,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z %[n 9 ! ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts at ! end ( ! text4 ,?is etext presumes a mono-spac$ font on ! us]'s device1 su* z ,c\ri] ,new4 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 ,text emphasiz$ ) bold *>act]s or o!r treatm5t is %[n l ?is4 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,sta ,m>ia4 ,subscripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,h#b,o4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,he wr\ght a "w ^u ! :eels1 & ! vessel t he made ( clay 0 m>r$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,pott]3 s he made x aga9 ano!r vessel1 z seem$ good to ! ,pott] to make x4--7,,j]emiah47 ,,pott]y1 ,,= ,,arti/s ,,craftsm5 ,,tea*]s ,,by ,,george ,j ,,cox1 ,,arca4 ,,in/ructor 9 ,,pott]y ,,modell+ ,,at ,,tea*]s ,,college--,,columbia ,,univ]sity ,,illu/rat$ by ! ,,au?or ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aiad4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,o ,ma/]1 p>don me1 if yet 9 va9 ,?\ art my ,ma/]1 & ,i fail to br+ ,be=e m5's eyes ! image ( ! ?+ ,my he>t is fill$ )4 --,,william ,,morris4 ,,explanation ,9 su* a spaci\s craft z ,pott]y x is difficult to /e] a fair c\rse betwe5 ! empirical & ! sci5tific4 ,) t 9 m9d ?is book sets out to tell 9 simple t]ms "s ( ! processes ( ,pott+1 practicable to ! /ud5t & to ! m f9i%$ craftsman4 ,x is an intricate task to comb9e successfully ! view-po9ts ( ! arti/ & ! sci5ti/2 b x seems t1 )\t neglect+ ! _m b5efits be/[$ by ! advance ( sci5ce1 ! ,pott] %\ld /& ) ! =m]4 ,! be/ 9 8 craft has be5 produc$ by m5 t 7 arti/s r ?an *emi/s4 ,& :at has be5 accompli%$ by lov+1 pati5t craftsman%ip may surely be done aga9 only 9 su* ways4 ,to ! arti/ craftsman1 = :om *iefly ?is book is int5d$1 a little sci5tific k is a dang]\s ?+2 = t reason no great /ress is laid on =mulas & analysis4 ,unless ?or\ghly und]/ood !y are a h9drance r ?an an aid4 ,al?\gh _m s*ools tea* elem5t>y pott]y1 ! exp5se ( equipm5t possibly delays its introduction on a l>g] scale4 ,= t reason ,i h pref]r$ to err on ! side ( ov]-exactness ( description & pr(us5ess ( illu/ration4 ,! slight hi/orical review & introductory rem>ks are to be excus$ on ! gr\nd t !y are int5d$ to help to a /udy ( ! be/ "w ( ! be/ p]iods1 & s to fo/] a ta/e = ! f9e/ ,c]amics4 ,?is is a vital matt] :5 lay+ ! f\ndations ( a craft s fasc9at+ & s full ( allur+ av5ues to beckon ! /ud5t f ! true pa?4 ,to ! sci5tific critic ,i w\ld (f] a hundr$ books ) a ?\s& diff]5t comp\nds2 among/ none ( !m w he f9d h[ to make a ,sung b[l or a ,rakka drug pot4 ,?is book w a*ieve its purpose if x sets "o or two s9c]e /ud5ts to ! mak+ ( "s ( ! _m beautiful objects ( utility & art ) :i* ! craft ab\nds4 ,!n x w h done some?+1 if nev] s little1 to accel]ate ! arrival ( t "t :5 ! arti/ w come once m into 8 own 9 ! mo/ anci5t & noble ( ,crafts4 ,"s ( ! _m books consult$1 to :i* ,i am indebt$1 are giv5 at ! end ( ! book4 ,among fri5ds my ?anks are especially due to ,ri*>d ,lunn1 ,esq41 ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,art1 ,london1 & to ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,wesley ,d[ ( ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 = my introduction to & opportunity ( fur!r /udy ( ! ,craft to :i* ,i subscribe myself an humble devotee4 ,g4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,explanation vii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,hi/orical ,,summ>y #a ,,ii4 ,,clays ,,& ,,pa/es #ai ,,iii4 ,,built ,,%apes #bf ,,iv4 ,,m\ld+1 ,,ca/+1 ,,& ,,press+ #cd ,v4 ,,jigg] ,,& ,,jolley ,,"w #ea ,,vi4 ,,?r[n ,,%apes #ei ,,vii4 ,,turn+ ,,or ,,%av+ #gc ,,viii4 ,,tile-,,mak+ #hj ,,ix4 ,,dry+3 ,,f9i%+ #hi ,x4 ,,fir+ ,,biscuit #ic ,,xi4 ,,glo/ ,,fir+ #ajg ,,xii4 ,,glazes ,,& ,,lu/res #aag ,,xiii4 ,,decoration #abi ,,xiv4 ,,figur9es #ada ,,xv4 ,,kilns #aea ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,pott]y #agj ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,a ,,small ,,pott]y ,,or ,a ,,s*ool #agg ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation #ahe ,,pott]y ,,= ,,arti/s1 ,,craftsm51 ,,& ,,tea*]s ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/orical ,,summ>y ,aft] ?is he l$ !m into 8 g>d51 :]e 0 great v>iety ( ,fl[]s4 ,!n said he aga91 ,behold1 ! ,fl[]s are div]se 9 /ature1 9 quality1 & col\r1 & smell1 & virtue1 & "s are bett] ?an "s4 --,,bunyan4 ,)\t attempt+ a hi/ory ( pott]y :i*1 h[ev] brief1 w\ld be some:at out ( place 9 a ,craft ,book1 a %ort summ>y ( its evolution1 emphasiz+ ^? p]iods 9 :i* x 0 mo/ beautifully develop$1 seems ess5tial to help ! beg9n] 9 ! selection & appreciation ( good =m1 col\r1 & decoration4 ,^! are v vital matt]s & easily ov]look$ 9 ! /ruggle to acquire a craft t is full ( fasc9ation f ! fir/ fumbl$ %ape ^u ! :eel to ! f9i%$ product ( "t & art & craft4 ,too mu* /ress _c be laid ^u ! importance ( close /udy ( ! be/ "w1 bo? anci5t & mod]n2 = x is a truism t h[ev] h&ily a craftsman may "w1 8 output w be wor?less if he has n1 ) 8 increas+ p[]s ( te*nique1 develop$ a s\nd judgem5t & ref9$ ta/e4 ,to-day1 ^! alone c replace ! lo/ traditions ( ! old ma/]s4 ,! ,pott]'s ,craft _h a coeval bir? 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 b ! obscurity is su* t no cle> idea c be ga9$ ( its antiquity4 ,x 01 probably1 ! fir/ =m ( h&icraft1 if we except ! fa%ion+ ( fl9ts & clubs4 ,accid5t or ! fun]al pyre may h sugge/$ ! extraord9>y durability ! clay %ape obta9$ :5 burn$1 & d\btless silice\s glazes 7 fir/ ! result ( *ance4 ,all e>ly "w 0 built up by h& & = t reason possesses wide m\?s & simple =ms4 ,! introduction ( ! :eel is lo/ 9 a mi/ ( "t1 b draw+s f ! tombs ( ,b5i ,hassan %[ ! pott] at 8 :eel sub/antially z he works 9 ,asia to ?is day4 ,! :eel-made or ?r[n %ape is di/+ui%$ by f> m grace & symmetry ?an ! built %ape1 & by an inf9itely great] v>iety ( =m4 ,9 burial m\nds f prehi/oric ,egypt are f\nd _m b[ls & platt]s rudely scrat*$1 & ! e>lie/ examples f m\nds1 lake dwell+s1 & tombs %[ ! quick developm5t ( ! pot1 n only z an object ( utility1 b z a vehicle ( art4 ,! fir/ k9ds ( decoration 7 incis$ l9es foll[$ by /rapp+s & b&+s1 pa9t$ /ripes & scrolls & hi]oglyphs1 ) lat] additions 9 slip & modell$ clay4 ,primitive w>es f _! me?od ( production exhibit an int]e/+ simil>ity ( %ape & /yle 9 su* widely div]g5t c\ntries z ,*9a1 ,egypt1 & ,p]u4 ,x 0 only :5 ! craftsman _h acquir$ consid]able dext]ity t we f9d 8 nationality influ5c+ 8 %apes & produc+ ! wond]ful v>iety 9 =m & decoration t *>act]izes & di/+ui%es ! pott]y ( all nations4 ,once e/abli%$1 ! preval5ce ( type is /rong4 ,?is traditional /yle is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ,egypt1 mu* mod]n "w be+ id5tical ) t ( ! e>ly dyna/ies4 ,be=e turn+ to m sophi/icat$ "w x w\ld be well to le>n ! lesson ( simplicity & fitness "h taught by primitive folks4 ,! simple beg9n+ leads to ! simple1 /rong1 & satisfy+ end4 ,mu* ( ?is primitive "w is inspir+ = its fre%ness or navet2 its unspoil$ innate ta/e alli$ to d[nright common s5se4 ,prop]ly approa*$1 x %\ld be a sure corrective to any desire = unsightly new %apes or extravagance 9 decoration4 ,a few c>eful /udies w d mu* to drive home ?is valuable lesson 9 f9e1 simple l9e & spac+4 ,9 ,egypt ! ?r[n %ape 0 n di/+ui%$ by any extraord9>y beauty or v>iety4 ,nev]!less _! small ,u%abti1 glaz$ gods & demons1 %[ a v advanc$ k ( col\r$ enamels1 & _! fabrication ( a h>d s&y pa/e = glaz+ %[s ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! sci5ce ( pott]y4 ,_! glaze 0 purely alkal9e4 ,! ,assyrians appe> to h be5 ! fir/ to use col\r$ t9 glazes1 & al?\gh few pieces ( pott]y survive1 ! enamell$ friezes f ,korsobad & ,s\sa are /rik+ evid5ce ( _! pr(ici5cy 9 tile-mak+4 ,f ,egypt & ,mesopotamia ! craft spread ea/ & we/ to ,pho5icia1 ,attica1 & ,greece2 ?r\gh ,p]sia & ,arabia to ,india4 ,"h x m+l$ ) curr5ts f ,*9a1 !n invad+ ,korea1 ,japan1 & ,siam1 ! unit$ floods ris+ until ! pott] 0 a p[] 9 e l&4 ,pho5ician pott]y =ms1 ) ,cretan & e>ly ,grecian1 a beautiful sequ5ce f ! primitive "w ( e>ly dyna/ies to ! ref9em5ts ( lat] ,grecian w>es4 ,x w prove an int]e/+ & in/ructive /udy to trace ! developm5ts t l$ f9ally to ! z5i? ( ,greek pott]y4 ,! primitive ,hiss>lik w>e leads ?r\gh ,myc5aean1 ,dipylon1 ,phalron1 ,rhodian1 & ,cor9?ian "r up to ! wond]ful figure vases ( ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,al?\gh limit$ 9 pa/e & col\r1 ) a ?9 transp>5t glaze or lu/re1 ^! vases 7 exquisitely fa%ion$4 ,l>ge & small %apes ( wide div]sity 7 decorat$ 9 black1 r$1 & :ite1 ornam5t & figures bo? drawn /raight on to ! body ) a sur5ess ( t\* & ref9em5t ( l9e t excite ! envy ( a ma/]4 ,_m ( _! =ms are /rongly influ5c$ by contempor>y bronze "w & = t reason are n ! be/ guides = %apes4 ,_! incomp>able t]ra-cottas kn[n z ,tanagras =m a l9k betwe5 ,pott]y & ,sculpture4 ,aga91 f ,pho5ician "w "o may see dimly by way ( ,samian1 ,rhodian & old ,cair5e w>es ! l9eage ( ! royal w>es ( ,p]sia1 & rec5t inve/igations po9t to ,old ,cairo z ! bir?place ( lu/re4 ,f ,p]sia come "s ( ! f9e/ pott]y1 pa9t$ 9 col\rs & lu/res1 t ! _w c %[4 ,_! w>es /& pre-em95t 9 t class :]e9 ! *ief beauty is ! pa9t$ decoration4 ,_! "o-col\r pieces1 :il/ n comp>able ) ! ,*9ese1 nev]!less rea* a high /&>d4 ,_! lu/res h nev] be5 surpass$ or r>ely equall$4 ,_! %apes are true pott]'s %apes1 & a delight to ! eye4 ,! f9e/ pieces 7 pa9t$ 9 simple blues1 gre5s1 r$s1 & fa9t purples1 ) black p5cill+4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 done on an engobe ( f9ely gr\nd fl9t1 & cov]$ ) an alkal9e glaze giv+ a brok5 :ite gr\nd4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt 9 "s measure = ! extraord9>y fre%ness ( bo? draw+ & col\r4 ,lat] on rais$ ornam5t1 f9ely conceiv$ & us$ ) re/ra9t1 is se5 along ) pi]c$ decoration hav+ transluc5t effects4 ,rhodes & ,damascus produc$ a some:at co>s] w>e1 b bold & free 9 bru%work & v>i$ ) a bright r$4 ,syrian pott]y ab\nds 9 virile individual %apes4 ,turkey also 0 n )\t a f9e & vigor\s /yle4 ,mu* "t c be mo/ pr(itably sp5t /udy+ ! ma/]pieces ( ,p]sia4 ,a repres5tative collection l t at ,s\? ,k5s+ton w %[ vases1 bottles1 b[ls1 pots1 & tiles 9 bewild]+ v>iety & ( inf9ite fre%ness4 ,!y are directly pa9t$1 ) free r5d]+s ( fl[]s )9 geometric =ms & (t5 ) an inscription 9 ri* ,arabic *>act]s4 ,! exquisite ,moore ,collection 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york ,city1 is small] b is rem>kable = ! unusually high /&>d ( ta/e %[n 9 its acquisition4 ,at its pure/ p]iod human or animal figures 7 r>ely or nev] repres5t$ & ^? %apes or tiles ) su* decoration belong to a m decad5t b /ill f9e p]iod4 ,aga9 we h ! et]nal lesson ( simplicity & fitness4 ,aga9 x w be borne 9 ^u ! /ud5t t orig9ality does n mean weirdness1 b r a fre% spontane\s treatm5t ( simple1 well-kn[n natural =ms1 )1 above all1 a f9e appreciation ( good l9e & space4 ,no s9c]e /ud5t c fail to develop "h a respect & v5]ation ( a craft & ( craftsm5 capable ( produc+ su* glori\s works4 ,f ?is teem+ home ! craft spread to ,arabia & we/ across ! ,m$it]ranean to ,spa94 ,"h 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! ,moors 7 produc+ _! fam\s ,hispano-,mooresque lu/r$ w>es4 ,_! l>ge plaques (f] a wond]ful v>iety ( pure bru%work ornam5t ) spirit$ h]aldic additions4 ,sometimes ! backs ( ^! di%es are z beautifully lu/r$ z ! fronts4 ,= a prop] appreciation ( _! purely geometric decoration & its possibilities 9 pott]y we mu/ turn to ! ,alcazz> at ,madrid4 ,"h ! use ( opaque t9 glaze p]mitt$ ! ext5sive use ( a co>se body = tiles & bricks4 ,! ,moors1 h[ev]1 fir/ introduc$ glazes ) a lead base & f t "t we beg9 to lose ! fre% wet col\r always associat$ ) ! alkal9e glazes ( ! ,p]sians4 ,analysis %[s t !y us$ lead1 b only occasionally & 9 small quantities1 to aid _! lu/res4 ,! lu/r$ w>es ( ,spa9 decl9$ late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b n be=e its exportation to ,italy by way ( ,majorca _h /imulat$ ! production ( ,italian ,majolica4 ,della ,robbia1 ab\t #adae1 succe$$ 9 col\r+ 8 t9 glazes1 & 8 f9ely modell$ b some:at crudely col\r$ reliefs u%] 9 ! era ( ,italian ,fai5ce4 ,patroniz$ by ! nobles ! craft quickly took root & 0 blossom+ pr(usely at ,urb9o1 ,gubbio1 ,pes>o1 ,fa5za & o!r cities at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"h we break gr\nd & leave ! *a/e simplicity ( ! gold5 age to riot a blaze ( exub]ant decoration4 ,scraffito1 slip1 inlaid1 appli$1 incis$1 rais$1 emboss$ & modell$ & pa9t$ embelli%m5ts2 all are "h4 ,?is era is *iefly notable = its spl5did ruby lu/res & ! rem>kable p[] & fre$om1 am\nt+ to absolute ab&on1 ( ! bru%work & draw+ %[n by its arti/s4 ,!y us$ _! lu/res to height5 ! effects ( _! pa9t+ & ! results are 9 keep+ ) t romantic age4 ,alongside ( x our be/ mod]n "w is apt to look spiritless & dull4 ,mu* spl5did "w 0 produc$ 9 ,italy at ?is p]iod1 b 9 su* a wide field !re are naturally "s places t exhibit te*nique r ?an art4 ,! /ud5t mu/ g into x ) appreciative faculties al]t le/ m]e spl5d\r %\ld sweep him (f 8 feet4 ,! w>es & ! pott]s ( ,italy p5etrat$ nor? into ,europe1 to ,france1 ! ,holy ,roman ,empire & ,brita91 />t+ or /imulat+ :at 0 to prove an ov]:elm+ flood ( production4 ,9 ,europe 9 pre-,roman times1 a co>se1 unglaz$1 built-up w>e 0 g5]al1 x be+ ( simple1 some:at clumsy b vigor\s =m1 l[-fir$ & friable4 ,x 0 us$ *iefly = c9]>y purposes1 ! ,g]manic peoples hav+ a decid$ pref]5ce = vessels ( horn1 wood1 or metal4 ,! ,romans introduc$ ! :eel & produc$ a f> high] class ( w>e4 ,_! importation ( ! f9e r$ ,samian pott]y result$ 9 ! fabrication ( ! vigor\s ,gallo-,roman & ,romano-,briti% pott]y4 ,?is 0 good 9 %ape & pa/e & *>act]i/ically decorat$ ) slip1 bosses1 dots1 & ind5tations4 ,! lat] ,gauli% "w %[s appli$ figures & highly f9i%$ scroll "w4 ,aft] ! decl9e ( ,rome1 ,saxon & ,g]manic "w %[s a di/9ctly retrograde t5d5cy4 ,x is (t5 built up1 /rapp$1 b&$1 & boss$ 9 imitation ( ! ,romano-,briti%4 ,?\gh co>se & lack+ 9 f9i%1 x is full ( fre%ness & "*4 ,9 ,m$ival ,engl&1 :5 pott]y mak+ 0 at a l[ ebb1 ! mona/]ies & travell+ guilds ( pott]s produc$ spl5did encau/ic tiles4 ,^! 7 inlaid ) simple yet /rik+ geometric designs1 or animal or bird =ms1 bo? h]aldic & symbolic4 ,9 ,europe = _m ye>s ! dome/ic pott]y rema9$ co>se & primitive1 %[+ /ill ! arre/+ h& ( ! b>b>ian conqu]ors ( ,rome4 ,! fir/ signs ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance are to be f\nd 9 ! r>e ,h5ri ,deux or ,orion w>e4 ,palissy's desp]ate & romantic se>* = enamels 0 ! prelude to ! developm5t ( ,r\51 ,nev]s1 ,lille1 ,m\/i]s1 ,svres1 ,m>seilles1 & o!r less important pott]ies4 ,9 ,france also e>ly exp]im5ts l$ ev5tually to ! fabrication ( porcela9 mu* on ! l9es ( ,engli% porcela91 a frit be+ us$ in/ead ( kaol94 ,9 ,g]many1 z e>ly z ! fifte5? c5tury1 !y produc$ f9e /onew>e highly decorat$ ) relief patt]ns & col\rs4 ,aft] long rese>* ,boettig]1 by a lucky accid5t1 discov]$ kaol94 ,porcela9 0 made at ,dresd5 9 #agji1 & _m ( ! ,dresd5 figures %[ a rem>kably sympa!tic alliance ( pott+1 modell+ & pa9t+4 ,! success ( ! ,g]man c]ami/s l$ to a wide patronage ( pott]s by k+s & pr9ces :i* quickly spread ! k ( porcela9 ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,long be=e ?is 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pott]ies 7 e/abli%$ at ,delft 9 ,holl&4 ,"h 0 made ! well-kn[n w>e pa9t$ 9 blue camai5 on a f9e :ite gr\nd4 ,?is 0 = a "t produc$ 9 great quantities1 & ! process ( pa9t+ directly on to an absorb5t gr\nd l$ to a surpris+ly fre% & skilful /yle4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,engli% w>es comm5c$ to rise f ! /agnation 9 :i* !y seem$ sunk s9ce ,saxon times4 ,t(t1 ) 8 tygs & platt]s1 ,dwight1 & 8 bell>m9es1 & ,el]s1 ) turn$ %apes1 />t$ a movem5t :i* 0 ev5tually to s5d ,engli% w>es into all p>ts ( ,europe1 ev5 into ! f> ,russias1 to be kn[n ev]y:]e = its excell5t workman%ip4 ,& 9 ?is flood ( production 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 0 mu* t 0 te*nically unrivall$ despite ! fact t ! ,art ( ! pott] is sometimes f> to seek4 ,dwight is said to h produc$ a fritt$ porcela9 9 #afga1 be=e ! discov]y ( kaol94 ,?is is d\btful1 b 8 p]si/5t rese>* ev5tually l$ up to ! f9e pa/es ( ,*elsea & ,b[ & ! unrivall$ f9e e>!nw>es ( ,/af=d%ire4 ,?is ,european revival ga9$ trem5d\s impetus f ! importation by ! ,portuguese ( ! w>es ( ,,*9a4 ,! wide scope ( its decoration1 bo? pa9t$ & modell$1 po9t$ ! way to mo/ pott]s ( ! ,we/ dur+ ! heyday ( ,european pott]y4 ,! magnific5t s+le-col\r pieces 7 n introduc$ until lat] :5 ! break-up ( ! ,empire r5d]$ !m accessible to ,europeans4 ,x is to !m t ! /ud5t mu/ turn to see ! summit ( ! pott]'s art1 :i*1 x is logically cont5d$1 comm5ces on ! :eel & ends at ! glo/ ov5 ) ! pott]1 ! only att5dant f ! pot's inception to its f9i%4 ,pa9t+ or modell+ is n ess5tial to its p]fection & unless appli$ by a true disciple detracts r ?an adds to ! beauty ( ! piece4 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e tradition holds t e>!nw>e 0 fir/ made 9 #bfih ,b4,c41 ! art ( ! pott]1 9 body1 %ape1 glaze1 & col\r1 ?r\gh c5turies rea*$ p]fection4 ,porcela9 is said to h be5 fir/ made ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 b ?is date is conjectural4 ,:at we d "k unmi/akably1 h[ev]1 is t ! be/ "w ( _! be/ p]iods is unrivall$4 ,dep5d+ prim>ily on =m & col\r1 ) "h & !re a subtle decoration 9 rais$ or incis$ l9e1 9 crackle or simple bru%work1 x /&s alone1 & despite ! omnipot5t *emi/ry ( to-day1 defies imitation4 ,_! =ms are /rong1 bold1 & dignifi$1 yet subtle & delicate1 too4 ,!n1 add$ to a wond]ful range ( col\rs1 0 a p]fection ( body t 0 = s long ! despair ( we/]n imitators4 ,x is "h at ! alt> ( p]fection amid/ ! *a/e ri*ness ( ,tang & ,sung & ,m+ t ! true disciple mu/ wor%ip4 ,& to ^? :o mu/ eat bread z well z make pots x is to be po9t$ out t ^! pieces at ! "t ( _! production fet*$ prices t comp>e fav\rably ) ! fancy prices giv5 to-day4 ,to ! ,japanese also 9 great measure ! same tribute is due4 ,al?\gh beg9n+ lat] z disciples & sc>cely gett+ s f> z _! ma/]s1 _! m limit$ range ( col\r & =m is set (f by _! re/ra9$ & ev5 m ta/eful decoration4 ,! unique collection 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum is an amplification ( ?is bald /atem5t4 ,!y 7 (t5 m conc]n$ ) ! t\* & texture ( ! pot ?an ! m obvi\s appeal ( decoration4 ,esot]ic z x is to mo/ occid5tals x is ri* 9 a pure /heticism & a deep & beautiful symbolism t is sl[ly b surely hav+ an influ5ce on we/]n art1 j :5 x seems 9 "s dang] ( dy+ out 9 ,japan4 ,! h]mit k+dom ( ,korea1 despite its midway position1 produc$ pott]y t is /rangely beautiful & di/9ctive & wor? mu* m ?an a pass+ notice4 ,9 ,*9a ! art decad5ce ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 c\pl$ ) int]nal revolutions1 has sadly dimm$ h] plots1 disp]s$ h] pott]s1 & all b de/roy$ h] priceless traditions4 ,= ! fur!r developm5t ( pott]y 9 ,europe & ,am]ica & ,asia ! /ud5t has _m excell5t books to consult4 ,f ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ramifications are rapid & all-embrac+1 giv+1 h[ev]1 m joy to ! collector ?an to ! arti/4 ,mod]n "w has made an enorm\s advance 9 ! sci5ce ( ! craft4 ,s9ce ! ,eighties x %[s signs ( a r5aissance 9 /hetics4 ,lu/res ( all %ades1 cry/all9e1 />1 & crackle glazes ) safe me?ods ( oxidiz+ & r$uc+ 9 ! fire1 h be5 br\ght to p]fection4 ,yet1 ) "s few exceptions1 comm]ce seems writ l>ge ^u !m all & _! v p]fection ( f9i% damns !m 9 ! eyes ( an arti/4 ,:i*ev] way he looks1 he mu/ return aga9 & aga9 to refre% 8 eyes ) ! inspir+ examples ( ! be/ t has surviv$ f ! ne> & f> ,,ea/4 ,only an antiqu>ian humbug w\ld wi% to g back to anci5t conditions ev5 to produce old pots4 ,b x is only by see+ 9 s f> z we may 9 museums & books ! works ( ^! anci5t yet ev] mod]n pott]s2 by trac+ _! developm5t1 appreciat+ _! qualities & attempt+ to "w z !y work$1 hone/ly & unaffect$ly1 t we %all beg9 to approa* ! excell5ce & orig9ality ( _! art4 ,?is /udy %\ld n ( c\rse obey ! direction x all too frequ5tly foll[s4 ,! slavi% measur+ by module & fraction ( classic /yles1 ! />k geometric analysis ( ,moori% ornam5t or ! labori\s copy+ ( ,*9ese patt]n is at be/ only art 9 cold /orage4 ,x %\ld be self-evid5t t :]e an ali5 /yle is consci\sly imitat$ ! result is /]ility = ! imitator4 ,9 o!rs1 x is apt to produce a p[]ful reaction t results 9 ,futurism or "s su* self-consci\s affectation4 ,! ,greeks did n draw f ca/s nor did ! ,p]sians haunt museums1 says ! h>ri$ /ud5t4 ,no4 ,b bett] ?an t1 !y 7 surr\nd$1 if n by beauty1 at lea/ by nature nak$ & una%am$4 ,!y liv$ n easily maybe1 b surely m gracefully1 untrammell$ by fa%ion1 cult1 or craze4 ,! e>? 8 sob] ,inn ,& quiet pilgrimage4 ,_! be/ "w seems ev] fre%1 spontane\s1 & untir$4 ,x mu/ h be5 done ) a _s & real joy impossible to anyone b a true craftsman trem5d\sly int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 we might also add1 8 environm5t4 ,naturally1 pres5t-day conditions mu/ modify ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!y may m> our be/ aim at times4 ,yet "s few h work$ wond]s ev5 9 ?is age4 ,to m5tion b two in/ances1 ,w4 ,de ,morgan & ! ,m>t9 bro!rs1 is to tell ( high endeav\r & great a*ievem5t4 ,b we mu/ n expect to get ri* t way4 ,pott]y is an exact+ & difficult craft1 ab\nd+ 9 z _m trials & disappo9tm5ts z excitem5ts & rew>ds4 ,its true devotee mu/ suff]4 ,yet ! delightful tale ( ,palissy's h]oic battle %\ld he>t5 ! m =tunate /ud5t ( to-day4 ,x is good to read ( ! _s 9 :i* ,w$gwood1 sci5ti/ ?\gh he 01 approa*$ 8 "w4 ,9 a trade catalogue he says1 ,a ,competition = ,*eapness1 & n = ,excell5ce ( ,workman%ip1 is ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( rapid ,decay & entire ,de/ruction ( ,art & ( ,manufacture4 ,beautiful ,=ms are n to be made by ,*ance & !y nev] 7 made nor c be made 9 any k9d at small exp5se4 ,su* s5tim5ts r>ely emanate f ! mod]n comm]cial pott]y4 ,tradition1 except ! traditions ( flawless glazes1 c]ta9 s\lless results1 & comm]cial *eese p>+2 seems dead p]haps1 b x w surely come to life aga94 ,to see ! pott] ?ump+ 8 wet clay1 & seat$ at ! :eel ( anci5t l9eage1 conjur+ =? a weal? ( graci\s %apes1 is to r5ew "o's fai? 9 ! ultimate survival ( simple hone/ h&icraft ev5 9 ?is ma*9e-ridd5 age4 ,ma/]pieces 7 nev] conceiv$ 9 factories1 & :5 we make pots prim>ily = love ( !m1 n to sell !m1 we %all beg9 to beat back ! manufactur] ( debau*$ ,art pots into t dome/ic & hygi5ic realm :]e9 8 ef=ts are p>ticul>ly admirable & effective4 ,a craft t teems ) su* an endless v>iety ( beautiful objects = su* c\ntless uses c nev] rema9 = all "t ! h&-maid5 ( comm]ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,holl[+ ! ,ball ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,clays ,,& ,,pa/es ,x is ! ,art :i* gives ! value1 & n ! mat]ial4 --,,dress]4 ,clay be+ ! *ief mat]ial us$ by ! pott]1 x dem&s a description :i*1 )\t be+ too te*nical1 w give f ! />t a cle> idea ( ! nature ( clays or pa/es 9 g5]al use4 ,x w\ld be a ne$less complication to ent] "h into a discussion ( ! *emical analysis ( bodies & mat]ials4 ,:il/ ! *emi/ c & does det]m9e ) exactitude ! relative quantities ( ea* compon5t1 he _c yet1 let u p]haps be ?ankful1 lay d[n ) ! same c]ta9ty ! /ructural & molecul> *anges all ^! comp\nds w und]go 9 ! fire4 ,! old pott]s' rule ( ?umb or1 r1 common s5se & exp]i5ce1 /ill c\nt = some?