,,calv9i/ic ,,controv]sy3 ,,embrac+ ,a ,,s]mon ,,on ,,pr$e/9ation ,,& ,,election1 ,,& ,,sev]al ,,numb]s1 ,,=m]ly ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,advocate ,,& ,,j\rnal4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,wilbur ,,fisk1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,new-,,york1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,b4 ,,waugh ,,& ,t4 ,,mason1 ,= ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* at ! ,conf]5ce ,(fice1 #bjj ,mulb]ry-/reet4 ,j4 ,collord1 ,pr9t]4 #ahce4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahce1 by ,b4 ,waugh & ,t4 ,mason1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new-,york4 ,,cont5ts4 ,adv]tisem5t ,s]mon on ,pr$e/9ation & ,election ,i4 ,reply to ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator ,,ii4 ,a proposition to ,calv9i/s ,,iii4 ,indef9it5ess ( ,calv9ism ,,iv4 ,brief sket* ( ! pa/ *anges & pres5t /ate ( ,calv9ism 9 ?is c\ntry ,v4 ,same subject cont9u$ ,,vi4 ,pr$e/9ation ,,vii4 ,pr$e/9ation1 cont9u$ ,,viii4 ,moral ag5cy & acc\ntability ,,ix4 ,moral ag5cy & acc\ntability1 cont9u$ ,x4 ,moral ag5cy z affect$ by ! fall1 & ! subsequ5t provisions ( grace ,,xi4 ,same subject cont9u$ ,,xii4 ,objections to graci\s ability answ]$ ,,xiii4 ,reg5]ation ,,xiv4 ,reg5]ation1 cont9u$ ,,xv4 ,reg5]ation1 cont9u$ ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! numb]s foll[+ ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation & election1 7 writt5 at diff]5t times1 & 9 "s in/ances at q di/ant int]vals f ea* o!r4 ,?is w be receiv$1 x is hop$1 z an apology = any want ( connection or uni=mity ( /yle1 :i* ! read] may notice4 ,& if any f>!r apology be necess>y1 x may be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t ! entire cont5ts ( ! volume z x is n[ pres5t$1 7 writt5 9 ! mid/ ( o!r press+ duties4--,& ! same reason has prev5t$ my giv+ ! "w su* a ?or\gh revision1 z x %\ld h _h1 be=e x 0 pres5t$ to ! public1 9 ! m set & impos+ =m ( a book4 ,su* a =m 0 n orig9ally ?\ght (--& n[ t ?is is call$ =1 ! au?or is well aw>e t ! public might expect a c>eful revision & correction ( ! :ole4 ,f ?is h[ev]1 he mu/1 ( necessity1 be excus$4 ,he has be5 able to d little m ?an correct ! typographical errors4 ,if ! public h x1 !re=e1 x mu/ g ) all its imp]fections on its head4 ,only let x be und]/ood1 t ,i d n s5d x out4 ,! publi%]s say x is call$ =2 & ,i cons5t t x may g4 ,! doctr9es ,i believe1 w /& ! te/ ( reason & ,scripture1 al?\gh "s ( ! argum5ts by :i* !y are def5d$ may be f\nd defective4 ,x 0 my orig9al design to h add$ "o or two numb]s on election2 b ^u f>!r reflection1 x appe>$ to me t en\gh _h be5 said 9 ! s]mon on t po9t2 & t at any rate1 if ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation1 & ! ,calv9i/ic views ( moral ag5cy & reg5]ation1 7 f\nd to be fallaci\s1 ! :ole sup]/ructure mu/ fall ( c\rse4 ,on ^! po9ts !re=e1 we may safely re/ ! entire "q betwe5 u & ! ,calv9i/s4 ,w4 ,fisk4 ,wesleyan ,univ]sity1 ,april #bh1 #ahce4 ,a ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,pr$e/9ation ,,& ,,election4 ,accord+ z he ha? *os5 u 9 him be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 t we %\ld be holy & )\t blame be=e him 9 love4 ,hav+ pr$e/9at$ u unto ! adoption ( *ildr51 by ,jesus ,*ri/1 to himself1 accord+ to ! good pleasure ( 8 w1 ,ephesians i1 #d1 #e4 ,9 ?is passage1 ! k9dr$ doctr9es ( pr$e/9ation & election are br\ght into view4 ,to discuss !m1 to notice "s errors respect+ !m1 & to exhibit :at is believ$ to be ! ,scriptural & rational view ( ^! doctr9es1 is ! propos$ object ( ! pres5t disc\rse4 ,9 do+ ?is1 mu* t is new _c be expect$4 ,! :ole gr\nd ( ?is controv]sy has be5 exam9$ & re-exam9$2 & ! v>i\s argum5ts1 on bo? sides1 h be5 urg$ & oppos$1 by ! mo/ able polemics 9 philosophy & !ology4 ,! mo/1 !re=e1 t c n[ be expect$1 is to give a concise view ( ! subject1 9 a =m & mann] suit$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ! controv]sy1 & to ! circum/ances ( ! pres5t congregation4 ,x is hop$1 at lea/1 t ! subject may be inve/igat$ 9 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity2 & t !re w be no loss ( bro!rly & ,*ri/ian c&\r1 if !re be no ga91 on ! side ( tru?4 ,yet1 9 a desire to give no (f5ce1 ,i mu/ n suppress ! tru?1 nor neglect to po9t out1 z ,i am able1 ! absurdity ( error1 & its unpr(itable influ5ces on ! m9ds ( ^? :o propagate or receive x4 ,! tru? %\ld be spok51 b x %\ld be spok5 9 love4 ,nei!r ! subject1 nor ! age1 nor ! occasion1 w admit ( temporiz+4 ,) ^! views1 we come to our subject1 by exam9+1 ,i4 ,pr$e/9ation 9 g5]al2 ,,ii4 ,pr$e/9ation1 9 its p>ticul> relation to ! doctr9e ( election4 ,i4 ,by pr$e/9ation1 we und]/& an effici5t pr$et]m9ation to br+ ab\t or accompli% any future ev5t4 ,b z ,god alone has k to compreh5d futurity1 & p[] to direct & control future ev5ts2 pr$e/9ation1 9 a prop] & /rict s5se1 c only be us$ 9 ref]5ce to him4 ,& ) respect to ,god1 pr$e/9ation is t effici5t det]m9ation :i* he has ma9ta9$ f et]nity1 respect+ ! control1 direction1 & de/9y ( ! laws1 ev5ts1 & creatures ( ! univ]se4--,t ,god ha? a pr$et]m9ation ( ?is k9d1 !re c be no d\bt2 & !re=e1 on ?is fact1 !re c be no dispute4 ,b ! gr\nd ( controv]sy is1 ! unlimit$ ext5t to :i* "s h c>ri$ ?is idea ( pr$e/9ation4 ,calv91 on ?is subject1 says1 ,e action & motion ( e creature is gov]n$ by ! hidd5 c\nsel ( ,god1 s t no?+ c come to pass1 b 0 orda9$ by him4 ,! ,assembly's ,cate*ism is simil>3--,god did1 f all et]nity1 un*angeably orda9 :atev] comes to pass4 ,& ,mr4 ,buck def9es pr$e/9ation to mean1 ,! decree ( ,god1 :]eby he ha?1 = 8 own glory1 =eorda9$ :atev] comes to pass4 ,) ^! def9itions1 :i*1 x is se51 are ! same 9 sub/ance1 agree all ! ,calv9i/ic div9es 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4--,to ?is view ( pr$e/9ation1 o!rs1 & we confess ourselves ( t numb]1 h object$4 ,we believe t ! "* & acts ( intellig5t be+s1 s f> at lea/ z _! moral acc\ntability is conc]n$1 are n def9itely fix$1 & effici5tly produc$1 by ! unalt]able purpose & effici5t decree ( ,god4 ,"h !re=e we are at issue4 ,we believe1 ) ! rigid pr$e/9>ians1 t ,god ha? fix$ ! laws ( ! physical & moral _w1 & t he ha? a g5]al plan1 suit$ to all ! v>i\s circum/ances & cont+5cies ( 8 gov]nm5t2 b t x is no "p ( ?is plan1 effici5tly to control & actuate ! human w4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ^! ultra-pr$e/9>ians g beyond u1 !y affirm :at we d5y2 & ( c\rse ! burd5 ( pro( falls ^u !m4 ,we %all fir/1 !n1 he> & answ] ! argum5ts 9 def5ce ( _! sy/em1 & !n br+ up our argum5ts aga9/ x4#a ,! support]s ( ?is sy/em endeav\r to e/abli% _! views by a ?reefold argum5t--! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god--! necessity ( a plan--& ,scripture te/imony4 #a4 ,! fir/ argum5t is f\nd$ on =ekn[l$ge4 ,x is sometimes cont5d$ t pr$e/9ation & =ekn[l$ge are ! same4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 by ! m judici\s1 is n n[ insi/$ on4 ,= x is self-evid5t1 t to "k1 & to decree1 are di/9ct op]ations2 & to e "o acqua9t$ ) ! common def9ition ( ! t]ms1 !y mu/ convey di/9ct & diff]5t ideas4 ,& if ^! are di/9ct op]ations 9 ! human m9d1 !y mu/ be also 9 ! ,div9e m9d1 unless x c be %[n t ^! t]ms1 :5 appli$ to ,god1 h an entirely diff]5t mean+ f t by :i* !y are und]/ood among m54 ,& z ?is _c be pret5d$1 ! m common & plausible argum5t is1 t ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god necess>ily implies pr$e/9ation4 ,= h[1 !y ask1 c an action t is really to come to pass1 be =ese51 if x be n det]m9$8 ,god =eknew e ?+ f ! beg9n+2 b ?is he c\ld n h kn[n1 if he _h n s det]m9$ x4 ,god1 says ,piscator1 =esees no?+ b :at he has decre$1 & 8 decree prec$es 8 k4 ,& ,calv9 says1 ,god !re=e =ekn[s all ?+s t w come to pass1 because he has decre$ !y %all come to pass4 ,b to ?is idea !re are insup]able objections4 ,presci5ce is an ess5tial attribute ( ! ,div9e nature4 ,b a det]m9ation to d ?is or t1 is n ess5tial to ! ,div9e nature4 ,= aught we c see1 ,god might det]m9e to make a p>ticul> planet or n to make x1 & 9 ei!r case ! p]fection ( 8 nature is n affect$4 ,b to "k1 is s ess5tial to him1 t ! mom5t he ceases to "k all t is1 or w be1 or might be1 "u any possible cont+5cy1 he ceases to be ,god4 ,is x n absurd1 !n1 to say ! lea/1 to make an ess5tial attribute ( ,deity dep5d ^u ! ex]cise ( 8 attributes8--! ,div9e presci5ce dep5d ^u 8 decrees & det]m9ations8 ,x w\ld seem1 by ?is argum5t1 t1 if n 9 ! ord] ( "t1 at lea/1 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 ! ex]cise ( an attribute prec$$ ! attribute itself2 &1 9 %ort1 ! attribute mu/ be ex]cis$1 z a cause1 to br+ x into exi/5ce6 ,to ?is mon/r\s conclusion we are l$ by foll[+ out ?is argum5t4 ,& connect$ ) x is ano!r1 equally mon/r\s & absurd4 ,if ,god mu/ pr$et]m9e ev5ts 9 ord] to "k !m1 !n1 z ! cause is 9 no case dep5d5t on ! effect1 ! decrees ( ,god mu/ be pass$ & 8 plan contriv$1 indep5d5tly ( 8 k1 :i* only _h an exi/5ce z ! effect ( ^! decrees4 ,:at mu/ be ! "* ( t plan1 & ( ^? decrees1 :i* 7 =m$ & matur$ )\t k1 we w n /op to exam9e1 = ! idea bord]s too closely ^u ! ludicr\s to be dwelt ^u 9 a s]i\s disc\rse4 ,& yet ,i _c see h[ ?is conclusion c be avoid$1 reason+ f su* premises4 ,x seems to u1 !re=e1 altoge!r m consi/5t to consid] t1 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 ! ex]cise ( ! ,div9e attributes is consequ5t ^u _! exi/5ce2 & t ! plan ( ! ,almighty is ! result ( 8 inf9ite k2 & t ! decrees ( 8 ?rone fl[ =? f ! et]nal f\nta9 ( 8 wisdom4 ,?is idea1 moreov]1 accords ) ! ,scriptures3--,= :om he did =ekn[1 he also did pr$e/9ate to be con=m$ to ! image ( 8 ,son4 ,elect accord+ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,9 ^! passages pr$e/9ation & ! decree ( election are mo/ cle>ly f\nd$ on =ekn[l$ge4 ,?is1 !re=e1 mu/ settle ! "q3 ,god =ekn[s 9 ord] to pr$e/9ate2 b he does n pr$e/9ate 9 ord] to =ekn[4#b ,b =ekn[l$ge is press$ into ?is argum5t 9 ano!r =m4 ,! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 x is said1 is tantam\nt to a decree2 because1 inasmu* z ,god _c be 9 a mi/ake1 :atev] he =ekn[s mu/ take place--8 k makes x c]ta94 ,?is is inde$ %ift+ ! argum5t2 = if ,god's k makes an ev5t c]ta91 ( c\rse x is n 8 pr$et]m9ation4 ,b1 accord+ to ?is notion1 e ?+ conta9$ 9 ! idea ( pr$e/9ation is impli$ 9 =ekn[l$ge1 :i* is only ?r[+ ! subject back on ! gr\nd fir/ glanc$ at1 t k & decree are bo? "o1 :i* is obvi\sly absurd4 ,beside1 su* an idea w\ld make ! scriptures t repres5t ,god's =ekn[l$ge z di/9ct f 8 decree & antec$5t to x1 worse ?an unmean+3 ,:om he did =ekn[1 !m he did pr$e/9ate1 w\ld mean1 :om he did pr$e/9ate1 !m he did pr$e/9ate--&1 ,elect accord+ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 w\ld only mean1 t ! decree ( election 0 accord+ to ! decree ( election6 ! absurdity ( :i* is too app>5t to ne$ comm5t4 ,& x may be urg$1 f>!r1 9 reply to ?is argum5t1 t k or =ekn[l$ge _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 h ! lea/ possible influ5ce 9 mak+ an ev5t c]ta94 ,x is n at all difficult to conceive h[ ! c]ta9ty ( an ev5t c beget k2 b if any "o ?9ks t k is ! cause ( c]ta9ty1 let him %[ x--to me su* a connection is inconceivable4 ,:atev] ,god =ekn[s or =esees1 w und\bt$ly come to pass4 ,b ! simple "q is1 ,does ! ev5t take place because x is =ekn[n1 or is x =ekn[n because x w take place8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ,does ,god "k an ev5t to be c]ta9 because x is c]ta91 or does 8 kn[+ x to be c]ta9 make x c]ta98 ,! "q ?us /at$1 at once sugge/s ! true answ]2 = he w\ld be consid]$ a fool or a madman :o %\ld s]i\sly ass]t t a k ( a c]ta9ty produc$ t c]ta9ty4 ,accord+ to t1 a c]ta9ty mu/ exi/ 9 ord] to be =ekn[n2 & x mu/ be =ekn[n 9 ord] to exi/6 ,f all :i* x appe>s t =ekn[l$ge c h no influ5ce 9 mak+ a future ev5t c]ta94 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 =ekn[l$ge is n pr$e/9ation2 & does n1 accord+ to ,scripture or reason1 foll[ pr$e/9ation z a consequ5ce1 & has no possible influ5ce 9 mak+ an ev5t c]ta91 no pro( c be drawn f ! ,div9e presci5ce 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t ,god ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 #b4 ,b pr$e/9ation is argu$ f ! necessity ( a ,div9e plan4 ,x _c be conceiv$1 x is said1 t ,god w\ld leave ?+s at r&om1 & h no plan4 ,b no alt]ation ( 8 plan c take place ^u condition t 8 creatures act 9 ?is or t way4 ,b ?is argum5t is easily answ]$1 at lea/ = ! pres5t4 ,= x assumes :at ought to be prov$2 & :at has n1 to my k1 ev] be5 prov$1 viz4 t to d5y ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation1 is to d5y t ,god has a p]fect plan4 ,we ackn[l$ge & ma9ta9 t ,god has a plan1 "o "p ( :i* is1 to gov]n 8 responsible subjects1 )\t controll+ _! w1 by a fix$ decree--to puni% ! incorrigible1 & save ^? :o rep5t & believe4 ,does su* a plan imply ! necessity ( a *ange1 on condition t 8 creatures act 9 ?is or t way8 ,if1 inde$1 x 0 necess>y = ,god to decree an ev5t1 9 ord] to =ekn[ x1 ?is inf]5ce might be j4 ,b z ?is is se5 to be false1 x foll[s t a p]fect ,god1 ^: eye surveys imm5sity & et]nity at a glance1 & :o necess>ily kn[s all possibilities & cont+5cies2 all t is1 or w be1 c p]fectly arrange 8 plan1 & preclude ! possibility ( a disappo9tm5t1 al?\gh he does n1 by a decree ( pr$e/9ation1 fix all ! volitions & acts ( 8 subjects4 ,ev5 9 human gov]nm5ts1 :]e ! rul]s c h no k ( ! individuals :o w transgress1 or ( ! nature & ext5t ( ! transgressions1 ! pr9ciples & plan ( gov]nm5t und]go no *ange to accommodate !mselves to ! cont+5t acts ( ! subjects4 ,h[ absurd1 !n1 to suppose t ! all-wise ,rul] ( ! univ]se w be subject to disappo9tm5t1 unless he pr$e/9ate ! transgressions ( s9n]s1 & ! ob$i5ce ( 8 sa9ts6 ,! tru? is1 9 my view1 ?is idea detracts f ! wisdom ( ,god2 = ! p]fection ( 8 plan1 z !y ma9ta9 x1 is pr$icat$ on ! imp]fection ( 8 attributes4 ,b our view ( ! ,div9e plan accords well ) our idea ( 8 inf9ite nature4 ,ov] ! univ]se1 & ?r\gh et]nity1 he ?r[s 8 all-p]vad+ k--z he is 9 e po9t ( wide imm5sity1 s he is 9 e mom5t ( long et]nity--& c su* a ,god be disappo9t$8 #c4 ,b1 say ! advocates ( ?is sy/em1 suppos+ !re are difficulties 9 ?is subject1 ! ,scriptures ab\nd ) passages :i* at once prove ! doctr9e4 ,if ?is is true1 !n inde$ we mu/ submit4 ,b ! "q is1 :]e are ^! passages8 ,aft] su* a /rong ass]tion1 x w\ld probably appe> surpris+ to "o unacqua9t$ ) ?is subject1 to le>n t !re is n a s+le passage :i* tea*es directly t ,god ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,yet ?is is ! fact4 ,if ?is doctr9e is taught 9 ,scripture1 x is 9 an indirect mann]4 ,nor w x foll[1 because ,god ha? pr$e/9at$ "s ?+s1 t he ha?1 !re=e1 decre$ all ?+s4 ,all ^? passages !n :i* h be5 s frequ5tly quot$ z pro( ( ?is doctr9e1 :i* only g to prove1 t ,god ha? pr$et]m9$ c]ta9 ev5ts1 are n pro( 9 po9t4 ,:]e are ! passages t say he ha? decre$ all ?+s8 ,we "k ( _m :i* say ( c]ta9 ev5ts t h come to pass1 t ,god did n comm& !m1 nor w !m2 s t ! abundant ,scripture pro( seems altoge!r on ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,x is argu$1 h[ev]1 t c]ta9 acts ( moral ag5ts1 ev5 ^? acts = :i* !y are held responsible1 are1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 ! results ( ,god's pr$et]m9ation1 & !re=e x is reasonable to inf] t all are4 ,?is g5]al conclusion1 h[ev]1 is n conta9$ 9 ! premises2 nev]!less1 if ! premises are true1 if x c be prov$ f ,scripture t ,god holds 8 creatures responsible = ! results ( 8 own decrees1 su* ,scripture pro(s w\ld be /rong argum5ts to w>d (f ! objections t are br\ght aga9/ ?is sy/em4 ,= if x is consi/5t ) a righte\s ,god to make a moral ag5t responsible = "o ev5t :i* 0 ! result ( a ,div9e decree1 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 p]haps1 he might make him responsible = all1 ?\gh all 7 decre$4 ,let u !n look at ^? scriptures1 ,z = y1 says ,joseph to 8 bre?r51 speak+ ( _! inju/ice to him1 ye ?\ght evil aga9/ me1 b ,god meant x = good4 ,n[ )\t /opp+ "h to inquire :e!r ,joseph 0 inspir$ to utt] ?is s5tim5t1 we are ready to ackn[l$ge1 t !re are a numb] ( simil> scriptures :i* tea* t1 9 ! results ( ! wick$ acts ( wick$ m51 ,god _h a design & a controll+ influ5ce1 & !reby made !m subs]vi5t to 8 own purposes4 ,he ha? wisdom & p[] to make ! wra? ( man praise him1 & to re/ra9 ! rema9d] ( wra?4 ,b does he !re=e decree ! wra? itself8 ,& is ?is wra? necess>y to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 purposes8 ,z well might x be said1 t because a gov]nm5t1 9 quell+ a rebellion1 repl5i%$ its ex*equ] f ! confiscat$ e/ates ( ! rebels1 !re=e t gov]nm5t decre$ ! rebellion1 & 0 dep5d5t ^u x = ! prosp]ity ( ! nation4 ,let x be di/9ctly und]/ood !n1 t to ov]rule & control ! results ( an act is altoge!r diff]5t f mak+ ! act itself ! result ( an ov]rul+ & controll+ p[]4 ,aga9 x is said1 ,! ,"l ha? made all ?+s = himself1 yea1 ev5 ! wick$ = ! day ( evil4 ,t ! ,"l ha? made all ?+s = 8 own glory1 is a proposition easily und]/ood1 & d\bt$1 ,i tru/1 by none2 & ?is is evid5tly ! mean+ ( ! =m] memb] ( ?is passage4 ,! latt] clause1 if x helps ! cause = :i* x is quot$ at all1 mu/ mean1 t ! ,"l has pr$e/9at$ m5 to be wick$1 t he might make !m mis]able4 ,b x is n necess>y to make ! text speak ?is %ock+ s5tim5t4 ,we %\ld d ! text no viol5ce to expla9 x ?us--,! ,"l ha? de/9$ ! wick$ = ! day ( evil1 & ?is %all be = 8 glory4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( passages l ! foll[+3--,he doe? accord+ to 8 w 9 ! army ( heav51 & among ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,he worke? all ?+s aft] ! c\nsel ( 8 w4 ,i w d all my pleasure4 ,b ^! passages e/abli% no?+1 9 opposition to our views1 unless x %\ld fir/ be prov$1 by o!r passages1 or 9 "s o!r way1 t x is ,god's w & pleasure to "w all ?+s1 ev5 wick$ness1 9 ! wick$4 ,^! scriptures prove t all ,god's works are 9 accordance ) 8 own w & pleasure2 & t he w accompli% !m 9 spite ( ! opposition ( s9n]s4 ,if x pleases him to =m 8 moral gov]nm5t1 s z to leave ! responsible acts ( 8 subjects unnecessitat$ by 8 decree1 ?is he w d1 = he w d all 8 pleasure4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r class ( texts1 :i* are suppos$ to fav\r ! doctr9e we are oppos+1 m ?an any o!rs1 viz4 ^? passages :i* seem to repres5t ,god z br++ ab\t & procur+ ! wick$ness ( ! wick$4 ,l ! foll[+3--,& ,i w h>d5 ,ph>aoh's he>t1 t he %\ld n let ! p g4 ,n[ !re=e ! ,"l ha? put a ly+ _s 9 ! m\? ( all ^! ?y prophets4 ,he ha? bl9d$ _! eyes & h>d5$ _! he>ts4 ,him1 be+ deliv]$ by ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ye h tak51 & by wick$ h&s ye h crucifi$ & sla94 ,on ^! & simil> passages x may be rem>k$1 t ,god bl9ds m5 & h>d5s _! he>ts judicially1 z a j puni%m5t = _! abuse ( _! ag5cy4 ,& = ?is act ( 81 9 bl9d+ & h>d5+ !m1 he does n make !m responsible4 ,b he holds !m responsible = t degree ( wick$ness :i* made x j & necess>y to give !m ov] to ?is h>dness ( he>t & bl9dness ( m9d4 ,& s9ce !re are wick$ m5 & ly+ spirits1 !y become fit in/rum5ts 9 deceiv+ & torm5t+ ea* o!r2 & !re=e ,god gives !m p[] & lib]ty to g abroad1 deceiv+ & be+ deceiv$4 ,b h[ does ?is prove t ,god ha? decre$ s98 ,! idea t ,god ha? made s9 & wick$ spirits ! in/rum5ts ( h>d5+ & torm5t+ ! incorrigible s9n]1 & f9ally ( %utt+ ! door ( hope aga9/ him1 has no k9d ( aff9ity to ! idea1 t he decre$ ! s9 :i* occasion$ ?is h>dness1 or orda9$ ! wick$ness ( ?is ly+ _s4 ,z to ! passage f ! ,acts1 none ( u d5y b t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 deliv]$ up to suff] & die1 by ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god2 b x is mo/ emphatically d5i$1 t ?is or any o!r scripture proves1 t ! tak+ & slay+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ by wick$ h&s1 0 ! result ( ! det]m9ate c\nsel & =ekn[l$ge ( ,god4 ,if any ?9k o!rwise1 let !m prove x4 ,hav+ /at$ &1 z our "t w\ld p]mit1 exam9$ ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! s5tim5t we are oppos+1 we are prep>$ to urge aga9/ ?is doctr9e1 n only t its argum5ts are uns\nd & insuffici5t1 b also t ! sy/em itself is liable to ! mo/ s]i\s & =midable objections4 #a4 ,?is doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation makes ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,"s ackn[l$ge ?is1 & expressly ass]t1 t ,god is ! effici5t cause ( s94 ,o!rs affirm x 9 fact1 :ile !y d5y x 9 ^w4 ,take = in/ance ! words ( ,calv94 ,i w n scruple to own1 he says1 t ! w ( ,god lays a necessity on all ?+s1 & t e ?+ he wills1 necess>ily comes to pass4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,piscator1 ,dr4 ,twiss1 ,pet] ,m>tyr & o!rs tell u1 t ,god procures adult]y1 curs+s1 & ly+s--,god is ! au?or ( t act1 :i* is evil--,god1 by 8 work+ on ! he>ts ( ! wick$1 b9ds !m & /irs !m to d evil4 ,!y d5y1 h[ev]1 t ,god is ! au?or ( s91 because !y say1 ,god necessitates !m to ! act1 & n to ! depravity ( s93 or1 t ,god does n s9 :5 he makes m5 s91 because he is "u no law1 & !re=e _c s94 ,b ^! are mis]able %ifts4 ,has n ! de=mity ( s9 come to pass8 ,!n ,god has decre$ ?is de=mity4 ,to d5y ?is1 is to give up ! doctr9e4 ,b to ackn[l$ge x1 is to own t ,god is z mu* ! au?or ( ! de=mity1 z he is ( ! act4 ,aga91 ,god d\btless decre$ t s9 %\ld be s91 & n hol9ess2 & x came to pass z s91 because x 0 s decre$4 ,is he n !n ! direct procur+ cause8 ,a ?\s& turns ( ?is k9d1 !re=e1 are no?+ b evasions4 ,! fiat ( ,god br\ght =? s9 z c]ta9ly z x made ! _w4 ,we are (t5 told1 :5 we quote ,calv9 & 8 contempor>ies1 t ^! are old au?ors2 t mod]n ,calv9i/s d n hold ?us1 & t !y ought n to be acc\ntable = ^! writ]s4 ,b ! fact is1 we make !m acc\ntable only = ! logical consequ5ces ( _! own doctr9e4 ,! :ole sy/em turns on ?is h+e1 ,god =eorda9s :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,= he t1 by 8 w & decree1 produces & causes s91 t makes s9 a necess>y "p ( 8 plan1 & is ! au?or ( ! v elem5ts & mat]ials ( 8 own plan1 mu/ be ! prop] & sole cause ( s91 or we h yet to le>n ! def9ition ( common words1 & ! mean+ ( pla9 propositions4 ,! di/9ction !re=e1 ( anci5t & mod]n1 ( rigid & mod]ate ,calv9i/s1 is m 9 ^w1 ?an 9 reality4 ,& x w\ld add mu* to ! consi/5cy ( ?is sy/em1 if all its advocates w\ld ackn[l$ge1 :at is evid5tly d$ucible f ! premises1 t ,god is ! effici5t cause ( s94 #b4 ,?is doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation de/roys ! free ag5cy1 & ( c\rse ! acc\ntability ( man4 ,t x de/roys free w 0 se5 & ackn[l$g$ by _m pr$e/9>ians ( ! old s*ool4 ,& ! oppos]s ( ,mr4 ,wesley & ,mr4 ,flet*] viol5tly assail$ !m on ?is subject4 ,mr4 ,s\!y in=ms u1 9 8 ,life ( ,wesley1 t ! ,calv9i/s call$ ?is doctr9e ( free w1 a curs$ doctr9e--! mo/ ,god-di%on\r+ & s\l-de/roy+ doctr9e ( ! day--"o ( ! prom95t features ( ! bea/--! enemy ( ,god--! (fspr+ ( ! wick$ "o--! insol5t brat ( hell4 ,o!rs1 & ! great] "p ( ! ,calv9i/s ( ! pres5t day1 endeav\r to reconcile ! ideas ( necessity & free ag5cy4 ,man1 !y say1 s9s volunt>ily1 because he *ooses or wills to s92 !re=e he is a free ag5t4 ,h5ce !y exhort s9n]s to rep5t1 & tell !m !y c rep5t if !y w4 ,by :i* !y mean1 ! only impossibility ( _! rep5t+1 is 9 _! w--_! _c is _! w n4 ,?is has l$ _m to ?9k t !re is no diff]5ce1 betwe5 _! prea*]s & ! ,arm9ians4 ,b let u look at ?is subject a little1 & see if !re is n "s sophi/ry conceal$ 9 ?is dext]\s coil ( words4 ,god1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 secures ! end z well z ! means1 by 8 decree ( pr$e/9ation4 ,& !re=e1 z ,calv9 says1 e action & motion ( e creature is gov]n$ by ! hidd5 c\nsel ( ,god4 ,! w1 !re=e1 9 all its op]ations1 is gov]n$ & irresi/ibly controll$ by "s secret impulse1 "s fix$ & all-controll+ arrangem5t4 ,x is altoge!r futile1 !n1 to talk ab\t free ag5cy "u su* a con/itution2 ! v spr+ ( motion to ! :ole intellectual ma*9]y is "u ! influ5ce ( a secret1 inv9cible p[]4 ,& x mu/ move z t p[] directs1 or x is ! h& ( ,omnipot5ce t urges x on4 ,he c act z he wills1 x is true1 b ! :ole responsibility consi/s 9 ! volition1 & ?is is ! result ( ,god's propell+ p[]4 ,he wills z he is made to w--he *ooses z he mu/ *oose1 = ! immutable decree ( ,jehovah is ^u him4 ,& c a man1 ^u ! kn[n & univ]sally ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( responsibility1 be acc\ntable = su* a volition8 ,x is argu$1 ,i "k1 t man is responsible1 because he feels t he acts freely1 & t he might h done o!rwise4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 t ?is is a good argum5t1 on our pr9ciples1 to prove t m5 are free--b on ! ,calv9i/ic gr\nd1 x only proves t ,god ha? deceiv$ u4 ,he has made u feel t we might d o!rwise1 b he kn[s we _c--he has det]m9$ we %all n4 ,s t1 9 fact1 ?is argum5t makes ! sy/em m objectionable4 ,:ile x does n *ange ! fact 9 ! case1 x attributes deception to ! ,almighty4 ,x is logically true1 !re=e1 f ?is doctr9e1 t man is n a free ag5t1 & !re=e n responsible4 ,a moral ag5t1 to be free1 mu/ be possess$ ( a self-det]m9+ pr9ciple4 ,make ! w any ?+ %ort ( ?is1 & y put all ! volitions1 & ( c\rse ! :ole moral man1 "u =eign & irresi/ible influ5ces4 #c4 ,ano!r /rong objection to ! doctr9e we oppose1 is1 x arrays ,god's secret decrees aga9/ 8 reveal$ ^w4 ,god comm&s m5 n to s91 & yet orda9s t !y %all s91 ,9 8 ^w1 he sets be=e !m1 9 /rik+ relief1 motives ( fe> & ( hope1 = ! express purpose1 z he in=ms u1 t !y s9 n2 b by 8 pr$e/9ation & secret c\nsel1 he irresi/ibly impels !m 9 an opposite c\rse1 = ! express purpose1 z ?is doctr9e in=ms u1 to secure _! transgression4 ,8 rule ( action is 9 direct opposition to our rule ( duty4 ,& yet he is ! au?or ( bo?6 ,is ,god at w> ) himself1 or is he sport+ & trifl+ ) 8 creatures8 ,or is x n m probable ?an ei!r1 t ! premises are false8 ,:5 or :]e has ,god ev] taught u1 t he has two oppos+ wills8 ,a "* s suspici\s1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 ought n1 )\t ! mo/ unequivocal evid5ce1 to be attribut$ to ! adorable ,jehovah4 ,9 8 ^w1 we are taught1 t he is ( "o m9d--t 8 ways are equal2 & :o c d\bt x8 ,we are told1 x is true1 to relieve ! difficulty1 t ?is seem+ contradiction is "o ( ! my/]ies ( ,god's incompreh5sible nature4 ,b x is n a seem+ contradiction1 x is a real "o2 n an insolvable my/]y1 b a palpable absurdity4 ,god prohibits ! s9ful act--,god orda9s & procures ! s9ful act--,god wills ! salvation ( ! reprobate1 :om he has f all et]nity irrev]sibly orda9$ to et]nal dea?6 ,:5 ,i c embrace su* opposite propositions by call+ !m my/]ies1 ,i c believe t two & two are m ?an f\r1 t all ! p>ts are less ?an ! :ole1 & t a ?+ may be made to exi/ & n exi/ at ! same "t & expla9 !m by a ref]5ce to ! my/]y ( ,god's incompreh5sible nature4 #d4 ,9 close connection ) ! =ego+ objection1 x may be add$1 t ?is sy/em m>s1 if x does n de/roy1 ! moral attributes ( ,god4 ,if he holds m5 responsible = :at is unavoidable--if he makes laws & !n impels m5 to break !m1 & f9ally puni%es !m = _! transgressions--if he m\rns ov] ! evils ( ! _w1 & expo/ulates ) s9n]s1 say+1 ,h[ c ,i give !e up--my he>t is melt$ )9 me1 my rep5t+s are k9dl$ toge!r1--,o ,j]usalem6 ,j]usalem6 h[ (t w\ld ,i h ga!r$ y1 & ye w\ld n1--& /ill he himself impels ! w ( m51 to all ?is wick$ness--if ,i say ,god does all ?is1 :]e is 8 v]acity8 ,:]e is 8 m]cy8 ,:]e is 8 ju/ice8 ,:at m c\ld be said ( ! mo/ m]ciless tyrant8 ,:at1 ( ! mo/ arrant hypocrite8 ,:at1 ( ,satan himself8 ,:at does ?is doctr9e make ( our heav5ly ,fa!r8 ,i %udd] to foll[ x out into its legitimate be>+s4 ,x seems to me1 a belief ( x is en\gh to drive "o to infidelity1 to madness1 & to dea?4 ,if ! support]s ( ?is sy/em mu/ adh]e to x1 ,i rejoice t !y c close _! eyes aga9/ its logical consequ5ces1 o!rwise x w\ld make !m wret*$ 9 ! extreme1 or drive !m into o!r dang]\s !oretical & practical errors4 ,inde$1 9 _m in/ances x has done ?is--:i* leads to ano!r objection to ?is doctr9e4 #e4 ,x puts a plea into ! m\? ( s9n]s to ju/ify !mselves 9 _! s9s1 & leads to ,univ]salism & infidelity4 ,!y reason ?us3 ,:atev] ,god decrees is accord+ to 8 w1 & !re=e "r4 ,& ,god w n puni% 8 creatures = do+ "r4 ,:atev] ,god decrees is unavoidable1 & ,god w n puni% 8 creatures = :at is unavoidable4 ,b e action & motion ( e creature is gov]n$ by ! hidd5 c\nsel ( ,god4 ,!re=e ,god w n puni% any ( 8 creatures = any ( _! acts4 ,n[1 :o c po9t out any fallacy 9 ?is reason+8 ,if !re=e pr$e/9ation be true1 ,univ]salism is true1 accord+ to ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,& x is a notori\s fact1 t mod]n ,univ]salism1 :i* is prevail+ s g5]ally ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 re/s = its *ief support on ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,o!rs hav+ se51 z !y ?\ght1 t ! ,scriptures w\ld n support ! doctr9e ( ,univ]salism1 & t matt] ( fact seem$ to contradict ! above reason+1 inasmu* z m5 are made to suff]1 ev5 9 ?is life1 = _! s9s1 h leap$ ov] all ,scriptural b\nds into infidelity & philosophical necessity4 ,i h p]sonally kn[n numb]s :o h be5 driv51 by ! doctr9e we object to1 into op5 infidelity4 ,& x is well kn[n1 t ! doctr9e ( fate1 :i* is closely alli$ to ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation1 is ! elem5t 9 :i* infidelity lives & moves & has its be+4 ,& c ?is be ! doctr9e ( ! ,bible8 ,h[ mu* is x to be regrett$1 t our wor?y pilgrim fa!rs %\ld h s[$ ?is ,g5eva se$ 9 our happy c\ntry6 ,! evils done to ! ,*ur* are incalculable4 ,^!1 c&id he>]s1 are "s ( ! objections we h to ?is doctr9e--objections s s]i\s1 &1 z we ?9k1 s obvi\s1 t y may well ask1 ,:at has induc$ good m5 to advocate x s long8 ,x is1 d\btless1 because x /&s connect$ intimately ) ! doctr9e ( unconditional election1 & :at h be5 call$ by ,calv9i/s ! doctr9es ( grace4 ,b = unconditional election1 pr$e/9ation w\ld n be desir$1 ev5 by ^? :o n[ hold to x2 & b = pr$e/9ation1 unconditional election c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,h5ce ^! h v prop]ly be5 call$ tw9 doctr9es1 & mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,let u pass !n to ! next proposition4 ,,ii4 ,we come to exam9e pr$e/9ation 9 its p>ticul> relation to election4 ,sev]al k9ds ( election are spok5 ( 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,!re is an election ( individuals1 to p]=m c]ta9 duties appo9t$ by ,god3--?us ,*ri/ 0 ,god's elect1 = ! r$emption ( ! _w2 & ,cyrus 0 elect$ by him to rebuild ! temple4 ,!re is an election ( :ole communities & nations to ! enjoym5t ( c]ta9 peculi> privileges1 political & ecclesia/ical1 relat+ ( c\rse to ?is life3--?us ,jacob & 8 desc5dants 7 ,god's *os5 p1 to ! enjoym5t ( religi\s & national privileges1 f :i* ,esau & 8 desc5dants1 toge!r ) ! :ole ,g5tile _w1 7 exclud$2 & ?us1 too1 subsequ5tly1 ! middle wall ( p>tition1 made by ! =m] decree ( election betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 be+ brok5 d[n1 ! ,g5tiles became equal %>]s ) ! ,jews 9 ! privileges ( ! new cov5ant1 call$ ! election ( grace4 ,?is election is unconditional1 & is believ$ to be ! "o spok5 ( 9 our text1 & _m o!r passages ( ,scripture4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 ,i %all speak m p>ticul>ly 9 ano!r place4 ,!re is a ?ird election--an election unto et]nal life1 & ?is is ! "o :i* has giv5 rise to ! great controv]sy 9 ! ,*ur*4--,^? :o cont5d = pr$e/9ation1 z object$ to by u1 ma9ta9 t1 ,by ! decree ( ,god1 = ! manife/ation ( 8 glory1 "s m5 & angels are pr$e/9at$ unto ev]la/+ life1 & o!rs =eorda9$ to ev]la/+ dea?4 ,^? ( mank9d t are pr$e/9at$ unto life1 ,god1 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 ha? *os5 9 ,*ri/1 unto ev]la/+ glory1 )\t any =esight ( fai? or good works4 ,o!rs1 & ?is also is our doctr9e1 hold t ,god did decree f ! beg9n+1 to elect1 or *oose 9 ,*ri/1 all t %\ld believe unto salvation1 & ?is decree proce$s f 8 own goodness1 & is n built on any goodness ( ! creature2 & t ,god did f ! beg9n+ decree to reprobate all :o %\ld f9ally & ob/9ately cont9ue 9 unbelief4 ,?us x is se51 f ! /atem5t ( ! two doctr9es1 t ours is an election ( "*1 & s f> z x relates to individuals1 x relates to !m only z !y are =ese5 to possess t "*2 :]eas ! o!r relates directly to individuals1 )\t any ref]5ce to "*4 ,x is an absolute act ( sov]eignty--,god elects !m = no o!r reason or condition ?an because he *ooses4 ,he makes no acc\nt ( man's ag5cy or responsibility 9 ?is decree ( election1 b x prec$es & is entirely indep5d5t ( any k ( ! "* ( ! elect4 ,our views ( election1 on ! contr>y1 make x conditionally dep5d5t on ! responsible ag5cy ( man4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! s9n] is made to receive ,*ri/1 because he is elect$2 & 9 ! o!r1 he is elect$1 because he receives ,*ri/4 ,f ?is diff]5ce1 too1 proce$ o!r diff]5ces4 ,! ,calv9i/ic election1 to be consi/5t ) itself1 requires t1 z ! end is arbitr>ily fix$1 s ! means mu/ be also--h5ce ! doctr9es ( irresi/ible grace1 effectual call+1 & infallible p]sev]ance4 ,calv9ian election1 !re=e1 /&s intimately alli$ to ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation2 & ! :ole =ms a *a9 ( doctr9es diff]+ mat]ially f ours4 ,& "h we ackn[l$ge we h a position to prove z well z our oppon5ts4 ,we ass]t t election to et]nal life is conditional2 !y1 t x is unconditional4 ,we w fir/ attempt to prove our position--!n /ate & answ] ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( unconditional election--& f9ally1 urge "s objections aga9/ unconditional election & reprobation4 #a4 ,our fir/ argum5t 9 fav\r ( conditional election to et]nal life1 is drawn f ! position already e/abli%$1 t ! decrees ( ,god are pr$icat$ on 8 =ekn[l$ge4 ,& especially1 t ! decree ( election to salvation1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 is f\nd$ on ! ,div9e presci5ce4 ,elect accord+ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 ?r\gh sanctification ( ! ,_s unto ob$i5ce1 & spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:om he did =ekn[1 he also did pr$e/9ate1 to be con=m$ to ! image ( 8 ,son4 ,^! scriptures seem to u decisive1 t ! decree ( election re/s on =ekn[l$ge1 & t ?is election is made1 n accord+ to ! arbitr>y act ( ,god1 b on ! gr\nd ( sanctification & ob$i5ce4 ,! doctr9e1 !re=e1 t m5 are pr$e/9at$ to et]nal life1 )\t any =esight ( fai? or good works1 mu/ be false4 #b4 ,! rew>dabl5ess ( ob$i5ce1 or ! dem]it ( disob$i5ce1 c only exi/ 9 connection ) ! unnecessitat$ volitions ( a free moral ag5t4 ,! ,scriptures abundantly tea*1 t to be sav$1 man mu/ believe & obey2 & h5ce !y comm& & exhort m5 to believe & obey1 & promise !m ! rew>d ( et]nal life if !y d ?is1 & crim9ate !m1 if !y neglect x4 ,b1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( free ag5cy already expla9$1 man's ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce1 if x has any j relation to rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 mu/ re/1 9 its responsible "*1 ^u ! self-det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! w4 ,& if ?is view ( ! w be correct1 !re is an utt] impossibility ( an unconditional election4 ,= ! v act ( ,god1 imp>t+ ?is self-det]m9+ pr9ciple to man1 r5d]s x impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 = ! ,almighty himself to elect a moral ag5t1 unconditionally4 ,! argum5t /&s ?us--,! ,scriptures make man a responsible moral ag5t2 b ?is he _c be1 if 8 w be controll$ by =eign & unavoidable influ5ces1 !re=e x is n s controll$3 t is1 man has )9 himself a self-det]m9+ pr9ciple1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* he becomes responsible4 ,?is be+ e/abli%$1 we argue aga9--,! doctr9e ( unconditional election necess>ily implies irresi/ible grace1 absolutely impell+ & controll+ ! w4 ,b ?is w\ld be to c\nt]act ,god's own "w1 & to de/roy man's acc\ntability2 !re=e !re is no su* irresi/ible grace1 &1 ( c\rse1 no su* unconditional election4 ,& s9ce !re is an election to et]nal life1 spok5 ( 9 ! ,scriptures1 x foll[s conclusively1 if ! =ego+ reason+ be s\nd1 t ?is election is conditional4--,h5ce we may br+ =w>d1 9 "o ov]:elm+ argum5t1 all ! num]\s & v>i\s ,bible conditions ( salvation1 z s _m ,scripture pro(s ( a conditional election4 #c4 ,! cautions to ! elect1 & ! intimations ( _! dang]1 & ! possibility ( _! be+ lo/1 are s _m ,scripture pro(s ( a conditional election4 ,:y %\ld ! sa9ts be exhort$ to take he$ le/ !y fall8 le/ !re be 9 !m an evil he>t ( unbelief1 9 dep>t+ f ! liv+ ,god8 le/ a promise be+ left ( ent]+ into re/1 any %\ld come %ort8 le/ !y %\ld also be cut (f8 ,:y %\ld ,/4 ,paul fe> le/1 aft] hav+ prea*$ to o!rs1 he %\ld be a ca/away8 ,ei!r !re is1 or is n1 dang] ( ! elect's be+ lo/4 ,if n1 !n all ^! passages are n only )\t mean+1 b sav\r v /rongly ( deception4 ,!y are false col\rs held out to ! elect1 = ! purposes ( al>m & fe>1 :]e no fe> is4 ,w x be said1 t possibly "s ( ^? address$ 7 n ( ! elect1 & 7 !re=e deceiv+ !mselves1 & ne$$ to be caution$ & w>n$8 ,i answ]1 !y _h !n no?+ to fall f1 & no promise ( :i* to come %ort4 ,besides1 to w>n su* to /& fa/1 seems to imply1 t ! ,holy ,_s caution$ ! reprobates aga9/ ! dang] ( becom+ ! elect1 :i* idea1 :ile x intimates a v ungraci\s "w = ! ,_s ( grace to be engag$ 91 cle>ly indicates1 t !re 0 dang] ( break+ ! decree ( reprobation6 ,we ask aga91 !re=e1 ,:at d ^! scriptures mean8 ,w x be said1 z "s h argu$1 t ^! w>n+s & cautions are all consi/5t1 because !y are ! v means by :i* ! decree ( election is made sure8 ,b let x be und]/ood1 t ! end is fix$1 be=e ! means2 because ,calv9ism tells u1 t ?is election is indep5d5t ( any fai? or good works =ese51 & t ,god's decree lays a necessity on all ?+s1 s t e ?+ he wills necess>ily comes to pass1 & is !re=e sure1 because he has decre$ x4 ,! mom5t1 !re=e1 ,god decrees an ev5t1 x becomes sure1 & to talk ( dang] ( a failure 9 t ev5t1 implies ei!r a falsehood1 or t ,god's decree c be brok54 ,b ,calv9i/s1 ,i presume1 w n all[ t !re is any dang] ( c\nt]act+ or fru/rat+ ! plan ( ! ,almighty4 ,h5ce !re is no dang] ( ! elect's com+ %ort ( salvation4 ,all ! exhortations1 cautions1 & w>n+s !re=e1 record$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 are false col\rs & deceptive motives4 ,!y are l ! attempts ( "s weak p>5ts1 :o und]take to fright5 _! *ildr5 into ob$i5ce1 by sup]/iti\s tales & gr\ndless fe>s4 ,god kn[s1 :5 he is giv+ out ^! intimations ( dang]1 t !re is no su* dang]2 8 own et]nal1 un*angeable decree _h secur$ _! salvation be=e ! means 7 plann$--all ?is if election is unconditional4 ,b f> be ?is f a ,god ( tru?4 ,if he exhorts 8 creatures to make _! election sure1 he has n made x sure4--,if he tea*es !m to fe>1 le/ !y fail ( ! grace ( ,god1 !re is d\btless real dang]4 ,! conclusion !re=e is irresi/ible1 t ,cod ha? susp5d$ 8 decree ( election to et]nal life1 on conditions2 ,he t believe?3 %all be sav$4 #d4 ,?is accords also ) ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,:at is x t produces mu* fe> & trembl+ 9 ! m9d ( ! awak5$ s9n]8 ,:y does he feel t !re is b a /ep betwe5 him & de/ruction8 ,is x fancy1 or is x fact8 ,if x is imag9ation m]ely1 !n all 8 al>m is f\nd$ 9 deception1 & he has ei!r deceiv$ himself1 or ! ,_s ( ,god ha? deceiv$ him4 ,9 ei!r case1 ?is al>m seems necess>y1 9 ord] to lead him to ,*ri/4 ,t is1 x is necess>y = ! conv]sion ( "o ( ! elect t he be made to believe a lie4 ,b if x be said1 t x is no lie1 = he is really 9 dang]1 !n we reply aga91 ! decree ( ,god ha? n made 8 election sure1 & ( c\rse1 !re=e1 x is conditional4 #e4 ,express passages ( ,scripture tea* a conditional election4 ,we h "t only to notice a few ( !m4 ,matt4 xxii1 #ad1 ,= _m are call$1 b few are *os54 ,?is passage1 ) ! p>able ( ! w$d+ t prec$es x1 tea*es t ! *oice 0 made subsequ5tly to ! call1 & 0 gr\nd$ on ! fact1 t ^? *os5 _h actually & fully compli$ ) ! invitation1 & _h come to ! w$d+ duly prep>$4 ,john xv1 #ai1 ,if ye 7 ( ! _w1 ! _w w\ld love y1 b because ye are n ( ! _w1 b ,i h *os5 y out ( ! _w1 !re=e ! _w hate? y4 ,?is passage tea*es t ,*ri/'s disciples 7 once ( ! _w1 & t he _h *os5 !m out ( ! _w1 & ?is *oice evid5tly ref]s to t "t :5 !y became ( a diff]5t "* f ! _w2 = !n x 01 & 9 consequ5ce ( t election1 t ! _w hat$ !m4--#b ,!ss4 ii1 #ac1 ,because ,god ha? f ! beg9n+1 *os5 y to salvation1 ?r\gh sanctification ( ! ,_s & belief ( ! tru?4 ,"h is a condition pla9ly express$4 ,?is is n an election unto sanctification1 b an election ?r\gh or by sanctification & fai? unto salvation4 ,f ! :ole !n x appe>s1 t ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ! ,div9e attributes & gov]nm5t1 & ! ag5cy ( man1 /& oppos$ to an unconditional1 & are 9 fav\r ( a conditional election4 ,9 opposition to ^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 & 9 fav\r ( unconditional election1 our oppon5ts urge v>i\s scriptures1 :i*1 z !y ?9k1 are /rong & incontrov]tible argum5ts 9 fav\r ( _! sy/em4 ,& z ^! scriptures are _! /rong & only def5ce1 x is propos$ t !y %\ld be notic$4 ,! limits ( ?is disc\rse1 h[ev]1 w admit ( b a %ort notice1 & t n ( individual texts1 b ( classes ( texts4 #a4 ,! fir/ class ( passages t we w n[ exam9e1 :i* are suppos$ to fav\r ! idea ( unconditional election1 is ^? t speak ( a pr$e/9ation unto hol9ess4 ,our text is "o ( ! /ronge/ in/ances ( ?is k9d1 ,he ha? *os5 u f ! f\ndation ( ! _w1 t we %\ld be holy--hav+ pr$e/9at$ u unto ! adoption ( sons1 c4 ,see also ,rom4 viii1 #bi1 ,= :om he did =ekn[1 he also did pr$e/9ate to be con=m$ to ! image ( 8 ,son1 & :om he did pr$e/9ate--he call$--ju/ifi$--& sanctifi$4 ,! argum5t ^u ^! & simil> passages is1 t ! decree ( pr$e/9ation c\ld n be f\nd$ on _! fai? or hol9ess2 because !y 7 pr$e/9at$ to become holy--! decree ( pr$e/9ation _h _! hol9ess = its object & end4 ,b if ^! passages _h an allusion to a p]sonal election to et]nal life1 !y w\ld n prove unconditional election1 because1 to use ! language ( ano!r1 x w\ld admit ( be+ que/ion$1 :e!r ! *oos+ 9 ,*ri/1 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! _w "h m5tion$1 0 a *oice ( c]ta9 p]sons z m5 m]ely1 or z believ+ m51 :i* is c]ta9ly ! mo/ rational4 ,?is exposition mu/ necess>ily be giv5 to ! passage f ! ,romans1 s9ce ^? :o 7 ! subjects ( pr$e/9ation1 7 fir/ =ekn[n3 =ekn[n1 n m]ely z exi/+1 = 9 ?is s5se all 7 =ekn[n1 b =ekn[n1 z possess+ some?+ :i* op]at$ z a reason :y !y %\ld be elect$1 r ?an o!rs3 =ekn[n d\btless z believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 & z su*1 accord+ to ! plan & decree ( ,god1 !y 7 to be made con=mable to ! image ( ,*ri/'s hol9ess "h1 & glory h]eaft]4 ,& accord+ to ! same ,div9e plan1 ! ord] ( ?is "w 01 #a4 ,! call2 #b4 ,ju/ification2 #c4 ,glorification4 ,& ?is int]pretation1 :i* s obvi\sly ^u ! face ( x is ! mean+ ( ! passage f ,romans1 w\ld also be a good mean+ to ! passage 9 ,ephesians1 if t passage %\ld be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to p]sonal election4 ,b ,i d n s und]/& x2 & ,i ?9k any unprejudic$ read]1 by look+ at ! context1 & especially f ! #i? to ! #aa? v]ses inclusive1 9 ?is *apt]1 & at mo/ ( ! #b;d *apt]1 w p]ceive t ! apo/le is "h speak+ ( t g5]al plan ( ,god1 :i* _h be5 fix$ f ! beg9n+1 ( admitt+ ! ,g5tiles z well z ! ,jews to ! privileges ( ! cov5ant ( grace1 on equal t]ms & conditions4 ,?us ! middle wall ( p>tition 0 to be brok5 d[n betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile2 & ?is 0 ! my/]y :i* 0 conceal$ = ages1 n be+ und]/ood ev5 by ! ,jews !mselves1 b !n by ! ,gospel 0 br\ght to light4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! ,ephesians & all o!r ,g5tiles 7 *os5 or elect$ to ^! ,*ri/ian privileges1 ! v design & purpose ( :i* 7 to make !m holy2 & 9 ! improvem5t ( :i*1 accord+ to ! prescrib$ conditions ( fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & rep5tance t[>d ,god1 !y %\ld become 8 adopt$ *ildr54 ,?is =e appo9t+ ( ! ,g5tiles to ! privileges ( ! graci\s cov5ant1 is ! election mo/ spok5 ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4--,& ! reason :y x 0 s (t5 introduc$1 especially 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul1 :o 0 ! *ief apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 01 because ! ,jews s uni=mly & e>ne/ly oppos$ ?is feature ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y c\ld n be reconcil$ to ! idea1 t ! peculi> & di/9ctive "* ( _! !ocracy & ecclesia/ical policy %\ld be s *ang$1 or t ! deal+s ( ,god ) ! _w %\ld be expla9$ 9 su* a mann] z to give !m no sup]ior claims1 9 ! privileges ( ! ,div9e cov5ant1 ov] ! ,g5tiles4 ,!y consid]$ !mselves to be ,god's elect & fav\rite p1 b ! ,g5tiles 7 reprobates4 ,! apo/les felt !mselves "u ! /ronge/ obligations to oppose ^! notions1 n only because1 if all[$1 !y w\ld op]ate z a b>ri] to ! diffusion ( ! ,gospel among ! hea!ns1 & ?us ! designs ( ,div9e m]cy to ! _w w\ld be ?w>t$1 b also because ^! ,jewi% s5tim5ts 7 9 direct opposition to ! grace ( ,god4 ,!y impli$1 t ! orig9al design ( ,god 9 fav\r+ ! ,jews1 0 f\nd$1 n ^u 8 m]e m]cy & grace1 b ^u "s goodness 9 !m or _! fa!rs4 ,h5ce !y n only limit$ ! bless+s ( ! ,gospel1 b !y also corrupt$ its graci\s "*1 & !reby f$ _! own ,ph>isaic pride1 & di%on\r$ ,god4 ,?is w op5 ! way = expla9+ _m o!r scriptures :i* ! ,calv9i/s press into _! s]vice4 #b4 ,especially w x assi/ 9 expla9+ ^? passages :i* speak ( election z dep5d+ solely on ! sov]eign w ( ,god4 ,! /ronge/ ( ^! are 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,?is portion ( revelation is ! /rong hold1 z is suppos$1 ( ,calv9ism4 ,:]eas1 we humbly conceive t !re is n "o ^w 9 ! :ole *apt]1 ( unconditional & p]sonal election to et]nal life4 ,x is only necess>y to read t epi/le c>efully1 to see t ! apo/le is combatt+ t exclusive & ,ph>isaic doctr9e ( ! ,jews1 already allud$ to1 & is prov+ 9 a =cible /ra9 ( argum5tation1 f reason & ,scripture1 t ! f\ndation ( ! plan ( salvation = s9n]s1 0 ! goodness & unm]it$ love ( ,god--t all1 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 7 s9n]s1 & !re=e /ood 9 ! same relation to ,god--all equally eligible to salvation1 & mu/1 if sav$ at all1 be sav$ on ! same t]ms4 ,to prove ?is1 he argues /r5u\sly1 t ,god's fav\r to ! ,jews1 z a nation1 0 n ( any goodness 9 !m1 b ( 8 own sov]eign w & pleasure1 s t 8 cov5ant ( fav\r ) ! ,hebrews1 & 8 cov5ant ( grace :i* embrac$ ! ,g5tiles1 0 n ( works1 le/ any man %\ld boa/1 n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,! apo/le %[s !m1 too1 t ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham 0 n = circumcision1 nor = ! works ( ! law1 s f> z x affect$ him or 8 po/]ity1 because x 0 made :ile ,abraham 0 9 uncircumcision1 & on ! condition ( fai?4 ,he argues f>!r1 t ?is election ( ! ,jews to ! enjoym5t ( ^! national & ecclesia/ical privileges1 0 n because !y 7 *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 = ,i%mael 0 a *ild ( ,abraham1 & yet he & 8 po/]ity 7 reject$2 nor yet because !y 7 ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham ?r\gh ,isaac1 because ,esau & 8 po/]ity 7 reprobat$ f ^! national privileges1 :ile ,jacob & 8 po/]ity 7 ! *os5 se$--n *os5 to et]nal life1 because _m ( !m p]i%$ 9 s9 & unbelief1 b to ! peculi> privileges ( ,god's cov5ant p4 ,& all ?is because x 0 ! good pleasure ( 8 w4 ,& z a sov]eign1 he _h ! same "r to elect ! ,g5tiles to ! enjoym5t ( ! cov5ant ( m]cy1 & ^u ! same conditions ( fai?4 ,! apo/le concludes ?is reason+ by an argum5t :i* cuts (f entirely ! idea ( unconditional p]sonal election & reprobation4 ,he in=ms u1 t ! reason :y ! unbeliev+ ,jews did n atta9 to p]sonal righte\sness1 0 because !y s\ght x n by fai?1 b z x 7 by ! works ( ! law2 & ! ,g5tiles atta9$ to p]sonal righte\sness1 because !y s\ght x by fai?4 ,h5ce1 ^? t 7 n 8 p1 became 8 p1 & ^? t 7 n belov$1 became belov$--& ^!1 n ( ! ,jews only1 b also ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,:]eas1 if ! doctr9e we oppose be true1 ! elect 7 always 8 p1 & always belov$1 & t because he pleas$ to h x s4 ,t portion ( ,scripture1 !re=e1 on :i* ,calv9ism leans = its greate/ support1 n only af=ds x no aid1 b actually tea*es a diff]5t doctr9e4 ,!re is inde$ some?+ ( my/]y hang+ ov] ! provid5ce ( ,god1 9 be/[+ peculi> advantages on "s1 & )hold+ !m f o!rs4 ,b on ?is subject mu* light is ca/ f v>i\s consid]ations :i* we h n "t to enl>ge ^u2 b especially f t :olesome & consi/5t ,scripture doctr9e1 t x is requir$ ( a man accord+ to :at he ha?1 & n accord+ to :at he ha? n4 ,?is removes at once all compla9t ( ,jew & ,g5tile1 & au?orizes ! reply1 s (t5 misappli$1 ,:o art ?\ t replie/ aga9/ ,god8 ,z a sov]eign1 ,god has a "r to make 8 creatures diff] 9 ^! ?+s1 s long z he requires only z he gives4 ,b ?is diff]s z widely f ! ,calv9i/ic idea ( sov]eignty1 z ju/ice f inju/ice1 z equity f iniquity4 ,9 fact1 ,god no :]e 9 ! ,scripture1 places ! election ( individuals to et]nal life1 solely on ! gr\nd ( 8 sov]eignty1 b uni=mly on ! gr\nd ( _! comply+ ) ! conditions ( ! cov5ant ( grace4 ,h5ce 8 p are a peculi> p--8 %eep he> 8 voice & foll[ him--!y are *os5 out ( ! _w--!y are 9 ,*ri/1 n by an et]nal decree ( election1 b by fai?--= if any man be 9 ,*ri/1 he is a new creature--& ( c\rse1 he is n 9 him1 until he is a new creature--!n1 & n be=e1 !y become 81 & he seals !m z su*1 ,9 :om1 aft] t ye believ$1 ye 7 seal$ ) ! ,holy ,_s ( promise4 ,b if !y 7 elect$ f et]nity1 !y w\ld be 8 :5 !y did n he> 8 voice1 & 7 n new creatures4 #c4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we c easily answ] a ?ird class ( scriptures :i* ! ,calv9i/s dwell ^u to support _! sy/em --viz1 ^? :i* decl>e salvation to be ( grace & n ( works4 ,( ^! !re is evid5tly a l>ge catalogue ( v express & unequivocal passages4 ,take two or ?ree = an example ( ! :ole1 ,ev5 s !n1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is a remnant1 accord+ to ! election ( grace1 & if x be by grace !n x is no m ( works1 o!rwise grace is no m grace2 b if x be ( works1 !n x is no m grace1 o!rwise "w is no m "w4 ,by grace ye are sav$4 ,hav+ pr$e/9at$ u unto ! adoption ( 8 *ildr51 c1 to ! praise ( ! glory ( 8 grace4 ,n by works ( righte\sness :i* we h done1 b accord+ to 8 m]cy he sav$ u1 by ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,n[ we pr(ess to believe ^! scriptures z unqualifi$ly & z cordially z ! ,calv9i/s2 & we ?9k !m p]fectly 9 accordance ) our views ( election4 ,= we believe1 z has be5 already /at$1 t ,god's plan = sav+ s9n]s orig9at$ entirely 9 8 love to 8 undes]v+ creatures4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 all ! "* & circum/ances ( ! fall5 family1 except _! s9 & des]v$ mis]y1 t c\ld claim ! int]position ( ,god's sav+ p[]4 ,! way ( execut+ 8 graci\s plan1 & r5d]+ x available 9 any case1 he ( c\rse1 z a sov]eign1 res]v$ to himself4 ,& if he saw t a conditional election 0 be/ suit$ to ! pr9ciples ( 8 gov]nm5t1 & ! responsibility ( man1 %all x be said1 ?is _c be1 = x de/roys ! idea ( grace8 ,_c a conditional election be ( grace8 ,let ! intellig5t & c&id answ]4 ,ev5 _m ( ! ,calv9i/s ackn[l$ge t salvation is conditional1 & yet x is ( grace2 = by grace ye are sav$4 ,n[ if salvation is conditional & yet ( grace1 :y n election8 ,let ,calv9i/s answ] ?is "q4 ,b t our doctr9e ( election is ( grace1 w appe> evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #a4 ,x 0 pure unm]it$ love t mov$ ,god to provide salvation = our _w4 #b4 ,! ,gospel plan1 !re=e1 ) all its provisions & conditions1 is ( grace4 ,n a /ep 9 t :ole sy/em1 b re/s 9 grace1 is pres5t$ by grace1 & is execut$ ?r\gh grace4 #c4 ,ev5 ! p[] ( ! w to *oose life1 & ! conditions ( life1 is a graci\s p[]4 ,a fall5 man1 )\t grace1 c\ld no m *oose to submit to ,god ?an a fall5 angel4 ,h]e9 we diff] widely f ! ,calv9i/s4 ,!y tell u man has a natural p[] to *oose life4 ,if s1 he has p[] to get to heav5 )\t grace6 ,we say1 on ! contr>y1 t man is utt]ly unable to *oose ! way to heav51 or to pursue x :5 *os51 )\t ! grace ( ,god4 ,x is grace t enlight5s & conv9ces ! s9n]1 & /r5g!ns him to seek aft] & obta9 salvation1 = )\t ,*ri/ we c d no?