if ,i d n mis9t]pret !m1 "s rec5t psy*ologi/s h practically d5i$ ! intellectual root 9 _! doctr9e t religion c h no orig9al intellectual cont5t4 ,if ,i am n fur!r misl$1 h[ev]1 ^! writ]s w\ld admit t a cont5t is a*iev$ by ! symbolic use ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is p]haps all ,i ne$ argue = "h2 s9ce our epi/emology is tea*+ u t ! di/9ction betwe5 symbolism & p]ception is only t betwe5 ! direct & ! indirect2 :ile "h x is cle> t its use 9 develop+ ! significance ( ! religi\s impression w\ld h all ! directness &1 !re=e1 all ! cog5cy ( an imm$iate inf]5ce4 ,let u n[ re/ore ! intellectual & emotional elem5ts ( religion to _! place 9 a syn!sis2 we w !n h a concrete religi\s exp]i5ce out ( :i* may be analyz$ at lea/ two fundam5tal factors4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is :at we may call ! p]sonal factor 9 religion4 ,we are tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! an?ropologi/s :5 we f9d among ! mo/ undevelop$ savages a t5d5cy to p]sonify ! objects ( _! wor%ip4 ,:5 x comes to ! "q ( det]m9+ ! rle t ?is p]sonaliz+ t5d5cy has actually play$ 9 ! developm5t ( religion1 ! an?ropologi/s divide into two camps1 "o ( ^!1 l$ by ,max ,mll]1 reg>d+ x z a symbolic int]pretation put ^u ! impression ( "s great natural or cosmic object or ph5om5on2 :ile o!rs1 includ+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,tylor1 pref] to seek ! orig9als ( religion 9 ance/ral dream-images & gho/ly app>itions4 ,^! writ]s ?us />t ) completely an?ropomorphic t]ms1 & _! problem is to de-an?ropomorphize ! elem5ts to ! ext5t necess>y to con/itute !m data ( religion4 ,! second factor /&+ ov] aga9/ ! p]sonal1 z its opposite1 is t ( transc5d5ce4 ,by transc5d5ce ,i mean t deify+1 inf9itat+ process t is ev] work+ contra to ! an?ropomorphic influ5ce 9 ! sph]e ( religi\s conceptions4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,sp5c] reg>d ?is z ! only legitimate t5d5cy 9 religion4 ,we d n argue ?is po9t "h1 b agree t x is z legitimate & real a factor z t ( p]sonality4 ,! root ( ?is factor1 if our diagnosis ( ! idea ( religion be correct1 is to be s\ght 9 ! orig9al impression ( religion1 & x no d\bt has its orig9 9 man's feel+-reaction f t impression4 ,we h po9t$ to submission z "o ( ! religi\s emotions4 ,n[ submission re/s on "s deep] feel+-attitude1 :i* "s h translat$ into ! feel+ or s5se ( dep5d5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n adequate1 s9ce m5 h ! s5se ( social dep5d5ce on f9ite be+s1 & we h x ) ref]5ce to ! floor we are /&+ on4 ,r1 x seems to me1 we mu/ translate x into ! /rong] & m unconditional feel+ ( helplessness4 ,"o real gr\nd ( our religi\s consci\sness is ! s5se or feel+ ( helplessness t[>d ,god2 ! s5se t we h no /&+ 9 be+ z aga9/ ! ,deity4 ,?is radical feel+ utt]s itself 9 e note ( ! religi\s scale1 f ! l[e/ sup]/iti\s t]ror to ! highe/ my/ical self-annihilation4 ,^! two factors1 ! =ces ( p]sonalization & transc5d5ce1 are insep>able4 ,!y con/itute ! t]ms ( a dialectic )9 ! religi\s consci\sness1 by virtue ( :i* 9 "o phase our religi\s conceptions are becom+ ev] m adequate & satisfy+1 :ile f ano!r po9t ( view _! insuffici5cy gr[s m & m app>5t4 ,&1 on ! broad] field ( religi\s hi/ory1 !y embody !mselves 9 a law ( t5d5cy1 :i* ,sp5c] has only half-express$1 by virtue ( :i* ! objects ( religion are on "o h& becom+ ev] m intelligible2 on ! o!r1 ev] m transc5d5t ( our conceptions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a %ort pap] 0 read by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,c4 ,fr5*1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska1 on ,! ,be>+ ( ,c]ta9 ,aspects ( ! ,new] ,psy*ology on ! ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,! speak] said 9 "p3 ,! relation ( sci5ce to religion has receiv$1 to be sure1 mu* /udy1 b to mo/ m9ds hi!rto ?is has meant ! relation ( only ! physical sci5ces to religion4 ,! old] psy*ology 0 l>gely speculative & metaphysical 9 "*4 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 "s :o employ$ ! empirical me?od 9 psy*ology1 b !y 7 s f> f compreh5d+ ! full scope ( m5tal ph5om5a t1 at be/1 _! "w gave ! promise ( a sci5ce r ?an a sci5ce itself4 ,x is n ! fact t ! new] psy*ology takes acc\nt ( ! physiological conditions ( m5tal life2 x is n ! fact t ! subject is n[ pursu$ 9 laboratories ) in/rum5ts ( precision1 t gives x its full /&+ z a sci5ce3 x is mu* m ! fact t ! psy*ology ( to-day has f\nd a place 9 ! natural sy/em ( m5tal ?+s = ^? /range & relatively unusual ph5om5a ( consci\sness :i* to ! sci5tifically m9d$ seem$ totally unreal & to ! sup]/iti\s manife/ations ( ! sup]natural4444 ,9 %[+ t ! abnormal c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( ! normal1 psy*ology does n[ = ! ph5om5a ( m9d :at ! physical sci5ces h long done = ! ph5om5a ( nature4444 ,psy*ology z a sci5ce po/ulates ! reign ( natural law 9 ! subjective sph]e j z rigor\sly z physics po/ulates ! reign ( law 9 ! objective sph]e4444 ,x is n 9 ! unusual & ! abnormal t ! reflective m9d is to see ,god4 ,x is n ?r\gh gaps 9 nature t we are to get glimpses ( ! sup]natural4 ,r is x 9 ! v nature ( nature1 rational1 h>moni\s1 law-con=m+1 subject to sci5tific int]pretation1 t we h ! be/ evid5ce t ! _w is made m9d-wise1 t x is ! "w ( an intellig5t m9d1 t !re is a rational _s at ! c>e ( ! univ]se4 ,= sci5ce ! transc5d5t does n ent] into ! p]ceptual realm ext]nal or int]nal4 ,x is1 inde$1 h>d = ! religi\s m9d to admit ?is fact 9 all its fullness4 ,until x does1 h[ev]1 religion mu/ always /& m or less 9 fe> ( sci5ce4 ,once give up ! p]ceptual1 9 all its be>+s1 to sci5ce1 & religion w f9d t x has lo/ a weak support only to ga9 a /rong] "o4 ,ultimately1 ,i believe1 we %all f9d t ! full acceptance ( sci5ce 9 ! m5tal doma9 z well z 9 ! physical w /r5g!n ! rational gr\nds ( !i/ic belief4 ,,section ,c--,,logic ,,section ,c--,,logic 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bb1 #aj a4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,george ,m4 ,,duncan1 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,william ,a4 ,,hammond1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,pr(essor ,,fr$rick ,j4 ,e4 ,,woodbridge1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,%eldon1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,! ,*airman ( ?is ,section1 ,pr(essor ,george ,m4 ,duncan1 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,ma!matics at ,yale ,univ]sity1 9 introduc+ ! speak]s spoke briefly ( ! scope & importance ( ! subject assign$ to ! ,section2 express$1 on behalf ( ^? 9 att5dance1 regret at ! inability ( ,pr(essor ,wilhelm ,w9delb& to be pres5t & take "p 9 ! "w ( ! ,section1 z _h be5 expect$2 congratulat$ ! ,section on ! pap]s to be pres5t$ & ! speak]s :o 7 to pres5t !m2 & ann\nc$ ! f9al programme ( ! ,section4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,logic ,,to ,,o!r ,,discipl9es ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,william ,a4 ,,hammond ,william ,alex&] ,hammond1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t & ,m$ieval ,philosophy & /hetics1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 b4 ,may #bj1 #ahfa1 ,new ,a!ns1 ,ohio4 ,a4,b4 ,h>v>d1 #ahhe2 ,ph4,d4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,lectur] on ,classics1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,w9dsor1 ,n4 ,s41 #ahhe-hh2 ,secret>y ( ! ,univ]sity ,faculty1 ,cornell2 ,memb] ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association4 ,au?or ( ,! ,*>act]s ( ,!ophra/us1 translat$ ) ,introduction2 ,ari/otle's ,psy*ology1 translat$ ) ,introduction4 ,9 #aghg1 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( ! ,kr4 d4 r4 ,v41 ,kant wrote ! foll[+ words3 ,t logic1 f ! e>lie/ times1 has foll[$ t secure me?od 7namely1 ! secure me?od ( a sci5ce witness$ by ! unanimity ( its work]s & ! /ability ( its results7 may be se5 f ! fact t s9ce ,ari/otle x has n _h to retrace a s+le /ep1 unless we *oose to consid] z improvem5ts ! removal ( "s unnecess>y subtleties1 or ! cle>] def9ition ( its matt]1 bo? ( :i* ref] to ! elegance r ?an to ! solidity ( ! sci5ce4 ,x is rem>kable1 also1 t to ! pres5t day1 x has n be5 able to make "o /ep 9 advance1 s t to all appe>ances x may be consid]$ z complet$ & p]fect4 ,if "s mod]n philosoph]s ?\ght to enl>ge x1 by introduc+ psy*ological *apt]s on ! diff]5t faculties ( k 7faculty ( imag9ation1 wit1 etc471 or metaphysical *apt]s on ! orig9 ( k or diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( objects 7idealism1 skepticism1 etc471 or1 la/ly1 an?ropological *apt]s on prejudices1 _! causes & rem$ies1 ?is c\ld only arise f _! ignorance ( ! peculi> nature ( logical sci5ce4 ,we d n enl>ge1 b we only disfigure ! sci5ces1 if we all[ _! respective limits to be conf\nd$2 & ! limits ( logic are def9itely fix$ by ! fact t x is a sci5ce :i* has no?+ to d b fully to exhibit & /rictly to prove ! =mal rules ( all ?\ght 7:e!r x be a priori or empirical1 :atev] be its orig9 or its object1 & :atev] be ! imp$im5ts1 accid5tal or natural1 :i* x has to enc\nt] 9 ! human m9d74--,translat$ by ,max ,mll]4 ,sc>cely m ?an half a c5tury aft] ! publication ( ?is /atem5t ( ,kant's1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7,introduction to ,sy/em ( ,logic7 wrote3 ,!re is z great div]sity among au?ors 9 ! modes :i* !y h adopt$ ( def9+ logic1 z 9 _! treatm5t ( ! details ( x4 ,?is is :at might naturally be expect$ on any subject on :i* writ]s h avail$ !mselves ( ! same language z a means ( deliv]+ diff]5t ideas4444 ,?is div]sity is n s mu* an evil to be compla9$ (1 z an inevitable1 & 9 "s degree a prop] result ( ! imp]fect /ate ( ^? sci5ces 7t is1 ( logic1 jurisprud5ce1 & e?ics74 ,x is n to be expect$ t !re %\ld be agreem5t ab\t ! def9ition ( any?+1 until !re is agreem5t ab\t ! ?+ itself4 ,?is rem>kable disp>ity ( op9ion is due p>tly to ! *anges 9 ! treatm5t ( logic f ,kant to ,mill1 & p>tly to ! fact t bo? /atem5ts are extreme4 ,t ! sci5ce ( logic 0 complet$ & p]fect 9 ! "t ( ,kant c\ld only ) any degree ( accuracy be said ( ! treatm5t ( syllogi/ic pro( or ! d$uctive logic ( ,ari/otle4 ,t ! div]sity 0 s great z pictur$ by ,mill is n hi/orically exact1 b c\ld be said only ( ! new epi/emological & psy*ological treatm5t ( logic & n ( ! traditional =mal logic4 ,! confusion 9 logic is no d\bt l>gely due to disagreem5t 9 ! delimitation ( its prop] t]ritory & to ! consequ5t v>iety ( op9ions z to its relations to o!r discipl9es4 ,! rise ( inductive logic1 co9cid5t ) ! rise & gr[? ( physical sci5ce & empiricism1 =c$ ! consid]ation ( ! "q z to ! relation ( =mal ?\ght to reality1 & ! consequ5t entanglem5t ( logic 9 a triple alliance ( logic1 psy*ology1 & metaphysics4 ,h[ logic c ma9ta9 fri5dly relations ) bo? ( ^! & yet avoid endang]+ its t]ritorial integrity has n be5 made cle> by logicians or psy*ologi/s or metaphysicians1 & t1 too1 9 spite ( p]si/5t attempts ju/ly to settle ! issue z to _! respective sph]es ( influ5ce4 ,until mod]n logic def9itely settles ! "q ( its aims & legitimate problems1 x is difficult to see h[ any agreem5t c be rea*$ z to its relation to ! o!r discipl9es4 ,! situation z x confronts "o 9 ! discussion ( ! relations ( logic to alli$ subjects may be analyz$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! relation ( logic z sci5ce to logic z art4 #b4 ,! relation ( logic to psy*ology4 #c4 ,! relation ( logic to metaphysics4 ,! developm5t ( n9ete5? c5tury logic has made an answ] to ! la/ two ( ! =ego+ problems exce$+ly difficult4 ,inde$1 "o may say t ! evolution ( mod]n epi/emology has _h a c5trifugal influ5ce on logic1 & in/ead ( gr[? t[>ds unity ( conception we h a *aos ( div]se & discordant !ories4 ,! apple ( discord has be5 ! !ory ( k4 ,a score ( ye>s ago :5 ,adamson wrote 8 admirable article 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7article ,logic1 #ahhb71 he f\nd ! conditions mu* ! same z ,i n[ f9d !m4 ,look+ to ! *aotic /ate ( logical text-books at ! pres5t "t1 "o w\ld be incl9$ to say t !re does n exi/ any:]e a recogniz$ curr5tly receiv$ body ( speculations to :i* ! title logic c be unambigu\sly assign$1 & t we mu/ !re=e resign ! hope ( atta9+ by any empirical consid]ation ( ! receiv$ doctr9e a precise det]m9ation ( ! nature & limits ( logical !ory4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 take q s despond5t a view ( ! logical *aos z ! late ,pr(essor ,adamson2 r1 ,i believe ) ,pr(essor ,/ratton 7,psy4 ,rev4 vol4 ,,iii7 t some?+ is to be ga9$ = unity & consi/5cy by m exact delimitation ( ! subject-matt] ( ! philosophical discipl9es & _! int]relations1 :i* precision1 if secur$1 w\ld assi/ 9 br++ into cle> relief ! real problems ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( inquiry1 & facilitate ! prop] classification ( ! discipl9es !mselves4 ,! attempt to delimit ! sph]es ( ! discipl9es1 to /ate _! int]relations & classify !m1 0 made e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! developm5t ( logic z a sci5ce by ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,plato's philosophy1 logic is n sep>at$ f epi/emology & metaphysics4 ,! key to 8 metaphysics is giv5 ess5tially 9 8 !ory ( ! reality ( ! concept1 :i* (f]s an int]e/+ analogy to ! position ( logic 9 mod]n idealism4 ,be=e ,plato !re 0 no =mulation ( logical !ory1 & 9 8 dialogues x is only conta9$ 9 solution4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to any =mulation is to be f\nd 9 an appli$ logic set =? 9 ! precepts & rules ( ! rhetoricians & sophi/s4 ,prop]ly speak+1 ,ari/otle made ! fir/ attempt to def9e ! subject ( logic & to det]m9e its relations to ! o!r sci5ces4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se logic = ,ari/otle is n a sci5ce at all4 ,= sci5ce is conc]n$ ) "s ens1 "s bran* ( reality1 :ile logic is conc]n$ ) ! me?odology ( kn[+1 ) ! =mal processes ( ?\ght :]eby an ens or a reality is asc]ta9$ & appropriat$ to k4 ,9 ! s5se ( a me?od :]eby all sci5tific k is secur$1 logic is a propdeutic to ! sci5ces4 ,9 ! idealism ( ! ,eleatics & ,plato1 ?\ght & be+ are ultimately id5tical1 & ! laws ( ?\ght are ! laws ( be+4 ,9 ,ari/otle's conception1 :ile ! processes ( ?\ght furni% a k ( reality or be+1 _! =mal op]ation con/itutes ! te*nique ( inve/igation1 & _! sy/ematic explanation & description con/itute logic4 ,logic & metaphysics are di/+ui%$ z ! sci5ce ( be+ & ! doctr9e ( ! ?\ght processes :]eby be+ is kn[n4 ,logic is ! doctr9e ( ! organon ( sci5ce1 & :5 appli$ is ! organon ( sci5ce4 ,! logic ( ,ari/otle is n a purely =mal logic4 ,he is n int]e/$ 9 ! m]ely s*ematic "* ( ! ?\ght processes1 b 9 _! function z m$iators ( apodictic tru?4 ,he beg9s ) ! assumption t 9 ! conjunction & disjunction ( correctly =m$ judgm5ts ! conjunction or disjunction ( reality is mirror$4 ,ari/otle does n "h exam9e into ! p[]s ( ! m9d z a :ole2 t is done1 ?\gh fragm5t>ily1 9 ! ,de ,anima & ,p>va ,naturalia1 :]e ! m5tal p[]s are reg>d$ z phases ( ! processes ( nature )\t ref]5ce to normation2 b 9 8 logic he inquires only into ^? =ms & laws ( ?9k+ :i* m$iate pro(4 ,sci5tific pro(1 9 8 conception1 is furni%$ 9 ! =m ( ! syllogism1 ^: compon5t elem5ts are t]ms & propositions4 ,9 ! little tract ,on ,int]pretation 7i4 e4 on ! judgm5t z int]pret] ( ?\ght71 if x is g5u9e1 ! proposition is consid]$ 9 its logical be>+4 ,! treatise on ! ,categories1 :i* discusses ! nature ( ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 =ms a connect+ l9k betwe5 logic & metaphysics4 ,! categories are ! mo/ g5]al concepts or univ]sal modes "u :i* we h k ( ! _w4 ,!y are n simply logical relations2 !y are exi/5tial =ms1 be+ n only ! modes "u :i* ?\ght reg>ds be+1 b ! modes "u :i* be+ exi/s4 ,ari/otle's !ory ( ! me?odology ( sci5ce is intimately connect$ ) 8 view ( k4 ,sci5tific k 9 8 op9ion ref]s to ! ess5ce ( ?+s2 = example1 to ^? univ]sal aspects ( reality :i* are giv5 9 p>ticul>s1 b :i* rema9 self-id5tical amid/ ! v>iation & pass+ ( p>ticul>s4 ,! univ]sal1 h[ev]1 is kn[n only ?r\gh & aft] p>ticul>s4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z innate k or ,platonic rem9isc5ce4 ,k1 if n entirely empirical1 has its basis 9 empirical reality4 ,causes are kn[n only ?r\gh effects4 ,! univ]sals h no exi/5ce ap>t f ?+s1 al?\gh !y exi/ realit] 9 ?+s4 ,empirical k ( p>ticul>s mu/1 !re=e1 prec$e 9 "t ! conceptual or sci5tific k ( univ]sals4 ,9 ! evolution ( sci5tific k 9 ! individual m9d1 ! body ( p>ticul>s or ( s5se-exp]i5ce is to its conceptual trans=mation z pot5tiality is to actuality1 matt] to =m1 ! complet$ end ( ! =m] be+ realiz$ 9 ! latt]4 ,only 9 ! s5se ( ?is p[] to trans=m & conceptualize1 does ! m9d h k )9 itself4 ,! g5etic cont5t is exp]i5tial2 ! develop$ concept1 judgm5t1 or inf]5ce is 9 =m notic4 ,k is1 !re=e1 n a m]e precipitate ( exp]i5ce1 nor is ,ari/otle a complete empirici/4 ,! conceptual =m ( k is n imm$iately giv5 9 ?+s exp]i5c$1 b is a product ( notic discrim9ation & comb9ation4 ,( a s5sible object z su* !re is no concept2 ! object ( a concept is ! g5]ic ess5ce ( a ?+2 & ! concept itself is ! ?\ght ( ?is g5]ic ess5ce4 ,! individual is g5]aliz$2 e concept does or c embrace sev]al individuals4 ,x is an aggregate ( di/+ui%+ m>ks1 & is express$ 9 a def9ition4 ,! concept z su* is nei!r true nor false4 ,tru? fir/ arises 9 ! =m ( a judgm5t or proposition1 :]e9 a subject is c\pl$ ) a pr$icate1 & some?+ is said ab\t some?+4 ,a judgm5t is true :5 ! ?\ght 7^: inw>d process is ! judgm5t & ! expression 9 vocal symbols is ! proposition7 reg>ds z conjo9$ or divid$ t :i* is conjo9$ or divid$ 9 actuality2 9 o!r words1 :5 ! ?\ght is congru\s ) ! real4 ,:ile ,ari/otle does n ignore induction z a sci5tific me?od1 7h[ c\ld he :5 he reg>ds ! self-subsi/5t individual z ! only real87 yet he says t1 z a me?od1 x labors "u ! defect ( be+ only proximate2 a complete induction f all p>ticul>s is n possible1 & !re=e _c furni% demon/ration4 ,only ! d$uctive process proce$+ syllogi/ically f ! univ]sal 7or ess5tial tru?7 to ! p>ticul> is sci5tifically cog5t or apodictic4 ,consequ5tly ,ari/otle develop$ ! sci5ce ( logic ma9ly z a syllogi/ic te*nique or in/rum5t ( demon/ration4 ,f ?is brief sket* ( ,ari/otle's logical views x w be se5 t ! epi/emological & metaphysical relations ( logic :i* involve its greate/ difficulty & cause ! greate/ div]sity 9 its mod]n expon5ts1 7 pres5t 9 undevelop$ =m to ! m9d ( ! fir/ logician4 ,x w\ld require a mighty optimism to suppose t ?is difficulty & div]sity1 :i* has increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ 9 ! progress ( hi/orical philosophy1 %\ld sudd5ly be made to vani% by "s magic ( re/atem5t ( subject-matt]1 or !oretical delimitation ( ! discipl9e4 ,z ,fi*te said ( philosophy1 ,! sort ( a philosophy t a man has1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( man he is2 s "o might almo/ say ( logic1 ,! sort ( logic t a man has1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( philosoph] he is4 ,if ! blight ( discord is ev] remov$ f epi/emology1 we may expect agreem5t z to ! relations ( logic to metaphysics4 ,mean:ile logic has ! great body ( sci5tific results deposit$ 9 ! physical sci5ces on :i* to build & te/1 ) "s assurance1 its doctr9e ( me?odology2 & z philosophy moves =w>d p]si/5tly to ! f9al solution ( its problems1 logic may ju/ly expect to be a b5efici>y 9 its e/abli%$ !ories4 ,aft] ,ari/otle's dea? logic laps$ into a =malism m & m remov$ f any vital connection ) reality & oblivi\s to ! pr(\nd epi/emological & me?odological que/ions t ,ari/otle _h at lea/ rais$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x became a highly develop$ ex]cise 9 inf]5ce appli$ to ! traditional dogmas ( !ology & sci5ce z premises1 ) ma9ly apologetic or polemical functions4 ,its *ief importance is f\nd 9 its application to ! problem ( realism & nom9alism1 ! "q z to ! nature ( univ]sals4 ,at ! height ( s*ola/icism realism ga9$ its victory by syllogi/ically %[+ ! congruity ( its premises ) c]ta9 fundam5tal dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 especially ) ! dogma ( ! unity & reality ( ! ,godhead4 ,! h]etical conclusion involv$ 9 nom9alism is equival5t 7! accept$ dogma ( ! ,*ur* be+ axiomatic7 to r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,a use ( logic su* z ?is1 t5d+ to cons]ve r ?an to increase ! body ( k1 0 b\nd to meet ) attack on ! awak5+ ( po/-r5aissance int]e/ 9 ! physical _w1 & ! acquirem5t ( a body ( tru? to :i* ! s*ola/ic =mal logic _h no relation4 ,! anti-s*ola/ic movem5t 9 logic 0 inaugurat$ by ,francis ,bacon1 :o s\ght 9 8 ,novum ,organum to give sci5ce a real cont5t ?r\gh ! application ( induction to exp]i5ce & ! discov]y ( univ]sal tru?s f p>ticul> in/ances4 ,! syllogism is reject$ z a sci5tific in/rum5t1 because x does n lead to pr9ciples1 b proce$s only f pr9ciples1 & is !re=e n useful = discov]y4 ,x p]mits at mo/ only ref9em5ts on k already possess$1 b _c be reg>d$ z creative or productive4 ,! ,baconian !ory ( induction reg>d$ ! accumulation ( facts & ! d]ivation ( g5]al pr9ciples & laws f !m z ! true & fruitful me?od ( sci5ce4 ,9 ,engl& ?is empirical view ( logic has be5 altoge!r dom9ant1 & ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,engli% expon5ts ( logical !ory1 ,h]s*el1 ,:ewell1 & ,mill1 h /ood on t gr\nd4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ,g]man idealism 9 ! la/ half c5tury a new logic has gr[n up ^: *ief bus9ess is ) ! !ory ( k4 ,kant's dep>ture 9 logic is bas$ on an epi/emological exam9ation ( ! nature ( judgm5t1 & on ! answ] to 8 own "q1 ,h[ are syn!tic judgm5ts a priori possible8 ,! a priori elem5ts 9 k make k ( ! real nature ( ?+s impossible4 ,human k ext5ds to ! ph5om5al _w1 :i* is se5 "u ! a priori =ms ( ! und]/&+4 ,logic = ,kant is ! sci5ce ( ! =mal & necess>y laws ( ?\ght1 ap>t f any ref]5ce to objects4 ,pure or univ]sal logic aims to und]/& ! =ms ( ?\ght )\t reg>d to metaphysical or psy*ological relations1 & ?is position ( ,kant is ! hi/orical beg9n+ ( ! subjective =mal logic4 ,9 ! metaphysical logic ( ,hegel1 :i* re/s on a panlogi/ic basis1 be+ & ?\ght1 =m & cont5t1 are id5tical4 ,logical necessity is ! measure & crit]ion ( objective reality4 ,! body ( reality is develop$ ?r\gh ! dialectic self-movem5t ( ! idea4 ,9 su* an ideali/ic monism1 =mal & real logic are by ! metaphysical po/ulate co9cid5t4 ,s*lei]ma*] 9 8 dialectic reg>ds logic f ! /&po9t ( epi/emological realism1 9 :i* ! real deliv]ances ( ! s5ses are conceptually trans=m$ by ! spontane\s activity ( reason4 ,?is _s ( realism is simil> to t ( ,ari/otle1 9 :i* ! "o-sid$ a priori view ( k is controv]t$4 ,space & "t are =ms ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 & n m]ely a priori =ms ( kn[+4 ,logic he divides into dialectic & te*nical logic4 ,! =m] reg>ds ! idea ( k z su*2 ! =mal or te*nical reg>ds k 9 ! process ( becom+ or ! idea ( k 9 motion4 ,! =ms ( ?is process are induction & d$uction4 ,! ,hegelian !ory ( ! g5]ation ( k out ( ! processes ( pure ?\ght is emphatically reject$4 ,lotze1 :o is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial & fruitful writ]s on logic 9 ! la/ c5tury1 attempts to br+ logic into clos] relations ) contempor>y sci5ce1 & is an antagoni/ ( "o-sid$ =mal logics4 ,= him logic falls into ! ?ree p>ts ( 7#a7 pure logic or ! logic ( ?\ght2 7#b7 appli$ logic or ! logic ( inve/igation2 7#c7 ! logic ( k or me?odology2 & ?is classification ( ! matt] & problems ( logic has _h an important influ5ce on subsequ5t treatises on ! discipl9e4 ,8 logic is =mal1 z he describes x himself1 9 ! s5se ( sett+ =? ! modes ( ! op]ation ( ?\ght & its logical /ructure2 x is real 9 ! s5se t ^! =ms are dep5d5t on ! nature ( ?+s & n some?+ indep5d5tly giv5 9 ! m9d4 ,:ile he aims to ma9ta9 ! di/9ct sep>ation ( logic & metaphysics1 he says 79 ! discussion ( ! relations betwe5 =mal & real logical mean+7 ! "q ( mean+ naturally raises a metaphysical problem3 ,i* ?ue bess] d] ,metaphysik die weit]e ,errt]ung dieses wi*tig5 ,punktes zu b]lass54 7,log4 #b;d ed4 p4 #ega47 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise :5 8 :ole view ( ! relations & validity ( k is insep>able f 8 realism or teleological idealism1 z he himself *>act]izes 8 own /&po9t8 ,drobis*1 a foll[] ( ,h]b>t1 is "o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ =mali/s 9 mod]n logical !ory4 ,he attempts to ma9ta9 /rictly ! di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght & k4 ,logic is ! sci5ce ( ?\ght4 ,he holds t !re may be =mal tru?1 = example1 logically valid tru?1 :i* is mat]ially false4 ,logic1 9 o!r words1 is purely =mal2 mat]ial tru? is matt] = metaphysics or sci5ce4 ,drobis* holds1 !re=e1 t ! falsity ( ! judgm5t express$ 9 ! premise f :i* a =mally correct syllogism may be d$uc$1 is n subject-matt] = logic4 ,! sph]e ( logic is limit$ to ! region ( inf]5ce & =ms ( proc$ure1 8 view ( ! nature & function ( logic be+ det]m9$ l>gely by ! bias ( 8 ma!matical /&po9t4 ,! congruity ( ?\ght ) itself1 judgm5ts1 conclusions1 analyses1 etc41 is ! sole logical tru?1 z aga9/ ,tr5del5burg1 :o took ! ,ari/otelian position t logical tru? is ! agreem5t ( ?\ght ) ! object ( ?\ght4 ,sigw>t looks at logic ma9ly f ! /&po9t ( ! te*nology ( sci5ce1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he discov]s ! implications ( a teleological metaphysic4 ,betwe5 ! processes ( consci\sness & ext]nal *anges he f9ds a causal relation & n p>allelism4 ,inasmu* z ?\ght sometimes misses its aim1 z is %[n by ! fact t error & dispute exi/1 !re is ne$ ( a discipl9e ^: purpose is to %[ u h[ to atta9 & e/abli% tru? & avoid error4 ,?is is ! practical aim ( logic1 z di/+ui%$ f ! psy*ological treatm5t ( ?\ght1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 true & false has no m place ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 good & bad4 ,logic presupposes ! impulse to discov] tru?1 & x !re=e sets =? ! crit]ia ( true ?9k+1 & endeavors to describe ^? normative op]ations ^: aim is validity ( judgm5t4 ,consequ5tly logic falls into ! two p>ts ( 7#a7 critical1 7#b7 te*nical1 ! =m] hav+ mean+ only 9 ref]5ce to ! latt]2 ! ma9 value ( logic is to be s\ght 9 its function z art4 ,me?odology1 !re=e1 :i* is g5]ally made to take a subord9ate place1 %\ld be reg>d$ z ! special1 f9al1 & *ief aim ( our sci5ce4 7,logic1 vol4 i1 p4 #ba1 ,eng4 ,tr47 ,z an art1 logic und]takes to det]m9e "u :at conditions & prescriptions judgm5ts are valid1 b does n und]take to pass ^u ! validity ( ! cont5t ( giv5 judgm5ts4 ,its prescriptions h reg>d only to =mal correctness & n to ! mat]ial tru? ( results4 ,logic is1 !re=e1 a =mal discipl9e4 ,its bus9ess is ) ! due proc$ure ( ?\ght1 & x attempts to %[ no m ?an h[ we may advance 9 ! reason+ process 9 su* way t ea* /ep is valid & necess>y4 ,if logic 7 to tell u :at to ?9k or give u ! cont5t ( ?\ght1 x w\ld be comm5surate ) ! :ole ( sci5ce4 ,sigw>t1 h[ev]1 does n mean by =mal ?\ght indep5d5ce ( cont5t1 = x is n possible to disreg>d ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ials & cont5t ( ?\ght are deliv]$ ?r\gh s5sation & =m$ into ideas4 ,fur!r1 logic hav+ = its *ief bus9ess ! me?odology ( sci5ce1 ! developm5t ( k f empirical data1 x ought to include a !ory ( k1 b x %\ld n s f> dep>t f its subjective limits z to include )9 its prov9ce ! discussion ( metaphysical implications or a !ory ( be+4 ,= ?is reason1 ,sigw>t relegates to a po/script 8 discussion ( teleology1 b he gives an elaborate treatm5t ( epi/emology ext5d+ ?r\gh vol4 ,i & develops 8 acc\nt ( me?odology 9 vol4 ,,ii4 ,! "q reg>d+ ! relation betwe5 necessity1 ! elem5t 9 :i* logical ?\ght moves1 & fre$om1 ! po/ulate ( ! w1 c>ries "o beyond ! conf9es ( logic & is1 9 8 op9ion1 ! pr(\nde/ problem ( metaphysics1 ^: function is to deal ) ! ultimate relation betwe5 subject & object1 ! _w & ! individual1 & ?is is n only basal = logic & all sci5ce1 b is ! cr[n & end ( !m all4 ,wundt's psy*ological & me?odological treatm5t ( logic /&s midway betwe5 ! purely =mal treatises on ! "o h&1 & ! metaphysical treatises on ! o!r h&4 ,! g5]al /&po9t ( ,wundt is simil> to t ( ,sigw>t1 9 t he discov]s ! function ( logic 9 ! exposition ( ! =mation & me?ods ( sci5tific k2 = example1 9 epi/emology & me?odology4 ,logic mu/ con=m to ! conditions "u :i* sci5tific inquiry is actually c>ri$ on2 ! =ms ( ?\ght1 !re=e1 _c be sep>ate f or indiff]5t to ! cont5t ( k2 = x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( sci5ce t its p>ticul> me?ods are det]m9$ by ! nature ( its p>ticul> subject-matt]4 ,sci5tific logic mu/ reject ! !ory t id5tifies ?\ght & be+ 7,hegel7 & ! !ory ( p>allelism betwe5 ?\ght & reality 7,s*lei]ma*]1 ,tr5del5burg1 & ,ueb]weg71 9 :i* ! ultimate id5tity ( ! two is only conceal$4 ,bo? ( ^! !ories base logic on a metaphysics1 :i* makes x necess>y to con/rue ! real 9 t]ms ( ?\ght1 & logic1 s divorc$ f empirical reality1 is p[]less to expla9 ! me?ods ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,"o _c1 h[ev]1 avoid ! acceptance ( ?\ght z a compet5t organ = ! int]pretation ( reality1 unless "o ab&ons all "q ( validity & accepts agno/icism or skepticism4 ,?is int]pretative p[] ( ?\ght or congruity ) reality is translat$ by metaphysical logic into id5tity4 ,metaphysical logic conc]ns itself fundam5tally ) ! cont5t ( k1 n ) its evid5tial or =mal logical aspects1 b ) be+ & ! laws ( be+4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( metaphysics to con/ruct its notions & !ories ( reality out ( ! deliv]ances ( ! special sci5ces & inf]5ces d]iv$ !refrom4 ,! aim ( metaphysics is ! developm5t ( a _w-view free f int]nal contradictions1 a view t %all unite all p>ticul> & plural kn[l$ges into a :ole4 ,logic /&s 9 m intimate relation to ! special sci5ces1 = "h ! relations are reciprocal & imm$iate2 = example1 f actual sci5tific proc$ure logic ab/racts its g5]al laws & results1 & ^! 9 turn x deliv]s to ! sci5ces z _! =mulat$ me?odology4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce ! w9n+ ( k prec$es ! =mulation ( ! rules employ$1 t is1 prec$es any sci5tific me?odology4 ,logic1 z me?odology1 is n an a priori con/ruction1 b has its g5esis 9 ! gr[? ( sci5ce itself & 9 ! discov]y ( ^? te/s & crit]ia ( tru? :i* are f\nd to possess an actual heuri/ic or evid5tial value4 ,x is n practicable to sep>ate epi/emology & logic1 = su* concepts z causality1 analogy1 validity1 etc41 are fundam5tal 9 logical me?od1 & yet !y belong to ! t]ritory ( epi/emology1 are epi/emological 9 nature1 z "o may inde$ say ( all ! g5]al laws ( ?