+4 ,clay is ! ^w g5]ally appli$ to ! natural article :5 us$ )\t prep>ation1 or aft] pick+ & wa%+4 ,pa/e is ! t]m us$ = all composite bodies t h be5 ?r\gh a complicat$ process ( wa%+1 gr9d+1 mix+1 & siev+1 or ev5 fritt+1 accord+ to ! desir$ quality ( ! w>e = :i* x is requir$4 ,natural clays range f ! pure :ite & v infusible kaol91 conta9+ only alum9a & silica ) a v small p]c5tage ( alkalies1 to ! impure grey1 r$1 or br[n clays1 conta9+1 along ) alum9a & silica1 magnesia1 pota%1 soda1 iron1 lime1 & c>bon4 ,kaol9 is us$ ) ,*9a /one 7a comb9ation ( felsp> & qu>tz7 to make porcela91 ! f9e/ & h>de/ pa/e kn[n to pott]s4 ,x has a v h>d :ite transluc5t body1 only slightly vitre\s at ! highe/ fire 7ar\nd #agjj ,c5tigrade74 ,f ?is1 ! highe/ grade1 we h almo/ ins5sible gradations to common e>!nw>e4 ,old ,engli% & ,fr5* porcela9 7 comp\nd$ ( clay1 s&1 & alkalies gr\nd toge!r to make a frit1 re-gr\nd & mix$ ) a /iff5+ mat]ial 79 ,engli% porcela91 bone-a%71 to support ! vitre\s matt] 9 ! int5se heat4 ,! f9e/ e>!nw>e does n diff] greatly 9 its =mula f s(t porcela91 b x is n s h>d or transp>5t4 ,f ?is ! scale desc5ds to :]e ! pres5ce ( lime or iron 9 ! body col\r x & r5d] x easily fusible1 s t at any great heat x turns black & collapses to a slag4 ,clay on be+ dug up is usually wea!r$ 9 ! op51 & dri$ & brok5 up & ! great] impurities pick$ out4 ,x is !n ?or\ghly mix$ ) wat] 9 a blung] & pass$ ?r\gh a succession ( sieves until all =eign matt] & impurities are left beh9d & x is ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,?is 0 =m]ly done by h&1 ! clay be+ rak$ into a ?ick slub & wa%$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( tanks until all impurities _h settl$1 leav+ only ! f9e clay 9 susp5sion4 ,x is at ?is /age t any additions are made to =m a pa/e4 ,! modify+ +r$i5ts1 gr\nd & siev$ to ! requisite degree1 are ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! slip1 :i* is all[$ to settle4 ,! cle> wat] on top is siphon$ (f & ! pa/e dri$ suffici5tly to h&le4 ,! mod]n me?od ( prep>ation is to =ce ! slip ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ra9+ bags :i* remove mo/ ( ! wat] & leave x /iff en\gh to "w4 ,"s ( ! h>d pa/es are s /iff or %ort t !y require soap wat] to give pla/icity1 b usually aft] a ?or\gh w$g+ x is n[ ready = ! ?r[]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 kaol91 ,*9a clay1 ball clay1 pipe clay1 ,*9a /one1 felsp>1 fl9t1 qu>tz1 s&1 lime1 *alk1 & calc9$ bone are ! +r$i5ts ( mo/ mod]n pa/es4 ,^! supply ! alum9a1 silica1 lime1 pota%1 & soda1 ) traces ( iron & magnesia1 t are f\nd 9 all clays :5 analyz$4 ,c>bon is only pres5t 9 impure bodies fir$ at a l[ heat4 ,( ^! mat]ials ! clays ri* 9 alum9a & silica1 su* z kaol9 or ,*9a clay1 =m ! body-giv+ sub/ance4 ,! felsp> or ,*9a /one furni% ! flux+ +r$i5ts = fus+ & b9d+4 ,! fl9t or bone supplies ! /iff5+ matt] = support+ & reta9+ ! %ape ( ! object 9 ! fire4 ,porcela91 ?\gh diff]+ s widely 9 appe>ance & texture f ! co>se m$ival e>!nw>e or ! pott]y ( ! anci5ts1 is f\nd to h a di/9ct relation%ip :5 all ^! bodies are submitt$ to analysis4 ,mu* ( ! diff]5ce 9 bodies1 ap>t f ! impurities1 lies 9 ! temp]ature ( ! fire to :i* x has be5 submitt$4 ,at a l[ temp]ature su* con/itu5ts z lime & iron are n mu* affect$1 b at a great] heat !y act z flux+ ag5ts4 ,to g5]alize ^u a complex & difficult subject "o might say t porcela91 bo? h>d & s(t 7pte dure & pte t5dre71 is *>act]iz$ by its pure :ite col\r & by extreme h>dness ( body & glaze ) transp>5cy2 f9e /onew>e by a v h>d1 opaque1 & heavy body :i* may be :ite1 buff1 or grey1 & salt-glaz$ or ) a f9e h>d transp>5t glaze4 ,e>!nw>e is s(t] & mo/ly opaque4 ,x may range f some?+ a little s(t] ?an s(t porcela9 to ! co>se ,majolica ) a t9 glaze1 diff]+ widely 9 col\r ( body & h>dness ( glaze4 ,) porcela9 & ! f9e/ high-fir$ w>es a purity ( mat]ials & uni=mity ( mass is absolutely necess>y4 ,x is "h t "o may well call 9 ! aid ( ! *emi/ & manufactur]4 ,9 any case x is advisable to call 9 ! *emi/ & ! manufactur] :5 work+ on a l>ge scale4 ,) a small output1 z ) all good craftsm51 ! fabrication ( a good1 reliable /onew>e or e>!nw>e pa/e is only a matt] ( pati5ce & h>d "w4 ,be=e comm5c+ to produce f9i%$ "w on any scale1 repeat$ exp]im5ts ) diff]5t clays %\ld be c>ri$ out4 ,notes ( all trials1 ) & )\t glaze1 are invaluable to ! pott]4 ,ri* clays c be /iff5$1 %ort clays enri*$1 & col\r modifi$ )\t a mass ( exp5sive ma*9]y4 ,ri*1 easily fusible clays t5d to /unt or buckle at a high fire4 ,h>d refractory clays (t5 rema9 por\s & are a fruitful s\rce ( craz+ & break+4 ,! addition ( fl9t or f9e wa%$ s&1 f9ely p[d]$ grog1 or pit*]s1 or ev5 refractory ,*9a clays1 9 quantities v>y+ f ab\t #e p] c5t to #bj p] c5t1 b settl$ only by repeat$ trials1 w /iff5 up or op5 out ri* clays incl9$ to w>p or bur/4 ,ri* fusible clays add$ to h>d clays may /op ! craz+1 or ! fus+ po9t may be l[]$ by ! addition ( sp>4 ,/iff gravelly clay w require f9] siev+ or repeat$ wa%+ to rid x ( "s ( ! grit or s&4 ,ri* greasy clays are bett] :5 n too f9ely siev$1 b ?is po9t is ( c\rse dep5d5t on ! class ( "w to be und]tak54 ,slip c be settl$ 9 tubs1 ! wat] siphon$ (f1 & !n put to dry on pla/] bats1 or dry clay1 p[d]$ & siev$1 may be /irr$ 9 until ! mass is /iff en\gh to w$ge ?or\ghly by h&4 ,9 mix+ or modify+ )\t ma*9]y x is sometimes advisable to d x 9 ! dry /ate1 o!rwise "s ( ! heavi] mat]ials are likely to s9k & are ?us n ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! body4 ,! dry mass :5 well mix$ is wett$ en\gh to be w$g$4 ,:5 ! body is col\r$ & a :ite gr\nd is indisp5sable1 an engobe1 or dip1 ( :ite clay slip mu/ be resort$ to4 ,^! processes are c]ta9ly t$i\s1 b t w n det] a craftsman se>*+ = ! "r clay 9 :i* be/ to %ape 8 ideas4 ,to ! craftsman work+ alone x is ! only way by :i* he c accommodate 8 clays to ! v>i\s necessities ( ?r[+1 ca/+1 or modell+4 ,ea* process w require a slightly diff]5t nature 9 ! clay if ! f9e/ results are to be obta9$4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is craft book we %all n approa* porcela91 a good1 h>d1 true-r++ body ) a t\gh well-fitt+ glaze %\ld be a s9e qua non ) all craftsm52 & x is only 9 ! fire t any true idea c be ga9$ ( ! important influ5ces clays & pa/es h on ! f9i%$ "w4 ,"h we h tri$ to indicate ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( clays & to make cle> ! inevitable t5d5cy ( all pott]s :o seek an imp]i%able m$ium = _! craft t[>ds a pur] body & a high] fire4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,built ,,%apes ,e mom5t ?9k /eadily3 to d :at ?\ ha/ 9 h& ) p]fect & simple dignity4 --,m4 ,,anton9us4 ,) good pla/ic clay & ) ! aid ( a few simple tools1 ! f+]s c fa%ion %apes ( consid]able div]sity & "s ref9em5t4 ,9 elem5t>y s*ools ?is is by f> ! be/ me?od ( tea*+ ! beg9n]4 ,9 any case ! /ud5t :o has no k ( clay "w w\ld d well to />t by build+ a few %apes 9 ! mann] /ill us$ by primitive peoples4 ,! clay1 :i* mu/ be 9 good condition & n %ort1 is roll$ out on a wet pla/] slab or "s non-/icky surface1 into ropes ( some?+ less ?an half an in* 9 diamet] = small %apes4 7,fig4 #a47 ,! be/ way to comm5ce is to knead up a d\ble h&ful ( s(t clay until ?or\ghly mix$1 ball x1 & !n =m a /umpy cyl9d]1 gradually elongat+ by roll+ out on ! bat4 ,too mu* pressure w flatt5 ! rope & !re %\ld be a di/9ct pull or /ret* on x 9 addition to ! d[nw>d pressure1 v>y+ z necess>y to insure ev5 ?ickness4 ,z ! rope becomes ?9n] ! f+]s %\ld be held diagonally to avoid ridges4 ,?is rope %\ld be fairly firm & yet b5d easily )\t crack+4 ,) a little practice1 long pliable rolls c be easily & rapidly produc$ & !n a />t is made ) ! base4 ,?is is coil$ z 9 ,fig4 #b1 press$ flat1 & weld$ toge!r4 ,x is f9i%$ bo? sides be=e comm5c+ ! walls ( ! %ape4 ,^! are coil$ r\nd & up1 ea* r+ be+ press$ firmly on ! "o bel[1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid air cavities :i* may bl[ out on fir+4 ,! top is levell$ (f & ! sides weld$ toge!r & smoo!d ) ! f+]s4 7,fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,,roll+ ,,out ,,clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,=m+ ,,coil ,,= ,,base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,,weld+ ,,smoo?+ ,,! ,,sides4 ,at fir/1 simple & almo/ /raight-sid$ %apes %\ld be attempt$2 ea* r+ may be add$ sep>ately1 :ile ! f9i%+ %\ld n be unduly prolong$4 ,z ! te*nique improves1 curves ) slight returns may be atta9$4 ,:]e ! size is s great z to prev5t f9i%+ at "o sitt+1 x c be v c>efully rev]s$2 ?is w all[ ! base to h>d5 & /ill keep ! top moi/ = fur!r coil+4 ,) big pieces mu* att5tion mu/ be paid to ! correct %ap+ :5 coil+1 o!rwise ! f9i%+ w be labori\s & q possibly useless4 ,l>ge %apes ) difficult curves are be/ built 9 two sections or p>ts & !n c>efully weld$ toge!r4 ,to keep ! p>ts damp dur+ prolong$ op]ations1 use wat] bl[n f a spray diffus]4 ,a% trays1 bulb b[ls1 fl[] pots1 salt cell>s1 & ink wells are a few ( ! ?+s t are suitable to be made by ?is me?od4 ,!y may be decorat$ ) incis$ l9es1 rais$-ornam5t h&les1 & feet4 ,additional int]e/ is obta9$ by slight b&+1 or ! incis$ l9es fill$ 9 ) a col\r$ clay press$ firmly 9 :5 ! %ape is t\gh4 ,al?\gh built =ms may be q highly f9i%$1 x is obvi\s t any elaborate decoration is out ( place on %apes t by _! orig9 mu/ be simple & some:at heavy4 ,en\gh has be5 said to indicate ! process4 ,= its logical developm5t & suitable enri*m5t we mu/ /udy ! "w ( primitive peoples4 ,= its possibilities we mu/ turn to ! va/ j>s made ev5 to ?is day 9 ,spa94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d--;,,atta*+ ,,! ,,foot4 ,) great c>e & mu* ta/e pieces c be p9*$ & weld$ toge!r into delightful =ms1 be/ %[n 9 ! ref9em5ts ( ! ,*a ,noya pott]y ( ,japan4 ,?is p9*+ mu/ be done c>efully & above all sympa!tically4 ,to ^? t "k or feel ! possibilities ( ! clay x w respond readily4 ,mu* m ta/e & judgem5t is requir$ 9 ! mak+ ( a really satisfactory p9*$ %ape1 ?an is ne$$ 9 =m+ "o ) coils4 ,squ>e1 polyh$ral1 or irregul> %apes o!r ?an circul> may be /uck up or piec$ toge!r 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,^u a table nail two /rips ( wood "o qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 t5 or twelve in*es ap>t4 ,spr9kle betwe5 ! /rips ) fl9t or f9e s& & batt] out "s s(t clay !reon4 ,scrape ! surplus clay (f ) a /raight-edge & !n roll ! clay betwe5 ! /rips flat ) a roll+ p94 ,^u ?is ?9 slab m>k out ! sides1 base1 top1 etc41 ( ! %ape to be built4 ,run a ?9 knife r\nd ea* %ape1 b d n cut q d[n to ! table4 ,cut along ! inside edge ( ea* /rip to all[ ! :ole slab to contract ev5ly & all[ x to t\gh5 slightly4 ,c>efully remove & rev]se ! slab & sep>ate ! pieces1 be+ c>eful n to di/ort ! %apes 9 ! process4 ,! %ape mu/ be /uck up be=e ! pieces become brittle or too /iff to b5d4 ,r\gh5 ea* oppos+ edge & moi/5 ) slip1 t is1 clay mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream4 ,press ! edges firmly toge!r & weld well ea* jo9t ) s(t clay4 7,fig4 #e47 ,?is op]ation %\ld be mo/ ?or\gh1 z any weak jo9t w inevitably op5 :5 fir$4 ,lids %\ld be cut slightly l>g] ?an ! %apes !y h to fit & s&pap]$ true :5 dry4 ,%>p edges & angles %\ld be smoo!d ) ! f+]s be=e ! %ape gets h>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e--,,/ick+ ,,up ,,flat-,,sid$ ,,pot4 ,! *ief pitfall to avoid 9 ?is process is a h>d wood5 look4 ,! ductile pla/ic qualities ( ! clay %\ld be rememb]$ & su* additions z feet or h&les %\ld emphasize ?is important po9t4 ,f9ally1 ! c>eful sympa!tic craftsman1 ) inf9ite pati5ce1 by utiliz+ all ?ree me?ods1 c build vessels ( almo/ any %ape1--squ>e1 r\nd1 elliptical1 b&$1 /rapp$1 boss$1 flut$1 & embelli%$ ) h&les1 sp\ts1 & feet4 ,anci5t & m$ival pott]y is ri* 9 su* =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tools ,,= ,,clay ,,"w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m\ld+1 ,,ca/+1 ,,& ,,press+ ,our s\ndes is good1 ,our %apes is neat1 ,its ,davis ca/ u s compleat4 --,f an old bell at ,/oke ,riv]s4 ,! ca/+ process1 employ$ s ext5sively 9 comm]cial "w1 is 9 its ess5ce me*anical & !re=e c nev] h ! spontaneity or "* ( ?r[n "w4 ,to-day :5 ! ?r[] & turn] ) h& & eye tra9$ = good %apes is r>e inde$1 x is (t5 ! only me?od by :i* ! /ud5t c obta9 l>ge %apes ( high f9i% = pa9t+ or glaz+ 9 transp>5t col\rs4 ,9 ! process ! %ape is fir/ design$ & c>efully drawn on pap]1 all[ance be+ made = ! %r9kage ( ! f9i%$ pot :i* may be z mu* z #a 9 #f ) "s k9ds ( slip4 ,x %\ld be ref9$ 9 pr(ile ) no returns t may b9d or hold 9 ! m\ld :5 dry+1 yet x is obvi\s t simple %apes t c be built or ?r[n by ! beg9n] are n suitable = ca/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f--,,m&rel1 ,,roll$ ,,9 ,,pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g--,,"o ,,piece ,,m\ld ,,= ,,b[l--,,me?od ,,( ,,releas+ ,,orig9al4 ,! %ape correctly drawn1 a m&rel1 a /eel tap]+ to a po9t1 ! butt worm$ to screw on a la!1 & long en\gh to give "s play at ei!r end1 is roll$ 9 /\t pap]1 gumm$ at ! edges1 z 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,?is is remov$ & all[$ to set1 ?us giv+ a pap] %ell j fitt+ ! m&rel4 ,trim ?is squ>e at ! base & /ick x upright by means ( a piece ( clay on a well-oil$ portion ( a table4 ,ar\nd ?is z a c5tre is fitt$ a roll ( l9oleum1 oil$ inside & secur$ ) /r+1 ) all its jo9ts caulk$ ) clay4 ,! inside diamet] ( ?is cyl9d] %\ld be ab\t #a_/b l>g] ?an ! greate/ diamet] ( ! drawn %ape4 ,en\gh sup]f9e pla/] to fill ?is is n[ mix$4 ,to d ?is %ake pla/] by h&fuls into a b[l ( wat] until x appe>s to refuse m1 p\r (f any surplus wat]1 & /ir ) a wood5 ladle or ! h&1 avoid+ air bubbles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h--;,a ,,two-,,piece ,,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i--,,p\r+ ,,9 ,,pla/]4 ,a little practice 9 ca/+ pla/] bats w give ! exp]i5ce necess>y = mix+ pla/]4 ,:5 well mix$ & a slight ?ick5+ is p]ceptible1 x is p\r$ v c>efully into ! cyl9d]1 ! pap] %ell be+ kept upright 9 ! c5tre4 7,fig4 #i47 ,9 ab\t #bj m9utes ! surface ( ! pla/] w feel w>m4 ,x is n[ set & ! l9oleum is remov$4 ,! pla/] cyl9d]1 :5 dry1 is fitt$ on ! m&rel1 & ?is screw$ to ! la! head4 ,two or ?ree *isels are n[ requir$4 7,fig4 #aj47 ,! re/ on ! la! is clamp$ 9 a conv5i5t position & a cutt+ *isel held z %[n 7,fig4 #aa71 cutt+ edge up4 ,! cyl9d] is revolv$ briskly z indicat$ by arr[1 & ! %ape is r\ghly holl[$ out4 ,proce$ gradually until ! %ape beg9s to em]ge1 tak+ c>e n to cut too deeply4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,t[>ds ! f9i% use ! calip]s frequ5tly to *eck ! measurem5ts4 ,at top & bottom ab\t #a_/b wa/e is left 7,fig4 #ac ,a71 turn$ /raight1 ! actual l9e ( top & base be+ slightly groov$ 9 ! pla/]4 ,! =m may be pretty accurately f9i%$ ) ! *isels & !n nicely smoo!d ) s&pap]4 ,= ?is process ! rot>y movem5t is rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,turn+ ,,tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj--;,,*isel ,,po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa--,,position ,,( ,,tool4 ,! %ape is n[ remov$ f ! la! & is ready = m\ld+4 ,) a kick :eel hav+ a removable head ! m&rel c be screw$ on & ! block turn$ d[n 9 an upright position4 ,! difficulty ( /eady+ ! tool r5d]s ?is me?od some:at unsuitable = ?is process1 :]e p]fect symmetry & a high f9i% are requir$4 ,! pla/] %\ld n be s d5se = turn+ on ! :eel or ! kick+ is apt to become v ardu\s & ?is t5ds to dislocate ! set ( ! sp9dle4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ways is to draw a quantity ( %apes1 ca/ _! blocks1 & turn !m on a hir$ la!1 pref]ably run by p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab--,,p>tly ,,turn$ ,,block ,,on ,,la!4 ,! f9i%$ %ape is n[ well la!r$ ) p>t+ or /opp+4 ,?is is made by boil+ #a lb4 s(t soap1 #a_/d lb4 ,russian tall[1 & a small piece ( soda4 ,ano!r /opp+ is made by dissolv+ #a lb4 s(t soap 9 #a qt4 wat] & /irr+ 9 #a_/d pt4 p>aff9 oil4 ,sev]al coat+s may be necess>y to imp>t a waxy surface4 ,:5 no long] absorb5t1 x is dri$ & slightly poli%$ ) a bit ( cotton wa/e4 ,at ! f9i% ! =m %\ld be clean1 smoo?1 glossy1 & non-absorb5t4 ,) simple %apes1 z 9 ,figs4 #g & #h1 a "o-piece or a two-piece m\ld c be made1 & "h ! bottom wa/e is n necess>y1 b ) any return or foot a ?ree-piece m\ld w be requir$4 ,! wax$ %ape is n[ divid$ p]p5dicul>ly exactly 9 half1 by a p5cil l9e4 7,a1 ,fig4 #ac47 ,x is !n laid on its side & b$d$ 9 clay up to ! p5cil l9es1 ! clay be+ slop$ slightly d[n f ! m>ks4 7,f1 ,fig4 #ac47 ,box 9 n[ ) well-soap$ bo>ds tight aga9/ top & bottom b all[+ ab\t #a-a_/b at sides4 ,wipe ! %ape ov] ) wa/e dipp$ 9 olive oil b leave no surplus oil on ! surface4 ,pla/] well mix$ z be=e is p\r$ 9 until ab\t #a-a_/b to #b above ! greate/ projection ( ! %ape1 great c>e be+ tak5 to avoid or dislodge air bubbles4 7,b1 ,fig4 #ac47 ,:5 ! pla/] is set b /ill w>m1 ! %ape is remov$ & ! side ( ! pla/] t re/$ on ! clay trimm$ flat & sev]al joggles or nat*es are made4 7,c1 ,fig4 #ac47 ,! %ape is n[ replac$ exactly z ca/ & ! new surfaces treat$ ) p>t+ & ! :ole slightly film$ ) oil z be=e4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$1 = any oil on ! actual surface ( ! m\ld spoils ! suction ( ! pla/] at t spot4 ,box 9 & !n ca/ j z be=e4 ,?is gives two halves ) wa/e top & bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac--;,a3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,divid+4 ,b3 ,,m\ld+ #a,,/ ,,half4 ,c3 ,,m\ld+ #b,,nd ,,half4 ,d3 ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,secur+ ,,bo>ds4 ,e3 ,,m\ld+ ,,base4 ,f3 ,,m\ld+ #a,,/ ,,half4 ,! %ape is n[ plac$ on ! la! & ! bottom wa/e turn$ (f1 ! base ( ! %ape be+ slightly holl[$4 ,! creator hav+ arriv$ s f> successfully may n[ unb5d & scrat* 8 m>k on ?is new surface be=e well wax+ x4 ,d[els are cut 9 ! wa/e ( ! two halves z %[n1 ! fre% p>ts soap$1 all fitt$ toge!r & slightly oil$1 !n box$ 9 z 9 ,d & ,e1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,pla/] ab\t #b ?ick at ! ?9ne/ "p is p\r$ on & ! m\ld is complete4 ,:5 set1 ! %ape is remov$ & ! ?ree p>ts trimm$ on all ! outside edges4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,! ?ree pieces are assembl$1 firmly ti$ up to prev5t w>p+1 & ?or\ghly dri$4 ,if pref]r$1 ! m\ld c be made cyl9drical in/ead ( squ>e4 ,?is w give a m ev5 suction to ! slip & may be wor? ! extra tr\ble4 ,= ca/+ purposes a refractory clay conta9+ a good p]c5tage ( ,*9a clay1 matur+ at ab\t #jc-ja b rema9+ p]fectly :ite & por\s1 w be requir$4 ,slip = ca/+ is made ?us3 ,clay1 pick$ or brok5 into small pieces1 is ?r[n into a bucket ( w>m wat] well slubb$ up by h& & pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve 7,no4 #hj7 ) ! aid ( a /\t bru% & ?9n$ to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cream4 ,?is %\ld be matur$ = "s days1 frequ5tly /irr$1 & aga9 siev$ be=e us+4 ,= v small or fragile %apes1 a f9] sieve 7#abj7 is advisable4 ,! m\ld1 q dry & clean1 is n[ slightly moi/5$ ) a scrupul\sly clean sponge & wat]1 ! p>ts assembl$1 cord$1 & firmly w$g$1 leav+ ! top free z 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! slip1 ?or\ghly /irr$1 is p\r$ 9 v g5tly to avoid bubbles4 ,) awkw>d m\lds1 a tube or funnel %\ld be us$ to prev5t spla%+4 ,if ! m\ld be plac$ on a :irl] & turn$ to & fro1 x w prev5t ! heavi] matt] 9 ! slip settl+ too quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad--,,! ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,m\ld4 ,z ! slip s9ks 9 ! m\ld1 ! subsid5ce be+ due to ! absorption ( ! wat] by ! pla/]1 ! m\ld %\ld be cont9ually fill$ up4 ,aft] a few m9utes ! m\? is scrap$ free to te/ ! deposit4 ,:5 ?is is ?ick en\gh1 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 ) ! size ( ! %ape1 ! slip is p\r$ out into ano!r bucket4 ,an unor?odox b (t5 useful trick = /r5g!n+ long necks is to slide a piece ( glass ov] ! m\? & rev]se ! m\ld = a m9ute or s4 ,! neck full ( slip ?us all[s a slight extra deposit on ! "p t mo/ ne$s x :5 we come to f9i%+ (f ! lip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae--,,m\ld ,,ready ,,= ,,slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af--;,,free+ ,,top4 ,let ! m\ld dra9 a little ov] ! slip bucket & !n rev]se to dry sl[ly4 ,:5 ! wet look has disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! slip1 scrape ! top free & run a knife ar\nd to prev5t /ick+ z ! %ape contracts4 7,fig4 #af47 ,9 a few h\rs x w be dry en\gh to p]mit ( ! sides be+ eas$ (f & ! %ape left to dry on ! base4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,:5 t\gh en\gh to h&le ) safety1 ! wa/e & ca/ l9es are trimm$ & f9i%$ (f1 any air bubbles or holes brok5 d[n & fill$ ) clay scrap$ f ! wa/e or base4 ,if ?is f9i%+ is left until ! %ape be dry1 x is impossible to hide su* defects4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 h&l+ ca/ %apes1 z !y are exceptionally fragile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag--,,%ape ,,ready ,,= ,,trimm+4 ,:5 q dry1 ! :ole =m %\ld be c>efully gone ov] ) a v f9e s&pap]4 ,a sup]f9e surface %\ld be imp>t$ by rubb+ ) ! h&s4 ,:5 us+ transp>5t glazes1 z ) "u-glaze pa9t+1 x is ess5tial t all scrat*es be remov$1 & especially mu/ all %>p edges be elim9at$ on neck or %\ld]1 = ! glaze runn+ away f ^! places imp>ts a hide\sly *eap look to :at o!rwise may be a f9e %ape4 ,all ^! po9ts hav+ receiv$ att5tion1 ! date is scrat*$ on ! bottom ( ! %ape & x is n[ ready to biscuit4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x w be f\nd t slip ! consi/5cy ( cream is "r = ca/+1 possibly ?ick] = big op5 %apes1 & aft] ! "r proportion is settl$ x is z well to te/ :at x weighs to ! p9t4 ,z w be readily se51 ?is process1 :il/ op5 to _m objections1 l5ds itself to %apes t are ref9$ & delicate & to ^? t h flut+s or rais$ ornam5t4 ,su* decorations1 or ! sp\ts ( jugs1 may be modell$ 9 wax on ! pla/] %ape be=e ca/+ & appe> 9 rev]se on ! m\ld4 ,designs may be scrat*$ on ! m\ld or %ape & %[ z a delicate trac]y b5ea? ! glaze4 ,all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 add to ! difficulty ( ca/+ & %\ld be approa*$ by degrees & ) re/ra9t4 ,= 9 unskill$ h&s ! process l5ds itself to s\lless & me*anical repetition4 ,,press+ ,m\lds hav+ mod]ately wide m\?s enable ! pott] to press 8 %apes in/ead ( ca/ !m4 ,?is me?od 9 exp]t h&s is ev5 quick] ?an ca/+ & has ! advantage ( imp>t+ a /urdi] look to l>ge %apes4 ,press+ is also resort$ to = ^? %apes to :i* x w\ld be difficult = ! slip to obta9 free access4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah--,,roll+ ,,out ,,clay4 ,= ! ord9>y ?ree-piece m\ld ! proc$ure w\ld be ?us3 ,! clay1 well w$g$ & q pla/ic1 is roll$ out z describ$ 9 ,jigg] & ,jolley "w1 to a suitable ?ickness4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,butt] clo? or f9e l95 w d in/ead ( lea!r to roll ! clay on4 ,! insides ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! m\ld are spong$ & pieces ( ! ?9 roll$ clay r\ghly cut to fit !m4 ,^! pieces are n[ fitt$ & well appli$ to ! ?ree p>ts by dabb+ ) ! damp sponge4 ,a s(t close-textur$ sponge1 or a s(t felt dabb]1 is be/ = ?is op]ation4 ,:5 closely sett+1 ! edges are trimm$ & giv5 a slight bevel4 ,! top is cut /raight4 ,!n ! m\ld is assembl$ & firmly ti$4 ,"s ( ! wa/e clay is roll$ into ?9 ropes4 ,) ! bevell$ edges slightly moi/5$1 ^! ropes are firmly w$g$ into ! two side junctions & r\nd ! base4 ,:]e ! m\? is l>ge en\gh = ! ins]tion ( ! h& ?is is n a difficult op]ation4 ,if x be n>r[1 ! two halves ( ! m\ld may be ti$ up & ! jo9ts weld$ toge!r be=e !y are assembl$ on ! base4 ,a coil ( clay c !n be plac$ on ! edge ( ! base j cle> ( ! two sides :i* are n[ fitt$ ov] & ti$ up4 ,!n a /ick sponge is us$ to jo9 up ! base to ! sides4 7,fig4 #ai47 ,aft] a little :ile ! %ape is fit to be remov$ & is f9i%$ 9 ! usual way4 ,no?