+4 ,let ! c&id judge betwe5 u1 !n1 & decide :i* sy/em mo/ robs our graci\s ,r$eem] ( 8 glory1 t :i* gives man a native & inh]5t p[] to get to heav5 ( himself1 or t :i* attributes all to grace4 #d4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! s9n] rep5ts & believes1 !re is no m]it 9 ^! acts to procure =giv5ess & reg5]ation1 & !re=e1 ?\gh he is n[1 & on ^! conditions1 elect$1 & made an heir ( salvation1 yet x is = ,*ri/'s sake1 & n = works ( righte\sness :i* he has done4 ,?us we br+ =? ! top /one ) %\t+1 cry+ grace1 grace1 unto x4 ,hav+ gone ov] & exam9$ ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( unconditional election1 we come to ! la/ "p ( our subject2 :i* 0 to urge "s objections aga9/ ?is doctr9e4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! unconditional election ( a "p1 necess>ily implies ! unconditional reprobation ( ! re/4 ,i "k "s :o hold to ! =m]1 seem to d5y ! latt]2 = !y repres5t ,god z reprobat+ s9n]s1 9 view ( _! s9s4 ,:5 all 7 s9n]s1 !y say ,god pass$ by "s1 & elect$ o!rs4 ,h5ce1 !y say ! decree ( damnation aga9/ ! reprobates is j1 because x is aga9/ s9n]s4 ,b ?is explanation is virtually giv+ up ! sy/em1 inasmu* z x gives up all ! pr9cipal argum5ts by :i* x is support$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x makes pr$e/9ation dep5d5t on =ekn[l$ge2 = ,god fir/ =esees t !y w be s9n]s1 & !n pr$e/9ates !m to puni%m5t4 ,"h is "o case !n1 9 :i* ! argum5t = ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation is de/roy$ by its own support]s4 ,b aga9 if ,god mu/ fix by 8 decree all p>ts ( 8 plan1 9 ord] to prev5t disappo9tm5t1 !n he mu/ fix ! de/9y ( ! reprobates1 & ! means t lead to x4 ,b if he did n d ?is1 !n ! ,calv9i/ic argum5t 9 fav\r ( pr$e/9ation1 drawn f ! ,div9e plan1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,once m3 ?is explanation ( ! decree ( reprobation de/roys all ! /ronge/ ,scripture argum5ts :i* ! ,calv9i/s urge 9 fav\r ( unconditional election4 ,! passages1 = in/ance1 9 ! n9? ( ,romans1 :i* are s (t5 quot$ 9 fav\r ( ,calv9ian election1 are connect$ ) o!rs1 equally /rong1 9 fav\r ( unconditional reprobation4 ,:5 x is said1 ,he w h m]cy on :om he w h m]cy1 x is said also1 ,:om he w he h>d5e?4 ,he t makes "o vessel unto hon\r1 make? ano!r unto di%on\r4 ,he t says1 ,jacob h ,i lov$1 says also 9 ! same mann]1 ,esau h ,i hat$4 ,n[ if ^! relate to p]sonal election to et]nal life1 !y relate also to p]sonal reprobation to et]nal dea?4 ,b if !re is any explanation1 by :i* ^! are %[$ n to prove unconditional reprobation to et]nal dea?1 ! same pr9ciple ( explanation w1 & mu/ %[1 t !y d n prove ,calv9i/ic election4 ,f h5ce=?1 !re=e1 let all ^? ,calv9i/s :o pr(ess n to believe 9 unconditional reprobation1 cease to urge1 9 fav\r ( _! sy/em1 any argum5ts drawn f ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god1 or ! necessity ( a ,div9e plan1 or f ^? scriptures t are mo/ commonly quot$ 9 fav\r ( _! doctr9e4 ,b :5 !y d ?is1 _! sy/em mu/ necess>ily fall2 = all its ma9 pill>s w be remov$4 ,b ,i h n done ) ?is objection yet4 ,:oev] ma9ta9s t ,god ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass1 mu/ also hold to unconditional reprobation4 ,does x come to pass1 t "s are lo/8 ,!n ?is 0 orda9$4 ,0 s9 necess>y1 z a pret5ce to damn !m8 ,!n ?is 0 orda9$4 ,f ^! & o!r views ( ! subject1 ,calv9 0 l$ to say1 t election c\ld n /& )\t reprobation1 & t x 0 q silly & *ildi% to attempt to sep>ate !m4 ,all1 !re=e1 :o hold to ! unconditional election ( a "p ( mank9d to et]nal life1 mu/1 to be consi/5t ) !mselves1 take into _! cre$1 ! horrible decree ( reprobation4--,!y mu/ believe t 9 ! ages ( et]nity ,god det]m9$ to create m5 & angels = ! express purpose to damn !m et]nally6 ,t he det]m9$ to introduce s91 & influ5ce m5 to commit s91 & h>d5 !m 9 x1 t !y might be fit subjects ( 8 wra?6 ,t = do+ z !y 7 impell$ to d1 by ! irresi/ible decree ( ,jehovah1 !y mu/ lie d[n = ev]1 "u ! scald+ phials ( 8 v5geance 9 ! pit ( hell6 ,to /ate ?is doctr9e 9 its true "*1 is en\gh to *ill "o's blood--& we are drawn by all t is rational )9 u1 to turn away f su* a ,god ) horror1 z f ! pres5ce ( an ,almighty ,tyrant4 #b4 ,?is doctr9e ( election1 :ile x pr(esses to v9dicate free grace & ! m]cy ( ,god1 de/roys !m altoge!r4 ,to ! reprobates1 !re is c]ta9ly no grace or m]cy ext5d$4 ,_! v exi/5ce1 connect$ z x necess>ily is ) et]nal damnation1 is an inf9ite curse4 ,! temporal bless+s :i* !y enjoy1 ! ins9c]e (f]s t are held out to !m1 & ! ,gospel privileges ) :i* !y are mock$1 if !y c be t]m$ grace at all1 mu/ be call$ damn+ grace4 ,= all ?is is only fatt5+ !m = ! slaught]1 & fitt+ !m to suff]1 to a m aggravat$ ext5t1 ! unavoidable pa9s & torm5ts t await !m4 ,h5ce ,calv9's s5tim5t1 t ,god calls to ! reprobates1 t !y may be m deaf--k9dles a light1 t !y may be m bl9d--br+s 8 doctr9e to !m1 t !y may be m ignorant--& applies ! rem$y to !m1 t !y may n be heal$1 is an hone/ av[al ( ! legitimate pr9ciples ( ?is sy/em4 ,surely1 !n1 no "o w pret5d1 t1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 !re is any grace = ! reprobate4 ,& p]haps a mom5t's att5tion w %[1 t !re is little or none = ! elect4 ,x is said1 t ,god1 out ( 8 m]e sov]eignty1 )\t any ?+ 9 ! creature to move him !reto1 elects s9n]s to ev]la/+ life4 ,b if !re is no?+ 9 ! creature to move him !reto1 h[ c x be call$ m]cy or compassion8 ,he did n det]m9e to elect !m because !y 7 mis]able1 b because he pleas$ to elect !m4 ,if mis]y _h be5 ! excit+ cause1 !n z all 7 equally mis]able1 he w\ld h elect$ !m all4 ,is su* a decree ( election f\nd$ 9 love to ! suff]+ object8 ,no3 x is ! result ( ! mo/ absolute & omnipot5t selfi%ness conceivable4 ,x is ! exhibition ( a "* t sports mo/ sov]eignly & arbitr>ily1 ) 8 ,almighty p[]1 to create1 to damn1 & to save4 ,"s inde$ pret5d t1 at any rate1 salvation is ( grace1 if election is n1 because ,god saves mis]able1 p]i%+ s9n]s4 ,b :o made !m mis]able p]i%+ s9n]s8 ,0 n ?is ! effect ( ,god's decree8 ,& is !re mu* m]cy display$ 9 plac+ m5 "u a con/itution :i* necess>ily & unavoidably involves !m 9 s9 & suff]+1 t ,god may aft]w>d h ! sov]eign hon\r ( sav+ !m8 ,surely ! t5d]e/ m]cies ( ?is sy/em are cruel--its brighte/ p>ts are d>k--its boa/$ m]cy h>dly comes up to %e] ju/ice1 ev5 to ! elect2 s9ce !y only receive back :at ,god _h depriv$ !m (1 & = ! want ( :i* !y _h suff]$ p]haps = ye>s2 & to obta9 :i*1 !y c\ld d no?+ ev5 z a condition1 until ,god by 8 sov]eign p[] be/[$ x ^u !m4 ,& z = ! reprobates1 ! ,gospel is unavoidably to !m1 a sav\r ( dea? unto dea?4 ,to !m ,*ri/ came1 t !y might h dea?1 & t !y might h x m abundantly4 ,?us1 turn ?is sy/em z y w1 x sweeps away ! m]cy & goodness ( ,god1 de/roys ! grace ( ! ,gospel1 & 9 mo/ cases1 trans=ms ev5 ! invitations & promises into scald+ messages ( aggravat$ wra?4 #c4 ,! doctr9e we oppose makes ,god p>tial & a respect] ( p]sons2 contr>y to express & repeat$ decl>ations ( ,scripture4 ,= x repres5ts ,god z det]m9+ to save "s & damn o!rs1 )\t ref]5ce to _! "*1 all be+ precisely 9 ! same /ate4 ,to d5y ?is1 is to ackn[l$ge t ! decree ( election & reprobation _h respect to "*1 :i* is to give up ! doctr9e4 ,"s inde$ pret5d1 t ! decree ( election 0 unconditional1 b n ! decree ( reprobation4 ,b ?is is impossible2 = !re c\ld be no decree ( election1 only 9 view ( ! :ole numb] f :i* ! *oice 0 to be made2 & ! v det]m9ation to select su* a numb]1 & ^? only1 impli$ ! exclusion ( all ! re/4 ,if x be said1 z ! ,sublaps>ians cont5d1 t ! decree ( election did n come 9 until all 7 fall51 or view$ 9 ! m9d ( ,god z fall52 & !re=e s9ce all might h be5 ju/ly damn$1 !re 0 no inju/ice to ^? :o 7 left1 ?\gh "s ( ! guilty 7 tak5 & sav$2 we reply1 ,t ev5 ?is w\ld n :olly remove ! objection ( p>tiality4 ,b we ne$ n dwell "h1 because we h a %ort] & m decisive way to dispose ( ?is argum5t4 ,! tru? is1 x does n cov] ! :ole gr\nd ( our objection4 ,_h ,god no?+ to d ) man until 8 presci5t eye beheld ! :ole race 9 a ru9$ /ate8 ,h[ came man 9 ?is /ate8 ,he 0 plung$ !re by ! s9 ( 8 f$]al head4 ,b h[ came he to s98 ,adam s9n$1 says ,calv91 because ,god s orda9$4 ,& s e "o mu/ say1 t believes ,god =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,tak+ all ! l9ks toge!r1 !y /& ?us3--,god decre$ to create intellig5t be+s--he decre$ t !y %\ld all become s9n]s & *ildr5 ( wra?--& x 0 s4 ,he !n decre$ t "p ( ^? :om he _h con/itut$ heirs ( wra?1 %\ld be tak51 & wa%$1 & sav$1 & ! o!rs left to p]i%2 & !n we are told !re is no unju/ p>tiality 9 ,god1 s9ce !y all des]ve to be damn$6 ,:at a s+ul> evasion is ?is6 ,god wi%es to damn a c]ta9 portion ( 8 creatures1 & save ! re/2 b he _c d ?is )\t subject+ himself to ! *>ge ( p>tiality4 ,to avoid ?is1 he plunges !m all into s9 & ru91 & =?) he decl>es !m all *ildr5 ( wra?1 & heirs ( hell4 ,b 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 grace1 he snat*es "s f ! pit ( ru91 & leaves ! re/ 9 rem$iless wo6 ,is su* a supposition wor?y ( our righte\s ,god8--,does x accord ei!r ) 8 ju/ice or wisdom8 ,reason1 ) half an eye1 c see ?r\gh ! flimsy veil1 & discov] ! weakness ( ! device4 ,i "k an attempt has be5 (t5 made to *>ge ^! consequ5ces ^u our sy/em1 z well z ^u ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e4 ,= if x is ackn[l$g$ t man is born deprav$1 & ?is depravity is damn+ 9 its nature1 does x n foll[1 x is ask$1 t all des]ve to p]i%8 ,& !re=e ,god may elect "s & ju/ly pass by ! re/4 ,i answ]--,al?\gh all moral depravity1 d]iv$ or contract$1 is damn+ 9 its nature1 /ill1 by virtue ( ! atonem5t1 ! de/ructive effects ( d]iv$ depravity are c\nt]act$2 & guilt is n imput$1 until by a volunt>y rejection ( ! ,gospel rem$y1 man makes ! depravity ( 8 nature ! object ( 8 own *oice4--,h5ce1 al?\gh ab/ractly consid]$1 ?is depravity is de/ructive to ! possessors1 yet ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ,gospel1 all are born free f condemnation4 ,s ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ,z by ! (f5ce ( "o1 judgm5t came ^u all m5 to condemnation1 s by ! righte\sness ( "o1 ! free gift came ^u all m51 unto ju/ification ( life4 ,9 accordance ) ^! views also1 ! gr\nd ( condemnation1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 is n our native depravity2 b ! s9n] is condemn$ = reject+ ,*ri/1--= refus+ to occupy ^u ! tal5ts giv51--= reject+ light1--= qu5*+ ! ,_s1--= unbelief4 ,"h !n is ! diff]5ce on ?is po9t betwe5 ! ,calv9i/s & u4 ,!y hold t ,god1 by 8 decree1 plung$ ,adam & all 8 race into ! pit ( s91 f :i* none ( !m _h ! means ( escape2 b by an omnipot5t act ( p>tial grace1 he deliv]s a "p1 & ! rema9d] are left unavoidably to p]i%4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 believe t by ,adam's unnecessitat$ s9 he1 & 9 him all 8 po/]ity1 became obnoxi\s to ! curse ( ! ,div9e law4 ,z ! fir/ man s9n$ p]sonally & actively1 he 0 p]sonally condemn$2 b z 8 po/]ity _h no ag5cy or p]sonal exi/5ce1 !y c\ld only h p]i%$ sem9ally 9 him4 ,by ! promise ( a ,savi\r h[ev]1 our f$]al head 0 re/or$ to ! possibility ( obta9+ salvation1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ! ,r$eem]4 ,& 9 ?is re/oration1 all ! sem9al g5]ations ( m5 7 includ$4 ,_! possible & prospective exi/5ce 0 re/or$2 & _! p]sonal & active exi/5ce secur$4 ,& ) ?is also1 ! possibility ( salvation 0 secur$ to all4 ,to su* z nev] come to a p]sonally responsible age1 ?is salvation 0 secur$ unconditionally by ,*ri/2 to all ^? :o arriv$ to ! age ( acc\ntability1 salvation 0 made possible1 on equal & imp>tial conditions4 ,?us1 :ile on our pr9ciple1 !re is n ! slighte/ gr\nd = a *>ge ( p>tiality2 on ! ,calv9i/ic pr9ciple1 ! *>ge seems to lie ) all its weight4 ,x makes ,god1 9 ! wor/ s5se ( ! t]ms1 p>tial1 & a respect] ( p]sons4 #d4 ,?is doctr9e is objectionable1 because1 contr>y to express & repeat$ passages ( ,scripture1 x necess>ily limits ! atonem5t4 ,x w surely n be expect$1 t we %\ld attempt to prove t ,*ri/ ta/$ dea? = e man--t he gave himself a ransom = all--t he di$ = all--t he became a propitiation = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w--because1 ^! are s _m express ,scripture propositions1 & re/ directly on ! au?ority ( ,god4 ,& :ile ^! /&1 ! doctr9e ( p>ticul> & unconditional election mu/ fall1 = ! two doctr9es are incompatible4 ,t p>ticul> election & p>tial r$emption mu/ /& or fall toge!r1 has be5 ackn[l$g$1 & is /ill ma9ta9$ by mo/ ,calv9i/s2 & !re=e !y h endeav\r$ to expla9 away ^? passages1 :i* s cle>ly decl>e t ,*ri/ di$ = all4 ,b 9 ?is "w !y h f\nd s _m difficulties1 t o!rs1 & among !m mo/ ( ! ,calv9i/ic cl]gy 9 ,new-,engl&1 h ackn[l$g$ a g5]al r$emption1 & h und]tak5 to reconcile ) x ! doctr9e ( p>ticul> election & reprobation4 ,b ?is reconciliation is z difficult z ! o!r4 ,to say no?+ n[ ( ! utt] uselessness ( mak+ an atonem5t = ! reprobates1 unless = ! purpose ( mak+ _! unavoidable damnation m aggravat$1 we w\ld ask1 ,:at is ! object ( ! atonem5t8 ,let ^! v ,calv9i/s !mselves answ]4 ,!y tell u1 t its object 01 to op5 ! way1 by :i* x might be possible = s9n]s to be sav$4 ,b has ! atonem5t made x possible = ! reprobates to be sav$8 ,if s1 !n p]haps !y w be sav$1 & !re=e ! idea ( unconditional election & reprobation is false4 ,b if ! atonem5t has only made x possible = ! elect to be sav$1 !n x 0 made only = ! elect4 ,let ! support]s ( ?is sy/em *oose :i* horn ( ?is dilemma !y please2 ei!r w de/roy _! doctr9e4 ,= z x is absurd to talk ab\t r$eem+ grace & ,gospel provisions1 suffici5t to save ^? :o are et]nally & effectually exclud$ f ^! bless+s1 s x is idle to talk ab\t a r$emption = all1 :i* includes provisions suffici5t only to save ! elect4 ,n ev5 ! fiction ( a natural ability 9 all m5 to s]ve ,god & get to heav51 w help ?is difficulty4 ,= all[+1 9 ! argum5t1 t ! reprobates h ability to s]ve ,god & ga9 heav51 )\t grace1 & 9 spite ( ,god's decree1 /ill1 z ?is is call$ a natural ability1 x is pla9 x is n ! fruit ( ! atonem5t4 ,x is equally irrelevant to argue t ! atonem5t may be said to be univ]sal1 because x conta9s en\gh to save ! :ole _w1 if !y w\ld or c\ld embrace x1 & x is only _! excessive depravity :i* r5d]s x impossible = !m to receive ! atonem5t4 ,= ?is is ! same z to say1 t a physician has an effici5t rem$y to heal 8 pati5t1 only he is s sick he _c take x4 ,?is excessive weakness is t = :i* ! physician %\ld prescribe1 & to :i* ! m$ic9e %\ld be appli$4 ,& if x does n come to ?is x is no m$ic9e = ?is case4 ,s ! atonem5t1 if x is n a rem$y = man's extreme depravity1 x is no provision = him4 ,if x does n give a graci\s p[] to all s9n]s to embrace salvation1 x has accompli%$ no?+ = ! deprav$ reprobate4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,calv9ism1 ! atonem5t provides = ! reprobate nei!r natural nor moral ability to s]ve ,god1 nor makes x possible = him to be sav$1 x foll[s1 t ! atonem5t is made only = ! elect4 ,b z ?is is contr>y to ! ^w ( ,god1 ! doctr9e t leads to ?is conclusion mu/ be false4 #e4 ,if "t w\ld p]mit1 ,i might "h notice at "s l5g? sev]al objections to ?is doctr9e3--,su* z t x takes away all motives to rep5tance1 by giv+ ! s9n] j cause to say1 ,if ,i am to be sav$1 ,i %all be1 d :at ,i may2 & if ,i am to be damn$1 ,i mu/ be1 d :at ,i c2--x leads to ! idea ( infant damnation--x weak5s ! zeal & p>alyzes ,! ef=ts ( devotion & b5evol5ce--x de/roys ! end ( puni%m5t1 ! orig9al design ( :i* 0 to prev5t s91 b :i*1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 0 design$ m]ely = ! glory ( ,god2 & s9 0 orda9$ = ! purpose ( giv+ ,god an opportunity ( glorify+ himself 9 puni%+ x4 ,^! & o!rs might be dwelt ^u ) effect2 b pass+ !m all1 ,i ha/5 to ! conclusion ( my argum5ts1 by urg+ only "o m objection to ! sy/em ,i am oppos+4 #f4 ,we are suspici\s ( ?is doctr9e1 because its advocates !mselves seem /udi\s to cov] up & keep out ( sight _m ( its features1 & are con/antly *ang+ _! mann] ( /at+ & def5d+ _! sy/em4 ,a little att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ! controv]sy betwe5 pr$e/9>ians & _! oppos]s1 w %[ ! tru? & =ce ( ?is objection4 ,! *>ge t ,calv9ism cov]s up & keeps out ( sight "s ( its mo/ (f5sive features1 does n lie s mu* aga9/ its advocates ( ! old s*ool1 z ^? ( ! mod]n4 ,) ! exception ( "s logical consequ5ces1 :i* we ?9k *>geable ^u ! sy/em1 & :i* !y 7 unwill+ to all[1 ^! e>ly def5d]s ( unconditional election came out boldly & fe>lessly ) _! doctr9e4 ,if mod]n ,calv9i/s w\ld d ! same1 we %\ld ne$ no o!r refutation ( ! sy/em4 ,b ev5 ! e>ly support]s ( ,calv9ism1 :5 press$ by _! oppon5ts1 resort$ to v>i\s =ms ( explanation & modes ( pro(1 & also to v>i\s modifications ( ! sy/em itself4 ,goodw91 9 8 "w entitl$1 ,agreem5t ( ,bre?r51 c1 says3--,! "q1 z to ! object ( ! decrees1 has gone out among our ,calv9i/ic bre?r5 into endless digladiations & irreconcilable divisions1 & !n goes on to m5tion n9e ( ^! irreconcilable divisions t prevail$ at 8 day4 ,at ! pres5t day ^! s*ool subtleties are n s preval5t1 b num]\s *anges ( a m popul> ca/1 & su* z are suit$ to cov] up ! (f5sive features ( ! sy/em1 are n[ introduc$4 ,! mod]n def5ce ( ?is doctr9e consi/s *iefly 9 ! dext]\s use ( c]ta9 ambigu\s te*nicalities :i*1 9 ?is !ology1 mean "o ?+1 & 9 common language ano!r4 ,& ?is is c>ri$ to su* an ext5t1 t x is n[ a common ?+ to he> p>i%ion]s cont5d /r5u\sly t _! pa/ors d n hold to pr$e/9ation1 :5 x is well kn[n to "s1 at lea/1 t !y d2 & t !y are ex]t+ !mselves to spread ! s5tim5t4 ,?is is a subject1 p]mit me "h to say1 on :i* ,i t\* ) m reluctance ?an ^u any o!r po9t involv$ 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,to repres5t ! ?+ z x is1 seems s mu* l accus+ our bre?r5 ( ins9c]ity & duplicity1 t no?+ b a reg>d to tru? w\ld induce me to allude to x4 ,:e!r ?is arises f an excessive b hone/ zeal = _! sy/em1 or :e!r x is suppos$ ! cause is s important1 & at ! same "t s difficult to be su/a9$1 t ! end w ju/ify :at1 9 o!r cases1 w\ld be judg$ que/ionable policy1 & h>dly reconcilable ) ! _s ( a guileless ,*ri/ianity1 is c]ta9ly n = me to decide4 ,) respect to _! motives1 !y w /& or fall by ! judgm5t ( ,him t trie? ! re9s4 ,b ! c\rse1 at any rate1 seems v repreh5sible4 ,take "o in/ance3--,all s9n]s1 we are told1 may come to ,*ri/ if !y w2 & !re=e !y are crim9al if !y d n4--,n[ ?is mode ( spee* corresponds v well ) ,scripture & reason4 ,& :o1 t _h n be5 specially in/ruct$ 9 ! dialect ( ?is !ology1 w\ld und]/& t ?is mode ( spee*1 accord+ to ,hopk9sian te*nics1 impli$ an inability & an impossibility ( obta9+ salvation8 ,& yet ?is is ! fact3 = ?\gh1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 if we h a w to come to ,*ri/1 we may1 yet by a ,div9e con/itution x is z mu* impossible to h ?is w z x is to break ! decree ( ,jehovah1--,h5ce all su* modes ( spee* are worse ?an unmean+2 !y h a deceptive mean+4 ,!y mean "o ?+ 9 ?is cre$1 & ano!r ?+ 9 popul> language4 ,x nev] occurs to ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :5 !y are told !y may d ?us & ?us1 if !y w1 t !re is a secret omnipot5t influ5ce impell+ & controll+ ! w4 ,!y suppose ^! expressions1 !re=e1 mean t1 indep5d5t ( all irresi/ible =eign influ5ces1 !y h1 )9 !mselves1 ! p[] to *oose or n to *oose3 & yet ! real mean+ ( ! speak] diff]s z mu* f ?is1 z a negative diff]s f an affirmative4 ,9 p]fect accordance ) ! =ego+1 is ! common explanation t is giv5 to ! doctr9e ( election & reprobation4 ,reprobation is kept out ( sight2 & yet x is z he>tily believ$ by mod]n ,calv9i/s1 z x 0 by ,john ,calv9 himself4 ,x is taught too2 b x is taught cov]tly4 ,& yet :5 we quote old-fa%ion$ ,calv9ism1 9 its primitive pla9 dress1 we are told ^! are old au?ors2 we d n believe ) !m3 if we _h liv$ 9 ! days ( our fa!rs1 we w\ld n h be5 p>tak]s ) !m 9 _! errors1 & yet !y are witnesses unto !mselves1 t !y are ! *ildr5 ( !m :o taught ^! errors4 ,!y recomm5d _! writ+s1 !y g>ni% _! sepul*res1 !y tea* _! cate*isms to ! ris+ g5]ation2 !y say1 ev5 9 _! ,*ur* articles ( fai?1 ,we believe 9 ! doctr9es ( grace1 z held & taught by ! fa!rs & re=m]s 9 ! ,*ur*1--& especially d !y hold to t root & f\ndation ( ! :ole sy/em1 ,god ha?1 f all et]nity1 =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,s9ce ,i h allud$ to ,*ur* articles1 x w be 9 support ( ?is objection to say t ! writt5 cre$s ( ,*ur*es p>take ( ?is same ambigu\s "*4 ,!y are ei!r express$ 9 texts ( ,scripture1 or 9 d\btful & obscure t]ms2 s t diff]5t con/ructions c be put ^u !m1 accord+ to ! fai? ( ! subscrib]4 ,& in/ances h be5 kn[n1 9 :i* articles ( fai? h be5 alt]$1 aga9 & aga91 to accommodate scrupul\s c&idates4 ,& yet _! c&idates = holy ord]s1 & = pr(essor%ips1 9 _! !ological in/itutions1 are requir$ to subscribe to a rigid ,calv9i/ic cre$4 ,9 ?is way x is expect$1 d\btless1 t ! doctr9e w be ma9ta9$ & p]petuat$1 ?\gh 9 o!r respects public op9ion %\ld be accommodat$4 ,h[ w\ld hone/ ,john ,calv91 if he c\ld be introduc$ among u1 ) ! same s5tim5ts he _h :5 on e>?1 fr[n ^u ! ,*ur*es t be> 8 "n6 ,he w\ld n only call !m silly & *ildi%1 b he w\ld1 d\btless1 9 8 bold1 blunt mann]1 *>ge !m ) dis+5u\sness & c[>dice1 if n ) d[nright duplicity1 = ?us %unn+ & smoo?+ ov] & cov]+ up ! m repulsive features ( _! sy/em4 ,h[ w\ld he *ide !m = %ift+ _! gr\nd1 & *ang+ _! sy/em1 :ile !y nev]!less pret5d to build on ! same f\ndation ( pr$e/9ation6 ,he w\ld1 we believe1 /]nly inquire ( !m :at !y meant by say+1 all s9n]s1 n except+ reprobates1 may come to ,*ri/ & be sav$8--:y !y pret5d$ to hold to election1 & n to reprobation8--h[ !y c\ld reconcile g5]al r$emption ) p>ticul> election8--& especially w\ld he fr[n indignantly ^u t new doctr9e1 lately prea*$ & def5d$1 9 :at has be5 suppos$ to be ! head qu>t]s ( or?odoxy 9 ,new -,engl&1 by :i* we are taught t d]iv$ depravity is n any ta9t or s9ful corruption ( our moral con/itution1 b consi/s1 exclusively & entirely1 9 moral ex]cise6 ,b probably he w\ld get little satisfaction f ^? :o pr(ess 8 cre$ & be> 8 "n4 ,!y w\ld tell him t ! old =ms ( ?is sy/em 7 s repulsive1 ! p w\ld n receive !m2 & t1 be+ h>d press$ by _! antagoni/s1 !y _h ?r[n up ^! new r$\bts1 & assum$ ^! new positions1 n only to conceal _! doctr9e1 b if possible to def5d x4 ,& z he c\ld get little satisfaction ( !m1 he w\ld get less f u4--,c\ld we meet ! v5]able re=m]1 we w\ld ?ank him = 8 successful zeal & lab\r 9 ! ,prote/ant cause2 b we w\ld expo/ulate ) him = giv+ sanction & curr5cy to 8 horrible decree4 ,we w\ld tell him he _h committ$ to 8 foll[]s a sy/em s abhorr5t to reason1 & s difficult to be support$ by ,scripture1 t !y _h be5 driv5 into all ^! *anges 9 hope ( f9d+ "s new & safe gr\nd ( def5ce2 & t1 :ile we consid]$ ?is z a /rik+ & conv9c+ argum5t aga9/ ! doctr9e itself1 we view$ x z auspici\s ( its f9al ov]?r[2 t ^! *anges1 ref9em5ts1 & concealm5ts1 7 symptoms t ! doctr9e 0 wax+ old1 & 0 ready to vani% away4 ,b ,i mu/ conclude ?is disc\rse4 ,to y\r s]i\s consid]ation1 ,*ri/ian bre?r51 ,i comm5d ! s5tim5ts conta9$ 9 x4 ,:atev] y may ?9k ( ! disc\rse itself1 ,i _c fail1 ,i ?9k1 ( escap+ c5sure4 ,^? :o accord ) ! s5tim5ts "h def5d$1 w ( c\rse approve2 & ^? :o believe 9 pr$e/9ation w ( c\rse be reconcil$ to ! prea*+ because ,god ha? decre$ x4 ,x ha? come to pass t ,i h prea*$ z ,i h1 & !re=e x is a "p ( ! ,div9e plan4 ,x ha? come pass t ,arm9ianism exi/s1 & !re=e ?is is a "p ( ! ,div9e plan4 ,we beg our bre?r5 :o diff] f u1 n to fight aga9/ ,god's plan if !y say x is "r = u to fight aga9/ x1 because ?is also is decre$--,i answ]1 ,?is only confirms our objections aga9/ ! sy/em1 = x arrays ! ,deity aga9/ himself4 ,f all su* inconsi/5cies1 may ! ,god ( tru? deliv] u4 ,am54 ,,numb] ,i4 ,,reply ,,to ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,spectator4#c ,?is s]mon _h be5 be=e ! public almo/ two ye>s be=e x receiv$ any notice1 s f> z ! au?or is in=m$1 f any ( ! advocates ( pr$e/9ation4 ,aft] ! ?ird edition 0 ann\nc$1 !re 7 sev]al pass+ acrimoni\s c5sures 9 "s ( ! ,calv9i/ic p]iodicals1 :i* did n affect ! m]its ( ! "q at issue betwe5 u & ! pr$e/9>ians4 ,at l5g? ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,tyl]1 ( ?is city1 7,middlet[n1 ,conn47 publi%$ a s]mon :i* 0 evid5tly writt5 9 ref]5ce to ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation4 ,?is s]mon ( ,mr4 ,t4 might h be5 notic$2 b its g5]al positions 7 s indef9ite1 & its modes ( illu/ration s vague1 x seem$ h>dly calculat$ to n>r[ ! field ( controv]sy or ha/5 a decision ( ! "q at issue4 ,= example3 ,mr4 ,t4 def9es election to be ! et]nal purpose ( ,god to r5ew1 sanctify1 & save e man :om he wisely c1 & no o!rs4 ,) su* a proposition !re c]ta9ly c be no controv]sy1 = x leaves ! subject m vague1 & ! po9t 9 dispute m confus$ ?an be=e a def9ition 0 attempt$4 ,!re are two errors1 ! antipodes ( ea* o!r1 :i*1 9 all controv]sy1 & especially religi\s controv]sy1 ought to be c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,! "o is an attempt to make ! subjects ( diff]5ce m num]\s & consequ5tial ?an !y are 9 tru?2 & ! o!r is an attempt to cov] up real diff]5ces "u indef9ite propositions & ambigu\s t]ms4 ,bo? ^! errors may be ! result ( hone/ motives3 ! =m] may arise f a jeal\s reg>d to ! tru?1 & ! latt] f a love ( peace4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are injuri\s2 = nei!r does ! "o promote ! cause ( tru?1 nor does ! o!r secure a p]man5t peace4 ,inde$1 br++ antagoni/ pr9ciples into contact gives an additional impulse to _! repell5t =ces1 s t a transi5t union produces1 9 ! end1 great] discord4 ,?\gh ! controv]sy 9 ! ,*ur*1 betwe5 ,calv9i/s & ,arm9ians1 has be5 long & injuri\s2 yet1 z an individual1 ,i nev] c sign a union cre$ ( d\btful t]ms & ambigu\s articles4 ,nor c ,i deem x wor? my :ile to cont5d ab\t su* t]ms & articles4 ,i %\ld fe> ! se>*+ int]rogatory ( ,him :o que/ion$ ,job3 ,:o is ?is t d>k5e? c\nsel by words )\t k8 ,9 ! pres5t controv]sy !re is dang] ( ?is ambiguity also f a less comm5dable pr9ciple ?an a love ( peace1 viz4 an adh]5ce to old symbols ( fai? to avoid ! imputation ( a *ange2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 to escape ! =ce ( unansw]able argum5t1 vague propositions1 ambigu\s def9itions1 & equivocal t]ms are made ! bulw>k ( def5ce4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 allud$ to 9 ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation2 & al?\gh x has giv5 great (f5ce to "s ( ! ,calv9i/s1 & is repres5t$ by ! au?or ( ! review :i* we are ab\t to notice z be+ utt]ly unwor?y ( ! att5tion ( a p]son :o is hone/ly inquir+ aft] tru?2 yet x seems to me he kn[s little ( 8 own he>t :o ?9ks himself incapable ( su* a c\rse4 ,nor does x seem utt]ly unwor?y ( an hone/ inquir] aft] tru? to m>k ! effects ( argum5ts ^u sy/ems1 s9ce ! *anges effect$ 9 ^? sy/ems1 by ! argum5ts urg$ aga9/ !m1 %[ ! /r5g? ( ! "o & ! weakness ( ! o!r4 ,if2 !re=e1 ,i %\ld und]take to answ] ,mr4 ,tyl]'s s]mon1 my /rictures w\ld consi/ *iefly 9 po9t+ out its indef9it5ess & incongruity4 ,b ?is1 )\t conv9c+1 might give (f5ce4 ,& al?\gh ,i see no way ( cont9u+ ! controv]sy1 z ! ,calv9i/s n[ manage x1 )\t allud+ to ?is c\rse ( ! advocates ( pr$e/9ation1 yet ,i am happy to say !re is less ( x 9 ! review be=e u ?an is common 9 mod]n treatises on t subject4 ,?\gh x is a lab\r$ article ( ab\t =ty-?ree pages1 yet x is g5]ally 9 a manly /yle1 & su/a9$ by a tra9 ( close & skilful argum5tation4 ,x w\ld af=d me great pleasure to be able to equal ! review]'s +5uity1 & /ill m to ?r[ into my reply ! s]5ity ( 8 _s4 ,i h little occasion1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t case1 to dread 8 tal5ts or lose my temp]2 = if ,i und]/& ! review]1 ?\gh 8 essay be>s ^u x1 if n ! rugg$1 at lea/ ! decid$ aspect ( controv]sy ) my s]mon1 he is nev]!less 9 pr9ciple an ,arm9ian4 ,i allude n[ m especially to 8 views ( pr$e/9ation4 ,on election !re is evid5tly a great] diff]5ce betwe5 u2 & yet x /rikes me :5 a man disc>ds ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation1 consi/5cy w\ld require t ! peculi>ities ( ,calv9ian election %\ld be disc>d$ also4 ,at any rate1 z ! settl+ ( ! =m] "q w h a v /rong be>+ ^u ! o!r1 ,i %all conf9e myself 9 ?is article to pr$e/9ation4 ,i am n c]ta9 t ,i und]/& ! review]2 b 8 c&\r au?orizes me to believe t he w expla9 himself frankly1 & correct me if ,i misund]/& him4 ,if we are agre$ on ?is po9t we ought to "k x1 & give ov] ! controv]sy4 ,if we are n1 let u "k ! precise gr\nd ( diff]5ce4 ,& 9 ei!r case we %all be ! bett] prep>$ to pursue ! "q ( election4 ,! "q 9 dispute is simply ?is3 ,:at relation is !re betwe5 ! decrees or purposes ( ,god & ! responsible acts ( man8 ,! ,arm9ian views on ?is "q1 z ,i und]/& !m1 are ^!3 ,god1 z a ,sov]eign1 9 decid+ ^u 8 works1 _h a "r to det]m9e on su* a sy/em z pleas$ him2 b1 be+ inf9itely wise & good1 he w\ld ( c\rse *oose1 9 ! contemplation ( all possible sy/ems1 to create su* a "o z1 all ?+s consid]$1 w\ld br+ ! mo/ glory to himself1 & ! greate/ good to ! univ]se4 ,9 inf9ite wisdom he decid$ t su* a sy/em w\ld be a moral gov]nm5t1 consi/+ ( himself1 z ! supreme & rightful ,gov]nor1 & ( intellig5t subjects1 hav+ full & unre/ra9$ p[] to obey or disobey ! m&ates ( _! ,sov]eign4 ,he =esaw t "o ( ! unavoidable incid5ts ( su* a gov]nm5t w\ld be ! possible exi/5ce ( moral evil2 &1 9 glanc+ ?r\gh ! propos$ sy/em1 he =esaw t moral evil w\ld c]ta9ly exi/1 involv+ innum]able multitudes 9 its ru9\s consequ5ces4 ,he did n approve ( ! evil2 he did n decree t x %\ld exi/3 b /ill evil 0 a remote result ( a decree ( 83 = al?\gh he =esaw t if he made su* free ag5ts1 & gov]n$ !m 9 ! mann] propos$1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly s91 yet he det]m9$1 not)/&+ ?is c]ta9ty1 to make ^! ag5ts & gov]n !m z propos$4 ,he det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t !y %\ld be "u no necessity ( s9n+1 ei!r by 8 decree1 or by ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y %\ld be plac$2 b if !y s9n$1 x %\ld be _! own free *oice4 ,z he =esaw !y w\ld s91 he also det]m9$ ^u ! plan he w\ld pursue 9 ref]5ce to !m z s9n]s1 & arrang$1 9 ! c\nsels ( 8 own inf9ite m9d1 ! ext5d$ concat5ation ( causes & effects1 s z to make ! wra? ( man praise him1 & d$uce ! greate/ possible good f ! be/ possible sy/em4 ,su*1 x is believ$1 is ,arm9ianism--su* is ,me?odism--su* is ! doctr9e ( ! s]mon--& su* are ! dictates ( ! ,bible & ( s\nd philosophy4 ,! next "q is1 ,:at is ! doctr9e ( ! review]8 ,he %all speak = himself4 ,on page #fab1 ( ! review1 he asks ! "q1 ,b 9 :at s5se are we to und]/& ! position t he 7,god7 purposes ! exi/5ce ( s98 ,he proce$s to answ]3 ,n necess>ily1 9 ! s5se ( 8 pref]r+ its exi/5ce 9 8 k+dom to its non-exi/5ce1 c4 ,9 affirm+ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation we affirm no m necess>ily ?an t ,god1 ) ! k t ^! be+s w\ld s9 9 despite ( ! be/ measures ( provid5ce & gov]nm5t he c\ld take1 purpos$ to create !m & pursue ^? measures1 n = ! sake ( _! s91 b = ! good :i* he nev]!less saw x 0 possible to secure 9 8 moral k+dom4 ,?is w\ld be a purpose ) respect to ! exi/5ce ( s91 a purpose to p]mit its exi/5ce1 r ?an to h no moral sy/em4--,aga91 page #fac3 ,no?+ m 7t\*+ free ag5cy7 is impli$ 9 ! purpose spok5 ( ?an a ,,c]ta9ty =ese5 ( ,god1 t if he creates & upholds t be+1 & pursues wise & good measures ( provid5ce1 he 7! be+7 w at a giv5 "t1 fully *oose 9 a giv5 way4 ,9 page #fab he says1 ,god conf]s on !m 7mank9d7 9 _! creation ! p[]s ( free ag5cy1 & he uses no influ5ce 9 8 provid5ce or gov]nm5t to procure _! s94 ,page #fad1 ,he 7,god7 mo/ obvi\sly has no w oppos$ to 8 law1 ?\gh ) a =esight ( _! conduct he %\ld purpose to p]mit _! s91 r ?an disp5se ) ! exi/5ce ( a moral k+dom4 ,b x is useless to multiply quotations4 ,suffice x to say t ! review]'s :ole gr\nd ( def5ce aga9/ ! argum5ts ( ! s]mon1 on ! "q ( pr$e/9ation1 is solely ?is ,arm9ian explanation ( ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,he ackn[l$ges1 nay boldly ass]ts1 9 a /ra9 ( rugg$ controv]sy ) 8 bre?r5 :o may diff] f ?is view ( ! subject1 t !re is no o!r explanation by :i* ! argum5ts ( ! s]mon c be avoid$--t is1 z ,i und]/& x1 ! only way to avoid ! argum5ts aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation is to give x up1 & assume ! ,arm9ian s5tim5t on ?is subject4 ,if ! review] does n mean ?is1 he w ( c\rse expla9 himself fully1 & po9t out ! precise diff]5ce betwe5 8 views & ^? ( ! ,arm9ians4 ,if1 on ?is subject1 ! review] is an ,arm9ian1 he has too mu* c&or1 ,i tru/1 n to ackn[l$ge x frankly1 & too mu* moral c\rage to be afraid ( ! "n4 ,if he is n1 ! cause ( tru? & 8 own consi/5cy ( "* imp]i\sly dem& an explanation4 ,until ?is po9t1 !re=e1 is decid$1 f>!r argum5ts on ! m]its ( ! "q 9 :i* we are suppos$ to be at issue1 are useless4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 q ready to dismiss ! review4 ,i /at$ at ! comm5cem5t x 0 difficult to pursue ?is controv]sy )\t allud+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x _h be5 conduct$ on ! "p ( our ,calv9i/ic bre?r52 b t !re 0 less gr\nd = objection 9 ?is article 9 ! ,spectator ?an 9 mo/ o!rs4 ,!re are "s ?+s 9 ?is article1 h[ev]1 t ,i _c ju/ify4 ,i w /ate !m frankly1 ?\gh ,i tru/ 9 ,*ri/ian fri5d%ip4 ,i _c approve ( ! review]'s use ( t]ms3 ?\gh1 to my und]/&+1 he has evid5tly giv5 ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation n m]ely a new dress1 b a new "*1 yet he m ?an intimates t x is ! old doctr9e ) only a new me?od ( explanation2 & s]i\sly & repeat$ly compla9s ( ! au?or ( ! s]mon = conf\nd+ ! fact ( ,god's =eorda9+ ! volunt>y actions ( m5 ) ?is or any o!r solution ( t fact or !ory z to ! mode 9 :i* x comes to pass4 ,& s confid5t is ! review] t he /ill believes 9 ! fact ( pr$e/9ation1 9 ! old ,calv9i/ic s5se1 t 9 /at+ 8 s5tim5ts on ?is subject he uses ! same =ms ( expression :i* ,calv9i/s h us$1 :5 _! mean+ 0 z di/ant f 8 z ! two poles f ea* o!r4 ,he tells u1 = in/ance1 t ,god det]m9$ t ! ev5ts :i* take place %\ld take place 9 ! v mann] 9 :i* !y d1 & = ! v ends4 ,n[ if ! writ] mean :at ! words naturally imply1 !n he believes t1 9 ! case ( a f9ally imp5it5t s9n]1 ,god pr$et]m9$ t all 8 s9s %\ld take place 9 ! mann] !y did1 & = ! v end t he might be damn$6 ,aga9 he tells u1 ,god1 9 8 et]nal purpose1 has pr$et]m9$ all ev5ts4 ,&1 quot+ f ! ,assembly's ,cate*ism1 ,god1 f all et]nity1 did freely & un*angeably orda9 :atsoev] comes to pass1 he tells u t ?is expresses ess5tially ! views ent]ta9$ by ! or?odox ,congregationali/s ( ,new-,engl&1 among :om1 ,i suppose ( c\rse1 he w\ld include himself4 ,n[1 aft] :at ,i h said ( ! review]'s ,arm9ianism1 ,i d\bt n b "s ( my read]s w be />tl$ at ^! quotations1 & be ready to accuse me ( great cr$ulity 9 ! judgm5t ,i h =m$ ( ! writ]'s s5tim5ts4 ,i %all exculpate myself1 h[ev]1 by say+1 9 ! fir/ place1 t if !re is any contradiction 9 ! writ]'s s5tim5ts or language1 x is n my fault1 b 82 & if ,i %\ld attempt to reconcile !m1 p]haps ! review] w\ld n ?ank me = my (fici\sness4 ,beside1 aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i feel saf] 9 und]/&+ ! review] 9 an ,arm9ian s5se1 because he & "s o!rs take x v ill ( me t ,i h repres5t$ !m z ,calv9i/s4 ,b1 9 fairness to ! review]1 x is presum$ t he w n consid] himself ju/ly *>geable ) contradiction4 ,he has us$ ^! old t]ms1 x is true1 & ?us has subscrib$ to ! ,calv9i/ic cre$ z positively z ! /aun*e/ ,calv9i/2 b !n1 let x be und]/ood1 he has expla9$ t cre$1 & def9$ ! t]ms1 & prote/s aga9/ be+ held responsible = any o!r con/ruction ?an 8 own4 ,h5ce by ,god's pr$et]m9+ t s9 %\ld take place1 9 ! v mann]1 & = ! v ends x does--by ,god's =eorda9+ :atsoev] comes to pass--he only means t ,god =esaw t s9 w\ld c]ta9ly take place1 & pr$et]m9$ t he w\ld n h9d] x1 ei!r by refra9+ f creat+ moral ag5ts1 or by ?r[+ a re/ra9t ^u !m t w\ld de/roy _! free ag5cy4 ,9 %ort1 t he w\ld submit to x z an evil unavoidably incid5t to ! be/ possible sy/em1 aft] do+ all t he wisely c\ld to prev5t x6 ,?is is =eorda9+ s966 ,?is is pr$et]m9+ t x %\ld be666 ,i _c b express my deepe/ regret t a g5tleman ( ! review]'s /&+ & le>n+ %\ld l5d 8 aid & give 8 sanction to su* a p]v]sion ( language--to su* a confusion ( tongues4 ,we d n compla9 ( ! doctr9e conta9$ 9 ! explanation2 b we prote/1 9 ! "n ( all t is pure 9 language1 9 ! "n ( all t is important 9 ! s5tim5ts convey$ by language1 aga9/ su* an abuse ( t]ms4 ,alas = u6 ,:5 w ! wat*m5 see eye to eye6 :5 w ! ,*ur* be at peace6 :ile our spiritual guides1 our doctors 9 div9ity1 pursue ?is c\rse8 ,by :at au?ority w ! review] support ?is def9ition8 ,d ! words pr$e/9ate1 or =eorda91 or decree mean1 9 common language1 or ev5 9 _! radical & critical def9ition1 no?+ m ?an to p]mit--n absolutely to h9d]--to submit to z an unavoidable b (f5sive evil8 ,! review] c]ta9ly w n pret5d ?is4 ,mu* less d !y mean ?is :5 us$ 9 a magi/]ial or au?oritative s5se1 to express ! m9d & w ( a sup]ior or gov]nor t[>d an inf]ior or a subject4--,:at is ! decree ( a k+8 ,:at is ! ord9ance ( a s5ate8 ,:at is ! (ficial det]m9ation ( a legislative body8 ,let common s5se & common usage answ] ! "q4 ,n a man probably c be f\nd1 f ! philosoph] to ! peasant1 :o w\ld say ^! words w\ld be> ! explanation ( ! review]4 ,yet x is 9 ?is (ficial & au?oritative s5se t !ologians1 & our review] among !m1 use ^! t]ms4 ,! ,assembly's ,cate*ism1 z quot$ by himself1 says1 ,god1 f all et]nity1 did1 by ! mo/ wise & holy c\nsel ( 8 own w1 freely & un*angeably orda91 c4 ,n[ x w\ld be a gross insult to common s5se to say ( su* language z ?is1 9 ! m\? ( an e>?ly pot5tate1 t ! sov]eign meant by ?is no?+ m ?an t he p]mitt$ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 unavoidable1 & 9 !mselves1 highly (f5sive evils 9 8 k+dom1 because he c\ld n remove !m )\t emb>rass+ ! ess5tial op]ations ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,!re is n1 probably1 a cle>] case 9 ! :ole range ( philology4 ,b ! use ( ^! t]ms by ^? :o believe z ,i und]/& ! review] to believe1 is ! m unju/ifiable1 because !y are us$ by mo/ ,calv9i/ic au?ors 9 a diff]5t s5se4--,:y1 !n1 %\ld ! review]1 believ+ z he does1 cont9ue to use !m 9 ! symbols ( 8 fai?8 ,diff]5t p]sons might give diff]5t answ]s to su* a "q4 ,= "o1 ,i w\ld pref] he %\ld answ] x himself4 ,i _c approve ( ! review]'s c5sures ^u my mann] ( treat+ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,he accuses me ( conf\nd+ ! doctr9e itself1 ) modes ( explanation4 ,he says !y are p]fectly di/9ct2 & ?\gh "s may h be5 un=tunate 9 _! modes ( explanation1 & ?\gh he ackn[l$ges my argum5ts be> aga9/ su*1 yet ! fact ( ! doctr9e itself is n !reby affect$4 ,8 mode ( explanation1 = example1 he ?9ks unt\*$ by ! argum5ts ( ! s]mon4 ,b 8 mode ( explanation1 z we h se51 turns ! doctr9e into ,arm9ianism4 ,& x w\ld1 p]haps1 be no difficult matt] to %[1 t any explanation ( ! doctr9e1 %ort ( do+ x away1 w\ld be expos$ to all ! weight ( ! argum5ts urg$ 9 ! s]mon4 ,b ! s]mon 0 nev] writt5 to oppose ^? :o hold to ! decrees ( ,god 9 an ,arm9ian s5se4 ,:y !n does ! review] compla9 ( ! s]mon8 ,:y does he s deeply regret t ! au?or ( ! s]mon %\ld come be=e ! public ) an attack on ! fai? ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 conduct$ 9 a way s obvi\sly errone\s & unju/8 ,! s]mon 0 aga9/ ,calv9ism1 n ,arm9ianism4 ,x is true1 ! review] may say1 ! s]mon alludes1 9 "s p>ts1 to ! ,calv9ism ( ,new-,engl&1 & !re=e he felt himself implicat$4 ,b he c]ta9ly 0 n unless he is a ,new-,engl& ,calv9i/--unless he believes t ,god =eorda9s :atsoev] comes to pass1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ^? t]ms4 ,inde$1 x seems t ,calv9ism1 9 its prop] "*1 is z obnoxi\s to ! review]1 z to ! au?or ( ! s]mon2 & ! =m] seems to h tak5 ?is opportunity to %[ ! nak$ness ( ! sy/em1 & br+ into notice a bett] doctr9e4 ,if s1 is x safe t ! review] %\ld /ill accord to !m _! old symbols ( fai?8 ,& is x j1 t ! au?or ( ! s]mon %\ld be held ! def5dant on ! record1 :5 ! execution is issu$ aga9/ ,calv9ism itself8 ,9 answ] to ! =m] "q1 ,i w\ld say1 x is utt]ly unsafe1 & nev] w be approv$ (1 ,i believe1 by ,arm9ians4 ,) respect to ! latt] "q1 if x is saf] to attack ,calv9ism 9 ?is indirect way1 ,i w n object1 ?\gh x may seem at pres5t to my disadvantage4 ,b ,i _c see t x w\ld be saf]--an op5 bold front always ends be/4 ,:at if x %\ld subject ! review]1 & ! !ological doctors 9 ,new-,hav5 g5]ally1 to ! *>ge ( h]esy8 ,/ill !y ought n to %r9k f _! responsibilities--!y occupy a comm&+ influ5ce among ! ,*ur*es & ov] ! c&idates ( _! !ological s*ool1 & t influ5ce %\ld be op5ly & decid$ly direct$ to disc\nt5ance error4 ,!y %\ld remove x1 root & bran*4 ,especially %\ld !y disc>d ^? old symbols ( fai?1 :i* are n only 9 !mselves1 9 _! true & prop] mean+1 a reflection ^u ! cl]ical "*1 & a black spot ^u an o!rwise or?odox cre$1 b are also especially obnoxi\s1 because !y are ! v articles :i* ! great body ( ! ,calv9i/s h ma9ta9$1 9 a s5se widely diff]5t f t ( ! review]4 ,at ! head ( ^! /&s ,calv91 ! au?or ( ! sy/em1 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*4 ,calv91 :o says1 ,i w n scruple to own t ! w ( ,god lays a necessity on all ?+s1 & t e ?+ he wills necess>ily comes to pass4 ,adam fell1 n only by ! p]mission1 b also by ! appo9tm5t ( ,god4 ,he n only =esaw t ,adam w\ld fall1 b also orda9$ t he %\ld4 ,! devil & wick$ m5 are s held 9 on e side1 ) ! h& ( ,god1 t !y _c conceive or contrive or execute any mis*ief1 any f>!r ?an ,god himself do? n p]mit only1 b comm&--nor are !y held 9 fett]s1 b compell$ also1 z ) a bridle1 to p]=m ob$i5ce to ^? comm&s4 ,calv91 x seems1 0 f> f ?9k+ t appo9tm5t only meant p]mission1 or t to orda9 only meant c]ta9ty =ese54 ,9 ?is he 0 correct3 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by a ho/ ( writ]s d[n to ! pres5t day1 & copi$ 9 num]\s ecclesia/ical symbols1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom2 & does n ! review] "k t ^! t]ms are und]/ood by ,hopk9s & ,emmons1 & all ! ,calv9i/s ( t s*ool1 9 a s5se widely diff]5t f 8 explanation1 & 9 a s5se1 too1 mu* m 9 accordance ) ! prop] mean+ ( ! t]ms8 ,does he n "k t a great majority ( ! ,calv9i/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p]haps 9 ,new-,engl&1 ev5 und]/& ^! t]ms1 z inde$ !y ought to be und]/ood1 :5 us$ 9 ref]5ce to s91 z express+ a pref]5ce ( s91 9 t "p ( ! ,div9e plan :]e s9 occurs1 to hol9ess 9 its /ead8 ,inde$1 z ,i und]/& ! review]1 f ! days ( ,john ,calv9 d[n to ! pres5t h\r1 !re is1 on ?is po9t1 betwe5 ! great body ( ,calv9i/s & himself1 almo/ no lik5ess1 except 9 ! use ( words4 ,!irs is "o doctr9e--8 ano!r4 ,:y1 !n1 does he oppose ! oppos]s ( ,calv9ism1 & ?us keep error 9 c\nt5ance8 ,especially1 :y does he hail f t p>ty1 & hoi/ _! signals1 & !n1 alt] seem+ to get ! victory1 by esp\s+ ! v cause ( ! assail$1 enc\rage ! ,calv9i/s to triumph1 z if _! cause _h be5 successful8 ,is ?is ju/ice to ! au?or ( ! s]mon8 ,is x ! be/ way to promote tru?8 ,b ,i =be>4 ,! review]'s subsequ5t explanations may remove ^! difficulties4 ,at any rate1 ! cause ( tru? w d\btless advance4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is review has giv5 additional /r5g? to ! s5tim5t1 ,calv9ism is wax+ old1 & is ready to vani% away4 ,! dogma t ,god has pr$et]m9$ all ev5ts1 & elect$ 79 a ,calv9i/ic s5se7 out ( our guilty _w all :o %all be heirs ( salvation1 )]s at ! t\* ( advanc+ tru?1 & is fa/ los+ cr$it 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h se5 an inquiry ( a correspond5t 9 "o ( ! ,calv9i/ic pap]s1 9 ^! words1 ,:y d our ,calv9i/ic writ]s reta9 ! words :i* seem s sadly to p]plex our ,arm9ian bre?r51 :5 x is c]ta9 t we d n atta* ! signification to !m :i* !y always pret5d8 & !n in/ances 9 ! ^w =eorda94 ,! editor1 9 reply1 gives z a reason = us+ ^! words1 t !y are ,scriptural2 & seems to deem x necess>y t !y %\ld p]si/ 9 ?is use until we submit4 ,?is reply ( ! editor rem9d$ me ( a rem>k ( ,mr4 ,tyl]1 9 8 s]mon already allud$ to3 ,! ,calv9i/ cont5ds t ,god resolv$1 f et]nity1 to p]mit all ! s9s & mis]ies :i* 7 to take place2 & ?is he calls1 9 ! language ( ! ,bible1 =eord9ation4 ,n[1 n to /op "h1 to %[ t no true ,calv9i/ w\ld ev] call =eord9ation & p]mission ! same ?+1 = ,calv9 has1 z we h se51 cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! two words f ea* o!r1 ,i beg ! privilege ( add+ a ?\ght or two on ?is idea ( ,scripture au?ority = ! use or ^! t]ms4 ,= if x is only because ! ,scriptures use ^! words 9 ?is s5se1 t !y p]si/ 9 us+ !m1 ,i ?9k we may easily settle ?is "q4 ,let x be %[n t ! ,scriptures use =eord9ation1 or pr$e/9ation1 9 ! s5se ( m]e p]mission--n absolutely h9d]+4 ,aga93 let "o passage be %[n 9 :i* x is said1 ,god pr$e/9ates all ?+s1 or =eorda9s :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,if ?is _c be done1 h[ futile1 h[ m ?an absurd is x1 to talk ab\t us+ ^! words1 because ! ,scriptures use !m6 ,to use ,scripture words out ( ! ,scripture s5se1 & !n appeal to ,scripture to sanction ?is use1 is z sad a p]v]sion ( ! ,scriptures z x is ( logic4 ,inde$1 to give su* a mean+ to ! ^w pr$e/9ate1 is at once to take away ! pr9cipal scriptures quot$ by ! review]1 & o!rs1 to prove ,calv9i/ic election4 ,see ,eph4 i1 #e2 ii1 #aj2 ,rom4 viii1 #bi4 ,does pr$e/9ation 9 ^! passages mean m]ely to p]mit1 or n to h9d]8 & d ^! passages tea* a p]sonal election to et]nal life8 ,is ?is all ! ,calv9i/s mean by ! election ( sov]eign grace1 n ( man1 nor ( ! w ( mans b ( ,god8 ,alas6 = ! elect6 ,if man does n elect himself1 & ,god only pr$e/9ates1 t is1 p]mits--does n h9d] 8 election2 :o1 we ask1 w elect him8 ,h[ does error de/roy itself6 ,^! g5tlem5 may take :i* gr\nd !y please2 !y may ei!r ackn[l$ge t ,bible pr$e/9ation means an effici5t purpose ( ,god to accompli% an object1 & !n meet ! s]mon on ! issue !re propos$2 or !y may int]pret ^! words z ! review] has1 & !n give up ^? passages :i* !y consid] _! /rong hold1 9 fav\r ( ,calv9ian election4 ,9 ei!r case _! sy/em mu/ suff] s]i\s loss4 ,no?+ c\ld be m un=tunate1 ,i ?9k1 ?an ?is appeal to ! ,bible to sanction su* an abuse ( t]ms4 ,z to ! ^w =eorda91 ,i d n recollect t x occurs 9 our translation4 ,jude #d1 has be=e ( old orda9$1 c1 b x is 9 ! orig9al v diff]5t f ! ^w r5d]$ pr$e/9ate4 ,! allusion is to *>act]s t 7 proscrib$ = _! s9s1 & designat$ = des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,! orig9al = pr$e/9ate1 proorizo1 is us$ 9 only "o place1 s f> z ,i c f9d1 ) any direct ref]5ce to a s9ful act1 ,acts iv1 #bh4 ,?is passage is quot$ by ! review]4 ,b ! det]m9ation "h spok5 (1 he himself in=ms u1 relates to ! purpose ( ,god to make an atonem5t = ! s9 ( ! _w1 by means ( ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,h5ce ! pr$et]m9ation ( ,god1 9 ?is in/ance1 probably ref]s to ! "w ( atonem5t1 )\t includ+ !re9 any special decree 9 respect to ! means ( ! suff]+4 ,*ri/ c\ld h suff]$1 ev5 unto dea?1 9 ! g>d5 )\t any human means4 ,b inasmu* z ^! m5 _h ! murd]\s purpose1 ,god *ose to leave ,*ri/ to _! p[]1 c1 !re=e decre$ ! atonem5t1 b p]mitt$ ! means4 ,?is seems to be ! mo/ rational con/ruction4 ,b :atev] ,calv9i/s may ?9k ( ?is passage1 ! ,scriptural use ( ! ^w is cle>ly on ! side ( its prop] mean+--an au?oritative ord9ance t ! ?+ pr$e/9at$ %all be4 ,i w avail myself ( ?is opportunity to correct "o or two errors ( ! review]1 respect+ ! s5tim5t ( ! s]mon1 :i* _h escap$ my notice4 ,he says1 my view ( pr$e/9ation is a det]m9ation ( ,god to produce a giv5 result by 8 own imm$iate & effici5t en]gy4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,i said no?+ ab\t imm$iate en]gy2 ?is is an ess5tial misrepres5tation ( ! s]mon4 ,aga93 ,on ,dr4 ,fisk's pr9ciple1 x is impossible = ,god to use ! volunt>y ag5cy ( any creature1 to accompli% any valuable end 9 8 k+dom1 & yet leave t creature acc\ntable = 8 conduct4 ,?is is s manife/ly incorrect & unju/1 t ,i am sure ,i ne$ only call ! att5tion ( ! review] to x a second "t1 to secure a correction f himself4 ,,numb] ,,ii4 ,a ,,proposition ,,to ,,calv9i/s4 ,! communication bel[ conta9s a proposition f ,dr4 ,w4 ,fisk1 :i*1 h[ev] mu* we dislike !ological controv]sies1 we believe is appropriate & int]e/+ at ?is "t4 ,su* a discussion1 "u su* arrangem5ts1 w give ! m]its ( ! controv]sy to bo? sides2 & w1 at lea/1 conv9ce all ( "o tru?--t ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal ,*ur* seeks n concealm5t f ! _w or h] memb]s1 z *>g$ by h] adv]s>ies4 ,b x w develop a /ill m important tru?1 & t is1 :at are ! settl$ & def9ite op9ions ( ! old or ! new s*ool 9 ! ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es4 ,x is kn[n to all ! _w1 t !re is great difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ :at are ! !ological op9ions ( ^? anci5t ,*ur*es ( ! l&4 ,!y seem to be z f> ap>t f ea* o!r z !y are f ,arm9ianism2 & _! replies & rejo9d]s to ea* o!r are z sev]e z if direct$ aga9/ u4 ,! discussion mu/ be int]e/+ & pr(itable1 c>ri$ on by two su* p]sons z ,dr4 ,fisk & 8 oppon5t1 & "u ! /eady sup]vision1 z to temp] & mann]1 ( ?ird p>ties z propos$4--,eds4 ,i h j receiv$ a pamphlet ( ab\t =ty-eight pages1 conta9+ a s]ies ( lett]s1 9 answ] to my s]mon on pr$e/9ation & election4 ,^! lett]s are writt5 by ! ,rev4 ,david ,metcalf1 ( ,lebanon1 ,connecticut1 & purport to be an answ]1 n only to ! doctr9al "p ( ! s]mon1 b to ! *>ges1 z ! writ] is pleas$ to call !m1 conta9$ 9 ! s]mon1 & publi%$ aft]w>d 9 a specific =m1 fir/ 9 ! ,connecticut ,obs]v]1 & !n 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,advocate & ,j\rnal4 ,x w be recollect$ by y\r read]s1 t ,i pl$g$ myself to v9dicate my /atem5ts aga9/ any responsible p]son1 :o1 ) 8 own prop] signature1 w\ld come =w>d & d5y !m3 or if ,i fail$ to support !m1 ,i w\ld retract :at ,i _h writt54 ,?is pl$ge ,mr4 ,metcalf calls ^u me to r$eem2 n inde$ by br++ =w>d my pro(s1 or by mak+ a reply2 b1 hav+ ?r[n 9 8 plea1 he supposes t ! cause is decid$1 & has himself made up ! judgm5t1 & issu$ ! execution1 & =?) comes =w>d1 & claims 8 damage4 ,8 words are--,( ! au?or ( ! s]mon we claim a public ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 errors1 & make ju/ice & equity ! gr\nd ( our claim4 ,aga91 ,if ,dr4 ,f4 makes no public retraction f ! gr\nd tak5 9 8 s]mon--if aft] he %all receive ^! lett]s1 66 rememb]+ also :at is said 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator's review ( 8 s]mon1 he %all all[ ano!r copy ( x to be pr9t$1 ,i ?9k he w f9d x difficult to conv9ce any intellig5t c&id man1 t he is n guilty ( break+ ! n9? comm&m5t1 c4 ,! intellig5t read]1 :o has /udi$ human nature1 w "k h[ to make suitable all[ances = ! dogmatical & premature decisions1 & high claims conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ extracts4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+1 t a zeal\s advocate succe$s 9 conv9c+ himself ( ! tru? ( 8 cause2 b utt]ly fails ) respect to all o!rs4 ,i d n say1 t ?is writ] w n ga9 8 argum5t2 b x requires m =ekn[l$ge ?an ,i am dispos$ to accord to him1 to affirm ?is z a c]ta9ty4 ,i demur aga9/ ?is ha/y mann] ( mak+ up ! judgm5t4 ,i wi% to be he>d 9 def5ce ( my /atem5ts1 & h objections also to br+ aga9/ 8 /atem5ts1 & suppos$ pro(s & argum5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i object to him1 t he has n come out & jo9$ issue specifically & directly on any "o ( my *>ges1 b talks = mo/ "p 9 g5]al t]ms1 ab\t ! unfairness1 inju/ice1 & misrepres5tations ( ! s]mon4 ,?is circum/ance w\ld1 ( itself1 free me f any obligation to notice ^! lett]s1 on ! gr\nd ( my pl$ge 9 ! ,obs]v]4 ,b yet1 z ,i feel ! mo/ p]fect read9ess to discuss ?is subject1 & z ,i hope ! cause ( righte\sness may be s]v$ !reby1 ,i w will+ly proce$ 9 ?is controv]sy1 bo? z to doctr9e & policy1 provid$ we c secure "s suitable public m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* to prosecute ! discussion4 ,& on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,m4 compla9s bitt]ly ( ! =m] editors ( ! ,advocate & ,j\rnal--= he _h appli$1 x seems1 = ! privilege ( hav+ 8 lett]s ins]t$ 9 t pap]1 & 0 refus$1 on ! gr\nd t ! s]mon 0 n publi%$ 9 ! ,advocate1 & !re=e ju/ice did n require t its answ] %\ld be4 ,n[1 s9ce ^! lett]s are pr(ess$ly an answ] to ! :ole s]mon1 ! editors1 ,i ?9k1 7 p]fectly consi/5t ) _! =m] /atem5ts1 9 refus+ to publi% !m4 ,if ,mr4 ,m4 _h conf9$ himself to ! *>ges 9 ! ,obs]v]1 ! editors w\ld und\bt$ly h giv5 ! subject a place 9 ! columns ( ! ,advocate3 z x 01 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k ! *>ge ( inju/ice & unfairness made aga9/ ! editors by ,mr4 ,m4 is entirely gratuit\s & unju/ifiable4 ,if x 0 expect$ to produce an effect on ! public1 by su* a compla9t1 ,i ?9k su* an expectation w be disappo9t$ 9 all places :]e ! subject is und]/ood4 ,& t ?is 0 ! expectation appe>s evid5t f ano!r *>ge aga9/ ,me?odi/ prea*]s1 9 ! foll[+ words3--,x is suppos$ to be ! common s5tim5t1 if n '! common talk 9 our l&1' t ! ,me?odi/ prea*]s h a /rong av]sion aga9/ _! he>]s read+ our writ+s4 ,! reason ( ?is1 9 "p1 is suppos$ to be1 t !y *oose to h _! p receive all _! k ( our cre$ f _! /atem5ts ( x1 in/ead ( ours2 le/ !y %\ld be conv9c$1 by our argum5ts1 ( ! tru? ( our belief4 ,n[ ?is *>ge we :olly & positively d5y1 & *all5ge ! writ] = ! pro(s ( :at we "k to be1 n only an ung5]\s1 b an unju/ allegation4 ,no?+ c be f>!r f ! :ole g5ius ( ,me?odism ?an ?is4 ,does n ! rev]5d g5tleman "k1 t a great portion ( our memb]s 9 ,new ,engl& are ^? :o 7 once memb]s ( ,calv9i/ic congregations8 ,does he n "k t !y 7 tra9$ up 9 ^! doctr9es f _! infancy1 & h he>d !m expla9$ & def5d$ f _! e>lie/ recollections8 ,does he n "k t ,me?odism has made its way aga9/ ! impressions ( ! nurs]y1 ! cate*etical in/ruction ( ! prie/ & ! s*ool ma/]--! influ5ce ( ! pulpit & ! press1 & 9 matur] age aga9/ ! /ill /rong] influ5ce ( academies & colleges8 ,does he n "k1 also1 t all ?is has be5 done 9 ?is g5]ation8 ,& %all we n[ be told t ,me?odi/s exam9e b "o side ( ! "q8 ,h[ a/oni%+ su* a *>ge1 f a man :o c make any pret5sion to a k ( ecclesia/ical matt]s 9 our c\ntry6 ,does n ?is writ] "k1 also1 t ! editors ( ! ,advocate1 & o!rs1 h call$ l\dly1 & almo/ cont9ually1 = in=mation ^u ?is subject1 t we might "k :at ! ,calv9i/ic /&>ds are1 & asc]ta9 :at ,calv9ism is8 & %all we n[ be told1 t ,me?odi/s are ignorant ( ! ,calv9i/ic fai?1 &1 :at is worse1 ! prea*]s /rive to keep !m 9 ignorance1 & t ) ! base purpose ( keep+ !m f a conviction ( ! tru?6 ,we say1 if ,calv9ism is ess5tially :at x 0 f five to ?irty ye>s ago1 we "k its "* z well z we ev] c "k x4 ,if we d n und]/& x n[1 x is ei!r because we h n natural ability to und]/& x1 7& !re=e4 ,calv9ism itself be+ judge1 we are n crim9al17 or x is because ! tea*]s ( ,calv9ism h n _h natural ability to make x pla94 ,b if ,calv9ism is n ess5tially :at x 01 we ask :at x n[ is8 ,if x is *ang$ 9 ! h&s ( its support]s1 h[ mu* has x *ang$8 ,is x ,calv9ism /ill1 or has x lo/ its id5tity8 ,9 :at does ! id5tity ( ,calv9ism consi/8 ,%all we take ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,metcalf's answ] to ^! que/ions8 ,%all we take ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator's answ]s8 ,mr4 ,m4 appe>s fully to agree ) ! ,spectator1 = he makes frequ5t ref]5ce to x1 ) great app>5t approbation4 ,& yet two numb]s ( ?is p]iodical h be5 issu$ s9ce my reply to ! review ( my s]mon 9 t "w1 9 :i* reply ,i /at$ my und]/&+ ( ! review]'s doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 & reque/$ to be in=m$ if ,i 0 incorrect2 & nei!r my reply nor my reque/ has be5 notic$4 ,& yet1 let x be und]/ood1 t 9 ! la/ numb] !re is a v lab\r$ article1 to %[ t ,dr4 ,taylor does n diff] ess5tially f ! or?odox ,calv9i/ic fai? h]et(ore receiv$4 ,x is also kn[n1 t ?\gh ,drs4 ,woods1 ,griff91 ,tyl]1 ,gre51 & v>i\s o!rs1 come out & *>ge a portion ( _! bre?r5 ) a s]i\s & dang]\s d]eliction f ! ,calv9i/ic fai?1 yet ! accus$1 9 _! turn1 /r5u\sly ma9ta9 t !y pres]ve ! old l&m>ks unremov$1 & ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,calv9ism unimpair$2 & t x is a calumni\s *>ge to say !y h dep>t$ f ! fai? ( ! p>ty4 ,h[ %all we judge 9 ?is matt]8 ,if we ?9k1 f our und]/&+ ( _! writ+s1 t "s ( !m h *ang$ _! views1 & we ask !m if !y h1 !y are sil5t4 ,if _! bre?r5 *>ge !m ) *ang+1 !y d5y x2 &1 /&+ up be=e ! _w & be=e ! ,*ur*es1 & be=e _! ,god1 pron\nce delib]ately & emphatically1 ! old symbols ( fai?1 z a te/ oa? to prove _! or?odoxy4 ,%\ld we d\bt _! repeat$ assev]ations8 ,mr4 ,m41 or somebody else1 might write ano!r pamphlet to screw u into rep5tance & confession1 = be>+ false witness aga9/ our neighb\r4 ,b if we hold !m to ! old doctr9e1 :i* we h _h a good opportunity ( le>n+1 f our y\? up1 we are accus$ ( misrepres5tation1 & ( be>+ false witness4 ,none b ! advocates ( ! ,new-,hav5 div9ity h1 to my k1 tak5 a public /& aga9/ my s]mon2 & !y oppose x because !y say x is a misrepres5tation ( _! doctr9e4 ,?is1 !re=e1 seems to u to be ! /ate ( ! case ) respect to ^! g5tlem5--,we make a repres5tation ( ,calv9ism z we h f\nd x1 & h h]et(ore und]/ood x--!y object1 because ?is is n _! belief1 & !re=e we break ! n9? comm&m5t6 ,_! own bre?r5 *>ge !m ) a dep>ture f ! old doctr9es1 & !y d5y x6 & *>ge !m 9 turn ) be>+ false witness6 ,9 ! mid/ ( our p]plexity on ?is subject1 :ile we are look+ e way = light1 up comes ,mr4 ,m4 & tells u1 we are unwill+ our p %\ld "k :at ,calv9i/s believe66 ,is ?is g5]\s1 or j8 ,we repel ! *>ge1 & dem& pro(4 ,& 9 ! mean "t1 z a f>!r pro( t ! *>ge is unf\nd$1 ,i w1 ,messrs4 ,editors1 ) y\r cons5t & approbation1 make a proposition to ,mr4 ,metcalf4 ,x is c]ta9ly desirable1 t bo? ,calv9i/s & ,me?odi/s %\ld he> bo? sides4 ,mr4 ,m4 seems v desir\s to enlight5 ! ,me?odi/s4 ,?is is v well4 ,b we also wi% to enlight5 ! ,calv9i/s4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! discussion on bo? sides %\ld be put into ! h&s ( ! p on bo? sides4 ,if1 !n1 "s reputable & ext5sively circulat$ ,calv9i/ic p]iodical w publi% my s]mon1 & ! discussion :i* has aris51 or may arise out ( x1 on bo? sides1 ! ,*ri/ian ,advocate & ,j\rnal w publi% ,mr4 ,m4's lett]s & ! discussions :i* %all foll[2 provid$ always1 t x %all be submitt$ to ! respective editors1 :e!r ! pieces are writt5 9 respectful & becom+ /yle & language2 & provid$ also1 t ! ,calv9i/ic editor %all1 by cons5t+ to ?is arrangem5t1 he consid]$ z !reby ackn[l$g+1 t ,mr4 ,metcalf is a suitable man to manage ! controv]sy 9 behalf ( ! ,calv9i/s1 & t y1 ,messrs4 ,editors1 by cons5t+ to ! arrangem5t1 w !reby cons5t t y are will+ to tru/ ! controv]sy 9 my h&s1 to be manag$ 9 behalf ( ! ,me?odi/s4 ,to give an opportunity = ! ,calv9i/ic p]iodical to be prep>$1 ,i %all wait a reasonable "t1 :51 if ! (f] is n compli$ )1 ,i %all want ! privilege1 p]haps1 ( occupy+ ! columns ( ! ,advocate1 by ! ins]tion ( a few numb]s t\*+ ! pres5t ,calv9i/ic controv]sy1 bo? z relates to _! own diff]5ces1 & also z relates to ! g5]al "q betwe5 !m & u4 ,,numb] ,,iii4 ,,indef9it5ess ,,( ,,calv9ism4 ,,! read]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,advocate & ,j\rnal w recollect ! proposition1 made to ! ,rev4 ,david ,metcalf1 9 ! #h? ,no4 ( ! pres5t volume1 on ! subject ( 8 review ( my s]mon4 ,?is proposition has n be5 compli$ ) on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,m41 & accord+ to ! foll[+ extract f ! ,new-,york ,evangeli/1 no compliance c be expect$3-- ,we h se51 says ! editor ( ! ,evangeli/1 9 ! ,advocate1 s9ce ,mr4 ,metcalf's "w 0 publi%$1 a lett] f ,dr4 ,f41 9 :i* he %[s 8 desire t ! discussion %all /ill g =w>d4 ,!re is "o condition he exacts1 h[ev]1 :i* we ?9k impracticable4 ,x is1 t "s p]son %\ld be designat$1 by a sort ( common suffrage1 z ! *ampion ( ,calv9ism4 ,n[ ! tru? is1 ,calv9i/s1 z a class1 are r rem>kable = ?9k+ = !mselves2 & ( c\rse1 :ile !re are great pr9ciples on :i*1 z a class1 !y all agree1 !re are _m ?+s :i* w be held or /at$ diff]5tly1 by diff]5t m9ds4 ,consequ5tly1 we c1 ea* ( u1 def5d ourselves1 & def5d ,calv9i/s z a class2 not)/&+1 ea* "o may ?9k 8 fell[ holds "s errors1 & !re=e1 9 8 conte/ ) ,calv9ism1 ,dr4 ,f4 mu/ assume to himself ! responsibility ( select+ ^? doctr9al po9ts & modes ( /atem5t :i* di/+ui% ,calv9i/s z a class4 ,& :5 he has f\nd ^! pr9ciples1 we hope he w ei!r confute or embrace !m4 ,i h copi$ ! above = ! f>!r notice ( ! public1 n only z a rem>kable p>agraph 9 itself1 b also z hav+ an important be>+ on ! pres5t controv]sy4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s 9 x wor?y ( special notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place we see1 if o!r editors ?9k ) ?is "o1 & t !y d1 we are left to inf] f _! n (f]+ _! p]iodicals = ! controv]sy1 !re is no hope t my proposition w be accept$4 ,we !n h ! reason--because !re is "o impracticable condition4 ,b :y impracticable8 ,! editor tells u1 ,dr4 ,f4 exacts t "s p]son %\ld be designat$ by a sort ( common suffrage to be ! *ampion ( ,calv9ism4 ,i _c believe ! editor means to misrepres5t me2 & yet he has done x4 ,my words are1 ,provid$ t ! ,calv9i/ic editor %all1 by cons5t+ to ?is arrangem5t1 be consid]$ z !reby ackn[l$g+ t ,mr4 ,metcalf is a suitable man to manage ! controv]sy on ! "p ( ! ,calv9i/s4 ,"h is no?+ said ab\t a sort ( common suffrage4 ,9 case ( compliance by ,mr4 ,leavitt1 or any o!r editor1 ! only vote to be poll$ & c\nt$ w\ld be 8 own4 ,n a v ext5sive suffrage ?is6 ,& if ,mr4 ,l4 ?9ks ! condition impracticable1 x mu/ be ow+ to moral inability exi/+ 9 8 own m9d1 gr[+ out ( ! belief t ,mr4 ,metcalf is n a suitable p]son to manage ?is controv]sy4 ,h5ce x is well ,i took ! precaution ,i did2 = ,mr4 ,m4 is a /rang] to me2 & ,i d n wi% to engage 9 a controv]sy on ?is subject ) any man :o is n1 by 8 class1 consid]$ responsible4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,leavitt kn[s ( "s "o1 :o w\ld be suitable1 9 8 judgm5t1 & :o w\ld accept ( ! (f]2 or p]haps he himself w\ld be will+ to engage 9 ! discussion4 ,i d n wi% to conf9e x to ,mr4 ,m42 nor d ,i wi% to be consid]$ 9 ! light ( a g5]al *all5g] :o is seek+ an adv5ture4 ,! subject is an important "o1 & ,i am will+ to discuss x ) any c&id responsible man4 ,we 7 mo/ unju/ly1 z ,i believ$1 accus$ ( keep+ our p 9 ignorance ( ,calv9ism1 & ( prev5t+ !m f read+ on ! o!r side1 = ! base purpose ( prev5t+ !m f be+ conv9c$ ( ! tru?4 ,to r5d] ! subject fair & equal1 !re=e1 & to wipe (f ?is asp]sion1 ,i made ! proposal2 & if ,mr4 ,m4 is n a suitable man1 let "s o!r be f\nd4 ,b we are in=m$ f>!r 9 ?is p>agraph1 t "o great difficulty 9 comply+ ) my condition is1 t ,calv9i/s1 z a class1 are rem>kable = ?9k+ = !mselves1 c4 ,if ! editor designs to say1 z ! natural con/ruction w\ld imply1 t ! :ole class are rem>kable1 9 _! "* z ,calv9i/s1 = ?9k+ & believ+ diff]5tly & indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 !n 8 proposition is a contradiction4 ,!y1 z a class1 are rem>kable = n be+ a class at all1 hav+ no prop]ties or qualities 9 common6 ,8 argum5t also w\ld require ?is con/ruction1 because he is %[+ :y no "o c\ld be ! prop] *ampion ( ! class1 = ! reason t1 z a class1 !y did n ?9k alike4 ,if ,calv9ism be a g5]al t]m1 x includes1 9 its ext5sion1 all ^? individuals or sub-classes ( individuals1 & only ^?1 t hold c]ta9 doctr9es 9 common1 & x embraces all ^? doctr9es1 & only ^? t are held 9 common by ! class4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is any su* class1 !n mo/ c]ta9ly !y ?9k alike 9 all ^? ?+s t con/itute !m a class2 & by consequ5ce1 any "o ( ! numb]1 o!rwise compet5t1 w\ld be qualifi$ to repres5t & def5d ! class z su*1 h[ev] mu* he might diff] f _m ( 8 fell[s1 9 o!r ?+s4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is any =ce 9 ! argum5t1 t x is impracticable = any "o ( ! numb] be>+ ! "n1 to become ! *ampion ( ! class z su*1 because !y diff] s among !mselves1 x mu/ arise f ! fact1 t !re are no great pr9ciples held 9 common among !m1 &1 ( c\rse1 !re is no class4 ,all ! writ] says aft]w>d1 !re=e1 ab\t great pr9ciples 9 :i* !y all agree1 is m]e v]biage1 signify+ no?+4 ,= if we give x any mean+1 x w\ld be a contradiction ( :at he _h /at$ be=e1 & a complete nullification ( ! only argum5t adduc$ z a reason = n comply+ ) my proposal4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y ,i ?9k ! above a fair view ( ?is subject4 ,9 ! same p>agraph x is said1 ,!re=e1 9 8 conte/ ) ,calv9ism1 ,dr4 ,f4 mu/ assume to himself ! responsibility ( select+ ^? doctr9al facts & modes ( /atem5t :i* di/+ui% ,calv9i/s z a class4 ,?is is m unreasonable ?an ! requisition ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 :5 he comm&$ ! wise m5 to make kn[n ! dream1 z well z ! int]pretation4 ,w\ld an intellig5t & +5u\s man1 su* z we h a "r to expect a religi\s editor to be1 give su* an answ]1 "u su* circum/ances1 if he c\ld h told u :at ,calv9ism is8 ,we h be5 accus$1 n by ,mr4 ,metcalf only1 b by ,calv9i/s ( ! old s*ool1 & ! new s*ool1 & all ! s*ools1 t we misrepres5t !m1 t our prea*]s make x _! bus9ess to misrepres5t !m1--t my s]mon 0 a mo/ sc&al\s misrepres5tation1 & t we /udi$ to keep our p ignorant ( :at ,calv9ism is4 ,:5 ?is is repli$ to1 by entreat+ & conjur+ ^? :o be> ! "n ( ,calv9ism1 to tell u :at x is2 & :5 we (f] to discuss ! subject1 9 _! own p]iodicals1 & give !m an opportunity to discuss x 9 ours1 & to in=m our p1 9 _! own way1 on ?is doctr9e--a dea?-l sil5ce on ! subject reigns ?r\gh\t ! :ole corps editorial2 until at l5g? ! ,evangeli/ speaks1--,we _c comply2 we ea* & all1 z a class1 are s rem>kable = ?9k+ = ourselves1 x is impracticable = any "o to /ate & def5d ^? doctr9al facts :i* di/+ui% u z a class1 & !re=e ,dr4 ,f4 mu/ assume to himself ! responsibility ( select+ !m66 ,if ,calv9i/s _c agree 9 _! own sy/em1 & _c tru/ any ( _! frat]nity to /ate & def5d x 9 behalf ( ! class1 :y d !y accuse u ( willful misrepres5tations1 9 /at+ _! sy/em8 ,:y1 9 %ort1 d !y n beg9 to d\bt :e!r1 z a class1 !y h any sy/em8 ,x is "t = ^? :o be> ! "n to "k1 & = ! public to be di/9ctly in=m$1 :e!r !re is any ?+ real repres5t$ by ! t]m ,calv9ism8 ,if !re is1 !n1 :e!r ! t]m is a common or a prop] n\n8 ,if x is a common n\n1 or a g5]al "n1 !n1 :at are ! qualities1 ! prop]ties1 or doctr9es designat$ by x8 ,if no "o c tell1--if ^? :o write ab\t x1 & ab\t x1 week aft] week1 ?9k x impracticable to def9e or describe ^? doctr9es = ! class1 because !y ?9k s diff]5tly1 ( c\rse x foll[s1 if ! "n is reta9$1 x is n a g5]al1 b a prop] "n1 & belongs only to individuals4 ,& ?\gh x has be5 assum$ by _m individuals1 yet x has 9 ea* case an individual def9ition1 :i* by no means ent]s into ! def9ition ( ! t]m1 z assum$ by any o!r individual4 ,& !re=e x is z inconsi/5t to talk ab\t ! class ( ,calv9i/s1 z x is to talk ab\t ! class ( ,johns or ,jo%uas1 & z absurd to inf] t two m5 are 9 any ( _! real *>act]i/ics alike1 because ea* is call$ ,calv9i/1 z to argue t ! editor ( ! ,evangeli/ & ,jo%ua1 ! son ( ,nun1 belong$ to ! same class1 because bo? are call$ ,jo%ua4 ,& ?is appe>s to me to be v ne>ly ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,calv9ism1 z designat+ a class1 has always be5 r vague & unsettl$ 9 its def9ition1 f ! days ( ,john ,calv9 himself4 ,& ?is 0 "o ( ! (f5sive objections br\ght aga9/ x 9 my s]mon--an objection1 h[ev]1 t has be5 abundantly confirm$ by rec5t ev5ts4 ,z ,i wrote & publi%$ ( ano!r doctr9e "s ye>s s9ce1 s ,i may say ( ,calv9ism n[4 ,x is a proteus t *anges its %ape be=e "o c describe x--an ignis fatuus1 t *anges its place be=e "o c get 8 h& on x4 ,& "h ,i w /op to say1 ,x w avail no?+ = any "o to take (f5ce at ?is /atem5t4 ,x is n because ,i dislike m5 :o are call$ ,calv9i/s1 t ,i ?us speak4 ,i "k _m ( !m p]sonally1 & e/eem !m highly1 b ( _! doctr9e1 & _! sy/em1 & _! "n1 ,i mu/ speak freely4 ,& ! be/ refutation !y c give1 is to come out if !y c1 & def9e & expla9 _! sy/em4 ,i c>e n :at %ape x is pres5t$ 92 ,i am will+ to meet x4 ,if x puts on an ,arm9ian "* & dress1 l ! review 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator1 ,i w only ask ! privilege ( baptiz+ x anew1 & giv+ x a legitimate "n4 ,b z !re seems n[ little hope ( be+ p]mitt$ to meet x 9 ! mann] propos$1 x only rema9s t ,i proce$1 accord+ to promise1 to occupy ! columns ( ! ,advocate ) a few numb]s1 t\*+ ! pres5t ,calv9i/ic controv]sy1 bo? z relates to _! own diff]5ces1 & z relates to ! g5]al "q betwe5 !m & u4 ,i _c b ?9k ?is an important mom5t to look into ?is subject4 ,! signs ( ! times indicate t ! _s ( inquiry is abroad1 & ! old plat=ms are %ak54 ,9 ?is break+ up ( errone\s sy/ems1 !re is dang] ( extremes & extravagancies1 m to be dread$1 p]haps1 ?an ! old errors !mselves4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity = e man :o has ! tru? to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! curr5ts1 new & unprovid$ =1 t may o!rwise drive him f 8 safe moor+s3 & h5ce ! necessity also1 t he :o has weigh$ an*or1 & is afloat ^u ! unexplor$ sea ( philosophic speculation %\ld be aw>e ( ! rocks & ! quicks&s on ! opposite %ore4 ,an abl] h& ?an m9e is c]ta9ly ne$$ on ?is occasion2 su* a "o ,i hope may be f\nd4 ,b 9 ! mean "t ,i w1 z ,i am able1 say a few ?+s1 ) ! s9c]e pray] t ,i & my read]s may be l$ into all tru?4 ,,numb] ,,iv4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,pa/ ,,*anges ,,& ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,calv9ism ,,9 ,,?is ,,c\ntry4 ,9 ! =m] ,no4 x 0 se5 t ! indef9it5ess & mutability ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em _h ?r[n a k9d ( irresponsibility ar\nd x2 :i* r5d]s ?is controv]sy1 9 _m respects1 extremely unsatisfactory4 ,?is might1 at fir/1 lead to ! conclusion1 t f>!r discussion w\ld be useless4 ,on f>!r ?\ght1 h[ev]1 x may appe>1 t ?is v circum/ance w r5d] ! controv]sy bo? easi] & m promis+4 ,?is div]sity ( op9ions has produc$ s]i\s discussion among ! pr$e/9>ians !mselves1 & has ?r[n ! sy/em op5 to public view1 & driv5 its advocates to a cle>] /atem5t ( _! respective op9ions4 ,! eff]vesc5ce1 9 %ort1 gr[+ out ( ?is excitem5t1 has l$ to a m di/9ct analysis ( ! sy/em1 & ( c\rse to a cle>] discov]y ( its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,_! argum5ts aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! logical consequ5ces :i* !y urge aga9/ ea* o!r's views1 are1 9 _m cases1 precisely ! same t we %\ld advance1 & h (t5 urg$1 9 opposition to pr$e/9ation4 ,mu* ( ! "w1 !re=e1 is prep>$ = u1 & br\ght =w>d 9 a way to produce an effect among ,calv9i/s !mselves1 :]e we c\ld n be he>d4 ,to und]/& ?is subject h[ev] fully1 & to foll[ out ?is discussion advantage\sly1 x w be necess>y to glance at ! diff]5t *anges & modifications ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em2 & to take a brief survey ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! p>ties4 ,! religi\s fai? ( our puritanical fa!rs is too well kn[n to ne$ a del9eation "h4 ,?is fai? 0 at an e>ly day def9$ & =mally recogniz$1 9 ! ,cambridge & ,saybrook plat=ms4 ,! fir/ ref9em5t 7improvem5t x c h>dly be call$7 ^u ?is anci5t fai?1 0 ! metaphysical !ory ( ,dr4 ,hopk9s4 ,! lead+ dogmas ( ?is !ory 71 t ,god 0 ! effici5t cause ( all moral action1 holy & unholy2 & t hol9ess consi/$ 9 dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce4 ,insomu*1 t ! answ] to ! "q1 ,are y will+ to be damn$8 0 deem$ a v good crit]ion by :i* to judge ( a religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation 0 9 ?is mann] go+ to se$1 & be>+ its legitimate fruits1 9 "o direction1 x receiv$ a rem>kably plausible modification 9 ano!r4 ,! atonem5t1 :i* 0 =m]ly limit$ to ! elect1 0 n[ ext5d$ to all2 & ! invitations ( ! ,gospel1 in/ead ( be+ re/ra9$1 z be=e1 to ! _w ( ! elect1 7 ext5d$ to ! _w ( mank9d4 ,b z x w\ld be useless to hold out invitations to ^? :o c\ld n accept ( !m1 ano!r ref9em5t 0 introduc$1 & man 0 f\nd to possess a natural ability to receive salvation1 al?\gh he lab\r$ "u an inv9cible moral inability1 :i* w\ld = ev] keep him f ,*ri/1 until drawn by irresi/ible grace4 ,?is discov]y l$ to o!r ref9em5ts 9 language1 s t a k9d ( te*nical nom5clature 0 =m$1 out ( words 9 popul> use1 :i* words1 by an accompany+ gloss>y1 7 s def9$ z to correspond ) ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em4 ,?us1 ,y c rep5t if y w1 mean+1 accord+ to ! te*nical def9ition1 ,y c rep5t :5 ,god makes y will+1 & s ( ! re/4 ,?is !ory1 su/a9$ z x 0 by ,dr4 ,hopk9s1 ,dr4 ,emmons1 & o!rs1 ga9$ _m proselytes1 & seem$ likely1 at "o "t1 to become ! univ]sal cre$4 ,its metaphysical ab/rusities & di/9ctions gave x an int]e/ = ! /ud5t2 & its plausible & commons5se t]ms gave x popul>ity ) ! p4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 sev]al causes conspir$ to introduce a great revolution 9 ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( _m1 :i*1 z x has _h a v important influ5ce 9 modify+ ,calv9ism itself2 ,i mu/ "h /op to notice2 ,i allude to ! introduction ( ,unit>ianism & ,univ]salism4 ,! proximate causes ( ! introduction ( ^! s5tim5ts 71 among o!rs1 probably ! foll[+4 ,! ,ant9omian features ( old ,calv9ism _h introduc$ into ! ,*ur*es a he>tless ,*ri/ianity & a v lax discipl9e4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 :5 religion _h come1 9 po9t ( fact1 to consi/ *iefly 9 ext]nal p]=mances1 = its vot>ies to seek a !ory t w\ld accord ) _! practice4 ,unit>ianism 0 precisely su* a !ory4 ,x is also to be notic$1 t ! /ate ( =mality & spiritual dea? t prevail$1 0 greatly increas$ by ! )]+ alliance :i* !n exi/$ betwe5 ! ,*ur* & civil gov]nm5t4 ,?is revolution 0 und\bt$ly ha/5$ also by ! ultraism1 on ! "o "p1 & ! te*nical inconsi/5cies on ! o!r1 ( ! ,hopk9sian !ory4 ,! elem5ts _h be5 long 9 motion1 & at l5g? !y unit$ 9 an array ( numb]s & influ5ce t wre/$ ! faire/ portions ( _! ecclesia/ical doma9 f ! or?odox ,*ur*es ( ,mass41 & turn$ !m ov]1 toge!r ) ! ri*ly end[$ univ]sity ( ! /ate1 into ! h&s ( ! ,unit>ians4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ,unit>ianism1 z t t]m is commonly und]/ood among u1 has n prevail$4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 b "o ,unit>ian pa/or1 prop]ly s call$1 9 ! /ate4 ,?is s5tim5t1 h[ev]1 prevails v ext5sively 9 ?is & all ! o!r ,new-,engl& /ates1 z well z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! union1 "u ! "n ( ,univ]salism2 a s5tim5t :i* diff]s b little f ,soc9ianism1 & _h its orig9 d\btless f ! same s\rce4 ,ab\t half a c5tury s9ce1 a ,calv9i/ic cl]gyman1 z he 0 suppos$ to be to ! day ( 8 dea?1 left a po/hum\s "w1 :i* 0 publi%$1 entitl$1 ,calv9ism ,improv$4 ,x 0 m]ely an ext5sion ( ! doctr9es ( unconditional election & irresi/ible grace to all in/ead ( a "p4 ,f ! premises1 ! reason+ seem$ fair1 & ! conclusions legitimate4 ,?is made _m conv]ts4 ,& ?is idea ( univ]sal salvation1 :5 once x is embrac$1 c easily be m\ld$ into any %ape1 provid$ its ma9 feature is reta9$4--,x has f9ally pretty g5]ally run into ! semi infidel s5tim5ts1 ( no atonem5t--no ,div9e ,savi\r--no ,holy ,gho/1 & no sup]natural *ange ( he>t2 z well z no hell--no devil--no angry ,god4 ,x may be a matt] ( "s surprise1 p]haps1 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 or to "o n p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( ! case1 :y1 9 leav+ ,calv9ism1 ^! m5 %\ld g s f> beyond ! l9e ( tru?4 ,b 9 ?is we see ! kn[n t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to run into extremes4 ,! repulsive features ( ! old sy/em drove !m f> ! o!r way4 ,x ought to be rememb]$1 also1 t !re 7 few1 if any1 :o 7 /ation$ on ! m$ium l9e1 to arre/ & delay ! public m9d 9 its fe>ful recoil f ! horrible decree4 ,_h ,me?odism be5 z well kn[n 9 ,new-,engl& fifty ye>s ago1 z x n[ is1 x is d\btful :e!r ,univ]salism or ,unit>ianism w\ld h ga9$ mu* influ5ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,late z x 0 introduc$1 & mu* z x 0 oppos$1 x is believ$ to h done mu* t[>d *eck+ ! progress ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,& p]haps x is 9 "p ow+ to ! e>li] introduction1 & m ext5sive spread ( ,me?odism1 9 ,connecticut1 t ,unit>ianism has n ga9$ m influ5ce 9 ! /ate4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! fact 9 ! /ates ( ,v]mont1 ,new-,hamp%ire1 & ,ma9e1 :]e ,me?odism 0 introduc$ ne>ly z e>ly z ^? o!r s5tim5ts4 ,! result has %[n t ! =ego+ supposition is corroborat$ by facts 9 ^? cases :]e ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$4 ,^! rem>ks may n n[ be cr$it$1 b ! "t w come1 :5 ! prejudices ( ! day are worn out1 t ! c&id hi/orian w d ! subject ju/ice4 ,b to return--?\gh ,unit>ianism & ,univ]salism are believ$ to be dang]\s errors1 yet1 z is (t5 ! case1 !y h contribut$ mu*1 d\btless1 to detect ! errors & modify ! features ( ! opposite sy/em4 ,simultane\sly ) !m1 ! ,me?odi/s h engag$ 9 oppos+ ! ,calv9i/ic dogmas4 ,?is close exam9ation & ?or\gh opposition1 ) su* o!r causes z may h coop]at$ 9 ! "w1 h driv5 "s ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,hopk9sian !ory into disrepute1 m sudd5ly ev5 ?an !y rose into cr$it4 ,! sublimat$ doctr9e ( dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce 0 s l an airy no?+1 t ev5 ! speculative m9ds ( ! %rewde/ metaphysicians c\ld n f9d = x a local habitation1 9 heav5 or on e>?2 & ! almo/ blasphem\s dogma1 t ,god 0 ! effici5t cause ( s91 0 m abhorr5t1 if possible1 ?an ev5 ! horrible decree ( reprobation4 ,bo?1 !re=e1 ) ! exceptions h]eaft] m5tion$1 disappe>$4 ,! =m]1 be+ ( an e!real "*1 sil5tly evaporat$ into ?9 air2 b ! o!r1 be+ ( a gross] nature1 & )al m ess5tial to ! sy/em itself1 settl$ to ! bottom1 & is n[ r>ely visible1 except :5 ! h& ( controv]sy %akes up ! s$im5t4 ,! doctr9e ( univ]sal atonem5t1 h[ev]1 0 reta9$1 & ! !ological vocabul>y 0 n only reta9$1 b enl>g$ & improv$4 ,s t f t day to ?is1 we he> b little ( ! doctr9e ( reprobation1 or ( ! decrees ( ,god1 b mu* is said ( ,god's elect+ love1 8 ,div9e sov]eignty1 & graci\s purposes4 ,by :i* is meant1 accord+ to ! gloss>y1 ! doctr9e ( unconditional election & reprobation1 & ( absolute pr$e/9ation4 ,! scriptures1 also1 :i* us$ to be quot$ to prove ! direct effici5cy ( ,god1 9 produc+ s9 & secur+ ! condemnation ( ! reprobate1 receive a diff]5t explanation1 v>y+ b little1 if any1 f ! ,arm9ian int]pretation ( ^? passages4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 ,i ?9k1 b !re has be5 q a *ange 9 ! views ( ! great body ( ! ,calv9i/s--& yet n s great & s ?or\gh a *ange z appe>ances & t]ms might at fir/ view seem to indicate4 ,x is n easy to eradicate old prejudices4 ,& x is (t5 f\nd t ! m9d w cl+ to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a fav\rite sy/em1 ev5 aft] ! o!r p>ts are s modifi$ z t ! new pr9ciples w\ld supplant ! old1 if suff]$ to be c>ri$ out into a consi/5t :ole4 ,9 e su* case1 mu* lab\r & argum5t w be sp5t 9 try+ to unite ! old ) ! new2 b 9 e in/ance ! r5t becomes worse4 ,?is leads to a k9d ( vacillat+ policy1 & an ambigu\s c\rse ( argum5t1 accompani$ ) reit]at$ compla9ts1 t ! oppos]s ( ! sy/em misund]/& & misrepres5t x4 ,& x w\ld be no wond] if ! con/ant friction 9 ! incongru\s ma*9]y %\ld *afe ! m9d1 & lead to a dogmatic & an impati5t _s4 ,h[ f> ?is corresponds ) ! exi/+ facts1 9 ! ,calv9i/ic controv]sy1 o!rs c judge4 ,9 my own view1 ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case1 connect$ ) ! kn[n "* ( ! human m9d1 fully acc\nt = ! app>5t t]giv]sation & *ang+ ( argum5t1 9 ?is controv]sy1 )\t crim9at+ ! motives ( our pr$e/9>ian bre?r51 z "s h unju/ly accus$ me ( do+4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sy/em h lo/1 9 a measure1 _! orig9al aff9ities1 & yet !y h "s p>tial & irregul> attractions1 :i* lead !m to unite 9 unnatural & grotesque =ms4 ,& z !re is no common cons5t & settl$ mode ( op]at+ among ! _m :o are exp]im5t+ ^u ! mat]ials1 !re are v>i\s sectional & individual =mations1 :i* are inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,& _! incongruity is ! m app>5t f ! unanim\s ef=t 7:i* ,i believe is ! only "w ( union 9 ! class7 to amalgamate ea* & e v>iety ) ! old sub/ratum ( ! sy/em1--,god =eorda9s :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,! completion ( ?is hi/orical sket*1 toge!r ) a view ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,calv9i/ic p>ties1 may be expect$ 9 ! next numb]4 ,aft] :i* x is propos$ to proce$ to an exam9ation ( ! doctr9es 9 dispute4 ,,numb] ,v4 ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,"o modification ( ,calv9ism rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,x is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,! !ological doctors connect$ ) ,yale college are ! reput$ au?ors ( ?is sy/em4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! t5d5cy ( ! ,calv9i/ic !ory has be5 9 ?is direction = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! ,new ,div9ity1 s al>m+ to "s ( ! ,calv9i/s1 is only ! ripe fruits ( ! v plants :i* !y h long cultivat$ ) assidu\s c>e4 ,& :y %\ld !y />t back at results :i* !y h long lab\r$ to produce8 ,?is !ory1 9 ! fir/ place1 is an attempt to make ! doctr9e1 & ! te*nical t]ms allud$ to1 co9cide4 ,9 ! second place1 x is design$1 by a new philosophy ( pr$e/9ation1 to get rid ( ! logical consequ5ces t h always press$ heavily ^u ! old sy/em4 ,f9ally1 x is a device to reconcile ! doctr9e ( depravity ) ! =m] curr5t s5tim5t1 t man has natural ability to conv]t himself & get to heav5 )\t grace4 ,! two pill>s ( ! new sy/em are1 #a4 ,s9 is n a propagat$ prop]ty ( ! human s\l1 b consi/s :olly 9 moral ex]cise4 #b4 ,s9 is n ! necess>y means ( ! greate/ good2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,s9 is n pref]able to hol9ess 9 its /ead4 ,! ,calv9i/ic oppos]s ( ?is !ory tell u t ^! s5tim5ts h be5 held & taught to "s ext5t = ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,!y 7 m fully & m op5ly ann\nc$1 h[ev]1 by ,dr4 ,taylor1 ( ! !ological s*ool belong+ to ,yale ,college1 9 a concio ad cl]um prea*$ ,sept4 #aj?1 #ahbh4 ,f ! "t ( ! publication ( ?is s]mon ! al>m has be5 s\nd$1 & ! controv]sy has be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! oppos]s ( ! new doctr9e call x h]esy2 & 9 a late publication !y seem to intimate t ,dr4 ,t4 & 8 associates are ne>ly if n q z h]etical z ! au?or ( ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation & election4 ,! doctor & 8 fri5ds1 on ! o!r h&1 /r5u\sly ma9ta9 t !y are or?odox2 & to prove x1 !y repeat1 aga9 & aga91 ,we believe t ,god did1 = 8 own glory1 =eorda9 :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,spectator1 an ably conduct$ qu>t]ly j\rnal1 is devot$ *iefly to ! def5ce ( ?is !ory1 aid$ by ! ,new-,york ,evangeli/1 & sev]al o!r m9or p]iodicals1 & by a v respectable body ( ! cl]gy4 ,:at proportion1 h[ev]1 h embrac$ ?is sy/em is n kn[n2 b _m1 bo? 9 & out ( ,connecticut1 h esp\s$ ! cause ) great zeal4 ,! conte/ waxes w>m] ea* ye>4 ,aga9/ ! !ory1 ,dr4 ,woods1 ( ! ,&ov] !ological sem9>y1 ,dr4 ,griff91 ( ,williams college1 ,dr4 ,tyl]1 ( ,portl&1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h]vey1 ( ,connecticut1 & sev]al o!rs h ent]$ ! li/s ( controv]sy2 & la/ ( all1 a pamphlet1 suppos$ to be ! jo9t lab\r ( a numb] ( cl]gym51 has be5 publi%$1 9 :i* ! ,new ,div9ity is d5\nc$ z h]esy1 a =mal sep>ation ( ! ,*ur*es is pr$ict$1 & a )drawal ( patronage f ,yale college is ?reat5$ on ! gr\nd t ,yale w become 9 ,connecticut :at ,h>v>d is 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,x is unc]ta91 h[ev]1 :e!r ^? ultra measures w be respond$ to by ! great body ( ! cl]gy 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,!re is a p>ty :i* /ill adh]es to ! old--,i may say1 p]haps1 to ! olde/ modification ( ,calv9ism 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is p>ty are = ma9ta9+ ! old l&m>ks at all haz>ds1 rightly judg+ t ^! palliations & explanations ( ! sy/em w ultimate 9 its de/ruction4 ,!y are n num]\s1 b /ill respectable z to numb]s & tal5ts4 ,!y are su/a9$ 9 ,bo/on by ! ,bo/on ,telegraph1 s call$1 a weekly p]iodical1 :i* does n hesitate to g ! :ole l5g?--logical consequ5ces & all4 ,witness ! foll[+ quotation f a review ( my s]mon1 9 ! numb] = ,jan4 #bc;d4 ,speak+ ( ! *>ge 9 ! s]mon1 t ,calv9ism makes ,god ! au?or ( s91 ! writ] says3--,! ^w au?or is sometimes us$ to mean effici5t cause4 ,n[ ,i am will+ to admit t ^? scriptures :i* tea* t ,god has decre$ ! s9ful conduct ( m51 d imply t he is ! effici5t cause ( moral evil4 ,= 8 own glory & ! greate/ good he said1 ,let !re be s91 & !re 0 s9666 ,! foll[+ is ano!r specim5 ( ,calv9ism f ! same p]iodical4 ,if any man affirms t man really *ooses1 & t 8 acts ( w are caus$ by 8 own free1 volunt>y1 & effici5t m9d1 !n he is no ,calv9i/4 ,9 ?is la/ quotation1 z well z 9 ! prec$+1 !re is ! mo/ direct opposition to ,dr4 ,taylor1 s9ce he ma9ta9s1 if ,i und]/& him1 t man's is an indep5d5t ag5cy--t ! human m9d is ! orig9ator ( ?\ght & volition4 ,?us are ^! two bran*es ( ! ,calv9i/ic family directly at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! ,telegraph & its support]s are n only at v>iance ) ! newe/ div9ity1 b ) all ! diff]5t degrees ( new1 new]1 newe/1 & d5\nce !m all z h]esy4 ,! pres5t advocates ( pr$e/9ation & p>ticul> election may be divid$ into f\r classes3--#a4 ,! old s*ool ,calv9i/s4 #b4 ,hopk9sians4 #c4 ,re=m$ ,hopk9sians4 #d4 ,advocates ( ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,by ! re=m$ ,hopk9sians ,i mean ^? :o h left out ( _! cre$ ,dr4 ,hopk9s' doctr9e ( dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce1 ,div9e effici5cy 9 produc+ s91 c1 & yet hold to a g5]al atonem5t1 natural ability1 c4 ,^! con/itute1 d\btless1 ! l>ge/ division 9 ! class 9 ,new-,engl&4 ,next1 z to numb]s1 probably1 are ! new s*ool1 !n ,hopk9sians1 & la/1 ! old s*ool4 ,^! subdivisions d\btless run into ea* o!r 9 v>i\s comb9ations2 b ! outl9es ( ^! f\r sub-classes are1 ,i ?9k1 di/9ctly m>k$4 ,! prec$+ sket* has be5 conf9$ mo/ly to ! !ological *anges 9 ,new-,engl&2 b x w apply1 to a consid]able ext5t1 to o!r p>ts ( ! nation4 ,! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 by reason ( its ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 is m consolidat$1 & ( c\rse less liable to *ange ?an ! indep5d5t ,congregational ,*ur*es ( ! ea/]n /ates4 ,b ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* has felt ! *anges ( ! ea/1 & is com+ m & m "u _! influ5ce4 ,x is n[ a numb] ( ye>s s9ce ! triangle1 z x 0 call$1 0 publi%$ 9 ,new-,york4 ,?is 0 a mo/ sev]e & witty allegory1 aga9/ ! dogmas & bigotry ( old ,calv9ism4 ,f ?is "w ?is old !ory has obta9$ ! epi!t ( triangul>4 ,:5ev] a man advocates ! doctr9e ( limit$ atonem5t1 imput$ s91 & imput$ righte\sness1 he is said to be triangul>4 ,^! old triangul> notions are giv+ place v rapidly to mod]n improvem5ts4 ,& al?\gh ! mo/ /r5u\s opposition has be5 made 9 ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 9 diff]5t publications1 & else:]e1 yet ! votes 9 ! la/ ,g5]al ,assembly %[1 ,i ?9k1 t ! :ole ,*ur* is yield+ h]self up to ! resi/less m>* ( innovation4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! /ate ( ,new-,york is n emphatically ! /rong hold ( ! ,new ,div9ity1 s f> z popul> s5tim5t is conc]n$2 & :e!r1 inde$1 ) ! exception ( ,new-,hav51 !re is n ! greate/ moral influ5ce enli/$ !re1 = ! propagation ( ! new !ory4 ,?us h ,i endeav\r$ to glance ov] ! v>i\s modifications & pres5t *>act]i/ics ( t mode ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es call$ ,calv9ism4 ,"h a few sugge/ions pres5t !mselves1 :i*1 f _! relation to ! pres5t controv]sy1 ,i w n[ set d[n4 ,x seems s+ul> t1 diff]+ z !y pr(ess to1 s mat]ially1 on _m po9ts1 ea* individual ( ea* sub-class %\ld feel himself injur$ :5ev] ,calv9ism1 "u ?is common "n1 is oppos$ 9 any ( its features4 ,! s]mon on pr$e/9ation 0 aga9/ ,calv9ism1 & lo6 all p>ties rise up aga9/ ! s]mon4 ,& yet1 :e!r x object to ,calv9i/ic policy or to ,calv9i/ic doctr9e1 ! diff]5t p>ties accuse _! oppon5ts ( be+ guilty ( ! *>ge1 b !y !mselves are cle>4 ,i _c ?9k ( a s+le important position assum$ by ! s]mon aga9/ pr$e/9ation & election1 :i* is n su/a9$ by ,calv9i/s !mselves 9 opposition to "s ( _! bre?r52 nor yet ( a s+le *>ge aga9/ _! policy1 = _! *anges & ambigu\s me?ods ( /at+ & def5d+ _! doctr9es1 :i* has n be5 reit]at$ by pr(ess$ ,calv9i/s !mselves aga9/ _! bre?r54 ,?us ! s]mon is su/a9$ by ! ,calv9i/s !mselves1 & yet !y all condemn x6 ,if "s ,calv9i/s ?9k t ! objections ( ! s]mon lie aga9/ "s modifications ( _! sy/em1 is x n possible t ^! objections h a m g5]al application ?an any ( !m seem will+ to ackn[l$ge8 ,= example3 x is object$ to pr$e/9ation t x makes ,god ! au?or ( s91 de/roys free ag5cy1 arrays ,god's decrees aga9/ 8 reveal$ ^w1 m>s 8 moral attributes1 puts an excuse into ! m\? ( ! imp5it5t s9n]1 implies unconditional reprobation1 makes ,god p>tial & a respect] ( p]sons1 necess>ily limits ! atonem5t1 c4 ,^! *>ges1 say ! ,calv9i/s1 are v unju/1 ung5]\s--9 fact1 !y be> false witness aga9/ our neighb\rs4 ,?is is said by ,mr4 ,metcalf1 & by o!rs ( ! ,new-,hav5 s*ool4 ,& yet :at says ! ,spectator1 ! organ & oracle ( t s*ool8 ,x says ( ,dr4 ,tyl]1 & ( o!rs :o oppose ! peculi> views ( ,dr4 ,taylor1 compris+1 z we h se51 ! great majority ( ,calv9i/s1 t _! views limit ,god 9 p[] & goodness--make ! wor/ k9d ( moral action ! be/--if c>ri$ out 9 _! legitimate consequ5ces1 w\ld lead to univ]salism1 to infidelity1 to a!ism--!y conf\nd "r & wrong1 & subv]t all moral di/9ctions--accord+ to ^! views1 mank9d are b\nd to believe t !y %all please & glorify ,god m by s9 ?an by ob$i5ce1 & !re=e to act accord+ly--no?+ worse c be imput$ to ! wor/ ( m5 ?an ?is !ory imputes to ,god666#d ,has ! au?or ( ! s]mon said m ?an ?is1 & worse ?an ?is1 ( ,calv9ism8 ,& %all he be accus$ by ^! v m5 ( be>+ false witness aga9/ 8 bre?r58 ,& let x be obs]v$ f>!r1 9 ju/ification ( ! s]mon1 t ^! *>ges 9 ! ,spectator are made by m5 :o h be5 br\ght up at ! feet ( ! ,calv9i/ic doctors1 & h !mselves gr[n up to ! "* & rank ( doctors 9 !ology4 ,!y "k ! sy/em ?or\ghly2 !y h made x ! /udy ( _! lives1 & h !y te/ifi$ to ! tru? respect+ ?is !ory8 ,s !n has ! au?or ( ! s]mon4 ,su* is ! te/imony on ! "o side2 & on ! o!r we h decid$ pr$e/9>ians ackn[l$g+1 z an article ( _! cre$1 :at 9 ! s]mon 0 urg$ z only a logical consequ5ce4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 says ! s]mon1 ! fiat ( ,god br\ght =? s9 z c]ta9ly z x made ! _w4 ,he> ! ,bo/on ,telegraph3--,god1 = 8 own glory & = ! good ( ! _w1 said1 ,let !re be s91 & !re 0 s96 ,n[ ,i beg ! read] to look at ?is subject = a mom5t4 ,= brevity's sake we w call ! ,bo/on ,telegraph & its support]s ,no4 #a2 ! ,&ov] !ological sem9>y & its support]s1 :i* con/itute by f> ! l>g] body ( pr$e/9>ians 9 ,new-,engl&1 ,no4 #b2 & ! ,new-,hav5 div9es & _! support]s ,no4 #c4 ,! s]mon *>ges pr$e/9ation ) mak+ ,god ! au?or ( s94 ,no4 #b says ?is is false3 ,i nei!r believe x1 nor is x to be inf]r$ f my premises4 ,x is true1 says ,no4 #a3 ,i am will+ to admit t ,god is ! effici5t cause ( s94 ,he said1 ,let !re be s91 & !re 0 s94 ,x is true1 responds ,no #c1 t all :o hold & expla9 pr$e/9ation z ,nos4 #a & #b expla9 x1 are expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! objections 9 ! s]mon--aga9/ su* views ! argum5ts ( ! s]mon are unansw]able4 ,no4 #b1 9 v9dication1 says t ,no4 #a is on ! old plan--v few hold ) him 9 ^! days4 ,& z = ,no4 #c1 he is already a rank ,arm9ian2 & if he w\ld be consi/5t1 he mu/ give up unconditional election1 & embrace ! :ole ,arm9ian !ory4 ,?us d !y de/roy ea* o!r1 & confirm ! doctr9e ( ! s]mon4 ,& %all we /ill be told t we d n und]/& ?is doctr9e8 ,h anti-pr$e/9>ians misund]/ood ?is f ,john ,calv9's day to ! pres5t8 ,does hone/ ,no4 #a misund]/& x8 ,does well in/ruct$ ,no4 #c misund]/& x8 ,:at !n is ,calv9ism1 t _c1 ?r\gh ! lapse ( c5turies1 make itself und]/ood ei!r by fri5d or foe8 ,is n ?is1 ( itself1 a suspici\s trait 9 its "*8 ,let u quote a ,calv9i/ic writ]1 ^: s5tim5ts are mu* 9 po9t1 ?\gh aim$ at ! ,new ,div9ity3--,x is a s]i\s gr\nd ( suspicion1 says ?is writ]1 t ,dr4 ,taylor has fail$1 accord+ to 8 own repeat$ decl>ations1 to r5d] 8 speculations intelligible to o!rs4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t a man ( s5se1 :o is acqua9t$ ) ! p[] ( language1 c1 if he is dispos$1 make himself und]/ood4 ,"s ( ! mo/ intellig5t m5 9 ! c\ntry h utt]ly fail$ to compass ,dr4 ,t4's mean+ 9 argum5t3 s t he decl>es aga9 & aga91 ,i am n und]/ood--,i am misrepres5t$4 ,:o "u su* circum/ances c refra9 f suspicion8 ,ano!r suspici\s circum/ance 9 ! case is1 t ,dr4 ,taylor expresses himself 9 ambigu\s t]ms & phrases1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are design$ to influ5ce ! m9d ( a read]1 af=d him ! opportunity to avoid responsibility4 ,see pamphlet by ,edw>dian1 pp4 #bh & #bi4 ,if ?is is ju/ly said ( ,dr4 ,taylor's rec5t !ory1 :at %all we say ( a sy/em ! advocates ( :i*1 accord+ to _! repeat$ decl>ations1 h n be5 able to r5d] _! speculations intelligible1 aft] ! !ory has _h exhau/$ ^u x ! highly cultivat$ intellects ( ho/s ( expositors ?r\gh successive g5]ations8 ,:o1 "u su* circum/ances1 c refra9 f suspicion8 especially s9ce ^! advocates h le>n$ to express !mselves 9 ambigu\s t]ms & phrases :i*1 ?\gh !y are design$ to influ5ce ! m9d ( a read]1 af=d !m an opportunity to avoid responsibility4 ,to ,calv9ism x may truly be said1 ,out ( ?9e own m\? w ,i judge !e4 ,let n ! au?or ( ! s]mon !n be accus$ ( be>+ false witness1 :5 8 te/imony is pr$icat$ on pr9ciples :i* ,calv9i/s h laid d[n1 & is also corroborat$ by m5 ( _! own class4 ,w x be said1 ,all ?is is n argum5t4 ,i answ]1 ,! s]mon1 x is suppos$1 conta9s argum5ts--argum5ts :i* pr(ess$ pr$e/9>ians !mselves tell u are unansw]able aga9/ ! prevail+ modes ( /at+ & expla9+ ! doctr9e4 ,n[ let !m be answ]$1 if !y c be4 ,let !m be answ]$1 n by giv+ up pr$e/9ation1 9 ! ,calv9i/ic s5se1 & /ill pr(ess+ to hold x--n by attempt+ to avoid ! logical consequ5ces1 by giv+ ! sy/em ! ?\s&? explanation1 :5 ! n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e already giv5 h made x no pla9]1 nor evad$ at all ! j consequ5ces1 s (t5 *>g$ ^u x2 & :5 ^! are answ]$1 x w !n be "t en\gh to call = new argum5ts4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! way1 z ,i hope1 by ! prec$+ numb]s1 = ! prop] und]/&+ ( ! controv]sy2 & hav+1 by ! rem>ks j made1 attempt$ 7) :at success ! read] mu/ judge7 to repel ! *>ges ( misrepres5tation & be>+ false witness1 made aga9/ me1 z ! au?or ( ! s]mon :i* gave rise to ! controv]sy1 ,i am n[ prep>$1 9 my next numb] to comm5ce an exam9ation ( "s ( ! que/ions ( doctr9e1 connect$ ) ?is discussion4 ,9 do+ :i*1 my object w be1 to let ,greek ) ,greek cont5d s f> z to %[1 if possible1 ! inconsi/5cy ( bo?1 & !n pres5t ! doctr9e :i* we believe to be ! true sy/em1 & %[ h[ x /&s unt\*$ by ! conflict+ elem5ts ar\nd x z ! immovable f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,i %all beg9 ) ! ,div9e purposes includ+ =ekn[l$ge2 !n take up human ag5cy & responsibility2 & la/1 reg5]ation1 connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( human depravity1 ,div9e & human ag5cy1 c4 ,may ,he t said1 ,let light be1 & light 01 %9e 9 our he>ts1 to give ! light ( ! k ( ! glory ( ,god1 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,numb] ,,vi4 ,,pr$e/9ation4 ,def9itions are ! f\ndations ( reason+4 ,h5ce 9 any reply to my s]mon on pr$e/9ation & election x 0 natural & fair t ! fir/ inquiry %\ld be1 ,are ! def9itions correct8 ,! def9ition ( pr$e/9ation assum$ 9 ! s]mon 01 t unalt]able purpose & effici5t decree ( ,god1 by :i* ! moral "* & responsible acts ( man 7 def9itely fix$ & effici5tly produc$4 ,on ?is po9t ! s]mon jo9$ issue4 ,to ?is def9ition mo/ ( ! notices & reviews1 to ! numb] ( six or sev51 :i* ,i h se51 h tak5 exceptions4 ,! review 9 ! ,bo/on ,telegraph1 h[ev]1 is n ( ?is numb]4--,t1 z has already be5 notic$1 agrees ) ! *>ge 9 ! s]mon1 t ! fiat ( ,god br\ght =? s9 z directly z x made ! _w4 ,we h only to leave ^? ,calv9i/s1 :o accord to t s5tim5t1 to /ruggle1 z !y c1 aga9/ ! argum5ts ( ! s]mon--aga9/ ! common s5se ( ! _w--aga9/ _! own convictions ( "r & wrong--&1 ,i may add1 aga9/ _! own bre?r5 ( ! class1 "s ( :om h already publicly d5\nc$ ! s5tim5t z horrid blasphemy4 ,at ?is day ( light1 9 :i* nak$ ,calv9ism is abhorr$ by mo/ ( ^? :o be> ! "n ( ,calv9i/s1 x is h>dly necess>y to give a =mal answ] to su* a review4 ,we approve ( ! logical consi/5cy ( ^! m5--we admire ! moral c\rage t1 f assum$ premises1 pu%es out a !ory to its legitimate results )\t fl9*+2 b we are a/oni%$ at ! moral n]ve t c contemplate su* results ) complac5cy4 ,= myself ,i confess :5 ,i see ?is nak$ sy/em ( ,calv9ism fulm9at+ ! curse ( reprobation 9 ! tee? ( ! mis]able wret* ^: only crime is1 t 8 ,god has made him a s9n]1 my he>t recoils ) indescribable horror6 ,let him contemplate ?is picture :o c4 ,i covet n 8 head or 8 he>t4 ,( o!rs :o h express$ _! views ( ! s]mon !re are two classes3 #a4 ,! conductors ( ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator & ^? :o fav\r _! views2 & #b4 ,^? :o 9 a =m] numb] 7 call$ ,re=m$ ,hopk9sians4 ,! latt] compreh5d ! l>g] portion ( ,calv9i/s 9 ,new-,engl&1 & probably 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! views on pr$e/9ation %all be notic$ 9 ano!r numb]4 ,at pres5t ,i %all direct my rem>ks to ! lett]s ( ,mr4 ,metcalf & to ! fir/ & second notices ( ! s]mon 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator4 ,& "h let me say1 once = all1 t ,i d n consid] ei!r ( ^! g5tlem51 or any :o ?9k ) !m1 responsible = ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation z /at$ & oppos$ 9 ! s]mon4 ,?is ,i hope w be satisfactory4 ,if ^! g5tlem5 %\ld ask me :y ,i publi%$ my s]mon 9 t]ms t includ$ ,calv9i/s g5]ally1 )\t mak+ ! exception 9 _! fav\r1 ,i answ]1 #a4 ,! views ( ,dr4 ,taylor & ^? :o believe ) him1 on ?is p>ticul> po9t1 7 unkn[n to me at ! "t4 ,nor is ?is /range1 = x is b lately t ^? views h be5 fully develop$--nev] s fully be=e1 probably1 z 9 ,dr4 ,fit*'s review ( my s]mon1 already allud$ to4 #b4 ,x nev] occurr$ to me t any man or any set ( m5 hold+1 9 respect to pr$e/9ation1 ! doctr9e ( ,james ,arm9ius1 ,john ,wesley1 & ! :ole body ( ,me?odi/s1 w\ld call !mselves ,calv9i/s66 ,?is is all ! apology ,i h1 & :e!r or n x is suffici5t1 ! public mu/ judge4 ,by ackn[l$g+ ! views ( ^! g5tlem5 to be ,me?odi/ical on ! subject ( pr$e/9ation1 ,i by no means w\ld be und]/ood to say ?is ( _! sy/em z a :ole--! objectionable p>ts w be notic$ 9 _! place4 ,b :atev] is true is none ! less s = be+ mix$ ) error4 ,!re are "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 to be regrett$ & expos$ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ^! review]s h express$ _! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 & also 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y h oppos$ ! s]mon & ,arm9ianism g5]ally4 ,!y compla9 ( my def9ition ( pr$e/9ation4 ,mr4 ,m4 ?9ks x is be>+ false witness4 ,! review] ?9ks x is obvi\sly errone\s & unju/4 ,& yet !y !mselves ackn[l$ge t ! s]mon is an unansw]able refutation ( pr$e/9ation z held by ,dr4 ,tyl] & o!rs :o oppose _! views4 ,b :at is a matt] ( ! greate/ surprise is ! det]m9ation ) :i* ^! g5tlem5 p]si/ 9 hold+ up ! idea t _! views ess5tially diff] f ours4 ,dr4 ,fit*1 9 8 answ] to my reply1 says3-- ,!re are ?ree views1 & only ?ree1 :i* c be tak5 ( ! ,div9e purposes 9 relation to a moral k+dom3-- #a4 ,t ,god1 =esee+ ! c]ta9ty ( ! conduct ( 8 creatures1 purposes m]ely to treat !m 9 a correspond+ mann]4 #b4 ,t he1 fir/ ( all1 resolves :at ! conduct ( 8 creatures %all be1 & next resolves on su* measures z %all br+ !m to t conduct4 #c4 ,t1 =esee+ ! conduct :i* w c]ta9ly ensue on ! diff]5t measures x is possible = him to take1 he purposes to pursue ^? measures :i* w c]ta9ly lead to ! be/ possible results4 ,! fir/ view is t :i* we und]/ood to be advocat$ by ,dr4 ,fisk1 9 ! s]mon we review$4 ,! writ] goes on f>!r to say t 8 objection to ?is is1 t x is utt]ly defici5t--t x passes ov] 9 sil5ce all ^? acts ( ,god 9 creation & gov]nm5t by :i* he det]m9es "*4 ,( c\rse he means to say t ! s]mon advocat$ a !ory :i* left out ( ! "q all ! ,div9e influ5ce 9 det]m9+ "*4 ,h[ /rangely he has misund]/ood ! s]mon1 let ^? judge :o h read x4 ,x tea*es t ,god ha? fix$ ! laws ( ! physical & moral _w3 t he has a g5]al plan1 suit$ to all ! v>i\s circum/ances & cont+5cies ( gov]nm5t2 t ,god gives ! s9n] p[] to *oose life2 t 8 grace enlight5s & /r5g!ns ! s9n] to seek aft] & obta9 salvation4 ,9 %ort1 x mu/ be obvi\s t no man :o believes 9 ! ,div9e gov]nm5t & 9 ,gospel provisions c leave ?is influ5ce out ( 8 sy/em4 ,i w !re=e v5ture ^u ! foll[+ decl>ation1 :i* x is presum$ ,dr4 ,fit* _c ga9say1 namely1 ,dr4 ,f4 nev] saw a man & nev] he>d ( a man t 0 a believ] 9 revelation1 :o left out ( 8 cre$ all t conduct 9 ,god :i* det]m9es "*4 ,t su* 0 n ! "* ( my cre$1 ! review] might h le>n$ 9 my reply to 8 fir/ review1 if he c\ld n f ! s]mon4 ,9 ! reply x is said1 ,z ,god =esaw m5 w\ld s91 he also det]m9$ ^u ! plan he w\ld pursue 9 ref]5ce to !m z s9n]s1 & arrang$ 9 ! c\nsels ( 8 own inf9ite m9d ! ext5d$ concat5ation ( causes & effects s z to 'make ! wra? ( man praise him1' & d$uce ! greate/ possible good f ! be/ possible sy/em4--,& yet1 /range to tell1 9 8 answ] to my reply1 ! review] says z decid$ly z if x 7 an undisput$ tru?1 ,dr4 ,fisk advocates ! fir/1 7mean+ ! fir/ view ( ! ,div9e purposes giv5 above47 ,we br\ght =w>d ! ?ird1 7mean+ ! ?ird view47 ,n[ s9ce ! ?ird upholds ! fact ( =eord9ation1 free f ! objections ( ,dr4 ,f41 we h succe$$ 9 uphold+ ! fact :i* ,dr4 ,f41 z an ,arm9ian1 d5ies1 & :i* ,calv9i/s ma9ta94 ,:]eas he ought to h said1 = he _h my /atem5t = x directly be=e him1 ,dr4 ,fisk advocates ! ?ird1 & !n he might h add$1 ,n[ s9ce ! ?ird de/roys ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( =eord9ation1 !re=e 9 assi/+ ,dr4 ,fisk to su/a9 ! ?ird we h succe$$ 9 disprov+ ! doctr9e ( =eord9ation1 :i* ,arm9ians d5y1 & ,calv9i/s h attempt$ to ma9ta94 ,9 fact1 z ! review] says1 !re c be b ^? ?ree views tak5 ( ! ,div9e purposes2 & s9ce nei!r ,i nor any o!r ,arm9ian ev] believ$ 9 ! fir/1 & z ,dr4 ,fit* himself ackn[l$ges we are directly oppos$ to ! second1 x foll[s t we mu/ believe ! ?ird4 ,b ! ?ird is ! review]'s cre$3 !re=e on ?is po9t he is an ,arm9ian1 or we are ,calv9i/s4 ,t ! review]'s !ory on pr$e/9ation is ab\t ! same ) ! ,me?odi/s' appe>s evid5t f ! foll[+ quotations f ,mr4 ,wesley1 9 :i* x w be se5 t n only does ,mr4 ,wesley's cre$ include all ! ,div9e influ5ce t goes to det]m9e "*1 b also t ,god pursues measures :i* w c]ta9ly lead to ! be/ possible results2 nay1 t he does all t he wisely c to exclude s9 f ! moral univ]se4 ,^! are po9ts = :i* ! advocates ( ! ,new-,hav5 !ory /rongly cont5d4 ,let !m see1 !n1 h[ 9 ?is matt] !y h id5tifi$ !mselves ) ,arm9ians4 ,to ,god1 says ,mr4 ,wesley1 9 8 s]mon on ,div9e provid5ce1 all ?