\ght4 ,a =mal logic t is m]ely propdeutic1 a logic t aims to free itself f ! qu>rels ( epi/emology1 is sci5tifically useless4 ,its norms are valueless1 9 s f> z !y c only tea* ! arrangem5t ( k already possess$1 & tea* no?+ z to h[ to secure x or te/ its real validity4 ,:ile =mal logic aims to put itself outside ( philosophy1 metaphysical logic w\ld usurp ! place ( philosophy4 ,=mal logic is inadequate1 because x nei!r %[s h[ ! laws ( ?\ght orig9ate1 :y !y are valid1 nor 9 :at s5se !y are applicable to concrete inve/igation4 ,wundt1 !re=e1 develops a logic :i* "o may call epi/emological me?odological1 & :i* /&s betwe5 ! extremes ( =mal logic & metaphysical logic4 ,! laws ( logic mu/ be d]iv$ f ! processes ( psy*ic exp]i5ce & ! proc$ure ( ! sci5ces4 ,logic !re=e ne$s1 z he says1 epi/emology = its f\ndation & ! doctr9e ( me?ods = its completion4 ,lipps takes ! view outright t logic is a bran* ( psy*ology2 ,huss]l 9 8 late/ book goes to ! o!r extreme ( a purely =mal & te*nical logic1 & devotes almo/ 8 entire fir/ volume to ! complete sund]+ ( psy*ology & logic4 ,bradley bases 8 logic on ! !ory ( ! judgm5t4 ,! logical judgm5t is entirely diff]5t f ! psy*ological4 ,! logical judgm5t is a qualification ( reality by means ( an idea4 ,! pr$icate is an adjective or attribute :i* 9 ! judgm5t is ascrib$ to reality4 ,! aim ( tru? is to qualify reality by g5]al notions4 ,b inasmu* z reality is individual & self-exi/5t1 :]eas tru? is univ]sal1 tru? & reality are n co9cid5t4 ,bradley's metaphysical solution ( ! disp>ity betwe5 ?\ght & reality is put =w>d 9 8 !ory ( ! unit>y ,absolute1 ^: concrete cont5t is ! totality ( exp]i5ce4 ,b z ?\ght is n ! :ole ( exp]i5ce1 judgm5ts _c compass ! :ole ( reality4 ,bosanquet objects to ?is1 & ma9ta9s t reality mu/ n be reg>d$ z an ideal con/ruction4 ,! real _w is ! _w to :i* our concepts & judgm5ts ref]4 ,9 ! =m] we h a _w ( isolat$ individuals ( def9ite cont5t2 9 ! latt]1 we h a _w ( def9itely sy/ematiz$ & organiz$ cont5t4 ,"u ! title ( ! ,morphology ( ,k ,bosanquet consid]s ! evolution ( judgm5t & inf]5ce 9 _! v>i$ =ms4 ,logic />ts f ! individual m9d1 z t )9 :i* we h ! actual facts ( intellig5ce1 :i* we are attempt+ to int]pret into a sy/em 7,logic1 vol4 i1 p4 #bdg74 ,! real _w = e individual is 8 _w4 ,! "w ( intellectually con/itut+ t totality :i* we call ! real _w is ! "w ( k4 ,! "w ( analyz+ ! process ( ?is con/itution or det]m9ation is ! "w ( logic1 :i* might be describ$ 444 z ! reflection ( k ^u itself 7,logic1 vol4 i1 p4 #c74 ,! relation ( logic to tru? consi/s 9 exam9+ ! *>act]i/ics by :i* ! v>i\s phases ( ! "o intellectual function are fitt$ = _! place 9 ! intellectual totality :i* con/itutes k 7ibid474 ,! real _w is ! intelligible _w2 reality is some?+ to :i* we atta9 by a con/ructive process4 ,we h "h a type ( logic :i* is ess5tially a metaphysic4 ,inde$1 ,bosanquet says 9 ! c\rse ( 8 fir/ volume3 ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt t 9 cont5t logic is "o ) metaphysics1 & diff]s1 if at all1 simply 9 mode ( treatm5t--9 trac+ ! evolution ( k 9 ! light ( its value & import1 in/ead ( attempt+ to summ>ize its value & import ap>t f ! details ( its evolution 7,logic1 vol4 i1 #bdg74 ,dewey 7,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 p4 #e7 describes ! ess5tial function ( logic z ! inquiry into ! relations ( ?\ght z su* to reality z su*4 ,al?\gh su* an inquiry may involve ! inve/igation ( psy*ological processes & ( ! concrete me?ods ( sci5ce & v]ification1 a description & analysis ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 conception1 judgm5t1 & inf]5ce1 yet its conc]n ) ^! is subord9ate to its ma9 conc]n1 namely1 ! relation ( ?\ght at l>ge to reality at l>ge4 ,logic is n reflection on ?\ght1 ei!r on its nature z su* or on its =ms1 b on its relations to ! real4 ,9 ,dewey's philosophy1 logical !ory is a description ( ?\ght z a mode ( adaptation to its own conditions1 & validity is judg$ 9 t]ms ( ! effici5cy ( ?\ght 9 ! solution ( its own problems & difficulties4 ,! problem ( logic is m ?an epi/emological4 ,:]ev] !re is /riv+ !re are ob/acles2 & :]ev] !re is ?9k+ !re is a mat]ial-9-"q4 ,dewey's logic is a !ory ( reflective exp]i5ce reg>d$ functionally1 or a pragmatic view ( ! discipl9e4 ,?is logic ( exp]i5ce aims to evaluate ! significance ( social rese>*1 psy*ology1 f9e & indu/rial art1 & religi\s aspiration 9 ! =m ( sci5tific /atem5t1 & to accompli% = social values 9 g5]al :at ! physical sci5ces h done = ! physical _w4 ,9 ,dewey's teleological pragmatic logic ! judgm5t is ess5tially in/rum5tal1 ! :ole ( ?9k+ is functional1 & ! mean+ ( ?+s is id5tical ) valid mean+ 7,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 cf4 pp4 #dh1 #hb1 #abh74 ,! real _w is n a self-exi/5t _w outside ( k1 b simply ! totality ( exp]i5ce2 & exp]i5ce is a complex ( /ra9s1 t5sions1 *ecks1 & attitudes4 ,! function ( logic is ! r$9tegration ( ?is exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ is adaptation to an end ?r\gh ! adju/m5t ( p>ticul> objective cont5ts 7ibid4 p4 #ha74 ,logic "h becomes a l>ge "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( a metaphysics ( exp]i5ce2 its nature & function are entirely det]m9$ by ! !ory ( reality4 ,9 ?is brief & fragm5t>y rsum are exhibit$ c]ta9 *>act]i/ic movem5ts 9 ! developm5t ( logical !ory1 ! con/ruction put ^u its subject-matt] & its relation to o!r discipl9es4 ,! rsum has _h 9 view only ! mak+ ( ! div]sity ( op9ion on ^! que/ions hi/orically sali5t4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct types ( logic notic$ "h3 7#a7 =mal1 ^: conc]n is m]ely ) ! /ructural aspect ( inf]5tial ?\ght1 & its validity 9 t]ms ( int]nal congruity2 7#b7 metaphysical logic ^: conc]n is ) ! functional aspect ( ?\ght1 its validity 9 t]ms ( objective ref]5ce1 & its relation to reality2 7#c7 epi/emological & me?odological logic1 ^: conc]n is ) ! g5esis1 nature1 & laws ( logical ?9k+ z =ms ( sci5tific k1 & ) _! te*nological application to ! sci5ces z me?odology4 ,i am n at pres5t conc]n$ ) a criticism ( ^! v>i\s viewpo9ts1 except+ 9 s f> z !y affect ! problem ( ! int]relation%ip ( logic & ! alli$ discipl9es4 ,= my pres5t purpose ,i reject ! extreme metaphysical & =mal positions1 & assume t logic is a discipl9e ^: bus9ess is to describe & sy/ematize ! =mal processes ( inf]5tial ?\ght & to apply !m z practical pr9ciples to ! body ( real k4 ,i wi% n[ to take up s]iatim ! sev]al que/ions t\*+ ! v>i\s relations ( logic enum]at$ above1 & fir/ ( all ! "q ( ! relation ( logic z sci5ce to logic z art4 ,i4 ,logic z sci5ce & logic z art4 ,x seems true t ! f\nd] ( logic1 ,ari/otle1 reg>d$ logic n z a sci5ce1 b r z propdeutic to sci5ce1 & n z an end 9 itself1 b r te*nically & heuri/ically z an in/rum5t4 ,9 o!r words1 logic 0 conceiv$ by him r 9 its application or z an art1 ?an z a sci5ce1 & s x cont9u$ to be reg>d$ until ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 be+ *>act]iz$ inde$ z ! ars artium2 = ev5 ! logica doc5s ( ! ,s*ola/ics 0 m]ely ! =mulation ( t body ( precepts :i* are ( practical s]vice 9 ! syllogi/ic arrangem5t ( premises1 & ! ,port ,royal ,logic aims to furni% l'art de p5s]4 ,?is te*nical aspect ( ! sci5ce has clung to x d[n to ! pres5t day1 & is no d\bt a legitimate description ( a "p ( its function4 ,b no "o w\ld n[ say t logic is an art2 r x is a body ( !ory :i* may be te*nically appli$4 ,mill1 9 8 exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy 7p4 #cia71 says ( logic t x is ! art ( ?9k+1 :i* means ( correct ?9k+1 & ! sci5ce ( ! conditions ( correct ?9k+1 & inde$1 he goes s f> z to say 7,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,introd4 #g73 ,! ext5sion ( logic z a sci5ce is det]m9$ by its necessities z an art4 ,/rictly speak+1 logic z a sci5ce is purely !oretical1 = ! function ( sci5ce z su* is m]ely to "k4 ,x is an organiz$ sy/em ( k1 namely1 an organiz$ sy/em ( ! pr9ciples & conditions ( correct ?9k+4 ,b because correct ?9k+ is an art1 x does n foll[ t a k ( ! me?ods & conditions ( correct ?9k+ is art1 :i* w\ld be a gl>+ case ( metabasis eis allo g5os4 ,! art-be>+s ( ! sci5ce are giv5 9 ! normative "* ( its subject-matt]4 ,z a sci5ce logic is descriptive & explanatory1 t is1 x describes & =mulates ! norms ( valid ?\ght1 al?\gh z sci5ce x is n normative1 save 9 ! s5se t ! pr9ciples =mulat$ 9 x may be normatively or regulatively appli$1 9 :i* case !y become precepts4 ,:at is pr9ciple 9 sci5ce becomes precept 9 application1 & x is only :5 te*nically appli$ t pr9ciples assume a m&atory "*4 ,validity is n creat$ by logic4 ,logic m]ely inve/igates & /ates ! conditions & crit]ia ( validity1 be+ 9 ?is ref]5ce a sci5ce ( evid5ce4 ,9 ! v fact1 h[ev]1 t logic is normative 9 ! s5se ( describ+ & expla9+ ! norms ( correct ?9k+1 its practical or appli$ "* is giv54 ,its pr9ciples z kn[n are sci5ce2 its pr9ciples z appli$ are art4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason to sund] ^! two ?+s or to call logic an art m]ely or a sci5ce m]ely2 = x is bo? :5 reg>d$ f diff]5t viewpo9ts1 al?\gh "o mu/ insi/ on ! fact t ! rules = practical guidance are1 s f> z ! sci5ce is conc]n$1 q ab extra4 ,logic1 e?ics1 & /hetics are all commonly 7& rightly7 call$ normative discipl9es3 !y are all conc]n$ ) values & /&>ds2 logic ) validity & evid5ce1 or values = cognition2 e?ics ) motives & moral quality 9 conduct1 or values = volition2 /hetics ) ! /&>ds ( beauty1 or values = appreciation & feel+4 ,yet none ( !m is or c be m]ely normative1 or inde$ z sci5ce normative at all2 if t 7 s1 !y w\ld n be bodies ( organiz$ k1 b bodies ( rules4 ,!y might be well-arrang$ codes ( legislation on conduct1 f9e art1 & evid5ce1 b n sci5ces4 ,/rictly reg>d$1 x is ! descriptive & explanatory aspect ( logic t con/itutes its sci5tific "*1 :ile x is ! specific normative aspect t con/itutes its logical "*4 ,values1 :e!r e?ical or logical1 )\t an exam9ation & =mulation ( _! gr\nd1 relations1 orig91 & int]connection1 w\ld be m]ely rules ( ?umb1 popul> phrases1 or pa/oral precepts4 ,! actual me?odology ( ! sci5ces or appli$ logic is logic z art4 ,,ii4 ,relation ( logic to psy*ology4 ,! diff]5tiation ( logic & psy*ology 9 su* way z to be ( practical value 9 ! discussion ( ! discipl9es has always be5 a difficult matt]4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 0 dispos$ to m]ge logic 9 psy*ology1 & ,hobh\se1 8 late/ notable apologete1 draws no fix$ di/9ction betwe5 psy*ology & logic1 m]ely say+ t !y h diff]5t c5tres ( int]e/1 & t _! prov9ces ov]lap4 ,lipps1 9 8 ,grundzge d] ,logik 7p4 #b71 goes ! l5g? ( say+ t ,logic is a psy*ological discipl9e1 z c]ta9ly z k occurs only 9 ! ,psy*e1 & ?\ght1 :i* is develop$ 9 k1 is a psy*ical ev5t4 ,n[1 if we 7 to take su* extreme gr\nd z ?is1 _! e?ics1 /hetics1 & pure ma!matics w\ld become at once bran*es ( psy*ology & n cord9ate discipl9es ) x1 = volitions1 ! feel+s ( appreciation1 & ! reason+ ( pure ma!matics are psy*ical ev5ts4 ,su* a !ory pla9ly c>ries u too f> & w\ld involve u 9 confusion4 ,t ! dem>cation betwe5 ! two discipl9es is n a *asmic cleavage1 b a l9e1 & t1 too1 an hi/orically %ift+ l9e1 is app>5t f ! =ego+ hi/orical rsum4 ,! f\r ma9 phases ( logical !ory include3 7#a7 ! concept 7al?\gh "s logicians beg9 ) ! judgm5t z temporally prior 9 ! evolution ( language71 7#b7 judgm5t1 7#c7 inf]5ce1 7#d7 ! me?odology ( ! sci5ces4 ,! entire conc]n ( logic is1 inde$1 ) psy*ical processes1 b ) psy*ical processes reg>d$ f a specific /&po9t1 a /&po9t diff]5t f t ( psy*ology4 ,9 ! fir/ place psy*ology 9 a c]ta9 s5se is mu* wid] ?an logic1 be+ conc]n$ ) ! :ole ( psy*osis z su*1 includ+ ! feel+s & w & ! entire /ructure ( cognition1 :]eas logic is conc]n$ ) ! p>ticul> cognitive processes enum]at$ above 7concept1 judgm5t1 inf]5ce71 & t1 too1 m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( validity & ! gr\nds ( validity4 ,9 ano!r s5se psy*ology is n>r[] ?an logic1 be+ conc]n$ purely ) ! description & explanation ( a p>ticul> field ( ph5om5a1 :]eas logic is conc]n$ ) ! proc$ure ( all ! sci5ces & is practically relat$ to !m z _! =mulat$ me?od4 ,! compass & aims ( ! two discipl9es are diff]5t2 = :ile psy*ology is 9 diff]5t ref]5ces bo? wid] & n>r[] ?an logic1 x is also diff]5t 9 ! problems x sets itself1 its aim be+ to describe & expla9 ! ph5om5a ( m9d 9 ! _s ( empirical sci5ce1 :]eas ! aim ( logic is only to expla9 & e/abli% ! laws ( evid5ce & /&>ds ( validity4 ,logic is1 !re=e1 selective & p>ticul> 9 ! treatm5t ( m5tal ph5om5a1 :]eas psy*ology is univ]sal1 t is1 x cov]s ! entire range ( m5tal processes z a ph5om5ali/ic sci5ce2 logic deal+ ) def9ite elem5ts z a normative sci5ce4 ,by ?is x is n meant t ! t]ritory ( judgm5t & inf]5ce %\ld be deliv]$ f ! psy*ologi/ into ! c>e ( ! logician2 ?r\gh su* a division ( labor bo? discipl9es w\ld suff]4 ,! two discipl9es h&le to "s ext5t ! same subjects1 s f> z names are conc]n$2 b ! ess5ce ( ! logical problem is n t\*$ by psy*ology1 & %\ld n be mix$ up ) x1 to ! confusion & detrim5t ( bo? discipl9es4 ,! field ( psy*ology1 z we h said1 is ! :ole ( psy*ical ph5om5a2 ! aim ( individual psy*ology 9 ! inve/igation ( its field is3 7#a7 to give a g5etic acc\nt ( cognition1 feel+1 & w1 or :atev] be ! elem5ts into :i* consci\sness is analyz$2 7#b7 to expla9 _! int]connections causally2 7#c7 z a *emi/ry ( m5tal life to analyze its complexes into _! simple/ elem5ts2 7#d7 to expla9 ! totality /ructurally 7or functionally7 out ( ! elem5ts2 7#e7 to c>ry on its inve/igation & set =? its results z a purely empirical sci5ce2 7#f7 psy*ology makes no attempt to evaluate ! processes ( m9d ei!r 9 t]ms ( false & true1 or good & bad4 ,f ?is description ( ! field & function ( psy*ology1 bas$ on ! expressions ( its mod]n expon5ts1 x w be f\nd impossible to %elt] logic "u x z a subord9ate discipl9e4 ,if "o 7 to enl>ge ! scope ( psy*ology to mean rational psy*ology1 9 ! s5se :i* ,pr(essor ,h[ison advocates 7,psy*ological ,review1 vol4 iii1 p4 #feb71 su* a subord9ation might be possible1 b x w\ld entail ! loss ( all t ! new psy*ology has ga9$ by ! %>p] delimitation ( its sph]e & problems1 & w\ld c>ry u back to ! position ( ,mill1 :o appe>s to id5tify psy*ology ) philosophy at l>ge & ) metaphysics4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! aims ( psy*ology z describ$ 9 ! =ego+1 ! sph]e & problems ( logic may be summ>ily *>act]iz$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,all concepts & judgm5ts are psy*ological complexes & processes & may be g5etically & /ructurally describ$2 t is ! bus9ess ( psy*ology4 ,!y also h a mean+ value1 or objective ref]5ce1 t is1 !y may be correct or incorrect1 congru\s or incongru\s ) reality4 ,! mean+1 aspect ( ?\ght1 or its cont5t z tru? is ! bus9ess ( logic4 ,?is subject-matt] is got by reg>d+ a s+le aspect 9 ! total psy*ological complex4 7#b7 ,its aim is n to describe factual ?\ght or ! :ole ( ?\ght1 or ! natural processes ( ?\ght1 b only c]ta9 ideals ( ?9k+1 namely1 ! norms ( correct ?9k+4 ,its object is n a datum1 b an ideal4 7#c7 ,:ile psy*ology is conc]n$ ) ! natural hi/ory ( reason+1 logic is conc]n$ ) ! w>rants ( inf]5tial reason+4 ,9 ! t]m9ology ( ,hamilton x is ! nomology ( discursive ?\ght4 ,to use an (t5 employ$ analogy1 psy*ology is ! physics ( ?\ght1 logic an e?ics ( ?\ght4 7#d7 ,logic implies an epi/emology or !ory ( cognition 9 s f> z epi/emology discusses ! concept & judgm5t & _! relations to ! real _w1 & "h is to be f\nd its close/ connection ) psy*ology4 ,a purely =mal logic1 :i* is conc]n$ m]ely ) ! int]nal ord] ( k & does n und]take to %[ h[ ! laws ( ?\ght orig9ate1 :y !y hold good z ! measures ( evid5ce1 or 9 :at way !y are applicable to concrete reality1 w\ld be z b>r5 z s*ola/icism4 7#e7 ,:ile logic ?us goes back to epi/emology = its bases & = ! !oretical det]m9ation ( ! int]relation ( k & tru?1 x goes =w>d 9 its application to ! practical s]vice ( ! sci5ces z _! me?odology4 ,ap>t ( its subject-matt] is !re=e ! actual proc$ure ( ! sci5ces1 :i* x attempts to organize into sy/ematic /atem5ts z pr9ciples & =mul4 ,?is body ( rules giv5 implicitly or explicitly 9 ! work+s & /ructure ( ! special sci5ces1 consi/+ 9 classification1 analysis1 exp]im5t1 induction1 d$uction1 nom5clature1 etc41 logic reg>ds z a concrete deposit ( inf]5tial exp]i5ce4 ,x ab/racts ^! pr9ciples f ! cont5t & me?od ( ! sci5ces1 describes & expla9s !m1 erects !m into a sy/ematic me?odology1 & s creates ! practical bran* ( real logic4 ,=mal logic1 !re=e1 accord+ to ! =ego+ acc\nt1 w\ld embrace ! que/ions ( ! int]nal congruity & self-consi/5cy ( ?\ght & ! s*ematic arrangem5t ( judgm5ts to insure =mally valid conclusions2 real logic w\ld embrace ! epi/emological que/ions ( h[ k is relat$ to reality1 & h[ x is built up out ( exp]i5ce1 on ! "o h&1 & ! me?odological proc$ure ( sci5ce1 on ! o!r4 ,! importance ( ma!matical logic seems to be ma9ly 9 ! facilitation ( logical expression ?r\gh symbols4 ,x is r ) ! ma*9]y ( ! sci5ce ?an ) its cont5t & real problem t ! logical algori?m or calculus is conc]n$4 ,9 ^! cond5s$ p>agraphs suffici5t has be5 said1 ,i ?9k1 to %[ t logic & psy*ology %\ld be reg>d$ z cord9ate discipl9es2 = _! aims & subject-matt] diff] too widely to subord9ate ! =m] "u ! latt] )\t confusion to bo?4 ,i wi% n[ to add a brief note on ! relation ( logic to ano!r discipl9e4 ,,iii4 ,relation ( logic to metaphysics4 ,z curr5tly exp\nd$1 logic ei!r abuts imm$iately on ! t]ritory ( metaphysics at c]ta9 po9ts or is entirely absorb$ 9 x z an integral "p ( ! metaphysical subject-matt]4 ,i reg>d ! =m] view z n only ! m t5able !oretically1 b z practically advantage\s = work+ purposes1 & necess>y = an intelligible classification ( ! philosophical discipl9es4 ,! bus9ess ( metaphysics1 z ,i und]/& x1 is ) ! nature ( reality2 logic is conc]n$ ) ! nature ( validity1 or ) ! relations ( ! elem5ts ( ?\ght )9 !mselves 7self-consi/5cy7 & ) ! relations ( ?\ght to its object 7real tru?71 b n ) ! nature ( ! objective _w or reality z su*4 ,fur!r1 metaphysics is conc]n$ ) ! unification ( ! totality ( k 9 ! =m ( a sci5tific cosmology2 logic is conc]n$ m]ely ) ! inf]5tial & me?odological processes :]eby ?is result is rea*$4 ,! =m] is a sci5ce ( cont5t2 ! latt] is a sci5ce ( proc$ure & relations4 ,n[1 inasmu* z proc$ure & relations apply to "s reality & diff] ) diff]5t =ms ( reality1 logic necessitates 9 its implications a !ory ( be+1 b su* implications are 9 no wise to be id5tifi$ ) its subject-matt] or ) its own prop] problems4 ,_! consid]ation falls )9 ! sph]e ( metaphysics or a broadly conceiv$ epi/emology1 ^: bus9ess x is to solve ! ultimate que/ions ( subject & object1 ?\ght & ?+1 m9d & matt]1 t are impli$ & po9t$ to r ?an =mulat$ by logic4 ,inasmu* z ! logical judgm5t says some?+ ab\t some?+1 ! sci5tific impulse drives u to inve/igate :at ! latt] some?+ ultimately is2 b ?is is n necess>y = logic1 nor is x "o ( logic's legitimate problems1 any m ?an x is ! prop] bus9ess ( ! physici/ to inve/igate ! m5tal implications ( 8 sci5tific judgm5ts & hypo!ses or ! ultimate nature ( ! !oriz+ & p]ceiv+ m9d1 or ( causality to 8 _w ( matt] & motion1 al?\gh a g5]al sci5tific int]e/ may drive him to seek a solution ( ^! ultimate metaphysical problems4 ,sci5tifically ! end ( logic & ( e discipl9e is 9 itself2 x is a t]ritorial unity1 & its gov]nm5t is adm9i/]$ ) a unit>y aim4 ,logic is purely a sci5ce ( evid5tial values1 n a sci5ce ( cont5t 79 ! mean+ ( p>ticul> reality1 z 9 ! special sci5ces1 or ( ultimate reality1 z 9 metaphysics72 its sole aim & purpose1 z ,i conceive x1 is to =mulate ! laws & gr\nds ( evid5ce1 ! pr9ciples ( me?od1 & ! conditions & =ms ( inf]5tial ?9k+4 ,:5 x has done ?is1 x has1 z a s+le sci5ce1 done its :ole "w4 ,:5 "o looks at ! pres5t t5d5cies ( logical !ory1 "o is incl9$ to believe t ! discipl9e is 9 dang] ( becom+ an ,all]leiwiss5s*aft1 ^: va/ undef9$ t]ritory is ! l& ( ,weissni*two4 ,! /rict delimitation ( ! field & problems ( sci5ce is dem&$ 9 ! int]e/ ( a s]viceable division ( sci5tific labor & 9 ! int]e/ ( an intelligible classification ( ! accumulat$ products ( rese>*4 ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,logic ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,e4 ,,woodbridge ,fr$]ick ,j4 ,e4 ,woodbridge1 ,johnsonian ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y41 s9ce #aijb4 b4 ,w9dsor1 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahfg4 ,a4,b4 ,amh]/ ,college1 #ahhi2 ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 #ahib2 ,a4,m4 #ahih1 ,,ll4,d4 #aijc1 ,amh]/ ,college4 ,po/-grad4 ,b]l9 ,univ]sity4 ,in/ructor 9 ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota1 #ahid-ie2 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy & head ( dep>tm5t1 #ahie-aijb4 ,memb] ( ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,association1 ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,editor ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods4 ,curr5t t5d5cies 9 logical !ory make a det]m9ation ( ! field ( logic fundam5tal to any /atem5t ( ! g5]al problems ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 ,i propose 9 ?is pap] to attempt su* a det]m9ation by a g5]al discussion ( ! relation ( logic to ma!matics1 psy*ology1 & biology1 especially not+ 9 connection ) biology ! t5d5cy kn[n z pragmatism4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i %all indicate :at ! result+ g5]al problems appe> to be4 ,i ,!re may appe>1 at fir/1 little to di/+ui% ma!matics 9 its mo/ ab/ract1 =mal1 & symbolic type f logic4 ,inde$1 ma!matics z ! univ]sal me?od ( all k has be5 ! ideal ( _m philosoph]s1 & its "r to be su* has be5 claim$ ( late ) r5ew$ =ce4 ,! rec5t notable advances 9 ! sci5ce h done mu* to make ?is claim plausible4 ,a logician1 a non-ma!matical "o1 might be tempt$ to say t1 9 s f> z ma!matics is ! me?od ( ?\ght 9 g5]al1 x has ceas$ to be ma!matics2 b1 ,i suppose1 "o ought n to qu>rel too mu* ) a def9ition1 b %\ld let ma!matics mean k simply1 if ! ma!maticians wi% x4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 ent] ! controv]sy reg>d+ ! prop] limits ( ma!matical inquiry4 ,i wi% to note1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy 9 ! id5tification ( logic & ma!matics :i* seems to me to be inconsi/5t ) ! real significance ( k4 ,i ref] to ! exaltation ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght 9 ! con/ruction ( conceptions1 def9itions1 & hypo!ses4 ,! ass]tion t ma!matics is a pure sci5ce is (t5 tak5 to mean t x is 9 no way dep5d5t on exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( its basal concepts4 ,! space ) :i* geometry deals may be ,euclidean or n1 z we please2 x may be ! real space ( exp]i5ce or n2 ! prop]ties ( x & ! conclusions rea*$ ab\t x may hold 9 ! real _w or !y may n2 = ! m9d is free to con/ruct its conception & def9ition ( space 9 accordance ) its own aims4 ,:e!r geometry is to be ultimately a sci5ce ( ?is type mu/ be left1 ,i suppose1 = ! ma!maticians to decide4 ,a logician may sugge/1 h[ev]1 t ! propriety ( call+ all ^! conceptions space is n z cle> z x ought to be4 ,/ill fur!r1 !re seems to und]lie all arbitr>y spaces1 z _! f\ndation1 a good deal ( ! solid mat]ial ( empirical k1 ga9$ by human be+s ?r\gh contact ) an environ+ _w1 ! environ+ "* ( :i* seems to be q indep5d5t ( ! fre$om ( _! ?\ght4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 t ! g5]alization ( ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is idea ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght 9 fram+ its conception ( space1 w\ld1 if ext5d$ to logic1 give u a sci5ce ( k :i* w\ld h no necess>y relation to ! real ?+s ( exp]i5ce1 al?\gh ^! are ! ?+s ) :i* all concrete k is mo/ evid5tly conc]n$4 ,x w\ld in=m u ab\t ! conclusions :i* necess>ily foll[ f accept$ conceptions1 b x c\ld n in=m u 9 any way ab\t ! real tru? ( ^! conclusions4 ,x w\ld1 ?us1 always leave a gap betwe5 our k & its objects :i* logic itself w\ld be q impot5t to close4 ,tru? w\ld ?us become an entirely extra-logical matt]4 ,s f> z ! sci5ce ( k is conc]n$1 x w\ld be an accid5t if k fitt$ ! _w to :i* x ref]s4 ,su* a conception ( ! sci5ce ( k is n ! prop]ty ( a few ma!maticians exclusively1 al?\gh !y h1 p]haps1 done m ?an o!rs to give x its pres5t reviv$ vitality4 ,x is ! classic doctr9e t logic is ! sci5ce ( ?\ght z ?\ght1 mean+ !reby ?\ght 9 indep5d5ce ( any specific object :atev]4 ,9 reg>d to ?is doctr9e1 ,i w\ld n ev5 admit t su* a sci5ce ( k is possible4 ,y _c1 by a process ( g5]alization or free con/ruction1 rid ?\ght ( connection ) objects2 & !re is no su* ?+ z a g5]al cont5t or z cont5t-9-g5]al4 ,g5]alization simply r$uces ! ri*ness ( cont5t &1 consequ5tly1 ( implication4 ,x deals ) concrete subject-matt] z mu* & z directly z if ! cont5t 7 individual & specializ$4 ,?+s equal to ! same ?+ are equal to ea* o!r1 is a tru?1 n ab\t ?\ght1 b ab\t ?+s4 ,! conclusions ab\t a f\r? dim5sion foll[1 n f ! fact t we h ?\ght ( "o1 b f ! conception ab\t x :i* we h fram$4 ,nei!r g5]alization nor free con/ruction c reveal ! op]ations ( ?\ght 9 transc5d5tal indep5d5ce4 ,x may be urg$1 h[ev]1 t no?+ ( ?is sort 0 ev] claim$4 ,! bondage ( ?\ght to cont5t mu/ be admitt$1 b g5]alization & free con/ruction1 j because !y give u ! p[] to v>y conditions z we please1 give u ?9k+ 9 a relative indep5d5ce ( cont5t1 & ?us %[ u h[ ?\ght op]ates irrespective (1 al?\gh n indep5d5t (1 its cont5t4 ,! b9omial !orem op]ates irrespective ( ! values sub/itut$ = its symbols4 ,b ,i c f9d no ga9 9 ?is re/atem5t ( ! position4 ,x is true1 9 a s5se1 t we may det]m9e ! way ?\ght op]ates irrespective ( any specific cont5t by ! processes ( g5]alization & free con/ruction2 b x is important to "k 9 :at s5se4 ,c we claim t su* irrespective op]ation means t we h discov]$ c]ta9 logical con/ants1 :i* n[ /& out z ! di/9ctive tools ( ?\ght8 ,or does x r mean t ?is process ( v>y+ ! cont5t ( ?\ght z we please reveals c]ta9 real con/ants1 c]ta9 ultimate *>act]s ( reality1 :i* no am\nt ( g5]alization or free con/ruction c possibly alt]8 ,! second alt]native seems to me to be ! correct "o4 ,:e!r x is or n may be left "h undecid$4 ,:at ,i wi% to emphasize is ! fact t ! decision is "o ( ! ?+s ( vital int]e/ = logic1 & prop]ly belongs 9 t sci5ce4 ,cle>ly1 we c nev] "k ! significance ( ultimate con/ants = our ?9k+ until we "k :at _! real "* is4 ,to det]m9e t "* we mu/ mo/ c]ta9ly pass out ( ! realm ( g5]alization & free con/ruction2 logic mu/ become o!r ?an simply ma!matical or symbolic4 ,!re is ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! op]ations ( ?\ght irrespective ( its specific cont5t is int]pret$ 9 connection ) ! exaltation ( g5]alization & free con/ruction4 ,k1 x is said1 is solely a matt] ( implication1 & logic1 !re=e1 is ! sci5ce ( implication simply4 ,if ?is is s1 x w\ld appe> possible to develop ! :ole doctr9e ( implication by ! use ( symbols1 & ?us free ! doctr9e f dep5d5ce on ! "q z to h[ f> ^! symbols are !mselves relat$ to ! real ?+s ( ! _w4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a implies b1 !n1 if a is true1 b is true1 & ?is q irrespective ( ! real tru? ( a or b4 ,x is to be urg$1 h[ev]1 9 opposition to ?is view1 t k is conc]n$ ultimately only ) ! real tru? ( a & b1 & t ! implication is ( no significance :atev] ap>t f ?is tru?4 ,!re is no virtue 9 ! m]e implication4 ,/ill fur!r1 ! supposition t !re c be a doctr9e ( implication1 simply1 seems to be bas$ on a misconception4 ,= ev5 s-call$ =mal implication gets its significance only on ! suppos$ tru? ( ! t]ms ) :i* x deals4 ,we suppose t a does imply b1 & t a is true4 ,9 o!r words1 we c /ate ?is law ( implication only z we fir/ h valid in/ances ( x giv5 9 specific1 concrete cases4 ,! law is a g5]alization & no?+ m4 ,! =mal /atem5t gives only an app>5t fre$om f exp]i5ce4 ,moreov]1 !re is no reason = say+ t a implies b unless x does s ei!r really or by supposition4 ,if a really implies b1 !n ! implication is cle>ly n a matt] ( ?9k+ x2 & to suppose ! implication is to feign a reality1 ! implications ( :i* are equally free f ! processes by :i* !y are ?\ght4 ,ultimately1 !re=e1 logic mu/ take acc\nt ( real implications4 ,we _c avoid ?is ?r\gh ! use ( a symbolism :i* virtually implies !m4 ,implication c h a logical "* only because x has fir/ a metaphysical "o4 ,! supposition und]ly+ ! conception ( logic ,i h be5 exam9+ is1 itself1 op5 to d\bt & s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,t supposition 0 ! s-call$ fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! argum5t has already %[n t !re is c]ta9ly a v def9ite limit to ?is fre$om1 ev5 :5 logic is conceiv$ 9 a v ab/ract & =mal way4 ,! processes ( k are b\nd up ) _! cont5ts1 & h _! "* l>gely det]m9$ !reby4 ,:51 moreov]1 we view k 9 its g5esis1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! contributions :i* psy*ology & biology h made to our g5]al view ( :at k is1 we seem =c$ to conclude t ! conceptions :i* we frame are v f> f be+ our own free creations4 ,!y h1 on ! contr>y1 be5 labori\sly work$ out ?r\gh ! same processes ( successful adaptation :i* h result$ 9 o!r products4 ,k has gr[n up 9 connection ) ! unfold+ processes ( reality1 & has1 by no means1 freely play$ ov] its surface4 ,t is :y ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract ( all ma!matics is yet gr\nd$ 9 ! evolution ( human exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! rema9+ p>ts ( ?is pap]1 ,i %all discuss fur!r ! claims ( psy*ology & biology4 ,! conclusion ,i w\ld draw "h is t ! field ( logic _c be re/rict$ to a realm :]e ! op]ations ( ?\ght are suppos$ to move freely1 indep5d5t or irrespective ( _! cont5ts & ! objects ( a real _w2 & t ma!matics1 in/ead ( giv+ u any support = ! supposition t x c1 c>ries u1 by ! processes ( symbolization & =mal implication1 to recognize t logic mu/ ultimately f9d its field :]e implications are real1 indep5d5t ( ! processes by :i* !y are ?\ght1 & irrespective ( ! conceptions we *oose to frame4 ,,ii ,! processes involv$ 9 ! acquisition & sy/ematization ( k may1 und\bt$ly1 be reg>d$ z m5tal processes & fall ?us )9 ! prov9ce ( psy*ology4 ,x may be claim$1 !re=e1 t e logical process is also a psy*ological "o4 ,! important "q is1 h[ev]1 is x no?