+ c rival l>ge ?r[n %apes = vig\r or v>iety1 b un=tunately !y are n always )9 rea* ( ev5 ! good craftsman4 ,!n ?is me?od (f]s ! lea/ objectionable sub/itute = !m & 9 clev] h&s is capable ( _m f9e results4 ,! foll[+ me?od is us$ to m\ld h&les or simple appli$ ornam5t4 ,h&les1 feet1 masks1 etc41 are usually press$ & /uck on ! dry %ape ) slip4 ,to m\ld !m "s skill is necess>y if ! press is to be q accurate & free f twi/ or ugly seams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai--,,section ,,( ,a ,,m\ld4 ,,/ick-,,sponge ,,weld+ ,,base ,,to ,,sides4 ,"o way1 :5 ! h&le or foot is symmetrical1 is to cut ! model exactly 9 half4 ,?is mu/ be done :5 ! model is t\gh en\gh to h&le )\t b5d+ or di/ort+ x4 ,"o half is laid cut side d[n ^u a %eet ( glass1 & surr\nd$ at a conv5i5t di/ance ) clay walls4 ,pla/] is n[ p\r$ on to =m "o half ( ! m\ld1 & all[$ to set4 ,x is !n remov$ & ! smoo? surface joggl$ & claywa%$ 7bru%$ ov] ) claywat]74 ,! o!r half is !n v c>efully appli$ to ! half /ill emb$d$ 9 ! m\ld1 ! walls built r\nd & ! o!r "p ( ! m\ld ca/4 ,!n all is trimm$ up & a groove run r\nd ! =m z %[n4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,= press+1 ! =m is well fill$ ) clay & ! two halves ( ! m\ld /rongly press$ toge!r4 ,any surplus clay w squeeze into ! groove & :5 t\gh en\gh to remove ! :ole is fettl$ & f9i%$ be=e dry+ & /ick+ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj--;,,half ,,( ,,m\ld ,,= ,,press+ ,,h&le4 ,) c>e & practice ?is me?od is possible3 ,build walls & p\r 9 en\gh pla/] to =m "o half ( ! m\ld4 ,be=e x /iff5s1 v c>efully press 9 ! h&le or ornam5t j up to ! halfway l9e & all[ to set4 ,joggle1 claywa%1 & ca/ ! second half4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! object is ( any size1 clay walls may be us$ z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,figur9es4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,jigg] ,,& ,,jolley ,,"w ,e>? ,i am1 et is mo/ trwe1 desdan me n1 = s ar y4 --,f an old platt]4 ,di%es1 platt]s1 & to "s ext5t b[ls1 are usually made on a ,jigg] & ,jolley4 ,! jigg] has a revolv+ head1 fitt$ to receive m\lds4 ,! jolley has a pivot$ arm to :i* diff]5t pr(iles may be clamp$4 ,9 factories ^! ?+s are complicat$ & g by p[]1 b 9 a /udio :]e ! output ( platt]s & di%es is likely to be limit$ some?+ simple w d4 ,:]e ! :eel is /rong1 well-hung1 & fitt$ ) a removable head1 a contrivance z %[n at ,fig4 #ba c be fitt$ by any c>p5t]1 t %\ld s]ve all purposes4 ,! v]tical supports ( ! jolley arm %\ld be q rigid4 ,! arm itself mu/ s pivot t ! face ( any pr(ile screw$ onto x w cross ! head ( ! jigg]1 or :eel if "o be us$1 ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cutt+ pr(ile mu/ =m a diagonal ( ! circul> head4 ,!n1 too1 x mu/ be hung at a height suffici5t to all[ a fairly ?ick block ( pla/] be+ us$ = a m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba--,,mak+ ,a ,,di%4 ,:5 mak+ ^! m\lds1 ! slott$ :eel head or ! jigg] head is remov$ & soap$ or oil$4 ,!n a circul> block ( pla/] is ca/ to fit4 ,?is may be done ) ! aid ( a roll ( l9oleum1 mu* 9 ! way describ$ 9 ca/+4 ,! pap] cone w1 ( c\rse1 be replac$ by ! :eel head1 b$d$ face up 9 clay4 ,?is pla/] block has to be m\ld$ to ! exact size ( ! di% or plaque requir$4 ,to d ?is a pr(ile ( z9c is necess>y4 ,! true section ( ! di% is drawn full size1 & pr(iles giv+ "o half ( ! back & front are trac$ on a /\t %eet ( z9c4 ,! z9c is r\ghly cut to %ape ) %e>s & !n f9i%$ ) a file to a *isel edge 7see cut74 ,! two pr(iles are !n firmly back$ ) %ap$ wood5 =ms1 slott$ to screw onto ! arm ( ! jolley4 ,! pr(ile giv+ ! face ( ! plaque is securely adju/$ 9 a horizontal position1 ! inn] po9t1 giv+ ! c5tre ( ! platt]1 be+ exactly ov] ! c5tre ( ! jigg] head4 ,! pla/] block1 :i* %\ld be turn$ d[n be=e x sets h>d1 is %ipp$ back into position1 ! jigg] revolv$ & ! pr(ile gradually press$ d[n until ! true section is obta9$1 i4e4 :5 ! pr(ile is exactly horizontal aga94 ,! m\ld is n[ remov$1 trimm$ at ! sides if necess>y1 & set ap>t to dry4 ,x is !n ready to use4 ,! m\ld is slipp$ into position & revolv$ to insure ev5 rotation4 ,!n ! pr(ile giv+ ! back ( ! platt] screw$ onto ! arm & bo? adju/$ until ! /op all[s ! pr(ile to re/ at j t di/ance f ! m\ld requir$ by ! ?ickness ( ! platt]4 7,fig4 #bb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb--,,pr(ile ,,9 ,,position ,,above ,,plate ,,m\ld4 ,! arm is !n swung cle> ( ! m\ld1 :i* is well spong$ ) wat] to receive ! clay4 ,?is is c>efully w$g$ & !n roll$ out or batt$ flat on a piece ( lea!r until x is a little ?ick] ?an ! ?icke/ "p ( ! platt] 7see ,fig4 #bc74 ,! slab s made is smoo!d ) a palette knife1 tak5 up1 lea!r & all1 slapp$ onto ! m\ld1 clay side d[n1 & ! lea!r remov$4 ,! clay is n[ well dabb$ d[n ) a wet sponge or dabb]1 to take out all wr9kles1 press$ firmly onto ! m\ld & ! wa/e cut (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc--;,,cutt+ ,,edge ,,( ,,pr(ile4 ,n[ ! jigg] or head is set sp9n+1 ! jolley pull$ ov] x1 & ! pr(ile g5tly press$ into ! clay4 ,wat] is us$ freely to prev5t ! pr(ile /ick+1 & z x becomes clogg$ ! clay is remov$4 ,! turn+ is cont9u$ until ! pr(ile comes to a /op on ! re/4 ,holes t may appe> %\ld be fill$ up be=e ! f9i%1 at :i* "t ! surface %\ld pres5t a smoo? unscrat*$ appe>ance4 ,! %ape is all[$ to dry on ! m\ld until t\gh en\gh to be slipp$ face d[n onto a p]fectly flat slab du/$ ) f9e s& or fl9t to prev5t /ick+4 ,9 ?is position x is left to dry1 :5 ! edges are nicely trimm$ ) f9e s&pap]4 ,= b[ls ! process is simil>1 b ! m\ld "h gives ! outside & ! pr(ile ! inside z 9 cut4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,if made on ! outside1 !y split be=e !y c be remov$4 ,) small b[ls ! clay is w$g$ & a lump press$ into ! m\ld by h&4 ,) l>ge b[ls requir+ a deep foot ?is mu/ be turn$ sep>ately & /uck on aft] ! b[l is remov$ f ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd--;,,b[l4 ,:]e a jigg] & jolley is n available1 plates & b[ls may be duplicat$ z foll[s3 ,place ! plate bottom up on a well-soap$ surface or a piece ( glass4 ,%\ld ! plate n lie q flat1 caulk ! ap]tures ) clay1 !n all r\nd & di/ant "o & "o half in*es f ! rim1 build clay walls1 or fix a conta9+ b& ( l9oleum1 ( suffici5t height to all[ pla/] be+ p\r$ 9 an in* & a half above ! base or foot ( ! model4 ,mix fairly /iff pla/] & p\r 94 ,let x set1 & !n remove walls & ! model4 ,?is gives a m\ld ( ! rev]se ( ! plate or b[l4 ,! m\ld is ?or\ghly dri$ be=e us+ & !n spong$ ) clean wat]4 ,clay ( ! desir$ ?ickness is !n roll$ out z describ$ & appli$ to ! m\ld & dabb$ flat ) a sponge or dabb]4 ,! f9i% is imp>t$ ) ! f+]s & ! surplus at edges trimm$ ) a knife4 ,:5 t\gh1 ! press is slipp$ out & rev]s$ to dry on a piece ( s&$ glass4 ,:]e !re is a rim to ! plate or b[l1 ?is %\ld be fill$ 9 cleanly ) clay be=e ! :ole is press$4 ,x is ( c\rse impossible to m\ld ?us b[ls t possess a deep or "u-cut foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be--,,plate ,,m\ld$ ,,to ,,give ,,back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf--,,m\ld4 ,,to ,,give ,,face ,,( ,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,kick ,,:eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,egypt4 ,b4,c4 #bjjj ,,anci5t ,,egyptian ,,pott]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,?r[n ,,%apes ,! lyf s %ort1 ! craft s longe to le>ne4 --,,*auc]4 ,! :eel is ! true f\nta9 head ( all beautiful %apes1 & ! /ud5t :o w\ld become a pott] _c get on ! :eel too soon4 ,?r[+1 sometimes sp9n+1 is ! t]m appli$ to ! mak+ ( %apes on ! :eel4 ,int]e/+ & really f9e pots may be built or ca/1 b ! ultimate appeal re/s ) ! ?r[n %ape4 ,un=tunately1 a complete ma/]y ( ?r[+ is n to be ga9$ by a few spasmodic wre/les ) ! :eel4 ,x comes only ) long h\rs ( conc5trat$ ef=t4 ,hav+ wat*$ an accompli%$ ?r[] & se5 ! full r\nd %apes rise s easily betwe5 8 dext]\s f+]s1 x is ) a sev]e %ock t "o realizes at ! fir/ attempt ! skill & practice t w be requir$ be=e su* a desirable pr(ici5cy is atta9$4 ,! be/ k9d ( :eel is ! kick :eel %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,) ?is ! feet1 h&s1 & head "w 9 h>mony1 accel]at+ or ret>d+ ! motions z requir$4 ,x is a n di/ant relation ( ! e>lie/ :eel1 :i* 0 a heavy head on a %ort %aft1 pivot$ 9 a /one socket4 ,set sp9n+ by h&1 x 0 kept revolv+ "s "t by its own mom5tum4 ,?is =m ( :eel is us$ ev5 to ?is day 9 ! ne> & f> ,ea/4 ,its fir/ developm5t 0 a second>y :eel & driv+ b& turn$ by h&4 ,?is l$ to ! :eel %[n 9 ! frontispiece & to ! kick :eel & aga9 on to ! factory :eel4 ,?is 9 its turn is be+ sup]s$$ by ! /eam :eel1 :i* ge>s onto a runn+ b&1 ! foot be+ us$ to />t1 /op1 & regulate ! spe$4 ,! two la/ nam$ 7 introduc$ ) ! idea ( accel]at+ ! production r ?an ! improvem5t ( ! %apes4 ,no d\bt ! n[ primitive kick :eel1 mu* z us$ by ! pott]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 w be f\nd good en\gh = u4 ,! tools requir$ = ?r[+1 aft] ! :eel itself is secur$1 are z foll[s3 a ?9 copp] wire twi/$ betwe5 two bits ( wood1 a prick]1 a f9e s(t sponge1 ano!r bit ( sponge ti$ to a /ick1 "o or two modell+ tools & a rib 7see ,fig4 #bg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg--a1 ,rib2 #b1 ,modell+ ,tools2 #c1 ,prick]2 #d1 ,sponge2 #e1 ,wire2 #f1 #g1 & #h1 ,%av+ ,tools2 #i1 ,lea!r4 ,,?r[+ ,,%av+ ,,tools4 ,! clay is fir/ knock$ up into %ape ready = ! ?r[+4 ,to d ?is x is w$g$1 a fair-siz$ piece be+ tak5 9 bo? h&s & ?r[n viol5tly d[n on ! b5*1 cut across1 & sma%$ toge!r aga94 ,?is process is repeat$ until all air bubbles are expell$4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by cutt+ ) a wire4 ,! f+] is !n pass$ across ! surface to tell if x is well toge!r1 & n h>d & s(t 9 /reaks4 ,if1 z mu/ happ5 9 a small pott]y1 ! clay is out ( condition1 x is be/ rem$i$ by cutt+ x ) ! wire into ?9 slabs1 pil+ !m criss-cross & !n w$g+ ! mass4 ,if /ill /reaky1 x c be quickly temp]$1 piece by piece4 ,a d\ble h&ful is torn across1 w$g$ toge!r at a diff]5t angle betwe5 ! h&s1 re-torn1 & re-w$g$1 until h>d & s(t are weld$ indi/+ui%ably toge!r4 ,?is ?or\gh w$g+ is ess5tial1 z ) beg9n]s a small lump or bubble w usually be suffici5t to br+ ab\t ! collapse ( ! %ape4 ,! clay be+ ?or\ghly w$g$ is roll$ into balls ( a conv5i5t size4 ,= fir/ practice !y %\ld be on ! small side & mod]ately t\gh1 z ?is all[s a little m play be=e ! ball becomes too s(t4 ,! :eel is n[ />t$ revolv+ f "r to left 7see cut74 ,! head be+ clean1 ! ball is ?r[n sm>tly onto its c5tre4 ,! h&s are n[ wett$ 9 a b[l ( wat]1 :i* is put1 toge!r ) ! tools1 on ! %elf to ! "r4 ,!n g5tly b firmly1 ) h&s plac$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bh1 ! ball is c5tr$4 ,at ?is /age1 p]haps ! mo/ critical ( all1 ! :eel %\ld revolve q briskly4 ,! h&s %\ld be moi/5$ if incl9$ to /ick & ! left h& held /eady1 ! elb[ press$ into ! side1 ! =e>m h>d on ! re/4 ,! "r h& has m fre$om & coaxes ! ball into a half sph]e4 ,?is :5 dead c5tr$ is elongat$1 press$ d[n aga91 & re-=m$ into a truncat$ cone4 ,! left h& /ill /eady+1 ! ?umb ( ! "r is press$ firmly into ! c5tre ( ! top1 d[n & out1 to holl[ ! ball 7see page #ah71 b /opp+ %ort ( ! la! head4 ,at ?is /age ! mo/ conv5i5t %ape to =m is a cyl9d]1 its walls gradually dim9i%+ upw>ds ) a little fatness at ! rim4 ,to d ?is ! :eel is sl[$ d[n a little & ! f+]s ( ! left h& ins]t$4 ,! sides are felt & g5tly pull$ up1 betwe5 ! left index f+] & ! two fir/ f+]s ( ! "r h&1 gradually high] & ?9n]1 always endeav\r+ to keep ! walls at an ev5 b slightly tap]+ ?ickness4 7,fig4 #bi47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh--;,,c5tr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,,pull+ ,,up4 ,at fir/ two f+]s only w be ins]t$1 b z ! %apes gr[ 9 size ! :ole ( ! left h& w ga9 admittance4 ,!n ! p]fect cyl9d] may be modifi$ to almo/ any requir$ =m4 ,) n>r[-m\!d %apes ! op5+ mu/ be kept z small z possible1 = ! clay once pull$ out x is difficult if n impossible to compress x aga94 ,! c5tr+ & holl[+ once ma/]$1 ! *ief difficulties to avoid are gett+ ! bottom ( ! walls too ?9 be=e ! top is pull$ up1 & mak+ ! top wavy & irregul>4 ,if ! latt] happ5s1 x %\ld be at once cut back ) ! prick]1 :i* is also us$ to te/ ! ?ickness ( ! sides & base4 ,:5 ! %ape has be5 pull$ up to ! requir$ =m & is suffici5tly ?91 ! top is smoo!d & fatt5$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,?is n only imp>ts a look ( sub/ance to ! vase & takes away any ca/ look1 b gives /r5g? :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,! inside1 if wet1 c be clean$ out ) ! /ick sponge & ! outside lightly smoo!d ) ! o!r sponge4 ,= ! insides ( b[ls or wide-m\!d %apes1 a rib ( slate or z9c 7see ,fig4 #cj7 w be useful = oblit]at+ ridges4 ,! la/ op]ation is to pass ! wire1 held firmly to ! :eel head1 b5ea? ! pot & lift x (f & place x on "o ( ! pot bo>ds or pla/] discs4 7,fig4 #cb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj--,,rib ,,( ,,metal ,,= ,,outside4 ,,rib ,,( ,,slate ,,or ,,bone ,,= ,,inside4 ,! fir/ primitive =ms are f> bett] left frankly = :at !y are4 ,aft]w>ds :5 bigg] & m f9i%$ %apes are attempt$1 !y c be ?9n$ & ref9$ ) ! aid ( ! rib & a modell+ tool1 a consid]able f9i% be+ put on be=e !y are remov$ f ! :eel4 ,) b[ls or l>ge %apes x w be f\nd impossible to lift !m (f )\t de/roy+ ! %ape 9 "s degree4 ,= ^! wood or pla/] discs w be requir$4 ,! pla/] bats ne$ soak+ 9 wat] be=e use & ! wood mu/ be ?ree-ply to prev5t w>p+4 ,^! discs are c5tr$ on & firmly /uck to a lay] ( clay run out on ! :eel head1 & :5 ! pot is f9i%$ !y are remov$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca--;,,f9i%+ ,,) ,,rib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb--,,pass+ ,,wire ,,"u ,,to ,,remove4 ,all ?is s\nds v simple1 b ! beg9n] w d well fir/ to practise & ma/] c5tr+ ! ball4 ,until ?is be done1 ! re/ ( ! "w is wor?less4 ,aft] ?is mu/ be practis$ ! pull+ up1 ! press+ d[n1 & ! =m+ ( truncat$ cones1 !n holl[+ ! ball & pull+ up into a cyl9d]4 ,a true cyl9d] accompli%$1 x is easy to bran* out into simple wide-m\!d vase =ms4 ,z ! skill increases1 %apes ) d\ble curves & long or n>r[ necks may ev5tually be a*iev$4 ,?r[+ to a set copy induces a necess>y conc5tration at ?is /age1 b once a ma/]y is atta9$1 %apes seem to sugge/ !mselves4 ,a small mirror plac$ s z to reflect ! true =m w be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,:5 pairs or sev]al duplicates are requir$1 a draw+ ( ! exact pr(ile mu/ be made & a rib1 ( z9c or slate1 fil$ to fit4 ,)\t su* a guide ! mat*+ up is well-nigh impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc--,,/ages ,,f ,,c5tr$ ,,ball ,,to ,,turn$ ,,%ape4 ,:5 wat*+ a clev] ?r[] 9 a factory mak+ "s difficult & probably horrible vase1 x is int5sely int]e/+ to see ! f9e =ms evolv$ 9 ! process4 ,to ! arti/ ! impulse to /op him is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,x 0 !re t ! old ma/]s %[$ _! wisdom & re/ra9t4 ,!y /opp$ at ! "r mom5t & none ( _! %apes desc5d to ! m]ely clev]4 ,!re is a nobility ab\t a l>ge vase lack+ 9 a small "o4 ,once ! appetite be :ett$ = big pots ! desire = size seems insatiable4 ,! only way out1 except = ! born ?r[]1 is ! two- or ?ree-piece vase4 ,! ,*9ese 7 ma/]s ( ?is z ( e o!r process & we f9d t !y frequ5tly made vases ( q mod]ate size 9 two or ?ree p>ts1 /ick+ ! pieces toge!r ) consummate skill4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be attempt$ until consid]able pr(ici5cy has be5 ga9$ 9 ?r[+ to a draw+1 = 9 any b exp]t h&s x is doom$ to failure4 ,! %ape mu/ be c>efully drawn out on pap] & ! sections m>k$ (f & !n ?r[n exactly to size4 ,any deviation means endless tr\ble1 ) ev5tual disappo9tm5t4 ,= ?is difficult "w ! /ud5t unable to devote a lifetime to ?r[+ w f9d a removable :eel head a necessity4 ,!n a slott$ "o c be screw$ on :i* w all[ a pla/] disc to be %ipp$ back into exactly ! same position1 ?us sav+ ! difficult task ( re-c5tr+4 ,= prolong$ op]ations ^! pla/] discs require to be %ellack$ to prev5t ! "w leav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd--;,,assembly ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts4 ,to />t ) a %ape z %[n 9 ! illu/ration might be attempt$4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,! draw+ made full size is hung 9 full view4 ,!n ! gauge is set to ! exact wid? ( ! jo9t4 ,! bottom half is fir/ made1 be+ cut squ>e & true ) ! prick]4 ,! draw+ is rev]s$ & ! upp] half ?r[n1 ! neck be+ at ! bottom ) a fair am\nt ( wa/e b5ea?4 ,:5 ea* "p is trimm$ accurately to measure1 !y are put aside to t\gh54 ,! top portion w /iff5 j z requir$1 leav+ ! neck /ill moi/4 ,! bottom half w ne$ wat*+ to prev5t ! upp] edge dry+ be=e ! base gets firm en\gh to support ! top :5 atta*$4 ,a damp clo? lightly wrapp$ r\nd x w help to insure ! ideal condition = /ick+ up1 :i* is a gradually dim9i%+ /ate ( t\ghness f ! base up to lip1 ! junction ( ! p>ts be+ 9 exactly ! same /ate4 ,:5 fit to h&le1 ! top half is cut ?r\gh at ! lip1 all[+ a trifle = f9i%+ (f4 ,next ! bottom half1 /ill firmly fix$ to ! bat1 is slott$ back into its orig9al position on ! :eel4 ,! flat surfaces t h to be appli$ & /uck are n[ v c>efully & slightly r\gh5$1 !n pa9t$ ) ?ick slip made f ! same body4 ,^! two wet edges are n[ appli$ & g5tly & firmly press$ into position1 ! :eel be+ sl[ly revolv$ to see if ! two halves run true4 ,:5 well toge!r & app>5tly /ick+1 a little w$ge ( s(t clay c be c>efully run 9 all ar\nd ! jo9t4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be v ?or\gh1 & ! clay w$ge mu/ be c>efully weld$ into ! sides ( ! jo9t4 ,?is is f9i%$ (f on ! outside ) ! rib & ! inside v lightly smoo!d ) ! f+]s4 ,dur+ ?is process ! top %\ld be cov]$ ) a s(t wet clo?1 !n :5 ! jo9t has be5 made good & w /& ! slight /ra91 ! lip is f9i%$ (f 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,) ?ree-piec$ %apes ! lip c be f9i%$ be=e /ick+ up1 z ! la/ "p is ?r[n 9 its "r position4 ,if at any "t ! %ape %[s a disposition to leave ! pla/] bat1 x %\ld be /uck d[n ) wet clay4 ,! t\gh5$ %ape c n[ be turn$ d[n 9 its upright position1 cut (f ! bat1 & ! base holl[$ 9 a *uck 7see next *apt]74 ,illu/ration3 ,india4 ,b4,c4 #bjjj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,turn+ ,,or ,,%av+ ,a %>p spe> ne$s no poli%4--,zulu prov]b4 ,! turn+ or %av+ op]ation takes place :5 ! gre5 %ape has dri$ to a lea!ry condition4 ,x consi/s 9 %av+ ! sides & holl[+ ! base until ! ?ickness is uni=m4 ,! %ape is ?us made mu* light] & r5d]$ less liable to crack f unequal contraction4 ,at ! same "t a f9e f9i% is imp>t$ to ! surface4 ,"o ( ! h&ie/ tools = %av+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bg1 no4 #f1 b a piece ( hoop iron b5t at "r angles & %ap$ ) a file w s]ve4 ,small holl[s c be f9i%$ ) a modell+ tool4 ,an old piece ( lea!r w close up & f9i% ! surface4 ,9 factories a horizontal la! is usually employ$1 ! %ape be+ fitt$ ov] a *um or *uck4 ,skill$ m5 c turn %apes d[n until !y are sc>cely ?ick] ?an t91 b ?is1 x is ne$less to add1 is an abuse ( me?od ev5 ) porcela91 & q out ( place ) /onew>e or e>!nw>e4 ,all t is necess>y is to trim ! ?ick sides1 holl[ ! base1 & smoo? ! surface4 7,fig4 #ce47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce--,,section ,,%ew+ ,,turn$ ,,?r[n ,,wall ,,( ,a ,,%ape4 ,a simple way to arrive at ?is is to ?r[ on ! :eel a *uck ( /iff clay to fit ! %ape1 wide-m\!d ones be+ fitt$ ov] & ord9>y %apes )9 ! *uck4 7,figs4 #cf & #cg47 ,a piece ( s(t l95 is plac$ ov] ?is *uck to prev5t /ick+ & ! %ape fitt$ & c5tr$4 ,:5 sp9n+ q truly f "r to left & /eadi$ ) ! left h&1 ! tool %\ld be g5tly appli$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,holl[ ! base & !n %ave ! sides1 turn+ all d[n v gradually & improve ! outl9e z mu* z possible 9 ! process4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf--,,%av+ ,,! ,,base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg--,,%av+ ,,! ,,sides4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 ) ! base4 ,if x is n q true x %\ld be s&pap]$ to /& flat4 ,a little exp]i5ce w soon %[ :5 x is 9 ! be/ /ate = %av+4 ,if ! clay is too s(t1 ! tool jumps1 =m+ ridges1 or possibly cuts deeply into ! =m4 ,if x is too dry1 ! surface crumbles & ! pot is liable to break4 ,:5 turn$ 9 ! "r lea!ry condition1 ! %av+s curl (f l peel f an apple & all tool m>ks are easily remov$4 ,a beautiful f9i% may !n be imp>t$ ) ! lea!r4 ,to end ! process ! %ape is rev]s$ 9 ! *uck4 ,^? mo/ important p>ts1 ! %\ld]s & lip1 are c>efully r\nd$ ) a piece ( felt & poli%$ ) ! lea!r4 ,prop]ly att5d$ to1 ?is w save mu* "w & disappo9tm5t lat] on4 ,!n ) all holes fill$ up1 all ridges1 bumps1 & %>p edges remov$1 ! %ape is sign$ & put to dry4 ,= v delicate "w 9 transp>5t glaze or "u-glaze pa9t+1 ! :ole surface may be gone ov] ) v f9e s&pap] & poli%$ ) ! h&4 ,?is may be done provid$ ! body is a f9e "o1 = ) a co>se body ?is is apt to leave ! surface look+ gritty4 ,"s little practice w be necess>y 9 ?r[+ /iff *ucks & c5tr+ ! %ape securely1 b ?is once ma/]$1 ! me?od "h describ$ w be f\nd to be exp$iti\s & satisfactory = turn+ %apes4 ,a prop] reg>d = process po9ts to ! desirability ( leav+ built %apes )\t a high f9i%4 ,yet !y also1 if built c>efully & /\tly1 may be turn$ d[n 9 ! above mann]4 ,! build+ up & turn+ d[n is some:at t$i\s1 b x is sometimes ! only way by :i* a craftsman c obta9 l>ge %apes4 ,a r m simple process is to c5tre ! %ape ^u a :irl] & turn d[n ) a %>p wire tool1 f9i%+ (f lightly ) a sponge & s(t lea!r4 ,to accompli% ?is satisfactorily ! %ape mu/ be fairly s(t1 z !re c be no quick sp9n+ motion to enable ! tool to cut cleanly z 9 ! *uck or ! :eel4 ,:5 ! head ( ! :irl] is ( pla/]1 x %\ld be well soak$ 9 wat] & ! c5tr$ %ape /uck d[n ) s(t clay4 ,! h& hold+ ! cutt+ wire tool mu/ be held /eady at a fix$ di/ance f ! c5tr$ %ape & ! pot may be spray$ ) wat] bl[n ?r\gh a diffus] f "t to "t1 to keep x moi/4 ,"s clays w n1 h[ev]1 /& mu* re-wett+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch--,,position ,,( ,,tools ,,:5 ,,%av+4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to caution ! craftsman aga9/ angul> pr(iles1 splay$ feet1 or %>p m\ld+s4 ,su* features are =eign to good pott]y1 h[ev] suit$ to metal or /one4 ,) ta/e & judgem5t ! irregul> groov+ caus$ by ! tool c be made ( high decorative value4 ,9 no case %\ld ! built %ape try to masqu]ade z a ?r[n %ape4 ,:5 ! :irl] is us$ to %ave d[n built %apes1 !y may be coil$ v ?ick at ! base1 ?us all[+ m rapid "w4 ,! att5tion mu/ !n be conc5trat$ on ! pr(ile ( ! inside4 ,9 ?is way _m %apes t splay out or curve boldly f ! foot may be built1 :i* w\ld o!rwise pres5t _m difficulties 9 coil+4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,tile-,,mak+ ,,vi ?