+s are possible2 & we _c d\bt ( 8 ex]t+ all 8 p[]1 z 9 su/a9+ s 9 gov]n+ all t he has made4 ,only he t c d all ?+s else _c d5y himself--he _c c\nt]act himself or oppose 8 own "w4 ,7 x n = ?is1 he w\ld de/roy all s91 ) its att5dant pa91 9 a mom5t4 ,b 9 s do+ he w\ld c\nt]act himself1 & undo all t he has be5 do+ s9ce he creat$ man ^u ! e>?4 ,= he creat$ man 9 8 own image--a _s endu$ ) und]/&+1 ) w or affections1 & lib]ty1 )\t :i* he w\ld h be5 incapable ( ei!r virtue or vice4 ,he c\ld n be a moral ag5t1 any m ?an a tree or a /one4 ,!re=e 7) rev]5ce be x spok57 ! ,almighty himself _c d ?is ?+4 ,he _c ?us contradict himself or undo :at he has done4 ,b 7 he to d ?is1 x w\ld imply no wisdom at all1 b b>ely a /roke ( omnipot5ce4 ,:]eas all ! manifold wisdom ( ,god 7z well z all 8 p[] & goodness7 is display$ 9 gov]n+ man z man--z an intellig5t & free _s1 capable ( *oos+ ei!r good or evil4 ,aga94 ,9 ! s]mon entitl$1 ,! ,wisdom ( ,god's ,c\nsels3 ,9 ! moral _w evil m5 & evil spirits cont9ually oppose ! ,div9e w1 & create numb]less irregul>ities4 ,"h !re=e is full scope = ! ex]cise ( all ! ri*es bo? ( ! wisdom & k ( ,god 9 c\nt]act+ all ! wick$ness & folly ( m5 & all ! subtlety ( ,satan1 to c>ry on 8 glori\s design1 ! salvation ( lo/ mank9d4 ,n[ let me ask ! review]1 is ?is leav+ out all ! ,div9e influ5ce t det]m9es "*8 ,is n ?is ma9ta9+ t1 9 view ( ! measures t x 0 possible tor ,god to take1 he purposes to pursue ^? measures t w c]ta9ly lead to ! be/ possible result8 ,is ,dr4 ,fit* ignorant ( :at ,me?odi/s hold to8 or is he unwill+ to id5tify himself ) u8 ,ignorant ( my views he c\ld n be1 ,i ?9k1 aft] read+ my reply4--,:y1 !n1 does he p]si/ 9 talk+ ( a diff]5ce :]e !re is none8 ,mr4 ,metcalf has tak5 a m correct view ( ! subject4 ,aft] read+ my reply1 he says1 if y w prea* ?is doctr9e to y\r ,me?odi/ bre?r5 ?or\ghly & =cibly1 & su/a9 x ) ! /rong argum5ts on :i* ! doctr9e re/s1 if !y d n call x ,calv9ism1 ,i w ackn[l$ge !y d n und]/& ! t]m z ,i d4 ,& if y w prea* 9 ! same way to ,calv9i/s1 if !y too d n call x ,calv9ism1 ,i w grant t ev5 !y too sometimes diff] ab\t t]ms4 ,if y w take ?is c\rse1 ,i ?9k :5 y %all see :at ! doctr9e w be call$1 ! a/oni%m5t y express t x %\ld be reg>d$ z ,calv9ism w we> away4 ,n[ h[ surpris$ ,mr4 ,m4 w be :5 he le>ns t we h always prea*$ ?is doctr9e z ?or\ghly & =cibly z we c\ld1 & nei!r ,me?odi/s nor ,calv9i/s ev] suspect$ x 0 ,calv9ism until he & ^? :o believe ) him incorporat$ x into _! cre$1 & = "s reason unkn[n to u1 call$ x ,calv9ism6 ,& h[ surpris$ we all are to f9d t he :o 0 s anxi\s to be he>d 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,advocate & ,j\rnal1 = ! purpose ( in=m+ ,me?odi/s :at ,calv9ism 01 & ( disabus+ _! m9ds ( errone\s conceptions on ?is subject1 himself und]/&s nei!r ,me?odism nor ,calv9ism66 ,yet s x is1 ,calv9i/s !mselves be+ judges4 ,dr4 ,tyl]1 ,dr4 ,griff91 ,dr4 ,woods1 ! au?or ( ,views 9 ,!ology1 ! au?or or au?ors ( ! pamphlet by an ,edw>dian1 all condemn ! ,new-,hav5 !ory ( pr$e/9ation z anti-,calv9i/ic1 & z be+ ess5tially ,arm9ian4 ,dr4 ,fit* ackn[l$ges t we agree 9 "s ( ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,9 reply to my answ] he says1 ,x 0 c]ta9ly our int5tion to place ?is conte/$ doctr9e on gr\nds :i* our ,wesleyan bre?r5 c\ld n dispute1 & x gives u pleasure to f9d t 9 ?is we h _h complete success6 ,!re are two ?+s a little rem>kable connect$ ) ?is s5tim5t4 ,"o is1 t ! writ] %\ld s express himself z to convey ! idea t he has trac$ up ! subject to fir/ pr9ciples ) mu* c>e1 &1 to 8 great satisfaction1 has succe$$ 9 conv9c+ u ( ! correctness ( 8 premises4 ,:]eas x is evid5t f ! passages already giv5 f ,mr4 ,wesley1 & f ! univ]sal s5tim5ts ( ! ,wesleyan ,me?odi/s1 t ! ,new-,hav5 doctors h at l5g? come on to our gr\nd2 & x gives u great pleasure to f9d t1 f "s s\rce1 argum5ts 9 fav\r ( our sy/em h ) !m met ) complete success4 ,! o!r ?+ t /rikes me z rem>kable is1 t aft] ! review] _h ackn[l$g$ t we 7 agre$ 9 ^! fir/ pr9ciples1 he %\ld imm$iately g on to say1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 t ,i & ! ,arm9ians hold to ! fir/ view he has giv5 ( ! ?ree possible views t might be tak5 ( pr$e/9ation1 & d5y ! ?ird2 :5 at ! same "t ! ?ird conta9s ^? v fir/ pr9ciples 9 :i* he says we are agre$4 ,?is looks s mu* l a contradiction1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 t ,i really "k n :at o!r "n to give x4 ,if ^! g5tlem5 are dispos$ to come into ! =tress ( tru?1 & assi/ u 9 mann+ our guns & work+ our artill]y aga9/ error1 we c]ta9ly c h no objection4 ,we are fond ( help4 ,b !y mu/ p>don u if we revolt a little at ! idea ( _! tak+ ! lead 9 ?is bus9ess1 & acc\nt+ u z m]e novices :o h only le>n$1 & t too f !mselves1 "s ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples4 ,nay1 !y mu/ n wond] if we refuse outright to be cr[d$ f our pres5t comm&+ position 9 ! =tress ( tru?1 & to be plac$ 9 front ( our own batt]ies1 m]ely to give our new allies an opportunity to bl[ u up ) our own ordnance6 ,9 reply to my objection to ! review] t x 0 an abuse ( t]ms to call ! p]mission ( s91 n h9d]+ x1 c1 a =eord9ation or purpose t x %all be1 c1 he has said1 ,if an evil1 unavoidable & hateful1 is all[$ by ! ,creator to come into 8 k+dom1 9 "o place & "t r ?an any o!r1 & is ?us p>ticul>ly dispos$ ( by 8 provid5ce1 because x is a disposition ( x ! be/ possible1 is !re no purpose ( ,god 9 relation to ! ?+8 ,9 do+ 8 own pleasure1 9 ?is case1 does he n decide on ! fact ( ! entrance ( s9 into 8 k+dom j :5 & :]e x does8 ,n[ ,i beg ! read] to g ov] ?is la/ p>agraph once m1 & !n say if he does n agree ) me 9 ! foll[+ s5tim5t1 namely1 !re r>ely occurs 9 any writ] an in/ance ( s complete an evasion ( a conte/$ "q z is "h exhibit$4 ,is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 a purpose 9 relation to a ?+1 & ! =eorda9+ or decree+ t ! ?+ %all be8 ,& pray :at is meant by ,god's decid+ on ! fact ( ! entrance ( s9 into 8 k+dom8 ,y c make x mean almo/ any ?+4 ,b tak+ ! :ole ( ,dr4 ,fit*'s !ory on ! subject1 he means to say1 d\btless1 t s9ce ! entrance ( s9 0 unavoidable1 ,god det]m9$ to re/ra9 & control x s z to suff] x to d ! lea/ h>m possible--pref]r+ hol9ess 9 its /ead 9 e place :]e x occurs4 ,& ?is is =eorda9+ s966 ,?is is pr$e/9ation66 ,let u illu/rate ?is by a case 9 po9t4 ,cic]o1 a ,roman consul1 knew t ,catal9e 0 plott+ treason aga9/ ! commonweal?4 ,cic]o p]ceiv$ t ?is hat$ treason1 ?\gh unavoidable1 0 n :olly unmanageable4 ,he det]m9$ !re=e to make a disposition ( x ! be/ possible4 ,he took 8 measures accord+ly4 ,by ^! ,catal9e & ! pr9cipal conspirators 7 driv5 out ( ! city1 & compell$1 be=e _! plans 7 matur$1 to resort to op5 ho/ilities4 ,?us ! citiz5s 7 ar\s$ & unit$1 & ! /ate sav$4 ,9 ?is way ! evils ( ! conspiracy 7 suff]$ to come ^u ! commonweal? 9 "o place & "t r ?an any o!r1 & 7 ?us p>ticul>ly dispos$ ( by ,cic]o4 ,9 ?is case ! consul _h a special purpose ab\t ! ?+4 ,he det]m9$ to drive ! conspirators into op5 w>1 r ?an suff] !m privately to corrupt all !y c\ld1 & !n fill ! city ) fire & slaught]4 ,! "q n[ is1 & x is put n to ! review]1 = he /ill p]si/s 9 ! use ( 8 t]ms1 b x is put to ! common und]/&+ ( community1 ,did ! ,roman consul orda9 or =eorda91 or pr$e/9ate ! treason ( ,catal9e8 ,if by common cons5t all answ]1 ,no1 su* a /atem5t is a libel ^u ! consul2 & if1 9 addition to ?is common und]/&+ ( ! t]m1 ! !ological use ( ! t]m w n be> su* a con/ruction2 if ! great body ( ! ,calv9i/s ( ! pres5t day1 & ( ,new-,engl& ev51 use ! t]m 9 a diff]5t s5se1 x rema9s to be se5 h[ ! ,new-,hav5 div9es c /& up be=e ! _w & say1 ,we believe ,god ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass4 ,be=e clos+ ?is numb] ,i ought1 p]haps1 to say a few ?+s1 if n 9 ! def5ce1 at lea/ explanatory ( t c\rse ( reason+ 9 ! s]mon 9 :i* ,i und]took to %[ t =ekn[l$ge is antec$5t to =eord9ation4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,metcalf & o!rs h object$ because1 say !y1 ,god mu/ fir/ h det]m9$ to make moral ag5ts be=e he c\ld "k !y w\ld s93 !re=e 8 k or 8 =ekn[l$ge 9 ?is case mu/ dep5d ^u 8 det]m9ation4 ,?is objection1 at lea/ s f> z ! ,new-,hav5 !ology is conc]n$1 is f\nd$ 9 error4 ,:at says ,dr4 ,fit*8 ,t ,god1 =esee+ ! conduct :i* w c]ta9ly ensue on ! diff]5t measures x is possible = him to take1 purposes1 c4 ,! s]mon says1 ,god kn[s all t is1 or w be1 or might be1 "u any possible cont+5cy1 & t 8 plan is ! result ( 8 inf9ite k--! decrees ( 8 ?rone fl[ =? f ! et]nal f\nta9 ( 8 wisdom4 ,:]e is ! discrepancy "h8 ,god saw ?is g5]al plan1 z a :ole1 be=e he resolv$ ^u its adoption2 7,i speak n[ ( ! ord] ( ?\ght27 he saw1 if he made free moral ag5ts1 & gov]n$ !m z su*1 s9 w\ld ensue4 ,& he also saw :at he might d 9 t case to c\nt]act & ov]rule x to 8 own glory & ! good ( ! univ]se4--,& he judg$1 9 8 inf9ite wisdom1 t su* a moral univ]se1 not)/&+ ! s9 t w\ld c]ta9ly result f x1 w\ld1 on ! :ole1 be ! be/2 & !re=e ^u ?is =ekn[l$ge ( ! :ole1 ,god f\nd$ 8 det]m9ation to create ! univ]se1 & gov]n x z propos$4 ,god's =ekn[l$ge ( ! c]ta9ty ( any ev5t 9 ?is univ]se1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 dep5d$ ^u 8 det]m9ation to create & gov]n ! univ]se4 ,& 9 ?is s5se 8 purpose 0 causa s9e qua non1 a cause )\t :i* any giv5 ev5t w\ld n h happ5$1 & !re=e c\ld n h be5 =ese5 z c]ta94 ,b !n x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re 0 a =ekn[l$ge ant]ior to all ?is1 & :i* 01 9 fact1 ! f\ndation ( all subsequ5t in/ances ( kn[+ or decree+4 ,x is !re=e true 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! s5tim5t is advanc$ & su/a9$ 9 ! s]mon1 t ,god =ekn[s 9 ord] to pr$e/9ate1 b he does n 7prim>ily7 pr$e/9ate 9 ord] to =ekn[4 ,to conclude3 f ! view tak5 9 ?is numb] x appe>s t "o class ( ,calv9i/s ackn[l$ge t pr$e/9ation is *>geable ) all t 0 includ$ 9 my def9ition ( x4 ,ano!r1 & a rapidly increas+ class1 h giv5 up ,calv9ian pr$e/9ation1 &1 9 all b ! "n1 h 9 t po9t come on to ! ,me?odi/ gr\nd4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class1 :o are evid5tly n ,arm9ians1 b /ill d5y ! correctness ( my def9ition ( _! doctr9e4 ,!y say !y are n *>geable ) su* a doctr9e1 ei!r directly or by inf]5ce4 ,9 ! next numb]1 !re=e1 an attempt w be made to su/a9 f _! own positions ?is def9ition4 ,,numb] ,,vii4 ,,pr$e/9ation1 ,,cont9u$4 ,f my la/ numb] ! read] w p]ceive t !re are two classes ( ,calv9i/s1 s-call$1 ) :om we h no ne$ to cont5d2 ) "o !re is no cause ( controv]sy1 because !y h giv5 up ! doctr9e2 & ) ! o!r !re is no ne$ ( controv]sy1 because _! pla9 mann] ( av[+ ! doctr9e1 logical consequ5ces & all1 r5d]s any argum5ts aga9/ x unnecess>y4 ,its "* is too mon/r\s & abhorr5t to ga9 mu* cr$it4 ,!re is yet ano!r & a l>g] portion1 :o1 :ile !y reject ! views bo? ( ! ,new-,hav5 div9es & ( ! old s*ool & ,hopk9sian ,calv9i/s1 are nev]!less /rongly oppos$ to ! issue propos$ 9 ! s]mon4 ,!y d5y1 z appe>s f "s public intimations & _m private /atem5ts1 t ,i h giv5 a fair repres5tation ( ! doctr9e4 ,!y appe> to manife/ z mu* horror z an ,arm9ian w\ld to ! idea1 t ! responsible acts ( moral ag5ts are def9itely fix$ & effici5tly produc$ by ! purpose & decree ( ,god1--t ^! acts are ! result ( an ov]rul+ & controll+ p[]1--t ! w1 9 all its op]ations1 is gov]n$ & irresi/ibly controll$ by "s secret impulse1 "s fix$ & all-controll+ arrangem5t4 ,h5ce1 ,i suppose1 if x c be prov$ t ^! are ! g5u9e *>act]i/ics ( ,calv9ism1 ! sy/em itself w1 by _m at lea/1 be giv5 up4 ,at any rate1 s9ce ! exception is tak5 to ! def9ition ( ! doctr9e1 x may be presum$1 by su/a9+ ?is1 we su/a9 our own cause & refute ! opposite4 ,! pres5t inquiry !n is1 are ^!1 9 v de$1 ! *>act]i/ics ( absolute pr$e/9ation8 ,i %all endeav\r to ma9ta9 t !y are4 ,let ! intellig5t & ! c&id judge4 #a4 ,x may be urg$ z a consid]ation ( no small weight 9 ?is "q1 t all b pr$e/9>ians1 z well z _m pr$e/9>ians !mselves1 h ent]ta9$ ^! views ( ! doctr9e4 ,) respect to anti-pr$e/9>ians1 ,i "k ( no exception2 all unite1 9 *>g+ ^! ?+s1 directly or by consequ5ce1 ^u ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em4 ,& w ,calv9i/s say1 ?is is ow+ to prejudice & to a want ( und]/&+ ! subject8 ,) :at k9d ( mode/y w !y assume t !y are free f bl9d+ prejudice 9 fav\r ( _! own doctr9e1 & all ! _w beside are prejudic$ aga9/ x8 ,x may be ass]t$1 z x (t5 has be51 t ^! doctr9es are humbl+ to ! pride ( ! natural he>t1 & ?is is ! gr\nd ( ! univ]sal opposition to !m6 ,b ?is is a gratuit\s assumption ( :at ought fir/ to be prov$1 viz4 t ^! doctr9es are true2 & x also exhibits a mo/ repreh5sible _s ( pride & ,ph>isaism--a _s t says to a bro!r1 ,/& by1 = ,i am holi] ?an ?\6 ,!re h d\btless be5 z _m em95tly pi\s ,arm9ians z ,calv9i/s1 & h[ is x1 t ^! m5 h nev] _h ?is doctr9e s expla9$ to !m z to be able to see x free f ^! *>ges8 ,b n only anti-pr$e/9>ians h univ]sally ent]ta9$ ^! op9ions ( ?is doctr9e2 ev5 ! advocates !mselves h1 9 a great v>iety ( in/ances1 ackn[l$g$ ! same4 ,m5tion has be=e be5 made1 79 ! s]mon17 ( ! opposition rais$ aga9/ free w1 by ! ,calv9i/s ( ,mr4 ,wesley's day--& quotations h also be5 giv5 f ! e>ly ,calv9i/ic au?ors1 %[+ h[ decid$ly !y held t ,god mov$ ! w to s91 by a direct positive influ5ce4 ,to ^! we may add all ! ,hopk9sians ( mod]n days1 :o op5ly ackn[l$ge t ^? scriptures :i* tea* t ,god has decre$ ! s9ful acts ( m51 d imply t he is ! effici5t cause ( moral evil4 7,see review ( my s]mon 9 ! ,bo/on ,telegraph47 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 moreov]1 t ! ,new-,hav5 div9es1 :o h /udi$ ,calv9ism all _! lives1 ) ! be/ opportunities = und]/&+ x1 in=m u t ! view ( ,calv9ism :i* makes s9 pref]able to hol9ess 9 its /ead1 is unansw]ably expos$ to all ! objections br\ght aga9/ x 9 ! s]mon4 ,x is kn[n too1 t mo/ ( ! ,me?odi/s 9 ,new-,engl&1 & _m else:]e1 7 educat$ pr$e/9>ians2 b h revolt$ f ! traditions ( _! fa!rs = ! v reason t ,calv9ism is :at we h describ$ x to be4 ,! ,univ]sali/s are almo/ all pr$e/9>ians1 & !y und]/& t ?is doctr9e necess>ily implies ! ,div9e effici5cy 9 produc+ s92 & h5ce !y v consi/5tly inf] t ,god is n angry ) !m1 & w n puni% !m = be+ controll$ by 8 decrees4 ,suppose n[ an intellig5t p]son1 :o knew no?+ ( ! argum5ts on ei!r side1 %\ld be in=m$ ( :at is true 9 ?is case1 viz4 t a great portion1 probably on ! :ole by f> ! greate/ portion ( pr$e/9>ians1 & all anti-pr$e/9>ians1 und]/ood ! doctr9e ( absolute pr$e/9ation1 z involv+ directly1 or by consequ5ce1 c]ta9 specifi$ pr9ciples2 b t a portion ( pr$e/9>ians p]si/$ 9 d5y+ t ^! pr9ciples 7 involv$ 9 ! doctr9e2 & suppose ?is intellig5t p]son %\ld be in=m$ ( ! additional facts1 t ^! pr$e/9>ians _h tri$ all _! skill at explanation & argum5t1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 b _h nev] succe$$ 9 ! view ( ! o!r p>ty 9 free+ _! doctr9e f ^! *>ges1 nay1 t !y _h s f> fail$ ( x1 t _m1 v _m 7 leav+ !m1 & adopt+ ! anti-pr$e/9>ian sy/em1 = ! v reason t !y c\ld n rid ! sy/em1 9 :i* !y _h be5 educat$1 f ^? pr9ciples :i* 7 *>g$ ^u x--& t ev5 among ^? :o _h adh]$ to ! old doctr9e !re 7 new modes ( expla9+ & /at+ ! !ory1 con/antly spr++ up1 until f9ally numb]s ( !m _h expla9$ !mselves entirely out ( ! doctr9e1 & into ! opposite s5tim5t2 & t v _m o!rs1 by adh]+ to ! doctr9e1 & foll[+ out ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 x1 _h come to ! conclusion t !re 0 no hell--no judgm5t1 & no angry ,god4 ,suppose1 ,i say1 ?is intellig5t man %\ld be in=m$ ( all ^! facts1 & !n be reque/$ to presume :e!r or n ^! conte/$ pr9ciples 7 involv$ 9 ! doctr9e--:at w\ld be 8 judgm5t8 ,i ne$ n answ] ?is "q4 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce t ! views 9 ! s]mon are correct4 #b4 ,ano!r reason = believ+ t ?is doctr9e is :at we h def9$ x to be1 & involves 9 x ! pr9ciples we h *>g$ ^u x1 is drawn f ! t]ms 9 :i* x is express$1 & ! mann] & circum/ances 9 :i* ^! t]ms are us$4 ,! m common t]ms are decree1 pr$e/9ation1 =eord9ation1 pr$et]m9ation1 purpose1 c4--,^! are all au?oritative t]ms1 & c>ry ) !m ! idea ( absolute sov]eignty4 ,b le/ !y %\ld n be suffici5tly /rong & imp]i\s1 !y are1 9 ?is !ory1 g5]ally accompani$ by "s /rong qualify+ t]ms1 su* z sov]eign decree1 et]nal & immutable purposes2 & )\t any ref]5ce to o!r be>+s1 ! :ole is plac$ on ! gr\nd ( ,god's absolute & sov]eign w4 ,^! sov]eign decrees1 h[ev]1 are n propos$ to 8 subjects 9 ! light ( a law en=c$ by suitable sanctions1 & liable to be brok54 ,!y are ! secret c\nsels ( 8 own w2 & s f> f be+ law1 t (t51 p]haps (t5] ?an o!rwise1 9 ! moral _w1 !y are 9 direct opposition to ! precepts ( ! law4 ,:5 ^! decrees come 9 contact ) ! law !y sup]s$e x4 ,laws may sometimes be brok51 ! decrees1 nev]4 ,god commits 8 law to subord9ate moral ag5ts1 :o may break or keep !m2 b 8 decrees he executes himself4 ,x %\ld also be und]/ood t ! advocates ( ?is !ory1 9 _! late controv]sy ) ,dr4 ,taylor1 /r5u\sly ma9ta9 t s91 :]ev] x occurs1 is pref]able to hol9ess 9 its /ead1 & is ! necess>y means ( ! greate/ good4 ,! idea t ,god1 =esee+ :at moral ag5ts w\ld d1 "u all possible circum/ances1 s ord]$ 8 works z to take up & incorporate into 8 plan ! =ese5 volitions ( moral ag5ts1 & ?us con/itute a gr& :ole1 z p]fect z any sy/em :i* involves a moral gov]nm5t c\ld be1 !y disc>d z rank ,arm9ianism4 ,n[ is x possible t decrees l ^!1 conceal$ 9 ! et]nal m9d ( him t conceiv$ !m--dep5d5t solely on ,almighty p[] to execute !m1 n modifi$ by subord9ate ag5cies1 b made to control ^! ag5cies ) absolute & arbitr>y sway2 c x be possible1 ,i say1 t su* decrees d n effici5tly control & actuate ! human w8 ,mu/ n he :o1 9 ?is mann]1 =ms & executes ! g5]al plan1 also =m & execute all its p>ts8 ,mu/ n he :o gives ! fir/ impulse to ?is concat5ation ( ev5ts1 l9k$ toge!r by 8 et]nal purposes1 foll[ up ! :ole ) 8 cont9u$ & direct ag5cy1 & c>ry on ?is "w 9 e m9d & ?r\gh e emotion8 ,mo/ assur$ly he mu/4 ,8 is1 und\bt$ly1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 t op]ative1 controll+ & propell+ en]gy t ,lives ?r\gh all life1 ext5ds ?r\gh all ext5t1 ,acts undivid$1 op]ates unsp5t4 ,& t we may be sure n to misrepres5t ! ,calv9i/s on ?is subject1 let !m speak = !mselves4 ,dr4 ,hill1 :o is a mod]n1 & is reput$ a mod]ate ,calv9i/1 says3--,! ,div9e decree is ! det]m9ation to produce ! univ]se1 t is1 ! :ole s]ies ( be+s & ev5ts t 0 !n future4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 :o has be5 e/eem$ s mod]ate a ,calv9i/1 t "s _h d\bt$ :e!r he _h n giv5 up absolute pr$e/9ation altoge!r1 comes out 9 8 s]mon on pr$e/9ation 9 ! foll[+ language3--,e /ep ( e individual "*1 receives z det]m9ate a "* f ! h&1 ( ,god1 z e mile ( a planet's orbit1 or e gu/ ( w9d1 or e wave ( ! sea1 or e p>ticle ( fly+ du/1 or e rivulet ( fl[+ wat]4 ,?is p[] ( ,god kn[s no exceptions3 x is absolute & unlimit$4 ,& :ile x embraces ! va/1 x c>ries its resi/less influ5ce to all ! m9ute & unnotic$ div]sities ( exi/5ce4 ,x reigns & op]ates ?r\gh all ! secrecies ( ! inn] man4 ,x gives bir? to e purpose1 x gives impulse to e desire1 x gives %ape & col\r to e conception4 ,x wields an entire asc5dancy ov] e attribute ( ! m9d2 & ! w1 & ! fancy1 & ! und]/&+1 ) all ! c\ntless v>iety ( _! hidd5 & fugitive op]ations1 are submitt$ to x4 ,x gives movem5t & direction ?r\gh e "o po9t ( our pilgrimage4 ,at no mom5t ( "t does x ab&on u4 ,x foll[s u to ! h\r ( dea?1 & x c>ries u to our place1 & to our ev]la/+ de/9y 9 ! region beyond x666 ,^! quotations ne$ no comm5t2 if !y d n come up to all we h ev] *>g$ ^u ?is doctr9e1 !re is no def9ite mean+ 9 words4 ,b we h ano!r au?ority on ?is subject1 :i* be>s m directly on ! ,calv9i/s ( ?is c\ntry1 ! ,assembly's ,cate*ism4 ,dr4 ,fit*1 :o is c]ta9ly z well qualifi$ to judge 9 ?is matt] z ano!r man1 in=ms u1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator1 t ! articles ( fai? prep>$ by t body1 7! assembly ( ,engli% & ,scot* div9es at ,we/m9/]17 are consid]$ z express+ ess5tially ! views n only ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 9 ?is c\ntry1 b also ( ! or?odox ,congregational ,*ur*es ( ,new-,engl&4 ,x is kn[n1 also1 t ! ,%ort] ,cate*ism has be5 almo/ univ]sally us$ by !m 9 _! families1 & 9 ! religi\s in/ruction ( _! *ildr54 ,"h !n we h a /&>d ( fai?1 :i* all ! classes1 ,i suppose1 w ackn[l$ge1--& :at sai? x8 ,aft] /at+ t ! decrees ( ,god are 8 et]nal purpose1 accord+ to ! c\nsel ( 8 own w1 :]eby1 = 8 own glory1 he ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] come? to pass1 x goes on to say1 ,god execute? 8 decrees 9 ! works ( creation & provid5ce1 & !n = f>!r explanation adds--,god's works ( provid5ce are 8 mo/ holy1 wise1 & p[]ful1 pres]v+ & gov]n+ all 8 creatures & all _! actions4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an awkw>d s5t5ce1 if ,i may be all[$ to say ?is ( ! productions ( an assembly :i* has be5 *>act]is$ z a p>agon ( excell5cy 9 erudition & !ology4 ,its mean+1 h[ev]1 accord+ to gramm> & logic1 mu/ be1 t by 8 acts ( provid5ce ,god1 9 a mo/ holy1 wise1 & p[]ful mann]1 pres]ves & gov]ns bo? all 8 creatures1 & all _! actions4 ,b z x seems to be a solecism to talk ab\t pres]v+ actions1 we w und]/& pres]v+ to belong to creatures1 & gov]n+ to actions1 & !n x w be ?us3 ,god p[]fully pres]ves all 8 creatures1 & p[]fully gov]ns all _! actions3 & x is 9 ?is way he executes 8 decrees4 ,!re are evid5tly two me?ods ( gov]n+4 ,t control :i* is made up ( legal precepts1 & sanctions1 & retributions1 is call$ a gov]nm5t2 n t all ! subjects ( su* a gov]nm5t always obey its ord9ances1 b if !y violate !m1 !y are subject$ to puni%m5t4 ,?is is evid5tly n ! k9d ( gov]nm5t t ! assembly contemplat$4 ,x 0 a gov]nm5t by :i* ,god execut$ 8 decrees2 b1 z we h se51 8 decrees are n 8 laws1 = !y are frequ5tly 9 direct opposition to 8 laws4 ,decree & law are n only frequ5tly oppos$1 9 respect to ! moral action dem&$ by ea*1 b ev5 :]e ^? dem&s are co9cid5t !y diff] greatly 9 ! mann] & c]ta9ty ( _! fulfilm5t4 ,( c\rse gov]nm5t1 by execut+ decrees1 is ano!r ?+ altoge!r f gov]nm5t by execut+ laws4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is t effici5t control ( a sup]ior1 by :i* a be+ or an act is made to be :at x is1 9 opposition to non-exi/5ce1 or a diff]5t exi/5ce4 ,n[ ?is appe>s to be precisely ! k9d ( gov]nm5t allud$ to :5 x said1 ,god executes 8 decrees by p[]fully gov]n+ all ! actions ( 8 creatures4 ,t is1 he effici5tly produces & controls all ! responsible volitions1 good & bad1 ( ! moral univ]se4 ,& :at is ?is1 b affirm+ all t ! s]mon has affirm$ on ?is subject8 ,if any "o is dispos$ to d5y t ?is is a fair exposition ( ! ,cate*ism1 let him reflect t z he _c pret5d t gov]nm5t "h means a legal adm9i/ration1 x w be incumb5t on him to %[ :at o!r fair con/ruction c be put ^u x ?an ! "o giv5 above2 to %[ h[ ,god c execute a secret decree1 by 8 own p[]ful act1 9 any o!r way ?an 9 ! "o already expla9$4 ,9 corroboration ( ! =ego+ views x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d1 t ! ,calv9i/s uni=mly use ^! v same t]ms1 decree1 pr$e/9ation1 c1 9 ! same s5se1 9 ref]5ce to all ev5ts4 ,!y say1 ,god's decrees ext5d to all ev5ts1 physical & moral1 good & evil1 by :i* !y mu/ mean1 if !y mean any ?+ intelligible1 t 8 pr$e/9ation be>s ! same relation to all ev5ts4 ,if !n 8 decree ( election embraces ! means to ! accompli%m5t ( ! end1 s also mu/ 8 decree ( reprobation4 ,if 8 decree ( election requires = its accompli%m5t an effici5t op]ation1 s also does 8 decree ( reprobation4 ,if ,div9e ag5cy is directly & effici5tly1 requisite to produce a good volition1 x mu/ foll[ t x is 9 ! same s5se requisite to produce a s9ful volition4 ,to tell u a ?\s& times1 )\t any di/9ction or discrim9ation1 t all ?+s are equally ! result ( ! ,div9e decree1 & !n tell u t ! relation betwe5 ,god's decree & s9 is ess5tially diff]5t f ! relation exi/+ betwe5 8 decree & hol9ess1 w\ld c]ta9ly be a v s+ul> & unw>rantable use ( language4 ,h[ !n1 ,i inquire1 does ,god produce holy volitions8--,:y1 say ! ,calv9i/s1 by a direct1 positive1 & effici5t influ5ce ^u ! w1 & 9 pro( quote--,?y p %all be will+ 9 ! day ( ?y p[]4 ,well1 h[1 ,i ask aga91 does ,god execute 8 decrees respect+ unholy volitions8 ,consi/5cy requires ! same reply4 ,b1 says ! ,calv9i/1 he ne$ n ex]t ! same influ5ce to produce unholy volitions1 because x is 9 accordance ) ! nature ( s9ful m5 to s94 ,inde$6 & is n ?is nature ! result ( a decree8 ,x w\ld seem ,god approa*es 8 "w ( execut+ 8 decree respect+ s91 ei!r m reluctantly or ) great] difficulty1 s t x requires two /eps to execute ?is1 & only "o ! o!r4 ,x is 9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 equally 8 "w4 ,?is w be se5 m cle>ly if we turn our att5tion to ! fir/ s92 = x is c]ta9ly z mu* aga9/ a p]fectly holy nature to commit s91 z x is aga9/ an unholy nature to h a holy volition4 ,h5ce ! "o z mu* requires a direct & positive influ5ce z ! o!r1 & !re=e ! passage 9 ! #aaj? ,psalm1 if x applies at all to a positive ,div9e influ5ce 9 *ang+ ! w1 mu/ h a mu* m ext5sive mean+1 ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$4 ,x %\ld be p>aphras$ ?us3--,n only %all ?y elect p1 :o are yet 9 _! s9s1 & !re=e n yet 9 a /rict & prop] s5se ?9e1 be made will+ to become holy 9 ! day t ?\ do/ effici5tly *ange _! w1 b also ?y angels & ?y fir/ creat$ human pair1 :o 7 be=e _! fall m truly ?9e1 z !y 7 made p]fectly holy1 %all be made will+ to become unholy 9 ! day t ?\ do/ effici5tly *ange _! wills f submission to rebellion4 ,= if ,div9e effici5cy is necess>y to make a naturally p]v]se w holy1 x is also necess>y to make a naturally holy w p]v]se4 ,i am aw>e t we may be met "h by ?is reply1 t al?\gh ,god does effici5tly control ! w1 /ill x is 9 a way suit$ to ! nature ( m9d1 & consi/5t ) free ag5cy1 because he op]ates ^u ! m9d ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( moral suasion1 or by ! p[] ( motives4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t ! ,calv9i/s g5]ally condemn ,dr4 ,taylor's views ( conv]sion1 because !y suspect him ( hold+ t motives alone conv]t ! s9n]2 :]eas !y deem x necess>y t ! ,holy ,_s %\ld act directly ^u ! w2 if s1 !n1 z ,i h %[n above1 x is also necess>y t !re %\ld be a direct ,div9e influ5ce ^u ! w ( a holy be+1 to make him s9ful4 ,& ?is m especially1 s9ce bo? *anges are decre$1 & bo? /& 9 ! same relation to ! ,div9e purpose4 ,b ?is doctr9e ( motives leads me to ano!r argum5t1 viz4 #c4 ,t ! view ,i h tak5 ( pr$e/9ation is correct1 appe>s evid5t f ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( motives1 especially :5 ?is doctr9e is view$ 9 connection ) ! ,calv9i/ic !ory ( depravity4 ,! doctr9e ( motives ,i und]/& to be ?is1 t ! p[] ( volition is nev] excit$1 nor c be1 except 9 ! pres5ce & f ! excitem5t ( motives1 7see ,views 9 ,!ology17 & t ! m9d mu/ necess>ily be sway$ by ! /ronge/ motive1 or by :at appe>s to ! m9d to be ! greate/ good4 ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 foll[+ ,leibnitz1 incorporat$ ?is doctr9e ( philosophical necessity ) ! ,calv9i/ic !ology4 ,9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by a great portion1 ,i believe1 ( ! ,calv9i/ic cl]gy4 ,)\t /opp+ "h to attempt a refutation ( ?is !ory1 my pres5t object is to %[ t x necess>ily fa/5s ^u ,calv9ism ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ x1 & su/a9s ! def9ition t has be5 giv5 to pr$e/9ation4 ,= s9ce ,god creates bo? ! m9d & ! motives1 & br+s !m toge!r = ! express purpose t ! =m] %\ld be sway$ by ! latt]1 x foll[s conclusively t ,god effici5tly controls ! w1 & produces all its volitions4 ,& ?is is accord+ to express ,calv9i/ic tea*+3--,god1 says ! au?or ( ,views 9 ,!ology1 already quot$1 ,god is ! det]m9] ( p]ceptions1 & p]ceptions are ! det]m9]s ( *oices4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e is pla9 & unavoidable1 ,god is ! det]m9] ( *oices4 ,! plea t ,god does n produce volitions1 by a direct influ5ce1 b indirectly1 ?r\gh second causes1 avails no?+4 ,al?\gh !re %\ld be t51 or t5 ?\s& int]m$iate l9ks1 if !y are all arrang$ by our ,creator 9 su* ord] z to produce ! intellectual vibration int5d$1 :5ev] he pleases to give ! impulse1 :at is ! diff]5ce8 ,9 po9t ( effici5t ag5cy1 none at all4 ,nor yet w x alt] ! case to say1 t ?is effect is produc$ by ,god ?r\gh su* a m$ium z is suit$ to ! nature ( ! m9d1 & !re=e x _c be said1 t ,god does any viol5ce to ! w1 or to man's free ag5cy4 ,god creat$ ! m9d1 & ! means t 7 to influ5ce x4 ,he gave to m9d its nature1 & to motives _! influ5ce & arrangem5t1 = ?is v purpose4 ,h5ce1 unless man c unmake himself1 he is b\nd by ! law ( 8 nature to act 9 all cases z he does4 ,:y talk ab\t a free ag5cy :5 x is su* an ag5cy z mu/1 by ! con/itution ( ,god1 lead inevitably to s9 & ru96 ,t old1 & 9 ! premises1 fooli% reply1 t man c\ld d diff]5tly1 if he *ose1 does n help ! case4 ,x is only say+1 ! nature ( man is su* t x is gov]n$ by 8 p]ceptions1 & s9ce ,god is ! det]m9] ( p]ceptions1 & p]ceptions ! det]m9]s ( *oices1 :5ev] ,god pleases to alt] ! p]ceptions s z !reby to *ange ! *oice1 !n1 & n be=e1 man c d diff]5tly4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e is x possible1 accord+ to ! v nature ( m9d1 = ! *oice to be diff]5t until ! p]ceptions are *ang$8 ,& c ! p]ceptions be *ang$1 until ,god *anges !m8 ,to answ] ei!r or bo? ( ^! que/ions 9 ! affirmative1 w\ld be to give up ! doctr9e ( motives4 ,to answ] !m 9 ! negative1 w\ld be to entail ^u ! doctr9e all t ,i h *>g$ ^u x4 ,! advocates ( ! !ory may h _! *oice4 ,nor yet1 aga91 w x de/roy ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 to say man has an unholy nature2 & ?is is ! reason :y ! motives pres5t$ influ5ce him to s92 !re=e ! guilt is *>geable ^u himself1 & ,god is cle>4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is w\ld n acc\nt = ! fir/ unholy volitions ( holy angels & ! fir/ human pair4 ,?is argum5t presupposes t1 b = ! consid]ation ( man's unholy nature1 ! *>ge aga9/ ! ,calv9i/ic !ory w\ld be valid4 ,& inasmu* z "h are cases 9 :i* ! argum5t obvi\sly af=ds no relief to ! sy/em1 x foll[s t 9 ^! uses1 at lea/1 ,god is ! effici5t & procur+ cause ( unholy volitions--& !re=e ! *>ges aga9/ pr$e/9ation are e/abli%$4 ,b by a little f>!r att5tion we %all see t ?is argum5t af=ds z little relief to ! sy/em 9 ! case ( man z he n[ is4 ,= ?is fir/ s91 :i* 0 itself ! necess>y result ( ! ,div9e arrangem5t & ( positive ,div9e influ5ce1 ?rew1 if possible1 a /rong] & a m dire necessity ov] all ! com+ g5]ations ( m54 ,= ?is act entail$ ^u man a deprav$ he>t4 ,h5ce ?is corrupt nature came ^u man )\t 8 k or ag5cy4 ,we trace x back !n1 ?us3--,man's love ( s9 0 produc$ by ! unholy *oice ( ! fir/ pair--t *oice 0 produc$ by p]ceptions--^! p]ceptions 7 produc$ by motives--& ^! motives 7 br\ght by ,god to be> ^u ! m9ds :i* he _h made = ?is v purpose--!re=e ,god1 by design1 & because he purpos$ x1 produc$ our corrupt nature2 & !n1 = ! express purpose ( lead+ t unholy nature to put =? unholy volitions1 he br+s ^? motives to be> ^u our m9ds1 :i*1 f ! unavoidable nature ( ^? m9ds1 mu/ produce ! s9 design$4 ,x is ?us t1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 our ,creator b9ds ! human m9d by ! /rong cords ( depravity ) "o h&1 & ) ! o!r la%es x1 by ! madd5+ sc\rge ( motives1 into all ! excitem5t ( unholy delirium2 & !n1 = 8 own glory1 consigns ! s9n] ov] to ! prison h\se ( wo66 ,turn ?is sy/em1 !n1 z y w1 y f9d ?is doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation b9d+ ! human m9d1 & effici5tly produc+ all ! volitions ( ! moral univ]se4 ,! /rong arm ( ,jehovah n m directly & irresi/ibly moves & b9ds ! planets 9 _! orbits1 ?an x moves & controls1 9 ! my/]i\s circle ( 8 et]nal decrees1 all ! actions ( all 8 creatures4 ,i "k1 z a clos+ argum5t1 x is urg$1 :atev] may be our inf]5ces1 we all "k t we are free1 & t we are responsible1 because we are consci\s ( x4 ,?is is a mo/ s+ul> c\rse ( reason+1 & seems to h be5 adopt$ to reconcile contradictions4 ,if ?is doctr9e be true1 ,i am n sure t ,i am free1 & t ,i am responsible m]ely because ,i feel t ,i am4 ,i am at lea/ q z consci\s t ,i ought n to be held responsible = :at is unavoidable1 z ,i am t ,i am possess$ ( moral lib]ty4 ,break d[n my consci\sness 9 "o case1 & y prep>e ! way = me to suspect x ( fallacy 9 ano!r4 ,& if ,i mu/ give up my consci\sness1 betwe5 two alt]natives ,i w *oose t :i* w n involve ! gov]nm5t ( ,god 9 inju/ice1 & myriads ( intellig5t be+s 9 unavoidable p]dition4 ,h5ce1 ) ,dr4 ,edw>ds' premises1 :i* he holds 9 common ) ,"l ,kaimes1 ,i w\ld come to 8 lord%ip's conclusion1 viz4 t ,god nev] int5d$ to hold m5 responsible1 & ! univ]sal feel+ ( responsibility is a k9d ( pi\s fraud--a salut>y delusion1 impos$ z a *eck & re/ra9t ^u man "h1 b to be foll[$ by no unpleasant consequ5ces ei!r "h or h]eaft]4 ,b ?is w\ld be *>g+ our ,creator ) bo? deception & folly--deception 9 ! delusive consci\sness ( responsibility1 & folly 9 suff]+ ,"l ,kaimes & o!rs to disclose ! secret1 & fru/rate ! ,div9e purpose6 ,?is _c be4 ,! *>ge ( deception & ( fallacy1 !re=e1 mu/ be roll$ back f consci\sness & f ! ?rone ( ,god ^u ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,& if ! reaction %\ld cru% ! !ory = ev]1 x w\ld d\btless be a bless+ to ! ,*ur* & to ! _w4 ,to conclude4 ,= ! reasons giv51 ,i mu/ /ill ma9ta9 t ! *>ges conta9$ 9 ! s]mon aga9/ t modification ( ,calv9ism ,i am n[ oppos+1 are j2 & ! def9ition assum$1 is correct4 ,if ! advocates ( ! sy/em c cle> !mselves1 or _! doctr9e1 let x be done4 ,if n1 let "o ( two c\rses be pursu$--ei!r let ! sy/em be ab&on$1 or let u h x z x is4 ,i h dwelt ! long] on ?is subject1 because ,i am we>y1 & ,i believe we all are1 ( he>+ ! (t-repeat$ compla9t1 ,y misrepres5t u6 ,y mi/ake our doctr9e6 ,9 ! next ,no41 by ! leave ( ,provid5ce1 ! nature ( human ag5cy1 & ! gr\nd ( human responsibility1 w be exam9$4 ,,numb] ,,viii4 ,,moral ,,ag5cy ,,& ,,acc\ntability4 ,,by :at has be5 said on ! !ory ( ,calv9i/ic pr$e/9ation1 x w be se51 ,i ?9k1 t ?is sy/em involves su* necessity ( moral action z is incompatible ) free ag5cy4 ,x is possible1 ,i grant1 to give to ! t]ms w1 lib]ty1 free ag5cy1 su* a def9ition z w make ^! t]ms1 ?us def9$1 compatible ) ! o!r peculi>ities ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em4--,bo? p>ties agree t man is a free moral ag5t2 bo? ma9ta9 t he is responsible2 b we ma9ta9 t :at ! ,calv9i/s call free moral ag5cy1 is n su* 9 fact z is commonly und]/ood by ! t]m1 nor su* z is requisite to make man acc\ntable4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we are aga9 ?r[n back ^u our def9itions1 z ! />t+ po9t ( argum5t4 ,:at is t p[]1 or prop]ty1 or faculty ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes man a free moral ag5t8 ,x is ! p[] ( *oice1 connect$ ) lib]ty to *oose ei!r good or evil4 ,bo? ! p[] & lib]ty to *oose ei!r good or evil are requisite to con/itute ! free ag5cy ( a probation]4 ,x has be5 cont5d$ t *oice1 ?\gh f ! condition ( ! moral ag5t x mu/ ( necessity be exclusively on "o side1 is nev]!less free2 s9ce x implies a volunt>y pref]5ce ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce x is cont5d$ t ! fall5 & ! holy angels1 glorifi$ & lo/ human spirits1 ?\gh "s ( ^! are conf9$ 9 an impeccable /ate1 & ! o!rs h a p]petual & inv9cible enmity to good1 are nev]!less free ag5ts4 ,) respect to ! free ag5cy ( ^! be+s1 a "q might be />t$1 :e!r x is su* z r5d]s !m responsible = _! pres5t acts1 ! decision ( :i* might h "s be>+ on ! subject "u inve/igation2 b n su* be>+ z w\ld make x important to discuss x "h4 ,if !y are responsible = _! pres5t acts1 x mu/ be on acc\nt ( a =m] probation1 :i* by s9 !y h judicially =feit$4 ,or if any "o ?9ks o!rwise1 & is dispos$ to ma9ta9 t a be+ :o is n1 & nev] 0 s circum/anc$ z to r5d] ! *oice ( good possible to him1 is nev]!less a free moral ag5t1 9 any su* s5se z r5d]s him acc\ntable1 ) su* a s5tim5t at pres5t ,i h no controv]sy4 ,inde$ su* an op9ion is s viol5t an outrage ^u all ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 t to controv]t x w\ld be a "w ( little pr(it4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! moral /&+ ( ^? angels & m5 ^: /ates are n[ unalt]ably fix$1 diff]s mat]ially f _! probation>y /ate2 & ?is diff]5ce r5d]s _! moral ag5cy unsuit$ to illu/rate ! ag5cy ( be+s :o are on probation4 ,man1 9 ?is life1 is 9 a /ate ( trial2 good & evil are pres5t$ be=e him z objects ( *oice2 & ^u ?is *oice are susp5d$ et]nal consequ5ces ( happ9ess or mis]y4 ,( a be+ ?us circum/anc$1 x is n en\gh to say he is free to *oose z he does1 unless y c say1 also1 he is equally free to make an opposite *oice4--,h5ce1 9 def9+ ! free ag5cy ( man1 z a probation]1 we say1 z above1 t x implies a p[] ( *oice1 ) full lib]ty to *oose ei!r good or evil4 ,! =ego+ def9ition1 at fir/ view1 seems suffici5t = all practical purposes1 & s inde$ x w\ld h be51 if a speculative philosophy _h n ?r[n x into ! alembic ( metaphysics = decomposition & analysis4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ?is process has subs]v$ ! cause ( tru?2 nay1 x is c]ta91 ,i ?9k1 t x has produc$ _m p]plex+ ref9em5ts & speculations t h greatly aid$ ! cause ( error4 ,into ^! ab/rusities1 !re=e1 x seems necess>y to foll[ ?is "q1 to try1 if possible1 to draw out & comb9e ! elem5ts ( tru?4 ,hav+ def9$ free ag5cy to mean ! p[] ( *oice1 c1 x is ask$ aga91 ,:at is ?is p[] ( *oice8 ,x is probable t ! diff]5t answ]s giv5 to ?is "q con/itute ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ,calv9i/s & ,arm9ians4 ,to ! above "q "s1 l ! reply ( ! ,jews to ,*ri/1 h said1 ,we _c tell4 ,& !y give ?is evasive reply p]haps = a reason simil> to t :i* influ5c$ ! ,jews2 !y fe> t a def9ite answ] w involve !mselves or _! !ory 9 difficulty4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t way to avoid responsibility1 b n indicative ( mu* fairness1 or confid5ce 9 _! cause4 ,:5 m5 h involv$ _! sy/em 9 app>5t contradictions1 x w h>dly satisfy ! c&id inquir] aft] tru? to see !m />t aside f ! v po9t t is to give "* to _! :ole sy/em4 ,we are told by m5 :o reason ^u =ekn[l$ge1 c1 t ,god ha? decre$ :atsoev] comes to pass2 & !n we are told t all m5 are free1 & !y ent] into a great deal ( metaphysical speculation ab\t =ekn[l$ge1 ! nature ( volunt>y action1 c1 to prove ^! positions2 b :5 !y are press$ ^u ?is po9t1 ,h[ c y reconcile ) free ag5cy t k9d ( ,div9e effici5cy necess>y to secure ! execution ( ! decrees1 & t k9d ( dep5d5cy ( moral ag5ts :i* ?is effici5cy implies8 ! reply is1 ,we _c tell--! h[ 9 ! case we _c expla94 ,?is evasion might be all[able1 p]haps1 9 ei!r ( ! two foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,if ! app>5t discrepancy ( ! two positions grew out ( :at is my/]i\s1 & n ( :at is palpably contradictory2 or1 #b4 ,if bo? propositions 7 s cle>ly prov$1 t x w\ld d great] viol5ce to our reasons1 & be a great] outrage ^u all ackn[l$g$ pr9ciples ( belief1 to disbelieve ei!r ( !m1 ?an x w\ld to believe !m ) all _! app>5t contradictions4 ,) respect to ! fir/ alt]native1 x appe>s to me1 & d\btless x w\ld s appe> to all ^: prejudices did n mislead ! m9d1 t ! want ( app>5t agreem5t betwe5 ! two is n = lack ( light 9 ! case1 b f ! natural incongruity ( ! ?+s comp>$4 ,:5 y say1 ,god executes 8 decrees by effici5tly controll+ ! w ( man1 & say also1 ,! m9d ( man is free1 bo? ^! propositions are cle>2 !re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t !m4 ,b y say1 p]haps1 ,! my/]y is 9 ! want ( light to see ! agreem5t ( ! two2 we _c see _! agreem5t1 b we %\ld n !re=e inf] t !y d n agree4 ,i answ]1 ,:at is light1 9 ?is case1 b a cle> conception ( ! propositions8 ,?is we h1 & we see t !y are1 9 _! nature1 incompatible2 & ! m light y c p\r ^u ?is subject1 ! m cle>ly mu/ ?is incompatibility appe>4 ,if y say t p]haps nei!r y nor ,i fully und]/& ! mean+ ( ^! propositions2 !n ,i reply1 ,we h no bus9ess to use !m4 ,:o is ?is t d>k5s c\nsel by words )\t k8 ,& ?is is :at ,i h already compla9$ (2 m5 w reason !mselves into propositions :i* !y call doctr9al facts1 b :i* seem to ! eye ( common s5se to h all ! *>act]i/ics ( contradictions1 & :5 we urge ^! contradictions 9 objection1 ! objection is n all[$ to h any weight1 because we d n fully und]/& ! propositions4 ,s !n ! propositions mu/ be receiv$1 ?\gh we d n und]/& !m6 & ?\gh1 z f> z we d und]/& !m1 !y are obvi\sly incompatible66 ,is ?is ! way to ga9 k1 & to make tru? triumphant8 ,h[ mu* m consi/5t to say1 ,s9ce x is evid5t ! m9d is free1 & s9ce ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation is app>5tly incompatible ) t fre$om1 !re=e ?is doctr9e %\ld be explod$6 ,or w ?is second alt]native be resort$ to8 ,w x be said t bo? ( ^! propositions are s cle>ly prov$1 t to d5y !m w\ld d great] viol5ce to our reasons1 & ! pr9ciples ( belief1 ?an to ackn[l$ge !m1 not)/&+ _! app>5t incongruity8 ,let u exam9e !m4 ,( "o ( !m we _c d\bt1 unless we d\bt all prim>y tru?s1 viz4 ,t ! human m9d is free4 ,x is presum$1 if ! "q come to ?is1 t !y mu/ ei!r give up human lib]ty or ! dogma ( pr$e/9ation1 c&id ,calv9i/s !mselves w\ld n hesitate2 !y w\ld say1 ! =m] mu/ /&1 :atev] becomes ( ! latt]4 ,if ,i am correct "h1 x foll[s t1 pr$e/9>ians !mselves be+ judges1 ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation is n s cle> z "s o!r moral tru?s4 ,b is !re any ?+ cle>] ?an t man ought n to be held acc\ntable = :at is unavoidable8 t he ought n to be held to answ] = volitions t are effici5tly controll$ by a sup]ior8 ,to me ?is is z cle> z consci\sness itself c make x1 & ,i ?9k x mu/ be to mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,if ,i am correct1 !n we come to ! conclusion at once1 t to believe 9 ! compatibility ( pr$e/9ation ) human lib]ty & acc\ntability does m viol5ce to ! laws ( belief ?an x w\ld to disc>d pr$e/9ation4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 may seem to be fav\rable to ?is doctr9e1 %\ld be sacrific$ to a /rong] claim ^u our belief 9 ano!r direction4 ,b1 t ! argum5t may be set 9 z /rong light z possible1 let ! evid5ce ( pr$e/9ation be adduc$4 ,:at is x8 ,x is n consci\sness c]ta9ly2 & x is almo/ z cle> t x is n moral demon/ration by a c\rse ( reason+4 ,! mo/ ,i believe t has ev] be5 said1 9 ! way ( moral demon/ration1 has be5 9 an argum5t f\nd$ on =ekn[l$ge1 :i* argum5t1 x is suppos$ by ! au?or1 is fairly dispos$ ( 9 ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation1 by reason+ :i* has n1 to 8 k1 ev] be5 refut$4 ,a refutation has be5 attempt$1 ,i grant1 by "s ( ! review]s ( ! s]mon1 b ! only app>5t success t att5d$ ^? attempts 01 z we h already se51 9 consequ5ce ( _! tak+ ! v gr\nd ( ! s]mon1 & build+ ! decrees ( ,god ^u a prior view & k ( all possible cont+5cies4 ,if consci\sness & reason+ are tak5 away f ?is doctr9e1 x has no?+ left to /& ^u b te/imony4 ,& no te/imony b ,div9e w "h be ( any au?ority2 & does revelation prove ?is doctr9e8 ,9 ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation x 0 /at$ t !re 0 n a s+le passage 9 ! ,bible :i* tea*es directly t ,god ha? =eorda9$ :atsoev] comes to pass2 & x is n kn[n to ! writ]1 t among ! diff]5t reviews ( ! s]mon x has ev5 be5 attempt$ to %[ t ! /atem5t 0 incorrect4 ,b if a solit>y passage c\ld h be5 adduc$1 %\ld we n h he>d ( x8 ,! evid5ce f ,scripture !n1 if !re is any1 is indirect1 & m]ely by inf]5ce4 ,& ev5 ?is indirect te/imony is f> f be+ ! be/ ( its k9d2 s1 at lea/1 a great portion ( believ]s 9 revelation ?9k4 ,n[1 c&id read]1 if y h c>efully foll[$ ! *a9 ( ?\ght ?us f>1 let me ask y to pause & prop\nd = y\rself1 & hone/ly answ] ! foll[+ "q--,is !re s mu* evid5ce 9 fav\r ( pr$e/9ation1 t ,i %\ld d m viol5ce to my own reason1 & ! laws ( belief1 by reject+ x1 ?an ,i %\ld by believ+ t ?is doctr9e is compatible ) free ag5cy & acc\ntability8 ,inde$1 ,calv9i/s !mselves h s felt ! =ce ( ^! difficulties1 :5 ! t]ms pr$e/9ation & free w h be5 und]/ood 9 _! common & obvi\s s5se1 t !y h attempt$ a v>iety ( explanations ( ^! t]ms to d away1 if possible1 ! app>5t discrepancy4 ,^! attempts h be5 ! pr9cipal cause ( ^? *anges & modifications 9 ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em1 allud$ to 9 a =m] numb]4 ,! v>i\s explanations & def9itions t h be5 giv5 to =eord9ation1 h already be5 notic$4 ,we h se5 h[ e ef=t fail$ ( af=d+ any relief to ! sy/em1 until we came d[n to ! la/2 ,i mean t ( ! ,new-,hav5 div9es4 ,?is new !ory does inde$ avoid ! difficulty1 b avoids x only by giv+ up ! doctr9e6 ,any ?+ %ort ( ?is am\nts to no?+2 x /&s =? /ill ! absolute decree1 fix$ z fate1 & fix+1 /rong z fate1 all ! acts ( subord9ate intellig5ces4 ,any real modification ( x is a virtual r5unciation1 & a sub/itution 9 its /ead ( ! public & consi/5t decree ( ,heav51 ,he t believe? %all be sav$2 he t believe? n %all be damn$4 ,n succe$+ z 0 hop$ 9 su* a def9ition ( pr$e/9ation z w\ld h>monize ! oppos+ propositions1 repeat$ trials h be5 made to def9e & expla9 human lib]ty & ! p[] ( *oice1 s z to b5d ^! into a co9cid5ce ) ! inflexible decree4 ,?is br+s u back to ! inquiry />t$ above3 ,:at is ?is p[] ( *oice8 ,n[ z ?is is a po9t m metaphysical 9 its nature ?an ! proposition embrac+ ! decrees1 s !re is m gr\nd = lab\r$ argum5t & ref9$ speculation4 ,only "o !ory1 h[ev]1 ne$s to be p>ticul>ly notic$3--#a4 ,because x is ! mo/ plausible ( any o!r1 s t if ?is w n be> ! te/1 x is probable no o!r w2 & #b4 ,because ?is is ! !ory :i* is n[ pretty g5]ally1 & p]haps almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by ! ,calv9i/s2 ,i mean ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( motives4 ,x is 9 sub/ance ?is3 ! p[] ( *oice is t p[] :i* ! m9d has ( act+ 9 view ( motives1 & ( decid+ accord+ to ! /ronge/ motive4 ,! /r5g? & direction ( volition are always 9 accordance ) ! motive4 ,& ?is relation betwe5 m9d & motives is fix$ by ! v con/itution ( our natures1 s t x may be said !re is a con/itutional necessity t ! m9d %\ld be controll$ by motives4 ,^! motives are multitud9\s & v>i\s4--,all conceptions & p]ceptions ( ! m9d1 f :atev] cause1 productive ( pleasure or pa91 excit+ emotions ( love or av]sion1 are motives2 or1 m prop]ly1 p]haps1 ! causes ( ^! m5tal /ates are motives4 ,betwe5 ^! motives & ! m9d !re is su* a connection1 t ! =m] n only excite1 b control ! latt]1 9 all its volitions4 ,! nature ( ?is relation is ( c\rse beyond ! limits ( human inve/igation3 all we c say is1 su* is ! nature ( motives & ( m9d4 ,su* is ! !ory4 ,! argum5ts by :i* x is def5d$ are 9 sub/ance ! foll[+ --exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,we are consci\s1 x is said1 ( act+ f motives1 & x is univ]sally und]/ood t o!rs also act f motives4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t we gov]n ourselves 9 our int]c\rse ) m52 by ?is we calculate ) moral c]ta9ty1 9 _m in/ances1 :at w be ! conduct ( a man 9 a giv5 case2 &1 ^u su* calculations1 we =m mo/ ( our maxims1 & rules ( conduct 9 social life3 nay1 x is said a man t w act )\t a reason mu/ be insane--t1 on ?is gr\nd1 :5ev] a man acts x is common to inquire :at induc$ him4 ,:at motive _h he8 ,t ev5 *ildr51 at a v e>ly age s readily recognize ?is pr9ciple1 t !y are con/antly inquir+ :y d y d ?is or t4 ,su* are ! /ronge/ argum5ts by :i* ?is !ory is su/a9$--argum5ts too /rong x is suppos$ to be ov]?r[n4 ,i object to ! sov]eign control ( ! m9d by motives4 ,b 9 (f]+ my objections1 x %\ld fir/ be obs]v$ t no man1 9 8 s5ses1 x is presum$1 w d5y t motives h an important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ our volitions4 ,nor is x necess>y1 9 ord] to oppose ! doctr9e ( ! controll+ p[] ( motives1 to d5y t ! p[] ( volition may h be5 wak$ up to action1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by motive influ5ce1 or t ! m9d ev] aft] may1 9 all its volitions1 be m or less "u ?is influ5ce4 ,z ^! are po9ts :i* d n mat]ially affect ! "q at issue betwe5 u & ! ,calv9i/s1 !y may be left out ( ! discussion = ! pres5t4 ,! "q is ?is--,has ! m9d a self-det]m9+ p[]1 by :i* x c spontane\sly decide1 indep5d5t ( ! control ( motives1 or is ! m9d absolutely controll$ by motives8 ,we ma9ta9 ! =m]--our oppon5ts ! latt]4 ,by e/abli%+ our position1 we disprove !irs--by disprov+ !irs we e/abli% ours--& x is believ$ t !irs c be directly disprov$1 & ours directly e/abli%$2 at lea/ s f> z we c hope to arrive at demon/ration on ^! extremely difficult po9ts4 #a4 ,my fir/ objection to ?is doctr9e ( motive influ5ce is1 t mo/ ( ! argum5ts by :i* x is def5d$1 z directly & c]ta9ly prove t ! ,div9e m9d is subject to ! absolute control ( motives z t human m9ds are4 ,x is argu$1 t to ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s volition1 indep5d5t ( ! control ( motives1 involves ! absurdity1 t our volitions are excit$ )\t any intellig5t reasons :atev]1 & z ! effect1 consequ5tly1 ( no?