+ m8 ,d its logical & psy*ological *>act]s simply co9cide8 ,or1 to put ! "q 9 /ill ano!r =m1 z a psy*ological process simply1 does x also s]ve z a logical "o8 ,! answ]s to ^! que/ions c be det]m9$ only by fir/ not+ :at psy*ology c say ab\t x z a m5tal process4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 psy*ology c analyze x1 & s det]m9e its elem5ts & _! connections4 ,x c ?us di/+ui% x f all o!r m5tal processes by po9t+ out its unique elem5ts or _! unique & *>act]i/ic connection4 ,no "o w d5y t a judgm5t is diff]5t f an emotion1 or t an act ( reason+ is diff]5t f a volition2 & no "o w claim t ^! diff]5ces are entirely beyond ! psy*ologi/'s p[] to asc]ta9 accurately & precisely4 ,/ill fur!r1 x appe>s possible = him to det]m9e ) ! same accuracy & precision ! di/9ction 9 cont5t & connection betwe5 processes :i* are true & ^? :i* are false4 ,=1 z m5tal processes1 x is natural to suppose t !y conta9 di/9ct diff]5ces ( "* :i* are asc]ta9able4 ,! /ates ( m9d call$ belief1 c]ta9ty1 conviction1 correctness1 tru?1 are ?us1 d\btless1 all di/+ui%able z m5tal /ates4 ,x may be admitt$1 !re=e1 t !re c be a ?or\ghgo+ psy*ology ( logical processes4 ,yet x is q evid5t to me t ! *>act]ization ( a m5tal process z logical is n a psy*ological *>act]ization4 ,9 fact1 ,i ?9k x may be claim$ t ! *>act]ization ( any m5tal process 9 a specific way1 say z an emotion1 is extra-psy*ological4 ,judgm5ts & inf]5ces are1 9 %ort1 n judgm5ts & inf]5ces because !y admit ( psy*ological analysis & explanation1 any m ?an space is space because ! p]ception ( x c be work$ out by g5etic psy*ology4 ,9 o!r words1 k is fir/ k1 & only lat] a set ( processes = psy*ological analysis4 ,t is :y1 z x seems to me1 all psy*ological logicians1 f ,locke to our own day1 h signally fail$ 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( k4 ,! attempt to con/ruct k out ( m5tal /ates1 ! relations betwe5 ideas1 & ! relation ( ideas to ?+s1 has be51 z ,i read ! hi/ory1 decid$ly )\t pr(it4 ,confusion & div]g5t op9ion h result$ in/ead ( agreem5t & confid5ce4 ,on precisely ! same psy*ological f\ndation1 we h su* div]g5t views ( k z idealism1 ph5om5alism1 & agno/icism1 ) _m o!r /range mixtures ( logic1 psy*ology1 & metaphysics4 ,! lesson ( ^! p]plex+ !ories seems to be t logic1 z logic1 mu/ be divorc$ f psy*ology4 ,x is also ( importance to note1 9 ?is connection1 t ! det]m9ation ( a process z m5tal & z ?us fall+ )9 ! doma9 ( psy*ology /rictly1 has by no means be5 work$ out to ! g5]al satisfaction ( psy*ologi/s !mselves4 ,rec5t lit]ature ab\nds 9 elaborate discussion ( ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is a m5tal fact & :at n1 ) a prevail+ t5d5cy to draw ! rem>kable conclusion t all facts are someh[ m5tal or exp]i5c$ facts4 ,! situation w\ld be worse = psy*ology ?an x is1 if t vigor\s sci5ce _h n le>n$ f o!r sci5ces ! valuable knack ( isolat+ concrete problems & attack+ !m directly1 )\t ! burd5 ( previ\s logical or metaphysical speculation4 ,?us k1 :i* is ! peculi> prov9ce ( logic1 is increas$1 :ile we wait = ! acceptable def9ition ( a m5tal fact4 ,b def9itions1 be x rememb]$1 are !mselves logical matt]s4 ,inde$1 "s psy*ologi/s h gone s f> z to claim t ! di/9ction ( a fact z m5tal is a purely logical di/9ction4 ,?is is significant z indicat+ t ! "t has n yet come = ! id5tification ( logic & psy*ology4 ,9 refre%+ly %>p contra/ to ! vagu5ess & unc]ta9ty :i* beset ! def9ition ( a m5tal fact are ! palpable concret5ess & def9it5ess ( k itself4 ,e sci5ce1 ev5 hi/ory & philosophy1 are in/ances ( x4 ,:at con/itutes a k ought to be z def9ite & precise a "q z c\ld be ask$4 ,t logic has made no m progress ?an x has 9 ! answ] to x appe>s to be due to ! fact t x has n suffici5tly grasp$ ! significance ( its own simplicity4 ,k has be5 ! important bus9ess ( ?9k+ man1 & he ought to be able to tell :at he does 9 ord] to "k1 z readily z he tells :at he does 9 ord] to build a h\se4 ,& t is :y ! ,ari/otelian logic has held its own s long4 ,9 t logic1 ! ma/] ( !m t "k simply rehe>s$ ! way he _h sy/ematiz$ 8 own /ores ( k4 ,naturally we1 s f> z we h foll[$ 8 me?ods1 h _h practically no?+ to add4 ,9 our ef=ts to improve on him1 we h too (t5 left ! "r way & foll[$ ! impossible me?od inaugurat$ by ,locke4 ,_h we exam9$ ) great] p]si/5ce our own me?ods ( mak+ sci5ce1 we %\ld h pr(it$ m4 ,! introduction ( psy*ology1 in/ead ( help+ ! situation1 only confuses x4 ,let x be grant$1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( ! vagu5ess ( :at is meant by a m5tal fact1 t logical processes are also m5tal processes4 ,?is fact has1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 an important be>+ on _! g5esis1 & sets v def9ite limits to ! fre$om ( ?\ght 9 creat+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z m5tal processes t !y h ! value ( k4 ,a m5tal process :i* is k purports to be connect$ ) some?+ o!r ?an itself1 some?+ :i* may n be a m5tal process at all4 ,?is connection %\ld be inve/igat$1 b ! inve/igation ( x belongs1 n to psy*ology1 b to logic4 ,i am well aw>e t ?is conclusion runs c\nt] to "s metaphysical doctr9es1 & especially to idealism 9 all its =ms1 ) ! epi/emologies bas$ !reon4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible "h to def5d my position by an elaborate analysis ( ^! metaphysical sy/ems4 ,b ,i w say ?is4 ,i am 9 entire agreem5t ) idealism 9 its claim t que/ions ( k & ( ! nature ( reality _c ultimately be sep>at$1 because we c "k reality only z we "k x4 ,b ! g5]al "q z to h[ we "k reality c /ill be rais$4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean ! "q1 h[ is x possible = u to h k at all1 or h[ x is possible = reality to be kn[n at all1 b h[1 z a matt] ( fact1 we actually d "k x8 ,t we really d "k x1 ,i w\ld mo/ emphatically claim4 ,/ill fur!r1 ,i w\ld claim t :at we "k ab\t x is det]m9$1 n by ! fact t we c "k 9 g5]al1 b by ! way reality1 z di/9ct f our k1 has det]m9$4 ,^! ways appe> to me to be asc]ta9able1 & =m1 ?us1 und\bt$ly1 a section ( metaphysics4 ,b ! metaphysics w naturally be reali/ic r ?an ideali/ic4 ,,iii ,j z logical processes may be reg>d$ z1 at ! same "t1 psy*ological processes1 s !y may be reg>d$1 ) equal "r1 z vital processes1 com+ ?us "u ! categories ( evolution4 ,! t5d5cy s to reg>d !m is v m>k$ at ! pres5t day1 especially 9 ,france & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,france1 ! movem5t has p]haps receiv$ ! cle>] def9ition4 ,9 ,am]ica ! union ( logic & biology is complicat$--& at times ev5 lo/ sight (--by emphasis on ! idea ( evolution g5]ally4 ,x is n my int5tion to trace ! hi/ory ( ?is movem5t1 b ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to its hi/oric motive 9 ord] to get x 9 a cle> light4 ,t ! !ory ( evolution1 ev5 ,d>w9ism itself1 has radically trans=m$ our hi/orical1 sci5tific1 & philosophical me?ods1 is q evid5t4 ,add to ?is ! influ5ce ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 ) its own doctr9e ( developm5t1 & "o f9ds ! causes ( ! r /rik+ unanimity :i* is discov]able 9 _m ways betwe5 ,hegelian ideali/s1 on ! "o h&1 & philosoph]s ( evolution ( ,sp5c]'s type1 on ! o!r4 ,al?\gh two m5 w\ld1 p]haps1 n appe> m radically diff]5t at fir/ sight ?an ,hegel & ,sp5c]1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t we %all come to recognize m & m 9 !m an id5tity ( philosophical conception4 ,! pragmatism ( ! day is a /rik+ confirmation ( ?is op9ion1 = x is (t5 ! expression ( ,hegelian ideas 9 ,d>w9ian & ,sp5c]ian t]m9ology4 ,! claims ( idealism & ( evolution>y sci5ce & philosophy h ?us s\ght reconciliation4 ,logic has be51 naturally1 ! la/ ( ! sci5ces to yield to evolution>y & g5etic treatm5t4 ,x c\ld n escape long1 especially :5 ! idea ( evolution _h be5 s successful 9 its h&l+ ( e?ics4 ,if morality c be br\ght "u ! categories ( evolution1 :y n ?9k+ also8 ,9 answ] to t "q we h ! !ory t ?9k+ is an adaptation1 judgm5t is in/rum5tal4 ,b ,i w\ld n leave ! impression t ?is is true ( pragmatism alone1 or t x has be5 develop$ only ?r\gh pragmatic t5d5cies4 ,x is naturally ! result also ( ! ext5sion ( biological philosophy4 ,9 ! biological conception ( logic1 we h1 !n1 an int]e/+ co9cid5ce 9 ! results ( t5d5cies diff]+ widely 9 _! g5esis4 ,x w\ld be haz>d\s to d5y1 )\t any qualifications1 ! importance ( g5etic consid]ations4 ,inde$1 ! fact t evolution 9 ! h&s ( a ?9k] l ,huxley1 = in/ance1 %\ld make consci\sness & ?9k+ app>5tly useless epiph5om5a1 9 a develop+ _w1 has seem$ l a mo/ contradictory evolution>y philosophy4 ,x 0 difficult to make consci\sness a real function 9 developm5t s long z x 0 reg>d$ z only cognitive 9 "*4 ,evolution>y philosophy1 c\pl$ ) physics1 _h built up a sort ( clos$ sy/em ) :i* consci\sness c\ld n int]f]e1 b :i* x c\ld "k1 & "k ) all ! assurance ( a traditional logic4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to be consi/5t evolutioni/s1 we c\ld n abide by su* a rem>kable result4 ,! :ole process ( ?9k+ mu/ be br\ght )9 evolution1 s t k1 ev5 ! k ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis itself1 mu/ appe> z an in/ance ( adaptation4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 h[ev]1 consci\sness mu/ n be conceiv$ z only cognitive4 ,judgm5t1 ! core ( logical processes1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an in/rum5t & z a mode ( adaptation4 ,! desire = complet5ess & consi/5cy 9 an evolution>y philosophy is n ! only ?+ :i* makes ! d5ial ( g5etic consid]ations haz>d\s4 ,/rictly biological consid]ations furni% reasons ( equal weight = caution4 ,= in/ance1 "o w h>dly d5y t ! :ole s5sory app>atus is a /rik+ in/ance ( adaptation4 ,our p]ceptions ( ! _w w\ld ?us appe> to be det]m9$ by ?is adaptation1 to be in/ances ( adju/m5t4 ,!y might conceivably h be5 diff]5t1 & 9 ! case ( _m o!r creatures1 ! p]ceptions ( ! _w are und\bt$ly diff]5t4 ,all our logical processes1 ref]r+ ultimately z !y d to our p]ceptions1 w\ld ?us appe> f9ally to dep5d on ! adaptation exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( our s5sory app>atus4 ,s-call$ laws ( ?\ght w\ld seem to be b ab/ract /atem5ts or =mulations ( ! results ( ?is adju/m5t4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t a man ?9ks 9 a s5se radically diff]5t f t 9 :i* he dige/s1 or a fl[] blossoms1 or t two & two are f\r 9 a s5se radically diff]5t f t 9 :i* a fl[] has a giv5 numb] ( petals4 ,?9k+1 l dige/+ & blossom+1 is an effect1 a product1 possibly a /ructure4 ,i am n at all int]e/$ 9 d5y+ ! =ce ( ^! consid]ations4 ,!y h1 to my m9d1 ! greate/ importance1 & due weight has1 z yet1 n be5 giv5 to !m4 ,to "o at all committ$ to a unit>y & evolution>y view ( ! _w1 x mu/ inde$ seem /range if ?9k+ itself %\ld n be ! result ( evolution1 or t1 9 ?9k+1 p>ts ( ! _w _h n become adju/$ 9 a new way4 ,b :ile ,i am ready to admit ?is1 ,i am by no means ready to admit "s ( ! conclusions = logic & metaphysics :i* are (t5 drawn f ! admission4 ,j because ?\ght1 z a product ( evolution1 is functional & judgm5t in/rum5tal1 x by no means foll[s t logic is b a bran* ( biology1 or t k ( ! _w is b a tempor>y adju/m5t1 :i*1 z k1 might h be5 radically diff]5t4 ,9 ^! conclusions1 (t5 drawn ) ,protagorean assurance1 two consid]ations ( crucial importance seem to be ov]look$1 fir/1 t adaptation is itself metaphysical 9 "*1 & secondly1 t :ile k may be functional & judgm5t in/rum5tal1 ! "* ( ! function+ has ! "* ( k1 :i* sets x (f %>ply f all o!r functions4 ,x seems /range to me t ! admission t k is a matt] ( adaptation1 & ?us a relative matt]1 %\ld1 9 ^! days1 be reg>d$ z 9 any way de/roy+ ! claims ( k to metaphysical c]ta9ty4 ,yet1 someh[1 ! op9ion widely prevails t ! doctr9e ( relativity necess>ily involves ! surr5d] ( any?+ l absolute tru?4 ,all our k is relative1 &1 !re=e1 only p>tial1 incomplete1 & b practically tru/wor?y1 is a /atem5t repeat$ly made4 ,! fact t1 if our developm5t _h be5 diff]5t1 our k w\ld h be5 diff]5t1 is tak5 to involve ! conclusion t our k _c possibly disclose ! real con/itution ( ?+s1 t x is ess5tially conditional1 t x is only a m5tal device = gett+ results1 t any o!r sy/em ( k :i* w\ld get results equally well w\ld be equally true2 9 %ort1 t !re c be no su* ?+ z metaphysical or epi/emological tru?4 ,^! conclusions d inde$ seem /range1 & especially /range on ! basis ( evolution4 ,= :ile ! evolution>y process might1 conceivably1 h be5 diff]5t1 its results are1 9 any case1 ! results ( ! process4 ,!y are n arbitr>y4 ,we might h dige/$ )\t /oma*s1 b ! fact t we use /oma*s 9 ?is important process ought n to free u f metaphysical respect = ! organ4 ,z ,m4 ,rey sugge/s1 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique = ,june1 #aijd1 a creature )\t ! s5se ( smell w\ld h no geometry1 b t does n make geometry ess5tially hypo!tical1 a m]e m5tal con/ruction2 = we h geometry because ( ! work+ out ( nature's laws4 ,inde$1 in/ead ( issu+ 9 a relativi/ic metaphysics ( k1 ! doctr9e ( relativity %\ld issue 9 ! recognition ( ! f9ality ( k 9 e case ( asc]ta9ably complete adaptation4 ,9 o!r words1 adaptation is itself metaphysical 9 "*4 ,adju/m5t is always adju/m5t betwe5 ?+s1 & yields only :at x does yield4 ,! ?+s or elem5ts get into ! /ate :i* is _! adju/m5t1 & ?is adju/m5t purports to be _! actual & unequivocal ord]+ 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,diff]5t conditions might h produc$ a diff]5t ord]+1 b1 aga91 ?is ord]+ w\ld be equally actual & unequivocal1 equally ! "o ord]+ to issue f !m4 ,to suppose or admit t ! c\rse ( ev5ts might h be5 & might be diff]5t is n at all to suppose or admit t x 0 or is diff]5t2 x is1 r1 to suppose & admit t we h real k ( :at t c\rse really 0 & is4 ,?is seems to be v obvi\s4 ,yet ! evolutioni/ (t5 ?9ks t he is n a metaphysician1 ev5 :5 he br+s all 8 conceptions sy/ematically "u ! conception ( evolution4 ,?is mu/ be due to "s tempor>y lack ( cle>ness4 ,if evolution is n a metaphysical doctr9e :5 ext5d$ to apply to all sci5ce1 all morality1 all logic1 9 %ort1 all ?+s1 !n x is q mean+less = evolutioni/s to pron\nce a metaphysical s5t5ce on logical processes4 ,b if evolution is a metaphysics1 !n its s5t5ce is metaphysical1 & 9 e case ( adju/m5t or adaptation we h a revelation ( ! nature ( reality 9 a def9ite & unequivocal =m4 ,?is conclusion applies to logical processes z well z to o!rs4 ,! recognition t !y are vital processes c1 !re=e1 h little significance = ^! processes 9 _! di/9ctive "* z logical4 ,!y are l all o!r vital processes 9 t !y are vital & subject to evolution4 ,!y are unlike all o!rs 9 t ?\ght is unlike dige/ion or brea?+4 ,to reg>d logical processes z vital processes does n 9 any way1 !re=e1 invalidate !m z logical processes or make x sup]flu\s to consid] _! claim to give u real k ( a real _w4 ,inde$1 x makes su* a consid]ation m necess>y & important4 ,a second consid]ation ov]look$ by ! ,protagorean t5d5cies ( ! day is t judgm5t1 ev5 if x is in/rum5tal1 purports to give u k1 t is1 x claims to reveal :at is indep5d5t ( ! judg+ process4 ,p]haps ,i ought n to say t ?is consid]ation is ov]look$1 b r t x is d5i$ significance4 ,x is ev5 d5i$ to be ess5tial to judgm5t4 ,x is claim$ t1 in/ead ( reveal+ any?+ indep5d5t ( ! judg+ process1 judgm5t is j ! adju/m5t & no m4 ,x is a reorganization ( exp]i5ce1 an attempt at control4 ,all ?is looks to me l a mis/atem5t ( ! facts4 ,judgm5t claims to be no su* ?+4 ,x does n function z su* a ?+4 ,:5 ,i make any judgm5t1 ev5 ! simple/1 ,i may make x z ! result ( t5sion1 because ( a dem& = reorganization1 9 ord] to secure control ( exp]i5ce2 b ! judgm5t means = me some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x means decid$ly & unequivocally t 9 reality1 ap>t f ! judg+ process1 ?+s exi/ & op]ate j z ! judgm5t decl>es4 ,if x is claim$ t ?is mean+ is illusory1 ,i eag]ly desire to "k on :at solid gr\nd its illusor9ess c be e/abli%$4 ,:5 ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t gravitation v>ies directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 x 0 d\btless rea*$ 9 an evolution>y & pragmatic way2 b x claim$ to disclose a fact :i* prevail$ be=e ! conclusion 0 rea*$1 & 9 spite ( ! conclusion4 ,k has be5 born ( ! travail ( liv+1 b x has be5 born z k4 ,:5 ! k "* ( judgm5t is insi/$ on1 x seems almo/ incr$ible t any "o w\ld ?9k ( d5y+ or ov]look+ x4 ,inde$1 curr5t discussions are f> f cle> on ! subject4 ,pragmati/s are con/antly d5y+ t !y hold ! conclusions t _! critics almo/ unanim\sly draw4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a good deal ( confusion ( ?\ght yet to be dispell$4 ,yet !re seems to be curr5t a pron\nc$ det]m9ation to bani% ! epi/emological problem f logic4 ,?is is1 to my m9d1 suspici\s1 ev5 :5 epi/emology is def9$ 9 a way :i* mo/ epi/emologi/s w\ld n approve4 ,x is suspici\s j because we mu/ always ask ev5tually t mo/ epi/emological & metaphysical "q3 ,is k true8 ,to answ]1 x is true :5 x functions 9 a way to satisfy ! ne$s :i* g5]at$ its activity1 is1 no d\bt1 correct1 b x is by no means adequate4 ,! same answ] c be made to ! inquiry aft] ! effici5cy ( any vital process :atev]1 & is1 !re=e1 n di/9ctive4 ,we h /ill to inquire into ! specific "* ( ! ne$s :i* orig9ate judgm5ts & ( ! consequ5t satisfaction4 ,j "h is :]e ! uniqu5ess ( ! logical problem is disclos$4 ,) consci\s be+s1 ! success ( ! ?+s !y d has become increas+ly dep5d5t on _! ability to discov] :at takes place 9 indep5d5ce ( ! kn[+ process4 ,t is ! ne$ :i* g5]ates judgm5t4 ,! satisfaction is1 ( c\rse1 ! atta9m5t ( ! discov]y4 ,n[ to make ! judgm5t itself & n ! consequ5t action ! in/rum5tal factor seems to me to mis/ate ! facts ( ! case4 ,no?+ is cle>] ?an t !re is no necessity = k to issue 9 adju/m5t4 ,& x is cle> to me t increas$ control ( exp]i5ce1 :ile result+ f k1 does n give to x its "*4 ,omnisci5ce c\ld idly view ! trans=mations ( reality & yet rema9 omnisci5t4 ,k works1 b x is n1 !re=e1 k4 ,^! consid]ations h peculi> =ce :5 appli$ to t bran* ( k :i* is k itself4 ,is ! biological acc\nt ( k correct8 ,t "q we mu/ evid5tly ask1 especially :5 we are urg$ to accept ! acc\nt4 ,c we1 to put ! "q 9 its mo/ g5]al =m1 accept z an adequate acc\nt ( ! logical process a !ory :i* is b\nd up ) "s o!r specific dep>tm5t ( human k8 ,x seems to me t we _c4 ,"h we mu/ be epi/emologi/s & metaphysicians1 or give up ! problem entirely4 ,?is by no means involves ! attempt to conceive pure ?\ght set ov] aga9/ pure reality--! k9d ( epi/emology & metaphysics ju/ly ridicul$ by ! pragmati/--= k1 z already /at$1 is giv5 to u 9 concrete in/ances4 ,h[ k 9 g5]al is possible is1 !re=e1 z useless & mean+less a "q z h[ reality 9 g5]al is possible4 ,! k is giv5 z a fact ( life1 & :at we h to det]m9e is n its non-logical antec$5ts or its practical consequ5ces1 b its con/itution z k & its validity4 ,x may be admitt$ t ! "q ( validity is settl$ pragmatically4 ,no k is true unless x yields results :i* c be v]ifi$1 unless x c issue 9 increas$ control ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ,i insi/ aga9 t t fact is n suffici5t = an acc\nt ( :at k claims to be4 ,x claims to issue 9 control because x is true 9 indep5d5ce ( ! control4 ,& x is j ?is assurance t is ne$$ to di/+ui% k f :at is n k4 ,x is ! necessity ( exhibit+ ?is assurance :i* makes x impossible to subord9ate logical problems1 & =ces u at la/ to que/ions ( epi/emology & metaphysics4 ,z ,i am int]e/$ "h prim>ily 9 det]m9+ ! field ( logic1 x is some:at outside my prov9ce to consid] ! details ( logical !ory4 ,yet ! po9t j rais$ is ( s mu* importance 9 connection ) ! ma9 "q t ,i v5ture ! foll[+ g5]al consid]ations4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! m necess>y because ! pragmatic doctr9e f9ds 9 ! concession made reg>d+ ! te/ ( validity "o ( its /ronge/ def5ses4 ,( c\rse a judgm5t is n true simply because x is a judgm5t4 ,x may be false4 ,! only way to settle its validity is to discov] :e!r exp]i5ce actually provides :at ! judgm5t promises1 t is1 :e!r ! conclusions drawn f x really enable u to control exp]i5ce4 ,no m]e speculation w yield ! desir$ result1 no matt] ) h[ mu* =mal validity ! conclusions may be drawn4 ,t m]ely =mal validity is n ! ess5tial ?+1 ,i h po9t$ out 9 discuss+ ! relation ( logic to ma!matics4 ,! te/ ( tru? is pragmatic4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! =mal validity does n det]m9e ! actual validity4 ,:at is ?is b ! /atem5t t ! process ( judgm5t is n itself ! det]m9+ factor 9 its real validity8 ,x is1 9 %ort1 only valid judgm5ts t c really give u control ( exp]i5ce4 ,! implications tak5 up 9 ! judgm5t mu/1 !re=e1 be real implications :i*1 z su*1 h no?+ to d ) ! judg+ process1 & :i*1 mo/ c]ta9ly1 are n br\ght ab\t by x4 ,& :at is ?is b ! claim t judgm5t z su* is nev] in/rum5tal8 ,9 o!r words1 a judgm5t :i* effect$ its own cont5t w\ld only by ! m]e/ accid5t function z valid k4 ,we h valid k1 !n1 only :5 ! implications ( ! judgm5t are f\nd to be indep5d5t ( ! judg+ process4 ,we h k only at ! risk ( error4 ,! pragmatic te/ ( validity1 in/ead ( prov+ ! in/rum5tal "* ( judgm5t1 w\ld ?us appe> to prove j ! rev]se4 ,valid k has1 !re=e1 = its cont5t a sy/em ( real1 n judg$ or hypo!tical implications4 ,! c5tral problem ( logic :i* results f ?is fact is n h[ a k ( real implications is !n possible1 b :at are ! asc]ta9able types ( real implications4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 we ne$ "s crit]ion to det]m9e :at a real implication is4 ,i v5ture to reply t we ne$ none1 if by su* is meant any?+ else ?an ! facts ) :i* we are deal+4 ,i ne$ no o!r crit]ion ?an ! circle to det]m9e :e!r its diamet]s are really equal4 ,&1 9 g5]al1 ,i ne$ no o!r crit]ion ?an ! facts dealt ) to det]m9e :e!r !y really imply :at ,i judge !m to imply4 ,logic appe>s to me to be really z simple z ?is4 ,yet !re c be pr(\nd problems involv$ 9 ! work+ out ( ?is simple proc$ure4 ,!re is ! problem already /at$ ( ! mo/ g5]al types ( real implication1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! "t-honor$ doctr9e ( categories4 ,:e!r !re are categories or basal types ( exi/5ce seems to me to be asc]ta9able4 ,:5 asc]ta9$1 x is also possible to discov] ! types ( inf]5ce or implication :i* !y af=d4 ,?is is by no means ! :ole ( logic1 b x appe>s to me to be its c5tral problem4 ,^! consid]ations w1 ,i hope1 ?r[ light on ! /atem5t t :ile k works1 x is n !re=e k4 ,x works because its cont5t exi/$ be=e its discov]y by ! k process1 & because its cont5t 0 n effect$ or br\ght ab\t by t process4 ,judgm5t 0 ! in/rum5t ( its discov]y1 n ! in/rum5t :i* fa%ion$ x4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 will+ to admit t logical processes are vital processes1 ,i am n will+ to admit t ! problem ( logic is radically *ang$ !reby 9 its =mulation or solution1 = ! vital processes 9 "q h ! unique "* ( k1 ! cont5t ( :i* is :at x claims to be1 a sy/em ( real implications :i* exi/$ prior to its discov]y4 ,9 ! psy*ological & biological t5d5cies 9 logic1 !re is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 a di/9ct ga9 = logical !ory4 ,! insi/5ce t logical processes are bo? m5tal & vital has done mu* to take !m out ( ! transc5d5tal alo(ness f reality 9 :i* !y h (t5 be5 plac$1 especially s9ce ,kant4 ,s long z ?\ght & object 7 s sep>at$ t !y c\ld nev] be br\ght toge!r1 & s long z logical processes 7 conceiv$ :olly 9 t]ms ( ideas set ov] aga9/ objects1 !re 0 no hope ( escape f ! realm ( pure hypo!sis & conjecture4 ,locke's axiom t ! m9d1 9 all its ?\ghts & reason+s1 ha? no o!r imm$iate object b its own ideas1 an axiom :i* ,kant did s mu* to sanctify1 & :i* has be5 ! basal pr9ciple ( ! great] "p ( mod]n logic & metaphysics1 is mo/ c]ta9ly subv]sive ( logical !ory4 ,! transition f ideas to any?+ else is r5d]$ impossible by x4 ,n[ x is j ?is axiom :i* ! biological t5d5cies 9 logic h done s mu* to de/roy4 ,!y h insi/$1 ) ! greate/ "r1 t logical processes are n set ov] aga9/ _! cont5t z idea aga9/ object1 z appe>ance aga9/ reality1 b are processes ( reality itself4 ,j z reality c & does function 9 a physical or a physiological way1 s also x functions 9 a logical way4 ,! /ate we call k becomes1 ?us1 z mu* a "p ( ! sy/em ( ?+s z ! /ate we call *emical comb9ation4 ,! problem h[ ?\ght c "k any?+ becomes1 !re=e1 z irrelevant z ! problem h[ elem5ts c comb9e at all4 ,! recognition ( ?is is a great ga91 & ! promise ( x mo/ fruitful = bo? logic & metaphysics4 ,b1 z ,i h tri$ to po9t out1 all ?is surr5d]+ ( pure ?\ght z oppos$ to pure reality1 does n at all necessitate our reg>d+ judgm5t z a process :i* makes reality diff]5t f :at x 0 be=e4 ,( c\rse !re is "o diff]5ce1 namely1 ! logical "o2 = reality prior to logical processes is unkn[n4 ,z a result ( ^! processes x becomes kn[n4 ,^! processes are1 !re=e1 responsible = a kn[n z di/9ct f an unkn[n reality4 ,b :at is ! trans=mation :i* reality und]goes 9 becom+ kn[n8 ,:5 x becomes kn[n t wat] seeks its own level1 :at *ange has tak5 place 9 ! wat]8 ,x w\ld appe> t we mu/ answ]1 none4 ,! wat] :i* seeks its own level has n be5 trans=m$ into ideas or ev5 into a human exp]i5ce4 ,x appe>s to rema91 z wat]1 precisely :at x 0 be=e4 ,! trans=mation :i* takes place1 takes place 9 ! "o :o kn[s1 a trans=mation f ignorance to k4 ,psy*ology & biology c af=d u ! natural hi/ory ( ?is trans=mation1 b !y _c in=m u 9 ! lea/ z to :y x %\ld h its specific "*4 ,t is giv5 & n d$uc$4 ,! attempts to d$uce x h1 )\t exception1 be5 futile4 ,t is :y we are =c$ to take x z ultimate 9 ! same way we take z ultimate ! specific "* ( any def9ite trans=mation4 ,to my m9d1 !re is ne$$ a full] & m cordial recognition ( ?is fact4 ,! conditions "u :i* we1 z individuals1 "k are c]ta9ly discov]able1 j z mu* z ! conditions "u :i* we brea! or dige/4 ,& :at happ5s to ?+s :5 we "k !m is also z discov]able z :at happ5s to !m :5 we brea! !m or dige/ !m4 ,b "h ! ideali/ may int]pose t we c nev] "k :at happ5s to ?+s :5 we "k !m1 because we c nev] "k !m be=e !y become kn[n4 ,i suppose ,i ought to wre/le ) ?is objection4 ,x is an obvi\s "o1 b1 to my m9d1 x is )\t =ce4 ,! objection1 if pursu$1 c c>ry u only 9 a circle4 ,! problem ( k is /ill on our h&s1 & e logician ( :atev] s*ool1 ! (f]] ( ?is objection also1 has1 nev]!less1 attempt$ to %[ :at ! trans=mation is t ?\ght works1 = all admit t x works "s4 ,are we1 !re=e1 engag$ 9 a hopeless task8 ,or h we fail$ to grasp ! significance ( our problem8 ,i ?9k ! latt]4 ,we fail to recognize t1 9 "o way or o!r1 we d solve ! problem1 & t our attempts to solve x %[ q cle>ly t ! objection "u consid]ation is )\t =ce4 ,take1 = in/ance1 any concrete case ( k1 ! wat] seek+ its own level1 aga94 ,foll[ ! process ( k to ! fulle/ ext5t1 we nev] f9d a s+le problem :i* is n solvable by ref]5ce to ! concrete ?+s ) :i* we are deal+1 nor a s+le solution :i* is n =c$ ^u u by ^! ?+s r ?an by ! fact t we deal ) !m4 ,! trans=mation wr\ght is ?us discov]$1 9 ! progress ( k itself1 to be wr\ght solely 9 ! inquir+ individual1 & wr\ght by repeat$ contact ) ! ?+s ) :i* he deals4 ,9 o!r words1 all k discloses ! fact t its cont5t is n creat$ by itself1 b by ! ?+s ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 t k %\ld be :at we call transc5d5t & yet n involve u 9 a transc5d5tal logic4 ,t we %\ld be able to "k )\t alt]+ ! ?+s we "k is no m & no less rem>kable & my/]i\s ?an t we %\ld be able to dige/ by alt]+ ! ?+s we dige/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fact t dige/ion alt]s ! ?+s is no reason t k %\ld alt] !m1 ev5 if we admit t logical processes are vital & subject to evolution4 ,inde$1 if evolution tea*es u any?+ on ?is po9t1 x is t k processes are real j z !y exi/1 z real z gr[? & dige/ion1 & mu/ h _! "* describ$ 9 accordance ) :at !y are4 ,! recognition t k c be transc5d5t & yet its processes vital seems to ?r[ light on ! difficulty evolution has enc\nt]$ 9 acc\nt+ = consci\sness & k4 ,all ! reactions ( ! individual seem to be expressible 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry & physics )\t call+ 9 consci\sness z an op]at+ factor4 ,:at is ?is b ! recognition ( its transc5d5ce1 especially :5 ! conditions ( consci\s activity are q likely expressible 9 *emical & physical t]ms8 ,:ile1 !re=e1 biological consid]ations result 9 ! great ga9 ( giv+ concrete reality to ! processes ( k1 ! ga9 is lo/1 if k itself is d5i$ ! transc5d5ce :i* x s evid5tly discloses4 ,,iv ,! argum5t advanc$ 9 ?is discussion has _h ! aim ( emphasiz+ ! fact t 9 k we h actually giv51 z cont5t1 reality z x is 9 indep5d5ce ( ! act ( kn[+1 t ! real _w is self-exi/5t1 indep5d5t ( ! judgm5ts we make ab\t x4 ,?is fact has be5 emphasiz$ 9 ord] to conf9e ! field ( logic to ! field ( k z ?us und]/ood4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! argum5t1 ,i h occasionally indicat$ :at "s ( ! result+ problems ( logic are4 ,^! ,i wi% n[ to /ate 9 a some:at m sy/ematic way4 ,! basal problem ( logic becomes1 und\bt$ly1 ! metaphysics ( k1 ! det]m9ation ( ! nature ( k & its relation to reality4 ,x is q evid5t t ?is is j ! problem :i* ! curr5t t5d5cies criticis$ h s\ght1 n to solve1 b to avoid or set aside4 ,_! motives = s do+ h be5 ma9ly ! difficulties :i* h aris5 f ! ,kantian philosophy 9 its developm5t into transc5d5talism1 & ! desire to ext5d ! category ( evolution to embrace ! :ole ( reality1 k includ$4 ,i confess to feel+ ! =ce ( ^! motives z /rongly z any advocate ( ! criticis$ op9ions4 ,b ,i d n see my way cle> to satisfy+ !m by d5y+ or expla9+ away ! evid5t "* ( k itself4 ,x appe>s f> bett] to admit t a metaphysics ( k is z yet hopeless1 r ?an s to trans=m k z to get rid ( ! problem2 = we mu/ ultimately ask aft] ! tru? ( ! trans=mation4 ,b ,i am f> f believ+ t a metaphysics ( k is hopeless4 ,! biological t5d5cies !mselves seem to furni% u ) mu* mat]ial = at lea/ ! beg9n+s ( "o4 ,reality kn[n is to be set ov] aga9/ reality unkn[n or indep5d5t ( k1 n z image to orig9al1 idea to ?+1 ph5om5a to n\m5a1 appe>ance to reality2 b reality z kn[n is a new /age 9 ! developm5t ( reality itself4 ,x is n an ext]nal m9d :i* kn[s reality by means ( its own ideas1 b reality itself becomes kn[n ?r\gh its own exp&+ & readju/+ processes4 ,s f> ,i am 9 entire agreem5t ) ! t5d5cies ,i h criticis$4 ,b :at *ange is effect$ by ?is expansion & readju/m5t8 ,i c f9d no o!r answ] ?an ?is simple "o3 ! *ange to k4 ,& by ?is ,i mean to ass]t unequivocally t ! addition ( k to a reality hi!rto )\t x is simply an addition to x & n a trans=mation ( x4 ,su* a view may appe> to make k a :olly useless addition1 b ,i see no inh]5t necessity 9 su* a conclusion4 ,nor d ,i see any inh]5t necessity ( suppos+ t k mu/ be a useful addition4 ,yet ,i w\ld n be s fooli% z to d5y ! usefulness ( k4 ,we h1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ palpable evid5ces ( its use4 ,z we exam9e !m1 ,i ?9k we f9d1 )\t exception1 t k is useful j 9 proportion z we f9d t reality is n trans=m$ by be+ kn[n4 ,if x really 7 trans=m$ 9 t process1 c\ld any?