\s& & f\rscore ( pavynge tiles deliv]$ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 = to pave ! ,k+es new hall at ,x,x,v,js4 ,v,i,i,jd4 ! ?\s&4 --,sixte5? c5tury memor&um4 ,tiles may be made ( v>i\s k9ds & sizes1 b 9 e case !y %[ an incl9ation to buckle 9 dry+ & fir+4 ,! l>g] ! tile ! /rong] is ?is t5d5cy to w>p4 ,! clay mu/ n be s ri* z t :i* is us$ = ?r[+ & %\ld be temp]$ to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to curl4 ,a tile box z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 or a v>iant ( x1 w be requir$ = press+ tiles by h&2 = pla9 tiles #e_/h deep1 = o!rs #a-a_/d deep1 ! size be+ calculat$ to all[ = %r9k+4 ,! sides h+e & ! ?umb screws keep x /eady on ! b5* dur+ "w4 ,= r\gh tiles1 two /rips nail$ to ! table w s]ve1 ! clay be+ roll$ out betwe5 & cut 9 l5g?s z requir$4 ,= pla9 tiles ! w$g$ & temp]$ clay is batt$ out into a slab a full #c_/d ?ick4 ,! m\ld is du/$ ) ,fr5* *alk1 fl9t1 or v f9ely sift$ clay du/1 to prev5t /ick+1 & into x is press$ a piece cut to fit easily 9 ! tile box1 f ! slab4 ,?is is firmly press$ into ! box1 consid]able pressure be+ us$4 ,! surplus is scrap$ (f & ! top tru$ ) an iron /raight-edge4 ,! knife c be run r\nd ! sides1 !n ) ! frame rev]s$ a sm>t tap on ! back w release ! tile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci--,,tile ,,frame--#f-a_/b x #ac4 ,let ! tiles t\gh5 & !n pile 9 /acks ) flat pieces ( clay or old tile betwe5 ea* corn] & a true biscuit tile at bottom & ! top4 ,!y c be pil$ "o on ! o!r ) s& betwe5 or /ack$ l bricks ) alt]nate holes = ! air to circulate4 ,?is ret>ds ! dry+1 b 9 any case !y mu/ be dri$ sl[ly4 ,) pla9 glaz$ tiles a little co>se du/ spr9kl$ ov] ! surface be=e ! tile is remov$ f ! box1 & well press$ 91 w give a slight int]e/ to ! surface & take away any me*anical look4 ,if requir$ = pa9t+1 ! clay mu/ be v f9ely siev$ & ! surface w ne$ c>eful f9i%+ by h& :5 dry4 ,) co>se clay1 a f9e surface c be imp>t$ ) a flexible broad palette knife4 ,= rais$ outl9e tiles a frame #a-a_/d deep is requir$4 ,?is all[s a pla/] bat #e_/h ?ick to be plac$ at ! bottom4 ,! be/ way1 p]haps1 is to oil ! frame & ca/ ! bat 9 x1 remov+ x :5 set & s&pap]+ ! upp] surface flat & true4 ,! design = ! tile drawn ! exact size on pap] is n[ trac$ on ?is surface4 ,x is f> bett] to sket* x directly onto ! slab1 b ?is dem&s "s pr(ici5cy if ! surface is to be pres]v$4 ,! design is !n incis$ ) a firm %>p po9t1 clay squeezes be+ tak5 f "t to "t to %[ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,! pla/] %\ld be wett$ to insure easy work+4 ,at ! f9i% ! design %\ld /& out 9 a fairly /rong & deep l9e--squ>e--n r\nd or angul> 9 section4 7,fig4 #dj47 ,a *isel-po9t$ h>d p5cil w be f\nd be/ = f9i%+4 ,?is gives a cle>-cut l9e1 n too r\nd4 ,! bat1 spong$ clean & por\s1 is !n plac$ 9 ! frame & ! tile press$ z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj--;,a3 ,,po9t ,,= ,,fir/ ,,outl9e4 ,b3 ,,d4 ,,= ,,f9al ,,incis$ ,,l9e4 ,c3 ,,section ,,( ,,incorrect ,,cloissons4 ,d3 ,,correct4 ,rais$ outl9e tiles c be ev5 m satisfactorily made by means ( outl9+ slip squeez$ f a tube or trac] 9 ! same mann] t inscriptions are made on sug>$ cakes1 b ?is requires mu* practice to obta9 good results4 ,:5 glaz+1 ! col\r$ glazes are appli$ to ! diff]5t comp>tm5ts ) a bru%4 ,z ! glaze fuses to ab\t "o ?ird ( its bulk :5 dry1 x %\ld be appli$ v lib]ally4 ,x w be f\nd t l>ge or elaborate designs are to be avoid$1 z 9 ?is process !y t5d to become me*anical & look ?94 ,! old ,spani% & ,moori% tiles 9 ?is /yle ) jewel-l bits ( col\r are excell5t guides & might be /udi$ ) advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da--,,slip ,,trac]4 ,! process ( mak+ encau/ic tiles is a little m complicat$4 ,)9 ! frame is plac$ a well-la!r$ or soap$ pla/] bat 7or tile7 high en\gh to all[ only a ?9 lay] ( clay #a_/h ?ick be+ run out on top4 ,on ?is :5 firm ! design is trac$ or p\nc$4 ,!n ) a ?9 %>p blade x is cut d[n v]tically to ! pla/] bat1 & ! clay remov$ until ! :ole design %[s 9 :ite pla/] b5ea? 7see illu/ration #db74 ,! face ( ! clay left mu/ be pres]v$ c>efully1 z x =ms ! surface ( ! subsequ5t press4 ,! bat ) clay is n[ plac$ on ! bottom ( ! frame to all[ a ca/ #e_/h ?ick to be made4 ,! pla/] & ! sides ( ! frame are slightly oil$ & ! pla/] mix$ & p\r$ 94 ,a s(t hair bru% w be useful to dislodge ! air bubbles t are c]ta9 to hide 9 "s ( ! _m odd corn]s4 ,:5 ne>ly set1 ! surface ( ! pla/] c be scrap$ flat1 & :5 set tak5 out ( ! frame & deta*$4 ,! clay is pick$ out & ! :ole surface ( ! design clean$ & trimm$ s t x w n hold or b9d 9 press+4 ,?is 9 turn is plac$ 9 ! frame & a c>eful press tak54 ,! result is a sunk design into :i* a diff]5t col\r$ clay is press$1 ! tile be+ fir/ all[$ to t\gh54 ,! surface is lightly scrap$ flat & ! tile sl[ly dri$4 ,:5 h>d1 ! face is scrap$ aga9 ) a /eel /raight-edge1 s&pap]$1 & du/$1 :5 ! design appe>s 9 two col\rs4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,,clay ,,lay] ,,cut ,,out ,,on ,,bat ,,pla/] ,,die4 ,! mo/ effective clays are fairly silice\s r$s1 buffs1 br[ns1 & greys4 ,:5 temp]$ ) fl9t or qu>tz s& to a uni=m degree1 !y (f] a spl5did opportunity = c\nt]*ange patt]n4 ,if a s(t clay t contracts consid]ably is inlaid 9 a refractory clay1 cracks w appe> r\nd ! edges ( ! inlay4 ,?us x is f\nd be/ to h ! body ( ! tile made ( ! clay t contracts mo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc--,,/rik+ ,,(f ,,face ,,( ,,tile ,,9 ,,frame--,,section ,,on ,a-,b4 ,:]e only a s+le tile is requir$ a m direct me?od is possible4 ,! tile is press$ & all[$ to t\gh5 slightly1 ! design be+ transf]r$ z be=e4 ,x is !n cut r\nd ) a %>p knife & ! wa/e remov$ ) a wire tool4 ,a c]ta9 facility ( h&l+ is requir$1 = great c>e mu/ be tak5 to pres]ve ! edges & angles4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 productive ( mu* fre% & vigor\s "w4 ,encau/ic tiles mu/ necess>ily be simple & bold 9 "*1 = any?+ complicat$ invites confusion2 ! be/ possible guides are ! encau/ic tiles ( m$ival times1 especially ! simple & spirit$ ,engli% & ,g]man ,go?ic4 ,! mo/ satisfactory way to make modell$ tiles or panels is to run out ^u a /\t bo>d1 cross batt5$ to prev5t w>p+1 a flat slab ( clay ( ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,sket* 9 ! design ) a po9t & model /raight away onto ! clay4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 if ! panel is to be fir$1 to see t all ! add$ "w adh]es firmly to ! backgr\nd4 ,:]e sev]al presses are to be made1 ! edges ( ! modell$ slab %\ld be c>efully trimm$ ) a bevel1 ! bo>d oil$1 & ! m\ld made directly aft] ! modell+ is f9i%$4 ,! m\ld may be work$ on 9 mod]ation4 ,lett]+ is mu* m easily incis$ 9 ! m\ld ?an rais$ 9 ! clay4 ,= tiles ne$+ mu* %>pness ( detail almo/ ! :ole c be c>v$ 9 ! pla/]4 ,unless done ) great sympa?y1 h[ev]1 ?is leads to a c]ta9 h>%ness & angul>ity t %\ld be =eign to clay4 ,:]e a m\ld$ frame = a panel is requir$1 a /rickle1 or pr(ile1 is cut 9 z9c4 ,= %ort use "o made f a ?9 slab ( pla/] w s]ve4 ,! /rickle is key$ to a /raight-edge & dragg$ ov] ! clay until ! correct m\ld+ em]ges4 ,?is is !n cut into l5g?s & v c>efully dri$4 ,! t5d5cy ( all transp>5t glassy glazes to pool 9 holl[s & run (f at high po9ts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,) ?ick matt glazes any delicacy ( detail is apt to be lo/ lab\r4 ,^! problems %\ld be fac$ be=e ! design is made1 z 9 ?is process !re is a c]ta9 quality ( surface requir$ by ! glaze4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 endeav\r+ to make a good surface = ! glaze to enhance1 x is easy to slip into ! ov]-r\nd & slimy treatm5t t *>act]izes s mu* modell$ pott]y4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,dry+3 ,,f9i%+ ,!re nis no workeman :osoev] he be ,t c w]ke bo! welle & ha/ile4 --,m]*ants ,tale4 ,dry+ out is q an important "p ( pot mak+4 ,= ?is a dry+ cupbo>d is a necessity4 ,x is easily erect$1 if ! front & sides ( wood be back$ aga9/ a wall4 ,across ! bottom1 :i* %\ld be op51 run a r[ ( gas jets protect$ above by p]=at$ z9c or iron4 ,at ! top1 :i* is bo>d$ 91 place a small slid+ panel to insure a draught4 ,) side brackets & removable %elves x %\ld answ] all purposes4 ,a cupbo>d may be built ov] a radiator1 b "h ! heat is n s easily regulat$4 ,a !rmomet] inside ! cupbo>d w be an advantage1 = a wet pot /raight f ! :eel w w>p 9 a w>m? t w\ld be q suit$ to t\gh %apes4 ,! gre5 or damp w>es %\ld be put on ! top %elves & br\ght ne>] ! heat z !y dry4 ,l>ge %apes put into ! cupbo>d to dry quickly are v liable to crack across ! base4 ,any flu% ( heat ^u !m ?r\gh any ap]ture 9 ! %elves w cause !m to dry /reakily4 ,turn+ !n becomes difficult or impossible4 ,b[ls1 if n too fragile1 may ) c>e be pil$ "o )9 ! o!r4 ,?is helps to reta9 _! %ape4 ,tiles are be/ /ack$ 9 piles du/$ ) fl9t or ) a piece ( clay at ea* corn] betwe5 !m4 ,tiles %\ld nev] be plac$ 9 ! cupbo>d until q dry & /raight4 ,flat platt]s or di%es require v c>eful dry+ to prev5t buckl+ & %\ld be rev]s$ on a piece ( s&$ glass4 ,:5 %apes are dri$ 9 ! op5 air1 !y (t5 get h>d at ! rim be=e ! bottom /iff5s4 ,!y ne$ rev]s+ to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy4 ,to ret>d dry+1 :i* may (t5 be necess>y1 a damp-box is ne$$4 ,a l>ge box1 z9c-l9$ & fitt$ ) pla/] slabs1 is an excell5t device4 ,! pla/] mu/ be kept moi/ ) wat]4 ,a well-t>r$ box ) a close-fitt+ lid is m easily con/ruct$ & w s]ve mo/ purposes4 ,all "w to be /uck up or modell$ on %\ld be kept 9 ! damp-box until q f9i%$ & !n dri$ v gradually4 ,9 all k9ds ( /ick+ up ! body & ! addition %\ld be ( ! same consi/5cy4 ,re-wett+ is dang]\s b may be resort$ to 9 mod]ation ) /\t ?r[n %apes4 ,ornam5t add$ :5 ! %ape is ne>ly dry is v likely to leave 9 ! biscuit+1 al?\gh app>5tly q firm 9 ! gre5 /ate4 ,ca/ %apes dry v rapidly & %\ld be f9i%$ be=e !y become :ite dry4 ,) practice h&les1 masks1 & ! l c be affix$ 9 ! dry /ate ) slip1 b x dem&s its c>eful & sp>+ use4 ,cracks or holes 9 dri$ %apes c ) great c>e be fill$1 a /iff w$ge ( clay be+ firmly press$ 9 & weld$ to ! slightly moi/5$ sides ( ! crack4 ,! pla/] tools 7,fig4 #dd7 w be f\nd v h&y = work+ on ! dry clay4 ,) skill & pati5ce mu* repair+ may be done on unfir$ %apes1 b x is a wa/e ( "t to attempt x unless ! beauty ( ! piece w>rants x4 ,x is f> bett] if ! piece be faulty to ?r[ x back into ! b9 at ?is /age4 ,once fir$1 x is likely to rema9 an irrem$iable eyesore4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd--,,pla/] ,,tools4 ,"o or two o!r po9ts be>+ on f9i% h be5 m5tion$ be=e 9 previ\s *apt]s1 b ^! la/ t\*es are s important t !y w be> "s reit]ation4 ,! f9ality burn$ 9 by ! biscuit+ %\ld induce a c>eful & s\nd completion ( ea* object2 yet p>adoxical z x may seem1 ! less f9i%+1 ! bett] = ! piece4 ,x is no "p ( a craftsman's "w to g f9nick+ ) file & s&pap]2 too frequ5tly no?+ rema9s ( :at might h be5 a vigor\s %ape b a meticul\s f9i%4 ,! be/ ,japanese "w 0 sup]b 9 ?is respect & despite ! _m qua9t & surpris+ %apes into :i* !y fa%ion$ ! clay1 x v r>ely seems to lose its pla/ic "*1 x nev] assumes =ms m suit$ to metal1 wood1 or /one4 ,aga9 ! "* t comes ) correct treatm5t is nev] smo!r$4 ,(t5 ! ribs or ridges made by ! f+]s or ! tool 9 =m+ ! %ape are frankly left to contribute _! quota to ! g5]al effect4 ,! lips are r\nd$ ) scrupul\s c>e & angles remov$ )\t a sugge/ion ( weakness4 ,:]e l>ge ut5sils1 ew]s & ! l1 are 9 "q1 m$ival pott]y is ri* 9 sugge/ion = h&les1 sp\ts1 & su* add$ =ms4 ,x is only :5 su* additions are affix$ t "o realizes ! nicety ( adju/m5t requir$ betwe5 ! size1 %ape1 & situation ( ! h&le or sp\t & ! vessel to :i* x is atta*$4 ,x is "h t an appreciation & an intellig5t use ( hi/oric ornam5t is necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,fir+ ,,biscuit ,! ,pope1 ! ,c>d9als1 & ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,_w are a/oni%$ t su* excell5t & noble works c be made out ( ! e>?4 --,,exim5us4 ,fifte5? c5tury4 ,:5 suffici5t gre5 %apes h be5 accumulat$ & are :ite dry1 ! next /age w be biscuit+4 ,?is process is ! fir+ ( ! clay to a primrose or a :ite heat accord+ to its fusibility4 ,?is p]man5tly expels ! wat] t is always pres5t1 ev5 :5 dry1 & conv]ts ! friable clay into a h>d unalt]able body4 ,?is may v>y 9 col\r f ! :ite ( kaol9 to ivory1 grey1 buff1 r$1 or br[n1 accord+ to ! composition ( ! clay2 x may be vitre\s or por\s2 s(t l common fl[] pots or s h>d t x w sp>k :5 /ruck ) /eel4 ,! fire is ! ultimate te/ ( ! pot & ( ! pott]4 ,x is indisp5sable to bo?4 ,) b a small kiln ! craftsman w beg9 to appreciate _m ?+s t c be le>n$ only at ! fire hole4 ,)\t a kiln he w n comm5ce to be a pott]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de--;,,gas ,,kiln4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,close ,,pack$ ,,biscuit4 ,! k9ds ( kilns usually f\nd 9 s*ools are ! gas & ! oil kiln4 ,! ,engli% gas kiln has an arrangem5t ( n9e or twelve burn]s b5ea? ! muffle4 7,fig4 #de47 ,?is is a fire-clay box1 op5 at ! front1 set on fire bricks & cas$ r\nd ) fire tiles )9 an iron frame 7see cut74 ,!re is an air space all r\nd1 except at ! op5 end1 lead+ to ! flues on top :i* h damp]s to regulate ! draught4 ,! op5 end may be clos$ by a h+$ door or brick$ up ) fire tiles cut to fit4 ,! defects ( ?is k9d ( kiln are too sudd5 access ( flame to ! bottom ( ! muffle1 caus+ x to split1 & ! impossibility ( gett+ ! front1 :]e trials are usually plac$1 fir$ up equally ) ! back4 ,an ideal muffle ( ?is k9d w\ld be "o ) flues all r\nd1 gradual access ( flame on all sides1 spy holes ea* end1 & ! top to lift (f1 = plac+4 ,am]ican kilns h flues 9 ! door1 & ! *imney at ! top is plac$ slightly =w>d1 ?us mak+ x easy to fire ! front up h>d4 ,!y are usually fitt$ ) two l>ge burn]s1 ) air mix]s1 & a h&y mica spy hole4 ,! oil kiln diff]s consid]ably f ! gas kiln4 ,! oil is f$ ?r\gh tubes into fire boxes "s di/ance bel[ ! bottom ( ! muffle4 ,x burns on asbe/os fibre 9 an iron pan to :i* ! draught c be admitt$4 ,! flames /rike ! bottom ( ! muffle & pass up ?r\gh fire-clay pipes1 :i* project into ! muffle1 !n pass (f ?r\gh a tw9 flue regulat$ by damp]s4 ,) ?is kiln a long flue is necess>y & any excess ( c>bon is liable to *oke ! pipes1 & fur!r x _c be sweat$ up at ! f9i% s easily z a gas kiln hav+ a l>ge numb] ( burn]s4 ,x is a good plan :5 a co>se fire-clay muffle is us$ = glaze & biscuit to give ! sides & top a sagg] wa% ( lead & /one4 ,?is r5d]s ! muffle less liable to absorb glaze f ! pots 9 glo/ fir+4 ,x also less5s ! dang] ( small bits scal+ (f & /ick+ to ! f9i%$ w>e4 ,! bottom %\ld always be kept du/$ ) f9ely p[d]$ fl9t4 ,:5 cracks appe> or jo9ts op51 !y %\ld be /opp$ ) a pugg+ ( fire clay & grog4 ,a mixture ( egg silica or wat] glass ) f9e grog & qu>tz s& w /op small cracks4 ,siluma1 a fire-pro( cem5t1 ) equal p>ts ( s&1 answ]s admirably = pat*+4 ,9 biscuit fir+ ! gre5 %apes may be pack$ close toge!r1 ) ! light] %apes on top ( ! /rong]1 b all mu/ be #a_/b to #c_/d away f ! sides ( ! muffle4 ,triangul> pieces ( biscuit1 call$ saddles1 are us$ to raise ! %apes (f ! bottom1 b (t5 a fir$ tile1 s&$ & plac$ on a spur or saddles1 gives ! be/ f\ndation4 ,:]e two lay]s are requir$1 small props & fire bats1 p]=at$ to let ! heat ?r\gh1 w be necess>y4 ,^! =m %elves z ! exig5cies ( ! pack+ dictate4 7,fig4 #dg47 ,= light %apes1 ?imbles & fir$ tiles w s]ve ! purpose4 7,fig4 #dh47 ,:]e a %elf or prop rocks insecurely1 a small wad ( pugg+ 7grog & clay7 w give a /eady be>+4 ,?r[n b[ls1 if dri$ toge!r & well fitt+1 may be fir$ toge!r1 & l>ge ?r[n pots may be fill$ ) little ones4 ,ca/ %apes c be plac$ on top ( ?r[n ones1 b no lib]ty is to be tak5 ) !m4 ,fl9t %\ld be us$ lib]ally to prev5t /ick+1 :i* may happ5 if ! biscuit be ov]-fir$4 ,tiles c be fir$ two toge!r 9 tile boxes or /ack$ z dri$4 ,flat w>e fir$ 9 a small muffle requires v c>eful h&l+4 ,:5ev] possible1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 on a flat fl9t-cov]$ fire tile or bat4 ,"o soon le>ns to pack a biscuit kiln1 us+ saddles1 spurs1 /ilts1 ?imbles1 bits ( tile or biscuit1 & s& or fl9t z necess>y4 ,! ?+ t is a little difficult to realize at fir/ is t built or ?r[n %apes1 & /ill less tiles or modell$ "w1 %\ld n be hurri$4 ,twelve h\rs is none too long to give to a #e_/h tile 9 ! biscuit kiln4 ,al?\gh to all appe>ances ?or\ghly dry1 ! lea/ hurry g5]ates /eam :i* w ru?lessly bl[ our be/ effects to bits4 ,9 pack+1 two cones or temp]ature indicators 7,fig4 #df7 are plac$ some:]e ne> ! middle 9 a position easily se5 dur+ ! fir+ f ! spy hole4 ,^! cones are made ( diff]5t compositions :i* melt at v>y+ temp]atures4 ,?us if ! fir+ po9t ( a body is kn[n1 a cone ( t degree is us$ & ! fir+ cont9u$ until ! cone b5ds4 ,?is x does soon aft] x assumes ! col\r ( ! surr\nd+ muffle4 ,to elim9ate ! unc]ta9ty t is likely to be pres5t at ! fir/ few fir+s x is z well to use two or ev5 ?ree cones1 "o j above & "o bel[ ! correct temp]ature4 ,plac$ 9 ord] !re is little *ance !n ( ov]- or "u-fir+ unless s mu* sulphur gets into ! kiln t ! cones h>d5 & refuse to turn4 ,calorites are sometimes us$ b are n s reliable4 ,! cones may be slop$ to insure b5d+ to "r or left1 z a cone b5d+ t[>ds ! spy is deceptive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df--;,,cones4 ,a trial piece ( biscuit be+ plac$ ne> ! spy hole1 ! next ?+ is to close ! muffle4 ,9 a kiln ) h+$ doors ! spy hole is fix$ & ?is fact has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,b ) a brick$-up door ! spy & v5t may be left :]e x is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,^! orifices h plugs t fit !m loosely s t if necess>y !y c be pull$ )\t di/urb+ ! clamm+4 ,?is clamm+ or /opp+ is a mixture ( s&1 siev$ du/1 gr\nd pit*]s1 or o!r infusible sift+s held toge!r ) a v little wa/e glaze & wat]4 ,:]e mu* is requir$1 moi/ s& w suffice4 ,?is is pla/]$ into ! cracks t w\ld o!rwise let heat out (1 or air into1 ! muffle1 & s seals up ! door4 ,) h+$ doors little /opp+ is requir$1 except r\nd ! spy or v5t4 ,! crack above ! door %\ld n be clamm$ until ! muffle beg9s to get w>m4 ,) ?is done & ! two plugs out1 all is n[ ready to light up4 ,) an ,engli% kiln1 a good middle c\rse is z foll[s3 ,= cone 4#ja1 tak+ #ab-ad h\rs4 ,see t all ! burn] taps are (f ) ! ma9 cock on "o ?ird to "o half4 ,take ! read+ ( ! metre4 ,pull ! air regulators "r back & ! damp]s out ne>ly half4 ,!n take out ! plug ( ! light+ hole & ins]t a tap]4 ,turn on tap numb] #a4 ,:5 lit1 )draw ! tap] & turn on tap numb] #b4 ,turn d[n to ab\t "o half & cont9ue until e burn] is lit1 mak+ sure t ea* "o is burn+ freely ) a yell[ flame4 ,) a kiln hav+ twelve burn]s turn out all b numb]s #c1 #f1 & #i4 ,) ^! on "o ?ird1 v g5tly pu% =w>d ! air regulators until a ro>+ noise tells t air is be+ admitt$ to ! buns5 burn]s4 ,! flame at ?is "t %\ld be blue1 & ! /opp] %\ld be replac$4 ,if ! flame appe>s at all fi]ce1 turn ! taps d[n a little4 ,if turn$ d[n too mu*1 ! gas lights back & w h to be turn$ out & relight$4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 too mu* air is admitt$4 ,! burn]s require wat*+ until ! "r pressure is kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg--,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bats ,,props4 ,= biscuit ( any ?ickness ?ree h\rs on ! ?ree burn]s is n too mu*1 ! taps be+ gradually turn$ on to increase ! l5g? ( ! flame until at ! end ( ! ?ree h\rs ! taps are at ?ree f\r?s4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ half h\r ! bottom spy hole is plugg$ & :5 all /eam has /opp$ issu+ f ! top v5t1 t is /opp$ also & ! :ole clamm$1 leav+ j a small crack z v5t4 ,:5 ?ree h\rs are up1 ! regulators are pull$ back & all burn]s lit at half cock4 ,!n all b #b1 #e1 #g1 #i1 & #aa are turn$ out4 ,/>t+ at ! half1 !y are gradually increas$ to ?ree f\r?s 9 two h\rs4 ,!n numb]s #a1 #b-d1 #e-g1 #h-aj1 #aa are light$ 9 ! same way4 ,col\r w beg9 to %[ inside ! muffle ab\t ! fif? or six? h\r1 & ! top damp]s c come out a little1 ! front "o m ?an ! back1 to draw ! flame t[>ds ! door4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh--,,tile ,,?imbles4 ,:5 ! eight burn]s h be5 on ab\t "o & "o half h\rs ! muffle w probably %[ a dull r$ inside & all dang] ( bl[+ w be pass$4 ,two m burn]s at ?ree f\r?s may n[ be put on & at ! expiration ( ano!r "o & "o half h\rs ! rema9+ two may be turn$ on4 ,if ! pressure weak5s & ! flame %ort5s1 ! ma9 cock %\ld be turn$ on4 ,j above ! base ( ea* *imney is a small hole & ! flame %\ld %[ ?r\gh ^! t[>ds ! f9i%4 ,if ! flame flaps out ( ! *imney tops1 x is s mu* wa/e & x %\ld be *eck$ at ! taps4 ,! damp]s c come "r out t[>ds ! end1 be+ us$ to sweat ! flame to ! front if ! back appe>s to come up too fa/4 ,z :ite heat approa*es1 ! cones %\ld be obs]v$ occasionally4 ,!y turn ! col\r ( _! surr\nd+s :5 ab\t to topple ov] & z ! fir/ beg9s to curl ! trial ne> ! spy c be hook$ out quickly & te/$4 ,:5 ! "r cone is well d[n1 ! ma9 cock & !n ! burn] taps are turn$ (f4 ,! air regulators are n[ pull$ back & aft] a few m9utes ! damp]s are clos$4 ,! metre is !n *eck$ & ent]$ 9 ! fir+ book4 ,! kiln %\ld be all[$ to cool sl[ly = at lea/ #ab h\rs1 b ! clamm+ at ! top may come away & ?is w exp$ite ! cool+ )\t risk to ! muffle4 ,?is "t applies to a muffle ( ab\t #bj #ae #cj dim5sions4 ,a small] kiln w fire up & cool 9 a %ort] "t4 ,gas kilns z made 9 ,am]ica v>y 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! burn]s1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,!y are simple to manipulate & especially h&y = fir+ on decoration1 z !y are fitt$ ) %elves & uprights4 ,! burn]s once alight1 ! flame is gradually increas$1 b :]e ! pressure is unc]ta91 x is well to keep some?