+ bett] ?an a m]e brute or s5seless me*anism4 7,views 9 ,!ology1 p4 #afc47--,n[ if ?is has any be>+ on ! "q1 x relates n to human m9d & human volition m]ely1 b to m9d 9 g5]al1 & mu/ apply to ! ,div9e m9d4 ,! same may be said1 9 fact1 ( mo/ ( ! argum5ts t are br\ght 9 fav\r ( ?is doctr9e4 ,calv9i/s are conv9c$ ( ?is--& h5ce ?is also is a "p ( _! cre$4 ,x 0 def5d$ by ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 & is ?us av[$ by ,pr(essor ,upham1 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,m5tal ,philosophy4 ,speak+ ( ! control ( motives1 he says1 ,our condition1 9 ?is respect1 seems to be ess5tially ! same ) t ( ! ,supreme ,be+ himself--he is inevitably gov]n$ 9 all 8 do+s1 by :at1 9 ! great range ( ev5ts1 is wise/ & be/4 7,vol4 ii1 p4 #cha47 ,?us ! ,div9e ,be+ is1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 & by ! express %[+ ( ! lead+ advocates ( ! !ory1 inevitably made a subord9ate to a sup]ior4 ,x is believ$ !re is no avoid+ ?is conclusion2 & :at !n8 ,:y !n ! doctr9e makes ,god a necess>y ag5t1 & leads to a!ism6 ,x is ne>ly1 if n exactly1 ! same z ! old hea!n doctr9e ( fate4 ,! anci5t hea!ns suppos$ t ,jupit] himself1 ! omnipot5t fa!r ( ! gods & m51 mu/ yield to fate4 ,mod]n ,*ri/ians tea* t !re is a c]ta9 fitness ( ?+s1 c]ta9 con/itutional relations1 exi/+ indep5d5t ( ! ,div9e w1 :i* ,god himself _c sup]s$e1 b to :i* he mu/ yield4 ,h[ does ?is s9k1 at once1 bo? ! natural & moral p]fections ( ,god6 ,! ex]cises ( 8 wisdom & goodness are no?+ m ?an ! result ( c]ta9 fix$ & irresi/ible influ5ces4 ,fix$ n by ,god himself1 = t w\ld be to give up ! doctr9e2 = 9 t case1 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 ! ,div9e m9d mu/ h act$ )\t control ( motive1 if ?is law ( motive influ5ce did n exi/ until ! ,div9e volition will$ x into be+ & if he c\ld once act indep5d5t ( ?is control1 he might s act = ev]2 & ! argum5t built on ! absurdity ( volition1 )\t an intellig5t reason1 is contradict$4 ,b if t argum5t has any weight1 x fixes1 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 a p>am\nt influ5ce et]nally antec$5t to ! ex]cise ( ! ,div9e m9d1 & controll+ t m9d ) irresi/ible sway4 ,?is is fate6 ,?is is a!ism6 ,once set up an influ5ce t controls ! ,div9e m9d1 call t influ5ce :at y w1 fitness ( ?+s--fate--en]gy ( nature--or necess>y relation1 & t mom5t y make ,god a subord9ate2 y hurl him f 8 ?rone ( sov]eignty1 & make him ! in/rum5t ( a sup]ior4 ,( :at use is su* a ,deity8 ,might we n z well h none6 ,nay bett]1 z x seems to me1 if "u ! control ( 8 own native influ5ce he is l$ to create be+s susceptible ( suff]+1 & fix ! relations ( ^? be+s to ! motives ar\nd !m su*1 t by a law ( _! nature !y are inevitably l$ to s9 & endless wo6 ,is x to be wond]$ at1 t _m ,calv9i/s h become infidels8 ,?is doctr9e ( motives is ! v ess5ce ( ! sy/em ( ,sp9oza1 ^: deity 0 ! en]gy ( nature6 ,! supreme controll+ p[] ( ,dr4 ,edw>ds & 8 foll[]s is ! en]gy ( motives1 :i* exi/s 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ant]ior to ! w ( ,god4 ,c any "o po9t out any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems8 ,su* are ! objections to any argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e t motives inevitably control ! volitions ( intellig5t be+s 9 g5]al1 involv+ ( c\rse ! highe/ intellig5ce4 ,b if any are dispos$ to give up ?is doctr9e1 z ess5tial to intellig5t volition 9 g5]al1 & *oose to ma9ta9 x only 9 respect to ! volitions ( "s p>ticul> intellig5t be+s2 !n !y mu/ give up all ! /ronge/ ( _! argum5ts4 ,if ,god is free f ?is control1 !y mu/ ackn[l$ge also1 or give "s reason = _! diss5t1 t he may1 if he *ooses1 make & su/a9 subord9ate intellig5ces1 hav+ ! same fre$om f ?is control2 & if !y ackn[l$ge t !re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ! case t r5d]s ?is an impossibility1 !n !y mu/ %[1 if !y c1 t ?\gh ,god might con/itute be+s o!rwise1 he has s con/itut$ man z to r5d] him incapable ( *oice1 except :5 & z motives direct1 by an inevitable influ5ce4 ,b 9 attempt+ ?is !y mu/ meet o!r difficulties 9 _! c\rse1 :i*1 x is believ$1 w greatly emb>rass ! sy/em4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 toge!r ) ! argum5ts :i* ,i design to advance directly 9 fav\r ( ! opposite view1 mu/ be res]v$ = ano!r numb]4 ,,numb] ,,ix4 ,,moral ,,ag5cy ,,& ,,acc\ntability1 ,,cont9u$4 ,ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( motives is1 t x leads to mat]ialism4 ,! doctr9e1 x w be recollect$1 is ?is3 ,:5 ! m9d is br\ght into connection ) objects ( *oice1 x is inevitably l$1 by a law ( its nature1 to ! selection ( "o r ?an ( ! o!r1 unless !re is a p]fect equality betwe5 !m2 9 :i* case ,i suppose1 ( c\rse1 ! m9d mu/ rema9 9 equilibrium2 = if x moves only by ! influ5ce ( motives1 & to ! same degree & 9 ! same direction ) motive influ5ce1 ( c\rse :5 x is equally attract$ 9 opposite directions x mu/ be at re/6 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ,leibnitz ma9ta9$ t ,god c\ld n make two p>ticles ( matt] 9 all respects alike2 because1 9 t case1 be+ inevitably gov]n$ by motives 9 8 decisions1 he c\ld n det]m9e :]e to place !m1 bo? hav+ ! same influ5ce on 8 m9d = a location 9 ! same place6 ,! same writ] repres5ts ?is motive influ5ce1 also1 z frequ5tly imp]ceptible1 b n ! less effectual1 & n ! less volunt>y6 ,& to illu/rate x makes ! foll[+ comp>ison3--,x is z if a ne$le1 t\*$ ) a load/one1 7 s5sible ( & pleas$ ) its turn+ to ! nor?1 = x w\ld believe t x turn$ itself indep5d5t ( any o!r cause1 n p]ceiv+ ! ins5sible motions ( ! magnetic p[]4 ,?is /atem5t ( ,leibnitz1 :o _h paid great att5tion to ?is philosophical !ory1 is important 9 sev]al respects4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 an ackn[l$gm5t t consci\sness is aga9/ ! doctr9e2 & x is also a concession t ! m9d is impos$ ^u1 9 ?is matt]1 by ! ,creator4 ,b ) respect to ! argum5t1 t ?is doctr9e leads to mat]ialism1 ?is quotation is important1 because x %[s t "o ( ! mo/ philosophical1 if n "o ( ! mo/ evangelical ( ! def5d]s ( ?is doctr9e1 consid]$ ! law ( motive influ5ce simil> to ! law ( magnetic attraction1 diff]+ only 9 be+ accompani$ by s5sation & a deceptive consci\sness4 ,& :at says its great evangelical *ampion 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,dr4 ,edw>ds8 ,he comp>es our volitions to ! vibrations ( a scale beam1 ! diff]5t ends ( :i* are respectively elevat$ or depress$ z ! opposite weights may *ance to v>y4 ,:at is ?is b tea*+ t motions ( m9d are gov]n$ by ! same fix$ laws z ^? ( matt]1 & t volitions are p]fectly me*anical /ates ( m9d8 ,:at ! advocates ( ?is doctr9e *>ge on ! opposite !ory belongs1 by _! own %[+1 to _! own sy/em4--,!y1 n we1 make *oices ! result ( animal in/9ct1 or s5seless me*anism4 ,i "k ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 9 8 late exposition ( ! ,romans1 seems to reprobate ^! comp>isons2 & :ile he cont5ds1 z ,i %\ld ?9k1 z /r5u\sly z ,dr4 ,edw>ds1 = a complete & effici5t control ( ! ,div9e ,be+ ov] all our volitions1 he appe>s to ?9k t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! laws ( intellectual & mat]ial action4 ,s1 inde$1 d we ?9k4 ,b we ?9k t diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! m9d's be+ free f t control = :i* ! pr(essor cont5ds2 & we believe :5 he cont5ds = t control 9 ! volitions ( ! m9d1 he cont5ds = t :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 entirely de/roys ! o!r "p ( 8 hypo!sis1 viz4 t ! op]ations ( ! m9d are free1 & ess5tially diff]5t f me*anical motion or ! laws ( attractive influ5ce 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,if ! attractive p[] ( motives ov] ! m9d is any ?+ diff]5t f ! law ( gravitation or magnetic attraction1 :at is t diff]5ce8 ,%\ld any "o say1 ,i _c tell2 ,i ask !n1 ,h[ does he "k b x is t v p[] = :i* ,arm9ians cont5d8 ,mo/ probably x is t p[]4 ,or w x be said1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 motive influ5ce & gravity is consci\sness8 ,i reply1 ,consci\sness is no "p ( ! relation betwe5 motives & ! p[] ( *oice4 ,i see n inde$ h[ x affects t relation at all4 ,& ?is ! comp>ison ( ,leibnitz1 already allud$ to1 cle>ly illu/rates4 ,look at t fl[+ /ream2 x ha/5s on mo/ freely1 & by ! law ( its own nature d[n ! g5tle declivities or m precipit\s slopes ( its me&]+ *annel4 ,suppose n[ t ,omnipot5ce %\ld imp>t consci\sness to ! p>ticles ( ! cont9u\s curr5t1 x w\ld !n wake up to p]ceive ! action & feel ! pleasure ( its own delightful motions4 ,x w\ld roll on /ill by ! law ( its own nature1 & w\ld feel t x 0 free to move accord+ to its own incl9ation & volunt>y t5d5cy1 = its w w\ld ( c\rse be 9 ! direction ( its motive1 or 9 o!r phrase1 its gravitat+ influ5ce4 ,b c\ld x turn its c\rse & roll back its wat]s to _! f\nta9s8 ,x c\ld if x 0 s incl9$4 ,b its pres5t incl9ation is t[>d ! bottom ( ! valley or ! bosom ( ! ocean1 & ?i!r1 by ! relation t exi/s betwe5 its p>ticles & ! gravitat+ influ5ce ( ! e>?1 x rolls on ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 ?\gh ) ! utt] impossibility ( *ang+ its own c\rse1 )\t an inv]sion ( ! gravitat+ p[]4 ,let ! h& ( ,omnipot5ce inv]t ! slope ( ! m\nta91 & to6 ) ! same fre$om ^! v wat]s roll back aga9 to _! orig9al f\nta9s6 ,?us x is ) ! human m9d4 ,x is consci\s ( be+ free to move 9 ! direction ( its incl9ations1 b require x to turn its c\rse & move 9 ! curr5t ( its volitions1 9 an opposite direction1 & x w\ld be utt]ly impossible1 until ,omnipot5ce himself %\ld *ange ! motive influ5ce4--,god is ! det]m9] ( p]ceptions1 & p]ceptions are ! det]m9]s ( *oices4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ?is doctr9e ( motive influ5ce leads to mat]ialism1 = x makes ! analogy betwe5 m5tal & mat]ial action s complete t x de/roys all idea ( intellectual p[]4 ,philosophically speak+1 !re is no p[] 9 ! laws ( nature4 ,:at we express by ! p[] ( attraction1 or repulsion1 or decomposition1 is no?+ m ?an ! uni=mity ( ! ,div9e ag5cy4 ,does ! e>? attract elevat$ bodies to its surface8--,?is is n an en]gy inh]5t 9 nature2 x is ! ,god ( nature act+ by a uni=m law4 ,?is is all t any intellig5t man c mean by ! p[] ( nature4 ,we1 h[ev]1 use ! ^w p[] 9 an accommodat$ s5se 9 ^! cases1 b always ,i ?9k 9 connection ) t portion ( matt] t appe>s to act1 & n t :i* is act$ ^u4 ,! magnet1 we say1 has p[] to attract iron1 because iron is attract$ t[>d ! magnet1 & n ! magnet t[>d ! iron4 ,! antec$5t1 or t :i* takes ! lead 9 ! motion1 is m prop]ly said to h ! p[]1 or is ! effici5t cause4 ,if !n we all[ ( ! use ( ! t]m p[] at all1 to express ! relation ( cause & effect1 gr[+ out ( a philosophical con/itution ( ?+s1 ! t]m %\ld be appli$ to ! antec$5t1 & n to ! consequ5t4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 m5tal action is n ! cause ( ! motive1 b ! motive is ! cause ( ! m5tal action3 !re=e we %\ld say motives h p[] to act ^u ! m9d1 & ! m9d has a susceptibility ( be+ act$ ^u4 ,dr4 ,reid has well obs]v$1 t a p[] to be act$ ^u is no p[]1 or x is a p[]less p[]1 :i* is philosophically absurd4 ,!re=e we come to ! conclusion t ! m9d has no p[] ( *oice1 b has a susceptibility ( be+ drawn into a /ate call$ volition by ! p[] ( motives4 ,x w avail no?+1 z ,i conceive1 to say t !re is evid5tly a diff]5ce betwe5 ! susceptibility ( ! m9d 9 ?is case1 & ! susceptibility ( matt] 9 o!r cases1 unless x be %[n :at t diff]5ce is3 = :5 t diff]5ce is po9t$ out1 x w d\btless be f\nd to be :at is 9 direct opposition to ! motive !ory4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em t x (t5 has to assume positions to keep itself 9 c\nt5ance1 :i* positions !mselves are a virtual ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em4 ,s ! ,new-,hav5 div9es h done to support pr$e/9ation1 & to ?is all ,calv9i/s are driv5 9 _! attempts to reconcile free w1 or ! p[] ( *oice1 ) _! doctr9e ( motives1 dep5d5ce c4 ,we may be told 9 ! case be=e u1 t :5 ! m9d is act$ ^u x is !n excit$ to action4 ,b h[ excit$ to action8 ,is ! action any /rong] ?an ! motive influ5ce8--,is x c>ri$ beyond ?is influ5ce8 or 9 a diff]5t direction8 ,to answ] any "o ( ^! que/ions 9 ! affirmative is to give up ! !ory2 b to answ] !m 9 ! negative is to attribute to ! m9d no?+ m ?an ! in]tia ( matt]4 ,! motives are 7"u ,god7 ! ag5t1 ! m9d is ! passive object1 & ! volition is ! effect4 ,c any "o say !n1 on ?is !ory1 t ! m9d has ! p[] ( *oice8 ,x has no p[] 9 ! fir/ place1 because its volitions are ! result ( philosophical necessity2 & x has no p[]1 secondly1 because x is n ! cause ( its own volitions1 b 9 ^! volitions x is ! passive subject ( =eign influ5ces4 ,n[1 s f> z moral action is conc]n$1 h[ does ?is diff] f mat]ialism8 ,x is true m5tal action diff]s f mat]ial action 9 "s associat$ circum/ances2 x is accompani$ by consci\sness2 b z consci\sness ( itself _c give acc\ntability1 & z x ga9s no?+ 9 ?is respect by be+ associat$ ) su* k9d ( m5tal action z results f philosophical necessity1 x appe>s pla9 t man is n acc\ntable2 & if n acc\ntable1 x is m ?an probable t he has no future exi/5ce1 & ?us aga9 we are driv5 to mat]ialism & to deism1 if n to a!ism4 ,t man is n acc\ntable ^u ! pr9ciple we are oppos+1 might h be5 made a di/9ct argum5t2 b ,i h connect$ x ) ! argum5t t ?is doctr9e leads to mat]ialism because !y imply ea* o!r4 ,if mat]ialism is true1 we are n acc\ntable1 & if we are n acc\ntable1 mat]ialism is probably true2 & bo? are true1 z ,i conceive1 if ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( motives is true4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$ by ! advocates ( ?is !ory1 t ! m9d is n :olly passive1 because we are consci\s ( putt+ =? a m5tal en]gy & mak+ a responsible volition2 t ,i am ready to grant1 b !n our consci\sness is a fallacy if ?is sy/em be true2 & on ! contr>y1 if consci\sness be true1 ?is sy/em is false4 ,i believe no "o :o pays att5tion to 8 own m9d w d\bt ( hav+ ?is consci\sness4 ,b does t prove ! tru? ( ?is !ory8 ,x is "o ?+ to be consci\s ( hav+ ?is en]gy ( m9d & responsible volition1 & ano!r to be consci\s t ! !ory 9 "q is true2 inde$ ?is consci\sness de/roys ! !ory4 ,%\ld x be urg$ 9 opposition to ! alleg$ t5d5cy ( ?is sy/em to mat]ialism1 t diff]5t m9ds are n uni=mly influ5c$ by ! same motives1 nor ! same m9ds at diff]5t times1 & !re=e1 9 ?is respect1 x is evid5t t ! laws ( m9d & ( matt] diff]2 ,i reply1 ,x is precisely s ) matt]2 = t attracts or repels accord+ to its diff]5t magnetic or electrical /ates2 or %\ld x be urg$ t m9d diff]s f matt]1 & %[s itself to be possess$ ( a peculi> en]gy1 because x has p[] to susp5d its decisions1 to review ! subject1 to inve/igate1 c2 ,i answ]1 ?is x _c d )\t a motive2 & ?is x mu/ d if ! motive prepond]ate 9 t direction1 b n o!rwise4 ,to h a prop] view ( ?is subject let u g back to ! fir/ p]ception4 ,c\ld ! m9d1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 act o!rwise ?an 9 co9cid5ce ) ! motive influ5ce ( ?is p]ception2 or c\ld x ev5 susp5d ! volition ?is influ5ce 0 calculat$ to produce1 until a second & m p[]ful motive 0 introduc$8 ,if x c\ld1 !n ?is doctr9e is false2 if x c\ld n1 !n ! m9d1 l matt] put 9 motion1 mu/ move on inv>iably 9 ! same direction1 & ) ! same velocity ( ?\ght = ev]1 or until a new motive %\ld c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ! =m]6 ,?is is emphatically ! vis in]tia ( matt]4 ,! b>e /atem5t ( :i* seems suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! !ory4 ,ano!r objection to ?is doctr9e ( motives is1 x leads to ! notion ( reg5]ation by moral suasion m]ely4 ,!re has be5 mu* said ( late1 by ! v>i\s writ]s 9 ! old & ! new s*ool1 on ?is po9t4 ,! new s*ool are *>g$ ) hold+ t ! tru? alone1 )\t any imm$iate ag5cy ( ! ,holy ,_s1 conv]ts ! s9n]4 ,?is is consid]$ by ! old s*ool ,calv9i/s z a fatal error4 ,b :y s8 ,if motives gov]n ! m9d1 ) absolute sway1 all y ne$ to conv]t a s9n]1 is to br+ a motive /rong en\gh to induce him to *oose ,god z 8 *ief good1 & he is conv]t$4 ,until y d ?is !re is no conv]sion1 x is impossible = ! ,holy ,gho/ to conv]t a s9n] 9 any o!r way ?an by motives1 = *oice ( good we are told is conv]sion2 !re is no *oice )\t a motive1 & ! /ronge/ motive gov]ns *oice absolutely2 !re=e motive is ! omnipot5t p[] t *anges ! s9n]'s he>t4 ,?is is ! legitimate result ( ,! ,calv9i/ic premises4 ,we h m ?an once _h occasion to wond] t ,calv9i/s %\ld revolt at ! result ( _! own doctr9es2 "h we h ano!r in/ance ( x2 "h too we h ! enigma ( natural ability unriddl$4 ,! human m9d1 by ! con/itution ( its nature1 has ! p[] ( *oos+ accord+ to ! influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ motive2 & !re=e1 s f> z ?is c be call$ a p[]1 x has ! natural p[] to conv]t itself2 & ?is is ! reason :y make y a new he>t is ! burd5 ( almo/ e s]mon & exhortation 9 mod]n prea*+2 all ! s9n] has to d is to *oose1 9 view ( motives1 & he is conv]t$4 ,& "h1 too1 is unravell$ t o!r my/]y :i* we h be5 s puzzl$ to und]/&1 viz4 t al?\gh all possess ! natural p[] to conv]t !mselves1 yet no man ev] did conv]t himself )\t ! special int]position ( ! ,div9e ag5cy2 =1 obs]ve1 ,god keeps ! motives 9 8 own h&s2 ,god is ! det]m9] ( p]ceptions1 & p]ceptions are ! det]m9]s ( *oices2 t is1 ( conv]sions2 = to *oose 9 a p>ticul> way1 is to be conv]t$4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 he is dispos$ to let ! s9n] conv]t himself1 accord+ to 8 natural p[]2 t is1 :5 he is dispos$ to ov]p[] ! m9d by an irresi/ible motive1 he br+s ! motive & m9d 9 contact1 & x is done4 ,?us ! s9n] has z mu* p[] to conv]t himself z he has to resolve to eat :5 he is hungry2 = all ! p[] he has to d ei!r1 is a susceptibility ( be+ op]at$ ^u1 & controll$ by ! /ronge/ motive2 & ?us y see1 also1 t ,god conv]ts ! s9n]1 because he supplies ! motive t influ5ces ! *oice2 & "h1 too1 is se5 ! occasion = misquot+ s frequ5tly & misapply+ s univ]sally1 t passage 9 ! ,psalms3 ,my p %all be made will+ 9 ! day ( my p[]4 ,t is1 :5 ,god applies ! controll+ motive to influ5ce to a "r *oice1 !n %all ! s9n]1 by a law ( 8 nature1 become will+ to be conv]t$4 ,su* are ! wond]ful philosophical discov]ies ( mod]n !ology6 ,?is is ! way = man to conv]t himself by natural p[]1 & ?is is ! way = ,god to conv]t him1 )\t ! aid ( sup] natural p[]6 ,well might a div9e ( ?is ca/1 :om ,i he>d prea* n long s9ce1 say ( reg5]ation1 ,!re is no?+ sup]natural or miracul\s 9 x4 ,= surely x is "o ( ! mo/ natural ?+s 9 ! _w1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 to be conv]t$4 ,x is only to be op]at$ ^u by a motive1 accord+ to ! law ( 8 natural con/itution1 & ! man is conv]t$4 ,?is philosophy ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce has l$ mod]n or?odoxy to ! v bord]s ( natural religion4 ,ano!r /ep1 & we c d )\t a ,holy ,gho/ or a ,div9e ,savi\r4 ,we w sit d[n ) ! philosoph] 9 8 /udy1 & "w out a religi\s exp]i5ce1 z philosophically z a skilful casui/ c solve a "q ( morals2 we w %[ ! rationale ( ! :ole process1 & demon/rate x s cle>ly1 t infidels %all lose all _! objections to ! ,gospel1 & be induc$ to submit to ,god ) sc>cely a *ange ( !ory4 ,h]eaft] let no man say1 t ! "w ( reg5]ation is a my/]y--t 9 ?is "w we _c tell :5ce ! reg5]at+ influ5ce comes1 or :i!r x goes2 = x comes ?r\gh ! philosophical *annel ( motive influ5ce by :i* x introduces a gov]n+ purpose into ! m9d1 & ! "w is done4 ,let no man h]eaft] say t 8 fai? /&s n 9 ! wisdom ( man1 b 9 ! p[] ( ,god2 or if any man w\ld be wise let him become a fool t he may be wise2 or ! wisdom ( man is fooli%ness ) ,god2 = lo1 ! philosophy ( reg5]ation is at l5g? expla9$6 & ! :ole secret is f\nd to consi/ 9 ! philosophical relation betwe5 motives & m9d66 ,c any "o wond]1 aft] ?is1 t 9 ,g5eva1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,new-,engl&1 ,calv9ism has f9ally result$ 9 ,soc9ianism8 ,& c any "o help trembl+ = a l>ge portion ( ! or?odox ,*ur*es among u at ! pres5t day8 ,grant t !re is an increase ( zeal1 a great] /ir among ! p1 m revivals1 c2 all ^!1 ) a good f\ndation1 w\ld promise well = ! ,*ur*2 b we fe> !re is a worm at ! root4 ,by ?is x is n int5d$ to ins9uate t ! "w is always spuri\s & ! pr(ess$ conv]sions uns\nd4 ,9 _m in/ances x is und\bt$ly ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,x might be expect$ aft] ! p _h be5 lull$ = a long "t "u ! p>alyz+ opiates ( old-fa%ion$ ,calv9ism1 t ?is new & app>5tly opposite !ory %\ld r\se _m to action4 ,i _h be5 taught1 said a man n f> f ?is1 t ,i mu/ wait ,god's "t to be conv]t$1 & ,i wait$ _m ye>s 9 va92 b m rec5tly ,i h be5 in/ruct$ t ,i might conv]t myself2 ,i set ab\t ! "w1 & ,i believe x is done6 ,n[ ?is1 :i* 9 ! relation bord]s ^u ! ludicr\s1 might h be5 a g5u9e conv]sion4 ,8 new views might only h be5 suffici5t to ar\se him to a co-op]ation ) ! ,holy ,_s 9 8 conv]sion2 & ?is may h be5 ! case ) ?\s&s4 ,9 _! practical effects two opposite errors may1 9 individual cases1 neutralize ea* o!r4--,b is ei!r !re=e safe8 ,w ! g5]al effect be salut>y8 ,let ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* speak2 & 9 view ( t record ,i confess ,i fe> = our common ,zion4 ,b let n ! old ,calv9i/s lay ?is blame1 & *>ge ?is dang] ^u ! new s*ool2 ! new s*ool doctr9e is a legitimate scion f t root :i* !y h cultivat$ ) su* assiduity & c>e4 ,x gr[s out ( ! doctr9e ( motives1 x spr+s f ! idea ( ! entire dep5d5ce ( ! human m9d = ea* & all its volitions ^u ! direct+ influ5ce ( ,omnipot5ce1 :atev] may be ! !ory by :i* t influ5ce is expla9$4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 opposition to ?is doctr9e is f\nd 9 ! consid]ation1 t we are con/antly liable to disappo9tm5t 9 mo/ ( our calculations respect+ human ag5ts4--,?\gh we may judge some?+ ( :at w be ! conduct ( m5 9 giv5 circum/ances1 yet our calculations are v f> f com+ up to me*anical exactness4 ,motives h "s influ5ce2 b t influ5ce is v v>iable & unc]ta94 ,:y is ?is8 ,x is n s 9 matt]2 ! same causes w produce ! same effects to ! end ( "t4 ,b we see _m *oose1 )\t be+ able to give :at1 9 _! own e/imation1 is a valid reason2 !y did ?us because !y *ose to d s2 !y act 9 defiance ( ! /ronge/ motives1 drawn f :atev] s\rce4 ,we see ! greate/ possible caprice 9 ! volitions ( m52 we see _! m9ds />t+ aside1 & putt+ on ! greate/ possible & unacc\ntable m5tal /ates1 9 a way & =m t baffles all human calculation1 & w = ev] baffle x4 ,a man may sp5d all 8 life 9 try+ to r$uce to uni=mity ! ph5om5a ( human volitions1 & !reby to fix1 9 an un]r+ code1 ! laws t gov]n !m1 & he may h& 8 lab\rs to 8 successor1 & s on to ! end ( "t1 & aft] all1 t liv+1 spontane\s1 ?\ght-produc+ ess5ce :i* we call ! human s\l1 w slide f our grasp & elude all our calculations4 ,if ?is consid]ation %\ld h no direct weight 9 opposition to ! !ory ,i am oppos+1 x w at lea/ %[ ! absurdity ( def5d+ ?is sy/em by :at is call$ ! kn[n regul>ity & uni=m ph5om5a ( human volitions4 ,to talk ( uni=mity "h1 is to talk (1 to say ! lea/1 :at does n exi/4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ?is subject1 we f9d t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! motive !ory are g5]ally ( ! negative k9d2 !y are n s mu* direct pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! !ory1 z !y are attempts to %[ ! absurdity ( d5y+ x4 ,b :5 /atem5ts ( ?is k9d are accompani$ by no argum5ts1 !y ne$ only be met by a d5ial4 ,we are consci\s1 say ! !ori/s1 ( be+ controll$ by motives3 ,i reply1 we are n consci\s ( ?is control1 b we are consci\s ( ! contr>y fact4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t motives h _! influ5ce2 b we "k also t ! m9d has an influ5ce ov] motives1 & probably a great] influ5ce ?an motives h ov] x4 ,! m9d is consci\s too ( hav+ an influ5ce ov] itself1 & ( possess+ a self-direct+ en]gy1 a spontane\s p[]1 & its consci\sness ( responsibility is pr$icat$ on ?is p[] ( spontaneity4 ,only let ! m9d become cle>ly consci\s t motives beyond its p[] & influ5ce h an irresi/ible p[] 9 controll+ its decisions1 & y w\ld z c]ta9ly remove f man all s5se ( responsibility1 z 9 ^? cases n[1 :]e ! spasmodic motion ( ! muscle is n ! result ( ! w4 ,x is said aga91 t to d5y ?is control involves ! absurdity t our volitions are ex]t$ )\t any intellig5t reasons1 & are ! result ( a brute or s5seless me*anism4 ,x appe>s to me1 h[ev]1 t a sy/em :i* repres5ts ! w z me*anically gov]n$ by motives1 z weights turn ! scale beam1 makes man a ma*9e2 :ile ! !ory t gives ! m9d a spontane\s p[] & en]gy ( its own1 makes him :at he is1 an intellig5t1 responsible ag5t4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ^! negative argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t motives control ! m9d1 are ass]tions & n pro(s2 & s9ce ! !ory itself leads to fate1 to a!ism1 to mat]ialism1 to conv]sion by m]e moral suasion1 to ! subv]sion ( human lib]ty & moral responsibility1 we mu/ believe ! !ory false4 ,b aga9/ ! !ory ( ! spontane\s p[] ( ! m9d1 none ( ^! objections lie4 ,x accords too ) consci\sness2 & is1 9 fact1 ! only !ory on :i* ! responsibility ( a moral ag5t c be pr$icat$4 ,! opposite view claims our ass5t to two incongru\s & app>5tly contradictory propositions1 betwe5 :i* !re is n only no agreem5t1 b an evid5t repugnancy4 ,?is is ! emb>rassm5t 9 ! "o case1 & x is fatal to ! !ory4 ,if !re are emb>rassm5ts 9 ! o!r case1 & :at !ory ( m9d or matt] has n its inexplicables8--^! emb>rassm5ts are evid5tly ( ano!r k9d2 x is n ! want ( light to see h[ two antagoni/ pr9ciples c agree1 ! repugnancy ( :i* mu/ be ! m app>5t z light increases1 b x is f ! kn[n limits to human k4 ,! pr9cipal emb>rassm5t to ! !ory we def5d is1 we _c und]/& ! mann] 9 :i* ?is faculty ( ! m9d op]ates4 ,b ?is is no m difficult ?an to und]/& ! mann] 9 :i* o!r faculties ( ! m9d op]ate4 ,to make ?is la/ /atem5t cle>1 ! read] is desir$ to recollect t ! m9d is n divid$ into p>ts & memb]s l ! body4 ,:5 we talk ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 we %\ld und]/& ! p[] t ! entire m9d has to act 9 ?is or t way4 ,?us we say1 ! m9d has ! faculties ( w & ( memory1 t is1 ! m9d1 z a :ole1 has ! p[]s ( *oos+1 & ( call+ up its pa/ impressions4 ,n[ if any "o w tell me h[ ! m9d rememb]s1 ,i w tell him h[ x wills2 & ,i h ! same "r to ask him :at causes ! memory to rememb]1 z he has to ask me :at causes ! w to w4 ,9 bo? cases x may be said1 ! m9d rememb]s & wills because ?is is its nature--,god made x s4 ,:5 y analyze until y come to ! orig9al elem5ts1 or :5 y trace back effects until y come to fir/ pr9ciples1 y mu/ /op4--,& if y w n receive ^! fir/ pr9ciples because y _c expla9 !m f>!r1 !n inde$ y mu/ turn univ]sal skeptic4 ,i frankly ackn[l$ge ,i _c tell h[ ! m9d acts 9 its volitions4 ,& let x be und]/ood t ! motive !ory1 ) all its o!r emb>rassm5ts1 has ?is "o 9 common ) ours4--,c its advocates tell me h[ motives act ^u ! m9d8 ,true philosophy is an analysis ( con/itu5t pr9ciples1 or ( causes & effects1 b ! orig9 ( ^! relations & comb9ations is resolvable only into ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,x is s1 because ,god ha? made x s4 ,& ! nature ( ^! relations is beyond ! rea* ( ! human m9d4 ,h[ev] impati5t we may be at ^! re/rictions1 !y are limits beyond :i* we _c g2 & our only duty 9 ! case is1 submission4 ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 t :at ,i h n[ said may1 )\t f>!r explanation1 especially :5 tak5 9 connection ) a pr9ciple ( philosophy already recogniz$1 be consid]$ z an important concession to my oppon5ts4 ,i h be=e /at$1 9 sub/ance1 t 9 ! mat]ial _w !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no su* ?+ z p[]2 t ! effici5cy ( ! laws ( nature is1 9 fact1 ! ,div9e en]gy op]at+ 9 a uni=m way4 ,let x be grant$1 a ,calv9i/ might say1 t :at we call ! op]ation ( second causes is univ]sally ! supreme ,intellig5ce op]at+ 9 a uni=m way1 & x is all we ask to def5d our sy/em4 ,!n x w be grant$1 t 9 ea* volition ( ! human m9d ! op]ation ( ! w is no?+ m ?an ! en]gy ( ! ,div9e m9d op]at+ 9 a uni=m way4 ,to ?is ,i reply1 ,?\gh matt]1 on acc\nt ( its in]tia1 _c 9 any prop] s5se be said to h p[]1 yet ! same is n true ( m9d4 ,if any "o ?9ks x is1 !n ! supreme ,m9d itself has n p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 z bo? matt] & m9d are in]t1 & _c act only z act$ ^u1 !re is no su* ?+ z p[] 9 ! univ]se6 & ?us we aga9 l& 9 a!ism4 ,b if m9d has p[]1 z all !i/s mu/ grant1 !n ! human m9d may h p[]4 ,if any "o c prove t x is impossible1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 = ! ,supreme ,be+ to create & su/a9 subord9ate ag5ts1 ) a spontane\s p[] ( ?\ght & moral action1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 t case we mu/ give up our !ory4 ,b x is presum$ no "o c prove ?is1 or w ev5 attempt to prove x4 ,we say1 ,god has creat$ su* ag5ts1 & t !y act1 9 _! responsible volitions1 uncontroll$ by ! ,creator1 ei!r directly or by second causes4 ,we are expressly told1 inde$1 t ,god made man 9 8 own image2 8 moral image d\btless4 ,man1 !n1 9 8 own subord9ate sph]e1 has ! p[] ( orig9at+ ?\ght1 ! p[] ( spontane\s moral action3 ?is1 ?is only1 is ! gr\nd ( 8 responsibility4 ,w x be said t ?is puts man entirely out ( ! control ( 8 ,creator8 ,i answ]1 ,by no means4 ,x only puts him out ( ! control ( su* direct influ5ces z w\ld de/roy 8 moral lib]ty4 ,does ! p[] ( moral action1 indep5d5t ( ! magi/racy & ! laws1 de/roy all ! control ( ! civil gov]nm5t ov] malefactors8 ,h[ mu* less 9 ! o!r case8 ,god c prev5t all ! mis*ief t a vici\s ag5t might attempt1 )\t ?r[+ any re/ra9t ^u 8 responsible volitions4 ,x is ?us t he makes ! wra? ( man praise him1 & ! rema9d] ( wra? he re/ra9s4 ,let x be und]/ood1 !n1 f ?is "t =w>d1 by all1 z inde$ x has be5 und]/ood h]et(ore by ^? :o h c>efully exam9$ ! subject1 t :5 ! ,calv9i/s talk ab\t free w1 & human lib]ty1 !y mean some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f :at we mean by ^! t]ms2 &1 z x is believ$1 some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f ! popul> mean+ ( ^! t]ms4 ,!y believe 9 human lib]ty1 !y say1 & ! p[] ( *oice1 & we are b\nd to believe !m2 b we are also b\nd n to suff] ourselves to be deceiv$ by t]ms4 ,!irs is a lib]ty & p[] ( a moral ag5t to w z he does1 & n o!rwise4 ,ours is an unre/rict$ lib]ty1 & a spontane\s p[] 9 all responsible volitions1 to *oose z we d1 or o!rwise4 ,?us f> ,i h exam9$ ! m9d 9 its p[] ( *oos+ good or evil1 accord+ to its orig9al con/itution4 ,h[ f> ?is p[] has be5 affect$ by s91 on ! "o h&1 or by grace1 on ! o!r1 is a "q t w claim att5tion 9 my next4 ,,numb] ,x4 ,,moral ,,ag5cy ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,fall1 ,,& ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,provisions ,,( ,,grace4 ,,my la/ numb] 0 an attempt to prove t ,god creat$ man ) a spontane\s p[] ( moral action2 & t ?is 0 ! only gr\nd ( 8 moral responsibility4 ,x is n[ propos$ to inquire h[ f> ?is p[] has be5 affect$ by ! fall1 & ! subsequ5t provisions ( grace4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,me?odi/ ,*ur* on ^! po9ts is v cle>ly express$ by ! #g? & #h? articles ( religion 9 h] book ( ,discipl9e4 #a4 ,orig9al s9 /&e? n 9 ! foll[+ ( ,adam1 7z ! ,pelagians va9ly talk17 b x is ! corruption ( ! nature ( e man t naturally is eng5d]$ ( ! (fspr+ ( ,adam1 :]eby man is v f> gone f orig9al righte\sness1 & ( 8 own nature incl9$ to evil1 & t cont9ually4 #b4 ,! condition ( man aft] ! fall ( ,adam is su*1 t he _c turn & prep>e himself1 by 8 own natural /r5g? & works1 to fai? & call+ ^u ,god3 :]e=e we h no p[] to d good works pleasant & acceptable to ,god1 )\t ! grace ( ,god by ,*ri/ prev5t+ u1 7go+ be=e to assi/ u17 t we may h a good w1 & work+ ) u :5 we h t good w4 ,x is n pret5d$ "h t any intellectual faculties are lo/ by s91 or re/or$ by grace2 b t ! faculties t are ess5tial to m9d h become corrupt$1 d>k5$1 debilitat$1 s z to r5d] man utt]ly incapable ( a "r *oice )\t prev5i5t & coop]at+ grace4 ,z muscul> or n]v\s p[] 9 a limb1 or an ext]nal s5se1 may be weak5$ or de/roy$ by physical disease1 s ! moral p[] ( ! m9d or an inw>d s5se may be weak5$ or de/roy$ by moral disease4 ,& x is 9 p]fect accordance ) analogy1 ) univ]sal language1 & ) ! repres5tations ( ,scripture1 to consid] ! m9d z susceptible1 9 its ess5tial nature1 ( ?is moral det]ioration4 ,if any "o %\ld say he _c und]/& :at ?is moral defect is1 ,i w\ld answ] by ask+ him if he c tell me :at ! ess5ce ( m9d is8 ,& if he *ooses to object to ?is k9d ( depravity1 because he _c und]/& x1 9 its ess5ce1 he %\ld turn mat]iali/ at once2 & !n1 z he w f9d equal difficulty to tell :at ! ess5ce ( matt] is1 & 9 :at its weakness & disord] ess5tially consi/1 he mu/ turn univ]sal skeptic4--,! simple /atem5t is1 ! s\l has become ess5tially disord]$ by s92 & z no "o c prove ! ass]tion to be unphilosophical or contr>y to exp]i5ce1 s ,i ?9k x may be %[n f ,scripture t ?is is ! real /ate ( fall5 human nature4 ,& x may also be %[n t ?is disord] is su* z to m> man's free ag5cy4 ,!re is a s5se1 inde$1 9 :i* all volunt>y pref]5ce may be consid]$ z imply+ free ag5cy4 ,b volunt>y pref]5ce does n necess>ily imply su* a free ag5cy z involves moral responsibility4 ,! m9d may be free to act 9 "o direction1 & yet x may s entirely h lo/ its moral equilibrium z to be utt]ly incapable1 ( its own nature1 to act 9 an opposite direction1 & !re=e n1 9 ! full & responsible s5se1 a free ag5t4 ,x is n en\gh1 !re=e1 to say1 ,free ag5cy 7( a responsible k9d7 consi/s 9 ! possession ( und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w2 7see ,*ri/ian ,spectator = ,septemb]1 #ahcj27 unless by w is meant ! spontane\s p[] already allud$ to4 ,! und]/&+ may be d>k5$1 ! consci5ce may be se>$ or pollut$1 ! w1 t is1 ! p[] ( will+1 may1 to all good purposes1 be in?rall$2 & ?is is :at we affirm to be ! true /ate & condition ( unaid$ human nature4 ,x w be f>!r se5 t ! above acc\nt ( human nature does n recognize ! di/9ction ( natural & moral ability4 ,! fact is1 man's inability is bo? natural & moral2 x is natural1 because x is con/itutional2 & x is moral1 because x relates to ! m9d4 ,to say a fall5 man has natural p[] to make a "r *oice1 because he has ! faculties ( 8 m9d entire1 is ! same z to say t a p>alytic man has ! natural p[] to walk1 because he has 8 limbs entire4 ,x appe>s to me t ! :ole ( ?is di/9ction1 & ! reason+ f x1 proce$ on ! gr\nd ( a mo/ unphilosophical analysis ( m9d & an unw>rant$ def9ition ( t]ms4 ,! simple "q is1 ,has fall5 man1 on ! :ole1 ! p[] to make a "r *oice1 or has he n8 ,we say )\t grace he has n4 ,& !re=e fall5 man is n1 9 ! responsible s5se ( t t]m1 a free ag5t )\t grace4 ,?is view ( ! subject is n novel 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,i readily ackn[l$ge t a doctr9e is n !re=e true1 because x has be5 held by _m1 & c be trac$ back to antiquity1 unless x c be prov$ to be ,scriptural4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t a doctr9e has be5 g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 entitles x to respect & to a c>eful exam9ation1 be=e x is disc>d$4 ,h5ce to ^? :o h only read mod]n ,calv9i/ic au?ors on ?is subject1 x may be a matt] ( surprise to le>n t n only ! m anci5t fa!rs1 b ev5 ,/4 ,au/9 himself1 ! introduc] ( pr$e/9ation into ! ,*ur*1 & ,calv91 & ! synod ( ,dort1 7 all support]s ( s5tim5ts sub/antially ! same z are "h v9dicat$--,i say1 ^? :o h only read mod]n ,calv9i/ic au?ors w be surpris$ to le>n ?is1 because ^! au?ors treat ?is doctr9e z ?\gh x 7 s unreasonable & absurd z sc>cely to be tol]at$ 9 ! view ( common s5se4 ,?\gh x may h an influ5ce ) "s1 9 a paucity ( bett] reasons1 to sc\t a doctr9e f ! ,*ur* by call+ x absurd1 yet ! c&id w n readily give up an old doctr9e = a new1 )\t good reason4 ,i _h at fir/ ?\ght ( quot+ pretty freely f "s ( ! fa!rs1 & especially f ! e>ly ,calv9i/s1 to %[ _! views on ?is po9t4 ,b x may n be necess>y1 unless ! /atem5ts "h made %\ld be d5i$4 ,let !re=e "o or two quotations f ,calv9 & f ! synod ( ,dort1 bo? ( :i* ,i ?9k ,calv9i/s w ackn[l$ge z good ,calv9i/ic au?ority1 suffice4 ,calv9 d5ies all p[] to man1 9 8 apo/asy1 to *oose good1 & says t1 surr\nd$ on e side ) ! mo/ mis]able necessity1 he 7man7 %\ld nev]!less be in/ruct$ to aspire to ! good ( :i* he is de/itute1 & to ! lib]ty ( :i* he is depriv$4 ,! synod ( ,dort decid$ ?us3--,we believe t ,god--=m$ man aft] 8 own image1 c1 capable 9 all ?+s to w agreeably to ! w ( ,god4 ,!y !n speak ( ! fall1 & say1 ,we reject all t is repugnant to ?is conc]n+ ! free w ( man1 s9ce man is b a slave to s91 & has no?+ ( himself1 unless x is giv5 him f heav54 ,& speak+ ( ! *ange by grace1 !y add1 ,! w ?us r5ew$ is n only actuat$ & influ5c$ by ,god1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ?is influ5ce becomes itself active4 ,& to %[ t ,calv9 did n consid] ! volunt>y acts ( a deprav$ s9n] z pro( ( free w1 he says1 ,man has n an equally free election ( good & evil1 & c only be said to h free w1 because he does evil volunt>ily1 & n by con/ra9t2 & ?is he ironically calls egregi\s lib]ty inde$6 if man be n compell$ to s]ve s91 b yet is su* a will+ slave t 8 w is held 9 bondage by ! fettors ( s94 ,^! quotations1 ,i ?9k1 %[ satisfactorily t ! e>ly ,calv9i/s believ$ man to h lo/ 8 p[] to *oose good by apo/asy1 & c only rega9 x by grace4 ,x is true1 !y g5]ally believ$ t :5ev] ?is grace 0 imp>t$ to an ext5t to re/ore to ! m9d ! p[] ( *oos+ good1 x 0 reg5]at+ grace4 ,& h]e9 !y diff] f ! ,arm9ians1 :o believe t grace may & does re/ore ! p[] to *oose good be=e reg5]ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n affect ! po9t n[ "u exam9ation1 b involves a collat]al "q1 :i* w be exam9$ 9 its prop] place4 ,"o ?\ght m1 & ,i pass to ! argum5ts on ! ma9 que/ions 9 ! articles quot$ above4 ,^! articles are tak5 f ! #i? & #aj? ( ! articles ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,our #h? is inde$ id5tically ! same z ! #aj? ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 & ! latt] "p ( t article1 comm5c+1 ,:]e=e1 c1 is tak5 sub/antially f ,/4 ,au/9 himself4 ,?us mu* = ! ,calv9i/ic au?ority ( ! doctr9e we def5d4 ,to :i*1 if x 7 necess>y1 we might add quotations f ,beza1 ,dr4 ,ow51 a decid$ ,calv9i/1 & _m ( ! anci5t fa!rs4 ,nay1 ! ,remon/rants decl>$1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! synod ( ,dort1 t ?is 0 ! judgm5t ( all antiquity4 ,let u n[ notice "s argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is doctr9e4 #a4 ,! doctr9e above /at$1 & n[ to be def5d$1 mu/ be true1 z is believ$1 s9ce only ?is view ( man's condition w accord ) ! ,scripture acc\nt ( depravity4 ,if ! ,scriptures tea* t man is con/itutionally deprav$1 t a blight & a torpor h come ov] 8 moral nature1 comp>able to sleep1 to disease1 & to dea?1 h[ c x be o!rwise ?an t ?is %\ld affect 8 p[] to *oose good8 ,_h man any too mu* moral p[] 9 ! fir/ in/ance to con/itute him an acc\ntable moral ag5t8 ,& if he _h n1 has he en\gh n[ t 8 m9d has become d>k5$1 8 judgm5t p]v]t$1 & 8 moral p[]s corrupt$ & weak5$8 ,or w x be d5i$ t ! moral en]gies ( 8 nature h be5 impair$ by s98 ,if n1 h[ has he be5 affect$8 ,let any "o sp5d a ?\ght on ?is "q1 & decide1 if he c1 :at def9ite vici\s effect c be produc$ on man's moral nature :i* w n necess>ily imply a weak5+ & an emb>rassm5t ( 8 orig9al p[] to a "r *oice4 ,%\ld x be said t 8 p[] is some:at weak5$1 b he has en\gh left to con/itute him free to *oose good1 ?is w\ld imply t be=e ! loss he _h m ?an en\gh6 ,besides1 su* an idea w\ld re/ on ! pr9ciple t man's moral nature 0 n :olly vitiat$4 ,x is said1 ,i "k1 t all ! emb>rassm5t :i* man has to a "r *oice is a dis9cl9ation to moral good4 ,b if ?is dis9cl9ation to good be d]iv$ & con/itutional1 x exi/s 9 ! m9d previ\s to any act ( *oice1 & is !re=e ! v ?+ we mean--x is ?is v ?raldom ( ! m9d :i* utt]ly incapacitates x to *oose good4 ,if x be ask$ :e!r dis9cl9ation c ev] be s /rong z to de/roy ! fre$om ( ! w to act 9 "o p>ticul> direction8 ,i answ]1 mo/ unhesitat+ly1 ,yes2 & if t dis9cl9ation is ei!r creat$ or d]iv$1 & n ! result ( an antec$5t *oice1 ! possessor is n morally obligat$ to act 9 opposition to x1 unless he receive =eign aid to help 8 infirmities1 & to /r5g!n him = a contr>y *oice4 ,x foll[s !n1 ,i ?9k1 t we mu/ ei!r give up con/itutional depravity1 or disc>d ! notion t we c make a "r *oice )\t ,div9e aid4 ,& "h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 we %all f9d ! precise po9t on :i* mod]n ,calv9ism has v]g$ ov] into ! ,new ,div9ity !ory ( depravity4 ,p]ceiv+ t to ackn[l$ge any depravity ( man's moral con/itution w\ld ei!r imply ! necessity ( sup]natural aid 9 ord] to a "r *oice1 or else free man f responsibility1 ,dr4 ,taylor & 8 associates h resolv$ all depravity into *oice or volunt>y pref]5ce4 ,!y d5y t !re is any ?+ 9 ! nature ( man1 antec$5tly to 8 act ( will+1 t possesses a moral "*4 ,_! idea is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! notion ( natural ability2 & t ! advocates ( ! ,new ,div9ity h embrac$ ?is idea is evid5tly a pro( t !y ?9k closely & are seek+ aft] consi/5cy1 let x lead !m :]e x w4 ,! only wond] is1 t all :o cleave to ! dogma ( natural ability d n foll[ !m4 ,! doctr9e ( natural ability1 if x is any ?+ m ?an a "n1 appe>s evid5tly to be a "p ( ! old ,pelagian sy/em1 & %\ld nev] be sep>at$ f its c\nt]p>t--! doctr9e ( self conv]sion & ! natural p]fectability ( ! human "*4 ,b ?is cle>ly implies t !re is no s]i\s d]angem5t or radical vici\sness ( ! moral man4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r in/ance 9 :i* ,calv9i/s 9 g5]al revolt at ! legitimate results ( _! own sy/em4 ,b :ile ! ,new ,div9ity advocates h fe>lessly remov$ an important objection to _! doctr9e1 !y h1 by ?is v act1 z x is believ$1 h[ev] little !y may h design$ x1 set !mselves 9 fe>ful array aga9/ ! ,scripture doctr9e ( depravity & salvation by grace1 & h op5$ a wide door = ! introduction ( num]\s & dang]\s h]esies4 ,x is true1 !y w n own t !y h gone v f> f ! old sy/em4 ,!y ?9k ! doctr9e ( natural depravity is ass]t$ :5 !y say1 nature is su* t he w s91 & only s91 9 all ! appropriate circum/ances ( 8 be+4 7,see ,dr4 ,taylor's ,s]mon47 ,b :at ?is nature is1 we are at a loss to det]m9e2 z also :at ! su* is t is pr$icat$ ( ?is nature2 nor has ,dr4 ,t4 told u h[ he kn[s t all m5 w s9 & only s91 :5 9 fact !y h natural p[] to avoid x2 or 9 :at o!r ?an ! appropriate circum/ances ( _! be+ ^? are :o become reg5]ate4 ,9 fact1 :ile ?is !ory claims to be or?odox1 & ?us to assimilate itself ) ! old !ory1 x has only ex*ang$ "o inconsi/5cy = a half score4 ,its advocates1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ come out pla9 & op5 ,pelagians1 & !n meet ! ,scripture doctr9e ( depravity & salvation by grace z !y c1 or !y mu/ g back to _! old gr\nd1 & endure ! manife/ inconsi/5cy !y are n[ endeav\r+ to avoid2 or1 :at seems to me bett] ?an ei!r1 come on to ! ,arm9ian gr\nd1 :i* %uns all ^! difficulties1 :ile x ma9ta9s con/itutional depravity & salvation by grace f ! f\ndation to ! top /one1 includ+ ( c\rse a graci\s ability to *oose life & ga9 heav54 #b4 ,ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! necessity ( ,div9e grace1 9 ord] to a "r *oice1 is ! fact1 t ,god actually gives grace to ^? :o f9ally p]i%1 z well z to ^? :o are sav$4 ,( ?is fact ! ,scriptures af=d decisive pro(4 ,!y speak 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! true light t lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4 ,! grace ( ,god t br+e? salvation ha? appe>$ unto all m54 ,!y speak 9 special t]ms ( ! unreg5]ate--t !y grieve1 resi/1 & qu5* ! ,_s ( grace1 :i* c]ta9ly !y c\ld n d if !y _h x n4 ,b if !y h ! op]ations ( ! ,_s1 :at are ^! op]ations8 ,:at is ! ,_s do+ to ! inn] man8 ,w x be said he is br++ motives to be> ^u ! m9d8 ,b :at motives o!r ?an ^? f\nd 9 ! ,gospel8 ,^! ! s9n] has )\t ! ,_s4 ,if ^! motives c conv]t s9n]s1 any ( u c conv]t our neighb\rs4 ,b1 x is said1 ! ,_s makes ! he>t feel ^! motives4 ,aye1 truly he does1 & t n by op]at+ ^u ! motives1 b ^u ! he>t1 & ?is is ! v "w we cont5d =4 ,x is ?us t ! ,_s graci\sly ar\ses & quick5s ! dead s\l1 & br+s x to feel1 & excites x to act1 9 ! great "w ( salvation4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x mu/ be grant$ t unreg5]ate s9n]s1 & ^? :o are f9ally lo/1 h ! op]ations ( ?is ,_s ( grace1 let me s]i\sly inquire1 ,= :at purpose is ?is grace giv58 ,on ! ,calv9i/ic gr\nd x _c be t !y may h a *ance = salvation1 & ?us be )\t excuse2 = ?is is secur$ )\t grace4 ,s9ce !y h natural ability to come to ,*ri/1 ! abuse ( t ability is suffici5t to secure _! j condemnation4 ,s say ! ,calv9i/s2 & on ?is gr\nd !y ma9ta9 t ! reprobates are ju/ly condemn$4 ,= :at purpose1 !n1 is ?is grace giv58 ,if we may e/abli% a g5]al pr9ciple by an induction ( p>ticul>s2 if we may judge ( ! design ( ! ,god ( provid5ce or grace1 by notic+1 9 any giv5 case1 ! uni=m results1 !n we c easily det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,god gives grace to ! reprobates t _! condemnation may be ! m aggravat$4 ,! argum5t /&s ?us3 ,god gives grace to ! reprobates = "s important purpose4 ,he does n give x t salvation may be possible to !m1 = !y are able to be sav$ )\t x2 he does n give x to make salvation c]ta91 = ?is x does n effect2 nev]!less he gives !m grace1 ! inv>iable effect ( :i* is to increase _! condemnation4 ,! only consi/5t inf]5ce2 !re=e is1 t he gives grace to ! reprobates t !y may h a m aggravat$ condemnation4 ,"h1 !n1 we trace ! ,calv9i/ic !ory to "o ( ^! logical consequ5ces *>g$ ^u x 9 ! s]mon1 & :i* has be5 s /r5u\sly d5i$ by ! review]s--a consequ5ce :i*1 revolt+ z x is1 mu/ nev]!less be *>g$ ^u x /ill1 unless its advocates c %[ :y grace is giv5 to ! reprobates :5 !y h all necess>y ability to rep5t & believe )\t x4 #c4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is doctr9e1 also1 !re w\ld be "s difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! necessity ( giv+ grace1 9 all cases1 ev5 to ! elect4 ,:y may n "s ( ^! rep5t )\t grace8 ,nay1 :y may n "s ( ! reprobates1 9 ! pl5itude ( _! natural ability1 rep5t & be conv]t$1 9 despite ( ! decree ( reprobation8 ,did ,god =esee t !y w\ld n1 & on t =esight pr$icate 8 decree ( reprobation8 ,b t w\ld be a conditional reprobation1 & w\ld !re=e imply its c\nt]p>t--a conditional election4 ,?is no class ( ,calv9i/s w admit4 ,h[ happ5s x1 !n1 t "s ( ^! reprobates d n get conv]t$1 s9ce !y n only h natural p[]s en\gh to make a "r *oice b h "s grace beside8 ,is x because ,god has fix$ ! b>ri] 9 some?+ else1 by :i* ?is ability1 grace1 & all are r5d]$ nugatory8 ,b ?is w\ld r5d] _! condemnation unju/1 ,calv9i/s !mselves be+ judges4 ,!y tell u t ! only j gr\nd ( condemnation is1 t ! s9n] w n come to ,*ri/4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! mo/ extraord9>y ?+ t angels or m5 ev] knew2 = almo/ six ?\s& ye>s !re has be5 ^u our e>? a succession ( g5]ations ( s9n]s1 & its ! pres5t g5]ation ( !m !re are eight hundr$ millions4 ,all ( ^!1 ?r\gh\t all _! g5]ations1 h _h no o!r ob/ruction to salvation b :at exi/s 9 _! own w1 & ea* & all h _h by nature all ne$ful ability 9 ! w to a "r *oice1 & h _h a measure ( grace sup]-add$1 & yet n a reprobate among !m all has ev] made a "r *oice2 & n "o ( ! elect ev] did or ev] w make su* a *oice until ,god1 by an omnipot5t act1 makes 8 elect will+ 9 ! day ( 8 p[]66 ,?is is a miracle to :i* all ! o!r miracles 9 ! _w are z no?+--a miracle :i* ,omnipot5ce alone c accompli% by a ,div9e con/itution & an all-controll+ en]gy4 ,?us ?is doctr9e de/roys itself4 ,x assumes positions1 ) respect to free w1 t _c be ma9ta9$1 only on ! supposition ( an effici5t sup]ior ag5cy to direct ! action ( t free w1 9 a c\rse ( s9ful volition1 9 hundr$s ( millions ( cases1 )\t a s+le v>iation1 save :]e t v>iation is ! result ( ! same sup]ior ,p[] act+ 9 ! opposite direction4 #d4 ,t ! s9n] receives aid by ,div9e grace to enable him to rep5t2 & t he c\ld n rep5t1 )\t ?is1 appe>s evid5t f ! ,scriptural repres5tation ( ! gr\nd ( man's responsibility4 ,if ,i _h n come1 says ! ,savi\r1 ye _h n _h s94 ,?is is ! condemnation1 t light has come into ! _w1 & m5 lov$ d>kness r ?an light4 ,he t believe? n is condemn$ already1 because he ha? n believ$ 9 ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god4 ,because ,i h call$1 & ye h refus$1 c1 ,i also w laugh at y\r calamity4 ,^! & _m o!r passages seem to imply t ! s9n] is reject$ on ! gr\nd ( 8 neglect+ (f]$ grace4 ,b if ?is is ! gr\nd ( 8 condemnation1 x is n = ! abuse ( natural p[]4 ,i see no way = a plausible attempt ev5 to get rid ( ?is argum5t1 unless x %\ld be attempt$ to raise a "q respect+ ! nature ( ?is grace4 ,x may be said t ^! passages only relate to graci\s provisions1 su* z ! atonem5t1 ! ,scriptures ( tru?1 c1 & h no ref]5ce :atev] to a graci\s influ5ce ^u ! m9d4 ,! m9d _h suffici5t /r5g? to believe1 rep5t1 c1 b some?+ mu/ be pres5t$ to believe 92 & "s provision mu/ be made to make rep5tance available4 ,9 reply ,i w\ld say1 ,fir/1 ,ev5 ?is %[s t man c\ld n h be5 sav$ f s9 )\t grace1 & h5ce on ?is gr\nd ?is !ory w\ld be involv$ 9 ! v difficulty :i* x attempts to ?r[ ^u our view ( ! subject1 viz41 t grace is necess>y to make m5 guilty1 because none c be guilty 9 a case :]e _! c\rse is unavoidable4 ,b1 leav+ ?is = ano!r place1 ,i w\ld say f>!r1 9 reply to ! above1 t ! ,scriptures d n repres5t ?is grace z conf9$ to ext]nal provisions1 b on ! contr>y speak ( x z op]at+ ^u & influ5c+ ! m9d1 & t1 too1 9 ! v way = :i* we cont5d4 ,look at a few ,scriptural expressions1 promiscu\sly select$1 & see h[ cle>ly !y su/a9 our position4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to give ! argum5t full =ce1 let u notice ! ,scripture acc\nt ( man's natural condition4 ,he is 9 d>kness1 asleep1 dead1 )\t /r5g?1 sick1 deaf1 bl9d1 lame1 b\nd1 helpless2 & all ?is 9 consequ5ce ( s94 ,inde$1 ?is is ! v def9ition ( 8 s9ful "* & condition4 ,if su* language does n describe utt] inability ( ! s9n] to s]ve ,god1 !n no language c d x4 ,n[ let u see :at grace does4 ,its v design is to awake ! sleep]2 to un/op deaf e>s1 & op5 bl9d eyes2 to light5 e man2 to /r5g!n ) might by ! ,_s 9 ! inn] man4 ,*ri/ /r5g!ns ! s9n]1 t he may d all ?+s4 ,x is on ! gr\nd t ,god worke? 9 him to w & to d1 t man is exhort$ to "w out 8 salvation ) fe> & trembl+4 ,?\ /r5g!n$/ me ) /r5g? 9 my s\l4 ,b leav+ f>!r quotations ( ?is k9d1 let ! read] fix 8 att5tion on ! /ress :i* ! ,scriptures lay ^u ! /riv+ ( ! ,_s4 ,all ! efficacy ( ! ^w is ascrib$ to ! ,_s2 & h5ce ! apo/le decl>es t he prea*$ ! ,gospel1 ) ! ,holy ,gho/ s5t d[n f heav52 t x came1 n 9 ^w1 b 9 p[]4 ,inde$1 ! lett] 7( ! ^w7 kille?1 b ! ,_s give? life4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t cautions n to grieve or qu5* ! ,_s4 ,n[ :at1 ,i ask1 c all ^! scriptures mean8 ,is !re any plausibility 9 ! idea1 t by su* expressions no?+ is meant b ! g5]al provisions ( grace 9 ! ,gospel economy8 ,t no direct1 graci\s influ5ce ( ! ,_s ^u ! he>t is int5d$8 ,9 fact1 ! new idea ( conv]sion by motives & moral suasion seems to be a device to meet ?is v difficulty4 ,! old ,calv9i/s *>ge ! advocates ( ! ,new ,div9ity ) hold+ t all ! ,_s does 9 op]at+ ^u ! he>t1 is n by op]at+ ^u x directly1 b indirectly ?r\gh ! tru?3 :i* has giv5 rise to ! say+1 ,if ,i 7 z eloqu5t z ! ,holy ,gho/1 ,i c\ld conv]t s\ls z well z he4 ,& if !y d hold ?is1 x is no wond]1 = inde$ x is ! legitimate consequ5ce ( ! doctr9e ( natural ability4 ,!y d\btless arrive at x ?us3--,accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 man's responsibility turns on 8 reject+ or improv+ ! grace ( ,god4 ,t grace _c be an int]nal graci\s influ5ce ^u man's moral nature1 because t w\ld conflict ) ! notion ( responsibility1 on ! gr\nd ( natural p[]4 ,^! scriptures !re=e c mean no?