+ else ?an confusion result f ! multitude ( kn[+ individuals8 ,to me1 !re=e1 ! metaphysics ( ! situation resolves itself into ! reali/ic position t a develop+ reality develops1 "u asc]ta9able conditions1 into a kn[n reality )\t und]go+ any o!r trans=mation1 & t ?is new /age m>ks an advance 9 ! effici5cy ( reality 9 its adaptations4 ,my confid5ce /eadily gr[s t ?is :ole process c be sci5tifically work$ out4 ,x is impossible "h to ju/ify my confid5ce 9 detail1 & ,i mu/ leave ! matt] ) ! foll[+ sugge/ion4 ,! po9t f :i* k />ts & to :i* x ultimately returns is always "s portion ( reality :]e !re is consci\sness1 ! ?+s1 namely1 :i*1 we are wont to say1 are 9 consci\sness4 ,^! ?+s are n ideas repres5t+ o!r ?+s outside ( consci\sness1 b real ?+s1 :i*1 by be+ 9 consci\sness1 h ! capacity ( repres5t+ ea* o!r1 ( /&+ = or imply+ ea* o!r4 ,k is n ! creation ( ^! implications1 b _! successful sy/ematization4 ,x w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is g5]al /atem5t is true ( e concrete case ( k :i* we possess4 ,its detail$ work+ out w\ld be a metaphysics ( k1 an epi/emology4 ,s9ce k is ! successful sy/ematization ( ! implications :i* are disclos$ 9 ?+s by virtue ( consci\sness1 a second logical problem ( fundam5tal importance is ! det]m9ation ( ! mo/ g5]al types ( implication ) ! categories :i* und]lie !m4 ,! execution ( ?is problem w\ld naturally involve1 z subsidi>y1 ! great] "p ( =mal & symbolic logic4 ,inde$1 vital doctr9es ( ! syllogism1 ( def9ition1 ( =mal inf]5ce1 ( ! calculus ( classes & propositions1 ( ! logic ( relations1 appe> to be b\nd up ultimately ) a doctr9e ( categories2 = x is only a recognition ( basal types ( exi/5ce ) _! implications t c save ^! doctr9es f m]e =malism4 ,^! types ( exi/5ce or categories are n to be reg>d$ z free creations or z ! contributions ( ! m9d to exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no d$uction ( !m possible4 ,!y mu/ be discov]$ 9 ! actual progress ( k itself1 & ,i see no reason to suppose t _! numb] is necess>ily fix$1 or t we %\ld necess>ily be 9 possession ( all ( !m4 ,x is requisite1 h[ev]1 t 9 e case categories %\ld be incapable ( r$uction to ea* o!r4 ,a doctr9e ( categories seems to me to be ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! sy/ematization ( k1 = no problem ( relation is ev5 /ateable correctly be=e ! type ( exi/5ce to :i* its t]ms belong has be5 fir/ det]m9$4 ,i submit "o illu/ration to re9=ce ?is g5]al /atem5t1 namely1 ! relation ( m9d to body4 ,if m9d & body belong to ! same type ( exi/5ce1 we h "o set ( problems on our h&s2 b if !y d n1 we h an entirely diff]5t set4 ,yet volumes ( discussion writt5 on ?is subject h ab\nd$ 9 confusion1 simply because !y h reg>d$ m9d & body z belong+ to radically diff]5t types ( exi/5ce & yet relat$ 9 t]ms ( ! type to :i* "o ( !m belongs4 ,! doctr9e ( p>allelism is1 p]haps1 ! epitome ( ?is confusion4 ,! doctr9e ( categories w involve n only ! great] "p ( =mal & symbolic logic1 b w und\bt$ly c>ry ! logician into ! doctr9e ( me?od4 ,"h x is to be hop$ t rec5t t5d5cies w result 9 effectively break+ d[n ! artificial di/9ctions :i* h prevail$ betwe5 d$uction & induction4 ,diff]5ces 9 me?od d n result f diff]5ces 9 po9ts ( dep>ture1 or betwe5 ! univ]sal & ! p>ticul>1 b f ! categories1 aga91 :i* give ! me?od direction & aim1 & result 9 diff]5t types ( syn!sis4 ,9 ?is direction1 ! logician may hope = an approximately correct classification ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,su* a classification is1 p]haps1 ! ideal ( logical !ory4 ,,section ,d--,,me?odology ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,section ,d--,,me?odology ,,( ,,sci5ce 7,hall #f1 ,septemb] #bb1 #c p4 m47 ,,*airman3 ,,pr(essor ,,james ,e4 ,,creighton1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,,speak]s3 ,,pr(essor ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig4 ,,pr(essor ,,b5no ,,erdmann1 ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,,secret>y3 ,,dr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,p]ry1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,by ,,wilhelm ,,o/wald 7,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,dr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,y]kes1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity7 ,wilhelm ,o/wald1 ,pr(essor ( ,physical ,*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 s9ce #ahhg4 b4 ,septemb] #b1 #ahec1 ,riga1 ,russia4 ,grad4 ,c&idate ,*emi/ry1 #ahgg2 ,ma/] ,*emi/ry1 #ahgh2 ,doctor ,*emi/ry1 ,dorpat4 ,dr4 ,hon4 ,halle & ,cambridge2 ,privy ,c\ncilor2 ,assi/ant1 ,dorpat1 #ahge-ha2 ,regul> ,pr(essor1 ,riga #ahha-hg4 ,memb] v>i\s le>n$ & sci5tific societies4 ,au?or ( ,manual ( ,g5]al ,*emi/ry2 ,electro ,*emi/ry2 ,f\ndation ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry2 ,lectures on ,philosophy ( ,nature2 ,arti/'s ,lett]s2 ,essays & ,lectures2 & _m o!r not$ works & pap]s on ,*emi/ry & ,philosophy4 ,"o ( ! few po9ts on :i* ! philosophy ( to-day is unit$ is ! k t ! only ?+ completely c]ta9 & und\bt$ = ea* "o is ! cont5t ( 8 own consci\sness2 & "h ! c]ta9ty is to be ascrib$ n to ! cont5t ( consci\sness 9 g5]al1 b only to ! mom5t>y cont5t4 ,?is mom5t>y cont5t we divide into two l>ge gr\ps1 :i* we ref] to ! inn] & out] _w4 ,if we call any k9d ( cont5t ( consci\sness an exp]i5ce1 !n we ascribe to ! out] _w su* exp]i5ces z arise )\t ! activity ( our w & _c be call$ =? by its activity alone4 ,su* exp]i5ces nev] arise )\t ! activity ( c]ta9 p>ts ( our body1 :i* we call s5se organs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! out] _w is t :i* rea*es our consci\sness ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we ascribe to our inn] _w all exp]i5ces :i* arise )\t ! imm$iate assi/ance ( a s5se organ4 ,"h1 fir/ ( all1 belong all exp]i5ces :i* we call rememb]+ & ?9k+4 ,an exact & complete diff]5tiation ( ! two t]ritories is n int5d$ "h1 = our purpose does n dem& t ?is task be und]tak54 ,= ?is purpose ! g5]al ori5tation 9 :i* e "o recognizes famili> facts ( 8 consci\sness is suffici5t4 ,ea* exp]i5ce has ! *>act]i/ic ( uniqu5ess4 ,none ( u d\bts t ! expression ( ! poet ,ev]y?+ is only repeat$ 9 life is really j ! opposite ( ! tru?1 & t 9 fact no?+ is repeat$ 9 life4 ,b to express su* a judgm5t we mu/ be 9 position to comp>e diff]5t exp]i5ces ) ea* o!r1 & ?is possibility re/s ^u a fundam5tal ph5om5on ( our consci\sness1 memory4 ,memory alone enables u to put v>i\s exp]i5ces 9 relation to ea* o!r1 s t ! "q z to _! lik5ess or diff]5ce c be ask$4 ,we f9d ! simpl] relations "h 9 ! inn] exp]i5ces4 ,a c]ta9 ?\ght1 su* z twice two is f\r1 ,i c br+ up 9 my consci\sness z (t5 z ,i wi%1 & 9 addition to ! cont5t ( ! ?\ght ,i exp]i5ce ! fur!r consci\sness t ,i h already _h ?is ?\ght be=e1 t x is famili> to me4 ,a simil> b some:at m complex ph5om5on appe>s 9 ! exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! out] _w takes "p4 ,aft] ,i h eat5 an apple1 ,i c repeat ! exp]i5ce 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 z an inn] exp]i5ce1 ,i c rememb] t ,i h eat5 ! apple & by an ef=t ( my w ,i c re-create 9 myself1 al?\gh ) dim9i%$ /r5g? & int5sity1 a "p ( ! =m] exp]i5ce--! "p :i* belong$ to my inn] _w4 ,ano!r "p1 ! s5se impression :i* belong$ to t exp]i5ce1 ,i _c re-create by an ef=t ( my w1 b ,i mu/ aga9 eat an apple 9 ord] to h a simil> exp]i5ce ( ?is sort4 ,?is is a complete repetition ( ! exp]i5ce to :i* ! ext]nal _w also contributes4 ,su* a repetition does n dep5d altoge!r on my own p[]s1 = x is necess>y t ,i h an apple1 t is1 t c]ta9 conditions :i* are indep5d5t ( me & belong to ! out] _w be fulfill$4 ,:e!r ! out] _w takes "p 9 ! repetition ( an exp]i5ce or n has no influ5ce ^u ! possibility ( ! cont5t ( consci\sness :i* we call memory4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ?is cont5t dep5ds ^u ! inn] exp]i5ce alone1 & t we rememb] an ext]nal ev5t only by means ( its inn] con/itu5ts4 ,! m]e repetition ( correspond+ s5se impressions is n suffici5t = ?is1 = we c see ! same p]son repeat$ly )\t recogniz+ him1 if ! inn] accompany+ ph5om5a 7 s insignificant1 z a result ( lack ( int]e/1 t _! repetition does n produce ! cont5t ( consci\sness kn[n z memory4 ,if we see him q frequ5tly1 ! frequ5t repetition ( ! ext]nal impression f9ally causes ! memory ( ! correspond+ inn] exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is x results t = ! memory-reaction a c]ta9 int5sity ( ! inn] exp]i5ce is necess>y4 ,?is ?re%old c be atta9$ ei!r at once or by cont9u$ repetition4 ,! repetitions are ! m effective ! m rapidly !y foll[ ea* o!r4 ,f ?is we may conclude t ! memory-value ( an exp]i5ce1 or its capacity = call+ =? ! memory-reaction by repetition1 decreases ) ! lapse ( "t4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ consid] ! fact m5tion$ above1 t an exp]i5ce is nev] exactly repeat$1 & t !re=e ! memory-reaction occurs ev5 :]e !re is only resemblance or p>tial agreem5t 9 place ( complete agreem5t4 ,"h1 too1 !re are diff]5t degrees2 memory takes place m easily ! m p]fectly ! two exp]i5ces agree1 & vice v]sa4 ,if we look at ^! ph5om5a f ! physiological side1 we may say we h two k9ds ( app>atus or organs1 "o ( :i* does n dep5d ^u our w1 :]eas ! o!r does4 ,! =m] are ! s5se organs4 ,! latt] con/itutes ! organ ( ?\ght4 ,only ! activities ( ! latt] con/itute our exp]i5ces or ! cont5t ( our consci\sness4 ,! activities ( ! =m] may call =? ! correspond+ processes ( ! latt]1 b ?is is n always necess>y4 ,our s5se organs c be influ5c$ )\t our notic+ x1 t is1 )\t ! ?9k+ app>atus be+ involv$4 ,an especially important reaction ( ! ?9k+ app>atus is memory1 t is1 ! consci\sness t an exp]i5ce :i* we h j _h possesses m or less agreem5t ) =m] exp]i5ces4 ,) ref]5ce to ! organ ( ?\ght1 x is ! expression ( ! g5]al physiological fact t e process influ5ces ! organ 9 su* a way t x has a diff]5t relation to ! repetition ( ?is process1 f ! fir/ "t1 & moreov] t ! repetition is r5d]$ easi]4 ,?is influ5ce decreases ) "t4 ,x is *iefly ^u ^! ph5om5a t exp]i5ce re/s4 ,exp]i5ce results f ! fact t all ev5ts consi/ ( a complete s]ies ( simultane\s & successive compon5ts4 ,:5 a connection betwe5 "s ( ^? p>ts has become famili> to u by ! repetition ( simil> occurr5ces 7= in/ance1 ! succession ( day & night71 we d n feel su* an occurr5ce z some?+ completely new1 b z some?+ p>tially famili>1 & ! s+le p>ts or phases ( x d n surprise u1 b r we anticipate _! com+ or expect !m4 ,f expectation to pr$iction is only a %ort /ep1 & s exp]i5ce enables u to prophesy ! future f ! pa/ & pres5t4 ,n[ ?is is also ! road to sci5ce3 = sci5ce is no?+ b sy/ematiz$ exp]i5ce1 t is1 exp]i5ce r$uc$ to its simple/ & cle>e/ =ms4 ,its purposes to pr$ict f a "p ( a ph5om5on :i* is kn[n ano!r "p :i* is n yet kn[n4 ,"h x may be a "q ( spatial z well z ( temporal ph5om5a4 ,?us ! sci5tific zologi/ kn[s h[ to det]m9e1 t is1 to tell1 f ! skull ( an animal1 ! nature ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! animal to :i* ! skull belongs2 likewise ! a/ronom] is able to indicate ! future1 situation ( a planet f a few obs]vations ( its pres5t situation2 & ! m exact ! fir/ obs]vations 71 ! m di/ant ! future = :i* he c pr$ict4 ,all su* sci5tific pr$ictions are limit$1 !re=e1 ) ref]5ce to _! numb] & _! accuracy4 ,if ! skull %[n to ! zologi/ is t ( a *ick51 !n he w probably be able to indicate ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( *ick5s1 & also p]haps :e!r ! *ick5 _h a top-knot or n2 b n its color1 & only unc]ta9ly its age & its size4 ,bo? facts1 ! possibility ( pr$iction & its limitation 9 cont5t & am\nt1 are an expression = ! two fundam5tal facts1 t among our exp]i5ces !re is simil>ity1 b n complete agreem5t4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations des]ve to be discuss$ & ext5d$ 9 sev]al directions4 ,fir/1 ! objection w be made t a *ick5 or a planet is n an exp]i5ce2 we call !m r by ! mo/ g5]al "n ( ?+4 ,b our k ( ! *ick5 beg9s ) ! exp]i5c+ ( c]ta9 visual impressions1 to :i* are add$1 p]haps1 c]ta9 impressions ( he>+ & t\*4 ,! sight impressions 7to discuss ^! fir/7 by no means completely agree4 ,we see ! *ick5 l>ge or small1 accord+ to ! di/ance2 & accord+ to its position & movem5t its outl9e is v diff]5t4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 ^! diff]5ces are cont9ually grad+ into "o o!r & d n rea* beyond c]ta9 limits2 we neglect to obs]ve !m & re/ cont5t$ ) ! fact t c]ta9 o!r peculi>ities 7legs1 w+s1 eyes1 bill1 comb1 etc47 rema9 & d n *ange4 ,! con/ant prop]ties we gr\p toge!r z a ?+1 & ! *ang+ ones we call ! /ates ( ?is ?+4 ,among ! *ang+ prop]ties1 we di/+ui% fur!r ^? :i* dep5d ^u u 7= example1 ! di/ance7 & ^? ^u :i* we h no imm$iate influ5ce 7= in/ance1 ! position or motion73 ! fir/ is call$ ! subjective *angeable "p ( our exp]i5ce1 :ile ! second is call$ ! objective mutability ( ! ?+4 ,?is omission ( bo? ! subjectively & objectively *angeable portion ( ! exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ! ret5tion ( ! con/ant portion & ! ga!r+ toge!r ( ! latt] into a unity is "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations :i* we p]=m ) our exp]i5ces4 ,we call x ! process ( ab/raction1 & its product1 ! p]man5t unity1 we call a concept4 ,pla9ly ?is proc$ure conta9s arbitr>y z well z necess>y factors4 ,arbitr>y or accid5tal is ! circum/ance t q diff]5t phases ( a giv5 exp]i5ce come to consci\sness accord+ to our att5tion1 ! am\nt ( practice we h _h1 inde$ accord+ to our :ole intellectual nature4 ,we may ov]look con/ant factors & att5d to *angeable ones4 ,! objective factors1 h[ev]1 become necess>y z soon z we h notic$ !m2 aft] we h se5 t ! *ick5 is black1 x is n 9 our p[] to see x r$4 ,accord+ly1 9 g5]al1 our k ( t :i* agrees mu/ be less ?an x actually c\ld be1 s9ce we h n be5 able to obs]ve e agreem5t1 & our concept is always poor] 9 con/itu5ts at any giv5 "t ?an x might be4 ,to seek out su* elem5ts ( concepts z h be5 ov]look$1 & to prove t !y are necess>y factors ( ! correspond+ exp]i5ces1 is "o ( ! nev]-end+ tasks ( sci5ce4 ,! o!r case1 namely1 t elem5ts h be5 receiv$ 9 ! concept :i* d n prove to be con/ant1 also happ5s1 & leads to ano!r task4 ,"o c !n leave t elem5t out ( ! concept1 if fur!r exp]i5ces %[ t ! o!r elem5ts are f\nd 9 !m1 or "o c =m a new concept :i* conta9s ! =m] elem5ts1 leav+ out ^? t h be5 recogniz$ z uness5tial4 ,= a long "t ! :ite color belong$ to ! concept swan4 ,:5 ! ,dut* black swans became kn[n1 x 0 possible ei!r to drop ! elem5t :ite f ! concept swan 7z actually happ5$71 or to make a new concept = ! bird :i* is simil> to ! swan b black4 ,:i* *oice is made 9 a giv5 case is l>gely arbitr>y1 & is det]m9$ by consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4 ,into ! =mation ( concepts1 !re=e1 two factors are op]ative1 an objective empirical factor1 & a subjective or purposive factor4 ,! fitness ( a concept is se5 9 relation to its purpose1 :i* we %all n[ consid]4 ,! purpose ( a concept is its use = pr$iction4 ,! old logic set up ! syllogism z ! type ( ?\ght-activity1 & its simple/ example is ! well-kn[n ,all m5 are mortal1 ,caius is a man1 ,!re=e ,caius is mortal4 ,9 g5]al1 ! s*eme runs ,to ! concept ,m belongs ! elem5t ,b1 ,c belongs "u ! concept ,m1 ,!re=e ! elem5t ,b is f\nd 9 ,c4 ,"o c say t ?is me?od ( reason+ is 9 regul> use ev5 to ?is day4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t ?is use is ( a q diff]5t nature f t ( ! anci5ts4 ,:]eas =m]ly ! sett+ up ( ! fir/ proposition or ! major premise 0 consid]$ ! mo/ important ?+1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! second proposition or m9or premise 0 ?\ght to be a r trifl+ matt]1 n[ ! relation is rev]s$4 ,! major premise conta9s ! description ( a concept1 ! m9or makes ! ass]tion t a c]ta9 ?+ belongs "u ?is concept4 ,:at "r exi/s = su* an ass]tion8 ,! mo/ palpable reply w\ld be1 s9ce all ! elem5ts ( ! concept ,m 7includ+ ,b7 are f\nd 9 ,c1 ,c belongs "u ! concept ,m4 ,su* a conclusion w\ld inde$ be b9d+1 b at ! same "t q wor?less1 = x only repeats ! m9or premise4 ,actually ! me?od ( reason+ is ess5tially diff]5t1 = ! m9or premise is n obta9$ by %[+ t all ! elem5ts ( ! concept ,m are f\nd 9 ,c1 b only "s ( !m4 ,! conclusion is n necess>y1 b only probable1 & ! :ole process ( reason+ runs3 ,c]ta9 elem5ts are frequ5tly f\nd toge!r1 !re=e !y are unit$ 9 ! concept ,m4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! elem5ts are recogniz$ 9 ! ?+ ,c1 !re=e probably ! o!r elem5ts ( ! concept ,m w be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,! old logic1 also1 0 famili> ) ?is k9d ( conclusion4 ,x 0 br&$1 h[ev]1 z ! wor/ ( all1 by ! "n ( incomplete induction1 s9ce ! absolute c]ta9ty dem&$ ( ! syllogism did n belong to its results4 ,"o mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole ( mod]n sci5ce makes use ( no o!r =m ( reason+ ?an incomplete induction1 = x alone admits ( a pr$iction1 t is1 an indication ( relations :i* h n be5 imm$iately obs]v$4 ,h[ does sci5ce get along ) ! defective c]ta9ty ( ?is process ( reason+8 ,! answ] is1 t ! probability ( ! conclusion c run ?r\gh all degrees f m]e conjecture to ! maximum probability1 :i* is practically indi/+ui%able f c]ta9ty4 ,! probability is ! great] ! m frequ5tly an incomplete induction ( ?is k9d has prov5 correct 9 lat] exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ly we h at our comm& a numb] ( expressions :i* 9 _! simple/ & mo/ g5]al =m h ! appe>ance3 ,if an elem5t ,a is met )9 a ?+1 !n ! elem5t ,b is also f\nd 9 x 79 spatial or temporal relation%ip74 ,if ! relation is temporal1 ?is g5]al /atem5t is kn[n by "s su* "n z ! law ( causality4 ,if x is spatial1 "o talks ( ! idea 79 ! ,platonic s5se71 or ! type ( ! ?+1 ( sub/ance1 etc4 ,f ! consid]ations "h pres5t$ we get an easy answ] to _m que/ions :i* are frequ5tly discuss$ 9 v diff]5t s5ses4 ,fir/1 ! "q conc]n+ ! g5]al validity ( ! law ( causality4 ,all attempts to prove su* a validity h fail$1 & !re has rema9$ only ! indication t )\t ?is law we %\ld feel an unbe>able unc]ta9ty 9 ref]5ce to ! _w4 ,f ?is1 h[ev]1 we see v pla9ly t "h x is m]ely a "q ( exp$i5cy4 ,f ! cont9u\s flux ( our exp]i5ces we hunt out ^? gr\ps :i* c always be f\nd aga91 9 ord] to be able to conclude t if ! elem5t ,a is giv51 ! elem5t ,b w be pres5t4 ,we d n f9d ?is relation%ip z giv51 b we put x into our exp]i5ces1 9 t we consid] ! p>ts :i* correspond to ! relation%ip z belong+ toge!r4 ,! v same ?+ may be said ( spatial complexes4 ,su* factors z are always1 or at any rate (t51 f\nd toge!r are tak5 by u z belong+ toge!r1 & out ( !m a concept is =m$ :i* embraces ^! factors4 ,a "q z to ! :y has "h1 z ) ! temporal complexes1 no def9ite mean+4 ,!re are c\ntless ?+s t happ5 toge!r once to :i* we pay no att5tion because !y happ5 only once or b seldom4 ,! k ( ! fact t su* a s+le concurr5ce exi/s am\nts to no?+1 s9ce f ! pres5ce ( "o factor x does n lead to a conclusion z to ! pres5ce ( ano!r1 & !re=e does n make possible pr$iction4 ,( all ! possible1 & ev5 actual comb9ations1 only ^? int]e/ u :i* are repeat$1 & ?is arbitr>y b exp$i5t selection produces ! impression t ! _w consi/s only ( comb9ations t c be repeat$2 t1 9 o!r words1 ! law ( causality or ( ! type is a g5]al "o4 ,h[ev] g5]al or limit$ application ^? laws h1 is m a "q ( our skill 9 f9d+ ! con/ant comb9ations among ^? t are pres5t ?an a "q ( objective natural fact4 ,?us we see ! developm5t & pursuit ( all sci5ces go+ on 9 su* a way t on ! "o h& m & m con/ant comb9ations are discov]$1 & on ! o!r h& m inclusive relations ( ?is k9d are f\nd out1 by means ( :i* elem5ts are unit$ ) ea* o!r :i* be=e no "o _h ev5 tri$ to br+ toge!r4 ,s sci5ces are increas+ bo? 9 ! s5se ( an increas+ complication & 9 an increas+ unification4 ,if we consid] f ?is /&po9t ! developm5t & proc$ure ( ! v>i\s sci5ces1 we f9d a rational division ( ! sum total ( sci5ce 9 ! "q z to ! scope & multiplicity ( ! comb9ations or gr\ps treat$ ( 9 !m4 ,^! two prop]ties are 9 a c]ta9 s5se anti!tical4 ,! simpl] a complex is1 t is1 ! few] elem5ts br\ght toge!r 9 x1 ! m frequ5tly x is met )1 & vice v]sa4 ,"o c !re=e arrange all ! sci5ces 9 su* a way t "o beg9s ) ! lea/ multiplicity & ! greate/ scope1 & ends ) ! greate/ multiplicity & ! lea/ scope4 ,! fir/ sci5ce w be ! mo/ g5]al1 & w !re=e conta9 ! mo/ g5]al & !re=e ! mo/ b>r5 concepts2 ! la/ w conta9 ! mo/ specific & !re=e ! ri*e/4 ,:at are ^! limit+ concepts8 ,! mo/ g5]al is ! concept ( ?+1 t is1 any piece ( exp]i5ce1 seiz$ arbitr>ily f ! flux ( our exp]i5ces1 :i* c be repeat$4 ,! mo/ specific & ri*e/ is ! concept ( human int]c\rse4 ,betwe5 ! sci5ce ( ?+s & ! sci5ce ( human int]c\rse1 all ! o!r sci5ces are f\nd arrang$ 9 regul> gradation4 ,if "o foll[s out ! s*eme ! foll[+ outl9e results3 #a4 ,!ory ( ord]4 #b4 ,!ory ( numb]s1 or ari?metic4 ,ma!matics4 #c4 ,!ory ( "t4 #d4 ,!ory ( space1 or geometry4 #e4 ,me*anics4 #f4 ,physics4 ,en]getics4 #g4 ,*emi/ry4 #h4 ,physiology4 #i4 ,psy*ology4 ,biology4 #aj4 ,sociology4 ,?is table is arbitr>y 9 s f> z ! grades assum$ c be increas$ or dim9i%$ accord+ to ne$4 ,= example1 me*anics & physics c\ld be tak5 toge!r2 or betwe5 physics & *emi/ry1 physical *emi/ry c\ld be ins]t$4 ,likewise betwe5 physiology & psy*ology1 an?ropology might f9d a place2 or ! fir/ five sci5ces might be unit$ "u ma!matics4 ,h[ "o makes ^! divisions is entirely a practical "q1 :i* w be answ]$ at any "t 9 accordance ) ! purposes ( division2 & dispute conc]n+ ! matt] is almo/ useless4 ,i %\ld l1 h[ev]1 to call att5tion to ! ?ree great gr\ps ( ma!matics1 en]getics1 & biology 79 ! wid] s5se74 ,!y repres5t ! decisive regulative ?\ght :i* humanity has evolv$1 contribut$ up to ?is "t1 t[>d ! sci5tific ma/]y ( its exp]i5ces4 ,arrangem5t is ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ma!matics4 ,f me*anics to *emi/ry ! concept ( en]gy is ! mo/ important2 & = ! la/ ?ree sci5ces x is ! concept ( life4 ,ma!matics1 en]getics1 & biology1 !re=e1 embrace ! totality ( ! sci5ces4 ,be=e we ent] ^u ! clos] consid]ation ( ^! sci5ces1 x w be well to anticipate ano!r objection :i* c be rais$ on ! basis ( ! foll[+ fact4 ,besides ! sci5ces nam$ 7& ^? :i* lie betwe5 !m7 !re are _m o!rs1 z geology1 hi/ory1 m$ic9e1 philology1 :i* we f9d difficulty 9 arrang+ 9 ! above s*eme1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into consid]ation 9 "s way or o!r4 ,!y are (t5 *>act]iz$ by ! fact t !y /& 9 relation ) sev]al ( ! sci5ces nam$1 b ev5 m by ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,_! task is n1 z is true ( ! pure sci5ces above nam$1 ! discov]y ( g5]al relation%ips1 b !y relate r to exi/+ complex objects ^: orig91 scope1 ext5t1 etc41 9 %ort1 ^: temporal & spatial relation%ips !y h to discov] or to expla94 ,= ?is purpose !y make use ( relations :i* are plac$ at _! disposal by ! fir/-nam$ pure sci5ces4 ,^! sci5ces1 !re=e1 _h bett] be call$ appli$ sci5ces4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is connection we %\ld n ?9k only or ev5 *iefly ( te*nical applications2 r ! expression is us$ to indicate t ! reciprocal relations ( ! p>ts ( an object are to be call$ to m9d by ! application ( ! g5]al rules f\nd 9 pure sci5ce4 ,:ile 9 su* a task ! ab/raction process ( pure sci5ce is n applicable 7= ! omission ( c]ta9 p>ts & ! conc5tration ^u o!rs :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ^! is exclud$ by ! nature ( ! task71 yet 9 a giv5 case usually ! necessity ( br++ 9 v>i\s pure sci5ces = ! purpose ( explanation is evid5t4 ,a/ronomy is "o ( ^! appli$ sci5ces4 ,prim>ily x re/s ^u me*anics1 & 9 its in/rum5tal portion1 ^u optics2 9 its pres5t developm5t on ! spectroscopic side1 h[ev]1 x borr[s consid]ably ( *emi/ry4 ,9 l mann] hi/ory is appli$ sociology & psy*ology4 ,m$ic9e makes use ( all ! sci5ces be=e m5tion$1 up to psy*ology1 etc4 ,x is important to get cle>ly 9 m9d ! nature ( ^! sci5ces1 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( _! comp\nd nature1 !y resi/ arrangem5t among/ ! pure sci5ces1 :ile1 on acc\nt ( _! practical significance1 !y /ill dem& consid]ation4 ,! latt] fact gives !m also a sort ( arbitr>y or accid5tal "*1 s9ce _! developm5t is l>gely condition$ by ! special ne$s ( ! "t4 ,_! numb]1 speak+ 9 g5]al1 is v l>ge1 s9ce ea* pure sci5ce may be turn$ into an appli$ sci5ce 9 v>i\s ways2 & s9ce 9 addition we h comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m sci5ces4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 ! appli$ sci5ces is fundam5tally diff]5t f t 9 ! pure sci5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ x is a "q ( ! greate/ possible analysis ( a s+le giv5 complex into its sci5tifically compreh5sible p>ts2 :ile pure sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s _m complexes toge!r 9 ord] to sep>ate out f !m _! common elem5t1 b expressly disclaims ! complete analysis ( a s+le complex4 ,9 sci5tific "w1 z x appe>s 9 practice1 pure & appli$ sci5ce are by no means %>ply sep>at$4 ,on ! "o h& ! auxili>ies ( inve/igations1 su* z app>atus1 books1 etc41 dem& ( ! pure inve/igator k & application 9 appli$ sci5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! appli$ sci5ti/ is frequ5tly unable to accompli% 8 task unless he himself becomes = ! "t be+ a pure inve/igator & asc]ta9s or discov]s ! miss+ g5]al relation%ips :i* he ne$s = 8 task4 ,a sep>ation & diff]5tiation ( ! two =ms ( sci5ce 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 s9ce ! me?od & ! aim ( ea* pres5t ess5tial diff]5ces4 ,9 ord] to consid] ! me?od ( proc$ure ( pure sci5ce m c>efully1 let u turn back to ! table on pages #cci1 #cdj1 & att5d to ! s+le sci5ces sep>ately4 ,! !ory ( arrangem5t 0 m5tion$ fir/1 al?\gh ?is place is usually assign$ to ma!matics4 ,h[ev]1 ma!matics has to d ) ! concepts ( numb] & magnitude z fundam5tals1 :ile ! !ory ( arrangem5t does n make use ( ^!4 ,"h ! fundam5tal concept is r ! ?+ or object ( :i* no?+ m is dem&$ or consid]$ ?an t x is a fragm5t ( our exp]i5ce :i* c be isolat$ & w rema9 s4 ,x mu/ n be an arbitr>y comb9ation2 su* a ?+ w\ld h only mom5t>y duration1 & ! task ( sci5ce1 to le>n ! unkn[n f ! giv51 c\ld n f9d application4 ,r mu/ ?is elem5t h su* a nature t x c be *>act]iz$ & recogniz$ aga91 t is1 x mu/ already h a conceptual nature4 ,!re=e only p>ts ( our exp]i5ce :i* c be repeat$ 7:i* alone c be objects ( sci5ce7 c be *>act]iz$ z ?+s or objects4 ,b 9 say+ ?is we h said all t 0 dem&$ ( !m4 ,9 o!r respects !y may be j z diff]5t z is conceivable4 ,if ! "q is ask$1 ,:at c be said sci5tifically ab\t indef9ite ?+s ( ?is sort8 x is especially ! relations ( arrangem5t & association :i* yield an answ]4 ,if we call any def9ite comb9ation ( su* ?+s a gr\p1 we c arrange su* a gr\p 9 diff]5t ways1 t is1 we c det]m9e = ea* ?+ ! relation 9 :i* x is to /& to ! neighbor+ ?+4 ,f e su* arrangem5t result n only ! relation%ips indicat$1 b a great numb] ( new ones1 & x appe>s t :5 ! fir/ relation%ips are giv5 ! o!rs always foll[ 9 l mann]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! type ( ! sci5tific proposition or natural law 7page #cce74 ,f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 relations ( arrangem5t we c d$uce ! pres5ce ( o!rs :i* we h n yet demon/rat$4 ,to illu/rate ?is fact by an example1 let u ?9k ( ! ?+s arrang$ 9 a simple r[1 :ile we *oose "o ?+ z a fir/ memb] & associate ano!r ) x z foll[+ x2 ) ! latt] ano!r is associat$1 etc4 ,!reby ! position ( ea* ?+ 9 ! r[ is det]m9$ only 9 relation to ! imm$iately prec$+ ?+4 ,nev]!less1 ! position ( e memb] 9 ! :ole r[1 & !re=e its relation to e o!r memb]1 is det]m9$ by ?is4 ,?is is se5 9 a numb] ( special laws4 ,if we diff]5tiate =m] & latt] memb]s we c =mulate ! proposition1 among o!rs1 if ,b is a lat] memb] ) ref]5ce to ,a1 & ,c ) ref]5ce to ,b1 !n ,c is also a lat] memb] ) ref]5ce to ,a4 ,! correctness & validity ( ?is proposition seems to u beyond all d\bt4 ,b ?is is only a result ( ! fact t we are able to demon/rate x v easily 9 c\ntless s+le cases1 & h s demon/rat$ x4 ,we "k only cases :i* correspond to ! proposition1 & h nev] exp]i5c$ a contradictory case4 ,to call su* a proposition1 h[ev]1 a necessity ( ?9k+1 does n appe> to me correct4 ,= ! expression necessity ( ?9k+ c only re/ ^u ! fact t e "t ! proposition is ?\ght1 t is1 e "t "o rememb]s its demon/ration1 its confirmation always arises4 ,b e sort ( false proposition is also ?9kable4 ,an und5iable pro( ( ?is is ! fact t s mu* :i* is false is actually ?\ght4 ,b to base ! pro( = ! correctness ( a proposition ^u ! impossibility ( ?9k+ its opposite is an impossible und]tak+1 because e sort ( nons5se c be ?\ght3 :]e ! pro( 0 ?\ght to h be5 giv51 !re has always be5 a confusion ( ?\ght & intuition1 pro( or inspection4 ,) ?is "o proposition ( c\rse ! !ory ( ord] is n exhau/$1 = "h x is n a "q ( ! developm5t ( ?is !ory1 b ( an example ( ! nature ( ! problems ( sci5ce4 ,( ! fur!r que/ions we %all briefly discuss ! problem ( association4 ,if we h two gr\ps ,a & ,b giv51 "o c associate ) e memb] ( ,a "o ( ,b2 t is1 we det]m9e t c]ta9 op]ations :i* c be c>ri$ on ) ! memb]s ( ,a are also to be c>ri$ on ) ^? ( ,b4 ,n[ we c beg9 by simply c>ry+ out ! association1 memb] = memb]4 ,!n we %all h "o ( ?ree results3 ,a w be exhau/$ :ile !re are /ill memb]s ( ,b left1 or ,b w be exhau/$ fir/1 or f9ally ,a & ,b w be exhau/$ at ! same "t4 ,9 ! fir/ case we call ,a poor] ?an ,b2 9 ! second ,b poor] ?an ,a2 9 ! ?ird bo? quantities are alike4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t we come ^u ! sci5tific concept ( equality1 :i* calls = discussion4 ,!re c be no "q ( a complete id5tity ( ! two gr\ps :i* h be5 d5om9at$ equal1 = we h made ! assumption t ! memb]s ( bo? gr\ps c be ( any nature :atev]4 ,!y c !n be z diff]5t z possible1 consid]$ s+ly1 b !y are alike z gr\ps4 ,h[ev] ,i may arrange ! memb]s ( ,a1 ,i c make a simil> arrangem5t ( ! memb]s ( ,b1 s9ce e memb] ( ,a has "o ( ,b associat$ ) x2 & ) ref]5ce to ! prop]ty ( arrangem5t !re is no diff]5ce to be obs]v$ betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,a is poor] or ri*] ?an ,b1 ?is possibility ceases1 = !n "o ( ! gr\ps has memb]s to :i* none ( ! memb]s 9 ! o!r gr\p corresponds2 s t ! op]ations c>ri$ out ) ^! memb]s _c be c>ri$ out ) ^? ( ! o!r gr\p4 ,equality 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 !re=e1 means equival5ce1 or ! possibility ( sub/itution 9 q def9ite op]ations or = q def9ite relations4 ,beyond ?is ! ?