+ 9 res]ve4 ,fir+ ) oil is some:at diff]5t4 ,! asbe/os fibre 9 ! pans is well saturat$ ) k]os5e1 ! tanks fill$1 & ! taps turn$ (f4 ,a light is appli$ to ! burn]s & :5 bo? are burn+ freely ! taps are turn$ on to all[ a ?9 /ream ( oil to fl[ into ! pans4 ,f ! m]e/ trickle at fir/1 ! fl[ %\ld be gradually increas$ z ! heat develops4 ,?is is obs]v$ ?r\gh ! mica spy hole 9 ! door & ! "o above tells :5 ! flame is rea*+ its maximum4 ,%\ld x fl>e ov] irregul>ly be=e ! f9i% x means t ! combu/ion is n p]fect & !re is dang] ( clogg+4 ,! supply ( oil %\ld be r$uc$ & ! draught regulat$ until ! flame 9 ! combu/ion *amb] burns cle>4 ,all soot or c>bon =m+ 9 ! fire box %\ld be rak$ out & ! oil supply *eck$1 z x indicates a too lib]al supply4 ,z ! oil 9 ! tank subsides x %\ld be refill$ & ! taps *eck$1 z ! increase 9 pressure is apt to v>y ! fl[4 ,! lat] patt]ns ( oil kilns h sev]al advantages ov] ! kiln describ$4 ,! muffle con/ruction & ! burn] arrangem5ts are +5i\s & practical1 & ne$ little manipulation to insure ev5 di/ribution ( heat4 ,! oil tanks & taps w ne$ att5tion at ea* fir+1 o!rwise s$im5t w collect & *oke ! ev5 fl[ ( p>aff9 oil or k]os5e4 ,) bo? gas or oil kilns ! am\nt ( fuel consum$ %\ld be record$1 toge!r ) ! "t1 wea!r conditions1 cones1 & results ( fir+1 9 ! ,kiln ,log4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di--,,sket* ,,sec',,tn ,,( ,,oil ,,kiln ,,to ,,%[ ,,pack+ ,,( ,,glaz$ ,,pots4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,glo/ ,,fir+ ,:5 ,=tune br+e? !e affliction1 console ?yself by rememb]+ t "o day ?\ mu/ see prosp]ity1 & ano!r day difficulty4 --,f ,,el ,,koran4 ,! h>d por\s biscuit %ape w n[ ne$ a coat ( glaze & a subsequ5t glo/ fire4 ,raw glazes = gre5 %apes are n[ seldom us$ except = ! co>s] w>es or peasant pott]y4 ,9 comm]ce x is1 h[ev]1 l>gely us$ on tiles1 m\ld+s1 & big sanit>y appliances4 ,= common *eap crock]y a s(t lead glaze1 (t5 gal5a1 is g5]ally us$4 ,x is appli$ ) a bru%1 or ! pot /ill lea!ry & t\gh is dipp$ 9 ! glaze4 ,raw glazes h a /rong incl9ation to leave 9 ! fir+4 ,!y are v difficult to manipulate unless !y are ( ! simple/ =mula & fir$ v sl[ly4 ,! addition ( a little clay 9 ! =m ( slip to ! glaze w (t5 c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to leave ! pot4 ,! ord9>y glazes 9 dry p[d] =m are mix$ ) wat] to ! consi/5cy ( cream & pass$ ) ! aid ( a /\t bru% ?r\gh a phosphor bronze sieve into a l>ge bas9 or tub4 ,! sieves may range f eighty to two hundr$ me%1 accord+ to ! delicacy ( ! "w4 ,= ord9>y "w ,no4 #ajj suffices4 ,! biscuit to receive ! glaze %\ld be q clean & free f du/ or dirt ) ! insides c>efully du/$ or bl[n out4 ,grease w /op absorption1 b ) opaque glazes discoloration is n ( great importance4 ,if ! biscuit is h>d & incl9$ to be non-por\s1 ! glaze w ne$ to be mix$ fairly ?ick be=e x w cl+2 ) s(t & por\s %apes a comp>atively ?9 mixture w take readily4 ,no immutable law c be laid d[n = ! exact ?ickness ( ! coat ( glaze4 ,all glazes v>y4 ,"o sixte5? in* may be en\gh = "o & f> too ?9 = ano!r4 ,f "o tw5tie? in* = ?9 transp>5t glaze to "o eigh? in* = matts is a fair av]age4 ,x is well to err on ! ?ick side to avoid an impov]i%$ look4 ,trials on odd pieces ( biscuit fir$ 9 horizontal & v]tical positions w be/ settle ! po9t4 ,9 all cases ! inside is fir/ half fill$ ) glaze :i* is roll$ quickly r\nd & out4 ,! deposit is !n te/$ ) a knife4 ,! glaze = ! inside %\ld be slightly ?9n] 9 composition ?an = ! outside1 z x is incl9$ to pool 9 ! bottom if too ?ick4 ,! outside & ! neck are !n scrap$ free ( all spla%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej--,,p\r+4 ,to glaze ! outside ( ! pot ! me?ods employ$ are pa9t+1 spray+1 dipp+1 & p\r+4 ,9 pa9t+1 two or ?ree coats appli$ ) a flat s(t bru% may be necess>y4 ,9 spray+1 ! glaze is ?9n$ consid]ably & bl[n ?r\gh a vaporiz] by means ( a foot pump4 7,fig4 #ea47 ,! %ape1 its m\? clos$ ) a small b[l or sauc]1 is plac$ on a :irl] 9 a draught box & sl[ly revolv$4 ,! draught draws ! wa/e spray away f ! op]ator1 :o %\ld we> a respirator4 ,?is me?od is excell5t :]e any gradation is requir$4 ,x is easily le>n$4 ,un=tunately1 x requires exp5sive app>atus to r5d] x safe ) lead glazes4 ,unless x is done on a big scale & ! wa/e glaze reta9$1 x is also wa/eful4 ,9 dipp+1 ! pot is plung$ "r "u 9 a tub ( glaze :i* is kept well /irr$ to prev5t ! heavy con/itu5ts settl+4 7,figs4 #eb & #ec47 ,?is requires consid]able dext]ity4 ,9 a s*ool1 glaze is seldom mix$ 9 suffici5t quantities to p]mit ( ?is be+ acquir$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory me?od is p\r+4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,! %ape is rev]s$ & /ood ^u a big /ilt or two /rips ( wood ov] a b[l or tub4 ,!n ! glaze is p\r$ f a jug r\nd ! edge ( ! base1 until e "p is cov]$4 ,) a little practice a q ev5 coat c be ?us appli$4 ,ow+ to ! inv]sion ( ! %ape x is slightly ?ick] at ! %\ld] & neck1 an excell5t po9t 9 glaz+4 ,:5 dry1 ! base is scrap$ & wip$ clean ) a sponge & ! lip t\*$ up ) a bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea--,,spray+4 ,) matt glazes1 z has be5 not$1 a ?ick coat is necess>y4 ,if v por\s1 ! %ape may be soak$ fir/ 9 clean wat] to take "s ( ! suction out ( ! biscuit4 ,:5 glaz$1 x is ess5tial t all dips & inequalities be remov$4 ,if ?9ly coat$1 ! glaze w assume a glossy surface :5 fir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb--;,,dipp+4 ,:atev] process is us$1 ! lip & base ( a pot %\ld receive c>eful att5tion1 ! rims especially %\ld be ?ickly & ev5ly coat$ ) glaze4 ,! ?ickness c be te/$ ) ! po9t ( a knife & any scrat*es or b>e spots %\ld be fill$ 9 & rubb$ flat z !y are apt to %[ at ! f9i% if ! glaze is at all refractory4 ,nev] />ve ! glaze1 = a ?9 coat imp>ts a poor *eap look to any pot t is seldom rem$i$ ) entire success4 ,:5 only "o k9d ( glaze is us$1 ! application is quickly le>n$4 ,) h>d & s(t1 lead & leadless glazes1 bo? opaque & transp>5t1 & possibly a comb9ation ( spray+1 pa9t+1 & p\r+1 ! difficulties are greatly increas$4 ,practical exp]i5ce w be ! only safe guide4 ,b speak+ g5]ally1 a spray$ coat c be ?ick] ?an a p\r$ coat4 ,h>d glazes give less tr\ble ?an s(t if too lib]ally appli$4 ,t9 glazes w /& a lot ( ov]-fir+ ev5 :5 ?9 & ! rev]se holds good ( matt glazes4 ,raw borax glazes require mu* m c>eful fir+ ?an raw lead glazes b (t5 give bett] col\r results & are less liable to sulphur+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec--;,,dipp+4 ,:5 glaz+ ) a transp>5t glaze ov] "u-glaze pa9t+ a ?9 coat is advisable4 ,if x be ?ick & run1 ! pa9t+ is spoil$2 b if1 aft] fir+1 x appe>s ?91 ano!r light spray may be tri$4 ,b :ole *apt]s ( writ+ w nev] settle ^! po9ts4 ,repeat$ trials on odd pieces ( biscuit w elucidate m ?an _m books4 ,9 pack+ a glo/ or glaze kiln /ilts & spurs in/ead ( saddles mu/ be us$ to prev5t ! pots f /ick+ to ! floor or %elves4 7,figs4 #di & #ed47 ,= ! same reason ! pots mu/ n t\* ea* o!r4 ,) glazes requir+ a high temp]ature ! space betwe5 pots ( diff]5t col\r %\ld be consid]able4 ,an appreciable am\nt ( glaze is lib]at$ 9 ! int5se heat & a blue pot w (t5 leave a di/9ct blue pat* on any light pot plac$ too ne>4 ,s(t glazes liable to run or drip %\ld be plac$ on sep>ate bats well fl9t$ b5ea?4 ,any crack 9 ! muffle %\ld be well /opp$ & lime may be us$ to neutralize ! effects ( any sulphur t may ent]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed--,,/ilts1 ,,bits ,,& ,,spurs4 ,z ! back is usually hott] ?an ! front ! h>d glazes %\ld be pack$ fir/1 & by select+ suitable %apes a good sett] w pack a surpris+ am\nt into ev5 a small kiln4 ,! clamm+ %\ld be done ) c>e1 z bits are liable to flake (f & /ick to ! glaze4 ,! top plug only ne$ be left out & ! light+ up proce$$ ) z be=e4 ,! gradual increase ( heat is v ess5tial 9 fir+ glaze1 = any sudd5 jump or r$uction w play all mann] ( games 9 a glo/ ov54 ,! sl[ />t is n s important1 !re be+ no risk ( bl[+4 ,inde$ ! glaze is be/ 9 a %>p quick fire4 ,al?\gh cones %\ld always be us$ & are excell5t indicators1 exp]i5ce w soon %[ :5 a kiln is fir$ up4 ,x may be advisable to g on a little aft] ! cone is ov] until all looks flux$ s z to get rid ( bubbles4 ,^! appe> 9 "s glazes until ! la/4 ,!y d n always g d[n on cool+1 b ^? glazes t bubble ?r\gh ov]-fir+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,possibly ! tr\ble w arise f sulphur 9 ! body :i* mu/ be correct$4 ,trials are always useful b !y mu/ be small & easily hook$ out1 z con/ant pok+ ab\t at ! spy hole l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! muffle at ! front1 j :]e x is mo/ difficult to get x up4 ,:5 fir$1 a glo/ kiln %\ld cool v sl[ly1 = any sudd5 access ( cold air is liable to /unt or crack ! pots4 ,:5 fir+ ov] glaze decoration :]e ! glaze does n run1 ! pack+ is mu* simplifi$4 ,) l[-fir+ lu/res ! pots may ev5 t\* ea* o!r4 ,all ?is has be5 set out at great l5g? b we %all f9d ov] & above ?is t ea* kiln has its own little ways :i* mu/ be /udi$ & hum\r$ be=e ! be/ results c be obta9$4 ,! *ief ?+ to avoid is a sudd5 flu% or jump 9 ! heat4 ,! ma9 ?+ to aim at is a sl[ />t /eadily increas+ to a %>p f9i%4 ,! /ate ( ! muffle1 a dry or a damp day1 w modify ea* fir+ a little1 b ! above g5]alization w h a fairly wide application to ! work+ ( a small kiln4 ,unpack+ is a comp\nd ( despair & delight1 & is be/ done sl[ly4 ,z ! col\r dies ! clamm+1 if any1 may be knock$ away1 & lat] on ! spy plugs remov$4 ,:5 comp>atively cold1 ! door may be op5$ slightly1 & left s = "o or two h\rs4 ,!n ! front pots c be extract$ b ^? at ! back %\ld be all[$ ano!r half h\r4 ,be v c>eful ( ! razor edges ( brok5 /ilts or glaze dips4 ,a /eel *isel %\ld be us$ = *opp+ r\gh edges or remov+ refractory /ilts4 ,if necess>y ! bases may be gr\nd on an em]y :eel until ! pot /&s true4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,glazes ,,& ,,lu/res ,i began to ?9k t if ,i %\ld discov] h[ to make enamels ,i c\ld make e>!n vessels & o!r ?+s v prettily1 because ,god _h gift$ me ) "s k ( draw+4 --,,palissy4 ,x is 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( pott+1 ) its surprises1 difficulties1 & disappo9tm5ts1 its r>e b excit+ successes1 t = mo/ pott]s ! greate/ int]e/ lies4 ,to ^? ( a sci5tific b5t x is p]haps ! summit ( ! craft1 b ! arti/ grop+ amid/ =mulas & me?ods may take he>t4 ,! f9e/ "w 9 pott]y 0 n produc$ by sci5ti/s alone & does n dep5d altoge!r ^u ! quality ( its pa/e1 its unique col\r1 or /range lu/re4 ,! la/ ^w1 ! =m1 decoration1 & craftsman%ip1 is ) ! arti/4 ,x is beyond ! scope ( a book ( ?is description to ent] into a necess>ily long & complicat$ acc\nt ( ! diff]5t processes conc]n$ 9 ! composition ( glazes4 ,x w be suffici5t to indicate _! lead+ *>act]i/ics pla9ly en\gh to enable ! /ud5t to />t exp]im5t+4 ,none c af=d to miss opportunities = exp]im5t1 j z surely z none c af=d to be always exp]im5t+4 ,= a full description ( mat]ials & glazes & _! manufacture su* books z ^? ( ,drs4 ,%aw1 ,furnival1 & ,ha9ba* are recomm5d$4 ,putt+ aside salt glaze we f9d a c\ntless numb] ( bo? lead & leadless glazes4 ,!y range f ! ?9 silici\s coat+ ( ! anci5ts up to ! ri* alkal9e glazes ( ! ,p]sians & ,*9ese2 f ! raw gal5a ( peasant pott]y to ! ri* ,majolicas & f9e h>d glazes ( mod]n comm]ce4 ,salt glaze is obta9$ by ! vaporiz+ ( salt inside ! kiln at a great heat4 ,! sodium oxide s =m$ comb9es ) ! silicates 9 ! clay to =m a v ?9 coat ( refractory glass1 intimately connect$ ) ! body4 ,porcela9 glazes1 ?\gh n diff]+ s mu* 9 composition f ! ord9>y f9e e>!nw>e glazes1 are extremely h>d1 be+ comp\nd$ ( kaol91 felsp>1 & qu>tz1 ) possibly lime/one & gr\nd %]ds4 ,x has 9 common ) ! salt glaze ! close union ) ! body1 s t :5 fractur$ ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 glaze & body is indet]m9able4 ,) a few m9or exceptions ! foll[+ li/ comprises ! +r$i5ts ( all col\rless glazes3 ,kaol9 ,qu>tz ,corni% /one ,felsp> ,fluorsp> ,fl9t ,s& ,b>ytes ,bismu? ,gypsum ,lime/one ,nitre ,borax ,bone-a% ,:ite lead ,r$ lead ,z9c oxide ,t9 oxide ,salt ,soda ,pota% ,^! mat]ials mu/ be free f all trace ( iron4 ,!y are pulv]iz$ & "s are calc9$ or oxidiz$4 ,!n !y are mix$ 9 v>y+ quantities to =m ! glaze mass4 ,?is mass is easily fusible :5 lead or borax is pres5t 9 l>ge proportions1 m infusible or h>d] ! m silica x conta9s1 & v refractory if alum9a is pres5t 9 any quantity4 ,! silica =m+ ! glassy "p ( ! glaze is /iff5$ by ! pres5ce ( alum9a1 :i* /ops any t5d5cy to run4 ,lead is v l>gely us$ z a p[]ful flux at l[ temp]atures b is unsuit$ to h>d glazes4 ,borax & boracic acid are important con/itu5ts ( leadless glazes4 ,!y are us$ to replace "s ( ! silica1 ?an :i* !y are m fusible4 ,matt or non-reflective glazes are opaque & less vitre\s ?an ! glassy glazes4 ,!y d n flux or run4 ,all ^! m9]als are f9ely gr\nd be=e mix+4 ,!n ^? insoluble are mix$ & fritt$2 t is1 fus$ 9 a crucible or fritt+ furnace to a great] or less degree1 accord+ to ! h>dness ( ! glaze4 ,if fus$ into a glass1 ! melt$ mass is p\r$ into wat] to facilitate ! next process1 :i* is its r$uction to a f9e p[d] by re-gr9d+4 ,!n ! complet+ +r$i5ts are add$ & ! mass col\r$ by ! addition ( metallic oxides4 ,( ^! ! *ief are3 ,iron ,copp] ,nickel ,antimony ,cobalt ,*rome ,manganese ,titanium & ! m preci\s metals1 9 v>i\s =ms1 z oxides1 c>bonates1 sulphates1 & nitrates soluble 9 ! glaze at great heat4 ,^! metals imp>t ! _m v>i$ col\rs f\nd 9 pott]y4 ,z9c oxide is us$ to bright5 a glaze or to /abilize col\r4 ,t9 oxide1 :i* is insoluble at great heat b rema9s 9 susp5sion1 gives opacity4 ,?is is no m ?an a skeleton outl9e ( ! intricate processes (t5 us$ 9 ! fabrication ( a glaze4 ,! manifold m9]als1 metals1 oxides1 acids1 & alkalies are us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways by ! mod]n *emical pott]4 ,to all ?is seem+ complication is add$ ! "q ( pa/es & bodies4 ,!re !n arises ! great problem ( fitt+ "o to ! o!r4 ,salt glaze & porcela9 except$1 ! f9i%$ pot pres5ts ?ree /ratas4 ,outside is ! glaze1 next ! body1 !n inside ! glaze aga94 ,if ! coeffici5t ( expansion ( ^! ?ree lay]s diff]s1 9 o!r words1 if ! glaze does n fit1 ! result is craz+1 t bugbe> ( ! pott]4 ,?is craz+1 :i* has be5 foll[$ up & develop$ into _! delightful crackle by ! ,*9ese1 may %[ itself at once or only aft] a lapse ( mon?s4 ,x appe>s z a m9ute network ( f9e cracks ov] ! entire surface ( ! pot4 ,x is (t5 n unsightly1 b soon] or lat] x mu/ cause devitrification4 ,! glaze aft] a "t assumes an evanesc5t iridesc5ce foll[$ by a dull smoky appe>ance2 f9ally1 p]haps n = _m ye>s1 x decomposes & peels (f4 ,) l[-fir+ natural clays ri* 9 silica & iron1 ! craze is n ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,! body itself at a mod]ately high temp]ature becomes non-por\s4 ,) h>d %ort bodies conta9+ lime or *alk x may h q disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,wat] plac$ inside w ev5tually p]colate ?r\gh leav+ a network ( grey l9es all ov] ! pot & completely spoil+ its appe>ance4 ,x w be readily grant$ t1 :e!r por\s or non-por\s1 a craze is mo/ undesirable on any piece ( pott]y t may be us$ = food or dr9k4 ,x is "h t ! comm]cial pott] is su* an admirable fell[4 ,_m ( ! glazes on mod]n tablew>es are p]fect = _! purposes4 ,sometimes only a little m fire is ne$$ to /op ! nuisance1 b a bad craze usually ne$s m att5tion4 ,! glaze requires /iff5+1 & ! addition ( gr\nd fl9t or qu>tz1 ,*9a /one or clay & felsp> introduces alum9a & silica & raises ! fus+ po9t4 ,! sub/itution ( borax = a portion ( ! silica c also be tri$ & w p]mit ! use ( slightly l[] fir+ po9t4 ,if ! glazes are b\ght ready mix$1 ! body mu/ be alt]$ in/ead4 ,refractory ,*9a clays %\ld be replac$ by m fusible clays or "s r$uction made 9 ! am\nt ( infusible mat]ials4 ,! addition ( gr\nd %]ds or fl9t w h a contr>y effect %\ld ! glaze peel or crack at ! edges1 z x may d on a v silici\s body4 ,9 work+ ) natural clays on a mod]ate scale x w be f\nd be/ to mix fat or ri* natural clays ) ^? ( a m por\s or h>d nature4 ,a few grad$ mixtures submitt$ to a ?or\gh trial %\ld soon %[ :5 a sympa?y has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! body & glaze4 ,! receipts giv5 on pages #ahc & #ahd w make good col\rless glazes )\t fritt+ if ?or\ghly gr\nd 9 a mort> & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,numb]s #c & #g1 :5 calc9$1 w give mu* m ev5 results & !y c be col\r$ by ! addition ( ! oxides nam$4 ,b simple z x s\nds1 ! wa%+1 gr9d+1 fritt+1 re-gr9d+1 & siev+ is a long & labori\s process dem&+ ma*9]y1 & on t acc\nt is unsuit$ to s*ools or pott]s ( mod]ate means4 ,glazes l ,nos4 #a & #b w d q well = elem5t>y "w b unless ! appliances are to h& ! manufactur$ article w h to be reli$ on = m f9i%$ & ambiti\s "w4 ,if1 inde$1 y are already 9 possession ( a good receipt = a f9e col\r & glaze1 "o q wor? :ile1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,mix x & feel ! joy ( ! ,compleat ,pott] unafraid ( spoil+ 8 own good %apes ) a faulty or unkn[n glaze4 ,admitt$ly1 to get any:]e 9 an orig9al direction sy/ematic rese>* is ess5tial4 ,"o mu/ keep on exp]im5t+1 keep on hop+1 & keep on tak+ notes2 b at ! />t let u n be too impati5t or indep5d5t if we wi% to produce good pots4 ,!re is (t5 among "y pott]s a false pride t prev5ts !m us+1 & among old pott]s ackn[l$g+ ! use (1 ! manufactur$ article4 ,:y ?is %\ld be is a little difficult to und]/&4 ,a pa9t] might f> m reasonably be a%am$ to use mod]n tube col\rs or a /a9$-glass craftsman z logically insi/ on mak+ 8 own glass1 z a pott] 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury refuse to avail himself ( ! wond]ful range ( glazes t mod]n rese>* has plac$ at 8 disposal4 ,^! res\rces %\ld be us$ intellig5tly1 n me*anically1 or by ! book--arti/ically1 inv5tively1 secretly1 if y w1 b !y %\ld be us$--until ! multitud9\s exp]im5ts h borne fruit & repeat$ trials conv9ce y t at la/ y possess "s gem ( rese>* wor?1 z well x may be1 ! mon?s ( pati5t toil eng5d]$ 9 its production4 ,! v>i\s receipts are giv5 on pages #ahc & #ahd )\t analysis ( ! composition ( ! pa/e or body to :i* !y 7 appli$4 ,! fir/ gr\p h be5 us$ on common e>!nw>e clays ) complete satisfaction4 ,!y are to be consid]$ z po9ts ( dep>ture = future exp]im5ts 9 :i* !y may be modifi$ at w1 & n reg>d$ z a contribution to ! sci5ce ( glaze mak+4 ,9 col\r+ x w be f\nd t comb9ations ( cobalt1 iron1 & copp] oxides give an int]e/+ range ( simple blues or gre5s2 iron & manganese br[ns2 & s =?4 ,! col\r mass or /a9 is gr\nd f9e & lawn$1 & f ab\t #b to #g p] c5t mix$ ) ! col\rless glaze mass1 accord+ to ! dep? ( col\r requir$4 ,! ord9>y "u-glaze col\rs may be us$ to /a9 glazes1 ! p]c5tage be+ fix$ by small trials4 ,= ! r>e col\rs--turquoise1 crimson1 or purple--a m complicat$ process is necess>y & only p]fect$ aft] _m trials4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ^! f9e col\rs are naturally kept secret by _! =tunate possessors4 ,x mu/ be not$ t a glaze suit$ to "o body may peel or run (f an unsuitable "o4 ,!n a col\rant is affect$ diff]5tly by a lead or an alkal9e base 9 ! glaze4 ,aga91 copp] & iron oxides may help to flux a glaze1 :il/ cobalt or nickel w ex]t a contr>y effect4 ,cobalt1 be+ a /rong col\rant1 w ne$ a sp>+ use1 :]eas a simil> p]c5tage ( iron w m]ely t+e ! glaze mass4 ,& s ad inf9itum4 ,x is self-evid5t t any attempt to emulate ! va/ range ( ! mod]n c]amic *emi/ is doom$ to failure4 ,to a craftsman ! fabrication ( "o f9e individual glaze or lu/re is an a*ievem5t ( :i* he may be pr\d1 & = :i* he w f9d abundant & v>i$ uses4 ,9 ?is connection x is enc\rag+ to ! craftsman to le>n f s high an au?ority z ,w4 ,burton1 ,esq41 ,f4,c4,s41 t x is impossible to obta9 ) purifi$ oxides ! f9e tones got by ! ,ori5tals ) impure mat]ials4 ,fur!r1 t ! simple glaze ( ! ,p]sians--a mixture ( clean :ite s& ) soda or wood a% or pota%--is /ill ! be/ = "u-glaze pa9t+4 ,al?\gh ta/es diff] s widely1 inv>iably x w be f\nd t m & m heat w be ! cry4 ,imp]ceptibly ?is leads to ! desire = h>d1 cold1 fat transluc5t glazes1 nei!r matt nor glossy4 ,& on ! summit1 f> out ( rea*1 /& ! wond]s ( ! ,old ,*9ese4 ,,lu/res ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( lu/res1 b ! true lu/res possess a pe>ly iridesc5ce 9 addition to _! col\r4 ,! copp] & silv] lu/res ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,/af=d%ire pott]s 7 ?9 metallic films ov] ! :ole surface ( ! glaze4 ,gold or silv] solutions 7 us$4 ,only :]e ! gold 0 fir$ on a :ite clay is !re any iridesc5ce1 & !n h>dly s pron\nc$ z to des]ve ! "n ( lu/re4 ,! bismu? & o!r lu/res made by ! mod]n pott] are comb9ations ( metallic oxides & res9ates dissolv$ 9 e!real oils4 ,^! are pa9t$ on ! glaze1 transp>5t or opaque1 b hav+ almo/ inv>iably a lead base1 & !n fir$ at a dull-r$ heat4 ,! m$ium disappe>s1 & ! metal 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate is deposit$ on ! surface ( ! glaze4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 gives a pa9t$ look v diff]5t f ! lovely irradiance ( ! ,p]sian ,hispano-,mooresque or ,italian "w4 ,) ^! ! lu/res 7 fir$ 9 a r$uc+ atmosph]e1 "o sup]*>g$ ) combu/ible gases1 ! metals decompos$ & fix$ to ! semiflux$ glaze4 ,! manipulation 0 n infallible & 0 att5d$ ) mu* risk2 b ! successful pieces are unrivall$1 & accord+ to ,piccolpasso paid 9 gold4 ,de ,morgan1 :o m ne>ly approa*$ ! works ( ! ,italian ma/]s ?an any o!r mod]n pott]1 us$ a v simil> m$ium & me?od ) 8 f9e lu/res4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s lu/res h be5 br\ght to su* p]fection1 9 prep>ation1 application1 & fir+1 t accid5t is practically elim9at$4 ,glori\s col\rs & gorge\s effects are obta9$4 ,yet x may be said )\t s5seless adulation ( ! m]ely m$ival t no?