+ m ?an t a graci\s atonem5t is provid$1 & a record ( ,div9e tru? made1 & n[1 9 ! use ( 8 natural p[]1 ! s9n] is requir$ to judge ( & embrace ?is tru?1 :i* if he does1 he 9 ?is s5se improves ! grace ( ,god1 & is conv]t$2 b if he does x n1 he grieves ! ,_s1 & is condemn$4 ,?us 9 ! "o case1 if he is conv]t$1 x is 9 ! use ( 8 natural p[]1 *oos+ 9 ! view ( motives2 & 9 ! o!r case1 if he is n conv]t$1 x is 9 ! use ( 8 natural p[]1 refus+ 9 view ( motives4 ,is n ?is correct reason+8 ,& ought n ! ,new-,hav5 div9es to be comm5d$ = c>ry+ out ! sy/em to its legitimate results8 ,& ought n all to foll[ !m 9 ?is1 :o hold to natural ability8 ,& yet no wond] t !y hesitate "h1 = cold & spiritless inde$ mu/ be t sy/em ( religi\s exp]i5ce t resolves ! conv]sion ( ! s\l into a m]e natural op]ation ( *oos+1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( moral suasion4 ,leav+ ?is sy/em1 !re=e1 to lab\r "u its fatal emb>rassm5ts1 x may be se51 ,i ?9k1 t ! sy/em "h v9dicat$ corresponds ) ! ,scriptures & is consi/5t ) itself2 = x makes man's responsibility turn ^u grace improv$ or misimprov$1 & x makes t grace an int]nal quick5+ influ5ce1 & a /r5g!n+ en]gy ^u ! he>t2 & ^! diff]5t features ( ! !ory1 :5 plac$ toge!r1 all seem at once to be compatible ) ea* o!r4 #e4 ,express passages ( ,scripture tea* ! doctr9e "h ma9ta9$4 ,i ne$ n n[ repeat ! passages already ref]r$ to1 9 :i* ! /ate ( ! deprav$ he>t is describ$1 & :i* %[1 if any human language c %[ x1 t man is naturally )\t /r5g?4 ,b my object is to call ! att5tion ( ! read] to "s v direct & express passages1 to %[ t x is grace1 & grace alone1 t enables ! s\l to d ! w ( ,god4 ,i c d all ?+s1 sai? ! apo/le1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ :o /r5g!ne? me4 ,qu]y3 w\ld n ! apo/le h ?\ght x presumption to h said1 ,i c d all ?+s )\t /r5g? f ,*ri/8 ,has he ev] intimat$ su* a s5tim5t 9 all 8 writ+s8 ,does he n r say1 ,we are n suffici5t ( ourselves to ?9k any ?+ z ( ourselves1 b our suffici5cy is ( ,god8 ,?is is ! apo/le's g5]al language1 & x is 9 p]fect accordance ) ! decl>ation ( 8 ,ma/]1 ,)\t me ye c d no?+4 ,z ! bran* _c be> fruit ( itself1 except x abide 9 ! v9e1 no m c ye1 except ye abide 9 me4 ,no man c come to me1 except ! ,fa!r draw him4 ,likewise ! ,_s ,helpe? our infirmities2 = we "k n :at to pray = z we ought4 ,my grace is suffici5t = !e2 = my /r5g? is made p]fect 9 weakness4 ,! ,god ( all grace--/abli%1 /r5g!n1 settle y4 ,= ?is cause ,i b[ my knees to ! ,fa!r1 c1 t he w\ld grant y1 accord+ to ! ri*es ( 8 glory1 to be /r5g!n$ ) might1 by 8 ,_s1 9 ! inn] man1 accord+ to ! p[] t worke? 9 u4 ,x is useless to quote f>!r4 ,if ^! passages d n %[ t our /r5g? to d good is ( grace1 !n x appe>s to me ! ,holy ,_s mu/ fail ( an ability to communicate t idea ?r\gh human language4 ,w x be said t "s ( ^! passages ref] to ! reg5]ate1 & !re=e are n 9 po9t to meet ! case ( ! unreg5]ate8 ,i w\ld ask1 9 reply1 :e!r reg5]at+ grace takes away our natural ability8 ,c]ta9ly if ! reg5]ate c nei!r ?9k nor d any ?+ acceptable )\t grace1 mu* m d ! unreg5]ate ne$ ?is grace to enable !m to make a "r *oice4 ,& yet 9 ! face ( ^! mo/ explicit scriptures1 we are repeat$ly told t man has natural p[] to make himself a new he>t6 ,to ! =ego+ consid]ations1 ,i might add1 if any f>!r pro( ( our doctr9e 7 necess>y1 & if ?is pap] _h n be5 ext5d$ s f> already1 ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,?is appe>s1 f _! language1 to be ! exp]i5ce ( ,bible sa9ts1 "u bo? ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian disp5sations4 ,& :at ,*ri/ian n[ liv+1 b feels n[1 & felt :5 he fir/ embrac$ ! ,savi\r1 t ! /r5g? to d ?is 0 f ,god--directly f ,god1 ?r\gh grace4 ,he> 8 pray]s--he pleads 8 weakness--he asks = /r5g?4 ,& :at does he mean by t pray]8 ,does he ask = "s ext]nal accommodation & aid8 ,no2 he wants /r5g?1 by ! ,_s1 9 ! inn] man4 ,& ?is is ! pray] ( all ,*ri/ians1 :e!r !y advocate ?is notion ( natural ability or n4 ,! say+s & writ+s also ( ^! v advocates ( natural ability1 s p[]ful is ?is feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 are (t5 9 p]fect co9cid5ce1 ) ! doctr9e we def5d4 ,a mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,wood's pamphlet 7page #ig7 9 opposition to ,dr4 ,taylor1 z foll[s3--,! common !ory 7( ,calv9i/ic or?odoxy7 leads u to ent]ta9 l[ ?\ghts ( ourselves1 especially 9 a moral view2 & to feel t we are n ( ourselves suffici5t = any ?+ spiritually good1 & t1 = :atev] hol9ess we n[ possess1 or may h]eaft] atta91 we are dep5d5t on ,div9e grace4 ,:at /rong] graci\s ability d ,arm9ians hold to1 ?an ?is8 ,n ( ourselves suffici5t = any ?+ spiritually good4 ,& is ?is ! common !ory ( ,calv9ism8 ,!n ,calv9ism "h1 z 9 o!r po9ts1 is divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,inde$ "o w\ld be induc$ to ?9k1 7 x n = ! context1 ei!r t ,dr4 ,wood diff]$ f 8 bro!rs g5]ally1 on ?is po9t1 or 0 (f 8 gu>d at ?is mom5t4 ,b he tells u1 9 ?is v p>agraph1 t he does n diff] at all f ! g5]ality ( m9i/]s1 9 ,new-,engl&1 respect+ ! natural p[]s & faculties ( man1 z a moral & acc\ntable be+4 ,b he fe>s ! unqualifi$ language :i* ,dr4 ,t4 employs respect+ ! natural /ate1 ! free w1 & ! p[] ( man4 ,on read+ ?is la/ passage1 ,i confess ,i am at a loss to "k :at to say or believe ( ?is ,calv9i/ic op9ion ( natural p[]4 ,dr4 ,taylor's unqualifi$ language respect+ ! p[] ( man1 ,i take to be a frank /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,wood's op9ion1 & t ( o!r ,calv9i/s4 ,dr4 ,t4 says man has natural p[] suffici5t to make a "r *oice4 ,does n ,dr4 ,wood say ?is8 ,he says he does n diff] f ! g5]ality2 & x is notori\s t ?is is ! doctr9e ( ! g5]ality ( ^? m9i/]s4 ,dr4 ,tyl]1 ( ,portl&1 "o ( ,dr4 ,wood's coadjutors 9 oppos+ ,dr4 ,taylor1 says1 9 a s]mon#e on free salvation1 ,!re is no reprobation taught 9 ! ,scriptures1 :i* de/roys human lib]ty1 or :i* impairs ! s9n]'s natural p[]4 ,e man is a free moral ag5t4 ,life & dea? are set be=e him1 & he is capable ( *oos+ betwe5 !m4 ,:at language c be m unqualifi$ ?an ?is8 ,x tea*es u t man has natural p[]1 :i* r5d]s him capable to make a "r *oice4 ,x is true1 ,dr4 ,taylor1 & ^? :o believe ) him1 c>ry out ?is doctr9e into its legitimate & practical be>+s4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is p[]1 !y exhort s9n]s to make !mselves new he>ts4 ,"o ( !m1 z report$ to me by a prea*]1 w5t s f> z to say1 9 a public address1 t s9n]s ought to be a%am$ to ask ! aid ( ! ,holy ,_s to conv]t !m1 s9ce !y _h p[] to conv]t !mselves4 ,& :at objection c any1 :o hold to natural p[] to *oose life1 urge aga9/ ?is8 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,tyl] tea*es1 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,taylor's ,!ological ,views1 a "r *oice implies reg5]ation2 & if e man is naturally capable ( a "r *oice1 z taught by ?is same ,dr4 ,tyl]1 & ! g5]ality ( 8 bre?r51 !n x foll[s conclusively1 & ,i see n h[ any sophi/ry c cov] up ! inf]5ce1 ^! s9n]s h natural p[] to conv]t !mselves4 ,in/ead !re=e ( hypocritically plead+ _! own weakness1 be=e a ?rone ( grace1 & ask+ = m]cy & grace to help !m 9 _! "t ( ne$1 !y ought to be crimson$ ) %ame1 = _! folly & hypocrisy1 turn away f _! imp]t95t suit1 ?r[ !mselves ^u ! res\rces ( nature1 & reg5]ate _! own he>ts4 ,if h[ev] ^! g5tlem5 believe x impossible = s9n]s to d ?is1 !n1 tak+ _! :ole !ory toge!r1 ?is p[] is no p[]1 & community1 up to ?is h\r1 has be5 delud$ by unmean+ words--words :i* only s]ve to conceal ! de=mity ( a !ological sy/em1 :i*1 :5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 is f\nd aft] all1 to tea* t ! poor reprobate has no adequate p[] by nature1 & receives no available aid f grace to *oose salvation1 & mu/ !re=e1 f ! imp]i\s necessity ( 8 nature & condition1 g d[n to int]m9able dea?4 ,,numb] ,,xi4 ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$4 ,x is n pret5d$ t !re are no difficulties 9 our view ( ! subject4 ,:at important !ory is !re 9 philosophy1 politics1 morals1 or religion1 aga9/ :i* "s app>5tly plausible objection may n be urg$8 ,b ! inquiry 9 ea* case %\ld be1 ,are ^? objections fatal to ! sy/em8 ,or are ! difficulties 9 ! propos$ sy/em great] ?an 9 "s o!r view ( ! subject8 ,= reasonable m5 w refuse to be driv5 into ! vortex ( skepticism m]ely because !re are "s difficulties & obscurities 9 all subjects ( fai?1 :i* ! limitations to human vision w n p]mit u to p5etrate4 ,to =m an enlight5$ comp>ative view 9 ! case be=e u1 x w be important t we glance at ! diff]5t !ories on ! subject ( depravity & ! gr\nd ( responsibility4 #a4 ,"o =m 9 :i* ?is subject has be5 held is1 ,t ! s9 ( ,adam introduc$ into 8 nature su* a radical impot5ce & depravity t x is impossible = 8 desc5dants to make any volunt>y ef=ts t[>d piety & virtue1 or 9 any respect to correct & improve _! moral & religi\s "*1 & t fai? & all ! ,*ri/ian graces are communicat$ by ! sole & irresi/ible op]ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 )\t any endeav\r or concurr5ce on ! "p ( man4 ,?is ( c\rse makes ! elect entirely passive 9 _! conv]sion2 & consigns ! reprobate to de/ruction = ! s9 ( ,adam1 :i*1 x is ma9ta9$1 is imput$ to him by virtue ( a f$]al relation2 or at be/ gives him ov] to unavoidable p]sonal & et]nal condemnation = possess+ a nature :i* he _h no ag5cy 9 br++ ^u himself1 & f :i* he has no p[] to extricate himself4 ,! difficulties ( ?is sy/em are s num]\s & s palpable1 :e!r x be tri$ by ! /&>d ( ,scripture1 ( reason1 or ( common s5se1 t ,i ne$ n "h allude to !m4 ,suffice x to say t !y h press$ s heavily ^u ! ,calv9i/s !mselves z to baffle all _! +5uity & inv5tion at def5ce1 & h driv5 !m f9ally into all ^? *anges & modifications s frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,i w "h say 9 advance t1 9 my op9ion1 ?is1 aft] all1 is ! /ronge/ position ,calv9ism c assume4 ,! mom5t its advocates dep>t f ?is1 !y mu/ ei!r1 to be consi/5t ) !mselves1 v]ge ov] into ! o!r extreme ( ,pelagianism1 or /rike (f into ! gold5 mean ( ,arm9ianism4 ,?is may be m cle>ly se5 9 ! sequel4 #b4 ,pelagianism is ano!r1 & an opposite !ory4 ,x has a v>iety ( %ades1 call$ ,pelagian1 ,semi-pelagian1 c4 ,its v>ieties1 h[ev]1 relate to "s m9or modifications ( ! relation ( ! human family to ,adam1 t\*+ natural evil1 ! dea? ( ! body1 & great] exposure to temptation4 ,b !re is a uni=mity 9 ! ess5tial "p ( ! !ory1 :i* is1 t human nature is free f s9 or guilt until x becomes guilty by intellig5t1 volunt>y ex]cise4 ,! objections to ?is !ory are1 among o!rs1 z foll[s4 ,x is 9 direct opposition to ! ,scripture doctr9e ( native depravity--a doctr9e :i* has be5 (t5 & ably treat$ ( & def5d$ by ,calv9i/ic &1 ,arm9ian div9es--a doctr9e :i* is embodi$ 9 a palpable =m 9 e man's own exp]i5ce--a doctr9e :i* n only fla%es ^u ! m9d ( ! /ud5t 9 e page ( ! hi/ory ( man1 b also ^u ! m9d ( ! unlett]$ nurse 9 ! e>lie/ emotions ( ! infant t /ruggles 9 h] arms4 ,ano!r objection to ?is !ory is1 t x gives to infants1 previ\s to intellig5t volunt>y ex]cise1 no moral "*4 ,h5ce1 %\ld !y die at ?is age1 z multitudes d\btless d1 !y w\ld n be fit subjects ei!r = ! rew>ds ( heav5 or ! pa9s ( hell4 ,at ! ,judgm5t1 z !y w n be subjects ( praise or blame1 !y w nei!r be on ! "r h& nor ! left1 & ( c\rse w nei!r be s5t5c$ to ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 nor welcom$ into life et]nal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y by any means g into a /ate ( puni%m5t1 _! suff]+s w be unju/2 or if !y are admitt$ into heav51 x w n be a salvation by grace1 nor w x be prec$$ by reg5]ation1 nor w _! song be1 ,unto ,him t ha? lov$ u1 c4 ,?is is n only contr>y to ! :ole ,gospel sy/em1 b also is 9 direct opposition to _m scriptures1 especially ,rom4 v1 #ah3 ,!re=e1 z by ! (f5ce ( "o1 judgm5t came ^u all m5 to condemnation2 s1 by ! righte\sness ( "o1 ! free gift came ^u all m5 unto ju/ification ( life4 ,x also leaves infants involv$ 9 ! natural evils ( diseases1 pa9s2 & dea?1 n only )\t any assignable cause1 b also 9 direct opposition to ! cause assign$ by ! apo/le--,& s dea? pass$ ^u all m51 = t all h s9n$4 ,a ?ird objection to ?is !ory is1 t x de/roys ! ,scripture doctr9e ( reg5]ation4 ,! ,scripture acc\nt ( ?is matt] is1 9 sub/ance1 t !re is a radical *ange ( our moral nature by ! effici5t op]ations ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b z ?is doctr9e makes s9 consi/ exclusively 9 ex]cise1 s hol9ess mu/ consi/ :olly 9 ex]cise4 ,! :ole "w1 !re=e1 ( reg5]ation is a m]e *ange ( volition2 & ?is volition is n ! result ( a prec$+ *ange ( moral con/itution1 b x is1 l any o!r volition1 produc$ by ! native p[] ( ! m9d1 "u ! excit+ influ5ce ( motives4 ,! ,holy ,_s1 !re=e1 may well be disp5s$ ) 9 ?is "w4 ,! sup]natural "* ( ! *ange mu/ be giv5 up1 & ! :ole "w is resolvable into a natural process4 ,x is "h wor?y ( rem>k t ?is is n m]e speculation4 ,su* has1 9 fact1 be5 ! f9al result ( ?is !ory1 ,i believe1 9 e case :]e x has long be5 def5d$4 ,& h5ce1 9 close connection ) ?is1 ! sup]natural efficacy ( ! atonem5t1 & ( c\rse ! ,div9e "* ( ! ,r$eem]1 are f\nd to be notions n at all ess5tial to ! sy/em1 & some:at discordant ) ! philosophy ( its o!r p>ts1 & are !re=e soon br\ght into discr$it4 ,& ?is1 too1 z may be se5 by ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 has be5 ! practical result :]ev] ,pelagianism or ,semi-pelagianism has be5 *]i%$4 ,x has deg5]at$ into ,soc9ianism4 ,x may be said1 !n1 9 "o ^w1 t ?is doctr9e ( ,pelagianism does1 9 its tea*+s1 t5d5cies1 & practical results1 supplant & ov]?r[ all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! ,gospel sy/em4 #c4 ,a ?ird & int]m$iate !ory on ! subject ( depravity & human responsibility is ! "o pres5t$ & advocat$ 9 ! prec$+ numb]4 ,?is sy/em is pres5t$1 9 "p1 9 ! v language 9 :i* ! ,ultra-,calv9i/s pres5t !irs4 ,arm9ians1 z well z ,calv9i/s1 say t ! s9 ( ,adam introduc$ into 8 nature su* a radical impot5ce & depravity t x is impossible = 8 desc5dants :o1 x is believ$1 are propagat$ 9 ! moral lik5ess ( _! fall5 ance/or to make any volunt>y ef=ts unassi/$ by grace t[>d piety & virtue1 or 9 any respect to correct & improve _! moral & religi\s "*4 ,?us f> we g toge!r2 b ?is is a po9t ( div]g5cy1 f :i* we take v diff]5t directions4 ,in/ead ( go+ on to say t ! ,*ri/ian graces are communicat$ by ! irresi/ible op]ation ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 )\t any endeav\r or concurr5ce on ! "p ( man1 we say t ! sav+ grace ( ,god ha? appe>$ unto all ,m52 & t ?is grace s enlight5s1 /r5g!ns1 & aids ! human m9d1 t x is !reby enabl$ to make t *oice :i* is ! turn+ po9t1 conditionally1 ( ! s\l's salvation2 & t x is by ?is same graci\s aid t ! man1 :5 he has ?is good w1 is enabl$ to "w out 8 salvation unto ! end4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] "p ( ! /atem5t t we are at issue ) ! ,calv9i/s2 b we are at issue on bo? p>ts ) ! ,pelagians ( e grade1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! advocates ( ! ,new ,div9ity 9 our c\ntry4 ,to ! =ego+ /atem5t ( our doctr9e x is prop] to add t we believe t ! m]its ( ! atonem5t are s available = & 9 behalf ( ! :ole human family1 t ! guilt ( depravity is n imput$ to ! subject ( x until1 by intellig5t volition1 he makes ! guilt 8 own by resi/+ & reject+ ! grace ( ! ,gospel2 & t be+ ?us by grace 9 a ju/ifi$ /ate1 ! dy+ infant is entitl$ to all ! promis$ bless+s ( ! new cov5ant1 & w1 ( c\rse1 h wr\ght 9 him all t meetness necess>y to qualify him = ! graci\s rew>ds ( ! sa9ts 9 glory4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! dy+ infant1 z well z ! dy+ adult believ]1 is sanctifi$ by ! blood ( ! cov5ant1 & sav$ by grace4 ,^! are ! ?ree sy/ems :i* are pres5t$ to ! inquir] aft] tru? z ! alt]natives1 & p]haps ,i may say ! only alt]natives ( *oice1 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject4 ,x is true1 ! doctr9e ( natural ability has be5 propos$ z ano!r alt]native1 hold+ an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! doctr9es ( native impot5cy z fir/ /at$ & ( ,pelagianism4 ,& x may !re=e appe> to "s1 t ,i ought1 9 my enum]ation1 to h giv5 ?is z a sep>ate & di/9ct !ory4 ,my reason1 h[ev]1 = n do+ ?is is1 t !re _c1 9 my op9ion1 be su* a re/+ place betwe5 ! doctr9es ( d]iv$ con/itutional depravity & ,pelagianism4 ,natural ability t is any ?+ m ?an a "n--t is1 9 fact1 an ability1 de/roys ! idea ( con/itutional depravity2 & depravity t is any ?+ m ?an a "n--t is1 9 fact1 con/itutional depravity1 de/roys ! idea ( natural ability4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! fact t a great portion ( ^? div9es 9 ! ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es :o h be5 mo/ decid$ 9 prea*+ up natural ability1 h gone ov] & embrac$ ! ,new ,div9ity1 :i*1 z we h se51 abjures ! doctr9e ( con/itutional depravity4 ,! ,new-,hav5 div9es are c]ta9ly g5tlem5 ( tal5ts & ( close ?\ght2 & !y h be5 foll[+ up ?is doctr9e = a numb] ( ye>s1 & x has l&$ !m ^u ! logical conclusion t !re is no su* depravity4 ,b we ne$ n tru/ to ! conclusions ( ! ,new ,div9ity advocates1 to %[ t ! notions ( natural ability & natural fre$om f guilt & s9 necess>ily & reciprocally imply ea* o!r4 ,:y h ,calv9i/s left _! old gr\nd ( natural impot5cy1 & resort$ to ! dogma ( a natural ability8 ,x is = ! av[$ reason t !re c be no guilt )\t an ability to avoid x4 ,b s9ce ! s9 ( 8 nature is unavoidable to ! new-born infant1 ( c\rse he c h no guilt1 & by consequ5ce no s91 until he is capable ( an intellig5t moral *oice4 ,aga93 ?is same !ory tells u t :]e !re is no natural ability !re is no moral "*4 ,b z ! infant _c be reasonably suppos$ to h ability to put =? an intellig5t holy volition1 he c h no moral "*1 & ( c\rse no s94 ,! only way to avoid ?is conclusion 9 connection ) ! assum$ premises is1 to ma9ta9 t ! infant1 f 8 bir?1 is a volunt>y ag5t2 & ?us1 9 fact1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 s9ful4 ,& w\ld y believe1 read]1 t any reasonable man w\ld resort to su* an idea = ! sake ( help+ out a !ory8 ,& yet x is ev5 s4 ,a pap] lately publi%$ "u ! sanction ( ! ,new ,div9ity1 purport+ to be an inquiry into :at is ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,new-,hav5 div9es & ^? :o diff] f !m1 says1 ,! gr\nd has ( late be5 tak5 7if we und]/& ! discussions on ?is subject7 t mank9d are lit]ally at bir? volunt>y & acc\ntable ag5ts1 & actual s9n]s aga9/ ,god2 t ! new-born infant is a responsible subject ( ,god's moral gov]nm5t1 & actually s9s ) a k ( 8 duty1 & 9 ! same s5se ) ! adult s9n] violates moral obligation1 does wrong1 ought to be p5it5t1 & to *ange its moral "*4 ,& z a pro( t ?is is ! gr\nd n[ assum$1 ! same writ] gives u a quotation f ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h>vey1 :o has be5 "o ( ! mo/ active 9 ?is /ate 9 opposition to ! ,new-,hav5 div9es1 9 :i* he says1 ,a moral be+1 = aught we "k1 may comm5ce 8 exi/5ce 9 an active1 volunt>y /ate ( ! w2 he may be a volunt>y ag5t f 8 bir?1 & ?us1 9 fact1 to a c]ta9 ext5t s9ful1 & t )\t suppos+ t depravity is seat$ 9 any ?+ b ! w4 ,?is same writ] also /ates t ,dr4 ,spr+1 9 a treatise on native depravity1 a "w :i* ,i h n at h&1 has advanc$ & def5d$ ! s5tim5t ( actual s9 f bir?4 ,& has x inde$ come to ?is at la/1 t ?is natural ability1 = :i* ,calv9i/s h s /r5u\sly cont5d$1 is no?+ m ?an ! p[] ! new-born infant has to commit actual s9 on ! "o h&1 or make himself a new he>t on ! o!r6 ,alas = ,calv9ism6 ,to :at mis]able %ifts--yes1 ,i mu/ call !m mis]able %ifts--is ?is sy/em driv56 ,on ?is subject ,i w n express myself 9 accordance ) my feel+s4 ,! respect ,i h = ! intellig5t1 le>n$1 & pi\s g5tlem5 :o h advanc$ ?is idea1 re/ra9s me 9 ?is matt]4 ,su* a result1 9 ! advocacy ( a fav\rite !ory1 is h[ev] 9 /rict accordance ) ! kn[n obliquity ( ! greate/ & pure/ m9ds4 ,b :ile we respect ! au?ors ( su* a !ory1 & :ile we feel ! necessity ( tak+ he$ to ourselves1 le/ we also fall by ! same example ( prejudice1 we _c suff] our common s5se to be impos$ ^u by su* gross absurdities4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 we see t1 z be=e1 9 try+ to ma9ta9 _! ability1 !y gave up _! depravity3 s "h1 9 try+ to e/abli% _! depravity1 !y de/roy _! ability4 ,nay1 :at is /ill worse = ?is !ory1 ?is v attempt to prove t infants are actual s9n]s f _! bir?1 is an indirect d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( d]iv$ depravity4 ,:y d ^! g5tlem5 wi% to e/abli% ?is po9t8 ,:y1 =soo?1 9 ord] to %[ t m5 are guilty f _! bir?1 :i* is an ackn[l$gm5t1 ( c\rse1 t !y _c prove !m guilty only by prov+ t !y h intellig5t moral ex]cise4 ,consequ5tly x is a concession t ?is ex]cise is ! occasion & orig9 ( _! guilt4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,calv9ism1 9 try+ to save itself1 has gone ov] & jo9$ ! ranks ( its oppos]s4 ,c ! read] see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is doctr9e ( actual s9 f ! bir?1 view$ 9 connection ) its orig9 & be>+s1 & ! ,new ,div9ity1 :i* makes s9 consi/ exclusively 9 moral ex]cise8 ,let ^! old-side ,calv9i/s1 !n1 %ea? ! sword ( controv]sy :i* !y h drawn aga9/ _! bre?r51 & jo9 9 ) !m to def5d1 if possible1 ! ,pelagian doctr9e :i*1 x w\ld seem1 aft] all1 !y hold 9 common /ock4 ,has ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h>vey be5 s active 9 gett+ up an opposition !ological s*ool 9 ,connecticut to tea* t ! infant comm5ces 8 exi/5ce 9 an active volunt>y /ate ( ! w1 & is ?us 7on ?is acc\nt7 to a c]ta9 ext5t s9ful8 ,?is is cle>ly a "w ( sup]]ogation--a useless exp5diture ( money & ( tal5ts4 ,! ,new-,hav5 ,!ological ,s*ool is capable--alas6 too capable ( c>ry+ on ?is "w1 especially if ,mr4 ,h>vey & 8 fri5ds w cease _! opposition1 & unite 9 _! assi/ance4 ,does ,mr4 ,h>vey fe> t ! ,new-,hav5 div9es w n beg9 _! moral ex]cise e>ly en\gh to make x natural depravity8 ,!y h giv5 assurances t !y w n be p>ticul> on t po9t4 ,only all[ t !re is no s9 previ\s to ! fir/ intellig5t act ( *oice--previ\s to ! correspond+ p[] to make !mselves new he>ts1 & !y w be satisfi$4 ,!y h said already t ?is capabl5ess ( s9n+1 if x is n at ! exact mom5t ( bir?1 & !y d n affirm t x is n1 comm5ces s e>ly 9 _! exi/5ce1 t x is prop]1 = all ! great purposes ( in/ruction1 to speak ( x z exi/+ f ! beg9n+ ( _! days4 ,h5ce we see no?+ betwe5 ^! g5tlem5 on ?is po9t wor? cont5d+ ab\t4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be important t all :o hold to conv]sion by motives & m]e moral suasion %\ld n put ! comm5cem5t ( ^! moral ex]cises s f> back t ! subject _c und]/& ,gospel tru?2 o!rwise !y may yet get into ano!r difficulty z s]i\s z ! "o !y are try+ to avoid4 ,b to ! subject4 ,x has be5 v di/9ctly %[n1 ,i ?9k1 f ! reason+ ( ! ,calv9i/s !mselves1 & f ! nature ( ! case1 t !re c be no su* int]m$iate !ory z !y cont5d =1 betwe5 ! native impot5cy ( old ,calv9ism & ,pelagianism4 ,b z ?is is an important po9t1 ,i w illu/rate x f>!r by an exam9ation ( ! seat ( ?is ,calv9i/ic depravity4 ,x is se51 by ! quotation above f ,mr4 ,h>vey1 t he consid]s depravity z seat$ 9 no?+ b ! w4 ,& ?is is av[$ly ! s5tim5t ( at lea/ all ^? ,calv9i/s :o believe 9 natural ability4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t !y reit]ate incessantly1 ,y c if y w2 ,!re is no difficulty except :at is f\nd 9 a p]v]se w4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd1 also1 t !y tell u a "r *oice is conv]sion4 ,!y d n say a "r *oice is a condition or a fruit ( ! new bir?2 b x is itself ! new bir?4 ,b to und]/& ?is subject cle>ly1 x is important to "k :at !y mean by ! w4 ,x appe>s to me !y use ?is t]m ) great indef9it5ess1 if n latitude ( mean+4 ,if !y mean by ?is :at ,i und]/& to be ! legitimate mean+ ( ! t]m ! m5tal p[] or susceptibility ( putt+ =? volitions2 !n to say t all depravity is seat$ 9 ! w1 is to be guilty ( ! gross absurdity ( tea*+ t ! affections h n a moral "*4 ,if by ! w1 h[ev]1 !y mean1 z !y frequ5tly seem to mean1 ! affections !mselves go+ out 9 desire aft] "s propos$ good1 !n inde$ !y e/abli% ! ,new-,hav5 !ory1 t all s9 consi/s 9 moral ex]cise4 ,?us by plac+ all depravity 9 ! w1 :e!r by ?is is meant ! p[] ( will+1 or ! ex]cise ( ! affections1 !y1 9 ! "o case1 exclude s9 f ! affections altoge!r1 & 9 ! o!r affirm ! doctr9e ( ,pelagianism4 ,b if by ! w !y mean some?+ diff]5t f ei!r ( ! above def9itions1 !n ,i frankly confess ,i "k n :at !y mean4 ,%\ld !y h[ev]1 *ange _! gr\nd1 & place ! seat ( ?is depravity 9 ! con/itution ( man's moral nature1 z x exi/s ant]ior to any act ( volition1 !n & 9 t case !y ?r[ ! subject back on ! old gr\nd ( natural impot5cy2 = to talk ( a natural p[] to *ange ! moral con/itution1 z x exi/$ prior to *oice1 & :i* con/itution mu/1 by ! law ( its nature1 ex]cise a controll+ influ5ce ov] ! m9d1 is ! same z to talk ( a natural p[] to alt] "o's own nature1 or to unmake & remake himself4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ h sup]natural aid1 or we mu/ rema9 z we are4 ,we %all n be fully prep>$ to judge correctly on ?is subject until we h exam9$ "o m prelim9>y "q1 viz4 ,:at is ! precise mean+ t we are to atta* to ! t]ms1 natural & moral ability1 z us$ by ! ,calv9i/s8 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 ,i h exam9$ su* au?ors z ,i h _h access to1 ) c>e2 & ,i h be5 p>ticul> to consult rec5t au?ors1 t ,i might n be accus$ ( *>g+ old & explod$ doctr9es ^u our oppos]s2 & v>i\s au?ors1 t ,i might asc]ta9 any v>ieties t app]ta9 to ! diff]5t ,calv9i/ic s*ools4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! au?or ( ,views 9 ,!ology2 ,dr4 ,griff91 9 a late "w on ,div9e ,effici5cy2 ,rev4 ,tyl] ,?at*]1 ( ! ,hopk9sian s*ool2 & a doctr9al tract1 entitl$1 ,man a ,free ,ag5t )\t ! ,aid ( ,div9e ,grace1 writt51 x is presum$1 by "o ( ! div9es ( ! ,new-,hav5 s*ool h be5 consult$4 ,!re is among !m all a rem>kable uni=mity on ?is po9t4 ,if ,i und]/& !m1 ! sub/ance ( :at !y say is1 ,natural p[] consi/s 9 ! possession ( und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w2 & moral p[] is ! ex]cise ( ^! faculties4 ,mr4 ,?at*] says ?is 9 s _m words4--,! tract allud$ to gives ?is def9ition ( natural p[]4 ,dr4 ,griff9 says _! s9n]s' faculties con/itute a natural ability1 t is1 a full p[] to love & s]ve ,god1 if _! he>ts are well dispos$4 ,x c]ta9ly mu/ appe>1 at ! fir/ glance1 v s+ul> to e m9d n emb>rass$ by !ory1 t ei!r ! possession ( faculties1 or ! ex]cise ( faculties1 %\ld be call$ p[]4 ,! idea ( p[] is suppos$1 by ! be/ philosophical writ]s1 to be undef9able1 f ! fact t x is a simple idea2 b "h1 /range to tell1 we h x analyz$ 9 two diff]5t =ms4 ,faculties are p[]--! ex]cise ( faculties is p[]4 ,n[1 al?\gh we _c def9e p[]1 e "o d\btless has a cle> conception ( x2 & ,i humbly conceive t ! common s5se ( e man w decide t nei!r ( ! above def9itions embraces ! true idea ( p[]4 ,! ex]cise ( faculties implies p[]1 x is grant$2 b e "o mu/ see t x is n p[] itself4 ,& al?\gh ! faculties ( ! m9d are sometimes call$ ! p[]s ( ! m9d by a k9d ( borr[$ use ( ! t]m p[]1 j z ! limbs or muscles are call$ ! p[]s ( ! body1 yet x requires v little discrim9ation to see t z we may possess ^! p[]s ( ! body entire1 & yet !y be defective f "s cause1 z to "s ( _! appropriate functions1 s we may possess ^! p[]s or faculties ( m9d entire1 & yet !y may be defective 9 t moral /r5g? necess>y to a holy *oice4 ,h5ce ! possession ( ^! faculties does n ev5 imply p[] adequate to a holy *oice2 mu* less are !y p[] itself4 ,i m>vel !re=e at ^! def9itions ( moral & natural p[]1 & am !reby confirm$ 9 ! op9ion advanc$ 9 my =m] numb]1 viz4 ,t ! :ole ( ?is di/9ction 7( natural & moral ability7 & ! reason+ f x1 proce$ on ! gr\nd ( a mo/ unphilosophical analysis ( m9d1 & an unw>rant$ def9ition ( t]ms4 ,?is may seem a /rong /atem5t f s humble an individual z myself1 9 view ( ! _m able m9ds t h adopt$ ! op9ions "h oppos$4 ,b nei!r _! op9ion nor m9e w weigh mu*1 9 ?is controv]sy1 except z su/a9$ by reasonable argum5ts2 & by su* argum5ts ! pres5t writ] expects to /& or fall4 ,look !n1 read]1 to bo? sides ( ?is subject4 ,dr4 ,griff9 himself seems to be at a loss h[ to expla9 himself on ?is subject4 ,:5 he wi%es to oppose ! ,new-,hav5 div9es1 & gu>d aga9/ _! error1 he says1 ,if y mean by p[]1 an ability t works )\t ,div9e effici5cy1 ,i hope ,i %all be ! la/ to believe t4 ,& e body kn[s t ! mass ( ! ,new-,engl& div9es1 f ! beg9n+1 h ackn[l$g$ no su* doctr9e4 ,& :y is ,div9e effici5cy necess>y8--,because man has no ability t w "w1 )\t x4 ,?us ! mom5t he sets up a gu>d aga9/ ,pelagianism1 he ?r[s himself back ei!r ^u our doctr9e1 or ^u ! old ,calv9i/ic doctr9e ( native impot5cy4 ,!re is no /&+ place any :]e else4 ,! ,new-,hav5 div9es are "r1 if natural ability is "r2 & ! "t _c be f> di/ant :5 ! love ( consi/5cy w drive all1 :o hold to natural ability1 ei!r on to ! ,new ,div9ity gr\nd1 or back to old ,calv9ism4 ,f ?is rem>k ! read] w see h[ mu* dep5ds1 if my views are correct1 ^u ! prop] adju/m5t ( ?is "q4 ,x is 9 fact ! turn+ po9t1 :i* is to give a "* to ! !ology ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,let u n !n be 9 ha/e to pass ov] x4 ,he> ,dr4 ,griff9 f>!r4 ,n[ if y ask me :at is t p[]1 :i* is nev] ex]t$ )\t ,div9e effici5cy8 ,i c only say1 t1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,div9e m9d1 x is ! prop] basis ( obligation1 & !re=e by ! decision ( common s5se1 mu/ be call$ a p[]4 ,! doctor _h a little be=e told u1 t ?is p[] 0 faculties--he is n satisfi$ ) ?is2 & :at well in/ruct$ m9d1 l ! doctor's1 c\ld be8 ,x is some?+ t =ms ! basis ( obligation1 he kn[s n :at x is4 ,he m]ely inf]s !re is su* a p[]1 because m5 are held responsible4 ,b ?is inf]5ce w fl[ q z naturally1 by tak+ ! ,arm9ian gr\nd ( graci\s ability1 & save ! o!r difficulties beside4 ,at any rate1 x w save ! absurdity ( hold+ to an ability1 t w n "w1 )\t be+ /r5g!n$ by ,div9e aid1 & yet t ?is same ability is suffici5t = all purposes ( obligation )\t t aid4 ,we %all f9d equal difficulty1 if we take up & exam9e ?is def9ition ( moral p[]4 ,x is ! ex]cise ( natural p[]4 ,b ^! same writ]s tell u t1 :ile we h ?is natural p[] suffici5t )\t ,div9e grace to =m a basis ( obligation1 we are entirely dep5d5t ^u ,god's grace = moral p[]--9 o!r words1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( moral p[]1 we are dep5d5t ^u grace = ! ex]cise ( our natural p[]--& s9ce natural p[] means ! faculties ( ! und]/&+1 w1 & consci5ce--! /atem5t is simply & evid5tly ?is3 we are dep5d5t ^u ,div9e grace = ! ex]cise ( our und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w1 9 mak+ a holy *oice4 ,:y8 ,because ! und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w are s deprav$ by nature1 t x is n 9 _! nature to "w 9 ?is ex]cise1 )\t ?is ,div9e grace4 ,is n ?is hold+ ! graci\s ability aft] all8 ,is x s+ul> !n t ,dr4 ,griff9 %\ld say1 9 ano!r place--,!y 7s9n]s7 are b\nd to g =? to _! "w at once1 b !y are n b\nd to g alone3 x is _! privilege & duty to ca/ !mselves in/antly on ! ,holy ,gho/1 & n to take a s+le /ep 9 _! own /r5g?8 ,or is x any wond] t ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator %\ld say1 t ?is /atem5t ( ,dr4 ,griff9 br+s him directly on ! gr\nd ( evangelical ,arm9ianism8 ,& is ?is ! ability t ! mass ( ! ,new-,engl& div9es h held to f ! beg9n+8 ,n exactly4 ,!y only slide ov] on ?is gr\nd occasionally1 :5 !y are press$ h>d ) ,pelagianism on ! "o h&1 & ! old doctr9e ( passivity on ! o!r4 ,= ! tru? is1 z be=e rem>k$1 !y h n a s+le po9t to balance !mselves ^u betwe5 ^! two1 only z !y light ^u our gr\nd4 ,!re is /ill ano!r difficulty 9 ?is moral p[]1 z x is call$4 ,x implies ! absurdity1 t p[] to obey ,god is ob$i5ce itself4 ,= a "r ex]cise ( our natural p[]s is ob$i5ce4 ,b ! "r ex]cise ( our natural p[] is moral p[]--!re=e ,our moral p[] to obey ,god is ob$i5ce66 ,& ?is w give u a clue to ! prop] und]/&+ ( t (t-repeat$ ,calv9i/ic say+--,y h p[] to obey ,god1 if y\r he>t is rightly dispos$1 or 9 %ort h&--,y c if y w4 ,n[ ! v]b w "h evid5tly means ! "r ex]cise ( ! natural faculties--t is1 z %[n above1 x means ob$i5ce4 ,h5ce ! :ole & prop] mean+ ( ?is notable say+ is--,y h p[] to obey ,god1 if y obey him4 ,y c if y d4 ,?is is a sort ( logic :i*1 :5 scann$ d[n to its nak$ "*1 "o w\ld get z little cr$it 9 refut+1 z its abettors are entitl$ to = its inv5tion & use4 ,& yet ?is is ! logic :i*1 9 its borr[$ & fictiti\s co/ume has l$ ?\s&s 9 our l& to suppose t ,calv9ism1 z x is n[ modifi$1 is ! same1 or ne>ly ! same ) ,me?odism4 ,!re is /ill ano!r /rik+ solecism1 necess>ily connect$ ) ?is def9ition ( p[]4 ,x supposes x to h no actual exi/5ce1 until ! necessity = x ceases4 ,= 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 natural p[] effects ! act ( ob$i5ce2 & ?is effect ( natural p[]1 produc+ ob$i5ce1 gives exi/5ce to moral p[]4 ,?us we h p[] to obey1 sup]-add$ to ! p[] t has actually obey$6 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,calv9i/s say ?is is treat+ ! subject unfairly1 because _! v def9ition %[s t !y d n mean by x any ?+ :i* enables man to obey--,i answ]1 t my reason+ w5t ^u ! gr\nd1 t x 0 :at !y call x--p[]2 & if !y d n mean p[]1 t is only ackn[l$g+ ! position ,i />t$ ^u1 t ?is ,calv9i/ic p[] is no p[] at all4 ,& "h ,i ask1 9 ! "n ( c&\r1 ,:at is ! use ( call+ ?+s by wrong names8 ,:at confusion & error may n be introduc$ by apply+ common & well def9$ t]ms 9 su* a mann]1 t1 :5 ! ?+s to :i* !y are appli$1 are def9$1 x is se5 t ! t]ms ?us appli$ are worse ?an useless2 !y directly mislead ! m9d6 ,x is ! direct way to br+ ,*ri/ian !ology & ,*ri/ian m9i/]s into di/ru/ & reproa*4 ,"o ?\ght m1 ) respect to ?is moral p[]1 & ,i w pass on4 ,! doctr9e ( ,calv9ism is1 if ,i und]/& x1 t ,god controls ! natural p[] ( m51 by means ( _! moral p[]4 ,?is "s ( !m expressly affirm4 ,& to %[ t ,i am n mi/ak5 ) respect to ! o!rs1 let ! read] c>efully att5d to ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,:at is x secures ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,div9e decrees1 9 respect to ! elect & ! reprobate8 ,:y d n "s ( ! reprobates1 9 ! use ( natural ability1 rep5t & get to heav58 ,because !y h n ! moral p[]4 ,:y d n "s ( ! elect1 9 ! use ( ! same ability1 fall into s9 & f9ally p]i%8 ,because ,god makes & keeps !m will+ 9 ! day ( 8 p[]--t is1 he irresi/ibly imp>ts to !m ?is moral p[]4 ,?us1 by means ( ?is1 :i* he keeps 9 8 own h&s he executes 8 decrees4 ,= ,god1 ( set purpose1 s con/itut$ ?is natural p[]1 t x does n "w )\t ,div9e effici5cy4 ,by moral p[]2 !re=e1 natural p[] is controll$4 ,n[1 to say no?+ "h ( ! absurdity ( effici5tly & irresi/ibly controll+ "o p[] by ano!r1 & yet call+ t o!r ! ess5ce ( free ag5cy1 & ! basis ( obligation--look at ! absurdity 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,s9ce moral p[] is ! ex]cise ( natural p[]1 ! =m] mu/ be ! effect ( ! latt]4 ,& s9ce1 accord+ to ,calv9ism1 natural p[] is controll$ by moral p[]1 x foll[s conclusively2 t ! effect controls its cause66 ,& s9ce ! cause mu/ act1 be=e ! effect is produc$1 x foll[s t ! effect1 be=e x has an exi/5ce1 acts ^u its cause to produce its own exi/5ce666 ,?is is c]ta9ly a nullification ( bo? cause & effect3 ,su* are "s ( ! difficulties ( ^! def9itions ( p[]--def9itions z contr>y to ! common und]/&+s ( m51 & ! common laws ( language1 z !y are to s\nd philosophy--def9itions :i*1 if !y 7 always und]/ood1 :5 ! t]ms 7 us$2 w\ld make ! propositions 9 :i* ^! t]ms are f\nd1 s\nd v diff]5tly to ! common e>4 ,i tru/ !re=e x has be5 made to appe>1 t ?is di/9ction ( natural & moral ability1 & ! reason+s ^u x1 are f\nd$ on a mo/ unphilosophical analysis ( m9d & an unw>rant$ def9ition ( t]ms1 & t1 aft] all ! ef=ts ( ! ,calv9i/s to f9d out ano!r alt]native1 !y w be "u ! necessity1 if !y w\ld be consi/5t1 ei!r ( go+ back to ! old ,calv9i/ic gr\nd1 ( rem$iless impot5cy1 or ( advanc+ on to ! ,pelagian gr\nd ( ! ,new ,div9ity2 or !y mu/ accept ( ! ,arm9ian !ory ( graci\s ability4 ,& t ! read] may be prep>$ to make 8 selection1 ,i w "h rem9d him ( ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] doctr9e1 9 ! la/ numb]1 :ile ,i next proce$ to answ] m specifically ! objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ x1 :i* h[ev] = an obvi\s reason mu/ be )held until ! next numb]4 ,,numb] ,,xii4 ,,objections ,,to ,,graci\s ,,ability ,,answ]$4 ,9 consult+ diff]5t au?ors to f9d ! /ronge/ objections t h be5 urg$ aga9/ our doctr9e ( ability by grace1 ,i h fix$ ^u ! doctr9al tract1 already allud$ to1 entitl$1 ,man a ,free ,ag5t )\t ! ,aid ( ,div9e ,grace1 z conc5trat+ 9 a small compass1 & 9 a cle> & able mann]1 ! sum total ( ^! objections4 ,i may n foll[ ! precise ord] ( ?is writ]1 & possibly %all pass ov] "s ( 8 rem>ks z ( m9or importance2 b ! sub/ance ( 8 reason+ %all receive su* notice z ,i %all be able to give x4 #a4 ,! fir/ objection is1 9 sub/ance1 ?is3 t )\t be+ a free ag5t man _c be man2 t free ag5cy 9 fact ent]s into ! v def9ition ( an intellig5t1 morally responsible be+2 & !re=e he mu/ be su* by nature4 ,?is objection ga9s all its plausibility f ! writ]'s def9ition ( free ag5cy4 ,x consi/s1 he says1 9 ! possession ( und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w4 ,n[ we grant t ! be+ :o possesses ^! is an intellig5t volunt>y ag5t4 ,b ^! faculties1 z we h se51 may be disord]$1 s t1 = all holy purposes1 !y may be defective4 ,! und]/&+ may be d>k5$1 ! consci5ce may be se>$1 ! p[] to *oose good may be weak5$ ei!r positively or relatively4 ,lib]ty is a di/9ct faculty ( ! s\l2 & z su* is z subject to d]angem5t z any o!r m5tal susceptibility4 ,x has1 we say1 suff]$ mat]ially by ! fall2 s t man has n 8 orig9al aptitude or facility to good4 ,& :e!r we consid] ?is z a weakness app]ta9+ directly to ! faculty ( ! w itself1 or :e!r we consid] x a relative weakness1 7:i* is probably ! m philosophical17 result+ f ! loss ( a moral equilibrium 9 ! m9d1 by reason ( ! uncontroll$ sway ( ! passions1 9 ei!r case ! prim>y cause & ! practical result are ! same4 ,s9 has p]v]t$ ! s\l1 & giv5 x an unholy decl9ation f righte\sness to an ext5t :i* none b ,god c rectify4 ,) ?is view ( ! subject1 ! writ] may call man a free ag5t if he pleases2 b he is only free to unrighte\sness1 & n to hol9ess4 ,our objector 0 aw>e t 8 argum5t might be dispos$ ( 9 ?is way2 & h5ce 9 a note he says1 ,"s writ]s speak ( man1 9 8 natural /ate1 z free only to evil4 ,b 9 :at does su* fre$om diff] f m]e in/9ct8 ,) no p[] to d o!rwise1 h[ is he :o murd]s a fell[ creature m crim9al ?an ! tig]1 or ev5 a fall+ rock t de/roys him8 ,! fallacy ( ?is argum5t consi/s *iefly 9 a misrepres5tation ( our !ory4 ,in/ead ( hold+ t man has no p[] to d o!rwise1 we believe1 z mu* z ?is au?or1 t man has ample p[] at 8 comm& to d o!rwise2 b t ?is p[] is ( grace1 & n ( nature4 ,any f>!r suppos$ difficulties gr[+ out ( ?is view ( ! subject w be expla9$1 ,i tru/ satisfactorily1 z we advance4#f #b4 ,e man is consci\s t he possesses ! faculties :i* con/itute free ag5cy4--,"h aga9 we mu/ keep 9 view ! writ]'s def9ition4 ,we %all f9d no difficulty 9 grant+ t e man is consci\s t he possesses ! faculties ( und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w2 b t ^!1 unaid$ by grace1 con/itute man free to a holy *oice1 is d5i$2 & ?is is ! v "q 9 debate4 ,to affirm x !re=e 9 argum5t is begg+ ! "q4 ,x h[ev]1 ! au?or means to say1 z 8 reason+ on ?is po9t seems to imply1 t man is consci\s ( be+ a free ag5t1 9 ! responsible s5se ( ! t]m1 ?is is also grant$2 b !n ?is does n t\* ! "q :e!r ?is p[] is ( grace or ( nature4 ,b1 says ! writ]1 ,:5 man1 "u ! influ5ce ( grace1 does *oose ! good1 he is n consci\s ( any new faculty or p[] to *oose1 b only he uses t p[] 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! p[] or faculty :i* *ooses evil & :i* *ooses good1 is ! same p[] diff]5tly us$4 ,:oev] disput$ ?is8--und]/&+ by p[] a faculty ( ! s\l1 z ?is au?or evid5tly does4 ,we all ackn[l$ge t ! s\l gets no new faculties by grace2 b we believe t ! m9d1 9 ! ex]cise ( its natural faculties1 is assi/$ by grace to make a "r *oice4 ,b1 says ! writ]1 9 ?is connection1 ,p[] to *oose betwe5 two objects is p[] to *oose ei!r4 ,if ! writ] means to say t p[] to *oose ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( two objects is p[] to *oose ei!r--?is is an id5tical proposition3 x is only say+1 ,if a ?+ is1 x is4 ,b if he means to say1 :5 two objects are pres5t$ to ! m9d1 & ! m9d f9ds itself possess$ ( a p[] to atta* itself volunt>ily to "o1 t !re=e x has ! same p[] to atta* itself to ! o!r1 ?is is d5i$2 & z no pro( is giv5 or pret5d$ by ! objector1 no?+ b a d5ial is necess>y4 ,on ?is po9t ! f\nd] ( ! ,calv9i/ic s*ool 0 und\bt$ly correct--philosophically & !ologically correct--:5 he said1 ,man has n an equally free election ( good & evil4 ,b t ,i may meet ?is objection f\nd$ on consci\sness1 full 9 ! face1 ,i am prep>$ to ass]t1 & ,i ?9k prove1 t man1 s f> f be+ consci\s t he has by nature adequate p[] to s]ve ,god1 is consci\s ( ! v rev]se ( ?is4 ,:at truly awak5$ s9n] has n a deep conviction ( 8 utt] helplessness8 ,h[ _m exp]i5ces ( intellig5t & pi\s ,calv9i/s c\ld ,i quote on ?is po9t8 ,z a specim5 take t ( ! ,rev4 ,david ,bra9]d1 :o /&s high 9 ! ,*ur*1 n only among ,calv9i/s1 b among all ,*ri/ians :o "k him4 ,i quote a passage f 8 exp]i5ce quot$ by ,dr4 ,griff93 ,i saw t x 0 utt]ly impossible = me to d any ?+ t[>d help+ or deliv]+ myself4 ,i _h ! greate/ c]ta9ty t my /ate 0 = ev] mis]able = all t ,i c\ld d1 & wond]$ t ,i _h nev] be5 s5sible ( x be=e4--,?is passage is v /rong2 too unqualifi$1 p]haps1 b x is ! natural language ( a weak s9n]1 conv9c$1 z all mu/ be be=e !y c become /rong1 ( _! utt] helplessness )\t grace4 ,h[ fully does su* a "o prove ! tru? ( ,scripture1 t ! natural man receive? n ! ?+s ( ! ,_s ( ,god1 = !y are fooli%ness unto him1 nei!r c he "k !m1 = !y are spiritually disc]n$2 t no man kn[e? ! ,fa!r1 b ! ,son1 & he to :om ! ,son %all reveal him4 ,h5ce ! necessity t ! ,_s %\ld take ( ! ?+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & %[ !m unto !m4 ,inde$1 b = ?is d>kness & weakness ( ! und]/&+1 ! p5it5t s9n] w\ld n feel ! necessity ( ! ag5cy ( ! ,_s3 nor w\ld x 9 fact be necess>y4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ! doctr9e ( natural ability has l$ to ! idea ( conv]sion by moral suasion4 ,?us x is evid5t t a man may be consci\s ( hav+ an und]/&+1 b at ! same "t be z fully consci\s t t und]/&+ is too d>k & weak = holy purposes1 unaid$ by grace4 ,! same is also true ( consci5ce4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t x (t5 becomes languid or dead1 & ne$s quick5+4 ,h5ce ! ,*ri/ian (t5 prays-- ,quick z ! apple ( an eye1 ,o ,god6 my consci5ce make2 ,awake my s\l :5 s9 is nigh1 ,& keep x /ill awake4 ,h5ce also we pray ,god to al>m ! consci5ce ( s9n]s4 ,s also we le>n f ,scripture & exp]i5ce t ! consci5ce ne$s purg+ f dead works1 = ! v object t we may be able to s]ve ,god ) filial fe>2 we le>n also t we may h defil$ consci5ces1 weak consci5ces1 se>$ consci5ces1 c4 ,& "h let x be notic$1 t :e!r we und]/& ^! passages z apply+ to ! reg5]ate or unreg5]ate1 to d]iv$ depravity or contract$ depravity1 ! argum5t aga9/ ! objector w 9 e case apply ) resi/less =ce1 viz4 x %[s t ?is faculty ( ! s\l may become s disord]$ z to h its orig9al heal?y action impair$1 & t 9 ?is case no?+ c give x its orig9al s5sibility & /r5g? b ! ,god :o made x4 ,if s9 does disord] ! consci5ce1 x disord]$ ,adam's3 & if he begat *ildr5 9 8 own moral lik5ess1 !n 8 po/]ity _h a simil> consci5ce4 ,& !re=e x is necess>y t1 z by ! (f5ce ( ! fir/ ,adam s9 ab\nd$1 s by ! ob$i5ce ( ! second1 grace may ab\nd 9 a way directly to meet ! evil4 ,let u next exam9e ! w4 ,are we n consci\s t ?is also is weak8 ,h[ repeat$ly does ! awak5$ s9n] resolve & fail6 until he becomes deeply impress$ t he is )\t /r5g?6 ,he tries to keep ! law1 b _c2 = he f9ds t ! c>nal m9d is n subject to ! law ( ,god1 nei!r inde$ c be4 ,he> 8 compla9t6 & t we may be sure ( tak+ a g5u9e case1 let u select a ,bible exp]i5ce f ,rom4 vii2 ,i am c>nal1 sold "u s94 7,h[ mu* lib]ty to s]ve ,god has a bond slave to s987 ,t :i* ,i d ,i all[ n2 = :at ,i w\ld d t ,i d n1 b :at ,i hate t d ,i4 ,to w is pres5t ) me1 b h[ to p]=m t :i* is good1 ,i f9d n1 c4 7,see ?r\gh ! *apt]47 ,he> him f9ally exclaim1 9 self despair1 ,:o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,:y1 ,saul ( ,t>sus6 are y n consci\s t y h und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w8 ,:y make su* an exclamation8 ,:o %all deliv] y8 ,deliv] y\rself4 ,no6 su* philosophy & su* !ology 7 n kn[n to ?is writ]1 nei!r z a p5it5t s9n]1 nor z an inspir$ apo/le4 ,i ?ank ,god1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ my ,"l4--,! law ( ! _s ( life1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ha? made me free f ! law ! controll+ p[] ( s9 & dea?4 ,%\ld any "o say t ! apo/le 0 n describ+ 8 conv]sion "h1 b 8 exp]i5ce z a ,*ri/ian believ]1 ,i reply3 ,if any ?+1 t w\ld make ! passage s mu* ! /rong] = my pres5t purpose2 = if ^! ?+s are done 9 ! gre5 tree1 :at %all be done 9 ! dry8 ,if a sa9t--"o :o has be5 wa%$ & r5ew$--f9ds nev]!less t 8 w is s weak z to ne$ ! cont9u$ grace ( ,god to enable him to d ! ?+s t he w\ld1 mu* m is ?is true ( ! unr5ew$ s9n]4 ,if ?is acc\nt ( ! apo/le's exp]i5ce means any ?+1 x is z express a contradiction ( ! doctr9e1 t we h natural /r5g? to s]ve ,god1 z c\ld be put into words4 ,& ,i am bold to say t ?is is ! exp]i5ce ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,& x pres5ts an argum5t aga9/ ! doctr9e ( natural ability :i* no metaphysical reason+ c ov]?r[--n inde$ an argum5t to prove t we h n und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w2 b to %[ t1 hav+ ^! 9 a disord]$ & debilitat$ /ate1 grace is indisp5sable to aid !m1 9 ord] to an effici5t holy *oice4 ,h[ (t5 soev] ! judgm5t may be br\ght to a pref]5ce ( ! ,div9e law1 x w z (t5 be c>ri$ away by ! /r5g? ( ! unholy passions until x is deliv]$ by ! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we are consci\s !re=e t we h n natural p[] to keep ! ,div9e law4 #c4 ,b x is object$ aga91 t ! ,scriptures require u to use our natural faculties 9 ! s]vice ( ,god2 & h5ce ! inf]5ce is1 t ^! faculties are adequate to ?is s]vice4 ,x is c]ta9ly no objection to our doctr9e1 t ! ,scriptures1 deal+ ) man z he is1 require him to use 8 natural p[]s to s]ve ,god4 ,) :at o!r p[]s %\ld he s]ve him8 ,i aga9 repeat t ! "q is n1 :e!r we h m5tal faculties1 nor :e!r man may or c s]ve ,god ) ^! faculties1 b simply :e!r ! comm& to obey is giv5 indep5d5tly ( ! consid]ations ( grace4 ,we say x is n2 & 9 pro( ref] to ! ,scriptures1 :i* give a promise correspond+ ) e comm&1 & assurances ( graci\s aid suit$ to e duty--all ( :i* mo/ explicitly imply1 n only man's ne$1 b also ! gr\nd on :i* ! comm& is pr$icat$4 ,& ) ?is idea agrees ! alleg$ condemnation1 s (t5 pres5t$ 9 ! ,scriptures3 ,?is is ! condemnation1 t light has come into ! _w1 & m5 h lov$ d>kness4 ,he t believe? n is condemn$ already4 ,b !y griev$ 8 ,holy ,_s1 !re=e he is turn$ to be _! enemy4 ,h[ %all we escape1 if we neglect s great salvation4 ,^!1 & _m o!r passages1 %[ t ! turn+ po9t ( guilt & condemnation is n s mu* ! abuse ( natural p[]s1 z ! neglect & abuse ( grace be/[$4 ,?is po9t may be illu/rat$ by ,*ri/'s heal+ ! )]$ h&4 ,he comm&$ ! man to /ret* x =?4 ,:at 0 ! gr\nd ( t comm&1 & :at 0 impli$ 9 x8 ,! gr\nd ( x 01 t aid w\ld be giv5 him to d x2 o!rwise ! comm& to /ret* =? a palsi$ limb w\ld h be5 unreasonable4 ,& yet x 0 und]/ood t ! man 0 to h no new muscles1 or n]ves1 or bones1 to accompli% ?is )2 b he 0 to use ^? he _h1 assi/$1 z !y w\ld be1 by ! graci\s p[] ( ,god4 ,s man1 x is true1 is comm&$ to use 8 natural p[]s 9 obey+ ,god2 b n )\t ,div9e aid1 ! promise ( :i* is always ei!r express$ or impli$ 9 ! comm&4 #d4 ,! ,scriptures ascribe no o!r inability to man to obey ,god1 b t :i* consi/s 9 or results f ! p]v]sion ( ^? faculties :i* con/itute him a moral ag5t4 ,x is true1 ! ,scriptures blame man = 8 inability--= inability !y c]ta9ly ascribe to him1 & :y8 ,because :]e s9 ab\nd$ grace has mu* m ab\nd$4 ,t s9n]s are p]v]se & unprep>$ = holy ob$i5ce up to ?is h\r is und\bt$ly _! own fault1 = grace has be5 be=eh& ) !m4 ,x met !m at ! v ?re%old ( _! moral ag5cy1 ) e ?+ necess>y to meet _! case4 ,x has dug ab\t ! fruitless fig tree4 ,x has laid ! f\ndation to say ju/ly1 ,:at m c\ld ,i h done = my v9ey>d8 ,if ! s9n] has reject$ all ?is1 & has increas$ 8 depravity by actual transgression1 !n inde$ is he ju/ly *>geable = all 8 emb>rassm5ts & moral weakness1 = he has volunt>ily assum$ to himself ! responsibility ( 8 native depravity1 & he has add$ to ?is ! accumulat$ guilt ( 8 repeat$ s9s4 #e4 ,x is f>!r object$1 ) a good deal ( confid5ce1 t ,arm9ians1 aft] all1 make man's natural p[] ! gr\nd & measure ( 8 guilt1 s9ce no "p ( 8 free ag5cy arises f furni%$ grace1 b x consi/s simply inability to use or abuse t grace1 & ( c\rse 9 an ability di/9ct f1 & n produc$ by ! grace4 ,let u see1 h[ev]1 if !re is n "s sophi/ry cov]$ up "h4 ,arm9ians d n mean t man's ability to use grace is indep5d5t (1 & sep>ate f ! grace itself4 ,!y say t man's p[]s are directly assi/$ by grace1 s t ?r\gh ?is assi/ance !y h ability or /r5g? 9 ^? p[]s :i* be=e !y _h n1 to make a "r *oice4 ,to talk ( ability to use graci\s ability1 9 any o!r s5se1 w\ld be absurd4 ,x w\ld be l talk+ ( /r5g? to use /r5g?--( be+ able to be able4 ,?is absurdity1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me ju/ly *>geable ^u ! natural ability !ory1 tak5 9 connection ) ! ,scripture acc\nt ( ?is matt]4 ,! ,scriptures in/ruct u to look to ,god = /r5g?2 t he gives u p[] to become ! *ildr5 ( ,god2 t he /r5g!ns ) might 9 ! inn] man1 t we may be able1 c4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 tells u t we h an ability back ( ?is2 an ability on :i* our responsibility turns1 & by means ( :i* we c become p>tak]s ( ! grace ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is is c]ta9ly to repres5t ! ,div9e ,be+ z tak+ measures to make ability able1 & add+ p[] to make adequate /r5g? suffici5tly /rong4--,su* is ! "w ( sup]]ogation :i* ?is !ory *>ges ^u ! ,gospel1 = :i* its advocates alone are answ]able2 b let !m n1 )\t bett] gr\nd1 attempt to involve u 9 su* an absurdity4 ,b ! /ronge/ objections1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o diff] f u1 are yet to come4 ,!y are ( a doctr9al1 r ?an ( a philosophical "*1 & are !re=e m tangible1 & w1 = ?is reason1 p]haps1 be m int]e/+ to ! g5]ality ( read]s4 ,let u h pati5ce1 !n1 to foll[ !m out4 #f4 ,doctr9al ,objections4--,on ! gr\nd ( graci\s ability x is object$ t1 #a4 ,z ! consequ5ce ( ,adam's fall1 ,adam himself & all 8 po/]ity became incapable ( committ+ ano!r s94 #b4 ,e s9ful action p]=m$ 9 ?is _w1 s9ce ! fall ( ,adam1 has be5 ! effect ( sup]natural grace4 #c4 ,man ne$$ ! grace ( ,god1 n because he 0 wick$1 b because he 0 weak4 #d4 ,! moral diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r is n to be ascrib$ to ,god4 #e4 ,! po/]ity ( ,adam ne$$ no ,savi\r to atone = actual s94 #f4 ,?is op9ion is inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( grace4 #g4 ,!re c be no guilt 9 ! pres5t rebellion ( ! inf]nal regions4 #h4 ,is n ?is grace a great] calamity to our race ?an ! fall ( ,adam8 ,i h ?r[n ^! objections toge!r1 & pres5t$ !m 9 connection to ! read]1 = ! reason t !y all re/ ma9ly on "o or two errone\s assumptions1 to correct :i* w be sub/antially to answ] !m all4 ,"o errone\s assumption ( ?is writ] is1 t !re is no free ag5cy to d wrong1 :i* is n adequate to d "r4 ,?is writ] seems to ?9k ?is a self-evid5t proposition1 :i* ne$s no pro(2 = al?