+s :i* are call$ l may %[ any diff]5ces :atev]4 ,! g5]al sci5tific process ( ab/raction is aga9 easily se5 9 ?is special case4 ,on ! basis ( ! def9itions j giv51 we c e/abli% fur!r propositions4 ,if gr\p ,a equals ,b1 & ,b equals ,c1 !n ,a also equals ,c4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t we c relate e memb] ( ,a to a correspond+ memb] ( ,b & by hypo!sis no memb] w be left4 ,!n ,c is arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ,b1 & "h also no memb] is left4 ,by ?is process e memb] ( ,a1 ?r\gh ! connect+ l9k ( a memb] ( ,b1 is associat$ ) a memb] ( ,c1 & ?is association is pres]v$ ev5 if we cut out ! gr\p ,b4 ,!re=e ,a & ,c are equal4 ,! same process ( reason+ c be c>ri$ out = any numb] ( gr\ps4 ,likewise x c be demon/rat$ t if ,a is poor] ?an ,b & ,b poor] ?an ,c1 !n ,a is also poor] ?an ,c4 ,= 9 ! association ( ,b ) ,a "s memb]s ( ,b are left ov] by hypo!sis1 & likewise "s memb]s ( ,c are left ov] if "o associates ,c ) ,b4 ,!re=e 9 ! association ( ,c ) ,a1 n only ^? memb]s are left ov] :i* c\ld n be associat$ ) ,b1 b also ^? memb]s ( ,c :i* ext5d beyond ,b4 ,?is proposition c be ext5d$ to any numb] ( gr\ps1 & p]mits ! arrangem5t ( a numb] ( diff]5t gr\ps 9 a simple s]ies by beg9n+ ) ! poore/ & *oos+ ea* foll[+ s t x is ri*] ?an ! prec$+ b poor] ?an ! foll[+4 ,f ! proposition j e/abli%$1 x foll[s t e gr\p is s arrang$ ) ref]5ce to all o!r gr\ps t x is ri*] ?an all ! prec$+ & poor] ?an all ! foll[+4#c ,footnote #c3 ,equal gr\ps _c be di/+ui%$ "h1 & !re=e repres5t only a gr\p4 ,9 ?is d]ivation ( sci5tific proposition or laws ( ! simple/ k9ds1 ! process ( d]ivation & ! nature ( ! result becomes p>ticul>ly cle>4 ,we arrive at su* a proposition by p]=m+ an op]ation & express+ ! result ( x4 ,?is expression enables u to avoid ! repetition ( ! op]ation 9 ! future1 s9ce 9 accordance ) ! law we c indicate ! result imm$iately4 ,?us an abbreviation & !re=e1 a facilitation ( ! problem is atta9$ :i* is ! m consid]able ! l>g] ! numb] ( op]ations sav$4 ,if we h a numb] ( equal gr\ps1 we "k by ! process ( association t all ( ! op]ations ) ref]5ce to arrangem5t :i* we c p]=m ) "o ( !m c be p]=m$ ) all ! o!rs4 ,x is suffici5t1 !re=e1 to det]m9e ! prop]ties ( arrangem5t ( "o ( ^! gr\ps 9 ord] to "k =?) ! prop]ties ( all ! o!rs4 ,?is is an extremely important proposition1 :i* is cont9ually employ$ = ! mo/ v>i\s purposes4 ,all speak+1 writ+1 & read+ re/s ^u ! association ( ?\ghts ) s\nds & symbols1 & by arrang+ ! signs 9 accordance ) our ?\ghts we br+ x to pass t our he>]s or read]s ?9k l ?\ghts 9 l ord]4 ,9 a simil> fa%ion we make use ( v>i\s sy/ems ( =mul 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces1 especially 9 ! simpl] sci5ces2 & ^! =mul we correlate ) ph5om5a & use 9 place ( ! ph5om5a !mselves1 & c !re=e d]ive f !m c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ph5om5a )\t be+ compell$ to use ! latt]4 ,! =ce ( ?is process appe>s v /rik+ly 9 a/ronomy :]e1 by ! use ( def9ite =mul associat$ ) ! diff]5t heav5ly bodies1 we c =etell ! future positions ( ^! bodies ) a high degree ( approximation4 ,f ! !ory ( ord] we come to ! !ory ( numb] or ari?metic by ! sy/ematic arrangem5t or developm5t ( an op]ation j indicat$ 7page #cdc74 ,we c arrange any numb] ( gr\ps 9 su* a way t a ri*] always foll[s a poor]4 ,b ! complex obta9$ 9 ?is mann] is always accid5tal ) ref]5ce to ! numb] & ! ri*ness ( its memb]s4 ,a regul> & complete /ructure ( all possible gr\ps is evid5tly obta9$ only if we />t f a gr\p ( "o memb] or f a simple ?+1 & by ! addition ( "o memb] at a "t make fur!r gr\ps out ( ^? t we h4 ,?us we obta9 diff]5t gr\ps arrang$ accord+ to an increas+ ri*ness1 & s9ce we h advanc$ "o memb] at a "t1 t is1 made ! smalle/ /ep :i* is possible1 we are c]ta9 t we h left out no possible gr\p :i* is poor] ?an ! ri*e/ to :i* ! op]ation has be5 c>ri$4 ,?is :ole process is famili>2 x gives ! s]ies ( ! positive :ole numb]s1 t is1 ! c>d9al numb]s4 ,x is to be not$ t ! concept ( quantity has n yet be5 consid]$2 :at we h ga9$ is ! concept ( numb]4 ,! s+le ?+s or memb]s 9 ?is numb] are q arbitr>y1 & especially !y d n ne$ to be alike 9 any mann]4 ,e numb] =ms a gr\p-type1 & ari?metic or ! sci5ce ( numb]s has ! task ( inve/igat+ ! prop]ties ( ^! diff]5t types ) ref]5ce to _! division & comb9ation4 ,if ?is is done 9 g5]al =m1 )\t att5tion to ! special am\nt ( ! numb]1 ! correspond+ sci5ce is call$ algebra4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by ! application ( =mal rules ( =mation1 ! numb] sy/em has _h "o ext5sion aft] ano!r beyond ! t]ritory ( its orig9al validity4 ,?us c\nt+ backw>d l$ to z]o & to ! negative numb]s2 ! inv]sion ( involution to ! imag9>y numb]s4 ,= ! gr\p-type ( ! positive :ole numb]s is ! simple/ b by no means ! only possible "o1 & = ! purpose ( repres5t+ o!r manifolds ?an ^? :i* are met ) 9 exp]i5ce1 ^! new types h prov$ !mselves v useful4 ,at ! same "t ! numb] s]ies gives u an extremely useful type ( arrangem5t4 ,9 ! process ( aris+ x is already ord]$1 & we make use ( x = ! purpose ( arrang+ o!r gr\ps4 ,?us1 we are accu/om$ to furni% ! pages 9 a book1 ! seats 9 a !atre1 & c\ntless o!r gr\ps :i* we wi% to make use ( 9 any k9d ( ord] ) ! signs ( ! numb] s]ies1 & !reby we make ! tacit assumption t ! use ( t correspond+ gr\p %all take place 9 ! same ord] z ! natural numb]s foll[ ea* o!r4 ,! ord9al numb]s aris+ !refrom d n repres5t quantities1 nor d !y repres5t ! only possible type ( arrangem5t1 b !y are aga9 ! simple/ ( all4 ,we come to ! concept ( magnitude only 9 ! !ory ( "t & space4 ,! !ory ( "t has n be5 develop$ z a special sci5ce2 on ! contr>y1 :at we h to say ab\t "t fir/ appe>s 9 me*anics4 ,meantime we c pres5t ! fundam5tal concepts1 :i* arise 9 ?is connection1 ) ref]5ce to su* well-kn[n *>act]i/ics ( "t t ! lack ( a special sci5ce ( "t is no disadvantage4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( "t 7& ( space1 too7 is t x is a cont9u\s manifold2 t is1 e portion ( "t *os5 c be divid$ at any place :atev]4 ,9 ! numb] s]ies ?is is n ! case2 x c be divid$ only betwe5 ! s+le numb]s4 ,! s]ies "o to t5 has only n9e places ( division & no m4 ,a m9ute1 or a second1 on ! o!r h&1 has an unlimit$ numb] ( places ( division4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no?+ 9 ! lapse ( any "t :i* h9d]s u f sep>at+ or di/+ui%+ 9 ?\ght at any giv5 in/ant ! "t :i* has elaps$ till !n f ! foll[+ "t4 ,x is j ! same ) space1 except t "t is a simple manifold & space a ?reefold1 cont9u\s manifold4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we measure !m1 we are accu/om$ to indicate times & spaces ) numb]s4 ,if we fir/ exam9e1 = example1 ! process ( measur+ a l5g?1 x consi/s 9 our apply+ to ! di/ance to be measur$ a l5g? conceiv$ z un*angeable1 ! unit ( measure1 until we h pass$ ov] ! di/ance4 ,! numb] ( ^! applications gives u ! measure or magnitude ( ! di/ance4 ,! result is t by ! indication ( arbitr>ily *os5 po9ts ^u ! cont9u\s di/ance1 we place ^u x an artificial discont9uity :i* enables u to associate x ) ! discont9u\s numb] s]ies4 ,a /ill fur!r assumption1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! concept ( measur+1 namely1 t ! p>ts ( ! di/ance cut (f by ! unit us$ z a measure be equal1 & x is tak5 = grant$ t ?is requirem5t w be fulfill$ to :atev] place ! unit ( measure is %ift$4 ,z may be se51 ?is is a def9ition ( equality c>ri$ fur!r ?an ! =m]1 = "o _c actually replace a "p ( ! di/ance by ano!r 9 ord] to conv9ce "o's self t x has n *ang$4 ,j z little c "o ass]t or prove t ! unit ( measure 9 *ang+ its place 9 space rema9s ( ! same l5g?2 we c only say t su* di/ances z are det]m9$ by ! unit ( measure 9 diff]5t places are decl>$ or def9$ z equal4 ,actually1 = our eye1 ! unit ( measure becomes small] 9 p]spective ! f>!r away f x we f9d ourselves4 ,f ?is example we see aga9 ! great contribution :i* arbitr>9ess or free *oice has made to all our /ructure ( sci5ce4 ,we c\ld develop a geometry 9 :i* di/ances :i* seem subjectively equal to our eye are call$ equal1 & ^u ?is assumption we w\ld be able to develop a self-consi/5t sy/em or sci5ce4 ,su* a geometry1 h[ev]1 w\ld h an extremely complex & impractical /ructure = objective purposes 7z1 = example1 l& measurem5t71 & s we /rive to develop a sci5ce z free z possible f subjective factors4 ,hi/orically1 we h be=e u a process ( ?is sort 9 ! a/ronomy ( ,ptolemy & t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,! =m] correspond$ to ! subjective appe>ances 9 ! assumption t all heav5ly bodies revolv$ ar\nd ! e>?1 b prov$ to be v complicat$ :5 confront$ ) ! task ( ma/]+ ^! movem5ts ) figures4 ,! latt] gave up ! subjective /&po9t ( ! obs]v]1 :o look$ ^u himself z ! c5tre1 & atta9$ a trem5d\s simplification by plac+ ! c5tre ( revolution 9 ! sun4 ,a few words are to be said "h ab\t ! application ( ari?metic & algebra to geometry4 ,x is well kn[n t "u def9ite assumptions 7cord9ates71 geometrical figures c be repres5t$ by means ( algebraic =mul1 s t ! geometrical prop]ties ( ! figure c be d$uc$ f ! ari?metical prop]ties ( ! =mul1 & vice v]sa4 ,! "q mu/ be ask$ h[ su* a close & univocal relation%ip is possible betwe5 ?+s ( su* diff]5t nature4 ,! answ] is1 t "h is an especially cle> case ( association4 ,! manifold ( numb]s is mu* great] ?an t ( surface or space1 = :ile ! latt] are det]m9$ by two or ?ree indep5d5t measurem5ts1 "o c h any numb] ( indep5d5t numb] s]ies work+ toge!r4 ,!re=e ! manifold ( numb]s is arbitr>ily limit$ to two or ?ree indep5d5t s]ies1 & 9 s f> det]m9es _! mutual relations 7by means ( ! laws ( cos9e7 t !re results a manifold1 correspond+ to ! spatial1 :i* c be completely associat$ ) ! spatial manifold4 ,!n we h two manifolds ( ! same manifold "*1 & all *>act]i/ics ( arrangem5t & size ( ! "o f9d _! lik5ess 9 ! o!r4 ,?is aga9 *>act]izes an extremely important sci5tific proc$ure :i* consi/s1 namely1 9 con/ruct+ a =mal manifold = ! cont5t ( exp]i5ce ( a c]ta9 field1 to :i* "o attributes ! same manifold "* :i* ! =m] possesses4 ,e sci5ce rea*es by ?is means a sort ( =mal language ( correspond+ complet5ess1 :i* dep5ds ^u h[ accurately ! manifold "* ( ! object is recogniz$ & h[ judici\sly ! =mul h be5 *os54 ,:ile 9 ari?metic & algebra ?is task has be5 p]=m$ fairly well 7?\gh by no means absolutely p]fectly71 ! *emical =mul1 = in/ance1 express only a relatively small "p ( ! manifold to be repres5t$2 & 9 biology z f> z sociology1 sc>cely ! fir/ attempts h be5 made 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is task4 ,language especially s]ves z su* a univ]sal manifold to repres5t ! manifolds ( exp]i5ce4 ,z a result ( its developm5t f a "t ( less culture1 x has by no means suffici5t regul>ity & complet5ess to accompli% its purpose adequately & conv5i5tly4 ,r1 x is j z unsy/ematic z ! ev5ts 9 ! lives ( s+le peoples h be51 & ! necessity ( express+ ! endlessly diff]5t p>ticul>s ( daily life has only all[$ x to develop s t ! correspond5ce betwe5 ^w & concept is kept r indef9ite & *angeable1 accord+ to ne$ )9 some:at wide limits4 ,?us all "w 9 ^? sci5ces :i* mu/ make vital use ( ^! means1 z especially psy*ology & sociology1 or philosophy 9 g5]al1 is made extremely difficult by ! ceaseless /ruggle ) ! indef9it5ess & ambiguity ( language4 ,an improvem5t ( ?is condition c be effect$ only by introduc+ signs 9 place ( words = ! repres5tation ( concepts1 z ! progress ( sci5ce all[s x1 & equipp+ ^! signs ) ! manifold :i* f exp]i5ce belongs to ! concept4 ,an int]m$iate position 9 ?is respect is tak5 by ! sci5ces :i* 7 indicat$ above z p>ts ( en]getics4 ,9 ?is realm !re is add$ to ! concepts ord]1 numb]1 size1 space1 & "t1 a new concept1 t ( en]gy1 :i* f9ds application to e s+le ph5om5on 9 ?is :ole field1 j z d ^? m g5]al concepts4 ,?is is due to ! fact t a c]ta9 quantity1 :i* is kn[n to u mo/ famili>ly z me*anical "w1 on acc\nt ( its qualitative trans=mability & quantitative con/ancy1 c be %[n to be a con/itu5t ( e physical ph5om5on1 t is1 e ph5om5on :i* belongs to ! field ( me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,9 o!r words1 "o c p]fectly *>act]ize e physical ev5t by indicat+ :at am\nts & k9ds ( en]gy h be5 pres5t 9 x & into :at en]gies !y h be5 trans=m$4 ,accord+ly1 x is logical to designate ! s-call$ physical ph5om5a z en]getical4 ,t su* a conception is possible is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its exp$i5cy is frequ5tly que/ion$1 & !re is at pres5t s mu* ! m reason = ?is because a ?or\gh pres5tation ( ! physical sci5ces 9 ! en]getical s5se has n yet be5 made4 ,if "o applies to ?is "q ! crit]ion ( ! sci5tific sy/em giv5 above1 ! complet5ess ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! repres5t+ manifold & t to be repres5t$1 !re is no d\bt t all previ\s sy/ematizations 9 ! =m ( hypo!ses :i* h be5 tri$ 9 ^! sci5ces are defective 9 ?is respect4 ,=m]ly1 = ! purpose ( repres5t+ exp]i5ces1 manifolds ^: "* correspond$ to ! "* ( ! manifold to be repres5t$ only 9 c]ta9 sali5t po9ts )\t consid]ation ( any rigid agreem5t1 inde$1 ev5 )\t def9ite "q z to su* an agreem5t1 h be5 employ$4 ,! en]getical conception admits ( t def9it5ess ( repres5tation :i* ! condition ( sci5ce dem&s & r5d]s possible4 ,= ea* special manifold "* ( ! field a special k9d ( en]gy pres5ts itself3 sci5ce has long di/+ui%$ me*anical1 electric1 !rmal1 *emical1 etc41 en]gies4 ,all ( ^! diff]5t k9ds hold toge!r by ! law ( trans=mation ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! quantitative am\nt1 & 9 s f> are unit$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 possible to fix ^u ! correspond+ en]getical expression = e empirically discov]$ manifold4 ,z a future sy/em ( unit$ en]getics1 we h !n a table ( possible manifolds ( :i* en]gy is capable4 ,9 ?is we mu/ keep 9 m9d ! fact t1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! cons]vation1 en]gy is a necess>ily positive quantity :i* also is furni%$ ) ! prop]ty ( unlimit$ possibility ( addition2 !re=e1 e p>ticul> k9d ( en]gy mu/ h ?is "*4 ,! v small manifold :i* seems to lack ?is condition is mu* wid5$ by ! fact t e k9d ( en]gy c be sep>at$ into two factors1 :i* are only subject to ! limitation t _! product1 ! en]gy1 fulfills ! conditions m5tion$ :ile !y !mselves are mu* fre]4 ,= example1 "o factor ( a k9d ( enemy c become negative z well z positive2 x is only necess>y t at ! same "t ! o!r factor %\ld become negative1 viz41 positive4 ,?us x seems possible to make a table ( all possible =ms ( en]gy1 by attribut+ all ?9kable manifold *>act]i/ics to ! factors ( ! en]gy & !n comb9+ !m by pairs & cutt+ out ^? products :i* d n fulfill ! above-m5tion$ conditions4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ,i h tri$ f "t to "t to c>ry out ?is programme1 b ,i h n yet got f> en\gh to ju/ify publication ( ! results obta9$4 ,if we turn to ! biological sci5ces1 9 !m ! ph5om5on ( life appe>s to u z new4 ,if we /ick to ! obs]v$ facts1 keep+ ourselves free f all hypo!ses1 we obs]ve z ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ph5om5a ( life ! cont9u\s /ream ( en]gy :i* c\rses ?r\gh a relatively con/ant /ructure4 ,*ange ( sub/ance is only a "p1 al?\gh a v important "p1 ( ?is /ream4 ,especially 9 plants we c obs]ve at fir/ h& ! great importance ( en]gy 9 its mo/ incorporeal =m1 ! sun's rays4 ,along ) ?is1 self-pres]vation & developm5t & reproduction1 ! begett+ ( (fspr+ ( l nature1 are *>act]i/ic4 ,all ( ^! prop]ties mu/ be pres5t 9 ord] t an organism may come into exi/5ce2 !y mu/ also be pres5t if ! reflect+ man is to be able by repeat$ exp]i5ce to =m a concept ( any def9ite organism1 :e!r ( a lion or ( a mu%room4 ,o!r organisms are met ) :i* d n fulfill ^! conditions2 on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 h[ev]1 !y d n lead to a species concept1 b are exclud$ f sci5tific consid]ation 7except = special purposes7 z de=mities or mon/]s4 ,:ile organisms usually "w ) k9ds ( en]gy :i* we "k well f ! inorganic _w1 organs are f\nd 9 ! high] =ms :i* )\t d\bt cause or assi/ transf]s ( en]gy1 b we _c yet say def9itely :at p>ticul> k9d ( en]gy is active 9 !m4 ,^! organs are call$ n]ves1 & _! function is regul>ly t1 aft] c]ta9 =ms ( en]gy h act$ ^u "o end ( !m1 !y %\ld act at ! o!r end & release ! en]gies /or$ up !re :i* !n act 9 _! special mann]4 ,t en]getical trans=mations also take place 9 ! n]ve dur+ ! process ( n]v\s transmission c be look$ ^u z demon/rat$4 ,we %all ?us be ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( a n]ve en]gy1 :ile leav+ x undecid$ :e!r !re is "h an en]gy ( a p>ticul> k9d1 or p]haps *emical en]gy1 or f9ally a comb9ation ( sev]al en]gies4 ,:ile ^! processes c be %[n objectively by ! /imulation ( ! n]ve & its correspond+ releas+ reaction 9 ! end app>atus 7= in/ance1 a muscle71 we f9d 9 ourselves1 connect$ ) c]ta9 n]v\s processes1 a ph5om5on ( a new sort :i* we call self-consci\sness4 ,f ! agreem5t ( our reactions ) ^? ( o!r p we conclude ) sci5tific probability t !y also h self-consci\sness2 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ! same conclusion ) reg>d to "s high] animals4 ,h[ f> d[n some?+ simil> to ?is is pres5t _c be det]m9$ by ! means at h&1 s9ce ! analogy ( organization & ( behavior dim9i%es v quickly2 b ! l9e is probably n v long1 9 view ( ! great leap f man to animal4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m reasons = ! view t ! gray cortical sub/ance 9 ! bra91 ) its *>act]i/ic pyramidal cell1 is ! anatomical sub/ratum ( ?is k9d ( n]v\s activity4 ,! /udy ( ! processes ( self-consci\sness con/itutes ! *ief task ( psy*ology4 ,to ?is sci5ce belong ^? fields :i* are g5]ally allott$ to philosophy1 especially logic & epi/emology1 :ile /hetics1 & /ill m e?ics1 are to be reckon$ ) ! social sci5ces4 ,! latt] h to d ) liv+ be+s 9 s f> z !y c be unit$ 9 gr\ps ) common functions4 ,"h 9 place ( ! individual m9d appe>s a collective m9d1 :i* ow+ to ! adju/m5t ( ! diff]5ces ( ! memb]s ( society %[s simpl] conditions ?an t4 ,f ?is comes especially ! task ( ! hi/orical sci5ces4 ,! happ5+s 9 ! _w accessible to u are condition$ p>tly by physical1 p>tly by psy*ological factors1 & bo? %[ a temporal mutability 9 "o direction4 ,?us arises on ! "o h& a hi/ory ( heav5 & e>?1 on ! o!r h& a hi/ory ( organisms up to man4 ,all hi/ory has prim>ily ! task ( fix+ pa/ ev5ts ?r\gh ! effects :i* h rema9$ f !m4 ,:]e su* are n accessible1 only analogy is left1 a v d\btful means = ga9+ a conception ( ^? ev5ts4 ,b x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t an ev5t :i* has left no evid5t traces has no sort ( int]e/ = u1 = our int]e/ is directly proportional to ! am\nt ( *ange :i* t ev5t has caus$ 9 :at we h be=e u4 ,! task ( hi/orical sci5ce is j z little exhau/$1 h[ev]1 ) ! fix+ ( =m] ev5ts z1 = in/ance1 ! task ( physics ) ! e/abli%m5t ( a s+le fact1 z ! temp]ature ( a giv5 place at a giv5 "t4 ,r ! individual facts mu/ s]ve to br+ out ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! collective m9d1 & ! mu* discuss$ hi/orical laws are laws ( collective psy*ology4 ,j z physical & *emical laws are d$uc$ 9 ord] ) _! help to pr$ict ! c\rse ( future physical ev5ts 7to be call$ =? ei!r exp]im5tally or te*nically71 s %\ld ! hi/orical laws contribute to ! =mation & control ( social & political developm5t4 ,we see t ! great /atesm5 ( all "t h eag]ly /udi$ hi/ory = ?is purpose1 & f t we d]ive ! assurance t !re are hi/orical laws 9 spite ( ! objections ( num]\s s*ol>s4 ,aft] ?is brief survey1 if we look back ov] ! road we h come1 we obs]ve ! foll[+ g5]al facts4 ,9 e case ! developm5t ( a sci5ce consi/s 9 ! =mation ( concepts by c]ta9 ab/ractions f exp]i5ce1 & sett+ ( ^! concepts 9 relation ) ea* o!r s t a sy/ematical control ( c]ta9 sides ( our exp]i5ce is made possible4 ,^! relations1 accord+ to _! g5]ality & reliability1 are call$ rules or laws4 ,a law is ! m important ! m x def9itely expresses conc]n+ ! greate/ possible numb] ( ?+s1 & ! m accurately1 !re=e1 x enables u to pr$ict ! future4 ,e law re/s ^u an incomplete induction1 & is !re=e subject to modification by exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is !re results a d\ble process 9 ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,fir/1 ! actual conditions are inve/igat$ to f9d out :e!r1 besides ^? already kn[n1 new rules or laws1 t is1 con/ant relations betwe5 individual peculi>ities1 _c be discov]$ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is ! inductive process1 & ! induction is always an incomplete "o on acc\nt ( ! limitlessness ( all possible exp]i5ce4 ,imm$iately ! relation%ip f\nd inductively is appli$ to cases :i* h n yet be5 inve/igat$4 ,especially su* cases are inve/igat$ z result f a comb9ation ( sev]al inductive laws4 ,if ^! are p]fectly c]ta91 & ! comb9ation is also prop]ly made1 ! result has claim to unconditional validity4 ,?is is ! limit :i* all sci5ces are /riv+ to rea*4 ,x has almo/ be5 rea*$ 9 ! simpl] sci5ces3 9 ma!matics & 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( me*anics4 ,?is is call$ ! d$uctive process4 ,9 ! actual work+ ( e sci5ce ! two me?ods ( inve/igation are cont9ually *ang+4 ,! be/ means ( f9d+ new successful inductions is 9 ! mak+ ( a d$uction on a v insuffici5t basis1 p]haps1 & subsequ5tly te/+ x 9 exp]i5ce4 ,sometimes ! elem5ts ( 8 d$uctions d n come into ! inve/igator's consci\sness2 9 su* cases we speak ( sci5tific in/9ct4 ,on ! o!r h& we h mu* evid5ce f great ma!maticians t !y 7 accu/om$ to f9d _! g5]al laws by ! me?od ( induction1 by try+ & consid]+ s+le cases2 & t ! d$uctive d]ivation f o!r kn[n laws is an indep5d5t op]ation :i* sometimes does n succe$ until mu* lat]4 ,inde$ !re is to-day a numb] ( ma!matical propositions :i* h n yet rea*$ ! second /age & !re=e h at pres5t a purely inductive empirical "*4 ,! proportion ( su* laws 9 sci5ce increases v quickly ) ! rise 9 ! scale 7page #cci74 ,ano!r peculi>ity :i* may be m5tion$ "h is t 9 ! scale all previ\s sci5ces h ! "* ( appli$ sci5ces 7page #cda7 ) ref]5ce to ^? :i* foll[1 s9ce !y are ev]y:]e necess>y 9 ! te*nique ( ! latt]1 yet d n s]ve to increase _! own field b are m]ely auxili>ies to ! latt]4 ,if we ask f9ally :at influ5ce ^u ! %ap+ ( ! future su* inve/igations z ^? :i* h be5 sket*$ 9 outl9e above c h1 ! foll[+ c be said4 ,up till n[ x has be5 consid]$ a completely uncontrollable ev5t :e!r & :]e a great & influ5tial man ( sci5ce has develop$4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a man is among ! mo/ co/ly treasures :i* a p 7&1 inde$1 humanity7 c possess4 ,! consci\s & regul> bre$+ ( su* r>ities has n be5 consid]$ possible4 ,:ile ?is is /ill ! case = ! v exceptional g5ius1 we see 9 ! c\ntries ( ! old] civilization1 especially 9 ,g]many at pres5t1 a sy/em ( education 9 vogue 9 ! univ]sities by :i* a regul> h>ve/ ( "y sci5tific m5 is ga9$ :o n only h a ma/]y ( k h&$ d[n1 b also ( ! te*nique ( discov]y4 ,!reby ! gr[? ( sci5ce is made c]ta9 & regul>1 & its pursuit is rais$ to a high] plane4 ,^! results 7 =m]ly atta9$ *iefly by empirically & (t5times by accid5tal processes4 ,x is a task ( sci5tific !ory to make ?is activity also regul> & sy/ematic1 s t success is no m dep5d5t solely ^u a special capacity = ! f\nd+ ( a s*ool b c also be atta9$ by less orig9al m9ds4 ,by ! ma/]y ( me?ods ! way to consid]ably high] p]=mances ?an he c\ld o!rwise atta9 w be op5 = ! exceptionally gift$4 ,,! ,,cont5t ,,& ,,validity ,,( ,,! ,,causal ,,law ,,by ,,b5no ,,erdmann 7,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,pr(essor ,walt] ,t4 ,m>v91 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity7 ,b5no ,erdmann1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy1 ,univ]sity ( ,bonn1 s9ce #ahih4 b4 ,octob] #e1 #ahea1 ,glogau 9 ,s*lesi51 ,g]many4 ,ph4,d42 ,privy ,c\ncilor4 ,academical ,lectur]1 ,b]l91 #ahgf- 2 ,special ,pr(essor1 ,kiel1 #ahgh-gi2 ,regul> ,pr(essor1 ibid4 #ahgi-hd2 ibid4 ,breslau1 #ahhd-ij2 ibid4 ,halle1 #ahij-ih4 ,memb] v>i\s sci5tific & le>n$ societies4 ,au?or ( ,! ,axioms ( ,geometry2 ,kant's ,criticism2 ,logic2 ,psy*ological ,rese>*es on ,read+ 7toge!r ) ,pr(4 ,ramon ,dodge72 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,*ild & ! ,s*ool2 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es an ,kant's ,prolegom5a1 & _m o!r works & pap]s 9 ,philosophy4 ,we h le>n$ to reg>d ! real1 :i* we endeavor to appreh5d sci5tifically 9 univ]sally valid judgm5ts1 z a :ole t is connect$ cont9u\sly 9 "t & 9 space & by causation1 & t is accord+ly cont9u\sly self-evolv+4 ,?is cont9uity ( connection has ! foll[+ result1 namely1 e attempt to classify ! sum total ( ! sci5ces on ! basis ( ! diff]5ce ( _! objects leads m]ely to repres5tative types1 t is1 to species :i* glide into "o ano!r4 ,we f9d no gaps by means ( :i* we c sep>ate %>ply physics & *emi/ry1 botany & zology1 political & economic hi/ory & ! hi/ories ( art & religion1 or1 aga91 hi/ory1 philology1 & ! /udy ( ! prehi/oric4 ,z are ! objects1 s also are ! me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,!y are sep>able "o f ano!r only ?r\gh a division into repres5tative types2 = ! v>iety ( ^! me?ods is dep5d5t ^u ! v>iety ( ! objects ( our k1 & is1 at ! same "t1 det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! manifold =ms ( our ?\ght1 itself a "p ( ! real1 ) its elem5ts also glid+ into ,"o ano!r4#d ,footnote #d3 ,cf4 ! au?or's ,!orie d] ,typ5e9teilung51 ,philosophis*e ,monat%efte1 vol4 xxx1 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,! ?reads :i* jo9 ! g5]al me?odology ( sci5tific ?\ght ) neighbor+ fields ( k run 9 two ma9 directions4 ,9 ! "o direction !y make up a closely pack$ cable1 :]eas 9 ! o!r _! c\rse div]ges into all ! dim5sions ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,t is to say1 fir/1 me?odology has its roots 9 logic1 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 namely1 9 ! sci5ce ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( our ?\ght :i* ent] into ! make-up ( all sci5tific me?ods4 ,secondly1 me?odology has its s\rce 9 ! me?ods !mselves :i* actually1 & !re=e te*nically1 develop 9 ! v>i\s fields ( our k out ( ! problems peculi> to ^? fields4 ,x is ! (fice ( sci5tific ?\ght to int]pret validly ! objects t are pres5t$ to u 9 out] & inn] p]ception1 & t c be d]iv$ f bo? ^! s\rces4 ,we accompli% ?is int]pretation entirely ?r\gh judgm5ts & comb9ations ( judgm5ts ( manifold sorts4 ,! concepts1 :i* ! old] logic reg>d$ z ! true elem5t>y =ms ( our ?9k+1 are only c]ta9 select$ types ( judgm5t1 su* /]eotyp$ judgm5ts z ^? :i* make up def9itions & classifications1 & :i* appe> indep5d5t & fundam5tal because _! subject-matt]1 t is1 _! int5sion or ext5sion1 is connect$ ?r\gh ! act ( nam+ ) c]ta9 words4 ,sci5tific me?ods1 !n1 are ! ways & means by :i* our ?\ght c accompli% & set =?1 9 accordance ) its ideal1 ?is univ]sally valid int]pretation4 ,!re belongs1 accord+ly1 to me?odology a li/ ( problems :i* we c divide1 to be sure only 9 ab/racto1 into ?ree sep>ate gr\ps4 ,fir/1 me?odology has to analyze ! me?ods :i* h be5 te*nically develop$ 9 ! diff]5t fields ( k into ! elem5t>y =ms ( our ?9k+ f :i* !y h be5 built up4 ,next to ?is "w ( analyz+1 !re comes a second task :i* may be call$ a normative "o2 = x foll[s t we mu/ set =? & d$uce sy/ematically f _! s\rces ! nature ( ^! manifold elem5ts1 _! result+ connection1 & _! validity4 ,to ^! two (fices mu/ be add$ a ?ird t we may call a potiori a syn!tic "o2 = f9ally we mu/ recon/ruct out ( ! elem5ts ( our ?9k+1 z reveal$ by analysis1 ! me?ods belong+ to ! diff]5t fields ( k & also det]m9e _! diff]5t scope & validity4 ,! beg9n+ ( ano!r conception ( ! (fice ( me?odology c be f\nd 9 ^? ?\ghts :i* h become significant1 especially 9 ,leibnitz's fragm5ts & drafts ( a calculus ratioc9ator or a spcieuse gnrale4 ,! =ego+ discussion has set aside all hope t ^! beg9n+s & _! rec5t developm5t may give1 ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ! manifold possible me?ods a priori1 t is1 be=e or indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 x rema9s entirely undecid$1 z x %\ld 9 ?is our prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! (fice ( g5]al me?odology1 :e!r or n all me?ods ( our sci5tific ?\ght w prove to be ultimately b bran*es ( "o & ! same univ]sal me?od1 a ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! und]tak+s j ref]r$ to4 ,al?\gh mod]n empiricism1 affiliat$ z x is ) natural sci5ce1 t5ds to answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative ev5 m def9itely & dogmatically ?an any type ( ! old] rationalism1 /ill ! "q is "o t c be decid$ only 9 ! c\rse ( me?odological rese>*4 ,! conception ( a me?odology ( sci5tific ?\ght c be said to be almo/ z old z sci5tific ?\ght itself2 = x is already conta9$ ess5tially1 ?\gh undiff]5tiat$1 9 ! ,socratic *all5ge ( k4 ,none ! less1 ! hi/ory ( me?odology1 z ! hi/ory ( e o!r sci5ce1 w5t ?r\gh ! c\rse ( :i* ,kant has giv5 a classical description4 ,no "o attempts to con/ruct a sci5ce unless he c base x on "s idea2 b 9 ! elaboration ( x ! s*ema1 nay1 ev5 ! def9ition :i* he gives 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 sci5ce1 corresponds v seldom to 8 idea1 :i*1 l a g]m1 lies hidd5 9 ! reason1 & all ! p>ts ( :i* are /ill envelop$ & h>dly di/+ui%able ev5 "u microscopical obs]vation4#e ,footnote #e3 ,kant1 ,kr4 d4 r4 ,v41 #b;d ed41 p4 #hfb4 ,we are indebt$ to ! ,greek1 & especially to ! ,platonic-,ari/otelian philosophy = important contributions to ! und]/&+ ( ! d$uctive me?od ( ma!matical ?\ght4 ,x 0 precisely ?is tr5d ( philosophic endeavor :i*1 ?