+ has be5 produc$ sup]ior1 or ev5 ak9 9 _s1 to ! "w s5t out f ,p]sia1 ,spa91 or ! botega ( ! inimitable ,mae/ro ,georgio ( ,gubbio4 ,lu/res may be b\ght ready to apply4 ,!y are !n pa9t$ on ! glaz$ pot1 :i* is re-fir$ at a dull-r$ heat 9 ! ord9>y oxidiz+ atmosph]e4 ,once ! pa9t$ look has be5 contra/$ ) ! lu/r\s appe>ance ( ! r$uc$ effects !re is only "o k9d ( lu/re = ! arti/4 ,=tunately1 p]haps1 _! prep>ation is n easy1 & ! correct me?od ( r$uc+ is a difficulty to be ov]come by practical exp]im5t alone4 ,ha9ba* gives _m practical receipts = lu/res t are n beyond ! scope ( a craftsman4 ,! r$uc+ atmosph]e c be obta9$ 9 an op5 kiln by ! introduction at ! "r mom5t ( any combu/ible giv+ smoke free f all traces ( sulphur4 ,9 fir+ ) a muffle kiln ! introduction ( coal-gas free f sulphur is a matt] att5d$ ) "s risk at ! necess>ily l[ temp]atures requir$ by ! lu/res4 ,x %\ld be approa*$ ) caution1 & ea* mixture w h a v>i$ fir+ po9t1 ! correctness ( :i* is e/abli%$ only by trials4 ,lu/res appli$ ) skill & re/ra9t enhance ! mo/ beautiful glaze1 b 9 unskill$ h&s !y inevitably vulg>ize & *eap54 ,! fre%1 unsophi/icat$ r5d]+s ( ! ,p]sians or ! ,moors & ! virility ( ! ,italians %\ld be /udi$1 b n m]ely imitat$ be=e work+ 9 ?is m$ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee--,,pa9t+ ,,outfit4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,decoration ,! _w is /ill deceiv'd ) ornam5t4 --,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,decoration has be5 t\*$ ^u briefly 9 "o or two ( ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,to attempt a description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( decoration :i* x is possible to place on a pot1 ano!r book w\ld be ne$$4 ,_! "n is legion4 ,!y range f ! simple & entirely satisfactory "w ( primitive & peasant peoples to ! wond]ful enamel decorations ( ! ,*9ese4 ,) su* an enorm\s field & v>i$ *oice x is difficult to p>ticul>ize & fooli% to dogmatize4 ,! h9ts bel[ are int5d$ b to /imulate int]e/ 9 ! at pres5t unexplor$ fields t lie beyond ! beat5 track4 ,any repres5tative collection ( c]amics w prove a v]itable treasure h\se ( sugge/ion to ! /ud5t4 ,all w be !re4 ,! difficulty is to *oose1 & *oose aright4 ,! bold bru%work ( ,cyprus foils ! m>vell\s familles v]t & rose ( ! ,*9ese1 ! faultless ,w$gwood sets (f ! virile ,t(t4 ,"o sees h[ ! ,italians1 ) almo/ crude col\rs1--blue1 gre51 r$1 yell[1--develop$ _! wond]fully robu/ s*ool ( figure pa9t]s2 !n _! fanciful arabesques are prolific ( ideas4 ,! ,greek /yle--r$ & black & :ite--is a ri* field wait+ = ! reap]4 ,! pe]less ,p]sian pots1 ! plaques f ,spa91 ! /e9s & /oves f ,g]many1 ! fre% ,delft w>es2 ^! & _m o!rs cr[d r\nd = recognition & disconc]t ! *oice4 ,b hav+ come s f>1 let u n *oose ! horrific /yle t models mo/ fai?fully a cabbage1 tops x ) a lifelike snail z h&le1 & cunn+ly conv]ts ! :ole into a vegetable di%6444 79 ,s4 ,k4 ,m474 ,no?+ %\ld be m di/ress+ to ! arti/ ?an to see great skill & craft ?us misappli$4 ,yet h[ (t5 does ! se>* aft] false orig9ality lead only to m]etrici\s clev]ness or vulg>ity1 :i* creeps 9 unse5 dur+ ! too close /ruggle ) ! craft4 ,b our muttons ne$ t5d+4 ,broadly speak+1 all decoration falls "u ?ree heads3 ,glaze2 ,relief2 ,pa9t+2--subdivid$ into _m comb9ations ( ^! ?ree classes4 ,! application ( glaze has already be5 describ$4 ,a pot possess+ a noble =m & glaze is obvi\sly 9 no ne$ ( decoration2 no arti/ w\ld attempt x4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese are safe guides "h4 ,_! ri* glazes & f9e =ms are set (f 9 ! simple/ & mo/ effective mann]4 ,?is is pott+1 pure & simple4 ,"u relief1 we gr\p all modell+1--rais$ or sunk1 embossm5ts1 flut+s1 m\ld+s1 feet1 h&les1 or appli$ figures4 ,at "o extreme come ! e>lie/ attempts at decoration 9 slip or clay1 highly develop$ 9 ! ,gallo- & ,egypto-,roman & ,romano-,briti% w>es4 ,! matur$ slip mu/ be appli$ fairly ?ick to ! /ill moi/ pot & !n dri$ sl[ly4 ,any "w appli$ to dry %apes is liable to crack 9 dry+ or leave 9 fir+4 ,probably ! mo/ effective use ( slip is se5 9 ! old tygs & di%es ( ,t(t & o!rs ( 8 "t4 ,! simple spott+ & surfac+ has be5 c>ri$ to p]fection by ! ,m>t9 ,bro!rs1 :o h drawn l>gely ^u ! vegetable _w = _! inspiration4 ,roman ,aret9e w>e %[s f9ely execut$ reliefs ( foliage & figures4 ,! enri*m5t 0 probably work$ on ! orig9al %ape1 a m\ld 0 !n tak51 & ! vessel press$4 7,see *apt] on ,ca/+47 ,w$gwood c>ri$ ?is me?od /ill fur!r 7too f>1 maybe7 & us$ diff]5t col\r$ bodies4 ,! reliefs1 s f9ely modell$ by ,flaxman1 7 fir$1 & f !m m\lds ( a v refractory clay 7 made1 call$ pit*] m\lds4 ,! reliefs 7 !n press$ & affix$ to ! vase1 & ! :ole t\*$ up by a skill$ craftsman4 ,a nave & unpret5ti\s =m ( ?is decoration is se5 9 ! /onew>e & salt-glaz$ pott]y ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% pott]s & ! jolly ,bell>m9es ( e>li] times4 ,small dies 7 us$ 9 ! ,orion w>e1 ! patt]n be+ /amp$ into ! clay4 ,g]man /onew>e & ! ,grs ( ,fl&]s %[ sunk & relief patt]ns4 ,betwe5 ! two extremes lies a r>e *oice ( /yle4 ,?is me?od ( us+ patt]ns l5ds itself p>ticul>ly to f9e comm]cial "w :5 us$ ) ! re/ra9t se5 9 ! be/ ( ! above-m5tion$ /yles4 ,to ! craftsman x (f]s a welcome *ance to enl>ge 8 production1 b he mu/ be well equipp$4 ,x is easy to acquire ! m]e me*anism ( comm]ce )\t its spl5did te*nique4 ,f9ally1 ! fur!r ! relief is develop$ ! less w be ! appeal ( =m & ! less ! possibilities ( glaze4 ,! next division is pa9t+4 ,x is 9 ?is bran* ( c]amic decoration t ! wide/ *oice lies4 ,! scale asc5ds f ! simple e>?y col\rants appli$ to ! unglaz$ pot 9 ! mann] ( ! ,am]ican ,indian up to ! spl5did enamels ( ,*9a & ! sumptu\s b /]ile wond]s (--%all we say--,svres or ,worce/]4 ,mu* ( ! mod]n eighte5?- & n9ete5?-c5tury "w is su* a te*nical t\r de =ce t "o hesitates to criticise x4 ,b c>eful scrut9y w (t5 %[ t ! arti/ic difficulties h be5 und]m9$ r ?an ov]come4 ,?us ! frank frontal attack ( ! ,p]sians on _! absorb5t gr\nd or ( ! pott]s ( ,delft on _! unfir$ t9 glaze is nev] attempt$1 & probably nev] c be attempt$ 9 ! factory ( to-day4 ,! mod]n me?od ( pa9t+ 9 fat oils on a prep>$ gr\nd induces 9 any b ! mo/ accompli%$ a cramp$ & f9nicky /yle4 ,! be/ & really mo/ beautiful results are se5 9 ! delicate v]tu ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,snuff boxes & ladies' knick-knacks exhibit ! lovelie/ m9iatures 9 an impressible m$ium4 ,h[ f> x is desirable to decorate pots ) su* pictures dep5ds on ! sophi/ry ( ! craftsman4 7,=1 ev] s9ce pa9t]s 7 pamp]$ by pr9ces ea* er/:ile hone/ craftsman mu/ ne$s try to turn pa9t]67 ,! ,*9ese :o lab\r$ ) inf9ite pati5ce ^u _! pots /ill seem$ to pres]ve a _s lack+ 9 ! works ( _! we/]n imitators1 & _! avoidance ( realism sav$ !m f ! _m pitfalls t yawn$ = ! ,occid5tal4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,p]sians & ,dut* pres]v$ _! fre%ness has be5 notic$ already1 b ! enc\nt]+ & surm\nt+ ( simil> difficulties is at ! bottom ( mo/ successes4 ,a few ( ! me?ods ( pa9t+ pots are "h set =?1 ) "s odd v>iants4 ,! col\rants describ$ "u ,glazes are also us$ = pa9t+4 ,v f9ely gr\nd & prep>$1 !y are mix$ ) a flux or o!r vehicle & appli$ 9 v>i\s ways "u or ov] ! glaze4 ,simple col\rs c be made f ! metallic oxides4 ,!y %\ld be f9ely gr\nd 9 a mort> well mix$ ) a little ( ! glaze ) :i* !y are to be us$4 ,?is w d = ! simple/ "w4 ,= m subtle col\rs r involv$ processes are necess>y4 ,! range ( manufactur$ col\rs1 bo? ov]- & "u-glaze1 is wide en\gh to suit all ta/es1 & :5 work+ on a small scale are inf9itely to be pref]r$ on ! score ( economy & dep5dability4 ,a me?od ( pa9t+ entirely suit$ to beg9n]s is z foll[s3 ,a simple palette is prep>$ ) ! col\rs gr\nd ^u a slab ( glass4 ,! m$ium employ$ is a solution ( gum arabic & wat]1 ! col\rs be+ appli$ directly to ! gre5 %ape ) a bru%4 ,! difficulty ( fir+ glaze on ! raw clay det]s any attempt at high f9i%1 & ! absorb5t gr\nd develops a desirable fre$om & directness ( t\*4 ,:5 pa9t$1 ! pot is dipp$ or p\r$ 9 a transp>5t glaze & fir$4 ,! gum prev5ts ! col\r %ift+ dur+ ! imm]sion1 b does n prev5t ! glaze adh]+4 ,?is me?od c be satisfactorily employ$ on biscuit4 ,m f9i% c be obta9$ & a ri*] glaze us$ )\t risk4 ,mu* skill & practice w be requir$ to produce good /uff1 z ea* t\*1 al?\gh n app>5t be=e1 w /& out di/9ctly & (t5 disagreeably aft] ! fire4 ,! gum mu/ be us$ sp>+ly2 any excess w cause peel+ & prev5t ! adhesion ( ! glaze4 ,= a /ill high] f9i% ! biscuit is siz$ ) a solution ( gum tragacan?4 ,?is is smoo?ly appli$ until ! pot is non-absorb5t4 ,! design1 if elaborate1 %\ld be drawn ^u ! pot ) a f9e graphite p5cil or1 bett] /ill1 ,india ink & bru%4 ,a common p5cil is likely to %[ aft] fir+1 b ! ink disappe>s entirely4 ,! col\rs are !n well gr\nd & laid 9 ) fat oil ( turp5t9e or lav5d] oil4 ,to prep>e ! fir/ oil1 half fill a cup ) pure turps1 /& x 9 a sauc]1 & spill a little ov] ! sides ( ! cup4 ,aft] /&+ a little ! fat oil is deposit$ 9 ! sauc] & ! cle> turps left 9 ! cup4 ,long1 flexible bru%es hold+ pl5ty ( col\r are us$ & ! fat oil ?9n$ if necess>y ) cle> turps4 ,! col\r %\ld fl[ easily f ! bru%1 be+ nei!r tacky nor too fluid1 & con/ant ret\*+ is to be avoid$4 ,keep all free f du/4 ,heavy1 greasy-look+ masses %\ld be scrap$ (f & repa9t$1 o!rwise !y w flake (f4 ,:5 ! pa9t+ is f9i%$1 ! col\r is h>d5$ on2 t is1 ! gum & m$ium are fir$ (f 9 ! kiln1 a dull-r$ heat be+ suffici5t4 ,?is does any?+ b h>d5 on1 h[ev]1 & ! pot mu/ be h&l$ v c>efully or ! col\r w rub (f4 ,! glaze %\ld n[ be g5tly spray$ on1 & !n ! f9al fire is giv54 ,ano!r way is to apply a v ?9 spray ( glaze be=e h>d5+ on1 j suffici5t to fix ! col\r4 ,! pot may !n be dipp$ or p\r$ )\t risk4 ,9 ea* case ! oily m$ium mu/ be q dry be=e ! h>d5+ on takes place4 ,aft] ! glo/ fire ! decoration is fix$ & unalt]able4 ,:]e possible1 a h>d transp>5t glaze is be/ = f9e "w4 ,a s(t glaze w always run if slightly ov]-fir$1 & ! result is ! oblit]ation ( all bru%work4 ,ov]-glaze decoration is appli$ 9 a v simil> mann]4 ,turp5t9e1 fat oil1 & lav5d] oil are us$3 ! turps to run ! col\r1 ! fat oil to /iff51 & ! oil ( lav5d] to ret>d ! dry+4 ,! col\r mu/ be appli$ ev5ly & ?9ly1 ?ick pat*es be+ likely to peel or crack4 ,on h>d glazes ?is process l5ds itself to elaborate effects4 ,! h>d & fa/ col\rs1 ! blues & gre5s1 may be fir$ fir/1 ! delicate p9ks & greys la/4 ,! :ole effect may !n be enri*$ ) l[-fir+ lu/res4 ,^!1 :5 b\ght 9 bottles1 are ready to use & are appli$ directly ) a f9e bru%1 !n fir$ at a dull-r$ heat4 ,! pot %\ld !n be q f9i%$2 q frequ5tly x is4 ,pte sur pte or pa9t+ 9 relief col\rs is ano!r process t has _m attractive features4 ,! col\rs h a clay c>ri] & are appli$ ) a gum m$ium4 ,pa9t$ boldly ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( relief1 ?is gives a ri* enamel effect v suitable to simple figure decoration4 ,! full equipm5t ( ! pa9t] w be z foll[s3 ,col\rs1 "u- or ov]-glaze4 ,bru%es1 trac]s1 & %ad]s4 ,a /ick frame = hold+ ! vase4 ,turp5t9e & lav5d] oil4 ,a slab ( gr\nd glass4 ,a mull] = gr9d+4 ,india ink & a col\r slab4 ,a palette knife ( horn = v delicate col\rs4 ,"s s(t rags4 ,be=e risk+ dec5t %apes 9 ! fire1 trials1--on biscuit = "u-glaze1 on glaze = ov]-glaze1--%\ld be made repeat$ly4 ,graduat$ /rips & /ripes t>tan fa%ion are ! mo/ useful & easily tabulat$4 ,to lay p]fectly flat gr\nds "s skill & practice are necess>y4 ,"o me?od is to pa9t 9 ! ornam5t or r ! space x w cov] ) ?ick molasses or black treacle4 ,?is is all[$ to h>d5 & ! backgr\nd col\r appli$ ) a s(t dabb]4 ,x mu/ be gr\nd f9e ) fat oil & appli$ v ev5ly4 ,!n ! tile or vase is soak$ 9 wat]1 :i* causes ! treacle to peel (f4 ,! oil is all[$ to dry & ! piece fir$4 ,?is fixes ! backgr\nd1 & ! decoration itself is next appli$4 ,pi]c$ "w if skilfully done is mo/ attractive4 ,! patt]n may be incis$ on ! orig9al1 :i* is m\ld$1 ! design !n %[+ 9 relief4 ,?is aga9 %[s z a slightly engrav$ patt]n on ea* ca/ =m or %ape4 ,!n ) ! aid ( a f9e-po9t$ knife or pla/] tool ! patt]n is cut out & ! edges are s(t5$ to take away any metallic look4 ,! ,*9ese & ,p]sians are said to h us$ rice se$s 9 "s ( _! transluc5t effects4 ,! se$s 7 emb$d$ 9 ! moi/ clay to =m a delicate trac]y4 ,:5 fir$1 ! gra9s disappe>$1 leav+ holes :i* 7 completely fill$ ) glaze4 ,! decorative possibilities ( simple incis$ l9es & pla9 slip additions h be5 h9t$ at already4 ,! slip may be col\r$ r$ or br[n ) iron & manganese oxides or appli$ :ite to a col\r$ body4 ,%>ply incis$ l9es may be fill$ 9 ) col\r /iff5$ by ! addition ( a little h>d cle> glaze or ,*9a clay4 ,patt]ns may be dug out or /amp$ 9 & fill$ up ) diff]5t col\r$ clays & ! :ole glaz$ ) a col\r$ transp>5t glaze4 ,scraffito "w is effective & n difficult4 ,! gre5 pot1 tile1 or di% is spray$ ev5ly ) a diff]5t col\r$ slip1 usually r$ on :ite4 ,! piece %\ld n be q dry & ! coeffici5t ( expansion betwe5 ! two clays z ne> alike z possible4 ,! decoration is !n sket*$ 9 & ! backgr\nd or ! ornam5t itself g5tly scrat*$ away to %[ ! gr\nd b5ea?4 ,x is !n fir$1 glaz$1 & fir$ aga94 ,all ^! processes h _! uses & abuses1 b !y d n l5d !mselves readily to elaboration or realism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef--,,/atuette ,,= ,a ,,?ree-,,piece ,,m\ld4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,figur9es ,b if y c>ve 9 ! m>ble :at w break ) a t\*1 or m\ld 9 ! metal :at a /a9 ( ru/ or v]digris w spoil1 x is y\r fault n m9e4 --,,rusk94 ,! mak+ ( small figures is an important dep>tm5t ( c]amics sc>cely m5tion$ s f>4 ,x is "o (f]+ exceptional opportunities to ! advanc$ craftsman4 ,9 ?is bran* ( pott+1 ev5 m ?an any o!r1 ! possibilities & limitations ( ! clay & glaze ne$ close /udy if be/ results are to be obta9$4 ,! ar*aic ,sung & ,tang figures & ! well-kn[n ,tanagras are f> bett] guides to ! beg9n] ?an ! wond]ful ,dresd5 porcela9 or ! bisque gr\ps ( ,svres4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese 9 _! glaz$ figures %[ rem>kable appreciation & utilization ( ! pla/ic & liquid qualities ( _! m$ium4 ,spl5did & s\nd "w1 too1 has be5 turn$ out 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 :il/ ! ,cop5hag5 porcela9 is _w fam\s4 ,to />t )1 ! simple/ decorative figures might be attempt$4 ,_m ( ! little deities ( anci5t ,egypt (f] ri* sugge/ions = two- or ?ree-piece m\lds4 ,japanese ,netsuke & ,sc&9avian bone c>v+s are o!r /imulat+1 if m remote1 fields4 ,next1 a m ambiti\s b /ill uncomplicat$ figure c\ld be m\ld$ directly f ! clay4 ,z ! difficulties ( m\ld+ increase1 ! orig9al clay may be fir/ fir$ or a good pla/] ca/ made4 ,9 fir+ ! figure a v sl[ fire mu/ be us$1 & ! modell+ mu/ be done c>efully1 z free f holes z may be1 & )\t an armature4 ,air holes are apt to bl[1 & additions ( s(t clay to ! model :5 h>d are likely to crack (f 9 fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg--,,side ,,view1 ,,figur9e4 ,) a pla/] orig9al "s ret\*+ is possible be=e ! f9al piece-m\ld is made4 ,:5 modell+ ! head & face1 ! modify+ effects ( ! glaze us$ mu/ be realiz$1 s t su* detail z may be depict$ %all h its full value 9 ! f9i%$ figure4 ,too mu* realism 9 drap]ies ) consequ5t "u-cutt+ is to be avoid$1 & ! incl9ation ( all b ! high-temp]ature glazes to leave prom95t p>ts & pool 9 holl[s mu/ be he$$4 ,%>p edges are always bad1 & projections t are liable to crack 9 ! fire or break at a t\* are a fruitful s\rce ( loss1 & are1 at ! be/1 d\btful craft4 ,x is q possible to produce delightful figures glaz$ ) l[-fir+ glazes1 & :]e a wide range ( col\r is desir$1 !y are ! only glazes available4 ,b = delicate modell+1 :]e col\r is a second>y consid]ation & :]e ref9em5ts may be obscur$ by too mu* gloss1 ! gr& feu porcela9 or salt glaze are ! be/ & only alt]natives4 ,b ea* man to 8 ta/e4 ,we w />t ) a simple two-piece m\ld = press+4 ,small objects1 n necess>ily figures1 may be modell$ 9 ! r\nd1 be+ design$ !re=e )\t "u-cut to pull 9 two halves4 ,!y %\ld be highly f9i%$ & !n biscuit$4 ,! fir$ orig9al is !n %ellack$ or oil$ & c>efully b$d$ 9 clay up to ! halfway l9e4 ,if ! figure be fir/ du/$ ) ,fr5* *alk1 x w leave ! clay )\t tr\ble4 ,little walls be+ built1 ! fir/ half is !n ca/4 ,:5 set1 ! biscuit figure is remov$1 ! sides ( ! m\ld trimm$1 ! joggles cut1 & ! figure fitt$ back4 ,! sides are c>efully clay wa%$ or oil$ & ! second half ( m\ld ca/4 ,:5 set1 ! two halves are g5tly pri$ ap>t & a groove holl[$ out all r\nd ! inn] edge ( ! m\ld4 7,figs4 #eh & #ei47 ,?is groove is = ! reception ( any surplus clay t w\ld o!rwise squeeze betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! m\ld & prev5t _! p]fect adju/m5t4 ,to make a press1 ea* half ( ! m\ld is c>efully fill$ ) clay1 well press$ 94 ,!n !y are appli$ & firmly squeez$ toge!r1 until ! two halves fit exactly4 ,! press is !n remov$ & trimm$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh--;,,figur9e ,,= ,,two-,,piece ,,m\ld ,,) ,,backpiece ,,9 ,,position4 ,! second essay might foll[ ! l9es ( ! /atuette "h illu/rat$ = ! ?ree-piece m\ld4 ,a decorative treatm5t1 giv+ /iff l9es & a simple silh\ette1 is *os54 ,! h&s are conceal$1 & ! face1 ! only fle% %[+1 cle>ly cut out by ! co/ume4 ,! section %[s ! comp>ative dep? ( ! folds 9 ! drap]y4 ,?ree pieces only 7 us$ = ! m\ld1 indicat$ by ! illu/ration4 7,fig4 #fc47 ,9 m\ld+ f pla/] or biscuit ! model mu/ be absolutely non-absorb5t & %\ld be c>efully treat$ ) %ellac1 beeswax dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e1 or p>t+4 ,beeswax is be/ = f9e "w & %\ld be appli$ v ?9ly & repeat$ly4 ,clay orig9als ne$ no prelim9>y treatm5t1 if ! clay is /ill pla/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei--,,section ,,( ,,two-,,piece ,,m\ld ,,= ,,press+4 ,,%ew+ ,,groove ,,= ,,reception ,,( ,,surplus ,,clay4 ,! divisions ( ! m\ld be+ decid$ ^u1 pla/ic clay is roll$ out ?91 cut into /rips1 & built r\nd ! section1 z %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 7,figs4 #fj & #fa47 ,! expos$ figure )9 ! clay walls is !n v slightly film$ ) olive oil4 ,! pla/] is !n mix$ & ?r[n on or p\r$4 ,! walls %\ld /& out at "r angles to ! circumf]5ce ( ! figure or s ne>ly z ! exig5cies ( ! figure p]mit4 ,!y %\ld be buttress$ :]e ne$+ support1 & be deep en\gh to give a good ?ickness to ! m\ld4 ,:5 ! pla/] sets1 !y may be remov$1 & :5 q h>d1 ! pla/] itself deta*$4 ,?is comes away q readily f ! clay1 b is apt to hold on pla/] or biscuit4 ,a little wat] dropp$ f a clean sponge onto ! cleav+ l9e w (t5 release ! two p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj--;,,clay ,,walls ,,f ,,front--,sa9t ,george ,/atuette4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa--;,,clay ,,walls ,,buttress$ ,,at ,,back4 ,! model is clean$ up & ! sides ( ! fir/ section trimm$1 slight joggles made :]e !y w n b9d1 & ! edges c>efully %ellack$ or claywa%$4 7,fig4 #fb47 ,model & section are !n fitt$ toge!r & ! next section made 9 a simil> mann]1 except t only "o wall ( clay w be built4 ,! second section is treat$ 9 ! same way1 & = ! la/ piece ! clay wall is unnecess>y1 ! pla/] be+ p\r$ directly 9 betwe5 ! two o!r sections4 ,:]e ! pla/] has to be spr9kl$ on1 or !re is any dang] f spla%es1 ! expos$ p>ts ( ! model %\ld be protect$ ) s(t pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb--;,,fir/ ,,piece ,,( ,,m\ld4 ,! la/ piece be+ set1 ! orig9al is remov$1 ! m\ld assembl$1 trimm$1 or fettl$1 ti$ up1 & set to dry4 ,! ca/+1 or press+ if x be l>ge en\gh1 is proce$$ ) z be=e describ$1 ! slip be+ p\r$ 9 at ! base4 ,:5 remov$ f ! m\ld1 ! op5 base ( ! ca/ may be clos$ ) a ?9 slab ( clay slip p\r$ on to a pla/] bat & all[$ to set = t purpose4 ,:5 t\gh1 ! figure %\ld be t\*$ up ) skill & retic5ce4 ,f9ally1 a little hole is made 9 ! clos$ base & ano!r z inconspicu\sly z may be 9 ! back ( ! head1 to prev5t bl[+ 9 ! fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc--,,section ,,( ,a ,,piece ,,m\ld ,,reta9+ ,,case ,,) ,,flat ,,top ,,to ,,facilitate ,,press+4 ,) m complex figures _m m pieces w be ne$$ = ! m\ld4 ,!y are made 9 ! same way1 b are c>efully trimm$ & !n encas$ 9 an out] frame or jacket ( pla/]4 7,fig4 #fc47 ,l>ge figures %\ld be press$2 ! head fir/1 ! diff]5t sections ( ! m\ld be+ fitt$ into ! conta9+ case z ! "w progresses4 ,m ret\*+ is ne$$ ) press$ figures1 b ! "t sp5t is well sp5t1 = !y possess a sub/ance1 & :5 ret\*$ ) art1 a "*1 t is lack+ 9 ! m fragile ca/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd--,,section ,,%ew+ ,,dep? ,,( ,,folds ,,9 ,,drap]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe--;,e>ly ,greek ,kiln4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,kilns ,by _m long1 labori\s1 & *>geable exp]im5ts he ha? f\nd out4 --,extract f an old pott]'s pat5t4 ,:at mu/ be ! fir/ repres5tation ( a kill1 or kiln1 is f\nd at ,b5i ,hassan4 ,x appe>s to be squ>e 9 =m1 & ! pott] is %[n fe$+ ! fire at ! base4 ,9 ! same illu/ration he is depict$ unpack+ or draw+ ! w>e f ! top4 ,! cut f ! ,greek ,hydra gives a v simil> kiln1 b a vessel 9 ! museum ( ,b]l9 %[s "o ) a beehive %ape4 ,! kilns left scatt]$ ab\t ,europe by ! ,romans 7 usually ( ?is dom$ k9d1 circul> 9 plan1 ) "o fire hole4 ,! floor ( ! kiln 0 ( pi]c$ slabs1 & ! flames issu+ !nce envelop$ ! w>e pil$ )9 & escap$ ?r\gh a v5t 9 ! top4 ,! pack+ & fir+ is describ$ 9 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,great ,brita91 by ,l4 ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,x fully expla9s ! trepidation ( ! old pott]s1 :o1 be=e ea* fir+1 7 wont to consult ! moon & />s & evoke ! aid ( ! gods4 ,?is is happily set =? 9 ,c[p]'s translation ( "o ( ,hom]'s epigrams1 :]e9 he expresses ! pi\s hope t if ! false pott] /oops to peep into 8 furnace1 may ! fire fla% 9 8 face & scor* x2 a risk (t5 fac$ by pott]s1 false or true6 ,! smo!r+1 or r$uc+1 z !n practis$1 0 simil> to ! lu/r+ me?ods us$ 9 ,italy 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 or 9 ! manufacture ( ! blue bricks to-day4 ,! ,japanese & ,*9ese built small kilns 9 ti]s on ! side ( a hill4 ,/>t+ ) ! l[e/1 ! wa/e heat 0 utiliz$ to w>m up ! kiln above1 ?us sav+ "t & fuel4 ,! ,*9ese us$ heavy sagg>s1 & specim5s ( ^! ) portions ( melt$ pots /ill adh]+ to !m atte/ ! enorm\s heats to :i* !y frequ5tly atta9$4 ,mod]n kilns subdivide r\ghly into biscuit1 glo/1 & enamel4 ,! fir/ is us$ = fir+ ! gre5 or clay %apes1 ! second = ! h>d fire ( ! glaz$ w>e1 & ! la/-nam$ = fix+ on ! add$ decoration4 ,sometimes a kiln is us$ = ! d\ble function ( biscuit+ & glaz+4 ,( mod]n kilns ! "o /ill mo/ widely us$ approximates to ! bottle-%ap$1 simple1 up-draught kiln4 ,x conta9s "o or two *amb]s ) hat* = entry1 flue or *imney1 & any?+ f ?ree to n9e fire holes4 ,! section ( su* a kiln is "h %[n & repres5ts a fair av]age up-draught kiln 7,fig4 #ff71 v>iants ( :i* type are work+ 9 mo/ pott]y di/ricts to-day4 ,9 ^! kilns ! flames ru% 9 at ! fire holes1 play on ! built-up bungs ( sagg>s1 & escape ?r\gh ! top v5t4 ,9 a two *amb] kiln1 z sometimes us$ = porcela91 ! glaze is put 9 ! l[] *amb] to receive ! hotte/ fire1 ! biscuit 9 ! upp] gett+ a g5tle fire4 ,:]e ! fire ent]s directly into ! kiln 9 any l>ge volume1 bags or small *imneys are built up inside ! m\?s to save ! sagg>s f ! wor/ ( ! fire4 ,( late ! s+le-*amb]1 d[n-draught kiln has come into fav\r1 z x is easily pack$ & economical ( heat4 ,bags ( firebrick protect ! sagg>s f ! r\ghe/ fire & direct ! flames to ! cr[n ( ! *amb]1 f :i* po9t !y desc5d to pass out ?r\gh flues 9 ! floor ( ! kiln4 7,fig4 #fg47 ,biscuit ov5s are (t5 ( ?is type1 ei!r dom$ or flat ar*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff--,,up-,,draught ,,kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg--;,,d[n-,,draught ,,kiln4 ,! mo/ rec5t innovations are gas & oil kilns4 ,!y require comp>atively little manual lab\r 9 ! fir+1 are easily regulat$1 & ! wa/e heat is frequ5tly us$ = second>y purposes4 ,_! fre$om f smoke & _! economy ( lab\r & money mu/ ev5tually r5d] ! o!r types obsolete4 ,^! l>ge kilns are /rongly b&$ ) iron supports design$ to prev5t too mu* loos5+ ( ! walls :5 exp&$ by ! great heat4 ,a v important po9t is ! dra9+ ( _! site1 z l>ge kilns t5d to attract moi/ure1 & ! pres5ce ( /eam 9 a kiln is productive ( mu* damage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh--;,,enamel ,,or ,,muffle ,,kiln4 ,enamel kilns are us$ = ! f9al processes :]e ! glaz$ pot is pa9t$ ) ov]-glaze or enamel col\rs4 ,!y are ( no great size & are made ( fire-clay slabs or ev5 iron plates :5 ! enamel is s(t4 ,! flames play all r\nd ! muffle or fire-clay box dur+ ! fir+1 b no flame or fume is all[$ access to ! inside4 7,fig4 #fh47 ,9 pack+ a kiln ) biscuit or glaze mu* c>e1 ?