\gh he has us$ x 9 argum5t a numb] ( times1 he has left x unsu/a9$ by any ?+ b 8 nak$ ass]tion4 ,?is proposition has already be5 d5i$1 & an unqualifi$ d5ial is all t 9 fairness c be claim$ by an antagoni/ to meet an unqualifi$ ass]tion4 ,our object1 h[ev]1 is tru?1 & n victory4 ,let me reque/ y !n1 read]1 to look at ?is proposition4 ,c y see any self-evid5t pro( ( ?is ass]tion8 ,if ! ,creator %\ld give exi/5ce to an intellig5t be+1 & infuse into 8 creat$ nature ! elem5ts ( unrighte\sness1 & give to 8 faculties an irresi/ible bias to s91 & all ?is )\t provid+ a rem$y1 or a way = escape1 !n inde$ all our notions ( ju/ice w\ld decide t su* a be+ ought n to be held responsible4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) any ( ! s9ful be+s ( ,god's moral gov]nm5t4--,n ( ! fall5 angels1 = !y _h orig9al p[] to /&1 b abus$ x & fell--n ( fall5 man1 = 9 ! fir/ place 8 is n a creat$ depravity2 b1 9 ! case ( ,adam1 x 0 contract$ by volunt>y transgression :5 he _h p[] to /&2 & 9 ! case ( 8 po/]ity1 x is d]iv$ & propagat$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( g5]ation3 & 9 ! second place1 a rem$y is provid$ :i* meets ! exig5cies ( man's moral condition1 at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 be+4 ,?is x does by graci\sly prev5t+ ! imputation ( guilt until man is capable ( an intellig5t survey ( 8 moral condition2 = z by ! (f5ce ( "o1 judgm5t came ^u all m5 unto condemnation3 ev5 s1 by ! righte\sness ( "o1 ! free gift came ^u all m5 unto ju/ification ( life4 ,& :5 man becomes capable ( moral action1 ?is same graci\s rem$y is suit$ to remove 8 native depravity1 & to ju/ify him f ! guilt ( actual transgression2 = if we confess our s9s1 he is fai?ful & j to =give u our s9s1 & cleanse u f all unrighte\sness4 ,x does n appe>1 !n1 ei!r f ! obvi\s "* ( ! proposition itself2 or f ! condition ( s9ful be+s1 t ! same free ag5cy :i* enables a man to d wrong1 w enable him also to d "r4 ,h5ce x is n true t ,adam1 by ! fall1 lo/ 8 p[] to s91 or t !re is n[ no s9 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,x is true1 ! writ] tries to su/a9 ?is idea f>!r1 by ass]t+ t t ceases to be a moral wrong :i* is unavoidable2 = no be+ c be held responsible = do+ :at is unavoidable4 ,?is is little bett]1 h[ev]1 ?an a reit]ation ( ! =m] assumption4 ,if ! "* & conduct ( a be+ are n n[1 & nev] h be5 avoidable1 !n inde$ he ought n to h guilt imput$ to him4 ,b to say t !re is no moral wrong 9 ! case1 is to say t *>act]s & actions are n wrong 9 !mselves1 ev5 :]e x w\ld n be j to impute guilt4 ,& ?is is an idea :i* is impli$ also 9 ano!r "p ( ?is writ]'s reason+2 = he tells u t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( graci\s ability e s9ful action p]=m$ 9 ?is _w1 s9ce ! fall ( ,adam1 has be5 ! effect ( sup]natural grace2 & t man ne$$ ! grace ( ,god1 n because he 0 wick$1 b because he 0 weak1 c4 ,?is reason+1 or r ^! propositions1 are pr$icat$ on ! assumption1 t !re is no moral wrong :]e !re is no exi/+ ability to d "r3 9 o!r words1 t dispositions & acts ( intellig5t be+s are n 9 !mselves holy or unholy1 b are s only 9 ref]5ce to ! exi/+ p[] ( ! be+ :o is ! subject ( ^! dispositions & acts4 ,b is ?is correct8 ,s9 may c]ta9ly exi/ :]e x w\ld n be j to impute x to ! s9n]4 ,= ! apo/le tells u t until ! law s9 0 9 ! _w2 & yet he adds1 ,s9 is n imput$ 7he does n say s9 does n exi/17 :]e !re is no law4 ,! fact !re are c]ta9 dispositions & acts t are 9 _! nature opposite to hol9ess1 :atev] may be ! p[] ( ! subject at ! "t he possesses ?is "* or p]=ms ^! acts4 ,s9 is s91 & hol9ess is hol9ess1 "u all circum/ances4 ,!y h a positive1 & n m]ely a relative exi/5ce4 ,& al?\gh !y h n exi/5ce ab/ract f an ag5t possess+ und]/&+1 consci5ce1 & w1 /ill !y may h an exi/5ce ab/ractly f ! p[] ( be+ or do+ o!rwise at ! "t4 ,if n1 !n ! new-born infant has no moral "*1 or he has p[] to become holy ) 8 fir/ brea?4 ,:e!r ! subject ( ?is unavoidable s9 %all be responsible = x1 is a "q to be decid$ by circum/ances4 ,if a be+ has _h p[]1 & lo/ x by 8 own avoidable act1 !n inde$ he is responsible = 8 impot5cy--8 v weakness becomes 8 crime1 & e act ( omission or commission result+ f 8 moral impot5cy1 is ju/ly imput$ to him1 ! ass]tion ( our objector to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,h5ce x is incorrect to say !re is n[ no guilt 9 ! rebellion ( ! inf]nal regions4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r1 9 ?is case1 y assume t all ! guilt is 9 ! fir/ act1 by :i* ! ability to d good 0 lo/1 or 9 ea* successive act ( s91 :i* 0 ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( ! fir/4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! acts t foll[ are ! measure ( ! guilt2 & h5ce1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! m9d1 ! consci\sness ( guilt w be con/antly felt1 z ! acts occur4 ,= all practical purposes1 !re=e1 ! s5se ( guilt1 & ! ,div9e adm9i/ration ( ju/ice w be ! same 9 ei!r view ( ! subject4 ,! writ] supposes ! case ( a s]vant's cutt+ (f 8 h&s to avoid 8 daily task1 & says1 ?is he is to blame1 & ought to be puni%$2 b ?9ks he ought n to be puni%$ = 8 subsequ5t defici5cies4 ,b ,i ask1 ,h[ mu* is he to blame1 & to :at ext5t %\ld he be puni%$8 ,8 guilt & puni%m5t are to be measur$1 c]ta9ly1 by ! am\nt ( wrong he has done 8 ma/]--t is1 by e act ( omission consequ5t ^u ?is act1 :i* r5d]$ ^! omissions unavoidable4 ,!re=e he is ju/ly puni%able = e act ( omission2 & y may ref] ?is :ole puni%m5t to ! fir/ act exclusively1 or to all ! acts sep>ately3 x am\nts to ! same ?+ 9 ! practical adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t & ( ju/ice4 ,inde$1 to say t ea* succe$+ act is to be br\ght up & tak5 into ! e/imate1 9 ord] to fix ! quantum ( puni%m5t1 is to ackn[l$ge t ^! succe$+ acts are s9s2 else :y %\ld !y be br\ght into ! acc\nt at all1 9 e/imat+ guilt & puni%m5t8 ,take ano!r case4 ,! drunk>d de/roys or susp5ds ! "r use ( 8 reason1 & !n murd]s4 ,is he to be held innoc5t ( ! murd] because he 0 drunk8 or 0 ! :ole guilt ( ! murd] to be ref]r$ to ! act ( gett+ intoxicat$8 ,if y say ! =m]1 !n no man is to be puni%$ = any crime committ$ 9 a fit ( intoxication2 & "o has only to get intoxicat$ 9 ord] to be innoc5t4 ,if y say ! latt]1 !n1 z gett+ drunk is ! same 9 "o case z ano!r1 e inebriate is guilty ( murd]1 & :atev] o!r crimes drunk5ess may occasion1 or has occasion$4 ,is ei!r ( ^! suppositions correct8 ,%all we n r say t ! inebriate's guilt is to be measur$ by ! aggregate ( crimes fl[+ f ! volunt>y act ( dr[n+ 8 reason8 ,& s 9 ! case be=e u4 ,in/ead !n ( say+1 t on our pr9ciples !re is no guilt 9 ! pres5t rebellion ( ! inf]nal regions1 ,i w\ld say t _! pres5t rebellion is ! fruits & measure ( _! guilt4 ,?us we see1 t a be+ :o has _h p[] & lo/ x1 is guilty ( 8 pres5t acts4 ,& by exam9ation we %all f9d t by h[ mu* we enhance ! e/imat$ guilt ( ! fir/ act1 x is by borr[+ s mu* f ! acts ( iniquity :i* foll[4 ,& w y !n turn r\nd & say1 ! acts :i* foll[ h no guilt8 ,:y h !y no guilt8 ,evid5tly because y h tak5 ! am\nt ( t guilt & atta*$ x to ! fir/ act4 ,& does ?is make ^! acts 9 !mselves innoc5t8 ,! idea is prepo/]\s4 ,z well may y say t ! fil?y /reams ( a pollut$ f\nta9 are n impure 9 !mselves1 because b = ! f\nta9 !y w\ld n be impure2 z to say t ! curr5t ( unholy volitions :i* unavoidably fl[s f a p]v]t$ he>t is n unholy & crim9al4 ,ano!r cle>ly errone\s assumption ( ?is writ] is1 t if x w\ld be unju/ = ! ,div9e ,be+ to leave 8 plan unf9i%$1 aft] x is begun1 ! :ole plan mu/ be pr$icat$ on ju/ice1 & n on grace4 ,x is true1 he has n said ?is1 9 s _m words1 b 8 reason+ implies x4 ,= he says ?is s*eme ( graci\s ability annihilates ! :ole doctr9e ( grace4 ,because ,god1 if he held man acc\ntable1 0 b\nd to give him ?is ability1 z a matt] ( ju/ice2 h5ce x is n an ability by grace1 b an ability by ju/ice4 ,! :ole ( ?is reason+1 & mu* m1 goes ^u ! pr9ciple1 t ! completion ( a plan ( grace1 aft] x is begun1 _c be claim$ on ! scale ( ju/ice1 )\t mak+ ! :ole a plan ( ju/ice4 ,b is ?is true8 ,is n a fa!r1 aft] he has be5 in/rum5tal ( br++ a son into ! _w1 b\nd 9 ju/ice to provide = & educate him8 ,& yet does n ! son owe a debt ( gratitude to t fa!r1 :5 he has done all ?is8 ,if a physician %\ld cut (f ! limb ( a poor man1 to save 8 life1 is he n b\nd 9 ju/ice1 aft] he has comm5c$ ! op]ation1 to take up ! art]ies & save ! man f dy+1 by ! op]ation4 ,& if he %\ld n d x1 w\ld he n be call$ a wanton & cruel wret*8 ,& yet 9 bo? ^! cases ! p]sons may be unwor?y4 ,! son may %[ mu* obliquity ( moral pr9ciple1 & yet ! fa!r %\ld be> ) him1 & discipl9e him4 ,! man on :om ! physician op]at$ may be poor & p]v]se4 ,"h !n are cases 9 :i* ju/ice dem&s t un m]it$ fav\r begun %\ld be cont9u$1 or else :at 0 fav\r 9 ! comm5cem5t1 & :at w\ld be fav\r 9 ! :ole1 w\ld nev]!less by its incomplet5ess1 be mo/ manife/ inju/ice4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! "q 9 respect to ! ,div9e adm9i/ration4 ,! :ole race ( man _h become obnoxi\s to ! ,div9e displeasure1 9 _! repres5tative & f$]al head1 by reason ( 8 s94 ,?is is expressly /at$3 ,by ! (f5ce ( "o1 judgm5t came ^u all m5 to condemnation4 ,9 ,adam all die4 ,9 ?is situation we may suppose t ! /rict ju/ice ( ! law requir$ puni%m5t 9 ! v "* 9 :i* ! (f5ce 0 committ$4 ,adam p]sonally & consci\sly s9n$2 & s1 accord+ to ju/ice1 he mu/ suff]4 ,! prospective g5]ations ( m51 exi/+ sem9ally 9 him1 z !y _h n consci\sly & p]sonally s9n$1 c\ld1 9 ju/ice1 only exp]i5ce ! effects ( ! curse 9 ! same "* 9 :i* !y s9n$1 viz4 passively & sem9ally1 unless provision c\ld be made1 by :i*1 9 _! p]sonal exi/5ce1 !y might free !mselves f ! effects ( s94 ,n[ ,god1 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 wisdom & grace1 saw fit to make provision = a new probation = man1 on ! basis ( a cov5ant ( grace1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* are all to be view$ toge!r1 9 ord] to judge ( _! "*4 ,9 ?is cov5ant ,adam _h a new trial2 & :5 ! promise 0 made to him he /ood 9 ! same relation to 8 po/]ity z he did :5 he s9n$1 & ! curse 0 out aga9/ him4 ,if1 by ! latt]1 ! prospective g5]ations ( m5 7 ju/ly cut (f f possible exi/5ce2 by ! =m] ?is exi/5ce 0 m]cifully secur$ to !m4 ,if by ! corruption ( ! race1 ?r\gh s91 ! possibility ( salvation 0 cut (f1 on all kn[n pr9ciples ( adm9i/rative ju/ice2 by ! provisions ( grace ! possibility ( salvation 0 secur$ to ! :ole race2 & ?is possibility implies e necess>y provision to r5d] grace available & effici5t1 9 accordance ) moral responsibility4 ,if ,god1 :o sp>$ n 8 own ,son1 b freely gave him up = u all1 _h n ) him also freely giv5 u all ?+s necess>y = our salvation1 w\ld n ! ,div9e proc$ure h be5 *>act]iz$ bo? by folly & inju/ice8 ,if 8 plan ( grace _h only gone s f> z to h giv5 u a consci\s be+1 )\t giv+ u ! means ( mak+ t exi/5ce happy1 w\ld x n h be5 wanton cruelty8 ,& yet1 tak+ ! :ole toge!r1 :o does n see t x is a mo/ /up5d\s sy/em ( grace1 f ! f\ndation to ! top-/one8 ,let u n !n be guilty ( su* manife/ folly1 z to take a "p ( ! ,div9e adm9i/ration1 & make up a judgm5t ^u t1 z view$ indep5d5tly ( ! re/1 & !n transf] ?is ab/ract "* to ! :ole4 ,z 9 *emical comb9ations1 ?\gh "o ( ! +r$i5ts tak5 alone might be delet]i\s1 yet ! comp\nd may be nutriti\s or salut>y1 s 9 ! new cov5ant1 if we sep>ate legal exactions & p5alties f graci\s provisions1 ! op]ations ( ! =m] may be unju/ & cruel1 yet ! :ole1 unit$ z ,god ha? comb9$ !m1 may be an adm9i/ration ( unp>allel$ grace4 ,x is 9 ?is heav5ly comb9ation t m]cy & tru? are met toge!r1 righte\sness & peace h kiss$ ea* o!r4 ,n[1 !re=e1 if we confess our s9s1 he is fai?ful & j to =give u our s9s1 = on ?is gr\nd he c be j & ! ju/ifi] ( !m t believe4 ,al?\gh ju/ice is ?us involv$ 9 ! sy/em1 & to leave out "p ( ! sy/em w\ld be manife/ inju/ice1 yet ! :ole is ! bless$ ,gospel2 ! ,gospel ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,x is object$1 ,i "k1 t ! idea t1 b = ! provisions ( ! ,gospel1 man w\ld n h propagat$ 8 species1 is fanciful & unau?oriz$ by ,scripture4 ,! ,scriptures1 ,i grant1 d n /rike (f into speculations ab\t :at ,god might h done1 or w\ld h done1 if he _h n done z he has4 ,?is is =eign f _! design2 & ,i am p]fectly will+ to let ! :ole /& z ! ,scriptures pres5t x4 ,b :5 our oppon5ts set ! example ( rais+ an objection to :at we ?9k ! true sy/em1 by pass+ judgm5t on a "p1 view$ ab/ractly1 we mu/ meet !m4 ,on _! own gr\nd1 !n1 ,i w\ld say1 ! idea t man w\ld h be5 all[$ to propagate 8 species1 )\t any provisions ( grace1 is altoge!r fanciful & unau?oriz$ by ,scripture4 ,w x be said1 t x seems m reasonable1 & 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( nature1 to suppose t he w\ld8 ,i answ]1 ,x seems to me m reasonable1 & 9 accordance ) ! c\rse ( ju/ice1 to suppose t he w\ld n4 ,:oev] ma9ta9s t ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ,adam's po/]ity 0 n impli$ & includ$ 9 ! provisions ( grace1 9 ! new cov5ant1 mu/ take into 8 !ory "o ( ! foll[+ app5dages2--he mu/ ei!r believe t ! :ole race c\ld ju/ly be consign$ to p]sonal & unavoidable wo1 = ! s9 ( ,adam1 or t all c\ld be ju/ly condemn$ = ! s9 ( _! own nature1 entail$ ^u !m )\t _! ag5cy1 & !re=e equally unavoidable2 or he mu/ believe t ea* w\ld h a p]sonal trial on ! gr\nd ( ! cov5ant ( works1 z ,adam _h4 ,if !re is ano!r alt]native1 x mu/ be "s sy/em ( probation :i* ,god has nev] intimat$1 & man1 9 all 8 inv5tions has nev] devis$4 ,:oev] is prep>$ to adopt ei!r ( ! two =m] propositions is prep>$ to g all l5g?s 9 ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation & reprobation *>g$ ^u ,calv9ism 9 ! s]mon t gave rise to ?is controv]sy1 &1 ( c\rse1 w f9d 8 sy/em subject to all ! objections !re urg$ aga9/ x4 ,if any "o *ooses to adopt ! ?ird alt]native1 & consid] all ! po/]ity ( ,adam z /&+ or fall+ solely on ! gr\nd ( ! cov5ant ( works1 su* a "o ne$ n be answ]$ 9 a discussion purport+ to be a ,calv9i/ic controv]sy4 ,he is a ,soc9ian1 & mu/ be answ]$ 9 ano!r place4 ,all t ne$ be done "h1 is to %[ ! emb>rassm5ts ( ,calv9ism prop]1 ! utt] futility ( all its *anges to relieve itself f ^! emb>rassm5ts1 unless x plunge into ,pelagianism & ,soc9ianism1 or re/ itself ^u ! ,arm9ian f\ndation ( graci\s ability4 ,x is on ?is latt] gr\nd we *oose to re/1 because "h1 & "h alone1 we f9d ! doctr9es ( natural depravity1 human ability & responsibility1 & salvation by grace1 bl5d+ 9 beautiful h>mony4 ,hav+ notic$ "s ( ! errone\s assumptions on :i* ! doctr9al objections to our !ory are bas$1 ! objections !mselves1 ,i ?9k1 may all be dispos$ ( 9 a summ>y way4 ,we see1 on our plan1 t1 #a4 ,adam did n r5d] himself incapable ( s9n+1 by ! fall1 b r r5d]$ himself & 8 po/]ity incapable ( any o!r moral ex]cise b :at 0 s9ful2 & x 0 on ?is acc\nt t a graci\s ability is necess>y1 9 ord] to a second probation4 #b4 ,s91 s9ce ! fall1 has n be5 ! result ( sup]natural grace1 b ! natural fruit ( ! fall2 & sup]natural grace is all t has c\nt]act$ s94 #c4 ,man ne$$ ! grace ( ,god1 bo? because he 0 wick$1 & because he 0 weak4--#d4 ,! moral diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r is--to be ascrib$ to ,god4 ,h[ any "o c\ld ?9k a contr>y op9ion *>geable ^u u1 is to me surpris+4 ,x is m prop]ly ,calv9ism t is *>geable ) ?is s5tim5t4 ,calv9ism says1 ,reg5]ation is a "r *oice4 ,x says1 also1 t p[] to s9 implies p[] to be holy2 & ( c\rse we become holy by ! same p[] z t by :i* we s94 ,& x f>!r says1 t ! p[] is ( nature & n ( grace4 ,n[ let ! read] put all ^! toge!r1 & see if x does n foll[ mo/ conclusively1 t ! moral diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r is n to be ascrib$ to ,god4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 we say ! s9ful nature ( man is *ang$ 9 reg5]ation by ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 #e4 ,! po/]ity ( ,adam did ne$ a ,savi\r to atone = actual s94 ,= actual s9 is ! result1 n ( graci\s p[]1 z ?is au?or supposes1 b ( a s9ful nature volunt>ily reta9$ & indulg$4 ,if our oppon5ts *>ge u ) ! s5tim5t1 t grace is ! cause ( ! actual s9 ( ,adam's po/]ity1 because we hold t grace 0 ! cause ( _! p]sonal exi/5ce1 we grant t1 9 t s5se1 grace 0 a cause )\t :i* ! po/]ity ( ,adam w\ld n h s9n$4 ,b if ?is makes ,god ! au?or ( s91 by ! same rule we c\ld prove t ,god is ! au?or ( s91 because he creat$ moral ag5ts--& if !re is any difficulty "h1 x presses on !m z heavily z on u4 ,b 9 any o!r s5se1 grace is n ! cause ( s94 #f4 ,?is op9ion is1 z we h se51 p]fectly ) ! doctr9e ( grace4 #g4 ,!re is con/ant guilt 9 ! pres5t rebellion ( ! inf]nal regions4 #h4 ,?is grace is a great] bless+ to our race ?an ! fall ( ,adam 0 a calamity2 = :]e s9 ab\nd$1 grace did mu* m ab\nd4 ,?us ,i h endeav\r$ to expla91 prove1 & def5d ! doctr9e ( graci\s ability1 a doctr9e always ma9ta9$ 9 ! or?odox ,*ur*1 until ! ref9em5ts ( ,calv9ism made x necess>y to call x 9 "q2 & a doctr9e on :i*1 view$ 9 its diff]5t be>+s1 ! or?odox ,arm9ian sy/em mu/ /& or fall4 ,i h be5 ! m m9ute & ext5d$ 9 my rem>ks f ?is consid]ation2 & also f ! consid]ation t :ile ?is doctr9e has ( late be5 mo/ viol5tly assail$ by all classes ( ,calv9i/s1 v little has be5 publi%$ 9 its def5ce4 ,if ! read] has _h pati5ce to foll[ ! subject ?r\gh1 he is n[ p]haps prep>$ to judge :e!r our holy volitions are ! result ( a graci\s ability or ( natural p[]4 ,%\ld ,i f9d "t to pursue ?is subject f>!r1 x w\ld be 9 place n[ to exam9e ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation2 9 :i* exam9ation ! nature ( inh]5t depravity1 & ( t *oice :i* is conditional to ! new bir?1 w\ld be m fully notic$4 ,?is w ,i d if ,god p]mit4 ,,numb] ,,xiii4 ,,reg5]ation4 ,an important error 9 any "o c>d9al doctr9e ( ! ,gospel w make a gl>+ de=mity 9 ! entire sy/em4 ,h5ce :5 "o ( ^! doctr9es is m>r$ or p]v]t$1 a correspond+ *ange mu/ be made 9 mo/ or all ( ! o!rs to keep up ! appe>ance ( consi/5cy4 ,^! rem>ks apply ) special emphasis to ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation4 ,z ?is is a focal po9t1 9 :i* _m o!r lead+ doctr9es c5tre1 ?is doctr9e mu/ ( necessity give a "* to ! :ole ,gospel plan4 ,?is might be inf]r$ a priori f ! k ( ! relation ( ?is to ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em1 & x is practically illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re are ^? :o believe1 t by ! v>i\s t]ms us$ 9 ,scripture to express ! *ange commonly call$ reg5]ation or ! new bir?1 no?+ is int5d$ b "s outw>d c]emony1 or "s *ange ( op9ion 9 matt]s ( speculative belief or ! l4 ,"s say x is baptism1 or a public pr(ession ( fai?2 o!rs t x is a m]e speculative r5unciation ( hea!n idolatry1 & an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 o!rs t x is m]ely a re=m$ life2 & a few ma9ta9 t x is ! *ange t we %all und]go by dea?1 or by ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,^! p]sons1 & all 9 fact :o make ! new bir? some?+ %ort ( a radical *ange ( he>t1 are oblig$1 = consi/5cy's sake1 to accommodate ! o!r doctr9es to _! views ( reg5]ation4 ,h5ce !y v g5]ally d5y con/itutional or d]iv$ depravity1 ! inflexibility & rigor\s exactions ( ! ,div9e law1 ! de/ructive "* ( s91 ! atonem5t1 ! sup]natural ag5cy ( ! ,_s ^u ! human he>t1 ju/ification by fai?1 & ! l4 ,?us a radical error on "o po9t actually leads to ano!r gospel--if gospel x may be call$4 ,x does n come )9 ! scope ( my pres5t design to ent] into a refutation ( ! =ego+ errors4 ,b f ! disa/r\s results ( ^! errors we may inf] ! importance ( gu>d+ c>efully & ( und]/&+ cle>ly ! ,scripture doctr9e ( ! new bir?4 ,ev5 :]e ! error is n s radical1 z 9 ! in/ances above allud$ to1 ! evil may be consid]able1 & 9 "s cases fatal4 ,! ,arm9ians & ,calv9i/s agree 9 ?is doctr9e1 9 s f> z t !y bo? make x a radical *ange ( moral nature1 by ! sup]natural ag5cy ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,b !y diff] 9 respect to ! ord] 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts ( ! *ange take place--9 respect to ! mann] & degree ( ! ag5cy ( ! ,holy ,_s1 & also 9 respect to ! "p :i* human ag5cy has 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is *ange4 ,& 9 "s1 if n all ( ^! po9ts1 ,calv9i/s diff] z mu* f ea* o!r z !y d f u4 ,x is my pres5t purpose to po9t out "s ( ! m prom95t ,calv9i/ic modes ( /at+ & expla9+ ?is doctr9e1 ) ! difficulties att5d+ !m3 aft] :i* ,i %all endeav\r to pres5t & def5d :at we believe to be ! ,scripture doctr9e ( reg5]ation4 ,fir/ ,!ory4--,! notion t ! m9d is entirely passive 9 ?is *ange1 t is1 t no?+ is done by ! subject ( x1 :i* is prep>ative or conditional1 or 9 any way co-op]ative 9 its accompli%m5t1 has be5 a prevail+ s5tim5t 9 ! v>i\s modifications ( ! old ,calv9i/ic s*ool4 ,x is n inde$ pret5d$ t ! m9d is inactive1 ei!r be=e or at ! "t ?is r5ovation is effect$ by ! ,holy ,_s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is said t ! s9n] is resi/+ ) all ! p[] ( ! m9d1 & ) all ! ob/9acy ( ! mo/ invet]ate enmity1 up to ! v mom5t1 & 9 ! v act ( conv]sion4 ,s t ! s9n] is reg5]at$1 n only )\t 8 co-op]ation1 b also 9 spite ( 8 utmo/ resi/ance4 ,h5ce x is ma9ta9$1 t1 b = ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ^u ! he>t1 no s9n] w\ld be conv]t$4 #a4 ,"o ( ! lead+ objections to ?is view ( conv]sion is1 t x is insep>ably connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( p>ticul> & unconditional election4 ,! two reciprocally imply ea* o!r1 & mu/ !re=e1 /& or fall toge!r4 ,b ?is doctr9e ( p>ticul> & unconditional election has be5 suffici5tly refut$1 x is hop$1 9 ! s]mon t gave rise to ?is controv]sy2 if s1 !n ! doctr9e ( passivity & irresi/ible grace is n true4 #b4 ,ano!r v s]i\s difficulty :i* ?is !ory ( conv]sion has to cont5d ) is1 t ! ,scriptures1 9 num]\s passages1 decl>e t ! ,_s ( ,god may be resi/$1 griev$1 qu5*$1 & utt]ly disreg>d$2 & t ! grace ( ,god may be abus$1 or receiv$ 9 va94 ,! passages to e/abli% ^! propositions are s frequ5t t ,i ne$ n /op to po9t !m out4 ,b if ?is be s1 !n ! grace ( ,god & ! ,_s ( grace are n irresi/ible4 #c4 ,x may be yet f>!r object$ to ?is doctr9e ( ! m9d's passivity 9 conv]sion1 t x is a virtual d5ial ( all graci\s influ5ce ^u ! he>t be=e reg5]ation4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 previ\s numb]s t man 0 n able to comply ) ! conditions ( salvation )\t grace--& t ! graci\s influ5ces ( ! ,div9e ,_s are giv5 to e s9n] previ\s to reg5]ation4 ,b !re w\ld be no necessity = ?is1 & no consi/5cy 9 x1 if !re are no conditions & no co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! s9n] 9 ! process ( ! new bir?4 ,h5ce ! advocates ( ?is doctr9e v consi/5tly ma9ta9 t ! fir/ act ( grace ^u ! he>t ( ! s9n] is t :i* reg5]ates him4 ,s9ce !n ?is !ory conflicts ) ! ,bible doctr9e ( a graci\s influ5ce ant]ior to conv]sion1 x _c be admitt$4 #d4 ,?is !ory ( reg5]ation removes all conditions on ! "p ( ! s9n] to ! removal ( ! p[] & guilt ( s94 ,x tea*es t if ! s9n] %\ld d any ?+ acceptable to ,god1 z a condition to 8 conv]sion1 x w\ld imply he did n ne$ conv]t+2 t su* an idea1 9 fact1 w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( depravity1 & irreconcilable ) ! idea ( salvation by grace4 ,& ?is is ! gr\nd on :i* ! old ,calv9i/s h s repeat$ly *>g$ u ) ! d5ial ( ! doctr9es ( grace1 & ) hold+ t we may be ju/ifi$ by our works4 ,!re is some?+ v s+ul> 9 ^! notions respect+ ! necessity ( unconditional reg5]ation1 9 ord] t x may be by grace4 ,^! same ,calv9i/s tell u t ! s9n] c rep5t1 & ought to rep5t1 & t ! ,scriptures require x at 8 h&4 ,:at6 is ! s9n] able & oblig$ to d t :i* w\ld de/roy ! :ole economy ( grace6 :i* w\ld blot out ! ,gospel & nullify ! atonem5t itself8 ,ought he to d t :i* w\ld prove him a practical ,pelagian & an op]ative workmong]8 ,is he inde$1 accord+ to ,calv9i/s !mselves1 requir$ 9 ,scripture to d t :i* w\ld prove ,calv9ism false1 & a conditional reg5]ation true8 ,s x w\ld seem4 ,put toge!r ^! two dogmas ( ,calv9ism4 #a4 ,! s9n] is able1 & ought to rep5t4 #b4 ,! idea t ! s9n] does any ?+ t[>d 8 reg5]ation de/roys ! doctr9e ( depravity & ( salvation by grace4 ,i say put ^! two toge!r1 & y h almo/ all ! contradictions ( ,calv9ism conv]g$ to a focus--& :at is mo/ fatal to ! sy/em1 y h ! au?ority ( ,calv9ism itself to prove t e intellig5t probation] on ! e>? n only has ! ability1 b is au?oritatively requir$ to give practical demon/ration t ! sy/em is false66 ,:at is ?is b to say1 ,y c1 & y _c2--if y d n1 y w be ju/ly condemn$--if y d1 y w ru9 ! ,gospel sy/em1 & y\rself ) x8 ,:]e su* gl>+ p>adoxes appe>1 !re mu/ be some?+ mat]ially wrong 91 at lea/1 "s p>ts ( ! sy/em4 #e4 ,b ! inconsi/5cy ( ?is !ory is n its only1 & c]ta9ly n its mo/ injuri\s *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! same proportion z m5 are made to believe t !re are no conditions on _! "p to _! reg5]ation1 !y w be likely to fall into "o ( ! two extremes ( c>elessness or despair1 ei!r ( :i*1 p]si/$ 91 w\ld be ru9\s4 ,i _c d\bt b t1 9 ?is way1 t5s ( ?\s&s h be5 ru9$4 ,we %\ld inf] t su* w\ld be ! result ( ! doctr9e1 f only und]/&+ its "*2 & ,i am fully satisfi$ t1 9 my own p]sonal acqua9tance1 ,i h met ) hundr$s :o h be5 lull$ 9 ! cradle ( ,ant9omianism on ! "o h&1 or p>alyz$ ) despair on ! o!r1 by ?is same doctr9e ( passive1 unconditional conv]sion4 ,calv9i/s1 x is true1 tell u ?is is ! abuse ( ! doctr9e2 b x appe>s to me to be ! legitimate fruit4 ,:at else c\ld we expect8 ,a man might z well attempt to de?rone ! ,m$iator1 z to d any ?+ t[>d 8 own conv]sion4 ,tea* ?is1 & c>elessness ensues1 ,ant9omian feel+s w foll[--or if y ar\se ! m9d by ! curse ( ! law1 & by ! fe>ful doom t awaits ! unreg5]ate1 :at c he d8 ,no?+6 ,hell rises f b5ea? to meet him1 b he c d no?+4 ,he looks until he is excit$ to phr5sy1 f :i* he v probably passes ov] to rav+ madness1 or settles d[n into a /ate ( gloomy despair4 #f4 ,ano!r v decisive objection to ?is doctr9e is1 ! frequ5t1 & ,i may say uni=m language ( ,scripture4 ,! ,scriptures require u to seek--ask--knock--come to ,*ri/--look unto ,god--rep5t--believe --op5 ! door ( ! he>t--receive ,*ri/1 c4 ,no "o c fail to notice h[ ^! in/ructions are spr9kl$ ov] ! :ole volume ( revelation4 ,& :at is specially 9 po9t "h1 all ^! are spok5 ( & urg$ ^u u z conditions ( bless+s t %all foll[--ev5 ! bless+s ( salvation1 ( reg5]ation--& z conditions1 too1 )\t :i* we _c expect ^! bless+s4 ,take "o passage ( _m--,z _m z receiv$ him1 to !m gave he p[] to become ! sons ( ,god1 ev5 to !m t believe on 8 "n4 ,if any "o d\bts :e!r becom+ ! sons ( ,god1 z express$ 9 ?is text1 means reg5]ation1 ! next v]se w settle x--,:i* 7 born n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god1 ,john i1 #ab1 #ac4 ,! latt] v]se ,i may h occasion to rem>k ^u h]eaft]2 x is quot$ "h to %[ t ! new bir? is und\bt$ly ! subject "h spok5 (4 ,& we are "h expressly taught1 9 language t w be> no o!r int]pretation1 t receiv+ ,*ri/ & believ+ on 8 "n are ! conditions ( reg5]ation4 ,if !re 7 no o!r passage 9 ! ,bible to direct our m9ds on ?is subject1 ?is pla9 unequivocal text ought to be decisive4 ,b ! tru? is1 ?is is ! uni=m language ( ,scripture4 ,& are !re any passages aga9/ ^!1 any t say we _c come1 _c believe1 seek1 c8 or any t say1 ?is "w ( p]sonal reg5]ation is p]=m$ indep5d5t ( conditions8 ,i "k ( none :i* w n fairly admit ( a diff]5t con/ruction4 ,we are (t5 met ) ?is passage--,x is n ( him t wille?1 nor ( him t runne?1 b ( ,god t %[e? m]cy4 ,see ,rom4 ix1 #af4 ,b :oev] int]prete? ?is ( p]sonal & individual reg5]ation c h>dly h exam9$ ! passage c>efully & c&idly4 ,b we are told aga91 x is ,god t r5ews ! he>t2 & if x is 8 "w1 x is n ! "w ( ! s9n]4 ,i grant ?is2 ?is is ! v s5tim5t ,i mean to ma9ta92 b !n !re may be conditions--!re are conditions--or else we %\ld n he> ! psalmi/ pray+ = ?is1 9 language t has be5 pres]v$ = ! edification ( all subsequ5t g5]ations1 ,create 9 me a clean he>t1 ,o ,god1 & r5ew a "r _s )9 me4 ,?is is a practical comm5t on ,*ri/'s conditional salvation1 ,ask & ye %all receive4 ,s9ce !n ?is doctr9e ( passive & unconditional reg5]ation implies unconditional election--s9ce x is 9 opposition to ^? scriptures :i* tea* t ! ,_s & grace ( ,god may be resi/$ & receiv$ 9 va9--s9ce x is a virtual d5ial ( all graci\s influ5ces ^u ! he>t be=e reg5]ation--s9ce x leads ! abettors ( ! !ory into gross contradictions1 by _! endeav\rs to reconcile ! c & ! _c ( _! sy/em--s9ce its practical t5d5cy is to make s9n]s c>eless1 or drive !m to despair--& f9ally1 s9ce x contradicts t num]\s class ( scriptures1 "s ( :i* are v unequivocal1 t pr$icate ! bless+s ( reg5]ation & ju/ification ^u c]ta9 prep>atory & conditional acts ( ! s9n]--!re=e we conclude t ?is !ory _c be true4 ,second ,!ory4--,to avoid ^! difficulties1 to make ! s9n] feel 8 responsibility1 & to br+ him into action1 a new !ory ( reg5]ation is propos$4 ,?is con/itutes a lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,x is ! !ory ( self-conv]sion4 ,its advocates ma9ta9 t !re is no m my/]y or sup]natural ag5cy 9 ! process ( ! *ange1 call$ ! new bir?1 ?an !re is 9 any o!r lead+ purpose or decision ( ! m9d4 ,x is true1 !y d n :olly exclude ! ,holy ,_s f ?is "w1 b 8 ag5cy is m$iate & indirect4 ,he acts 9 "s undef9able way1 ?r\gh ! tru? z an in/rum5t4 ,! tru? acts ^u ! m9d1 9 ! way ( moral suasion1 & ! s9n]1 9 ! view & by ! influ5ce ( tru?1 resolves to give himself up to ,god & to 8 s]vice--& ?is is reg5]ation4 ,! prep>ation is ( ,god--b ! actual *ange is man's own "w4 ,! ,god ( provid5ce reveals ! tru? & arranges ! means = its promulgation1 ! ,_s ( grace applies x to ! und]/&+1 ! s9n] looks at x1 reflects ^u x1 & at l5g? is p]suad$ to set ab\t ! "w1 & reg5]ates himself6 ,t we may be ! bett] prep>$ to meet ?is hypo!sis1 x %\ld be notic$ t x is insep>able f ! notion t all s9 consi/s 9 volunt>y ex]cise1 or 9 o!r words1 9 a s]ies ( s9ful volitions4 ,reg5]ation is a *ange f s9 to hol9ess--& h5ce a reg5]ate /ate is ! opposite ( a s9ful /ate4 ,if !n a reg5]ate /ate is no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( holy volitions1 an unreg5]ate /ate1 :i* is its opposite1 is no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( unholy volitions4 ,?us x appe>s t ?is doctr9e ( reg5]ation by ! act ( ! w mu/ /& or fall ) ! notion t all s9 consi/s 9 volunt>y ex]cise4 ,any argum5t1 !re=e1 br\ght aga9/ ?is latt] !ory w be> ) equal weight aga9/ ?is new idea ( reg5]ation4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we are prep>$ to object to ?is doctr9e1 #a4 ,t x is inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( con/itutional depravity4 ,?is is grant$ by ! support]s ( ! !ory1 & h5ce con/itutional depravity is no "p ( _! sy/em4 ,all ! argum5ts !re=e t h be5 adduc$ 9 fav\r ( d]iv$1 inh]5t depravity1 or t c be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is doctr9e1 w /& directly oppos$ to ?is view ( reg5]ation4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( our views ( depravity ne$ n be repeat$2 & ! read] is ref]r$ to a previ\s numb] 9 :i* ?is po9t has be5 discuss$4 #b4 ,ano!r objection to ?is !ory ( reg5]ation is1 t x makes entire sanctification take place at ! "t ( reg5]ation4 ,conv]sion1 hol9ess1 are no?+ m ?an a decision ( ! w2 & s9ce ! w c nev] be m ?an decid$1 ( c\rse ! decision at reg5]ation is ! p]fection ( hol9ess4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 !re=e1 ?\gh ,*ri/ians are exhort$ to cleanse !mselves f all fil?9ess ( fle% & _s1 p]fect+ hol9ess 9 ! fe> ( ! ,"l2 ?\gh ! sa9ts are comm&$ to gr[ 9 grace1 to confess _! s9s1 t !y may be cleans$ f all unrighte\sness1 ?\gh "s ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians 7 c>nal & walk$ z m51 & = t reason 71 aft] ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 only babes 9 ,*ri/--/ill1 if we embrace ?is s5tim5t1 we mu/ call ! conv]t1 at 8 fir/ spiritual brea?1 z holy z he ev] c be 9 any ( ! subsequ5t /ages ( 8 exp]i5ce6 ,surely ! apo/les taught n ?is6 ,& yet s /rongly are m5 impell$ =w>d by _! sy/ems1 ?is doctr9e ( p]fect hol9ess at conv]sion is ! v s5tim5t t _m ( ! advocates ( ! ,new ,div9ity are n[ propagat+--a cle> pro( t x necess>ily foll[s f _! !ory ( conv]sion4 ,?is ( itself1 x /rikes me1 ought to de/roy ! doctr9e4 #c4 ,ano!r be>+ ( ?is hypo!sis1 & "o :i* ,i ?9k mu/ prove fatal to x1 is1 t ! ,scriptures repres5t ?is *ange to be *iefly 9 ! affections1 :]eas ?is doctr9e makes x exclusively 9 ! w4 ,t ! ,scriptures place ! *ange 9 ! affections *iefly1 ,i suppose w n be d5i$4 ,if x %\ld be1 )\t /opp+ "h to quote specific passages1 or use _m argum5ts1 "o consid]ation alone w be suffici5t to set ! "q at re/4--,true evangelical hol9ess consi/s 9 love to ,god & man2 & s9 is lov+ ! creature r ?an ! ,creator4 ,! apo/le br+s into view bo? ! reg5]ate & ! unreg5]ate /ate 9 ?is passage--,set y\r affection on ?+s above1 & n on ?+s on ! e>?4 ,num]\s are ! passages :i* tea* t love to ,god is ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian "*4 ,! affections1 !re=e1 are ! seat ( ?is *ange4 ,b we are told by ?is new !ory ! *ange is 9 ! w4 ,x is only to resolve to s]ve ,god1 & we are conv]t$4--,ei!r ?is !ory1 !re=e1 or ! ,bible acc\nt ( ?is matt] mu/ be wrong4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 x may be said1 t a *ange ( ! w implies a *ange ( ! affections4 ,b ?is is *ang+ ! position--:i* is1 t a decision ( ! w is reg5]ation4 ,if h[ev] ?is new position be insi/$ ^u1 x c be reconcil$ ) ! phraseology us$ only by mak+ a *ange ( ! affections a m]e subord9ate "p ( reg5]ation1 :]eas ! ,scriptures make ! *ange consi/ ess5tially 9 ?is4 ,b !re is /ill a m s]i\s difficulty 9 ?is idea1 t ! *ange ( ! w implies a *ange 9 ! affections4 ,x necess>ily implies t ! affections are at all times "u ! control ( ! w4 ,b ?is is z unphilosophical z x is unscriptural4 ,x is ev5 directly contr>y to ! obs]vation & k ( m5 :o h paid only common & casual att5tion to m5tal ph5om5a4 ,! w is (t5] en?rall$ by ! affections1 ?an ! affections by ! w4 ,ev5 9 common & worldly matt]s let a man try by an ef=t ( ! w to beget love :]e x does n exi/1 or to transf] ! affections f "o object to ano!r1 & h[ w he succe$8 ,w love & hatr$ g or come at 8 bidd+8 ,y might z well attempt1 by an act ( ! w1 to make sweet bitt]1 or bitt] sweet to ! physical ta/e4 ,h[ mu* less c a man1 by an act ( ! w1 make all ?+s new1 & transf] ! he>t f ! grossness ( creature love to ! purity ( supreme love to ,god4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul has taught u 8 failure 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 he w\ld d good1 evil 0 pres5t ) him4 ,=1 says he1 ! good t ,i w\ld d1 ,i d n2 b ! evil :i* ,i w\ld n1 t ,i d4 ,& ?is is ! fact 9 mo/ cases ( g5u9e awak5+4 ,resolutions are =m$1 b ! curr5t ( ! unsanctifi$ affections sweeps !m away4 ,ov] ! unt[>dness ( ! unreg5]ate he>t ! w has1 9 fact1 b a feeble influ5ce2 & ?is is ! reason :y ! man1 /ruggl+ ) ! corruptions ( 8 he>t1 is driv5 to despair1 & exclaims1 ,o6 wret*$ man t ,i am1 :o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,we %all see h]eaft] h[ ! action ( ! w is indisp5sable 9 reg5]ation2 b n 9 ?is direct way to *ange & control ! affections1 by ! p[] ( its own decisions4 ,:5 ,i f9d my w capable ( do+ ?is1 ,i mu/ h an ess5tially diff]5t intellectual "* f ! "o ,i n[ h4 ,s9ce ! ,scriptures make ! new bir? a *ange ( affections1 & ?is !ory makes x a *ange ( volitions2 & especially s9ce ! affections _c be transf]r$ f e>? to heav5 by a m]e act ( ! w1 !re=e ! doctr9e :i* tea*es & implies ^! views mu/ be false4 #d4 ,?is idea ( ! "* ( s9 & ( ! new bir? makes man s9less1 at p>ticul> times1 ev5 )\t reg5]ation4 ,i d n mean by ?is t he is n obnoxi\s to puni%m5t = pa/ unholy volitions4 ,b if s9 consi/s only 9 volunt>y ex]cise1 :5ev] ! m9d does n act2 or :5ev] its action is n "u ! control ( ! w1 !re is no?+ ( s9 p]sonally app]ta9+ to ! man4--,:5 ! action ( ! w is susp5d$ by an all-absorb+ emotion ( wond] or surprise--9 s\nd sleep :5 ! m5tal /ates1 if !re are any1 are n "u ! control ( ! w--9 cases ( susp5d$ animation1 by dr[n+1 fa9t+1 or o!rwise--9 %ort1 :5ev] ! m9d is necess>ily :olly engross$1 z is (t5 ! case1 by "s sci5tific inve/igation1 or matt] ( worldly bus9ess1 n ( a moral "*1 !n1 & 9 e su* case1 :atev] may be ! guilt = pa/ transgressions1 !re is no p]sonal unhol9ess4 ,& by ! same reason+ we may %[ t ! reg5]ate pass a great portion ( _! "t )\t any p]sonal hol9ess6 #e4 ,accord+ to ! !ory we are oppos+1 reg5]ation1 /rictly speak+1 means no?+4 ,! "w ( grace1 by :i* a s9n] is made meet = heav51 embraces two ess5tial po9ts1 p>don & r5ewal4 ,! =m] is n a positive *ange ( "*1 b a relative *ange1 f a /ate ( condemnation to a /ate ( acquittal4 ,b z reg5]ation1 if x h any appropriate mean+1 _c mean a m]e *ange ( relation1 any con/ruction or sy/em t =ces su* a mean+ ^u x does1 9 fact1 d x away4 ,h5ce1 be+ born aga91 be+ r5ew$1 be+ creat$ anew1 be+ sanctifi$1 be+ translat$ f d>kness to light1 be+ rais$ f ! dead1 & num]\s o!r scripture expressions1 are figurative =ms ( spee*1 s =eign f ! idea !y are us$ to express1 t !y are worse ?an unmean+--!y lead to error4 ,b if ^! expressions mean any ?+ m ?an p>don1 :at is t mean+8 ,?is doctr9e makes ! pr9cipal *ange take place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! w2 n 9 ! w itself1 mean+ by t1 ! m5tal p[] by :i* we put =? volitions4 ,?is faculty ( ! m9d is s\nd1 & ne$s no *ange--all ! o!r m5tal susceptibilities are s\nd1 ! ess5ce ( ! m9d & ! susceptibilities ( ! m9d are p]fectly free f any moral p]v]sion4 ,x is ! m5tal action t is bad4--,:at is !re !n 9 ! man t is to be *ang$8 ,d y say 8 volitions8 ,b ^! he *anges e h\r4 ,d y say1 he mu/ leave (f wrong volitions1 & h "r ones8 ,?is too he (t5 does4 ,b he mu/ d x ) "r motives1 y say1 ?is act+ f "r motives is ! reg5]ate /ate4 ,inde$6 ,suppose !n t he has resolv$ to s]ve ,god1 f "r motives1 :at if he %\ld aft]w>d resolve1 f false %ame or fe>1 to neglect a duty1 is he n[ unreg5]ate8 ,?is is *ang+ f reg5]ate to unreg5]ate1 f entire hol9ess to entire unhol9ess ) a brea?4 ,truly su* a reg5]ation is no?+4 ,b y say1 aft] he has once submitt$1 he n[ has a gov]n+ purpose to s]ve ,god1 & ?is con/itutes him reg5]ate2 aye1 a gov]n+ purpose t does n gov]n him4 ,let x be und]/ood1 y _c divide a volition2 x has an entire "* 9 itself2 & if x be unholy1 no prec$+ holy volition c sanctify x4 ,h5ce e *ange ( volition f wrong to "r1 & f "r to wrong1 is a *ange ( /ate1 s t reg5]acy & unreg5]acy play 9 & out ( ! human bosom 9 ! alt]nation ( e crim9al ?\ght or e pi\s aspiration4 ,is ?is ! ,bible doctr9e ( ! new bir?8 ,& yet ?is is all y c make ( x1 if y resolve x into ! m]e action ( ! w4 #f4 ,?is doctr9e ( self-conv]sion1 by an act ( ! w1 is directly contr>y to ,scripture4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to me & my read]s to quote all ^? passages t attribute ?is "w directly to ! ,holy ,_s1 & t speak ( x z a "w :i* ,god himself accompli%es =1 & 9 u4 ,!re is "o passage :i* is mu* 9 po9t1 h[ev]1 & is suffici5t ( itself to settle ?is "q4 ,b z _m z receiv$ him1 to !m gave he p[] to become ! sons ( ,god1 ev5 to !m t believe on 8 "n4 ,:o 7 born1 n ( blood1 nor ( ! w ( ! fle%1 nor ( ! w ( man1 b ( ,god1 ,john i1 #ab1 #ac4 ,?is is a two-edg$ sword--x cuts (f1 z we h rem>k$ be=e1 passive & unconditional reg5]ation on ! "o h&2 & also1 z we may n[ see1 self conv]sion by an act ( ! w1 on ! o!r4 ,i "k n h[ words c be put toge!r1 9 s small a compass1 bett] to answ] ! true objects ( de/roy+ ^! two opposite !ories ( reg5]ation1 & ass]t+ ! true !ory4 ,"h is1 fir/--! receiv+ ( ,*ri/1 ! believ+ on 8 "n--?is is ! condition4 ,second1 ,*ri/ gives ! p[]1 viz4 /r5g? & privilege1 to become ! sons ( ,god4 ,?is is ! reg5]ation4 ,?ird--,?is becom+ ! sons ( ,god1 or be+ born1 is n 9 a physical way1 by fle% & blood1 nor yet by human w1 b ( or by ,god4 ,c any ?+ be cle>] or m decisive8 ,inde$ ! v t]ms1 reg5]ation1 born1 bir?1 c1 imply ( !mselves ano!r & an effici5t ag5t2 & !n to connect ^! ) ! ,div9e ag5cy1 z ! ,scriptures h done "s half doz5 times 9 ! phrase1 born ( ,god1 & sev]al o!r times 9 ! phrase1 ( ! ,_s3 to h ?is call$ be+ begott5 aga91 & ! l1 is en\gh1 "o w\ld ?9k1 if words h any mean+1 to %[ t man does n *ange 8 own he>t4 ,! same may be said ( ! t]ms resurrection1 translation1 creation1 r5ewal1 & v>i\s o!r t]ms ! ,scriptures use to express ?is *ange4 ,jesus ,*ri/ claim$ t he _h p[] to lay d[n 8 life1 & to take x aga92 b ?is is ! only in/ance ( self-resurrection p[] t we read (2 & ev5 ?is 0 by 8 ,div9e nature2 = he 0 quick5$ by ! ,_s1 & rais$ by ! p[] ( ,god4 ,b ^! !ori/s tea* t man has p[] to lay d[n 8 life1 & !n1 aft] he is dead 9 trespasses & s9s1 he has p[] to take 8 life aga94 ,truly ?is is giv+ man a p[] t approa*es v ne> to "o ( ! ,div9e attributes4 ,to ,*ri/ alone does x belong to quick5 :om he w4 ,to *ange ! he>t ( ! s9n] is "o ( ! ,div9e pr]ogatives1 & he t attempts to conv]t himself2 & tru/s to ?is1 w f9d 9 ! end t he is c>nal /ill4 ,= :atsoev] is born ( ! fle% is fle%1 b :atsoev] is born ( ! ,_s is _s4 ,let me n "h be misund]/ood4 ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 9 its prop] place1 ! conditional ag5cy ( man 9 ?is "w4 ,i h only "t to add1 9 ?is numb]1 t ,i consid] ^? scriptures :i* press duties ^u ! s9n] z apply+ to ?is conditional ag5cy4 ,& ev5 ^? /rong expressions :i* sometimes occur 9 ! ,bible1 requir+ ! s9n] to make himself a new he>t--to cleanse 8 h&s & purify 8 he>t1 c1 w f9d an easy solution & a p]t95t application 9 ?is view ( ! subject4 ,= if !re are c]ta9 p5d+ conditions1 )\t :i* ! "w w n be accompli%$1 !n !re w\ld be a propriety1 :ile press+ ?is duty1 to use expressions %[+ t ?is "w 0 conditionally1 ?\gh n effici5tly1 re/+ ^u ! ag5cy ( ! s9n]4 ,9 my next ,i %all endeav\r to %[ t !re is no int]m$iate ,calv9i/ic gr\nd betwe5 ! two !ories exam9$ 9 ?is numb]4 ,if t attempt prove successful1 & if 9 ?is x has be5 f\nd t ! two !ories exam9$ are encumb]$ ) too _m emb>rassm5ts to be admitt$1 !n we %all be ! bett] prep>$ to li/5 to ! tea*+s ( ! ,scriptures on ?is important & lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,,numb] ,,xiv4 ,,reg5]ation1 ,,cont9u$4 ,an inconsi/5cy 9 any receiv$ !ory is con/antly driv+ its support]s to "s modification ( _! sy/em4 ,?is is a r$eem+ pr9ciple 9 ! human m9d1 & greatly enc\rages ! hope t tru? w f9ally triumph4 ,x has already be5 notic$ t ! doctr9e ( entire passivity1 9 reg5]ation1 is s press$ ) difficulties t x has s\ght relief 9 ! opposite notion ( self-conv]sion4 ,b ?is latt] hypo!sis is1 9 turn1 encumb]$1 if possible1 ) /ill great] emb>rassm5ts4 ,! presumption !re=e is1 t ! tru? lies betwe5 !m2 & x w d\btless be f\nd1 by a fair & ?or\gh inve/igation1 t ?is is ! fact4 ,b "h ! "q arises1 ,c ,calv9i/s consi/5tly occupy any su* middle gr\nd8 ,9 o!r words1 reta9+ ! o!r peculi>ities ( ,calv9ism1 c our ,calv9i/ic bre?r5 assume any position betwe5 ^! two extremes :i* w avoid ! difficulties ( bo?8 ,a brief exam9ation1 x is hop$1 w decide ?is "q4 ,?ird ,!ory4--,dr4 ,tyl] is a highly respectable cl]gyman ( ! ,calv9i/ic fai?1 & is n[ at ! head ( ! !ological s*ool 9 ,ea/ ,w9dsor1 ,conn41 :i* 0 got up ) ! av[$ purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! ,new-,hav5 !ology4 ,we %\ld n !re=e suspect him ( lean+ too mu* t[>d ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,he tells u t ! only depravity is to be unwill+ to s]ve ,god--t !re is no o!r ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! s9n]'s salvation except :at lies 9 8 own w--t to be born aga9 is simply to be made will+ to d :at ,god requires4 ,:at is ?is b ! ,new ,div9ity8 ,! w is "h made1 mo/ explicitly1 ! sole seat ( depravity2 & reg5]ation is an act ( ! w4 ,b e act ( ! w is ! s9n]'s own act1 & !re=e ! ag5t1 by t act ( ! w :i* con/itutes reg5]ation1 conv]ts himself4--,p]haps ,dr4 ,tyl] w say1 ! s9n] 9 ?is case does n conv]t himself1 because he is made will+4 ,god makes him will+ 9 ! day ( 8 p[]4 ,x is rem>kable :at a fav\rite phrase ?is is ) ! ,calv9i/s4 ,x is borr[$ f ! ?ird v]se ( ! hundr$ & t5? ,psalm1 ,?y p %all be will+ 9 ! day ( ?y p[]4 ,n[ al?\gh ! ^w made is n 9 ! text2 al?\gh !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ! text speaks ( reg5]ation at all1 b on ! contr>y1 x is mo/ evid5tly int5d$ to describe ! "* & conduct ( ,god's p1 viz4 ! reg5]ate2 & al?\gh e s*ol>1 at lea/1 among ! ,calv9i/s1 kn[s ?is z well z he kn[s 8 "r h& f ! left1 yet we he> x repeat$ by ! le>n$ & ! ignorant1 at all times & places--,god's p are made will+ 9 ! day ( 8 p[]4 ,x is n only a gross p]v]sion ( a ,scripture phrase1 b its repetition1 9 ?is p]v]t$ s5se1 r5d]s x we>isome & sick5+4 ,b1 waiv+ ?is1 x becomes u to ask :e!r !re is any m rational or ,scriptural gr\nd = ! idea itself ?an !re is = ?is use ( ! text4 ,:at is meant by mak+ ! s\l will+8 ,i confess ,i _c und]/& x4 ,is x meant t ,god =ces ! s\l to be will+8 ,?is is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,to say t ,god acts directly on ! w1 & ?us *anges its det]m9ation by sup]ior =ce1 is to de/roy its fre$om--is to produce a volition )\t motive or reason--:i* w\ld1 at any rate1 be an anomal\s action ( ! w4 ,& :at is /ill m fatal to ! !ory1 x implies no act ( ! s9n] :atev]1 b an irresi/ible act ( ! ,div9e p[]1 :i* !re=e necess>ily ?r[s ! !ory back ^u ! doctr9e ( passive conv]sion4 ,!re is no avoid+ ?is conclusion1 ,i ?9k1 on ! gr\nd t ,god *anges ! action ( ! w1 by an ex]tion ( p[] ^u ! w itself4 ,if1 to avoid ?is1 x %\ld be said t ! w is n *ang$ by a direct act ( p[]1 b influ5c$ to a holy det]m9ation indirectly1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( motives1 pres5t$ by ! ,holy ,_s--!n & 9 t case we %\ld be ?r[n =w>d on to ! self-conv]sion sy/em4 ,! s9n]'s volunt>y act1 by :i* he reg5]at$ himself1 w\ld be z truly & entirely 8 own z any o!r act ( ! w2 !re=e he w\ld be self-reg5]at$4 ,?is also w\ld be reg5]ation1 n by ! ,holy ,_s1 b by ! tru?2 :i* is ano!r feature ( ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,?is also w\ld make all depravity consi/ 9 ! w1 or r 9 its acts2 :i* has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ numb] to be unscriptural z well z unphilosophical4 ,?is objection is valid1 :e!r ! depravity is suppos$ to be 9 ! p[] ( will+1 or 9 ! acts ( ! w4 ,b s9ce1 9 ,dr4 ,tyl]'s view1 to w 9 "o direction is depravity1 & to w 9 ano!r direction is reg5]ation1 & s9ce all t motives c d is1 n to *ange ! w itself1 b only prompt x to new volunt>y /ates1 x foll[s conclusively t ,dr4 ,t4 makes all hol9ess & all unhol9ess consi/ 9 volitions2 & !re=e ! moral-ex]cise sy/em is true2 :i* is ano!r feature ( ! ,new ,div9ity4 ,truly ,i may repeat1 we d n ne$ ano!r !ological sem9>y 9 ,connecticut to tea* ?is doctr9e4 ,f9ally1 accord+ to ?is !ory ( ,dr4 ,t41 he & all ^? :o reason l him1 are *>geable1 ,i ?9k1 ) a palpable p>alogism--!y reason 9 a circle4 ,!y say1 9 ! express language ( ,dr4 ,tyl]1 ,all m5 may be sav$ if !y w--,no man is h9d]$ f com+ to ,*ri/ :o is will+ to come--t is1 s9ce to w & to be will+ is to be reg5]at$1 ?is language gravely tea*es u1 ,all m5 may be sav$1 if !y are reg5]at$--,no man is h9d]$ f com+ to ,*ri/ 7to be reg5]at$7 :o is reg5]at$6 ,& inde$ ?is view ( reg5]ation n only makes le>n$ div9es talk nons5se1 b ! ,scriptures also4 ,! invitation1 ,:osoev] w1 let him come1 c1 mu/ mean1 ,:osoev] is reg5]ate1 let him come1 & s ( o!r passages4 ,?us ?is !ory ( ,dr4 ,tyl]1 & ( ! _m :o hold ) him1 is s closely hemm$ 9 on bo? sides1 t x mu/ ?r[ itself = support1 ei!r ^u ! doctr9e ( passivity1 or self-conv]sion2 at ! same "t t 9 o!r respects x involves itself 9 inconsi/5t & anti-scriptural dogmas4 ,b t we may leave no position unexam9$1 let u take ano!r view ( ! subject4 ,suppose1 in/ead ( say+ reg5]ation is simply a *ange ( ! w1 x %\ld be argu$ t a *ange ( ! w implies a *ange ( ! affections1 & ?is !re=e is includ$ 9 reg5]ation4 ,!n ,i w\ld ask1 :e!r ?is *ange ( ! affections is 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 or 9 ! ord] ( "t1 prior or subsequ5t to ! act ( ! w4 ,if ?is *ange is prior to any action ( ! w 9 ! case1 !n ! s9n] has no volunt>y co-op]ation 9 ! "w2 & ?is br+s u up once m ^u ! doctr9e ( passive reg5]ation4 ,! he>t is *ang$ be=e ! subject ( ! *ange acts4 ,if ! action ( ! w prec$es ! *ange ( ! he>t1 !n ?is *ange w be effect$ 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r ?is ant]ior volition does itself *ange ! he>t2 or x is a m]e prep>atory condition1 on occasion ( :i* ,god *anges ! he>t4 ,9 ! =m] case ! man himself w\ld *ange 8 own he>t1 & ?is is self-conv]sion2 & 9 ! latt] alt]native we h a conditional reg5]ation wr\ght by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ?is is ! v doctr9e = :i* we cont5d1 9 opposition to ,calv9ism4 ,if x %\ld be said1 ?is *ange ( ! w & ?is *ange ( ! he>t take place indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 t w\ld n help ! matt]1 s9ce 9 ?is view ! *ange ( he>t w\ld be passive & unconditional4 ,?us :i*ev] way ?is sy/em turns1 its difficulties press ^u x /ill1 & x f9ds no relief4 ,inde$ !re c1 z ,i conceive1 be no int]m$iate ,calv9i/ic !ory ( reg5]ation1 & !re c be b two o!r alt]natives--ei!r ,god mu/ r5ew ! he>t1 indep5d5t ( all co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! subject ( ?is *ange--& ?is is ! old doctr9e ( unconditional ,div9e effici5cy--or ! fir/ acceptable act ( ! w mu/ be reg5]ation2 & ?is is ! new doctr9e ( self-conv]sion4 ,let ! read]1 let any "o reflect closely on ?is subject1 & ,i _c d\bt b he w say ) me1 ,!re is no ?ird alt]native4 ,! nature ( ! case w admit ( none4 ,! =m] !ory may n contradict _m ( ^? scriptures t speak ( ,div9e effici5cy 9 ! "w ( grace ^u ! he>t1 b x is utt]ly incompatible ) ^? t urge ! s9n] to duty4--,! latt] !ory corresponds well ) ! urg5t injunctions to duty1 s abundant 9 ! ,scriptures1 b is :olly irreconcilable ) ^? t speak ( ,div9e effici5cy4 ,! true !ory mu/ answ] to bo?2 & mu/ also correspond ) all ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,is !re su* a !ory8 ,e hone/ inquir] aft] tru? w embrace x d\btless1 if x c be pres5t$--= tru?1 :]ev]1 & :5ev]1 & by :omsoev] discov]$1 is inf9itely to be pref]r$ to error1 h[ev] long & fondly x may h be5 *]i%$4 ,su* a !ory ,i w n[ try to pres5t--& al?