\gh furni%+ = ! mo/ "p ! f\ndation ( me?odological doctr9e well on into ! sev5te5? c5tury1 (f]$ no means ( diff]5tiat+ ! me?ods t are au?oritative = our k ( facts4 ,:at ,socrates 0 p]haps ! fir/ to call induction1 is ess5tially diff]5t1 z reg>ds its s\rce & aim1 f ! inductive me?ods t direct our rese>* 9 natural & m5tal sci5ce4 ,= x is into ^! two fields t we h to divide ! totality ( ! sci5ces ( facts1 ! mat]ial sci5ces1 let u call !m1 9 opposition to ! =mal or ma!matical sci5ces1--t is1 if we are to d ju/ice to ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5se & self p]ception1 or out] & inn] p]ception4 ,two closely connect$ =ces especially l$ a/ray ! me?odological op9ions reg>d+ ! mat]ial sci5ces till ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 "p until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we ref]1 9 ! fir/ place1 to t direction ( ?\ght :i* gives u ! "r to *>act]ize ! ,platonic-,ari/otelian philosophy z a concept philosophy2 namely1 ! circum/ance t ,ari/otelian logic caus$ ! concept to be set be=e ! judgm5t4 ,9 %ort1 we ref] to t t5d5cy 9 ?\ght :i* directs ! att5tion n to ! p]man5t 9 ! _w's occurr5ces1 ! uni=m connections ( ev5ts1 b r to ! seem+ly p]man5t 9 ! ?+s1 _! ess5tial attributes or ess5ces4 ,?us ! concept philosophy1 z a result ( its t5d5cy to hypo/asize1 f9ds 9 ! ab/ract g5]al concepts ( ?+s1 ! ideas1 ! et]nal absolute reality t con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ?+s & is conta9$ 9 !m beside ! accid5tal & *ang+ prop]ties4#f ,"h we h at once ! second =ce :i* inspir$ ! anci5t me?odology4 ,^! ideas1 l ! fundam5tally real1 con/itute t :i* ultimately alone acts 9 all ! com+ into exi/5ce & ! go+ out ( exi/5ce ( ! manifold ?+s4 ,9 ! ,ari/otelian !ory ( causation1 ?is ?\ght is made a pr9ciple2 & we =mulate only :at is conta9$ 9 x1 :5 we say t1 accord+ to x1 ! effici5t & at ! same "t f9al causes c be d$uc$ ?r\gh m]e analysis f ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! effects2 t1 9 fact1 ! possible effects ( e cause c be d$uc$ f ! cont5t ( its def9ition4 ,! conceptual det]m9ation ( ! causal relation1 & ) x 9 pr9ciple ! sum total ( ! me?ods 9 ! mat]ial sci5ces1 becomes a logical1 analytical1 & d$uctive "o4 ,^! sci5ces rema9 entirely indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> cont5t ( exp]i5ce z ?is broad5s1 & s d also ! me?ods "u discussion4 ,footnote #f3 ,accord+ to ,plato1 x is true1 ! ideas are sep>at$ f ! s5sible ?+s2 !y mu/ be ?\ght 9 a conceptual place1 = ! space ( s5se p]ception is to be und]/ood z non-be+1 matt]4 ,! ?+s reveal$ to s5se1 h[ev]1 occupy a middle position betwe5 be+ & non-be+1 s t !y p>take ( ! ideas4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! /atem5t made above holds also ( ! old] view ( ! concept philosophy4 ,z a consequ5ce1 e ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ma!matical ?\ght & ! sci5ce ( causes is done away ) 9 favor ( a rationali/ic con/ruction ( ! me?ods ( mat]ial sci5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ideal ( all sci5tific me?od becomes1 n ! inductive me?od t f\nd$ ! new epo* ( ! sci5ce ( to-day1 b ! d$uctive ma!matical me?od appli$ to natural sci5tific rese>*4 ,! fl\ri% ( trumpets ) :i* ,francis ,bacon hail$ ! onslaught ( ! inductive me?ods 9 ! natural sci5ce ( ! "t1 help$ 9 no way2 = he fail$ to remodel ! traditional1 ,ari/otelian-,s*ola/ic conception ( cause1 &1 accord+ly1 fail$ to und]/& bo? ! problem ( induction & ! mean+ ( ! inductive me?ods ( ! day4#g ,desc>tes1 ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 & relat$ ?9k]s develop _! ma!sis univ]salis aft] ! patt]n ( geometrical ?9k+4 ,leibnitz tries to adapt 8 spcieuse gnrale to ! ?\ght ( ma!matical analysis4 ,! old me?odological conviction ga9s its cle>-cut expression 9 ,sp9oza's doctr9e3 ,aliquid efficitur ab aliqua re means aliquid sequitur ex ejus def9itione4 ,footnote #g3 ,cf4 ! articles on ,francis ,bacon by ,*r4 ,sigw>t 9 ! ,preussis*e ,jahrb*]1 xii1 #ahfc1 & xiii1 #ahfd4 ,! logically /raight pa? is seldom ! "o tak5 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! new =mulation & solution ( problems influ5ce u fir/ ?r\gh _! evid5t significance & consequ5ces1 n ?r\gh ! traditional presuppositions ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,?us1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 insight into ! precise diff]5ce betwe5 m5tal & physical ev5ts gave rise to press+ ne$ = its def9ite =mulation1 no "q arose conc]n+ ! dogmatic presupposition ( a purely logical 7analytis*7 relation%ip betwe5 cause & effect2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?is presupposition 0 !n = ! fir/ "t br\ght cle>ly be=e consci\sness4 ,x 0 necess>y to take ! r\ndab\t way ?r\gh occasionalism & ! pre/abli%$ h>mony1 includ+ ! latt]'s retreat to ! omnipot5ce ( ,god1 be=e x 0 possible to miss ! "q ( ! validity ( ! presupposition t ! connection betwe5 cause & effect is analytic & rational4 ,among ! lead+ ?9k]s ( ! p]iod ?is problem 0 recogniz$ z ! c>d9al problem ( contemporane\s philosophy4 ,x is fur!r evid5ce h[ ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ?is problem mu/ h be5 among ! m deeply conceiv$ problems ( ! "t 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ,hume & ,kant 7 =c$ to face x1 l$ on1 seem+ly indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & surely f q diff]5t presuppositions & along entirely diff]5t ways4 ,! hi/orical evolution ( t :i* f ! beg9n+ has seem$ to philosophy ! solv+ ( h] true problem has come to pass 9 a way n ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! hi/orical evolution 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts ( human k4 ,?us1 9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,newton & ,leibnitz succe$$ 9 sett+ =? ! elem5ts ( ! inf9itesimal calculus2 &1 9 ! fif? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,rob]t ,may]1 ,helmholtz1 & p]haps ,j\le1 =mulat$ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,9 "o ess5tial respect ,hume & ,kant are agre$ 9 ! solution ( ! new1 & h5ce contemporane\sly misund]/ood1 problem4 ,bo? realiz$ t ! connection betwe5 ! v>i\s causes & effects is n a rational analytic1 b an empirical syn!tic "o4 ,h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce 9 _! presuppositions z well z me?od caus$ ?is common result to make its appe>ance 9 v diff]5t light & surr\nd+s4 ,9 ,hume's empiricism ! connection betwe5 cause & effect appe>s z ! m]e empirical result ( association2 :]eas 9 ,kant's rationalism ?is g5]al relation betwe5 cause & effect becomes ! fundam5tal condition ( all possible exp]i5ce1 & is1 z a consequ5ce1 indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce4 ,x re/s1 z a means ( connect+ our ideas1 ^u an inborn uni=mity ( our ?\ght4 ,?us ! way 0 op5$ = a fundam5tal sep>ation ( ! inductive mat]ial sci5tific f ! d$uctive ma!matical me?od4 ,= ,hume ma!matics becomes ! sci5ce ( ! relations ( ideas1 z oppos$ to ! sci5ces ( facts4 ,= ,kant philosophical k is ! k ( ! reason aris+ f concepts1 :]eas ! ma!matical is t aris+ f ! con/ruction ( concepts4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 /udies ! p>ticul> only 9 ! univ]sal2 ! latt]1 ! univ]sal 9 ! p>ticul>1 nay1 r 9 ! individual4 ,bo? solutions ( ! new problem :i* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury supplant ! old & seem+ly self-evid5t presupposition1 appe> accord+ly emb$d$ 9 ! opposition betwe5 ! rationali/ic & empiri/ic int]pretation ( ! orig9 & validity ( our k1 ! same opposition t f antiquity runs ?r\gh ! hi/orical developm5t ( philosophy 9 ev] new digressions4 ,ev5 to-day ! "q reg>d+ ! mean+ & ! validity ( ! causal connection /&s betwe5 ^! contr>y directions ( epi/emological rese>*2 & ! ways lead+ to its answ] sep>ate m %>ply ?an ev] be=e4 ,x is !re=e m press+ 9 our day ?an x 0 9 e>li] times to f9d a basis ^u :i* we may build fur!r epi/emologically & !re=e me?odologically4 ,! purpose ( ! pres5t pap] is to seek su* a basis = ! diff]5t me?ods employ$ 9 ! sci5ces ( facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z has already be5 said1 ! cont5ts ( our consci\sness1 :i* are giv5 u imm$iately 9 out] & inn] p]ception1 con/itute ! raw mat]ial ( ! sci5ces ( facts4 ,f ^! v>i\s facts ( p]ception we d]ive ! judgm5ts ?r\gh :i* we pr$ict1 guide1 & %ape our future p]ception 9 ! c\rse ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,^! judgm5ts exi/ 9 ! =m ( reproductive ideational processes1 :i*1 if logically explicit1 become inductive inf]5ces 9 ! broad] s5se4 ,^! inf]5ces may be said to be ( two sorts1 ?\gh fundam5tally only two sides ( "o & ! same process ( ?\ght2 !y are 9 "p analogical inf]5ces & 9 "p inductive inf]5ces 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,! =m] inf]s f ! p>ticul> 9 a pres5t p]ception1 :i* 9 previ\s p]ceptions 0 uni=mly connect$ ) o!r p>ticul> cont5ts ( p]ception1 to a p>ticul> t resembles ^? o!r cont5ts ( p]ception4 ,9 %ort1 !y are inf]5ces f a p>ticul> to a p>ticul>4 ,aft] ! mann] ( su* inf]5ces we logically =mulate1 = example1 ! reproductive processes1 ^: conclusions run3 ,?is man :om ,i see be=e me1 is att5tive1 feels pa91 w die2 ?is meteor w prove to h a *emical composition simil> to kn[n meteors1 & also to h correspond+ *anges on its surface z ! result ( its rapid passage ?r\gh our atmosph]e4 ,! inductive inf]5ces 9 ! n>r[] s5se argue1 on ! contr>y1 f ! p]ceptions ( a s]ies ( uni=m ph5om5a to a univ]sal1 :i* includes ! giv5 & likewise all possible cases1 9 :i* a memb] ( ! p>ticul> cont5t ( ! e>li] p]ceptions is presuppos$ z giv54 ,9 %ort1 !y are conclusions f a p>ticul> to a univ]sal t is m ext5sive ?an ! sum ( ! giv5 p>ticul>s4 ,= example3 ,all m5 h m9ds1 w die2 all meteoric /ones w prove to h ?is *emical composition & ^? *anges ( surface4 ,!re is no controv]sy reg>d+ ! inn] simil>ity ( bo? ^! types ( inf]5ce or reg>d+ _! outw>d /ructure2 or1 aga91 reg>d+ _! outw>d diff]5ce f ! d$uctive inf]5ces1 :i* proce$ n f a p>ticul> to a p>ticul> or g5]al1 b f a g5]al to a p>ticul>4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ _! inn] /ructure & _! inn] relation to ! d$uctive inf]5ces4 ,bo? que/ions dep5d ^u ! decision reg>d+ ! mean+ & validity ( ! causal relation4 ,! cont5d+ p>ties are recruit$ ess5tially f ! positions ( traditional empiricism & rationalism & f _! mod]n (f%oots4 ,we ma9ta9 fir/ ( all3 #a4 ,! presupposition ( all inductive inf]5ces1 f n[ on to be tak5 9 _! m g5]al s5se1 is1 t ! cont5ts ( p]ception are giv5 to u uni=mly 9 repeat$ p]ceptions1 t is1 9 uni=m compon5ts & uni=m relations4 #b4 ,! condition ( ! validity ( ! inductive inf]5ces lies 9 ! ?\ghts t ! same causes w be pres5t 9 ! unobs]v$ realities z 9 ! obs]v$ ones1 & t ^! same causes w br+ =? ! same effects4 #c4 ,! conclusions ( all inductive inf]5ces h1 logically speak+1 purely problematic validity1 t is1 _! contradictory opposite rema9s equally ?9kable4 ,!y are1 accurately express$1 m]ely hypo!ses1 ^: validity ne$s v]ification ?r\gh future exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ presupposition ( inductive inf]5ce mu/ n be misund]/ood4 ,! p>adox t no?+ really repeats itself1 t ea* /age 9 nature's process comes b once1 is j z mu* & j z little ju/ifi$ z ! ass]tion1 ev]y?+ has already exi/$4 ,x does n d5y ! fact t we c discrim9ate 9 ! cont5ts ( our p]ceptions ! uni=mities ( _! compon5ts & relations1 9 %ort1 t simil> elem5ts are pres5t 9 ^! ev] new complexes4 ,?is fact makes x possible t our manifold p]ceptions comb9e to make up "o cont9u\s exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 our p>adox presupposes t ! diff]5t cont5ts ( our p]ceptions are comp>able ) "o ano!r1 & reveal accord+ly "s sort ( common nature4 ,all ?is is n only a matt] ( c\rse = empiricism1 :i* f\nds ! :ole con/itution ( our k ^u habits1 b mu/ also be grant$ by e rationali/ic int]pretation ( ! /ructure ( k4 ,e "o t is well in=m$ kn[s t :at we ord9>ily ref] to z facts already includes a !ory reg>d+ !m4 ,kant judges 9 ?is matt] precisely z ,hume did be=e him & ,/u>t ,mill aft] him4 ,if c9nab> 7 sometimes r$ & sometimes black1 sometimes light & sometimes heavy1 if a man c\ld be *ang$ n[ into ?is1 n[ into ano!r animal %ape1 if on ! longe/ day ! fields 7 sometimes cov]$ ) fruit1 sometimes ) ice & sn[1 ! faculty ( my empirical imag9ation w\ld nev] be 9 a position1 :5 repres5t+ r$ color1 to ?9k ( heavy c9nab>4#h ,footnote #h3 ,kant1 ,kr4 d4 r4 ,v41 #a/ ed41 pp4 #ajj f4 ,! assumption t 9 recurr+ p]ceptions simil> elem5ts ( cont5t1 z well z ( relation1 are giv51 is a necess>y condition ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce itself1 & accord+ly ( all ^? processes ( ?\ght :i* lead u1 "u ! guidance ( previ\s p]ceptions1 f ! cont5ts ( "o giv5 p]ception to ! cont5ts ( possible p]ceptions4 ,a tradition f ,hume d[n has accu/om$ u to associate ! relation ( cause & effect n s mu* ) ! uni=mity ( coexi/5ce z ) ! uni=mity ( sequ5ce4 ,let u = ! pres5t keep to ?is tradition4 ,its fir/ coroll>y is t ! relation ( cause & effect is to be s\ght 9 ! un9t]rupt$ fl[ & connection ( ev5ts & *anges4 ,! cause becomes ! uni=mly prec$+ ev5t1 ! con/ant antec$5s1 ! effect ! uni=mly foll[+1 ! con/ant consequ5s1 9 ! c\rse ( ! *anges t are pres5t$ to consci\sness z a result ( =ego+ *anges 9 our s5sorium4 ,accord+ to ?is tradition t we h tak5 z our po9t ( dep>ture1 ! uni=mity ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts is a necess>y presupposition ( ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?is uni=mity is giv5 u z an elem5t ( our exp]i5ce2 = we actually f9d uni=m successions 9 ! c\rse ( ! *ang+ cont5ts ( p]ception4 ,fur!r1 z all our p]ceptions are 9 ! fir/ in/ance s5se p]ceptions1 we may call !m ! s5sory presupposition ( ! possibility ( ! causal relation4 ,9 ?is presupposition1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* m involv$ ?an ! "n j *os5 w\ld indicate4 ,! uni=mity ( sequ5ce lies1 z we saw1 n 9 ! cont5ts ( p]ception z su*1 :i* are imm$iately giv5 to u4 ,x arises r ?r\gh ! fact t1 9 ! c\rse ( repeat$ p]ceptions1 we appreh5d ?r\gh ab/raction ! uni=mities ( _! temporal relation4 ,moreov]1 !re lie 9 ! repeat$ p]ceptions n only uni=mities ( sequ5ce1 b also uni=mities ( ! qualitative cont5t ( ! successive ev5ts !mselves1 & ^! uni=mities also mu/ be appreh5d$ ?r\gh ab/raction4 ,?us ^! uni=m cont5ts ( p]ception make up s]ies ( ! foll[+ =m3 a#a -- b#a a#b -- b#b an -- bn ,! presupposition ( ! possibility ( ! causal relations includes1 !re=e1 m ?an m]e p]ceptive elem5ts4 ,x involves ! relation ( diff]5t1 if y w1 ( peculi> cont5ts ( p]ception1 by virtue ( :i* we recognize a#b -- b#b 444 an -- bn z ev5ts t resemble "o ano!r & ! ev5t a#a -- b#a qualitatively z well z 9 _! sequ5ce4 ,!re are accord+ly involv$ 9 our presupposition reproductive elem5ts :i* indicate ! action ( memory4 ,9 ord] t ,i may 9 ! act ( p]ceiv+ a#c -- b#c appreh5d ! uni=mity ( ?is pres5t cont5t ) t ( a#b -- b#b & a#a -- b#a1 ^! e>li] p]ceptions mu/ 9 "s way1 p]haps ?r\gh memory1#i be reviv$ ) ! pres5t p]ception4 ,footnote #i3 ,x is n our pres5t conc]n to asc]ta9 h[ ?is actually happ5s4 ,! psy*ological presuppositions ( ! pres5t pap] are conta9$ 9 ! !ory ( reproduction t ,i h work$ out 9 connection ) ! psy*ology ( spee* 9 ! articles on ,die psy*ologis*5 ,grundlag5 d] ,beziehung5 zwis*5 ,spre*5 und ,d5k51 ,ar*iv fr sy/ematis*e ,philosophie1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 und ,,vii2 cf4 note #a1 page #aea4 ,9 ?is reproduction !re is /ill a fur!r elem5t1 :i* c be sep>at$1 to be sure only 9 ab/racto1 f ! "o j po9t$ out4 ,! pres5t reviv$ cont5t1 ev5 if x is giv5 9 memory z an indep5d5t m5tal /ate1 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! orig9al p]ception4 ,x diff]s 9 all ! modifications 9 :i* ! memory ( lightn+ & ?und] c\ld diff] f ! p]ception ( _! successive occurr5ce1 or1 aga91 ! memory ( a pa9 & ! result+ di/urbance ( att5tion c\ld diff] f ! correspond+ orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 z memory1 ! reviv$ exp]i5ce pres5ts itself z a picture ( t :i* has be5 previ\sly p]ceiv$4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 memory prop]ly s call$1 :]e ! peculi> space & "t relations individualize ! reviv$ exp]i5ce4 ,if we give to ?is id5tify+ elem5t 9 ! associative process a logical expression1 we %all h to say t !re is involv$ 9 revival1 & especially 9 memory1 an aw>5ess t ! pres5t ideas recall ! same cont5t t 0 previ\sly giv5 u 9 p]ception4 ,to be sure1 ! revival ( ! cont5t ( previ\s p]ceptions does n h to produce ideas1 let alone memories4 ,rapid1 transitory1 or habitual revivals1 /imulat$ by associative processes1 c rema9 unconsci\s1 t is1 !y ne$ n appe> z ideas or /ates ( consci\sness4 ,/imulation takes place1 b consci\sness does n arise1 provid$ we mean by ! t]m consci\sness ! g5us ( our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & volitions4 ,none ! less x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is aw>5ess ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! pres5t reviv$ cont5t ) t ( ! previ\s p]ception c be br\ght ab\t 9 e su* case ( reproduction4 ,h[ all ?is takes place is n our pres5t problem4 ,we c apply to ?is second elem5t 9 ! reproductive process1 :i* we h f\nd to be ess5tial to ! causal relation1 a ,kantian t]m1 ,recognition4 ,?is t]m1 h[ev]1 is to be tak5 only 9 ! s5se call$ = by ! =ego+ /atem5ts2 = ! rationali/ic presuppositions & consequ5ces :i* m>k ,kant's ,syn!sis ( ,recognition are f> remov$ f ! pres5t l9e ( ?\ght4 ,we may1 !n1 sum up our results z foll[s3 ,9 ! presupposition ( a uni=m sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 :i* we h accept$ f tradition z ! necess>y condition ( ! possibility ( ! causal relation1 !re lies ! ?\ght t ! cont5ts ( p]ception giv5 u ?r\gh repeat$ s5se /imulation are relat$ to "o ano!r ?r\gh a reproductive recognition4 ,! assumption ( su* reproductive recognition is n ju/ifi$ m]ely 9 ! cases s f> consid]$4 ,x is already necess>y 9 ! c\rse ( ! individual p]ceptions a & b1 & h5ce 9 ! appreh5sion ( an occurr5ce4 ,x makes ! sequ5ce itself 9 :i* a & b are jo9$ possible2 = 9 ord] to appreh5d b z foll[+ ^u a1 9 case ! p]ception ( a has n p]si/$ 9 its orig9al =m1 a mu/ be z f> reviv$ & recogniz$ ^u b's entrance into ! field ( p]ception z x has itself pass$ out ( t field4 ,o!rwise1 in/ead ( b foll[+ ^u a & be+ relat$ to a1 !re w\ld be only ! relationless *ange f a to b4 ,?is holds g5]ally & n m]ely 9 ! cases :]e ! p]ception ( a has disappe>$ be=e t ( b beg9s1 = example1 9 ! case ( lightn+ & ?und]1 or :]e x has 9 "p disappe>$1 = example1 9 ! ?r[+ ( a /one4 ,we h repres5t$ a z an ev5t or *ange1 9 ord] t uni=m sequ5ces ( ev5ts may alone come into consid]ation z ! presupposition ( ! causal relation4 ,b e ev5t has its c\rse 9 "t1 & is accord+ly divisible into _m1 ultimately into inf9itely _m1 %ort] ev5ts4 ,n[ if b comes only an inf9itely %ort int]val lat] ?an a1 & by hypo!sis x mu/ come lat] ?an a1 !n a correspond+ "p ( a mu/ h disappe>$ by ! "t b appe>s4 ,b ! inf9itesimal "p ( a p]ception is j z mu* out ( all consid]ation z w\ld be an inf9itely long p]ception2 all :i* only goes to %[ t we h to sub/itute int]vals ( f9ite l5g? 9 place ( ?is purely conceptual analysis ( a cont9u\s "t int]val4 ,?is leaves ! =ego+ discussion z x /&s4 ,if b foll[s a aft] a p]ceptible f9ite int]val1 !n ! fl[ or developm5t ( a by ! "t ( b's appe>ance mu/ h cov]$ a c\rse correspond+ to t int]val2 & all ?is is true ev5 ?\gh ! e>li] /ages ( a rema9 un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! int]val prec$+ b's appe>ance4 ,! pres5t in/ant ( fl[ is di/9ct f ! "o t has pass$1 ev5 ?\gh x takes place 9 precisely ! same way4 ,! =m]1 n ! latt]1 gives ! basis ( relation :i* is "h requir$1 & !re=e ! =m] mu/ be reproduc$ & recogniz$4 ,?is ?\ght also is includ$ 9 ! =ego+ summ>y ( :at critical analysis %[s to be involv$ 9 ! presupposition ( a uni=m sequ5ce4 ,9 all ?is we h already ab&on$ ! field ( m]e p]ception :i* gave u ! po9t ( dep>ture = our analysis ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,we may call ! *ang+ c\rse ( p]ception only 9 ! n>r[] mean+ ! s5sory presupposition ( ! causal relation4 ,9 ord] t ^! *ang+ cont5ts ( p]ception may be kn[n z l "o ano!r1 z foll[+ "o ano!r1 & z foll[+ "o ano!r uni=mly1 !y mu/ be relat$ to "o ano!r ?r\gh a recognitive reproduction4 ,our critical analysis ( uni=m sequ5ce is1 h[ev]1 n yet complete4 ,to relate to "o ano!r ! cont5ts ( two ideas always requires a process at once ( id5tify+ & ( diff]5tiat+1 :i* makes ^! cont5ts memb]s ( ! relation1 & :i* accord+ly presupposes t our att5tion has be5 direct$ to ea* ( ! two memb]s z well z to ! relation itself--9 ! pres5t case1 to ! sequ5ce4 ,"h we come to ano!r ess5tial po9t4 ,we %\ld apply ! "n ?\ght to e ideational process 9 :i* att5tion is direct$ to ! elem5ts ( ! m5tal cont5t & :i* leads u to id5tify ) "o ano!r1 or to diff]5tiate f "o ano!r1 ! memb]s ( ?is cont5t4#aj ,! act ( relat+1 :i* kn[s two ev5ts z simil>1 z foll[+ "o ano!r1 inde$1 z foll[+ "o ano!r uni=mly1 is !re=e s f> f be+ a s5sation t x mu/ be claim$ to be an act ( ?9k+4 ,! uni=mity ( sequ5ce ( a & b is !re=e an act ( relat+ on ! "p ( our ?\ght1 s f> z ?is becomes possible solely ?r\gh ! fact t we at "o & ! same "t id5tify ) "o ano!r & diff]5tiate f "o ano!r a z cause & b z effect4 ,we say at "o & ! same "t1 because ! t]ms id5tify+ & diff]5tiat+ are correlatives :i* d5ote two diff]5t & oppos+ sides ( "o & ! same ideational process view$ logically4 ,accord+ly1 !re is "h on ne$ ( emphasiz+ t ! act ( relat+1 :i* enables u to ?9k a z cause & b z effect1 is an act ( ?\ght also1 because x presupposes on our "p an act ( nam+ :i* raises x to be+ a compon5t ( our =mulat$ & discursive ?\ght4 ,we !re=e ?9k a z cause & b z effect 9 t we appreh5d ! =m] z uni=m antec$5s & ! latt] z uni=m consequ5s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,cf4 ! au?or's ,umrisse zur ,psy*ologie des ,d5k5s1 9 ,philosophis*e ,abh&lung5 ,*r4 ,sigw>t 444 gewidmet1 ,tb+51 #aijj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h we n ! "r1 aft] ! =ego+ analysis1 to int]pret ! uni=m sequ5ce ( ev5ts solely z ! necess>y presupposition ( ! causal relation8 ,is x n at ! same "t ! adequate presupposition8 ,yes1 is x n ! causal relation itself8 ,z we "k1 empiricism s9ce ,hume has answ]$ ! la/ "q 9 ! affirmative1 & rationalism s9ce ,kant has answ]$ x 9 ! negative4 ,we1 too1 h seem+ly foll[$ 9 our discussion ! c\rse ( empiricism4 ,at lea/1 ,i f9d no?+ 9 t discussion :i* a consi/5t empirici/ might n be will+ to conc$e2 t is1 if he is ready to set aside ! psy*ological inve/igation ( ! actual processes :i* we "h presuppose & make room = a critical analysis ( ! cont5t ( ! relation ( cause & effect4#aa ,h[ev]1 ! decision ( ! "q1 :e!r or n empiricism c det]m9e exhau/ively ! cont5t t we ?9k 9 ! causal relation1 dep5ds ^u o!r consid]ations ?an ^? :i* we h until n[ be5 call$ ^u to und]take4 ,we h s f> only made cle> :at e critical analysis ( ! causal relation has to conc$e to empiricism4 ,9 reality ! empiri/ic hypo!sis is inadequate4 ,to be sure1 ! pro( ( ?is inadequacy is n to be tak5 f ! obvi\s argum5t :i* ,reid rais$ aga9/ ! empiricism ( ,hume1 & :i* compell$ ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 criticism ( t attack#ab to ab&on 8 empiri/ic position at ?is po9t4 ,no d\bt ! conclusion to :i* we also h come = ! "t be+1 goes mu* too f>1 ! conclusion t ! cause is no?+ b ! uni=m antec$5s & ! effect m]ely ! uni=m consequ5s4 ,7 x true1 z we h hi!rto assum$1 t e uni=mly prec$+ ev5t is to be reg>d$ z cause & e uni=mly foll[+ ev5t z effect1 !n day mu/ be look$ ^u z cause ( night & night z cause ( day4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view c be made cle>] by an illu/ration4 ,! case t we %all analyze is ! dread ( com+ into contact ) fire4 ,! psy*ological analysis ( ?is case has to make cle> ! m5tal cont5t ( ! dread & its causes4 ,su* dread becomes possible only :5 we are aw>e ( ! burn+ t results f contact ) fire4 ,we c\ld h le>n$ to be aw>e ( ?is ei!r imm$iately ?r\gh our own exp]i5ce1 or m$iately ?r\gh ! communication ( o!rs' exp]i5ce4 ,9 bo? cases x is a matt] ( "o or repeat$ exp]i5ces4 ,9 all cases ! effects ( e>li] exp]i5ces equal association & recall1 :i*1 9 turn1 result 9 recognition4 ,! recognition expla9+ ! case "u discussion arises ?us4 ,! pres5t /imuli ( visual p]ception ar\se ! reta9$ impressions ( previ\s visual p]ceptions ( fire & give rise to ! pres5t p]ception 7app]ception7 by fus+ ) !m4 ,by a process ( int]weav+1 associations are jo9$ to ?is p]ception4 ,! app]ceptively reviv$ elem5ts :i* lie at ! basis ( ! cont5t ( ! p]ception are int]wov5 by association ) memory elem5ts t reta9 ! additional cont5ts ( previ\s p]ceptions ( fire1 viz41 ! burn+1 or1 aga91 are int]wov5 ) ! memory elem5ts ( ! communications reg>d+ su* burn+4 ,by means ( ?is int]weav+1 ! /imulation ( ! app]ceptive elem5t transmits itself to ! rema9+ elem5ts ( ! association complex4 ,! "* ( ! association is diff]5t "u diff]5t conditions4 ,if x be f\nd$ only ^u "o exp]i5ce1 !n !re c arise a memory or a recall1 9 ! wid] s5se1 ( ! =ego+ cont5t ( ! p]ception & feel+ at ! "t ( ! burn+1 or1 aga91 !re c arise a revival :]e9 ! /imulat$ elem5ts ( ret5tion rema9 unconsci\s4 ,aga91 ! words ( ! "m tongue t d5ote ! previ\s m5tal cont5t1 & :i* likewise belong to ! association complex 7! app]ceiv+ mass1 9 ! wid] s5se71 c be excit$ 9 "o ( ^! ?ree =ms & 9 addition z ab/ract v]bal ideas4 ,ea* "o ( ^! =ms ( v]bal dis*>ge c lead to ! inn]vations ( ! muscles involv$ 9 spee*1 :i* br+ ab\t "s sort ( oral expression ( judgm5t4 ,ea* ( ^! v]bal reproductions c be connect$ ) ea* ( ! =ego+ s5sory 7sa*li*57 revivals4 ,secondly1 if ! association be f\nd$ ^u repeat$ p]ceptions on ! "p ( ! p]son himself1 !n all ! a=e-m5tion$ possibilities ( reproduction become m complicat$1 &1 9 addition1 ! m5tal revivals conta91 m or less1 only ! common elem5ts ( ! previ\s p]ceptions1 i4 e41 reappe> 9 ! =m ( ab/ract ideas or _! correspond+ unconsci\s modifications4 ,9 ! ?ird case ! association is f\nd$ ^u a communication ( o!rs' exp]i5ce4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 let ?is case be conf9$ to ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,! communication consi/$ 9 ! ass]tion3 ,all fire w burn ^u contact4 ,moreov]1 ?is judgm5t 0 express$ ^u occasion ( imm95t dang] ( burn+4 ,!re c !n arise1 z is p]haps evid5t1 all ! possibilities m5tion$ 9 ! second case1 only t "h !re w be a /rong] t5d5cy t[>d v]bal reproduction & ! s5sory reproduction w be less fix$4 ,9 ! fir/ two cases !re 0 connect$ ) ! p]ception ( ! burn+ an int5se feel+ ( pa94 ,9 ! ?ird ! idea ( su* pa9 add$ itself to ! visual p]ception ( ! mom5t4 ,! associat$ elem5ts ( ! e>li] m5tal cont5ts belong likewise to ! app]ceiv+ mass excit$ at ! mom5t1 9 fact to t "p ( x excit$ by means ( association processes1 or1 z we c aga9 say1 dep5d+ ^u ! po9t f :i* we take our view1 ! associative or app]ceptive completion ( ! cont5t ( pres5t p]ception4 ,if ^! pa9 elem5ts are reviv$ z memories1 i4 e41 z elem5ts 9 consci\sness1 !y give rise to a new disagreeable feel+1 :i* is ref]r$ to ! possible com+ s5sation ( burn+4 ,if ! m5tal modifications correspond+ to ^! pa9 elem5ts rema9 unconsci\s1 z is (t5 possible1 !re arises none ! less ! same result z reg>ds our feel+1 only ) less int5sity4 ,?is feel+ tone we call ! dread4 ,z a result ( ! sum total ( ! revivals actual & possible1 !re is f9ally produc$1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances1 ei!r a motor reaction or an inhibitant ( su* reaction4 ,bo? inn]vations c take place involunt>ily or volunt>ily4 ,! critical analysis ( ! fact t we dread contact ) fire1 ev5 has ano!r purpose & accord+ly proce$s on o!r l9es4 ,x mu/ make cle> "u :at presuppositions ! =esight t lies at ! basis ( su* dread is valid = future exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ !n =mulate ! actual process ( revival t con/itutes ! f\ndation ( ?is feel+ z a s]ies ( judgm5ts1 f :i* ! mean+ & int]connection ( ! sev]al judgm5ts w become cle>4 ,?us ! critical analysis mu/ give a logical pres5tation ( ! app]ceptive & associative processes ( revival4 ,= ?is purpose ! ?ree cases ( ! psy*ological analysis r$uce !mselves to two3 viz41 fir/1 to ! case 9 :i* an imm$iate exp]i5ce =ms ! basis1 & secondly1 to t 9 :i* a v>iety ( simil> m$iately or imm$iately communicat$ exp]i5ces =m su* basis4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! logically diff]5tiat$ cases1 ! trans=mation into ! spee* ( =mulat$ ?\ght leads to ! foll[+ inf]5ce f analogy3 ,fire ,a burn$4 ,fire ,b is simil> to fire ,a4 ---------------------------- ,fire ,b w burn4 ,9 ! second case !re arises a syllogism ( "s su* =m z3 ,all fire causes burn+ ^u contact4 ,?is pres5t ph5om5on is fire4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,?is pres5t ph5om5on w cause burn+ ^u contact4 ,bo? premises ( ?is syllogism are inductive inf]5ces1 ^: implicit mean+ becomes cle> :5 we =mulate z foll[s3 ,all h]et(ore inve/igat$ in/ances ( fire h burn$1 !re=e all fire burns4 ,! pres5t ph5om5on manife/s "s prop]ties ( fire1 w consequ5tly h all ! prop]ties !re(4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! pres5t ph5om5on w1 9 case ( contact1 cause burn+4 ,! fir/ syllogism goes f ! p>ticul> to ! p>ticul>4 ,! second proves itself to be 7contr>y to ! analysis ( ,/u>t ,mill7 an inf]5ce t leads f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>4 ,= ! conclusion is ! p>ticul> ( ! second p>ts ( ! major & m9or premises2 & ^! second p>ts ( ! premises are inf]r$ f _! fir/ p>ts 9 ! two possible ways ( inductive inf]5ce4 ,! latt] d n conta9 ! case ref]r$ to 9 ! conclusion1 b set =? ! conditions ( c>ry+ a result ( previ\s exp]i5ce ov] to a new case ) inductive probability1 9 o!r words1 ! conditions ( mak+ pa/ exp]i5ce a means ( =esee+ future exp]i5ce4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to give "h ! symbols ( ! two =ms ( inductive inf]5ce4 ,we rema9 )9 ! b\nds ( logical analysis1 if we /ate "u :at conditions conclusions foll[ necess>ily f _! premises1 viz41 ! conclusions ( argum5ts f analogy & ( syllogisms 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 z well z ^? ( ! =ego+ inductive argum5ts4 ,= ! inf]5ce f analogy & ! two =ms ( inductive inf]5ce1 ^! conditions are ! presuppositions already set =? 9 ! text ( ! pres5t pap]1 t 9 ! z yet unobs]v$ portion ( reality ! l causes w be f\nd & !y w give rise to l effects4 ,= ! syllogism !y are ! ?\ght t ! pr$icate ( a pr$icate is ! 