\ght1 & exp$ition h to be ex]cis$4 ,an exp]i5c$ sett] is ess5tial 9 a factory if ! pots are to h e *ance 9 ! fire1 = all kilns v>y & h _! hot & cool corn]s4 ,fir/1 ! floor is well b$d$ ) qu>tz s& or fl9t t w n vitrify b w provide a good sett+ = ! bottom sagg>s4 ,^! sagg>s are fire-clay boxes1 r\nd or oval1 r>ely squ>e1 & )\t lids1 9 :i* ! pots are plac$4 ,pil$ "o above ano!r !y =m ! bungs1 ! bottom ( "o supply+ ! top ( t b5ea?4 ,^! bungs are built at int]vals t p]mit ! flames to p5etrate betwe5 !m & give a good ev5 fire all ov] ! *amb]4 ,9 actual practice "s p>ts ( a kiln are hott] ?an o!rs1 & x is "h t a good sett] %[s 8 capabilities1 sett+ ! ?9 w>es 9 ! s(te/ places & putt+ ! heavi] biscuit or h>d glaze 9 ! hotte/ corn]s4 ,) biscuit ! sett+ is n difficult except :]e delicate or friable w>e may ne$ v c>eful b$d+ & propp+4 ,) clean sagg>s ! biscuit may t\* ! sides1 & a compet5t man w pile an enorm\s am\nt ( biscuit into a kiln )\t risk4 ,9 ! glo/ kiln ! w>e requires g5tle h&l+ & mu/ t\* no?+ b ! spur or support4 ,! sagg>s are usually giv5 a sagg> wa% ( lead & /one to prev5t !m absorb+ glaze f ! w>es1 = a glaz$ pot plac$ too ne> a raw sagg> is v likely to come out ) a ?9 or dry pat*4 ,:5 ! pot is firmly plac$ on its /ilt1 a roll ( pugg+ is plac$ r\nd ! rim ( ! sagg>2 ?is provides a firm b$ = ! next above x & also /ops ! entry ( du/ & flame4 ,?is pugg+ is made f clay or m>l mix$ ) gr\nd %]ds1 siev$ gravel1 or "s non-vitre\s du/ to prev5t x /ick+ to ! sagg>s4 ,! plugg+ is made malleable ) a little wat] & roll$ out by h& or press$ ?r\gh a die4 ,x w readily be se5 t a c>elessly built bung ( any height may slip 9 ! /ress ( fir+1 & its fall w\ld mo/ likely involve o!rs1 :il/ any slight movem5t may be suffici5t to cause a vase to topple (f its /ilt4 ,9 a d[n-draught kiln ! bungs ov] any v5t mu/ be rais$ on fire tiles to p]mit ! escape ( ! flames4 ,:5 all ! bungs are fill$ up & pil$ 9 position1 ! trials & cones plac$1 ! hat* is brick$ up4 ,spy holes are left :]e necess>y1 & ! :ole well clamm$ to prev5t ! loss ( heat dur+ fir+4 ,:5 fir$1 ! hat* may be v gradually loos5$ to accel]ate ! cool+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi--;,,d[n-,,draught ,,kiln4 ,! fireman's job is "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s & important ( all ! prolong$ processes ( pott+4 ,com+ z x does at ! end1 x may make or m> kilns ( great value1 & x requires m ?an ord9>y judgem5t & n]ve4 ,! *ief tr\bles arise f bad or irregul> draught or impure fuel4 ,!y express !mselves 9 ! =m ( cl9k]$ holes1 excessive smoke1 & irregul>ly fir$ or sulphur$ w>e4 ,! t]m sulphur$ is appli$ to pots t come out gloomy or dull$ & is said to be equally due to a r$uc+ fire or an oxidiz+ "o4 ,9 ! =m] an insuffici5cy ( air causes excess ( c>bon 9 ! kiln & ! absorption ( oxyg5 f ! glaze4 ,9 ! latt] an excess ( air 7oxyg57 all[s sulphur vap\r1 if pres5t1 to atta* itself to ! glaze4 ,! fire b>s1 fire holes1 & flues mu/ be kept cle> & ! fuel c>efully select$ if ^! ?+s are to be avoid$4 ,! aim1 z previ\sly /at$1 is a gradually increas+ fire1 %>p] t[>ds ! f9i%4 ,= ?is purpose "s pott]s f9i% (f ) wood :i* gives a long flame free f sulphur & cle>s ! glaze4 ,ev5 :5 sulphur$1 a cle> flame at ! f9i% w remove _m ill effects4 ,! bait+ %\ld be fairly heavy at ! />t1 light] & m frequ5t t[>ds ! f9i%1 :5 smoke 9 any quantity %\ld be avoid$4 ,= temp]ature gauges1 ! cones previ\sly describ$ are us$ & %\ld be plac$ 9 an av]age place1 scre5$ z mu* z possible f draught or flame4 ,small sight pots & glaze r+s plac$ ne> ! spies c be hook$ out & exam9$ & are valuable aids1 b _! expos$ position & ! corrosive action ( ! flames mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,pyromet]s are also us$1 b ) all ^! aids ! exp]i5c$ fireman pays due reg>d to sight & col\r4 ,= a craftsman1 ! kilns t h be5 describ$ are unsuitable on acc\nt ( _! size1 if !y are n altoge!r beyond 8 means4 ,b a kiln ( "s sort is indisp5sable to a pott]4 ,! craftsman is no?+ if n inv5tive4 ,small trials c be fir$ 9 crucibles 9 an op5 fire or on a gas r+4 ,i h he>d ( "s prelim9>y success ) a gas cook]1 disc\nt$ lat] by a frontal attack f ! cook4 ,consid]able k c be ga9$ f small1 easily con/ruct$1 exp]im5tal kilns4 ,! small trial kiln %[n 7,fig4 #gj7 0 con/ruct$ ) a /\t old crock1 ov] :i* 0 built a core ( bricks pla/]$ ) m>l4 ,! fire 0 />t$ at ea* corn] at ! bottom1 & :5 well alight1 f$ f ! top ) coke4 ,a small spy at "o corn] clos$ ) a piece ( biscuit gave "s idea ( ! progress ( ! fir+4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 _h to be practically rebuilt at ea* fir+1 b z a make%ift 0 q satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj--;,,crock ,,) ,,improvis$ ,,spy ,,hole4 ,,cone ,,inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj;,a--,,crock ,,brick$ ,,ov] ,,pla/]$ ,,) ,,m>l4 ,! gas & oil kilns describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix are excell5t z f> z !y g1 & inde$ ! only practicable k9d = indoor s*ools4 ,b _! re/rict$ size soon becomes irksome to a craftsman1 :il/ ! exp5se ( fir+ makes only ! f9e/ "w remun]ative4 ,= ov]-glaze "w !y are excell5t1 b = "s reason glazes fir$ 9 !m seem to lack "s ( ! ri*ness & maturity ! same glazes exhibit :5 fir$ 9 ! sl[] & m soak+ fire ( a brick kiln4 ,! dug-out kiln "h depict$ 7,fig4 #ga7 w\ld be q suitable = summ] s*ools or = a craftsman mak+ s(t peasant pott]y4 ,! section & sket* w indicate its con/ruction4 ,! mat]ials are h>d bricks & /\t old boil] plates1 or %eet iron4 ,to pack or unpack1 ! middle section ( ! ro( w\ld h to be remov$ ea* "t1 & all glaz$ pots w\ld ne$ protection f scal+s & gravel f above4 ,! ro( w sag at any big heat1 & if ( ?9 iron1 w ne$ propp+4 ,! fir+ w\ld be done ) s(t coal or wood2 a v sl[ />t1 ) a brisk draught & a long flame at ! f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga--;,,dug-,,out ,,kiln ,,( ,,common ,,r$ ,,brick4 ,( c\rse ! front w be hott] ?an ! back1 b if sagg>s c be obta9$1 ! glaze may be plac$ 9 !m to ! front ) ! biscuit protect$ beh9d4 ,clay %apes fir$ up at ! front may b5d t[>ds ! fire1 & any brok5 crocks %\ld be us$ to scre5 !m4 ,! mak+ ( r\gh sagg>s is n difficult if a supply ( fire clay is to h&1 or clay & grog w s]ve at a p9*4 ,! clay is roll$ out & ! sagg> /uck up1 mu* z describ$ on page #cb4 ,e jo9t mu/ be c>efully weld$ & ! :ole ?or\ghly dri$4 ,!n !y are fir$ up 9 ! kiln1 v g5tly at fir/1 & c>ri$ up to a temp]ature consid]ably above t :i* !y w be subject$ to :5 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga;,a--,,section ,,( ,,dug-,,out ,,kiln4 ,= small trial crucibles ord9>y clay mix$ ) pit*]s & p[d]$ coke proves satisfactory2 ! coke :5 fir$ out r5d]s ! body por\s & ! heat p5etrates m swiftly4 ,to con/ruct ! muffle kiln %[n at ,fig4 #gb ! aid ( a compet5t bricklay] w\ld probably be requir$4 ,9 ?is kiln glaze & biscuit w\ld fire up )\t sagg>s1 b w take r long]4 ,! plan & elevation ( ?is p>ticul> kiln are giv5 ) all res]ve4 ,! design w\ld probably require consid]able adju/m5t & modification be=e complete satisfaction 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb--,,sections ,,( ,,muffle ,,kiln ,,to ,,%ew ,,supports4 ,,flues4 ,,etc4 ,a d[n-draught kiln1 al?\gh m difficult to con/ruct ?an an up-draught1 is m economical 9 ! end & does its "w m ev5ly4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? t may l to build a small & mod]ately *eap kiln draw+s are "h giv54 ,?is kiln 0 built by me :5 ,i _h v little practical exp]i5ce ( kilns o!r ?an gas1 b x s]v$ its purpose well4 ,x 0 n b&$1 b ?is is ess5tial if ! kiln is to /& h>d & frequ5t fire4 ,firebricks 7 us$ = ! fireholes1 flues1 floor1 core1 & dome2 /rong /ock bricks = ! re/4 ,! glaz$ w>e1 :i* 0 fir$ h>d] ?an ! biscuit1 0 sagg>$ 9 bungs z usual up to ab\t five feet2 ! biscuit pil$ on top & protect$ by old sagg>s & crack$ pots f ! r\ghe/ fire4 ,!re 7 no bags 9 ?is kiln1 b ! sagg>s us$ 7 v /rong & _h /ood a mu* great] heat ?an t to :i* !y 7 subject$ 9 ?is kiln1 s t !y %[$ v little we> or te> aft] tw5ty fir+s4 ,! /ack ( sixte5 feet gave a good %>p draught1 increas$ if necess>y by ! addition ( an iron *imney & regulat$ by an iron damp]4 ,a w9d scre5 or hovel is advisable = r\gh nights1 & "s sort ( ro( is necess>y to protect ! cr[n f ! wea!r4 ,x is important to h ! ar* ( ! hat* v /rongly built1 z x has to /& a lot ( /ra91 & an iron support too ne> ! fire soon corrodes & ne$s replac+4 ,ano!r ess5tial is t ! site be z dry z possible & ! f\ndation made solid ) concrete2 o!rwise ev5 a small kiln is liable to settle & crack4 ,) a little extra exp5se a kiln ( ?is k9d c\ld be b&$ r\nd ! impo/ & fireholes1 ?us consid]ably prolong+ its life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb;,a--,,plan ,,%ew+ ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,fire ,,tiles ,,=m+ ,,muffle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb;,b--,,muffle ,,kiln ,,built ,,( ,,fire ,,tiles1 ,,fire ,,bricks1 ,,& ,,common ,,r$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc--,,pok]4 ,,slice4 ,,tongs4 ,9 fir+ ?is kiln ab\t half a ton ( coke & ?ree qu>t]s ( a ton ( good h>d coal1 giv+ a long flame1 0 us$4 ,coke = ! sl[ fire 0 fir/ />t$ on ! bottom & ma9ta9$ = sixte5 or eighte5 h\rs1 lift$ up on to ! b>s = ano!r six or eight h\rs1 :5 ! sagg>s w\ld beg9 to %[ signs ( col\r4 ,! coal fire 0 !n />t$ ab\t ! #bd? or #be? h\r & cont9u$ ano!r #ah h\rs1 m or less1 accord+ to ! v>y+ conditions1 mak+ 9 all "s #dj or #de h\rs4 ,?is gave a v ev5ly graduat$ heat f cone #a at ! base to cone 4#jc at ! top4 ,bags 7 tri$ exp]im5tally1 b :il/ giv+ a m uni=m heat1 took mu* long] to fire up4 ,at ! f9i% ( ! fir+ ! fireholes 7 brick$ up1 ! damp] clos$ :5 ! fires di$ d[n4 ,9 ab\t #bd h\rs ! v5t & ! hat* 7 eas$ a little at ! top1 & 9 #dh h\rs x 0 pull$ d[n & ! draw+ comm5c$4 ,pack$ ) ! h>d glazes at ! bottom & ! s(t at ! top ?is kiln answ]$ excell5tly = ! purposes = :i* x 0 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd--,,sagg> ,,) ,a ,,pot ,,inside4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,educational ,,value ,,( ,,pott]y ,! pr9cipal po9t 9 ,education is t "o's k ( ! ,_w beg9s at ! "r ,end4 --,,s*op5hau]4 ,! /udy ( ! fictile art ( ! pott]1 ev5 f ! !oretical side alone1 _c fail to quick5 & broad5 education4 ,! antiquity ( ! craft1 /imulat+ rese>* among/ ! records ( anci5t civilizations1 br+s to light cu/oms & habits be>+ v closely ^u ! e>lie/ /ruggles ( man to emancipate himself f m]e brute surr\nd+s4 ,! primitive decorations rudely scrat*$ on clay vessels ant$ate & =eca/ ! hi]oglyphic & sign languages ( all nations4 ,x w\ld be b hyp]bole to claim t )\t clay ! ,mosaic tablets w\ld h rema9$ unwritt51 b indubitably ! clay cyl9d]s ( ,assyria gave a /rong impulse to ! developm5t ( ciph]+ & writ+ & ! spread ( le>n+1--an impetus n to be d]iv$ f ! ob/9ate granite m$ium s g5]ally employ$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,x is ?is am5able ductile quality1 s easily receptive ( ! mo/ emotional t\*1 t has made & /ill makes clay su* an admirable m$ium ( expression = ! "y1--:e!r "y 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w or "y 9 actual ye>s4 ,& ?is malleability is accompani$ by a t5acity t p]mits sl[ build+ up1 remodell+1 & high f9i%1 suitable to "w ( ! mo/ pa9/ak+ "*4 ,to ?is is add$ ! fix$1 unalt]able quality imp>t$ by fire1 s t pott]y m ?an any o!r craft pres]ves an imp]i%able record ( ! ages4 ,?is positive *ronicle is valuable alike to ! savant or ! /ud5t4 ,inde$ ! mo/ trivial *ild's toys ( ! ,hell5es1 ! qua9t wat] pots ( ! ,p]uvian peasant1 or ! unassum+ tea b[l ( ! esot]ic foll[]s ( ,riku may *ance to convey to ! s9c]e /ud5t a cle>] idea ( ! habits & ?\ghts ( _! produc]s ?an _m a p$antic treatise or translation4 ,s lively %9es ,9 !m ,div9e resemblance & su* grace ,! h& t made !m on _! %ape ha? p\r$4 --,,milton4 ,com+ d[n to po9ts 9 close contact ) ! curricula ( s*ools1 we all subscribe to ! dictum ( ,rusk9 t ,ev]yone1 f ! ,k+'s son d[nw>ds1 %\ld le>n to d some?+ f9ely & ?or\ghly ) 8 h&s4 ,:at !n m suitable ?an sympa!tic clay :]e9 to fa%ion ! fir/ fancies ( ! *ild m9d4 ,x is a m$ium at once attractive & easy to m\ld1 giv+ a tangibility & reality to =ms & ?+s t c nev] be obta9$ by draw+ or pa9t+4 ,!n ! limitless uses to :i* clay is put1 &1 ) ! developm5t ( hygi5e1 increas+ly w be put1 h ! close/ be>+ ^u ! ev]yday life ( ! *ild4 ,!y are intimately connect$ ) o!r /udies t _c fail to be r5d]$ m attractive by work+ 9 clay4 ,b clay "w is a bran* n[ s univ]sal t x seems unnecess>y to dwell ^u its advantages to ! k9d]g>t5]4 ,! valuable rem$ial effects ( clay "w ^u ! defective are p]haps less widely kn[n4 ,! manipulation induces a mo/ b5eficial conc5tration & provides a f9e discipl9e )\t a trace ( inimical re/ra9t4 ,turn+ to high] grades1 ! use ( clays %\ld fo/] an int]e/ 9 ! =mation1 composition1 & dis9tegration ( rocks1 & 9 ! prop]ties ( ! products s eng5d]$2 9 %ort1 a lik+ = geology4 ,) ! mak+ ( simple glazes & col\rs w awak5 an intellig5t curiosity conc]n+ ! nature ( m9]als & metals1 _! actions & reactions 9 ! fire2 a lively sympa?y only await+ a t\* to turn x into a love = *emi/ry & physics4 ,!n z p[] & ambition & craftsman%ip develop1 !re mu/ ne$s be a /udy ( ! hi/ory ( ornam5t4 ,?is imp+es too closely ^u hi/ory & geography to fail to increase ! /ud5t's attraction t[>ds ^! m remote b alli$ fields4 ,f9ally1 is x n 9 ! realm ( /hetics t !re looms ! ultimate rew>d8 ,! prop] pursuit ( pott]y mu/ ev5tually lead u t[>ds t idealization ( daily life 444 & ! road t connects ! love ( ! beautiful ) ! love ( ! good is %ort & smoo? 7,presid5t ,eliot74 ,9 ! hurri$ curricula ( to-day art plays a r sorry "p4 ,little "t inde$ is left = contemplation1 = ! realization ( all t beauty & h>mony 9 our surr\nd+s may mean to u 9 our ev]yday "w4 ,! mak+ ( a b[l1 ) ! conc5tration requir$ to %ape x 9 a mann] at once beautiful & s]viceable1 mu/ quick5 ! p]ception ( beauty & %>p5 ! quality ( judgem5t1 n only = ?+s fictile1 b 9 f> wid] fields4 ,?us ! ?+s ( ev]yday contact--! tablew>e1 ! *airs1 ! doors1 ! w9d[s1 pictures1 ornam5ts1 hang+s1 & fitt+s--w all come 9 = intellig5t scrut9y & criticism4 ,?is 9 turn w be c>ri$ on & ov] into matt]s civic4 ,?is mu/ result 9 a c>eful e/imation1 selection1 & appreciation ( our surr\nd+s1 br++ !m into h>mony ) our cultivat$ ?\ghts & s enabl+ u to get ?r\gh ! day's "w ) ! lea/ am\nt ( useless friction & ) ! greate/ possible measure ( enjoym5t1 well-be+1 & well-do+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,a ,,small ,,pott]y4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,! ,,equipm5t ,! div9ity t presides ov] pott+ is an exp5sive z well z an exact+ mi/ress4 ,! equipm5t ( ev5 a small pott]y is1 un=tunately1 a matt] ( consid]able exp5se4 ,try x f :atev] angle we may !re is ! co/ ( ! kiln to be fac$1 besides a ho/ ( o!r small b cumulative exp5ses4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is1 ( c\rse1 a roomy work%op ) if possible a top z well z a side light4 ,if ! craftsman means bus9ess1 he %\ld rememb] t ! initial co/ ( a kiln is (t5 9 inv]se ratio to its upkeep4 ,if he w\ld aspire to big ?+s1 full-belli$ pots1 plaques1 reliefs1 & figures1--& e craftsman w\ld1--a brick kiln w be want$4 ,"o hold+ a doz5 sagg>s c\ld be built1 b :]e "s exp]i5ce has be5 obta9$ ) mat]ials & processes1 a l>g] "o w\ld be m economical4 ,) oil or gas kilns ( ! ord9>y s*ool size ! co/ ( fir+ & ! extra "t is proportionately too great to p]mit ( any b comp>atively high-pric$ pots be+ turn$ out4 ,?is may s]ve 9 "s cases1 b usually x is n practical pott+ :]e a livelihood has to be obta9$4 ,:]e only ! pa9t+ is to be fir$ on1 an oil or gas kiln is exactly :at is want$4 ,9 ?is app5dix is giv5 a plan ( a work%op t has all ! equipm5t necess>y = ! :ole-he>t$ pursuit ( ! craft4 ,9 su* an "o a good craftsman1 capable ( modell+ & pa9t+ dec5tly a figure or a panel1 a good ?r[]1 & a h&y boy c\ld "w wond]s4 ,!y w\ld be capable ( turn+ out a surpris+ly wide range ( pots3 jugs1 mugs1 pots1 bottles1 b[ls1 buttons1 di%es1 plaques1 panels1 vases1 tiles1 & /atuettes1--useful & beautiful ?+s4 ,any?+ 9 fact wor? do+ c be done except f9e tablew>e or ^? articles t by _! nature dem& m me*anical accuracy ?an is possible1 or ev5 desirable1 = a craftsman to exhibit4 ,:]e mu* pla/] turn+ = m\lds 0 attempt$1 a la! w\ld be requir$2 ord9>ily ! hir+ ( "o %\ld be practicable & exp$i5t4 ,:]e only built or ca/ %apes 7 attempt$1 ! :eel & its long ye>s ( drill might be disp5s$ )1 & x is possible1 ) /rong individual "w ( high f9i% & f9e quality & ! consequ5tly re/rict$ output1 t an oil or gas kiln w\ld give economically practicable results4 ,betwe5 ! kiln = fir+ decoration simply pa9t$ on ! ready-made %ape to ! full equipm5t "h describ$ w be f\nd sev]al modifications1 b to try ! craft )\t a kiln ( "s sort is an imbecile proce$+4 ,small brick kiln suppli$ ) sagg>s4 ,small muffle kiln--oil or gas--= ov]-glaze & lu/res4 ,small enamell]'s kiln = fir+ quick trials4 ,kick :eel1 & tools = ?r[+4 ,clay b91 z9c-l9$4 ,damp-box4 ,dry+ cupbo>d4 ,pla/] b94 ,pot bo>ds & brackets4 ,table1 /rong & heavy4 ,clay3 :ite1 r$1 buff4 ,pla/]4 ,glaze mat]ials4 ,oxides1 lu/res4 ,"u- & ov]-glaze col\rs4 ,modell+ tools1 callip]s4 ,pa9t]'s outfit4 ,bru%es1 /raight-edges4 ,%ellac1 beeswax1 ,fr5* *alk4 ,gum arabic & tragacan?4 ,glaze tubs1 teak4 ,sieves1 glaze & slip1 ,nos4 #hj1 #ajj1 #abj4 ,buckets4 ,b[ls1 enamell$ & e>!nw>e4 ,small porcela9 ball mill1 h& or p[]4 ,spray & pump 7respirator74 ,small outfit = c>p5try4 ,files1 %eet iron1 & z9c1 wire & cutt]s1 cords1 s&pap]4 ,b5*es & %elves ad lib41 odd cupbo>ds1 *airs1 etc41 ,%ovels & slic] = fir+1 tongs = trials4 ,two l>ge tubs & rubb] tub+4 ,s& & fl9t4 ,spurs1 props1 fire tiles4 ,tile boxes4 ,disc 7em]y7 = gr9d+4 ,small pe/le & mort>4 ,jugs & funnel4 ,pott]'s knife1 sponges4 ,:irl]4 ,turn+ tools & la!4 ,temp]ature indicators4 ,oil c1 oil1 wa/e4 ,callip]s & compass1 rul]s4 ,mo/ ( ?is equipm5t has be5 previ\sly describ$ & ne$s no fur!r comm5t4 ,! pot bo>ds & brackets are simple b indisp5sable devices4 ,! bo>ds are ab\t six feet long1 iron %od or cross batt5$ to prev5t w>p+1 & six or n9e in*es 9 wid?4 ,! brackets ( any s]viceable k9d are fix$ to ! wall at conv5i5t di/ances4 ,:5 ?r[+1 turn+1 or glaz+1 ! pots are /ood on "o ( ^! bo>ds to dry1 & ea* bo>d z fill$ is slipp$ onto ! brackets4 ,?us ! pots may be c>ri$ ab\t to ! kiln1 dry+ cupbo>d1 or glaze tubs )\t loss ( "t or frequ5t h&l+4 ,! table mu/ be /\t en\gh to )/& ! heavy "w ( w$g+ & %\ld h a top ( h>d wood4 ,teak or h>d-wood glaze tubs h ! advantage ( n break+ ei!r !mselves or pots accid5tally knock$ aga9/ !m4 ,fur!r1 "s glazes /ick badly to porcela9 or enamel tubs4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,a ,,small ,,pott]y ,9 ! small pott]y plott$ "h1 ! equipm5t & arrangem5t 7 z foll[s3 ,an an?racite /ove ) ! pipe runn+ into ! l>ge room w>m$ ! work%op 9 w9t]1 b no wet or half-dry pots 7 left :]e ! fro/ c\ld get at !m4 ,! glaze mat]ials1 oxides1 col\rs1 pa9t+ p>aph]nalia1 f9i%$ pots1 trials1 & trial kiln 7 9 ! small room4 ,! :eel _h a good top & side light4 ,! dry+ cupbo>d1 pla/] b91 & m\lds 7 at ! end ne>e/ ! /ove2 ! clay b91 damp-box1 & s9k f>!