\gh ,i may fail 9 mak+ x v explicit1 & 9 br++ =w>d all its def5ces1 yet if ! g5]al outl9es c be se5 & be def5d$1 x w1 ,i tru/1 comm5d itself to ! fav\rable notice ( ! read]4 ,scripture ,doctr9e ( ,reg5]ation4--,i approa* ?is subject by lay+ d[n ! two foll[+ fundam5tal pr9ciples3-- #a4 ,! "w ( reg5]ation is p]=m$ by ! direct & effici5t op]ations ( ! ,holy ,_s ^u ! he>t4 #b4 ,! ,holy ,_s ex]ts ?is reg5]at+ p[] only on conditions1 to be fir/ compli$ ) by ! subject ( ! *ange4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ,i deem x unnecess>y to def5d f>!r ?an x has be5 def5d$ 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,x is n object$ to by any or?odox ,*ri/ians t ,i "k (1 only s f> z ! new views ( self-conv]sion1 & ( conv]sion by moral suasion1 may be ?\ght an exception4 ,& ?is we h reason to hope w be an exception ( limit$ ext5t & %ort duration4 ,! s5tim5t conflicts s directly ) su* a num]\s class ( scriptures1 & ) ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciples ( m5tal philosophy2 & has1 at ! same "t1 su* a direct t5d5cy to annihilate all ! ess5tial features ( reg5]ation1 x _c long f9d enc\ragem5t 9 a spiritual ,*ur*4 ,x may h[ev] make _m conv]ts = a "t1 = m5 are fond ( tak+ ! "w ( salvation into _! own h&s2 b if x %\ld1 betwe5 su* conv]ts & ! true ,*ur* !re w ultimately be a sep>ation z wide z t :i* n[ sep>ates or?odoxy & ,soc9ianism4 ,! o!r fundam5tal pr9ciple seems to foll[1 almo/ ( necessity1 f ! scriptures t s abundantly po9t out ! s9n]'s duty & ag5cy1 9 connection ) 8 conv]sion4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is /r5u\sly oppos$ by all classes ( ,calv9i/s4 ,! opposite ( ?is is 9 fact ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,calv9ism1 if any "o notion c be s call$2 = h[ev] mu* ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em may be modifi$1 9 o!r respects1 ?is is clung to z ! elem5t>y g]m :i* con/itutes ! id5tity ( ! sy/em4 ,ev5 ! ,new ,div9ity1 :i* makes s mu* ( human ag5cy1 does n all[ x a conditional action--x all[s ( no int]m$iate volition betwe5 ! m5tal /ates ( worldly love & ,div9e love1 z ! occasion on :i* ! transf] is made1 or ! conditional h+e on :i* ! important revolution is accompli%$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x consid]s ! volition itself z ! transf]--! volition con/itutes ! entire *ange4 ,?us w>ily does ,calv9ism1 9 all its *anges1 avoid conditional reg5]ation4 ,h5ce if ,i 7 call$ ^u to give a g5]al def9ition ( ,calv9ism1 t %\ld include all ! species t claim ! "n1 ,i w\ld say1 ,calv9i/s are ^? :o believe 9 unconditional reg5]ation4 ,= ! mom5t ?is po9t is giv5 up by any "o1 all p>ties agree t he is n a ,calv9i/4 ,b :y is conditional reg5]ation s (f5sive8 ,is x because ! ,scriptures directly oppose x8 ,?is is h>dly pret5d$4 ,x is suppos$1 h[ev]1 by ! ,calv9i/s1 t to ackn[l$ge ?is doctr9e w\ld require ! r5unciation ( c]ta9 o!r doctr9es :i* are taught 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,?is lays ! f\ndation = ! objections t h be5 made aga9/ ?is doctr9e4 ,x is object$ t a deprav$ s9n] _c p]=m an acceptable condition until he is reg5]at$--t ,god _c consi/5tly accept ( any act %ort ( t :i* con/itutes reg5]ation--t ! idea ( a conditional reg5]ation implies salvation by works1 9 "p at lea/1 & n :olly by grace4 ,i h m5tion$ ^! objections 9 ?is connection1 n s mu* to attempt1 at ?is mom5t1 a direct refutation ( !m1 z to adv]t to :at ,i conceive to be ! gr\nd ( ! difficulty 9 ! m9ds ( ^? mak+ ! objections4 ,x appe>s to me t ! diff]5ce betwe5 u results pr9cipally f a diff]5ce ( our views 9 respect to ! con/itution & ! con/itutional action ( ! m9d itself4 ,! philosophical "p ( our !ology w be modifi$ v mu* by our views ( ! philosophy ( m9d4 ,let x be grant$ !n3-- #a4 ,t ! m9d is possess$ ( a moral susceptibility1 g5]ally call$ consci5ce1 :i* lays ! f\ndation ( ! notions ( "r & wrong1 & by :i* we feel ! emotions ( approval or disapproval = our pa/ conduct1 & ! feel+s ( obligation ) respect to ! pres5t & ! future2 & t ev5 9 an unreg5]ate /ate ?is susceptibility (t5 op]ates 9 accordance ) its orig9al design1 & !re=e agreeably ) ! ,div9e w4 #b4 ,t ! und]/&+ or intellect1 :i* is a g5]al division ( ! m9d1 conta9+ 9 itself sev]al di/9ct susceptibilities or p[]s1 may1 9 an unreg5]ate /ate ( ! m9d1 be s enlight5$ & in=m$ on ! subjects ( ,div9e tru? z to p]ceive ! "r & ! wrong2 & z to p]ceive also1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 ! way ( salvation po9t$ out 9 ! ,gospel4 #c4 ,t ! affections & prop5sities 7sometimes call$ ! he>t7 are ! pr9cipal seat ( depravity--& ^! are (t5 array$ 9 direct ho/ility to ! convictions ( ! judgm5t & ! feel+s ( moral obligation4 #d4 ,t ! w1 or t m5tal p[] by :i* we put =? volitions1 & make decisions1 :ile x is m or less1 directly or indirectly1 influ5c$ by ! judgm5t1 ! consci5ce1 & ! affections1 is 9 fact design$ to give direction & unity to ! :ole m5tal action2 & x always accompli%es ?is1 :]e !re is a prop] h>mony 9 ! m5tal p[]s4 ,b by s9 ?is h>mony has be5 di/urb$1 & ! unholy affections h ga9$ an undue asc5dancy1 s t1 9 ! unreg5]ate1 9 all que/ions ( pref]5ce betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 9 spite ( ! judgm5t1 ( consci5ce1 & ( ! w1 ! _w is lov$ & ,god is hat$4 #e4 ,t 9 ^? cases :]e we _c control our affections by a direct volition1 we may1 nev]!less1 "u ! prompt+s ( consci5ce1 & 9 ! light ( ! judgm5t1 resolve aga9/ s9--b ^! resolutions1 h[ev] firmly & repeat$ly made1 w be c>ri$ away & ov]rul$ by ! /r5g? ( ! c>nal m9d4 ,?is %[s u our own weakness1 drives u to self-despair1 until1 "u ! enlight5+ influ5ces ( grace1 & ! draw+s ( ! ,_s1 ! s\l is l$ to pray] & to an abdication ( itself into ! h&s ( ,div9e m]cy1 ?r\gh ,*ri/2 & !n1 & on ^! conditions1 ! ,holy ,_s *anges ! "* & curr5t ( ! unholy affections--& ?is is reg5]ation4 ,9 lay+ d[n ! prec$+ po/ulates ,i h endeav\r$ to express myself ) z mu* brevity1 & ) z little metaphysical te*nicality z possible2 = ! reason t !y are design$ to be und]/ood by all4 ,bat+ ! defici5cies t may on ?is acc\nt be notic$ by ! philosophical read]1 ,i ?9k x may be assum$ t ^!1 s f> z ! p[]s & op]ations ( ! m9d are conc]n$1 embrace ! basis & g5]al outl9es ( :at we call conditional reg5]ation4 ,i am n aw>e t !y are 9 opposition to an "o pr9ciple ( ,scripture !ology1 or m5tal philosophy4 ,& if ?is process is f\nd consonant ) reason & ,scripture1 9 its g5]al features1 x w be easy to %[ t its relative be>+s are su* z mo/ happily h>monize all ! doctr9al ph5om5a ( ! ,gospel sy/em4 ,we plant ourselves !n ^u ^! g5]al positions1 & z ability w p]mit1 or tru? may seem to ju/ify1 %all endeav\r to def5d !m aga9/ su* objections z may be anticipat$1 or are kn[n to h be5 made aga9/ any ( ! pr9ciples "h assum$4 #a4 ,x may be object$ p]haps t ?is is mak+ too broad a di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t m5tal p[]s1 giv+ to ea* su* a di/9ctive action & op]ation z to infr+e ^u ! doctr9e ( ! m9d's unity & simplicity4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 ! m ?is po9t is reflect$ ^u by an att5tive obs]vance ( our own m9ds1 or ! m9ds ( o!rs1 ! m satisfi$ %all we be t ! pr9ciples "h assum$ are correct4 ,t !re are ^! di/9ct prop]ties ( m9d no "o d\bts4 ,x is 9 accordance ) univ]sal language1 to speak ( ! intellect1 ( ! consci5ce1 ( ! w1 & ( ! affections1 z di/9ct prop]ties ( ! m9d4 ,! prop]ties ( m9d are z cle>ly m>k$ by our consci\sness1 z ! prop]ties ( matt] by our s5ses4 ,& al?\gh1 9 consequ5ce ( ! invisibility ( m9d1 !re is d\btless a m p]fect unity 9 ea* individual m5tal prop]ty1 ?an 9 ea* di/9ct quality ( matt]1 /ill ea* ( ! m5tal qualities has its appropriate & di/9ctive "*4 ,calv9i/s !mselves ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,!y all[ we h a moral s5se :i* te/s good or evil1 ev5 9 an unreg5]ate /ate2 !y all[ ! intellect may p]ceive & approve ( tru?1 ev5 :5 ! he>t rejects x2 !y all[ t to p]ceive & to judge1 to feel moral obligation & to w1 are di/9ct op]ations ( ! m9d2 & t our p]ceptions & our consci5ce may be "r1 :5 our affections are wrong4 ,s f> !n we are agre$1 & s f> !y make di/9ctions 9 ! m9d1 z wide z any t h be5 claim$ 9 ! pr9ciples above laid d[n4 ,!ologians1 ,i grant1 h1 9 _m in/ances1 conf\nd$ 9 _! reason+s ! w & ! affections4 ,& ?is has also sometimes be5 done by writ]s on ! philosophy ( ! m9d4 ,b x is mo/ evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 !y h done ?is )\t good reason4 ,mr4 ,locke says1 ,i f9d ! w (t5 conf\nd$ ) sev]al ( ! affections1 especially desire1 & "o put = ! o!r4 ,?is he ?9ks is an error1 ( :i* any "o :o turns 8 ?\ghts inw>d ^u :at passes 9 8 own m9d w be conv9c$4 ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,upham1 ( ,b[do9 ,college1 ,ma9e1 himself a ,calv9i/1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 9 a late excell5t treatise on ! w1 ass]ts1 & cle>ly proves1 ,i ?9k1 t ! /ate ( ! m9d1 :i* we t]m volition1 is entirely di/9ct f t :i* we t]m desire4 ,nay1 he proves t desires & volitions are (t5 9 direct opposition4 ,h5ce z love implies desire1 our volitions may (t5 conflict ) our love4 ,& ?is is precisely ! /ate ! awak5$ s9n] is 9 :5 he w\ld d good1 b evil is pres5t ) him4 #b4 ,x may be said1 & has sometimes be5 said1 t ?is view ( ! subject involves a contradiction2 t x is ! same z to say1 ! man wills aga9/ 8 pref]5ce1 or 9 o!r words1 he wills :at he does n *oose4 ,i _c answ] ?is objection bett] ?an by an argum5t 9 ,pr(essor ,upham's "w1 already allud$ to1 9 :i* he says1 ( a simil> objection on ?is v subject1 ,x w be f\nd on exam9ation to resolve itself into a v]bal fallacy1 & naturally vani%es z soon z t fallacy is detect$4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ! common usage ( language au?orizes u to apply ! t]ms *oice & *oos+ indiscrim9ately to ei!r ! desire or volition2 b x does n foll[1 & is n true1 t we apply !m to ^! diff]5t p>ts ( our nature 9 precisely ! same s5se4 ,:5 ! ^w *oice implies desire at all1 x has ref]5ce to a numb] ( desirable objects br\ght be=e ! m9d at once1 & implies & expresses ! asc5dant or pr$om9ant desire4 ,at o!r times we use ! t]ms *oice & *oos+ 9 application to ! w--:5 x is appli$ to t p[]1 x expresses ! m]e act ( ! w1 & no?+ m1 ) ! exception1 z 9 ! o!r case1 t m ?an "o object ( volition 0 pres5t1 9 view ( ! m9d1 be=e ! putt+ =? ( ! volunt>y act4 ,x is 9 fact ! circum/ance t two or m objects are pres5t1 :i* sugge/s ! use ( ! ^w *oice or *oos+1 9 ei!r case4 ,b ! acts are entirely diff]5t 9 _! nature1 al?\gh "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! same "n is appli$ to !m4 ,h5ce he adds1 ,! contradiction is n a real1 b m]ely a v]bal "o4 ,if we ev] *oose aga9/ *oos+1 x w be f\nd m]ely t *oice :i* is volition1 plac$ aga9/ t *oice :i* is desire4 ,& ?is is no?+ m ?an to say t volitions & desires may conflict ) ea* o!r1 :i* we "k to be ! fact 9 num]\s in/ances4 ,if 9 reply to ! =ego+1 & 9 f>!r def5ce ( ! objection1 x %\ld be urg$1 t !re c\ld be n only no motive = ! volition 9 ?is case1 b t x w\ld 9 fact be put =? aga9/ all motive1 s9ce ! feel+s ( ! he>t w\ld be ( a directly opposite "*1 ,i reply1 t x is n true t !re w\ld be no motive = ! action ( ! w1 9 opposition to ! s9ful affections4 ,x is se5 already t ! judgm5t 9 ! awak5$ s9n] is aga9/ cont9u+ 9 s91 & ! rebukes ( ! consci5ce = ! pa/1 & its admonitions = ! future1 are p[]ful motives 9 opposition to ! unholy affections4 ,! feel+s ( compunction & ( moral obligation ga9 great accessions ( /r5g?1 moreov]1 f ! t]rors ( ! ,div9e law1 :i* al>m ! fe>s1 & f ! promises ( ! ,gospel1 :i* enc\rage ! hopes ( ! awak5$ s9n]4 ,& x is especially & emphatically true t "u ! exi/+ influ5ce ( ^! fe>s & hopes1 ! voice ( consci5ce is mo/ effectual 9 prompt+ ! s9n] to flee f ! wra? to come1 & lay hold on ! hope set be=e him4 ,c x be said !n t !re is no motive = a volition1 or a m5tal ef=t t %all conflict ) ! unsanctifi$ affections8 #c4 ,aga9 x is said1 = e in* ( ?is gr\nd is disput$1 t ! action ( ! m9d "u su* motives is purely selfi%1 & _c !re=e p]=m conditions acceptable to ,god4 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t to be influ5c$ by motives ( self pres]vation & p]sonal salvation is n crim9al2 nay1 x is comm5dable4 ,9 pro( ( ?is b "o argum5t is necess>y4 ,god moves ^u our fe>s & hopes1 = ! express purpose ( induc+ u to =sake s91 & s]ve him2 & he applies ^! motives to man 9 8 unreg5]ate /ate4 ,?is is s obvi\s a fact1 x is presum$ none w d5y x4 ,b is x wrong = u to be prompt$ to action by ^? consid]ations :i* ,god himself urges ^u u8 ,if he attempts to excite our fe>s & hopes to prompt u to a c\rse ( self pres]vation1 c x be wrong = u to be influ5c$ by ?is means1 & 9 ?is direction8 ,i %\ld h>dly "k h[ to hold an argum5t ) a man t %\ld ass]t ?is--& yet ?is s5tim5t is impli$ 9 ! objection n[ "u exam9ation4 ,beside1 ^! acts conditional to reg5]ation are n :olly1 p]haps n *iefly1 f motives ( p]sonal int]e/4 ,our moral feel+s h a great "p 9 ?is "w4 ,& x is pr9cipally by ar\s+ an accus+ consci5ce t fe> & hope aid 9 ! p]=mance ( ! conditions ( reg5]ation4 ,b :atev] proportion !re may be ( ! +r$i5ts ( p]sonal fe> & hope 9 ! feel+s t ent] into ?is conditional action ( ! m9d1 x is c]ta9 t ! fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( s91 & ! hope to escape !m1 are n !mselves crim9al1 mu* less !n are !y capable ( r5d]+ a complex /ate ( ! m9d1 ( :i* !y are b a "p1 unacceptable to ,god4 ,inde$ ?is objection to a m5tal act1 m]ely because x is prompt$ by self love1 has always be5 to me a matt] ( wond]4 ,selfi%ness is a t]m :i* we g5]ally use 9 a bad s5se1 & we mean by x t =m ( self love t leads u to seek our own gratification at ! exp5se & ! injury ( o!rs1 or 9 opposition to ! w ( ,god4 ,b t self love :i* leads u to seek our own highe/ int]e/s1 & especially our et]nal int]e/s1 )\t injury to o!rs1 & 9 accordance ) ! ,div9e w1 is nev] ?\ght crim9al1 ,i believe1 except :]e "o has a p>ticul> sy/em to support by su* a notion4 ,b t sy/em is itself ( a d\btful "* :i* requires su* an argum5t to su/a9 x4 #d4 ,ano!r objection :i* has be5 made to "o ( ! pr9ciples above laid d[n is1 t x is ! prov9ce ( ! w to control ! affections1 & n ! affections ! w2 & t ! w always possesses ! p[] to d ?is1 ev5 9 an unreg5]ate /ate4 ,if s1 !n man has p[]1 at any "t1 by an act ( ! w1 to love ,god4 ,let him try--let t unholy s9n] try4 ,c he succe$8 ,y say p]haps1 = s ! ,calv9i/s h said1 ,he c if he w2 t is1 he c w to love ,god if he does w to love ,god6 ,?is is no great discov]y surely1 & x is c]ta9ly no prop] answ] to ! "q4 ,i ask x aga91 ,c he1 by a direct act ( ! w1 love ,god8 ,d y say1 by v>y+ ! =m ( ! answ]1 ,he c if he *ooses8 ,if y mean by *oice ! act ( ! w1 ?is is ! same answ] ov] aga91 ! folly ( :i* is s app>5t4 ,b if y mean by *oice ! desires ( 8 he>t1 !n y\r answ] am\nts to ?is3 ,if ! desires ( ! he>t are 9 fav\r ( lov+ ,god1 he c1 by an act ( ! w1 love him4 ,b if ! desires ( ! he>t are 9 fav\r ( lov+ ,god1 ! love is already begott51 & !re is no ne$ ( ! act ( ! w to produce x4 ,9 t case y\r proposition w\ld be1 ! s9n] c love ,god by an act ( ! w1 if he loves him6 ! absurdity ( :i* is too evid5t to require comm5t4 ,x is ?us t ! coils ( error run into ea* o!r 9 endless circles4 ,b1 p]haps1 to help ! argum5t1 if possible1 x may be urg$ t ! w c decide 9 fav\r ( a clos] exam9ation1 & by volunt>y att5tion may get su* /rong p]ceptions ( tru? z w give x ! volunt>y p[] ov] ! he>t4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is is giv+ up ! argum5t1 x is ackn[l$g+ t c]ta9 prep>atory acts ( ! w are necess>y be=e ! m9d c love ,god--b ?is is conditional reg5]ation4 ,& x may be f>!r ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to ?is s5tim5t t ! m]e p]ception ( tru?1 ev5 :5 unit$ ) consci5ce1 & p]sonal fe> & hope1 is n suffici5t to give ! w p[] ov] ! unr5ew$ affections4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 ,scripture might be adduc$2 b res]v+ ! ,scripture argum5t = ! pres5t1 we may quote good ,calv9i/ic au?ority 9 pro( t ! w may be en?rall$ by ! affections4 ,pr(essor ,upham says1 ,:5ev] !re is a want ( h>mony 9 ! m9d1 !re is always a great] or less degree ( en?ralm5t4 ,& !n he proce$s to %[ h[ ! m9d may be enslav$ by ! prop5sities1 appetites1 affections1 & passions4 ,he illu/rates2 = example1 ! progress ( ?is en?ralm5t 9 ! case ( an appetite = /rong dr9k2 :i*1 l a /rong man arm$1 viol5tly seizes ! w1 b9ds x h& & foot1 & hurls x into ! du/4 ,aga9 he says1 ,!re are n unfrequ5tly cases :]e ! prop5sities & passions h become s int5se1 aft] ye>s ( repetition1 z to control1 or 9 o!r words1 en?ral ! volunt>y p[] almo/ entirely4 7,treatise on ! ,w47 ,dr4 ,griff91 also an able ,calv9i/ic writ]1 says1 9 decid$ t]ms1 ,! judgm5t ( ! intellect & ! decisions ( ! w are bo? controll$ by ! he>t4 ,! idea ( ! en?ralm5t ( ! w1 h[ev]1 may be object$ to on ano!r gr\nd1 viz4 t if admitt$ x w\ld de/roy acc\ntability1 s9ce none are acc\ntable = :at !y _c avoid4 ,b ,i h n said !y _c avoid x2 nei!r h ,i said we are n volunt>y ei!r 9 keep+ or disc>d+ ! unholy he>t4 ,i ass]t directly ! contr>y4 ,e probation] decides :e!r he w be holy or happy4 ,b 8 decisions to be holy are effectual only :5 he seeks t f ,god :i* he _c d = himself4 ,!n1 & !n only1 w ,god give him ! victory ov] ! old man1 ) ! deceitful lu/s ( ! he>t4 ,b ?is is conditional reg5]ation4 ,hav+ said ?us mu* 9 def5ce ( ! philosophy ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n1 ! way is prep>$ to %[ t !y accord ) ,scripture1 & to def5d !m ) ! doctr9e :i* we build ^u !m f ! suppos$ ,scripture objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ !m4 ,b ?is w furni% matt] = ano!r numb]4 ,,numb] ,,xv4 ,,reg5]ation1 ,,cont9u$4 ,9 propos+ & v9dicat+1 9 ! prec$+ numb]1 ^? views ( ! philosophy ( m9d :i* are suppos$ to ?r[ light ^u ! process ( reg5]ation1 x 0 n int5d$ to be intimat$ t a k ( ?is !ory is necess>y 9 ord] to exp]i5ce ! new bir?4 ,9 ! practical purposes ( life m5 d n ord9>ily /op to analyze _! m5tal /ates be=e !y judge1 feel1 & act4 ,!y h ! practical use ( _! m5tal faculties1 & t suffices4 ,9 ?is way ! mo/ ignorant & ! mo/ unphilosophical may be sav$4 ,:y1 !n1 x may be ask$1 is x necess>y to ent] into ?is analysis at all8 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t :5ev] we c trace ! adaptation ( ! provisions ( grace & ! reason ( ! ,div9e requirem5ts to ! kn[n facts & laws ( ! human m9d1 x w /r5g!n our confid5ce 9 ! economy ( grace1 increase our admiration ( ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 & %>p5 our weapons ( def5ce aga9/ ! cavils & assaults ( an oppos+ skepticism4 ,b especially is ?is philosophical exam9ation necess>y :5ev] a sup]ficial or an errone\s philosophy w\ld =ce ^u u an errone\s !ology4 ,! metaphysical mi/ ) :i* "s !ories h veil$ ! doctr9e ( reg5]ation1 & ! delusive & di/ort$ views t h result$ f ?is obscuration1 may be remov$ & correct$ by ! radiance ( a pure philosophy4 ,b z human philosophy is1 at be/1 m likely to err on ^! subjects ?an revelation1 ! =m] %\ld always be correct$ or confirm$ by ! latt]4 ,h[ is x 9 ! case "u exam9ation8 ,h[ d ! assum$ op9ions correspond ) revelation8 ,let u glance aga9 at our positions4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts assum$ are--t !re is (t5 a conflict betwe5 ! feel+s ( moral obligation on ! "o h&1 enlight5$ z !y are by reason & by grace1 sanction$ z !y are by fe> & hope1 & ! unholy affections on ! o!r2 t "u ! prompt+s ( ! moral feel+s ! w frequ5tly puts =? its /r5g? to resi/ & subdue ! unholy affections1 b 9 e su* case ! ef=t fails :5 unaid$ by ! sanctify+ grace ( ,god--& t victory is f9ally ga9$ by a conditional act ( ! w1 ?r\gh :i*1 or on occasion ( :i*1 ,god subdues ! passions & *anges ! he>t4 ,^! views h be5 v9dicat$1 z be+ 9 accordance ) ! philosophy ( m9d4 ,! "q n[ is1 ,are !y su/a9$ by ,scripture8 ,i answ]1 ,yes1 mo/ cle>ly4 ,if ! ,apo/le ,paul _h attempt$1 by a set argum5t1 to illu/rate & affirm ^! views1 he c\ld n h done x bett] or m explicitly ?an he has done 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #g?1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! #h? *apt]s ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,i see1 says ! apo/le1 ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & br++ me into captivity to ! law ( s91 :i* is 9 my memb]s4 ,! law ( s9 9 8 memb]s 0 und\bt$ly ! c>nal m9d1 ! unholy affections4 ,^! w>r$ aga9/ ! law ( 8 m9d1 8 enlight5$ judgm5t1 8 feel+s ( moral obligation2 & 9 ?is w>f>e ! =m] 7 victori\s1 & c>ri$ captive ! w2 s t ! good t he w\ld1 he did n1 & ! evil t he w\ld n1 t he did4 ,to w 0 pres5t ) him1 b h[ to p]=m1 he knew n4 ,see ! entire passage1 = x beautifully illu/rates our :ole !ory4 ,"h is ! conflict1 ! /ruggle betwe5 consci5ce & s92 "h is po9t$ out ! seat ( s91 viz4 ! fle% or c>nal m9d1 :i* is b ano!r "n = ! unsanctifi$ affections & appetites2 "h is ! w /ruggl+ to turn ! conte/ on ! side ( duty1 b /ruggl+ 9 va92 e ef=t results 9 defeat--x is tak5 captive1 & ov]come4--,despair f9ally settles d[n ^u ! m9d1 z f> z p]sonal /r5g? is conc]n$1 & ! anxi\s s\l looks abroad = help1 & cries out1 ,:o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?6 ,!n x is t deliv]ance comes6 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,savi\r ( s9n]s1 sets him free6 ,pr(essor ,/u>t1 ( ,&ov]1 himself a ,calv9i/1 has %[n mo/ conclusively1 :at ,arm9ians h long cont5d$ =1 t ?is portion ( revelation ref]s specifically to ! "w ( reg5]ation4 ,b :e!r ?is be grant$ by e ,calv9i/ or n1 no man c d5y b t ! gr& philosophical pr9ciples h]et(ore cont5d$ =1 are "h fully illu/rat$--! same division ( ! m9d--! same conflict--! same ?raldom ( ! w1 & ! same deliv]ance1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,! same pr9ciples1 9 "p at lea/1 are recogniz$ 9 ,gal4 v1 #ag1 ,= ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! ,_s1 & ! ,_s aga9/ ! fle%2 & ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r1 s t ye _c d ! ?+s t ye w\ld4 ,9 %ort1 all ^? passages :]e ! difficulty ( subdu+ ! c>nal m9d1 ( keep+ ! body "u1 ( crucify+ ! old man1 all ^? passages t speak ( a w>f>e1 an int]nal conflict1 & ! l1 recognize ! pr9ciples "h cont5d$ =4 ,^! pr9ciples1 s frequ5tly adv]t$ to 9 ! ,scriptures1 are prov$ to be 9 exact con=mity ) exp]i5ce4 ,:o t has pass$ ?r\gh ?is *ange1 b rememb]s ?is conflict1 ?is w> 9 ! memb]s8 ,:o b recollects h[ 8 be/ resolutions 7 brok5 z (t5 z made2 & h[1 aft] v>i\s & vigor\s ef=ts1 8 he>t seem$ to himself to gr[ worse & worse8 ,he f\nd secret treason lurk+ 9 8 bosom ev5 :5 he 0 try+ to rep5t ( 8 pa/ disloyalty4 ,! m he /rove aga9/ its p[]1 ,he felt ! guilt & s9 ! m4 ,e additional ef=t sunk him app>5tly b ! l[] 9 ! horrible pit & miry clay1 until ! ,"l he>d 8 cry1 until ! ,"l br\ght him up1 & set 8 feet ^u a rock1 & e/abli%$ 8 go+s1 & put a new song 9 8 m\?4 ,t ! ,scriptures speak ( a conditional action ( ! m9d1 prep>atory to ! "w ( reg5]ation1 appe>s f express passages1 z well z f ! g5]al t5or ( t num]\s class ( scriptures :i* enjo9 duty ^u ! s9n]1 & pr$icate ju/ification & salvation ^u ^? duties4 ,john i1 #ab1 has already be5 quot$ & comm5t$ ^u1 9 :i* ! new bir? is susp5d$ ^u receiv+ ,*ri/1 or believ+ on 8 "n4 ,! _m cases ( heal+ ! body1 by ,*ri/1 are evid5t illu/rations ( ! heal+ ( ! s\l4 ,9 fact1 we h good reasons = suppos+ t1 9 mo/ ( ^! cases at lea/1 ! s\l & body 7 heal$ at ! same "t2 & ?is 0 always on ! condition ( ask+ & believ+4 ,john iii1 #ad1 #ac1 ,z ,moses lift$ up ! s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 ev5 s mu/ ! ,son ( man be lift$ up2 t :osoev] believe? 9 him %\ld n p]i%1 b h ev]la/+ life4 ,"h our ,savi\r %[s ! analogy betwe5 ! cure ( ! ,israelites by look+ at ! braz5 s]p5t1 & ( s9n]s by look+ to ,*ri/4 ,b h[ 7 ! ,israelites heal$8 ,by ! conditional act ( look+ at ! braz5 s]p5t4 ,s look+ at ,*ri/ is ! condition ( heal+ ! s\l4 ,take away ?is condition & ! :ole analogy is de/roy$4 ,let ?is condition be und]/ood1 & ! text w accord ) o!rs1 equally expressive ( conditions4 ,look unto me & be ye sav$1 all ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,seek fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness4 ,seek ! ,"l :ile he may be f\nd4 ,god ha? det]m9$ t all nations %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him1 & f9d him1 ?\gh he be n f> f e "o ( u4 ,w any "o pret5d to say t ?is look+ & seek+ implies reg5]ation8 ,?is is m]e assumption2 :]e is ! pro(8 :o w\ld ev] inf] ?is idea f ! ,scriptures !mselves8 ,:at6 is ! s9n] reg5]at$ be=e ! malady ( 8 s\l1 ! poison\s bite ( s91 is heal$8 ,has he f\nd ! ,"l be=e he has s\ght him8 ,& mu/ he seek aft] he has f\nd him8 ,! k+dom ( ,god is religion 9 ! s\l--x is righte\sness1 peace1 & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/2 & :5 we are reg5]at$1 we h x 9 possession1 & h !re=e no ne$ to seek x4 ,b we are comm&$ to seek ! k+dom ( ,god2 ?is1 !re=e1 mu/ be a "w prep>atory to1 & conditional ( reg5]ation4 ,come unto me all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,take my yoke ^u y1 c4 ,to be re/less1 & n to h on ! yoke ( ,*ri/1 is to be unreg5]ate2 b su* are to come & take ! yoke1 & !n1 & on t condition1 !y w f9d re/ to _! s\ls4 ,! ,_s & ! bride say1 ,come1 c1 & :osoev] w1 let him come & take ( ! wat] ( life freely4 ,to take ( ! wat] ( life is to be reg5]ate2 b to ?is end we mu/ come1 & mu/ fir/ w 9 ord] to come4 ,behold1 ,i /& at ! door & knock2 if any man he> my voice & op5 ! door1 ,i w come 9 & sup ) him1 & he ) me4 ,be=e ,*ri/ is 9 ! s\l1 !re is no reg5]ation2 b be=e he w come 91 he knocks1 & ! s9n] mu/ fir/ he>1 & !n op5 ! door1 & on ?is condition ,*ri/ comes 9 & imp>ts 8 grace4 ,b x is useless to proce$ f>!r 9 quot+ p>ticul> texts4 ,!y might be ext5d$ indef9itely1 ) a =ce & p]t95cy t _c be evad$3 all go+ to e/abli% ! fact t ! "w ( grace on ! he>t is conditional4 ,w any "o pret5d to d5y1 t ! unreg5]ate s9n] is call$ ^u to seek1 ask1 rep5t1 believe1 c8 ,& :at d su* scriptures mean8 ,! acts ( ! m9d "h enjo9$ mu/ con/itute reg5]ation1 or !y mu/ foll[ reg5]ation z an effect ( t "w1 or !y mu/ prec$e x z a necess>y & requir$ condition4 ,to say t ^! acts are ! v def9ition ( reg5]ation itself--are only synonym\s t]ms to express ?is r5ewal ( ! he>t1 is to make reg5]ation consi/ 9 ex]cises m]ely--is 9 fact to make x ! s9n]'s appropriate & exclusive "w2 unless x c be %[n t ?is comm&+ ! s9n] to ask1 c1 is no?+ m nor less ?an a promise t ,god w ask1 seek1 rep5t1 & believe = him6 ,b ?is w h>dly be pret5d$2 & ! idea t ^! acts d !mselves con/itute ! new bir?1 has already be5 se5 to be defective & indef5sible4 ,to suppose t ^! acts foll[ reg5]ation1 z an effect or fruit ( ! *ange itself1 is to d5y !m t position & relation 9 :i* !y are actually plac$ by ! ^w ( ,god4 ,x makes "o seek1 aft] he has f\nd2 ask1 aft] he has receiv$2 rep5t & believe1 aft] he is possess$ ( t salvation1 to obta9 :i* ^! duties are enjo9$4 ,! phraseology to suit ?is !ory1 %\ld evid5tly be ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,:5 ! s9n] asks :at he %all d to be sav$1 ! answ] %\ld be--,no?+ until ,god r5ews ! he>t2 & !n z a fruit ( ?is y w ( c\rse seek1 ask1 believe1 c4 ,if1 inde$1 ! s9n] is to d no?+ until ,god r5ews him1 :y is x necess>y t he %\ld fir/ be awak5$8 ,:y is ! comm& address$ to him at all8 ,:y does n ! ,holy ,_s imm$iately r5ew ! he>t1 :ile ! transgressor is /upid 9 8 wick$ness1 in/ead ( call+ aft] him to awake1 flee1 & escape = 8 life8 ,d y say y c give no o!r reason ?an t x pleases ,god to take ?is c\rse ) ! s9n]1 & to call up 8 att5tion to ! subject be=e he r5ews him8 ,i answ]1 !n x pleases ,god t !re %\ld be c]ta9 prep>atory acts ( ! m9d 9 ord] to reg5]ation3 & ?is is 9 fact admitt+ ! pr9ciple = :i* we cont5d1 & ?is m especially if x be ackn[l$g$1 z x evid5tly mu/ be1 t ^! prep>atory m5tal /ates or acts are1 to any ext5t1 volunt>y4 ,?us1 n only is ! absurdity ( mak+ ^! acts ! result ( reg5]ation mo/ app>5t2 b 9 trac+ out ! consi/5t mean+ & practical be>+ ( ^? scriptures t are address$ to ! unconv]t$1 we f9d !m e/abli%+ ! ?ird alt]native1 t ^! acts ( ! m9d are prep>atory to reg5]ation1 & are ! prescrib$ conditions on :i* ,god w accompli% ! "w4 ,?us ! ,scripture argum5t is f\nd to confirm ! philosophical view ( ! subject1 & bo? are /r5g!n$ by ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,! doctr9e ( conditional reg5]ation1 !re=e1 is confirm$ by a ?reefold argum5t1 no "p ( :i*1 x is believ$1 c be easily ov]?r[n4 ,aga9/ x1 h[ev]1 !re are sev]al /rong objections urg$1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$1 & :i* we are n[ prep>$ to he> & exam9e4 #a4 ,x has be5 object$1 t to admit human ag5cy & co-op]ation 9 ?is *ange1 is to d5y salvation by grace4 ,b h[ does ?is appe>8 ,suppose ! v conditions are by a graci\s appo9tm5t--suppose ! op]ations ( a graci\s sy/em are 9 ?is way bett] adapt$ to a moral gov]nm5t--suppose ?is conditional action ( ! m9d to be itself ! result ( a graci\s influ5ce1 enlight5+ ! und]/&+1 & quick5+ & ar\s+ ! moral s5se--f9ally1 suppose ^! conditions n to be effici5t1 mu* less m]itori\s causes1 by :i* ! m9d ei!r *anges itself1 or r5d]s itself m morally des]v+ ( ! ,div9e fav\r--,i say suppose all ?is1 & !n %[ if y c1 h[ su* conditions c detract at all f ! grace ( ?is salvation4 #b4 ,x has be5 object$1 t s9ce man nev] is :at he ought to be until he is r5ew$ & made holy1 !re=e any act %ort ( t :i* ei!r con/itutes or implies reg5]ation _c be acceptable to ,god--,god _c consi/5tly approve ( any /ep t falls %ort ( man's duty4 ,x is 8 duty to be holy1 & !re=e any ?+ %ort ( ?is is s91 & consequ5tly _c be accept$ z a condition4 ,we %\ld be c>eful to discrim9ate betwe5 ?+s closely relat$1 & yet actually di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,x is "o ?+ to be pleas$ ) ! "* ( ! m9d z a :ole1 9 view ( its relations to ! ,div9e law & its necess>y qualifications = heav51 & ano!r ?+ to be pleas$ ) a p>ticul> m5tal /ate1 or conditional volition1 9 ref]5ce to its adaptation to a propos$ end1 or a specific object4 ,= in/ance3 ! ,calv9i/s ?9k t an awak5$ & an anxi\sly inquir+ s9n] is 9 a m suitable /ate ( m9d to receive ! bless+ ( reg5]ation1 ?an "o p]fectly /upid & ?\ghtless4 ,if !y d n1 :y d !y try to br+ s9n]s to ?\ghtfulness8 ,:y d !y try to awak5 !m to a s5se ( _! dang]1 & make !m tremble "u ! view ( ! ,div9e displeasure8 ,or :y d !y call _! att5tion to ,gospel provisions & a crucifi$ ,savi\r8 ,is n ?is a prep>atory process8 ,& h !y ! ,div9e w>rant = su* a c\rse8 ,is ?is ! me?od :i* ! ,div9e ,be+ takes to save 8 rebelli\s subjects8 ,!n1 d\btless1 ?is me?od is well pleas+ to him3 & 9 ref]5ce to ?is specific end he has 9 view1 he is pleas$ ) ea* successive /ep 9 ! process4 ,he is pleas$ :5 ! %9] pays att5tion to ! ^w2 he is pleas$ :5 he is awak5$1 & :5 he beg9s to tremble & inquire1 ,:at %all ,i d to be sav$8 ,?is is j z he w\ld h x1 & j z he design$2 al?\gh ! entire "* ( ! s9n] is n acceptable to him until he is made holy4 ,! v pr9ciple1 !n1 object$ to by ! ,calv9i/s is recogniz$ by _! own !ory & practice4 ,n[ if we say ,god is pleas$ to accept ( ! s9n]'s pray]1 & fai?1 & sorr[ = s91 z a condition ( :at he w d = him1 :at propriety is !re 9 reply+1 ,god _c accept ( any ?+ %ort ( a holy he>t8 ,we "k he _c approve ( a he>t until x is holy2 b he c approve ( c]ta9 feel+s & volitions z suit$1 accord+ to ! ,div9e appo9tm5t1 to be ! condition on :i* he w make ! he>t holy4 ,d y ask on :at gr\nd he accepts ( ?is8 ,i answ]1 on ! gr\nd ( ! m]its ( ,*ri/2 ! gr\nd on :i* ! :ole process re/s4 ,god does n accept ( ! pray]1 rep5tance1 & fai? ( ! reg5]ate1 because !y are reg5]ate1 & by reason ( _! hol9ess2 b _! acceptance is :olly & cont9ually ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,?r\gh ! same m$ium & m]its ! pray] ( ! inquir+ s9n] is he>d & answ]$4 ,if y\r s]vant _h left y unju/ly1 & des]t$ ! s]vice he 0 obligat$ to p]=m1 & y %\ld f9ally tell him1 if he w\ld return & resume 8 duties y w\ld =give ! pa/1 & accept ( him = ! future1 w\ld x be inconsi/5t to say1 y 7 pleas$ :5 he began to li/5 to ! proposal1 & pleas$ :5 he took ! fir/ & e succe$+ /ep1 z be+ suitable & necess>y to ! end propos$1 al?\gh1 9 view ( 8 duty & y\r claim1 y w\ld n be pleas$ ) him1 z y\r acceptable s]vant1 until he 0 actually & fai?fully employ$ 9 y\r s]vice8 ,let x n be inf]r$ f ! above t ,i advocate a gradual conv]sion4 ,i d n4 ,i believe :5 ,god r5ews ! he>t he does x at once2 b ! prep>atory /eps are nev]!less indisp5sable to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is "w4 ,& ,god is well pleas$ ) ! fir/ /ep ( att5tion on ! "p ( ! s9n]1 & ) e succe$+ /ep ( pray]1 anxi\s inquiry1 feel+ ( moral obligation1 purpose to =sake s91 look+ aft] & attempt+ to believe 9 ,*ri/1 n because ^! are all t he requires1 b because !y are ! necess>y prep>atives = :at is to foll[4 #c4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks w prep>e ! way to meet a simil> objection to ! la/1 & "o to "s ext5t ! same 9 sub/ance4 ,x is ?is3 ,are ^! conditional acts ( ! m9d holy or unholy ex]cises8 ,if holy1 !n ! "w ( reg5]ation is accompli%$ already1 & !re=e ^! _c be ! conditions ( t *ange4 ,if unholy1 !n !y c be no o!r ?an (f5sive to a holy ,god1 & !re=e _c be conditions well pleas+ to him4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 already said1 hav+ a be>+ ^u ?is "q1 x may be /at$ t ! t]ms holy & unholy may be equivocal1 z us$ 9 ?is connection2 & ?us ! suppos$ dilemma w\ld be m 9 words ?an 9 fact1 m 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality4 ,?is dilemma is urg$ 9 ! argum5t "u ! idea t !re c be b ! two k9ds ( ex]cises1 holy & unholy4 ,& ?is may be true en\gh1 only let u und]/& :at is meant4 ,if by holy ex]cises are meant ^? 9 :i* ! entire feel+ is on ! side ( ,god1 ,i readily answ]1 ,no1 ! m9d be=e reg5]ation has no su* ex]cises4 ,if by hol9ess is meant1 t ! judgm5t & consci5ce are on ! side ( tru?1 ,i answ]1 ,yes1 ?is is ! /ate ( ! m9d :5 x is truly awak5$ by ! ,holy ,_s & by ,div9e tru?4 ,x is entirely immat]ial to me1 !re=e1 :e!r ! objector call ! ex]cise holy or unholy1 provid$ he draw no special inf]5ces f ! use ( a g5]al t]m t ! positions "h assum$ d n au?orize4 ,sure ,i am t ! objector _c say !re is no?+ 9 ! ex]cises ( ! unreg5]ate1 awak5$ s9n]1 su* z ,god w\ld h = ! end propos$1 until he is prep>$ to say t a fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( s91 an enlight5$ judgm5t1 ! remorse ( consci5ce = ! pa/1 ! feel+s ( obligation = ! future1 & ! hope ( victory ov] s9 ?r\gh ,*ri/1 all comb9+ to induce ! s9n] to flee = refuge1 & lay hold ^u ! hope set be=e him1 are all wrong1 & n z ,god w\ld h !m8 ,b :5 a man is prep>$ to say ?is1 x is difficult to see h[ he c\ld be reason$ ) f>!r1 = he w\ld seem to h giv5 up reason & ,scripture4 ,& yet :o does n "k t ^! are ! ex]cises ( ! s\l awak5$ to a s5se ( s9 & its consequ5ces1 ev5 :ile z yet 8 unholy affections hang ^u him l a body ( dea?3--,yea1 :o does n "k t x is ?is body ( dea?1 f :i* he _c escape1 & ?is abhorr5ce ( s9 & its consequ5ces1 t re9 him up1 & incl9e him to a surr5d] ( 8 s\l into ! h&s ( ,*ri/1 f :om1 z a consequ5ce1 he receives p[] to become a son ( ,god4 ,b :at is ! motive8 x is ask$1 is n ?is unholy8 ,& pray :at does ?is inquiry mean8 ,if by motive is meant ! mov+ cause out ( ! m9d2 t _c be unholy1 = x is ! ,holy ,_s1 & ! holy ^w ( ,god1 t are ?us urg+ ! s9n] to ,*ri/4 ,if by motive is meant ! judgm5ts & feel+s ( ! m9d1 t prompt to ^! volunt>y ef=ts to avoid s9 & its consequ5ces1 ^! are ! enlight5$ und]/&+ & ! feel+s ( obligation1 already allud$ to1 :i*1 ,i repeat1 ! objector is welcome to call holy or unholy z he pleases2 all ,i claim is1 !y are :at ,god approves (1 & are ! necess>y conditions ( 8 subsequ5t "w ( r5ew+ ! he>t4 ,b p]haps x may be ask$ "h1 ,is n ! s9n]1 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! conditions1 p>tly conv]t$8 ,i answ]1 ,?is aga9 dep5ds entirely ^u :at y mean by conv]sion4 ,if by conv]sion y und]/& ! :ole ( ! prep>atory "w ( awak5+ & seek+1 z well z ! *ange ( ! he>t--!n ( c\rse y w\ld say he is p>tly conv]t$4 ,if y mean by conv]sion only a *ange ( views & a consequ5t *ange ( purpose1 by :i* ! s9n] det]m9es to seek1 t he may f9d ! pe>l ( great price--! bless+ ( a new he>t & ( =giv5ess1 !n y w\ld say he is :olly conv]t$4 ,b if y mean1 by conv]sion1 ! *ange ( he>t itself1 ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation1 & ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 !n n only is n ! "w done1 b x is n begun4 ,! way ( ! ,"l is prep>$ & ! r5ewal w foll[4 ,?us ! objections t h be5 ?\ght s =midable aga9/ ! doctr9e ( conditional reg5]ation are f\nd1 on a clos] inspection1 to be m 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality4 ,!y receive _! influ5ce1 z objections1 r f _! indef9it5ess & ! ambiguity ( t]ms1 ?an f any intr9sic =ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o =m m 9 :i* an objection may be urg$ 9 a g5]al way aga9/ ! ideas ( ! new bir? "h advanc$4 ,& z ,i wi% fe>lessly & c&idly to /ate & meet1 if possible1 e difficulty1 x w be necess>y to t\* ^u ?is4 ,x may be urg$ t ! only ex]cises t c be claim$ z conditions ( reg5]ation on ,bible gr\nds are rep5tance & fai?2 = 'rep5tance t[>d ,god & fai? 9 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/' are laid at ! f\ndation ( all ,gospel requirem5ts4 ,:5ev] ! awak5$ s9n] came to ! apo/les to "k :at he %\ld d to be sav$1 !y always met him )1 ',believe on ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ?\ %alt be sav$4' ,:5ev] ! apo/les w5t out to prea* ! ,gospel1 !y prea*$ 'e :]e t m5 %\ld rep5t4' ,b1 cont9ues ! objector1 if rep5tance & fai? are ! only duties or ex]cises :i* c be claim$ z conditions1 x is evid5t !re are no su* conditions2 = rep5tance & fai?1 s f> f be+ conditions ( reg5]ation1 are ei!r ! new bir? itself1 or are ,*ri/ian graces1 imply+ ! new bir?4 ,! premises1 9 ! above objection1 w n be d5i$4 ,rep5tance & fai? are suppos$ to be ! ,gospel conditions ( reg5]ation4 ,b x is d5i$ t ^! are necess>ily reg5]ation itself1 or t !y imply reg5]ation 9 any o!r s5se1 ?an z antec$5ts to x4 ,!re are1 x is ackn[l$g$1 a rep5tance & a fai? t are ,*ri/ian graces1 & imply ! new bir?4 ,?is is ! fai? t is ! sub/ance ( ?+s hop$ =4 ,x is t pr9ciple ( spiritual life :i* ! ,*ri/ian has 9 8 s\l :5 he c say1 ,! life t ,i n[ live ,i live by fai? 9 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is is t rep5tance1 also1 :i* keeps ! s\l cont9ually at ! foot ( ! cross1 & leads x con/antly to feel1 ,e mom5t1 ,"l1 ,i ne$ ,! m]it ( ?y dea?4 ,b because rep5tance & fai? are ! necess>y *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*ri/ian1 & because !y are ! m p]fect z ! ,*ri/ian "* rip5s1 x does n !re=e foll[ t !re are no rep5tance & fai? conditional to ! new bir?4 ,! v fact t rep5tance & fai? 7 urg$ by ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 z ! initiatory /ep to salvation1 proves ! opposite ( ?is4 ,!y d n say1 ,rep5t & believe ! ,gospel1 & ?is is salvation1 b1 ,rep5t & believe1 & ye %all 7on ?is condition7 be sav$4 ,& surely x is unnecess>y to prove "h t salvation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t g5]ally means a meetness = heav5 or hol9ess4 ,our bless$ ,savi\r 0 call$ ,jesus1 because he sav$ 8 p f _! s9s4 ,beside1 x may well be argu$1 t fai? & rep5tance are acts ( ! m9d1 & _c !re=e be consid]$ z ! new bir? itself1 unless ! m9d conv]ts itself1 especially s9ce !y are enjo9$ duties1 & mu/ !re=e be volunt>y acts4 ,x is no :]e said t ,god rep5ts & believes = u2 b x is expressly & repeat$ly taught1 t ,god r5ews u4--,rep5tance & fai?1 !n1 are our "w1 b reg5]ation is 84 ,i "k x is said 9 "o place1 ,acts v1 #ca1 t ,*ri/ 0 exalt$ to give rep5tance to ,israel4 ,b ! act itself ( rep5tance _c be said to be giv54 ,?is w\ld be an absurdity4 ,h[ c any "o give me a m5tal act8 ,h5ce ,dr4 ,doddridge1 al?\gh a ,calv9i/1 v c&idly & v ju/ly rem>ks1 on ?is passage1 t to give rep5tance signifies to give place1 or room = rep5tance1 to su/a9 :i* int]pretation he quotes ,josephus & o!rs :o use ! phrase 9 ?is s5se4 ,if !n rep5tance & fai? are enjo9$ ^u u1 z our duties1 & if !y are e :]e spok5 ( z pr]equisites 9 ! "w ( salvation1 & z prep>atory /eps & conditions to ! process ( hol9ess1 h[ c x be o!rwise ?an t ^! are antec$5t1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 to reg5]ation8 ,x may f>!r be argu$1 9 support ( ?is view ( fai? & rep5tance1 t no s9 c be =giv5 until rep5t$ (--rep5tance !re=e mu/ prec$e remission ( s9s4 ,?is ,i suppose ,calv9i/s all[1 b !y say t1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ! he>t is r5ew$ be=e s9 is =giv5--& t rep5tance1 !re=e1 :i* is ei!r ! new bir? itself1 or ! imm$iate fruit ( x1 is a condition ( ju/ification1 b n ( reg5]ation4 ,if ?is be correct1 !n ! s\l is made holy be=e x is =giv54 ,b ,/4 ,paul in=ms u1 ,romans iv1 #e1 t ,god ?r\gh fai? ju/ifie? ! ungodly4 ,if !n !re be any antec$5ce 9 ! ord] ( ! two p>ts ( ! "w ( grace1 we mu/ suppose t ju/ification has ! prec$5ce1 & t reg5]ation foll[s1 & h5ce rep5tance & fai? prec$e reg5]ation4 ,inde$ ,i _c see :y rep5tance is n z necess>y to remove ! s9 ( ! he>t z to =give ! s9 ( ! life4 ,if ,god w n =give s9 )\t rep5tance1 w he r5ew ! he>t )\t x8 ,has he any :]e promis$ ?is8 ,if n1 b if1 on ! contr>y1 he e :]e seems to h susp5d$ ! work+ out ( our salvation 9 u1 ^u our rep5tance1 !n may we safely conclude--nay1 !n we mu/ necess>ily believe t we rep5t 9 ord] to be r5ew$4 ,! same may be said ( fai?4 ,fai? 9 fact seems to be ! exclusive *annel ?r\gh :i* e graci\s effect is produc$ ^u ! m9d4 ,! s9n] _c be awak5$ )\t fai?1 = x prec$es e judgm5t 9 fav\r ( tru?1 & e motion ( moral feel+1 & ( c\rse e fav\rable concurr5ce ( ! w4 ,! s9n] nev] c\ld ?r[ himself ^u ! ,div9e m]cy1 nev] w\ld embrace ,*ri/ z 8 ,savi\r1 until he believ$4 ,h5ce ! ,scriptures lay su* great /ress ^u fai?1 & make x ! gr&1 & inde$ ! only imm$iate condition ( ! "w ( grace ^u ! he>t4 ,rep5tance is a condition only remotely1 9 ord] to ju/ify+ fai?2 agreeable to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ,& ye1 :5 ye _h he>d1 aft]w>d rep5t$ n t ye might believe on him4 ,b fai? is necess>y imm$iately1 z t m5tal /ate directly antec$5t to ! giv+ up ( ! s\l into ! h&s ( ,div9e m]cy4 ,& %all we /ill be told t fai? is n ! condition ( reg5]ation8 ,! ord] ( ! "w seems to be--#a4 ,a degree ( fai? 9 ord] to rep5tance4 #b4 ,rep5tance1 9 ord] to su* an increase ( fai? z w lead ! s\l to ?r[ itself ^u ,*ri/4--#c4 ,! giv+ up ( ! s\l to ,*ri/ z ! only gr\nd ( hope4 #d4 ,! *ange ( he>t by ! effici5t op]ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4--,n[ on :i*ev] ( ^! f\r /ages ( ! process1 except ! fir/1 ! objector lays 8 f+] & says1 ,t is n a condition ( reg5]ation1 = x is reg5]ation itself1 x w be se5 t t v "p is conditional4 ,if1 = in/ance1 he fix on ! second /age1 & cont5d t t is reg5]ation1 :i* ,i call rep5tance 9 ord] to reg5]at+ fai?2 ev5 t w\ld be conditional reg5]ation1 = x is prec$$ by fai?--& s ( all t foll[4 ,& surely no "o w pret5d t :at ,i call ! fir/ /age1 ! fai? :i* prec$es awak5+ & remorse ( consci5ce1 & ! excit+ alt]nations ( fe> & hope 9 ! anxi\s & inquir+ s9n]1 is reg5]ation4 ,& if ?is fir/ degree ( fai? is n ! *ange1 !n x is utt]ly inconsi/5t to talk ( unconditional reg5]ation1 = ?is fai? /&s at ! head ( all t foll[s--x is a m5tal act necess>ily prep>atory to ! :ole "w4 ,& z we %all pres5tly see1 x is an act t dep5ds ^u ! ag5cy ( ! w4 ,h5ce we are br\ght aga9 to our conclusion1 t ! *ange call$ ! new bir? is effect$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 on ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 conditional acts ( him :o is ! subject ( ! *ange4 ,b ! v nature ( rep5tance & ( fai?1 ! v def9ition ( ! two m5tal /ates express$ by ^! t]ms1 x is said1 proves t a p]son1 to possess !m1 mu/ be reg5]ate2 or at any rate1 t ^! /ates _c be conditions ( reg5]ation1 to be p]=m$ by ! s9n]4 ,let u att5d = a mom5t to ?is objection 9 detail4 ,:at is rep5tance8 ,x is1 say "s ,calv9i/ic writ]s1 a *ange ( m9d4 ,! orig9al means ?is1 & s x %\ld h be5 r5d]$2 & if x _h be5 s r5d]$1 x w\ld h set ?is controv]sy at re/4 ,b :at if we %\ld grant 7:at ,i d n believe7 t ! orig9al ^w means ?is1 & ?is only1 /ill x w\ld n foll[ t ! *ange ( m9d call$ ! new bir? is meant by ?is t]m4 ,a *ange ( judgm5t is a *ange ( m9d--a *ange ( purpose is a *ange ( m9d--any *ange ( ! g5]al curr5t ( feel+1 su* z t f c>elessness & /upidity 9 to a /ate ( anxiety & e>ne/ inquiry1 :at %all ,i d to be sav$8 is a *ange ( m9d4--,& su* a *ange ( m9d indisp5sably prec$es reg5]ation4 ,no p]son ev]1 f be+ a c>eless1 h>d5$ s9n]1 becomes an anxi\s & e>ne/ inquir] aft] salvation1 )\t an important *ange 9 8 judgm5t1 moral feel+1 & volitions4 ,h5ce ?is def9ition does n at all help ! objector1 unless he c prove t ! ,scriptures always mean by ?is t]m t *ange :i* !y else:]e call ! new bir?4 ,inde$1 s9ce we h already %[n t rep5tance is our "w1 & ! r5ew+ ( ! he>t exclusively ,god's "w1 x foll[s incontrov]tibly1 t ! *ange ( m9d call$ rep5tance is n ! new bir?4 ,if rep5tance meant t *ange ( m9d call$ ! new bir?1 !n ! reg5]ate w\ld be (t5 born aga91 & t1 too1 )\t backslid+2 = ^? :o are gr[+ ! fa/e/ 9 grace rep5t ! mo/ con/antly & ! mo/ deeply4 ,aga93 x is object$1 t fai? is n a volunt>y /ate ( m9d1 & !re=e _c be consid]$ a condition1 p]=m$ by ! s9n]1 9 ord] to reg5]ation4 ,to believe is d\btless1 9 _m in/ances1 p]fectly involunt>y4 ,!re are num]\s cases 9 :i* a man is oblig$ to believe1 bo? aga9/ 8 w & aga9/ 8 desires4 ,!re are o!r cases1 aga91 9 :i* ! w is n only mu* conc]n$ 9 believ+1 b 9 :i* its action is indisp5sable 9 ord] to believe4 ,& ! fai? ( ! ,gospel is pre-em95tly an in/ance ( ?is k9d4 ,fai?1 sai? ! ^w1 come? by he>+4 ,b he>+ implies att5tion2 & e delib]ate act ( att5tion implies an act ( ! w4 ,a man c no m leap1 by "o transition1 f a /ate ( entire c>elessness into ! fai? t ju/ifies ! s\l1 ?an he c make a _w4 ,b he c take ! /eps t lead to ?is result4 ,to believe to ! sav+ ( ! s\l requires consid]ation1 self exam9ation1 a k ( ! object ( fai?1 or ! tru? to be believ$1 e>ne/ look+1 & pray]ful seek+4 ,b is !re no act ( ! w 9 all ^!8 ,x is said t ! ,_s takes ( ! ?+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & %[s !m unto u4 ,& x is d\btless true1 t ! s\l _c get su* a view ( ,*ri/ z enc\rages him to ?r[ himself unres]v$ly ^u ! m]cy ( ! ,savi\r1 until ! ,_s makes1 to ! m9d's eye1 ?is special exhibition ( ! ?+s ( ,*ri/4 ,b :5 does he d ?is8 ,does he come to ! s9n] :5 he is c>eless & inatt5tive1 & %[ him ! ?+s ( ,*ri/8 ,no6 x is only to ! inquir+ & self-despair+ s9n]1 :o is e>ne/ly groan+ out ! s5tim5t 9 ! bitt]ness ( 8 he>t1 ,:o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,& is !re no volunt>y action 9 all ?is8 ,b x w p]haps be we>isome to ! read] to pursue ^! objections f>!r4 ,i %\ld n h gone s fully into ?is "p ( ! subject1 b = ! fact1 t ?is s5tim5t ( unconditional reg5]ation is consid]$ ! /rong hold ( ,calv9ism4 ,?is po9t moreov] appe>s to h be5 b slightly h&l$ by mo/ ( ! anti-,calv9i/ic writ]s2 & !re=e ,i h felt x ! m necess>y to attempt an answ] to all ! mo/ important argum5ts t are adduc$ 9 opposition to our view ( ?is doctr9e4 ,i am f> f ?9k+ ,i h done ! subject ju/ice1 & may h cause p]haps h]eaft] to ackn[l$ge t "s ( my m9or positions are unt5able1 & t "s ( my expressions ne$ modify+ or expla9+1 al?\gh ,i h us$ :at c>e & circumspection my "t & circum/ances w\ld p]mit 9 ref]5ce n only to ! doctr9e itself1 b also 9 ref]5ce to ! =ms ( expression4 ,& z x respects ! lead+ doctr9es "h inculcat$1 ,i repose ^u !m ) entire confid5ce4 ,h[ev] ! !ory cla%es ) t ( _m great & good m51 x is believ$ to be ! only !ory t w consi/5tly expla9 ! practice & prea*+ ( ^! v m54 ,x is1 9 my view1 ! only !ory t w satisfactorily & consi/5tly expla9 ^? great & lead+ pr9ciples by :i* evangelical ,*ri/ians expect to conv]t ! _w to ,*ri/4 ,&1 if ?is be true1 ! soon] ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is e/abli%$ on ?is f\ndation1 ! bett]4 ,we h already se5 t a mixture ( error 9 ! ess5tial doctr9es leads to v>i\s mutations f extreme to extreme ( dang]\s h]esy4 ,h[ long be=e ! ,*ur* %all be root$ & gr\nd$ 9 ! tru?6 ,may ,he :o said1 ,,let ,,light ,,be2 ,,& ,,light ,,01 ha/5 t glori\s day6 ,,! ,,end4 ,footnotes #a ,_m objections h be5 made1 by ! review]s1 to my mann] ( /at+ ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation4 ,x is object$1 t ! great body ( ,calv9i/s believe1 no m ?an ! ,arm9ians1 t ,god effici5tly controls & actuates ! human w4 ,on a c>eful1 & ,i hope1 c&id revision ( ! subject1 h[ev]1 ,i _c satisfy myself t ! objection is valid4 ,i am q sure ,god mu/ control ! w1 or he _c1 z ,calv9i/s tea*1 secure ! propos$ end1 by ! prescrib$ means4 ,x is readily grant$ t ,calv9i/s d5y su* a control z de/roys ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,b x is ! object ( ! s]mon & ( ! foll[+ controv]sy to %[ t ,calv9i/ic pr$e/9ation is1 on any gr\nd ( consi/5cy1 utt]ly irreconcilable ) m5tal fre$om4 ,h[ f> ?is has be5 done1 ( c\rse1 ea* w judge = himself4 #b ,x seems1 to ! au?or ( ! s]mon1 b little bett] ?an trifl+1 to object1 z "s h1 to ?is argum5t on =ekn[l$ge1 t ,god mu/ pr$et]m9e 8 works be=e he c\ld c]ta9ly "k :at w\ld take place2 & h5ce1 9 ! ord] ( cause & effect1 he mu/ decree 9 ord] to "k4 ,x is readily conc$$1 t1 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ! ,div9e ,be+ c\ld n =ekn[ t a _w w\ld c]ta9ly exi/1 until he _h det]m9$ to create x4 ,b 0 !re no presci5ce back ( ?is8 ,did he det]m9e to create a univ]se1 indep5d5t ( a view ( all ! be>+s 9 ! case8 ,if s1 he creat$ at r&om & 9 ignorance4 ,if n1 !n a view ( all ! results prec$$ 8 det]m9ation to create2 & ?us we are l$ irresi/ibly to ! doctr9e ( ! s]mon1 t ,god =ekn[s 9 ord] to pr$e/9ate4 #c ,! review ( ! s]mon1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator1 is und]/ood to be f ! p5 ( ,doctor ,fit*1 pr(essor ( div9ity 9 ,yale ,college4 #d ,see ,*ri/ian ,spectator1 ,vol4 iv1 ,no4 #c4 #e ,a "p ( ?is s]mon has lately be5 publi%$1 9 a tract =m1 & circulat$ ) ! av[$ purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! influ5ce ( ! s]mon on pr$e/9ation4 #f ,a man 0 afflict$ ) ! hydrophobia4 ,:5 8 p>oxysms 7 com+ on he 0 aw>e ( x1 & gave w>n+ to 8 fri5ds to be on _! gu>d1 t he might n injure !m4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 he knew ( a sure rem$y1 b volunt>ily neglect$ to avail himself ( x4 ,w\ld he n 9 t case be guilty1 n only ( all ! evils t might result to o!rs f 8 malady2 b also ( self murd]8 ,& yet ?is man's madness 0 entirely beyond ! direct control ( 8 w4