7m$iate7 pr$icate ( ! subject4 ,only ! fur!r analysis ( ^! presuppositions1 :i* is und]tak5 9 ! text1 leads to critical consid]ations 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,ratioc9ative & ,inductive1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 #f4 ,empiricism c1 h[ev]1 meet ?is objection )\t giv+ up its position2 9 fact1 x c employ ! objection z an argum5t 9 its favor2 = ?is objection affects only ! manife/ly imp]fect =mulation ( ! doctr9e1 n ! ess5tial argum5ts4 ,x %\ld h be5 po9t$ out aga9 & aga9 9 ! =ego+ exposition t only 9 ! fir/ indiscrim9at+ view ( ?+s may we reg>d ! ev5ts giv5 u 9 p]ception z ! basis ( our concepts ( cause & effect4 ,all ^! ev5ts are intricately mix$1 ^? t are giv5 9 self p]ception z well z ^? giv5 9 s5se p]ception4 ,! ev5ts ( bo? gr\ps fl[ along cont9u\sly4 ,consequ5tly1 z reg>ds "t1 !y p]mit a division into p>ts1 :i* division proce$s1 n inde$ = our p]ception1 b = our sci5tific ?\ght1 9 %ort1 conceptually1 into inf9ity4 ,! ev5ts ( s5se p]ception p]mit also conceptually ( inf9ite division 9 _! spatial relations4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose1 if we turn our att5tion to ! "q ( divisibility 9 "t4 ,?is fact ( divisibility %[s t ! ev5ts ( our p]ception1 :i* alone we h until n[ br\ght "u consid]ation1 mu/ be reg>d$ z sy/ems ( ev5ts4 ,we are !re=e call$ ^u to apportion ! causal relations among ! memb]s ( ^! sy/ems4 ,only = ! indiscrim9at+ view ( our practical ,weltans*auung is ! p]ceiv$ ev5t a ! cause ( ! p]ceiv$ ev5t b4 ,! m exact analysis ( our !oretical appreh5sion ( ! _w compels u to dissect ! ev5ts a & b into ! p>ts aalpha 1 abeta1 agamma--balpha1 bbeta1 bgamma1 &1 :]e occasion calls = x1 to cont9ue ! same process 9 turn = ^! & fur!r compon5ts4 ,we h accord+ly to relate ^? p>ts to "o ano!r z causes & effects :i*1 f ! pres5t /&po9t ( analysis1 foll[ "o ano!r uni=mly & imm$iately1 viz41 foll[ "o ano!r s t f ?is /&po9t no o!r int]v5+ ev5t mu/ be presuppos$4 ,9 ?is way we come to h a well-ord]$ exp]i5ce4 ,! dispositions to su* exp]i5ce :i* reveal !mselves )9 ! field ( practical ?\ght taught man long be=e ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific me?ods n to connect causally day & night ) "o ano!r1 b ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun ) day & night4 ,! !oretical analysis1 inde$1 goes f>!r4 ,x tea*es t 9 :at is "h summ$ up z ris+ ( ! sun & yond] z day1 !re lie aga9 intricate elem5ts requir+ special att5tion1 9 our own day ext5d+ p]haps to ! l9es ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! electro-dynamic !ory ( light & ( electrons4 ,/ill ! ways ( ?\ght rema9 ! same1 on all ! levels ( p5etrat+ analysis4 ,we h ?r\gh\t to relate to "o ano!r z cause & effect ^? ev5ts :i*1 9 a well-ord]$ exp]i5ce1 mu/ be reg>d$ z foll[+ "o ano!r imm$iately4 ,! cause is !n ! imm$iate uni=m antec$5s1 ! effect ! imm$iate uni=m consequ5s4 ,o!rwise /at$1 ! p]ceiv$ ev5ts t we are accu/om$1 f ! /&po9t ( ! practical ,weltans*auung1 to reg>d z causes & effects1 e4 g41 lightn+ & ?und]1 f ! !oretical appreh5sion ( ! _w prove to be inf9itely involv$ collections ( ev5ts1 ^: elem5ts mu/ be relat$ to "o ano!r z causes & effects 9 z f> z !y c be reg>d$ z foll[+ "o ano!r imm$iately4 ,no exception is =m$ by expressions ( our r\gh way ( view+ & describ+ :i* lead u )\t hesitation to reg>d z cause "o out ( ! v _m causes ( an ev5t1 & ?is1 too1 n necess>ily ! imm$iate uni=mly prec$+ ev5t4 ,all ?is lies r 9 ! nature ( su* a ha/y view4 ,! pres5t limitation ( uni=m sequ5ce to cases ( imm$iate sequ5ce sets aside1 !n1 ! objection f :i* we />t$1 9 t x adopts z its own ! ess5tial po9t 9 "q4 ,moreov]1 ! way t leads u to ?is necess>y limitation goes f>!r3 x leads to a /r5g!n+ ( ! empiri/ic position4 ,x br+s u to a po9t :]e we see t ! mo/ advanc$ analysis ( intricate sy/ems ( ev5ts imm$iately giv5 to u 9 p]ception z real n[h]e reveals m ?an ! simple fact ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,aga9 :]e we come to reg>d ! int]vals betwe5 ! ev5ts t foll[ "o ano!r imm$iately z v %ort1 !re ! uni=mity ( ! "t relation makes1 x w\ld seem1 ! ev5ts = u m]ely causes & effects2 & z (t5 z we h occasion to proce$ to ! small] "t diff]5ces ( a high] ord]1 ! same process repeats itself2 = we dissect ! ev5ts t make up our po9t ( dep>ture into ev] m complex sy/ems ( compon5t ev5ts1 & ! co>s] relations ( uni=m sequ5ce into ev] f9] imm$iate ones4 ,n[h]e1 seem+ly1 d we get beyond ! field ( ev5ts 9 uni=m sequ5ce1 :i* f9ally h _! f\ndation 9 ! facts ( p]ception f :i* !y are drawn4 ,?us !re foll[s f ?is conceptual ref9em5t ( ! po9t ( dep>ture only ! tru? t no?+ connects ! ev5ts z causes & effects except ! imm$iate uni=mity ( sequ5ce4 ,none ! less1 we h to ?9k ! empiri/ic doctr9e to ! bottom1 if we desire to det]m9e :e!r or n ! hypo!sis :i* x (f]s is really suffici5t to enable u to d$uce ! causal relation4 ,= ?is purpose let u rem9d ourselves t ! "q at issue is1 :e!r or n ?is relation is m]ely a temporal connection ( ev5ts t are giv5 to u 9 p]ception or t c be d]iv$ f ! data ( p]ception4 ,besides1 let u grant t ?is relation is z ?or\ghly valid = ! cont5t ( our exp]i5ce z empiricism has always1 & rationalism ne>ly always1 ma9ta9$4 ,we presuppose1 !re=e1 z grant$1 t e ev5t is to be reg>d$ z cause1 & h5ce1 9 ! opposite "t relation1 z effect1 m5tal ev5ts t are giv5 to u 9 self p]ception no less ?an ! physical ^: s\rce is our s5se p]ception4 ,9 o!r words1 we assume t ! totality ( ev5ts 9 our possible exp]i5ce pres5ts a clos$ sy/em ( causal s]ies1 t is1 t e memb] )9 ea* ( ! contempor>y s]ies is connect$ ) ! subsequ5t ones1 z well z ) ! subsequ5t memb]s ( all ! o!r s]ies1 backw>d & =w>d z cause & effect2 & !re=e1 f9ally1 t e memb] ( e s]ies /&s 9 causal relation%ip ) e memb] ( e o!r s]ies4 ,we d n !n1 = ! pres5t purpose1 burd5 ourselves ) ! hypo!sis :i* 0 t\*$ ^u above1 t ?is connection is to be ?\ght ( z a cont9u\s "o1 namely1 t o!r memb]s c be ins]t$ ad inf9itum betwe5 any two memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,we ma9ta9 at ! same "t t !re is no ju/ification = sep>at+ f "o ano!r ! concepts1 causality & int]action4 ,?is sep>ation is only to be ju/ifi$ ?r\gh ! metaphysical hypo!sis t reality consi/s 9 a multitude ( indep5d5tly exi/+ sub/ances inh]5tly subject to *ange1 & t _! mutual int]connection is condition$ by a common dep5d5ce ^u a fir/ inf9ite cause4#ac ,e connection betwe5 cause & effect is mutual1 if we assume ) ,newton t to e action !re is an equal oppos+ reaction4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is doctr9e began 9 ! !ological evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian concept ( ,god4 ,x 0 fir/ fundam5tally =mulat$ by ,leibnitz4 ,x is reta9$ 9 ,kant's doctr9e ( ! h>monia g5]alit] /abilita & ! latt]'s consequ5ces = ! critical doctr9e ( ! mundus intelligibilis4 ,h5ce x p]meates ! metaphysical doctr9es ( ! sy/ems ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 v>i\s ways4 ,9 t we br+ ! totality ( kn[able reality1 z f> z x is analyzable into ev5ts1 "u ! causal relation1 we may reg>d ! /atem5t t e ev5t requires u to seek among uni=mly prec$+ ev5ts = ! suffici5t causes ( its own reality1 namely1 ! g5]al causal law1 z ! pr9ciple ( all mat]ial sci5ces4 ,= all individual in/ances ( con=mity to law :i* we c discov] 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce are f ?is po9t ( view only special cases ( ! g5]al univ]sal con=mity to law :i* we h j =mulat$4 ,= ! empiri/ic int]pretation1 ! 7g5]al7 causal law is only ! highe/ g5us ( ! individual cases ( empirically syn!tic relations ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,/>t+ f ^! presuppositions1 x _c be o!r ?an a g5]alization f exp]i5ce1 t is1 a c>ry+ ov] ( obs]v$ relations ( uni=m1 or1 z we may n[ also say1 con/ant sequ5ce to ^? :i* h n be5 or _c be objects ( obs]vation1 z well z to ^? :i* we expect to appe> 9 ! future4 ,psy*ologically reg>d$1 x is m]ely ! mo/ g5]al expression ( an expectation1 condition$ ?r\gh associative reproduction1 ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1--to br+ ,hume's doctr9e to a conclusion t ! fa!r ( mod]n empiricism himself did n draw1--a species ( temporal contiguity4 ,! g5]al validity :i* we ascribe to ! causal law is accord+ly a m]ely empirical "o4 ,x c nev] atta9 apodeictic or ev5 ass]torical validity1 b purely t type ( problematic validity :i* we may call real 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!r type ( problematic validity atta9$ 9 judgm5ts ( objective z well z ( subjective & hypo!tical possibility4#ad ,no possible progress ( exp]i5ce c w9 = ! empiri/ically int]pret$ causal law any o!r ?an ?is real problematic validity2 = exp]i5ce c nev] become complete a p>te po/1 nor has x ev] be5 complete a p>te ante4 ,! causal law is valid ass]torically only 9 s f> z x sums up1 purely 9 ! way ( an inv5tory1 ! prec$+ exp]i5ces4 ,we call su* assumptions1 drawn f well-ord]$ exp]i5ce & ( inductive orig91 hypo!ses1 :e!r !y re/ ^u g5]aliz+ inductive inf]5ces 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 or ^u specializ+ inf]5ces f analogy4 ,!y1 & at ! same "t ! empiri/ically int]pret$ causal law1 are n hypo!ses 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,newton rightly reject$ all =mation ( hypo!ses1#ae b are su* z are necess>ily "p ( all me?ods 9 ! sci5ces ( facts 9 s f> z ! pa?s ( rese>* lead out beyond ! cont5t giv5 imm$iately 9 p]ception to objects ( only possible exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #ad3 ,cf4 ! au?or's ,logik1 bd4 ,i1 #fa4 ,footnote #ae3 ,rationem v]o h>um gravitatis proprietatum ex pha5om5is nondum potui d$uc]e1 et hypo!ses non f+o4 ,quicquid enim ex pha5om5is non d$ucitur1 hypo!sis voc&a e/2 et hypo!ses seu metaphysicae1 seu physicae1 seu qualitatum occult>um1 seu me*anicae1 9 philosophia exp]im5tali locum non hab5t4 ,9 hac philosophia propositiones d$ucuntur ex pha5om5is1 et r$duntur g5]ales p] inductionem4 ,newton1 at ! end ( 8 *ief "w4 ,! ass]tion ( ,/u>t ,mill1 9 opposition to ?is conclusion1 t ! cause mu/ be ?\ght ( z ! inv>iable antec$5t &1 correspond+ly1 ! effect is ! inv>iable consequ5t1#af does all honor to ! g5ius ( ! ?9k]2 b x agrees by no means ) ! empiri/ic presuppositions :i* s]ve z ! basis = 8 conclusions4 ,=1 />t+ f ^! presuppositions1 ! inv>iable sequ5ce c only mean "o t is uni=m & con/ant accord+ to pa/ exp]i5ce1 & t we h5ce=? c>ry ov] to n yet obs]v$ ev5ts z f> z ^! prove 9 con=mity ) x1 & 9 ?is way v]ify ! anticipation conta9$ 9 our g5]al ass]tion4 ,! same holds ( ! ass]tion ?r\gh :i* ,mill endeavors to meet ! above-m5tion$ objection ( ,reid1 namely1 t ! un*ang+ sequ5ce mu/ at ! same "t be demon/rably an unconditional "o4 ,! language 9 :i* exp]i5ce speaks to u kn[s ! t]m ! uncondition$ z little z ! t]m ! un*angeable1 ev5 ?\gh ?is h1 z ,mill expla9s1 ! mean+ t ! effect w be1 :atev] supposition we may make 9 reg>d to all o!r ?+s1 or t ! sequ5ce w be subject to no o!r ?an negative conditions4 ,= 9 ^! det]m9ations !re does n lie exclusively1 accord+ to ,mill1 a probable pr$iction ( ! future4 ,x is necess>y to our us+ ! ^w cause1 t we %\ld believe n only t ! antec$5t always has be5 foll[$ by ! consequ5t1 b t z long z ! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s endures1 x always w be s4 ,likewise1 ,mill1 ! man ( rese>*1 n ! empiri/ic logician1 ass]ts t !re belongs to ! causal law1 besides ?is g5]ality ref]r+ to all possible ev5ts ( uni=m sequ5ce1 also an und\bt$ assurance2 al?\gh he c\ld h "h ref]r$ to a casual rem>k ( ,hume4#ag ,su* an und\bt$ assurance1 t = e ev5t 444 !re is a law to be f\nd1 if we only "k :]e to f9d x1 evid5tly does n "k ( a k ref]r$ exclusively to exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #af3 ,logik1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 #b4 ,footnote #ag3 ,logic1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 #f1 & end ( #b4 ,hume says 9 a note to section ,,vi ( 8 ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+3 ,we ought to divide argum5ts into demon/rations1 pro(s1 & probabilities4 ,by pro(s ,mean+ su* argum5ts f exp]i5ce z leave no room = d\bt or opposition4 ,! note /&s 9 evid5t contra/ to ! well-kn[n rem>ks at ! beg9n+ ( section ,,iv1 pt4 ,i4 ,h5ce1 if ! causal law is1 z empiricism to be consi/5t mu/ ma9ta91 only a g5]al hypo!sis :i* is necess>ily subject to v]ification z exp]i5ce progresses1 !n x is n impossible t 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce ev5ts w appe> t are n prec$$ or foll[$ uni=mly by o!rs1 & t accord+ly _c be reg>d$ z causes or effects4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ( ! causal law1 su* exceptional ev5ts1 :e!r 9 individual or 9 repeat$ cases ( p]ception1 mu/ be j z possible z ^? :i* 9 ! c\rse ( prec$+ exp]i5ce h prov$ !mselves to be memb]s ( s]ies ( con/ant sequ5ce4 ,on ! basis ( previ\s exp]i5ce1 we %\ld only h ! "r to say t su* exceptional cases are less probable2 & we might f ! same gr\nd expect t1 if !y c\ld be surely det]m9$1 !y w\ld only h to be reg>d$ z exceptions to ! rule & n1 possibly1 z signs ( a misund]/ood univ]sal non-uni=mity ( occurr5ce4 ,no "o wants to ma9ta9 an empirical necessity1 t is1 a /atem5t t s compreh5ds a pres5t exp]i5ce or an hypo!sis develop$ on ! basis ( pres5t exp]i5ce t its contradictory is rationally impossible4 ,an ev5t prec$$ by no o!r imm$iately & uni=mly z cause w\ld1 accord+ to traditional usage1 arise out ( no?+4 ,an ev5t t 0 foll[$ imm$iately & con/antly by no o!r w\ld accord+ly be an ev5t t rema9$ )\t effect1 &1 did x pass away1 x mu/ disappe> into no?+4 ,! old ?\ght1 well kn[n 9 its s*ola/ic =mulation1 ex nihilo nihil fit1 9 nihilum nihil pote/ rev]ti1 is only ano!r expression = ! causal law z we h int]pret$ x above4 ,! contradictories to ea* ( ! clauses ( ! ?\ght j =mulat$1 t some?+ c arise out ( no?+ & pass into no?+1 rema9 !re=e1 z a consequ5ce ( empiricism1 an improbable ?\ght1 to be sure1 b none ! less a ?\ght to :i* a real possibility mu/ be ascrib$4 ,x 0 9 all probability ?is t ,/u>t ,mill wi%$ to convey 9 ! mu*-debat$ passage3 ,i am conv9c$ t anyone accu/om$ to ab/raction & analysis1 :o w fairly ex]t 8 faculties = ! purpose1 w1 :5 8 imag9ation has once le>nt to ent]ta9 ! notion1 f9d no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t 9 "s "o1 = in/ance1 ( ! _m firmam5ts into :i* sid]eal a/ronomy n[ divides ! univ]se1 ev5ts may succe$ "o ano!r at r&om )\t any fix$ law2 nor c any?+ 9 our exp]i5ce1 or 9 our m5tal nature1 con/itute a suffici5t1 or inde$ any1 reason = believ+ t ?is is n[h]e ! case4 ,= ,mill imm$iately calls our att5tion to ! foll[+3 ,7 we to suppose 7:at x is p]fectly possible to imag9e7 t ! pres5t ord] ( ! univ]se 7 br\ght to an end1 & t a *aos succe$$ 9 :i* !re 0 no fix$ succession ( ev5ts1 & ! pa/ gave no assurance ( ! future2 if a human be+ 7 miracul\sly kept alive to witness ?is *ange1 he surely w\ld soon cease to believe 9 any uni=mity1 ! uni=mity itself no long] exi/+4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,logic1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4 xxi1 #a4 ,we c ?r[ light f ano!r side ^u ! ?\ght t lies 9 ?is outcome ( ! empiri/ic int]pretation ( ! causal law4 ,if we /ill desire to give ! "n effect to an ev5t t is prec$$ uni=mly by no o!r1 & t we !re=e h to reg>d z aris+ out ( no?+1 !n we mu/ say t x is ! effect ( itself1 t is1 its cause lies 9 its own reality1 9 %ort1 t x is causa sui4 ,!re=e ! assumption t a causa sui has j z mu* real possibility z h ! causes ( our exp]i5ce :i* are foll[$ uni=mly by ano!r ev5t1 is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! empiri/ic view ( causation4 ,?is mu* only rema9s sure1 !re is no?+ conta9$ 9 our previ\s exp]i5ce t 9 any way assures u ( ! validity ( ?is possible !ory4 ,! empiri/ic doctr9e ( causation requires1 h[ev]1 /ill fur!r conclusions4 ,our sci5tific1 no less ?an our practical ?\ght has always be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! relation betwe5 cause & effect n z a matt] ( m]e sequ5ce1 n !re=e z a m]e =mal temporal "o4 ,r x has always1 9 bo? =ms ( our ?\ght1 /ood = a real relation1 t is1 = a relation ( dynamic dep5d5ce ( effect ^u cause4 ,accord+ly1 ! effect arises out ( ! cause1 is eng5d]$ ?r\gh x1 or br\ght =? by x4 ,! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is dynamic conception ( cause is well kn[n4 ,! old an?ropopa?ic int]pretation1 :i* int]polates an?ropomorphic & yet sup]human int]v5tion betwe5 ! ev5ts t foll[ "o ano!r uni=mly1 has ma9ta9$ itself on into ! mod]n metaphysical hypo!ses4 ,x rema9s /&+ :]ev] ,god is assum$ z ! fir/ cause = ! int]action betwe5 p>ts ( reality4 ,x is made obscure1 b n elim9at$1 :51 9 o!r conceptions ( ! _w1 imp]sonal nature1 fate1 necessity1 ! absolute id5tity1 or an ab/raction relat$ to ^!1 appe>s 9 ! place ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x comes out cle>ly :]ev] ^! two t5d5cies ( ?\ght unite !mselves 9 an an?ropopa?ic pan!ism4 ,t is1 x re/s only ^u a diff]5ce 9 /r5g? betwe5 ! gov]n+ religi\s & sci5tific int]e/s1 :e!r or n ! ,all-,"o :i* unfolds itself 9 ! int]connection & cont5t ( reality is ?\ght ( m z ! imman5t ,god1 or m z sub/ance4 ,f9ally1 we d n *ange our position1 if ! absolute1 self-active be+ 79 all ^! !ories a fir/ cause is presuppos$ z causa sui7 is degrad$ to a non-intellectual w4 ,h[ev]1 ! dynamic int]pretation ( cause has n rema9$ conf9$ to ! field ( ^! g5]al speculations1 j because x comm&$ t field s e>ly4 ,!re is a second bran*1 likewise e>ly evolv$ f ! /em ( ! an?ropopa?ic int]pretation1 ! doctr9e t ! causal relations ( dep5d5ce are effect$ ?r\gh =ces4 ,^! =ces adh]e to1 or dwell 91 ! ultimate physical elem5ts :i* are ?\ght ( z masses4 ,aga91 z spiritual =ces !y belong to ! s\l1 :i* 9 turn is ?\ght ( z a sub/ance4 ,9 ! mod]n contra/ betwe5 attractive & repulsive =ces1 !re lies a remnant ( ! ,emp$oklean opposition betwe5 ,love & ,hate4 ,9 ! v>i\s old & new hylozoi/ic t5d5cies1 ! concepts ( =ce & its correlate1 mass1 are eclectically unit$4 ,9 consi/5t mat]ialism z well z spiritualism1 & 9 ! ab/ract dynamism ( en]getics1 ! "o memb] is robb$ ( its indep5d5ce or ev5 reject$ 9 favor ( ! o!r4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,alongside ( ^! dynamic !ories1 !re are to be f\nd me*anical ones t arose j z e>ly & f ! same s\rce1 viz41 ! practical ,weltans*auung4 ,x is n "p ( our purpose to discuss !m4 ,_! fir/ sci5tific expression is to be f\nd 9 ! doctr9e ( efflu5ces & pores 9 ,emp$okles & 9 ,atomism4 ,x is evid5t 9 :at light all ^! dynamic conceptions appe>1 :5 look$ at f ! /&po9t ( consi/5t extreme empiricism4 ,^! =ces1 to consid] "h only ?is "o ( ! dynamic hypo!ses1 help to expla9 no?+4 ,! physical =ces1 or ^? :i* give rise to movem5t1 are evid5tly n giv5 to u z cont5ts ( s5se p]ception1 & at ! mo/ !y c be d$uc$ z non-s5su\s f\ndations1 n z cont5ts ( possible s5se p]ception4 ,! (t5 & v>i\sly express$ belief t self p]ception reveals to u "h :at our s5ses leave hidd5 has prov$ itself to be 9 all its =ms a delusion4 ,! =ces ^: exi/5ce we assume h !n an intuitable cont5t only 9 s f> z !y get x ?r\gh ! uni=mities pres5t 9 repeat$ p]ceptions1 :i* uni=mities are to be expla9$ ?r\gh !m4 ,b "r "h _! assumption proves itself to be n only sup]flu\s b ev5 mislead+2 = x makes u believe t we h (f]$ an explanation1 :]eas 9 reality we h simply duplicat$ ! giv5 by means ( a fiction1 q aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ideas4 ,?is endeavor to give ! =mal temporal relations betwe5 ev5ts1 :i* we int]pret z causes & effects1 a dynamic real sub/ructure1 %[s itself ?us to be wor?less 9 its contributions to our ?\ght4 ,! same holds true ( e o!r dynamic hypo!sis4 ,! critique call$ =? by ^! contributions e/abli%es !re=e only ! validity ( ! empiri/ic int]pretation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we h once come s f>1 we may n hold ourselves back f ! f9al /ep4 ,empiricism has long ago tak5 ?is /ep1 & ! mo/ consi/5t among its mod]n ,g]man repres5tatives has ar\s$ anew ! impulses t make x necess>y4 ,inde$1 if we />t f ! empiri/ic presuppositions1 we mu/ recognize t !re lies n only 9 ! assumption ( =ces1 b ev5 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( causes & effects1 a cle> trace ( feti%ism4 ,we are n !n surpris$ :5 ! /atem5t is made3 ,! natural sci5ce ( ! future1 & accord+ly sci5ce 9 g5]al1 w1 x is to be hop$1 set aside ^! concepts also on acc\nt ( _! =mal obscurity4 ,=1 s x is expla9$1 repetitions ( l cases 9 :i* a is always connect$ ) b1 namely1 9 :i* l results are f\nd "u l circum/ances1 9 %ort1 ! ess5ce ( ! connection ( cause & effect1 exi/s only 9 ! ab/raction t is necess>y to enable u to repicture ! facts4 ,9 nature itself !re are no causes & effects4 ,die ,natur i/ nur e9mal da4 ,x is1 aga91 ,/u>t ,mill1 ! man ( rese>*1 n ! empirici/1 t opposes ?is conclusion1 & inde$ opposes x 9 ! =m t ,augu/e ,comte _h giv5 x 9 connection ) ?\ghts t c be read into ,hume's doctr9e4 ,comte's objection to ! ^w cause is a m]e matt] ( nom5clature1 9 :i*1 z a matt] ( nom5clature1 ,i consid] him to be entirely wrong4444 ,by reject+ ?is =m ( expression1 ,m4 ,comte leaves himself )\t any t]m = m>k+ a di/9ction :i*1 h[ev] incorrectly express$1 is n only real1 b is "o ( ! fundam5tal di/9ctions 9 sci5ce4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,logic1 bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 #f4 ,= my own "p1 ! "r seems to be on ! side ( ,comte & 8 rec5t foll[]s 9 %[+ ! old nom5clature to be worn out1 if view$ f ! /&po9t ( empiricism4 ,if ! relation betwe5 cause & effect consi/s alone 9 ! uni=mity ( sequ5ce :i* is hypo!tically w>rant$ by exp]i5ce1 !n x c be only mislead+ to employ words = ! memb]s ( ?is purely =mal relation t necess>ily h a /rong tang ( real dynamic dep5d5ce4 ,9 fact1 !y give ! connection 9 "q a peculi>ity t1 accord+ to consi/5t empiricism1 x does n possess4 ,! "q at issue 9 ! empiri/ically int]pret$ causal relation is a =mal functional "o1 :i* is n ess5tially diff]5t1 z ,ern/ ,ma* incid5tally ackn[l$ges1 f ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! sides & angles ( a triangle4 ,"h two extremes meet4 ,sp9oza1 ! mo/ consi/5t ( ! dogmatic rationali/s1 f9ds himself compell$ 9 8 =mulation ( ! analytic int]pretation ( ! causal relation h&$ d[n to him to trans=m x into a ma!matical "o4 ,ma*1 ! mo/ consi/5t ( rec5t ,g]man empirici/s1 f9ds himself compell$ to recognize t ! empirically syn!tic relation betwe5 cause & effect includes no o!r =m ( dep5d5ce ?an t :i* is pres5t 9 ! functional ma!matical relations4 7,9 ,g]many empiricism /eep$ 9 natural sci5ce has supplant$ ! nave mat]ialism saturat$ ) natural sci5ce47 ,t ! ma!matical relations mu/ likewise be subject$ to a purely empirical int]pretation1 :i* ev5 ,hume d5i$ !m1 is a matt] ( c\rse4 ,h[ev]1 ?is agreem5t ( two oppos+ views is no pro( t empiricism is on ! "r road4 ,! empiri/ic conclusions to :i* we h giv5 our att5tion d n succe$ 9 def9+ adequately ! specific nature ( ! causal relation2 on ! contr>y1 !y compel u to d5y su* a relation4 ,?us !y ca/ aside ! concept t we h endeavor$ to def9e1 t is1 ! judgm5t 9 :i* we h to compreh5d :atev] is peculi> to ! causal connection4 ,b "o does n untie a knot by d5y+ t x exi/s4 ,x foll[s f ?is self-de/ruction ( ! empiri/ic causal hypo!sis t an additional elem5t ( ?\ght mu/ be conta9$ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect besides ! elem5ts ( reproductive recognition & ^? ( id5tification & discrim9ation1 all ( :i* are involv$ 9 ! ab/ract compreh5sion ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! causal connection reveal$ by our previ\s analysis con/itute ! necess>y & p]haps adequate conditions = comb9+ ! sev]al factual p]ceptions into ! ab/ract regi/]+ idea ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,we may1 !re=e1 expect to f9d t ! elem5t s\ght = lies 9 ! t5d5cy to ext5d ! dem& = causal connections ov] ! entire field ( possible exp]i5ce2 & p]haps we may at ! same "t arrive at ! condition :i* l$ ,hume & ,mill to recognize ! complete univ]sality ( ! causal law 9 spite ( ! exclusively empirical cont5t t !y _h ascrib$ to x4 ,9 ?is fur!r analysis also we h to draw f ! nature ( our ?\ght itself ! means ( guid+ our inve/igation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ?\ght has a =mal necessity :i* reveals itself 9 ! g5]al causal law no less ?an 9 e individual ?\ght process1 t is1 9 e valid judgm5t4 ,! mean+ ( ?is =mal necessity ( ?\ght is easily det]m9$4 ,if we presuppose1 = example1 t ,i recognize a surface :i* lies be=e me z gre51 !n ! p]ception judgm5t1 ,?is surface is gre51 t is1 ! appreh5sion ( ! pres5t p]ceptive cont5t 9 ! fundam5tal =m ( discursive ?\ght1 repeats ) pr$icative necessity t :i* is pres5t$ to me 9 ! cont5t ( p]ception4 ,! necessity ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 ?is p]ception judgm5t1 z mutatis mut&is 9 e affirmative judgm5t meet+ ! logical conditions1 is recognizable ?r\gh ! fact t ! contradictory judgm5t1 ,?is surface is n gre51 is impossible = our ?\ght "u ! presupposition ( ! giv5 cont5t ( p]ception & ( our nom5clature4 ,x contradicts itself4 ,i c express ! contradictory proposition1 = in/ance1 9 ord] to deceive2 b ,i _c really pass ! judgm5t t is conta9$ 9 x4 ,x lies 9 ! v nature ( our ?\ght t ! pr$icate ( an ass]tive judgm5t call conta9 only :atev] belongs z an elem5t ( "s sort 7*>act]i/ic1 attribute1 /ate1 relation7 to ! subject cont5t 9 ! wid] s5se4 ,! same =mal necessity ( ?\ght1 to give a fur!r in/ance1 is pres5t 9 ! ?\ght process ( m$iate syllogi/ic pr$ication4 ,! conclusion foll[s necess>ily f ! premises1 = example1 ! judgm5t1 ,all bodies are divisible1 f ! propositions1 ,all bodies are ext5d$1 &1 ,:atev] is ext5d$ is divisible4 ,^! elem5t>y rem>ks are n sup]flu\s2 = !y make cle> t ! casually express$ ass]tion ( mod]n natural sci5tific empiricism1 decl>+ 9 effect t !re is no su* ?+ z necessity ( ?\ght1 goes altoge!r too f>4 ,su* necessity c h an admissible mean+ only 9 s f> z x d5otes t 9 pr$ict+ or rec\nt+ ! cont5t ( possible exp]i5ce e hypo!sis is possible = ?\ght4 ,( c\rse x is1 b t is n ! subject "u discussion4 ,! recognition ( ! =mal necessity ( ?\ght t mu/ be presuppos$ helps u to def9e our pres5t "q2 = x ne$s no pro( t ?is =mal necessity ( ?\ght1 be+ valid = e affirmative judgm5t1 is valid also = ea* p>ticul> induction1 & aga9 = ! g5]al causal law4 ,if 9 ! c\rse ( our p]ceptions we meet uni=m sequ5ces1 !n ! judgm5t1 ,^! sequ5ces are uni=m1 compreh5ds ! common cont5t ( _m judgm5ts ) =mal necessity ( ?\ght4 ,empiricism1 too1 does n s]i\sly d\bt t ! hypo!sis ( a g5]al functional1 ev5 ?\gh only temporal1 relation betwe5 cause & effect is d$uc$ z an expectation ( possible exp]i5ce ) necessity f our real exp]i5ce4 ,x que/ions only ! doctr9e t ! relation betwe5 ! ev5ts reg>d$ z cause & effect has any o!r ?an a purely empirical import4 ,! reality ( an ev5t t is prec$$ & foll[$ uni=mly by no o!r rema9s = ?is view1 z we h se51 a possibility ( ?\ght4 ,9 opposition to empiricism1 we n[ =mulate ! !sis to be e/abli%$3 ,:]ev] two ev5ts a & b are kn[n to foll[ "o ano!r uni=mly & imm$iately1 !re we mu/ require ) =mal necessity t "s elem5t 9 ! prec$+ a be ?\ght ( z fundam5tal1 :i* w det]m9e suffici5tly b's appe>ance or make t appe>ance necess>y4 ,! necessity ( ! relation betwe5 ! ev5ts reg>d$ z cause & effect is1 !re=e1 ! "q at issue4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d f ! v />t t less is ass]t$ 9 ?is =mulation ?an we are apt to read into x4 ,x /ates m]ely t some?+ 9 a mu/ be ?\ght ( z fundam5tal1 :i* makes b necess>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x says no?+ z to :at ?is fundam5tal some?+ is1 or h[ x is con/itut$4 ,x leaves entirely undecid$ :e!r or n ?is some?+ t our ?\ght mu/ necess>ily po/ulate is a possible cont5t ( p]ception or c become su*1 accord+ly :e!r or n x c become an object ( our k1 or :e!r or n x lies beyond ! b\nds ( all our possible exp]i5ce & h5ce all our possible k4 ,x conta9s no?+ :atsoev] t tells u h[ ! det]m9ation ( b takes place ?r\gh a4 ,! ^w fundam5tal is int5d$ to express all ?is abs5ce ( det]m9ation4 ,?us we hope to %[ a necessity ( ?\ght peculi> to ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,?is is ! same z say+ t our pro( w e/abli% ! logical impossibility ( ! contradictory ass]tion2 = ! logical impossibility ( ! contradictory ass]tion is ! only crit]ion ( logical necessity4 ,?us ! pro( t we seek c be giv5 only indirectly4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is pro(1 we c disreg>d ! imm$iacy ( ! con/ant sequ5ce & conf9e our att5tion to ! uni=mity ( ! sequ5ce1 n only = ! sake ( brevity1 b also because1 z we h se51 we h ! "r to speak ( ne> & remote causes4 ,we may !n proce$ z foll[s4 ,if !re is n some?+ fundam5tal 9 a con/ant antec$5t ev5t a1 :i* det]m9es necess>ily ! con/ant subsequ5t appe>ance ( "o & ! same b1--t is1 if !re is no?+ fundam5tal :i* makes ?is appe>ance necess>y1--!n we mu/ assume t also c or d 4441 9 %ort1 any ev5t y w1 we d>e n say foll[s ^u1 b appe>s aft] a 9 irregul> alt]nation ) b4 ,?is assumption1 h[ev]1 is impossible = our ?\ght1 because x is 9 contradiction ) our exp]i5ce1 on ! basis ( :i* our causal ?\ght has be5 develop$4 ,!re=e ! assumption ( a some?+ t is fundam5tal 9 a1 & t det]m9es suffici5tly & necess>ily ! appe>ance ( b1 is a necessity = our ?\ght4 ,! ass]tion ( ?is logical impossibility 7,d5kunmgli*keit7 w at once appe> ?or\ghly p>adoxical4 ,! read]1 m]ely recall+ ! results ( ! empiri/ic int]pretation giv5 above1 w imm$iately say3 ,! assumption t a b does n foll[ con/antly ^u an a1 b t sometimes b1 sometimes c1 sometimes d 444 irregul>ly appe>s1 is 9 contradiction only ) all our previ\s exp]i5ce1 b x is n on ?is acc\nt a logical impossibility4 ,x is m]ely improbable4 ,! read] w appeal especially to ! discussion ( ,/u>t ,mill1 already quot$1 9 :i* ,mill pictures 9 concreto su* an improbable logical impossibility1 & !re=e at ! same "t e/abli%es x 9 fact4 ,aga91 ! read] may br+ =w>d ! words 9 :i* ,helmholtz introduces intellectual be+s ( only two dim5sions4 ,by ! mu* misus$ expression1 'to be able to imag9e to "o's self1' or1 'to ?9k h[ some?+ happ5s1' ,i und]/& 7& ,i d n see h[ anybody c und]/& any?+ else !reby )\t robb+ ! expression ( all mean+7 t "o c picture to "o's self ! s]ies ( s5se impressions :i* "o w\ld h if su* a ?