/ away4 ,all ! walls 7 copi\sly suppli$ ) brackets & %elves & h&y b5*es4 ,outside1 9 a well-built lean-to1 0 ! muffle kiln = onglaze & lu/re decoration4 ,?is 0 well bracket$ & %elv$ = ! biscuit1 & "h 0 done ! glaz+1 h&y = pack+ 9 ! brick kiln j outside4 ,?is 0 protect$ f ! wea!r & o!r lean-to's held ! sagg>s1 coke1 & coal4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,s*ools ,! tea*] ) ample funds & a free h& w f9d ! previ\s *apt] all-suffici5t1 b 9 _m cases ! pur*ase ( a kiln w ne>ly exhau/ ! all[ance & ! re/ ( ! equipm5t becomes sket*y4 ,! indisp5sable appliances are z foll[s3 ,a kiln1 ) fire tiles or %elves1 props1 spurs1 & /ilts1 etc41 = pack+4 ,a good clay b9 & sieve = slip 7,no4 #hj7 ) a tub & two pails4 ,scales & weights1 pe/le & mort> & glaze lawn 7,no4 #ajj71 %ot = weights4 ,pla/]1 = dry+ bats & work+ discs4 ,l>ge drip pan & ?ree r\nd pans4 ,sev]al jugs & b[ls4 ,spoons 7wood571 knives1 & big bru%es4 ,oil1 gum1 bo>ds1 /rips1 roll+ p94 ,hamm]1 saw1 iron /raight-edge1 sponges4 ,glass slab & mull]1 palette knife & bru%es = pa9t+4 ,an atomiz] or spray pump4 ,glaze mat]ials3 ,kaol91 ,*9a /one1 fl9t1 silv] s&1 :it+1 felsp>1 borax4 ,a supply ( gr\nd pit*]s & grog1 cones4 ,metallic oxides3 ,t91 :ite1 oxide (1 iron1 copp]1 manganese1 cobalt1 etc4 ,"u-glaze col\rs to ta/e4 ,glass j>s ) lids to conta9 mat]ials4 ,gumm$ labels1 ,india ink4 ,= a s*ool 9 ! c\ntry or :]e gr\nd is available1 a kiln l ! "o %[n at p4 #afd %\ld be practicable4 ,x co/s v little to build or to fire4 ,next comes ! "q ( ! clay4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( nature's mat]ials1 & almo/ any riv] bank or creek w supply clay ( "s k9d4 ,any sort ( clay ne> to h& %\ld be ?or\ghly te/$ be=e go+ to o!r or di/ant s\rces4 ,! clay %\ld be dri$1 !n brok5 up ) a hamm]1 & mix$ ) wat]1 & ! resultant slurry pass$ ?r\gh a sieve 7,no4 #hj74 ,! slip is all[$ to settle & ! wat] siphon$ (f4 ,! ?ick slip is !n dri$ on ! pla/] bats until /iff en\gh to "w up betwe5 ! h&s4 ,f ?is clay a tile1 a plate1 & a vase %\ld be made & fir$4 ,if ! pieces /& a fire ( ab\t #aajj 7cone 4#jc7 )\t buckl+1 splitt+1 or crumbl+1 ! clay %\ld d q well = s*ool "w4 ,possibly :5 scre5$ f9e en\gh = work+1 ! clay may be too ri* or long & w split at a mod]ate fire4 ,!n ! scre5+s might be p\nd$ 9 ! mort>1 pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve1 & add$ to ! slip4 ,aga91 gr\nd pit*]s1 f9e grog1 kaol91 or calc9$ fl9t c\ld be tri$ z /iff5+ ag5ts4 ,9 ! unlikely ev5t ( ! clay be+ too refractory or %ort1 a portion ( ri*1 fusible1 or fat clay might be add$1 or ! addition ( p[d]$ sp> te/$4 7,see *apt] on ,clays47 ,! col\r ( ! body w h>dly matt] = s*ools2 inde$ a br[n1 r$1 or cane-col\r$ clay w give bett] results ?an a />+ :ite pa/e1 :5 work+ out simple s*ool problems4 ,:]e necess>y1 t9 glaze c\ld be us$ = a :ite gr\nd1 or an engobe2 t is1 a dip ( :ite clay slip ov] ! col\r$ body4 ,= glaz+1 a leadless glaze is /rongly to be advis$4 ,lead is (t5 indisp5sable to ! craftsman1 & ) c>e ne$ n become a dang]2 b 9 s*ools a lead glaze is positively h>mful4 ,a glaze ) a borax base1 if gr\nd dry & mix$ ) wat] & re-gr\nd be=e siev+1 w give little tr\ble if us$ imm$iately4 ,x w answ] = all grade "w & may be us$ = spray+1 dipp+1 p\r+1 or pa9t+1 ) absolute safety4 ,! gr\nd pit*]s & grog may be obta9$ by p\nd+ up brok5 biscuit & pieces ( fire tile1 respectively4 ,?is1 & ! glaze gr9d+1 is1 ( c\rse1 labori\s "w1 & sugge/s correlation ) ! ,physical ,education ,dep>tm5t4 ,! drip pan & ! r\nd t9s make excell5t m\lds = ca/+ dry+ bats & work+ bats4 ,= ca/+ purposes plates & %all[ b[ls may be m\ld$ 9 "o piece z describ$1 p4 #bf4 ,if no la! be h&y1 glaz$ vases may be us$ z sub/itutes1 ! wa/e be+ add$ 9 pla/ic9e to ! neck & base4 ,= tile-mak+1 /rips nail$ on a /\t bo>d w s]ve 9 place ( tile boxes4 ,! clay is roll$ out on *eeseclo? ) a roll+ p94 ,v>i\s o!r exp$i5ts = dry+ cupbo>ds1 damp-box1 etc41 w sugge/ !mselves z ! c\rse develops4 ,! above equipm5t ne$ n be v co/ly4 ,) x ! /ud5ts %\ld be capable ( produc+ all k9ds ( tiles1 built1 press$1 & ca/ %apes1 decorat$ 9 relief1 ) inlays or 9 col\rs or glaze4 ,,simple ,,raw ,,glazes4 ,,col\rless ,,no4 ,,mat]ials ,,p>ts ,,sieve ,,no4,,cone ,,me?od ,,( ,,us+ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,i ,lead oxide1 r$ #ej #ajj4 ,me% 4#jc ,appli$ ev5ly ,glossy,*9a /one #cj ) a bru% to ,fl9t #aj ! gre5 %apes4 ,fir$ v sl[ly4 ,e>!nw>e body4 ,,ii ,borax #gj #hj4 ,me% #b ,gre5 %apes ,glossy,*9a clay #aj dipp$ ?ick ,felsp> #ge & sl[ly fir$4 ,fl9t #bj ,/onew>e body4 ,:it+ #be ,,iii ,borax #cfj #ajj4 ,me% 4#jc ,gr\nd dry = ,glossy,silv] s& #afj #a_/b h\r ,wet = ,*9a clay #abj #a-a_/b ,us$ :5 ,:it+ #bj fre% on biscuit ,fl9t #aj 7e>!nw>e body7 = "u-glaze pa9t+4 ,,iv ,lead c>bonate #acj #hj4 ,me% 4#jd ,us$ ) metallic ,glossy,calc9$ kaol9#aej oxides = ,fl9t #ej simple col\rs on ,felsp> #ej e>!nw>e ,:it+ #aj body2 bo? gre5 ,z9c oxide #aj & biscuit4 ,v ,lead c>bonate #cge #abj4 ,me% 4#jd ,us$ ?ick on ,matt ,kaol9 #baj h>d :ite ,felsp> #age e>!nw>e 7,,cc7 ,fl9t #abj body4 ,:it+ #aje ,z9c #be ,,vi ,lead c>bonate #abj #ajj4 ,me% 4#jb ,us$ ?ick on ,matt ,*9a clay #ej /onew>e body4 ,felsp> #hj ,col\r$ ) #c ,fl9t #ae to #g p] c5t ( ,:it+ #de glaze /a9s or ,u4 ,g4 col\rs4 ,! proportion ( lead & :it+ may be v>i$ z f\nd exp$i5t4 ,,vii ,borax #gj ,enamel,lead c>bonate #cjj ,*9a clay #ej #hj4 ,me% 4#jg- ,us$ ) v>i\s ,felsp> #abj 4#je comb9ations ,lynn s& #ej oxide1 & iron ,t9 #dj oxide & copp] c>bonate1 giv+ wide range ( blues & gre5s4 ,on /onew>e body4 ,all ! above col\rless glaze masses may be col\r$ ) comb9ations ( ! v>i\s metallic oxides1 or f #c to #g or ev5 #aj p] c5t ( glaze /a9s or "u-glaze col\rs4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,gloss>y ,alum9a1 or ,oxide ( ,alum9ium1 is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( e>?s4 ,comb9$ ) silica x is ! *ief con/itu5t ( kaol9s & ,*9a clays4 ,x imp>ts refractory qualities to clays & is an indisp5sable +r$i5t ( pure glazes4 ,pure alum9a or calc9$ ,alum9ium is a *emical product4 ,ammonia4--,a volatile gase\s matt]1 f\nd 9 "s clays4 ,alkal9e 9 action4 ,antimony4--,a silv]-:ite metallic elem5t1 us$ ) o!r oxides z a col\rant or to give opacity 9 glazes4 ,ars5ic4--,a non-metallic volatile elem5t1 us$ 9 glaze mak+4 ,b>ytes4--,a heavy sp> us$ ) clays to introduce d5sity & vitresc5ce4 ,bauxite4--,a v alum9\s e>?1 us$ 9 prep>ation ( pure alum9a & to r5d] clays refractory4 ,boracic ,acid4--,! natural &1 usually1 impure product 7boric acid be+ free f *emicals74 ,borax4--,! comb9$ *emical product ( soda & boracic acid4 ,us$ z a /rong flux 9 glazes4 ,calc9$ ,bones4--,! residuum ( burn$ bones1 us$ to /iff5 artificial porcela94 ,calc9$ ,kaol94--,kaol9 aft] x has be5 subject$ to heat to drive (f ! wat] comb9$ ) x4 ,calcium ,c>bonate 7,:it+74--,f\nd z a :ite rock1 & gr\nd to pure p[d]4 ,us$ ) clays = s(t bodies4 ,gives durability to glazes4 ,calcium ,oxide 7,lime74--,a widely di/ribut$ e>?y matt]4 ,imp>ts fusibility to clays1 9 ne>ly all ( :i* x is pres5t 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,*rome1 ,oxide (4--,us$ 9 mak+ gre5s1 br[ns1 & blacks4 ,/&s a high fire4 ,,clays3 ,ball ,clay4--,blue & black4 ,v pla/ic clays4 ,us$ ) non-pla/ic mat]ials1 su* z fl9t1 /one1 felsp>1 or :it+1 to =m f9e e>!nw>es4 ,cane & ,r$ ,clays4--,clays col\r$ by ! pres5ce ( f]ric oxide1 & us$ ext5sively = bricks1 t]ra-cotta tiles1 & common pott]y4 ,*9a ,clay4--,a yell[i%-:ite1 non-vitre\s clay1 product ( ! decomposition ( granitic or felspa?ic rocks4 ,corni% ,*9a clay is exceptionally :ite1 pure1 & pla/ic4 ,x is widely us$ ) ,*9a1 or ,cornwall /one & calc9$ bones1 to make bone porcela94 ,felsp> is add$ to r5d] x vitre\s4 ,mix$ ) ball clays1 pipe clays1 fl9t1 & /one1 x makes ! v>i\s classes ( e>!n & /one w>es4 ,pipe ,clay4--,a v :ite1 smoo? clay4 ,less pla/ic ?an ball clays4 ,mu* us$ = mak+ slips1 engobes1 & enamels4 ,sagg> ,clays or ,fire ,clays4--,co>se refractory clays /r5g!n$ by ! addition ( grog1 us$ = sagg>s1 fire tiles1 & bricks4 ,cobalt ,oxide4--,! oxide ( ! /eel-grey h>d metal4 ,extremely valuable 9 pott]y1 mak+ all %ades ( blue = "u-glaze pr9t+ or /a9+4 ,) iron or copp] gives blue-gre5s4 ,copp]1 ,oxides (1 & ,c>bonate4--,r$1 gre51 & black oxides ( copp] h be5 ( ! utmo/ value to pott]s4 ,!y are us$ to produce gre51 blue1 turquoise1 r$1 & crimson4 ,its extraord9>y *anges 9 r$uc+ or oxidiz+ fires are ( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! exp]im5t]4 ,corni% or ,*9a ,/one4--,a rock compos$ ( felsp> & qu>tz4 ,its vitrification 7ab\t #adjj ,c47 imp>ts h>dness & d5sity to ,*9a clays4 ,x is a valuable con/itu5t ( glazes4 ,fir/ kn[n z moor/one or gr[an4 ,e>?y ,col\rants4--,r>ely us$ 9 mod]n comm]cial pott]y1 except = salt-glaz$ j>s1 crocks1 & peasant pott]y4 ,felsp>4--,a fusible rock f\nd almo/ pure or 9 comb9ation ) pota% & soda1 ! great] ! p]c5tage ( alkalies ! m fusible be+ ! sp>4 ,x is us$ to replace m refractory mat]ials 9 clay & to /iff5 glazes4 ,fl9t4--,a pure silica ) slight traces ( calcium4 ,f\nd 9 pebble =m on sea%ores4 ,calc9$ & gr\nd to a :ite p[d]1 x is widely us$ to imp>t :it5ess & /r5g? to clays4 ,invaluable = b$d+ & pack+ 9 kilns4 ,us$ ) ! fluxes1--lead1 borax1 pota%1 & soda1--to make glazes & glass4 ,fluorsp>4--,a comb9ation ( fluor9e & calcium1 m fusible ?an felsp>1 & ( a :ite col\r1 felsp> be+ p9k4 ,gal5a4--,lead sulphide1 a highly poison\s mat]ial us$ on peasant pott]y1 giv+ a s(t1 yell[i%1 transp>5t glaze4 ,gold4--,us$ 9 solution = delicate purples & lu/res4 ,gypsum4--,:5 calc9$ gypsum becomes pla/] ( ,p>is1 ^! two mat]ials1 toge!r ) ! alli$ m>ble1 lime/one1 & alaba/]1 are widely us$ 9 pa/es 7su* z ,p>ian71 slips1 engobes1 & v>i\sly to imp>t fusibility or col\r prop]ties to glazes4 ,iron1 ,oxides (4--,h a wide range ( col\r1 f yell[ to purple4 ,!y are us$ to /a9 glazes & col\r bodies4 ,!y imp>t fusibility to clays & are c>efully exclud$ f f9e :ite bodies4 ,kaol94--,a f9e1 :ite1 v pure1 & infusible ,*9a clay1 almo/ pure alum9a & silica4 ,*iefly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 & f9e e>!nw>e4 ,lead 7,oxides & ,c>bonates (74 ,:ite ,lead1 ,r$ ,lead1 ,li?>ge4--,are v widely us$ z a safe & *eap flux4 ,poison\s4 ,x _c be us$ 9 ^? glazes t h to /& a high fire4 ,lime4 7,see ,calcium47 ,lynn ,s&4 7,see ,qu>tz ,s&47 ,magnesia4--,a :ite metallic elem5t pres5t 9 small quantities 9 mo/ clays4 ,manganese4--,! black & br[n oxides ( ?is h>d metal are mu* us$ to /a9 slips & bodies1 & to col\r glazes br[n or purple4 ,m>ls4--,amorph\s deposits ( lime1 s&1 & clay1 v co>se 9 texture4 ,us$ 9 mak+ sagg>s1 dra9 pipes1 & simil> appliances4 ,nickel4--,a h>d metallic elem5t1 ! oxides ( :i* are f\nd useful 9 prep>+ blacks1 greys1 & gre5s4 ,nitre or ,potassium ,nitrate1 or ,saltpetre4--,a vitre\s & aque\s comp\nd1 us$ 9 "s glazes4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is4 7,see ,gypsum47 ,pota%4--,potassium c>bonate or ! lea*$ a%es ( plants4 ,us$ f e>lie/ times z a p[]ful alkal9e flux4 ,pota%1 ,bi*romate (4--,us$ = p9ks & cry/all9e effects4 ,poison\s4 ,qu>tz or ,qu>tz ,s&4--,l ,lynn or silv] s&4 ,?is m9]al is pure silica & free f lime1 al?\gh ! s&s may conta9 "s small p]c5tage ( iron4 ,us$ mu* l fl9t = b$d+ or ) alkal9e fluxes = ! f9e/ glazes4 ,rutile4 ,oxide ( ,titanium4--,us$ v>i\sly to imp>t a yell[ t+e to porcela91 & col\r & irregul>ity to "s glazes4 ,salt4--,sodium *loride4 ,sometimes us$ 9 glazes1 b be/ kn[n 9 connection ) salt glaz+4 ,x vaporizes at ab\t #abjj ,c41 =m+ a silicate or h>d1 ?9 sk9 ( glaze ov] ! clay4 ,silica4--,a h>d1 col\rless cry/all9e elem5t2 f\nd pure1 z 9 qu>tz1 or 9 comb9ation ) alum9a & alkalies1 z 9 all clays4 ,pres5t 9 all glazes4 ,soda4 ,sodium ,c>bonate4--,product ( ! decomposition ( salts ) acids4 ,x is a /rong alkal9e flux & mu* us$ 9 glaze & glass-mak+4 ,silv] ,s&4 7,see ,qu>tz47 ,t91 ,oxide (4--,us$ f ! e>lie/ times to imp>t opacity to glazes4 ,t9cal4 7,see ,borax47 ,titanium4 7,see ,rutile47 ,:it5+4 7,see ,lime47 ,z9c1 ,oxide (4--,a :ite metallic oxide2 us$ to bright5 & /abilize glazes & col\rs4 ,,pott]',s ,,t]ms ,bags4--,*imneys or walls ( fire bricks built to protect ! w>e f flame4 ,bait+s4--,! fe$ ( fuel dur+ fir+4 ,bat4--,any flat slab ( pla/]1 biscuit1 or fire clay4 ,biscuit4--,! fir$ b unglaz$ clay4 ,bl[+4--,! %att]+ ( ! clay %ape :5 biscuit+4 ,usually due to hurri$ fir+ or ! sudd5 access ( heat1 & ! consequ5t g5]ation ( /eam4 ,blung]4--,a ma*9e = mix+ clay4 ,bungs4--,piles ( fill$ sagg>s4 ,*uck or ,*um4--,! cone or cap us$ to support %apes dur+ turn+ on ! la!4 ,clamm+4--,! wet m>l1 s&1 or sift+s appli$ to cracks 9 ! hat*es or doors ( kilns to reta9 ! heat dur+ fir+4 ,craze4--,! m9ute cracks t appe> 9 a badly fitt+ glaze4 ,:5 arriv$ at by design1 z 9 "s ,*9ese "w1 x is t]m$ a crackle1 b !re is !n no fissure4 ,draw+4--,unpack+ ! kiln aft] fir+4 ,engobe4--,a dip or out] cov]+ ( slip2 usually appli$ to inf]ior bodies to improve _! appe>ance4 ,fat4--,clays t are /icky or greasy are sometimes t]m$ fat by pott]s4 ,fettle4--,to t\* up1 & remove traces ( seams1 ca/ l9es1 etc4 ,fluxes4--,^? mat]ials :i* by _! addition to pa/e or glaze r5d] !m fusible1 al?\gh !y may n always be fusible !mselves4 ,glo/4--,! glaz$ w>e1 usually appli$ to ! glaze 9 fir+1 z glo/-ov54 ,gre54--,! clay %apes be=e biscuit+4 ,jigg]4--,! :eel on :i* %apes are m\ld$ ) ! aid ( a jolley or pr(ile4 ,joggle4--,! nat* or key 9 a m\ld to insure correct adju/m5t & prev5t slipp+4 ,lawn4--,! f9e me% gauze ?r\gh :i* glazes are /ra9$4 ,long4--,a clay is t]m$ long if v ductile & t5aci\s4 ,muffle4--,usually ! fire-clay box or int]ior ( a small kiln1 b appli$ to any kiln to ! inside ( :i* ! flames h no access4 ,nat*4 7,see ,joggle47 ,oxidiz+4--,! ord9>y me?od ( fir+ gives an atmosph]e 9 :i* !re is always suffici5t oxyg5 to consume all ! c>bon or combu/ible gases4 ,if oxyg5 is pres5t 9 excess1 x causes reactions kn[n z oxidiz+4 ,pit*]s4--,f9ely gr\nd biscuit4 ,add$ to "s clays to increase refractories or porosity4 ,m\lds made 9 su* clays & fir$ are t]m$ pit*] m\lds4 ,pot%]ds4--,any brok5 biscuit or pot1 sometimes us$ = pit*]s4 ,pott+4--,a colloquialism us$ to designate ! c]amic indu/ry4 ,pugg+4--,! roll ( infusible clay plac$ betwe5 ea* sagg> :5 build+ bungs4 ,r$uc+4--,! reaction t accompanies ! introduction ( smoke or gas conta9+ c>bon 9 a v f9ely divid$ /ate into a kiln dur+ ! process ( fir+ glaze4 ,r$uction is n[ widely employ$ 9 obta9+ f9e lu/re effects4 ,refractory4--,h>d1 infusible4 ,ri*4--,us$ ( clays t are long & fusible1 su* z r$ clays4 ,riffle4--,a groov$ & too!d pla/] tool ( /eel4 ,sagg>s4--,or segg]s4 ,! fire-clay receptacles 9 :i* ! glaz$ w>e is set dur+ ! fir+4 ,sett]s4--,supports us$ :5 pack+ friable biscuit4 ,%ort4--,a ^w us$ to d5ote a clay t crumbles or is difficult to pull up on ! :eel4 ,sieve4--,sometimes call$ a lawn1 m correctly a scre5 = clay or slip4 ,slip4--,! siev$ clay or pa/e 9 creamy liquid condition z us$ = slip decoration1 engobes1 or ca/+4 ,slub or ,slurry4--,clay mix$ ) wat] b n siev$1 z ) slip4 ,spy4--,! small hole1 kept plugg$1 ?r\gh :i* te/s & cones are obs]v$4 ,/unt4--,or dunt4 ,to crack or split on cool+4 ,turn+4--,! %av+ d[n ( ! clay %ape on a la!1 to imp>t lightness & f9i%4 ,u4 ,g4--,"u-glaze 7appli$ to col\rs74 ,v5t4--,a hole to aid ! ev5 di/ribution ( fire 9 a kiln or to accel]ate ! cool+ (f4 ,wa/]4--,comm]cially1 a spoil$ pot2 defective ones are t]m$ seconds4 ,w$g+4--,! beat+ or slamm+ op]ation usually employ$ to expel air or correct inequalities j be=e clay is us$ by ! ?r[]4 ,:irl]4--,a circul> support pivot+ on its c5tre1 us$ 9 ca/+ or b&+2 simil> to a b&+ :eel1 b usually heavi]4 ,,mat]ials1 ,,t]ms1 ,,etc4 ,c ,,comb9+ ,,weight ,e ,,equival5t ,,weight ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,symbol ,c ,,or ,e ,,fus+ ,,po9t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,alum9a 7calc9$7 ,al#b,o#c ,c #ajb,v infusible ,alum9a 7hydrat$7 ,al#b,o#cc;,h#b,o ,c #aef ,alum9ium ,al ,e #bg #fbg ,c4 ,ammonia ,,nh#c ,volatile ,antimony ,sb ,e #abj #dcb ,c4 ,antimony oxide ,sb,o ,ars5ic ,z ,e #ge #ejj ,c4 ,b>ium 7metallic ,ba ,e #acg ,fuses above elem5t7 r$ heat ,b>ium c>bonate ,ba,c,o#c ,c #aig ,b>ytes ,ba,s,o#d ,c #bcc ,fuses ab\t :ite heat ,bauxite ,bismu? ,bi ,e #bh ,borax 7cry/als7 ,na#b;,b#d,o#gaj;,h#b,o ,c #chb ,v fusible ,boric acid 7cry/als7 ,b#b,o#cc;,h#b,o ,c #abd ,boric acid 7dry7 ,b#b,o#c ,c #gj ,high fus+ ,boron 7metallic ,b ,e #aa po9t elem5t7 ,calc9$ bones ,infusible ,calc9$ kaol9 ,al#b,o#c #b,si,o#b ,c #bbb ,v infusible ,*9a clay 7f9e7 slightly vitre\s at highe/ fire ,calcium oxide 7lime7 ,ca,o ,c #ef ,v refractory if alone b fusible ) clays ,calcium c>bonate ,ca,c,o#c ,c #ajj ,*9a /one #h,si,o#bb;,al#b,o#c,k#b,o #acgi #acjj ,c4 ab\t ,corni% /one ,*rome oxide ,cr#b,o#c ,c #gi ,*romium ,ca ,e #ea ,above plat9um ,cobalt ,co ,e #ei #aejj ,c4 ,cobalt oxide ,co#b,o#c ,c #afe ,cobalt oxide 7black7 ,co#b,o#d ,c #bdj ,copp] ,cu ,e #fc #ajed-ajhd ,c4 ,copp] oxide 7black7 ,cu,o ,c #gi4e ,e>?y col\rants ,o*res ,si5nas ,umb]s ,felsp> #f,si,o#b;,al#b,o#c,k#b,o ,c #eef #abjj-acjj ,c4 ab\t1 accord+ to purity ,fl9t 7calc9$7 ,si,o#b ,c #fj #ahcj ,c4 ab\t ,fluorsp> ,ca,f#b ,mu* l[] ?an felsp> ,gal5a 7lead sulphide7 ,pb,s ,v fusible ,gold ,au ,e #adg #ajed-ajge ,c4 ,gypsum 7pla/] ( ,p>is1 if calc9$7 ,ca,s,o#db;,h#b,o ,c #agb ,iron ,fe ,e #ef #aecj-afjj ,c4 ab\t ,iron oxide ,fe#b,o#c ,c #afj ,iridium ,ir ,e #aic #aiej ,c4 ab\t ,kaol9 7see calc9$ kaol97 ,al#b,o#cb,si,o#bb;,h#b,o,c #beh ,infusible ,lead 7metal7 ,pb ,e #bjf #cbf ,c4 ,lead c>bonate ,pb,c,o#b ,lead1 r$ oxide ( ,pb#c;,,co#d ,lime 7see calcium oxide or c>bonate7 ,ca,o ,lynn s& 7see silv] s&7 ,si,o#b ,magnesia 7calc9$7 ,mg,o ,c #dj #dcj ,c4 ,magnesia 7c>bonate7 ,mg,o,,co#b ,manganese1 c>bonate ,mn,c,o#c ,c #aae ,manganese 7metal7 ,mn ,e #ee #afgj ,c4 ab\t ,manganese oxide 7or black7 ,mn,o#b ,c #hg ,nickel 7metal7 ,ni ,e #eh #adbg-adej ,c4 ,nickel oxide ,ni,o ,c #ge ,nitre ,,kno#c ,pe>l a% or pota% ,,koh ,pla/] ( ,p>is 7calc9$ gypsum7 ,ca,s,o#da_/b;,h#b,o ,c #ade ,plat9um ,pt ,e #aig #agaj-agge ,c4 ,pota%1 bi*romate ( ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g ,fuses dull-r$ heat ,potassium c>bonate ,k#b;,,co#c ,c #ach ,potassium oxide ,k#b,o ,c #id ,qu>tz ,si,o#b ,c #fj #ahcj ,c4 ab\t ,qu>tz s& ,rutile 7see titanium7 ,salt ,na,cl #ggf ,c4 ,silica ,si,o#b ,c #fj ,silv] s& 7or qu>tz s&7 ,si,o#b ,silv] 7metal7 ,ag ,e #ajg #ide-ifb ,c4 ,soda a% 7calc9$7 ,na#b;,,co#c ,c #ajf ,soda cry/als ,na#b;,,co#caj ,h#b,o ,c #bhf ,sodium oxide ,na#b,o ,c #fb ,t9cal 7see borax7 ,t9 7metal7 ,sn ,e #aai #bcc ,c4 ,t9 oxide 7:ite7 ,sn,o#b ,c #aej ,titanium oxide 7rutile7 ,ti,o#b ,infusible ,uranium 7metal7 ,u ,e #bci #ahjj ,c4 ab\t ,uranium1 oxide ( ,u#c,o#h ,:it5+ 7see lime c>bonate7 ,z9c 7metal7 ,zn ,e #fe #ddc ,c4 ,z9c oxide 7:ite7 ,zn,o ,c #ha ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,seg] ,,cones4 7,,/&>d ,,cones4 ,,ab\t #aj ,,high]47 ,,numb]s4 ,,turn+ ,,po9ts4 ,,col\r1 ,,etc4 ,,approximate ,,degrees ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,kiln ,,cone ,,heat ,,at ,,:i* ,,mat]ials ,,suitable ,,to ,,be ,,numb] ,,cone ,,turns ,,fir$ ,,at ,,^! ,,temp]atures ,,or ,,b5ds 7,,approximate7 ,c5tigrade 4#jbb #fjj ,comm5ces to 4#jba #fej ,s(t enamel or ov]-glaze %[ col\r 4#jbj #fgj col\rs4 4#jai #fij 4#jah #gaj ,dull r$ 4#jag #gcj ,enamels on metals4 ,fluxes 4#jaf #gej & lu/res4 4#jae #gij 4#jad #hae 4#jac #hce ,v s(t glazes & h>d ,r$ to *]ry 4#jab #hee enamel col\rs4 ,"s 4#jaa #hhj lu/res4 ,gild+4 4#jaj #ijj 4#ji #ibj 4#jh #idj 4#jg #ifj ,dull *]ry to 4#jf #ihj ,majolica glazes or col\r$ light *]ry 4#je #ajjj glazes & /annif]\s 4#jd #ajbj or t9 glazes4 4#jc #ajdj 4#jb #ajfj ,e>!nw>e glazes4 ,s(t 4#ja #ajhj ,*9a glazes4 #a #aajj ,d>k orange to #b #aabj ,s(t to h>d or f9e pale orange #c #aadj e>!nw>e biscuit4 #d #aafj #e #aahj ,svres s(t bisque4 #f #abjj #g #abcj ,vitre\s w>e4 ,granite w>e4 ,yell[i% :ite #h #abej ,salt glaze4 ,/onew>e4 #i #abhj ,engli% bone porcela9 or #aj #acjj ,*9a biscuit4 ,:ite #aa #acbj #ab #acej ,int5se :ite #ac #achj ,g]man ,*9ese porcela94 #ad #adaj ,svres porcela94 #ae #adcj ,blui% :ite #af #adfj #ag #adhj ,cop5hag5 porcela94 ,to conv]t temp]atures3 ,c5tigrade into ,fahr5heit4--,divide by #e1 multiply by #i1 & add #cb4 ,fahr5heit into ,c5tigrade4--,subtract #cb1 divide by #i1 & multiply by #e4 ,,measures1 ,,weights1 ,,etc4 ,,apo!c>ies #a gra9 4#jfdh gramme4 #bj gra9s #a scruple #a4bif grammes4 #c scruples #a dra*m #c4hhh grammes4 #h dra*ms #a ounce #ca4ajc grammes4 ,,troy #a gra9 4#jfdh gramme4 #bd gra9s #a p5nyweight #a4eee grammes4 #bj p5nyweights #a troy ounce #ca4ajce grammes4 ,,avoirdupois #af drams #a ounce4 #af ounces #a p\nd4 #ad p\nds #a /one4 #bh p\nds #a qu>t]4 #aab p\nds #a hundr$weight 7cwt474 #bj hundr$weight #a ton 7#bbdj lbs474 ,,capacity 7,,wet7 #a gill #a4db decilitres4 #d gills #a p9t 4#efh litre4 #b p9ts #a qu>t #a4acf litres4 #d qu>ts #a gallon #d4ede litres4 #b gallons #a peck #i4ji litres4 #d pecks #a bu%el4 #h bu%els #a qu>t]4 ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,te*nical ,*emi/ry ( ,pott]y4 ,lang5beck1 ,k>l4 ,*emi/ry ( ,pott]y4 ,%aw1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,clays4 ,occurr5ces1 ,prop]ties1 & ,uses4 ,ries4 ,col\r+ & ,decorat+ ( ,c]amic ,w>e4 ,brongni>t1 ,a4 ,c]amic ,te*nology4 ,b9ns1 ,c4 ,f4 ,notes on ! ,manufacture ( ,e>!n ,w>e4 ,s&eman1 ,e4 ,a4 ,notes on ,pott]y ,clays4 ,fairie1 ,jas4 ,pott]y ,decoration4 ,ha9ba*1 ,r4 ,,te*nical ,,& ,,hi/orical ,leadless ,decorative ,tiles4 ,furnival1 ,w4 ,j4 ,fai5ce & ,mosaic1 & o!r volumes4 ,furnival1 ,w4 ,j4 ,,manual ,pott]y4 ,lunn1 ,ri*>d4 ,gr& ,feu ,c]amics4 ,d'oat1 ,taxile4 ,! ,pott]'s ,craft4 ,b9ns1 ,c4 ,f4 ,practical ,k]amics = ,/ud5ts4 ,janvi]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,arti/ic ,art ( ! ,old ,engli% ,pott]4 ,solon1 ,l4 ,v4 ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,gull&4 ,*9ese ,porcela94 ,monkh\se1 ,cosmo4 ,c]amic ,art 9 ,great ,brita94 ,jewitt1 ,l4 ,hi/ory ( ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,m>ryat4 ,majolica4 ,=tnum1 ,c4 ,d4 ,e4 ,pott]s1 ,_! ,arts & ,crafts4 ,sp>kes & ,g&y4 ,pott]y & ,porcela9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7& o!r volumes74 ,b>b]4 ,p]sian ,c]amic ,art 7& o!r volumes74 ,wallis1 ,h4 ,illu/rat$ catalogue ( ! ,fai5ce ( ,p]sia & ,ne> ,ea/4 ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club4 ,,appliances ,,& ,,mat]ials1 ,,etc4 ,,sold ,,by ,,ball ,,mills4 ,w5g]s1 ,ltd4 ,eng4 7,hanley1 ,/oke on ,tr5t47 ,abbey ,eng9e]+ ,co4 #bbj ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,biscuit ,,%apes4 ,hir%b]g ,art ,co4 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,ball4 ,m&le & ,sant4 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,ohio1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,*9a ,,& ,,model+4 ,/ew>t ,co4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,clays ,w5g]s4 ,hanley1 ,great ,brita94 ,,modell+ ,,& ,we/]n ,/onew>e ,co4 ,monm\?1 ,,/onew>e ,ill41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,sagg> ,,& ,,/onew>e4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cutt]1 ,woodbridge1 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,cones4 ,w5g]s1 ,ltd4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,drack5feld ,co4 ,murray ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,pr(essor ,ed4 ,orton4 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,,glazes4 ,w5g]s1 ,ltd4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,drack5feld ,co4 ,murray ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,roessl]1 ,hasla*] ,*emical ,co4 ,william ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kilns4 ,,gas4 ,flet*]1 ,russell4 ,w>r+ton1 ,eng4 ,,kilns4 ,,gas ,,& ,,oil4 ,bellevue ,p]fection4 ,detroit1 ,mi*41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kilns4 ,,oil4 ,caulk9s ,revelation4 ,detroit1 ,mi*41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,kilns4 ,,trial4 ,w5g]s4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,,lawns ,,& ,,sieves4 ,drack5feld ,co4 #ej ,murray ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,a4 ,s>tori\s ,co4 ,murray ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,w5g]s4 ,hanley ,/affs1 ,eng4 ,,pla/]4 ,w5g]s4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,drack5feld ,co4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,calv9 ,?ompk9s4 ,batt]y ,pl41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,,qu>tz1 ,,fl9t1 ,,felsp>4 ,w5g]s1 ,ltd4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,drack5feld ,co4 ,murray ,/41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,gold+ ,sons4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,scales4 ,w5g]s4 ,hanley ,/affs1 ,eng4 ,hy4 ,troemn]4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,/ilts1 ,,etc4 ,tr5ton ,/ilt ,spur ,co4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,w5g]s4 ,hanley1 ,eng4 ,u4 ,g4 ,,col\rs1 ,,etc4 ,w5g]s4 ,eng4 ,drack5feld ,co4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,:eels4 ,crossley ,mfg4 ,co4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,t4 ,s4 ,nick]son4 ,newburyport1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,on pages t rema91 "s unnecess>y page numb]s may h be5 delet$ :5 !y fall 9 ! middle ( li/s4 ,"s illu/rations may h be5 mov$4 ,:5 ! au?or's pref]5ce c be det]m9$1 we h r5d]$ consi/5t on a p]-^w-pair basis ! hyph5ation or spac+ ( su* pairs :5 repeat$ 9 ! same grammatical context4 ,! publi%]'s inadv]t5t omissions ( important punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,! foll[+ li/ indicates any additional *anges4 ,! page numb] repres5ts t ( ! orig9al publication & applies 9 ?is etext except = illu/rations s9ce !y may h be5 mov$4 ,page ,*ange #bj ! highe/ fire 7ar\nd #agjjjagjj ,c5tigrade74 #ia b x is a wa/e ( "t to attempt x #aha ,! slip is all[$ to settl$settle & ! wat] siphon$ (f4 #aic ,,al,al#b,o#c #b,si,o#b #aic ,cobalt ,c#f;,co #aid ,felsp> #f,si,o#b;,al#b,o#c,k#b,o,k#b,o 99 99 99 99 99