+ actually took place 9 an individual case4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,vortrge und ,r$51 bd4 ,,ii1 b] d5 ,ursprung und die ,b$eutung d] geometris*5 ,axiome4 ,nev]!less1 p]t95t z are ^! & simil> objections1 !y are n able to /& ! te/4 ,we ask3 ,is 9 fact a _w1 or ev5 a portion ( our _w1 possible = ?\ght t displays ?r\gh an absolutely irregul> alt]nation ( ev5ts a *aos 9 ! full s5se2 or is ! attempt to picture su* a *aos only a m]e play ( words to :i* n ev5 our imag9ation1 n to m5tion our ?\ght1 c give a possible mean+8 ,p]haps we %all rea* a conclusion by ! easie/ way1 if we subject ,mill's description to a te/4 ,if we r$uce x to ! sev]al propositions x conta9s1 we get ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,e "o is able to picture to himself 9 8 imag9ation a reality 9 :i* ev5ts foll[ "o ano!r )\t rule1 t is1 s t aft] an ev5t a n[ b appe>s1 n[ c1 etc41 9 complete irregul>ity4 7#b7 ,! idea ( su* a *aos accord+ly contradicts nei!r ! nature ( our m9d nor our exp]i5ce4 7#c7 ,nei!r ! =m] nor ! latt] gives u suffici5t reason to believe t su* an irregul> alt]nation does n actually exi/ some:]e 9 ! obs]vable _w4 7#d7 ,if su* a *aos %\ld be pres5t$ to u z fact1 t is1 if we 7 9 a position to outlive su* an alt]nation1 !n ! belief 9 ! uni=mity ( "t relations w\ld soon cease4 ,e "o w\ld subscribe to ! la/ ( ^! f\r !ses1 imm$iately ^u su* a *aos be+ admitt$ to be a possibility ( ?\ght2 t is1 he w\ld unless he %>$ ! rationali/ic conviction t our ?\ght con/itutes an activity absolutely indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ simply accept ?is conclusion on ! gr\nd ( ! previ\s discussion & ( a po9t /ill to be br\ght =w>d4 ,if we grant ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 !n x foll[s1 on ! gr\nd ( our previ\s demon/ration ( ! reproductive & recognitive1 z well z ?\ght elem5ts involv$ 9 ! uni=m sequ5ce1 t ! irregul>ity 9 ! appe>ance ( ! ev5ts1 assum$ 9 su* a *aos1 c br+ ab\t an absolutely relationless alt]nation ( impressions = ! subject t we %\ld presuppose to be do+ ! p]ceiv+4 ,if we /ill wi% to call x p]ception1 x w\ld rema9 only a p]ception 9 :i* no compon5t ( its cont5t c\ld be relat$ to ! o!rs1 a p]ception1 !re=e1 9 :i* n ev5 ! syn!sis ( ! sev]al p]ception cont5ts c\ld be appreh5d$ z su*4 ,t is1 e comb9ation ( ! diff]5t p]ception cont5ts1 by :i* !y become compon5ts ( "o & ! same p]ception1 presupposes1 z we h se51 ^? reproductive & recognitive acts 9 revival :i* are possible only :]e uni=mities ( succession 7& ( coexi/5ce7 exi/4 ,aga91 e act ( att5tion involv$ 9 id5tify+ & discrim9at+1 :i* likewise we h se5 to be possible only if we presuppose uni=mities 9 ! giv5 cont5ts ( p]ception1 mu/ necess>ily disappe> :5 we presuppose ! *aotic cont5t2 & yet !y rema9 ess5tial to ! v idea ( su* a *aos4 ,a relationless *aos is aft] all no?+ else ?an a sy/em ( relations ?\ght ( )\t relations6 ,t ! same contradiction obta9s also 9 ! m]e m5tal pictur+ ( a manifold ( *aotic impressions ne$s no discussion2 = ! productive imag9ation z well z ! reproductive is no less dep5d5t ?an is our p]ceptive k ^u ! reproductive recognition & ^u ! processes ( id5tify+ & discrim9at+4 ,?us ! m5tal image ( a *aos c\ld be =m$ only ?r\gh an ext5d$ process ( ideation1 :i* itself presupposes z active 9 x all t mu/ be d5i$ ?r\gh ! v nature ( ! image4 ,a relationless k1 a relationless ab/raction1 a relationless reproduction or recognition1 a relationless id5tification or discrim9ation1 9 %ort1 a relationless ?\ght1 are1 z phrases1 "o & all m]e contradictions4 ,we _c picture ?r\gh our relat+ ?\ght1 to use ,helmholtz's expression1 nor ev5 9 our imag9ation1 ! s5se impressions t we %\ld h if our ?\ght 7 relationless1 t is1 7 nullifi$ 9 its v compon5ts & presuppositions4 ,9 ! case ( ,helmholtz's two dim5sional be+s1 ! "q at issue 0 n reg>d+ ! sett+ aside ( ! conditions ( our ?\ght & ! sub/itut+ conditions contradictory to !m1 b reg>d+ ! sett+ aside ( a "p ( ! cont5t ( our s5se intuition1 mean:ile reta9+ ! conditions & =ms peculi> to our ?\ght4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 we h a p]missible fiction1 :]eas 9 ,mill's *aos we h an un?9kable ?\ght4 ,aga91 ! s5se impressions t mu/ be presuppos$ 9 an inh]5tly relationless *aos h no possible relation to ! _w ( our p]ception1 ^: compon5ts are univ]sally relat$ to ea* o!r ?r\gh ! uni=mities ( _! coexi/5ces & sequ5ces4 ,accord+ly1 ! rem>k ) :i* ,helmholtz concludes ! passage above quot$ holds1 mutatis mut&is1 "h also4 ,if !re is no s5se impression kn[n t /&s 9 relation to an ev5t :i* has nev] be5 obs]v$ 7by u71 z w\ld be ! case = u 7 !re a motion t[>d a f\r? dim5sion1 & = ^? two dim5sional be+s 7 !re a motion t[>d our ?ird dim5sion2 !n x foll[s t su* an 'idea' is impossible1 z mu* s z t a man completely bl9d f *ildhood %\ld be able to 'imag9e' ! colors1 if we c\ld give him too a conceptual description ( !m4 ,h5ce ! fir/ ( ! !ses 9 :i* we summ$ up ,/u>t ,mill's assumptions mu/ be reject$4 ,) x g also ! second & ?ird4 ,9 ?is case we ne$ n answ] ! "q3 ,9 h[ f> d ^! !ses correspond to ,mill's own /atem5ts reg>d+ ! absolute surety & univ]sality ( ! causal law8 ,we h n[ f\nd :at we s\ght1 9 ord] to e/abli% z a valid ass]tion ! seem+ p>adox 9 ! pro( ( ! necessity t we ascribe to ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4 ,we h prov$ t ! assumption ( a completely irregul> & !re=e relationless alt]nation ( impressions contradicts n only our exp]i5ce1 b ev5 ! conditions ( our ?\ght2 = ^! presuppose ! uni=mities ( ! impressions1 & consequ5tly our ability to relate !m1 all :i* 0 elim9at$ f our hypo!tical *aos4 ,h5ce we h also e/abli%$ t a necess>y relation is impli$ 9 ! ?\ght ( a con/ant sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 :i* makes ! uni=mly foll[+ b really dep5d5t ^u ! uni=mly prec$+ a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f /ill ano!r side1 we c make cle> ! necessity ass]t$ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,we f\nd t ! connection betwe5 ea* def9ite cause & its effect is an empirically syn!tic "o & has z its w>rant m]ely exp]i5ce4 ,we saw fur!r t ! necessity inh]5t 9 ! causal connection conta9s m]ely ! dem& t !re %all be some?+ fundam5tal 9 ! con/antly prec$+ a :i* makes ! appe>ance ( b necess>y2 n1 h[ev]1 t x in=ms u :at ?is efficacy really is1 & h5ce also n t x in=ms u h[ ?is efficacy br+s ab\t its effect4 ,f9ally1 we _h to urge t e induction1 ! mo/ g5]al no less ?an ! mo/ p>ticul>1 dep5ds ^u ! presupposition t ! same causes w be giv5 9 ! reality n yet obs]v$ z 9 t already obs]v$4 ,?is expectation is w>rant$ by no necessity ( ?\ght1 n ev5 by t involv$ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect2 = ?is relation beg9s = future exp]i5ce only :5 ! presupposition t ! same causes w be f\nd 9 x is assum$ z fulfill$4#bb ,?is expectation is !n dep5d5t solely ^u previ\s exp]i5ce1 ^: s]vants we are1 ^: lords we c nev] be4 ,!re=e1 e induction is an hypo!sis requir+ ! v]ification ( a broad] exp]i5ce1 s9ce1 9 its "w ( wid5+ & complet+ our k1 x leads u beyond ! giv5 exp]i5ce to a possible "o4 ,9 ?is respect we c call all inductive ?\ght empirical1 t is1 ?\ght t beg9s ) exp]i5ce1 is direct$ to exp]i5ce1 & 9 its results is ref]r$ to exp]i5ce4 ,! (fice ( ?is progress+ empirical ?\ght is accord+ly to =m hypo!ses f :i* ! data ( p]ception c be regressively d$uc$1 & by means ( :i* !y c be exhibit$ z cases ( kn[n relations ( our well-ord]$ exp]i5ce1 & ?us c be expla9$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! only empiricism :i* c ma9ta9 t ! same causes w\ld1 9 con=mity ) ! causal law1 be giv5 9 ! unobs]v$ reality1 is "o :i* puts all ev5ts t c be reg>d$ z causes 9 ! imm$iately giv5 cont5t ( p]ception z its memb]s4 ,su* a view is n to be f\nd 9 ,mill2 & x /&s s completely 9 ! way ( all fur!r analysis requir$ ( u by e p]ception ( ev5ts t no att5tion has be5 paid 9 ! text to ?is extreme ( extremes4 ,! way ( =m+ hypo!ses c be divid$ logically into diff]5t sections :i* c readily be made cle> by an example4 ,! police magi/rate f9ds a human corpse "u circum/ances t elim9ate ! possibility ( accid5t1 natural dea?1 or suicide2 9 %ort1 t indicate an act ( viol5ce on ! "p ( ano!r man4 ,! g5]al hypo!sis t he has "h to d ) a crime aga9/ life =ms ! guide ( 8 inve/igation4 ,! result ( ! circum/antial evid5ce1 :i* we presuppose z necess>y1 furni%es !n a special hypo!sis z foll[+ f ! g5]al hypo!sis4 ,x is cle> t ?is division holds = all cases ( =m+ hypo!ses4 ,a g5]al hypo!sis s]ves e special hypo!sis z a heuri/ic pr9ciple4 ,9 ! =m] we compreh5d ! causal explanation indicat$ imm$iately by ! facts reveal$ to our p]ception 9 ! special case4 ,x conta9s1 z we might also express x1 ! g5us to ! specific limitations ( ! m exact inve/igation4 ,b ea* ( ^! g5]al hypo!ses is a modification ( ! mo/ g5]al =m ( build+ hypo!ses1 :i* we h already come to "k z ! condition ( ! validity ( all inductive inf]5ces1 t is1 z ! condition = ! necessity ( _! d$uction1 &1 consequ5tly1 z ! condition = ! ?\ght t l causes w be giv5 9 ! reality n yet obs]v$ z 9 t already obs]v$4 ,we h fur!r notic$ t 9 ?is mo/ g5]al =m ( build+ hypo!ses !re lie two di/9ct & diff]5t valid assumptions3 beside ! empirical /atem5t t l causes w be giv51 :i* gives ! inductive conclusion ! hypo!tical =m1 !re /&s ! judgm5t t l causes br+ =? l effects1 a coroll>y ( ! causal law4 ,! real dep5d5ce ( ! effect ^u ! cause1 presuppos$ by ?is second proposition & ! und]ly+ causal law1 is n1 z 0 ! o!r assumption1 an hypo!sis1 b a necess>y requirem5t or po/ulate ( our ?\ght4 ,its necessity arises out ( our ?\ght1 because our exp]i5ce reveals uni=mity 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! causal law appe>s z a po/ulate ( our ?\ght1 gr\nd$ ^u ! uni=mity 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,x und]lies e special case ( con/ruct+ hypo!ses z well z ! expectation t l causes w be giv5 9 ! reality n yet obs]v$4 ,mill's logic ( induction conta9s ! same fault z t already pres5t 9 ,hume's psy*ological !ory ( cause4 ,hume makes m]ely ! causal law itself responsible = our inductive inf]5ces1 & accord+ly 7z ,mill likewise wrongly assumes7 = our inf]5ces 9 g5]al4 ,b we recognize h[ rightly ,mill came to ass]t1 9 contradiction to 8 empiri/ic presuppositions1 t ! causal law (f]s an und\bt$ assurance ( an inv>iable1 univ]sal1 & unconditional1 t is1 necess>y1 sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 f :i* no seem+ irregul>ity ( occurr5ce & no gap 9 our exp]i5ce c lead u a/ray1 z long z exp]i5ce (f]s uni=mities ( sequ5ce4 ,rationalism is ?us 9 ! "r1 :5 x reg>ds ! necess>y connection z an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! relation betwe5 cause & effect1 t is1 recognizes 9 x a relation ( real dep5d5ce4 ,at ?is po9t ,kant & ,s*op5hau] h _h a pr(\nd] insight ?an ,hume & ,/u>t ,mill4 ,especially am ,i glad to be 9 agreem5t ) ,lotze on a po9t :i* he rea*$ by a diff]5t r\te & f ess5tially diff]5t presuppositions4 ,lotze di/+ui%es 9 pure logic betwe5 po/ulates1 hypo!ses1 & fictions4 ,he does n ref] ! t]m po/ulate exclusively to ! causal law :i* gov]ns our entire empirical ?\ght 9 its =mation ( hypo!ses1 b gives ! t]m a wid] mean+4 ,po/ulates are only coroll>ies f ! inductive fundam5tal =m ( all hypo!sis con/ruction1 & correspond ess5tially to :at we h call$ g5]al or heuri/ic hypo!ses4 ,8 det]m9ation ( ! validity ( ^! po/ulates1 h[ev]1 implies ! position to be assign$ to ! causal law & !re=e n to ^? heuri/ic hypo!ses4 ,! po/ulate is n an assumption t we c make or refra9 f mak+1 or1 aga91 9 ^: place we c sub/itute ano!r4 ,x is r an 7absolutely7 necess>y assumption )\t :i* ! cont5t ( ! view at issue w\ld contradict ! laws ( our ?\ght4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,logic1 #ahgd1 bu* ,,ii1 kap4 viii4 ,/ill ! decision t we h rea*$ is n on ?is acc\nt 9 favor ( rationalism1 z ?is is repres5t$ = in/ance by ,kant & 8 successors d[n to our own "t1 & pr(ess$ by ,lotze 9 ! passage quot$1 :5 he speaks ( an absolute necessity = ?\ght4 ,we f\nd t ! causal law requires a necess>y connection betwe5 ev5ts giv5 u 9 con/ant sequ5ce4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt a law ( our ?\ght or ( a pure und]/&+ :i* w\ld be absolutely indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce4 ,:5 we take into consid]ation ! evolution ( ! organic _w ( :i* we are memb]s1 !n we mu/ say t our intellect1 t is1 our ideation & ) x our s5se p]ception1 has evolv$ 9 u 9 accordance ) ! influ5ces to :i* we h be5 subject$4 ,! common elem5ts 9 ! diff]5t cont5ts ( p]ception :i* h aris5 out ( o!r psy*ical elem5ts1 seem+ly fir/ 9 ! brute _w1 are n only an occasion1 b also an effici5t cause1 = ! evolution ( our processes ( reproduction1 9 :i* our memory & imag9ation z well z our k & ?\ght1 psy*ologically consid]$1 come to pass4 ,! causal law1 :i* ! critical analysis ( ! mat]ial sci5tific me?ods %[s to be a fundam5tal condition ( empirical ?\ght1 9 its requirem5t t ! ev5ts /& z causes & effects 9 necess>y connection1 or real dep5d5ce1 compreh5ds ^! uni=m cont5ts ( p]ception only 9 ! way peculi> to our ?\ght4 ,d\btless our ?\ght gives a connection to exp]i5ce ?r\gh ?is its requirem5t :i* exp]i5ce ( itself c\ld n (f]4 ,! necess>y connection ( effect ) cause1 or ! real dep5d5ce ( ! =m] ^u ! latt]1 is n a compon5t ( possible p]ception4 ,?is requirem5t ( our ?\ght does n1 h[ev]1 become !reby indep5d5t ( ! p]ceptive elem5ts 9 ! presuppositions involv$ 9 ! uni=mity ( sequ5ce4 ,! a priori 9 ! s5se ( innate ideas1 d5ot+ ei!r ^! !mselves or an absolutely a priori con=mity to law t und]lies !m1 = in/ance1 our spontaneity1 presupposes 9 pr9ciple t our s\l is an indep5d5tly exi/+ sub/ance 9 ! traditional metaphysical s5se d[n to ! "t ( ,locke4 ,kant's rationali/ic successors1 = ! mo/ "p1 lo/ sight ( ! fact t ,kant _h reta9$ ^! old metaphysical assumptions 9 8 int]pretation ( ! transc5d5tal conditions ( empirical int]action & 9 8 cosmological doctr9e ( fre$om4 ,! common root ( ! s5sibility & ( ! und]/&+ z ! high] faculty ( k rema9s = ,kant ! sub/antial =ce ( ! s\l1 :i* expresses itself 7j z 9 ,leibnitz7 z vis passiva & vis activa4 ,! mod]n doctr9e ( evolution has entirely remov$ ! f\ndation f ?is rationalism :i* _h be5 und]m9$ ev] s9ce ,locke's criticism ( ! traditional concept ( sub/ance4 ,to ref] aga9 briefly to a second po9t 9 :i* ! =ego+ results diff] f ! ,kantian rationalism z well z f empiricism s9ce ,hume3 ,! po/ulate ( a necess>y connection betwe5 cause & effect1 z we h se51 9 no way implies ! consequ5ce t ! sev]al inductions lose ! "* ( hypo!ses4 ,?is does n foll[ m]ely f ! fact t all inductions besides ! causal law include ! hypo!tical ?\ght t ! same causes w be giv5 9 ! reality n yet obs]v$ z appe> 9 t already obs]v$4 ,! hypo!tical "* ( all inductive inf]5ces is r reveal$ ?r\gh ! circum/ance t 9 ! causal po/ulate absolutely no?+ is conta9$ reg>d+ :at ! efficacy 9 ! causes is1 & h[ ?is efficacy arises4 99 99 99 99 99 ,only su* consequ5ces ( ! =ego+ int]pretation ( ! causal law & ( its position z "o ( ! bases ( all sci5tific con/ruction ( hypo!ses may be po9t$ out1 9 conclusion1 z w help to make easi] ! und]/&+ ( ! int]pretation itself4 ,! requirem5t ( a necess>y connection1 or dep5d5ce1 is add$ by our ?\ght to ! reproductive & recognitive presuppositions t are conta9$ 9 ! uni=mity ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,if ?is necess>y connection be tak5 objectively1 !n x reveals z its correlate ! requirem5t ( a real dep5d5ce ( effect ^u cause4 ,we come n only ^u (t5 & v>i\sly us$ rationali/ic ?\ghts1 b also ^u old & un*angeable compon5ts ( all empirical sci5tific ?\ght1 :5 we give ! "n =ce to ! efficacy t und]lies causes4 ,! old po/ulate ( a dynamic int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ev5ts t foll[ "o ano!r con/antly reta9s = u1 !re=e1 its prop] mean+4 ,we admit )\t hesitation t ! ^w =ce sugge/s feti%ism m ?an d ! words cause & effect2 b we d n see h[ ?is c to any degree be us$ z a c\nt]-argum5t4 ,all words t 7 co9$ 9 ! old5 "t to express ?\ghts ( ! practical ,weltans*auung h an ar*aic tang4 ,likewise all ( our sci5ce & ! great] "p ( our nom5clature h aris5 out ( ! sph]e ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! practical ,weltans*auung1 :i* c5tr$ e>ly 9 feti%ism & relat$ ?\ghts4 ,if1 !n1 we try to free our sci5tific t]m9ology f su* words1 we mu/ seek refuge 9 ! ,utopia ( a l+ua univ]salis1 9 %ort1 we mu/ endeavor to speak a language :i* w\ld make sci5ce a secret ( ! few4 ,or w any "o s]i\sly ma9ta9 t a ?\ght :i* belongs to an anci5t sph]e ( m5tal life mu/ be false = ! v reason t x is anci5t8 ,9 any case1 x is fitt+ t we def9e m closely ! s5se 9 :i* we are to reg>d =ces z ! dynamic int]m$i>ies ( uni=m occurr5ce4 ,=ce _c be giv5 z a cont5t ( p]ception ei!r ?r\gh our s5ses or ?r\gh our consci\sness ( self2 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 n 9 our k9e/hetic s5sations1 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 n 9 our consci\sness ( volition4 ,volition w\ld n include a consci\sness ( =ce1 ev5 ?\gh we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z a simple primitive psy*osis1 & 7 n compell$ r to reg>d x z an intricate collection ( feel+s & s5sations z f> z ^! elem5t>y =ms ( consci\sness are connect$ 9 ?\ght ) ! ph5om5a ( reaction4 ,aga91 =ces _c be tak5 z objects t are d]iv$ z possible p]ceptions or aft] ! analogy ( possible p]ceptions4 ,! po/ulate ( our ?\ght ?r\gh :i* ^! =ces are d]iv$ f ! facts ( ! uni=m sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 reveals !m z limit+ notions 7,gr5zbegriffe71 z specializations ( ! necess>y connection betwe5 cause & effect1 or ( ! real dep5d5ce ( ! =m] ^u ! latt]2 = ! mann] ( _! causal int]m$iation is 9 no way giv51 r !y c be ?\ght ( only z und]ly+ our p]ceptions4 ,!y are !n 9 fact qualitates occultae2 b !y are su* only because ! concept ( quality is tak5 f ! cont5ts ( our s5se & self p]ception1 :i* ( c\rse d n conta9 ! necess>y connection requir$ by our ?\ght4 ,:oev]1 !re=e1 requires f ! introduction ( =ces new cont5ts ( p]ception1 = in/ance1 new & full] me*anical pictures1 expects ! impossible4 ,! contempt ) :i* ! assumption ( =ces meets1 on ! "p ( ^? :o make ?is dem&1 is accord+ly easily und]/ood1 & /ill m easily is x und]/ood1 if "o takes into consid]ation :at confusion ( concepts has aris5 ?r\gh ! use ( ! t]m =ce & :at ob/acles ! assumption ( =ces has put 9 ! way ( ! mat]ial sci5ces4 ,x mu/ be frankly admitt$ t ?is concept delay$ = c5turies bo? 9 ! natural & moral sci5ces ! necess>y analysis ( ! complicat$ ph5om5a =m+ our data4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! concept philosophy x caus$1 ov] & ov] aga91 ! sett+ aside ( ! problems ( ?is analytical empirical ?\ght z soon z _! solution _h be5 begun4 ,?is misuse _c b make suspici\s f ! v />t e new =m ( ma9ta9+ t =ces und]lie causation4 ,h[ev]1 misuse proves z little "h aga9/ a prop] use z x does 9 o!r cases4 ,moreov]1 ! scruples t we f\nd aris+ f ! /&po9t ( empiricism aga9/ ! assumption ( =ces are n to ! po9t4 ,9 assum+ a dynamic int]m$i>y betwe5 cause & effect1 we are n d\bl+ ! problems ^: solution is incumb5t ^u ! sci5ces ( facts1 & /ill less is x true t our assumption mu/ lead to a logical circle4 ,t is1 a comp>ison ) ! ideas ( ! old concept philosophy1 :i* ev5 9 ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e conta9 su* a duplication1 is n to ! po9t4 ,^? ideas are hypo/asiz$ ab/ractions :i* are tak5 f ! uni=mly coexi/+ *>act]i/ics ( objects4 ,=ces1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! imp]ceivable relations ( dep5d5ce :i* we mu/ presuppose betwe5 ev5ts t foll[ "o ano!r uni=mly1 if ! uni=mity ( ?is sequ5ce is to become = u ei!r ?9kable or conceivable4 ,! problems ( mat]ial sci5tific rese>* are n d\bl$ by ?is presupposition ( a real dynamic dep5d5ce1 because x introduces an elem5t n conta9$ 9 ! data ( p]ception :i* give ^! problems _! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,?is presupposition does n r5ew ! ?\ght ( an analytic rational connection betwe5 cause & effect :i* ! concept philosophy involves2 on ! contr>y1 x rema9s true to ! pr9ciple made practical by ,hume & ,kant1 t ! real connection betwe5 causes & _! effects is det]m9able only ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 t is1 empirically & syn!tically ?r\gh ! actual indication ( ! ev5ts ( uni=m sequ5ce4 ,h[ ^! =ces are con/itut$ & "w1 we _c "k1 s9ce our k is conf9$ to ! mat]ial ( p]ception f :i* z a basis pres5tation has develop$ into ?\ght4 ,! insight t we h won f ! limit+ notion ( =ce helps u r to avoid ! misuse :i* has be5 made ( ! concept ( =ce4 ,a fatal circle fir/ arises1 :5 we use ! unkn[able =ces & n ! kn[able ev5ts = ! purpose ( explanation1 t is1 :5 we cut (f %ort ! empirical analysis :i* leads ad inf9itum4 ,to expla9 does n mean to d$uce ! kn[n f ! unkn[n1 b ! p>ticul> f ! g5]al4 ,x 0 !re=e no arbitr>y judgm5t1 b an impulse condition$ by ! v nature ( our exp]i5ce & ( our ?\ght1 t made man e>ly reg>d ! causal connection z a dynamic "o1 ev5 ?\gh 8 conception 0 ( c\rse indi/9ct & mix$ ) confus+ additions4 ,! concept ( =ce rema9s indisp5sable also = natural sci5tific ?\ght4 ,x is involv$ ) ! causal law 9 e attempt to =m an hypo!sis1 & accord+ly x is already pres5t 9 e description ( facts :i* goes by means ( memory or ab/raction beyond ! imm$iately giv5 cont5t ( pres5t p]ception4 ,9 introduc+ x we h 9 m9d1 moreov]1 t ! f\ndations ( e possible int]pretation ( nature possess a dynamic "*1 j because all empirical ?\ght1 9 ?is field z well1 is subord9ate to ! causal law4 ,?is mu/ be admitt$ by any "o :o assumes z indisp5sable aids ( natural sci5ce ! me*anical figures ?r\gh :i* we r$uce ! ev5ts ( s5se p]ception to ! motion ( mass p>ticles1 t is1 ?r\gh :i* we associate ^! ev5ts ) ! elem5ts ( our visual & tactual p]ception4 ,all =mulations ( ! concept ( mass1 ev5 :5 !y are made s =mal z 9 ! def9ition giv5 by ,he9ri* ,h]tz1 indicate dynamic int]pretations4 ,:e!r ! impell+ =ces are to be ?\ght ( 9 p>ticul> z =ces act+ at a di/ance or z =ces act+ ?r\gh collision dep5ds ^u ! answ] to ! "q :e!r we h to assume ! dynamic mass p>ticles z fill+ space discont9u\sly or cont9u\sly4 ,! dynamic basis ( our int]pretation ( nature w be se5 at once by any "o :o is ( ! op9ion t we c make ! connection ( ev5ts intelligible )\t ! aid ( me*anical figures1 = in/ance1 9 t]ms ( en]gy4 ,?us x results t we int]pret ! ev5ts foll[+ "o ano!r imm$iately & uni=mly z causes & effects1 by presuppos+ z fundam5tal to !m =ces t are ! necess>y means ( _! uni=mity ( connection4 ,:at we call laws are ! judgm5ts 9 :i* we =mulate ^! causal connections4 ,a second & a ?ird consequ5ce ne$ only be m5tion$ "h4 ,! hypo!sis t int]prets ! mutual connection ( psy*ical & physical vital ph5om5a z causal "o is z old z x is natural4 ,x is natural1 because ev5 simple obs]vations assure u t ! m5tal cont5t ( p]ception foll[s uni=mly ! in/igat+ physical /imulus & ! muscul> movem5t ! in/igat+ m5tal cont5t :i* we appreh5d z w4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! physical ev5ts :i*1 9 rais+ ! biological problem1 we h to set beside ! psy*ical1 d n take place 9 ! p]iph]y ( our n]v\s sy/em & 9 our muscles1 b 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,b we mu/ assume1 9 accordance ) all ! psy*o-physiological data :i* at ! pres5t "t are at our disposal1 t ^! ev5ts 9 our c5tral n]v\s sy/em d n foll[ ! correspond+ psy*ical ev5ts1 b t bo? s]ies h _! c\rse simultane\sly4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 in/ead ( ! real relation ( dep5d5ce involv$ 9 con/ant sequ5ce1 a real dep5d5ce ( ! simultaneity or correlative s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,?is w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 z %\ld be at once rem>k$1 tell z su* aga9/ a causal connection betwe5 ! two sep>ate causal s]ies4 ,b ! conte/$ p>alleli/ic int]pretation ( ?is dep5d5ce is made f> m probable ?r\gh o!r gr\nds4 ,^! are 9 "p coroll>ies ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 rightly int]pret$1 & 9 "p epi/emological consid]ations4 ,/ill x is n advisable to burd5 me?odological /udy1 = in/ance1 ! !ory ( induction1 ) ^! remote problems2 & on t acc\nt x is bett] = our pres5t inve/igation to subord9ate ! psy*ological int]dep5d5ces1 to ! causal ones 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,! f9al consequ5ce1 too1 t =ces itself ^u our att5tion is close at h& 9 ! prec$+ discussion4 ,! tradition prevail+ s9ce ,hume1 toge!r ) its inh]5t opposition to ! int]pretation ( causal connection giv5 by ! concept philosophy1 p]mitt$ u to make ! uni=m sequ5ces ( ev5ts ! basis ( our discussion4 ,9 s do+1 h[ev]1 our att5tion _h to be call$ repeat$ly to "o res]vation4 ,9 fact1 only a mom5t ago1 9 allud+ to ! psy*ological int]dep5d5ces1 we _h to emphasize ! uni=m sequ5ce4 ,else:]e ! argum5ts dep5d$ ^u ! uni=mity t *>act]izes ?is sequ5ce2 & rightly1 = ! r$uction ( ! causal relation to ! fundam5tal relation ( ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts is m]ely a conv5i5t "o & n ! only possible "o4 ,z soon z we reg>d ! causal connection1 along ) ! oppos$ & equal reaction1 z an int]connection1 !n cause & effect become1 is a matt] ( pr9ciple1 simultane\s4 ,! sep>ation ( int]action f causation is n ju/ifiable4 ,9 o!r ways also we c s trans=m e causal relation t cause & effect mu/ be reg>d$ z simultane\s4 ,e /age1 = in/ance1 ( ! w>m+ ( a /one by ! heat ( ! sun1 or ( ! treaty conf]5ces ( two /ates1 pres5ts an effect t is simultane\s ) ! totality ( ! act+ causes4 ,! analysis ( a cause t 0 at fir/ grasp$ z a :ole into ! multiplicity ( its con/itu5t causes & ! compreh5sion ( ! con/itu5t causes into a :ole1 :i* !n pres5ts itself z ! effect1 is a necess>y condition ( su* a type ( inve/igation4 ,?is conception1 :i* is pres5t already 9 ,hobbes1 b especially 9 ,h]b>t's me?od ( relations1 des]ves pref]5ce always :]e ! purpose 9 view is n ! %orte/ possible argum5tation b ! mo/ exact analysis4 ,if we turn our att5tion to ?is way ( view+ ! problem1--n1 h[ev]1 9 ! =m ( ,h]b>t's speculative me?od1--we %all f9d t ! results :i* we h ga9$ w 9 no respect be alt]$4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 get a view beyond4 ,f x we c f9d ! way to subord9ate n only ! uni=m sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 b also ! p]si/5t *>act]i/ics & /ates ) _! mutual relations1 "u ! ext5d$ causal law4 ,9 s do+1 we d n fall back aga9 into ! intellectual _w ( ! concept philosophy4 ,we come only to reg>d ! p]si/+ coexi/5ces--9 ! physical field1 ! bodies1 9 ! psy*ical1 ! subjects ( consci\sness--z sy/ems or modes ( activity4 ,! ?\ghts to :i* su* a doctr9e leads are accord+ly n new or unhe>d (4 ,! sub/ances h always be5 reg>d$ z s\rces ( modes ( activity4 ,we h "h m]ely new modifications ( ?\ghts t h be5 v>i\sly develop$1 n only f ! side ( empiricism1 b also f t ( rationalism4 ,!y c>ry ) !m me?odologically ! implication t x is possible to grasp ! totality ( reality1 z f> z x reveals uni=mities1 z a causally connect$ :ole1 z a cosmos4 ,!y give ! rese>* ( ! special sci5ces ! conceptual bases = ! wid] prospects t ! sci5ces ( facts h ?r\gh h>d labor won = !mselves4 ,! subject ( consci\sness is unit>y z f> z ! processes ( memory ext5d1 b x is n simple4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is mo/ intricately put toge!r out ( psy*ical complexes1 !mselves intricate & out ( _! relations2 all ( :i* impress ^u u1 psy*ologically &1 9 _! me*anical correlates1 physiologically1 an ev]-recurr+ ne$ = fur!r empirical analysis4 ,among ! me*anical images ( physical reality t =m ! f\ndation ( our int]pretation ( nature1 !re c f9ally be b "o t meets all ! requirem5ts ( a g5]al hypo!sis ( ! cont9uity ( k9etic connections4 ,) ?is mu/ be univ]sally cord9at$ ! p]si/5t prop]ties or s5sible modes ( action belong+ to bodies4 ,! me*anical con/itution ( ! comp\nd bodies1 no matt] at :at /age ( comb9ation & =mation1 mu/ be d]ivable f ! me*anical con/itution ( ! elem5ts ( ?is comb9ation4 ,?us our causal ?\ght compels u to trace back ! p]si/5t coexi/5ces ( ! s-call$ elem5ts to comb9ations ^: analysis1 z yet h>dly begun1 leads u on likewise to indef9itely manifold problems4 ,epi/emologically we come f9ally to a univ]sal ph5om5ological dynamism z ! fundam5tal basis ( all !oretical int]pretation ( ! _w1 at lea/ fundam5tal = our sci5tific ?\ght1 & we are "h conc]n$ ) no o!r4 ,,add5da ,,pages ,,= ,,lecture ,,notes ,,& ,,memor&a ,,( ,,collat]al ,,read+ ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,9 ! orig9al book1 t5 blank pages foll[ ! la/ text entry4 ,on ! title page1 ! copy numb] 7#ccg7 is writt5 9 by h&4 ,9 ! *ronological ord] ( proce$+s = ,septemb] #bd1 !re is no li/+ = ,hall #i at #c p4m4 ,alt]ations3 ,punctuation 0 /&>diz$4 ,footnotes 7 mov$ directly aft] ! p>agraph to :i* !y p]ta9 & are ind5t$4 ,greek phrases 7 translit]at$4 ,/&-alone ,greek lett]s 7 spell$ out1 i4e41 'alpha1' 'beta1' 'gamma4' ,hyph5s remov$ = consi/5cy ) rema9+ text3 444 banquet hall ( ! ,tyrolean ,alps 444 444 break+ d[n ( national ,s*ools 444 444 analysis ( ! mat]ial sci5tific me?ods 444 444 is by no means a passive mirror picture ( an 444 444 & ! mu* discuss$ hi/orical laws are 444 444 x is 9 ! numb] s]ies t we h 444 444 z well z ( ! numb] sy/em1 c all be 444 444 by our s5se p]ception ( ?is 444 444 9 ! =m ( s5se p]ception 444 444 = ! space ( s5se p]ception is to 444 444 are 9 ! fir/ in/ance s5se p]ceptions1444 444 doctr9e ( ! ?\ght processes1444 444 "* ( ! ?\ght processes1444 444 introduction ( "t relations into ! 444 444 ! too mu* neglect$ idea ( ! 444 444 9 ! ma91 tw(old3 444 444 s5se & self p]ception1444 ,hyph5 add$ = consi/5cy ) rema9+ text3 444 ( ^? w-acts :i* !mselves h 444 ,*ang$3 'colabor]s' to 'co-labor]s' 444 & o!r wor?y co-labor]s8444 'pys*o' to 'psy*o' 444 psy*o-physical elem5ts 444 'int]academic' to 'int]-academic' 444 int]-academic int]e/ 444 'organzi$' to 'organiz$' 444 already organiz$ bran*es 444 ',pys*ological' to ',psy*ological' 444 ,psy*ological ,association4444 ',b' to ',a' & ',c' to ',b' 9 ! ,programme1 ,dep>tm5t #af4 ,sociology ,capitaliz$ ',admiral' 444 ,re>-,admiral ,john ,r4 ,b>tlett 444 ,add$ p]iod to ',,ll4,d4' 444 ,putnam1 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 444